bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transcription of a lepidopteran cytochrome P450 promoter is modulated by multiple elements in its 5′ UTR and repressed by 20‐hydroxyecdysone
Authors: Petersen Brown R. , Berenbaum M. R. , Schuler M. A. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe biochemical response to the phytochemical xanthotoxin encountered in the diet of black swallowtail larvae is the induction of P450s capable of detoxifying this and other toxic furanocoumarins. As the xenobiotic response element to xanthotoxin (XRE‐xan) is necessary but not sufficient for transcription of the CYP6B1v3 gene in Sf9 cells, sequences upstream of it, such as a putative EcRE, and downstream of it, such as a putative C/EBP binding site and Inr, have been tested for their roles in regulation. Mutation of the putative EcRE has indicated that it affects basal transcription of this promoter but not repression by 20‐hydroxyecdysone. Mutation of the more proximal promoter sequence, including the C/EBP and Inr, have indicated that many core promoter elements between the TATA box and translation start site modulate basal and xanthotoxin‐inducible expression of this composite promoter.
Storage and secretion of the peritrophic matrix protein Ag‐Aper1 and trypsin in the midgut of Anopheles gambiae
Authors: Devenport M. , Fujioka H. , Jacobs‐Lorena M. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe gene Ag‐Aper1 encodes a peritrophic matrix (PM) protein from the mosquito Anopheles gambiae. Ag‐Aper1 gene expression and protein localization in the mosquito midgut were studied during the course of a blood meal. Ag‐Aper1 mRNA abundance does not change appreciably during the course of blood ingestion and digestion. Prior to a blood meal, the protein is stored in secretory vesicles of midgut epithelial cells. Moreover, Ag‐Aper1 colocalizes to the same secretory vesicles as trypsin, indicating that these proteins use a common secretory pathway. Blood feeding triggers the secretion of vesicle contents into the midgut lumen, after which Ag‐Aper1 is incorporated into the PM. Newly synthesized Ag‐Aper1 protein was again detected within the midgut epithelial cells at 60 h after blood ingestion.
Variation in an intron sequence of the voltage‐gated sodium channel gene correlates with genetic differentiation between Anopheles gambiae s.s. molecular forms
Authors: Gentile G. , Santolamazza F. , Fanello C. , Petrarca V. , Caccone A. , Della Torre A. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractWe present the results of a geographical survey of genetic variation in Anopheles gambiae M and S molecular forms from ten African countries at Intron I of the voltage‐gated sodium channel gene. We found two major haplotypes separated by a single mutational step, which cosegregate almost completely with the rDNA sites that identify M and S, consistent with previous estimates of strong reductions of gene flow between the two forms. We also report ten additional haplotypes stemming from the two major haplotypes, mostly present in single localities. The low levels of genetic variation found in this intronic region are discussed in light of a possible selective sweep. These findings offer additional elements to the ongoing debate on the amount of genetic differentiation and isolation between the two molecular forms and on their taxonomic status.
Genetic mapping of genes conferring permethrin resistance in the malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae
Authors: Ranson H. , Paton M. G. , Jensen B. , McCarroll L. , Vaughan A. , Hogan J. R. , Hemingway J. , Collins F. H. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractResistance to permethrin in an East African population of the major malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae is multifactorial. A mutated sodium channel allele and enhanced insecticide metabolism contribute to the resistance phenotype. We used microsatellite markers to scan the genome for quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with permethrin resistance. Two major and one minor QTL were identified. The first QTL, rtp1, colocalizes with the sodium channel gene on chromosome 2L thus further supporting the importance of mutations in this gene in conferring permethrin resistance. The second two loci are located on the third chromosome and one of these, rtp2, flanks a large cluster of cytochrome P450 genes. Further detailed mapping of these regions will help elucidate the molecular mechanisms of metabolic resistance to insecticides.
Identification and molecular characterization of two immune‐responsive chitinase‐like proteins from Anopheles gambiae
Authors: Shi L. , Paskewitz S. M. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractTwo haemolymph proteins that are processed rapidly and specifically in response to exposure to bacteria have been identified from Anopheles gambiae. Both proteins, Anopheles gambiae bacteria‐responsive 1 (AgBR1) and AgBR2, are similar to chitinases but belong to a family of proteins that have lost chitinolytic activity. AgBR1 and AgBR2 are converted to smaller forms in vivo or in vitro on exposure to bacteria, and AgBR2 also can be processed on exposure to peptidoglycan alone. AgBR1 and AgBR2 do not bind to bacteria or chitin beads. The AgBR1 and AgBR2 genes are expressed in all developmental stages. In adults, AgBR1 expression is restricted to the fat body, whereas AgBR2 is expressed in many tissues.
