bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The thermal kinetics of texture change and the analysis of texture variability for raw and roasted hazelnuts
Authors: Demir Ali Doǧan , Cronin Kevin 
Published: March 2004

SummaryTexture changes of hazelnuts which were dry roasted at temperatures from 120 to 180 °C, for durations ranging from 5 up to 60 min, were studied using instrumental analysis. The textural changes in hazelnuts were represented by the fracture force obtained from compression tests. The magnitudes of the parameters for the corresponding texture change model were determined using one step non‐linear regression. The order of the reaction was found by plotting isothermal curves of texture response against time; statistical analysis of the data showed that it was best represented by a first‐order reaction. The rate constants were assumed to have an Arrhenius‐type dependence on temperature. The activation energy and the frequency (pre‐exponential) factor at a reference temperature (150 °C) were determined to be 39.25 kJ mol−1 and 0.0421 s−1, respectively. Young's modulus and the fracture stress for roasted hazelnuts were calculated to be 4.93 and 1.54 MPa, respectively. Both roasting temperature and time had significant effects on the textural changes in hazelnuts, and the variability in the texture decreased during the roasting process. The physical properties of hazelnuts were correlated with the texture response. A possible major factor causing the high variability in texture was the internal cavity present at the core of each hazelnut. The development of a model of the thermal kinetics of texture change over a large roasting temperature and time range should allow optimization studies to be used for determining the best roasting schedule in terms of delivering the required product texture.
Chemical analysis and identification of pollen grains from different jordanian honey samples
Authors: Atrouse Omar M. , Oran Sawsan A. , Al‐Abbadi Soud Y. 
Published: March 2004

SummaryStudies on eight samples of Jordanian honey of known origin included chemical, physical, trace element and heavy metals analysis as well as pollen identification. Results indicated that the quality of Jordanian honey was different depending on processing conditions; the composition of the different types of active compounds that they contain is dependant on the pollen grains that are present. Pollen composition was directly related to the plants on which the honeybees fed. Identification of pollen grains suggested that there were differences in the plants and therefore differences in the composition of the active compounds. Measurements of some trace elements also indicated differences that would affect the quality of the honey samples. Testing the honey samples for the presence of lead and cadmium was used as evidence of pollution. The results reaffirm the presence of heavy metals, giving a warning of pollution in the areas from where pollen is collected.
Use of herbal therapies by older, community‐dwelling women
Authors: Gözüm Sebahat , Ünsal Ayla 
Published: March 2004

Background.  Herbal medicines, products and therapies are a subject of great public interest both nationally and worldwide. Use of herbal therapy is most common among women and patients with chronic health problems.Aim.  This paper reports a study to determine the prevalence of herbal therapy use among women over 65 years who live independently in the community, and to compare the socio‐demographic characteristics and health status of older women who use herbal therapies and those who do not.Methods.  This was a cross‐sectional study. Random samples of 385 older participants took part in structured interviews at five primary health care centres in Turkey between September and December 2002.Results.  Herbal therapies were used by 48·3% of the sample in the previous 12 months. No differences in demographic characteristics were found for users and non‐users. We found that herbal therapy use was substantially higher among older women who: (1) reported any disability in activities of daily living, (2) had poor self‐reported health, (3) had very frequent physician visits, and (4) had chronic conditions such as cardiac problems, diabetes, stroke, cancer, asthma, pneumonia or urinary problems.Conclusions.  It is important for community health nurses to be knowledgeable about the use of herbal therapies when providing care to older women because of possible interactions with other treatments, delays in seeking care, and poor quality products.
Dynamic cytoskeleton rearrangements in giant cells and syncytia of nematode‐infected roots
Authors: De Almeida Engler Janice , Van Poucke Kris , Karimi Mansour , De Groodt Ruth , Gheysen Greetje , Engler Gilbert , Gheysen Godelieve 
Published: March 2004

