bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Three Doses of Dietary Sialyllactose on Growth and Intestinal Development in the Neonatal Piglet
Authors: Monaco Marcia Helena , Wang Mei , Pan Xiao , Li Qian , Richards James D. , Chichlowski Maciej , Berg Brian , Dilger Ryan N , Donovan Sharon M. 
Published: November 2023

Oligosaccharides are the third most abundant component in human milk and modulate neonate microbiota, gut and immune development. This study investigated potential dose‐dependent effects of sialyllactose (Lacprodan SAL‐10®, SL) on growth and gut development of neonatal piglets. Beginning at 2 d of age, 38 vaginally‐derived male piglets (mean body weight (BW) 1.64 ± 0.04 kg) were randomized to diets formulated to contain: control (CONT) [0 mg SL/L milk replacer], low (LOW) [130 mg SL/L], moderate (MOD) [380 mg SL/L], and high (HIGH) [760 mg SL/L]. Diets contained 4 g/L of a 1:1 mixture of polydextrose and galactooligosaccharides. Diets were prepared at 20% (wt/vol) and piglets received 285 mL and 325 mL per kg BW on d2–5 and 5–33, respectively. On d32 or 33, piglets were euthanized and samples were collected. Outcomes were analyzed using a one‐way ANOVA; significance was set at p ≤ 0.05 and trends at 0.05 < p < 0.10. Dietary SL was well tolerated regardless of dose and growth patterns were similar among the groups. Weight gain between d2 and 33 did not differ among the groups and the average gain was 4.23 ± 0.29 kg (CONT: 4.19 kg ± 0.42; LOW: 4.08 kg ± 0.64; MOD: 4.43 kg ± 0.69; HIGH: 4.22 kg ± 0.68). Similarly, intestinal length and weight, villus and crypt morphology in the small and large intestine and the number of acidic sulfated mucin‐secreting goblet cells did not differ among the groups. Short‐chain and branched‐chain fatty acid profiles in colonic contents were similar between all four groups. No differences in complete blood counts were observed and serum clinical chemistry values were similar (minerals, electrolytes, protein, enzymes, kidney function, liver function and acid:base balance and prothrombin time), except for activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and glutathione dehydrogenase (GLDH). APTT (seconds) in HIGH (12.6 ± 0.5) was lower (p<0.02) than CONT (14.1 ± 0.2), LOW (13.8 ± 0.4) and MOD (13.6 ± 0.2). GLDH (U/L) in CONT (0.9 ± 0.1) was lower (p<0.02) than LOW (1.3 ± 0.1) and MOD (1.5 ± 0.2) and tended (p<0.09) to be lower than HIGH (1.2 ± 0.08). Due to the low magnitude of differences and lack of a clear dose response, the differences in aPTT were not clinically significant. In addition to a lack of dose‐response in our study, normal values for other liver enzymes suggest that slightly higher GLDH values are also unlikely of clinical significance. In conclusion, dietary SL at up to 760 mg/L was well tolerated and supported similar growth and intestinal development as the CONT formula in neonatal piglets.Support or Funding InformationMead Johnson Nutrition
Using Metatranscriptomics to Determine Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Bovine Milk Oligosaccharides in Healthy Adults
Authors: Westreich Samuel Taler , Barile Daniela , Salcedo Jaime , Mills David A , Smilowitz Jennifer T. , Korf Ian , Lemay Danielle G 
Published: November 2023

