bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial distribution of surface properties, runoff generation and landscape development in the Zin Valley Badlands, northern Negev, Israel
Authors: Kuhn Nikolaus J. , Yair Aaron , Grubin Milica Kasanin 
Published: October 2004

AbstractInﬁltration tests, soil mapping and soil property analysis were used to assess the effect of within‐storm rainfall conditions on spatial patterns of surface characteristics relevant for runoff generation, continuity and erosion in the Zin Valley Badlands. Runoff and erosion differ strongly between ridges and slopes. Soils at both locations are susceptible to sealing, but on the sideslopes deep desiccation cracks inhibit continuous ﬂow, even during high magnitude rainstorms. The discontinuous nature of runoff has a feedback on surface conditions. Erosion on the ridges maintains shallow soils prone to sealing while inﬁltration and deposition on the sideslopes enhance soil depth, a prerequisite for stable desiccation cracks. Some runoff generated on the ridges is transmitted to the valley via rills. On straight sideslopes, rills are single and often discontinuous, indicating limited frequency of continuous runoff. Along concave valley heads, rill systems are well integrated and continuous, concentrating runoff and reducing inﬁltration losses along slopes.The longitudinal, V‐shaped valley morphology of small catchments in the Zin Valley Badlands reﬂects the long‐term effect of different erosion rates in valley heads and on sideslopes. Over time, valley incision lengthened the sideslopes, reducing the portion of annual rainfall that was runoff‐effective. Once sideslopes reached a critical length that inhibited frequent continuous ﬂow, a colluvium with an increased inﬁltration capacity developed, reducing runoff frequency even further. Consequently, erosion on the valley sideslopes decreased. Continuous ﬂow from ridges to the valley channel remained more common in integrated rill systems in concavities and valley heads, leading to more erosion and retreat of the valley heads.The spatial patterns of runoff and erosion in the Zin Valley Badlands demonstrate that landscape development is strongly affected by processes that lead to differentiation of soil properties on hillslopes with uniform lithology. The patterns of surface characteristics and their role in landscape development are strongly dependent on rainfall conditions, highlighting the need for geomorphologists to identify the dynamic spatial and temporal scales relevant for landscape development. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Notes on South American Valerianaceae II
Authors: Weberling F. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractEntre Valeriana potopensis Briq., descripta para Bolivia, y Valeriana humahuacensis Borsini, descripta para Jujuy, la provincia contigua de la Argentina, no se han encontrado características morfológicas para distinguir ambas especies, por eso éstas estarían unidas bajo del nombre Valeriana potopensis Briq.Por otra parte Valeriana boliviana Britton y Valeriana bangiana Graebn., serían según Graebner (1906) dos especies distintas, pero no dió caracteres seguros para diferen‐ciarlas. En este trabajo se observa que la forma de los frutos de los materiales tomados como tipo y paratipos es diferente, frutos ovados, como descripto para V. boliviana, se observan en unos paratipos, también se ven frutos ancho‐ovados con un margen grueso, pero los del lectotipo V. boliviana (Rusby 871 NY) tienen un contorno casi circular como una lenteja, con un margen tenue, casi membranoso como los del lectotipo de V. bangiana (Bang 2415 G). Ni los caracteres vegetativos ni los caracteres de los frutos serían suficientes para poder distinguir V. bangiana Graebn. 1906 de V. boliviana Britton 1891 como especies separadas.Se observa también que Valeriana variabilis Graebn. sería una forma de Valeriana warburgii Graebn. La primera especie solo se distinguiría por caracteres poco manifiestos como el indumento de los frutos y los pelos frecuentemente se pierden durante de la maduración de los mismos, estos caracteres no serían suficientes para separar las dos especies. Por lo tanto se considera una nueva combinación, Valeriana warburgii Graebn. subsp. variabilis (Graebn.) Weberling stat. nov. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Function of discoidin domain receptor I in HGF‐induced branching tubulogenesis of MDCK cells in collagen gel
Authors: Wang Chau‐Zen , Hsu Yuei‐Mei , Tang Ming‐Jer 
Published: October 2004

