bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spontaneous alternating copolymerization of isobutoxyallene with 4‐phenyl‐1,2,4‐triazoline‐3,5‐dione
Authors: Yamamoto Shin‐Ichi , Sanda Fumio , Endo Takeshi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe spontaneous copolymerization of isobutoxyallene (1) with 4‐phenyl‐1,2,4‐triazoline‐3,5‐dione (2) was carried out to afford a copolymer with a number‐average molecular weight of 5900–10,300. The copolymer consisted of a 2,3‐polymerization unit of 1 and a NN polymerization unit of 2, maintaining an alternating character regardless of the monomer feed ratio. The corresponding copolymerization of 1 with 2 in the presence of methanol afforded the adduct of the compounds without the polymer, indicating the generation of a zwitterion of 1 and 2. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 39: 1564–1571, 2001
Copolymerization with depropagation: A study of α‐methyl styrene/methyl methacrylate in solution at elevated temperatures
Authors: Palmer D. E. , McManus N. T. , Penlidis A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn free‐radical polymerization, solvents are routinely used to reduce the solution viscosity and molecular weight. In the case of the α‐methyl styrene/methyl methacrylate copolymer system, reducing the monomer concentration also has significant effects on the copolymer composition and maximum conversion obtained. Reactivity‐ratio studies as well as full‐conversion‐range data were provided, and the results were compared to similar data in the bulk phase from our earlier work. A 30 wt % toluene solution was used for all experimental conditions. Copolymer composition modeling results were also presented. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 39: 1753–1763, 2001
Water‐soluble acrylamide copolymers. IX. Preparation and characterization of the cationic derivatives of poly(acrylamide‐co‐n,n‐dimethylacrylamide), poly(acrylamide‐co‐methacrylamide), and poly(acrylamide‐co‐n‐t‐butylacrylamide)
Authors: Klimchuk Keith A. , Hocking Martin B. , Lowen Stephen 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis article extends the preparative details of a series of nonionic copolymers of acrylamide with N,N‐dimethylacrylamide, methacrylamide, and N‐t‐butylacrylamide to the synthesis of cationic derivatives of these new copolymers. The described procedures gave products with cationicities of 14–26 mol %. We measured the mean squared radii of gyration and intrinsic viscosities of aqueous solutions of these products at several different pHs and NaCl concentrations to compare these values with those determined for the nonionic precursors and related commercial cationic polymers. Because the molecular weights of the examples measured varied widely, it was difficult to establish definite trends. However, the large values obtained for the mean squared radii of gyration and intrinsic viscosities, relative to the nonionic precursors of these polymers, demonstrated that the charged groups had a qualitatively greater effect on polymer extension than the nonpolar bulky groups. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 2525–2535, 2001
Emulsion copolymerization of butyl acrylate with cationic monomer using interfacial redox initiator system
Authors: Luo Yingwu , Schork F. Joseph 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe polymerization kinetics of butyl acrylate/[2‐(methacryloyoxy)ethyl]trimethyl ammonium chloride (BA/MAETAC) macroemulsion and miniemulsion copolymerizations was investigated with cumene hydroperoxide/tetraethylenepentamine as a redox initiator system. The postulate of an interfacial copolymerization with the two‐component redox initiator system (one hydrophobic and the other hydrophilic) was confirmed. Adding MAETAC had a complex effect on the polymerization kinetics of BA. The influence was ascribed to variations in the nucleation mechanism, which were dependent on the level of MAETAC, and the polymerization method (macroemulsion vs miniemulsion). It was proposed that at the beginning of a macroemulsion copolymerization with high MAETAC composition the micellar copolymerization occurred, which controlled the nucleation process. The hydration properties of the latex were used to characterize the copolymer composition. The composition of the copolymer from the interfacial polymerization was very heterogeneous. The copolymer composition was lower in BA when there was an increase in BA conversion or the particle size. Adding salt increased the MAETAC content and decreased the BA content in the copolymer. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 2696–2709, 2001
Surfactant characteristics of polystyrene/poly(ethylene oxide) macromonomers in aqueous solution and on polystyrene latex particles: Two‐step emulsion polymerizations
Authors: Gibanel Sebastien , Heroguez Valerie , Forcada Jacqueline 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMacromonomers were synthesized by anionic “living” polymerization. They comprised a poly(ethylene oxide) hydrophilic block and a hydrophobic block or sequence terminated with an unsaturation. The surface activity properties of these materials (critical micelle concentration and parking area) were determined, and the values were compared and discussed in terms of the molecular structure of these new surfactants. Some of the macromonomers were employed as emulsifiers in two‐step emulsion polymerizations. The data obtained were discussed while taking into account the different chemical structures of the macromonomers and the efficiency of these species as emulsifiers in the polymerization recipes. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 2767–2776, 2001
