bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Who Decides? The Ironies of Professional Power
Authors: Pernick Martin S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Eliminating the unfit required that someone have the power to make life-and-death decisions. Who could be entrusted with such authority? Supporters of withholding treatment suggested several possible decision makers, such as individual doctors, committees of experts, individual parents, or the state, but the vast majority of them urged giving this power to the medical profession.
Haiselden’s crusade coincided with a dramatic expansion of medical authority over many aspects of American cultural life, including such previously private domains as reproduction and the family. In the early decades of this century, obstetricians supplanted midwives, pediatricians professionalized childrearing, and allied professions from psychology to home economics “medicalized” the home from the kitchen to the toilet and the bedroom.’
In 1915 child care was largely a female responsibility, whereas the medical profession was overwhelmingly male. Thus any growth of medical power over reproduction and childrearing meant an increase in men’s authority over what had been women’s work.
Mass-Media Medicine and Aesthetic Censorship
Authors: Pernick Martin S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While his refusal to treat deformed babies won a surprising degree of support, Haiselden’s decision to take his cause to the mass media aroused far more opposition than his position on euthanasia did. Repeated official investigations upheld his right not to treat such infants. But on March 14, 1916, the Chicago Medical Society voted to expel him, according to the New York Times, based “not on the fact that the physician did not operate on the baby, but because he permitted [the case] to be published in a daily newspaper [and to be] exploited in moving picture shows.”
Of course, opposition to Haiselden’s propaganda campaign cannot be fully separated from opposition to his not treating impaired babies. The expulsion was almost certainly motivated by more than just the publicity. Haiselden himself charged that hostility to his nontreatment decisions lay behind the Medical Society’s action. Regrettably, the precise mix of motives cannot be determined, because the minutes of the Medical Society’s lengthy disciplinary proceedings are no longer available.
Desert Life
Authors: Ehrenfeld David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Occasionally, for the best and worst of motives, we feel compelled to leave home. When we do, we generally find that however difficult it is to get along with our own familiar if misunderstood environment, it is far harder to exist comfortably and unobtrusively in somebody else’s. The arrival of American troops in the Middle East in the summer of 1990 set loose a sandstorm of media stories about the intolerably harsh conditions in the Arabian Desert. From the wastes of An Nafiid and Ad Dibdibdah in the north near Iraq to the vast Ar Rab’ al Khali, or Empty Quarter, in the south next to Yemen and Oman, we saw the sand and stones stretching on endlessly from horizon to horizon in a lifeless, waterless panorama. Soldiers had to drink several gallons a day to prevent dehydration-what an impossible environment for living creatures! These media stories brought to mind the fable of the town mouse and the country mouse. You probably remember it: the town mouse, visiting his country cousin, is appalled at the rustic conditions and simple fare, so he invites his cousin to see how sweet life can be in the urban fast lane. While they are dining off sumptuous leftovers in a regal dining room, a ferocious watchdog appears (maybe a cat in your version) and the two mice have to run for their lives.
A Turtle Named Mack
Authors: Ehrenfeld David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Early October of ‘91 was warm and frost-free in central New Jersey, just right for a family weekend walk along the towpath of the Delaware-Raritan Canal. Kate, the oldest child, was away at college, but everyone else was there. The three Js, Jane, age fifteen, Jon, who is nine, and my wife, Joan, went on ahead. Sam and I hung back. Sam, six years old and youngest, was digging a pit trap for beetles in the middle of the narrow towpath, while I was cautiously investigating the water at the edge of the canal. I was the only one with a secret agenda.
The Lesson of the Tower
Authors: Ehrenfeld David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The farthest north of the state-of-the-art mentality is the drive for the “conquest” of space. Our exploration of space has been accompanied by all the familiar signs of state-of-the-art technology: it is fantastically expensive, much of it is incomprehensible except to experts, it requires a massive amount of organization and management, its true agenda is often hidden, and it cannot be controlled, or even significantly influenced, by the ordinary people who pay for it and must live with its consequences. Space, a totally user-unfriendly environment, is indeed the appropriate subject for a technology that has elevated user-unfriendliness almost to an art form.
