bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Time to Regender: The Transformation of Roman Time
Authors: Dowling Melissa Barden 
Published: February 2004

AbstractAt the end of the first century A.D., at the height of the Roman empire, a new abstract deity of eternal time, Aeternitas, appeared. This first discrete personification of abstract time was initially a female image represented on official coins and monuments, but in A.D. 121, a new male personification of eternal time appeared in imperial, state sponsored art. Both male and female depictions of eternal time were accompanied by a rich array of attributes that connected eternity, immortality, and earthly prosperity. This change in the image of time occurred simultaneously with tremendous changes in Roman culture: the creation of universal time keeping, the creation of elaborate beliefs in the afterlife, and transformations in Romans' expectations of life, lead to the embodiment of an ideal of eternity in the personification Aeternitas, and explain the radical transformations in her/his iconography. It is through a study of the representation of time that we identify a profound reenvisioning of the nature of time in Western thought, when human temporal and metaphysical experiences of time were expanded, laying the foundation for the successful spread of the Christian conceptions of eternal blissful time after the apocalypse.
Sphingosine 1-phosphate and its type 1 G protein-coupled receptor: trophic support and functional regulation of T Lymphocytes
Authors: Goetzl Edward J , Gräler Markus H 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe lysophospholipid (LPL) growth factors sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) are generated by macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, and platelets, which leads to lymph and plasma concentrations of 0.1–1 μM. Distinctive profiles of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) for S1P and LPA are expressed by each type of immune cell and are regulated by cellular activation. At 1–100 nM, S1P signals T cells through their principal S1P1 GPCRs with consequent protection from apoptosis, enhancement of chemotaxis, and facilitation of optimal regulatory activity of CD4+25+ T cells. At 0.3–3 μM, S1P inhibits T cell chemotaxis and to a lesser extent other functions. These S1P–S1P1 GPCR signals suppress homing of blood and spleen T cells to secondary lymphoid tissues. S1P1 GPCR antagonists evoke lymphopenia by permitting blood T cells to enter lymph nodes and blocking S1P1 GPCR-dependent T cell efflux from lymph nodes. Inversely, there is a decrease in lymphoid tissue traffic of T cells in transgenic mice, which overexpress lymphocyte S1P1 GPCRs. The immunotherapeutic activity of S1P1 GPCR antagonists, which limits T cell access to organ grafts and autoimmune antigens, does not reduce other functional capabilities of T cells. LPLs and their GPCRs thus constitute an immunoregulatory system of sufficient prominence for pharmacological targeting in transplantation, autoimmunity, and immunodeficiency.
Culture-bound syndromes: the story ofdhatsyndrome
Authors: Sumathipala A. , Siribaddana S. H. , Bhugra Dinesh 
Published: February 2004

BackgroundCulture-bound syndrome is a term used to describe the uniqueness of some syndromes in specific cultures.Dhat(semen-loss anxiety) has been considered to be an exotic ‘neurosis of the Orient’.AimsTo ascertain the presence of similar symptoms and syndromes in different cultures and historical settings.MethodElectronic and manual literature searches were used to gather information on the existence and description of semen-loss anxiety in different cultures and settings.ResultsMost of the empirical studies ondhatsyndrome have emerged from Asia, whereas its concepts have been described historically in other cultures, including Britain, the USA and Australia. The different sources indicate the universality of symptoms and global prevalence of this condition, despite its image as a ‘neurosis of the Orient’.ConclusionsIt appears thatdhat(semen-loss anxiety) is not as culture-bound as previously thought. We propose that the concept of culture-bound syndromes should be modified in line with DSM–IV recommendations.
Association between childhood feeding problems and maternal eating disorder: role of the family environment
Authors: Cooper Peter J. , Whelan Elizabeth , Woolgar Matthew , Morrell Julian , Murray Lynne 
Published: February 2004

