bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF METABOLIC FACTORS ON THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF ALBINO MICE TO EXPERIMENTAL TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Dubos René J. 
Published: June 2004

Mice maintained on various types of diets were found to become more susceptible to tuberculosis when deprived of food for periods of 30 hours shortly after infection. In contrast, the susceptibility of the animals to the disease was unaffected by undernutrition resulting from limitation of food intake to a low but constant daily level.
The resistance of mice to tuberculosis appeared to be independent—within wide limits—of the protein content of the diet. It is true that mice fed a diet very low in protein and high in carbohydrate proved highly susceptible, but resistance was normal if part of the carbohydrate was replaced by fat (peanut oil)—without any change in the protein content of the food.
Resistance to tuberculosis could be consistently and markedly decreased by adding sodium citrate (or glutarate) to a variety of diets.
The survival time following infection was greatly shortened if dinitrophenol or thyroxine were administered per os in amounts sufficient to limit the weight gains of non-infected controls. There was usually a lag period of several days before the infection-enhancing effect of these metabolic stimulants became manifest.
The procedures which increased the susceptibility of mice to infection with virulent tubercle bacilli also made it possible to establish in these animals a fatal infection with BCG.
There was no constant relation between weight gains of uninfected mice on the various regimens, and the effect of the latter on susceptibility to tuberculosis.
These findings appear compatible with, but do not prove, the hypothesis that a decrease in resistance to infection can be brought about by metabolic disturbances which cause either a depletion of the glycogen reserves of the body, or a reduction in the glycolytic activity of inflammatory cells, or an increase in the concentration of certain polycarboxylic acids and ketones in the tissues.
THE ANTIBODY MECHANISMS OF RAGWEED ALLERGY. ELECTROPHORETIC AND CHEMICAL STUDIES
Authors: Cooke Robert A. , Menzel Arthur E. O. , Kessler Walter R. , Myers Phyllis A. 
Published: June 2004

Three human serums containing artificially produced blocking antibody against low ragweed allergen were studied for the possibility of relating blocking antibody to electrophoretically definable components.
An adaptation of the qualitative passive transfer test to quantitative interpretation is described, methods and procedures are given and uncertainties and possible errors due to lack of precision and accuracy are presented and discussed.
At least 65 per cent, but probably more, if not all of the blocking antibody is attributable to gamma globulin. However, no rise of gamma globulin, either its absolute amount or its relative percentage value, paralleled the appearance of blocking antibody.
Blocking antibody is not contained in albumin or in alpha-1 globulin.
Blocking effect could not be ascertained unequivocally as being connected with alpha-2 or with beta globulin and sizable participation of these two latter electrophoretic components appears improbable.
Blocking antibody and sensitizing antibody appear to be chemically different entities.
THE EFFECT OF IONIZING RADIATION ON PHAGOCYTOSIS AND THE BACTERICIDAL POWER OF THE BLOOD
Authors: Shechmeister I. L. , Fishman M. 
Published: June 2004

Exposure of rats to 600 r total body radiation did not influence either the rate or the extent of migration of their leucocytes 1 day after irradiation, but did decrease their migration on the 2nd and the 5th postirradiation day. Migration of rat leucocytes was not altered by infection of the animal with M. aureus.
Leucocytes of rabbits irradiated with 100 r showed a normal rate and extent of migration. However rabbits exposed to 500 r or 800 r showed depression of leucocyte migration at two postirradiation intervals, on the 3rd to 5th and the 10th to 13th days after irradiation, with normal activity intervening. By the 21st postirradiation day the ability of leucocytes to migrate returned to normal. The effect of radiation on total and differential W.B.C. counts and the relationship of this effect to migration is discussed.
The decrease in leucocyte migration could not be ascribed either to leucopenia or to plasma factors.
THE ANTIGENIC POTENCY OF NON-INFECTIOUS POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS AS DETERMINED BY ITS LIBERATING EFFECT ON ACTIVE VIRUS NEUTRALIZED BY IMMUNE SERUM
Authors: Krech Ulrich 
Published: June 2004

