bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE PERSISTENCE OF CHORIOMENINGITIS VIRUS IN THE BLOOD OF MICE AFTER CLINICAL RECOVERY
Authors: Traub Erich 
Published: June 2004

Mice infected in utero continued to carry choriomeningitis virus in the blood more regularly and in greater amount than suckling mice infected by contact. This result may be due to the difference in tissue maturity at the time of infection: the more immature the tissues are when infected, the longer the virus appears to persist in them after maturation. A similar result was obtained with mice of different ages infected either by contact or by intranasal instillation of virus, in that the carrier state lasted longer in the younger animals. This cannot be attributed entirely to the difference in age, however, since young mice as a rule showed more severe symptoms than mature animals. It is possible, therefore, that the difference in the severity of the disease accounted in part for that in the duration of the infection.
In mature mice infected experimentally as well as in some of the suckling mice infected by contact the severity of the disease was the determining factor, the infection persisting longest in those animals that showed the most severe reaction.
The character of the virus used also appeared to influence the persistence of the virus in the blood. A strain of virus isolated in 1935 from an infected stock mouse and modified by intracerebral passage in mice (5) disappeared from the circulation more rapidly than the stock strain maintained by natural passage in the infected mouse stock. The guinea pig passage strain, however, which was obtained from the same mouse as the mouse passage virus but passed through guinea pigs by pad inoculation, persisted in the blood more frequently than the stock strain.
Carrier mice without exception had a high degree of immunity to intracerebral injection with virus, while other animals once infected but no longer carrying detectable amounts of virus in the blood often showed an incomplete immunity that manifested itself in an accelerated, non-fatal reaction, presumably of an allergic nature. This observation does not prove, however, that the immunity always is an "infection immunity," since a high degree of resistance not associated with detectable amounts of virus in the blood and brain was produced by repeated injections with the mouse passage strain.
Since the blood and the tissues of old carriers often contain large amounts of virus, it is very unlikely that their immunity is due to protective antibodies circulating in the blood or fixed in the tissue spaces. It rather appears that the susceptible cells of such animals are infected and that cells occupied by actively multiplying virus cannot be reinfected. The mechanism of this infection immunity as well as the immunity apparently not associated with infection requires further study.
THE PASSAGE OF RABBIT VIRULENT TYPE III PNEUMOCOCCI FROM THE RESPIRATORY TRACT OF RABBITS INTO THE LYMPHATICS AND BLOOD
Authors: Schulz Reuben Z. , Warren Madeleine F. , Drinker Cecil K. 
Published: June 2004

1. Rabbit virulent Type III pneumococci when instilled into the nose or trachea were recovered from the lymphatics draining the area involved in the lymph collected during a subsequent 4 hour period. Their detection rarely failed, and not infrequently was possible at the end of the 1st hour.
2. The organisms practically invariably appeared first in the lymphatics and subsequently in a few cases were recovered from the blood during the 4 hour test period.
3. The intravenous administration of antiserum 2½ to 3 hours before the instillation of organisms decreased the number of animals whose lymph or blood became positive and the total length of time in which organisms were recovered in lymph from the efferent lymphatics during the test period.
MOLECULAR WEIGHT, ELECTROCHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF TUBERCULIN PROTEIN AND POLYSACCHARIDE MOLECULES
Authors: Seibert Florence B. , Pedersen Kai O. , Tiselius Arne 
Published: June 2004

