bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brandsicherheit durch Stahlsortenwahl
Authors: Sedlacek Gerhard , Heinemeyer Christoph 
Published: November 2004

AbstractDem Bauen unverkleideter Stahlkonstruktionen sind durch Brandschutzanforderungen Grenzen gesetzt. Dieser Beitrag stellt eine Untersuchung vor, in der überprüft wird, ob alleine durch eine geeignete Werkstoffwahl das Anwendungsfeld unverkleideter Stahlkonstruktionen erweitert werden kann. Diese Werkstoffauswahl umfaßt sowohl neuentwickelte Stähle als auch handelsübliche Stähle, wie sie im Maschinenbau häufig Verwendung finden.Dazu werden in einem ersten Schritt verschiedene Stähle und ihre Eigenschaften unter hohen Temperaturen vorgestellt.Im zweiten Schritt wird an einer Auswahl von Stählen gezeigt, daß ungeschützte Bauteile aus diesen Werkstoffen höhere Feuerwiderstandsklassen erreichen als Bauteile aus konventionellem Baustahl.
Zur Entwicklung der technisch‐wissenschaftlichen Gemeinschaftsarbeit des Deutschen Stahlbau‐Verbandes – Teil II (Fortsetzung aus Heft 10/2004 und Schluß)
Authors: Kurrer Karl‐Eugen 
Published: November 2004

AbstractDer Anteil des Stahlbaus am Wiederaufbau Deutschlands wird am Beispiel des Brückenbaus aufgezeigt. Nach Formierung der technisch‐wissenschaftlichen Intelligenz des Stahlbaus, die maßgeblich durch den DSTV vorangetrieben wurde, wird die Etablierung der Stahlbauwissenschaft im Spiegel der Stahlbau‐Tagungen von 1947 bis 1966 dargestellt. Seit Ende der 1960er Jahre verlor der Stahlbau mit der Stahlbauwissenschaft sein Gravitationszentrum und bewegte sich auf exzentrischen Bahnen. Zwölf Thesen skizzieren diese historische Entwicklung summarisch.
Feuerresistenz durch Überdimensionierung
Authors: Blum Marc , Girkes Andreas 
Published: November 2004

AbstractStahl inspiriert Bauherren, Architekten und Ingenieure zu kreativen Leistungen. Moderne Architektur ist ohne den Baustoff Stahl undenkbar, besonders, wenn es um Transparenz, große Spannweiten und/oder schlanke Tragkonstruktionen geht. Als architektonisches Medium eingesetzt, soll die Stahlkonstruktion in der Regel sichtbar und ungeschützt bleiben. Bei Brandschutz von Stahlbau denken viele Tragwerksplaner zunächst daran, den Stahl durch das Verkleiden mit speziellen Brandschutzplatten oder Aufbringen von Spritzputz oder teuren aufschäumenden Anstrichen zu “verstecken”.Eine Alternative, die es sogar erlaubt, Stahlbaukonstruktionen sichtbar und ungeschützt zu zeigen, ist das gezielte Bemessen einer Stahlkonstruktion durch Überbemessung “Overmaching”.Zu bemerken ist, daß durch die kontinuierliche Weiterentwicklung insbesondere der höherfesten Feinkornbaustähle bei Langprodukten eine wirtschaftliche Bemessung brandgefährdeter Stahlkonstruktionen, die sichtbar und ungeschützt bleiben sollen, möglich ist. Der klassische Brandschutz bedingt normalerweise einen feuerhemmenden Anstrich, Spritzputz oder wird integriert bei den Verbundkonstruktionen.Eine andere sehr interessante Alternative, um ungeschützte Stahlkonstruktionen herzustellen, ist der Einsatz von FR‐Stahl [1] oder bei praktisch gleichem Ergebnis der Einsatz einer höheren Stahlgüte in der Warmbemessung. Das Prinzip, welches hier vorgestellt wird, ist anwendbar für die Brandschutzklasse F30, darüber hinaus bietet das Naturbrandkonzept Möglichkeiten, eine tragende Stahlkonstruktion sichtbar und ungeschützt zu gestalten.
A laboratory yeast strain suitable for spirit production
Authors: Schehl Beatus , Müller Christine , Senn Thomas , Heinisch Jürgen J. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractYeast strains of the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae currently in use for the production of consumable alcohols such as beer, wine and spirits are genetically largely undefined. This prevents the use of standard genetic manipulations, such as crossings and tetrad analysis, for strain improvement. Furthermore, it complicates the application of the majority of modern methods developed in yeast molecular biology. Here we used two haploid laboratory strains with suitable auxotrophic markers for the construction of a genetically well defined, prototrophic diploid production strain. This strain was tested for its fermentative and sensory performances in comparison to commercially available yeasts. Three different fruit mashes (cherries, plums and pears) were fermented in a 90 kg scale. These were then subjected to distillation and used for the production of spirits with a final ethanol content of 40% (v/v). Fermentation parameters assayed included growth, sugar utilization, ethanol production and generation of volatile compounds, higher alcohols and glycerol. The spirits were also tested for their sensory performances and the data obtained statistically consolidated. Our results clearly demonstrate that this laboratory strain does not display any disadvantage compared with commercial yeasts in spirit production for any of the parameters tested, yet it offers the potential to apply both classical breeding and modern molecular genetic techniques for adjusting yeast physiology to special production schemes. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ethical issues pertaining to research in the aftermath of disaster
Authors: Collogan Lauren K. , Tuma Farris , Dolan‐Sewell Regina , Borja Susan , Fleischman Alan R. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractIn January 2003, The New York Academy of Medicine and the National Institute of Mental Health sponsored a meeting entitled “Ethical Issues Pertaining to Research in the Aftermath of Disaster.” The purpose of the meeting was to bring together various experts to examine evidence concerning the impact of research on trauma‐exposed participants, review the applicable ethical principles and policies concerning protection of human subjects, and offer guidance to investigators, IRBs, public health and local officials, and others interested in assuring that research in the aftermath of a disaster is conducted in a safe and ethical manner. This article summarizes the group's key findings and outlines potential considerations for those working in this field.
Effects of grapefruit juice and orange juice components on P‐glycoprotein‐ and MRP2‐mediated drug efflux
Authors: Honda Yoko , Ushigome Fumihiko , Koyabu Noriko , Morimoto Satoshi , Shoyama Yukihiro , Uchiumi Takeshi , Kuwano Michihiko , Ohtani Hisakazu , Sawada Yasufumi 
Published: November 2004

