bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ON THE RELATION OF INFLAMMATION TO THE CHEMICAL CONSTITUTION OF INJURIOUS AGENTS. ON THE PHARMACOLOGY OF INFLAMMATION
Authors: Opie Eugene L. 
Published: June 2004

Changes characteristic of an inflammatory reaction caused by the injection of an injurious agent into the peritoneal cavity were measurable by the quantity of peritoneal fluid, by the number of leucocytes that entered the cavity, and by the abundance of exuded protein.
Inflammation increased in severity along with ion dissociation and increase of the valence of electrolytes. With chlorides, sulfates, and nitrates it increased in each instance with the valence of their basic ions. The reactions caused by sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, and sodium citrate increased with the valence of their acid ions.
Salts of heavy metals which fix and precipitate proteins caused more active inflammation than did other electrolytes.
Histamine and arginine caused active inflammatory reactions with similar characteristics.
The amino compounds, urea, citrulline, and creatinine, glycine, alanine, histidine, arginine, and histamine, produced inflammatory reaction in the order of severity with which, in foregoing experiments, they had caused necrosis when injected into the dermis.
The acids and alkalis that were tested caused active inflammation when their acidity approached pH 1 or their alkalinity pH 11 respectively, but with approximate neutrality the inflammatory reaction became scant. These changes were in accord with the extent of necrosis when acid or alkalis, in foregoing experiments, were injected into the dermis.
When histamine or arginine combines with hydrochloric acid to form histamine dihydrochloride or arginine monohydrochloride alkalinity is lost and inflammatory reactions caused by the hydrochlorides are relatively mild. The characteristic changes which accompany histamine and arginine do not occur. The combination of histamine with phosphoric acid to form histamine acid phosphate has similar relation to histamine.
Inflammatory reactions caused by monobasic, dibasic, and tribasic sodium phosphate increased in activity in accord with increasing alkalinity referable to the basic ions of these salts.
The activity of inflammatory reactions has been found to vary in accord with the chemical constitution of the injurious agents that have been tested.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
Authors: Bellanti Joseph A. , Eitzman Donald V. , Robbins John B. , Smith Richard T. 
Published: June 2004

By intensive stimulation with large amounts of Salmonella flagellar antigen, newborn rabbits were induced to form high titer flagellar agglutinins usually by the 7th to 10th day of life. Characterization of the agglutinins at various times during the first 30 days of life revealed that the earliest antibody which appeared was a gamma-1 macroglobulin, and that 7S gamma-2 globulins did not appear until the 4th or 5th week of life. In contrast, the adult animals produced macroglobulin antibodies for only 3 to 5 days before the lower molecular weight variety appeared. The infant macroglobulin appears to be similar in all respects to adult macroglobulin antibodies.
These data are interpreted to indicate that the newborn and adult rabbit differ in their response to this type of stimulus not in timing of macroglobulin antibody production, but chiefly in the prolonged interval, which precedes the development of the capacity for the 7S type response in the newborn animal.
STUDIES OF THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF THE SHOPE RABBIT PAPILLOMA VIRUS
Authors: Rogers Stanfield , Moore Margaret 
Published: June 2004

These studies make plain that the Shope papilloma virus induces the production of an arginase in rabbit squamous epithelium, and provide evidence that the information for the synthesis of the enzyme is derived from the virus rather than the rabbit. This form of induction is therefore different from that brought about by chemicals such as galactosides (36).
Striking differences were shown between the physiochemical properties of Shope virus-induced arginase and other arginases of domestic and Kansas cottontail rabbits.
The absence of a requirement for manganese suggests the mechanism of splitting off urea from arginine by papilloma arginase probably differs from that of previously described arginases.
These findings (particularly the experiments in which it was demonstrated that papilloma growth could be greatly reduced by giving animals supplemental arginine in the presence of small amounts of the arginase inhibitor, canavanine) provide evidence that suggests the following mechanism of action for the virus: viral DNA introduces into rabbit epithelium the information for the synthesis of an arginase for which the cells have no control mechanism. The arginase depletes cellular arginine and, in turn, the synthesis of arginine-rich nuclear histones (2), thereby freeing the nucleus for greater synthetic activity (4, 35), which results in more rapid growth of the papilloma cells.
Domestic rabbit papillomas induced with purified virus derived from wild rabbit papillomas were shown to contain an antigen which reacts immunologically like a wild rabbit antigen. It was distinct from the arginase, the protein coat of the virus, and the Vx-2 antigen. The presence of the wild rabbit antigen seems indicative of integration of the virus DNA in the host genome of the wild rabbit.
Other incidental findings include the description of a simple method, accurate to within 1 per cent, for determining the partial specific volume of a protein, and the description of a modification of the Richards and Schachman method (9) enabling the determination of the molecular weight and homogeneity of a protein with as little as 0.25 mg and with an accuracy of 2 per cent.
ANTIBODY FORMATION INITIATED IN VITRO
Authors: Fishman M. , Adler F. L. 
Published: June 2004

