bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Correlates of low serum lipid levels among the Evenki herders of Siberia
Authors: Leonard William R. , Crawford Michael H. , Comuzzie Anthony G. , Sukernik Rem I. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study examines serum lipid levels (total, HDL and LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides) among the Evenki reindeer herders of Central Siberia. Cholesterol and triglyceride levels among the Evenki are low, even relative to other indigenous arctic and herding populations. Total and LDL cholesterol levels are higher in women, while HDL and triglyceride levels are comparable between the sexes. Additionally, residence location (i.e., herding brigade vs. central villages) has a significant influence on men's but not women's total and LDL cholesterol levels. Low lipid levels among the Evenki appear to reflect the maintenance of a traditional lifestyle with high levels of energy expenditure and relatively low levels of fat consumption. Sex differences in lipid levels may be partly attributable to differences in activity patterns, as women have significantly lower levels of energy expenditure than men. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Growth and nutritional status of the Evenki reindeer herders of Siberia
Authors: Leonard William R. , Katzmarzyk PT , Comuzzie Anthony G. , Crawford Michael H. , Sukernik Rem I. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study examines physical growth and nutritional status in a sample of 478 (247 males; 231 females) Evenki herders of Central Siberia. The Evenki display slow growth in stature and body weight, particularly during late childhood and adolescence. Adult males fall below the U.S. 5th percentiles for both stature and body weight. Adult females are below the 5th percentile for stature and approximate the 15th percentile for weight. Despite their diminutive size, the Evenki appear to have adequate energy reserves, as indicated by their skinfold measurements, which range between the U.S. 15th and 50th percentiles. Among adults, women are relatively heavier and fatter than men and tend to increase in weight and fatness with age. Poor growth in the Evenki does not appear to be directly attributable to limited food availability. Rather, it is hypothesized that elevated metabolic requirements, associated with adaptation to a high latitude ecosystem, are responsible for limiting the amount of energy that is allocated to growth. Relatively high levels of adiposity in adult females appear to be the product of changes in activity patterns and fertility levels that resulted after the collectivization of the Evenki. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ethnicity and familial factors in the etiology of acute appendicitis
Authors: Shamis Igor , Livshits Gregory , Feldman Uliana 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe role of various socioeconomic, ethnic, and family factors in the development of acute appendicitis (AA) was studied in two generational groups totaling 2,331 individuals. Univariate analyses revealed that ethnicity, residence, family history, and education are associated with AA. However, only two, ethnicity and education, were retained following multiple forward, stepwise logistic regression. Caucasians, in contrast to Mongoloids and Uzbeks and those with high education showed significantly higher probabilities of undergoing an appendectomy. Odds ratios comparing Caucasians to Uzbeks and low education to high education were 1.6 and 0.7, respectively. Results confirm an association of higher AA frequency with higher socioeconomic status but do not explain the ethnic differences in the incidence of AA. Examination of aggregation of AA in 782 families indicates a familial factor in predisposition. Although this analysis suggests that genetic factors contribute significantly to the development of AA, only segregation analysis will allow more definitive conclusions. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Suckling patterns: Lack of concordance between maternal recall and observational data
Authors: Vitzthum Virginia J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDuring the last decade, an increased awareness of the importance of breastfeeding patterns in determining maternal fecundity and infant health has led to a dramatic rise in surveys that query mothers on suckling duration and frequency. However, with few exceptions, observational studies have not been undertaken, and the accuracy of the recalled information is not known. This analysis ascertained the concordance of maternal recall and observational data collected for a single sample of Andean women practicing on‐demand nursing. Interviews of 30 women were conducted in their native language; for 10 mother‐infant pairs, breastfeeding behavior was precisely timed during the course of normal daily activities for a total of 86 hours. There is virtually no agreement of