bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acquired subcortical lesions in children
Authors: Pavāo Martins Isabel , M. Ferro José 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is little knowledge of the effects of subcortical lesions during childhood. While some series of acquired hemispheric lesions in children include cases with subcortical damage (Aram 1988; Cranberg et al. 1987; Van Dongen 1988), most studies focus mainly on the effects of the aetiology of lesions rather than on lesion site. However, there are isolated reports of subcortical aphasia (Aram et al. 1983; Ferro et al. 1982) and subcortical neglect (Ferro et al.1984) in children, just to state that their clinical presentation is identical to that of adult cases, and therefore to conclude that subcortical structures subserve similar functions in both children and adults. Yet, it is not known if these lesions produce a more severe deficit or harbour a different outcome when compared with lesions involving the cortical areas. This is particularly important if we consider that stroke in children causes mainly subcortical damage (Zimmerman et al. 1983). It is well known that acquired aphasia has a much better prognosis in children than in adults. The frequent localization of lesions to subcortical areas may therefore be an important factor in the prognosis.
Cortical hypometabolism and neuropsychological impairment in unilateral thalamic lesions
Authors: Baron J C , Levasseur M , Mazoyer B , Legault-Demare F , Mauguiére F , Pappata S , Jedynak P , Derome P , Cambier J , Tran-Dinh S , Cambon H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recently, several studies using positron emission tomography (PET) or single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) in subcortical stroke have revealed that a reduction in the cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (CMRglu) and oxygen (CMR02), and blood flow (CBF) frequently affects the ipsilateral cerebral cortex, relative to the contralateral side (for review, see Feeney and Baron 1986; Baron 1987, 1989; Pappata et al. 1990). Although it has been widely assumed that this remote effect on the ipsilateral cortex underlies the development of neuropsychological impairment such as ‘subcortical’ aphasia or neglect (Baron et al. 1986), only anecdotal or uncertain support has accrued to this hypothesis (Bogousslavsky et al. 1988; Perani et al. 1987; Metter et al. 1989); in addition, discrepancies such as the persistence of cortical metabolic asymmetry in neuropsychologically recovered patients (Baron et al. 1986; Perani et al. 1987) and the lack of it in neuropsychologically impaired patients (Cambon et al. 1987; Pappata et al. 1990), have been reported. This whole issue is crucial, since if it can be demonstrated that neuropsychological impairment is subtended by cortical hypometabolism, there could, according to the concept of diaschisis, be room for therapeutic intervention on rate and/or extent of functional recovery (Feeney and Baron 1986).
Breeding partnerships of two New World jays
Authors: Marzluff John M , Woolfenden Glen E , Fitzpatrick, John W , Balda Russell P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two New World jays with different lifestyles, the Pinyon Jay (PJ) Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus and the Florida Scrub Jay (FSJ) Aphelocoma coerulescens (see drawing above), form long-term, monogamous breeding partnerships. PJ pairs.live in large flocks of breeders and prebreeders that roam widely over home ranges encompassing thousands of hectares, lack territories, and breed colonially (Marzluff and Balda 1992). FSJ pairs live alone, or with a few prebreeding offspring that act as helpers, in permanent territories, and individuals rarely move more than 1 or 2 km from their natal site during their entire lifetimes (Woolfenden and Fitzpatrick 1984, 1986). We discuss the establishment of long-term, socially monogamous pair bonds, the influence of mate fidelity on reproduction, and the factors that promote mate fidelity in these phylogenetically related, but ecologically dissimilar corvids. Although both species form long-term pair bonds, clear differences exist between many features of these partnerships. We conclude that the disparities result from marked differences in sociality, use of space and use of resources.
Economic, environmental, social, and policy issues in tree planting
Authors: Savill Peter , Evans Julian , Auclair Daniel , Falck Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While this book is devoted primarily to the scientific and technical aspects of silvi-culture, they are meaningless in isolation from the economic, environmental, and social frameworks within which decisions about plantation forestry are made. The purpose of this chapter is to describe the latter and to suggest the research and development priorities necessary to adapt current practices to future needs. The industrial wood production objective of the majority of the world’s plantation forests derives from a complex array of forces. Principal amongst these has been the perceived role of forest resources in economic development—eloquently enunciated by Westoby (1962), and subsequently reviewed by, amongst others, Douglas (1983), Westoby himself (1987), Byron and Waugh (1988), Binkley and Vincent (1992), Kanowski and Savill (1992), and Evans (1992) devoted a chapter to ‘Why plantations in tropical countries’.
