bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using the Benchmarks to score Health Care Reforms
Authors: Daniels Norman , Light Donald W , Caplan Ronald L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 addressed the first five benchmarks and the greater fairness that different reform proposals would bring. This chapter continues with benchmarks 6-through-10 concerning aspects of fairness built into how money is spent, how services are provided, how much choice people have, at what level budgets are set, and the issue that few reform efforts address-how decisions about rationing are done. Once again, we wish to share our thinking as we use the benchmarks to assess real-world reform bills, with all their lapses, overlaps, contradictions, and vague ness. This seems the best way to show how others can put fairness on the table next to affordability and other key criteria for assessing a given reform idea.
Invasive Techniques for Neuropathic Pain in Cancer
Authors: Cramond Tess 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The conventional management of patients with cancer pain involves anticancer therapy; oral analgesics; support for the patient and family, and psychological techniques, including modification of lifestyle; and the control of other distressing symptoms. It is generally agreed that effective pain control is achieved in 85%-90% of patients by these standard means. When pain persists and definitive treatment of the lesion is not possible, invasive techniques must be considered (Fig. 4.1). The proper use of these techniques for the treatment of neuropathic pain is challenging and demands an understanding of the underlying pathophysiology.
Ethical Issues in Hydration and Nutrition
Authors: Macdonald Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Science creates new ethical issues, but it also leads to a re-evaluation of existing standards. Offering food and drink to the dying is intimately tied with compassionate care. Today, we can extend this offer through the employment of technical means of sustenance. Under commonly encountered circumstances, we now know that forcing nutrition on patients with advanced cancer may actually harm them, while controversy swirls around the hydration of patients in their final days. One should distinguish matters of principle from matters of fact, for both are involved and related in the ethics of hydration and nutrition. Controversies relating to matters of fact require evidence for their resolution, and that evidence comes from observation and research. The principles governing clinical decisions about hydration and nutrition relate to the rights of patients to make their own informed choices and refusals about medical treatment. In the case of Robert Corbeil, the judge of the Quebec Superior Court declared that Mr. Corbeil had the right to refuse to eat and to be fed, even if he died as a result. The critical issue was whether the patient was sufficiently lucid and balanced of mind to make a decision on his own behalf. That others may have found his decision unreasonable was irrelevant.
Introduction: Asthenia: Definitions and Dimensions
Authors: Portenoy Russell K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Patients with chronic medical diseases commonly report a distressing lack of vitality. This phenomenon is characterized by a range of descriptors, which together suggest both physical and mental aspects. The physical aspects may be characterized by weakness or tiredness, which suggests dysfunction in muscles, or by lethargy or sleepiness, which indicates difficulties in maintaining alertness. Other descriptors, such as apathy, lassitude, inattention, difficulty concentrating, or loss of motivation, recognize a prominent mental (usually cognitive) aspect. Two commonly used terms, asthenia and fatigue, capture these characteristics more broadly. Either can refer to a sense of diminished vitality in physical or mental functioning, or both, that occurs in the setting of medical disease. Although an asthenia-anorexia-cachexia syndrome has been appreciated in patients with far-advanced diseases, including cancer, the empirical data now available do not provide a basis for distinguishing the asthenia component of this syndrome from a constellation of symptoms generally described as fatigue. For now, progress in understanding and managing the lack of vitality that commonly afflicts the medically ill would be facilitated by considering fatigue and asthenia together. Asthenia, or fatigue, is a symptom. Like other symptoms, it is fundamentally subjective. This subjectivity implies that the “weakness” often reported as part of the symptomatology does not require an objective correlate. Although some patients who report fatigue have demonstrable muscle weakness, most do not. Some patients experience easy fatigability with physical activity, but this, too, does not require a correlate on physical examination or electrophysiologic testing. Although objective evidence of a physical problem can help the clinician understand the origins of the complaint and maybe choose a therapy, such evidence is not required to confirm or quantitate the patient’s report.
Role of Bisphosphonates and Other Bone Resorption Inhibitors in Metastatic Bone Pain
Authors: Ernst D Scott 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bone metastases are a frequent occurrence in patients with advanced cancer, usually developing from primary malignancies of the breast, prostate, and lung. Indeed, autopsy studies suggest that bone metastases occur in up to 85% of patients who die from these primaries. Other primary tumors, such as kidney, bladder, and neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract, also metastasize to bone and account for up to 20% of those patients with bone lesions. Of the hematological malignancies, multiple myeloma typically has extensive bone involvement, which contributes significantly to the morbidity of the disease.