recall and observational data, either for each individual or for sample statistics. Rounding is the rule; suckling duration is reported in 5‐minute units when, in fact, women often nurse for only 2–3 minutes. Overestimation is also very common; suckling durations of 30 minutes are frequently reported but almost never observed. These reporting patterns obscure the considerable actual variation in suckling duration—exposed by observation—and bring into serious question the conclusions of studies based on mothers' recall. In particular, given that analyses of these observational data indicate otherwise, the claim that suckling duration is unimportant in the regulation of maternal fecundity should be re‐examined. Further, the design, implementation, and evaluation of breastfeeding promotional programs intended to increase child spacing requires data of greater accuracy than that obtainable from maternal recall. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Upper limit of fat‐free mass in humans: A study on Japanese Sumo wrestlers
Authors: Kondo Masakatsu , Abe Takashi , Ikegawa Shigeki , Kawakami Yasuo , Fukunaga Tetsuo 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIf limitations exist in skeletal dimensions, fat‐free mass (FFM) might have an upper limit. To explore the upper limit to FFM, 37 professional Japanese Sumo wrestlers, 14 highly trained bodybuilders, and 26 untrained men were investigated for body composition (fat mass and FFM) and cross‐sectional areas (CSA) of limb muscles, by hydrodensitometry and ultrasound, respectively. Mean % fat of Sumo wrestlers, bodybuilders, and untrained subjects were, respectively, 26.1%, 10.9%, and 12.1%. Sumo wrestlers had a significantly greater FFM than bodybuilders, who had a greater FFM than the untrained men. Six of the wrestlers had more than 100 kg of FFM, including the largest one of 121.3 kg (stature: 186 cm, mass: 181 kg, %fat: 33.0%). The FFM/stature ratio of elite Sumo wrestlers averaged at 0.61 kg/cm, with the highest 0.66 kg/cm. It is suggested that a FFM/stature ratio of 0.7 kg/cm may be an upper limit in humans. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Body fat and muscle thickness in Japanese and Caucasian females
Authors: Ishida Y. , Kanehisa H. , Kondo M. , Fukunaga T. , Carroll JF , Pollock ML , Graves JE , Leggett SH 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFat and muscle thicknesses were measured at eight sites by B‐mode ultrasonography on 36 Japanese (age = 25.9 ± 1.9 years; mean ± SD) and 56 Caucasian females (25 ± 2 years) to compare the distribution of these tissues. The eight sites were the biceps, triceps, forearm, subscapular, abdomen, quadriceps, hamstring, and calf. Hydrostatically determined body density, corrected for residual lung volume, was similar (P > 0.05) for Japanese (1.048 ± 0.008 g · ml−1) and Caucasians (1.050 ± 0.009 g · ml−1). However, in part because of their greater body mass, Caucasians had significantly more (P < 0.05) fat mass (FM; 12.5 ± 3.2 kg) and fat‐free mass (FFM; 45.1 ± 5.1 kg) compared to the Japanese (FM = 11.1 ± 2.3 kg, FFM = 38.0 ± 3.5 kg). From the results of a subsample analysis of a group matched for stature and body mass, Japanese women had a greater abdominal fat thickness than Caucasians, but had less fat thickness at the triceps and hamstring sites. Caucasians had greater muscle thicknesses than Japanese at all sites except for abdomen, hamstring, and calf. The ratio of fat thickness to FM · stature−2 was higher on the trunk (P < 0.001) in Japanese (6.650 ± 1.721 mm3 · g−1 × 103) than in Caucasians (4.713 ± 1.441 mm3 · g−1 × 103). The ratio of muscle thickness to FFM · stature2 was higher (P < 0.001) in Caucasians than in Japanese at the upper extremity and trunk sites. These results suggest that the distribution of subcutaneous fat might be specific to ethnic origin, and that Japanese women have less muscle development than Caucasians even when matched for stature and body mass. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bio‐impedance analysis for estimation of total body potassium, total body water, and fat‐free mass in white, black, and Asian adults
Authors: Wang Jack , Thornton John C. , Burastero Santiago , Heymsfield Steven B. , Pierson Richard N. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBio‐impedance analysis (BIA) measurements have been used to predict components of body composition. Their validation is required for populations varying in race, sex, and age. In 371 Whites, 182 Blacks and 225 Asians, single‐frequency BIA at 50 kHz (RJL‐100) resistance and reactance measurements were correlated with same‐day measurements of total body water (TBW) by THO dilution, total body potassium (TBK) by whole body 40K counting, and fat‐free mass (FFM) by dual‐photon absorptiometry. BIA correlation coefficients with TBW, TBK, FFM, and fat varied by sex and race for all measured body composition components. The highest correlation was for FFM, and the lowest was for fat mass. Prediction equations were further improved by including age, stature, and weight for each of the study cohorts. The SEE for predictions were in the ranges of 5–6, 6–8, and 7–10% of measured FFM, TBW, and TBK, respectively. BIA was effective in predicting body composition when subjects are specified by age, sex, stature, weight, and race for subjects from 18 to 94 years of age. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Usefulness of a stature‐based standard of skinfold thickness, especially for short children
