bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhancing the Concept of Disenfranchised Grief
Authors: Corr Charles A. 
Published: May 2005

Doka (1989a, p. 4) defined disenfranchised grief as “the grief that persons experience when they incur a loss that is not or cannot be openly acknowledged, publicly mourned, or socially supported.” He suggested that disenfranchisement can apply to unrecognized relationships, losses, or grievers, as well as to certain types of deaths. This article contends that disenfranchisement in bereavement may have a potentially broader scope than has been hitherto recognized. That claim is defended by exploring further the implications of disenfranchisement and by suggesting ways in which certain understandings or misunderstandings of the dynamic qualities of grief, mourning, and their outcomes may be open to disenfranchisement or may participate in disenfranchisement. The aims of this argument are to enhance the concept of disenfranchised grief in itself and to deepen appreciation of the full range of all that is or can be experienced in bereavement.
Insight into the Psychosocial Aspects of Huntington's Disease in Chinese Society
Authors: Leung Tak Yu , Leung Chi Ming 
Published: May 2005

Objective: To review the psychosocial aspects of Chinese families with Huntington's disease (HD) in Hong Kong. Method: The psychosocial aspects of five Chinese families in Hong Kong were studied with in-depth interviews and detailed analysis of case records. Results: Patients with HD are found to suffer from certain specific psychosocial adversities, including marital disharmony, social stigma and increased suicidal risk in those with relatively well-preserved cognitive function. A low request rate for presymptomatic testing for HD is also observed among these cases. Conclusions: Though the genetic defect in HD is universal and cuts across cultures, the problems faced by these patients and their families are never the same. Despite limited local experience due to a much lower prevalence, Chinese HD patients in Hong Kong are found to have specific needs that emerge from their ethno-historical background.
Use of Essential Drugs in Rural Ghana
Authors: Hogerzeil Hans V. 
Published: May 2005

In this article, a drug utilization study in 15 district hospitals and 2 health centers in Ghana is described. Use of 94 essential drugs was measured over 2.5 million treatment episodes during 1981–1982. It was found that much less is spent on drugs in health centers than in hospitals, expressed in cost per 10,000 treatment episodes. In hospitals with Ghanaian doctors, about twice as much is spent on drugs as in hospitals with expatriate doctors. Particular therapeutic groups and drugs for which larger quantities are used are also analyzed. Possible reasons for and consequences of these differences are discussed. The results of this study form the most reliable records currently available on drug utilization in Ghana. They record the actual drug use, that is, the total drug use within existing patterns of prescription and losses. These figures have been used for a consumption-based estimate of drug requirements for 64 church-related district hospitals and health centers.
Hypochondriacal Concerns in Panic Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder: A Comparison
Authors: Noyes Russell , Woodman Catherine L. , Bodkin J. Alexander , Yagla Stephen J. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: To gain perspective on the relationship between hypochondriasis and panic disorder, we compared the occurrence of hypochondriasis in patients with panic disorder ( N = 59) and major depressive disorder ( N = 27) Methods: Patients who participated in separate drug treatment trials were assessed at baseline and eight weeks using the Whiteley Index of Hypochondriasis. Results: At baseline, the Whiteley Index score was greater for patients with panic disorder than for those with major depressive disorder. At eight weeks, a statistically significant reduction in the mean hypochondriasis score was observed in panic patients who had improved but not in major depressive patients who had improved. Modest correlations were observed between hypochondriasis and symptoms of panic and major depressive disorder, but in depressed patients, hypochondriasis was positively correlated with anxiety symptoms as well. Conclusion: A unique relationship appears to exist between hypochondriasis and panic disorder. The nature of this relationship and its implications for classification are discussed.
Kevorkian, Martha Wichorek and US: A Personal Account
Authors: Kaplan Kalman J. , Leonhardi Mary 
Published: May 2005

In this short article, the authors describe their attempt to do suicide-prevention with a patient that ultimately died as the result of a physician-assisted suicide. Autopsy revealed no sign of physical disease but the patient's letters indicate a preoccupation with independence as the definition of life, and conviction that people who lose independence are no longer alive. I am not stressed, oppressed, or depressed. I don't have Alzheimer's and am not terminally ill, but I am 82 years old and I want to die.
The Role of the Editor in Australia
Authors: Williams Graham 
Published: May 2005

This article has been adapted by the author from a paper presented to the first technical communications seminar held at The New South Wales Institute of Technology in June 1974. Discussed are some elements and techniques of editing from the author's experiences as an editor in Australia and which may be applicable to other countries. Format, typography, printing, the duties of the editor, the instruction manual, and liaison are some of the topics discussed.
Psychosocial Care by General Practitioners—Where are the Problems? Results of a Demonstration Project on Quality Management in Psychosocial Primary Care
Authors: Fritzsche Kurt , Sandholzer Hagen , Brucks Ursula , Cierpka Manfred , Deter Hans-Christian , Härter Martin , Höger Christoph , Richter Rainer , Schmidt Bettina , Larisch Astrid , Wirsching Michael 
Published: May 2005

