bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toxic Effects from Metformin Exposure
Authors: Spiller Henry A , Quadrani Debra A 
Published: March 2004

BACKGROUND The major risk associated with metformin is lactic acidosis. The incidence of lactic acidosis is not clear. Hypoglycemia is not expected to be a major concern after metformin exposure. OBJECTIVE This study assessed the demographics, toxic effects, and clinical syndromes of metformin exposures reported to poison centers nationally. METHODS The Toxic Exposure Surveillance System (TESS) of the American Association of Poison Control Centers was searched for all metformin-only exposures occurring from January 1, 1996, through December 31, 2000. RESULTS There were 10 958 526 total poisoning exposures reported to TESS during the study period. Of those, 4072 cases met the study criteria. Exposures occurred in 2421 (59%) women and were categorized in all patients as acute (3074; 75%), acute-on-chronic (767; 19%), chronic (200; 5%), and chronicity unknown (31; 1%). Children ≤12 years old experienced few adverse outcomes and no deaths. There were 20 moderate-effect outcomes (1.8%) and 2 major-effect outcomes (0.2%) in children <6 years old and 4 moderate-effect outcomes (2.3%) and no major-effect outcomes in children 6–12 years old. In the adult population, the adverse outcomes were distributed evenly across the age span, with a trend toward more serious outcomes in the elderly. There were 9 deaths (0.2%), 32 major-effect cases (0.8%), and 187 moderate-effect cases (4.6%). In all age groups, acidosis was rare (n = 68; 1.6%). Hypoglycemia is more common than previously reported (n = 112; 2.8%). Clinical effects associated with a major outcome or death were hyperglycemia, acidosis, elevated anion gap, elevated creatinine, hypotension, and coma. CONCLUSIONS Severe adverse events after exposure to metformin are not common, occurring in approximately 1% of cases; this is in agreement with previous reports. The presence of hypotension, acidosis, elevated anion gap, hyperglycemia, and coma may be prognostic of severe or fatal outcome.
Combined Exchange Transfusion and Chelation Therapy for Neonatal Lead Poisoning
Authors: Mycyk Mark B , Leikin Jerrold B 
Published: March 2004

OBJECTIVE To describe the results of combined exchange transfusion and chelation therapy in a neonate with an elevated blood lead level (BLL). CASE SUMMARY A 34-year-old Latina woman with a long history of pica (eating glazed pottery) gave birth to a healthy-appearing girl at 40 weeks of gestation. The mother's preconception BLL was 117 μg/dL and remained elevated throughout pregnancy. At parturition, the mother's BLL was 87 μg/dL and the infant's cord BLL was 100 μg/dL. The infant underwent single-volume exchange transfusion within 12 hours of birth. BLL was 28 μg/dL following the exchange, and a 5-day course of chelation with dimercaprol and CaNa2 ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid was initiated at 36 hours of life. The infant's BLL was 37 μg/dL at the end of inpatient chelation. DISCUSSION Long-term neurologic disability from in utero lead exposure is well described, but the optimal treatment of elevated neonatal BLLs in healthy-appearing infants at the time of birth is not established. This strategy of combined chelation and exchange transfusion therapy was well tolerated and resulted in decreased lead levels, but the long-term neurologic efficacy of our combination strategy remains to be seen. CONCLUSIONS Combined exchange transfusion and chelation therapy resulted in rapidly decreased lead levels in a neonate with chronic in utero lead exposure.
Kooperative Sensorfusion in der Durchflussmesstechnik und bei der Produktion von Mikroorganismen (Cooperative Sensor Fusion in the Mass Flow Measurement and in the Production of Micro Organisms)
Authors: Kolahi Kourosh , Röck Helmut 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
Beim Messen besteht oft die Aufgabe darin, Daten aus mehreren, zum Teil heterogenen Sensoren und Quellen zu verknüpfen, zu verdichten, zu interpretieren und daraus unbekannte Eigenschaften und Parameter von Messobjekten zu bestimmen. Wesentliche Aufgabe dieses als Sensorfusion bezeichneten Prozesses ist es, A-priori-Kenntnisse bezüglich der Messgrößen und der eingesetzten Messverfahren zu erwerben und daraus Rechenvorschriften und Fusionsalgorithmen aufzustellen, die in der Lage sind, Informationen zu extrahieren, die nicht explizit in Signalparametern abgelegt sind, sondern sich in Form von Abhängigkeiten, Beziehungen, Redundanzen und Inkonsistenzen ergeben. In diesem Beitrag wird die kooperative Sensorfusion anhand zweier Beispiele, eines Coriolis-Massedurchflussmessers und eines Produktionsprozesses von Mikroorganismen vorgestellt und ihre Leistungsfähigkeit und ihre Grenzen aufgezeigt.
