bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The operations of sculpture: (Re)writing restoration
Authors: Coltman Viccy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The restoration of the sculptures of Antinous, the faun, the sphinx, Acteon, and Venus, referred to in passing in the correspondence cited in the previous chapter, reminds us that in the modernity of the later 18th century, few ancient marbles were excavated intact and in pristine condition: what Hamilton refers to on one occasion as ‘preserved as when … come from the hands’ of the ancient sculptor. The restoration of ancient sculptures in 18th-century Rome has come to be seen as a highly controversial material and theoretical practice. Thanks largely to the pioneering research of the art historian Seymour Howard, it has been conceptualized within a historiography of sculptor–restorers that focuses on the productions of their so-called king, Bartolomeo Cavaceppi, and his former pupil, Carlo Albacini. Howard rightly casts Cavaceppi as an entrepreneur in the service of expatriate British antiquarians Thomas Jenkins and Gavin Hamilton, rather than as a traditional maker of original sculpture. Despite this perceptive contextual characterization, he fails to release his subject entirely from the shackles of traditional sculptors’ histories.
The Lex Portorii Asiae and Financial Administration
Authors: Corbier M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The document that we know through the inscription of Ephesus allows many comments on a variety of questions. I shall try to examine both the additional information provided by this text and the problems it presents in relation to what we already knew about financial administration. I shall begin with the issue that is best known—the management of the aerarium populi Romani—before approaching that which is at once the most problematical and the most interesting: what the document tells us of the practical working details of a leasing contract, for which we have no parallel, and of the way in which it had an impact on public finance. I shall add some remarks in connection with topics in which I have had a long-standing interest: taxation, the posting of documents, etc.
Nero’s Reforms of Vectigalia and the Inscription of the Lex Portorii Asiae
Authors: Rathbone D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to locate the (re)publication of the lex portorii Asiae in ad 62 among Nero’s reforms to the collection of indirect taxes (uectigalia) and fines and other public charges. I also discuss the nature and purpose of these reforms, and argue that they were not, as has been variously proposed, responses to financial crisis or elements in a populist macro-economic plan, nor did they involve increased centralization of financial control in the hands of the emperor. Instead I suggest that the reforms were part of a traditional, even conservative, propaganda and policy of fiscal probity, primarily to the benefit of the élite, in tune with Nero’s accession promise of good and open government with proper involvement of the senate. Hence much of this paper is about the rhetoric of taxation.
The Social World of Tax Farmers and their Personnel
Authors: Nijf O van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One day, the sage and miracle worker Apollonius of Tyana and his party were about to cross the border of the Roman Empire on their way to the Far East: When they were about to cross to Mesopotamia, the telones stationed at Zeugma took them to the tariff (pinakion) and asked what he was taking with him. Apollonius said, I take with me Prudence, Justice, Virtue, Temperance, Courage and Perseverance, stringing together a lot of nouns all in the feminine gender. Immediately the official, with an eye to his own profit, said: ‘Well then, make me a list of those slave girls of yours’.
The Jewish Matrix
Authors: Gerald O’Collins S J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The only-begotten Word, who is always present with the human race, united and mingled with his handiwork is Jesus Christ our Lord. (Irenaeus, Adversus haereses) To succumb to a typically Christian temptation and dismiss the Old Testament Scriptures as ‘ merely’recording a historical phase in God’ s pedagogy would be to risk losing, among other things, much of what the New Testament meant and means in presenting Jesus.
To the First Council of Constantinople
Authors: Gerald O’Collins S J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our Lord Jesus Christ, the Word of God, of his boundless love, became what we are that he might make us what he himself is. (Irenaeus, Adversus haereses) My immediate purpose in this and the next two chapters is to prepare the way for the heart of the book: the systematic chapters on Christ’ s being and saving work. Over the last two millennia various church teachers and writers have addressed in depth most of the central christological issues. It is at our peril that we neglect their discussions and conclusions.
Redeemer
Authors: Gerald O’Collins S J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Love makes us give ourselves as far as possible to our friends. (Thomas Aquinas, Summa theologiae) As was noted back in Chapter 1, the salvific work of Christ (‘ Christ for us’ ) is not properly separable from his person and being (‘ Christ in himself’ ). Considerations about that salvific work have repeatedly surfaced in the intervening chapters. Nevertheless, soteriology invites our undivided attention. A problem is created, however, by our Jewish–Christian sources. Both the Old Testament and the New Testament abound with salvific terms, themes, and images.
