bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retinoic acid–induced expression of autotaxin in N‐myc–amplified neuroblastoma cells
Authors: Dufner‐Beattie J. , Lemons R. S. , Thorburn A. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractNeuroblastoma, the most common extracranial solid tumor in children, arises from precursors of the sympathetic nervous system. Neuroblastoma cell lines are responsive to the differentiation agent retinoic acid, which induces its effects by altering transcription rates of specific target genes. We identified autotaxin (ATX), which encodes an autocrine tumor motility‐stimulating factor, as a gene whose expression is significantly induced by retinoic acid in neuroblastoma cells. ATX induction was specific for neuroblastoma cell lines that contain N‐myc amplification, a cytogenetic feature commonly associated with aggressive neuroblastomas. Although ATX expression was associated with amplification of the N‐myc locus, N‐myc itself was neither sufficient nor required for ATX expression, suggesting that a coamplified gene is responsible. ATX induction by retinoic acid was due to increased transcription and required new protein synthesis. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of intracellular interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist in skin carcinogenesis
Authors: La Eunhye , Rundhaug Joyce E. , Fischer Susan M. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractInterleukin 1 (IL‐1) is a major mediator of inflammation and exerts pleiotropic effects on many systems. To elucidate the role of its endogenous inhibitor, intracellular IL‐1 receptor antagonist (icIL‐1Ra), in mouse skin, we produced an icIL‐1Ra–overexpressing skin carcinoma cell line (icIL‐1Ra‐JWF2). Altered expression of icIL‐1Ra did not change IL‐1α mRNA levels in these transfected cells. In icIL‐1Ra‐JWF2 cells, however, cyclooxygenase‐2 mRNA levels were dramatically reduced and shown to be transcriptionally regulated by icIL‐1Ra. To determine the effect of icIL‐1Ra on cell proliferation, cell counts were done 24 h after plating equal numbers of cells. Cells from three icIL‐1Ra‐JWF2 clones showed significantly reduced growth rates compared with parental JWF2 cells. We subcutaneously injected five independent clones of icIL‐1Ra‐JWF2 cells into nude mice and measured the tumor doubling time by weekly measurements of tumor volume. IcIL‐1Ra appeared to significantly slow the growth of tumors in vivo. Collectively these observations suggest that IL‐1Ra has antiproliferative effects in murine skin carcinoma cells. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of some pharmacological agents on the survival of unipedicled venous flaps: an experimental study
Authors: Askar Ibrahim , Saray Aydin , Gurlek Ali , Sevin Kutlu , Sabuncuoglu Bizden Tavil 
Published: September 2002

AbstractClinical and experimental studies have been conducted to improve the survival of venous flaps. As a result of these studies, although various survival mechanisms were raised, none obtained satisfactory information. Venous stasis, and the resultant venous thrombosis, is a factor that decreases the survival of venous flaps. In this study, we evaluated the effects of two antiinflammatory agents, etodolac and etofenamate, on the survival of unipedicled venous flaps. In this study, 35 male New Zealand white rabbits (3,500–4,000 g) (70 ears) were used. Perichondrocutaneous flaps, 3 × 4.5 cm in size, were designed and raised, keeping the central veins intact in the middle of venous flap. Central arteries and nerves were ligated and transected both proximally and distally, to prepare unipedicled venous flaps. A silicone sheet was placed between the cartilage tissue and flap, to prevent blood flow and revascularization beneath. The subjects were divided into seven groups, consisting of five rabbits (10 ears). In the negative control group (group I), the single vascular pedicle of venous flaps, central veins were ligated and flaps sutured into their own place as the composite graft. In the positive control group (group II), after venous flaps were prepared, normal saline, 0.2 mL, was given subcutaneously. In the first of five experimental groups (group III), unfractionated heparin (100 U/day) was given subcutaneously. In the second experimental group (group IV), etodolac (5 mg/kg/day) was given subcutaneously. In the third experimental group (group V), etophenamate (5 mg/kg/day) was given orally through a feeding tube. In the fourth experimental group (group VI), parnaparin (5 anti‐Xa U/kg/day) was given subcutaneously. In the fifth experimental group (group VII), nadroparin (5 anti‐Xa U/kg/day) was given subcutaneously, about 