bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Case Study: Swiss Banks and Nazi Gold
Authors: Wendel W. Bradley 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
A prestigious New York City law firm accepted the representation of a Swiss bank in litigation over claims by family members of Holocaust victims that the bank had helped the Nazis launder assets. The result was a strong morally based objection by Jewish associates at the firm and ultimately a decision by the firm to limit its representation in a way that avoided challenging the substance of the families’ claims. The incident shows that lawyers do not uniformly rely on the so-called Principle of Nonaccountability to block morally grounded criticism of the decision to represent a particular client. To say lawyers are accountable is not to say they are wrongdoers. Rather, it means they owe an explanation for their decision to represent a client. Two other famous controversies, including John Adams’s representation of British soldiers accused of participating in the Boston Massacre, illustrate the explanations that can be offered.
Philosophical Perspective: Regret and Moral Costs
Authors: Wendel W. Bradley 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The distinction between permissibility and meaning creates the possibility that a lawyer may be permitted to represent a client but will (or should) do so only with an accompanying sense of regret or reluctance. Two case studies illustrate this phenomenon of moral costs or moral remainders. A further question is what should be done in response to sentiments of regret or reluctance. It may be that a habit of reluctance tends to slow down the rush to wrongdoing. Alternatively, the appreciation of moral costs may lead to some form of apology, atonement, or reparation, or perhaps motivate efforts to reform unjust laws.
The Happy Runner
Authors: Little Sabrina B. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
There are three dominant models of happiness, two of which are inadequate. This chapter explores all three and their limitations, and it commits to the eudaimonic account, which is Aristotle’s view. This chapter raises the question “What are people for?” It investigates the ways athletics might contribute to, or undermine, a good life. It asks why smiley faces and meeting our running goals both fail to make us happy, and it compares two kinds of lives—the “all-in” runner and the well-rounded athlete. Lastly, this chapter raises a difficult question: Are the ways you currently participate in athletics at odds with a good life in the long term?
Planning Healthy and Sustainable Built Environments
Authors: Vargo Jason 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Neighborhoods, communities, towns, and cities have important roles to play in addressing climate change. Strategies to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, conserve natural resources, and build climate resilience equitably offer significant health co-benefits. Addressing the design of the built environment at the scale people regularly experience it can protect the environment and promote healthy lifestyles. At the same time, the built environment can help make green and healthy choices routine. The three case studies in this chapter have demonstrated how communities, focusing on the built environment, can address climate change and improve health for all. The case studies describe the Climate Action Plan in Portland, Oregon; California’s SB1000 law that embeds environmental justice in local land use planning; and the Mariposa Healthy Living Initiative in Denver.
Introduction
Authors: Stratton Hild Elaine 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The opening section introduces the medieval rituals for the dying and outlines the book’s structure and guiding questions: Which melodies were sung at the end of life? To what extent did the people of different geographic areas and religious institutions maintain their own, “local” versions of deathbed rituals and chants? Why was music given such a prominent position within these liturgies? The Introduction also presents the four manuscripts that provide primary source material for the study. Medieval deathbed rituals engage issues of current interest in academic discourse: the areas of autonomy practiced by women in medieval religious life, the changing and multiple conceptions of the afterlife in the Middle Ages, the relationship of music and text in medieval plainchant, and the differences in religious practices among societal groups, particularly the educated clerics and monastics of elite religious institutions and the laity who lived in rural areas.
Carbon Sinks and Sources on Land
Authors: Kirchman David L. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Land plants can consume a lot of atmospheric carbon dioxide, thanks to the nutrients released by soil microbes and through symbiotic relationships with nitrogen-fixing bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi. Microbes are also instrumental in both making and degrading one of the largest carbon stocks on the planet, soil organic matter (SOM). One large part of SOM is the dead remains from microbes, or necromass. Global warming threatens to undo the sequestration of carbon in SOM by stimulating degradation by microbes. The problem is acute for permafrost in the Arctic, which is warming faster than elsewhere on Earth. For now, models project that terrestrial habitats will continue to take up anthropogenic carbon dioxide due to carbon dioxide fertilization, yet many unknowns remain. What is clear is that the size of the terrestrial carbon sink depends in large part on microbes and their response to climate change.
