bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A New Glucose: Towards Conformationally Locked Hexoses through Annulation
Authors: Mehta Goverdhan , Ramesh Senaiar S. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractA new family of surface‐modified carbohydrates with locked, axial‐rich conformations and bipolarofacial architectures has been developed with the aid of carbocyclic ring annulation. These novel trans‐decalin‐based carbohydrates have been synthesized, from simple aromatic precursors such as tetralin, through the ozonolysis of an appropriately protected allylic alcohol, followed by a cascade of intramolecular acetalizations to generate the sugar pyran moiety. The stereoselective synthesis of (racemic) cyclohexane‐annulated β‐glucopyranoside and α‐glucofuranoside from a common annulated trans‐cyclohexadiene diol (trans‐CHD) precursor underscores the versatility of our approach. The efficacy of the annulation stratagem in generating carbohydrate diversity has been demonstrated through the synthesis of two regioisomeric annulated gulose derivatives, which differ only in the site of ring annulation on the sugar moiety. The mapping of the MLP surface and solid‐state architecture of the new sugar shows that cycloalkane annulation results in surface modification and fine‐tuning of sugar hydrophilicity. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Childhood conduct problems, stages of Alzheimer's disease, and physical aggression against caregivers
Authors: O'Leary Daniel , Jyringi Darlene , Sedler Mark 
Published: April 2005

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the prevalence of physical aggression against caregivers by Alzheimer's patients.MethodOne hundred and ninety‐eight individuals with dementia, primarily Alzheimer's disease (AD) were evaluated with the Cohen‐Mansfield Agitation Inventory, the Mini Mental Status Examination, two measures of Activities of Daily Living, portions of the Conflict Tactics Scale to measure physical aggression against partner, questions about conduct problems during childhood/adolescence of the patients, and chart records of delusion and paranoia.Results25% of the patients engaged in physical aggression against their caregivers in the past year, and 33% of the patients engaged in some act of physical aggression against any individual in the past two weeks. Physical aggression against a caregiver was more likely in the middle (34%) than the early stage of AD (4%). Physical aggression against a partner and agitation were more likely if the patient had a history of symptoms of conduct disorder. Delusions and paranoia were both associated with general physical aggression and general verbal aggression but not physical aggression against a caretaker.Conclusions25% of Alzheimer's disease and Multi‐Infarct dementia patients engaged in acts of physical aggression against their caregivers. The rate of aggression seen in this clinical sample was much higher than the rate of physical aggression in a community sample of the elderly. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does arm length indicate cognitive and functional reserve?
Authors: Jeong Seul‐Ki , Kim Jae‐Min , Kweon Sun‐Seog , Shin Min‐Ho , Seo Man‐Wook , Kim Young‐Hyun 
Published: April 2005

AbstractBackgroundThis study aimed to examine whether arm length and height were associated with cognitive and functional abilities.MethodsScreening interviews were conducted in 235 community dwelling individuals aged 65 and over. The assessment scales included the Korean version of modified Mini‐Mental State Examination (K‐mMMSE) for cognition, and the Korean Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (K‐IADL) for functional ability. All the participants were examined clinically and a diagnosis of dementia was ascertained. Anthropometric measurements included total arm span and height.ResultsBoth arm length and height correlated significantly with the cognitive and functional scales. In the multivariate regression models, their associations were significant, independent of age, sex, education, and other variables. Shorter arm length was also significantly associated with dementia; while, height lost significance after an adjustment for the potential confounders.ConclusionsArm length and height could indicate cognitive and functional ability. Arm length, which was known to be less prone to degenerative processes, might be more stable as an indicator for cognitive and functional reserve capacity than height. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dementia in Parkinson's disease: a post‐mortem study in a population of brain donors
Authors: Papapetropoulos S. , Gonzalez J. , Lieberman A. , Villar J. M. , Mash D. C. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractObjectiveTo identify factors associated with dementia in a cohort of Parkinson's disease (PD) brain donors and determine whether its presence may influence the clinical phenotype of the disease.MethodsWe included 67 consecutive patients with a clinical and pathological diagnosis of PD, who while alive, consented to donate their brains to the University of Miami Brain Endowment BankTM. Dementia and psychiatric complications of PD were diagnosed according to established criteria. Case histories were abstracted and reviewed and comparisons between PD patients with (PD‐D, n = 34) and without (PD, n = 33) dementia were made.ResultsAge at death, age at disease onset and disease duration did not differ significantly between PD‐D and PD patients. Other symptoms were similar in both groups. Visual hallucinations and bilateral symptoms at diagnosis were significantly higher in PD‐D patients. No association between dementia and overall survival duration was found. Although the frequency of depression and psychosis was higher in the PD patients with dementia no statistical significance was reached. The overall lifetime prevalence of dementia in our group was 50.7%.ConclusionsVisual hallucinations and bilateral symptoms were associated with dementia in our cohort of PD brain donors. No association between dementia and survival duration was found. Understanding the influence of dementia on the clinical phenotype of the disease and predicting its development is essential for the successful management of PD. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A pilot study examining the effectiveness of maintenance Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (MCST) for people with dementia
