bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Severe Acquired Hemophilia with Factor VIII Inhibition Associated with Acetaminophen and Chlorpheniramine
Authors: Famularo Giuseppe , De Maria Silvia , Minisola Giovanni , Nicotra Giulio Cesare 
Published: July 2004

OBJECTIVE: To report a case of acquired hemophilia with a high-titer factor VIII inhibitor associated with the use of acetaminophen and chlorpheniramine in combination. CASE SUMMARY: An 83-year-old woman presented with a severe bleeding disorder 2 weeks after she was prescribed acetaminophen and chlorpheniramine for treatment of a flu-like illness. Laboratory studies showed severe anemia with greatly reduced factor VIII activity and the presence of a high-titer factor VIII inhibitor at 228 Bethesda units. Treatment with high-dose corticosteroids, transfusion of several units of red blood cells, and repeated infusions of factor VIII bypassing activity was successful. Complete clinical and laboratory remission was achieved after 4 weeks of treatment. Use of the Naranjo probability scale suggested a possible association between this adverse event and treatment with acetaminophen and chlorpheniramine. DISCUSSION: Acquired hemophilia due to factor VIII inhibitor(s) has been associated with the use of drugs such as thioxanthenes, interferon, and fludarabine. As of this writing, to the best of our knowledge, no other case has been reported among patients receiving acetaminophen or chlorpheniramine. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that acquired hemophilia due to factor VIII inhibitor(s) should be considered in the appropriate setting when patients present with unexplained and even minor bleeding while on treatment with acetaminophen or chlorpheniramine alone or combined.
Molecular Heterogeneity Has a Major Impact on the Measurement of Circulating N-Terminal Fragments of A- and B-Type Natriuretic Peptides
Authors: Ala-Kopsala Minna , Magga Jarkko , Peuhkurinen Keijo , Leipälä Jaana , Ruskoaho Heikki , Leppäluoto Juhani , Vuolteenaho Olli 
Published: July 2004

AbstractBackground: The N-terminal fragments of A- and B-type natriuretic peptides (NT-proANP and NT-proBNP) are powerful markers of cardiac function. The current assays require refinement with regard to standardization with native calibrators and the ability to detect the actual circulating forms.Methods: The following peptides were prepared with recombinant methods: NT-proANP, NT-proBNP, proBNP1–108, and Tyr0-proBNP77–108. Fifteen peptides of 13–22 amino acids, spanning the sequences of NT-proANP and NT-proBNP, were prepared by solid-phase peptide synthesis. Two immunoassays for NT-proANP and four for NT-proBNP were set up, each with a different epitope specificity. The assays were applied for the measurement of NT-proANP and NT-proBNP in healthy individuals and in patients with acute myocardial infarction. The circulating molecular forms were analyzed by gel-filtration and reversed-phase HPLC.Results: According to the HPLC analyses, circulating NT-proANP consists mainly of the full-length peptide, with some degradation at both ends. In contrast, circulating NT-proBNP is very heterogeneous. Most immunoreactive NT-proBNP is significantly smaller in size than NT-proBNP1–76, with truncation at both termini. The smallest fragments can be detected by assays directed at the central part of NT-proBNP only; assays directed at the ends gave 30–40% lower values. Despite the difference, the various assays correlated reasonably well with each other (r2 = 0.77–0.85). In patients with acute myocardial infarction, NT-proANP and NT-proBNP concentrations were 1.8–2.3 and 4.2–4.5 times higher than in healthy individuals. The development of heart failure further increased the concentrations.Conclusions: Molecular heterogeneity of the circulating forms causes a serious risk of preanalytical errors in assays for NT-proBNP and, to a lesser extent, NT-proANP. The development of a sandwich assay for NT-proBNP would be especially challenging. The most robust and reliable assays use antibodies directed at the central portions of NT-proANP or NT-proBNP.
Amplifiers, Optical
Authors: Mukai Takaaki 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
An overview of optical amplifiers, which are used for direct amplification of optical signals, is presented. The article includes the physics and device performance of practical optical amplifiers, such as semiconductor optical amplifiers, rare‐earth ion‐doped fiber amplifiers, fiber Raman amplifiers and fiber Brillouin amplifiers. System applications of optical amplifiers are also reviewed.
Spectroscopy, Atomic
Authors: Bonin Keith , Happer William 
Published: July 2004

