bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of fluorescent and nonfluorescent tracing methods on lymphocyte migration in vivo
Authors: Nolte Martijn A. , Kraal Georg , Mebius Reina E. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractBackgroundThe use of fluorescent dyes to monitor in vivo cellular migration and proliferation has greatly expanded, but little is known about their potential influence on cell migration.MethodsAdoptive transfer studies of lymphocytes labeled with various dyes were performed, and their in vivo homing was compared with that of coinjected unlabeled control cells. In addition, in vitro migration and binding studies were performed to analyze the various steps of transmigration separately.ResultsThese data showed that the intracellular fluorescent dyes calcein acetoxymethyl ester, 2′,7′‐bis‐(2‐carboxyethyl)‐5‐(and‐6)‐carboxyfluorescein acetoxymethyl ester, 5‐chloromethylfluorescein diacetate, 5‐(and‐6)‐carboxyfluorescein diacetate, succinimidyl ester, and fluorescein isothiocyanate affect in vivo homing of especially B lymphocytes to lymphoid organs, without any direct effect on in vitro chemotactic or adhesive activity. The only label that did not affect migration was the extracellular and nonfluorescent molecule biotin, provided that the labeling was performed at room temperature. Interestingly, by using the highly versatile congenic Ly5.1‐Ly5.2 system, we also demonstrated intrinsic differences in lymphocyte migration based on allelic differences.ConclusionsOur data showed that fluorescent labeling of lymphocytes has a severe effect on their homing capacity in vivo. Labeling of cells with biotin appeared to be a good alternative for this purpose; however, if direct fluorescence is required, the negative effects on cell migration should be considered. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sphedgehog is expressed by pigment cell precursors during early gastrulation in Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
Authors: Egaña Ana L. , Ernst Susan G. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractWe have sequenced the Sphedgehog (Sphh) gene from the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Sphh transcripts are detected first at the mesenchyme blastula stage, and they accumulate throughout early embryogenesis. The Sphh protein is produced by precursor pigment cells during early and midgastrulation. NiCl2 inhibits pigment cell differentiation in sea urchins. Here, we show that, in S. purpuratus, nickel affects a process(es) between 17 and 24 hr of development, corresponding to the time period when Sphh mRNA is first detected. However, nickel treatment does not alter the early expression of Sphh. Developmental Dynamics 231:370–378, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of transient surge transmission characteristics of electronic circuits due to arc discharge generated with disconnector on/off in GIS
Authors: Saito Seiichi , Shimomura Tetsuro , Fujita Shigeto , Niita Shuichi 
Published: August 2004

AbstractIn gas‐insulated switchgear (GIS), the arc discharge due to a disconnector on/off generates fast transient surges, which can be the cause of malfunction and damage to electronic devices such as microprocessors and AD converters, if the fast transient surge exceeds a specified level. In this paper, it is shown that the comparison and evaluation are realized between the measured results and the calculated ones of fast transient surges generated due to a disconnector on/off in 300 kV GIS by adopting the evaluation index. The calculation is carried out by applying the authors' proposed equivalent circuits using distributed constant lines in consideration of the structure of GIS and a newly developed divided‐type voltage sensor. Also, it is found by using the evaluation index that the measured results and the calculated results are in good agreement with each other. Furthermore, the cause of the occurrence of the peak of the evaluation index is clarified by analyzing the equivalent circuit. And the signal conditioning using a low‐pass filter for electronics circuits connecting the divided‐type voltage sensor is designed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 149(2): 34–42, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10360
High‐quality multilevel error diffusion method employing variable threshold
Authors: Suetake Noriaki , Togashi Masanori 
Published: August 2004

AbstractWe propose a new multilevel error diffusion method employing a variable threshold, which realizes half toning with high quality. In the proposed method, dissimilar textures around quantization levels, which are the cause of the low image quality obtained by conventional methods, are decreased by using the variable threshold. In this paper, we apply the proposed method to various standard digital images. Simulation results show that the method is superior to other multilevel error diffusion methods. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 149(2): 25–33, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10373
Vertical‐ and lateral‐type organic FET using pentacene evaporated films
Authors: Tanaka Satoshi , Yanagisawa Hirotomo , Iizuka Masaaki , Nakamura Masakazu , Kudo Kazuhiro 
Published: August 2004

