bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Bcl‐2 to a Bcl‐2 deletion mutant for mammalian cells exposed to culture insults
Authors: Figueroa Bruno , Sauerwald Tina M. , Mastrangelo Alison J. , Hardwick J. Marie , Betenbaugh Michael J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractApoptosis has been found to occur in bioreactors as a result of environmental stresses. The overexpression of bcl‐2 is a widely used strategy to limit the induction of apoptosis in mammalian cell cultures. In this study, the effectiveness of wild‐type Bcl‐2 was compared to a Bcl‐2 mutant lacking the nonstructured loop domain in two commercially prominent cell lines, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells. The generation of a DNA “ladder” and condensation of chromatin indicated that apoptosis occurred in these cell lines following Sindbis virus infection and serum deprivation. When cells were engineered to overexpress the bcl‐2 mutant, cell death due to Sindbis virus was inhibited in a concentration‐dependent manner. Furthermore, the Bcl‐2 mutant provided increased protection as compared to wild‐type Bcl‐2 following two model insults, Sindbis virus infection and serum deprivation. Total production for a heterologous protein encoded on the Sindbis virus was increased in cell lines expressing the Bcl‐2 variants compared to the parental cell line. In order to understand the reasons for the improved anti‐apoptosis properties of the mutant, wild‐type Bcl‐2 and mutant Bcl‐2 were examined by Western blot following each model insult. Wild‐type Bcl‐2 was observed to degrade into a 23 kDa fragment following both Sindbis virus infection and serum withdrawal in both cell lines, while the mutant Bcl‐2 protein was not degraded during the same period. The processing of Bcl‐2 was found to correlate with reduced cell viabilities following the two external insults to suggest that Bcl‐2 degradation may limit its ability to inhibit apoptosis. These studies indicate that the cells regulate anti‐apoptosis protein levels and these processing events can limit the effectiveness of cell death inhibition strategies in mammalian cell culture systems. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 73: 211–222, 2001.
An experimental and theoretical study of the inhibition of Escherichia coli lac operon gene expression by antigene oligonucleotides
Authors: Cheng Biao , Fournier Ronald L. , Relue Patricia A. , Schisler Jonathan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPreviously, we have developed a genetically structured mathematical model to describe the inhibition of Escherichia coli lac operon gene expression by antigene oligos. Our model predicted that antigene oligos targeted to the operator region of the lac operon would have a significant inhibitory effect on β‐galactosidase production. In this investigation, the E. coli lac operon gene expression in the presence of antigene oligos was studied experimentally. A 21‐mer oligo, which was designed to form a triplex with the operator, was found to be able to specifically inhibit β‐galactosidase production in a dose‐dependent manner. In contrast to the 21‐mer triplex‐forming oligonucleotide (TFO), several control oligos showed no inhibitory effect. The ineffectiveness of the various control oligos, along with the fact that the 21‐mer oligo has no homology sequence with lacZYA, and no mRNA is transcribed from the operator, suggests that the 21‐mer oligo inhibits target gene expression by an antigene mechanism. To simulate the kinetics of lac operon gene expression in the presence of antigene oligos, a genetically structured kinetic model, which includes transport of oligo into the cell, growth of bacteria cells, and lac operon gene expression, was developed. Predictions of the kinetic model fit the experimental data quite well after adjustment of the value of the oligonucleotide transport rate constant (9.0 × 10−3 min−1) and oligo binding affinity constant (1.05 × 106 M−1). Our values for these two adjusted parameters are in the range of reported literature values. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 74: 220–229, 2001.