AbstractAtomic spectroscopy is the study of the interaction of atoms with electromagnetic radiation of various wavelengths (or frequencies). Its fundamental use has been as an aid to understanding the structure of atoms, but atomic spectroscopy has expanded to include many diverse applications such as monitoring trace impurities in steel mills and determining the elemental composition of stars.The structure and energy levels of an atom are determined by the interactions between the positively charged nucleus and the surrounding, negatively charged electrons (and the interactions between the electrons themselves). The Coulomb potential dominates all other terms in the Hamiltonian of an atom. The spin–orbit interaction is next in importance and it can be quite large for atoms of high atomic number Z. Smaller terms in the Hamiltonian include the hyperfine interaction and the isotopic shifts due to nuclear mass differences of atoms with the same atomic number Z.The simplest atoms (ions) are those with one electron whose energy levels and wavefunctions can be calculated analytically. The most widespread and useful model for many‐electron atoms assumes that the electrons move independently of each other in a central, self‐consistent potential, which represents the mean Coulomb energy of an electron due to the attraction of the nucleus and the repulsion of the other electrons. Residual Coulomb interactions between the electrons and other interactions neglected in the single‐particle model are accounted for with perturbation theory to provide estimates for the energy levels of the atoms. Selection rules on the allowed changes of atomic quantum numbers predict which pairs of levels can give rise to strong emission or absorption of light.A typical spectroscopic measurement requires a light source, some optics for transporting the light, an atom source in the case of absorption spectroscopy, a spectroscopic instrument, and a detector. Some common light sources in spectroscopy are lamps, discharges, flames, lasers, and natural sources such as the sun and the stars. Atoms for absorption spectroscopy can be provided by cells, flames, furnaces, and various types of atomic beams. The most common spectroscopic instruments are prism and grating spectrometers, Fabry–Perot interferometers, and light filters. In addition to the human eye, the most widely used detectors are thermal detectors, wherein thetotal incident energyof the absorbed light causes an increase in the thermal motion of electrons in the material; and photon detectors, wherein thenumber of incident photons(and not their total energy) determines the size of the detector's response. Thermal detectors discussed here include thermocouples, bolometers, and pyroelectric detectors. Common photon detectors are photomultiplier tubes, channeltrons, photodiodes, and charge‐coupled device (CCD) arrays.
Fiber Optics
Authors: Nakahara Tsuneo , Tanaka Shigeru , Nishimura Masayuki 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe optical fiber is one of the most important key technologies that support the current information technology (IT) era. Optical fibers are now widely used not only as an excellent transmission medium for optical communication but also as optical functional devices, such as optical amplifiers. Both optical fibers and their manufacturing technologies have evolved dramatically toward higher performance and improved productivity. Their applications have also been expanded from optical communication to a variety of fields, such as optical sensors. This article reviews various aspects of optical fibers: structures & materials, fabrication techniques, optical characteristics & reliability, and applications.
Filters, Optical
Authors: Dobrowolski J.A. 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
This article reviews the performance of optical filters for the 0.005 to 1000 µm spectral region. The filters described operate in transmitted or reflected light and are intended for use in free‐space optics. The theory of two or more filters placed in series or in parallel is presented. The effect of surface reflections on the performance of the filters is discussed. Optical filters can be based on many different physical principles. Brief explanations are given of the modes of operation of filters based on absorption, reflection, interference in thin films, holography, scattering, diffraction, and interference of polarized light. The principal advantages and disadvantages of filters based on these phenomena are discussed. Filters can also be classified according to the functions that they are intended to perform. In this article the following generic filter types are considered: antireflection coatings, neutral attenuators, narrow band, medium‐band and wideband reflectors, short‐ and long‐wavelength cutoff filters, narrowband transmission filters, rejection filters, neutral‐ and color‐selective beam splitters and correction or gain flattening filters. For each of the above filter types, spectral transmittance or reflectance curves are presented that correspond to representative filters based on a number of the above‐mentioned physical principles. Information is provided on how to specify the performance of the various filter types.
Spectroscopy, Photoacoustic
Authors: Harren Frans J. M. , Laarhoven Lucas J. J. 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
After a short introduction and description of particular features of the equipment used, attention is centered on applications. Solids, surfaces, and solutions have been studied by photoacoustic spectroscopy; recent work is quoted. Gas‐phase investigations are discussed with emphasis on trace gas detection. Especially, applications in plant physiology and microbiology are considered.
Electro‐optic Imaging
Authors: Kürbitz Gunther 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
This article deals with electro‐optical means to see in nonvisible spectral regions and at very low light levels and to produce visible imagery. The wavelength regions covered range from UV (200 nm to 400 nm) to the thermal IR (8 µm to 14 µm). The visible spectrum band from 350 nm to 750 nm is covered only insofar, as very low light levels are concerned, that is, the use of image‐intensifier systems is required. For every waveband, the physical properties of the scene and the atmosphere as well as the corresponding technologies to transform the scene under consideration into a visible representation are described. That includes optics, detectors, and cooling systems (if required). Performance parameters for the systems are described as far as available.
Electro‐optic Devices
Authors: Maldonado Theresa A. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractElectro‐optic devices can be designed to modulate various properties of a light wave, including phase, polarization, amplitude, frequency, and even its direction of propagation. Research over the years has focused on developing materials and complementary device geometries that together can yield desirable device performance for a large number of applications. This chapter provides an overview of the fundamental modes of operation for devices that alter the optical properties of materials in a controlled way for achieving light modulation. A mathematical treatment of light propagation in anisotropic and electro‐optically active media is presented to enable the device designer to quantify the modulation of light as well as the effects of slight misalignments of the structure on polarization and energy flow. Various classes of materials investigated for electro‐optic devices are presented; these include inorganic crystals, organic crystals, liquid crystals, semiconductors, and dye‐doped polymers. Possible device geometries include bulk, integrated optical waveguides, and optical fibers. In addition, performance criteria are defined, and a wide range of applications for these devices are summarized.
Lasers, ExtremeUVand SoftX‐ray
Authors: Nilsen Joseph 
Published: July 2004