AbstractOrganic semiconductor transistors are expected for flexible displays, information tags, and the like. However, organic transistors have some disadvantages of current density and speed of operation, because of their high resistivity and low carrier mobility. To improve their performance, it is valuable to analyze the mechanism of operation. We have compared characteristics of lateral‐ and vertical‐type transistors using pentacene evaporated films. The pentacene lateral‐type FET characteristics showed large variation due to fabrication parameters such as deposition rate, substrate temperature, and film thickness. It was found that evaporated pentacene thin films have large grain gaps, which disturb carrier flow along the channel formed pentacene film/SiO2 interface direction and make FET characteristics unstable. It is assumed that pentacene films are not suitable lateral‐type transistors. Accordingly, we have fabricated vertical‐type organic static induction transistors (SITs) using pentacene evaporated films. The pentacene SITs show high‐speed operation (cutoff frequency of 7.5 kHz) at relatively low voltages. Further optimization of SIT structure will improve the device performance. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 149(2): 43–48, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10500
Strain–magnetization properties and domain structures of silicon steel sheets
Authors: Notoji Atsushi , Saito Akihiko , Hayakawa Motozo 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe effects of tensile stress and strain on magnetization and magnetic domains in silicon steel sheets were investigated. In the elastic deformation region, magnetization decreased with an increase in strain, while in the plastic deformation region, strain–magnetization properties under stress showed a peculiar characteristic, namely, an increase of magnetization when strain was decreased. We observed lancet and other domains in the specimens after removing the stress applied in the plastic deformation region, especially near grain boundaries. This phenomenon can be explained by changes in the domain structures, which were observed in this study. The features observed in this investigation can be applied to the nondestructive detection of fatigue in metal magnetic materials. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 149(2): 10–17, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20002
The promotion of green electricity in Europe: present and future
Authors: del Río Pablo , Gual Miguel 
Published: August 2004

AbstractPublic support schemes for electricity from renewable energy sources (RES‐E) are undergoing a period of change. Two interrelated processes can be discerned at both the EU and member state (MS) levels. On the one hand, the RES‐E Directive sets targets for consumption of renewable electricity for the year 2010 and opens the possibility that the European Commission sets a community support framework for RES‐E promotion in the future. On the other hand, different types of support scheme have been and are used by countries in order to promote the deployment of renewable electricity. A move from tendering/bidding systems and feed‐in tariffs to tradable green certificates can be observed in some MSs. This move may take place in the future in some other MSs while others will certainly continue to rely on their current scheme. This paper provides an overview and assessment of the instruments currently used to promote renewable electricity in Europe and considers some possible trends in the choice of support schemes in the future. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
‘You can criticize because you care’: identity attachment, constructiveness, and the intergroup sensitivity effect
Authors: Hornsey Matthew J. , Trembath Mark , Gunthorpe Sasha 
Published: August 2004

AbstractCriticism of one's group (e.g. nation, gender, or organization) is typically received in a less defensive way when it stems from another ingroup member than when it stems from an outsider (the intergroup sensitivity effect). We present two experiments demonstrating that this effect is driven not by group membership per se, but by the extent to which critics are perceived to be psychologically invested in the group they are criticizing. In Experiment 1 (N = 117), Australian participants were exposed to criticisms of their country from either other Australians (ingroup critics) or non‐Australians (outgroup critics). Furthermore, the ingroup critics were described as having either strong or weak attachment to their Australian identity. Ingroup critics were only received more positively than outgroup critics when they appeared to have a psychological investment in the group. In Experiment 2 (N = 96) we show how outgroup critics (Asian‐Australians) can overcome defensiveness among Anglo‐Australians by locating themselves within a shared, superordinate identity (Australian). Implications for communication within and between groups are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Manipulating subcategory salience: exploring the link between skin tone and social perception of Blacks
Authors: Maddox Keith B. , Chase Stephanie Gray 
Published: August 2004

