bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
USING AUTOMATED REASONING TECHNIQUES TO DETERMINE SOFTWARE REUSE
Authors: JENG JUN-JANG , CHENG BETTY H. C. 
Published: November 2004

Reusing software may greatly increase the productivity of software engineers and improve the quality of developed software. Software component libraries have been suggested as a means for facilitating reuse. A major difficulty in designing software libraries is in the selection of a component representation that will facilitate the classification and the retrieval processes. Using formal specifications to represent software components facilitates the determination of reusable software because they more precisely characterize the functionality of the software, and the well-defined syntax makes processing amenable to automation. This paper presents an approach, based on formal methods, to the classification, organization and retrieval of reusable software components. From a set of formal specifications, a two-tiered hierarchy of software components is constructed. The formal specifications represent software that has been implemented and verified for correctness. The lower-level hierarchy is created by a subsumption test algorithm that determines whether one component is more general than another; this level facilitates the application of automated logical reasoning techniques for a fine-grained, exact determination of reusable candidates. The higher-level hierarchy provides a coarse-grained determination of reusable candidates and is constructed by applying a hierarchical clustering algorithm to the most general components from the lower-level hierarchy. The hierarchical organization of the software component specifications provides a means for storing, browsing, and retrieving reusable components that is amenable to automation. In addition, the formal specifications facilitate the verification process that proves a given software component correctly satisfies the current problem. A prototype browser that provides a graphical framework for the classification and retrieval process is described.
ALGEBRAIC CONNECTIVITY
Authors: NEHANIV CHRYSTOPHER LEV 
Published: November 2004

Let [Formula: see text] be a type of algebra in the sense of universal algebra. By defining singular simplices in algebras and emulating singular [co] homology, we introduce for each variety, pseudo-variety, and divisional class V of type [Formula: see text], a homology and cohomology theory which measure the V-connectivity of type-[Formula: see text] algebras. Intuitively, if we were to think of an algebra as a space and subalgebras which lie in V as simplices, then V-connectivity describes the failure of subalgebras to lie in V, i.e., it describes the "holes" in this space. These [co]homologies are functorial on the class of type-[Formula: see text] algebras and are characterized by a natural topological interpretation. All these notions extend to subsets of algebras. One obtains for this algebraic connectivity, the long exact sequences, relative [co]homologies, and the analogues of the usual [co]homological notions of the algebraic topologists. In fact, we show that the [co]homologies are actually the same as the simplicial [co]homology of simplicial complexes that depend functorially on the algebras. Thus the connectivities in question have a natural geometric meaning. This allows the wholesale import into algebra of the concepts, results, and techniques of algebraic topology. In particular, functoriality implies that the [co]homology of a pair of algebras A ⊆ B is an invariant of the position of A in B. When one V contains another, we obtain relationships between the [co] homology theories in the form of long exact sequences. Furthermore for finite algebras, V-[co]homology is effectively computable if membership in V is. We obtain an analogue of the Poincaré lemma (stating that subsets of an algebra in V are V-homologically trivial), extremely general guarantees of the existence of subsets with non-trivial V-homology for algebras not in V, long exact V-homotopy sequences, as well as analogues of the powerful Eilenberg-Zilber theorems and Kunneth theorems in the setting of V-connectivity for V a variety or pseudo-variety. Also in the more general case of any divisionally closed V, we construct the long exact Mayer-Vietoris sequences for V-homology. Results for homomorphisms include an algebraic version of contiguity for homomorphisms (which implies they are V-homotopic) and a proof that V-surmorphisms are V-homotopy equivalences. If we allow the divisional classes to vary, then algebraic connectivity may be viewed as a functor from the category of pairs W ⊆ V of divisional classes of [Formula: see text]-algebras with inclusions as morphisms' to the category of functors from pairs of [Formula: see text]-algebras to pairs of simplicial complexes. Examples show the non-triviality of this theory (e.g. "associativity tori"), and two preliminary applications to semigroups are given: 1) a proof that the group connectivity of a torsion semigroup S is homotopy equivalent to a space whose points are the maximal subgroups of S, and 2) an aperiodic connectivity analogue of the fundamental lemma of complexity.
