bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution of prospective glutamatergic, glycinergic, and GABAergic neurons in embryonic and larval zebrafish
Authors: Higashijima Shin‐Ichi , Mandel Gail , Fetcho Joseph R. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractZebrafish are an excellent model for studies of the functional organization of neuronal circuits, but little is known regarding the transmitter phenotypes of the neurons in their nervous system. We examined the distribution in spinal cord and hindbrain of neurons expressing markers of transmitter phenotype, including the vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT) genes for glutamatergic neurons, the neuronal glycine transporter (GLYT2) for glycinergic neurons, and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65/67) for GABAergic neurons. All three markers were expressed in a large domain in the dorsal two‐thirds of spinal cord, with additional, more ventral expression domains for VGLUT2 and GAD/GABA. In the large dorsal domain, dual in situ staining showed that GLYT2‐positive cells were intermingled with VGLUT2 cells, with no dual‐stained neurons. Many of the neurons in the dorsal expression domain that were positive for GABA markers at embryonic stages were also positive for GLYT2, suggesting that the cells might use both GABA and glycine, at least early in their development. The intermingling of neurons expressing inhibitory and excitatory markers in spinal cord contrasted markedly with the organization in hindbrain, where neurons expressing a particular marker were clustered together to form stripes that were visible running from rostral to caudal in horizontal sections and from dorsomedial to ventrolateral in cross sections. Dual labeling showed that the stripes of neurons labeled with one transmitter marker alternated with stripes of cells labeled for the other transmitter phenotypes. The differences in the distribution of excitatory and inhibitory neurons in spinal cord versus hindbrain may be tied to differences in their patterns of development and functional organization. J. Comp. Neurol. 480:1–18, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relationship of tyrosine hydroxylase and serotonin immunoreactivity to sensorimotor circuitry in larval zebrafish
Authors: McLean David L. , Fetcho Joseph R. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractOur previous study tracked the ontogeny of aminergic systems in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Here we use tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and serotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine; 5‐HT) immunoreactivity, in conjunction with retrograde and genetic labeling techniques, to provide a more refined examination of the potential synaptic contacts of aminergic systems. Our focus was on different levels of the sensorimotor circuit for escape, from sensory inputs, through identified descending pathways, to motor output. We observed 5‐HT reactivity in close proximity to the collaterals of the Rohon‐Beard sensory neurons in spinal cord. In the brainstem we found TH and 5‐HT reactivity closely apposed to the dendritic processes of the nucleus of the medial longitudinal fascicle (nMLF), in addition to the ventral dendrites of the Mauthner neuron and its serial homologs MiD2cm and MiD3cm. Only TH reactivity was observed near the lateral dendrites of the Mauthner cell. TH and 5‐HT reactivity were also positioned near the outputs of reticulospinal cells in spinal cord. Finally, both TH and 5‐HT reactivity were detected close to the dendritic processes of primary and secondary spinal motor neurons. We also confirmed, using dual TH and 5‐HT staining and retrograde labeling, that the sources of spinal aminergic reactivity include the posterior tuberculum (dopamine) and inferior raphe region (5‐HT). Our data indicate that aminergic systems may interact at all levels of the sensorimotor pathways involved in escape. The identification of some of these likely sites of aminergic action will allow for directed studies of their functional roles using the powerful combination of techniques available in zebrafish. J. Comp. Neurol. 480:57–71, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential vulnerability of propriospinal tract neurons to spinal cord contusion injury
