bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Limits of Theory in Art Education
Authors: Allison Brian , Hausman Jerome 
Published: March 2003

The last forty years have seen substantial and dramatic changes in the thinking about education in art. Changes have taken place in art itself and there have been incredible social, political and economic upheavals. All this has led to an enlarged view of art education. It has given rise to the need for greater dialogue and debate. In more recent years, there have been more concentrated and focussed efforts to establish art curricula and standards of accomplishment for art education. In England, there has been the introduction of the National Curriculum and in the USA there has been the development of the National Standards for Arts Education. In both countries there have been numerous efforts at national or state, local and school levels aimed at assessing what students’ `know and are able to do’ in the arts. The role of theory in art education is of some importance. It is through theory that a systematic accounting can be constructed that explains and makes consistent the individual critiques of what is going on in classrooms, schools, committees and the nation‐at‐large.The paper discusses developments in England and the United States with regard to the theoretical development of curricula and the means for evaluation in art education. It also outlines and discusses the `limits of theory in art education’. It is not opposed to theory; rather it is posited that preoccupations with theory should not over‐ride the importance of maintaining a multiplicity of competing (or emerging) meanings. It is argued that theories should inform and illuminate actions rather than place arbitrary limits upon them.
Art and Science: The Aesthetic Education of the Emotions and Reason
Authors: Caranfa Angelo 
Published: March 2003

This paper explores the link between science and art in Charles Darwin (1809–1882) and Paul Gauguin (1848–1903). More specifically, its aim is to clarify the relations between science as the investigation of ‘truths’ that people hold at a particular time, on the one hand, and art as carrier of these truths into the ‘emotional’ realm of the people, on the other. The goal is simple; as is the method. The goal is to provide a way of teaching the humanities based on the aesthetic.[1] The method uses the figures chosen to act as a foil to each other, so that what seems to be a parallel of contrasts between Darwin and Gauguin, is, in fact, an equilibrium of the sensual and the rational. [2] The specific point that the paper argues is this: if teaching the humanities is tied pedagogically to art, then science, as well as the other disciplines, will join the curriculum in an integral way so as to contribute to the complete education of the student: physical, intellectual, moral, and spiritual.The first section of the paper develops the education of reason or mind in the life and thoughts of Charles Darwin. My remarks here will be limited primarily, but not exclusively, to his autobiography. The second part clarifies the education of the senses in the thoughts of Paul Gauguin.
Understanding Business Failure: Learning and Un‐Learning From Industrial Crises
Authors: Stead Eleanor , Smallman Clive 
Published: March 2003

Crisis management theory, developed through the study of industrial disasters and socio‐technical failures, is applied to three cases of business failure. The principle objective of the research reported in this paper was to identify whether or not successive failures could have been avoided through organizational learning from similar prior events and what factors might have contributed to or prevented learning. The research also aimed to establish whether or not theoretical frameworks for analyzing and understanding industrial disasters and socio‐technical failures are applicable to business failures.Using detailed case analyses of the failures of Johnson Matthey Bank, the Bank of Credit and Commerce International and Barings, the paper illustrates a series of remarkable similarities in these business failures. It also demonstrates an apparent inability of the management involved in the later failures to learn from what had happened before. Organizational culture is singled out as the main contributing factor in these failures. This paper, in part, proves the case for applying industrial crisis management theory to business failure.
Association of ADHD and conduct disorder – brain electrical evidence for the existence of a distinct subtype
Authors: Banaschewski Tobias , Brandeis Daniel , Heinrich Hartmut , Albrecht Bjoern , Brunner Edgar , Rothenberger Aribert 
Published: March 2003

