bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of wheat bran on the absorption of minerals in the small intestine
Authors: Sandberg Ann-Sofie , Hasselblad Claes , Hasselblad Kristina , Hultén Leif 
Published: September 2005

1. Studies on mineral absorption were carried out in ileostomy patients using the metabolic balance technique. The effect of wheat bran on the absorption of phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, zinc and iron was studied. The extent of digestion of bran phytate in the stomach and small intestine was also investigated.2. Eight patients with well established conventional ileostomies were studied during two periods while on a constant low-fibre diet. In the second period, 16 g wheat bran/d (American Association of Cereal Chemists) was added to the diet. The amount of phytate-P, non-phytate-P, Ca, Mg, Zn and Fe was determined in the ileostomy contents and in duplicate portions of the diet.3. Of the added bran phytate-P 24–61% was recovered in the ileostomy contents. In the bran period a significantly decreased amount of Zn was absorbed, while the apparent absorption of Fe and phytate-P increased and that of non-phytate-P, Ca and Mg remained constant. Due to the mineral content of bran, the relative absorption differed in some respects from the absolute absorption, being decreased for Zn, Mg and phytate-P but unchanged for Ca, Fe and non-phytate-P.4. It is concluded that phytate is partly digested in the stomach and small intestine or possibly absorbed. Addition of 16 g bran/d to the diet does not seem to impair the mineral absorption from the small intestine except that of Zn.
Serum prolactin levels in undernourished Indian lactating women
Authors: Shatrugna Veena , Raghuramulu Namala , Prema Krishnamurthy 
Published: September 2005

1. Serum prolactin (PRL) levels, both basal and post-suckling peak, were estimated in fifty-seven lactating women.2. Basal PRL levels were significantly higher in all lactating women irrespective of the duration of lactation as compared to the levels in non-pregnant, non-lactating women.3. There was a significant positive correlation (r 0·69, P < 0·001) between the basal PRL levels and the post-suckling peak values.4. After 8 months of lactation, peak post-suckling, PRL levels were not significantly different from basal values.5. Basal PRL levels were significantly lower (P < 0·05) in mothers whose infants were being supplemented.6. PRL levels were not related to the mother's nutritional status as determined by body-weight.7. The findings suggest that high PRL levels during lactation prolong the duration of lactional amenorrhoea and hence the relative infertility.
Effect of maternal fluorine intake on breast milk fluorine content
Authors: Esala S. , Vuori E. , Helle A. 
Published: September 2005

1. Breast milk samples were collected from mothers living in areas having an average of 0.2 and 1.7 μg fluorine/ml in drinking water. The samples were analysed for their ionic and total F concentrations.2. Ionic F was determined after microdiffusion by the fluoride-selective electrode. For total F determinations, milk samples were ashed with magnesium succinate fixative, after which the F concentration was determined as mentioned previously.3. The median totals for F content of breast milk in the low- and high-F areas were 7.0 ng/ml (range 4.3–14.0 ng/ml, fifteen mothers) and 10.9 ng/ml (range 4.5–50.7 ng/ml, nine mothers). The median ionic F concentrations were 5.0 ng/ml (range 3.0–6.3 ng/ml, fifteen mothers) and 8.9 ng/ml (range < 2.0–39.9 ng/ml, nine mothers) respectively. Both the total F (0.01 >P> 0.001) and ionic F (0.05 >P> 0.01) in breast milk were significantly higher in the high-F area compared to the low-F area.4. At the ages of 1, 2 and 3 months, the calculated average total daily F intakes of exclusively breast-fed infants were 4.8 and 7.3 μg; 5.0 and 7.8 μg; 5.4 and 8.5 μg in the low- and high-F areas respectively.
Effects of arginine and lysine addition to casein and soya-bean protein on serum lipids, apolipoproteins, insulin and glucagon in rats
Authors: Sugano M. , Ishiwaki N. , Nagata Y. , Imaizumi K. 
Published: September 2005

