bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rapid cold hardening in the olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae under laboratory and field conditions
Authors: Koveos Dimitris S. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractA rapid cold hardening response was studied in females and males of the olive fruit fly Bactrocera (Dacus) oleae. When laboratory‐reared females and males were transferred and maintained from the rearing temperature of 24 °C for 2 h to −6.5 °C approximately 5% survived. However, conditioning of both females and males for 2 h at various temperatures from 0 to 10 °C before their exposure for 2 h to −6.5 °C increased survival to 80 to 92%. A similar rapid cold hardening response in both females and males was also induced through gradual cooling of the flies at a rate of approximately 0.4 °C per min. The rapid increase in cold tolerance after prior conditioning of the flies to low temperatures, was rapidly lost when they returned to a higher temperature of 24 °C. In the field, in late February and early March, females and males were capable of a rapid cold hardening response. After exposure to the critical temperature they suffered a high mortality when tested in the afternoon and low mortality early in the morning on consecutive days, probably because of differences in the prevailing field temperatures a few hours before testing. This plasticity of cold tolerance gained through rapid cold hardening may allow the flies to survive during periods of the year with great fluctuation in circadian temperatures.
Host odours enhance the responses of adult Rhyzopertha dominica to male‐produced aggregation pheromone
Authors: Bashir T. , Birkinshaw L.A. , Hall D.R. , Hodges R.J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe behavioural responses of adult male and female Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera, Bostrichidae) to blends of host volatiles and male‐produced aggregation pheromone were observed in a four‐arm airflow olfactometer. The odour sources used were five pheromone‐releasing males each on a single maize grain (lower maize‐volatiles blend), five pheromone‐releasing males on 500 g of maize (higher maize‐volatiles blend) or the host volatiles emanating from 500g of maize (maize volatiles alone). Multiple‐choice tests, in which volatiles from all three odour sources were presented in the exposure chamber at the same time, were used to study odour preferences of the males and females. Both sexes showed strongest attraction to the higher maize volatile blend but there were significant sex differences in response to the odour sources. Males spent significantly more time than females in the zone with only maize volatiles, and females spent significantly more time in the higher maize‐volatiles zone. However, when odour sources were offered singly, females gave numerically greater responses than males to all sources although this difference was statistically significant for only the lower maize‐volatiles blend. As males are more attracted than females to host odours alone it is suggested that they may be more highly adapted to seek out new hosts while females are more inclined to locate a food source by following the pheromone signals produced by males. However, both sexes responded most strongly to the odour source comprising aggregation pheromone with the higher proportion of maize volatiles.
Risk factors for undernutrition of young children in a rural area of South Africa
Authors: Chopra Mickey 
Published: October 2003

AbstractObjective:To identify the factors associated with childhood undernutrition.Design:Cross-sectional survey.Setting:Hlabisa health district in KwaZulu/Natal, South Africa.Subjects:Eight hundred and sixty-eight children aged 3–59 months.Methods:Questionnaire survey and anthropometric survey of 516 random house-holds with children in the health district. Multivariate analysis took into account the hierarchical relationships between the proposed risk factors. This conceptual model was built up during qualitative studies and with reference to international research in this area.Results:The mean Z-scores for weight-for-age and height-for-age were −0.52 (95% confidence interval (CI)−0.44 to −0.60) and −1.25 (95% CI −1.15 to −1.35), respectively. Of the children, 26.3% (95% CI 23.3–29.3%) were stunted, 12.0% (95% CI 9.8–4.2%) were underweight-for-age (UWFA) and only 1.3% were wasted. Migrant father, mother's education, literate mother, whether the house was made of traditional materials, the presence of a toilet, whether the last child was breast-fed, duration of breast-feeding and birth weight were found to be significantly related to UWFA, the latter with an odds ratio of more than eight.Conclusion:While there are individual health and feeding behaviours that need to be addressed, this study has also uncovered the maternal and socio-economic factors which present an array of constraints in the social environment shaping the infant feeding and caring practices employed by women. For the full potential of nutrition promotion activities to be realised, there is a need to address some of these ‘deeper’ constraints.
A qualitative assessment of nutrition knowledge levels and dietary intake of schoolchildren in Hyderabad
Authors: Vijayapushpam T , Menon Krishna Kumari , Rao D Raghunatha , Antony Grace Maria 
Published: October 2003

