bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Properties of New, Spatially Relaxed Dendrons Containing Internal Carboxyl Groups
Authors: Kikuzawa Yoshihiro , Nagata Toshi 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
We synthesized a series of new dendrons with up to fourteen internal carboxyl groups. These dendrons are made from a branching unit and a spacer unit with a carboxyl group. The growth reactions (formation of the benzylic ether bonds) are completed within a few hours, which suggests high reactivity at the “focal” point of the dendritic framework. The final deprotection of the internal ester groups also proceeded smoothly. These high reactivities were attributed to the presence of spacer units, which caused spatially relaxed conformations of these molecules. The carboxylate salt form of the dendron produced both normal and reverse micelles in a THF/water mixed solvent according to the fraction.
O-Glycosidation of Telluroglycoside by Electrochemical Oxidation
Authors: Yamago Shigeru , Kokubo Koji , Yoshida Jun-ichi 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
The electrochemical oxidation of telluroglycosides in the presence of primary or secondary alcohols results the O-glycosidation with high efficiency. Difference of the oxidation potential is nicely accounted for that of the reactivity of armed- and disarmed-telluroglycosides.
Detection of Potential Molecular Recognition Ability in Linear Poly(methyl acylate)
Authors: Ihara Hirotaka , Tanaka Hideaki , Shibata Masaaki , Sakaki Shigeyoshi , Hirayama Chuichi 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Linear poly(methyl acrylate) was immobilized onto silica gels at the one side of the terminal group. The silica-supported polymer showed good selective retention for polycyclic compounds and seems to recognize the π-electron and molecular shape. Comparison with long-chain alkyl acylate polymer is also described.
Preferential Association of 7-Azaindole Dimer in Acetonitrile Studied by Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Arai Tatsuo , Koyama Tetsuo , Wakisaka Akihiro 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
The preferential association of 7-azaindole (Az) dimer was observed by the mass spectrometric analysis of clusters isolated from liquid droplets containing Az and acetonitrile. In the mass spectrum, the peaks corresponding to the even-numbered Az clusters, (Az)2,4,6,8···, were observed much more prominently than those neighboring odd-numbered Az clusters, (Az)3,5,7,9···.
Alternately Assembled Ultrathin Film of Silica Nanoparticles and Linear Polycations
Authors: Ariga Katsuhiko , Lvov Yuri , Onda Mitsuhiko , Ichinose Izumi , Kunitake Toyoki 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Anionic silica nanoparticles were assembled with linear polycation by alternate adsorption technique. Regular growth and surface smoothness of the films were confirmed by QCM and SEM, respectively.
Synthesis and Characterization of Porphyrin-Dimanganese Composite Molecules
Authors: Nagata Toshi 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
The first porphyrin-dimanganese composite molecules were synthesized. Fluorescense of the porphyrin moiety was effectively quenched by the dimanganese moiety. The oxidation potentials of porphyrins showed no significant change, whereas the oxidation potentials of dimanganese moiety showed about +0.1 V shift from the porphyrin-free reference compound.
Enantioselective Allylation of Aldehydes Using Tartrate Ester Modified Allylsilanes
Authors: Zhang Luo Cheng , Sakurai Hideki , Kira Mitsuo 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Tartrate-ester modified allylsilanes, 2-allyl-1,3,2-dioxasilolane-4,5-dicarboxylic esters, (1), were found to serve as useful reagents for regiospecific and stereoselecive allylation of aldehydes. Reactions of 1 with achiral aldehydes without any catalyst gave the corresponding homoallyl alcohols in good yields (70-90%) with the ee values up to 80%.
Reductive Electrochemical Decomposition of Chloroform on Metal Electrodes
Authors: Sonoyama Noriyuki , Hara Kohjiro , Sakata Tadayoshi 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
The electrochemical reductive decomposition of chloroform was carried out using 15 kinds of metal electrodes. The efficiency of the decomposition and the main product of reaction largely depended on the metal electrodes. The hydrogenation of chloroform by Ag, Zn, Pd and Cu electrodes proceeded in about 100% efficiency. These electrodes produced methane mainly. Pb electrode produced dichloromethane selectively.
