bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“A Woman Who Has Only Paradoxes to Offer”: Olympe de Gouges Claims Rights for Women
Authors: Scott Joan Wallach 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For women, the legacy of the French Revolution was contradictory. On the one hand, the unit of national sovereignty was declared to be a universal, abstract, rights-bearing individual; on the other hand, this human subject was almost immediately given particularized embodiment as a man. The abstraction of a genderless individual endowed with natural rights made it possible for women to claim the political rights of active citizens and, when denied them in practice, to protest against exclusion as unjust, a violation of the founding principles of the republic. There is no question, from this perspective, of the powerful impetus such universal theory gave (and continues to give) to democratic movements.
Exotic Femininity and the Rights of Man: Paul et Virginie and Atala, or the Revolution in Stasis
Authors: Vallois Marie-Claire 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the fifth of October, two months after the public recognition of every man’s equality in the eyes of the law by The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, the people of Paris marched on Versailles to fetch the king and to bring him back to Paris. It is at this time that, according to most historical accounts but especially Michelet’s History of the Revolution, women’s participation in the events of the revolution became evident.
Memory Observed by Introspection
Authors: Ross Bruce M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All in all, the dominant trend of the twentieth century has been to emphasize the necessary limitations of personal knowledge and retention. The tradition from Plato and Augustine to Bacon and Hobbes of marveling at the “power of memory” has long been in abatement, perhaps only recently reviving with a renewed sense of wonder fueled by the inadequacies of recent attempts at memory simulation. The goal of this chapter is to survey a variety of topics, primarily from a subjective perspective, that bear on autobiographical memory. Results and problems pertaining to memory are excerpted from the older introspective psychology and from selected philosophies of memory. The findings of the introspective psychologists were often obtained in laboratory situations where perceptual memories of limited durations were studied. Nevertheless, some of those results can be applied to autobiographical memories.
Psychoanalytic Continuations
Authors: Ross Bruce M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Freudian tradition has continued in two ways, first through several more or less orthodox successor lines and, more diffusely, as an influence on diverse nonpsychoanalytic groups, including anti-Freudians. A third position is that we live in a post-Freudian age. The meaning of this frequent assertion is debatable, but it is usually taken to indicate that the major Freudian insights have been so thoroughly digested and so general that we must look elsewhere for individualizing causal explanations. Except for an overly simplified concept of repression, however it can be safely concluded that the general public has remained largely unaware of most of Freud’s range of ideas about memory functioning, and this is to a considerable extent true of most of academic psychology as well.
Acoustic Systems In Biology
Authors: Fletcher Neville H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is a practical guide for researchers and advanced graduate students in biology and biophysics who need a quantitative understanding of acoustical systems such as hearing, sound production, and vibration detection in animals at the physiological level. It begins with an introduction to physical acoustics directed explicitly at their needs, covering the fundamental concepts and showing how they can be applied quantitatively to understand animals’ auditory and sound-producing systems. Only after the relatively simple mechanical part of the system is explained does the author focus his attention on the underlying physiological processes.
Secession Avoided: The Upcountry during the First Secession Crisis
Authors: Ford Lacy K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the late 1840s, the Jacksonian two-party system, which had brought stability and definition to national politics for at least a decade, strained to contain or ameliorate increasingly explosive sectional antagonisms. South Carolina, though loosely aligned with the Democratic party, remained largely outside the national party system. And John C. Calhoun harbored visions of a new Southern party, which would unite Democrats and Whigs in the region and also would be strong enough to protect the slaveholding interests within the Union. Calhoun maintained conditional ties to the Democrats as a strategy of survival, but he also cultivated Southern unity. After Calhoun crushed the incipient Whig revolt in the early 1840s, no concerted effort was mounted to establish a viable two-party system within South Carolina. Opposition to the dominant Calhoun-Democrats, who generally controlled the state legislature, emerged on an ad hoc basis from a variety of quarters, but never coalesced into anything resembling an organized opposition party.
The Nuremberg Code
Authors: Annas George J , Grodin Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This means that the person involved should have legal capacity to give consent; should be so situated as to be able to exercise free power of choice, without the intervention of any element of force, fraud, deceit, duress, over-reaching, or other ulterior form of constraint or coercion; and should have sufficient knowledge and comprehension of the elements of the subject matter involved as to enable him to make an understanding and enlightened decision. This latter element requires that before the acceptance of an affirmative decision by the experimental subject there should be made known to him the nature, duration, and purpose of the experiment; the method and means by which it is to be conducted; all inconveniences and hazards reasonably to be expected; and the effects upon his health or person which may possibly come from his participation in the experiment.
