bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ACTION OF ANTIGEN ON FIBROBLASTS IN VITRO
Authors: Fischer Albert 
Published: June 2004

It may be concluded that, under the conditions of the experiments:
1. A small amount of foreign protein added to the culture medium does not modify the rate of proliferation of fibroblasts.
2. A large amount of foreign protein added to the culture medium decreases markedly the rate of proliferation of fibroblasts cultivated previously in homogenic medium, while it does not decrease the rate of proliferation of fibroblasts cultivated previously in the presence of a small amount of the foreign protein.
3. Fibroblasts in vitro respond to the presence of an antigen in the culture medium by becoming immunized against its action.
STUDY OF THE ACTION OF FOUR AROMATIC CINCHONA DERIVATIVES ON PNEUMOCOCCUS. A COMPARISON WITH OPTOCHIN
Authors: Felton Lloyd D. , Dougherty Katharine M. 
Published: June 2004

It has been shown with one strain of pneumococcus (Type 1, Neufeld), that hydroquinine chloroacetanilide (C 29), hydroquinine p-chloroacetylaminophenol hydrochloride (C 36), hydroquinine m-chloroacetylaminophenol hydrochloride (C 40), and hyroquinine 4-chloroacetylaminopyrocathecol hydrochloride (C 110) have a rapid pneumococcidal activity both in vitro and in the peritoneal cavity of mice, and to a lesser extent in rabbits. In comparison, optochin is slower in action, but its power is not so easily destroyed either in vitro or in vivo.
The introduction of the hydroxy group of the benzene nucleus of hydroquinine chloroacetanilide changes the relationship between organotropism and bacteriotropism. In comparing the rapidity of in vitro bactericidal action and intraperitoneal toxicity, C 29 exhibits the most rapid pneumococcidal action and is the most toxic for mice. C 36, the para-hydroxy derivative, is one-fifth as toxic as C 29 and only one-tenth less active bactericidally. C 40 is one-half as toxic and has approximately the same bactericidal power, while C 110 is one-eigth as toxic and one-fifth as pneumococcidal; and optochin is one-sixth as toxic and has one-fifth the bactericidal action. Arranged in the order of their ability to kill pneumococci when injected simultaneously with them into the peritoneal cavity, the drugs are: C 40, C 110, C 36, optochin, and C 29.
The chemotherapeutic action of the aromatic compounds is essentially local in character. But by per os therapy there is demonstrated a certain amount of diffusion of this activity, not shown by any other method of administration, C 40 and C 110 having about the same value as optochin.
Intravenous injection of the drugs in small doses destroyed to a greater or less extent the natural defenses of the animal, optochin being perhaps less injurious than the aromatic compounds. This same destruction of natural resistance followed intraperitoneal and subcutaneous injections of the chemicals as measured by intravenous injections of the organisms.
The maximum tolerant dose in a single injection (intraperitoneal) is not so efficacious as the same dose divided in fifths and injected at hour intervals. Optochin under these conditions is not so active as the aromatic compounds. In general, repeated doses are more curative than single.
There is a zone between the therapeutic and toxic doses, both single and repeated, for all these chemicals alike, where the natural resistance of the animal to an infection is reduced. This effect is noted especially with C 29, C 36, and C 40. In the case of optochin the therapeutic dose is nearer the toxic than with C 110, C 36, and C 40. Apparently these chemicals exhibit a variability in in vivo bactericidal activity according to different strains of pneumococci and numerical virulence.
EXPERIMENTS ON NORMAL AND IMMUNE MICE WITH A BACILLUS OF MOUSE TYPHOID
Authors: Webster Leslie T. 
Published: June 2004

