bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Body dissatisfaction, dieting awareness and the impact of parental influence in young children
Authors: Lowes Jacinta , Tiggemann Marika 
Published: May 2003

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the level of body dissatisfaction and dieting awareness in young children.Method: A sample of 135 children aged between 5 and 8 years old were individually interviewed. Body dissatisfaction was assessed by means of figure preference ratings, and dieting awareness by responses to a brief scenario.Results: The difference between boys' ratings of current and ideal figures was not significant at any age; nor was that of 5‐year‐old girls. However, 6‐, 7‐ and 8‐year‐old girls rated their ideal figure as significantly thinner than their current figure. For dieting awareness there was no significant gender effect, although level of dieting awareness increased with age. Multiple regression analyses showed that body dissatisfaction was predicted by gender and perception of mothers' body dissatisfaction, while age was the only significant predictor of dieting awareness.Conclusions: A substantial proportion of young children have internalized societal beliefs concerning the ideal body shape and are well aware of dieting as a means for achieving this ideal. In particular, the desire for thinness emerges in girls at around age 6.
The psychosocial impact of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator: A meta‐analytic review
Authors: Burke J. L. , Hallas C. N. , Clark‐Carter D. , White D. , Connelly D. 
Published: May 2003

Objective:. The implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) has become the treatment of choice for ventricular arrhythmia (VA; abnormal heart rhythms) and the prevention of sudden cardiac death (SCD). Recent clinical trials have shown the ICD to be superior to anti‐arrhythmic medication in reducing mortality; however, research has suggested that ICD recipients experience poor psychosocial adjustment following implantation of the device. This aim of this study was to identify the key psychological characteristics associated with ICD implantation and to establish whether poor psychosocial outcome can be attributed directly to the device and its therapy.Method: Studies which reported valid and reliable measures of psychological functioning in ICD patients and appropriate comparison groups were considered for inclusion in a meta‐analytic review. A systematic search of electronic databases and reference lists identified 20 studies which fulfilled the inclusion criteria.Results: There were no significant differences in psychosocial outcome between ICD patients and drug‐maintained VA patients or between pre‐ and post‐implant ICD patients. However, ICD patients reported significantly worse psychological functioning and physical functioning than other cardiac controls.Conclusion: These findings suggest that poor psychosocial outcome in ICD patients may occur as a result of variables associated with the underlying VA condition, rather than as a direct response to implantation of the device and its therapy. This holds important implications for the development and implementation of psychological interventions for patients experiencing VA, in preference to ICD‐specific programmes.
Re‐appraising HIV testing: An exploration of the psychosocial costs and benefits associated with learning one's HIV status in a purposive sample of Scottish gay men
Authors: Flowers Paul , Duncan Barbara , Knussen Christina 
Published: May 2003

Objective: This study explored contemporary understandings of the psychosocial costs and benefits associated with learning one's HIV status within a purposive sample of Scottish gay men. It seeks to provide insight into the psychosocial factors associated with decision‐making processes relating to the HIV antibody test.Method: Transcripts of one‐to‐one interviews (N = 19) and four focus groups (N = 18) were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Participants had varied HIV testing histories, and the sample included men who identified their HIV status as positive, men who identified it as negative, and men who did not know.Results: The HIV test could resolve doubt and anxiety for some men, but only when ‘not knowing’ was experienced as less tolerable than an imagined positive result. Many participants were deterred from seeking an HIV test because of their fears of the implications of a positive result. The decision to take an HIV test could be understood as a choice between living with uncertainty and the perceived impact of ascertaining HIV status.Conclusion: For the participants in this study, the decision to test or not involved many complex medical, psychological and social factors. It is argued that the development of HIV testing policy must start with a perspective grounded in an understanding and appreciation of these complexities.
Experimental evidence for interpretive but not attention biases towards somatic information in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome
Authors: Moss‐Morris Rona , Petrie Keith J. 
Published: May 2003

