bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preaching Eugenics
Authors: Rosen Christine 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Preaching Eugenics tells the story of a heretofore-unexamined group of eugenics enthusiasts in the early half of the 20th century: American religious leaders. It describes how Protestant, Catholic, and Jewish leaders adapted to, rejected, and, in many cases, enthusiastically embraced eugenics-a movement emblematic of modern science and progressive thought in the early 20th century. Facing new challenges from scientists and intellectuals, adapting to the dramatic social changes wrought by immigration and urbanization, and often internally riven by doctrinal controversies among modernists, liberals, and fundamentalists, leaders of churches and synagogues in the early 20th century found themselves forced to defend their faiths on numerous fronts. Preaching Eugenics describes these challenges through an exploration of religious leaders’ confrontation with eugenics. Many religious leaders embraced eugenics, often arriving at their support through their involvement with other social reform movements, including campaigns to sterilize the “feebleminded” in the states; new efforts by the state to regulate marriage; the birth control movement; efforts to combat “social evils” such as venereal disease; and the movement to restrict immigration. The book draws on a wide range of sources: the records of the American Eugenics Society; religious and scientific books and periodicals of the day; and the personal papers of religious leaders such as Rev. John Haynes Holmes, Rev. Harry Emerson Fosdick, Rev. John M. Cooper, Rev. John A. Ryan, biologist Charles Davenport and Yale geographer Ellsworth Huntington. In a period when religion and science were engaged in critical dialogue and in bitter feuds, the story of how religious leaders confronted one of the era’s newest “sciences,” eugenics, offers insight into the history of ideas and the history of religion in the early 20th century.
Fervent Charity
Authors: Rosen Christine 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This chapter traces the interaction of some of the earliest Protestant and Catholic supporters of the eugenics movement, and describes the earliest efforts to form an institutional eugenics movement. Ministers such as Rev. Oscar Carleton McCulloch and Samuel Zane Batten, for example, married Protestant Social Gospel rhetoric with eugenic sentiment in their efforts to control the “menace of the feebleminded” through social policies. Their efforts were mirrored by those of two prominent British Protestant ministers, Rev. Frederick Brotherton Meyer and Rev. James H.F. Peile. At the same time, biologist Charles Davenport was beginning to develop eugenics institutions such as the Eugenics Record Office, trying to control a movement that had already gained a number of amateur enthusiasts who published books and tracts supporting eugenics — many of which invoked biblical justification for eugenic science. Finally, this chapter explores early debates among Catholics such as Fr. Stephen M. Donovan, Msgr. Jules DeBecker, and Father Thomas Gerrard about eugenic sterilization of the feebleminded.
Protestant Promoters and Jewish Eugenics
Authors: Rosen Christine 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This chapter continues the discussion of religious enthusiasts of eugenics by tracing the support the movement garnered from prominent Protestants such as Rev. Newell Dwight Hillis of Plymouth Church, Brooklyn, who helped eugenics supporters such as Dr. John Harvey Kellogg organize the First and Second National Race Betterment Conferences in 1915 and 1916. At the same time, Reform rabbis such as Max Reichler began to assess the eugenics movement in light of the teachings of the Jewish faith at a time when fears about Jewish and Catholic immigration to the United States were rising; at the same time, a heated debate was occurring among Jews about the benefits and dangers of intermarriage. Finally, this chapter discusses how opponents of immigration, such as eugenicist Madison Grant, were employing eugenic rhetoric to argue that the American “melting pot” could no longer absorb new arrivals.
Eugenicists Discover Jesus
Authors: Rosen Christine 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This chapter explores the creation and growth of the American Eugenics Society, whose energetic efforts to woo religious supporters met with remarkable success throughout the 1920s. The chapter describes the Society’s Committee on Cooperation with Clergymen, headed by Rev. Henry Strong Huntington, which counted many prominent religious leaders as members, as well as the Society’s multiple “eugenic sermon contests,” which drew enthusiastic entrants from across the country and from a wide denominational spectrum. The chapter traces the participation of religious leaders such as Rev. Harry Emerson Fosdick, Bishop William Lawrence, Rev. Guy Emery Shipler, Rev. Phillips Endecott Osgood, Bishop Francis John McConnell, and Rabbis Louis Mann and David de Sola Pool. It also describes the successful efforts of the society’s most skilled eugenics propagandist, Albert Edward Wiggam.
Twilight Converts
Authors: Rosen Christine 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
By the mid-1930s, when the eugenics movement was under steady attack by geneticists, social scientists, Catholics, and conservative Protestants, it nevertheless continued to garner some religious support, including a large conference held in 1939 on “The Relation of Eugenics and the Church.” This chapter describes that support, as well the story of two late converts to the movement, Rev. George Reid Andrews and Rev. Kenneth MacArthur, and links their activities to the larger decline of eugenics as a viable social-scientific movement. It also outlines the attempts by Frederick Osborn to reform the American Eugenics Society.