The diffusion chamber technique permitted the demonstration of specific antibody formation in x-irradiated recipients of such chambers filled with normal lymph node cells and a cell-free homogenate of macrophages which had been incubated in intro with T2 bacteriophage.
The activity of the cell-free homogenate was retained in its RNA fraction isolated by means of the phenol method.
No antibody formation occurred if such RNA was treated with RNAase. On sucrose gradients (5 to 20 per cent), the active RNA was found to be present in the top third layer.
The question of the possible presence of antigen complexed to the RNA is discussed.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDIES OF EXPERIMENTAL NEPHRITIS WITH FERRITIN-CONJUGATED ANTIBODY
Authors: Andres Giuseppe A. , Seegal Beatrice C. , Hsu Konrad C. , Rothenberg Mildred S. , Chapeau Madeleine L. 
Published: June 2004

Acute, subacute, and chronic glomerulonephritis, similar in certain features to human glomerulonephritis, has been produced in rabbits by repeated injections of bovine serum albumin. The ratio of antigen to antibody was the factor determining the development and type of glomerulonephritis. This is in confirmation of the observations of Dixon, Feldman, and Vazquez.
With the aid of the ferritin antibody technique it was shown that antigen aggregates (probably antigen-antibody complexes) are present in the blood, cross the endothelium and the basement membrane, and accumulate as dense deposits between the basement membrane and the epithelial cytoplasm.
In the deposits electron-dense aggregates formed by antigen or by antigen-antibody complexes and material which might be other endogenous proteins may be identified.
In rabbits dead of anaphylactic shock following injection of bovine serum albumin, dense material was found within glomerular capillaries, presumably formed by the embolic deposition of antigen-antibody complexes, since the immunofluorescein and immunoferritin techniques demonstrated the presence of both BSA and rabbit globulin.
STUDIES ON THE MULTIPLICATION AND THE PROPERTIES OF THE LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE AGENT
Authors: Notkins Abner Louis , Shochat Stephen J. 
Published: June 2004

The procedure used to determine the infective titer of the LDH agent, the reproducibility of this assay, and the relationship between virus dose and plasma enzyme activity were described. Multiplication of the LDH agent began within 6 hours after infection and reached 1010.8 ID50/ml of plasma within 24 hours. The titer rapidly decreased over the next 72 hours but viremia persisted for at least 16 months with titers as high as 105.2 ID50/ml. The appearance of the LDH agent in the circulation preceded the first noticeable rise in plasma LDH activity by close to 24 hours. After 10 months, when the plasma titer of the LDH agent had decreased nearly one millionfold, the plasma enzyme LDH had decreased by less than 50 per cent.
The LDH agent is inactivated by ether but withstands lyophilization, and freezing and thawing. It is stable at low temperatures. Ultracentrifugation at 105,000 G for 2 hours leaves less than 0.1 per cent of the LDH agent in the supernatant fluid and filtration through gradocol membranes suggesst that the upper size of the LDH agent is about 55 mµ.
Spread of the LDH agent from infected to uninfected mice kept in the same cage and transmission from mothers (infected prior to mating) to their offspring was relatively low.
THE ROLE OF THE CHEEK POUCH IN EFFECTING TRANSPLANTATION IMMUNITY IN THE HAMSTER
Authors: Shepro David , Kula Nora , Halkett James A. E. 
Published: June 2004

The cheek pouch of the hamster is alymphatic.
Molecules, too large to penetrate the vascular endothelium, reach general circulation by slowly diffusing through the cheek pouch membrane to vessels found in the connective tissues in the neck and these vessels drain primarily into the superficial cervical node.
The tissues of the cheek pouch membrane limit the diffusion of large particles and it is this "barrier" which explains, in part, the "privilege" conferred by the cheek pouch.
PASSIVE TRANSFER OF CONTACT SENSITIVITY BY TRITIATED THYMIDINE-LABELED LYMPHOID CELLS
Authors: Najarian John S. , Feldman Joseph D. 
Published: June 2004