We investigated the effects of grapefruit juice (GFJ) and orange juice (OJ) on drug transport by MDR1 P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) and multidrug resistance protein 2 (MRP2), which are efflux transporters expressed in human small intestine.
We examined the transcellular transport and uptake of [3H]vinblastine (VBL) and [14C]saquinavir in a human colon carcinoma cell line (Caco‐2) and in porcine kidney epithelial cell lines transfected with human MDR1 cDNA and human MRP2 cDNA, LLC‐GA5‐COL150, and LLC‐MRP2, respectively.
In Caco‐2 cells, the basal‐to‐apical transports of [3H]VBL and [14C]saquinavir were greater than those in the opposite direction. The ratio of basal‐to‐apical transport to apical‐to‐basal transport of [3H]VBL and [14C]saquinavir by Caco‐2 cells was reduced in the presence of MK571 (MRPs inhibitor), verapamil (P‐gp inhibitor), cyclosporin A (inhibitor of both), 50% ethyl acetate extracts of GFJ and OJ, or their components (6′,7′‐dihydroxybergamottin, bergamottin, tangeretin, hepatomethoxyflavone, and nobiletin).
Studies of transport and uptake of [3H]VBL and [14C]saquinavir with MDR1 and MRP2 transfectants showed that VBL and saquinavir are transported by both P‐gp and MRP2. GFJ and OJ components inhibited the transport by MRP2 as well as P‐gp. However, their inhibitory potencies for P‐gp or MRP2 were substrate‐dependent.
The present study has revealed that GFJ and OJ interact with not only P‐gp but also MRP2, both of which are expressed at apical membranes and limit the apical‐to‐basal transport of VBL and saquinavir in Caco‐2 cells.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2004) 143, 856–864. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706008
Kinin B1 receptors: key G‐protein‐coupled receptors and their role in inflammatory and painful processes
Authors: Calixto João B , Medeiros Rodrigo , Fernandes Elizabeth S , Ferreira Juliano , Cabrini Daniela A , Campos Maria M 
Published: November 2004