Lipase‐catalyzed synthesis of geranyl acetate in n‐hexane with membrane‐mediated water removal
Authors: Bartling Karsten , Thompson Judith U. S. , Pfromm Peter H. , Czermak Peter , Rezac Mary E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe esterification of geraniol with acetic acid in n‐hexane was investigated. A commercial lipase preparation from Candida antarctica was used as catalyst. The equilibrium conversion (no water removal) was found to be 94% for the reaction of 0.1 M alcohol and 0.1 M acid in n‐hexane at 30°C. This was shown by both hydrolysis and esterification reactions. The activation energy of reaction over the temperature range 10° to 50°C was found to be 16 kJ/mol. The standard heat of reaction was −28 kJ/mol. Membrane pervaporation using a cellulose acetate/ceramic composite membrane was then employed for selective removal of water from the reaction mixture. The membrane was highly effective at removing water while retaining all reaction components. Negligible transport of the solvent n‐hexane was observed. Water removal by pervaporation increased the reaction rate by approximately 150% and increased steady‐state conversion to 100%. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 75: 676–681, 2001.
Innovation and corporate sustainability: An investigation into the process of change in the pharmaceuticals industry
Authors: Blum‐Kusterer Martina , Hussain S. Salman 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAlthough there has been considerable research effort directed at refining the content of corporate environmental performance, e.g. corporate environmental reporting and accounting, there has been relatively little empirical investigation to date on the process of corporate eco‐change. This research reports on the quantitative and qualitative results of a survey of German and UK pharmaceuticals firms, which evaluated the significance of the various incentives, both intra‐firm and external to the organization, that have stimulated eco‐change. We find that, although the industry is one that has been characterized by voluntary agreements and proactive behaviour in the past, regulation still remains the main driver for sustainability improvements. New technology is the second most important driver. Stakeholder dialogue and inter‐firm cooperation were both revealed to be relatively weak forces for eco‐change. The study also tested the validity of the conventional neo‐classical economic world‐view of innovation in firms versus a more radical co‐evolutionary one. The former assumes that firms respond only to profit signals and do so efficiently, whereas the latter assumes that change is path dependent; i.e., the firms’ norms and routines and past experiences are influential. We find that, although the neo‐classical perspective stands up to our empirical investigation of eco‐innovation to some degree, the co‐evolutionary approach better captures the complexity of the corporate eco‐change process. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Anatomical variations of the extrahepatic biliary tree: Review of the world literature
Authors: Lamah M. , Karanjia N.D. , Dickson G.H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe anatomy facing a surgeon during cholecystectomy involves complex relationships between the hepatic artery, extrahepatic biliary tree, and gallbladder. A sound knowledge of the normal anatomy of the extrahepatic biliary tract is thus essential in the prevention of operative injury to it. Equally important, however, is an understanding of congenital variation of biliary and vascular anatomy, as the literature abounds with reports of specific anatomical variations, and their operative implications. This article reviews the world literature on congenital variation of extrahepatic biliary anatomy. Clin. Anat. 14:167–172, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Deep intubation of 8 Fr guiding catheter to deliver coronary stent graft to seal coronary perforation: A case report
