bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lost Christianities
Authors: Ehrman Bart D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The early Christian Church was a chaos of contending beliefs. Some groups of Christians claimed that there was not one God but two or twelve or thirty. Some believed that the world had not been created by God but by a lesser, ignorant deity. Certain sects maintained that Jesus was human but not divine, while others said he was divine but not human. In Lost Christianities, Bart D. Ehrman offers a fascinating look at these early forms of Christianity and shows how they came to be suppressed, reformed, or forgotten. All of these groups insisted that they upheld the teachings of Jesus and his apostles, and they all possessed writings that bore out their claims, books reputedly produced by Jesus's own followers. Modern archaeological work has recovered a number of key texts, and as Ehrman shows, these spectacular discoveries reveal religious diversity that says much about the ways in which history gets written by the winners. Ehrman's discussion ranges from considerations of various "lost scriptures"--including forged gospels supposedly written by Simon Peter, Jesus's closest disciple, and Judas Thomas, Jesus's alleged twin brother--to the disparate beliefs of such groups as the Jewish-Christian Ebionites, the anti-Jewish Marcionites, and various "Gnostic" sects. Ehrman examines in depth the battles that raged between "proto-orthodox Christians"-- those who eventually compiled the canonical books of the New Testament and standardized Christian belief--and the groups they denounced as heretics and ultimately overcame. Scrupulously researched and lucidly written, Lost Christianities is an eye-opening account of politics, power, and the clash of ideas among Christians in the decades before one group came to see its views prevail.
Opportunities and Identities: Bridge-Building in the Study of Social Movements
Authors: Meyer David S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Students of social movements fought, and won, a lengthy battle to legitimate academic interest in the field. As the study of social movements is increasingly embraced by the academy, however, practitioners and scholars now face the challenge of using this hard-won legitimacy to afford the time and space to ask and answer important questions about collective action and social movements: How and why do movements emerge? Why do they take the forms they do? When and how do protest movements bring about meaningful social change? Alas, the exigencies of academic study often lead scholars to cultivate niches and burrow more deeply into narrow areas of inquiry, rather than return to the issues that gave rise to the study of social protest in the first place. The essays in this volume represent a concerted effort to build bridges among people researching collective action and social movements and to encourage the construction of comprehensive and synthetic approaches to the study of social movements.
In this introductory essay, I mean to explain the need for bridge-building within this area of study and suggest ways to cross disciplinary and subdisciplinary boundaries, for none has a monopoly on useful knowledge on movements. The important things that have to happen in the study of social protest involve connecting what distinct groups of scholars do into a larger whole. The puzzles of social protest politics mandate a response from the academy that is inherently collective. Indeed, if substantial progress in the study of social movements is really to occur, it will come from a community of scholars that triangulates (cf. Tarrow 1995a) the problems described here, working on pieces of the problems.
Multiple Mediations: The State and the Women’s Movements in India
Authors: Desai Manisha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These quotations demonstrate the ambivalent and complex strategy of working in and against the state articulated by the contemporary women’s movements in India. In this chapter, I explicate this strategy in three different phases of the contemporary movement and show how the strategy has shifted in keeping with the changing focus of the postcolonial Indian state. Each phase has been influenced by the earlier phase, and the latter two coexist as dis­tinct strands, even as they interact with each other (Desai 2001).
In the first, affiliated phase of the movement, primarily urban and rural students and some Left and Gandhian parties organized nonparty political formations or the Indian new Left to confront the development state. The nonparty political formations were a response to the failure of the state and political parties in reducing poverty in independent India (e.g., Omvedt 1993). Women demanded land reform, minimum wages for agricultural work, and microcredit for self-employment from local bureaucracies.
The “Mesa” in Social Movement Research
Authors: Staggenborg Suzanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Beginning in the 1980s, many sociologists began to call for theories that connected micro-level interactions with macro-level social structures and changes (cf. Alexander et al. 1987; Huber 1991; Knorr-Cetina and Cicourel 1981). Scholars also became interested in making connections among levels of analysis to develop more complete theories of social movements. In an influential review of the field, McAdam, McCarthy, and Zald (1988) examined some relationships between macro- and micro-level dynamics and called for more research at the intermediate “meso” level of analysis. In the past ten years, a number of theorists have heeded their call to better conceptualize the meso level and link levels of analysis in social movement research, but we still need to do more of this type of theorizing.
My goal in this chapter is to encourage new research on meso-level structures and processes that mediate between the micro and the macro in social movements. I begin by discussing promising approaches to linking micro and macro dynamics. I then illustrate how meso-level research and connections among levels of analysis are important to explanations of movement emergence, maintenance, and outcomes and provide examples of the type of research needed.
