bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparations for a Princess: Florence 1588–1589
Authors: Fenlon Iain 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the intermedio tradition, as for so many aspects of the evolution of a sixteenth-century state rhetoric in Tuscany, it was Duke Cosimo I and the artists in his service who established the grammar. The Medici exploitation of this particular form of cultural politics reached new heights in 1589,when not only were the intermedi themselves produced on four occasions, but they were also described in great detail in Bastiano de’ Rossi’s Descrizione, while the sets were commemorated in a set of engravings, one for each intermedio, some of which were produced in presentation copies, presumably for some of the more important guests present, and were personalized by the addition of individual coats of arms (Pl. 10.1).
Comedy, Tragicomedy, and Comédie-Ballet
Authors: Powell John S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Changes in the fundamental nature of dramatic literature brought about a redefinition of the purpose of music and dance in French theatre in the early seventeenth century. As a new generation of professional actors began to focus attention on the external aspects of plays, they replaced the semi-dramatized poetic tragedies of Montchrestien’s generation with more spectacular kinds of dramas intended not merely to be read, but to be acted out on-stage. Performing conditions in the public theatres—with spectators sitting on-stage, a continual hubbub coming from the crowd standing in the parterre, and soldiers maintaining order and expelling gatecrashers—militated against a dramatic action conveyed solely through spoken language. To overcome a multitude of distractions, playwrights devised a new kind of drama that would engulf the spectator in a total atmosphere of theatre. Fast-moving plots diversified with secondary episodes, colourful characters arrayed in sumptuous costumes, painted scenery depicting several locales at once on-stage, mechanical devices, lighting and sound effects, and musical set pieces all served to help the actors hold their audience’s fragile attention.
John Ella and the Making of the Musical Union
Authors: Bashford Christina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has become a commonplace that London witnessed a huge expansion in its concert life during the nineteenth century. The accepted picture is of an ever-growing metropolis, an increasing number and range of concerts, widening social access to events, and a diversification of listening publics, all of them characterized by an almost unquenchable thirst for music.
Significant Lapses of Speech: rhymes and reasons in Joyce's prose
Authors: Piette Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The toilet-humour of this delinquent exile shows just how far his tongue has fallen from his accusers’ clean speech in the very act of articulating his angry multi-national linguistic manceuvre against the pure English tongue. That project relies on the rhymes in his book (‘reams’ as rhymes and paper) standing to reason. By this is meant an indivisible complex of sound and sense that reason will judge as making sound sense. This entailed a move out of English into other languages, other layers of historically significant sounds (‘multaphoniaksically’), to reconstitute prelapsarian Babel before the babble set in. This mighty mission is ignored by his accusers however. All they remember is his dirty habits, his falls from grace. Rebuking the elders later in the book, Shem-Shaun as Yawn complains: ‘I brought you from the loups of Lazary and you have remembered my lapsus langways’. (484. 25)
Beckett’s Prose Rhymes: remembering, companionability, self-accompaniment
Authors: Piette Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Magessa O’Reilly, discussing the different versions of ‘Texte pourrien XIII’, noted that the echo system of the text had discernible purposes: ‘Les mots répétés prennent immanquablement l’aspect de mots clés’, she writes. She notices, too, revising choices that confirm a 12-run when Beckett replaces the ‘au fond des’ of the Disque vert version with ‘parmi’:
On the Borders of Middle English Dream Visions
Authors: Brown Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is an extraordinary concentration of English dream visions in the second half of the fourteenth century. Of the thirty or so major English poems composed between 1350 and 1400, no fewer than a third are dream visions while others, such as Gower’s Confessio Amantis and the Canterbury Tales, have strong links with the genre. Poets of the alliterative revival, including their chief representatives, Langland and the Pearl-poet, no less than Chaucer, regarded the dream vision as an essential medium for what they had to say. Why should this have been so? What did the genre offer to poets that they found particularly useful and attractive? It cannot have been novelty.
