bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The encouragement of talent 1667–77
Authors: Hall Marie Boas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One might think that in the 1670s when Oldenburg was spending so much time and energy in organizing networks of correspondence between established scientists he would not have had any time left for any other sort of correspondence. But this was far from being the case during the last ten years of his life, for it was precisely in this very period that he found it possible to encourage a considerable number of younger men, either relative beginners in the world of international natural philosophy or living in isolation on the fringes of the European scientific scene. (It should be remembered that Newton himself appeared to belong to this class in 1670 for the important mathematical work he had already accomplished was then virtually unknown even to the Royal Society and hence hardly at all outside England. It only gradually became known after Oldenburg began to correspond with him, to encourage him, and to elicit from him accounts of his optical work for the benefit of the Royal Society and subsequently the learned world.)
Causal inference via ancestral graph models
Authors: Richardson Thomas S , Spirtes Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this article we introduce a new class of graphical models, called ancestral graph Markov models. These models are designed to provide a framework for making inferences about causal structure, and in special cases treatment effects, from background knowledge and non-randomized samples. We first provide some informal background and motivation for the models we subsequently introduce; the concepts used here will be defined more precisely in later sections.
Trans-dimensional Bayesian non-parametrics with spatial point processes
Authors: Heikkinen Juha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Point processes are a class of models where the notion of a variable dimension is inherent. The main part of this discussion is concerned with the application of marked point processes as prior models in non-parametric Bayesian function estimation, reformulating and revising earlier joint work with Elja Arjas and listing some other related work (Section 2).
Introduction
Authors: Wilson Robert A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this book, we will study graph theory with particular reference to colouring problems. Perhaps the most famous graph theory problem is the four-colour conjecture (4CC), first stated by Guthrie in 1852, widely publicized by Cayley in 1878, but only solved in 1976 with computer assistance (so now we can call it the four-colour theorem, or 4CT). We will study this and related problems.
Colouring non-planar graphs
Authors: Wilson Robert A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whilst we cannot prove that every map can be 4-coloured, we can prove that (with one exception) every triangular map can be 3-coloured. As usual, we state and prove this in the dual form. In fact, this result is true even without the assumption that the graph is planar, and is the case Δ= 3 of Theorem 8.1.
Ecological basis of mating system diversity
Authors: Bennett Peter M , Owens Ian P F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Adaptive explanations of avian mating systems are dominated by six themes, all of which were first identified in the late 1960s and 1970s. Most bird species are socially monogamous because, unlike male mammals, male birds can make a worthwhile contribution to parental care (Lack 1968). Hence, selection favours males that provide paternal care because such males produce more surviving offspring than males that desert their offspring to seek additional mating opportunities. In birds, desertion of offspring and social mate only occurs when biparental care no longer provides a net benefit.
Guaranteed Error Bounds for Ordinary Differential Equations
Authors: Corliss George F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hamming once said, “The purpose of computing is insight, not numbers.” If that is so, then the speed of our computers should be measured in insights per year, not operations per second. One key insight we wish from nearly all computing in engineering and scientific applications is, “How accurate is the answerã” Standard numerical analysis has developed techniques of forward and backward error analysis to help provide this insight, but even the best codes for computing approximate answers can be fooled.
Some Applications Of The Degree Theory To Topology
Authors: Fonseca Irene , Gangbo Wilfrid 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this section we give two versions of the Brouwer Fixed Point Theorem.
Definition 3.1 A set E⊂ ℝN is said to be a convex set if for every x, y ∈E and for every). E (0, 1), λ.x + (1 λ)y ∈E.
Measure Theory And Sobolev Spaces
Authors: Fonseca Irene , Gangbo Wilfrid 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we recall some properties of Sobolev functions and measure theory. In order to measure the sets on which a Sobolev function is continuous, we introduce the notion of Hausdorff measures and p-capacities. For a detailed description of these topics, we refer the reader to Evans and Gariepy (1992) and Ziemer (1989). The Hausdorff measures were first introduced by Carath éodory (1914). He developed only the Hausdorff linear measure in ℝ𝒩. and indicated how the k-dimensional measure could be defined for k ∈. ℕ Later, motivated by the study of the dimension of the Cantor ternary set, Hausdorff (1919) developed the theory of the k-dimensional measure.
Local Invertibility Of Sobolev Functions And Applications
Authors: Fonseca Irene , Gangbo Wilfrid 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we show that w1,Nfunctions with positive jacobian are locally invertible, with inverse in W1,1 (see Theorem 6.1). Under suitable growth hypotheses, we are able to improve the regularity of the inverse function to W1s for some s &gt; 1. In addition, we give a necessary condition for Sobolev functions to be invertible.
