bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE PRODUCTION BY A NEW METHOD OF RENAL INSUFFICIENCY AND HYPERTENSION IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Drury D. R. 
Published: June 2004

A simple method is described for the production of renal insufficiency in rabbits by limiting the blood flow through one kidney and later removing the other. Renal insufficiency of any desired degree of severity can be obtained.
The limitation of blood flow should be produced by allowing the artery to grow up to the size of a loop of thread laid around it when the rabbit is small. Attempts to reduce the blood flow by constricting the renal artery in the adult rabbit usually result in necrosis of the kidney.
The induction of renal insufficiency is usually followed by loss of weight and disturbance of the equilibrium apparatus. Hemorrhages into the intestinal wall and into the lumen of the intestine are frequent.
A moderate degree of anemia, as judged from hematocrit readings, comes on very rapidly after reduction in total kidney mass. The total red blood cell volume seems to assume a new and lower level which is maintained for a long time.
Hypertension is present before the right kidney ablation and becomes more severe after this operation.
A certain degree of hypertension can be produced in adult rabbits by moderate restriction of renal blood flow of one kidney. The severity of this is increased by removal of the other kidney.
IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTIONS WITH A VIRUS CAUSING PAPILLOMAS IN RABBITS
Authors: Kidd John G. 
Published: June 2004

The sera of rabbits bearing virus-induced papillomas have been found to bind complement when mixed with antigens consisting of extracts or filtrates of the growths containing the virus. The sera of normal rabbits, of those immune to other viruses (vaccinia, herpes, fibroma, myxoma), of rabbits with syphilis, or of those with papillomas consequent on tarring, did not fix complement upon admixture with the papilloma antigens.
The complement-binding antibody was present in the serum specimens in the same relative proportions as the virus-neutralizing antibody, and both were present in greatest amount in the sera of rabbits that had borne large papillomas over considerable periods of time. A few sera were come upon that neutralized small amounts of the virus yet failed to bind complement to any noteworthy degree in the tests.
The sera of cottontail rabbits fixed complement and neutralized the virus in much higher titer than the sera of domestic rabbits with comparable growths.
The implications of the findings will be discussed in a subsequent paper, after the properties of the complement-binding antigen have been scrutinized.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES ON ANTIBODY PURIFICATION
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Grabar Pierre , Treffers Henry P. 
Published: June 2004

1. Tested quantitatively, antibody recovered by dissociation of specific precipitates from antipneumococcus sera reacts with homologous polysaccharide almost as does the antibody in the original sera.
2. The dissociation methods employed appear to yield a portion of all of the anticarbohydrates of differing reactivities in the sera, rather than a fraction of low or high reactivity.
3. The reversible inactivation of purified pneumococcus anticarbohydrate by formaldehyde is confirmed, and the failure of data on the formaldehyde-antibody reaction to permit a choice between alternative theories of specific precipitation is shown.
VASCULARIZATION OF THE CORNEA OF THE RAT IN RIBOFLAVIN DEFICIENCY, WITH A NOTE ON CORNEAL VASCULARIZATION IN VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY
Authors: Bessey O. A. , Wolbach S. B. 
Published: June 2004

Vascularization of the cornea of the rat in the absence of antecedent pathology is probably a specific and the most reliable criterion of riboflavin deficiency.
Its initiation and repair may be used for testing the biological activity of compounds structurally related to riboflavin.
The facts that the invading capillaries are easily visible in the living animal and that the growth and regression of the blood vessels are under dietary control and for a considerable period of time unaccompanied by other pathological reactions, make this method very suitable for the study of problems related to capillary growth.
We believe that the best hypothesis in explanation is that the vascularization is a response to asphyxia of the tunica propria.
THE MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF ANTIBODIES
Authors: Kabat Elvin A. 
Published: June 2004

