bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Work, Family, and Leisure
Authors: Koehn Cheryl , Palmer Taysha , Esdaile John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many people who develop RA become suddenly aware of how they once took for granted their ability to perform everyday activities. From the smallest of tasks such as opening a door or brushing one's teeth to the larger responsibilities of running the house, providing for the family, and holding down a job, the "activities of daily living," as occupational therapists refer to them, can take on a new significance. If you're struggling with activities that once seemed basic, you're not alone. Painful joints, restricted mobility, and fatigue can cause many people with RA to leave the paid labor force or cut down significantly on the number of hours they work outside the home, participate less in social and recreational activities, and to some degree become dependent on others for assistance with certain tasks.
Pregnancy, Childbirth, and Menopause
Authors: Koehn Cheryl , Palmer Taysha , Esdaile John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conceiving a baby, growing it in the womb, giving birth, and raising a child can be some of the most fulfilling experiences life has to offer a woman— whether she has RA or not. There's no doubt that you'll face challenges as a woman with RA, but moms who live with the disease and experts agree: If you want to have children, the rewards far outweigh the difficulties you may face. Your chances of becoming pregnant are normal, pregnancy will not make your disease worse, and your arthritis will not harm your baby, although there is a small possibility that RA will be passed along to your child through your genes and affect him or her later in life.
More Resources
Authors: Koehn Cheryl , Palmer Taysha , Esdaile John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Your PLAN TO WIN involves learning everything you can about RA. By reading this book, you've taken a giant leap forward in your understanding of the disease process, and you've gained a vast amount of knowledge about how you, personally, can influence your symptoms and prevent joint damage. A book such as this one aims to provide information and tools in many areas: from lifestyle to medications, exercise, relationships, sex, mind-body work, nutrition, reproductive health, and surgery. As such, it can only scratch the surface of many of these topics. We have drawn on hundreds of studies, reports, books, and experts worldwide to provide you with the most reliable, up-to-date information, but there is always more to be learned.
Using Their Advice and Counsel
Authors: Attig Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kim looked up to her sister, Sandy, who was two years older. She followed Sandy in nearly everything she did: volleyball and seftball, schoolwork and soda[ life. Far from minding, Sandy thrived on the attention and chance to show her younger sister everything that exdted her. Sandy was successful and popular. She was proud of Kim as her life took a similar shape. As they grew up together, each came to think of the other as her best friend. They confided everything, espedally late at night when Kim came to visit in Sandy’s room before they went to sleep. They spoke about things they would never think of talking about with their parents. The summer she turned fourteen, Kim was at once exdted and anxious about entering high school in the fall. She knew she could rely on Sandy’s advice and counsel, and she sensed she would need it more than ever. In late June, while riding with some friends just recently licensed to drive, Sandy was killed in an auto acddent. Kim felt betrayed by fate and abandoned by her sister just when she needed her most.
Meeting Them in Things They Leave Behind
Authors: Attig Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dad died thirty years ago. I now have only a few photographs of him. One of Dad and Mom on their wedding day is now on a shelf in our family room. I see more in that photo than just the joy of that day. I see all the years of their marriage as I know them. I see how he was with Mom. And I see how he was with my brother, John, and me. I expect to have more photos and scrapbook materials when my brother and I eventually sort through the albums Mom now has. When I go through them now, I visit with Dad again, recall what he was like, and find what grounded me and shaped my early years. I also revisit objects in the photos, especially Dad’s hats, a console radio, early televisions, favorite chairs, an old dining room set, and Ford cars that are filled with his character and my life with him. In addition to the photos, I expect one day to have a simple, wooden hanging shelf that Dad made for me for the model cars we made together when I was a boy. Such are the few tangible remnants of his life.
Their Spirits Are with Us
Authors: Attig Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the letter Joy wrote Lewis to introduce herself, she admires his children’s books. And, she adds, “I can’t decide whether you’d like to be the child caught in the spell or the magician casting it.” Lewis, reading the letter aloud to his brother, says she writes as if she knows him. “I suppose there’s something of me in my books, isn’t there?” T¼rnie responds, “I expect it’s just the American style. Americans don’t understand about inhibition.” When they meet, it is apparent that Joy’s is not an inhibited spirit. She is vivacious. She embraces life with enthusiasm. Lewis’s spirit, on the other hand, is cautious and reserved. He knows inhibition well. He likes the idea of casting a magic spell, but there is little magic in his own life. When Joy asks him about an annual festival where a boys’ choir climbs to the Oxford roeftops to greet the sunrise with song, he says, “I’ve never gone in for seeing the sights.” She asks, “What do you do? Just walk around with your eyes shut?” Another time, Joy asks whether a picture on his study wall depicts a real place.
