bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of feeding on the motility of the stomach and small intestine in the pig
Authors: Ruckebusch Y. , Bueno L. 
Published: May 2005

1. Electromyographical studies were made on the motility of the stomach and small intestine of five pigs when given a standard diet eitherad lib., or as one or two meals/d. Recordings were made from electrodes placed chronically on the antrum, the duodenum and the jejuno-ileum, and a continuous 24 h recording was made every 2 d for a period of 4 weeks. A simple ‘T’-shaped cannula was positioned in the proximal duodenum in two of the pigs.2. The basic pattern of activity of the small intestine was grouped in phases of irregular and regular activity characteristic of the myoelectric complex. This pattern recurred about eighteen times/d in fasting pigs, or in animals fedad lib.and so eating frequent but small meals. When a myoelectric complex on the duodenum reached its regular ‘spiking’ phase, antral activity and passage of digesta ceased completely for a period (5–15 min) which varied according to the time elasped since the last meal.3. In animals receiving one meal/d a postprandial pattern of activity lasted about 6 h. The proximal part of the intestine showed continuous activity with vigorous isolated or peristaltic spike bursts. The average number of myoelectric complexes was thirteen/d. When receiving two meals/d the postprandial pattern lasted for only 2–3 h, and approximately sixteen myoelectric complexes/d were recorded.4. It is concluded that the extent of disruption of the basic intestinal motility pattern depends on the amount of food consumed per meal and subsequent release of nutrients.
Utilization of dietary energy for maintenance, milk production and lipogenesis by lactating crossbred cows during their midstage of lactation
Authors: Patle B. R. , Mudgal V. D. 
Published: May 2005

1. Twenty-four energy and nitrogen balances were determined using twenty-four crossbred cows (Brown Swiss × Sahiwal) during their midstage of lactation. Energy balances were estimated by subtracting milk energy and heat production from the metabolizable energy (me) intake. Heat production was estimated by indirect calorimetry, by collection and analysis of respiratory gases. The cows were given amounts corresponding to 90, 110 and 130 % of the me and 90 and 110% of the digestible crude protein (DCP) standards of the (US) National Research Council (1966).2. Energy requirements were estimated by partitioning the me intake for maintenance, milk production and energy gain or loss by multiple regression of energy balance values. Heat production (and thus energy balance) was corrected for excess N intake.3. Energy requirements for maintenance were 585.18, 580.17 and 574.41 kJ me/kg body-weight0.75 per d for cows in negative balance, cows in positive balance and for all cows, respectively.4. The efficiency of utilization of me for milk production was 68.52, 65.48 and 66.12% respectively, for cows in negative balance, for cows in positive balance and all cows. Energy required per kg fat-corrected milk production was 4.580, 4.791 and 4.746 MJ me for the respective groups of cows.5. The efficiency of utilization of me for tissue gain was 67.67 and 64.86 % for cows in positive balance and for all cows respectively.
The effect of feeding magnesium-enriched diets on the quality of the albumen of stored eggs
Authors: Monsey J. B. , Robinson D. S. , Miller W. S. , Ellis Margaret 
Published: May 2005

1. Pullets were given from 1-d-old diets containing 1.6, 4.1, 8.1 and 12.0 g Mg/kg. Only small effects of these diets on live weight, food consumption, egg number, egg weights or egg-shell thickness were observed except at the highest level (12.0 g Mg/kg) which caused diarrhoea and an appreciable lowering of the live weight of growing pullets. A further group was given from point-of-lay a diet containing 9.3 g Mg/kg.2. Eggs laid on 3 consecutive days from each of eighteen hens were collected at intervals of 3 weeks until the birds were 68.5 weeks old. Eggs laid on the 3rd day were used to determine the initial proportion of thick egg-white present and also the concentration of Mg, Ca, Na and K in the thick egg-white. Eggs laid on the 1st and 2nd days were stored at 20° for 20 d to establish the proportion of thick egg-white remaining after storage.3. With the unsupplemented diet the proportion of residual thick egg-white after storage of eggs for 20 d at 20° was 306, 161 and 305 mg/g total egg-white when the hens were 26.5, 53.5 and 68.5 weeks of age respectively. When the diet containing 9.3 g Mg/kg was given, the proportion of thick egg-white after storage remained approximately 400 mg/g throughout the period of the trial.4. The mean Mg concentration in the thick egg-white of eggs laid by hens given unsupplemented diets was 5.77 mm. The addition of extra Mg to the diet increased the content of Mg in the thick egg-white, for example when the diet contained 9.3 g Mg/kg the mean concentration rose to 7.69 mm.
Intravenous infusion of glucose and insulin in relation to milk secretion in the sow
Authors: Reynolds L. , Rook J. A. F. 
Published: May 2005

