bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE ANTIGENIC COMPLEX OF STREPTOCOCCUS HÆMOLYTICUS
Authors: Lancefield Rebecca C. 
Published: June 2004

1. The chemical and immunological characteristics of the species-specific substance (C) of Streptococcus hæmolyticus are considered.
(a) It seems to be a carbohydrate because considerably purified preparations of C resisted prolonged tryptic and peptic digestion and were negative for the ordinary protein color tests but gave positive Molisch reactions to the limit of the precipitin titer. One such "purified" lot, however, had 4.2 per cent nitrogen and only 28 per cent reducing sugars on hydrolysis. Whether the nitrogen was due to impurities or was combined in the C substance itself, as is true of the Type I pneumococcus specific polysaccharide, cannot be stated without more material.
(b) The C substance forms precipitates with antibacterial sera prepared against heterologous, as well as against homologous hemolytic streptococci. These precipitates are typical discs like those formed by type-specific carbohydrates of other species of bacteria. C does not precipitate antinucleoprotein sera.
(c) While there is only slight direct evidence that the C substance is not antigenic, there is considerable indirect proof that this is the case. It probably is a haptene in the sense of Landsteiner.
2. A discussion is included of the chemical and immunological relationships of all the serologically active substances so far identified in extracts of the hemolytic streptococcus.
LOCAL SPECIFIC THERAPY OF EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMOCOCCAL MENINGITIS
Authors: Stewart Fred W. 
Published: June 2004

1. With properly selected strains of Type II pneumococci, fatal meningitis may be produced by intrathecal infection in dogs.
2. The pathology of the disease differs from that produced by Type I pneumococci, at least with the strains employed.
3. Type II meningitis is characterized by early, very marked reactions, a very heavy fibrin exudation, and a tendency toward the rapid establishment of blocks.
4. Extreme vasodilatation and. hemorrhage are common.
5. The fibrinopurulent exudate tends to involve the walls and perivascular sheaths of deeply penetrating vessels, thereby causing thrombosis.
6. Thrombosis leads to foci of parenchymatous softening which, on subsequent infection, become brain abscesses.
7. The lateral venticles are a "point of election" for the luxuriant growth of pneumococci. Conversely there is evidence that Type II organisms tend somewhat to disappear from other regions, owing either to spontaneous phagocytosis or to filtration into the blood stream. The lateral ventricles, however, continually renew the supply.
8. Hydrocephalus occurs early—sometimes during the 2nd day of the disease.
9. Central myelitis is common and appears early in the disease.
10. Deep nerve cell lesions with necrosis and neuronophagia are encountered. Their pathology suggests a toxic source.
11. In most cases treatment has been impossible owing to severe early reactions, and only as a prophylactic has optochin-serum therapy any real value. It delays death, but has in no instance cured established disease in the dog.
12. Systemic generalization of Type II meningeal infection in the dog occurs, but it is rarely of sufficient extent to modify prognosis.
CALCIUM AND INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS IN THE BLOOD OF RABBITS
Authors: Brown Wade H. ,   With the Collaboration of Marion Howard.
Published: June 2004

Determinations of calcium and inorganic phosphorus were made on the blood of a large series of rabbits as they were received from the dealer for the purpose of determining whether results obtained under these conditions differed from those obtained by repeated observations on animals living in the laboratory.
It was found that the results differed in the two cases, due largely to a decided difference in the inorganic phosphorus content of the blood; but the values for calcium were also affected.
THE INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF "R" AND "S" FORMS OF PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Dawson Martin H. 
Published: June 2004

1. Single cell cultures of "R" pneumococci may revert in all respects to the "S" type.
2. In all instances in which reversion has occurred the "R" forms have invariably reverted to the same specific type from which they were originally derived.
3. The transformation "R" to "S" may be effected in vitro by growth in anti-"R" sera, as well as in vivo by the method of animal passage.
4. Reversion from "R" to "S" whether effected in vivo or in vitro, is always accompanied by the acquisition of maximal virulence.
THE RÔLE OF CLASMATOCYTES AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS IN NON-SPECIFIC LOCAL CUTANEOUS IMMUNITY TO STAPHYLOCOCCUS
Authors: Freedlander S. O. , Toomey J. A. 
Published: June 2004

