bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Illusory Distinction between Equality of Opportunity and Equality of Result
Authors: Strauss David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our society should guarantee equality of opportunity, but not equality of result.” The idea is a familiar one. Usually it is offered as part of a general attack on government measures that redistribute wealth. The idea appears to be that the government’s role is to ensure that everyone starts off from the same point, not that everyone ends up in the same condition. If people have equal opportunities, what they make of those opportunities is their responsibility. If they end up worse off, the government should not intervene to help them.
Movers
Authors: Wren Daniel A , Greenwood Ronald G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The tale of John Henry and numerous other songs and poems illustrate the romance and tragedy of America’s railroads. “Wreck of the Old 97,” by D. G. George; “The Gospel Train,” by an anonymous writer; “Casey Jones,” by T. L. Liebert; “Homesick Blues” and “Freedom Train,” by Langston Hughes; and “The Wabash Cannonball,” by the Delmore brothers, are glimpses of a way of life that is long gone but not forgotten. Few songs about internal combustion engines or rockets have been woven into American life as much as songs about the railroad era, which the poet Robert Frost said touched “far into the lives of other folk.”
Leaders
Authors: Wren Daniel A , Greenwood Ronald G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
William Shakespeare wrote, “Some are born great, some achieve greatness, and some have greatness thrust upon them” (Twelfth Night, act II, scene 5). These notions reflect commonly held explanations of what happens on the way to being a leader. Being ‘born great” suggests some natural set of qualities, abilities, or traits that distinguishes leaders from non leaders. Over the years this list grew longer and longer: courage, sense of humor, judgment, health and fitness, intelligence, moral rectitude, an interest in people, imagination, initiative, decisiveness, and so on, but no clear sense of agreement about leader traits has ever been achieved.
Moral Pluralism and the Decision-Making Self
Authors: Rosenthal Sandra B , Buchholz Rogene A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The usual approach to ethical theory in business ethics texts is to present either in cursory form or sometimes in greater detail the theory of utilitarianism based on the writings of Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill as representative of a more general class of teleological ethics, and Kantian ethical theory related to the categorical imperative as representative of the deontological approach to ethical decision making. These texts then go on to present certain notions of justice, usually going into the egalitarianism of John Rawls and the opposing libertar-ianism of Robert Nozick. They also generally include a discussion of rights, and at times, some variation of virtue theory.
Kimono in the Boardroom
Authors: Renshaw Jean R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Japanese women, who comprise more than 40% of the workforce, are essential to the Japanese economy but are not typically thought of as managers. Jean Renshaw challenges that perception in this pathbreaking book. Traditional norms of lifetime employment, the seniority system, and the bureaucratic, tightly knit nature of Japanese industry all serve to restrict women's entry into management. Despite these enormous barriers, the last ten years have seen the number of Japanese women managers almost double. Renshaw interviewed over 150 successful women managers of Japan, exploring family backgrounds, personal characteristics, socialization, professional experiences, and corporate cultures to discover the secrets of their success. Showing the reader where and how this "invisible evolution" is occurring, Renshaw surveys the history of Japanese women in management and reveals the potential of the rising female managerial class to change in profound ways the male-dominated culture of modern Japan.
Growing Up Japanese and Female
Authors: Renshaw Jean R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Given the enormous obstacles that Japanese women encounter in their male dominated world, what has helped the successful women transcend these barriers? Some fascinating patterns emerged from my research. As reported in their interviews, success began early. Each of the women managers interviewed was asked, “What helped you to succeed?”: From my childhood I was always ambitious. My mother knew education is very important even for a girl. She was forty-four when I was born, and maybe she was living through me. Since I was a child, my parents encouraged me always to improve myself. Unlike other traditional Japanese parents, they never told me to be feminine or obedient, but just to care for others.
A Search for Identity the Many Faces of Women Managers
Authors: Renshaw Jean R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the context of Japanese culture, where do women managers fit? Constituting a minority as managers and decision makers in a man’s world, how do they feel about their accomplishments? How do they view themselves as Japanese women? Each of the women managers interviewed was asked whether she considered herself successful, the question I have asked women managers around the world. Most were hesitant to respond. The following are some of their answers: Well, yes . . . because I have come to the highest position as a woman in the company. But it’s only in a company. I don’t regard myself so successful in society.
