bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Saints and Sinners
Authors: Karras Ruth Mazo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like law, like secular literature, the teachings of the medieval church did not promote a unitary understanding of what it meant to be a whore. The whore’s fundamental distinguishing characteristic was sexual immorality, yet the connection with financial exchange was pervasive enough to give all references to whoredom, indeed all considerations of female sexuality, the taint of venality. All of the late medieval church’s teachings about prostitution and about whoredom must be seen against the background of a general hostility to sexuality and a widespread misogyny. This chapter first presents this background, then focuses on medieval analyses of the sin of lust in particular. I then move on to the specific discussions and representations of commercial sex in medieval pastoral texts and saints’ lives and analyze how these texts constructed the image of the whore. The focus is especially on negative attitudes toward women based on their sexuality. I do not argue that the church’s view of women was univocally negative, nor that women internalized this negative view. Medieval culture was not monolithically hostile to women; queens, holy women, even ordinary wives and mothers could be respected and revered.
The Psychiatric Mental Status Examination
Authors: Trzepacz Paula T , Baker Robert W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Developed from years of teaching psychiatry to medical students and residents, this comprehensive text meets a need in the teaching of literature and will be valuable to both students first learning about the MSE and seasoned clinicians seeking an informative reference. The clinical relevance of mental status abnormalities is illustrated through frequent examples of disorders that can cause the particular signs and symptoms defined in each chapter. A final chapter describing fictional case histories with hypothetical examples of written mental status reports will be particularly useful for those learning to write such reports. This text is an important addition to the libraries of students and practitioners who work with psychiatric patients and should help to simplify and organize a challenging task.
The November Crisis
Authors: Roshwald Aviel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It did not take long for the practical ramifications of the Lebanese political transformation to manifest themselves. The day after the election of the new government, Helleu reported that Syria and Lebanon intended jointly to raise demands for the transfer of the Common Interests to their control. Helleu was opposed to this pending the negotiation of treaties, arguing that: “If we had no pledge at our disposal, we would not be able to obtain satisfactory guarantees in the course of the negotiation.” Catroux supported this position and the delegate-general was instructed to propose the formal linking of the two issues in talks with the Levant states.2
Southeast Asia
Authors: Manuel Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vietnam, with a present population of over 60 million, has one of the richest musical cultures of Southeast Asia. Aside from the wealth of folk and religious musics, Vietnam possesses a sophisticated art music tradi­tion which, although heavily influenced by that of China, has a distinct flavor and theoretical basis of its own. In the realm of popular music, Vietnam enjoys a vitality and individuality unrivaled by contemporary musics in smaller, war-ravaged Laos and Cambodia, as well as in Thai­land and Malaysia, where, with the exception of the Malay-Indonesian dangdut and Thai Zuk tung, Western-style pop predominates.
China
Authors: Manuel Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the development and direction of popular music are reflections of socio-economic change and modernization, then the study of Chinese popular music should be of particular interest. China's dramatic social upheavals in this century-most notably, of course, the Communist Revolution-have indeed contributed to an accompanying revolution in the field of music; these musical developments are of interest not only because of their impact on the lives of one-fifth of the world's popula­tion, but also because of their illustration of the possible effects of socio­political changes upon music.
Women And Children In Health Care
Authors: Mahowald Mary Briody 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ideal of equality constitutes a criterion for assessing current practice through attention to differences among individuals and groups. Inequality occurs when irrelevant differences are invoked in order to secure power or advantages over others. This book examines health care issues from an egalitarian perspective, focusing particularly on those that affect the lives of women and children. These are some of the most hotly debated, controversial, yet genuinely humanitarian issues of our time. They include gender stereotypes in medicine and in adolescent socialization, fertility curtailment and enhancement, coercive treatment during pregnancy, fetal tissue transplantation, decisions regarding newborns, decision-making by minors, the feminization of poverty and its impact on women’s and children’s health, and the meaning and role of “family” in health care decisions. The book describes a case-based or “feminine” model of reasoning as appropriate to the health care setting, but also as a possible rationale for exploitation of women. Different versions of feminism are clearly explained and specifically related to care-based reasoning. To overcome the pitfalls of paternalism and excessive stress on patient autonomy, a concept of “parentalism” is defended. An egalitarian perspective, the author claims, involves use of one’s power to empower others. Because of the timeliness of the topics discussed, and the depth of detail, this book will be necessary reading for all bioethicists, health-care analysts and policy-makers, and women’s studies researchers.
