bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Vertebral Columns
Authors: Holliday Trenton W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The vertebral column is well represented among the skeletons from Dolní Věstonice and Pavlov. In particular, the individuals from the triple burial (Dolní Věstonice 13–15) preserve the majority of their vertebral elements in various stages of completeness (Sládek et al., 2000; Chapter 5). The purpose of this chapter is twofold. First, detailed morphological description of each individual element of the presacral vertebrae is given (the sacrum is discussed with the pelvis in Chapter 17). Second, osteometric analyses are performed in order to compare the Dolní Věstonice and Pavlov axial skeletal morphology with those of penecontemporary and recent humans. The comparative samples used for these analyses vary considerably, depending on which skeletal elements are being studied, and therefore discussion of the measurements and indices used, as well as the compositions of the comparative samples, will come at the beginning of the osteological analysis.
Skeletal and Dental Paleopathology
Authors: Trinkaus Erik , Hillson Simon W , Franciscus, Robert G , Holliday Trenton W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The paleobiological analysis of the human remains from Dolní Věstonice and Pavlov involves a detailed consideration of the developmental and/or degenerative pathological lesions and anomalies on the remains, since these have the potential to provide information on both the natures and levels of the stress to which the individuals were subjected and their abilities to survive various forms of hardship. Many of the lesions have been referred to in previous publications (Jelínek, 1954, 1992; Vlček, 1991, 1997; Kuklík, 1992; Trinkaus & Jelínek, 1997; Sládek et al., 2000; Trinkaus et al., 2000c, 2001; Formicola et al., 2001),), but none of those references has provided a complete list of the lesions or thorough diagnoses of them. In addition, most of the lesions have been mentioned in the preceding morphological chapters since they affect, to varying degrees, the morphological and functional anatomical interpretations of the remains. However, none of those previous citations here deals with the lesions specifically or provides diagnoses of their etiologies.
What Caused Enron?: A Capsule of Social and Economic History of the I 990s
Authors: Coffee John C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The sudden explosion of corporate accounting scandals and related financial irregularities that burst over the financial markets between late 2001 and the first half of 2002 e.g., Enron, WorldCom, Tyco, Adelphia, and others-raises an obvious question: why now? What explains the sudden concentration of financial scandals at this moment in time? Much commentary has rounded up the usual suspects and blamed the scandals on a decline in business morality, “infectious greed,” and similar subjective trends that cannot be reliably measured.
A Theory Of International Rhetoric
Authors: Goldsmith Jack L , Posner Eric A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the sixteenth year of the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta, an Athenian force landed on the island of Melos, a Spartan colony and a neutral in the war. Thucydides recounts a dialogue between Athenian envoys and Melian leaders. In a famous passage, the Athenians demand that the Melians submit to their rule: For ourselves, we shall not trouble you with specious pretenses—either of how we might have a right to our empire because we overthrew the Mede, or are now attacking you because of wrong that you have done us—and make a long speech which would not be believed; and in return we hope that you, instead of thinking to inﬂuence us by saying that you did not join the Spartans, although their colonists, or that you have done us no wrong, will aim at what is feasible, holding in view the real sentiments of us both; since you know as well as we do that right, as the world goes, is only in question between equals in power, while the strong do what they will and the weak suffer what they must. (Thucydides 1982, 5.89)
International Law And Moral Obligation
Authors: Goldsmith Jack L , Posner Eric A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The instrumental theory of international law outlined in parts 1 and 2 was offered as an alternative to the conventional wisdom that international law has a normative component that pulls states toward compliance, contrary to their interests. Some traditionalists will claim that our purely positive, or explanatory, analysis is not responsive. Even if international law is best explained by states acting in their self-interest, states should obey international law’s moral command. On this view, our preoccupation with the conditions under which states in fact comply with international law is of little interest. The important issue is what states should do; international law scholarship should press states to live up their obligations, regardless of whether it is in their interest to do so.
Liberal Democracy And Cosmopolitan Duty
Authors: Goldsmith Jack L , Posner Eric A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 7 analyzed a state’s moral duty to comply with international law. This chapter analyzes the state’s moral duty to enter into treaties and to take other related forms of international action in the first place. Mainstream international law scholarship contends that states, especially liberal democratic ones, should be more other-regarding. They should enter into more treaties that would benefit third-party states, give up sovereignty to justice-promoting institutions like the International Criminal Court (ICC), and, in general, act internationally on the basis of global welfare rather than state welfare.
