bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prediction of marginal bone loss and tooth loss – a prospective study over 20 years
Authors: Jansson Leif , Lavstedt Stig , Zimmerman Mikael 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAim: The purpose of the study was to investigate the influence of potential risk predictors/risk factors on the longitudinal marginal bone loss and tooth loss over 20 years.Material and Methods: A clinical and radiographic investigation of a sample of 513 individuals was performed in 1970 and 1990. Stepwise multiple regression analyses were adopted to calculate the influence of the potential risk predictors/risk factors on the longitudinal marginal bone loss and tooth loss.Results: Russell's Periodontal Index in 1970 and smoking were significantly and positively correlated to longitudinal bone loss. Russell's Periodontal Index, marginal bone loss and Plaque Index at baseline were positively and significantly correlated to the longitudinal tooth loss, whilst age, the number of missing teeth in 1970 and the number of school years showed a significant negative correlation to number of teeth lost between 1970 and 1990.Conclusions: Smoking was found to be a significant risk factor in marginal bone loss, while plaque was a risk factor in tooth loss. However, the regression models explained a low percentage of the total variance, especially for marginal bone loss.
Powder emission rates of four air polishing devices
Authors: Petersilka Gregor J. , Schenck Ulf , Flemmig Thomas F. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractObjectives:  Although highly effective in plaque and stain removal, the use of air polishing devices (APDs) on denuded root surfaces may lead to clinically relevant loss of tooth substance. As the amount of powder emitted by an APD may have a significant impact on the safety and efficacy of the instruments, the purpose of the study was to quantify the amount of powder emitted by APDs depending on their powder filling status and powder setting.Methods: Four different APDs were filled to maximum level and the cumulative amount of powder emitted, depending on instrument settings and filling status, was quantified during 15 subsequent 120‐s periods of use. Differences in powder emission were analyzed using anova repeated measures.Results: Exact powder dosage was possible in one APD only (Dentsply Prophyjet®) where emission rates also remained constant over the first five periods assessed. In the three other APDs assessed (EMS Air‐Flow®, Satellec Air‐Max®, KaVo Prophyflex II®) powder emission depended on the amount of powder present in the powder chamber and declined with ongoing use. Changes in powder setting had a significant impact on powder emission in all APDs assessed, apart from the KaVo Prophyflex II® unit.Conclusions: Powder emission of APDs may vary greatly depending on the amount of powder present in the powder bowl. Therefore, instrument powder setting may not be a reliable parameter for safety and efficacy adjustments. This should be considered in clinical applications as well as in future research.
In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of oral strains of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans to seven antibiotics
Authors: Müller H.‐P. , Holderrieth S. , Burkhardt U. , Höffler U. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBackground/aims: Periodontal infections with Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans seem to be refractory to conventional therapy. The aim of the present study was to test the in vitro susceptibilities of A. actinomycetemcomitans strains to a panel of seven orally administrable antibiotics.Methods: A total of 60 isolates of A. actinomycetemcomitans recovered from 43 individuals with gingivitis or periodontitis were tested. In addition, laboratory strains UP‐6 and JP2 were analysed. The E‐test was employed in order to determine minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of antibiotics ampicillin/sulbactam, roxithromycin, azithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ciprofloxacin, and moxifloxacin.Results: A. actinomycetemcomitans was highly susceptible to both fluoro‐quinolones (MIC90 of 0.006 µg/mL of ciprofloxacin and 0.032 µg/mL of moxifloxacin). Good susceptibilities were found for ampicillin/sulbactam and doxycycline (MIC90 of 0.75 µg/mL and 1 µg/mL, respectively), and moderate susceptibilities for azithromycin (MIC90 of 3 µg/mL). Most strains were resistant to metronidazole and roxithromycin. Cluster analysis revealed two larger clusters of A. actinomycetemcomitans strains with the smaller cluster assembling isolates with significantly higher MICs of most antibiotics. Conclusions: Due to reported favourable pharmacokinetics, the fluoro‐quinolone moxifloxacin appeared to be a promising candidate for adjunctive systemic antibiotic therapy in periodontal infections with A. actinomycetemcomitans.