Interpreting Dreams: Reflections on Freud, Milton, and Chaucer
Authors: Aers David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is now available a substantial scholarly literature on medieval dream theory and literary dream visions, some of it combining extremely skilful analysis of texts with admirable reconstructions of relevant cultural and philosophic histories. The concerns of the present essay, however, are somewhat marginal to the preoccupations of this scholarship. They are reflections on forms of power and the roles of gender in the interpretation of dreams, and it is hoped that they might encourage work along some of the lines sketched out here.
‘The Death of the Sun’: Victorian Solar Physics and Solar Myth
Authors: Beer Gillian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many Victorians, including Darwin himself, were disturbed by the apparent contradiction between the ̒progressive̓ implications of evolutionary theory and the emphasis in the physics of Helmholtz and Thomson on the ageing of the sun, which would eventually make the world too cold for life. Physics, mytho-graphy, and the ordinary fear of death converged in late-nineteenth-century imaginations. Such condensations form most readily at a point of contradiction.
Counterfeiters, Lollards, and Lancastrian Unease
Authors: Strohm Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Arrested in 1419 on suspicion of counterfeiting and other treasonous offences, William Carsewell confected a remarkable confession that drew upon some of the most sensational materials of his day. The purpose of his confession was to secure for himself the role of king’s approver or ‘probator dominiregis’, and to seek his own exoneration by giving evidence leading to the conviction of his confederates. A successful approver’s confession had to establish grounds for conviction, meeting several standards along the way: it had to incriminate the approver himself as well as his several confederates; to reveal their guilt of felony or other substantial crimes; and to weave a supportive narrative rich in persuasive detail. Carsewell delivers handsomely, offering a narrative that invites shocked attention to its cast of conniving counterfeiters, insurrectionary traitors, and blasphemous Lollards. Imaginatively reprocessing these seemingly disparate activities, it reveals their communality as threats to Lancastrian repose.
Ageism: Leland, Bale, and the Laborious Start of English Literary History, I35O-I55O
Authors: Simpson James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘The Renaissance invented the Middle Ages in order to define itself; the Enlightenment perpetuated them in order to admire itself; and the Romantics revived them in order to escape from themselves.’1 Brian Stock’s wonderfully pithy epigram must of course simplify, but one source of its potency is its implicit point that many cultural movements in the West, since the fourteenth century, generate themselves by contrast or identification with ‘The Middle Ages’. This essay focuses on a founding moment of one area of ‘Medieval Studies’, the study (in the sixteenth century) of ‘literary’ writing of the period 1350 to 1550 in Britain (regardless of language).
Twice a Man
Authors: Donaldson Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Early in 1638, six months after the death of Ben Jonson, a volume of verses to his memory was published in London under the editor ship of his old friend Bryan Duppa, then Bishop of Chichester. The volume bore a suitably learned title: Jonsonus Virbius, Or, The Memorie of Ben: Johnson Revived by the Friends of the Muses. Virbius was the name given to Theseus’ son Hippolytus, who was torn to pieces by his own stampeding horses on the seashore after re jecting the advances of his stepmother Phaedra, and then miracu lously restored to life by Aesculapius, god of medicine, at the request of the goddess Diana. The name means literally ‘twice a man’. According to John Aubrey, the title was the brainwave of Lucius Cary, Lord Falkland, who was himself (oddly enough) to be trampled to death by horses at the Battle of Newbury just a few years later.1 Though Jonson had met his end in an altogether less dramatic style than either Hippolytus or Lucius Cary, expiring gently at an ad vanced age after many years of illness, the title suggested that he somehow needed now to be put together again, Revived by the Friends of the Muses. Like the many scholars and critics that were to follow them down the centuries, this pioneer band of Jonsonian ad mirers set out to collect the literary pieces, to reconstruct the bio graphical subject, to give Ben Jonson another life, making him in some mysterious manner twice a man.
