bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Priority Program SoftSpez and the International INT Workshops “Integration of Software Specification Techniques for Applications in Engineering” (DFG-Schwerpunktprogramm SoftSpez und die internationalen INT-Workshops „Integration von Techniken der Softwarespezifikation für ingenieurwissenschaftliche Anwendungen“)
Authors: Ehrig Hartmut , Braatz Benjamin , Klein Markus 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
The research area “Integration of Software Specification Techniques for Applications in Engineering” has been subject of the Priority Program SoftSpez of the German Research Foundation (DFG) in the years 1998–2004 and of the international INT workshops as satellite events of the ETAPS conferences in 2000, 2002, and 2004. In this paper, we present an overview of aims, organization, and results of these activities. Moreover, we present an example for the integration of specification techniques in software engineering and industrial control systems developed within the project IOSIP of SoftSpez.
Sensuality and Consciousness IV Where Did the Liminal Flowers Go?: The Study of Child Behavior and Development in Cultural Isolates
Authors: Sorenson E. Richard 
Published: January 2005

Examination of isolated human enclaves in the world shows that basic human consciousness can differ strikingly across cultures, moreso across eras. Such anomaly was first stumbled onto during studies of child behavior in the Central Range of New Guinea at the time of Western contact. When similar child nurture was later seen spawning similar consciousness in isolated enclaves elsewhere, it became clear that a type of mentality very different from world norms today existed widely in prehistory. Such mentality emerges from a sociosensual nurture common to such peoples but shunned in Westernized societies. The southmost Fore people of New Guinea are a quintessential example of this pre‐Western type. Among such isolates consciousness focussed liminally, in contrast to the supraliminal consciousness that is the norm of the Westernizing world. Up to now liminal consciousness has not usually been set apart from supraliminal consciousness.Nonetheless, liminal consciousness was the norm among those aboriginal groups roaming the southern forest slopes of New Guinea's Central Range at the time of contact. They differed from peoples near them to the north, where sweet potato agriculture was settling in. In those northern regions a supraliminally focussed type of consciousness was taking shape.In the real life of those neolithic peoples, liminal consciousness was emerging from a sociosensual type of infant nurture. Actualizing instantly and nonverbally from at‐the‐moment, point‐blank, sensory experience, such consciousness was nakedly open and direct (rather than cloaked and self‐serving). It spawned a subtle but pervasive nonverbal human interconnectedness—an intuitive rapport— unequaled in the modern world. Focussing on immediate sensory experience, this liminal type of consciousness was continuous, i.e., not broken into separate units of cognition. With no clear boundaries between cognitions, liminal awareness was unmanageable by rules of syntax and formal logic. Yet it was reckoned sensibly— though seemingly intuitively to us.This paper will inquire into the nature of this liminal consciousness by focussing on the people of the southern Fore region. It will show how such consciousness developed. And it will show how it got replaced by a supraliminal type. This transformation becomes increasingly significant in the light of recent laboratory and psychological research on mentality.
Morality for the “Democracy of God”: George Albert Coe and the Liberal Protestant Critique of American Character Education, 1917–1940
Authors: Setran David P. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn the years between World War I and World War II in the United States, public and religious educators engaged in an extended struggle to define the appropriate nature of character education for American youth. Within a post-war culture agonizing over the sanctions of moral living in the wake of mass violence and vanishing certitudes, a group of conservative educators sought to shore up traditional values through the construction of morality codes defining the characteristics of the “good American.” At the same time, a group of liberal progressive educators set forth a vigorous critique of these popular character education programs. This article analyzes the nature of this liberal critique by looking at one leading liberal spokesperson, George Albert Coe. Coe taught at Union Theological Seminary and Teachers College, Columbia University, and used his platform in these institutions to forge a model of character education derived from the combined influences of liberal Protestantism and Deweyan progressive education. Coe posited a two-pronged vision for American moral education rooted in the need for both procedural democracy (collaborative moral decision making) and a democratic social order. Utilizing this vision of the “democracy of God,” Coe demonstrated the inadequacies of code-based models, pointing in particular to the anachronism of traditional virtues in a world of social interdependence, the misguided individualism of the virtues, and the indoctrinatory nature of conservative programs. He proposed that youth be allowed to participate in moral experimentation, adopting ideals through scientific testing rather than unthinking allegiance to authoritative commands. Expanding the meaning of morality to include social as well as personal righteousness, he also made character education a vehicle of social justice. In the end, I contend that Coe's democratic model of character education, because of its scientific epistemological hegemony and devaluing of tradition, actually failed to promote a truly democratic character.
