bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Between Rhetoric and Reality:Allied Reparation Claims and the Condition of Germany
Authors: Kent Bruce 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Some years ago a distinguished historian, echoing Arthur Balfour’s explanation of the Liberal victory in the British elections of 1906, suggested that the peacemakers of 1919 were ‘mere corks dancing on a torrent they could not control’. Such an image is misleading when explaining the reparation demands of the victors. The popular passions aroused by the war certainly helped to underpin a demand for reparations. Yet the poisonous financial dispute which the Paris Peace Conference was to inject into the veins of Europe and North America was not a product of spontaneous mass hysteria.
‘Fulfilment’ May 1921-January 1922
Authors: Kent Bruce 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Nothing revealed more clearly the unreality of Allied reparation demands and the unlikelihood of any effective, or even genuine, German attempt to fulfil them than the .brief history of the London Schedule of Payments. The failure of the creditors to charge interest on the bulk of Germany’s notional obligation of 132 billion marks was a tacit admission of the financial impossibility of their demands; and their refusal to vest adequate powers in the Committee of Guarantees, the sub-committee of the Reparation Commission which was set up to supervise the collection of interest and amortization on the remaining 50 billion gold marks, showed that, despite their Germanophobic posturing, the bourgeois liberal governments of the victors were ultimately unwilling to assert sufficient control over the German economic and financial system to obtain the required transfer of wealth.
The Last Act
Authors: Kent Bruce 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Within two years of its formal inauguration the Young Plan had collapsed and reparations had been spirited off the international stage. In view of the violent economic contraction which occurred between 1930 and 1932 it is remarkable that a system which was premissed on an unlikely upsurge of international trade should have survived for so long. The explanation is to be sought, as ever, in the domestic financial politics of the parties to the dispute. Much of the responsibility for the lack of remedial action must be borne by the United States government which, by its unrelenting attitude to war debts, provided the European victors with an excuse for maintaining their own financial pressure on Germany. Such was the reluctance of the American administration to relinquish, or to appear to relinquish, its claims upon Germany’s creditors that it remained relatively impervious to the resurgence of Wall Street’s concern lest the continuing fulfilment of the Young Plan should jeopardize the substantial funds which American private citizens had invested in Europe. President Hoover’s proposal in June 1931 for a one-year moratorium on inter-governmental debts, and the measures subsequently adopted to arrest the withdrawal of private credits from Germany, were certainly a response to the fears of the American banking fraternity.
The Scattering Time
Authors: Lamphear John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This is the first full study of the Turkana people of north-western Kenya and their armed resistance of the Turkana people of north-western Kenya to British colonial administration in the early twentieth century. From their first encounters with the colonial vanguard in the 1890s to the final surrender of the Great Diviner, Loolel Kokoi, in 1926, the Turkana resisted imperial conquest. Even after the imposition of colonial rule, they continued to oppose the administration through a variety of strategies. John Lamphear explores their responses to European colonialism and examines the nature of their resistance, making extensive use of oral sources, as well as archival and published material. His analysis takes full account of the military history of the period, and addresses the fundamental question of why some African societies met the European advance with armed resistance while others did not. In doing so, he makes an important contribution to the historiography of the imperial conquest of Kenya.
Food Reform And Food Science
Authors: Offer Avner 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There is more to food than calories. The family breakfast, the workers ‘ lunch, the formal dinner, a drink at the pub, an evening at the restaurant-all these different occasions suggest how food is bound up with the customs, habits and daily rituals that provide the framework of personal and social relations. Food conventions and habits distinguish cultures and nations, insiders and outsiders, age and sex, poor and rich. We are what we eat in more senses than one. Food is rich in codes of communication, memory and emotion. A forcible alteration of food habits goes to the very heart of tradition, expectations and identity.
The Old European Order 1660-1800
Authors: Doyle William 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This survey of European history covers a period of one and a half centuries which witnessed the beginnings of the contemporary world. In his account of the economic, social, intellectual, and governmental structure and development of pre-revolutionary Europe, the author stresses throughout the importance of economic and social trends, and places emphasis on the analysis of the structure of society as well as the narration of events. He shows how the contradictions of the old order contributed to a crisis which affected several of the major states in the late eighteenth century, when the growth of governmental power led to a series of clashes between governments and governing classes. Out of these conflicts, particularly in France, arose a revolutionary crisis. The nature of this crisis, and the impact of the change it produced, are examined in detail in the final section of the book. For this second edition, Professor Doyle has revised the text of the book, and comprehensively updated the Bibliography.
