bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Method to solve the non‐linear systems of equations for steady gradually varied flow in open channel network
Authors: Szymkiewicz R. , Szymkiewicz A. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe paper concerns the solution of non‐linear system of equations arising while solving a steady gradually varied flow in an open channel network. To reduce the dimensions of final system the depths at each cross‐section and the discharge at each branch are considered as unknowns. Newton and Picard iteration can suffer from non‐convergent saw‐tooth errors. An approach to improve and consequently to ensure the convergence of the Picard method is proposed. Using the average from two successive iterations suppresses the saw‐teeth and gives a robust convergent iteration method to solve a steady gradually varied flow in any type of open channel network. The improvement in performance is confirmed by numerical tests. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the residue calculus evaluation of the 3‐D anisotropic elastic green's function
Authors: Phan A.‐V. , Gray L. J. , Kaplan T. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractAn algorithm based upon the residue calculus for computing three‐dimensional anisotropic elastic Green's function and its derivatives has been presented in Sales and Gray (Comput. Structures 1998; 69:247–254). It has been shown that the algorithm runs three to four times faster than the standard Wilson–Cruse interpolation scheme. However, the main concern of the Sales–Gray algorithm is its numerical instability that could lead to significant errors due to the existence of multiple poles of the residue. This paper proposes a remedy for the problem by adding the capability to evaluate the Green's function in case of multiple poles of the residue. Further, an improved numerical implementation based on the use of double‐subscript‐notation elastic constants in determining the Christoffel tensor is also at issue. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantification of temporary and permanent subpopulations of bull sperm by an optimized SYBR‐14/propidium iodide assay
Authors: Grundler Werner , Dirscherl Peter , Beisker Wolfgang , Weber Frank , Stolla Rudolf , Bollwein Heinrich 
Published: April 2004

AbstractBackgroundThe quality of bull sperm is a key factor in the field of controlled reproduction. Viability‐testing is an important aspect of sperm quality definition, especially after cryopreservation where multiple factors such as handling, freeze‐thaw cycle, and preservation media, have an impact on the metabolic and functional state of sperm cells.MethodsWe investigated the commonly used SYBR‐14/propidium iodide (PI) assay to obtain functional information about sperm‐dye and dye‐dye interactions. After optimizing filter settings, dye concentrations and incubation times we used these dyes for an interruption free flow cytometric kinetic analysis of a mixture of viable and dead bovine sperm.ResultsFor the sensitivity of this method and the separation of the different cellular subpopulations fluorescence quenching of SYBR‐14 by PI is mainly responsible. Together with a spectral overlap of the two emission spectra of about 5%, even for a wavelength greater than 700 nm, this quenching effect has to be taken into account for a quantitative understanding of the observed fluorescence intensity signals. The fraction of a temporary “intermediate” population to be observed between the viable and dead cells in an SYBR‐14/PI‐dot‐plot diagram becomes greater after stress on the sperm cells caused by cryopreservation. The temporary fraction of “intermediate” cells is maximal at about 6 min after staining and disappears after about 15 min by shifting towards the dead sperm population. The estimation of this “intermediate” population may be a good indicator for handling and storage induced detrimental effects on bovine sperm cells.ConclusionThe SYBR‐14/PI assay is a fast, reliable and sensitive method to assess the membrane integrity of bull sperm and to separate viable, dead, and “intermediate” sperm subpopulations. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Flow cytometric analysis of the oxidative status of normal and thalassemic red blood cells
Authors: Amer Johnny , Goldfarb Ada , Fibach Eitan 
Published: April 2004