The study of human milk has revealed the presence of complex human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) molecules, believed to help encourage formation and development of the infant's gut microbiome. HMOs function as prebiotics for beneficial bacteria, block attachment to pathogens, and interact directly with intestinal cells. Many bovine milk oligosaccharides (BMOs) are structurally analogous to HMOs and can be obtained from whey streams currently discarded as waste. In a prior study, we fed BMOs to healthy adults for the first time to determine safety and tolerability, and found that they did not cause more bloating or gas than a placebo, which suggests that BMOs may be fermented more slowly than other prebiotics. Using 16S sequencing, we also found that fecal microbial populations did not change significantly.It is possible for the functional activity of a microbial population to change without overall abundances changing. We therefore investigated the activity of all gut microbes in vivo simultaneously in a subset of these humans (n=6) fed BMOs. RNA was extracted from RNA‐preserved stool and libraries were prepared and sequenced to yield a minimum of 40 million reads per subject. Intra‐individual bacterial transcriptional profiles appeared more similar to each other. However, differential abundance analysis revealed a small, but significant (p < 3.23e‐41), increase in overall Bacteroides transcriptional activity in response to the BMO supplement. Specific functions of Bacteroides species are being further investigated. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that it is possible for gut microbe populations to remain stable while their functional activities change in response to diet, emphasizing the need for a metatranscriptome‐based approach in future studies.Support or Funding InformationFunding was provided by Arla Food Ingredients.
Maternal BMI is correlated with non‐fasting human milk insulin, but not macronutrients
Authors: Sarangam Maithri L , Young Bridget , Garces Ana Lucia , Figueroa Lester , Tejada Gabriela , Kemp Jennifer , Westcott Jamie Lucia , Hambidge Michael , Krebs Nancy 
Published: November 2023

BackgroundThe impact of maternal phenotype on bioactive components of human milk (HM) remains unclear. This is particularly relevant given the increasing worldwide prevalence of maternal obesity and insulin resistance. In particular, the relationships between maternal BMI, macronutrients, and HM insulin concentration requires further study.MethodsWe analyzed 126 HM samples collected at 14 days postpartum from participants in the “Women First” study in Guatemala, which administered small quantity lipid‐based nutrient supplements from either the preconception or prenatal period until delivery. The RCT is ongoing and treatment arms are unknown. All maternal supplementation concluded at birth. HM samples were collected via hand expression, after the infant initiated let‐down. Skim milk was generated via centrifugation and HM insulin was analyzed via chemiluminescence immunoassay. Macronutrients and total calories were analyzed via human milk analyzer (Miris) in 102 milk samples.ResultsIn the cohort as a whole, HM lactose = 6.9 ± 0.6 g/100mL; protein = 1.2 ± 0.4 g/100mL; fat = 3.9 ± 1.3 g/100mL; calories = 70.4 ± 12.0 kcal/100mL; insulin 14.3 ± 9.0 μIU/mL. Neither maternal BMI nor time‐of‐day (between 09:00 and 16:30) were related to any of the macronutrients or HM caloric density. Mean HM insulin concentration was significantly different across maternal pre‐pregnancy BMI categories (p<0.002). Mean HM insulin concentrations were 12.4 ± 6.6 μIU/mL, 15.3 ± 10.0 μIU/mL, and 21.5 ± 13.0 μIU/mL, for the normal (n=71), overweight (n=40), and obese (n=14) BMI categories respectively. Neither HM macronutrient concentrations nor caloric density were related to HM insulin concentrations. In multivariable regression, both maternal pre‐pregnancy BMI and the time‐of‐day of HM collection were significantly and positively related to HM insulin values (p<0.001). Together these variables explained 16% of the variation in HM insulin.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that maternal pre‐pregnancy BMI likely impacts the concentration of insulin in HM. This finding is particularly relevant given that prandial state was not controlled in our collection methods. The impact of higher concentrations of HM insulin on the recipient infant requires further investigation.Support or Funding InformationBill & Melinda Gates Foundation OPP1055867; University of Colorado Clinical and Translational Research Centers NIH/NCATS UL1‐TR001082; NIH: NICHD and Office of Dietary Supplements #U10 HD076474
Maternal Factors and Human Milk Oligosaccharide Composition in the CHILD Cohort
Authors: Robertson Bianca Marie , Bode Lars , Sharma Atul K. , Becker Allan B. , Mandhane Piushkumar J. , Subbarao Padmaja , Turvey Stuart E. , Lefebvre Diana L. , Sears Malcolm R. , Azad Meghan B. 
Published: November 2023

