bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chronic painful peripheral neuropathy in an urban community: a controlled comparison of people with and without diabetes
Authors: Daousi C. , MacFarlane I. A. , Woodward A. , Nurmikko T. J. , Bundred P. E. , Benbow S. J. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAims  A cross‐sectional study has been performed in order to estimate the prevalence, severity, and current treatment of chronic painful peripheral neuropathy (CPPN) in people with diabetes in the community.Methods  Using a structured questionnaire and examination we have assessed these factors in a community sample of people with diabetes (n = 350) and compared them with 344 age‐ and sex‐matched people without diabetes from the same locality.Results  The prevalence of CPPN was estimated to be 16.2%[95% confidence interval (CI): 6.8–16%] in people with diabetes compared with 4.9% (95% CI: 2.6–7.2%) in the control sample (P < 0.0001). Diabetic subjects with and without CPPN did not differ in age, sex, type and duration of diabetes, body mass index, smoking status and glycaemic control. However, CPPN diabetic subjects had significantly higher Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scores for pain over the preceding 24 h [median (interquartile range) 3.5 (1.5–6.7) cm vs. 0.7 (0–3.9) cm, P < 0.0001]. Also, the total McGill Pain Questionnaire Score (a measure of pain quality and severity) was 18 (13–31.5) vs. 10 (4–16) (P < 0.0001). Of patients with diabetes and CPPN, 12.5% (7/56) had never reported their symptoms to their treating physician and 39.3% (22/56) had never received any treatment for their painful symptoms.Conclusions  CPPN is common, often severe but frequently unreported and inadequately treated.
Validation of a system of foot ulcer classification in diabetes mellitus
Authors: Treece K. A. , Macfarlane R. M. , Pound N. , Game F. L. , Jeffcoate W. J. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractObjective  The lack of a simple, robust classification of diabetic foot ulcers has critically hampered research into optimum patterns of care. We have therefore attempted validation of the previously published S(AD) SAD system, which is based on grading of ulcer features using simple clinical methods.Research design and methods  This was a prospective study in which 300 people with ulcers newly referred to a hospital‐based multidisciplinary clinic between 1 January 2000 and 1 July 2002 were classified at the time of their first assessment. If a patient had more than one episode, the last to occur was selected as the index ulcer. If two or more ulcers were registered simultaneously, the one which was regarded as the more significant was chosen. Ulcers were categorized according to area, depth, sepsis, ischaemia and neuropathy. All patients were followed for at least 6 months, or until death if earlier. Outcome criteria used were healed and unhealed (unhealed persisting, unhealed at amputation or death) and were cross‐tabulated with different baseline variables.Results  Ulcers healed in 209 of the 300 patients (69.7%), while 30.0 (10%) had been resolved by amputation (eight major; 22 minor) and 32 (10.7%) by death. Twenty‐nine (9.7%) persisted unhealed. There were significant differences in outcome according to area (χ2 = 25.9, P < 0.001), depth (χ2 = 33.8, P < 0.001), sepsis (χ2 = 13.5, P = 0.004) and arteriopathy (χ2 = 33.7, P < 0.001), but not to denervation (χ2 = 5.1, P = 0.16). The strength of these associations was confirmed using Somers d: area (rs = −0.24, P < 0.001), depth (rs = −0.32, P < 0.001), sepsis (rs = −0.15, P < 0.01), arteriopathy (rs = −0.30, P < 0.001), denervation (rs = −0.10, P = 0.08). Logistic regression analysis using area, depth, sepsis and arteriopathy as independent variables, and those which contributed significantly to the model were area (P = 0.01), depth (P < 0.001) and arteriopathy (P < 0.001).Conclusions  These data demonstrate that simple clinical methods can be used to categorize features of individual ulcers, and that area, depth and arteriopathy contribute independently to a model to predict outcome. A system of classification such as this is an essential requirement for the categorization of populations with similar features and similar prognosis, which may then be used as the basis for prospective research into optimal wound management.
No substantial psychological impact of the diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes following targeted population screening: The Hoorn Screening Study
Authors: Adriaanse M. C. , Snoek F. J. , Dekker J. M. , Spijkerman A. M. W. , Nijpels G. , Twisk J. W. R. , Van Der Ploeg H. M. , Heine R. J. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAims  To examine the impact of the diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes on psychological well‐being and perceived health status in subjects who participated in a targeted population‐screening programme.Methods  This study was conducted within the framework of a screening project in the general (aged 50–75 years) Dutch population. The final study population consisted of 259 subjects with a high‐risk score on the Symptom Risk Questionnaire; 116 of whom were subsequently detected with Type 2 diabetes and 143 who were non‐diabetic. The impact was assessed approximately 2 weeks (shortly) and 6 and 12 months after the diagnosis, using the 12‐item Well‐Being Questionnaire (W‐BQ12) and the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 (SF‐36), respectively. Analyses of co‐variance (ancova) were used.Results  Approximately 2 weeks after the diagnosis, no significant mean differences were found on either the W‐BQ12 or the SF‐36, between the screening‐detected Type 2 diabetes subjects and the non‐diabetic subjects. Six months after the diagnosis, we found lower scores in the screening‐detected Type 2 diabetes subjects compared with the non‐diabetic subjects on the SF‐36 dimensions Role Physical (mean difference (95% CI); −8.2 (−16.2; −0.1); P = 0.046) and Role Emotional (mean difference (95% CI); −7.9 (−15.3; −0.5); P = 0.038). One year after the test results, no significant mean differences were found between both groups on either instrument (W‐BQ12; SF‐36).Conclusions  The diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes has no substantial adverse or positive effect on psychological well‐being and perceived health status, shortly, and 6 and 12 months after the diagnosis.