1. The effect of variation in arginine: lysine on the relative cholesterolaemic effects of dietary soya-bean protein and casein was studied. Male rats received semi-purified diets containing soya-bean protein isolate or casein supplemented respectively with varingamounts of lysine or arginine for 40 d and blood samples were taken after a 5 h fast.2. Neither the addition of arginine to casein nor lysine to soya-bean protein modifiedthe intrinsic effect of these proteins on serum cholesterol.3. Serum triglyceride levels tended to rise with increasing amounts of lysine supplementation. The opposite trend was obtained with arginine supplementation.4. Casein caused an increase in the concentration of serum insulin, but not glucagon. The glucagon level was increased proportionately with increasing amounts of arginine, while the addition of lysine showed no effect. The effects of added amino acids on serum insulin were inconclusive.5. There was a parallel increase in serum apo E and glucagon in response to arginine supplementation, while lysine supplementation increased serum apo E.6. Thus, arginine:lysine was more effective in regulating serum triglyceride than serum cholesterol. Insulin was associated with different effects of these proteins on serum lipids.
Urea synthesis and degradation in sheep given pelleted-grass diets containing flaked barley
Authors: Norton B. W. , Mackintosh J. B. , Armstrong D. G. 
Published: September 2005

1. Three sheep fitted with rumen and oesophageal cannulas were given hourly the following diets in successive experiments: 1000 g pelleted-grass cubes/d (diet A) and 700 g pelleted-grass cubes plus 300 g flaked barley/d (diet B).2.During the final week of each 4-week dietary regimen, a balance trial was conducted and on separate days each sheep was continuously infused with [14C]urea and NaH14CO3 intravenously and NaH14CO3 intraruminaily. C transfer rates between blood urea, blood bicarbonate and rumen bicarbonate pools were calculated from the specific radioactivity of urea and bicarbonate sampled and isotope infusion rate during each experimental period. In the same period, an oral infusion of 51Cr-EDTA was maintained and salivary flow rate and composition determined from samples collected from the oesophageal fistula.3. The inclusion of flaked barley in the pelleted-grass diet significantly (P < 0·01) increased the apparent digestibility of organic matter (0·069), apparently digestible organic matter intake and nitrogen balance, and increased the efficiency cf dietary N utilization from 0·059 (diet A) to 0·290 (diet B). Increased N balance was the result of a significant (P) < 0·01 reduction in urinary urea excretion.4. The rumen fluid of sheep given diet A had higher pH and bicarbonate concentrations but lower butyric acid concentrations than that of sheep given diet B. There was no significant effect of diet on total volatile fatty-acid or ammonia concentrations in rumen fluid, or on osmolaiity and rumen fluid dilution rate. The irreversible loss of bicarbonate from rumen fluid was markedly increased when flaked barley was included in the diet, with most of the loss occurring directly from rumen fluid.5. Sheep given diet A had higher salivary secretion rates (18·8 l/d) than those given diet B (12·7 l/d), and with the exception of urea, there was no effect of diet on the concentrations of total N, protein N, alpha;-amino-N, uric acid-N or bicarbonate in saliva. Urea concentrations in saliva were significantly correlated (r20·64) with blood urea concentrations, but not with salivary flow rate. Salivary secretions contributed 2·2 and 1·4 gN/d to the rumen of sheep given diets A and B respectively, with urea forming only 45–33% of the total N secreted.6. When flaked barley was included in the pelleted-grass diet, there was a significant (P < 0·01) decrease in urea synthesis rate (diet A 20·0 g N/d, diet B 9·7 g N/d), a significant increase in amount (diet A 2·3 g N/d. diet B 3·0 g N/d) and proportion (diet A 0·024, diet B 0·57) of recycled urea degraded in the rumen. The permeability of the rumen wall to urea was also significantly increased in sheep given the flaked barley diet (diet A 1·35 g N/d, diet B 2·45 g N/d).7. A model of urea metabolism in sheep given each diet is described, and the mechanisms by which flaked barley inclusion increased urea recycling to the rumen and the efficiency of dietary N utilization are discussed.
The measurement of liquid and solid digesta retention in ruminants, equines and rabbits given timothy (Phleum pratense) hay
Authors: Udén Peter , Rounsaville T. R. , Wiggans G. R. , Van Soest P. J. 
Published: September 2005

