bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Uptake and effectiveness of the Australian telephone Quitline service in the context of a mass media campaign
Authors: Miller CL , Wakefield M , Roberts L 
Published: July 2003

Objectives: Since June 1997, Australia has run its first nationally coordinated mass media anti-smoking campaign, with all States collaborating to offer a standard Quitline service. An overview of the Australian national Quitline service is presented as well as two studies describing (a) the relationship between television advertising and call volume and type, and (b) the quit rates of callers over time.Design: Data on extent of advertising, as measured by weekly television target audience rating points (TARPs), is compared with weekly call volume and disposition. A randomly selected sample of callers was followed up at 3 weeks, 6 months and 12 months to assess caller appraisal and quit rates.Setting: The Australian Quitline service, in the context of a nationally coordinated, major anti tobacco campaign.Results: In a one year period from June 1997, 3.6% of adult Australian smokers called the Quitline. Weekly call volume was strongly related to TARPs and increased further when an advertisement specifically promoting the Quitline was broadcast. Calls involving requests for counselling, as opposed to brief calls to request quit materials, were more likely with lower TARPs. Of the cohort who were smoking at baseline, 28% reported they had quit smoking at a one year follow up and 5% had been quit for an entire year.Conclusions: In the context of a national mass media campaign, this study illustrates that it is possible to bring together differing State based services to provide an accessible, acceptable, and effective quit smoking service.
Impact of tobacco tax reforms on tobacco prices and tobacco use in Australia
Authors: Scollo M , Younie S , Wakefield M , Freeman J , Icasiano F 
Published: July 2003

Objective:To document the impact of changes to tobacco taxes on the range and price of tobacco sold during the period when the National Tobacco Campaign (NTC) was run.Data sources:Information about brand availability, pack size, and price was extracted fromAustralian Retail Tobacconist. A retail observational survey was undertaken to monitor actual retail prices. Data on cigarette prices, brands, packet configurations, and outlets from which they were purchased were obtained from the benchmark and three follow up population telephone surveys conducted to evaluate the NTC.Method:Data from the three sources were compared to see the extent to which the impact of tax changes had been offset by greater retail discounting and a more concerted effort by consumers to purchase cheaper products.Results:Smokers were unable to cushion themselves from the sharp price increases that occurred during the third phase of the NTC. Both average recommended retail prices of manufactured cigarettes and average actual cigarette prices paid by smokers increased by 25% in real prices.Conclusion:The fall in smoking prevalence over the first two phases of the NTC was substantially greater than would be expected due to tax changes alone. The fall in smoking consumption over the first two phases was slightly less than would be expected and in the third considerably higher than would be expected.
How has the prevalence of cigarette smoking changed among Australian adults? Trends in smoking prevalence between 1980 and 2001
Authors: White V , Hill D , Siahpush M , Bobevski I 
Published: July 2003

Objective:To examine trends in the prevalence of cigarette smoking between 1980 and 2001 among several different sociodemographic groups within the Australian population.Method:National cross sectional surveys conducted by face to face interview every 3 years from 1980. Respondents were classified into five age groups and the occupation of respondents in the workforce were classified into one of upper or lower white collar or upper or lower blue collar.Main outcome measure:Prevalence of smoking at least weekly.Results:The prevalence of smoking in 2001 was lower than that found in 1980 and this was true for all sociodemographic groups. Among adults smoking prevalence decreased from 35% in 1980 to 23% in 2001. The differential in smoking prevalence between men and women decreased between 1980 and 2001. Although smoking was more common among younger Australians (<24 years) than older Australians throughout the study, the differential between age groups reduced. For all years except 1980, the proportion of smokers among upper white collar workers was significantly lower than in all other occupation groups.Conclusion: There had been a continual decline in the prevalence of smoking among the Australian population since 1980. This decline had occurred across both sexes and in all age and occupation groups. Much of the decline in smoking prevalence between 1998 and 2001 was among blue collar worker group.
Tobacco in the news: an analysis of newspaper coverage of tobacco issues in Australia, 2001
Authors: Durrant R , Wakefield M , McLeod K , Clegg-Smith K , Chapman S 
Published: July 2003

