bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trends in Nursing Education in China
Authors: Wong Frances Kam Yuet , Chan Sally , Yeung Sue 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To explore the current trends and development of nursing education in China. Nursing education in China has developed rapidly in alignment with economic growth of this country.Design: Descriptive, using 345 manuscript abstracts from various regions of China, submitted for the 1996 Sino‐Hong Kong Educational Conference.Methods: Content analysis of manuscript abstracts was done to describe the trends. Codes were determined after several rounds of independent analysis.Findings: Development of nursing education in China appears in line with global trends. preparation of a pragmatic nurse was emphasized by nurse educators who also advocate total patient care and the integration of traditional Chinese medicine in nursing education. Areas seldom mentioned, however, were student‐centered approaches to learning, advanced practice, and the evaluation of educational processes and outcomes.Conclusions: Nurse educators in mainland China appear aware of the dynamics and challenges in health care, and the need for preparing a new generation of nurses to face these challenges. Educators in China need to adopt new approaches in teaching and learning to prepare nurses to function in a wide range of health care settings, and to monitor and evaluate educational outcomes.
Qualitative Outcome Analysis: Evaluating Nursing Interventions for Complex Clinical Phenomena
Authors: Morse Janice M. , Penrod Janice , Hupcey Judith E. 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To describe a method that allows evaluating nursing interventions derived from a qualitative research project, and that shows appropriate interventions.Organizing Framework: Qualitative research has expanded over the last decade and has contributed significantly to Inderstanding patients' experiences of health, illness, and injury. Yet the value of qualitative research in determining clinical interventions and subsequently evaluating the effects of these interventions on patients' outcomes has been limited. This method is used to confirm the efficacy of nursing interventions when experience changes over time, to extend the repertoire of intervention strategies, and to further clinicians' understanding of possible outcomes.Design: From a completed study, Qualitative Outcome Analysis (QOA) enhances the identification of meaningful intervention strategies and plans for utilization. The researcher identifies the type of qualitative data that will enable the interpretation and evaluation of interventions, devises a means of data ecording and analysis, and finally, disseminates the findings.Conclusions: QOA is a systematic means to confirm the applicability of clinical strategies developed from a single qualitative project, to extend the repertoire of clinical interventions, and to evaluate clinical outcomes.
Children's Rights in Clinical Research
Authors: Bragadóttir Helga 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To address the use of children and children's genetic information in research, analyze Icelandic laws as an example, review existing literature on children in clinical research, and describe nurses' actions as children's advocates.Method: An integrated literature review was conducted using theoretical and empirical literature on children as human subjects in clinical research. Five Icelandic laws were analyzed.Findings: Legal protection of children as human subjects is an international issue and is lacking in Icelandic legislation. In spite of an identified need to protect children as human subjects, research on children's rights in clinical research is scarce. Nurses have not taken an active stance in protecting children as human subjects.Conclusions: The recently passed Bill on Health Sector Database in Iceland raises questions about protection of human subjects regardless of age and stature. The effects of this Icelandic case could have international implications regarding centralized health care databases, ownership of data, and related ethical and legal decisions.
Use of Certificates of Confidentiality in Nursing Research
Authors: Lutz Kristin F. , Shelton Kathleen C. , Robrecht Linda C. , Hatton Diane C. , Beckett Ann K. 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To discuss the use of Certificates of Confidentiality in nursing research.Organizing Construct: In situations that are particularly complex, sensitive, and in which the participants are extremely vulnerable, a Certificate of Confidentiality issued by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) may be useful to help ensure the privacy of research participants.Sources: Theoretical and research literature, DHHS documents, and research experience.Findings and Conclusions: Not all research with vulnerable populations requires the additional protection provided by Certificates of Confidentiality. However, certificates may be indicated in studies in which participants and researchers may be exposed to compelled legal disclosure of research data.
Nursing Research and HIV Infection: State‐of‐the‐Science
Authors: Goldrick Barbara A. , Baigis Judith A. , Larsen Jeanne , Lemert Jennifer L. 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To provide an update of the nursing research literature on HIV infection and to develop an HIV/AIDS database using arcs© computer software.Methods: Nursing research literature from 1986 through 1997 on human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) was reviewed. With an emphasis on client‐focused research, 246 studies were entered into the arcs© HIV/AIDS database.Findings: Analysis of over 1,000 citations in the HIV/AIDS nursing research literature over the past decade indicated that 22% (n = 219) of the nursing studies were client‐ or patient‐focused; 29% (n = 292) were risk‐group focused; and 49% (n = 492) were provider‐focused. Of the 246 studies entered into the arcs© HIV/AIDS database, 88 (35.7%) were classified in the psychologic domain, 65 (26.4%) in the physiologic domain, 24 (9.7%) in the behavioral domain, and 25 (10%) in the social domain. In addition, 17 (6.9%) of the studies were classified in the quality of life domain, and 27 (10.9%) in the stage of HIV disease domain. The majority (53%) of the 246 studies (n = 131) were correlational, 86 (35%) were descriptive, and 29 (12%) had experimental or quasi‐experimental designs.Conclusions: Although nursing studies have described some of the problems that affect HIV‐infected people, further research is needed, particularly related to clinical interventions.