SummaryGiant cells induced by root knot nematodes and syncytia caused by cyst nematodes are large multinucleated feeding cells containing a dense cytoplasm generated during a complex host–parasite association in plant roots. To find out whether cytoskeleton changes occurred during feeding cell development, transcriptional activity of actin (ACT) and tubulin genes and organization of the ACT filaments and of the microtubules (MTs) were analyzed in situ. The importance of changes in the cytoskeleton architecture for the proper initiation and development of galls and syncytia was demonstrated by perturbing the cytoskeleton with chemical inhibitors. The expression levels of cytoskeletal components, such as tubulins and ACTs, are proposed to be upregulated to allow the assembly of a new cytoskeleton in expanding feeding cells. However, MTs and ACT filaments failed to properly organize and appeared partially depolymerized throughout feeding site development. Both the actin and tubulin cytoskeletons were strongly disrupted in syncytia and mitotic figures were never observed. In contrast, in giant cells, an ACT and cortical MT cytokeleton, although disturbed, was still visible. In addition, a functional mitotic apparatus was present that contained multiple large spindles and arrested phragmoplasts, but no pre‐prophase bands. Chemical stabilization of the microtubular cytoskeleton with taxol blocked feeding site development. On the other hand, when the ACT or MT cytoskeleton of feeding cells was depolymerized by cytochalasin D or oryzalin, nematodes could complete their life cycle. Our data suggest that the cytoskeleton rearrangements and depolymerization induced by parasitic nematodes may be essential for a successful feeding process.
Interallelic complementation at the Arabidopsis CRE1 locus uncovers independent pathways for the proliferation of vascular initials and canonical cytokinin signalling
Authors: De León Berenice García‐Ponce , Zorrilla Jose Manuel Franco , Rubio Vicente , Dahiya Preeti , Paz‐Ares Javier , Leyva Antonio 
Published: March 2004

SummaryThe differentiation of vascular tissue plays a central role in root architecture and its functionality. Regardless of its importance, the molecular mechanisms involved in the inception of vascular morphogenesis and their interaction with hormones are only now beginning to be understood. The characterisation of the WOODEN LEG (wol/cre1 mutant), impaired in procambial cell proliferation and the identification of WOL/CRE1 as a cytokinin receptor, provided the first genetic evidence pointing to a role of cytokinins in the formation of vascular initials. However, the striking wol phenotype in vascular differentiation is unique among all the available cre1 alleles collection. In this work, we identified a mutant with identical deficiencies in vascular differentiation as wol. Complementation analysis revealed that this mutant rescued the wol short‐root phenotype. However, genetic characterisation of the mutant showed that the mutation was located at the CRE1 locus, indicating that both alleles displayed interallelic complementation. Trans‐heterozygotes characterisation showed that these plants fully restored the deficiency in vascular differentiation but not the canonical cytokinin signalling. Furthermore, we show that, as measured in root growth inhibition, calli regeneration assays and northern analysis, the original wol allele is in fact more sensitive to cytokinins than the trans‐heterozygous plants, or some cre1 alleles showing wild‐type vascular morphogenesis. Thus, there is no strict correlation between the phenotype in vascular differentiation displayed by the cre1/wol alleles and canonical cytokinin signalling. These results indicate that at least partially independent regulatory circuits may operate in procambial cell proliferation and in cytokinin responsiveness exerted through the CRE1 receptor.
John Colet and a Lost Manuscript of 1506
Authors: Arnold Jonathan 
Published: March 2004

