bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solute and solvent effects on the thermorheological properties of poly(oxyethylene)–poly(oxypropylene) block copolymers: Implications for pharmaceutical dosage form design
Authors: Jones David S. , Brown Andrew F. , David Woolfson A. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractDespite their widespread use as platforms for topical drug delivery systems, there is a relative lack of information concerning the thermorheological and viscoelastic properties of poloxamer systems and the effects of formulation components on these properties. To address this deficit, we examined the effects of the poloxamer concentration (25 and 35% w/w), molecular weight blend (poloxamer 407 and poloxamer 188), cosolvents (ethanol, propylene glycol, and glycerol), and presence of inorganic and organic electrolytes (sodium chloride and tetracaine hydrochloride, respectively) on these properties. The rheological properties were examined with a rheometer (4‐cm‐diameter, stainless steel, parallel‐plate geometry) in either thermal sweep (0.5 Hz) or frequency sweep (0.01–1.0 Hz and 37°C) modes. Increasing the poloxamer concentration increased the elasticity [i.e., increased the storage modulus (G′) and reduced the loss tangent (tan δ)] and reduced the sol–gel transition temperature (Tm) of all the formulations. Decreasing the ratio (407:188) increased Tm and reduced the elasticity of all the formulations. Increasing the concentration of ethanol, propylene glycol, or glycerol in the solvent reduced Tm. The presence of ethanol reduced G′ and increased tan δ in a concentration‐dependent fashion, whereas the viscoelastic properties of the poloxamers were more tolerant of glycerol (in particular) and propylene glycol. The elasticity of the formulations containing up to 10% glycerol and 5% propylene glycol was increased with respect to their aqueous counterparts. The presence of sodium chloride reduced Tm and, at lower concentrations (1 and 3%), increased G′ and reduced tan δ for aqueous poloxamer systems. Conversely, the addition of a model therapeutic agent, tetracaine hydrochloride (5 and 7% w/w), significantly increased Tm and altered the viscoelastic character of the poloxamer system, notably reducing G′ and increasing the loss modulus and tan δ. Alterations in the viscoelastic and thermorheological properties of aqueous poloxamer systems will have implications for their clinical performance. This study, therefore, has highlighted the need for the rational selection of components in the formulation of poloxamer systems as platforms for topical drug delivery. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1016–1026, 2003
Relationship of acupuncture points and meridians to connective tissue planes
Authors: Langevin Helene M. , Yandow Jason A. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractAcupuncture meridians traditionally are believed to constitute channels connecting the surface of the body to internal organs. We hypothesize that the network of acupuncture points and meridians can be viewed as a representation of the network formed by interstitial connective tissue. This hypothesis is supported by ultrasound images showing connective tissue cleavage planes at acupuncture points in normal human subjects. To test this hypothesis, we mapped acupuncture points in serial gross anatomical sections through the human arm. We found an 80% correspondence between the sites of acupuncture points and the location of intermuscular or intramuscular connective tissue planes in postmortem tissue sections. We propose that the anatomical relationship of acupuncture points and meridians to connective tissue planes is relevant to acupuncture's mechanism of action and suggests a potentially important integrative role for interstitial connective tissue. Anat Rec (New Anat) 269:257–265, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Is paleoanthropology science? Naming new fossils and control of access to them
Authors: Tattersall Ian , Schwartz Jeffrey H. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractProgress in paleoanthropology is impeded when new fossil materials are published but unavailable for comparative study, as is too often the case. In this commentary, we review the stages of description and analysis that new fossils must undergo and conclude that it is disingenuous to argue that fossils have not been properly “published” when descriptions and new names formulated in accordance with the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature have appeared in leading scientific journals. Once such names and descriptions have been published, it is imperative that the original fossils concerned be available to the scientific community for comparative analysis, for by the very nature of science, no statement about such fossils, however carefully prepared by the original describers (or anyone else), can be regarded as definitive. Science is a system of provisional knowledge that constantly requires re‐examination and testing. It cannot function as a system in which assertions have to be left unchallenged for want of free access to the primary data. Anat Rec (New Anat) 269:239–241, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human dissection: An approach to interweaving the traditional and humanistic goals of medical education