Introduction
Authors: Annas George J , Grodin Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book grew out of our continuing work on the ethics and law of human experimentation. The themes of patients’ rights and the protection of human subjects of research have led us to broader public policy considerations. Since all contemporary debate on human experimentation is grounded in Nuremberg, it is the goal of this project to explore the history, context, and implications of the Doctors’ Trial at Nuremberg and the impact of the Nuremberg Code on subsequent codes of research ethics and international human rights. The Nuremberg Code was an attempt to formulate a universal natural law standard for human experimentation. This book explores the origin and influence of the code for human rights in the United States and throughout the world.
The Influence of the Nuremberg Code on U.S. Statutes and Regulations
Authors: Glantz Leonard H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses whether the principles of the Nuremberg Code have been adopted by the regulatory and legislative bodies in the United States. I am not so much interested in if or how the words of the Code have been adopted, but rather whether or not its principles have been transformed into statutory or regulatory requirements in the United States by our usual policymaking bodies. By conducting this type of analysis, one can hope to learn various lessons. First, were the principles enunciated in the Code enduring ethical statements, or were they narrowly focused on assessing the activities of specific defendants? Second, have the Code’s principles had an impact on contemporary research methods and on the regulation of research? Finally, by looking at written codes, laws, or regulations, one can hope to discover how the formal expression of societal opinions views a certain activity: Is it something we wish to encourage, something we will tolerate, or something viewed with deep distrust? An examination of the evolution of research codes provides us with a view of how research has come to be regarded in an evolving cultural context.
The Nuremberg Code in U.S. Courts: Ethics versus Expediency
Authors: Annas George J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“The most complete and authoritative statement of the law of informed consent to human experimentation is the Nuremberg Code.”1 That was the conclusion Leonard Glantz, Barbara Katz, and I reached 15 years ago in our study of informed consent to human experimentation for the National Commission for the Protection of Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. We went on to say, “This Code is part of international common law and may be applied in both civil and criminal cases, by state, federal and municipal courts in the United States.”2 I still believe these two statements are true, but viewing the Nuremberg Code from an early 1990s’ perspective leads to the conclusion that these observations are less meaningful than might be supposed. Although courts in the United States may use the Nuremberg Code to set criminal and civil standards of conduct, none have used it in a criminal case and only a handful have even cited it in the civil context. Even where the Nuremberg Code has been cited as authoritative, it has usually been in dissent, and no U.S. court has ever awarded damages to an injured experimental subject, or punished an experimenter, on the basis of a violation of the Code.
Cairo:Eunuchs and Sacred Boundaries Eunuchs and the Vestibule: A Poet’s Model
Authors: Marmon Shaun 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the young Turkish freedman ‘Alā’ al-Dīo al-Ghuzūlī, aspiring poet and frequenter of the literary circles of fourteenth-century Cairo and Damascus, composed his sole contribution to the field of medieval Arabic belles lettres, the Kitab mafāli’ al-budūr fī manāzil al-surūr, or Book of the Risings of the Full Moons on the Dwellings of Joy, he chose an unusual structure in which to display his mastery of the genre: he built a house.1 The resulting work, as its florid title vaguely suggests, is an anthology of verses, anecdotes, and proverbs on the subject of the ideal home, arranged by chapters (abwāb, or “doors”) that correspond, more or less, to the physical layout of an affluent household.2 This self-conscious combining of a literary plan with an architectural one makes al-Ghuzūl’s book much more than the usual showpiece of what had become, for medieval Arabic authors, a highly mannered and formulaic genre. Al-Ghuzūlī’s text is a poetic map of domestic space.
Codon Usage
Authors: Sharp Paul M , Lloyd Andrew T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In most genes in most species, alternative synonymous codons are not used in equal frequencies (Aota et al. 1988)—Drosophila is no exception (Ashburner et al. 1984; O’Connell and Rosbash 1984; Shields et al. 1988). In Table 37.1 we present the total codon usage for 438 D. melanogaster genes. This dataset was extracted from the GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ DNA sequence data library (GenBank release 71) using the ACNUC sequence retrieval software (Gouy et al. 1985), and screened to remove duplicates and/or multiple alleles (making particular use of FlyBase; Ashburner 1992); the genes are listed in Appendix A.
