bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expression of the hepatic endothelin system in human cirrhotic livers
Authors: Ikura Yoshihiro , Ohsawa Masahiko , Naruko Takahiko , Muraguchi Takashi , Hirayama Michihiko , Suekane Takehisa , Fukushima Hiroko , Sugama Yoshimi , Shirai Nobuyuki , Kayo Soichiro , Yoshimi Noriko , Ehara Shoichi , Tanzawa Kazuhiko , Ueda Makiko 
Published: September 2004

AbstractIt is considered that endothelin‐1 participates in the development of liver cirrhosis and it has been recognized that every component of the endothelin system is upregulated in cirrhotic livers. However, the expression pattern of this system, including interaction between its components, is not fully understood in human livers. In this study, the expression pattern of the endothelin system was examined. Immunohistochemical analysis for endothelin‐1, endothelin receptors and endothelin‐converting enzyme was performed in 16 cirrhotic and 17 normal human liver tissues. Peptides, proteins, and RNAs extracted from the livers were also investigated using quantitative assays for the components of the hepatic endothelin system. Hepatic endothelin‐1 levels were significantly higher in cirrhotic livers (0.084 ± 0.052 pg/mg wet liver) than in normal livers (0.041 ± 0.032 pg/mg; p < 0.01), and were closely related to the severity of liver fibrosis and portal hypertension. Immunoreactivity for endothelin‐1, endothelin receptors, and endothelin‐converting enzyme was detected mainly in fibrous areas and in the hepatic vasculature, and was enhanced in cirrhosis. Although there was a negative correlation between the expression of receptor mRNA and the hepatic endothelin‐1 level, the amounts of the mRNAs were greater in cirrhotic livers than in normal livers. However, expression of endothelin‐converting enzyme in cirrhotic livers was increased at the protein level but was relatively reduced at the mRNA level. These findings suggest that the hepatic endothelin system is activated in human cirrhotic livers in association with worsening of the disease, but that the regulation of the components of this system in this disorder is complex. Copyright © 2004 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cytokeratin 5/6 in normal human breast: lack of evidence for a stem cell phenotype
Authors: Clarke Catherine L , Sandle Jennifer , Parry Suzanne C , Reis‐Filho Jorge S , O'Hare Michael J , Lakhani Sunil R 
Published: September 2004

AbstractIn recent studies, Böcker and colleagues described a population of cells in paraffin wax sections of normal human breast that express cytokeratins (CK) 5/6 without expression of CK8/18 or smooth muscle actin (SMA). They proposed that these represent stem cells that give rise to differentiated luminal and myoepithelial cells. The data have been used to generate a model for breast cancer progression and classification with associated implications for management of pre‐invasive disease. In this study, the expression of CK5/6, CK8/18, and SMA was investigated using multiple immunofluorescence on matched pairs of paraffin wax‐embedded and frozen breast specimens. The staining patterns reported previously in antigen‐retrieved paraffin wax‐embedded sections were confirmed but no CK5/6‐only cells were found in frozen sections of normal breast. There were cells with low levels of CK8/18 expression in frozen sections that may correspond to the CK8/18 ‘negative’ cells seen in paraffin wax sections. This study brings into question the previously described profile of breast ‘stem cells’ based on CK5/6 staining and hence the breast cancer progression model and classification based on this phenotype. Copyright © 2004 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Atypical antipsychotic drugs and diabetes mellitus in a large outpatient population: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Østbye Truls , Curtis Lesley H. , Masselink Leah E. , Hutchison Steve , Wright Alan , Dans Peter E. , Schulman Kevin A. , Krishnan Ranga R. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractPurposePrevious research has suggested an association between use of atypical antipsychotics and onset of diabetes mellitus. We sought to compare the incidence of new onset diabetes among patients receiving atypical antipsychotics, traditional antipsychotics or antidepressants.MethodsRetrospective cohort study of outpatients with claims for atypical antipsychotics (n = 10 265) compared to controls with claims for traditional antipsychotics (n = 4607), antidepressants (n = 60 856) or antibiotics (n = 59 878) in the administrative claims database of a large pharmaceutical benefit manager between June 2000 and May 2002. Main outcome measures were adjusted and unadjusted incidence rates of diabetes (new cases per 1000 per year) in a 12‐month period, as measured using new prescriptions for antidiabetic drugs after a 6‐month lead‐in period.ResultsAnnual unadjusted incidence rates of diabetes (new cases per 1000 per year) were 7.5 for atypical antipsychotics, 11.3 for traditional antipsychotics, 7.8 for antidepressants and 5.1 for antibiotics. In multivariable analyses, age, male sex and Chronic Disease Score were associated with greater odds of diabetes onset. There were no statistically significant differences in outcome between the atypical antipsychotic, traditional antipsychotic and antidepressant groups. Multivariable comparisons among specific agents showed increased odds of diabetes for clozapine, olanzapine, ziprasidone and thioridazine (relative to risperidone), but these comparisons did not reach statistical significance.ConclusionsIn a large prescription claims database, outpatients taking atypical antipsychotics did not have higher rates of diabetes onset, compared to subjects taking traditional antipsychotics or antidepressants. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stereocontrolled anionic alternating copolymerization of ethylphenylketene with benzaldehyde by a bisoxazoline ligand