Excursus on Wittgenstein’s Vision of Language
Authors: Cavell Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In speaking of the vision of language underlying ordinary language procedures in philosophy, I had in mind something I have suggested in discussing Wittgenstein’s relation of grammar and criteria to “forms of life”, and in emphasizing the sense in which human convention is not arbitrary but constitutive of significant speech and activity; in which mutual under standing, and hence language, depends upon nothing more and nothing less than shared forms of life, call it our mutual attunement or agreement in our criteria.
Allometry and Natural Selection
Authors: Bonner John Tyler , Horn Henry S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The whole point of scaling in general and allometry in particular is to understand the effect of changes in size on the construction of organisms. Going back to Galileo and D’Arcy Thompson, there are problems which are imposed by increased size when one considers that weight goes up as the cube of the linear dimensions and strength as the square. And there are all those interesting physiological matters which stem from the fact that, like weight, metabolism is related to the cube of the linear dimensions, while the diffusion of food and the exchange of gases, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, is a square function dependent on the surface area of the individual.
Why and How Phylogenetic Relationships Should Be Incorporated into Studies of Scaling
Authors: Kozlowski Paul H Harvey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Under what circumstances should we use phylogenetic information when examining scaling? I shall argue that we should use phylogenetic information whenever we can get it. That position is almost universally accepted by evolutionary biologists, and is widely accepted by comparative morphologists, physiologists, and even ethologists. Reticence remains among some ecologists, but force of example is showing its value even there. For example, we shall see that new patterns in community structure, which are generated in ecological rather than evolutionary time, are revealed when data are analyzed in a phylogenetic context. When those patterns are subjected to further scrutiny, they make good ecological and evolutionary sense.
The Critique of Consciousness in Existentialism and Linguistic Behaviorism
Authors: Antonaccio Maria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last chapter, I tried to show that Murdoch’s retrieval of metaphysics and her defense of moral realism provide the condition for relating knowledge and morality by establishing a formal correlation between notions of self and good. The purpose of the present chapter and the one following it is to clarify Murdoch’s substantive account of the moral self, focusing especially on her claims about consciousness. These two chapters are crucial in establishing the book’s general thesis that the importance of Murdoch’s thought for contemporary ethics lies in her effort to redescribe the moral self and its integral relation to the good. To the extent that she succeeds in this effort, she may be said to articulate a “moral ontology” in which the self is conceived as situated within a “space” or framework of questions about the good.
Introduction
Authors: Pietersma Henry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What does it mean to adopt a phenomenological attitude, or follow the associated method, in matters epistemological? Husserl, the father of phenomenology, often starts by contrasting the phenomenological with what he calls the natural attitude, which is that of common sense and science. And in his doctrine of knowledge, he criticizes epistemologists who presuppose the validity of the natural attitude and are in whole or in part, implicitly or explicitly, indebted to it. Phenomenological epistemology, he argues, breaks with that attitude and focuses its attention differently: not on objects, but on their experience. It is supposed to find its subject matter by reflection on our cognitive experience, which is the reason he often develops his own thoughts by starting with some laudatory comments about Descartes. Let us therefore start off by saying that the stand point of phenomenology is that of reflection and that it approaches cognitive experience from within, i.e., from a first-person point of view. Since this formulation implies some sort of contrast with a non-reflective, third-person approach to the subject matter of epistemology, it does not help us very much until we have a sense of this contrast.
Introduction
Authors: Reardon Colleen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his acclaimed compendium of the lives of famous Sienese, Le pompe sanesi (Pistoia, 1649), Isidoro Ugurgieri Azzolini dedicates a chapter to women of distinction from his native city. Near the end of the chapter, after many short biographies devoted to the charms of noblewomen married to prominent aristocrats, he abandons his usual format of separate, numbered entries and instead rushes headlong into paragraphs describing not the rank and status but rather the talents of a number of his Sienese compatriots, most of them unnamed.
Gl’Angeli Mettano UNA Corona Alla Monaca CHE Canta
Authors: Reardon Colleen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the nuns of S. Maria degli Angeli, 17 May 1592 was a red-letter day. To be sure, that Sunday marked the feast of Pentecost. The holiday, however, had to share center stage at the convent with another event of great significance to the nuns. It seems that before this date, the convent had often lacked water and the women had decided to build a fountain in their cloister. On 17 May, construction was complete and water began to flow from the aqueduct for the first time. According to the convent scribe, the nuns celebrated the event by going in procession throughout their gardens, weeping tears of joy, and singing the Te Deum 1. From this short account, preserved not in a chronicle but in a normally dry debit-credit register, we can begin to understand the extent to which music companied the obligations, burdensome and joyful, that punctuated each day, each week, and each year within the cloister. Although liturgical rites witnessed the greatest amount of music-making, other occasions, great and small, also called for musical performance, whether well-rehearsed (as was most often the case) or spontaneous, as in the engaging story just related. Official records cannot do justice to the entire range of nuns’ musical endeavors, but they can provide a basis for understanding the place of music within the cyclic patterns of convent life. What follows is an introduction to the various musical activities that flourished in the convents of Siena, an overview of the events that warranted performance, and an evaluation of the significance of music-making for the nuns and for the world outside the cloister.