‘Urine testing is a waste of time’: newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes patients’ perceptions of self‐monitoring
Authors: Lawton J. , Peel E. , Douglas M. , Parry O. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAims  To date, there is no convincing evidence that non‐insulin treated patients who undertake self‐blood glucose monitoring (SBGM) have better glycaemic control than those who test their urine. This has led to a recommendation that non‐insulin dependent patients undertake urine testing, which is the cheaper option. This recommendation does not take account of patients’ experiences and views. This study explores the respective merits of urine testing and SBGM from the perspectives of newly diagnosed patients with Type 2 diabetes.Methods  Qualitative study using repeat in‐depth interviews with 40 patients. Patients were interviewed three times at 6‐monthly intervals over 1 year. Patients were recruited from hospital clinics and general practices in Lothian, Scotland. The study was informed by grounded theory, which involves concurrent data collection and analysis.Results  Patients reported strongly negative views of urine testing, particularly when they compared it with SBGM. Patients perceived urine testing as less convenient, less hygienic and less accurate than SBGM. Most patients assumed that blood glucose meters were given to those with a more advanced or serious form of diabetes. This could have implications for how they thought about their own disease. Patients often interpreted negative urine results as indicating that they could not have diabetes.Conclusions  Professionals should be aware of the meanings and understandings patients attach to the receipt and use of different types of self‐monitoring equipment. Guidelines that promote the use of consistent criteria for equipment allocation are required. The manner in which negative urine results are conveyed needs to be reconsidered.
Hypoglycaemia and driving in people with insulin‐treated diabetes: adherence to recommendations for avoidance
Authors: Graveling A. J. , Warren R. E. , Frier B. M. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractBackground  Hypoglycaemia impairs driving performance, so drivers with insulin‐treated diabetes should try to avoid hypoglycaemia when driving, and treat it effectively if it occurs. It is not known how many insulin‐treated drivers are familiar with, or adhere to, recommended safe practice.Methods  We surveyed a representative sample of 202 current drivers with insulin‐treated diabetes (115 with Type 1 diabetes), using a structured questionnaire. Data were obtained on driving history, estimated frequency of hypoglycaemia, and measures taken to avoid and treat hypoglycaemia when driving.Results  The licensing authority (DVLA) and motor insurance company had been informed by almost all participants. Sixty‐four participants (31.7%) had experienced hypoglycaemia while driving, and 27 (13.4%) reported that this had occurred within the preceding year. A minimum blood glucose level of 4.0 mmol/l or higher was considered necessary for driving by 151 drivers (74.8%), and 176 (87.1%) reported always keeping carbohydrate in their vehicle. However, 77 (38.1%) reported never carrying a glucose meter when driving, and 121 (59.9%) that they never test blood glucose before driving, or test only if symptomatic of hypoglycaemia. Most participants (89%) would stop driving to treat hypoglycaemia and would not resume driving immediately, although only 28 (13.9%) would wait longer than 30 min. Almost half of participants were failing to observe at least one essential aspect of safe driving.Conclusions  Compliance with statutory requirements to inform the licensing authority and motor insurer is good, and drivers’ perceptions of the minimum safe blood glucose level for driving are encouraging. However, most drivers rely on symptoms to detect hypoglycaemia while driving, and seldom test blood glucose before driving. Patient education should emphasize the role of blood glucose monitoring in relation to driving, and highlight the potential deterioration in driving performance when blood glucose falls below 4.0 mmol/l.
A case of secondary diabetes mellitus with acromegaly improved by pioglitazone
Authors: Watanabe A. , Komine F. , Nirei K. , Tamura K. , Nabe K. , Aiba N. , Kamoshida S. , Otsuka M. , Okubo H. , Kanou M. , Sawada S. , Uchiyama T. , Nakamura S. , Arakawa Y. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAim  The acromegaly patient was diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. His HbA1c was 10.6% and fasting blood glucase (FBG) 15.3 mmol/l. We prescribed glibenclamide (10 mg/day), but his HbA1c and FBG remained high. At this stage, treatmer with short‐acting insulin was instigated at a dose of 20 U/day. However, the patient's blood glucose level remained unsatisfactory. We tried using pioglitazone.Method  Pioglitazone was prescribed at 30 mg/day in combination with the insulin.Results  The FBG and HbA1c value decreased to 7.2 mmol/l and 7.3%, respectively, within 2 months and insulin was discontinued. Pioglitazone alone was able to control the FBG level.Conclusions  Pioglitazone treatment might be considered as a choice for similar cases of diabetes secondary to acromegaly.
Achieving a new equilibrium? The stability of cooperative employer–union relationships
Authors: Oxenbridge Sarah , Brown William 
Published: August 2004

