bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vigilance in Greater Flamingos Foraging at Night
Authors: Beauchamp G. , McNeil R. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractVigilance studies have mostly focused on adaptive changes in antipredator behavior during the day. Adjustments in vigilance patterns in species that also forage at night are poorly known. Birds may forage at night to evade predation or other sources of disturbance, in which case levels of vigilance are expected to decrease at night. However, low visibility at night, especially on moonless nights, may compromise visual detection of predators, in which case levels of vigilance are expected to increase at night. We examined the effect of time of day on vigilance in non‐breeding Greater Flamingos foraging in a tropical lagoon complex in Venezuela. Vigilance increased on darker nights but overall levels of vigilance at night did not differ from daytime values. Vigilance decreased with group size in a similar fashion both during day and night. Flamingos foraged in smaller flocks at night than during the day. The occurrence of small flocks, in which vigilance was quite high, and the increase in vigilance on dark nights imply that the amount of time allocated to foraging must be generally lower at night in flamingos. The results suggest that the night was not perceived as safer by foraging flamingos, and that visual detection of predators was probably compromised by low light levels.
Expression of gastric mucin in the stomachs of two patients with Menetrier's disease: An immunohistochemical study
Authors: MALL ANWAR S , TAYLOR KATHRYN , BARNARD ROCHELLE , DENT DAVID M , KAHN DELAWIR 
Published: June 2003

Abstract  Menetrier's disease is a rare gastric condition characterized by marked proliferation of the mucosa and variable mucus secretion and achlorhydria. We report, for the first time, minor variations in MUC1‐7 distribution in the mucosa of two stomachs from patients with Menetrier's disease, when compared with a normal stomach. All stomachs stained positively for MUC4, 5AC and 6 and showed no or little staining with MUC2 and 3. Thus, Menetrier's disease is characterized by an excess quantity of mucus secretion, but differs little from normal stomachs with regards to the types of mucin produced. The mucins, MUC1–7, are found with variable distribution in different body tissues; MUC4, MUC5AC and MUC6 are typically found in gastric mucosa.© 2003 Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd
Seroepidemiology of hepatitis A virus infection among school children in Delhi and north Indian patients with chronic liver disease: Implications for HAV vaccination
Authors: ACHARYA SUBRAT KUMAR , BATRA YOGESH , BHATKAL BHARATI , OJHA BANDANA , KAUR KULDEEP , HAZARI SIDDARTH , SARAYA ANOOP , PANDA SUBRAT KUMAR 
Published: June 2003

AbstractBackground: Universal vaccination against hepatitis A virus (HAV) has been recommended for children because of the changing epidemiological pattern of HAV. Vaccination has also been advised for patients with chronic liver disease as HAV superinfection in these patients can result in severe or even fatal disease. In India, the indications for HAV vaccination are not clear due to contradictory seroepidemiological data in children and lack of data on HAV seroprevalence in patients with chronic liver disease.Methods: Sera were collected from children studying in two government‐run schools and from patients with chronic liver disease attending the Liver Clinic at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS). The sera were tested for anti‐HAV antibodies. The incidence of HAV‐induced acute hepatitis and acute liver failure at AIIMS over the last 10 years was also assessed.Results: A total of 93.2% (1328/1424) of the school children between 4–18 years of age who were included in the study had anti‐HAV antibody in their sera. Eighty percent of the children had antibodies against HAV in their sera by the age of 5 years, whereas all the children above 16 years were positive for anti‐HAV antibody. A total of 256 patients with chronic liver disease (94 with cirrhosis of the liver, 160 with chronic hepatitis) were tested for the presence of anti‐HAV antibody. Of them, 97.6% (248/254) had anti‐HAV antibody in their sera. The annual frequency of HAV‐induced acute viral hepatitis and acute liver failure at AIIMS during the last 10 years did not show any change.Conclusion: Mass vaccination against HAV is not required in north India because of the presence of protective antibodies against HAV in the majority of the population.© 2003 Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd
Blink‐related microtrauma: when the ocular surface harms itself
Authors: Cher Ivan 
Published: June 2003