Assessing Strategic Alignment Maturity
Authors: Earl Michael J. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAn approach for assessing the maturity of a firm’s business-IT alignment is presented. This chapter is divided into the following sections: the Strategic Alignment Maturity Assessment Description, Six Strategic Alignment Maturity Criteria, and Conducting a Strategic Alignment Maturity Assessment. A summary of strategic maturity alignment research to date is then discussed.
Toward the Future of Enterprise Integration
Authors: Markus M. Lynne , Axline Sheryl , Edberg Dana , Petrie David 
Published: April 2005

AbstractExternal systems integration involves the electronic connections between an organization’s systems and those of its business partners. This chapter addresses the question of what external systems integration is, and why it is important. It then discusses alternative approaches to external integration, and key issues in developing an external systems integration strategy.
What Does the Hajj Mean?
Authors: Bianchi Robert R. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractModernist Islamic thinkers see the hajj as a treasure house of fluid symbols carrying infinite meanings everyone is free to interpret and reinterpret as they choose. In their view, “reading” the hajj’s inner meanings is similar to reading any sacred text, including the Qur’an–every mortal mind can grasp a fraction of God’s message, but no human authority, no matter how learned and esteemed, can monopolize the discussion or claim the final word. Three writers have produced widely influential reinterpretations portraying the hajj as a powerful agent of social and political reform–Muhammad Iqbal of India, ‘Ali Shari‘ati of Iran, and Mohammed Arkoun of Algeria. Iqbal’s revivalism, Shari‘ati’s rebelliousness, and Arkoun’s humanism have merged into a modernist stream of hajj interpretation that enjoys mass audiences in dozens of languages and nations. Their views are constantly discussed and debated by a cosmopolitan hajj community that is increasingly youthful, female, educated, urban, and non-Middle Eastern.
The Growth of the Hajj
Authors: Bianchi Robert R. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractGeographically and culturally, today’s hajj is nearly universal. The highest rates of hajj activity are still in countries closest to Mecca, but air travel allows Muslims throughout Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas to participate with equal frequency. The strongest predictor of hajj activity is per capita income rather than distance from Mecca or the proportion of Muslims in the national population. Female participation is a special dimension of pilgrimage, demonstrating the enduring power of culture. Hajj growth has been accompanied by a steady rise in the proportion of women pilgrims to about 45% of the total, yet in many countries regional disparities in female pilgrimage reflect virtually separate societies with incompatible views of the value and freedom that women deserve.
Nigeria
Authors: Bianchi Robert R. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractNigerian politicians such as Ahmadu Bello and Shehu Shagari threw so much money into the hajj that Christians became convinced they were creating an Islamic state. By the time Muslim army officers seized power, the specter of religious warfare drove Ibrahim Babangida and Sani Abacha to sponsor a Christian pilgrimage to Jerusalem as well. Nigeria is one of the few countries where the state sponsors both Muslim and Christian pilgrimages–a policy that is intended to assuage complaints of religious discrimination but that more frequently aggravates conflicts between rival regions, denominations, and ethnic groups.
The West Is Not Alone
Authors: Bianchi Robert R. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe international relations of the hajj are a fascinating interplay of power, law, and religion. Debates over hajj policy frame the struggle for power in Islamic international organizations, promoting greater bargaining and cooperation between blocks of Arab, Asian, and African states. The hajj is an evolving international regime based on customary international law but, more important, it is the clearest embodiment of a worldwide religion subordinating the interests of nation-states to the universal duty to comply with God’s commands. Advocates of Islamic modernism rely on the ideals of the hajj to support calls for greater world community and morality that are strikingly similar to the arguments of Western writers who are leading the current theoretical revolutions in international relations and international law.
Inventing Temperature
Authors: Chang Hasok 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis book presents the concept of “complementary science” which contributes to scientific knowledge through historical and philosophical investigations. It emphasizes the fact that many simple items of knowledge that we take for granted were actually spectacular achievements obtained only after a great deal of innovative thinking, painstaking experiments, bold conjectures, and serious controversies. Each chapter in the book consists of two parts: a narrative part that states the philosophical puzzle and gives a problem-centred narrative on the historical attempts to solve the puzzle; and the analysis part which provides in-depth analyses of certain scientific, historical, and philosophical aspects of the story.
To Go Beyond
Authors: Chang Hasok 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter discusses how the challenge of extending the numerical scale beyond the temperature range in which it was established was addressed. It focuses on the investigations into the freezing point of mercury, and the master potter Wedgwood’s efforts to create a thermometer that could measure temperature in his kilns. A revitalized version of Percy Bridgman’s operationalist philosophy is used to shed light on the process of extending concepts beyond the domains of phenomena in which they were originally formulated.