Objective: This study tested whether CFS patients have an attentional information processing bias for illness‐related information and a tendency to interpret ambiguous information in a somatic fashion.Design:25 patients meeting research criteria for a diagnosis of CFS were compared to 24 healthy matched controls on a modified Stroop task and an ambiguous cues task.Method: In the modified Stroop task, participants colour named a series of somatic, depressed and neutral words in order to ascertain whether the somatic words were more distracting to the CFS patients than the depressed and neutral words when compared to controls. In the ambiguous cues task, participants were presented with a tape‐recorded list of 30 words including 15 ambiguous illness words (e.g., vein/vain) and 15 unambiguous words. For each word, they were asked to write down the first word that came into their head. A somatic bias score was obtained for each subject by summing the number of somatic responses to the ambiguous word cues.Results: Although CFS patients were significantly slower in colour naming all of the Stroop word categories than controls, there was no evidence for illness or depressed words creating greater interference than neutral words. However, on the ambiguous cues task, CFS patients made significantly more somatic interpretations than controls and this bias was significantly associated with the extent to which they currently reported symptoms.Conclusion: CFS patients have an interpretive bias for somatic information which may play a part in the maintenance of the disorder by heightening patients' experience of physical symptoms and helping to maintain their negative illness schemas. Although patients did not show an attentional bias in this study, this may be related to the methodology employed.
Illness perceptions, mood and coping in predicting attendance at cardiac rehabilitation
Authors: Whitmarsh Anya , Koutantji Maria , Sidell Kate 
Published: May 2003

Objective: The aim of this study was to identify psychological variables in poor/non‐attendance at cardiac rehabilitation (CR). We investigated whether attenders and poor/non‐attenders differed in relation to components of the self‐regulatory model and coping, and which of these variables were the best predictors of attendance behaviour.Design: A cross‐sectional, between groups design was employed. In contrast with two previous similar studies, participants completed self‐report measures shortly before the start date for the CR programme. Univariate and logistic regression analyses were conducted.Method: In all, 93 individuals who had been invited to attend CR completed the Illness Perceptions Questionnaire (IPQ), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (COPE). Subsequently, 32 participants failed to attend, or dropped out early from, the programme.Results: Attenders differed from poor/non‐attenders in that they perceived a greater number of symptoms and consequences of their illness, greater distress, less strong beliefs that their illness had been caused by a germ or virus, and used problem‐focused and emotion‐focused coping more frequently. The best predictors of poor/non‐attendance were lower perceptions of symptoms and controllability/curability of illness, and less frequent use of problem‐focused and more frequent use of maladaptive coping strategies.Conclusion: Attenders and poor/non‐attenders at CR were distinguished by illness representations, distress and usage of coping strategies. The variables found to be the best predictors of attendance could be used to screen those unlikely to attend and to develop interventions for enhancing attendance.
Repressive coping style and positive self‐presentation
Authors: Furnham Adrian , Petrides K. V. , Sisterson Grant , Baluch Bahman 
Published: May 2003

