bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alcohol expectancies and drinking in different age groups
Authors: Leigh Barbara C. , Stacy Alan W. 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTAims  Because expectancies about the effects of alcohol change as drinking experience is accumulated, it is likely that the relationship of expectancy to drinking will differ with age. In this study, we examine the prediction of drinking behavior from positive and negative outcome expectancy at different ages.Design  Data were collected as part of the National Alcohol Survey, using a multi‐stage area probability sample of the household population of the 48 contiguous United States.Participants  US residents aged 12 and older (n = 2875).Measurements  Survey questions included drinking habits (frequency, quantity, frequency of drunkenness, maximum quantity) and beliefs about the effects of alcohol (alcohol expectancies).Findings  Structural equation models tested the relationship of positive and negative expectancy to drinking behavior in six age groups. Outcome expectancy accounted for a larger portion of the variance in drinking among younger respondents than among older respondents. However, suppression effects were common. When suppression effects were considered, positive expectancy predicted drinking better than negative expectancy only among respondents under 35, while negative expectancy was a better predictor of drinking status in most respondents over 35 years. Among drinkers, positive expectancy predominated over negative expectancy when suppression effects were considered.Conclusions  These results suggest that negative expectancy predicts abstention, while positive expectancy predicts level of drinking among drinkers. In expectancy research, differences between drinkers and abstainers, age of participants and the presence of suppression effects should be taken into account.
Prize reinforcement contingency management for treating cocaine users: how low can we go, and with whom?
Authors: Petry Nancy M. , Tedford Jacqueline , Austin Mark , Nich Charla , Carroll Kathleen M. , Rounsaville Bruce J. 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTAims  This study evaluated the efficacy of a low‐cost, prize reinforcement contingency management (CM) intervention for reducing cocaine use.Setting  Community‐based treatment centers.Participants and design  Cocaine‐abusing out‐patients (n = 120) were assigned randomly to one of three 12‐week conditions: standard treatment, standard treatment plus CM with an expected maximum of $80 of reinforcement or standard treatment plus CM with an expected maximum of $240 of reinforcement.Intervention  In the CM conditions, patients earned the opportunity to win prizes for submitting negative urine samples and completing goal‐related activities.Measurements  Drug use was measured at intake and throughout a 3‐month treatment period.Findings  Patients in the $240 CM condition achieved more abstinence than patients in the standard condition. Patients who initiated treatment with positive urinalysis results were most responsive to the CM intervention, with the $240 CM condition engendering the best effects in this subgroup. In contrast, patients who initiated treatment with negative urinalysis results generally remained abstinent during treatment, regardless of treatment assignment. On average, patients in the two CM conditions earned $36 and $68 in prizes.Conclusions  This study suggests that prize reinforcement CM may be suitable for community‐based settings, and beneficial effects may be magnitude‐dependent in more severe patients.
Drinking pattern and mortality in middle‐aged men and women
Authors: Tolstrup Janne S. , Jensen Majken K. , Tjønneland Anne , Overvad Kim , Grønbæk Morten 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTAims To address the prospective association between alcohol drinking pattern and all‐cause mortality.Design Population‐based cohort study conducted between 1993 and 2003.Setting Denmark.Participants A total of 26 909 men and 29 626 women aged 55–65 years.Measurements We obtained risk estimates for all‐cause mortality for different levels of quantity and frequency of alcohol intake adjusted for life‐style factors, including diet.Findings During follow‐up, 1528 men and 915 women died. For the same average consumption of alcohol, a non‐frequent intake implied a higher risk of death than a frequent one.Conclusions Drinking pattern and not just the total amount of alcohol consumed is important for the association between alcohol intake and mortality. These results suggest that future public guidelines concerning sensible alcohol drinking should include messages about drinking pattern together with quantity of alcohol.
