bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phylogenetic relationships among medically important yeasts based on sequences of mitochondrial large subunit ribosomal RNA gene
Authors: Yamada Y. , Makimura K. , Uchida K. , Yamaguchi H. , Osumi M. 
Published: February 2004

SummarySequences of the mitochondrial large subunit ribosomal RNA (mtLsurRNA) gene of medically important yeasts were analysed. Sixteen strains of eight species including two varieties were subjected to sequencing. Sequencing enabled us to recognize the differences between all the species and varieties. Alignment analysis revealed that these sequences consisted of three clusters: the Candida albicans group, the C. glabrata group, and the basidiomycetous group. It is possible, therefore, that the mtLsurRNA gene is one of the targets not only for species identification but also for phylogenetic analysis of closely related yeasts. The dendrogram of each group, obtained from this gene, supports the previous study of yeasts based upon the chromosomal genes.
Pollen flow in the wildservice tree, Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz. I. Evaluating the paternity analysis procedure in continuous populations
Authors: Oddou‐Muratorio S. , Houot M.‐L. , Demesure‐Musch B. , Austerlitz F. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe joint development of polymorphic molecular markers and paternity analysis methods provides new approaches to investigate ongoing patterns of pollen flow in natural plant populations. However, paternity studies are hindered by false paternity assignment and the nondetection of true fathers. To gauge the risk of these two types of errors, we performed a simulation study to investigate the impact on paternity analysis of: (i) the assumed values for the size of the breeding male population (NBMP), and (ii) the rate of scoring error in genotype assessment. Our simulations were based on microsatellite data obtained from a natural population of the entomophilous wild service tree, Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz. We show that an accurate estimate of NBMP is required to minimize both types of errors, and we assess the reliability of a technique used to estimate NBMP based on parent–offspring genetic data. We then show that scoring errors in genotype assessment only slightly affect the assessment of paternity relationships, and conclude that it is generally better to neglect the scoring error rate in paternity analyses within a nonisolated population.
Patterns of spatial genetic structuring in a hydropsychid caddisfly (Cheumatopsyche sp. AV1) from southeastern Australia
Authors: Baker A. M. , Williams S. A. , Hughes J. M. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractWe assessed levels of mitochondrial genetic spatial structuring in the hydropsychid caddisfly Cheumatopsyche sp. AV1 in southeastern New South Wales, Australia. No significant spatial structuring was detected within or between catchments using analysis of molecular variance, and nested clade contingency analysis suggested no strong relationship between haplotypes and geographical location, at any clade level. However, tests for association among haplotypes incorporating geographical distance in the nested clade analysis, revealed patterns of historical range expansion and recent restricted gene flow. Most likely, population fragmentation preceded range expansion, although subsequent recontact and gene flow among the previously sundered populations has apparently obscured the geographical signature of the former fragmentation. Taken together, our analyses suggest that a number of populations fragmented during the Pleistocene evolved in isolation for a time and subsequently expanded into secondary contact. Since expansion, there has apparently been substantial (albeit somewhat restricted) dispersal and gene flow of adult female Cheumatopsyche sp. AV1, throughout the study area.
Strain‐specific regulation of intracellularWolbachiadensity in multiply infected insects
Authors: Mouton L. , Henri H. , Bouletreau M. , Vavre F. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractVertically transmitted symbionts suffer a severe reduction in numbers when they pass through host generations, resulting in genetic homogeneity or even clonality of their populations.Wolbachiaendosymbionts that induce cytoplasmic incompatibility in their hosts depart from this rule, because cytoplasmic incompatibility actively maintains multiple infection within hosts. Hosts and symbionts are thus probably under peculiar selective pressures that must shape the way intracellular bacterial populations are regulated. We studied the density and location ofWolbachiawithin adultLeptopilina heterotoma, a haplodiploid wasp that is parasitic onDrosophilaand that is naturally infected with threeWolbachiastrains, but for which we also obtained one simply infected and two doubly infected lines. Comparison of these four lines by quantitative polymerase chain reaction using a real‐time detection system showed that totalWolbachiadensity varies according to the infection status of individuals, while the specific density of eachWolbachiastrain remains constant regardless of the presence of other strains. This suggests thatWolbachiastrains do not compete with one another within the same host individual, and that a strain‐specific regulatory mechanism is operating. We discuss the regulatory mechanisms that are involved, and how this process might have evolved as a response to selective pressures acting on both partners.