ABSTRACTThe current popularity of ‘partnership’ in workplace industrial relations raises the question of the durability of such arrangements. This article investigates the stability of cooperative employer–union relationships by means of case studies. It analyses perceptions of the experience of negotiation and consultation. Continuing net benefits are reported both by managers and by union representatives in workplaces where cooperative relationships are robust. The benefits come primarily from the informal consultative processes and levels of trust that are engendered. Nonetheless, parties to the relationship, however robust they were, faced substantial challenges to their efforts to diffuse and sustain cooperative working. It is concluded that cooperative relationships are likely to be stable where employers wish to maintain an independent employee voice, especially where workplace union density remains relatively high.
Partnership at work and worker participation: an NHS case study
Authors: Tailby Stephanie , Richardson Mike , Stewart Paul , Danford Andy , Upchurch Martin 
Published: August 2004

ABSTRACTThis article considers issues of workplace union strategy in a study of a National Health Service hospital trust in which the focus of the investigation is the ‘employee voice’ gains, or losses, arising from partnership and worker participation. The impact of government policy on local management and, in turn, employees’ opportunities to participate in organisational decision making is therefore the main theme explored in this analysis.
Opening doors as well as banging on tables: an assessment of UNISON/employer partnerships on learning in the UK public sector
Authors: Munro Anne , Rainbird Helen 
Published: August 2004

ABSTRACTThe academic debate on partnerships has so far mainly focused on whether there are mutual gains for both unions and employers and whether they support or undermine branch organisation. This debate is here assessed in relation to learning partnerships, which are considered to be a distinctive form of partnership and represent a process of institution‐building.
Parsing the late positive complex: Mental chronometry and the ERP components that inhabit the neighborhood of the P300
Authors: Dien Joseph , Spencer Kevin M. , Donchin Emanuel 
Published: August 2004

