bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Justice for All? The Scandinavian Approach
Authors: Takala Tuija 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Philosophically speaking, we can identify at least five major theories of justice, each of which can be interpreted in different ways (Gillon, 1986). Many varieties of the concept of justice are also specified in the opening chapters of this book. In this chapter I take justice in health care to mean the national system’s ability to respond equally to the medical needs of the entire population. I argue that, in this sense, the Scandinavian health-care policies meet the requirements of justice, at least in spirit. The strong commitments to solidarity, equity, and universality make these systems just. Empirical studies have shown that even the macroeconomic changes of the 1980s and 1990s did not shake this core ideology of the Nordic welfare states (Kautto et al., 1999; Nordlund, 2000). The financial difficulties encountered did, however, present new challenges to the ability of the Scandinavian health-care systems to meet the requirements of justice. Ideological objections to tax-paid health services are mainly based on neoliberal thinking. In addition, increased emphasis on patient rights-especially the right to choose one’s doctor, treatment, and place of care-has revealed inherent tensions in the model. In this chapter I examine the ideological basis of the Scandinavian health-care systems and outline their struggles to uphold the ideals of solidarity, equity, and universality.
Racial Groups, Distrust, and the Distribution of Health Care
Authors: McGary Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Philosophers have divided the study of ethics into three branches: descriptive ethics, meta-ethics, and normative ethics. People who do descriptive ethics are interested in providing a correct description of the ethical norms and values in a given society. However, there is no attempt to analyze or evaluate these norms and values. Philosophers doing meta-ethics analyze or explain the meaning of ethical concepts. They analyze words like right, wrong, good, bad, and ought, and they attempt to explain how or if ethics differs from other human endeavors such as art, mathematics, and science. Philosophers who do met ethics attempt to give us insight into the nature of moral reasoning. Philosophers who examine normative ethics attempt to justify principles that can be used to make judgments about what is actually right or wrong, good or bad, and morally obligator y. Applied ethics is located within this branch of ethical inquiry. People studying applied ethics attempt to apply the results of their normative inquiries directly to specific questions in various professions. Or they use a process of reflective equilibrium to go back and forth between their intuitions about what is moral and the accepted standards in the given professions.
Just Expectations: Family Caregivers, Practical Identities, and Social Justice in the Provision of Health Care
Authors: Nelson James Lindemann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For some decades now, dampening the explosive growth of health-care costs has been a matter of pressing concern in the United States.While the recent lengthy cycle of economic expansion in this country significantly tempered the rate at which health-care expenditures had been eating up the gross domestic product (GDP), costs in this area remain dynamic, fueled by the wide dissemination of new technologies (Levit et al., 2000; Freudenham, 2000). Not that the health-care industry has put its faith solely in the hope of a permanent economic boom. The dizzying upward spiral of medical costs that characterized the 1980s and early 1990s has been flattened out in important part by a sort of semi voluntary conscription of unpaid healthcare workers, who generally lack any professional training for their tasks. This new “draft” has largely escaped attention because of just who is being pressed into service. Responsibilities have been shifted from professional caregivers working in hospitals and other such sites, to caregiving relatives whose work largely takes place at home. This trend has been coupled with a reduction of home-care benefits available through insurers or public programs (Levine, 1999a).
Responsibility for Health Status
Authors: Stell Lance K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Appellate Court’s frustration was obvious. “Occasionally, a case will challenge the ability of the law and society, to cope effectively and sensitively with fundamental problems of human existence. This is such a case” After the birth of her twins, Brenda Payton’s2 kidneys failed. She received a transplant but lost it, owing to rejection. To survive, she needed regular hemodialysis, a type of medical treatment to which she was entitled by federal law. Brenda proved to be a remarkably difficult patient for which to care. She often missed her appointments or showed up late, drunk. She abused illicit drugs. She regularly failed to keep her weight within the range prescribed by her doctor. She gained as much as 30 pounds between treatments, increasing her risk of heart failure and sudden death. She required hospitalization for emergency dialysis 30 times in 11 months. Brenda picked fights with other patients in the dialysis center, exposed her genitals to them, cursed them. She would interrupt her dialysis-by demanding that the dialysis machine be turned off or by pulling the needles from the shunt in her arm, causing blood to spew. Her repeated outbursts jeopardized the care of other patients. Brenda and they were dialyzed simultaneously by the same machine. If the machine were turned off, they would not receive needed treatment. Brenda demanded so much attention from the nurses that other patients’ dialysis associated complications might not be noticed promptly.
Boston And The Power Of Collaboration
Authors: Hoffman Alexander Von 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1971, Bob Haas, a twenty-seven-year-old engineer and classical piano player, moved to a commune in a large broken-down Victorian house in a section of the Boston Dorchester district known as Upham’s Corner. Haas loved the history and vitality of Dorchester—a streetcar-era place where first the Irish and then other ethnic groups had made their home in “Baahston”—and a few years later bought the old house from his roommates.
