bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
APRİORİ BİLGİNİN OLANAĞI ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME
Authors: KARATAŞ Çağdaş Burak 
Published: December 2023

Apriori bilgi genellikle deneyime başvurmaksızın edinilebilen bilgiler olarak ele alınmaktadır. Bir açıklamaya göre yalnızca önermenin kendisine bakılarak anlaşılan önermelere apriori önerme denilmektedir. Diğer bir apriorilik açıklamasına göre ise önermelerin bilgisinin olmasa da ilgili önermenin edinilme sürecindeki yetilerin önselliği nedeniyle bir apriorilik söz konusudur. Bu çerçevede aprioriliğe atanan nitelikler, analitiklik ve zorunluluk taşıyor olmalarıdır.
Bu makalede, aprioriliğin artık geride bırakılması gereken bir araştırma olduğu savunulacaktır. Bu tez, özdeşlik önermeleri gibi apriorilik taşıdığından şüphe edilmeyen önermelerin semantik ve mantıksal bakımdan kullanımlarının incelenmesiyle desteklenecektir. Bu doğrultuda, özdeşlik önermelerinin gündelik dil kullanımlarında bilgi sunabilmesinin bağlam gerektirmesine, özdeşliğin mantıksal dizgelerde dahi kurallara ve tanıma bağlı anlam kazanabiliyor olmasına, özdeşlik önermesinin içeriğinin varsayılma koşullarının tarihsellik, toplumsallık ve evrimle ilişkili olmasına ve bu ilişkilerin sonucu olarak, özdeşlik önermelerinin doğruluğunun pragmatik bir doğruluk olması nedenlerine işaret edilerek, özdeşlik önermelerinin apriorilik taşımadığı iddia edilecektir. Böylece, özdeşlik önermelerinin apriorilik taşımadığı iddiasına dayanarak genel anlamda da apriorilik arayışından vazgeçilmesi gerektiği öne sürülecektir.
دور الرقابة الداخلية في تفعيل حوكمة الشركات
Authors: عثمان محمد عثمان أبوبكر , مهدي محمد عدلان اشراقة 
Published: December 2023

The study dealt with the role of internal control in activating corporate governance. The problem of study is that the weak internal control system within the framework of corporate governance creates an inappropriate environment that hinders officials within the company in the performance of their responsibilities. Which in turn represent an impediment to the implementation of the governance system in the Sudanese banks that can be formulated in the following question: What is the contribution of internal control in the activation of corporate governance? The study aimed to highlight the aspects through which the concept and importance of internal control can be identified, to identify the concept and components of governance, and reflect the extent of the contribution of internal control in activating corporate governance. The study has reached a number of results, the most important of which are: The internal control system applied in the bank contributed to ensure effective governance and provides sufficient, fair, and integrated information, moreover provides an Organizational chart consistent with the functions of the bank. The study came out with a number of recommendations, the most important of which are: Issuing a guide to corporate governance standards and binding Sudanese banks, public shareholding companies, and audit offices to work on them.
Photochemical Analysis, Antioxidant Activity and Cytotoxicity of Adansonia digitata L. Seeds Ethanol Extract
Authors: Salah Eldeen IzzEldeen AbdAlaziz Huiam , A M Mageed Mona 
Published: December 2023

Adansonia digitate Linn (Malvaceae) is a native plant to the west Sudan, locally named Tabaldy. Adansonia digitate seeds are believed to have nutritional and medicinal benefits in Sudan. The aims of this study are to screening the phytochemicals of Adansonia digitate L seeds ethanol extract and to assess the antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of glycosides, saponins, steroids, flavonoids, and protein, but alkaloids, tannins and resins were not detected. The antioxidant test of baobab seeds ethanol extract was performed by using the DPPH scavenging test which revealed a moderate activity (53.04±0.067) with IC50 value 0.092± 0.006. The cytotoxicity was tested using three cancer cell line: lung cancer cell (A549), breast cancer cell (MCF7), hepatic cancer cell (HEPG2) and tow normal cell line melanocytes cell (HFB4) and fibrinocytes cell (BHK). The cytotoxicity result of the seed aqueous ethanol extract was exhibited a cytotoxic effect against the normal cell tested (HFB4), (BHK) with IC50 11.6, and 24.5 µg/ml respectively and no effect on cancer cell tested except (MCF7) cell with IC50 11.5 µg/ml. This study does not support the use of seeds powder as nutrition due to the cytotoxic effect.
أثر الحوافز علي تحقيق الميزه التنافسية بشركة بهيات المهندس-1
Authors: محمد عبد الجليل اسماعيل 
Published: December 2023

