bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
About The Psychiatric Interviews
Authors: Ribeiro Branca Telles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the evening of December 14, 1982, Jurema Cardozo, aged sixty-one, was hospitalized at the Psychiatric Institute of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Earlier that day her family had taken her to a general hospital for emergency cases. She was then transferred to the psychiatric institute, where she was hospitalized (an involuntary entrance). This was her fifth hospitalization in five years, the first one in this institution. No medication was given to her on admission. Doctor Edna Lopes, a recently graduated doctor, was assigned to take care of Jurema.
Toward Listening
Authors: Ribeiro Branca Telles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Laing says that people experience madness as a major breakdown, ‘‘an exile from the scene of being as we know it’: a breakdown in communication, in interaction, in relationships. One stops relating to the other, to the world, and even to oneself. One becomes a stranger by losing one’s sense of self, one’s feelings, one’s place in the world as we know it ([1967] 1974:110). It is not surprising, therefore, that a person remembers so little after a psychotic episode. In Dona Jurema’s discharge interview, for instance, the queries by the doctor about the patient’s earlier experiences remain mostly unanswered: Laing tells us, however, that a psychotic episode does not need to be experienced as a breakdown (f 19671 1974:110). A visit to the inner world need not lead to great estrangement. One way of bridging the gap may be by listening to those that have traveled beyond. In listening, a different kind of understanding may come into being.
Expressing Gratitude in American English
Authors: Eisenstein Miriam , Bodman Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Expressing gratitude has important social value in American English. One indication of its importance is that it is one of the few functions that most speakers can remember being explicitly taught as children. Used frequently in a wide range of interpersonal relationships, this function, when appropriately expressed, can engender feelings of warmth and solidarity among interlocutors. Conversely, the failure to express gratitude adequately can have negative consequences for the relationship of speaker and listener.
Perception and Performance in Native and Nonnative Apology
Authors: Bergman Marc L , Kasper Gabriele 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In terms of their actional characteristics, apologies relate in important ways to other frequently studied expressive speech acts. Like the speech acts of thanking, complimenting, and complaining, apologies occur post-event. Complimenting and thanking involve events deemed praiseworthy by prevailing social norms; complaints and apologies refer back to events that constitute norm infringements. By complimenting and thanking, an event is made into a praiseworthy occasion; by complaining about or apologizing for its occurrence, an event is made into a transgression. In terms of value attribution, the relationship between event and speech act is reflexive rather than unilateral. Complaints, thanks, and compliments commonly hold the addressee to be causally involved in the preceding event; the agent assuming responsibility for the event necessitating the apology is the speaker. Compliments differ from thanks in that thanks require that the addressee’s preceding action be beneficial to the speaker; compliments refer to addressee-related events, which do not need to be beneficial to anybody in particular. The actional descriptors referred to above allow us to distinguish compliments, thanks, complaints, and apologies schematically (Table 4.1).
Interlanguage Features of the Speech Act of Complaining
Authors: Olshtain Elite , Weinbach Liora 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the speech act of complaining, the speaker (S) expresses displeasure or annoyance-censure-as a reaction to a past or ongoing action, the consequences of which are perceived by S as affecting her unfavorably. This complaint is usually addressed to the hearer (H) whom the S holds, at least partially, responsible for the offensive action. For the purpose of this study, censure will be assumed to have been expressed whenever S chooses to verbalize her disapproval of the violation.
Origins Of The Federal Judiciary
Authors: Marcus Maeva 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any discussion of the factors contributing to the longevity of the US Constitution must devote great attention to the development of the federal judiciary. Yet surprisingly, little has been written about the origins of the Judiciary Act of 1789, the legislation that established the federal court system. This volume analyses the Judiciary Act from political, economic and legal perspectives, bringing together the insights of leading scholars from a number of different fields.
Household Budget Data
Authors: Pollak Robert A , Wales Terence J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we report demand system estimates based on household budget data. In Section 1 we demonstrate that interesting complete demand systems can be estimated from a small number of budget studies despite the limited price variability represented in such data. To illustrate we use household data for two years to estimate the LES and the QES. In Section 2 using a larger sample we concentrate on functional form specification and demographic influences on consumption patterns. We compare the LES with the quadratic expenditure system (QES), and the basic translog (BTL) with the generalized translog (GTL). We incorporate the age composition and the number of children using linear demographic translating and linear demographic scaling. In Section 3 we investigate three additional methods of incorporating demographic characteristics; because of the complexity of these procedures we estimate a simpler demand system-the generalized CES-rather than the QES or translog forms. In Section 4 we explore two dynamic QES specifications and introduce a stochastic structure that allows disturbances in each time period to be correlated across households. Due to the complexity of the estimation procedure we analyze separately households with different numbers of children. In Section 5 we explore random coefficient models for the LES and QES.