Olympic Efforts In Boomtown
Authors: Hoffman Alexander Von 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the busboys whisked the plates away, the diners pushed aside their desserts and coffees and directed their attention to the speaker’s podium. The conventioneers always enjoyed the food and conviviality of this event at the annual October meeting of the National Association of Industrial and Office Properties—and the 1997 luncheon held in the Hyatt Regency in San Francisco was no exception—but they were curious to hear the man of the hour, the recipient of the association’s real estate Developer of the Year award, Thomas G. Cousins of Atlanta, Georgia.
Norfolk Island, 1840-1844
Authors: Morris Norval 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Memories, certainly my memories, do not flow evenly; they bounce about in time from scene to scene, and there are great gaps of remembrance. I try to establish sequence, to search for cause and consequence. Sometimes I seem to have made wise decisions, struck sensible postures, but often a wry sadness is all I find. Other times there are patches of clarity. It was clear that my daughter, Mary Ann, believed she was treated unfairly, misused, she said. I had no inkling of this until that Sunday morning at breakfast when she fixed her hostility to my plans sharply in my memory.
Maconochie And Norfolk Island After 1844
Authors: Morris Norval 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of those who figure in this story, only Alexander Maconochie, Mary Maconochie, Mary Ann Maconochie, Catherine Maconochie, Edward Hill, Sir George Gipps, Bony, and Burns were ever in fact on Norfolk Island between 1840 and 1844. The Ring was also there, but its membership is unknown. To my knowledge, there was no convict named Patrick Burke on Norfolk Island, nor a Mick Salmon, nor a David Ankers, nor a Staff Sergeant Westwood. There was, however, a piano teacher whose affair with Mary Ann led to her being sent to England.
Contemporary Lessons From Maconochie’s Experiment
Authors: Morris Norval 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Maconochie’s many writings and the regime he brought to Norfolk Island are replete with ideas relevant to contemporary sentencing, prison, and release practices. He favored indeterminate sentences rather than fixed sentences, he recommended, and in part implemented, a marks system to measure the prisoner’s progress toward release from prison, and he urged a system of graduated release and aftercare of prisoners to resettle them in the community.
Picturing the Riot
Authors: Brophy Alfred L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tulsans took hundreds of photographs of the riot and its aftermath. For us, the photographs preserve in detail the severity and pathos of the riot. But for contemporaries the photographs served other purposes. For whites, the pictures-many of which were made into postcards-served to celebrate the violence. For blacks, who printed and displayed panoramic photographs of the destruction, the photographs served as a reminder of the violence and the courage of the Greenwood community in rebuilding.
The Strange Career of Jim Crow
Authors: Woodward C Vann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
C. Vann Woodward, who died in 1999 at the age of 91, was America’s most eminent Southern historian, the winner of a Pulitzer Prize for Mary Chestnut’s Civil War and a Bancroft Prize for The Origins of the New South. Now, to honor his long and truly distinguished career, Oxford is pleased to publish this special commemorative edition of Woodward’s most influential work, The Strange Career of Jim Crow. The Strange Career of Jim Crow is one of the great works of Southern history. Indeed, the book actually helped shape that history. Published in 1955, a year after the Supreme Court in Brown v Board of Education ordered schools desegregated, Strange Career was cited so often to counter arguments for segregation that Martin Luther King, Jr. called it “the historical Bible of the civil rights movement.” The book offers a clear and illuminating analysis of the history of Jim Crow laws, presenting evidence that segregation in the South dated only to the 1890s. Woodward convincingly shows that, even under slavery, the two races had not been divided as they were under the Jim Crow laws of the 1890s. In fact, during Reconstruction, there was considerable economic and political mixing of the races. The segregating of the races was a relative newcomer to the region. Hailed as one of the top 100 nonfiction works of the twentieth century, The Strange Career of Jim Crow has sold almost a million copies and remains, in the words of David Herbert Donald, “a landmark in the history of American race relations.”
Hybrid Systems of Management Practices
Authors: Doeringer Peter B , Evans-Klock Christine , Terkla David G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The literature on high performance management practices often mentions the importance of the interactions among “bundles” or “clusters” of practices adopted (Holmstrom and Milgrom, 1994; Milgrom and Roberts 1990; Baker, Gibbs, and Holmstrom 1994; Appelbaum and Batt 1994; Ichniowski et al. 2000), and there is some empirical support for such complementarities. For example, Ichniowski, Shaw, and Prennushi (1997, p. 291) concluded that “groups or clusters of complementary human resource management (HRM) practices have large effects on productivity, while changes in individual work practices have little or no effect on productivity” in their study of 36 steel production lines. Similarly, Hwang and Weil (1997) and Abernathy et al. (1999) found evidence of complementarities among high performance management practices in the U.S. apparel industry.
