bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Constitutional Policy and Change in Europe: The Nature and Extent of the Challenges
Authors: Hesse Joachim Jens 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
During recent years constitutional issues have claimed increasing attention in many European countries. In Central and Eastern Europe there can be no doubt about what has thrust constitutional debates into the foreground of public life: the social and political transformations which have occurred there present a constitutional challenge of the most urgent kind. These societies, caught up in the simultaneous process of democratization and economic reform, need to establish as soon as possible institutions which will be accepted as legitimate and offer promise of stability.
Government versus Trade Unions
Authors: Bos Dieter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this chapter the government is perceived as an institution which wants to draw some money from selling its property and so willingly cooperates with private shareholders who also are interested in the value of the firm. For an explanation we can assume that the government is interested in reducing the tax pressure, increasing particular public expenditures, reducing the public debt, or ‘taking the nationalised industries out of the public sector borrowing requirement’ (Brittan, 1986). In short: the government is interested in money.
Privatization and Market Entry
Authors: Bos Dieter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Consider a public utility, like gas, electricity, or telecommunications, which is going to be privatized. The government does not want the utility to exploit its monopolistic market position and therefore makes two provisions: it regulates the firm with respect to its prices, and it encourages market entry to promote competition and lower prices. Such a combination of fiscal policy provisions has been applied to privatized firms. A recent UK example is British Telecom.
What is Normative Theory?
Authors: Bos Dieter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A ‘normative’ theory of privatization shows the composition of private and public ownership which maximizes welfare in an economy. Consequently, the respective rules on privatization can be justified by some higher-order value judgments as formally expressed by social welfare functions. It should be noted that the results of normative theory have empirical content: in principle they are empirically applicable.
The Economy
Authors: Bos Dieter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There is one public good whose quantity G 2’.: 0 is determined by the government. The public good serves as the numeraire. Hence G denotes both the quantity of the public good and the corresponding amount of public expenditures. We define an extended price vector Consequently, the public good is perfectly divisible in production, although there is no rivalry in consumption. of whether its shares are owned publicly and privately or wholly privately. The privatized firm of our model can be interpreted as a single firm, as a group of related enterprises, or as the total enterprise sector which was publicly owned before the privatization process started.
Dividend Incomes and Optimal Privatization
Authors: Bos Dieter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we concentrate on the income effects from privatization. Hence we now assume that consumers own shares of the private firms and will buy shares of the privatized firm at a price The government’s instruments are the issue price P and the shares 0h. Therefore, for the first time in our normative analysis, capital income effects matter, because the issue price P may be low and thus lead to considerably large incomes for the owners of the privatized firm. Moreover, the distribution of shares is, of course, of central distributional concern.
Economic Policy in Countries Prone to Temporary Trade Shocks
Authors: Bevan David , Collier Paul , Gunning Jan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The economies of many developing countries are ‘small’, ‘open’, and experience spasmodic external shocks. By ‘small’ we mean that the country is not able to influence its external terms of trade but must accept the prevailing world market prices for its imports and exports. By ‘open’ we mean that international trade forms a substantial component of GDP. In the past decade, economists have developed a model of how small open economies are affected by external shocks, the theory being termed ‘Dutch Disease’ (after the supposed effects of the discovery of natural gas in The Netherlands in the 1960s). We provide a brief summary of this in Section 2.1. However, this theory focuses upon the effects of a permanent change in the terms of trade, whereas the more relevant phenomenon for many developing countries is that of temporary trade booms and slumps which may last for only a few years. The extension of ‘Dutch Disease’ theory to temporary shocks is more recent; it forms the focus of the present review. The key elements of the theory are outlined in Section 2.2. Asymmetries between booms and slumps are discussed in 2.3. Section 3 considers government policies, and Section 4 describes three examples of temporary trade shocks, a coffee boom in Kenya and the oil shocks in Indonesia and Nigeria.
The Pursuit of Industrial Growth: Policy Initiatives and Economic Consequences
Authors: Page John M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
During the period following the Second World War rapid industrialization was viewed as a prerequisite for modernization and structural change in most, if not all, developing countries. The huge differences in the role and importance of industry in developing countries, as opposed to its place in advanced economies, was seen as. perhaps, the principal manifestation of economic backwardness and colonial dependence. Kwame Nkrumah, for example, wrote:
Principles of Taxation for Developing Countries
Authors: Ahmad Ehtisham , Stern Nicholas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Tax systems should be judged and proposals for reform analysed in relation to systematic criteria and principles. Central amongst these will be the effects on the behaviour and welfare of participants in the economic system. The purpose of this chapter is to set out the simple theory of taxation in a form which leads to principles which can guide proposals for reform and practical, but sound, methods for their analysis. In this we trust that we follow the spirit of Ian Little’s work–whilst he has always been interested in practical proposals he has been constant in his insistence on a firm basis in serious economic analysis.