Authors: Rizzolo Lawrence J. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractAnatomy remains one of the core courses of medical school, but the time devoted to it is decreasing. To accommodate the explosion of medical knowledge, educators search to streamline the curriculum. Because it is time‐consuming, dissection comes under increased scrutiny. Even in the face of these pressures to reduce course hours, I would like to propose broadening, not reducing, the responsibilities of the anatomy instructor. Anatomy instructors can play a crucial role in helping medical schools meet the critical need to cultivate humanistic values, especially in the arena of end‐of‐life care. Anatomy can—and should—play an important role in a curriculum‐wide effort to address this issue. Just as dissection remains an essential technique to teach three‐dimensional concepts, the cadaver dissection lab is an ideal place to introduce concepts of humanistic care. The lab evokes the students' memories, speculations, and fears about serious illness in themselves, their families, and loved ones. Some programs address these reactions with supplemental activities, such as journaling, essay writing, and small group discussion. Valuable as these activities may be, anatomy instructors can achieve more by recognizing their role as a mentor, who can integrate humanistic values into traditional course objectives in a way that adds little time to the curriculum. The attitude of the instructor in ministering to the students' needs as they undertake the emotionally charged task of dissection can provide a model for how the students will respond, in turn, to the hopes and fears of their patients—and to their own reactions to dying. This approach will allow students to implement and practice humanistic values immediately, laying a foundation for their clinical training. Anat Rec (New Anat) 269:242–248, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Modular Resource Center: Integrated units for the study of the anatomical sciences in a problem‐based curriculum
Authors: Mizer Linda A. , Farnum Cornelia E. , Schenck Pamela D. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThe Modular Resource Center (MRC) at the College of Veterinary Medicine at Cornell University was created in 1993 as a way to provide visual resources in support of a newly implemented problem‐based curriculum in which the anatomical sciences are taught primarily in the first tutorial‐based course, The Animal Body. Over two dozen modules have been created specifically in support of this course, whereas additional modules have been created in support of other basic science courses. The basic unit of organization of the MRC is a module presented in a carrel that provides students a way to study, either alone or in groups, a given topic. The topic is presented through a script and an integrated set of anatomical materials including plastinated dissected specimens, vascular casts, skeletal preparations, models, radiographs, histological slides, and photo‐ and electron micrographs. The key feature of this resource center is that it is not a museum; rather it is more analogous to an interactive library, that can be used for reference, study, and review, not only by veterinary students but also by faculty, interns, residents, and undergraduates. A unique aspect is that all materials have been made by veterinary students working with faculty during the summer. Although started as a resource in support of a tutorial‐based curriculum, the MRC has evolved over a decade into an anatomy resource that would be highly valued in any curricular format. Anat Rec (New Anat) 269:249–256, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dose dependent pharmacokinetics of albendazole in human
Authors: Mirfazaelian A. , Rouini M. R. , Dadashzadeh S. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractPharmacokinetics of albendazole sulphoxide (ABZ‐SO) in three different single oral doses of albendazole (ABZ) (400, 800 and 1200 mg) was studied in 10 healthy human volunteers in a double blind three‐way crossover design. The serum levels of albendazole main metabolite, albendazole sulphoxide (ABZ‐SO), were analysed by a modified high‐pressure liquid chromatography method. (ABZ is not detectable in biological fluids itself.)For ABZ‐SO, there was no significant difference in the biological half life, normalized serum peak concentration (Cmax−ABZ−SO/DoseABZ), time to reach peak concentration (Tmax) and mean residence time (MRT), whereas apparent clearance (Clp/F), apparent distribution volume (Vd/F), normalized area under the serum concentration‐time curve (AUCABZ−SO/DoseABZ) and normalized area under the first moment curve (AUMCABZ−SO/DoseABZ) of albendazole main metabolite (ABZ‐SO) were statistically different at different doses of the parent drug, resulting in substantially lower serum concentration and thereafter AUCABZ−SO/DoseABZ and AUMCABZ−SO/DoseABZ in higher doses. These observations indicate dose dependent pharmacokinetics of albendazole (observed for ABZ‐SO), which were explained on the basis of a change in fraction of dose absorbed (F) as a result of slow and incomplete dissolution of the main drug in the GI tract. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of the high partition of YM992, a novel antidepressant, in rat brain ‐ in vitro and in vivo evidence for the high binding in brain and the high permeability at the BBB
