bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multifactorial genetics of exencephaly in SELH/Bc mice
Authors: Juriloff D.M. , Gunn T.M. , Harris M.J. , Mah D.G. , Wu M.K. , Dewell S.L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundThe SELH/Bc mouse strain has 10–30% exencephaly and is an animal model for human neural tube closure defects. This study examined the number of causative genes, their dominance relationships, and linkage map positions.MethodsThe SELH/Bc strain (S) was crossed to the normal LM/Bc strain (L) and frequencies of exencephaly were observed in the F1, BC1, and F2 generations. 102 F2 males were individually testcrossed by SELH/Bc. The extremes, the 10 highest and 10 zero exencephaly‐producing F2 sires, were typed for 109 SSLP marker loci in a genome screen. Next, the resultant five provisional chromosomal regions were tested for linkage in 31 F2 exencephalic embryos. Finally, 12 males, SS or LL for the Chr 13 region on an LM/Bc background, were testcrossed by SELH/Bc.ResultsThe exencephaly frequencies in the F1 (0.3%), BC1 (4.4%), and F2 (3.7%), and the distribution of F2 males' testcross values (0–15.5%), indicated that the high risk of exencephaly in SELH/Bc is due to the cumulative effect of two or three loci. Linkage studies indicated the location of semidominant exencephaly‐risk genes on Chr 13 near D13Mit13 (P < 0.001), Chr 5 near D5Mit168 (P < 0.025), and possibly Chr 11 near D11Mit10 (P < 0.07). The gene on Chr 13, Exen1, and the strong role of other loci were confirmed by the congenic males.ConclusionsThe high risk of exencephaly in SELH/Bc mice is caused by the cumulative effect of two to three semidominant genes. Candidate genes include Msx2, Madh5, Ptch, and Irx1 (Chr 13) and Actb and Rac1 (Chr 5). Teratology 64:189–200, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Financial Risk Management: An Introduction
Authors: Lhabitant François‐Serge , Tinguely Olivier 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis article provides a brief introduction to risk management. It discusses the rationale for risk management for corporations, with a strong focus on financial risk management. It describes the various risks that a company is facing, as well as the various steps to identify and manage them. An illustration of the major tools and methodologies is provided for the case of market risks. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Practice of Financial Risk Management: An International Comparison
Authors: Lee Fah Mei , Marshall Andrew , Szto You Koong , Tang Joan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe objective of this article is to simultaneously survey the practice of risk management of large United Kingdom, United States, and Asia Pacific multinational companies (MNCs). We investigate whether risk management practices vary internationally. From 179 (30%) usable responses we find a number of interregional differences in the organization of risk management; a greater emphasis on decentralized structures in the Asia Pacific and less formal board control over risk management in U.S. MNCs. In terms of the tools of risk management there were differences internationally in the concerns in choosing derivatives, driven to some extent by differences in the accounting treatment internationally. In general, the size, degree of internationalization and industry sector of the respondent MNCs could not explain these regional differences. However, there was little variation in the methods of forecasting exchange rates and the majority of MNCs in all regions use a centralized risk management system. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Ambiguous Popularity of Derivatives
Authors: Ineichen Alexander M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe perception of the investment management profession and the investing public towards derivatives is ambiguous. To most, derivatives are tools for efficiently managing risk. However, to others, derivatives are still highly suspect. There are still many investors who are not allowed to use derivatives, due to internal or external regulation. We will make the point that the reservations and myths surrounding derivatives are unfounded. We expect the usage of the tools of the risk manager (derivatives) to expand, the demystifying process to continue, the liquidity in derivatives markets to increase, and even greater product customization in risk management and corporate finance to unfold in the future. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Possible External Shocks to Asia in 2001: How Vulnerable Are the Regional Economies?
Authors: Wu Friedrich 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn 2001, threats of a U.S. economic slowdown, a moderation of economic growth in the EU, sharp deceleration
of the global electronics cycle, and high oil prices could be some of the potential external shocks clouding
Asia's economic outlook. This article analyzes these external shocks and assesses which Asian economies are
most (or least) vulnerable to these exogenous shocks. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Repeatability and reproducibility of the luminescent bacteria bioassay
Authors: Ribo Juan M. , Canela Miguel , Griful Eulàlia 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper presents the statistical analysis of the results of an inter‐laboratory study for the luminescent bacteria toxicity bioassay. It also contains a discussion on the statistical methods for the presentation and refinement of the evaluation of the precision of an assay method (including intra‐ and inter‐laboratory variability), with special emphasis on the rejection of outliers, and the use of standardized parameters, like the repeatability and reproducibility values. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Environ Toxicol 16: 127–135, 2001
Computer and Electronics Product Stewardship: Are We Ready for the Challenge?