Authors: Ohzeki Takehiko , Hanaki Keiichi , Ishitani Nobuo , Ohtahara Hiroko , Urashima Hirofumi , Tsukuda Toshinori , Nagaishi Jun‐Ichi , Shiraki Kazuo 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSkinfold thicknessess (SFT) were measured at ulnar, triceps, subscapular and suprailiac sites in 730 boys and 724 girls (age 3–12 years) whose stature ranged from 100 to 150 cm and whose weight was within ±20% of the average. Means and standard deviation (SD) were calculated after logarithmic transformation of the original skinfold readings to demonstrate stature‐based standards of SFT in Japanese children. The means of SFT exhibited nadirs (boys/ girls: ulnar 5.1/5.9 mm, triceps 7.9/9.5 mm, subscapular 4.9/6.1 mm, suprailiac 4.5/6.2 mm) in subjects 110–115 cm tall except for ulnar SFT in girls. SFT values increased as children increased in stature. Standard deviations of SFT at the four sites in short children (staturte < mean −1 SD) were estimated using the stature‐based standard as well as an age‐based standard. Susms of the SDs assessed by the age‐based standard were significantly smaller than those assessed by the stature‐based standard in boys (P < 0.05) and girls (P < 0.01) with short stature, suggesting that SFT in short children was falsely understimated by the age‐based standard. Thus, the stature‐based standard is beneficial for the assessment of SFT, especially in children whose stature is below the mean −‐1 SD. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aging of metacarpal density at midshaft and proximal end
Authors: Kimura Kunihiko 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAging of bone density of the second metacarpal at midshaft (compact bone) and the proximal end (trabecular bone) was compared in 114 men and 115 women, 30–98 years of age. The microdensitometric (MD) pattern of the bone at both sites, area (Σ GS) and midheight (GSmid), were measured in standardized aluminun equivalents (SAE). In both sexes, Σ GS and GSmid showed a greater deviation at the proximal end than at midshaft. There was a significant correlation between both sites for each parameter. Pattern area was significantly greater at the proximal end than at midshaft(P ⩽ 0.01), but the relation was reversed for GSmid. At both sites, Σ GS and GSmid decreased gradually with age in both sexes, especially after 69 years in women. Each parameter showed a significant negative linear regression with age at both sites in women and at midshaft in men. In both sexes, the slope of the regression curve of Σ GS with age was significantly steeper at the proximal end than at midshaft. In women, the estimated rate of decline was 0.90% and 0.56% for Σ GS, and 1.20% and 0.73% for GSmid per year at the proximal end and midshaft, respectively. The bone density loss with age may be slightly greater in trabecular than in compact bone. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sexual dimorphism in modern Japanese crania
Authors: İşcan Mehmet Yaşar , Yoshino Mineo , Kato S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe Japanese population has gone through significant micro‐evolutionary changes during the last half century. One approach to quantify these changes is an osteometric analysis of sexual variation in the skeleton. The present study evaluates sexual dimorphism in modern Japanese cranial dimensions. Comprehensive osteometric data were obtained from 84 modern Japanese skeletons of known sex and age at death from the dissecting room collection at Jikei Medical University, Tokyo. The remains were macerated between 1960 and 1970 and thus are from individuals who lived through World War II. A total of 16 cranial dimensions were subjected to SPSS‐X discriminant function analysis. Using 11 measurements of the cranium, five dimensions were selected by the stepwise discriminant methods, including bigonial breadth. In a second stepwise function using 11 cranial measurements, seven contributed to the function. In both functions, mastoid height was selected first and prediction accuracy averaged 84%. Because of its significant contribution, a function was calculated from mastoid height alone. This produced an average of 74% prediction accuracy. In general, width dimensions better reflected differences between the sexes. The accuracy of correct classification from the Jikei sample was slightly lower than those of earlier Japanese populations. The results of this study also suggested that sexual dimorphism in Japanese crania may have decreased as a result of an increase in size of females. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Age assessment of the Spitalfields cemetery population by rib phase analysis