The activation of poliomyelitis virus from a "neutral" virus-antibody mixture by the addition of non-infectious virus is described. The phenomenon was demonstrated in tissue cultures using both Petri dishes and roller tubes. The reaction was found to be type-specific and a relationship between antigen dilution and number of plaques counted was established.
The relative potency of vaccine preparations determined in this system was found to be comparable to their relative potency in respect to protection-inducing activity in mice.
THE CELLULAR CHANGES PRODUCED IN TISSUE CULTURES BY HERPES B VIRUS CORRELATED WITH THE CONCURRENT MULTIPLICATION OF THE VIRUS
Authors: Reissig Magdalena , Melnick Joseph L. 
Published: June 2004

A sequential study is reported of the morphological changes occurring after herpes B virus infection of cells as revealed in ultrathin sections under the electron microscope. Monolayer cultures of renal epithelial cells prepared from the natural host of the virus, the monkey, were infected, and the cellular alterations were correlated with the appearance of infective virus in the culture fluids.
The morphological changes consisted in swelling of the cells and disappearance of the nucleolus, followed by margination and gradual decrease of the nuclear chromatin. The inclusion material corresponded to the clear central areas of the nucleus, where the chromatin had disappeared. In the late stages of infection this inclusion material filled the nucleus and formed a classical type A inclusion body.
Characteristic particles appeared in the nucleus and cytoplasm of the infected cells a few hours after inoculation. They had a dense center surrounded by one or two membranes. Those with one membrane ranged in size from 60 to 100 mµ and those with two from 120 to 180 mµ. Particles showing the same wide variation in size and structure were seen both in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm. They were first visible on the external surface of the swollen but intact cells at about the same time new infective virus became detectable in the culture fluid.
A small number of the extracellular, and cytoplasmic, virus particles appeared "binucleated," containing two central bodies, each having its own membrane, both being surrounded by a single external coat. About 180 mµ in diameter, they were randomly distributed among the "mononucleated" particles.
STUDIES ON HOST-VIRUS INTERACTIONS IN THE CHICK EMBRYO-INFLUENZA VIRUS SYSTEM
Authors: Paucker Kurt , Henle Werner 
Published: June 2004

An experimental analysis is here presented of the conditions that lead to the appearance of non-infectious hemagglutinins (NIHA) in the allantoic fluid of chick embryos injected with standard influenza virus (PR8 strain) which had been exposed to 37°C. in vitro for various periods of time.
On progressive reduction of the infectivity of the undiluted inocula from about 109 to 103 ID50 (103.2 HA units) the yields of infectious virus in 24 hours decreased in straight correspondence 1 millionfold, but those of hemagglutinins only by a factor of 10. Thus the proportions of NIHA in the yields increased sharply but the total quantity obtained decreased gradually.
The quantities of infectious virus produced per ID50 injected were the same throughout this range; i.e., between 50 and 100 ID50, regardless of increasing proportions of heat-inactivated virus in the seeds. This value agrees with previous estimates of yields under other conditions. Thus, initiation and completion of first cycles by the infectious virus remaining in the inocula were not, or at most, slightly inhibited. The inactivated virus, therefore, failed to establish immediate interference. It was capable, however, of holding the infectious process to one cycle. Upon 10-fold dilution of the seeds essentially similar results were obtained except that a slight loss in interfering activity could now be detected with an increase in exposure to 37°C. With further dilutions little or no interference was noted.
The capacity to yield NIHA decreased slowly during exposure of the seeds to 37°C. over a period of 5 days, thereafter more rapidly. It could not be restored by addition of infectious virus. Furthermore, since NIHA was obtained when the seeds contained as little as 102 or 103 ID50, it is unlikely that it was derived from those cells which had adsorbed both infectious and inactivated seed virus. It is suggestive that multiple adsorption of inactivated virus particles per se will yield NIHA. The available information, as discussed, favors the view that the NIHA does not represent seed virus in some form but is newly produced.
STUDIES ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF FEVER
Authors: Atkins Elisha , Wood W. Barry 
Published: June 2004