AbstractObjectives:To assess the nutrition knowledge levels and dietary intake pattern of schoolchildren belonging to two groups of different socio-economic status (SES; high income/high SES and low income/low SES).Design:A purposive sampling method was employed. A validated food-frequency questionnaire was administered to assess the dietary intake of schoolchildren in four schools from two different socio-economic strata in the month of January 2001. The children were divided into two groups, one serving as the experimental group and the other as the control group.Subjects:Two hundred and seventy-two children aged between 12 and 14 years.Results:There was a significant improvement (P < 0.001) in the knowledge levels of high-SES schoolchildren as compared with low-SES schoolchildren. A significant difference was observed in the intake of protective foods like milk and milk products, green leafy vegetables and fruits between the two income groups. However, children from the high SES background preferred fast foods such as noodles and corn flakes to traditional foods. Irrespective of income group, most of the children consumed carbonated beverages.Conclusions:There was a significant difference in the intakes of protective foods and fast foods between the different income groups. However, the increased intake of fast foods and carbonated beverages by the children irrespective of SES needs to be discouraged as a part of nutrition education. The study indicated the need for repeated interventions for improvement of nutrition knowledge levels in low-SES children.
Secondary data analyses of dietary surveys undertaken in South Africa to determine usual food consumption of the population
Authors: steyn Nelia Patricia , Nel Johanna Helena , Casey Annette 
Published: October 2003

AbstractObjective:The primary objective of this study was to generate a reference table of food items and average amounts of these items consumed by South Africans, for the Department of Health. The reference table was required to be representative of foods and beverages eaten frequently by children and adults from all age and ethnic groups in order for the Department of Health to test for contaminants in these foods.Design:The National Food Consumption Survey (NFCS) served as a framework for compiling data on children since this was a national representative survey of 1–9-year-old children undertaken in South Africa in 1999. However, there has never been a national dietary survey on adults in South Africa. Consequently the data had to be extrapolated from existing isolated surveys on adults. Secondary data analysis was conducted on existing dietary databases (raw data) obtained from surveys undertaken on adults in South Africa between 1983 and 2000. Available datasets were regional and independent, and were not individually representative of the South African diet. It was therefore necessary to use different statistical methods, including factor analyses, weighting and correlations, to generate ethnic and geographic representative data for adults. Two methods were used: Method 1, which corresponded with results of the NFCS (over-sampled for low socio-economic status), and Method 2, which was based on ethnic proportions of the population.Results:The secondary data analyses generated food items most commonly consumed by the South African adult population (Method 1) in descending frequency of usage and average (mean) amount per day: maize porridge (78%/848 g), white sugar (77%/27 g), tea (68%/456 g), brown bread (55%/165 g), white bread (28%/163 g), non-dairy creamer (25%/6 g), brick margarine (21%/19 g), chicken meat (19%/111 g), full-cream milk (19%/204 g) and green leaves (17%/182 g). In 6–9-year-olds, maize porridge (72%/426 g), sugar (76%/23 g), tea (51%/258 g), full-cream milk (35%/171 g) and white bread (33%/119 g) were eaten most frequently. Similarly, in 1–5-year-olds, the foods consumed most frequently were maize porridge (80%/426 g), sugar (76%/21 g), tea (44%/224 g), full-cream milk (39%/186 g) and white bread (24%/83 g). In order to evaluate the validity of the adult data generated, kilojoule values of the individual food items (per capita) were compared with food balance sheets (FBSs). The comparison was favourable except that the FBSs had a higher overall energy intake per capita of between 22 and 28%.Conclusion:Reference tables of commonly consumed foods and beverages were generated at minimal cost based on secondary data analyses of past dietary surveys in different South African populations.
Socio-economic, dietary, activity, nutrition and body weight transitions in South Korea
Authors: Lee Soo-Kyung , Sobal Jeffery 
Published: October 2003

