bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investment cost
Authors: Schmidt Oliver , Staffell Iain 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cost of energy storage fell rapidly in the past, but to what extent will these reductions continue in the future? This chapter introduces an objective method to answer this question by applying experience curves, which model a technology’s price as a function of how much of it has been built. It derives experience curves for electricity storage technologies using the latest cost and deployment data. It then projects future investment costs based on market growth models and explores potential barriers and limitations to the cost reduction potential of each technology, including raw materials costs, timescales, and the amount of financial capital required. The discussion considers the implications of these findings and critiques the experience curve method in comparison to alternatives. A worked example tied to www.EnergyStorage.ninja&gt; allows readers to explore how experience rates and market growth rates will impact future investment costs for any storage technology.
Lifetime cost
Authors: Schmidt Oliver , Staffell Iain 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Economic assessment of energy storage must be based on the lifetime cost of energy or power delivered, factoring in all parameters for technology cost, performance, and the service it provides. This chapter develops a comprehensive lifetime cost methodology for electricity storage technologies and projects future levelized costs using insights from the experience curve analyses in Chapter 4. It shows how to account for parameter uncertainty and considers various sensitivities around discount rate, electricity purchase price, and technology performance. It brings these elements together to chart the ‘competitive landscape’ for energy storage, a visual representation of which technologies will be able to provide different services at lowest cost, now and in the future. A worked example tied to www.EnergyStorage.ninja allows readers to explore the impact of custom cost, performance, and application parameters on the lifetime cost of the respective technology.
Background Independence in Classical and Quantum Gravity
Authors: Read James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Background independence’ is sometimes claimed to be the defining characteristic of general relativity, and an essential feature of any candidate quantum extension. This book appraises numerous definitions of background independence, before assessing whether various spacetime theories—both classical and quantum—manifest this quality. The book’s aims are threefold: (i) to clarify the best possible understanding of background independence; (ii) to assess the extent to which, at the level of classical spacetime theories, background independence is characteristic of general relativity alone; and (iii) to assess whether this quality is in fact manifest in some of our best candidate quantum gravity theories.
Introduction
Authors: Read James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Background independence’ is sometimes claimed to be the defining characteristic of general relativity, and an essential feature of any candidate quantum extension. In this introductory chapter, I recall briefly the origins of this notion, which, roughly speaking, is supposed to capture the idea that there is no fixed, non-dynamical geometrical structure in a given spacetime theory (paradigmatically, general relativity). Making such a notion precise is the purpose of this book: here, I sketch what's to come in later chapters of the book in the context of both classical and quantum theories of gravity.
Classical Background Independence
Authors: Read James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the concepts of general covariance, diffeomorphism invariance, and background independence, and distinguishes between all three. It then proceeds to consider different possible definitions of background independence, with a particular focus on (a) the existence of certain kinds of ‘fixed’ fields in the formalism of a physical theory; (b) the presence of Andersonian ‘absolute objects’ in a theory; (c) definitions in terms of variational principles; and (d) definitions which involve appropriate ‘matching’ of geometrical and physical degrees of freedom in a theory. This chapter, therefore, develops the toolkit which will be used to assess the background independence of various physical theories in later chapters.
Quantum Theories of Spacetime
Authors: Read James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter first modifies the definitions of background independence presented in previous chapters in order to be applicable to quantum theories of spacetime. It then assesses whether certain important such theories—in particular, perturbative string theories, theories related by holographic dualities, and loop quantum gravity—satisfy these definitions. Its aim in doing so is (in part) to clarify ongoing debates in the study of quantum theories of gravity as to which such theories truly are background independence, and which are not: the verdict is that while (a) loop quantum gravity does indeed come out as background independent on most accounts, (b) the case of perturbative string theory is highly sensitive to the definition of background independence in play, arguably making it much too quick to rule out this approach on the basis of its (supposed) lack of background independence.
Feminism Confronts AI
Authors: Wajcman Judy , Young Erin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This essay locates and unveils workforce injustices in key figures and analyses, breaking down the reasons why women are still under-represented. Wajcman and Young offer nuanced insight into how the digital gender divide manifests globally, not only in relation to access to technology but in learning and skills. They turn their attention to gendered divisions in different tech roles, how gender has shaped tech development, the history of feminist responses to digitalisation, and the origins and evolution of workforce divisions. They give crucial insight into the gender-specific impacts of future automation that are grounded in an understanding of current gendered divisions in the labour market. Ultimately, they argue that diversifying the workforce is not merely a matter of increasing the number of women and people from marginalised groups, but of achieving an upheaval in the culture and politics of tech companies.