More Than One Feminism: Organizational Structure and the Construction of Collective Identity
Authors: Reger Jo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conventional wisdom holds that organizations need homogeneity to avoid internal conflict and factionalism. Scholars argue that the more diverse a group’s membership, the higher the risk of factionalism (McCarthy and Zald 1987). Others argue that organizational structure is the key, with less formalized collectivist groups more susceptible to factionalism over new political ideas, beliefs, or goals (Staggenborg 1989, 1995). By examining the link between structure and culture, I argue that groups can accommodate diverse ideologies or identities and not suffer from divisive factionalism. Groups will adjust to new, seemingly oppositional political beliefs if the organization gains significant advantages. The resulting accommodation provides a structural “niche” for the formation of a new activist identity, which minimizes conflict between identities through boundary construction. Therefore, factionalism, when accommodated, can simultaneously preserve group diversity and organizational integrity.
Because of its history of contested definitions of feminism and organizational factionalism, the contemporary women’s movement provides an excellent location to examine the link between culture and structure (see Arnold 1995; Davis 1991; Ferree and Hess 1985/1995; Freeman 1973, 1975; Friedan 1977). In a case study of a National Organization for Women (NOW) chapter, I found that to increase member recruitment and commitment New York City (NYC) NOW feminists modified the chapter’s structure to accommodate the process of consciousness raising (CR). In doing so, members created a site for the construction of a new feminist identity. To decrease intragroup conflict, the new identity is structurally segmented from the rest of the chapter.
Introduction
Authors: Gibbons Reginald , Segal Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the nineteenth-century idealist German philosopher Hegel, Antigone is “one of the most sublime, and in every respect most consummate, work[s] of art human effort ever produced. Not a detail in this tragedy but is of consequence.” Hegel’s dazzling accolade is typical of the high esteem for the play in the early nineteenth century. For Hegel, Antigone plays a major role in the evolution of European consciousness, one of whose early stages is exemplified by Antigone’s conict between State and individual, or more accurately between “the public law of the State and the instinctive family-love and duty towards a brother.” This division in turn is an aspect of a larger conflict between Nature and Spirit and so a step toward the emergence of Spirit (Geist). The individual bearer of such consciousness is essentially tragic because he or she enters into the division between the divine law, embodied in the polis or state, and the human law, embodied in the family, and in entering into that division is destroyed.
Self (Co)Constitution: Slave Theology from Everyday Cultural Elements
Authors: Hopkins Dwight N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines how, out of their everyday cultural elements, enslaved African Americans attempted to coconstitute themselves aided by divine intent. That is to say, through their daily cultural practices, enslaved blacks perceived their ultimate concern, and this ultimate concern, or God, worked with them to refashion themselves within and, at times, beyond the confines of their chattel existence. Therefore, co-constitution is the God-human encounter working together for the forging of the new human being. “Culture” here builds on Raymond Williams’s notion of culture “as the study of relationships between elements in a whole way of life.”1 On the basis of the cultural lifestyles of enslaved African Americans, I modify Williams’s definition in the following manner. Culture is always religious insofar as the way of life of all human beings entails some yearning for, belief in, and ritualization around that which is ultimate—that which is both part of and greater than the self. Culture is religious because the ultimate concern is both present in cultural material and transcends it. Therefore, for my purposes, culture refers to religious culture as a total way of life.
Philosophy, Religion, and the Hermeneutic Imperative
Authors: Garfield Jay L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is an essay about the meaning of life. It is hence about our hermeneutical self-understanding. The word meaning notoriously has many meanings, and indeed in at least two senses of that term in its primary occurrence in the preceding sentence. And it might be thought that when we seek the meaning of a text and the meaning of our life we are seeking not simply different meanings, but different kinds of things entirely-that the first inquiry is properly hermeneutical and that the second is perhaps religious, or at least phenomenological.
Introduction
Authors: Glassner Barry , Hertz Rosanna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How much does personal biography matter in research? How much does a person’s research matter to her biography? These are the central questions addressed in the twenty two chapters by prominent American sociologists in this volume. Even as sociologists’ research shapes the discipline of sociology and how the social world is understood, their personal and professional lives shape their research. Many of the authors in this book were profoundly affected by tragedies and triumphs in their daily lives and in the workplace. Situations beyond their control, such as illness, reproductive mishaps, or loss of a loved one, became opportunities for learning and new insights that continue to shape and reshape their worldviews. At other times it was a political event or the fate of a social movement that profoundly influenced the course of a person’s research.