Introduction popular constitutionalism
Authors: Kramer Larry D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some snapshots from the early American Republic: Monday, July 29, 1793. A jury acquitted Gideon Henfield of charges that he violated the law of nations by serving aboard a French privateer. The facts of Henfield’s case were uncontested, and his defense turned on a point of law. Henfield argued that it was unconstitutional to prosecute him because his actions were not proscribed by any existing statute or law of the United States. The court—consisting of Supreme Court Justices James Wilson and James Iredell and District Court Judge Richard Peters—instructed jurors that Henfield’s defense was legally frivolous. It was the “joint and unanimous opinion of the court,” Wilson told them, that Henfield’s acts might be culpable as common law offenses against the United States. The jury disagreed, and its verdict triggered celebrations throughout the nation. John Marshall reports that Henfield’s acquittal was greeted with “extravagant marks of joy and exultation” by a public that doubted the administration’s position. Bonfires were lit and feasts held in cities and towns from Maine to Georgia. In Charleston, South Carolina, a “number of respectable citizens” followed an evening of “great hilarity and harmony” by toasting “[t]he patriotic jury of Philadelphia who acquitted Gideon Henfield, and supported the rights of man.
Courts, as Well as Other Departments, Are Bound by That Instrument accepting judicial review
Authors: Kramer Larry D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The United States experienced a run of dizzying economic growth in the 1790s. Propelled by war in Europe, demand for American produce and raw materials skyrocketed. Profiting as well from Alexander Hamilton’s brilliant stewardship of the Treasury Department, not to mention the advantage accruing to the United States as possessor of the world’s largest neutral fleet, the value of domestic exports more than tripled, while the value of re-exports increased by fiftyfold and earnings from the carrier trades quadrupled. New wealth seeped into every sector of the economy and every region of the country as demand for skilled and unskilled labor mushroomed and wages soared.
The Democratic Constitution
Authors: Devins Neal , Fisher Louis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this fascinating debunking of judicial supremacy, Devins and Fisher argue that nonjudicial contributions to constitutional interpretation make the Constitution more stable, more consistent with constitutional principles, and more protective of individual and minority rights. This highly readable narrative of how the Court and elected officials work in concert with the American people to shape constitutional values is an impressive affirmation of public participation in the political process.
Adverse Events: What We Feel and Why
Authors: Charles Sara C , Frisch Paul R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dr. Laura West, the youngest full-time member of an obstetric-gynecology university faculty, was under the additional pressure of preparing for her specialty board examinations. Faced with a very complex case involving a young woman at risk for a life-threatening bleed from a placental abnormality, Dr. West prepared for every contingency. She had been trained in a high-density litigation environment and anticipated lawsuits with every difficult case regardless of the outcome. Before the patient’s delivery, she planned for the necessary backup and conducted and recorded a detailed informed consent session that included a list of relevant references. “It was the perfect chart. And what could happen, happened.”
Adverse Events: What Physicians Can Say About Them
Authors: Charles Sara C , Frisch Paul R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Physicians should always do the human thing. Something healthy in all of us prompts us to talk about errors, as well as unexpected or catastrophic adverse events. We feel a spontaneous but quite normal urge to express our emotional reactions to the event and to review our innermost thoughts: did we have a role in it, and what were the circumstances that contributed to its occurrence? Are physicians, however, really free to respond in such a human way? In contrast to so many other serious life situations, the involvement of a physician in a seriously adverse medical outcome triggers the possibility of a lawsuit taking over his or her life and work.
Introduction
Authors: Frankel Tamar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The initial title of this book was “Abuse of Trust.” Then news about frauds, which started as a trickle, grew to a downpour. And as I continued my research, it became clear that something different from the past and more basic has been happening to America. It is that America is becoming used to abuse of trust and deception. It is that American culture has been moving toward dishonesty, regardless of whether fraud has been actually rising. And that became the focus and title of this book.
Political Action
Authors: Walzer Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a 1971 issue of Philosophy & Public Affairs there appeared a symposium on the rules of war which was actually (or at least more importantly) a symposium on another topic. The actual topic was whether or not a man can ever face, or ever has to face, a moral dilemma, a situation where he must choose between two courses of action both of which it would be wrong for him to undertake. Thomas Nagel worriedly suggested that this could happen and that it did happen whenever someone was forced to choose between upholding an important moral principle and avoiding some looming disaster. R. B. Brandt argued that it could not possibly happen, for there were guidelines we might follow and calculations we might go through which would necessarily yield the conclusion that one or the other course of action was the right one to undertake in the circumstances (or that it did not matter which we undertook). R. M. Hare explained how it was that someone might wrongly suppose that he was faced with a moral dilemma: sometimes, he suggested, the precepts and principles of an ordinary man, the products of his moral education, come into conflict with injunctions developed at a higher level of moral discourse. But this conflict is, or ought to be, resolved at the higher level; there is no real dilemma.