1. A comparison was made of the composition of milk from front and rear teats in four sows. There were small and not significant differences in fat, protein and lactose contents, and in the fatty-acid composition of the milk fat with the exception of the 18:3 acid where the difference was also small but significant.2. The effects of intravenous infusions of glucose and insulin in lactating sows on milk secretion and blood composition were investigated in two sows.3. Intravenous infusion of glucose had no effect on blood plasma glucose concentration but increased the yields of lactose, protein and water.4. Intravenous infusion of insulin depressed plasma glucose concentration and the yields of lactose and water. The yield of protein was unaffected.5. It is concluded that differences between the non-ruminant (the sow) and the ruminant in the responses in milk secretion to glucose infusion may be related to differences in the sensitivity to insulin of mammary tissue.
Some effects of variation in carbohydrate and nitrogen intakes on the chemical composition of mixed rumen bacteria from young steers
Authors: McAllan A. B. , Smith R. H. 
Published: May 2005

1. Samples of rumen digesta were taken at different times after giving calves various dried forage or hay and cereal diets and mixed bacteria were separated.2. For calves receiving dried forage only, the carbohydrate content of mixed bacteria varied with time after feeding, reaching a maximum of approximately 140 g/kg dry matter (DM) after 0.5-1 h, decreasing to about 60 g/kg DM after 4 h.3. Replacement of part of the dried forage with glucose to give a similar metabolizable energy intake but approximately half as much nitrogen, produced a similar pattern of change with time after feeding but resulted in a markedly increased maximum bacterial carbohydrate content (approximately 230 g/kg DM). Addition of urea to this diet reduced the bacterial accumulation of carbohydrate to approximately the same level as was found in samples from calves receiving forage only diets. For the forage diets the carbohydrate content fell to 60-100 g/kg DM 4 h after feeding. For the hay and cereal diet the value was 170 g/kg DM at this time.4. Changes in bacterial carbohydrate content were largely a result of changes in storage polysaccharide (α-dextran) content.5. Crude protein (N × 6.25) and ash contents of mixed bacteria decreased after feeding with all-forage diets, but returned to approximately fasting levels within 4 h. At this time samples from calves receiving dried forage and glucose diets contained less CP and more ash (approximately 450 and 220 g/kg DM respectively) than those from calves given diets of dried forage only (approximately 525 and 180 g/kg DM respectively).6. CP, total carbohydrate and ash content of mixed rumen bacteria contributed approximately 0.80 g/g DM.7. Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and phosphate accounted for approximately 0.50 g/g bacterial ash.
Responses to postruminal infusions of graded levels of casein in lactating goats
Authors: Ranawana S. S. E. , Kellaway R. C. 
Published: May 2005