AbstractDiscoidin domain receptor I (DDR1) is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and serves as the receptor for collagen in addition to integrins. It has been well established that Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells develop branching tubules in three‐dimensional collagen gel in the presence of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). MDCK cells normally express DDR1. However, the function of DDR1 in this in vitro model system has not been understood. We established stable‐transfected MDCK cells harboring DDR1a, DDR1b, or dominant‐negative (DN) DDR1 and cultured these transfectants in collagen gel with HGF (2 ng/ml) for the studies of branching tubule morphogenesis. Whether DDR1 played roles in cell growth, apoptosis, and migration was examined. We found that cells over‐expressing DDR1a and DDR1b developed shorter tubules with fewer branches in collagen gel. In contrast, DN DDR1 over‐expressed cells could not form tubule structure, but instead developed mostly cell aggregates with multiple long extended processes. Over‐expression of DDR1a and 1b in MDCK cells resulted in reduction of cell growth when cells were cultured on collagen gel‐coated dishes or collagen gel. On the other hand, DN DDR1 enhanced cell death on collagen gel, suggesting that DDR1 is involved in maintenance of cell survival. Moreover, over‐expression of DDR1a and DDR1b markedly reduced collagen‐induced migration capability, whereas DN DDR1 enhanced it, suggesting that DDR1a and 1b may serve as a negative regulator for α2β1 integrin during migration on collagen substratum. These results indicate that DDR1 plays important role in regulation of HGF‐induced branching tubulogenesis by modulating cell proliferation, survival, and cell migration. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
TGF‐β‐induced expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases‐3 gene in chondrocytes is mediated by extracellular signal‐regulated kinase pathway and Sp1 transcription factor
Authors: Qureshi Hamid Yaqoob , Sylvester Judith , Mabrouk Mohammed El , Zafarullah Muhammad 
Published: October 2004

AbstractTransforming growth factor (TGF‐β1) is a potent inducer of chondrogenesis and stimulant of cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases‐3 (TIMP‐3) is located in ECM and is the major inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and aggrecanase, the principal enzymes implicated in collagen and aggrecan degradation in arthritis. We investigated the role of extracellular‐signal‐regulated kinase (ERK)‐mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPK) and Sp1 transcription factor in TGF‐β‐induced TIMP‐3 gene in chondrocytes and chondrosarcoma cells. TGF‐β time‐dependently induced a sustained phosphorylation of ERK‐MAPKs in primary human or bovine chondrocytes. Inhibitors of this pathway, PD98059 and U0126, downregulated TGF‐β‐induced expression of TIMP‐3 RNA and protein. Since the ERKs can phosphorylate Sp1, and the promoter of human TIMP‐3 gene contains four Sp1‐binding sites, we investigated whether Sp1 is a downstream target of this pathway. Mithramycin and WP631, the agents that prevent binding of Sp1 to its consensus site, downregulated TGF‐β‐inducible TIMP‐3 expression. Indeed, mithramycin blocked TGF‐β‐stimulated Sp1 binding activity. Transfection of cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter‐Sp1 plasmid increased TIMP‐3 promoter (−940 to +376)‐driven luciferase activity. Depletion of Sp1 by transfection of an antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotide suppressed TGF‐β‐induced TIMP‐3 protein expression, while its sense homolog had no effect. These results suggest that activation of ERK‐MAPK pathway and Sp1 transcription factor play a pivotal role in the induction of TIMP‐3 by TGF‐β in chondrocytes. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
2000 Year‐old ancient equids: an ancient‐DNA lesson from pompeii remains
Authors: Di Bernardo Giovanni , Del Gaudio Stefania , Galderisi Umberto , Cipollaro Marilena 
Published: October 2004

