bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
William Faulkner
Authors: Porter Carolyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this newest volume in Oxford’s Lives and Legacies series, Carolyn Porter, a leading authority on William Faulkner, offers an insightful account of Faulkner’s life and work, with special focus on the breathtaking twelve-year period when he wrote some of the finest novels in American literature. Porter ranges from Faulkner’s childhood in Mississippi to his abortive career as a poet, his sojourn in New Orleans (where he met a sympathetic Sherwood Anderson and wrote his first novel Soldier’s Pay), his short but strategically important stay in Paris, his “rescue” by Malcolm Crowley in the late 1940s, and his winning of the Nobel Prize. But the heart of the book illuminates the formal leap in Faulkner’s creative vision beginning with The Sound and the Fury in 1929, which sold poorly but signaled the arrival of a major new literary talent. Indeed, from 1929 through 1942, he would produce, against formidable odds--physical, spiritual, and financial--some of the greatest fictional works of the twentieth century, including As I Lay Dying, Sanctuary, Light in August, Absalom, Absalom! and Go Down, Moses. Porter shows how, during this remarkably sustained burst of creativity, Faulkner pursued an often feverish process of increasingly ambitious narrative experimentation, coupled with an equally ambitious thematic expansion, as he moved from a close-up study of the white nuclear family, both lower and upper class, to an epic vision of southern, American, and ultimately Western culture. Porter illuminates the importance of Faulkner’s legacy not only for American literature, but also for world literature, and reveals how Faulkner lives on so powerfully, both in the works of his literary heirs and in the lives of readers today.
Anatomy and Physiology of the Optic Nerve
Authors: Morrison John C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The optic nerve is unique. It contains approximately 1.2 million axons, each originating from a single retinal ganglion cell, and experiences several “environmental” changes in its course from the eye to the brain. For example, optic nerve fibers are initially unmyelinated, satisfying the optical needs of the retina, but they become myelinated behind the globe, so as to provide rapid and efficient propagation of visual impulses to the lateral geniculate nucleus.
Miscellaneous Optic Neuropathies
Authors: Kline Lanning B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some forms of optic nerve disease do not conform to any of the usual clinical categories. These disorders may be associated with a systemic disease (e.g., diabetes mellitus) or a therapeutic modality (e.g., radiation therapy) or may be of unknown cause (e.g., papillophlebitis). An understanding of these entities is important for the general ophthalmologist. Delayed necrosis of the optic nerves and chiasm is a well-recognized complication of radiotherapy. This was initially described following fractionated external beam radiotherapy and more recently after single-dose stereotactic radiosurgery. Although most frequently seen after radiation for pituitary adenoma, radiation optic neuropathy (RON) has been reported after radiotherapy for a variety of other neoplasms, including meningioma, craniopharyngioma, metastatic carcinoma, hypo- thalamic glioma, and malignant tumors of the paranasal sinuses.
An Overview of Course and Outcome in ISoS
Authors: Hopper Kim , Harrison Glynn , Wanderling Joseph A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia (IPSS) demonstrated that large-scale international studies in psychiatric epidemiology were feasible; that, for research purposes, a diagnostic entity (“schizophrenia”) could be identifled cross-culturally, using a standardized diagnostic interview (the Present State Examination); that assessment instruments of proven reliability could be used in settings as widely varying as Ibadan, Nigeria, Cali, Colombia, and Washington, DC; and that respectable proportions of the initial cohorts could subsequently be located and assessed (WHO, 1973). Two- and 5-year follow-up studies of those patients found that those living in nonindustrialized (“developing”) settings had better social and symptomatic outcomes (WHO, 1979; Leff, Sartorius, Jablensky, Korten, and Ernberg, 1992).