Experimenter‐defined quit dates for smoking cessation: adherence improves outcomes for women but not for men
Authors: Borrelli Belinda , Papandonatos George , Spring Bonnie , Hitsman Brian , Niaura Raymond 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTAims Smoking cessation treatment trials often require that smokers quit on or before a protocol‐defined date. The goals of this paper were to: (1) identify factors associated with adherence to a protocol‐defined quit date and (2) determine whether such adherence predicts cessation outcome (relapse).Design A quasi‐experimental secondary analysis of data collected from a randomized placebo‐controlled trial of fluoxetine (60 mg or 30 mg) versus placebo for smoking cessation.Setting and participants Clinic‐based smoking cessation treatment program comprising 989 non‐depressed smokers.Intervention Participants received cognitive behavioral therapy for smoking cessation and either study medication or placebo for 10 weeks. They were required to set a quit date within 2 weeks of their second study visit (by visit 4).Findings Significant predictors of quit date adherence were low nicotine dependence and active drug treatment. High‐dose fluoxetine (60 mg) and male gender were protective against relapse. Adherence to quit date was not an independent predictor of relapse; instead there was a significant interaction between quit date adherence and gender. Among non‐adherers to the quit date, women were more than 2.5 times as likely as men to relapse; among adherers to the quit date, women were only 1.3 times as likely as men to relapse.Conclusions Although women were more likely than men to relapse regardless of quit date adherence, adherence was strongly protective against relapse for women.
Antisecretory factor peptide derivatives specifically inhibit [3H]‐γ‐amino‐butyric acid/36Cl− out→in permeation across the isolated rabbit Deiters’ neuronal membrane
Authors: Rapallino M. V. , Cupello A. , Lange S. , Lönnroth I. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAims:  Antisecretory factor (AF) is a 41‐kDa protein, its main function being the regulation of intestinal ion/water transport, but it also inhibits chloride and γ‐amino‐butyric acid transport across nerve cell membranes. The present experiments were designed to evaluate whether the same AF peptide sequence mediates the permeability effects seen at the nerve cell membrane and in the rat small intestine.Methods:  Four peptides were prepared by the solid phase technique with sequences derived from positions 1–51 of the full‐length antisecretory factor AF and tested on nerve cell membranes isolated from rabbit Dieter cells.Results:  AF peptides containing the active 36–51 peptide exerted a blocking effect of the out→in permeation of 36Cl− as well as of [3H]‐γ‐amino‐butyric acid. The minimal dose causing inhibition, however, varied between 10−11 m (AF10) and 10−7 m (AF13). The most potent peptides have been shown previously to be active in inhibiting experimental diarrhoea in vivo in small intestinal ligated loops in rats. The non‐active sequence AF23–32 did not inhibit any of the two permeation markers in vitro, a result which supports the lack of activity found also in vivo.Conclusion:  The results suggest that AF, or AF derivatives, counteract intestinal hypersecretion by blocking anion permeation across large anionic pores. Such a blocking effect could also influence the generation of action potentials in enteric nerve cells controlling the intestinal water and ion transport system.
Predicting in situ soil N2O emission using NOE algorithm and soil database
Authors: Hénault C. , Bizouard F. , Laville P. , Gabrielle B. , Nicoullaud B. , Germon J. C. , Cellier P. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis paper presents a new algorithm, Nitrous Oxide Emission (NOE) for simulating the emission of the greenhouse gas N2O from agricultural soils. N2O fluxes are calculated as the result of production through denitrification and nitrification and reduction through the last step of denitrification. Actual denitrification and nitrification rates are calculated from biological parameters and soil water‐filled pore space, temperature and mineral nitrogen contents. New suggestions in NOE consisted in introducing (1) biological site‐specific parameters of soil N2O reduction and (2) reduction of the N2O produced through nitrification to N2 through denitrification. This paper includes a database of 64 N2O fluxes measured on the field scale with corresponding environmental parameters collected from five agricultural situations in France. This database was used to test the validity of this algorithm. Site per site comparison of simulated N2O fluxes against observed data leads to mixed results. For 80% of the tested points, measured and simulated fluxes are in accordance whereas the others resulted in an important discrepancy. The origin of this discrepancy is discussed. On the other hand, mean annual fluxes measured on each site were strongly correlated to mean simulated annual fluxes. The biological site‐specific parameter of soil N2O reduction introduced into NOE appeared particularly useful to discriminate the general level of N2O emissions from site to site. Furthermore, the relevance of NOE was confirmed by comparing measured and simulated N2O fluxes using some data from the US TRAGNET database. We suggest the use of NOE on a regional scale in order to predict mean annual N2O emissions.