Ideological Adaptations in the Taliban’s Shadow State, 2006–2020
Authors: Jackson Ashley 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In Chapter 6, Ashley Jackson examines the evolution of Taliban governance. This chapter traces how the Taliban’s ideology evolved from its origins as a movement in the 1990s, through its post-2001 resurrection as an insurgency, and its transformation into a presumptive government-in-waiting by 2020. Specifically, the chapter provides a background on the Taliban and its approach to governance before looking at three fields in which this shadow government has operated and developed: justice, education, and taxation. The chapter showcases the Taliban’s ideological dexterity, considerations between military adaptation and pragmatism in its approach to governance, and maintenance of an image of Islamic purity among its followers and civilians more broadly.
Jamaat-e-Islami
Authors: Ranjha Tehmina Aslam 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In Chapter 13, Tehmina Aslam Ranjha looks at Jamaat-e-Islami (JI), one of the main religious parties actively involved in Pakistani national politics today, established by Maulana Sayyid Maududi in 1941. Examining their social welfare activism through interviews, Ranjha highlights how JI’s rationale for social welfare work is driven by four themes: as a religious duty; as a mode of engaging the public; as a method to influence ideology of the public; and as part of a political strategy. This chapter explores how JI adopted social welfare provisions as an organizational effort to secure political space.
The Sahwa in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Al-Saud Abdullah 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In Chapter 15, Abdullah al-Saud examines the history of Al-Sahwa Al-Islamiyyah (the Islamic Awakening) in Saudi Arabia by looking at four key periods of change that influenced both the Sahwa’s focus and priorities as well as the Kingdom’s perception of it. The chapter demonstrates how the political opportunity structure and the continuous search for relevance have been primary concerns driving the Sahwa’s actions and decisions to confront or collaborate with the government during various stages.
Why Moore Matters
Authors: Leite Adam 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
G.E. Moore’s writings on external world skepticism provide a model for the approach developed in this book. This chapter offers an interpretation and preliminary defense of Moore’s aims, his method, and his conception of the relation between the refutation of skepticism and epistemological theorizing. Contemporary interpretations of Moore from John Greco, James Pryor, Tom Kelly, William Lycan, and others are critically discussed in order to bring out key aspects of Moore’s approach. Moore is speaking from a pre-philosophical position. He considers what might be said in favor of skepticism and asks whether there is any reason for him to change his view. Finding none, he rejects skepticism. Any epistemological theorizing is, for him, a downstream inquiry subsequent to this refutation of skepticism. The chapter concludes by characterizing where we would be left if Moore’s approach were successful.
Austin, Dreams, and Skepticism
Authors: Leite Adam 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
J.L. Austin further developed Moore’s distinctive methodological approach. This chapter offers an interpretation and defense of Austin’s response to the dream argument for external world skepticism. Austin argues that we can tell that we are not dreaming, and he appeals to empirical background knowledge to support this claim. This chapter argues that features of ordinary epistemic life highlighted by Austin allow an appeal to empirical knowledge for this purpose. Central aspects of Austin’s view are articulated and initially defended, including the claim that it is unproblematic to appeal to considerations about the world to reject the Dream Scenario, the Evil Demon Hypothesis, and the like. Barry Stroud’s influential version of the dream argument is shown to fail for reasons Austin highlights. Finally, Austin would have good reason to reject any demand for an explanation of our knowledge of the world that does not appeal to knowledge of the world.
Violence as an Intersecting Factor
Authors: Zack Naomi 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Reform of established institutions has structures for accountability and change. For instance, the “reasonable officer standard” and “police discretion” are judicial rulings that could be changed insofar as they support unjustified police violence, and police departments can reform individually. The US prison system is unbalanced in comparison to the rest of the world and in its disproportional incarceration of minorities. Sudden violence against Jewish Americans, Asian Americans, and school children has no corresponding institution(s) that could be reformed, and they are stand-alone intersections. Jews are vulnerable due to long-lasting stereotypes, and there is a history of discrimination against Asian Americans in the United States. School children are already vulnerable because they have no autonomy apart from parental and official decisions and directions for their behavior.
Intersectional Structures in Higher Education
Authors: Zack Naomi 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Racial segregation in K–12 schools was struck down in 1954. The US civil rights legislation of 1964–1965 outlawed discrimination against women and minorities in employment and higher education admission. But minorities did not have equal access to formal equality of opportunity. Affirmative action grew out of difficulties in legally proving discrimination, and it was about women and non-white minorities who remained excluded. While not the law, affirmative action was legally permitted before public backlash against it as “reverse discrimination.” The US Supreme Court has whittled away affirmative action using standards of strict scrutiny, holding that the government has an interest in higher education integration, but requiring that it be narrowly tailored to restrict uses of race for when other remedies have failed. The result is diversity, the integration of whole units, instead of the affirmation of racial minorities and women admitted to them. Equity has thereby replaced equality as a standard. Equity is an additional balancing factor.