Children and Moral Agency
Authors: Mahowald Mary Briody 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Recent moral philosophy,” according to Geoffrey Scarre, “has been guilty of child neglect.”‘ In this chapter I attempt to redress that neglect by focusing on the possibilities for moral agency in children, particularly in the health care setting. I examine the meaning of moral agency and its applicability to children in light of specific examples, studies of child development, and variables that influence moral agency in adults as well as children. I also consider children’s concepts of illness and death, and possibilities for promoting their moral agency in pediatric practice. What motivates my analysis is a concern that children, like women, are often treated stereotypically, without taking account of the differences in maturity, family circumstances, talents, and needs that exist among them as individuals. From an egalitarian standpoint, the differences are surely relevant.
The Repertory of Freedom
Authors: King Richard H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Freedom in its various guises has been a central theme in Western thought. At any particular place and time, the dominant meaning of freedom and its sphere of primary relevance (sacred or secular, personal or collective; economic, social, cultural, or political) will vary. The set of ways of defining and applying freedom in the political thought and culture of the West is what I will call the “repertory” of freedom.
Whistler & the Sufficiency of Art
Authors: Crunden Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The family seemed normally American. In its heritage, religion, business connections, and geographical locations, the Whistler clan and its in-laws gave every indication of producing young pillars of the republic, the women tending to religion and the men to commerce. Yet the accidents of inheritance and the whims of an emperor intervened to nourish an artist whose works and ideas helped free art from decades of convention and too comfortable a place in the homes of the newly rich.
Henry James & the Drama of Consciousness
Authors: Crunden Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the course of his ceaseless fretting about the well-being of his children, Henry James, Sr., wrote to his friend Emerson in 1849 that he was gravely pondering “whether it wouldn’t be better to go abroad for a few years with them, allowing them to absorb French and German and get such a sensuous education as they can’t get here.” Even to consider that a sensuous education was desirable made James an unusual father; to act as he did was even more unusual. Not only did the James children become “hotel children,” uprooted constantly from any place that might be considered home, they never had to adjust to organized schooling, with the discipline and socialization that such an experience brought. They never knew the strict Calvinism that had been so much a part of their father’s world, and they experienced sermons and theology as quaint persistances of a culture becoming extinct as they watched it. They never needed to concern themselves much with the worlds of business or politics that had been so central to the life of Grandfather William. They never needed to accustom themselves to America at all.
New Orleans
Authors: Crunden Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In every way, New Orleans was different from the other cities which incubated American modernism. Its heritage was cosmopolitan but predominantly French; it was Roman Catholic in religion; it was sexually liberated; it was proud of the arts and cultivated them. Of the arts available, music predominated: Philadelphia could have poetry, Chicago the novel, and Baltimore criticism; in New Orleans, people danced, sang, and played. Drawing inspiration from all over the South and Southwest, from St. Louis and Kansas City as well as the smallest Mississippi hamlets, New Orleans put it all together. The sounds of New Orleans helped liberate Western music from European conventions: as Los Angeles helped liberate the eye, so New Orleans liberated the ear.
Los Angeles
Authors: Crunden Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The American film industry settled in Los Angeles in a swift series of moves that lasted scarcely a decade. In 1906, the American Biograph and Mutoscope Company established a studio, and a year later, Colonel William Selig moved in a film crew to complete The Count of Monte Cristo. Adam Kessel and Charles Baumann arrived in 1909, and D.W. Griffith was right behind them. In 1911, two Englishmen who owned the Centaur Company established a branch office; Selig, Pathe, and Bison were in Edendale and Kalem was in Glendale. By the time America entered World War I in 1917, Los Angeles and especially the exurban area known as Hollywood, had become the center of American film production. Since the war effectively restricted the operation of most non-American filmmakers, Los Angeles dominated the industry world-wide.
Alfred Stieglitz
Authors: Crunden Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modernism was an outgrowth of urban culture, and no city in America was as productive as New York. All but culturally barren in many decades of American history, it had shown some life in the days of James Fenimore Cooper and Washington Irving, and an occasional novelist or diarist produced work that still commands critical attention. But New York remained forever derivative, no matter how educated and tolerant a few of its leading citizens might become, until the early years of the twentieth century. But that time, the forces of commerce, institutionalized culture, and proximity to Europe became irresistible. New York was the place by about 1912 or 1913, and never gave up the lead thereafter. Only the attractions of London and Paris rivaled it for Americans.1
Walter and Louise Arensberg
Authors: Crunden Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of the three major New York salons, that of Walter and Louise Arensberg was the least known to the public and remains the least documented. It was also the most important in terms of its long-range impact on cultural history. In poetry, painting, and music it was crucial in numerous ways; and in that nebulous genre which should exist to include machine art and readymades, it was always preeminent. There, far more than in the Stieglitz salon which it often overlapped, vital issues of two-dimensional and four-dimensional art came up for discussion; and there, far beyond the dreams of anyone in 291, Europe and America not only met and intermingled, but cross-fertilized: sexually, obscenely, mechanically, comically, interdisciplinarily, linguistically, and even artistically.