Methane efflux in relation to plant biomass and sediment characteristics in stands of three common emergent macrophytes in boreal mesoeutrophic lakes
Authors: Kankaala Paula , Käki Tiina , Mäkelä Suvi , Ojala Anne , Pajunen Hannu , Arvola Lauri 
Published: December 2004

AbstractMethane efflux was studied in stands of three emergent macrophyte species (Equisetum fluviatile, Schoenoplectus lacustris and Phragmites australis) commonly found in the littoral zone of boreal lakes. In vegetation stands with relatively low methane (CH4) emissions (<0.3 mol m−2 (ice‐free period)−1), the seasonal variation of CH4 efflux was better correlated with the dynamics of plant growth than variation in sediment temperature. In dense and productive vegetation stands that released high amounts of CH4 (2.3–7.7 mol m−2 (ice‐free period)−1), the seasonal variation in CH4 efflux was correlated with sediment temperature, indicating that methanogens were more limited by temperature than substrate supply. The bottom type at the growth site of the emergent plants significantly influenced the ratio of CH4 efflux to aboveground biomass of plants (Eff : B). The lowest Eff : B ratio was found in E. fluviatile stands growing on sand bottom under experimental conditions and the highest in P. australis‐dominated littoral areas accumulating detritus from external sources. The future changes expected in the hydrology of boreal lakes and rivers because of climatic warming may impact the growth conditions of aquatic macrophytes as well as decomposition and accumulation of detritus and, thus, CH4 effluxes from boreal lakes.
The effects of glacial atmospheric CO2 concentrations and climate on isoprene emissions by vascular plants
Authors: Possell Malcolm , Nicholas Hewitt C. , Beerling David J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIsoprene (C5H8) emissions by terrestrial vegetation vary with temperature and light intensity, and play an important role in biosphere–chemistry–climate interactions. Such interactions were probably substantially modified by Pleistocene climate and CO2 cycles. Central to understanding the nature of these modifications is assessment and analysis of how emissions changed under glacial environmental conditions. Currently, even the net direction of change is difficult to predict because a CO2‐depleted atmosphere may have stimulated emissions compensating for the negative impacts of a cooler climate. Here, we address this issue and attempt to determine the direction of change from an experimental standpoint by investigating the interaction between isoprene emissions and plant growth of two known isoprene‐emitting herbaceous species (Mucuna pruriens and Arundo donax) grown at glacial (180 ppm) to present (366 ppm) CO2 levels. We found a significant enhancement of isoprene emissions per unit leaf area in M. pruriens under subambient CO2 concentrations relative to ambient controls but not for A. donax. In contrast, canopy emissions remained unaltered for both plant species because enhanced leaf emissions were offset by reductions in biomass and leaf area. Separate growth experiments with M. pruriens revealed that lowering day/night temperatures by 5°C decreased canopy isoprene emissions irrespective of the CO2 level. Incorporation of these results into a simple canopy emissions model highlights their potential to attenuate reductions in the total isoprene flux from forests under glacial conditions predicted by standard models.