Passive transfer of tritiated thymidine-labeled lymphoid cells sensitized to the simple chemical DNFB into homologous guinea pigs resulted in positive contact skin reactions 24 hours after skin testing with DNFB. Labeled sensitized cells were found to accumulate at these sites, whereas, labeled nonsensitized lymphoid cells did not appear non-specifically in contact skin reaction sites. The labeled cells were small and large lymphocytes and immature cells of the lymphoid series. The maximum reactions were obtained at 24 hours, with an average of 3.4 per cent of the infiltrating mononuclear cells showing a label. At 48 hours, the macro- and microscopic reactions were similar to the 24 hour reactions but diminished in intensity, and the number of labeled cells in the infiltrates had decreased to 1 per cent of the total infiltrating mononuclear cells. ¼ to ⅓ of the labeled cells were found within the epidermis in the test skin sites.
These data have indicated that contact sensitivity, like tuberculin sensitivity, required the sensitized cell to initiate the skin reaction and that the majority of the cellular infiltrate was the result of non-specific host response to injury.
FETAL RESPONSE TO ANTIGENIC STIMULUS
Authors: Silverstein Arthur M. , Uhr Jonathan W. , Kraner Keith L. , Lukes Robert J. 
Published: June 2004

The fetal lamb in utero is able to form large amounts of specific antibody in response to antigenic stimulus as early as the 66th to 70th day of the 150 day gestation period. Among the several antigens employed, the fetal lamb responded earliest, and with the highest titers, to bacteriophage φX. Slightly less effective as an antigen was horse ferritin, while ovalbumin proved to be a weak antigen, especially in younger fetuses. Ineffective in stimulating an antibody response at any time during fetal or early neonatal life were diphtheria toxoid, Salmonella typhosa, and BCG. Thus, it may not be feasible to fix precisely the time of onset of immunologic responsiveness in a species, inasmuch as it appears to differ so greatly from one antigen to another.
The quantity of antibody found 10 days after φX immunization was not significantly different in fetuses injected at 60 to 120 days of gestation. The earliest anti-phage antibody produced by the lamb fetus is a macroglobulin sensitive to the action of 2-mercaptoethanol. Only in older fetuses with longer lasting stimuli were appreciable amounts of 7S γ-globulin antibodies formed.
The conformity of these observations to theories on the ontogenesis of the immune response is discussed.
EXPERIMENTAL LATHYRISM IN THE CHICK EMBRYO
Authors: Orloff Serge D. , Gross Jerome 
Published: June 2004

1. C14-labeled ß-aminopropionitrile distributed throughout the egg contents within 10 minutes postinjection. By ion exchange chromatography and electrophoretic analysis three major components of the extractable dialyzable radioactive material could be demonstrated, representing at least 80 per cent of the total. The acidic and basic components were identified as ß-aminopropionitrile and cyanoacetic acid, while the fraction isoelectric at pH 5.3, consisting of two components, remained unidentified.
2. Less than 1 molecule of ßAPN per 100 molecules of protein was present in the highly purified extractable lathyritic bone collagen indicating that binding of the lathyrogen is not a factor in collagen extractability.
3. The proximity of ßAPN to collagen in bone is not essential to its extractability.
4. The effect of incubation temperature of the embryo on collagen extractability suggests the involvement of a metabolic process in this phenomenon.
CHEMICAL BASIS FOR AN IMMUNOLOGICAL SPECIFICITY OF A STRAIN OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: Juergens William G. , Sanderson Arnold R. , Strominger Jack L. 
Published: June 2004

