bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Organizationally Relevant Journeys in Individual Change
Authors: Woodman Richard W , Dewett Todd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is axiomatic that changing individual knowledge, attitudes, and behavior is key to effective organizational change. That is, it is not possible for the organization to change in meaningful ways unless employees change—people must believe differently, they must think differently, and they must behave differently. Thus, the role of the individual actor in group and organizational change has been explored at length through a variety of theoretical models or lenses (e.g., Van de Ven and Poole, 1995; Weick and Quinn, 1999; Woodman, 1989). What is much less explored, however, is the reverse of the individuals-change-organizations perspective. Organizations change the people who reside in them. These changes occur in many ways, both subtle and not so subtle. The purpose of our chapter is to develop a theoretical lens through which to explore the effects that organizations have on individuals—the ways that organizations change their employees.
Program Development
Authors: Hall Robert T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Program development is not the sort of activity that can be captured in definite procedural steps. Even with the best planning, it is a free-flowing process that varies greatly with circumstances and among institutions. The ethical dimensions change accordingly: different situations raise different questions and require different solutions. The following discussion is presented not as a blueprint for program development, but as an example of the kinds of issues that can be expected to arise. Ethically, it employs the contextual approach, with more attention to the details of actual situations and relationships than to basic principles and values. Rather than providing a general account of the subject, the chapter employs a detailed case study. The case itself is something of a composite; it is based primarily on experience at a regional university hospital, but with two added features from another program.
Organizational change in health care is generally complex, but it is especially difficult in areas like organ procurement and transplantation services. Where various medical specialties are involved, there are clinical concerns regarding requests to the families of potential donors, and arrangements must be coordinated with an outside agency. The ethical issues raised by organ procurement and transplantation programs are diverse. The nature and timing of requests are matters of clinical ethics, the allocation of organs is a public policy matter, and there are several administrative issues involved in both.
Introduction and Background
Authors: Henderson Brian E , McKean-Cowdin Roberta 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept that hormones are an important part of the carcinogenic process, at least in some organs, was initiated over 100 years ago by the observations of Beatson on the relationship between cancer of the breast and ovarian function. Subsequent experimental studies in rodents by Bittner2,3 demonstrated that hormones could increase the risk of mammary cancer. In parallel, Rous and Kidd and later Berenblum popularized the multistage concept of carcinogenesis. Elegant studies of the carcinogenic process in skin led to the generalization that carcinogenesis was, at a basic level, a two-stage process, involving initiation and promotion. By the 1950s, it was generally believed that there were three classes of initiators: viruses, chemicals, and certain physical agents, such as radiation. Hormones were considered to be promoters, capable of accelerating the carcinogenic process, but only in the aftermath of exposure to a carcinogenic initiator. The three classes of initiator shared the property of potential direct DNA damage, i.e., genotoxicity. In contrast, hormones were generally not directly genotoxic, their proliferative effects could be reversed, and their role in carcinogenesis aborted, by their removal as a source of stimulation. Whereas carcinogen-induced tumors are autonomous at the outset, those related to excessive hormonal stimulation pass through a prolonged stage of growth and progress to autonomy only late, if at all, in the carcinogenic process. Thus, although hormones were considered to be important in accelerating an existing cancer, they were not generally believed to be primary carcinogens.
Estrogen Biosynthesis Genes: P-450 Aromatase
Authors: Clyne Colin D , Simpson Evan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent models of estrogen insufficiency have challenged traditional concepts of estrogen action.1–3 Studies of humans with natural mutations in the genes that encode the estrogen receptor4 or cytochrome P-450 aromatase5 and of estrogen receptor and aromatase knockout mouse models6–11 have revealed hitherto unexpected roles for estrogen in both males and females. For example, the critical role of estrogen in the spermatogenic process suggests that this hormone might more appropriately be termed an androgen in this context. Additionally, in postmenopausal women (as in men), estrogen no longer functions as a circulating endocrine hormone; rather, it is produced in a variety of extragonadal sites (e.g., adipose tissue or bone), where it acts locally as a paracrine, autocrine, or intracrine factor.2,3,14This has great significance for our understanding of the biology of estrogendependent diseases such as breast cancer.