The rate of clearance of intravenously injected typhoid vaccine was studied in unsensitized, sensitized, and pyrogen-tolerant rabbits by means of a passive transfer technique.
The blood of unsensitized rabbits which had not been previously exposed to bacterial pyrogen remained pyrogenic for normal recipients throughout a period of 2 hours following the injection.
In contrast, rabbits sensitized by having received either one or two injections of the vaccine at least 3 weeks prior to the experiment cleared their blood of the test vaccine within 30 minutes despite the fact that they exhibit the same febrile response as unsensitized rabbits. After 1 hour, however, a transferable pyrogenic substance was again demonstrable in the sera of this group. Reasons are discussed for believing that this newly appearing substance may be of endogenous origin and may be the factor which directly affects the thermoregulatory centers of the brain.
Rabbits which are made tolerant by repeated daily injections of vaccine have a characteristically depressed febrile response. Not only were the blood streams of such animals cleared of the injected vaccine within less than 5 minutes, but samples of their sera obtained 1 and 2 hours after the injection also failed to contain demonstrable quantities of the secondary pyrogen observed in sensitized animals. The latter observation is in keeping with the suggestion that the secondary pyrogen may play a critical role in the production of fever.
THE USE OF PRECIPITIN ANALYSIS IN AGAR FOR THE STUDY OF HUMAN STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS
Authors: Halbert Seymour P. , Swick Lois , Sonn Constance 
Published: June 2004

It has been shown by agar precipitin tests (Ouchterlony and Oakley) that human sera may contain from 0 to 5 antibodies against antigens present in a partially purified streptolysin O preparation, and from 0 to 7 antibodies against antigens in a crude ammonium sulfate concentrate of the streptococcal culture supernate used. These antigens were prepared from a Group A hemolytic streptococcus (strain C203S).
Strong evidence was presented suggesting that some of the bands seen with streptolysin O concentrate represented antibody reponses to streptococcal antigens heretofore undescribed.
Tests were also carried out with other streptococcal antigens, including streptokinase-desoxyribonuclease mixture from Group C streptococci (varidase-Lederle), crystalline proteinase, proteinase precursor, C carbohydrate, and sonic vibrated streptococcal cell extracts (group A, C203S). Fewer bands were seen with these preparations, and with some they were quite uncommon. The observations indicated that the predominating antibody responses in human streptococcal infections were to extracellular products of the micro-organisms, and only very slightly and infrequently to intracellular antigens.
The human sera studied included sera from patients with active or convalescent rheumatic fever, and non-rheumatic subjects suffering from a variety of illnesses. As was expected, the rheumatic subjects showed antibody responses to many more of the antigens present in these preparations than did the nonrheumatic group.
Pooled normal human gamma globulin was found to contain many of the antibodies found in potent human sera. This finding confirmed the antigen-antibody nature of the bands seen with individual sera. The epidemiological significance of these findings with gamma, globulin was briefly discussed.
It was found that rabbit, guinea pig, and human antibody precipitin bands join quite readily in the Ouchterlony tests. This finding adds another tool for the identification of the precipitin bands found with human sera.
Evidence was obtained which indicated differing immunological specificities of two samples of streptococcal desoxyribonuclease, one from Group A, the other from a Group C streptococcus.
The value of these technics as representing a new approach to the study of human infectious disease was discussed.
ASPERMATOGENESIS, ANAPHYLAXIS, AND CUTANEOUS SENSITIZATION INDUCED IN THE GUINEA PIG BY HOMOLOGOUS TESTICULAR EXTRACT
Authors: Freund Jules , Thompson George E. , Lipton Murray M. 
Published: June 2004

Guinea pig testicles were extracted with acetic acid; the extract was purified by removing material in consecutive precipitations with 30 per cent saturated ammonium-sulfate, trichloracetic acid, and chloroform. The solution so purified, when administered with complete adjuvants, was highly active in inducing impairment of spermatogenesis in guinea pigs. The activity resisted autoclaving at 15 pounds' pressure for 20 minutes, proteolytic enzymes, and formamide.
Anaphylactic shock and cutaneous reaction to the purified homologous extract occurred in guinea pigs sensitized by the extract combined with adjuvants.
For the production of aspermatogenesis it was essential to incorporate killed mycobacteria into the water-in-oil emulsion containing the antigen; but anaphylactic sensitization did not require the presence of mycobacteria.
THE PLACENTA AND PROTEIN METABOLISM
Authors: Whipple G. H. , Hill R. B. , Terry R. , Lucas F. V. , Yuile C. L. 
Published: June 2004

