bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiple family therapy for anorexia nervosa: concepts, experiences and results
Authors: Scholz Michael , Rix Maud , Scholz Katja , Gantchev Krassimir , Thömke Volker 
Published: April 2005

AbstractMultiple family therapy (MFT) is an increasingly popular treatment approach for adolescents suffering from anorexia nervosa and their families. This paper describes the ingredients and different phases of this treatment, and outlines its indications and contra‐indications. Relationship patterns in families containing anorectic teenagers are examined, with a special emphasis on identifying areas for change in family relationships. Results with regard to the overall acceptability of the approach are presented.
The effect of spironolactone on experimental periodontitis in rats
Authors: Grauballe M. C. B. , Bentzen B. H. , Björnsson M. , Moe D. , Jonassen T. E. N. , Bendtzen K. , Stoltze K. , Holmstrup P. 
Published: April 2005

Background:  Elevated levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) have been found in patients with adult periodontitis. Animal studies have shown that TNF plays an important role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. New findings suggest that the aldosterone‐inhibitor spironolactone possesses an anti‐TNF effect. The purpose of the study was to determine the anti‐TNF effect of spironolactone in an endotoxic shock rat model and to disclose the effect of oral administration of spironolactone on the development of experimental periodontitis in rats.Methods:  The study was divided in two parts. Part 1: oral administration of spironolactone (100 mg/kg) followed by intravenous lipopolysaccharide (1 mg/kg) infusion 45 min later. Blood samples were taken before and 90 min after lipopolysaccharide infusion to determine the TNF levels in spironolactone treated and non‐treated rats. Part 2: oral administration of spironolactone [100 mg/(kg day)] starting 2 days prior to induction of experimental periodontitis established by peridental ligatures. Morphometrical and radiographical registrations of alveolar bone destruction were carried out to determine the effect of spironolactone on the progression of experimental periodontitis.Results:  In part 1 the endotoxic shock model showed a significant reduction in TNF levels in the spironolactone‐treated group compared to the non‐treated group, suggesting that spironolactone acts as a TNF inhibitor. In part 2 spironolactone‐treated rats did not demonstrate significantly less alveolar bone destruction compared to non‐treated rats.Conclusions:  The insignificant effect of spironolactone treatment could be explained by the fast metabolism of spironolactone and that spironolactone does not completely inhibit TNF production in rats. Moreover, many other cytokines and mediators involved in alveolar bone destruction may account for the lacking response to spironolactone.
Cyclosporin A promotes mineralization by human cementoblastoma‐derived cells in culture
Authors: Arzate Higinio , Alvarez Marco A. , Narayanan A. Sampath 
Published: April 2005

Objective: The immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A has been shown to induce cementum depositionin vivoin experimental animals. Using cementoblastoma‐derived cells, we have studied whether this drug will be useful to study cementum mineralization and differentiationin vitro.Methods: Human cementoblastoma cells and gingival fibroblasts (controls) were cultured and treated with 0.5, 1.0 and 5.0 µg/ml of cyclosporin A. Cell proliferation was evaluated by MTT (tetrazolium) assay and cell number, and cell viability was assessed by trypan blue dye exclusion. Induction of mineralization was evaluated by alizarin red S staining to detect mineralized nodules and by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) to assess the expression of bone differentiation markers alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, bone sialoprotein and core‐binding factor a1 (Cbfa1).Results: Cyclosporin A at 5.0 µg/ml concentration reduced significantly the increase in the number of cementoblastoma cells. A dose‐dependent increase in the number of mineralized nodules occurred in cultures of cementoblastoma‐derived cells treated with cyclosporin A, and RT–PCR analyses showed significantly higher levels of expression of alkaline phosphatase, bone sialoprotein, type I collagen, matrix metalloproteinase‐1, osteocalcin, osteopontin, and Cbfa1. Human gingival fibroblast proliferation and cell number were not affected. Mineralized nodules were not detected in gingival fibroblasts and bone specific proteins were not expressed.Conclusions: Presence of cyclosporin A during 14‐day culture period appears to suppress the proliferation of cementoblastoma cells and induce the formation mineralized‐like tissue by these cells.
The up‐regulation of heme oxygenase‐1 expression in human gingival fibroblasts stimulated with nicotine
Authors: Chang Yu‐Chao , Lai Chung‐Chih , Lin Li‐Fen , Ni Wei‐Fen , Tsai Chung‐Hung 
Published: April 2005