Introduction
Authors: Franks Steven , King Tracy Holloway 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past several years, interest inclitics has been rapidly growing due to the light they shed on the interaction between phonology and syntax, as well as on the nature of functional categories and X-bar syntax in general. Clitics have special properties that defy easy categorization within traditional generative models of grammar. They correspond to a wide range of grammatical and stylistic markers, are typically both prosodically and syntactically dependent on some host element (although not necessarily the same one), and often exhibit morphosyntactic behaviors of both heads and phrases. It is exceptional characteristics such as these that make clitics of such particular interest to theoretical linguists today. Their quirks and idiosyncracies offer an invaluable window into the workings of grammar, providing unique information about the structure of language and serving as a proving ground for many controversial claims.
Patterns in the Ordering of Clitics
Authors: Franks Steven , King Tracy Holloway 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with specific problems associated with the relative ordering of clitics within the clitic cluster. Because only SSI (chapter 2) and WSl (chapter 3) have clitic clusters, we discuss only these languages. In addition, because Pol (section 3.3) does not have a clitic cluster, we do not discuss it here; however, the basic pronominal clitic ordering facts seen in section 5.2 do hold as tendencies in Pol.
Slavic Clitics as Heads
Authors: Franks Steven , King Tracy Holloway 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is the analytical core of the book. It argues for an approach to Slavic clitics according to which they are always introduced as functional heads. Clitics can never instantiate substantive (lexical) categories, and, in principle, any functional head can potentially be a clitic. Clitics by definition lack independent prosodic representation as a lexical propert; hence they must become attached to some adjacent prosodic word in order to acquire prosodic structure and be pronounceable. Whereas this phonological deficiency is sufficient to define simple clitics, special clitics have an additional syntactic deficiency that requires them to be syntactically adjoined as well.
Summary
Authors: Franks Steven , King Tracy Holloway 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As argued in detail in chapter 11, we claim that all clitics are functional heads and that all functional heads have the potential for being clitics. Treating clitics as functional heads explains the ordering and clustering of the various clitic types, handles specific p1ublems in variation and diachronic development, allows for clitic doubling, and extends to NP-internal clitics.
Analyzing all clitics as functional heads captures the similarity in ditic behavior between verb-adjacent and second-position clitic languages. In particular, in both types of languages we claim that the clitics head Agr projections. However, how the clitics come to be in these positions differs between the two language types, accounting for observed differences in the surface word order of the clitic cluster. In Sl languages with verb-adjacent clitics (i.e., Bg and Mac), the clitics originate as Agr heads and the verb moves up to them through its extended projection.
Penal Populism and Public Opinion
Authors: Roberts Julian V , Stalans Loretta J , Indermaur David , Hough Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although criminal justice systems vary greatly around the world, one theme has emerged in all western jurisdictions in recent years: a rise in both the rhetoric and practice of severe punishment at a time when public opinion has played a pivotal role in sentencing policy and reforms. Despite the differences among jurisdictions, startling commonalities exist among the five countries-the U.K., USA, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand-surveyed here. Drawing on the results of representative opinion surveys and other research tools the authors map public attitudes towards crime and punishment across countries and explore the congruence between public views and actual policies. Co-authored by four distinguished sentencing policy experts, Penal Populism and Public Opinion is a clarion call for limiting the influence of penal populism and instituting more informed, research-based sentencing policies across the western world.
Crime and Punishment in American Political Culture
Authors: Beckett Katherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the adoption of tough anticrime and antidrug policies can­ not be understood as primarily a response to popular sentiment, it is true that some segments of the American public have been quite receptive to law and order rhetoric and proposals. This receptivity is not the inevitable consequence of an unchanging and monolithic political culture, but reflects the ability of the conservative discourse on crime to address social and personal troubles in a compelling manner.
Art of Chinese Management? Change the Present to Restore the Past and Create the Future
Authors: Schlevogt Kai-Alexander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This last chapter affords the opportunity once again to broaden the perspective and pull together the threads and themes emerging from the previous discussion. And please, forgive me these broad strokes of the painter’s brush, the object and canvass are too enticing! The journey on a long and windy road from theory through facts and design ends in the Valhalla of all thought, that is, intellectual synthesis through which gathering and governing unite.