The Colonial Burden: A Comparative Perspective
Authors: Maddison Angus 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Nowadays, the colonial experience gets little attention in development literature and there is a tendency in some quarters to treat its economic impact as unimportant or even benign. This chapter is an attempt to survey its economic impact in the interwar period in Indonesia, which was an extreme case of colonial exploitation. It tries to put Dutch colonialism in comparative perspective. It considers (a) the scale of foreign presence and foreign income which accompanied colonial rule; (b) the payments ‘drain’ to the metropole; and (c) the policy response of the colonial authorities to world recession in the 1930s.
An Optintal Integrated Tax System
Authors: Tuomala Matti 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
So far we have focused our attention on the design of a labour income tax. Other tax and expenditure policies are also often used for the purposes of redistribution. The balance between income taxation and other taxation is undoubtedly one of the oldest issues in taxation policy. In this chapter the interrelation of income tax with other instruments of tax and expenditure policy will be considered in the light of modern optimal tax theory. It is almost conventional wisdom that income taxation is superior as an instrument of redistribution. Commodity taxes, public-sector pricing, and the supply of public goods have been regarded only as a means of allocating resources, not for redistribution. One of the purposes of this chapter is to see how these beliefs hold when income taxation and other instruments are considered in an integrated model.
Critiques Of Rationality As Maximizing Utility
Authors: Walsh Vivian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Any discussion of the criticism which has been levelled at expected utility theory, even a brief sketch like the present, must start with the work of Maurice Allais. Only a few of his leading ideas, how ever, can be noted here. Allais is famous for his examples, which offer us pairs of situations in which a reasonable person, choosing subject to risk, may make what for expected utility theory are conflicting decisions. Thus Allais habitually argued that a rational person might well prefer certainty where this is attainable and important sums of money are at issue, and yet at the very same time when dealing with outcomes which are far from certain, weigh utilities by their probabilities as the theory requires (Allais 1979c: 92). On the other hand, when in the neighbourhood of certain ruin, a rational but prudent person might well follow the dictates of expected utility theory as long as the chances of ruin are small, yet simply stay away from any option where the chances of ruin arc greater than some maximum acceptable level.
Philosophical Implications Of Pareto Optimality
Authors: Walsh Vivian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The rationality claims of neo-classical theory concerning perfectly competitive equilibrium allocations among freely choosing individual agents are centred upon the concept of Pareto optimality (or Pareto efficiency). We have briefly surveyed the elements of the argument necessary to present this concept in a very austere and simple class of neo-classical models, namely Edgeworth economies. In particular, we glanced at the strikingly demanding requirements for perfect competition among the traders, even in this simple model with no productive activity on stage, and no black-box agents-in other words, with methodological individualism strictly fulfilled. The proposition that any perfectly competitive equilib rium would be in the core (or Pareto optimal) was seen to arise naturally in such models.
The Causes and Character of the Arab Exodus from Palestine: the Israel Defence Forces Intelligence Service Analysis of June 1948
Authors: Morris Benny 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Since 1948, two contradictory explanations have dominated the historical debate about the causes of the Palestinian Arab exodus. The ‘traditional’ Arab explanation was that the Yishuv had mounted a pre-planned, systematic campaign of expulsion already unleashed in the first months of the first Israel–Arab war. The official Jewish explanation was that the exodus had been part of a ‘plot’ in which the Arab leaders, inside and outside Palestine, had asked or ordered the Palestinian masses to flee their homes in Jewish-controlled territory in order to embarrass the emergent Jewish state, to justify the subsequent Arab invasion of 15 May, and to clear the ground physically, as it were, for the advance of the invading Arab armies.
Introduction
Authors: Colombo Bernardo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1951-52 at Princeton as a visiting fellow at the Office of Population Research, I enjoyed the opportunity of contact with a brilliant young demographer, John Hajnal. While attending lectures at the Department of Mathematics, he was mainly engaged in preparing documentation for a “Conference on Population Problems” to be held in June 1952 at Williamsburg, Virginia, under the sponsorship of the US National Academy of Sciences. The importance of this initiative is well known among demographers. Hajnal produced two papers that were submitted to the conference participants (Documentation, 1952). The first presented the latest available information and guesses on population growth, natural resources, and economic development. The second addressed the controversies in the field. This second paper was divided into two parts: “Is there a problem?” and “Policies to influence population growth.” Both were structured as dialogues, along the lines followed by Plato and Galileo.