From ELIZA to Alexa
Authors: Rhee Jennifer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rhee traces the history of caring Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies to explicate how these technologies replicate historic gendered and racialised dynamics associated with care labour. From its early imagining in Turing’s text, Rhee argues, AI has been entangled with care labour, forms of labour historically performed by women. Taking Turing’s influential writing as a starting point, Rhee examines the ongoing association between AI, care labour, and care labour’s gendered and racialised histories. Through her discussion of AI assistants, Rhee argues that it is not care labour that is foundational to AI and its inscriptions of humanness, but the devaluation of care labour and of those who are associated with the important work of caring for others. Rhee concludes with an analysis of artistic works that explore the possibilities that emerge from acknowledging the centrality of care labour’s devaluation to the history and present of AI.
Physiognomy in the Age of AI
Authors: y Arcas Blaise Agüera , Mitchell Margaret , Todorov Alexander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the reinvention of historical forms of pseudoscience, such as physiognomy and phrenology, through artificial intelligence-enabled facial recognition. The scientifically racist misuse of machine learning is illustrated through analyses of two examples. In the first case, Agüera y Arcas, Mitchell, and Todorov trace the history of pseudoscientific practices that attempted to discern criminality from the face, and examine how Xiaolin Wu and Xi Zhang’s deep neutral network similarly relies on erroneous and essentialist ideas about the ‘criminal face’. They then turn to the second example, showing how Michal Kosinski and Yilun Wang’s DNN (deep neural network) does not reveal people’s sexual orientations, but rather exposes social signals and stereotypes about gender identity and sexuality. Agüera y Arcas, Mitchell, and Todorov conclude using machine learning to infer individual and presumed essential traits such as criminality and sexuality is a pseudoscientific practice, and can perpetuate forms of injustice under the guise of scientific objectivity.
The Cruel Optimism of Technological Dreams
Authors: Bassett Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bassett argues that artificial intelligence (AI) is destined to disappoint and destabilise because it fosters what Lauren Berlant called ‘cruel optimism’, where the very thing that promises to make your life better is in fact the obstacle to happiness. Bassett deconstructs AI into a ‘cluster’ of partial promises that are only executed on behalf of the select few. Drawing on Berlant, Bassett views societal desires and attachments to AI as giving meaning, sense, and continuity to human endeavour, and therefore as both necessary and harmful. Bassett compels us to consider how transhumanists and substantial media reporting present the possibility of artificial general intelligence as the final stage in orthogenetic evolution. These broader aspirations are not merely communicated to the public, but sold to us as ‘new’, as the threshold of an unrealisable future kept on hold by avoidable delays.
Introduction
Authors: Bulley Dan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The introduction makes the case for taking hospitality seriously as a primary way in which states and societies understand and make sense of their practices of immigration ethics. The chapter introduces hospitality and hostile environments by identifying their importance in a range of immigration contexts. It proposes to explore hospitality as a relational ethics, a critical mode of reflecting upon who ‘we’ are, how we create this ‘we’, and how ‘we’ then relate to others. The introduction then summarises the methods involved in a relational approach to the ethics of immigration, drawing on the feminist theory of Margaret Walker, and outlining the key questions that will guide the analysis. Finally, it concludes with a summary of the book’s structure and contents.
Hospitality as a Relational Ethics
Authors: Bulley Dan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The chapter begins by discussing the difficulties of defining hospitality in abstract terms, before suggesting a basic, structural definition to guide the book’s exploration of immigration ethics. Hospitality is characterised as a concrete expression of a society’s ethos and values, operating through spatial and emotional practices in which power is exercised to include and exclude. The second section situates this understanding of hospitality in a tradition of ‘relational ethics’. Emerging from poststructuralist, postcolonial, and particularly feminist approaches to moral theorising, it outlines how such a relational ethics can be interpreted as opposed to a normative or moralistic account of ethics. Finally, the third section unpacks the core components of any practice of hospitality—the use of space, the exercise of power, and the policing of emotions. This is a crucial precursor to subsequent chapters that explore these elements in particular immigration contexts.