Netherlands
Authors: Noam Eli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dutch broadcasting has often been idealized from a distance as a particularly pluralist and open system, but it could equally be described as the legacy of extraordinary past societal segregation. In the Netherlands the diversity in religious and political ideology resulted in a unique “pillarized” pluralism. But this system was eventually destabilized by several forces: the weakening hold of denominational and political elites on society; a loosening of collaboration among the ideological pillars; the entry of pirate broadcasters, who could be absorbed only for a while and whose influence on programming spread to the official broadcast associations; the evolution of European integration and opening of borders; and the substantial cabling of the country by municipalities and private firms. These forces overcame the considerable power of the traditional system that had integrated, for a long time, most of the relevant political and social currents of the country.
Denmark
Authors: Noam Eli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Scandinavian tradition of social and cultural concern characterized the development of broadcasting in Denmark. A state monopoly dominated broadcasting throughout most of its history; but broad citizen participation and foreign broadcast spill-ins have tempered its power. In the 1980s, the previously highly constricted one-channel television system was opened significantly through the creation of community radio and television, cable television, and satellitedelivered channels.
Israel
Authors: Noam Eli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Israel’s broadcasting system has been strongly shaped by its use as an instrument of social and cultural integration in a heterogeneous society in the midst of periodic warfare. The government has been reluctant to loosen its control, whether by expansion of channels or by liberalization of entry. However, alternative media options such as pirate cable television, Arab countries’ TV stations, and VCRs forced a change. The consequence was the establishment of cable television and of a second broadcast channel, with the likelihood of satellite program activities. These developments have paved the way to a more diverse television landscape in Israel.
Television in Eastern Europe
Authors: Noam Eli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book’s focus is the dynamic change of media from tight control to diversity. Until 1989, this excluded the eastern part of the continent, where broadcasting was rigorously frozen. After 1989, changes began to occur at a revolutionary pace and the opposite problem arose: Developments were moving so rapidly that no book treatment could avoid being outdated. Given these circumstances, the following chapter is only a brief survey.
Conclusion: The Evolutionary Stages of Broadcasting
Authors: Noam Eli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The preceding country-specific and general chapters of this book have shown the extraordinary evolution in broadcasting systems. Different societies contribute their own distinct features based on their history, politics, geography, demographics, and economics. But these differences should not obscure certain central themes. We can discern five stages of evolution in the broadcast systems of democratic countries. Table 29.1 summarizes them for Europe.
Exodus
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For millions of peasants, the experience of collectivization was associated with departure from the village rather than entry into the kolkhoz. For every thirty peasants who became kolkhozniks in the years 1929-32, ten peasants gave up peasant agriculture and became wage earners. For some, this meant going to work on state farms, but for the majority it meant leaving the countryside. The rate of rural-urban migration reached unprecedented heights at the beginning of the 1930s. More than two and a half million peasants moved from village to town in 1930, compared with about a million a year in the late 1920s. Four million moved in 1931. All twenty of the Soviet Union’s largest cities grew rapidly in this period; and six of them-the rap-idly expanding industrial cities of Sverdlovsk and Perm in the Urals, Stalin-grad and Gorky (Nizhny Novgorod) on the Volga, Stalino (luzovka) in the Donbass, and Novosibirsk in Siberia-doubled or triped their population in the years 1929-32. The population of Moscow-the Soviet Union’s capital and largest city-almost doubled, jumping from 2 million to 3.7 million (a 181 percent increase). The next largest cities of the empire, Leningrad, Baku, and Kharkov, grew almost as dramatically in size.1
The Collectivized Village
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“The kolkhoz” was still an empty vessel waiting to be filled in 1930. The regime had called for collectivization without indicating exactly what it meant. The main type ofkolkhoz in existence in the 1920s-the small kommuna, farming on nonvillage land-was clearly inappropriate as a model. No official guidelines on the structure of the collective farm were distributed until after the initial collectivization assault: indeed, the Model Charter of the Agricultural Artel, signed into law on March 1, 1930, was published in the same issue of Pravda as Stalin’s “Dizzy with Success.” Thus, the Charter could not have served as a guide for collectivizers; rather, it was a summary of what the regime had learned from their recent experiences. The answers to the question “What is a kolkhoz?” emerged only gradually over time. Some of the answers were given in official pronouncements or government legislation. For example, the question of the kolkhoznik’s right to keep a cow was settled by “Dizzy with Success,” while the question of the kolkhoznik’s right to trade was settled by a decree of May 1932. Other answers
The “Job” of the Board: Defining the Portfolio
Authors: Demb Ada , Neubauer F -Friedrich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 2 we developed a concept of governance where boards are one component of a system designed to elicit corporate accountability. We believe they are a key component, although we disagree with those who lay the entire governance responsibility at the door of the boardroom. At a minimum, boards are the most visible component of the system. To fathom the nature of this disagreement and to shed some light on the commonalities and differences between boards, we asked almost 200 board members on both sides of the Atlantic about the mandate of the board in modern corporations. We opened each of our seventy-one interviews with this question: What do you think is the mandate of the board? The phraseology indicates that we were not simply interested in the legal definition of the board mandate for the national settings where our corporations were located; rather,.