Systemtechnisch orientierter Ansatz zur Simulation von Brandmeldersignalen (System Oriented Approach for Simulation of Fire Detector Signals)
Authors: Derbel Faouzi 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
Der Entwurf von Brandfrüherkennungsalgorithmen ist ein iterativer Prozess mit ständigen Verbesserungen von definierten Leistungseigenschaften, durch statistisch abgesicherte Werte über die Falschalarmraten bzw. mittleren Detektionszeiten beschrieben werden können. Um eine aussagekräftige Statistik zu erhalten, müssen Signale von Testbränden bzw. relevanten Störereignissen in großer Anzahl zur Verfügung stehen. Da die Durchführung dieser Testereignisse mit hohem Kostenaufwand verbunden ist, empfiehlt es sich, die Brandmeldersignale zu simulieren. In diesem Artikel wird eine neue Simulationsmethode präsentiert. Diese zeichnet sich durch einen systemtechnisch orientierten Ansatz sowie durch einen minimalen Rechenaufwand aus. Zuerst werden Parameter zur Beschreibung des Systemverhaltens unter Zuhilfenahme von Referenzsignalen aus Testereignissen gewonnen. Das Übertragungsverhalten bezüglich der Brandprodukte wird durch Gewichtsfunktionen und durch versuchsspezifische Einflussfaktoren beschrieben. Mit diesem Ansatz wurden Brandmeldersignale generiert, die den gemessenen ähnlich sind.
Ultraschall-Mikrowellen-Sensorsystem mit diversitär-redundanter Auswertung der Phasensignale (Ultrasonic-Microwave-Multisensor based on the Principle of Phase Coincidence)
Authors: Ruser Heinrich 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
Im Beitrag wird ein bisher weitgehend unbeachtet gebliebener Multisensor-Ansatz untersucht, mit dem die Vorteile der Fusion diversitärer und redundanter Sensorausgangssignale genutzt werden. Zur Messung von Geschwindigkeit und Absolutentfernung von Objekten zum Sensor wird die Phasenkoinzidenz zwischen Ultraschall- und Mikrowellen-Echosignalen ausgewertet: Die von Objekten reflektierten Ultraschall- und Mikrowellen-Signale werden mit kohärenten Echofrequenzen empfangen, während Störsignale unterschiedlich auf beide Wellen einwirken. Simulationen und Messergebnisse mit einem Ultraschall-Mikrowellen-Dualsensor mit Trägerfrequenzen von 40 kHz (Ultraschall) und 24 GHz (Mikrowellen) zeigen die erwarteten guten Systemeigenschaften. Wichtige Sensorfunktionen wie Selbstüberwachung und Plausibilitätstests werden ebenfalls durch das Koinzidenzprinzip unterstützt.
Cholinesterase Activity in Female Greenhouse Workers—Influence of Work Practices and Use of Oral Contraceptives
Authors: Nielsen Jesper B , Andersen Helle R 
Published: March 2004

Cholinesterase Activity in Female Greenhouse Workers—Influence of Work Practices and Use of Oral Contraceptives: Jesper B Nielsen, et al. Environmental Medicine, University of Southern DenmarkObjectivesAssociations between serum butyryl cholinesterase activity in female greenhouse workers and information from a questionnaire on work, use of personal protective equipment, and lifestyle were evaluated.MethodsData were gathered for 571 female greenhouse workers by means of a questionnaire and serum cholinesterase analyses (butyrylthiocholin‐assay).ResultsThe mean concentration of butyryl cholinesterase in serum was 6.50 kU/l. Serum butyryl cholinesterase activity was significantly decreased by the use of oral contraceptives (p<0.001). Among women with re‐entry intervals less than 24 h, serum butyryl cholinesterase activities were significantly reduced. Within this group of women, only those not using gloves during the manual handling of plant cultures had significantly reduced serum butyryl cholinesterase activities (p=0.028).ConclusionsUse of oral contraceptives is an important confounder in studies on serum butyryl cholinesterase activity. If re‐ entry intervals were below 24 h, serum butyryl cholinesterase activity was significantly inhibited, but use of gloves protected the women from such exposures.
