bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Northern Europe: literary works
Authors: Malcolm Noel 
Published: November 2023

AbstractIn Northern European literature before 1700, representations of sodomy and expressions of male–male desire are extremely rare. English sermon-writers and moralists, castigating all manner of sins, seldom refer to it. A few satirical poets (Marston, Donne) allude to it briefly, imitating classical writers. The modern view that boy actors in the London theatres were commonly used for sex is highly questionable, as is the claim that the parts they played typically rendered them objects of homoerotic desire. Such desire was directly expressed by a very few English Renaissance poets (Marlowe, Barnfield). Later, English writers in a libertine tradition, which originated in France, produced a small amount of explicitly sodomitical verse (above all, Rochester). Some modern literary historians have confused matters by expanding the term ‘homoeroticism’ to include all kinds of male–male affectivity; by misunderstanding the early modern use of metaphor; or by reading arbitrary sexual meanings into non-sexual texts.
England after 1700
Authors: Malcolm Noel 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe established historical orthodoxy claims that whereas the Mediterranean pattern of age-differentiated sex and desire existed throughout Europe until 1700, a very different pattern of behaviour, resembling modern homosexuality, arose quite suddenly thereafter in Northern Europe. The evidence does not support this. In England, what changed decisively around 1700 was the growth of prosecutions, prompted by vigilante organizations called the ‘Societies for the Reformation of Manners’. The kinds of sexual behaviour that came to light, adult–adult or adult–boy, were mostly not new. One new development involved sodomites gathering to drink and have sex in ‘molly houses’; some effeminate behaviour, with cross-dressing, took place there, but its significance has been exaggerated and misinterpreted. This was a form of game-playing within the group, not the expression of a whole new identity in ordinary life.
Conclusion: from sodomy to homosexuality
Authors: Malcolm Noel 
Published: November 2023

AbstractFoucault distinguished between the pre-modern sodomite, who committed certain acts, and the modern homosexual, who has a certain identity. Historians have moved the emergence of the latter back to 1700, while maintaining the distinction. It fits the Mediterranean pattern, but ignores various pre-1700 identities: passive adults, woman-hating ‘inveterate’ sodomites, etc. Such men existed in both South and North—untypically in the former (where historians have therefore downplayed them), typically in the latter (where historians, determined to find the Mediterranean pattern, have missed their significance). These were proto-homosexuals, long before 1700; there was no sudden ‘emergence’. What requires explanation is the Mediterranean pattern. Tentatively, two factors are proposed: continuity with the age-differentiated sexual behaviour of the ancient Mediterranean; and a difference in marriage patterns between Southern and Northern Europe, whereby young adult men in the former had much more limited opportunities for sex with women of their own age cohort.
Change in a Time of Civil War, 49–30 bce
Authors: Jordan Bradley 
Published: November 2023

AbstractChapter 3 investigates the evidence for the administration of Asia throughout the civil war period (49–31 bce). Casting the dictatorships of Caesar and emergence of the triumvirate as critical junctures in the institutional history of the Roman Empire, it explores the innovations in approach to provincial governance, paying particular attention to bilateral treaties, instructions from triumvirs, and regional coinage. It argues that the freedom afforded to both Caesar and the triumvirs, by virtue of their unassailable position at the head of the res publica, allowed them to innovate and experiment with different forms of institutional governance. Alongside this, the concentration of power in the hands of a few allowed provincial actors more certainty in requesting concessions and cultivating ongoing relationships with decision-makers.
Provincia Asiaand the Advent of the Principate, 30 bce–14 ce
Authors: Jordan Bradley 
Published: November 2023

AbstractChapter 4 explores the development of provincial administration in Asia under the principate of Augustus. After discussing the rapid changes visible in the presentation of Roman government in the Cyme dossier, it analyses the emergence of procurators as agents of the Princeps, changes in the organization of the provincial koinon, and the apparent centralization of coin striking to highlight the remarkable shifts in the aims of government in the province of Asia. Finally, it explores how the position of the Princeps radically altered practices of jurisdiction in the province. The chapter ends with a summary of the argument to date, emphasizing that the major catalyst for the shift from Roman hegemony to empire in Asia was the settlement of Sulla after the First Mithridatic War.