Baculovirus and dsRNA induce Hemolin, but no antibacterial activity, in Antheraea pernyi
Authors: Hirai M. , Terenius O. , Li W. , Faye I. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractHemolin is one of the haemolymph proteins most strongly induced upon bacterial infection in Lepidoptera. When we applied RNA interference (RNAi) to suppress Hemolin expression in the Chinese oak silk moth Antheraea pernyi, we discovered that Hemolin is induced by double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA) per se. As dsRNA is recognized as a virus pattern molecule, we then investigated the effect of a baculovirus (ApNPV) infection. We found that Hemolin is induced and expressed with similar kinetics as upon dsRNA injection. Notably, no Attacin gene expression or antibacterial activity was recorded. When baculovirus and high amounts of dsRNA were coinjected, the viral symptoms appeared earlier with Hemolin dsRNA than with GFP dsRNA. This indicates that silencing of hemolin affected the progress of the viral infection.
Molecular discrimination of Wolbachia in the Culex pipiens complex: evidence for variable bacteriophage hyperparasitism
Authors: Sanogo Y. O. , Dobson S. L. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe medically important members of the Culex pipiens species complex provide an enigma for systematists, evolutionary biologists, and vector biologists. The species complex is composed of forms that differ in their ecology, behaviour, physiology and vector competence. Cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) caused by endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria is thought to play an important role in restricting gene flow and the evolution of the Culex complex. Here we describe the first molecular marker useful for discriminating between Wolbachia infections in Culex. A putative bacteriophage locus (orf7) varies between Culex forms in copy number and sequence. We provide evidence that the orf7 loci are strictly associated with Wolbachia and are maternally inherited.
Molecular cloning and expression patterns of the molt‐regulating transcription factor HHR3 from Helicoverpa armigera
Authors: Zhao X.‐F. , Wang J.‐X. , Xu X.‐L. , Li Z.‐M. , Kang C.‐J. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractMolt‐regulating transcription factors, hormone receptor 3 (HR3), play important roles in regulating expression of tissue‐specific genes involved in insect molting and metamorphosis. A 1668 bp cDNA encoding a molt‐regulating transcription factor (HHR3) was cloned from Helicoverpa armigera, which encodes a protein made up of 556 amino acids. This 62 kDa protein was found to have an isoelectric point (pI) of 6.52. There was no signal peptide or N‐glycosylation site found in this cDNA. A DNA‐binding region signature of nuclear hormone receptor was found from amino acids 107–133. A possible outside to inside transmembrane helice was found from amino acids 72–90. Northern blots of the larvae revealed five bands of HHR3 named as band 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 with molecular masses determined as 2.1, 2.6, 3.6, 4.5 and 5.5 kb, respectively. The expression patterns of HHR3 in vivo were variable with developmental stages and tissues. Results showed that band 1–4 of HHR3 was only briefly expressed during molting, which suggested these bands are involved in the regulation of molting cascade, whereas band 0 was expressed in both molting and feeding larvae. Band 1 and 2 of HHR3 could be induced from epidermis of newly molted 6th instar larvae by non‐steroidal ecdysone agonist, RH‐2485.
Population structure of the beetle pests Phyllodecta vulgatissima and P. vitellinae on UK willow plantations
Authors: Batley J. , Edwards K. J. , Barker J. H. A. , Dawson K. J. , Wiltshire C. W. , Glen D. M. , Karp A. 
Published: July 2004

Abstract Phyllodecta (=Phratora) vulgatissima and P. vitellinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) are important pests of willows and poplars. Their differences in host species preference may provide a non‐chemical control strategy for pest control. However, little is known about population structure with respect to hosts, regions or seasons. Using five microsatellites, 850 P. vulgatissima and 1100 P. vitellinae individuals, comprising 17 and 22 UK samples, respectively, were genotyped. High diversity was observed at all loci. Migrant numbers exchanged per generation (Nm) were high (2.1–12.6 for P. vulgatissima and 0.9–12.2 for P. vitellinae), suggesting high genetic exchange between samples. Estimates of population differentiation (FST) and analyses of the data using Bayesian methods (Partition and Structure) showed little evidence of subdivision in relation to geography, sampling time or host.