1. Plain broth is just as effective as specific broth filtrate if used as a skin compress for the protection of guinea pigs against a subcutaneous injection of Staphylococcus aureus.
2. Plain broth compresses applied for 48 hours previous to bacterial injection sometimes prevent the death of the animal and practically always alter the inflammatory reactions.
3. This protection is not specific and is localized to the area "compressed."
4. The protection lasts at least 24 hours after removal of the compress.
5. Broth compresses applied to the abdominal wall of a guinea pig for 48 hours produced definite histological changes, especially in the subcutis, i.e., edema, proliferation of clasmatocytes, thickening of the epidermis together with a moderate exudation of polymorphonuclears and small mononuclear cells.
6. The histological response to the subcutaneous injection of staphylococci was different in the control and the broth-prepared animal.
7. In the broth-prepared animal, there was an increase in clasmatocytes and fibroblasts with a dense exudation of polymorphonuclears, which latter, in the main, did not degenerate. The clasmatocytes phagocyted bacteria early and later engulfed the polymorphonuclears, while the fibroblasts rapidly walled off the lesion. The result was a localized abscess which either came to the surface and ruptured or was absorbed and organized.
THE ELECTROPHORESIS OF THE BLOOD PLATELETS OF THE HORSE WITH REFERENCE TO THEIR ORIGIN AND TO THROMBUS FORMATION
Authors: Abramson Harold A. 
Published: June 2004

1. The cataphoretic velocity of blood platelets (horse) in plasma has been found to be between 40 and 51 µ per sec. per volt per cm. The mean velocity obtained from five horses is . 45 µ per sec. per volt per cm.
2. The cataphoretic velocity of polymorphonuclear leucocytes in similar specimens is practically identical with that of the platelets. This is noteworthy because of the fact that lymphocytes and red cells have different speeds.
3. With spontaneous agglutination of platelets, white cells and red cells, there is no change in the cataphoretic velocity incidental to aggregation.
4. The possible surface composition of platelets and white cells is briefly discussed.
5. The bearing of these findings on the origin of blood platelets and the mechanism of thrombus formation is demonstrated.
THE MODE OF SPREAD OF A FRIEDLÄNDER BACILLUS-LIKE RESPIRATORY INFECTION OF MICE
Authors: Webster Leslie T. 
Published: June 2004

A spontaneous respiratory disease of mice incited by Friedländer like bacilli has been described. The bacilli inducing the disease, while morphologically and culturally indistinguishable from the usual varieties of Friedländer bacilli, are antigenically distinct from the common type strains known. The bacilli grow better in cultures at 23°C. than at 37°C.
The disease in mice displayed an incubation period of about 48 hours. About 50 per cent of an exposed population succumbed to septicemic and acute hemorrhagic, pneumonic processes. Among the exposed animals were some individuals which remained apparently well and carried the pathogenic bacilli in their nasal passages.
The several manifestations of the spontaneous disease were reproduced by instilling small numbers of the cultured bacilli into the nasal passages. 48 hours after inoculation, certain mice had already succumbed; the deaths continued to occur, so that by the end of the 2nd week, 70–80 per cent of the animals had died. Among the survivors certain carriers of the bacilli in the nasal passages occurred; a few appeared entirely refractory to the infection. The succumbing mice showed at autopsy and by culture septicemia and diffuse pneumonic inflammation.
No fluctuation in virulence could be detected in bacilli derived from mice while the disease was spreading spontaneously at the periods of epidemic rise, interepidemic interval, or postepidemic quiescence. Moreover, the bacilli cultured from the nares of apparently healthy carriers were equally pathogenic with those taken from the blood and lungs of animals succumbing quickly.
No rough colony variants were cultured at any phase of the spontaneous disease, although they were readily obtainable by artificial culture. The variant strains proved stable and of low virulence.
This Friedländer bacilli infection in mice takes several clinical courses, depending on variations in host reaction and not depending on bacterial variation. The particular type of infection manifested is determined by the degree of resisting power displayed by the infected animals at the moment that the infection occurred and progressed.
IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES IN RELATION TO THE SUPRARENAL GLAND
Authors: Perla David , Marmorston-Gottesman J. 
Published: June 2004