Cytokine levels in crevicular fluid are less responsive to orthodontic force in adults than in juveniles
Authors: Ren Yijin , Maltha Jaap C. , Van′t Hof Martin A. , Von den Hoff Johannes W. , Kuijpers‐Jagtman Anne Marie , Zhang Ding 
Published: December 2004

AbstractObjectives: Bone remodelling during orthodontic tooth movement is related to the expression of mediators in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). No information is available concerning the effect of age on the levels of these mediators in GCF. The purpose of this study was to quantify three mediators (prostaglandin E2, interleukin‐6 and granulocyte‐Macrophage Colony‐Stimulating Factor) in GCF during orthodontic tooth movement in juveniles and adults.Material and methods: A total of 43 juvenile patients (mean age 11 ± 0.7 year), and 41 adult patients (mean age 24 ± 1.6 year) took part in the study. One of the lateral incisors of each patient was tipped labially, the other served as control. GCF samples were taken before force activation (t0) and 24 h later (t24). Mediator levels were determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA).Results:PGE2concentrations were significantly elevated at t24in juveniles and adults, while concentrations of IL‐6 and GM‐CSF were significantly elevated only in juveniles. Total amounts of all three mediators in GCF significantly increased at t24in both groups.Conclusions: In early tooth movement, mediator levels in juveniles are more responsive than levels in adults, which agrees with the finding that the initial tooth movement in juveniles is faster than in adults and starts without delay.
Effects of smoking on periodontal tissues
Authors:   Gloria Calsina, Ramón José‐María , Echeverría José‐Javier 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBackground/Aims: Most studies about the association between tobacco and periodontal disease have shown that tobacco negatively affects periodontal tissues, although some authors have failed to demonstrate such association. Very few studies have tried to find out whether the effect of tobacco on periodontal tissues was similar for women and men. The aims of this investigation were to confirm the possible relationship between tobacco consumption and periodontitis, to study the correlation between intensity of smoking and disease severity, and to investigate any differences between genders related to the effects of tobacco consumption in periodontal health.Material and methods: In this case‐control study, 240 dental patients were selected according to previously defined criteria and were divided in two groups according to their periodontal status. Patients with established periodontitis constituted the case group. The remaining patients constituted the control group. Smoking status, probing depth, gingival recession, clinical attachment level, tooth mobility, periodontal bleeding index and plaque index were determined for each participant. Generated data were processed for statistical analysis using multiple comparisons, covariance analysis and logistic regression analysis.Results: Logistic regression analysis showed that smokers had 2.7 times and former smokers 2.3 times greater probabilities to have established periodontal disease than non‐smokers, independent of age, sex and plaque index. Among cases, probing depth, gingival recession and clinical attachment level were greater in smokers than in former smokers or non‐smokers, whereas plaque index did not show differences. Bleeding on probing was less evident in smokers than in non‐smokers. There was a dose–effect relationship between cigarette consumption and the probability of having advanced periodontal disease. The association between tobacco smoking and periodontal disease was more evident after 10 years of smoking, independent of age, gender and plaque index. Finally, it was observed that tobacco affected periodontal tissues more severely in men than in women. Conclusions: Smoking is a risk factor strongly associated with periodontitis. The effects of smoking on periodontal tissues depend on the number of cigarettes smoked daily and the duration of the habit. The effect of tobacco on periodontal tissues seems to be more pronounced in men than in women.
Epidemiologic risk factors for periodontal attachment loss among adults in the United States
Authors: Hyman Jeffrey J. , Reid Britt C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractObjectives:  The objective of this study was to identify variables related to periodontal loss of attachment (LOA).Materials and Methods:  The study population consisted of a nationally representative sample of 12,325 US adults who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III. The analyses used survey multinomial logistic regression to account for the complex survey design.Results:  The adjusted odds ratio for a mean LOA of 3 mm or more associated with current smoking was 18.55 (95% CI 9.44–36.45) among 20–49‐year olds. Among those aged 50 years or more, the odds ratio for a mean LOA of 4 mm or more was 25.64 (13.04–50.40). Prior smoking, untreated decayed surfaces (on both person and site levels), and male gender were also associated with LOA. There was no excess risk observed among non‐Hispanic blacks or Mexican‐Americans. The adjusted population attributable fractions due to current smoking were 60% for persons aged 20–49 with the worst 10% of LOA (1.58 mm or more), and 47% for those aged 50 plus (LOA of 3.39 mm or more).Conclusion:  These results support earlier findings regarding the central role of cigarette smoking in the etiology of periodontal loss of attachment, a role due in large part to the substantial relationship between smoking and severe periodontal disease.
