bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proximal Minimization with D-Functions
Authors: Censor Yair , Zenios Stavros A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the next chapters we will see how generalized distances, and projections derived from them, give rise to useful iterative algorithms. These include the multi projection algorithm, which is particularly suitable for the feasibility problem (see Chapter 5) and the various algorithms for optimization of Bregman functions (see Chapter 6). The use of generalized distances does not stop there. In this chapter we study the use of generalized distances for the regularization of optimization problems, and as a result we obtain a class of optimization algorithms called proximal minimization algorithms. These algorithms originally used Euclidean distances, and we show here how generalized distances can be incorporated. Later we examine how computational results shed light on the practical advantages of this approach (see Chapter 15).
Model Decomposition Algorithms
Authors: Censor Yair , Zenios Stavros A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapters we studied algorithms that facilitate parallel computations due to the structure of their operations. Sometimes, however, it is the structure of the model of the problem at hand (that is suitable for some decomposition) that leads to efficient parallel computations. Large scale problems often display some characteristic sparsity pattern which is amenable to decomposition. In time-dependent optimization problems, for example, one has to optimize a given system at different points in time. Successive time periods are linked through the flow of inventory. It might be possible to partially optimize the operations of the system for each time period, while maintaining a level of inventory consistent with the optimal operating schedule of successive time periods. In large spatial systems (e.g., transportation or telecommunication problems) one has to optimize distinct geographical regions. Adjacent regions are linked through trading and the flow of traffic. Totally decentralized optimization is not possible, but it might be possible to partially optimize each region separately, while restricting the trading between adjacent regions to be consistent with each region’s optimal state.
Matrix Estimation Problems
Authors: Censor Yair , Zenios Stavros A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The problem of data inconsistency and measurement errors in the economic sciences has traditionally been a stumbling block in the development of formal economic models. Oscar Morgenstern devoted his 1963 book to the problem of inconsistency in economic measurements. The Cambridge Growth Project under the direction of Sir Richard Stone addressed (among other issues) this problem with particular focus on the estimation of tables of economic data that satisfy internal consistency conditions. One important outcome of the project was the book by Bacharach (1970) on the estimation of input-output tables. The problem of adjusting the entries of a large matrix to satisfy consistency requirements occurs frequently in economics as well as in urban planning, statistics, demography, and stochastic modeling. It is typically posed as follows:
Image Reconstruction from Projections
Authors: Censor Yair , Zenios Stavros A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For many significant problems in diverse fields of applications in science and technology an object-described by a vector or a function x-is related to some data y through a relation Ox = y. The recovery of x requires essentially the inversion, in some well-specified sense, of the operator 0. Such problems are known as inversion problems. The inversion problemsdiscussed in this chapter are those of image reconstruction from projections. We must caution the reader that projections in this context have a different meaning from the projections onto convex sets defined and used in Chapters 2 and 5. This double usage has historical roots and cannot be changed but the precise meaning can always be understood from the context.
Voting Discrimination against Black Candidates
Authors: Reeves Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Race is a factor. It’s there. Every Chicagoan knows it’s there.
Harold Washington, quoted on book jacket of Paul Kleppner, Chicago Divided On November 2, 1982, Democrat Tom Bradley lost his bid to become the nation’s first black elected governor by “the closest proportional margin in the history of California’s gubernatorial races, 49.3 percent to 48.1 percenta mere 93,000 votes out of more than 7.8 million votes cast.”1 Bradley’s raceblind, nonthreatening persona notwithstanding, racial appeals permeated the campaign’s contextual environment.2 For one, the campaign organization of Republican George Deukmejian, his opponent, made use of both racist mailings and racially toned political advertisements to garner white electoral support throughout the state, despite a pledge to avoid such racial tactics.