Wirksamkeit und Nutzen eines 5‐FU‐/Salicylsäure‐haltigen Präparates in der Therapie vulgärer und plantarer Warzen – systematische Literaturübersicht und Metaanalyse
Authors: Zschocke Ina , Hartmann Armin , Schlöbe Andrea , Cummerow Ralf , Augustin Matthias 
Published: February 2004

Zusammenfassung Hintergrund: 1) Salicylsäure (SA) und 5‐Fluorouracil (5‐FU) sind effektive Wirkstoffe in der Warzentherapie. 2) In Deutschland werden zunehmend Daten zum Nutzen und zur Wirtschaftlichkeit von Arzneimitteln auf dem Level I der Evidenz‐basierten Medizin benötigt. Methoden: Evaluiert werden sollte die Wirksamkeit und der klinische Nutzen eines Arzneimittels mit 0,5 % 5‐FU und 10 % SA in der Therapie von a) vulgären und b) plantaren Warzen mittels: 1. Systematischer Literaturanalyse, 2. Metaanalyse der randomisiert‐kontrollierten Studien (RCTs). Ergebnisse: 1. Die Wirksamkeit der 5‐FU/SA‐Therapie wurde an insgesamt 625 Patienten (n = 8 RCTs) mit vulgären Warzen und an 101 Patienten (n = 4 RCTs) mit Plantarwarzen geprüft. Der Therapieeffekt über alle Studien betrug bei den Verrucae vulgares 63,4 % Response (komplette Abheilung) für 5‐FU/SA vs. 23,1 % für die 5‐FU‐freien Kontrollen. Bei den Plantarwarzen betrug die Response 63,0 % vs. 11,0 %. 2. Eine Metaanalyse über n = 7 RCTs an vulgären Warzen (n = 325 Patienten) ergab eine mittlere Risikodifferenz von 0,42 (KI 0,34 – 0,50, p < 0,05), somit signifikante Überlegenheit von 5‐FU/SA gegenüber SA. Ein vergleichbares Ergebnis fand sich auch für Plantarwarzen. Schlußfolgerung: Die Kombination aus 5‐FU und SA stellt in der Therapie vulgärer und plantarer Warzen eine effektive und nützliche Therapie dar.
Camelostrongylus mentulatus in domestic goats from the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Ruiz de Ybáñez M.R. , Garijo M.M. , Carpintero M. , Martínez-Carrasco C. , Ortiz J.M. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractTwo male worms of Camelostrongylus mentulatus were found in one of 84 murciano-granadina goats in Murcia, south-eastern Spain. This is the first report of C. mentulatus in goats in the Iberian peninsula and the possible origin and transmission of this nematode in Spain are discussed.
The origin of the triploid in Paragonimus westermani on the basis of variable regions in the mitochondrial DNA
Authors: Agatsuma T. , Iwagami M. , Sato Y. , Iwashita J. , Hong S.J. , Kang S.Y. , Ho L.Y. , Su K.E. , Kawashima K. , Abe T. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractTriploid, parthenogenetic forms of the lungfluke, Paragonimus westermani, occur in Japan, Korea and China. The origin(s) of triploidy has been debated over the years. Sequences of two regions in the mitochondrial DNA, i.e. partial lrRNA (16S), and a portion of the non-coding region, were obtained from natural populations of P. westermani. All triploid individuals (Japan, Korea, China) and a single tetraploid individual (China) had identical sequences in the 16S region studied. Some sequence variation was observed among diploids, with those from Taiwan being distinct from the remainder. Both neighbour joining and parsimony trees using the 16S region placed diploid individuals from southwestern Japan close to the triploids and the tetraploid. The fragment amplified from the mitochondrial non-coding region showed dimorphism. One form (type A) consisted of 239bp comprising two identical tracts of 70bp separated by a tract of 93bp. The second form (Type B) consisted of only a single 70bp tract. All diploid individuals from Taiwan, China and Korea possessed type A, while those from Japan were polymorphic; individuals from Oita and Hyogo had type B, those from Chiba had type A, but both types were found in Mie. On the other hand, all of the triploid individuals and two tetraploid individuals possessed type B. Both the form present in the non-coding region and the 16S sequence suggest an affinity between a south-eastern group of diploid populations in Japan and the triploid form. A possible mechanism responsible for the origin of the triploid is discussed.
