bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Economy
Authors: Eichengreen Barry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The second half of the twentieth century was a period of unparalleled growth in Europe which transformed the lives of its people almost beyond recognition. In 1950 many Europeans heated their houses with coal, cooled their food with ice, and relied on what we might euphemistically call rudimentary forms of indoor plumbing. Today their lives are eased by natural-gas furnaces, microwave ovens, and electronic gadgets that boggle the mind. Over the intervening years real gross domestic product per capita (what the output produced by the typical European will buy) more than tripled in the countries of the continent’s West and doubled in the countries of its East. The quality of life improved even more than these simple measures would imply. Hours worked per year declined by more than a third, permitting an enormous increase in leisure time. Life expectancy lengthened, reflecting improved living standards and advances in medical technology. Everything was not sweetness and light, of course. Unemployment worsened over the period, and with it feelings of alienation and insecurity. Tax burdens soared, leaving many Europeans feeling that they were supporting expensive government programmes from which they derived little benefit. But by any objective standard, the growth of the past half-century has left Europeans enormously better off today than half a century ago.
Upheaval and continuity, 1814 –1880
Authors: Pilbeam Pamela 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The French are prisoners of the cascade of revolutions they have experienced since 1789. Nineteenth-century French revolutions are always interpreted as continuations of 1789. For French republican historians, most notably in recent years François Furet, repeated revolutions were stages in the emergence of a republican state. For socialists, revolutions were the consequence of the social and economic deprivation of the poor and would cease when, through reform or revolution, a more equal society was achieved.
State and religion
Authors: Kselman Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In both the 1780s and the 1870s France was on the eve of seismic shifts in its religious landscape. In 1789 the French Revolution inaugurated a decade that saw the assertion of religious liberty as a basic right in Article 10 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man, the Catholic Church assaulted by a republican state, and a series of liturgical experiments designed to sanctify the nation as a divine object. The consolidation of the Third Republic in the late 1870s was followed by a decade in which the French state passed laws that severely under- mined the power of the Catholic Church over education and family life.
Province and nation
Authors: Gildea Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The French nation was forged in the crucible of the French Revolution. It is commonly seen as a civic nation, defined subjectively by political will, rather than as a nation defined objectively by ethnicity, language, or religion. One of the tasks of this chapter will be to examine how valid this distinction is, or to what extent there were linguistic, ethnic, or indeed religious dimensions to French identity. The French nation is also generally considered to be unified and unimpeded by regional diversity.
Italy in the international system, 1900-1922
Authors: Row Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between 1900 and 1922 Italy pursued the foreign policies of a great power without always possessing the means to pursue them successfully. The aim of those policies was to assert the Kingdom’ s position in the state system as a power whose interests and status could not easily be ignored by the other, greater powers. Ruling a relatively new state and a comparatively backward one, the Italian elite was particularly sensitive to their country’ s place in the world. Foreign policy was not only influenced by systemic events, but by domestic politics as well. In the Italian case these were particularly important, for the sinews that bound the state and the monarchy to the broad social masses were particularly weak. The central event of this period was the First World War. Liberal Italy entered the conflict in order to strengthen itself. The war, however, undermined the Liberal system and ultimately set the stage for its destruction.
Literature
Authors: Woodhouse J R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1900 Italy had been united for some forty years. State education was still in its infancy (and not universally free), and illiteracy rates were amongst the highest in Western Europe, though the Coppino Education Act of 1877 had made attendance at school obligatory for children over 6, and one effect of this had been to reduce the percentage of illiterates from 78 per cent in 1861 to under 50 per cent by 1910. Italy’ s great centuries-old literary culture still remained the inevitable preserve of the urban middle classes, while the majority of its people depended for their livelihood on traditional rural industries. Literary Italian itself was a highly stylized medium, having little connection with the spoken language of the majority, much less with the dialects which most Italians spoke and which were systematically collected and studied as anthropological curiosities by regional academics.
Social and political thought, 1890-1945
Authors: Bellamy Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘ We don’ t like Italy as it is today.’ As the intellectual entrepreneur Giuseppe Prezzolini observed, Giovanni Amendola’ s pithy remark of 1910 summed up the sentiments of a whole generation of social and political thinkers. Despite their very different methodological and ideological perspectives, they agreed to a remarkable degree that the unified Italy had not realized the hopes and aspirations of the Risorgimento period. At its best, the resulting disillusionment produced an incisive if invariably polemical critique of Italian political institutions that not only unmasked the divide separating the ‘ legal’ from the ‘ real’ Italy but also served to deepen the analysis of liberal democratic systems more generally. At its worst, this dissatisfaction produced a nihilistic and cynical antagonism to most features of modern societies, combined with a dismissive contempt for the concerns of ordinary people.