Modification on Ni-P Amorphous Catalyst with SiO2 and Pd
Authors: Li Hexing , Dai Weilin , Shen Chun , Zhou Shiyao , Deng Jingfa 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Ni-P amorphous alloy is prepared by chemical reduction with hypophosphite and modified by introducing trace Pd to the alloy and depositing it on SiO2, which results in the great improvement on both the thermal stability and hydrogenation activity. The stabilizing effect of SiO2 and activating effect of Pd have been observed and discussed.
Liquid Crystalline Oligosilanes with Alkoxybiphenyl Groups
Authors: Yatabe Tetsuo , Sasanuma Yuji , Kaito Akira , Tanabe Yoshikazu 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Oligosilane derivatives, ROC12H8(SiMe2)nC12H8OR, were synthesized by treatment of α,ω-dichloropermethyloligosilanes with Grignard reagents derived from 4-alkoxy-4′-bromobiphenyls. Oligosilanes with n = 6; R = C8H17 and n = 6; R = C10H21 showed smectic B and E phases, respectively.
Intermolecular π-π Interaction of Poly(4,4′-dialkyl-2,2′-bithiazole-5,5′-diyl)s and Photoluminescence of the Polymers
Authors: Yamamoto Takakazu , Maruyama Tsukasa , Suganuma Hajime , Arai Minoru , Komarudin Dharma , Sasaki Shintaro 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
UV-vis. adsorption spectra of films of regioregular poly(4,4′-dialkyl-2,2′-bithiazole-5,5′-diyl)s PRBTz’s show bathochromic shifts from those of PRBTz’s in solutions and their corresponding regio-irregular polymers. This bathchromic shift is considered to originate from stacking of the polymer, and powder X-ray diffraction and photoluminescence data support this view.
Electric Field-Induced Surface Morphology in a Copolymer of Vinylidene Cyanide and Vinyl Acetate
Authors: Seto Takatoshi , Nozoye Hisakazu 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
We investigated the surface morphology of the film of a copolymer of vinylidene cyanide and vinyl acetate, using atomic force microscopy. It was found that when a high electric field is imposed to the film near its glass transition temperature, a thin fiber–like assembly about 10 nm thick appears on the surface. The surface structure was discussed relating to the relatively high piezoelectricity in this amorphous–type polymer.
Recoverable Chiral Sulfoxide: Asymmetric Diels–Alder Reaction Using Optically Active 1-(2-p-Tolylsulfinyl)pyrrolyl α,β-Unsaturated Ketones as a Dienophile
Authors: Arai Yoshitsugu , Masuda Tsutomu , Masaki Yukio 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
The Diels–Alder reaction of chiral cinnamoyl- and crotonyl(2-p-tolylsulfinyl)pyrrole with cyclopentadiene in the presence of AlCl3 or Yb(OTf)3 proceeded smoothly to give the corresponding endo adducts in excellent yield with high diastereoselectivity, ranging from 92 to 99% d.e. The chiral auxiliary, 2-pyrrolesulfoxide was efficiently recovered after alcoholysis of the adduct without loss of optical purity.
Synthesis and Reactivity of S-Sulfiliminothiazynes
Authors: Ohkubo Masanori , Fujii Takayoshi , Ono Shin , Morita Hiroyuki , Yoshimura Toshiaki , Horn Ernst , Sato Soichi 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Reaction of S,S-diphenyl-S-fluorothiazyne with N-unsubstituted S,S-diphenylsulfilimine afforded the corresponding S-sulfiliminothiazyne. Measurement of the pKa value of S-sulfiliminothiazyne and its reactivity were examined. The molecular structure of the sulfonediiminosulfonium salt was determined by the X-ray crystallographic analysis.
Photocatalyzed Degradation of Metal-EDTA Complexes in TiO2 Aqueous Suspensions and Simultaneous Metal Removal
Authors: Kagaya Shigehiro , Bitoh Yoshiro , Hasegawa Kiyoshi 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Cu(II)-, Fe(III)-, and Zn(II)-EDTA complexes are degraded rapidly in aerated aqueous suspensions of TiO2 with a high-pressure mercury lamp (irradiation wavelength &gt; ca.290 nm), accompanying a full removal of the metals. Total organic carbons (TOCs) in their solutions decrease with the irradiation time, however, TOCs remained after 5 h irradiation. Although Co(II)- and Ni(II)-EDTA complexes are degraded, the removal of their metals is slow. Mn(II)-EDTA complex is degraded incompletely even after 5 h irradiation.