AbstractBackgroundThe oxidative status of cells has been shown to modulate various cell functions and be involved in physiological and pathological conditions, including hereditary chronic anemias, such as thalassemia. It is maintained by the balance between oxidants, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), and antioxidants, such as reduced glutathione (GSH).MethodsWe studied peripheral RBC derived from normal and thalassemic donors. Flow cytometric methods were used to measure (1) generation of ROS; (2) the content of reduced GSH; and (3) peroxidation of membrane lipids as an indication of membrane damage.ResultsROS and lipid peroxidation were found to be higher, and GSH lower, in thalassemic RBC compared with normal RBC, both at baseline as well as following oxidative stress, such as exposure to hydrogen peroxide. To simulate a state of iron overload, normal RBC were exposed to extracellular ferric ammonium citrate or hemin, or their Hb was denatured by phenylhydrazine. All these treatments increased ROS and lipid peroxidation and decreased GSH. These effects were reversed by N‐acetyl cysteine, a known ROS scavenger.ConclusionsFlow cytometry can be useful for measuring oxidative stress and its effects on RBC in various diseases and for studying various chemical agents as antioxidants. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The incidence of congestive heart failure associated with antidiabetic therapies
Authors: Nichols Gregory A. , Koro Carol E. , Gullion Christina M. , Ephross Sara A. , Brown Jonathan B. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractBackgroundIncreased risk for CHF in persons with type 2 diabetes is well established. Our objectives were to estimate the CHF risk associated with specific therapies for diabetes and to determine the differences in incidence rates of CHF associated with adding various antidiabetic agents.MethodsSubjects were members of the Kaiser Permanente Northwest (KPNW) diabetes registry as of 1 January 1998, with no prior history of CHF (n = 8063). We identified their therapy as of that date and then defined the start of the subject study period as the date when their drug regimen changed, either by switching to or by adding another antidiabetic drug. We defined the new therapy as the index therapy and the date of initiating the new therapy as the index date. Follow‐up on the patients was done until the index therapy was discontinued or changed, or until 31 December 2002, whichever came earlier. We calculated the incidence rate of CHF in patients on various therapeutic regimens adjusting for age, gender, diabetes duration, existing ischemic heart disease, hypertension, renal insufficiency and glycemic control (HbA1c).ResultsCHF incidence rates were highest in index therapy categories that included insulin and lowest in regimens that included metformin. When insulin was added to an initial therapy, CHF incidence was increased 2.33 times (p < 0.0001) and 2.66 times (p < 0.0001) compared to the addition of sulphonylurea or metformin respectively.ConclusionsOur findings support the theory that elevated serum insulin levels promote the development of cardiac disease. Consistent with the UKPDS, metformin may offer some protection from incident CHF relative to sulphonylurea or insulin. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of glycated hemoglobin in clinically silent hemoglobin variants
Authors: Schnedl Wolfgang J. , Lahousen Theresa , Lang Thomas , Lipp Rainer W. , Yonehara Satoshi , Fukunaga Satoshi , Imai Toshihiro , Little Randie R. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractBackgroundEvaluation of glycated hemoglobin determination methods in patients with clinically silent hemoglobin variants.MethodsHbA1c results were determined with various methods, including a new enzymatic assay, a boronate affinity HPLC, immunoassays and ion‐exchange HPLC in patients with the clinically silent hemoglobin variants Hb Graz, Hb Sherwood Forest, Hb D and Hb O Padova.ResultsThe effect of hemoglobin variants on glycated hemoglobin determination was method‐dependent. The enzymatic and boronate affinity HPLC method did not interfere with any of the variants evaluated. In contrast, Hb Graz interfered with all immunoassay and ion‐exchange HPLC methods evaluated. The Tosoh ion‐exchange HPLC method HLC‐723 did not detect the late migrating Hb O Padova in the chromatogram, but this hemoglobin variant still interfered causing artificially low HbA1c results.ConclusionsOur study underscores the need for clinical laboratories and physicians to be aware of the limitations of their HbA1c assay methods as well as the importance of visual inspection of ion‐exchange chromatograms to detect abnormalities caused by the hemoglobin variants. Samples with clinically silent Hb variants should be analyzed by a second method with a different assay principle, preferably a boronate affinity HPLC or an enzymatic assay. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crosstalk fault testing by the built‐in self‐test method with test points and phase shifters
Authors: Shimizu Kazuya , Shirai Takanori , Itazaki Noriyoshi , Kinoshita Kozo 
Published: April 2004