If live cultures of a mouse strain of Bacillus pestis caviæ are injected intrapleurally or intraperitoneally into normal mice, there occurs an initial lag in the rate of bacterial multiplication lasting a few hours, followed by a rapid and continued acceleration of growth until the death of the animal.
If live cultures of this organism are given per os to normal mice, there occurs an incubation period of 5 to 6 days, after which the animal usually develops symptoms of disease and succumbs. A small percentage of mice, however, proves refractory to infection by this route.
If live cultures of this organism are injected intrapleurally or intraperitoneally into mice previously "vaccinated" intrapleurally or intraperitoneally, they are partially destroyed and held in check by the protective mechanisms of the animal body for 2 or 3 days. Subsequently the rate of bacterial multiplication increases gradually until the death of the animal. The partial protection following this type of "vaccination" is entirely of a general nature; no evidence of a local immunity has been obtained.
Mice given one, two, or three subcutaneous doses of "vaccine" show a similar relative increase in resistance to the subsequent intraperitoneal or per os injection of live organisms.
Feeding mice live or killed cultures of this organism induces a definite protection against subsequent intrastomachal and intraperitoneal injections of live organisms. The immunity developed in this way is also of a general as opposed to a local nature.
THE ORGANOTROPIC, BACTERIOTROPIC, AND LEUCOCYTOTROPIC ACTIONS OF CERTAIN ORGANIC CHEMICALS
Authors: Felton Lloyd D. , Dougherty Katharine M. 
Published: June 2004

We are dealing, as the results show, with groups of chemicals, all of which, whether bacteriotropic or not, greatly inhibit the engulfing of Staphylococcus aureus by leucocytes. Not a sufficiently large number of experiments was performed in attempt to cure experimental staphylococcus infections to warrant any condusion in regard to possible therapeutic activity against this organism. How-ever, as will appear in another paper, the only group out of the seven which definitely possessed an in vivo bactericidal action against pneumococcus is that of the cinchona derivatives. Certain members of the other chemical groups studied, although bactericidal in a very high dilution, —chemicals in which the concentration of a non-lethal dose was many times greater than that required to kill multiple minimal lethal doses of organisms in vitro, —had no certain effect when bacteria and drug were injected simultaneously into the peritoneal cavity of a mouse. In fact, the treated mouse often died before the controls.
If we may assume,—leaving out of consideration the practical significance of in vivo chemical destruction and excretion following the injection of the drug into the animal,—that the failure of these chemicals to exhibit a benign influence on a systemic infection in cases in which the drug can be used in a bactericidal dilution, is due to their antiphagocytic property, only one step has been taken in analysis of the factors vital for the defense of the animal against a specific microorganism. Why do these chemicals inhibit leucocytic activity? Is it because of their influence upon complement, opsonin, or the leucocyte itself, or some special one function that determines the ability to ingest bacteria? Only further work can definitely settle this question and also determine whether or not such an analysis would be of practical importance in a rational development of chemotherapy.
The ideal chemotherapeutic agent may be one that has an in vivo bactericidal potency and a negligible or stimulatory phagocytic action in doses non-lethal for the experimental animal. However difficult such a drug may be to find, it seems unlikely that the ultimate success in chemotherapy will be so simple. Again, it is conceivable that a secondary action of a drug, although leucocytotropic and not bacteriotropic, may bring about conditions in the animal body that will enable it to throw off the invading organism. Or finally, a drug compatible with the forces necessary to the host's defense and possessing in vivo bactericidal action to a greater or less degree may be the chemical sought for, the goal toward which we should strive, to achieve a rational chemotherapy for infectious diseases.
THE EXPERIMENTAL PRODUCTION OF PERIARTERITIS NODOSA IN THE RABBIT WITH A CONSIDERATION OF THE SPECIFIC CAUSAL EXCITANT
Authors: Harris William H. , Friedrichs Andrew V. 
Published: June 2004

1. Periarteritis nodosa is a specific infectious disease which is transmissible to the rabbit.
2. The lesions induced in rabbits are identical with those occurring in man and consist of exudative and degenerative processes within the walls of the smaller arteries resulting in aneurysmal formations and thromboses.
3. The microorganism inducing the disease is capable of going through a Berkefeld N filter and is therefore to be classed with the group of so called filter passers.
STUDIES UPON EXPERIMENTAL MEASLES
Authors: Duval Charles W. , D'Aunoy Rigney 
Published: June 2004

