bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phylogenetic analysis of the Rhabdocoela (Platyhelminthes) with emphasis on the Neodermata and relatives
Authors: Zamparo David , Brooks Daniel R. , Hoberg Eric P. , McLennan Deborah A. 
Published: March 2003

Phylogenetic systematic analysis of 24 taxa representing the rhabdocoel platyhelminths, based on a suite of 89 morphological characters, produced two equally parsimonious trees, 181 steps long, with a consistency index (CI) of 0.69 and a rescaled consistency index (RCI) of 0.56, differing only with respect to that portion of the tree containing Umagillidae, Acholadidae, Graffillinae, Pseudograffillinae, Pterastericolidae and Hypoblepharinidae. Our results accommodate all previously proposed sister taxa to the Neodermata in a single clade in which ((Dalyelliidae + Temnocephalida) Typhloplanidae) is the sister group of ((Fecampiidae + Urastoma) (Udonella((Aspidogastrea + Digenea) (Monogenea (Gyrocotylidea (Amphilinidea + Eucestoda)))))). Bootstrap and jackknife analyses indicate that the groupings of ((Dalyelliidae + Temnocephalida) Typhloplanidae) and of ((Fecampiidae + Urastoma) (Udonella((Aspidogastrea + Digenea) (Monogenea (Gyrocotylidea (Amphilinidea + Eucestoda)))))) are highly robust, with the latter clade having a CI of 90% and RCI of 82%. Disagreements among previous analyses of these taxa have been due to the influence of missing data for critical characters in key taxa and differences in the taxa analysed, rather than any inherent weakness in the morphological data. Non‐phylogenetic systematic approaches to homology assessment and misconceptions regarding phylogenetic systematic methodology are discussed. Recent analyses combining sequence data with a subset of approximately 60% of the morphological characters should be re‐assessed using the entire morphological database. Even ifUdonellais a monogenean, it is most parsimonious to suggest that the common ancestor of the Neodermata had a vertebrate–arthropod two‐host life cycle.
The barley powdery mildew protein kinase C gene, pkc1 and pkc‐like gene, are differentially expressed during morphogenesis
Authors: Zhang Ziguo , Priddey Gemma , Gurr Sarah Jane 
Published: March 2003

summaryProtein kinase C agonist assays revealed the phorbol ester, phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate, invoked germling morphogenesis and enhanced PKC activity in Blumeria graminis. No antagonist of mildew PKC activity was found but the data fuelled a hunt for powdery mildew pkc genes. Oligonucleotides, designed on the basis of conserved ATP‐binding and kinase domains within the catalytic core of eukaryotic protein kinase proteins, were used as primers to amplify chromosomal and cDNA fragments from the barley powdery mildew fungus graminis. Three kinase gene fragments were isolated (pkc1, pkc‐like and cpka) and the full length genomic sequences of the mildew pkc and pkc‐like genes were determined by ‘step down’ PCR. RT‐PCR transcript profiles showed the three genes to be differentially regulated during germling morphogenesis.
Acculturation and breast self‐examination among immigrant Latina women in the USA
Authors: Peragallo N. P. , Fox P. G. , Alba M. L. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis article is an extension of previous work, which identified acculturation as an important variable in predicting breast self‐examination (BSE) in this sample of women. Here, acculturation is further examined as an intervening factor in predicting BSE. This paper presents the association between level of acculturation to mainstream culture in the USA and the practice of BSE among a population of low‐income immigrant Mexican and Puerto Rican women (n = 111) in an urban area of the Midwest in the USA. The majority of women (84.7%) scored a low level of acculturation and 85% did not practice correct BSE. The crude odds ratio indicated that Latina women having a high level of acculturation (15.3%) were twice as likely to practice correct BSE than women with low acculturation. We would suggest that a clearer understanding of the variables that define the performance of BSE will assist in enabling nurses globally to incorporate assessments in their practice that will lead to more successful interventions.