Authors: Gable Cate , Shireman Bill 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe PC revolution continues to produce faster and smarter machines at a stunning pace. Almost forgotten in
the rush are the millions of nearly new, but suddenly outdated, computers that are abandoned every year. Can
product stewardship offer life‐after‐end‐of‐life for this growing mountain of
“attic‐ware,” while averting a costly—and potentially toxic—waste disposal
crisis? © 2001 by Cate Gable, Axioun Books. Used with permission.
EPA's Environmental Technology Verification Program: An Evaluation of a Public‐Private Process
Authors: Hansen Penelope 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe Environmental Technology Verification Program (ETV) was started by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency in October 1995 to generate independent and credible data on the performance of innovative
technologies that have the potential to improve protection of public health and the environment. The purpose of
this program is to help organizations, industries, businesses, states, communities, and individuals make
better‐informed decisions when selecting new environmental technologies. The program has now been in
existence for six years and the following article presents, for the first time, the results achieved to date and
the program's future operating plans. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Integrating deformations between bodies and clothes
Authors: Cordier Frédéric , Volino Pascal , Magnenat‐Thalmann Nadia 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper, we present a framework for both skin and cloth deformation. Traditionally, skin and cloth deformations are managed by a non‐unified strategy although the skin interacts on clothes and vice versa. In general, the skin is considered as a rigid surface on which the clothes have no effect. We propose in this paper a unified approach for cloth and body deformation. Our system is able to handle both skin and cloth deformation with collision response. These deformations are managed with a particle system. The skin deformation model is a hybrid model, where deformation due to the skeleton motion is controlled geometrically, and where the collision response is handled by a physical‐based model. In case of collision among skin and clothes, a reaction and friction forces are applied on both skin and cloth to avoid penetration. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Incorporating proxy services into wide area cellular IP networks
Authors: Jiang Zhimei , Chang Li Fung , Kim Byoung Jo J. , Leung Kin K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPerformance enhancing proxies have drawn considerable interests from the network community as an effective approach to improve user experience in cellular networks. Previous research on this subject has been focusing on the design of proxy servers as well as the functions that these servers provide. In this paper, we study the placement of proxy servers, especially the approach of incorporating proxies into cellular networks, which allows better, faster, and more secure proxy services. We discuss various factors that must be considered when placing proxies inside cellular networks, including the information requirements of the proxies, the network requirements for supporting the proxy functions, and mobility management. Using GPRS as an example, we lay out a procedure for adding proxies into data transmission paths in cellular networks. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of Gaussian error in selection diversity combiners
Authors: Annamalai A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSelection diversity combining (SDC) is one of the simplest and most commonly implemented diversity mechanism for mitigating the detrimental effects of deep fades experienced on wireless channels. While SDC improves the mean combined signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) over that of a single branch with increasing diversity order, its main advantage is the reduction of the probability of deep fades. The effect of Gaussian errors in the branch gain estimates on the SDC receiver performance is investigated by deriving new closed‐form expressions for the probability density function, cumulative distribution function and the moment generating function of the combiner output SNR statistic. Mathematical expressions for quantifying the degradation in the mean combined SNR, outage probability and the average symbol error rate of a broad class of binary and multilevel modulation schemes owing to imperfect branch SNR estimates in Rayleigh fading are also derived. It is shown that combiner errors affect the mean combined SNR negligibly in comparison to their effect on the deep fades. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Geolocation technologies and applications for third generation wireless
