bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High Mechanical Strength Double‐Network Hydrogel with Bacterial Cellulose
Authors: Nakayama A. , Kakugo A. , Gong J. P. , Osada Y. , Takai M. , Erata T. , Kawano S. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractDouble‐network (DN) hydrogels with high mechanical strength have been synthesized using the natural polymers bacterial cellulose (BC) and gelatin. As‐prepared BC contains 90 % water that can easily be squeezed out, with no more recovery in its swelling property. Gelatin gel is brittle and is easily broken into fragments under a modest compression. In contrast, the fracture strength and elastic modulus of a BC–gelatin DN gel under compressive stress are on the order of megapascals, which are several orders of magnitude higher than those of gelatin gel, and almost equivalent to those of articular cartilage. A similar enhancement in the mechanical strength was also observed for the combination of BC with polysaccharides, such as sodium alginate, gellan gum, and ι‐carrageenan.
The Synthesis of Novel Porous Functional Materials for use as Nitrosamine Traps
Authors: Xu Y. , Jiang Q. , Cao Y. , Wei Y. L. , Yun Z. Y. , Xu J. H. , Wang Y. , Zhou C. F. , Shi L. Y. , Zhu J. H. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractTwo novel porous nitrosamine traps have been synthesized in order to eliminate carcinogens from the environment. A functional mesoporous material, CuO/SBA‐15, has been synthesized by using an in‐situ coating method, with the addition of a guest salt to the reaction system to modify the porous materials before the particles of SBA‐15 were incubated; the synthesis and modification processes were performed in a single step. The resulting mesoporous composites selectively adsorbN‐nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR), a typical volatile nitrosamine, and are potential cigarette additives that can be used for the removal of nitrosamines from cigarette smoke, thereby protecting public health and the environment. In another reaction, silica gel is modified by being coated with magnesia and then corroded by NaOH solution.The magnesia is dispersed onto the silica by impregnating it with a magnesium acetate solution, followed by calcination. After corrosion of the calcined sample with caustic soda, only the silica particles that are completely covered by magnesia remain. This material exhibits a similar ability to SBA‐15 and zeolite NaY in its selective adsorption of NPYR.
Efficient Isolation and Solubilization of Pristine Single‐Walled Nanotubes in Bile Salt Micelles
Authors: Wenseleers W. , Vlasov I. I. , Goovaerts E. , Obraztsova E. D. , Lobach A. S. , Bouwen A. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractWe have investigated a wide variety of surfactants for their efficiency in dissolving isolated single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in water. In doing so, we have completely avoided the harsh chemical or mechanical conditions, such as acid or ultrasonic treatments, that are known to damage SWNTs. Bile salts in particular are found to be exceptionally effective in dissolving individual tubes, as evidenced by highly resolved optical absorption spectra, bright bandgap fluorescence, and the unprecedented resolution (∼ 2.5 cm–1) of the radial breathing modes in Raman spectra. This is attributed to the formation of very regular and stable micelles around the nanotubes providing an unusually homogeneous environment. Quantitative information concerning the degree of solubilization is obtained from absorption spectroscopy.
Blood and body fluid exposure risks among health care workers: Results from the Duke Health and Safety Surveillance System
Authors: Dement John M. , Epling Carol , Østbye Truls , Pompeii Lisa A. , Hunt Debra L. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBackgroundHealth care workers (HCWs) are at risk of exposures to human blood and body fluids (BBF). Needlestick injuries and splashes place HCWs at risk for numerous blood‐borne infections including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B (HBV), and hepatitis C (HCV). Utilizing a new comprehensive occupational health surveillance system, the objective of this research was to better define the BBF exposure risk and risk factors among employees of a large tertiary medical center.MethodsA population of 24,425 HCWs employed in jobs with potential BBF exposures was followed for BBF exposure events from 1998 to 2002. BBF exposure rates were calculated for strata defined by age, race, gender, occupation, work location, and duration of employment. Poisson regression was used for detailed analyses of risk factors for BBF exposure.ResultsThe study population reported 2,730 BBF exposures during the study period, resulting in an overall annual rate of 5.5 events/100 FTEs and a rate of 3.9 for percutaneous exposures. Higher rates were observed for males, persons employed less than 4 years, Hispanic employees, and persons less than 45 years of age. Much higher rates were observed for house staff, nurse anesthetists, inpatient nurses, phlebotomists, and surgical/operating room technicians. Poisson regression results strengthened and extended results from stratified analyses. Rates of percutaneous exposures from hollow needles were found to decrease over the study period; however, exposure rates from suture needles appear to be increasing.ConclusionWhile continued training efforts need to be directed toward new HCWs, our data also suggest that employees who have been in their job 1–4 years continue to be at higher risk of BBF exposures. This research also points to the need for better safety devices/products and work practices to reduce suture‐related injuries. Am. J. Ind. Med. 46:637–648, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Using Single‐Molecule Fluorescence Spectroscopy to Study Electron Transfer
Authors: Holman Michael W. , Adams David M. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractTechniques in single‐molecule fluorescence spectroscopy now allow sophisticated studies of photophysical processes in single molecules. As interest grows in the possibilities of molecular electronics, researchers have begun to turn these techniques to the study of electron transfer. Electron‐transfer reactions have now been detected and measured at the single‐molecule level in a variety of systems and on a variety of timescales by adapting techniques from previous single‐molecule fluorescence studies.
