bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Old fish in a young lake: stone loach (Pisces: Barbatula barbatula) populations in Lake Constance are genetically isolated by distance
Authors: BARLUENGA MARTA , MEYER AXEL 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe genetic structure of 10 populations (453 individuals) of stone loach (Barbatula barbatula L.), a small bottom‐dwelling cyprinid fish, in the littoral zone of Lake Constance, central Europe, was investigated by analysing the mitochondrial control region sequences and five microsatellite loci. An unexpectedly high degree of genetic diversity (up to 0.36%) and old estimated age of these populations (> 150 000 years) based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was found. These findings contrast with the relatively young age of the lake, which could be colonized by fish only after the last ice age around 15 000 bp. Stone loach appears to be an old species in a young lake. Both types of molecular markers showed population genetic structure pronounced in mtDNA (overall FST = 0.15) but moderate in microsatellites (FST = 0.03). As predicted by its life history, philopatry, and limited capacity for dispersal, stone loach populations of Lake Constance show a clear pattern of isolation by distance. Geographic distances along the shores are the best explanation for the observed geographical distribution of genetic differentiation (r = 0.88), indicating that open water represents a barrier for the dispersal of the stone loach. The colonization of Lake Constance might have occurred initially at one location and then populations spread throughout the lake in a stepwise manner following the shoreline, and subsequently remained largely genetically isolated as suggested by the large observed differences among them.
Genetic control of weediness traits and the maintenance of sympatric crop–weed polymorphism in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum)
Authors: MIURA R. , TERAUCHI R. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractPearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), a diploid outcrossing crop widely grown in semiarid tropics, provides a unique extant material for the study of crop–weed interactive evolution. Co‐occurrence of a weedy, shattering type of pearl millet with the cultivated one is the rule in the traditional agro‐ecosystem in the Sahel zone of Africa. Selfed progeny of weed‐type plants invariably segregated into distinct weed and crop types in an approximately 3:1 ratio. Genetic analysis using a cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) marker strongly suggested that a series of differences between the crop and the weed types are determined by a single putative supergene that has two allelic types, C and W. The crop‐type plants are CC homozygotes, and the weed‐type plants are CW heterozygotes. WW homozygotes are sterile and rare in the field. Thus, the CW weed plants recurrently arise from crosses between the crop and the weed, as well as from crosses among the weed‐type plants. The weed type appears to have a sufficiently high fitness to maintain the W allele in the pearl millet population, resulting in the perpetuation of this unique crop–weed polymorphism.
Phylogeographical footprints of the Strait of Gibraltar and Quaternary climatic fluctuations in the western Mediterranean: a case study with the greater white‐toothed shrew, Crocidura russula (Mammalia: Soricidae)
Authors: COSSON JEAN‐FRANÇOIS , HUTTERER RAINER , LIBOIS ROLAND , SARÀ MAURIZIO , TABERLET PIERRE , VOGEL PETER 
Published: March 2005

AbstractWe used mitochondrial cyt b sequences to investigate the phylogenetic relationships of Crocidura russula (sensu lato) populations across the Strait of Gibraltar, western Europe, Maghreb, and the Mediterranean and Atlantic islands. This revealed very low genetic divergence between European and Moroccan populations. The application of a molecular clock previously calibrated for shrews suggested that the separation of European from Moroccan lineages occurred less than 60 000 bp, which is at least 5 million years (Myr) after the reopening of the Strait of Gibraltar. This means that an overwater dispersal event was responsible for the observed phylogeographical structure. In contrast, genetic analyses revealed that Moroccan populations were highly distinct from Tunisian ones. According to the molecular clock, these populations separated about 2.2 million years ago (Ma), a time marked by sharp alternations of dry and humid climates in the Maghreb. The populations of the Mediterranean islands Ibiza, Pantelleria, and Sardinia were founded from Tunisian populations by overwater dispersal. In conclusion, overwater dispersal across the Strait of Gibraltar, probably assisted by humans, is possible for small terrestrial vertebrates. Moreover, as in Europe, Quaternary climatic fluctuations had a major effect on the phylogeographical structure of the Maghreb biota.