Authors: Salwan Roopa , Mathur Atul , Jhamb D.K. , Seth Ashok 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCoronary perforation is an uncommon complication of angioplasty and is a challenging situation to manage. We describe a case of complex multivessel coronary angioplasty complicated by coronary perforation following balloon rupture that was successfully managed with a coronary stent graft. Delivery of the stent graft to the site of vessel rupture required deep intubation of an 8 Fr guiding catheter over the shaft of an inflated balloon. In addition to the availability of covered stents, it is essential to be familiar with various skills necessary to deploy these stents. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;54:59–62. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Theoretical CD spectrum calculations of the crown‐ether aralkyl‐ammonium salt complex
Authors: Lázár Armand , Ángyán János G. , Hollósi Miklós , Huszthy Péter , Surján Péter R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRotatory strengths of the α‐(1‐naphtyl)‐ethylammonium perchlorate (NEA)‐phenazino‐18‐crown‐6 ether molecular complex is determined theoretically by the coupled oscillator model and using ab initio random phase approximation (RPA) to describe local excitations on the chromophores. The computational results are compared to the experimental circular dichroism (CD) spectrum published previously. The good qualitative agreement between calculated and measured optical rotatory strengths allows one to assign the CD bands of the complex in a unique manner. Chirality 14:377–385, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and stereochemical characterization of optically active 1,2‐diarylethane‐1,2‐diols: Useful chiral controllers in the ti‐mediated enantioselective sulfoxidation
Authors: Donnoli Maria Irene , Scafato Patrizia , Superchi Stefano , Rosini Carlo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe series of phenylsubstituted 1,2‐diphenylethane‐1,2‐diols 2a–h was prepared in high chemical (70–80%) and optical yields (∼90%) by Sharpless syn‐dihydroxylation of the corresponding (E)‐1,2‐diarylethenes, in turn obtained by McMurry or Wittig reactions. The enantiomeric excesses of the samples were determined by HPLC analysis using Chiralcel OD chiral stationary phase (CSP). This CSP was able to resolve all the diols, except for 2g, with α values ranging between 1.10–1.64. In all cases the (R,R) antipode was eluted first. (R,R) absolute configuration was assigned to the dextrorotatory (CHCl3) diols 2a–h by analyzing the CD spectra of their 2,2‐dimethyl‐1,3‐dioxolanes 3a–h. In fact, the CD spectra of all these dioxolanes present a positive couplet (210–180 nm range) which can be nonempirically related to an (R,R) absolute configuration of the two stereocenters. Chirality 13:258–265, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Six‐membered cyclic sulfites derived from glucofuranose and 1,2,4‐butanetriol
Authors: Borsuk Katarzyna , Frelek Jadwiga , Łysek Robert , Urbańczyk‐Lipkowska Zofia , Chmielewski Marek 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSix‐membered cyclic sulfites derived from glucofuranose derivatives 5, 6 and from 1‐O‐tert‐butyldimethylsilil‐1,2,4‐butanetriol 12 were synthesized and separated into pure diastereomers which were in turn subjected to the sequence of reactions leading to the introduction of the terminal vinyl ether fragment. Reactivity and applicability of cyclic sulfites as intermediates in [2+2]cycloaddition of chlorosulfonyl isocyanate (CSI) to vinyl ethers were studied. The cycloaddition to vinyl ethers 19 and 20 proceeded in low yield and low asymmetric induction, in the case of the former, and moderate yield and pronounced asymmetric induction, in the case of the latter. The 1H‐NMR spectra of sulfites 13–16 reveal a preference of the sulfite oxygen atom for the axial position. Thus, well‐defined conformation in solution for compounds 13 and 15 and a mixture of the two possible chair forms for sulfites 14 and 16 could be assigned. The stretching frequency of the S→O bond in stable conformation with an axial sulfite oxygen occurs in the range 1,160–1,210 cm−1, whereas conformationally mobile sulfites exhibit corresponding absorption above 1,220 cm−1. The absolute configuration assignments of sulfites 7, 8, 15, 16 and 25–28 were done empirically based on the combined analysis of the NMR, IR, X‐ray, and dichroic data. It was demonstrated that the sign of the Cotton effect around 194 nm correlated with the absolute stereochemistry at the sulfur atom in a sulfite chromophore. Chirality 13:533–540, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 2001.
