bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy and Adverse Events of Subcutaneous, Oral, and Intranasal Sumatriptan Used for Migraine Treatment: A Systematic Review Based on Number Needed To Treat
Authors: Tfelt-Hansen P 
Published: March 2003

Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy, speed of onset, and adverse events of 6 mg subcutaneous, 100 mg oral, and 20 mg intranasal sumatriptan in the treatment of migraine attacks. Design: Systematic review of placebo-controlled randomized clinical trials. Data sources: Thirty trials up to April 1997 retrieved from a systematic literature search (Medline, review papers, handsearching of journals, congress proceedings, manufacturer's database); no restriction on language. Outcome parameters: Numbers needed to treat (NNT) were calculated for relief of headache and for adverse events (when data were available). Therapeutic gain was used to evaluate speed of onset of action. Results: Subcutaneous sumatriptan was more efficacious, combined number needed to treat 2.0 at 1 h, than oral (3.0 at 2 h) and intranasal sumatriptan (3.1 at 2 h). For adverse events, the NNT was 3.0 for subcutaneous and 8.3 for oral sumatriptan. Only limited data on adverse events for intranasal sumatriptan were available. Therapeutic gain analysis during the first 2 h showed that subcutaneous sumatriptan was the fastest-acting form of administration. Conclusions: Subcutaneous sumatriptan in a dose of 6 mg is significantly more efficacious than 100 mg of oral sumatriptan, but causes more adverse events than oral sumatriptan. Subcutaneous sumatriptan is the form with the quickest onset of action. Intranasal sumatriptan has the same efficacy as oral sumatriptan and a quicker onset of action than the oral form, but with a limited therapeutic effect for the first 30 min after administration.
Epidemiology of Tension-Type Headache in Santiago, Chile: A Prevalence Study
Authors: Lavados PM , Tenhamm E 
Published: March 2003

Objective: To describe the importance of tension-type headache (TTH) in Santiago, Chile, by analyzing its prevalence, clinical features, and impact by age, gender, and socioeconomic status, using widely accepted international diagnostic criteria. Methods: In 1993, a representative sample of 1540 adults (older than 14) of the province of Santiago were interviewed using a standard questionnaire. A total of 1385 (89.9% response rate) subjects responded to the survey. Initially, a designated member of each household responded to the questionnaire. Subsequently, each household member with headache was asked to respond to questions about the severity, frequency, location, duration, associated symptoms, and impact in work and social activities of their most frequent headaches. TTH diagnoses were determined in accordance with the International Headache Society criteria of 1988. Results: Total prevalence was found to be 26.9% (95% CI: 24.6–29.3%); 35.2% in females (95% CI: 31.7–38.8%) and 18.1% in males (95% CI: 15.2–21.3%). The prevalence of episodic TTH was 24.3% (95% CI: 22.1–26.7%) and of chronic TTH 2.6% (95% CI: 1.8–3.6%). Overall, and by subtype, prevalence was significantly higher in females (ratio 1:9). There was no significant variation in prevalence by socioeconomic or age group except in chronic TTH, in which there was an increase with age. Conclusions: TTH is a prevalent condition in a sample of adults of Santiago, similar to that reported in previous studies using similar methodologies. Overall, TTH represents 72.3% of all recurrent headaches.
Melatonin in the Preventive Treatment of Chronic Cluster Headache
Authors: Peres MFP , Rozen TD 
Published: March 2003

Cluster headache is a stereotypic headache disorder marked by short-lasting bouts of severe unilateral head pain and associated autonomic symptoms. Almost pathognomonic of this condition are nocturnal attacks that usually occur during the first random eye movement sleep phase of the evening. Melatonin levels have been found to be decreased in cluster headache patients. A lack of melatonin secretion may predispose the cluster sufferer to nocturnal and, possibly, daytime attacks. Leone et al. demonstrated that melatonin could rapidly alleviate cluster attacks, but only in episodic cluster patients. We report two chronic cluster headache patients who had both daytime and nocturnal attacks that were alleviated with melatonin.