An active transmissible virus exists in the blood of measles patients during the eruptive stage of the disease. This virus produces in rabbits after intravenous injection a specific reaction analogous in all essential features to that of the human infection. Following a definite incubation period of from 2 to 5 days the animals infected show pyrexial, leucocytic, and cutaneous alterations. Fully 90 per cent of such inoculated rabbits react in a remarkable manner. The earliest constant symptom of the infection is a rise in temperature, which on the average occurs 4 days after inoculation and most probably marks the end of the incubation period. Concomitantly with this temperature rise there is a diminution in the total number of circulating leucocytes. This decrease in the number of white blood elements may be relative or may appear in the form of a well defined leucopenia. The most striking objective signs are the coryza, conjunctival injection, enanthemata, and exanthemata. The mucous membrane lesions are similar in their physical appearance to the so called Koplik spots seen in man. They occur on the buccal side of the oral cavity ranging in number from two to eight discrete hemorrhagic areas with paler centers. They appear as a rule coincidently with the temperature rise or shortly thereafter. The exanthematous lesions though occurring only in about 40 per cent of the infected animals complete the clinical syndrome in this particular experimental host. The rash may appear as early as the 3rd and as late as the 7th day after inoculation. In its early stage it is of the macular variety, appearing as a diffuse eruption which later develops into a more papular type of lesion. At this time the cutaneous manifestations appear as slightly raised, flattened, purplish red, discrete areas in the skin of the face, neck, chest, and abdomen.
Repeated passage of the virus of measles through the rabbit seems to increase its virulence. A number of animals infected with such passage virus succumb in the fourth and subsequent generations, undoubtedly as the direct result of the action of the specific excitant, as in none of the animals was there cultural evidence of secondary intercurrent infection. In the animals dying presumably as a result of the specific virus grave nephritic changes were evident. It is a noteworthy fact that the pneumonia so common in fatal cases of human measles was not evident in any of the experimental animals. We believe this to be of considerable significance, especially in elucidating the direct etiological factor of the fatal pneumonias so often present in human measles cases. Apparently such infections in man can be explained purely on the basis of the destruction of normal defense barriers by the specific excitant of the infectious disease, and the lack of host resistance to the ordinary pyogenic microorganism.
AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF RHINITIS (CORYZA) IN CALVES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO PNEUMONIA
Authors: Jones F. S. , Little Ralph B. 
Published: June 2004

During the month of November there occurred an outbreak of pneumonia among the calves in a large dairy. Thirty-two calves in one barn were exposed to the disease. Ten clinical cases developed. Two died of diffuse pneumonia. From these bovisepticus Group I organisms were obtained at autopsy. Four affected with pneumonia and eight other calves which failed to show symptoms of pneumonia developed a purulent rhinitis. From the nasal exudate of these cases Group I organisms were cultivated. The characteristic rhinitis was reproduced experimentally by brushing the nasal mucosa with a swab dipped in culture. Certain of the calves which suffered from the spontaneous rhinitis continued to carry the organisms in the nasal passages for periods as long as 121 days.
After the first outbreak had subsided practically all calves introduced into this barn developed a milder type of rhinitis associated with organisms of Group II bovisepticus. 25 per cent of such calves continued to carry the organism on the nasal mucosa for periods of 50 to 73 days. It was possible to induce nasal infection in calves with pure cultures of this organism.
MIXED CULTURES OF PURE STRAINS OF FIBROBLASTS AND EPITHELIAL CELLS
Authors: Ebeling Albert H. , Fischer Albert 
Published: June 2004

1. Strains of epithelium and fibroblasts cultivated side by side in the same medium keep their individual characteristics. When sectioned and stained by the Van Gieson method, the cultures show the epithelium stained greenish yellow and the fibroblasts and their fibrillæ pink.
2. There are no transition forms between the epithelial cells and fibroblasts.
3. The epithelial cells belonging to an older strain are still able to form primitive structures of winding tubules, with typical glandular epithelium.
4. Under the conditions of the experiments, no dedifferentiation takes place.
THE RELATION BETWEEN THE ACCUMULATION OF GLOBULINS AND THE APPEARANCE OF AGGLUTININS IN THE BLOOD OF NEW-BORN CALVES
Authors: Orcutt Marion L. , Howe Paul E. 
Published: June 2004

