bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sapere Aude: Critical Ontology and the Case of Child
Development
Authors: Wong James 
Published: August 2005

Abstract. This paper argues that Foucault's proposed
positive program of practical critique in his later work, which he calls
‘critical ontology,’ provides a response to his critics. The
goal of critical ontology is to “separate out, from the contingency
that has made us what we are, the possibility of no longer being, doing or
thinking what we are, do, or think.” However, it may be objected
that, since Foucault emphasizes going beyond contingencies, it appears
that he is guilty of committing a kind of genetic fallacy. I will defend
Foucault against such a charge by using concepts and practices in child
development as an illustration. The example of child development is
fitting for political theorizing because the development model of
childhood is now central to the practices and policies of healthcare
providers, social workers and educators. Such practices and policies aim
to enhance the abilities of individuals to be both citizens and autonomous
agents. Yet the effects of these policies on individuals are not always
positive. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of
critical ontology for practices grounded in the model of child
development.Résumé. Cet article cherche à
démontrer que le programme positif de critique pratique que
Foucault propose dans ses derniers ouvrages, et qu'il qualifie
d'une “ontologie critique,” constitue une réponse
à ses détracteurs. Le but de cette ontologie critique est de
dégager “de la contingence qui nous a fait être ce que
nous sommes la possibilité de ne plus être, faire ou penser
ce que nous sommes, faisons ou pensons”. Néanmoins, il est
possible d'objecter que Foucault commet une sorte d'erreur
génétique, puisqu'il insiste sur la
nécessité de dépasser les contingences. Je cherche
à defendre Foucault contre cette accusation en utilisant les
concepts et pratiques du développement des enfants comme
illustration. L'exemple du développement des enfants convient
à la théorie politique puisque le modèle
d'aménagement de l'enfance est maintenant au coeur des
pratiques et des politiques de ceux qui travaillent dans les secteurs de
la santé, de l'aide social, et de l'éducation.
Telles pratiques et politiques ont comme but d'accroître la
capacité des individus d'agir en même temps comme
citoyens et des êtres autonomes. Pourtant, les effets de ces
politiques sur des individus ne sont pas toujours
bénéfiques. L'article se conclut par une analyse des
implications d'une ontologie critique pour des pratiques
fondées sur le modèle du développement des
enfants.
Phronesis, Democracy and Technology
Authors: Tabachnick David E. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract.This essay identifies a problem with the phronesis revival. Some revivalists argue that phronesis can serve as a response to the homogenizing influence of technology, maintaining the particulars of individuals and communities. However, by their own argument, technology denies the conditions or “educational backdrop” that the development and practice of phronesis requires.Résumé.Cet essai identifie le problème de la renaissance du phronesis. Ces révisionnistes considèrent que le phronesis peut serviez de réponse à l'influence homogénéifiante de la technologie. Ils maintiennent la spécificité des individus et des communautés. Cependant, selon leur propre argumentation, la technologie nie les conditions ou la base éducationnelle nécessaires au développement et à la pratique du phronesis.
Démocratie délibérative et sécession
Authors: Courtois Stéphane 
Published: August 2005

Résumé.L'auteur entend défendre dans cet essai une conception de la sécession qu'il appelle délibérative et la justifier par rapport à d'autres théories concurrentes de la sécession. En l'absence d'un encadrement juridique clair et rigoureux des cas de sécession, de plus en plus nombreux, qui échappent aux situations de domination coloniale prévues par le droit international, la question se pose en effet de savoir s'il n'existe pas d'autres moyens de les résoudre dans des conditions pacifiques. L'auteur soutient que la démocratie délibérative pourrait offrir de tels moyens. Le but de l'article est d'examiner dans quelles conditions et à l'intérieur de quelles limites.Abstract.In this article, the author aims at supporting a deliberative conception of secession and at justifying it against other rival theories. In the absence of clear and rigorous legal regulations of more and more numerous cases of secession going beyond the situations of colonial domination already covered by the international law, the question arises as to whether other means for their pacific solution are available. The author contends that deliberative democracy could provide such a means and examines in what conditions and within what limits this could be achieved.
Parent or nurse? The experience of being the parent of a technology‐dependent child
Authors: Kirk Susan , Glendinning Caroline , Callery Peter 
Published: August 2005

