bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Red, White, and Black: Indian Captivities, Colonial Printers, and the Early African-American Narrative
Authors: Sekora John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How black writing began in America has been a topic of growing interest for several decades. In a major example, we know that the earliest slave narrative, by Briton Hammon, was published in Boston in 1760 by Green and Russell. Years of speculation notwithstanding, we know virtually nothing else: about Hammon, his printers, circumstances of publication, or the social climate his narrative entered. Even the mere fact of publication is a thorny issue. For, given the views of most historians of early America, the mid-eighteenth century was a very harsh time for all people of color—slave, free black, or Indian.
Cosmopolitanism and the Anglo-Jewish Elite in British America
Authors: Shields David S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the eighteenth century, cosmopolitanism contributed to the attenuation of ethnicity as a ground of self-understanding. My concern here is to determine how literary neoclassicism assisted in the cosmopolite project of overcoming indigenous identity. I will also illustrate some effective limits of cosmopolitanism by examining the self-expression of members of the Levy-Franks family, British America’s wealthiest and most articulate Jewish clan. In particular, I will show how cosmopolitanism enabled the Jewish elite to participate in the conversation and commerce of the public sphere but provoked a crisis of identity when it enabled the intermarriage of Jew and gentile, threatening the traditionalism of the Jewish family.
Psychosocial Impact of Cholesterol Screening and Management
Authors: Gilboy Karen Glanz Mary Beth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Elevated blood cholesterol is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHO) and a significant public health problem. This highly prevalent, asymptomatic risk factor affects one fifth to one half of all American adults (Sempos et al., 1993) and can usually be prevented or controlled once it is identified. Although mean total cholesterol levels in U.S. adults aged 20 to 74 have consistently declined between 1960 and 1991, an estimated 52 million Americans, or 29% of all adults, have levels that warrant dietary change and 7% are candidates for drug therapy (Johnson et al., 1993; Sempos et al., 1993).
American Holocaust
Authors: Stannard David E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
David Stannard's book focuses on the larger social and cultural issues involved in the invasion of America by European nations. The first two chapters of the book describe the Americas prior to this invasion and detail the variety of rich cultures that existed then. Another chapter deals with the Spanish and Portuguese invasion of Central and South America and describes the devastation left inthe wake of these invasions. A fourth chapter describes the effects of English invaders in North America and of the further suppression of native peoples in American colonial times. In the final section, titles ‘Sex, Race, and Holy War,’ two chapters examine the kind of people who waged these "holy" wars and focus on the cultural sources and the ideological content of their invasion efforts. There is also an Epilogue, and an Appendix titled ‘On Racism and Genocide.’ This is a highly controversial book that is certain to have a major place in the Columbus Anniversary discussions next year. It is an angry, provocative book. In contrast to other recent books on the subject, however. Stannard's book is by a recognized scholar (who has already written a well-received monograph Before the Horror on the South Pacific aspects of the subject) and has based his study on wide historical research.
Coast Al Land Loss In The Chesapeake Bay Region: An Historical Analog Approach To Global Change Analysis
Authors: Leatherman Stephen P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the debate on global warming continues, it is clear that relative sea-level rise (SLR) is occurring along most of the world’s coasts. Over the long term, global warming and rising sea level must be linked. Although some politicians and the public are unaware of or have largely ignored these warnings, the evidence for global change and its impacts is mounting.
Assessing Physical And Societal Responses To Global Warming
Authors: Glantz Michael H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Because current atmospheric general circulation models (GCMs) are not yet able to produce credible, reliable regional detail of the consequences of global climate change, research into environmental and societal impacts must seek other ways to gain a glimpse of possible consequences of future regional climatic changes. The use of analogies (and analogical reasoning) has been at the center of attempts to understand what future climate change might be like, and to provide an insight into some aspects of societal responses to climate change at the regional level. Such glimpses provide only a first approximation of regional impacts and responses, but they can aid societies at all levels of economic development in their attempts to identify their strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and limitations, in coping with climate change, as well as with inter annual climate variability.
The Problem Of Soil Moisture With Global Warming
Authors: Vinnikov Konstantin Ya. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No single conclusion about possible changes in climate conditions as a result of anthropogenic global warming has produced such a strong impression on the public as the one about summer desiccation of the continents. Probably no international statement on climate variation, calling for coordinated international efforts to mitigate or prevent further increases in atmospheric pollution by greenhouse gases, could avoid dramatizing the possibility of aridization of the continents. Thus, the problem of soil moisture changes has often assumed a significant place in the minds of politicians and public representatives.
