bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Entailment methods for 𝒦-IA using occlusion
Authors: Sandewall Erik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Compared to the list of requirements for the correct applicability of PCM, we have now removed the requirements of initial-time observations and equidurationality, but the compatibility requirements remain. Reformulate r.Construct a new entailment method. Change the base logic. In previous chapters we have used the second of these options and, to a certain extent, the first one. The third option would represent more force than is necessary. For the remaining restrictions it may be possible to use reformulation in some cases, but for full generality it seems necessary to modify the base logic. The present chapter considers these alternatives.
Composite actions
Authors: Sandewall Erik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 defined an occurrence language which only allows elementary oc currence expressions, so that each action statement refers to a single action with its timing information and choice of arguments. An eventual general ization to the case of composite action statements was mentioned, and it is the topic of the present chapter. We shall define the language for composite actions, and extend the entailment methods and their assessments to the broader range of action statements.
Dynamic light scattering from dense polymer systems
Authors: Fytas George , Meier Gerhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) is a powerful light scattering technique, widely used mainly because of its broad time range, 103-10-7 s, which is of great interest in studying polymer dynamics, and its versatility. In particular, PCS is extensively utilized to investigate transport properties in polymer solutions, for which good-quality samples can readily be prepared and hence the beating conditions on the detector are well-defined. PCS is much less used to study molecular motions in concentrated and undiluted polymers in the rubber and glassy state, despite their technological relevance. The requirement for good samples with intrinsic light scattering, the presence of broad distributions of relaxation times, and the lack of analytical form for the desired field autocorrelation function are probably the main reasons for the restricted number of applicationsJl-31 In this chapter, we review recent PCS applications to the study of dynamics in dense polymeric and molecular systems. In Section we present the basic physical principles of dynamic light scattering by density, concentration and optical anisotropy fluctuations in the medium at thermal equilibrium. The association of these fluctuations with localized and diffusional processes in various systems and states will be discussed in Sections 9.4 and 9.5. The analysis of time correlation functions is dealt with in Section 9.3, and slow solvent orientation in polymer solutions in Section 9.6. Other aspects of polymer solutions, extensively discussed elsewhere in this volume, will not be included.
Mathematical Representations Of Motion And Force
Authors: Meli Domenico Bertoloni 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter we began to appreciate the links between mathematics and mechanics. One of the issues I have mentioned concerns the dimensions of physical quantities in relation to Leibnizian differentiation and integration, or to Newton’s fluxions and fluents. The connections between pure mathematics and mechanics—significantly a branch of the mixed or applied mathematics—are certainly broader and deeper than this example may suggest, and are central to my understanding of Leibniz’s theory and war with Newton. Already in Galileo with the notion of ‘momento’, or in Hobbes with the notion of ‘conatus’, the infinitely small was interwoven with the study of nature. By the end of the seventeenth century the analysis of curvilinear motion was gaining a prominent position in mechanics, and not surprisingly it interacted with the mathematical notion of curve.
Publication
Authors: Meli Domenico Bertoloni 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Tentamen appeared in the Acta Eruditorum of February 1689. At the same time Leibniz left Vienna for Venice, where he arrived on 4 March. Therefore, the essay was certainly composed in the Imperial capital. We have the manuscript draft, the final manuscript version having probably been sent to the editors of the Acta in Leipzig. The text would have been sufficiently challenging even without several misprints. Moreover, the figure was lost and had to be redrawn by Christoph Pfautz, the mathematician collaborating with the editor of the Acta Otto Mencke. As a result, the segment 3MG and the letters G at the bottom of the figure were omitted. On the basis of a manuscript diagram, I have restored the figure inserting the missing letters in angle brackets. In the footnotes I indicate Leibniz’s later emendations and explain some technical points.
A Reappraisal Of Newton’s Itinerary
Authors: Meli Domenico Bertoloni 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The analysis of the formation of Leibniz’s techniques and ideas provides us with stimulating material for re-examining Newton’s itinerary towards the Principia and his criticism of the Tentamen. Their rival interpretations are mutually clarifying in many respects, such as the problem of the infinitely small in mathematics, the notion of acceleration, and the analysis of orbital motion. The background and development of Newtonian mechanics have been investigated in great detail over the last few decades, especially after the works by A. Rupert Hall and Marie Boas Hall, John Herivel, Richard Westfall, I. Bernard Cohen, and Tom Whiteside.