Visions and Strategic Choices Strengths J¼men Bring to Leadership
Authors: Renshaw Jean R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We sincerely hope that efforts made in the remaining years of this century and at the beginning of the 21st century will make the movement for a gender-equal society irreversible and create a new relationship between men and women based on genuine equality in the 21st century. “Vision of Gender Equality-Creating New Values for the 21st Century,” Council for Gender Equality, Office of the Prime Minister, Tokyo, Japan 1996 As Japanese women look toward the twenty-first century, their hopes, wishes, and dreams will influence choices and actions. This chapter examines visions that Japanese women managers shared in the course of my research. Even though they may not always agree on specifics and priorities, most Japanese women managers concur on the need to improve the quality of life in Japan for their families, communities, and themselves and to make work more equitable. Previous chapters have demonstrated the importance of women’s work, ascertained that they are successful managers, and looked at their career and life paths, the nature of Japanese organizational culture, and the men in their lives. This chapter looks at their hopes for the future and the strengths of women leaders, and summarizes the factors that helped them succeed. From these flow strategies and desired changes that reverberate throughout society.
Ergativity and Its Typological Variation
Authors: Ura Hiroyuki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ergativity has long been one of the hottest issues in the modern theory of linguistics, especially, within the framework of language/linguistic typology and that of Relational Grammar (RG). Under the framework of the PP-approach, there were several pieces of important work on the topic of ergativity in the GB era (e.g., among others, Marantz 1984 and B. Levin 1983), though the number of papers dealing directly with the topic in this framework was far less than that of papers written under the framework of language/linguistic typology and that of RG. This scarce concern about ergativity under the GB-framework may be due to the fact that the theory available in that era, which was being established mostly through the study of typical accusative languages like English and Japanese could hardly disentangle the intricate relations of the systems of case-marking, agreement, grammatical relations, and so forth found in ergative languages like Dyirbal, Georgian, and Basque. However, since Chomsky’s (1992) invention of the Agr-based Case theory, which gives some clear vision concerning the relation between the system of case-marking and that of agreement by exploiting the Spec-head relation as the platform for both systems, many studies have appeared on ergativity and ergative languages under the Minimalist framework (e.g., Austin and López 1995; Belvin 1990b; Benua 1995; Bobaljik 1992, 1993; Laka 1993; Lyle 1995; Mahajan 1994, 1996; Manga 1996; Murasugi 1992, 1995; Nash 1996; and Phillips 1995, to list just a few).
The Communicating Cell
Authors: Loritz Donald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last chapter we reviewed some of the problems one-celled life solved in its struggle to survive. In order to get ahead in life, we saw that the primeval organism needed to grow and to move. This led to multicelled creatures with the new problem of intercellular communication. To get ahead, the multicelled organism’s left cell had to know what the right cell was doing. Thus, the evolutionary differentiation of cells leads us to the origin of mind: knowing what one is doing.
Speech Perception
Authors: Loritz Donald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 6 we described the nature of the speech signal and how its image is sensed and presented to the cerebrum. We noted that because no two vocal tracts are exactly alike, your pronunciation will differ subtly but certainly from my pronunciation. To express these subtle, phonetic differences, linguists invented the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). In the fifteenth century, the Great English Vowel Shift caused the writing system of English to deviate from continental European systems, so IPA looks more like French or Italian spelling than English. Thus, when you say beet, we might write it in IPA as [bit], and if I pronounce my [i] a little further forward in my mouth, we could capture this detail of my pronunciation in IPA as [bi+t]. The sounds of the letters of IPA correspond to phones, and the brackets tell us we are attempting to capture pronunciation phonetically, that is, as accurately as possible.
How Debt and Equity Affect Executive Incentives
Authors: McKenzie Richard B , Lee Dwight R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Firm With A Single Owner totally avoids agency costs, or those costs that are associated with shirking of duties and the misuse, abuse, and overuse of firm resources for the personal benefit of the managers and workers who have control of firm resources. Agency costs show up in lost output and a smaller bottom line for the firm. However, in the real world, firms often need more funds for investment than one person can generate from his or her own savings or would want to commit to a single enterprise. Any single owner, if the business is even moderately successful, typically has to find ways of encouraging others to join the firm as owners or lenders (including bondholders, banks, and trade creditors).
How Honesty Pays in Business
Authors: McKenzie Richard B , Lee Dwight R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Popular Perception is that business is full of dishonest scoundrels-especially high ranking executives-who cheat, lie, steal, and worse to increase their profits. This perception is reflected in and reinforced by the way businesspeople are depicted in the media. According to one study, during the 1980s almost 90 percent of all business characters on television were portrayed as corrupt.1 No one can deny that people in business have done all kinds of nasty things for a buck. But the impression of pervasive dishonesty among businesspeople is greatly exaggerated. Businesspeople are no more likely to behave dishonestly than are other people. In fact, there are reasons discussed in this chapter why business-people might be more honest than the typical American on the street. Moreover, there are ways businesspeople can commit themselves to incentive arrangements that motivate honest behavior in ways that their customers find convincing.