BackgroundThere is a strong relationship between feeding problems in childhood and eating disorder in the mother. The mechanisms responsible for this relationship are not understood.AimsTo elucidate family-environmental factors that could mediate this association.MethodA general population sample of children with feeding problems (n=35), other problems (shyness, fears or behavioural problems; n=58), or no problems (n=23) was identified. The mental state of their mothers was evaluated, including an assessment of current and past eating disorder. Video recordings were made in the families' homes of a mealtime and of the mothers and children participating in a standardised exploratory task.ResultsTwo family-environmental variables significantly distinguished the children with feeding problems from the other two groups: ‘mealtime disorganisation’ and ‘maternal strong control and disharmony’. Path analysis revealed the importance of these two environmental variables in mediating the association between child and maternal disturbance.ConclusionsThe degree of mealtime disorganisation and the level of maternal strong control and disharmony mediate the association between maternal eating disorder and child feeding disturbance.
Neural response to emotional prosody in schizophrenia and in bipolar affective disorder
Authors: Mitchell Rachel L. C. , Elliott Rebecca , Barry Martin , Cruttenden Alan , Woodruff Peter W.R. 
Published: February 2004

BackgroundEvidence suggests a reversal of the normal left-lateralised response to speech in schizophrenia.AimsTo test the brain's response to emotional prosody in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.MethodBOLD contrast functional magnetic resonance imaging of subjects while they passively listened or attended to sentences that differed in emotional prosody.ResultsPatients with schizophrenia exhibited normal right-lateralisation of the passive response to ‘pure’ emotional prosody and relative left-lateralisation of the response to unfiltered emotional prosody. When attending to emotional prosody, patients with schizophrenia activated the left insula more than healthy controls. When listening passively, patients with bipolar disorder demonstrated less activation of the bilateral superior temporal gyri in response to pure emotional prosody, and greater activation of the left superior temporal gyrus in response to unfiltered emotional prosody. In both passive experiments, the patient groups activated different lateral temporal lobe regions.ConclusionsPatients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder may display some left-lateralisation of the normal right-lateralised temporal lobe response to emotional prosody.
Cognitive–behavioural therapy in first-episode and early schizophrenia
Authors: Tarrier Nicholas , Lewis Shôn , Haddock Gillian , Bentall Richard , Drake Richard , Kinderman Peter , Kingdon David , Siddle Ronald , Everitt Julie , Leadley Karen , Benn Andy , Grazebrook Katy , Haley Cliff , Akhtar Shahid , Avies Lindad , Palmer Steve , Dunn Graham 
Published: February 2004

BackgroundThe initial phase of a trial of cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT) for acutely ill patients with schizophrenia of recent onset showed that it speeded recovery.AimsTo test the hypothesis that CBT in addition to treatment as usual (TAU) during the first or second acute episode of schizophrenia will confer clinical benefit over a follow-up period.MethodThis was an 18-month follow-up of a multicentre prospective trial of CBT or supportive counselling administered as an adjunct to TAU, compared with TAU alone, for patients hospitalised for an acute episode of schizophrenia of recent onset. Primary outcomes were total and positive symptom scales, time to relapse and re-hospitalisation.ResultsThere were significant advantages for CBT and supportive counselling over TAU alone on symptom measures at 18 months but no group difference was seen for relapse or re-hospitalisation. There was a significant centre–treatment interaction, reflecting centre differences in the effect of introducing either treatment, but not in the comparison of CBT and supportive counselling. Medication dosage and compliance did not explain group differences.ConclusionsAdjunctive psychological treatments can have a beneficial longterm effect on symptom reduction.
Post-traumatic stress and disability
Authors: Neal Leigh A. , Green Gillian , Turner Mark A. 
Published: February 2004

