bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Iron
Authors: Stanton R L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the quantitative point of view iron is by far the most important exhalative sulphide metal. Many exhalative deposits contain little sulphide other than that of iron: as pyrite, pyrrhotite, or both. Most Cyprus-type deposits are dominated by pyrite, with chalcopyrite and sphalerite appearing as no more than subordinate components. The Archaean deposits of Canada, the felsic-associated exhalative deposits of the Appalachians, the Caledonides, the Urals, and the Eastern Highlands of Australia, and many others, contain pyrite and/or pyrrhotite as their principal sulphide. In some cases, such as Mt Isa in Queensland, deposits may be most accurately described as large sulphide iron formations containing sufficient ‘impurities’ of chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and galena to constitute base-metal orebodies.
Cobalt
Authors: Stanton R L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cobalt is virtually ubiquitous as a trace to very minor constituent of exhalative sulphide ores, but rarely if ever appears as a major component. Its average level of abundance in such deposits is difficult to estimate but is probably no more than about 0.05 per cent. The cobalt may occur as a major element of sulpharsenides and related minerals, which themselves occur in very small amount, or as a trace to minor element of the more common and abundant sulphides such as pyrite, pyrrhotite, and chalcopyrite.
Petrogenesis: 1: The lavas
Authors: Stanton R L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we consider the derivation and mode of development of the spectrum of lava types that constitute the Solomon Islands Younger Volcanic Suite. By implication this may also cast a little light on the genesis of lavas of other island arcs, particularly those of dominantly intra-oceanic affiliation. The writer is, however, well aware of the enormous effort - field, petrographic, geochemical, and experimental - already devoted to the problem of island-arc lava generation by .a long line of distinguished investigators, and is more than conscious that any contribution this chapter may make is likely to be modest - and even more likely to be judged simpleminded. Apart, however, from several minor forays by the author (Stanton 1967, 1978; Stanton and Ramsay 1980), there seems to have been no comprehensive attempt to use the geochemical behaviour of the ore elements to elucidate mechanisms of lava evolution, and this chapter is offered as an initial contribution. In doing this we consider first whether the three principal lava groups are in fact a single consanguineous series, then (very briefly) their likely derivation, and finally the ways in which the variety of lava compositions may have been induced.
Flatworms and Ribbon Worms
Authors: Gibson R , Knight-Jones E W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These ‘flatworms’ are bilaterally symmetrical, with marked cephalization, mostly with a mouth, gut, and protonephridia, and typically with hermaphrodite reproductive systems, but without a special body cavity, anus, or circulatory system. Five classes may be recognized. The Aspidogastraea, Digenea, Monogenea, and Cestoda are entirely parasitic and their hosts include many marine species, particularly among fish, molluscs, and macrocrustaceans. These classes are remarkable for storing yolk, not in oocytes which may develop, but in special ‘yolk cells’ (modified oocytes?). These are formed in yolk glands, which appear to be specialized branches of the ovary. Early embryos ingest the yolk cells thus provided.
Arachnids, Insects, Millipedes, and Sea Spiders
Authors: King P E , Pugh P J A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Animals of terrestrial origin on the seashore include insects (Phylum Hexapoda), arachnids (Phylum Chelicerata), and myriapods (Phylum Myriapoda). These usually occupy very different habitats from animals of marine origin, because most require periodic exposure to air. In contrast to their terrestrial relatives, their main problems are respiration, maintenance of position, and osmoregulation. They are restricted to habitats which allow them to survive tidal immersion, spray, wave action, desiccation, and temperature extremes, although one family of mites, the Halacaridae, cannot tolerate exposure to air and remain permanently submerged, or at least wetted, and occur even in the sublittoral.
Bryozoans
Authors: Ryland J S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bryozoans (Phylum Bryozoa) are sessile, colony-forming coelomates. Each colony arises by asexual budding from an ancestrula formed by the metamorphosis of a sexually produced larva. The individual units of the colony, or zooids, remain in communication with each other through pores. Zooid polymorphism is developed to a varying degree: the normal feeding zooids are termed autozooids and specialized morphs are called heterozooids. Each autozooid has a circular lophophore bearing a series of slender, ciliated tentacles, which can be withdrawn into an anterior introvert of the body, called the tentacle sheath. The alimentary canal is deeply looped, so that the anus opens near the mouth, but just outside the lophophore. The skeletal component of the zooid is sometimes termed the zooecium, in contrast to the viscera which constitute the polypide. Colonies, but not necessarily zooids, are hermaphrodite; embryos are generally brooded, either in the mother zooid or in special brood chambers.