Authors: Conta Amanda C. , Stelzner Dennis J. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe propriospinal system is important in mediating reflex control and in coordination during locomotion. Propriospinal neurons (PNs) present varied patterns of projections with ascending and/or descending fibers. Following spinal cord contusion injury (SCI) in the rat, certain supraspinal pathways, such as the corticospinal tract, appear to be completely abolished, whereas others, such as the rubrospinal and vestibuospinal tracts, are only partially damaged. The amount of damage to propriospinal axons following different severities of SCI is not fully known. In the present study retrograde and anterograde tracing techniques were used to assess the projection patterns of propriospinal neurons in order to determine how this system is affected following SCI. Our findings reveal that PNs have differential vulnerabilities to SCI. While short thoracic propriospinal axons are severely damaged after injury, 5–7% of long descending propriospinal tract (LDPT) projections survive following 50 and 12.5‐mm weight drop contusion lesions, respectively, albeit with a reduced intensity of retrograde label. Even though the axons of short thoracic propriospinal cells are damaged, their cell bodies of origin remain intact 2 weeks after injury, indicating that they have not undergone postaxotomy retrograde cell death at this time point. Thus, short PNs may constitute a very attractive population of cells to study regenerative approaches, whereas LDPT neurons with spared axons could be targeted with therapeutic interventions, seeking to enhance recovery of function following incomplete lesions to the spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 479:347–359, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differentiation and tropic/trophic effects of exogenous neural precursors in the adult spinal cord
Authors: Yan Jun , Welsh Annie M. , Bora Susan H. , Snyder Evan Y. , Koliatsos Vassilis E. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe fate of exogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) in the environment of the adult nervous system continues to be a matter of debate. In the present study, we report that cells of the murine NSC clone C17.2, when grafted into the lumbar segments of the spinal cord of adult rats, survive and undergo partial differentiation. C17.2 cells migrate avidly toward axonal tracts and nerve roots and differentiate into nonmyelinating ensheathing cells. Notably, C17.2 cells induce the de novo formation of host axon tracts aiming at graft innervation. Differentiation and inductive properties of C17.2 cells are independent of the presence of lesions in the spinal cord. The tropic/trophic interactions of C17.2 NSCs with host axons, the avid C17.2 cell–host axon contacts, and the ensheathing properties of these cells are related to their complex molecular profile, which includes the expression of trophic cytokines and neurotrophins such as glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor, glial growth factor receptors such as ErbB‐2; and PASK, the mammalian homologue of the fray gene that is involved in axon ensheathment. These results show that NSCs might not only play a critical supportive role in repairing axonal injury in the adult spinal cord but also can be used as probes for exploring the molecular underpinnings of the regenerative potential of the mature nervous system after injury. J. Comp. Neurol. 480:101–114, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Volatile constituents of different parts (roots, stems and leaves) of Smyrnium olusatrum L.
Authors: Bertoli Alessandra , Pistelli Luisa , Morelli Ivano , Fraternale Daniele , Giamperi Laura , Ricci Donata 
Published: November 2004

AbstractSmyrnium olusatrum L. is a biennal plant growing in western and southern Europe. Several phytochemical studies have identiﬁed ﬂavonoids, phenolic acids and sesquiterpene lactones as main constituents. In this work the root, stem and leaf essential oils of Smyrnium olusatrum L. (Umbelliferae) collected in Urbino (Marche, Italy) were studied by GC and GC‐MS. Myrcene (1, 13 and 14%), β‐phellandrene (34, 17 and 9%), β‐caryophyllene (1, 3 and 12%), furanodiene (19, 8 and 17%), curzerene (13, 6 and 12%), germacrene B (7, 14 and 10%) and germacrone (8, 7 and 8%) were identiﬁed as the major components in the root, stem and leaf oils, respectively. SPME analysis of fresh material of the same different organs showed β‐myrcene (3, 21 and 36%), β‐phellandrene (25, 34 and 12%), β‐caryophyllene (1, 7 and 22%) and furanodiene (4, 7 and 7%) as typical components in the headspace of fresh roots, stems and leaves, respectively. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inﬂuence of type and amount of gelling agent on ﬂavour perception: physicochemical effect or interaction between senses?