Introduction
Authors: Ross Malcolm , Durie Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is about the classical comparative method of historical linguistics.1 When historical linguists talk about the ‘comparative method’, what they usually have in mind is not just a method but also an associated theory, and the contributors to this volume are no exception to this generalisation. For over a century a mainstay of the associated theory has been the ‘Neo grammarian hypothesis’, set out by Osthoff and Brugmann (1878) in the manifesto which sought to bring scholarly rigour to historical linguistics: ‘[E]very sound change, inasmuch as it occurs mechanically, takes place according to laws that admit no exception.’ (translated in Lehmann 1967: 204).
Natural Tendencies of Semantic Change and the Search for Cognates1
Authors: Wilkins David P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In general, the criteria of formal reconstruction can be strict because they stem from precise rules that cannot be set aside unless one is in a position to substitute more exact rules for them. The whole apparatus of phonetics and morphology enters in to sustain or refute these endeavours. But when it is a matter of meaning, one has as a guide only acertain probability based on ‘common sense, on the personal evaluation of the linguist, and on the parallels that he can cite. The problem is always, at all levels of analysis, within just one language or at different stages of a comparative reconstruction, to determine if and how two morphemes which are formally identical or similar can be shown to coincide in meaning. (Benveniste 1971: 249)The first and most fundamental step in comparative reconstruction is the identification of tentative cognates, and the first tool which tends to be employed in the search for cognates is a Swadesh-type basic vocabulary list of between fifty and two hundred items. In employing such lists it is common to examine the forms which the languages under comparison show for a particular gloss and, armed with a knowledge of what are plausible phonetic and phonological changes, determine which items within the set are formally similar. During this process, one may notice, or know of, a form which is phonologically similar to one of the forms under inspection, but which has a different meaning. When this occurs, one is faced with the problem of deciding whether or not these formally similar items are also semantically similar and, thus, whether or not they should be considered possible cognates. Swadesh (1972: 39) admits that ‘[t]he problems of cognate identification are, of course complicated by semantic change, which ... is extremely frequent’, and it is therefore ‘a commonplace rule of comparative linguistics that meanings of cognate forms need not be identical’.
White
Authors: Rorabaugh W J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On March 25, 1962, President John Fitzgerald Kennedy came to Berkeley to give the annual Charter Day speech. After a luncheon with the University of California Regents and President Clark Kerr at University House on campus, Kennedy made his way to Memorial Stadium, where he spoke to 88,000 people. It was the largest audience Kennedy ever addressed in person. On this happy occasion there were few pickets, and people noted the brisk breezes of a California spring, the sunshine glinting off the president’s reddish-brown hair, the good humor and enthusiastic applause of the crowd, and Kennedy’s unusual rapport with young people.
Are Humans Unique?
Authors: Corballis Michael C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So Said Hamlet, in an outburst of human (and male) chauvinism. Admiration of our own species is a common human foible; we humans have long attributed to ourselves special qualities of mind, spirit, or morality that are denied all other creatures. Religions seem to play a special role in this by bestowing uniquely upon us an immortal soul or by tracing our origins to some divine act of creation. Indeed, it may be argued that religions exist as much for the glorification of humans as for the worship of gods.
Applied Demography for Biologists
Authors: Carey James R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many important biological problems are concerned with birth, death, and population change - the basis of classical demographic research. Yet few biologists are aware that the well-developed principles of human demography can be applied to biological problems. This book introduces biologists to population studies and shows how to apply demographic principles and techniques in research. It outlines general principles - life tables, growth models, stable population theory - and provides examples from entomology. The book is based on the author’s insect demography course at the University of California, Davis. It is intended as a reference handbook for ecologists, population biologists, and entomologists, and as a graduate text in basic demography for advanced biology and ecology students.
Reproduction
Authors: Carey James R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fertility rates were ignored historically probably because they had nothing directly to do with annuities. H. Nicander published a paper on fertility rates around 1800. These were used by Milne in 1815 in his treatise on annuities and by Bockh in 1886, who introduced what is now known as the net reproductive rate—expected progeny to an individual just born.
Anxiety In History
Authors: Loewenberg Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anxiety is the most pervasive presenting complaint in the modern world,1 but it is as ancient as the Bible. It is the most important factor in politics, both democratic and authoritarian, and yet it is the least un derstood component of decision making. I will examine the function of anxiety in history and politics in an effort to enhance our understanding of its process and effects.