Public Telecommunications: A Concept in Transition
Authors: Noam Eli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A number of far-reaching changes in telecommunications policy originated in the United States. Because many were passed under a conservative political regime, they were usually viewed in Europe as the product of American business interests, wrapped in a Chicago free market economic ideology. But more recently, Japan and several European countries have begun to adopt similar policies, or at least to discuss changes that previously seemed unthinkable. This indicates that the changes in telecommunications go deeper than the nature of the respective governments in power and that they reflect a more fundamental transition.
Germany
Authors: Noam Eli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For a discussion of the early history of German postal services, telecommunications, and institutions, the reader is referred to Chapter 2, in which the emergence of the country’s PTT system is discussed. The history of German telecommunications can be said to have begun in 1832, when Prussia introduced an optical telegraph system that connected Berlin with Koblenz on the Rhine. The system was designed for official dispatches only, and a petition by the Berlin Chamber of Commerce to transmit stock market information was emphatically rejected (Allentier, 1973). Later, civilians were permitted to use the telegraph during slack periods, as an effort to supplement state revenues.
Switzerland
Authors: Noam Eli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Swiss PTT is one of Europe’s last “classic” PTTs: It is an exclusive and monopolistic government administration where telecommunications subsidize the postal service with which they are fully integrated. In its equipment interconnection policy and procurement practices, the Swiss PTT is among the more rigid in Europe. At the same time, the quality of its service-in terms of both equipment and manpower-is good, and the density of its coverage is among the highest in the world. Thus, the traditional arrangement has worked reasonably well when the priority was to spread service to every household and when technology and large-user demands were relatively stable.
Ireland
Authors: Noam Eli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The United Telephone Company opened its first exchange (with five subscribers) in 1880.1 United was taken over in 1882 by the Telephone Company of Ireland, which oversaw a slow growth to 500 lines in Dublin by 1988. The operation was acquired in 1893 by the National Telephone Company, which rapidly developed the network to encompass fifty-six exchanges by 1900. The Post Office, which operated the telegraph and feared revenue losses, began in 1893 slowly to invest in trunk lines and submarine cables. By 1908 the Post owned thirty-three exchanges to National’s eighty-five (Litton, 1961).
Israel
Authors: Noam Eli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Israel is closely related to Western Europe in its telecommunications system. Its dynamics of institutional change are similar, and are therefore included in this study. For a long time, Israel’s telecommunications system was that of the classic postal-industrial complex, with the state PTT nurturing the electronics industry in close collaboration with the trade unions. The government, meanwhile, regarded telecommunications as a source of revenue. This system led to dissatisfaction because the expansion and quality of the network were inadequate for the rapidly modernizing society. In 1982, it was decided to spin off telecommunications from the Ministry of Communications and to establish the independent operating company Bezeq. Bezeq (also often spelled Bezek) is still a state monopoly, albeit a regulated and part-private one, but its service orientation and performance have greatly improved.
Telecommunications in Eastern Europe
Authors: Noam Eli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Telecommunications in pre-reform Eastern Europe resembled that of the West in one important aspect: monopoly control over all aspects, under the aegis of a state PTT. Technical capability, performance quality, and service availability, however, were far behind. Telecommunications had long been neglected. According to a World Bank study, networks in Eastern Europe had growth rates of only 3 percent over the last thirty years, and what little investment was made went to new lines, not maintenance or infrastructure (Nulty, 1990). Penetration figures therefore did not reflect poor service quality and outdated equipment.
