bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
N‐chloro amides, lactams, carbamates, and imides. New classes of initiators for the metal‐catalyzed living radical polymerization of methacrylates
Authors: Percec Virgil , Grigoras Cristian 
Published: September 2005

AbstractMetal‐catalyzed living radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate initiated with N‐chloro amides (N‐chloro N‐ethyl propionamide, N‐chloro benzanilide, N‐chloro methylbenzamide, and N‐chloro acetanilide), lactams (N‐chloro caprolactam and N‐chloro 2‐pyrrolidinone), carbamates or urethanes (N‐chloro ethylcarbamate or N‐chlorourethane), imides (N‐chloro phtalimide, N‐chloro succinimide, trichloroisocyanuric acid, and N‐chloro saccharin) and catalyzed with the self‐regulated catalytic system Cu2S/2,2′‐bipyridine is reported. The initiation efficiency of these initiators is determined by their structure. Regardless of the initiator efficiency, in all cases, poly (methyl methacrylate) with narrow molecular weight distribution and functionalized chain‐ends was obtained. These new classes of initiators open new strategies for the functionalization of polymer chain‐ends and for the synthesis of complex architectures by graft copolymerization initiated from N‐chloro proteins, aliphatic, aromatic and semiaromatic polyamides, and polyurethanes. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 5283–5299, 2005
Deformation behavior of electrospun poly(L‐lactide‐co‐ε‐caprolactone) nonwoven membranes under uniaxial tensile loading
Authors: Inai R. , Kotaki M. , Ramakrishna S. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractBiodegradable poly(L‐lactide‐co‐ε‐caprolactone) copolymers with different L‐lactide (LLA)/ε‐caprolactone (CL) ratios of 75/25 and 50/50 were electrospun into fine fibers. The deformation behavior of the electrospun membranes with randomly oriented structures was evaluated under uniaxial tensile loading. The electrospun membrane with a higher LLA content showed a significantly higher tensile modulus but a similar maximum stress and a lower ultimate strain in comparison with the membrane with a lower LLA content. The beaded fibers that formed in the membranes caused lower tensile properties. X‐ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry results suggested that the electrospun fine fibers developed highly oriented structures in CL‐unit sequences during the electrospinning process even though the concentration was only 25 wt %. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 3205–3212, 2005
Synergistically toughening high‐density polyethylene with calcium carbonate and elastomer
Authors: Xie Tingxiu , Liu Hongzhi , Ou Yuchun , Yang Guisheng 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe microstructure, impact strength, and rheological properties of blends consisting of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) and maleated poly (ethylene‐octene) (POEg) and/or calcium carbonate (CaCO3) were investigated. The improvement of impact strength of HDPE/POEg was limited due to the high miscibility between them. The introduction of CaCO3 had a negative impact on the toughness of the matrix because of the poor interfacial adhesion. In ternary blends of HDPE/POEg/CaCO3, an elastomer layer was formed around CaCO3 particles due to the strong interaction between POEg and CaCO3, which improves the HDPE‐CaCO3 interfacial strength and the toughness of the blends. A significant enhancement of dynamic viscosity, storage modulus, and the low‐shear viscosity were observed as the results of the high miscibility of HDPE with POEg and strong interaction between POEg and CaCO3. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 3213–3221, 2005
Processability of a metallocene‐catalyzed linear PE improved by blending with a small amount of UHMWPE
Authors: Aguilar M. , Martín S. , Vega J. F. , Muñoz‐Escalona A. , Martínez‐Salazar J. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe processability of a metallocene‐catalyzed polyethylene blended in the melt with low amounts of ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene was evaluated. Our morphological and thermal studies revealed that the blends were structurally heterogeneous, formed by a matrix of metallocene polyethylene and homogeneously distributed particles of ultra‐high molecular weight material. The visible particles were smaller than those of the reactor powder. Also observed was some degree of interaction between both phases. Rheological data indicated an intense effect of morphology on viscoelastic functions, beyond that expected for a system composed of noninteractive phases. Collectively, our findings suggest the existence, to some extent, of a homogeneous phase at the molecular level composed of a fraction of ultra‐high molecular weight species and metallocene polyethylene. This gives rise to a striking behavior during processing in that the blends show improved extrusion performance the higher their ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene content. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 2963–2971, 2005