Evidence for the involvement of the optic nerve as a migration route for larvae in ocular toxocariasis of Mongolian gerbils
Authors: Hayashi E. , Akao N. , Fujita K. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractAlthough Toxocara canis, an important pathogen of ocular disease, tends to migrate to the eye, the precise migratory route has yet to be determined experimentally. Mongolian gerbils, Meriones unguiculatus, known as a useful animal model for human toxocariasis, were used to investigate the migration route toward the eyes. Infective larvae of T. canis were directly inoculated into the intracranial region. Haemorrhagic lesions or larvae were observed in 56.3% of cases. Histopathologically, a larva was observed in the optic nerve of gerbils 6 days after inoculation, and two larvae were found in the optic chiasma in the gerbils having a haemorrhage in the retina 9 days after inoculation. These results indicate that T. canis migrates from the brain to the eye through the optic nerve. Considering these data and previous studies showing that the ocular changes appear as early as 3 days of infection in the oral-administrated gerbils, there are two phases in the migration to the retina: a haematogenous early phase and an optic nerve route late phase.
Strongyloides ratti: the role of interleukin-5 in protection against tissue migrating larvae and intestinal adult worms
Authors: Watanabe K. , Sasaki O. , Hamano S. , Kishihara K. , Nomoto K. , Tada I. , Aoki Y. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractTo determine the role of interleukin-5 (IL-5) and eosinophils in protection against Strongyloides ratti, mice treated with anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibody (mAb) were infected with S. ratti larvae. Strongyloides ratti egg numbers in faeces (EPG) in mAb treated mice were higher than those in control mice on days 6 and 7 after inoculation. The numbers of migrating worms in mAb treated mice 36h after inoculation were higher than those observed in control mice. Intestinal worm numbers in mAb treated mice 5 days after inoculation were higher than those in control mice. These results show that eosinophils effectively protected the host against S. ratti infection by mainly the larval stage in primary infections. The involvement of eosinophils in protection against secondary infection was also examined. Before secondary infection, mice were treated with anti-IL-5 mAb and infected with S. ratti. Patent infections were not observed in either mAb treated or control Ab treated mice. The numbers of migrating worms in the head and lungs of mAb treated mice increased to 60% of that in primary infected mice. Intestinal worms were not found in mAb treated mice or in contcrol mice after oral implantation of adult worms. Eosinophils were therefore mainly involved in protection against tissue migrating worms in secondary infections.
Cadmium-induced cellular and immunological responses in Cyprinus carpio infected with the blood parasite, Sanguinicola inermis
Authors: Schuwerack P.-M.M. , Lewis J.W. , Hoole D. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractLittle is known about immune responses in teleosts as linked to the aetiology of pollutants and parasitic diseases and in particular their combined effects on the host. Cadmium(Cd)-mediated immunological responses in the thymus and pronephros of juvenile carp (Cyprinus carpio), experimentally infected with the blood parasite, Sanguinicola inermis (Trematoda: Sanguinicolidae) for 30 days followed by an exposure to 0.1mg Cd2+ l−1 for 48 or 168h were investigated. Differential organ-specific changes occurred in both organs examined. In carp exposed to Cd, intracelluar spaces, vacuolation in the eosinophils, dissociation of cell membranes together with the formation of concentric whorls occurred. The thymus of infected carp exposed to Cd had a granular cytosol which contained vesicles with electron-dense inclusions, swollen mitochondria with distended cristae and condensed nuclei in the erythrocytes. Cell counts on the two organs revealed a differential response to cadmium exposure in S. inermis infected carp compared to control infected fish. A significant increase in the neutrophil, eosinophil and thrombocyte components occurred in the thymus in contrast to a significant decrease in pronephric neutrophils. In addition, there was a differential blastogenesis response in infected and Cd-exposed infected carp fry exposed to cercarial antigens and the mitogens, concanavalin A and pokeweed mitogen.