Global Warming And Forests Of The Great Lakes States: An Example Of The Use Of Quantitative Projections In Policy Analysis
Authors: Botkin Daniel B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Part of the reason that we seem to be so unsuccessful in dealing with large scale environmental issues is that we operate under the wrong worldview, the wrong beliefs about how natural ecological systems function. Over the years, our management policies developed as if nature undisturbed achieved a single state of equilibrium that would continue indefinitely, and which was both “good” for all life and “desirable” to people. Our policies developed as if biological resources could be harvested at a constant rate indefinitely, without variation, as if nature ran like a diesel engine (Botk in, 1990).
New York City Life and Popular Speech
Authors: Allen Irving Lewis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The hundreds, even thousands, of words and phrases of slang and other popular speech about life in New York, especially Manhattan, are a treasure trove of social and cultural history. A distinctive word culture of social life in the city flowed from the modern cycle of urban growth that started significantly in the 1840s. These words about the city, individually and taken together, retell in a new voice the story of metropolitan life down to the 1950s, when so much national attention began to tum away from the culture of the old metropolitan core and toward the suburbs. Many of these word images of the city are still in our speechways and, more important, in our thoughtways.
The Social Meaning of City Streets
Authors: Allen Irving Lewis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Word images of city streets in popular speech have in several ways echoed the major tensions of New York social life. First of all, the fundamental opposition of public and private social worlds is abundantly apparent in many references to city streets in the historical lexicon. Many popular expressions imaged the peculiarly American grid-iron plan of city streets. In Manhattan especially, the grid served as metaphors and mental maps of social class and social mobility. The grid and deviations from it gave social meanings to its main thoroughfares, intersections, cross streets, and backstreets. Even the physical constructions of the modern city street—sidewalks, curbs, gutters, and sewers—have stood for increments of social status at the lower end of the scale. In a number of other popular expressions the grid served as a larger, more implicit metaphor for the advances, frustrations, deviations, successes, and failures in competitive urban life.
The Contempt for Provincial Life
Authors: Allen Irving Lewis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The disdain of city people for their country cousins is an ancient story that reoccurs in every urbanizing society. The perennial drama was played out in the century and a half from the emergence of the early industrial city in the United States, through its evolution into a metropolis in the decades around 1900, its maturing after 1920, and its decentralization after the late 1940s down to the present time. The cultural and political conflict between the City of New York and upstate is a classic case in point. The cultural conflict between the center and the periphery arising from these changes was widely reflected in literature and folklore, including the slang of the day. City people expressed their contempt for rural and small-town people and places with more than a hundred pejorative names. Some of the oldest terms are borrowed from British English and were given new turns of meaning in the American urban setting.
Before the Television Bonanza
Authors: Peterson Robert W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Professional football is more than 100 years old, but for its first SO-odd years the sport was the sad-sack cousin of college football. When the National Football League (NFL) was born in 1920, crowds as small as 800 turned out for some games. Average attendance was probably on the order of 3,000, one-tenth to one twentieth of the number at major college games that year.
Glimmers of Glory
Authors: Peterson Robert W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Harold E. (Red) Grange could not walk on water, but you would have had a hard time convincing the student body at the University of Illinois in 1925. Grange was a 5-foot, 11-inch, 175 pound, swivel-hipped halfback with great speed, shiftiness, and peripheral vision that made him the finest running back of his time. He was called the Galloping Ghost. In his senior year at Illinois in 1925, Grange destroyed Penn-then a football power-almost singlehandedly.
Introduction
Authors: Brookmeyer Ron , Gail Mitchell H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1981, five homosexual men were reported to have developed a rare illness, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) (Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 1981a). Within a few months, 26 cases of a rare tumor, Kaposi’s sarcoma, had been identified among homosexual men (CDC, 1981b), and public health officials soon had evidence that both of these rare diseases were related to an underlying deficiency in the immune system (Gottlieb, Schroff, Schanker, et al., 1981; DeWys, Curran, Henle, and Johnson, 1982), reflected in a reduced number of helper T lymphocytes (CD4+ T lymphocytes). In 1982, the new and frightening “acquired immune deficiency syndrome” (AIDS) was defined as “a disease at least moderately predictive of a defect in cell-mediated immunity occurring in a person with no known cause for diminished resistance to that disease. Such diseases include Kaposi’s sarcoma, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and serious opportunistic infections” (CDC, 1982a). A specific list of AIDS defining conditions was elaborated, and some new AIDS defining conditions were added later in response to additional epidemologic evidence and changes in diagnostic practice resulting from the availability of serologic tests for the AIDS virus.