Aims.  This paper reports a study exploring parents’ experiences of caring for a child who is dependent on medical technology, and in particular of performing clinical procedures on their own children.Background.  A group of children with a continuing need for the support of medical technology have emerged in community settings as a result of medical advances and government policies. Caring for these children has a significant social and emotional impact on parents, because of their specialized and intensive care needs. Obtaining appropriate and coordinated home support services is problematic.Methods.  Grounded theory techniques were used, and in‐depth interviews were conducted with the parents of 24 children.Findings.  Parents’ accounts revealed that their constructions of parenting were shaped by the nature of their role in caring for their child and by the transformation of their homes by medical equipment and personnel. They described themselves as having a role that had both parenting and nursing dimensions. Parents managed this tension and defined their role and relationship to their child to be primarily one of parenting by differentiating parental care‐giving and its underpinning knowledge from that of professionals, particularly nurses.Conclusions.  Parenting a technology‐dependent child alters the meaning of parenting. Professionals need to recognize that providing care has a substantial emotional dimension for parents, and that they need opportunities to discuss their feelings about caregiving and what it means for their parenting identity and their relationship with their child. A key professional nursing role will be giving emotional support and supporting parents’ coping strategies. Parents’ perceptions of nurses raise questions about whether nurses’ caregiving is individualized to the needs of the child and family, and whether parental expertise is recognized.
Fieldwork in nursing research: positionality, practicalities and predicaments
Authors: Borbasi Sally , Jackson Debra , Wilkes Lesley 
Published: August 2005

Aims.  This paper draws on the literature to explore some of the issues of concern to nurses undertaking fieldwork in contemporary healthcare settings.Background.  The emergence of poststructuralist and postmodern perspectives has raised questions about ethnographic approaches, and problematized the role of researchers in the construction of plausible and credible ethnographic accounts. As a practice discipline, nursing needs to negotiate a thorny path between methodological purity and practical application, with nurse researchers required to take account of both philosophical and pragmatic concerns.Discussion.  There is general agreement that researching with an individual or group rather than researching on an individual or group is the more effective way to approach fieldwork. Feminist writers appear to have dealt with this issue best, advocating intimacy, self‐disclosure, and reciprocity in encounters with research participants. The duality of the nurse researcher role; power and politics and the moral implications of fieldwork are acknowledged as factors influencing nurses in the planning and conduct of fieldwork. Nurses as researchers may be better equipped than other social researchers to deal with contingencies in the field.Conclusions.  Laying the epistemological ground for the participant observer role during fieldwork and understanding its impact on the resultant ethnographic account is essential to methodological rigour in field research. Consideration of some of the practicalities and predicaments experienced by nurses as researchers when conducting fieldwork prior to going out into the field is an important research strategy and will facilitate methodological potency.
Nurse prescribers: who are they and how do they perceive their role?
Authors: Bradley Eleanor , Campbell Pam , Nolan Peter 
Published: August 2005

Aims.  This paper reports a study to elicit background data from recently qualified nurse prescribers and explore aspects of their work.Background.  Nurse prescribing has been introduced quite recently in the United Kingdom. Although a certain amount of information is available about the characteristics of nurse prescribers, relatively little is known about their professional backgrounds, their reasons for choosing to become nurse prescribers and their perceptions of their emerging role. More information is needed to inform the selection, education and support of nurse prescribers.Method.  All nurses who undertook a nurse prescribing course in one university in the West Midlands during 2003–2004 were invited to participate in the study. A 40‐item questionnaire was used to gather data on demographics, expectations of nurse prescribing, personal and professional development and perceived education needs.Findings.  Respondents considered that, despite initial problems, the nurse prescribing initiative would ultimately prove to be a cornerstone of improved service delivery for service users. The majority of nurses were already heavily involved in prescribing ‘by proxy’ and the course merely formalized what they were currently doing. Potentially, prescribing could advance the professional development of nurses, improve communication between professionals and patients, and make the experience of patients more beneficial. However, some concerns were expressed about how supportive the current climate in health care could be, given the multiple demands on time and energy required by so many other innovations.Conclusions.  Respondents appeared balanced in their perceptions of this innovation and what it could realistically achieve. They were not indifferent to the many short and long‐term problems that need to be resolved before it can be claimed to have become embedded in practice. The success of non‐medical prescribing may depend on organizational support, coupled with a robust continuing professional development strategy for all nurse prescribers.
Clinical caring – the diary of a nurse
Authors: Skott Carola , Eriksson Anki 
Published: August 2005

