bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visions of Modernity
Authors: Nolan Mary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In much the same way that Japan has become the focus of contemporary American discussion about industrial restructuring, Germans in the 1920s debated economic reform in terms of Americanism and Fordism, seeing in the United States an intriguing vision for a revitalized economy and a new social order. During the 1920s, Germans were fascinated by American economic success and its quintessential symbols, Henry Ford and his automobile factories. Mary Nolan's book explores the contradictory ways in which trade unionists and industrialists, engineers and politicians, educators and social workers explained American economic success, envisioned a more efficient or "rationalized" economic system for Germany, and anguished over the social and cultural costs of adopting the American version of modernity. These debates about Americanism and Fordism deeply shaped German perceptions of what was economically and socially possible and desirable in terms of technology and work, family and gender relations, consumption and culture. Nolan examines efforts to transform production and consumption, factories and homes, and argues that economic Americanism was implemented ambivalently and incompletely, producing, in the end, neither prosperity nor political stability. Vision of Modernity will appeal not only to scholars of German History and those interested in European social and working-class history, but also to industrial sociologists and business scholars.
Company Towns in the Western United States
Authors: Roth Leland M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The story of company towns in the American West differs from that in the East in some significant respects. First, the area west of the Mississippi measures nearly fourteen hundred miles east to west, and more than twelve hundred miles from the Canadian border to the southern extremity of Arizona (Fig. 6.1). By comparison, the more heavily industrialized Northeast, from Massachusetts Bay to Wisconsin, and from the Adirondacks to the Chesapeake Bay, is less than 860 by 370 miles. Moreover, in the early years of this century, this area was crisscrossed by a dense network of rails, whereas in the West only a few trunk lines ran from east to west, making movement from north to south difficult over the long, rugged distances. Second, the climatic regions in the West differ in the extreme, from the cool, damp coastal conifer forests of the Pacific Northwest, to the high uplands of the Rocky Mountains, to the hot, arid deserts of the Southwest.
The Emergence of the Corporation as a Legal Unit and the Rise of Limited Liability
Authors: Blumberg Phillip I 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Centuries before there were economic or business activities conducted in corporate form, English ecclesiastical and local governmental units achieved recognition as legal units under the name of corporations.1 These English concepts of corporations rested on medieval notions of Roman law. Although scholars vigorously disagree over the extent that Roman law accepted concepts of the corporate personality and limited liability, it is quite clear that modern corporation law has, directly or indirectly, Roman roots. This accounts for the fundamental similarity between English and Continental corporation law.
Legal Rights, Legal Responsibilities, and Recognition of the Legal Unit: Individuals and Physical Objects
Authors: Blumberg Phillip I 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The notions of the corporate entity that were developed to serve the needs of the simple economic society of nineteenth century and of earlier societies are archaic in the face of the emergence of giant corporate groups conducting worldwide enterprises. The traditional concept of the corporate entity to which the law attributes rights and on which it imposes responsibilities no longer matches the economic organizations conducting activities that the law seeks to recognize and to govern. In the modern world of transnational corporations, the economic actor is typically the corporate group; however, the law continues to focus on each component company, rather than on the group, as the legal actor.
Historical Overview: Pediatric Experimentation
Authors: Lederer Susan E , Grodin Michael A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The history of childhood resists easy generalizations. In the past, children’s lives, like those of adults, were often harsh. In most cases social concern for child welfare was subordinated to the needs of the state or the interests of parents. In the precarious ecologies of the premodem era, famine and disease contributed to infant and child mortality and low life expectancies.
Scientific Issues in Psychosocial and Educational Research with Children
Authors: Koocher Gerald P , Keith-Spiegel Patricia 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is no secret that we begin life as small, defenseless, egocentric beings, largely unaware of our own capabilities and without verbally based interpersonal relationships. We progress through stages in physical, social, intellectual, and emotional development. Along the way, we pass through critical periods of vulnerability and opportunity. Although these phenomena are worth studying and lead to valuable and helpful information, the events that make children interesting also present unique risks and challenges to the social science investigator.
Industrialists
Authors: Bernstein Iver 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
More than any other group of New Yorkers, industrialists made the Republican Party controversial in July 1863. While the Union League Club mer chants helped to give the Republican Party of New York City its aristocratic, nativist, and coercive style, it was the industrialists and their aggressive brand of Republicanism that the draft rioters knew best. Industrialists were often the employers of the midweek rioters. They were the Republicans the rioters encountered six days a week at the shop and perhaps on the Sabbath in the person of a visitor from the charity society. It stands to reason that the industrialists did much to shape the rioters’ image of Republicanism as un-just and intrusive authority. How the industrialists came to be so aggressive-and how they made the Republican Party a magnet for political and social dispute-provide the final ingredients in the history of the origins of the July crisis.
