bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does prevalence of transfusion‐transmissible viral infection reflect corresponding incidence in United States blood donors?
Authors: Wang Baoguang , Schreiber G.B. , Glynn S.A. , Kleinman Steven , Wright D.J. , Murphy E.L. , Busch M.P. ,   Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study
Published: June 2005

BACKGROUND:  Calculation of viral residual risk is dependent on estimating incidence, which is not easily obtainable by most blood centers. Prevalence, however, is readily available. Understanding whether prevalence reflects corresponding incidence may help blood centers monitor disease risks.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:  With data on 12 million allogeneic donations, prevalence and incidence of transfusion‐transmitted viral infections (TTVIs) were calculated. Relationships between prevalence (in total, first‐time, and repeat donations) and incidence were analyzed for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) relative to temporal and donor demographic stratifications, respectively.RESULTS:  Overall prevalence of HIV, HBV, and HCV did not consistently reflect corresponding incidence. The relationship between prevalence and incidence varied with time and donors’ age and was virus‐specific.CONCLUSION:  Incidence of TTVIs cannot be easily predicted from overall prevalence. Accurate assessment of TTVI risk necessitates knowledge about donation histories and person‐years at risk. Establishing comprehensive frameworks for monitoring blood donations and infectious disease markers remains a key to monitoring blood safety.
Purification of severe acute respiratory syndrome hyperimmune globulins for intravenous injection from convalescent plasma
Authors: Zhang Zhan , Xie Yi‐Wu , Hong Jiling , Zhang Xin , Kwok Sui Yi , Huang Xiaowu , Wong Sai Wah , Wong Bing‐Lou ,   SARSIg Group
Published: June 2005

BACKGROUND:  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a new infectious disease caused by the SARS virus. Current first‐line treatments are experimental, and their effectiveness remains open to question. For more effective treatment and prevention of SARS, human SARS hyperimmune globulins for intravenous (IV) injection were purified in this study.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:  A combination of cold ethanol precipitation and ion‐exchange chromatography was used to process pooled SARS convalescent plasma samples. Virus inactivation and removal approaches were taken to ensure safety.RESULTS:  The purified hyperimmune globulins were formulated as a 5 percent solution, with an antibody titer specifically against the SARS virus of 1:83, 1:1600, and 1:200, as determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, immunofluorescence assay, and neutralizing antibody test, respectively. The purity of the SARS hyperimmune globulins was 99.0 percent, and the monomer and dimer content was 100 percent. Other variables analyzed met the Chinese Requirements of Biologics for IV immune globulin. The  SARS hyperimmune globulins prepared were subsequently approved for clinical evaluation by the Chinese National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical & Biological Products.CONCLUSION:  IV‐injectable, purified, and concentrated human SARS hyperimmune globulins were prepared from pooled convalescent plasma samples, which are ready to be further evaluated.
Toward closed‐system culture of blood origin endothelial cells
Authors: Wagner Stephen J. , Myrup Andrew C. 
Published: June 2005

BACKGROUND: Blood outgrowth endothelial cells (BOECs) are thought to arise from very rare progenitors that are present in the mononuclear fraction of marrow or peripheral blood. Recently, BOECs have been expanded from progenitors present in buffy coat into confluent monolayers on fibronectin‐ or collagen‐coated polystyrene surfaces. A method for sterile closed‐system culture of these cells has not been described, however. Here, efforts are described toward developing closed‐system culture of BOECs derived from progenitors present in a mononuclear apheresis unit by use of a cord blood filter, a sterile connection device, and a fibronectin‐coated polycarbonate cassette.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Strongly adherent cells from a mononuclear apheresis unit were eluted from a cord blood filter and resuspended in EGM‐2 with 10 percent serum. Approximately 2 × 108 eluted cells were introduced into human fibronectin‐coated polycarbonate cassettes. Medium was introduced and removed from cassettes with a sterile connection device and changed every 2 days. After expansion, cells were either cryopreserved or characterized by fluorescence‐activated cell sorting analysis and ability to take up Dil‐Ac‐LDL.RESULTS: After 2 to 3 weeks of culture, 3 to 28 colonies with cobblestone morphology were observed in cassettes and passed to new cassettes within 3 to 4 weeks. By approximately 5 weeks of culture, 2 × 106 cells were typically obtained. BOECs uniformly took up Dil‐Ac‐LDL and were CD31+, CD105+, CD146+, CD45–, and CD14–. A population of BOECs was HLA‐ABC+ or CD34+.CONCLUSION: BOEC progenitors can be isolated from mononuclear apheresis units with cord blood filters, expanded with fibronectin‐coated polycarbonate cassettes, and cryopreserved.
A prospective randomized trial of a prophylactic platelet transfusion trigger of 10 × 109 per L versus 30 × 109 per L in allogeneic hematopoietic progenitor cell transplant recipients
Authors: Diedrich Beatrice , Remberger Mats , Shanwell Agneta , Svahn Britt‐Marie , Ringdén Olle 
Published: June 2005

