bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hypermodernity and the New Millennium: Scientific Language as a Tool for Marketing Communications
Authors: Arnould Eric J , Tissier-Desbordes Elisabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Twenty years of scholarship exploring the illuminating potential of the idea of postmodernity has left its mark on sociological thinking about marketing and consumption (Brown 1995; Cova 1996; Firat et al. 1995; Firat and Venkatesh 1995). But now a new concept—hypermodernity—may help us explicate some apparently contrary trends in the practice of marketing communications. Proponents of postmodernism in marketing focus on the conditions of postmodernity, and especially of marketing and consumption that constitute a rejection of the tenets of modernity (see Chapter 11). In opposition, the proponents of hypermodernity assert that key aspects of the modernist social project continue, while some tenets of modernity retain their sign value for consumers even if their commitment to and understanding of their substance has eroded. For example, an understanding of hypermodernity requires a consideration of its relation- ship to science and scientific discourse, which modernists, postmodernists, and hypermodernists alike agree had been central to the projects of the modern era.
The Role of Strategy Making in Organizational Evolution
Authors: Burgelman Robert A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A narrow, technical view of strategy involves using resources and deploying capabilities to achieve objectives and to prevail in competition. A broader organizational view includes making a rational determination of a company’s purposes and vital interests that are essential to its continued survival as an institution. In this view, strategy involves external and internal forces that have the potential materially to affect a company’s destiny. Adopting an evolutionary theoretical perspective to study how strategy comes about and what its role is in shaping a company’s destiny focuses on strategy making as an organizational process2 and raises several important questions not readily contemplated by other perspectives. For instance: What strategy-making processes produce survival-enhancing strategic change? How do generic and substantive corporate strategies co-evolve? How do strategy process and strategy content co-evolve?
Cyprus
Authors: Fitzpatrick D , Anderson M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cyprus was a UK colony from 1878 until 1960 when it became an independent State. As a result of colonization, many aspects of the Cypriot legal system are based on the British legal system. Thus, the legal framework of Cypriot maritime law, within which many of the rights of seafarers are contained, is based on the British Merchant Shipping Acts 1894 to 1954. Also, in anticipation of the accession of Cyprus to the European Union (EU),1 recent years have seen the introduction of much new legislation towards harmonization of laws with relevant EU standards. Cyprus is a member of both the ILO and the IMO and has ratified many of the major international Conventions relevant to seafarers.2
Philippines
Authors: Fitzpatrick D , Anderson M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As an archipelago consisting of approximately 7,107 islands, the Philippines considers the maritime industry a vital component of economic progress, and views shipping as a means of achieving national unity by bridging the cultures of the various islands. Shipping remains the major means by which islands are connected and by which transportation of cargo and people is achieved. The Philippines is a major contributor to international shipping primarily in its capacity as a crewing State, providing over 20 per cent of the world’s supply of seafarers on foreign flag vessels. There are over 500,000 registered Filipino seafarers, and the Philippine Overseas Employment Administration (POEA), an office under the Department of Labour and Employment (DOLE),1 reported that 209,593 seafarers and other seabased workers were deployed overseas in 2001.2
Russia
Authors: Fitzpatrick D , Anderson M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Russian coasts are washed by two oceans, Arctic in the North and Pacific in the East. As a consequence, the merchant fleet has a very substantial role in the Russian economy, including foreign trade. Dissolution of the former Soviet Union, followed by recession in the Russian economy during transition to market rules, inevitably resulted in a decrease both in the number of ships, and in the gross tonnage of the Russian merchant marine fleet.2 Nevertheless, Russia remains within the top 20 leading registered merchant fleet countries of the world,3 and is within the top 20 leading countries with regard to nationality of owners of merchant ships.4 A considerable number of ships belonging to Russian owners are registered abroad.5 Russia is also within the top 10 labour supply countries. In 2000, its share in world seafaring manpower consisted of over 55,500 seafarers.6
South Africa
Authors: Fitzpatrick D , Anderson M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
South Africa’s significance in world shipping, historically and to the present day, is its geographical location. The position of South Africa, midway between Europe and the East, led to the establishment in 1652 by the Dutch East India Company of a victualling station in the Cape of Good Hope to service Dutch merchants trading to the East Indies. One of the many influences of this occupation was the application of Dutch law in South African law, with its strong Roman law roots. In 1806, the Cape of Good Hope was occupied by the British and declared a British Colony. Natal followed suit, being annexed by the British in 1843. The change in governance saw the introduction of English admiralty law alongside existing Roman-Dutch law. Thus, both the Dutch and the British systems have influenced the judicial system of South Africa which is based on Roman-Dutch law and English common law.
