bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in weight and body image over time in women with eating disorders
Authors: Striegel‐Moore Ruth H. , Franko Debra L. , Thompson Douglas , Barton Bruce , Schreiber George B. , Daniels Stephen R. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBackgroundThis study examined the changes in body image and weight in young women with an adolescent eating disorder, relative to women without an eating disorder (noED).MethodThree diagnostic groups, anorexia nervosa (AN; n = 10), bulimia nervosa (BN; n = 27), and binge eating disorder (BED; n = 42) and three comparison groups (noED; n = 659 each) were compared on body mass index (BMI) and self‐reported current body size, ideal body size, and weight dissatisfaction. Dependent variables were examined 2 and 1 year before the onset, the onset year, and 1 and 2 years after the onset of the eating disorder in a model that was adjusted for ethnicity and BMI.ResultsBMI was lower in the AN group at all time points except 2 years before onset. AN girls evidenced a significantly stronger relation between BMI and current self‐ratings and weight dissatisfaction than noED girls. BMI did not differ between the BN group and the noED group. Girls with BN reported larger current body sizes and greater weight dissatisfaction across all time points. The BED group had higher BMI than the noED group across time. BED girls reported greater current body size ratings and weight dissatisfaction than the noED girls. Girls with AN, BN, or BED did not differ from the noED girls on body ideal ratings.DiscussionBody weight seems to influence perception of body size more so for girls with AN than for noED girls. No support was found for an accelerated weight gain over time for BN. Weight may increase over time for the BED group relative to the noED group, but larger studies are needed. Across all three groups, ideal body size appears to be unrelated to diagnostic status. Rather, the risk for developing an eating disorder appears to arise from size overestimation and related weight dissatisfaction. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 36: 315–327, 2004.
Managing the chronic, treatment‐resistant patient with anorexia nervosa
Authors: Strober Michael 
Published: October 2004

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the psychopathology of chronic, treatment‐resistant anorexia nervosa, as well as a paradigm for its clinical management.MethodThe foundation of the approach integrates clinical experience, empirical psychological findings, and a conceptual understanding of developmental and phenomenologic aspects of the illness.ResultsElements of the management paradigm take account of the compensatory nature of illness chronicity. The inherent risks of treating these patients in the customary way are described, along with therapist countertransference that must be anticipated and effectively considered.DiscussionThe chronically ill patient requires a unique approach to care, one that minimizes the risk of iatrogenic effects of rapid weight restoration or failure to appraise the deleterious influences of therapist countertransference. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 36: 245–255, 2004.
A qualitative study of the experience of caring for a person with bulimia nervosa. Part 1: The emotional impact of caring
Authors: Perkins Sarah , Winn Suzanne , Murray Joanna , Murphy Rebecca , Schmidt Ulrike 
Published: October 2004

AbstractObjectiveFamily carers of individuals with mental disorders have been found to experience mental health difficulties of their own. There has been little research into the impact of caring for individuals with eating disorders. A preliminary study found that carers of individuals with anorexia nervosa experience more difficulties and distress than carers of people with psychoses (Treasure et al., [2001]. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 36, 343–347). This is the first study to qualitatively investigate the experiences of carers of individuals with bulimia nervosa (BN).MethodTwenty carers of individuals with BN were interviewed using a semistructured interview. Interviews were transcribed and the texts analyzed using content analysis to identify themes.ResultsThe principal themes to emerge were the impact of the discovery of BN on the carer, the ongoing impact of care‐giving, coping strategies used by the carer, and the positive impact of the illness for both the carers and the persons in their care.DiscussionBN has a potent impact on carers' lives. This has implications in terms of service provision and future research in this area. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 36: 256–268, 2004.