Rangewide phylogeography of a terrestrial slug in Europe: evidence for Alpine refugia and rapid colonization after the Pleistocene glaciations
Authors: PINCEEL JAN , JORDAENS KURT , PFENNINGER MARKUS , BACKELJAU THIERRY 
Published: March 2005

AbstractIntraspecific phylogeographical patterns largely depend on the life history traits of a species. Especially species with a high degree of cold tolerance, limited requirements towards habitat preferences, and relatively low active dispersal capacities may have responded in a different way to the Pleistocene climatological fluctuations than the majority of taxa studied so far. To evaluate this possibility, we studiedArion fuscus(Müller, 1774), a common and widespread European terrestrial slug, from 88 locations (N = 964). Sequence variation was assessed for fragments of the mitochondrial16S rDNAandCOIgenes by means of single‐strand conformation polymorphisms (SSCP) and subsequent DNA sequencing. Additionally, eight allozyme loci were scored in 843 individuals. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the presence of two major evolutionary lineages, one in the Balkan region and another in the Alps and the rest of Europe. The sequence divergence between the two lineages was limited (3.3%), but gene flow between the regions was absent, suggesting that the two regions have been isolated since the late Pliocene or early Pleistocene. Allozyme differentiation among geographical regions and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) lineages was low. The geographical patterns observed in our data showed that (i) haplotype and nucleotide diversities are very low in northern Europe, suggesting that single haplotypes rapidly colonized large areas; (ii) recently expanded haplotype clades have restricted distribution ranges, suggesting that current gene flow is low; and (iii) genetic diversity in the Alps is much higher than in other regions and estimated past gene flow from the Eastern Alps to other regions was high, suggesting that this was a refugial zone during the Pleistocene. This full‐range phylogeography suggests the existence of an alternative refugial zone, situated north of the refugial areas currently recognized in most other taxa.
The etr1‐2 mutation in Arabidopsis thaliana affects the abscisic acid, auxin, cytokinin and gibberellin metabolic pathways during maintenance of seed dormancy, moist‐chilling and germination
Authors: Chiwocha Sheila D.S. , Cutler Adrian J. , Abrams Suzanne R. , Ambrose Stephen J. , Yang Jenny , Ross Andrew R.S. , Kermode Allison R. 
Published: March 2005

SummaryIn Arabidopsis thaliana, the etr1‐2 mutation confers dominant ethylene insensitivity and results in a greater proportion of mature seeds that exhibit dormancy compared with mature seeds of the wild‐type. We investigated the impact of the etr1‐2 mutation on other plant hormones by analyzing the profiles of four classes of plant hormones and their metabolites by HPLC‐ESI/MS/MS in mature seeds of wild‐type and etr1‐2 plants. Hormone metabolites were analyzed in seeds imbibed immediately under germination conditions, in seeds subjected to a 7‐day moist‐chilling (stratification) period, and during germination/early post‐germinative growth. Higher than wild‐type levels of abscisic acid (ABA) appeared to contribute, at least in part, to the greater incidence of dormancy in mature seeds of etr1‐2. The lower levels of abscisic acid glucose ester (ABA‐GE) in etr1‐2 seeds compared with wild‐type seeds under germination conditions (with and without moist‐chilling treatments) suggest that reduced metabolism of ABA to ABA‐GE likely contributed to the accumulation of ABA during germination in the mutant. The mutant seeds exhibited generally higher auxin levels and a large build‐up of indole‐3‐aspartate when placed in germination conditions following moist‐chilling. The mutant manifested increased levels of cytokinin glucosides through zeatin‐O‐glucosylation (Z‐O‐Glu). The resulting increase in Z‐O‐Glu was the largest and most consistent change associated with the ETR1 gene mutation. There were more gibberellins (GA) and at higher concentrations in the mutant than in wild‐type. Our results suggest that ethylene signaling modulates the metabolism of all the other plant hormone pathways in seeds. Additionally, the hormone profiles of etr1‐2 seed during germination suggest a requirement for higher than wild‐type levels of GA to promote germination in the absence of a functional ethylene signaling pathway.
