bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reversal rewards drive language switching during observational learning: Evidence from a dual-brain EEG study
Authors: Huang Junjun , Lv Mengjie , Xiang Yingyi , Liu Shuang , Shen Yujing , Schwieter John W. , Liu Huanhuan 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Research on the cognitive neural mechanisms of language control often overlooks the role of rewards. To investigate how reversal rewards affect bilingual language switching during observational learning, we conducted a dual-brain electroencephalography (EEG) study. Participants, classified as direct learners or observers, performed a voluntary language-switching task under dynamic reward conditions. Our results demonstrated that both direct learners and observers exhibited high correct acquisition rates for the switch and non-switch behaviors in both pre- and post-reversal phases. Notably, direct learners and observers showed reduced switch costs in the post-reversal phase, highlighting enhanced language control efficiency. EEG analyses revealed that direct learners exhibited late positive component (LPC) switch costs in both pre- and post-reversal phases, while observers showed LPC switch costs only in the post-reversal phase. These findings support the Adaptive Control Hypothesis by highlighting the adaptability of language control mechanisms in response to dynamic reward environments during direct and observational learning.
Topographic Effects on Seasonal Variations of the North Atlantic Deep Water Transport
Authors: Chen Lei , Yang Jiayan , Lin Xiaopei , Wu Lixin 
Published: February 2025

AbstractOcean circulation responds to seasonal and longer timescale changes in atmospheric forcing through the propagation of Rossby and boundary waves, which transmit pressure anomalies and influence geostrophic velocities along their pathways. Rossby waves are guided by potential vorticity isolines shaped by bathymetry. This study hypothesizes that seasonal velocity variability in the North Atlantic Ocean's deep water layer is primarily driven by wind stress and that its pattern and magnitude are strongly influenced by bathymetry. Analysis of satellite gravimetric observations, ocean state estimates, and wind‐driven model simulations reveals that Ocean Bottom Pressure (OBP) and velocity in the deep water layer are significantly modulated by bathymetry, with pronounced variability near topographic features. These findings suggest that measurements of the Deep Western Boundary Current alone may be insufficiently to fully capture the net variability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC).
Venus' O 5577 Å Oxygen Green Line: A Global Diffuse Proton‐Induced Aurora
Authors: Gray Candace L. , Peter Kerstin , Pätzold Martin , Tellmann Silvia , Nordheim Tom , Schmidt Carl , Chanover Nancy J. , Withers Paul 
Published: February 2025

AbstractThe Venusian O(1S–1D) 5577 Å “oxygen green line” has been an enigmatic feature of the Venusian atmosphere since its first attempted observation by the Venera spacecraft. Its first detection in 1999 and subsequent detections point to a unique auroral phenomena. However, the lack of (1D–3P) 6300 Å “oxygen red line” emission suggests that the green line originates from deep in the ionosphere, much lower than current models predict. Here, we present 16 years of ground‐based observations of the Venusian green line, comparing its behavior to the solar wind and spacecraft observations of the Venusian ionosphere. We find that all instances of green line emission occur during solar energetic particle (SEP) events, with a Matthews correlation coefficient of 0.93 between emission and the presence of SEPs. Coordinated observations between Venus Express and ground‐based observatories show enhanced nightside ionospheric peak densities during the time of green line emission, with the lowest peak occurring at 115 km near local midnight. Such high density yet low altitude peaks suggest the presence of highly energetic particle precipitation. Initial modeling indicates 50 keV protons are needed to penetrate to such low altitudes. Comparisons of solar wind data confirm that such protons are present during all green line detections and nightside ionosphere enhancements. The association of SEP storms with green line emission and low nightside ionospheric peaks indicates that the green line is a unique global diffuse aurora, likely originating deep in the ionosphere and driven by proton precipitation, something that could be common for all non‐magnetic planetary atmospheres.
