bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
OBSERVATIONS ON THE RELEASE OF SERUM FIBRINOLYSIN BY SPECIFIC ANTIGEN, PEPTONE, AND CERTAIN POLYSACCHARIDES
Authors: Ungar Georges , Mist Shirley H. 
Published: June 2004

Formation of fibrinolysin from its inactive precursor in serum was observed under the following conditions: (a) by adding the specific antigen to serum from sensitized guinea pigs; (b) by mixing normal guinea pig serum with peptone, agar, hyaluronic acid, chondroitinsulfuric acid, glycogen, pneumococcal polysaccharides, and heparin.
Activation of profibrinolysin by these agents differs from chloroform or streptokinase activation in that it requires the presence of some serum constituent non-precipitable with the euglobulin fraction and destroyed by heating at 56°C.
The bearing of these observations on the mechanism of anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions is discussed. The findings reported support the concept that proteolysis is part of the process determining the release of histamine and other toxic products.
It is suggested that the presence of fibrinokinase may be responsible for the toxicity of serum induced in vitro by a number of agents.
TREATMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL DIETARY CIRRHOSIS OF THE LIVER IN RATS
Authors: György Paul , Goldblatt Harry 
Published: June 2004

Dietary cirrhosis of the liver was produced in 223 rats, and then therapy of the condition attempted. Administration of lipotropic factors (casein, methionine, choline) was followed not only by reduction of fat infiltration and by regeneration of hepatic parenchyma but, by a reduction of the degree of the fibrosis. In one group of rats, comparison of sections obtained by biopsy, before treatment, with findings at necropsy, after completed therapy, indicated apparent reduction of the fibrosis and of the amount of ceroid and considerable restoration of architecture. This improvement, however, was obtained neither with complete regularity nor in a short time. In very severe cirrhosis, as a rule, the effect of a lipotropic diet was disappointing, even after prolonged treatment up to 200 to 240 days. It is assumed that factors determining prevention are beneficial only to a limited extent in treatment. The therapy of very severe cirrhosis may require the interaction of further beneficial factors (nutritional and hormonal).
Best therapeutic results were obtained by the combination of an adequate amount of casein with methionine or liver extract, and by the combination of methionine with liver extract.
Methionine and thiouracil, both of which, singly, are effective in the prevention of dietary hepatic cirrhosis in rats, have proved to be less effective for the therapy of cirrhosis, when administered together, than methionine given alone for the same purpose.
Under identical conditions, female rats have shown greater resistance to the production of dietary hepatic cirrhosis and a more favorable response to therapeutic dietary factors, than male rats.
THE INHIBITION OF SURFACE PHAGOCYTOSIS BY THE CAPSULAR "SLIME LAYER" OF PNEUMOCOCCUS TYPE III
Authors: Wood W. Barry , Smith Mary Ruth 
Published: June 2004

Five strains of type III pneumococcus have been shown to possess wide capsular slime layers during the logarithmic phase of growth in serum broth.
The slime layer stains metachromatically with methylene blue and can be visualized under the electron microscope as a fuzzy halo which extends well beyond the surace of the capsule proper and causes centrifugates of the organism to be of extremely large volume.
This outer capsular structure is most readily demonstrated in vivo and in nutrient broth containing glucose and serum. It disappears from the surface of the cell with aging of the culture, and is easily removed by dilute alkali, alcohol, and heat.
Exposure of slime-covered type III pneumococci to homologous antibody and to type III polysaccharidase reveals that the slime layer contains the same type-specific polysaccharide that is present in the rest of the capsule.
From a type III strain producing a prominent slime layer an intermediate mutant has been isolated which forms small non-mucoid colonies on blood agar and possesses a relatively small capsule with a barely discernible slime layer.
The wide slime layer protects virulent type III pneumococci from surface phagocytosis. Whenever the type III cells lose their broad slime layer, whether from aging of the culture, from mutation, from exposure to injurious chemicals, or from the action of type III polysaccharidase, they become susceptible to phagocytosis by the surface mechanism. Once phagocyted the type III pneumococci are promptly destroyed, even in the absence of antibodies.
THE INFLUENCE OF DIET ON IRON ABSORPTION
Authors: Kinney Thomas D. , Hegsted D. Mark , Finch Clement A. 
Published: June 2004