Multidimensional Pattern Recognition and Classification of White Blood Cells Using Support Vector Machines
Authors: Adjouadi Malek , Zong Nuannuan , Ayala Melvin 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThis study introduces a new algorithm to optimize the pattern recognition of different white blood cell types in flow cytometry. The behavior of parametric data clusters in a multidimensional space is analyzed using the learning system known as Support Vector Machines (SVM). Beckman‐Coulter Corporation supplied flow cytometry data of numerous patients to be used as training and testing sets for the algorithm. Subsequently, the characteristics of the cells provided in these sets were used to train a SVM based classifier. The objective in developing this algorithm was to identify the category of a given blood sample and provide information to medical doctors in the form of diagnostic references for a specific disease state, lymphocytic leukemia. With the application of the hypothesis space, the learning bias and the learning algorithm, the SVM classifier was successfully trained to evaluate misclassification ratios in flow cytometry data in an effort to recognize abnormal blood cell patterns and address the ubiquitous problem of data overlap through the use of the maximal margin classifier.
A Sampling Approach for Evaluating Particle Loss During Continuous Field Measurement of Particulate Matter
Authors: Noble Christopher A. , Lawless Philip A. , Rodes Charles E. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractA method for evaluating sample bias in field measurements is presented. Experiments were performed in the field and laboratory to quantify the bias as a function of particle size for the scanning mobility particle sizer and the aerodynamic particle sizer. Sources of bias and sample loss considered in this work were sampling line loss, instrumental differences and inlet efficiencies. Measurement of the bias and sample loss allow for correction of the data acquired in the field, so as to obtain more representative samples of atmospheric concentrations. Substantial losses of fine and ultrafine particle count were observed, with sampling line losses ranging from 10–50 %, dependent on particle size. Only minor line losses were observed for coarse particles (approximately 5 %) because the sampling line was oriented vertically.Please note: corrected DOI, in print wrong DOI (10.1002/ppsc.200400939)
Investigation of molecular size of transcription factor TFIIE in solution
Authors: Itoh Yoshiyuki , Unzai Satoru , Sato Mamoru , Nagadoi Aritaka , Okuda Masahiko , Nishimura Yoshifumi , Akashi Satoko 
Published: September 2005

AbstractHuman general transcription factor IIE (TFIIE), a component of a transcription preinitiation complex associated with RNA polymerase II, was characterized by size‐exclusion chromatography, mass spectrometry, analytical ultracentrifugation, and small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS). Recombinant human TFIIE was purified to homogeneity and shown to contain equimolar amounts of TFIIEα (50 kDa) and TFIIEβ (35 kDa) by SDS‐PAGE. In the analysis of size‐exclusion chromatography of the purified sample, as already reported, TFIIE was shown to be a 170‐kDa α2β2 heterotetramer. However, by using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry the purified sample gave the molecular mass of 84,152 ± 5, indicating that TFIIE is an αβ heterodimer but not a heterotetramer. Analytical ultracentrifugation experiment of TFIIE provided that only a single component with the molecular mass of ca. 80,000 existed in solution, also suggesting an αβ heterodimer. In addition, its extraordinarily rod‐like molecular shape was confirmed by SAXS. It is likely that the rod‐like molecular shape of TFIIE has misled larger molecular size in size‐exclusion chromatography, which was calibrated by globular proteins. It is demonstrated that TFIIE exists as a heterodimer under our present conditions in solution, although two molecules of heterodimer might be required for the formation of the preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II for starting the transcription process. Proteins 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A multiple testing procedure to associate gene expression levels with survival
