bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Identity Problems of Q. Cornificius
Authors: Rawson Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The problems connected with the Cornificii of the late Republic are various, and all concerned with identification. I have no major discoveries to present, but various minor rectifications and suggestions to make, which should give the younger Q. Cornificius at least more substance. Where he is concerned, one basic identification has been, rightly, generally accepted: that made by Jerome between the poet of the name and the Cornificius who fell in Africa in the wars of the Triumvirate, abandoned by the soldiers whom he had castigated as ‘hares in helmets’. I do not wish to discuss here in any detail the military career of Cornificius;2 son of the man, like him Quintus, who stood in vain for the consulship of 63, he fought with success for Caesar as quaestor pro praetore in Illyricum in 48; he was rewarded, probably in 47 when Caesar doled out many priesthoods, with the augurate, 3 and went out to govern Cilicia, only to find himself called on to help in suppressing Caecilius Bassus’ revolt in Syria. He was probably back in Rome in 45 to hold an early praetorship (unless he had held it in 47, sooner after his quaestorship than seems likely); and in 44, possibly shortly after the Ides of March, he was given the command of Africa Vetus as proconsul by the Senate, though Antony tried on 28 November to reinstate his predecessor Calvisius Sabinus, who had left his legates in the province. Perhaps swayed by the example of his friend Pansa, or by the eloquence of Cicero, he stood by the Senate, and co-operated with Sex. Pompeius in Sicily; but he was ultimately defeated by T. Sextius, once legate to Caesar in Gaul, now the Antonian governor of Africa Nova (Numidia). During the years 46-43 he was the recipient of a number of surviving letters from Cicero.
Seneca
Authors: Griffin Miriam T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For this Clarendon Paperback, Dr Griffin has written a new Postscript to bring the original book fully up to date. She discusses further important and controversial questions of fact or interpretation in the light of the scholarship of the intervening years and provides additional argument where necessary. The connection between Seneca's prose works and his career as a first-century Roman statesman is problematic. Although he writes in the first person, he tells us little of his external life or of the people and events that formed its setting. Miriam Griffin addresses the problem by first reconstructing Seneca's career using only outside sources and his de Clementia and Apocolocyntosis, whose political purposes are undisputed. In the second part of the book she studies Seneca's treatment of subjects of political significance, including his views on slavery, provincial policy, wealth, and suicide. On the whole, the word of the philosopher is found to illuminate the work of the statesman, but notable exceptions emerge, and the links that are revealed vary from theme to theme and rarely accord with traditional autobiographical interpretations of Seneca's works.
Ideology For A New Regime
Authors: Griffin Miriam T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Seneca’S Apocolocyntosis, as all would admit, has its serious political side. Menippean satire, a Hellenistic literary form already imitated by Varro, seems to have been social and general in its approach. Seneca took over the literary form and useful motifs but wrote instead political satire, ridiculing the dead Emperor by name and condemning the specific abuses of his reign. The farce was probably presented to the court and specially favoured senators and knights soon after Claudius’ funeral and consecration.
The Model City of Plato’s Laws1
Authors: Brunt P A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the Laws Plato has constructed a political and social framework for what he himself calls ‘the second best city’, in comparison with the ideal state of the Republic; he makes reluctant concessions to prejudices which he has evidently come to regard as ineradicable. The framework is professedly devised for a colony in Crete to be named Magnesia, which is to be organized by Cnossus with settlers from Crete and the Peloponnese. The site is to be ten miles from the sea but with access to good harbours; however, the territory, though only moderately fertile, will yield enough to make it almost self-sufficient. As Morrow says, the city has ‘a definite location in Greek space and time’, and some at least of the laws that Plato proposes take account of its special situation. Still, Plato’s aim is to devise a model that can be adapted as expediency may require to other conditions, though he makes a half-promise to sketch a third best city, which he never does. All this, together with the minute detail of many of the regulations proposed, has served to create the impression on some minds that he is not creating a Utopia.
Zion
Authors: Taylor Joan E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Bagatti-Testa school does not linger long in consideration of (Ps.-?)Eutychius’ text in regard to this site, but prefers to concentrate on other evidence which is claimed to demonstrate Jewish-Christian occupation. As the Benedictine archaeologist Bargil Pixner has recently argued, on Mount Zion we are to imagine the first Church of James, the central Jewish-Christian church. We will address here the question of whether the first Christians met on Mount Zion, and continued to meet here— despite the disturbances that befell Jerusalem—up until the Constantinian developments.
