bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A review of non‐invasive electro neuromodulation as an intervention for non‐neurogenic bladder dysfunction in children
Authors: Bower W.F. , Yeung C.K. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractAimsThe use of electrotherapeutics to improve filling and emptying dysfunction of the adult bladder has been well established, however the practice in children is less well known. The purpose of this review is to summarize the rationale behind the use of electro neuromodulation in children, examine the reported efficacy of the intervention for different presentations of dysfunction, and establish the current limitations to knowledge and practice.Materials and MethodsA modified systematic review was carried out on all Medline studies identified as considering the use of electrotherapy or neuromodulation in children with bladder problems. Literature relating to use of this approach in adults was also searched in order to present current understanding of the treatment rationale and modes of application.ResultsA Medline search and handsearch of relevant conference proceedings revealed six studies of neuromodulation in children with non‐neurogenic bladder dysfunction. There were no reports of the intervention in children with isolated pelvic floor dyssynergia, irritative symptoms, structural changes predisposing the pelvic floor to weakness, or monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis. One report of the favorable effect of neuromodulation on gut dysmotility was identified. Study design and quality generated level 4 evidence. Positive post‐intervention changes reported included: increased bladder capacity, decreased severity of urge, improved continence, and decrease frequency of urinary tract infection. Significant improvement in the urodynamic parameters of bladder compliance, number of uninhibited contractions, and bladder volume at first detrusor contraction were also reported.ConclusionsThere are clear benefits from the use of electroneuromodulation in children with differing forms of voiding dysfunction. The treatment approach is independent of cognitive and pharmacological therapy, is minimally invasive, and free of side effects. To date, there are no clinical variables that reliably predict efficacy of electrotherapy in the various presentations of over and under active detrusor, sphincter dyssynergia, or irritative symptoms. Neurourol. Urodynam. 23:63–67, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Urgency of voiding and abdominal pressure transmission in women with mixed urinary incontinence
Authors: Cucchi A. , Siracusano S. , Benedetto P. Di , Comelli M. , Rovereto B. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractAimsTo ascertain whether abdominal pressure transmission (a.p.t.) to the urethra would be affected by urgency of voiding in women with mixed urinary incontinence.MethodsWe urodynamically assessed 80 consecutive women. Group 1 (n = 40), with stress incontinence, had stable bladders and no urgency. Group 2 (n = 40), with mixed (stress + urge) incontinence and overactive bladders, were split into Groups 2A (n = 20) and 2B (n = 20) according to the delay time of urgent void at cystometry (CMG) equating at least 2 min (taken as an index of moderate urgency) or, respectively, less than 2 min (taken as an index of severe urgency). Nonparametric statistics checked for significant differences in a.p.t. and in pelvic floor (peri‐urethral) muscle strength level. We defined a.p.t. at stress (cough) urethral pressure profilometry (UPP) by the pressure transmission ratio (PTR). Pelvic floor muscle strength was defined at “holding” UPP by the maximum urethral pressure developed during attempts “to hold urine” (hMUP).ResultsPTR was reduced in all women, but PTR (and hMUP) proved relatively higher in Group 2, though nonsignificantly different values of PTR (and hMUP) were seen in Groups 2B and 1.ConclusionsTransmission of abdominal pressure to the urethra was reduced in all of the incontinent women. The mixed incontinence group, however, had a relatively less reduced (active component of) a.p.t., most likely dependent on a greater pelvic floor (peri‐urethral) muscle strength level secondary to frequent contractions in response to urgency. Yet, of the same mixed incontinence patients, those with the most severe urgency degrees had relatively low pelvic floor (peri‐urethral) muscle strength levels (eventually resulting from muscle fatigue? or primarily due to peri‐urethral tissue atrophy?), which prevented (the active component of) a.p.t. from increasing. Neurourol. Urodynam. 23:43–47, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Palaeopathology of Iufaa and other persons found beside his shaft tomb at Abusir (Egypt)