Histology and Ultrastructure of the Equine Lingual Tonsil. II. Lymphoid Tissue and Associated High Endothelial Venules
Authors: Kumar P. , Timoney J. F. 
Published: March 2005

SummaryThe stratified squamous epithelium of the lingual tonsil of five young horses was infiltrated with CD4 and CD8 positive cells, which were very numerous in the crypt reticular epithelium along with macrophages and IgGb and IgA positive cells. Lymphoid follicles of the lamina propria mucosae consisted of a parafollicular area, corona and germinal centre. The parafollicular area was populated by large numbers of CD4 and CD8 positive lymphocytes as well as macrophages, inter‐digitating cells, and a few B‐lymphocytes. The germinal centre contained mainly IgGb and IgG(T) positive cells, plasma cells and small numbers of follicular dendritic cells, macrophages, CD4, CD8 and IgA positive cells. Some venules in the parafollicular and inter‐follicular areas had features characteristic of high endothelial venules with irregular nuclei and cytoplasmic processes on the luminal surface. In addition to the normal cytoplasmic organelles, a novel vesiculo‐vacuolar organelle was observed in small clusters toward the lateral, luminal and abluminal surfaces of these high endothelial venules. These vesiculo organelles along with their stomata and diaphragms, communicated with each other and with inter‐endothelial clefts forming a structural basis for enhanced permeability and extravasation of macromolecules. The presence of lymphocytes in the high endothelial venules is consistent with transmural and inter‐endothelial passage of these cells.
Digital Cushions in Horses Comprise Coarse Connective Tissue, Myxoid Tissue, and Cartilage but Only Little Unilocular Fat Tissue
Authors: Egerbacher M. , Helmreich M. , Probst A. , König H. , Böck P. 
Published: March 2005

SummaryDigital cushions were studied in horses with particular reference to vascularization, tissue constituents and matrix components. The cushions mainly resembled a network of coarse collagen bundles. The areas inbetween the bundles were replenished with loosely woven interstitial connective tissue, myxoid tissue, and fibrocartilage. Expected masses of fat lobules were missing: only solitary adipocytes or small groups of adipocytes were seen. Vascular supply to the cushions was remarkably poor. The mucinous myxoid matrix largely consisted of hyaluronan with little sulphated glycosaminoglycans. Myxoid cells were stellate or ramified in shape and showed a tendency to store glycogen and lipid droplets. Myxoid cells reacted for vimentin and stained for S‐100 protein. Moreover, myxoid cells often reacted for neuron specific enolase and glial fibrillary acidic protein. Myxoid tissue continuously transformed into loosely organized interstitial connective tissue with fibroblasts, which remained unreactive when tested for neuroectodermal markers. Myxoid tissue also was not clearly demarcated against irregularly interspersed islets of fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage. Chondrocytes did not stain for neuron specific enolase but reactivity for S‐100 protein and glial fibrillary acidic protein was noted in peripheral regions of fibrocartilage. Single or grouped unilocular fat cells were rarely placed into myxoid areas. Unilocular fat cells stained for vimentin, S‐100 protein, and occasionally for glial fibrillary acidic protein but not for neuron specific enolase. Continuous transformation of myxoid tissue into cartilage together with corresponding reactivity for neuroectodermal marker proteins of myxoid cells and peripherally located chondrocytes suggest close relationship between myxoid cells and chondrocytes. The same criteria indicate relationship between myxoid cells and adipocytes. Coarse connective tissue, myxoid tissue, fibrous cartilage, and fat cells are functionally combined to absorb mechanical shock in the horse digital cushions.
Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and the bilirubin uridine diphosphate‐glucuronosyltransferase gene: The common −3263T > G mutation of phenobarbital response enhancer module is not associated with the neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in Japanese
Authors: Kanai Masayo , Kijima Kazuki , Shirahata Emi , Sasaki Ayako , Akaba Kazuhiro , Umetsu Kazuo , Tezuka Naohiro , Kurachi Hirohisa , Aikawa Shogo , Hayasaka Kiyoshi 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
: Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia is frequent and severe in Japanese newborns. Previously, it has been reported that half of the Japanese neonates with severe hyperbilirubinemia carried the 211G > A (p.G71R) mutation of the bilirubin uridine diphosphate‐glucuronosyltransferase (UGT1A1) gene causing Gilbert syndrome. Recently, it was reported that the −3263T > G mutation in the phenobarbital response enhancer module in UGT1A1 was associated with the majority of cases of Gilbert syndrome. The gene frequency of the −3263T > G mutation was determined and the relation with neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in Japanese was studied.
Methods
: UGT1A1 in 119 neonates born at Yamagata University Hospital, Yamagata, Japan, and 26 subjects who had undergone phototherapy due to severe hyperbilirubinemia at four other hospitals were studied. The gene frequency of −3263T > G mutation in Japanese, Korean, Chinese and German healthy adult controls was also determined. Hyperbilirubinemia was assessed with a Jaundice Meter and UGT1A1 was analyzed by sequence determination or restriction enzyme method.
Results
: The gene frequency of the −3263T > G mutation was 0.26 in Japanese subjects and was similar to the prevalence in Korean, Chinese and German populations. However, there was no significant increase in the gene frequency of the mutation in the neonates who required phototherapy for hyperbilirubinemia compared to that in the neonates without severe hyperbilirubinemia. In addition, neonates with or without the mutation did not show a significant change in the level of bilirubin and the mutation also did not show a synergic effect with the 211G > A mutation on the level of bilirubin.
Conclusion
: The −3263T > G mutation is not likely to be associated with the neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in Japanese.
Apoptosis under hypercytokinemia is a possible pathogenesis in influenza‐associated encephalopathy
Authors: Nunoi Hiroyuki , Mercado Maria Regina , Mizukami Tomoyuki , Okajima Kenji , Morishima Tsuneo , Sakata Hiroshi , Nakayama Shinichi , Mori Seiji , Hayashi Masatoshi , Mori Hiromi , Kagimoto Seiichi , Kanegasaki Shiro , Watanabe Keisuke , Adachi Naoto , Endo Fumio 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
: Influenza‐associated encephalopathy is reported to be frequent in Japan and East Asia. No evaluating markers except interleukin (IL)‐6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and no likely pathological mechanism for the disease have yet been elucidated.
Methods
: In this study, influenza‐associated encephalopathy was defined by clinical symptoms, and the use of an anti‐influenza antibody test and/or influenza antigen detection kits, as well as computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging. The levels of proinflammatory cytokines, acute phase proteins, endothelial markers and cytochrome c were compared in sera from 11 patients with and 42 without encephalopathy.
Results
: Cytochrome c concentration in sera from patients with encephalopathy was markedly increased compared with that from patients without encephalopathy and normal controls. Although levels of several other proinflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins such as TNF‐α and IL‐8 were also elevated in patients with influenza virus infection, the difference between those with and without encephalopathy, though significant, was less dramatic. The mean serum concentration of cytochrome c in 11 patients with encephalopathy, consisting of four deceased, four with and three without residual central nervous system sequelae, was 26.7 ± 19.5 ng/mL on admission. In contrast, cytochrome c levels in 42 patients without encephalopathy were 0.3 ± 0.7 ng/mL.
Conclusion
: The present results indicate that cytochrome c is a useful marker to follow patients with influenza‐associated encephalopathy and suggest that an apoptosis of cells in several organs including the cerebrum and liver under the influence of hypercytokinemia is a possible mechanism of the disease.