Rats placed on a corn grit diet and added iron absorbed large amounts of iron in contrast to control groups.
The histological picture was that of progressive hemosiderosis of the hepatic parenchyma and of the reticuloendothelial system. On chemical analysis, the iron content of the liver was found to be greatly increased. This supports the concept that the liver represents the chief storage organ for iron so absorbed.
These data indicate that a normal block for iron absorption may be overcome under certain circumstances.
THE INFLUENCE OF DIET ON IRON ABSORPTION
Authors: Hegsted D. Mark , Finch Clement A. , Kinney Thomas D. 
Published: June 2004

Rats fed a corn grit diet containing large amounts of ferric citrate absorb and deposit excessive amounts of iron in their livers. Undoubtedly various factors are involved in iron absorption, but these studies indicate that the low level of dietary phosphate was primarily responsible.
The addition of phosphate salts to this diet has shown that the amount of iron deposited in the liver was inversely related to the phosphorus content of the diet.
It is possible to obtain excessive iron deposits in the livers of animals receiving a normal diet, by adding large amounts of iron salts to the diet. This is not associated with losses of body weight in these animals.
It is concluded that the absolute amount of iron and/or phosphorus in the diet as well as the iron-phosphorus ratio influences the amount of iron absorbed.
NUCLEIC ACIDS AND THE PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODY BY PLASMA CELLS
Authors: Ehrich William E. , Drabkin David L. , Forman Carolyn 
Published: June 2004

A study has been made of the relationship of antibody formation and the changes in amount of the nucleic acids in rabbit lymph nodes draining areas injected with typhoid vaccine.
The increase in DNA was found to parallel the increase in weight of the nodes, as might be expected from the active multiplication of cells.
The peak of PNA increase occurred between the 4th and 6th days after vaccine injection when antibody formation was at its maximum.
A histologic study of methyl green- and pyronine-stained sections of the nodes revealed that during the first 6 days of the experiment the cellular reaction was chiefly one of plasma cells. During the first 3 days plasmoblasts predominated; on the 5th and 6th days mature plasma cells were the prevailing cells. Most of the PNA was contained in the plasma cells.
The lymphocytes began to proliferate in significant numbers on the 3rd and 4th days, and germinal centers began to appear on the 4th and 5th days. They showed their greatest activity only on the 9th day when PNA and antibody formation had passed their peaks.
These results are interpreted as indicating that the plasma cell and not the lymphocyte is responsible for antibody formation.
A MURINE VIRUS (JHM) CAUSING DISSEMINATED ENCEPHALOMYELITIS WITH EXTENSIVE DESTRUCTION OF MYELIN
Authors: Bailey Orville T. , Pappenheimer Alwin M. , Cheever F. Sargent , Daniels Joan B. 
Published: June 2004

A description has been given of the pathologic changes produced experimentally in animals by the inoculation of a virus material obtained from a mouse with spontaneous encephalomyelitis. The most distinctive feature of the lesions in the central nervous system is the widespread destruction of myelin. Giant cells derived from a variety of tissue elements characterize the early lesions. The liver in the majority of cases is the seat of focal necrosis. In some mice, infected with large doses by the intravenous route, there is produced massive necrosis of the liver, with fat infiltration and calcification. Giant cells are occasionally found in lymphatic tissue, but no significant changes were noted in other organs. Inclusions or elementary bodies were not demonstrated in the lesions.
Similar lesions were produced by the inoculation of mouse virus into hamsters. In rats, the lesions were of a more chronic character.
The relation of this disease to other demyelinating diseases of man and animals is discussed.
THE RELATIVE SIGNIFICANCE OF GRADED IMMUNIZING AND CHALLENGE DOSES IN MEASURING THE POTENCY OF VACCINES
Authors: Batson H. C. 
Published: June 2004

A study of the effect of graded immunizing doses of typhoid vaccine and graded challenge doses of S. typhosa in 5 per cent mucin on the degree of gradation of response (survival or death) elicited in successive groups of mice is reported.
In the range of doses employed the effect of graded immunizing doses was markedly greater than was the effect of graded challenge doses. Statistically the difference exceeded the 0.1 per cent level of significance.
It was concluded that the use of graded immunizing doses was preferable to the use of graded challenge doses as a basis for the immunological assay of typhoid vaccine, since with the former there was obtained (a) a greater significance of differences in response of groups given graded doses even with smaller fold increments in successive doses, (b) a greater slope of the dosage-response curve which permitted estimation of ED50 values with smaller standard errors, and (c) an effect on response apparently less dependent on the sex of mice used.
STUDIES ON BACTERIOPHAGE
Authors: Miller Elizabeth M. , Goebel Walther F. 
Published: June 2004