Real Convergence and EMU Enlargement: The Time Dimension of Fit With the Euro Area
Authors: Begg Iain 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Constitutionally, the new member states from east central Europe, like Sweden, have no choice about becoming full members of the Euro Area. They did not do so on joining the EU in 2004 only because the standard Maastricht conditions have to be fulfilled before they are eligible. Formally, therefore, they have derogations, with a trajectory for becoming members that has effectively been translated into a minimum two year participation in ERM II and a clear procedure to be followed (see ECB 2004). In practice, as the Swedes have demonstrated, it is possible to postpone membership indefinitely if political or economic priorities dictate otherwise, and it is already evident that there are conflicting perspectives on the matter. Some new members, such as Slovenia (which will join in 2007) and Lithuania, want to accede at the earliest opportunity, while others—notably the Czechs—have signalled that they prefer to wait. Hungary initially seemed keen to join quickly, but has since back-tracked
The strategic management question and the emergence of resource-based theory*
Authors: Barney Jay B , Clark Delwyn N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The field of strategic management, like other social science disciplines, is organized around a central research question. That question is: ‘Why do some firms persistently outperform others?’ This question does not presume that there will always be persistent performance differences between firms. Sometimes firms do not outperform others; sometimes performance differences are short lived. Rather, this question only suggests that it may be the case that, in some situations some of the time, persistent performance differences will exist between firms. It is these differences in firm performance that strategic management scholars seek to understand. At the broadest level, two explanations about why some firms persistently outperform other firms have been developed in the literature. The first, and older of the two, was originally articulated by Porter (1979, 1981) and draws heavily on the structure-conduct-performance (SCP) paradigm in industrial organization economics (Bain 1956). This explanation focuses on the impact that a firm’s market power has on the ability of a firm to raise prices above a competitive level (Porter 1981). If entry into industries where firms are exercising market power is restricted by various barriers, then these performance differences can persist (Bain 1956). This chapter draws from Peteraf and Barney (2003) and Barney and Arikan (2001).
Resource-based theory and vertical integration*
Authors: Barney Jay B , Clark Delwyn N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a world of corporate refocusing, downsizing, and outsourcing, one of the most critical strategic decisions that senior managers must make is determining their firm’s boundary. Questions such as, ‘Which business activities should be brought within the boundary of the firm?’ and, ‘Which business activities should be outsourced and managed through some form of strategic alliance?’ and, ‘Which business activities should be outsourced and managed through some form of “arm’s-length” market process?’ are all essential in determining a firm’s boundary. Firms that bring the wrong business activities within their boundaries risk losing strategic focus and becoming bloated and bureaucratic. Firms that fail to bring the right business activities within their boundaries risk losing their competitive advantages and becoming ‘hallow corporations’ (Jones 1986; Postin 1988). Fortunately, there is a well-developed approach for determining a firm’s boundary in the field of strategic management and organizational economics. Called transactions cost economics, TCE, (Williamson 1975, 1985), this theory specifies, in some detail, the conditions under which firms will want to manage a particular economic exchange within their organizational boundary, the conditions under which firms will want to manage an exchange through some form of strategic alliance, and the conditions under which firms will want to manage an exchange through some form of market contracting. Moreover, not only is this theory well developed, it is also remarkably simple. Indeed, in its most popular version, this theory requires managers to consider only a single characteristic of an economic exchange—the, This chapter draws from Barney (1999).
Legal and Regulatory
Authors: Chong Seung 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Buyer will be concerned that each Group Company has the appropriate Permits to carry on its business. The term ‘Permit’ is defined widely and includes not only permits and licences, but also approvals, registrations, waivers, and exemptions. The scope of Warranty 3.1 is therefore potentially wide. Relevant Permits include: (i) general approvals to carry on the relevant business such as the business licence; (ii) specific industry approvals issued by the relevant industry regulator; (iii) corporate compliance approvals such as the annual inspection certification; (iv) environmental approvals; (v) foreign exchange approvals; and (vi) registrations with the relevant tax, customs, finance, and labour bureaus. There is, of course, an overlap between Warranty 3.1 and those other warranties that deal with Permits for specific areas.