Authors: Jung Sin‐Ho , Owzar Kouros , George Stephen L. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractIn many microarray studies the primary objective is to identify, from a large panel of genes, those which are prognostic markers of a censored survival endpoint such as time to disease recurrence or death. Often, these genes are considered prognostic in that their respective expressions are associated with the survival endpoint of interest. To assess this association requires specifying an appropriate measure of association, a suitable test statistic and, as the number of genes is large, proper handling of multiplicity issues. In this paper, we will address these issues by utilizing a general correlation measure, a non‐parametric test statistic, and control of the family‐wise error rate by employing permutation resampling. Comprehensive simulation studies are conducted to investigate the statistical properties of the proposed procedure. The proposed method is applied to a recently published data set on patients with lung cancer. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A design of phase II cancer trials using total and complete response endpoints
Authors: Lu Ying , Jin Hua , Lamborn Kathleen R. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractPhase II clinical trials in oncology are used for initial evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy of a new treatment regimen. Simon's two‐stage design based on total response (TR) rate is commonly used for such trials. Several authors have proposed alternative strategies to consider either response and toxicity or response and early progression. Because TR consists of both partial response (PR) and complete response (CR) and these two types of responses have different effects on subsequent patient outcome, Lin and Chen proposed a flexible design that is based on a weighted average of PR and CR rates as a way to recognize the differential significance of the two levels of response. Panageas and colleagues, on the other hand, used a trinomial model and direct search to consider a rejection region for PR and CR separately. In this paper, we reformat their hypotheses to assess efficacy based on TR and CR. A new two‐stage optimum phase II trial design based on TR and CR is developed. We provide guides on searching the stopping and rejecting regions and on determining sample size. An example of a phase II trial for glioblastomas treatment is presented. In this trial, physicians would be interested in either stable disease (SD), PR, or CR as an indication of efficacy. However, because PR and CR rarely occur, observation of any PR or CR will lean towards acceptance of the treatment. Our design has the advantage of being close to the traditional Simon two‐stage design while still having the flexibility to treat responses (PR and CR in this example) differently than SD. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fetal echocardiographic evaluation of atrial morphology and the prediction of laterality in cases of heterotaxy syndromes
Authors: Berg C. , Geipel A. , Kohl T. , Smrcek J. , Germer U. , Baschat A. A. , Hansmann M. , Gembruch U. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate whether abnormal atrial morphology, which is well recognized in autopsy series, is detectable by fetal echocardiographic examination of the four‐chamber view, and can therefore be utilized to differentiate left from right isomerism in heterotaxy syndromes.MethodsThis study was a retrospective review of 30 cases with prenatally diagnosed heterotaxy syndromes. Ultrasound video recordings and still images were reviewed with respect to atrial morphology in the four‐chamber view. In 25 cases the morphology of both atria was sufficiently well visualized on the recordings to be evaluated and only these were included in the study.ResultsTwo types of atrial morphology were distinguished in our cohort: a sickle‐shape with the tip pointing laterally and apically, and a blunt shape resembling the usual atrial appearance in the four‐chamber view. Nineteen out of the 25 cases (76%) presented with isomerism of the atria in the four‐chamber view. Thirteen had bilateral sickle‐shaped atrial morphology, all associated with left isomerism. Six had bilateral blunt‐shaped atrial morphology, all associated with right isomerism. The atria of the remaining six cases were not isomeric, the right atrium being sickle‐shaped and the left blunt‐shaped. Five of the latter cases were associated with left and one with right isomerism.ConclusionsThe majority of prenatally diagnosed heterotaxy syndromes seem to present with isomeric atrial morphology in the four‐chamber view. In these cases a differentiation between left and right isomerism can be based on the two distinct types of atrial morphology. This may further enhance the prenatal differentiation of these syndromes. Copyright © 2005 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characteristics and outcome of 90 cases of fetal omphalocele