The Evolution of Christian Holy Places
Authors: Taylor Joan E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN Chapter 3, we reviewed the religious demography of Palestine from the end of the Bar Kochba Revolt to the date that Constantine won the East in 324. We saw that pagans, Jews, and Samaritans lived in their own general regions where their own customs could be preserved, though there was some intermixture of populations in the large cities like Caesarea and Gaza. The archaeological and literary evidence would suggest that villages tended to be one thing or another: Jewish, Samaritan, pagan, even Christian. But as yet there is no instance of a rural community in which the religious pluralism of the cities can be ascertained. Christians were clearly a small part of the population and were found predominantly in cities.
Patterns of Trade in Roman Italy
Authors: Frayn Joan M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To understand the reasons which determined the position of market centres in Italy during the later Republic and the early years of the Empire, and to appreciate their role in the social and economic life of their time, we have to consider the whole pattern of trade of which they formed a part. It has been noted that not all the towns which we know from inscriptions to have had nundinaealso had macella,and this in itself implies that the nundinae,as an occasion of buying and selling produce, if not as an actual site, continued to exist in some places, perhaps in all. To discern the pattern of trade relations, small though they may be, we shall have to take as examples certain areas for which sufficient evidence is now available to make this worth while.
Attic Symposia after the Persian Wars
Authors: Vickers Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before the nature of symposia held at Athens after the Persian Wars can be determined, it is necessary to establish what kind of a city Athens was at that time. It might well be thought that this task presents few problems, but such is far from being the case. John Boardman reflects a widely held view when he states that ‘the city had for a while [after the Persian Wars] no time or money to lavish on monumental art’, and indeed an implicit contrast is often made between Athens’ pre-war splendour and post-war poverty. Needless to say, this is wholly in keeping with the way in which the material evidence of pre-Classical Athens is often dated.
Adolescents, Symposion, and Pederasty
Authors: Bremmer Jan N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the second half of the nineteenth century both anthropologists and ancient historians developed a great interest in the family as the basic unit Qf society. In anthropology, this interest led to a series of theories focusing on the ‘lineage’ or ‘descent’ model of political organizations, while in ancient history, Fustel de Coulanges catapulted the genos and gens into prominence as the minimal unit of, respectively, Greek and Roman society.2 But already in the last decade of the same century, Eduard Meyer and De Sanctis moved in a different direction. They not only rejected Fustel’s Indo-European framework by treating the genos as a problem different from the gens, but they also redirected attention from the genos to groups which, in their opinion, cut across kinship relationships, such as the ethnos and the tribes.
Mnemosyne in the Symposion
Authors: RÖSler Wolfgang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Early Greek poetry lived through oral performance, and therefore in situations which were embedded in the communal life of Archaic society. As one would expect, these are not random situations, but specific types of situation, which in turn were bound to specific social institutions. This fundamental fact is one which the interpreter of early Greek poetry ignores at his peril. The more this conviction has been explored in recent years, the more the symposion has inevitably become the focus of attention: on the one hand, as the evidence of art already shows, musical performance, with its corollary, the act of listening to poetry, was an essential part of the symposion; on the other hand, a general consideration of all possible social contexts and institutions compels us to see the symposion, not merely as one among many possibilities, but as the central place for the creation and performance of poetry. Strictly, this applies to that particular area of melic, elegiac, and iambic poetry which often makes direct and explicit reference to the sympotic situation. But texts where there is no such reference also had their place in the symposion; and this raises the question of attributing them in accordance with other possible criteria.
Ancient Landscapes
Authors: Rackham Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What did Ancient Greece look like? The Abbé Barthélémy, writing in the 780s, thought he knew: it was like Marie Antoinette’s France, with heroes spearing the boar in noble forests and nymphs swimming in crystal fountains. From this popular writer, and his scientist contemporary Sonnini, derives the traditional theory that Greece has gone to the bad since classical times. The forests, we are told, have been felled and burnt and the remains grazed to create the prickly-oak ‘scrub’ that the modern visitor sees. The soil, no longer under the magic protection of the trees, has washed away into the plains or the sea; the fountains have dried up; and some say that the very climate has been degraded. These changes are supposed to be progressive and irreversible, so that mischief done in the age of railways has been added to that done by Turks, Venetians, and Byzantines. This theory makes excellent sense and is still very much alive: it is the basis for a recent television programme, The First Eden, as well as for many scholarly publications.
The Size and Resources of Greek Cities
Authors: Nixon Lucia , Price Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most Greeks, particularly in the Aegean basin, lived in or were part of cities where political life, as the modern word shows, was based. Our topic is the size and resources of these cities. The data that we are working with, as outlined in section I, are the so-called Athenian tribute lists, which give an idea of allied contributions to the Athenian empire in the second half of the fifth century BC.