Authors: Soliman Samir S. , Wheatley Charles E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWireless Service Providers have become increasingly interested in developing position location services for commercial application of the evolving Third Generation (3G) communication systems. The initial and driving force behind this interest is a regulation in the United States promulgated by the Federal Communications Commission, requiring wireless carriers to be capable of delivering the position of a wireless device (or mobile station) making an emergency call to emergency authorities by October 2001. Similarly in Europe, the 1999 Communications Review (COM 1999/539) set the date of 1 January 2003 for the carriers to make location information available for emergency authorities. The cellular mobile station geolocation problem can be solved using either network‐based methods or handset‐based methods. A hybrid position location method that combines measurements from the communication system's forward and/or reverse links with measurements from the Global Positioning System (GPS) can improve position service availability. Given the ability to accurately determine a user's location means that position location service applications can and most certainly will provide value‐added features such as navigation, fleet management, real‐time traffic updates, location sensitive billing, etc. In this paper we present different geolocation technologies, list some of the important applications, and review the status of the location services in the 3G Standards Development Organizations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Applying power quality characteristics of wind turbines for assessing impact on voltage quality
Authors: Tande John Olav Giæver 
Published: August 2002

AbstractInjection of wind power into an electric grid affects the voltage quality. As the voltage quality must be within certain limits to comply with utility requirements, the effect should be assessed prior to installation. To assess the effect, knowledge about the electrical characteristics of the wind turbines is needed or else the result could easily be an inappropriate design of the grid connection. The electrical characteristics of wind turbines are manufacturer‐specific but not site‐specific. This means that, having the actual parameter values for a specific wind turbine, the expected impact of the wind turbine type on voltage quality when deployed at a specific site, possibly as a group of wind turbines, can be calculated. The methodology for this is explained and illustrated by case studies considering a 5 × 750 kW wind farm on a 22 kV distribution feeder. The detailed analysis suggests that the wind farm capacity can be operated at the grid without causing unacceptable voltage quality. For comparison, a simplified design criterion is considered assuming that the wind farm is only allowed to cause a voltage increment of 1%. According to this criterion, only a very limited wind power capacity would be allowed. Measurements confirm, however, the suggestion of the detailed analysis, and it is concluded that a simplified design criterion such as the ‘1% rule’ should not be used for dimensioning the grid connection of wind farms. Rather, this article suggests a systematic approach including assessment of slow voltage variations, flicker, voltage dips and harmonics, possibly supported by more detailed analyses, e.g. system stability if the wind farm is large or the grid is very weak, and impact on grid frequency in systems where wind power covers a high fraction of the load, i.e. most relevant for isolated systems. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of a compact energy‐dispersive spectrometer with a wavelength‐dispersive spectrometer for brass and stainless steel
Authors: Parus Jozef , Raab Wolfgang , Donohue David L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractUsing a Philips MiniPal energy‐dispersive instrument we measured two sets of brass and stainless‐steel standard reference materials (SRMs) provided by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The spectra of 11 brass SRMs and 19 stainless‐steel SRMs were measured during a 600 s live time. The intensities of the Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Fe and Sn lines were calculated for brass and of the Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Mo lines for stainless steel. The regression equations for each element using a De Jongh model and giving the lowest value of the relative standard deviation (RSD) were determined. In most cases it was necessary to use two correction factors for the minimization of the RSD. For comparison, measurements of all samples and elements using a Philips PW 1480 wavelength‐dispersive spectrometer were also performed. Differences in the RSD values obtained using the two spectrometers were not significant for the main elements, Cu and Zn in brass and Cr, Fe and Ni in stainless steel. For minor elements, the RSD values were 2–6 times larger for the MiniPal instrument and were poor for Sn and Co. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry: applications in trace elements studies in human tissues from patients with cirrhosis
Authors: Carvalho M. L. , Marques A. F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractX‐ray fluorescence spectrometry was used for the quantitative analysis of healthy liver, brain and kidney tissues and the corresponding tissues from subjects suffering from liver cirrhosis. All samples were collected post‐mortem and frozen until analysis. A sample of each tissue for the same individual was collected, in order to find any correlation between the elemental concentrations in the different tissues. Age, sex, cause of death and specific diseases were registered. All samples were studied without any chemical treatment. Concentrations of minor and trace elements in each tissue were obtained for 14 elements. Three groups of elements were considered. The first was K and Ca, present in relatively high concentrations in all tissues and known as normal constituents of all living matter. They are essential to cellular metabolism. The second group was Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Se, Br, Rb and Sr, which are also essential elements, but may induce toxic effects if present in high concentrations. There is a narrow range between beneficial and toxic concentrations for these elements. The third group was the toxic elements Co, Ni, As and Pb, which normally induce pathological disorders in the organism, even in small concentrations. This work is a contribution to the better understanding of trace element accumulation in human liver, kidney and brain and the possible correlation between abnormal concentrations of some elements in tissues of subjects suffering from cirrhosis. A very important factor is also the relative concentration of the elements with respect to one another and the correlation between the elemental content in the different tissues. Very low concentrations for Ni, As and Sr were found in the samples analysed, at the level of the detection limit. Higher concentrations of Co, Fe and Pb and lower values of Zn and Se were found in liver cirrhosis samples compared with healthy tissues. Brain samples from subjects affected with cirrhosis showed enhanced levels of Pb. In kidney, increased amounts of Zn were found in tissues from subjects with cirrhosis. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the identification of novel transcription factor DNA binding specificities
Authors: Henry Kenneth W. , Carey Brenna , Howard William R. , Hoefner Daniel , Noonan Daniel J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMembers of the steroid/hormone nuclear receptor superfamily regulate target gene transcription via recognition and association with specific cis‐acting sequences of DNA, called hormone response elements (HREs). The identification of novel HREs is fundamental to understanding the physiological function of nuclear receptor‐mediated signalling pathways. A number of these receptors are transcriptionally active, or can be induced to an active state, when expressed in the yeast strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This aspect of nuclear receptor activity was used to screen random rat genomic DNA fragments for their ability to function as a HRE for the farnesoid X‐activated receptor (FXR). An isolated genomic fragment mediated FXR transcriptional activation without the co‐expression of the retinoid‐X receptor (RXR), a receptor previously thought to be an obligate heterodimer partner for FXR function. This genomic sequence of DNA contained a pair of highly conserved HRE half‐sites arranged in an everted orientation and separated by 3 bp (ER3). Furthermore, it was located 240 bp from a highly conserved TATA box motif. A minimal ER3 sequence of DNA was further demonstrated to function as a FXR HRE and was bound in vitro by FXR‐expressing yeast extracts. Using RT–PCR, an expressed mRNA fragment was identified within an 8 kb region downstream of the putative TATA box motif. This sequence of DNA was observed to bear homology to a cDNA found in mouse blastocyst. These findings define a novel FXR DNA binding specificity but, more importantly, these data suggest that this strategy might be universally applied to any transcription system that can be reconstituted in yeast. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Saccharomyces servazzii clone homologous to Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome III spanning KAR4, ARS 304 and SPB1 lacks the recombination enhancer but contains an unknown ORF
Authors: Zhou Zhiqi , Sun Kaiming , Lipstein Ellen A. , Haber James E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn order to learn about the evolutionary conservation of the recombination enhancer (RE) that controls donor preference during mating type switching in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we have cloned a 13 kb region from S. servazzii. We find that the order of four genes surrounding the RE in S. cerevisiae (PRD1, KAR4, SPB1 and PBN1) is preserved in S.servazzii. However, there is an additional ORF in S. servazzii between PRD1 and KAR4 that is not homologous to any gene in S. cerevisiae or to genes in other organisms. Despite a 75–79% amino acid identity for KAR4 and SPB1, respectively, the S. servazzii sequence did not carry a well‐conserved RE sequence and these sequences lacked RE function when introduced into S. cerevisiae. The S. servazzii region contains a sequence that supports autonomous DNA replication in S. cerevisiae and may represent a homologue of ARS304. The S. servazziii sequence has Genbank Accession No. BankIt359091 AF307954. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functional characterization of Gms1p/UDP‐galactose transporter in Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Authors: Tanaka Naotaka , Takegawa Kaoru 
Published: August 2002

AbstractGalactosylation of glycoproteins in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe requires the transport of UDP‐galactose as substrate for the galactosyltransferase into the lumen of the Golgi apparatus, which is achieved by the UDP‐galactose transporter. We isolated a mutant (gms1) that is deficient in galactosylation of cell surface glycoproteins in Sz.pombe, and found that the gms1+ gene encodes a UDP‐galactose transporter. In the prediction of secondary structure of the Gms1 protein, an eight‐membrane‐spanning structure was obtained. Fluorescent microscopy revealed the functional Gms1–GFP fusion protein to be stably localized at the Golgi membrane. Sequencing analysis of the coding region of Gms1p derived from galactosylation‐defective mutants identified a single amino acid mutation (A102T or A258E) located within the putative transmembrane region, helix 2 or helix 7, respectively. The mutagenized Gms1(A102T or A258E)p exhibited loss of UDP‐galactose transport activity but no change in the localization to the Golgi membrane. The C‐terminal truncated Gms1p mutants demonstrated that the C‐terminal hydrophilic region was dispensable for targeting and function as UDP‐galactose transporter at the Golgi membrane.We suggest that the putative eighth (the most C‐terminus‐proximal) transmembrane helix of Gms1p is critical to targeting from ER to the Golgi membrane. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.