bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Longitudinal Study of Bed Sharing and Sleep Problems Among Swiss Children in the First 10 Years of Life
Authors: Jenni Oskar G. , Fuhrer Heidi Zinggeler , Iglowstein Ivo , Molinari Luciano , Largo Remo H. 
Published: January 2005

Objective. To study age trends, long-term course and secular changes of bed-sharing practices, and sleep problems among Swiss families.Methods. A total of 493 children were longitudinally followed between 1974 and 2001 by using structured sleep-related interviews at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 months after birth and at annual intervals thereafter until 10 years of age. Parents were queried about bed sharing, night wakings, bedtime resistance, and sleep-onset difficulties during the 3 months before each follow-up interview.Results. Although in the first year of life relatively few children slept with their parents (&lt;10%), bed sharing increased with age and reached a maximum at 4 years (≥1 times per week: 38%). Bed sharing of at least once per week was noted in 44% of the children between 2 and 7 years old. Nocturnal wakings also increased from 6 months old to a maximum at 4 years, when more than half of all children woke up at least once per week (22% every night at 3 years). Less than 10% of all children demonstrated frequent bedtime resistance and sleep-onset difficulties. Bed sharing and night wakings during early infancy were not predictive for bed sharing or night wakings during childhood, whereas both bed sharing and night wakings during childhood tended to persist over time. In contrast, bedtime resistance and sleep-onset difficulties seemed to be rather transient phenomena across all ages. No consistent cohort trends were found except for bedtime resistance, which decreased significantly between 1974 and 2001.Conclusions. Bed sharing and nocturnal wakings are common during early childhood. Developmental changes in separation-attachment processes, cognitive capabilities to develop self-recognition and nighttime fears, and motor locomotion may contribute to the particular age trend of night wakings and bed sharing during early childhood.
Commentary: Sleep in German Infants—The “Cult” of Independence
Authors: Valentin Stephan R. 
Published: January 2005

Objectives. Significant cultural variations exist in sleep practices for young children, including bedtime rituals and routines, soothing techniques, and cosleeping. This study examined parenting styles at bedtime and sleep behavior in a group of German infants. The results are compared with sleep practices of other western European countries.
Participants. German parents of 50 boys and 50 girls 6 to 30 months old.
Method. Parents were asked to fill out a questionnaire about the sleep behavior of their child. Personal interviews with the parents were conducted to augment the survey results; in selected cases, bedtime routines were filmed.
Results. The infants in this sample largely slept in their own bed in a separate room. Bedtime rituals were common and in general characterized by parents maintaining behavioral distance from the infants during the bedtime routine. However, parenting style was likely to become more “proximal” (close) in response to bedtime refusal and nocturnal infant crying. A majority of parents (79%) used lullabies as part of the bedtime ritual, and the use of a sleep aid was very common (80%).
Conclusion. As is the case with most cultures, German bedtime parenting practices tend to reflect parenting values and beliefs associated with their specific culture. The parenting style at bedtime in this group of infants in general seemed less rigid and less distancing than bedtime rituals typically described in other northern European countries and may represent more of a synthesis of parenting styles across various Western cultures.
How Rapidly Do Oncologists Respond to Clinical Trial Data?
Authors: Buzdar Aman , Macahilig Cynthia 
Published: January 2005

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to:
Define the role of aromatase inhibitors in the treatment of early breast cancer. Describe trends in the use of aromatase inhibitors to treat early-stage breast cancer. Discuss U.S. trends over time in the use of aromatase inhibitors in the past 3 years.
Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 hour of AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
In the era of evidence-based medicine, convincing clinical trial data should influence clinical practice if disseminated in an appropriate manner. Here we discuss the influence of clinical trial results from the Arimidex, Tamoxifen Alone or in Combination trial on the usage of tamoxifen and anastrozole in the treatment of postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive early breast cancer. Data were derived from structured interviews with practicing medical oncologists over a period of 28 months. The overall use of hormonal therapy was high and increasing over the period studied. Significant increases in the use of anastrozole as adjuvant hormonal therapy were accompanied by significant decreases in the use of tamoxifen. This culminated in the use of anastrozole surpassing tamoxifen use by the end of the study period, accounting for over 50% of hormonal therapy use for postmenopausal early breast cancer. This study suggests that the dissemination of key clinical data, accompanied by professional commentary and regulatory actions, can rapidly influence the clinical practice of medical oncologists.
Combined Modality Therapy of Gemcitabine and Radiation
Authors: Pauwels Bea , Korst Annelies E.C. , Lardon Filip , Vermorken Jan B. 
Published: January 2005

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to:
List the advantages of combination chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Explain the rationale for doing in vitro research in the radiochemotherapy field. Describe the results of studies combining gemcitabine and radiotherapy.
Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 hour of AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
The combination of gemcitabine and radiotherapy is a promising combined modality therapy. However, the clinical application of this combination has to be implemented carefully because of an increased toxicity to normal tissues. A body of experimental evidence shows that gemcitabine is a potent radiosensitizer in vitro and in vivo. The observations so far indicate that various mechanisms are responsible for the radiosensitizing effect. Although it is often difficult to transfer experimental data to the clinic, these studies offer the possibility to develop an improved schedule of administration for patient treatment, based on rational evidence in tumor biology. In the current review, the preclinical data that support the use of gemcitabine as a radiosensitizing agent and the clinical trials that have been conducted to date are summarized.
Practical implementation of multichannel adaptive filters based on FTF and AP algorithms for active control
Authors: González Alberto , Ferrer Miguel , de Diego María , Piñero Gema , López José J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn this paper, multichannel affine projection (AP) algorithms and fast transversal filters (FTF) are introduced for active noise control. A comparative practical study of the mentioned algorithms with the filtered‐X LMS (F‐XLMS) and the recursive least squares (RLS) is presented for multichannel systems. This study is based on simulations using real data and is mainly focused on: their computational cost and memory load, their convergence properties, their stability and their ability to create quiet zones around listener ears. Simulations show that algorithms based on FTF exhibit a good trade‐off between computational cost and convergence speed. On the other hand, those based on RLS are slightly faster but they present higher computational load and stability problems in their practical implementation. It has also been observed that algorithms based on low order AP algorithms present less computational cost than the FTF‐based ones but a slightly slower convergence speed. Therefore these algorithms show a desirable behaviour and versatility for practical applications. Finally, results obtained in a real‐time multichannel system validate the use of AP algorithms in practical applications as an alternative to the classical multichannel F‐XLMS since they provide meaningful attenuation levels, lower convergence time and similar computational cost. Additionally, as simulations indicated, AP algorithm performance can be easily improved increasing its projection order and using fast versions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Materials chemistry and thermodynamics of REBa2Cu3O7−x
Authors: Macmanus‐Driscoll Judith L. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis review focuses on the materials chemistry and thermodynamics of the REBa2Cu3O7−x (RE = rare earth) series of superconductors. The importance of this basic information for predicting and controlling structure and microstructure of single crystals, thin films, and bulk materials is discussed. Examples of where an understanding of the thermodynamics has led to advances in processing are presented, and future areas of research that are key to the second decade of superconductor processing are highlighted.
Microcontact printing and electroplating on curved substrates: Production of free‐standing three‐dimensional metallic microstructures
Authors: Rogers John A. , Jackman Rebecca J. , Whitesides George M. 