Saving the City
Authors: Kearns Emily 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the Eleans were fighting the Arcadians, the story runs, a woman came to the commanders with her baby son, saying that she had been told in a dream to give him to fight for the city. The generals put the child at the front of their ranks, and when the enemy charged the child became a snake, so that they fled in terror and confusion. The story was told to account for the cult at Elis of a divine or perhaps heroic figure called Sosipolis (‘city-saving’). Modern students of the past, heir to the Thucydidean scorn for ‘the mythlike’, would tend to draw a more or less firm line between such picturesque stories and what ‘really’ happens when the city is in danger and crisis, even if they recognize that some supposedly historical events in fact contain strong elements of myth.
The Structure Of Magnesia
Authors: Saunders Trevor J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapters 8-14 I attempt to make a systematic comparison, crime by crime, between the penalties of Magnesian law and those of Attic law. The enterprise is difficult, because often there is some evidence from one side or the other but not from both, and one can easily stumble into comparing uncertainties with unknowns; and sometimes because Magnesian law is elaborate and extremely complex, and operates in terms and categories which are not on all fours with those of Attic law. However, my attention centres on the punishments imposed,2 and their justifications and purposes; I consider the details of the structure and procedures of the two legal systems only when they seem relevant to penology. This fairly narrow focus enables me to leave aside many problems which have no bearing on my enquiry, however important they may be to other students of Greek law.
Assault
Authors: Saunders Trevor J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like homicide and wounding, assault ( aikia) is a crime of violence ( bia); but since it involves mere rough treatment of the body by blows, without actual wounds, it is the least serious of the three. Nevertheless, Plato lavishes a great deal of attention on it; his laws are a phenomenally complex and highly distinctive construction of considerable penological importance. Three Athenian suits are relevant to the understanding of it.It was possible to bring suit for ‘ill-treatment of parents’ (and certain remoter forbears). The ill-treatment could take various forms, notably failing to support them in their old age, and/or hitting or beating them. The penalty was complete atimia, ‘disfranchise¬ ment’, in the form of deprivation of the right to enter temples and market-place, to hold public office, and to speak in the assembly or a law-court (the latter entailing inability to prosecute).Graphi hubreos. Seven complementary studies facilitate discussion. The suit, which is of uncertain date.
Theft
Authors: Saunders Trevor J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘En cette matiere, les Lois deviennent presque un modele de confusion inintelligible.’ Plato’s law of theft is indeed confusing. The six relevant texts have to be fetched from afar, from widely scattered locations in books 9 and 11-12 of the Laws; when compared, they seem mutually inconsistent. To understand their interrelationships, we have to consider Plato’s literary strategy in the composition of the dialogue as a whole.In order to clarify these exceptional problems I first set out the bare provisions of his laws of theft in full, but without reference to historical law, and sharply shorn of their contexts and the sometimes lengthy explanatory matter which penetrates and surrounds them.
Introduction: Summary of the Papers; The Story of Greek Historiography; Intertextuality and the Greek Historians
Authors: Hornblower Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A word is necessary about the shape of this Introduction. After Section I, the present opening section, I summarize the papers in this book (Section II), and thereafter I often refer forward to them. Then the chronologically organized Section III sketches the general story of Greek historiography, thus I hope providing the larger frame into which the individual papers fit, and introducing the reader to some names taken for granted in the individual chapters. Section IV is thematic, and addresses itself to such problems as ‘intertextuality’–the awareness shown by one writer of another’s work, and the difficulties of assuming direct influences–and the legitimate use of arguments from silence. What can we infer from a historian’s non-mention of a particular item? These issues are (see further below, pp. 69ff.) raised in one form or another by all the chapters in the book.
Rome and the Nomads
Authors: Batty Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this comprehensive illustrated study, Roger Batty examines the historical importance of migration and the pastoral economy in Eastern Europe during ancient and early medieval times, with an emphasis on the early period of Roman rule. Across a wide geographical area, from the Ukraine to the shores of the Aegean, the interaction of imperial rulers and migrating steppe nomads both with each other and with the indigenous farmers and herdsmen, forms a central strand of European history. Batty uses both textual and archaeological evidence to establish a clear picture of life in the region. In explaining the historical development of the area in antiquity, whether in the Roman period or afterwards, he investigates the economic choices available to, and the ideas espoused by, both larger and smaller social groups. Historically important but unrecognized structures and trends are all given prominence over the more temporary initiatives of centralizing powers.