BACKGROUND: The impact of lowering the platelet (PLT) count threshold for prophylactic PLT transfusion on bleeding and PLT use in allogeneic hematopoietic progenitor cell (HPC) transplant recipients is a matter of debate.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: In 166 patients, randomly assigned to receive prophylactic PLT transfusion at a trigger level less than 10 × 109 PLTs per L (T10; n = 79) or less than 30 × 109 per L (T30; n = 87), the number of PLT and red blood cell (RBC) transfusions given and the number of hemorrhagic events (WHO Grades 2‐4) were recorded.RESULTS: No significant differences were found between the two groups regarding the clinical outcome variables (i.e., bacteremia, engraftment, graft‐vs.‐host disease [GVHD], hospital stay, death, and survival) or in the median total number of RBC transfusions given. The incidence, in Group T10 18 percent (14/79) and in Group T30 15 percent (13/87), as well as the type of bleeding were comparable. No deaths were attributed to hemorrhages. The number of PLT units transfused, however, was significantly lower in Group T10 (median, 4; range, 0‐32), than in Group T30 (median, 10; range, 0‐48; p < 0.001). Apart from the trigger level, the day of engraftment, the presence of acute GVHD, or bacteremia also affected the number of PLT transfusions.CONCLUSION: A prophylactic PLT transfusion trigger level of less than 10 × 109 PLTs per L instead of less than 30 × 109 PLTs per L in allogeneic HPC transplant recipients was found to be safe and resulted in a decreased use of PLTs.
Magnetic bead technology in viral RNA and DNA extraction from plasma minipools
Authors: Pichl Lutz , Heitmann Alke , Herzog Petra , Oster Juergen , Smets Helga , Schottstedt Volkmar 
Published: June 2005

BACKGROUND:Nucleic acid testing (NAT) of pooled plasma samples from individual blood donations for viral nucleic acids has become widely established. Full automation of such sample processing can overcome many of the problems associated with methods used so far.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:In this study an automated extraction method for viral nucleic acids (parvovirus [PAV] B19 DNA, hepatitis B virus [HBV] DNA, and hepatitis A virus [HAV] RNA), starting directly from the minipool sample (n = 96, 9.6 mL), was evaluated. A magnetic separation module I (chemagic, Polymer Laboratories) in combination with the chemagic viral DNA and RNA kit special based on the use of magnetic beads was used for this purpose. More than 144 pools spiked with defined concentrations of reference material and an additional 102 pools negative for the analyte were extracted and amplified. The isolated viral nucleic acids were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).RESULTS:The assays were highly specific and obtained a 95 percent detection limit of 875 IU per mL of pooled single donation for PAV B19, 260 IU per mL for HAV, and 1274 IU per mL for HBV, respectively. The crossing points showed variation coefficients from 1.49 to 2.76 percent. The turnaround time for the whole process was 3 hours. Testing of subpools to determine an infected single donation would be possible with the same general extraction method. A total of 102 unspiked minipools (96 × 100 µL per donation) were analyzed and none tested positive.CONCLUSION:The automated magnetic bead–based extraction in combination with real‐time PCR detection can be used to routinely screen blood donations for viremic donors to further increase the safety of blood products. Minipools as well as subpools can be directly processed.
MO‐A‐I‐617‐01: PET Systems: Instrumentation and Data Acquisition
Authors: Fahey F 
Published: June 2005