Regional Examination for Nurse Registration, Commonwealth Caribbean
Authors: Reid U. V. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn 1990, a Regional Examination for Nurse Registration was approved by the Conference of Ministers Responsible for Health in the Commonwealth Caribbean.The examination allows for standardization and improvement of nursing education, as well as reciprocity and ease‐of‐movement for Registered Nurses among the countries of the region.A Planning Committee and a Blueprint Committee were established to develop the examination process. Committee membership included the Principal/Chief Nursing Officers, Nurse Tutors, and General Nursing Council representatives of each country, as well as educators from the two universities of the region.The accepted model, based on mutually agreed competencies for the Registered Nurse to practice in the region, forms the basis for the elaboration of the blueprint and the administrative manuals.The treatment of test items, assembling and conducting the examinations, which consist of four papers, as well as scoring the examination results, and notifying students of the results, are the responsibility of each General Nursing Council.The 13 General Nursing Councils with responsibility for Schools of Nursing meet annually as a regional committee to prepare the examinations, using a different country for each meeting; countries are rotated alphabetically. There is no permanent site for the administration of the examination.Membership to the regional committee, known as the Regional General Nursing Councils (RGNCs), is for 3 years. This staggering of membership allows for continuity.
The older adult: a comparison of long‐term care in Glasgow and San Francisco
Authors: Joy J. P. , Fong C. M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractPopulation trends show an increasing proportion of people older than 65 years of age. This report aims to describe the facilities/services accessible to the older adult living in Glasgow, Scotland and in San Francisco, United States of America. This comparative study serves to develop a broader understanding of what is involved in the process of ageing, and describes how these two cities are responding to the needs of older people. Long‐term caring provision is complex and involves multiple agencies, often leaving both lay and professional individuals ill‐informed as to which services exist and how best to use them. The nurse can be instrumental in providing information, viable alternatives and services. In this article, options available for caring of the older adult and financing of care are discussed along with a number of recommendations based on observations described, data collected and literature researched. With the advent of care being provided in the community, there is now a continuum of services ranging from independent living at home to dependent care in hospital. Whether an individual remains at home depends on the availability and affordability of, and access to, other resources/facilities. Creative alternatives are needed for care of the older adult in this millennium. This report describes the need for an integrated system of care, which can adjust to variations in clients' needs. Progressive care facilities, intergenerational sharing, community volunteer service programmes for the older person and Edenizing are a few recommendations discussed by the authors.
Reorganized structure and other proposals for the ICNP® development
Authors: Kisilowska M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAll of those who are engaged in the International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP®) project are aware of the mistakes still being found in its classification. However, these are not recognized as faults, but rather as a challenge for better work and continuous efforts on its improvement. This article discusses proposed changes to the structure of the ICNP®, according to the rules of building such ‘tools’, as well as new axes that can be added to make the classification beneficial across a broader spectrum of applications, not solely in electronic patient record‐keeping and statistics.
Skin Moisturisation and Elasticity Originate From at Least Two Different Mechanisms
Authors: Wiechers J.M. , Barlow T. 
Published: March 2003

Skin moisturisation and elasticity are clearly linked in people’s mind. For a large series of neat personal care ingredients we measured both their skin moisturising and plasticising performance on human skin in‐vivo, and were able to rank the products according to their effectiveness. Efficacy was expressed relative to benchmark products: glycerine for moisturisation and water for elasticity. A good spread in skin moisturisation efficacy was found: 15 of our products had a relative performance of less than 30%, 23 products scored between 30 and 70% and 7 ingredients marked above 70%. For skin elasticity, the number of products in the corresponding groups was 36, 4 and 2. This discrepancy could be due to the choice of benchmark products, but when the values for relative elasticity performance of the various ingredients were plotted against those of relative moisturisation effectiveness, it became obvious that skin moisturisation and elasticity are not linearly correlated. This is at least remarkable as water was used as the benchmark product for skin elasticity. The common belief that increased skin moisturisation will automatically lead to enhanced skin elasticity is therefore unlikely to be true.The only logical conclusion seems to be that different molecular and/or biochemical mechanisms are contributing to these two skin functionalities. By means of Principal Component Analysis, the correlation between molecular descriptors such as skin penetration and humectancy on the one hand and substantivity and occlusivity on the other was evaluated to explain the observed skin moisturisation. It became obvious that none of these purely molecule‐based molecular descriptors could explain the measured skin effects. Skin itself plays an important role in a yet unidentified manner. If both activities are desired in one cosmetic formulation, at least two active ingredients will need to be incorporated, each contributing to one of the two effects.Examples of multifunctional mixtures and an assessment of the feasibility of obtaining multifunctional molecules are presented.