Strepsiptera of Panama and Mesoamerica
Authors: Kathirithamby Jeyaraney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Strepsiptera are unique entomophagous parasitoids with free-living adult males and females that are neotenic and permanently endoparasitic in the host, except in the family Mengenillidae. The hosts include Thysanura, Blattodea, Mantodea, Orthoptera, Hemiptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera. Of the 532 species described so far, 67 have been recorded from the Neotropics. The first instar larva is free-living and is the host-seeking stage of the parasitoid (Figs 27.2, 27.3). It usually parasitizes a host nymph (if the host is an exopterygote), or a host larva (if the host is an endopterygote). There have been reports that it also parasitizes host eggs (Linsley and MacSwain 19 57; Krombine 1967). When it enters the host it moults to an apodous second instar. The number of endoparasitic larval instars is not known for certain in most species except in Elenchus tenuicornis (Kirby), for which Kathirithamby et al. (1984) with correlated scanning and transmission electron microscopy showed that there are three. It is difficult to determine the number of endoparasitic larval instars because ecdysis does not follow apolysis; hence no exuviae (except that of the first instar) are found in the host. Nassonow (1910), Kirkpatrick (1937), Hassan (1939), Williams (1957), Baumert (1958, 1959), Kinzelbach (1967), Greathead (1968), Riek (1970), Kathirithamby (1978, 1982), and Waloff (19 81) estimated that there are one to seven instars. They based their estimates on such features as size increase owing to the lack of distinct morphological structures in the endoparasitic stages (Fig. 27.4).
Revisionary notes on the Fungus-growing Ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex, rimosus group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini)
Authors: Snelling Roy R , Longino John T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cyphomyrmex Mayr, 1862, is a genus of fungus-growing ants belonging to the exclusively New World tribe Attini. Among the dozen genera presently recognized within the Attini, Cyphomyrmex is one of the most distinctive. The body is dull and, for the most part, without obvious sculpture, although a few obscure rugules may be present on the mesosoma. The first gastral tergum is without tubercles. Pilosity, except fat a few erect simple hairs on the mandibular region of the head, is usually closely appressed to the body surface and is scale-like in appearance; in a few species the pilosity is suberect, but then it is also broad and squamiform. The frontal lobes of the head are exceptionally broad, completely concealing the antenna! sockets, and the head is usually widest across the frontal lobes. Mesosomal spines are replaced in most species by low, blunt tubercles; in a few species even these are absent or nearly so. The biology of Cyphomyrmex is not very well known, even though some species are among the mostly commonly encountered terrestrial species. The ants themselves are small, of drab coloration, slow-moving, and often become immobile when disturbed, sometimes for several minutes. When an ant feigns death the appendages are drawn close to the body and the ant then seems to be nothing more than a small particle of soil or other debris. Colonies are small, probably not exceeding 500 workers and usually far fewer; numerous dealate females are often present within a colony but they apparently are non-reproductive. The colonies are commonly situated in soil or rotting wood on the ground, or distributed within leaf-litter. They may also be located in dead, decaying tree limbs, in matts of moss on tree trunks, or within epiphytic pseudobulbs.
Ecological differentiation in the Callitrichidae
Authors: Ferrari Stephen F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most obvious and absolute difference between callitrichids and all other anthropoid primates is their small size, a characteristic which, along with other diagnostic features of their biology, is intimately related to an evolutionary process of specialization for the efficient colonization of marginal and disturbed forest habitats (Eisenberg 1978; Garber 1980b; Sussman and Kinzey 1984). All four callitrichid genera also share a range of morphological, physiological, ecological, and behavioural characteristics, many of which are discussed at length in other chapters of this book. The family is less homogeneous than it might seem, however, depending on the parameters chosen and how they are evaluated (Ferrari and Lopes Ferrari 1989). While all callitrichids are small, for example, they are not equally so. Body size, which plays a fundamental role in a primate’s ecology (Milton and May 1976; Clutton-Brock and Harvey 1977a), increases approximately six fold between the smallest (Cebuella pygmaea) and the largest (Leontopithecus chrysopygus) callitrichid species. This is consistent with body size variation within the Cebidae, if the number of genera is taken into account. The present overview of the data on callitrichid ecology reveals that such differences have probably played a fundamentally important role in the evolutionary history of a highly successful primate radiation.
Discussion: mutualism as pattern and process in ecosystem organization
Authors: Burns Thomas P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The papers collected in this volume vividly portray the varied forms of mutualism and cooperation among organisms in ecological communities. It seems wherever ecologists look closely and long enough, they discover mutualistic symbioses, as well as parasitism, predation, and apparent competition. These relationships among organisms and interactions between populations do not occur among every possible pair of species, nor are they likely to be distributed randomly. Interactive communities are organized. Organization is both a pattern and a process. The non-random distribution of relationships in communities confer patterns and these relationships are a continuing product of evolution and other processes by which communities become more or less organized. To find the common ground for empirical observations such as those of Yuma (Chapter 13 this volume) and theoretical models of mutualism such as that of Matsuda and Shimada (Chapter 14 this volume), as well as the other chapters in this volume, this chapter develops the idea that mutualism is a pattern and process in the organization of ecosystems.