Unionization And Productive Efficiency
Authors: Cavalluzzo Linda , Baldwin Dennis 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The theoretical definition of a production function expressing the maximum amount of output obtainable from given input bundles with fixed technology has been accepted for many decades. And for almost as long, econometricians have been estimating average production functions. Wage premiums that accrue to unionized workers are well established in the empirical literature [Lewis (1963, 1986)]. By contrast, no clear consensus has emerged on the role played by unions in improving productivity. Freeman and Medoff (1984) report that productivity is generally (though not always) higher in unionized establishments. More recently, Addison and Hirsch (1989), sorted through statistical pitfalls and selected empirical works to conclude that the evidence on union productivity is mixed. Productivity advantages seem to be greatest in competitive settings and in industries where wage differentials are largest. But on average, they conclude, unions do not significantly raise productivity.
Origins of a Social Litigation System
Authors: Purcell Edward A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When Newton D. Baker ‘s Cleveland law firm became regional counsel for the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad in 1934, it immediately took on the defense of several tort suits. Baker, a progressive Democrat who had served as Woodrow Wilson ‘s Secretary of War, informed the railroad that his staff had “worked up a technic which ought to assure the best possible results. “1 The staff tried the cases in federal court.
The Social Structure of Party Inequality and the Informal Legal Process
Authors: Purcell Edward A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In disputes between individuals and national corporations, inequality between the parties was a paramount fact, and it conditioned the operation of the system of corporate diversity litigation. National corporations were able to take actions and use resources that were beyond the knowledge or means of most individual claimants. A corporation could freely and carefully select the state in which it would hold jurisdictional citizenship, and by virtue of that single incorporation it enjoyed as a matter of course the choice between state and federal courts in every state in the union but one. In most instances, individuals lived where they were born or where they could find work, and when they moved they seldom did so for purposes of litigation planning. Corporations employed permanent legal counsel who could oversee and develop legal strategies, and they retained local counsel who could advise on the best tactics in each district. Individuals rarely went to court more than once in their lives, and rarely did they possess the resources necessary to offset the advantages of their powerful adversaries. Corporations had the longterm incentive to seek out favorable laws or to litigate and lobby to establish new ones. Individuals normally had to settle for whatever rule existed in their particular state when they suddenly found that it was important to them.
The Secularization of Art
Authors: Sommerville C John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is a notorious fact that the English Reformation destroyed more religious art than it produced. Protestant spiritualization of religion reflected the view that there was more danger than possible benefit in giving physical form to the holy. Thus a Puritan iconoclasm would leave England poorer in sacred art, while artists and artisans turned their talents to more secular subjects. A survey of architecture, painting, sculpture, music, and literature and of the venues created for each of these arts will show just how rapid was the change.
All in the Family: American Jewish Attachments to Israel
Authors: Waxman Chaim I 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this article, that “totally logical arrangement” will be analyzed by means of an examination of American Jewish support for Israel on the institutional, individual and denominational levels. A second focus is the issue of whether this support has undergone any significant change since the late l 970s, and whether it is likely to erode in the near or long-term future. Finally, attention will be paid to the familial aspect of American Jewish-Israeli relations-that which is symbolized by the “Welcome Home” signs noted by Melvin Urofsky. As will be discussed, the nature of the American Jewish attachment to Israel is, in large measure, a consequence of the group self-definition of American Jews as well as of their status in U.S. society.
The Partners 1700-1750
Authors: Nagel Paul C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As he died, Richard the Scholar may have feared his male line faced extinction in Virginia. His eldest son Richard lived in England, while Philip, the second in line, had settled in Maryland. Daughter Ann was busy continuing the name of another Virginia family, the Fitzhughs. Son Francis, the physician, gave no promise of male offspring. This left only Thomas and Henry, whom their father must have looked upon as settled bachelors when they cared for him in his last days.
Longing for Arlington: 1829-1846
Authors: Nagel Paul C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Although his birthplace was Stratford, Robert E. Lee was from the Lee sylvania side of the family. Yet neither of these ancestral locations meant to him what Arlington would. This was not surprising since Robert kept only a vague and often confused understanding of his family back ground. He called himself the “reverse” of a genealogist.