Evaluation of the irritant capacity of decyl polyglucoside
Authors: Vozmediano  , Carbajo  , Franco  , Milán  , Padilla  , Sarmiento  
Published: March 2003

Synopsis The irritant capacity of several anionic, amphoteric and non‐ionic surfactants has been studied by non‐invasive techniques, specifically by evaporimetry, laser Doppler flowmetry and one‐dimensional cutaneous ecography. Some of the surfactants most frequently used in shampoos and shower/foam gels were selected for testing. A series of aqueous solutions containing 5% of the active material in these products was patched onto normal skin; controls for comparison were set up with water and with sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS), a recognized irritant standard substance.It was deduced from the results obtained that, of the surfactants tested, the one showing the lowest irritant capacity is decyl polyglucoside, followed in increasing order of irritant capacity, by cocoamidopropyl betaine, magnesium laurylether sulphate and sodium laurylether sulphate. Résumé La capacitée irritante des beaucoups des tensioactives anioniques, anfoteric et no‐ioniques on étéétudiées avec métodes no invasives, particulierment avec évaporimetrie, laser DOPPLER et écografie cutanée unidimensionel. On á selectionné pour son texture quelques tensioactives utilisée plus frequement en shampooing et gel de bains ou douche.On á formulé une series des solutions ocuoses en contenent un 5% des matieres actives quón á emplâtre en peaux normaux, on áétablie des contrôles des comparations avec de l’eau et sodium lauryl sulphate (SLH) une substancie de reconnue irritabilitée.Des resultats obtenue on á deduit que tous les tensioactives quón á textés, celui qui á montré le meneur capacité irritant il fut decyl polyglucoside, suivi en ordre montante de capacité irritant por cocamidopropyl betaine, magnesium laureth sulphate et sodium laureth sulphate.
The 2000 Dietary Guidelines for Americans: foundation of US nutrition policy
Authors: Johnson Rachel K. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe Dietary Guidelines for Americans form the foundation of US federal nutrition policy. The Food Guide Pyramid, the most widely distributed and best‐recognised nutrition education tool ever produced in the US, is based partially on the Dietary Guidelines. In addition, every federal nutrition programme in the United States uses the Dietary Guidelines as part of their nutrition standards. Federal law requires that the guidelines be reviewed every five years. The Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee was charged with answering the question, ‘what should Americans eat to be healthy?’ After rigorously reviewing the scientific, peer‐reviewed literature the committee recommended a new set of guidelines for the year 2000. The guidelines are intended for healthy children (ages 2 years and older) and generally healthy adults of any age. The guidelines were expanded from seven in 1995 to ten in 2000. The 2000 Dietary Guidelines for Americans are; (1) aim for a healthy weight; (2) be physically active each day; (3) let the pyramid guide your food choices; (4) eat a variety of grains daily, especially whole grains; (5) eat a variety of fruits and vegetables daily; (6) keep foods safe to eat; (7) choose a diet that is low in saturated fat and cholesterol and moderate in total fat; (8) choose beverages and foods that moderate your intake of sugars; (9) choose and prepare foods with less salt; and (10) if you drink alcoholic beverages, do so in moderation.