1. A study was made in goats of the response in terms of milk production, nitrogen utilization, plasma amino acids and amino acid uptake by the mammary gland, to postruminal infusion of casein. Goats in early lactation, housed in metabolism cages, were fed on 2.5 kg basal ration/d (containing 111 g crude protein (N × 6.25)/kg) and were given, by infusion into the abomasum, 0, 15, 30 or 45 g casein/d.2. Milk production increased from 2.41 kg/d on the basal ration to 2.52, 2.80 and 2.94 kg/d in response to infusions of 15, 30 and 45 g casein/d respectively. Milk composition was unaffected except for milk fat, which was slightly decreased during infusions of the higher levels of casein.3. The goats were found to be in positive N balance on the basal ration. Milk N output increased with casein infusion; the increase was equivalent to a maximum of 49% of the infused N.4. The concentration of glucose in arterial blood plasma was decreased at the highest level of casein infusion, but that of plasma urea N was unaffected by treatments.5. Casein infusions increased the concentrations of total indispensable amino acids and the ratio, indispensable: dispensable amino acids in arterial plasma. Arterial concentrations and mammary extractions of most indispensable amino acids were increased, but only a few increases were statistically significant (P< 0.05).6. Comparison of individual indispensable amino acids absorbed from the intestine with output in milk indicated that methionine was probably the first limiting amino acid.7. The results of the experiment were compared to those of similar experiments with cows that have been reported by other workers. The possible ways in which the infused casein may have caused the responses were discussed. However, no firm conclusions regarding the mechanism involved could be drawn from the results of the present study.
Balance study of twenty trace elements during total parenteral nutrition in man
Authors: Jacobson S. , Wester P.-O. 
Published: May 2005

1. Balances of twenty trace elements (silver, arsenic, gold, bromine, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, caesium, copper, iron, mercury, lanthanum, molybdenum, rubidium, antimony, scandium, selenium, samarium, tungsten and zinc) have been determined in four male patients during total parenteral nutrition including fat emulsion and a special solution for addition of Fe, Zn, manganese, Cu, fluorine and iodine, besides calcium and magnesium, to the infusion solutions.2. The analyses for trace elements were made with the aid of an ion-exchange technique based on neutron activation, and combined with subsequent gamma spectrometry.3. The intended intravenous supply of trace elements corresponded approximately to the analysed supply. However, all the other trace elements determined were found to be unintentionally administered in small amounts.4. There was a substantial retention of Fe. Other elements retained were Ag, Co, Cr, Cu, Sb, Sc and W.5. Particularly Br and Rb were lost by the patients, but negative balances were also found for As, Au, Cd, Cs, Mo, Se and Zn. However, Zn was retained by one patient with short bowel syndrome.6. The serum concentrations of thirteen (Ag, Br, Co, Cs, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mo, Rb, Sc, Se, W and Zn) of the trace elements were found to have some decrease during the period of total parenteral nutrition, mostly in accordance with the corresponding balance values. Fe, in particular, was found to have the directional change in concentration.7. The administration of trace elements is recommended in long-term total parenteral nutrition.
Whole-body albumin mass and distribution in rats fed on low-protein diets
Authors: Coward W. A. , Sawyer M. B. 
Published: May 2005

1. From 5 weeks of age, control and experimental rats were given diets containing 210 and 31 g protein/kg respectively, and killed for analysis at 0, 2, 5, 8, 12 and 20 d after the start of the experiment. At these times estimates were made of plasma albumin concentration, plasma volume and total vascular and extravascular albumin mass.2. Plasma albumin concentrations were significantly lower in the experimental animals when compared to controls at 8, 12 and 20 d but plasma volumes (ml/kg body-weight) tended to be greater in the former animals. Total vascular albumin mass (g/kg body-weight) was significantly less in experimental animals compared to controls at 8 and 20 d, but was significantly reduced below values at 0 d only at 20 d.3. Extravascular albumin mass (g/kg body-weight) was significantly lower in experimental animals in comparison with controls at 2, 5, 8, 12 and 20 d and significantly reduced below values at 0 d at 5, 8, 12 and 20 d.4. Whole-body albumin mass was significantly reduced at 5, 8, 12 and 20 d when compared both with controls killed at the same time and animals killed at 0 d. Measurement of the ratio, extravascular albumin mass: vascular albumin mass indicated a significant redistribution of whole-body albumin mass at 5 and 20 d and mean values for this ratio were always lower in experimental animals than in controls.5. It was concluded that measurement of plasma albumin concentration does not indicate the true extent of whole-body albumin losses in protein deficiency since total vascular albumin mass is, to some extent, maintained at the expense of extravascular albumin mass.
The enhancement by dietary zinc deficiency of the susceptibility of the rat duodenum to colchicine
Authors: Dinsdale D. , Williams R. B. 
Published: May 2005