A
Authors: Bunson Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ABDAGAESES (fl. 1st century A.D.) A court official in the kingdom of PARTHIA who aided TIRIDATES in his ascent to the throne. In 35-36, King ARTABANUS III was forced from the throne of Parthia, and the Roman-backed Tiridates, a grandson of the old Parthian king, PHRAATES 111, was established as ruler. The historian Tacitus writes that Abdagaeses exerted control over Tiridates, preventing him from visiting the diverse and ever distrustful Parthian tribes, a policy that kept these clans from uniting behind Tiridates and resulted in civil war. In the face of the rebellion, Abdagaeses advised a retreat into Mesopotamia, claiming advantages were offered by the great rivers there. The Parthians viewed this as cowardice, and Tiridates was ousted from the monarchy. Nothing is recorded about the ultimate end of Abdagaeses. ABLABIUS, FLAVIUS (fl. 4th century A.D.) Prefect ,if the PRAETORIAN GUARD under CONSTANTINE THE GREAT, from 329 to 337. Ablabius governed the Eastern Empire as the personal representative of the emperor, with considerable powers at his disposal. His authority earned him the enmity of members of the imperial court, and his conversion to Christianity was considered a diplomatic move. For some years Ablabius dueled politically with the philosopher SOPATER, eventually winning the intellectual power ,struggle. His victory was short-lived; when CONSTANTIUS IIcame to the throne in 337, Ablabius was executed.
E
Authors: Bunson Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
EBURACUM (York) Town in the north of Britain (BRITANNIA); originally belonging to the BRIGANTES but conquered by the Roman General AGRICOLA in 78 A.D. He made Eburacum into a powerful fort, stationing a legion there and launching his campaigns into the far north from that new post. Subsequent Roman conquests stabilized the region, and Eburacum achieved the status of coloniaand eventually became a municipiumas well. It was the leading city in Roman Britain next to LONDINIUM (London), and it wasthe most important military post in the isles. When the numerous breakthroughs on the frontier by the Caledonians threatened the city’s survival in the 2nd and 3rd centuries A.D., the counterattacks of Septimius SEVERUS were based in Eburacum. In the late 3rd century, CONSTANTIUS chose the site as his personal residence, and on July 25, 306, he died there, as had Septimius Severus a century before. Constantius’s son, CONSTANTINE, was hailed as emperor by the legions of Eburacum shortly afterward. EURONES People of German origin, who crossed into Gallia Belgica to settle there sometime in the 2nd or 1st centuries B.c. They were a leading party in the revolt against Julius Caesar in Gaul in 54 B.c. Under their King AMBIORIX, the Eburones successfully lured out and destroyed Caesar’s legate, Q. Titurius Sabinus, at ADUATUCA. The Eburones participated in the unsuccessful general uprising following Aduatuca but were isolated by Caesar’s deliber3te policy of reducing the mutinous tribes one by one in the spring of 53 B.c. The Eburones were the last, and during that year the Roman legions marched into Gallia Belgica. Ambiorix fled over the Rhine, and his people ceased to be a vital entity.
F
Authors: Bunson Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
FABIAN (d. 250 A.D.) Bishop of Rome and leader of the Christian community there from 232 to 250; he divided the city into seven regions or districts to improve the spiritual administration. In 250, when Emperor DECIUS launched his terrible persecutions, Fabian had the distinction of being the first martyr. FABIANUS PAPIRIUS (fl. 1st century A.D.) Roman philosopher; probably born in the late 1st century B.c. and ,studied rhetoric before speaking and teaching on his own. His most famous pupil was SENECA, who ardently defended his writings by claiming that in style and philosophy Fabian was surpassed only by LIVY, CICERO and Asinius POLLIO. Fabianus also wrote on natural history and was quoted by PLINY THE ELDER in his Natural History . FALCO, SOSIUS (fl. late 2nd century A.D.) Consul in 192 (with Erucius Clarus). For a brief time in 193, he ,vas proposed as a replacement for the short-reigned PER­-Z1NAX, but never received popular support. FARMING Rome began as a community of farmers and shepherds, as with other cultures throughout the Mediterranean. The Romans, however, made farming a major ,eiconomic support of their imperial endeavors. Farming was for centuries the gauge of prosperity, both in Italy and in the provinces, and its decline signaled the true deterioration of imperial power and vitality. Although the Greeks, Egyptians and other cultures increased the efficiency of growing crops throughout the Hellenic and later Seleucid eras, the innovative Roman farmers did much to improve the entire system. Crop rotation, amelioration, fertilization and harvesting were all adapted to Italian lands, and agricultural output was vast. Colonies were founded in Italy, especially in such regions as Sicily (SICILIA), as former army veterans ploughed and reaped the benefits of the fertile soil.