The biology of white adipocyte proliferation
Authors: Hausman D. B. , DiGirolamo M. , Bartness T. J. , Hausman G. J. , Martin R. J. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryExpanded adipose tissue mass increases the risk for many clinical conditions including diabetes, hypertension, coronary atherosclerotic heart disease, and some forms of cancer. Therefore, it is imperative that we understand the mechanisms by which fat pads expand. The enlargement of fat cells during the development of obesity has been previously hypothesized to be a triggering factor for the proliferation of new fat cells. There is now a preponderance of evidence that adipose tissue is a source of growth factors such as IGF‐I, IGF binding proteins, TNFα, angiotensin II, and MCSF that are capable of stimulating proliferation. The relative importance of these autocrine/paracrine factors in the normal control of preadipocyte proliferation is unknown. In addition, the proliferative response of preadipocytes to the paracrine milieu is undoubtedly modulated by neural inputs to fat tissue and/or serum factors. Together, these multiple regulatory controls orchestrate overall and region‐specific adipose tissue cellularity responses associated with the development of hyperplastic obesity. Both in vivo and in vitro studies are needed to understand the complex, interacting physiological mechanisms by which growth of this important organ is regulated.
Should obese patients be counselled to follow a low‐glycaemic index diet? No
Authors: Raben A. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryIn diabetes research the glycaemic index (GI) of carbohydrates has long been recognized and a low GI is recommended. The same is now often the case in lipid research. Recently, a new debate has arisen around whether a low‐GI diet should also be advocated for appetite‐ and long‐term body weight control. A systematic review was performed of published human intervention studies comparing the effects of high‐ and low‐GI foods or diets on appetite, food intake, energy expenditure and body weight. In a total of 31 short‐term studies (<1 d), low‐GI foods were associated with greater satiety or reduced hunger in 15 studies, whereas reduced satiety or no differences were seen in 16 other studies. Low‐GI foods reducedad libitumfood intake in seven studies, but not in eight other studies. In 20 longer‐term studies (<6 months), a weight loss on a low‐GI diet was seen in four and on a high‐GI diet in two, with no difference recorded in 14. The average weight loss was 1.5 kg on a low‐GI diet and 1.6 kg on a high‐GI diet. To conclude, there is no evidence at present that low‐GI foods are superior to high‐GI foods in regard to long‐term body weight control. However, the ideal long‐term study wheread libitumintake and fluctuations in body weight are permitted, and the diets are similar in all aspects except GI, has not yet been performed.
Possible involvement of the adipose tissue renin‐angiotensin system in the pathophysiology of obesity and obesity‐related disorders
Authors: Goossens G. H. , Blaak E. E. , Van Baak M. A. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryAngiotensin II (Ang II), acting on the AT1 and AT2 receptors in mammalian cells, is the vasoactive component of the renin‐angiotensin system (RAS). Several components of the RAS have been demonstrated in different tissues, including adipose tissue. Although the effects of Ang II on metabolism have not been studied widely, it is intriguing to assume that components of the RAS produced by adipocytes may play an autocrine, a paracrine and/or an endocrine role in the pathophysiology of obesity and provide a potential pathway through which obesity leads to hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. In the first part of this review, we will describe the production of Ang II, the different receptors through which Ang II exerts its effects and summarize the concomitant intracellular signalling cascades. Thereafter, potential Ang II‐induced mechanisms, which may be associated with obesity and obesity‐related disorders, will be considered. Finally, we will focus on the different pharmaceutical agents that interfere with the RAS and highlight the possible implications of these drugs in the treatment of obesity‐related disorders.
How generalizable are the results of large randomized controlled trials of antiretroviral therapy?
Authors: Moore Daj , Goodall Rl , Ives Nj , Hooker M , Gazzard Bg , Easterbrook Pj 
Published: March 2003

Objectives To examine the generalizability of two large randomized controlled clinical trials of antiretroviral therapy in HIV‐infected individuals. Methods The demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics of HIV‐infected participants in two antiretroviral trials (Concorde and Delta) at three study sites were compared with those of two other groups of patients to whom the trial results would be applicable: eligible patients who were screened for the trials but who did not enrol, and eligible patients who were not approached or screened for the trials. Results Among enrolled participants in the Concorde and Delta trials there was an under‐representation of patients who had acquired HIV infection heterosexually (P = 0.014) or through injecting drug use (P = 0.03), and a greater representation of homosexual men (P < 0.001) compared to non‐enrolled participants. Trial participants in Concorde had significantly less advanced immunosuppression compared to non‐trial participants (P = 0.0001), while in Delta the converse was true. Concorde participants were also much less likely to be lost to follow‐up for more than a year (9%) compared to eligible but unscreened patients (40%) (P < 0.001), and screened but unenrolled patients (22%) (P = 0.035). Conclusions In applying the findings of large randomized clinical trials, it is important to establish whether there are systematic differences between the characteristics of trial participants and eligible non‐participants, which might affect the generalizability of the study results. A log of the characteristics of enrolled as well as eligible but non‐enrolled patients should be maintained so that the representativeness of the trial population can be evaluated.