Measurement, Justification, and Scientific Progress
Authors: Chang Hasok 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter argues that in attempting to justify measurement methods, a circularity inherent in empiricist foundationalism is found. Dealing with this circularity means accepting it and admitting that justification in empirical science must be coherentist. Within such coherentism, epistemic iteration provides an effective method of scientific progress, resulting in the enrichment and self-correction of the initially affirmed system.
Complementary Science—History and Philosophy of Science as a Continuation of Science by Other Means
Authors: Chang Hasok 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter presents an in-depth discussion of the aims and methods of complementary science. Complementary science is presented as a productive direction for the fields of history and philosophy of science, without denying the importance of other directions. It can trigger a decisive transformation in the nature of scientific knowledge by adding a body of knowledge that combines a reclamation of past science, renewed judgment on past and present science, and exploration of alternatives.
Personalization and Historicization of the Combat Motif: In Prayer and Prophecy
Authors: FISHBANE MICHAEL 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This chapter argues that while myths derive their effect because they narrate something ancient and believed true, mythic metaphors open up an ironic space between the image (the dragon or the sea) and its vehicle (the person or the nation). These are effective because they are perceived to be both true and not true at the same time. The mythopoesis in Job 7:12 and Psalm 44 are discussed.
Conclusions and Other Considerations
Authors: FISHBANE MICHAEL 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The agon model — a theology of combat against the forces of chaos or disorder — has been the focus of the analysis on biblical myth and mythmaking. The model illustrates how the common ancient Near Eastern topos of divine combat with sea was realized in Israelite sources. Analysis shows that there is no disjunction between the pagan and monotheistic texts, and no indication in biblical materials that the sea is a fully distinct divine personality with its own biography. Biblical versions link the prototypical conflict at the beginning of the world order (Urzeit) with its recurrence within the sacred history of Israel during the exodus from Egypt, and its anticipated recurrence in new forms thereafter, up to and including the final defeat of the sea in the future (Endzeit).
God and the Primordial Waters
Authors: FISHBANE MICHAEL 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The old myths of Near Eastern antiquity were filtered and reformulated by many tradents in the east and west. This chapter explores accounts on divine combat and primordial waters, and the waters of Tehom and the temple. Topics covered include the separation of the waters, suppression of the sea, the cycle of strife and suppression, suppression of the Tehom, and Okeanos and Torah.
Conclusions and Other Considerations
Authors: FISHBANE MICHAEL 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This chapter begins with a discussion on the development paths of ancient rabbinic myth and mythmaking. These developed along two themes: the first marked by a thematic continuity with mythic topics, images, and scenarios found in earlier ancient New Eastern and biblical sources or traditions; the second is marked by thematic innovation, wherein new mythic themes, figures and topics are developed. It is argued that these myths are not independent genre but linked to Scripture and presented alongside it. Analyses on the concepts of myth and traditions, and myth and history are presented.
Introduction
Authors: FISHBANE MICHAEL 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This chapter begins with an exploration of the diverse sources that carried rabbinic myths to the Middle Ages. Three patterns are noted: a defence of the straightforward sense of Scripture and the Midrash, where they speak in bold imagery about God, a denunciation or denial of the apparent, straightforward sense of these and other passages, and an affirmation of the religious language and depictions in these corpora as sacred code of higher mysteries. The manifestation and mystery of the book of Zohar is discussed.
Final Conclusions
Authors: FISHBANE MICHAEL 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This chapter presents a synthesis of all chapters discussed in this book. Three specific concepts are emphasized. The first is that this book is an exploration of the morphologies of myth and mythmaking found in three distinct bodies of literature: the Hebrew Bible; clusters or anthologies of Midrash; and the book of Zohar. Second is that the myths studied are cultural forms and the concrete expressions of a vital mythic imagination found in classical texts of the Jewish monotheistic tradition. Finally, that the three literary corpora investigated provide different accounts of perceptions of what is called the theosphere and its relation to the biosphere.
Political Competition and the Reform Trajectories of Post‐Communist States
Authors: Vachudova Milada Anna 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe quality of political competition at the moment of regime change determined whether East European states embarked on a liberal or an illiberal pattern of political change after 1989. It was initially determined by the presence or absence of an opposition to communism strong enough to take power in 1989, and secondarily by the presence or absence of a reforming communist party. This chapter makes the theoretical case for why political competition is central to understanding variation in the domestic trajectories of post-communist states. It also presents a model of the causal mechanisms that translate different levels of political competition into liberal and illiberal political outcomes.
