bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carotid Endarterectomy
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Carotid endarterectomy is an established procedure in patients with symptomatic carotid artery stenosis of more than 70%. Although it is considered the standard therapy, carotid endarterectomy will be compared with carotid stenting and angioplasty.16,36,40 Stenting is currently limited to patients in whom carotid endarterectomy would be a high-risk procedure.40 In keeping with many performance standards, patients who undergo carotid surgery for atherosclerotic carotid disease are briefly admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU). Depending on the surgeon, the patient is admitted to a neurologic intensive care unit (NICU) or a vascular intermediate unit.
Acid–Base Disorders and Sodium Handling
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although frequent in medical and surgical intensive care units, life-threatening acid–base disorders are uncommon in patients with acute neurologic disorders. When they occur, they are often transient (e.g., metabolic acidosis in status epilepticus) or purposely induced (respiratory alkalosis to treat increased intracranial pressure). Consequently, a persistent acid– base disorder more often indicates a complicating major medical problem.
Chemical Practice and Solvent Usage
Authors: Nelson William M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Solvents are substances that are liquid during application and will dissolve other substances, which can be recovered unchanged on removal of the solvent. Importantly, the solvents and the solutions involving them must be applicable for some purpose. Solvent systems must be understood before any rationale chemical process can be developed. Solvents are widely used by chemists. Educators in the physical sciences, especially chemistry, employ solvents in discussions of physical phenomena and in laboratory experiments. Industries around the world utilize the benefits of solvents to accomplish their desired goals. Individuals in all societies use solvents. In the face of these facts, it is imperative that the solvents used result in a minimal impact upon the environment. I list five true premises (Anastas and Williamson, 1998): Chemistry and chemical products are the basis of the economy of virtually every industrialized nation. The manufacture, processing, use, and disposal of certain chemical substances has resulted in significant and measurable damage to human health and the environment. Over the past generation, more than a trillion dollars has been spent on environmental protection. Currently, chemists now have the knowledge to design chemicals and chemical manufacturing processes that pose little or no risk to human health and the environment.
Green Solvents for Industrial Chemistry
Authors: Nelson William M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Environmental concerns have raised public awareness of environmental issues and are driving forces for regulation; the impact of regulation on the cost of production is expected to become important in determining the international competitiveness of the U.S. chemical industry (Pereira, 1999). In response to cost pressures, industry has launched a number of initiatives aimed at improving efficiency and reducing environmental impact. Some of these environmental success stories are receiving increased national attention due to programs such as the Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards program. In addition to traditional metrics for evaluating process performance, such as productivity, environmental considerations increasingly are important in process development. Chemical processes evolve through life-cycle phases, beginning with research, and then moving to process engineering, plant operation, and eventually, decommissioning (see fig. 7.1). The number of technology options available for reducing environmental impact are highest early on in the life cycle and then decrease drastically. In contrast, costs associated with resolving an environmental problem typically increase exponentially as the process matures and the scale of equipment gets larger. There is, therefore, a considerable incentive to address and resolve environmental issues early in the life cycle (Bollinger et al., 1996).
Sense
Authors: Katz Jerrold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two things have made Frege’s characterization of sense (1952: 57) irresistible to intensionalists. One is the thought that Frege’s puzzle about how ‘a = a’ and true ‘a = b’ statements can differ semantically, which he uses to motivate the introduction of his notion of sense, cannot be solved without Fregean senses. The problem with this thought is that Fregean senses are not necessary for a solution to the puzzle. It can be handled with any notion of sense, since any notion of sense permits us to assign different senses to the symbols ‘a’ and ‘b’. In particular, the puzzle can be solved with my non-Fregean notion of sense.
Censoring Ourselves
Authors: Nagel Robert F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The words censorship and vilification conjure up ominous historical associations. We think, for instance, of the wholesale effort to keep abolitionist materials out of the antebellum South or the ugly name-calling by Senator Joseph McCarthy. Efforts to prevent change by the suppression of destabilizing messages have often had a grave and systematic character. It is odd, then, that a prevalent reaction when these tactics are used to induce change is humor. The attempts of progressive censors to sanitize the minutiae of our public vocabulary are so targeted and detailed as to verge on the frivolous. Even the ever-lengthening list of words of opprobrium (ageist, Eurocentrist, logocentrist) seems to be too mechanical to convey real condemnation. Political correctness verges on self-parody. Its practitioners, although resolutely humorless while going about the endless task of improving the rest of us, are the source of considerable amounts of somewhat nervous comedy.