Introduction Psychiatric Disorders in Patients with Progressive Medical Disease: The Importance of Diagnosis
Authors: Breitbart William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The British singer-composer Sting wrote the above lyrics, which are from his album Mercury Falling, shortly after visiting a friend who was dying of AIDS in a New York City hospital. Sting reflected a nascent and growing realization in our society that medical technology does in fact have limitations, and that ultimately, perhaps, we must embrace a more spiritual perspective in life, and especially, in the face of death. Much of the re-awakening to the importance of the spiritual components of care is indeed welcome, essential, and healing for individuals with terminal illness and their families. However, I believe that part of what we are experiencing as a renaissance of spirituality in palliative care is in fact a backlash against the “over-medicalization of dying” and the invasion of often unwanted high technology interventions into end-of-life care. Clearly, modem academic palliative medicine must find a proper balance between the medical and spiritual aspects of care of the terminally ill. This balance is best achieved by incorporating into palliative care both patient preferences and values, and recommendations for medical therapeutics that are evidence based and empirically derived.
Introduction
Authors: Johnson David Martel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aristotle’s theory of soul presupposed that the distinction between plants and animals was clear, obvious, and exhaustive. According to this theory, all living things were possessed of “vegetative souls,” which allowed them to grow, reproduce, and be nourished. Only in the case of a few, fairly complicated organisms-that is, animals-were there also “sensitive” souls, which rendered them capable of moving and perceiving. Fewer creatures stillnamely, human beings at the top of the pyramid of life-had “rational souls” in addition to souls of the other two sorts, by virtue of which they were able to think and reason. When I was a student of philosophy at Yale in the 1960s, all this struck me as quaint and almost certainly mistaken. But at least it seemed to encapsulate one important and genuine division among living things. Thus, it came as a surprise when I learned that the university administration planned to close the Botany and Zoology departments and transfer all associated staff to a single, combined department to be called something like Life Sciences. One of my roommates at the time was a biologist. When I asked him about this administrative change, he assured me it was not primarily a cost-cutting measure, nor a piece of empire-building on the part of politically ambitious individuals. Instead, he claimed it was a natural, even inevitable development out of certain facts that scientists had discovered in the relatively recent past.
Exploiting Temporal Continuity in Qualitative Spatial Calculi
Authors: Cohn A G , Gotts N M , Cui Z , Randell D A , Bennett B , Gooday J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Artificial Intelligence (Al) must secure rigorously derived formal theories that support our everyday understanding of properties of space and time if intelligent autonomous machines are eventually to be produced. Without such a foundation, we have no means to verify whether any program will function correctly, or indeed, safely. Over the last decade temporal logics have been extensively and successfully used as formal tools in both AI and software engineering-see for example, Galton (1987). Logics describing space have not been developed and exploited to the same degree, although there has been more interest recently. Our research assumes that it is desirable to do this in order to place future applications of spatial reasoning on a sound foundation. Spatial logics also have uses in software engineering-in the visualization and animation of pro grams (Kahn and Saraswat, 1990).
Aristotelian Spatial Dynamics in the Age of Geographic Information Systems
Authors: Couclelis Helen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some few people are born without any sense of time. As consequence, their sense of place becomes heightened to an excruciating degree. They lie in tall grass and are questioned by poets and painters from all over the world. These time-deaf are beseeched to describe the precise placement of trees in the spring, the shape of snow in the Alps, the angle of sun on a church, the position of rivers, the location of moss, the pattern of birds in a flock. Yet the time-deaf are unable to speak what they know. For speech needs a sequence of words, spoken in time.
Longitudinal Analysis of Migration and Mobility Spatial Behavior in Explicitly Temporal Contexts
Authors: Odland John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A spatial and temporal framework is a prerequisite for analyzing migration and mobility behavior because these behaviors are defined by occupation of a set of locations in some temporal sequence and can only be recognized by keeping track of the locations of individuals over time. Investigations of migration and residential mobility have typically focused on one aspect of this spatial-temporal sequencing: the relocation events that move individuals from one place to an other. These are either migration events that involve the relocation of individuals between relatively distant communities or the relocation of a household to new housing within a community. Explanations of the two kinds of relocation events typically differ, with migration decisions often explained in terms of labor force participation and changes of housing treated as consumption decisions, but re search in both areas has usually centered on the events that move individuals or households from one location to another. Some recent developments in mobility research have shifted the emphasis toward explicitly longitudinal approaches in which migration and mobility behavior are analyzed in terms of sequences of be havior in space and time, which constitute locational histories for individuals. These histories provide continuous records of the whereabouts of individuals for some period of time, including the dates of relocation events, the lengths of the intervening sojourns, and information about the sequencing of relocation behavior; as well as information about the histories of other variables, such as individuals’ employment histories and marital histories.