The Possibilities of Presence
Authors: Gerald O’Collins S J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For Christ plays in ten thousand places, Lovely in limbs, and lovely in eyes not his to the Father through the features of men’ s faces. (Gerard Manley Hopkins, ‘ As King fishers Catch Fire’ ) Unquestionably, the notion of presence recalls and even summarizes many significant items which have surfaced in this book. Much of what was handled, for instance, in the first part (Chapters 2–9) and in the second part (Chapters 10–13) involves this notion. Chapters 2–13 on Christ’ s Presence As the last Adam (Chapter 2), the head of a new humanity, Christ is present wherever there are men and women.
Shakespeare’s Resurrections
Authors: Beckwith Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let’s forget about the ghosts that have troubled Shakespearean theater in recent years. Let’s for the moment lay to rest Clarence, the ghost of Hamlet’s father, and other haunted and haunting spirits. Such ghosts are conjured in The Winter’s Tale, the subject of my essay, but though they lend the play their title, they are not finally its subject or its medium. Hermione’s ghost is twice conjured in the play. When she appears to Antigonus to grant Perdita her name, she is strictly provisional, for Antigonus has ‘heard, but not believed, the spirits o’th’ dead | May walk again’ (3.3.16–17). ‘If such thing be’, Hermione’s appeared in a dream more like waking than sleep;
Big brains, small worlds: material culture and the evolution of the mind
Authors: Coward Fiona , Gamble Clive 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Understandings of the cognitive basis of face-to-face interaction fundamental to both primate and human societies have recently been revolutionized by new neuroimaging techniques. In particular, studies have provided empirical support for a shared theory of mind where the embodied simulation of others’ actions, rather than an abstract representational theory of behaviour, underpins understanding of the actions, sensations and emotions of others (Gallese & Lakoff 2005; Gallese et al. 2004).
The Myth of Parisian Scholars’ Opposition to the System of Papal Provision (1378–1418)
Authors: Goddard Eric D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The attitude of Parisian scholars toward papal influence in the distribution of ecclesiastical benefices (papal provision) is an important theme in the politics of the Great Schism. Current works addressing the subject have consistently maintained that a general critique of papal provision emerged among scholars at the University during the pontificate of Benedict XIII (1394–1408). Even supporters of this position acknowledge that there is little evidence of university opposition to papal provision prior to 1394. The vocal criticism of this practice in the fourteenth century came from ordinary collators, whose powers of patronage decreased as those of the papacy increased.
The Quest for Classical Antiquity at Eighteenth-Century Göttingen
Authors: Legaspi Michael C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Life’s dream,’ Goethe’s dream, was wholeness. German thinkers throughout the eighteenth century sought avidly to integrate high moral purpose, social coherence, and the fullest possible cultivation of human capabilities into a compelling vision of life. Though the old Christian synthesis embodied in the traditional confessions had once been integrative and visionary, it now seemed, by the light of a new Aufkla¨rung breaking over the German lands, to be unworkable, implausible, and outworn. Scepticism, indifference born from religious strife, and new currents filtering into the republic of letters created a new climate for political, philosophical, and religious thought.
Crisis and Survival on the Peripheries: Jesuit Culture, Continuity, and Change at Opposite Ends of Continental Europe, 1762–1814
Authors: Shore Paul , Whitehead Maurice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For more than two centuries before the suppression of the Jesuits in 1773, the Habsburgs and the Society of Jesus worked closely together to promote confessional conformity in the far-flung lands ruled by the dynasty. This collaboration produced some notable successes, such as the creation of the densest geographical concentration of Jesuit activity in the world, in and around the Austrian Netherlands, and the Catholicization of Bohemia and Austria in the seventeenth century.
Measurement of complement
Authors: Phimister G M , Whaley K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Measurement of complement is part of the service commitment of the clinical immunology laboratory. There are two aspects of this service: (a) measurement of complement activation as an aid to disease diagnosis and also the assessment of disease activity in many of the chronic diseases in which complement activation occurs; (b) the detection and diagnosis of inherited deficiencies of complement components.
Production of organotypic slice cultures of neural tissue using the roller-tube technique
Authors: Robertson Richardt. , Annis, Casey M , GÄHwiler Beath. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The enormous complexity of the mammalian brain has prompted neuroscientists to explore simpler systems in which to study fundamental issues of structure, function, and development. The in vitro approach, in which cells or regions of neural tissue are removed from the animal and placed in a supportive medium for varying periods of time, has been among the most widely used and productive methods of this reductionist approach (1-4). These in vitro techniques include both acute approaches, in which slices of tissue are studied for periods of a few hours and longer-term tissue culture approaches, in which tissue is maintained in a nutritive medium for up to several weeks. Each approach has its own applications for which it is best suited; in this chapter we will focus our attention on long term organotypic tissue slice cultures.