Background: To evaluate the impact of psychopathological comorbidity with oppositional defiant/conduct disorder (ODD/CD) on brain electrical correlates in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and to study the pathophysiological background of comorbidity of ADHD+ODD/CD.Method: Event‐related potentials (ERPs) were recorded during a cued continuous performance test (CPT‐A‐X) in children (aged 8 to 14 years) with ICD‐10 diagnoses of either hyperkinetic disorder (HD; n=15), hyperkinetic conduct disorder (HCD; n=16), or ODD/CD (n=15) and normal children (n=18). HD/HCD diagnoses in all children were fully concordant with the DSM‐IV diagnosis of ADHD‐combined type. ERP‐microstates, i.e., time segments with stable brain electrical map topography were identified by adaptive segmentation. Their characteristic parameters and behavioral measures were further analyzed.Results: Children with HD but not comorbid children showed slower and more variable reaction times compared to control children. Children with HD and ODD/CD‐only but not comorbid children displayed reduced P3a amplitudes to cues and certain distractors (distractor‐X) linked to attentional orienting. Correspondingly, global field power of the cue‐CNV microstate related to anticipation and preparation was reduced in HD but not in HCD. Topographical alterations of the HD occurred already in the cue‐P2/N2 microstate. In sum, the comorbid group was less deviant than both the HD‐group and the ODD/CD‐group.Conclusions: The findings suggest that HD children (ADHD‐combined type without ODD/CD) suffer from a more general deficit (e.g., suboptimal energetical state regulation) including deficits of attentional orienting and response preparation than just a response inhibitory deficit, backing the hypothesis of an involvement of a dysregulation of the central noradrenergic networks. The results contradict the hypothesis that ADHD+ODD/CD represents an additive co‐occurrence of ADHD and ODD/CD and strongly suggest that it represents a separate pathological entity as considered in the ICD‐10 classification system, which differs from both HD and ODD/CD‐only.
Neuropsychological profiles of adolescents with ADHD: effects of reading difficulties and gender
Authors: Rucklidge Julia J. , Tannock Rosemary 
Published: March 2003