Objective: This paper reviews 59 studies looking at cognitive, individual differences and physiological correlates of the repressive coping style, as defined by Weinberger, Schwartz, and Davidson (1979). A central aim is to evaluate the relative importance of the anxiety and social desirability components of repression. Thus, the empirical study investigates the relationships between repression and a number of relevant, but hitherto unexamined, constructs, including trait emotional intelligence (trait EI), self‐estimated intelligence, functional and dysfunctional impulsivity, and stoicism. It was hypothesized that repressors would score higher than the other three groups on trait EI, self‐estimated IQ and functional impulsivity, but lower on dysfunctional impulsivity.Method: In total, 259 (174 females) participants from three British universities completed questionnaires measuring the dependent and independent variables. Participants were divided into four groups (truly low anxious, non‐defensive/high anxious, defensive/high anxious and repressors) based on their scores on anxiety and social desirability. Analyses (moderated multiple regressions and ANOVAs) were conducted both on the total sample as well as on ‘extreme‐scoring’ individuals.Results: Where there were significant differences, the hypotheses were supported, particularly with respect to trait EI, self‐estimated IQ and impulsivity. Using ‘extreme‐scoring’ groups did not effectively change the results. The regressions revealed an absence of significant interactions between anxiety and social desirability.Conclusion: Results are discussed in terms of the now replicated effect that repressors present a highly positive and optimistic self‐image, despite cognitive and behavioural data suggesting that their coping style is psychologically unhealthy. In addition, it is argued that many findings in the repressive coping style literature can be parsimoniously explained through main effects of anxiety or social desirability alone (i.e., without invoking a construct that combines the two).
Effects of polyurethane soft segment and crosslink density on the morphology and mechanical properties of polyurethane/poly(allyl diglycol carbonate) simultaneous interpenetrating polymer networks
Authors: Dadbin Susan , Frounchi Masoud 
Published: May 2003

AbstractTough, optically clear simultaneous interpenetrating polymer networks (SINs) of polyurethane (PU) and poly(allyl diglycol carbonate) (ADC) at different compositions were synthesized. The effects of the molecular weight of PU soft segment on the morphology, mechanical properties, and thermal transition behavior of the SINs at two levels of crosslinking agent were studied. The miscibility of PU/ADC SINs, studied by TEM and DMA, was greatly influenced by the SIN composition and the molecular weight of poly(caprolactone) diol (PCL) as the PU soft segment. A single‐phase morphology at a PU concentration of 10% changed to a very fine microheterogeneous morphology as the molecular weight of PCL changed from 530 to 1250. The two‐phase morphology of the PU10/ADC90 SIN based on higher PCL molecular weight (PCL 1250) was also confirmed by DMA, which displayed a sharp peak for the ADC‐rich phase and a small shoulder for the PU‐rich phase transition in the tan δ plot. The SINs at 20–30% PU composition exhibited co‐continuous phase morphology in the transmission electron micrographs, in which the phase regions grew larger as the PCL molecular weight increased from 530 to 1250. All the SIN samples possessed excellent optical transparency except two samples with 30% PU composition based on PCL 1250, which showed a hazy appearance. The tensile strength, modulus, and toughness of the SINs decreased by increasing the molecular weight of PCL from 530 to 1250, whereas the elongations at break remained nearly unchanged. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 1583–1595, 2003
Energy model of the interfacial slip of polymer blends under steady shear
Authors: Jiang L. , Lam Y. C. , Yue C. Y. , Tam K. C. , Li L. , Hu X. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractInterfacial slip at high‐density polyethylene (HDPE)/polystyrene (PS) and high‐impact polystyrene (HIPS)/PS interfaces under steady shear was studied. The multilayer structure and energy model for steady shear proposed by Lam and colleagues was employed. Results indicated that there was no interfacial slip at the HIPS/PS interface. However, interfacial slip was detected for HDPE/PS under steady shear. Small interfacial thickness and weak interactions between HDPE and PS was proposed as the reason for interfacial slip at the HDPE/PS interface. Chain orientation under shear was believed to promote chain disentanglement in the interfacial layer and therefore increase interfacial slip. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 1164–1470, 2003
Chemical immobilization of retinoic acid within poly(ε‐caprolactone) nanoparticles based on drug–polymer bioconjugates
Authors: Sung Nam Yoon , Joong Kim Kil , Seok Kang Hyung , Gwan Park Tae , Han Sang‐Hoon , Chang Ih‐Seop 
Published: May 2003