Published: December 2004

Parts for microelectromechanical systems often need to be three dimensional (3D) and have sizes in the micrometer range. A novel method is described for the convenient fabrication of such 3D microstructures by means of microcontact printing, electrodeposition, and removal of the substrate. The technique is illustrated with the fabrication of structures with the form required for coronary stents (see Figure). magnified image
Superstructures of lipid bilayers by complexation with helical biopolymers
Authors: Wenzel Anije , Antonietti Markus 
Published: December 2004

Polyelectrolyte–surfactant complexes have properties that may allow them to be used to replace expensive and syntehtically complicated chiral liquid‐crystal systems in display applications, for example. The model systems of poly‐L‐lysin complexed with soybean lecithin—the Figure shows the structure model—and κ‐carrageenan with various dialkyldimethylammonium salts are described. magnified image
Chiroptical properties of poly{2, 5‐bis[(S)‐2‐methylbutoxy]‐1, 4‐phenylene vinylene}
Authors: Peeters Emiel , Delmotte Ann , Janssen René A. J. , Meijer E. W. 
Published: December 2004

The photoluminescent and electroluminescent properties of conjugated polymers are, in part, controlled by interchain interactions in solid films. A study of the (chir)optical properties of optically active BMB‐PPV (see Figure) shows that circular dichroism spectroscopy is very powerful in detecting association of the polymer. Two different forms of BMB‐PPV are reported to be present in solution, depending on the solvent. magnified image
Block copolymer epitaxy
Authors: Sano Masahito 
Published: December 2004

Polymer‐induced epitaxy allows polymer epitaxy to be used not only for growth of crystalline polymers but also in techniques for functionalizing surfaces. A method is described by which it is possible to produce a crystalline polymer but also in techniques for functionalizing surfaces. A method is described by which it is possible to produce a crystalline polymer block epitaxially on a substrate with a non‐crystalline block—which can later be functionalized—anchored to the crystalline block but not attached to the surface (see Figure). magnified image
The syndrome of diabetic amyotrophy
Authors: Chokroverty S. , Reyes M. G. , Rubino F. A. , Tonaki H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractChanges in the electromyograms and motor nerve conduction velocities in 12 patients with diabetic amyotrophy suggested mild distal and moderate proximal neuropathy in the lower limbs. Histological and histochemical findings in the vastus medialis muscles were consistent with denervation. Electron microscopical examination of the vastus medialis muscles in 6 patients revealed myofibrillar degeneration. One patient had abnormal mitochondria and tubular aggregates. The basement membranes of the intramuscular capillaries were thickened in all but 1 patient. Histochemical staining of the myoneural junctions showed changes consistent with degeneration and regeneration. We conclude that diabetic amyotrophy is a distinct clinical entity and is secondary to metabolic derangement rather than diabetic microangiopathy.
Brain death: I. Angiographic correlation with the radioisotopic bolus technique for evaluation of critical deficit of cerebral blood flow
Authors: Korein Julius , Braunstein Philip , George Ajax , Wichter Melvin , Kricheff Irvin , Lieberman Abraham , Pearson John 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAn innocuous intravenous portable radioisotopic test using technetium 99m pertechnetate was employed to demonstrate the deficit of cerebral blood flow associated with brain death. The results are compared to those of bilateral carotid and vertebral angiography in 20 patients. Absence of a bolus tracing from the head in the presence of a control tracing of a bolus from the femoral artery in two successive studies one hour apart reliably correlated with the clinical and electroencephalographic findings signifying cerebal death in comatose, apneic patients. Angiography indicated absence of intracranial circulation in 10 patients. Stasis filling or retrograde emptying of arterial vessels (or both) occurred in 7 patients. There was no evidence of venous filling in any of these 17 patients; all of them had either an absent head bolus or an “intermediate tracing.” Results indicate that either form of tracing represents a critical decrease of cerebral blood flow. Two other patients had evidence of severely impaired abnormal posterior fossa circulation without angiographic evidence of cerebral circulation; both of these patients had an absent head bolus. An additional patient had an unusually small head bolus, and angiography revealed extravasation of radiopaque material but no evidence of intracranial circulation. We conclude that the bolus technique is a helpful adjunct in diagnosing brain death.