Patient, Heal Thyself :How the New Medicine Puts the Patient in Charge
Authors: Veatch Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Robert Veatch is one of the founding fathers of contemporary bioethics. In Patient, Heal Thyself, he sheds light on a fundamental change sweeping through the American health care system, a change that puts the patient in charge of treatment to an unprecedented extent. The change is in how we think about medical decision-making. Whereas medicine’s core idea was that medical decisions should be based on the hard facts of science--the province of the doctor--the “new medicine” contends that medical decisions impose value judgments. Since physicians are not trained to make value judgments, the pendulum has swung greatly toward the patient in making decisions about their treatment. Veatch shows how this is presently true only for value-loaded interventions (abortion, euthanasia, genetics) but is coming to be true for almost every routine procedure in medicine--everything from setting broken arms to choosing drugs for cholesterol. Veatch uses a range of fascinating examples to reveal how values underlie almost all medical procedures and to argue that this change is inevitable and a positive trend for patients.
Bang! The dot meets the family
Authors: Humez Alexander Humez Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The dot is an indispensable component of more punctuation marks than just itself alone (the subject of our final chapter). Conventional signs that include a dot are the colon (:), semicolon (;), ellipsis ( . . . ), question mark (?—and, for Spanish, its upside down version, ¿), and exclamation point (!—and its inversion in Spanish, ¡). (There are some unconventional signs as well, current out to the edges of a given epistemic community but not yet in general use beyond the pale; we’ll get to them a little later on. For everything you ever wanted to know about the ellipsis, turn back to “Dot Dot Dot.”)
Introduction to opioids
Authors: Smith Howard S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Opioids are among the most versatile and potent analgesics currently available, yet incomplete knowledge, societal views, and irrational fears continue to impede their optimal use. Health-care providers should be comfortable employing opioid therapy in treatment plans when appropriate. Additionally, clinicians should be familiar with risk-management strategies for assessing drug-taking behaviors, adverse effects of opioids, and analgesic and functional therapeutic outcomes. It is hoped that clinical activities embodying the concept of “balance” (i.e., providing medical availability and instructions as to the appropriate use of opioids, as well as risk-management plans designed to prevent the abuse or misuse of these agents) will lead to optimal patient outcomes.
Evidence for the use of long-term opioid therapy in persistent noncancer pain
Authors: Smith Howard S , McCleane Gary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since 1871, the pendulum of “opiophobia” versus “opiophilia” has swung back and forth for health-care providers. Times change, from periods marked by opiophobia, where opioids are withheld from terminally ill cancer patients because of irrational fears of addiction, to others where opiophilia leads to increased opioid abuse and diversion along with an increase in the medical use of opioids for persistent noncancer pain. Recent times have seen a swing toward more extensive use of opioids. Opioid therapy for chronic pain was described as an “extension of the basic principles of good medical practice” in a consensus statement jointly published by the American Pain Society and the American Academy of Pain Medicine (American Academy of Pain Medicine, 2004).
Diagnosis and assessment of pain
Authors: Argoff Charles E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
More than 50 million Americans suffer from chronic pain, including cancer pain, chronic headache, chronic neuropathic painful states (e.g., painful diabetic neuropathy, postherpetic neuralgia [PHN], and complex regional pain syndrome [CRPS]), and chronic musculoskeletal pain, including soft-tissue pain disorders (e.g., chronic myofascial pain and flbromyalgia). On an annual basis, chronic pain increases health-care costs and disables more people than do heart disease and cancer combined. However, chronic pain is often viewed as a symptom rather than the chronic disease that it can become.
Opioid therapy for cancer pain
Authors: Davis Mellar P , Smith Howard S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The classic approach to the use of analgesics in cancer pain was formulated by the World Health Organization (WHO). The core of its guidelines is a three-step analgesic ladder that advises clinicians to match the strength of an analgesic to the patient’ s level of pain. The same three-step analgesic ladder is recommended for nociceptive and neuropathic pain. One can anticipate good pain relief in 76% and satisfactory relief in 12% of patients using the WHO analgesic ladder (Zech et al., 1995; Grond et al., 1999). Despite the reported success of the analgesic ladder, significant undertreatment of chronic pain continues to be experienced by too many patients receiving active treatment for solid tumors; it has been even more of a problem for those adult cancer patients with advanced disease (Higginson and Hearn, 1997).
