bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rheumatoid arthritis synovium contains plasmacytoid dendritic cells
Authors: Cavanagh Lois L , Boyce Amanda , Smith Louise , Padmanabha Jagadish , Filgueira Luis , Pietschmann Peter , Thomas Ranjeny 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe have previously described enrichment of antigen-presenting HLA-DR+ nuclear RelB+ dendritic cells (DCs) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovium. CD123+HLA-DR+ plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) and their precursors have been identified in human peripheral blood (PB), lymphoid tissue, and some inflamed tissues. We hypothesized recruitment of pDCs into the inflamed RA synovial environment and their contribution as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and inflammatory cells in RA. CD11c+ myeloid DCs and CD123+ pDCs were compared in normal and RA PB, synovial fluid (SF), and synovial tissue by flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy and were sorted for functional studies. Nuclear RelB-CD123+ DCs were located in perivascular regions of RA, in a similar frequency to nuclear RelB+CD123- DCs, but not normal synovial tissue sublining. Apart from higher expression of HLA-DR, the numbers and phenotypes of SF pDCs were similar to those of normal PB pDCs. While the APC function of PB pDCs was less efficient than that of PB myeloid DCs, RA SF pDCs efficiently activated resting allogeneic PB T cells, and high levels of IFN-γ, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor α were produced in response to incubation of allogeneic T cells with either type of SF DCs. Thus, pDCs are recruited to RA synovial tissue and comprise an APC population distinct from the previously described nuclear RelB+ synovial DCs. pDCs may contribute significantly to the local inflammatory environment.
Chemokine receptors in the rheumatoid synovium: upregulation of CXCR5
Authors: Schmutz Caroline , Hulme Alison , Burman Angela , Salmon Mike , Ashton Brian , Buckley Christopher , Middleton Jim 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), chemokine and chemokine receptor interactions play a central role in the recruitment of leukocytes into inflamed joints. This study was undertaken to characterize the expression of chemokine receptors in the synovial tissue of RA and non-RA patients. RA synovia (n = 8) were obtained from knee joint replacement operations and control non-RA synovia (n = 9) were obtained from arthroscopic knee biopsies sampled from patients with recent meniscal or articular cartilage damage or degeneration. The mRNA expression of chemokine receptors and their ligands was determined using gene microarrays and PCR. The protein expression of these genes was demonstrated by single-label and double-label immunohistochemistry. Microarray analysis showed the mRNA for CXCR5 to be more abundant in RA than non-RA synovial tissue, and of the chemokine receptors studied CXCR5 showed the greatest upregulation. PCR experiments confirmed the differential expression of CXCR5. By immunohistochemistry we were able to detect CXCR5 in all RA and non-RA samples. In the RA samples the presence of CXCR5 was observed on B cells and T cells in the infiltrates but also on macrophages and endothelial cells. In the non-RA samples the presence of CXCR5 was limited to macrophages and endothelial cells. CXCR5 expression in synovial fluid macrophages and peripheral blood monocytes from RA patients was confirmed by PCR. The present study shows that CXCR5 is upregulated in RA synovial tissue and is expressed in a variety of cell types. This receptor may be involved in the recruitment and positioning of B cells, T cells and monocytes/macrophages in the RA synovium. More importantly, the increased level of CXCR5, a homeostatic chemokine receptor, in the RA synovium suggests that non-inflammatory receptor–ligand pairs might play an important role in the pathogenesis of RA.