Authors: Nagai Daisuke , Sudo Atsushi , Endo Takeshi 
Published: September 2004

AbstractAnionic copolymerization of ethylphenylketene with benzaldehyde with butyllithium or diethylzinc as the initiator proceeded in a perfect 1:1 alternating manner to produce the corresponding polyester, whose repeating unit had two adjacent chiral centers. The relative stereochemistry between these two chiral centers was successfully controlled by the addition of (S,S)‐(‐)‐2,2′‐isopropylidenebis(4‐tert‐butyl‐2‐oxazoline), producing the corresponding polyester that had excellent diastereoselectivity (erythro‐configuration : threo‐configuration = 4:96). The diastereomeric ratio was determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography analysis of the diol, which was obtained by reductive degradation of the polyester while maintaining the configuration of the repeating unit. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 5384–5388, 2004
Computer modeling of radical copolymerization under unusual conditions
Authors: Khokhlov Alexei R. , Berezkin Anatoly V. , Khalatur Pavel G. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractAlthough recent years have witnessed an impressive confluence of experiments and kinetic and statistical theories, presently there is no comprehensive understanding of the interrelation between chemical sequences in synthetic copolymers and the conditions of synthesis. For this problem, numerical simulations in conjunction with simple models provide a rather detailed answer. A survey is given of the simulation methods as applied to the design of nontrivial chemical sequences in copolymers obtained via heterogeneous radical polymerization. This review is focused on a recently developed approach, called conformation‐dependent sequence design, which takes into account a strong coupling between the conformation and primary structure of copolymers during their synthesis. We consider some applications of this technique, including the following problems and systems: (1) the design of sequences with long‐range correlations via solution radical copolymerization with simultaneous globule formation, (2) radical copolymerization near a chemically homogeneous surface leading to a copolymer with a gradient primary structure, and (3) template copolymerization near chemically patterned surfaces. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 5339–5353, 2004
Glass transition and relaxation behavior of epoxy nanocomposites
Authors: Sun Yangyang , Zhang Zhuqing , Moon Kyoung‐Sik , Wong C. P. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractWith advances in nanoscience and nanotechnology, there is increasing interest in polymer nanocomposites, both in scientific research and for engineering applications. Because of the small size of nanoparticles, the polymer–filler interface property becomes a dominant factor in determining the macroscopic material properties of the nanocomposites. The glass‐transition behaviors of several epoxy nanocomposites have been investigated with modulated differential scanning calorimetry. The effect of the filler size, filler loading, and dispersion conditions of the nanofillers on the glass‐transition temperature (Tg) have been studied. In comparison with their counterparts with micrometer‐sized fillers, the nanocomposites show a Tg depression. For the determination of the reason for the Tg depression, the thermomechanical and dielectric relaxation processes of the silica nanocomposites have been investigated with dynamic mechanical analysis and dielectric analysis. The Tg depression is related to the enhanced polymer dynamics due to the extra free volume at the resin–filler interface. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 3849–3858, 2004
Severe hemoptysis from dilated systemic aberrant arteries supplying normal lung segments
Authors: Abdulhamid Ibrahim , Forbes Thomas 
Published: September 2004

AbstractHemoptysis is an uncommon presentation in children. It can be caused by several systemic and pulmonary disorders. Bleeding from an anomalous arterial supply to normal lung segments with no underlying pulmonary or cardiovascular disorders was widely reported in adults but is extremely rare in the pediatric age group. Here we describe 4 previously normal children and one girl with chronic lung disease, secondary to bronchopumonary dysplasia, with acute and significant hemoptysis of variable severity. Extensive clinical and laboratory investigations did not identify any reasonable causes for their symptoms. Cardiac catheterization showed dilated anomalous systemic arteries that supplied a pulmonary arteriovenous malformation in one case and normal basal lung segments in the other 4 cases. Embolization of the anomalous arterial collaterals led to occlusion of these arteries and the cessation of further hemoptysis. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ontogenesis of myosin light chain kinase mRNA and protein content in guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle
Authors: Chitano Pasquale , Voynow Judith A. , Pozzato Valeria , Cantillana Viviana , Burch Lauranell H. , Wang Lu , Murphy Thomas M. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractWe previously reported in guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle that maximal shortening velocity decreases from 3 weeks of age to adulthood. It is not known whether myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), a key enzyme determining the velocity of smooth muscle contraction, undergoes maturational changes. In the present work, we investigated MLCK protein content and mRNA expression in 1‐week‐old, 3‐week‐old, and adult guinea pigs. We extracted either proteins or RNA from isolated tracheal smooth muscle. The content of MLCK was assessed by Western immunoblots. MLCK mRNA was evaluated by Northern analysis and by quantitative real time reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). The content of MLCK increased 3‐fold at 3 weeks of age and then decreased in adults, being 0.116 ± 0.042, 0.330 ± 0.125 (P < 0.05), and 0.153 ± 0.054 μg/mg of total protein, respectively, in 1‐week, 3‐week, and adult animals. Quantitative RT‐PCR revealed that MLCK mRNA increased with age to 135 ± 35% and 177 ± 23% (P < 0.01) in 3‐week and adult animals, respectively, compared to 1‐week animals. The transient increase of MLCK content in juvenile guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle may contribute to the increased shortening velocity at this age. We suggest that this increased content of MLCK is one of the mechanisms leading to maturation of airway smooth muscle contractility, which in turn contributes to the airway hyperresponsiveness reported in children and young animals. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expansile pneumonia in children caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Clinical, radiological, and bronchoscopic appearances
Authors: Goussard P. , Gie R.P. , Kling S. , Beyers N. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractA cohort of 24 children with expansile pneumonia caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is described in mostly HIV‐noninfected children (n = 22). The children presented with nonresolving pneumonia and a swinging fever (83%). On chest radiography, they had dense opacification with bulging fissures mainly in the upper lobes (75%). On computed tomography, the lobes are consolidated, with areas of liquefacation. Other features visible are enlarged mediastinal lymph adenopathy with ring enhancement (100%), cavities (63%), and tracheal compression (71%). On bronchoscopy, bronchi were obstructed by more than 75% in 20 (83%) of cases. Lymph gland enucleation was required in 42% of cases. Phrenic nerve palsy was present in 3 children, of whom 2 underwent diaphragmatic plication. The children received standard antituberculous therapy, to which prednisone (2 mg/kg/day) was added for 1 month. The mortality was 4% after 6 months of therapy. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Superstring orientifolds with torsion: O5 orientifolds of torus fibrations and their massless spectra
Authors: Schulz M.B. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractUsing a “Superstrings with Torsion” type description, we study a class of IIB orientifolds in which spacefilling O5 planes and D5 branes wrap theT2fiber in a warped modification of the product of 4D Minkowski space and aT2fibration. For the case that the base isT4, we provide examples that preserve 4D 𝒩 = 1, 2, and 3 supersymmetry, both with internal RR flux, and with a combination of internal RR and NS flux. In these examples, the internal geometries admit integrable complex structure; however, the almost complex structure selected by the supersymmetry conditions is nonintegrable in the case that there is NS flux. We indicate explicitly the massless spectrum of gauge fields and moduli in each example. In a previous investigation, this class of orientifolds was studied using T‐duality. Here, we extend the previous analysis, first by providing an intrinsic description that does not rely on duality, and then by elaborating on details of the T‐duality map, which we use to check our results.
Linking transnational migrants and transnationalism
Authors: Smith Darren P. , Bailey Adrian J. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThis paper introduces a special issue on transnational migrants. It provides a brief discussion of the need to rethink ways of conceptualising the links between transnational migrants and transnationalism. In doing so, we point to some recent work by population and social and cultural geographers which provides a valuable exemplar for reconfiguring conceptualisations of migration, migrancy and difference. This introductory paper, and the other papers selected for this special issue, contribute to the debate of problematising the meaning of transnational migrants, and the processes by which transnationalism is increasingly forming multidimensional spaces, reproduced by complex networks, circuits and flows of people, commodities and socio‐cultural exchanges. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transnational migration theory in population geography: gendered practices in networks linking Canada and India
Authors: Walton‐Roberts Margaret 
Published: September 2004

AbstractGeographers have recently suggested that transnational migration theory can contribute to the development of a critical population geography. What might such a critical population geography look like? In this paper I explore this in three ways. Firstly I offer some comments on why geographers have been slow to adopt a transnational focus on migration, and secondly I examine how gender has been underplayed in transnational literature. Thirdly I draw upon some examples from research on transnational immigrant networks between Canada and India. I focus on the specifics of Punjabi marriage migration networks to demonstrate how the practice of spousal selection has become globalised for certain diasporic communities. These examples offer a preliminary illustration of what a critical population geography, attuned to issues of gendered transnational processes, might contribute to current debates. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transnational exchanges amongst skilled British migrants in Paris