How to Argue: Logic
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Logic is the discipline that sorts out good arguments from bad arguments. Aristotle claimed to be its founder, and his claim is no idle boast. Of course, human beings had been arguing, and detecting fallacies in other people’s arguments, since human society began; as John Locke said, ‘God did not make men barely two legged and leave it to Aristotle to make them rational.’ None the less, it is to Aristotle that we owe the Worst formal study of argumentative reasoning. But here as elsewhere, there is Worst of all a debt to Plato to be acknowledged. Following the lead of Protagoras, Plato made important distinctions between parts of speech, distinctions that form part of the basis on which logic is built. In the Sophist he introduces a distinction between nouns and verbs, verbs being signs of actions, and names being signs of the agents of those actions. A sentence, he insists, must consist of at least one noun and at least one verb: two nouns in succession, or two verbs in succession, will never make a sentence. ‘Walks runs’ is not a sentence, nor is ‘Lion stag’. The simplest kind of sentence will be something like ‘A man learns’ or ‘Theaetetus flies’, and only something with this kind of structure can be true or false (Sph. 262a–263b).
What There Is: Metaphysics
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The central topic of metaphysics is ontology: the study of Being. The word ‘ontology’ derives from the Greek word ‘on’ (in the plural ‘onta’), which is the present participle of ‘einai’, the verb ‘to be’. In Greek, as in English, a definite article can be placed in front of a participle to mark out a class of people or things: as when we talk of the living or of the dying, meaning all the people who are now living or all the people who are now dying. The founder of ontology was Parmenides, and he defined his topic by placing the definite article ‘to’ in front of the participle ‘on’. ‘To on’, literally ‘the being’, on the model of ‘the living’, means: all that is. It is customary to translate the expression into English as ‘Being’ with an initial capital. Without a capital, the English word ‘being’ has, in philosophy, two uses, one corresponding to the Greek participle and one to the Greek infinitive. A being, we can say, using the participle, is an individual that is; whereas being (using the verbal noun) is, as it were, what any individual being is engaged in. The totality of individual beings make up Being.
How to Live: Ethics
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the sayings attributed to the earliest Greek philosophers, many have a moral content. Thales, for instance, is credited with an early version of ‘Do as you would be done by’: asked how we could best live, he replied, ‘if we do not ourselves do what we blame others for doing’. In more ambiguous vein, when asked by an adulterer if he should swear he was innocent, he replied, ‘Well, perjury is no worse than adultery’ (D.L. 1. 37). Oracular utterances of a similar kind are to be found in Heraclitus: ‘It is not good for men to get all they want’ (DK 22 B110); ‘a man’s character is his destiny’ (DK 22 B117). Other philosophers took stances on particular moral issues: thus Empedocles attacked meat-eating and animal sacrifice (DK 31 B128, 139). But it is not until Democritus that we find any sign of a philosopher with a moral system.
Life, Learning, Worlzs
Authors: Finnis John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On a narrow mountain spur high above the village of Roccasecca, the family’s home and fortress commanded a 360-degree view of mountain, hill, and valley; west to east across the wide plain below ran the ancient inland road from Rome to Naples. The place is about fifty-five miles north-west of Naples, a little closer to Naples than to Rome and was just inside the Kingdom of Sicily and Naples.
Fulfilment and Morality
Authors: Finnis John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many basic reasons for action. So how are they interrelated, ordered? Each directs one to a basic good which is intrinsically good for any human being. And each can be instantiated in indefinitely many ways in one’s own life and one’s own communities, as well as in the lives of other people and other communities. But one’s time and capacities, like those of even the wealthiest and most powerful community, are limited. So how is one to decide which instantiations to try to bring about by choice and action, whether individual or communal?
Aristotle’s Political World and Writings
Authors: Kraut Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To understand and assess Aristotle’s contributions to political thought, we must come to terms not only with the treatise whose political content is advertised by its title-the Politics (in Greek: Politik ōn)-but also with the work that bears the peculiar name, Nicomache ōn Ethics (Ethikon Nikomachei ōn). For Aristotle announces, at a very early point in that ethical treatise, that the subject he has chosen to examine-the good of human beings-is one that belongs to the science of politics (I.2 1094a27-8).