AbstractJohn Colet, the humanist, attempted clerical reform early in his tenure as Dean of St Paul's (1505–19), by reminding certain members of the cathedral personnel of the existing statutes and by seeking to impose some visitation injunctions upon them. A 1506 manuscript, containing details of these efforts, is now lost. This article examines the contents of the manuscript, which are known from a nineteenth‐century transcription, and investigates the minor clergy, whom it concerned. It also discusses the possible whereabouts of the original manuscript; Colet's possible motivation for writing the proposals; the reaction to Colet's ideas; and how his clerical colleagues perceived Colet. The article concludes that Colet's inappropriate approach to reform hindered his success.
Molecular response to climate change: temperature dependence of UV‐induced DNA damage and repair in the freshwater crustacean Daphnia pulicaria
Authors: MacFadyen Emily J. , Williamson Craig E. , Grad Gabriella , Lowery Megan , Jeffrey Wade H. , Mitchell David L. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractIn temperate lakes, asynchronous cycles in surface water temperatures and incident ultraviolet (UV) radiation expose aquatic organisms to damaging UV radiation at different temperatures. The enzyme systems that repair UV‐induced DNA damage are temperature dependent, and thus potentially less effective at repairing DNA damage at lower temperatures. This hypothesis was tested by examining the levels of UV‐induced DNA damage in the freshwater crustacean Daphnia pulicaria in the presence and absence of longer‐wavelength photoreactivating radiation (PRR) that induces photoenzymatic repair (PER) of DNA damage. By exposing both live and dead (freeze‐killed) Daphnia as well as raw DNA to UV‐B in the presence and absence of PRR, we were able to estimate the relative importance and temperature dependence of PER (light repair), nucleotide excision repair (NER, dark repair), and photoprotection (PP). Total DNA damage increased with increasing temperature. However, the even greater increase in DNA repair rates at higher temperatures led net DNA damage (total DNA damage minus repair) to be greater at lower temperatures. Photoprotection accounted for a much greater proportion of the reduction in DNA damage than did repair. Experiments that looked at survival rates following UV exposure demonstrated that PER increased survival rates. The important implication is that aquatic organisms that depend heavily on DNA repair processes may be less able to survive high UV exposure in low temperature environments. Photoprotection may be more effective under the low temperature, high UV conditions such as are found in early spring or at high elevations.
Medical and Cognitive Correlates of Denture Wearing in Older Community‐Dwelling Adults
Authors: Weyant Robert J. , Pandav Rajesh S. , Plowman Judith L. , Ganguli Mary 
Published: March 2004

Objectives: To examine the association between denture wearing and use of dental services, oral function limitations, and medical and cognitive status in a community‐based cohort of rural older adults enrolled in an epidemiological study.Design: This cross‐sectional study was part of a larger cohort study, the Monongahela Valley Independent Elders Survey. Dental data were collected during the fifth wave of assessments (10 years after the start of the study in 1987).Setting: Monongahela Valley, a rural western Pennsylvania community.Participants: The 805 participants were English‐speaking community‐dwelling (noninstitutionalized) persons, aged 73 and older, with at least a sixth grade education.Measurements: A questionnaire was used to collect data on denture‐wearing status, oral function limitations, and recency of the last dental visit. Other data collected included demographics, self‐rated health, medication usage, depression, cognitive status using the Mini‐Mental State Examination, and self‐reports of weight loss and appetite.Results: There were 44.7% of participants who had full dentures. Those with complete dentures were more likely to complain of oral function limitation, report poor health status, and take prescription medications. Additionally, 93.6% of those with complete dentures had not seen a dentist in more than 1 year.Conclusion: Denture wearing and edentulism are common in older patients and can be related to poor quality of life and risk for undiagnosed oral disease and may be a marker for other medical comorbidities. Geriatricians need to include oral health status evaluations and understand that attention to the oral cavity should be part of an older adult's care.
Who Are the Uninsured Elderly in the United States?
Authors: Mold James W. , Fryer George E. , Thomas Cynthia H. 
Published: March 2004

Because of the Medicare program, a common assumption is made that virtually all older Americans have health insurance coverage. Data from the 2000 National Health Interview Survey were analyzed to estimate the number of people aged 65 and older without health insurance; their stated reasons for being uninsured; and the associations between lack of insurance and sociodemographic variables, health status, and access to and use of healthcare services.In 2000, there were approximately 350,000 older Americans with no health insurance. Those without insurance were more likely to be younger, Hispanic, nonwhite, unmarried (widowed, divorced, or never married), poor, and foreign‐born. They were less likely to hold U.S. citizenship. Despite relatively high rates of chronic medical conditions, they were unlikely to receive outpatient or home healthcare services. The most common reason given for lack of insurance was its cost.This study reveals important gaps in the availability of health insurance for the elderly, gaps that are likely to affect an increasing number of older Americans in the coming decade.
The binding of proteinase 3 antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (PR3-ANCA) varies in different ELISAs
Authors: Trevisin M , Neeson P , Savige J 
Published: March 2004

