bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ab initio study of ferromagnetism induced by magnetic impurities in rutile TiO2
Authors: Errico L. A. , Weissmann M. , Rentería M. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractUsing the first‐principles density‐functional approach, magnetic properties of Mn‐, Fe‐, Co‐, and Ni‐doped rutile TiO2 were investigated for two different impurity concentrations (25% and 6.25%). Calculations were performed with the Full‐Potential Linearized‐Augmented Plane Waves (FLAPW) method, assuming that the magnetic impurities substitutionally replace the Ti ions. Our results show that the systems (with the exception of Ni‐doped TiO2) are ferromagnetic. We also found that polarization mainly occurs at the impurity sites, and the magnetic moments of the impurities are independent of the impurity concentration. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Domain wall resistance in narrow Co wires
Authors: Çetin B. , Giordano N. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractNew results for the magnetoresistance of very narrow Co wires are presented. The resistance exhibits a complicated pattern of step‐wise changes as the magnetization changes direction in response to a magnetic field. This behavior can be understood in terms of changes in the domain structure with field, combined with the anisotropic magnetoresistance. The results also suggest that the domain wall resistance is negative. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On the nature of the Fractional Quantum Hall Effect ground state at low fillings
Authors: Claro F. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractWe propose that the fractional quantum Hall effect structures recently observed in a narrow low temperature window below filling 1/5 correspond to a charge density wave exhibiting a depinning transition and further gap blurring as the temperature is increased. The main qualitative difference between the usual Wigner crystal and this charge density wave state is that while the former is featureless as the filling of the first Landau level changes, the latter exhibits cusps in the energy at odd fillings, as required by the odd‐denominator rule that characterizes the effect, thus making possible the quantum Hall features. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Capacity analysis and system optimization for the reverse link of multi‐beam satellite broadband systems exploiting adaptive coding and modulation
Authors: Rinaldo Rita , De Gaudenzi Riccardo 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis paper deals with the system capacity analysis and assessment of the potential advantages provided by the introduction of Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM) in the reverse link of multi‐beam broadband satellite systems. ACM is intended to increase the system throughput for a given terminal EIRP power by optimizing the individual links physical layer to the current channel conditions. The physical layer adaptation will be driven by the inbound demodulator signal over noise plus interference ratio (SNIR) estimation. A general methodology for ACM physical layer optimization based on the system capacity maximization is also illustrated. A theoretical analysis of ACM systems capacity is performed for both time division multiple access (TDMA) and code division multiple access (CDMA) schemes. As the exact analytical capacity computation results to be very complex while Monte Carlo approach leads to very time consuming simulations, a simplified semi‐analytic approach is devised. Numerical results showing the huge improvement in terms of capacity by the ACM adoption are obtained for both the semi‐analytic and the Monte Carlo approaches in a realistic study case corresponding to a Ka‐band multibeam satellite system. A good match between the two approaches is also demonstrated. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modification of apoptosis‐related genes and CD95 signaling in cytokine‐treated astrocytes
Authors: Falsig Jeppe , Pörzgen Peter , Leist Marcel 
Published: July 2004