The Psychosemantic Approach to Political Psychology: Mapping Russian Political Thought
Authors: Petrenko Victor F , Mitina Olga V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How can we understand Russian political thought? What can we learn from the weltering array of newly created political parties, strident groups with demands that range from a return to the monarchy to the return of the Stalinists, and a myriad of critical problems that modern Russians face? As political psychologists and other scholars and observers of the political scene in other parts of the world already know, there are no easy answers to complex questions about how and why masses of people think or act as they do.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Historical Context and Evolution
Authors: Kramer Teresa L , Green Bonnie L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite numerous portrayals in classic literature of humankind’s psychic struggle over the effects of war, murder, rape, disasters, plagues, and so forth, clinicians and researchers have only recently begun to name, describe, study, and treat post-trauma phenomena. The earliest clinical observations on the effects of trauma were recorded by Charcot, Freud, and Breuer. In Studies on Hysteria, Breuer and Freud (1956) offered the following definition: “In traumatic neurosis the operative cause of illness is not the trifling psychical injury but the effect of fright-the psychical trauma Any experience which calls up distressing affects-such as those of fright, anxiety, shame or physical pain may operate as a trauma of this kind” (pp.5-6, as cited by Krystal,1978). As the reader will see, the term traumatic neurosis initially provided the theoretical framework for the study of post-traumatic symptomatology. Eventually, as this area of study progressed, the term neurosis was seen as inadequate, as well as biased toward psychoanalytic thinking, and was therefore replaced-first by terminology specific to the type of trauma and then by the current nosology of post-traumatic stress disorder (Scrignar, 1984).
Strangers in the Homeland: Ethnopsychological Problems of Forced Immigrants in Russia
Authors: Soldatova Galina U 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
They came to the Soviet Union/Russia because they had no choice refugees from war-torn areas who fled to save their lives, criminals of conscience who came seeking political asylum, and forced deportees who had decided they must leave the place they had known as home. Unwilling immigrants have flooded into the Soviet Union/Russia in the last several years. First, they faced the traumatic events that caused them to leave their homelands, and now they face a new set of serious adjustment problems that include the need to adapt to an unfamiliar culture, uncertainty about their future, poverty and financial dependence, and the humiliation of having to ask for aid from relatives, strangers, and the government bureaucracy.
Comrrwnalities of Suicide
Authors: Shneidman Edwin S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like food for a starving person or new clothes for a liberated concentration camp prisoner, new ideas create new hope. This is true for both the suicidal person and the therapist. For me, the new idea was that all suicidal patients-—hat is, all the committed suicidal people I have studied over the years, independent of their different psychological needs—exhibited a certain set of psychological characteristics. In the cauldron of thought, I boiled these down to 10 commonalities of suicide.
Return to Armageddon
Authors: Powaski Ronald E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the Cold War ended, the world let out a collective sigh of relief as the fear of nuclear confrontation between superpowers appeared to vanish overnight. As we approach the new millennium, however, the proliferation of nuclear weapons to ever more belligerent countries and factions raises alarming new concerns about the threat of nuclear war. In Return to Armageddon, Ronald Powaski assesses the dangers that beset us as we enter an increasingly unstable political world. With the START I and II treaties, completed by George Bush in 1991 and 1993 respectively, and the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), signed by Bill Clinton in 1996, it seemed as if the nuclear clock had been successfully turned back to a safer hour. But Powaski shows that there is much less reason for optimism than we may like to think. Continued U.S.-Russian cooperation can no longer be assured. To make matters worse, Russia has not ratified the START II Treaty and the U.S. Senate has failed to approve the CTBT. Perhaps even more ominously, the effort to prevent the acquisition of nuclear weapons by nonweapon states is threatened by nuclear tests conducted by India and Pakistan. The nuclear club is growing and its most recent members are increasingly hostile. Indeed, it is becoming ever more difficult to keep track of the expertise and material needed to build nuclear weapons, which almost certainly will find their way into terrorist hands. Accessible, authoritative, and provocative, Return to Armageddon provides both a comprehensive account of the arms control process and a startling reappraisal of the nuclear threat that refuses to go away.
Clinton and Counterproliferation
Authors: Powaski Ronald E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout his presidential campaign, President Clinton made the elimination of nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons—as well as the ballistic missiles that could deliver them—a top priority of his administration. Perhaps the most important counterproliferation program of the Clinton administration was the effort to gain international support for the indefinite extension of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. With 181 parties in 1995, the NPT had entered into force in 1970 but was scheduled to expire in 1995 if not renewed. The administration argued that indefinite extension of the npt was essential for global and regional stability, for preventing the spread of nuclear weapons, and for facilitating and regulating cooperation among states in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy.1
The Black Book
Authors: Lemke Sieglinde 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is an insult to the great Caucasian race, the father of all the arts and sciences, to compare it to that black and kinky race which lived in a state of black and ignorant savagery until the white race seized it and lifted it to its present position. The African with his love of color, warmth, rhythm and the whole sensuous life, might, if emotionally liberated, do interesting things to a “Nordic” stock, so bustling and busy, so preoccupied with “doing things” in the external world, as almost to forget, sometimes, that it has any senses. And it would be one of fate’s quaint but no means impossible revenges if the Negro’s real contribution to American life should be in the field of art.