Positron emission tomography or PET is now considered one of the most important clinical imaging modalities, particularly in the fields of oncology and neurology. In addition, the application of PET to cardiology is swiftly growing. This presentation will discuss the instrumentation as well as the data acquisition associated with state‐of‐the‐art PET systems including PET‐CT. This talk will review the basics of positron emission, annihilation coincidence detection and instrumentation design. It will review detector designs in state‐of‐the‐art PET systems including the choice of detector materials. We will also describe both 2D and 3D PET data acquisition modes and the merits of each. We will discuss random coincidences, scatter and attenuation correction and current approaches being used to correct for these. For attenuation correction, calculated methods, measured methods using rotating rod sources as well as the use of CT will be discussed. At the end of this presentation, the participants will be able to:1. list 3 detector materials routinely used in PET and at least one advantage or disadvantage of each,2. describe the difference between 2D and 3D PET data acquisition.3. discuss 3 current methods of attenuation correction used in PET and
MO‐B‐I‐617‐01: MR Accreditation Program Quality Control — Beyond Just the Scans and Measurements
Authors: Keener C 
Published: June 2005

In recent years, the American College of Radiology (ACR) MR Accreditation Program (MRAP) has been adopted by more than 3000 facilities. Those sites agree to follow a quality control program set up and monitored by the medical physicist or MR scientist. They also agree to undergo initial and annual equipment evaluations by the medical physicist / MR scientist. There are several published documents, including the ACR Phantom Test Guidance and the 2001 ACR MR QC Manual, which describe required phantom tests and performance criteria. While helpful in assisting sites with the submission of phantom images for accreditation, these documents allow great discretion to the medical physicist in setting up the QC program without providing similar guidance in troubleshooting problems for a wide variety of scanners. A consulting medical physicist may see a wide variety of scanners, each for a short period of time, and needs to be able to provide the site with useful recommendations beyond the pass/fail status of the phantom tests. The physicist must gather this information from existing QC data and tests performed with the ACR and other readily‐available phantoms. This lecture will describe additional information which can be gathered from those data to produce recommendations for improving MR image quality.Educational Objectives:1. Understand basic MR QC tests using the ACR and on‐site phantoms and how the results of those tests can be combined and analyzed to troubleshoot problems.2. Understand how QC test availability and results may vary depending on scanner manufacturer.3. Understand how technologist QC data may be analyzed to troubleshoot QC problems.
MO‐B‐I‐609‐01: Ultrasound Probe Testing in Clinical Ultrasound QA Programs
Authors: Boote E , Moore W 
Published: June 2005

Purpose: Tissue mimicking phantoms have been the primary tools employed by physicists for Ultrasound equipment acceptance and quality control programs. Recently, a new device has become commercially available that allows physicists, clinical engineers and service personnel the ability to ascertain the level of performance for ultrasound probes, based upon interrogation of individual elements. This provides an additional tool for the physicist to use in evaluating the performance of ultrasound equipment. Course Description: The first part of this course will discuss probe testing. Why probe testing is important and the ways in which defects in probes may affect ultrasound image quality. The device and how the results of the test can be interpreted will be presented. The second part of the course will present the use of this device as part of a clinical quality control program. This will include the use of phantoms and the device in an integrated fashion to provide valid acceptance testing and ongoing verification of system performance.Educational Objectives:1. The impact of transducer probe defects on image quality and Doppler ultrasound2. How testing of individual probes elements can be performed3. Interpretation of test results for probes4. How to set up a program of Ultrasound QA/QC using phantoms and probe testing devicesConflict of Interest: Wayne Moore is employed by Sonora Medical.
MO‐C‐T‐6E‐05: Early History of Radiation Physics
Authors: Almond P 
Published: June 2005