AbstractInflammatory activation of astrocytes with a complete cytokine mix consisting of tumor necrosis factor, interleukin‐1 and interferon‐gamma renders these otherwise resistant cells highly susceptible to cell death induction via the CD95 pathway. In dying cells, we observed several classical apoptotic features such as chromatin condensation and cytoplasmic blebbing. These events were however quickly followed by a rupture of the cell membrane. For a screen of the transcriptional changes taking place during the transformation from a CD95L‐resistant to a CD95L‐sensitive cell, we employed a small custom‐spotted oligonucleotide microarray. The significantly regulated mRNA species were then further analyzed over a 24 h period by quantitative PCR. We observed a complex pattern of transcriptional regulations showing changes of pro‐apoptotic genes (cd95, caspase‐8, bid, bak, caspase‐11), as well as anti‐apoptotic genes (c‐flip, iap‐1, iap‐2/3, bcl‐2). Since inflammatory astrocyte sensitization increased linearly with the time of cytokine‐treatment the anti‐apoptotic genes never seemed to be able to take over a dominating role in this model. Finally, the response of activated astrocytes to CD95 stimulation was compared with several other death‐inducing stimuli. Cells became also more sensitive towards the classical apoptosis inducer staurosporine, but not towards necrotic stimuli such as H2O2 and N‐Methyl‐N′‐nitro‐N‐nitrosoguanidine.
Shear wall with outrigger trusses on wall and column foundations
Authors: HOENDERKAMP J. C. D. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractA graphical method of analysis is presented for preliminary design of outrigger truss‐braced high‐rise shear wall structures with non‐fixed foundation conditions subject to horizontal loading. The method requires the calculation of six structural parameters: bending stiffness for the shear wall, bending and racking shear stiffnesses for the outrigger, an overall bending stiffness contribution from the exterior columns, and rotational stiffnesses for the shear wall and column foundations.The method of analysis employs a simple procedure for obtaining the optimum location of the outrigger up the height of the structure and a rapid assessment of the influence of the individual structural elements on the lateral deflections and bending moments of the high‐rise structure. It is concluded that all six stiffnesses should be included in the preliminary analysis of a proposed tall building structure as the optimum location of the outrigger as well as the reductions in horizontal deformations and internal forces in the structure can be significantly influenced by all the structural components. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new design method for prestressed concrete continuous flat slabs
Authors: Park Sun‐Kyu , Kim Kwang‐Soo 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis paper presents a simple but relatively accurate procedure for the analysis of unbonded prestressed continuous flat slabs. Bi‐circular curves instead of conventional parabolic ones are introduced to obtain the characteristic parameters of the curved tendon profiles. Based on the proposed tendon profile and theory of thin plates, a series of simple formulae are derived to compute the bending moments of flat slabs. The validity of the proposed method is demonstrated by comparing the results with those obtained from finite element analysis. The results of the analysis presented in this paper indicate that the proposed method turns out to be convenient and reasonably accurate in the analysis of prestressed flat slabs. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The relationship between somatic and emotional stimuli: a comparison between adolescents with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and a control group
Authors: Wahlund Kerstin , List Thomas , Ohrbach Richard 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe overall purpose of this study was to determine whether adolescents with chronic temporomandibular disorder (TMD) pain are more sensitive to all types of somatic and emotional stimuli compared with a matched healthy control group. Sixty adolescents, 8 boys and 52 girls ranging from 12 to 18 years, participated in the study. Thirty of the subjects exhibited TMD, reporting pain of at least 3 months duration. The age‐ and gender‐matched control group consisted of 30 dental recall patients who reported TMD pain less than once a week. All participants completed a 40‐item questionnaire comprising 10 items each of pleasant and aversive qualities crossed with somatic and emotional forms of stimuli. The items, a selection of a broad range of familiar stimuli by a panel of experts, were rated based on intensity of experience (0–10, numerical rating scale). Well‐fitting items that formed a valid construct within each of the four domains were selected using Rasch analysis.The results showed that adolescents with TMD pain reported significantly greater sensitivity (p<0.05) to aversive somatic and pleasant somatic stimuli than the controls. The differences between groups for the aversive emotional and pleasant emotional stimuli were non‐significant. These findings suggest that chronic TMD pain states in adolescents are accompanied by amplification of bodily, but not purely emotional stimuli and that cognitive systems are implicated, not only an alteration of the nociceptive systems.
Long‐term, low‐level adolescent nicotine exposure produces dose‐dependent changes in cocaine sensitivity and reward in adult mice
Authors: Kelley Brian M. , Rowan James D. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractCigarette smoking by adolescents is a strong predictor of future drug use, abuse, and dependence. While this “gateway drug effect” is assumed to be related to psychosocial factors, data from our laboratory suggests that adolescent nicotine use may permanently disrupt reward systems through changes in dopamine receptor function. Behavioral pharmacological methods known to be indirectly (motor activity) and directly (conditioned‐place‐preference) related to drug reinforcement were used to examine changes in cocaine sensitivity. Testing was performed on adult mice that were exposed to nicotine (0.3, 1.0, and 3.0 mg/kg, SC, M‐F, b.i.d.) or saline during adolescence (postnatal days 25–57). Prior to testing, subjects had a 28 day drug‐free, time‐off period. After acclimation to the testing apparatus, the locomotor effects (30 min, 30 cm traveled) of cocaine (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg, IP) were measured daily; cocaine tests were preceded and followed by saline control tests. Following the acute dose–response curve, mice received saline followed by 5 days of 20.0 mg/kg cocaine. Thereafter, mice underwent condition‐place‐preference testing. A pre‐test was performed to determine compartment preference (i.e., no injection, 20 min test). Cocaine (10 mg/kg, IP) was paired with the subjects non‐preferred side and saline with the other. Conditioning sessions were conducted for 8 days with the order of drug/saline injections counter‐balanced across subjects. A drug‐free, post‐test occurred on the day following the final conditioning session. A dose‐dependent relationship between adolescent nicotine exposure and cocaine reward was noted in the adult mice across both test conditions. Subjects exposed to nicotine showed an increased response to cocaine's motor activating effects and a decreased response to cocaine's rewarding effects. A follow‐up study was undertaken to evaluate dopamine D1, D2, and D3 receptor function in adult mice exposed to the highest dose of nicotine from the first study. While both interesting and revealing, the results of motor activity tests with dopamine agonist only approached significance. Further research will be required to more fully examine the mechanism of action for the observed changes in cocaine reward. In summary, this is the first study to demonstrate a dose–response relationship between adolescent nicotine exposure and changes in cocaine reward and sensitivity during adulthood.
Maternal influenza infection is likely to alter fetal brain development indirectly: the virus is not detected in the fetus
Authors: Shi Limin , Tu Nora , Patterson Paul H. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractEpidemiological studies have shown that maternal infection can increase the risk for mental illness in the offspring. In a mouse model of maternal respiratory infection with influenza virus, the adult offspring display striking behavioral, pharmacological and histological abnormalities. Although influenza primarily infects the respiratory system, there are reports of viral mRNA and protein in the fetus of infected pregnant animals. To determine the extent of viral spread following maternal respiratory infection, we used RT–PCR to assay various maternal and fetal tissues for influenza A mRNAs coding for neuraminidase, non‐structural protein 2, nuclear protein and matrix protein. While infected maternal lungs exhibit uniformly very strong signals, placentae are only rarely positive, and viral RNAs are not detectable in fetal brains from infected mothers. Thus, the effects of maternal infection on fetal brain development are likely to be indirect, probably involving the maternal inflammatory response.
Distinct efficacy of pre‐differentiated versus intact fetal mesencephalon‐derived human neural progenitor cells in alleviating rat model of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Wang Xuan , Lu Yanyan , Zhang Huanqing , Wang Kun , He Qihua , Wang Yue , Liu Xianyu , Li Linsong , Wang Xiaomin 
Published: July 2004