Objective:To assess the extent and nature of newspaper coverage of tobacco related issues in Australia in 2001.Design:Content analysis of newspaper articles.Subjects:All articles (n=1188) at least seven lines long and containing at least one paragraph focused on tobacco in all major Australian national and State capital city newspapers (n=12) in 2001.Main outcome measures:Number of articles, month of publication, State in which newspaper published, prominence of article, type of article, article theme, and slant of article relative to tobacco control objectives.Results:The number of tobacco articles varied considerably in different months over the course of the year, from a low of 51 in December to a peak of 180 in May. The most frequent theme was secondhand smoke issues (30% of articles), with the second most dominant theme related to education, prevention, and cessation programmes and services (20%). Events that were covered were predominantly positive for tobacco control: 62% of articles were related to events that were positive, compared with 21% that were negative for tobacco control objectives. Excluding news articles, the opinions expressed by the authors of articles were also mainly positive (61%) rather than negative (22%) for tobacco control objectives. The amount of coverage of and population exposure to tobacco focused articles showed considerable variation across different Australian States, with Victoria having the highest frequency and rate of articles and the most media impressions per capita throughout 2001.Conclusions:Coverage of events and opinions related to tobacco in Australian newspapers in 2001 was generally positive for tobacco control objectives. Given that over 2 million individuals (out of a population of 19 million) were potentially exposed to tobacco related newspaper articles per day in Australia, this represents good news for tobacco control advocates. The variation in news coverage in different States and at different times in the year, however, illustrates how a combination of local events and advocacy efforts may at times combine to make tobacco more newsworthy. Understanding which tobacco issues are most likely to be covered and the nature of the coverage about them provides valuable feedback for tobacco control advocates and is a useful gauge of actual events as well as the tobacco related agendas promoted by the press.
Appraisal of anti-smoking advertising by youth at risk for regular smoking: a comparative study in the United States, Australia, and Britain
Authors: Wakefield M , Durrant R , Terry-McElrath Y , Ruel E , Balch GI , Anderson S , Szczypka G , Emery S , Flay B 
Published: July 2003

Objective:To compare the similarity in how youth in the United States, Australia, and Britain appraise anti-smoking advertisements with different characteristics.Design:Each participant viewed and evaluated a set of 10 anti-smoking adverts (from an overall total of 50 adverts) in a controlled experimental context using an audience response methodology. A structured telephone interview was completed one week after viewing the adverts, in which recall and engagement with the adverts by participants was evaluated.Subjects:615 youths who were experimenting with smoking or were susceptible nonsmokers.Main outcome measures:Measures of advert appraisal and engagement.Results:Youth in the United States, Australia, and Britain responded in very similar ways to the same anti-smoking advertisements. In full multivariate models, the target audience of the advert and the advert theme were not related to the main outcome measures employed in this study. However, adverts with visceral negative or personal testimonial executional characteristics were appraised more positively by youths and were more likely to be recalled, thought about, and discussed at follow up one week later.Conclusions:Youths in three different countries responded to anti-smoking advertisements in very similar ways, suggesting that such adverts might be more actively shared among nations. The appraisal of, and engagement with, the anti-smoking adverts, however, varied substantially depending on executional characteristics. In the design of effective anti-smoking adverts, due attention needs to be paid to those characteristics that appear to most engage youth across different social and cultural environments.
Actor-Oriented Design of Embedded Hardware and Software Systems
Authors: Lee Edward A. , Neuendorffer Stephen , Wirthlin Michael J. 
Published: July 2003