Analysis of solvent diffusion in high‐density polyethylene using NMR imaging techniques
Authors: Malveau C. , Beaume F. , Germain Y. , Canet D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTwo different samples of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) were studied. One (isotropic) was extracted from the material core, whereas the other (anisotropic) involved two sides that were in contact with the injection mold. Using radiofrequency field gradients, it was observed by NMR microscopy that these two sides favor toluene penetration into the material. Solvent diffusion in both samples could be successfully modeled, as demonstrated by the comparison between experimental NMR images and simulated images. Weight measurements appear to be consistent with the quantitative conclusions derived from NMR microscopy data. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 39: 2781–2792, 2001
Unified analysis of thermodynamic and rheological properties of high polymer solutions. I. Binary systems
Authors: Grigera Tomás S. , Irurzun Isabel M. , Cortizo M. Susana , Figini Rubén V. , Marx‐Figini Marianne 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe present a comprehensive experimental study of thermodynamic and rheological properties of semidilute polymer solutions in good solvent. Osmotic pressure and viscosity measurements have been done in several polymer‐solvent systems at different temperatures. A renormalization group technique was applied to analyze the data using de Gennes's blobs model to connect dynamic and conformational quantities. The behavior of polymer systems in the whole range from dilute to semidilute solutions can be satisfactorily described using only a few nonuniversal quantities experimentally determined. An adequate agreement between experiments and theory was found, showing universal behavior with a system‐dependent constant β that does not depend on molecular weight or concentration. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 290–301, 2002
Block copolymer compatibilizers for polystyrene/poly(dimethylsiloxane) blends
Authors: Marić M. , Macosko C. W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSymmetric polystyrene (PS)–poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) diblock copolymers were mixed into a 20% dispersion of PDMS in PS. The effect of adding the block copolymer on the blend morphology was examined as a function of the block copolymer molecular weight (Mn,bcp), concentration, and viscosity ratio (ηr). When blended together with the PS and PDMS homopolymers, most of the block copolymer appeared as micelles in the PS matrix. Even when the copolymer was preblended into the PDMS dispersed phase, block copolymer micelles in the PS matrix phase were observed with transmission electron microscopy after mixing. Adding 16 kg/mol PS–PDMS block copolymer dramatically reduced the PDMS particle size, but the morphology, as examined by scanning electron microscopy, was unstable upon thermal annealing. Adding 156 kg/mol block copolymer yielded particle sizes similar to those of blends with 40 or 83 kg/mol block copolymers, but only blends with 83 kg/mol block copolymer were stable after annealing. For a given value of Mn,bcp, a minimum PDMS particle size was observed when ηr ∼ 1. When ηr = 2.6, thermally stable, submicrometer particles as small as 0.6 μm were observed after the addition of only 3% PS–PDMS diblock (number‐average molecular weight = 83 kg/mol) to the blend. As little as 1% 83 kg/mol block copolymer was sufficient to stabilize a 20% dispersion of 1.1‐μm PDMS particles in PS. Droplet size reduction was attributed to the prevention of coalescence caused by small amounts of block copolymer at the interface. The conditions under which block copolymer interfacial adsorption and interpenetration were facilitated were explained with Leibler's brush theory. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 346–357, 2002; DOI 10.1002/polb.10098
Round‐robin experiment in high‐temperature gel permeation chromatography
Authors: D'Agnillo Luigi , Soares J. B. P. , Penlidis A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe results of an interlaboratory or round‐robin experiment in high‐temperature gel permeation chromatography (HT‐GPC) analysis are presented. The intention was to determine and raise awareness of interlaboratory reproducibility of HT‐GPC techniques. Fifteen laboratories performed analyses of five polyethylene samples and standards SRM 1475 and 1476. Reproducibility, as measured by the interlaboratory standard deviation (sLAB), was greatly influenced by the breadth of the molecular weight distribution (MWD) and branching. The sLAB values for the weight‐average molecular weight (Mw) of linear polyethylenes of narrow and broad MWDs were 4 and 14%, respectively. For branched polymers, GPC viscometry methods are shown to measure significantly higher molecular weights than the noncoupled GPC method, with higher variance. For branched polyethylenes measured with GPC viscometry, the reproducibility of Mw was characterized by sLAB = 18%. Reproducibility of the SRM 1475 standard was better than for unknowns. The results for branched standard SRM 1476 emphasize the important role of the detection method in GPC but call into question the use of this material as a molecular weight standard. For single‐site polyethylene, only a handful of labs measured an MWD that closely matched the Flory distribution. Qualitatively, the responses indicate that many variations in instrument and analytical methods exist among laboratories; this is partly a reflection of the development and refinements that this technique must yet undergo before a truly standard method is widely accepted and practiced. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 905–921, 2002