A comparison of the appearance of the agglutinins for Bacillus abortus in the blood of new-born calves with the first appearance of globulins in the same blood following the ingestion of colostrum indicates that the agglutinins are associated with the globulins. These observations are supported by the removal of the agglutinins from serum or colostrum with concentrations of sodium sulfate which precipitate globulins present in the blood of calves which have ingested colostrum, but which are not present at birth.
Neither the association of immune bodies with globulins nor the direct absorption of protein by new-born animals is a new fact. The evidence presented is of particular value, however, in associating the appearance of certain protein fractions in the blood of the new-born animal with the simultaneous absorption of agglutinins.
EXPERIMENTAL RICKETS IN RATS
Authors: Pappenheimer Alwin M. 
Published: June 2004

Rats which had developed rickets were treated with cod liver oil or an active fraction of cod liver oil, and the various changes which occur in the healing of the bone lesions were studied. Several phases are described, from the early deposit of calcium salts in the zone of preparatory calcification to the return to normal bone.
These stages correspond closely to those found in the healing of human rickets.
CULTURES OF ORGANIZED TISSUES
Authors: Fischer Albert 
Published: June 2004

An artificial organism, if one may so term it, composed of a complex of tissues, was cultivated for a long period of time. Small fragments of intestine from chick embryos 20 to 21 days old were placed in a suitable medium. The epithelium proliferated and completely covered the fragment of intestine after 4 to 6 days. A small body was thus formed, round or oblong in shape, surrounded by cylindrical epithelium and containing epithelial, connective, and muscle tissues, endothelium, and ameboid cells. After a month's cultivation in vitro, no necrosis had occurred. Therefore, it may be assumed that, through the intestinal epithelium, the medium supplied the intestinal tissue with sufficient nourishment. No uncontrolled proliferation took place after the epithelium bad surrounded the entire fragment.
The cultivation of complex tissues will facilitate the study of the interactions of the different cells under various conditions. In some experiments, pure cultures of epithelial cells were grafted into such an "organism" without difficulty. The growth of malignant cells could be studied in the same way. When the "organism" was placed in a fluid medium, the epithelium remained normal but the stroma disappeared. It seems that plasma played an important rôle in the maintenance of the tissues in their normal condition.
ON ALIMENTARY LEUCOCYTOSIS IN ITS RELATION TO THE "CRISE HÉMOCLASIQUE" OF WIDAL
Authors: Storm van Leeuwen W. , Bien Z. , Varekamp H. 
Published: June 2004

Counts of the number of white blood cells at short intervals after the ingestion of a meal (meat, eggs, milk, rice, or butter) in normal individuals and in a number of asthmatics reveal the following facts.
As a rule, a sharp fall in the leucocytic curve occurs within 1 or 2 minutes after the meal; generally the curve rises within 10 to 20 minutes, but often a second fall follows 30 to 50 minutes after the meal. This may be followed by a slow rise in the curve (physiological leucocytosis). The first sharp fall is often accompanied by a similar decrease in red cells, the leucocytic formula is not changed, the blood pressure also remains unchanged, and this makes it probable that the leucopenia observed is only a manifestation of a change in distribution of the blood in different regions of the body.
Not infrequently the leucocyte curve after ingestion of food shows a form differing considerably from that described above. Counts of white cells made at intervals of 20 minutes in the same patient at different times but after ingestion of the same food show very different leucocytic curves. Such counts do not give evidence of the existence of a crise hémoclasique and consequently cannot be used to identify the causative agent of cases of hypersensitiveness to foodstuffs or drugs. Whether such an identification can be obtained if instead of simply counting white cells the whole complex of symptoms originally described by Widal as characteristic for a crise hémoclasique is used, remains undetermined by our work.
EXPERIMENTAL RICKETS IN RATS
Authors: Hess Alfred F. , Unger Lester J. , Steiner Joseph M. 
Published: June 2004