A qualitative study of the experience of caring for a person with bulimia nervosa. Part 2: Carers' needs and experiences of services and other support
Authors: Winn Suzanne , Perkins Sarah , Murray Joanna , Murphy Rebecca , Schmidt Ulrike 
Published: October 2004

AbstractObjectiveFamily carers of people with mental disorders have specific needs to safeguard their own mental health. The needs of carers of individuals with eating disorders have received little attention. A focus group with carers of people with anorexia nervosa identified a number of specific needs (Haigh & Treasure [2003]. European Eating Disorders Review, 11(2), 125–141). However, there has been no published research into the needs of carers of individuals with bulimia nervosa (BN).MethodTwenty carers of individuals with BN were interviewed using a semistructured interview schedule. Interviews were transcribed and the texts were analyzed using a content analysis approach to identify themes.ResultsCarers expressed the need for more information, practical advice, guidance, and the need to talk to others about their experiences.DiscussionFurther research is recommended to explore how the needs expressed by carers may best be translated into services that effectively meet the requirements of both patients and carers and reduce the risk to carers' mental health. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 36: 269–279, 2004.
A New Trinuclear Linear Copper(II) Complex: Unusual Crystal Structure with Semi‐Coordinated Thiophene Moieties and Weak Antiferromagnetic Coupling Through the Bridging Imidazolate Rings
Authors: Song Yufei F. , Massera Chiara , Quesada Manuel , Koval Iryna A. , Gamez Patrick , Manotti Lanfredi Anna Maria , Reedijk Jan 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA trinuclear copper(II) complex, [Cu3(imthio)2(NO3)4(MeOH)2] [where Himthio is 1,1‐bis(imidazol‐2‐yl)‐3‐(thiophen‐2‐yl)‐2‐azapropane], has been synthesized by the reaction of Himthio with Cu(NO3)2·3H2O in MeOH. The structure of the copper complex is centrosymmetric and contains a linear trinuclear array of copper atoms. The central copper(II) ion, Cu1, which lies on an inversion centre, is equatorially coordinated by four nitrogen atoms from two anionic imthio ligands and axially by two semicoordinated thiophene sulfur atoms to give an octahedral environment (Cu1−S1 3.136 Å). The Himthio ligand bridges Cu1 and the terminal copper(II) ions through imidazole nitrogen atoms. The coordination around the external ions is completed by the oxygen atoms from two nitrate groups and by a methanol molecule in a distorted square‐pyramidal geometry. The two terminal copper(II) complexes can be considered to be chelating ligands for the central CuII ion. The EPR spectrum of the complex in MeOH at 77 K shows two mononuclear species, as is fully confirmed by EPR simulation. Magnetic susceptibility of the complex shows weak antiferromagnetic behaviour (J = −71.37 cm−1) caused by the overlapping of the magnetic orbitals of the copper atoms and the bridging imidazolate rings. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Cyclopenta[cd]fluoranthene and its precursors in combustion exhausts: A survey of their bacterial mutagenic activity
Authors: Otero‐Lobato María José , Jenneskens Leonardus W. , Seinen Willem 
Published: October 2004

AbstractCyclopenta[cd]fluoranthene (1) and 3‐ethynylfluoranthene (2) have both recently been identified in combustion exhausts. In this study, their mutagenic activities were compared to that of fluoranthene (3), one of the most abundant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in combustion exhausts, in the Salmonella/microsome reversion assay (Ames assay) using S. typhimurium strain TA98. The mutagenicity of 1 was modest in comparison to other active cyclopenta PAHs. Unexpectedly, 2 was mutagenic both with and without exogenous metabolic activation (rat liver S9). Furthermore, cyclopenta[cd]fluoranthene‐3,4‐epoxide (6) was synthesized in order to evaluate its role as the ultimate mutagenic active form of 1. The epoxide 6 was a direct‐acting mutagen. In addition, a pyrolysate containing a mixture of 1 (85%), 2 (2%), and 3 (13%) obtained by flash vacuum thermolysis of 3‐(1‐chloroethenyl)fluoranthene (2a) at 1,050°C was also mutagenic, but a significant mutagenic response was detected only in the presence of S9 activation. The results of this study indicate that 1 and 2 can contribute to the mutagenic activity of combustion exhausts. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 44:304–312, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic damage detected in CD‐1 mouse pups exposed perinatally to 3′‐azido‐3′‐deoxythymidine or dideoxyinosine via maternal dosing, nursing, and direct gavage: II. Effects of the individual agents compared to combination treatment
