bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Little Hungarian Pornography
Authors: Esterhazy Péter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Life in a dictatorship is not the same as life in a democracy. You live in a different way. And you write in a different way, too. You also read in a different way. And though literary considerations everywhere are equally ‘lasting as steel’, literature is nevertheless affected by the just mentioned difference. Some books are irrevocably the prisoners of the time in which they were written. The author hopes (not that he’s got a choice) that his book is perhaps an exception, that time has not done too much damage. Of course, all sorts of shackles and loose bindings fiapping this way and that are in evidence throughout its pages, which, to say the least, have their own special logic.
Financial Conditions Indices
Authors: Goodhart Charles , Hofmann Boris 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A Monetary Conditions Index (MCI), a weighted average of the short-term interest rate and the exchange rate, has commonly been used, at least for open economies, as a composite measure of the stance of monetary policy. The MCI concept is based on empirical findings that inflationary pressures are determined by excess aggregate demand and that monetary policy mainly affects aggregate demand via its leverage over short-term interest rates and the real exchange rate. Changes in the stance of monetary policy affect short-term money market interest rates, which in turn influence the investment and saving decisions of households and firms and thus domes- tic demand conditions. A change in short-term interest rates changes, ceteris paribus, the interest rate differential vis-à-vis the rest of the world and may thus lead to a change in the real exchange rate, which in turn affects the competitiveness of domestic firms vis-à-vis foreign firms and thus external demand conditions.
House Prices and Bank Credit
Authors: Goodhart Charles , Hofmann Boris 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Over the last two decades most industrial countries have experienced episodes of boom and bust in credit markets. These credit cycles have often coincided with cycles in economic activity and property markets. The coincidence of these cycles has already been widely documented in the policy-oriented literature (e.g. IMF 2000; BIS 2001a), but there are only a few studies assessing the relationship between credit aggregates, economic activity and property prices in a formal way. In particular, the role of property prices has not been explored to a large extent. This chapter aims to fill this gap. We analyse the determinants of domestic bank credit to the private non-financial sector from an international perspective. For a sample of 16 industrialized countries we model bank credit1 as a function of economic activity, interest rates and property prices using quarterly data since 1980.
What Role for House Prices in the Measurement of Inflation?
Authors: Goodhart Charles , Hofmann Boris 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Our dictionary (Longmans) defines inflation as a fall in the value of money, not as a rise in the consumer price index. If we spend our money now on obtaining a claim on future housing services by buying a house, or on future dividends by buying an equity, and the price of that claim on housing services or on dividends goes up, why is that not just as much inflation as when the price of current goods and services rises? We spend much of our money on such purchases; the value of gross purchases of houses, in those cases where a mortgage was taken out, was 18.5% of post-tax income of the household sector in 1999. In the same year the net value of other financial savings of the household sector was 5.5% of post-tax income.
A Second Central Bank Instrument?
Authors: Goodhart Charles , Hofmann Boris 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There has been a welcome and continuing trend of improvement in economic outcomes over recent decades, from the turbulent years of the 1970s, through the cycles of the 1980s (and in the early 1990s), to the recent decade of stable, low inflation and much milder cycles of real output. Some (large?) part of this improvement has been due to beneficial structural changes in the monetary pol- icy framework, with the successful achievement of EMU, and the practical adoption of inflation targeting (IT) as a means of achieving price stability, being key milestones in this successful process.
House Price Fluctuations and Public Policy
Authors: Goodhart Charles , Hofmann Boris 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Persistent inflation is a monetary phenomenon. When monetary policy is subject to proper discipline and becomes well anchored, there should be no persistence in inflation. In the last 15 or so years, that has been the experience of most developed countries. During these years the target for inflation has not been zero, but a low rate of about 2 to 2 1/2% The preference for a low, but positive, inflation rate (over a target for zero inflation) is due partly to concerns over whether the statistical indices may exaggerate inflation slightly (see the Boskin Report 1996), partly to a belief that workers would be unwilling to negotiate, or to accept, nominal wage cuts, so that grinding inflation down from 2% to zero might be very costly in forgone output (Akerlof and Yellen 1985, 1990), and, even more, to a fear that, given the zero nominal floor to short-term interest rates, it could be hard for (conventional) monetary policy measures to counteract a deflationary shock when the economy already has price stability.
Why the Poor Stay Poor
Authors: Bliss Christopher 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Consider an economic unit, large or small. Examples would include an individual, a family, a region, or a nation. Suppose that at some moment in time the unit is poor. In this context poverty will mean relative poverty; being poor in comparison with comparable units; although we leave open the possibility that absolute poverty may play a role in determining subsequent developments. Allow a suitable period of time to elapse. We expect that a poor unit is likely to remain poor. Beggars may win lotteries, or poor regions discover oil. Yet typically poverty gives rise to poverty. Even so, if the inheritability of poverty is less than perfect, the poor unit may tend to be closer to average wealth or income than was the case with the initial observation.