A parameterization of leaf phenology for the terrestrial ecosystem component of climate models
Authors: Arora Vivek K. , Boer George J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractLeaf phenology remains one of the most difficult processes to parameterize in terrestrial ecosystem models because our understanding of the physical processes that initiate leaf onset and senescence is incomplete. While progress has been made at the molecular level, for example by identifying genes that are associated with senescence and flowering for selected plant species, a picture of the processes controlling leaf phenology is only beginning to emerge. A variety of empirical formulations have been used with varying degrees of success in terrestrial ecosystem models for both extratropical and tropical biomes. For instance, the use of growing degree‐days (GDDs) to initiate leaf onset has received considerable recognition and this approach is used in a number of models. There are, however, limitations when using GDDs and other empirically based formulations in global transient climate change simulations.The phenology scheme developed for the Canadian Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (CTEM), designed for inclusion in the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis coupled general circulation model, is described. The representation of leaf phenology is general enough to be applied over the globe and sufficiently robust for use in transient climate change simulations. Leaf phenology is functionally related to the (possibly changing) climate state and to atmospheric composition rather than to geographical boundaries or controls implicitly based on current climate. In this approach, phenology is controlled by environmental conditions as they affect the carbon balance. A carbon‐gain‐based scheme initiates leaf onset when it is beneficial for the plant, in carbon terms, to produce new leaves. Leaf offset is initiated by unfavourable environmental conditions that incur carbon losses and these include shorter day length, cooler temperatures, and dry soil moisture conditions. The comparison of simulated leaf onset and offset times with observation‐based estimates for temperate and boreal deciduous, tropical evergreen, and tropical deciduous plant functional types at selected locations indicates that the phenology scheme performs satisfactorily. Model simulated leaf area index and stem and root biomass are also compared with observational estimates to illustrate the performance of CTEM.
Cough provocation with capsaicin is an objective way to test sensory hyperreactivity in patients with asthma‐like symptoms
Authors: Millqvist E. 
Published: December 2004

Background: A group of patients with asthma‐like symptoms and sensitivity to chemical irritants, but without bronchial obstruction, has been found among subjects referred for suspected asthma. They have no well‐defined diagnosis, and no objective diagnostic method has previously been available. These patients are more sensitive to inhaled capsaicin than are patients with asthma or healthy controls. The aim was to study cough and other capsaicin‐induced symptoms and to test the effect of a drug (lidocaine) that inhibits nerve transmission in sensory nerves. Methods: Twelve patients were provoked with three different concentrations of inhaled capsaicin solutions in a randomized, double‐blind order. They all had asthma‐like symptoms and were sensitive to chemical irritants, but had noIgE‐mediated allergy or demonstrable bronchial obstruction. Before the provocations, the patients inhaled lidocaine or placebo (saline), also ina double‐blind, randomized order. The results were expressed as the numberof coughs and scores of various symptoms. Results: The patients reacted in a dose‐dependent way with cough, airway, and eye symptoms, which were significantly reduced after preinhalation of lidocaine. Conclusions: A drug that inhibits transmission in sensory nerves successfully blocked the number of coughs and other symptoms provoked by inhalation of capsaicin. This indicates that the mechanisms underlying chemical sensitivity in these patients may originate in the sensory nervous system, and we call this condition “sensory hyperreactivity”.
Fine‐scale mapping of type I allergy candidate loci suggests central susceptibility genes on chromosomes 3q, 4q and Xp
Authors: Haagerup A. , Børglum A. D. , Binderup H. G. , Kruse T. A. 
Published: December 2004

Background:  Type I allergy globally affects an increasing number of individuals with the consequence of considerable personal morbidity and socio‐economic costs. Identification of disease susceptibility genes would render enormous medical perspectives in terms of improved diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Like for other complex disorders, achievement of the knowledge necessary depends on confirmation of reported genomic candidate regions.Methods:  We performed a two‐stage fine‐scale linkage analysis in 11 selected candidate regions on chromosome 3p, 3q, 4p, 4q, 5q, 6p, 9p, 12q, 12qter, 18q and Xp. We analysed 97 polymorphic markers in 424 individuals from 100 sib‐pair families and evaluated the data for five phenotypes: Allergic asthma, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis and total and specific immunoglobulin E.Results:  The highest maximum likelihood scores (MLS) were obtained on chromosomes 3q (MLS = 2.69), 4p (MLS = 2.34), 4q (MLS = 2.75), 6p (MLS = 2.22), 12qter (MLS = 2.15) and Xp (MLS = 2.23). All five phenotypes showed MLS ≥ 2 in one or more of the candidate regions.Conclusions: Susceptibility genes in the 3q, 4q and Xp regions may play a central role in the inheritance of allergic disease, as positive results were obtained for all five phenotypes in these three regions.