Janson’s Magic Houses
Authors: Donaldson Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jonson more than once compared the art of writing with that of building. A writer, he declared, arranges words within a sentence in much the same way that a builder brings stones together to form a wall. ‘The congruent, and harmonious fitting of parts in a sentence, hath almost the fastning, and force of knitting, and connexion’, Jonson wrote in Discoveries (1976-80), ‘As in stones well squar’d, which will rise strong a great way without mortar.’ What a writer finally created was an object like a house. Its various parts should be
so joyn’d, and knitt together, as nothing in the structure can be chang’d, or taken away, without impairing, or troubling the whole; of which there is a proportionate magnitude in the members. As for example; if a man would build a house, he would first appoint a place to build it in, which he would define within certaine bounds: So in the Constitution of a Poeme, the Action is aym’d at by the Poet, which answers Place in a building; and that Action hath his largenesse, compasse, and proportion. (Discoveries, 2683-91)
The Story of Charis
Authors: Donaldson Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘A Celebration of Charis in Ten Lyric Pieces’ (The Under wood, 2) is one of the most attractive and seemingly most accessible of all Ben Jonson’s poetic works. Subtle, humorous, enchanting, these often admired lyrics appear at a casual reading to present few problems of exegesis or interpretation. Yet the sequence has pro voked sharply divergent readings over recent years. There is continu ing disagreement amongst critics about its tone and seriousness, about the contexts-intellectual, historical, and literary-within which it may need to be understood, and even about the main out lines of the narrative which these seemingly simple lyrics unfold.
Musical Settings & Dramatic Adaptations
Authors: Peterson William S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THIS category of material is so abundant that the following list is of neccessity selective; it is mainly restricted to songs that were published, broadcast, or recorded during Betjeman’s lifetime, though I should mention briefly three important dramatic adaptations after 1984: ( a ) In 1994 a play by Nigel Hawthorne entitled Late-Flowering Lust , based loosely on Betjeman’s poems, was broadcast on television by Channel 4 (see Television , below, 8 May 1994). ( b ) An attempt to create a musical based on his life—by Mike Read in 1998—proved to be abortive, though it received a certain amount of press coverage (see, for example, Rupert Radcliffe-Genge, ‘Get Ready for Betjemania— Thanks to an Unlikely Double Act: The Lady and the dj’, Mail on Sunday , 12 January 1986, p. 9), and in the Duncan Andrews collection there is a synopsis of the musical (which was never staged).
A Sixth Sense
Authors: McDonald Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1992 a project headed by Professor Torkel Opsahl listened in to what people living in Northern Ireland had to say about the conflict which had been in progress there for well over twenty years. The report of this independent commission (Initiative ‘92) was published in 1993, the result of a series of public hearings and written and oral submissions from over 3,000 contributors. One section of the report, ‘Culture and Identity’, opens with the following paragraph:
The Fate of Identity: John Hewitt, W: R. Rodgers, and Louis MacNeice
Authors: McDonald Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The brief foreword to John Hewitt’s Collected Poems 1932-1967 (1968) covers more ground than is usual for such preliminaries: along with the customary obligations of acknowledgement, its four short paragraphs map out in miniature a journey that the book itself will go on to describe. Central to this piece is the modest adequacy of Hewitt’s description of himself—’by birth an Irishman of Planter stock, by profession an art gallery man, politically a man of the Left’1—which properly owns up to and helps to account for the first-person voice so prominent in the poems.