Socratic Piety
Authors: Vlastos Gregory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between these two commitments-on one hand, to follow argument wherever it may lead; on the other, to obey divine commands conveyed to him through super-natural channels-he sees no conflict. He assumes they are in perfect harmony.2 Can sense be made of this? I want to argue that it can. This will be my first task in this chapter. But what concerns me even more is a larger objective: to understand Socrates’ conception of religion. So before closing I shall be returning to the point in the Euthyphro at which the search for the definition of piety is sidetracked in that dialogue I shall push that search a step further in the direction indicated there.
Epilogue: The Garden of Ashes
Authors: Marx Leo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“So,” say the parable-makers, “is your pastoral life whirled past and away.” We cannot deny the fact without denying our history. When the Republic was founded, nine out of ten Americans were husbandmen; today not one in ten lives on a farm. Ours is an intricately organized, urban, industrial, nuclear-armed society. For more than a century our most gifted writers have dwelt upon the contradiction between rural myth and technological fact.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Clinical Features
Authors: Solanto Mary V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The condition now referred to as Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) was first described by George Still in 1901 (Still, 1902). In papers based upon a presentation to the Royal College of Physicians in London, Dr. Still enumerated problems of over activity, inattention, and poor “inhibitory volition” that he observed in a case series of 20 children. Also noted were aggressiveness, defiance, resistance to discipline, “lawlessness,” spitefulness, and dishonesty. Today, the latter would be diagnosed as symptoms of Oppositional Defiant Disorder and/or Conduct Disorder, which are often seen in conjunction with ADHD.
My Life
Authors: Ghazali Al 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Abu Hamid Muhammad Al Ghazali (1058–1111) was born in Tus (now in Iran). His autobiography, The Deliverer from Error, chronicles a spiritual crisis that led him to abandon a successful and influential position as a professor of law and theology in Baghdad and to become an ascetic and mystic, wandering to religious centers in Mecca, Damascus, Jerusalem, and Hebron. After eleven years of traveling, he returned to teaching and writing, primarily in classical Arabic and occasionally in Persian. The Quickening of Religious Knowledge, a comprehensive work on Muslim devotional practices, included treatises on ritual forms of worship, the perils of the soul, and the means of salvation. Although he attacked the program of rationalizing religious beliefs in The Incoherence of Philosophers, he was equally critical of the mystical practices of Sufism. He attempted to define an intermediate course, arguing for the subordinate utility of reason in clarifying the deliverances of revelation.
How to Think Well
Authors: Bacon Francis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Francis Bacon (Baron Verulam, Viscount St. Albans, 1561–1626) was the youngest son of Sir Nicholas Bacon, a counsellor to Queen Elizabeth. Protean in his interests and activities, Bacon was a successful advocate, statesman, essayist, and philosopher of logic and science. Bacon argued that the aim of science is the mastery of nature, rather than the explanation of its order. Instead of relying on a priori arguments or deductions from metaphysical principles, scientific method should be inductive and experimental. Before the sciences could be established on a secure, empirical basis, it is first necessary to attack the four “idols” of inquiry: the anthropomorphic teleological projection of purposes onto nature (“idols of the tribe”), idiosyncratic individual opinions (“idols of the cave”), verbal disputes arising from confused and misleading language (“idols of the marketplace”), and the received mistaken theories, particularly those of Aristotelian and scholastic philosophy (“idols of the theater”). The Advancement of Learning (1605) and the master plan of the Great Instauration with the Novum Organum (1620) outlined an elaborate taxonomy of the branches of knowledge. The utopian society that Bacon sketched in The New Atlantis (1624) projected the establishment of learned societies to advance cooperative research. While none of his recommendations were adopted in his lifetime, they provided the model for the Royal Society. His Essays range from standard topics of reflection (“Of Parents and Children,” “Of Anger,” “Of Fortune,” “Of Friendship”) to topics more closely focused on issues of the time (“Of Sedition and Troubles,” “Of Masques and Triumphs,” “Of Ceremonies and Respects”).