Introduction: “You Can Sing What Would Be Death to Speak”
Authors: Branham Robert James , Hartnett Stephen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IRST published in 1854,Joshua McCarter Simpson’s The Emancipation Car, Being an Original Composition ef Anti Slavery Ballads is a remarkable collection of three prayers, two essays, and fifty-two abolitionist songs set to popular “airs,” including ‘‘America” (“My Country ‘Tis of Thee”), “Marseilles’ Hymn,” and “Hail Columbia.” In Simpson’s opening “Note to the Public, by the Author,” he tells the story of his slow maturation into an abolitionist, his slow realization that those whom he once saw as “fools, devils, mischief-makers, ” were in fact fighting for justice. Simpson was a “free black” in Morgan County, Ohio, where as a child he “served under a hard master until twenty-one years old,” after which he attended Oberlin Collegiate Institute. In writing his abolitionist songbook, then, Simpson was culminating a climb from “believing that it was all right for us to be slaves” to fighting for abolition, from the drudgery of manual labor to the thrill of cultural production, from the privacy of his own doubts and fears to the self-revealing and self-creating sphere of public participation. Simpson’s use of songs to facilitate this wonderful series of transformations is based on his belief that “you can sing what would be death to speak.”
Reforming the “Sweet Land of Knavery”: ‘‘America” and Political Protest, 1870-1932
Authors: Branham Robert James , Hartnett Stephen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
religious revivals that swept the United States prior to the Civil War invigorated movements for social and political reform, as preachers of a variety of denominations stressed the necessity of both individual and national salvation. As demonstrated in chapters 2 and 3, the faithful were fired with perfectionist ideas of a destined nation that could be redeemed through collective political and evangelical action. Feeding off of this cultural energy, political activists worked to construct an ideal society and to promote legal reforms through quasi-religious organizations that bridged the secular and the sacred, the nationalist and the evangelist, while invoking patriotic texts and symbols. Furthermore, the various revivals of the Second Great Awakening often overlapped with antebellum reform movements for abolition, temperance, suffrage, and peace, among other causes, both in their universal appropriation of “My Country ‘Tis of Thee” and in their shared memberships and core assumptions about what it meant to be an American. Indeed, despite their political differences, antebellum reform movements all believed that mass persuasion and reform were necessary and possible, that the fate of the nation hung in the balance of their efforts, that effective campaigns required the use of a variety of persuasive media, and that among these music was singularly effective. As detailed in chapter 4, however, the cataclysmic eruption of the Civil War forced activists to make difficult choices regarding their political commitments; one result of these difficult choices was the slackening of grassroots activism, especially for temperance and women’s suffrage.
Genetic Hearing Loss Associated with Cardiac Defects
Authors: Lin Angela E , Ardinger Holly H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In several hearing loss syndromes cardiac abnormalities are common or distinctive. The term cardiac abnormality encompasses rhythm and conduction disturbances, cardiovascular malformations (CVMs), and cardiomyopathy. All have been associated with hearing loss in genetic syndromes. The disorders discussed below were selected because they are either common conditions with frequent hearing loss and cardiac abnormalities, or uncommon, but distinctive, conditions. Disorders discussed elsewhere in this book, or disorders in which the cardiac abnormalities are uncommon and not distinctive, have been omitted.
Modular Product and Process Architectures: Frameworks tor Strategic Organizational Learning
Authors: Sanchez Ron 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years management theory and practice have begun to take note of the increasingly important role of product architectures in product market competition (Morris and Ferguson 1993, Sanchez 1995, Sanderson and Uzumeri 1997). As growing numbers of firms adopt architectural approaches to managing their products and processes, however, some managers and researchers have begun to understand that architectural approaches to creating new products and processes can offer a substantial benefit beyond new product strategies and improved market success. Architectures can also help organizations to identify and manage key knowledge assets and to discover their most strategically beneficial opportunities for acquiring new knowledge and capabilities. Among the architectures that a firm might adopt, modular product and process architectures offer an especially powerful framework both for managing current knowledge assets effectively and for guiding strategic organizational learning (Sanchez and Mahoney 1996). This chapter investigates the nature of modular product and process architectures and their roles in supporting effective knowledge management and strategic organizational learning. Our discussion is organized in the following way.