Biochemical correlates of illness and recovery in Reye's syndrome
Authors: Trauner Doris , Sweetman Lawrence , Holm Janette , Kulovich Stanko , Nyhan William L. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractEight patients with Reye's syndrome were followed through the course of their disease with serial measurements of serum concentrations of ammonia, short‐chain organic acids, and amino acids. Correlations were made between clinical status and biochemical alterations. Elevated short‐chain fatty acids, hyperammonemia, and hyperaminoacidemia were found in all patients studied. Clinical improvement appeared to correlate most closely with clearance of short‐chain fatty acids from the serum. These observations suggest that the clinical symptoms are at least in part related to organic acidemia and that treatment directed toward the rapid clearance of these compounds from the system is reasonable.
Effect of tranexamic acid on rebleeding after subarachnoid hemorrhage: A double‐blind controlled clinical trial
Authors: van Rossum J. , Wintzen A. R. , Endtz L. J. , Schoen J. H. R. , de Jonge H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn a double‐blind controlled clinical trial on 51 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage, tranexamic acid, 4 gm per day for ten consecutive days, did not favorably affect the outcome. Neither mortality nor rebleeding rates were improved after a follow‐up of three months.
Chronic hydrocephalus associated with short stature and growth hormone deficiency
Authors: Hier Daniel B. , Wiehl Albert C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA 28‐year‐old man with chronic hydrocephalus due to aqueductal stenosis was found to have a subnormal response of growth hormone to arginine infusion. It is postulated that compression of the pituitary by the enlarged third ventricle produced a deficiency of growth hormone and short stature.
Therapeutic trials in muscular dystrophy: II. Ethylene and its derivatives
Authors: Enomoto Akira , Bradley Walter G. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe plant growth stimulants ethylene dinitramine (EDNA) and ethylene have been reported to increase muscle regeneration. Such chemicals might therefore be of therapeutic benefit in the human muscular dystrphies. This report describes a series of experiments to reinvestigate the effects of EDNA, ethylene, and another plant‐stimulating ethylene derivative, 2‐chloroethylenephosphoric acid (Ethephon). EDNA and Ethephon administered two days after wounding both produced a significant increase of muscle protein synthesis seven days after the injury of normal muscle, though the increases were only 35 and 22%, respectively. The results suggested that early suppression of regeneration might explain the later increases. Ethylene administered in an identical way to that previously reported failed to increase muscle protein synthesis in murine muscular dystrophy or in wounded normal muscle. These studies suggest that treatment of human muscular dystrophies with ethylene derivatives is unlikely to prove of value.
Huntington's chorea: Selective depletion of activity of angiotensin converting enzyme in the corpus striatum
Authors: Arregui Alberto , Bennett James P. , Bird Edward D. , Yamamura Henry I. , Iversen Leslie L. , Snyder Solomon H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe activity of angiotensin converting enzyme, which transforms the relatively inactive decapeptide angiotensin I to the active octapeptide angiotensin II by removal of an L‐histidyl‐L‐leucine residue, has been assayed in numerous regions of the calf brain and of the brains of humans with Huntington's chorea and controls. In calf brain there are pronounced regional variations in enzyme activity, with highest activity in the globus pallidus and area postrema. In human brain, enzyme activity is highest in the corpus striatum, with similar levels in the caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus. Converting enzyme activity is reduced by 83 to 92% in the globus pallidus in Huntington's chorea. The caudate and putamen of choreic patients display 62 to 69% reductions in enzyme activity. Converting enzyme activity in two cerebral cortical regions from choreic brains is not significantly different from control.
Inhibitors of GABA metabolism: Implications for Huntington's disease
Authors: Schwarcz Robert , Bennett James P. , Coyle Joseph T. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractStereotaxic injection of kainic acid into rat striatum produces neuronal degeneration and neurochemical alterations resembling Huntington's disease (HD). Since correction of the deficiency in γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) in HD may be of therapeutic value, the efficacy of drugs that inhibit the GABA‐degrading enzyme (GABA‐T) in elevating the levels of GABA has been examined in the animal model for HD. High doses of di‐N‐propylacetic acid only partially correct the GABA deficiency in the striatum, whereas low doses of γ‐acetylenic GABA, a specific irreversible inhibitor of GABA‐T, completely restore the levels of GABA in striatum and substantia nigra.