Identifying patients at risk for pain medication misuse
Authors: Webster Lynn R , Smith Howard S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
101 Chronic pain impacts the lives of millions of people, and this issue must be addressed. Indeed, issues with pain are the number one reason that patients go to see their physicians. However, increased recognition of the problem has been somewhat tempered by the souring of the regulatory climate and the growth of prescription drug abuse. Because of this, there has been a trend for some clinicians, particularly nonspecialists, to shy away from using high doses of opioids or even using this modality at all in the treatment of chronic pain. Despite these fears and concerns, the use of opioid therapy to treat chronic pain is growing, based in part on evidence from clinical trials and a growing consensus among pain specialists.
Special populations
Authors: Mitchell Amy , Smith Howard S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Transition into the 21st century still finds the pediatrician searching for guidance with the management of pain. Few practices have implemented clinical guidelines. This lack of direction is one of the many challenges that face practitioners treating children (Greco and Berde, 2005; Anand et al., 2006). Early maturation of the anatomic, neurophysiologic, and hormonal components necessary for pain perception leaves practitioners struggling to provide comfort to even the smallest of the micropremies in their care (Anand and Carr, 1989; Fitzgerald et al., 1989; Giannakoulopoulos et al., 1994; Perreault et al., 1997; Berde and Sethna, 2002). This chapter provides some suggestions and strategies for overcoming challenges in the use of opioids for treating pain in children.
Predictive Biology
Authors: Weber Wendell W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After its emergence as a discipline akin to both pharmacology and genetics, pharmacogenetics focused on determining the relationships between variations in single genes and variations in the response of individuals to drugs and other exogenous substances. The intent of pioneer investigators was firmly rooted in learning how human responsiveness to these agents was linked to the molecular processes of cells and tissues. After biologists deciphered the mechanisms by which cells read information encoded in the human genome and invented genomics technologies, the switch from pharmacogenetics to pharmacogenomics began, bringing about dramatic changes in the pace and scope of pharmacogenetics from the mid-1980s to the present time.
Going from genetics to genomics resulted in a flood of new gene discoveries and new approaches to the identification of drug susceptibility loci; applications of genomics principles led to the discovery of many gene-based drug targets and to incremental advances in the development of new therapeutic agents. Today, the composition and function of hundreds or thousands of human genes spanning large fractions of the genome in many individuals and populations can be examined efficiently as a result ot advances in high-throughput genomic technologies combined with new methods to store, access, and analyze genomic data. A plethora of conferences, workshops, and educational programs focusing on a wide variety of themes helped everyone keep pace, while academic and industrial scientists, including many whose skills and immediate interests lay outside biology, lent their expertise to pharmacogenomic initiatives.
Representation of the Atmospheric Chemistry of Alkanes in Models
Authors: Calvert Jack G , Derwent Richard G , Orlando John J , Tyndall Geoffrey S , Wallington Timothy J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The production of ozone and other oxidants by sunlight-driven atmospheric chemical reactions at levels that may damage human health was first recognized in the Los Angeles basin of the United States of America. Subsequently, episodes of elevated ozone levels, with their attendant human health effects, have been identified in many of the world’s population and industrial centers (WHO, 1987). In many of these locations, pollution control strategies have been developed and implemented to reduce population exposure to ozone and thereby reduce public health hazards.
With Sarah Wright
Authors: Schmidtz David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Robert Nozick’s seminal 1969 essay (“Newcomb’s Problem and Two Principles of Choice”) introduced to philosophers the puzzle known as Newcomb’s problem. Nozick returned to the problem in his 1974 essay “Reflections on Newcomb’s Problem” and then again in The Nature of Rationality (1993). We describe the problem, then explain what it tells us about the nature and limits of decision theory. The problem is as follows.