Antisera, prepared against formalin-killed cells of Staphylococcus aureus, strain Copenhagen, agglutinated the cell walls of this strain. The agglutination was inhibited by the teichoic acid from the cell wall of this strain, by any degradation product of this teichoic acid which contained the α-acetylglucosaminyl-ribitol unit, by α-phenyl-acetylglucosaminide, and by N-acetylglucosamine, but not by a large number of other haptens related to the cell wall. In quantitative experiments, however, only 40 to 50 per cent of antibody adsorption to cell wall could be inhibited by teichoic acid or by N-acetylglucosamine. The α-acetylglucosaminyl-ribitol unit in the teichoic acid is, therefore, an important immunological determinant in the cell wall of this strain, although other immunological specificities may also exist.
The cell walls were also agglutinated by heterologous antisera prepared against streptococcal Group A carbohydrate or against horse serum azophenyl-ß-acetylglucosaminide. The heterologous agglutination, however, was specific for the ß-acetylglucosaminyl-ribitol units in the teichoic acid.
EVIDENCE THAT THE L-ASPARAGINASE OF GUINEA PIG SERUM IS RESPONSIBLE FOR ITS ANTILYMPHOMA EFFECTS
Authors: Broome J. D. 
Published: June 2004

Cells of the original line of lymphoma 6C3HED, which regularly prove susceptible to the effects of guinea pig serum in vivo, were cultured in Eagle's medium devoid of L-asparagine; after a latent period of 2 or more weeks, during which time the cell population declined markedly, some of the cells began to proliferate, and thereafter continued vigorous growth. On implantation into mice the proliferating cells were found, however, to have completely and permanently lost their susceptibility to the effects of guinea pig serum.
By contrast, when cultures of the original line of 6C3HED cells were prepared in Eagle's medium to which L-asparagine was added in a concentration of 20.0 mg/liter or more, they proliferated vigorously from the beginning; after long periods of growth in the enriched medium in vitro they remained susceptible to the effects of guinea pig serum upon test in vivo. Other amino acids, purines, and pyrimidines were unable to substitute for L-asparagine in this relation. Furthermore, a variant subline of 6C3HED cells which had become insensitive to guinea pig serum under in vivo conditions did not require L-asparagine for growth in tissue culture.
It seems plain from the findings as a whole, that in 6C3HED cells, L-asparagine dependence in vitro is associated with the in vivo character of guinea pig serum sensitivity, and conversely L-asparagine independent variants are insusceptible to the effects of guinea pig serum. The implications of the findings complement those of a companion paper in which direct evidence is provided that the L-asparaginase of guinea pig serum is responsible for its antilymphoma effects.
SELECTIVE DESTRUCTION IN TESTIS INDUCED BY 7,12-DIMETHYLBENZ [a] ANTHRACENE
Authors: Ford Elizabeth , Huggins Charles 
Published: June 2004

After a single feeding or intravenous injection of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, the testis of rat was severely and selectively damaged, whereas the ovary of sisters was spared from injury. After many weeks, complete recovery of the testis ensued. The destructive effect of 7,12-DMBA on testis was not shared by other powerful carcinogenic hydrocarbons; 3-methylcholanthrene; benzo[a]pyrene; 2-acetaminophenanthrene.
The primary sites of destruction inflicted by 7,12-DMBA on testis were spermatogonia and resting spermatocytes, the only cells in testis which synthesize deoxyribose nucleic acid. No other cells in the germinal epithelium are damaged by 7,12-DMBA. The severe atrophy of testis that ensues after some weeks is secondary to destruction of precursors in the seminiferous cell line. Moreover, interstitial cells of testis are not destroyed by the hydrocarbon.
Estimation of malic dehydrogenase is a simple and useful quantitative measure of damage and subsequent repair in testis. Following administration of 7,12-DMBA, the level of MDH had an inverse relationship to weight of the testis.
STUDIES ON THE TRANSMISSION AND THE EXCRETION OF THE LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE AGENT
Authors: Notkins Abner Louis , Scheele Christina 
Published: June 2004

The lactic dehydrogenase agent (LDH agent) was found in the urine, feces, and saliva of mice within 24 hours after inoculation. The titer of virus in these materials appears to be directly related to the titer in the plasma. Infection by the oral route occurred only when a high concentration of virus was used.
Animals infected prior to mating rarely transmitted the LDH agent to their progeny. However, 91.2 per cent of the progeny of mothers infected during gestation and 51.5 per cent of the progeny of mothers infected within 48 hours after giving birth became infected with the LDH agent. Evidence is discussed which suggests that the transmission of the LDH agent from the infected mother to her offspring is related to the titer of the LDH agent in the maternal circulation.
THE PURIFICATION AND PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SEVERAL FORMS OF HOG RENIN SUBSTRATE
Authors: Skeggs Leonard T. , Lentz Kenneth E. , Hochstrasser Harry , Kahn Joseph R. 
Published: June 2004