Unraveling the Mantle Dynamics in Central Asia With Joint Full Waveform Inversion
Authors: Gao Yajian , Tilmann Frederik , Yuan Xiaohui , Rietbrock Andreas , Kufner Sofia‐Katerina , Li Wei , Schurr Bernd , Fichtner Andreas 
Published: February 2025

AbstractWe use the full waveform inversion method to study the crustal‐mantle seismic structure beneath Central Asia. By combining earthquake waveforms and ambient noise cross‐correlations, we construct a 3D model of Vp and Vs down to a depth of 220 km. This model reveals a complex Indian‐Asian plate configuration and interaction, resulting from the plate subduction, indentation, and break‐off. Beneath the Hindu Kush, the marginal Indian slab with its lower crust is successfully imaged, the latter of which hosts vigorous intermediate‐depth seismicity. The subducted marginal Indian slab can be traced further east to the Kohistan Arc, which is a previously undetected structure. We first imaged a flat cratonic Indian plate beneath the Pamir. The indentation of the cratonic Indian plate forces the Asian plate to delaminate, indicated by the south‐eastwards dipping high‐velocity anomalies, atop which a south‐dipping low‐velocity zone is observed with higher resolution than previous studies, which we interpret as the delaminated Asian lower crust. In addition, a sharp velocity transition at lithospheric depth is newly discovered and coincides with the Talas‐Ferghana fault, delineating the boundary of the Ferghana basin with the Central Tian Shan. Low‐velocity anomalies mainly focus beneath the south and northern part of the Central Tian Shan with deep Moho, indicating the lithosphere is possibly delaminated and the deformation of the Central Tian Shan is probably concentrated at the north and south margins by the Tarim basin and Kazakh Shield, respectively. In contrast, West Tian Shan displays a simpler lithospheric structure with a single deep Moho.
Tight Temperature‐Salinity Relationship in Central Water Revealed by Argo Data
Authors: Zhurbas Victor , Lebedev Konstantin , Kuzmina Natalia 
Published: February 2025

AbstractUsing temperature and salinity profiles from the Argo repository, distributions of water volume on temperature‐salinity plane (so‐called volumetric T‐S diagrams or TSV plots) are compiled for the upper 2,000‐m layer of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans. The study is focused on Central Waters (CWs) that originate at the surface in the Subtropical Convergence and occupy the permanent thermocline within subtropical gyres. The South and North Atlantic, South Indian, and western North Pacific CWs (SACW, NACW, SICW, and WNPCW, respectively) are shaped as steep‐sided ridges or narrow strips of elevated volume on the T‐S plane (tight T‐S relationship). In contrast, the western South Pacific, eastern South Pacific, and eastern North Pacific CWs (WSPCW, ESPCW, and ENPCW, respectively) do not have a tight T‐S relationship and appear as still elongated but relatively wide poorly structured low elevations on TSV plots. Central Waters with tight T‐S relationship are bordered from the poleward side by strong eastward baroclinic currents. The tight T‐S relationship is found only in a denser part of CWs that outcrops within the strong eastward baroclinic currents and at higher latitudes. We hypothesize that enhanced isopycnal stirring and further diapycnal mixing of thermohaline irregularities in the strong meandering eddy‐producing eastward currents substantially contribute to tightening the T‐S relationship in CWs. By searching for same T‐S characteristics in the main thermocline and at the surface, it was confirmed that CWs originate at the surface in the Subtropical Convergence in early spring and late winter.
Aqueous‐Phase Processing Affects the Formation and Size Distribution of Aerosol Organic Functional Groups During Heavy Pollution
Authors: Mei Sheng‐Shi , Xia Kaihui , Liu Cheng‐Cheng , Chen Xiaokang , Yuan Renmin , Liu Hao , Zhao Chun , Liu Shang 
Published: February 2025

AbstractSize‐resolved organic functional group (OFG) concentrations in aerosol particles were measured during January−February 2019 in Hefei, a major urban city in eastern China. Alkane, carboxylic acid, and hydroxyl groups were the main components of the organic aerosol (OA), contributing 35.0%, 22.5%, and 21.8%, respectively. The mass concentrations and size distributions of the OFGs strongly depended on ambient relative humidity (RH). Specifically, the OFG mass concentrations were 50% higher during the high‐RH periods than the low‐RH periods. The peak size of the OFGs size distribution was 0.56–1 μm during the high‐RH periods, while a peak size of 0.32–0.56 μm was observed during the low‐RH periods. In addition, the concentrations of the total OA, carboxylic acid, and hydroxyl groups were positively correlated with the photochemical age (PCA), with the high‐RH samples increasing faster (greater slope) with PCA and being associated with a higher oxygen‐to‐carbon ratio. These results suggest that aqueous‐phase processing likely enhanced the production of the OFGs, especially oxygenated functional groups. Further analysis of size distribution of the oxygenated OFGs and the viscosity of aerosols indicates that the secondary OFGs were formed via surface‐limited mechanisms under low‐RH conditions and volume‐limited mechanisms under high‐RH conditions. These findings reinforce the important role of multiphase chemistry in the formation and evolution of OAs.