In this paper, we argue that model-based design and platform-based design are two views of the same thing. A platform is an abstraction layer in the design flow. For example, a core-based architecture and an instruction set architecture are platforms. We focus on the set of designs induced by this abstraction layer. For example, the set of all ASICs based on a particular core-based architecture and the set of all x86 programs are induced sets. Hence, a platform is equivalently a set of designs. Model-based design is about using platforms with useful modeling properties to specify designs, and then synthesizing implementations from these specifications. Hence model-based design is the view from above (more abstract, closer to the problem domain) and platform-based design is the view from below (less abstract, closer to the implementation technology). One way to define a platform is to provide a design language. Any valid expression in the language is an element of the set. A platform provides a set of constraints together with known tradeoffs that flow from those constraints. Actor-oriented platforms, such as Simulink, abstract aspects of program-level platforms, such as Java, C++, and VHDL. Actor-oriented platforms orthogonalize the actor definition language and the actor composition language, enabling highly polymorphic actor definitions and design using multiple models of computation. In particular, we concentrate on the use of constrained models of computation in design. The modeling properties implied by well chosen constraints allow more easily understood designs and are preserved during synthesis into program-level descriptions. We illustrate these concepts by describing a design framework built on Ptolemy II.
Numerical Aspects of the Application of Recursive Filters to Variational Statistical Analysis. Part II: Spatially Inhomogeneous and Anisotropic General Covariances
Authors: Purser R. James , Wu Wan-Shu , Parrish David F. , Roberts Nigel M. 
Published: July 2003

Abstract
In this second part of a two-part study of recursive filter techniques applied to the synthesis of covariances in a variational analysis, methods by which non-Gaussian shapes and spatial inhomogeneities and anisotropies for the covariances may be introduced in a well-controlled way are examined. These methods permit an analysis scheme to possess covariance structures with adaptive variations of amplitude, scale, profile shape, and degrees of local anisotropy, all as functions of geographical location and altitude.
First, it is shown how a wider and more useful variety of covariance shapes than just the Gaussian may be obtained by the positive superposition of Gaussian components of different scales, or by further combinations of these operators with the application of Laplacian operators in order for the products to possess negative sidelobes in their radial profiles.
Then it is shown how the techniques of recursive filters may be generalized to admit the construction of covariances whose characteristic scales relative to the grid become adaptive to geographical location, while preserving the necessary properties of self-adjointness and positivity. Special attention is paid to the problems of amplitude control for these spatially inhomogeneous filters and an estimate for the kernel amplitude is proposed based upon an asymptotic analysis of the problem.
Finally, a further generalization of the filters that enables fully anisotropic and geographically adaptive covariances to be constructed in a computationally efficient way is discussed.
A Numerical Study of the Impact of Vertical Shear on the Distribution of Rainfall in Hurricane Bonnie (1998)
Authors: Rogers Robert , Chen Shuyi , Tenerelli Joseph , Willoughby Hugh 
Published: July 2003

Abstract
Despite the significant impacts of torrential rainfall from tropical cyclones at landfall, quantitative precipitation forecasting (QPF) remains an unsolved problem. A key task in improving tropical cyclone QPF is understanding the factors that affect the intensity and distribution of rainfall around the storm. These include the storm motion, topography, and orientation of the coast, and interactions with the environmental flow. The combination of these effects can produce rainfall distributions that may be nearly axisymmetric or highly asymmetric and rainfall amounts that range from 1 or 2 cm to &gt;30 cm.
This study investigates the interactions between a storm and its environmental flow through a numerical simulation of Hurricane Bonnie (1998) that focuses on the role of vertical wind shear in governing azimuthal variations of rainfall. The simulation uses the high-resolution nonhydrostatic fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) to simulate the storm between 0000 UTC 22 August and 0000 UTC 27 August 1998. During this period significant changes in the vertical shear occurred in the simulation. It changed from strong west-southwesterly, and across track, to much weaker south-southwesterly, and along track. Nearly concurrently, the azimuthal distribution of convection changed from a distinct wavenumber-1 pattern to almost azimuthally symmetric by the end of the time period. The strongest convection in the core was generally located on the downshear left side of the shear vector when the shear was strong. The azimuthal distributions and magnitudes of low-level radial inflow, reflectivity, boundary layer divergence, and low-level vertical motion all varied consistently with the evolution of the vertical shear. Additionally, the vortex showed a generally downshear tilt from the vertical. The magnitude of the tilt correlated well with changes in magnitude of the environmental shear. The accumulated rainfall was distributed symmetrically across the track of the storm when the shear was strong and across track, and it was distributed asymmetrically across the track of the storm when the shear was weak and along track.
Inflow Layer Energetics of Hurricane Bonnie (1998) near Landfall
Authors: Wroe Derek R. , Barnes Gary M. 
Published: July 2003

