bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Stoesz David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This Iameditation on the ascendance of conservatism as public philosophy and its impact on social policy-an inquest, if you will, into social epistemology. An open society is subject to alterations in how public affairs are conducted, as well as the ends to which they are put. It follows that a nation’s so cial infrastructure evolves over decades, its irregularities a product of changes in public philosophy. This has certainly been the case for the American welfare state, which has been ongoing for almost a century. Sustained by liberalism and the Democratic Party, federal social programs have been so enduring that they have come to consume over half of the federal budget, 61 percent in 20 0 2. Yet, a conspiracy of circumstance suggests that this legacy will not be sustained. This re flects a wholesale revision in public philosophy, a remarkable transformation that has occurred during the past three decades. Essentially, Americans have become receptive to a different understanding of social policy than one dominant only a generation ago. The evidence of philosophical realignment is obvious: Conservatism is ascendant while liberalism has faltered; the Republican Party is trumphant while Democrats founder. On May 14, 2003, that bastion of progressive preferences, the New York Times, reported that more Americans (53 percent) perceive the Republican Party as offering “a clear vision for the country” compared to Democrats (40 percent). Conceding the Right’s influence in public affairs, the following year the liberal New York Times appointed a journalist to cover the conservative beat.
The Liberati
Authors: Stoesz David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Routed by the Right, liberals scrambled for purchase on a continually erodng policy terrain. Presuming a continuation of the welfare state, liberals reflexively defended existing social program arrangements. But, while the meritocracy continued to manage the welfare state as if it were on autopilot, Leftist intellectuals in the academy abandoned the field, running pell-mell after postmodernism. A philosophical tangent of Romanticism, postmodernism was “the contemporary movement of thought which rejects totalities, universal values, grand historical narratives, solid foundations to human existence and the possibility of objective knowledge;’ wrote Terry Eagleton. “Postmodernism is skeptical of truth, unity and progress, opposes what it sees as elitism in culture, tends towards cultural relativism, and celebrates pluralism, discontinuity and heterogeneity:’1 A product of an enchantment with French philosophy, postmodernism quickly enlisted American professors of the humanities who might otherwise have sustained the Progressive project. This, combined with the complacency of professionals staffing the welfare state, split liberalism right down the middle; subsequently, the meritocracy and the university diverged on separate, uncoordinated vectors.
The Predator Puzzle
Authors: Hansen Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Seth Riley is attracting curious onlookers as he walks down the main road leading into the California coastal town of Bolinas. Oblivious to his audience, he listens intently to the soft electronic beeps coming from his headphones. His right arm extends over his head, rotating an H-shaped antennae. Both headphones and antennae are connected to a receiver that hangs over Seth’s shoulder. The source of the signal is a small transmitter fastened around the neck of bobcat number 12. Seth captured the wild feline and attached the radio collar two years earlier. “He’s up here,” Seth announces before plunging into a thicket of bushes between two buildings and up a steep hillside. I scramble up the trail behind him, trying to keep up with his long easy strides. Emerging from the vegetation near the top of the hill, we walk out onto a large level field. We are standing atop a small, flat-topped mesa. Seth slips through a barbed wire fence and moves across the field, rotating the antennae and listening to his headphones. After negotiating the fence, I walk a short distance across the field, then stop and scan the distance in front of Seth with binoculars. There is little vegetation to provide cover for the bobcat, and I’m skeptical about the reliability of the transmitter’s signal. I have learned from previous experience with Seth that tracking the elusive cats, even with the help of radiotelemetry equipment, is like chasing shadows.
The Theatrics of Satire
Authors: Keane Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The persona theory treats the speaker in satire as a performer distinct from the author. Scholars understand the poet to be speaking through a variety of masks (e.g., “angry” or “ironic”) when he attacks or mocks society. The device of the persona offers disguises to the satirist, but it is only an entry point into the multiple connections between satire and drama. This chapter will bring out the other aspects of the relationship, taking the first crucial steps away from a basic rhetorical view of the satiric persona toward a more vivid picture of the satirist figure’s roles. Drama’s appeal as a model derives from various aspects of its broader social function and its reception as literature. Like satire, drama puts human behavior on display before the community. It provides examples of grand, humorous, and bawdy narrative episodes and language, all of which are useful to the satirists in their agenda of entertaining and moralizing. And be cause much Greek and Roman drama was performed in agonistic contexts, with authors competing before judges, patrons, and public, dramatic authors often engage in self-referential and self-defensive discourse, to which the satirists look for inspiration when they express their own aims to readers. These connections are manifested in the two bodies of evidence examined in this chapter: the satiric programmatic discussions that feature versions of the dramatic analogy, and the satiric model of the world, in which drama plays a considerable role.