Measurement of Free Calcium in Plant Cells
Authors: Callaham Dale A , Hepler Peter K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1. Introduction The measurement of cytoplasmic free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]) in single animal cells is widely practised and, although not without problems, it is providing a wealth of new information about the role of this key ion in the process of signal transduction. By contrast, the measurement of [Ca2+] in plant cells is very much more difficult. The rigid plant cell-wall and turgor pressure are difficulties to be overcome in gaining access to the cell interior, and wall-associated enzymes affect the use of some forms of the optical probes. The popular fluorescent dyes, for example, are more difficult to load into plant cells, and once inside the cell they may be subjected to extensive sequestration into non-cytoplasmic compartments, thus rendering them useless as indicators. Chloroplasts and cell-wall autofluorescence interfere with the use of optical methods in many plant cells and other problems arise from conflicting needs to use light as an experimental stimulus as well as a probe. Despite these difficulties, the relationship of [Ca2+] to signal transduction processes in plants is in no way less important than similar studies on animal cells.
Embedding and thin section preparation
Authors: Smith Michael , Croft Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The earliest applications of the transmission electron microscope (TEM) to the biological sciences involved the examination or whole samples and variou replication techniques. However, a technique was required whereby thin sections of the sample could be examined in the microscope. The use of light microscopical techniques for section preparation produced disastrous results both for the sample and for the microscope, and the development of alternative techniques has been taking place for the past 50 years.
High resolution shadowing
Authors: Slayter Henry S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modern electron microscopes are optically capable of approaching atomic resolution, but the lack of adequate preparative methods for individual biopolymer specimens has limited useful resolution. Principal difficulties are inadequate specimen contrast, beam damage, and dehydration effects. While methods for extracting excellent structural information from ordered arrays of macromolecules have gradually evolved using both crystallographic and electron microscopic approaches (1, 2, 3), individual macromolecules are still largely analysed using electron microscopy together with metal coating or negative staining.
In vivo measurement of bone strain and tendon force
Authors: Biewener Andrew a. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An understanding of the design and mechanical performance of biological structures ultimately depends on measurements of the forces applied to them and the resulting deformations developed within them during their use. For structural elements of the limbs of vertebrate species, this may involve in vivo measurement of muscle forces, tendon forces and bone strains during various functional activities, such as locomotion. While these in vivo measurements can provide detailed and precise data, their invasive nature introduces the possibility of diminished performance of the animal being studied. This possibility must be weighed carefully against the use of non-invasive approaches, such as those based on ground reaction force recordings in relation to limb kinematics (see Chapter 3). If carefully planned and executed, however, experimental in vivo recordings of bone strain and muscle-tendon force generally provide data of high quality and value.
Generation and characterization of function-blocking anti-cell adhesion molecule antibodies
Authors: Acheson Ann , Gallin Warren J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are cell-surface molecules that mediate the adhesion of one cell type to another. There are two classes of CAMs defined by the ability of calcium ions to regulate their binding, calcium-dependent and calcium-independent. The neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) and Ll are examples of calcium-independent CAMs, and the cadherin family mediate calcium-dependent binding (see ref. 1 for review). Many CAMs are homophilic ligands, i.e. they bind to themselves, functioning as their own receptor (1).
One-way analysis of variance
Authors: Fry John C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) is an extremely useful statistical approach in all branches of biology. It can be used to test whether there are any significant differences between a set of means from an experiment or survey and to identify where these differences lie. This chapter will give a succinct, but comprehensive account of how to do a one-way ANOVA with computer based statistical packages. General tests that describe one-way ANOVA in more detail for non-mathematicians are those of Winer (1) and Sokar and Rolf (2), whilst Miller (3) gives a more mathematical account. I have found all of these texts fairly easy to understand and so they should be useful for those who need amplification of the text written here.
Classification
Authors: Bridge P D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The use of statistical and numerical methods to derive and investigate classifications is well established within systematics, and such methods are generally referred to by the collective term ‘ numerical taxonomy’ Numerical taxonomy has in turn been defined by Senath and Sokar (1) as ‘ the grouping by numerical methods of taxonomic units into taxa on the basis of their character states’ The history and philosophy of numerical taxonomy has already been well documented by a number of authors (e.g. 1-4), and although numerical taxonomy did not become widely used until the relatively recent introduction of computers, the basic principles involved can be traced back to the nineteenth century and earlier (1).
Cell cycle progression and cell grow-th in tnatntnalian cells: kinetic aspects of transition events
Authors: Zetterberg Anders , Larsson Olle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most studies of the control of animal cell proliferation have been performed in various model systems in vitro,in which cell proliferation can be modulated in a controlled fashion. Although each in vitrosystem has its own particular features and limitations, and although it is unclear to what extent in vitrodata can be extrapolated in the in vivosituation, some general features of proliferation control of animal cells have emerged from the in vitrostudies.