Use of a PCR‐based approach for sequencing whole mitochondrial genomes of insects: two examples (cockroach and dragonfly) based on the method developed for decapod crustaceans
Authors: Yamauchi M. M. , Miya M. U. , Nishida M. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractRecent development of a PCR‐based approach for sequencing vertebrate mitochondrial genomes has attracted much attention as being more rapid and economical than traditional methods using cloned mtDNA and primer walking. Such a method has not been available for insect mitochondrial genomes, despite widespread use of them for the molecular phylogenetic, biogeographical and population genetic markers. A recently developed PCR‐based approach for sequencing whole mitochondrial genomes of decapod crustaceans, which included the design of many versatile PCR primers for the latter, was applied with the same primers sets to mitochondrial genomes of two insects, smokybrown cockroach Periplaneta fuliginosa (Serville, 1839) and skimmer dragonfly Orthetrum triangulare melania (Selys, 1883). Almost the entire region of the two mitochondrial genomes was successfully sequenced. Features of the two mitochondrial genomes are described and the usefulness of this PCR‐based approach for sequencing insect mitochondrial genomes demonstrated.
Serum amino acids in patients with mutations in the hepatocyte nuclear factor‐1 alpha gene
Authors: Stride A. , Pearson E. R. , Brown A. , Gooding K. , Castleden H. A. J. , Hattersley A. T. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractAims  Knockout mice lacking both copies of the hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 (HNF1) gene have altered serum levels of amino acids and generalized aminoaciduria. The aim of our study was to test whether alterations in serum amino acid levels were found in patients with mutations in the hepatocyte nuclear factor‐1 alpha (HNF‐1α) gene compared with controls.Methods  Fasting serum from 20 patients with HNF‐1α mutations and 20 age, sex and body mass index‐matched controls was analysed for 16 amino acids. Means were compared between the two groups and Z scores calculated.Results  There was no significant difference between patients with HNF‐1α mutations and controls in serum levels of phenylalanine, arginine, citrulline or lysine as suggested by knockout mice models. Although serum levels of eight amino acids were different in the two groups, these were not significant after Bonferroni correction.Conclusions  The alterations in serum amino acid levels seen in mice models are not seen in patients with mutations in the HNF‐1α gene. This suggests differences in mouse and man in the regulation of amino acid transport and has not provided us with a phenotypic marker to use before confirmatory genetic testing.
Reduced forearm reactive hyperaemia in normoalbuminuric subjects with Type 1 diabetes and retinopathy
Authors: Gibney J. , Turner B. , Weis U. , Meeking D. R. , Cansfield J. , Watts G. F. , Shaw K. M. , Cummings M. H. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractAim  To determine whether the forearm vasodilatory response to reactive hyperaemia (RH) is reduced in normoalbuminuric subjects with Type 1 diabetes mellitus and retinopathy compared with subjects with no retinopathy.Methods  Forearm RH, an indicator of endothelial function, was measured, using strain‐gauge plethysmography, in 39 normoalbuminuric subjects (22 with retinopathy) with long‐standing Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Results were evaluated in relation to conventional risk factors for atherosclerosis, and C‐reactive protein (CRP), which we have recently determined to be an independent correlate of forearm RH.Results  Forearm RH was decreased in subjects with retinopathy compared with those with no retinopathy (219 ± 182 vs. 473 ± 355, P < 0.01). Both retinopathy and CRP proved to be independent and negative predictors, and explain 27% of the variance, in forearm RH.Conclusion  Retinopathy in subjects with Type 1 diabetes mellitus may reflect a generalized process of endothelial dysfunction, even in the absence of microalbuminuria.
