bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interactions between perception and action systems: a model for selective action
Authors: Ward Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A model of selective processing in vision and action is described. The selective action network is an alternative to traditional accounts describing the relationship between visual processing and action. Standard one-way models assume that action is the terminal output stage of processing, with no impact on previous processes of visual perception and attention. In contrast, the selective action model proposes simultaneous influence among many systems, processing spatial and non-spatial visual attributes of objects, spatial and non-spatial components of action, and intention or goals. In the model, plans for location serve to bias selective perceptual processing towards relevant objects, in much the same way that visual processing can be biased towards particular locations or particular object features. Selective processing in the network emerges in a gradual and coordinated way, so that representations of a single object and its implications for action comes to dominate across multiple systems of perception and action.
The Metabolic Functions of Glial Cells
Authors: Pellerin L , Therianos S , Magistretti P J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cellular and molecular processes that underlie brain development during embryonic and early postnatal life are critically dependent on energy substrate availability. From a strictly energetic point of view, the brain has long been considered as being homogeneous, with the full oxidation of circulating glucose as the exclusive provider of energy sources. However, there is emerging evidence that brain energy metabolism is spatially and temporally regulated in-register with locally determined neural patterns of activity. In addition, a tightly controlled exchange of cell-specific neuronal signals and energy substrates occurs. Analysis of activity-determined metabolic fluxes at the cellular level has revealed the existence in the adult nervous system of a functional partnership between glial cells, particularly astrocytes, and neurons. While the role of glia in developmental processes such as neuronal migration and myelination is relatively well characterized, much less is known about the way in which these cells contribute to energy metabolism regulation during development. Specific questions such as ‘how do glial cells energetically sustain the formation of the nervous system’, ‘which metabolic pathways are preferentially active during early development’ and ‘what is the role of particular energy-related enzymes in determining the neuronal or glial fate from precursor cells?’ are only now beginning to be addressed.
General linear models for longitudinal data
Authors: Diggle Peter J , Heagerty Patrick J , Liang Kung-yee. , Zeger Scott L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this and the next chapter, our aim is to develop a general linear modelling framework for longitudinal data, in which the inferences we make about the regression parameters of primary interest recognize the likely correlation structure in the data. Two ways of achieving this are to build explicit parametric models of the covariance structure whose validity can be checked against the available data or, where possible, to use methods of inference which are robust to misspecification of the covariance structure.
Parametric models for covariance structure
Authors: Diggle Peter J , Heagerty Patrick J , Liang Kung-yee. , Zeger Scott L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we continue with the general linear model (GLM) (4.2.1) for the data, but assume that the covariance structure of the sequence of measurements on each experimental unit is to be specified by the values of a few unknown parameters. Examples include the uniform correlation model (4.2.2) and the exponential correlation model (4.2.4), each of which uses two parameters to define the covariance structure.
Marginal models
Authors: Diggle Peter J , Heagerty Patrick J , Liang Kung-yee. , Zeger Scott L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes regression methods that characterize the marginal expectation of a discrete or continuous response, Y , as a function of explanatory variables. The methods are designed to permit separate modelling of the regression of Y on x, and the association among repeated observations of Y for each individual. Marginal models are appropriate when inferences about the population-average are the focus. For example, in a clinical trial the average difference between control and treatment is most important, not the difference for any one individual. Marginal models are also useful for epidemiological studies. For example, in the Indonesian Children’s Health Study (ICHS), a marginal model can be used to address questions such as:
Kinetic analysis of ribozyme cleavage
Authors: Bevilacqua Philip C , Brown Trevor S , Chadalavada Durga M , Parente Amy Diegelman , Yajima Rieko 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an introduction to kinetic analysis of catalytic RNAs (ribozymes). We discuss choosing a ribozyme and designing experiments to test hypotheses. Practical issues are emphasized including preparing an active and uniform RNA population (Protocol 1), deriving kinetics equations (Protocol 2), and fitting and simulating data (Protocol 3). Later sections provide protocols for designing and preparing RNA (Protocol 4), and for kinetics experiments (Protocol 5). We conclude with a brief overview of other kinetics methods.
A fluorescent sensor to assay inorganic phosphate
Authors: Webb Martin R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is a simple anion that can undergo rapid turnover in cells, especially due to its incorporation into the nucleoside triphosphate pool via the mitochondrial ATP synthase. Phosphate, particularly as esters and anhydrides, participates in many metabolic processes, before finally Pi is released via enzymes such as phosphatases and nucleoside triphosphatases. Functionally many phosphatases are important control elements, for example, controlling the level of phosphorylation of a protein and hence its activity. Nucleoside triphosphatases are involved in a wide range of biological processes, including nitrogen fixation, motility, transport, and signal transduction as well as many aspects of DNA processing and expression of proteins.