1. The incidence of colchicine-induced lesions in the germinal epithelium of the rat duodenum was studied in young rats in an early stage of zinc deficiency and in their pair-fed controls. At both dose levels of colchicine used, a marked increase in the amount of cell damage was observed in the duodenum of Zn-deficient rats as compared with the pair-fed, control (Zn-supplemented) rats.2. No statistical interaction between Zn and colchicine was demonstrable, and no lesions were found in the duodenum of animals that had not been treated with colchicine.3. The results are discussed in relation to the effects of Zn deficiency in animals and the possible involvement of Zn in the maintenance of the integrity of microtubular structures.
Nutritive value of mixed proteins
Authors: Woodham A. A. , Deans P. S. 
Published: May 2005

1. Two series of protein feeding-stuffs each consisting of a fish meal, meat-and-bone meal, soya-bean meal, groundnut meal and sunflower-seed meal were analysed for total amino acid composition and evaluated, both individually and combined in all possible pairs, as supplements to cereal-based diets for growing chicks by the total protein efficiency (g weight gain/g protein consumed; TPE) procedure. Each pair of feeding-stuffs provided 120 g supplementary protein/kg diet and the diet was made up so that the relative amounts of protein provided by each of the pair of constituents were (w/w): 120:0, 100:20, 80:40, 60:60, 40:80, 20:100 and 0:120 respectively, in addition to 60 g protein/kg provided by cereals.2. In all but one of the twenty pairs of feeding-stuffs studied the mixtures exhibited a marked synergistic effect in that the TPE value was higher than the appropriately weighted mean of the TPE values obtained with the individual components.3. Neither chemical score ([amount of limiting amino acid/the chick's requirement for the same amino acid] × 100) nor essential amino acid index; geometric mean for the ratio, amount of essential amino acid: the chick's requirement for that amino acid, for all ten essential amino acids) calculated from the amino acid composition of the dietary constituents could be used routinely to predict the results of the chick growth test, although chemical score did parallel the TPE values in some instances. In a number of instances, mixtures containing an apparently less favourable amino acid composition than one of the components of the mixture gave a higher TPE value.4. It seems likely that the relative proportions of a number of amino acids determine the optimum combination of a mixture of proteins. The removal of amino acid deficiencies alone is not sufficient to ensure that a given mixture of proteins produces optimum performance in growing chickens.
Nutritive value of mixed proteins
Authors: Woodham A. A. , Clarke Eileen M. W. 
Published: May 2005

1. A fish meal, meat meal, soya-bean meal, groundnut meal and sunflower-seed meal of known amino acid composition were evaluated individually, and combined in all possible pairs, by the estimation of net protein utilization (NPU) and protein efficiency ratio (body-weight gain:crude protein intake; per) using rats. Each pair provided a total of 100 g protein/ kg diet made up so that the amounts of the constituents were (w/w) 100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 20:80 and 0:100.2. Marked synergistic effects were noted only for mixtures of sunflower-seed meal with soya-bean, fish and meat meals.3. Chemical score ([amount of limiting amino acid/the rat's requirement for the same amino acid] × 100; CS), but not essential amino acid index; geometric mean for the ratio, amount of essential amino acid: the rat's requirement for that amino acid, for all ten essential amino acids; EAAI), successfully predicted the rankings of all mixtures except groundnut meal-meat meal and groundnut meal-soya-bean meal, by both per and NPU tests.4. Although there is broad agreement linking results of per and NPU tests with results obtained by a more practical feeding trial in which the mixtures were evaluated as supplements to cereals, neither of these two standard tests is capable of predicting in every instance the advantages to be gained by mixing protein concentrates.
Measurement of the rate of flow of dry matter in digesta passing through the duodenum of sheep
Authors: Oldham J. D. , Ling J. R. 
Published: May 2005