In a large series of suprarenalectomized rats, hemolysin formation, to a fixed amount of sheep cells injected intraperitoneally (1 cc. of a 10 per cent suspension), was studied 48 hours, 7, 14 and 28 days after operation. The hemolysin formation was studied in suprarenalectomized rats injected 2 weeks following the operation, with one-twentieth and ten times this amount. Hemolysin formation in rats traumatized by tearing the perisuprarenal tissue and injected 2 weeks after the operation with 1 cc. of a 10 per cent suspension of sheep cells was studied and the results compared with those in the normal control rats. The effect of the operative procedure was controlled by removing one kidney in a series of rats and determining the antibody response to sheep cells.
1. Bilateral suprarenalectomy in rats subsequently injected intraperitoneally with 1 cc. of a 10 per cent suspension of sheep cells resulted in a depression of hemolysin titer during 5 weeks following the operation, the depression being most marked during the 1st week.
2. Bilaterally suprarenalectomized rats injected intraperitoneally 2 weeks after operation with 1 cc. of undiluted sheep cells gave hemolysin titers higher than did normal rats.
3. The quantity of antigen necessary to yield the maximum titer in suprarenalectomized rats 2 weeks after operation is ten times the quantity necessary to yield the same titer in normal rats.
4. Traumatization of the perisuprarenal tissue in rats produced the same effect on the antibody-forming capacity as suprarenalectomy.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF DIATHERMY
Authors: Christie Ronald V. , Ehrich Wilhelm , Binger Carl A. L. 
Published: June 2004

1. An experimental pneumonia with more or less lobar distribution has been produced in dogs by the method of intrabronchial insufflation of B. friedlænderi, Type B, and Pneumococcus, Type I.
2. Such dogs as showed evidences of a pulmonary lesion when photographed by x-ray were selected for lung temperature measurements.
3. Measurements of lung temperature were made by means of thermocouples before and during diathermy.
4. The thermocouples which recorded the temperature in the consolidated lobes showed in most instances a more rapid rate of heating during diathermy than those in the normal lobes. The final increase in temperature in the pathological lobes over the normal lobes amounted to slightly more than 1°C.
5. When local heating occurred during diathermy it was of the order of magnitude found in a lung in which the branch of the pulmonary artery supplying it had been clamped.
6. Histological examination of the lungs showed the pathological reaction to consist of intraalveolar exudate composed of polymorphonuclear leucocytes and desquamated alveolar epithelium. In some sections the exudate was sufficient to cause compression and emptying of the alveolar capillaries.
7. The local heating, we believe, depends upon this ischemic state of the smaller vessels.
8. Further evidence for an imparied circulation in the pneumonic lung is furnished by injection preparations in which the uninjected area corresponded exactly to the gross pathological lesion.
ON INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN HUMAN BLOOD
Authors: Landsteiner K. , Levine Philip 
Published: June 2004

A clear-cut differentiation of human blood, aside from the blood groups, could be made by means of special agglutinating immune sera. The observations point to the existence of several agglutinable factors for which no agglutinins are demonstrable in normal human sera. In view of the latter circumstance the results reported do not imply any change in the scheme of the four blood groups.
The body of serological evidence leads to the inference of a high degree of biochemical differentiation among individuals.
THE RELATIVE REACTION WITHIN LIVING MAMMALIAN TISSUES
Authors: Elman Robert , Drury D. R. , McMaster Philip D. 
Published: June 2004