AbstractAncient DNA extracted from 2000 year‐old equine bones was examined in order to amplify mitochondrial and nuclear DNA fragments. A specific equine satellite‐type sequence representing 3.7%–11% of the entire equine genome, proved to be a suitable target to address the question of the presence of aDNA in ancient bones. The PCR strategy designed to investigate this specific target also allowed us to calculate the molecular weight of amplifiable DNA fragments. Sequencing of a 370 bp DNA fragment of mitochondrial control region allowed the comparison of ancient DNA sequences with those of modern horses to assess their genetic relationship. The 16S rRNA mitochondrial gene was also examined to unravel the post‐mortem base modification feature and to test the status of Pompeian equids taxon on the basis of a Mae III restriction site polymorphism. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 302B:000000, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative analysis of the P‐glycoprotein inhibitor Elacridar (GF120918) in human and dog plasma using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection
Authors: Stokvis Ellen , Rosing Hilde , Causon Roger C. , Schellens Jan H.M. , Beijnen Jos H. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA liquid chromatographic/tandem mass spectrometric (LC/MS/MS) method for the determination of the P‐glycoprotein and breast cancer resistance protein inhibitor Elacridar in human and dog plasma is described. The internal standard was stable isotopically labelled Elacridar. Sample pretreatment involved liquid–liquid extraction with tert‐butyl methyl ether. Analysis of Elacridar and internal standard was performed by reversed‐phase LC on a basic stable minibore analytical column with an eluent consisting of acetonitrile and aqueous ammonia. An API‐2000 triple‐quadrupole mass spectrometer with an electrospray ion source was used in the positive‐ion multiple reaction monitoring mode. The run time per sample was only 6 min. The method is sensitive and specific, with a dynamic range from 1 to 500 ng ml−1 from 100 µl of human or dog plasma. The accuracy of the method was within 15% bias and the precision was lower than 15% for all tested concentration levels and in both matrices. The method is simple and the liquid–liquid extraction produces clean samples. This method was successfully applied to support the pharmacokinetics of a clinical trial in which orally applied Elacridar was used as a bioavailability enhancer. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimization of quadrupole ion storage mass spectrometric conditions for the analysis of selected polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Comparative approach with negative chemical ionization and electron impact mass spectrometry
Authors: Larrazábal David , Ángeles Martínez Ma. , Eljarrat Ethel , Barceló Damiá , Fabrellas Begoña 
Published: October 2004

AbstractGas chromatography coupled to quadrupole ion storage mass spectrometry (QISTMS) operating in the non‐resonant mode is presented as an innovative approach for the analysis of selected polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Although reductions in complexity and time needed for optimization are achieved in comparison with the resonant option, precise adjustment of the mass spectrometric conditions is required. Differences in isolation and fragmentation patterns of target species with degree of bromination were observed. The reliability of the method was confirmed by using standard solutions through the evaluation of certain quality parameters such as accuracy (92–108%), injection repeatability and reproducibility (coefficient of variation below 10% and 15%, respectively). Detection limits ranged from 62 to 621 fg, providing sensitivity similar to that of negative chemical ionisation (NCIMS) and greater than that of electron ionization mass spectrometry. The applicability of QISTMS method to real samples and matrix effects were evaluated through the analysis of some PBDE congeners in a sewage sludge sample from a Spanish waste‐water treatment plant. Comparable results were obtained using QISTMS and NCIMS. According to these observations, QISTMS performed in the non‐resonant mode may constitute a low‐cost, rapid and reliable alternative to high‐resolution devices for the analysis of selected PBDEs in environmental samples. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Direct assignment of positional isomers by mass spectrometry: ortho, meta and para acyl and amidyl anilines and phenols and derivatives
Authors: da Rocha Lilian Lúcia , Sparrapan Regina , Augusti Rodinei , Eberlin Marcos N. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA direct MS/MS method for the ortho, meta or para configuration assignment of any single molecule that forms reference ions upon ionization and dissociation is demonstrated. Gas‐phase structure diagnostic ion–molecule reactions with acetonitrile are shown to distinguish the isomeric 2‐, 3‐ and 4‐hydroxybenzoyl cations and the 2‐ from the 3‐ and 4‐aminobenzoyl cations. These reference ions, which display indistinguishable 15 eV collision‐induced dissociation product ion mass spectra, react with acetonitrile to yield characteristic ratios of product ions, most particularly for the 2‐isomers. The reactivity of the 2‐benzoyl cations is the most characteristic since the ortho configuration allows for [4+ + 2] polar cycloaddition that yields relatively stable heterocycles in N‐protonated forms. Distinction of the reference isomeric 2‐, 3‐ and 4‐hydroxy‐ and aminobenzoyl cations permits, therefore, partially or completely, direct ‘MS‐only’ positional assignment of either ortho, meta or para configuration for any single molecule that forms such reference ions upon ionization and dissociation. This “class‐universal” method for direct MS assignment of a single positional isomer should therefore be applicable to many members of the homologous series of isomeric ortho, meta and para acyl and amidyl anilines and phenols and derivatives. Such molecules dissociate, or are likely to dissociate, after or during ionization processes to form the reference and structurally diagnostic ortho, meta or para hydroxy‐ or aminobenzoyl cations. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In situ thermo‐TOF‐SIMS study of thermal decomposition of zinc acetate dihydrate
Authors: Ghule Anil Vithal , Ghule Kalyani , Chen Chin‐Yuan , Chen Wen‐Yin , Tzing Shin‐Hwa , Chang Hua , Ling Yong‐Chien 
Published: October 2004