Comparison of Iterative Deconvolution and Wiener Filtering for Image Restoration
Authors: Razaz M , Lee R A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Linear deconvolution techniques usually suffer from a number of short comings such as generation of negative pixel values and artefacts which lead to poor quality restored images. This paper discusses the application of a nonlinear iterative deconvolution algorithm to both synthetic and real images, and the results are compared with the Wiener inverse filter. Experimental res11lts are presented which show that the nonlinear algorithm always produces restored images with much better quality than the Wiener filter. In particular the Wiener filter shows poor performance when applied to images with a low signal-to-noise ratio.
A Goodness-of-Fit Measure Applied to Spectral Mixture Modelling
Authors: Hobbs S E , Thomas G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several satellites due to be launched this decade will carry sensors to measure surface properties with a resolution of approximately 1 km. This scale provides global coverage with moderately-sized datasets well-suited to applications ranging from meteorology to ecology. One of the primary tasks with these data is to identify surface cover type (for example forest, desert, water, grass, etc.). This is usually carried out by comparing known spectral features of the different cover types with those actually observed for each pixel.
Spanier-Whitehead Duality and the Stable CW-Tower
Authors: Baues Hans-Joachim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We consider some aspects of combinatorial homotopy theory which arise in the stable range. In particular, we use Spanier–Whitehead duality which carries homotopy groups to cohomotopy groups. Whitehead’s certain exact sequence for homotopy groups corresponds in this way to a dual sequence for cohomotopy groups. The secondary boundary in the dual sequence is related to cohomology operations which appear in the Atiyah–Hirzebruch spectral sequence. Moreover we describe the Spanier–Whitehead dual of the stable CW-tower.
On the Homotopy Classification of 2-Connected 6-Dimensional Polyhedra
Authors: Baues Hans-Joachim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we describe algebraic models which characterize the homotopy types of 2-connected 6-dimensional polyhedra. Such polyhedra are in the metastable range so that diverse features of ‘quadratic algebra’ are involved in the classification. We proceed in a similar way as in Chapter 8 where we classified (n −1)-connected (n + 3)-dimensional homotopy types which are in the stable range n≥ 4. We apply boundary invariants which, via the classification theorem 3.4.4, yield algebraic classifying data for 2-connected 6- dimensional homotopy types.
Short exact sequences
Authors: Meise Reinhold , Vogt Dietmar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we investigate to what extent the closed range theorem and its consequences can be carried over to Fréchet spaces. This question is of great interest in view of the duality of subspaces and quotients, as well as for many applications in analysis. We begin with a useful surjectivity criterion which generalizes corollary 9.5.
The Second World War and after
Authors: Kruuk Hans 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 10 May 1940 German ground forces invaded Holland. It was expected, and when it happened the Dutch army, small as it was, put up an honourable resistance for a few days, but obviously did not have a chance. Niko was not directly involved in this; in 1939 there had been a mobilization of young males, but he had escaped it, as his elder brother Jan had been an approved conscientious objector, and under the law all his siblings were exempt from military service. On 14 May, Rotterdam was destroyed by the Luftwaffe. It was firebombed, with many thousands killed; this was the end of the fight, the army capitulated, and German jackboots overran every corner of Holland.
Starting again: Oxford in the 1950s
Authors: Kruuk Hans 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
More than any other universities, Oxford and Cambridge pride themselves on erudition. By joining Oxford, Niko entered academia par excellence, with a highly charged atmosphere of academic brilliance. Later, one would usually associate Niko with Oxford University. However, by the time he started there, he already had more than half of his life behind him, and much of his work had been done. The 42-year-old man, who arrived in the city of dreaming spires in September 1949, was at an age of high youthful intelligence, and at peak performance, but he brought much pre-Oxford experience with him.
Niko’s legacy
Authors: Kruuk Hans 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Niko Tinbergen was, indeed, the birdwatcher who received the Nobel Prize. How was he different? He was brilliant, yes, with ambition, persistence, and presentation, as well as a dose of good fortune. He had unusual powers of observation and, with that, he had the ability to see a biological question when watching an animal. In the questions he asked, he was an innovator.
Electromagnetic Response of Atomic Nuclei
Authors: Boffi Sigfrido , Franco Davide Pacati Carlotta Giusti , Radici Marco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book covers the structure and dynamics of atomic nuclei in terms of nucleons, pions, and quarks, all within a unified treatment of the nuclear response to an electromagnetic probe. The basic formalism is presented to describe the electromagnetic field and its interaction with nuclear matter for both real and virtual photons. Nuclear response is then analyzed in terms of structure functions in the case of inclusive and semi-inclusive inelastic electron scattering. The discussion covers pion production and one- or two-nucleon emission and compares the results with available data. The formalism is also extended to incident polarized electrons, polarized targets and nuclear recoil polarization. It contains a comprehensive description of photonuclear reactions at intermediate energies and a review of experimental data and previous theoretical approaches.