The Bottom Line
Authors: Doeringer Peter B , Evans-Klock Christine , Terkla David G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapters have shown a widespread commitment among start-up firms to adopt high performance workplace practices and to provide high-quality jobs. However, there is a significant difference between Japanese transplants and domestic start-ups in the frequency of adoption and implementation of these practices. On average, Japanese transplants use more high performance workplace practices than do domestic start-ups and adopt them in a more systematic way. These differences also lead to different preferences for employee characteristics and other aspects of the local environment. In short, both the interviews and the quantitative evidence on management strategies from the case studies point to the likelihood of complementarities among workplace employment practices and a series of other business policies, ranging from quality control and plant location to investment in additional plant and equipment.
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Due to Mutations in the CD45 Gene
Authors: Chatila Talal A , Heikinheimo Markku 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The protein tyrosine phosphatase CD45, also known as protein-tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, C (PTPRC), and leukocyte common antigen (LCA), is a high–molecular weight type I transmembrane protein that is exclusively expressed on all nucleated hematopoietic cells (Tonks et al., 1988; Thomas, 1989; Trowbridge and Thomas, 1994). It is an abundant protein estimated to comprise up to 10% of the cell surface areas of B and T lymphocytes. Despite its abundance and potentially high catalytic capacity, CD45 activity is directed at a limited number of physiologically relevant substrates that include Src and Janus kinases (Jak). CD45 plays a pivotal role in promoting signaling via lymphocyte antigen receptors by regulating the activity of receptor associated Src-type tyrosine kinases (Ashwell and D’Oro, 1999; Thomas, 1999; Thomas and Brown, 1999; Alexander, 2000; Penninger et al., 2001; Hermiston et al., 2002). Its absence is associated with a profound block in signaling via antigen receptors (Pingel and Thomas, 1989; Koretzky et al., 1990; Desai et al., 1994). CD45 also serves to negatively regulate the function of integrin-mediated adhesion and cytokine receptor signaling by dephosphorylating integrin-associated Src kinases (Roach et al., 1997) and cytokine receptor–associated Jak kinases, respectively (Irie-Sasaki et al., 2001).
Periodic Fever Syndromes
Authors: Kastner Daniel L , Brydges Susannah , Hull Keith M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The periodic fever syndromes are a heterogeneous group of inherited disorders characterized by recurrent episodes of fever and localized inflammation, most commonly affecting the serosal membranes, joints, and skin (Table 27.1). A significant minority of patients develop systemic deposition of amyloid A protein (AA amyloidosis) as a longer-term consequence of their inflammatory episodes. While at first glance these disorders appear to be similar to the more commonly recognized autoimmune disorders (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus), they differ in several important respects, including the lack of high-titer autoantibodies or antigen-specific T cells, and the predominance of monocytes and neutrophils rather than lymphocytes as effector cells. Hence, the term autoinflammatory disorders has been proposed to describe the periodic fevers and related conditions (McDermott et al., 1999; Galon et al., 2000; Hull et al., 2003).
Clause Structure and X-Second
Authors: Cardinaletti Anna , Roberts Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this essay is to propose a unified analysis of a range of “secondposition” phenomena that have been attested in various languages, and in so doing to motivate a more elaborated theory of Nominative Case assignment. The proposal is that many languages, including a number of Germanic and Romance languages, have a projection that intervenes between Comp and the highest Infl-type projection (which, following Belletti 1990, we take to be AgrP). We refer to this projection as AgrlP, and we refer to the lower, “traditional” AgrP as Agr2P. Thus our claim is that in the languages in question there are two Agr-heads and two projections of Agr. These two Agrs are both “subject” Agrs; in this respect, our proposal is distinct from but not exclusive with Chomsky’s (1989) idea that, in addition to the standard “sub¬ject” Agr, there is also an “object” Agr.
Relationship between Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Carotid Artery Intimal-Medial Thickness
Authors: Davis Patricia H , Dawson Jeffrey D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In older adults, measurement of carotid artery intimal-medial thickness (IMT) has gained acceptance as a noninvasive, inexpensive method to assess the extent of atherosclerosis. Several pieces of evidence support the validity of this method. Measurements of carotid IMT with ultrasonography in vivo (Fig. 5.1) correlate well with pathologic measurements (Schulte-Altedorneburg et al., 2001) and are reproducible (Riley et al., 1992). Increased carotid IMT and the rate of change of carotid IMT over time are significantly related to known cardiovascular risk factors (Chambless et al., 2002). Carotid IMT is positively associated with incident myocardial infarction (MI) (Salonen and Salonen, 1993; Bots et al., 1997; Chambless et al., 1997; O’Leary et al., 1999), and stroke (Chambless et al., 2000) and this association persists after adjustment for known cardiovascular risk fac tors. Similarly, increased carotid IMT has been associated with a reduction in the ankle-arm index, a marker of peripheral vascular disease (Bots et al., 1994). The Writing Group II of the American Heart Association Prevention Conference V concluded that measurement of carotid IMT in asymptomatic persons over 45 years of age adds incremental information to traditional risk factor assessment (Greenland et al., 2000). In addition, progression of the atherosclerotic lesion by serial measurements of carotid IMT is used as an end point in clinical trials of therapies to retard the atherosclerotic process (Mukherjee and Yadav, 2002).