RationaleAccumulating evidence suggests that human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) impact infant health. However, which maternal factors influence HMO composition is largely unknown.MethodsWe analyzed 427 breast milk samples from the Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development (CHILD) study by rapid high‐throughput HPLC to determine associations between HMO composition and maternal age, ethnicity, parity, secretor blood group status, method of delivery and milk collection time postpartum. Milk samples were collected at 4 months postpartum (median 16 weeks, interquartile range 14–19 weeks). Spearman correlations, t‐tests and multivariable linear regression were used to evaluate relationships between HMO composition and maternal factors.ResultsMaternal secretor blood group status, lactation time postpartum, and parity were significantly and independently associated with total HMO concentration. Secretor mothers, expressing an active FUT2 gene, had increased levels of total HMOs when compared to non‐secretors (mean 15,908 ± 1,513 vs. 8.935 ± 2,796 nmol/mL, p<0.001). Non‐secretor status was more common among Asian vs. Caucasian mothers (40% vs. 26%, p=0.04). Total HMO level decreased with increasing time postpartum (adjusted b: −66 nmol/L per week; 95%CI −113, −19; p=0.006), although some individual HMOs increased, including: 3′‐fucosyllactose (3′FL, Spearman r = +0.15), 3′‐sialyllactose (3′SL, +0.18), lacto‐N‐fucopentaose‐III (LNFPIII, +0.12), and especially disialyllacto‐N‐tetraose (DSLNT, +0.28) (all p<0.02). Furthermore, total HMO levels increased with parity (adjusted b: +529 nmol/mL per child; 95%CI 173, 884; p<0.01). In contrast, maternal age and method of delivery were not significantly associated with total HMO level.ConclusionOur data suggest that both genetic and non‐genetic maternal factors influence HMO composition. Whether these associations have implications for infant health remains to be investigated.Support or Funding InformationThis study was funded by Research Manitoba and supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the Allergy, Genes and Environment Network of Centres of Excellence.
Investigating Methods of Estimating the Rate of Synthesis of Breast Milk and Milk Fat
Authors: Geddes Donna Tracey , Gardner Hazel , Lai Ching‐Tat , Hartmann Peter Edwin , Kent Jacqueline Coral 
Published: November 2023

Study objectiveCurrently measurement of the average rate of breast milk synthesis and fat synthesis relies on a 24‐h milk profile (test‐weighing all breastfeeds and expressions over a 24‐h period and collecting small milk samples before and after each breastfeed for the same period). It has been demonstrated that when the breasts are expressed using an electric breast pump each hour, the volume of the fourth expression is equivalent to the hourly rate of milk synthesis. We aimed to confirm this finding, and ascertain if the same technique could be used to estimate the rate of milk fat synthesis.MethodsThe study was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of The University of Western Australia and all participants provided written informed consent. Mothers (n = 15) measured their 24‐h milk profile, and then expressed their breast(s) using a Medela Symphony breast pump for 10 min on arrival at the research room, and 1, 2 and 3 hours later. The volume of milk expressed each time was measured and small (<1 mL) milk samples collected before and after each expression. The creamatocrit of each sample was measured and converted to fat using the formula fat (g.L−1) = 3.968 + (5.917*creamatocrit). Linear mixed models were used to compare the volumes and fat content at each hourly expression with the hourly milk yield and fat synthesis from the 24‐h milk profile. Random effect was the mother.ResultsThe mean rates of milk synthesis were 17.8 mL.h−1 (sem 2.0) and 19.0 mL.h−1 (sem 2.0) for 24‐h milk profile and fourth expression, respectively, and there was a significant relationship between the two measurements (P=0.002). The slope of the regression was 0.66 with a confidence interval of 0.32 – 1.00). The mean rates of fat synthesis were 0.75 g.h−1 (sem 0.06) and 0.96 g.h−1 (sem 0.13) for 24‐h milk profile and fourth expression, respectively, and there was a significant relationship between the two measurements (P=0.039). The slope of the regression was 1.14 with a confidence interval of 0.20 – 2.08.ConclusionThese data confirm that the fourth hourly expression can be used to estimate the average rate of breast milk synthesis for individuals. However, while there is an overall relationship between the two methods for estimating the rate of synthesis of milk fat, the wide confidence interval for the slope of the regression implies that this technique is less useful for individuals.Support or Funding InformationUnrestricted research grant from Medela AG
Impact of Maternal Diet and Exercise on Human Milk Insulin
Authors: Burchenal Clare , Barbour Lynda , Hernandez Teri , Friedman Jed , Krebs Nancy , Young Bridget 
Published: November 2023

