bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Game Theory and Social Foraging
Authors: Giraldeau Luc-Alain , Livoreil Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Foraging behavior is central to issues such as the structure and composition of animal communities (Schoener 1987), the abundance and spatial distribution of organisms (Fretwell 1972), the extent to which sociality may evolve (Wilson 1975, pp. 49-57), and intra- and interspecific competition. It is not surprising that this realization in the late 1960s (MacArthur&Pianka 1966) spawned an exponential surge of research into foraging behavior (Schoener 1987). The application of optimality models to the study of foraging behavior led to a number of simple, explicit, economic foraging models that made quantitative, testable predictions. As a consequence, a field known today as “Foraging Theory” quickly emerged in the midlle 970s (Stephens&Krebs 1986).
The use of simple optimality models has been particularly successful in ad dressing two foraging decisions: whether to attack an encountered prey (prey models) and whether to persist exploiting a patch (patch models; Stephens&Krebs 1986).
Why We Need Evolutionary Game Theory
Authors: Reeve Hudson Kern , Dugatkin Lee Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The original game-theoretic models and their extensions discussed in this book potentially shed light on a tremendous range of social behaviors. Despite the work outlined in this volume, surprisingly few game-theoretic models (other than sex-ratio models) have been rigorously empirically tested during the more than two decades that have elapsed since game theory became a part of evolutionary biology. The scarcity of explicit tests of game-theoretic models contrasts markedly with the extensive empirical testing of frequency-independent, fitness-maximization models (such as most optimal foraging models). Why is this?
One possibility is that such models are difficult to test—for example, because it is difficult to demonstrate “equality of fitnesses” (or “equality of marginal fitness returns”) for discrete behavioral variants selectively maintained in a stable polymorphism or as parts of a mixed evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS). However, the latter answer isn’t satisfying for two reasons: First, frequency-independent optimization models (henceforth called “FIO” models), like game-theoretic models (henceforth called “GT” models), make predictions about, and thus can be tested by comparing, the relative fitnesses of alternative behavioral variants (e.g., Gomulkiewicz, this volume).
Irreducible Uncertainty and the Need for Judgment
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Irreducible uncertainty refers to uncertainty that cannot be reduced by any activity at the moment action is required. The idea of irreducible uncertainty is as old as recorded history. Thucydides, one of the great historians of antiquity, writing in the fifth century B.C., tells us that the Spartan king Archidamus, in the course of an address to his fellow Spartans on the eve of war with Athens, noted with approval that Spartans were taught “that it is impossible to calculate accurately events that are determined by chance.” But, he added, they were not afraid of that fact. So the king said nothing further about “chance” events and the impossibility of calculating them accurately, and the Spartans voted confidently and enthusiastically to go to war. As the king suggested, irreducible uncertainty would not deter them, any more than it deters today’s generals and admirals, investors in stocks and bonds, industrial entrepreneurs, government planners-anyone who must predict the course of future events.
Reducing Rivalry Through Compromise
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I begin with a rejection of the traditional view of the dichotomous, either-or relationship between intuition and analysis. I replace it with the concept of a continuum marked by pure intuition at one pole and pure analysis at the other. The concept of a cognitive continuum leads to a reduction in rivalry through compromise.
Various modes, or forms, of cognition can be ordered in relation to one another on a continuum that is identified by intuitive cognition at one pole and analytical cognition at the other.
Possibilities for Wisdom
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If conventional methods of inquiry do not—cannot—meet the needs of policymakers, where shall the policymakers tum? Psychologists, particularly those who study judgment and decision making, are inclined to believe, naturally enough, that policymakers should tum to them. And so they have, on occasion. In what follows I first offer some examples of psychologists’ past efforts to assist with the policymaking process, as well as a suggestion from a new and unexpected source. I then examine the conventional source of wisdom, the wisdom of the elders. Does that source continue to deserve our confidence?
A Taste of Clifford Algebra in Euclidean 3-Space
Authors: Snygg John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A set of matrices that satisfy Eqs. (1.3) and (1.4) is said to form the basis for the Clifford algebra associated with Euclidean 3-space. There are matrices other than those presented in Eq. (1.2) which satisfy Eqs. (1.3) and (1.4). (See Problem 1.2.) In the formalism of Clifford algebra, one never deals with the components of any specific matrix representation. We have introduced the matrices of Eq. (1.2) only to demonstrate that there exist entities which satisfy Eqs. (1.3) and (1.4).