The study dealt with the impact of material and moral incentives on the achievement of the competitive advantage of Buhayat Engineer Company. The problem of the study is to answer the main question: What is the impact of material and moral incentives on achieving the competitive advantage of Eng. To answer this question, it was assumed that there is a statistically significant relationship between material and moral incentives in achieving competitive advantage. The researcher used the analytical descriptive method and the case study methodology. The primary data were obtained using the questionnaire and the secondary sources were used from books and referencesThe study reached several results, including:- The hypothesis of the study is accepted (there is a statistically significant relation to the material and moral incentives and the achievement of competitive advantage) in all the statements with a high response level.- Salary structures and wages verify job satisfaction of employees.- The benefits of after service are not feasible to achieve the competitive advantage of the company.The study also reached several recommendations, including:- Establishing a specialized department with competitive advantage in accordance with ISO standards.- Taking care of the material and moral incentives and developing them to achieve the satisfaction of employees and ensure their loyalty.- The company should follow the structure of wages and salaries to match the economic changes.
In Vitro and in vivo Efficacy of Three Medicinal Plants on adult worms of Schistosoma mansoni
Authors: Mohamed Nour Saada , Fadul Tahir Yahia Fadul Tahir , Madanin Ahmed Ikram , A M Mageed Mona 
Published: December 2023

Background: Schistosomiasis is a common disease in the tropics and subtropics. Although praziquantel (PZQ) is the drug of choice due to its high cure rates, the development of PZQ resistance by different Schistosoma species has been observed.
Aim: This study was an attempt to find an alternative to PZQ by evaluating the activity of the raw aqueous extracts of three medicinal plants: Hagenia abyssinica (fruits), Ambrosia maritima L. (leaves) and Catunaregam atunaregam nilotica (fruit), against adult worms of Schistosoma mansoni.
Methods: In vitro, the extracts were used against adult worms in different concentrations (10000, 5000, 1000, 500, 250, 50, and 25 ppm) compared to the same concentrations of PZQ. The time of worm paralysis and worm death was determined. For the in vivo study, infected mice were divided into three groups i untreated ii PZQ-treated at dose (40 mg/kg) iii aqueous raw extracts treated at dose (1 ml of 10 000 ppm).
Results: All adult worms exposed to Catunaregam nilotica (50ppm) in vitro, died within 20 to 25 minutes after incubation, while Hagenia abyssinica (250ppm) required 1-1.5 hours to kill all adult worms, but Ambrosiamaritima (1000 ppm) killed all adult worms within 3 hours. Mice treated with aqueous extracts of C. nilotica and praziquantel looked very healthy. The percentages of total worm burden reduction in mice treated with the aqueous extracts: C. nilotica = 55%, H. abyssinica =40.2%, A. martima = 24.2%, and praziquantel = 59%.
Conclusion: The metabolites of Catunaregam nilotica (fruit) were the most potent schistosomicidal which revealed the lowest toxic concentration that killed all worms within the shortest time. Hagenia abyssinica (fruit) and Ambrosia maritima L. (leaves) were also safe and promising metabolites for the treatment of schistosomiasis.
Effects of Type II Diabetes Mellitus on Serum Creatinine Level Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate among Type II Diabetic Sudanese Patients Living in Khartoum State September December 2020
Authors: H Abushama Samah , A Ali Ibrahim , Osman Elfak Eltayebi 
Published: December 2023