Handbook To Life In The Ancient Maya World
Authors: Foster Lynn V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ancient Mayan civilization of southern Mexico and northern Central America has long been described as “mysterious,” even though scholars have been studying this culture for hundreds of years. Our view of the Maya has changed dramatically based on the various findings of these scholars; what were once thought of as “vacant ceremonial centers,” inhabited by only a few calendar priests and used as places of ritual by the surrounding peasant farmers, have now been redefined as ancient thriving cities of thousands of Maya. Hierogliphic inscriptions, once thought to be astrological mumbo-jumbo, now read as names of historical individuals and the cities they ruled. The Handbook to Life in the Ancient Maya World provides a comprehensive and accessible reference to the greatest and most mysterious of civilizations, hailed for its contributions to science, mathematics, and technology. The book focuses on recent groundbreaking discoveries while presenting the civilization’s earlist beginnings to its conquest by the Spanish in the 16th Century. Each chapter is supplemented by an extensive bibliography as well as photographs. original line drawings, and maps. Different sections include civilization and archaeology, evolution, geography, society and government, astronomy and the calendar, funerary beliefs and customs, and many more,
Warfare
Authors: Foster Lynn V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The politically fragmented Maya engaged in many wars against each other, some no more than raids for ritual captives and others for all-out destruction of a rival state. For the most part, however, the Maya probably waged war for economic gain through tribute and the control of trade routes. Despite the frequency of warfare, there is little understanding of the status of the military in the ancient Maya world. Even at the time of the Spanish Conquest, when ethnohistoric sources provide the most detailed observations, it is unclear how armies were trained. Although it is known that there were military offices and most of them were the preserve of the nobility, details about the organization of the military or the logistics of supplying troops in faraway battles remain something of a mystery. Battle scenes are depicted in Maya art, although few murals have survived, and wars and battle victories are mentioned in the Classic Period inscriptions, providing some clues as to Maya warfare and its impact on the Maya world.
Economy, Industry, And Trade
Authors: Foster Lynn V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Maya civilization flourished with a Stone Age technology and thrived in areas considered to have low agricultural potential. The preindustrial economy was primarily founded on agriculture and partially on craft production; the method of exchange was through tribute and trade. Agriculture produced foodstuffs for the eight to 10 million Maya living in the lowlands during the eighth century, and it produced valuable trade items as well, such as cacao and cotton. Artisans produced household tools as well as exotic trade goods, and industry produced salt, honey, and dyes. Regional and long-distance trade was fueled by both utilitarian products and luxury items that added prestige to members of the elite class and to the sacred cities themselves.
Daily Life
Authors: Foster Lynn V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sixteenth-century Spanish observations provide the greatest detail about daily life among the Maya. Unless there is additional evidence, however, these observations must be accepted with some caution in regard to Maya lifestyles during earlier periods. Fortunately, archaeologists have provided supporting evidence for understanding earlier periods of Maya civilization. They have identified the foods eaten by Classic Period Maya and can sometimes determine how the food was cooked, and they have excavated simple Maya residential compounds, such as the well preserved ones at Cerén, as well as palaces. Art historians and epigraphers have also revealed many aspects about kinship and the concepts of personal beauty. Despite these understood aspects of Maya existence before the Spanish invasion, many other details are unknown, and they may have been very different from those that existed in the 16th century.
Handbook To Life In Ancient Mesopotamia
Authors: Bertman Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modern-day archaeological discoveries in the Near East continue to illuminate our understanding of the ancient world, including the many contributions made by the people of Mesopotamia to literature, art, government, and urban life The Handbook to Life in Ancient Mesopotamia describes the culture, history, and people of this land, as well as their struggle for survival and happiness, from about 3500 to 500 BCE. Mesopotamia was the home of a succession of glorious civilizations--Sumeria, Babylonia, and Assyria--which flourished together for more than three millennia. Sumerian mathematicians devised the sixty-minute hour that still rules our lives; Babylonian architects designed the famed Tower of Babel and the Hanging Gardens of Babylon; Assyrian kings and generals, in the name of imperialism, conducted some of the shrewdest military campaigns in recorded history. Readers will identify with the literary works of these civilizations, such as the Code of Hammurabi and the Epic of Gilgamesh, as they are carried across centuries to a period in time intimately entwined with the story of the Bible. Maps and line drawings provide examples of Mesopotamian geography, while other chapters present the Mesopotamian struggle to create civilized life in a fertile land racked by brutal conquest.
