bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Marijuana Treatment Project: rationale, design and participant characteristics
Authors: Stephens Robert S. , Babor Thomas F. , Kadden Ronald , Miller Michael ,   The Marijuana Treatment Project Research Group
Published: March 2003

AbstractAims Recent findings regarding the prevalence of marijuana dependence and associated consequences indicate the need for empirically validated treatments for this population. The Marijuana Treatment Project (MTP) was a multi‐site study of two treatments for adults with marijuana dependence.Design Participants (N= 450) were randomly assigned to one of three conditions at each of three sites: 1) a 9‐session cognitive behavioral treatment (CBT) with motivational enhancement therapy (MET) and case management (CM) components; 2) a 2‐session MET intervention; or 3) a delayed treatment control (DTC).Setting The study was conducted in outpatient drug treatment clinics in three U.S. cities.Participants Participants were individuals aged 18 or over who met diagnostic criteria for cannabis dependence and who voluntarily presented for treatment.Measurement Study variables included DSM‐IV dependence criteria, timeline follow‐back assessment of drug use, Addiction Severity Index composite scores, and problems related to marijuana use.Findings Participants were daily users, who smoked marijuana multiple times per day, and had been doing so for more than 15 years. They reported multiple dependence symptoms and negative consequences related to marijuana use. Approximately 32% of the sample was female, and 30% of the sample was either Hispanic (17%), African American (12%), or of mixed racial backgrounds (1%).Conclusions The multi‐site nature of the MTP allowed for the recruitment of a more ethnically and gender diverse sample than had been studied previously but there were few differences in the clinical characteristics of participants at the geographically and sociodemographically diverse study sites.
Correlates of pre‐treatment drop‐out among persons with marijuana dependence
Authors: Vendetti Janice , McRee Bonnie , Miller Michael , Christiansen Kenneth , Herrell James ,   The Marjuana Treatment Project Research Group
Published: March 2003

AbstractAims  Our objective was to identify client characteristics and other factors associated with pre‐treatment drop‐out by people with marijuana dependence.Design and participants  Data from the Marijuana Treatment Project's screening assessment were used to examine correlates of pre‐treatment drop‐out. Information from all eligible study participants (n = 813) (i.e. those who were interested in receiving treatment for their marijuana dependence and were determined to be eligible for the randomized treatment efficacy trial) was used to examine differences between the 450 participants who initiated treatment (by enrolling in the trial) and the 363 individuals who declined enrollment.Setting  The study was conducted at three community‐based outpatient treatment facilities in Farmington, CT, Seattle, WA and Miami, FL.Measurements  The information gathered in the screening interview included demographic characteristics, residential stability variables, employment and education history and referral source. Substance use variables included the number of days and the number of times per day marijuana was used, self‐perceived dependence on marijuana, alcohol or other drugs, other drug use history and current treatment (i.e. substance abuse, medical, psychiatric) situation.Findings  Stepwise logistic regression was conducted to confirm variables associated with treatment initiation in bivariate analyses. Pre‐treatment drop‐out was associated with being younger, unmarried, unemployed, less educated and Asian American or Native American. It was also associated with self‐perceived dependence on marijuana and use of other drugs.Conclusions  By recognizing demographic and substance use factors that may serve as barriers for individuals accessing treatment for marijuana dependence, clinicians may target clients with these characteristics proactively to encourage treatment initiation and subsequent attendance.
The response of lions and spotted hyaenas to sound playbacks as a technique for estimating population size
Authors: OGUTU J. O. , DUBLIN H. T. 
Published: March 2003

