bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Session 30: Early Dance
Authors: Sparti Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Would You Like to Dance this Frottola? Choreographic Concordances in Two Early Sixteenth-Century (Tuscan?) Sources An anonymous manuscript dated 1510 and another by a dancing-master called II Papa from c.1520 contain descriptions of twenty dances, the titles of almost half of which correspond to those of contemporary frottolas. While the dances, for trios only, use the step vocabulary of the previous century, they are far less varied. They have, however, a distinctive and more popular style, characterized by a choreographic squareness (a strong 4/4 feeling) and a strophe-refrain structure. This presentation showed (with the help of some danced examples) how some of the balletti do, indeed, fit the concordant frottolas very-or fairly-well, problems arising with polyrhythmic settings, or when music and dance apparently use different mensurations. Besides helping to fill in the gap in our knowledge of early sixteenth-century Italian dance, these sources add another dimension to the study of the multifaceted frottola.
Session 31: Early Twentieth-Century USA
Authors: Lambert Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last fifteen years or so have seen major reconsideration of Charles Ives and his place in music history. Scholars have examined both the musical influences on the composer, revealing a stronger debt to the European tradition than had been previously thought, and the hotly debated chronology of his work. This paper reflected on the recent revisionism while offering another new perspective that further informs Ives’s image. Rejecting the customary relegation of his most innovative works to a separate category known as ‘the experiments’, the paper presented a unified view of Ives that places all of his musical ideals and practices under a single rubric. It used analyses of Ives’s musical and literary texts to portray a musical mind resistant to easy labels, and a compositional catalogue in which the notion of ‘experiment’ can have only very limited application. Ultimately it lends further support to the revised view of Ives’s artistic debts, while offering further refutation of any radically new compositional chronology.
Session 32: Early Twentieth-Century France
Authors: Hart Brian J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the first decade of this century, music in France was strongly influenced by political concerns that developed as a result of the Dreyfus Affair. Musical genres became subject to political interpretation, and among these the symphony incited particular controversy. Political interests affected the symphony in three ways. First, many musicians projected partisan qualities upon the symphony and either lauded the genre as the embodiment of tradition or damned it as the musical incarnation of political reaction and German hegemony. Second, some symphonies contained political messages or lent themselves to such reading; examples include d’Indy’s Symphony no. 2, which disciples explained as a defence of tradition, and Ropartz’s Symphony no. 3,
Session 4: Multimedia
Authors: Ballester Jordi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the end of the Middle Ages, the figure of the shepherd-musician had become a popular character in the iconographical depictions of many religious subjects. My contribution, based on exhaustive research of Catalano-Aragonese panel paintings between c.1350 and 1500, showed in diagrammatic form how this phenomenon developed in a particular time and place. The diagram established links between shepherd-musicians and (1) Catalano-Aragonese depictions of the Nativity, the Annunciation to the Shepherds, the Annunciation to Joachim, and the Epiphany; (2) religious and contemporary texts; (3) sacred drama; and (4) certain musical instruments. The development of these links brings to light an artistic tendency to include glimpses of real life, and the habit of using pictorial patterns based on stereotyped models also emerges.
The Pains and Pleasures of Liberation
Authors: Latham Alison , Parker Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a hundred years since Verdi died, and more of his operas are now in the repertory than at any other period, whether during his lifetime or after it. Such works as Stiffelio or Alzira or Il corsaro, which rather quickly disappeared from nineteenth-century stages, have now been revived, recorded more than once, been presented in elaborate critical editions, and been the object of a mass of other scholarly activity. While performance of any of these operas would have been prohibitively difficult fifty years ago (with non-existent or unreliable performing materials, a complete absence of a ‘performing tradition’, etc.
In Praise of the Pragmatic
Authors: Porter Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
First, a footnote. When James Hepokoski quotes from a late production book the phrase ‘It is absolutely necessary that artists take full notice of the staging [herein] and conform to it’, the ‘artists’ (gli artisti) may not refer, as one might expect, to everyone involved in the performance. In the context, it may apply specifically to the designers of the scenery and costumes; the sentence may not be quite as prescriptive as it seems.
Lights . . . Action
Authors: Powers Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I should like to start by touching on a question raised by David Rosen: whether the stage directions should be considered part of the text. A former teacher of mine was once heard to say ‘God save us from an opera director who wants to express himself’ (today he would have added ‘or herself’); and we should include set designers too. In my own moments of particular outrage at directorial whimsy for which I may have paid well over $100, I used to ask myself the same question.
