bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Energy-Based Crack Extension Formulation for Crack Resistance Characterization of Ductile Materials
Authors: Chaouadi R 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Crack resistance behavior is an important property for reactor pressure vessel embrittlement evaluation as reactors operate in the upper shelf ductile regime. This property consists in evaluating the change of crack length with the applied loading expressed in terms of the J-integral. While J-integral formulation is available for standard geometries and it is relatively easy to determine, crack extension is either measured directly on the fracture surface of a number of specimens or estimated from one single specimen, necessitating sophisticated instrumentation. Based on a number of experimental observations, a simple procedure is presented which is based solely on the load-displacement test record and the initial and final crack length to determine the full crack resistance curve. The reliability of this new procedure for determining the crack resistance, the initiation toughness, and the tearing resistance is illustrated by several examples covering a wide range of materials and cracked specimen configurations.
Influence of Hysteretic Heating on Asphalt Fatigue Characterization
Authors: Lundström R , Ekblad J , Isacsson U 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
This paper presents a study focusing on the influence of hysteretic heating on asphalt samples during laboratory fatigue testing. The experimental test setup for material characterization and temperature measurements, including its effect on fatigue test results, as well as theoretical aspects on hysteretic heating, are described. The experimental part of the investigation concerns linear viscoelastic and cyclic fatigue characterization of six asphalt concrete mixtures using uniaxial testing. All the mixtures show nominally identical volumetric properties (aggregate size distribution, binder and air void content) but different binder properties. Three base bitumens and three polymer modified binders were used. The cyclic fatigue tests were carried out at 0, 10, and 20°C using controlled strain and stress modes and different excitation amplitudes. In order to acquire knowledge regarding temperature changes during fatigue testing, several experimental techniques were used. The main thermal study was performed using thermocouples attached to the midheight envelope surface of each sample. The sample surface temperature distribution and its evolution during fatigue testing were investigated using an infrared thermal camera. Furthermore, a limited study of the magnitude of difference between surface and maximum temperature inside the sample was carried out using thermocouples embedded during gyratory compaction. When compared, each method shows advantages and disadvantages regarding simplicity and reliability. In principle, the three methods provide similar results, but the type of information obtained differs among the methods. The use of thermocouples attached to the envelope surface during fatigue testing provides accurate and consistent results of global temperature that can be used to investigate the influence of heating on asphalt fatigue characteristics. By use of thermal measurements and a continuum damage model, it was possible to show a pronounced effect of heating on fatigue behavior. The influence of heating was especially obvious at high excitation amplitudes and elevated temperatures, i.e., conditions where the material produces high amounts of viscoelastic dissipated energy as well as temperature sensitive material behavior.
The Generation of Dopaminergic Neurons by Human Neural Stem Cells Is Enhanced by Bcl-XL, BothIn VitroandIn Vivo
Authors: Liste Isabel , García-García Elisa , Martínez-Serrano Alberto 
Published: December 2004

Progress in stem cell biology research is enhancing our ability to generate specific neuron types for basic and applied studies and to design new treatments for neurodegenerative diseases. In the case of Parkinson's disease (PD), alternative human dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons other than primary fetal tissue do not yet exist. One possible source could be human neural stem cells (hNSCs), although the yield in DAergic neurons and their survival are very limited.In this study, we found that Bcl-XLenhances (one-to-two orders of magnitude) the capacity for spontaneous dopaminergic differentiation of hNSCs, which then exceeds that of cultured human ventral mesencephalic tissue. Bcl-XLalso enhanced total neuron generation by hNSCs, but to a lower extent. Neuronal phenotypes other than DA were not affected by Bcl-XL, indicating an exquisitely specific effect on DAergic neurons.In vivo, grafts of Bcl-XL-overexpressing hNSCs do generate surviving human TH+neurons in the adult rat 6-OH-dopamine lesioned striatum, something never seen when naive hNSCs were transplanted. Most of the data obtained here in terms of the effects of Bcl-XLare consistent with an enhanced survival type of mechanism and not supportive of induction, specification, or proliferation of DAergic precursors.From thisin vitroandin vivoevidence, we conclude that enhancing Bcl-XLexpression is important to obtain human DAergic neurons from hNSCs. These findings may facilitate the development of drug-screening and cell-replacement activities to discover new therapeutic strategies for PD.