AbstractSuperior limbic keratoconjunctivitis results mechanically from blinking under prolonged unphysiological conditions. The pathogenic process is known as blink‐related microtrauma. This review aimed to explore the validity of a general theory that besides superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis, there may be other diseases of the ocular surface arising from mechanical microtrauma. A review of relevant clinical and microscopic lesions in a range of ocular surface disorders with possible mechanical aetiology was conducted. New terms were selected to facilitate understanding of such new aetiology. Besides superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis, other ocular surface disorders regarded as primarily derived from blink microtrauma are: other filamentary keratitides; blepharospasm and severe ptosis; canthal/palpebral froth; affections from disordered eyelid lining; and contact lens related damage. A group of secondarily microtraumatic disorders was identified, including the example of microtrauma impacting upon interpalpebral bulbar prominences. Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis is the archetype of diseases affecting a unique combination; namely, the ocular surface conjoined with its lacrimal fluid. It is only one among many diseases actively generated within the confines of ‘a self‐harming surface’.
General purpose control system for scanning laser ophthalmoscopes
Authors: Cushion John , Reinholz Fred N , Patterson Brett A 
Published: June 2003

AbstractA flexible control system for scanning laser ophthalmoscopes is described that is quick and simple to configure, easily modified or adapted, and containing many useful features. The system facilitates adjustment of several parameters to account for changes to the scan position, ambient light and temperature, including both optical and electronic components, which is otherwise difficult and time‐consuming to perform. The system is portable and uses custom‐designed printed circuit boards. All system parameters, such as focus, scan rate, scan depth and stereo control can be digitally controlled from a computer via a single serial port. Custom software allows changes to any system parameters by simply sending the required control data to the rack. The circuit boards in the system are multilayer, incorporating good ground‐plane techniques to minimize noise, programmable logic and semicustom logic for low cost and compact size, and microcontrollers with embedded firmware for flexible operation. Retinal images demonstrate that the system performs well.
Chronic placental insufficiency and foetal growth restriction lead to long‐term effects on postnatal retinal structure
Authors: Loeliger Michelle , Louey Samantha , Cock Megan L , Harding Richard , Rees Sandra M 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine the effects of foetal growth restriction on the retina after birth. Foetal growth restriction (FGR) was induced via umbilico‐placental embolization (UPE) in ewes from 120 days of pregnancy until term (term ∼147 days); controls were not exposed to UPE. Lambs were delivered and raised until 2 years of age when retinas were collected and processed for structural and neurochemical analysis. The foetuses exposed to UPE were hypoxemic and at birth were growth restricted. In 2‐year‐old FGR sheep, the total thickness of the retina and the number of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive dopaminergic amacrine cells were reduced compared to controls (P < 0.05). It is concluded that restricted foetal growth leads to long‐term structural and neurochemical changes in the retina. Of particular interest are the alterations to dopaminergic amacrine cell numbers, as alterations in this population may affect contrast sensitivity and have implications for the alterations in vision observed in very low birthweight infants.
Mitomycin C eliminates the short‐term intraocular pressure rise found following Molteno tube implantation
Authors: Ellingham Roger B , Morgan William H , Westlake William , House Phillip H 
Published: June 2003

AbstractPurpose: Molteno implants remain popular for treating recalcitrant glaucomas. This study aimed to assess the effect of mitomycin C (MMC) use with Molteno tube implantation upon intraocular pressure (IOP) control and complication rates. In particular, the study aimed to assess any change that MMC might have upon the postoperative hypertensive phase.Methods: A retrospective case record study was conducted of all patients undergoing double plate Molteno implant surgery by one surgeon over 5 years. Eyes with recalcitrant glaucoma unresponsive to previous surgery, or deemed unlikely to succeed with trabeculectomy, underwent double plate Molteno tube implantation. Eyes that had MMC (0.3 mg/mL, 3 min) applied to Tenon's capsule over the secondary plate were compared with eyes that underwent surgery without adjunctive MMC application.Results: Twenty‐seven eyes received MMC and were similar to 26 eyes not receiving MMC in terms of glaucoma subtype, age, sex, previous surgery, preoperative IOP and postoperative IOP lowering agents. Those not receiving MMC had raised IOP 31−90 days post implantation compared with MMC treated eyes (P < 0.01) and more often received oral antifibrosis medication (P < 0.05). Complications were no more common with MMC except for initial overdrainage. Significant systemic complications from the use of oral antifibrosis medication were common.Conclusions: The findings suggest a useful role for MMC. Caution is advised in case selection for MMC use. Mitomycin C treatment over the secondary plate alone permits removal of this plate if MMC‐related complications occur without requiring removal of the whole implant.
Postoperative 5‐fluorouracil versus intraoperative mitomycin C in high‐risk glaucoma filtering surgery: extended follow up
Authors: Akarsu Cengiz , Önol Merih , Hasanreisoglu Berati 
Published: June 2003