1. Highly purified preparations of homogeneous antibody can be made by the salt dissociation methods (6, 7) without any change in sedimentation due to the method of purification.
2. Antibodies prepared from sera of various animal species fall into two groups as regards molecular weight; in one group cow, horse, and pig, a heavy molecule of molecular weight 990,000 is formed; in human being, rabbit, and monkey, the molecular size is that of the normal γ serum globulin. Both types of antibody molecules are either not compact or not spherical since the frictional ratios f/f0 are 2.0 and 1.5 respectively.
3. Horse antibody shows an unchanged activity and sedimentation diagram between pH 3.44–9.06, although there is some aggregation at the more acid and some dissociation at the more alkaline pH. At pH 1.44 the antibody activity is unchanged but some breakdown of the molecule takes place. At pH 12.4 activity is destroyed and the molecule is completely broken down.
4. Some horse antibody preparations show evidence of breakdown of the antibody into inhomogeneous material on continued immunization over a long period.
AN ELECTROPHORETIC STUDY OF IMMUNE SERA AND PURIFIED ANTIBODY PREPARATIONS
Authors: Tiselius Arne , Kabat Elvin A. 
Published: June 2004

1. Antibody produced in the horse migrates as a new serum component between the ß and γ components, whereas rabbit antibody is electrophoretically identical with the γ globulin component of the serum.
2. In rabbit and monkey antisera the percentage of antibody in the serum and in the γ globulin fraction can be determined by integration of the electrophoresis diagrams of unabsorbed and absorbed sera. Antibody solutions of high purity can be obtained by electrophoretic isolation of the γ globulin of rabbit antisera in which the percentage of antibody to total γ globulin is high.
3. The isoelectric points of pig, cow, horse, and rabbit antibodies have been determined.
4. In horse sera prolonged immunization is accompanied by the formation of another antibody component of lower mobility.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE RELATION OF THE EYE TO IMMUNITY IN EXPERIMENTAL SYPHILIS
Authors: Chesney Alan M. , Woods Alan C. , Campbell Alexander D. 
Published: June 2004

Three experiments are reported in which an attempt has been made to determine the extent to which the eye participates in the general resistance which develops in rabbits during the course of syphilitic infection. Rabbits treated with arsphenamine well after the period when they would be expected to be immune to intratesticular or intracutaneous inoculations were reinoculated with the homologous strain of T. pallidum, the organisms being injected into either the cornea itself or the anterior chamber. Altogether in the three experiments 43 presumably immune animals were injected, 25 into the cornea itself and 18 into the anterior chamber. 41 normal animals were used as controls. In the immune animals 27 or 62 per cent showed lesions in the cornea. 14 of the 43 test animals were inoculated simultaneously in the cornea and in the skin of the back. In 9 of these 14, lesions developed in the cornea although no lesions developed in the skin.
The lesions developing in the corneas of the "immune" animals had a longer incubation period on the average, were often of longer duration, and in some instances were more severe than the lesions developing in the control animals. In the case of some animals, also, they showed a greater tendency to recur. The immediate reactions in both the normal and the "immune" animals were entirely comparable and there was no evidence of an accelerated reaction in the test animals.
It is concluded that the eye of the syphilitic rabbit does not share to the same extent as other tissues in the general resistant state which develops in that animal during the course of syphilitic infection. Possible explanations for this finding are discussed.
A SPREADING FACTOR IN CERTAIN SNAKE VENOMS AND ITS RELATION TO THEIR MODE OF ACTION
Authors: Duran-Reynals F. 
Published: June 2004

The venom of several species of poisonous snakes acts to spread India ink through the skin as do the spreading factors procurable from certain tissues and elaborated by invasive bacteria. The factor is most abundant in the venom of the Viperidae (rattlesnake) family and relatively scant in the venom of Colubridae proteroglypha (cobra) family, and it is absent from toad venom. Extracts of the supralabial glands of harmless snakes contain only negligible amounts of the factor.
Rattlesnake venom heated at 65° to 100° loses a large proportion of its toxicity but retains the ability to spread ink.
Rattlesnake venom that has lost its toxicity on standing or on heating markedly enhances the infection produced by bacterial or virus suspension in the rabbit skin.
Antivenine serum inactivates both the toxic and spreading factors of venom.
STUDIES ON ANTIBACTERIAL IMMUNITY INDUCED BY ARTIFICIAL ANTIGENS
Authors: Goebel Walther F. 
Published: June 2004