Authors: Loth Susan R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAccurate paleodemographic reconstruction depends in large part on the ability to estimate age at death from the skeleton. Thus, it is important to evaluate the reliability of standards utilized for this assessment. The rib phase technique has proven to be one of the most consistently reliable means of determining age in modern human adults. A recent study also demonstrated that this method can be applied to Neandertals because they exhibit the same pattern of age‐related change. However, the efficacy of the rib phases in aging archaeological populations of anatomically modern humans has not been systematically examined. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to determine if ribs from the 16th to 18th century Spitalfields cemetery population (with church records of age at death) manifest a morphological aging pattern similar to that found in the recent specimens upon which the rib phase standards are based. Age was assessed on a sample of 87 individuals using only the sternal ends of the ribs without access to the rest of the skeleton or records of age and sex. Results indicated that Spitalfields ribs exhibit essentially the same aging patterns found in the ribs of modern Whites. Overall, the demographic profile generated from the ribs produced a good approximation of this sample in both range and distribution. Error was in the direction of underaging, and results for males were better than for females. The present findings indicate that the rib can be considered a reliable site for age estimation in archaeological populations. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sickle cell gene in Central India: Kinship and geography
Authors: Das M. K. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA wide range of variation (0.00–0.14) in the frequencies of the HbS allele has been observed among 16 tribes of Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, and Maharashtra. A significant excess of SS individuals over that expected under Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium was observed among 6 of 16 populations. These populations belong to three linguistic groups and have history of heterogeneous origins. A geographical cline of increase in HbS allele frequency from east to west is apparent. This pattern can largely be explained by differential migration. The kinship coefficient (rij) and paired FST do not show any significant correleation up to 250 km of geographical distance but beyond this distance they show an inverse releationship with increasing geographic distance. Hemoglobin levels between individuals with βS allele and with normal HbA individuals do not differ in these. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Precision of the one‐ versus two‐handed method of skinfold measurement in the obese
Authors: Pham Co Luong , Mueller William H. , Wear Mary L. , Emerson James B. , Hanis Craig L. , Schull William J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSkinfolds at five anatomic sites were measured on 47 subjects in a study of gallbladder disease in Starr County, Texas, by two methods, one and two handed. A comparison was made of the two methods as to bias and precision. There were statistically significant but biologically unimportant differences (on the order of 1–2 mm) at four of the five sites. At three of these, the two‐handed method gave larger values (lower thigh, triceps, and subscapular), and at the other site (medial calf) this method produced smaller values on average. Measurement precision was improved using the two‐handed method at three of the five sites, significantly so for the triceps skinfold. Measuring skinfolds with two hands improves the precision of measurement for some skinfold sites in obese individuals. It does not introduce important and systematic biases across skinfold sites. Adoption of this technique should be used when circumstances outweigh the cost of involving an extra observer in the measurement of skinfold thickness, such as when precision is very important and when subjects are obese. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Growth faltering and catch‐up growth in relation to environmental change in children of a disadvantaged community from Guatemala City