Authors: Strouhal E. , Němečková A. , Kouba M. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractPathological changes of the lector priest Iufaa are compared with those revealed on the skeletons of his two relatives Imakhetkherresnet and Nekawer, and of an unrelated male Padihor. They were discovered in 2001 in the vicinity of Iufaa's monumental shaft tomb, dating from late 26th dynasty (before 525 BC). The complex was found unmolested by robbers. Congenital anomalies, osteoporosis, degenerative joint changes, post‐traumatic changes and maybe the first palaeopathological evidence of a rare benign neoplasm (neurilemmoma) were recorded. The findings add interesting new facts to the lives of these historical persons. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A medieval example of a sagittal cleft or ‘butterfly’ vertebra
Authors: Anderson T. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractA mature adult medieval male with a rare congenital anomaly, a sagittal‐cleft or butterfly vertebra, is presented. Clinical cases are frequently associated with axial as well as soft‐tissue defects. The present case, based only on skeletal evidence, appears to be an isolated finding. The aetiology of the clefting is outlined and palaeopathological evidence for the condition is included. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A high status burial from Ripon Cathedral, North Yorkshire, England: differential diagnosis of a chest deformity
Authors: Groves S. , Roberts C. , Johnstone C. , Hall R. , Dobney K. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractExcavations beneath the crossing at Ripon Cathedral in North Yorkshire recently revealed a burial radiocarbon dated to the late 15th century AD. The burial was that of a young adult female; the location of the grave suggests a person of relatively high status. The very well preserved skeleton revealed abnormal changes to the bones of the thoracic cavity including anterior bowing of the sternum, flattening of the spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae three to nine against the processes below each one, and changes to the ribs that suggested anterior displacement of the rib cage. The skeletal changes are described and differential diagnoses presented. Treatment to an underlying chest deformity, ‘pectus carinatum’, is thought to be the underlying cause of the skeletal changes; this study may lend direct insight into the concepts of body image in the Medieval period. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The person‐years construct: ageing and the prevalence of health related phenomena from skeletal samples
Authors: Glencross B. , Sawchuk L. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractAge has the ability to confound prevalence data. Yet, the effects of length of exposure and age‐structure on such prevalence data are seldom directly measured in osteological studies. Here we describe a simple method that addresses both issues through the use of person‐years, and treatment of data in the case of rare events as Poisson counts. We advocate use of person‐years as a denominator when comparing skeletal data that involves the cumulative insults of ageing (e.g. fractures, dental caries, and other chronic diseases such as osteoarthritis). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Survival of a multiple skull trauma: the case of an early neolithic individual from the LBK enclosure at Herxheim (Southwest Germany)
Authors: Orschiedt J. , Häußer A. , Haidle M. N. , Alt K. W. , Buitrago‐Téllez C. H. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe Early Neolithic enclosure of Herxheim yielded the human remains of more than 450 individuals mainly represented by cranial vaults and numerous fractured cranial and postcranial bones. The skulls were shaped post‐mortem into skull caps by intentional separation of the cranial base and facial bones. One of these calottes revealed four ante‐mortem traumatic lesions and additional cut marks.The defects of this individual were analysed in detail to obtain information on the chronology and consequences of the traumata and manipulations and their probable intention. Four marks could be attributed to at least two violent incidents because of their different stages in the healing process. There is no evidence of cranial surgery, but the individual may have received some medical treatment and social care to survive the injuries without complications. The peri‐mortem cut marks and the post‐mortem intentional shaping of the skull cap, however, can be seen as typical for the treatment of the Herxheim dead and cannot be attributed to violent conflicts. The results support the evidence gained from preliminary examinations of the Herxheim human remains and suggest a more complex view of the final phase of the Linear Pottery Culture (LBK) in southwest Germany. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An unreduced dislocated mandible in an Alaskan Eskimo: a case of altruism or adaptation?