Between Borders
Authors: Bulley Dan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While external borders determine which immigrants get in and internal borders determine their sense of belonging, this chapter explores those spaces in-between the two: interstitial spaces between sovereign jurisdictions. The discussion begins by exploring how these spaces are ignored in most immigration ethics literature, despite their rising prevalence. The chapter then moves on to outline different types of interstitial space, including planned camps, informal squats, and EU hotspots. These operate through practices of hospitality that separate immigrants and determine their level of welcome, care and harassment, as illustrated in Calais (France) and Azraq (Jordan). The final section argues that this demonstrates a moral mapping where responsibility is repeatedly deferred based in an ethos of ambivalent, racialised division.
Bach's Art of Fugue and Musical Offering
Authors: Dirst Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bach’s Art of Fugue and Musical Offering is the first comprehensive study of two closely related masterworks of the late Baroque fugal style. The initial volume in a series of American Bach Society Guides produced in collaboration with Oxford University Press, it unpacks these famously cerebral collections as endlessly fascinating material for study and play. Intended for a broad readership, this book also summarizes for practitioners and enthusiasts a considerable body of knowledge about this music. Initial chapters explain Bach’s idiosyncratic musical language while reviewing how both projects took shape during his final decade, as he reoriented his creative energies around capstone works of various kinds. The most systematic of these, the Art of Fugue and Musical Offering reflect his lifelong fascination with counterpoint, as demonstrated in elaborate series of fugues and canons in both and in an unusually intricate trio sonata in the latter. Later chapters provide commentary on individual movements and groups of pieces and on the historical reception of this music, including its impact on other disciplines. Recurring themes include Bach’s methodical exploration of contrapuntal types and techniques, his embrace of musical games of various sorts, and his creative assimilation of diverse musical styles.
From One, Many
Authors: Dirst Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 focuses on Bach’s diligent research, during composition of the Art of Fugue and Musical Offering, into his thematic material’s potential for transformation, combination, and adornment. Distinct yet related single themes, one of them endlessly adaptable and the other somewhat immutable, drive both works. The first seven contrapuncti in the Art of Fugue and the two ricercari and the five Canones diversi in Musical Offering, all discussed sequentially in this chapter, provide the clearest evidence of a steady progression in each collection from relatively straightforward to more complex kinds of counterpoint. Bach thereby assimilated variation principle into the artifice-laden world of the contrapuntal cycle.
Musical Gaming
Authors: Dirst Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 situates both collections within a culture of musical gaming, as practiced in Bach’s day at the composing desk and at the keyboard. Distinct types of notation are taken up first, since they commonly telegraphed during the Baroque age whether a keyboard work was intended to be read straight from the page or studied and perhaps transcribed first. For rigorously contrapuntal music, circles of initiates and devotees also embraced arcane rubrics, inscriptions, and the potential for meaning and allusion. Bach tailored these traditions to his own ends in the Art of Fugue and Musical Offering by engaging practitioners dialectically, in games that range from imitative puzzles to compulsory improvisation. This chapter thus highlights particular moments in the more challenging canons, the sonata, and the compound and mirror fugues.
Elusive Ideals
Authors: Dirst Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 mediates fundamental problems in both works that continue to engage amateurs and professionals alike. The unfinished fugue long associated with the Art of Fugue, irrespective of the composer’s intentions for it, illustrates with unusual clarity the challenge of incompleteness in art, with its attendant obligation towards either guardianship or intervention. Lingering questions about the proper constitution and performance of either collection are also taken up here, with suggestions informed by the practice of Bach’s day but not restricted by it. Certain questions are left purposefully unanswered; instead, a range of options are proposed for further study, performance, and appreciation of Bach’s Art of Fugue and Musical Offering.
Order Flow, Liquidity, and Security Price Dynamics
Authors: Foucault Thierry , Pagano Marco , Röell Ailsa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a framework for understanding intraday stock price variations. It first sets out the implications of the Efficient Market Hypothesis for price dynamics, and then builds on these insights to explore settings in which prices react to the order flow. The chapter considers the primary factors that determine both the response of prices to the order flow and the bid-ask spread: adverse selection, order processing costs, dealers’ market power, and dealers’ inventory holding costs. Each of these factors is shown to be associated with a different dynamic response of prices to the order flow. This lays the groundwork both for the econometric analysis of the price impact of orders and for a more detailed analysis of market design issues.