A Taxonomy of Passive Behaviors in People with Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Colling Kathleen Byrne 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To construct a taxonomy of passive behaviors for understanding people with Alzheimer's disease. Passive behaviors are those associated with decreased motor movements, decreasing interactions with the environment, and feelings of apathy and listlessness. Little is known about behaviors associated with passivity, and these behaviors have not been categorized.Organizing Construct: Taxonomy construction. Passive behaviors in people with Alzheimer's disease were conceptualized as disturbing behaviors, patterns of personality change, and negative symptoms.Methods: The taxonomy was developed using critical reviews of 15 empirical studies published 1985 through 1998. Procedures included listing behaviors; clustering behaviors into inductively derived groupings; conducting an expert panel‐review, making revisions, and conduting a second review; establishing global and category‐by‐category reliability using Cohen's Kappa.Findings: The nonhierarchic, natural taxonomy indicated five categories of behaviors associated with passivity in Alzheimer's disease: diminutions of cognition, psychomotor activity, emotions, interactions with people, and interactions with the environment. Analysis indicated substantial agreement beyond chance and showed statistically significant agreement among the six nurse‐expert raters. Areas of synchrony between the taxonomy and the Need‐Driven Dementia Compromised Behavior Model were identified.Conclusions: This taxonomy of passive behaviors in patients with Alzheimer's disease showed empirical rigor and compatibility with a middle‐range theory and can be viewed as a sensitizing analytic scheme to guide future practice, research, and theory development.
The Experience of Acupuncture for treatment of Substance Dependence
Authors: Bernstein Kunsook Song 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To explore the meaning of substance abusers' experience while receiving acupuncture as a part of the treatment for substance dependence.Design: Phenomenology. Eight participants with diagnosis of substance dependence were selected for the study. The participants were in an inpatient setting with detoxification and rehabilitation programs provided to substance abusers.Methods: In 1997, eight substance abusers who had accepted acupuncture as a part of their treatment for substance dependence were interviewed about their experiences with acupuncture treatment. Data collection included interviews with each of the subjects, the researcher's field notes, and demographic data obtained from the participants' medical records. The verbatim transcripts of each of the interviews were analyzed using Giorgi's modification of phenomenological method.Findings: Analysis of the data after one treatment with acupuncture indicated seven major themes: anticipation of pain, apprehension concerning a new experience, mood elevation, inability to describe the experience, physical sensation, relaxation, and improved sleep.Conclusions: The substance abusers' experiences with acupuncture revealed an acceptance of a new treatment method, and demonstrated potential for healing through integration and balance. Further research is indicated to assess the effects of repeated treatments
Biobehavioral Effects of Therapeutic Touch
Authors: Engle Veronica F. , Graney Marshall J. 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To document immediate and short‐term biobehavioral effects of therapeutic touch (TT), estimate the magnitude of TT effects, and compare TT effects to placebo responses.Design: A repeated measures, pretest‐posttest quasi‐experimental design. TT and mimic TT were administered using standardized protocols to 11 adults in a controlled setting.Methods: Four physiological (total pulse amplitude, blood pressure, pulse, temperature) and three subjective (stress, self‐assessment of health, time perception) variables were evaluated over 24 hours.Findings: Total pulse amplitude and time perception decreased significantly immediately after TT intervention, indicating vasoconstriction and time passing “faster,” with large and medium effect sizes significantly greater than were placebo responses. Vasodilation, a relaxation response, was expected instead of vasoconstriction.Conclusions: TT may have adverse and positive outcomes.