The impact of maternal phenotype, diet and exercise on bioactive components in human milk (HM) remains an area of active research. We aimed to determine if maternal diet, specifically the nature of her carbohydrate intake, correlated with the fasting concentrations of insulin in her breast milk. Maternal 3‐day diet records were collected at 2‐weeks and 4‐months postpartum from 48 exclusively breastfeeding women. Diets were analyzed by a registered dietitian at the Colorado Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute using the Nutrient Data System for Research (NDSR) software (2012). Fasting maternal blood and a mid‐feed HM sample were collected in the morning hours at 2‐weeks and 4‐months. Skim milk was generated via centrifugation and HM and maternal plasma insulin concentrations were measured via chemiluminescent ELISA. At 4‐months, mothers completed a Godin Leisure‐Time Exercise Questionnaire to characterize degree of physical activity. The cohort exhibited a wide range of caloric and fiber intakes. Maternal circulating insulin concentrations were highly correlated with HM insulin at both time points (p<0.0001). Increased consumption of insoluble fiber at 2‐weeks was associated with decreased concentrations of HM insulin (p=0.049, n=48, R2=0.08). While this association did not remain significant at 4‐months, increased consumption of added sugars and %kcal from carbohydrates at 4‐months were both positively associated with HM insulin concentrations (n=37; p=0.075, R2=0.07 and p=0.044, R2=0.08, respectively). These relationships between dietary carbohydrate quality and fasting HM insulin remained significant after controlling for maternal pre‐pregnancy BMI, age, total calories and maternal insulin concentrations. Maternal exercise score was not related to HM insulin.The quality of carbohydrate consumed at 2‐weeks and 4‐months postpartum was associated with HM insulin concentrations, suggesting that modifiable factors, such as diet, may impact bioactive components in HM. Recommendations to encourage fiber intake and limit added sugars may impact HM components; potential benefits to maternal health and infant outcomes warrant further investigation.Support or Funding InformationUniversity of Colorado Center for Women's Health Research; The Thrasher Research Fund; NIH/NIDDK: T32‐DK007658–21; NIH/NICHD F32‐HD0978068; The Colorado Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute NIH/NCATS UL1‐TR001082.
Quantity and Species of Fish Consumed Shapes Breast Milk Fatty Acid Concentrations Around Lake Victoria, Kenya
Authors: Fiorella Kathryn J , Milner Erin M , Omollo Dan O , Hickey Matthew D , Salmen Charles , Bukusi Elizabeth , Fernald Lia CH 
Published: November 2023

Long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids found in breast milk are critical for optimal infant development and derived from dietary sources. While the availability of these fatty acids is associated with the consumption of fish in general, little is known about the relative contribution of maternal consumption of different fish species in shaping breast milk concentrations. Yet the availability of fish and composition of fish species are shifting in response to global environmental changes. Understanding how specific fish species contribute to breast milk fatty acid contribution provides an important link in understanding how the food environment affects nutrition.We examined associations between fish consumption and fatty acid concentrations in breast milk among mothers living around Lake Victoria. We used cross‐sectional analyses of associations between recent fish consumption and breast milk fatty acid concentrations. The study was conducted around Lake Victoria on Mfangano Island, Kenya where multiple fish species are key dietary components and also widely exported. Breastfeeding mothers (n=60) contributed breast milk samples, anthropometric measurements, and questionnaire responses.In the previous three days, 97% of women consumed an average of 178g +/− 111.1g of fish (~2 servings/3 days). Average breast milk concentrations of fatty acid were high, including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 0.75% of total fatty acids), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 0.16%), arachidonic acid (AA; 0.44%), and alpha‐linoleic acid (0.54%). Breast milk DHA concentrations exceeded the global average of 0.32% in 98% of samples. We found that native fish, cichlids (Cichlidae) and dagaa (R. argentea), contribute high levels of DHA, EPA, and AA to local diets. We also found evidence for associations between fish species consumed and breast milk fatty acid levels of alpha‐linoleic acid (ALA), linoleic acid (LA), EPA, and AA when controlling for intake of other fish species, maternal BMI, maternal age, breastfeeding child age, and exclusive breastfeeding.Our results provide evidence that the fish species consumed influences the fatty acid composition of breast milk. Ensuring access to diverse fish, and particularly inexpensive and non‐export species, may be important for diet quality as well as infant growth and development.Support or Funding InformationNSF‐GEO grant CNH115057; Cornell University Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future and NSF DDRI (KJF)
Effects of consuming different protein preloads on appetite, satiety, and subsequent food intake
Authors: Douglas Steve M , Gwin Jess A. , Leidy Heather J. 
Published: November 2023