Population Change, Social Security, and the Family in sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Trappe Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I focus on traditional social structures and their change. This is social change, the change of social institutions, in particular the family, the social security network, and its economic basis. Since I emphasize the notion of change, my approach to the problem is necessarily historical. I concentrate on sub-Saharan Africa to the exclusion of other third world regions. The complexity of my task makes a narrowing of the focus necessary. My focus on sub-Saharan Africa means that I consider this area a clearly defined unit. Hence, I accept such phrases as “African Unity,” “African Identity,” and “African Person ality” without reservation.
Introduction
Authors: Marini-Bettolo Giovanni Battista 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
An important relationship exists in every part of the world between health and the environment, whether the environment is predominantly natural, as in tropical countries, or humanly modified, as in the industrialized countries. Health is the most important of the many factors that determine everywhere the quality of life and the welfare of peoples. For each individual, health represents his or her working capacity and, thus, the means to a better life for himself or herself or for the family. If a substantial number of people in a given country are affected by a disease, for example blindness, that society is disadvantaged because blind people are incapable of working at what is normally understood to be full capacity. The focus of this section is on the relationship between health and the environ ment in developing, mainly tropical countries. It is in the tropics that natural factors cause serious human health problems and indirectly affect people’s social, cultural, and economic development. Before elaborating on this statement, I would like to call attention to the influence of the environment on health in industrialized countries. In recent years, considerable research into the correlation between pollution and health has been carried out in these countries, particularly in urban settings. Studies of sample populations to correlate the presence and the concentration of pollutants in the air, water, and soil with the state of human health have proven difficult because of the number of factors that influence the results. For example, lung cancer cannot be directly correlated with the quality of air because of the presence of smokers and nonsmokers in targeted study groups. The exposure to lead from automobile exhaust is certainly harmful, but lead can also be found in many house paints and even in drinking water.
An Ecologist View of the Malthusian Conflict
Authors: Holling C S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I feel uncomfortable, as an ecologist, speaking to an interdisciplinary audience on the Malthusian conflict. That is because we so often use caricatures of other disciplines in order to give sharpness and definition to our own view, to our own understanding, and to our own desires for action. And, in recent years, the caricatures of ecology, as perceived by the public, have little relation to the scientific, biological, and systems traditions that have formed my own ecological research and related policy activities. Disciplinary knowledge is not static. It progresses in lurches of expanded understanding as theory and practice confront reality and as expanded debate with other disciplines widens comprehension. A useful stereotype at one moment can quickly lose its force as issues arise and understanding widens that can better define the human condition and responses to it. That is now the case for a wide range of present issues generated by the expanding and intensifying interaction between people, nature, and economic development.
Gender Gaps in Relationships with Children: Closing or Widening?
Authors: Jensen An-Magritt 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Has a narrowing of the gap between women and men in employment widened the gap between men and children? In other words do we have indications of a ‘feminization of childhood’ appearing side by side with the ‘new role of women’? This chapter argues that a widening of the gender gap in relation to children is taking place. In arguing for such a hypothesis, female employment is regarded as preceding other changes that have taken place during the last decades, particularly in family patterns.
Are the Interests of Women Inherently at Odds with the Interests of Children or the Family? A Viewpoint
Authors: Presser Harriet B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
To ask a data-bound demographer to address this question is a formidable challenge. Yet this issue underlies much of the research demographers do and many of the family policies others propose or enact. If we care about the future, we need to take this question seriously and consider both the assump¬ tions we make about gender differences in parenting and the evidence that supports these assumptions. It is in this context that I proceed—with caution. I begin by defining terms and rephrasing the question according to these definitions; I then attempt to answer the question by posing a general thesis; and I conclude with a policy discussion. My discussion focuses primarily on the United States, since I know the data and policy debates best for this country, but many of the points relate to other highly industrialized countries as well. First, then, some definitions.
Democracy, Freedom and Growth
Authors: Bergström Villy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The concept of ‘political freedom’ can be viewed in two ways, which are related but not identical. The first defines ‘democracy’ and ‘political freedom’ based upon the existence of free competitive (that is, more than one party) elections. This definition was used in Table 2.2 above. The second focuses on the amount of civil and economic rights that are available to the population: the existence of competitive elections is obviously one major civil right, but others include freedom of the press, freedom of movement, etc.