Respiratory Effects of Chronic Animal Feed Dust Exposure
Authors: Baser Sevin , Fisekci Fatma Evyapan , Ozkurt Sibel , Zencir Mehmet 
Published: March 2004

Respiratory Effects of Chronic Animal Feed Dust Exposure: Sevin Baser, et al. Pulmonology Department, Pamukkale University Medical Faculty, TurkeyAimThe aim of our study was to assess the prevalence of chronic work related respiratory symptoms and to determine lung function abnormalities in animal feed industry workers.Method108 workers with a mean age of ± SD: 32 ± 7.11 yr employed in the animal feed industry and 108 unexposed subjects as a control group were enrolled in the study. All subjects filled out a questionnaire on their respiratory symptoms. Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) were conducted. Airborne dust (respirable fraction) was sampled during an 8‐h work shift. Dust sampling was performed with a Casella AFC 123 machine.ResultsA significantly higher prevalence of work related upper and lower respiratory tract symptoms such as cough (12%), dyspnea (5.6%) and sinusitis (8.3%) were found among the workers than in the control group (p=0.001, p=0.04 and p=0.008 respectively). Irritation symptoms such as pruritis of the eyes (11.1%), skin lesions (7.4%) and nose symptoms (8.3%) were also significantly higher among workers that in the control group (p=0.001, p=0.014 and p=0.005 respectively). The mean PFTs (predicted %) of the workers; forced vital capacity (FVC)% ± SD (85.23 ± 12.06), 1‐s forced expiratory volume (FEV1)% ± SD (88.73 ± 13.09), peak expiratory flow (PEF)% ± SD (70.64 ± 18.76) and forced expiratory flow rate at 25–75% of the FVC (FEF25–75)% ± SD (88.42 ± 25.94) 25–75 were found significantly lower than in the control group (p<0.0001, p<0.0001, p<0.0001, p<0.0001 respectively). Our data indicate that exposure to animal feed dust is an important factor in the occurrence of respiratory symptoms and decline in lung functions.
Uptake of Cadmium in Meals from the Digestive Tract of Young Non‐smoking Japanese Female Volunteers
Authors: Kikuchi Yuriko , Nomiyama Tetsuo , Kumagai Nami , Dekio Fumiko , Uemura Takamoto , Takebayashi Toru , Nishiwaki Yuji , Matsumoto Yukio , Sano Yuri , Hosoda Kanae , Watanabe Shaw , Sakurai Haruhiko , Omae Kazuyuki 
Published: March 2004

Uptake of Cadmium in Meals from the Digestive Tract of Young Non‐smoking Japanese Female Volunteers: Yuriko Kikuchi, et al. Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Keio UniversityObjectivesTo estimate rates of cadmium (Cd) uptake from the digestive tract and changes in Cd in biological specimens after intake of Cd mainly in rice.MethodsTwenty‐five young non‐smoking Japanese female volunteers (20–23 in age) were recruited and a 20‐d experimental study was conducted. With polished rice containing 0.004 ppm and 0.340 ppm of Cd, Meal L and Meal H were prepared. Approximately 12% of total Cd in Meal L and 92% of total Cd in Meal H originated in rice. The volunteers ate Meal L for 11 d to achieve a stable intake‐output balance of Cd. Fifteen of the 25 volunteers ate Meal H on the 12th day (Group D1), and the remaining 10 ate Meal H on the 12th, 13th and 14th day (Group D3). All 25 subjects then resumed the consumption of Meal L to the end of the study (20th day). All meals, feces and urine were collected during the study, and Cd intake from the daily meals (Cd‐I), Cd in feces (Cd‐F) and Cd in urine (Cd‐U) were determined. For measurement of Cd in blood (Cd‐B), venous blood was collected from all volunteers on the day before the study and again on the 12th and 20th day; venous blood was also collected from 4–8 volunteers at additional time points.ResultsMean Cd‐I was 4.51 µg/d (range: 1.85–6.93) or 48.48 µg/d (range: 27.98–56.27) when they ate Meal L or Meal H. Cd‐F and Cd‐B exhibited faster responses to the change in Cd‐I than did Cd‐U. The Cduptake rate, defined as (1‐Cd‐Fexcess /Cd‐Iexcess) (Fig. 1), was 47.2% (range: –9.4–83.3%) in Group D1 and 36.6% (range: –9.2– 73.5%) in Group D3, and the Cdbalance rate, defined as (1‐Cd‐Foutput /Cd‐Iintake), was 23.9% (range: –4.0–37.7%) in Group D1 and 23.7% (range: –8.2–56.9%) in Group D3.ConclusionsCd‐F and Cd‐B are better biological monitoring parameters for assessing change in Cd‐I than Cd‐U. The Cduptake and Cdbalance rates appeared to be higher than those in previous papers when ingested Cd mainly originated in rice.