We have devised methods for the separation and isolation of the important indicator constituents of litmus, azolitmin, and erythrolitmin, with a view to employing them as vital stains. Analysis of the color intensities of these dyes shows slight differences in them, azolitmin being the weaker pigment, weight for weight. Study of a third coloring matter, erythrolein, which exists in litmus has shown it to be an unsatisfactory indicator, and toxic for animals.
Analyses with the spectrophotometer of the absorption of light by erythrolitmin and azolitmin, prepared by our methods, and tested over a wide acid-alkali range, show them to be pure substances, comparable in this respect with synthetic indicators.
The errors in the interpretation of the indicator phenomena on vital staining, which are incident to changes in the concentration of the dyes, are so slight as to be negligible. The salt and protein errors on the other hand are large. The factors responsible for the Donnan equilibrium fail to influence the distribution of the indicators between fluid and gelatin.
Erythrolein was found useless when employed for vital staining, and azolitmin proved unsatisfactory since it colors poorly and is toxic. But erythrolitmin can be used to great advantage. It is readily absorbed, and in non-toxic doses stains intensely. The range of pH at which it changes from red to blue fits it for the demonstration of changes in the reaction of living tissues. By reason, however, of the salt and protein errors to which it is liable, the pH cannot be accurately ascertained.
Intravital staining with erythrolitmin yields results similar to those following injection of purified "whole litmus."
THE RELATIVE REACTION WITHIN LIVING MAMMALIAN TISSUES
Authors: McMaster Philip D. , Elman Robert 
Published: June 2004

The tubules of the mammalian kidney, vitally stained with erythrolitmin, show a significant color pattern, the cells of certain regions appearing bright blue and others brilliant red. The dye is segregated within the cytoplasm, staining fine granules diffusely.
Under normal circumstances of renal function erythrolitmin is stored in the lining cells of the glomerulus and the epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubules in the blue, alkaline form. In the cells of the final portion of the distal convoluted tubules the dye is red. Between these regions a narrow transitional zone can be found, at times above, at times below the loop of Henle, in which the erythrolitmin-stained granules in the tubule cells are violet, or red and blue within the same cell.
Alterations in the relative reaction of certain regions of the tubules, as disclosed by the color of the dye within the cells, can be induced by means that alter the reaction of the urine. When acid urine is being secreted there is a change from relative alkalinity to acidity high up in the tubular canal, in the proximal convoluted tubules. During the secretion of markedly alkaline urine the intracellular granules appear blue most of the way down the tubular canal, even to the first portion of the distal convoluted tubules. When the urine is neutral the cells above the descending limb of the loop of Henle are alkaline to erythrolitmin, and those below this point appear acid.
The granules within the endothelial cells of the glomerulus and the epithelial cells of the first portion of the proximal convoluted tubules are always alkaline to erythrolitmin; while those within the cells of the final portion of the distal convoluted tubules are always acid regardless of the reaction of the urine. Only after complete suppression of urine as result of massive doses of acid do granules of the sort first mentioned manifest the color indicative of acidity.
The interpretation of the findings waits upon further work.
ETIOLOGY OF OROYA FEVER
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo 
Published: June 2004

The experiments reported were designed to determine the influence of malarial infection (Plasmodium inui?), splenectomy, or both combined, upon the course and character of experimental infection with Bartonella bacilliformis in monkeys (Macacus rhesus and M. cynomolgus).
Blood withdrawn from a monkey showing spontaneous malarial infection was inoculated intravenously into monkeys (a) 1 month prior to inoculation with virulent verruga material, (b) simultaneously with the verruga material, and (c) during convalescence from verruga infection of moderate severity. All the monkeys contracted the malarial infection and suffered one to three paroxysms during a period of about a month. The verruga lesions appeared in the inoculated animals in due course, were of average size, remained for the usual length of time, and Bartonella bacilliformis was recovered in culture from blood which also contained the plasmodia. The lesions in the convalescent animals continued to heal at the normal rate, and blood cultures were negative for Bartonella bacilliformis, as is usual during convalescence. One of the recovering animals was reinoculated with virulent verruga material a month after the injection of the malarial blood, but neither did new lesions arise nor old ones recur. The malarial infection, therefore, had no effect upon the course of verruga or upon the establishment of immunity to Pattonella bacilliformis, hence it would appear that malaria and verruga may coexist in the same individual without unfavorable effect of one disease upon the course of the other.
Similarly, splenectomy led to no appreciable aggravation of Bartonella infection. One monkey subjected to splenectomy and inoculated with verruga material shortly afterwards had an unusually severe reaction, but another, which was infected with material from the first and simultaneously splenectomized, reacted only moderately, while the non-splenectomized control showed a severer type of cutaneous infection. Even the combination of splenectomy and malarial infection did not appreciably aggravate the experimental verruga. Neither relapse of verruga nor reinfection with Bartonella bacilliformis was induced in convalescent or recovered monkeys as a result of splenectomy.
BACTERIAL VARIATION IN CULTURES OF FRIEDLÄNDER'S BACILLUS
Authors: Julianelle Louis A. 
Published: June 2004