Consolidating the Foundations: 1796-1825
Authors: LeDonne John P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The accession of Paul in November 1796 represented a military coup by the head of the Romanov house against an oligarchic government of ruling families. The tsar, an adult male for the first time in the 71 years since the death of Peter in 1725,1 asserted his authority as commander in chief, proceeded to secure a political base in the army, began a buildup of the Guard, and created an institutional mechanism giving the military establishment an independence it had never before been able to achieve, even under Potemkin. The long conflict with revolutionary France facilitated this renewed transformation of the ruler into a commander in chief and the militarization of the imperial government, a phenomenon that outlived the war and reached its apogee during the reign of Nicholas I.
Civil Law
Authors: LeDonne John P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Russian law distinguished between real (“immovable’’) and personal (“movable”) property, and real property was in turn divided into patrimonial (rodovoe) and acquired (blagopriobretennoe) property.1 Real property-land, whether settled with peasants or empty-included its fixtures, such as forests, orchards, gardens, hayfields, houses, church and factory buildings, saltworks, trade shops (lavk1), barns and cellars (pogreby); and its appurtenances, such as rivers, lakes and swamps, roads, metals and minerals in the subsoil, mills, dams, bridges, and landings, as well as deeds, survey maps, and ledgers. Until 1714 real property held “in service” (pomest’e) was distinguished from that held “in demesne” (votchina), the chief difference being that the disposal of the former required the assent of the Pomestnyi Prikaz.
Conclusion
Authors: LeDonne John P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the eve of Peter’s assumption of the full powers of his office in 1696, Russia was governed by a Romanov house a mere three generations old and by a constellation of families revolving around it. The leading families were the Dolgorukovs, the Saltykovs, and the Golitsyns on the one hand; the Streshnevs, Naryshkins, Lopukhins, and Kurakins on the other. These families, supported by relatives and clients, made up the core of the Russian ruling elite, filled the ranks of the Duma, and staffed the executive agencies of a government still indistinguishable from the extensive household of the ruling family.
Agents of Change: Jesuits in the Post-Columbian World
Authors: Axtell James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some Invitations To Give Lectures or Write Articles feel just right: the desired topics seem comfortably within one’s intellectual range or reach. If my teaching, family, and un solicited writing obligations permit, I usually succumb to such enticements, particularly if the proffered audience, location, or honorarium is congenial. Outside offers serve as antidotes to our natural torpor and spurs to purposeful activity; if we’re publishing, we’re usually not perishing. But a few invitations come as a surprise, apparently based on a false or skewed impression of one’s scholarly depth, breadth, or interests. These I don’t hesitate to decline, in order to save everyone future embarrassment.
Beyond 1992
Authors: Axtell James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Columbian Quincentenary Has Generated An abundance of public and academic scholarship, most of it of high quality. Perhaps quixotically, I have attempted to keep up with the flow for the sake of my teaching, my writing, and the American Historical Association’s Columbus Quincentenary Commit tee, which I chaired for its last two years. I also made the attempt out of sheer interest in the rare phenomenon of an international (rather than mere national) observance, and because this book needed a concluding chapter that looked beyond 1992.
Representing the Body Politic: The Paradox of Gender in the Graphic Politics of the French Revolution
Authors: Landes Joan B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even under optimal circumstances, the trial and execution of a king as occurred in France in 1793 would not be a trivial matter. To the king’s supporters, the revolutionaries were guilty of the most awful form of parricide and a capital crime against the whole community. The Convention’s action was predicated upon a striking inversion: The king’s once sacred body had to become first a criminal body; one condemned according to a new, higher morality of crimes against the public’s liberty and the state’s security. Any judgment implies both a judge and the law. Indeed, in this unusual proceeding, a new (popular) sovereign, its representatives, and its legal code were in evidence. In this sovereign’s name the regicides acted.
“Equality” and “Difference” in Historical Perspective: A Comparative Examination of the Feminisms of French Revolutionaries and Utopian Socialists
Authors: Moses Claire Goldberg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has become common practice among today’s feminists to speak of two opposing tendencies within the movement. One tendency—that of a so-called equality group—emphasizes the similarities between women and men, affirms androgyny, and argues that an equal rights, gender blind strategy is the sensible way to achieve women’s freedom and equality. A second tendency—that of a so-called difference group—emphasizes the differences between women and men, affirms the female, and argues that sex-differentiated policies may be necessary to achieve gender justice. Although most feminists have aligned themselves clearly with one or the other of the two tendencies, some others are now suggesting that we must accept contradiction and argue from one or the other position as circumstances warrant.