NMR relaxation of spin‐3/2 nuclei: Effects of structure, order, and dynamics in aqueous heterogeneous systems
Authors: Woessner Donald E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe mathematical expressions for interpreting the results of spin‐lattice relaxation, transverse relaxation, spin‐lattice relaxation in the rotating frame, and Ostroff–Waugh multiple‐pulse sequence relaxation experiments on spin‐3/2 nuclei with electric quadrupole interaction in an isotropic environment are biexponential. A protocol for applying these expressions to investigate quadrupole interactions and ionic motions in complex aqueous heterogeneous systems such as biopolymer gels and biological tissue is described. Experimental evidence for at least two different environments for hydrated sodium ions, including an isotropic liquid aqueous phase and an anisotropic interfacial phase at the macromolecules, is reviewed. The use of the basic equations and experimental protocol are illustrated for systems of increasing complexity, ranging from simple NaCl aqueous solutions, highly concentrated agarose gels, gelatin gels, and gellan gels to xanthan gels that contain ordered macromolecules. Many different experiments on various biopolymer samples indicate a correlation time of approximately 1 ns for ions at the interface that dominates in determining spin‐lattice relaxation and also the long component of the transverse relaxation that arises from the central transitions. The transverse relaxation of the satellite transitions is dominated by much longer correlation times that may be related to the geometry of the macromolecular matrix in which the hydrated aqueous sodium ions diffuse. In the case of xanthan, the macromolecular ordering causes residual quadrupolar splitting and enables the measurement of several very long correlation times. One of these appears to agree with the Kuhn length of xanthan that was determined by light scattering experiments on dilute solutions. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson 13: 294–325, 2001
Use of magnetic enrichment for detection of carcinoma cells in fluid specimens
Authors: Kielhorn Eric , Schofield Kevin , Rimm David L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDAscites fluid or a pleural effusion are common events in metastatic carcinoma, but they also can be associated with several other medical conditions. The standard for determination of malignancy in these situations is cytologic evaluation of these fluids. Although this method is frequently successful, there are times when it fails, even when the patient has a malignancy, either because of insufficient cells in the fluid or for other reasons. This study addresses this problem taking advantage of the recent advances in technology for detection of rare epithelial cells in liquid specimens.METHODSThe authors examined fluid specimens from 59 patients to determine the frequency of recovery of epithelial cells compared with that achieved by conventional cytopathology. The Dynal CELLection Epithelial Enrich (Dynal AS, Oslo, Norway) method was used. This method is based on immunomagnetic selection of cells binding to EpCAM antibodies. Carcinoma cells were confirmed by morphology and, when there was sufficient material, by E‐cadherin staining.RESULTSGrouping the cases by cytologic diagnosis, the authors found malignant cells using the cell enrichment assay in 11 of 12 malignant cases, 2 of 5 atypical cases, and 3 of 42 negative cases. Further investigations were conducted on the five cases that were cytologically negative or atypical but yielded epithelial cells after immunomagnetic enrichment. Four cases ultimately were proven malignant by other methods and one had incomplete follow‐up.CONCLUSIONSThe new methods available for epithelial cell enrichment in liquids may be used successfully on cytologic fluid specimens and may lead to increased sensitivity for detection of malignancy, and consequently more accurate staging. Cancer 2002;94:205–11. © 2002 American Cancer Society.
Changing patient perceptions of the side effects of cancer chemotherapy
Authors: Carelle Nadége , Piotto Estelle , Bellanger Agnés , Germanaud Jerome , Thuillier Alain , Khayat David 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDQuality‐of‐life (QoL) issues have become increasingly important as the number of newly diagnosed patients with cancer increases and survival improves. In 1983, Coates et al. reported a survey of patient perceptions of the side effects of cancer chemotherapy and showed the importance of including patient feedback for the accurate assessment of QoL (Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol. 1983;19:203–208.). The authors carried out a similar survey in 100 patients with cancer with the objectives of 1) investigating the changes in patient perceptions that have occurred and 2) evaluating the impact of new treatments on the profile of chemotherapy side effects among patients receiving anticancer drugs.METHODSOne hundred patients attending the outpatient Medical Oncology Department of the Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital Group were surveyed between August 1998 and February 2000 by trained interviewers who were blinded to the patients' treatment. Patients identified all side effects associated with their treatment using a set of 45 cards that named physical side effects (Group A) and a set of 27 cards that named nonphysical side effects (Group B), and the