1. An artificial antigen containing the azobenzyl glycoside of cellobiuronic acid gives rise in rabbits to antibodies which: (a) give the Neufeld reaction and agglutinate Type III pneumococci, (b) confer passive protection on mice against infection with Types II, III, and VIII pneumococci.
2. Rabbits immunized with the artificial cellobiuronic acid antigen acquire active resistance to infection with virulent Type III pneumococci.
3. The antibodies evoked by an antigen containing the azobenzyl glycoside of cellobiose exhibit none of these phenomena.
THE ENHANCING EFFECT OF AZOPROTEINS ON THE LESIONS PRODUCED BY VACCINE VIRUS, THE SHOPE FIBROMA VIRUS, AND THE AGENT TRANSMITTING CHICKEN TUMOR I
Authors: Claude Albert 
Published: June 2004

It is known that azoprotein solutions, like testicular extracts, possess the property of causing particles to spread through the dermis. The present work shows that azoproteins exhibit, like testicular extract, the power to increase the size of virus lesions in the skin of rabbits, and the size of tumors in chickens. The results indicate that the extent of the lesion is roughly proportional to the spreading power of the solution. This suggests that the spread of the infective material, over a larger area of skin, is directly responsible for the enhancing effect.
The production of extensive lesions by means of spreading agents may have a practical value when large amounts of working material are needed.
STUDIES ON EASTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS
Authors: King Lester S. 
Published: June 2004

The behavior of a fixed strain of Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus was studied in guinea pigs after intraocular inoculation. Such inoculation concerns the central and not the peripheral nervous system.
The susceptibility to intraocular injection lies midway between the highly virulent intracerebral and the quite avirulent peripheral routes. The virus must act for 10 to 13 hours in order to induce a fatal infection. Removal of the inoculated eyeball before this interval almost always prevents fatality although it may allow immunity to develop. The virus, at suitable intervals after injection into the eye, may be recovered from successive and appropriate optic centers before it is demonstrable in non-optic portions. Approximately 24 hours are required for the virus to reach a significant concentration in the contralateral geniculate body, 36 hours in the contralateral visual cortex. Significant amounts of virus may be present in the optic chiasm and tract prior to involvement of the higher centers.
Virus placed in contact with the retina produces an insignificant, essentially non-specific reaction comparable to that produced at the site of direct intracerebral inoculation. In the retina there is no ganglion cell necrosis unless there is a complicating intraocular infection. In the cerebral visual centers the first reaction is inflammatory and interstitial, and may appear in the lateral geniculate body as early as 24 hours after injection. Neuronal necrosis is not the primary action of the virus on the nervous system in these experiments. The distribution of lesions in the brain is in excellent agreement with the method of direct testing for virus content, and is far more accurate than the latter.
The virus in its primary distribution through the nervous system follows the nerve pathways of the optic system. This occurs within the central nervous system, where presumably there is first an involvement of the nerve cell body and then a spread along the cell process or axone.
BLOOD PLASMA PROTEIN PRODUCTION AS INFLUENCED BY AMINO ACIDS
Authors: Madden S. C. , Noehren W. A. , Waraich G. S. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

When blood plasma proteins are depleted by bleeding with return of the washed red blood cells (plasmapheresis) it is possible to bring dogs to a steady state of hypoproteinemia and a uniform plasma protein production on a basal low protein diet. These dogs are clinically normal. By the introduction of variables into their standardized existence insight into the formation of plasma proteins can be obtained.
The liver basal diet maintains health in such hypoproteinemic dogs during periods as long as a year. 17 to 27 per cent of its protein content (entirely liver protein) is presumably converted into plasma protein.
Gelatin alone added to the liver basal diet causes very little if any extra plasma protein production.
The addition to gelatin of cystine, or tyrosine, or tryptophane, or of both tyrosine and tryptophane has little or no effect on its potency for plasma protein production.
When gelatin is supplemented by cystine and either tryptophane or tyrosine, 25 to 40 per cent of the protein content of the combination is converted into plasma protein—an efficiency equaling that of any protein hitherto tested.
Preliminary experiments indicate that methionine cannot substitute for cystine nor can phenylalanine substitute for tyrosine in the efficient combination of gelatin plus cystine plus tyrosine.
Laked red blood cells given by vein afford little or no material for plasma protein formation.
When the reserve stores of plasma protein building material are exhausted the dog can form little if any plasma protein during protein-free diet periods.
ELECTROPHORESIS OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY PROTEINS
Authors: Shipley Reginald A. , Stern Kurt G. , White Abraham 
Published: June 2004