Rights
Authors: Ehrenfeld David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the last decade of our century and millennium rolls on, I find myself describing the 1900s in terms of book titles. The Age of Mega-War. The Century of Technology. The Era of Environmental Destruction. The Epoch of Information. The Period of Centralized Bureaucracy. If there are still universities a hundred years from now, and if they still have graduate students in history, then here are five good, late twenty-first century dissertations in the making-unless somebody grabs them first. I bequeath them freely and without obligation. Lest that be considered a cheap gift of shopworn and stale ideas, I will, sixth and lastly, throw in one that is slightly less obvious: the twentieth century will be known as the Age of the Discovery of Rights. But The Age of Rights makes a snappier title. There is no way to say exactly when the Age of Rights began.
Loyalty
Authors: Ehrenfeld David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A corporation is an artificial being, invisible, intangible, and existing only in contemplation of law. Being the mere creature of law, it possesses only those properties which the charter of its creation confers upon it, either expressly or incidental to its very existence Among the most important are immortality, and, if the expression may be allowed, individuality; properties, by which a perpetual succession of many persons are considered as the same, and may act as a single individual. It is chiefly for the purpose of clothing bodies of men in succession with these qualities and capacities that corporations were invented and are in use. By these means, a perpetual succession of individuals are capable of acting for the promotion of the particular object, like one immortal being....
Down from the Pedestal A New Role for Experts
Authors: Ehrenfeld David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We live in a society that worships expert knowledge, and some times worships the experts themselves. This can be very pleasant if you’re an expert, but has several curious and important drawbacks for the rest of us. The first and maybe the most important drawback is that expert knowledge is rarely sufficient for analysis, prediction, and management of a given situation, with the exception of basic repair operations. This is because in order to limit the number of variables they have to contend with, experts make the assumption that the systems they are working with are self-contained, defined, closed. Real-life systems are hardly ever closed.
Jelly Roll Morton Three-Minute Form
Authors: Williams Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One thing that leads us to believe that we should call jazz an art, and not just acknowledge it as a remarkable expressive musical culture, is that its best works survive the moment. In doing that they defy all, for not only are they intended for the moment (as is much of our culture), they are often improvised on the spur of the moment.
Sidney Bechet First and Last
Authors: Williams Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sidney Bechet ‘s earliest recordings come from mid-1923, and they offer a fully developed musician. Fully developed not only because he played with power and authority, but also because we know from his biography that by then he had been a star soloist for some years, and because the elements and resources of his style can be heard on those records, elements that changed very little over the years. Yet Bechet did some of his most challenging recording work in 1957, the year before his death, collaborating with French pianist Martial Sola!, effectively interpreting, ornamenting, and improvising on a repertory of standard songs which few of his New Orleans contemporaries would have undertaken in the first place, and which none of them, not even.Jimmy Noone, could have handled so confidently.
Louis Armstrong Style Beyond Style
Authors: Williams Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of jazz conventionally begins with music from the western Congo and evolves as a style in New Orleans around the turn of the twentieth century. The contrast between the percussive music of Africa and New Orleans jazz is startling, not so much in that these musics seem similar as that, in some very basic ways, they do not seem similar. To be sure, jazz is played on European melody instruments and has borrowed from European melody and harmony. But the gross dis similarity is in rhythm. Congolese music is so sure and so complex rhythmically as to make early jazz seem child ‘s play, and for some of the players, rather awkward child ‘s play.
Bix Beiderbecke The White Man ‘s Burden
Authors: Williams Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One commentator has called cornetist Bix Beiderbecke the baby-faced darling of the 1920s. If he was that, it was only in retrospect, and the Shelleyan, Keatsian, Billy-the-Kid-like jazz myth about him is decidedly a product of the ‘thirties. Notes to a reissue LP reveal that he was mentioned in the public prints only twice during his life (there were no jazz journalists then) but he was a kind of demigod to musicians. Louis Arm strong has even said that he and Bix were working on the same thing, presumably on making jazz improvising primarily a soloist art.
Ambulatory and Primary Health Care
Authors: Roemer Milton I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the perspective of the individual, health services include three major types of intervention: ( l) service to the ambulatory person, (2) modification of the environment, and (3) care in a special facility. Environmental protection and eventually broader public health programs demanded social action. Hospital facilities required organization to accumulate funds for construction, to mobilize personnel, to render care, and so on.
Health Programs for Certain Populations
Authors: Roemer Milton I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In all countries there are special-purpose health programs that may be classified into three types: those serving certain types of person, those focused on certain types of disease or disorder, and those providing certain types of health service. In this chapter we examine health programs for certain types of population groups. In Chapters 15 and 16 we consider special programs for certain types of disorder and programs providing certain types of health service.
