bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Allometry measurements fromin situvideo recordings can determine the size and swimming speeds of juvenile and adult squidLoligo opalescens(Cephalopoda: Myopsida)
Authors: Zeidberg Louis D. 
Published: November 2004

SUMMARYJuvenile and adult Loligo opalescens Berry were video taped in Monterey Bay with the remotely operated vehicle (ROV) Ventana,captured with an otter trawl in Santa Monica Bay, California, and adults were taken from the Monterey Bay fishery. Behavioral observations were made over a 13 h period of video sequences. Allometry measurements were made on 157 squids ranging in size from 12 to 151 mm mantle length (ML). In addition to ML we measured the morphometric characters of fin length(FL), fin width (FW), mantle width (MW), eye diameter (ED), head width (HW), funnel aperture diameter(FA), fourth arm length (AL) and tentacle length(TL). Loligo opalescens changes shape with ontogeny due to negative allometric growth of ED, HW, TL, MW, FA and positive allometric growth of AL, FL and fin area. The allometry measurements were used to determine the size of juvenile squids video-taped in open water. A linear regression can predict dorsal ML in mm from a dimensionless ratio of ML upon ED (r2=0.857, P&lt;0.001). Sizes and velocities of video-taped animals were estimated from 26 video sequences ranging from &lt;1.0 to 8 s. The average velocity for squids ranging from 12–116 mm ML was 0.21 m s–1 and the maximum velocity was 1.60 m s–1(116 mm ML). Allometric measurements can provide scale for 2-dimensional images in order to estimate size, velocity and age of animals.
Biomechanical and energetic determinants of the walk–trot transition in horses
Authors: Griffin Timothy M. , Kram Rodger , Wickler Steven J. , Hoyt Donald F. 
Published: November 2004

SUMMARYWe studied nine adult horses spanning an eightfold range in body mass(Mb) (90–720 kg) and a twofold range in leg length(L) (0.7–1.4 m). We measured the horses' walk–trot transition speeds using step-wise speed increments as they locomoted on a motorized treadmill. We then measured their rates of oxygen consumption over a wide range of walking and trotting speeds. We interpreted the transition speed results using a simple inverted-pendulum model of walking in which gravity provides the centripetal force necessary to keep the leg in contact with the ground. By studying a large size range of horses, we were naturally able to vary the absolute walking speed that would produce the same ratio of centripetal to gravitational forces. This ratio,(Mbv2/L)/(Mbg),reduces to the dimensionless Froude number(v2/gL), where v is forward speed, L is leg length and g is gravitational acceleration. We found that the absolute walk–trot transition speed increased with size from 1.6 to 2.3 m s–1, but it occurred at nearly the same Froude number (0.35). In addition, horses spontaneously switched between gaits in a narrow range of speeds that corresponded to the metabolically optimal transition speed. These results support the hypotheses that the walk–trot transition is triggered by inverted-pendulum dynamics and occurs at the speed that maximizes metabolic economy.
Heat in evolution's kitchen: evolutionary perspectives on the functions and origin of the facial pit of pitvipers (Viperidae: Crotalinae)
Authors: Krochmal Aaron R. , Bakken George S. , LaDuc Travis J. 
Published: November 2004

SUMMARY
Pitvipers (Viperidae: Crotalinae) possess thermal radiation receptors, the facial pits, which allow them to detect modest temperature fluctuations within their environments. It was previously thought that these organs were used solely to aid in prey acquisition, but recent findings demonstrated that western diamondback rattlesnakes (Crotalus atrox) use them to direct behavioral thermoregulation, suggesting that facial pits might be general purpose organs used to drive a suite of behaviors. To investigate this further, we conducted a phylogenetic survey of viperine thermoregulatory behavior cued by thermal radiation. We assessed this behavior in 12 pitviper species, representing key nodes in the evolution of pitvipers and a broad range of thermal environments, and a single species of true viper (Viperidae:Viperinae), a closely related subfamily of snakes that lack facial pits but possess a putative thermal radiation receptor. All pitviper species were able to rely on their facial pits to direct thermoregulatory movements, while the true viper was unable to do so. Our results suggest that thermoregulatory behavior cued by thermal radiation is a universal role of facial pits and probably represents an ancestral trait among pitvipers. Further, they establish behavioral thermoregulation as a plausible hypothesis explaining the evolutionary origin of the facial pit.
Swimming of larval zebrafish: fin–axis coordination and implications for function and neural control
Authors: Thorsen Dean H. , Cassidy Justin J. , Hale Melina E. 
Published: November 2004