Religion and Myth
Authors: Bertman Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Manifold are the divine powers that ruled over Mesopotamia and the minds and hearts of its people. The multiplicity of these ancient gods can be explained by many factors. What we in our scientific age would describe objectively as “the environment,” the ancients viewed as alive with diverse spirits. The spirits were immanent in nature and as numerous as nature’s parts: the sky above, the fertile earth beneath, and the waters that nourished the soil; the Moon, Sun, and stars; and the generative powers that helped the creatures of nature, including humanity, reproduce and flourish. The ancients also saw the hand of the divine at work in the arts by which human culture and civilization were sustained: the making of fire, the molding of brick, the raising of crops, the tending of flocks and herds, the healing of the sick, the invention of writing, and the creation of justice and law. To address these numinous powers, to thank them for their beneficence and to appeal to them in time of need, the ancients conceived of their gods in anthropomorphic form with eyes to see them and ears to hear their hymns and prayers. In a naturalistic way, they also endowed them with human emotions because nature seemed alternately compassionate and cruel. They also envisioned the existence of other powers-darker, demonic powers-that lurked in a subterranean realm and were ever ready to rise and to steal from human beings the very things they regarded as most precious.
Military Affairs
Authors: Bertman Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mesopotamia is geographically defined by its mountains in the north, its alluvial plains in the south, and the rivers that connect them. The existence of not one but two major river valleys promoted the development of multiple settlements; the fertility of the valleys generated wealth; wealth, in tum, incited competition and greed; and the flatness of the plains made individual communities vulnerable to attack. The net effect in the south was a coalescence of power through imperialism: Akkad absorbed Sumer, and Babylon absorbed both. Eventually, mountainous Assyria in the north-which had always been topographically separate from the south and, because of its terrain, more defensible-marched upon the south and conquered it, and then went on to build an even wider empire. To life in Mesopotamia, therefore, warfare was a natural condition.
The Network Structure of Food Webs
Authors: Dunne Jennifer A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Descriptions of food-web relationships first appeared more than a century ago, and the quantitative analysis of the network structure of food webs dates back several decades. Recent improvements in food-web data collection and analysis methods, coupled with a resurgence of interdisciplinary research on the topology of many kinds of “real-world” networks, have resulted in renewed interest in food-web structure. This chapter reviews the history of the search for generalities in the structure of complex food webs, and discusses current and future research trends. Analysis of food-web structure has used empirical and modeling approaches, and has been inspired both by questions from ecology such as “What factors promote stability of complex ecosystems given internal dynamics and external perturbations?” and questions from network research such as “Do food webs display universal structure similar to other types of networks?” Recent research has suggested that once variable diversity and connectance are taken into account, there are universal coarse-grained characteristics of how trophic links and species defined according to trophic function are distributed within food webs. In addition, aspects of food-web network structure have been shown to strongly influence the robust functioning and dynamical persistence of ecosystems.
The Structure of Plant-Animal Mutualistic Networks
Authors: Bascompte Jordi , Jordana Pedro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plant-animal mutualistic networks can be described as bipartite graphs depicting the interactions between two distinct sets: plants and animals. These mutualistic networks have been found to be highly structured. Specifically, they show a nested pattern in which specialists interact with proper subsets of the set of species with which generalists interact. This pattern is important for understanding coevolution in species rich communities, which can be reduced neither to pairs of coevolving species nor to diffuse, randomly interacting assemblages. We discuss the dynamic implications of network structure from the points of view of coevolution, community ecology, and conservation biology.
Exploring the Evolution of Ecosystems with Digital Organisms
Authors: Wilke Claus O , Chow Stephanie S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We study the evolution of ecosystems in self-replicating computer programs (digital organisms). In previous work, we have shown that in a well-stirred, multiple resource environment, resource limitations are sufficient to induce adaptive radiation. At intermediate resource availability, the digital organisms evolved from a clonal population into a number of distinct, coexisting, and persistent genotypic and phenotypic clusters (species). Here we examine the phenotypic changes that occur as populations diversify and separate into distinct species. We find that there are multiple ways in which new species can arise, including through acquisition or loss of the ability to utilize certain resources, or through conversion, whereby a pathway to utilize one resource is transformed into a pathway to utilize another resource. In future work, we will be able to study the evolution of multilayered food webs as well, by allowing digital organisms to feed on each other instead of only on basal resources.