Effect of adalimumab on neutrophil function in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Capsoni Franco , Sarzi-Puttini Piercarlo , Atzeni Fabiola , Minonzio Francesca , Bonara Paola , Doria Andrea , Carrabba Mario 
Published: January 2005

AbstractNeutrophils are known to be targets for the biological activity of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α in the pathogenensis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Therefore, these cells may be among the targets of anti-TNF-α therapy. In this study we evaluated the effect of therapy with adalimumab (a fully human anti-TNF-α mAb; dosage: 40 mg subcutaneously every other week) on certain phenotypic and functional aspects of neutrophils obtained from 10 selected patients with RA and 20 healthy control individuals. Peripheral blood neutrophils were obtained at baseline and during anti-TNF-α therapy (2, 6 and 12 weeks after the first administration of adalimumab). All patients had been receiving a stable regimen of hydroxychloroquine, methotrexate and prednisone for at least 3 months before and during the study. Baseline neutrophil chemotaxis was significantly decreased in RA patients when compared with control individuals (P < 0.001). Two weeks after the first administration of adalimumab, chemotactic activity was completely restored, with no differences noted between patients and control individuals; these normal values were confirmed 6 and 12 weeks after the start of anti-TNF-α therapy. Phagocytic activity and CD11b membrane expression on neutrophils were similar between RA patients and control individuals; no modifications were observed during TNF-α neutralization. The production of reactive oxygen species, both in resting and PMA (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate)-stimulated cells, was significantly higher in RA patients at baseline (P < 0.05) and was unmodified by anti-TNF-α mAb. Finally, we showed that the activation antigen CD69, which was absent on control neutrophils, was significantly expressed on neutrophils from RA patients at baseline (P < 0.001, versus control individuals); however, the molecule was barely detectable on cells obtained from RA patients during adalimumab therapy. Because CD69 potentially plays a role in the pathogenesis of arthritis, our findings suggest that neutrophils are among the targets of anti-TNF-α activity in RA and may provide an insight into a new and interesting mechanism of action of anti-TNF-α mAbs in the control of inflammatory arthritis.
Pro-atrial natriuretic peptide is a prognostic marker in sepsis, similar to the APACHE II score: an observational study
Authors: Morgenthaler Nils G , Struck Joachim , Christ-Crain Mirjam , Bergmann Andreas , Müller Beat 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
Introduction
Additional biomarkers in sepsis are needed to tackle the challenges of determining prognosis and optimizing selection of high-risk patients for application of therapy. In the present study, conducted in a cohort of medical intensive care unit patients, our aim was to compare the prognostic value of mid-regional pro-atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) levels with those of other biomarkers and physiological scores.

Methods
Blood samples obtained in a prospective observational study conducted in 101 consecutive critically ill patients admitted to the intensive care unit were analyzed. The prognostic value of pro-ANP levels was compared with that of the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score and with those of various biomarkers (i.e. C-reactive protein, IL-6 and procalcitonin). Mid-regional pro-ANP was detected in EDTA plasma from all patients using a new sandwich immunoassay.

Results
On admission, 53 patients had sepsis, severe sepsis, or septic shock, and 68 had systemic inflammatory response syndrome. The median pro-ANP value in the survivors was 194 pmol/l (range 20–2000 pmol/l), which was significantly lower than in the nonsurvivors (median 853.0 pmol/l, range 100–2000 pmol/l; P < 0.001). On the day of admission, pro-ANP levels, but not levels of other biomarkers, were significantly higher in surviving than in nonsurviving sepsis patients (P = 0.001). In a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for the survival of patients with sepsis, the area under the curve (AUC) for pro-ANP was 0.88, which was significantly greater than the AUCs for procalcitonin and C-reactive protein, and similar to the AUC for the APACHE II score.

Conclusion
Pro-ANP appears to be a valuable tool for individual risk assessment in sepsis patients and for stratification of high-risk patients in future intervention trials. Further studies are needed to validate our results.
Microarray-based resequencing of multiple Bacillus anthracisisolates
Authors: Zwick Michael E , Mcafee Farrell , Cutler David J , Read Timothy D , Ravel Jacques , Bowman Gregory R , Galloway Darrell R , Mateczun Alfred 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe used custom-designed resequencing arrays to generate 3.1 Mb of genomic sequence from a panel of 56 Bacillus anthracis strains. Sequence quality was shown to be very high by replication (discrepancy rate of 7.4 × 10-7) and by comparison to independently generated shotgun sequence (discrepancy rate < 2.5 × 10-6). Population genomics studies of microbial pathogens using rapid resequencing technologies such as resequencing arrays are critical for recognizing newly emerging or genetically engineered strains.