Wives and Concubines: The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries
Authors: Peirce Leslie P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The issue of marriage and reproduction is one of the most fundamental concerns of human society. Decisions regarding when to marry, whom to marry, how many children to have and when are weighty ones for ordinary families, but even weightier for royal families. Such decisions were particularly complex in a society that permitted both polygyny and concubinage, as did that of the Muslim Ottomans. Because the means by which the Ottoman dynasty reproduced itself were far from random, we can rightly speak of an Ottoman politics of reproduction. This politics was an integral, indeed fundamental, element in the broad conduct of the dynasty’s and the state’s affairs. Particularly during the first century and a half, it was coordinated with Ottoman strategies for meeting the challenges of rival states. Throughout the life of the empire, it was a principal means enabling the dynasty to maintain control over its own members.
The Age of the Favorite: 1520-1566
Authors: Peirce Leslie P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of the first events of Siileyman’s reign was the insurrection of Janberdi Ghazali. Janberdi had been a member of the Mamluk elite defeated by Selim I, Siileyman’s father. In the words of an Ottoman historian, he was “one of those who escaped the sword” of the Ottoman conquest of the Mamluk Empire. As Selim marched back to Istanbul from Cairo, Janberdi made his sub mission and was rewarded with the governorship of Damascus, Jerusalem, and Ghaza. When the great conqueror died three years later in 1520, Janberdi apparently expected little from his son. “He became insubordinate and re belled, thinking at the time of the royal accession that he had been delivered from the fear of the sword of Sultan Selim, but he was heedless of the might of the saber of Siileyman.”1 Janberdi soon lost his head to the sword of Ferhad Pasha, the commander dispatched by Siileyman to quell the uprising (the pasha was also the husband of Siileyman’s sister, the princess Beyhan).
Introduction: Reflections on Psychiatry and Its Histories
Authors: Porter Roy , Micale Mark S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Among the most rapidly growing, controversy-ridden, and attention-attracting areas of history over the past generation has been the history of psychiatry. During the last three decades, debates have raged concerning the rise and fall of the asylum; the history of compulsory institutional confinement and deinstitutionalization; the origins, scientific validity, and therapeutic efficacy of Freudian theory; the merits of biological as opposed to psychodynamic models of the mind; the history of the insanity plea in the courts; the past uses of extreme physicalistic treatments for mental disability, such as frontal lobotomies and electroconvulsive therapy; and, most recently, the role played by psychiatry in the alleged processes of social and sexual control applied to women, workers, ethnic minorities, and gay people. The past thirty years have brought an outpouring of original scholarship—often passionate, partisan, and polemical—in all of these areas with no sign at present of slackening.
Heroes and Non-Heroes: Recurring Themes in the Historiography of Russian-Soviet Psychiatry
Authors: Brown Julie V 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Even more than in many other countries the history of psychiatry in Russia and the Soviet Union has been written by members of the nation’s psychiatric profession. As a consequence, the historical account not only reflects the medical perspective of its authors but also the concerns of that particular group of medical professionals. The assumption that mental disorders are diseases of the brain, which are at least in principle completely explainable and treatable by medical science, is taken for granted in this view of history, as is the position that psychiatric medicine represents a cognitively and a morally superior approach to the problem of mental disturbances.
Friends, Enemies, and Legal “Children”
Authors: Ball Howard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In his entire life, Black never had difficulty generating fierce opposition to his ideas and his behavior. His work on the Supreme Court did not prove to be an exception. While he was greatly admired by a number of his brethren and by the community outside the Court, Hugo was also hated and despised by some on the Court. Black’s relationship with Justice Robert Jackson had dramatically “deteriorated” over time because he “was appalled by what he viewed as Black’s partisan, nonjudicial approach to cases.”
Again and again, Felix Frankfurter said, with derision, that Black was a damn politician and would always remain one. He was correct, for the Alabaman was someone who interacted successfully with others involved in public policy making, whether in Congress or on the Court. He never apologized for his behavior, for he believed that it was appropriate and necessary in his line of work. Many years later, Associate Justice Harry A. Blackmun had a more benign memory of Black. The Judge, said Blackmun, was a “canny, lovable manipulator, ever the politician, ever the U.S. Senator still, a man who thoroughly enjoyed the manipulation in the old fashioned Southern way.”
The Enduring Legacy
Authors: Ball Howard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As his first law clerk, Buddy Cooper, said, Hugo Black had a brilliant “mind and . . . psyche.” When dealing with him, as his wife said, one experienced “the raw, naked force of Hugo’s intellect and will, usually concealed beneath [a] kind, gentle exterior.”‘ Always intensely focused on the task at hand, whether educating a son or a grandson, attacking a venal corporation owner or a corporate manager in a Senate hearing, or writing the opinion for the Court, Black hardly ever acted incautiously. This was so when he addressed his last problem: his own mortality.