Authors: Witt Kristine L. , Tice Raymond R. , Wolfe Gary W. , Bishop Jack B. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractWe previously reported extraordinary increases in micronucleated erythrocytes in CD‐1 mouse pups exposed to 3′‐azido‐3′‐deoxythymidine (AZT) and dideoxyinosine (ddI; 50/250, 75/375, 150/750 mg/kg/day AZT/ddI) by gavage throughout gestation and lactation, followed by direct pup dosing beginning postnatal day (PND) 4 (Bishop et al. [2004]: Environ Mol Mutagen 43: 3–9). That study was conducted to explore the potential for genetic damage in newborns exposed perinatally to antiretrovirals in order to reduce maternal‐infant transmission of HIV‐1. Because dramatic increases in frequencies of micronucleated erythrocytes were seen in exposed pups, additional studies were conducted to clarify the relative contribution of each drug to the observed damage. Pregnant CD‐1 mice were administered AZT (50, 75, 150 mg/kg/day) or ddI (250, 375, 750 mg/kg/day) by gavage twice daily in equal fractions beginning prior to mating and continuing throughout gestation and lactation. Direct pup dosing (same regimens) began on PND 4. Peripheral blood erythrocytes of male pups were screened for micronuclei on PNDs 1, 4, 8, and 21. Significant increases in micronucleated erythrocytes were observed in pups and dams exposed to AZT at all doses and sampling times. The highest micronucleus levels were observed in pups on PND 8 after the initiation of direct dosing. In contrast, effects seen in pups and dams treated with ddI were minimal. These results demonstrate that AZT, a component of many anti‐HIV combination therapies, induces chromosomal damage in perinatally exposed neonatal mice. Comparison of micronucleated cell frequencies induced by AZT alone or in combination with ddI suggests that ddI potentiates AZT‐induced chromosomal damage following direct exposure. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 44:321–328, 2004. Published 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of a quantitative PCR (TaqMan) assay for relative mitochondrial DNA copy number and the common mitochondrial DNA deletion in the rat
Authors: Nicklas Janice A. , Brooks Elice M. , Hunter Timothy C. , Single Richard , Branda Richard F. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractChanges in mitochondrial DNA copy number and increases in mitochondrial DNA mutations, especially deletions, have been associated with exposure to mutagens and with aging. Common deletions that are the result of recombination between direct repeats in human and rat (4,977 and 4,834, bp, respectively) are known to increase in tissues of aged individuals. Previous studies have used long‐distance PCR and Southern blot or quantitative PCR to determine the frequency of deleted mitochondrial DNA. A quantitative PCR (TaqMan) assay was developed to detect both mitochondrial DNA copy number and deletion frequency in the rat. This methodology allows not only the determination of changes in the amount of mitochondrial DNA deletion relative to total mitochondrial DNA but also to determine changes in total mitochondrial DNA relative to genomic DNA. As a validation of the assay in rat liver, the frequency of the common 4,834 bp deletion is shown to increase with age, while the relative mitochondrial DNA copy number rises at a young age (3–60 days), then decreases and holds fairly steady to 2 years of age. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 44:313–320, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A wind tunnel investigation of the influences of fetch length on the flux profile of a sand cloud blowing over a gravel surface
Authors: Dong Zhibao , Wang Hongtao , Liu Xiaoping , Wang Xunming 
Published: October 2004

AbstractWind tunnel tests were conducted to examine the fetch effect of a gravel surface on the ﬂux proﬁle of the sand cloud blowing over it using typical dune sand. The results suggest that the ﬂux proﬁle of blown sand over a gravel surface differs from that over a sandy surface and is characterized by a peak ﬂux at a height above the surface while that over a sandy surface decreases exponentially with height. The ﬂux proﬁle of a sand cloud over a gravel surface can be expressed by a Gaussian peak function: q = a + b exp (−0·5((h − c)/d)2), where q is the sand transport rate at height h, and a, b, c and d are regression coefﬁcients. The signiﬁcance of the coefﬁcients in the function could be deﬁned in accordance with the fetch length of the gravel surface and wind velocity. Coefﬁcient c represents the peak ﬂux height and increases with both wind velocity and fetch length, implying that the peak ﬂux height is related to the bounce height of the particles in the blowing sand cloud. Coefﬁcient d shows a tendency to increase with both wind velocity and fetch length. The sum of a and b, representing the peak ﬂux, increases with wind velocity but decreases with fetch length. The average saltation height derived from the cumulative percentage curve shows a tendency to increase with both the fetch length and wind velocity. For any fetch length of a gravel surface