Mitochondrial membrane potential and aging
Authors: Nicholls David G. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryThe mitochondrial membrane potential (or protonmotive force) is the central bioenergetic parameter that controls respiratory rate, ATP synthesis and the generation of reactive oxygen species, and is itself controlled by electron transport and proton leaks. As a consequence of extensive research, there has emerged a consensus as to how these parameters integrate. Despite this consensus, the literature contains contradictory reports on the extent to which these parameters are modified in animal models of aging. This article critically examines the basis for a number of these reports.
Oxidative damage in cultured human olfactory neurons from Alzheimer's disease patients
Authors: Ghanbari Hossein A. , Ghanbari Kasra , Harris Peggy L. R. , Jones Paul K. , Kubat Zvezdana , Castellani Rudolph J. , Wolozin Benjamin L. , Smith Mark A. , Perry George 
Published: December 2004

SummaryOxidative abnormalities precede clinical and pathological manifestations of Alzheimer's disease and are the earliest pathological changes reported in the disease. The olfactory pathways and mucosa also display the pathological features associated with Alzheimer's disease in the brain. Olfactory neurons are unique because they can undergo neurogenesis and are able to be readily maintained in cell culture. In this study, we examined neuronal cell cultures derived from olfactory mucosa of Alzheimer's disease and control patients for oxidative stress responses. Levels of lipid peroxidation (hydroxynonenal), Nɛ‐(carboxymethyl)lysine (glycoxidative and lipid peroxidation), and oxidative stress response (heme oxygenase‐1) were measured immunocytochemically. We found increased levels for all the oxidative stress markers examined in Alzheimer's disease neurons as compared to controls. Interestingly, in one case of Alzheimer's disease, we found hydroxynonenal adducts accumulated in cytoplasmic lysosome‐like structures in about 20% of neurons cultured, but not in neurons from control patients. These lysosome‐like structures are found in about 100% of the vulnerable neurons in brains of cases of Alzheimer's disease. This study suggests that manifestations of oxidative imbalance in Alzheimer's disease extend to cultured olfactory neurons. Primary culture of human olfactory neurons will be useful in understanding the mechanism of oxidative damage in Alzheimer's disease and can even be utilized in developing therapeutic strategies.
Personal characteristics associated with consistency of recall of depressed or anhedonic mood in the 13‐year follow‐up of the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area Survey
Authors: Thompson R. , Bogner H. R. , Coyne J. C. , Gallo J. J. , Eaton W. W. 
Published: December 2004

Objective:  Our study addressed two primary questions: (1) How reliable is long‐term recall of lifetime history of episodes of depressed mood? (2) What characteristics are associated with consistent recall of this history?Method:  Psychiatric symptoms were assessed in a population‐based longitudinal survey of 1498 persons twice, in 1981 and 1994. Respondents whose reports of history of depressed affect were discordant after a 13‐year follow‐up interval were compared with those whose reports were concordant.Results:  Absence of a reported history of episode of depressed mood was more consistently recalled than presence of such an episode. The kappa of reported lifetime history of episode of depressed mood was 0.32. Several personal characteristics predicted consistency of recall.Conclusion:  If assessment of past episodes of depressed mood is used as guide for identifying cases at risk for depression, account must be taken of the personal factors that might influence recall.
Subthreshold depression as a risk indicator for major depressive disorder: a systematic review of prospective studies
Authors: Cuijpers P. , Smit F. 
Published: December 2004

Objective:  In order to examine whether the incidence of major depressive disorder (MDD) is increased in subjects with subthreshold depression, or sD (clinically relevant depressive symptoms, without meeting criteria for a full‐blown MDD), we conducted a review of prospective studies examining the incidence of MDD in subjects with sD.Method:  A systematic literature search was conducted. For all studies, the relative risk of developing MDD was calculated, based on person‐years.Results:  Twenty studies (23 comparisons) were found, based on community samples, general medical patients and high‐risk subjects. Most comparisons showed that subjects with sD had a consistently larger chance of developing MDD. The studies differed considerably in the definition of sD, the recency (occurrence of the last sD) and the in‐/exclusion of lifetime MDD.Conclusion:  The incidence of MDD in subjects with sD is larger than in subjects without sD. Otherwise, the concept of sD is too broad to be used. In future studies, some consensus should be reached regarding the definition of sD.