Aims and objectives.  The aim of this study was to explore the content of individual acts of nursing care and to discuss how these context‐specific acts relate to the concept of caring.Design and methods.  The point of departure was a diary kept by a nurse on an oncology ward over a period of six months. Hermeneutic interpretation, including content analysis of verb phrases, was carried out to inspire reflection and discussion rather than to generalize.Results.  The verbs that occurred in the diary text represented three categories of acts: physical care, speech and reflection.Conclusions and discussion.  The diary text expresses the carer's acts as situated in a specific space and time through her presence, communication and reflection. The absence of bodies in this text points to the discourse of nursing as subjected to dualism and to the medical rules of knowledge. Caring emerges as experience‐near action that through history is connected to situated knowledges, actual discourse and universal human condition.Relevance to clinical practice.  This study demonstrated that caring acts are situated and conditioned and that they should therefore be researched in relation to the carers’ acts and thoughts. This confirms the need for cooperation between researchers and clinical nurses in the quest of deepening our understanding of caring.
Living with unexplained chest pain
Authors: Jerlock Margaretha , Gaston‐Johansson Fannie , Danielson Ella 
Published: August 2005

Aim. The aim was to describe patients’ experience of unexplained chest pain, and how the pain affected their everyday life.Background. Chest pain is one of the most common reasons for patients to consult the emergency department. Often no clear ischaemic heart disease or any other somatic explanation is found. Exploring the pain experience and how the pain affects everyday life may provide insights into the patients’ perspective, fill the gaps in our knowledge about this condition and give needed direction for nursing practice.Method. The study sample (n = 19) included 11 men and eight women admitted to the emergency department. An open‐ended unstructured interview was conducted with each patient and the data were analysed using content analysis.Results. The categories concerning pain include the informants’ descriptions of several aspects of pain. These aspects are described in four categories and four subcategories: (i) pain location, (ii) pain duration with the subcategories ‘periodic pain’ and ‘continuous pain’, (iii) pain intensity, (iv) quality of pain with the subcategories ‘sensory aspects’ and ‘affective aspects’ . The content of pain experience in everyday life was divided into four subthemes and was further abstracted into a theme. Four subthemes, each comprising several meaning units, were created and labelled: (i) fear and anxiety, (ii) feeling of uncertainty, (iii) feeling of stress, and (iv) loss of strength. In these descriptions, it was obvious that chest pain considerably disturbed and affected the informants’ lives and an overall theme ‘intrusion into the everyday life world’ emerged.Conclusion. The results of this study show that unexplained chest pain intrudes into everyday life in a destructive manner that cannot be ignored.Relevance to clinical practice. Patients are not receiving optimal care to relieve their pain and there is therefore a need for specialized nurses who can give adequate help and support.
District nurses’ involvement and attitudes to mental health problems: a three‐area cross‐sectional study
Authors: Haddad Mark , Plummer Susan , Taverner Ann , Gray Richard , Lee Soo , Payne Fiona , Knight Denise 
Published: August 2005

Aims and objectives.  The main aims of this study were to obtain information on the extent of staff contact and input with mental health problems and to determine their experience, training and attitudes to such problems.Background.  Historical changes and policy shifts have resulted in primary care providers playing an increasing role in the care of mental health problems. Such problems are common within community settings and a major cause of suffering and disability. District nurses in particular are likely to encounter a high level of psychological co‐morbidity in their patients. Information is lacking on their involvement, attitudes and specific training for this area of their work.Design and methods.  A cross‐sectional study was conducted of the staff of district nursing services in three areas, Jersey (Channel Islands), Lewisham and Hertfordshire, using a postal questionnaire.Results.  Questionnaires were sent to 331 staff; 66% responded. Community and district nurses estimated a 16% prevalence of mental health problems among their patients, most commonly dementia, depression and anxiety disorders. Staff noted participation in a wide range of psychological care activities, but identified a lack of training for this aspect of their role (three‐quarter of nurses had received no such training during the past five years). They reported a willingness to develop their understanding and skills by means of educational programmes. Attitude measures revealed generally optimistic views concerning depression treatment, a rejection of deterministic attitudes about this condition and confidence in the role of district nursing staff in managing such problems.Conclusions.  The need for primary care mental health training is widely noted and based upon consistent evidence of the limited detection and treatment of these problems. This study has employed quantitative methods to clarify the extent and nature of district nursing staff involvement in this area of practice and indicates that training needs are acknowledged by community nurses from geographically distinct settings.Relevance to clinical practice.  Staff are interested in developing knowledge and skills pertinent to the psychological problems of their patients and their views reveal a consensus that the most important areas for learning are recognition of mental disorders, anxiety management, crisis intervention and pharmacological treatments for depression.
Development of an instrument measuring Chinese adolescent beliefs and attitudes towards substance abuse
Authors: Fok May SM , Tsang Warren YW 
Published: August 2005