Background: Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one of the most frequent and dangerous complications of Type II Diabetes Mellitus (DMII), affecting about one-third of the Diabetic patients. Diabetic nephropathy is one of the most common and serious complications resulting from DMII. In addition to the increasing complexity of outpatient care for patients with DM, DKD results in increased hospitalization and mortality rates, especially due to cardiovascular complications.
Objectives: This study was designed to evaluate the serum creatinine level and estimated glomerular filtration rate eGFR among type II diabetic Sudanese patients attending to Abdulla Khalil Diabetes Center in Omdurman.
Methods: A cross sectional hospital-based study was carried out during September - December 2020 included 100 type II diabetic adult Sudanese patients attending for followup in Abdalla Khalil Diabetes Center. The participants were not known to be suffering from any other kidney problem. All participants were assessed after taking their consent by a questionnaire for medical history information covering demographic data, duration of the diabetes, type of treatment and their compliance, nutritional history, other chronic health problems, other diabetic complications and smoking history.Body mass index was calculated after measuring the height and weight by the standard techniques. A sample of five ml venous blood was taken on the suitable blood containers to investigate the fasting blood sugar and serum creatinine level using a fully automated mindray B 300 device.
Results: The mean age of the participants was55.8 12.1 year (65% of them were females and 35% were males). The mean of serum creatinine and fasting blood glucose levels were 1.02 0.85mg/dl and 199.4 77.5 mg/dl respectively. The mean of eGFR was 93.2 31.7 ml/min/1.73m2. According to the eGFR criteria, 13% of the participant have impaired renal function test. In patients with impaired renal function test 53.8% of them have fasting blood glucose of 200 or more mg/dl,69% have hypertension hyperlipidemia, 69% of them have had the diabetes for 10 years or more, and 77% of them have other complications of the diabetes.
Conclusions: our to be rewritten! This is just repetition of the resulrs. results showed that, 13% of the participants have impaired renal function test (eGFR), 77% of them have other complications of the diabetes, 69% have hypertension hyperlipidemia, 69% of them have had the diabetes for 10 years or more, and 53.8% of them have fasting blood glucose of 200 or more mg/dl.
أثر استقلالية مراجع الحسابات على الأداء المالي
Authors: محمد احمد عبد الله مختار  
Published: December 2023

The problem of the study was that despite the existence of a number of control s, principles, and foundations on which the independence and impartiality of the auditor are based, they are not taken into consideration by the competent authorities without which the degree of independence is affected.The study aimed to discuss the criterion of independence, objectivity and impartiality of the references to establish a frame work and content for the impartiality of the external auditor.The study examined the hypothesis that there is a statistically significant relationship between the auditor's independence and the quality of financial performance The work relied on number of approaches, including the deductive, inductive, descriptive and historical approach. The study came out with number of results, including the appointment of the auditor by relevant authority (e.g. the general assembly), which gives a high degree of credibility and acceptance. The study also suggested a number of recommendations, including the need to use modern technical methods in the work of the review and the need to qualify references for sufficient practical qualification.
أثر التدريب علي فاعلية الرقابة في مجال التكاليف
Authors: علي البشير عبدالله عبدالرحمن , محمد عبد الجليل إسماعيل 
Published: December 2023

The study focused on the influence of training on the effectiveness of censorship in cost and study the status of Cement companies In River Nile State, Research problem based on, some companies ignore training to their workers and the role of training on lessen costs and censorship to costs .This causes negative impact to the measurements of deviations .Wrong results to the costs and difficulty to the censor ship. The importance of the study lies on the importunes of training and its role in reducing costs and censorship. the study followed the elicitation approach, historical approach, and descriptive approach. Research results are: cement companies in River Nile State, introduced model censorship system for financial and administrative performance. this system showed the defects and treated the deviations. these companies played Ultimate role and comprehensive work to reduce costs through costs system, training and censorship This leads to big profits. The study re commendations are: cement companies in River Nile State should continue training process to their works who work in cost accountancy department this impaction their work and achieve the measurement to costs production and profit
The Effect of Solvents to Extract Phenol and Phenol Related Compounds Contents and Some Biological Screening of Salvia officinalis
Authors: A M Abdelmageed Mona 
Published: December 2023