Mobile Factors and Urbanization
Authors: Bliss Christopher 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 5 we saw how the Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson trade model (HOS for short) can be used to support the counter-intuitive conclusion that factor mobility is largely without consequence, at least where factor prices are concerned. With two countries within the same cone of diversification, they will share common factor prices and common techniques of production. Suppose in that case that there is a small change in the factor supplies of one or both these countries, caused possibly by the migration of one of the factors from one country to the other. Then there will be a similarly small alteration in activity levels, to accommodate the new factor supplies, and no change in factor prices.
Unequal Trade and Trade between the Unequal
Authors: Bliss Christopher 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Winston Churchill said of democracy: ‘the only argument for it is that everything else is much worse’. Exactly the same might be said of trade liberalization, and the structural reforms that accompany it when programmes promoted by the IMF, the World Bank, and many economists, are under consideration. The heading of this section is borrowed from a prominent book by the Nobel-Prize-winner Joseph Stiglitz, Stiglitz (2002). This chapter chooses to concentrate on the analytical content of this contribution to the literature, leaving aside the author’s intemperate attack on IMF staff. Stiglitz argues that everything else is most certainly not worse than the rigid formulaic adjustment programmes applied by his bete noire, the IMF. His case is broad and far-reaching, and a full evaluation of it does not belong here. See Bliss (2003b) and Wolf (2004) for a more detailed discussion of some of the issues.
Comparison of the Copyright
System and the Author’s Rights (Droit D’auteur) System
Authors: Lewinski Silke von 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Today, two major systems of protection govern most national copyright laws of the world: the Anglo-Saxon or Anglo-American ‘copyright system’ and the Continental European ‘author’s rights’ or ‘ droit d’auteur ’ system. They are rooted in different philosophies, as reflected in distinctive features of laws under each system. The differences of these systems have proved to be a major source of problems for initiating and adopting international agreements or even regional harmonization, especially from the mid-1980s when the increased economic importance of copyright resulted in more competition and countries’ more aggressive pursuit of protection for the benefit of their domestic industries through international trade law. In addition, not least since its accession to the Berne Convention in 1989, the USA has exercised increased influence on international copyright law and strongly pushed for recognition of elements of the copyright system, thereby accentuating the ‘competition’ between the systems. Strategies of minimizing the differences in order to ‘bridge the gap’ were mostly discerned as tools to introduce elements of the copyright system into the international framework.
Additional Issues Discussed in WIPO After 1996
Authors: Lewinski Silke von 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When in early 1996 the EC adopted its Database Directive, which included sui generis protection, and submitted to WIPO its proposal for a treaty on sui generis protection of databases, reactions by other delegations were sufficiently positive so that the Chair of the Committee was mandated with the preparation of a Basic Proposal for a database treaty. Yet, during the short period between the submission of the proposal and the Diplomatic Conference in December 1996, support by those other delegations largely faded away due to users’ concerns; in addition, no time was left at the Conference for negotiation on the Basic Proposal. As a result, the Diplomatic Conference simply adopted a Recommendation to convoke an extraordinary session of the WIPO Governing Bodies during the first quarter of 1997; the session was to decide on a schedule of further preparatory work for such a treaty.
Dynamics in aggregate demand and supply
Authors: Heijdra Ben J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In all cases the notion of stability will play a fundamental role. A stable system may be defined as one in which the unique equilibrium (also called stationary state) is eventually restored following a shock to one or more of the exogenous variables. Obviously, to operationalize this definition we must in each case indicate exactly what we mean by an equilibrium, and which variables we classify as exogenous. When the system has multiple equilibria (or stationary points), there may be stable and unstable equilibria. If there is a unique stable equilibrium, we shall choose that equilibrium as the relevant one and can still speak of a stable system.
Search in the labour market
Authors: Heijdra Ben J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The labour market in many countries is characterized by huge gross flows of workers leaving a job and entering unemployment and vice versa. For example, for the US the flow of workers entering or leaving a job amounts to 7 million per month (Blanchard and Diamond, 1989, p. 1)! It would be tempting to argue that these enormous flows, due to the simultaneous occurrence of job creation and job destruction, are bound to cause problems. There are a lot of workers looking for jobs, and vice versa. At a macroeconomic level, however, it appears that (at least in the US) the labour market is relatively efficient at matching jobs and workers. As we saw in Chapter 6, US unemployment seems to be relatively low and stable.