Fatigue and Relatedness Experiences of Inordinately Tired Women
Authors: Dzurec Laura Cox 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To examine the association of fatigue and interpersonal relatedness of fatigued women.Design: Hermeneutics.Methods: Seventeen fatigued American women, recruited through purposive sampling, were interviewed. Questions were based on data from previous research of women's fatigue and on characteristics of the theory of relatedness.Findings: Relatedness was significantly linked to fatigue. Participants moved toward disconnectedness, parallelism, comfortable noninvolvement, or through enmeshment and then toward parallelism. A spiral of intrapersonal and interpersonal changes, sense of emotional absence, lack of energy and motivation, and depression‐like symptoms were reported by fatigued participants, particularly those whose state of relatedness shifted toward disconnectedness. Depression‐like symptoms were associated with fatigue, but were differentiated from diagnosed depression. Participants noted that physical movement was helpful to them in mediating their fatigue.Conclusions: Findings from this study indicate the need for a database to describe the interplay among biological, psychosocial, and behavioral components of fatigue and to clarify its association with medical diagnoses, particularly depression.
Effects of Group Therapy on Chemically Dependent Women's Self‐efficacy
Authors: Washington Olivia G.M. 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To determine effects of experiential and cognitive group therapy on self‐efficacy of chemically dependent women.Methods: This quasi‐experimental study indicated differences in the effects of cognitive and experiential group therapy on perceptions of general and social self‐efficacy in 52 recovering chemically dependent women living in a Midwestern urban area of the United States. Two additional groups of women were recruited for control groups. One control group (n%34) consisted of chemically dependent women from the same sites who did not participate in the treatment programs. The second control group consisted of working women (n%35) who were matched to the chemically dependent women on age, race, and gender, and who self‐reported not being chemically dependent and never having used illegal drugs. All participants completed the Self‐Efficacy Scale, and both experimental groups (cognitive and experiential) participated in six 90‐minute group therapy sessions.Results: A statistically significant difference was found for general self‐efficacy among the four groups. The chemically dependent control group women had significantly lower scores on general self‐efficacy than did the other three groups. The chemically dependent treatment groups had significantly higher levels of general self‐efficacy than did the chemically dependent control group. Social self‐efficacy did not differ among treatment and control groups.Conclusions: Strengthening chemically dependent women's self‐efficacy beliefs to deal effectively with a variety of situations and tasks can increase their confidence that they can be productive and accomplish their goals.
Intuition and Analysis in Decision Making and Choice
Authors: Lamond Dawn , Thompson Carl 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To discuss the need for a shift in focus from intuitive to more analytic ways of examining both the process and outcomes of professional decisions based on “best evidence.”Scope: Different assumptions inherent in intuitive and analytic explanations of nurses' decision making are outlined, and the two approaches are compared. The benefits and limitations of such approaches to decision making in nursing and health care are discussed, using available research evidence to show that in most instances the analytical approaches are more effective.Conclusions: A systematic approach to decision making in health care is needed, so that both health professionals and patients have a means for knowing the basis of decisions about treatment.
Correlates of Resilience in Homeless Adolescents
Authors: Rew Lynn , Taylor‐Seehafer Margaret , Thomas Nancy Y. , Yockey Ronald D. 
Published: April 2004

Purposes: To (a) describe reasons adolescents give for their homelessness, (b) explore relationships among resilience and selected risk and protective factors, (c) identify differences in risk and protective factors by gender and sexual orientation, and (d) determine best predictors of resilience.Design: A descriptive and exploratory correlational design was used to collect and analyze data from a convenience sample of 59 homeless adolescents who sought health and social services from a community street‐outreach project in central Texas in 1998.Methods: A paper and pencil survey consisting of valid measures (Resilience Scale, UCLA‐Revised Loneliness Scale, Beck Hopelessness Scale, Social Connectedness Scale, and Death‐Related Attitude Schedule) was administered in a street‐outreach setting.Findings: Nearly half the sample (47%) reported a history of sexual abuse and 36% self‐identified as gay, lesbian, or bisexual in orientation. Over half (51%) were thrown out of their homes by their parents, 37% left home because their parents disapproved of their alcohol or drug use, and nearly one‐third left home because parents sexually abused them. Lack of resilience was ignificantly related to hopelessness, loneliness, life‐threatening behaviors, and connectedness, but not to gender or sexual orientation. Hopelessness and connectedness explained 50% of the variance in resilience.Conclusions: Participants who perceived themselves as resilient, although disconnected from other people, were less lonely, less hopeless, and engaged in fewer life‐threatening behaviors than were those who perceived themselves as not being resilient. They survived by adapting to street life and by becoming overly self‐reliant. Findings may be useful in planning interventions to promote health and well‐being in this vulnerable population.