Predictors of recent HIV testing in homosexual men in Australia
Authors: Jin FY , Prestage G , Law MG , Kippax S , Van de Ven P , Rawsthorne P , Kaldor JM , Grulich AE 
Published: March 2003

ObjectivesTo describe time trends and other predictors of recent HIV testing among homosexual men enrolled in behavioural surveillance studies in Australia.MethodsRepeated cross‐sectional studies during the period 1996–2001 in Australian capital cities. Men were recruited from a variety of community‐based settings, including gay community outdoor events, sex on premises venues, and social venues. They underwent a brief self‐administered questionnaire in which they reported their HIV status, HIV‐testing history, sexual behaviour and demographic information.ResultsQuestionnaires were returned for 22 161 HIV‐negative or status‐unknown participants. While 85.3% had ever tested for HIV, 57.6% had tested in the last 12 months. Recent testing was greater in those living in Sydney, in younger men, in gay‐identified men, in gay community‐attached men, in those who reported unprotected anal intercourse and a higher number of sexual partners, and in partners of HIV‐positive men. Although recent testing declined from 1996 to 2001, this trend was no longer significant when adjusted for other testing predictors.ConclusionsIn Australia, HIV testing among gay men decreased slightly from 1996 to 2001, but the trend was not significant when adjusted for other predictors. Testing levels were highest among those at highest risk of HIV infection, and lowest among non gay‐identified and non gay‐community attached homosexual men.
Lichen amyloidosis, ankylosing spondylitis and autoimmune thyroiditis: coincidence or association?
Authors: Apaydin Rebiay , Bilen Nilgün , Bayramgürler Dilek , Harova Gökhan , Çetinarslan Berrin 
Published: March 2003

AbstractPrimary localized cutaneous amyloidosis (PLCA) is characterized by the deposition of amyloid in a previously apparently normal skin with the absence of other systemic or cutaneous disorder. Although ankylosing spondylitis may be associated with secondary systemic amyloidosis, no reports have been found showing the association of this disease with PLCA. In addition, the association of PLCA with autoimmune thyroiditis has not been previously reported. We report a concomitant occurrence of lichen amyloidosis, ankylosing spondylitis and autoimmune thyroiditis in a caucasian woman.
Chronic urticaria: diagnostic recommendations
Authors: Bindslev‐Jensen Carsten , Finzi Aldo , Greaves Malcolm , Camarasa Jose , Ortonne Jean‐Paul , Schöpf Erwin , Tennstedt Dominique 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA group of European recognized dermatologists – the European Working Group on the Diagnosis of Chronic Urticaria – met on 12 March 1999 to discuss best practice for assessing and diagnosing patients with chronic urticaria. These are their recommendations. The recommendations will be valuable for the majority of cases, but are not exhaustive and may not include every possible precipitating factor.
Recurrent R156H mutation of KRT10 in a Japanese family with bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma
Authors: Mayuzumi Nobuyasu , Shigihara Takako , Ikeda Shigaku , Ogawa Hideoki 
Published: March 2003

AbstractRecently, mutations of keratin 1 gene (KRT1) and keratin 10 gene (KRT10) have been reported in various patients with bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma (BCIE). The substitution of arginine (R) to histidine (H) at amino acid residue 156 (R156H) of coiled 1A region is one of the most frequent mutations of KRT10. In this study, we searched for a mutation in KRT1 and KRT10 in a Japanese family with BCIE and detected mutation R156H in KRT10. Our search led to the detection of R156H. This mutation was not detected in 50 normal individuals. These results confirmed that codon 156 is a frequently mutated site, and that R156H in KRT10 is likely also to be a mutation hotspot in Japanese patients with BCIE.