The Asymmetry of Facial Actions Is Inconsistent with Models of Hemispheric Specialization
Authors: Hager Joseph C , Ekman Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent reports have suggested that asymmetries in facial expressions result from cerebral hemispheric specialization. A summary of these theoretical models is contained in table 2.1. These models differ in two important respects: whether emotional or nonemotional neural processes are involved, and whether specialization of the right, the left, or both hemispheres underlies asymmetry. This report evaluates these issues.
Genuine, Suppressed, and Faked Facial Behavior during Exacerbation of Chronic Low Back Pain
Authors: Craig Kenneth D , Hyde Susan A , Patrick Christopher J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Facial activity during painful events has attracted attention as a source of diagnostic information in adults (Craig & Prkachin, 1983; Grunau, Johnston, & Craig, 1990; Keefe, Bradley, & Crisson, 1990; LeResche & Dworkin, 1984; Prkachin & Mercer, 1989) and children (Grunau & Craig, 1987; Grunau et al., 1990; Izard, Heubner, Resser, McGinness, & Dougherty, 1980). There also is evidence that facial grimaces of pain determine the reactions of observers in the natural social environment (Craig, Grunau, & Aquan-Assee, 1988; Kleck et al., 1976; Lanzetta, Cartwright-Smith, & Kleck, 1976; Patrick, Craig, & Prkachin, 1986; Prkachin, Currie, & Craig, 1983). Thus, understanding the facial display of pain has considerable importance for understanding both clinical decision making and spontaneous social behavior.
Facial Expression in Affective Disorders
Authors: Ekman Paul , Matsumoto David , Friesen Wallace V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent progress in the study of facial expressions of emotion in normal individuals could have relevance to clinical investigations of depression. Universal facial expressions of emotion have been identified (Ekman, 1982a; Izard, 1971; Fridlund, Ekman, & Oster, 1987; Ekman & Friesen, 1986) for seven emotions-anger, contempt, disgust, fear, sadness, surprise, and happiness-that can be objectively and reliably distinguished one from another (Ekman, 1982b). Whether a disturbance in emotion is seen as a symptom (Beck, 1967; Abramson, Garber, Edwards, & Seligman, 1978) or as central in the etiology (Izard, 1977; Tomkins, 1963) of depression, the precise measurement of facial expressions of emotion could be useful in clinical investigations and perhaps also in the treatment of depression and other affective disorders. Specifying which of the seven emotions are evident in facial expressions, their relative strength, and any repetitive sequences of these emotional expressions might help to refine diagnosis, could be of aid in monitoring response to treatment, and might help to predict the like lihood of subsequent improvement or relapse.
The Significance of Behavioral Ecology for Conservation Biology
Authors: Caro Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Imagine that you are a beginning graduate student or professor interested in topics in both behavioral ecology and conservation biology. You want to apply the principles and methods in behavioral ecology to the conservation of species and habitats. What should you study? How can you make a meaningful contribution that will last for 5, perhaps 10 years? More specifically, is it really sensible to ask if a species’ mating system can affect its survival chances, or whether patterns of sex allocation might influence the success of a reintroduction program, or if territorial behavior affects plans to bolster wild populations?
Ecological Indicators of Risk for Primates, as Judged By Species’ Susceptibility to Logging
Authors: Harcourt Alexander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most primate species live in tropical forests. Tropical forests are not only disappearing fast, but disappearing at an increasing rate, at an average of more than 2.5% annually in some countries, thus giving a time to total forest disappearance in some countries of well under a century (Myers, 1984; Barnes, 1990; Skole and Tucker, 1993; Harcourt, 1995a; World Resources Institute, 1996). Primates are therefore disappearing fast: some species number fewer than l(K)O individuals (Mittermeier and Cheney, 1987). The question addressed here is how might we, as biologists, identify those species that are most at risk? Some conservationists have suggested that measures of human impact on a region are a better indicator of the future than are biological measures of what is happening (Brown, 1981; Western, 1982; Weber, 1987; Leader-Williams and Alban, 1988; Peres and Terborgh, 1995; see also Harrison, 1987), However, while analysis of human impact can inform us of the fate of a whole ecosystem, it might be less applicable to predicting the future of individual species within a region.