Nurses' Experiences of Restructuring in Three Ontario Hospitals
Authors: Blythe Jennifer , Baumann Andrea , Giovannetti Phyllis 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To describe the effects of restructuring, particularly redeployment, on nurses' personal and work lives, and to compare the utility of “survivor syndrome” and empowerment as alternative concepts for understanding these effects and planning change.Methods: Twenty‐six focus groups or interviews were held with 59 nurses working in three hospitals in Ontario, Canada.Findings: Participants described how restructuring strategies had affected them as individuals, as members of nursing teams, and as employees. In each of these aspects of their work lives, relationships became less integrated, their work activities became less controllable, and the changes compromised their ability to deliver effective care.Conclusions: Restructuring intensifies structural weaknesses in professions, such as nursing, whose members are primarily employed by bureaucracies. Nurses may not find survivor syndrome a useful model to explain their low morale following restructuring because it identifies nurses as “patients” in need of therapy. An empowerment model that takes into account nurses' concerns about uncertainty and integration may be more fruitful for devising strategies to enhance their ability to practice effectively in hospital settings.
Turnings and Adaptations in Resilient Daughters of Battered Women
Authors: Humphreys Janice C. 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To examine the major life‐turning points and adaptations of adult daughters of battered women, as a means of describing the dynamic of resilience in daughters of battered women.Design: A convenience sample of 10 community‐based adult daughters of battered women in 1995.Methods: Two unstructured, tape‐recorded life history interviews lasting 3–5 hours each and an investigator‐developed self‐report of significant life events.Results: Seven major turnings and six adaptations were identified and described.Conclusions: The findings indicate that these resilient adult daughters of battered women were able to experience formidable life events and to overcome them, but not without suffering. The women's adaptations resulted from a confluence of individual and environmental characteristics that are amenable to nursing interventions.
College Students' Perceptions and Practices of Sexual Activities in Sexual Encounters
Authors: von Sadovszky Victoria , Keller Mary L. , McKinney Kristan 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To examine college students' understanding of safer sexual encounters, including expectation for sexual activities, planning for sexual encounters, and ideas about what constitutes “safe” sex.Design: Exploratory design of college students' perceptions of and actual sexual activities that occurred in their last or most memorable sexual encounter.Methods: Participants in one U.S. university completed three open‐ and closed‐ended questions about their activities, as part of a larger questionnaire concerning contextual factors in their sexual encounters. A content analysis was conducted on data from open‐ended questions. Encounters were categorized by risk for further analysis.Findings: No significant differences were found in expectations regarding sexual activities between participants who had risky and safer encounters, except that participants who had safer encounters expected touching through clothing significantly less than did those who had risky encounters. Frequencies of sexual activities varied greatly between the two risk groups. No differences were found between the two groups concerning whether the encounter was planned or in expectation of sexual activities by planning of the encounter. The majority erroneously thought they had “safer” sex. The most reported reasons for believing a risky encounter was safer included the use of a hormone‐based birth control method, use of a condom during vaginal sex only, and believing no sex had occurred in the case of oral sex.Conclusions: For these participants, planning of the encounter was not related to safer sexual activities and safer sexual activities were generally misunderstood.
Differences in Evidence‐Based Care in Midwifery Practice and Education
Authors: Carr Catherine A. , Schott Alexandra 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To examine site‐specific differences in managing labor and to describe variations in intrapartum practice in the context of clinical midwifery education.Design: Descriptive design based on secondary analysis of an existing data set collected to evaluate the intrapartum clinical experiences of nurse‐midwifery students. The data set included 498 records collected by midwifery students in 23 sites from 1995–1998. The unit of analysis was the intrapartum record.Methods: Students used The American College of Nurse‐Midwives Clinical Data Set for Intrapartum Care to collect data during clinical experiences, including patient demographic data, risk factors, and specific care processes and interventions.Findings: Significant variations were found among settings despite use of the same clinical guidelines. Discrepancies between theoretical preparation of students for clinical practice and the realities of clinical practice were noted.Conclusions: Despite a stated commitment to evidence‐based practice, practice patterns varied significantly. Clinicians and educators need to find common ground for combining evidence‐ based theory with evidence‐based practice.
Institutional Research Responsibilities and Needed Infrastructure
Authors: Youngblut JoAnne M. , Brooten Dorothy 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To describe research grantee institutions' responsibilities to the funding agencies, research participants, and investigators, and the infrastructure and resources necessary for successful completion of funded research projects.Organizing Framework: Grants management includes investigator access to institutional and school infrastructure and resources, oversight and monitoring of the implementation of the research, and strategies to maximize research yield while stretching research dollars.Conclusions: Grantee institutions are responsible for overseeing the conduct of research, protecting rights of research participants, safety of study personnel, monitoring conflict of interest, fiscal management, access to data, and disseminating study findings. Central and school departments that provide needed services are important infrastructure supports. In addition to research space and investigator time, senior research mentors and research administrators are the most valuable resources for research success.