The Design and Analysis of Parallel Algorithms
Authors: Smith Justin R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Parallel algorithms, i.e. computer operations designed to be performed independently, have recently increased in importance. Because today ‘s computer applications require more power than can physically be provided by current machines, computing power can only be increased by having multiple processors work on different parts of a problem independently and simultaneously. Parallel algorithms are the operations that make parallel processing possible. This book provide an overview of the current knowledge of parallel algorithms for both students and professionals.
Motivations for Deflationism
Authors: David Marian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What on the part of true sentences is meant to correspond to what on the part of reality? If we seek a correspondence word by word, we find ourselves eking reality out with a complement of abstract objects fabricated for the sake of the correspondence. Or perhaps we settle for a correspondence of whole sentences with facts: a sentence is true if it reports a fact. But here again we have fabricated substance for an empty doctrine. The world is full of things, variously related, but what, in addition to all that, are facts? They are projected from true sentences for the sake of correspondence.
Embrace Disquotationalism?
Authors: David Marian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Disquotationalism begins with a simple idea—“’s now is white ‘ is true just in case snow is white”—and it wants to advance the view that (almost) all there is to understand about truth is already contained in this idea. But it is somewhat difficult to turn this simple idea into a general account of truth for sentences. It takes some work to find a generalization that is both intelligible and faithful to the minimalist spirit of the starting point. And when the generalization is finally found, when an intelligible disquotation definition of sentence-truth is formulated, it turns out that the apparently simple idea faces a number of problems and many of them are quite serious.
Introduction
Authors: Blackburn Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In many of these essays the main protagonist is a figure I christened the ‘quasirealist’. Two routes led to this persona. One is familiar to every student of moral philosophy. There everyone learns of philosophers who take a ‘nondescriptive’ or non-representational view of our commitments, seeing them instead as serving some other function, such as expressing attitude, endorsing prescriptions, or, in general, putting pressure on choice and action. Such a view is thought of as ‘anti-realist’, and is easily contrasted with a realist, or descriptive or representational, story that says that such commitments do what they seem to do: describe what we take to be the ethical facts. But while everybody learns of this contrast, nobody, it seemed to me, really knew how to conduct the debate about such ideas (or about the inevitable second-order question: whether the alleged point of contrast is really well drawn this way, or is even intelligible). The images behind the opposing sides are powerful enough, and find cavalier expression in thoughts like this: the realist thinks there is truth and knowledge to be had, that ethical properties exist, that they explain things, that they are independent of us, that they are objective. The anti-realist, or here the expressivist, is presumed to deny these doctrines. This is why such a view seemed to many philosophers to imply an ‘error theory’ of everyday ethical thought, claiming that a substantial component of that thought is indefensible. The reasoning is that everyday ethical thought embodies a claim to truth, or to knowledge or objectivity, or to something which ‘lies beyond’ the opinions and sentiments that we endorse, and which those opinions might distort or represent badly. However, if this claim to objectivity is quite spurious, as it seems to be on the non-descriptive theory, then everyday ethical thought involves a kind of self-deception or fraud. But is the claim indeed spurious, on the non-descriptive story? Does the anti-realist indeed have to accept the baggage forced upon him when the debate is conducted this way?
Hume and Thick Connexions
Authors: Blackburn Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recently there has been a pronounced shift in the interpretation of Hume on causation. The previous weight of opinion took him to be a positivist, but the new view is that he is a sceptical realist. I hold no brief for the positivist view, but I believe it needs replacing by something slightly different, and that at best it shows an error of taste to make sceptical realism a fundamental factor in the interpretation of Hume.
Tubes
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While Digging Out a few references at the Yale History of Medicine Library, I chanced upon the name Gabriele Fallopio. Either the poetry of his eight-syllable designation or its association with anatomy was sufficiently intriguing that I jotted down on my pad “Check out Fallopio.” A few weeks passed, and in reviewing the notes I came across the reference to the eminent Italian physician and pursued that information further. Fallopio was born in Modena in 1523 and died in Padua in 1562. During his short life, he made numerous contributions to our knowledge of human anatomy.