The layout and design of plantation forests
Authors: Savill Peter , Evans Julian , Auclair Daniel , Falck Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In laying out plantations consideration must be given not only to the well being and economic management of the plantations themselves, but also to wider land use issues. This is particularly important for large plantation developments. Forests are no longer seen as places merely having physical, biological, and economic potential for growing wood, that need design features to protect them from fires and wind, and to provide access. Today, the plantation manager is more of a tenant of the land and a custodian of its other values and possible uses as well. This awareness emphasizes the obligation for wise use of the land set aside for forest plantations. Forests have visual and aesthetic values; they are habitats for many species of wild plants and animals. They have other economic and social functions, such as recreation, water gathering, hunting, and some forms of agriculture. Forest may, too, contain important archaeological features or be an integral part of a much prized landscape. These values can conflict with growing wood as an economic crop and, in achieving a balance, compromises must be made.
Nutrition and fertilizers
Authors: Savill Peter , Evans Julian , Auclair Daniel , Falck Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Attitudes towards the use of fertilizers in forests have changed considerably during the twentieth century, largely as a result of the great increase in planting and intensification of forest management. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries the accepted view that 'almost any soil can furnish a sufficient quantity of mineral substances for the production of trees' (Schlich 1899) contrasts with the now commonplace use of fertilizers to correct deficiencies. Miller (1981 a) contends that there is no great disparity between these outlooks. An understanding of nutrient cycling in forests has shown that while fertilizers can do much for forests before canopy closure, thereafter the nineteenth century ideas, which related to predominantly closed canopy forests, remain true. Such forests have efficient nutrient-conserving mechanisms but during the years before the canopy closes, while trees are accumulating nutrients to build a canopy, growth is dependent on the availability of soil nutrients. It is during this period that fertilizing and other practices developed in agriculture can be used by foresters to improve tree growth.
Spacing, thinning, pruning, and rotation length
Authors: Savill Peter , Evans Julian , Auclair Daniel , Falck Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The spacing between trees or stocking at which a crop grows affects the degree of competition in the stand. This influences mortality, total production per unit area, the size to which individual trees will grow, several aspects of wood quality, and sometimes susceptibility to pests and diseases. The value of timber and costs of management practices are both affected by spacing. A clear understanding of the effects of possible spacing and thinning regimes on production is one of the most important aspects of silviculture since they influence the end use of the timber and its profitability, and, as with species selection, are directly under a forester’s control.
Minor extinctions of the jurassic
Authors: Hallam A , Wignall P B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In their analysis of extinction periodicity, based on family-level data of marine extinctions, Raup and Sepkoski (1984, 1986; Sepkoski and Raup 1986) claimed to have recognised two events in the Jurassic, at about the end of the Pliensbachian and Tithonian stages; Scpkoski’s (1992a) update confirms these events. While of lesser significance than the ‘big five’ Phanerozoic extinction events, they provide key data for the periodicity hypothesis and accordingly must be considered in some detail.
Death at the Cretaceous Tertiary boundary
Authors: Hallam A , Wignall P B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is unusual in science for a major advance to be traceable to the publication of a single paper, but without question the study of mass extinctions received a huge stimulus, and considerable media interest, from the seminal paper in Science by Luis Alvarez, his son Walter and two nuclear chemist colleagues (Alvarez et al. 1980). Although phenomena from outer space had been invoked on a few previous occasions to account for mass extinctions, they were disregarded because of lack of evidence in support. This situation was changed radically with the discovery of a significant positive anomaly of the platinum-group trace metal iridium at the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary in Italy and elsewhere. This was held by Alvarez et al. to be most plausibly accounted for by the impact of an asteroid approximately 10 km in diameter. A few years later the impact hypothesis received strong support from an independent line of evidence, the presence of so-called shocked quartz at the K-T boundary in the North American Western Interior. Shocked quartz possesses distinctive multiple sets of lamellae which have only been recognised in rocks from well-established meteorite impact sites or at nuclear weapons test sites, and appears to signify the passage of shock waves under enormous pressures.
Cenozoic extinctions
Authors: Hallam A , Wignall P B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the Cenozoic era there are a number of well-documented extinction events both in the marine and terrestrial realms, a few of which qualify as mass extinctions. Our knowledge of Cenozoic environments, considerably enhanced within the last few decades by an extensive programme of deep-sea drilling, is greater than that for earlier eras. A major contributor to this is the use of actualistic comparisons in palaeoecology, because of the relatively close affinities to extant taxa of the fossilised organisms. Accordingly it is to be expected that there should be a better prospect of understanding causal factors.