Kinins are a family of peptides implicated in several pathophysiological events. Most of their effects are likely mediated by the activation of two G‐protein‐coupled receptors: B1 and B2. Whereas B2 receptors are constitutive entities, B1 receptors behave as key inducible molecules that may be upregulated under some special circumstances. In this context, several recent reports have investigated the importance of B1 receptor activation in certain disease models. Furthermore, research on B1 receptors in the last years has been mainly focused in determining the mechanisms and pathways involved in the process of induction. This was essentially favoured by the advances obtained in molecular biology studies, as well as in the design of selective and stable peptide and nonpeptide kinin B1 receptor antagonists. Likewise, development of kinin B1 receptor knockout mice greatly helped to extend the evidence about the relevance of B1 receptors during pathological states. In the present review, we attempted to remark the main advances achieved in the last 5 years about the participation of kinin B1 receptors in painful and inflammatory disorders. We have also aimed to point out some groups of chronic diseases, such as diabetes, arthritis, cancer or neuropathic pain, in which the strategic development of nonpeptidic oral‐available and selective B1 receptor antagonists could have a potential relevant therapeutic interest.British Journal of Pharmacology (2004) 143, 803–818. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706012
Interleukin‐10 mediates the protective effect of Linomide by reducing CXC chemokine production in endotoxin‐induced liver injury
Authors: Li Xiang , Klintman Daniel , Sato Tohru , Hedlund Gunnar , Schramm René , Jeppsson Bengt , Thorlacius Henrik 
Published: November 2004

The immunomodulator Linomide has been shown to protect against septic liver injury by reducing hepatic accumulation of leukocytes although the detailed anti‐inflammatory mechanisms remain elusive. This study examined the effect of Linomide on the production of CXC chemokines, including macrophage inflammatory protein‐2 (MIP‐2) and cytokine‐induced neutrophil chemoattractant (KC) and interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/D‐galactosamine (Gal)‐induced liver injury in mice.
It was found that pretreatment with 300 mg kg−1 of Linomide markedly suppressed leukocyte recruitment, perfusion failure, and hepatocellular damage and apoptosis in the liver of endotoxemic mice.
Administration of Linomide inhibited endotoxin‐induced gene expression of MIP‐2 and KC and significantly reduced the hepatic production of MIP‐2 and KC by 63 and 80%, respectively. Moreover, it was found that Linomide increased the liver content of IL‐10 by more than three‐fold in endotoxemic mice.
The protective effect of Linomide against endotoxin‐induced inflammation and liver injury was abolished in IL‐10‐deficient mice, suggesting that the beneficial effect of Linomide is dependent on the function of IL‐10.
Taken together, these novel findings suggest that the protective effect of Linomide is mediated via local upregulation of IL‐10, which in turn decreases the generation of CXC chemokines and pathological recruitment of leukocytes in the liver of endotoxemic mice.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2004) 143, 865–871. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706015
Thermodynamics of ligand binding by the yeast mRNA-capping enzyme reveals different modes of binding
Authors: BOUGIE Isabelle , PARENT Amélie , BISAILLON Martin 
Published: November 2004

RNA-capping enzymes are involved in the synthesis of the cap structure found at the 5′-end of eukaryotic mRNAs. The present study reports a detailed study on the thermodynamic parameters involved in the interaction of an RNA-capping enzyme with its ligands. Analysis of the interaction of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae RNA-capping enzyme (Ceg1) with GTP, RNA and manganese ions revealed significant differences between the binding forces that drive the interaction of the enzyme with its RNA and GTP substrates. Our thermodynamic analyses indicate that the initial association of GTP with the Ceg1 protein is driven by a favourable enthalpy change (ΔH=−80.9 kJ/mol), but is also clearly associated with an unfavourable entropy change (TΔS=−62.9 kJ/mol). However, the interaction between Ceg1 and RNA revealed a completely different mode of binding, where binding to RNA is clearly dominated by a favourable entropic effect (TΔS=20.5 kJ/mol), with a minor contribution from a favourable enthalpy change (ΔH=−5.3 kJ/mol). Fluorescence spectroscopy also allowed us to evaluate the initial binding of GTP to such an enzyme, thereby separating the GTP binding step from the concomitant metal-dependent hydrolysis of GTP that results in the formation of a covalent GMP–protein intermediate. In addition to the determination of the energetics of ligand binding, our study leads to a better understanding of the molecular basis of substrate recognition by RNA-capping enzymes.
Impact of surgical trauma on human skeletal muscle protein synthesis
Authors: TJÄDER Inga , ESSEN Pia , GARLICK Peter J. , McMNURLAN Margaret A. , ROOYACKERS Olav , WERNERMAN Jan 
Published: November 2004