Regulation of ER stress-induced apoptotic and inflammatory responses via YAP/TAZ-mediated control of the TRAIL-R2/DR5 signaling pathway
Authors: El Yousfi Y. , Fernández-Farrán F. J. , Oliver F. J. , López-Rivas A. , Yerbes R. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
In tumors, cancer cells are frequently exposed to adverse environmental conditions that result in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Mechanical signals emerging from extracellular matrix (ECM) rigidity and cell shape regulate the activity of transcriptional co-activators Yes-associated protein (YAP) and its paralog Transcriptional Coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ). However, the role of ECM rigidity and YAP/TAZ in tumor cell fate decisions under ER stress remains relatively unexplored. Our results suggest that the YAP/TAZ system plays an important role in the control of ER stress-induced cell death by mechanical signaling arising from ECM stiffness in tumor cells. Mechanistically, YAP/TAZ regulates apoptosis induced by ER stress in tumor cells by controlling the activation of the TRAIL-R2/DR5-mediated extrinsic apoptotic pathway through a dual mechanism. On the one hand, the YAP/TAZ system prevents intracellular TRAIL-R2/DR5 clustering in tumor cells. On the other hand, it inhibits cFLIP down-regulation in tumor cells experiencing ER stress. In addition, YAP/TAZ controls the expression of pro-inflammatory interleukin-8 (IL-8/CXCL8) in tumor cells undergoing ER stress by a TRAIL-R2/DR5/caspase-8-dependent mechanism. Although other mechanisms may also be involved in controlling cell death and inflammation in tumor cells facing environmental stress, our results support a model in which regulation of the subcellular localization and activity of the YAP/TAZ transcriptional co-activators could contribute to the microenvironmental control of cell fate decisions in tumor cells undergoing ER stress.
Harnessing macrophage-drug conjugates for allogeneic cell-based therapy of solid tumors via the TRAIN mechanism
Authors: Taciak Bartlomiej , Bialasek Maciej , Kubiak Malgorzata , Marszalek Ilona , Gorczak Malgorzata , Osadchuk Olha , Kurpiel Daria , Strzemecki Damian , Barwik Karolina , Skorzynski Marcin , Nowakowska Julia , Lipiński Waldemar , Kiraga Łukasz , Brancewicz Jan , Klopfleisch Robert , Krzemiński Łukasz , Gorka Emilia , Smolarska Anna , Padzinska-Pruszynska Irena , Siemińska Małgorzata , Guzek Jakub , Kutner Jan , Kisiala Marlena , Wozniak Krzysztof , Parisi Giacomo , Piacentini Roberta , Cassetta Luca , Forrester Lesley M. , Bodnar Lubomir , Weiss Tobias , Boffi Alberto , Kucharzewska Paulina , Rygiel Tomasz P. , Krol Magdalena 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Treatment of solid tumors remains challenging and therapeutic strategies require continuous development. Tumor-infiltrating macrophages play a pivotal role in tumor dynamics. Here, we present a Macrophage-Drug Conjugate (MDC) platform technology that enables loading macrophages with ferritin-drug complexes. We first show that macrophages actively take up human heavy chain ferritin (HFt) in vitro via macrophage scavenger receptor 1 (MSR1). We further manifest that drug-loaded macrophages transfer ferritin to adjacent cancer cells through a process termed ‘TRAnsfer of Iron-binding protein’ (TRAIN). The TRAIN process requires direct cell-to-cell contact and an immune synapse-like structure. At last, MDCs with various anti-cancer drugs are formulated with their safety and anti-tumor efficacy validated in multiple syngeneic mice and orthotopic human tumor models via different routes of administration. Importantly, MDCs can be prepared in advance and used as thawed products, supporting their clinical applicability. This MDC approach thus represents a promising advancement in the therapeutic landscape for solid tumors.