Conformational characteristics of poly(ethylene phthalate)s
Authors: Tonelli Alan E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe conformational characteristics, as embodied in the unperturbed mean‐square end‐to‐end distances (〈r2〉o) and the characteristic ratios of the dimensions [Cn = 〈r2〉o/(n〈l2〉] are calculated for the para, meta, and ortho isomers of poly(ethylene phthalate)s: poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), poly(ethylene isophthalate) (PEI), and poly(ethylene phthalate) (PEP), respectively. Although each of these isomeric and partially aromatic polyesters has identical permissible conformations available to their ethylene glycol fragments, their connections through the ester bonds to the phenyl rings are quite distinct. In addition, for the ortho isomer (PEP), the close spatial proximity of the ester groups bonded to the same phenyl ring results in an interdependence of their orientations with respect to each other and the phenyl ring to which they are attached, unlike the independent orientations of ester groups in the para and meta isomers (PET and PEI). Conformational energy calculations, dependent on the orientation of the ester groups in PEP, are used to characterize their rotational interdependence to modify the rotational isomeric state (RIS) conformational models for PET and PEI and thereby obtain an RIS model appropriate for PEP. This leads to calculated relative dimensions (〈r2〉o) of 1.0:0.70:0.37 PET:PEI:PEP and characteristic ratios [Cn = 〈r2〉o/(n〈l2〉)] of 4.13:4.67:2.49 PET:PEI:PEP. These results are discussed in an effort to obtain some understanding of the inherent static (or equilibrium) and dynamic flexibilities of the isomeric poly(ethylene phthalate)s. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 1254–1260, 2002
Effect of pressure and temperature on chromophore reorientation in a new syndioregic main‐chain hydrazone nonlinear optical polymer
Authors: Hayden L. Michael , Kim Won‐Kook , Chafin Andrew P. , Lindsay Geoffrey A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSecond harmonic generation (SHG) was used to measure the temperature dependence of the reorientation activation volume (ΔV*) of a syndioregic main‐chain hydrazone (SMCH) nonlinear optical polymer. The decay of the SHG signal from poled films of SMCH was recorded at hydrostatic pressures up to 2924 atm and at temperatures between 25 °C below the glass‐transition temperature (Tg) to 20 °C above it. ΔV* for pressures less than 500–1000 atm and T > Tg decreased as the temperature was increased. For pressures greater than 1000 atm, ΔV* was essentially constant for all temperatures. In addition, the size of ΔV* indicated that the chromophore in this main chain was internally flexible. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 39: 895–900, 2001
Physical sequelae and self‐perceived attachment in adult survivors of childhood cancer
Authors: Joubert David , Sadéghi M. Réza , Elliott Mary , Devins Gerald M. , Laperrière Normand , Rodin Gary 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe association between the physical sequelae of childhood cancer and self‐reported attachment behavior was investigated in 97 adult survivors. Attachment was assessed using standardized self‐report questionnaires. Functional disability and cosmetic sequelae of the cancer and its treatment were evaluated by the attending oncologist using a standardized rating scale. Results suggest that attachment is not significantly associated with physician‐rated physical sequelae, but may be related to the time of onset of the functional deficits, independent of the current age or age at diagnosis. Further, survivors with functional sequelae in adulthood describe themselves as more insecure in their relationships in general and more ambivalent in their relationship with their parents. These findings, if replicated, suggest that the duration of the functional deficits as well as the developmental stage of the individual when they began may be important variables which affect the survivor's capacity to develop and maintain intimate relationships that are secure and satisfying. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quality of life in patients attending a low‐risk gynaecological oncology follow‐up clinic
Authors: Leake Robyn L. , Gurrin Lyle C. , Hammond Ian G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectives: (1) To assess the quality of life (QOL) of patients who had been treated for gynaecological malignancies and who were attending a low risk follow‐up clinic. (2) To determine the accuracy of the clinic physicians' assessment of patients' QOL compared with the Functional Living Index—Cancer (FLI‐C) [Schipper et al., 1984. Measuring the quality of life of cancer patients: the Functional Living Index—Cancer: development and validation. J Clin Oncol 2(5): 472–483]. (3) To examine a single subjective question about change in QOL. (4) To assess patient fear of cancer recurrence.Design: Self‐administered patient questionnaire. The questionnaire contained the FLI‐C, with four additional questions.Setting: Low risk (good prognosis) follow‐up clinics in the Department of Gynaecological Oncology at King Edward Memorial Hospital (the tertiary centre for obstetrics and gynaecology for the state of Western Australia).Patients: 202 consecutive attendees of the clinic. Non‐English speaking patients attending without an interpreter were excluded.Results: Most patients reported a good QOL. The range of FLI‐C scores was 59–154 (possible range 22–154), with a median score of 140 and a mean of 134. Younger patients were more fearful of cancer recurrence. Radiotherapy was associated with a worsening of QOL. Patients living with partners experienced deterioration in sexual functioning.Conclusions: Patients attending the low risk follow‐up clinic after gynaecological malignancy have a good overall QOL. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A structural model of the relationships among self‐efficacy, psychological adjustment, and physical condition in Japanese advanced cancer patients