Overall, 217 lions (>1 year) Panthera leo (Linnaeus) and 2069 spotted hyaenas (>8 mo) Crocuta crocuta (Erxleben) responded to broadcast vocalizations, call‐ins, during six surveys in the Masai Mara National Reserve, Kenya.Carnivore response varied seasonally and was significantly higher and more uniform when migratory prey were absent. Variation in wildebeest abundance, by affecting food availability, was the only significant predictor of response. Variability in response with overall prey abundance was higher for lions than hyaenas. Lion response occurred within a radius of 2·5 km, was independent of age and sex but dropped virtually to zero whenever lions possessed a carcass at the time of broadcasting.An independent total census recorded 547 lions (all ages) in the Reserve, 9·96% of which were nomads. This proportion increased by 7·94% following the influx of migrants and raised lion (>1 year) density from 0·292 to 0·320 lions/km2. The call‐in estimate of 0·294±0·009 (95% c.l.) lions/km2 practically equalled the total count. The high precision and low bias (−0·224%) of this estimate imply that call‐in surveys are reliable and may be employed to effectively monitor carnivore populations in the long term. Under simple random sampling, covering about 20% of an area would seem adequate to produce reliable density estimates.
Population status and feeding habits of the translocated sub‐population of Hunter's antelope or hirola (Beatragus hunteri, Sclater, 1889) in Tsavo East National Park, Kenya
Authors: Andanje S. A. , Ottichilo W. K. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe population status and feeding habits of Hunter's antelope or hirola (Beatragus hunteri) in Tsavo East National Park were determined in this study in 1995. This is the first study that has ever been undertaken on the hirola population of about 20 animals that were translocated to Tsavo East National Park from South Garissa District in 1963. Relevant data and information were collected using different ecological research techniques.A total of eight nursery herds (5–11 individuals per herd) comprising 60 individuals, five lone bulls and 11 lone sub‐adults was observed. This gave a total population estimate of 76 animals in the entire study area. Adult animals dominated the population (60.53%), indicating a population skew towards adults. The adult sex ratio was biased towards females (43.42%). Hirola were observed to feed mainly on short, green grasses. The dominant feed species were Panicum infestum, Digitaria rivae, Latipes senegalensis and Cenchrus ciliaris. Occasionally, hirola was observed to feed on forbs (e.g. Portulaca oleraceae, Tephrosia subtriglora and Commelina erecta).Results of this study show that the population growth of the hirola sub‐population in the Park has been low (1.8 individuals per year). Factors thought to contribute to this low growth include predation and low genetic variability.
Floristic assessment of an Afromontane grassland fragmentation experiment in a pine plantation
Authors: Bredenkamp G. J. , Ferguson J. W. H. , Foord S. H. , De Frey W. H. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryTwenty‐four grassland fragments were established in an area of high botanical diversity planted with Pinus patula plantations. This area is representative of the eastern Drakensberg escarpment, containing a large number of endemic plant taxa. The experimental fragments comprise six replicates of two fragment sizes (0.25 and 1.5 ha), with a similar grouping of control plots in adjacent undisturbed grassland designated for conservation. The plots form the basis of a long‐term study on fragmented plant and animal communities. Vegetation surveys were performed using nearest neighbour step point and Braun–Blanquet techniques. Analysis of similarity (anosim) indicates that in neither the large nor small fragments do the control plots differ significantly in floristic structure from the experimental fragments. Five variations of the Themeda triandra‐dominated grassland were identified, corresponding to slight variations in ground moisture. The experimental fragments and control plots were sufficiently similar to be analysed as replicates within the fragmentation study. This forms the foundation for the long‐term analysis of plant communities within the fragments, as well as for analyses of insect and vertebrate communities within the fragments.
Censusing rainforest game species with communal net hunts