Introduction
Authors: Hawkins Bradford A , Sheehan William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These are exciting times for parasitoid ecologists. An active international research community is pursuing a wide range of topics, and the field is moving rapidly. Although there are several excellent books on parasitoids (Askew 1971; Price 1975; Waage and Greathead 1986; Godfray 1994), none has been devoted to the theme of parasitoid communities. Yet, ecological communities that include parasitoids represent a large proportion of all such communities on the planet. Given their importance and ubiquity, and because the issues raised by the study of parasitoid communities are germane to many of the central ecological issues of our time, a book concentrating on some of these issues is needed. This book is partly the product of a symposium at the Entomological Society of America annual meeting in Baltimore, Maryland in December 1992. Our goal in organizing the symposium, and subsequently compiling this book, has been to bring together researchers working on what we consider to be critical issues in the field. As we shall see, more questions are raised than can be answered, but this is a good time to take stock of what we know and what we need to know. First, let’s briefly look at where we have come from.
Determinants of species richness and composition in egg parasitoid assemblages of Lepidoptera
Authors: Hirose Yoshimi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Insect eggs are a small, but nutritive food source for parasitoid progeny. They are sedentary and unable to resist attacks of parasitoid wasps or to escape from them, and lack an immune system or other pervasive internal defence (Strand 1986). Thus, they are attacked by many species of small hymenopterous parasitoids, such as chalcidoids and proctotrupoids. Among insect eggs, those of Lepidoptera are frequently attacked by such parasitoids, probably because they are often exposed. Therefore, it is not surprising that a host species supports several egg parasitoid species. According to Miller and Ehler (1990), such assemblages of egg parasitoids are referred to as component parasitoid guilds, defined by the host stage attacked.
Parasitoid guilds: a comparative analysis of the parasitoid communities of tortricids and weevils
Authors: Mills Nick J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There has been renewed interest in the rules governing ecological communities in recent years (Anderson and Kikkawa 1986; Diamond and Case 1986; Esch et al. 1990; Cornell and Lawton 1992; Ricklefs and Schluter 1993). This may in part be a response to the increasing need to understand biodiversity in an age of environmental concern and global climatic change. However, it also represents a continual challenge for ecologists to combine observations from the ecology of individuals and populations into a broader framework. Parasitoid community ecology remains a relatively new and rapidly expanding field of research, and one which requires a clear definition of terminology.
Induced plant responses: effects on parasitoids and other natural enemies of phytophagous insects
Authors: Faeth Stanley H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Interest in how plant properties influence the third trophic level, natural enemies of herbivores, has accelerated among basic and applied researchers in the past decade. Much of this research has focused on the mechanisms by which natural enemies, particularly hymenopteran parasitoids, use plant traits to locate phytophagous insect hosts, or how plant physical and chemical traits affect the quality of the host for predator consumption or survival of offspring of parasites (cf. Price et al. 1980, 1986; Price 1986; Hare 1992; Roitberg and Isman 1992).
Evolution of parasitoid communities
Authors: Price Peter W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Working from the discovery of patterns in nature to the mechanistic explanation of such patterns forms the basis for the development of ecological and evolutionary theory. Here I use the term ‘scientific theory’ to describe the factually based mechanistic explanation of broad patterns in nature. Hence, the search for broad patterns in parasitoid communities is central to the progress of our field of science toward a theoretically based discipline (Price 1991a). The search for and discovery of pattern in parasitoid communities has progressed rapidly over the past few years. Many patterns have been described in this book, and hypotheses have been erected to account for the patterns. Patterns have developed because of interacting ecological and evolutionary forces involving the interplay of the three trophic levels inevitably involved in plant, herbivore, and parasitoid systems, and the environmental setting in which species interact. Unravelling the ecological factors impinging on parasitoid communities from the evolutionary factors becomes an almost impossible task with our present state of knowledge, so this chapter will not focus on the evolution of parasitoid communities alone.
Prologue
Authors: Hanski llkka 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The traditional approach to population ecology assumes that the individuals in which we happen to be interested share the same environment-they belong to the same population. We estimate the sizes of populations, and we study the factors affecting population growth rates. Models are constructed to predict how population size changes under different environmental conditions, including the effect of population size itself. The population concept has been absolutely indispensable for the progress that ecologists and other population biologists have made since the early part of this century (Kingland 1985; McIntosh 1985). We cannot even express ourselves without using the term population.
Preliminaries
Authors: Hanski llkka 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Three processes are in the hearth of metapopulation ecology: migration and how it affects local dynamics, population extinction and the establishment of new local populations. A vast literature exists on the dynamics of local populations, including population extinction; a substantially smaller but not insignificant literature exists on population establishment. The purpose of this chapter is to assemble some elements from this knowledge that are particularly useful for the study of metapopulation ecology.