Plasma proteins tagged in vivo by feeding D-L-lysine-ϵ-C14 to donor dogs have been administered to pregnant dogs by both oral and intravenous routes.
A relatively small percentage of the C14 activity originally incorporated in these proteins is found to pass from mother to fetus after intravenous injection. The amount transferred tends to increase with the length of gestation period and total number of fetuses.
Plasma protein labeled with I131 does not cross the placenta in the dog, but does in the rabbit.
Evans blue dye does not cross the placenta of the dog.
After oral administration of labeled plasma protein or lysine, C14 is transferred promptly and in considerable quantity to the fetus.
Labeled plasma proteins disappear more rapidly from the circulation of pregnant than of normal dogs. This increased metabolic turnover occurs without excretion of any excess waste metabolites.
The chorionic epithelium, gram for gram, is probably 2 to 3 times as active as the hepatic epithelium in protein metabolism.
These findings indicate an important placental function related to maternal and fetal protein metabolism. While the placenta utilizes maternal plasma proteins and amino acids, in a quantitative sense the latter appear to supply the major nitrogen needs of the growing fetus.
CELLULAR MECHANISMS OF PROTEIN METABOLISM IN THE NEPHRON
Authors: Straus Werner , Oliver Jean 
Published: June 2004

Immunological analysis with a specific antiserum showed an increasing concentration of egg white proteins in the cortex of the kidney of the rat up to 18 hours after their intraperitoneal injection, and a fall in the following 40 hours.
Homogenates of the cortical tissue prepared at 18 hours, the period of maximum droplet development, showed a large amount of the egg white proteins in the supernatant, considerable amounts in the fraction which contained the mitochondria, but the highest concentration, 6 times that of any other cell fraction, in the highly purified preparation of droplets.
The relation of these findings to the morphological and histochemical evidence concerning the constitution of the droplets is discussed and the conclusion drawn that absorbed egg white proteins and mitochondrial substances are important elements in their formation.
THE EFFECT OF POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS ON HUMAN BRAIN CELLS IN TISSUE CULTURE
Authors: Hogue M. J. , McAllister R. , Greene A. E. , Coriell L. L. 
Published: June 2004

Poliomyelitis virus I, Mahoney strain, affected human brain cells grown in tissue cultures usually causing death of the cells in 3 days. The neurons reacted in different ways to the virus, some died with their neurites extended, others contracted one or more of their neurites. Terminal bulbs were frequently formed at the tips of the neurites when they were being drawn into the cell body. The final contraction of the cell body and the change into a mass of granules were often very sudden. Vacuoles often developed in the neuron. There was no recovery.
Astrocytes, oligodendroglia, and macrophages were affected by the virus but not as quickly as the neurons.
The age of the tissue culture was not a factor when the cells were in good condition.
The age of the individual donor of the brain tissue was a factor; the fetal brain cells appeared to be more sensitive to the virus than the adult brain cells. The fetal neurons often reacted ½ hour after inoculation while the adult neurons reacted more slowly, 2 to 24 hours after inoculation.
All these changes seemed to be caused by virus infection because they were prevented by specific antiserum or by preheating the virus.
STUDIES ON ANTIBODY PRODUCTION
Authors: Coons Albert H. , Leduc Elizabeth H. , Connolly Jeanne M. 
Published: June 2004