Authors: Keenleyside Anne 
Published: December 2003

AbstractMandibular dislocations are rare in archaeological samples. This paper describes an unreduced dislocated mandible in an adult male skeleton from Point Hope, Alaska. The left mandibular condyle has been displaced anteriorly and two new articulations for the left coronoid process and remnant of the left condyle have formed. The left mandibular body and ramus exhibit severe atrophy, and all of the mandibular teeth have been lost antemortem. A review of historical accounts from the early contact period reveals that the Alaskan Eskimos suffered from a variety of disabilities of the musculoskeletal system. Despite these disabilities, however, many of these individuals were able to function with little or no assistance from other members of their group. The fact that this individual survived to an advanced age in the harsh arctic environment is a testament to the body's remarkable ability to compensate for and survive with physical disabilities. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expression of interleukin‐6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 by peritoneal sub‐mesothelial cells during abdominal operations
Authors: Riese J , Niedobitek G , Lisner R , Jung A , Hohenberger W , Haupt W 
Published: December 2003

AbstractCytokines and chemokines including interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1) are secreted in response to major abdominal operations. The aim of this study was to identify the peritoneal cells that produce IL‐6 and MCP‐1. Samples of peritoneal tissue were taken from patients at the beginning and end of major abdominal operations. The samples were incubated in culture medium on microtitre plates for 5 h. The concentrations of IL‐6 and MCP‐1 were measured in culture supernatants by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In paraffin sections, cells that expressed IL‐6 or MCP‐1 were identified by combined in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Antibodies against CD68, CD34, actin, and calretinin were included in these experiments. The median production of IL‐6 increased significantly from 6256 pg/ml at the start of the operation to 20 000 pg/ml at the end. Production of MCP‐1 rose from 7700 pg/ml to 11 820 pg/ml. IL‐6 mRNA was mainly confined to endothelial cells. MCP‐1 was expressed by a broader range of cells, consisting of actin‐positive smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells, fibroblast‐like cells, as well as occasional macrophages and mesothelial cells. Peritoneal endothelial cells contribute to the transient increase in concentrations of IL‐6 in the circulation after surgical trauma. Recruitment of monocytes to the site of the trauma seems to be mainly effected by actin‐positive smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Are tumours angiogenesis‐dependent?
Authors: Verheul HMW , Voest EE , Schlingemann RO 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe final proof of principle that cancer patients can be effectively treated with angiogenesis inhibitors is eagerly awaited. Various preclinical in vivo experiments have proven that most tumours need new vessel formation in order to grow and to form metastases. First of all, tumours do not grow in avascular corneas until new blood vessels reach the implant. Secondly, the introduction of only one angiogenic gene can cause a switch from tumour dormancy to progressive tumour growth. Thirdly, tumour growth can be inhibited and sometimes tumour regression can be obtained just by attacking the vascular compartment with specific angiogenesis inhibitors. These three examples of preclinical experiments and many others have led to the conclusion that, in general, tumours are angiogenesis‐dependent. Supported by disappointing clinical results, the angiogenesis dependency of tumours has been questioned, mainly because of the immaturity and the presumed lack of a functional blood supply (oxygen delivery and discarding of waste products) from a newly formed tumour vasculature. However, human tumours are highly heterogeneous in vascular architecture, differentiation, and functional blood supply. Vascular immaturity is a natural consequence of a genetically based unlimited expansion of tumour cells, compared to the well‐regulated growth of different organs during embryonic development, for example. Unlimited tumour expansion and therefore the continuous stimulation of vessel outgrowth prevent endothelial cells from generating a mature vasculature, but instead continuously stimulate them to expand the vascular compartment of the growing tumour. In this review, the translation of angiogenesis inhibitors as a treatment for cancer from preclinical experiments to the clinic is evaluated. The preclinical evidence that tumours are angiogenesis‐dependent is summarized and explanations are put forward for why the clinical results so far are not as exciting as was expected from preclinical studies. Reviewing the translation, one may conclude that human tumours are heterogeneous in their vascular architecture and function and that tumour‐induced angiogenesis in humans is a more complex (multifactorially regulated) process compared with angiogenesis in preclinical cancer models. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differential expression of matrilysin‐1 (MMP‐7), 92 kD gelatinase (MMP‐9), and metalloelastase (MMP‐12) in oral verrucous and squamous cell cancer