BackgroundConsistent data from acute, single preload studies demonstrate improvements in perceived appetite and satiety following the consumption of high‐protein preloads compared to normal protein preloads. However, it is currently unclear as to whether protein quality (i.e., protein source) influences these outcomes.ObjectiveTo examine whether the consumption of protein preloads (egg white isolate, whey isolate, micellar casein, and instant egg white) differentially modulate postprandial hunger, fullness, desire to eat, prospective food consumption, eating initiation, and subsequent food intake.MethodsTwelve young adults (age: 22±1 y; BMI: 22.1±0.9 kg/m2) reported to the research facility between 7 – 9 am to complete each 4‐h testing day. A set of questionnaires assessing perceived hunger, fullness, desire to eat, prospective food consumption were completed followed by the consumption of the 130 kcal beverage preloads, varying in protein source. A water preload was also included as a control. The same set of questionnaires along with the assessment of whether they would like to eat again were completed every 30 min throughout the 4‐h postprandial period. After the 4‐h, the participants were given an ad libitum pasta meal to consume until ‘comfortably full.’ResultsThe consumption of the protein preloads improved hunger, fullness, desire to eat, prospective food consumption and delayed the request to eat again vs. the control (water); however, no differences in appetite and satiety outcomes were observed between protein sources. No differences in energy content at the lunch meal were observed between any preloads.ConclusionsWhen comparing high‐quality animal‐based proteins consumed as a beverage preload, relatively no differences in markers of appetite control and satiety were detected, suggesting that protein quality has little impact on these outcomes when consuming 30g of protein.Support or Funding InformationRembrandt Foods
Post‐Exercise Consumption of Whole Eggs or Egg Whites Improves Whole Body Leucine Balance but Does Not Differentially Modulate Leucine Kinetics in Resistance‐Trained Young Men
Authors: Martinez Isabel G. , van Vliet Stephan , Shy Evan L. , Beals Joseph W. , Ulanov Alexander V. , Orlando Mark , West Daniel W. , Moore Daniel R. , Paluska Scott A. , Burd Nicholas A. 
Published: November 2023

The consumption of isolated proteins and/or crystalline amino acids enhances the anabolic effect of resistance exercise during recovery. However, the effect of consuming dietary amino acids within their natural nutrient‐dense food matrix to support whole body recovery from resistance exercise has received little attention. Therefore, we determined the effects of whole egg versus egg white ingestion on whole body leucine metabolism in resistance‐trained young males. In crossover trials, six resistance‐trained men (21±1 y; 90±5 kg) received primed constant L‐[1‐13C]leucine infusions with repeated breath and blood samples collected before and 5 h after resistance exercise to determine whole body leucine endogenous rate of appearance (Endo Ra; estimate of protein breakdown), oxidation (OX), non‐oxidative leucine disposal (NOLD; estimate of protein synthesis) and net balance (NB). Immediately after resistance exercise, participants ingested intrinsically L‐[5,5,5‐2H3]leucine labeled whole eggs (18 g protein, 17 g fat; 1.6 g leucine) or egg whites (18 g protein, 0 g fat; 1.6 g leucine) in scrambled form. Endo Ra declined (P<0.001) from fasting values after whole egg (15±1%) and egg white (22±3%) ingestion with no difference between conditions (P=0.14). Similarly, OX decreased over the 5 h period after whole egg and egg white ingestion (P<0.001) with no differences between conditions (P=0.62). NOLD tended to increase (P=0.08) after ingestion of whole egg (10±2%) and egg white (6±3%) with no differences between conditions (P=0.17). As such, NB was negative before exercise but improved similarly (P<0.001) after whole egg (97±6%) and egg white (102±9%) ingestion (P=0.36). In summary, there was a similar increase in whole body NB after the ingestion of whole eggs and egg whites, which was primarily modulated by changes in postprandial whole body protein breakdown rather than protein synthesis during post‐exercise recovery. These data demonstrate that consuming high‐quality protein within a complete food matrix is an effective nutritional strategy to improve whole body net protein balance after resistance exercise in trained young men.Support or Funding InformationVision 20/20 Grant, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana ‐ Champaign