AbstractNeural progenitor cells have shown the effectiveness in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, but the therapeutic efficacy remains variable. One of important factors that determine the efficacy is the necessity of pre‐differentiation of progenitor cells into dopaminergic neurons before transplantation. This study therefore investigated the therapeutic efficacy of mesencephalon‐derived human neural progenitor cells with or without the pre‐differentiation in alleviating a rat model of Parkinson's disease. We found that a combination of 50 ng/ml fibroblast growth factor 8, 10 ng/ml glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor and 10 μM forskolin facilitated the differentiation of human fetal mesencephalic progenitor cells into dopaminergic neurons in vitro. More importantly, after transplanted into the striatum of parkinsonian rats, only pre‐differentiated grafts resulted in an elevated production of dopamine in the transplanted site and the amelioration of behavioral impairments of the parkinsonian rats. Unlike pre‐differentiated progenitors, grafted intact progenitors rarely differentiated into dopaminergic neurons in vivo and emigrated actively away from the transplanted site.These data demonstrates the importance of pre‐differentiation of human progenitor cells before transplantation in enhancing therapeutic potency for Parkinson's disease.
Evidence for differential control of tibial position in perturbed unilateral stance after acute ACL rupture
Authors: Chmielewski T. L. , Ramsey D. K. , Snyder‐Mackler L. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractFunctional outcomes in anterior cruciate ligament‐deficient “potential copers” and “non‐copers” may be related to their knee stabilization strategies. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to differentiate dynamic knee stabilization strategies of potential copers and non‐copers through analysis of sagittal plane knee angle and tibia position during disturbed and undisturbed unilateral standing. Ten uninjured potential coper and non‐coper subjects stood in unilateral stance on a platform that translated anteriorly, posteriorly and laterally. Knee angle and tibia position with reference to the femur were calculated before and after platform movement. During perturbation trials, potential copers maintained kinematics that were similar to uninjured subjects across conditions. Conversely, non‐copers stood with greater knee flexion than uninjured subjects and a tibia position that was more posterior than the other groups. Both non‐copers and potential copers demonstrated small changes in tibia position following platform movement, but direction of movement was not similar. The similarities between the knee kinematics of potential copers and uninjured subjects suggest that potential copers compensated well from their injury by utilizing analogous dynamic knee stabilization strategies. In comparison to the other groups, by keeping the knee in greater flexion and the tibia in a more posterior position, non‐copers appear to constrain the tibia in response to a challenging task, which is consistent with a “stiffening strategy”. Based on the poor functional outcomes of non‐copers, a stiffening strategy does not lead to dynamic knee stability, and the strategy may increase compressive forces which could contribute to or exacerbate articular cartilage degeneration. © 2004 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Stalin and the Art of Boredom
Authors: FROLOVA-WALKER MARINA 
Published: July 2004