Michael Langley’s Homes
Authors: McDonald Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Michael Longley’s position in relation to the other Northern Irish poets of his generation makes for an interesting (and perhaps a complicated) situation. Born in the same year as Seamus Heaney, and a little older than Derek Mahon, Longley found himself, as an established poet in the 1970s, one of the writers who seemed, to journalistic and much critical opinion at least, in some sense a group of poets of the Troubles. To read Longley’s volume of 1973, An Exploded View, such a grouping seems not to have been entirely a journalistic fabrication or convenience; dedicated to ‘Derek, Seamus and Jimmy’ (James Simmons), and containing verse-letters to each of these poets (as well as one to all three together), the book is secure in its contemporary allegiances. Longley’s dedicatory verses speak from a dilemma, but it is a dilemma confidently shared:
God, Gulliver, and Genocide
Authors: Rawson Claude 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Towards the end of Gulliver’s Travels the Houyhnhnm Grand Assembly holds a debate, reverted to every four years, on the only subject that ever comes up before it. The Houyhnhnms have no word for opinion or for lying, because there is only one truth (IV. viii. 270, 267; iv. 240). So there is never anything to debate, except the single recurrent question, ‘Whether the Yahoos should be exterminated from the Face of the Earth’ (IV. ix. 271). For some reason, they have never settled this matter, though they once thinned out the Yahoo population, which threatened ‘to over-run and infest the whole Nation’. They ‘inclosed the whole Herd’, and killed all the older Yahoos, keeping only ‘two young Ones in a Kennel’ for the use of each Houyhnhnm.
Introduction: ‘Kiss the book’
Authors: Marx Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Kiss the book’, slurs Stefano, the shipwrecked butler, in Act 2, Scene 2 of The Tempest. Spectators see him sharing a swig of wine from his homemade bark bottle with the drunken savage, Caliban. The words that he travesties with the language of the tavern originate in the house of worship, where they refer to a loving connection between a reader and a text. ‘The book’, in English, signifies only one book, the Bible.
‘Within a Foot of the Extreme Verge’: The Book of Job and King Lear
Authors: Marx Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Out in the weather a naked old man howls. Fallen from eminence, betrayed by his loved ones, crazed with illness and grief, he shakes a fist at the sky. To a reader of Shakespeare and of the Bible, he seems familiar. But is it Lear or is it Job? Jan Kott called King Lear a ‘new Book of Job’.’ The two works recall one another not only through verbal echoes, thematic parallels, and similarities in plot, but also through their remarkable intensity. To read either is, in the words of John Keats, ‘to burn through ... the fierce dispute I Between damnation and impassioned clay’.2 Both works attract superlatives. Stephen Mitchell, a recent translator, calls the Book of Job ‘the greatest Jewish work of art’. Coleridge called King Lear ‘the most tremendous effort of Shakespeare the poet’,4 and Harold Bloom commented that ‘Like King Lear, which is manifestly influenced by it, the Book of Job touches the limits of literature and perhaps transcends them.’
Dangerous Conceits’ and ‘Proofs of Holy Writ’: Allusion in The Merchant of Venice and Paul’s Letter to the Romans
Authors: Marx Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Merchant of Venice was written about eight years before Measure far Measure, during the reign of King James’s predecessor, Queen Elizabeth. However, in the First Folio’s collection of Shakespeare’s plays, it is situated among the comedies, several plays after Measure far Measure. Likewise, though Paul’s epistles were written a generation before the four gospels and the Acts of the Apostles, which recorded the events in Jesus’ and Paul’s lives, those letters were positioned after the first five books by the editors of the New Testament. Paul’s epistle to the Romans explores the relationship between Jews and Christians in the course of a theological reflection on the significance of events recorded in the Hebrew Bible and later in the four gospels.
Conspiracy: Restraint of Trade
Authors: Orth John V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conspiracy is an old crime; whatever it means exactly, it goes far back to the early days of the common law. ‘Restraint of trade’, on the other hand, is not so old. Originally, it was used to describe certain illegal agreements: contracts (or covenants) in restraint of trade. At first, it had nothing to do with labour: it was an affair of masters rather than men. Nor was criminal law originally implicated. Usually a sale of property was involved; a master baker conveyed his bakehouse, for example, and covenanted not to compete with the buyer. The legal question was whether such an agreement in restraint of trade was lawful, in the sense of being enforceable by the buyer in court. Early in the eighteenth century the judges held that it was, if it was reasonable.2 With the expansion of criminal conspiracy, the usage developed of summarizing the illegal purposes-originally, prejudice to masters or men, or, in time, to the public generally-as restraints of trade.