Authors: Impola U , Uitto VJ , Hietanen J , Hakkinen L , Zhang L , Larjava H , Isaka K , Saarialho‐Kere U 
Published: December 2003

AbstractSquamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the oral cavity is a highly invasive tumour of stratified squamous epithelium that spreads through degradation of the basement membrane (BM) and extracellular matrix (ECM). There are currently no reliable tissue or serum markers to predict whether the tumour has metastasized at the time of diagnosis. Verrucous carcinoma (VC) of the oral cavity is a rare low‐grade variant of oral SCC that penetrates into the subepithelial connective tissue. Many matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), such as MMP‐1, ‐2, ‐7, ‐9, ‐13, and ‐14, as well as integrin receptors have been implicated in cancer invasion. Integrin αvβ6 is induced in SCC and appears to be involved in up‐regulation of MMP‐9 expression by oral keratinocytes and promotion of their migration. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the pattern of MMP expression or that of αvβ6 integrin contributes to the differences in the biological behaviour of oral SCC and VC. The results show that the less aggressive nature of oral VC may be connected to its MMP expression profile. Typically, VCs were devoid of epithelial MMP‐3, ‐7, ‐9, ‐12 and ‐13 expression, compared with SCCs. MMP‐19 was expressed by epithelial keratinocytes in hyperproliferative areas of verrucous hyperplasia, VC, and SCC, but was absent in the invasive cancer cell nests of SCC. MMP‐26 was expressed by hyperproliferative keratinocytes in VC as well as by invasive cancer cells in SCCs. MMP‐10 was expressed widely in the epithelium of all SCC specimens. αvβ6 integrin expression was also detected in some cases of epithelial hyperplasia but was significantly more abundant in cancers at the invasive front. The absence of MMP‐7, ‐9 and ‐12 from epithelial cells may serve as a good prognostic marker of non‐invasive oral carcinoma. Blocking the activity of invasion‐specific MMPs or αvβ6 integrin might offer novel therapeutic modalities in early‐stage oral carcinoma. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Absence of c‐kit gene mutations in gastrointestinal stromal tumours from neurofibromatosis type 1 patients
Authors: Kinoshita Kazuo , Hirota Seiichi , Isozaki Koji , Ohashi Akiko , Nishida Toshirou , Kitamura Yukihiko , Shinomura Yasuhisa , Matsuzawa Yuji 
Published: December 2003

AbstractMost sporadic gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) have somatic c‐kit gene mutations that are considered to be causal. Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is caused by mutations of the NF1 gene and NF1 patients have an increased risk of developing GISTs. Since most neoplasms are considered to develop as a result of the combination of several gene mutations, these findings suggest that GISTs from NF1 patients might have somatic c‐kit gene mutations and that sporadic GISTs from non‐NF1 patients might have somatic NF1 gene mutations. The present study analysed 29 GISTs from seven NF1 patients for c‐kit gene mutations and ten sporadic GISTs from ten non‐NF1 patients for NF1 mutations. Exons 9, 11, 13, and 17 of the c‐kit gene were amplified and directly sequenced after the extraction of genomic DNA from wax‐embedded tissues from 26 GISTs from five NF1 patients. The whole coding region of the c‐kit cDNA and the whole coding region of the NF1 cDNA were amplified and directly sequenced after RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis in three fresh GIST tissues from two NF1 patients and ten fresh GIST tissues from ten non‐NF1 patients. Of the ten sporadic GISTs, eight had heterozygous mutations at exon 11, and one at exon 9, of c‐kit. Heterozygous NF1 gene mutations were detected in GISTs from the two NF1 patients from whom fresh tissues were available. None of the 29 GISTs derived from NF1 patients had detectable c‐kit gene mutations and none of the ten GISTs derived from non‐NF1 patients had detectable NF1 mutations. These results suggest that the pathogenesis of GISTs in NF1 patients is different from that in non‐NF1 patients. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transition of high‐grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia to micro‐invasive carcinoma is characterized by integration of HPV 16/18 and numerical chromosome abnormalities