Enzymatic Digestion of Proteins in Gels for Mass Spectrometric Identification and Structural Analysis
Authors: Stone Kathryn L. , Williams Kenneth R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractEnzymatic digestion of proteins is a key technique used in protein identification. By combining the digestion with mass spectrometric detection, proteins at very low femtomole levels, and in some cases subfemtomole levels, can be identified. Typically, one‐ or two‐dimensional SDS‐PAGE is used to isolate the proteins of interest, followed by staining with Coomassie blue, digestion‐compatible silver stain, or Sypro Ruby for detection. Two‐dimensional (2‐D) fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis (DIGE), which uses Cy3 and Cy5 dyes for detection, allows comparison of two different sample states in order to locate proteins that are up‐ or down‐regulated. In each case, an in‐gel digestion, usually tryptic, is used with mass spectrometry to identify these proteins of interest. For large numbers of gel spots, robotic digestion can save time and money.
Identifying Protein Interactions by Hydroxyl‐Radical Protein Footprinting
Authors: Loizos Nick 
Published: January 2005

AbstractHydroxyl‐radical protein footprinting is a straightforward and direct method to map protein sites involved in macromolecular interactions. The first step is to radioactively end‐label the protein. Using hydroxyl radicals as a peptide backbone cleavage reagent, the protein is then cleaved in the absence and presence of ligand. Cleavage products are separated by high resolution gel electrophoresis. The digital image of the footprinting gel can be subjected to quantitative analysis to identify changes in the sensitivity of the protein to hydroxyl‐radical cleavage. Molecular weight markers are electrophoresed on the same gel and hydroxyl‐radical cleavage sites assigned by interpolation between the known cleavage sites of the markers. The results are presented in the form of a difference plot that shows regions of the protein that change their susceptibility to cleavage while bound to a ligand.
The 4‐Methylthio‐1‐Butyl Group for Phosphate/Thiophosphate Protection in Oligodeoxyribonucleotide Synthesis
Authors: Cieślak Jacek , Grajkowski Andrzej , Livengood Victor , Beaucage Serge L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe detailed preparation of deoxyribonucleoside phosphoramidites functionalized with a 4‐methylthio‐1‐butyl group for P(III) protection is described, along with the incorporation of these phosphoramidites into DNA oligonucleotides via solid‐phase techniques. The versatility of the thermolabile 4‐methylthio‐1‐butyl phosphate/thiophosphate‐protecting group is exemplified through its facile removal from oligonucleotides under neutral conditions or under standard basic conditions. The sulfonium salt that is produced during the thermolytic deprotection of oligonucleotides did not alter DNA nucleobases or desulfurize phosphorothioate diesters to a significant extent.
Site‐Specific Fluorescent Labeling of Large RNAs with Pyrene
Authors: Smalley Mary K. , Silverman Scott K. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPyrene is a useful chromophore for monitoring the tertiary structure and folding of large RNAs. This unit describes the general preparation of a large RNA (>80 nucleotides in length) that has been site‐specifically modified with pyrene at the 2′‐position of an individual internal nucleotide. A protocol is provided for derivatizing a 2′‐amino‐RNA oligonucleotide with a suitably activated pyrene reagent. This pyrene‐labeled oligonucleotide is then assembled with other RNA(s) either by covalent ligation or by noncovalent hybridization to form a full‐length structured RNA, which may then be studied by equilibrium and stopped‐flow fluorescence spectroscopy.
Preparation of α‐Oxo Semicarbazone Oligonucleotide Microarrays
Authors: Melnyk Oleg , Olivier Christophe , Ollivier Nathalie , Lemoine Yves , Hot David , Huot Ludovic , Gouyette Catherine 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis unit describes the preparation of α‐oxo aldehyde functionalized oligodeoxynucleotides, the preparation and characterization of semicarbazide glass slides, and the fabrication of α‐oxo semicarbazone microarrays by site‐specific ligation of α‐oxo‐aldehyde oligodeoxynucleotides to the semicarbazide glass slides. The α‐oxo aldehyde group COCHO is extensively used in ligation chemistry for the preparation of large molecular constructs. It is stable toward air oxidation and mainly present in aqueous solution in the hydrated form COC(OH)2. It reacts efficiently with hydrazine derivatives, in particular, with the semicarbazide group. The reaction occurs spontaneously in water at pH 5.5. Site‐specific immobilization of glyoxylyl oligodeoxynucleotides on semicarbazide glass slides allows the preparation of high‐quality microarrays that can be used directly in hybridization experiments.
Measurement of Intracellular Ions by Flow Cytometry
Authors: June Carl H. , Moore Jonni S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe recent development of a number of new fluorescent probes makes it possible to measure the concentrations of various intracellular free ions in single living cells. Among these ions are calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and hydrogen (pH). This unit describes flow cytometric protocols using the dyes Indo‐1 AM, Fluo‐3, and Fura Red AM to measure intracellular calcium concentration. Support protocols detail the use of calcium buffers to calibrate a flow cytometric calcium assay, and methods to facilitate dye loading; an alternate protocol describes the use of a spectrofluorimeter to measure intracellular calcium for those investigators without access to a flow cytometer.