Contracts and Financial Arrangements
Authors: Chong Seung 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter groups together warranties on the contractual and financial arrangements of the target business by which are meant those routine arrangements that enable the business to be carried on. These include contracts with customers and suppliers, lenders and borrowers, and contracts with insurers. Certain types of contract, for example, those dealing with employees or involving land and buildings or intellectual property are covered separately by specialist warrantie.
The warranties in this chapter on contractual arrangements are, however, not selflimiting and can apply to any type of contract so a Seller needs to be aware of whether they might affect contracts that are more obviously covered by other warranties.
Properties
Authors: Chong Seung 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The property portfolio of a foreign investment enterprise can be quite varied. Apart from a manufacturing facility, it may own commercial premises where its non-manufacturing functions such as marketing, after-sales service, human resources, and payroll can be located. It may also have purchased residential apartments for its management personnel to live in, constructed dormitories for its unmarried employees and, if the foreign investment enterprise has branches or office organizations in other cities, it may have office premises in those places. In addition, it may have warehouses located in bonded zones. The foreign investment enterprise may own these properties or, alternatively, have leased them from third parties. Conversely, in respect of its owned premises, it may have leased them out, or part of them, to third parties.
The warranties requested by a Buyer should of course, to the greatest extent possible, be drafted to suit the particular facts and circumstances of the target business. The warranties in this chapter contemplate a typical scenario where the target business owns its principal manufacturing facility.
Assets and Intellectual Property
Authors: Chong Seung 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The scope of the assets covered by this warranty is defined by the Accounts. The primary focus, however, is on plant, machinery, equipment, and inventory. Properties, IP Assets, and Loans are dealt with in other warranties. The Seller should therefore consider amending the warranty to ensure there is no overlap between the various warranties. In certain cases, a list or register of assets may be available in which case appropriate due diligence can be made to check the register against the Accounts. It may also be appropriate to seek warranty cover over the list of assets.
The aim of the warranty is to give assurance that the Group Companies own, possess, and control the assets they use. Where assets have been disposed of since the Accounts Date, appropriate disclosure should be made in the Disclosure Letter. Current assets, such as inventory, would have been sold in the ordinary course of business since the Accounts Date so this should be disclosed.
Detecting Deception In Legal Contexts
Authors: Vrij Aldert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In criminal investigations the question often arises whether a suspect, victim or witness’s 2.01 account of what has happened is accurate or not. Although inaccurate accounts may occur for various reasons (for example, because the person misremembered certain things), this chapter deals with a specfic form of inaccuracy: when the person deliberately reports something that he or she believes to be untrue, or in other words, when the person is lying.
Oral Confessions To Non-Investigator Witnesses
Authors: Wolchover David , Heaton-Armstrong Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two decades have passed since the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) 11.01 momentously introduced what was little short of a revolution in the whole process by which the police and other officia1 investigators obtain evidence from the prospective accused by questioning. With suspects protected for so many years now in a cocoon of binding safeguards it is sometimes difficult for those of us of the older generation to recall exactly how impoverished the system used to be even a quarter of a century ago.
Identifying The Origins Of Evidential Texts
Authors: Grant Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most frequent general criticism I receive is, I think, upon the style,—’if I would but change my style’! But that is an objection (isn’t it?) to the writer bodily? Buffon says, and every sincere writer must feel, that ‘Le style c’est l’homme’; a fact, however, scarcely calculated to lessen the objection with certain critics.Shepherd and Mortimer provided a series of methods for examining evidential texts 15.01 through which they identify anomalies which might be useful in understanding or criticising witness testimony. This chapter returns to the examination of evidential textsfrom a linguistic perspective and demonstrates how such an approach can deepen ourunderstanding of witness statements and on occasion provide forensic linguistic evidence for the origins of texts brought before the courts.
Waste
Authors: Calster Geert van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The amendments to Directive 94/62/EC on Packaging and Packaging Waste (Packaging Waste Directive) required a conciliation round between the European Parliament (EP) and the Council of Ministers. The last round of the talks focused on two main issues. The core considerations, which had provided the kick-start to the current legislative proceedings, concerned the amendment of the minimum and maximum targets which Member States have to achieve for re-use generally, and for recycling of packaging waste in particular. The Commission had initially proposed a general target for recovery of between 60 and 75 per cent weight of packaging mass (compared to the target of between 50 and 65 per cent in the currenttext). It moreover proposed a recycling target of between 55 and 70 per cent.