Aggressive female youth benefit from outpatient family therapy: A randomized, prospective, controlled trial
Authors: Nickel Marius K. , Nickel Cerstin , Leiberich Peter , Tritt Karin , Mitterlehner Ferdinand O. , Lahmann Claas , Rother Wolfhardt K. , Loew Thomas H. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
: Treatments for aggression are based on the underlying causes and may combine pharmacological and environmental or psychotherapeutic measures. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of family psychotherapy as a monotherapy for anger in female youth.
Methods
: Female youth from a randomized sample (381 families) were interviewed over the telephone. Those from 36 of the families complained of subjectively increased aggression owing to conflict at home. A total of 13 of these families were randomly selected and took part in a family therapy programme for 6 months. The control group comprised 12 families. The responder rate was 92.6%. Aggression and change in aggression were measured using the State‐Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI).
Results
: In comparison with the control group, significant changes on all five scales of STAXI (State‐Anger, Trait‐Anger, Anger‐In, Anger‐Out, Anger‐Control) were observed after 6 months in the treated subjects (differences in change between the two groups were between 5.7% and 28.6%).
Conclusion
: The results of this study show that ambulant family therapy appears to be a safe and effective method in the treatment of anger in aggressive female youth.
Readiness to recover in adolescent anorexia nervosa: prediction of hospital admission
Authors: Ametller L. , Castro J. , Serrano E. , Martínez E. , Toro J. 
Published: March 2005

Objectives:  To determine if motivation to change in anorexia nervosa during treatment is a predictor of hospitalisation in adolescent patients.Method:  The Anorexia Nervosa Stages of Change Questionnaire (ANSOCQ), the Eating Disorders Inventory‐2 (EDI‐2) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were administered to a group of 70 anorexia nervosa patients (mean age 15.6 years). They were all receiving treatment at a specialised Eating Disorder Unit and were at different points in the treatment programme. Admission during 6–9 month follow‐up was recorded in 63 of these patients who had been admitted to the Unit. The other 7 patients were contacted by phone to determine if they had been hospitalised in another unit during the follow‐up period.Results:  Patients who needed hospital admission during follow‐up had higher mean scores at first evaluation on some of the EDI‐2 scales and on the BDI, lower ANSOCQ scores and were more likely to have been outpatients at first evaluation. In the logistic regression analysis a low ANSOCQ score and being an outpatient at first evaluation were shown to be independent predictors of hospitalisation during follow‐up.Conclusions:  Low motivation to change, depressive symptomatology and some EDI‐2 scales are related to the necessity of hospital admission in adolescent patients with anorexia nervosa.
Interactions of task and subject variables among continuous performance tests
Authors: Denney Colin B. , Rapport Mark D. , Chung Kyong‐Mee 
Published: March 2005

Background:  Contemporary models of working memory suggest that target paradigm (TP) and target density (TD) should interact as influences on error rates derived from continuous performance tests (CPTs). The present study evaluated this hypothesis empirically in a typically developing, ethnically diverse sample of children. The extent to which scores based on different combinations of these task parameters showed different patterns of relationship to age, intelligence, and gender was also assessed.Methods:  Four continuous performance tests were derived by combining two target paradigms (AX and repeated letter target stimuli) with two levels of target density (8.3% and 33%). Variations in mean omission (OE) and commission (CE) error rates were examined within and across combinations of TP and TD. In addition, a nested series of structural equation models was utilized to examine patterns of relationship among error rates, age, intelligence, and gender.Results:  Target paradigm and target density interacted as influences on error rates. Increasing density resulted in higher OE and CE rates for the AX paradigm. In contrast, the high density condition yielded a decline in OE rates accompanied by a small increase in CEs using the repeated letter CPT. Target paradigms were also distinguishable on the basis of age when using OEs as the performance measure, whereas combinations of age and intelligence distinguished between density levels but not target paradigms using CEs as the dependent measure.Conclusions:  Different combinations of target paradigm and target density appear to yield scores that are conceptually and psychometrically distinguishable. Consequently, developmentally appropriate interpretation of error rates across tasks may require (a) careful analysis of working memory and attentional resources required for successful performance, and (b) normative data bases that are differently stratified with respect to combinations of age and intelligence.