What to do if there is no signal: using competition experiments to determine binding parameters
Authors: Thomä Nicolas , Goody Roger S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When characterizing protein-protein or protein-ligand interactions, intrinsic absorbance or fluorescence signals are often not available in sufficient quality to monitor binding. Extrinsic signals originating from fluorescent substrate or ligand analogues, or from proteins carrying fluorescent reporter groups, have been widely used to circumvent this shortcoming. Routinely this approach allows determination of affinities as well as rate constants between the labelled ligand and its binding partner. However, the question of the binding parameters of the non-fluorescent, natural ligand or the unmodified protein often remains unanswered.
The complex plane
Authors: Priestley H A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Complex analysis has its roots in the algebraic, geometric, and topological structure of the complex plane. This chapter starts to explore these foundations. It is assumed that the reader has previously been introduced to complex numbers, and has had some practice in manipulating them. Consequently the first part of the chapter is designed to be a refresher course. It contains a summary of basic properties, presented without undue formality.
Multifunctions
Authors: Priestley H A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Multifunctions are hard to avoid. Many complex functions, like the complex exponential, are not globally one-to-one. We may view such a function as having an inverse, so long as we allow the inverse to be a multifunction. Constructing, at least locally, a well-behaved functional inverse will involve extracting a suitable value from this multifunction at each point of the domain. We have already seen how to make a selection of values from the logarithm and from a fractional power of z to arrive at a holomorphic function.
Cauchy’s theorem: basic track
Authors: Priestley H A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recall that in 4.3 we defined a contour to be a simple closed path whose image is made up of a finite number of line segments and circular arcs. Our purpose in introducing contours was to avoid the geometrical complexity that general closed paths may exhibit. In particular, we proved that a contour γ has an inside I(γ) and an outside O(γ) (Theorem 4.6, a restricted form of the Jordan curve theorem).
Cauchy’s formulae
Authors: Priestley H A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Armed with Cauchy’s theorem we can prove a host of striking results about holomorphic functions. These stem from the Cauchy formulae which we derive in this chapter. We are then able to prove the following, with relative ease.
All this is in sharp contrast to the behaviour of real-valued functions on JR. The contrast is very welcome: the theorems are not hedged around with unmemorable technical restrictions.
Cauchy’s integral formula expresses the value of a holomorphic function at a point a in terms of a ‘boundary value integral’ taken round a contour encircling the point.
In Cauchy’s theorem, the orientation of the contour did not need to be specified. In Cauchy’s integral formula, and all subsequent results giving formulae for integrals whose values are not in general zero, the contour is taken to be positively oriented.
The Laplace transform
Authors: Priestley H A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On one level, integral transforms provide a versatile and systematic method for solving equations; on another, they form the starting point for a rich theory having connections with many important branches of pure and applied mathematics. This chapter and the following one treat the rudiments of the theory and applications of the best-known and most useful integral transforms: the Laplace transform and the Fourier transform. As explained in the preface, the emphasis is on the part complex analysis plays. Readers who want to concentrate on methods, taking on trust the theory which underpins these, can simply skip the more theoretical parts of this chapter. Others will wish to understand the theory and for them we provide an introductory account of this.
The motivating idea is a very simple one: if you cannot solve a given problem, transform it into a simpler one you can solve. Find the solution of the simpler problem, and then use this to capture the solution to the original problem.
The endocrine system of herbivores listens to host-plant signals
Authors: Schoonhoven Louis M , Loon Joop J A van , Dicke Marcel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Few places on earth provide conditions for the growth of plants and animals that remain constant throughout the year. Usually favourable seasons alternate with periods of low temperatures or drought. Plants tide themselves over these adverse periods by shedding their leaves, or the aboveground parts may die back completely. Annual species wait for the new growing season as dormant seeds in the soil.
Structural brain MRI studies in childhood-onset schizophrenia and childhood atypical psychosis
Authors: Gogtay Nitin , Sporn Alexandra , Rapoport Judith L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It had long been thought that serious childhood psychiatric disorders reflect subtle abnormalities of brain development. Newer imaging technologies have been crucial for supporting and extending this view. While the use of ionizing radiation had limited the use of CAT (computerized axial tomography) and PET (positron emission tomography) scanning in children, the advent of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) has made brain imaging a key part of child psychiatric research (Go gate et al. 2001). These non-invasive and relatively simple techniques allow reliable, automated quantitative measurements of multiple brain regions (Collins et al. 1999). Generally regarded as ‘minimal risk’, it is now possible to gather both normative and disease-specific data in children (Giedd et al. 1996, 1999a; Thompson et al. 2000, 2001).