Of Federalism And Caste
Authors: Sunstein Cass R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mary Lyndon Shanley rejects the contractualist model of marriage. She believes that contractualism neglects the mutual dependence of spouses and the need for “positive state action to enhance equality and equal opportunity.” In particular, she contends that marriage should be understood in such a way as not to subordinate women but “to press for marriage partners’ rights to social and economic supports that sustain family relationships and enable spouses to provide care to one another.” I want to explore two gaps in Shanley’s excellent paper. 1. Shanley is aware that states greatly vary in their approaches to the marital relationship, but she says little about how the variations might bear on law and policy. In the 2000 campaign, Vice President Dick Cheney, asked about same-sex marriage, responded, “Different states are likely to come to different conclusions, and that’s appropriate. I don’t think there should necessarily be a federal policy in this area.” I believe that the vice president’s response was wise, and that the wisdom of his response extends far beyond the issue of same-sex marriage. Of course there should be decent floors, based on an understanding of people’s minimal entitlements, moral and economic; states should not be permitted to forbid people to use contraceptives or to marry people of different races. (More on that shortly.) But beyond those floors, a great deal of variation should be welcomed.
After Marriage
Authors: Brown Wendy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The track record for marriage as a just institution, Shanley is the first to admit, is a poor one. Historically, marriage has promulgated neither liberty nor equality but rather has been and remains a site of male and heterosexual superordination. So why attempt to produce justice at this site? Because, Shanley insists, marriage promotes enduring associational and affective ties, “represents the social and relational sides of our lives,” makes people “part of an entity that is not reducible to or identical with its individual components,” and, as such, constitutes a reprieve from a radically individualistic order of rationality and action. To eliminate the gender subordination in marriage and homosexual exclusion from it, Shanley advocates a number of political and economic reforms. These include the introduction of gay marriage and “jobs that pay a living wage . . . equal pay for equal work . . . benefits extended to all workers . . . basic health benefits not tied to employment status . . . work restructured in such a way that it accommodates caregiving through a shorter workweek and more flexible scheduling . . . affordable child care . . . the kind of child allowance common in European countries . . . paid parental leave for both men and women.” For Shanley, these reforms are desirable because they “move society toward greater justice in marriage.” But why don’t these add up to a formula for justice, period? Together these reforms would contribute to the historically unparalleled possibility of developing a modest, ungendered autonomy for adults that includes rather than eschews caring for children and other dependents.
Why We Should Disestablish Marriage
Authors: Metz Tamara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mary Shanley argues that to support stable caregiving unions, protect the vulnerable, and ensure gender equality, we must bolster but reform the legal institution of marriage. The alternative, she says, is to treat marriage as a private contract. But this approach, she warns, would fail to achieve the desired ends. Shanley is correct about the limits of contract. The broader problem with contractualism is that it fails to capture the nature of—and therefore provide adequate protection and support for—most intimate caregiving relationships. She is wrong, however, to conclude that protecting the vulnerable, supporting caregiving unions, and ensuring equality require bolstering the legal institution of marriage. On the contrary, these goals would be better served if the state withdrew from its current role of defining and conferring marital status. Liberty and equality, the vulnerable and their caregivers, married people and marriage itself would all be better served were marriage disestablished and a more general-purpose civil union aimed explicitly at protecting and supporting intimate caregiving units of all types created.
Gaucher Disease: A Sphingolipidosis
Authors: Hines William C , Glew Robert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The patient was a 34-year-old woman of Ashkenazic Jewish ancestry.When she was four years old (September 1974), her parents noticed that she had frequent nosebleeds and bruised easily. In addition, she tired with little exertion and looked pale. They took her to the emergency department, and on admission to the hospital, a bone marrow biopsy revealed the presence of Gaucher cells as seen in Figure 16-1. She was diagnosed as having Gaucher disease, an inborn error of metabolism affecting β-glucosidase (also known as acid β-glucosidase or glucocerebrosidase). White blood cell (WBC) β-glucosidase assays were performed on the patient and her immediate family members. Her parents and only sibling had slightly reduced levels of WBC β- glucosidase, whereas the patient’s β-glucosidase activity was only 9% of the control mean level, thus confirming the diagnosis of Gaucher disease on a biochemical-enzymatic basis. In addition, she was found to have an elevated level of serum acid phosphatase (ACP) activity, a characteristic of most patients with Gaucher disease.