H
Authors: Bunson Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
HADRIAN (Publius Aelius Hadrianus) (76-138 A.D.) Emperor from 117 to 138 A.O., his reign marked one of the great ages in the history of the Roman Empire. Hadrian was born the son of Publius Aelius Hadrianus Afer and Domitia Paulina. The date of his birth was reported as January 24, 76, in Rome, although his family came from Picenum in Italy and had lived in ltalica, a town of Hispania Baetica. Connections to the imperial palace came from the marriage of his grandfather, a senator, to Ulpia, the aunt of TRAJAN. Thus when Hadrian’s father died in 85, the lad fell under the care of his guardians, Trajan himself (not yet emperor) and Acilius ATTIANUS, both of whom would prove influential in his subsequent development. During his education, Hadrian displayed an intense fondness for all things Greek, earning the nickname “Greekling.” Through Trajan’s influence he entered into government service and held the powerful rank of tribune, with posts in Pannonia, Moesia and Germania Superior. During this last posting, with the XXII Legion, the Primigenia Pia Fide/is,word arrived in October of 97 that Nerva had died. Trajan succeeded him. Hadrian hurried to give him congratulations and never ceased to enjoy the emperor’s favor, journeying with him to Rome. There Hadrian married Trajan’s grandniece, Vibia Sabina.
M
Authors: Bunson Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
MACEDONIA Roman province that, in the time of Philip and Alexander the Great, was the most powerful nation in the ancient world. Its armies conquered the Persian Empire, and Alexander’s generals, Seleucus Nicator and Ptolemy, created their own kingdoms. The homeland and its armies and generals began to feel the pressure of Rome by the 2nd century B.c. Rome terminated Macedonian mastery over Greece by 168 B.C., when General Lucius PAULLUS won the battle of Pydna over King Perseus, son of Philip V. Pydna proved for all time that the venerable phalanx of the Macedonians was useless against the legions, and Romans controlled the entire eastern Mediterranean. Initial Roman policy in Macedonia centered on retaining a high degree of self-government. Toward this end, the old realm was divided into four separate republics. This arrangement worked only until 148 B.c., when a revolt was started by Andriscus. To improve the administrative deficiencies that had allowed the uprising in the first place, the Romans seized outright the entire country, declaring it a province. Atthat time it contained most of Greece as well. All of this changed with Emperor Augustus, who perceived Macedonia’s importance strategically when he formulated coherent plans for the region. Augustus’ first objective was to remove any chance of local trouble. Macedonia had always been plagued by tribal incursions from Dacia and Thrace. Thus, in 30 B.C., the legate M. Licinius Crassus was sent with four legions. In a series of brilliantly waged campaigns, Crassus reduced the strength of the surrounding people, pacified Macedonia and established a buffer zone with client chieftains. By 27 u.c. Crassus’ work was done. Augustus declared Macedonia a province in the care of the Senate. Its size, however, was reduced as other provinces, Achaea and Epirus, were carved out of it.
N
Authors: Bunson Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
NABATAEANS An ancient Arabian people who occupied an extensive part of Palestine, stretching through 1orthem ARABIA into areas on both sides of the Red Sea md north to eastern IDUMAEA and the Dead Sea. The capital of the Nabataeans (or Nabataei) was the stone city of ‘ETRA. Founded in the 4th century B.C., Petra eventually ·served as a major trade center. Caravans from the Mediverranean ports moved through the city to the Far East, and the Nabataeans based their wealth on trade in Arabian incense and myrrh, Indian spices, and silk and other textiles from China. In tum, their kings started vast expansion programs along the Red Sea and into JUOAEA and SYRIA. The advance southward was highly successful, as most of the Red Sea coast fell into their hands. Campaigns .against Judaea proved both expensive and fruitless. King Aretas II was prevented by the Priest-King Jannaeus Alexander from acquiring land in that domain and in Gaza, 1lthough Aretas III, in 85 B.C., temporarily held Damascus. The inevitable collision with Rome came in 65 B.c., when Aretas III was induced by a minister, ANTIPATER oF 1ouMAEA, to invade Judaea and support the claim of HYRANUS for the Jewish throne against Hyrcanus’ brother, ARISTOBULUS. Aretas marched into the area to besiege Arstobulus at Jerusalem. Pompey’s lieutenant, Aemilius caurus, forced Aretas to give up the siege, and the NaJataeans, unwilling to engage the armies of Rome, retired. A formal treaty was signed later between the Romans and Petra, and Nabataea was recognized as a reliable client. The Nabataeans gave slight resistance to the prefect of Egypt, Aelius GALLUS, in his attempted conquest of Arabia and supplied troops for Roman use. When Gaius Caesar traveled to the East for Augustus (c. 1 B C.) he reminded them of their obligations. In 106 A.O., under Trajan, Cornelius Palma and his Legion conquered the Nabataeans, and the kingdom became the province of Arabia Petraea.