AbstractGuided by the model of social category salience proposed by M. Blanz (1999), the present paper explores factors affecting the salience of skin tone‐based subcategories among Blacks in the United States. Adapting the group discussion paradigm developed by S.E. Taylor and colleagues (1978), Experiment 1 demonstrated that a manipulation of issue relevance enhanced the category salience of skin tone. Participants made more within‐ than between‐category errors when the topic of conversation was related to perceiver's skin tone‐based beliefs. Experiment 2 demonstrated that the influence of the issue relevance manipulation was independent of the presence of structural and/or normative fit. Merely discussing the topic of race relations was sufficient to increase encoding and use of skin tone. These studies provide evidence linking skin tone and social beliefs in memory. In addition, they demonstrate support for a category‐based perspective in the study of skin tone bias. Additional factors affecting the salience of skin tone are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interstitial deletions including chromosome 3 common eliminated region 1 (C3CER1) prevail in human solid tumors from 10 different tissues
Authors: Petursdottir Thorgunnur Eyfjord , Thorsteinsdottir Unnur , Jonasson Jon Gunnlaugur , Moller Pall Helgi , Huiping Chen , Bjornsson Johannes , Egilsson Valgardur , Imreh Stefan , Ingvarsson Sigurdur 
Published: August 2004

AbstractA human chromosomal segment regularly lost during tumor formation of microcell hybrids in SCID mice has been mapped to 3p21.3. This segment, called chromosome 3 common eliminated region 1 (C3CER1, also referred to as CER1), may harbor multiple tumor‐suppressor genes. Because it was found that similar regions were eliminated in an inter‐ and intraspecies system and in two tumor types (mouse fibrosarcoma and human renal cell carcinoma), we hypothesized that the importance of C3CER1 would transgress tissue specificity, that is, it could occur in tumors derived from multiple tissues. To evaluate the loss of C3CER1 in various human tumor types, we conducted loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analysis of 576 human solid tumors from 10 different tissues and compared the frequency of deletion in the C3CER1 area to that in two other regions on 3p: the FHIT/FRA3B region, at 3p14.2, and the VHL region, at 3p25.3. Deletions were detected in the C3CER1 region in 83% of informative tumors. Half (47%) the LOH‐positive tumors showed LOH at all informative markers, indicating a large deletion. The other half (53%) had a discontinuous LOH pattern, suggesting interstitial deletions or breakpoints. The proportion of tumors with C3CER1 deletions was high in all tumor types investigated, ranging from 70% to 94%, except for the soft‐tissue sarcomas (40%). In the VHL and FHIT regions, deletions were observed in 73% and 43%, respectively, of the tumors. Of the three 3p regions analyzed, the highest deletion frequency was observed in the C3CER1 region. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the interstitial deletions including C3CER1 prevail over 3p14.2–pter losses in solid tumors. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of genomic breakpoints in MLL and CBP in leukemia patients with t(11;16)
Authors: Zhang Yanming , Zeleznik‐Le Nancy , Emmanuel Neelmini , Jayathilaka Nimanthi , Chen Jianjun , Strissel Pamela , Strick Reiner , Li Loretta , Neilly Mary Beth , Taki Tomohiko , Hayashi Yasuhide , Kaneko Yasuhiko , Schlegelberger Brigitte , Rowley Janet D. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe recurring chromosome translocation t(11;16)(q23;p13) is detected in leukemia patients, virtually all of whom have received previous chemotherapy with topoisomerase (topo) II inhibitors. In the t(11;16), 3′ CBP, on 16p13, is fused to 5′ MLL, on 11q23, resulting in an MLL–CBP fusion gene that plays an important role in leukemogenesis. In this study, we cloned genomic breakpoints of the MLL and CBP genes in the t(11;16) in the SN‐1 cell line and in five patients with therapy‐related leukemia, all of whom had received topo II inhibitors for previous tumors. In all patients except one, both the genomic MLL–CBP and the reciprocal fusions were cloned. Genomic breakpoints in MLL occurred in the 8.3‐kb breakpoint cluster region in all patients, whereas the breakpoints in CBP clustered in an 8.2‐kb region of intron 3 in four patients. Genomic breakpoints in MLL occurred in intron 11 near the topo II cleavage site in the SN‐1 cell line and in one patient, and they were close to LINE repetitive sequences in two other patients. In the remaining two patients, genomic breakpoints were in intron 9 in Alu repeats. Genomic breakpoints in CBP occurred in and around Alu repeats in one and two patients, respectively. In two patients, the breaks were near LINE repetitive sequences, suggesting that repetitive DNA sequences may play a role. No specific recombination motifs were identified at or near the breakpoint junctions. No topo II cleavage sites were detected in introns 2 and 3 of CBP. However, there were deletions and duplications at the breakpoints in both MLL and CBP and microhomologies or nontemplated nucleotides at most of the genomic fusion junctions, suggesting that a nonhomologous end‐joining repair mechanism was involved in the t(11;16). © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐resolution 19p13.2–13.3 allelotyping of breast carcinomas demonstrates frequent loss of heterozygosity
Authors: Yang Tseng‐Long , Su Yen‐Rey , Huang Chiun‐Sheng , Yu Jyh‐Cherng , Lo Yen‐Li , Wu Pei‐Ei , Shen Chen‐Yang 
Published: August 2004