SUMMARYAdult actinopterygian fishes typically perform steady forward swimming using either their pectoral fins or their body axis as the primary propulsor. In most species, when axial undulation is employed for swimming, the pectoral fins are tucked (i.e. adducted) against the body; conversely, when pectoral fins are beating, the body axis is held straight. In contrast to adults,larval fishes can combine their pectoral fin and body-axis movements during locomotion; however, little is known about how these locomotor modes are coordinated. With this study we provide a detailed analysis of the coordinated fin and axial movements during slow and fast swimming by examining forward locomotion in larval zebrafish (Danio rerio L.). In addition, we describe the musculature that powers pectoral fin movement in larval zebrafish and discuss its functional implications. As larvae, zebrafish alternate their pectoral fins during slow swimming (0.011±0.001 mm ms–1) in conjunction with axial undulations of the same frequency (18–28 Hz). During fast swimming (0.109±0.030 mm ms–1; 36–67 Hz), the fins are tucked against the body and propulsion occurs by axial undulation alone. We show that during swimming,larval fishes can use a similar limb–axis coordination pattern to that of walking and running salamanders. We suggest that the fin–axis coordination observed in larval zebrafish may be attributed to a primitive neural circuit and that early terrestrial vertebrates may have gained the ability to coordinate limbs and lateral bending by retaining a larval central pattern generator for limb–axis coordination in the adult life history stage.
Spatial vision in the echinoid genusEchinometra
Authors: Blevins Erin , Johnsen Sönke 
Published: November 2004

SUMMARYAlthough eyes are generally considered necessary for image resolution, a diffuse photoreceptive system with directional sensitivity may also have this ability. Two species of the echinoid genus Echinometra were tested for spatial vision by examining their ability to locate and move towards targets of different sizes. The echinoids were significantly oriented(P&lt;0.0001) towards a target with an angular width of 33° (0.3 sr) but were not oriented to targets with angular widths of 26° and 16°. This ability is probably due to the blocking of off-angle light by the spines, which have approximately the correct spacing for the observed resolution. Spatial vision is advantageous for echinoids of this genus because they leave and return to small dark shelters. This first demonstration of spatial vision in an echinoderm sheds further light on the complex optical structures and photobehaviors found in this phylum.
Supramolecular Hydrogels Formed by l-Lysine Derivatives
Authors: Suzuki Masahiro , Yumoto Mariko , Kimura Mutsumi , Shirai Hirofusa , Hanabusa Kenji 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
New hydrogelators based on l-lysine consisting of water-soluble carboxylate and water-insoluble carboxylic acid can gel water below 1 wt %.
Characterization of Novel Monoclonal Antibodies for Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) with Potency to Recognize PSA Bound to α2-Macroglobulin
Authors: Baumgart Yvonne , Otto Andreas , Schäfer Angelika , Usbeck Elke , Cott Christiane , Schott Astrid , Tornack Maria , Wenzel Anett , Mossie Andualem , Birkenmeier Gerd 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBackground: Different molecular forms of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) have been used to differentiate between benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer. Detecting PSA bound to endogenous inhibitors such as α1-antichymotrypsin (ACT) and α2-macroglobulin (α2M) is often difficult because of epitope masking or sensitivity problems. Here we report the characterization of four novel mouse monoclonal antibodies (mabs) obtained by immunization with PSA-α2M complexes. Their ability to detect free PSA and PSA-inhibitor complexes was shown, and their epitopes were analyzed by phage display technology.Methods: The properties of the mabs were studied by competition and sandwich assays and by Western blotting. Epitope mapping was performed by screening of a phage display peptide library.Results: All four mabs recognized free PSA, PSA-ACT, and PSA-α2M complexes, but to various degrees. With different combinations of mabs in competition experiments, antibodies were identified that enhance binding of other mabs to PSA, forming the molecular basis of a very sensitive assay for the detection of PSA and PSA-ACT complexes. Mabs with highest reactivity for PSA-α2M were selected to establish an immunoassay for that complex. Western blot analysis revealed that all mabs recognized conformational epitopes of PSA. These findings were supported by phage display results demonstrating mimotopes in the PSA molecule.Conclusion: The results presented here could aid in the further development of clinically relevant assays for PSA and PSA-α2M complexes.
The Novel Apolipoprotein A5 Is Present in Human Serum, Is Associated with VLDL, HDL, and Chylomicrons, and Circulates at Very Low Concentrations Compared with Other Apolipoproteins
Authors: O’Brien Peter J , Alborn William E , Sloan John H , Ulmer Maverick , Boodhoo Amechand , Knierman Michael D , Schultze Albert E , Konrad Robert J 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBackground: The recently discovered apolipoprotein A5 (ApoA5) is fast gaining attention as a key regulator of serum triglyceride concentrations. An ApoA5 mouse knock-out model produced an approximately fourfold increase in serum triglycerides, whereas a knock-in model with human ApoA5 produced 50–70% lower concentrations of mouse serum triglycerides. In addition, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α agonists, which are used clinically to lower serum triglyceride concentrations, cause increased ApoA5 mRNA expression. Despite these compelling molecular biology data, relatively little is known about ApoA5 protein in human serum.Methods: To better understand circulating concentrations and lipoprotein particle distribution of ApoA5, we expressed the recombinant human ApoA5 protein and raised antibodies against both the NH2 and COOH termini.Results: Using the above reagents, we demonstrate for the first time that ApoA5 is present in human serum, although at much lower concentrations than other apolipoproteins such as ApoA1. Using a dual-antibody sandwich ELISA that we developed, we observed ApoA5 concentrations in human serum ranging from 24 to 406 μg/L compared with ∼1 g/L for ApoA1. We also examined the lipoprotein particle distribution of ApoA5 and found that ApoA5 was detectable in VLDL, HDL, and chylomicrons, but not LDL.Conclusions: These data demonstrate for the first time that ApoA5 is a secreted protein present in human serum and is associated with specific lipoprotein particles. In addition, our data indicate that the circulating concentration of human ApoA5 is very low compared with other apolipoproteins.
Older Age Is a Risk Factor for the Development of Cardiovascular Sequelae in Kawasaki Disease
Authors: Muta Hiromi , Ishii Masahiro , Sakaue Takahiko , Egami Kimiyasu , Furui Jun , Sugahara Yoko , Akagi Teiji , Nakamura Yoshikazu , Yanagawa Hiroshi , Matsuishi Toyojiro 
Published: November 2004