Authors: Brantberg A. , Blaas H.‐G. K. , Haugen S. E. , Eik‐Nes S. H. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to describe the outcome of a case series of fetuses with omphalocele.MethodsNinety fetuses with omphalocele at the National Center for Fetal Medicine (NCFM) between January 1985 and January 2004 were followed from the time of prenatal diagnosis. Follow‐up times ranged from 6 months to 17 years. Omphaloceles were subdivided into epigastric, central and hypogastric types based on their location on the abdominal wall.ResultsThere were 58 central and 32 epigastric omphaloceles. Abnormal karyotype was found in 40/58 (69%) of the central and in 4/32 (12.5%) of the epigastric omphaloceles. Trisomy 18 was the most frequent abnormality associated with omphalocele. Among the fetuses with normal karyotype, 89% of the central and 71% of the epigastric cases had other anomalies. 38 (66%) of the fetuses with central omphalocele were terminated and 12 (21%) died during pregnancy or after delivery. 11 (34%) of the fetuses with epigastric omphalocele were terminated and eight (25%) died during pregnancy or after delivery. Of the 90 cases followed from the time of diagnosis there were 21 (23%) survivals. Of eight survivals with central omphalocele, only two were considered healthy while six had other anomalies and/or substantially impaired development. Of 13 survivals with epigastric omphalocele, six were considered healthy and seven had other anomalies and/or substantial impairment.ConclusionsFetal central and epigastric omphaloceles may be different entities: central omphaloceles are more strongly associated with abnormal karyotype (69%) than are epigastric omphaloceles (12.5%). The outcome of fetuses with omphalocele is poor irrespective of the type of omphalocele, with only eight of the 90 (9%) being alive and healthy at present. The results emphasize the importance of identifying both those fetuses with a potentially good prognosis and favorable outcome and those which are likely to have a fatal outcome. Copyright © 2005 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of maternal hyperoxia with and without normocapnia in uteroplacental and fetal Doppler studies
Authors: Simchen M. J. , Tesler J. , Azami T. , Preiss D. , Fedorko L. , Goldszmidz E. , Fisher J. , Kingdom J. , Slorach C. , Hornberger L. K. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractObjectiveOne hundred percent oxygen is given in pregnancy to improve fetal oxygenation, yet has been shown in both animal and human studies ex utero to increase cerebral vascular resistance. Adjusting end‐tidal pCO2 (ET‐pCO2) levels to normocapnic levels during hyperoxygenation offsets this effect in non‐pregnant individuals. We aimed to evaluate the effect of maternal hyperoxygenation with and without maintaining normocapnia on the fetal and uteroplacental circulations in healthy near‐term human pregnancies.MethodsEight healthy pregnant women, serving as their own controls, sequentially breathed room air, breathed 100% oxygen, and underwent normocapnic hyperoxygenation (NH) in a three‐phase experiment involving a tight‐fitting facemask. Each phase lasted 10–15 min. After steady state had been reached, peak velocities and pulsatility index (PI) values were obtained from the uterine, umbilical and fetal middle cerebral arteries (MCA) by color/pulsed Doppler. In addition, maternal ventilation and ET‐pCO2 were monitored.ResultsOne hundred percent oxygen induced maternal hyperventilation and hypocapnea. Uterine artery PI and peak systolic velocities were stable during 100% oxygen. In contrast, during NH uterine artery PI values decreased by 21% (P = 0.04). Umbilical artery PI and peak velocities were stable during 100% oxygen; PI increased by 16% during NH (P = 0.056), with no change in peak velocities. Peak MCA velocities decreased by 8% during 100% oxygen, and by 9.6% during NH, while MCA‐PI decreased by 13% during 100% oxygen and by 21% during NH (P = 0.06).ConclusionsMaternal and fetal circulations