Automated analysis of structural MRI data
Authors: Thompson Paul M , Rapoport Judith L , Cannon Tyrone D , Toga Arthur W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent advances in medical imaging have revolutionized our ability to investigate disease. Current brain mapping initiatives are charting brain structure and function in thousands of subjects [e.g. Rapoport et al. (1999): N = 1000+ children and adolescents; Mazziotta et al. (2001): N = 7000, including 5800 genotyped subjects and 342 mono- and dizygotic twins]. An urgent goal of these projects is to analyze patterns of altered brain structure and function in disorders such as schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s disease, and abnormal childhood development.
A Nonparametric Bayesian Approach to Inverse Problems
Authors: Wolpert Robert L , Hansen Katja Ickstadt Martin B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We propose a new method for making inference about an unknown measure Γ (d λ) upon observing some values of the Fredholm integral g(w) = f k(w, λ)T(d λ) of a known kernel k(w, A), using Levy random fields as Bayesian prior distributions for modelling uncertainty about T(d λ). Inference is based on simulation-based MCMC methods. The method is illustrated with a problem in polymer chemistry.
The FEM for stochastic structures based on the exact inverse of the stiffness matrix
Authors: Elishakoff Isaac , Ren Yongjian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You addressed to me a question of whether inverse stiffness matrix of say, finite element static problems, has ever been calculated analytically. Of course this HAS been done for single elements and occasionally for small assemblies, but never for any significant problems— O. C. Zienkiewicz (1993). Deflections of structures depend on the material properties—e.g. stiffness or equivalently flexibilities. These properties may be given in terms of random fields. Since these fields are the reciprocal of one another they essentially hold the same information about the random variation of material properties. However, a discretization of a stiffness field and a discretization of its corresponding flexibility field do not necessarily give equivalent representations of the material properties. Hence one is met with the problem of choosing among different formulations: which one will be the best in a given sense?—N. J. Tarp-Johansen and O. Ditlevsen (1997).
Taking Chances
Authors: Haigh John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What are the odds against winning the Lottery, making money in a casino, or backing the right horse? Every day, people make judgements on these matters and face other decisions that rest on their understanding of probability: buying insurance, following medical advice, carrying an umbrella. Yet many of us have a frightening ignorance of how probability works. Taking Chances presents an entertaining and fascinating exploration of probability, revealing traps and fallacies in the field. It describes and analyses a remarkable variety of situations where chance plays a role, including football pools, the Lottery, TV games, sport, cards, roulette, coins, and dice. The book guides the reader round common pitfalls, demonstrates how to make better informed decisions, and shows where the odds can be unexpectedly in your favour. This new edition has been fully updated, and includes information on "Who Wants to be a Millionaire?" and "The Weakest Link", plus a new chapter on Probability for Lawyers.
Philosophical methods in mental health practice and research
Authors: Fulford K W M , Thornton Tim , Graham George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 2 we saw that while the term philosophy covers a broad church, an important strand in Western philosophy has been a concern with concepts, with the framework of ideas— usually of a high level or general kind—by which we organize the world around us. Problems about the concept of mental disorder, correspondingly, turned out to be a particular focus for the new philosophy of psychiatry. In Chapter 3 we filled out the basic ‘data’ from which philosophical work in this area must start, with an introduction to the wide variety of conditions widely sub- sumed within the concept of mental disorder.
Arguments good and bad: an introduction to philosophical logic for practitioners
Authors: Fulford K W M , Thornton Tim , Graham George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We will return to Lewis Carroll’s account of the debate between the Tortoise and Achilles about the effectiveness of logic a little later in this chapter. However, Achilles’s suggestion that Logic might take one by the throat and force one to a conclusion is a striking expression of the power it holds on our conception of reason and rationality. At the same time, formal logic is often thought to be a subject only for specialists. In this chapter we aim to give an outline of some of the tools available for argument and some of the general issues raised by them.
Psychopathology and the theory dependence of data
Authors: Fulford K W M , Thornton Tim , Graham George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Observation lies at the heart of psychiatry. The clinical process, as in the rest of medicine, starts with the careful articulation of symptoms of which patients complain, and signs: patients’ appearance and behaviour, including speech. Theorizing about aetiology, both as part of the diagnostic and treatment/management process and as part of general clinical research, answers to data drawn from clinical observations.