Phase I and Phase II Sh. sonnei exhibit differences in their susceptibility to the T series of bacteriophages. Both microorganisms are lysed by T2 and T6, but only the Phase II bacillus is lysed by T3, T4, and T7.
Lysis of the Phase I or Phase II bacillus by T2 or T6 is not inhibited by the homologous type-specific antigen. In the presence of an appropriate cofactor, however, the lysis of Phase II Sh. sonnei by T3, T4, and T7 is specifically inhibited by the homologous somatic antigen but not by the Phase I antigen.
The significance of these observations is discussed in respect to the nature of the virus receptor of these microorganisms.
PLASMA AND RED CELL RADIOIRON FOLLOWING INTRAVENOUS INJECTION
Authors: Yuile C. L. , Bly C. G. , Stewart W. B. , Izzo A. J. , Wells J. C. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

Sterile inflammation induced by repeated subcutaneous injections of turpentine in non-anemic, non-iron—deficient dogs, leads to a fall in plasma iron concentration, the development of a moderate anemia, and a marked delay in the uptake by the red blood cells of intravenous radioiron.
Similar periods of inflammation in anemic, iron-deficient dogs on a diet low in iron cause no increase in the degree of anemia and no inhibition of red blood cell uptake of intravenous radioiron.
Radioiron appears only in traces in abscess exudates.
Intravenous iron disappearance curves following a single injection are uninfluenced by sterile inflammation in either anemic or non-anemic dogs.
The impairment of hemoglobin synthesis caused by inflammation is at most a relative matter, since the anemia that develops is seldom severe or progressive, and since the inhibition can be overcome if the marrow is sufficiently stimulated by the demands of a severe continuing anemia.
THE DISTRIBUTION AND STORAGE OF BLUE ANTIGENIC AZOPROTEINS IN THE TISSUES OF MICE
Authors: Kruse Heinz , McMaster Philip D. 
Published: June 2004

Intensely blue dye-azoproteins have been prepared by diazotization and coupling of the highly indiffusible blue dye T-1824, Evans blue, with various serum proteins and egg albumin. The products, whether purified by precipitation with alcohol or by chromatography, have a constant dye-to-protein ratio and tests have shown them to be essentially free from unlinked dye. An extremely diffusible dye, echt-säure-blau, has also been coupled to bovine γ-globulin. These materials are adapted to physiological experimentation. They seem to behave in the bodies of mice like other proteins; they fail to appear in either the bile or urine of normal animals, and they are strongly antigenic.
When these soluble antigenic azoproteins are injected into the blood stream of mice for the first time they enter reticulo-endothelial cells in almost every organ of the body; the final distribution is like that of intravenously injected, finely divided particulate matter. The azoproteins appear in the cells which classical immunological studies have shown to be active in removing particulate antigenic materials or bacteria from the blood or body fluids. The Kupffer cells of the liver and sinus and reticular cells in lymph nodes, especially the great mesenteric node, are particularly active in the removal of the blue antigens from the blood, but many other R-E cells are active to a lesser degree. The storage of the antigenic material is in the cytoplasm only; it has not been seen within nuclei, nor has it been seen within cells of the brain.
Serological methods disclose that the blue material seen within Kupffer cells of the liver after as long a period as 2 days is still antigenic in its reactions. The blue azoproteins, therefore, serve excellently as tracer antigens, especially since they can be seen directly in fresh and fixed tissue preparations and in the body fluids.
BILE SALT METABOLISM AS INFLUENCED BY PURE AMINO ACIDS AND CASEIN DIGESTS
Authors: Hawkins W. B. , Hanson P. C. , Coon R. W. , Terry R. 
Published: June 2004