REGULARIZED DIFFERENCE SCHEMES FOR EVOLUTIONARY SECOND ORDER EQUATIONS
Authors: SAMARSKII ALEKSANDR A. , VABISHCHEVICH PETER N. 
Published: November 2004

The questions of approximate solution of unstable problems for evolutionary second order equations are discussed in this paper. The classical Cauchy problem for elliptic type equation is a significant example of such problem. Incorrectness of this problem (the Hadamard example) is due to instability of the solution towards small perturbations of the initial conditions. The extension problem of the solutions of well-posed elliptic problems beyond the calculation region boundary is also discussed. The stability of corresponding difference schemes is investigated by basing on general theory of ρ-stability. The principle of the regularization of three-layer difference schemes is developed for the unstable problems. It is shown that the regularized difference schemes correspond to some modification of quasi-inversion method.
WHY CAN'T JAPANESE MULTINATIONALS UTILIZE BOTH INTERNATIONAL AND LOCAL HUMAN RESOURCES IN ASEAN?: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
Authors: SHIRAKI MITSUHIDE 
Published: November 2004

The theme of this paper is to extract the characteristics and problems of Japanese multinationals International Human Resource Management (IHRM) by comparing the operations of Western multinationals with those of Japanese multinationals operating in ASEAN. What kind of IHRM systems are constructued and practiced by Western multinationals that are operating in ASEAN? Are there any big differences in IHRM between Japanese multinationals and Western multinationals? And furthermore, what kind of management issues are they facing in this region and what kind of implications are there for their Japanese counterparts? This papers aims to clarify these points through case studies in this region. Finally some entreprenuerial strategies to tackle these problems Japanese headquarters are investigated.
FOKKER, A CLASH OF CULTURE
Authors: ULIJN JAN , HEERKENS HANS 
Published: November 2004

What role do cultural play in the survival of companies that face existential problems? We try to provide some answers by looking at the decline of the Dutch aircraft manufacturer Fokker. In 1996 this company went bankrupt and among the causes of this event cultural factors rank high, at least at first sight. We show that differences in national culture could have played a role in one of the defining moments in Fokker's existence: the failed take-over by the German aerospace giant Deutsche Aerospace (DASA). But we also show that an over-ambitious management was responsible for the situation in which there were no other options to survive besides a take-over by DASA. An increasing gap between the ambitions of the management to be one of the worlds prime aerospace companies and the limited resources of what was essentially a second-league player put Fokker in such a bad financial condition that it surely had to become an unbearable burden for DASA. So culture played a role in Fokker's decline, but its influence was at its peak long before the problems that brought the company down were recognised.
LOCAL DEALS AND HIGH FINANCE: INTERNATIONAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN CAR DEALING AND CURRENCY TRADING
Authors: LIGHTFOOT GEOFFREY 
Published: November 2004

Von Mises famously declared that all human action, unfettered by the state is entrepreneurial. Yet curiously, it is where the state and the market collide that some of the more striking aspects of entrepreneurialism are made most visible. Most spectacularly, where governments have attempted to control currencies through both rhetoric and financial intervention, currency traders have stepped in to take advantage of the difference between the set value and the 'market' rate. As a result, high profile traders such as Soros have achieved notoriety for their calculated exploitation of the currency instability. This battle is repeated at a more terrestrial level. A new market sector has opened up as entrepreneurial car dealers have taken advantage of the strong pound by buying Japanese automotive exotica and selling them for less than the more mundane versions command in the UK. Such moves have also been strongly opposed - Mitsubishi, for example, has traded on the rhetoric of differences in government safety standards in an attempt to curtail such trading. Currency trading and car dealing initially appear wildly different trading environments. Yet a close reading of the accounts given by and of these entrepreneurs reveals considerable similarity in their approaches to the calculation of potential margin, entrepreneurial action, inequalities and regulation, implying a need for greater awareness of discursive resources when discussing entrepreneurship.