Paved with good intentions: the Hampstead and Clapton schools, 1873–1878
Authors: Stewart David S. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryIn terms of the history of education, most people think that 1870 saw the beginning of universal elementary education in the UK, yet few consider what provision was made for those with learning disabilities. The present paper seeks to throw light on the provision made by one authority in London, the Metropolitan Asylums Board. Prior to the establishment of the schools at Darenth in 1878, later known as Darenth Park, the Board established a school in Hampstead, and later, at Clapton for pauper children with learning disabilities. Equipped with classrooms and teachers, these were the first such schools to be funded by rates, as opposed to charitable giving. The present study will reveal that there was, in fact, a strong link with the School Board for London and that certain individuals, frustrated by constraints put on them by one authority, used their considerable skills to make provision through other routes. It was not until the 1970 Education Act that all children became entitled to education in the UK, but the example of the Hampstead and Clapton Schools reveal that attempts were being made 100 years earlier to provide rate‐funded education for children with learning disabilities. It might be regarded as a tragedy that philosophies in the intervening years did not reflect the optimism which policy makers in London held in the 1870s
Ethics in quasi‐experimental research on people with severe learning disabilities: dilemmas and compromises
Authors: Kellett Mary , Nind Melanie 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe present paper follows up the theme of research ethics that has been discussed in the British Journal of Learning Disabilities in recent years. We join the debate in the capacity of people involved in doing research on, rather than with, people with learning disabilities. We focus on our own quasi‐experimental study evaluating the Intensive Interaction approach for pupils who are preverbal. We question our own practice, and illustrate some of the dilemmas which we have faced in our research and some of the compromises which we have reached.
Overcoming the barriers to voting experienced by people with learning disabilities
Authors: Bell Dorothy M. , McKay Colin , Phillips Kathryn J. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe present paper clarifies the legal situation with respect to people with a learning disability who wish to vote. It also considers other barriers to full participation in the voting franchise, which is a right that many of us see as a sign of our full participation in the democratic process and one that ensures that we have proper representation at the highest level. This paper also considers how many of the obstacles may be overcome.
Time to make up your mind: why choosing is difficult
Authors: Harris John 
Published: March 2003

SummaryFor many years, the promotion of choice has been a core objective for virtually every service provider working to support people with learning disability. This is confirmed by the 2001 English White Paper Valuing People, A New Strategy for Learning Disability for the 21st Century, which describes choice as one of four key principles at the heart of the UK Government's proposals, and the 2000 review of learning disability services commissioned by the Scottish Executive, People Like Us, which places a similarly high priority on the creation of choice. The present paper gives an overview of our current understanding of the concept of choice. It concludes that our aspirations to promote choice for people with learning disability are undermined by conceptual confusion about the meaning of choice, inappropriate methods for helping people to make choices and an absence of applied research to guide practice in service settings. This review is designed to establish a conceptual framework for examining choice and empowerment for people with learning disability, and to describe the implications for future research and practice.
Computing geochemical mass transfer and water/rock ratios in submarine hydrothermal systems: implications for estimating the vigour of convection
Authors: Alt‐Epping P. , Smith L. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA method of calculating chemical water/rock ratios is presented that enables the estimation of fluid velocities in open, flow‐through hydrologic systems. The approach is based on relating the gain/loss of a chemical species per kilogram of solid phase to the loss/gain of that species in the fluid phase, integrated across a specified length of the flowpath. After examining the underlying approximations of the approach using a one‐dimensional model of seawater moving through a basalt under nonisothermal conditions, the method is applied to representative zones within a two‐dimensional hydrothermal convective system. The method requires that regions within the flow system can be identified in which the direction of flow is steady for an extended period of time. Estimates of fluid velocity are spatial and temporal averages for the length of the flowpath used in the calculation. The location within the flow system and the nature of the alteration reactions determine which species can provide reliable values of the chemical water/rock ratio and useful estimates of fluid velocities. Over the length of the flowpath considered, the calculation of water/rock ratios works best when a species is controlled by a single reaction. Accurate estimates are favoured if the concentration profile of a species along the flowpath increases or decreases monotonically. If the length of the flowpath extends over more than one reaction zone, then erroneous estimates of the water/rock ratio and fluid velocity are more likely. Model calculations suggest that the quartz/silica system should provide reliable estimates for fluid velocity under a wide range of temperature and flow conditions, in particular in those regions of a system at or near quartz equilibrium, so that the aqueous silica concentration is buffered by quartz and correlated with the temperature distribution.