The Causes Of Mass Extinctions
Authors: Hallam A , Wignall P B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Raup and Sepkosk.is claim of a 26 my. extinction periodicity since the end of the Palaeozoic, already discussed in Chapter l, strongly suggests that, if true, there was only one prime causal factor. We have already noted how controversial this claim has proved to be, provoking a variety of criticisms embracing statistical methods used, radiometric dating, and the problems of paraphyly, which should raise doubts about at least the lesser extinction events. But even if, for the sake of argument, all the events are accepted as valid, there remain serious problems. Thus there are significant gaps in the periodicity, with no good evidence available from detailed scrutiny of well-marked extinction events in the CaUovian, Tithonian, Aptian, and mid-Miocene. Furthermore the Eocene-Oligocene boundary does not signify a short-term extinction event but is merely the conclusion of an ex.tended period of increased extinction rate lasting several million years. Raup and Sepkoski also missed a clear-cut extinction event in the deep sea at the end of the Palaeocene. They concede that no periodicity is apparent from their data for the Palaeozoic prior to the Late Permian, and Benton’s (1995) independent analysis, based on data from the second edition of The Fossil Record, fails to find any evidence supporting periodicity. We conclude that Phanerozoic mass extinctions were episodic rather than periodic in character, and could have had a multiplicity of causes.
Introduction. Changing perspectives: from natural history to behavioural ecology
Authors: Simmons Robert E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the tangled bank, at the conclusion of his masterpiece The origin of species, Charles Darwin mused on the ecological forces that shape and continue to shape the species that live there: It is interesting to contemplate an entangled bank, clothed with many plants of many kinds, with birds singing on the bushes, with various insects flitting about, and with worms crawling through the damp earth, and to reflect that these elaborately constructed forms, so different from each other, and dependent upon each other in so complex a manner, have all been produced by laws acting around us.
Of mice and harriers: who wins the arms race?
Authors: Simmons Robert E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the frustrations of watching harriers ironically arises from one of their most interesting attributes—their long distance foraging behaviour. Unlike other raptorial birds which hunt by perching, soaring, hovering, or ambushing prey from short flights, harriers hunt by active flying—quartering over grassland and marshland for hours on end. Invariably birds eventually pass into the haze, crossing a lake to a distant and favoured marsh, or become a distant speck, quartering over reed beds and the lake shore fringes of their wetland habitat. Sometimes birds check in flight, wheeling around and momentarily hovering on sighting a fleeing mouse or bird, only to resume their foraging, eventually becoming so distant that the arms tire from holding binoculars to the eyes.
Mating patterns: polygyny and deception
Authors: Simmons Robert E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Charles Darwin wrote in 1871 ‘Males that conquer their rivals do not win females independent of the choice of the latter’ he raised a question that has probably occupied more research in behavioural ecology circles than any other. How do females choose their mates and what cues do they use? Raptors, like all other sexually reproducing species, face particular problems when they choose their mates.
Free Radicals and Iron: Chemistry, Biology, and Medicine
Authors: Symons M C R , Gutteridge J M C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Iron is essential to most aerobic life-forms, facilitating transfer of both electrons and oxygen. It forms the active centre of many oxidases and oxygenases, and several anti-oxidants. The authors present a chemical and biomedical perspective of how reactions of iron complexes and free radicals may contribute to human health and disease, especially in reactions of oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. Iron is discussed in terms of valence, high- and low- spin complexes, ligands - notably haem, oxygen, and nitric oxide-, its role in oxygen activation, and its transport, storage, and utilization, especially in humans. The link between iron and free radicals, especially via Fenton chemistry, and the central role of these reactions is discussed. Free Radicals and Iron: Chemistry, Biology and Medicine is an accessible and comprehensive text describing a variety of reactions of iron in biological free-radical reactions. It presents both chemical and biochemical perspective, and should appeal to scientists and medical workers from many disciplines.
Pressure Drop in Two-Phase Flow-Overall Methods for Separated Flow
Authors: Whalley P B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In separated flow the phases physically flow with separate, different velocities, as illustrated schematically in Fig. 6.1. From eqn (5.4), the general equation for void fraction α is (6.1)α=11+(ug1−x ρgu1 x ρ1), with the velocity ratio ug/u1, often being called the slip ratio Thus, for homogeneous flow S is equal to unity. For separated flow S does not equal unity: it is usually greater than one, so that the gas is moving faster than the liquid phase.
Instabilities in Two-Phase Flow
Authors: Whalley P B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two-phase flows are prone to various types of instability (see Ishii 1982). These can be divided into two classes: static instability and dynamic instability. A static instability is one where a small change in one of the independent variables leads to a large change in one of the dependent variables. Examples of static instability are listed below.
Boiling: Introduction And Pool Boiling
Authors: Whalley P B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Boiling can be divided into categories according to the mechanism occurring, and according to the geometric situation. The three mechanisms of boiling are:
(a) nucleate boiling, where vapour bubbles are formed (usually at a solid surface); (b) convective boiling, where the heat is conducted through a thin film of liquid-the liquid then evaporates at the vapour-liquid interface with no bubble formation; and (c) film boiling, where the heated surface is blanketed by a film of vapour-the heat is conducted through the vapour, and the liquid vaporizes at the vapour-liquid interface.