patients ranked these side effects according to severity. The top 5 cards from each group were then combined, and the resulting 10 cards were rated again by severity, regardless of group. Results were analyzed for the entire cohort and for demographic, social, and clinical subgroups.RESULTSThe participants included 65 women and 35 men; the most common malignancies were breast carcinoma (40 patients), gastrointestinal carcinoma (19 patients), lung carcinoma (7 patients), and ovarian carcinoma (9 patients). Patients rated affects my family or partner as the most severe side effect, alopecia was second, and fatigue was the third most severe. Effects on work or home responsibilities, effects on social activities, and loss of interest in sex were ranked fourth, fifth, and sixth, respectively. The results contrasted with those of Coates et al., in which affects my family or partner was ranked 10th, and fatigue was ranked 8th.CONCLUSIONSPatient perceptions of the side effects of cancer chemotherapy have changed markedly. In the current study, fatigue and psychosocial QoL concerns predominated, compared with emesis, nausea, and negative reactions to the treatment visit in the original survey. The current findings are consistent with the progress that has been made in reducing certain chemotherapy‐associated toxicities. Fatigue, however, although it often is related to anemia and is treatable with recombinant human erythropoietin, remains a major concern. The emotional, social, and sexual consequences of cancer treatment present continuing challenges in efforts to optimize QoL and to develop effective supportive care. Cancer 2002;95:155–63. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10630
Distribution of two splice variants of the glutamate transporter GLT1 in the retinas of humans, monkeys, rabbits, rats, cats, and chickens
Authors: Reye Peter , Sullivan Robert , Fletcher Erica L. , Pow David V. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAntibodies have been generated against two carboxyl‐terminal splice variants of the glutamate transporter GLT1, namely, the originally described version of GLT1 and GLT1‐B, and labelling has been examined in multiple species, including chickens and humans. Although strong specific labelling was observed in each species, divergent patterns of expression were noted. Moreover, each antibody was sensitive to the phosphorylation state of the appropriate protein, because chemical removal of phosphates using alkaline phosphatase revealed a broader range of labelled elements in most cases. In general, GLT1‐B was present in cone photoreceptors and in rod and cone bipolar cells in the retinas of rabbits, rats, and cats. In the cone‐dominated retinas of chickens and in marmosets, GLT1‐B was associated only with cone photoreceptors, whereas, in macaque and human retinas, GLT1‐B was associated with bipolar cells and terminals of photoreceptors. In some species, such as cats, GLT‐B was also present in horizontal cells. By contrast, GLT1 distribution varied. GLT1 was associated with amacrine cells in chickens, rats, cats, and rabbits and with bipolar cells in marmosets and macaques. In the rat retina, rod photoreceptor terminals also contained GLT1, but this was evident only in enzymatically dephosphorylated tissues. We conclude that the two variants of GLT1 are present in all species examined but are differentially distributed in a species‐specific manner. Moreover, each cell type generally expresses only one splice variant of GLT1. J. Comp. Neurol. 445:1–12, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Metathoracic neurons integrating intersegmental sensory information in the locust
Authors: Matheson Tom 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper describes the morphology and physiology of five types of local interneurons and three types of ascending intersegmental interneurons in the locust metathoracic ganglion that are points of convergence of sensory information from the wings. Four types of spiking local interneurons are members of a population with somata at the ventral midline. They are depolarised by stimulation of a metathoracic wing nerve, suggesting that they encode a sensory representation of this appendage. Some are also depolarised with short latencies following stimulation of a mesothoracic wing nerve, indicating that they collate intersegmental as well as local information. All the local interneurons have branches in the anterior ventral association centre or around the roots of the nerve that carries wing sensory neurons. This distinguishes them from other interneurons in the population. A fifth type of local interneuron that has unusual bilateral branching and is not a member of this population is described for the first time. The ascending interneurons are members of three populations. Neurons of each population have a characteristic pattern of responses to stimulation of the mesothoracic or metathoracic wing nerves, and some respond to tactile stimulation or movements of a hind leg. These latter interneurons thus collate information from both wings and legs. All three types of intersegmental interneurons have branches in the anterior ventral association centre or around the roots of the wing nerve. The responses of the interneurons described here shed new light on both local and intersegmental network function in this model system. J. Comp. Neurol. 444:95–114, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.