Saliva officinalis (Lamiaceae) herbal plant collected from Khartoum local market. This study has three aims, to assess the efficacy of three aqueous organic solvents to extract the phenol and phenol derivative metabolites using the maceration method, to assess the antifungal and anticancer of Saliva officinalis aqueous extracts using Yeast – Based bioassay against three mutant yeast strains Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and to assess the antioxidant activity of Saliva officinalis extracts using two methods: DPPH radical scavenging assay, and TLC Autography technique. The results revealed that the 70% methanol has high total phenols (318.35mg GAE/g) and total flavonoids (189.38mg QE/g) while the 70% acetone extract was revealed high total tannin content (218.34 mg TAE/g). The 70% acetone extract revealed activity against the three mutant yeast tested with inhibition zone diameter more than 12 mm at concentration 5mg/ml and 10mg/ml respectively. While the other extracts were exhibited no activity against the three mutant strains tested. All extracts were reflected anti-Candida activity and the maximum IZD was exhibited by the 70%ethanol extract (30mm). All extracts were free-radical inhibitors but 70% methanol extract was more potent (0.068mg/ml) than the other extracts
Effect of Microwave Irradiation on staining methods of Connective Tissue Fibers (collagen Fiber)
Authors: Abdelhamid By Hisham , Mohamed Alwathig Y , Mahmoud Babkir , Badereldin Esra , Kames Mawada , Ahmed Mohammed , Abdullah Rashaf , Mohammed Ryan , Omer Ahmed 
Published: December 2023

Background: This study was conducted at Elsheikh Abdallah Elbadri University in barber to assess the effect of the microwave irradiation on staining procedures for connective tissue fiber especially collagen fiber.
Rationale: Most of histochemical staining procedures require long time to be performed. Reduction of staining time with improvement of staining quality will lead to more rapid and accurate diagnosis
Objective: To compare between ordinary and microwave irradiation methods for Masson-Trichrome staining in order to reduction time of staining and increase the staining quality.
Methodology: 50 samples was collected from appendix and skin, in order to stain collagen fiber by Masson Trichrome with both technique by using microwave irradiation and by ordinary method, to compare the quality of stain and time consumption in these two methods.

Results: The study showed that 17(68%) of samples give high quality result, 5(20%) give midd quality and 3(12%) give poor quality stain from total 25 samples done by microwave in three minutes. While 7(28%) of samples give high quality, 17(68%) give middle quality and 1(14%) give poor quality from total 25 sample done by ordinary method in thirty minutes.

Conclusion: from this study that applying microwave in staining collagen fiber by Masson Trichrome stain give high quality result and little time compare to ordinary method.
Feeding Premasticated Food to Breastfeeding and Weaned Infants among Sudanese Women, Khartoum North
Authors: M. Elsayed Dya Eldin , Mohieldin Mahgoub PhD Ali , Abd Elhamed Salim PhD Aida , Mohammed Ahmed Hamid Sahar 
Published: December 2023

Premasticated of solid food, when an individual partially breaks down food by chewing and feeding it to another person, usually children, from mouth to mouth, using the hand or by other tools e.g. spoon is common various societies in the world. We also did not know whether Sudanese women practice the premasticated feeding. So, we conducted this study to assess breastfeeding, complementary feeding behavior, presence or absence and rates of premasticated food transfer and infant age, and assessed the food species and part used. The study was conducted in Khartoum North locality, Khartoum State, Sudan. We used descriptive cross-sectional design to complete the study. The study targeted nursing mother with a child less than 24 months of age. The sample size was calculated to be 800. Two thirds of surveyed nursing mothers have had heard of premastication of food. Most heard of it from older generations. Yet, 94 (11.9%) premasticated food for the current young children. They claimed that they start premastication of food after the sixth month of the infant age, and stop the practice before the 24th month. Although many scientists around the world have recognized the possibility of transmitting infection by premasticated food from the mother to the infant, the practice is not without significant benefits. Some authors believe that premastication of food by senior person and deliver it to the infant can help stimulating the immune system in infants. The study was reviewed and approved by the Research Ethics Committee at Alzaiem Alazhari University. Written informed consent was obtained from each individual participant.
Constituents and Antimicrobial Activity of Sudanese Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae) Fixed Oil
Authors: M. AbdelAzim Abdel Karim , T Um Alahasan 
Published: December 2023