Prolegomena to Future Experimental Efforts on Genetic Code Engineering by Expanding Its Amino Acid Repertoire
Authors: Budisa Nediljko 
Published: December 2004

AbstractProtein synthesis and its relation to the genetic code was for a long time a central issue in biology. Rapid experimental progress throughout the past decade, crowned with the recently elucidated ribosomal structures, provided an almost complete description of this process. In addition important experiments provided solid evidence that the natural protein translation machinery can be reprogrammed to encode genetically a vast number of non‐coded (i.e. noncanonical) amino acids. Indeed, in the set of 20 canonical amino acids as prescribed by the universal genetic code, many desirable functionalities, such as halogeno, keto, cyano, azido, nitroso, nitro, and silyl groups, as well as CC or CC bonds, are absent. The ability to encode genetically such chemical diversity will enable us to reprogram living cells, such as bacteria, to express tailor‐made proteins exhibiting functional diversity. Accordingly, genetic code engineering has developed into an exciting emerging research field at the interface of biology, chemistry, and physics.
Degradation and drug‐release studies of a poly(glycolide‐co‐trimethylene carbonate) copolymer (Maxon)
Authors: Noorsal K. , Mantle M. D. , Gladden L. F. , Cameron R. E. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractPoly(glycolide‐co‐trimethylene carbonate) is available commercially as a monofilament suture known as Maxon. The literature has shown that Maxon sutures possess a slow degradation rate of about 7 months and exhibit relatively high mechanical strength in comparison with other absorbable sutures. However, very few articles are available on the degradation of unoriented Maxon. This study was designed to explore the chemical and physical aspects of the degradation of unoriented Maxon and its potential as a drug‐release device. Several analytical techniques were used, including mass measurements, simultaneous small‐angle X‐ray scattering and wide‐angle X‐ray scattering, and thermoporometry. Magnetic resonance imaging and drug‐release measurements were carried out with UV spectroscopy. The results suggest that unoriented suture‐based Maxon undergoes multiple stages of hydrolytic degradation, which involve hydration, and active and postactive periods. The drug‐release mechanism is controlled by diffusion in the early degradation stages and polymer erosion in the later stages of release. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 475–486, 2005
Degradation of low density polyethylene during extrusion. IV. Off‐flavor compounds in extruded films of stabilized LDPE
Authors: Andersson Thorbjörn , Holmgren Max Hallin , Nielsen Tim , Wesslén Bengt 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis study was aimed at finding a correlation between the experienced off‐flavor in packed foods and the presence of specific degradation products in LDPE packaging films. The possibility to trap degradation products by chemical reactions with scavengers, i.e., a zeolite additive or antioxidants, was investigated This would prevent degradation products from migrating to the polymer film surface and further into food in contact with the film. It was found that off‐flavor noted in water packed in LDPE films depended on extrusion temperature and exposure time for the melt to oxygen, that is, the parameters that influence the contents of oxidation products that are able to migrate from the polymer film. It was also found that adsorption of oxidative degradation products in a zeolite additive or protection of LDPE by using antioxidants could prevent off‐flavor in the packed product (water). However, the antioxidant should be selected with regard to extrusion temperature because thermal instability in the additive might jeopardize the intended effect. Multifunctional antioxidants seem to provide improved protection, the most effective one evaluated in this work being Irganox E201, i.e., vitamin E. Concentrations of oxidized degradation products are well correlated to the perceived off‐flavor in the packed water. The highest correlation between off‐flavor and oxidized components was found for ketones in the range of C7 to C9 and aldehydes in the range of C6 to C9. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 583–595, 2005
Variability of the division of the cortical branches of the posterior cerebral artery
Authors: Ladzinski Piotr , Maliszewski Mariusz 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis article presents a method of analysis of variation in the cortical branching of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA). The method takes account of previous observations and reflects various symptoms of such variation. Of 100 cerebral hemispheres into whose vessels a contrast medium was injected, 94 hemispheres have been qualified for further examination. In six hemispheres, there were anomalies of the PCA, which are not included in the present analysis of division. A general model of the division of the artery has been developed. On the basis of this model, principles of the analysis of the variation have been discussed. The model comprises of three elements. The first is the main trunk. The second is intermediate trunks. The third element may appear in two forms: proper cortical arteries and cortical arterial groups. The main trunk was defined as the vessels arising from the final division of the basilar artery with its end in the place of branching of the most peripheral proper cortical artery, that