Authors: Orrell Martin , Spector Aimee , Thorgrimsen Lene , Woods Bob 
Published: April 2005

AbstractBackgroundA recent randomised controlled trial on Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST) identified the need to evaluate its more long‐term benefits for people with dementia. This study evaluates the effectiveness of a weekly maintenance CST programme for people with dementia in residential care.MethodThirty‐five people with dementia were included, following on from a seven‐week twice‐weekly study of CST. The maintenance CST sessions ran in two residential homes using a once a week programme of CST over an additional 16 weeks. Two control homes did not receive the maintenance intervention.ResultsUsing repeated measures ANOVAS, there was a continuous, significant improvement in cognitive function (MMSE) for those receiving MCST (CST+maintenance CST sessions) as compared to CST alone or no treatment (p = 0.012). There were no effects on quality of life, behaviour or communication following maintenance sessions. The initial cognitive improvements following CST were only sustained at follow‐up when followed by the programme of maintenance CST sessions.ConclusionsThe cognitive benefits of CST can be maintained by weekly sessions for around 6 months. A large‐scale, multi‐centre maintenance CST trial is required to clarify potential longer‐term benefits of maintenance CST for dementia. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
VITA: subtypes of mild cognitive impairment in a community‐based cohort at the age of 75 years
Authors: Jungwirth S. , Weissgram S. , Zehetmayer S. , Tragl K. H. , Fischer P. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractBackgroundMild cognitive impairment (MCI) is defined to diagnose prodromal dementia and prodromal Alzheimer dementia, in particular.ObjectiveThe main aim of this study is to identify subtypes of MCI in comparison to the frequency of Petersen's MCI‐amnestic in an elderly age‐cohort.ParticipantsThe study is based on the cross sectional data from the Vienna‐Transdanube‐Aging (VITA) study. The data refer to the age cohort of 592 individuals at age 75 to 76 years who completed extensive neuropsychological examination.ResultsDementia was present in 15 subjects (2.5%, CI: 1.4–4.1). 141 subjects (23.8%, CI: 20.4–27.5) of the entire age cohort 75 (n = 592) showed cognitive impairment without dementia concerning one or more cognitive functions (1.5 SD paradigm). These subjects were assigned to three subtypes of MCI: Selective Memory Impairment: n = 22 (3.7%, CI: 2.3–5.6), Memory Impairment+Non‐Memory Impairment: n = 31 (5.2%, CI: 3.6–7.4) and Non‐Memory Impairment: n = 88 (14.9%, CI: 12.1–18.0).ConclusionsThe frequency of MCI‐amnestic, the so‐called prestage of AD according to Petersen, was very low (0.5%, CI: 0.1–1.5) compared to the estimated incidence rates of AD at this age. Established criteria of MCI could be modified in order to include a higher percentage of high‐risk subjects for later developing Alzheimer dementia. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale in older Chinese: thresholds for long and short forms
Authors: Cheng Sheung‐Tak , Chan Alfred C. M. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractObjectiveNo study has examined the diagnostic validity of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES‐D) in the Chinese elderly. This study aims to determine appropriate cutoffs for the 20‐ (CESD‐20) as well as a ten‐item (CESD‐10) version of the instrument. Data were also provided, based on simulated scoring, for the diagnostic performance of the scales when using dichotomous instead of 4‐point rating scales.MethodsThree hundred and ninety eight persons aged 60 +referred for psychiatric asssessment by a physician were administered the CES‐D as well as given an independent psychiatric assessment. A spectrum of depression diagnosis as the criterion was used to assess the diagnostic validity of the CES‐D.ResultsThe ten and the 20‐item version of the CES‐D, regardless of scoring method, produced essentially identical performance indices. The optimal thresholds were 12 and 22 for CESD‐10 and CESD‐20 respectively, and based on these thresholds, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 0.76, 0.55, 0.57 and 0.74 for CESD‐10, and 0.75, 0.51, 0.55 and 0.72 for CESD‐20. With both ends of the rating scale collapsed to create dichotomous items, the optimal thresholds became 4 for CESD‐10 and 7 for CESD‐20, and the correponding performance indices were 0.67, 0.58, 0.56 and 0.69 for CESD‐10, and 0.70, 0.58, 0.57 and 0.70 for CESD‐20.ConclusionsThe ten‐item version can be used in lieu of the 20‐item version, and a dichotomous response format would probably work as well as the original four‐point format, in order to simplify administration for elderly persons. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of memantine on behavioural symptoms in Alzheimer's disease patients: an analysis of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) data of two randomised, controlled studies