Episodic fluid flow within continental rift basins: some insights from field data and mathematical models of the Rhinegraben
Authors: Lampe C. , Person M. , Nöth S. , Ricken W. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractVitrinite reflectance data from a petroleum exploration well in the northern Upper Rhinegraben show an unusual vertical maturity trend. Above and below a 500 m thick marl layer the vitrinite reflectance levels are consistent with modern, conductive, geothermal gradients. Between about 1000 and 1500 m depth, however, vitrinite reflectance levels are significantly elevated (about 0.6%Ro). This anomaly cannot be explained with one‐dimensional conductive or conductive–convective heat transfer models, and thermal effects of sedimentation or igneous intrusion seem implausible for this geological setting. The thermal anomaly that formed this maturation anomaly must have been hydrothermal in origin, two‐dimensional in nature, and persisted long enough to elevate the vitrinite reflectance values within this marl unit, yet it must have dissipated before the thermal perturbation would have altered the organic matter below and above the unit.In this study, we propose that the vitrinite reflectance anomalies were caused by a transient thermal inversion induced by episodic, lateral flow of hot (130–160°C) groundwater along conductive fractures and bedding planes. Heat flow constraints suggest that fluids must have moved rapidly up a vertical feeder fault from a depth of at least 3.6 km before migrating laterally. To test this hypothesis, we present a suite of simple, idealized mathematical models of groundwater flow, heat transfer, thermal degradation of kerogen and vitrinite systematics to explore the episodic flow that could have produced the observed thermal anomaly. In these simulations, a single, horizontal aquifer is sandwiched between two less permeable units: the total dimensions of the vertical section model are 4 km thick by 10 km long. The top of the aquifer coincides with the position of the observed thermal maturity anomaly in the Rhinegraben. Boundary conditions along the left edge of this aquifer were varied through time to allow for the migration of hot fluids out into the basin. Inflow temperature, horizontal velocity, duration and frequency of flow and thickness of the aquifer were varied. We found that a thermal maturity anomaly could only be produced by a rather restrictive set of hydrothermal conditions. It was possible to produce the observed vitrinite reflectance anomaly by a single hydrothermal flow event of 130°C fluid migrating laterally into the aquifer at a rate of 1 m a−1 for about 10 000 years. The anomaly is spatially confined to near the left edge of the basin, near the feeder fault. If the flow event lasted longer than 100 000 years, then the maturation anomaly disappeared as the lower confining unit approached steady‐state thermal conditions. It is possible that such an event occurred about 5 million years ago in response to increases in fault permeability associated with far field Alpine tectonism.
New insights from reactive transport modelling: the formation of the sericitic vein envelopes during early hydrothermal alteration at Butte, Montana
Authors: Geiger S. , Haggerty R. , Dilles J. H. , Reed M. H. , Matthäi S. K. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA reactive transport computer code has been employed to model hydrothermal alteration of a granitoid rock bordering a discrete vein channel. The model suggests that the grey sericitic and sericitic with remnant biotite alteration envelopes at the porphyry copper deposit at Butte, Montana, can be formed by a reducing, low pH, and low salinity fluid under constant temperature and pressure conditions of approximately 400 °C and less than 100 MPa during a time span of approximately 100 years or less. Hydrothermal alteration has little effect on the porosity of the host rock (Butte Quartz Monzonite), and the diffusivity of the aqueous species also changes little. A sequence of mineral reaction fronts characterizes the alteration envelopes. The biotite dissolution front occurs closest to the vein channel and marks the transition from the grey sericitic to sericitic with remnant biotite envelope. The plagioclase dissolution front occurs farthest into the matrix and marks the edge of relatively fresh Butte Quartz Monzonite. From the properties of the quasi‐stationary state approximation (Lichtner 1988; Lichtner 1991), it follows that once the sequence of reaction fronts is fully established, their relative locations remain constant and the widths of the reaction zones increase with the square root of time.