Abstract
On 26 August 1998, a NOAA WP-3D aircraft executed a curved track that mimics an inflow trajectory to the eyewall of Hurricane Bonnie. Global positioning system (GPS) sondes and airborne expendable bathythermographs jettisoned along the trajectory provide the observations to conduct an energy budget for the 1600-m-deep inflow to the eyewall. Surface fluxes are estimated via the bulk aerodynamic equations and the flux at the top of the inflow is solved as a residual.
From 170- to 125-km radial distance from the circulation center the mean θe of the inflow remains constant despite combined sensible and latent surface fluxes in excess of 500 W m−2. Convective cells remove energy from the inflow boundary layer at a rate similar to the inputs from the sea. From 125 to 100 km, in the annulus adjacent to the eyewall, mean θe increases 4.5 K in response to higher surface fluxes and little loss through the inflow top. Energy balance may be achieved by either entrainment of higher θe through the top of the inflow layer, or by inclusion of just half the estimated heat from viscous dissipation. The authors infer that the secondary circulation of the eyewall inhibits convective cells from forming in this region and thus facilitates the rapid increase of energy in the inflow. The results support hypotheses that hurricane intensity appears to be strongly modulated by energy exchange in a meso-β region adjacent to and under the eyewall.
Circulation Regimes and Low-Frequency Oscillations in the South Pacific Sector
Authors: Robertson Andrew W. , Mechoso Carlos R. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe characteristics of subseasonal circulation variability over the South Pacific are examined using 10-day lowpass-filtered 700-hPa geopotential height NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data. The extent to which the variability in each season is characterized by recurrent geographically fixed circulation regimes and/or oscillatory behavior is determined. Two methods of analysis (a K-means cluster analysis and a cross-validated Gaussian mixture model) both indicate three to four geographically fixed circulation regimes in austral fall, winter, and (to some extent) spring. The spatial regime structures are found to be quite similar in each season; they resemble the so-called Pacific–South American (PSA) patterns discussed in previous studies and often referred to as PSA 1 and PSA 2. Oscillatory behavior is investigated using singular spectrum analysis. This identifies a predominantly stationary wave with a period of about 40 days and a spatial structure similar to PSA 1; it is most pronounced in winter and spring and exhibits a noticeable eastward drift as it decays. The power spectrum of variability is otherwise well approximated by a red spectrum, together with enhanced broader-band 15–30-day variability.The results presented herein indicate that low-frequency variability over the South Pacific is not dominated by a propagating wave whose quadrature phases are PSA 1 and PSA 2, as hitherto described. Rather, it is found that the variability is well described by the occurrence of three to four geographically fixed circulation regimes, with a (near) 40-day oscillation that is predominantly stationary in space. The potential subseasonal predictability implied by this duality is discussed. Only during austral spring is a strong correlation found between El Niño and the frequency of occurrence of the circulation regimes.
The Tristate Hailstorm: The Most Costly on Record
Authors: Changnon Stanley A. , Burroughs Jonathan 
Published: July 2003