Natural classifications, realism, and psychiatric science
Authors: Fulford K W M , Thornton Tim , Graham George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is about what science is about. It is about the real world ‘out there’ as distinct from our ideas about what is there. It is about what there is as distinct from our beliefs about what there is. It is about the objects—the entities and events—of which the real world is made up as distinct from the shapes that from this or that perspective we impose on the world. It is about what in philosophy has come to be debated by way of such contrasts as objectivity versus subjectivity, realism versus idealism, essentialism versus nominalism. (See Box 13.1 for brief initial definitions of realism and related terms.)
From bioethics to values-based practice
Authors: Fulford K W M , Thornton Tim , Graham George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we begin the process of building up the toolkit for tackling problems of values in mental health. We start by outlining three important methods of ethical reasoning widely used in bioethics—principles, casuistry, and perspectives. We review the strengths and weaknesses of these methods, for health care generally in Session 1, and specifically for mental health in Session 2. Session 3 moves on to some of the main schools of general ethical theory—deontology, con- sequentialism, and analytic ethics—again looking at their strengths and weaknesses both generally and in relation to mental health. The last of these, analytic ethics, leads, finally, in Session 4, to the theory and skills base of values-based practice (VBP).
Values in psychiatric diagnosis
Authors: Fulford K W M , Thornton Tim , Graham George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we will follow through the key point to emerge from earlier chapters in this part, i.e. that in psychiatric ethics, at least, we need to move on from the increasingly quasi-legal form that bioethics is taking in its connections with practice, to what we have called Values-Based Practice (VBP). The essence of this move, as we indicated at the end of Chapter 18, is to start, not from prescribed values (encoded in the rules and regulations of quasi-legal bioethics), but from respect for the often very different values of the particular individuals and groups involved in particular clinical contexts. VBP, as we called the approach resulting from this move, is not a recipe for relativism and ethical chaos: to the contrary, it places strong constraints on prac- tice, illustrated in Chapter 18 with the NIMHE Values Framework (Figure 18.6). VBP, furthermore, builds on and extends the tools for clinical decision-making provided by the framework of law within which health care operates. We outlined some of these legal tools in Chapter 19. We found that, in the context of mental health at least, the use of these legal tools in practice, no less than the quasi-legal tools of mainstream bioethics, involved value judgements.
Reasons and the content of mental states: 1. reductionist theories
Authors: Fulford K W M , Thornton Tim , Graham George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the underlying issues facing any science of the mind is to find a place in nature for the meaning, intentionality, or ‘content’ (as it is called) of mental states. This is certainly a challenge for psychiatry, which embraces at one extreme ‘talking cures’ from a psychoanalytic tradition and also both drug intervention and psychosurgery. The former deal with the meaningful and sym- bolic nature of mental states and symptoms. The latter pair both deal with causal effects that have no need for meanings. How can these different perspectives be reconciled? Both this chapter and the next will address the question of how meaningful or ‘content- laden’ mental states and utterances can be understood as part of the same nature, the same natural world, as causal interactions. (Chapter 26 will address a different but related issue: are reason explanations a species of causal explanation and how is this related to the idea of agency?)
Agency, causation, and freedom
Authors: Fulford K W M , Thornton Tim , Graham George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One recurrent theme of this book is the relation between reasons and causes in psychiatry. Whereas many disciplines operate with one or other form of explanation and interpretation, psychiatry operates with both. Nowhere is the tension between the two as great as the issue of freedom versus causal determinism. Giving, asking for, and acting on reasons appears to presuppose freedom. Summarizing Kant, McDowell (1994, p. 5) puts this connection like this: ‘rational necessitation is not just compatible with freedom but constitutive of it. In a slogan, the space of reasons is the realm of freedom’.
Cosmology
Authors: Rowan-Robinson Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a substantially revised and updated new edition of a classic introductory textbook. Although there are a wealth of cosmology texts at postgraduate level, ‘Cosmology’ remains the classic introduction to modern cosmology for undergraduates. While designed as the main text for a course given at second or third year level, it is sufficiently self-contained for anyone with school science to understand. There is a strong emphasis on observational cosmology, with introductory chapters on the visible universe, our galaxy and other galaxies and the empirical basis for cosmological theory. After an account of the big bang model, there are chapters on the early stages of the big bang and galaxy formation. Finally, there are chapters on cosmological tests and on alternative theories. One feature of the book is its updated epilogue of twenty controversies in cosmology today. The latest results from the WMAP mission are included and a wealth of new material, including a stronger emphasis on the cosmological constant. It has an extensive glossary and the exercises have been substantially expanded. A stronger emphasis on the physical basis for cosmology is included throughout.