7 days postoperatively. At the eighth postoperative day, surviving areas of venous flaps were measured, and the results were evaluated by Kruskal‐Wallis ANOVA and Mann‐Whitney U‐test (P < 0.05). Biopsies were also taken from the flaps for histological evaluation of border of necrotic tissue. Surviving areas of unipedicled venous flaps were larger in experimental groups than those in negative and positive control group (P < 0.05). However, comparison of the experimental groups demonstrated no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05). We concluded that all pharmacological agents used in the experimental groups succeeded in increasing the survival of unipedicled venous flaps. Survival of the unipedicled venous flap was higher in venous flaps than that of composite graft, clearly showing the importance of the venous pedicle. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss Inc. MICROSURGERY 21:350‐‐356, 2001
Vascular fluid dynamics and vascular biology and disease
Authors: Caro C. G. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractMy tribute to James Lighthill, one of the world's great mathematical scientists, is offered with admiration and sadness—he was both colleague and friend. I met James in 1964, through an introduction by Sir Geoffrey (G.I.) Taylor. He was then Royal Society Research Professor at Imperial College and I was a lecturer in medicine at St. Thomas's Hospital, with a particular interest in cardiovascular and respiratory mechanics. Within a short while we began to collaborate and about a year later James proposed to Imperial College that it should take the then almost unique step of setting up an activity in physiological flow. The Physiological Flow Studies Unit was started at the College in 1966—on an experimental basis with a staff of one (the writer). Looking back over a period of more than 30 years, I have three outstanding, interrelated impressions. First, that the field of physiological fluid dynamics has grown hugely worldwide, attesting in no small measure to James Lighthill's prescience and contributions. Second, that close collaboration between life scientists and doctors and engineers and physical scientists, has led to great advances in the understanding of normal and disturbed biology and of the relevant fluid dynamics. Third, that recognition that mechanical stresses play a key role in cellular and molecular biology, has given a tremendous boost to physiological mechanics. My aim in this note is to describe some earlier and current work on vascular fluid dynamics and vascular biology and disease and, where appropriate, to trace its descent from early studies undertaken with James. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transitions in function at low Reynolds number: hair‐bearing animal appendages
Authors: Koehl M. A. R. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractMany types of animals use appendages bearing arrays of hair‐like structures to capture molecules (e.g. olfactory antennae, gills) or particles (e.g. suspension‐feeding appendages) from the surrounding water or air, and to locomote or move fluid past themselves. The performance of these functions depends on how much of the fluid encountered by the array of hairs flows through the gaps between the hairs rather than around the perimeter of the whole array. By modelling such arrays of hairs as rows of finite width of cylinders operating at low Reynolds numbers, the fluid velocity fields with respect to the hairs were calculated. Such models revealed a transition from non‐leaky to leaky behaviour as Re was increased. The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief review of the features of this transition as revealed by models, and then to describe examples of how animals use the transition in fluid flow to perform particular functions: rejection of captured material by copepods, and sniffing by lobsters. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the potential of graded‐chiral Dallenbach absorbers
Authors: Reinert Jens , Psilopoulos Jannis , Grubert Jens , Jacob Arne F. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIn this contribution, the potential of graded‐chiral/dielectric absorbers is explored theoretically. To this end, two different design procedures are introduced that allow us to improve single‐layer and graded‐dielectric Dallenbach absorbers. Both design concepts finally lead to graded‐chiral/dielectric Dallenbach absorbers. The first experiments prove the concept, and allow us to identify and discuss the effects and problems associated with the practical realization. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 30: 254–257, 2001.
