Solar Desalination with Monolithic Foams Containing a Combination of Graphite and SnSe Featured with a Hierarchical Structure and Bimodal Pores for Spontaneous Salt Rejection
Authors: Choi Yong-Woo , Yoo Pil Jin 
Published: February 2024

The increasing interest in solar water evaporation technology is due to its potential to replace conventional desalination systems. In this study, we suggest a new solar desalination system that has a hierarchical photothermal structure and is structurally monolithic. The overall membrane is made up of a macroscale porous melamine foam frame that acts as a porous insulator and a mass transfer layer. The mass transfer layer is designed with a bimodal porous structure of melamine foam, with large pores coated with a composite of graphite and SnSe (G-SnSe) and small pores. This simple structure provides many benefits. First, it combines two photothermal mechanisms, thermal vibration in graphite and non-radiative relaxation in SnSe, to achieve synergies in the conversion of light to heat energy. Second, compared to the single materials, graphite or SnSe alone, the nanocomposite of G-SnSe has a higher effective surface area, resulting in increased solar absorption. Finally, the melamine foam structure with bimodal pores enhances seawater wicking and has a high salt rejection capacity due to its volumetric porosity bimodal configuration of up to 35%. The monolithic melamine foam with a hierarchical photothermal structure minimizes interference with water transport due to the resistance-free presence of a continuous interfacial layer.
The monolithic structure evaporaters (MSE) achieved a high evaporation rate of 1.303 kg m-2h-1 under 1 sun condition due to increased capillarity by the small-scale pores in the photothermal layer. Furthermore, spontaneous salt rejection was observed during solar desalination, attributed to the presence of intrinsic large-scale pores in melamine foam for draining the concentrated salt water from the surface. The feasibility of outdoor solar desalination was established, with a high evaporation rate of 1.259 kg m-2h-1. The mechanical stability of MSE was achieved by incorporating a small amount of binder (less than 3% of total photothermal materials), maintaining efficient performance for up to 30 days without degradation. The proposed strategy in the simple monolithic structure with bimodal porosity provides a general toolkit for designing high-performance solar desalination devices due to high evaporation rate and spontaneous salt rejection capability.
In summary, the solar water evaporation technology is becoming increasingly popular as a possible replacement for traditional desalination systems. We propose a novel monolithic solar desalination system with a hierarchical photothermal structure, which is composed of a macroscale porous melamine foam as a skeleton which has both roles : an insulator and a mass transfer layer. The bimodal porous structure of melamine foam with large pores coated with a composite of graphite and SnSe provides many benefits, including increased solar absorption and a high salt rejection capacity. The MSE structure achieves a high evaporation rate and spontaneous salt rejection, making it a feasible option for outdoor solar desalination. The proposed strategy provides a general toolkit for designing high-performance solar desalination devices.