Effects of the trematode Microphallus turgidus on locomotion and prey capture in the grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio
Authors: Khan R.N. , Spiers J.A. , Pung O.J. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio, is common in estuaries and marshes along the east coast of the USA and is frequently infected with metacercariae of the trematode, Microphallus turgidus. To test whether or not M. turgidus has an effect on intermediate host behaviour, the length of time spent swimming and walking over 1min and 3min intervals and prey (Artemia) capture rates of uninfected grass shrimp and those infected with 1–10, 11–20 or 21–30 metacercarial cysts were compared. Uninfected shrimps spent significantly more time swimming than infected shrimps during the first minute of observation. There were no differences between the control and infected groups in terms of swimming at 3min, walking at 1 and 3min, or in numbers of prey captured. These results indicate that M. turgidus may induce little or no change in grass shrimp locomotion nor in prey capture behaviour. This is in contrast to other parasites that modify intermediate host behaviour to enhance their transmission to definitive hosts. Furthermore, these data support earlier studies indicating that M. turgidus does not affect the growth and survival of P. pugio.
Larval anisakid infections of some tropical fish species from north-west Australia
Authors: Doupé R.G. , Lymbery A.J. , Wong S. , Hobbs R.P. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractDespite the commercial and zoonotic importance of larval anisakid infestations of teleosts, their distribution among Australia's diverse marine fish fauna is poorly understood. A preliminary survey of Australia's tropical north-west revealed a generally high prevalence of larval anisakids representing four genera (Anisakis, Terranova, Thynnascaris and Raphidascaris) among only seven fish species. The potential impact of high larval anisakid infections on both the health of recreational fishermen and aquaculture environments is discussed.
Cross-reactivity induced by Anisakis simplex and Toxocara canis in mice
Authors: Perteguer M.J. , Águila C. , Fenoy S. , Guillén J.L. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe aim of this study was to verify whether cross-reactivity appeared between Toxocara canis and Anisakis simplex in an experimental rodent model. No cross-reactions were detected using sera from mice infected with T. canis eggs. When responses obtained against T. canis ES antigen using sera from BALB/c and C57BL/10 mice infected with T. canis eggs were compared with those obtained by testing sera from mice infected with one A. simplex L3, an increase in cross-reactions was observed using the C57BL/10 strain.
The predatory capability of three nematophagous fungi in the control of Haemonchus contortus infective larvae in ovine faeces
Authors: Flores-Crespo J. , Herrera-Rodríguez D. , Mendoza de Gives P. , Liébano-Hernández E. , Vázquez-Prats V.M. , López-Arellano M.E. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe effect of oral administration of three different nematode-trapping fungi, in aqueous suspension containing either Dactylaria sp. or Arthrobotrys oligospora conidia or Duddingtonia flagrans chlamydospores, on the number of Haemonchus contortus infective larvae in sheep faeces, was evaluated. The three selected species of fungi produce three-dimensional adhesive nets in the presence of nematodes. Sixteen Creole sheep were divided into four groups of four animals each. Groups 1 and 2 were orally drenched with a suspension containing 2×107 conidia of either A. oligospora or Dactylaria sp. Group 3, received a similar treatment, with D. flagrans chlamydospores, instead of conidia, being administered, at the same dose. Group 4 acted as control, without any fungi. Faecal samples were collected directly from the rectum of each sheep and faecal cultures were prepared and incubated at 15 and 21 days. Larvae were recovered from faecal cultures and counted. The highest reduction of the nematode population occurred in the D. flagrans group, reaching reductions of 96.3% and 91.4% in individual samplings in plates incubated for 15 and 21 days, respectively. Arthrobotrys oligospora showed moderate reductions in the faecal larval population, ranging between 25–64% at 15 days incubation. In general, Dactylaria sp., was less efficient in its trapping ability. Despite the inconsistent results with Dactylaria sp., reduction percentages of 73.4% and 80.7% were recorded in individual samplings during the first and second days, in plates incubated for 15 days. Duddingtonia flagrans, was shown to be a potential biological control agent of H. contortus infective larvae.
