bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fish Passage Facilities
Authors: Tompkins Mark R. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

A
fish passage facility
provides fish with a watered route around or through a barrier to migration in a fluvial system. Fish passage facilities have been designed for both natural and artificial barriers. Some passage facilities allow fish to propel themselves past the barrier, while others physically transport fish past the barrier. Fish passage facilities must provide passage during periods dictated by migratory requirements without injuring or unduly stressing fish. Fish passage facilities have been designed and constructed in North American, Europe, Russia, Latin American, Africa, Australia, New Zealand, China, and Japan. Depending on the region and type of application, fish passage facilities are also referred to as fishways, fish ladders, fish passes, fish bypasses, fish locks, and fish elevators.
Floods as a Natural Hazard
Authors: Berga Luis 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The floods constitute the most important disaster among the natural hazards. Floods represent about 30% of the total number of natural disasters and economic damages, and almost 25% of the fatalities produced by the natural disasters (Fig. 4). The extensive and enhanced statistical data show that, in the period 1975–2001, some 95 significant floods per year have been produced, which have caused a mean of some 11,000 fatalities per year, and have affected some 150 M people per year, which signifies that in the last decade of the twentieth century, 25% of the world population has been affected by the floods (6).
Flow‐Duration Curves
Authors: Hordon Robert M. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe flow‐duration curve is a cumulative frequency curve that shows the percentage of time that specified stream's discharges were equaled or exceeded during a period of record. It combines in one curve all of the flow characteristics of a stream, ranging from flood flows to drought situations.In sharp contrast to a hydrograph where time is on thexaxis, chronology is not shown in flow‐duration curves. If the period of record on which the curve is based is sufficiently long, it may be considered a probability curve and therefore, is used to estimate the percentage of time that a specified stream's discharge will be equaled or exceeded in the future.
Ganga River, India
Authors: Jain Sharad K. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The Himalayas, the great mountain chain of Asia are the source of three major river systems of the world, the Indus, the Ganga (or the Ganges), and the Brahmputra. The large and fertile plains of the Indus and Ganga in the subcontinent of Northern India have been the cradles of one of the greatest ancient civilization, the Indus Valley Civilization. The River Ganga which occupies nearly one‐third of the geographical area of India is the most important and sacred river of India.

The catchment area of the Ganga falls in four countries, India, Nepal, Tibet (China), and Bangladesh. Many important tributaries of the Ganga originate in the Himalayas in India and Nepal; Bangladesh lies in the deltaic region. The total length of the river is 2525 km which makes it the fifteenth longest river in Asia and the thirtyninth longest in the world. The combined basin of the Ganga, Brahmaputra, and Meghna rivers in India, Nepal, and Bangladesh is also known by the name
Greater Ganga Basin
. The major part of the geographical area of Ganga Basin lies in India.