BackgroundPost-traumatic stress is thought to account for significant disability. It is also known to be highly comorbid with other psychiatric conditions such as depression and alcohol dependence.AimsTo determine the relationship between post-traumatic stress, depression, alcohol dependence and disability.MethodSeventy armed services personnel were assessed for DSM–IV diagnoses of post-traumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder and alcohol dependence, and with continuous measures of symptoms of post-traumatic stress, depression and alcohol dependence following a traumatic event. These variables, as predictors of disability (using the Sheehan Disability Scale), were analysed using multivariate analysis of variance, analysis of covariance and multiple regression backward elimination models.ResultsNo significant interaction was found for the diagnostic variables even after controlling for the continuous symptom measures. In the regression models, symptoms of depression were a significant predictor of total disability (R2=0.39). Symptoms of alcohol dependence and post-traumatic stress did not significantly predict disability.ConclusionsSince post-traumatic stress was not found to be associated with disability, its clinical importance may be questionable.
Suicide by prisoners
Authors: Shaw Jenny , Baker Denise , Hunt Isabelle M. , Moloney Anne , Appleby Louis 
Published: February 2004

BackgroundThe number of suicides in prison has increased over recent years. This is the first study to describe the clinical care of a national sample of prison suicides.AimsTo describe the clinical and social circumstances of self-inflicted deaths among prisoners.MethodA national clinical survey based on a 2-year sample of self-inflicted deaths in prisoners. Detailed clinical and social information was collected from prison governors and prison health care staff.ResultsThere were 172 self-inflicted deaths: 85 (49%; 95% CI 42–57) were of prisoners on remand; 55 (32%; 95% CI 25–39) occurred within 7 days of reception into prison. The commonest method was hanging or self-strangulation (92%; 95% CI 88–96). A total of 110 (72%; 95% CI 65–79) had a history of mental disorder. The commonest primary diagnosis was drug dependence (39, 27%; 95% CI 20–35). Eighty-nine (57%; 95% CI 49–64) had symptoms suggestive of mental disorder at reception into prison.ConclusionsSuicide prevention measures should be concentrated in the period immediately following reception into prison. Because hanging is the commonest method of suicide, removal of potential ligature points from cells should be a priority.
Does protected time improve psychotherapy training in psychiatry?
Authors: Janmohamed Anis , Ward Anne , Smith Catherine , Davison Susan 
Published: February 2004

Aims and MethodWe surveyed all our senior house officers (SHOs) in 1998 to ascertain the nature and quality of their psychotherapy training. Following the introduction of a structured psychotherapy training programme, we wished to see what difference this had made to their training experience. The same questionnaire was used to survey all SHOs currently training in our trust, and compared their responses with those of the earlier cohort.ResultsThere was a statistically significant increase in the number of trainees seeing patients, in the number of psychotherapy patients being seen, and in the expectations of trainees of being able to fulfil College requirements.Clinical ImplicationsOur results demonstrate the value of a formal psychotherapy training programme for the quality of psychotherapy training at SHO level. In particular, the introduction of protected time may have been crucial in allowing the SHOs to gain the necessary experience.
Should old age psychiatry develop memory clinics? A comparison with domiciliary work
Authors: Simpson S. , Beavis D. , Dyer J. , Ball S. 
Published: February 2004

Aims and MethodMemory clinics have become very popular in old age psychiatry and there is some pressure for them to be developed in old age services. However, there is little evidence to suggest that they are more advantageous over the traditional domiciliary visits or who should be seen in clinic. This was a naturalistic comparison of 76 consecutive new referrals to a memory clinic, with 74 consecutive new domiciliary requests within the same service over the same period of time. A retrospective case note review collected the clinical features and an 18-month prospective follow-up examined the subsequent clinical management.Clinical ImplicationsThe two groups were characterised more by their similarities than their differences. However, the domiciliary group had greater behavioural and psychological complications. The memory clinic patients were less likely to receive psychotropic medication and here more likely to be followed up.ResultsWe conclude that memory clinics might be less suitable for patients with prominent psychiatric complications. Memory clinics could complement the domiciliary model by providing early psychosocial/neuropsychiatric approaches, although this is likely to lead to an increased clinical case-load.
Who's happy with supervision?
Authors: Ho Hilda , McConville Pauline 
Published: February 2004