Cancer and the cell cycle
Authors: Lees Emma m. , harlow ed 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The decision for a cell to divide is a tightly regulated process that integrates signals from many sources. These signals indicate when division is needed and appropriate. Two sources of these signals are now known, and these arise either from the extracellular environment or from intracellular checkpoint controls. Environmental signals help cells determine when there is a need to divide, that the required nutrients are available, and that there are no overriding reasons not to begin a replicative cycle. Signals from internal checkpoints ensure the preceding steps of the cell cycle have been completed correctly before the next stage of division takes place. At the centre of these signalling pathways lies a mechanism for integrating these signals, the proteins for basic cell cycle control. All processes that contribute to decisions about proliferation or that are regulated in a cell-cycle-dependent manner must ultimately interface with the basic controls of the cell cycle.
The anaphylatoxins
Authors: Köhl Jörg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As well as opsonization and cytolysis by C3 degradation products and the membrane attack complex, the activation of the complement system results in the generation of the proinflammatory polypeptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5adesArg, which are collectively described as anaphylatoxins or anaphylatoxic peptides (AT peptides). After proteolytic cleavage of C3, C4, and CS by serine proteases, the AT peptides are released from the a-chain of their respective parent molecules.
Growth, maintenance, and use of Arabidopsis genetic resources
Authors: Anderson Mary , Wilson Fiona 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Arabidopsis grows vegetatively as a small ground hugging rosette of about 2-5 cm diameter, from which a flowering stem is produced which can extend to a height of 20-70 cm. Flowers which are approximately 3 mm long and 1 mm wide, are produced at intervals as part of an inflorescence or raceme (Figure 1). They are typical of the crucifers producing four sepals, four petals, six stamens, and a single ovary consisting of two fused carpels. Many ecotypes produce several flowering stems which themselves can be heavily branched.Arabidopsis is autogamous, or self-fertile, producing several hundred seed · pods or siliques on fertilization. The siliques contain about 50 seeds and shatter on ripening to allow the distribution of seed. Although Arabidopsis does not have any nectaries to attract insect pollination, outcrossing by insects can occur, but only at a very low frequency (2). In the commonly used rapid flowering ecotypes, e.g. Landsberg erecta, Columbia, the entire life cycle can be completed in six to eight weeks.
Cloning and expression of cytokine genes
Authors: Contreras R , Demolder J , Fiers W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cytokines are proteins secreted by a cell into the extracellular fluid where they exert their effects on the same cells (autocrine activity) or on neighbouring cells (paracrine activity) by interacting with specific receptors. Most cytokine proteins have, on a molar basis, very high biological activities (for instance, colony stimulating factors are active at 10™11 to 10™13 M concentrations) which usually can be assayed in rapid, sensitive and fairly specific in vitro test systems. These fast and simple detection systems have played a crucial role in the cloning of the corresponding cytokine genes by providing tools for either purification of the protein, the mRNA, or the direct detection of biologically active clones in cDNA expression libraries. Other cytokines, such as the strongly inducible chemokine family (the mRNA for these molecules can represent 1% of the total poly(A)+ RNA after stimulation), act in much higher concentrations (10™3 to 10™9 M) and have often been cloned by different techniques such as induction-specific differential hybridization or subtracted libraries. An important factor in a successful cloning procedure is the presence of an abundant source of protein and mRNA. The expression level of the desired gene in this source determines the frequency with which the genes will be found in the cDNA libraries.
Northern analysis, ribonuclease protection, and in situ analysis of cytokine messenger RNA
Authors: Naylor M Stuart , Relf Michele , Balkwill Frances R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Northern analysis of RNA allows the quantitation of specific mRNA sequences and the determination of their size. The RNA sample is separated according to size by electrophoresis through a denaturing agarose gel followed by capillary transfer to a membrane to which the RNA is subsequently covalently linked. The messenger RNA (mRNA) of interest is located by probing the membrane with a labelled complementary nucleotide sequence which, in the case of a radioisotopic label, is revealed by autoradiography.
Receptor-binding studies
Authors: Pestka Thomasm.Mariano,Laraizotova,Md Sidney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will deal primarily with radiolabelling interferons, IFNs, the analysis of binding assays, and a procedure for covalently cross-linking labelled IFN to its receptor. Finally, some data on the cloning of the Hu- and Mu-IFN-γ receptors and a functional Hu-IFN-α/ β receptor will be presented. Although most of the data presented are from our studies of the interaction of IFN-γ and its receptor, the procedures should be applicable to other ligand-receptor systems.
Visualizing the production of cytokines
Authors: Lewis C E , Campbell A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This review outlines various methods currently available for immunolabelling cytokines (and their receptors) in human tissue sections. In addition, two sensitive assays for the measurement of their release at the single-cell level are described; the reverse haemolytic plaque assay and a modification of the ELISA assay, now commonly known as Elispots.