The World of The Autistic Child
Authors: Siegel Bryna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is by far the most complete and comprehensive study ever written for parents of autistic children, and for teachers, child specialists, and other professionals who care for them. It provides help and hope not only for the autistic child, but also for their family and other care givers who must come to grips with their own grief, confusion, and self-doubt following a diagnosis of autism or other related disorder. Siegel believes that the parent’ best defence against the devastation of the diagnosis of autism or PDD (Pervasive Developmental Disorder) is to acquire as early as possible the knowledge and the parenting skills to work with the professionals who are there to help their child fulfil their potential. Bryna Siegal discusses how to understand the diagnosis of autism, the available treatments, and how to decide what is best for the an autistic child, and pulls together a wealth of information on the latest educational and medical advances. The result is a superb guide and resource that noone who cares about autistic young people will want to be without.
Social Development in Autism and PDD
Authors: Siegel Bryna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will detail the signs and symptoms of autism that affect a child’s social development. Atypical social relating takes many forms, as we’ll discuss, and it is considered the core of the autistic syndrome. Often children with many signs of autism but relatively little impairment in relating to others are diagnosed as having PDD. As the information in this chapter is laid out, it will become clearer where boundaries between autism and PDD meet, and when it is useful to distinguish between the two. Figure 3 shows the various aspects of social development we’ll be discussing in this chapter.
Communication Skills in Autism and PDD
Authors: Siegel Bryna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is when autistic and PDD children begin (or fail to begin) to use language, parents begin to detect how different their children are. Most obvious is when a child does not begin to speak at all. Because all children vary in their developmental patterns and use first words at somewhat different ages, the presence of a language delay alone is not the easiest way to detect a problem like autism or PDD. First words are just one indication of how communication skills are taking shape. A careful history can reveal whether other related milestones in development, such as pointing and certain forms of imitating, are developing on time. These related milestones give the clinician a way of predicting what types of language problems can be anticipated, and how they can be helped. In the first part of this chapter, we look at spoken language as well as forms of nonverbal communication that toddlers learn to use. Both verbal and nonverbal ways of communicating are assessed when a clinician considers whether a child may have autism or PDD. Figure 4 shows the various aspects of communication skills that will be discussed in relation to autism in this chapter.
Getting a Diagnosis
Authors: Siegel Bryna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Getting a diagnosis really has two important purposes. First, a diagnosis is a label. It means that what is wrong is a recognizable problem that has happened before. The “label” is important insofar as it is a shorthand for a treatment plan. The second very important purpose of a “label” or a diagnosis it that it is a ticket to services. If your child is very young and you are just starting to think about going to doctors to find out what is wrong, and what you need to do, this is an important chapter for you to read. For professionals involved at the time of diagnosis, this chapter is intended to illustrate questions parents often focus on, and the support and guidance that are helpful in assuring parents that helpful treatments are available.
“A Sort of Absolutely Independent Little Republic at the Center of the State”
Authors: Bell David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout the seventeenth century, the barristers’ amaeties over the “decadent” status of their profession had two distinct sources: the fragility of their own place within the legal system, and the broader political and religious changes affecting this system. Until 1713, with the brief exception of the Fronde, it was the daily snubs and vexations of life in the courts that preoccupied them. After the promulgation of the bull Unigenitus, however, the quarrels between king and parlement, Jansenists and Molinists, all came to the fore with a vengeance.As a consequence of this shift, from 1713 onwards the political and institutional histories of the Order of Barristers became almost indistinguishable.
The Seminary of Publicists
Authors: Bell David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Histories of France customarily divide the reign of Louis XV into two halves, the first placid and prosperous, the second buffeted by the winds of intellectual turmoil, financial crisis, constitutional stalemate, and military defeat.1 This generalization may be valid for most of French society, but as the previous chapter makes clear, for a small but important minority of the French, the early years of” Louis le bien aime” seemed anything but placid; in fact, they seemed to be years of a deadly twilight struggle for the very soul of the kingdom.
The Black Stork
Authors: Pernick Martin S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the late 1910s Dr. Harry J. Haiselden, a prominent Chicago surgeon, electrified the nation by allowing the deaths of at least six infants he diagnosed as “defectives”. Seeking to publicize his efforts to eliminate the “unfit”, he displayed the dying infants to journalists, wrote about them for the Hearst newspapers, and starred in a feature film about his crusade. Prominent Americans from Clarence Darrow to Helen Keller rallied to his support. The Black Stork tells this startling story, based on newly-rediscovered sources and long-lost motion pictures, in order to illuminate many broader controversies. The books shows how efforts to improve human heredity (eugenics) became linked with mercy-killing (euthanasia) and with race, class, gender and ethnic hatreds. It documents how mass culture changed the meaning of medical concepts like “heredity” and “disease”, and how medical controversies helped shape the commercial mass media. It demonstrates how cultural values influence science, and how scientific claims of objectivity have shaped modern culture. While focused on the formative years of early 20th century America, The Black Stork traces these issues from antiquity to the rise of Nazism, and to the “Baby Doe”, “assisted suicide” and human genome initiative debates of today.