HHV‐6, HHV‐7, HHV‐8 in gingival biopsies from chronic adult periodontitis patients
Authors: Cassai Enrico , Galvan Monica , Trombelli Leonardo , Rotola Antonella 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBackground: Recent reports have suggested that various herpesviruses may be involved in the occurrence and progression of different forms of periodontal disease.Objective: The objective of the present study was to investigate the presence of the novel herpesviruses HHV‐6, HHV‐7 and HHV‐8 in gingival biopsies from patients affected by chronic adult periodontitis. As control, gingival biopsies from periodontally healthy subjects were analysed.Materials and methods: Gingival biopsies were harvested from 23 volunteers: 13 patients affected by chronic adult periodontitis (CAP) and 10 periodontally healthy subjects. Each CAP patient contributed two biopsies involving the epithelium and connective tissue facing the sulcus/periodontal pockets: one biopsy from a site having a probing pocket depth (PPD) 5 mm and presenting with bleeding upon probing (affected site) at the time of biopsy collection, and the other biopsy from a site with PPD3 mm and without bleeding on probing (nonaffected site). After DNA extraction, nested PCR was used in herpesvirus identification.Results: HHV‐6 DNA sequences were detected in one non‐affected site (8%) and no affected sites (0%) of CAP patients. One biopsy (10%) in healthy subjects revealed HHV‐6 positivity. Tissue specimens in 10/13 CAP patients (77%) and 7/10 healthy subjects (70%) contained HHV‐7 DNA. HHV‐7 prevalence in affected and nonaffected sites of CAP patients was 77% and 54%, respectively. HHV‐8 was detected in 7.7% of CAP patients and 0% of healthy subjects.Conclusions: Gingival tissue may act as a reservoir for HHV‐7. A high prevalence of HHV‐7 was detected in both periodontally diseased and healthy individuals. The prevalence of HHV‐6 and ‐8 was similarly low in both groups. Our data do not support an association of investigated herpesvirus species with destructive periodontal disease.
Subgingival plaque removal in buccal and lingual sites using a novel low abrasive air‐polishing powder
Authors: Petersilka G.J. , Steinmann D. , Häberlein I. , Heinecke A. , Flemmig T.F. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAim of the Study: This study was aimed at assessing the efficacy of subgingival plaque removal in buccal and lingual sites during supportive periodontal therapy (SPT) using a novel low abrasive air‐polishing powder.Material and Methods: In 27 SPT patients, subgingival debridement was performed using the novel air‐polishing powder (test) and hand instruments (positive control) in a randomized split mouth design. Before and immediately after treatment, subgingival plaque samples were taken from two teeth with pockets of 3–5 mm depth in both groups. To assess the influence of plaque sampling on the microflora, samples were also taken twice from two untreated teeth (negative control). The mean reduction in total colony forming units (CFU) was assessed by anaerobic culture. The patients’ perception of treatment was assessed by a visual analog score (VAS). Therapy and plaque sampling were repeated after a 3‐month interval.Results: Test treatment resulted in a significantly greater reduction in mean CFU than positive control treatment (log 1.7±0.98 and log 0.61±0.79 respectively; p<0.05). Following both treatments, the CFU reduction was significantly greater compared to negative control treatment (log 0.06±0.49; p<0.05). In addition, test treatment was perceived as significantly more pleasant than hand instrumentation (p<0.05).Conclusion: The novel low abrasive air‐polishing powder is superior to curettes in removing subgingival plaque from pockets of 3–5 mm depth in supportive periodontal therapy and offers greater patient comfort.