the sand transport equation is expressed as Q = C(1 − Ut/U)(ρ/g)U3, where Q is the sand transport rate, U is the wind velocity, Ut is the threshold velocity measured at the same height as U, g is the gravitational acceleration, ρ is the air density, C is a proportionality coefﬁcient that decreases with the fetch length of the gravel surface. At a given wind velocity, the sand transport rate over a gravel surface is only 52–68 per cent of that over a sandy surface. The ﬂux rate in true creep over a gravel surface increases with wind velocity but decreases with the fetch length, whereas the creep proportion (the ratio of creep ﬂux to the sand transport rate) decreases with both the wind velocity and fetch length. Two‐variable (including fetch length and wind velocity) equations were developed to predict the peak ﬂux height, average saltation height and transport rate. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Late Quaternary vadose carbonate diagenesis in coastal and desert dune and beach sands: is there a palaeoclimatic signal?
Authors: McLaren Sue , Gardner Rita 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA study of the variation in cement amounts in aeolianite and sandy beach calcarenites that range in age from Holocene to Last Interglacial is used to assess whether a palaeoclimatic control on vadose diagenesis can be identiﬁed. Examples are taken from modern‐day arid to subhumid settings and represent a geographical distribution ranging from Libya and Oman, to the Mediterranean, the Caribbean and Mexico. The results indicate that a palaeoclimatic signal can be identiﬁed in some deposits. However, in other sediments there is substantial variability in mean cement abundance within deposits as well as between these sand bodies. Moreover, many of the better cemented sediments are located in areas where there is accelerated diagenesis, such as in the sea spray zone, close to the groundwater table or near to a palaeosurface, rather than in climatically wet regions. The inference is that palaeoclimatic interpretations are substantially complicated by other factors that affect diagenetic processes and change. Therefore caution is needed when studying the role of climate in vadose diagenesis in the light of the effects of other intrinsic and extrinsic controls.This paper does not aim to provide a deﬁnitive comparison of sites from different climatic zones. The approach taken here is: (a) to see if there is an overall palaeoclimatic signal in the samples studied; (b) to use examples to illustrate how explanations/controls other than those relating to climate can account for the variabilities observed; and (c) if there is a climatic effect, to see if it is the main over‐riding control on vadose diagenesis. The conclusions drawn from this research highlight that it is possible to misinterpret evidence if the study is approached with preconceived notions of simplistic relationships between diagenesis and climate. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biofilms and case hardening on sandstones from Al‐Quwayra, Jordan
Authors: Viles Heather A. , Goudie Andrew S. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractOn Cambrian and Ordovician sandstone inselbergs at Al‐Quwayra in southern Jordan, many near‐vertical rock walls exhibit marked case hardening. Detailed examination of the case‐hardened layer from four sites on both red and white sandstones has been carried out using Schmidt hammer, simple chemical analyses, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. These analyses reveal a range of types of case hardening, often in association with cryptoendolithic bioﬁlms containing cyanobacteria and fungi. Iron, manganese and calcium are all found to be common constituents of cements within the case‐hardened layer. Micro‐organic bioﬁlms may assist in the formation of case hardening through aiding cementation, but are by no means a necessary component of all the hardened layers in the Wadi Rum area. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characteristics, evolution and distribution of Quaternary channel calcretes, southern Jordan
Authors: McLaren Sue 
Published: October 2004

AbstractCemented and calcretized conglomerates of Quaternary age are found within ancient river channels exposed at various heights (between +1 and +125 m) above the current bed of the Wadi Dana in southern Jordan. In cross‐section, the calcrete deposits are typically lensoid in shape and are found inﬁlling palaeochannels cut into the bedrock. The fossilized channel sediments preserve evidence of past river conditions, sediment loads, source areas, phases of river down‐cutting and sediment accretion, as well as post‐depositional alteration processes.Samples have been analysed in thin section and under the scanning electron microscope in order to determine the calcrete micromorphology, cement types and crystal sizes. The results show that the river deposits have undergone signiﬁcant displacement