Aim.  To develop an instrument measuring the beliefs and attitudes of Chinese adolescents towards substance abuse.Background.  It is documented that many negative consequences for youth, including physical, mental and psychosocial health problems are associated with substance abuse. There has led to a growing concern about promoting anti‐drug education among health care professionals in Hong Kong. It is therefore important to conduct research on substance abuse to promote more effective anti‐drug programmes for adolescents. To conduct research on the above aspect, valid and reliable instruments for measuring factors associated with drug abuse are needed. An instrument, namely the Beliefs and Attitudes of Substance Abuse Inventory (BASAI) was developed for the purpose of this study.Design and methods.  Both qualitative and quantitative approaches to instrument development were adopted in the study. There were two phases to the study. Relevant literature and the Delphi technique were employed in the first phase of the study. A panel of experts was interviewed for the development of a pool of items for the instrument. Content analysis was used to manage the qualitative data obtained from the interviews. Factor analysis was used for the psychometric testing of the items of the BASAI. A Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to test the internal consistency of the instrument. The standard error of the mean (SEM) was measured to further support the reliability of the BASAI. The results are estimates of the validity and reliability of the instrument.Results.  Three main categories and nine sub‐categories were derived from the interview data in the first phase of the study. The overall inter‐rater reliability of the categories was 0.89 (kappa statistics). In the second phase, a Content Validity Index (CVI) of 0.92 for the instrument was achieved with the assistance of another panel of experts. The factor structure of the instrument was identified by undertaking a Principal Component Analysis. Three factors were extracted with a total variance account of approximately 70%. Reliability was established with α = 0.82 for the entire scale and a range of 0.78–0.92 between the sub‐scales of the instrument. A small SEM of 3.21% was calculated to further support the reliability.Conclusion.  A culturally sensitive instrument was developed with a satisfactory level of validity and reliability. Further research is recommended to continuously improve and refine the instrument so that it can be useful currently in research and/or practice.Relevance to clinical practice.  To promote the healthy development of children and adolescents, child health professionals need to implement effective health promotion strategies including anti‐drug programmes. The instrument that was developed in this study will hopefully contribute to the development of more effective and evidence‐based anti‐drug programmes for youths.
Report on the 12th International Society of Blood Transfusion platelet immunology workshop
Authors: Bessos H. , Wilson D. W. L. , Metcalfe P. , Allen D. , Urbaniak S. J. 
Published: August 2005

Background and Objectives  The aims of the 12th International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT) Platelet Immunology Workshop were to evaluate the proficiency of molecular human platelet antigen (HPA) genotyping and detection of platelet antibodies of unusual specificity or reactivity, to assess whether quantification of anti‐HPA‐1a is practicable, and to determine the variability of reagents and components used in the monoclonal antibody immobilization of platelet antigens assay (MAIPA).Materials and Methods  Forty participants from 23 countries were sent 10 samples for DNA typing, five samples for antibody detection, a freeze‐dried anti‐HPA‐1a standard, three samples for anti‐HPA‐1a quantification and a MAIPA method questionnaire.Results  The detection and identification of HPA antibodies varied from 2·7 to 95% of participants. The number of HPA genotyping errors per sample ranged from 0 to 3·96% per HPA loci. The majority of laboratories were able to assign an arbitrary number of units/ml of anti‐HPA‐1a activity to the unknown samples. The MAIPA questionnaire indicated a wide variation among participants, both in method and in reagents used.Conclusions  The results obtained from this workshop highlighted deficiencies in testing regimes and identified a need for internationally available reference materials.
Attachment, Temperament, and Preschool Children's Peer Acceptance
Authors: Szewczyk‐Sokolowski Margaret , Bost Kelly K. , Wainwright Ada B. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis study examined the relations between preschool children's attachment security, temperament, and peer acceptance. Ninety‐eight preschool children and their mothers were recruited through childcare centers in the southeast. Mothers and their children participated in two two‐hour home observations. Attachment security was assessed using the Waters Attachment Behavior Q‐set (AQS) completed by observers, and mothers reported on their children's temperament. Standard picture‐sociometric nominations and paired‐comparisons were used to measure children's peer acceptance. Results revealed significant associations between security and temperament. In addition, both attachment and temperament made significant and unique contributions to peer acceptance whereas temperament was found to be a stronger predictor of children's peer rejection. These findings underscore the dynamic interplay of inter‐ and intrapersonal factors that influence preschool children's peer relations. Implications of the findings for theory building and future research are discussed.