bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential skeletal preservation at Windover Pond: Causes and consequences
Authors: Stojanowski Christopher M. , Seidemann Ryan M. , Doran Glen H. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn this paper, we evaluate the causes of differential skeletal preservation in the Windover Pond skeletal series (8BR246). We collected data on sex and age for approximately 110 individuals, and calculated a preservation score for each individual based on the presence of 80 skeletal landmarks. Our research questions evaluated the relationship between bone preservation and individual age and sex, and between the presence of preserved brain material and skeletal preservation, and the effects of burial location on bone preservation. The results indicate variability in average preservation for the sample (μ = 0.53, SD = 0.22) with an apparent lack of sex‐specific (P= 0.79) or age‐specific (P= 0.37) differences in preservation. The relationship between brain and skeletal preservation (P= 0.15) was not significant. The horizontal distribution of burials was not significantly correlated with skeletal preservation (north: r = −0.10,P= 0.93; east: r = 0.09,P= 0.45); however, vertical depth was a significant predictor of preservation (r = −0.31,P= 0.005), indicating that skeletal preservation decreased as burials were located closer to the ground surface. The observed variability in preservation scores may be related to the partial drying and resubmergence of the uppermost burials for the last few millennia. Comparison of Windover element‐specific survival rates with previous analyses based on terrestrial samples (Galloway et al. [1997] Forensic taphonomy, Boca Raton: CRC Press; Waldron [1987] Death, decay and reconstruction, Manchester: Manchester University Press; Willey et al. [1997] Am J Phys Anthropol104:513–528) affirms the relationship between element weight or density and bone survival. The unique taphonomic context of our study sample effected little change in bone deterioration processes. Am J Phys Anthropol 119:15–26, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adenine nucleotide translocator 1 deficiency associated with Sengers syndrome
Authors: Jordens Eric Z. , Palmieri Luigi , Huizing Marjan , Van Den Heuvel Lambert P. , Sengers Rob C. A. , Dörner Andrea , Ruitenbeek Wim , Trijbels Frans J. , Valsson Jullius , Sigfusson Gunnlaugur , Palmieri Ferdinando , Smeitink Jan A. M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSengers syndrome is characterized by congenital cataracts, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, mitochondrial myopathy, and lactic acidosis, but no abnormalities have been found with routine mitochondrial biochemical diagnostics (the determination of pyruvate oxidation rates and enzyme measurements). In immunoblot analysis, the protein content of the mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocator 1 (ANT1) was found to be strongly reduced in the muscle tissues of two unrelated patients with Sengers syndrome. In addition, low residual adenine nucleotide translocator activity was detected upon the reconstitution of detergent‐solubilized mitochondrial extracts from the patients' skeletal or heart muscle into liposomes. Sequence analysis and linkage analysis showed that ANT1 was not the primary genetic cause of Sengers syndrome. We propose that transcriptional, translational, or posttranslational events are responsible for the ANT1 deficiency associated with the syndrome.
Cerebral X‐linked adrenoleukodystrophy in a girl with Xq27‐Ter deletion
Authors: Hershkovitz Eli , Narkis Ginat , Shorer Zamir , Moser Ann B. , Watkins Paul A. , Moser Hugo W. , Manor Esther 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAn 8.5‐year‐old girl with a pathogenic mutation (515insC) of the ATP‐binding cassette, subfamily D, member 1 gene (ABCD1) on her maternally derived X chromosome showed clinical, biochemical, and magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities similar to those in affected males. Cytogenetic studies led to the surprise finding of a de novo deletion of Xq27 on the paternally derived X chromosome. A bone marrow transplant had an apparently favorable effect. Cytogenetic studies should be performed in all severely symptomatic X‐linked adrenoleukodystrophy heterozygotes.