Two Distinct Solvated Structures of p-Nitroaniline in Acetonitrile
Authors: Mohanalingam Kathaperumal , Hamaguchi Hiro-o 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
The presence of two distinct forms of p-nitroaniline (pNA) associated with solvent acetonitrile (AN) molecules is shown by using an SVD (Singular Value Decomposition) analysis of the UV-VIS spectra of pNA in AN/CCl4 mixed solvents. All the three species (including the unassociated form in pure CCl4) observed have varying degrees of intramolecular charge transfer due to the association.
Alcoholysis of Benzotrichloride Studied by Liquid Beam - Multiphoton Ionization Technique
Authors: Horimoto Noriko , Mafuné Fumitaka , Kondow Tamotsu 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Chemical reactions of benzotrichloride in an alcohol solution initiated by multiphoton ionization were observed by irradiation of a tightly focused laser beam at wavelength of 274 nm. The product ions ejected from the liquid surface were analyzed by a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The mass spectra of the ions indicate that alcoholysis occurs between PhCCl2+ produced by multiphoton ionization and alcohol molecules, ROH, giving PhCCl(OR)+ and PhC(OR)2+.
Specific Adsorption of Metal Complexes of Tetraphenylporphyrin at Dodecane-Water Interface
Authors: Nagatani Hirohisa , Watarai Hitoshi 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Interfacial adsorption of the metal complexes of tetraphenylporphyrin (TTP) was found out in the dodecane-water system by a high-speed stirring method. Among metalloporphyrins of five metals examined, ZnTPP and VOTPP showed appreciable adsorptivity at dodecane-water interface and adsorption constants were determined by applying Langmuir isotherm. The interfacial adsorptivity of complexes decreased in the order, ZnTPP &gt; VOTPP &gt; CoTPP, NiTPP, CuTPP.
Generation of α-Alkylthio Radicals by Photoinduced One-Electron Oxidation of α-Stannyl Sulfides and Their Use for Carbon-Carbon Bond Formation
Authors: Ikeno Taketo , Harada Manabu , Arai Noriyoshi , Narasaka Koichi 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Cation radicals, generated from α-stannyl sulfides by the photoinduced single electron transfer, cleave into α-alkylthio radical intermediates with the elimination of the stannyl group. The α-alkylthio radicals thus formed are utilized for carbon-carbon bond forming reactions.
High Conversion Efficiency Photovoltaic Cell Enhanced by Lanthanide Complex Phosphor Film Coating
Authors: Jin Tetsuro , Inoue Satoshi , Tsutsumi Shuji , Machida Ken-ichi , Adachi Gin-ya 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Maximal outputs of amorphous silicon (a-Si) photovoltaic cells (PVC) coated by the organically modified silicate (ORMOSIL) composite film containing a terbium bipyridine complex were increased to be 8 % higher than those of the uncoated a-Si PVC, owing to the effective optical modulation from UV to visible light by the lanthanide complex incorporated into the ORMOSIL matrix.
Solvent Effect and Molecular Orbital Study on the Specific Rotation of a Methacrylamide Having l-Leucine Structure in the Side Chain
Authors: Sanda Fumio , Nakamura Masafumi , Endo Takeshi 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Solvent effect and molecular orbital studies on the specific rotation of a methacrylamide (MA-(L)-L-M) having l-leucine structure in the side chain were carried out. The larger the relative dielectric constant of the solvent, the more stable the conformation of MA-(L)-L-M showing larger polarity was. This conformation change depending on the solvent might be the reason for the solvent effect on the specific rotation of MA-(L)-L-M.
Formation of Conjugated Double Bonds in Poly(vinyl alcohol) Film under Irradiation with γ-Rays at Elevated Temperature
Authors: Zhao Wenwei , Yamamoto Yukio , Seki Shu , Tagawa Seiichi 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Irradiation with γ-rays promotes the formation of conjugated double bonds in a poly(vinyl alcohol) film at an elevated temperature. The unsaturation structures resulted by γ-irradiation were assigned to be mainly polyenones -(CH=CH)n-CO-, whereas thermal activation produces mainly polyenes, -(CH=CH)n-.
New and Efficient Method for the Preparation of Medium-sized Lactones from the Corresponding ω-Hydroxycarboxylic Acids
Authors: Mukaiyama Teruaki , Izumi Jun , Shiina Isamu 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Medium-sized lactones are prepared in good yields on treating monomeric cyclic silyl siloxycarboxylates, prepared in situ from ω-hydroxycarboxylic acids and 1,2-bisdimethylsilylbenzene using RhCl(PPh3)3 catalyst, with an active catalyst of dimethylsilylbis(trifluoromethanesulfonate).