Financial Stability and Market Liquidity
Authors: Foucault Thierry , Pagano Marco , Röell Ailsa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter shows that the ability of market makers and arbitrageurs to provide market liquidity and prevent persistent mispricing hinges on their access to credit, hence on “funding liquidity.” But because the availability of “funding liquidity” may itself be affected by dislocations in asset prices, this mutual interaction between market and funding liquidity may generate a perverse feedback loop, where a large flow of sell orders placed by noise traders may eventually precipitate extreme mispricing. The feedback loop can threaten the stability of financial markets, not just by potentially triggering large asset price changes, but also by simultaneously impairing the balance sheets of market makers and of banks lending to them. These destabilizing effects can propagate across intermediaries via their interlocking balance sheets. Thus this chapter links market liquidity not only to funding liquidity, but also to the notion of “systemic risk,” i.e., the risk that swings in asset prices and in market liquidity may result in a financial crisis. The chapter closes with a section that highlights that the balance sheets of financial intermediaries matter for market liquidity not only because they may amplify and transmit asset price shocks, but also because doubts about the ability of intermediaries to fulfill their obligations can generate adverse selection in the markets where they operate, impairing market liquidity and representing an additional threat to systemic stability.
From Perception to Pleasure
Authors: Zatorre Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How does perception of abstract tonal patterns—music—lead to the pleasure we experience from these sounds? The answer presented in this book is that pleasure in music arises from interactions between cortical loops that enable processing of sound patterns and subcortical circuits responsible for reward and valuation. The auditory cortex and its ventral-stream connections encode acoustical features and their relationships, maintain them in working memory, and form internal representations of statistical patterns from which predictions are made about how sound patterns evolve in time. Disruption of this pathway leads to amusia. The auditory dorsal stream allows for sensory-motor transformations, music production, and metrical representation, leading to predictions of when events will occur. These predictive processes play a central role in creating expectancies about musical events that are transmitted to the dopaminergic reward system, where hedonic responses are generated according to how well an event fits with predictions. These responses are linked to the balance between predictability and surprise in musical patterns. Disruption of interactions between perceptual and reward systems leads to musical anhedonia. Engagement of the reward system is also related to movement and vocal cues, social factors, musical preference, and emotion regulation.
Early Sound Processing
Authors: Zatorre Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The focus here is on the basic anatomy and physiology of the auditory cortex, and its inputs and outputs. Predictive coding mechanisms emerge already at early levels of processing in the interactions between auditory subcortical nuclei and cortex. The brainstem nuclei and auditory cortical fields are organized hierarchically such that each region sends and receives inputs to the next level. Mismatch responses emerge at early levels and reflect predictive mechanisms. The functional properties of auditory cortex especially important for musical processing include periodicity coding, which is related to the representation of pitch. Auditory cortical responses can be characterized in terms of sensitivity to spectrotemporal modulation, allowing efficient encoding of complex sound patterns. Auditory cortical systems are also important for segregating multiple overlapping sounds, another function essential for music. Musical imagery is linked to the activation of auditory cortical circuits. Dysfunction of this circuitry can lead to auditory hallucinations.
Make No Prisoners
Authors: Conrath Ryan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces a discussion of “the expanded cut,” of film editing in the expanded field, through an engagement with Steve McQueen’s gallery exhibition practice. It looks at three of the artist’s early works—Bear (1993), Five Easy Pieces (1995), and Just Above My Head (1997)—as they were displayed together in 2013 on a tripartite projection “column” in the gallery. This exhibition mode enables a form of spatial montage where the edges of two given planes of projection operate as “cuts,” at once uniting and separating the three films as they unfold across this column. Lending this spatial montage its dynamism, in part, are viewers themselves, whose physical movement through space at any given moment determines the shape of the larger montage. This chapter argues that McQueen’s installation establishes a relational poetics of montage that emerges when viewers opt into an active relationship to the column itself, at once as a site of projection and as an aspect of the gallery’s architecture. At the same time, relation unfolds here at the level of the filmed bodies themselves, whose combustive interaction across this structure defies the self-containment of otherwise distinct shots and films. Through a sustained treatment of McQueen’s tripartite projection structure and a close analysis of the artist’s feature film Hunger, this chapter explores the expanded cut as an agent of conjunction and disjunction, as it acts toward a porousness of body, film, and world.