The role of hormones in breast carcinogenesis: Issues of relevance to female childhood cancer survivors*
Authors: Ganz Patricia A. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractBreast cancer is the most common cancer among women in Western industrialized countries, and is an important potential second cancer to consider in young women who are survivors of childhood or adolescent cancers. This paper reviews the relationship between hormones and breast biology, cancer treatment factors that may increase or reduce the risk of breast cancer in female survivors of childhood cancer, the treatment of ovarian failure in these survivors, and the potential for preventive strategies in this population. The expanding numbers of female childhood cancer survivors increase the need for health care providers to understand the late health effects of treatments on reproductive health and breast cancer risk. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 36:514–518, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Psychological aspects of cancer screening in high‐risk populations*
Authors: Kash Kathryn M. , Dabney Mary Kay 
Published: September 2002

AbstractBackgroundThe focus of this paper is to define who is at high risk for breast cancer and the psychological issues in breast cancer screening. Within this context, the emphasis is on secondary malignancies after treatment for childhood cancers, including age appropriate guidelines for cancer screening. While there have been no studies of distress in women at high risk for breast cancer related to childhood cancer treatments, we can extrapolate from this study of women at high risk for breast cancer because of genetic susceptibility.MethodsThree hundred and ninety one women at increased risk for developing breast cancer from rural and urban areas of the United States completed a questionnaire regarding genetic testing, psychological distress, and health beliefs. They were compared with 382 age‐matched controls, from the same geographical areas, with no family history of breast cancer in a first degree relative.ResultsA multiple regression analysis revealed that the best predictors of willingness to undergo genetic testing were: greater perception of being a gene mutation carrier, fewer negative and more positive aspects to testing, being at higher risk for breast cancer, and greater breast cancer anxiety (30% of variance).ConclusionsGreater anxiety increased interest in testing but decreased adherence to screening behaviors. Women who have had childhood cancers with chest radiation treatment are at higher risk for breast cancer. The information gleaned from this study can be adapted to help them learn their real risk for developing breast cancer and to understand the importance of screening in the early detection of breast cancer. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 36:519–524, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prediction of health behaviors in pediatric cancer survivors
Authors: Tyc Vida L. , Hadley Wendy , Crockett Genea 
Published: September 2002

AbstractBackgroundIt is important to understand the factors that motivate survivors of childhood cancer to engage in healthy behaviors. This is because of their susceptibility to adverse late effects from their malignancy and its treatment. We specifically examined sociodemographic and health perception variables as predictors of health‐protective behaviors in pediatric cancer survivors.ProcedureForty‐six patients, ages 10–18 years, who were previously treated for cancer and were 1–4 years off‐therapy, were assessed using a battery of testing instruments.ResultsPreadolescent and adolescent cancer survivors reported moderately frequent practice of a variety of health‐protective behaviors. The prevalence of risky health behaviors, as indicated by alcohol and tobacco use, was low. Regression analyses indicated that the practice of health‐protective behaviors was best predicted by patient's age and socioeconomic status (SES); younger adolescents and patients from higher SES more frequently engaged in healthy behaviors. Health perception variables were not significantly related to health‐protective behaviors. This was true despite findings that survivors perceived themselves to be vulnerable to health problems, identified a need to protect their health, and perceived their health outcomes to be largely determined by their own behaviors.ConclusionsSociodemographic factors should be kept in mind when designing interventions to promote continuing good health for young cancer survivors. Also to be included is the assessment of specific health risks secondary to the cancer therapies given. Risk counseling that recognizes and builds on these variables will be most effective in helping this patient population observe sound health habits. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 37:42–46, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Proliferative and apoptotic differences between alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma subtypes: A comparative study of tumors containing PAX3‐FKHR or PAX7‐FKHR gene fusions