‘Trust the tale, not the teller’
Authors: Rosselli John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
First, a few words on the question of naturalezza (‘naturalness’). At all times, the reigning theatrical convention has been thought ‘natural’. There are many examples: without going back to Hamlet’s advice to the players or to David Garrick, both of which, of course, have to do with great naturalness (though if we were to see Burbage or Garrick, we would surely be very surprised), we have documents closer in time. For instance, at about the turn of the century; Forbes Robertson was supposed to be a much more spontaneous, natural Hamlet than his immediate predecessor, Henry Irving.
On ‘Exactly what is Written’
Authors: Brown Clive 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
David Lawton’s paper highlights with admirable clarity some interesting and important aspects of nineteenth-century practice, ones that have scarcely been taken into account by the majority of singers and conductors of Verdi’s operas. I should like briefly to consider one or two closely related broader issues, concerning the relationship of the written text to the aural conceptions or expectations that lay behind it. Whether these have any bearing on the way in which modern performers wish to approach Verdi’s text is for performers and conductors to ponder.
Ballet in Italy: The Background to Verdi
Authors: Hansell Kathleen K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ballet was always an important component of the Italian musical theatre. During the seventeenth century; at the first performances of public opera after 1637, there were often short ballets included within the opera’s acts. However, by the end of the seventeenth century and the beginning of the eighteenth, when the Arcadian theorists started to write about a type of serious opera (opera seria) that would no longer include such extraneous elements as comedy; dances, and so on, ballets were removed from opera.
On ‘Traditional’ Performance
Authors: Dotto Gabriele 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An important point made by Philip Gossett concerns the unreliability of tradition. I would like to add that not only is the concept of tradition (in such cases) unreliable, it is in effect indefinable. A popular image used to describe the work done in a critical edition of a musical score is that of the restoration of paintings and frescos, the idea being that the fundamental work of the editor entails a sort of identification of a base layer.
The ‘Textualization’ of Opera
Authors: Castelvecchi Stefano 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A criticism often levelled at the ongoing critical editions of ltalian opera, the Verdi edition among them, is that they attempt to ‘textualize’ the operas. The term has at least two implications. First, it suggests that such editions tend to identify the work (the opera) with a text (meaning a written text), whereas a work is in fact much more than a text. One can choose, for instance, to identify the work with the entire spectacle, so that it embraces, together with the text, singers, conductor, stage designer, director, the audience, and so on.
‘Talking to Ourselves’: The Early Years
Authors: Richtarik Marilynn J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Field Day’s press release for Three Sisters announced that it was a ‘translation’ in the deepest sense of the word. Friel interprets Chekhov’s masterpiece for contemporary audiences in conveying not only the meaning of the original words but also the essence and significance of Chekhov’s vision. He illuminates for us the complexities and confusions of life in Ireland today. Perhaps the best place to begin a discussion of the 1981 tour is to reflect upon what was meant by that. What drew Friel to Three Sisters, and what made him and Rea decide that Field Day should produce an Irish version of it? A pragmatic answer to the second question may be advanced. Field Day needed a script, and Friel’s treatment of Chekhov’s Three Sisters was available, completed even before Translations. Possibly, too, the directors felt that doing a classic might reduce the pressure of expectations on the company and lessen the impact of what Friel called ‘the second novel jinx’.
‘Not Just A Little Touring Company’: Field Day Further Afield
Authors: Richtarik Marilynn J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Field Day’s reputation in the first few years of its existence had depended mainly on the talents of its founders, Brian Friel and Stephen Rea. On 15 September 1983, the company launched a new venture that would engage more extensively the energies of its other directors, who had hitherto confined their public activity to the penning of controversial (some said pretentious) programme notes on the plays.Seamus Heaney recalls, Translations was a moment in theatre when you could feel a relationship between the activity of a single dramatist exploring a theme, and the condition of the country. That play went intravenously into the conscious ness of the audiences and the country I suppose what we were search ing for were other ways in which that kind of stirring and self-inspection could be extended beyond theatre.
Prologue
Authors: Woolrych Austin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
England was not only the largest and richest of Charles’s three kingdoms, but politically the most highly developed. Compared with the other major monarchies of early modern Europe, that of England possessed both strengths and weaknesses. In the later sixteenth century England had been arguably the most stable and best governed realm in Europe, and there was no sharp decline under James I.
Its greatest asset was its political unity. The authority of the king and his privy council extended on an almost equal footing into every corner of the land, and the system of local government was virtually uniform throughout. The regional jurisdictions of the Council of the North and the Council in the Marches of Wales, and the palatine privileges of Durham, Lancashire, and Cheshire, constituted only minor exceptions. A single system of common law operated throughout England and Wales; a single parliament represented the whole realm (except County Durham, though the Bishop of Durham sat in the Lords), and the taxes that it voted were levied equally (at least in theory) throughout it. The contrast with the regional diversity within the French and Spanish monarchies could not be stronger. In the former, only the central Île de France enjoyed anything approaching England’s political and legal uniformity.