Bioorganometallic Chemistry: Reactions of Methyltitanocene Cation Complexes with a Singly Deprotected Methyl Glucopyranoside
Authors: Meyer zu Berstenhorst Birgit , Erker Gerhard , Kehr Gerald , Wasilke Julia‐Christina , Müller Jens , Redlich Hartmut , Pyplo‐Schnieders Jutta 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe dimethyltitanocene/B(C6F5)3 system reacts with the 4‐unprotected methyl α‐D‐glucopyranoside derivative 5 (“HO‐carb.”) to yield the ionic complex [Cp2Ti(O‐carb.)]+[MeB(C6F5)3]− (10a). Spectroscopic studies have led us to believe that 10a is characterized by an internal ether‐chelate structure in solution that involves coordination of the 6‐OCH2Ph oxygen atom. Treatment of 10a with trimethylphosphane gives the open, non‐chelated complex 11a, in which the phosphane coordinates to the metal center. Reaction of the THF‐stabilized salt [Cp2TiCH3(THF)]+[BPh4]− (12a) with 5 gave complex 13a, with coordinated THF. Experiments with bis(methylcyclopentadienyl)titanium systems gave analogous results (complexes 10b, 11b and 13b). Zirconocenes react differently. Addition of dimethylzirconocene (14a) or dimethylbis(methylcyclopentadienyl)zirconium (14b) to 5 gave the neutral complexes 15a, 15b and methane. Treatment of 15a (15b) with B(C6F5)3 again resulted in the formation of an ionic chelate complex 16a (16b). A non‐chelated complex 18 was formed by treating the THF‐stabilized salt [Cp2ZrCH3(THF)]+[BPh4]− (17) with 5. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Inhibition of allogeneic T‐cell responses by dendritic cells expressing transduced indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase
Authors: Funeshima Naoko , Fujino Masayuki , Kitazawa Yusuke , Hara Yuko , Hara Yoshiaki , Hayakawa Kou , Okuyama Torayuki , Kimura Hiromitus , Li Xiao‐Kang 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBackgroundIndoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO) is an enzyme involved in the catabolism of tryptophan and has been shown to prevent rejection of the fetus during pregnancy by inhibiting alloreactive T cells.MethodsIn this study we investigated dendritic cells (DCs) that are transfected with IDO cDNA in the inhibition of T‐cell proliferation after antigen‐specific interaction. XS106 DCs, derived from A/J mice (H‐2k), were transduced with IDO with a gene‐delivery system using a recombinant adenoviral vector.ResultsWestern blotting and immune staining revealed IDO expression in XS106 DCs transduced with IDO (XS106‐IDO DCs), and its catabolic effect was confirmed by an increase in kynurenine concentration. Fluorescence‐activated cell sorting revealed that XS106‐IDO DCs were not changeable for Ia, CD80, and CD86 expression. After XS106‐IDO DCs were co‐cultured with C57BL/6 allogeneic splenic T cells, the proliferation of the T cell was significantly inhibited. The co‐cultured T cells with XS106‐IDO DCs exhibited cell‐cycle arrest. Furthermore, injection of XS160‐IDO DCs into the footpads of C57BL/6 (H‐2b) mice demonstrated a reduced T‐cell response against allo‐antigen.ConclusionsThese results suggest that overexpression of IDO in the DCs effectively inhibited T‐cell proliferation, and may expand a new immunomodulatory strategy for the prevention of allo‐rejection of organ transplantation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tandem mass spectrometry of the B‐type procyanidins in wine and B‐type dehydrodicatechins in an autoxidation mixture of (+)‐catechin and (−)‐epicatechin
Authors: Sun Weixing , Miller Jack M. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractWe describe the characterization of the B‐type procyanidins in wine and the B‐type dehydrodicatechins (dimeric flavan‐3‐ols) obtained for the autoxidation of (+)‐catechin and (−)‐epicatechin by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) coupled to reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The MS/MS analysis demonstrates that the interesting major fragments derive from the dissociations of the C‐ring on the catechin or epicatechin unit, such as retro‐Diels–Alder reactions. The two kinds of dimers give completely different fragmentations because of the striking effect of the C—C interflavan linkage (IFL). For the natural dimers in wine, a catechin or epicatechin unit linking to the C‐4 position stabilizes the product ions by forming a large π–π hyperconjugated system, whereas a similar π–π system is formed within dehydrodicatechin B through the C—C IFL. Thus dissociation in MS/MS experiments was inhibited. Apparently, the fragmentations of the dimers differ from that of the monomer, which is very important in the study of the gas‐phase ion behaviour of the polymeric flavan‐3‐ols. In addition, two specific fragment ions at m/z 451 for native dimers and at m/z 393 for autoxidation species in HPLC/MS/MS were found to be very useful for analysing mixtures of B‐type procyanidins and B‐type dehydrodicatechins in food and beverages. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Classification and analysis of past climate information based on historical documentary sources for the Carpathian basin
Authors: Bartholy Judit , Pongrácz Rita , Molnár Zsófia 
Published: November 2004

AbstractIn order to cover a millennium‐long period in climatological studies, several types of information must be taken into consideration. Beyond the regular meteorological observations, historical documentary data may serve as a basic source for the past centuries. For the Carpathian basin, Réthly collected historical documents containing meteorology‐related information. In order to facilitate the analysis of this documentary collection, a special code system using hierarchical subclasses has been defined and applied to approximately 15 000 collected climatological items. The spatial and temporal distributions of temperature‐ and precipitation‐related climate events and extremes have been evaluated using settlement and subregional scales. Also, the geographical distribution of extreme climatological events has been mapped. Annual and seasonal time series have been analysed for the Carpathian basin and compared with other reconstructed temperature and precipitation index time series from other geographical locations outside the Carpathian basin. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
Sunshine duration and daily courses of illuminance in Bratislava
Authors: Darula Stanislav , Kittler Richard 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe occurrences of typical sky conditions during overcast days are close to the CIE Overcast Sky Standard in the Bratislava area; their variation is specified by the diffuse coefficient kdd = Dv/Ev where Dv is the horizontal diffuse illuminance and Ev is the extraterrestrial illuminance. Luminance distributions on cloudless days are close to the CIE Clear Sky Standard. Complex daylight conditions can be expected during cloudy days when moving clouds cause frequent sun disk shading with abrupt changes in illuminance levels. Since sunshine duration is one of the basic climatic parameters that describes sunny situations, the present study attempts to investigate its relation to daily illuminance levels. However, the average daily value of sunshine duration does not exactly correspond to the same illuminance course, as it depends on the temporal distribution of sunny periods within the day. Anyhow, the estimation of daytime illuminance levels is mainly influenced by the presence or absence of sunshine with frequent sky luminance patterns. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
Vibrational spectroscopic study of alkylenediammonium hexachlorostannate compounds, NH3(CH2)nNH3SnCl6 (n = 3 and 4)
Authors: Elyoubi M. , Ouasri A. , Jeghnou H. , Rhandour A. , Dhamelincourt M.‐C. , Dhamelincourt P. , Mazzah A. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe infrared and Raman spectra of propylenediammonium hexachlorostannate, NH3(CH2)3NH3SnCl6, and its butylenediammonium homologue, NH3(CH2)4NH3SnCl6, were recorded at ambient temperature and interpreted on the basis of literature data. All the characteristics of the IR and Raman bands of anions and cations in these compounds were identified. The combination bands observed in the 2300–1900 cm−1 infrared spectral region for both compounds indicate that they contain CNH3 groups. Evidence for the existence of weak hydrogen bonds was found on examining the 2400–3200 cm−1 infrared spectral region. Thus, anions and cations are weakly connected by hydrogen bonding inside the crystals. The anions were found, in these two compounds, to be slightly distorted from their free Oh octahedral symmetry. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of regulatory labeling for troglitazone and rosiglitazone on hepatic enzyme monitoring compliance: findings from the state of Ohio medicaid program