The Challenge of Semiotics
Authors: Agawu Kofi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In an influential discussion of the ‘place of language in human facts’, Ferdinand de Saussure set forth a vision of the science of semiology in which language, social institution’ as well as ‘a system of signs’, was given pre-eminent status: A science that studies the life of signs within society is conceivable; it would be a part of social psychology and consequently of general psychology; I shall call it semiology (from Greek semeîon, ‘sign’). Semiology would show what constitutes signs, what laws govern them. Since the science does not yet exist, no one can say what it would be; but it has a right to existence, a place staked out in advance. Linguistics is only a part of the general science of semiology; the laws discovered by semiology will be applicable to linguistics, and the latter will circumscribe a well-defined area within the mass of anthropological facts.
The History of Musical Canon
Authors: Weber William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most fundamental transformations in Western musical culture has been the rise of a canon of great works from the past. At the end of the sixteenth century, it was unusual for music to remain in circulation for more than a generation; those works that did persist remained isolated from each other, or formed part of pedagogical traditions known by a small group of learned musicians. By the end of the nineteenth century, old music had moved from the musician’s study to the concert-hall: it had become established in repertories throughout concert life, dominating many programmes, and was legitimated in critical and ideological terms in which the society as a whole participated.
The Impact and Ethics of Musical Scholarship
Authors: Shelemay Kay Kaufman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the discussion of music in context has become an increasingly important part of the musicological conversation in the late twentieth century, discourse about the broader implications of musicological research emphatically has not. This chapter will deal with the potential impact of music scholarship outside academia and, in particular, upon its ostensible subjects. Though instances of such impact may be infrequent, I will suggest that they raise a host of important ethical and practical issues both during the research process and afterwards.
A Cornford Cycle
Authors: Hugh-Jones Elaine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A consummate song-writer, and one of the most rewarding ‘discoveries’ of Volume 1, Elaine Hugh-Jones has confined herself almost entirely to the medium of voice and piano. Her zest for composing and a natural gift for communicating show in all her work. Many years as a professional accompanist have given her special insight into the practical aspects of the singer’s art, and a superb ear and meticulous craftsmanship combine to produce music that is as pleasurable to sing as it is to listen to.
Songs from Letters
Authors: Larsen Libby 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The work of the American composer Libby Larsen has recently received considerable attention, and it is a pleasure to recommend this most engaging cycle, which is sure to prove attractive to audiences and performers. Her music demonstrates clarity and assurance, combined with flair and imagination. A forthright, highly accessible style is flexible enough to allow for a sensitive response to words, and a close identification and sympathy with the emotional world of her chosen subjects. Not surprisingly she is particularly strong in portraying the woman’s point of view, and is a persuasive advocate of a broader understanding of the conflict between work and family duties.
The Palatine Coast, Op. 21
Authors: Stevens Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The late Bernard Stevens is an example of a composer of great distinction and integrity whose work has been badly neglected. He was also a most valuable influence as a teacher of composition, and his music is an authoritative and memorable contribution to the British heritage. These songs, written for Sophie Wyss, would suit soprano or tenor equally well. The musical idiom is fairly conventional, containing unmistakable stylistic features of early twentieth-century English Romanticism, yet with its own pungent flavour and an unusually strong sense of pulse.
Her days shall pass
Authors: Anderson Avril 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Avril Anderson and her husband David Sutton Anderson have made a lively and enterprising contribution to British musical life in recent years. Their consistency and integrity have won them much admiration amongst the new music cognoscenti. Not only have they created a stimulating body of individual work, but they have also devoted considerable energy to promoting other composers of like mind. Avril Anderson’s output contains quite a number of vocal works, including an opera Edward II (1976) as yet unperformed, and, more recently, she has become involved with the re-creation of traditional Sephardic music for voice and guitar.
Five Songs of Crazy Jane
Authors: Aston Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An invigorating and thoroughly enjoyable showpiece, with strong elements of folksong, in elaborated and extended form, this dramatic scena deserves to be much better known. Audiences always respond most warmly to its strong-flavoured immediacy. Peter Aston has special experience in working with singers, especially in the field of choral music, and his understanding of the voice is already clearly evident in this, his first acknowledged work. Singing unaccompanied always brings special problems, particularly that of maintaining clean intonation.
Requiem Sequence
Authors: McCabe John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This work, by one of our most versatile and gifted composers, also a superb pianist, was written in memory of Sir John Barbirolli and Alan Rawsthorne. It is simple in structure and highly practical to perform. As would be expected, the keyboard effects are particularly striking, and an ideal balance is achieved between a suitably liturgical atmosphere and the immediacy of impact in concert performance. An Italianized pronunciation of the Latin text, as most commonly used for concert purposes, is appropriate here.