Black had completed his opinion in the Pentagon Papers case in late June 1971. He was happy with what he wrote but he knew it was his swan song. He knew it was time for him to die.
Hugo needed assistance getting around. He was very weak and refused to take nourishment. His weight had plummeted from 145 to 115 pounds in a few months. His eyesight was almost gone. He had temporal arteritis, a very painful inflammation of the arteries in his head; the medication, prednisone, was not working. Black was eighty-five years old, but he was not a healthy old man.
Post/El Cards: A Reply to Jacques Derrida
Authors: Eisenman Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
After many months I find the time and the calm distance to reply to your extraordinary letter. I was pleased that you would take the time to write a letter of such energy and length, but also disturbed by what I perceived as an implied criticism in your words. At the symposium, I was also quite literally left speechless by your questions, questions that I could not answer personally, questions that, indeed, must be directed to architecture for a reply.
User-Oriented Architecture
Authors: Zajfen Paul , Wilford Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of the legacies of the social movement is the influence that non architects have on building, especially public building. One of the first major decisions made by public user groups is the selection of the architect, which will clearly have the biggest impact on the form of the building. The IBI Group, my firm, together with James Stirling Michael Wilford & Associates, were selected as architects for the Science Library at the University of California, Irvine. The program had not yet been completed by the university. It is very often the case with university facilities that the university will select different firms to do the program and ultimately design the building. We were fortunate in being selected as both programmers and architects; this allowed us to build on the rapport and the enthusiasm of the user committee, including the campus architect, David Neuman.
The program was extremely important in the design of the facility, as it sets out a budget and square footage for the building.
Prologue: The Mechanisms of Governance
Authors: Williamson Oliver E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Institutions. What are they? How do they differ? To what purpose and effect? Where does the action reside? What are the mechanisms? What are the refutable implications? What are the public-policy ramifications? What do the data support? In contrast to both the main tradition in economics, which held that institutions figure negligibly in economic performance,1 and the older institutional economics, which was hostile to orthodoxy and proposed substituting a more sociological approach to economic organization, the New Institutional Economics (1) holds that institutions matter and are susceptible to analysis (Matthews, 1986, p. 903), (2) is different from but not hostile to orthodoxy, and (3) is an interdisciplinary combination of law, economics, and organization in which economics is the first among equals.
The Politics and Economics of Redistribution and Inefficiency
Authors: Williamson Oliver E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is customary to evaluate efficiency by comparing an actual form of organization with a hypothetical ideal. Albeit instructive, that can be a misleading or defective test in three respects. For one thing, because all feasible forms of organization are flawed, the relevant operational comparison is between alternative feasible forms. Also, if one of the alternatives under comparison is an extant form, then allowance needs to be made for incumbency advantages. Thus, even if mode A is judged to be inefficient in relation to mode B on a simple side-by-side comparison, if mode A is in place and mode B incurs setup costs, then mode A may prevail. Finally, and related to this, it may not be possible to implement mode B for lack of political support.
Patriotism and Prejudice: Visceral Responses and Stereotypes That Foil Argument
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Identity and enmity are crude but powerful instruments in political campaigning. Among the topics we don’t reason together about are our flag and our fears-patriotism and prejudice invite a visceral, not a rational response. This power is magnified by the emergence of short, visual, symbolically powerful televised ads that convey meaning without speaking it. Is warranted engagement possible in such times and on such terms? Because campaigns thrive on contrasts and more easily reinforce than change attitudes, they naturally traffic in stereotypes. The word stereotype was coined by Walter Lippmann in his influential book Public Opinion, published in 1922. We do not react directly to reality but process it through representations or cognitive structures that help us sort information. Stereotypes are “pictures in our heads,” said Lippmann. They take features by which we differentiate one group from another (e.g., skin color) and link them to ascribed characteristics that have no necessary relationship.
Adbites, Ad Stories, and Newsads
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Black and white images of Senator John Kerry and Massachusetts’ outgoing governor Michael Dukakis meld into each other on the television screen. The sound track blends the sounds and theme music of Poltergeist and jaws. Rhythmically and ominously the announcer’s voice warns, “Tax and Spend. Spend and Tax. Kerry and Dukakis. Dukakis and Kerry. You thought he was gone. But . . . he’s . . . baaaacck.” The woman on the screen wearing the red dress looks earnestly into the camera and in a voice edged with concern says, “Harvey Gantt is asking you and me to approve of some pretty awful things. Aborting a child in the final weeks of pregnancy.