Qualities Of Justice
Authors: Gatrell V A C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
How, In Writing About Injustice, Does One Do Justice To the furred homicides who so often and cavalierly delivered it? Why not just a curse upon their names? Dislike is easily called into play in writing about justice’s unjust agents. But we cannot go on like this without causing offence. There must be a point beyond which we should protect even these monsters from posterity’s contempt. It may be impossible to locate them within what Carlo Ginzburg has called a ‘really dead history’, free from here-and-now prejudice; they deserved the last chapter, some may agree. But we might still strive to admit the otherness of the traditions they worked by and by which they were trapped.
The Commission Agent
Authors: Grassby Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The commission system, which was similar in all markets, can be reconstructed both from contemporary correspondence and from the prolific, comprehensive, and accurate manuals of the period. The supercargo and travelling merchant were still important in underdeveloped, unsettled, and thinly traded markets like China, but had been superseded in the Levant by the resident factor and, until the Levant Company prohibited them from trading in 1673, by the ship masters. This system was essential to protect the Company ‘s monopoly against interlopers. In the Turkey trade, which had communal facilities and rules, but no joint stock management, individual London merchants conducted their business exclusively through the resident factors. Whereas the joint-stock Companies diluted their control by permitting private trade, the regulated Companies instituted communal management through partnerships and occasional joint stocks in particular commodities and areas, which narrowed in practice the basic difference in their organizational structure.
A Case of Modern Individualism: Politics and the Uneasiness of Intellectuals in the Baroque Age
Authors: Comparato Vittor Ivo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There is a form of individualism that consists in the subjective perception of a latent antagonism between the interior personal sphere and the exterior social and political sphere. It appears at a fairly early date in the history of European thought, but is fully expressed in the intellectual sensibility of the baroque age. Such a moral universe developed slowly and drew its inspiration from many varied sources. For example, the separation between forum internum and forum externum can be traced back to conciliar literature, which elaborated a definition of the priestly power of the keys. The need to distinguish spiritual from temporal jurisdiction led to the establishment of a clear-cut boundary between the individual conscience and that which is subject to the law.
The Saints Of Cornwall
Authors: Orme Nicholas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Cornwall is unique among English counties, though similar to other Celtic lands, in its religious history. Its churches, chapels, and place-names commemorated not only the major saints of Christendom, but also many minor 'Celtic' ones, unique to single churches. This book breaks new ground by considering them all, comprehensively and in detail. The introduction explains how the cults came into existence, and how they shed light on early Christianity in the county. It follows their history up to the Reformation, and shows how popular devotion to the saints lingered even in the eighteenth century. The main part of the book provides a history of every known religious cult in Cornwall from the sixth century AD to the Reformation, with relevant information about its later history down to the present day. Every known site is identified (church, chapel, altar, image, holy well, or other outdoor feature), and every written source is discussed (saint's Life, liturgical commemoration, and calendar festival). This is the first time that a complete inventory of cults has been produced for an area as large as an English county. The work also includes many saints venerated in Brittany, Wales and England, and makes copious references to all three countries. It provides a major resource in the fields of medieval Church history, Reformation studies, folklore, and Celtic studies, as well as the history of Cornwall.
The Physical Setting of Relic Cults: Rome and the Architecture of the Carolingian Renaissance
Authors: Crook John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A significant change in the physical setting of the cult of saints in Gaul occurred in the mid-eighth century, with the establishment of Pepin’s new dynasty, which looked back to late sixth-century Rome for architectural inspiration and was responsible for the revival in that city of the architectural forms of the earlier age. Before discussing Carolingian patterns of veneration, we should first examine the cult of saints in Rome from the late sixth century and explore the occasional examples of Roman influence north of the Alps from that period to the ninth century.It is a commonplace to state that Rome remained conservative in the placement of its relics—and the oft-cited documentary evidence supporting this assumption has been summarized in Chapter I. Interestingly, the most powerful expression of this conservatism was made by the pope who was instrumental in developing new architectural forms associated with the cult of saints, Gregory the Great. Almost certainly due to his inspiration was the development of the ring-crypt, a structure which seems to have evolved entirely as a response to the cult of relics, with far—reaching implications for the design of churches throughout western Christendom.
The Order of the Garter 1348–1461
Authors: Collins Hugh E L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This is the first scholarly study of the political role of the Order of the Garter during the late middle ages. It evaluates the relationship between the practical objectives served by the institution and its status as a chivalric elite. Focusing on the years between the Garter's inception in 1348 and the deposition of Henry VI in 1461, the study considers the Order's conception, companionship and collective activities, and places them against the political backdrop of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Hugh Collins highlights the potential of the fraternity as an instrument of political patronage, and attributes its success in this area to the important balance achieved in the Garter's constitution and fellowship between pragmatic considerations and knightly ideas. His examination of the interdependence of these two facets thus reveals the extent to which political society in the late middle ages founded its ambitions and aspirations on the cult of chivalry.