Metapopulations of two local populations
Authors: Hanski llkka 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with questions about migration among local populations that have no risk of stochastic extinction. How does migration affect population sizes, and how does it affect the type of dynamics? In the absence of population turnover it is sufficient, for many purposes, to consider the simplest case of a metapopulation consisting of just two local populations. The two populations and the respective habitat patches might or might not be similar. In source-sink metapopulations, there are substantial differences between the intrinsic growth rates of local populations.
Metapopulation Patterns and Processes
Authors: Hanski llkka 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In ecology, the context matters but so does the scale. In a review of field studies on population responses to habitat fragmentation, Doak et al. (1992) found that the median number of habitat fragments per study was 34, the median distance among patches was 30 m, and the median duration of the study was less than one generation. Most of these studies were not concerned with metapopulations, but they reflect the general practical problems of conducting research across large areas. The results reviewed by Doak et al. (1992) also reflect, indirectly, the current emphasis on experimental studies, which are almost impossible to extend to most metapopulations in nature. However, accepting that a different approach is needed for ecological research on large scales, the difficulties need not be insurmountable. It also helps, of course, to select a study system with convenient attributes for field work. For instance, the plant-pathogen metapopulation studied by Antonovics and his colleagues occurs along roadsides in Virginia, USA (Antonovics 1994; Antonovics et al. 1997).
Management of Asiatic lions in the Gir forest, India
Authors: Chellam Ravi , Johnsingh A J T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We present the summarized results of our four years of field research (1986-1990) on the ecology of the Asiatic lions (Panthera leo persica) in the Gir forest, Gujarat, India, with special reference to the management of this endangered sub-species. The study also documents the changes in the ecology and conservation status of the lions from the early 1970s which have resulted from the various management practices of the Gujarat Forest Department. Currently the population of lions in Gir is estimated to be 284 and is the only population in the wild. Pure-bred Asiatic lions are a rarity in zoos around the world, but for the captive population in Sakkarbaugh zoo, Junagadh. Problems faced by sole populations of endangered species are numerous. For the effective conservation of the Asiatic lions, the establishment of a second population in the wild is an urgent necessity. Successful translocation of large carnivores requires an in-depth understanding of the animal’s ecology, careful site selection and long-term monitoring. Data presented on the predation ecology, ranging patterns and habitat use of the lions are vital for the selection of habitats for lion translocation and for the management of the lions in Gir and in their second home. The prevailing management regime in Gir and the present conservation status of the Asiatic lions are reviewed and suggestions for the improved management of the Gir forest and the lions are made.
Wild and domestic canids as reservoirs of American visceral leishmaniasis in Amazonia
Authors: Macdonald D W , Courtenay O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Leishmaniasis remains one of the great protozoological scourges of mankind and occurs, in its various forms, throughout most of tropical and subtropical America, Africa, India, parts of Eastern Asia, Central Asia, the Mediterranean basin and some neighbouring European countries. The causative agents are species of the protozoan genus Leishmania (Kineto plastida: Trypanosomatidae), and the vectors, with no known exception, are phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae). Cutaneous leishmaniasis may cause considerable mutilation, and the mucocutaneous form can totally destroy the tissues of the nose, palate and pharynx. The visceral disease is very frequently fatal, unless treated, and largely affects children younger than 15 years.
Genetic ecology of marine mammals
Authors: Hoelzel A R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent advances in the field of molecular genetics have facilitated the application of genetic techniques to the analysis of population structure. This paper presents a brief review of the results from studies of genetic variation within and between marine mammal populations. There are at least three categories of applications: paternity testing and kinship analysis to assess aspects of behaviour that limit variation or introduce genetic structure into local populations; (2) the estimation of effective population size, and the interpretation of historical events (such as population bottlenecks) through the analysis of present-day molecular variation; and (3) the assessment of genetic distance between populations. The identification of genetically differentiated populations, and the processes that limit or generate patterns of variation, will be important to the effective conservation of genetic diversity in these species.
Influence of rare ecological events on pinniped social structure and population dynamics
Authors: Trillmich Fritz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Drastic changes in physical parameters and food resources, e.g. during the 1982-83 El Nino event in the eastern Pacific, and (2) disease outbreaks such as the 1988 epizootic caused by phocine distemper virus in harbour seals. These events were particularly drastic, but smaller events seem to occur quite regularly, if unpredictably. Such events are part of the environmental variance to which most animals are exposed during their lifetime and they may have significant consequences for social and population processes or structure. Elninos can also serve as models of the potential reaction of top predators to human-induced global changes. During both the 1982-83 El Nino and the epizootic, social patterns changed in response to reduced competition for space and food in the declining pinniped populations. Mother-young interactions and interactions among both females and males were altered, and animals were redistributed over the available habitat. Dispersal, mortality and fertility changed in the affected populations. The magnitude of the effects on sex, cohorts and (sub-) populations depended on the timing of the event in relation to the annual life cycle of the animals.