Objective: Since 1987, psychosocial services have been a part of the primary care setting in Germany. In the framework of an eight-center national demonstration program, problems in the diagnosis and therapy of psychosocial problems and psychosomatic disorders were assessed. Methods to improve quality were also implemented. Method: General practitioners ( n = 191) from six regions participated in the study. One thousand three hundred and forty-one treatment episodes of patients with predominantly psychosocial symptoms were documented. Differences between psychosocial strain, treatment, and outcome were determined by analyses of variance. Results: Anxiety (62%), depression (51%), and marital/family conflicts (44%) were the most frequent symptoms. Psychosocial treatment was offered more often to those patients who had the highest level of anxiety and depression. Patients with pain and without a psychological attribution to their illnesses were offered less psychosocial treatment and suffered worse results. Partners and family members were rarely integrated into therapy. The procedures employed to improve outcome were quality circles, family-oriented case conferences, consultation services, and collaborative groups. Conclusions: These initial results are promising. A process of internal quality management has been initiated. Some of the physicians still resist documenting the data. Patients with somatic symptoms without psychological attribution may need special psychosocial interventions to improve their outcomes.
Industrialization and Occupational Health in Underdeveloped Countries
Authors: Elling Ray H. 
Published: May 2005

This paper examines world political economic relationships, especially the growing disparities between “developed” and underdeveloped countries and the role of multinational corporations in exploiting the people and resources of underdeveloped lands. Workers in these lands are identified as high risk for both new and old forms of occupational health hazards. To protect themselves, workers must establish governments on their own behalf rather than client governments serving external capitalist interests. This article appeared, in modified form, in the Proceedings of the Third National Symposium on Non-Communicable Diseases, a conference which was held in the German Democratic Republic, April 21–24, 1976.
The Classification of Mental Disorders in Primary Care: A Guide through a Difficult Terrain
Authors: Lamberts Henk , Magruder Kathryn , Kathol Roger G. , Pincus Harold A. , Okkes Inge 
Published: May 2005

Background: Primary care physicians traditionally have a strong interest in the mental health of their patients. Three classification systems are available for them to diagnose, label, and classify mental disorders: 1) The ICD-10 approach with three options, 2) The DSM-IV approach with two options, and 3) the ICPC approach with two options. This article lists important similarities and differences between the systems to help potential users choose the option that best meets their needs. Methods: Definitions for depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and somatization disorder are compared on five characteristics of classification: 1. the domain, 2. the scope, 3. the nature of the definitions, 4. focus on episodes of care, and 5. clinical guidelines. Results: Primary care physicians and psychiatrists have different perspectives, reflected in different classifications. Each system has specific possibilities and limitations with regard to the diagnosis of mental disorders. For common mental disorders it is possible, however, to choose codes from one system while maintaining compatibility with the other two. Comparability as to the diagnostic content of the different classes, however, is more difficult to establish. The available classification systems give both primary care physicians and psychiatrists options to diagnose, label, and to classify mental disorders from their own perspective, but once a system has been chosen the clinical comparability of a patient with the same diagnosis in other systems is limited. Conclusion: Compatibility among systems can be optimized by strictly following a number of rules. The conversion between ICPC and ICD-10 (and consequently DSM-IV) allows simultaneous use of ICPC and ICD-10 as a classification and DSM-IV as the standard nomenclature. This is of particular interest for computer based patient records in primary care. The clinical comparability of the same diagnosis in different systems however is limited by the characteristics of the different system.
Effects of Orienting Activities and Instructional Control on Learning Facts and Procedures from Interactive Video
Authors: Tovar Mariela , Coldevin Gary 
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of orienting activities and locus of instructional control on the learning of factual and procedural knowledge via interactive video. Specifically, the interaction between three levels of instructional control (linear, mixed and learner) and two levels of orienting (orienting versus no orienting) was investigated. It was hypothesized that the provision of an orienting activity would show a greater impact on learning for the learner control condition than for the mixed control and linear control conditions. Subjects consisted of ninety-one university students majoring in either biology, chemistry or exercise science. The dependent variables were recall of facts, recall of procedures, and instructional time. The results did not support the predicted interaction between orienting activity and instructional locus of control. It was found that provision of the orienting activity significantly facilitated the recall of factual information from the lesson. Both linear and mixed control treatments were significantly superior to the learner control. No significant effects were found for the recall of procedural information. Analysis of the time variable showed that subjects provided with the orienting activity spent significantly more time with the program than those who did not have this activity.
Sex, Stress, and Health
Authors: Brecher Jeremy 
Published: May 2005