In 1905, Einstein's annus mirabilis, Dr. Charles Lester Leonard began his presidential address to the American Roentgen Ray Society with, “A review of what has been accomplished in the decade since Roentgen's discovery is a fitting subject for the annual address in this decimal year…. It will form a base from which we can attempt to look into the future.” I wonder if Dr. Leonard would recognize the future if he could be present at this meeting, a century later, and see what it became. In the decade between the discovery of X‐rays by Roentgen in 1895 and Dr. Leonard's address much had happened in the world of radiation physics. Although there were new discoveries, especially that of radioactivity, the overall emphasis was upon the application of “radiation” to clinical problems without fully understanding the nature of the “radiation” or its interaction with matter, especially tissue. When Roentgen discovered X‐rays in November 1895, the news spread rapidly through the continental Europe, Great Britain and the United States and many individuals began generating and using them. This was not surprising since the basic equipment was readily available, Crooks tubes, high voltage generators, induction coils, etc, especially in academic departments and the information in newspaper accounts of Roentgen's work was detailed enough to get started. Physicists were just as likely therefore to be involved as medical doctors. Unfortunately the above equipment, except for the Crook's tube, was also being used for what became called electro‐therapeutics, the treatment of disease by electricity which on the whole was considered “quackery”. In the fall‐out between radiology and electro‐therapeutics the physicists became caught in the middle. This created problems for medical physicist that would take half a century to start addressing. No such problem existed in Great Britain allowing medical physics to develop earlier there than in the United States. Much of the development in the period 1985 to 1905 was in the area of X‐rays, although radium had been discovered by the Curies in 1898 it was very expensive, in 1906 1 gram of radium cost $50,000, and demand far exceeded supply. However the clinical application of radium was clearly recognized and programs for its therapeutic use in the treatment of cancer had started at a number of institutions world‐ wide. The major needs in 1905 were the requirement for the standardization of treatments, accurate measurement of radiation, reliable equipment and steady output, an understanding of the radiobiological effects of radiation, a basic understanding of the physics involved. In the next few years all of these questions would be extensively addressed.Educational Objectives:1. To appreciate the status of clinical radiation physics in 1905.2. To realize what was and what was not known about radiation physics in 19053. To appreciate the problems that still had to be addressed.
MO‐E‐T‐6E‐02: Dose‐Volume Modeling & Clinical Radiotherapy: The Art of Systematic Oversimplification
Authors: Bentzen SM 
Published: June 2005

Science has been called “the art of systematic oversimplification” (Popper). Using this as a criterion, dose‐volume modeling is a very scientific discipline! A flurry of more or less mechanistic models has been proposed but despite their conceptual appeal these models are obviously oversimplified representations of what we know about the radiation pathogenesis of side‐effects of radiotherapy. From an empirical point of view, most clinical data sets do not provide sufficient structural resolution to allow validation of — or even discrimination between — any of these. Perhaps it is symptomatic that the most widely used, and in some sense most successful, dose‐volume model is the “post‐modern” model proposed by Lyman 20 years ago. Notwithstanding these philosophical concerns, dose‐volume modeling has established itself as an exciting research field and a very useful tool in this age of conformal and intensity‐modulated radiotherapy. Arguably, the use of these oversimplified models has greatly expanded and intensified the systematic collection and analysis of dose‐volume data. It is tempting to draw a parallel to the use of the linear‐quadratic model: originally this was closely linked to the target‐cell hypothesis, a point of view that has all but disappeared now, where most researchers see the model as a pragmatic means of condensing empirical clinical data. Dose‐volume models are currently used at two levels: to obtain a figure of merit for rival radiotherapy plans in daily routine planning and in the development of novel radiotherapy protocols to be tested in clinical trials. While current models have some credibility in the former application, they fail miserably in producing reliable, portable estimates of the absolute incidence of complications when applied in independent data sets or when extrapolated to considerably different dose distributions. This is not entirely the fault of the models: reliable estimates of the incidence of normal‐tissue effects after radiotherapy are generally not available even in case of a uniform dose‐distribution delivered to a critical structure. In the presentation, I will discuss dose‐volume models from the perspective of evidence based medicine. How can these models be used in clinical trials design? And what are the most promising directions for future research? The possible effect of low‐dose hyper‐radiosensitivity and the challenge of incorporating the effect of cytotoxic drugs into dose‐volume models will be discussed.Educational Objectives:1. To understand the strengths and weaknesses of current dose‐volume models from the perspective of evidence based medicine.2. To identify directions for future research on the clinical application of dose‐volume models
TU‐A‐I‐617‐01: Positron Emission Tomography Data Corrections and Calibrations
Authors: Levin CS 
Published: June 2005