is, parieto‐occipital artery. Intermediate trunks are these parts of the PCA that extend between the main trunk and proper cortical arteries or cortical arterial groups. The identification criterion for the intermediate trunks is its length, which is to be equal to or exceed the sum of the radius of the two vessels, which the intermediate trunk gives off. There have been distinguished primary and secondary intermediate trunks. Proper cortical arteries or cortical arterial groups are parts of the PCA by means of which blood is supplied directly to the cortex. Cortical branches of the PCA of a relatively constant topography and vascularization were termed proper cortical arteries. In some cases, cortical branches are accompanied by small vessels of varying number and size. They were named accessory cortical arteries. Proper cortical arteries together with accompanying accessory cortical arteries have been named cortical arterial groups. The number of the proper cortical arteries is considered to be constant and is six. The theory of combinations has been applied to establish all possible branching variants. There are 16 such variants. Eleven of them (68%) were represented in the analyzed material. In seven hemispheres (7.4%), intermediate trunks were not observed. In 87 hemispheres (92.6%), there were present primary intermediate trunks. In four hemispheres (4.2%), there were found primary and secondary intermediate trunks. Both proper cortical arteries and cortical arterial groups reached the first five cortical areas of the PCA. The last cortical area was reached by a cortical arterial group only. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Epididymis of viscacha (Lagostomus maximus maximus): Morphological changes during the annual reproductive cycle
Authors: Aguilera‐Merlo Claudia , Muñoz Estela , Dominguez Susana , Scardapane Luis , Piezzi Ramón 
Published: December 2004

AbstractLittle is known about morphological changes in the epididymis in relation to the natural photoperiod or their influence on sperm maturation. The viscacha is a seasonal rodent living in the Southern Hemisphere. The adult males exhibit an annual reproductive cycle with periods of maximum gonadal activity and gonadal regression. In this work, we studied seasonal variations in the morphology and cellular population of the epididymis during both periods, and we compared these results with those recorded at the testicular level. Epididymides were removed and studied by light microscopy. Measurements of luminal diameter, epithelial height, thickness of the lamina propria, and relative cellular distribution were performed. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) or nonparametric ANOVA was used to compare the results. Striking quantitative and qualitative changes were observed. Epididymides in periods of gonadal regression showed a significant decrease in luminal diameter and epithelial height in cauda, while the thickness of the lamina propria increased. In the epididymal corpus, the number of clear cells increased, and the cytoplasm of principal cells showed numerous giant vacuoles. During the active period, the number of halo cells increased and the cytoplasm of these cells was filled with dense bodies. In conclusion, the epididymis of the viscacha exhibits important seasonal morphological changes throughout annual reproductive cycle. The epididymal corpus and cauda segments appeared to be the segments most sensitive to seasonal cyclical variations of the external environment. We therefore postulate that the epididymal morphology of the viscacha probably could be regulated by the natural photoperiod. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and Electrochemistry of the Monolacunary Dawson‐Type Tungstoarsenate [H4AsW17O61]11‐ and Some First‐Row Transition‐Metal Ion Derivatives.
Authors: Mbomekalle Israel‐Martyr , Keita Bineta , Lu Yu Wei , Nadjo Louis , Contant Roland , Belai Nebebech , Pope Michael T. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Double Stereodifferentiation in the “Acetate‐Type” Aldol Reaction with Garner′s Aldehyde. Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Polyhydroxylated γ‐Amino Carbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Vicario Jose L. , Rodriguez Monica , Badia Dolores , Carrillo Luisa , Reyes Efraim 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Efficient and Selective Synthesis of 6,7‐Dehydrostipiamide via Zr‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Carboalumination and Pd‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Organozincs
Authors: Zeng Xingzhong , Zeng Fanxing , Negishi Ei‐ichi 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Structure—Activity Relationships of Epolactaene Derivatives: Structural Requirements for Inhibition of Hsp60 Chaperone Activity.
Authors: Nagumo Yoko , Kakeya Hideaki , Yamaguchi Junichiro , Uno Takao , Shoji Mitsuru , Hayashi Yujiro , Osada Hiroyuki 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Ligand Conformation Has a Definitive Effect on 5‐HT1A and Serotonin Reuptake Affinity.
Authors: Boy Kenneth M. , Dee Michael , Yevich Joseph , Torrente John , Gao Qi , Iben Lawrence , Stark Arlene , Mattson Ronald J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Interaction of Methyl 5,6‐Dialkyl‐2‐amino‐3‐cyanopyridine‐4‐carboxylates with Primary Amines.
Authors: Vasiliev A. N. , Lyshchikov A. N. , Nasakin O. E. , Kayukov Ya. S. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Stereoselective Synthesis and Preliminary Evaluation of New D‐3‐Heteroarylcarbonylalanines as Ligands of the NMDA Receptor.