Nanometer Pore Size Dependence of Intraparticle Diffusion in Silica Gel
Authors: Sekine Tomomi , Nakatani Kiyoharu 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
The sorption of rhodamine 6G into single silica gel microparticles possessing pore sizes of 3, 6, 15, and 30 nm was analyzed using single microparticle injection and microabsorption methods. The intraparticle diffusion of the solute was highly influenced by the pore size of the silica gel. The relationship between the intraparticle diffusion coefficient and a hindrance parameter for the diffusion in the pores is discussed on the basis of a pore and surface diffusion model.
Police Accountability for Lethal Force
Authors: Wood David 
Published: May 2004

The police use of lethal force has always been a controversial subject; and its use in Northern Ireland has attracted particular attention following allegations in the past of a ‘shoot to kill’ policy and the use of plastic bullets. David Wood is the Executive Director for the Police Ombudsman of Northern Ireland (PONI) and in his article, derived from a speech delivered to a conference in Belfast in November 2003, he explains how independent investigation of the police use of lethal force in Northern Ireland has brought a new dimension to police accountability. The article demonstrates the benefits and impact of external scrutiny in improved procedures adopted by the police, leading to the reduced use of such force, and improved policy for all.
Novel solution approach for optimizing crude oil operations
Authors: Reddy P. Chandra Prakash , Karimi I. A. , Srinivasan R. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractScheduling of crude oil operations is a complex nonlinear problem, especially when tanks hold crude mixes. We present a new mixed‐integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) formulation and a novel, mixed‐integer linear programming (MILP)–based solution approach for optimizing crude oil unloading, storage, and processing operations in a multi‐CDU (crude distillation unit) refinery receiving crude from multiparcel VLCCs (very large crude carriers) through a high‐volume, single‐buoy mooring (SBM) pipeline and/or single‐parcel tankers through multiple jetties. Mimicking a continuous‐time formulation, our primarily discrete‐time model allows multiple sequential crude transfers to occur within a time slot. It incorporates several real‐life operational features including brine settling and tank‐to‐tank transfers, and is superior to other reported models. Notably our algorithm avoids concentration discrepancy and MINLP solutions by identifying a part of the horizon, for which its linear relaxation is exact, and then solving this MILP repeatedly with progressively shorter horizons. By using 8 h time slots and a hybrid time representation, an attractive approach to this difficult problem is presented.© 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50:1177–1197, 2004
Reversible formation of giant and normal‐sized mitochondria in gastric parietal cells of guinea pigs
Authors: Ogawa Kazushige , Tsuji Masashi , Noguchi Hiroyo , Tsuyama Shingo , Sasaki Fumihiko 
Published: May 2004

AbstractMitochondria occasionally increase in size in response to metabolic injury. Numerous studies have reported giant mitochondria in patients with various diseases and animals with metabolic injuries, and there are few reports on giant mitochondria in normal cells under physiological conditions. Here, we report a reversible formation of giant and normal‐sized mitochondria in gastric parietal cells of guinea pigs. We morphometrically analyzed the frequency distribution of mitochondrial area on ultrathin sections of parietal cells in guinea pigs fed freely (control group), starved for 60–72 hr (starvation group), and starved and then injected with histamine (histamine group). The distribution was significantly different between the control and starvation group and between the starvation and histamine group: the histogram of the starvation group significantly shifted toward large mitochondria compared with that of the control or histamine group; the frequency of mitochondria more than 2 μm2 in size was significantly higher in the starvation group than that in the control or histamine group. This is the first report that clearly demonstrated the presence of giant mitochondria in gastric parietal cells under the starved condition and a mitochondrial recovery in a normal size after the administration of histamine. Because gastric parietal cells change their membrane system according to the state of gastric acid secretion, the present data may offer new insight into the morphological changes in gastric parietal cells. Anat Rec Part A 278A:533–539, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Histochemical similarities of mucins produced by Brunner's glands and pyloric glands: A comparative study