Philosophy Does Not Need Abstract Ideas
Authors: Berkeley George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Born in Ireland, George Berkeley (1685–1753) studied theology at Trinity College Dublin, where he remained until 1713, writing most of his philsophic work during his tenure as a Fellow of the College. (1707–1713). The Essay Towards a New Theory of Vision (1709) was critical of both neo-Cartesian and Lockeian theories of vision. Against Descartes, Berkeley argued that judging distance is learned from experience rather than calculated. Against Locke, he argued that tactile and visual ideas are distinct because their sensory origins are different. The Principles of Human Knowledge (1710) develops the view that we learn about physical objects from perception, and that the abstract ideas of absolute space, time and motion are empty notions. Berkeley took his perceptual idealism (“to be is to be perceived”) to be a philosophical articulation and amplification of common sense. The continuity of (what we think of as) physical objects is assured in the mind of God. Berkeley’s philosophical psychology led him to theology, to writing Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous (1713) and Alciphron (1732). He argued that far from being skeptical, his version of idealism is consistent with Scripture and Christian doctrine. Having developed a strong interest in education, Berkeley attempted to raise funds to establish a college in Bermuda. While vainly waiting for Crown funds, he lived in Rhode Island during 1728–1732. After he was made the Anglican Bishop of Cloyne in 1734. He wrote numerous pamphlets on the poverty and plight of Ireland. In his old age, Berkeley speculated on a variety of medical therapies, analyzing the beneffits of tar-water.
Imagination, Language, and the Inventions of Philosophy
Authors: Vico Giambattista 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Born in Naples, Giambattista Vico (1668–1744) attended a Jesuit school but was primarily self-taught, reading widely in philosophy and Roman history. Appointed professor of rhetoric at the University of Naples, he offered a set of lectures on the history of pedagogy, “On the Method of Studies in Our Time” (1709). His ambitious work On Universal Law (1720–1721) was not well received. Although he was denied a prestigious chair of law in 1723, Charles of Bourbon nevertheless appointed him as royal historiographer in 1735. Revised in 1725 and again in 1730, La Scienza Nuova was posthumously published in its final form in 1744. Written partlyin the third person, Vico’s Autobiography (1728–1731) combines strong partisanship with cool distance. Vico’s “new science” was based on the premise that men can only truly understand what they have invented or constructed: mathematics, history, civic institutions. He outlined the stages of human development from bestiality to primitive superstition to heroism and finally to “the age of humanity.” Vico thought that these transformations in mentality are expressed in distinctive modes of reasoning and motivation as well as in social and economic organization. Despite its apparent developmental force, history is not straightforwardly progressive: internal disorders in each historical period typically trigger cyclical regressions.
Education and Social Progress
Authors: Mill John Stuart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
J. S. Mill (1806–1873) was the son of James Mill, a leading Benthamite political reformer. The elder Mill oversaw the education of his precocious son, setting him to learn Greek at three and Latin at eight. In 1826, the young Mill went to study in France, where he suffered a severe depression, attributing it to the intensity of his hothouse education. On recovering from his depression, Mill began to read Wordsworth and Coleridge. He became a friend of Carlyle, who encouraged his interest in art. His two-volume Dissertations and Discussions (1859)—a collection of occasional pieces written for the Westminster Review and the Fortnightly Review—includes essays on poetry, and on literary and political subjects. In 1830, he met Mrs. Harriet Taylor, with whom he formed an enduring close friendship. They married in 1851, some two years after the death of her husband. Mill worked as an administrator for the East India Company from 1823 until the company dissolved in 1858; he served as a member of Parliament for a term, 1865–1868. After the death of Harriet Taylor in 1858, he spent a good deal of time in Avignon, until his own death in 1873.
Philosophy and Emergent Morality
Authors: James William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
William James (1842–1910) was the son of Henry James Sr., a somewhat eccentric philosopher with Swedenborgian leanings who gave his five children a cosmopolitan education. Like his father, his brother Henry, and his sister Alice, William was keenly interested in psychology and the phenomenology of introspection. He studied medicine at Harvard and was an active member of the Metaphysical Club, whose members included Peirce, Charles Wendell Holmes Jr., and Chauncey Wright. After suffering a debilitating depression, James began teaching physiology at Harvard, changed his appointment to psychology, and, eventually, in 1879 to philosophy. Besides presenting a critical survey of the field, his Principles of Psychology (1890) became the classical spring board for research in psychology. Combining empirical studies with philosophical analysis, James argued for a functionalist account of virtually the entire range of psychological activity: conscious awareness, perception, imagination, cognition, emotion, and decision. The Will to Believe and Other Essays (1897) develops a variant of Pascal’s wager: instead of suspending belief in the face of the uncertainty, James proposed that it is rational to will to believe what conduces to the best course of continued inquiry and sound activity. From this, it was but a short step to applying pragmatism to religious belief. (The Varieties of Religious Experience, 1901–1902). He argued for the soundness—the rational legitimacy—of the claims of religious experience and belief when they “work.” James defended himself against his critics in Pragmatism (1907) and A Pluralistic Universe (1909), claiming that his version of pluralistic pragmatism is compatible with radical empiricism. His many essays, lectures, and letters attack moral and metaphysical dogmatism. He was conffident that moral truth, like \scientific truth, emerges from experience and experiment.