P
Authors: Bunson Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
PACATIANUS, TITUS CLAUDIUS MARINUS (d.c.249 A.D.) Usurper in the reign of PHILIP the Arab (c. 248-249); probably of the senatorial class and an officer on 1he Danube frontier. Shortly after declaring himself, he lost 1he support of the legions in Moesia and Pannonia and was killed. PACATUS, LATINUS DREPANIUS (fl. late 4th century) One of the most gifted rhetoricians of the Late Empire. Like his friend and older colleague, Ausonius, Pacatus came from Gaul. He served as proconsul of Africa in 390 and as comes rerum privatarumunder Theodosius I around 393. His panegyric on TI1eodosius, delivered before the Senate in Rome in 389, displayed a classical up-bringing, a blend of Christianity and paganism, and a sense oi’ legend and history. PACHOMIUS (c. 290-346 A.D.) The founder of Christian monasticism; born to a pagan family, probably ir1 Upper Egypt. After serving unhappily in the army of MAXIMINUS DAIA until 313, he became a Christian and was baptized. Initially, Pachomius lived as a hermit under the guidance of a fellow hermit, PALAEMON, but after three years (c 320) he established an actual monastery at Tabennisi on the banks of the Nile. At a time when many were seeking c escape the world or to emulate St. Anthony and other Christian ascetics, Pachomius’ retreat proved immensely popular. By the time he died, he was the head of nine monasteries for men and two for women. The rule that guided these institutions was very influential, spreading the idea of monasticism throughout the East and, eventually, into the West.
T
Authors: Bunson Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
TACFARINAS (d. 24 A.D.) A rebel chief in AFRICA from 17 to 24 A.D. A Numidian by birth, Tacfarinas became an auxiliary in the Roman army. In 17, he deserted, gathered together a group of followers, ravaged the provinces and became the leader of the local Musulamii. Four Roman generals campaigned against the rebel. Camillus defeated the Musulamii and their Moorish allies in 17, winning triumphal honors, while the new proconsul of Africa, APRONIUS, helped to thwart a Tacfarinas attack in 20 A.D .Blaesus used guerrilla tactics against him in 22, and in 24 P. Cornelius DOLABELLA arrived to finish the war. Marching through the country with four flying columns, Tacfarinas was trapped by the Romans and killed in battle. TACITUS (1), PUBLIUS CORNELIUS (c. 55-120? A.D.) Considered the last of the great Roman classical historians, and a major source of information concerning the 1st century A. o. and its sociopolitical climate. Little has survived of his own life except for the barest details of a public career. He was probably of Gallic descent, attaining senatorial rank during the reign of VESPASIAN. Further advancement came after 77, when he married the daughter of AGRICOLA. He was made a QUAESTOR in 81 and a PRAETOR in 88, and received an appointment to the quindecemviri. With a consulship in 97, Tacitus had survived the harsh time of DOMITIAN, a period that saw the death of his father-in-law and a regime whose cultivated despotism left a major mark on his writings. Viewed as one of the foremost orators of the age, Tacitus delivered the funeral oration for VERGINIUS RUFUS in 97. Three years later he prosecuted Marius Priscus for extortion, receiving help from PLINY the Younger. In 112-113, Tacitus became proconsul of Asia, dying a few years later.