The End of Innocence
Authors: Bird Allan , Beechler Schon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From 1979 to 1989 the world witnessed the arrival of a global economic superpower. During this 10-year period Japanese foreign direct investment totaled $67.5 billion (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1991), and by 1993 Japanese firms had been so successful that 281 of Business Week’ s Global 1,000 were Japanese (July 12, 1993). Of all Japanese investment overseas, nearly 50% went to the United States. In Tennessee alone, Japanese multinational corporations (MNCs) established over 500 affiliate operations. In light of these developments, one might anticipate a well-developed interest in Japanese overseas affiliates among management scholars. Yet an analysis of the leading U.S. journals in this field (Administrative Science Quarterly, Strategic Management Journal, Academy of Management Journal, Academy of Management Review, Organizational Dynamics, Human Resource Management Journal, and the Journal of International Business Studies) reveals a dramatically different story. From 1980 through 1994 only a handful of articles on the management of Japanese operations abroad appeared.
Changing Perspectives on the Organization of Japanese Multinational Companies
Authors: Westney D Eleanor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As an empirical phenomenon, multinational corporations (MNCs) have existed at least since the nineteenth century, and some would argue for an even longer history (Wilkins, 1970). Serious academic studies of the MNC as an organizational form, however, and even the widespread use of the terms “multinational enterprise” or “multinational corporation,” date from the early 1960s (Jones, 1996). The postwar internationalization of Japanese firms began later that same decade,1 and although early analysts of Japanese MNCs identified certain distinctive features in their patterns of internationalization, by and large they fitted the experience of Japanese firms into the theories of the MNC that had been developed on the basis of Western, and especially United States, companies (Abo, 1989). In what has become a recurring theme in writing on Japanese MNCs, however, these early analyses predicted that Japanese firms would face formidable challenges in internationalizing their organizations. But few could have predicted that the internationalization of Japanese firms would pose equally formidable challenges to the theories and analyses of the MNC, exposing inadequacies in existing theories and raising new questions, becoming in the process central to the evolving field of international management.
When Japanese and Other Nationals Create Something New A Comparative Study of Negotiated Work Culture in Germany and the United States
Authors: Brannen Mary Yoko , Salk Jane E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The world as “global village” is a convocation used so often that the phrase itself has become a cliche. Most of us take for granted much of the outcomes of globalization. We navigate our lives daily through a panoply of cross-cultural choices such as which nation’ s food to eat, what foreign film to watch, or what country’ s fashions to wear. Most of us even quite comfortably intermix foreign words in our daily vocabulary, as when we say something analogous to “It’ s a Zen sort of thing,” or “He’ s a real macho kind of guy.” But one important arena where global navigation happens less smoothly is the multinational firm. In this setting, the culture, or the taken for granted rules and scripts that govern how people interact, is not so clear. And, as firms around the globe continue to internationalize, it is in this setting of the multinational firm that we are likely to experience the more poignant effects of the global village. Whether we venture into our cross-cultural experiences as expatriates, expatriate spouses, or as home-based employees of multinational firms, we find ourselves increasingly in complex cultural situations where rules of social interaction are often uncertain.
Labor-Management Relations in the Japanese Consumer Electronics Maquiladoras
Authors: Kenney Martin , Romero Jairo , Contreras Oscar , Bustos Mauricio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last 15 years Japanese manufacturers have expanded their global manufacturing operations, establishing production facilities in both developed and developing countries. In the last decade Japanese manufacturing management techniques have been hailed as global best practice by firms in Europe and North America (Womack, Jones, & Roos, 1990). In the developing countries Japanese manufacturing investments have been eagerly sought not only for their employment impacts, but also in hope that the host country could improve its capabilities by learning advanced production organization and industrial relations techniques. The largest developing-country recipients of Japanese investment have been in East Asia. Since 1982 Mexico has been the largest non-Asian developing-country recipient of Japanese investment (Kenney & Florida, 1994). The spearhead for this investment has been the electronics industry and related parts makers (Szekely, 1991). In the last 15 years nearly all of the major Japanese consumer electronics firms have opened production facilities known as maquiladoras, which are factories licensed to produce duty-free if all products are exported (Kenney & Florida, 1994; Sklair, 1989; Szekely, 1991).