Authors: Scott Sam 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe transnational literature encompasses a bewildering array of immigrant groups and covers a diverse range of issues. Having said this, migration researchers have tended to ignore skilled immigrants and the everyday transnational communities and networks that they form. The paper addresses this research gap through an in‐depth, qualitative analysis of British expatriates in Ile‐de‐France – based upon 36 semi‐structured interviews and ten months of Paris‐based fieldwork. The paper draws attention to a number of different transnational lifestyles and advances a six‐pronged typology to encapsulate this diversity. It then highlights three prominent themes that appear to underpin transnational social and cultural exchange, relating to a ‘concern’ amongst expatriates with key events in the UK, to a desire to keep in ‘contact’ with friends and relatives still living there, and to the need for the occasional British cultural ‘comfort’. The paper then goes on to explore the world city lifestyle typology in greater depth. It shows how transnationalism is contingent upon a variety of social fissures, including gender, generation, life‐stage, socio‐professional status and length of stay overseas. These variables impact upon the scale, scope, nature and importance of transnational exchange, and in recognition of such diversity the paper calls for a nuanced view of skilled transmigrants. More particularly, it argues that the term expatriate may actually only apply to a particular economic‐based migrant community rather than skilled world city populations as a whole. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
First‐principles calculations of the electronic structure and magnetic properties of the IrFe3N nitride
Authors: Paduani C. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe iron nitride IrFe3N is investigated by ab initio calculations of the electronic structure. The full potential– linearized augmented plane wave (FP‐LAPW) method is employed with the generalized gradient approximation for the treatment of the exchange‐correlation interactions. The dependence of the magnetic moments and hyperfine fields on volume are investigated. The substitution of Ir for Fe at corner sites has a small effect on the magnetic moment at the face‐centered Fe sites, whereas the hyperfine field changes appreciably. A ferromagnetic ordering at the equilibrium volume is predicted and the binding character for the iron– nitrogen bonds is mainly covalent. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Dipolar interaction energy for a system of magnetic nanoparticles
Authors: Lamba Subhalakshmi 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe long range dipolar interaction energy of a system of single domain magnetic particles with randomly oriented spins and easy axes is calculated by a direct space summation method based on the Lekner formalism. The method is useful for the numerical simulations of positionally disordered nanomagnetic arrays which are being widely used for these systems and is easily adapted for any geometry of the simulation cell. The summations are rapidly convergent, requiring only a few terms. This method is an alternative to the commonly used Ewald summation methods and can also be used for the quasi two – dimensional (2D + h) systems where the Ewald summation method does not give correct results. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Symmetry of electron states and optical transitions in GaN/AlN hexagonal quantum dots
Authors: Tronc P. , Smirnov V. P. , Zhuravlev K. S. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe exact symmetry of hexagonal quantum dots (QDs) made of materials with the wurtzite structure such as GaN/AlN QDs for example, is described by the C3v point group and does not depend on the existence of a wetting layer. We have determined the possible exact symmetries of electron states and vibration modes in the dots and derived the optical selection rules. The vibration modes involved in the Frölich interaction are totally symmetric with respect to the C3v group and can induce transitions only between states with the same symmetry. The not totally symmetric modes provide other channels for lowering the energy of excited carriers and excitons by connecting states with symmetries different one from another. The rapid decay of created polarons, due to the short lifetime of vibration modes, releases the carriers and excitons into ground levels. In the envelope function approximation (EFA), the symmetry of the dots is represented by the C6v point group. Interband transitions are allowed only between states whose envelope functions have the same symmetry. EFA artificially increases the number of dark exciton symmetries. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Photoinduced splitting of bipolarons in polymers
Authors: Shen Xiao , Tang Fei , George Thomas F. , Sun Xin 
Published: September 2004

AbstractIn conducting polymers, a polaron carries charge with spin and a bipolaron carries charge without spin. Hence, the polaron is a spin carrier but the bipolaron is not. Through a dynamical simulation, our study of photoinduced phenomena shows that, by absorbing a photon, a bipolaron is split into two polarons. This photoinduced splitting converts a charge carrier (bipolaron) into two spin carriers (polarons). (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Spin dependent momentum density and Fermi surface of ferromagnetic Ni obtained by positron annihilation experiments
Authors: Hamid A. S. , Uedono A. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe spin‐dependent momentum density and Fermi surface of ferromagnetic Ni have been obtained through positron annihilation experiments. The measurements were carried out through 2D angular correlation of annihilation radiation (ACAR) using longitudinally polarized positrons. The magnetic field direction was reversed in order to study the effect of the spin‐dependent positron–electron momentum space density on the Fermi surface of Ni. The results showed that ferromagnetic Ni had different Fermi surfaces for the majority‐spin and minority‐spin states. The differences due to the spin‐states were studied in the momentum space and in the wave vector space. In general, the experimental results showed good agreement with previous theoretical calculations. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)