‘How Much a Man with the Blessing of God May Do’
Authors: Allpress Roshan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter reconstructs the personal networks of John Thornton (1720–90), showing how religious, commercial, and family relationships overlapped and facilitated his philanthropy. As a leading Russia Company merchant, Evangelical patron, and philanthropic innovator, Thornton’s correspondence and collaborations offer a microcosm of how philanthropic networks cohered and operated from the 1750s to 1780s, and how the ‘philanthropist’ began to be constructed in the public mind. Thornton’s collaborations with John Newton, William Cowper, the Earl of Dartmouth, and others illustrates how Evangelical and mercantile contexts became fertile experiments in charity and philanthropy, and his wider family networks illustrate the intergenerational power of the emerging tradition.
‘The Cement of Society’
Authors: Allpress Roshan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a community of intellectual collaborators, the Clapham Sect can be understood as a ‘school’ whose members were influential across diverse disciplines, drawing on a distinctive common set of ideas—centred on an understanding of the significance of ‘trust’ in society. This chapter shows commonalities between the intellectual contributions of Thomas Gisborne to moral philosophy, Thomas Babington to educational theory, James Stephen to abolitionist legal thought, William Wilberforce to political theory, and, most significantly, the contributions of Henry Thornton to political economy—particularly to the development of modern currency theory and the emergence of reserve banking. The shared ideas of this intellectual community were influential in the language and structures of growing philanthropic institutions as diverse as the Bible Society and the Asylum movement, and shaped the development of philanthropic arguments against slavery.
‘Every Region of the Globe Its Representative’
Authors: Allpress Roshan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the late eighteenth century, British philanthropy was increasingly informed by transnational networks and projects, with initiatives frequently inspiring or being directly transplanted across diverse geographies that mapped to the social connections of philanthropists. This chapter traces the origins of this expansion—from early attempts to engage in imperial and mercantile contexts through the use of chaplains, through case studies in Bengal, Sierra Leone, and New Zealand. The interrelationship between these contexts illustrates how philanthropic networks created new geographical imaginaries, but also evolving understandings of the relationship between philanthropy and British national and imperial institutions, which shed light on the relationship between philanthropy at the metropolitan nexus and that at the periphery.
‘Teach Mercy to Ten Thousand Hearts’
Authors: Allpress Roshan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between 1815 and 1840, philanthropy grew increasingly transnational, localized its activity in the United Kingdom through expanding networks of auxiliary societies, and became a cultural movement, capturing the imagination of the wider British public. The Christian Observer was pre-eminent among the journals and magazines that leveraged transnational networks to present an increasingly detailed account of global humanity to the British public, shaped by the priorities of philanthropic societies. As the number, scale, and influence of societies grew rapidly, the philanthropic nexus of directors became more diffuse, and less shaped by dense collaborative communities such as the Clapham Sect. A younger generation, such as Sir James Stephen—raised in the context of associational activism—pursued new career paths in the civil service, motivated by a philanthropic world view and humanitarian convictions. By the late 1830s, the philanthropic imagination had become a prominent part of British public life and global engagement.
Emperor John II Komnenos
Authors: Lau Maximilian C. G. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John II Komnenos was born into an empire on the brink of destruction, with his father Alexios barely preserving it in the face of civil wars and invasions. A hostage to crusaders as a child, married to a Hungarian princess to win his father an alliance as a teenager, and leading his own campaigns as his father died, it was left to John to try to rebuild the empire all but lost in the eleventh century. This book, the first English language study on John and his era, re-evaluates an emperor traditionally overlooked in favour of his father, hero of the Alexiad written by John’s sister Anna, and his son Manuel, acclaimed for reigning at the height of Komnenian power. His reign is one of contradictions, as his capital of New Rome/Constantinople was to fall to the armies of the Fourth Crusade just over sixty years after he died, and yet his descendants led vibrant successor states based in the lands that John reconquered. His reign lacks a dominant textual source, and so this history is related as much through personal letters, court literature, archaeology, and foreign accounts as much as traditional historical narratives. This study includes extensive study of the landscapes, castles, and cities that John built and campaigned through. It is also a guide to the world in which John lived. It covers the empire’s neighbours and rivals, the turning points of ecclesiastical history, the shaping of the crusader movement, and the workings of Byzantine government and administration.