Authors: Cluxton Robert J. , Li Zili , Heaton Pamela C. , Weiss Sheila R. , Zuckerman Ilene H. , Moomaw Charles J. , Hsu Van Doren , Rodriguez Evelyn M. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractPurposeTroglitazone, the first drug of the thiazolidinediones class for type II diabetes, was first marketed in March 1997 and was removed from the U.S. market 36 months later after 90 cases of liver failure were reported despite multiple warnings containing liver enzyme monitoring recommendations. Rosiglitazone has been available since June 1999 and is still on the market. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of labeled hepatic
enzyme monitoring for troglitazone and rosiglitazone.MethodsDrug cohorts were assembled, using population‐based fee‐for‐service Medicaid claims, for patients between 18 and 65 years of age who had received at least one troglitazone (n = 7226) or rosiglitazone (n = 1480) prescription between 1 April, 1997, and 21 March, 2000. The outcome of interest was the percentage of patients, based on their first treatment episode, who had baseline and post‐baseline liver enzyme testing.ResultsOverall baseline testing was under 9% before regulatory actions, increased to 14% after the first two ‘Dear Doctor’ letters issued by the FDA in October and December 1997, and peaked to about 26% afterwards. Coincident with the marketing of rosiglitazone and the fourth ‘Dear Doctor’ letter issued in June 1999, baseline testing dropped to 18%. Baseline testing increased 2.5‐fold (race‐sex‐age adjusted) after regulatory action. Achieving 50% post‐baseline testing took approximately 6 months for both drugs.ConclusionRegulatory actions had only modest effects on the incidence of liver monitoring. More effective and timely communication strategies, health provider prescribing interventions and modification of health provider behaviors to enhance compliance with recommended risk management measures need to be identified, evaluated and implemented. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Current two‐dimensional electrophoresis technology for proteomics
Authors: Görg Angelika , Weiss Walter , Dunn Michael J. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractTwo‐dimensional gel electrophoresis (2‐DE) with immobilized pH gradients (IPGs) combined with protein identification by mass spectrometry (MS) is currently the workhorse for proteomics. In spite of promising alternative or complementary technologies (e.g.multidimensional protein identification technology, stable isotope labelling, protein or antibody arrays) that have emerged recently, 2‐DE is currently the only technique that can be routinely applied for parallel quantitative expression profiling of large sets of complex protein mixtures such as whole cell lysates. 2‐DE enables the separaration of complex mixtures of proteins according to isoelectric point (pI), molecular mass (Mr), solubility, and relative abundance. Furthermore, it delivers a map of intact proteins, which reflects changes in protein expression level, isoforms or post‐translational modifications. This is in contrast to liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry based methods, which perform analysis on peptides, whereMrand pIinformation is lost, and where stable isotope labelling is required for quantitative analysis. Today's 2‐DE technology with IPGs (Görget al.,Electrophoresis2000,21, 1037–1053), has overcome the former limitations of carrier ampholyte based 2‐DE (O'Farrell,J. Biol. Chem. 1975,250, 4007–4021) with respect to reproducibility, handling, resolution, and separation of very acidic and/or basic proteins. The development of IPGs between pH 2.5–12 has enabled the analysis of very alkaline proteins and the construction of the corresponding databases. Narrow‐overlapping IPGs provide increased resolution (δpI = 0.001) and, in combination with prefractionation methods, the detection of low abundance proteins. Depending on the gel size and pH gradient used, 2‐DE can resolve more than 5000 proteins simultaneously (˜2000 proteins routinely), and detect and quantify < 1 ng of proteinperspot. In this article we describe the current 2‐DE/MS workflow including the following topics: sample preparation, protein solubilization, and prefractionation; protein separation by 2‐DE with IPGs; protein detection and quantitation; computer assisted analysis of 2‐DE patterns; protein identification and characterization by MS; two‐dimensional protein databases.