Murder in Our Midst
Authors: Bartov Omer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As our century draws to a close, many obsetvers are overcome with a sense of d é j á vu. The intensification of ethnic, religious, and nationalist conflicts, the inability of the great (and not so great) powers either to settle international disputes or put their own houses in order, economic dislocation and loss of optimism, widespread anxieties in the face of a looming “invasion” from the poorer parts of the world, growing xenophobia and extremism, popular pressure for clear and simple answers to perplexing and ambiguous circumstances, a general atmosphere of disillusionment, fear, and gloom—it all seems so familiar. After all, the end of the nineteenth century was also accompanied by growing chaos in international relations, the disintegration of great empires, increasing domestic tensions and frustrations, fears of foreign, non-Western perils along with laments about the decline of the West, racial and cultural degeneration, and a growing desire for quick, violent, uplifting actions to resolve depressing realities. The current project of “genetic mapping” of humanity, to take just one but to my mind crucially important example, is once more allied with attempts by both real and pseudo-natural and social scientists to apply their “findings” to a reorganization of human society and its priorities, and as such is much closer to the eugenic fantasies of pre-1914 Europe (and pre-1945 Germany) than many of us would like to admit, reflecting the same urge to enforce a “scientific” order on a bewildering, unresponsive humanity that defies all “rational” analyses, categorizations, and forecasts by those charged with studying and controlling it.
Natural Hybridization and Evolution
Authors: Arnold Michael L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study draws on data from numerous sources that support the paradigm of natural hybridization as an important evolutionary process. The review of these data results in a challenge to the framework used by many evolutionary biologists, which sees the process of natural hybridization as maladaptive because it represents a violation of divergent evolution. In contrast, this book presents evidence of a significant role for natural hybridization in furthering adaptive evolution and evolutionary diversification in both plants and animals.
Natural hybridization: Concepts and theory
Authors: Arnold Michael L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has been argued for decades that natural hybridization between divergent populations of animals is an evolutionary dead end (Mayr, 1942; Chapters 1 and 2). A common rationale for this conclusion is the view that the outcome of hybridization episodes is governed by selection against hybrids independent of the environment. Although some plant biologists (e.g., Anderson, 1949; Stebbins, 1959) have been more open to environment-dependent models of hybrid zone evolution, process-oriented studies of plant hybrid populations have been few. This has resulted in a dearth in our understanding of patterns of hybrid fitness and the importance of environment-dependent selection in plants.
Nestling Eviction and Vocal Begging Behaviors in the Australian Glossy Cuckoos Chrysococcyx basalis and C. lucidus
Authors: Payne Robert B , Payne Laural. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In most species of brood parasitic cuckoos, nestlings kill their foster nestmates by evicting them from the nest (Jenner 1788; Wyllie 1981; Davies and Brooke 1988; Payne 1997a). Nestling cuckoos of species in the genera Cuculus, glossy cuckoos Chrysococcyx, drongo cuckoos Surniculus, and koels Eudynamys (in Australia only) evict the eggs and nestlings of their host species (Chance 1922; Gosper 1964; Friedmann 1968; Becking 1981; Rowan 1983; Cramp 1985; Crouther 1985), whereas in the Clamator cuckoos, koels in India, and channel-billed cuckoos (Scythrops novaehollandiae) the nestling cuckoos tolerate the foster young or other cuckoos in the nest and are reared together with them (Friedmann 1964; Ali and Ripley 1969; Goddard and Marchant 1983). By attacking its nestmates the evicting young cuckoo monopolizes parental care and receives all the food that would go to the fosterer’s own brood.
Evolutionary Equilibria 1n Avian Brood Parasitism An Alternative to the 1’Arms Race-Evolutionary Lag” Concept
Authors: Lotem Arnon , Nakamura Hiroshi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The contributions of research on avian brood parasitism to the study of coevolution have been recently demonstrated (Rothstein 1990; Davies and Brooke 1991). Numerous experimental studies have shown the existence of coevolved adaptations in parasites and hosts (reviewed in Rothstein 1990). However, whereas most of these studies conclusively demonstrate the occurrence of coevolution, the details of the mechanisms on which these coevolved systems are based are still a matter of controversy.
Coevolution between Brood Parasites and Their Hosts An Optimality Theory Approach
Authors: Roskaft Eivin , Moksnes Arne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the 9000 or so living species of birds there are at least 80 brood parasites that lay their eggs in the nests of other bird species (Hamilton and Orians 1965). Their eggs are incubated and their young are raised by members of another species. Interspecific brood parasitism has evolved independently at least seven times in birds (Lack 1968). Two well-known examples are the parasitic cuckoos (Cuculidae) of the Old World and the parasitic cowbirds (Icterinae) of the New World.