Sources
Authors: Lau Maximilian C. G. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the central problems with John’s reign is that there is no overarching, dominant historical narrative that, however flawed, gives us at least a skeletal account of what occurred and why; instead, John’s reign must be pieces together from sources not specifically focused on him and his era. Historians have traditionally looked to the broad histories of Niketas Choniates and John Kinnamos, who both open their works with a summary of John’s reign, and so this chapter first highlights the problems with this approach, while also noting what is still to be gained from these texts. But, having freed ourselves from dependence on these two accounts, it turns out that there are actually a lot of other sources on John: notably contemporary court texts, such as occasional poetry not dissimilar from modern press releases, and letters by key figures at court. There are also underused documentary archival texts, as well as legal and administrative manuals. Beyond Byzantium, we have many significant non-Greek voices from neighbouring regions (in Syriac, Turkish, Armenian, and Arabic, in addition to Latin texts from both Western Europe and the Crusader East), in addition to more exotic texts that still provide individual crucial details, such as Norse Sagas or Rus and Georgian chronicles. Finally, of crucial importance is the growing corpus of archaeological evidence, which demonstrates the effect the events in these texts had upon the landscape. Overall, this chapter introduces the reader to all the sources on John and his reign.
The Horizons of 1118
Authors: Lau Maximilian C. G. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Where the previous chapter focused on the state of the Byzantine Empire before and at the moment John rose to sole rule in 1118, this chapter introduces the reader to the state of the empire’s neighbours, near and far, at this time, which will all impact upon the developments in John’s reign. This chapter gives the reader a tour of the horizons seen from Constantinople, following the model of the tenth-century De Administrado Imperio in describing the geography, recent political history, and rulers of each of the peoples around the empire’s core. It starts in the Balkans before looking north across the Black Sea, and then across to the Caucuses and Anatolia. The Crusader and Islamic powers of the Levant, Egypt, and central Asia are then introduced, and even the western Liao dynasts of Chinese descent beyond that. Then we look west towards Italy, the Germanic empire to the north-west, and other European powers beyond. After this tour, the foreign engagements undertaken by Alexios and John in the earlier 1110s are discussed, such as the war with the Normans in southern Italy, and how Bohemond was beaten through John’s marriage with the Hungarian Princess Piroska and Alexios’ trade concessions to Venice. Interventions in the Serb polities are also outlined, and Alexios’ last campaigns in Anatolia against the Turks. We then see how John continued these policies in his first years: advancing the imperial cause in Anatolia while maintaining alliances with the Rus and Georgia.
The Raškan Insurrection and the Hungarian War
Authors: Lau Maximilian C. G. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on John’s Balkan campaigns and their diplomatic and economic context between 1126 and 1129. The countdown to war with Hungary is first outlined, and the various factors that led to it becoming entangled in the disputes between the two rival Serb courts of Raška and Diokleia, the latter of which supported the empire while the former supported greater independence. The highs and lows of King Stephen of Hungary’s invasion and the Serb campaigns are then examined from both a multi-textual and archaeological basis, highlighting the hugely divergent historical opinion on their chronology and significance. Following this, the implications for the peace treaties John signed are analysed in the context of John’s wider policies towards the west, including the Italian and Dalmatian cities. This chapter also includes discussion of the many fortresses John built in the Balkans, and what these are the texts indicate about the nature of imperial rule over these regions.
Conclusion
Authors: Lau Maximilian C. G. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This conclusion runs through medieval and modern opinions on John before bringing together the arguments of this book to establish what we should make of his reign—further, it will ask what John’s plan for his empire was, and to what extent his personal character aided or limited those plans. This conclusion will also examine whether we should see John as a crusader, and what his place should be in that movement. John’s relationships with his family and reputation with contemporaries and successors will receive an especial focus, while there will also be discussion of the iconography that John minted on his coins, and how those choices reflected his evolving designs for his empire.
Introduction
Authors: Peers Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 introduces Volume I’s main topics. This volume sets out and analyses both the institutional arrangements for EU cooperation on immigration and asylum law and the substantive law which has been adopted in the various fields that make up this area of law. The chapter outlines the contents of the rest of the volume. The four fields covered here are united by a series of four common and closely connected themes. First, a central issue in EU immigration and asylum law is the balance between protection of human rights and civil liberties on the one hand, and the State interests in public order, security, and migration control on the other. A second theme, now largely of historical importance following the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon, is the complex and often controversial interaction and overlap between the rules that apply to most areas of EU law (in particular, the free movement of EU citizens, and EU association agreements) and the specific issues of immigration and asylum law. The third theme is the continued dispute over the scope of the powers granted to the EU in the areas of immigration and asylum law. Finally, the fourth theme is the convoluted territorial scope of EU immigration and asylum law.
Irregular Migration
Authors: Peers Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 7 descsribes and analyses the EU law on irregular migration, including carrier sanctions for airlines which transport irregular migrants, criminal penalties for trafficking in persons or smuggling persons, the status and rights of victims of trafficking in persons, advance passenger information, immigration liaison officers, restriction on employment of irregular migrants, readmission to non-EU countries, and the EU’s Returns Directive—in particular that Directive’s rules (and the extensive case law) on detention, appeals, treatment of irregular migrants, procedural rights, and entry bans. This includes discussion of proposed amendments to the laws on returns, advance passenger information, and trafficking in persons. It also examines the impact of EU free movement law and EU association agreements on these issues.