Recent research suggests possible health benefits of sexual activity. Sexual arousal appears to increase testosterone levels in males. (Related effects in females have not been studied.) This article shows that increased testosterone has a number of health-promoting effects and that good sexual functioning is a health issue not only in itself, but also in its effects on general health as well. Both clinical and experimental evidence indicates that stress disrupts the normal sexual response. Combining this with the previous evidence, a general model of reciprocal inhibition between sexual and stress effects is proposed, with the implication that sex may be an antagonist to the deleterious health effects of stress. If stress disrupts sex, the result is likely to be indirect negative effects on health. Three basic types of stress which frequently disrupt sexual functioning are described, and it is argued that sex therapy techniques are effective in large part as a result of their ability to reduce these forms of stress. The kinds of stress that lead to sexual dysfunction have clear social roots. A variety of etiological factors are identified. It is argued that movements promoting social change may in fact perform sexual preventive medicine, which may indirectly augment general health as well.
Provocation of Pseudoseizures by Psychiatric Interview during EEG and Video Monitoring
Authors: Cohen Lewis M. , Howard George F. , Bongar Bruce 
Published: May 2005

Objective: This paper discusses a new technique for diagnosing pseudoseizures. The technique consists of an intensive psychiatric interview designed to provoke a pseudoseizure during EEG and video monitoring. We wished to determine the overall efficacy of the technique and learn how our patients felt about having undergone the procedure. We were also interested in whether their seizures persisted approximately three years later. Method: We reviewed medical records and conducted telephone interviews with thirty of thirty-two patients who had previously undergone the procedure as part of an evaluation for unusual or intractable seizures. All evaluations had been performed on a university hospital neurology service. The patients were consecutive referrals to the consultative psychiatry service for suspicion of pseudoseizures. Results: Nineteen of the thirty-two patients interviewed had a pseudoseizure under EEG and video monitoring. Of the thirty reached by telephone for follow-up, twenty-two recalled the procedure as helpful or benign. None regarded the overall psychiatric consultation negatively. Among the patients who had exhibited pseudoseizures there was a variety of psychiatric diagnoses with a preponderance of personality disorders. Two thirds of those patients without coexisting epilepsy stopped having seizures or rarely had seizures following their evaluations. Conclusions: The diagnostic technique described here is useful in patients with possible pseudoseizures. It does not appear to be harmful when employed as part of a comprehensive psychiatric consultation. How it may compare with other methods of pseudoseizure diagnosis will have to be determined by further study.
Quantitative Understanding: A Social Science Basic
Authors: Tipple Bruce E. , Switzer Kenneth A. 
Published: May 2005

With the support of a grant from the National Science Foundation, the Educational Resources Center of Boulder, Colorado, is developing and field testing thirty-five one- to three-day learning activities designed to improve students' understanding of quantitative concepts within the context of high school social studies courses. This two-year project, entitled Quantitative Understanding to Enhance Social Science Teaching (QUESST), is based on the belief that it is important for secondary-level students to learn both the value and the limitations of using quantitative data and methods in the study of social issues. This article presents a detailed rationale for the development of learning activities that infuse quantitative concepts and skills into secondary-level social studies classes, outlines the phases of project development, and briefly discusses the content of the learning activities developed by the project staff.
The Association between Depressive Symptoms and Cigarette Smoking in An Urban Primary Care Sample
Authors: Brown Charlotte , Madden Pamela A. F. , Palenchar Deena R. , Cooper-Patrick Lisa 
Published: May 2005

Objective: To examine the relationship between cigarette smoking and depressive symptoms in an urban primary care sample. Methods: Eligible participants were 526 patients aged eighteen to sixty-four presenting in the waiting rooms of two university affiliated internal medicine clinics. Participants were asked to complete a brief interview which ascertained current depressive symptoms using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), demographic information, and smoking status using a modified version of the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). Results: Smoking status differed significantly by age, gender, education, and employment status. Mean level of depressive severity also differed by smoking status. Current smokers with nicotine dependence symptoms had significantly higher CES-D scores than those who had never smoked, ex-smokers, and non-dependent smokers. Logistic regression analyses indicated that gender, employment status, age, and smoking status were significantly associated with CES-D scores ≥16. Exploratory analyses suggested that among smokers with a symptom of nicotine dependence, significantly more women than men had clinically significant levels of depressive symptoms. Conclusions: The association between smoking behavior and depressive symptoms in the present study is consistent with that reported in population-based and psychiatric samples. Symptoms of nicotine dependence were significantly associated with clinical levels of depressive symptoms. Primary care physicians may wish to inquire about depressive symptoms among smokers, because these symptoms may interfere with patients' efforts to quit.
Humanism and Technology: A Model for Integrating Educational Technology in the Humanities Classroom
Authors: Shtogren John A. 
Published: May 2005