Sea Urchins, Starfish, and Sea Cucumbers
Authors: Moyse J , Tyler P A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Echinoderms (Phylum Echinodermata), which include sea urchins, starfish, brittle stars, and sea cucumbers, have a distinctive radial pattern which may take the form of five arms radiating from a central disc or a more globular or cylindrical shape, again with structures arranged in five rays (or multiples of five) (Fig. 12.1). A few exceptional types have more than five radii and in others a bilateral shape has been superimposed on the basic radial plan. Echinoderms are relatively large invertebrates and, with rare exceptions, they are benthic (bottom living) and very slow moving.
Acorn-Worms and Sea Squirts
Authors: Knight-Jones E W , Ryland J S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hemichordates comprise worm-like Enteropneusta (= Balanoglossida) and tentaculate Pterobranchia. Enteropneusts have gill slits, so are linked with chordates, particularly because they also have a dorsal, sometimes tubular, nerve cord in the collar. They lack a notochord, however, so are placed in a phylum separate from the Chordata. The ‘tornaria’ larvae of one family are like some echinoderm larvae. Pterobranchia are closely related to enteropneusts but the only pterobranchs known from Britain belong to a minute colonial genus, atypical of hemichordates.
Legs and locomotion of Carnivora
Authors: Alexander R Mcneill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Carnivora generally tend to have a humerus and metacarpals rather longer than those of similar-sized members of other mammalian orders. Cheetahs have long limbs for their body mass and bears and ferrets short ones. Cheetahs and dogs have large thigh muscles but bears and ferrets have small ones. The flexor muscles of the forefoot have remarkably long fascicles in cats (excluding the cheetah) and bears. Cats have retractile claws and some climbing carnivores can reverse their hind feet. Small carnivores stand and move like other small non-cursorial mammals, and large ones like other large cursorial mammals. The limited data that are available show no clear differences in speed between carnivores in general and other mammals. In conclusion, the legs and locomotion of carnivores as a group show few peculiarities, but there are striking differences between the specialized runners (cheetahs and dogs) and those carnivores with more mobile paws that have retained some climbing ability.
The relationship between reproductive and foraging energetics and the evolution of the Pinnipedia
Authors: Costa Daniel P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Marine feeding and terrestrial parturition are fundamental components of the life history of the Pinnipedia and present a series of trade-offs between the conflicting needs to feed the pup ashore and to maximize energy acquisition at sea. The Otariidae, eared seals, and the Phocidae, earless seals, have evolved different solutions to this problem. The phocids are capable of storing what is required for the entire lactation interval, whereas otariids must feed during the lactation interval. The evolution of these different patterns is related to co-variant traits such as metabolic rate, energy and oxygen storage capacity and body size. The interaction of these traits sets wider or narrower limits to such parameters as dive duration, duration of lactation, fasting ability, efficiency and amount of maternal investment and rate of prey energy acquisition. These factors may have been important in the evolution of the different life-history patterns of otariids and phocids. The phocid breeding pattern is quite economical, but one that limits the total nutrient and energy investment in the pup. In contrast, the otariid breeding pattern is quite expensive, but it allows the mother to provide more energy and nutrients to her pup. However, the separation of lactation from feeding may have enabled phocids to utilize a patchy, low-production, highly dispersed or distant prey resource as well as an unstable breeding substrate.
Micropalaeontology in Petroleum Exploration
Authors: Jones Robert Wynn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many papers have noted the association between micropaleontology and petroleum exploration, but no book has ever provided a comprehensive and thematic treatment. This book attempts to do just that. It begins with an overview of pure micropaleontology, then treats the principles and practice of applied micropaleontology and sequence stratigraphy; case studies of applications in various geographic, geologic, and stratigraphic settings are given. The final section deals with applications outside petroleum exploration, with sections on environmental monitoring, coal mining, mineral exploration and exploitation, and engineering. Extensively illustrated and referenced, this book will benefit academic and commercial paleontologists.
Case histories in petroleum exploration II: carbonate systems
Authors: Jones Robert Wynn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with applications of micropalaeontology in petroleum exploration in carbonate systems. The examples are again selected so as to give a wide geographic, geologic and stratigraphic coverage and include the Middle East (Palaeozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic) and the Papuan Basin (Mesozoic and Cenozoic). Note that the Middle East Palaeozoic and Papuan Basin Mesozoic are essentially elastic systems.