The Ottoman Threat 1396–1502
Authors: Housley Norman 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
His personal status as a ghazi leader enhanced by his great victory at Nicopolis, Sultan Bayezid I was able immediately to resume his twin strategies of unifying Anatolia and tightening the noose on Constantinople (see map 4). In 1397 the Sultan occupied Konya and destroyed the state of Karaman, after defeating Alauddin Ali Bey at the plain of Akcay. In the following year the death of Qadi Burhan al-Din enabled Bayezid to establish his suzerainty over the former’s large territories in central Anatolia. The Ottomans were now in direct contact with the Mamluk lands, and in 1398-9 the Sultan penetrated the Euphrates Valley, taking Malatya and Elbistan. By 1400 most of Cilicia was in Ottoman hands, and Anatolia was virtually united. At the same time the siege of Constantinople, begun in 1394, was renewed. Its most important feature was the construction of a fortress, Anadolu Hisar, on the Asian side of the Bosphorus, in order to control Byzantine access to the Black Sea. Famine conditions prevailed in the city in 1397.
Latin Rule in Greece and the Aegean 1274–1580
Authors: Housley Norman 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The conquest of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade in 1204 led to the creation of an intricate tissue of Latin states in Romania, and it is their later fortunes which form the subject of this chapter (see map 6). The most prestigious of the creations, the Latin Empire of Constantinople, was also the weakest. Surrounded by enemies, and failing, despite their strenuous efforts, to attract the settlers they needed for long-term viability, the Empire’s rulers staggered from crisis to crisis while searching in vain for a western protector. The coup de grace, Michael VIII’s reconquest of Constantinople in 1261, completed the shift in western interests towards the southern and western part of Romania which had begun with the collapse of the ephemeral ‘Kingdom of Thessalonica’ in 1224; military aid from Latin Christendom could be dispatched more rapidly towards southern Greece, and the Venetians could deploy their naval superiority with greater effectiveness there and in the Aegean and Adriatic islands. The most important of the surviving states were the Principality of Achaea, which occupied the classical Peloponnese (or Morea, as both Franks and Greeks termed it), and the Duchy of Athens. The Peloponnese was overrun by William of Champlitte and Geoffrey of Villehardouin in 1204–5, and ruled by Geoffrey’s descendants. Athens was conquered by Boniface of Montferrat in 1204 and consigned as a fief to the Burgundian lord Odo of la Roche. Odo and the dynasty which he established came to govern Attica, Boeotia, and the Argolid. Seventeen islands in the Cyclades were seized in 1207 with comparative ease by a group of Venetian entrepreneurs led by Mark Sanudo, who partitioned the islands as fiefs amongst his followers, retaining Naxos and several other islands for himself, and ruling with the title Duke of the Archipelago.
Catholic Society and the Crusade 1274–1580
Authors: Housley Norman 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We have now looked at all the chief areas in which crusading occurred between 1274 and 1580, and are in a position to investigate more fully the relationship between the crusading movement and contemporary society and government. What place did the crusade hold in Catholic society between the Second Council of Lyons and the Habsburg-Ottoman truce of 1580? Historians have long ceased to believe that such a question can be answered easily, or with conviction. Indeed, one of the most important advances of recent years has been the realization that enthusiasm for the crusade varied enormously from country to country, and that instead of forming a straightforward pattern of growth followed by decline, it waxed and waned over the generations. For example, Dr Christopher Tyerman has recently shown that English enthusiasm remained strong until the disaster of Nicopolis, then declined sharply. By contrast, we have seen that the pulse of Castilian enthusiasm was almost at its weakest at the time of Nicopolis, but a century later it had undergone a revival which carried it into fresh enterprises beyond the peninsula. Again, the crusade itself changed in nature during these centuries, so that for most people enthusiasm ceased to result in personal participation. It was expressed instead in their readiness to contribute financially to a crusade, and in other displays of approval which do not lend themselves readily to analysis, let alone comparative quantification.
The Ideologies of Class
Authors: Mckibbin Ross 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This is a study of the social character of the British working class in the period from the 1880s to the early 1950s, when about seventy-five per cent of the population were manual workers, or their dependents. It has three central themes: the nature of working-class culture and working-class organization; the relationships between the working class and other classes; and the role of both World Wars and the state in shaping class relations. Ross McKibbin examines different aspects of British political, social, and economic history to give an integrated explanation of the development of modern British society, and the ideological assumptions on which it is based. Attitudes to work and leisure are also explored, to build a coherent picture of the ideological world of Britain's social classes.