1. Digesta passage and retention were measured in heifers, sheep, goats, equines and rabbits of varying body-weights when given timothy (Phleum pratense) hay.2. Two passage markers were compared, cobalt (III) ethylene diamine tetraacetate (CoEDTA) and chromiummordanted timothy fibre for liquid and solid phase respectively. Both markers were injected into the rumen of the ruminants and into the caecum of the equines andrabbits.3. In ruminants, two different sets of rate constants (k1 and k2) were derived from a two-pool model for marker passage, using a graphical approach and a computer-based non-linear least-squares curve-fitting technique.4. Retention times, due to unidirectional flow through the gastrointestinal tract (transit time) and due to pool effects (mean retention time, MRT), were calculated.5. Curve fitting was only successful for the excretion of liquids in ruminants. The two-pool model was not applicable to the passage of solids.6. Apparent retention of liquid was always shorter than for solids in all species, except in rabbits. However absorption of CoEDTA was too large in the rabbits to determine liquid retention accurately. Times for first appearance of the two markers were similar within animal groups.7. MRT values were lowest in the rabbit, intermediate in equines and high in the ruminants. The MRT values (h) of solids and liquid respectively were: large heifers 65, 18; small heifers 48, 20; goats 41, 28: sheep 57, 26: equines 23, 18; rabbits 5·3, not determined.8. Liquid retention seemed to decrease somewhat with increasing body-weight in the ruminants. Solids retention decreased with decreasing body-weight in the ruminants, but sheep had longer retention times than goats of similar size. Equines exhibited large individual variation in retention of the liquid or solid markers, seemingly unrelated to size. Noeffect of size was seen in the retention of solids in the rabbits.
Differences in body compositions, growth and food intakes between mice which have been selected for a small or large body size
Authors: Rucklidge Garry J. 
Published: September 2005

1. Q-strain mice selected for high-line (QLF) or low-line (QSC) body-weights at 6 weeks of age were culled to litters of two or eight (QLF-2, QLF-8, QSC-2, QSC-8) at birth andwere suckled in these groups until 19 d of age.2. Body-weights were measured daily for all groups and body compositions compared at birth and 19 and 42 d of age. Food intakes and urinary and faecal nitrogen were measured during metabolism trials between 19 and 42 d.3. QLF-2 and QSC-2 mice grew faster than the corresponding groups of eight until 19 d of age. They also deposited more fat as a percentage of total gain.4. In the period 19–42 d the influence of genetic selection reappeared and was manifest in a slowing of growth rates of QLF-2 and QSC-2 animals so that by 42 d of age therewere no differences in body-weight between the groups within a line.5. During the period 19–42 d the total food intakes of each group within a line did not differ although, on the basis of food intake per unit metabolic body-weight (g/kg body-weight0.75 per d) QLF-2 and QSC-2 ate less food than QLF-8 and QSC-8respectively.6. The differences in body-weight at 19 d between groups were largely overcome by the increased contribution of protein and water to the weight gain of the groups of eight duringthe post-weaning period.
Changes in the distribution of copper and molybdenum after Mo administration and subsequent additional oral or intraperitoneal Cu administration to rats
Authors: Nederbragt H. 
Published: September 2005

1. Male WAG/Cpb inbred rats fed on rations containing 1·5 mg copper/kg (deficient) and 6·0 mg Cu/kg (adequate) were supplemented with molybdenum (500 mg/kg diet). Starting at week 0 rats were killed weekly for up to 6 weeks and the caeruloplasmin activity of plasma, the Cu concentration of plasma, liver and kidney and the Mo concentration of liver and kidney were determined. The experiment was repeated with rats fed on diets of the same composition but given additional Cu for periods of 2 weeks. Cu was given orally by increasing dietary Cu to 6·0 mg/kg and 25·0 mg/kg for Cu-deficient and Cu-adequate rats respectively or intraperitoneally by injecting 75 μg and 250 μg every second day to Cu-deficient and Cu-adequate rats respectively.2. After Mo administration to Cu-deficient rats plasma and kidney Cu and liver and kidney Mo increased but caeruloplasmin activity and liver Cu decreased. In Cu-adequate rats plasma, liver and kidney Cu and liver and kidney Mo increased to much higher levels than in Cu-deficient rats. Caeruloplasmin activity was not affected. Fluctuations in plasma Cu and kidney Mo were correlated closely.3. No qualitative difference between the effect of oral or intraperitoneal Cu administered to Mo-treated Cu-deficient or Cu-adequate rats was found. In Cu-deficient Mo-supplemented rats additional Cu increased plasma Cu, caeruloplasmin activity and liver and kidney Cu and Mo. In Cu-adequate Mo-supplemented rats additional Cu decreased plasma Cu and liver and kidney Mo and increased caeruioplasmin activity and kidney Cu and, to a minor extent, liver Cu.4. In view of the assumption that in rats a Cu, Mo and S containing compound, related to Cu-thiomolybdate, may be formed in vivo the results suggest thai Cu binds to the Mo-S part of the compound; when this compound is formed in the gastro-intestinal tract it can not be absorbed and when it is formed at systemic sites it changes the Cu distribution.
The demonstration of protein-bound 99Mo-di- and trithiomolybdate in sheep plasma after the infusion of 99Mo-labelled molybdate into the rumen
Authors: Mason J. , Kelleher C. A. , Letters Jane 
Published: September 2005