Parasite antigenaemia and IgG4 antibodies to a filarial protease in an endemic human population in India
Authors: Bal M.S. , Beuria M.K. , Mandal N.N. , Das M.K. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractLevels of circulating filarial antigen (Og4C3) and IgG4 antibodies to a filarial protease were determined in subjects of Wuchereria bancrofti exposed sera from Orissa, India. In addition to all individuals with antigenaemia (microfilaraemia), IgG4 antibodies were also detected in some individuals without antigenaemia. A 2-year longitudinal follow-up indicated that IgG4 seropositivity in asymptomatic amicrofilaraemics could be a risk factor for acquiring infection (antigenaemia).
Tributyltin and copper effects on encystment and in vitro excystment of Parorchis acanthus larvae
Authors: Bennett S.C. , Irwin S.W.B. , Fitzpatrick S.M. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractEffects of tributyltin (TBT) and copper (Cu) on cercariae and metacercariae of the trematode Parorchis acanthus (Digenea: Philophthalmidae) were investigated. Cercariae released by the dogwhelk, Nucella lapillus were maintained in natural seawater (SW) or solutions of TBT or Cu ranging from 0.001–100μgl−1 and 1–6mgl−1 respectively before they encysted. Over 79% of the cercariae encysted in control and test solutions. Low concentrations of TBT reduced encystment success more than low concentrations of Cu. The percentage of cercariae that formed cysts in the highest concentrations of both pollutants was higher than in the controls, perhaps representing an ‘emergency response’ to the pollutants. Before being induced to excyst in vitro, metacercariae were left in the heavy metal solutions for 3 weeks. Metacercariae exposed as cercariae to TBT and Cu achieved lower percentage excystment success than those that had encysted in SW. Cyst walls provided greater protection against Cu than TBT. It was concluded that TBT and Cu had a detrimental effect on the larval stages of P. acanthus at the higher concentrations used but the cyst wall afforded an element of protection if formed in unpolluted seawater before the larval stages were subjected to the pollutants.
Ramsey Sentences and the Meaning of Quantifiers
Authors: Hintikka Jaakko 
Published: February 2004

1. Ramsey Sentences and the Function of Theoretical Concepts. In his famous paper “Theories,” Frank Ramsey (1931, 212–236; 1978, Ch. 4) introduced a technique of examining a scientific theory by means of certain propositions, dubbed later “Ramsey Sentences.” They are the results of what is often called Ramsey elimination. This prima facie elimination is often presented as a method of dispensing with theoretical concepts in scientific theorizing. The idea is this: Assume that we are given a finitely axiomatized scientific theorywhereO1,O2,… arethe primitive observation terms (individual constants, predicate constants, function constants, etc.) of (1) andH1,H2, … its primitive theoretical terms. For simplicity, it will be assumed that (1) is a first-order theory. Since it is finitely axiomatizable, we may think of it as having the form of a single complex proposition, i.e., the conjunction of all the axioms. What can then be done is to generalize existentially with respect to (1). The result is a sentence of the formIn (2), the theoretical termsH1,H2, … do not occur any longer. They have been replaced by the variablesX1,X2, … bound to initial existential quantifiers. In this sense at least, Ramsey sentences do effect on elimination. Unlike (1), (2) is not a first-order sentence but a second-order one.
The Conserved Quantity Theory of Causation and Chance Raising
Authors: Dowe Phil 
Published: February 2004

In this paper I offer an ‘integrating account’ of singular causation, where the term ‘integrating’ refers to the following program for analysing causation. There are two intuitions about causation, both of which face serious counterexamples when used as the basis for an analysis of causation. The ‘process’ intuition, which says that causes and effects are linked by concrete processes, runs into trouble with cases of ‘misconnections’, where an event which serves to prevent another fails to do so on a particular occasion and yet the two events are linked by causal processes. The chance raising intuition, according to which causes raise the chance of their effects, easily accounts for misconnections but faces the problem of chance lowering causes, a problem easily accounted for by the process approach. The integrating program attempts to provide an analysis of singular causation by synthesising the two insights, so as to solve both problems.In this paper I show that extant versions of the integrating program due to Eells, Lewis, and Menzies fail to account for the chance-lowering counterexample. I offer a new diagnosis of the chance lowering case, and use that as a basis for an integrating account of causation which does solve both cases. In doing so, I accept various assumptions of the integrating program, in particular that there are no other problems with these two approaches. As an example of the process account, I focus on the recent CQ theory of Wesley Salmon (1997).