AbstractTwo decades ago, very large sources such as the building size ICF lasers were used as the energy sources to drive the first X‐ray lasers. Tremendous progress has been made over the last two decades to produce tabletop, high‐repetition rate X‐ray lasers that can be used as tools for applications. With the use of high‐reflectivity multilayer mirrors, many of the standard optical techniques such as interferometry can be extended to the soft X‐ray regime between wavelengths of 10 and 50 nm. The dominant X‐ray laser schemes are the monopole collisional excitation lasers either driven by chirped pulse amplification (CPA) laser systems or capillary discharge. The CPA systems drive lasing in neon‐like or nickel‐like ions, typically in the 10‐ to 30‐nm range, while the capillary system is currently limited to driving neon‐like ions at a longer wavelength near 50 nm. Most researchers use nickel‐like ion lasers near 14 nm because they are well matched to the Mo:Si multilayer mirrors, which have peak reflectivity near 13 nm, and are an essential component of applications such as X‐ray laser interferometry.
Light and Lighting Systems
Authors: Bullough John D. , Rea Mark S. 
Published: July 2004

Abstract

Lighting is the application of visually effective optical radiation. This chapter provides the reader with some basic information about lighting terminology and technologies (lamps, ballasts, luminaires, and controls), and the results of recent research on the effective use of lighting. This article supplements the articles on
COLOR VISION
;
COLORIMETRY
;
OPTICAL RADIATION SOURCES AND STANDARDS
; and
PHYSIOLOGICAL OPTICS
.
Optical Coatings
Authors: Macleod Angus 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Optical coatings consist of thin uniform layers of material over a surface. Interference effects combine with the intrinsic properties of the materials to modify the specular properties of the surface without altering its power. Antireflection coatings reduce reflection losses, high‐reflectance coatings increase the reflectance, others divide or combine light beams perhaps according to their wavelength or direction, some are purely decorative, and there are many others of different types.
Optical Fabrication
Authors: Yi Allen Y. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractTraditional optical fabrication processes utilize abrasive grinding, lapping to shape the glass optics and polishing to achieve an optical surface finish. The introduction of numerical control technology has resulted in higher productivity and better quality for glass optical fabrication. For medium‐ to high‐volume production, injection molding of aspherical plastic lenses is more economically feasible. Very recently, compression molding process has also emerged as a possible solution to high‐volume glass aspherical lens manufacturing. For low‐volume applications that include optical molds and high‐precision optics, special polishing techniques have been developed.
Optical Illusions
Authors: Hurlbert Anya 
Published: July 2004