Three‐dimensional geometry, ore distribution and time‐integrated mass transfer through the quartz–tourmaline–gold vein network of the Sigma deposit (Abitibi belt, Canada)
Authors: Garofalo P. , Matthäi S. K. , Heinrich C. A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe present a reconstruction of the three‐dimensional (3D) geometry and gold grade distribution of shear zone‐hosted, Au‐mineralized, quartz–tourmaline veins of the Sigma deposit (Abitibi belt). Host shears and veins form a network of anastomosing, steeply dipping structures associated with smaller subhorizontal extensional veins. Our reconstruction has been carried out using the exceptionally large geological database of the mine. From this database, we extracted the geometric position, thickness and gold grades of geometrically best‐defined steep veins contained in a representative subvolume of the deposit. These data allowed the 3D representation of 53 veins, which have been constructed by fitting surfaces through the geometrical data and by contouring thickness and gold grade. The geometry of the network is mainly characterized by: (i) a few large segmented veins, with sinuous and helicoidal shape, and typical vertical dimension of >100 m; (ii) a large number of smaller vertical veins, some of which splay off the steep veins with high dip angles; (iii) subhorizontal extension veins (joints) located at, or close to, the tips of steep veins. The absolute thickness of the vertically short veins is the same as that of the large veins, suggesting that they formed simultaneously, but only a few of them interconnect to form vertically continuous bodies. Patchy, vertically elongated zones of high dilation are present in the large veins, and are poorly correlated with Au‐rich zones. They presumably represent former high‐permeability zones of the network. The highest gold grades occur at the interconnections between the large veins and small splays or subhorizontal joints. This indicates the important role of vein interconnection for fluid flow and gold precipitation within the network. Combining the calculation of the volume of the network with the estimation of tourmaline abundance in the veins, we calculate that 2.1 × 106 m3 of tourmaline and 3.2 × 106 m3 of quartz precipitated during Au deposition.
The potential for baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in the production of wine from banana, cooking banana and plantain
Authors: Onwuka, U. N. , Awam F. N. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract Musa species (banana, cooking banana and plantain) were bought from a market in Umuahia Abia State, Nigeria. Samples were chemically analysed and subsequently used in wine production by conventional methods of must preparation, filtration, primary and secondary fermentation (with baker’s yeast as inoculum), pasteurization and bottling. Physical–chemical properties and microbial content were monitored during the process. Sensory characteristics of the Musa wines were evaluated. The Musa species were found to have a fermentable sugar level of 18.81–23.57%. The wines produced showed an alcohol content of 9.96–11.25, brix (scale of densities used in the sugar industry) level 8.00–8.15, ash 0.32–0.45, and titratable acidity 1.00–1.108. Sensory evaluation indicated a significant difference in taste, colour and general acceptability at P < 0.05 among the wines. Potential opportunities exist to develop and produce local fruit wines for consumption by both the domestic market and tourists.