Nonlinear and Noisy Extension of Independent Component Analysis: Theory and Its Application to a Pitch Sensation Model
Authors: Maeda Shin-ichi , Song Wen-Jie , Ishii Shin 
Published: November 2004

In this letter, we propose a noisy nonlinear version of independent component analysis (ICA). Assuming that the probability density function (p.d.f.) of sources is known, a learning rule is derived based on maximum likelihood estimation (MLE). Our model involves some algorithms of noisy linear ICA (e.g., Bermond & Cardoso, 1999) or noise-free nonlinear ICA (e.g., Lee, Koehler, & Orglmeister, 1997) as special cases. Especially when the nonlinear function is linear, the learning rule derived as a generalized expectation-maximization algorithm has a similar form to the noisy ICA algorithm previously presented by Douglas, Cichocki, and Amari (1998). Moreover, our learning rule becomes identical to the standard noise-free linear ICA algorithm in the noiseless limit, while existing MLE-based noisy ICA algorithms do not rigorously include the noise-free ICA.We trained our noisy nonlinear ICA by using acoustic signals such as speech and music. The model after learning successfully simulates virtual pitch phenomena, and the existence region of virtual pitch is qualitatively similar to that observed in a psychoacoustic experiment. Although a linear transformation hypothesized in the central auditory system can account for the pitch sensation, our model suggests that the linear transformation can be acquired through learning from actual acoustic signals. Since our model includes a cepstrum analysis in a special case, it is expected to provide a useful feature extraction method that has often been given by the cepstrum analysis.
Hydraulic Conductivity and Cation Exchange in Non-prehydrated And Prehydrated Bentonite Permeated with Weak Inorganic Salt Solutions
Authors: Jo Ho Young , Benson Craig H. , Edil Tuncer B. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractSets of replicate hydraulic conductivity tests were conducted using 100 mM KCl and 20 and 40 mM CaCl2solutions to evaluate how changes in hydraulic conductivity are related to changes in the exchange complex and physical properties (water content and free swell) of prehydrated and non-prehydrated bentonite used for geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs). Essentially no change in hydraulic conductivity and water content (or void ratio) occurred during tests with the 100 mM KCl solution even though K+was replacing Na+on the exchange complex. In contrast, for the CaCl2solutions (20 mM and 40 mM), the hydraulic conductivity increased and the free swell and water content decreased as exchange of Ca2+for Na+occurred. Faster changes in hydraulic conductivity and the exchange complex occurred in the tests with the 40 mM CaCl2solution and the non-prehydrated bentonite (i.e.the hydraulic conductivity changed more rapidly when exchange occurred more rapidly). Even though exchange of Ca2+for Na+was essentially complete at the end of testing, the hydraulic conductivity obtained with the 20 mM CaCl2solution was less and the water content greater than obtained with the 40 mM CaCl2solution (2.6 × 10−8cm/svs.6.7 × 10−8cm/s, 122%vs.111%, and 3.2vs.2.9). Similarly, the prehydrated bentonite had lower hydraulic conductivity (1.9 × 10−8cm/svs.6.7 × 10−8cm/s) and greater water content (167%vs.111%) than the non-prehydrated bentonite at the end of testing, even though Ca-for-Na exchange was essentially complete.