From Vietnam till Today
Authors: Schuman Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In November 1969, my wife and fourteen-year-old son set out on an overnight bus trip to Washington to join what turned out to be the largest protest ever held against the Vietnam War. Many of my friends and colleagues were also traveling to the capital for the same purpose. I shared their opposition to the war and felt the pull to participate, but at the same time I had vague doubts about the effects of such a mass demonstration. The doubts were not then based on any systematic look at data. But I had a sense that the demonstrators might be overestimating the extent to which the larger public would be positively influenced by such a protest. For one thing, in a study done after the urban riots of 1967, it became evident that much of the public did not distinguish clearly between nonviolent civil rights protests and outright violence, so that even large demonstrations could backfire unless carefully carried out and carefully portrayed.1 The media focus made a difference for the Southern civil rights movement only because the crude violence of segregationist officials and mobs contrasted so sharply with the peaceful demonstrations led by Martin Luther King Jr., and others.
Social-Class Tensions and Value Conflicts in the Disability World
Authors: Albrecht Gary L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Riding the New York subway on the way to a late afternoon class one cold January day, I read a preprint version of C. Wright Mills’s The Sociological Imagination. In the first few pages he says: The sociological imagination enables us to grasp history and biography and the relationship between the two within society. That is its task and its promise ... It is by means of the sociological imagination that men now hope to grasp what is happening to themselves as minute points of the intersection of biography and history within society.
Feminism in the Field
Authors: Miller Jody 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A long-standing tension in ethnographic research revolves around issues of immersion-how much distance to maintain from research participants or sites, that is, how “native” to go and what level of membership (if any) to strive for in negotiating field roles. Ethnographers who follow the traditional Chicago model opt for maintaining greater distance and detachment, even as participant-observers, because the potential for over identification, or going native, is viewed as a threat to validity and objectivity. On the other hand, some contemporary ethnographers have pushed these boundaries-from peripheral and active membership roles to complete membership, whether by going native in a research setting or studying one’s own community.
My Life in Social Movements From 1960s Activist to Lesbian Den Mother
Authors: Taylor Verta 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some things in which I take a great deal of pride are not on my curriculum vitae: that I am the first person in my family to graduate from college, that I was almost kicked out of school for my campus activism in the 1960s, and that a lesbian colleague tells me that I am known as the “lesbian den mother of sociology” for my mentoring of lesbian students and junior scholars. What is there in black and white is that I am a scholar of social movements, especially the women’s and gay/lesbian movements. As the unlisted items suggest, my participation in social movements has been both bad and good for my career in academia. But despite the occasional negative effect, what is most important is that my participation in social movements has profoundly shaped-and enriched-what I write and teach.
Sextus Empiricus
Authors: Floridi Luciano 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The subject is Sextus Empiricus, one the chief sources of information on ancient philosophy and one of the most influential authors in the history of skepticism. Sextus' works have had an extraordinary influence on western philosophy, and this book provides the first exhaustive and detailed study of their recovery, transmission, and intellectual influence through Late Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the Renaissance. This study deals with Sextus' biography, as well as the history of the availability and reception of his works. It also contains an extensive bibliographical section, including editions, translations, and commentaries.
Fortuna
Authors: Floridi Luciano 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It seems ironically appropriate that we should know almost nothing about the life of Sextus Empiric us, our chief source of information on ancient skepticism. Though interesting, the biographical details we can collect or infer from his own writings are scanty, while the few external sources available so far have thrown no definite light on his biography. Apart from some textual evidence, summarized in the text, it is worth mentioning a coin, now in the British Museum, which bears the portrait of a “Sextus,”1 and was for some time thought to represent Sextus Empiricus.2 It was published by Claude Huart in his French translation of the Outlines, where the alleged portrait of Sextus appears facing the title page. Popkin ( 1956) provides a full description of the coin and a careful analysis of the various speculations to which it gave rise.
Varying the Vinaya: Creative Responses to Modernity
Authors: Prebish Charles S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In an interesting article published in the first issue of the online Journal of Buddhist Ethics, Paul Numrich recounts the famous dialogue, included in a variety of Theravada sources, between the Buddhist monk Mahinda and King Devanampiya Tissa of Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) concerning Buddhism’s establishment in Sri Lanka. The king, properly concerned, wants to know precisely when this new religion’s roots may be considered to be firmly established on the island. Mahinda’s reply: “When a young man, born of Ceylonese parents on the island of Ceylon, having gone forth on the island of Ceylon and learned the monastic discipline in this same island of Ceylon, when he will recite that discipline on the island of Ceylon— then, Great king, will the roots of the religion indeed be deep.”1 In other words, as Numrich points out, recitation of the precepts of the Pratimoksa by indigenous monks is a requisite for the establishment of Buddhism. Numrich then cites Michael Carrithers’s often quoted remark: “No Buddhism without the Sangha and no Sangha without the Discipline.”2 As such, the growth of Buddhism into countries beyond its Indian birthplace, and its survival in those countries, required and was predicated upon the establishment of the monastic sangha and the fortnightly recitation of the monastic code.