Studies have been made by means of sedimentation in the ultracentrifuge, and by diffusion and electrophoresis, to determine the molecular weights and homogeneity of the tuberculin protein and polysaccharide molecules as found in their natural state in the unchanged filtrates from culture media after growth of tubercle bacilli. These results have been compared with data obtained on fractions isolated by chemical procedures from them or from old tuberculin.
By means of electrophoresis in the Tiselius apparatus it was possible to separate the protein from the polysaccharide, as these two fractions occur naturally in the original culture medium filtrates of acid-fast bacilli.
The protein from the bovine strain of bacillus proved to be homogeneous in sedimentation (S20 = 1.6), diffusion (D20 = 12.0) and electrophoresis, with a molecular weight of about 10,000.
The tuberculin polysaccharide isolated in electrophoresis appeared to be practically the same in sedimentation and in precipitin reaction as the polysaccharide isolated by chemical procedure. The latter proved to be homogeneous in sedimentation (S20 = 1.6) and diffusion (D20 = 11.0) with a molecular weight of about 9000.
A practically homogeneous protein was isolated from the culture filtrate of the human tubercle bacillus H 37 by fractional ammonium sulfate precipitation, with a molecular weight of 32,000 (S20 = 3.3; D20 = 8.2). It was electrochemically homogeneous, with an isoelectric point at pH 4.3 and an isoionic point at pH 4.7. It could be dried or frozen with no loss in homogeneity. It was highly antigenic in the precipitin reaction and produced the anaphylactic type of local skin reaction in tuberculous guinea pigs, in contrast to the true tuberculin type of reaction caused by a purified PPD fraction. Furthermore death resulted in tuberculous guinea pigs from intracutaneous injection of exceptionally small amounts.
A protein with molecular weight of about 17,000 was isolated from the filtrate from cultures of the timothy bacillus.
The nucleic acid originally occurring in old tuberculin (OT) seems to be responsible for the high electrochemical mobility observed. From OT and the PPD made from it, potent but non-antigenic molecules of 16,000 and 9000 weight and with a low content of nucleic acid were isolated. With increase in size these deviated much from the normal compact spherical shape, and aggregation was evident from the tendency toward gel formation. The smallest molecule (9000) was homogeneous (S20 = 1.0; D20 = 10.0) and had lost some tuberculin potency.
RENAL FUNCTION AS AFFECTED BY EXPERIMENTAL UNILATERAL KIDNEY LESIONS
Authors: Nicholson T. F. , Urquhart R. W. I. , M.D. D. L. Selby 
Published: June 2004

1. A method is described for the production of a nephrosis in one kidney of an experimental animal. The normal kidney in the same animal is available for a control.
2. The nephrosis produced by the injection of 7.5 per cent sodium tartrate is limited to the proximal convoluted tubule. There is no histological evidence of glomerular damage.
3. This damage results in a disturbance of water and chloride excretion as well as a decrease in the clearances of urea, xylose, inulin, creatinine and phenol red, and is observed under conditions of no diuresis, sugar diuresis and salt diuresis.
4. Excreted ferrocyanide is found in the cells of the proximal tubule of the damaged kidney. It is not present in these cells in the normal kidney. This is taken to be evidence of back diffusion of ferrocyanide through the damaged cells.
5. The decrease in clearance of creatinine and inulin, which in the dog represent glomerular filtrate, may therefore be explained by back diffusion and is not necessarily due to glomerular change.
6. The phenol red clearance from the damaged kidney is diminished in relation to inulin. This is further evidence of depressed tubular activity.
CHEMO-IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES ON CONJUGATED CARBOHYDRATE-PROTEINS
Authors: Goebel Walther F. 
Published: June 2004

1. Artificial antigens containing the azobenzyl glycosides of the disaccharide cellobiose and the aldobionic acid, cellobiuronic acid, give rise in rabbits to antibodies which are specific and characteristic of the saccharide constituent. The antiserum to cellobiuronic acid shows broader serological cross reactions than does that to cellobiose.
2. An antiserum to the cellobiuronic acid antigen precipitates the capsular polysaccharide of Type III Pneumococcus when the latter is combined with a heterologous protein.
3. The cellobiuronic acid test antigen precipitates vigorously in antipneumococcus sera Types II, III, and VIII. The mechanism of these reactions is discussed.
ULTRACENTRIFUGATION STUDIES ON THE ELEMENTARY BODIES OF VACCINE VIRUS
Authors: Pickels Edward G. , Smadel Joseph E. 
Published: June 2004

Ultracentrifugal studies on the CL dermal strain of vaccine virus indicate the following characteristics of the elementary bodies:—
1. A stable suspension of Paschen bodies in a dilute buffer solution of pH 6.2 to 8 sediments with the formation of a characteristic primary boundary which consistently shows a spread of approximately 14 per cent.
2. The principal sedimentation boundary is accompanied frequently by one or several more rapidly moving boundaries which probably are produced by groups of agglutinated elementary bodies consisting of two or more particles.
3. Occasionally the principal boundary may exhibit an irregular or peculiar behavior, a fact which necessitates a careful selection of material and the performance of many experiments for accurate interpretation of results.
4. The sedimentation constant of the slowest moving particles forming the principal boundary is computed to be 49.1 x 10–11 cm./sec./dyne. On the basis of this sedimentation rate, the average diameter of the smallest virus particles in appreciable amounts is estimated at 236 mµ. If the boundary spread is due principally to slight differences in particle size, then the largest single elementary bodies are approximately 252 mµ in diameter.
REACTIONS OF NORMAL AND TUBERCULOUS ANIMALS TO TUBERCULO-PROTEIN AND TUBERCULO-PHOSPHATIDE
Authors: Smithburn Kenneth C. , Sabin Florence R. 
Published: June 2004