In this study Azadirachta indica fruit oil was studied by GC-MS. The oil was also assessed for antimicrobial activity. The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 29 constituents .The major constituents of the oil are: i) 9-octadecenoic acid methyl ester (37.20%) , ii) methyl stearate(20.42%) , iii) hexadecanoic acid methyl ester(19.13%) and iv) 9, 12-octadecadienoic acid methyl ester (12.60%).The antimicrobial activity of the oil was evaluated via the agar diffusion bioassay against five standard pathogenic bacteria (Gram positive: Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis; Gram negative: Esherichia coli, Pseudomonasaaeruginosa) and the fungus Candida albicans. At a concentration of 100mg/ml the oil showed good activity against Escherichia coli. However, at the same concentration, it exhibited partial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. The oil failed to give any anticandidal activity.
Photochemical Screening and Antifungal Activity of Faidherbia albida Roots
Authors: E K Abdurrahman Esraa , A M Mageed Mona 
Published: December 2023

Faidherbia albida Dell. (Mimosodceae), locally known as alharaz. All plant parts have an important role in traditional medicine except for the root part. The study aims to quantify the alkaloids in the Faidherbia albida root chloroform extract and to assess the antifungal activity of the roots chloroform extract against three pathogenic fungi: Aspergillus fusarium, Aspergillus fulvus, and Candida albicans. The primary phytochemical analysis of chloroform extract showed the presence of alkaloids, diterpenes and flavonoids, Saponins and phytosterols, but glycosides were not detected. The yield percentage of the raw maceration extract is 3.8%. In thin-layer chromatography (TLC), it revealed the detection of one compound under U V light as light blue spots (RF 0.833). The total alkaloid content in the chloroform roots extract was 121.142mg AE/g, while the total phenol content is 53.960mg GAE/g. The extract at concentration 200mg/ml revealed no inhibition effect against all microorganisms tested except Candida albicans (17mm). This study found that Faidherbia albida contains a high concentration of alkaloids compared with the other plant parts and moderate phenol content compared with the leaves part, as well as anticandidal activity against both the standard and isolated strain tested.
Utilization of Plastic Waste as Planting Media in Efforts to Handle Inorganic Waste
Authors: Prodyanatasari Arshy , Fernanda Jerhi Wahyu 
Published: December 2023

Plastic waste is one of the wastes generated from human activities and is classified as inorganic waste. Inorganic waste is difficult or cannot be decomposed, especially if the plastic is made of non-biodegradable materials. The increase in plastic waste is one of the problems faced by all parties and can threaten environmental sustainability. Efforts that can be made to minimize plastic waste are to recycle plastic waste into valuable products, such as planting media. The purpose of this community service activity is to manage plastic waste into planting media. This aims to minimize environmental pollution due to plastic waste, especially plastics that are classified as non-biodegradable. The methods used in this activity are lectures and demonstrations. The activity was attended by 37 people consisting of village officials, PKK mothers, and Karang Taurna of Blimbing Village, Kediri Regency. In this PKM activity, the participants seemed enthusiastic about participating in a series of activities from waste management education and also demonstrations in making planting media. In this activity, it is known that there is an increase in participants' knowledge about good waste management. As a follow-up effort, similar and relevant activities are needed so that public knowledge and awareness of the importance of good and correct waste management will increase, so as to create a healthy and sustainable environment.
The Impact of Artificial Intelligent in Education toward 21st Century Skills: A Literature Review
Authors: Trisnawati Winda , Putra Randi Eka , Balti Levandra 
Published: December 2023

This study aims to identify the impact of Artificial Intelligent in Education (AIED) toward 21st century skills. The method was a literature review. The research question was “What is the impact of artificial intelligent in education toward 21st century skills?”. The selection and categorization of literature were carried out in the following procedures. The academic databases used to collect papers were Science Direct, Scopus, and Google Scholar. ("artificial intelligence" OR "AI" OR "AIED") AND ("21st century skills" OR "6C"). The time period under review was mainly from 2013 to 2023. It used MAXDQA for thematic analysis. The result shows that artificial intelligent in education have impact toward 21st century skills (6C); character, citizenship, critical thinking, creativity, collaboration, and communication. Various educational and learning issues are addressed using AI techniques. Learning is supported by AI, and students collaborate with AI. By collaborating students and AI, it gives the positive and negative impact toward students’ 21st century skills. the impact of AIED is indeed able to facilitate students’ problems in learning while the ability of students in critical thinking, creative thinking, and character will decrease.