Abstract Falkenstein, Hohnsbein, and Hoorman (1994) suggested that common measures of P300 latency confound a “P‐SR” component whose latency corresponds to stimulus evaluation time and a “P‐CR” component whose latency varies with response‐selection time, thus casting doubt on work in mental chronometry that relies on P300 latency. We report here a replication and extension of Falkenstein et al. (1994) using a high‐density 129‐electrode montage with 11 subjects. Spatiotemporal PCA was used to extract the components of the ERP. A centroid measure is also introduced for detecting waveform‐timing changes beyond just peak latency. In terms of componentry, we argue that the P‐SR and the P‐CR, correspond to the P3a/Novelty P3 and the P300, respectively. Conceptually, we dispute the proposed distinction between stimulus evaluation and response selection. We suggest a four‐stage ERP model of information processing and place the P3a and the P300 in this framework.
Classic and false memory designs: An electrophysiological comparison
Authors: Nessler Doreen , Friedman David , Bersick Michael 
Published: August 2004

AbstractIn false memory tasks new items either overlap with the semantic concepts of studied items (LURE) or do not (NEW). ERP differences between OLD and NEW items in false memory tasks have been interpreted as similar to episodic memory effects observed in classic recognition studies. However, NEW items in a false memory task can be rejected on the basis of semantic information alone, a strategy useless in classic tasks. Here a medial frontal (400 to 500 ms) episodic memory effect was revealed in both classic and false memory tasks, whereas a parietal (500 to 700 ms) episodic memory effect was found only in the classic task. In the false memory task a large, parietally focused positivity was evident for NEW items, assumed to reflect a targetlike response to new semantic information. The brain activity underlying false memory effects, therefore, cannot be interpreted as a straightforward example of that arising during a standard recognition task.
What's special about personally familiar faces? A multimodal approach
Authors: Herzmann Grit , Schweinberger Stefan R. , Sommer Werner , Jentzsch Ines 
Published: August 2004

AbstractDual‐route models of face recognition suggest separate cognitive and affective routes. The predictions of these models were assessed in recognition tasks with unfamiliar, famous, and personally familiar faces. Whereas larger autonomic responses were only triggered for personally familiar faces, priming effects in reaction times to these faces, presumably reflecting cognitive recognition processes, were equal to those of famous faces. Activation of stored structural representations of familiar faces (face recognition units) was assessed by recording the N250r component in event‐related brain potentials. Face recognition unit activation increased from unfamiliar over famous to personally familiar faces, suggesting that there are stronger representations for personally familiar than for famous faces. Because the topographies of the N250r for personally and famous faces were indistinguishable, a similar network of face recognition units can be assumed for both types of faces.
Revealing effects of noninformative spatial cues: An EEG study of inhibition of return
Authors: Wascher Edmund , Tipper Steven P. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractSimple responses to noninformatively cued spatial stimuli can be delayed whenever a cue has been briefly presented at the location of the subsequent target. This phenomenon (inhibition of return) might be due to a mechanism that inhibits irrelevant information. However, with sustained cues no inhibition is observed. It has been hypothesised that in the latter, task inhibition is masked by an excitation process. ERP measures support the inhibition–excitation account: (a) P1 suppression, assumed to reflect inhibition, was observed for all targets presented at a cued location. (b) A later negative component (Nd250) was increased with sustained cues, and hence might reflect the excitation process. (c) A negative component at right parietal electrode sites (Nd310) appeared only when inhibition of return was observed. A second study confirmed the link between these ERP components and mechanisms involved in inhibition of return.
Vigilance to a persisting personal threat: Unmasking cardiovascular consequences in adolescents with the Social Competence Interview
Authors: Ewart Craig K. , Jorgensen Randall S. , Schroder Kerstin E. , Suchday Sonia , Sherwood Andrew 
Published: August 2004