Telecommunications Policy as Industrial Policy
Authors: Noam Eli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is possible to view international telecommunications as merely a hodgepodge of national systems, each reflecting its society’s history and economics, and each happily self-contained except for collaboration on technical issues. It is equally possible to see national developments as variations on a single technology theme, inexorably driven by an underlying technological determinism, such as the convergence of telecommunications and computers. Or one can argue, as this book does, that common and often non-technical dynamics are changing the institutions of telecommunications: On the demand side, the sharing coalition of network users is breaking down, whereas on the supply side, the coalition in support of the monopoly system is eroding. For a long time the traditional arrangement was remarkably stable, successful, and undisputed. For a number of years, however, it has been subject to forces of disintegration.
International Telecommunications Services
Authors: Noam Eli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The clash between the different policy approaches taken on the two sides of the Atlantic was particularly acute in international communications, partly because of its great profitability. Historically, U.S. policy on international telecommunications had carved up the market into distinct segments, assigning each segment to different kinds of carriers. In the 1970s and 1980s, however, the United States radically restructured its own rules of the game and forced the European countries to respond to a new situation. This led to frequent disputes. American changes destabilized the traditional European system, as analyzed later with the theoretical model of Chapter 40.
Videotex
Authors: Noam Eli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Videotex emerged in 1970, when the British Post Office started work on its viewdata system Prestel, with the aim of integrating the telephones, computers, and the television sets. France followed suit in 1972 with Antiope. In Germany, the Bundespost bought and built upon British rights in the development of its Btx system. In 1979, Canada developed Telidon, which, unlike the others, is based on a geometric rather than an alpha-mosaic display. All systems contended before the CCITT for recognition as the single international standard. The American position held that it was too early to implement standardization because of the rapid development of technologies. Europeans suspected that this view was based on the Americans’ absence from the forefront of videotex development. In 1980, the CCITT recognized three systems-Antiope, Prestel, and Telidon-and agreement or. a common protocol seemed impossible. In 1981, AT&T established its Presentation Level Protocol (PLP), closely related to the Canadian standard. In 1982, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) agreed upon a more mature version of PLP, the North American Presentation Level Protocol Standard (NAPLPS), and submitted it to the CCITT.
Dialogue in Lyric Narrative
Authors: Friedrich Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All lyric poetry is dialogical because the poet, no matter how solipsistic he intends or claims to be, is actually engaging or attempting to engage someone else, an interlocutor. Despite this inevitably dialogical situation, comparatively little lyric poetry, as contrasted with epic or dramatic poetry, contains actual quoted, literal dialogue. The deep structure is always dialogic, whereas the surface structure is only rarely so.
Causal Explanation
Authors: O’shaughnessy John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The type of explanation that is most popularly associated with the scientific enterprise is the causal explanation. In research on buyer behaviour, causal relationships might be assumed to cover any of the following:
External factors causing buying action. The external factors viewed as causing buying response might be culture, reference group pressure, brand name, packaging, and so on.
Mental state causing buying action. The mental states viewed as causing buying response might be attitude, degree of involvement with the purchase, personality, and so on.
External factors causing mental state. The external factors viewed as causing the men tal state (e.g., favourable attitude toward the brand) might be trial usage of the brand, advertising, medical recommendation, and so on.
Mental state causing some subsequent mental state. The mental state of involvement with the purchase might be viewed as causing subsequent complex mental processing.
Explanatory Systems of Psychology
Authors: O’shaughnessy John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Previous chapters explored the four modes of explanation: causal (Chapter 3); temporal/ process causal models (Chapter 4); rational choice models (Chapter 5); and the functional explanation (Chapter 6). Each of these four modes of explanation is present in the marketing literature on buyer behaviour and we have illustrated some major applications. However, we may explain marketing phenomena in any of these modes without claiming the explanation is in any way grounded in the social sciences. Yet systems of psychology and systems of sociology (see Chapter 8) both revolve around some preference for one of the four modes. This is to be expected since, if science is concerned with explanation, such explanations must necessarily reflect one of the given modes. This chapter describes the various systems of psychology to reveal their assumptions, claims, and preferred explanatory mode.