Authors: Hopman Anton HN , Smedts Frank , Dignef Wendy , Ummelen Monique , Sonke Gabe , Mravunac Marcel , Vooijs G Peter , Speel Ernst‐Jan M , Ramaekers Frans CS 
Published: December 2003

AbstractCervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN I, II, and III) and cases of CIN III associated with micro‐invasive cervical carcinoma (CIN III & mCA) were analysed for evidence of episomal or integrated human papillomavirus (HPV) 16/18 DNA by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). In parallel, numerical aberrations of chromosomes 1, 17, and X were determined in these lesions as indicators of genomic instability. HPV 16/18 DNA was present in 2 of 12 CIN I, 19 of 23 CIN II/III, and 10 of 12 CIN III & mCA. None of the CIN I and only two of the 19 HPV 16/18‐positive solitary CIN II/III showed an integrated HPV pattern. However, all ten cases of HPV‐positive CIN III & mCA showed this pattern. Transition of CIN II/III to CIN III & mCA therefore correlates strongly with viral integration (p < 0.001). Chromosomal aberrations were detected in 23 of 31 HPV 16/18‐positive lesions (14 solitary CIN I–III and nine CIN III & mCA) and 5 of 16 HPV‐negative lesions. Nine of 21 HPV 16/18‐positive solitary CIN I–III showed tetrasomy for all chromosomes tested, while trisomies for a single chromosome were seen in a further five of these HPV‐positive lesions. In eight of ten HPV‐positive CIN III & mCA, predominantly aneusomies and/or polysomies were detected. A significant correlation (p < 0.02) was found between the chromosome copy number and the physical status of HPV, indicating that in its episomal form HPV induces genomic changes such as tetrasomies and single trisomies, while HPV integration correlates with aneusomies and polysomies, predominantly detected in CIN III & mCA. These data indicate that integration of HPV 16/18 DNA is a pivotal step in the transition of CIN to micro‐invasive carcinoma. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Presence and localization of T‐cell subsets in relation to melanocyte differentiation antigen expression and tumour regression as assessed by immunohistochemistry and molecular analysis of microdissected T cells
Authors: Bernsen Monique R , Diepstra J Heleen S , van Mil Patrick , Punt Cornelis JA , Figdor Carl G , van Muijen Goos NP , Adema Gosse J , Ruiter Dirk J 
Published: December 2003

AbstractMelanoma‐associated antigens may be the driving force behind the lymphocytic infiltrates in melanomas and the occurrence of melanoma regression. To investigate the clinical relevance of melanoma differentiation antigens (MDAs) as T‐cell targets, the relationship between the presence and localization of T‐cell subsets and the expression of MDAs was studied by immunohistochemistry and the diversity of CD8+ T cells in regressive melanomas was assessed using laser‐assisted microdissection. While MDA expression as well as T‐cell subset distribution, as assessed by immunohistochemical analysis, was heterogeneous within and between lesions, they were histologically independent phenomena. In four lesions studied in detail by PCR analysis of microdissected T cells, a limited T‐cell diversity and evidence for clonally expanded tumour infiltrating lymphocytes were found. However, no major differences in T‐cell diversity, as assessed by PCR analysis, between peri‐and intra‐tumoural areas became apparent, this despite the known clinical significance of the specific localization of a T‐cell infiltrate. T cells of clonal origin did not show preferential localization to regressive tumour areas. Moreover, clonally related cells were found in two lesions with a non‐brisk infiltrate, while in two lesions with a brisk infiltrate (clinically, a good prognostic factor) no evidence for clonally expanded tumour infiltrating lymphocytes was found. These data support the notion that specific immune reactivity and homing of specific cells to the tumour can occur in melanoma patients. However, they also show that the presence of clonally expanded T cells in the tumour is not necessarily associated with an effective anti‐tumour immune response and may, for instance, represent regulatory cells. It appears that the clinical impact of an anti‐tumour immune response is largely decided at the tumour site, where micro‐environmental conditions dictate the functional state of the T cells. Full understanding of these processes can only be achieved by performing more dynamic analyses of the local host–tumour interactions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.