Though the headwaters region of the Ganga in the Himalayas is dotted by a number of mighty tributaries, the Bhagirathi river that rises from the Gangotri glacier near Gomukh at an elevation of about 7010 m above mean sea level is traditionally considered the source of River Ganga.
Hydrologic Persistence and The Hurst Phenomenon
Authors: Koutsoyiannis Demetris 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Unlike common random series like those observed, for example, in games of chance, hydrologic (and other geophysical) time series have some structure, that is, consecutive values of hydrologic time series depend on each other. A special kind of dependence observed on large timescales was discovered by Hurst half a century ago and has been known by several names such as long‐range dependence, long‐term persistence, or simply the Hurst phenomenon. Since then, it has been verified that this behavior is almost omnipresent in several processes in nature (e.g., hydrology), technology (e.g., computer networks), and society (e.g., economics). The consequences of this behavior are very significant because it increases dramatically the uncertainty of the related processes. However, even today its importance and its consequences are not widely understood or are ignored, its nature is regarded as difficult to understand, and its reproduction in hydrologic simulation is considered a hard task or not necessary. This article shows that the Hurst phenomenon can have an easy explanation and easy stochastic representation and that simple algorithms can generate time series exhibiting long‐term persistence.
Hydrologic Thresholds
Authors: Sivakumar Bellie 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Effective and efficient planning and management of our water resources systems largely depend on our ability to model and forecast hydrologic phenomena. “Thresholds” play a crucial role in this regard, because they are (the) indicators of any changes to the system, particularly catastrophic. The purpose of this article is to discuss the role of thresholds in hydrology, with a stronger and broader footing than one that can be found in the literature. Three issues are focused on: (a) relevance of thresholds in hydrology; (b) threshold identification and quantification; and (c) need for interdisciplinary research on thresholds. Within these focus topics, a variety of aspects are covered, including networks and feedbacks, complexity and nonlinearity, chaos and fractals, self‐organization and emergence, reductionism and holism, interpretation and integration of theories, and ongoing interdisciplinary research activities.
Limnology
Authors: Geller Walter , Geller Annette 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Limnology is the study of inland waters as ecosystems. Hydrological, physical, and chemical factors are integral parts of limnological research. The major part of traditional research and practice was the limnology of lakes. Later, concepts for the limnology of rivers were developed, and they were extended to research and management of catchment areas, including rivers and lakes. Applied research was directed on the impacts of waste water to rivers (saprobization) and to lakes (eutrophication). A major problem in industrial countries was the acidification of surface waters by acid rain. Actual subjects of limnological investigations are the effects of climatic change on hydrological systems, rivers and lakes, and their impacts on the ecosystems.
Combustible Watersheds
Authors: Kulik V. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Existing hydrological networks can be used for conflagration prediction. Runoff data allows predicting high fire danger earlier, highlights the most dangerous watersheds, and makes forecasting more foolproof. In some cases, a hydroforecast improves the likelihood of preventing a major disaster. This technique has certain differences from standard meteorological methods: (1) It predicts conflagrations not for an administrative or geographical region, but for a watershed—so, a conflagration can be forecast for the area around water supply reservoirs. (2) It allows forecasting the fire danger earlier and estimates of the amount of time available for active response. (3) It excludes most false alarms. (4) It is more accurate, simply because it uses hydrographic data, which are more representative than meteorological data. (5) It is more foolproof and less dependent on errors in observations. (6) It depends less on the stochastic nature of summer rains and other meteorological elements. (7) It is simpler than any other method.
Free Flowing Water: A Source of Wisdom
Authors: Lee Maggie 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
In his extraordinary, rich, and comprehensive lectures and writings of the early 1960s and into the 1970s, Theodor Schwenk (1910–1986) proposed a new ‘water consciousness,’ a transformative way of thinking about this universal element. He described and illustrated fluid circulation, movement, and rhythms of the earth's water cycle and resulting organic forms. His experiments demonstrated the rhythmical, metamorphic potential hidden within fluid processes. Included here are a few of his insights and discoveries.
Hydropsychology
Authors: Sivakumar Bellie 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The increasing realization that water conflicts around the world are not just because of sheer lack of water, but also have other facets that are reflections of human behavior, presents the need for studying the transactions between humans and water‐related activities. This article is intended to present possible ways to move forward with research on hydropsychology. The topics covered include acknowledgment and identification of the role of human behavior in water planning, management and conflicts, solving the problem, and dissemination of the outcomes.
Conflict and Water Use in the Middle East
Authors: Lipchin Clive D. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractWhere water is scarce, competition for limited supplies can lead nations to seek access to water as a matter of national security. As recently as the mid‐1980s, U.S. government intelligence services estimated that there were at least 10 places in the world where war could break out over dwindling shared water resources; the majority of these locations are in the Middle East. Jordan, Israel, Cyprus, Malta, and the countries of the Arabian Peninsula are sliding into the perilous zone where all available fresh surface and groundwater supplies will be fully used. In Israel, the Palestinian Authority, and Jordan, a water deficit already exists, and all available water resources are overexploited.
Clean Water Act, Water Quality Criteria/Standards,TMDLs, and Weight‐of‐Evidence Approach for Regulating Water Quality
Authors: Fred Lee G. , Jones‐lee Anne 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe Clean Water Act (PL 92–500, the 1972 amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act) established a water quality standards‐based approach for regulating water quality. The U.S. EPA was to develop national water quality criteria that would serve as the basis for state water quality standards. Those standards are the legally enforceable limits that evaluate water quality impairment. It was specified in the Clean Water Act that violation of the water quality standards was to lead to the listing of the waterbody as “impaired” and trigger the establishment of a total maximum daily load (TMDL) of the pollutant in violation. Significant problems have developed in the implementation of the Clean Water Act. The most important of these problems is use of the numeric U.S. EPA national criteria and state water quality standards without waterbody‐specific adjustment for characteristics that influence the toxicity/availability of potential pollutants. This problem has led to inappropriate listing of waterbodies as “impaired” and the establishment of TMDLs with inappropriate water‐quality‐standard goals. It is becoming recognized that a “best professional judgment” (BPJ) triad weight‐of‐evidence approach should regulate water quality in the United States. The key component of this approach is the “best professional judgment” evaluation of a triad of key parameters: aquatic life toxicity/bioaccumulation of the contaminant(s); aquatic organism assemblage information in the aquatic system of concern; and chemical kinetic/thermodynamic information pertaining to the contaminant(s) of interest and the aquatic system of concern. This evaluation by consensus of a panel of experts in a public, interactive, peer‐review process is crucial for the technically valid, cost‐effective control of pollutants in aquatic systems.
Ground Water Quality in Areas Adjoining River
Y
amuna at
D
elhi,
I
ndia
Authors: Jain Chakresh K. , Sharma Mukesh K. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