1. Under proper conditions mass R cultures of Friedländer's bacillus may give rise to a number of variants which are dissimilar in colony appearance and morphology. Three such forms have been described. In two varieties, differences have been observed not only in colony formation and morphology, but also in cultural and antigenic characters.
2. None of the methods employed were adequate to cause reversion of any of the R variants to the S type. Growth of the R2 variant in its own antiserum, however, induced a change to the R1 form.
3. R forms of Friedländer's bacillus may be derived from S strains by aging or by growth in anti-S serum of the homologous type.
4. R strains may be isolated in culture directly from infection. In the cases where R forms were found, S cells were also present, and the pathological condition was of a chronic nature.
STUDIES ON IMMUNOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE PNEUMOCOCCI
Authors: Sugg John Y. , Gaspari Emidio L. , Fleming William L. , Neill James M. 
Published: June 2004

The paper reports a study of a virulent, S-producing strain of Pneumococcus which is immunologically related to, but not identical with typical strains of Type III pneumococcus. In a potent anti-Type III serum, the relationship of this strain to typical Type III strains appears to be about the same as the relationship of Avery's Subgroup Type II strains to typical Type II. But a more pronounced distinction is evident in the antiserum produced by immunization with the strain related to Type III. This antiserum contained antobodies specifically reactive with typical Type III bacteria as well as antibodies reactive with the homologous strain, while anti-Subgroup Type II immune sera are devoid of antibodies reactive with typical Type II pneumococci.
The result of absorption experiments were the same as those usually obtained with immunologically related, but not identical bacteria. The failure of reciprocal absorption and the marked variations in the relative potencies of the antiserum from different individual animals might be presented as presumptive evidence that two different anti-S antibodies are contained in Type III immune horse serum.
The theoretical significance of virulent pneumococci which are related to but not identical with the "fixed" types, is discussed from the standpoint of their importance in the biological classification of the Pneumococcus group.
THE AUTOPLASTIC TRANSPLANTATION OF TISSUES INTO THE BONE MARROW CAVITY
Authors: Richter Maurice N. , Jaffe Henry L. 
Published: June 2004

When the thymus is autoplastically transplanted into the marrow cavity of the tibia of a guinea pig, the transplant degenerates, regenerates, and finally atrophies. The degeneration and regeneration of the thymus when so transplanted are similar to the homologous changes occurring when it is autoplastically transplanted into the abdominal wall. For comparative study the material used in previously published work on transplantation into the abdominal wall was reviewed. A difference in the final result of transplantation of thymus in these two situations is observed. In the abdominal wall the thymus regenerates and persists apparently indefinitely. Abdominal wall thymus transplants more than a year old have been observed. In the bone marrow cavity, the regeneration, which is slower and less abundant, is followed by an atrophy of the gland, and finally its complete disappearance. This atrophy is, we believe, the result of the encasement of the thymus in a bony capsule. That the genetic character of the transplanted tissue has much to do with the success of the transplantation in the marrow, is evident from the fact that some other tissues regenerate without encapsulation, even though they may finally disappear.
The blood clot about the thymus which fills the rest of the curetted cavity, is quickly vascularized and replaced by regenerated cellular bone marrow and newly formed bony trabeculæ.
The difference in the fate of the thymus when transplanted in the abdominal wall and in the marrow, is probably due to difference in the reciprocal relations of the thymus to the tissue in those situations. From experience gained in the transplantation of other tissues into the marrow cavity, we have learned that encapsulation of the transplant does not occur with all tissues. The reaction of the marrow to transplanted thymus is similar to its reaction to any tissue foreign to it.