Preparation and adsorption properties of poly(N‐vinylformamide/acrylonitrile) chelating fiber for heavy metal ions
Authors: Lin Hai , Kimura Mutsumi , Hanabusa Kenji , Shirai Hirofusa , Ueno Nobuhiko , Mori Yasuharu 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn this article we report a new chelating fiber that was prepared from a hydrolyzate of poly(N‐vinylformamide/acrylonitrile) by a wet‐spinning method. This fiber contains chelating groups, such as amidine groups, amino groups, cyano groups, and amide groups, with high densities. We examined the chelating abilities for several metal ions with this fiber, and present the morphological merit of the fibrous product compared with the globular resin. Based on the research results, it is shown that the fiber has higher binding capacities and better adsorption properties for heavy metal ions than the resin. The pH value of the metal ion solution shows strong influences on the adsorption of the metal ions. The maximum adsorption capacities of the fiber for Cu2+, Cr3+, Co2+, Ni2+, and Mn2+ are 112.23, 88.11, 141.04, 108.06, and 73.51 mg/g, respectively. In mixed metal ions solution, the fiber adsorbs Cr3+, Cu2+ and Co2+ efficiently. The adsorbed metal ions can be quantitatively eluted by hydrochloric acid. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 1378–1386, 2002
Optimization of polymer synthesis through distributed control of polymerization conditions
Authors: Faliks Aviel , Yetter Richard A. , Floudas Christodoulos A. , Wei Yen , Rabitz Herschel 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAn optimal control methodology is applied to the goal of lowering polydispersity while increasing conversion in polymerization reactions. An illustration using initiator, heat, and monomer flux control profiles for free‐radical polymerization of styrene in a plug flow reactor is provided and compared with available experimental data. The design calculations use a kinetic model that includes the gel effect. The reactor designs show that distributed initiator, heat, and monomer fluxes along the length of the reactor lower the polydispersity of the styrene polymers and increase conversion for a given reaction time. The monomer flux maintains a nearly constant monomer concentration in the reactor. The initiator and heat fluxes are highly correlated. The temperature rises as a result the heat flux; but the initiator flux results in a lower initiator concentration relative to the initiator cofeed case. At a reaction time of 120 min, a conversion of 44% and a polydispersity of 1.73 have been achieved. The theoretical designs, although not proven to be globally optimal, are of high quality. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 2922–2928, 2002
On‐line optimizing control of bulk polymerization of methyl methacrylate: Some experimental results for heater failure
Authors: Mankar Raju B. , Saraf Deoki N. , Gupta Santosh K. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAn experimental unit has been assembled to carry out on‐line optimizing control of the bulk polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA). A rheometer‐reactor assembly is used. Temperature and viscosity measurements are used to describe the state of the system. The polymerization is carried out under an off‐line computed optimal temperature history, Top(t). A planned disturbance (heating system failure) is introduced at time t1. This disturbance leads to a fall in the temperature of the reaction mass. A new optimal temperature history, Treop(t), is re‐computed on‐line and is implemented on the reaction mass at time t2, when the heating is resumed. This procedure helps ‘save the batch’. A genetic algorithm is used to compute this reoptimized temperature history in a short period of ∼2 min of real time. The feasibility of the on‐line optimizing control scheme has been demonstrated experimentally. Replicable results for the viscosity history, η(t), of the polymerizing mass under several non‐isothermal conditions have been obtained. These experimental results are quite trustworthy, even though the model predictions are only in approximate agreement with them, perhaps because of the extreme sensitivity of results to the values of the model parameters. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 2350–2360, 2002
Durability of poly(dimethylsiloxane) when exposed to chlorine gas