The Commonwealth at War
Authors: Woolrych Austin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the nineteen-year-old Charles II heard the horrifying news of his father’s death, he was at the court of his brother-in-law William II of Orange at Breda. William himself would have done all he could to help him, but the powerful regent class of Holland and Zealand, who dominated the States- General, were set against involving the United Provinces in any further warfare. It was only months since the Peace of Westphalia had formally brought to an end the exhausting struggle that we call the Thirty Years War; indeed their own war of independence had lasted with one break for eighty years. For Charles the great question was whether he should look first to the Irish or the Scots to help him back to his English throne. The Scots had been prompt to proclaim him King of Great Britain, but they made the actual exercise of his regal powers conditional on his giving satisfaction regarding religion and taking the Solemn League and Covenant. Ormond and his adherents in Ireland, needless to say, wanted to impose no such conditions.
The First Phase of Cromwellian Rule
Authors: Woolrych Austin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In England, during the dozen years prior to the Protectorate, each major political turning-point had alienated a significant section of the Long Parliament’s original adherents, and so had narrowed the basis of support for the government of the day. When Civil War loomed, the constitutional royalists who had helped to pass the reforms of 1641 broke with Pym and his party and rallied to the king. In the crisis of 1648–9, most of the political presbyterians were driven into the wilderness by Pride’s Purge and the regicide, and some of them became royalists. In 1653, Cromwell’s expulsion of the Rump made enemies for life of such parliamentary republicans as Haselrig, Vane, Bradshaw, and Marten, while the Fifth Monarchists among others were never to forgive his elevation to the Protectorship at the end of the year.
‘A Single Person and a Parliament’
Authors: Woolrych Austin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although Cromwell and his councillors and diplomats got through an impressive amount of work during his first nine months as Protector, they all knew that the regime would face a severe test when, as the Instrument of Government decreed, its first parliament met on 3 September 1654, the anniversary of Dunbar and Worcester. From July onward the first general elections for fourteen years were held in England, and the first ever to a parliament of all three kingdoms. The resultant assembly deeply disappointed Cromwell’s hopes. It has been argued that he had largely himself to thank for this, since he failed to understand that parliaments in his revered Queen Elizabeth’s days had been rendered co-operative only through skilful management by a core of privy councillors and other royal servants, who used their large electoral influence to secure the return of a nucleus of grateful clients, and with their support steered the House into voting the measures and the subsidies that the government needed.1
Cavaliers in Arms, Swordsmen in the Saddle
Authors: Woolrych Austin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much the most imminent threat that Cromwell faced when he dissolved parliament came from the royalists who were planning an early general rising, and it will soon be shown how he countered it. But he also had to protect his back against other sorts of opponents. He knew very well that if the royalists had not enlisted the old Levellers in their cause it was not for want of trying. John Wildman was arrested on 10 February in the act of dictating a declaration calling upon the people to take up arms against him. Sexby, even deeper in conspiracy, escaped to the continent from Portland, abetted by the mayor of the town and governor of the castle, who actually arrested the party of soldiers sent to apprehend him because they had no written warrant. Leveller renegades, however, posed no serious menace.
The Regional Economy before 1450
Authors: Pollard A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
North-Eastern England straddles that line between highland and lowland zones which has been said to have ‘cleft England in twain’. The dominating feature of the landscape is the contrast between the pastoral high Pennines and North York Moors on the one hand and the mixed arable and pasture lowlands of the coastal plain, the Vale of York, and the Tees basin on the other. Four hundred years ago William Camden observed the same contrasts in topography and land use. Northumberland, he commented, ‘is mostly rough and barren’. The Pennine districts of Yorkshire and Durham ‘with craggy rocks and vast mountains’, ‘always exposed to wind and rain’, were ‘wild, solitary and unsightly’. The Vale of York and the lower river valleys, however, were ‘pleasant and fruitful’. County Durham may have been bleak to the west, but in the east parts and in the valleys of the Tees and Tyne ‘the ground is made very fruitful by tillage’. Even in Richmondshire, he observed, although the sides of the mountains here and there yield pretty rank grass, the bottoms and valleys ‘are not altogether unfruitful’.