Abstract Purpose: To compare the long‐term efficacy and safety of postoperative subconjunctival 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) injections with that of intraoperative mitomycin C (MMC) in eyes at high risk for failure of trabeculectomy. Methods: In a retrospective, non‐randomized comparative trial, 36 eyes of 36 consecutive patients at high risk for failure of trabeculectomy underwent glaucoma filtering surgery with either postoperative subconjunctival 5‐FU injections (19 eyes) or intraoperative application of MMC (17 eyes). Intraocular pressure, number of postoperative antiglaucoma medications, postoperative visual acuity, interventions, and complications were evaluated. Results: Overall success (intraocular pressure ≤21 mmHg) at 1 year was 73.6% in the 5‐FU group and 82.3% in the MMC group. The cumulative 4‐year success was 52.6% in the 5‐FU group and 60.5% in the MMC group (P = 0.6). At 4‐year follow up, mean ± SD intraocular pressures were 17.58 ± 4.01 mmHg in the 5‐FU group and 13.33 ± 3.36 mmHg in the MMC group (P = 0.01). There was no significant difference in the number of post­operative medications (P = 0.84), appearance of blebs (P = 0.20), final visual acuity (P = 1.00), and complications (P > 0.05) between the groups. Conclusions: These results suggest that both postoperative 5‐FU injections and intraoperative MMC application have long‐term success in high‐risk patients. However, MMC results in a greater decrease in intraocular pressure than 5‐FU.
Craniopharyngioma: a review of long‐term visual outcome
Authors: Chen Celia , Okera Salim , Davies Peter E , Selva Dinesh , Crompton John L 
Published: June 2003

Abstract Purpose: To assess the clinical presentation and long‐term visual outcome in a series of patients with craniopharyn‐gioma. Methods: Retrospective case review. Results: Thirty‐six patients were reviewed, comprising 19 female patients and 17 male patients. The age range was 2−77 years with a bimodal distribution of 17 children (mean age 10 years) and 19 adults (mean age 47 years). Blurred vision was the most common visual complaint (23 cases, 64%) and headache the most frequent systemic complaint (19 cases, 53%). The average duration of systemic symptoms was 45 weeks compared to 10 weeks for visual symptoms. Deficits in visual acuity occurred in 13 patients (36%) and showed no significant change from initial presentation to final review. Sixteen patients (44%) had bitemporal hemianopia on presentation and pleomorphism (change from one type of visual field defect to another) occurred in 11 patients. Recurrence of tumour occurred in 15 patients (42%) and was more likely in children (59%) than adults (26%). The mean time period to recurrence was 7 years. The average follow‐up period for all cases was 10 years. Conclusion: Patients with craniopharyngioma generally present late, and the visual symptoms are often preceded by a long history of systemic symptoms. Children are more likely to present with systemic symptoms than adults. Visual field pleomorphism is a feature of craniopharyngioma and occurred in one‐third of the patients. Local recurrence is common. Although magnetic resonance imaging is the recommended means of follow up, regular neuro‐ophthalmic review is useful in the early detection of anterior visual pathway compression by recurrent tumour.
Systematics and phylogeny of Potamotrygonocestus (Platyhelminthes, Tetraphyllidea, Onchobothriidae) with descriptions of three new species from freshwater potamotrygonids (Myliobatoidei, Potamotrygonidae)
Authors: Marques Fernando P. L. , Brooks Daniel R. , Araújo Maria L. G. 
Published: June 2003