Objectives. To clarify the characteristics of Kawasaki disease (KD) in children 6 years and older and to determine whether age is a risk factor for cardiovascular abnormalities.
Methods. Patients who had KD and were reported between 1999 and 2000 in the 16th nationwide survey of KD in Japan (n = 15 314) were analyzed. Patients who were aged 6 years or older (older group) were matched with patients who were aged 6 months to 3 years and were treated at the same hospital (younger groups). The total number of analyzed patients was 1498 (749 matched pairs).
Results. The proportion of complete KD in the older group was similar to that in the younger group. Recurrent cases in the older group were significantly more common than those in the younger group (9% vs 2%). The proportion of patients who were treated with intravenous γ-globulin in the older group was significantly lower than that in the younger group (82% vs 87%). The proportion of older group patients who were treated with intravenous γ-globulin at or after 7 days of illness was significantly higher than that in the younger group (35% vs 14%). There was a higher prevalence of cardiovascular abnormalities in the older group than in the younger group (20% vs 15%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that older age was an independent risk factor for cardiovascular sequelae (odds ratio: 1.58; 95% confidence interval: 1.01–2.46).
Conclusions. In children older than 6 years, age is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular sequelae in KD.
Head Circumference and Body Proportions Before and During Growth Hormone Treatment in Short Children Who Were Born Small for Gestational Age
Authors: Arends Nicolette J.T. , Boonstra Venje H. , Hokken-Koelega Anita C.S. 
Published: November 2004