Authors: Eikeland M. S. , Hägg M.‐B. , Brook M. A. , OttØy M. , Lindbråthen A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractHighly crosslinked poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) is discussed as an alternative membrane material for the gas separation of highly concentrated chlorine gas (90–95 vol %) and oxygen, due to an initial high permeation for Cl2 and a high selectivity of Cl2/O2. It was found that the separation properties of the PDMS membrane change over time upon exposure to aggressive chlorine gas; the flux will go down, and the material may even degrade if not appropriately prepared and protected. The PDMS was exposed to chlorine gas over 4 weeks in a glass chamber at both 30 and 60°C and analysed by (FTIR). The membranes were exposed to chlorine gas in a permeation cell with measurements of the permeability of N2, O2, and Cl2 at regular intervals. The temperature range for the permeation measurements was 30–100°C, and the pressure difference over the membrane was ca. 2 bar. The time of exposure in the permeation cell was several weeks. The absorption of N2, O2, and Cl2 in the PDMS at temperatures in the same range was also measured. This article discusses the durability of the highly crosslinked PDMS membrane following chlorine exposure. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 2458–2470, 2002
DNA/lipid complex organogel with shape‐memory behavior
Authors: Liu Wen Guang , Zhang Jian Rong , De Yao Kang 
Published: October 2002

AbstractDNA and amphiphilic N,N,N‐trimethyl‐N‐hexadecylammonium bromide (THAB) were stoichiometrically mixed together to produce a DNA–lipid complex, which was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at 65°C and then crosslinked with isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI). The obtained organogel swelled reversibly in DMSO, responding to the variation of temperature. Interestingly, we observed that the gel exhibited a temperature‐dependent shape‐memory behavior. Above 65°C, whatever the shape the gel was deformed to, it could retain the new shape as the temperature was decreased to room temperature, while, when the gel was heated to 65°C again, it could recover its initial shape. The shape‐memory characteristic is supposedly originated from the transition between the close‐packed and the destroyed DNA/lipid conformation. The elastic urethane crosslinking bonds between base‐pair sites act as a fixing phase. The gel holds promise in its application as a gentle actuator. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 259–263, 2002
Aircraft‐coating weathering studies by analytical methods
Authors: Usmani Arthur M. , Donley Mike 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe predicted the life of an aircraft coating through the characterization of slightly weathered samples. To accomplish this, we completed accelerated weathering of a flat aircraft coating in a xenon‐arc weather‐o‐meter for 0, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, and 3000 h. Equatorial mount with mirrors for acceleration with aqua (EMMAQUA) exposures equivalent to 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, and 48 months were also completed in this work. To determine coating‐film degradation, we used electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis, also known as XPS, and L*a*b* color measurement. Nonlinear regression estimations were performed on selected measurements from the test data. Two models were used. The first was the Weibull‐type model. The second was a Gauss‐type model that had also been used in previous work on decay processes. The second model generally provided a better fit as determined by asymptotic R2 statistics. Secondary‐ion mass spectroscopy data did not produce data consistent with decay functions. The models better described the data from color change measurements and XPS. Fourier transform infrared data fit the models but not as well as XPS and color measurement. Furthermore, data from EMMAQUA exposures fit better than data from the xenon‐arc weather‐o‐meter. In the model development work, we used single points for both measurement and exposure. The models can be refined with a high degree of predictive precision if replicates of 10 measurements and replicates of 5 exposures are performed; we plan to report these findings in the future. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 294–313, 2002
Effect of temperature on the crosslink densities of nitrile rubber and carboxylated nitrile rubber with zinc peroxide
Authors: Ibarra L. , Alzorriz M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe studied the crosslinking of conventional nitrile rubber with metal peroxide at varying temperatures. Crosslink density, measured by swelling in the solvent until equilibrium, and the reaction rate increased with temperature, suggesting that crosslinking is a function of peroxide decomposition. At a specific reaction time, some peroxide remained in the unreacted form in the final product. This was not observed when the reaction temperature was sufficiently high to achieve total decomposition of the peroxide (190–200°C). When a carboxylated nitrile rubber was crosslinked, the same results were obtained. However, in this case, exclusively ionic or a combination of ionic and covalent crosslinks were generated, depending on the vulcanization temperature used. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 335–340, 2002
Recycling polyethylene from automotive fuel tanks