AbstractWith the progressive decreases in size and increases in the speed of VLSI, guaranteeing signal integrity has become important. This paper focuses on crosstalk as a factor responsible for the violation of signal integrity and proposes a method of testing for crosstalk faults. The built‐in self‐test (BIST) method, which can detect crosstalk faults by using an M‐sequence of a linear feedback shift register (LFSR), has been proposed. But since the output of the LFSR is used unaltered as a random test pattern, an insufficient number of crosstalk pulses is excited and some faults escape detection. We therefore propose the use of a new testing circuit which increases the number of crosstalk pulses that are excited and makes possible the detection of faults that were previously undetectable. The new testing circuit uses test points and phase shifter circuits which can output sequences that have arbitrary delays from the M‐sequence. In addition, by changing the simulation method, it also becomes applicable to large‐scale circuits for which such simulations could not be used in the past. We evaluate the detection rate and area overhead for several benchmark circuits and show that the method is effective in detecting crosstalk faults. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 87(10): 54–65, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20108
View generation for a virtual camera using multiple depth maps
Authors: Hiruma Kaori , Okimura Takayuki , Uehira Kazutake 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis paper proposes a method of generation of images taken from a virtual viewpoint, based on depth information on the object when viewed from multiple positions. First, the depth map from a viewpoint is converted to the depth map of the object as viewed from a virtual point. Then, based on the depth map from another viewpoint, the occlusion area of the virtual viewpoint depth map is complemented and the depth value is corrected. By appropriate use of real images through interpolation of depth values and smoothing, a virtual viewpoint image is generated. Applying the proposed method makes it possible to generate a virtual viewpoint image with less occlusion, even for a viewpoint deviating greatly from the actual camera position. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 87(10): 81–88, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20110
Structural Properties of Bis(hexacarbonyldicobalt) Complexes with Heteroatoms Next to the Former Triple Bonds − A Contribution to the Mechanism of the Pauson−Khand Reaction
Authors: Werz Daniel B. , Schulte J. Hilko , Rausch Bernhard J. , Gleiter Rolf , Rominger Frank 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe bis(hexacarbonyldicobalt) complexes of cyclic diynes with sila‐, thia‐ and selena‐substituted acetylene units have been isolated. The structural features of these complexes have been elucidated by means of X‐ray diffraction analyses on single crystals. In three cases (24′, 25′ and 29′) the X‐ray investigations show bis(pentacarbonyldicobalt) complexes instead of bis(hexacarbonyldicobalt) ones. Their empty coordination sites are each occupied by divalent chalcogen moieties from the opposite side of the molecule affording distorted C2Co2 cores. These results corroborate the possibility of intramolecular activation in Pauson−Khand reactions of chalcogen‐containing substrates. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Controlled Access to Mixed‐Metal Pyridazine‐Linked Cryptates
Authors: Ronson Tanya K. , Nelson Jane , Jameson Geoffrey B. , Jeffery John C. , Brooker Sally 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe pyridazine‐linked cryptand L [formed by the 3+2 condensation of 3,6‐diformylpyridazine with tris(2‐aminoethyl)amine (tren)] has been used to generate a series of heterodinuclear cryptates by a one‐pot two‐step method. The cryptates [MnIICuIL](ClO4)2(BF4), [FeIICuIL](BF4)3·CH3CN and [NiIICuIL](BF4)3·H2O have been structurally characterized, with elemental analyses and mass spectroscopic data providing further evidence of their heterodinuclear nature. The synthesis, structures and characterisation of the corresponding mononuclear cryptates [MIIL](X)2 (M = Mn, Fe, Ni, X = BF4− or ClO4−) are also reported, along with the synthesis and characterisation of the homodinuclear dizinc(II) and disodium(I) cryptates, [Zn2L](ClO4)4 and [Na2L](CF3SO3)2. Electrochemical studies on the heterodinuclear cryptates in CH3CN indicate that the presence of the divalent cation influences the electrochemical potential and reversibility of the CuI → CuII oxidation with the redox potential of the CuI/CuII couple being inversely correlated with the distance between the two metal ions in the solid state as determined by X‐ray crystallography. The previously synthesised [CoIICuIL](BF4)3 is an exception to this trend, probably due to oxidation of the CoII ion prior to that of the CuI ion. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Synthesis of a Novel Cyclic Chlorophyll Hetero‐Dyad as a Model Compound for Stacked Chlorophylls Found in Photosynthetic Systems