... And Occasional Visitors from Outer Space
Authors: Officer Charles , Page Jake 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All it takes is a pair of binoculars to see that the Moon is a pretty inhospitable place, but a quick survey also suggests that it was even more inhospitable in the past. Its surface, and in particular its highlands, is pocked by craters great and small. There are craters within craters, bespeaking devastating events about which astronomers still argue. Clavius, for example, the largest crater visible to us, is 140 miles in diameter, and is itself pocked by more than a half-dozen good-sized craters. Some of these craters were probably the result of major volcanic eruptions, but some are surely the result of a titanic battering by the debris that was zipping around in the Solar System when it was forming. Since there never was any water or any atmosphere to speak of on the Moon, probably not much plate tectonic movement, and little erosion, all of these giant pockmarks remain. It would seem unreasonable to imagine that the Earth-the larger of this two-planet system-was not subject to the same disturbances in its youth as the Moon. Of course, the Moon still is struck by debris, but far less so than formerly, now that the Sun’s gravity (among other physical forces) has swept up the neighborhood, so to speak, and imposed a more orderly pattern on this tiny region of the universe.
The Earth’s Climate Changes on a Variety of Time Scales
Authors: Officer Charles , Page Jake 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Early in the fifteenth century, around the time of Joan of Arc, the world began to turn cold. All over Europe, the relatively warm and moist climate of what is now called the Medieval Warm Period was replaced by temperatures that averaged 2.5 degrees Fahrenheit lower, a decrease in rainfall to about 90 percent of the previous average, and a greater variability in the seasonal weather from year to year. One hundred and fifty years later, in the mid-sixteenth century, the Flemish artist Pieter Brueghel could paint his countrymen skating on frozen canals; the Thames in London frequently froze over and was closed to all traffic. Called the Little Ice Age, this downturn in world temperatures lasted until the middle of the nineteenth century. It was colder in Valley Forge when Washington overwintered his troops there than it is now, and dwellers in the small southern town that was to become the nation’s capital could skate across the Potomac River virtually every winter. By the time the Little Ice Age came to an end, the entire world had been opened up to European investigation and dominance.
Coleman Hawkins Some Comments on a Phoenix
Authors: Williams Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Periodically jazz musicians and listeners rediscover tenor saxophonist Coleman Hawkins. Even during the time of major changes in the mid-‘forties, the avid bebop partisan accepted Hawkins as a part of the jazz scene, as he accepted no others of Hawkins ‘s contemporaries of the ‘twenties and few of his companions of the ‘thirties. One might call Hawkins a thorough professional, but he was also a major performer and he belonged to a generation in which these two things might go together as a matter of course.
Governmental Health Agencies
Authors: Roemer Milton I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In all countries, government plays a substantial role in the structure and functioning of national health systems. All but the very smallest countries have several jurisdictional levels of government, passing from central to provincial to local, with other levels frequently operating between these; at each level some health activities are carried out. The distribution of authority and responsibility among the several levels, of course, differs greatly among countries, and they tend to change over time within most countries.
Hospital Services
Authors: Roemer Milton I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In every national health system there are structures to accommodate in bed seriously ill patients who require medical or surgical treatment. Hospitals are constructed to hold varying numbers of patients (with various types of illness). As shown in Chapter 3, the supply of hospital beds in relation to the population of a country generally varies with the national income level-from 65 beds per I 00,000 in Indonesia, for example, to 2,000 beds per I 00,000 in Sweden. The size of a hospital building, furthermore, may vary from accomodations of IO or 20 up to 1,000 beds or more.
Programs for Special Health Services
Authors: Roemer Milton I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A third dimension by which special-purpose health programs may be defined is by their provision of special types of service. These programs are concerned with all types of persons and with any type of disorder, for which the service is provided. The list of such special services is long; it results from the many subdivisions of technology that have been developed to diagnose and treat disease or to prevent it.
World Trends in Health Systems
Authors: Roemer Milton I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is abundant evidence that in spite of all the difficulties, the health systems of the world are contributing to improved health in the population. Exploration of the reasons for this is a large subject, and we shall consider them along different lines. Because of the great problems in acquiring data from recent years, the review of trends must generally apply up to about the mid-1980s.