The groundwater quality in areas adjoining the River Yamuna at Delhi (India) has been assessed to determine the suitability of groundwater for domestic use. Thirty‐eight groundwater samples from shallow and deep aquifers were collected each during pre‐ and postmonsoon seasons in the year 2000 and analyzed for various physicochemical and bacteriological parameters and trace elements. The study indicated concentrations of total dissolved solids, nitrate, sulfate, and sodium higher than water quality standards. The presence of total coliforms indicates bacterial contamination in the groundwater. The grouping of samples according to their hydrochemical facies indicated that the majority of the samples fall into Na‐K‐Cl‐SO
4
followed by Na‐K‐HCO
3
and Ca‐Mg‐Cl‐SO
4
hydrochemical facies. The qualitative analysis of data depicted higher concentrations of various physicochemical and bacteriological parameters on the western side of River Yamuna, even in deep aquifers.
Municipal Solid Waste Landfills—Water Quality Issues
Authors: Fred Lee G. , Jones‐Lee Anne 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
When municipal solid waste (MSW) comes in contact with liquid, leachate is formed. Such leachate contains a myriad of hazardous and otherwise deleterious chemicals, which if introduced into groundwater would impair or destroy the ability to use the groundwater and aquifer. In an attempt to provide some protection of groundwater quality from adverse impacts from MSW landfill leachate, the US EPA (1) adopted a “dry tomb” approach for the landfilling of municipal solid wastes. These “Subtitle D” requirements specify isolation of the wastes within a plastic‐sheeting and compacted clay‐lined tomb, collection of leachate, monitoring of groundwater, collection and management of landfill gas, closure procedures, and provision for funding of maintenance for 30 years after landfill closure. However, the Subtitle D dry tomb concept and prescriptive requirements are inadequate to ensure groundwater protection for as long as the wastes represent a threat to public health and the environment. The wastes in a dry tomb landfill will be a threat to generate leachate for thousands of years. The covering will not keep the wastes dry indefinitely. The plastic sheeting and compacted clay composite liner will eventually fail and allow the leachate generated to pollute groundwater. The groundwater monitoring systems allowed have a low probability of detecting polluted groundwater when it first reaches the point of compliance. The 30 years prescribed for postclosure monitoring and maintenance is a small part of the time that postclosure care and funding will be needed. An urgent need exists to revise the US EPA Subtitle D regulations to provide for true long‐term protection of public health, groundwater resources, and the environment for as long as the MSW will be a threat.
Metallothioneins as Indicators of Trace Metal Pollution
Authors: Schettino Trifone , Lionetto Maria Giulia 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe importance of metallothionein (MT) in toxicologic responses to heavy metals was early recognized for potential application as a “biomarker” of organism exposure to heavy metals in aquatic environments. A biomarker is a pollutant‐induced variation in cellular or biochemical components or processes, structures, or functions that is measurable in a biological system or sample (13). The biomarker approach in environmental monitoring has been increasingly used in the last 20 years for the ecotoxicological assessment of aquatic ecosystems. Since the harmful effects of pollutants are typically manifested at lower levels of biological organization before disturbances are realized at the population, community, or ecosystem levels (14), the use of biomarkers measured at the cellular level has been proposed as sensitive “early warning” tools for biological effect measurement in environmental quality assessment (15).
Monitoring Lipophilic Contaminants in the Aquatic Environment using the
SPMD
‐
TOX
Paradigm
Authors: Johnson B. Thomas 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The SPMD‐TOX paradigm was designed to monitor our nation's water resources by identifying the presence of lipophilic contaminants that are bioavailable and potentially harmful to the ecosystem. This microscale technique provides a first look at areas of concern and is an alternate to traditional, complex, and more costly whole animal testing with invertebrates and fish. Case studies illustrate the use of a semipermeable membrane device (SPMD) to collect bioavailable lipophilic samples from rivers and streams and microscale tests to assess their toxicity.
Biomanipulation
Authors: Sagehashi Masaki 
Published: July 2005