Stirring the false vacuum via interacting quantized bubbles on a 5,564-qubit quantum annealer
Authors: Vodeb Jaka , Desaules Jean-Yves , Hallam Andrew , Rava Andrea , Humar Gregor , Willsch Dennis , Jin Fengping , Willsch Madita , Michielsen Kristel , Papić Zlatko 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
False vacuum decay—the transition from a metastable quantum state to a true vacuum state—plays an important role in quantum field theory and non-equilibrium phenomena such as phase transitions and dynamical metastability. The non-perturbative nature of false vacuum decay and the limited experimental access to this process make it challenging to study, leaving several open questions regarding how true vacuum bubbles form, move and interact. Here we observe quantized bubble formation in real time, a key feature of false vacuum decay dynamics, using a quantum annealer with 5,564 superconducting flux qubits. We develop an effective model that captures both initial bubble creation and subsequent interactions, and remains accurate under dissipation. The annealer reveals coherent scaling laws in the driven many-body dynamics for more than 1,000 intrinsic qubit time units. This work provides a method for investigating false vacuum dynamics of large quantum systems in quantum annealers.
Validated HPLC method for simultaneous determination of azelastine hydrochloride fluticasone propionate and oxymetazoline in nasal mucosa and nasopharyngeal swabs from real human samples
Authors: Mikawy Neven N. , Magdy Nancy , Mohamed Marwa H. , El-Kosasy Amira M. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
A combination of three co-administrated drugs, such as azelastine hydrochloride (AZT), fluticasone propionate (FP), and oxymetazoline (OXY), is more effective than single therapy for the treatment of seasonal allergy and COVID-19. We established an efficient methodology for the determination of those analytes in spiked nasal mucosa and nasopharyngeal swabs from real human samples. A simple and quick protein precipitation method was used for sample extraction, using acetonitrile. RP-HPLC/DAD method was performed using an Exsil 100 ODS C18 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) column with an acetonitrile: water (70:30 v/v) solvent system at a flow rate of 0.7 mL/min. A photodiode array detector was applied at 240 nm. A good separation of the three proposed analytes with a short run time of 10 min was noted. Our method was validated according to FDA guidelines for bioanalytical validation methods. Calibration curves were linear in nasal mucosa samples at concentration ranges of 8–125, 10–100, and 10–125 µg/mL, with average recoveries ± SD of 101.56%±0.39, 102.45%±0.86, and 104.61%±4.52 for AZT, FP, and OXY; respectively. The results of precision and accuracy are within acceptable limits. According to stability assays, the three analytes under investigation were stable throughout sample preparation, storage, and injection. Our method was applied to real nasopharyngeal swabs. It shows that the results of the swabs were not affected by gender or age. Good recoveries with low % RSD were observed: 99.03% ± 0.75, 100.02% ± 0.94, and 100.94% ± 1.98 for both genders, and 100.45% ± 0.96, 100.69% ± 1.08, and 100.32% ± 1.53 for different ages for AZT, FP, and OXY; respectively. Moreover, the amount of those drugs in the nasal mucosa was observed for seven hours, and a constant concentration with a low% RSD was noted for the first four hours. Therefore, this method can be applied to monitor the therapeutic dose in the nasal mucosa for the determination of those analytes.
Museomics and morphological analyses of historical and contemporary peninsular Italian wolf (Canis lupus italicus) samples
Authors: Fabbri Elena , Vecchiotti Antonia , Mattucci Federica , Velli Edoardo , Engdal Vilde Arntzen , Baccetti Nicola , De Faveri Adriano , Hulva Pavel , Bolfíková Barbora Černá , Saarma Urmas , Cilli Elisabetta , Caniglia Romolo 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
After centuries of decline and protracted bottlenecks, the peninsular Italian wolf population has naturally recovered. However, an exhaustive comprehension of the effects of such a conservation success is still limited by the reduced availability of historical data. Therefore, in this study, we morphologically and genetically analyzed historical and contemporary wolf samples, also exploiting the optimization of an innovative bone DNA extraction method, to describe the morphological variability of the subspecies and its genetic diversity during the last 30 years. We obtained high amplification and genotyping success rates for tissue, blood and also petrous bone DNA samples. Multivariate, clustering and variability analyses confirmed that the Apennine wolf population is genetically and morphologically well-distinguishable from both European wolves and dogs, with no natural immigration from other populations, while its genetic variability has remained low across the last three decades, without significant changes between historical and contemporary specimens. This study highlights the scientific value of well-maintained museum collections, demonstrates that petrous bones represent reliable DNA sources, and emphasizes the need to genetically long-term monitor the dynamics of peculiar wolf populations to ensure appropriate conservation management actions.