AbstractTime‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF‐SIMS) was used for an in situ thermal decomposition study of Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O forming ZnO nanoparticles. TOF‐SIMS spectra were recorded at regular temperature intervals of 25 °C in positive and negative detection modes in a dynamic thermal process. Controlled heating (5 °C min−1) of Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O was also carried out using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) in an oxygen atmosphere (20 ml min−1). Nearly spherical ZnO nanoparticles with no agglomeration and a narrow size distribution (diameter ∼50 nm) were observed, which were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and x‐ray diffraction. In situ thermo‐TOF‐SIMS was used to monitor the 64Zn+ and 66Zn+ ion abundances as a function of temperature, which showed a similar profile to that observed for weight loss in TGA during decomposition. Based on the experimental results, a possible decomposition mechanism for the formation of ZnO is proposed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Substructure lattices and almost minimal end extensions of models of Peano arithmetic
Authors: Schmerl James H. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThis paper concerns intermediate structure lattices Lt(𝒩/ℳ︁), where 𝒩 is an almost minimal elementary end extension of the model ℳ︁ of Peano Arithmetic. For the purposes of this abstract only, let us say that ℳ︁ attains L if L ≅ Lt(𝒩/ℳ︁) for some almost minimal elementary end extension of 𝒩. If T is a completion of PA and L is a finite lattice, then:(A) If some model of T attains L, then every countable model of T does.(B) If some rather classless, ℵ1‐saturated model of T attains L, then every model of T does. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On Schnorr and computable randomness, martingales, and machines
Authors: Downey Rod , Griffiths Evan , Laforte Geoffrey 
Published: October 2004

AbstractWe examine the randomness and triviality of reals using notions arising from martingales and prefix‐free machines. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Uniform versions of some axioms of second order arithmetic
Authors: Sakamoto Nobuyuki , Yamazaki Takeshi 
Published: October 2004

AbstractIn this paper, we discuss uniform versions of some axioms of second order arithmetic in the context of higher order arithmetic. We prove that uniform versions of weak weak König's lemma WWKL and Σ01 separation are equivalent to (∃2) over a suitable base theory of higher order arithmetic, where (∃2) is the assertion that there exists Φ2 such that Φf1 = 0 if and only if ∃x0(fx = 0) for all f. We also prove that uniform versions of some well‐known theorems are equivalent to (∃2) or the axiom (Suslin) of the existence of the Suslin operator. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Semi‐proper forcing, remarkable cardinals, and Bounded Martin's Maximum
Authors: Schindler Ralf 
Published: October 2004

AbstractWe show that L(ℝ) absoluteness for semi‐proper forcings is equiconsistent with the existence of a remarkable cardinal, and hence by [6] with L(ℝ) absoluteness for proper forcings. By [7], L(ℝ) absoluteness for stationary set preserving forcings gives an inner model with a strong cardinal. By [3], the Bounded Semi‐Proper Forcing Axiom (BSPFA) is equiconsistent with the Bounded Proper Forcing Axiom (BPFA), which in turn is equiconsistent with a reflecting cardinal. We show that Bounded Martin's Maximum (BMM) is much stronger than BSPFA in that if BMM holds, then for every X ∈ V , X# exists. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Mammary ECM composition and function are altered by reproductive state
Authors: Schedin Pepper , Mitrenga Terry , McDaniel Shauntae , Kaeck Mark 
Published: October 2004