Penalty Methods, Barrier Methods and Augmented Lagrangians
Authors: Censor Yair , Zenios Stavros A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We now turn to study some general optimization methods upon which we can later base the design of model decomposition algorithms (see Chapter 1). These general methods for constrained nonlinear optimization are the penalty methods that employ penalty or barrier functions giving rise to so-called exterior penalty methods or interior penalty methods, respectively. These methods are closely related to the primal-dual Lagrangian algorithmic scheme and to the method of augmented Lagrangians (sometimes referred to as the multiplier method), which we also discuss here. Such algorithms are not only considered most efficacious in solving large-scale constrained optimization problems, but are also suitable problem modifiers in our model decomposition algorithms (Chapter 7). Barrier function methods are also helpful when studying the primal-dual path following algorithm for linear programming (see Chapter 8). This algorithm is developed using a logarithmic barrier function. Finally, there is a close re lationship between the method of augmented Lagrangians and the proximal minimization algorithms (see Chapter 3), which should not be overlooked. Section 4.1 examines penalty functions and their use in penalty methods, wherein the optimal solution of the problem is approached from outside the feasible set (exterior penalty). In Section 4.2 we describe barrier functions and their use in approaching the optimal solution from within the feasible set. Section 4.3 explains the basics of duality theory and the primal-dual algorithmic framework. Section 4.4 gives an account of augmented Lagrangian methods and how they are related to the proximal minimization approach developed earlier (see Chapter 3), which should not be overlooked.
Visuospatial Cognition: An Historical and Theoretical Introduction
Authors: De Vega Manuel , Marschark Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People process spatial information in at least two different ways. Most obviously, we have visual (perception) systems that pick up information from the environment about the visual properties of objects, spatial relations among them, and their motions within the environment. We also have mental representations that allow us to process visuospatial information in a more constructive and less data-driven way than that permitted by the visual system. Through the retrieval of visuospatial information from memory, we are able to “re-experience” or reconsider past perceptual experiences and plan in advance our future interactions with objects or navigation in familiar environments. Through the construction of mental representations, we can mentally combine visuospatial elements in new ways, perform or simulate (depending on one’s theoretical preference) mental transformations on them, and engage in reasoning and problem solving involving visual and spatial information. These capabilities all go beyond ordinary visual perception, but they are still aspects of visuospatial cognition. This volume is concerned mainly with visuospatial representation rather than visual perception, although the functional relations between perception and mental representation will be discussed in several contexts.
Imagery and the Description of Spatial Configurations
Authors: Denis Michel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Imagery and language are two basic components of the human cognitive system. This chapter focuses on their interactions in communicative situations where people produce verbal messages with the intention of having their addressees construct the mental representation of spatial configurations. How can imagistic and linguistic representations cooperate when a cognitive system has to interact with another one with the purpose of conveying information about spatial entities? In recent years, cognitive research has become more and more concerned with situations in which people process information in order to act on objects placed at a distance and not available to their immediate perception. These situations provide special significance to the mechanisms involved when people construct a representation of the object or situation being processed. The issue is especially important in interactive situations, where two people have to communicate on shared representations of absent objects. These situations raise the issue of the test of both internal coherence and external validity of these representations, in particular when speakers try to have their addressees build the representation of a perceptually nonavailable object, and then the addressees have to perform cognitive computations on their representations of the object. Such situations illustrate quite general theoretical issues, including that of the nature, structure, and construction of cognitive representations as these are approached by multimodal conceptions of the human mind (e.g., Baddeley, 1986; Engelkamp & Denis, 1990; Johnson-Laird, 1989; Paivio, 1991; Rumelhart & Norman, 1988).
Representations of Visuospatial Cognition: A Discussion
Authors: De Vega Manuel , Intons-Peterson Margaret Jean , Johnson-laird Philip N , Denis Michel , Marschark Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the outset of this collaboration, the contributors to this volume all met on Tenerife, in the Canary Islands, at a meeting organized by the University of La Laguna. The following discussion includes conversation drawn from that meeting, as well as later exchanges, as we grappled with trying to understand the points of agreement and disagreement in each other’s perspectives. Our goal was not to try to provide definitive answers to the questions that have been raised throughout the long tradition of research on visuospatial cognition, nor did we anticipate arriving at any consensus. We did expect, however, that after the presentations by our three invited speakers, we would be in a better position to discuss our points of agreement and disagreement concerning the nature and functions of visuospatial cognition. In this regard, we were surely successful. We leave to our readers whether the articulation of such diverse perspectives provides any better understanding of the phenomena of interest or is better seen as merely the beginning of a longer process that will accomplish that end. One thing that is certain, however, is that what came out of this collaboration is more-and quite different-from what we had expected.