Specimens of Potamotrygonocestus used in the present taxonomic and phylogenetic study were collected in freshwater potamotrygonids from the Rio Paraná (Puerto Reconquista, Santa Fé, Argentina; 59°42′W, 29°29′S) during February 1995, and from the Amazon region of Brazil during September to December 1996, supplemented by specimens previously deposited in museum collections. Six species of Potamotrygonocestus were recognized (P. amazonensis, P. chaoi sp. n., P. fitzgeraldae sp. n., P. magdalenensis, P. maurae sp. n., P. travassosi), for which an identification key is provided. Potamotrygonocestus orinocoensis is considered a junior synonym of P. travassosi. Additional specimens of Potamotrygonocestus may represent two undescribed species. A phylogenetic analysis of six morphological characters for the six named species of Potamotrygonocestus generated a single tree eight steps long, with a consistency index of 0.87, a retention index of 0.90, and a rescaled consistency index of 0.79 with the following topology: (P. maurae sp. n. ((P. amazonensis + P. magdalenensis) (P. chaoi sp. n. (P. fitzgeraldae sp. n. + P. travassosi)))).
Crystallization environment of Kazakhstan microdiamond: evidence from nanometric inclusions and mineral associations
Authors: Dobrzhinetskaya L. F. , Green H. W. , Bozhilov K. N. , Mitchell T. E. , Dickerson R. M. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractNanometric solid inclusions in diamond incorporated in garnet and zircon from felsic gneiss of the Kokchetav massif, Kazakhstan, have been examined utilizing electron microscopy and focused ion beam techniques. Host garnet and zircon contain numerous pockets of multiple inclusions, which consist of 1–3 diamond crystals intergrown with quartz, phengite, phlogopite, albite, K‐feldspar, rutile, apatite, titanite, biotite, chlorite and graphite in various combinations. Recalculation of the average chemical composition of the entrapped fluid represented by multiple inclusion pockets indicates that such fluid contained a low wt% of SiO2, suggesting a relatively low‐temperature fluid rather than a melt. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the diamond contains abundant nanocrystalline inclusions of oxides, rare carbonates and silicates. Within the 15 diamond crystals studied, abundant inclusions were found of SiO2, TiO2, FexOy, Cr2O3, ZrSiO4, and single grains of ThxOy, BaSO4, MgCO3, FeCr2O4 and a stoichiometric Fe‐rich pyroxene. The diversity of trace elements within inclusions of essentially the same stoichiometry suggests that the Kokchetav diamond crystallized from a fluid containing variable amounts of Si, Fe, Ti, Cr, Zr, Ba, Mg and Th and other minor components such as K, Na, P, S, Pb, Zn, Nb, Al, Ca, Cl. Most of the components in crystals included in diamond appear to have their origin in the subducted metasediments, but some of them probably originate from the mantle. It is concluded that Kokchetav diamond most likely crystallized from a COH‐rich multicomponent supercritical fluid at a relatively low temperature (hence the apparently low content of rock‐forming elements), and that the diversity of major and minor components suggests interactions between subducted metasediments and mantle components.
Isobaric cooling and anti‐clockwise P–T paths in the Variscan Odenwald Crystalline Complex, Germany
Authors: Will T. M. , Schmädicke E. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractMineral assemblages in Al2O3‐rich, SiO2‐ and K2O‐poor metapelitic rocks from the western Odenwald Crystalline Complex (Variscan Mid‐German Crystalline Rise, southern Germany) include corundum, spinel, cordierite, sillimanite, garnet and staurolite. Quartz is absent from almost all samples. Therefore, the applicability of conventional geothermobarometry is very limited or even impossible. Detailed petrographic investigation on selected samples permits inference of the sequence of appearance and disappearance of several mineral assemblages. The recognition of such partial re‐equilibration stages and their associated mineral assemblages, together with mineral stabilities predicted from KFMASH pseudosections, enables the determination of the pressure‐temperature (P–T) trajectories experienced by these rocks during the Variscan metamorphism. The rocks were metamorphosed under low‐P/high‐T conditions and underwent an anti‐clockwise P–T evolution. A pressure increase from about 2 kbar to 4 ± 0.5 kbar was accompanied by heating. Peak metamorphic conditions were reached at pressures of 4 ± 0.5 kbar and temperatures of at least 640 °C, probably even higher. The retrograde evolution is characterised by near‐isobaric cooling from ≥ 640 °C to approximately 550 °C. The rocks underwent the anti‐clockwise evolution in a subduction‐related magmatic arc setting. The close spatial association of the low‐P/high‐T rocks with recently discovered metabasic eclogites in the eastern part of the Odenwald Crystalline Complex may indicate a fossil paired metamorphic belt in the Central European Variscides.
Metamorphism of pelites in NKFMASH – a new petrogenetic grid with implications for the preservation of high‐pressure mineral assemblages during exhumation
Authors: Proyer A 
Published: June 2003