Authors: Gauthier S. , Wirth Y. , Möbius H. J. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractIntroductionBehavioural symptoms are common in moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease (AD). We have analysed the databases of two randomised studies with regard to the effects of memantine treatment on behavioural symptoms, measured using the 12‐item version of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI).SubjectsThe monotherapy study (memantine only) reported by Reisberg et al. (2003) involved 252 patients with baseline MMSE total score of between 3 and 14, whereas the combination study (memantine and donepezil) reported by Tariot et al. (2004) comprised 404 patients with MMSE scores of between 5 and 14. In both studies, patients received 10 mg memantine b.i.d. or matching placebo, and lived in the community.MethodsFor both studies NPI total and individual domains scores were analysed in the ITT population. For the monotherapy study a dichotomised analysis was performed separately for patients who had behavioural symptoms at baseline and for those without pre‐existing symptoms. Furthermore, a factor analysis was used to identify any behavioural clusters within the patient population.ResultsIn both studies, the change in NPI total scores at endpoint was consistently in favour of memantine treatment, reaching statistical significance in the combination study (p = 0.002). Memantine treatment showed a significant beneficial effect in comparison to placebo treatment in the NPI agitation/aggression domain in both studies (p = 0.008; p = 0.001).The dichotomised analysis of the monotherapy study showed that there was significantly less agitation/aggression emerging in the memantine‐treated group compared to placebo (p = 0.003). Factor analysis showed that hyperactivity accounted for 27% of the data variance.ConclusionsMemantine has a beneficial effect on the behavioural symptoms of patients with moderate to severe AD, with the most pronounced effect on agitation/aggression. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asymmetry analysis of deformable hippocampal model using the principal component in schizophrenia
Authors: Kim Sun Hyung , Lee Jong‐Min , Kim Hyun‐Pil , Jang Dong Pyo , Shin Yong‐Wook , Ha Tae Hyon , Kim Jae‐Jin , Kim In Young , Kwon Jun Soo , Kim Sun I. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe hippocampus is thought to play an important role in learning and memory processing, and impairments in memory, attention, and decision making are found commonly in schizophrenia. Although many studies have reported decreases in hippocampal volume in the left hemisphere in schizophrenia, regionally specific hippocampal volume loss has not been revealed consistently using volume analysis. Recently, many studies have analyzed shape asymmetry using 3‐D models; however, inconsistent results have been reported, mainly due to methodologic differences. We therefore used an active, flexible, deformable shape model for surface parameterization, and compared shape asymmetry based on principal component analysis (PCA) in the hippocampi of schizophrenic patients with those of the normal controls. Although the overall pattern of the statistical results did not change according to the number of principal components, the reconstructed results based on six major components were much more distinguishable. Although the left hemispheric hippocampal volume was larger than the right hemispheric was in this study, the difference was not significant. In shape asymmetry analysis, the right hemisphere hippocampus was bilaterally larger than the left hemisphere hippocampus was in the head of the superior CA1 and smaller in the tail and head of the inferior CA1. The asymmetry in the schizophrenia group was statistically smaller than that in the control group through reduction of the left hemisphere hippocampus volume. Hum Brain Mapp, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Brain mechanisms of involuntary visuospatial attention: An event‐related potential study
Authors: Fu Shimin , Greenwood Pamela M. , Parasuraman Raja 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe brain mechanisms mediating visuospatial attention were investigated by recording event‐related potentials (ERPs) during a line‐orientation discrimination task. Nonpredictive peripheral cues were used to direct participant's attention involuntarily to a spatial location. The earliest attentional modulation was observed in the P1 component (peak latency about 130 ms), with the valid trials eliciting larger P1 than invalid trials. Moreover, the attentional modulations on both the amplitude and latency of the P1 and N1 components had a different pattern as compared to previous studies with voluntary attention tasks. In contrast, the earliest visual ERP component, C1 (peak latency about 80 ms), was not modulated by attention. Low‐resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (LORETA) showed that the earliest attentional modulation occurred in extrastriate cortex (middle occipital gyrus, BA 19) but not in the primary visual cortex. Later attention‐related reactivations in the primary visual cortex were found at about 110 ms after stimulus onset. The results suggest that involuntary as well as voluntary attention modulates visual processing at the level of extrastriate cortex; however, at least some different processes are involved by involuntary attention compared to voluntary attention. In addition, the possible feedback from higher visual cortex to the primary visual cortex is faster and occurs earlier in involuntary relative to voluntary attention task. Hum Brain Mapp, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of long‐term practice and task complexity in musicians and nonmusicians performing simple and complex motor tasks: Implications for cortical motor organization
Authors: Meister Ingo , Krings Timo , Foltys Henrik , Boroojerdi Babak , Müller Mareike , Töpper Rudolf , Thron Armin 
Published: April 2005