AbstractObjective:Socio-economic development influences many factors that affect health, especially diet and nutrition. This investigation proposes that a system of transitions occur as societies develop, with socio-economic, physical activity, dietary, nutrition and body weight transitions operating in relationship with each other. This model of transitions was examined empirically using South Korea as an example of a nation that has undergone considerable changes.Design:Data were drawn from published government reports: the Korean National Nutrition Survey and annual reports at the national level for the years between 1969 and 1993. The socio-economic transition was assessed by gross national product. The physical activity transition was assessed using annual proportions of the population involved in primary, secondary and tertiary industries, as well as the number of cars and driver's licences. The dietary transition was measured by plant and animal food consumption. The nutrition transition was assessed by percentages of energy from carbohydrate, protein and fat. The body weight transition was measured by body mass index calculated from the average height and weight of adolescents.Results:Results revealed that the transitions were highly correlated as expected, with the socio-economic transition exhibiting major changes. South Koreans tended to decrease their physical activity and plant food consumption, and to increase animal food consumption, percentage of energy from dietary fat and body weight, in relationship to the socio-economic transition.Conclusion:Examining a system of transitions on a national level in one country that has undergone rapid economic development may provide a strategy for examining how such transitions operate in other nations.
Selected nutritional biomarkers predict diet quality
Authors: Neuhouser Marian L , Patterson Ruth E , King Irena B , Horner Neilann K , Lampe Johanna W 
Published: October 2003