Authors: Schumacher Udo , Duku Moses , Katoh Marcus , Jörns Julia , Krause William J. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractMucins of the gastroduodenal junction are secreted by the mucous surface and mucus‐producing glandular cells in the stomach, and by goblet cells and Brunner's glands in the duodenum. Developmental studies have demonstrated that Brunner's glands can arise from undifferentiated gastric epithelium and/or intestinal epithelium in the proximal duodenum. The aim of this study was to investigate the carbohydrate composition of mucins from this region and compare it with that of mucins from Brunner's glands to evaluate the probable evolution of mucins from these glands. Toward that end, paraffin sections from 13 mammalian species were stained by classic carbohydrate histochemistry and treated with 13 lectins. In general, the mucous surface cells of the stomach, pyloric glands, duodenal goblet cells, and Brunner's glands secretory epithelium had different lectin‐binding patterns. However, the lectin‐binding profile of the secretory epithelium of Brunner's glands resembled that of pyloric glands more closely than that of duodenal goblet cells and mucous surface cells of the stomach. Mucins from Brunner's glands and pyloric glands showed a greater terminal carbohydrate residue diversity than those of gastric mucous surface cells or duodenal goblet cells. The lectin‐binding profile argues for the evolution of similar mucins from the epithelia of Brunner's glands and pyloric glands. The greater diversity of carbohydrate residues in mucins secreted by Brunner's glands suggests that their mucus is more adaptable. This may explain why Brunner's glands metaplasia rather than goblet cell metaplasia is seen in the mucosa adjacent to chronic intestinal ulcers. Anat Rec Part A 278A:540–550, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Secretion of oncostatin M by neutrophils in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Cross Andrew , Edwards Steven W. , Bucknall Roger C. , Moots Robert J. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractObjectiveNeutrophils are known to express and release a large number of proinflammatory cytokines when they are stimulated by inflammatory stimuli. The objective of this study was to determine whether neutrophils express oncostatin M (OSM), a member of the interleukin‐6 family of cytokines that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory joint disease.MethodsNeutrophils were isolated from the blood of healthy volunteer donors and from the blood and synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). OSM levels were measured in cell extracts and in culture supernatants by Western blotting. Total RNA was isolated from control and granulocyte–macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF)–treated neutrophils, and OSM messenger RNA levels were quantified by hybridization of a radiolabeled probe.ResultsGM‐CSF stimulated a rapid and transient expression and release of OSM from blood neutrophils, which was more rapid than the expression and release from blood monocytes. A 28‐kd protein was identified in cell extracts, but an additional 25‐kd isoform was detected in culture supernatants. Synovial fluid neutrophils could not be stimulated to express OSM, but this cytokine was detected in cell‐free supernatants at various levels.ConclusionBlood neutrophils can be stimulated to express and rapidly release large quantities of OSM. We propose that this important cytokine is released from neutrophils as they infiltrate rheumatoid joints and, thus, contribute to the complex cytokine network that characterizes RA.
Midkine, a heparin‐binding growth factor, is fundamentally involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Maruyama Kiyoko , Muramatsu Hisako , Ishiguro Naoki , Muramatsu Takashi 
Published: May 2004

AbstractObjectiveMidkine (MK), a heparin‐binding growth factor, promotes growth, survival, and migration of various cells. The essential role of MK in migration of inflammatory cells has been shown using mice deficient in the MK gene (Mdk−/− mice). We undertook this study to investigate the role of MK in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA).MethodsMK levels in specimens from patients were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and localization of MK was revealed by immunohistochemical analysis. Susceptibility to antibody‐induced arthritis was compared between Mdk−/− and wild‐type (WT) mice. Osteoclast differentiation was monitored using macrophage‐like cells isolated from human synovial tissue and macrophages from mouse bone marrow.ResultsMK levels in sera and synovial fluid were increased in most RA patients, indicating a strong correlation between MK expression and RA. MK was expressed in macrophage‐like cells and fibroblast‐like cells in synovial membranes from the patients. In antibody‐induced arthritis, Mdk−/− mice seldom developed the disease, while most of the WT mice did. Administration of MK to the Mdk−/− mice increased the frequency of antibody‐induced arthritis. Migration of inflammatory leukocytes to the synovial membranes in the disease model was suppressed in the Mdk−/− mice. Furthermore, MK was found to promote the differentiation of osteoclasts from macrophages.ConclusionMK participates in each of the two distinct phases of RA development, namely, migration of inflammatory leukocytes and osteoclast differentiation, and is a key molecule in the pathogenesis of RA.