AbstractTo address whether reproductive state alters mammary gland extracellular matrix (ECM) composition and function, ECM was isolated from nulliparous, pregnant, lactating, involuting, and regressed rat mammary glands. The ECM composition of fibronectin, tenascin, laminin, clusterin, and MMPs was found to vary dramatically with reproductive state. In 3‐dimensional (3‐D) culture, we identified novel effects of these endogenous mammary matrices on mammary epithelial cells. Specifically we found that (1) matrix isolated from nulliparous animals promoted the formation of epithelial ducts with bifurcation, (2) matrix isolated from mid‐involuting mammary glands induced cell death, (3) matrix isolated from late‐stage involuting glands restored glandular development, while (4) matrix isolated from parous animals restricted glandular morphogenesis. Our data were consistent with mammary gland ECM facilitating epithelial cell proliferation, differentiation, death, and glandular reorganization that occur during the pregnancy and involution cycle. Further, we show that the parous gland has persistent changes in ECM function. Cumulatively, our data demonstrated that the microenvironment of the normal adult mammary gland is highly plastic, which has important implications for mammary tumor cell progression and dormancy. These data also raised the possibility of targeting mammary matrix production with preventive or therapeutic interventions. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of the potential allergenicity of the enzyme microbial transglutaminase using the 2001 FAO/WHO Decision Tree
Authors: Pedersen Mona H. , Hansen Tine K. , Sten Eva , Seguro Katsuya , Ohtsuka Tomoko , Morita Akiko , Bindslev‐Jensen Carsten , Poulsen Lars K. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractAll novel proteins must be assessed for their potential allergenicity before they are introduced into the food market. One method to achieve this is the 2001 FAO/WHO Decision Tree recommended for evaluation of proteins from genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It was the aim of this study to investigate the allergenicity of microbial transglutaminase (m‐TG) from Streptoverticillium mobaraense. Amino acid sequence similarity to known allergens, pepsin resistance, and detection of protein binding to specific serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) (RAST) have been evaluated as recommended by the decision tree. Allergenicity in the source material was thought unlikely, since no IgE‐mediated allergy to any bacteria has been reported. m‐TG is fully degraded after 5 min of pepsin treatment. A database search showed that the enzyme has no homology with known allergens, down to a match of six contiguous amino acids, which meets the requirements of the decision tree. However, there is a match at the five contiguous amino acid level to the major codfish allergen Gad c1. The potential cross reactivity between m‐TG and Gad c1 was investigated in RAST using sera from 25 documented cod‐allergic patients and an extract of raw codfish. No binding between patient IgE and m‐TG was observed. It can be concluded that no safety concerns with regard to the allergenic potential of m‐TG were identified.
Correlation of non‐invasive urodynamics with International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and prostate volume
Authors: Huang Foen Chung J.W.N.C. , van Mastrigt R. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractAimTo study the correlation between non‐invasive urodynamic data, the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and the prostate volume.Materials and MethodsData of 667 healthy volunteers participating in a longitudinal study of changes in urinary bladder contractility secondary to BPE were analyzed. The prostate volume was assessed by transabdominal ultrasonography. Uroflowmetry followed to verify if a minimum free flow rate of 4.5 ml/sec could be achieved. While (re)filling the bladder by drinking, the subjects completed the Dutch version of the IPSS. Next, the bladder pressure was non‐invasively measured using the condom catheter method. The urethral resistance (URR) was calculated from the maximum condom pressure and the maximum free flow rate.ResultsThe IPSS ranged from 0 to 29, (6.1 ± 4.8) (mean ± SD), whereas the prostate volumes ranged from 8 to 140 cm3, (34 ± 18). Twenty eight percent (185/667) of the subjects had a non‐invasively quantified high URR and a significantly higher IPSS (7.3 ± 5.2) than those with a low URR (IPSS (5.7 ± 4.6)), Mann–Whitney U‐test: P < 0.001. The IPSS and the URR were significantly correlated, Spearman's rho (ρ) = 0.20, P < 0.001. A significant difference between the prostate volumes, 36 ± 21 cm3 in the high URR versus 33 ± 17 cm3 in the low URR group, was not found, P = 0.18.ConclusionsA weak though statistically significant correlation was found between the non‐invasively quantified URR and the IPSS. This suggests that an elevated resistance is a necessary, but not a sufficient condition for lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). No correlation was found between the URR and the prostate volume. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.