Liberal and Illiberal Democracy After Communism
Authors: Vachudova Milada Anna 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe empirical variation between the political trajectories of Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic, on the one hand, and Romania, Bulgaria, and Slovakia, on the other, is striking in the early 1990s. The presence or absence of an opposition to communism strong enough to take and hold power in 1989 put the first group of states on the road to liberal democracy, and the second group on the road to illiberal democracy. This chapter compares the two groups of states in three areas: the nature of the opposition to communism and of the regime change in 1989; the political, economic, and national policies of the first post-communist governments; and the quality of the left alternative available to voters after1989.
The Impact of Passive Leverage: The EU and Eastern Europe, 1989–94
Authors: Vachudova Milada Anna 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe EU had a negligible impact on the course of political change in the new democracies from 1989 to 1994. This chapter traces empirically the relationship between the EU and the liberal and illiberal pattern states during this period. The EU’s passive leverage merely reinforced the (relatively) comprehensive reforms adopted by governing elites in the liberal states, while failing to avert or modify the rent-seeking behaviour of elites in the illiberal states. This chapter also reveals how the liberal states came to appreciate fully the benefits of EU membership through exposure to the protectionism of the EU during the negotiation and the implementation of the Europe Agreements. Meanwhile, the EU itself slowly came to terms with the prospect of a future eastern enlargement.
The Endgame of the Negotiations and the Future of an Enlarged European Union
Authors: Vachudova Milada Anna 
Published: April 2005

AbstractTen new members, eight of them post-communist states, joined the EU on 1 May 2004. This chapter takes up three issues that will shape the future of an enlarged EU. First, the EU’s active leverage has had a substantial impact on the political and economic institutions of the new members: has it promoted robust democratic institutions and a vigorous economy, as I have argued, or did it in fact undermine them? Second, the endgame of the negotiations forced unfavourable terms of accession onto the new members: will these unfavourable terms translate into a permanent second-class status? Or will the new members, bargaining hard to improve their position and importing diversity, bring European integration to a standstill? I argue that both concerns are overblown. Third, why did the EU decide to enlarge to these eight post-communist states, and how much further it is likely to go? The EU’s active leverage has been working in parts of the Western Balkans and in Turkey, and it could work elsewhere. The costs of foreclosing future membership for countries such as Turkey, Ukraine, or Belarus could be substantial, yet EU elites and publics are far from reconciled to further enlargements.
4 The Discovery Problem
Authors: Rea Michael C. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Begins the second part of the book, in which the author argues that commitment to the naturalistic research programme precludes one from accepting realism about material objects and materialism. The argument turns on the prospects (or lack thereof) that naturalists have for solving what the author calls the Discovery Problem. Roughly, the Discovery Problem is just the fact that intrinsic modal properties seem not to be discoverable by the methods of science. Describes this problem in Ch. 4, and argues that if there is good reason to think that the problem cannot be solved, then naturalists cannot be justified in accepting realism about material objects.
7 What Price Antirealism?
Authors: Rea Michael C. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Argues that, having been forced to give up realism about material objects, naturalists are committed to accepting constructivism, the view that the modal properties of material objects are mind‐dependent. Also argues that, in accepting constructivism, naturalists must give up materialism. Finally, shows that, once materialism has been given up, standard arguments against mind‐body dualism turn their teeth against realism about other minds.
Supernaturalism
Authors: Rea Michael C. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Supernaturalism is a research programme wherein one takes at least the methods of the natural sciences and religious experience as basic sources of evidence. Argues that embracing supernaturalism offers our best hope of avoiding the consequences of naturalism described earlier in the book. However, the author also argues that not just any version of supernaturalism will do the job, but only those that give rise to evidence for the conclusion that our world and, in particular, our cognitive faculties are the products of intelligent design.
Defining Hinduism
Authors: Brekke Torkel 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Bengali Hindu Swami Vivekananda sought to establish a new Hindu identity, which emphasized the individual’s right to unmediated access to the religious culture of India. His goal was to create a new basis for national unity and religious ethic that would encourage charitable work among the poor. Vivekananda endorsed a philosophical system called Advaita Vedanta, founded by the great teacher Sankara around 800 CE. This branch of Hinduism stresses the non-duality of reality and claims that the only thing that exists is Brahman, the Absolute. Everything, including self is identical with this Absolute, and it is only illusion caused by ignorance which makes us perceive them as individual entities separate from the Absolute.
Swami Vivekānanda and the Politics of Religion
Authors: Brekke Torkel 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Swami Vivekananda sought to establish a new Hindu identity under a programme of national solidarity and uplift. He championed tolerant Hinduism, while emphasizing that other religions were subordinate. For Vivekananda, Hinduism was the essence of religion, and encompassed all sects. Buddhism and Jainism were religions in the meaning creeds or sects, unable to meet the requirements for a universal religion.