Objects and transformations in space
Authors: Marciniak Krzysztof 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To represent solids we use points and vectors. The main difference between them comes from the fact that vectors represent the difference between two points, so they are not bound to any particular place in space; they have only direction and magnitude. We shall symbolically denote a vector with bold-face lower case letters, and points as bold-face upper case letters; standard letters have been reserved for scalars. A null vector will be denoted by O (no direction is defined for it). Note that the sum and the difference of vectors is a vector, the difference of points is a vector, but the sum of points does not make sense.
Surface of revolution of a tool
Authors: Marciniak Krzysztof 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Suppose that a tool moves with a predefined feed rate and simultaneously rotates around its axis of symmetry. In typical cases when the rotational speed is much higher than the feed rate we assume that a tool can be represented by the surface of revolution defined by the revolving edges of teeth. Such a surface is defined by revolving a plane curve around the axis line in its plane (Fig. 8.1). The plane curve is called the pro.file curve and its various positions around the axis create meridians.
Sculptured surfaces machining on 3C milling machines
Authors: Marciniak Krzysztof 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On NC milling machines with a control unit of type 3C a tool moves in such a way that the direction of the rotation axis remains unchanged. This kinematic constraint means that a tool movement may be uniquely defined by the movement of an arbitrarily chosen point C(t) on its rotation axis (Fig. 11.1). A trajectory shape depends upon the interpolators in the machine control unit (which are usually linear), but any tool trajectory may, in practice, be approximated by a polygon, so we may assume that any curve may represent a tool trajectory. A tool trajectory has to be calculated exactly (that is, approximately with a tolerance of 0.001 to O.Ql mm); a tool feed tate, on the other hand, may be calculated with an error of approximately 5o/o. This is why we are primarily interested in the design of a tool trajectory. A feed rate calculation is an independent task.
Flat elements for sheII analysis
Authors: Mohr G A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The analysis of structural shells is perhaps the most difficult finite element problem. The governing differential equations are relatively complicated, if known at all for some cases, so that the energy approach of preceding chapters is now virtually obligatory, and combination of the extensional and flexural strains into a single element formulation presents few immediate difficulties. If the element is curved, however, the extensional and flexural actions are coupled by radial strain components of the form w/Rx, where Rx is the radius of curvature of the shell measured in a plane parallel to the Z Yplane.
Potential flow, viscous flow and compressible flow
Authors: Mohr G A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the close of Chapter 16 the Navier-Stokes, continuity, and thermal energy equations for fluid flow were introduced. The present chapter presents finite element formulations for a wide range of fluid flow problems governed by these equations. Of particular interest are the uvp or primitive variable formulations for Stokes flow. These have resulted in many new insights into the finite element method and can be extended to deal with convective, transient, and compressible flows. Chapter 20 then gives several worked examples and two programs for the analysis of fluid flows.
An Introduction to the Kinetic Theory of Gases and Magnetoplasmas
Authors: Woods L C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this book is to give a physical treatment of the kinetic theory of gases and magnetoplasmas, covering the standard material in as simple a way as possible, using mean-free-path arguments when possible and identifying problem areas where received theory has either failed or has fallen short of expectations. Examples are provided by strong shock waves, ultrasonic waves (high Knudsen numbers), and transport across strong magnetic fields. Examples of problem areas provided by strong shock waves, ultrasonic waves (high Knudsen numbers), and transport across strong magnetic fields. One of the paradoxes arising in kinetic theory concerns the fluid pressure. Collisions are necessary for a fluid force to result, yet standard kinetic theory does not entail this, being satisfied to bypass Newton's equations by defining pressure as a momentum flux. This omission usually has no adverse consequences, but with increasing Knudsen number, it leads to errors. This text pays particular attention to pressure, explaining the importance of allowing for its collisional nature from the outset in developing kinetic theory.
The Maxwellian Velocity Distribution
Authors: Woods L C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A concept of central importance in kinetic theory that remains to be introduced is that of the particle velocity distribution function, J(r, w, t). This is an extension of the notion of number density to the six-dimensional space—known as phase-space —obtained by adjoining physical space with velocity space. We proceed as in the first paragraph of §1.2.By a macroscopic point (r, w, t) in phase-space is meant an infinitesimal G-D volume, dv (c= drdw), centred at the point (r, w, t), and having an exterrnion sufficient to contain a very large number of particles of the species under consideration. The number density in this space is denoted by J(r, w,t), so that f dv is the number of particles in dv. We may treat f as being a continuous and differentiable function of its arguments.