There are several undesired physical effects inherent to the process of detecting annihilation photons in PET. These factors include photon attenuation, detector response non‐uniformity, detector saturation, random and scatter coincidence background, and isotope decay. Acquired PET data must be corrected for these physical factors either before or during image reconstruction in order to facilitate qualitative and quantitative accuracy. Quantitative accuracy of PET image data further relies upon factors such as proper calibration to true isotope activity and correction for resolution blurring. We will give an overview of undesired physical factors affecting PET data and methods used to reduce or remove their effects through measurements and software algorithms. We will focus only on those techniques implemented in the current state‐of‐the‐art commercial PET systems.Educational Objectives:1. To become familiar with physical effects that degrade the accuracy of PET data.2. To understand common approaches taken to reduce or remove these unwanted effects.
TU‐A‐I‐609‐01: Characteristics and Performance Evaluation of Digital Image Displays
Authors: Roehrig H 
Published: June 2005

The diagnostic radiology department is in the middle of a revolutionary change [1, 2]. Digital imaging sensors and displays are replacing the traditional sensor and display, namely, the film‐screen combination. In many institutions the Totally Digital and Film less Radiology Department already exists. Here images are generated using digital detectors, and diagnosis is made using softcopy displays such as Cathode Ray Tube displays (CRT) and Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD). CRTs are analog devices while LCDs are discrete and digital devices. This presentation describes the resulting image quality in terms of spatial resolution or Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) and in terms of spatial and temporal noise or Noise‐Power‐Spectrum (NPS) and Signal‐to‐Noise‐Ratio (SNR). Basic display image quality affects greatly the presentation of clinical images on the specific display. It is the display, which determines if the image quality captured by the image detector is transferred to the observer, i.e. the radiologist. So the display has a special importance amongst all components of the imaging chain. There is a need to test the image quality of the digital displays, called Acceptance Testing, when the displays are acquired from the display companies. In fact, before the acquisition of the displays by the user, there is a need for the display manufacturer to test the image quality of the digital displays in order to get FDA approval (i.e. 410 k). Amongst other performance characteristics the FDA wants to see the MTF and the NPS of the respective displays at several luminance values. There is a need for Image Quality Control in the Reading Room, because many things can go wrong in the Reading Room: (1) The luminance of the digital displays (CRTs as well as LCDs) can change, (2) the spatial resolution of CRTs can change as the luminance changes because the MTF is related to the luminance through the size of the scanning electron beam, (3) the display can be set‐up incorrectly. These problems need to be evaluated in the Reading Room. The AAPM Task Group 18 has prepared a thorough report on “Assessment of Display Performance for Medical Imaging Systems”.• There are visual or qualitative or basic tests, where a human observer views the display and makes a decision on the presence or absence of a test object.• There are quantitative or advanced tests, where an instrument like a photometer or a CCD camera is used to make a measurement and provide quantitative data.Educational Objectives:1. Understand the operational characteristics of CRTs and LCDs2. Understand the concept of display Image Quality Evaluation.3. Understand the need for acceptance testing of display image quality.4. Understand the need for Image Quality Evaluation in the Reading Room5. Understand the idea of the AAPM TG18 Assessment of Display Performance for Medical Imaging Systems6. Understand the idea of quantitative evaluation of display image quality using a hand‐held CCD camera.