Directors’ Fiduciary Duties and Individual Shareholders
Authors: Davies Paul L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The articles of association of companies whose directors and shareholders are not congruent groups, necessarily confer a wide range of discretionary powers upon the directors and senior managers of the company. This chapter, and its companions in this section of the book, are concerned with various aspects of the question of what role the law relating to the exercise of those discretionary powers plays in rendering directors and senior management accountable. To whom do the lines of accountability run in the law’s eyes? How rigorous is the scrutiny that the law enforces? How easy is it to invoke the legal process if a breach of duty is thought to have been committed? These are the questions to which courts and commentators have addressed themselves when considering the law relating to directors’ duties, and this chapter will examine some aspects of that debate.
Jews: The Controversy Over Religious Methods of Slaughter
Authors: Poulter Sebastian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It seems probable that there were a few Jews in Britain in Roman times, but the earliest establishment of Jewish communities here occurred in the wake of the Norman Conquest. French Jews crossed the Channel to operate as financiers and moneylenders in England and they played an important role not only as bankers to the Crown but also in expanding and developing an unsophisticated economy. As usurers, they attracted considerable popular hostility and regularly needed royal protection.
Hindus: A Dispute about Worship at a Temple
Authors: Poulter Sebastian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There have been Hindus living in England for at least two hundred years. During the eighteenth century British families who were returning from India developed a practice of bringing their domestic servants with them. The custom seems to have been initiated by the higher officials of the British East India Company, but the trend soon extended far more widely. In addition, Indian sailors known as Lascars, who were employed by the Company on its ships, naturally came ashore at several British ports and some of these remained here permanently.
The Institutional Investor —Investment From M&G’S Viewpoint
Authors: Linaker Paddy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to present the view of an institutional investor on how we see our duties and responsibilities to our customers, be they policy-holders, unit-holders, or pensioners, and to the community at large. If the private sector is to flourish and compete internationally, one very necessary requirement is for a situation of trust to exist between the owners (shareholders) and management (boards) of companies, and it is up to both to see that this position of mutual confidence is established and maintained. If it is to be maintained, then it has to be worked on by both. In addition to the provision of periodic statutory information, most UK companies are today making a great effort to keep their large investors in the picture through regular meetings with top management-chairmen and chief executives these days work hard to keep us informed, and most institutional investors welcome this.
The Awa Case: Non Executive Directors, Audi1,Ors, And Corporate Governance Issues In Court
Authors: Stapledon G P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The decision of Rogers C.J. in the Commercial Division of the Supreme Court of New South Wales in AW A Ltd. v. DanielsI could hardly have been more timely. In the midst of the lively corporate governance debate in the UK and the US (which incidentally also has been taking place in Australia2), we have a case dealing with issues such as the role of auditors and non executive directors, and indeed at last recognising that the governance structures of large public companies are not as simplistic as the structure envisaged in the companies legislation and statutory model articles of association. This chapter comprises an analysis of those aspects of AW A which concern corporate governance.
The Position of Creditors in the Distribution of Insolvent Estates: Consensual Secured Creditors in Japan
Authors: Hasebe Yukiko 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to describe the present attitude of Japanese law towards consensual secured creditors in the context of corporate insolvency. The main topic is the recent development of consensual security interests in Japanese law. More and more non-statutory security interests have been invented in practice and authorized by case law. This has facilitated corporate finance and has probably contributed to the development of Japan’s economy. On the other hand, unsecured creditors are deprived of corporate assets that would otherwise be available for distribution in insolvency. If the reader finds in this summary problems which are familiar in his or her jurisdiction, this should come as no surprise.