Aims and MethodAll psychiatry trainees and supervisors on the Southeast Scotland scheme were invited to complete a questionnaire about the regularity, responsibility, structure, content and value of supervision.ResultsSignificantly more supervisors (87%) than trainees (69%) reported regular supervision. Some trainees still find it difficult to obtain regular supervision. Although it is seen as a joint responsibility, there is uncertainty about the role and responsibility of each trainee and supervisor. Most trainees and supervisors feel that supervision is useful, but supervisors are likely to rate their quality of supervision better than their trainees. Guidelines for the structure, content and boundaries of supervision might be useful. Supervision is viewed as useful for discussing clinical management, including the trainee's own case-load.Clinical ImplicationsTraining in the use of supervision should be available to all trainees and supervisors. Regular supervision should be a priority, and it is a joint responsibility to ensure that it happens. There should be greater accountability to the College and Trusts. Discussion of the trainee's clinical case-load during supervision is a necessary part of training and the supervision process.
Hu and Voltage-Gated Calcium Channel (VGCC) Antibodies Related to the Prognosis of Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Monstad S.E. , Drivsholm L. , Storstein A. , Aarseth J.H. , Haugen M. , Lang B. , Vincent A. , Vedeler C.A. 
Published: February 2004

Purpose Hu antibodies previously have been associated with longer survival of patients with small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). Voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC) antibodies play a pathogenic role in Lambert Eaton myasthenic syndrome, which is also associated with SCLC. These antibodies may reduce tumor growth in patients with the neurologic disease, but it is not clear whether they provide prognostic information in those without neurologic symptoms. Patients and Methods Two hundred patients with SCLC (age 39 to 79 years; mean, 62.3 years; 129 males and 71 females) receiving chemotherapy were studied for the presence of Hu and VGCC antibodies. Sera were examined for Hu antibodies by an in vitro transcription-translation–based immunoprecipitation technique and by immunohistochemistry/dot blot. VGCC (P/Q subtype) antibodies were detected by radioimmunoassay. Survival analysis was used to analyze the data. Results Hu antibodies were detected in 51 of 200 patients (25.5%) by in vitro transcription-translation–based immunoprecipitation and in 37 of 200 patients (18.5%) by immunohistochemistry or dot blot, whereas VGCC antibodies were detected in only 10 of 200 patients (5%). The presence of Hu antibodies did not correlate with VGCC antibodies, and there was no association between Hu or VGCC antibodies and the extent of disease or survival. Conclusion Hu and VGCC antibodies are found in a proportion of SCLC patients, irrespective of neurologic symptoms, but their presence does not correlate with the prognosis of the SCLC.
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Imatinib in a Phase I Trial With Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Patients
Authors: Peng Bin , Hayes Michael , Resta Debra , Racine-Poon Amy , Druker Brian J. , Talpaz Moshe , Sawyers Charles L. , Rosamilia Marianne , Ford John , Lloyd Peter , Capdeville Renaud 
Published: February 2004