Objective. Although short children who were born small for gestational age (SGA) seem to have normal body proportions, objective data both before and during growth hormone (GH) treatment are very limited. Therefore, we investigated in a large group of short children who were born SGA the effects of GH treatment versus no treatment on head circumference (HC) and body proportions. Furthermore, we studied differences in linear growth and HC between SGA children who were born with a low birth length and birth weight (SGAL+W) and SGA children who were born with a low birth length only (SGAL).
Methods. An open-labeled, GH-controlled, multicenter study was conducted for 3 years. Non–GH-deficient short SGA children (n = 87), with a mean age (standard deviation) of 5.9 (1.5) years, were randomized to either a GH group (n = 61), receiving GH in a dose of 33 μg/kg/day, or an untreated control group (n = 26). Height; weight; HC; sitting height; armspan; and hand, tibial, and foot size were measured and expressed as standard deviation score (SDS) adjusting for gender and age.
Results. At baseline, all anthropometric measurements, except HC SDS, were significantly lower compared with −2 SDS. During GH treatment, all anthropometric measurements normalized in accordance to the normalization of height SDS. At the start of the study, mean HC SDS was significantly lower in SGAL+W children compared with SGAL children. It is interesting that most (14 of 16) children with an HC SDS less than −2.00 had been born SGAL+W. During GH treatment, the 3-year increase in height, HC, and other anthropometric measurements was comparable between SGAL+W and SGAL children. In both SGAL+W and SGAL control subjects, no changes in SDSs of height, HC, and other anthropometric measurements were found during the 3-year follow-up period.
Conclusions. Untreated short SGA children have normal body proportions with the exception of HC, which is relatively large in many of these children. SGAL+W children still had a smaller HC at the age of 5.9 years compared with SGAL children. Three years of GH treatment induced a proportionate growth resulting in a normalization of height and other anthropometric measurements, including HC, in contrast to untreated SGA control subjects.
Population-Based Impact of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Young Children
Authors: Poehling Katherine A. , Lafleur Bonnie J. , Szilagyi Peter G. , Edwards Kathryn M. , Mitchel Ed , Barth Richard , Schwartz Benjamin , Griffin Marie R. 
Published: November 2004

Objective. To determine the population impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) on pneumococcal-related diseases, including pneumonia and otitis media.
Methods. Using administrative data from Tennessee Medicaid and 3 commercial insurance plans in upstate New York, we measured annual rates of medical visits for pneumococcal-related diseases (pneumococcal and nonspecific pneumonia and invasive disease; otitis media) and pneumococcal-unrelated diseases (other acute respiratory illnesses). Disease rates before (1995–2000 in Tennessee; 1998–2000 in New York) and after (2000–2002) PCV licensure were calculated for children aged &lt;2 years (eligible for PCV) and those 3 to 5 years (not routinely given PCV). Because annual variations should affect both age groups similarly and vaccine-related outcomes should preferentially decline in younger children, ratios (&lt;2:3–5 years) of disease rates before and after PCV licensure were compared. Expected disease rates were calculated for children aged &lt;2 years in each postvaccine year. The difference between observed and expected disease rates was the estimated vaccine effect.
Results. In 2001–2002, there were 67 380 and 9485 child-years of observation for Tennessee and New York children aged &lt;2 years, respectively. We observed fewer visits for pneumonia and invasive disease per 1000 children than expected in both regions: 20 fewer emergency department or outpatient visits in Tennessee and 33 fewer outpatient visits in New York. Otitis media visits declined by 118 and 430 per 1000 children in Tennessee and New York, respectively.
Conclusions. Adding PCV to the childhood immunization schedule was associated with a 10-fold greater reduction in pneumonia and a 100-fold greater reduction in otitis media than the previously reported reduction in culture-confirmed invasive pneumococcal diseases of 1.3 episodes per 1000 children aged &lt;2 years. Although additional studies are needed to confirm the impact of routine immunization with PCV on pneumococcal-related disease, these results suggest that its impact is substantially greater than the effects on invasive disease alone.
Does Sleep or Sleep Deprivation Increase Epileptiform Discharges in Pediatric Electroencephalograms?
Authors: Gilbert Donald L. , DeRoos Steven , Bare Mary A. 
Published: November 2004