Authors: Hirai Kei , Suzuki Yoko , Tsuneto Satoru , Ikenaga Masayuki , Hosaka Takashi , Kashiwagi Tetsuo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe made detailed research for relationships among physical condition, self‐efficacy and psychological adjustment of patients with advanced cancer in Japan. The sample consisted of 85 (42 males and 43 females) advanced cancer patients. Interviews were conducted with some measurement scales including the Self‐efficacy scale for Advanced Cancer (SEAC), and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) and medication status were also recorded from the evaluation by physicians. We used structural equation modeling (SEM) for statistical analysis. The analysis revealed that the model, including three self‐efficacy subscales, depression, anxiety, KPS, meal‐, liquid‐intake, prognosis and three latent variables: ‘Self‐efficacy’, ‘Emotional Distress’, and ‘Physical Condition,’ fit the data (chi‐square(24)=28.67, p=0.23; GFI=0.93; CFI=0.98; RMSEA=0.05). In this model, self‐efficacy accounted for 71% of the variance in emotional distress and physical condition accounted for 8% of the variance in self‐efficacy. Overall, our findings suggest clearly that close relationships existed among physical condition, self‐efficacy and emotional distress. That is, patients in good physical condition had a high self‐efficacy, and patients with high self‐efficacy were less emotionally distressed. These results imply that psychological intervention which emphasizes self‐efficacy would be effective for advanced cancer patients. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Communication in the cancer ‘bad news’ consultation: patient perceptions and psychological adjustment
Authors: Mager Wendy M. , Andrykowski Michael A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to explore relationships between breast cancer survivors' experiences during the diagnostic consultation and their subsequent long‐term psychological adjustment. Sixty women (M age=53 years) who had been diagnosed with local or regional breast cancer (Stage 0–IIIA) an average of 28 months prior were interviewed by telephone. Measures included: Cancer Diagnostic Interview Scale, Anxiety subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist – Civilian Version, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, and ad hoc items regarding memory for, and satisfaction with, the diagnostic consultation. After controlling for demographic and clinical variables, the three CDIS subscales accounted for 12% of the variance in women's PCL‐C scores (F change=3.46, p<0.05). The CDIS‐Caring subscale was a significant predictor in the ‘best‐fit’ regression model for each of the three indices of long‐term distress (all B's>−0.23, p<0.05). In contrast, the CDIS‐Competence subscale was not a significant predictor in any of the ‘best‐fit’ models. Additionally, women's satisfaction with physician behavior during the diagnostic consultation was unrelated to all adjustment measures (r's<0.10, p's>0.50). Findings suggest that women's perceptions of physicians' interpersonal skills during the diagnostic consultation are associated with later psychological adjustment. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ground thermal conditions in a frost‐crack polygon, a palsa and a mineral palsa (lithalsa) in the discontinuous permafrost zone, northern Sweden
Authors: Westin Bo , Zuidhoff Frieda S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractGround temperature measurements were collected during 1997 to 1998 at three locations in the discontinuous permafrost zone in northern Sweden. Measurements were made in two frost‐crack polygons, two palsas and a mineral palsa (lithalsa). Important for the formation of permafrost at all locations are (i) the absence of snow and, (ii) local soil properties. The seasonal variation in apparent thermal diffusivity—with higher diffusivities in summer than in winter in the mineral soil of the frost‐crack polygon and relatively little seasonal variation in the peat of the palsas—is the main cause for the cooler conditions in the palsas in summer. Morphology adds to the temperature fluctuations as indicated by highly fluctuating ground temperatures in the dome‐shaped mineral palsa as compared to the frost‐crack polygon. Occasional ground temperature gradients of more than −10 °C/m are probably sufficient for seasonal frost cracking. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Normal volume of distribution of tobramycin in a mother and daughter with a CFTR splice mutation (1717 − 1G → A)
Authors: Simon Dawn , Cimino Michael , Borowitz Drucy 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA mother and daughter pair with CF who shared a splice mutation (1717 − 1G → A) had a normal volume of distribution of tobramycin. The literature on tobramycin pharmacokinetics, which was published before the genetic defect was identified, is discussed. The authors speculate on the role of CFTR in the distribution of aminoglycosides and recommend that CFTR mutations should be clarified in all future studies of tobramycin pharmacokinetics in patients with CF. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 33:315‐317. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.