Migration and Health in a Small Society
Authors: Hooper Antony , Huntsman Judith , Prior Ian A M , Salmond Clare E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between 1965 and 1975, a large proportion of the population of Tokelau, a group of three tiny isolated atolls in the tropical South Pacific, migrated to New Zealand, where they became part of a cosmopolitan urban society. By 1985, two-thirds of all Tokelauans lived in New Zealand. This book traces the experience of the Tokelauans, both migrant and non-migrant, during the period 1965-85. The analysis is interdisciplinary, drawing upon historical, ethnographic, sociological, and epidemiological materials. Topics discussed include the ecology and history of Tokelau, the nature of Tokelauan culture and society, the problems of adaptation faced by migrants to New Zealand and their efforts to develop a viable Tokelauan community there, the impact of modernizing influences upon atoll society, changes in the health status of both migrant and non-migrant Tokelauans, and their relationship of social change to the health of the population. Special attention is paid to the hypothesis that the migrants' adaptation to modern urban society would lead to increased incidence of such chronic conditions as hypertension, coronary heart disease, asthma, and diabetes.
Parietal cortex area 5: a neuronal representation of movement kinematics for kinaesthetic perception and movement control?
Authors: Kalaska John F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The original title of this section of the symposium was ‘Interfacing body and environmental space’. In this chapter, I will examine cortical mechanisms of the representation of internal (somatic) space. This representation is essential for successful interaction with the environment (Hyvarinen 1982; Stein 1989; Soechting and Flanders 1990). I will briefly review evidence that cortical area 5 is an important component of the central representation of body posture and movement. Moreover, I will argue that area 5 represents movement in a co-ordinate system encoding kinematic parameters. Movement kinematics refers to all the externally measurable spatio-temporal parameters of movement, such as direction, velocity, and joint angle changes, that describe motion through space. These are distinct from the parameters of movement dynamics, such as the internal forces, joint torques, and patterns of muscle activity required to perform the movement.
Knowing where and knowing how to get there
Authors: Paillard Jacques 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a final comment, I would like to view the topic ‘Brain and Space’ from my own vantage point. I was first introduced to this field of research many years ago through the works of a neurologist, Henri Wallon, and those of a zoologist, Jean Piaget, who both became interested in the ontogenetic aspects of brain function. The former emphasized the importance of proprioceptive information’ as a foundation of both self and social identity through the development of emotional behaviour (Wallon 1949); the latter considered that the highest cognitive functions were rooted in basic sensorimotor machinery (Piaget 1971). As a psycho biologist by training, I became fascinated by these problems; by the question of how the spatial constraints that are specific to our terrestial environment have moulded our body architecture and its sensory and motor instruments; and in what way they have shaped our nervous system to cope with the quasi-euclidean space in which we live.
Behavioural ecology: the impact of parasitism
Authors: Keymer Anne E , Read Andrew F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Behavioural ecology is the study of the survival value of behaviour (Krebs and Davies 1987). One selective pressure that has received relatively little attention in behavioural ecology is parasitism. We might expect that if parasites have fitness consequences for their hosts, host behaviours that minimize the impact of parasites should be favoured. On the other hand, parasites should attempt to manipulate the behaviour of their hosts to maximize their own fitness. There thus exists the potential for both hostimposed and parasite-imposed selection to act on host behaviour. These two forces could act in opposition (‘conflict’) or in the same direction (‘coexistence’). In this chapter we explore the ways in which parasites can influence the action of selection on behavioural traits.
Subcortical mechanisms in cognition
Authors: Divac Ivan , Gunilla R , Öberg E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of the current knowledge about the human brain is derived from experiments of nature, such as neurological diseases, and from invasive experimentation on animals. Presently, we shall focus on experimental comparative neurology, with only occasional reference to clinical neurology. While drawing examples from a large and essentially consistent body of animal research, we will attempt to show that subcortical structures are implicated in functions which are not usefully labelled as either motor, sensory, or motivational/emotional. We shall again (Öberg and Divac 1979) refer to such functions as ‘cognitive’ in the broad sense of the word (Neisser 1966). This concept of cognition covers unconscious as well as conscious processes. Hence, it circumvents experimentally unwieldy, partly philosophical questions regarding degree of consciousness in animals and levels of consciousness in both neurologically intact and impaired humans. Cognition thus encompasses various steps in information processing: early as well as advanced stages of percept and memory formation, rudimentary associative processes as well as integrative reasoning, planning, and preparedness for action. Obviously, functional loss of any of these stages may result in neuropsychological impairment.