Authors: Mano Yuji , Higuchi Saburo , Kamimura Hidetaka 
Published: December 2002

AbstractBrain extracellular fluid (ECF) concentration of YM992, a novel antidepressant, was determined using brain microdialysis to investigate the high partition of this drug to the brain after systemic administration to rats. Plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), ECF and brain concentrations were determined at the steady‐state after intravenous infusion to rats. The concentration ratio of brain to plasma at the total concentration base was 71.3, while those of ECF to plasma and CSF to plasma at the free concentration base were comparable. The distribution volume in brain was 375 ml/g brain and in vitro binding of YM992 to rat brain was 98.1–98.5%, suggesting a high binding in the brain. The carotid artery injection study showed that the brain uptake index of YM992 was 141%, furthermore, the uptake clearance into brain after i.v. dosing to rats was 0.6 ml/min/g brain, indicating a high permeability at the blood–brain barrier (BBB). These findings suggest that the high partition of YM992 to rat brain is attributed to its high level of binding in the brain as well as its high permeability at the BBB. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of zolpidem on human Cytochrome P450 activity, and on transport mediated by P‐glycoprotein
Authors: von Moltke Lisa L. , Weemhoff James L. , Perloff Michael D. , Hesse Leah M. , Harmatz Jerold S. , Roth‐Schechter Barbara F. , Greenblatt David J. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThe influence of high concentrations of zolpidem (100 μM, corresponding to approximately 200 times maximum therapeutic concentrations) on the activity of six human Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes was evaluated in a model system using human liver microsomes. Zolpidem produced negligible or weak inhibition of human CYP1A2, 2B6, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A. Transport of rhodamine 123, presumed to be mediated mainly by the energy‐dependent efflux transport protein P‐glycoprotein, was studied in a cell culture system using a human intestinal cell line. High concentrations of zolpidem (100 μM), exceeding the usual therapeutic range by more than 100‐fold, produced only modest impairment of rhodamine 123 transport. The findings indicate that zolpidem is very unlikely to cause clinical drug interactions attributable to impairment of CYP activity or P‐gp mediated transport. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of concomitant colestipol hydrochloride administration on the bioavailability of diltiazem from immediate‐ and sustained‐release formulations
Authors: Turner Scott W. , Jungbluth Gail L. , Knuth Dean W. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractEffects of concomitant colestipol administration on plasma concentrations of diltiazem and desacetyldiltiazem from immediate‐release (IR) and sustained‐release (SR) formulations were assessed in two studies. In the first study, 12 subjects received 120‐mg diltiazem hydrochloride (diltiazem) SR capsules or 120‐mg diltiazem IR tablets administered alone and in combination with colestipol hydrochloride (colestipol). Following concomitant administration of SR diltiazem with colestipol, AUC0–∞ and Cmax, respectively, were 22 and 36% less, and were 27 and 33% lower for IR diltiazem. In the second study, subjects received 120‐mg diltiazem SR capsules at staggered times, without colestipol, 1 h prior to or 4 h following multiple doses of colestipol. A 17% decrease in AUC0–∞ was observed when diltiazem was taken 1 h before colestipol was given, and a 22% decrease when diltiazem was taken 4 h after colestipol, relative to diltiazem SR alone. Cmax values were similarly decreased. Results from these two studies show that colestipol can cause a significant decrease in diltiazem absorption from both IR and SR dosage forms. Staggering the administration of colestipol and diltiazem SR did not blunt this effect, indicating that concomitant administration of diltiazem and colestipol should be used with caution, and that the efficacy of diltiazem should be monitored to assure adequate dosing. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Notes on Estimation of the General Odds Ratio and the General Risk Difference for Paired‐Sample Data
Authors: Lui Kung‐Jong 
Published: December 2002

AbstractUnder the matched‐pair design, this paper discusses estimation of the general odds ratio ORG for ordinal exposure in case‐control studies and the general risk difference RDG for ordinal outcomes in cross‐sectional or cohort studies. To illustrate the practical usefulness of interval estimators of ORG and RDG developed here, this paper uses the data from a case‐control study investigating the effect of the number of beverages drunk at “burning hot” temperature on the risk of possessing esophageal cancer, and the data from a cross‐sectional study comparing the grade distributions of unaided distance vision between two eyes. Finally, this paper notes that using the commonly‐used statistics related to odds ratio for dichotomous data by collapsing the ordinal exposure into two categories: the exposure versus the non‐exposure, tends to be less efficient than using the statistics related to ORG proposed herein.