Objective. Sleep deprivation before obtaining an electroencephalogram (EEG) is believed both to increase the likelihood of sleep during an EEG and to increase the detection of interictal epileptiform discharges. However, depriving a child of sleep poses a burden on both the parent and the child. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of sleep, standard sleep deprivation, partial sleep deprivation, and no sleep deprivation on the odds of an epileptiform abnormality in outpatient pediatric EEGs.
Methods. Data were collected from all pediatric EEGs performed at a busy, university-based neurologic practice during two 2-month periods. During the first period, all EEGs were performed as ordered, either standard sleep-deprived (SSD) or non–sleep-deprived (NSD). During the second 2 months, SSD EEGs were performed per routine. However, non-SSD families were instructed to keep their children awake 2 hours later the night before the EEG. Those who complied were classified as partially sleep-deprived (PSD). Patient characteristics across protocols were compared with χ2 and analysis of variance tests as appropriate. The odds of epileptiform and abnormal findings associated with sleep, NSD, PSD, and SSD EEGs were calculated using logistic regression.
Results. Of 820 eligible EEGs, sleep occurred in 22% of NSD, 44% of PSD, and 57% of SSD EEGs. The sample size of this study allowed for an 85% power, with α of .05, to detect an absolute increased EEG yield of 10%. Neither the presence of sleep (odds ratio [OR]: 0.99; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.69-1.42) nor the use of PSD (OR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.50-1.62) or SSD (OR: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.63-1.47) protocols increased the odds of epileptiform EEGs.
Conclusions. Sleep deprivation should not be used routinely to increase the yield of pediatric EEGs.
Puberty and the Onset of Substance Use and Abuse
Authors: Patton George C. , McMorris Barbara J. , Toumbourou John W. , Hemphill Sheryl A. , Donath Susan , Catalano Richard F. 
Published: November 2004

Objective. Substance abuse remains one of the major threats to adolescent health in Western cultures. The study aim was to ascertain the extent of association between pubertal development and early adolescent substance use.Methods. The design was a cross-sectional survey of 10- to 15-year-old subjects in the states of Washington, United States, and Victoria, Australia. Participants were 5769 students in grades 5, 7, and 9, drawn as a 2-stage cluster sample in each state, and the questionnaire was completed in the school classrooms. The main outcomes of the study were lifetime substance use (tobacco use, having been drunk, or cannabis use), recent substance use (tobacco, alcohol, or cannabis use in the previous month), and substance abuse (daily smoking, any binge drinking, drinking at least weekly, or cannabis use at least weekly).Results. The odds of lifetime substance use were almost twofold higher (odds ratio [OR]: 1.7; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.4–2.1) in midpuberty (Tanner stage III) and were threefold higher (OR: 3.1; 95% CI: 2.4–4.2) in late puberty (Tanner stage IV/V), after adjustment for age and school grade level. Recent substance use was moderately higher (OR: 1.4; 95% CI: 1.0–1.9) in midpuberty and more than twofold higher (OR: 2.3; 95% CI: 1.7–3.3) in late puberty. The odds of substance abuse were twofold higher (OR: 2.0; 95% CI: 1.2–3.2) in midpuberty and more than threefold higher (OR: 3.5; 95% CI: 2.2–5.4) in late puberty. Reporting most friends as substance users was more likely in the later stages of pubertal development, a relationship that accounted in part for the association found between later pubertal stage and substance abuse.Conclusions. Pubertal stage was associated with higher rates of substance use and abuse independent of age and school grade level. Early maturers had higher levels of substance use because they entered the risk period at an earlier point than did late maturers. The study findings support prevention strategies and policies that decrease recreational substance use within the peer social group in the early teens.
Congenital Aplastic Anemia Caused by Mutations in the SBDS Gene: A Rare Presentation of Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome
Authors: Kuijpers Taco W. , Nannenberg Eline , Alders Marielle , Bredius Robbert , Hennekam Raoul C. M. 
Published: November 2004

Clinical Findings. Aplastic anemia was diagnosed at birth for a first child from healthy nonconsanguineous parents. The girl had hypoglycemia, which normalized within 2 months. Cow milk allergy was suspected initially, because of skin lesions and diarrhea, followed by severe growth retardation. Clinical and radiologic symptoms gradually became typical for Shwachman-Diamond syndrome. Two common mutations in the SBDS gene (183-184TA→CT [K62X] and IVS2(258)+2T→ C [C84fs]) were found.
Results. Bone marrow transplantation from a matched unrelated donor was unsuccessful. The genetic information from the deceased patient enabled us to perform prenatal molecular studies during the subsequent pregnancy, successfully predicting a nonaffected child.
Conclusions. This report describes for the first time the hematologic abnormalities of congenital aplastic anemia and prolonged neonatal hypoglycemia as the presenting symptoms of Shwachman-Diamond syndrome. The finding of common mutations in the presence of these symptoms at birth suggests the lack of a clear phenotype-genotype relationship in this syndrome.