Purpose To evaluate the basic pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics of imatinib mesylate and assess the relationship between the PK and pharmacodynamic (PD) properties of the drug. Patients and Methods The PK and PD properties of imatinib were investigated during a phase I trial that included 64 adult patients with Philadelphia chromosome–positive leukemias. Patients received imatinib orally once or twice daily. PK parameters of imatinib, derived from the plasma concentration–time curves, were determined. PD response, defined as the WBC after 1 month of treatment with imatinib, was used to develop an efficacy model. A maximum inhibition–effect model was used to describe the relationship between reduction in WBC and drug exposure parameters. Results Imatinib exposure was dose proportional after oral administration for the dose range of 25 to 1,000 mg. There was a 1.5- to three-fold drug accumulation after repeated once-daily dosing. Mean plasma trough concentration was 0.57 μg/mL (approximately 1 μmol/L) 24 hours after administration of 350 mg of imatinib at steady-state, which exceeds the 50% inhibitory concentration required to inhibit proliferation of Bcr-Abl–positive leukemic cells. Analysis of PK/PD relationships indicates that the initial hematologic response depends on the administered dose for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. Conclusion Drug exposure (area under the concentration-time curve) is dose proportional for the dose range of 25 to 1,000 mg, and there is a 1.5- to three-fold drug accumulation at steady-state after once-daily dosing. Analysis of the relationship between PD (WBC reduction) and PK parameters at steady-state indicates that a dose of 400 mg or greater is required for maximal PD effect.
Prognostic Model of Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma by Expression Profiling of Eight Genes As Determined by Quantitative Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
Authors: Endoh Hideki , Tomida Shuta , Yatabe Yasushi , Konishi Hiroyuki , Osada Hirotaka , Tajima Kohei , Kuwano Hiroyuki , Takahashi Takashi , Mitsudomi Tetsuya 
Published: February 2004

Purpose Recently, several expression-profiling experiments have shown that adenocarcinoma can be classified into subgroups that also reflect patient survival. In this study, we examined the expression patterns of 44 genes selected by these studies to test whether their expression patterns were relevant to prognosis in our cohort as well, and to create a prognostic model applicable to clinical practice. Patients and Methods Expression levels were determined in 85 adenocarcinoma patients by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Cluster analysis was performed, and a prognostic model was created by the proportional hazards model using a stepwise method. Results Hierarchical clustering divided the cases into three major groups, and group B, comprising 21 cases, had significantly poor survival (P = .0297). Next, we tried to identify a smaller number of genes of particular predictive value, and eight genes (PTK7, CIT, SCNN1A, PGES, ERO1L, ZWINT, and two ESTs) were selected. We then calculated a risk index that was defined as a linear combination of gene expression values weighted by their estimated regression coefficients. The risk index was a significant independent prognostic factor (P = .0021) by multivariate analysis. Furthermore, the robustness of this model was confirmed using an independent set of 21 patients (P = .0085). Conclusion By analyzing a reasonably small number of genes, patients with adenocarcinoma could be stratified according to their prognosis. The prognostic model could be applicable to future decisions concerning treatment.
HER-2 Testing and Trastuzumab Therapy for Metastatic Breast Cancer: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
Authors: Elkin Elena B. , Weinstein Milton C. , Winer Eric P. , Kuntz Karen M. , Schnitt Stuart J. , Weeks Jane C. 
Published: February 2004

PurposeTrastuzumab therapy has been shown to benefit metastatic breast cancer patients whose tumors exhibit HER-2 protein overexpression or gene amplification. Several tests of varying accuracy and cost are available to identify candidates for trastuzumab. We estimated the cost-effectiveness of alternative HER-2 testing and trastuzumab treatment strategies.Patients and MethodsWe performed a decision analysis using a state-transition model to simulate clinical practice in a hypothetical cohort of 65-year-old metastatic breast cancer patients. Outcomes were quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), lifetime cost, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). Interventions included testing with the HercepTest (DAKO, Carpinteria, CA) immunohistochemical assay alone, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) alone, and both tests, followed by trastuzumab and chemotherapy for patients with positive test results and chemotherapy alone for patients with negative test results.ResultsIn the base case, initial HercepTest with FISH confirmation of all positive results had an ICER of $125,000 per QALY gained. The incremental cost-effectiveness of initial FISH was $145,000 per QALY gained. Other strategies yielded the same or poorer effectiveness at a higher cost, or lower effectiveness at a lower cost, but with a less favorable ICER. These findings persisted under a range of assumptions, and only changes in test characteristics substantially altered results.ConclusionIt is more cost-effective to use FISH alone or as confirmation of all positive HercepTest results, rather than using FISH to confirm only weakly positive results or using HercepTest alone. When multiple tests are available to identify treatment candidates, test characteristics may have a substantial impact on the aggregate costs and effectiveness of treatment.