Electrons in Infinite Crystals
Authors: Davison Sydney G , Stęślicka Maria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The behaviour of electrons in a crystal can be described, in principle, by solving the Schrödinger equation for all the electrons in the solid. We say ‘in principle’, because it is well-known that any attempt to calculate the intricate electronic properties of crystals requires the application of rather formidable theoretical methods. The mathematical difficulties arise from two sources: the complex geometry of real crystals and the complicated potential fields of real atoms. Thus, to make the problem more tractable, it is necessary to introduce some simplifying approximations.
Approximate confidence zones in an estimating function context
Authors: Heyde C C , Lin Y -X 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper is concerned with competing approaches to the provision of asymptotic confidence zones for a vector-valued population characteristic of a general stochastic process. In particular, the case where the characteristic is a parameter is included. Both ergodic and non-ergodic situations are con¬ sidered. The discussion is carried out in an e timating function framework and the use of a random norming to produce asymptotic normality may be essential. Some emphasis is given to consideration of different normings which may be used in the asymptotics.
Estimating functions in survey sampling: a review
Authors: Ghosh Malay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The theory of estimating functions has gone a long way in the past three decades, sparked by the stimulating work of Godambe (1960), Kale (1962), and their associates. Unlike many other areas of statistics, the theory of estimating functions seems to be under-utilized in the context of survey sampling. Notable exceptions are the work of Godambe and Thompson (1986a, 19866). This paper reviews the above work of Godambe and Thompson which discusses the estimation of super-population and survey population parameters, utilizing the theory of linearly optimal unbiased estimating functions. The ideas are extended to the situation when there may be possible non-response.
Estimating functions in survey sampling: estimation of super-population regression parameters
Authors: Vijayan K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is usual to model the values of a characteristic on units of a finite population by a super-population through regression on some auxiliary information on the population. The parameters of the model are of interest. Using optimal estimating functions suitably defined for the situation we explain how these parameters could he estimated. An alternative method was given by Godambe and Thompson (1986). Some discussion on the logic of the use of estimating functions for estimation is also given.
Resampling using estimating equations
Authors: Lele S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper surveys resampling methods for a sequence of non-independent, non-identically distributed random variables. The jackknife method is extended to such a sequence through the use of linear estimating equations. In this paper, we extend Wu’s bootstrap to dependent data through the use of linear estimating equations. The main idea is to perturb each component estimation equation by another easy-to-generate sequence of estimating equations with proper mean, variance, and correlation structure. Some validity results are provided.
The Inverse Gaussian Distribution
Authors: Seshadri V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book begins with a historical survey of `generalized inverse Gaussian laws', in which the wartime contribution of Etienne Halphen is presented for the first time. The inverse Gaussian distribution, its properties, and its implications are set in a wide perspective. The concepts of inversion and inverse natural exponential functions are presented, together with an analysis of the `Tweedie' scale, of which the Gaussian distribution is an important special case. Chapter 2 concerns the basic theory of exponential functions, focusing on the inverse Gaussian Law. Chapter 3 is devoted to various characterization results, while Chapter 4 is concerned with the construction of multivariate distributions, and the relationship to simplex distributions, combinations, and finite mixtures. Chapter 5 introduces the concept of inverse natural exponential functions and Chapter 6 presents useful statistical results. Up-to-date research is presented in the form of exercises, a special chapter on characterizations is included, and a summary of statistical issues concerning estimation and interference are provided. Research workers will find inspiration for further investigations.
A Historical Survey
Authors: Seshadri V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
M.C.K. Tweedie, in the course of a statistical investigation of data re lating to electrophoretic measurements, encountered a distribution which possessed a remarkable property; namely, its cumulant generating function turned out to be the inverse of that of the Gaussian distribution. He promptly baptized it the ‘Inverse Gaussian’ distribution. The physicists and probabilists call this the first passage time distribution of Brownian motion with drift.