Green Earth Pigment from the Kadaň Region, Czech Republic: Use of Rare Fe-rich Smectite
Authors: Hradil David , Grygar Tomáš , Hrušková Michaela , Bezdička Petr , Lang Kamil , Schneeweiss Oldřich , Chvátal Marek 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA collection of green earths belonging to traditional artists’ pigments was examined in terms of mineralogy and provenance. The studied specimens included both mineralogical reference compounds and selected commercially available artists’ pigments, and contained green micas (glauconite or celadonite), chlorite, or smectite as pigmenting agents. The samples were examined by X-ray diffraction, Mössbauer spectroscopy, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis)-near-IR diffuse-reflectance spectroscopy and voltammetry of microparticles. Particular attention was paid to the Kadaň green earth, mined until the 20th century in the West Bohemia deposit. The Greene-Kelly charge-reduction test, detailed description of non-basal diffraction patterns and characteristic vibrations in the mid-IR spectra were used to classify the major pigmenting agent of the Kadaň green earth as ferruginous smectite with separately diffracting saponite-like clusters. The smectite contains ∼15% Fe, mainly in the trivalent form, a detectable fraction of Fe in tetrahedral sites, and it is accompanied by a significant amount of Ti-bearing relict minerals due to its volcanogenic origin. On the contrary, in green micas (glauconite and celadonite) the Ti content is much smaller. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy was found suitable for distinguishing Fe as a constituent of free Fe oxides from Fe in the clay structure. It was also found to be useful for discriminating between green micas and smectites.
Assay-Specific Decision Limits for Two New Automated Parathyroid Hormone and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Assays
Authors: Souberbielle Jean-Claude , Fayol Véronique , Sault Corinne , Lawson-Body Ethel , Kahan André , Cormier Catherine 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Background: The recent development of nonradioactive automated assays for serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) has made measurement of these two hormones possible in many laboratories. In this study, we compared two new assays for PTH and 25OHD adapted on an automated analyzer, the LIAISON®, with two manual immunoassays used worldwide.
Methods: We studied 228 osteoporotic patients, 927 healthy individuals, 38 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, and 167 hemodialyzed patients. Serum PTH was measured with the Allegro® and the LIAISON assays, and 25OHD was measured with DiaSorin RIA and the LIAISON assay. Regression analysis was used to calculate decision thresholds for the LIAISON assays that were equivalent to those of the Allegro PTH and DiaSorin 25OHD assays.
Results: The 25OHD concentrations obtained with the LIAISON assay and the RIA in osteoporotic patients were well correlated (r = 0.83; P &lt;0.001). Regression and Bland–Altman analyses suggested that the LIAISON 25OHD assay reads lower than the DiaSorin RIA at low concentrations but higher at high concentrations. However, the cutoff (50 nmol/L) used in our laboratories to define vitamin D insufficiency with the DiaSorin RIA is applicable to the LIAISON 25OHD assay. In 927 healthy individuals, the 3rd–97th percentile intervals were 3–80 ng/L and 13–151 nmol/L for the LIAISON PTH and 25OHD concentrations, respectively. However, 506 individuals (54.6%) were vitamin D-insufficient; we therefore considered only the 421 individuals with a LIAISON 25OHD &gt;50 nmol/L as eligible for the reference population for the LIAISON PTH assay. In this group, the 3rd–97th percentile interval for LIAISON PTH was 3–51 ng/L. Considering upper reference limits of 46 and 51 ng/L for the Allegro and LIAISON assays, respectively, the frequency of above-normal PTH concentrations in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism was similar in both assays. Regression analysis between serum PTH measured by the Allegro and LIAISON assays in 167 hemodialyzed patients and the corresponding Bland–Altman analysis of these data suggest that the LIAISON PTH assay tends to read higher than the Allegro assay at low concentrations but lower at high concentrations (&gt;300 ng/L).
Conclusions: Because clinical decision limits for both PTH and 25OHD should be assay specific, we propose equivalences between these assays and two manual assays used worldwide. These assay-specific decision limits should help potential users of the LIAISON PTH and 25OHD assays.