Water temperature as a factor in handwashing efficacy
Authors: Michaels Barry , Gangar Vidhya , Schultz Ann , Arenas Maria , Curiale Michael , Ayers Troy , Paulson Daryl 
Published: March 2003

AbstractFor many years, sanitarians have specified that the hands of food service workers should be washed and rinsed in warm or hot water to reduce the risk of cross‐contamination and disease transmission. In the food service environment, it has been suggested that handwashing with water at higher temperatures contributes to skin damage when frequent handwashing is necessitated, and that insistence on hot water usage is a deterrent to handwashing compliance. Separate handwashing studies involving different water temperatures and soap types (antibacterial versus non‐antibacterial) were performed. The ‘glove‐juice’ technique was employed for microbial recovery from hands in both studies. Initial work evaluated antimicrobial efficacy based on water temperature during normal handwashing with bland soap. Uninoculated, sterile menstrua (tryptic soy broth or hamburger meat) was used to study the effects of treatment temperatures (4.4°C, 12.8°C, 21.1°C, 35°C or 48.9°C) on the reduction of resident microflora, while Serratia marcescens‐inoculated menstrua was used to evaluate treatment effects on the reduction of transient contamination. Results of this first study indicated that water temperature exhibits no effect on transient or resident bacterial reduction during normal handwashing with bland soap. The follow‐up study examined the efficacy and skin irritation potential involving water temperatures with antimicrobial soaps. Hands of participants were contaminated with Escherichia coli inoculated ground beef, washed at one of two water temperatures (29°C or 43°C) using one of four highly active (USDA E2 equivalency) antibacterial soaps having different active ingredients (PCMX, Iodophor, Quat or Triclosan). Skin condition was recorded visually and with specialized instrumentation before and after repeated washing (12 times daily), measuring total moisture content, transepidermal water loss and erythema. Overall, the four soap products produced similar efficacy results. Although there were slight increases in Log10 reductions, visual skin irritation, loss of skin moisture content and transepidermal water loss at higher temperatures, results were not statistically significant for any parameter.
Chefs’ attitudes in North‐Eastern US toward irradiated beef, Olestra, rBST and genetically engineered tomatoes
Authors: Crowley Mary L. , Gaboury Donna J. , Witt David 
Published: March 2003

AbstractSocial and economic factors, such as cost, income, attitudes, availability and convenience have traditionally impacted consumer food choices. Newer determinants of food choice include the effects of legislation, technology and the increase in percentage of meals eaten outside the home (45% today, projected to be 53% by 2010). In this decade, controversial food technologies include irradiation, genetic engineering and and development of non‐digestible fat substitutes. With higher frequency of meals eaten outside the home, there is an increase in transfer of decision making from individuals and families to chefs. This study surveyed 115 chefs for their awareness of and willingness to purchase such technically altered foods. Chefs were also queried concerning support for labeling for genetically modified ingredients and foods. Irradiated ground beef and genetically engineered tomatoes had high levels of willingness to purchase; potato chips made with Olestra had the lowest level of willingness to purchase. Chefs supported mandatory labeling of food containing genetically modified ingredients.
Alien plant assemblages near roads in arid and semi‐arid South Africa
Authors: Milton S. J. , Dean W. R. J. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryHerbaceous and woody alien plants visible from a moving vehicle were recorded along 1 km roadside transects at 5 km intervals over a distance of 5869 km in the semi‐arid and arid Fynbos, Succulent Karoo, Nama Karoo and Arid Savanna (Kalahari) biomes in South Africa. Each 1 km transect was classified by biome and vegetation type, mean annual rainfall, rainfall seasonality, soil surface type and landuse adjoining the roadside. Although travelling speed affected the range and frequency of plant species observed, the method was repeatable at a speed of 100 km h−1. Alien plants occurred in 98% of 119 Fynbos, 81% of 204 Succulent Karoo, 72% of 661 Nama Karoo, 47% of 171 Arid Savanna and 100% of seventeen Grassland transects. Alien species richness per site was correlated with mean annual rainfall, but in all regions, sites adjacent to cultivation had significantly more alien species than sites adjoining rangeland. The alien plant assemblage of the arid winter‐rainfall Succulent Karoo included species from mesic winter‐rainfall lowland Fynbos and the arid Nama Karoo receives unseasonal rainfall. The frequencies of Prosopis spp., Atriplex spp. and Opuntia ficus‐indica were not significantly greater near cultivation, and these perennial plants, all of which are dispersed by indigenous and domestic animals, can invade natural rangeland in arid and semi‐arid southern Africa.