Characterizations
Authors: Seshadri V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is devoted to a survey of the various characterizations of IG(m, &gt; λ.). Although we have encountered numerous properties of IG(m,&gt; λ.) in the previous chapter, not all of them characterize the family uniquely. As a starting point let us consider the Gaussian family. One of the ear liest characterizations, due to Geary (1936), is based on the independence of the sample mean and the sample variance. Geary assumed the existence of moments of all orders while Lukacs (1942) proved the result by assuming only the existence of the first two moments. Kawata and Sakamoto (1949) and Zinger (1951) independently established the characterization by drop ping the assumption of the existence of the second moment. The search for analogies with the Gaussian law prompts us to query if a similar re sult holds in the IG case as well. Not surprisingly an affirmative answer is provided by a theorem due to Khatri (1962).
Combinations, Extensions, and Relatives
Authors: Seshadri V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We first introduce a class of finite mixtures in which both the inverse Gaussian and the reciprocal inverse Gaussian laws can be embedded. In Section 4.2 we discuss several methods of constructing higher dimensional models exploiting the nice properties of the inverse Gaussian law. A few applications to random-additive-effects type models are mentioned. Some models are generated from distributions on the simplex while others are obtained by suitable combinations or couplings. These latter have some connection to Brownian motion. Finally we discuss a simple relation to Kolmogorov -Smirnov statistics and some miscellaneous results related to mixtures.
The darker side of the worker—manager relationship in a coal area in India1
Authors: Singh Ravi B P , Sinha Jai B P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Within the theoretical framework outlined in Chapter 1, we intend to examine how managers are likely to react to norm violations by their workers and how workers are likely to react if their managers violate norms. The strength of the reactions is postulated to be influenced by a number of factors, some of which are spelled out as own group identification, attitudes to own and other group, power, and fraternal relative deprivation of managers and workers (Chapter 1). These proximate factors may themselves be rooted in the broader socioeconomic and political milieu which in India is characterized by rapid expansion of industrial activities, politicized and fragmented trade unions, increasing intervention of the government in the functioning of work organizations, and the steeply hierarchical social system which renders the manager-worker contrast quite salient.
Overall analysis
Authors: Poortinga Ype H , Jansen Xander H M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After the presentation of the separate studies we can now address the two questions formulated in Chapter 2, namely whether the framework of Fig. 1.2 can help to explain the results of the four studies, and whether there are differences between contrasts and societies in the interrelationships of components in the framework. In the first section of this chapter we study the cross-cultural equivalence of the scores. In the second section the results for the separate measurements in the four main studies are summarized. In the third section we give both the gist of the hierarchical regression analysis that was chosen as the main statistical technique, and the results of this analysis.
Norm violation and intergroup relations: conclusions and prospects
Authors: DeRidder Richard , Schruijer Sandra G L , Tripathi Rama C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The empirical studies reported in this monograph focused on reactions to norm violations in two culturally different countries, India and The Netherlands. In two studies within each culture, the effects were investigated of own group identification, intergroup attitudes, perceived power and fraternal relative deprivation on reactions to norm violations (Chapters 3-6). Additionally, three studies were conducted on the norms of redress (two in The Netherlands and one in India, Chapter 8). From the perspective of norm violation theory presented in Chapter 1, we shall now review the findings of these studies. The following questions will be addressed.
Cognitive mechanisms of face processing
Authors: Ellis Andrew W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Evidence from natural and induced errors of face recognition, from the effects of different cues on resolving errors, and from the latencies to make different decisions about seen faces, all suggest that familiar face recognition involves a fixed, invariant sequence of stages. To recognize a familiar face, a perceptual description of a seen face must first activate a long-standing representation of the appearance of the face of the familiar person. ‘Semantic’ knowledge about such things as the person’s occupation and personality are accessed next, followed, in the final stage, by the name.
Hierarchical Models for Combining Information and for Meta-Analyses
Authors: Morris C N , Normand S L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The science and art of combining results from similar and independent experiments sometimes is called “meta-analysis”, especially in education, medicine and psychology. Hierarchical models provide an ideal perspective for classifying, understanding, and generalizing such analyses. We show how methods and perspectives already developed for the hierarchical Bayesian and the empirical Bayesian approaches may be used to enhance the science of combining information, especially for meta-analyses.
C0-Coherence and Extensions of Conditional Probabilities
Authors: Gilio A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper gives a concise review of general results on the C0-coherence concept, based on de Finetti’s penalty criterion. Then, further results on coherent extensions of conditional probabilities are obtained, using the Co condition. In the applications of statistical inference, we often need to assign probabilities on an arbitrary class 𝒦 of conditional events, with no underlying structure. For example, this situation is familiar in the applications of expert systems and in such cases it is imperative that the coherence principle of de Finetti (1974) be used, in order to check consistency of numerical or qualitative probabilistic judgements (see Coletti, Gilio and Scozzafava (1990a), (1990b)).