Recent advances in diet analysis of marine mammals
Authors: Pierce G J , Boyle P R , Watt J , Grisley M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Analysis of marine mammal diets has traditionally been based on identification of fish otoliths recovered from stomachs and faeces. However, not all prey species have otoliths which appear in stomachs or faeces. One promising new approach is the identification of fish muscle protein residues using specific antisera. This methodology has been validated for salmonid and sandeel proteins and has been successfully applied to field studies of common seal and grey seal diets. Further development is required for routine use on a wider scale. Fish prey have also been identified from other hard remains, although there are few guides or keys. Discriminant analysis of bone morphometrics may assist identification of prey species. The sizes of fish eaten are normally estimated from measurements of otoliths or bones, but a major difficulty is the differential degradation of these hard parts. Degradation of otoliths and bones in vitro has helped to quantify reduction in size due to digestion. Analysis of marine mammal diets has traditionally relied on identification of hard remains of prey in stomach contents and faeces. In the case of piscivorous species, diets are primarily assessed by identifying and counting fish otoliths. Prey importance may be further quantified by calculating fish weight from measurements of otoliths. Similar methods may be applied to species feeding on cephalopods, the beaks of which are resistant to digestion. For species feeding primarily on other invertebrates, prey may be identified from remains of exoskeletons or shells.
Prologue
Authors: Aitken M J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are a number of dating methods which can establish the time of formation of a wide range of organic and inorganic materials, radiocarbon dating being predominant in respect of the former; but for direct dating of the time of deposition of sediments the methods are relatively few. Principal among them for the Late Quaternary are the luminescence methods and, of these, optical dating is proving to be increasingly advantageous. The characteristic of this method that makes it of importance to geoscientists and archaeologists primarily concerned with sedimentary deposits is that its ‘clock’ can be set to zero by exposure to light. Because, for most such deposits, there is exposure of the sediment to sunlight or daylight in the course of deposition this is the event which is dated rather than sediment’s comminution from parent rock usually a very long time before.
Setting-to-zero
Authors: Aitken M J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As illustrated in Fig. 1.9, the bleaching of OSL is much more rapid and effective than that of TL; hence the former can be used for depositional circumstances in which the duration of the bleaching leaves an inconveniently large TL residual. But inevitably as sediments which have had shorter and shorter depositional exposure to light are tackled a stage is reached at which the residual is liable to become a limitation with OSL too; this is especially the case for sediment deposited from water on account of absorption, particularly of the more effective bleaching wave lengths. Of course the younger the sample the more stringent is the zeroing requirement and there are depositional contexts in which ‘absolute zero’ is an unattainable ideal; there are others in which it can be effectively reached as long as carefully devised procedures are used.
This chapter discusses factors relevant to rapidity of bleaching and the level reached, with emphasis on possible ways in which a sample may carry intrinsic evidence as to that level. The latter aspect is carried further in Chapter 7 after discussion of some detrimental thermal effects.
Ascending cholinergic pathways in the rat brain
Authors: Mesulam B H Wainerandm.-M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the past 25 years considerable efforts have been devoted towards identifying the neurotransmitters associated with particular neural systems and, in fact, the term chemical neuroanatomy has become accepted as defining a subdiscipline within the neurosciences (Bjorklund and Hokfelt 1983). This interest has been intensified with the continuing discovery of new neurotransmitter substances and with the revolution of knowledge concerning the mechanisms of neurotransmitter actions (Kupfermann 1979; Bloom 1988; Mattson 1988; Nicoll 1988; Strange 1988).
Functions of the primate hippocampus in spatial processing and memory
Authors: Rolls Edmund T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aims of this chapter are to consider which spatial functions are performed by the primate hippocampus, how these are related to its memory functions, and how it performs these functions. In addition to the evidence that is available from anatomical connections, the effects of lesions to the system, and recordings of the activity of single neurons in the system, neuronal network models of hippocampal function will also be introduced, as they have the promise of enabling one to understand what and how the hippocampus computes, and thus the functions being performed. Many of the studies described have been with macaque monkeys in order to provide information as relevant as possible to understanding amnesia in humans. Effects on memory are produced by damage to the hippocampus or to some of its connections, such as the fornix, and these structures are collectively referred to below as the hippocampal system.