How Can We Compare the Importance of Ecological Processes If We Never Ask, “Compared to what?”
Authors: Petraitis Peter S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most troublesome problems that faces modem ecology is how to place ecological processes into a meaningful context. The problem persists even though ecological processes such as competition and predation are reasonably well understood and the ground rules for experiments by which ecological processes are described are well established. Yet ecologists would like to generalize beyond a particular experiment, and this is where ecology runs into trouble because ecologists have had great difficulty in finding meaningful ways to evaluate the importance or relative effect of ecological processes. Often researchers simply assert that a given process is “important” or “large” without defining terms or providing a context. The problem in ecology is especially acute since we are being constantly pressed by environmental managers and policy makers to answer questions about the importance and magnitude of ecological processes. But to say that competition is an important determinant of community structure or that competition has a large effect begs the question: “Compared to what?”
Institutional Constraints on Agricultural Sustainability
Authors: Ruttan Vernon W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout most of human history, increases in agricultural output have been achieved almost entirely from increases in cultivated areas. We are in the closing decades of the twentieth century, rapidly approaching the time when all increases in agricultural output will have to come from increases in the intensity of cultivation on the lands already used for agricultural production. In the industrialized countries of the world, this transition began in the later years of the nineteenth century. For most developing countries, the transition did not begin until midcentury. This is an exceedingly short time in which to achieve the most remarkable transition in agriculture since it was first invented by neolithic women more than 10,000 years ago.
Agroforestry in Guatemala
Authors: Mayne John C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The need for construction timber can deplete areas around towns or villages of trees, but the need for firewood can keep the same areas devoid of even woody shrubs. They are cut too frequently to produce sufficient biomass for sustainable growth. This problem is often exacerbated in ecological zones less hospitable to dense and rapid plant growth and/or where human population growth has exploded. Not surprisingly, food production is also a problem in these areas where much of the available land, even steeply sloping land, is in cultivation.
Sustaining What for Whom? : Differences of Interest within and between Households
Authors: Rocheleau Dianne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Structural adjustment is part of a broader economic restructuring throughout the world, and it is more than economic. Likewise, sustainable development is much more than an environmental “fix” for development (Blaikie and Brookfield, 1987; Peet and Watts, 1996). These parallel processes encompass a simultaneous restructuring of economies, ecologies, cultures, and political systems. Each of these elements constitutes a nexus of social relations between groups of people and between people and their physical and biological surroundings. We are witnessing the reintegration of each at different scales and under new relations of power (Rocheleau, 1995a).
Biodiversity Conservation in Mesoamerica
Authors: Boza Mario A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mesoamerica is the region that extends from southern Mexico, including the states of Chiapas, Tabasco, Campeche, Yucatan, and Quintana Roo, to Panama. All of the Central American nations-Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama are included in the 768,989 square kilo meters comprised in this bioregion. This area corresponds to only one-half of 1 percent of the total land area of the world. How ever, the biological diversity of this small region is extraordinarily high. D. H. Janzen (1994) estimates that this small area contains approximately 7 percent of the entire planet’ s biodiversity.
Understanding Conflict in Lowland Forest Zones: Mangrove Access and Deforestation Debates in Southern Honduras
Authors: Stanley Denise 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mariculture has proven to be one of the most conflictive natural-resource-based industries in the Third World. The entry of shrimp farms into wetland ecosystems has been greeted with both cynicism and enthusiasm. Stonich, Bort, and Ovares (chapter 24) describe the marginalization of the poor that accompanies many shrimp projects and the increasing conflict between fishers and mariculturalists over scarce natural resources. This case study explores economic factors and legal institutions that contribute to these problems of the “blue revolution.”
Process Dynamics, Temporal Extent, and Causal Propagation as the Basis for Linking Space and Time
Authors: Kelmelis John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Users of geographic information systems (GISs) have become more sophisticated and are placing greater demands on GISs to understand dynamic geo graphic phenomena. Therefore, it is increasingly important to incorporate the variables necessary to model processes into geographic data and information. In addition, GIS analytical capabilities must be strengthened to facilitate the re quirements of process modeling. The operations and functions of the system must be sufficiently robust to analyze dynamic phenomena. There must be operations and functions that are effective in spatial and temporal dimensions.