Prior observations on the cellular reactions to tuberculo-phosphatide are confirmed and compared with reactions induced by this material in tuberculous animals. In the latter the response is accelerated and augmented and simulates the Koch phenomenon.
Tuberculo-protein produces no macroscopic reaction in normal animals. The microscopic reaction of neutrophiles and monocytes regresses in less than a week. The same material in tuberculous animals causes a response characterized by more or less hemorrhage and necrosis, tissue degeneration, and infiltration of neutrophiles and monocytes. Late in the reaction there may be a few epithelioid cells and foreign body giant cells.
Preparations of tuberculo-phosphatide which contain no tubercle bacilli, or only a few, induce the typical cellular response but do not induce hypersensitiveness to tuberculin.
Repeated intradermal skin-test injections of tuberculo-protein MA-100 in normal guinea pigs may be followed by a mild hypersensitiveness to subsequent injections.
IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTIONS WITH A VIRUS CAUSING PAPILLOMAS IN RABBITS
Authors: Kidd John G. 
Published: June 2004

A study has been made of the yield of virus and of the complement-binding antigen from the virus-induced papillomas of cottontail and domestic rabbits. Extracts of the discrete, naturally occurring papillomas of cottontail rabbits usually contain virus in large amount; and, as a rule, they also contain the complement-binding antigen in high titer. The confluent growths produced experimentally with the virus in some cottontails, on the other hand, often fail to yield the virus, or furnish it in small amount; and extracts of them have little if any complement-binding capacity. The sera of cottontails with massive papillomas from which the virus cannot be recovered often have high antibody titers.
Many extracts were tested of the virus-induced papillomas of domestic rabbits. None contained the virus in large amount, and the majority of them failed to manifest it on sensitive test. A few fixed complement in low titer when mixed with immune sera, but most failed to do so. Crude extracts of the "non-infectious," virus-induced papillomas of domestic rabbits stimulated the formation of virus-neutralizing and complement-binding antibodies in low titer when injected intraperitoneally into normal rabbits of the same breed, but Berkefeld filtrates of the same materials proved devoid of this immunizing effect.
The significance of the findings described in the three papers is discussed. The evidence as a whole favors the view that the virus stimulates the formation of the virus-neutralizing and complement-binding antibodies in vivo, and many facts indicate that it is closely associated, and in all probability identical, with the antigen that reacts with immune serum to fix complement in vitro.
CELLULAR REACTIONS TO TUBERCULO-PROTEINS COMPARED WITH THE REACTIONS TO TUBERCULO-LIPIDS
Authors: Sabin Florence R. 
Published: June 2004

1. Tuberculo-protein in solution induces the formation of monocytes in the normal animal and tubercles of epithelioid cells in that which is tuberculous.
2. Freshly precipitated tuberculo-proteins from the culture media and from the bacilli induce a moderate formation of epithelioid cells in normal animals, and more in the tuberculous.
3. Insoluble forms of tuberculo-protein induce complex tubercular tissue in normal animals. This action is enhanced in the tuberculous.
CELLULAR REACTIONS TO DEFATTED TUBERCLE BACILLI AND THEIR PRODUCTS
Authors: Sabin Florence R. , Joyner Austin L. 
Published: June 2004

The cellular reactions to defatted tubercle bacilli are complex and like those to heat-killed whole tubercle bacilli.
The firmly bound lipid, when removed from these organisms, is non-acid-fast; it contains an hydroxy acid which is acid-fast and a polysaccharide, which is not.
This hydroxy acid gives rise to foreign body giant cells and the tissues eventually become infiltrated with eosinophiles.
The polysaccharides, both from the defatted bacilli and from the unfilterable lipid, call neutrophiles from the blood stream.
The reactions to the unfilterable lipid include those of both its constituents.
A STUDY OF HUMAN SKIN GRAFTED UPON THE CHORIO-ALLANTOIS OF CHICK EMBRYOS
Authors: Goodpasture Ernest W. , Douglas Beverly , Anderson Katherine 
Published: June 2004