Electrical stimulation therapy through stocking electrodes for painful diabetic neuropathy: a double blind, controlled crossover study
Authors: Oyibo S. O. , Breislin K. , Boulton A. J. M. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractAims  Peripheral neuropathy affects more than a third of diabetic patients, of whom a significant minority will have disabling symptoms. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of pulsed‐dose electrical stimulation (through stocking electrodes) in the treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy.Methods  Thirty patients with painful diabetic neuropathy were consecutively randomised to wear silver‐plated nylon‐dacron stocking electrodes for 8 h a night for 6 weeks (pulsed electric current of 50 micro amps delivered by a microcomputer). The control, identical stockings received an insignificant current (5 micro amps). Pre‐treatment, weekly and end‐of‐treatment pain and sleep disturbance scores were recorded.Results  Fourteen patients completed the study (the 16 non‐completers withdrew during the first phase). Mean (± sd) age: 57.5 ± 10.5 years; HbA1c: 8.3 ± 1.4%; median (IQR) duration of diabetes: 14.5 (7.6–19.3) years; duration of neuropathy: 4 (3–7) years. Active treatment and control produced similar reductions in pain scores [median (IQR): 40.1 (4.7–97.7)% vs. 49.2 (0.2–91.1)%, P = 0.70] and sleep disturbance scores [median (IQR): 31.1 (−4.6 to 85.4)% vs. 42.6 (−16.2 to 91.1)%, P = 0.70]. Non‐completers (seven on active treatment, nine on control) withdrew for similar reasons (inconvenience, exacerbation of symptoms, dermatitis).Conclusions  There is no evidence from these results that this treatment is more effective than control in the treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy.Diabet. Med. (2004)
Clinical characteristics and outcomes of diabetic ketoacidosis in Pakistani adults with Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Jabbar A. , Farooqui K. , Habib A. , Islam N. , Haque N. , Akhter J. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractAims  The aim of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in Pakistani adult population with Type 2 diabetes mellitus.Methods  We reviewed the medical records of all adult patients admitted with a diagnosis of DKA and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and followed their clinical course and outcome. Follow‐up data were obtained by chart review or telephone contact where necessary.Results  Fifty‐seven patients fulfilled criteria for inclusion in the study. Their mean age was 48 ± 7 years. The mean body mass index was 25.5 ± 6.2 kg/m2. Forty‐nine had a prior history of Type 2 DM but DKA was the initial presentation in 14%. Nine were on no treatment, 40 were using oral hypoglycaemic agents and eight were on insulin. A history of prior DKA was noted in eight patients. Infections were the most common precipitating factor (63%). There were 12 deaths. Follow‐up after a period ranging between 12 and 43 months revealed that 30/45 patients remained on OHA without recurrence of DKA.Conclusion  This report highlights the need for the growing recognition of DKA occurring in adults with Type 2 DM in the South Asian population. Mortality rates are unacceptably high but the majority of survivors remain insulin independent.
Metformin, pre‐eclampsia, and pregnancy outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Glueck C. J. , Bornovali S. , Pranikoff J. , Goldenberg N. , Dharashivkar S. , Wang P. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractAims  Was metformin during pregnancy in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) associated with pre‐eclampsia, and was it safe for mother and neonate?Methods  In the current study, pre‐eclampsia and other pregnancy outcomes were prospectively studied in 90 women with PCOS who conceived on metformin 1.5–2.55 g/day, and had ≥ 1 live birth (97 pregnancies, 100 live births) compared with 252 healthy women (not known to have PCOS) with ≥ 1 live birth, consecutively delivered in a community obstetrics practice.Results  Women with PCOS were older than controls (33 ± 5 vs. 29 ± 6 years, P < 0.0001), more likely to be > 35 years old at conception (23 vs. 13%, P = 0.028), much heavier (93 ± 23 vs. 72 ± 18 kg, P < 0.0001, BMI 33.8 ± 7.8 kg/m2 vs. 25.6 ± 5.9, P < 0.0001), and more likely to be Caucasian (97 vs. 90%, P = 0.05), but there were similar numbers with preconception Type 2 diabetes mellitus [2/90 (2.2%) vs. 1/252 (0.4%), P = 0.17]. Pre‐eclampsia in PCOS (5/97 pregnancies, 5.2%), did not differ (P = 0.5) from controls (9/252, 3.6%), nor did it differ (P = 1.0) in PCOS vs. control primigravidas [2/45 (4.4%) vs. 4/91 (4.4%)]. Development of gestational diabetes in PCOS did not differ from controls [9/95 pregnancies (9.5%) vs. 40/251 (15.9%), P = 0.12]. Of the 100 live births to 90 women with PCOS, there were no major birth defects. Mean ± sd birth weight of the 80 live births ≥ 37 weeks gestation in women with PCOS (3414 ± 486 g) did not differ from controls’ 206 live births ≥ 37 weeks (3481 ± 555 g), P = 0.34, nor did the percentage of ≥ 37 week gestation neonates ≥ 4000 g (12.5 vs. 17.5%, P = 0.3) or ≥ 4500 g (1.3 vs. 2.9%, P = 0.7).Conclusions  Metformin is not associated with pre‐eclampsia in pregnancy in women with PCOS, and appears to be safe for mother and fetus.