AbstractBiomanipulation is a currently used lake purification method, which modifies a lake ecosystem to an ideal state. The theory of biomanipulation is based on the prediction that increased piscivore abundance will result in decreased planktivore abundance and that increased zooplankton grazing pressure will lead to reductions in phytoplankton abundance and improved water clarity. In most cases of biomanipulation, planktivorous fish are replaced, and/or piscivores are introduced into eutrophicated lakes or ponds. A number of biomanipulations have been done in various water ecosystems around the world. To understand the current status of biomanipulation, the manipulations, lake size, and outcomes of some biomanipulations (35 cases) reported in literature are summarized as a table. From this review, there are 71.4% positive, and 20.0% negative results. This indicates that there are pressing needs to understand lake ecosystems in more depth and to evaluate the long‐term stability resulting from biomanipulation prior to implementing biomanipulation.
Macrophytes as Biomonitors of Trace Metals
Authors: Balanson Shimshon , Mal Tarun K. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractAquatic macrophytes are macroscopic aquatic plants that play an important role in the health of aquatic ecosystems. Not only do macrophytes provide vital structural support in aquatic ecosystems (1), but they also contribute toward food production, nutrient regeneration, and habitat for a wide range of organisms. Because of their roles in aquatic ecosystem health, aquatic macrophytes can be utilized as indicators of stream health (2). In fact, aquatic macrophytes may be indicative of a variety of ecosystem stressors including nutrient runoff, changes in hydrologic regime, and exotic species invasion (3, 4). Therefore, species richness of aquatic macrophytes, their composition, and density have all been incorporated into different macrophyte indicators (5, 6). As such, bioindicators estimate the pollutants affecting the biota in an ecosystem and are purely qualitative in nature.
Development and Application of Sediment Toxicity Test for Regulatory Purposes
Authors: Ángel Del Valls Casillas Thomas 
Published: July 2005

AbstractSince the mid‐1970s research has focused on the development of sediment toxicity bioassays that could effectively predict potential biological adverse effects and could be used as an effective tool to characterize sediment toxicity. It is widely accepted that there are no chemical measurements that reliably predict sediment toxicity. In addition, sediments are a complex matrix that require complex tests for estimating the actual bioavailability of contaminants (7). Here we review the evaluation process that has been applied in the different initiatives carried out to introduce this new approach in a regulatory context. The design of toxicity tests for the characterization of dredged material in Spain is used as an example.
Fungal Contamination of Drinking Water
Authors: Paterson R. Russell M. , Lima Nelson 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

Fungi are a ubiquitous and diverse group of unique organisms accepted as a fifth kingdom. They are associated intrinsically with water, and so it is not surprising that they can occasionally cause problems. Two areas exist: (a) natural contamination and (b) unnatural contamination. Natural contamination is the equivalent of that which occurs with bacteria. Unnatural, or intentional, contamination is associated predominately with security in a field that has rapidly ascended the agenda. Furthermore, bottled water is a huge and growing commercial market and is susceptible to fungal contamination. A major problem is visual growth, which is what is presented to the consumer. Whereas this may not be apparent to the consumer of tap water, it is obvious in bottled water. However, there are technical difficulties associated with quantification and identification. Other actual issues can be odor and pigmentation. In addition, certain fungi cause allergic reactions and some are animal pathogens, including human pathogens, which are of particular concern to immunocompromised people. Finally, toxic compounds can be produced by fungi, which are referred to as mycotoxins. Aflatoxins have been demonstrated to occur in stored water naturally and other mycotoxins in
in vitro
experimentation. Obviously, it is mycotoxin contamination that is the biggest security threat. Methods are provided in this entry for the isolation and biochemical analysis of fungi and the properties of significance to drinking water. The use of a fungal lipid called ergosterol to quantify fungi is preferred. In conclusion, fungi in drinking water are often ignored but require a great deal more attention, particularly in relation to security threats.
Coagulation and Flocculation in Practice
Authors: Ozkan Alper 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Process wastewater treatment involves removing suspended particles from suspension. Solid/liquid separation is difficult when treated particles are very fine. Aggregation of these particles facilitates their separation from suspension by sedimentation, filtration, or other methods. Coagulation and flocculation methods are the two major techniques used to aggregate fine particles in solid/liquid separation operations. Coagulation is obtained by neutralizing the electrical charge of the interacting particles. If aggregation is provided by polymer bridging, the process is defined as flocculation.
All waters, particularly surface waters and process wastewaters, contain both dissolved and suspended particles. Very fine particles only a few microns in diameter settle extremely slowly by gravity alone. Therefore, several methods are used to increase the size of solid particles in solid/liquid separation. The processes of coagulation and flocculation are the major techniques used to aggregate particles. Solid particles can be flocculated into relatively large lumps, called flocs, that settle out more rapidly and thus particles are separated more easily from water. Although the terms coagulation and flocculation are often used interchangeably, or the single term “flocculation” is used to describe both, they are two different processes. Fine particles can be aggregated by neutralizing the electrical charge of the interacting particles, which is “coagulation,” and bridging the particles with polymolecules is called “flocculation”.
Column Experiments in Saturated Porous Media Studying Contaminant Transport
Authors: Schuessler Wolfram , Artinger Robert 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Column experiments are one key technique to investigate transport phenomena of contaminants in water‐bearing porous media. In the following a brief description of the principal setup and main experimental techniques used in column experiments is given. In addition, three examples for column experiments investigating different contaminant transport phenomena are described. The examples deal with the determination of sorption coefficients by column experiments, size exclusion effects of colloids, and Am‐humic colloid dissociation kinetics.