Human skin grafted upon the chorio-allantoic membrane of chick embryos adheres and becomes nourished for as long as 10 days. Occasionally regrafts upon a second egg have succeeded and thus prolonged the vitality of the graft to 14 days.
In successful experiments the epithelium of the chorio-allantois fuses with that of the graft, the collagen fibers of the corium interlace with those of the membrane after the separation or disappearance of the ectodermal layer, and the blood vessels of the chick anastomose, and unite by intervening pools of extravasated blood, with those of the graft. This vascular communication between the two tissues is largely responsible for the nourishment of the graft by affording a plasmatic circulation.
Gradually there is a partial revascularization of the graft by an ingrowth of blood vessels from the chick membrane.
Human skin grafts were susceptible to experimental infection by several viruses.
A NEOPLASM OF MONOCYTES OF MICE AND ITS RELATION TO SIMILAR NEOPLASMS OF MAN
Authors: Furth J. ,   With the Assistance of C. Breedis
Published: June 2004

A transmissible neoplasm of mice characterized by malignant cells resembling histiocytes (monocytes) is described. The morphology of these cells and the microscopic appearance of the lesions are similar to those of human neoplasms formed by histiocytes.
The malignant histiocytes form tumor-like masses in the liver and spleen and infiltrate these and other tissues. They are present in small numbers in the blood of many mice when the disease is far advanced. The malignant cells have scant phagocytic ability. The fixed cells of the host (endothelial cells and fibroblasts) have no significant part in the production of the lesions of the disease.
Transmission is readily accomplished when material containing the malignant histiocytes is used for inoculations, but fails in their absence. Attempts to demonstrate a cell-free transmitting agent have been unsuccessful.
THE SPECIFICITY OF KERATINS
Authors: Pillemer L. , Ecker E. E. , Wells J. R. 
Published: June 2004

Kerateine and metakeratin were prepared from wool, chicken feathers and human hair. Chemical analyses revealed that the compounds are closely related.
The results of serological studies disclose that species specificity is an individual characteristic of the keratins employed and that the specificity observed is dependent on the redox state of the sulfhydryl groupings in the protein molecule.
PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS EXISTING IN CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Authors: McMaster Philip D. , Parsons Robert J. 
Published: June 2004

The escape of a vital dye from the lymphatics of the ears of living mice and its subsequent movement through normal and pathological connective tissue have been observed at high magnification. The dye first appears outside such channels as bristly, wavy lines of color, which can be bent and twisted by pressure with a micro probe and spring back to their original positions when the pressure is removed, as if the dye were fixed upon or between some tissue elements. Our findings indicate that this is the case, that the bristly lines of color are formed by dye moving between connective tissue fibers or along them. With the onset of mild edema, such as the dye induces secondarily, the bristles disappear, the coloration becoming diffuse and freely movable with the micro probe.
When edema is induced before dye is introduced into the lymphatics, the character of its escape is wholly different. It first appears as a colored cloud, freely movable in the edema fluid, the manner of its passage into the tissues being completely changed.
In the ears of mice partly dehydrated by bleeding, or in those of dead animals, the bristly or wavy lines were more evident than in normal individuals. It was plain that dehydration did not change the mode of transportation of the dye through the tissue but merely emphasized some of the characteristics of its passage. In animals injected intravenously with large amounts of physiological saline, with result in the presence of more tissue fluid than usual, the colored bristles were seldom seen.
It is plain that connective tissue fibers serve indirectly as pathways for the transport of substances of large molecule.
We have not been able by the dye method to demonstrate the presence of any free fluid in the normal tissues of the mouse ear.
HEMOGLOBIN PRODUCTION IN ANEMIA LIMITED BY LOW PROTEIN INTAKE
Authors: Hahn P. F. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