Background:  Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor in the development and further progression of periodontal diseases. Heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) is known as a stress‐inducible protein and functions as an antioxidant enzyme. There is limited information on the expression of HO‐1 in smoking‐associated periodontal disease.Objectives:  The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of nicotine on the expression of HO‐1 protein in cultured human gingival fibroblasts in vitro and further to compare HO‐1 expression in gingival tissues obtained from cigarette smokers and non‐smokers in vivo.Methods:  Western blot assay was used to investigate the effects on human gingival fibroblasts exposed to nicotine. In addition, antioxidants catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and N‐acetyl‐l‐cysteine (NAC) were added to test how they modulated the effects on nicotine‐induced HO‐1 expression. Gingival biopsies taken from the flap surgery of 20 male patients with periodontal disease (10 cigarette smokers and 10 non‐smokers) were examined by immunohistochemistry.Results:  The exposure of quiescent human gingival fibroblasts to 10 mm nicotine resulted in the induction of HO‐1 protein expression in a time‐dependent manner (p < 0.05). The addition of glutathione (GSH) precursor NAC inhibited the nicotine‐induced HO‐1 protein expression (p < 0.05). However, SOD and catalase did not decrease the nicotine‐induced HO‐1 protein expression (p > 0.05). The results from immunohistochemistry demonstrated that HO‐1 expression was significantly higher in cigarette smokers (p < 0.05). HO‐1 was noted in the basal layers of epithelium, inflammatory cells, and fibroblasts in specimens from cigarette smoking.Conclusions:  Taken together, these results suggest that HO‐1 expression is significantly up‐regulated in gingival tissues from cigarette smokers, and nicotine may, among other constituents, be responsible for the enhanced HO‐1 expression in vivo. The regulation of HO‐1 expression induced by nicotine is critically dependent on the intracellular GSH concentration.
Roles of CD4+T-Cell-Independent and -Dependent Antibody Responses in the Control of Influenza Virus Infection: Evidence for Noncognate CD4+T-Cell Activities That Enhance the Therapeutic Activity of Antiviral Antibodies
Authors: Mozdzanowska Krystyna , Furchner Michelle , Zharikova Darya , Feng JingQi , Gerhard Walter 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACTPrevious studies have indicated that B cells make a significant contribution to the resolution of influenza virus infection. To determine how B cells participate in the control of the infection, we transferred intact, major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II)-negative or B-cell receptor (BCR)-transgenic spleen cells into B-cell-deficient and CD8+T-cell-depleted μMT mice, termed μMT(−8), and tested them for ability to recover from infection. μMT(−8) mice that received no spleen cells invariably succumbed to the infection within 20 days, indicating that CD4+T-cell activities had no significant therapeutic activity on their own; in fact, they were harmful and decreased survival time. Interestingly, however, they became beneficial in the presence of antiviral antibody (Ab). Injection of MHC-II(−/−)spleen cells, which can provide CD4+T-cell-independent (TI) but not T-cell-dependent (TD) activities, delayed mortality but only rarely resulted in clearance of the infection. By contrast, 80% of μMT(−8) mice injected with normal spleen cells survived and resolved the infection. Transfer of BCR-transgenic spleen cells, which contained ∼10 times fewer virus-specific precursor B cells than normal spleen cells, had no significant impact on the course of the infection. Taken together, the results suggest that B cells contribute to the control of the infection mainly through production of virus-specific Abs and that the TD Ab response is therapeutically more effective than the TI response. In addition, CD4+T cells appear to contribute, apart from promoting the TD Ab response, by improving the therapeutic activity of Ab-mediated effector mechanisms.
Scale of protection and the various types of sports mouthguard
Authors: Patrick D G , van Noort R , Found M S 
Published: April 2005