Authors: Juteau A. , Tournier C. , Guichard E. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractDifferent model food systems were made with iota‐ and kappa‐carrageenans. Their viscoelastic characteristics were determined and four different systems were classiﬁed according to their gel strength by a sensory panel. The sensory results were in total agreement with the rheological parameters (storage and loss modulus). Flavour molecules from different chemical classes and with different chain lengths for the same chemical class were then incorporated in two of the most different systems. These samples were compared for their ortho‐ and retronasal intensities. No signiﬁcant difference was perceived in odour intensity, except for ethyl hexanoate, which was found to be retained by iota‐carrageenans. Nevertheless, in‐mouth aroma perception was signiﬁcantly different between the two systems. Aroma was perceived more intensely in the less ﬁrm system. The release kinetic results are interpreted in terms of partition and mass transfer coefﬁcients. Sensory differences are not totally explained by physicochemical results, which suggests that interactions between senses may occur. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of porcine liver esterase on the color of dental resin composites by CIEDE2000 system
Authors: Kim Seung‐Heon , Lee Yong‐Keun , Lim Bum‐Soon 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe objectives of this study were to evaluate the changes in color and color coordinates of dental resin composites after immersion in porcine liver esterase (PLE, 400 mU/mL; a substitute for salivary hydrolase) with CIEDE2000 color system, and to compare those with CIELAB color system. Color of resin composites was measured after immersion in PBS (phosphate buffered saline; control) or PLE up to nine weeks. Color difference (Δ E00) and changes in lightness (L′), red‐green parameter (a′), yellow‐blue parameter (b′), and chroma (C′) with CIEDE2000 system were compared. Correlation in the changes of color with CIEDE2000 and CIELAB systems was determined. Δ E00 values after a 9‐week immersion in PLE were 0.7–2.8, which were not higher than those in PBS except for a few cases. Changes in b′ and C′ values after a 9‐week immersion in PLE were generally lower than those in PBS, and were in the range of −4.0 to −0.1 and −4.0 to −0.1, respectively. Therefore, the influence of porcine liver esterase on the changes of color and color coordinates was negligible with CIEDE2000 color system. There was a significant correlation between color differences (Δ E00 vs ΔE) with CIEDE2000 and CIELAB systems [correlation coefficient (r) = 0.95, p < 0.01]. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 72B: 276–283, 2005
La3+‐promoted proliferation is interconnected with apoptosis in NIH 3T3 cells
Authors: Yu Siwang , Yuan Lan , Yang Xiaoda , Wang Kui , Ke Ya , Qian Zhong Ming 
Published: November 2004

AbstractLanthanum ion (La3+) has been reported to affect proliferation or apoptosis of different cells. In the present study, La3+ was confirmed to promote both proliferation and apoptosis of NIH 3T3 cells at the same concentrations. La3+ was shown to promote proliferation by helping the cells to pass through the G1/S restriction point and enter S phase, however, the proliferating cells induced by incubation with La3+ eventually underwent apoptosis. The proliferation and apoptosis of NIH 3T3 cells induced by La3+ were well correlated with cell cycle alterations. La3+ caused the phosphorylation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2; while inhibition of ERK phosphorylation by 2′‐amino‐3′‐methoxyflavone (PD98059) suppressed both proliferation and apoptosis induced by La3+. Based on the above experimental results, we postulated that La3+‐promoted proliferation of NIH 3T3 cells could be interconnected with the cell apoptosis, possibly through cell cycle machinery. Our results thus support the recent hypothesis that proliferation and apoptosis of cell are intrinsically coordinated. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inhibition of whole body Ca2+ uptake in fresh water teleosts, Channa punctatus and Cyprinus carpio in response to salmon calcitonin
Authors: Mukherjee Dola , Sen Utpal , Bhattacharyya S. P. , Mukherjee Dilip 
Published: November 2004