V
Authors: Bunson Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
VABALLATH (Lucius Julius Aurelius Septimius Vaballathus Athenodorus)(fl. mid-3rd century A.O.) King of Palmyra, the son of ODAENATH and Queen ZENOBIA; ruler of his land from 266 to 272. Vaballath assumed his father’s title upon the latter’s death in 266, and may also have taken the title of corrector Orientis,or leading official of the East for the Roman Empire. Realistically, Vaballath held little power, as his mother Zenobia was the driving force behind Palmyra’s rise to leading state of the Eastern provinces. He finally did take the rank of Augustus in 272, but he was deposed when captured by Emperor AURELIAN a short time later. VADOMAR (mid-4th century A. D.) King of the ALAMANNI who shared power with his brother Gundomadus. Together they launched attacks on Gaul but signed a peace treaty with Emperor CONSTANTIUS n in 356. When Gundomadus died shortly therafter, elements of Vadomar’s people took hostile actions in Gaul (c. 357); two years later Constantius put these incursions to use by encouraging Vadomar to make war upon Julian the Apostate, whom the emperor did not trust. Another peace was signed in 359, this time with Julian. In 361, Vadomar entered and pillaged a part of Raetia. Julian’s solution was to kidnap the barbarian ruler. Ironically, Vadomar emerged as one of the first Germans to be hired by the emperors, for Emperor VALENS made him a general and sent him to recapture Nicaea from the usurper Procopius (356-366). He subsequently fought against the Persians but did not lose touch with his own people, his son Vithicab becoming king before being assassinated in 368.
Z
Authors: Bunson Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ZABDAS, SEPTIMIUS (fl. mid-3rd century A.D.) The most successful general in the service of Queen ZENOBIA of PALMYRA; also called Saba or Zaba. Zabdas led the armies of Palmyrene expansion in 270-271, sweeping into EGYPT and, with the aid of the pro-Palmyrene political faction, annexing the entire province in the name of his queen. Further advances were made throughout the entire East, including SYRIA and ASIA MINOR, until Emperor AURELIAN took to the field in 271. Zabdas focused on ANTIOCH as his strategic base and moved north to the banks of the Orontes where he had his first engagement with the Romans. Zabdas probably had a numerical advantage, especially in cavalry units, his horsemen being strongly armored on huge mounts, but this failed to serve him. Aurelian’s infantry allowed the cavalry to charge and then simply rolled up the Palmyrene flank. Defeated but not destroyed, Zabdas retreated to Antioch but had to leave there because of the inhabitants’ unrest. Aurelian entered the city and pushed on, following Zabdas’ circuitous route to Emesa. Zabdas hoped for Persian aid, which did not materialize, and turned to give battle again. With some 70,000 men at his disposal and the cavalry still large and formidable, Zabdas repeated the tactics of his first encounter with Aurelian, with the same results. The Roman cavalry (mostly Moors and Dalmatians) was routed, but the LEGIONS weathered the charges and then advanced, demolishing the Palmyrene army. The survivors broke and fled to Emesa, while Zenobia retreated to her native city. What became of Zabdas is unknown.
Insights and Application of Large-Scale, Long-Term Ecological Observations and Experiments
Authors: Lodge David M , Blumenshine Steven C , Vadeboncoeur Yvonne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of our goals as ecologists involved in basic research, should be to contribute knowledge that will enhance management of natural resources (Peterson 1993). As C. J. Krebs (1994:8) defines it, “ecology should be to environmental science as physics is to engineering.” But the manner in which ecologists conduct research determines the extent of its usefulness to resource management and conservation efforts.
One frequent mismatch between basic research and resource management arises because the small spatial and temporal scale of much basic research does not provide information relevant to resource management (Kitchell et al. 1988, Cullen 1990, Hall et al. 1994, Naiman et al. 1995). Whereas basic research is often conducted at small temporal and spatial scales in simplified systems, management often operates on the whole-ecosystem scale and over many years. Even if only one species of economic interest is directly managed, the whole ecosystem is often affected because many indirect and feedback effects exist that cannot be adequately addressed in small-scale, short-term studies. Large-scale issues that require long-term research and management include acidic deposition, lake eutrophication and biomanipulation, fisheries management, forest management, role of large mammalian predators in affecting prey populations, invasion by exotic species, role of iron in controlling oceanic productivity, stratospheric ozone depletion, and global warming (Carpenter et al. 1995b). For many aspects of these topics, large-scale, long-term research (augmented by small-scale mechanistic experiments) can offer appropriate guidance to manage resources and mitigate anthropogenic effects (Fisher 1994, Brown 1995, Franklin 1995, Lubchenco 1995, Schindler 1995).