Objectives:To present a grading system of the protection offered by various types of mouthguard, together with an indication of associated risks, in order to make athletes aware of the consequences of improper or no mouth protection.Methods:A review of the literature on mouthguards, mouthguard materials, and novel laminates for mouthguards was carried out as it was apparent that information on mouthguards was lacking. Studies on stock (or unfitted) mouthguards, mouth formed (boil and bite) mouthguards, and custom mouthguards are reviewed.Results:A scale of protection offered by various mouthguards and novel laminates has been produced, where 0 indicates no mouthguard and 10 indicates a custom made mouthguard offering excellent protection.Conclusions:From work carried out on laminates and the manufacturing processes of mouthguards, it became apparent that information was lacking to enable athletes make informed decisions about the best oral protection for their chosen sport.
A prospective study of injuries and training amongst the England 2003 Rugby World Cup squad
Authors: Brooks J H M , Fuller C W , Kemp S P T , Reddin D B 
Published: April 2005

Objectives:To assess the aetiology, incidence, severity, and causes of injuries to England rugby union players during preparation for and participation in the 2003 Rugby World Cup.Method:A 63 week prospective design was employed to study the training practices and injuries of England rugby players. The team physician reported all training and match injuries and provided details of the location, diagnosis, severity, and mechanism of each injury. The team fitness coach reported details of the number and duration of training sessions and the time dedicated to rugby and conditioning training. Players’ stature, body mass, and skinfolds were measured at the beginning and end of the study period.Results:The overall incidence of injury was 17 injuries/1000 h of exposure (match: 218 injuries/1000 h; training: 6.1 injuries/1000 h). The major locations of injuries were the lower (60%) and upper (17%) limbs and the most common diagnoses were muscle and tendon (50%) and joint (non-bone) and ligament (41%) injuries. The highest incidences of match injuries occurred whilst being tackled (50 injuries/1000 h) and in a ruck or maul (35 injuries/1000 h), whilst the greatest incidences of training injuries occurred during endurance running (24 injuries/1000 h) and contact activities (20 injuries/1000 h). Players’ average body mass increased and skinfold measurement decreased significantly over the study period.Conclusions:The incidence of match injuries at international level was found to be higher than previously reported. The tackle, ruck, and maul elements of match play and the endurance running and contact elements of training presented the highest risk of injury for all players.
Acute effects of a single open sea air dive and post-dive posture on cardiac output and pulmonary gas exchange in recreational divers
Authors: Dujic Z , Bakovic D , Marinovic-Terzic I , Eterovic D 
Published: April 2005

Objective:To evaluate the cardiopulmonary effects of open sea scuba air diving to 39 m (30 minutes bottom time) with standard decompression. To account for possible gravity dependent effects of venous gas bubbles, the variables were measured in different post-dive body postures and compared with the baseline values before the dive in the same posture.Methods:Eight male divers conducted two similar dives on successive days. Their posture before and after the dive was either sitting or supine, in random order. The divers were evaluated before and 30, 60, and 90 minutes after the dive. Venous bubbles were detected by precordial Doppler after the dive in four divers in the supine posture and two divers in the sitting posture.Results:Arterialised oxygen tension had decreased at all times after the dive (−11.3 mm Hg, p  =  0.00006), due to decreased alveolar oxygen tension, irrespective of posture. Apart from an increase in the sitting posture 30 minutes after the dive, pulmonary capacity for carbon monoxide diffusion and cardiac index decreased, mostly 60 minutes after the dive (−9%, p  =  0.0003 and −20%, p  =  0.0002 respectively). The decrease in cardiac index was greater in the supine posture (p  =  0.0004), and the physiological dead space/tidal volume ratio increased more in the sitting position (p  =  0.006).Conclusions:Field dives are associated with moderate impairments in cardiac output and gas exchange. Some of these impairments appear to depend on the posture of the diver after the dive.
The kick with the kite: an analysis of kite surfing related off shore rescue missions in Cape Town, South Africa
Authors: Exadaktylos A K , Sclabas G M , Blake I , Swemmer K , McCormick G , Erasmus P 
Published: April 2005