Authors: Noss Andrew J. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThis paper presents a method to address two wildlife management problems in central African rainforests: the need for local communities to take responsibility for wildlife management, and the lack of simple and appropriate wildlife monitoring techniques. The method uses encounters of game species during net hunts to calculate abundance indices as well as to estimate population densities for the four principal game species in the Dzanga–Sangha region: the duikers Cephalophus monticola (10.7–20.4 km−2), C. dorsalis (1.2–2.0 km−2), and C. callipygus (0.9–1.2 km−2), and the brush‐tailed porcupine Atherurus africanus (2.7–5.3 km−2). Game species behaviour, the hunting practice, and comparisons with results from other research across central Africa suggest that the method can provide valid density estimates for C. monticola and C. dorsalis, but only abundance indices for C. callipygus and A. africanus. Nevertheless, the method can be applied by hunters in the course of their normal activities, and is adapted to the local habitat types and game species. As such, it can be an important tool for local communities in developing sustainable wildlife management programmes.
Potential causes of arrested succession in Kibale National Park, Uganda: growth and mortality of seedlings
Authors: Chapman Colin A. , Chapman Lauren J. , Kaufman Les , Zanne Amy E. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryRecent studies suggest that regeneration following large‐scale disturbance in Kibale National Park, Uganda, is slow or possibly arrested. Here, data is provided on the growth and mortality of seedlings in the forest understory, treefall gaps, and in large gaps that suggest that this pattern of arrested succession can be attributed partially to the fact that this East African community lacks aggressive colonizing tree species. Growth and mortality rates were contrasted for seedlings of six tree species planted in the understory, small gaps, and large gaps for 36 months. Data suggest that species are adapted to gaps of particular sizes. For example, Uvariopsis congensis grew faster in the understory than in small gaps, whereas Warburgia ugandensis had the lowest mortality rate and highest growth rate in large gaps. Seedlings (n=170) of 15 species were transplanted to assess the response of the tree community to large gap conditions. The limited survival of seedlings in large gaps relative to the understory suggests that only a small proportion of the tree community in this forest regenerates best in gaps larger than those created by the collapse of a single tree. These findings differ from a number of studies conducted in other geographical regions, and suggests that tree communities differ with respect to the proportion of tree species adapted to gaps of particular sizes. This may relate to variation among regions in their history of disturbance and thus frequency of gap formation, size of gaps, and the duration of periods of release. Such variation could imply the existence of a corresponding pattern among tropical forests of differential vulnerability to human disturbance, which tends to create many large gaps.
Vegetation gradients around artificial water points in the Central Kalahari Game Reserve of Botswana
Authors: Makhabu Shimane W. , Marotsi Balisana , Perkins J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractVegetation was assessed in plots sited at varying distances along two line transects radiating from each of nine artificial water points. Environmental variables such as distance from water point, soil type and ground cover were related to grass species composition. Grass species composition in calcrete soils differed significantly from that found in sandy soils. On calcrete soils, distance from water point did not have a significant effect on species composition. On sandy soils, distance from water point had a significant effect on species composition at two of the nine water points sampled. At these two water points, grass species that are usually associated with disturbed areas dominated close to the water points while those that dominated far from the water points were those that are usually associated with undisturbed sites. The results therefore indicate that there was no severe degradation of habitat around water points.
Chediak‐Higashi syndrome mutation and genetic testing in Japanese black cattle (Wagyu)
Authors: Yamakuchi H , Agaba M , Hirano T , Hara K , Todoroki J , Mizoshita K , Kubota C , Tabara N , Sugimoto Y 
Published: March 2003