A non-protein diet supplemented with vitamins fed to a bile fistula dog caused marked reduction in cholic acid and taurocholic acid formation.
A mixture of pure amino acids, essential for growth, promoted taurocholic acid production for a limited period.
A mixture of amino acids composed of 2 fractions of a casein digest fortified with dl-methionine and dl-tryptophane, (Merck Vuj-N-ix), also resulted in increased taurocholic acid excretion.
A casein digest, Amigen, supported cholic acid production, but there was very low taurocholic acid excretion. Addition of methionine to the Amigen brought about increased taurocholic acid excretion with reduction in the amount of free cholic acid in the bile.
A bile fistula animal was maintained for a year in excellent condition and produced bile salt on a non-protein diet supplemented by vitamins, Amigen, and methionine.
Unhydrolyzed alcoholic filtrate of bile contained traces of taurine, valine, glutamic acid, and aspartic acid.
Acid-hydrolyzed alcoholic filtrate of bile contained large amounts of taurine, and significant amounts of leucine, valine, alanine, glycine, serine, glutamic acid, and aspartic acid.
SERIAL RENAL CLEARANCES IN DOGS WITH NEPHROGENIC AND SPONTANEOUS HYPERTENSION
Authors: Stamler J. , Katz L. N. , Rodbard S. 
Published: June 2004

Evidence is presented on the occurrence of spontaneous hypertension in dogs.
All dogs with spontaneous hypertension exhibited normal renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate.
Clearances on nephrogenic hypertensive dogs revealed that some exhibited normal kidney function, while others had significant depression of renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate. In the latter, the filtration fraction may or may not be elevated.
Serial renal clearances were done at intervals on 3 dogs with spontaneous hypertension during their 3rd year of known hypertension. They exhibited no tendency to develop impaired renal function in the face of prolonged benign hypertension.
Serial renal clearances on nephrogenic hypertensive dogs revealed no tendency for kidney function to become progressively impaired. This was true, whether the immediate postoperative clearance values were normal or depressed. It was also true regardless of the duration of the hypertension.
It is suggested that mechanisms other than elevated blood pressure per se operate to produce progressive kidney damage and impairment of renal function.
No tendency was revealed over the course of a year or more for the kidney function to improve in Goldblatt dogs exhibiting depressed clearances immediately postoperatively. This is interpreted as evidence against the postoperative development in persistently hypertensive Goldblatt dogs of a renal collateral circulation sufficient to augment significantly effective renal blood flow.
Pathological studies on 2 dogs with spontaneous hypertension revealed slight to moderate chronic focal lesions in the kidneys, and bilateral adrenal cortical adenomatous hyperplasia. Both lesions may have no pathogenetic significance.
In accord with previous observations, autopsies on 3 Goldblatt dogs revealed minimal renal changes in one, and unilateral kidney atrophy with contralateral hypertrophy in the 2 others. The adrenals were normal.
In general, data on renal clearances showed correlation with postmortem kidney findings. However, normal renal clearances are found in the presence of anatomically abnormal kidneys.
The findings in canine spontaneous and nephrogenic hypertension are compared and contrasted with data obtained in human essential hypertension. Pathogenetic relationships are discussed.
THE EFFECT OF PODOPHYLLOTOXIN ON TISSUE METABOLISM AND ENZYME SYSTEMS
Authors: Miller Zelma Baker , Davison Clarke , Smith Paul K. 
Published: June 2004

Podophyllotoxin, 10–3M, inhibits the respiration in vitro of rat lymph nodes, thymus, kidney, tumor, spleen, liver, brain, testis, and chicken embryo. Lymph node and spleen respiration are most sensitive, and the degree of inhibition increases with time.
The injection of podophyllotoxin into tumor-bearing mice (20 mg. per kg.) causes a dramatic reduction in the respiration of tumor slices. Within 6 hours, the respiration approaches zero. Inhibition is evident 2 hours after injection of the drug. Spleen respiration is reduced 50 per cent within 6 hours. Kidney and liver respirations remain within normal limits.
Marked reductions in the respiration of spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus glands of normal rats are produced by the injection of 15 mg. per kg. Thymus gland is the most sensitive of these three tissues, and its respiration is reduced 66 per cent 24 hours after injection of the drug.
The injection of 0.8 microgram podophyllotoxin into the yolk sac of chicken eggs bearing 5 day embryos has no effect on the respiration of the embryo within 8 hours, although this is a sufficiently toxic dose to kill 80 per cent of the embryos (within 24 hours).
Kidney respiration in the presence of acetate, glucose, alanine, and glutamate is inhibited to approximately the same degree as in the absence of added substrate. Succinate and pyruvate oxidation by rat kidney slices appear to be less sensitive.
Oxidation of acetate and butyrate by rabbit kidney homogenate is more sensitive to podophyllotoxin than oxidation by rabbit kidney homogenate without added substrate. Glucose oxidation by this preparation is not inhibited by 10–3M podophyllotoxin.
The anaerobic glycolysis of chicken embryo, rat brain, and rat testis is stimulated by 10–5 and 10–6M podophyllotoxin, and is inhibited by 10–3M.
The following enzymes are not inhibited by 10–3M podophyllotoxin: succinoxidase from pigeon breast muscle, choline, xanthine and tyrosine oxidase from rat liver homogenate, and leucine oxidase from Proteus vulgaris; alkaline and acid phosphatase from dog serum; adenosine triphosphatase from rat liver; choline esterase from rat brain homogenate; ribonucleodepolymerase from spleen mince and thymonucleodepolymerase from dog serum.
High concentrations of podophyllotoxin do not influence the viscosity and degree of polymerization of thymonucleic acid.
THE INHIBITION OF STREPTOCOCCAL DESOXYRIBONUCLEASE BY RABBIT AND HUMAN ANTISERA
Authors: McCarty Maclyn 
Published: June 2004