Macroeconomic policy, credibility, and politics
Authors: Heijdra Ben J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As anyone with more than a fleeting interest in literature knows, Ulysses had a hard time getting back to his island of Ithaca after helping the Greeks win the war against the Trojans. Apparently the Greeks had forgotten to suitably thank the gods upon winning the war, and this had irritated them to such an extent that they decided to make the Greeks suffer. To cut a long story short, it took Ulysses ten years plus a lot of trouble to get home. During this journey he and his men have to pass the island of the Sirens. These Sirens were twin sisters and excellent singers but had a dangerous streak to them.
The Dawn of Reason 1960–1969
Authors: Lindley-French Julian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Dawn of Reason 1960–1969: In November 1960, John F Kennedy is elected president of the United States. Some six months earlier Colonel Gary Powers had been shot down by a Soviet ground-to-air missile as his U2 spy plane searches for evidence of the missile gap that has so gripped the American strategic psyche. In such an environment and faced with such a situation Kennedy challenges his fellow Americans: ask not what America can do for you, but what you can do for America. Implicitly he poses the same question to Europeans as, during the ides of August 1961, an ominous wall advances across Berlin as the Third Berlin Crisis reaches it climax and the Cold War enters it most dangerous phase. However, whilst the 1960s see the Cold War strike the hard bottom of nuclear confrontation it is the very realization of what failure and misunderstanding can mean for humanity that finally leads to the dawn of reason. Indeed, it is the unpleasantly novel experience for Europeans of being totally reliant upon others for their collective destiny that slowly and painfully leads to the re-emergence of Europeans as a political force as they begin to impose on both Moscow and Washington in a way that would have been unthinkable ten years prior.
Powers to Stop, Search, Enter, and Seize
Authors: Corrin Lucy , Gask Alex 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For many, encounters with the police are entirely positive; a friendly constable offering assistance, or giving a sympathetic and committed response to a report of a crime. But when the encounter involves a police officer exercising his or her power over you, the experience may be far less pleasant. An obvious point of tension is police use of powers to search both individuals and premises. Powers to stop and search without making an arrest have long been a source of controversy, particularly their disproportionate use against members of minority ethnic groups. The adage that an Englishman’s home is his castle is illustrative of a cultural objection to intrusions into our homes and private premises.
Beyond conventional measures of income: including indirect benefits and taxes
Authors: Harding Ann , Warren Neil , Lloyd Rachel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The size of the income gap between rich and poor, how the gap is changing, and how government programmes redistribute income are all topics of major concern to policy-makers, researchers, and the public. Huge progress has been made in developing comparable and accessible household micro data through initiatives such as the Luxembourg Income Study. These developments have facilitated many cross-national studies of the distribution of income.
Shadows and Fog: Impressionist London
Authors: Freeman Nicholas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Max Beerbohm’s caricature, ‘London in November, and Mr Henry James in London’ ( c.1907) shows the venerable novelist in what amounts almost to silhouette. A tangram swathed in dark grey fog, James has been reduced to his external trappings: a drooping top hat, a black overcoat, a furled umbrella. He might be a businessman, a commuter trying in vain to conjure a hansom from the monochrome wastes about him.
Bank of Greece: Latecomer, Uphill Adjustment
Authors: Pagoulatos George 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Why should the Bank of Greece warrant particular attention? In the early 1990s, Greece posted the worst record among all EU member states in terms of deficits and inflation. The story of Greece’s EMU accession is the uphill adjustment course of the most laggard of EU-15 economies, steered successfully by the country’s central bank, the Bank of Greece. Thus, Greece was a latecomer in the Euro Area. It was the only state that wanted but could not enter in 1999 and remained in the antechamber for two more years before finally managing to accede alone in 2001, into stage three of EMU. This late accession was not a function of weak will but of acutely problematic initial macroeconomic conditions, testifying to the intensity of the adjustment enterprise and the scale of the final achievement.
How Empty Is An Atom?
Authors: Close Frank 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Electrical phenomena have been known for thousands of years, but the mysteries of the magnetic compass needle, the sparks of lightning, and the nature of electricity remained well into the nineteenth century. The situation towards the end of that century was summarized in a book that I bought as a child in a jumble sale for one penny. Entitled Questions and Answers in Science it had been published in 1898 and in answer to the question ‘What is electricity?’ it opined with Victorian melodrama that ‘Electricity is an imponderable fluid whose like is a mystery to man.’ What a difference a hundred years makes. Modern electronic communications and whole industries are the result of Thomson’s discovery of the electron in 1897, answering the above question a full year before that book was published; news travels faster these days.