Pythagoras’s Search for the Common Denominator
Authors: Sorensen Roy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anaximander set an example of how to frame a paradox and how to respond to it. His followers understood that solutions require disciplined reason-giving. But they had not yet developed the practices that constitute proof of a proposition. To some degree, astronomy and engineering gave the ancients a running start. But the strongest influence on proof practices came from mathematical lore.
Parmenides on What Is Not
Authors: Sorensen Roy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At about 515 B.C. Parmenides was born in Elea, a Greek colony on the southern coast of Italy. He discovered a paradox that was to make “Eleatic” denote a group of philosophers who believe reality is a changeless unity. “All is one” sounds positive. But Parmenides reaches this positive conclusion by relentless negative thinking. He revolutionized philosophy by turning attention from what is to what is not.
Eubulides and the Politics of the Liar
Authors: Sorensen Roy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Greek paradoxes have reached us through a network of literature and oral tradition. Judging by how much nearly did not reach us and by the poor condition in which this material arrived, much must have been lost and much must molder in an unrecognized form on our library shelves. This chapter is about how paradoxes and our attitudes toward them have been shaped by their mode of transmission. Paradoxes have not been handed down through the generations solely by virtue of their intrinsic interest. Often they hitch a ride on some weightier matter. For instance, the liar paradox owes some of its currency to the fact that Paul unwittingly packed it into the Bible.
Chrysippus on People Parts
Authors: Sorensen Roy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is devoted to the paradoxes of material constitution. They form an emerging field of puzzles about objects and people. The character of this development is conveyed by Fig. 10.1. Fortunately, these riddles have been recently organized with a paradox template. We shall use the template to connect past confrontations with the paradoxes with contemporary solutions.
Aquinas: Can God Have a Biography?
Authors: Sorensen Roy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In God: A Biography, Jack Miles, a former Jesuit, cautiously situates his subject in literature: “I write here about the life of the Lord God as—and only as—the protagonist of a classic of world literature; namely, the Hebrew Bible or Old Testament. I do not write about (though I certainly do not write against) the Lord God as the object of religious belief.” (1995, 10) Miles does not want to offend or to be perceived as a blasphemer. He resolves to discuss the character God rather than God.
Ockham and the Insolubilia
Authors: Sorensen Roy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Socrates thought that paradoxes are best approached through free inquiry. This is not an option if you adhere to a sacred text. These creeds channel inquiry. As a rule, the effect is stifling. This chapter reviews an exception to the rule. Nine years before William of Ockham (ca. 1285–1349) was born, a logician was elected pope. Peter of Spain, who became Pope John XXI, is the author of three logical treatises. A few scholars are not sure the logician Peter was the pope. But then it would be a miracle that Peter’s Summulae Logicales became the most popular logic text with 166 editions printed over the next three hundred years.
Hegel’s World of Contradictions
Authors: Sorensen Roy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831) accuses Immanuel Kant of contradicting himself. Kant opens by announcing that things in themselves (noumena) are unfathomable causes of appearances (phenomena). But Kant later says that we actually impose a causal scheme on phenomena. Experience must take place within a constructed arena of space and time.
Russell’s Set
Authors: Sorensen Roy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the mathematics student Bertrand Russell (1872– 1970) entered Cambridge University, he subscribed to the empiricism of his godfather, John Stuart Mill. However, the younger generation of philosophers believed that Mill had been superseded by Hegel. A recent graduate of Cambridge, John McTaggart, told the young Russell that although he did not believe in God, he did believe in immortality and a harmony between human beings and the universe. McTaggart claimed that the unreality of space and time could be proved with mathematical rigor. This colorful mixture of logic and spirituality contrasted with the black-and-white calculating of mathematicians.
The Causal Potency of Qualia Its Nature and Its Source
Authors: Graham George , Valentine Elizabeth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Qualia are the properties of an experience, such as a sensation, mental image, or emotional response, that we describe when we state what it is like or was like to have that experience. It has frequently been argued in recent years that qualia in this sense are causally impotent. That this cannot be so is shown by an argument I first deployed in my “Thirty years on-Is consciousness still a brain process?” (Place, 1988, p. 218)1, though I subsequently discovered that the same argument against epiphenomenalism had been used some twenty years earlier by Brian Medlin (1967, pp. 110-111). The argument takes as its premise the principle that for a report of an event to be a first-hand report of that event, there has to be a direct causal relation between the perception of the event by the observer and the report that the observer makes. Since such reports are our only evidence for believing in the existence of phenomenal experiences in the case of others, it follows that if epiphenomenalism were true, we would have no grounds whatever for believing in the existence of phenomenal experiences and their qualia. It may be argued that this does not affect my assurance that the qualia of my experiences correspond to the description I give of them. However, if epiphenomenalism were true, no one else would have grounds to believe me; and what use is a private conviction if no one else is convinced by it.