Simon Magus, the Bad Samaritan
Authors: Edwards Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fear or hope of martyrdom is ubiquitous in the literature of early Christianity. There is no book of the New Testament (except, perhaps, some very brief epistles) that is free of references to the time of trial, to imprisonment, and to the dangers of apostasy: persecution, first at the hands of Jews and then of Romans, is among the childhood memories of the Church. Nevertheless, its incidence in literature, at least in the first two centuries, is greater than in life,3 and martyrologies were more popular than martyrdoms. If these were at first based partly on observation, the accumulation of instances would tend to produce a literary type. In this case, the type was moulded by the real or supposed experience of Israel in the Captivity and the period of the Maccabean revolt.
Mesopotamian Contact And Influence In The Greek World
Authors: Dalley Stephanie , Reyes A T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In The Achaemenid Period The Nature Of the evidence for contact and influence between the Greek and Mesopotamian worlds changes. Con temporary Greek histories and records survive, making it possible to document more fully interaction throughout the Near East and Mesopotamia from a Greek point of view. To this interaction the Persian Wars posed no obstacles. Archaeological excavations have found no discernible break in the material records of relevant sites in Cilicia or along the Levant, and written sources show that the overland routes from the Mediterranean into Mesopotamia and Iran remained open.1 During this period of over two hundred years, indigenous Babylonian religion and literature, far from being overlaid by Persian practices, actually flourished with royal patronage, and were widely admired for their antiquity and sophistication.
Archaeology, the Salaminioi, and the Politics of Sacred Space in Archaic Attica
Authors: Osborne Robin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historians and archaeologists have generally pursued rather different lines of enquiry in their work on Archaic Athens. Archaeologists have tended to concentrate on artefacts, occasionally raiding Greek texts for possibly relevant snippets. Historians have immersed themselves in texts and raided the work of archaeologists for certain items of archaeological interpretation (such as population growth). Few archaeologists show much awareness for the problematic status of the texts which they plunder, and few historians show any awareness of the nature of the archaeology whose interpretations they come to depend upon.
Sanctuaries in the Chora of Metaponto
Authors: Carter Joseph Coleman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A major criticism of current theorizing about Greek rural sanctuaries and their relation to the ’birth of the city’ is that elaborate theoretical structures rest on inadequate factual bases-often on the results of early excavations and incomplete investigations. What is needed, it has been urged, are detailed studies of the phenomena, case by case. The present paper, an attempt to deal with the rural sanctuaries in the territory of the Greek colony of Metaponto, is a response to this challenge.
Minding the Gap in Hellenistic and Roman Greece
Authors: Alcock Susan E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the oft-repeated, if less than popular, maxims of archaeological research is that negative evidence-the absence of material traces of human activity-is just as valuable as the richest and most copious of finds. While other papers in this volume are by and large concerned with where sanctuaries were placed, here I am equally interested in the problem of where they were not: or rather by cases where known sanctuaries disappear or cease functioning. My general argument is two-fold: first, that the Hellenistic and Early Roman era saw a relative decline in activity at rural sanctuaries, with this gap being followed (in some instances) by a Late Roman resurgence; and second, that this pattern betrays not only a considerable transformation of the religious landscape of Greece, but major transitions within the society that shaped and inhabited it.
Dionysos and the Polis
Authors: Seaford Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the opening speech of Aeschylus’ Seven Against Thebes Eteokles urges the ‘citizens of Kadmos (I Káδμov πoλîτaι)’ to defend their polis, the altars of the gods of the place, their children, and their mother Earth, and explains why Earth, the ‘dearest nurse’, should be defended: ‘for she allwelcoming received you on her kindly surface as crawling infants, all the trouble of your nurture, and brought you up to be spear-carrying inhabitants, so that you might be relied on now to repay this debt’ (14-20).
Horace, Pindar, Iullus Antonius, and Augustus: Odes 4. 2
Authors: Harrison S J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Odes 4. 2 hasreceived much critical attention,1 owing to several evident difficulties. First, what docs it mean for Horace to reject imitation of Pindar in a poem which is itself somewhat Pindaric and which appears in a book together with other poems which are notably so (e.g. Odes 4. 4 and 4. 14)? Second, how is Iullus Antonius, the addressee, treated? Is he really envisaged as himself composing a poem in a context where Horace is unable to produce one, am\ if so whc1t kind of poem? Finally, does the poem in fact constitute effective praise of Augustus on Horace’s part, and is there a unified sequence of thought which links up the initial section on the poetry of Pindar and Horace (1–32), the middle section on Iullus and the return of Augustus (33–52), and the final vignette of the two differing sacrifices (52–60) The present treatment will deal with these themes, which form the central concerns of previous discussions, with the aim of producing a coherent and credible account of the poem in its social and literary context.