While America Watches
Authors: Shandler Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Holocaust holds a unique place in American public culture, and, as Jeffrey Shandler argues in While America Watches, it is television, more than any other medium, that has brought the Holocaust into our homes, our hearts, and our minds. Much has been written about Holocaust film and literature, and yet the medium that brings the subject to most people--television--has been largeley neglected. Now Shandler provides the first account of how television has familiarized the American people with the Holocaust. He starts with wartime newsreels of liberated concentration camps, showing how they set the moral tone for viewing scenes of genocide, and then moves to television to explain how the Holocaust and the Holocaust survivor have gained stature as moral symbols in American culture. From early teleplays to coverage of the Eichmann trial and the Holocaust miniseries, as well as documentaries, popular series such as All in the Family and Star Trek, and news reports of recent interethnic violence in Bosnia, Shandler offers an enlightening tour of television history. Shandler also examines the many controversies that televised presentations of the Holocaust have sparked, demonstrating how their impact extends well beyond the broadcasts themselves. While America Watches is sure to continue this discussion--and possibly the controversies--among many readers.
“This Is Your Life”
Authors: Shandler Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If one other form of Holocaust representation has achieved the same privileged status of liberation footage, it is the testimony of those who directly experienced or were eyewitnesses to Nazi persecution. These accounts complement the documentary evidence of liberation footage. Whereas scenes of mass persecution predominate in the film images, testimonies focus on the experience of the individual. In contrast to the emphasis on the dead (or “living dead”) in vintage footage, the stories of survivors center attention on the living. In the films, most of which are silent, the visual dimension is primary, and they are fixed at the time of the war’s end. In contrast, narrative is central to the testimonies of eyewitnesses and survivors, even when these are photographed, and they are shaped by the temporal distance between the Holocaust era and when it is recalled-years, sometimes decades later.
The Man In the Glass Box
Authors: Shandler Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the spring and summer of I96I, many Americans joined these two characters from Rosen’s novel and sat in front of their television sets to watch the war crimes trial of Adolf Eichmann. These broadcasts constitute a major landmark in the chronicle of American Holocaust television. It was the first time that the Holocaust received extended television coverage, in the form of news reports, public affairs programs, documentaries, and dramas aired over a period of months. The Eichmann case provided the first opportunity for television networks to deal with the Holocaust in the context of reporting a major news story. In fact, American television audiences are most likely to have first heard the word Holocaust used to describe the Nazi persecution of European Jewry during broadcasts of the trial.
The Rise of the Survivor
Authors: Shandler Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps no other measure of the dynamics of American Holocaust memory culture over the past half century is more telling than the changing public image of the men and women now known as Holocaust survivors. During the immediate postwar years, survivors were the subject of considerable attention in the American media as witnesses to war crimes, as Displaced Persons seeking new homes, or as recent arrivals in the United States. But in the ensuing decades survivors as a group received little public notice in America. When they were the occasional subject of media attention-for example, in a 1960 Movietone newsreel reporting a reunion of survivors of Auschwitz-survivors were generally depicted as busy with new lives in their adopted homeland and raising children. Occasional dramatic por-traits of the individual survivor as a social misfit, haunted or tormented by wartime memories, appeared on American television and in film.
Prosecutors and the Criminal Court Community
Authors: Johnson David T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter uses the concept of the criminal court community to explore the role of the Japanese prosecutor vis-a-vis police, judges, and defense attorneys. It shows how the prosecutor in Japan controls the criminal process and thereby governs the criminal court community in ways that are impossible in the United States. Nominally, Japan has an adversarial system in which the prosecution and defense are equal and opposing parties whose clash is umpired by a passive judge. In fact, however, prosecutors dominate defense attorneys to an extent seldom seen in other democracies. Moreover, while prosecutors sometimes delegate and defer to police, they possess a high level of control in the cases that matter most. Within the criminal court community, only judges restrain prosecutor power in any significant way, yet even they seem reluctant to interfere with prosecutors’ prerogatives, especially their discretion to charge.
Beyond Ebonics
Authors: Baugh John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The media frenzy surrounding the 1996 resolution by the Oakland School Board brought public attention to the term "Ebonics". However, the idea remains a mystery to most. John Baugh, a well-known African-American linguist and education expert, offers an accessible explanation of the origins of the term, the linguistic reality behind the hype, and the politics behind the outcry on both sides of the debate. Using a non-technical, first-person style, and bringing in many of his own personal experiences, Baugh debunks many commonly-held notions about the way African-Americans speak English, and the result is a nuanced and balanced portrait of a fraught subject. This volume should appeal to students and scholars in anthropology, linguistics, education, urban studies, and African-American studies