AbstractObjective:To examine associations of biomarkers of nutrient intake with overall diet quality.Subjects:A convenience sample of 102 healthy postmenopausal women in Seattle, Washington (USA).Design and method:Participants attended a study centre where they provided fasting blood specimens and completed a 122-item validated food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Data from the FFQ were used to calculate Diet Quality Index (DQI) scores and categorise women as having diets of excellent, good, fair or poor quality. The blood specimens were analysed for nine phospholipid fatty acids (as percentage of total) and serum concentrations of vitamin C, α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, vitamin B12, folate and six carotenoids. Multivariate linear regression was used to model associations of the nutrient biomarkers with DQI scores.Results:Compared with women with poor-quality diets, women with excellent diets, as measured by the DQI, had higher plasma concentrations of vitamin C (Pfor trend = 0.01), α-tocopherol (Pfor trend = 0.02) and β-cryptoxanthin (Pfor trend = 0.03). Women with excellent diets also had lower proportions of plasma phospholipid fatty acids of two potentially atherogenic fatty acids: stearic acid (Pfor trend = 0.01) and behenic acid (Pfor trend = 0.03). A group of six biomarkers explained a moderate proportion of the total variability in DQI scores (36%).Conclusions:These objective measures of dietary intake support the use of the DQI as a useful tool to measure dietary patterns.
Augustine and Descartes: an Overlooked Chapter in the Story of Modern Origins
Authors: Hanby Michael 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis essay is intended as a corrective to contemporary accounts of the Cartesian origins of modernity and Augustine's relationship to them. The essay examines the relationship between Augustine's trinitarian theology and his doctrine of grace in order to situate his understanding of the self and the will within the context of the trinitarian beauty manifest in Christ. Then tracing the development of an alternative tradition, from the Pelagian controversy through some features of Christian asceticism, the essay contends that Descartes’res cogitans derives fundamentally not from Augustinian interiority, but from a Stoicism, derived from this tradition and from the Neo‐stoic revival of the Renaissance, which Augustine had once opposed in the name of Christ and the Trinity.
Theology as Conversational Event: Karl Barth, the Ending of “Dialogue” and the Beginning of “Conversation”
Authors: McDowell John C. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis essay deals with a commonly voiced concern with Barth's theology as expressed in the form that his theology illegitimately secures itself from critique, polices its narrow location assiduously and only lets in a few carefully vetted others when convinced that they can be useful. In contrast, through exploring John Milbank's distinction between dialogue and conversation it becomes possible to critique James Barr's and Clark Pinnock's understandings of “conversation” in a way that serves to hear Barth, and what it entails for theology to be “conversational”, significantly differently. Indeed, it will be maintained that “conversation” is an appropriate metaphor to apply to what Barth was doing with his theology.
On Primary Matters, Because Primary Matters
Authors: Ford Raywen 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe list of achievements of NSEAD is significant, but this paper suggests that the lack of primary membership, standing at 4% at the time of writing, is a loss to both the Society, and the primary sector. In order to meets its objects as written in the constitution, the Society needs to represent art, craft and design education in all sectors. The paper underlines the value of education in art and design in the primary sector, and suggests that misunderstandings that exist about the nature of and importance on the activity of young children, particularly in relation to play, are indeed misunderstandings and need to be addressed.
Positively Different: Art and Design in Special Education
Authors: Hermon Alison , Prentice Roy 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis article explores issues of ‘difference’ in terms of identity for disabled pupils, including those with special educational needs in the context of art and design education. By focusing on body image and fashion, positive and negative views of those with a different identity, in relation to inclusion and visibility, in society and formal schooling are addressed. Inclusive values for those in a special school are identified and promoted with reference to a particular project in art and design.
Exploring the Designed World: Some Aspects of Course Development in the Greek Context
Authors: Yagou Artemis 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis paper presents student projects realised as parts of design history and theory courses which have been under development in new, design‐related university departments in Greece. An outline of the state of design and design education in Greece is first provided. In this context, the ideas behind the projects' brief are explained and some of the outcomes are discussed. Open‐ended, self‐defined student projects are proposed as a way to approach the multiplicity of meanings afforded by industrially produced objects. Some of the resulting student work is discussed and evaluated. It appears that the project‐based approach described has great potential, especially in terms of broadening the scope of design history and theory education, as well as in forging numerous interdisciplinary links.
Connectivity for Showing and Saying Across Differences in Art Education
Authors: Cunliffe Leslie 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis paper attempts to redress the current preoccupation with the idea of difference for structuring art curricula by reclaiming connectivity for realising value and strategic intelligence in art. In doing so, it makes use of the diverse role narrative plays in culture to establish a rationale for future art curricula, so that myth and mythic artistic methods that reconcile us to the world are given priority over the more recent preference for art to be subversive, like parable. This more complex analysis of the way story informs cultural activity is used to contrast with Efland, Freedman and Stuhr's oversimplified use of narrative that neglects the importance of myth and its equivalent in procedural knowledge for understanding and making durable art. An alternative approach to structuring the art curriculum is mapped out that gives priority to connectivity (myth) over difference (parable) by drawing on meta‐narratives over‐looked in postmodern thought.
Drawing on the Wrong Side of the Brain: an Art Teacher's Case for Recognising NLD
Authors: Warren Richard 
Published: October 2003

AbstractSecondary art teachers sometimes agonise over students who struggle, but are frustrated by the general failure of the special educational needs system to recognise such problems as worthy of intervention or as more widely significant. Until recently, any analyses of such learning difficulties have found no support in educational psychology. This paper argues for the usefulness of the profile of ‘non‐verbal learning disorders’ (NLD), which recognises visual‐spatial problems associated with the right brain hemisphere. This diagnosis remains controversial and is unrecognised in the UK. The paper looks at examples of work by a student of high academic ability that seem to bear out this profile, discusses them in relation to ‘right brain’ approaches to drawing, and briefly examines some of the positive and far‐reaching implications for art teachers of the growing recognition of NLD.
The Trouble with Ruskin…
Authors: Hardy Tom 
Published: October 2003