Plumbing Ourselves
Authors: Vogel Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some things are meant to be unobtrusive. We judge our electrical out lets, water heaters., and garbage collections satisfactory when they demand neither attention nor action. And so it is with our inner machinery in general, our circulatory systems in particular. What could be more distracting than worrying, moment to moment, about the proper beating of our hearts and the routing of our blood? Fortunately we can quite reasonably ignore such matters and not risk accusation of insufficient moral fervor by people with a more righteous level of concern we’re not talking about pollution or child abuse. There’s no doubt that the proper functioning of our pipes and pumps does have an immediate urgency well beyond that of almost any of our other bits and pieces. Nonetheless in the well-regulated body such matters look after them selves without fuss and bother.
Pumps and Pipes
Authors: Vogel Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In our unguarded moments, we biologists may admit a certain ambivalence about structure. On one hand it is the classical guts of our subject. At some level we carry the conviction that the fantastic structural complexity of cells, of organs, and of organisms wouldn’t have evolved without some functional concomitants driving the process. After all, making some functionless structure is not going to improve a creature’s procreative potential, and the latter is the very crux of natural selection and evolutionary change. On the other hand, that same. complexity of living structure proves in practice to be a great curse for those of us trying to see common. functional features amid the wild diversity of living systems.
Pressure
Authors: Vogel Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At regular intervals I am subjected to that ritual taking of the pressure of my blood without which no medical examination can claim respect ability. The result, these days, is usually a pair of numbers, approxi mately 110 and 70, and some mild murmur of approval by the exam iner. Someone is apparently convinced that. pressure is a significant variable in cardiovascular operation, or at least that an abnormal pres sure signals something pathological. (Abnormal and pathological, we and our physicians must remember, are not exactly synonymous.) I’ve no disagreement-indeed, we can’t talk much more about circulation without getting a little more explicit about pressure. It’s handiest, though, to approach pressure from afar rather than going directly into any for mal definition.
Moving Heat
Authors: Vogel Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Here’s a problem. Imagine a solid body of which each little bit pro duces heat, with the heat produced at the same rate wherever the bit happens to be located. Heat production is uniform throughout the body will its temperature likewise be uniform? As it turns out, under most circumstances the temperature will be far from uniform. The inside will be hotter and the surface will be cooler than the average temperature of the body. That the body produces the heat makes the problem only slightly less ordinary than what happens when you take some long cooked casserole out of the oven to cool. It may be at a uniform temperature when it’s taken out, but it soon gets cooler around its outside than at the core. If the soup is too hot, you sip first from the edge.
Immigration, Nativism, and Party Crisis
Authors: Anbinder Tyler 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1854 the Know Nothing party burst upon the political scene with a swiftness unprecedented in American history. Yet the conditions that stimulated its growth had been developing for nearly half a century. European emigration to the United States increased dramatically after the War of 1812 and continued to grow in the decades that followed. In response to changes this influx of immigrants brought to American life, nativist political and fraternal organizations appeared in many major cities. However, even though these groups initially gained many adherents, they quickly declined in popularity, even while immigration continued to increase. Only when crises rocked the major political parties in the early 1850s did an overtly nativist political organization, the Know Nothing party, gain a national following.
Mobilizing the Invisible Army
Authors: Maclean Nancy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If there were such a thing as a typical Klan meeting, the klonklave held by the Athens Klan on the night of September 15, 1925, would qualify. Exalted Cyclops f.P. Mangum,* a fifty-two-year-old policeman, called the meeting to order at 8:30 in the Klan’s klavem (meeting hall). Presiding over the evening’s events with Mangum was a full complement of twelve “terrors” (officers). In many regards, the meeting resembled one any other organization might hold: minutes read and approved, new members voted in, dues collected, plans laid for a recruitment campaign, an educational discussion, and even niceties: members received thanks from Mangum for having visited him when he was sick and from the board of stewards of a local church for having attended its recent revival meeting with a contribution.
Producing Independence
Authors: Mccurry Stephanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historians never find it easy to cross the threshold of the household and look inside. For the most part, they have stayed outside, witnessing the struggle for independence by yeoman heads of household from the vantage point of the federal census taker or local merchant. Yet that independence, and its attendant public meanings, was produced, quite literally, out of the relations of power and dependency that prevailed within the household’s boundaries. To write this history of the household one must follow the master home.