SummaryChediak‐Higashi Syndrome (CHS) is an autosomal recessive disorder that affects several species including mice, humans, and cattle. Evidence based on clinical characteristics and somatic cell genetics suggests that mutations in a common gene cause CHS in the three species. The CHS locus on human chromosome 1 and mouse chromosome 13 encodes a lysosomal trafficking regulator formerly known asLYST, now known asCHS1, and is defective in CHS patients andbeigemice, respectively. We have mapped theCHSlocus to the proximal region of bovine chromosome 28 by linkage analysis using microsatellite markers previously mapped to this chromosome. Furthermore, we have identified a missense A:T→G:C mutation that results in replacement of a histidine with an arginine residue at codon 2015 of theCHS1gene. This mutation is the most likely cause of CHS in Wagyu cattle. In addition, we describe quick, inexpensive, PCR based tests that will permit elimination of theCHSmutation from Wagyu breeding herds.
Construction and evaluation of a porcine bacterial artificial chromosome library
Authors: Suzuki K , Asakawa S , Iida M , Shimanuki S , Fujishima N , Hiraiwa H , Murakami Y , Shimizu N , Yasue H 
Published: March 2003

SummaryA porcine bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library consisting of 103 488 clones has been constructed. The average insert size in the BAC vector was calculated to be 133 kb based on the examination of 189 randomly selected clones, indicating that the library contained 4.4 genome equivalents. The library can be screened by two‐step PCR. The first screening step is performed on 22 superpools, each containing 4704 clones (49×96 well plates). In the second screening step, 49 plates comprising a superpool are arrayed in a 7×7 matrix and 4D‐PCR is performed. Screening of the library superpools by PCR for 125 marker sequences selected from different regions of swine genome revealed 123 sequences, indicating that the library is not biased. Subsequent screenings (4D‐PCR) were successfully applied for identification of clones containing each marker sequence. This porcine BAC library and the PCR screening system are useful for isolation of genomic DNA fragments containing desired sequences.
Development and characterization of expressed sequence tags for the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) genome and comparative sequence analysis with other birds
Authors: Smith E , Shi L , Drummond P , Rodriguez L , Hamilton R , Powell E , Nahashon S , Ramlal S , Smith G , Foster J 
Published: March 2003

SummaryTwenty‐one randomly selected clones from a turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) pituitary complementary DNA (cDNA) library were sequenced to develop expressed sequence tags (ESTs) for this economically important avian species whose genome is among the least understood. Primers specific for the ESTs were used to produce amplicons from the genomic DNA of turkey, chicken (Gallus gallus), guinea fowl (Numidia meleagris), pigeon (Columba domestica), and quail (Corturnix japonica). The amplicons were sequenced and analyzed for sequence variation within‐and similarity among‐species and with GenBank database sequences. The proportion of shared bases between the turkey sequence and the consensus sequence from each of the other species ranged from 72% to 93% between turkey and pigeon and quail and between turkey and chicken, respectively. The total number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) observed ranged from 3 in quail to 18 in chicken out of 4898 and 5265 bases analyzed, respectively. The most frequent nucleotide variation observed was a C→T transition. Linkage analysis of one such SNP in the backcross progeny of the East Lansing reference DNA panel, localized TUS0005, the chicken sequence derived from primers specific for turkey TUT2E EST, to chromosome 4. The ESTs reported, as well as the SNPs may provide a useful resource for on‐going efforts to develop high utility genome maps for the turkey and chicken. The primers described can also be used as a tool in future investigations directed at further understanding the biology of the guinea fowl, pigeon and quail and their relatedness to the turkey.
Microsatellite marker based genetic linkage maps of Oreochromis aureus and O. niloticus (Cichlidae): extensive linkage group segment homologies revealed
Authors: McConnell  , Beynon  , Leamon  , Skibinski  
Published: March 2003

SummaryPartial genetic linkage maps, based on microsatellite markers, were constructed for two tilapia species, Oreochromis aureus and Oreochromis niloticus using an interspecific backcross population. The linkage map for O. aureus comprised 28 markers on 10 linkage groups and covered 212·8 c
M. Nine markers were mapped to four linkage groups on an O. niloticus female linkage map covering 40·6 c
M. Results revealed a high degree of conservation of synteny between the linkage groups defined inO. aureus and the previously published genetic linkage map of O. niloticus.
Isolation of a porcine UDP‐GalNAc transferase cDNA mapping to the region of the blood group EAA locus on pig chromosome 1
Authors: Meijerink E. , Neuenschwander S. , Dinter A. , Yerle M. , Stranzinger G. , Vögeli P. 
Published: March 2003