Network Evolution: Exploring the Change and Adaptation of Complex Ecological Systems Over Deep Time
Authors: Martinez Neo D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most exciting new directions in research on food webs and ecological networks is network evolution or, in other words, the development of the structure and function of ecological networks over time scales long enough for node selection and speciation to occur (Caldarelli et al. 1998; Drossel and McKane 2002; Worden 2003; Yoshida 2003; Cattin et al. 2004; Rossberg 2004; Anderson and Jensen 2005). Most food-web studies focus on shorter-term snapshots of network structure and time series of network dynamics. The difference between long-term evolution over “deep time” and short-term structure and dynamics is a familiar one. Hutchinson distinguished the two by suggesting that we “view the natural world as the ecological theater, serving as a stage for the evolutionary play” (Hutchinson 1965). Following this suggestion, research on network evolution goes well beyond contemporary topology, theatrical population booms and busts, and more staid equilibria. That is, network evolution encompasses a broad spectrum of studies, from the dynamics of intra-node stocks and inter-node flows to the evolutionary play of node survival, adaptation, and speciation over time. Though the distinction between network dynamics and network evolution may be familiar, much research occupies a kind of gray area in between these two ends of a spectrum. For example, in adaptive prey preference and feeding behavior models
Biodiversity Loss and Ecological Network Structure
Authors: Memmott Jane , Alonso David , Berlow Eric L , Dobson Andy , Dunne Jennifer A , Weitz Ricard Solé ,Joshua 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The world is currently experiencing exceptionally high rates of species extinctions, largely as as result of human activity (Lawton and May 1996). Currently, most conservation research on habitat destruction focuses on the species as the unit of study, looking at either the impact of habitat destruction on individual species, or collections of species from particular habitats. There is, however, increasing recognition that species and species lists are not the only, nor perhaps the best, units for study by conservation biologists. This is because species are linked to other species in a variety of critical ways, for example as predators or prey, or as pollinators or seed dispersers. Consequently, the extinction of one species can lead to secondary extinctions in complex ecological networks (Dunne et al. 2002a; Memmott et al. 2004; Sole and Montoya 2001). The presence of links between species can also lead to community closure after the loss of a species, with the result that this species cannot then be reintroduced (Lundberg et al. 2000). Moreover, in the case of restoration biology, restoration will not be sustainable for a given species unless the ecological links with other species are also restored (Palmer et al. 1997).
The Rocky Beginning
Authors: Ehrman Bart D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Christianity is the largest religion in the world today. And among the Christian denominations, the largest is the Roman Catholic Church, with around one billion members. The official Catholic view is that Peter was the first pope, the bishop of Rome, the leader on whom all else was built. Apart from whether that’s a historically tenable position or not, I think everyone would agree that the Christian church allegedly founded on Peter—embracing not just Catholics but also Protestants and Orthodox—has been the most important religious, cultural, political, economic, and social institution in the history of Western civilization. Given the almost unimaginable reach of the church in both the public and private spheres over the centuries, one might expect that its beginning was equally spectacular.
Mary at the Passion
Authors: Ehrman Bart D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nothing sears our memory like a tragic death. No one in my generation can forget where they were when they learned that John F. Kennedy had been assassinated. And who can erase the memory of his widow, Jacqueline, still spattered with his blood, standing beside Lyndon Johnson as he took the oath of office to ensure a smooth transition of government at the moment of its greatest peril?
The Historical Origins of Modern International Health
Authors: Birn Anne-Emanuelle , Pillay Yogan , Holtz Timothy H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Now that you have a sense of what constitutes the international health field and what are its principal goals and dilemmas, it is worth pausing to ask how concern with international health arose historically. Central issues include the following: what part was played by international (as opposed to local or national) factors in shaping patterns and perceptions of sickness and disease; how did these factors interact with the social experience of ill health; and how This chapter explores the main antecedents of modern international health, beginning with the 300-year-long waves of Eurasian plague. Next we examine the rise of imperialism and the slave trade and their health consequences. We then turn to the Industrial Revolution of the 19th century, the rise of the sanitary reform movement, and their implications for international health. We will also touch upon the so-called demographic and epidemiologic transitions and the constellation of factors that have led to the worldwide decline in mortality and increase in life expectancy over the past century. The ;nal section of the chapter traces the appear- ance and development of a new set of international health institutions—both inter- governmental and nongovernmental—from the mid-19th to the mid-20th centuries.