AbstractAll‐trans‐retinoic acid (RA) was chemically conjugated to biodegradable poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL10; number‐average Mw ≈ 1250) via an ester linkage. The conjugation was carried out using N,N‐dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and 4‐dimethyl aminopyridine as a coupling agent. The molar ratio of the drug to the polymer was 1.11 as determined by 1H‐NMR analysis. DSC and WAXD results showed that the formation of crystalline structures of RA was effectively suppressed by conjugation with PCL. The RA–PCL conjugates were formulated into nanoparticles by a spontaneous phase‐inversion technique. Morphological characteristics of the resultant nanoparticles and drug‐loading efficiencies were compared with those of free RA‐loaded nanoparticles. The drug‐loading efficiency of RA–PCL conjugates was almost 100%, while that of free RA was only ∼12%. The majority of unconjugated RA was found to form undesirable free‐drug crystals out of nanoparticles, as observed by TEM analysis. This study demonstrates that the conjugation approach of RA to PCL can be an effective means to immobilize and encapsulate RA within nanoparticles for pharmaceutical applications. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 1631–1637, 2003
No time to think: protecting the reflective space in children's services
Authors: Jones Jocelyn , Gallop Les 
Published: May 2003

AbstractOver the past few years, first line managers in child care have faced mounting pressure on their time from both the national performance management agenda and the professional demands associated with the Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families and Working Together to Safeguard Children: A Guide to Inter‐Agency Working to Safeguard and Promote the Welfare of Children. This paper briefly discusses the policy context surrounding this period of unprecedented change and focuses on the potential erosion of the reflective space in supervision as first line managers struggle to cope with the ever‐increasing expectations. An argument is made for the creative use of multi‐agency action learning/ research projects within the workplace to supplement individual supervision and promote reflective multi‐agency child care practice; some examples of successful projects are given. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Augmentation of cellular adenosine triphosphate levels in PC12 cells by extracellular adenosine
Authors: Fujimori Hiroyuki , Pan‐Hou Hidemitsu 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThe effects of extracellular adenosine (Ado) on cellular levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in PC12 cells were studied. Ado and inosine but not adenine nucleotides, guanosine, cytosine, uridine, thymidine, and various P1 receptor agonists of Ado, significantly enhanced cellular ATP levels in PC12 cells by about 2.5‐fold. The ATP‐enhancing effect of Ado was potentiated by dipyridamole, an inhibitor of Ado uptake, and was also observed when PC12 cells were incubated in glucose‐free medium. These results suggest that augmentation of cellular ATP levels in PC12 cells by extracellular Ado might be acceleration of ATP synthesis through the Ado salvage system utilizing hypoxanthine‐guanine phosphoribosyltransferase rather than Ado kinase, since 5′‐iodotubercidin, an Ado kinase inhibitor, had no effect on the enhancement induced by Ado. Drug Dev. Res. 59:8–13, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chronic food restriction alters purinergic receptor mRNA expression in the nucleus accumbens of the rat
Authors: Krügel Ute , Seidel Bertholt , Spies Oliver , Kittner Holger , Illes Peter , Kiess Wieland 
Published: May 2003