AbstractIn many fish, ultimobranchial‐derived calcitonin (CT) has been shown to be a potent hypocalcemic regulator. But an equal number of studies failed to show any correlation between CT and plasma calcium levels. Again, in fish, where CT has been shown to function as a hypocalcemic hormone, the way this is brought about is not well known. While the regulatory role of many hormones e.g., stanniocalcin, pituitary‐derived prolactin and cortisol on gill calcium (Ca2+) transport (GCAT) has been well established, very few studies have been done to examine the effects of CT on GCAT in fish. In the present study we examined the effects of synthetic salmon calcitonin (sCT) in vivo on GCAT in two distinctly different species of fresh water teleost, Channa punctatus (partially air breathing) and Cyprinus carpio (fully gill breathing). Whole body calcium uptake, a measure of GCAT, was lower in the partial air breathing fish. We found that salmon CT had significant inhibitory effect on GCAT in both the fish species, kept either in normal tap water or low‐calcium water. Fish, kept in high‐calcium water, showed little response. In parallel studies we also observed that inhibition of GCAT was correlated with simultaneous changes in plasma calcium levels in response to exogenous administration of sCT. The present findings therefore suggest that CT in fresh water teleosts regulate its hypocalcemic action through inhibition of GCAT. J. Exp. Zool. 301A:882–890, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms and sperm motility in Mytilus edulis (Bivalvia: Mytilidae)
Authors: Everett Erin M. , Williams Peter J. , Gibson Glenys , Stewart Donald T. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe system of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) inheritance in Mytilus and other bivalves, termed doubly uniparental inheritance (DUI), is novel among animals. Males pass on their male transmitted (M‐type) mtDNA from fathers to their sons whereas females pass on their female transmitted (F‐type) mtDNA from mothers to both sons and daughters. Thus, Mytilus males contain two distinct types of mtDNA. Interestingly, sperm contains only the paternal mtDNA. Phylogenetic analysis has shown that some female types have been able to switch their route of inheritance. These “recently masculinized” mitochondrial genomes behave as a typical M‐type in that they are transmitted from generation to generation through sperm. Because the “recently masculinized” and “standard” male mitotypes in M. edulis exhibit ≈8.7% amino acid sequence divergence, we hypothesized that these differences could affect mitochondrial, and hence sperm, functions. Furthermore, since recently masculinized mitotypes have been shown to replace standard male types periodically over evolutionary timescales, we tested the hypothesis that sperm swimming speeds would be greater for males with recently masculinized M‐type genomes. Sperm activity was videotaped, digitized and tracked. A linear mixed effects model found no significant difference in linear velocities or curvilinear speeds between the mitotypes suggesting that swimming speeds are similar for both in the period shortly after spawning. J. Exp. Zool. 301A:906–910, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Can a subjective poverty line be applied to China? Assessing poverty among urban residents in 1999
Authors: Gustafsson Björn , Shi Li , Sato Hiroshi 
Published: November 2004

AbstractFor the first time, subjective poverty line methodology is applied to China. The data refer to 12 cities for the year 1999. A major conclusion is that poverty counts, based on the subjective poverty line, is surprisingly close to those obtained when applying the methodology used when providing official estimates on poverty in urban China. However, the opinions of the general public can differ considerably across cities. Applying the poverty line we find substantial variation across cities in the extent of poverty. Poverty status in urban China is very much related to education level of the household, to life cycle, as well as to labour market status. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spectral domain analysis of large (M)MIC‐structures using novel quadrature methods
Authors: Vaupel Thomas , Eibert Thomas F. , Hansen Volkert 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe spectral domain approach for the solution of integral equations is especially attractive for planar circuits and antennas in multilayered environments characterized by analytically derived Green's functions. However, for circuits with large lateral dimensions the spectral integrands are strongly oscillatory and accurate evaluation of the integrals is extremely difficult and often time‐consuming. In this paper, we propose higher‐order Legendre quadrature rules optimized for the integration of the oscillating integrands using the Filon principle. The Legendre–Filon quadrature weights are computed for the specific oscillations by solving a small linear system of equations. The method is applied within a spectral domain solution approach evaluating the spectral integrals in cartesian wavenumbers and using asymptotic extraction techniques as well as complex integration path deformation for improved convergence. Since the asymptotic extraction causes a singularity in the origin of the wavenumber domain that is not annihilated by cartesian wavenumber integration, a special procedure for the treatment of this singularity is also introduced. The overall method needs very few sampling points for the numerical evaluation of the spectral integrals but is still applicable to very large structures as compared to the wavelength. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of sex and region on the carcass yield and m longissimus lumborum proximate composition of impala