Opportunities, challenges and requirements for introducing space division multiplexing in fibre optical networks
Authors: Di Rosa Gabriele , Rapp Lutz 
Published: February 2025

AbstractIn the long‐term, enabling data transmission over additional wavelength bands offered by the installed fibre infrastructure is not sufficient to satisfy the continuously increasing demand for capacity. In order to be prepared for future requests, space‐division multiplexing (SDM) is moving into the focus of commercial equipment manufacturers and providers. Different options are pointed out and basic design features for new fibres are explained, in particular in view of multi‐core fibres. In this regard, emphasis is put on detailing the importance of different geometrical parameters. Commercial deployment of SDM technology requires to bring cost down to a competitive level, which cannot be achieved with new fibres alone but requires the development of new kinds of components. Approaches to bring down cost for optical amplifiers, transceivers, and wavelength‐selective switches are presented. Finally, an upgrade scenario for introducing SDM in commercial networks is discussed.
Dipolar fluence distribution of statistically isotropic FERMI gamma-ray bursts
Authors: Lopes Maria , Bernui Armando , Hipólito-Ricaldi Wiliam S. , Franco Camila , Avila Felipe 
Published: February 2025

Aims. We investigated the large-angle distribution of the gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) from the updated FERMI/GBM catalog to probe the statistical isotropy of these astrophysical transient events. We also studied the angular distribution of the GRB fluence as a way to explore whether this radiative feature shows some preferred direction on the sky that suggest their origin.
Methods. Our model-independent approach performed a directional analysis of the updated FERMI/GBM catalog. The statistical significance of our results is obtained by comparison with a large set of statistically isotropic samples of cosmic objects, with the same features of the FERMI data.
Results. Our analyses confirm that the angular distribution of the FERMIGRB is statistically isotropic on the celestial sphere. Moreover, analyzing the directional distribution of the FERMIGRB fluence, that is, the median GRB fluence in a set of directions that scans the celestial sphere, we found that this astrophysical property exhibits a net dipolar structure with a directional preference for latitudes near the Galactic plane. However, additional studies show that this directional preference is not correlated with the Milky Way Galactic plane, which suggests that the GRB dataset, and its fluence dipolar structure, are extra-Galactic in origin. Interestingly, the analyses of the BATSE Channel 4 fluence data, that is, those GRBs from BATSE with energy > 300 keV, reveal that its dipole direction is very well aligned with the cosmic microwave background dipole.
Gamma rays from star clusters and implications for the origin of Galactic cosmic rays
Authors: Blasi Pasquale 
Published: February 2025

Context. Star clusters are often invoked as contributors to the flux of Galactic cosmic rays and as sources potentially able to accelerate particles to ∼Peta-electronVolt energies. The gamma radiation with E ≳ 1 TeV recently observed from selected star clusters has profound implications for the origin of Galactic cosmic rays.
Aims. We show that if the gamma rays observed from the Cygnus cocoon and Westerlund 1 are of hadronic origin, then the cosmic rays escaping the cluster at energies ≳10 TeV must cross a grammage inside the cluster that exceeds the Galactic grammage. At lower energies, depending on the model adopted to describe the production of gamma rays, such grammage may exceed or be comparable with the grammage inferred from propagation on Galactic scales.
Methods. We analytically computed the flux of gamma rays for a few models of injection of cosmic rays in star clusters and compared it with the flux measured from selected clusters.
Results. In all the models considered here, comparing the inferred and observed gamma ray fluxes at E ≳ 1 TeV, we conclude that CRs must traverse a large grammage inside or around the cluster before escaping. Clearly these implications would not apply to a scenario in which gamma rays are produced due to radiative losses of leptons in the cluster. Leptonic models typically require weaker magnetic fields, which in turn result in maximum energies of accelerated particles much below ∼1 PeV.
Conclusions. We conclude that if gamma ray emission in SCs is a generic phenomenon and if this radiation is due to hadronic interactions, either star clusters cannot contribute but a small fraction of the total cosmic ray flux at the Earth or their contribution to the grammage cannot be neglected, and the paradigm of Galactic transport should be profoundly revisited.