1. A total of seven sheep fitted with re-entrant cannulas in the proximal duodenum were used in three experiments to measure the passage of dry matter (DM) in duodenal digesta.2. Fifty-three 24 h measurements and ten 48 h measurements of DM flow were made in Expt 1. Coefficient of variation (CV) of these measurements was 22.1 % which was similar to variability reported for chromic oxide ‘corrected’ flows and for an estimate of day-to-day variation. DM flow on day 1 was 103.2 % (SE = 8.94) of flow on day 2 in 48 h measurements.3. In two 3 × 3 Latin-square design experiments, duodenal DM flow was measured continuously over 72 h and on days 1, 2 and 3 DM flow was 100.4, 102.6 and 96.9 % (SE = 5.82) of mean flow (Expt 2) and 95.8, 101.2 and 103.0% (SE = 6.70) of mean flow (Expt 3) respectively.4. It was concluded that no depression in duodenal DM flow occurred during the first 24 h of collection in these experiments and that the variability of repeated 24 h measurements of flow was within day-to-day variation.
The energy cost of fat and protein deposition in the rat
Authors: Pullar J. D. , Webster A. J. F. 
Published: May 2005

1. Measurements were made of energy balance by direct calorimetry, and of nitrogen balance in groups of lean and congenitally obese (‘fatty’) Zucker rats at body-weights of 200 and 350 g given a highly digestible semisynthetic diet at 14.0 or 18.4 g/rat per 24 h.2. Losses of food energy and N in faeces were very small. The fatty rats lost much more N in urine than did lean rats. Despite this the proportion of gross energy that was metabolized was 0.92 for both fatty and lean rats.3. In all trials, fatty rats lost a smaller proportion of metabolizable energy (ME) as heat and deposited less as protein than thin rats but deposited much more as fat.4. The amounts of ME required to deposit 1 kJ of protein and 1 kJ of fat respectively were shown by regression analysis to be 2.25 (±0.16) and 1.36 (±0.06) kJ respectively. These values agree extremely closely with recent, more tentative, estimates based on assumptions as to maintenance requirement which the present experiments were able to circumvent. It may be concluded with confidence that the energy costs of depositing 1 g of protein or fat are almost identical at 53 kJ ME/g.
Absorption of ‘fortification’ iron
Authors: Björn-Rasmussen E. , Hallberg L. , Rossander L. 
Published: May 2005

1. The first part of this study was designed to determine the increase in the amount of iron absorbed by hypothetical groups of subjects on the border-line of Fe deficiency when they were given meals fortified with ferrous sulphate. Two levels of Fe fortification were used (1.6 and 8.9 mg/meal) and the increase in the amount of Fe absorbed by the ‘border-line’ groups was 0.13 and 0.7 mg respectively.2. Subjects which are on the border-line of Fe deficiency may be considered the target group of an Fe-fortification programme. Therefore the experimental model used can provide valuable information on the effects on the prevalence of Fe deficiency which can be expected when such a programme is introduced.3. In the second part of the study, the bioavailability in man of reduced Fe with different physico-chemical properties was measured. Special emphasis was given to the relationship between the values obtained in vitro and in vivo.4. The bioavailability was expressed as absorbability relative to that of ferrous sulphate. In four samples of hydrogen-reduced Fe the bioavailability ranged from 90 to 13%. The reduced-Fe products differed considerably with respect to solubility in hydrochloric acid (8–94% dissolved after 30 min), particle size distribution (91–1% < 7 μm) and reactive surface area (< 0.1–2.7 m2/g).5. The relationships found between physico-chemical information and bioavailability indicated that reactive surface area and dissolution rate were better predictors of the bioavailability than the particle size.
Degradation of the nucleic acids in mixed rumen bacteria on incubation with different media
Authors: Smith R. C. , Smith R. H. 
Published: May 2005

1. Mixed rumen bacteria were grown in vitro in a medium containing [U-14C]adenine. Radioactivity was incorporated into the purine bases of the nucleic acids.2. Labelled bacteria were incubated with a nitrogen-deficient cell-free medium (medium A), a protozoa-free supernatant suspension from a slow-speed centrifuging of a steer's rumen contents (medium B) and whole rumen contents of a steer (medium C). Mean (six experiments) proportional rates of release of radioactivity(/h) were significantly greater for medium A (0.140) than for media B or C (0.055 and 0.043 respectively). Some of the radioactivity accumulated in the cell-free media; some was lost, partially as carbon dioxide.3. Calculation from this and other information indicated that about 30% of bacterial nucleic acids may turn over in the rumen even in the absence of protozoa.