Above and Beyond Knowledge Management
Authors: Barabba Vincent P , Pourdehnad, John , Ackoff Russell L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is important to understand the differences between a systemic approach to learning and adaptation and the conventional way of managing the use of knowledge. The conventional way has been responsible for the increasingly negative attitude toward the subject. For example, according to The Economist (2000), “[a] widely spurned tool is knowledge management, something that consultancies such as Bain go in for a lot, but their clients, especially those outside North America, find a failure” (pp. 60-61). A systems approach starts out with the belief that in any enterprise seeking success, the performance of the whole is taken to be not the sum of the performances of its parts, but the product of their interactions. Knowledge management and data-and-information warehousing-based on “inventorying” what is known-are ideas whose value is passing because they focus on a part of a system taken separately, not interactively. From a systems thinking perspective, the collection, dissemination, and use of not only data, information, and knowledge but also understanding and wisdom require a decision support system that promotes organizational learning and adaptation.
Epistemology in Action: A Framework for Understanding Organizational Due Diligence Processes
Authors: Moldoveanu Mihnea 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Organization A is considering whether or not to make a significant investment in a start-up company working in a new and quickly growing industry. The business plan put forth by the startup’s founders presents a series of forecasts and predictions of firm and market-level revenues and net income, which are in turn derived from a series of assumptions about the firm’s technology, the behavior of the market’s consumer base, and the costs of materials for the firm’s products. Together, these various propositions form the “business case” of the start-up-or the causal model-complete with assumptions and initial and boundary conditions-that explains how the start-up firm will register supernormal profits at some time in the future if it is funded in the present. Organization A uses the facts, figures, and forecasts in the start-up’s business plan as hypotheses to be tested and performs its own market studies aimed at refuting the propositions that the firm’s business case is built on. It confronts the start-up’s founders with the evidence statements that apparently refute the claims of the business plan and incorporates the founders’ responses in the “new” business plan that is again taken for a “test ride” in the market. Organization A simultaneously checks for the internal consistency of the assumptions on which the start-up's claims are based (confronts the founders with inconsistencies and incorporates their answers in the new business plan, if required) and, time allowing, attempts to obtain refuting evidence for the assumptions in question from subsequent market studies. Organization A proceeds in similar fashion with several other start-up firms up to a deadline, at which the funds in its charge must be invested, at which time it selects the most vigorously tested and least frequently refuted of the various business cases that it has come across.
National Culture and Knowledge Management in a Global Learning Organization: A Case Study
Authors: Yoo Youngjin , Torrey Ben 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The vast size of modern global enterprises; the speed with which the markets move; the increased knowledge of clients, customers, and competitors; and increased demands for personalization and specialization in products and services all come together to demand that organizations be as smart and knowledgeable as they can be. The only way that this is possible is for the members of the organization to share their knowledge rapidly and widely within the organization and for each person to make use of the best and most current knowledge. In order to support such knowledge sharing systematically, many companies have adopted knowledge management practices and implemented worldwide knowledge management systems utilizing global communications networks and groupware technology. If, however, the tools and processes designed to manage the knowledge and facilitate the sharing do not take into account the differing national cultures represented by the different parts of the organization, there will be severe impediments preventing the vital circulation of the modern enterprise’s life’s blood-knowledge. In much the same way, enterprises built and operated within cultures that do not recognize the need for such knowledge sharing or that do not understand or accept modern knowledge management practices are at a distinct disadvantage in the global arena unless they address these issues.
Managing Existing Knowledge Is Not Enough: Knowledge Management Theory and Practice in Japan
Authors: Umemoto Katsuhiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1990s has witnessed a remarkable surge of interest in knowledge as the ultimate source of competitive advantage not only for business companies but also for nations or regions (Toffler 1990; Drucker 1993). And knowledge management (KM) has become a most lucrative industry in itself, as evidenced by scores of KM books being sold worldwide, KM programs being promoted by consulting firms, and KM software being marketed by IT vendors.1 Professor Ikujiro Nonaka, dubbed “Mr. Knowledge” by The Economist magazine (May 31, 1997 issue), is one of the most influential thinkers in the KM movement, since he published the nowclassic Harvard Business Review article titled “The Knowledge-Creating Company” (Nonaka 1991),2 which was later enlarged and enriched into another article (Nonaka 1994, see also chapter 24, this volume) and a book with the same title (Nonaka and Takeuchi 1995). Knowledge management in Japan has naturally been influenced by Professor Nonaka. Though KM goes usually by its Japanese pronunciation, it can be translated into two Japanese terms, namely (chishiki kanri) and (chishiki keiei). While the former means only management of existing knowledge, the latter term, promulgated by Nonaka and Konno (1999), goes beyond it to further imply “management by creating new knowledge continuously.”