Friction behaviour of plasma-sprayed stainless steel coatings doped with graphite particles
Authors: Harir A , Fournier P , Platon F , Fourcade P 
Published: January 2005

The objective of this study is to achieve, by atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) on aluminium alloy substrates, a coating exhibiting a higher superficial hardness and an improved tribological behaviour in dry friction compared with that of the aluminium alloy. A new process has been developed to incorporate graphite particles in a stainless steel coating during its formation. A special injection system has been developed to deposit graphite particles (2–12 μm in diameter) at the surface close to the spot sprayed with stainless steel in order to incorporate them within the forming coating. Tribological tests have been carried out on a pin-on-disc tribometer. The friction coefficient evolution of this composite coating is compared with that of commonly used stainless steel coatings. Tribological behaviour has been characterized for different test conditions. The dry friction coefficient of this coating against a 100C6 steel pin is reduced by a factor of between 1.5 and 4 compared with that obtained with plasma-sprayed stainless steel, depending on the experimental conditions.
An engineering approach on sliding friction in full-film, heavily loaded lubricated contacts
Authors: Morales-Espejel G E , Wemekamp A W 
Published: January 2005

Various schemes to approximate the sliding friction coefficient in heavily loaded lubricated contacts with different rheologies are studied. Rather than using complex full numerical thermo-hydrodynamically lubricated solutions to calculate the friction coefficient, in this paper the emphasis is on rather simplified approaches which are suitable for providing the user with physical insight of the phenomenon and at the same time fulfilling the most advanced engineering applications. The simplification of the equation for the lubricant velocity distribution for an assumed Hertzian contact with a fixed parallel film thickness and different fluid rheologies leads to simple solutions with comparable results to the recently obtained (through full numerical simulations) friction master curves from Jacod. Point-by-point models with thermal effects are included using the simplified model for the oil and wall temperature calculation from Olver and Spikes. The results are compared with full numerical solutions from literature and good agreement is found. A one-dimensional scheme is extended to a two-dimensional model where the integration of the varying viscosity with pressure and temperature is included. The wall surface temperature calculation is then carried out using a fast Fourier transform convolution approach.
Investigation of short‐period gravity waves with the Lindenberg 482 MHz tropospheric wind profiler
Authors: Böhme T. , Hauf T. , Lehmann V. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractDuring four consecutive days in May 2001, convectively forced short‐period (6–45 min) gravity waves were observed with a 482 MHz wind profiler, which is continuously operated by the Deutscher Wetterdienst (German Weather Service) at the Lindenberg observatory, 60 km south‐east of Berlin. The objective of this campaign was to investigate onset and development of convectively forced gravity waves in the lower and middle troposphere. The wave character could be unambiguously identified by simultaneous vertical wind and temperature measurements and their respective phase shift of π/2. In accordance with previous findings, convection waves were found to be generated at the top of the convective boundary layer. They propagate predominantly horizontally with a slow but clearly recognizable vertical increase of wave activity. The layer with significant wave activity reached the upper detection range at 7.0 km within a couple of hours on each of the observational days. Gravity wave activity started to decay after 16 UTC with a slower rate than the simultaneously decaying forcing convection. Some wave activity remained during the night but at low amplitude levels. The vertical wind energy component of the free atmosphere was found to be about 30% of the corresponding convective boundary layer (CBL) energy, which is much more than previously reported values from numerical simulations. The wavelet analysis of highly resolved wind profiler vertical velocity data (Δt = 16 s, Δz = 250 m) in the boundary layer and free troposphere gives new insights into the temporal and vertical development of very‐short‐period convection waves through the troposphere. At the CBL top, a broad spectrum of wave scales with intrinsic periods between 6 and 45 min is generated. With increasing height, shorter scales (T ≤ 13 min) disappear and only longer ones remain. Wave trapping, which is confirmed by vertically orientated phase lines, is an important mechanism here. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
Boundary‐layer variations due to orographic‐wave breaking in the presence of rotation