Paraoxonase 1 192Gln/Arg polymorphism is associated with the risk of microangiopathy in Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Murata M. , Maruyama T. , Suzuki Y. , Saruta T. , Ikeda Y. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractAims  To investigate possible associations between diabetic microangiopathy and genetic polymorphisms in factors relevant to arterial thrombosis.Methods  We conducted a case‐control study on a total of 280 patients with Type 2 diabetes, comparing those without retinopathy or nephropathy (n = 92) and those with microangiopathies (n = 188), for the association of polymorphisms in four candidate genes, paraoxonase 1 (PON1), plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1, fibrinogen, and platelet glycoprotein Ibα.Results  There were no differences between the two study groups in gender distribution, age at diagnosis of diabetes (47.9 ± 8.4 and 49.0 ± 11.4 years, respectively), or duration of diabetes (14.9 ± 4.5 and 14.5 ± 8.4 years, respectively). Among the gene polymorphisms tested, the 192Gln/Arg polymorphism of PON1 was associated with the prevalence of retinopathy [odds ratio (OR) = 3.13, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.42–6.89, P = 0.0046, Gln/Gln vs. Gln/Arg and Arg/Arg]. This polymorphism was also associated with nephropathy (OR = 3.01, 95% CI = 1.30–6.98, P = 0.0103). There were no differences between the three PON1 genotypes (Gln/Gln, Gln/Arg, and Arg/Arg) with regard to the present disease status. Logistic regression analysis for the adjustment of other risk factors revealed that genotypes with PON1 192Arg were an independent predictor of retinopathy. No associations were found between microangiopathies and the other polymorphisms evaluated (plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1, fibrinogen, and platelet glycoprotein Ibα).Conclusions  This study suggests that the presence of the 192Arg‐allele in the PON1 gene is a genetic risk factor for microangiopathy in Type 2 diabetes mellitus.Diabet. Med. (2004)
Mortality of South Asian patients with insulin‐treated diabetes mellitus in the United Kingdom: a cohort study
Authors: Swerdlow A. J. , Laing S. P. , Dos Santos Silva I. , Slater S. D. , Burden A. C. , Botha J. L. , Waugh N. R. , Morris A. D. , Gatling W. , Bingley P. J. , Patterson C. C. , Qiao Z. , Keen H. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractAims  To investigate mortality in South Asian patients with insulin‐treated diabetes and compare it with mortality in non South Asian patients and in the general population.Methods  A prospective cohort study was conducted of 828 South Asian and 27 962 non South Asian patients in the UK with insulin‐treated diabetes diagnosed at ages under 50 years. The patients were followed for up to 28 years. Ethnicity was determined by analysis of names. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated, comparing mortality in the cohort with expectations from the mortality experience of the general population.Results  SMRs were significantly raised in both groups of patients, particularly the South Asians, and especially in women and subjects with diabetes onset at a young age. The SMRs for South Asian patients diagnosed under age 30 years were 3.9 (95% CI 2.0–6.9) in men and 10.1 (5.6–16.6) in women, and in the corresponding non South Asians were 2.7 (2.6–2.9) and 4.0 (3.6–4.3), respectively. The SMR in women was highly significantly greater in South Asians than non South Asians. The mortality in the young‐onset patients was due to several causes, while that in the patients diagnosed at ages 30–49 was largely due to cardiovascular disease, which accounted for 70% of deaths in South Asian males and 73% in females.Conclusions  South Asian patients with insulin‐treated diabetes suffer an exceptionally high mortality. Clarification of the full reasons for this mortality are needed, as are measures to reduce levels of known cardiovascular disease risk factors in these patients.