Authors: Lima Paulo G. , Caruso Rodrigo R. B. , Alves Simone O. , Pessoa Renata F. , Mendonca‐Silva Dayde L. , Nunes Ricardo J. , Noel Francois , Castro Newton G. , Costa Paulo R. R. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Use of positron emission tomography in localized extremity soft tissue sarcoma treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy
Authors: Schuetze Scott M. , Rubin Brian P. , Vernon Cheryl , Hawkins Douglas S. , Bruckner James D. , Conrad Ernest U. , Eary Janet F. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDPatients with high‐grade soft tissue sarcomas are at high risk of developing local disease recurrence and metastatic disease. [F‐18]‐fluorodeoxy‐D‐glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) scans are hypothesized to detect histopathologic response to therapy and to predict risk of tumor progression in patients with various malignancies. Serial FDG‐PET scans were taken to determine the correlation between FDG uptake and patient outcomes in patients receiving multimodality treatment of extremity sarcomas.METHODSForty‐six patients with high‐grade localized sarcomas were studied. The maximum standardized uptake values (SUVmax) of tumors were measured before receipt of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and again before surgery. Resected specimens were examined for residual viable tumor. Patients were followed up at least annually for evidence of local and distant recurrence of disease and survival.RESULTSPatients with a baseline tumor SUVmax ≥ 6 and < 40% decrease in FDG uptake were at high risk of systemic disease recurrence estimated to be 90% at 4 years from the time of initial diagnosis. Patients whose tumors had a ≥ 40% decline in the SUVmax in response to chemotherapy were at a significantly lower risk of recurrent disease and death after complete resection and adjuvant radiotherapy.CONCLUSIONSThe FDG‐PET scan was found to be a useful method with which to predict the outcomes of patients with high‐grade extremity soft tissue sarcomas treated with chemotherapy. The pretreatment tumor SUVmax and change in SUVmax after neoadjuvant chemotherapy independently identified patients at high risk of tumor recurrence. The FDG‐PET scan showed promise as a tool to identify the patients with sarcoma who are most likely to benefit from chemotherapy. Cancer 2005. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Richter syndrome
Authors: Tsimberidou Apostolia‐Maria , Keating Michael J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractRichter's transformation denotes the development of high‐grade non‐Hodgkin lymphoma, prolymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin disease, or acute leukemia in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)/small lymphocytic lymphoma. A search of published articles in Medline (PubMed) and abstracts from professional meetings was performed. An electronic database search of patients with CLL at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center (Houston, TX) determined the incidence of Richter syndrome (RS) in patients with CLL between 1992 and 2002. RS occurs in approximately 5% of patients with CLL. The large cells of RS may arise through transformation of the original CLL clone or represent a new neoplasm. RS may be triggered by viral infections, such as Epstein–Barr virus. Trisomy 12 and chromosome 11 abnormalities are more frequent in patients with RS than in the overall population of patients with CLL. Multiple genetic defects, such as mutations of the p53 tumor suppressor gene, p16INK4A, and p21, loss of p27 expression, deletion of retinoblastoma, increased copy number of C‐MYC, and decreased expression of the A‐MYB gene, have been described. These abnormalities may cause CLL cells to proliferate and—by facilitating the acquisition of new genetic abnormalities—to transform into RS cells. Therapeutic strategies include intensive chemotherapy, monoclonal antibodies, and stem cell transplantation. The response rates range from 5% to 43% (complete response, 5–38%), and the median survival duration ranges from 5 months to 8 months. In conclusion, RS may be triggered by viral infections or by genetic defects. Current treatments are aggressive, but prognosis is poor. Novel curative treatment strategies are needed. Cancer 2005. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
A different pattern of cytotoxic T lymphocyte recognition against primary and metastatic tumor cells in a patient with nonsmall cell lung carcinoma
Authors: So Tetsuya , Takenoyama Mitsuhiro , Ichiki Yoshinobu , Mizukami Makiko , So Tomoko , Hanagiri Takeshi , Sugio Kenji , Yasumoto Kosei 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDLung carcinoma represents the most frequent cause of cancer death worldwide because of tumor metastases. The objective of the current study was to analyze the immunologic response during the progress of lung carcinoma metastasis.METHODSThe authors established two tumor cell lines that were derived from primary and metastatic lesions in a patient with lung carcinoma (Patient G603). One cell line (G603L) was established from the primary lesion, and the other cell line (G603AD) was established from a metastatic lesion in the right adrenal gland 7 months after the patient underwent surgery for the primary lesion. Autologous regional lymph node lymphocytes were stimulated with CD80‐transfected G603L cells, then cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) were induced against both lung carcinoma cell lines.RESULTSBoth G603L cells and G603AD cells expressed Class I human leukocyte antigen, intracellular cell adhesion molecule 1, and lymphocyte‐associated antigen type 3 (LFA‐3), but not Fas or Fas ligand on their surfaces. By stimulation with CD80‐transfected G603L cells, 2 CTL clones (H2/17 and H2/36) were established from the bulk CTLs. CTL clone H2/17 lysed G603L cells but not G603AD cells, suggesting that the antigen recognized by CTL clone H2/17 was abrogated during the process of metastasis. In contrast, CTL clone H2/36 lysed both G603L cells and G603AD cells, indicating that the antigen recognized by CTL clone H2/36 was maintained in the tumor cells throughout tumor progression.CONCLUSIONSThe results demonstrated the possibility that some tumor‐associated antigens may be abrogated during the process of metastasis, although others are maintained. The identification of these antigens will lead to a better understanding of their immunologic role during disease progression in patients with lung carcinoma. Cancer 2005. © 2004 American Cancer Society.