Phenylketonuria
Authors: Anderson William L , Mitchell Steven M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Penny Urick is a 22-year-old G1P0 (one pregnancy, no births) woman who was seen at the family practice clinic for routine prenatal care during her first pregnancy.Mrs.Urick described herself as “generally healthy.”At the time of her visit, she stated that she took no medications and had no known medical allergies; however, her medical record revealed a history of phenylketonuria (PKU). When further questioned about her experience with PKU Mrs. Urick stated that:
Lactose Intolerance
Authors: Osgood Marcy P , Johnson Abiodun O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A 6-year-old African American boy presented with a 6-month history of nausea, abdominal discomfort, and diarrhea with three to four watery stools a day associated with passage of much gas. These complaints began soon after he started first grade when he was required to drink 2 cups of milk with his school lunch.The symptoms occurred after lunch, and he felt much better after having a bowel movement.No blood was noted in the stool. He was mostly symptom free on weekends, when he rarely drinks milk. There has been no fever or no weight loss, and his appetite has remained good
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: P450c21 Steroid Hydroxylase Deficiency
Authors: Pepe Gerald J , Rosenthal Miriam D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A 2-day-old neonate was referred to the pediatric endocrinology team with ambiguous external genitalia, including clitoral hypertrophy and fusion of the labia.The baby had been delivered spontaneously at 38 weeks of gestation after an uneventful pregnancy and presented with no obvious clinical manifestations other than apparent masculinization of the external genitalia/genital ambiguity. A sample was obtained for genetic testing, which subsequently confirmed a 46XX chromosomal makeup. Examination of serum electrolytes indicated mild hyponatremia (decreased sodium concentration) and hyperkalemia (elevated potassium).
Morvan’s syndrome as a paraneoplastic phenomenon (thymoma)
Authors: Josephs Dr. Keith A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Morvan’s syndrome, or chorée fibrillaire de Morvan, is characterized by peripheral nerve hyperexcitability, dysautonomia, insomnia, and fluctuating delirium. Typical presenting signs and symptoms include muscle twitching, hyperhydrosis, insomnia, fluctuating cognition, and limb paresthesias. The precise pathophysiologic mechanism of the syndrome is not known, but recent studies support the concept that Morvan’s syndrome is an autoimmune or paraneoplastic disorder.
Central pain disorder: thoracic cavernous angioma
Authors: Sandroni Dr. Paola 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
MRI demonstrated a 12-mm minimally enhancing intramedullary lesion within the lower aspect of the thoracic cord suggestive of a cavernous angioma (Figure). Itching (or pruritus) is a sensation that generates an urge to scratch the affected area. Itch generally has been considered a form of pain because it can be as distressing as pain. Indeed, itching is conveyed by C fibers, as is pain sensation. No specific itch receptor is known, and the identity of a fiber population specific for itch is still uncertain. This population may be heterogeneous and consist of both itch-specific and polymodal fibers that also convey pain sensation but are exquisitely sensitive to histamine. Intraneural recordings have documented the existence of both fiber types. Exactly where these fibers end peripherally is not known, but most authors think they terminate in both the dermis and epidermis.
Adult polyglucosan body disease (APBD)
Authors: Boes Dr. Christopher J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The sural nerve specimen demonstrated frequent polyglucosan bodies in axons, and an axillary skin biopsy specimen showed them in the luminal cells of apocrine glands. Muscle biopsy showed diastase-resistant, periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive material in a small population of muscle fibers. Glycogen branching enzyme (GBE) activity from skin fibroblasts was markedly decreased at 178 units (normal, 1,300±390 units). These findings suggested the diagnosis of APBD. APBD is a rare neurologic disorder characterized by progressive upper and lower motor neuron signs, early urinary incontinence, and cognitive impairment. The disease was first described in 1971, and since then, approximately 50 cases have been reported in the English-language literature. Most patients present in the fifth or sixth decade of life with symptoms and signs of myelopathy, peripheral neuropathy, and neurogenic bladder. Weakness and sensory loss typically start in the lower extremities. Approximately 70% of the reported patients have some degree of cognitive impairment, which can become severe later in the course of the disease. The dementia affects cortical and subcortical functions. The symptoms progress over a variable number of years until death. This combination of peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS) disease with early sphincter problems is unique.
An Overview of Cardiac Morphogenesis: Getting from a Muscle-Covered Tube to a Four-Chambered Pump
Authors: Kirby Margaret Loewy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The heart is the first organ to function during embryonic development, and until recent times, cessation of heart function constituted death. Heart development in all vertebrates from fish to humans follows the same general pattern: fusion of myocardium and endocardium in the ventral midline to form a simple tubular heart; onset of function, looping to the right side; chamber specification and formation; and finally, development of specialized conduction tissue, coronary circulation, innervation, and mature valves. The variation on this theme involves expansion and remodeling of the heart tube followed by septation to form two-, three-, or four-chambered hearts. The fish heart has undivided pulmonary and systemic circulations and uses chambers pumping in series, so virtually no septa form, whereas all warm-blooded animals have divided pulmonary and systemic circulations that function serially, but in parallel, requiring complex septation of the heart (Fig. 1.1).