Authors: Gorrasi Giuliana , Maio Luciano Di , Vittoria Vittoria , Acierno Domenico 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPolyethylene (PE) from postuse automotive fuel tanks is considered a valuable material for mechanical recycling, and we assessed its properties, paying particular attention to transport properties and processability. The characterization included the study of the sorption–desorption isotherms, the rheological analysis of the molten materials and their processability. In particular, we obtained, sorption‐–desorption isotherms using a model molecule (n‐heptane) to simulate contact with the fuel. The measurements were carried out on films of PE blend for tanks and separately on the components of the blend. Rotational rheometry was carried out on scraps from used tanks and on virgin material for comparison. We performed some extrusion tests to evaluate the possibility of mechanical recycling of the postuse materials. In particular, we examined the melt‐fracture incoming conditions by making use of a twin‐screw extruder with a round die. Stress–strain measurements were carried out on films of virgin and used material, obtained with a press on a laboratory scale to evaluate the change of the mechanical properties of a manufacture obtained by reprocessing a polymer aged in contact with a mixture of liquids. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 347–351, 2002
Reactive compatibilization of maleated polypropylene and maleated poly(styrene‐b‐butadiene‐b‐styrene) blends
Authors: Wilhelm Helena Maria , Felisberti Maria Isabel 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBlends of maleated polypropylene with maleic anhydride (PP–MAH) and maleated styrene–butadiene–styrene triblock copolymer with maleic anhydride (SBS–MAH) were compatibilized with 4,4′‐diaminediphenylmethane, at various concentrations, as the coupling agent for the functionalized polymers. Their properties were compared with those of the corresponding blends of PP–MAH and styrene–butadiene–styrene triblock copolymer. The blends containing 15 and 50 wt % elastomers were prepared in a mixer at 190°C and 55 rpm. Torque measurements and solubility tests suggested a graft copolymerization during the melt blending of PP–MAH and SBS–MAH. Infrared spectroscopy was used to characterize the graft copolymer formed during the melt blending of the maleated polymers. The blends presented a morphology of a disperse elastomer phase in a continuous PP–MAH matrix. The size of the elastomeric domains decreased as the diamine and anhydride molar ratio increased. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 02: 366–371, 2002
Adhesives for bead fusion of recycled expandable polystyrene
Authors: Lye S. W. , Aw H. S. , Lee S. G. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractExpandable polystyrene (EPS) is a plastic cellular material that is commonly used in the packaging industry. Its growing uses have led to environmental concerns over resource sustainability and the dwindling availability of landfill spaces. Although existing approaches to control and manage EPS wastes are available, much effort is still needed to recycle as much of the used materials via developing new processes or applications. This article looks into a new approach using adhesives to promote EPS bead fusion. Two sets of test specimens made of 100% recycled EPS using spray adhesive and powder adhesive were investigated. Their mechanical behaviors of these two adhesive EPS samples were studied. These specimens were compared with the commercially available ones produced using steam injection molding and direct microwave molding. From the findings, the powder adhesive specimens were found to be quite comparable to the steam‐injected ones in terms of better cushioning property, shape definitions, smaller dimensional and density variations than those of sprayed adhesive and microwave ones. The results highlight that powder adhesive mixed with 100% recycled EPS offer a new “green” approach in EPS production with low initial capital outlay and shorter production lead time. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 456–462, 2002
Geoelectrical investigation beneath Behbiet ElHigara and ElKom ElAkhder archaeological sites, Samannud area, Nile Delta, Egypt
Authors: Ibrahim E. H. , ElGamili M. M. , Hassaneen A. Gh. , Soliman M. N. , Ismael A. M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractGeoelectrical resistivity and resistance geoscanning techniques were conducted on Behbiet ElHigara and ElKom ElAkhder archeological sites for two purposes. The first was aimed to study the palaeohydrography and the subsurface geological picture of these sites; for this purpose, 19 vertical electric soundings were conducted along two E–W profiles across the sites. The results indicate that both archaeological sites represent buried high sand gizeras occupied by the ancient Egyptians as they were safe from the high floods and near to the freshwater courses that passed by the sites. The second purpose was to delineate any buried archaeological remains under the soil. For this purpose, resistance geoscanning survey was conducted on the two sites, together with three detailed and shallow geoelectric resistivity profiles along ElKom ElAkhder for more confirmation. The results indicate that the low‐resistivity clayey deposits predominate on the two sites. Behbiet ElHigara is characterized by shallow, circular and small‐extent anomalies that could be referred to small granitic blocks at shallow depths, whereas at ElKom ElAkhder, a high resistivity anomaly embedded within a low resistivity clayey facies was noticed: this could represent the buried sand gezira (islet) of ElKom ElAkhder. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with anakinra, a recombinant human interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist, in combination with methotrexate: Results of a twenty‐four–week, multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Cohen Stanley , Hurd Eric , Cush John , Schiff Michael , Weinblatt Michael E. , Moreland Larry W. , Kremer Joel , Bear Moraye B. , Rich William J. , McCabe Dorothy 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of anakinra in combination with methotrexate (MTX) in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA).MethodsPatients with moderate‐to‐severe active RA who were receiving MTX for 6 consecutive months, with stable doses for ≥3 months (those with disease duration of >6 months but <12 years) were randomized into 6 groups: placebo or 0.04, 0.1, 0.4, 1.0, or 2.0 mg/kg of anakinra administered in a single, daily, subcutaneous injection. The primary efficacy end point was the proportion of subjects who met the American College of Rheumatology 20% improvement criteria (attained an ACR20 response) at week 12.ResultsA total of 419 patients were randomized in the study. Patient demographics and disease status were similar in the 6 treatment groups. The ACR20 responses at week 12 in the 5 active treatment plus MTX groups demonstrated a statistically significant (P = 0.001) dose‐response relationship compared with the ACR20 response in the placebo plus MTX group. The ACR20 response rate in the anakinra 1.0‐mg/kg (46%; P = 0.001) and 2.0‐mg/kg (38%; P = 0.007) dose groups was significantly greater than that in the placebo group (19%). The ACR20 responses at 24 weeks were consistent with those at 12 weeks. Similar improvements in anakinra‐treated subjects were noted in individual ACR components, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, onset of ACR20 response, sustainability of ACR20 response, and magnitude of ACR response. Anakinra was safe and well tolerated. Injection site reaction was the most frequently noted adverse event, and this led to premature study withdrawal in 7% (1.0‐mg/kg group) to 10% (2.0‐mg/kg group) of patients receiving higher doses.ConclusionIn patients with persistently active RA, the combination of anakinra and MTX was safe and well tolerated and provided significantly greater clinical benefit than MTX alone.
Local interleukin‐12 gene transfer promotes conversion of an acute arthritis to a chronic destructive arthritis
Authors: Joosten Leo A. B. , Heuvelmans‐Jacobs Marleen , Lubberts Erik , Van De Loo Fons A. J. , Bakker Andrew C. , Helsen Monique M. A. , Richards Carl D. , Van Den Berg Wim B. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether local overexpression of interleukin‐12 (IL‐12), a pleiotropic cytokine that promotes the development of naive T cells into Th1 cells, could aggravate murine streptococcal cell wall (SCW)‐induced arthritis, a model of acute arthritis.MethodsC57BL/6 mice were injected intraarticularly with saline or with 107 plaque‐forming units of control vector (Ad5del70‐3) or IL‐12 vector (AdmIL‐12.1) into the right knee joint 1 day before intraarticular injection of 25 μg of SCW fragments. The development of joint swelling, changes in chondrocyte proteoglycan (PG) synthesis, and joint destruction were examined thereafter.ResultsIn normal joints, high levels of IL‐12 (20 ng/ml on day 1) could be detected after application of the AdmIL‐12.1 vector. After 14 days, expression of IL‐12 was still found locally, but IL‐12 alone did not induce protracted inflammation. Local expression of IL‐12, in combination with SCW, markedly aggravated SCW‐induced arthritis, as determined by enhanced joint swelling and prolonged inhibition of chondrocyte PG synthesis. Histologic examination on day 21 showed a chronic inflammatory process, with persistent cartilage PG depletion, cartilage erosion, and VDIPEN neoepitope expression (indicative of metalloproteinase activation). The mixture of IL‐12 with SCW fragments did not lead to a chronic destructive process in mice deficient for recombination‐activating gene 2, indicating the involvement of lymphocytes. In addition, systemic flare of smoldering SCW arthritis, produced by intravenous injection of SCW fragments, was only seen in the AdmIL‐12/SCW group.ConclusionThese results indicate that local overexpression of IL‐12 promotes conversion of an acute arthritis to a chronic destructive immune‐mediated process, which is more susceptible to flares.