Regeneration of corticospinal axons in the rat
Authors: Feringa Earl R. , Shuer Lawrence M. , Lee Vahlsing H. , Davis Sam W. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn the rat, a few long descending motor tracts capable of carrying an impulse and causing a propagated impulse in the ipsilateral sciatic nerve will regenerate after complete spinal cord transection. In this experiment such regeneration was found in both treated and control animals.Orthograde axonal transport of tritiated proline injected into the motor cortex labels only the corticospinal tracts in the rat spinal cord. Scintillation counts of measured lengths of spinal cord can be used as a measure of the number of labeled corticospinal axons.Comparison of radioactivity per unit length of measured cord segments taken from above and below the site of a previous spinal cord transection can give a reliable estimate of the number of labeled axons that regenerated and crossed the site of injury. Using this test we have demonstrated that some corticospinal axons had regenerated six months after spinlal cord transection in control animals, animals made tolerant to degenerating spinal cord antigens, and animals treated with cyclophosphamide. A group treated with a single 75 mg per kilogram dose of cyclophosphamide 24 hours after spinal cord transection showed the best evidence of corticospinal tract regeneration.
Epileptogenic mineralization: Pathological variants with good prognosis
Authors: Averback P. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFour examples of grossly mineralized lesions of the brain, causing seizures, are described; they include 2 hamartomas, a choristoma (novel associations), and an idiopathic “brain stone.” Each was detectable with routine roentgenograms, and the seizures were ameliorated by surgical therapy.
Inferior branch palsy of the oculomotor nerve
Authors: Susac John O. , Hoyt William F. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThree patients with inferior branch palsies of the oculomotor nerve are described. Two were under 10 years of age and the third was 30 years old at the onset. All 3 presented with painless diplopia. The onset was sudden in 2 patients and progressive in the third. The palsy cleared within a short time in the 2 patients with sudden onset, and a possible viral origin was considered. In the third patient, with progressive palsy, there was no change eight years later.
δ‐Aminolevulinic acid: Influences on synaptic GABA receptor binding may explain CNS symptoms of porphyria
Authors: Müller Walter E. , Snyder Solomon H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractSymptoms of acute porphyria have been attributed to effects of δ‐aminolevulinic acid (ALA). We report that ALA selectively competes for the binding of tritiated γ‐aminobutyric acid ([3H]GABA) associated with synaptic GABA receptors in central nervous system membranes. Concentrations of ALA that inhibit GABA receptor binding are consistent with levels of ALA thought to exist in the central nervous system of porphyric patients. Some of the symptoms of acute porphyria resemble those elicited by muscimol, a potent GABA agonist drug. Barbiturates, which exacerbate porphyric symptoms, are potent facilitators of the synaptic actions of GABA. The results suggest that some symptoms of acute porphyria might be attributable to a mimicking by ALA of GABA at its central nervous system receptor sites.
Perinatal risk factors in children with serious motor and mental handicaps
Authors: Nelson Karin B. , Broman Sarah H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFifty children with marked neurological abnormality manifested by moderate or severe motor disability and severe mental retardation were compared with a large control population with respect to prospectively ascertained perinatal characteristics. None of 60 prenatal factors distinguished the affected group from controls. In labor and delivery, lowest fetal heart rate in the second stage of labor, arrested progress of labor, and use of midforceps discriminated between the two groups. Neonatal characteristics of children who were later severely handicapped differed from controls, particularly with respect to difficulty in initiating and maintaining respiration, intracranial hemorrhage, neonatal seizures, low birth weight and small head circumference, lowest hemoglobin or hematocrit, and overall neurological status.Multivariate analysis, including factors from all epochs, indicated that intracranial hemorrhage and neonatal seizures were the strongest independent discriminators between the neurologically impaired children and controls.