A low protein intake will cause limited hemoglobin production in standard anemic dogs. It appears that the dog on a limited protein intake is unable to produce the usual amount of globin and therefore of hemoglobin even in the presence of a large excess of iron.
Iron given by mouth or by vein shows the same result—the dog made anemic by blood withdrawal cannot produce the expected new hemoglobin related to the iron intake when the protein intake is held at low levels. These dogs can be kept in perfect health and weight equilibrium during these long periods of limited diet intake and anemia.
Under the stress of protein limitation the proteins of salmon muscle, banana and carrot are well utilized and it requires only 7 to 8 gm. of these food proteins to produce 1 gm. of new hemoglobin.
These experiments show clearly that the iron content of liver is not wholly responsible for its potency in anemia due to hemorrhage.
COMPLEMENT FIXATION IN HUMAN MALARIA WITH AN ANTIGEN PREPARED FROM THE MONKEY PARASITE PLASMODIUM KNOWLESI
Authors: Eaton Monroe D. , Coggeshall L. T. 
Published: June 2004

In the studies of complement fixation described in this paper, the antigens were prepared from (a) normal monkey red cells, (b) parasitized red cells of monkeys dying with Plasmodium knowlesi infection, (c) the spleens of monkeys dying with Plasmodium knowlesi infection; the sera came from (a) normal human beings, (b) patients with syphilis, (c) patients with paresis who were receiving malaria therapy with Plasmodium knowlesi, Plasmodium vivax, or Plasmodium falciparum, and (d) patients with malaria alone.
The malarial antigens gave negative complement fixation reactions with 70 to 80 per cent of the luetic and normal sera and weak or doubtful reactions with the remaining 20 to 30 per cent. With the exception of one antigen prepared from spleen, there was no evidence that the malarial antigens were more reactive with Wassermann-positive than with Wassermann-negative sera.
Some human sera give weak complement fixation with antigens prepared from normal monkey erythrocytes, and the percentage of these positive reactions is slightly higher with malarial sera than with normal or luetic sera.
The most sensitive and specific malarial antigen was prepared from dried parasitized red cells by extraction with saline, freezing, and thawing. This P. knowlesi antigen gives strong complement fixation with malarial sera from human beings infected with P. knowlesi, P. vivax, or P. falciparum.
The titer of complement-fixing antibodies reaches a maximum about 1 month after the beginning of the acute infection. At this time all of the P. knowlesi sera tested were positive. After 4 months the reaction diminishes rapidly in titer but may remain positive for 12 months or longer. With P. knowlesi infections in man, the complement fixation reaction remains positive for some time after the infection has apparently disappeared as judged by daily smears and inoculation of monkeys with the blood.
The complement fixation reaction in malaria is group-specific rather than species-specific. Sera from patients infected with P. vivax or P. falciparum react in the same way with the P. knowlesi antigen as the homologous sera.
Absorption of malarial human sera with normal monkey erythrocytes does not remove the immune bodies which fix complement with malarial antigens.
A COMPARISON OF VIRUS-INDUCED RABBIT TUMORS WITH THE TUMORS OF UNKNOWN CAUSE ELICITED BY TARRING
Authors: Rous Peyton , Kidd John G. 
Published: June 2004

Tarring the ears of rabbits of one sort with a single kind of tar evoked epidermal tumors of a few sharply defined types, namely ordinary papillomas, carcinoids, carcinomas, and "frill horns." These last, relatively infrequent, are now recognized for the first time. The carcinoids have proved to be the expression of a spurious malignancy of papillomas, resulting from intercurrent influences, and they were wholly dependent upon these for their threatening aspect and behavior. Chief amongst such influences was continued tarring. It had the effect of establishing the papillomas, stimulated their proliferation, complicated their morphology, and rendered some of them disorderly, aggressive, and anaplastic. It brought all of the tissues of the ears into an excitable state, and often this state endured long after the skin had apparently returned to normal.
The characters of the papilloma-carcinoids and of the frill horns were so different and distinctive as to imply the action of differing, specific causes.
The papillomas were very like those induced with the Shope virus, and hence a point-to-point comparison was made of their manifestations, including the derivation of carcinomas from them. This comparison demonstrated that the unknown cause of the tar papillomas provoked neoplastic phenomena which were identical in all essential respects with those due to the virus.
To suppose, for experimental purposes, that the papillomas which tarring elicits are caused by a virus rendered pathogenic by this procedure, is to demand least of the unknown. Yet it does not follow that they must be due to a virus.