Authors: Collins Margaret H. , Zhao Huaqing , Womer Richard B. , Barr Frederic G. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractBackgroundMost alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas (ARMS) have chromosome translocations and resultant gene fusion products. The more common translocation fuses the PAX3 and FKHR genes; patients who have PAX3‐FKHR‐positive ARMS have reduced event‐free survival compared to patients with ARMS containing the less common translocation that fuses the PAX7 and FKHR genes.ProcedureWe examined histology, immunohistochemical markers of differentiation, and cell cycle characteristics of a panel of ARMS containing either PAX3‐FKHR or PAX7‐FKHR transcript to determine if these features differ between the ARMS subsets.ResultsCell cycle parameters varied significantly: the number of nuclei that stained with either an immunohistochemical marker of proliferation (MIB1), or a TUNEL‐based assay for apoptosis was significantly greater in tumors that expressed PAX3‐FKHR compared to tumors that expressed PAX7‐FKHR transcript.ConclusionsWe conclude that compared to PAX7‐FKHR‐containing tumors, ARMS that contain PAX3‐FKHR transcript have (1) increased cell proliferation, consistent with greater loss of cell cycle regulation, and (2) apoptosis that is increased but insufficient to prevent tumor formation. More marked cell cycle dysregulation may contribute to poorer prognosis for patients with ARMS that have PAX3‐FKHR fusion. Med Pediatr Oncol 2001;37:83–89. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
NMR processing techniques based on multivariate data analysis and orthogonal signal correction. 13C CP/MAS NMR spectroscopic characterization of softwood kraft pulp
Authors: Hauksson Jón B. , Edlund Ulf , Trygg Johan 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis paper presents a novel way of extracting information from a series of severely overlapped NMR spectra using multivariate data analysis techniques. A number of softwood pulps were prepared from wood chips that were subjected to kraft cooking conditions in laboratory digesters. In addition to measurements of traditional physical parameters, the pulps were characterized using standard 13C CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy. The relationship between the kappa number and both the NMR time domain and frequency domain data was modeled using multivariate data analysis techniques. The variation in the NMR spectra that was not correlated with the kappa number was removed using a new preprocessing tool, orthogonal signal correction (OSC). The resulting OSC‐treated NMR spectra were used as descriptors to generate partial least‐squares projections to latent structures (PLS) models for the variation of the kappa number. PLS weights were used to generate NMR ‘sub‐spectra’ which correspond to changes in the pulps that occur as the pulping process proceeds from high to low values of the kappa number. The sub‐spectra were used to gain insight into the changes in the pulps occurring at the molecular level. Concomitant changes in cellulose crystallinity and the amounts of hemicellulose and lignin were observed in these sub‐spectra. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
1H NMR isotope shifts arising from the substitution of 12C by 13C: application to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon anions
Authors: Hoffman Roy E. , Treitel Noach , Rabinovitz Mordecai 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIsotope shifts are a well‐established tool for structural analysis by NMR. The substitution of a protium with a deuterium is the most widely studied of these effects. However, such studies call for specific deuteration that requires complex synthetic techniques owing to the low natural abundance of deuterium. 13C occurs at a higher natural abundance and couples strongly with its attached proton. We have developed and refined a method to reliably observe these much smaller shifts without needing to resort to chemical synthesis. We show that carbon induced isotope shifts reflect structural features. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Essential role of the nonreducing terminal α‐mannosyl residues of the N‐linked carbohydrate chain of bovine zona pellucida glycoproteins in sperm‐egg binding