exhibit divergent responses to 100% oxygen and NH. While no change is observed in the uteroplacental circulation on 100% oxygen, decreased resistance and increased flow velocity are evident during NH. Increased umbilical artery PI during NH with no change in absolute velocities may suggest a reduction in fetoplacental blood flow. Maintaining normocapnia during hyperoxygenation does not appear to beneficially influence the circulation of the near‐term human fetus as it does in non‐pregnant individuals. Copyright © 2005 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal diagnosis of fetal hydrometrocolpos secondary to a cloacal anomaly by magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Hayashi S. , Sago H. , Kashima K. , Kitano Y. , Kuroda T. , Honna T. , Nosaka S. , Nakamura T. , Ito Y. , Kitagawa M. , Natori M. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractFetal female urogenital anomalies are often difficult to evaluate by ultrasonography, especially in late gestation. We report a case of fetal hydrometrocolpos detected at 35 weeks of gestation. Ultrasonography revealed a large retrovesical septate hypoechogenic mass in the fetal abdomen, however the sonographic findings were inconclusive. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirmed that the abdominal mass was fluid‐filled with a mid‐plane septum in the midline posterior to the bladder, and showed a connection to the dilated uterus that was duplicated. These findings were consistent with a diagnosis of hydrometrocolpos with septate vagina and uterus didelphys. The neonate showed abdominal distension, ambiguous genitalia and anal atresia with a single perineal opening. Hydrometrocolpos was secondary to a urethral type of cloacal anomaly. Aspiration of the mass and a colostomy were performed on the first postnatal day, followed by anorectoplasty at 19 months of age. MRI is a useful complementary tool for assessing fetal urogenital anomalies when ultrasonography is inconclusive. Copyright © 2005 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transdermal HRT and Doppler findings in normotensive and hypertensive postmenopausal patients
Authors: Persico N. , Mancini F. , Artini P. G. , de Iaco P. , Volpe A. , de Aloysio D. , Battaglia C. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of transdermal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on plasma viscosity, serum levels of thromboxane B2 (TXB2) and vascular impedance in the uterine, bladder wall, internal carotid and ophthalmic arteries in normotensive and hypertensive postmenopausal patients.MethodsThirty postmenopausal patients underwent continuous estradiol transdermal supplementation at a dose of 50 µg/day and 12‐day courses of medroxyprogesterone acetate 10 mg/day every 2 months. The women were divided into two groups according to their blood pressure: normotensive women (Group 1, n = 14) and hypertensive subjects (Group 2, n = 16). Before starting HRT and after 6 months of therapy, the patients underwent: transvaginal ultrasonographic examination of the pelvic organs; Doppler examination of the blood flow velocities in the uterine, bladder wall, internal carotid and ophthalmic arteries; and analysis of plasma viscosity and plasma TXB2.ResultsAfter 6 months of HRT plasma viscosity had decreased in both groups (mean reduction in Group 1, (14 ± 1)%, P = 0.005; mean reduction in Group 2, (10 ± 1)%, P = 0.005) as had the TXB2 levels (mean reduction in Group 1, (93 ± 2)%, P < 0.001; mean reduction in Group 2, (92 ± 3)%, P < 0.001). The mean percentage reduction in plasma viscosity was smaller in hypertensive women than in normotensive women (P < 0.05). There was also a significant reduction in vascular impedance in the uterine artery (mean reduction in Group 1, (16 ± 1)%, P = 0.005; mean reduction in Group 2, (19 ± 1)%, P = 0.005), the bladder wall arteries (mean reduction in Group 1, (23 ± 2)%, P = 0.005; mean reduction in Group 2, (18 ± 1)%, P = 0.005), the internal carotid artery (mean reduction in Group 1, (25 ± 1)%, P = 0.005; mean reduction in Group 2, (26 ± 1)%, P = 0.005) and the ophthalmic artery (mean reduction in Group 1, (24 ± 2)%, P = 0.005; mean reduction in Group 2, (16 ± 1)%, P = 0.005). The percentage reduction in vascular impedance did not differ significantly between the two groups.ConclusionsOur results show that transdermal HRT is effective in reducing plasma viscosity, TXB2 levels and vascular impedance in the peripheral and central vessels both in normotensive and hypertensive postmenopausal patients. Copyright © 2005 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.