AbstractIn breast cancer, a high frequency of genomic deletion is found in chromosomal region 19p13. Of particular interest is that the LKB1 gene (also known as STK11) has been mapped to this region. LKB1 is responsible for Peutz–Jeghers syndrome (PJS), a genetic disease characterized by mucocutaneous pigmentation and gastrointestinal hematoma with an increased risk of developing cancer, including breast cancer. To further clarify the role of chromosomal region 19p13.2–13.3 in the pathogenesis of breast cancer and to identify more precisely candidate tumor‐suppressor genes (TSGs) for positional cloning studies, we performed detailed high‐resolution allelotyping analysis to detect allelic loss or loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in this region on microdissected samples from 140 primary breast tumors using 24 microsatellite markers. The highest frequencies of LOH were seen with D19S883 (30%) and D19S216 (29%), both at 19p13.3, D19S922 (28%), at 19p13.3–19p13.2, and D19S865 (39%), at 19p13.2; in addition, identification was made of at least four common deletion regions, including the LKB1 locus, that are centered on these four markers. In all the cases, we found discontinuous allele loss at several 19p13.2–13.3 sites in the same tumor (with the markers with the highest frequency of LOH adjacent to markers retaining heterozygosity), suggesting the presence of multiple TSGs. Interestingly, in tumors, the extent of allelic loss at these markers (measured as the fractional allele loss) increased significantly as the tumors progressed to poorer grades (P < 0.05). We conclude that 19p13.2–13.3 allele loss is a common event in the pathogenesis of breast carcinoma that often involves discontinuous LOH of multiple, localized TSGs (including LKB1), the concurrent inactivation of which may contribute to breast cancer progression. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chromosome band 16q22‐linked familial AML: Exclusion of candidate genes, and possible disease risk modification by NQO1 polymorphisms
Authors: Escher Robert , Jones Antonia , Hagos Fitsum , Carmichael Catherine , Horwitz Marshall , Olopade Olufunmilayo I. , Scott Hamish S. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAnalyses of chromosomal translocation and inversion breakpoints in sporadic acute myeloid leukemias have identified many transcription factors as playing a role in leukemogenesis. Studies of families with a Mendelian predisposition to hematological malignancies have identified the gene coding for the transcription factor RUNX1 as a leukemia‐predisposing gene involved in the first steps of leukemogenesis. Using two families, another autosomal dominant familial leukemia locus was linked to chromosome band 16q22 where the CBFB gene maps. Although CBFB forms a core‐binding factor transcriptional complex with RUNX1, previous analyses have excluded the CBFB gene as the leukemia‐predisposing gene in these families. In the current study, we performed an extended molecular analysis in these families of the four other transcription factor genes in the 16q22 critical region as well as of two other genes with a known association with leukemia. Several previously undescribed but nonpathogenic sequence variants were identified. We demonstrated that the transcription factors E2F4, CTCF, NFATC3, and NFAT5, and the genes coding for NAD(P)H:quinone oxido‐reductase 1 (NQO1) and for E‐cadherin are not responsible for the leukemia susceptibility in these families. The presence of NQO1 polymorphisms may suggest a role for this gene in disease risk modification in these families. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative expressed sequence hybridization studies of high‐hyperdiploid childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Gruszka‐Westwood Alicja M. , Horsley Sharon W. , Martinez‐Ramirez Angel , Harrison Christine J. , Kempski Helena , Moorman Anthony V. , Ross Fiona M. , Griffiths Michael , Greaves Mel F. , Kearney Lyndal 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe functional consequences of a high‐hyperdiploid karyotype, found in up to one‐third of cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), are unknown. Using the technique of comparative expressed sequence hybridization (CESH), we sought to address the question of whether increased chromosome copies in hyperdiploid ALL lead to increased gene expression. Relative expression of hyperdiploid ALL blasts versus peripheral blood mononuclear cells was analyzed in 18 patients. Common regions of overexpression corresponding to the presence of tri‐/tetrasomies included: Xp22.1–22.2, 4q28, 6q14–15, 6q24, 10p13, 14q23–24, 17q21, 18q12, and 21q21, identified in 28–89% of cases. However, increased expression without underlying trisomy occurred at 3p21.3, 7q11.2, 8p21, and 8q24.1 in 39–90% of cases. High expression at 7q11.2, the most consistent change detected, was confirmed by quantitative PCR. Poor correlation between the presence of tri‐/tetrasomy and overexpression was observed for chromosomes 14 and 17. Two cases were reanalyzed versus (i) B cells, (ii) transformed B cells, and (iii) CD34+19+ cells (the putative counterpart of the leukemic cell). A reduction in the number of relatively overexpressed regions was observed with CD34+19+ cells. In particular, the peak at 7q11.2 disappeared, suggesting up‐regulation of genes from this region in the early ontology of normal B‐cell development. In conclusion, we have shown that tri‐/tetrasomies in hyperdiploid ALL lead to an increase in the expression of associated sequences. The choice of a biologically relevant reference is crucial for data interpretation. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular cytogenetic characterization of proximal‐type epithelioid sarcoma
Authors: Lualdi Elena , Modena Piergiorgio , Debiec‐Rychter Maria , Pedeutour Florence , Teixeira Manuel R. , Facchinetti Federica , Dagrada Gian Paolo , Pilotti Silvana , Sozzi Gabriella 
Published: August 2004