In our studies of the genes constituting the porcine A0 blood group system, we have characterized a cDNA, encoding an α(1,3)N‐acetylgalactosaminyltransferase, that putatively represents the blood group A transferase gene. The cDNA has a 1095‐bp open reading frame and shares 76.9% nucleotide and 66.7% amino acid identity with the human ABO gene. Using a somatic cell hybrid panel, the cDNA was assigned to the q arm of pig chromosome 1, in the region of the erythrocyte antigen A locus (EAA), which represents the porcine blood group A transferase gene. The RNA corresponding to our cDNA was expressed in the small intestinal mucosae of pigs possessing EAA activity, whereas expression was absent in animals lacking this blood group antigen. The UDP‐N‐acetylgalactosamine (UDP‐GalNAc) transferase activity of the gene product, expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, was specific for the acceptor fucosyl‐α(1,2)galactopyranoside; the enzyme did not use phenyl‐β‐D‐galactopyranoside (phenyl‐β‐D‐Gal) as an acceptor. Because the α(1,3)GalNAc transferase gene product requires an α(1,2)fucosylated acceptor for UDP‐GalNAc transferase activity, the α(1,2)fucosyltransferase gene product is necessary for the functioning of the α(1,3)GalNAc transferase gene product. This mechanism underlies the epistatic effect of the porcine S locus on expression of the blood group A antigen.Abbreviations: CDS: coding sequence; CHO: Chinese Hamster Ovary; EAA: erythrocyte antigen A; FCS: foetal calf serum; Fucα(1,2)Gal: fucosyl‐α(1,2)galactopyranoside; Gal: galactopyranoside; GGTA1: Galα(1,3)Gal transferase; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; phenyl‐β‐D‐Gal: phenyl‐β‐D‐galactopyranoside; R: Galβ1‐4Glcβ1‐1Cer; UDP‐GalNAc: uridine diphosphate N‐acetylgalactosamine
Characterization of the porcine melanocortin 2 receptor gene (MC2R )
Authors: Jacobs K. , Van Poucke M. , Mattheeuws M. , Chardon P. , Yerle M. , Rohrer G. , Van Zeveren A. , Peelman L. J. 
Published: March 2003

A porcine bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone, containing the melanocortin 2 receptor gene (MC2R) was isolated. The complete coding sequence of the MC2R gene, contained in 1 exon, was determined. Polymerase chain reaction‐single stranded conformational polymorphism (PCR‐SSCP) was performed on a 241‐bp coding fragment. An AluI polymorphism, detecting a silent mutation, was found and typed on unrelated animals of five different pig breeds. The Meishan, Piétrain and Large White breeds differ significantly in allele frequencies from the Landrace and Czech Meat Pig breeds. The melanocortin 5 receptor gene (MC5R) was detected by PCR in the same BAC clone, as could be expected from the human and porcine mapping data. PCR‐SSCP was performed on a 200‐bp coding of MC5R, but no polymorphisms were detected. The BAC clone was mapped to Sscr6q27 by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). A (CA)n microsatellite (SGU0002), isolated from the BAC, was localized on chromosome 6 by RH mapping near marker SW1473 and by linkage mapping on the MARC reference family at the same position as the marker SW2173 (97 cM). Allele frequencies, heterozygosity and polymorphism information contents (PIC) values were calculated for the five different pig breeds examined.The transcription of both genes in porcine liver, heart, kidney, fat, brain, pancreas, stomach, bladder, ovaries, lung, spleen, skin, adrenal gland and muscle tissues was examined by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction. Transcription was detected in skin and adrenal gland tissues for MC2R, while a positive signal was detected for MC5R in kidney, fat, pancreas, skin, adrenal gland and spleen tissues.
Quantitative trait loci affecting fatness in the chicken
Authors: Ikeobi C. O. N. , Woolliams J. A. , Morrice D. R. , Law A. , Windsor D. , Burt D. W. , Hocking P. M. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryAn F2 chicken population of 442 individuals from 30 families, obtained by crossing a broiler line with a layer line, was used for detecting and mapping Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) affecting abdominal fat weight, skin fat weight and fat distribution. Within‐family regression analyses using 102 microsatellite markers in 27 linkage groups were carried out with genome‐wide significance thresholds. The QTL for abdominal fat weight were found on chromosomes 3, 7, 15 and 28; abdominal fat weight adjusted for carcass weight on chromosomes 1, 5, 7 and 28; skin and subcutaneous fat on chromosomes 3, 7 and 13; skin fat weight adjusted for carcass weight on chromosomes 3 and 28; and skin fat weight adjusted for abdominal fat weight on chromosomes 5, 7 and 15. Interactions of the QTL with sex or family were unimportant and, for each trait, there was no evidence for imprinting or of multiple QTL on any chromosome. Significant dominance effects were obtained for all but one of the significant locations for QTL affecting the weight of abdominal fat, none for skin fat and one of the three QTL affecting fat distribution. The magnitude of each QTL ranged from 3.0 to 5.2% of the residual phenotypic variation or 0.2–0.8 phenotypic standard deviations. The largest additive QTL (on chromosome 7) accounted for more than 20% of the mean weight of abdominal fat. Significant positive and negative QTL were identified from both lines.