Muscle protein catabolism is a considerable clinical problem following surgery. However, the impact of surgical trauma on muscle protein synthesis is not well characterized. In this pilot study, we therefore investigated whether the severity of surgical trauma is related to a decrease in muscle protein synthesis rate in humans. Metabolically healthy patients (n=28) were included in the study. Eight of the patients were day-care patients undergoing minor breast surgery (defined as minor surgery). The other 20 patients were subjected to major abdominal surgery and were therefore scheduled to stay overnight in the recovery room during the first postoperative night (defined as major surgery). Protein FSRs (fractional synthesis rates) in skeletal muscle were determined during a measurement period of 90 min before surgery and immediately after termination of surgery. FSR in skeletal muscle of the minor surgery patients was 1.72±0.25%/24 h before surgery and 1.67±0.29%/24 h after surgery (P=0.68). In the major surgery group, FSR was 1.62±0.30%/24 h before surgery and 1.57±0.40%/24 h (P=0.59) immediately following surgery. The observations made in this pilot study could not confirm a size-related decrease in muscle protein synthesis immediately following minor and major surgery. This finding is discussed in relation to confounders, postoperative course and to muscle protein degradation. The shortage of knowledge in this field is emphasized.
Equine osteoarthritis: a brief review of the disease and its causes
Authors: Schlueter Angela E , Orth Michael W 
Published: November 2004

AbstractDegenerative joint diseases, such as osteoarthritis, adversely impact the health of the equine athlete as well as the economics of the equine industry. Our understanding of the aetiology of osteoarthritis, although not nearly exhaustive, has increased substantially in recent years. Molecules, including cytokines, inflammatory mediators, and metalloproteinases, have been identified and associated with the progression of joint disease. Several factors, including trauma to the joint, immobilization, conformation, shoeing, and ageing, have been linked with osteoarthritis. Our continued efforts into elucidating critical biological mediators and risk factors, coupled with better chondroprotective therapies and diagnostic tools, should facilitate our ability to maintain the skeletal health of the equine athlete
Brief report. Acute respiratory tract infections in Indian children with special reference to Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Authors: Pandey A , Chaudhry R , Nisar N , Kabra SK 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
A total of 70 Indian children of either sex and under 5 years of age who were admitted to the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi during a 1-year period (January 1994-December 1994) with complaints suggestive of acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI), were investigated for bacterial aetiology of infection with special reference to Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Microbial aetiology could be established in 44/70 (62.8 per cent) of cases of ARTI. Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection was seen in 21/70 (30 per cent), aerobic bacteria in 14/70 (20 per cent), Chlamydia pneumoniae in 2/70 (2.8 per cent), and mixed infection with mycoplasma either with bacteria and/or chlamydia in 7/70 (10 per cent). However, in 26/70 (37.1 per cent) cases no cause could be detected. Diagnosis of infection with M.pneumoniae was based on culture in 2/20 (10 per cent) cases, antigen detection in throat swab by indirect immunofluorescence assay using specific antibody in 16/70 (22.8 per cent) cases, and demonstration of IgM antibody in serum by serodia Myco II particle agglutination test in 17/70 (24.2 per cent). Streptococcus pneumoniae (9/70, 12.8 per cent) and Staphylococcus aureus (5/70, 7.1 per cent) were the aerobic isolates from blood in these patients. Results of this study indicate that M.pneumoniae plays a significant role in respiratory tract infection in an Indian paediatric population. Rapid diagnostic procedures, such as antigen detection and IgM antibody demonstration, should be used more widely to determine the infective aetiology early in the course of illness. The study also highlights the mixed aetiology in ARTI in children, which has important therapeutic implications.
Spectral Entropy and Bispectral Index as Measures of the Electroencephalographic Effects of Sevoflurane
Authors: Ellerkmann Richard Klaus , Liermann Vidal-Markus , Alves Thorsten Michael , Wenningmann Ingobert , Kreuer Sascha , Wilhelm Wolfram , Roepcke Heiko , Hoeft Andreas , Bruhn Jörgen 
Published: November 2004

Background
Recently, entropy algorithms have been proposed as electroencephalographic measures of anesthetic drug effects. Datex-Ohmeda (Helsinki, Finland) introduced the Entropy Module, a new electroencephalographic monitor designed for measuring depth of anesthesia. The monitor calculates a state entropy (SE) computed over the frequency range of 0.8-32 Hz and a response entropy (RE) computed over the frequency range of 0.8-47 Hz. The authors investigated the dose-response relation of SE and RE during sevoflurane anesthesia in comparison with the Bispectral Index (BIS).

Methods
Sixteen patients were studied without surgical stimulus. Anesthesia was induced by sevoflurane inhalation with a tight-fitting facemask. Sevoflurane concentrations were increased and subsequently decreased and increased two to four times until the measurement was stopped and patients were intubated for surgery. The performances of SE, RE, and BIS to predict the estimated sevoflurane effect site concentration, obtained by simultaneous pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling, were compared by calculating the correlation coefficients and the prediction probability.