The Epidemiology of Childhood Blood Pressure
Authors: Burns Trudy L , Daniels Stephen R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In adults, high blood pressure has been associated with cerebrovascular dis ease, myocardial infarction, renal disease, and other cardiovascular end points (MacMahon et al., 1990). In the Framingham Study, blood pressure was positively associated with the annual incidence of coronary heart disease, ischemic cerebrovascular disease, congestive heart failure, and intermittent claudication when subjects were followed over an 18-year period (Kannel, 1975). A 10 mmHg increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP) was associated with a 20% increase in age-adjusted risk of cardiovascular events in the age group 35 to 64 years and a 13% increase in the age group 65 to 94 years (Kannel, 1998). Similar increases in risk were associated with a 10 mmHg increase in diastolic blood pressure (DBP). In the Seven Countries Study, there was a significant association (r= 0.69) between SBP and the 10-year age-standardized rates of coronary death (Keys, 1980). Hypertension is second only to diabetes mellitus as a cause of end-stage renal disease (National High Blood Pressure Education Program, 1996). As many as 1 billion individuals worldwide are estimated to have high blood pressure, which is associated with the highest attributable risk of death throughout the world (World Health Organization, 2002).
Policy and Practice: Changing the Home, School, and Community Environment to Promote Health
Authors: Luepker Russell V , Lytle Leslie A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of health promotion is to reduce or prevent health-impairing behaviors. While individual choice and familial and genetic factors play important roles in these behaviors, the physical and social environment is highly influential, as it determines what is available and acceptable. This is most apparent in three of the major health-impairing behaviors: eating patterns, physical activity, and tobacco use. Although each of these factors has important elements of individual choice, these choices are heavily influenced by the surrounding environment of the media, community, family, and peers. The role of the environment is particularly apparent among youth, as lifetime habits are formed and reinforced at this age.
Osmotic Stress and the Brain
Authors: Somjen George G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When thinking of biophysical and biochemical processes, we are used to consider the concentrations (or activities) of the ions and other active ingredients dissolved in the water of the cytosol and of the extracellular fluids. Yet water itself has a concentration (and activity), which is in a reciprocal relationship to the sum of the concentrations of all the solutes for which it is the solvent. Osmolarity expresses the activity of water, and it is a key parameter in vital processes.
From Gandhi’s Fast through the First Year of Wavell’s Viceroyalty, January 1943–July 1944
Authors: Wolpert Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gandhi had resolved to wait half a year, after his arrest in August 1942, before undertaking a fast in protest against his incarceration. On New Year’s Eve of 1942 he wrote to Linlithgow: “I have given myself six months. The period is drawing to a close, so is my patience. The law of Satyagraha as I know it prescribes a remedy in such moments of trial. [I]t is ‘crucify the flesh by fasting’. That same law forbids its use except as a last resort. I do not want to use it if I can avoid it.
The Interim Government, June–December 1946
Authors: Wolpert Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cabinet mission’s failure to bridge the gap between India’s National Congress Party and the Muslim League left Wavell and the cabinet no option but to try to patch together a representative political council to work in harness with the viceroy as New Delhi’s interim government. Wavell informed Azad that he had been assured by His Majesty’s Government that it would treat the new interim government of India with the “same close consultation and consideration as a Dominion Government.”1 This meant it would have virtually total freedom to carry out its desired plans, without viceregal interference or inhibition. That same information was conveyed to Jinnah by the viceroy, and on the evening of June 7 Jinnah told Wavell that his League’s council had accepted the cabinet mission’s plan of the previous month.
Indo-Pak War over Kashmir, October 1947–July 1948
Authors: Wolpert Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most tragic, still unresolved legacy of Partition was the Indo- Pak Wars over Kashmir, the first of which erupted in October 1947. The state of Jammu and Kashmir had a population of some four million people, three-fourths of whom were Muslim. Its autocratic maharaja, Hari Singh, was a Hindu, and he alone was given the option by Mountbatten of deciding to which dominion, India or Pakistan, his state should accede by August 15. Kashmir’s Maharaja, who preferred to keep his state independent, hoping it might become a Switzerland of Asia, signed standstill agreements with both dominions late in August. In October, however, Maharaja Hari Singh’s time to choose between India and Pakistan ran out.