Plasma Concentrations of Cystatin C in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease and Risk for Secondary Cardiovascular Events: More than Simply a Marker of Glomerular Filtration Rate
Authors: Koenig Wolfgang , Twardella Dorothee , Brenner Hermann , Rothenbacher Dietrich 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBackground: Renal impairment (RI) is associated with worse prognosis. Recently, cystatin C has been shown to represent a potentially superior marker of the glomerular filtration rate compared with creatinine clearance (CrCl). We evaluated the impact of cystatin C and other markers of RI on prognosis in a large cohort of patients with coronary heart disease (CHD).Methods: Cystatin C, creatinine (Cr), and CrCl were determined at baseline in a cohort of 1033 patients (30–70 years) with CHD. Patients were followed for a mean of 33.5 months, and a combined endpoint [fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular disease (CVD) events] was used as the outcome variable. Cystatin C was measured by immunonephelometry, and CrCl was calculated.Results: During follow-up, 71 patients (6.9%) experienced a secondary CVD event. Neither Cr (P = 0.63) nor CrCl (P = 0.10) were associated with incidence of CVD events, whereas cystatin C was clearly associated with risk of secondary CVD events (P &lt;0.0001). In multivariate analyses, patients in the top quintile of the cystatin C distribution at baseline had a statistically significantly increased risk of secondary CVD events even after adjustment for classic risk factors, severity of coronary disease, history of diabetes mellitus, treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and C-reactive protein (hazard ratio, 2.27; 95% confidence interval, 1.05–4.91) compared with patients in the bottom quintile.Conclusions: These data support the possibly important prognostic value of cystatin C among patients with known CHD and suggest that it may be a useful clinical marker providing complementary information to established risk determinants.
Spatial variability, distribution and uncertainty assessment of soil phosphorus in a south Florida wetland
Authors: Grunwald S. , Reddy K. R. , Newman S. , DeBusk W. F. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractPhosphorus enrichment has been of major concern in the Greater Everglades (GE) ecosystem since the early 1980s. Our objectives were to estimate spatio–temporal patterns of soil total phosphorus (TP) in Water Conservation Area 2A (WCA‐2A) in the GE ecosystem and to compare two different geostatistical methods: ordinary kriging (OK) and conditional sequential Gaussian simulation (CSGS), addressing spatial variability, continuity and uncertainty of TP estimations.Overall, TP estimated with OK and CSGS were higher in 1998 than in 1990. Both methods generated spatial patterns of TP in 1998 which showed a spatial expansion of the phosphorus enrichment identified in the 1990 dataset. Cross‐validation using OK produced a mean prediction error of −10.71 (1990) and −6.07 (1998). CSGS modeled the spatial uncertainty of TP estimations explicitly with 50 generated realizations. Uncertainty was modeled using the E‐type mean of TP, which ranged from 216 to 2100 mg kg−1 in 1990 and 325.2 to 3660 mg kg−1 in 1998. Standard deviations ranged from 0 to 550 mg kg−1 maximum.To evaluate TP exceeding a threshold of 450 TP mg kg−1, which represents natural historic wetland conditions, we produced probability maps. Results suggested a distinctly higher retention of TP using CSGS when compared to the OK generated probability maps. Spatial probability patterns are valuable to guide the restoration process of this wetland.Jackknifing was used to estimate the bias of the descriptive statistics and semivariance. The total number of samples was robust enough to produce stable variograms; however, jackknifing suggested that more samples at closer distances from each other should be collected to reduce the uncertainty of the semivariance and to address short‐range spatial variability. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is the Mandelbrot set computable?
Authors: Hertling Peter 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThis work is concerned with the question whether the Mandelbrot set is computable. The computability notions that we consider are studied in computable analysis and will be introduced and discussed. We show that the exterior of the Mandelbrot set, the boundary of the Mandelbrot set, and the hyperbolic components satisfy certain natural computability conditions. We conclude that the two‐sided distance function of the Mandelbrot set is computable if the famous hyperbolicity conjecture is true. We also formulate the question whether the distance function of the Mandelbrot set is computable in terms of the escape time. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)