Preparation of a colored conductive paint electrode for electrochemical inactivation of bacteria
Authors: Lim Tae‐Kyu , Murakami Tadataka , Tsuboi Makoto , Yamashita Kazuharu , Matsunaga Tadashi 
Published: December 2002

AbstractIn this study we describe the preparation of a colored conductive paint electrode containing In2O3, SnO2, or TiO2 for the electrochemical inactivation of marine bacteria. When each colored conductive paint electrode was immersed in seawater containing 106 cells/mL for 90 min, marine microbe attachment to the TiO2/SnO2/Sb electrode surface was minimal. Preparation of electrodes coated with 40% particles is shown to be more cost‐effective, and because of their more translucent coatings they can be painted over with bright colors. When a potential of 1.0 V was applied for 30 min to the colored conductive paint electrode (40 wt% TiO2/SnO2/Sb) in sterile seawater, the survival ratio decreased to 55%. When 1.5 V vs. saturated calomel electrode (SCE) was applied, all attached cells were inactivated. Chlorine was not detected below an applied potential of 1.5 V. A change in pH was not observed in the range of 0 to 1.5 V. This method might be effective for preventing bacterial cell accumulation and the formation of biofilms. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 81: 299–304, 2003.
Degradation of imazosulfuron in different soils—HPLC determination
Authors: Morrica Patrizia , Fidente Paola , Seccia Serenella , Ventriglia Mariacarla 
Published: December 2002

AbstractImazosulfuron, 1‐(2‐chloroimidazo [1,2‐a] pyridin‐3‐ylsulfonyl)‐3‐(4,6‐dimethoxypyrimidin‐2‐yl)urea, is a new sulfonylurea herbicide applied once per growing season. It is highly active at low application levels and is used to control most annual and perennial broad‐leaf weeds and some grasses in cereal crop. In this work the degradation of imazosulfuron in four different soils was investigated under aerobic laboratory conditions to evaluate its environmental fate. Test soils were treated with this herbicide in acetonitrile to obtain a final concentration of 0.2 mg kg−1 (100 g ha−1), extracted with methylene chloride and analyzed by reversed‐phase liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC) using a C18 column coupled with UV detection. Recoveries of spiked soils ranged from 84.3 to 99.8% (RDS 0.0–4.9%; n = 4). The limits of quantitation ranged from 0.002 to 0.004 mg kg−1. Imazosulfuron half‐life, t1/2, was calculated in each of the investigated soil. In aerobic conditions it ranged between 1 and 50 days. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous determination of nicotinamide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, thiamine mononitrate and riboflavin in multivitamin with minerals tablets by reversed‐phase ion‐pair high performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Li Ke 
Published: December 2002

AbstractA reversed‐phase ion‐pair high performance liquid chromatographic method (HPLC) has been developed and validated for the routine analysis of nicotinamide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, thiamine mononitrate and riboflavin in multivitamin with minerals tablets. HPLC separation of the vitamins was performed on a Hypersil C18 column and detected by ultraviolet absorbance at 280 nm. The use of methanol‐aqueous 0.5% acetic acid solution (18:82, v/v; containing 2.5 mM sodium hexanesulfonate, pH = 2.8) as the mobile phase at a flow‐rate of 1.2 mL/min enables the baseline separation of the four analytes free from interferences with isocratic elution at 30°C. The analysis time was 17 min per injection. The method was linear in the ranges of 5–90, 2.5–90, 5–95 and 25–450 µg/mL for thiamine mononitrate, riboflavin, pyridoxine hydrochloride and nicotinamide, respectively. The average coefficients of variation of within‐ and between‐day assays were 2.2 and 3.6% for thiamine mononitrate, 1.8 and 2.4% for riboflavin, 1.3 and 1.7% for pyridoxine hydrochloride and 1.0 and 1.5% for nicotinamide, respectively. The average recoveries of thiamine mononitrate, riboflavin, pyridoxine hydrochloride and nicotinamide were 97.0, 97.2, 98.9 and 100.4% for the tablets, respectively. The method has been successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of nicotinamide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, thiamine mononitrate and riboflavin in multivitamin with minerals tablets. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of inhaled salbutamol in equine urine by ELISA and GC/MS2