Life Story
Authors: Adès Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of the younger generation of British composers, Thomas Ades has already gained a considerable reputation. His natural gifts and exceptional maturity make him an outstanding all-round musician, and his breadth of culture is an enormous asset. His vocal works so far demonstrate his fluency and his excellent ear. They may appear difficult at first: densely packed with detail in an atonal, mainstream idiom, but what may appear to be terrifying hurdles actually work in context. Rhythms seem complex but often turn out to be a refined form of written-out rubato, falling naturally with the inflections of declamatory speech.
Cycle for Declamation
Authors: Rainier Priaulx 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is quite simply one of the outstanding solo-voice works of the century. Written for and dedicated to that consummate artist, the late Peter Pears, it was an ideal vehicle for his unrivalled intensity and compelling presence. Such timeless and inspiring texts (from Donne’s Devotions) demand, and receive, music of the highest calibre. Rainier, a much-loved figure, originally from South Africa, but long resident in Britain, was justly revered by connoisseurs and those lucky enough to be her students, but, like others of her generation, did not really attain the wider international recognition she deserved.
Carte du tendre
Authors: Wilkins Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The remarkably evocative and highly original work of the British composer Caroline Wilkins has already won her an international reputation. Currently resident in Germany, she is at home in both acoustic and electroacoustic music, at the cutting edge of modernism, and her work, beautifully heard, experiments with sonority and articulation in a most arresting way. A substantial period of residence in Australia has also broadened her perspective.
She is Asleep
Authors: Cage John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A hauntingly memorable and original work from this great and influential figure, who has been a source of inspiration for so many composers and performers in all branches of the arts. It has a hypnotic quality that focuses the audience’s attention from the outset. There is no doubt that the singer/ vocalist needs to be experienced and confident, with excellent powers of concentration and strong nerves. This is exactly the kind of music that can reveal hidden weaknesses in the middle of those voices that sound most impressive when singing strongly at the extremes of their range.
Four Late Poems and an Epigram of Rainer Maria Rilke
Authors: Knussen Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The composer’s personal style and command of his medium are instantly recognizable. An idiom with strong elements of post-Viennese serialism provides the voice with graceful leaping lines, exhilarating and full of colour. A short refrain (the epigram: ‘Rose, oh pure contradiction’) stated at the beginning, is repeated exactly between Nos. 1 and 2, and appears in inverted form between 2 and 3. The dynamic range throughout is extraordinarily varied, and the many markings, including those indicating stresses and subtle shadings, demonstrate the composer’s aural refinement and awareness of syllabic detail, creating a memorable effect.
The Dynamics of Harmony Principles & Practice
Authors: Pratt George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a readable and imaginative book presenting, with infectious enthusiasm, a sensible simplification of the main processes of classical harmony in the Bach-Schubert period. George Pratt’s explanations of concepts such as 'real' and 'substitute' chords. of false distinctions between ‘major’ and ‘minor’ and of the simple basis of seemingly complex chromatic harmony enables readers to grasp the principles of harmonic progression, and to see most progressions as a form of ‘dominant-powered ’ movement. He focuses his study on Bach chorales, Mozart piano sonatas, and a Schubert song cycle, thereby providing depth, variety and a realistic sense of a context of ‘real music‘ to his explanations and to the exercises. But he also offers the reader an immediate invitation to apply the same principles to an immense range of musical literature from Monteverdi to Scott Joplin.
How the doctor finds out what is wrong
Authors: Vanderpump Mark P J , Tunbridge W Michael G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The medical consultation will include a detailed history of the potential symptoms of thyroid disease, past medical history, and family history of relevant diseases. In addition to the general physical examination, including weight, heart, lungs, abdomen, nervous system and muscles, all of which can be affected by thyroid disease, the focus will be on the findings in the neck and the eyes if there are symptoms.
Underactivity of the thyroid and its causes in adults
Authors: Vanderpump Mark P J , Tunbridge W Michael G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many causes of thyroid deficiency in the adult (see Chapter 14 for children and adolescents). Worldwide, the most common cause is probably lack of dietary iodine (p. 101). Deficiency of this essential element prevents the thyroid cells from obtaining enough raw material to make sufficient thyroid hormones and is usually associated with the development of a sizeable goitre.
Who should be tested for thyroid problems?
Authors: Vanderpump Mark P J , Tunbridge W Michael G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is desirable to detect any disease in its early stages, particularly when treatment is available which will benefit the affected person and forestall or improve the natural history of the condition. Screening is the identification of unrecognized disease by an investigation which can be rapidly performed to disitinguish apparently well persons who probably have a disease from those who probably do not. In general, screening is justified under the following conditions.