AbstractArt teaching is a uniquely satisfying job. More than anyone else in education, we in Britain remain, for the most part, the authors of our own syllabuses in spite of occasional skirmishes with the Qualifications and Curriculum Authority (QCA) and those who would box us in. Our mystique remains unassailable. Yet, within these ramparts, is a profession riven by a philosophical chasm which is peculiar to this country and occasionally manifests itself with disagreement, rancour, entrenched opinion and self‐righteousness. Central to this divide is an unhealthy retrospection which has skewed the debate about art and art education in Britain for the better part of a century and a half. The contention of this essay is that this malaise can be traced back to John Ruskin, the polemics of his Two Paths diatribe and his ‘predilection to admit a moral element into the assessment of artistic values [1].’
Disparities in Adolescent Health and Health Care: Does Socioeconomic Status Matter?
Authors: Newacheck Paul W. , Hung Yun Yi , Jane Park M. , Brindis Claire D. , Irwin Charles E. 
Published: October 2003

Data Collection/Extraction Methods. National household survey.Data Sources/Study Setting. We analyzed data on 12,434 adolescents (10 through 18 years old) included in the 1999 and 2000 editions of the National Health Interview Survey.Study Design. We assessed the presence of income gradients using four income groups. Outcome variables included health status, health insurance coverage, access to and satisfaction with care, utilization, and unmet health needs.Principal Findings. After adjustment for confounding variables using multivariate analysis, statistically significant disparities were found between poor adolescents and their counterparts in middle‐ and higher‐income families for three of four health status measures, six of eight measures of access to and satisfaction with care, and for six of nine indicators of access to and use of medical care, dental care, and mental health care.Conclusion. Our analyses indicate adolescents in low‐income families remain at a disadvantage despite expansions of the Medicaid program and the comparatively new State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP). Additional efforts are needed to ensure eligible adolescents are enrolled in these programs. Nonfinancial barriers to care must also be addressed to reduce inequities.
Methods for Using Medicare Data to Compare Procedure Rates among Asians, Blacks, Hispanics, Native Americans, and Whites
Authors: Escarce José J. , McGuire Thomas G. 
Published: October 2003

Objective. Small sample sizes in Asian, Hispanic, and Native American groups and misreporting of race/ethnicity across all groups (including blacks and whites) limit the usefulness of racial/ethnic comparisons based on Medicare data. The objective of this paper is to compare procedure rates for these groups using Medicare data, to assess how small sample size and misreporting affect the validity of comparisons, and to compare rates after correcting for misreporting.Data. We use 1997 physician claims data for a 5 percent sample of Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 and older to study cardiac procedures and tests.Study Design. We calculate age and sex‐adjusted rates and confidence intervals by race/ethnicity. Confidence intervals are compared among the groups. Out‐of‐sample data on misreporting of race/ethnicity are used to assess potential bias due to misreporting, and to correct for the bias.Principal Findings. Sample sizes are sufficient to find significant ethnic and racial differences for most procedures studied. Blacks' rates tend to be lower than whites. Asian and Hispanic rates also tend to be lower than whites', and about the same as blacks'. Sample sizes for Native Americans are very small (about .1 percent of the data); nonetheless, some significant differences from whites can still be identified. Biases in rates due to misreporting are small (less than 10 percent) for blacks, Hispanics, and whites. Biases in rates for Asians and Native Americans are greater, and exceed 20 percent for some procedures.Conclusions. Sample sizes for Asians, blacks, and Hispanics are generally adequate to permit meaningful comparisons with whites. Implementing a correction for misreporting makes Medicare data useful for all ethnic groups. Misreporting race/ethnicity and small sample sizes do not materially limit the usefulness of Medicare data for comparing rates among racial and ethnic groups.