Applying the Argument to Specific Nonabortion Cases
Authors: Kamm F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having constructed the general framework of the argument, we will now examine in more detail how its steps apply to three different situations. In general, the different ways in which attachment occurs may be thought to affect whether there is a special obligation to aid, and what the appropriate baseline is with which to compare the fate of the person killed. We shall also discuss which efforts may permissibly be avoided by killing. In addition, in each case we shall consider an alternative to the output cut off argument, namely self-and-assisted defense.
Informed Consent, Responsibilities in Pregnancy, and External Means of Gestation
Authors: Kamm F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have been considering arguments for the permissibility of abortion even if the fetus is a person. Now, I wish to explore the implications of the benefit-burden approach for a number of abortion-related topics: the requirement that women seeking abortions be fully informed of the fetus’s status, responsibilities in pregnancy of those who do not abort, and the use of external gestation devices. For purposes of these discussions, let us put to one side the difference that numbers of abortions might make.
Changing Ecology of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Authors: Schriefer Martin E , Azad Abdu F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) is caused by Rickettsia rickettsii, a prototype species of the spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsiae. The disease was not recognized as a clinical entity until 1899 when pioneers began clearing the Bitterroot Valley of northwestern Montana for farms and settlements (Burgdorfer, 1975). Between 1873 and 1910 there were 295 cases of RMSF in Bitterroot Valley of western Montana, 190 of these were fatal (Burgdorfer, 1989). Most RMSF cases occurred in males, as they ventured into the field to hunt, fish, and trap. The development of this RMSF focus and the circumstances surrounding it, i.e., rickettsiae, harbored by ticks, being actively passed to humans establishing their residences in the previously uninhabited lands, have since been repeated in numerous areas. The discovery of the etiologic agent, the tick vector (Dermacentor andersoni), and vertebrate reservoirs (rodents) of RMSF in the northwestern Rocky Mountains was a significant scientific achievement in the area of disease ecology.
The Structure of Labor Organizations
Authors: Barling Julian , Fullagar Clive , Kelloway E Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As noted in the previous chapter, this book is about the process of attachment between individuals and labor organizations, and the contribution organizational psychology can make to an understanding of this process. If the purpose of organizational psychology is to understand individual behavior in organizational settings, then its focus must include both the individual and the organization as well as their interaction. Such interactive models consider the attitudes and behaviors of the individual to be determined by an interaction between individual and organizational characteristics. Examples of such integrating models include Katz and Kahn’s (1978) open-systems approach and Bennis’ (1969) organic-adaptive model for organizational functioning.
Breakdowns in the Unionization Process
Authors: Barling Julian , Fullagar Clive , Kelloway E Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapters, we considered the initial phases of the unionization process. We first discussed the factors that predict how individuals will vote to certify or join a union (see Chapter 3). Then we examined individuals’ commitment to (see Chapter 4) and participation in (see Chapter 5) union activity. We presented next the leadership role of shop stewards in facilitating the unionization process (see Chapter 6). As argued before, any consideration of the unionization process would be incomplete without also considering why union members choose to decertify an existing bargaining unit. Decertification represents the collective decision to get rid of the existing bargaining unit. In some jurisdictions, union members can also exercise an individual right to leave the union. We now turn our attention to a consideration of these collective and individual rights, both of which constitute a final phase in the unionization process.
Decline and Persistence of Infectious Diseases
Authors: Young T Kue 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Infectious diseases have played a major role in the epidemiologic history of Native Americans, as the previous chapter has shown. While pre-contact Native Americans were not free from infections, those infections that were present were likely persistent zoonotic parasitic diseases associated with low virulence (Black, 1975). With the arrival of Europeans, Native Americans underwent a transition from “small band” epidemiology to “large herd” epidemiology, often with devastating results (Neel, 1968).
New Markets, Lost Opportunities Singlewomen and Widows as Harbingers of Change
Authors: Bennett Judith M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the market town of Howden in 1379, 9 not-married women-single-women, widows, and perhaps even some wives who, for whatever reasons, lived apart from their husbands-supported themselves in commercial brewing. One bachelor brewed for profit, and 11 married women also worked in the trade, but not-married brewsters accounted for nearly half of the commercial brewers in the town.1 If you had wanted to buy ale in late fourteenth-century Howden, you might have purchased it from a married brewster or her husband, but you were just as likely to have bought ale from a singlewoman or widow who managed her own business.