Pharmacological therapies
Authors: Mauskop Alexander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Abortive medications are used to stop an individual attack, while prophylactic drugs are taken daily to prevent attacks from occurring. Some drugs, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs), can be used for both abortive and prophylactic therapy. Mini-prophylaxis refers to the daily use of abortive drugs, such as triptans or NSAIDs, for several days or a week to prevent an expected (usually menstrual) attack. When deciding on acute treatment, results of past treatments, frequency of attacks, severity and types of attacks, and presence of other medical conditions should be considered. Relief of pain and associated symptoms with return to normal functioning is the goal. An additional goal is overall improvement in the quality of life. With this goal in mind, the vast majority of migraine patients seeing a physician should receive a triptan as the first choice of therapy, unless triptans are contraindicated. This is the case because by the time patients decide to seek care for their headaches, most have tried over-the-counter analgesics and have at least a mild or moderate level of disability.
Organization Of The Nervous System
Authors: Fisch Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout This Book, we will learn the anatomy of the nervous system in detail, but first, in this chapter, let’s march briskly through the nervous system to form a broad perspective on it. Draw a coronal section through the brain. From outside to inside, label the meninges, cortex, subcortical white matter, basal ganglia, thalamus, and ventricular system. In general, the meninges protect and vascularize the nervous system; the cortex is the gray matter, highly cellular outer layer of the brain; the subcortical white matter carries impulses within the brain and ushers them to and from remote nervous system regions; the basal ganglia are involved in motor and behavioral functions; the thalamus receives and modifies sensory impulses, which it projects throughout the brain; and the ventricular system assists the meninges in their task of nourishing and supporting the rest of the nervous system.
Reflex Loops and Muscle Tone
Authors: Fisch Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Amuscle Stretch Reflex (aka myotatic reflex or deep tendon reflex) is a simple circuit that requires the following: muscle spindle cells, large sensory afferent fibers, spinal cord interneurons, motor neurons, motor efferent fibers, and a paired agonist–antagonist muscle group. In this chapter,we will use the patellar reflex (aka knee extensor reflex) as a prototypical muscle stretch reflex to learn about spinal reflexes. The common muscle stretch reflexes we test are at the biceps (C5, C6), triceps (C7, C8), patella (L3, L4), and achilles (S1). Also, in this chapter, we will discuss the related anatomy of muscle tone.
Hypothalamus
Authors: Fisch Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In This Chapter, we will draw several figures of the hypothalamus: first, one of its borders, then its nuclei, followed by a drawing of its relationship to the pituitary gland, and finally, its afferent and efferent fibers. Unlike the thalamus, which is not well-suited to generalizations, the hypothalamus is best learned through categorizations and simplifications, because the nuclei of the hypothalamus are cumbersome to remember, often non-distinct, and their functions are, in many instances, poorly understood. Regardless, if we stay above its anatomical muck, the hypothalamus will be an interesting part of the brain for us to learn because it plays such an important role in behavior. To draw the boundaries and surrounding structures of the hypothalamus, first draw the lamina terminalis; it is the anterior hypothalamic border and it extends from the anterior commissure, superiorly, to the optic chiasm, inferiorly. Indicate the frontal lobe lies just anterior to the lamina terminalis; the lamina terminalis is the most anterior division between the diencephalon and telencephalon. Posterior to the anterior commissure, draw the hypothalamic sulcus, which is the superior border of the hypothalamus. Draw the thalamus above it. The fornix wraps around the top of the thalamus and begins its descent near the anterior commissure; we will show it pass through the hypothalamus and synapse in the mammillary bodies in the clinically important Papez circuit.