Authors: Hoffman Louwrens C , Kritzinger Brian , Ferreira Abraham V 
Published: November 2004

AbstractPhysical morphological measurements and m longissimus lumborum proximate chemical composition of impala (Aepyceros melampus) and the effects of age, sex and region on these parameters were investigated. Impala were randomly sampled from Mara (n = 40, 24 males, 16 females), situated in the Arid Sweet Bushveld region, and Musina (n = 28, 15 males, 13 females), situated in the Mopane Bushveld region in the Limpopo Province of South Africa. The live weights of the Mara (50.23 ± 9.32 kg) animals were higher (p < 0.05) than those of the Musina animals (44.25 ± 10.81 kg). The male animals from both regions were significantly heavier than the females (p < 0.05), particularly for the older animals (∼5 kg for 30‐month‐old animals and ∼10 kg for 42‐month‐old animals); however, the dressing percentages between the sexes did not differ. The Mara female group (∼62%) had significantly (p < 0.05) higher mean dressing percentages than the Musina females (∼58%). The mean proportions of external and internal offal were relatively higher in the Musina animals. No significant differences in the dressing percentages between the five age groups were found. Carcass measurements increased linearly with age. Age showed no effect on the m longissimus lumborum chemical carcass composition. Female animals (∼19.4 g kg−1) had higher (p < 0.05) lipid contents for both regions than the males (∼14.0 g kg−1) but the sex of the animal had no effect on the remaining chemical carcass composition parameters. The crude protein content of the Musina animals (248.8 ± 10.44 g kg−1) was higher (p < 0.05) than for the Mara animals (238.0 ± 8.404 g kg−1). The mean ash content of the impala m longissimus lumborum was ∼12 g kg−1. The results indicated that age effects are caused by the increases in size brought about by the growth of the animal and by the development of sexual dimorphism. Age, however, had no effect on the m longissimus lumborum proximate chemical composition. Regional differences were also shown for both the physical parameters as well as for the proximate chemical composition of the muscle. Similarly, females also differed from males for the parameters measured. These factors will have to be taken into consideration by the meat trade when purchasing, processing and marketing impala game meat. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Microwave‐assisted extraction of bioactive saponins from chickpea (Cicer arietinum L)
Authors: Kerem Zohar , German‐Shashoua Hilla , Yarden Oded 
Published: November 2004

AbstractGrowing interest in plant secondary metabolites has brought with it the need for economical, rapid and efficient extraction protocols. Microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) was used to extract saponins from chickpea (Cicer arietinum). Several MAE conditions were tested, and the method proved to be superior to Soxhlet extraction with regard to amounts of solvents required, time and energy expended. The use of a butanol/H2O mixture showed selectivity towards saponin extraction. Using TLC, two distinct saponins were observed in the various chickpea extracts. The identification of the major saponin as a DDMP‐conjugated saponin was verified using 1H and 13C NMR, for the first time in chickpea. The MAE procedure most likely contributed to the conservation of the heat‐sensitive DDMP moiety. The pure chickpea saponin exhibited significant inhibitory activity against Penicillium digitatum and additional filamentous fungi. Two Fusarium strains tested were highly tolerant to the saponin. The potential for using MAE for the efficient extraction of natural products may assist in expediting the chemical analysis and characterization of the biological activities of such compounds. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Evaluation of three Spirulina species grown under similar conditions for their growth and biochemicals
Authors: Bhattacharya Susinjan , Shivaprakash MK 
Published: November 2004

AbstractGrowth pattern and biochemical composition of three species of Spirulina, S platensis, S laxissima and S lonar, were studied under controlled culture conditions. The chemical constituents were analysed in terms of chlorophyll‐a, phycobilliproteins, β‐carotene and phenolics (intracellular and extracellular). Of the three species S platensis showed highest growth rate, biomass, pigment concentration and low intracellular phenolics. The shortest doubling time was seen in S platensis. The results demonstrated the importance of strain selection for large‐scale cultivation. The results also showed differences in culture conditions (light intensity and pH) for the three species of Spirulina to obtain the maximum growth, as well as biochemical basis for obtaining the maximum growth in Spirulina spp. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry