bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)‐based specific labeling ofCryptosporidiumoocysts for detection in environmental samples
Authors: Chung J. , Vesey G. , Gauci M. , Ashbolt N.J. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractBackgroundAccurate detection and quantification ofCryptosporidiumoocysts in water are a challenge to the water industry. This article demonstrates a way to fluorescently labelCryptosporidiumoocysts, based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). Labeled oocysts can then be applied to environmental waters and their movement followed by flow cytometric detection and enumeration of the FRET‐labeled oocysts, as demonstrated here with environmental water samples.MethodsCryptosporidiumoocysts were labeled with three fluorochromes, FITC, Texas red, and Cy7, that through FRET yielded a Stokes shift of ∼272 nm with excitation from a standard argon laser emitting at 488 nm. Defined flow cytometric settings and gatings were used to select FITC/green (530‐nm), Texas red/red (650‐nm), and Cy7/infrared (780‐nm) fluorescing particles with light scatter properties similar to oocysts. Water concentrates were seeded with 10 tri‐labeled oocysts and were analyzed using flow cytometry. Unseeded water concentrates were also analyzed.ResultsAnalysis of unseeded water concentrates detected no autofluorescent particle similar to the labeled oocysts. Labeled oocysts were detected successfully with up to 85% recovery in water concentrates spiked with 10 tri‐labeled oocysts.ConclusionsLow numbers of FRET‐labeled oocysts can be quantified and clearly distinguished from autofluorescing background in environmental water concentrates. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oral spray insulin in treatment of type 2 diabetes: a comparison of efficacy of the oral spray insulin (Oralin) with subcutaneous (SC) insulin injection, a proof of concept study
Authors: Guevara‐Aguirre Jaime , Guevara Marco , Saavedra Jeannette , Mihic Marko , Modi Pankaj 
Published: April 2004

AbstractObjectiveProof‐of‐concept study of evaluation of metabolic effect of novel oral spray insulin (Oralin) formulation at breakfast time in subjects with type 2 diabetes on multiple daily injections.Research design and methodsThis was an open‐label, crossover, randomized study in (n = 23) subjects with type 2 diabetes on multiple daily injections. Subjects received each treatment, in random order, 3 to 7 days apart—a daily dose of SC injection (0.1 u/kg) on one occasion and Oralin spray (100 u) at time 0 min on another occasion. Subjects were given a standard breakfast containing 360 cal (Sustacal liquid meal) 10 min after the dose. Blood samples were taken at regular intervals to measure glucose, insulin, and C‐peptide.ResultsThe 30‐ and 60‐min postprandial glucose levels were significantly lowered with Oralin versus that with the injection treatment (146 ± 5 mg/dL Oralin vs 184 ± 7 mg/dL injection at 30 min and 192 ± 6 mg/dL Oralin vs 236 ± 9 mg/dL injection, p < 0.003 at 60 min). The rise in serum insulin levels was significantly higher (Cmax = 98 ± 6 uU/mL for Oralin at 30 min vs 65 ± 3 uU/ml injection, p < 0.001). The reduction in C‐peptide was greater in Oralin during the first 60 min (1.38 ± 0.21 ng/mL Oralin vs 1.75 ± 0.38 ng/mL injection, p < 0.001).ConclusionsThis proof‐of‐concept study results demonstrated that Oralin could be used as meal insulin in place of mealtime‐insulin injections in subjects with type 2 diabetes to regulate the postprandial glucose levels. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance improvement of disk array subsystems having shared cache and control memories
Authors: Takahashi Naoya , Kurosu Yasuo 
Published: April 2004

AbstractAmid trends toward the unification of storage in information systems and improvements in their operating efficiency, increased speed and greater numbers of channels for host connections are needed in disk arrays. In this paper, the authors focus on the fact that for increasing speed the network structure is more useful than the bus structure in terms of an approach for several microprocessors which comprise a disk array and the memory connections shared with them. The authors then propose a hybrid star network configuration which uses a hierarchical star network with connections over switches to cache memory where data from the host is stored temporarily, and a star network with direct connections with control memory where control tables for cache memory and other types of control information are stored. The authors create a disk array with a 32‐channel host interface using their approach, and then implement a performance evaluation. The results show that sequential performance of 920 MB per second and transaction performance of 160 kIO per second are achieved. This is equivalent to a 5‐fold increase for the former and a 2.5‐fold increase for the latter compared to a disk array using a conventional bus setup. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 87(10): 1–14, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20103
A method for obtaining a foot region from time‐sequential images of foot pressure for gait guidance
Authors: Shimada Satoshi , Ohtsuka Sakuichi , Tomono Akira , Arai Masanobu 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA method to analyze gait based on the foot pressure distribution for several steps performed in a natural state would be useful for analyzing gait attributes and walking motion. Extracting each foot region from the foot pressure distribution is a problem in this situation. In this paper, the authors propose a method to measure the position of the foot region by focusing on distinguishing between when the center path of the foot pressure distribution when walking approximates a sine wave or follows a straight line with respect to the walking direction, and to automatically extract the foot region based on grouping the regions around the estimated positions. Based on the results of evaluation experiments, fast, accurate extractions were confirmed for various gait patterns used when analyzing gaits in rehabilitation therapy. The extraction rate was 100% for natural gait in healthy people, and about 98% overall for people with gait impairment. This rate required roughly 1 second of processing. In addition, for gait with shoes, the extraction rate was 100% for natural gait, and 90% when subjects were walking irregularly. This shows that the authors' method can also be applied to the field of crowd dynamics if one person is walking alone, as when giving gait guidance to a healthy person. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 87(10): 15–26, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20104
Secure implementation method of POP before SMTP using a relay server with SSL protocol
Authors: Masui Kenji , Tomoishi Masahiko , Yonezaki Naoki 
Published: April 2004

AbstractPOP before SMTP is a method of e‐mail authentication in which users are authenticated by POP prior to SMTP connection. This method has been recognized by RFC2476, and is being increasingly employed. However, the danger of external attack is high if the POP server is operated in a demilitarized zone. In the implementation proposed in this study, POP server is protected by a firewall; for this purpose, POP connections to the gateway are relayed to an internal POP server, while the SMTP server remains in a demilitarized zone. In addition, security is improved by applying SSL to POP sessions between the relay server and clients. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 87(10): 27–34, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20105
Extraction of human face and transformable region by facial expression based on extended labeled graph matching
Authors: Murakami Makoto , Yoneyama Masahide , Shirai Katsuhiko 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis paper considers the recognition of moving images and proposes a new framework in which the local features, the global structure, and motion information are handled comprehensively. The method is applied to the extraction of facial expressions and its effectiveness is demonstrated. In most conventional moving image recognition methods, recognition is performed on the basis of the sequence of recognition results for individual frames. However, the authors believe that the motion information should be more positively utilized in the recognition of the individual frames. When the time‐series data are combined into the recognition of a still image, however, the amount of information is tremendous, making the processing complicated. The method proposed in this paper extends the concept of the labeled graph matching method, which has been used for still images, to moving images. The proposed method handles sparse graphs and can prevent an increase in the amount of computation. By dynamically adjusting the features to be handled according to the stage of processing, complex processing in dynamic image recognition can be integrated in a simple and straightforward way. As practical examples, the human head, and parts of the head, are extracted, indicating the effectiveness of the proposed method. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 87(10): 35–43, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20106
A neural network model of hippocampus‐based ganglia for rat navigation tasks
Authors: Ito Makoto , Miyake Shogo , Sawada Yasuji 
Published: April 2004

AbstractIt is known that rats with hippocampal lesions exhibit abnormal spatial navigation behavior. In order to analyze the role of the hippocampus of the rat in performing spatial navigation tasks, this paper presents a hippocampus–basal ganglia model. The hippocampus in this model integrates multiple visual information inputs from the visual association area, and the basal ganglia perform reinforcement learning in order to acquire a stochastic mapping from the information obtained from the visual association area and the hippocampus to the output action. Assuming milk maze tasks with visible and invisible platforms, numerical simulations are performed using the proposed model. The result is that both normal rats and rats with hippocampal lesions can perform the milk maze task with a visible platform. In the milk maze task with an invisible platform, on the other hand, rats with hippocampal lesions require a longer time than normal rats to arrive at the platform. These results agree with the experimental results. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 87(10): 66–80, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20109
Preparation and Structural Characterization of [K(18‐crown‐6)]+ Salts of [RNSN]− Anions and the [NSN]2− Dianion
Authors: Borrmann Tobias , Lork Enno , Mews Rüdiger , Shakirov Makhmut M. , Zibarev Andrey V. 
Published: April 2004

Abstract[K(18‐crown‐6)]+ salts of the [RNSN]− anions (R = Alk, Ar) and the [NSN]2− dianion, which are thermally stable and very soluble in aprotic organic solvents, were prepared from [K(18‐crown‐6)]+[tBuO]− and the corresponding R−N=S=N−SiMe3 and (Me3Si−N=)2S, respectively. The salts are characterized by multinuclear (1H, 13C, 14N, 19F, 29Si and 39K) NMR spectroscopy in solution and by X‐ray diffraction in the solid state. The experimentally determined bond lengths confirm that the [RNSN]− anions are thiazylamides, R−N−−S≡N rather than sulfur diimides, R−N=S=N−. Relative to O=S=O, in the [NSN]2− dianion, which is the genuine aza‐analogue of sulfur dioxide, the bond lengths are elongated and the bond angle is widened. This might reflect electrostatic repulsion between the negatively charged N atoms. The experimental results are in agreement with theoretical calculations (RHF, B3LYP, MP2). In the nitrogen NMR spectra, when going from [AlkNSN]− to [ArNSN]−, the low‐field signal of the terminal (unsubstituted) N atom reveals further deshielding, whereas the high‐field signal of the internal (substituted) N atom displays further shielding. The 14N NMR resonance for the [NSN]2− dianion is practically insensitive to the counterion. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
New approach to association testing in case‐parent designs under informative parental missingness
Authors: Chen Yi‐Hau 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe transmission/disequilibrium test (TDT) and related methods using genotype data on diseased probands and their both parents (triads) have been popular for testing linkage or association between a disease and a candidate gene. The usefulness of the TDT‐type approaches lies mainly in their robustness, in the sense that they are valid under population stratification, arbitrary parental genotype distribution, and “informative” parental missingness where the parental missingness may depend on parental genotypes. Recently, a variety of extended TDTs were developed to accommodate parental missingness and to allow for using incomplete triads, including single‐offspring‐single‐parent families (dyads) and single offspring with no parents (monads). However, these methods usually do not preserve the full robustness of the original TDT. In this paper, we propose a new TDT‐type approach based on the conditional likelihood of the proband's genotype given the number and, if any, genotypes of the available parents, as well as the proband's phenotype. This new proposal keeps the full robust property of the original TDT. In addition, the new method is very easy to implement, without the need to specify models on parental mating‐type probabilities and on parental missingness. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Decomposing the effects of children's health on mother's labor supply: is it time or money?
Authors: Gould Elise 
Published: April 2004

AbstractIn this paper, I explore how children's health influences the wages and work hours of their mother. Some children have illnesses that require expensive medicine or treatment, but demand little parental time. Others require extraordinary amounts of time; and still others require care at unpredictable times of the day. I construct a theoretical model of mother's labor supply that explicitly incorporates the financial and time costs associated with the presence of unhealthy children. The model predicts that children with time‐intensive illnesses and those with unpredictable illnesses negatively influence mother's labor supply, whereas children with illnesses with a strong financial component have a positive effect on mother's labor supply. In order to empirically test this, I organize a focus group of doctors to categorize illnesses and disabilities by the type of resources they require. Using the 1997 PSID Child Development Supplement, I estimate the effects of these requirements on mother's decision to work and work hours. After controlling for the financial burden of the illness, single mothers work fewer hours if their child has a time‐intensive illness and married mothers are less likely to work and work fewer hours if their child has a severe condition with an unpredictable time component. These findings are consistent with the theoretical model and highlight the need to decompose the effects of child health on mother's work status. Model specifications that aggregate across illnesses are incapable of disentangling these effects and may therefore underestimate the welfare costs of having a sick child in the family. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Are QALYs based on time trade‐off comparable? – A systematic review of TTO methodologies
Authors: Arnesen Trude , Trommald Mari 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA wide range of methods is used to elicit quality‐of‐life weights of different health states to generate ‘Quality‐adjusted life years’ (QALYs). The comparability between different types of health outcomes at a numerical level is the main advantage of using a ‘common currency for health’ such as the QALY. It has been warned that results of different methods and perspectives should not be directly compared in QALY league tables. But do we know that QALYs are comparable if they are based on the same method and perspective?The Time trade‐off (TTO) consists in a hypothetical trade‐off between living shorter and living healthier. We performed a literature review of the TTO methodology used to elicit quality‐of‐life weights for own, current health. Fifty‐six journal articles, with quality‐of‐life weights assigned to 102 diagnostic groups were included. We found extensive differences in how the TTO question was asked. The time frame varied from 1 month to 30 years, and was not reported for one‐fourth of the weights. The samples in which the quality‐of‐life weights were elicited were generally small with a median size of 53 respondents. Comprehensive inclusion criteria were given for half the diagnostic groups. Co‐morbidity was described in less than one‐tenth of the groups of respondents. For two‐thirds of the quality‐of‐life weights, there was no discussion of the influence of other factors, such as age, sex, employment and children. The different methodological approaches did not influence the TTO weights in a predictable or clear pattern. Whether or not it is possible to standardise the TTO method and the sampling procedure, and whether or not the TTO will then give valid quality‐of‐life weights, remains an open question.This review of the TTO elicited on own behalf, shows that limiting cost–utility analysis to include only quality life weights from one method and one perspective is not enough to ensure that QALYs are comparable. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New ent‐Abietanoids from Isodon rubescens
Authors: Han Quan‐Bin , Li Rong‐Tao , Zhang Ji‐Xia , Sun Han‐Dong 
Published: April 2004

AbstractSix new ent‐abietane diterpenoids, rubescensins I–M (1–5) and P (6), along with two related acetonide derivatives (7 and 8), were isolated from Isodon rubescens. Their structures were elucidated by detailed spectroscopic analysis. Compound 5 is the first N‐containing diterpenoid from the genus Isodon, exhibiting notable cytotoxicity against human tumor K562 cells.
Diastereoselective Electrophilic Amination of Chiral 1‐Benzoyl‐2,3,5,6‐tetrahydro‐3‐methyl‐2‐(1‐methylethyl)pyrimidin‐4(1H)‐one for the Asymmetric Syntheses of α‐Substituted α,β‐Diaminopropanoic Acids
Authors: Castellanos Elena , Reyes‐Rangel Gloria , Juaristi Eusebio 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe chiral compounds (R)‐ and (S)‐1‐benzoyl‐2,3,5,6‐tetrahydro‐3‐methyl‐2‐(1‐methylethyl)pyrimidin‐4(1H)‐one ((R)‐ and (S)‐1), derived from (R)‐ and (S)‐asparagine, respectively, were used as convenient starting materials for the preparation of the enantiomerically pure α‐alkylated (alkyl=Me, Et, Bn) α,β‐diamino acids (R)‐ and (S)‐11–13. The chiral lithium enolates of (R)‐ and (S)‐1 were first alkylated, and the resulting diasteroisomeric products 5–7 were aminated with ‘di(tert‐butyl) azodicarboxylate’ (DBAD), giving rise to the diastereoisomerically pure (≥98%) compounds 8–10. The target compounds (R)‐ and (S)‐11–13 could then be obtained in good yields and high purities by a hydrolysis/hydrogenolysis/hydrolysis sequence.
Reaction of Phenanthrene‐9,10‐dione with Phenanthrene‐9,10‐diol: Synthesis and Characterization of the First ortho‐Quinhydrone Derivative
Authors: Calderazzo Fausto , Forte Claudia , Marchetti Fabio , Pampaloni Guido , Pieretti Laura 
Published: April 2004

AbstractTreatment of phenanthrene‐9,10‐dione (PQ) with phenanthrene‐9,10‐diol (PQH2), as prepared by catalytic hydrogenation of PQ, in toluene solution or in the solid state afforded crystalline ‘9,10‐phenanthrenequinhydrone’ (PQH), the first example of an ortho‐quinhydrone. PQH was characterized by analytical and spectroscopic methods, including X‐ray and CP/MAS 13C‐NMR analyses. The crystal structure of PQH showed pairs of planar molecules linked by H‐bonds and organized in columns parallel to the crystallographic axis a. The solid‐state structure of PQH was compared with those of the parent compounds, PQ and PQH2, the latter being reported for the first time. PQH was found to be stable in the solid state only, the components PQ and PQH2 being formed upon dissolution in media of even low polarity such as toluene.
Reactions of Sulfanyl Chlorides with Thiocamphor and Thiofenchone: WagnerMeerwein Rearrangement of an Intermediate Thiocarbonylium Ion
Authors: Majchrzak Agnieszka , Mlostoń Grzegorz , Linden Anthony , Heimgartner Heinz 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe reaction of sulfanyl and disulfanyl chlorides with thiocamphor (6) in the presence of Et3N leads to unsymmetrical di‐ and trisulfanes, respectively (Schemes 2 and 4). A reaction mechanism via a thiocarbonylium ion, which is immediately deprotonated, is proposed. The formation of a minor product 10 in the absence of a base, resulting from a WagnerMeerwein rearrangement, is an additional evidence for the intermediacy of a thiocarbonylium ion (Scheme 3). On the other hand, the non‐enolizable thiofenchone (13) reacts with sulfanyl chlorides in CH2Cl2/Et3N to give exclusively products with a rearranged bicyclic skeleton (Scheme 5). A WagnerMeerwein rearrangement of the intermediate thiocarbonylium ion is the key step. The structures of the products 10 and 14, which have rearranged bicyclic systems, have been established by X‐ray crystallography.
Novel Naphthoquinones from Heterophragma adenophyllum
Authors: Jassbi Amir Reza , Singh Pahup , Jain Sonakshi , Tahara Satoshi 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA new symmetric naphthoquinone dimer, dilapachone (1), and a novel asymmetric naphthoquinone dimer, adenophyllone (2), were isolated from the heartwood of Heterophragma adenophyllum. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic means including high‐resolution mass, UV, IR, 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR spectroscopy.
Structure‐Based Design and Synthesis of Regioisomeric Disubstituted Aminoanthraquinone Derivatives as Potential Anticancer Agents
Authors: Huang Hsu‐Shan , Chiu Hui‐Fen , Yeh Pen‐Fong , Yuan Chun‐Lung 
Published: April 2004

AbstractContinuing our ongoing studies on cytotoxic substances, we report the synthesis and cytotoxic properties of a series of symmetric 1,5‐diamino‐9,10‐anthraquinones with potentially bioreducible groups. Symmetric amination of 1,5‐dichloro‐9,10‐anthraquinone with the appropriate primary amines in the presence of DMF furnished the structurally related aminoanthraquinone analogs 1–19. Their in vitro cytotoxic activity was evaluated using rat glioma C6 cells, human hepatoma G2 cells, and 2.2.15 cells. Several compounds exhibited very high antitumor activities in these assays. Compound 4 efficiently inhibited C6 cells, human hepatoma G2 cells, and 2.2.15 cells, as determined by means of the XTT colorimetric assay. The antiproliferative activity of 4 was markedly enhanced, reaching a potency comparable to those of the powerful anticancer agents mitoxantrone, adriamycin, and cisplatin. Biological evaluations and structure/activity relationships within this class of novel aminoanthraquinones are discussed.
Osteoblast responses to tape‐cast and sintered bioactive glass ceramics
Authors: Gough J. E. , Clupper D. C. , Hench L. L. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe advantage of tape‐cast bioactive glasses lies in the manufacturing procedure, which allows the build‐up of layers and, therefore, the production of complex shapes. This, therefore, has applications to tissue engineering, where specific shapes are required such as repair of craniofacial defects. The bioactivity of tape‐cast discs sintered at temperatures ranging from 800°C to 1000°C and for 3 or 6 h was analyzed by FTIR. Tape‐cast discs were used to culture primary human osteoblasts, and cell attachment, cell death, collagen production, nodule formation, and mineralization were studied. These responses were dependent upon Si and Na release profiles of the tape‐cast discs, and development of the hydroxyapatite layer. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 69A: 621–628, 2004