The strides made in higher education to improve learning and teaching in the sciences have not been matched in the humanities. Teachers in the humanities perceive a fundamental conflict between their values and behaviorally oriented systematic approaches. The model presented will demonstrate how principles from instructional technology can be adapted to the humanities classroom, literature specifically, and increase learning without jeopardizing humanistic values. Specifically, characteristics from programmed instruction are integrated into the lecture-discussion format. The result is a course design which requires students to master more material than usual and produces levels of mastery skewed to the A-B range even in urban university settings where wide ranges in entering abilities are to be expected. Moreover, the design provides for individual student decision making unavailable in traditional class structures. An Applied Learning Systems curriculum should address the particular needs of the humanities. Such attention will help enfranchise those instructors and students who have not experienced the benefits which technology can bring to their classrooms.
Psychological Burden in the Era of Haart: Impact of Selenium Therapy
Authors: Shor-Posner Gail , Lecusay Robert , Miguez Maria-Jose , Moreno-Black Geraldine , Zhang Guoyan , Rodriguez Noaris , Burbano Ximena , Baum Marianna , Wilkie Frances 
Published: May 2005

Objective: To determine the impact of nutritional (selenium) chemo-prevention on levels of psychological burden (anxiety, depression, and mood state) in HIV/AIDS. Method: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled selenium therapy (200 μ/day) trial was conducted in HIV+ drug users from 1998–2000. Psychosocial measures (STAI-State and Trait anxiety, BDI-depression, and POMS- mood state), clinical status (CD4 cell count, viral load), and plasma selenium levels were determined at baseline and compared with measurements obtained at the 12-month evaluation in 63 participants (32 men, 31 women). Results: The majority of the study participants reported elevated levels of both State (68%) and Trait (70%) anxiety. Approximately 25% reported overall mood distress (POMS >60) and moderate depression (BDI > 20). Psychological burden was not influenced by current drug use, antiretroviral treatment, or viral load. At the 12-month evaluation, participants who received selenium reported increased vigor ( p = 0.004) and had less anxiety (State, p = 0.05 and Trait, p = 0.02), compared to the placebo-treated individuals. No apparent selenium-related affect on depression or distress was observed. The risk for state anxiety was almost four times higher, and nearly nine times greater for trait anxiety in the placebo-treated group, controlling for antiretroviral therapy, CD4 cell decline (> 50 cells) and years of education. Conclusions: Selenium therapy may be a beneficial treatment to decrease anxiety in HIV+ drug users who exhibit a high prevalence of psychological burden.
“Thinking the Unthinkable”: The Prospect of Compulsory Sterilization in India
Authors: Minkler Meredith 
Published: May 2005

The National Population Policy Statement adopted by the Government of India in April 1976 gave states the mandate to adopt coercive and compulsory sterilization measures toward the end of bringing under control the nation's massive population growth. Many states have since adopted stringent measures which penalize couples having three or more children, and four states additionally have proposed legislation for compulsory sterilization. While the demographic impact of compulsory sterilization after the third child is undisputed, the administrative feasibility of such an undertaking has been widely questioned, particularly in light of the inadequacy of India's medical infrastructure in the rural areas. Critics further have raised questions concerning the social and ethical implications of compulsory sterilization and of measures which penalize the poor through means which may have adverse effects on their health and welfare. Finally, opponents of the new sterilization measures have suggested that they divert attention from the need for more basic changes in the nation's economic and social structure. While the need for bringing down India's continued high birth rate is widely recognized, alternative population measures—e.g. increased abortion facilities and an enforcement of the raised age at marriage-have been advocated in lieu of the compulsory sterilization measures currently being proposed.
Major Depression and Quality of Life in Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Li Wang Jian , Reimer Marlene A. , Metz Luanne M. , Patten Scott B. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: To compare the Quality of Life (QOL) of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients with and without lifetime major depression. Method: Data on 136 MS subjects sampled from the University of Calgary MS Clinic were collected. The WHO's Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) was used to diagnose lifetime major depression. The MSQOL-54 was administered to evaluate QOL of the subjects. Results: Thirty one (22.8 percent) of the 136 MS subjects had lifetime major depression, However, only 6 of these had a current episode at the time of data collection. MS patients with lifetime major depression had significantly lower MSQOL-54 scores in the QOL domains of Energy, Mental Health, Cognitive Function, General Quality of Life, Sexual Function, and Role Limitation—Emotional than the MS patients without lifetime major depression. Conclusions: Lifetime major depression may have a substantial impact on the QOL of people with MS. Alternatively, MS patients with poor QOL may be at greater risk of major depression.