Authors: Eenoo P. Van , Delbeke F. T. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractSalbutamol is a β‐adrenergic agonist that is used in the treatment of asthma in humans and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in horses. Because of its stimulating and growth promoting properties, it is prohibited by horse racing authorities. Recently a number of adapters (eg Equinehaler®) have been designed, allowing the use of metered dose inhalers (MDI) approved for human use. However, information on detection times of salbutamol after administration of salbutamol in therapeutic doses by inhalation is lacking. In this study, 2 mg salbutamol (Ventolin®) was administered to four standardbred mares via an MDI with an Equinehaler® and urine was collected during 48 h. Quantification of salbutamol in horse urine was done via an overnight β‐agonist ELISA kit. Salbutamol was detected between 1 and 48 h post‐administration. Relatively large interindividual variations in the total amount excreted during the first 12 h were noticed. The maximum urinary concentrations varied between 4.6 and 8.1 ng/mL. The total amount excreted within the first 12 h varied between 0.2 and 0.7% of the administered dose. For confirmatory analysis in doping control, a GC/MS2 method was developed and validated. Analysis was performed on an ion trap instrument after solid phase extraction. The limit of detection was 0.25 ng/mL and was lower than in previously reported methods in human urine. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development, validation and analytical error function of two chromatographic methods with fluorimetric detection for the determination of bisoprolol and metoprolol in human plasma
Authors: Braza Antonio J. , Modamio Pilar , Lastra Cecilia F. , Mariño Eduardo L. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThis work describes two high‐performance liquid chromatographic methods for the individual determination of bisoprolol and metoprolol in human plasma. Analytical methods involve two different liquid–liquid extractions of human plasma, with diethyl ether for bisoprolol and with dichloromethane for metoprolol, coupled with a similar Nucleosil C18 reversed‐phase HPLC column. Fluorimetric detection was used to identify both β‐blockers. Retention times for bisoprolol and metoprolol were 8.7 and 3.2 min, respectively. Linear regressions for the calibration curves were linear at a concentration range of 6.25–200 ng/mL. Intra‐ and inter‐day precision coefficients of variations and accuracy bias were acceptable (within 15%) over the entire range for both drugs. Average recovery was 89% for metoprolol and 98% for bisoprolol. Once the methods had been validated, analytical error functions were established as standard deviation (SD; ng/mL) = 2.216 + 3.608 × 10−4C2 (C = theoretical concentration value) and SD­(ng/mL) = 0.408 + 0.378 × 10−1C for bisoprolol and metoprolol, respectively. The methods developed and their associated analytical error functions will be suitable for pharmacokinetic studies and for determination of plasma concentration if posology individualization of these drugs is needed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stereoselective C‐glycosidation of unprotected D‐glycals with trimethylsilyl cyanide
Authors: Hayashi Masahiko , Kawabata Hirotoshi , Nakayama Shu‐Zo 
Published: December 2002

AbstractUnprotected glycals reacted with trimethylsilyl cyanide in the presence of a catalytic amount of a palladium compound to yield the 2,3‐unsaturated glycosyl cyanides in high yield and in α‐selectivity. Chirality 15:10–16, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stereocontrolled addition of enolates to chiral 2‐acyl‐1,3‐oxathiane derivatives
Authors: Matsubara Seijiro , Kasuga Yuri , Yasui Takuya , Yoshioka Masahito , Yamin Bohari , Utimoto Kiitiro , Oshima Koichiro 
Published: December 2002

AbstractBoth enantiomers of 3‐hydroxyalkanoates and ‐alkanones were prepared by the diastereocontrolled addition of enolates to ketones containing (R)‐6‐methyl‐1,3‐oxathiane moiety as a chiral auxiliary; a formation of enolate from samarium(II) iodide and α‐bromoamide is also discussed. Chirality 15:38–40, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.