Association between low‐activity serotonin transporter genotype and heroin dependence: Behavioral and personality correlates
Authors: Gerra G. , Garofano L. , Santoro G. , Bosari S. , Pellegrini C. , Zaimovic A. , Moi G. , Bussandri M. , Moi A. , Brambilla F. , Donnini C. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractIn previous studies, serotonin (5‐HT) system disturbance was found involved in a variety of behavioral disorders, psychopathologies, and substance use disorders. A functional polymorphism in the promoter region of the human serotonin transporter gene (5‐HTTLPR) was recently identified and the presence of the short (S) allele found to be associated with a lower level of expression of the gene, lower levels of 5‐HT uptake, type 2 alcoholism, violence and suicidal behavior. In the present study, 101 heroin addicts (males, West European, Caucasians) and 101 healthy control subjects matched for race and gender, with no history of substance use disorder, have been genotyped. Aggressiveness levels were measured in both heroin addicts and controls utilizing Buss‐Durkee‐Hostility‐Inventory (BDHI). Data about suicide attempt and violent criminal behavior in subject history have been collected. The short–short (SS) genotype frequency was significantly higher among heroin dependent individuals compared with control subjects (P = 0.025). The odds ratio for the SS genotype versus the long–long (LL) genotype frequency was 0.69, 95% Cl (0.49–0.97), when heroin addicts were compared with healthy controls. The SS genotype frequency was significantly higher among violent heroin dependent individuals compared with addicted individuals without aggressive behavior (P = 0.02). BDHI mean total scores and suspiciousness and negativism subscales scores were significantly higher in SS individuals, in comparison with LL subjects, among heroin addicts. No association was found between SS genotype and suicide history. Our data suggest that a decreased expression of the gene encoding the 5‐HTT transporter, due to “S” promoter polymorphism, may be associated with an increased risk for substance use disorders, particularly in the subjects with more consistent aggressiveness and impulsiveness. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Family‐based association study of the serotonin‐6 receptor gene (C267T polymorphism) in schizophrenia
Authors: Dubertret C. , Hanoun N. , Adès J. , Hamon M. , Gorwood P. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe expression of serotonin type 6 receptor (5‐HT6) in limbic and cortical regions of the brain, and its high affinity for atypical antipsychotics suggest that its encoding gene may play a role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. We firstly performed a meta‐analysis of the C267T polymorphism of the 5‐HT6 gene in schizophrenia, based on four different case/control studies, and showed that the allelic distribution is not significantly different between patients and controls, even when taking into account the role of between samples heterogeneity. We then recruited 103 trios (patients with Diognostic and Statistical Manual Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (DSM‐IV) diagnosis of schizophrenia and their parents), and investigated the C267T polymorphism of the 5‐HT6 receptor gene with regard to family‐based association study approach (haplotype relative risk (HRR) and transmission disequilibrium test (TDT)). We found no excess of transmission of one allele from the parents to their affected children, using the HRR (P = 0.60), as well as no evidence for linkage between C267T polymorphism and schizophrenia, using the TDT (P = 0.71). Furthermore, the 267T allele frequency was comparable in the different subgroups defined on age at onset, family history of schizophrenia, treatment response, and subtypes of patients based on positive versus negative predominant symptoms. These data do not support the idea that the 5‐HT6 receptor gene plays a major role in the etiopathogenesis of schizophrenia. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Obsessive‐compulsive disorder in patients with velocardiofacial (22q11 deletion) syndrome
Authors: Gothelf Doron , Presburger Gadi , Zohar Ada H. , Burg Merav , Nahmani Ariela , Frydman Moshe , Shohat Mordechai , Inbar Dov , Aviram‐Goldring Ayala , Yeshaya Josepha , Steinberg Tamar , Finkelstein Yehuda , Frisch Amos , Weizman Abraham , Apter Alan 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe study of neurogenetic microdeletion syndromes provides an insight into the developmental psychopathology of psychiatric disorders. The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of psychiatric disorders, especially obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD), in patients with velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS), a 22q11 microdeletion syndrome. Forty‐three subjects with VCFS of mean age 18.3 ± 10.6 years were comprehensively assessed using semi‐structured psychiatric interview and the Yale–Brown obsessive compulsive scale (Y‐BOCS). Best estimate diagnoses were made on the basis of information gathered from subjects, parents, teachers, and social workers. Fourteen VCFS subjects (32.6%) met the DSM‐IV criteria for OCD. OCD had an early age of onset and generally responded to fluoxetine treatment. It was not related to mental retardation. The most common obsessive‐compulsive symptoms were contamination, aggression, somatic worries, hoarding, repetitive questions, and cleaning. Sixteen of the 43 patients (37.2%) had attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and 7 (16.2%) had psychotic disorder. The results of our study suggest that there is a strong association between VCFS and early‐onset OCD. This finding may be significant in the understanding of the underlying genetic basis of OCD. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