Background:This study analyses kite surfing related off shore rescue missions in Cape Town, South Africa with the aim of providing more information on the frequency, pattern, and severity of kite surfing related injuries.Methods:The observation period for this study started on October 1, 2003 and ended on May 1, 2004 and included 30 air rescue missions. Data and information were collected prospectively.Results:The Air Mercy Service in Cape Town Province responded to 30 requests for help. Twenty five accidents were attributed to inability to detach the kite from the harness. Injuries occurred in five incidents and included fractures of the upper arm, ribs and ankle, and lacerations and contusions to the head and neck. Two patients suffered from hypothermia and one experienced severe exhaustion. All surfers were rescued successfully and there were no fatal accidents.Discussion:The risk potential of this new sport is unclear. Dangerous situations can occur despite proper training and safety precautions due to unpredictable conditions and difficulties with equipment. Safety should be stressed. Surfers should sailing with a fellow kiter and should wear a life vest. More efforts must be taken to make this booming new water sport safer.
Exercise over-stress and maximal muscle oxidative metabolism: a31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy case report
Authors: Newcomer B R , Sirikul B , Hunter G R , Larson-Meyer E , Bamman M 
Published: April 2005

Objective:31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was used to document long lasting losses in muscle oxidative capacity after bouts of intense endurance exercise.Methods:The subject was a 34 year old highly fit female cyclist (Vo2max =  53.3 ml/kg/min). Over a five month period, she participated in three separate intense bouts of acute unaccustomed exercise.31P MRS measurements were performed seven weeks after the first bout and every two weeks for 14 more weeks. In all cases,31P MRS measurements followed three days after each bout.Results:The subject showed a decreased ability to generate ATP from oxidative phosphorylation and an increased reliance on anaerobic ATP production during the 70% and 100% maximal voluntary contractions after the exercise bouts. Increased rates of fatigue and increased indicators of exercise difficulty also accompanied these reductions in muscle oxidative capacity. Increased oxidative and anaerobic ATP production were needed to maintain the work level during a submaximal 45% maximal voluntary contraction exercise.Conclusions:Acute increases in intensity accompanied by a change in exercise mode can influence the ability of muscle to generate ATP. The muscles were less economical and required more ATP to generate force during the submaximal exercises. During the maximal exercises, the muscle’s mitochondria showed a reduced oxidative capacity. However, these reductions in oxidative capacity at the muscle level were not associated with changes in whole body maximal oxygen uptake. Finally, these reductions in muscular oxidative capacity were accompanied by increased rates of anaerobic ATP production, fatigue, and indicators of exercise difficulty.
EXCITATIONS IN CONFINED LIQUID 4He
Authors: ALBERGAMO FRANCESCO 
Published: April 2005

The spectacular properties of liquid helium at low temperature are generally accepted as the signature of the bosonic nature of this system. Particularly the superfluid phase is identified with a Bose–Einstein condensed fluid. However, the relationship between the superfluidity and the Bose–Einstein condensation is still largely unknown. Studying a perturbed liquid 4 He system would provide information on the relationship between the two phenomena. Liquid 4 He confined in porous media provides an excellent example of a boson system submitted to disorder and finite-size effects. Much care should be paid to the sample preparation, particularly the confining condition should be defined quantitatively. To achieve homogeneous confinement conditions, firstly a suitable porous sample should be selected, the experiments should then be conducted at a lower pressure than the saturated vapor pressure of bulk helium. Several interesting effects have been shown in confined 4 He samples prepared as described above. Particularly we report the observation of the separation of the superfluid-normal fluid transition temperature, T c , from the temperature at which the Bose–Einstein condensation is believed to start, T BEC , the existence of metastable densities for the confined liquid accessible to the bulk system as a short-lived metastable state only and strong clues for a finite lifetime of the elementary excitations at temperatures as low as 0.4 K .
High Prevalence of Circulating CD4+CD28−T-Cells in Patients With Small Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms
Authors: Duftner Christina , Seiler Rüdiger , Klein-Weigel Peter , Göbel Heike , Goldberger Christian , Ihling Christian , Fraedrich Gustav , Schirmer Michael 
Published: April 2005

Objective—To assess the possible role of proinflammatory CD28−T cells in abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). Animal studies and human tissue studies suggest a role for interferon (IFN)-γ–producing T cells in the development and progression of AAAs.Methods and Results—Fluorescence-activated cells sorter analysis of peripheral blood samples and measurement of AAA size using sonography were performed in 101 AAA patients and 38 healthy controls. Peripheral percentages of CD28−T cells of the CD3+CD4+and the CD3+CD8+were enriched in AAA patients with 7.8±8.8% and 41.9±15.7% compared with healthy controls with 2.2±6.1% and 24.9±15.5%, respectively (P=0.002 andP<0.001, respectively). Both CD4+CD28−and CD8+CD28−T cells produced large amounts of IFN-γ and perforin. Patients with small AAAs (<4 cm) showed higher peripheral levels of CD4+CD28−T cells than those with larger AAAs (P=0.025). Immunohistological examinations revealed 39.1±17.2% CD4+CD28−and 44.0±13.8% CD8+CD28−in AAA tissue specimens with inflammatory infiltrates.Conclusions—IFN-γ– and perforin-producing CD28−T cells are present in the periphery and the vessel wall of a majority of AAAs. This observation in humans favors the concept of a T cell–mediated pathophysiology of AAAs, especially during the early development of AAAs.
Platelet-Leukocyte Interaction and Platelet Activation in Acute Stroke With and Without Preceding Infection
Authors: Zeller J.A. , Lenz A. , Eschenfelder C.C. , Zunker P. , Deuschl G. 
Published: April 2005

Objective—Acute coronary syndromes and ischemic cerebral stroke share similarities regarding elevated platelet activation. In coronary syndromes, the importance of inflammation with platelet-leukocyte interaction has been demonstrated. Recent infection is an established risk factor for ischemic stroke; the role of platelet-leukocyte interaction in these patients had not been investigated.Methods and Results—Using a flow cytometric assay we investigated 58 stroke patients, 21 with and 37 without infection 1 week before acute cerebral ischemia, and compared them to 58 controls with regard to platelet-leukocyte aggregation and platelet activation on admission and on day 7. Patients with previous infection were significantly up-regulated with regard to platelet activation and platelet-leukocyte aggregation compared with patients without infection. On day 7, these increases in the postinfective group had drawn level with the lower values of the other patients. As reported previously, recent infection was associated with a more severe postischemic deficit.Conclusions—These results suggest an important role of intercellular platelet-leukocyte interaction in the pathophysiology of acute cerebral ischemia which may also contribute to the increased incidence and clinical severity of ischemic stroke following infection. This may lead to therapeutic considerations of blocking intercellular adhesion molecules like P-selectin or the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand.
Increased DNA microarray hybridization specificity using sscDNA targets
Authors: Barker Christopher S , Griffin Chandi , Dolganov Gregory M , Hanspers Kristina , Yang Jean Yee Hwa , Erle David J 
Published: April 2005

Abstract

Background
The most widely used amplification method for microarray analysis of gene expression uses T7 RNA polymerase-driven in vitro transcription (IVT) to produce complementary RNA (cRNA) that can be hybridized to arrays. However, multiple rounds of amplification are required when assaying very small amounts of starting RNA. Moreover, certain cRNA-DNA mismatches are more stable than the analogous cDNA-DNA mismatches and this might increase non-specific hybridization. We sought to determine whether a recently developed linear isothermal amplification method (ribo-SPIA) that produces single stranded cDNA would offer advantages over traditional IVT-based methods for microarray-based analyses of transcript expression.

Results
A single round of ribo-SPIA amplification produced sufficient sscDNA for hybridizations when as little as 5 ng of starting total RNA was used. Comparisons of probe set signal intensities obtained from replicate amplifications showed consistently high correlations (r = 0.99). We compared gene expression in two different human RNA samples using ribo-SPIA. Compared with one round IVT, ribo-SPIA had a larger dynamic range and correlated better with quantitative PCR results even though we used 1000-fold less starting RNA. The improved dynamic range was associated with decreases in hybridization to mismatch control probes.

Conclusion
The use of amplified sscDNA may offer substantial advantages over IVT-based amplification methods, especially when very limited amounts of starting RNA are available. The use of sscDNA targets instead of cRNA targets appears to improve hybridization specificity.