Water
Authors: Stal/worthy Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Directive 2000/60/EC establishing a Framework for Community Action in the Field of Water Policy (Water Framework Directive) is premised upon the recognition that the water resource is a heritage to be protected rather than a mere product to be plundered in an uncontrolled fashion. Against the above background, following earlier phases based upon respective setting of quality standards or emission limits and sectoral, tentatively integrated strategies, much hope is now invested in the (end 2003) requirement for transposition of the Water Framework Directive, which should have been completed by end 2003, and its subsequent implementation phases, which span the coming 15 years.
Horizontal Instruments
Authors: Richardson BenjaminJ 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The EC has long been accused of suffering from a democratic deficit, and its enthusiasm for the Aarhus Convention reflects a desire to shore up its political legitimacy, in addition to the practical benefits of improved environmental policy making. The Convention promotes government accountability, transparency, and responsiveness in environmental decision-making by providing high standards for public involvement in government decision processes. The Aarhus Convention imposes standards for citizenry involvement in environmental matters, and enforcement of environmental law, across three areas: public rights of access to environmental information; public rights to participate in decision-making processes; and access to justice (e.g. courts and tribunals) for the public. The Convention took effect on 31 October 2001, but has not yet been ratified by all EC Member States or the EC itself.
Miscellaneous Instruments
Authors: Ryland Diane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Regulation (EC) No. 2152/2003 concerns Monitoring of Forests and Environmental Interactions in the Community (Forest Focus). It establishes a Community scheme for broad-based, harmonized, and comprehensive long-term monitoring of the condition of forests. Its objectives, &lt;i&gt;inter alia, &lt;/i&gt;are: to continue and further develop monitoring of air pollution and its effects, monitoring of forest fires and their causes and effects; to prevent forest fires; and to assess the requirements for and develop the monitoring of soils, carbon sequestration, climate change, and biodiversity, as well as the protective functions of forests. The duration of the scheme is four years from 1 January 2003 to 31 December 2006. The financial framework for its implementation during this period is €61 million, of which €9 million can be used for fire prevention measures, with the &lt;i&gt;proviso &lt;/i&gt;that the financial resources will be increased in the case of accession of new Member States to the European Union (EU).
Foreign policy
Authors: Elz Wolfgang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘In the beginning was the Treaty of Versailles in 1919’: as a characterization of the Weimar Republic’s foreign policy this statement would hit some nails on the head but it would also miss others. The true part would be that German foreign policy between 1919 and 1933 was indeed constantly directed towards the revision of this treaty: it inflicted too deep an injury on the self-perception of the German public and politicians for even a single one of its basic clauses to be left in place.
Women and the politics of gender
Authors: Canning Kathleen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of women and gender in the Weimar Republic was profoundly shaped by the four years of the First World War and its revolutionary end. The wartime transformations of women’s place in German society, and the anxieties they generated, were formative of gender relations in the Weimar Republic, from the figure of the ‘new woman’ who became representative of both the crisis and promise of modernity in the 1920s, to that of the ‘new man’, whose idealization of war and fantasies of revenge became a hallmark of nationalist politics in the mid-1920s.
The Weimar welfare system
Authors: Hong Young-Sun 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Weimar Republic was the first polity to stake its legitimacy on its claim to be a social state that was responsible for actively promoting the well-being of its citizens. This commitment was written into the Weimar Constitution itself. Article 7 gave the Reich authority to legislate in the areas of welfare for the poor, veterans, and survivors; population policy; maternity, infant, and youth welfare; and labour legislation, worker protection, and social insurance. Marriage, the family, motherhood, children (especially the children of single mothers), and labour were singled out as objects of special solicitude (Arts. 119– 22, 157).
Permitted infringing use: the scope of defences to an Infringement action
Authors: Roughton Ashley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Infringing use is now pretty well defined, at first glance at least,1 though there may be more surprises in store. Most of the current domestic case law on infringement is a result of factual disputes; this comment is driven by experience rather than being based upon any real . In this chapter references to the ‘owner’ are to the proprietor of the registered trade mark in the UK or the European Community and references to the ‘user’ refer to the putative defendant