Background: Executive function, particularly behavioral inhibition, has been implicated as a core deficit specific to Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) whereas rapid naming has been implicated as a core deficit specific to reading disabilities (RD). Females may be less impaired in executive function although adolescent females with ADHD have yet to be studied. Method: Neuropsychological profiles of four adolescent groups aged 13–16 with equal female representation were investigated: 35 ADHD, 12 RD, 24 ADHD+RD, and 37 normal controls. A semi‐structured interview (K‐SADS‐PL), the Conners Rating Scales and the Ontario Child Health Study Scales were used to diagnose ADHD. RD was defined as a standard score below 90 on at least one of the following: Reading or Spelling of the WRAT3 or Word Attack or Word Identification of the WRMT‐R. The WISC‐III, Rapid Automatized Naming, Stroop and Stop tasks were used as measures of cognitive and executive function. Results: The two ADHD groups (ADHD, ADHD+RD) showed deficits in processing speed, naming of objects, poor behavioral inhibition and greater variability in reaction times whereas the two RD groups (RD, RD+ADHD) showed verbal working memory deficits and slower verbal retrieval speed. Only the comorbid group was slower with naming of numbers and colors and had slower reaction times. Regression analyses indicated that incongruent color naming (Stroop) and variability in go reaction time were the best predictors of hyperactive/impulsive ADHD symptoms whereas variability in go reaction time and processing speed were the best predictors of inattentive ADHD symptoms. Speed of letter naming and verbal working memory accounted for the most variability in composite achievement scores. No gender differences were found on any of the cognitive tests. Conclusions: This study challenges the importance of behavioral inhibition deficits in ADHD and that naming deficits are specific to RD. Further investigation into cognitive deficits in these groups is required.  ADHD: Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder; RD: Reading Difficulties; SES: socio‐economic status; CTRS: Conners' Teacher Rating Scale; OCHSS: Ontario Child Health Study Scales; WRAT: Wide Range Achievement Test; WRMT: Woodcock Reading Mastery Test; MDD: Major Depressive Disorder; SAD: Separation Anxiety Disorder; GAD: Generalized Anxiety Disorder; OCD: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder; WISC: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children; RAN: Rapid Automatized Naming; SSRT: Stop Signal Reaction Time;
Event‐related brain potentials reflect discourse‐referential ambiguity in spoken language comprehension
Authors: Van Berkum Jos J. A. , Brown Colin M. , Hagoort Peter , Zwitserlood Pienie 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn two experiments, we explored the use of event‐related brain potentials to selectively track the processes that establish reference during spoken language comprehension. Subjects listened to stories in which a particular noun phrase like “the girl” either uniquely referred to a single referent mentioned in the earlier discourse, or ambiguously referred to two equally suitable referents. Referentially ambiguous nouns (“the girl” with two girls introduced in the discourse context) elicited a frontally dominant and sustained negative shift in brain potentials, emerging within 300–400 ms after acoustic noun onset. The early onset of this effect reveals that reference to a discourse entity can be established very rapidly. Its morphology and distribution suggest that at least some of the processing consequences of referential ambiguity may involve an increased demand on memory resources. Furthermore, because this referentially induced ERP effect is very different from that of well‐known ERP effects associated with the semantic (N400) and syntactic (e.g., P600/SPS) aspects of language comprehension, it suggests that ERPs can be used to selectively keep track of three major processes involved in the comprehension of an unfolding piece of discourse.
The alerting effects of dexamethasone
Authors: Meixner Renata , Gerhardstein Rebecca , Day Ryan , Nykamp Keith , Syron Mary Lou , Rosenthal Leon 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to characterize the level of sleepiness/alertness following the nocturnal administration of dexamethasone. Thirteen healthy men participated in this study. Following the initial screening, dexamethasone (4 mg) or placebo was administered at 22:30 hr in a randomized double‐blind procedure. Subjects were given nap opportunities at 23:00, 1:00, 3:00, 4:30, 5:30, 7:30, 9:30, 11:30, 13:30, 15:30, 17:30, and 19:30 hr. The administration of dexamethasone resulted in an overall lengthening of sleep latency. Although the two groups displayed comparable latencies to stage 1 for the 23:00–7:30 hr nap opportunities, the administration of dexamethasone resulted in significantly longer latencies on the 9:30–19:30 hr nap opportunities. Consistent with these results, participants reported significantly greater levels of alertness on the Stanford Sleepiness Scale. The results of this study revealed greater levels of daytime alertness following the nocturnal administration of dexamethasone.
The Association between Trading Recommendations and Broker‐Analysts’ Earnings Forecasts
Authors: Eames Michael , Glover Steven M. , Kennedy Jane 
Published: March 2003