The moving boundary method of electrophoresis has been applied to a study of pituitary extracts and purified protein fractions derived from these extracts. The technique employed was that developed by Tiselius and involved the optical observation of the protein boundaries by Toepler's schlieren method. The present experiments were designed primarily to determine the number of proteins present, the degree of homogeneity of the various fractions, and the electrophoretic mobility of the individual components under standard conditions.
The preparations studied included crude gland extracts obtained with dilute alkali, glycerol, and saline; purified pituitary fractions prepared by isoelectric and precipitation procedures; and freshly prepared and aged solutions of crystalline prolactin.
The bulk of the crude gland extracts is composed of physiologically inert proteins, the gradual removal of which in the course of the chemical purification procedures could be controlled by electrophoretic analysis. Freshly prepared solutions of crystalline prolactin exhibit a high degree of electrochemical homogeneity. Upon storage, however, a second component, presumably denatured prolactin, is formed.
OSMOTIC PRESSURE STUDY OF PROTEIN FRACTIONS IN NORMAL AND IN NEPHROTIC SUBJECTS
Authors: Bourdillon Jaques 
Published: June 2004

In serum of patients with nephrosis both albumin and globulin showed by osmotic pressure nearly double the molecular weights of normal albumin and globulin.
In the urines of such patients, on the other hand, both proteins showed molecular weights lower even than in normal serum.
The colloidal osmotic pressures were measured by the author's method at such dilutions that the van't Hoff law relating pressures to molecular concentrations could be directly applied. For the albumin and globulin of normal serum the molecular weights found were 72,000 and 164,000 respectively, in agreement with the weights obtained by other methods.
SEROLOGICAL STUDIES OF SWINE INFLUENZA VIRUSES
Authors: Shope Richard E. 
Published: June 2004

1. Cross-neutralization tests with sera from swine recovered from infection with swine influenza indicated the serological identity of 7 strains of swine influenza virus obtained from different sources.
2. Cross-neutralization tests with sera from rabbits, immunized to swine influenza virus, exposed serological differences among the same 7 swine influenza virus strains. Two strains appeared to be serologically similar and were characterized by the ability to produce effective homologous virus-neutralizing sera which were, however, poor or ineffective against the heterologous virus strains. Two other strains were also serologically similar but produced antibodies effective not only against themselves, but against all heterologous strains as well. The remaining 3 strains were intermediate in their ability to produce heterologous virus-neutralizing antibodies.
3. The human influenza viruses included, especially strains WS and Oakham, were most effectively differentiated serologically from the swine influenza viruses by rabbit antisera.
4. The suggestion is advanced that swine antisera express the antigenic composition of the swine influenza viruses, while rabbit antisera reflect either their antigenic arrangement or the arrangement of the components responsible for their mouse pathogenicity. On this interpretation the 7 strains of swine influenza virus studied would be considered to have similar antigenic compositions but differing antigenic structures.
5. The serological differences among strains of the swine influenza virus, detectible by rabbit antisera, are probably of no practical significance so far as the natural disease, swine influenza, is concerned.
THE IMMUNOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIP OF THE CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE OF TYPE XIV PNEUMOCOCCUS TO THE BLOOD GROUP A SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE
Authors: Beeson Paul B. , Goebel Walther F. 
Published: June 2004

1. The agglutination of human erythrocytes and the precipitation of the blood group A substance by Type XIV antipneumococcus horse serum are properties of the specific anticarbohydrate immune bodies in the serum.
2. Absorption of Type XIV antipneumococcus horse serum with the homologous bacterial polysaccharide removes the agglutinins for human erythrocytes as well as the precipitins for the group A substance.
3. Absorption of Type XIV antipneumococcus horse serum with the group A substance markedly diminishes the ability of the serum to agglutinate erythrocytes of all groups.
4. Absorption of Type XIV antipneumococcus horse serum with human erythrocytes causes a marked diminution in the precipitation with group A substance.
5. The chemical and immunological relationship between the specific substances of blood group A and the Type XIV Pneumococcus is discussed.
THE MANNER OF GROWTH OF FROG CARCINOMA, STUDIED BY DIRECT MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF LIVING INTRAOCULAR TRANSPLANTS
Authors: Lucké Balduin , Schlumberger H. 
Published: June 2004