AbstractMotor practice induces plastic changes within the cortical motor system. Whereas rapidly evolving changes of cortical motor representations were the subject of a number of recent studies, effects of long‐term practice on the motor system are so far poorly understood. In the present study pianists and nonmusicians were investigated using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Both groups performed simple and complex movement sequences on a keyboard with the right hand, the tasks requiring different levels of ordinal complexity. The aim of this study was to characterize motor representations related to sequence complexity and to long‐term motor practice. In nonmusicians, complex motor sequences showed higher fMRI activations of the presupplementary motor area (pre‐SMA) and the rostral part of the dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) compared to simple motor sequences, whereas musicians showed no differential activations. These results may reflect the higher level of visuomotor integration required in the complex task in nonmusicians, whereas in musicians this rostral premotor network was employed during both tasks. Comparison of subject groups revealed increased activation of a more caudal premotor network in nonmusicians comprising the caudal part of the PMd and the supplementary motor area. This supports recent results suggesting a specialization within PMd. Furthermore, we conclude that plasticity due to long‐term practice mainly occurs in caudal motor areas directly related to motor execution. The slowly evolving changes in M1 during motor skill learning may extend to adjacent areas, leading to more effective motor representations in pianists. Hum Brain Mapp, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spontaneous low‐frequency BOLD signal fluctuations: An fMRI investigation of the resting‐state default mode of brain function hypothesis
Authors: Fransson Peter 
Published: April 2005

AbstractRecent neuroimaging studies have lead to the proposal that rest is characterized by an organized, baseline level of activity, a default mode of brain function that is suspended during specific goal‐oriented mental activity. Previous studies have shown that the primary function subserved by the default mode is that of an introspectively oriented, self‐referential mode of mental activity. The default mode of brain function hypothesis is readdressed from the perspective of the presence of low‐frequency blood oxygenation level‐dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signal changes (0.012–0.1 Hz) in the resting brain. The results show that the brain during rest is not tonically active in a single mode of brain function. Rather, the findings presented here suggest that the brain recurrently toggles between an introspectively oriented mode (default mode) and a state‐of‐mind that tentatively might be interpreted as an extrospectively oriented mode that involves a readiness and alertness to changes in the external and internal environment. Hum. Brain Mapping, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preservation of limbic and paralimbic structures in aging
Authors: Grieve Stuart M. , Clark C. Richard , Williams Leanne M. , Peduto Anthony J. , Gordon Evian 
Published: April 2005

AbstractPatterns of gray matter (GM) loss were measured in 223 healthy subjects spanning eight decades. We observed significant clusters of accelerated loss in focal regions of the frontal and parietal cortices, including the dorsolateral frontal cortex, pre‐ and postcentral gyrus, and the inferior and superior parietal lobes. The rate of loss in these clusters was approximately twice that of the global average. By contrast, clusters of significant GM preservation were found in limbic and paralimbic structures, including the amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, and the cingulate gyrus. In these clusters, GM loss was attenuated significantly relative to the global rate. The preservation of these structures is consistent with the functional importance of the thalamo‐limbic circuits in sensory integration, arousal, emotion, and memory, and lends credence to the idea that later‐maturing cortical regions are more vulnerable to age‐related morphologic changes. Moreover, the limbic findings act as a frame of reference to explore further the effects of stress and learning on these structures in an evidence‐based manner across age. Hum Brain Mapp, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Within‐subject reproducibility of category‐specific visual activation with functional MRI
Authors: Peelen Marius V. , Downing Paul E. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractWe used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate within‐subject reproducibility of activation in higher level, category‐specific visual areas to validate the functional localization approach widely used for these areas. The brain areas investigated included the extrastriate body area (EBA), which responds selectively to human bodies, the fusiform face area (FFA) and the occipital face area (OFA), which respond selectively to faces, and the parahippocampal place area (PPA), which responds selectively to places and scenes. All six subjects showed significant bilateral activation in the four areas. Reproducibility was very high for all areas, both within a scanning session and between scanning sessions separated by 3 weeks. Within sessions, the mean distance between peak voxels of the same area localized by using different functional runs was 1.5 mm. The mean distance between peak voxels of areas localized in different sessions was 2.9 mm. Functional reproducibility, as expressed by the stability of T‐values across sessions, was high for both within‐session and between‐session comparisons. We conclude that within subjects, high‐level category‐specific visual areas can be localized robustly across scanning sessions. Hum Brain Mapp, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.