Substantive Criminal Law
Authors: Peers Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes and analyses the EU rules on substantive criminal law, examining which offences the EU has harmonized, in particular the laws on terrorism, organized crime, fraud against the EU budget, corruption, hate crime, environmental crimes, cybercrime, drugs, money laundering, trafficking in persons, smuggling of persons, and sexual abuse of children. It also considers the minimum penalties which must be imposed for committing these crimes and rules on limitation periods according to EU law, and the proposed EU criminal laws on violence against women/domestic violence and foreign policy sanctions, along with the proposed amendment of EU law on environmental crimes. The chapter also explores the impact of other EU laws on criminal law issues (eg the links between limits on cash movements and the free movement of capital).
Policing and Security
Authors: Peers Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes and analyses the EU law on policing, in particular the police cooperation agency Europol, along with the various EU mechanisms for databases or exchanging data between policing and prosecution authorities (Schengen Information System, Prüm, Swedish Framework Decision, and the use of EU immigration databases). It also examines operational measures such as joint investigation teams and the application of data protection law in this field: both the general harmonization of EU law on data protection and policing (including aspects of the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation), and the extensive case law (including case law of both the CJEU and the European Court of Human Rights) in specific fields such as retention of telecoms data and passenger name records. The chapter also includes cooperation with non-EU countries such as the UK post-Brexit, discussing issues such as the potential limits on exchanging law enforcement data outside the EU.
Introduction
Authors: Boute Anatole 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the impact of the 2022 energy crisis on the European and global energy markets, and explains why, faced with the weaponization of energy, energy law can no longer be examined in isolation from energy geopolitics and economic statecraft. The chapter defines the concept of supply security, and explains how, under the existing European and international energy regimes, trade and investment instruments are expected to ensure secure energy supplies. It then introduces the literature on economic statecraft and energy geopolitics that has long warned of the security risks associated with certain types of energy dependencies, and the literature on imperialism and international law that has criticized the use of investment and trade agreements as an instrument of control and power. As states can use trade and investment instruments to achieve geopolitical benefits, it is necessary to critically reflect on how energy market regulation, and energy trade and investment agreements, can contribute to the creation of dependencies that allow for the weaponization of energy. At the same time, the international economic law scholarship on national security provides a solid theoretical basis to understand how existing energy, trade, and investment disciplines can constrain energy security strategies.
Lexical Variation and Change
Authors: Geeraerts Dirk , Speelman Dirk , Heylen Kris , Montes Mariana , De Pascale Stefano , Franco Karlien , Lang Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Distributional semantics embodies the idea that the context in which a word occurs reveals the meaning of that word. In contemporary corpus linguistics, that idea takes shape in various types of quantitative context analysis. This monograph explores how count-based token-level semantic vector spaces, as an advanced form of such a quantitative methodology, can be applied to the study of polysemy, lexical variation, and lectometry. What can distributional models reveal about meaning? How can they be used to analyse the semantic relationship between near-synonyms? And how can they contribute to the study of lexical variation as a sociolinguistic variable? The book details the conceptual background of lexical semantic and lexical variation research, explains the mechanism of distributional modelling, and introduces distributional workflows and corpus linguistic tools to answer the questions. Combining a cognitive linguistic interest in meaning with a sociolinguistic interest in variation, it illustrates that distributional methodology with case studies on Dutch and Spanish lexical data, focusing on the value of distributional models for semantic analysis, the interaction of semasiological and onomasiological change, and sociolinguistic issues of lexical standardization and pluricentricity.
Lexical variation and the lexeme-lection-lect triangle
Authors: Geeraerts Dirk , Speelman Dirk , Heylen Kris , Montes Mariana , De Pascale Stefano , Franco Karlien , Lang Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As this monograph is situated at the crossroads of lexical variation research and distributional semantics, a double background has to be described. This chapter introduces the first of these two backdrops: what model of lexical variation do we start from, where do we situate our own research within that field, and how do we relate to previous research? Specifically, we show how lexical variation research is organized on the basis of two dimensions, one linking linguistic forms to meaning, and an orthogonal one considering that association from the point of view of lectal variation. Both dimensions can be traversed in two directions. This produces a distinction between semasiology and onomasiology for the first dimension, and a distinction between lectal variation as an explanatory or as a response variable for the second dimension.