The adenocarcinoma which commonly occurs in the kidney of leopard frogs has been transplanted into the anterior chamber of the eye where its growth characteristics have been studied by direct observation with the slit-lamp microscope. Such observations have been amplified by photographs taken at intervals to furnish permanent and objective records of the mode of development and progress of the growths, from earliest to advanced stages.
The fifteen tumors which fumished the transplants were typical large invasive adenocarcinomas having the usual irregular and apparently anarchic arrangement of their component tubules and acini. However, the transplanted tumors developed according to definite and well defined structural patterns, their type depending on the immediate physical environment. Three such morphogenetic patterns were observed.
Unimpeded outgrowths into the aqueous tumor characteristically assumed a tubulo-papillary arrangement; the earliest formation consisted of solid, purely epithelial cylinders, many of which at later stages acquired a lumen and thus became tubular; generally only the coarser projections developed vascular stalks. Further growth was made by repeated branching, and lateral outpouching of the tubules. Where the tumor grew in contact with firm, even surfaces, such as lens or cornea, differentiation was lost and broad membranes formed which gradually spread over the surfaces; secondarily, new cylindrical or tubular processes arose from such indifferent cellular carpets. Where the tumor made contact with loose tissue such as iris, it invaded this organ, and, supported by the stroma, assumed an acinar pattern quite like that of the original adenocarcinoma of the kidney. All three types of growth were sometimes found coexisting in different portions of the anterior chamber.
The rate of growth of transplanted tumors was followed by photographic records taken periodically. A fairly constant mode of progress was noted: after a variable period of lag and a period of gradual outgrowth, there followed rather abruptly a short period of rapid growth, after which growth increments gradually became smaller. Variations in growth rate due to season and to temperature were evident, but further experiments are required to evaluate the part played by these factors.
Attempts to transplant normal kidney in the anterior chamber were unsuccessful.
The manner of growth in the vitreus was found to be similar to that in the anterior chamber.
The factors that determine the manner of tumor growth are as yet imperfectly understood. Evidence is however accumulating to the effect that neoplastic growth is not as anarchic as is suggested by histologic sections of some tumors (26). The present experiments support the view that cancers are much more responsive to the laws governing growth and organization than is generally supposed.
SEROLOGICAL STUDIES ON SUGAR
Authors: Neill James M. , Hehre Edward J. , Sugg John Y. , Jaffe Evelyn 
Published: June 2004

Solutions of all of the C. P. sucrose reagents of American manufacture that were tested gave reactions with Type II antipneumococcus serum. The capacity of that antiserum to react with sucrose solutions was removed by absorption with the homologous pneumococci or with Leuconostoc mesenteroides.
The serological reactivity was due not to sucrose itself but to accompanying substances that could be removed by precipitation with a proper concentration of alcohol or by treatment with activated carbon. Although Type II antipneumococcus serum was used to detect its presence the reactive material found in the sucrose can be considered to be only related and not identical with antigens of Type II pneumococci.
INHIBITION OF TRANSPLANTABLE MOUSE TUMOR GROWTH BY TISSUE EXTRACTS AND THEIR PROTEIN FRACTIONS
Authors: MacFadyen D. A. , Sturm Ernest , Murphy James B. 
Published: June 2004

1. Mammary tissue of pregnant rabbits is found to contain an agent which inhibits the growth of Bashford Adenocarcinoma 63 in mice but this material is without effect on the Crocker Sarcoma 180.
2. Of the tissues so far studied the mammary gland of rabbits has yielded the most active product.
3. From the results it is probable that pregnancy enhances the production of the agent but this cannot be considered as established beyond doubt.
4. The factor is found, with diminished activity, only in the protein fraction obtained from the aqueous extract by full saturation with ammonium sulfate.