Transitions in the Practice and Defense of Chinese Pure Land Buddhism
Authors: Jones Charles B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Once upon a time, nearly two thousand five hundred years ago, the world was quite diVerent from the way it is today. When Siddhartha Gautama attained enlightenment and became the Buddha, the Awakened One, he turned his newly omniscient eye to view the world and see if there were beings around of sharp faculties and advanced religious practice who would be able to comprehend the fullness of his vision. When he had found such people, he went to them, preached to them, trained them, and led them to escape from the world of deWlement and suffering into the peace of Nirvana. Sadly, however, the world has changed and grown turbid since that time. Human lifespans have shortened, so that people who wish to practice do not have suffcient time to achieve enlightenment. Violence is rampant, virtuous teachers are scarce, and the chance of escape has all but disappeared. Traditional means of Buddhist practice—meditation, moral conduct, philosophical reXection, and so on—no longer provide a realistic hope for the vast majority of Suffering beings. The Age of the Decline of the Dharma (Ch.: mo fa) has arrived. Nevertheless, hope still remains for those trapped in the burning house of samsara. Long ago, in an age separated from our own by countless eons, a monk named Dharmakara made a series of vows before a fully enlightened Buddha named Loke2vararaja. He would do whatever it takes, for however long it takes, to achieve a level of enlightenment so perfect that his pure karma would create a buddha-land of utmost purity.
“By Imperial Edict and Shogunal Decree”: Politics and the Issue of the Ordination Platform in Modern Lay Nichiren
Authors: Stone Jacqueline I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Observers are often struck by the “engaged” or even “political” character of modern Japanese Nichiren Buddhist movements. In the Wrst decades of the twentieth century, the movement known as Nichirenshugi (“Nichirenism”), led by Tanaka Chigaku (1861–1939) and Honda Nisshò (1867–1931),1 deployed Nichiren Buddhist doctrine in a way that bolstered modern nationalistic agendas and justiWed militant imperialism; in the postwar period, the small monastic order Nipponzan Myòhòji espoused a stance of absolute paciWsm, taking active part in the anti-nuclear campaign, while the rapidly expanding lay organization Sòka Gakkai ran candidates for the National Diet and even started a political party. More recently the Sòka Gakkai—like Risshò Kòseikai movement, another large lay Buddhist organization with roots in the Nichiren tradition—has become a nongovernmental organizational member of the United Nations and now engages in global networking for peace, protection of the environment, aid to refugees, and a host of other issues. This “activist” orientation, on one hand, exempliWes the emphasis on social engagement found in Buddhist modernism worldwide. On the other hand, such eVorts can be seen as attempts to reappropriate, in modern or contemporary contexts, the vision of the founder Nichiren (1222–1282), who taught that exclusive devotion to the Lotus Sutra could transform the present world into a Buddha land. One aspect of the medieval Nichiren Buddhist vision, however, has proved difficult for modern practitioners.
“A Mere Calculation of Profits and Loss”: The Southern Clergy and the Economic Culture of the Antebellum North
Authors: Startup Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Employing a vituperative cadence that suggested long practice, an anonymous writer for the Southern Presbyterian Reviewplaced the Confederate success at the Battle of First Manassas—and the larger war—in a cosmic context: The still young war represented the unfolding of ‘‘long delayed [divine] wrath upon the unjust, tl1e avaricious, the covenant-breaking, tl1e usurping, tyrannical, and licentious, and God-defying, Sabbatl1-breaking, and Bible perverting nations.’’ To be sure that no one misunderstood, the writer specifically indicted the North for ‘‘falsified faitl1, and covenant-breaking, and [a] sectional self aggrandizement policy of seventy years’’ now culminating in a terrible war.1 For the purposes of this chapter, avariceis significantly prominent in the litany of malfeasance cited above. It was a venerable loadstone of antebellum Southern sermonology, often employed alongside the more generic, more commonplace term mammonism. These were words and ideas that had pro vided Southern clergymen with much of their pulpit and printed rhetoric during the decades immediately before tl1e war. Few themes—-excluding the general call to repentance and salvation—rivaled, in force or in quantity, the minister’s antimammon message.