Abstract
The most damaging hailstorm ever recorded moved from eastern Kansas to southern Illinois during an 8-h period on 10 April 2001, depositing 2.5- to 7.5-cm-diameter hailstones along a 585-km path. A classic long-lived supercell storm was the cause of the record hailfalls. The record-large hailswath size, large and often windblown hailstones, and movement over portions of the St. Louis and Kansas City urban areas led to $1.5 billion in insured losses. This tristate hailstorm and other adjacent hailstorms collectively created $1.9 billion in insured losses in a 2-day period, becoming the ninth most costly weather catastrophe in the United States since property insurance records began in 1949.
Targeted Observations to Improve Operational Tropical Cyclone Track Forecast Guidance
Authors: Aberson Sim D. 
Published: July 2003

Abstract
Since 1997, the Tropical Prediction Center and the Hurricane Research Division have conducted operational synoptic surveillance missions with a Gulfstream IV-SP jet aircraft to improve numerical forecast guidance. Due to limited aircraft resources, optimal observing strategies for these missions must be developed. In the current study, the most rapidly growing modes are represented by areas of large forecast spread in the NCEP bred-vector ensemble forecasting system. The sampling strategy requires sampling of the entire target region with regularly spaced dropwindsonde observations.
Three dynamical models were employed in testing the targeting and sampling strategies. With the assimilation into the numerical guidance of all the observations gathered during the surveillance missions, only the 12-h Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Hurricane Model forecast showed statistically significant improvement. Assimilation of only the subset of data from the subjectively found fully sampled target regions produced a statistically significant reduction of the track forecast errors of up to 25% within the critical first 2 days of the forecast. This is comparable with the cumulative business-as-usual improvement expected over 18 yr.
Evaluation of a Multigrid Barotropic Tropical Cyclone Track Model
Authors: Vigh Jonathan , Fulton Scott R. , DeMaria Mark , Schubert Wayne H. 
Published: July 2003

Abstract
The performance of a multigrid barotropic tropical cyclone track model (MUDBAR) is compared to that of a current operational barotropic model (LBAR). Analysis of track forecast errors for the 2001 Atlantic hurricane season shows that MUDBAR gives accuracy similar to LBAR with substantially lower computational cost. Despite the use of a barotropic model, the MUDBAR forecasts show skill relative to climatology and persistence (CLIPER) out to 5 days.
Influence of Atmospheric Asymmetries on the Intensification of Hurricane Opal: Piecewise PV Inversion Diagnosis of a GFDL Model Forecast
Authors: Shapiro Lloyd J. , Möller J. Dominique 
Published: July 2003

Abstract
Although Hurricane Opal of 1995 is one of the most intensely studied hurricanes ever, the cause of the hurricane's rapid intensification over the Gulf of Mexico is still a matter of controversy. While some authors have concluded that an approaching upper-level atmospheric trough had a significant impact on intensification, others have inferred only a small impact of the trough on the hurricane's strengthening. A recent study by the present authors diagnosed a Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) model forecast and found that eddy fluxes made only a small contribution to the lower-tropospheric evolution of the model hurricane vortex near the core. Thus, at face value, this previous study supported the conclusion that the upper-level trough was not important to the intensification of Opal. As noted in that study, however, in order to isolate the contribution of the trough by itself, the technique of piecewise potential vorticity (PV) inversion is required. The present study is the first to use this method in a diagnostic framework to determine the asymmetric features that contribute to tropical cyclone intensification.
The present study uses the same GFDL hurricane model forecast as in the previous study to diagnose the balanced contribution of various pieces of the asymmetric PV anomaly to the intensification of the model Opal vortex. Though the upper-level trough is an outer-environmental feature, its influence is found to extend into Opal's inner-core region. The eddies associated with the trough induce an upper-level inner-core acceleration. An estimate of the impact of convective feedback on the influence of the upper-level trough on Opal's evolution is made. The results elucidate and modify the conclusions of other authors. There is no indication from the present diagnosis that the upper-level trough was a significant contributor to Opal's lower-tropospheric intensification.