Authors: Grisogono B. , Enger L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA mesoscale numerical model is used to study the atmospheric boundary‐layer (ABL) response to nonlinear orographic forcing with Coriolis effect, f, over a mountain with length (the cross‐wind component) comparable to the Rossby radius of deformation, LR. The orographic‐wave breaking occurring for Froude number Fr<1, affected by f>0, intensifies on the northern flank for westerly flows, as also found in other recent studies. A cumulative effect occurs as the Coriolis force lifts the northern ABL top and generates a stronger low‐level jet (LLJ) than on the southern side. A differential layering also appears, since the specific humidity is higher in the lower southern ABL than in the related northern ABL, and vice versa. By contrast, there are higher values of the turbulent kinetic energy and humidity in the upper northern ABL.The breaking of flow symmetry around the orography due to f changes both the vertical vorticity and horizontal divergence field, (ζ, D), it modulates eddies and turbulence leading to the differential layering of the ABL. The stronger northern LLJ and its weaker southern counterpart, both meandering, together with the asymmetric wave breaking, induce strong lee‐side fluctuations of the (ζ, D) field in the presence of f. The enhanced (ζ, D) production due to wave breaking over the distance ≈ LR, the primary atmosphere–orography resonance occurs mainly in the vertical, while the ‘f‐enhancement’ occurs in the horizontal plane. In this way, the initial mesoscale forcing may extend its effects over the synoptic scale. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
Ozone assimilation in the ERA‐40 reanalysis project
Authors: Dethof A. , Hólm E. V. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn this paper we outline the ozone model and analysis system used in the ECMWF 45‐year reanalysis project, and take a first look at the quality of the resulting ozone fields. The analysed ozone, both profiles and total‐column ozone field, generally compares well with independent observations. However, there are certain problematic situations when the profile is not correct even if the analysed total ozone is close to observations. These situations appear when there is a bias between the model and the observations used in the assimilation. Suggestions are made for improvements of the ozone assimilation and modelling, including the introduction of a bias correction scheme for ozone data. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
A cold‐air cyclogenesis study using a potential vorticity inversion method
Authors: Lambert Dominique , Arbogast Philippe , Cammas Jean‐Pierre , Donnadille Jérôme , Mascart Patrick 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA cold‐air cyclogenesis is studied using a potential vorticity (PV) inversion method. In this study, the method is coupled with the French spectral operational model ARPEGE which is initialized by four‐dimensional variational reanalyses. Sensitivity studies are performed for Intensive Observation Period 18 (IOP18) (low 44, 19–24 February 1997) of the Fronts and Atlantic Storm‐Track EXperiment (FASTEX). This event is one of the Type C cyclogeneses recently identified in the FASTEX dataset. The triggering role of a coherent tropopause disturbance on the cyclogenesis is discussed by comparing a reference forecast and a simulation in which the tropopause coherent structure is removed. Interactions between the atmospheric upper level and the cyclogenesis are found significant. A second important factor is the influence of the surface temperature. Evaluations of vertical motions for different surface temperature distributions show that the warmer the sea surface, the deeper the low. The location of the low with respect to the ice‐shelf limit is also an important factor. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
The ECMWF reanalysis of the MAP Special Observing Period
Authors: Keil Christian , Cardinali Carla 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA reanalysis of the Mesoscale Alpine Programme (MAP) Special Observing Period (7 September to 15 November 1999) was performed at the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). Substantial upgrades in the global data assimilation system 4D‐Var (T511/159L60, horizontal resolution approximately 40 km) combined with special MAP observations provide a new reference description for studies on mountain‐related atmospheric phenomena. The MAP observations used in the MAP reanalysis comprise European windprofilers, high‐resolution radiosondes and surface observations. The assimilation of MAP observations results in a slight weakening of the cyclonic flow over central Europe and of the mid‐tropospheric westerly wind over the Alpine region. Also, MAP observations lead to moister conditions in the southern Alpine region, southern France and over the Adriatic Sea. The comparison of forecast daily rainfall from the MAP reanalysis with observed precipitation totals averaged over the Po catchment shows good agreement in timing and rain amount. Investigations of some Intensive Observation Periods (IOPs) illustrate specific aspects of the MAP reanalysis. Different precipitation patterns characteristic of different flow regimes are well captured (IOP2b and IOP8). The assimilation of windprofilers rectifies the divergent wind field, but changes can erroneously feed back on the humidity field (IOP2a) because of the way the humidity analysis is performed (a modified humidity analysis was introduced at ECMWF in 2003). Validation with model‐independent Global Positioning System (GPS) derived integrated water‐vapour contents shows that the humidity field describes well the inter‐diurnal humidity variations at southern Alpine GPS stations. However, the reanalysis appears to be slightly too dry compared with GPS measurements. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
Orographic flow‐blocking scheme characteristics
Authors: Brown A. R. , Webster S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe characteristics of the orographic flow blocking parametrization used in the Met Office Unified Model are examined in a one‐dimensional framework. This approach allows feedback of the parametrized stresses on the winds resulting, in some cases, in stresses very different from those that would be obtained without this feedback. The key controlling non‐dimensional parameters are identified, and the implications of the results for the use of the scheme in climate and numerical weather‐prediction models are discussed. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
The flow of energy through the earth's climate system
Authors: Trenberth Kevin E. , Stepaniak David P. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe primary driver of the climate system is the uneven distribution of incoming and outgoing radiation on earth. The incoming radiant energy is transformed into various forms (internal heat, potential energy, latent energy, and kinetic energy), moved around in various ways primarily by the atmosphere and oceans, stored and sequestered in the ocean, land, and ice components of the climate system, and ultimately radiated back to space as infrared radiation. The requirement for an equilibrium climate mandates a balance between the incoming and outgoing radiation, and further mandates that the flows of energy are systematic. These drive the weather systems in the atmosphere, currents in the ocean, and fundamentally determine the climate. Values are provided for the seasonal uptake and release of heat by the oceans that substantially moderate the climate in maritime regions. In the atmosphere, the poleward transports are brought about mainly by large‐scale overturning, including the Hadley circulation in low latitudes, and baroclinic storms in the extratropics, but the seamless nature of the transports on about monthly time‐scales indicates a fundamental link between the two rather different mechanisms. The flows of energy can be perturbed, causing climate change. This article provides an overview of the flows of energy, its transformations, transports, uptake, storage and release, and the processes involved. The focus is on the region 60°N to 60°S, and results are presented for the solstitial seasons and their differences to highlight the annual cycle. Challenges in better determining the surface heat balance and its changes with time are discussed. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
Sulfonamide Cross-Reactivity: Fact or Fiction?
Authors: Johnson Kelly K , Green David L , Rife Jason P , Limon Lynn 
Published: January 2005

OBJECTIVE: To provide a critical and comprehensive review of the literature, specifically case reports and observational studies used to support the concept of cross-reactivity between sulfonylarylamines and non-sulfonylarylamines. DATA SOURCES: A list of medications was formulated from several different review articles. A MEDLINE/PubMed search was conducted (1966–March 2004) using the individual medications and the MeSH terms of drug hypersensitivity/etiology, sulfonamides/adverse effects, and/or cross-reaction. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: A critical review of the methodology and conclusions for each article found in the search was conducted. The manufacturer's package insert (MPI) for each drug was examined for a statement concerning possible cross-reactivity in patients with a sulfonamide allergy. If indicated, the manufacturers were contacted to obtain any clinical data supporting the statement. DATA SYNTHESIS: A total of 33 medications were identified. Seventeen (51.5%) of the MPIs contained statements of varying degrees concerning use in patients with a “sulfonamide” allergy; 21 case series, case reports, and other articles were found. CONCLUSIONS: After a thorough critique of the literature, it appears that the dogma of sulfonylarylamine cross-reactivity with non-sulfonylarylamines is not supported by the data. While many of the case reports on the surface support the concept of cross-reactivity, on closer examination the level of evidence in many of the cases does not conclusively support either a connection or an association between the observed cause and effect.