This study examines analyst forecast errors within the context of stock recommendations. We predict positive forecast error (i.e., optimism) for buy recommendations and negative forecast error (i.e., pessimism) for sell recommendations. We offer two explanations for this prediction: (1) the unconscious tendency to process information in a manner that supports one’s goal, which we refer to as the “objectivity illusion” hypothesis, and (2) the economic incentive to boost trade, which we refer to as the “trade boosting” hypothesis. The pattern of analyst forecast bias we predict (i.e., optimism for buys and pessimism for sells) is opposite in direction to that predicted by the management relations hypothesis—a commonly cited hypothesis for analyst forecast bias.We find broker‐analyst earnings forecast errors are significantly optimistic for buy recommendations and significantly pessimistic for sell recommendations, consistent with the objectivity illusion and trade boosting hypotheses. Our study indicates that the pattern of results reported in prior research (i.e., increasingly optimistic earnings forecasts as the stock recommendation becomes less favorable) is likely driven by a correlated omitted variable, actual earnings. Results of an analysis to distinguish between trade boosting and objectivity illusion appear more consistent with the objectivity illusion.
Firm Transparency and the Costs of Going Public
Authors: Ang James S. , Brau James C. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe demonstrate that firms that are more transparent pay less, in all components of issuance costs, to go public. We employ a sample of 334 previous leveraged buyouts and a characteristic‐matched control sample to test the hypothesis that greater firm transparency before the issue decreases the flotation costs of the initial public offering. These flotation costs are divided into initial underpricing, underwriter discount, administrative expenses, and the overallotment option required to take the firm public. Our results provide further evidence of the asymmetric information hypothesis as it applies to initial public offerings.
Price Discovery Between Informationally Linked Markets During Different Trading Phases
Authors: Hodgson Allan , Masih Abul , Masih Rumi 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe dynamic nature of the price information transfer when stock and futures markets switch between different price trading phases is examined. This is undertaken by decomposing Australian stock indexes and share price index futures contract data into bear‐ and bull‐market phases and analyzing the change in the power of the bidirectional information feedback between the futures market and small, medium, and large stocks. Results support the hypothesis that the nature of the price‐discovery process varies with the trading phase. In particular, during the bull phase small stocks show a marked increase in price exogeneity and futures prices contain relatively less price‐sensitive fundamental information. We argue that in bull phases, futures trading becomes increasingly associated with noninformation trading such as realizing paper profits, portfolio rebalancing, and increased noise trading.
Civility: A Contemporary Context for a Meaningful Historical Concept
Authors: Peck Dennis L. 
Published: March 2003

An overview of the relationship between social structure and social order is employed to highlight the importance of the civility concept to civic society. In discussing these issues, the author provides a brief historical and a contemporary context for assessing the civility concept. This assessment draws on an eclectic literature that addresses the relationship among civility, socialization, and learning, the role of education in the civility process, the changing emphasis of higher education, the culture of individualism, and technology. The author concludes with a brief discussion of culture and the future of civility.The problem of order arises out of the dual circumstance that human beings have limited (though not nonexistent) capacities for sympathy with their fellows and that they inhabit an environment that fails to provide them with sufficient resources to satisfy fully the needs of all of them. The problem of order is therefore rooted in inescapable conflict between the interests and desires of individuals and the requirements of society: to wit, the pacification of violent strife among men and the secure establishment of cooperative social relations making possible the pursuit of collective goals. (Wrong 1994, p. 36)
Redistribution and Insurance: Mandatory Annuitization With Mortality Heterogeneity
Authors: Brown Jeffrey R. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis article examines the distributional implications of mandatory longevity insurance when mortality heterogeneity exists in the population. Previous research has demonstrated the significant financial redistribution that occurs under alternative annuity programs in the presence of differential mortality across groups. This article embeds that analysis into a life‐cycle framework that allows for an examination of distributional effects on a utility‐adjusted basis. It finds that the degree of redistribution that occurs from the introduction of a mandatory annuity program is substantially lower on a utility‐adjusted basis than when evaluated on a purely financial basis. In a simple life‐cycle model with no bequests, complete annuitization is welfare enhancing even for those with higher‐than‐average expected mortality rates, so long as administrative costs are sufficiently low. These findings have implications for policy toward annuitization, particularly as part of a reformed Social Security system.
Competition and Choice in New York City . Social Services
Authors: Savas E.S. 
Published: March 2003

Privatization is intended to improve public services by introducing competition and choice. Does privatization of social services result in competition? To answer this we studied New York City's experience with contracts for three services: shelters for homeless adults, home care, and employment training.A total of 132 contract awards to nonprofit agencies were examined. The evidence suggests the procurement procedures were competitive and followed good practices. There was significant competition in terms of the number of announcements issued, the number of requests for proposals distributed, and the number of proposals ultimately submitted‐an average of 2.48 proposals per award.Contracting for homeless shelters has produced a voucher‐like system with desirable features. Vouchers are also used for some employment training and could be used for home care. Such systems can introduce even more competition and choice for clients of social services. Problems of contracting with nonprofit agencies are reviewed.
Learning Organizations in the Public Sector? A Study of Police Agencies Employing Information and Technology to Advance Knowledge
Authors: Brown Mary Maureen , Brudney Jeffrey L. 
Published: March 2003