Longitudinal study on the distribution of proximal sites showing significant bone loss
Authors: Laurell Lars , Romao Cristina , Hugoson Anders 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBackground, aims: In 1973, a random sample of 574 dentate individuals aged 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 years in the city of Jönköping, Sweden, were examined clinically and radiographically to assess oral health and overall treatment needs. Periodontal examination included registration of plaque, gingivitis, probing depths at four aspects of each tooth, and interproximal bone height measurements on full‐mouth intraoral radiographs. In 1990, 17 years later, the same individuals were invited to participate in a new investigation. Of these, 433 (75%) agreed to participate in the investigation and were re‐examined (Hugoson & Laurell 2000). The proximal alveolar bone height at all interproximal sites was measured and expressed as per cent of tooth length. Only teeth that were present in both 1973 and 1990 were included in the assessment of changes in bone score. From the age of 30 years, about 80% of the population had one or more sites with a bone loss of 2–3 mm or more. Seventeen per cent of the individuals had more than six such sites, indicating destructive periodontal disease. Bone loss occurred at sites both with and without previous bone loss. The present study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that sites with a bone loss of 10% or more of the tooth length (2–3 mm) during the 17 years were randomly distributed in the dentition.Material and methods: Of the 13,197 sites examined in individuals 20–60 years at baseline, 1201 sites (9.0%) in 998 teeth with a bone loss corresponding to 10% or more of the tooth length were found and included in the analysis. A probability test for binomial distribution was used to test the null hypothesis that all teeth had the same risk of losing bone regardless of its position in the dentition. The valid risk for each tooth was 3.571% and the null hypothesis was rejected at the 95% confidence interval.Results: Although all tooth types were affected by tooth loss, some teeth, namely 17, 16, 42, 41, and 31, showed a higher incidence of sites losing bone, whereas 46, 45, 44, and 36 had a lower incidence. Loser sites in smokers appeared more at random.Conclusion: Sites that will develop periodontal break‐down over time may appear at random, although with higher risk at maxillary molars and lower incisors. For the early detection of destructive periodontitis, periodontal examination that includes all teeth should be made routine in every dental check‐up.
Antiplaque and antigingivitis effectiveness of a hexetidine mouthwash
Authors: Sharma N. C. , Galustians H. J. , Qaqish J. , Charles C. H. , Vincent J. W. , McGuire J. A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractObjective: To assess the antiplaque/antigingivitis efficacy of a hexetidine‐containing mouthwash.Methods: This examiner‐blind, parallel group, controlled clinical study examined the effectiveness of a hexetidine (0.1%) mouthwash both in inhibiting the development of supragingival plaque and in reducing gingivitis. One hundred and thirty‐four adult subjects completed the 2‐week experimental gingivitis model study. Following baseline examinations, which included plaque index, modified gingival index and gingival bleeding index, subjects received a full dental prophylaxis. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three mouthwashes (hexetidine 0.1%, chlorhexidine 0.12% (positive control) or a 5% hydroalcohol negative control) and commenced three times daily supervised rinsing as their sole method of oral hygiene. All indices were rescored after 2 weeks.Results: Compared to the negative control group, the hexetidine group demonstrated a statistically significant inhibition and reduction of supragingival plaque and gingival inflammation with reductions of 6.3%, 33.5% and 56% for gingivitis, plaque and gingival bleeding, respectively. The results of the chlorhexidine group were used to validate the study.Conclusion: The study confirms the efficacy of a hexetidine rinse in reducing supragingival plaque and gingival inflammation.
Guided tissue regeneration using a polylactic acid barrier
Authors: Ehmke B. , Rüdiger S. G. , Hommens A. , Karch H. , Flemmig T. F. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractObjectives:  The purpose of this study was to determine the relative impact of various predictors responsible for the variability in treatment outcome after guided tissue regeneration (GTR) in intraosseous periodontal defects.Patients and methods:  30 patients with chronic periodontitis and at least one intraosseous periodontal lesion (≥4 mm) were enrolled. Following full‐mouth scaling, GTR using polylactic acid membranes was performed at one site in each patient. Main periodontal pathogens, defect morphology, membrane exposure and smoking habit were assessed as predictor variables. Alveolar bone level change served as the primary outcome variable in a multiple regression analysis.Results:  After 12 months, the 29 patients completing the study showed alveolar bone changes ranging from 4 mm bone gain to 1 mm bone loss (mean: 1.6±0.4 mm gain). Active smoking (β‐weight:‐0.49, P=0.003) and persistence of subgingival infection with P. gingivalis (P.g.) (β‐weight:‐0.25, P=0.11) were associated with poor treatment outcome. Deep initial intraosseous defects (β‐weight: 0.32, P=0.045) were associated with favorable treatment outcome, and membrane exposure had no impact on bone gain.Conclusion:  Active smoking was the strongest predictor variable negatively affecting alveolar bone gain following GTR in the treatment of periodontal defects. It was followed by a positive influence of a deeper intraosseous defect and by a negative effect by persistent subgingival infection of P. gingivalis. The relative impact of these factors may be useful in assessing the prosgnosis of GTR in intraosseous periodontal defects.