Authors: Johnston Francis E. , Macvean Robert B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe extent and persistence of stunting and growth status across a 10‐year period, and their relationship to changes in the home environment, have been analyzed using data from a 10‐year longitudinal study of three birth cohorts, seen initially at 3, 5, and 7 years and examined annually thereafter. The children came from an economically disadvantaged community located on the periphery of Guatemala City. The sample used in the analysis consisted of 271 subjects with complete growth and SES data over a 10‐year period. Stunting was high initially, with 43.5% of the sample displaying USNCHS height z‐scores < −2.0 at the first examination. Growth status at the first visit was a significant predictor of status after 10 years. The odds ratio for stunting in adolescence if stunted in early childhood was 18.39. Characteristics of the household at the first visit were a significant determinant of height, weight, estimated arm muscle, the triceps skinfold, and the BMI at the last visit, after adjusting for confounding variables. Changes in household status between the first and last visits were associated with greater growth increments in height and weight but not in the BMI, triceps skinfold, or estimated arm muscle circumference. These analyses have demonstrated that improved growth status during adolescence relative to status 10 years earlier (a form of catch‐up growth) was attributable to two factors: first, for the sample as a whole there was a general improvement in growth status with a mean change in height‐and weight‐for‐age z‐scores of 0.218 and 0.420, respectively; second, the change in household score from first to last visit was a significant determinant of growth increment over that period, but only in the case of height and weight. Thus, while the early environment is a powerful determinant of later growth status, some catch‐up growth can be identified both as a general systemic response as well as a response to changing environmental conditions. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acromesomelic dwarfism: Manifestations in childhood
Authors: Langer Leonard O. , Beals Rodney K. , Solomon Irene L. , Bard Penny A. , Bard Leslie A. , Rissman Edward M. , Rogers John G. , Dorst John P. , Hall Judith G. , Sparkes Robert S. , Franken Edmund A. , Opitz J. M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAcromesomelic dwarfism is a distinct condition characterized by short stature of the short limb type, with the hands and feet showing the most obvious deviations from normal. The forearm bones are usually disproportionately shorter than the other long tubular bones of the limbs. The intelligence is normal. Available data suggest autosomal recessive transmission. Characteristic clinical and radiographic features permit establishment of a confident diagnosis in the first year of life.
Intrauterine diagnosis of triploidy: The use of radiologic and ultrasonographic techniques in conjunction with amniocentesis
Authors: Bocian Maureen , Karp Laurence E. , Mohandas T. , Sarti Dennis , Lachman Ralph , Wisot Arthur , Opitz John M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe frequency of triploid conceptuses in man is estimated to be approximately 1%; most are aborted during the first trimester. There are reports of 31 triploid fetuses which survived past the 24th week of gestation, including several infants born at term. We are unaware of a report of the prenatal diagnosis of triploidy.A typical clinical syndrome has been delineated in nonmosaic triploid fetuses and infants, including intrauterine growth retardation, syndactyly, eye and ear abnormalities, hypogonadism in males, and hydatidiform placenta.A 32‐year‐old primigravida presented with small uterine size at 16 weeks gestation. Subsequently the uterus grew very slowly. Ultrasound examination at 23 weeks revealed a fetal head size consistent with 20 weeks gestation and a thoracic diameter consistent with 14 weeks. Amniocentesis was done for karyotype analysis and α‐fetoprotein determination. Amniography showed a small fetus with obvious disproportion between head and trunk. Abortion was induced with prostaglandin. The fetus had features consistent with the triploidy syndrome, and the amniotic fluid cells were later found to have a 69,XXY karyotype. Chromosomal polymorphisms of the fetus and parents indicated that the supernumerary haploid set of chromosomes originated from failure of the second meiotic division in the mother.This case illustrates the way in which the combined use of amniocentesis, ultrasonography, and radiographic techniques can be advantageous in prenatal diagnosis and genetic counseling, especially when the patient is relatively late in pregnancy so that it is necessary to obtain a rapid diagnosis.
A 59‐year‐old multiparous woman with acromesomelic dwarfism
Authors: Pallister Philip D. , Opitz John M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractRecently Langer et al [1] described the childhood manifestations of acromesomelic dwarfism. Their oldest patient was 35 years old; in their review, only one patient was married and had produced two normal children. Apparent gonadal dysfunction was noted in several patients. I report the oldest known patient with acromesomelic dwarfism; she had no gonadal dysfunction, was married, and had two normal sons.