The Birth and Growth of Local Churches c.850–1100
Authors: Blair John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When Bishop Hereman of Ramsbury visited the pope in 1050 he told him, says Goscelin of Saint-Bertin, about ‘England being filled everywhere with churches which daily were being added anew in new places, about the distribution of innumerable ornaments and bells in oratories, and about the most ample liberality of kings and rich men for the inheritance of Christ’. Probably Hereman was thinking mainly of great churches, but a national, transformative boom in building and patronage is just as obvious at a local level. By the Norman Conquest, the religious landscape in at least the more easterly parts of England looked very different from the minster centred world which this book has considered so far. It was gradually filling up with solidly built little churches with their own priests, landholdings, and rights to burial and tithe.
A British Nation? The Experiences of Scotland and Wales
Authors: Theodore Hoppen K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The legislative steps which led to the creation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland on I January 1801—namely, the very different acts of union with Wales (1536), Scotland (1707), and Ireland (1800) —were less comprehensive than is commonly supposed. Late Victorian disputes over Home Rule disguise the fact that the ‘new’ kingdom’s actual, as distinct from its supposed, condition was always one of quasi-devolution. That, in the event, it often proved difficult to give formal recognition to this state of things had less to do with the smaller nations—Ireland, Scotland, Wales—than with England’s overweening and relatively increasing power, wealth, and size. In 1841 80.2 per cent of Britain’s and 55.7 per cent of the United Kingdom’s inhabitants lived in England.
Macroeconomics And The Japanese Economy
Authors: Yoshikawa Hiroshi 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book proposes a new approach to macroeconomics which draws upon the experience of the Japanese economy. the approach is similar to the Old Keynesian view: it rejects the Walrasian approach, and singles out real demand as the fundamental determinant of output in the economy as a whole. However, by maintaining that real demand constrains are important not only in the short-run, but in the long-run, it goes beyond what is normally understood as the Keynesian approach. This book is also very different from the New Keynesian Economics. In particular, it regards the rigidity of nominal wages/prices as of secondary importance. _ To show that a new approach is called for, Professor Yoshikawa provides both theoretical exercises and numerous empirical analyses of the Japanese economy. His arguments are extensivley illustrated by almost 200 figures and tables of data.
Family Policy - How Does it Work?
Authors: Klaus Peter Strohmeier 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the introductory chapter to the liber amicorum dedicated to Dirk van de Kaa on the occasion of his 65th birthday Dutch demographer Hans van den Brekel (1999) describes the subject of demography as &‘sex, death and passion, wrapped in indicators&’. The demographer here refers to birth rates, death rates, and marriage and divorce rates, which he treats as visible, measurable, and computable &‘public’ outcomes of very basic, private, and intimate modes of human behaviour. The article nicely illustrates that demographers study something like the statistical sediments of real life.
Politics and Policies towards the Family in Europe: A Framework and an Inquiry into their Differences and Convergences
Authors: Kaufmann Franz-Xaver 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There has been always an intimate merger among family and politics in traditional societies. Kinship was one of the most powerful ties in traditional societies, and modernization deprived kinship first of its political and subsequently also of its familial influence. To speak of family policy presupposes the shift towards the modem arrangement of differentiated if not separated spheres of the polity, the economy, the family.
Future Longevity among the Elderly
Authors: Caselli Graziella 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The moment when old age actually begins is not represented by any fixed threshold and varies very much in keeping with the particular era or place in question and is often defined by the rules of each society, establishing a sort of ‘rite of passage ‘ with the creation of a new living status. In industrial and postindustrial societies this passage depends less and less on the onset of old age and all that this entails-less physically able, a reduced intellectual capacity, and is increasingly linked to an economic and social value attributed to the individual on the basis of a change in occupational status following retirement. This change is usually classified according to outdated rules, which are no longer acceptable, so that the age at which one ‘s working life ends can often coincide with a stage when the individual concerned is by no means old (Livi Bacci, 1987; Egidi, 1990).
The Chamus Tradition of Pre-Pastoral Origins
Authors: Spencer Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The emphasis on tradition in pastoral societies of East Africa may be viewed up to a point as a denial of historical change. The Maasai, for instance, portray their past largely as a projection of the recent present and tend to assume that earlier communities were not radically different from their own at the time of post-colonial Independence in the 1960s, apart from being more exposed to the uncertainties of warfare and shifting borders. There is little sense of earlier historical development, and even the sequence of past age-sets, which provides an ideal scale for a chronology of events, is perceived less in terms of social change than as a demonstration of the persistence of tradition, replicating the ahistorical process of ageing.