AbstractProximal‐type epithelioid sarcoma is a recently described soft‐tissue tumor that is distinguished from conventional‐type epithelioid sarcoma by a far more aggressive clinical course, frequent location in the proximal anatomic regions, and variable rhabdoid morphology. Because of their rarity and peculiar morphology, proximal‐type epithelioid sarcomas frequently pose serious diagnostic dilemmas, being easily misdiagnosed as a variety of other malignant neoplasms. To date, the information available on the genetic alterations associated with this tumor entity has been confined to single conventional cytogenetic reports. In this article, we present the results of a conventional and molecular cytogenetic analysis of six proximal‐type epithelioid sarcomas. Spectral karyotyping analysis of these cases deciphered the characteristics of several marker chromosomes and complex translocations, leading to the recognition of recurrent rearrangements. The most frequently involved chromosome arm was 22q, and the identification of two cases with a similar translocation, t(10;22), suggests a role for one or more genes on chromosome 22 in the pathogenesis of this tumor and provides an opportunity for finely mapping the translocation‐associated breakpoints. Chromosome arm 8q gain was also a frequent event and correlated with gain of MYC gene copy number, as demonstrated by fluorescence in situ hybridization. A review of both cases reported in the literature and those presented in this study reinforced the involvement of chromosomes 8 and 22 and also indicated frequent rearrangements of chromosomes 7, 14, 18, and 20. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.