Income Distribution, Fiscal Policy and Growth
Authors: Bergström Villy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the models of income distribution and growth surveyed in Chapter 4, fiscal policy plays a crucial role in both the political mechanism and the economic mechanism. In the former, government expenditure and the tax rate depend on the distribution of income through the voting process. In the latter, government expenditure and the associated tax rate affect the incentives to invest and therefore the rate of growth. We estimate these two mechanisms in this section: thus, we go beyond the results presented before by decomposing the reduced form regression into its two main components.
The Neoclassical and Endogenous Growth View of Income and Productivity Convergence
Authors: Bergström Villy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the 1950s, Robert M. Solow developed a model that has come to be a standard instrument in the study of economic growth. In this model, the rate of economic growth depends on the speed with which the input of the factors of production-capital and labour-increases. Ongoing growth may be a result of an increase in input of either or both the factors of production.
In Solow’s model, increased saving and capital accumulation leads to a rise in the steady state of production and thereby to only a temporary increase in the rate of growth. Initially, the capital stock per capita rises, and thereby also production per capita. But since capital is assumed to show decreasing returns, the increase in production will decline until the higher saving is matched exactly by the input of capital required to keep the capital stock per capita constant. Production per capita does not increase in the steady state. To the extent that growth occurs, it is determined by technical progress that is not explicable within the framework of the theory.
Comment
Authors: Lommerud Kjell Erik 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this interesting paper, Hansson and Henrekson pursue a twofold aim. First, it summarizes empirical research on the ‘catching up’ effect in economic growth, second, it presents the authors’ own work in the field. Their own research on the topic, in turn, draws on three separate studies. I will use most of the allotted space to comment upon these studies one by one.
Comment
Authors: Agell Jonas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This paper addresses an important question. What kind of social institutions, in a very broad sense, are likely to promote growth and development? Why have countries as diverse as Austria, Finland, Korea and Taiwan been success stories in the post-war period, while things have gone sour for countries like Peru and Uruguay? The paper suggests a definite answer. The success stories have been characterized by a high degree of social corporatism. A powerful state, spearheaded by a competent bureaucracy, has actively intervened in the development process. The private sector has been dominated by a few large players, primarily organized labour and nation-wide business confederations. Strategic decisions on economic and industrial policy have been taken in concert between the state and the private players.
Some Cultural Underpinnings of Male Sexual Behaviour Patterns in Thailand
Authors: Vanlandingham Mark , Grandjean Nancy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Many observers of Thai society have been puzzled by the persistence of unsafe sexual practices in the presence of a widening HIV epidemic.1 Recent surveys indicate that most young Thai men have visited prostitutes, and many do so with out the protection of condoms (Nopkesorn et al.,1991; Sittitrai et al.,1991; VanLandingham, 1993). The government and various nongovernmental organ izations have invested heavily in educating people about the dangers of these behaviours, and this strategy has succeeded in improving the level of understand ing that many Thais have about AIDS. Still, a significant proportion of men who appear to be aware of the potential consequences continue to engage in un protected sex with prostitutes.We argue that this behaviour is not as paradoxical as it may seem on the surface, given the long history of multiple sexual partners for men and several contempor ary cultural features that are consistent with sexual risk-taking for young Thai men. To support our argument we draw upon data we collected with our Thai col leagues in a northern Thai city (Chiang Mai) and attempt to synthesize these data with other analyses of Thai sexual behaviour and Thai culture.
German Monetary Policy as Reflected in the Academic Debate
Authors: Richter Rudolf 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This article deals with the academic debate on monetary policy during the past 50 years, especially that in (West) Germany. It seeks to make a contribution to unravelling the history of the theory, or better the dogma, of central bank policy. Theoreticians, in contrast to historians, love to generalize and speculate; accordingly, the article covers more the broad lines of debate, rather than entering into the details, and I have not hesitated to indulge in supposition. The last 50 years, 1948–98, began with a variant of the international gold-exchange standard and ended with the start of an international paper standard. The break occurred at around the middle, between 1971 and 1973. The pace of this change becomes evident if one looks back a further 50 years, to the start of this century, the heyday of the international gold standard. Paper money was then considered to be suitable only for use in emergencies, and not at all for international exchange. Only a few, abstract-thinking economists considered an international paper standard possible and desirable, among them Knut Wicksell, the founder of the modern theory of money.