Economic Law and the Laws of Economics
Authors: Lowenfeld Andreas F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If international economic law is not necessarily congruent with the laws of international economics, it is nevertheless true that economics— knowledge, faith, skepticism included—has had a strong influence on the shape and evolution of the international law of international trade, investment, and financial transactions. Indeed, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, which forms much of the foundation for the subjects addressed in this volume, is clearly based on the perception that international trade is beneficial, that the gains to society from trade outweigh the losses to those who are hurt by competition from abroad, and that value is created through specialization and exchange in open markets.
Money, Exchange Rates, and the Balance of Payments
Authors: Lowenfeld Andreas F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Louis XIV and his advisers, Mazarin and Colbert, believed that a nation‘s wealth (and not incidentally its power) depended on its store of gold and silver. The way to increase that store would be to maximize exports paid for in hard currency, and to limit imports. The heritage of that belief, generally referred to as mercantilism, has survived, even when the theory has failed to withstand analysis. Nations still seek to promote exports and restrain imports by a variety of means, and when they lower barriers to imports, for instance by reducing tariffs, they think of such action as concessions. A brief introduction to the role of international exchange and payments is presented here, as a complement to the discussion of the theory of international trade introduced in Chapter 1. The legal rules of the international monetary system are discussed in Part VII.
Dumping and Anti-Dumping
Authors: Lowenfeld Andreas F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Dumping as a technical term in the law of international trade is quite different from the lay person ‘s understanding of the term. The popular definition of dumping embraces any sales by a producer or merchant at low prices to dispose of surplus—if possible after costs of production of the entire line have been recovered. In the language and law of international trade, the de5nition of dumping is more limited and technical. Article VI of the GATT, modelled roughly but not precisely on the United States Anti Dumping Act of 1921, defines dumping as an export of a product by a producer or seller in Patria to importers in Xandia‘at less than its normal value ‘, i.e. at less than the price at which the product in question is sold when destined for consumption in Patria. If there are no such sales, that is if a comparable domestic price in Patria cannot be established, normal value is to be determined by reference to the highest price in sales to a third country, or by reference to cost of production in Patria plus a reason able addition for selling cost and profit.
The International Monetary System and Regional Crises
Authors: Lowenfeld Andreas F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the early 1980s, Mexico, then Brazil, and then a number of other states, principally in Latin America, became unable to pay their external debts— and even interest on their debts—as they came due. In the early 1990s, as the states of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union turned away from communism, they found themselves without the resources needed to join the international economy and the international monetary system that had grown up largely without their participation. In the late 1990s, a series of countries in South-east Asia, each with a rather different economic and political situation, found themselves in financial distress, brought on at least in part by the perception of the outside world—investors and creditors— that there were parallels among the countries.
The Foundations of Strategy
Authors: Mayson Stephen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I examined in Part I the broader shifts in the emerging landscape for legal services, and the fundamental underpinnings of a modern law firm. Part II now explores the strategic context which shapes any given firm’s response to those influences.
Strategists do not begin with a clean sheet. They are constrained by available resources, are subject to the aspirations and attitudes of those on whom they depend for support and implementation, and are bound by context and environment. Strategy is therefore about creating a fit or a match between an organisation and its external environment. This chapter explores the building blocks for that matching operation.
Strategic Options
Authors: Mayson Stephen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I explored in chapter 3 the basis on which modern law firms exist and the fundamental preconditions that underpin them. Merely meeting those preconditions, however, will not necessarily ensure strategic or financial success. Those who are seeking to satisfy the preconditions often seek to enable, shape, direct or constrain their actions (depending on individual viewpoints!) by some notion of ‘strategy’. I therefore set out in chapter 4 the different levels of strategy and how they relate to each other. In particular, whether people in an organisation are aware of it or not, their actions will be affected by the firm’s normative environment (that is, by its purpose, culture and climate as defined and discussed in chapter 5). Beyond this, though, their more deliberate strategic actions will usually be more overtly influenced by the firm’s corporate and business strategies—that is, by choices about which industries or markets to compete in, and by decisions about how to compete.
The Implications of Valuation: The Longevity of The Firm
Authors: Mayson Stephen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Although the important factor for valuation is the perceived sustainability of a firm’s economic income, it sees to me that this must be very closely tied to perceptions of the persistence and longevity of the firm itself. I have already identified the longevity of the firm as an expected return on previous investment contributing to the perception of the sustainability of its income (see paragraph 11.3.2.4). What I wish to address in this chapter are therefore the broader contributors to the persistence of the firm itself. These contributors are varied, complex and interrelated in mutually reinforcing ways: the following discussion seeks to reflect this.