Gentility: The Chase and Chivalry
Authors: Pollard A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When in 1460 Richard Pigot senior of Ripon gave a warranty to his nephew for Little Burton and other lands he swore, as well as by the faith he owed unto God, ‘not to vex nor trouble him upon his truth and worship as a true gentleman’. His word as a gentleman was as important as his oath as a Christian. But what was meant by ‘gentleman’? It is well established that the fifteenth century witnessed in England the development of the concept and style of a gentleman. As we have seen, a line was drawn at approximately £ro clear income a year from land between those who were taken to be gentle and those who were not. But true gentility did not reside in material wealth alone. It derived ultimately from personal qualities: lineage, courtliness, generosity, and honour. But getting beneath the skin to the true feeling of the north-eastern gentleman towards chivalry is as hard as getting to the heart of his religious conviction. A code of honour, martial at heart, was no doubt instilled at an early age (or acquired by the new arrival), and subscribed to; but in the absence of direct personal testimony we can do little more than assume this. We have largely to rely on the evidence of gentility in action, of its visible show and demonstration to the world, especially in the skills of hunting and in expertise in arms.
Anglo-Scottish Relations,1448-1485
Authors: Pollard A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A State of war existed between England and Scotland throughout the fifteenth century. Open war broke out on no fewer than six occasions between 1448 and 14961 and was waged for a total of eleven years in the half-century. When there was no open warfare a fragile truce was sustained, which needed frequent renewal and constant monitoring. Breaches of the truce were dealt with at special march days and diets. The wardens of the marches on both sides of the border needed to be vigilant that cross-border cattle-thieving and other incidents did not develop into major conflict. The chronic insecurity of the border and the instability of truces was an ever-present backdrop to life in the north-east: the whole of its society was drawn in when truces collapsed and open war was renewed. Not only was the success of kings and their deputies in defending the border itself vital to north-easterners, but also they tended to consider frontier security, in all but the most intensive periods of civic strife, as important as dynastic loyalty. Civil war and Scottish war became entangled at the beginning of Edward IV’s reign. Modern historians have tended to see the foreign entanglement as secondary.
The Neville Ascendancy,1461-1471
Authors: Pollard A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IT took three years for the Yorkists to secure the whole of north-eastern England after their resounding victory at Towton. Henry VI, in flight from York, was for a brief while besieged by Sir Robert Ogle, Sir John Conyers, and others in . Carham Castle, Northumberland. He was able, however, to escape to Scotland. While Edward IV remained in York for three weeks, celebrating Easter there, Lords Faucon berg and Greystoke were sent to Beverley to secure the support of the townspeople. The king meanwhile moved north to Durham, where he arrived on 22 April and received Laurence Booth, the bishop, into his service, conferring on him the honour of being his confessor. By I May Edward IV reached Newcastle, where the earl of Wiltshire, John Morton, Sir William Plumpton, and other fugitives from Towton who had fled to Cockermouth in Cumberland were brought before him.3 Wiltshire was promptly executed. Beyond Newcastle Edward did not venture: but he left Fauconberg in command of the castle and Sir George Lumley at Tynemouth to support Sir Robert Ogle and others who were endeavouring to subdue Northumberland.4 He returned to Durham; to Middle ham to stay with Warwick (5-7 May); and then to York again, before setting off for Westminster and his coronation.
Introduction
Authors: Connolly S J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I immediately sent to all the Protestants in the neighbourhood to appear in arms here, and likewise the townsmen. Major Gibson drew out his company and we proclaimed his Majesty on horseback in a great congregation, after which the soldiers fired three volleys, another at the drinking his Majesty’s health, another at the Prince’s health, another at the Royal family’s. The town and countrymen also fired several volleys by themselves pretty well, being most of them old soldiers. I sent a hogshead of beer out of my cellar and claret, at a large bonfire, and Major Gibson provided a large bowl of punch. Every window illuminated and the bells ringing and innumerable huzzas. We did not go to bed that night.
Law and the Maintenance of Order
Authors: Connolly S J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘There is no doubt, that if the poor should reason, “We’ll be the poor no longer, we’ll make the rich take their turn”, they could easily do it, were it not that they can’t agree.’ The issue raised by Samuel Johnson has become a central concern of the modern social historian. A steadily expanding literature on crime, law, and social control has sought to explore the ways in which, in societies marked by enormous inequalities, the few were able to maintain their mle over the many. In the case of Ireland, the question has an added point. The seventeenth century had seen the overthrow of one élite by another. In the struggles by which that overthrow was accomplished, the common people had overwhelmingly taken the side of the losers.
Sickness and its Treatment
Authors: Harvey Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The historians of sickness and its treatment in the Middle Ages must envy the recent achievements of the historians of population change in the same period. If, even now, less is known about population change in the Middle Ages than in the early modern period, medievalists are much better informed about the subject than were their predecessors a generation or two ago. This advance has been made possible by a drastic narrowing of the field of enquiry, from the vaguely drawn ‘country’ that was so often written about earlier to specific villages and manors: the historical demographers have learnt how to exploit small-scale observations to brilliant effect.