Atom transfer radical polymerization of cyclohexyl methacrylate at a low temperature
Authors: Muñoz‐Bonilla Alexandra , López Madruga Enrique , Fernández‐García Marta 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe atom transfer radical polymerization of cyclohexyl methacrylate (CHMA) is reported. Controlled polymerizations were performed with the CuBr/N,N,N′,N″,N″‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine catalytic system with ethyl 2‐bromoisobutyrate as the initiator in bulk and different solvents (25 vol %) at 40 °C. The polymerization of CHMA in bulk resulted in a controlled polymerization, although the concentration of active species was relatively elevated. The addition of a solvent was necessary to reduce the polymerization rate, which was dependent on the dipole moment. Well‐controlled polymers were obtained in toluene, diphenyl ether, and benzonitrile solutions. Poly(cyclohexyl methacrylate) as a macroinitiator was used to synthesize the poly(cyclohexyl methacrylate)‐b‐poly(tert‐butyl methacrylate) block copolymer, which allowed a demonstration of its living character. In addition, two difunctional initiators, 1,4‐bis(bromoisobutyryloxy) benzene and 1,2‐bis(bromoisobutyryloxy) ethane, were used to initiate the atom transfer radical polymerization of CHMA. The experimental molecular weights of the obtained polymers were very close to the theoretical ones. These, along with the relative narrow molecular weight distributions, indicated that the polymerization was living and controlled. For confirmation, two different poly(tert‐butyl methacrylate)‐b‐poly(cyclohexyl methacrylate)‐b‐poly(tert‐butyl methacrylate) triblock copolymers were also synthesized. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 71–77, 2005
(Q)SARs for Predicting Skin Irritation and Corrosion: Mechanisms, Transparency and Applicability of Predictions
Authors: Walker John D. , Gerner Ingrid , Hulzebos Etje , Schlegel Kerstin 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThis paper describes previously‐developed (quantitative) structure‐activity relationships [(Q)SARs]for predicting skin irritation and corrosion, proposes mechanisms of skin irritation and corrosion, and discusses the transparency and applicability of predictions. This paper was written to set the tone for companion papers that describe three applications of skin irritation and corrosion (Q)SARs. The first companion paper describes physicochemical property limits that can be used to develop rules for identifying chemical substances with no skin irritation or corrosion potential. The second companion paper describes structural alerts that can be used to develop rules for identifying chemical substances with skin irritation or corrosion potential. The third companion paper describes the Skin Irritation Corrosion Rules Estimation Tool (SICRET), a user‐friendly tool that allows non‐(Q)SAR experts to identify chemical substances with skin irritation or corrosion potential based on physicochemical property limits and structural alerts.
Three‐dimensional simulation and prediction of craniofacial surgery
Authors: Meehan M , Teschner M , Girod S 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Authors– Meehan M, Teschner M, Girod SThe treatment of patients with complex facial deformities is one of the most challenging multidisciplinary tasks in plastic surgery. Due to advancements in medical technology and surgical techniques in the last 20 years correction of severe malformations has become possible and is performed by highly specialized teams frequently in a single operation. Recent developments in three‐dimensional (3‐D) imaging techniques have already greatly facilitated diagnosis of complex craniofacial deformities. Computer‐based simulation methods for surgical procedures that are based on imaging data have the potential to improve surgical treatment by providing the ability to perform ‘virtual surgery’ preoperatively and thus reduce patient risk and morbidity intraoperatively. A method is presented for interactive computer‐assisted craniofacial plastic surgery planning and visualization, especially simulation of soft tissue changes using an experimental Craniofacial Surgery Planner. The system computes non‐linear soft‐tissue deformation because of bone realignment. It is capable of simulating bone cutting and bone realignment with integrated interactive collision detection. Furthermore, soft‐tissue deformation and cutting due to surgical instruments can be visualized. Simulation processes are based on an individual patient's preoperative 3‐D computed tomography and on a 3‐D, photo‐realistic model of the patient's preoperative appearance obtained by a laser range scanner. Very fast and robust prediction of non‐linear soft‐tissue deformation is computed by optimizing a non‐linear cost function.