Results
State entropy, RE, and BIS values decreased continuously over the observed concentration range of sevoflurane. Correlation coefficients were slightly but not significantly better for entropy parameters (0.87 +/- 0.09 and 0.86 +/- 0.10 for SE and RE, respectively) than for BIS (0.85 +/- 0.12). Calculating the prediction probability confirmed these results with a prediction probability of 0.84 +/- 0.05 and 0.82 +/- 0.06 for SE and RE, respectively, and 0.80 +/- 0.06 for BIS.

Conclusion
State entropy and RE seem to be useful electroencephalographic measures of sevoflurane drug effect.
Combinations of Bupivacaine, Fentanyl, and Clonidine for Lumbar Epidural Postoperative Analgesia
Authors: Sveticic Gorazd , Gentilini Andrea , Eichenberger Urs , Zanderigo Eleonora , Sartori Valentina , Luginbühl Martin , Curatolo Michele 
Published: November 2004

Background
The authors developed and applied a method to optimize the combination of bupivacaine, fentanyl, and clonidine for continuous postoperative lumbar epidural analgesia.

Methods
One hundred eighteen patients undergoing knee or hip surgery participated in the study. Postoperative epidural analgesia during 48 h after surgery was optimized under restrictions dictated by side effects. Initially, eight combinations of bupivacaine, fentanyl, and clonidine (expressed as drug concentration in the solution administered) were empirically chosen and investigated. To determine subsequent combinations, an optimization model was applied until three consecutive steps showed no decrease in pain score. For the first time in a clinical investigation, a regression model was applied when the optimization procedure led to combinations associated with unacceptable side effects.

Results
The authors analyzed 12 combinations with an allowed bupivacaine concentration range of 0-2.5 mg/ml, a fentanyl concentration range of 0-5 microg/ml, and a clonidine concentration range of 0-5 microg/ml. The best combinations of bupivacaine, fentanyl, and clonidine concentrations were 1.0 mg/ml-1.4 microg/ml-0.5 microg/ml, 0.9 mg/ml-3.0 microg/ml-0.3 microg/ml, 0.6 mg/ml-2.5 microg/ml-0.8 microg/ml, and 1.0 mg/ml-2.4 microg/ml-1.0 microg/ml, respectively, all producing a similarly low pain score. The incidence of side effects was low. The application of the regression model to combinations associated with high incidence of motor block successfully directed the optimization procedure to combinations within the therapeutic range.

Conclusions
The results support further study of the combinations of bupivacaine, fentanyl, and clonidine mentioned above for postoperative analgesia after knee and hip surgery. This novel optimization method may be useful in clinical research.
Effect of Different Cost Drivers on Cost per Anesthesia Minute in Different Anesthesia Subspecialties
Authors: Schuster Martin , Standl Thomas , Wagner Joachim A. , Berger Jürgen , Reißmann Hajo , am Esch Jochen Schulte 
Published: November 2004

Background
Little is known about differences in costs to provide anesthesia care for different surgical subspecialties and which factors influence the subspecialty-specific costs.

Methods
In this retrospective study, the authors determined main cost components (preoperative visit, intraoperative personnel costs, material and pharmaceutical costs, and others) for 10,843 consecutive anesthesia cases from a 6-month period in the 10 largest anesthesia subspecialties in their university hospital: ophthalmology; general surgery; obstetrics and gynecology; ear, nose, and throat surgery; oral and facial surgery; neurosurgery; orthopedics; cardiovascular surgery; traumatology; and urology. Using regression analysis, the effect of five presumed cost drivers (anesthesia duration, emergency status, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status of III or higher, patient age younger 6 yr, and placement of invasive monitoring) on subspecialty-specific costs per anesthesia minute were analyzed.

Results
Both personnel costs for anesthesiologists and total costs calculated per anesthesia minute were inversely correlated with the duration of anesthesia (adjusted R2 = 0.75 and 0.69, respectively), i.e., they were higher for subspecialties with short cases and lower for subspecialties with longer cases. The multiple regression model showed that differences in anesthesia duration alone accounted for the majority of the cost differences, whereas the other presumed cost drivers added only little to explain subspecialty-specific cost differences.

Conclusions
Different anesthesia subspecialties show significant and financially important differences regarding their specific costs. Personnel costs and total costs are highest for subspecialties with the shortest cases. Other analyzed cost drivers had little effect on subspecialty-specific costs. In the light of these cost differences, a detailed cost analysis seems necessary before the profitability of an anesthesia subspecialty can be assessed.