Introduction to Roman Family Law
Authors: Frier Bruce W , McGinn Thomas A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Family law concerns legal aspects of the domestic relationships between persons who are grouped together within a household understood as a social, political, and economic unit. Usually these persons are close kin to one another: spouses, parents, children, siblings. Plainly the family is of great legal interest because of the decisive role it has historically played in the raising and socialization of children and in the mutual economic support of its members. But justification for the family has also frequently been located in the incentives to benevolence and in the psychological satisfaction that its intense intimacy produces in its members. In other words, the remarkable resilience of the family unit over the ages is not solely a matter of its instrumental role in promoting social welfare and demographic reproduction. Since at least the time of Aristotle, family life has been understood as essential to a complete human life; and family law, in turn, fosters this human good by reducing the uncertainties and inequities that are frequently associated with more unstructured conjugal relationships.
Basic Concepts
Authors: Frier Bruce W , McGinn Thomas A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This brief chapter introduces some central legal concepts that underlie Roman family law. Most of them are related to the legal idea of “family” itself. As it turns out, the Latin word familia is usually better translated into English as “household” rather than “family”—and even this translation is none too accurate. It is easier, perhaps, to begin with the importance that Roman private law attached to the familia as the basic building block of the Roman state, since, metaphorically, the familia is often understood as the state in miniature. It has a form of governance that is theoretically vested in one person, a “head of the household” (pater familias, literally “father of the familia”). This person has extensive and virtually exclusive power over all property belonging to the household, including any slaves. But his power also extends to controlling the lives of those of his descendants related to him through males (sons and daughters, grandchildren through sons, and so on), that is, through what the Romans call an agnatic relationship; and in principle the power of the pater familias continues no matter how old these descendants are, unless the pater himself has released them from his power. Further, the power of the pater familias could be exercised over other free persons, including adopted children and also, in the archaic form of Roman marriage, his wife; but in the standard classical form of marriage the wife remained under the power of her own father (if he was still alive), and despite her marriage, she did not fall under her husband’s power. The Roman familia was thus, at least in legal theory, a little monarchy, with strict rules as to who was subject to the monarch’s power and who was not. This monarchy dissipated only on the death of a pater familias, to be replaced by new familiae governed by the father’s offspring.
Franz Schubert, “A Rich Possession”
Authors: Steinberg Michael , Rothe Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Franz Schubert’s first biographer was a Viennese jurist and civil servant by name of Heinrich Kreissle von Hellborn. In 1861, he published what he modestly and accurately called a biographical sketch; at the end of 1864, he came out with his full-length book. It appeared in English in 1869 as The Life of Franz Schubert, translated by Arthur Duke Coleridge. Kreissle, who loved what he had heard of Schubert’s music, was motivated to begin his work by his awareness that those who had known Schubert were growing old, that their fairly imminent departure from this life was something to be reckoned with, and that, once they were gone, the construction of a biography would become incalculably more difficult. He therefore set about tracking down those whom he called “the witnesses to Schubert’s external existence,” as well as whatever he was able to pull together by way of scattered documents relevant to Schubert’s life.
Encountering Brahms
Authors: Steinberg Michael , Rothe Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On a muggy August evening in 1966, shortly after my seventeenth birthday, I got on my bicycle and pedaled eight blocks across the Northwest Side of Chicago to the neighborhood shopping center. The charcoal clouds of a Midwest summer storm were building. From O’Hare, just minutes away across the subdivisions and parking lots, beyond an old farm acreage and a new hotel strip, the 707s lifted off and thundered against the low sky with Wagnerian grandeur. At Walgreen’s I sorted through the bargain record bin—any record bin at Walgreen’s was full of bargains. The fluorescent light above bounced back at me from the cellophane as I flipped through the titles. The Chipmunks Sing. 101 Strings Play the Soul of Italy. Florian Zabach Goes Gypsy. I stopped at an album whose cover bore a crude portrait of Johannes Brahms. It was a recording of the Third Symphony, with Erich Leinsdorf conducting an orchestra described on the front of the LP jacket as the Philharmonia and on the back as the Los Angeles Philharmonic. The recording cost ninety-nine cents. I bought it, biked home, and, as the rain began, put it on the turntable of the Grundig-Majestic console stereo in the living room of my parents’ house. I have never ascertained which ensemble was featured on this recording—or, for that matter, whether Leinsdorf was the conductor. But since that evening I’ve determined that the music I was hearing was indeed the Brahms Third. Until that moment I had never heard the Brahms Third, nor had I heard any Brahms but the Lullaby, nor was I more than vaguely aware that Brahms had written anything but the Lullaby.