Rats on a low phosphorus diet cannot be protected from the development of rickets by exposures to soft Roentgen rays such as were employed in this study.
Furthermore, rats on a diet containing phosphate in an amount adequate to prevent rickets were not rendered rachitic by exposure to massive doses of Roentgen rays of an intensity sufficient to produce marked destruction of the blood-forming cells of the marrow.
INVESTIGATIONS ON THE OXYGEN CONTENT OF CUTANEOUS BLOOD (SO CALLED CAPILLARY BLOOD)
Authors: Lundsgaard Christen , Möller Eggert 
Published: June 2004

1. A procedure is devised whereby cutaneous blood (so called capillary blood) from a finger-tip can be obtained for gas analyses without coming in contact with the air.
2. Determination was made of the oxygen content of the arterial, cutaneous, and venous blood respectively from a normal resting individual, the arterial and cutaneous blood showing the same oxygen content (97.5 and 96.6 per cent of the total oxygen-combining power of the blood). Venous blood drawn simultaneously was 75 per cent saturated.
3. Using the fact that there is a maximum value for the oxygen-combining power of the blood, we have shown, without doing arterial puncture, that under different conditions (normal and pathological individuals, resting and after exercise) the cutaneous blood and the arterial blood are almost identical as far as the oxygen content is concerned.
4. We think that we are justified in extending the identity, found between the oxygen content of the arterial and cutaneous blood, to other substances in the blood, for instance sugar, salt, uric acid, etc., and also to the reaction of the blood.
5. We are unable to say whether this identity between cutaneous and arterial blood is always true; for example, in a patient with increased venous pressure.
6. In all the experiments we have discarded the first drop of blood, which in some instances was darker than the rest, and always used at least 2 cc. of cutaneous blood. Whether the same results would be obtained with a very small amount of blood, for instance 0.2 to 0.4 cc., we do not know.
7. The experiments show that unless the perfusion of the skin has been extremely great during the experiment, samples of blood obtained from an incision in the skin (of the finger) cannot represent the true capillary blood. The neutral expression cutaneous blood seems therefore for the present preferable to the term capillary blood for samples of blood obtained by cutaneous incisions.
STUDIES ON THE BIOLOGY OF STREPTOCOCCUS
Authors: Bliss Walter Parks 
Published: June 2004

1. Hemolytic streptococcus has been found in 100 per cent of the throats of patients with scarlet fever during the 1st week of the disease.
2. The average length of time that these organisms are present in the throat varies from 10 to 20 days.
3. No morphological or cultural characteristics peculiar to the hemolytic streptococcus from scarlet fever can be demonstrated.
4. Ten immune sera have been prepared from different strains of scarlet fever streptococci and each of the sera agglutinated more than 80 per cent of the strains isolated from scarlatinal throats. On the other hand, scarlatinal streptococci are not agglutinated by immune sera prepared from hemolytic streptococci isolated from other pathological sources.
5. Serum from patients convalescent from scarlet fever agglutinates weakly or not at all the homologous strain of hemolytic streptococcus.
6. The specificity of the agglutination reaction of scarlatinal streptococci is confirmed by absorption experiments.
7. Scarlatinal antistreptococcic serum affords some degree of protection against virulent scarlet fever streptococci but has no protective power against hemolytic streptococci from other diseases.
8. In a small epidemic of scarlet fever a healthy carrier of hemolytic streptococcus was detected; the organism carried was identical in its serological reactions with strains of hemolytic streptococci isolated from active cases of scarlet fever.
9. In a study of a number of contacts with a case of scarlet fever, in only one instance was a scarlatinal type of hemolytic streptococcus recovered from the throat.
THE LOSS OF CIRCULATING ERYTHROCYTES IN CERTAIN TYPES OF EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMONIA
Authors: Leake Chauncey D. , Brown Thomas K. 
Published: June 2004

Erythrocyte counts, blood volume, hemoglobin, and hematocrit determinations on a series of dogs suffering from experimental pneumonia induced by the tracheal insufflation of Bacillus bronchiseplicus and Bacillus mucosus capsulatus indicate that in this condition there is an actual loss of circulating erythrocytes, without compensatory regeneration.
Postmortem examination of the organs of these animals revealed red cells in various stages of degeneration in the capillaries and tissue spaces of the lungs, liver, spleen, and intestinal walls.