Authors: Kosaka Nobuo , Tamiaki Hitoshi 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA covalently doubly linked cyclic chlorophyll hetero‐dyad was stereospecifically prepared as a model for naturally stacked chlorophyll suprastructures. In the synthetic dyad, two composite macrocycles are situated very close to each other such that the Qy transition dipole moments intramolecularly interact to give intense circular dichroism peaks. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Thoughts on the 25th anniversary of bulimia nervosa
Authors: Russell G. F. M. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractMy original article on bulimia nervosa appeared in the August 1979 issue of Psychological Medicine. It is timely to examine whether the description of this new disorder and the formulated diagnostic criteria have stood the test of time. A similar question is whether it was right to describe the new syndrome as an ominous variant of anorexia nervosa. The answers to these questions should really be given by other investigators. My own view is that the main clinical description and the diagnostic criteria of bulimia nervosa have proved reasonably robust, as has its close relationship to anorexia nervosa. On the other hand, my view about the ominous nature of bulimia nervosa was unduly pessimistic. The original description of bulimia nervosa had a significant impact on the clinical and scientific literature, which showed an accelerated growth during the 1980s, largely due to articles on bulimia and bulimia nervosa. The historical question ‘Is bulimia nervosa a new disorder?’ has hitherto been neglected. The evidence for answering this question in the affirmative is very strong and is derived from searches of the older psychiatric literature as well as more recent cohort studies which throw light on when the new syndrome burst from the blue upon modern society. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
The influence of rock resistance on coastal morphology around Lord Howe Island, southwest Pacific
Authors: Dickson M. E. , Kennedy D. M. , Woodroffe C. D. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractAn Erratum has been published for this article in Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 27(7) 2004, 931.Lord Howe Island, in the northern Tasman Sea, is a remnant of a much larger Late Miocene basaltic shield volcano. Much of the island's coastline is exposed to waves that have unlimited fetch, but a marked contrast is provided by a fringing coral reef and lagoon that very effectively attenuate wave energy along a portion of the western coastline. The geology of the island is varied, with hard and resistant basalt lavas, breccias and tuffs of intermediate resistance, and highly erodible eolianites. This variability provides an excellent opportunity to examine the inﬂuence of rock resistance on the development of the spectacular rock coast landforms that occur around the island. The hardness of rocks and the extent of weathering around the coastline were assessed using a Schmidt hammer, and statistical analysis was undertaken to remove outlying values. On all but one occasion, higher mean rebound values were returned from fresh surfaces than weathered surfaces, but only half of these differences were statistically signiﬁcant. Shore platforms with two distinct levels are juxtaposed along two stretches of coastline and Schmidt hammer results lend support to hypotheses that the raised surfaces may be inherited features. Relative rock resistance was assessed through a combination of Schmidt hammer data and measurements of joint density, and constrained on the basis of morphological data. This approach formed a basis for examining threshold conditions for sea‐cliff erosion at Lord Howe Island in the context of the distribution of resistant plunging cliffs and erosional shore platforms. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Method for using complete and incomplete trios to identify genes related to a quantitative trait