Central Auditory Pathways
Authors: Fisch Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Central Auditory pathway originates in the cochlear nuclei, forms multiple synapses as it ascends the brainstem, synapses in the diencephalon, and terminates in the auditory cortex. Interestingly, each cerebral hemisphere receives similar input from both cochlear nuclear complexes. So what does this mean, clinically, when there is a unilateral lesion to any of the steps in the central auditory pathway? It means that hearing is preserved from the duplication of auditory information in the contralateral cerebral hemisphere. Why does the auditory system have this central duplication of sensory information when other sensory systems, such as the visual system and somatosensory system, do not? Consider the peripheral receptors of the visual and somatosensory systems. They are topographically designed to encode for stimulus localization. But this is not the case for the cochlea; it is arranged tonotopically rather than topographically. The base of the cochlea encodes high-frequency sounds and the apex encodes low-frequency sounds. This tonotopic cochlear arrangement informs the brain about sound frequency but not location; therefore, sound localization must occur through other means.
Clinical Basics: Understanding and Examining the Motor System
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recognition of the motor signs of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is obviously necessary for making the diagnosis. Equally important is the ability to spot the nonparkinsonian signs that suggest another disorder. This chapter reviews the basics of the neurologic motor examination, which will provide background for the detailed discussion of the parkinsonism examination in chapter 4.
Basic Neuropathology and Neuroanatomy of Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The macroscopic hallmark of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is degeneration of the substantia nigra (pars compacta), as illustrated in figure 3.1. Loss of this dark nucleus in postmortem PD cases was noted by early neuropathologists and was thought to be an important substrate for PD symptoms.
Strategies for Slowing Parkinson’s Disease Progression
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This declaration from the American Academy of Neurology summarizes what unfortunately is true, despite extensive research. There is no evidence that any drug modifies primary factors that cause Parkinson’s disease (PD). Obviously, treating PD symptoms may favor the long-term course, keeping patients active and ambulatory, rather than succumbing to a sedentary existence. Beyond that, however, there is no compelling evidence that any drug influences PD outcomes many years later. We have no drugs proven to slow the course of PD. In recent years, however, several drugs have been touted as neuroprotective, or disease-slowing and deserve discussion.
Chromosomal Disorders and Genetic Diseases
Authors: Barness Lewis A , Gilbert-Barness Enid , Fauber Dean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Down syndrome is the most common chromosome abnormality, with an incidence of 1/800 newborns. It is associated with a 1% incidence of leukemia. Risk is age-related. Mothers 20 years old have a risk of 1/ 2,000, 30 years 1/ 1,000, 35 years 1/ 350; 40 years 1/ 100; and 50 years 1/ 10. Klinefelter syndrome occurs in 1/ 800 males, XYY in 1/ 1,000 males, and Turner syndrome (monosomy X) in 1/ 2,000 females. Deletions, duplications, and unbalanced rearrangements are less common. Turner syndrome girls with Y material have an increased risk of gonadoblastoma.
Genitalia
Authors: Barness Lewis A , Gilbert-Barness Enid , Fauber Dean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Inspect the genitalia. The mother of the patient or another woman should be in the room when you perform a vaginal examination. Ask the mother to pull the pants or undergarments below the knee while a blanket covers the patient. Always wear gloves. Answer succinctly any questions the patient raises. Inspect pubic hair, mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, urethral meatus, and vaginal introitus for presence, location, infestations, appearance, and discharge. A large clitoris (a glans wider than 10 mm) may be normal or an isolated physical finding; however, it may indicate adrenal hyperplasia or any of the conditions associated with precocious puberty defined as occurring before age 8 years (7 years in African Americans) in girls. The clitoris may not develop in adolescent girls with hypopituitarism or gonadal dysgenesis. The external genitalia grow very little until adolescence starts. In early puberty, a rectal examination and an examination with the girl on the examining table with the knees bent and the soles of the feet flat allows the patient to hold the labia apart when this exam is indicated. Show the equipment to be used and explain any expected pain or pressure. Pubic hair stages (Figure 15.1) are useful in quantifying development. Urethral discharges are always pathologic in childhood and may indicate infection anywhere in the urinary tract. A flaming red area around the end of the urethra may be caused by prolapse of the urethral mucosa. An eccentric mass near the urethra may be a cyst, urethral polyp, papilloma, caruncle, condyloma, sarcoma botryoides, prolapsed ureterocele, or periurethral abscess.