In an attempt to reap the purported benefits that “knowledge workers” bring to organizations, many police departments have shifted to a community problem–oriented policing philosophy. Rather than focusing on enforcement and incarceration, this philosophy is based on the dissemination of information to promote a proactive, preventative approach to reduce crime and disorder. In keeping with much of the contemporary literature on the “learning organization” (sometimes called the “knowledge organization”), police departments hope to deter crime through the knowledge benefits that derive from information and its associated technologies. With goals to stimulate productivity, performance, and effectiveness, police departments across the country are employing information technology to turn police officers into problem solvers and to leverage their intellectual capital to preempt crime and neighborhood deterioration.Many public and private organizations are striving to change their operations toward this same concept of the knowledge worker. Information technology is often touted as a vehicle for capturing, tracking, sorting, and providing information to advance knowledge, thus leading to improvements in service–delivery efforts. Based on an extensive study of police departments that have attempted to implement a knowledge–worker paradigm (supported by information technology initiatives), this research explores the feasibility, effectiveness, and limitations of information and technology in promoting the learning organization in the public sector.
Competition, Market Structure, and Bid‐Ask Spreads in Stock Option Markets
Authors: Mayhew Stewart 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the effects of competition and market structure on equity option bid‐ask spreads from 1986 to 1997. Options listed on multiple exchanges have narrower spreads than those listed on a single exchange, but the difference diminishes as option volume increases. Option spreads become wider when a competing exchange delists the option. Options traded under a “Designated Primary Marketmaker” (DPM) have narrower quoted spreads than those traded in a traditional open outcry crowd. Effective spreads are found to be slightly narrower under the DPM than in the crowd, but only since 1992, and only on low‐volume options.
How Much Is Investor Autonomy Worth?
Authors: Benartzi Shlomo , Thaler Richard H. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTThere is a worldwide trend towards defined contribution savings plans, where investors are often able to select their own portfolios. How much is this freedom of choice worth? We present retirement investors with information about the distribution of outcomes they could expect to obtain from the portfolios they picked for themselves, and the same information for the median portfolio selected by their peers. A majority of our survey participants actually prefer the median portfolio to the one they picked for themselves. We investigate various explanations for these findings and offer some evidence that the results are partly attributable to the fact that investors do not have well‐defined preferences.
American Genotype Structures Decrease Dengue Virus Output from Human Monocytes and Dendritic Cells
Authors: Cologna Raymond , Rico-Hesse Rebeca 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTThe dengue virus type 2 structures probably involved in human virulence were previously defined by sequencing the complete genome of both American and Southeast (SE) Asian genotype templates in patient serum (K. C. Leitmeyer et al., J. Virol. 73:4738-4747, 1999). We have now evaluated the effects of introducing a mutation in the envelope glycoprotein (E) gene and/or replacement of 5′- and 3′-nontranslated regions on dengue virus replication in human primary cell cultures. A series of chimeric infectious clones were generated containing different combinations of American and SE Asian genotype sequences. Some of the chimeric viruses had altered plaque morphology in mammalian cells; however, they replicated at similar rates in mosquito cells as measured by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and plaque assay. Although susceptibility to virus infection varied from donor to donor in experiments using human macrophage and dendritic cells, we were able to measure consistent differences in viral RNA output per infected cell. Using this measurement, we demonstrated that the chimeric virus containing the E mutation had a lower virus output compared to the parental infectious clone. A larger reduction in virus output was observed for the triple mutant and the wild-type, American genotype virus from which chimeric inserts were derived. It appears that the three changes function synergistically, although the E mutation alone gives a lower output compared to the 5′- and 3′-terminal mutations. The data suggest that these changes may be responsible for decreased dengue virus replication in human target cells and for virulence characteristics during infection.