AbstractVisual illusions are tools with which vision scientists probe the visual system. Illusions are misperceptions of reality; some arise from limitations of the eye in image formation, and are rightly calledopticalillusions; some from neural adaptation, others from fundamental mechanisms of image reconstruction and interpretation that must operate even in the presence of inadequate, misleading, conflicting, or no sensory information. This chapter samples illusions of these different types in the perception of different visual attributes: lightness, color, size, shape, motion, and depth.
Optical Networks
Authors: Alferness Rod C. , Kogelnik Herwig , Wood Thomas H. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractWith the explosion of capacity demands driven by the Internet, optical networking systems are experiencing tremendous growth and are providing increasingly high transmission capacities. As importantly, with the advent of the optical amplifier and wavelength‐division multiplexing (WDM), optics is playing a larger role in networking and is extending further to the edge of the network. Once limited to long‐haul point‐to‐point systems, the industry is now commercializing multipoint metro WDM ring systems that include software‐controlled optical wavelength add/drop multiplexers and will soon be capable of offering large optical cross connects. These optical network elements, together with network‐management software, will enable rapid provisioning of wavelength services, as well as rapid network restoration. In addition, as the cost of optics is driven down and the demand for bandwidth to businesses and residential customers continues to grow, optical systems are extending out from the network core and metro to access applications. The confluence of a proliferation of broadband service applications and rapidly maturing optical technology are literally driving optical systems into all segments. Increasingly, optics is literally everywhere.
Polarized Light, Basic Concepts of
Authors: Huard Serge J. 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Polarization of light is a consequence of the vectorial nature of electromagnetic waves. This concept must be taken into account in a large number of optical phenomena such as birefringence, modulation of light, and propagation in optical devices. A representation of the states of polarization will first be analyzed. The propagation of light in linear or circular anisotropic media is carried out in the context of the phase velocity of the eigenstates of propagation. The evolution of a state of polarization traveling through a complex optical device will be finally presented.
Morphosynthesis of Molecular Magnetic Materials
Authors: Dujardin E. , Mann S. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractAlthough molecule‐based materials can combine physical and chemical properties associated with molecular‐scale building blocks, their successful integration into real applications depends also on higher‐order properties, such as crystal size, shape, and organization. New approaches involving templating and self‐ or facilitated assembly of nanoscale building blocks to prepare novel multifunctional molecular magnetic materials with complex form and organization are described.
The concept of retailer value: A means‐end chain analysis
Authors: Skytte Hans , Bove Karsten 
Published: July 2004

AbstractIt is a well‐established fact that creating value for customers is a very important source of competitive advantage. However, no researchers have yet analyzed or defined what is meant by retailer value. In this study, building on a solid theoretical background, we propose a definition of “retailer value.” Subsequently, this concept has been used in an empirical study of retail chains in Denmark and Germany. The study was designed as a means‐end chain approach to the buying of pork and fish products by retail buyers. The results revealed that it is possible to analyze the hierarchy between attributes, consequences, and values sought by retail buyers when buying for their companies, and to identify relevant differences across countries and products. These differences across the value maps are used to propose ideas for how manufacturers of pork and fish products can improve their marketing activities and thereby obtain competitive advantage. [EconLit citations: L660, L810.] © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 20: 323–345, 2004.
Captive supplies and cash market prices for fed cattle: The role of delivery timing incentives
Authors: Schroeter John R. , Azzam Azzeddine 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe use of non‐cash methods of procuring fed cattle for slaughter has led to concern about the effect of these so‐called “captive” supplies on cash market prices. Some empirical evidence suggests that there is a negative short‐run relationship between the two: Cash market prices tend to be low in weeks in which captive supply shipments are high. We advance a different perspective on the relationship between captive deliveries and cash prices, arguing that the incentives that influence cattle delivery‐scheduling decisions could lead to a negative relationship, not between the contemporaneous levels of captive shipments and price, but between the volume of captive deliveries, on the one hand, and an ex ante expectation of a week‐to‐week price change, on the other. Econometric testing provides some evidence of this empirical regularity in the cattle procurement activities of four large packing plants in Texas in the mid‐1990s. [EconLit citations: Q130, L140.] © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 20: 347–362, 2004.
Australian wines in the British wine market: A hedonic price analysis
Authors: Steiner Bodo E. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe market share of New World wines sold in many European countries has increased dramatically over the past decade. More aggressive marketing, together with a more distinct and recognizable labeling scheme, are often regarded as the keys to the marketing success of these new wines. This article employs hedonic price analysis to identify the values that marketers and consumers place on the information carried by the label of Australian wines in the British wine retail market. Although many grape varieties are given a highly distinct valuation by market participants, our results also suggest that consumers consider regions jointly with grape varieties as proxies for brands. This contrasts with the general observation that grape varietal labeling is the distinctive feature of New World wines. Marketing implications are examined by considering the revenue impact of changes in labeling at the retail level. [JEL citations: L150, D12, C21.] © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 20: 287–307, 2004.
Are cattle on feed report revisions random and does industry anticipate them?
Authors: Mills Jeffrey B. , Schroeder Ted C. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractCattle on Feed (COF) reports are the most important source of cattle supply information for the beef industry. Accuracy of these reports is critical, as they have marked impacts on current and expected fed cattle market prices and influence resource allocation decisions. This study investigates whether COF report revisions are unbiased, random, and anticipated by beef industry analysts. Initial COF reports are biased, but the bias is economically small. Thus, there is no evidence that users of these reports should be concerned about bias. Revisions to COF estimates are not random and exhibit persistence, suggesting when revisions are made subsequent similar types of revisions tend to follow. However, on average, market analysts do not correctly anticipate revisions. Thus, if analysts' prerelease estimates are different from the initial COF report, this does not signal any useful information about future probable COF revisions. [EconLit citations: Q130, D840.] © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 20: 363–374, 2004.