Authors: Amari S. , Yonezawa N. , Mitsui S. , Katsumata T. , Hamano S. , Kuwayama M. , Hashimoto Y. , Suzuki A. , Takeda Y. , Nakano M. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIt has been proposed that mammalian sperm bind species‐specifically to carbohydrate chains of zona pellucida glycoproteins at fertilization. Although the sperm ligand carbohydrate chains have been characterized in mice and pigs, the existence of the ligands of other mammals remains unclear. In order to explore the bovine sperm ligand, two in vitro competition assay methods were applied. As a result, a high‐mannose‐type carbohydrate chain, Manα1‐6(Manα1‐3)Manα1‐6(Manα1‐3)Manβ1‐4GlcNAcβ1‐4GlcNAc, which is the major neutral chain in bovine egg zona glycoproteins, was shown to possess bovine sperm ligand activity. When nonreducing terminal α‐mannosyl residues were eliminated from the zona glycoproteins by α‐mannosidase digestion, the ligand activity was reduced, indicating that the α‐mannosyl residues play an essential role in bovine sperm‐egg binding. The number of sperm binding to eggs was reduced to about one‐half after fertilization. The ligand‐active high‐mannose‐type chain may be buried after fertilization, since its amount remains unchanged. Pretreatment of bovine sperm with the sperm ligand‐carbohydrate chain significantly inhibited penetration of the sperm into oocyte and the male pronucleus formation. Thus, a correlation between the sperm ligand activity and in vitro fertilization rate was observed. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 59:221–226, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ADC mapping of the human optic nerve: Increased resolution, coverage, and reliability with CSF‐suppressed ZOOM‐EPI
Authors: Wheeler‐Kingshott Claudia A.M. , Parker Geoffrey J.M. , Symms Mark R. , Hickman Simon J. , Tofts Paul S. , Miller David H. , Barker Gareth J. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe mean apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of the human optic nerve (ON) has been quantified in vivo, and mean ADC maps are shown along the complete length of the nerve from the globe to the optic chiasm. The mean ADC, over the whole nerve, is shown to be 1058 × 10–6 mm2 s–1 (standard deviation (SD), over nine 3‐mm slices, 101×10–6 mm2 s–1; range (833–1178)×10–6 mm2 s–1). The robustness of the method relies on acquisition of high‐resolution coronal images of the ON using the ZOOM‐EPI technique, which makes use of a shortened echo train length for increased resolution with decreased susceptibility‐induced distortions. Suppression of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and fat signals from tissues that surround the ON also helps successful identification and delineation of the nerve. Averaging of magnitude images is used to compensate for the inherently low signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) of the acquired images; the effects of the Rayleigh distributed noise in such images are allowed for during ADC calculations. Magn Reson Med 47:24–31, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regional magnetization transfer ratio changes in mild cognitive impairment
Authors: Kabani Noor Jehan , Sled John G. , Shuper Anita , Chertkow Howard 
Published: September 2002

AbstractReduction in temporal lobe volume is consistently found in dementia of Alzheimer's type (DAT). However, due to the lack of a consistent association between brain volume and cognitive decline in mild cognitive impairment (MCI), volumetric measures are not a reliable predictor for the progression of the disease. In our study, we hypothesized that changes in the magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) may reflect underlying brain pathology in the absence of quantifiable volumetric changes. Such a measure may be used as a predictor for abnormal cognitive decline in elderly subjects. The study was carried out on 15 normal elderly controls, 11 subjects with DAT, and 12 subjects with MCI. We used MTRs with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to detect tissue changes in the four lobes of each hemisphere, and compared that to the volumetric changes in the same regions. Our results indicate that the MTR of both temporal lobes is significantly reduced in subjects with MCI in the absence of significant volumetric changes. In comparison, DAT subjects have significantly reduced temporal lobe volumes and MTR. We conclude that changes in MTR have the potential to mark the progression of MCI to DAT, before volumetric changes are detected on conventional MRI scans.
Generalized SMASH imaging
Authors: Bydder Mark , Larkman David J. , Hajnal Joseph V. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA generalized parallel imaging method has been developed that uses coil profiles to generate missing k‐space lines. The proposed method is an extension of SMASH, which uses linear combinations of coil sensitivity profiles to synthesize spatial harmonics. In the generalized SMASH approach described here, coil sensitivity profiles are represented directly in the Fourier domain to provide a general description of the spatial properties of the coils. This removes restrictions imposed by conventional SMASH, so that the choice and position of the receiver coils can be made on the basis of sensitivity to the volume of interest rather than suitability for constructing spatial harmonics. Generalized SMASH also intrinsically allows the freedom to accommodate acquisitions with uniform or nonuniform k‐space sampling. The proposed method places SMASH on an equal footing with other parallel imaging techniques (SENSE and SPACE‐RIP), while combining strengths from each. The method was tested on phantom and human data and provides a robust method of data recovery. Magn Reson Med 47:160–170, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.