102T/C SNP in the 5‐hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A (HTR2A) gene and schizophrenia in two southern han chinese populations: Lack of association
Authors: Zhang Xian‐Ning , Jiang San‐Duo , He Xin‐Hui , Zhang Li‐Na 
Published: March 2004

AbstractSerotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine; 5‐HT) is a neurotransmitter that occupies a uniquely important place in neurobiology because of its role in many physiologic processes such as sleep, appetite, thermoregulation, pain perception, hormone secretion, and sexual behavior. Serotonin dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Previous studies have shown an association between the T102C polymorphism of the 5‐hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A (HTR2A) gene and schizophrenia. However, many negative findings have also been reported. We analyzed the T102C polymorphism of HTR2A of schizophrenic patients in two southern Chinese populations (n = 291) and matched controls (n = 307). No significant positive association was observed between either of the polymorphisms and all schizophrenics, nor was the polymorphisms and any population of schizophrenia. These data did not provide evidence for a contribution of the 102T/C SNP of HTR2A gene to susceptibility to the southern Han Chinese schizophrenia. Copyright © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association of a duplicated repeat polymorphism in the 5′‐untranslated region of the DRD4 gene with novelty seeking
Authors: Rogers Geraldine , Joyce Peter , Mulder Roger , Sellman Douglas , Miller Allison , Allington Melanie , Olds Robin , Wells Elisabeth , Kennedy Martin 
Published: March 2004

AbstractNovelty Seeking (NS) is a human personality trait in which impulsive, exploratory, and thrill‐seeking behaviors are displayed. Dopaminergic genes have been prime candidates in the search for the genetic factors underlying NS because of the central role that dopamine plays in the brain's reward system. We have investigated whether there is an association between a polymorphic 120 base pairs (bp) repeat that is located in the 5′‐untranslated region of the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) and NS. We genotyped four separate groups from psychiatric clinical studies for the repeat polymorphism. There were significant associations with NS in the groups of bipolar (P = 0.01) and alcoholic (P = 0.006) families containing 267 and 172 subjects, respectively. Subjects who were homozygous for the single‐copy allele (SS genotype) had higher mean NS scores. This trend was also observed in the two other studies that contained unrelated subjects diagnosed with depression (N = 143 and N = 148) but the associations between DRD4 duplication genotype and NS were not significant in these groups. In the data combined from all four clinical groups those genotyped as SS had higher mean scores for all four NS subscales with significant associations for impulsivity (P = 0.0006), extravagance (P = 0.04), disorderliness (P = 0.02), and total NS (P = 0.0003). However, given the low frequency of the single‐copy allele, this polymorphism would account for only a small proportion of the variance of NS in the population. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Candidate genes for nicotine dependence via linkage, epistasis, and bioinformatics
Authors: Sullivan Patrick F. , Neale Benjamin M. , van den Oord Edwin , Miles Michael F. , Neale Michael C. , Bulik Cynthia M. , Joyce Peter R. , Straub Richard E. , Kendler Kenneth S. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractMany smoking‐related phenotypes are substantially heritable. One genome scan of nicotine dependence (ND) has been published and several others are in progress and should be completed in the next 5 years. The goal of this hypothesis‐generating study was two‐fold. First, we present further analyses of our genome scan data for ND published by Straub et al. [1999: Mol Psychiatry 4:129–144] (PMID: 10208445). Second, we used the method described by Cox et al. [1999: Nat Genet 21:213–215] (PMID: 9988276) to search for epistatic loci across the markers used in the genome scan. The overall results of the genome scan nearly reached the rigorous Lander and Kruglyak [1995: Nat Genet 11:241–247] criteria for “significant” linkage with the best findings on chromosomes 10 and 2. We then looked for correspondence between genes located in the 10 regions implicated in affected sibling pair (ASP) and epistatic linkage analyses with a list of genes suggested by microarray studies of experimental nicotine exposure and candidate genes from the literature. We found correspondence between linkage and microarray/candidate gene studies for genes involved with the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling system, nuclear factor kappa B (NFKB) complex, neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurotransmission, a nicotinic receptor subunit (CHRNA2), the vesicular monoamine transporter (SLC18A2), genes in pathways implicated in human anxiety (HTR7, TDO2, and the endozepine‐related protein precursor, DKFZP434A2417), and the µ1‐opioid receptor (OPRM1). Although the hypotheses resulting from these linkage and bioinformatic analyses are plausible and intriguing, their ultimate worth depends on replication in additional linkage samples and in future experimental studies. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.