Background:The demonstration of proteinase 3 specific antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (PR3-ANCA), and the estimation of antibody values are useful in the diagnosis and management of patients with Wegener’s granulomatosis (WG). However, external quality assessment programmes suggest that PR3-ANCA binding varies in different assays.Aim:To demonstrate variations in PR3-ANCA binding in different commercial and in house enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs).Method:Binding of a PR3-ANCA standard and 19 sera from patients with WG was compared in eight commercial and in house assays. Binding was expressed in different units depending on the kit.Results:One commercial assay performed unsatisfactorily. Three commercial kits produced PR3-ANCA binding (70, 102, and 84 U/ml) close to the expected value for the standard (100 U/ml). Serial dilutions of this standard were linear in only one commercial assay and the in house assay. Sera from patients with WG with borderline binding in the in house assay bound in the eight commercial kits at 0–148 kit units; low binding sera ranged from 0 to 273 units; moderately strong sera bound at 7–260 units; and strongly binding sera bound at 13–336 units. In four assays, at least one strongly positive serum bound at levels greater than the provided range.Conclusions:Levels of antibody binding and units of binding have not been standardised in commercially available PR3-ANCA ELISAs. This may affect the diagnosis and management of patients with WG, in addition to the implementation of international guidelines for treatment.
Does histopathological examination of breast reduction specimens affect patient management and clinical follow up?
Authors: Cook I S , Fuller C E 
Published: March 2004

Aim:To assess the value of the histopathological examination of routine breast reduction specimens.Methods:All patients who underwent breast reduction surgery over a 10 year period were identified. The histopathology report for each patient was analysed. For all cases with important microscopic abnormalities, the patient’s medical notes were examined to identify whether clinical follow up was arranged.Results:Histopathology reports for specimens from 1289 patients were examined. One thousand, two hundred and fifty eight of these specimens (97.6%) were reported microscopically as showing normal breast tissue or benign breast disease, 26 cases (2.0%) showed lesions of uncertain malignant potential, four cases (0.3%) showed ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or microinvasive malignancy, and there was one case (0.1%) of invasive malignancy. Important diagnoses were made in 2.1% of cases with no macroscopic abnormality. Clinical follow up was arranged for all patients with a diagnosis of DCIS, microinvasive carcinoma, or invasive malignancy. There were 26 patients diagnosed with lesions of uncertain malignant potential; 11 had follow up arrangements made and 13 patients were discharged. Follow up data was not available for two patients.Conclusions:Histopathological examination of breast reduction specimens may reveal important pathological diagnoses. In some cases, patients were discharged from medical care despite histopathological examination revealing lesions associated with an increased risk of developing breast carcinoma.
Clinical evaluation of the polymerase chain reaction for the rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis
Authors: Cheng V C C , Yam W C , Hung I F N , Woo P C Y , Lau S K P , Tang B S F , Yuen K Y 
Published: March 2004

Aims:Use of the polymerase chain reaction for the detection ofMycobacterium tuberculosis(TB PCR) as a basis for making clinical decisions on the initiation of antituberculosis treatment was studied.Methods:A retrospective study involving a cohort of 155 patients being investigated for tuberculosis in an infectious disease consultation service was undertaken. TB PCR was performed on pulmonary and extrapulmonary specimens from these patients. The sensitivity of TB PCR was analysed.Results:Of the 155 patients, 144 fitted the clinical diagnosis of tuberculosis, and 112 of them were culture positive forM tuberculosis. Sixty (58.3%) patients with clinical features suggestive of tuberculosis received antituberculosis treatment based on positive TB PCR alone. Of 224 clinical specimens (138 pulmonary and 86 extrapulmonary) sent for TB PCR, 148 (99 pulmonary and 49 extrapulmonary) were positive in 117 patients. Of the 690 clinical specimens sent for culture, 279 were positive forM tuberculosisin 112 patients. The diagnostic sensitivity of TB PCR was 75.9% (85 of 112) and 81.3% (117 of 144) in patients with culture confirmed and clinically diagnosed tuberculosis, respectively. Using culture as the gold standard, the overall sensitivity of TB PCR was 78.3%, and for pulmonary and extrapulmonary specimens it was 82.3% and 72.0%, respectively.Conclusions:TB PCR is a rapid and reliable test in the diagnosis and management of tuberculosis.
A simple method for the prevention of endometrial autolysis in hysterectomy specimens
Authors: Houghton J P , Roddy S , Carroll S , McCluggage W G 
Published: March 2004