From Right Here to Everywhere
Authors: Billard Thomas J 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Because digital media allow local stories to circulate through networks that span far beyond local audiences, local issues can spread like wildfire. Thus, social movement organizations that want to control the national conversation on their issues need to maintain influence over local media markets across the country. This chapter analyzes the logics underpinning the National Center for Transgender Equality’s (NCTE) unexpected focus on local and community media. It explores the new strategies NCTE developed to make this work more manageable while disentangling how digital distribution influenced when, why, and how NCTE engaged with local and community media. It pays particular attention to NCTE’s Voices for Trans Equality (VTE) and Families for Trans Equality (FTE) projects, which together established a national network of nearly one thousand “community storytellers” who received media and communication training from NCTE to help them address local crises on the ground on NCTE’s behalf.
Authoritarian Resilience
Authors: Han Enze 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of three modes of Chinese influence on authoritarian governments in Southeast Asia. The first is China’s explicit support to sustain authoritarian governments such as the military junta in Myanmar. The second mode is that through economic engagement China unintentionally provides performance legitimacy for the authoritarian government in power. By offering aid and investment, China’s injection of capital into Cambodia’s domestic economy, for example, has helped the Cambodian government to improve its domestic rule. The third mode, on the other hand, is that China can also indirectly empower authoritarian governments by setting up an example for how authoritarian governments can make things work, with its stress on economic development and social order. This is the case in Thailand, where the right-wing military government often cites China as its role model, while the government’s supporters encourage further Chinese influence in the country.
Garbage Visionaries
Authors: Berg Anne 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 focuses on bottom-up initiatives of waste reclamation that first prefigured and later readily merged with state imperatives. The first part of the chapter focuses on the use of urban garbage and sewage as a means of improving wastelands such as wetlands and marshes in the hope of creating arable land. The second example details the development of the Nazi waste-to-pork program that attempted to reverse-engineer kitchen scraps back into bacon by mandating that consumers separate food waste from regular trash and enlisting the National Socialist People’s Welfare (NSV) to raise pigs feasting on garbage. The third example shows that even some of the most extreme aspects of Nazi resource recovery can be traced back to the early 1930s when local administrators tapped institutionalized populations in prisons and mental institutions as a reservoir of labor and moved to remove and retain the dentures of deceased inmates to recover precious metals.
Waste Cycles
Authors: Berg Anne 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates how the concentration camp complex became a crucial component of the regime’s waste management infrastructure, where the disregard for Jews and forced laborers reached its apex. Tracing the development of Nazi camps from extralegal instruments of terror to labor extraction machines, this chapter shows how recycling was at the core of camp and prison labor. Labor shortages characterized the German economy as of 1936, and increasingly, the public sector looked to tap essentially free labor in prisons and camps. By the end of the 1930s, the SS used camp labor to process waste and secondary materials on an industrial scale, building up large-scale recycling conglomerates that used camp labor to process rags and textile wastes, disassemble and sort metal junk, and recycle old shoes. At its most perfidious, SS industries extracted value directly from genocide, forcing Jews to process the material remainders of the “Final Solution.”
Inter-American Human Rights System
Authors: Antoniazzi, Mariela Morales , Piovesan Flávia , Cruz Júlia Cortez da Cunha 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
A holistic analysis of the impact of the Inter-American Human Rights System requires understanding why the System is relevant, its structuring components, and how does it foster structural transformations within member States. This chapter approaches each of these matters, focusing on the institutional, sociopolitical, and cultural drivers of the transformations attributed to the System. It concludes that such transformations stem from the institutional implementation of inter-American standards, the influence over power dynamics to favor human rights-holders, and strengthened human rights cultures. These factors interact and reinforce each other, and their understanding may enable the human rights community to further catalyze the positive impact of the Inter-American System.
Conventionality Control
Authors: Viñas Miriam Lorena Henríquez , Leiva José Ignacio Núñez 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter proposes that the conventionality control replicates the elements inherent of the judicial exercise: to know, to judge, and to enforce what is judged. Thus, this chapter seeks to extract a broader, more comprehensive conception and precise of the conventionality control; and to articulate the various aspects of this control, emphasizing the jurisdictional nature of the activity of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and the executor role assigned to national courts. In this way, the chapter proves the national impact of conventionality control, highlighting the less studied area of implementation, enforcement of judgments, and compliance monitoring. The methodology used is based on the jurisprudential review of a limited universe of compliance monitoring resolutions issued by the Inter-American Court up to the year 2019.