and replacement of the detrital grains by CaCO3, and this has resulted in the cementation in places of over 4 m of river material. The cements display an alpha‐type fabric with no evidence of biogenic activity. The nature of the cement fabric within and between deposits differs as a function of two key variables: (i) the speciﬁc location within the channel and (ii) height above the modern wadi ﬂoor. Firstly, in many of the deposits cement crystal size varies, with sparite dominating at depth within impermeable palaeowadi channels, whereas on the ﬂanks of the channels and near the top of the channels micrite is the main type of cement. These variations are thought to be a result of differences in the length of residence time of calcium carbonate‐rich ﬂuids in different parts of the channel and the spatially varying inﬂuence of evaporation. Secondly, distinct changes in cement fabric can be seen in channels of different ages with a reduction in the amount of micrite and an increase in the amount of secondary recrystallized pore‐ﬁlling spar over time. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prolegomenon to a history of paleoanthropology: The study of human origins as a scientific enterprise. Part 1. Antiquity to the eighteenth century
Authors: Goodrum Matthew R. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractInterest in the history of paleoanthropology and the other disciplines related to human origins studies has grown considerably over the last several decades. Some very informative historical surveys have been written by prominent scientists reflecting on the major developments in their fields. Some well‐known early examples include Glyn Daniel's The Idea of Prehistory (1962) and The Origins and Growth of Archaeology (1967), which focus primarily on the history of archaeology, Kenneth Oakley's “The problem of man's antiquity: an historical survey” published in the Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) [Geology] (1964), and L. S. B. Leakey's Unveiling Man's Origins; Ten Decades of Thought about Human Evolution (1969), with the latter two focusing on the contributions of geology, paleontology, and biology to the problem of human evolution.
Increased breathing control: Another factor in the evolution of human language
Authors: Maclarnon Ann , Hewitt Gwen 
Published: October 2004

AbstractInvestigation into the evolution of human language has involved evidence of many different kinds and approaches from many different disciplines. For full modern language, humans must have evolved a range of physical abilities for the production of our complex speech sounds, as well as sophisticated cognitive abilities. Human speech involves free‐flowing, intricately varied, rapid sound sequences suitable for the fast transfer of complex, highly flexible communication. Some aspects of human speech, such as our ability to manipulate the vocal tract to produce a wide range of different types of sounds that form vowels and consonants, have attracted considerable attention from those interested in the evolution of language.1, 2 However, one very important contributory skill, the human ability to attain very fine control of breathing during speech, has been neglected. Here we present evidence of the importance of breathing control to human speech, as well as evidence that our capabilities greatly exceed those of nonhuman primates. Human speech breathing demands fine neurological control of the respiratory muscles, integrated with cognitive processes and other factors. Evidence from comparison of the vertebral canals of fossil hominids and those of extant primates suggests that a major increase in thoracic innervation evolved in later hominid evolution, providing enhanced breathing control. If that is so, then earlier hominids would have had quite restricted speech patterns, whereas more recent hominids, with human‐like breath control abilities, would have been capable of faster, more varied speech sequences.
A model of price discovery and market design: Theory and empirical evidence
Authors: Chng Michael T. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractPrice discovery is an essential function performed by derivative markets. For a derivative exchange, its markets' ability to incorporate information into prices to “derive” the underlying asset's value is a key objective of market design. The J. Hasbrouck (1991a) model is applied to examine the design and price discovery of a futures market. First, the model is extended to consider a comprehensive dynamic interaction between the price‐size coordinates of orders and trades. Second, floor and screen tick data from LIFFE's FTSE 100 index futures market is used to estimate the two models. The significance of order size variables in the extended model suggests that order flow transparency, which is supported by an electronic trading platform, improves price discovery. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 24:1107–1146, 2004