1. Protein-bound, trichloroacetic acid- (TCA) insoluble 99Mo appeared in plasma a few hours after the introduction of 99Mo-labelled molybdate (30 mg Mo) into the rumen of sheep maintained on a basic diet supplemented with elemental sulphur (3 g S/d).2. Most of the 99Mo could be displaced from its protein carrier in vitro and the labelled compounds displaced were identified by Sephadex G-25 chromatography as di- and trithiomolybdate. Tetrathiomolybdate was not detected.3. In control experiments protein-bound, TCA-insoluble 99Mo predominated in plasma after the direct administration of [99Mo]tetrathiomolybdate, either into the rumen or intravenously. The 99 Mo could be displaced in vitro and [99Mo]tetrathiomolybdate identified, although [99Mo]trithiomolybdate was also present.The study provides direct evidence of thiomolybdate synthesis and absorption in ruminants in vivo.
The utilization of protein and energy during lactation in the rat, with particular regard to the use of fat accumulated in pregnancy
Authors: Naismith D. J. , Richardson D. P. , Pritchard Ann E. 
Published: September 2005

1. The deposition of fat during pregnancy and its subsequent mobilization during lactation was studied in the rat. The utilization of protein during lactation was also investigated.2. Fat accumulation was rapid and continuous from early pregnancy. Approximately one-third was deposited subcutaneously, the remainder being stored in central depots.3. The volume of milk produced during lactation was varied by offering protein at two concentrations from day 2 post partum. Optimum lactation was achieved with a high-protein diet. The dams lost no body protein, but 60% of the total body fat was mobilized, despite a marked increase in food consumption. On a low-protein diet, food intake did not rise during lactation. Some body protein was catabolized and, again, 60% of the fat was mobilized although milk output, as judged by the gain in carcass energy of their pups, was reduced to approximately one-third of optimum.4. Protein was used more efficiently by lactating rats, when compared with virgin controls.5. We conclude that fat stored during pregnancy makes a major contribution to the energy costs of lactation, and that its mobilization is under hormonal rather than dietary control.
Urinary 3-methylhistidine excretion in man: the role of protein-bound and soluble 3-methylhistidine
Authors: Huszar Gabor , Golenwsky George , Maiocco John , Davis Edward 
Published: September 2005

1. The influence of dietary meat and meat stock intake on urinary excretion of 3-methylhistidine (3MH) was examined in human adults.2. In the absence of 3MH ingestion for 48 h, the study subjects adjusted to an intrinsic urinary 3MH: creatinine value. If the meat and meat stock-free diet was maintained on subsequent days, only minute diurnal variations occurred, and the values of random urine samples during the day were representative of the 24 h 3MH: creatinine value.3. The mean 3MH: creatinine value (SD) for a group of adults (n7) was 0·105 ± 0·023 (μmol of 3MH/mg creatinine), which is approximately 35% lower than the corresponding value in healthy growing infants (0·148 ± 0·039) (Seashoreet al. 1981).4. Ingestion of meat soup and meat causes different patterns of urinary excretion of 3MH which are consistent with the finding that meat extracts, such as soup and stock, contain considerable amounts of 3MH. The 3MH contents of beef, chicken and turkey were 3·8 ± 0·15, 3·0 ± 0·09 and 2·3 ± 0·29 μmol/g dry wt meat respectively. All three meats contained a water-soluble 3MH-fraction (% total 3MH: beef 8, chicken 21, turkey 23). Amino acid analysis of the soluble fraction with or without hydrochloric acid hydrolysis demonstrated free 3MH in chicken and turkey (5·2 and 2·8% of the total respectively) but not in beef.5. Patients undergoing urinary 3MH measurements should maintain a diet that is free not only of solid meats, but also of meat stock. The ingestion of commercial food products (e.g. frozen or canned meals, sauces, pizza, etc.) may impair the validity of such measurements because of their meat-stock content.6. A dietary regimen is presented which is based on a shorter 12 h urine collection. The shorter collection time is satisfactory in the light of the steady rate of 3MH-excretion after 2 d of a diet free of meat and meat stock.
Effects of whey protein, casein, soya-bean and sunflower proteins on the serum, tissue and faecal steroids in rats
Authors: Sautier C. , Dieng K. , Flament C. , Doucet C. , Suquet J. P. , Lemonnier D. 
Published: September 2005