AbstractATP and its metabolite adenosine activate membrane receptors thought to be functionally relevant in the mediation of reward and reinforcement (e.g., feeding behavior). In this study, the effects of restricted feeding on the purinergic transmission at the level of the adenosine A2A and ADP/ATP‐sensitive P2Y1 receptor mRNA were investigated in the rat nucleus accumbens after 3 days of acute food deprivation and after 10 days when adaptive changes can be expected to occur. Furthermore, plasma leptin and the expression of its receptor mRNA (long form) to characterize the status of satiety were examined as well as the expression of the cocaine‐ and amphetamine‐related transcript (CART) mRNA as a possible marker for changes in the sensitiveness of the reward system. Plasma levels of the anorectic peptide leptin were reduced within 3 days of feeding restriction; the mRNA of the leptin receptor was elevated at day 10. The P2Y1 receptor mRNA expression showed the same time course, whereas the A2A receptor mRNA reached the control level on day 10 after a downregulation found on day 3. CART mRNA expression was decreased in the acute situation and upregulated after 10 days. The data indicate that the accumbal gene expression during food restriction is triggered by peripheral signals like plasma leptin concentration and by neuronal signals in the CNS, including extracellular adenosine and ADP/ATP, and that the investigated receptor mRNAs are regulated to habituate to the reduced nutrition. In conclusion, chronic food restriction increases the mesolimbic sensitivity directed to achieve satisfaction and reward via regulation of mRNA expression involving that of P2Y1 and A2A receptors in a functionally antagonistic manner. Drug Dev. Res. 59:95–103, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Efficient mucosal delivery of the HIV‐1 Tat protein using the synthetic lipopeptide MALP‐2 as adjuvant
Authors: Borsutzky Stefan , Fiorelli Valeria , Ebensen Thomas , Tripiciano Antonella , Rharbaoui Faiza , Scoglio Arianna , Link Claudia , Nappi Filomena , Morr Michael , Buttó Stefano , Cafaro Aurelio , Mühlradt Peter F. , Ensoli Barbara , Guzmán Carlos A. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractA major requirement for HIV/AIDS research is the development of a mucosal vaccine that stimulates humoral and cell‐mediated immune responses at systemic and mucosal levels, thereby blocking virus replication at the entry port. Thus, a vaccine prototype based on biologically active HIV‐1 Tat protein as antigen and the synthetic lipopeptide, macrophage‐activating lipopeptide‐2 (MALP‐2), asa mucosal adjuvant was developed. Intranasal administration to mice stimulated systemic and mucosal anti‐Tat antibody responses, and Tat‐specific T cell responses, that were more efficient than those observed after i.p. immunization with Tat plus incomplete Freund's adjuvant. Major linear B cell epitopes mapped within aa 1–20 and 46–60, whereas T cell epitopes were identified within aa 36–50 and 56–70. These epitopes have also been described in vaccinated primates and in HIV‐1‐infected individuals with better prognosis. Analysis of the anti‐Tat IgG isotypes in serum, and the cytokine profile of spleen cells indicated that a dominant Th1 helper response was stimulated by Tat plus MALP‐2, as opposed to the Th2 response observed with Tat plus incomplete Freund's adjuvant. Tat‐specific IFN‐γ‐producing cells were significantly increased only in response to Tat plus MALP‐2. These data suggest that Malp‐2 may represent an optimal mucosal adjuvant for candidate HIV vaccines based on Tat alone or in combination with other HIV antigens.
Synthesis of (η3‐Allyl)bromodicarbonylbis(pyrazole)molybdenum(II) and Reactivity towards [Au(acac)PPh3]: Structure and Dynamic Behavior of the Monometallic Pyrazole and Heterometallic Pyrazolate Complexes
Authors: Paredes Paloma , Miguel Daniel , Villafañe Fernando 
Published: May 2003

AbstractIn our original article,[1] under the heading “Acac Complexes” (page 998) we inadvertently omitted that the use of acac complexes in synthesis has been reviewed.[2] Likewise, [Au(acac)PPh3] has been used previously to synthesise a heterometallic complex.[3].http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejic.200390132
Nanomolar Detection of Amitriptyline by Potentiometry with Ion Exchanger Based PVC Membrane ISEs
Authors: Wang Cheng‐Yin , Hu Xiao‐Ya , Leng Zong‐Zhou , Jin Gen‐Di 
Published: May 2003

AbstractIn order to lower the amount of amitriptyline released from PVC membrane and improve the sensitivity of the ion exchanger based PVC membrane ion selective electrode (ISE), 0.4% (m/m) clonidine‐tetraphenylborate was used as a electroactive component in PVC membrane of ISE for determination of amitriptyline with inner reference solution of 1 mM NaCl and 0.1 mM clonidine. Better reliability and selectivity compared with previous reports were acquired with a linear range of 10 nM−1.0 mM, the detect limit of 5.0 nM and average slope of 58.4 mV/decade. Fine reproducibility, stability and recoveries by the standard addition method were also acheived. The influence of the membrane thickness, inner reference solutions, supporting electrolyte, and the response time are discussed.