Isolation of Synaptic Vesicles
Authors: Craige Branch , Salazar Gloria , Faundez Victor 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSynaptic vesicles are the most abundant secretory organelle in eukaryotic neural cells. Synaptic vesicles are physically distinct from other membrane‐bound organelles because they are small, spherical, and highly uniform in size with a diameter of about 40 nm. Synaptic vesicles also have a characteristically low density because water and phospholipids account for 88% of an individual synaptic vesicle's weight. The homogeneous size and density of the synaptic vesicle are characteristics that are exploited in most synaptic vesicle isolation procedures. Synaptic vesicles are purified by isopycnic/velocity sedimentation and size‐based purification schemes. However, protocols differ in the tissue source of vesicles, the way the tissue is homogenized, and the way the vesicles are fractionated. This unit describes two well‐characterized and widely used synaptic vesicle isolation procedures that are capable of generating membrane fractions that are 20 to 30 times enriched in synaptic vesicles.
Non‐Radioactive Quantification of Fibronectin Matrix Assembly
Authors: Pankov Roumen , Yamada Kenneth M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis unit provides a basic protocol for non‐radioactive determination of the rate of incorporation of biotinylated fibronectin into the insoluble matrix organized by cultured cells. The protocol provides quantification of changes in matrix assembly due to different experimental conditions with concomitant determinations of the activation state of various signaling molecules that may be involved in the process of matrix assembly. This unit also provides a support protocol for biotinylation of purified fibronectin.
Detection of Mitotic Figures and Components of the Mitotic Machinery
Authors: Bayani Jane , Squire Jeremy A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMitotic figures have provided important information on the mechanisms behind observed chromosomal aberrations. Variations in cell culturing and fixation methods enhance the visualization of mitotic figures. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry using a host of antibodies against protein structures involved in the cell cycle, as well as against those components involved in anchoring chromosomal structures, can reveal changes in chromosomal segregation.
Analyzing Networks with VisANT
Authors: Hu Zhenjun , Mellor Joseph , DeLisi Charles 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe VisANT tool, accessible from any recent Java‐enabled browser, is a platform‐independent, flexible, Web‐enabled program for quick and simple construction, visualization, and analysis of molecular and higher order networks based on functional (e.g., expression profiles, phylogenetic profiles) and physical (e.g., yeast two‐hybrid, chromatin‐immunoprecipitation) relations from either the Predictome database or user‐defined data sets. Analysis capabilities include identification of feed‐forward and ‐back loops, shortest paths, and node degree distribution. Additionally, network constructs can be saved, accessed, and shared online. VisANT is able to develop and display meta‐networks for meta‐nodes that are structural complexes or pathways (soon including nodes representing any kind of dense cluster). Further, VisANT supports a growing number of standard exchange formats and database referencing standards, e.g., KEGG/KGML, BioPAX (in progress), GenBank, Gene Ontology. Multiple species are supported to the extent that computed or experimental evidence of interactions or associations are available (i.e., public datasets or Predictome database).
Predicting the Secondary Structure Common to Two RNA Sequences with Dynalign
Authors: Mathews David 
Published: January 2005

AbstractDynalign is a dynamic programming algorithm for the simultaneous prediction of the lowest‐free‐energy secondary structure common to two RNA sequences and the alignment of the two sequences. It has been shown that the average accuracy of secondary structure prediction is improved using Dynalign, as compared to free‐energy minimization of a single sequence. This unit provides protocols for using Dynalign on a Microsoft Windows platform as part of the RNAstructure package, and for compiling and using Dynalign on Unix/Linux computers.