1. Four groups of rats were fed for 49 d on one of four semi-purified diets, without added cholesterol and containing 230 g/kg of the following isolated proteins: casein, whey, soya-bean or sunflower.2. Whey, soya-bean and sunflower proteins, when compared with casein, decreased the level of serum high-density-lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol. These low cholesterol levels were accompanied by an increase in the daily faecal excretion of neutral sterols and bile acids in the case of soya-bean protein, and by a decrease in the liver cholesterol content, when rats were fed on whey protein.3. Considering the amino acid composition of the four purified proteins, we observed that serum total and HDL-cholesterol levels had a significant positive correlation with tyrosine and glutamic acid, and a negative correlation with cystine and alanine.4. The present study showed that the hypocholesterolaemic effect of dietary proteins was not related to their animal or vegetable origin.
The effects of a dietary excess of leucine on the synthesis of nicotinamide nucleotides in the rat
Authors: Magboul Bahieldin I. , Bender David A. 
Published: September 2005

1. In order to test the suggestion that a dietary excess of leucine may be a precipitating factor in pellagra, rats were fed on diets that provided 15 g leucine/kg in excess of requirements for 7 weeks from weaning. This led to a significant reduction in the concentrations of nicotinamide nucleotides in liver and blood. The effect was only apparent when the diets provided less than a minimally adequate amount of nicotinamide, so that the animals were dependent on the synthesis of nicotinamide nucleotides from tryptophan to meet all or part of their requirements.2. Urinary excretion of N1-methyl nicotinamide was not a useful indicator of tissue concentrations of nicotinamide nucleotides, and seemed not to be adequately sensitive to differentiate between minimal adequacy and marginal deficiency, as demonstrated by changes in concentrations of nicotinamide nucleotides in liver and blood.3. The addition of leucine to incubation media for the measurement of enzyme activity in tissue homogenates at concentrations within the physiological range, led to a significant activation of tryptophan oxygenase (L-tryptophan: oxygen oxidoreductase (decyclizing),EC1.13.11.11) and significant inhibition of kynureninase (L-kynurenine hydrolase,EC3.7.1.3). The effect on tryptophan oxygenase may not be physiologically significant, in view of the considerable range of activity of this enzyme under normal conditions. However, the inhibition of kynureninase, which was primarily competitive with respect to the substrate, probably is physiologically significant, and was enough for this enzyme to become a probable rate-limiting step in tryptophan metabolism and nicotinamide nucleotide synthesis. Other enzymes of the tryptophan – nicotinamide nucleotide pathway were not affected by the addition of leucine to the incubation medium.4. Feeding 15 g leucine/kg diet in excess of minimum requirements had no effect on the activities of tryptophan oxygenase or kynureninase in liver homogenates. This may reflect the reversible competitive nature of the inhibition of kynureninase by leucine, and hence be an artefact of the incubation procedure. Rats fed on the high-leucine diets excreted significantly more kynurenine than did control animals, which is evidence of inhibition of kynureninase in vivo.5. It appears that a dietary excess of leucine, of the order of 15 g/kg above requirements, may be a precipitating factor in pellagra when there is reliance on the synthesis of nicotinamide nucleotides from tryptophan to meet a part or all of the requirements, but not when minimally adequate niacin is available from the diet.