Schoenberg, Brahms, and the Great Tradition
Authors: Steinberg Michael , Rothe Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In February 1931, Arnold Schoenberg, then fifty-six, wrote two essays on “National Music.” Neither was published until 1950, the year before his death, when they were included in his book Style and Idea. Both are characteristically contentious and characteristically interesting. The second is also important as a piece of intellectual and artistic autobiography and selfevaluation because in it, neither for the first nor for the last time, Schoenberg seeks to establish his place in The Great Tradition of German Music—and nothing less than capitals will do.
Sibelius and Mahler: What More Could There Be?
Authors: Steinberg Michael , Rothe Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Musicology doesn’t often lend itself to the “what if “ questions that haunt history and our personal chronicles. It’s compelling to imagine what the world would look like today if JFK had canceled his trip to Dallas, and we all have our own stories of roads taken or avoided, for better or worse. Music’s intrigues are confined to the music, but not always. So here is a question that can have as much or as little to do with music as you choose to make of it: When is a composer’s work complete? Take, for example, Gustav Mahler and Jean Sibelius.
What they Saw
Authors: Steinberg Michael , Rothe Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Michael Tilson Thomas and the San Francisco Symphony announced a June 2003 festival built on the theme of Wagner, Weill, and the Weimar Republic, I did not get it. What path could there be from Wagner to the composers who worked in Germany between the end of World War I and the power grab that put Hitler in charge of a nation too willing to nurse its grudges? The answer came from a source I could not have imagined: my father.
George Perle: Composing a Way of Life
Authors: Steinberg Michael , Rothe Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Had you been the kind of clairvoyant who utters pronouncements over children as they trade the womb for daylight, you could not have predicted that the child born in Bayonne, New Jersey, on 6 May 1915, and named George Perle, would grow up making music: making it in the most literal way, by putting notes down on paper, but also by discerning its inner grammar, the structural principles it demanded since the breakdown of the tonal language that Western composers had spoken for the last two hundred years. The deep currents of the music, the soul-piercing insights of the discoveries—they have been the adventure of a lifetime for this son of Russian immigrants, a man whose father was a housepainter and whose mother was a housewife; a man who could not, but for the kind of brain that makes its own destiny, be doing what he is doing today.
Three American Composers in Pursuit of the White Whale
Authors: Steinberg Michael , Rothe Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When we want to find out if a film or book that has caught our interest is worth seeing or reading, one of our first questions is “What is it about?” We don’t ask that of music we’ve never heard. We’ve been taught that music is abstract, and to ask what it means is as naïve as trying to figure out the point of a white-on-white canvas. But three important works that span the twentieth century and that take us into the twenty-first point in directions beyond the music itself—each is “about” something. Perhaps we could focus on other works as well, yet these deal with monumental issues that in their own ways touch us all. Charles Ives’s Fourth Symphony is a quest for nothing less than the meaning of life. John Corigliano’s Symphony No. 1 is a tribute to those who have died of AIDS. John Adams’s On the Transmigration of Souls is a response to the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001. Perhaps it’s coincidental, but each of these works is by an American.
Making America Musical: A Salute to Theodore Thomas
Authors: Steinberg Michael , Rothe Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bach’s Two-Violin Concerto, Brahms’s Hungarian Dances and Academic Festival Overture, the Hexameron by Liszt et al. and Liszt’s orchestration of Schubert’s Wanderer Fantasy, Mozart’s Symphony No. 34, the SaintSaëns Organ Symphony, the Sibelius Second, The Blue Danube, Till Eulenspiegel and Ein Heldenleben, Tchaikovsky’s Romeo and Juliet, the Prelude to Die Meistersinger: every one of those pieces was introduced in America by Theodore Thomas, a name you have seen often if you look at the performance histories you sometimes find in symphony orchestras’ program notes. A complete list of Thomas’s American premieres would include and be less than one-tenth exhausted by Beethoven’s Great Fugue; Berlioz’s Damnation of Faust, Harold in Italy, and Romeo and Juliet; Brahms’s Second Symphony and Haydn Variations; the Bruckner Seventh; The Sorcerer’s Apprentice; Grieg’s music for Ibsen’s Peer Gynt; Handel’s Royal Fireworks Music; Schubert’s Unfinished Symphony; the Nutcracker Suite; and the Prelude and Love-Death from Tristan. And this list does not even include all the famous pieces. Nor, remarkable though it is, does this catalogue by itself certify Theodore Thomas’s greatness, although it is symbolic of what made him the most important performer in the history of concert music in America.