AbstractA petrogenetic grid for metapelites in the system NKFMASH is presented. The P–T range is investigated in three sections: (1) The high‐ and ultrahigh‐pressure range is discussed in the system NFMASH because phengite is the only stable potassic phase. (2) The transition region is characterised by four NKFMASH‐invariant points that separate high‐pressure glaucophane‐bearing from medium‐pressure biotite‐bearing metapelites. (3) The medium‐pressure range contains the fifth NKFMASH‐invariant point. The univariant reactions of this point terminate the stability range of paragonite, which breaks down to form staurolite or kyanite and plagioclase during decompression and/or heating. As the growth of albitic plagioclase by decomposition of paragonite via continuous reactions may be conspicuous already before these staurolite‐ or kyanite‐producing reactions are reached, such albite porphyroblast schists are typical indicators of a former high‐pressure metamorphic history.Considering the preservation of high‐pressure metapelitic assemblages, those crossing the NKFMASH‐transition region during exhumation commonly dehydrate and preservation is unlikely. Three types of metapelites have a fairly good survival potential: (1) low‐temperature metapelites (up to c. 540 °C) with an exhumation path back into the chlorite + albite stability field, (2) assemblages with chloritoid + glaucophane, and (3) the relatively high‐temperature glaucophane + kyanite and jadeite + kyanite bearing parageneses, that are relatively dry at the onset of exhumation. A comparison with data from the literature shows that these rock types are the most abundant in nature.
Impact of Migraine on the Family
Authors: Smith Robert 
Published: June 2003

The extensive literature on pain and the family contains little on migraine and the family.A national sample of migraine sufferers, interviewed by telephone, was questioned on how they perceived migraine affected their family life.Sixty percent believed that their families were significantly affected. Most stated that their families were understanding, but a considerable number reported that family members took a negative attitude. This was particularly so with younger children deprived of parental care during migraine attacks. Spousal relationships also suffered. Frequency and quality of sexual relationships were affected; and in a small number of cases, divorce was the outcome. The significance of these findings in migraine management is discussed.
Antidepressant Treatment of Chronic Tension‐Type Headache: A Comparison Between Fluoxetine and Desipramine
Authors: Walker Zuzana , Walker Rodney W. H. , Robertson Mary M. , Stansfeld Stephen 
Published: June 2003

Amitriptyline, which is a noradrenaline reuptake and 5‐HT reuptake inhibitor, has an established role in the management of chronic tension‐type headaches.In a single‐blind study, patients with chronic tension‐type headache were randomized to either fluoxetine 20 mg (a selective 5‐HT reuptake inhibitor) or desipramine 75 mg (a selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor) and followed for 12 weeks to compare the effectiveness of the two drugs in improving headache, and to assess whether pain control is related to changes in depression.Patients were evaluated at weekly intervals on an analog pain‐rating scale and at 4‐weekly intervals on the Montgomery and Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), the MOS general health status questionnaire (SF36), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and a side effects checklist.Eighteen patients were randomized to take fluoxetine and 19 to take desipramine. Of the 25 patients who completed the trial, 12 were on fluoxetine and 13 were on desipramine. There was no significant difference between the two groups at baseline nor in change of pain; reduction in use of analgesic medication; nor change in the HADS, MADRS, or SF36 scores at 12 weeks, but 72% of patients who completed the study improved, and this improvement almost exactly mirrored the improvement on the MADRS.The results from this trial are compatible with the notion that the beneficial effect of antidepressants in chronic tension‐type headache is indirect, mediated by an effect on depression, and not more,dependent on serotonin reuptake inhibition than noradrenaline reuptake inhibition.
Long‐term Evolution of a Laughing Headache Associated With Chiari Type 1 Malformation
Authors: Morales‐Asín F. , Mauri J.A. , Iñiguez C. , Larrode M.P. , Mostacero E. 
Published: June 2003

We describe an acute‐onset, sharp, short‐lasting (few seconds) headache at the vertex, that first occurred 10 years ago in a 44‐year‐old woman. Attacks were triggered by vigorous laughing. A magnetic resonance imaging study showed a Chiari type 1 malformation.To our knowledge, laugh‐induced headache with long‐term evolution in association with Chiari type 1 malformation has not been previously reported.