Systemic disorders in patients with periodontal disease
Authors: Lagervall Maria , Jansson Leif , Bergström Jan 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBackground, aims: Over the past 10 years several studies have been published pointing towards a relationship between periodontal disease and various systemic disorders or diseases. The purpose of this retrospective study was to investigate the occurrence of self‐reported systemic disorders in patients referred to a specialist clinic for periodontal treatment and to explore possible relationships between general health and periodontal disease severity in this population.Material and Methods: Data were collected from the dental records and the health questionnaires of 1006 subjects. Stepwise multiple linear regression analyses were adopted to calculate correlations between systemic disorders as independent variables and number of remaining teeth and the relative frequency of periodontal pockets of 5 mm or more, respectively, as the dependent variable.Results: The number of remaining teeth was significantly and positively correlated to the presence of cardiovascular disease, diabetes and rheumatoid disease after adjustment for age, sex and smoking. The relative frequency of diseased sites, however, was not significantly correlated to any one of the investigated systemic health disorders.Conclusion: No significant associations between investigated systemic disorders and periodontal disease severity were found if the relative frequency of deep periodontal pockets was used as the clinical parameter for periodontal disease severity. However, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and rheumatoid disease were found to be significantly correlated to number of lost teeth, which may represent one aspect of periodontal health. This result held true in nonsmokers only.
Fcγ receptor polymorphisms in relation to periodontitis
Authors: Loos B. G. , Leppers‐Van de Straat F. G. J. , Van de Winkel J. G. J. , Van der Velden U. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractObjectives: Evidence suggests functional relevance for polymorphisms in FcγR in relation to inflammatory and infectious diseases. The present aim was to investigate genetic polymorphisms in three FcγR in relation to susceptibility and severity of periodontitis.Material and Methods: The study population consisted of 68 periodontitis patients and 61 controls (Northern European Caucasian background, mean ages 44 and 42 years, respectively). Among the patients, 12 subjects were diagnosed with aggressive periodontitis (AgP) and 56 individuals were diagnosed with chronic periodontitis (CP). Radiographic bone levels were scored for all teeth in the patients. Subjects were typed for the following genes (alleles): FcγRIIa (R131 or H131), FcγRIIIa (V158 or F158) and FcγRIIIb (NA1 or NA2).Results: Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium criteria were fulfilled for the different genotypes at the three genes investigated. The frequency of the FcγRIIIa‐V158 allele in the patient population (53%) was higher than in the control group (39%) (OR 1.73 [1.06–2.85], p=0.034). The V158 carriage rate in AgP was even higher (63%). The frequency of the FcγRIIa‐H131 allele in the total periodontitis population was 58%; for AgP this was 79%, compared with 51% in the control population (OR 3.68 [1.29–10.5], p=0.013). Also, the frequency of the FcγRIIa‐H/H131 genotype was significantly higher in AgP patients than in controls (OR 9.07 [1.29–63.56], p=0.026, adjusted for smoking status and other potential confounders). Moreover, patients with the FcγRIIa‐H/H131 genotype had more severe radiographic bone loss than patients with the other FcγRIIa genotypes.Conclusion: The current study of relative small sample size suggests that the FcγRIIa‐H/H131 genotype may be a putative susceptibility and severity factor, and the FcγRIIIa‐V158 allele a putative susceptibility factor for periodontitis in Northern European Caucasians. These results need further verification and the biological importance of these findings needs further investigation.