Roots Of An American Trial
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Being A Science Writer, I don’t ordinarily comment about movies; in fact, I can’t recall ever having done so. However, An American Tail comes very close to my “roots,” and since some of the facts in the movie version don’t agree with a brief oral history I have collected, it is hard for me to let the event pass without setting the record straight. First, the chief character should have been Fievel Morowitz, not Fievel Mousekewitz. He came from Kapulya, not Shostka, and he emigrated to America in 1910, not in 1885. But, hke the movie’s hero, he did greet the Statue of Liberty with wide-eyed enthusiasm. You may ask, how do I know so much more about this man than the renowned Steven Spielberg? That’s easy. Fievel Morowitz was my father.
Daibutsu And Descartes
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It Is Four O’Clock in the morning, and I am lying in bed in the Hotel Continental in Yokohama. A number of thoughts are unfolding, doubtless related to jet lag, surviving the feared puffer fish at a delicious dinner last night, and visiting Daibutsu, a very large Buddha statue, at Kamakura.
The Sociology Of Palo Alto Coffee Shops
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
MY PARTICIPATION IN A PROJECT at the NASA Ames Research Center has resulted in a few weeks’ sojourn in Palo Alto, California. Like a proper Bay Area resident, I am out jogging and walking early each morning, and I finish my constitutional with coffee and a pastry or roll. The “track” is on University and Hamilton Avenues, a route that offers me a bewildering variety of coffee shops, bakeries, and restaurants. I have sampled this large selection and find, as no great surprise, that no experience in life is without deeper meaning; the coffee shops have much to tell us about class and caste in this affluent university community. This introductory study deals with only six of the caffeine vendors whose establishments dot the map of downtown Palo Alto.
Join me, then, for an early morning stroll east from Emerson Street on University Avenue. The first establishment we stop at is Burger King. The coffee is 50 cents and is served by giving the customer a paper cup and pointing to the dispensing machines: regular and decaf. The customers’ dress code varies from informal to thrift shop. There are fathers with children, mothers with children, and a higher fraction of blacks and Chicanos than in any of the other bistros we shall visit. There is also the highest percentage of smokers; some of the other institutions do not permit smoking. A few college students are in evidence, and street people tend to dine here when they have raised enough money. Occasionally, someone in jacket and tie comes in, but this attire is clearly noticeable by its difference. Danish pastry, bagels, and croissants are available with the coffee. The food is good value without elegance.
The Afternoon Session
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
LUNCH Is OVER. We find our way back to the lecture hall and, in a certain disorder, wend our way back to our seats. Left over from the morning are the notes, the material on the blackboard, the slides in the projector, and the stale air. It must be difficult to build a large room with no aerodynamic mobility so that all exchange is by diffusion only. However, the architect of this hall has succeeded remarkably well in designing a convection-free, crosscurrent-free structure that maintains a continuous thermal inversion. In constant collision with the ceiling and walls are all the molecules of carbon dioxide that have ever been exhaled in this room. I estimate that the oxygen concentration is roughly equivalent to that of Kathmandu.
As the last stragglers wander in, the chairman announces the first speaker. He is 6 feet 4 inches tall, and the microphone has last been set for someone who is 4 feet 6 inches. But the fact that we cannot hear the leadoff speaker is about to be obscured by the fact that we cannot understand him, except for the initial phrase he utters: “First slide, please.” The lights are dimmed, and the shadow show begins. The slides have been carefully crafted of gray on gray, so that the eye is never offended by blacks or whites. Any conflicting values in the presented information are thus muted. In the eerie half-light cast by the projector through its gray filters, the long speaker and short microphone stand looking like an apparition from a story by Edgar Allan Poe. The slides change with great regularity, and my mind drifts.
Brekekekex Ko-ax, Ko-ax!
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
WHERE HAVE ALL THE FROGS GONE? That question introduces matters that are urgent, whimsical, and sad-and, as we shall see, that also have relevance to the interrelatedness of all things. My first contact with this query came in September 1989. I was attending a meeting of the Board of Biology of the National Research Council. During predinner socializing, Professor David Wake of the University of California, Berkeley, was telling us about the summer meeting of the International Herpetological Society in England. In the informal parts of that meeting, a number of investigators from around the world had made mention of declining frog populations in many locales. Wake was deeply concerned about the potential magnitude and significance of a loss that seemed to be affecting a large number of genera and species.
As the discussion unfolded, the possibility emerged that a significant ecological early-warning signal was being sounded. We became convinced that the anecdotal information needed to be strengthened, and the extent and nature of the problem evaluated. A prompt international meeting of experts on amphibians seemed to be the path of choice. By the time the dinner was over, such a meeting was planned, with Wake in charge of recruiting the experts and yours truly in charge of recruiting the funding.