Socialist Realist ceremonial art has generally been viewed in the West as a form of high art, because of its air of monumentality and references to classics. Judged by high-art standards, such works are invariably failures, and Western commentators have accordingly treated Socialist Realism as something exotic or inexplicable. This approach is inadequate: firstly, because it does not examine Stalin-era art on its own terms, and secondly, because it refuses to acknowledge any similarities in Western culture.Socialist Realism was a discipline placed upon artists to provide a suitably dignified backdrop to state ritual. In this sense, it was a species of religious art, in which blandness, anonymity and tedium were by no means vices. This article compares the relatively smooth passage of Myaskovsky into Socialist Realism with the troubled homecoming of Prokofiev, who only mastered the discipline just before the end of his life.
Reduction of Influenza Virus Titer and Protection against Influenza Virus Infection in Infant Mice FedLactobacillus caseiShirota
Authors: Yasui Hisako , Kiyoshima Junko , Hori Tetsuji 
Published: July 2004

ABSTRACTWe investigated whether oral administration ofLactobacillus caseistrain Shirota to neonatal and infant mice ameliorates influenza virus (IFV) infection in the upper respiratory tract and protects against influenza infection. In a model of upper respiratory IFV infection, the titer of virus in the nasal washings of infant mice administeredL. caseiShirota (L. caseiShirota group) was significantly (P< 0.05) lower than that in infant mice administered saline (control group) (102.48± 100.31and 102.78± 100.4, respectively). Further, the survival rate of theL. caseiShirota group was significantly (P< 0.05) higher than that of the control group (14.3 versus 40.0%). One day after infection, pulmonary NK cell activity and interleukin-12 production by mediastinal lymph node cells of mice in theL. caseiShirota group were significantly greater than those of mice in the control group. These findings suggest that oral administration ofL. caseiShirota activates the immature immune system of neonatal and infant mice and protects against IFV infection. Therefore, oral administration ofL. caseiShirota may accelerate the innate immune response of the respiratory tract and protect against various respiratory infections in neonates, infants, and children, a high risk group for viral and bacterial infections.
Evaluation and Validation of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and an Immunochromatographic Test for Serological Diagnosis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Authors: Guan Ming , Chan Kwok Hung , Peiris J. S. Malik , Kwan See Wai , Lam Siu Yan , Pang Chiu Mei , Chu Ka Wing , Chan Kit Man , Chen Hsiao Ying , Phuah Ewe Beng , Wong Caiqin Jane 
Published: July 2004