Authors: Kistner Emily O. , Weinberg Clarice R. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA number of tests for linkage and association with qualitative traits have been developed, with the most well‐known being the transmission/disequilibrium test (TDT). For quantitative traits, varying extensions of the TDT have been suggested. The quantitative trait approach we propose is based on extending the log‐linear model for case‐parent trio data (Weinberg et al. [1998] Am. J. Hum. Genet. 62:969–978). Like the log‐linear approach for qualitative traits, our proposed polytomous logistic approach for quantitative traits allows for population admixture by conditioning on parental genotypes. Compared to other methods, simulations demonstrate good power and robustness of the proposed test under various scenarios of the genotype effect, distribution of the quantitative trait, and population stratification. In addition, missing parental genotype data can be accommodated through an expectation‐maximization (EM) algorithm approach. The EM approach allows recovery of most of the lost power due to incomplete trios. Published 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reduced recruitment of motor association areas during bimanual coordination in concert pianists
Authors: Haslinger Bernhard , Erhard Peter , Altenmüller Eckart , Hennenlotter Andreas , Schwaiger Markus , Gräfin von Einsiedel Helga , Rummeny Ernst , Conrad Bastian , Ceballos‐Baumann Andrés O. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractBimanual motor coordination is essential for piano playing. The functional neuronal substrate for high‐level bimanual performance achieved by professional pianists is unclear. We compared professional pianists to musically naïve controls while carrying out in‐phase (mirror) and anti‐phase (parallel) bimanual sequential finger movements during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). This task corresponds to bimanually playing scales practiced daily by pianists from the beginning of piano playing. Musicians and controls showed significantly different functional activation patterns. When comparing performance of parallel movements to rest, musically naïve controls showed stronger activations than did pianists within a network including anterior cingulate cortex, right dorsal premotor cortex, both cerebellar hemispheres, and right basal ganglia. The direct comparison of bimanual parallel to mirror movements between both groups revealed stronger signal increases in controls within mesial premotor cortex (SMA), bilateral cerebellar hemispheres and vermis, bilateral prefrontal cortex, left ventral premotor cortex, right anterior insula, and right basal ganglia. These findings suggest increased efficiency of cortical and subcortical systems for bimanual movement control in musicians. This may be fundamental to achieve high‐level motor skills allowing the musician to focus on artistic aspects of musical performance. Hum. Brain Mapping 22:206–215, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preparation of the Enantiomerically Enriched Isomers of the Odorous Cyclic Ethers Clarycet ®, Florol ®, and Rhubafuran ® by Enzymatic Catalysis
Authors: Abate Agnese , Brenna Elisabetta , Fronza Giovanni , Fuganti Claudio , Gatti Francesco G. , Serra Stefano , Zardoni Enrica 
Published: April 2004

AbstractAll the enantiomerically enriched stereoisomers of Clarycet ® (1), Florol ® (2), and Rhubafuran ® (3) were prepared by biocatalysis routes. Their absolute configurations were established, and their olfactory properties were fully evaluated.
Four New Phenolic Compounds from Curculigo crassifolia (Hypoxidaceae)
Authors: Li Ning , Chen Ji‐Jun , Zhou Jun 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFour new phenolic compounds, named crassifogenin A (1), crassifogenin B (2), crassifoside A (3), and crassifoside B (4), were isolated from the EtOH extract of the rhizomes of Curculigo crassifolia, and based on the chemical transformation and modern spectroscopic experiments, including 2D‐NMR techniques (HMQC, HMBC, COSY, HMQC‐TOCSY, and NOE), their structures were elucidated as 2,5‐bis(3,4‐dihydroxyphenyl)furan‐3‐carbaldehyde (1), (3,4‐dihydroxyphenyl)(3,6,7‐trihydroxynaphthalen‐1‐yl)methanone (2), (3,4‐dihydroxyphenyl)[3‐(β‐D‐glucopyranosyloxy)‐6,7‐dihydroxynaphthalen‐1‐yl]methanone (3), and 1,2‐O‐{2‐(3,4‐dihydroxyphenyl)‐1‐[3‐(3,4‐dihydroxyphenyl)prop‐2‐ynyl]ethane‐1,2‐diyl}‐β‐D‐glucopyranose (4).
Synthesis of (±)‐Trinervitadiene‐2,3‐diol
Authors: Kato Tadahiro , Hoshikawa Masahiro 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe first synthesis of trinervita‐1(15),8(19)‐dien‐2β,3α‐diol (2a) and its 2α‐isomer 2b, which have been isolated from termite soldiers, where they are used as defense chemicals, is documented starting from geranylgeranioic acid in 33 steps. The route for construction of the key intermediate of the trinervitane skeleton 8 has been developed previously (Scheme 1). Noteworthy features include the efficient construction of the trinervitane framework from the corresponding bicyclic 7(16)‐secotrinervitane skeleton and Me3SiCl (TMSCl)‐induced ring‐opening of tetrasubstituted epoxide to give the corresponding allyl alcohols (Scheme 7). The synthetic route developed in the present study seems applicable to the syntheses of other trinervitane‐type natural products.