Freedom of Expression
Authors: Botero-Marino Catalina 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The main thesis of this chapter proposes that the Inter-American System has promoted and developed important and novelty standards for the protection of the right to freedom of expression and access of information, some of which have become—or at the very least have the potential to become—what could be called a true Ius Constitutionale Commune en América Latina on the subject. The purpose of this chapter is to explain (1) the supports and challenges of the creation of a Ius Constitutionale Commune en América Latina regarding freedom of expression based on the Inter-American System’s transformative mandate; (2) the most important inter-American standards within the multilevel legal system, such as the special protection of speech involving matters of public interest; the right to access public information; the prohibition against prior censorship and against indirect censorship; and the special protection for those who are threatened or harmed for exercising their right to freedom of expression; and (3) the transformative impact that three of these standards have had in national legal systems: the special protection of public interest speech; the standard regarding the limits of criminal law; and the standard regarding the scope and nature of the right to access public information.
The Moral Imperative of Diversity
Authors: Hebl Mikki , King Eden 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
With the Patagonia company’s mission statement that, “We seek not only to do less harm, but more good” in mind, this chapter articulates the social responsibility argument for diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI). This moral case is based on the principles of fairness and justice—the idea that every employee should have an equal opportunity to gain access, develop, progress, and be productive at work. These social norms, or basic expectations about human interaction, shape the societies in which people live and work. The moral imperative—that DEI is the right, just, and fair thing to do—may in fact be the most effective argument toward social change.
What Can Individual Targets of Discrimination Do?
Authors: Hebl Mikki , King Eden 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Best evidence and best practice point to a number of strategies through which to change discriminatory actions and structures. One of these paths is that targets of discrimination can act as their own change agents. Although they should not be burdened with the responsibility of creating such change, employees from marginalized backgrounds often wonder how they should best navigate the workplace and may want to be empowered with this information. Emphasizing strategies that do not further jeopardize targets who already experience victimization, this chapter describes a number of personal strategies people can adopt to optimize their workplace experiences and outcomes such as disclosing, providing individuating information, and acknowledging behaviors.
The Presidency
Authors: Tazmini Ghoncheh 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
While the precise role and position of the Iranian presidency within the state system remains a contested issue, no matter how constrained or confined, the office of the president maintains relevance within Iran’s political process, both in principle and in practice. Each Iranian president has brought a signature style to the post and has left a particular stamp on the office. During the tenures of successive presidents of the Islamic Republic, each president has had a distinctive impact on domestic politics and on Iran’s outreach to the international community. What becomes clear is that even within the rigid institutional rubric of the office of the president, political behavior can vary greatly. Iranian political leaders come to office with very distinctive agendas, policy preferences, decision-making styles, political psychologies, and personality traits.
The Necessity of Speaking with Care
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter addresses the importance of public health authorities speaking thoughtfully, mindful of how words, if spoken carelessly, can be used to justify overreach. During COVID-19, there was such overreach in the actions of some countries that used public health to justify heavy-handed, even authoritarian, policies. This chapter suggests public health has a responsibility to avoid speaking in ways that could be seen as justification for such actions.
Prescription Against Worry
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter addresses the development and rollout of COVID-19 treatments. These include vaccines and oral antiviral medications. The chapter examines the challenge of getting these medications to populations in need. It also discusses the challenge of testing these medications and developing full side effect profiles in the context of a media ecosystem that does not always make room for nuance.
The Responsibility of Experts
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter reflects on the elevation of public health’s profile in the media during the COVID-19 pandemic and how the field might not have been quite “ready for primetime.” Suddenly cast in the role of pundit, some in public health offered thoughts in the media that were overly speculative and not fully grounded in data. The chapter suggests the field needs to do better, learning the lessons of the pandemic moment.
A Hard Weight
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the challenge of obesity in the United States and how this challenge intersected with the COVID-19 moment. Long a serious health concern linked with a range of comorbidities, obesity did much to create pockets of poor health in the United States that the pandemic exploited. The chapter notes that addressing obesity means addressing the structural drivers of this challenge, including the corporate and political forces that make unhealthy food cheap and ubiquitous.