AbstractWe report the first systematic study of hemodynamic responses to the Social Competence Interview, using the original Ewart protocol, which focuses attention on a persisting personal threat. Physiologic changes in 212 African American and Caucasian urban adolescents during the Social Competence Interview, mirror tracing, and reaction time tasks showed that the Social Competence Interview elicits a pronounced vasoconstrictive response pattern, with diminished cardiac activity, that is more typical of alert mental vigilance than of active coping. This pattern was observed in all race and gender subgroups. Results suggest that the Social Competence Interview may be a broadly useful procedure for investigating the role of threat‐induced vigilance in cardiovascular and other diseases.
Effects of task difficulty and invested mental effort on peripheral vasoconstriction
Authors: Iani Cristina , Gopher Daniel , Lavie Peretz 
Published: August 2004

AbstractWe ran two experiments to investigate whether peripheral arterial tone reflects changes in mental effort. Finger pulse wave amplitude, interpulse interval, and pulse variability in the mid‐ and high‐frequency bands were recorded by means of a newly developed finger plethysmograph during both rest and cognitive performance. Using a modified version of the Sternberg memory task, we selectively manipulated either the difficulty of the task (Experiment 1) or the subjects' level of engagement in the task (Experiment 2). We found a significant difference in finger pulse wave amplitude between rest and task periods, suggesting that the measure reflects changes in sympathetic activity due to task engagement. In addition, our results suggest that reduced pulse wave amplitude, signaling vasoconstriction, occurs when subjects are investing effort.
Central and parietal event‐related lateralizations in a flanker task
Authors: Willemssen Rita , Hoormann Jöorg , Hohnsbein Joachim , Falkenstein Michael 
Published: August 2004

AbstractRecently Wascher et al. (1999) reported that in a flanker task with arrow stimuli not only the known lateralized readiness potential (LRP) that reflects lateralized response activation was induced, but also a parietal lateralized activation (direction encoding lateralization; DEL) that was interpreted as reflecting an earlier coding of a response side. However, the Wascher study did not exclude that the DEL could have also been due to lateralized stimulus‐ or attention‐related factors. In the present study we used vertically directed arrow stimuli, and had our subjects perform responses in the vertical dimension. To separate flanker‐induced from target‐induced lateralizations the delay between the presentations of irrelevant and relevant stimuli (stimulus onset asynchrony; SOA) was manipulated. Apart from the usual LRPs we obtained clear DELs that varied in a similar way with the experimental variables, but peaked earlier and had a more posterior topography than the LRP. These results indicate that the DEL reflects premotor response representation.
Gender differences in hemispheric asymmetry of syllable processing: Left‐lateralized magnetic N100 varies with syllable categorization in females
Authors: Obleser Jonas , Rockstroh Brigitte , Eulitz Carsten 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe present study used magnetic source imaging to examine gender differences in the functional hemispheric asymmetry of auditory processing. The auditory evoked N100m was examined in male and female subjects in response to natural syllables with varying consonant and vowel as well as nonspeech noise. In an additional task subjects had to categorize different syllables from the first 35 ms of syllables, that is, the plosive and the formant transition. Syllable‐evoked N100m activity was larger in the left than in the right hemisphere in female but not in male subjects. This gender‐specific hemispheric asymmetry was speech specific, that is, absent when processing meaningless noise. Only in females did the degree of left‐lateralization predict successful syllable categorization from short syllable bursts: Results suggest gender‐specific differences in spectro‐temporal analysis of speech.
P50 and acoustic startle gating are not related in healthy participants
Authors: Brenner Colleen A. , Edwards Chad R. , Carroll Christine A. , Kieffaber Paul D. , Hetrick William P. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAlthough P50 event‐related potential (ERP) suppression and acoustic startle prepulse inhibition are conceptualized as measures of sensory and sensorimotor gating, respectively, the relationship between these measures is unclear. In the present study, P50 and prepulse inhibition trials were interleaved in a single testing session to determine their relationship. Thirty‐one healthy participants were presented with startle‐ and P50‐eliciting stimuli across six trial blocks. Lead stimuli (i.e., the prepulse to the acoustic startle and the first click in the dual click ERP paradigm) resulted in significant gating, or amplitude attenuation, of responses to the startle probe and second paired click. There were no meaningful correlations between the P50 and prepulse inhibition variables, indicating that P50 suppression and acoustic startle prepulse inhibition measure distinct neural mechanisms. The implications of these findings for operationally defining the psychological construct of gating with these psychophysiological measures are discussed.