A method for the specific histochemical demonstration of antibody in cells and parts of cells is described. It consists of carrying out a two stage immunological reaction on frozen sections of tissues: (a) allowing reaction between antibody in the tissue and dilute antigen applied in vitro, and (b) the detection of those areas where this antigen has been specifically absorbed by means of a precipitin reaction carried out with fluorescein-labelled antibody. Examination under the fluorescence microscope reveals the yellow-green fluorescence of fluorescein over those areas where a precipitate has formed.
A study of the hyperimmune rabbit on the first few days after the last of a series of intravenous antigen injections reveals that antibody against human γ-globulin or ovalbumin is present in groups of plasma cells in the red pulp of the spleen, the medullary areas of lymph nodes, the submucosa of the ileum, and the portal connective tissue of the liver. Because of extensive non-specific reactions, the bone marrow could not be examined. Small amounts of antibody were occasionally visible in cells in the lymphoid follicles of the spleen and lymph nodes, so that a minor contribution by lymphocytes to antibody synthesis cannot be excluded.
THE ANTIGENIC SIMILARITY OF HUMAN LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS
Authors: Levine Lawrence , Kauffman Dorothy L. , Brown Ray K. 
Published: June 2004

The following human low density lipoproteins were prepared: ß-lipoproteins of densities greater than 1.040 (A, B,C) a ß-lipoprotein of –S1·063 = 5 (D), a lipoprotein of –S1·063 = 19 (E), and a lipoprotein of –S1·063 = 70 (F).
Data are presented which show the immunochemical homogeneity of the D lipoprotein rabbit-anti-D lipoprotein system.
Cross-reactions between antibody to A and D lipoproteins and the above lipoproteins have been demonstrated by quantitative precipitation, quanitative complement fixation, and single and double diffusion in agar.
The antigenic similarities appear to be associated with the protein portions of the molecule.
The antisera produced did not differentiate the low density lipoprotein classes.
ACTIVE ANAPHYLAXIS TO A FOREIGN PROTEIN INDUCED IN MICE BY THE TRANSFER OF TISSUE FROM ANIMALS PREVIOUSLY INJECTED WITH THE PROTEIN
Authors: McMaster Philip D. , Edwards Joshua L. , Sturm Ernest 
Published: June 2004

Following single intravenous injections of a foreign protein antigen, bovine γ-globulin, into mice and rabbits, antigenic material persisting in the liver could be detected for several weeks. Ground liver tissue—taken from the mice and rabbits, just mentioned, either 4 or 6 weeks after injecting the antigen—when transferred repeatedly, at 2 or 3 day intervals, to the peritoneal cavities of normal, or unilaterally adrenalectomized, recipient mice, rendered the recipients sensitive to active anaphylaxis when they were challenged after a suitable interval by intravenous injections of the original antigen.
The work throws some light on the state of the antigenic material that persists for 4 to 6 weeks in the livers of the donor animals. Obviously it is sufficiently unchanged, at least in its reactive groups, to engender in the recipient mice antibodies capable of reacting with the original antigen.
STUDIES ON THE IMMUNOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO FOREIGN TUMOR TRANSPLANTS IN THE MOUSE
Authors: Mitchison N. A. 
Published: June 2004

The transfer of transplantation immunity by lymph node cells has been the subject of investigation. Transplantable tumors have been used to provoke and to measure transplantation immunity. Cells from the lymph nodes draining a tumor homograft were transferred as mince or in suspension into the peritoneum of a secondary host to confer immunity. These cells could confer immunity while the immunizing graft was undergoing breakdown during the primary, and also during the more rapid secondary, response. Cells from other nodes and from the spleen, and also whole blood or serum failed in these experiments to transfer immunity. In one combination of tumor and host, serum from immunized donors enhanced tumor growth.
Evidence has been presented favoring the hypothesis that the lymph node cells were immunologically activated before transfer, and that they conferred immunity by continuing to function in their host. Immunization by tumor cells transferred along with the cells of the nodes could not account for the failure of lymph node transferred into susceptible animals to give rise to tumors; nor for the failure of tumor cells to give rise to immunity as rapidly as transferred lymph node cells. Freezing and thawing of the transferred cells prevented transfer of immunity. Cells from donors immunized against an isoantigen failed to confer immunity on hosts which carried that isoantigen, offering evidence of absorption of antibody. The duration of immunity transferred within an inbred strain was shorter than actively induced immunity, but longer than could have been expected of passively transferred immunity. After transfer of cells into foreign hosts, immunity declined more rapidly, as if the transferred cells were destroyed by the homograft reaction of the host.
The possibility that cells of the host were activated has also been discussed. A brief review showed that similar problems are raised in other systems of transfer of immunity by cells.