Hog renin substrate has been separated into three major (A, B, and C) and two minor forms (D and E) by DEAE cellulose chromatography. Two of the major forms (B and C) have been further fractionated into two additional types (1 and 2) by countercurrent distribution.
The purification of substrates A, C1, and C2 has been completed. Analysis shows that all three are glycoproteins with molecular weights of about 57,000, and have similar amino acid compositions. Differences exist in the sialic acid, glucosamine, and neutral hexose content, which may account for different physical properties.
All the forms of the substrates are attacked by renin at similar rates, and appear to yield the same angiotensin I.
EVIDENCE THAT THE L-ASPARAGINASE OF GUINEA PIG SERUM IS RESPONSIBLE FOR ITS ANTILYMPHOMA EFFECTS
Authors: Broome J. D. 
Published: June 2004

A number of the properties of the L-asparaginase present in guinea pig serum have been examined and shown to be indistinguishable from those of the agent responsible for inhibiting cells of lymphoma 6C3HED in vivo.
The patterns of instability of the enzyme to changes in temperature and pH were found to parallel closely those of the antilymphoma agent. L-Asparaginase activity was essentially absent from the serum of newborn guinea pigs and this failed to inhibit 6C3HED cells. On separating guinea pig serum proteins by salt precipitation, electrophoresis, and chromatography on DEAE cellulose, antilymphoma activity was found only in fractions which contained L-asparaginase.
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL INFECTION
Authors: Simon Harold J. 
Published: June 2004

An aerosol-induced staphylococcal infection of previously non-infected guinea pigs is described. Investigations concerning the dynamics of this infection indicate that:
1. An infection ("carrier state") could be established predictably in every animal exposed to the aerosol inoculum.
2. Infection was limited to the upper respiratory tract and occurred without apparent systemic dissemination.
3. Cross-infection between infected and non-infected animals did not occur.
4. The initially established infection persisted in detectable form for 6 days or less in the majority of exposed animals.
5. Tetracycline administration prior to and following aerosol infection with tetracycline-resistant strains significantly prolonged the duration of the carrier state.
6. When tetracycline-resistant strains were employed, the infection could be recalled predictably by means of tetracycline administration.
7. Infection initiated with a tetracycline-susceptible strain could not be recalled by tetracycline administration.
8. The mechanism(s) of action of tetracycline in recalling the attenuated infection is (are) unknown. It (they) may not be wholly attributable to ecological changes alone, at least as these are usually considered. The indigenous microflora diminished and changed as a result of tetracycline administration, and no growth-enhancing effect of the antimicrobial of the infection strains was detectable in vitro.
9. The experimental model described lends itself well to the study of attenuated staphylococcal infection in guinea pigs, and to more general studies of staphylococcal epidemiology and pathogenesis.
EXPERIMENTAL TRANSMISSION OF INFLUENZA VIRUS INFECTION IN MICE
Authors: Schulman Jerome L. , Kilbourne Edwin D. 
Published: June 2004

Evidence has been presented that with the experimental model described, infected mice vary in their ability to transmit influenza virus infection. This variation is not explained by differences in titers of influenza virus in the nose, throat, trachea, or lungs of good transmitters. Older mice acquire transmitted influenza virus infection more readily than younger mice.
Seasonal variations in the incidence of transmitted influenza virus infection occur.
ALLERGIC INFLAMMATION
Authors: Movat Henry Z. , Fernando Neil V. P. , Uriuhara Tsuneo , Weiser William J. 
Published: June 2004

The fine structure of collagen fibrils at sites of antigen-antibody interaction is described.
Following injection of antigen (BSA or ferritin) into the center of the cornea of hyperimmune rabbits, an acidophilic ring of precipitate forms at the periphery of the cornea, where antigen and antibody interact in optimal proportions. The precipitate is soon removed by infiltrating polymorphs, but persists longer in leukopenic animals.
Electron microscopic examination of the cornea showed no alteration of the collagen fibrils in the area of antigen-antibody precipitation or in the remaining cornea. Contrary to many claims there was no swelling, fragmentation, or disintegration of the fibrils and they had a normal periodicity.
Polymorphs infiltrated the precipitates and phagocytosed the antigen-antibody complexes. There was some ultrastructural evidence that degradation of the complexes took place in the polymorphs.