ABSTRACTA newly developed severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was further validated to confirm cutoff values and evaluate its diagnostic performance with clinical samples. In parallel, an immunochromatographic test was also evaluated. A total of 227 clinical serum specimens collected from SARS patients were used in the study, together with 385 samples from healthy donors. By use of an immunofluorescent (IF) test as the “gold standard, ” both the ELISA and the immunochromatographic test were able to detect immunoglobulin G antibodies to SARS not only from late-convalescent-stage samples (>21 days from the onset of clinical symptoms), as previously established, but also from early-acute-phase samples (1 to 10 days from onset). The ELISA, using an optical density (OD) of 0.25 as its cutoff value, produced the best sensitivity while maintaining high specificity. It detected SARS-specific antibodies in 58, 70, 75, and 95%, respectively, of the four groups of samples collected from patients 1 to 10 days, 11 to 20 days, 21 to 30 days, and more than 30 days after the onset of clinical symptoms. Similarly, the immunochromatographic test detected SARS-specific antibodies in 55, 68, 81, and 79% of the four groups, respectively. The overall specificities for the ELISA and the rapid test were 99.5 and 97.7%, respectively. Although the positive correlation observed between the ELISA OD values and the IF titers was moderate (r= 0.6915;P< 0.001), the detection rates of both the ELISA and the rapid test were found well in agreement with the IF titers.
Recombinant GRA4 or ROP2 Protein Combined with Alum or thegra4Gene Provides Partial Protection in Chronic Murine Models of Toxoplasmosis
Authors: Martin Valentina , Supanitsky Alicia , Echeverria Pablo C. , Litwin Silvana , Tanos Tamara , De Roodt Adolfo R. , Guarnera Eduardo A. , Angel Sergio O. 
Published: July 2004

ABSTRACTThe efficacy of vaccination withToxoplasma gondiirecombinant GRA4 (rGRA4) and ROP2 (rRPO2) proteins and a mix of both combined with alum were evaluated in C57BL/6 and C3H mice. In C57BL/6 mice, rGRA4 and rGRA4-rROP2 immunizations generated similar levels of immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgG2a isotypes against GRA4, whereas immunizations with rROP2 and the mix induced a predominant IgG1 production against ROP2. All groups of C3H vaccinated mice exhibited higher levels of IgG1 than IgG2a. rGRA4-stimulated splenocytes from vaccinated mice produced primarily gamma interferon while those stimulated with rROP2 produced interleukin-4. Challenge of rGRA4- or rGRA4-rROP2-vaccinated mice from both strains with ME49 cysts resulted in fewer brain cysts than the controls, whereas vaccination with rROP2 alone only conferred protection to C3H mice. Immunization with a plasmid carrying the entire open reading frame of GRA4 showed a protective level similar to that of rGRA4 combined with alum. These results suggest that GRA4 can be a good candidate for a multiantigen anti-T. gondiivaccine based on the use of alum as an adjuvant.
Comparison of Immunofluorescence, Western Blotting, and Cross-Adsorption Assays for Diagnosis of African Tick Bite Fever
Authors: Jensenius Mogens , Fournier Pierre-Edouard , Vene Sirkka , Ringertz Signe Holta , Myrvang Bjørn , Raoult Didier 
Published: July 2004

ABSTRACT

In testing paired serum samples from 40 consecutive cases of African tick bite fever, we detected diagnostic antibodies against spotted fever group rickettsiae in 45% of the patients by immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and in 100% of the patients by Western blotting (WB) (
P
< 0.01). A specific diagnosis of
Rickettsia africae
infection could be established in 15% of the patients by IFA and in 73% of the patients by a combination of WB and cross-adsorption assays (
P
< 0.01).
Kinetics of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Coronavirus-Specific Antibodies in 271 Laboratory-Confirmed Cases of SARS
Authors: He Zhongping , Dong Qingming , Zhuang Hui , Song Shujing , Peng Guoai , Luo Guangxiang , Dwyer Dominic E. 
Published: July 2004

ABSTRACT
The sensitivities and specificities of an immunofluorescence assay and an enzyme immunoassay for detection of antibodies specific for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) were compared for 148 laboratory-confirmed SARS cases. The appearance and persistence of SARS-CoV-specific antibodies were assessed, with immunoglobulin G detected in 59% of samples collected within 14 days and persisting for 60 to 95 days after the onset of illness.