Aims:Uteri are among the most common surgical pathology specimens. Assessment of the endometrium is often difficult because of pronounced tissue autolysis. This study describes a simple method to prevent endometrial autolysis and aid in interpretation of the endometrium.Methods:Sixty uteri were injected with formalin using a needle and syringe directed alongside a probe, which was inserted through the external cervical os into the endometrial cavity. Injection was performed on the same day as removal of the uterus. As controls, 60 uteri that were not injected with formalin were examined. The degree of endometrial autolysis was assessed on a four point scale (0–3), with a score of 0 representing no or minimal autolysis and a score of 3 representing extensive autolysis, such that histological interpretation of the endometrium was impossible.Results:In the injected group, the number of cases with scores of 0, 1, 2, and 3 was 42, 13, four, and one, respectively. The corresponding values for the control group were 17, 23, eight, and 12, respectively. This was highly significant (p < 0.001)Conclusions:There was significantly less endometrial autolysis in uteri injected with formalin. The use of this simple procedure should be encouraged in hysterectomy specimens.
New approach for bone marrow transplantation in patients with class 3 thalassemia aged younger than 17 years
Authors: Sodani Pietro , Gaziev David , Polchi Paola , Erer Buket , Giardini Claudio , Angelucci Emanuele , Baronciani Donatella , Andreani Marco , Manna Marisa , Nesci Sonia , Lucarelli Barbarella , Clift Reginald A. , Lucarelli Guido 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
When prepared for transplantation with busulfan (BU) 14 mg/kg and cyclophosphamide (CY) 120 to 160 mg/kg, patients with thalassemia in risk class 3, aged younger than 17 years, who receive transplants from HLA-identical donors, had a 30% incidence of transplant rejection with recurrence of thalassemia. This, relatively poor, outcome was ascribed to insufficient immune suppression or to inadequate eradication of the thalassemic marrow, or both. In an attempt to enhance both immune suppression and eradication of the thalassemic clones, hydroxyurea, azathioprine, and fludarabine were added to the BU and CY. This regimen, called protocol 26, was applied to 33 consecutive patients with class 3 thalassemia aged younger than 17 years and was well tolerated with 93% survival. The incidence of recurrent thalassemia after the transplantation decreased from 30% to 8%. (Blood. 2004;104:1201-1203)
Bone marrow transplantation restores immune system function and prevents lymphoma in Atm-deficient mice
Authors: Bagley Jessamyn , Cortes Maria L. , Breakefield Xandra O. , Iacomini John 
Published: March 2004

AbstractAtaxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is a human autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the gene encoding ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM). A-T is characterized by progressive cerebellar degeneration, variable immunodeficiency, and a high incidence of leukemia and lymphoma. Recurrent sino-pulmonary infections secondary to immunodeficiency and hematopoietic malignancies are major causes of morbidity and mortality in A-T patients. In mice, an introduced mutation in Atm leads to a phenotype that recapitulates many of the symptoms of A-T, including immune system abnormalities and susceptibility to malignancy. Here we show that the replacement of the bone marrow compartment in Atm knockout mice (Atm-/-) using a clinically relevant, nonmyeloablative host-conditioning regimen can be used to overcome the immune deficiencies and prevent the malignancies observed in these mice. Therefore, bone marrow transplantation may prove to be of therapeutic benefit in A-T patients. (Blood. 2004;104:572-578)