Rabbit antisera against partially purified streptococcal desoxyribonuclease inhibit the action of the enzyme on its substrate. The activity of pancreatic desoxyribonuclease is not affected by these antisera. Similarly antibody against pancreatic nuclease does not inhibit the streptococcal enzyme.
Certain patients develop inhibitory antibody to streptococcal desoxyribonuclease following streptococcal infections, occasionally in very high titer, although the proportion of patients showing an antibody response appears to be lower than in the case of streptokinase and streptolysin O.
The pattern of antibody response to desoxyribonuclease has been compared to that of streptokinase and streptolysin O in a group of ninety patients from an epidemic of scarlet fever.
CELLULAR MECHANISMS OF ANTIBACTERIAL DEFENSE IN LYMPH NODES
Authors: Smith Ralph O. , Wood W. Barry 
Published: June 2004

Acute pneumococcic lymphadenitis produced in rats by intradermal inoculation of the foot-pad is characterized by rapid infiltration of polymorphonuclear leucocytes into the intermediary sinuses of the node, and prompt phagocytosis of pneumococci by both the macrophages of the sinuses and the recently arrived leucocytes. After 5 to 7 hours the polymorphonuclear leucocytes are found densely congregated about the hilar region, and 9 hours after inoculation most of the phagocyted organisms have been digested. At the end of the 24 hour period the popliteal node presents the picture of a subsiding inflammation with a marked macrophage reaction and regenerating lymph follicles.
Phagocytosis of encapsulated pneumococci in the foot-pad and popliteal node occurs in less than 30 minutes after inoculation. It is assumed that this prompt phagocytosis is effected by the non-antibody mechanism of "surface phagocytosis."
The majority of polymorphonuclear leucocytes that enter the sinuses of the inflamed node appear to come from capillaries within the node itself rather than from the primary site of inflammation in the foot-pad. The prompt inflammatory response of the nodal tissues serves as an active defense against lymph-borne infection.
Macrophages invade nodal sinuses only after most of the pneumococci have been destroyed by polymorphonuclear leucocytes. It is suggested that the macrophage reaction follows removal of the primary inflammatory stimulus by the granulocytes, and thus constitutes only a late phase of recovery.
Fibrin formation in the sinuses of the lymph node is rare during acute lymphadenitis. This finding may be related to the observation that within 5 minutes after entrance of bacteria into the node, heparin-containing granules from mast cells are strewn throughout the sinuses.
CELLULAR MECHANISMS OF ANTIBACTERIAL DEFENSE IN LYMPH NODES
Authors: Smith Ralph O. , Wood W. Barry 
Published: June 2004

The origin of the polymorphonuclear leucocytes found in the intermediary and subcapsular sinuses of the popliteal lymph node during acute bacterial lymphadenitis, and the effect of this leucocyte infiltration on the passage of bacteria through the lymph node have been investigated. It has been demonstrated that:
1. The polymorphonuclear leucocytes in the nodal sinuses originate both from blood vessels of the lymph node and from the primary inflammatory focus in the tissues.
2. Granulocytes invading the intermediary sinuses of the infected lymph node arise primarily from capillaries lining these sinuses.
3. Most of the polymorphonuclear leucocytes in the subcapsular sinus, on the other hand, originate from the inflammatory focus in the tissues and appear to traverse the node by way of this peripheral sinus.
4. The bacteremia following direct intralymphatic injection of pneumococci is suppressed by the presence of preformed inflammatory exudate in the nodal sinuses indicating that the filtering capacity of the node is thereby greatly increased.