Influence of recorder affect on the content of behavioural diaries and the recall of behaviours
Authors: Raymark Patrick H. , Skowronski John J. , Bevard Linda A. , Hamann Susan A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTwo experiments are described. In Experiment 1, supervisors (N = 4) kept daily performance diaries for each of four subordinates over an eight‐week period. In Experiment 2, students (N = 48) kept behavioural diaries for their instructor over a three‐week period. Daily measures of positive and negative affect were used to predict the favourability, person‐typicality and behavioural specificity of diary entries. Diary‐keepers tended to record behaviours that were consistent with their affect levels. Analyses of the variability of the favourability and person‐typicality ratings further suggested that high negative affect induced diary‐keepers to make fine discriminations among events, while high positive affect induced diary‐keepers to perceive events as similar. Diary‐keeper affect and the three diary content variables were used to predict memory for the diary entries. Diary‐keepers in Experiment 1 reported higher recall for negative behaviours than for positive behaviours, particularly if the behaviours were typical of others. This same negativity effect in recall emerged in Experiment 2, but only when there was low consistency in the positive affect experienced by diary‐keepers at encoding and recall. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recounting the same events again and again: children's consistency across multiple interviews
Authors: Peterson Carole , Moores Lisa , White Gina 
Published: January 2005

AbstractChildren (2–13 years at time of injury) were interviewed four times about an injury that required hospital Emergency Room treatment, namely at 1 week, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years. The consistency of children's reports was assessed and all children gave mostly the same information at each interview, although consistency was higher for older children and for injury rather than hospital details. Furthermore, details recalled at every interview were virtually always accurate while details that were sometimes omitted were a little less likely to be accurate. New information that was introduced after 6 months was more likely to be accurate than inaccurate but new information introduced at 1 or 2 years post‐injury was just as likely to be wrong as right (except for 12–13‐year‐olds). Implications for forensic situations are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
GTIDHNIHS: I knew‐it‐all‐along
Authors: Hom Harry L. , Ciaramitaro Maria 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIndividuals who do insight problems are highly susceptible to hindsight bias. Two sets of studies assessed the impact of hindsight consequences on participants' judgements about anagram difficulty and specific factors for performance. In the first set, hindsight participants underestimated anagram difficulty relative to participants with task experience (worksight). Also, supportive evidence revealed that hindsight consequences were related to self‐perceptions of confidence, ability, performance satisfaction, and subsequent performance expectations. In the second, two different hindsight techniques differentially impacted the participant's assessment of anagram difficulty. When comparing hindsight participants with and without worksight experience, the latter judged the anagrams to be easier. It is appropriate to examine further the cognitive and motivational consequences of hindsight bias in achievement situations. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Now you see it; now you don't: inhibiting recall and recognition of scenes
Authors: Wright Daniel B. , Loftus Elizabeth F. , Hall Melanie 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPostevent misleading information can distort people's memories by altering and adding scenes. But can you also inhibit the retrieval of information from memory? In two studies we show that postevent information can make memory for a scene less accessible. In both studies participants first saw an event (e.g. a restaurant scene displayed in slides, or a drunk‐driving incident shown via a video clip). Later they were shown the same event without a critical scene and were told either to use this to generate a story (Experiment 1) or to imagine the event (Experiment 2). Finally they were tested. Relative to controls, this postevent omission led to fewer people reporting the critical scene in free recall and in recognition. Thus, we demonstrated that it may be possible to inhibit memories. This finding has important implications for eyewitness testimony and the recovered memory debate. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On a class of switched, robustly stable, adaptive systems
Authors: Pait Felipe M. , Kassab Fuad 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA class of switched algorithms for adaptive control of siso linear systems is described. The systems considered are assumed to belong to one among a finite number of classes of admissible process models, and each class is robustly stabilizable by some linear time‐invariant controller. The control used is chosen in real time by a tuner or supervisor, according to observations of suitably defined ‘identification errors.’ The method preserves the robustness properties of the linear control design in an adaptive context, thus extending earlier ideas in multiple‐model adaptive control by presenting a more flexible and less conservative framework for considering such systems. One motivating application is fault‐tolerant control. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unfalsified direct adaptive control of a two‐link robot arm
Authors: Tsao Tung‐Ching , Safonov Michael G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAn application of unfalsified control theory to the design of a switching adaptive controller for a non‐linear robot manipulator is described. In the unfalsified control approach, candidate controllers are eliminated and discarded when their ability to meet performance goals is falsified by evolving experimental data. Switching occurs when the currently active control law is among those falsified. In this design study, the candidate controllers are non‐linear, and have a non‐linear ‘computed torque’ control structure with four switchable parameters corresponding to unknown masses, inertias and other dynamical coefficients of a class of ideal, but imperfect robot arm models. Simulations confirm that our unfalsified switching controller permits significantly more precise and rapid parameter adjustments than a conventional adaptation law having continuous parameter update rules, especially when the manipulator arm is subject to sudden random changes in mass or load properties. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of the design parameters of multimodel adaptive control on the performance of a flexible transmission system
Authors: Karimi Alireza , Landau Ioan Doré , Motee Nader 
Published: January 2005

AbstractDesign parameters selection in the multimodel adaptive control based on switching and tuning will be investigated. Some design parameters like number of fixed and adaptive models, forgetting factor and minimum time delay between switchings will be considered. A recently developed parameter adaptation algorithm based on closed‐loop output error will be compared with the classical least‐squares prediction error algorithm in the multimodel adaptive control. The effects of these parameters on the performance in tracking and in regulation of a flexible transmission system will be studied via several simulation examples. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.