bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DSM criteria for major depression: evaluating symptom patterns using latent-trait item response models
Authors: AGGEN STEVEN H. , NEALE MICHAEL C. , KENDLER KENNETH S. 
Published: March 2005

Background. Expert committees of clinicians have chosen diagnostic criteria for psychiatric disorders with little guidance from measurement theory or modern psychometric methods. The DSM-III-R criteria for major depression (MD) are examined to determine the degree to which latent trait item response models can extract additional useful information.Method. The dimensionality and measurement properties of the 9 DSM-III-R criteria plus duration are evaluated using dichotomous factor analysis and the Rasch and 2 parameter logistic item response models. Quantitative liability scales are compared with a binary DSM-III-R diagnostic algorithm variable to determine the ramifications of using each approach.Results. Factor and item response model results indicated the 10 MD criteria defined a reasonably coherent unidimensional scale of liability. However, person risk measurement was not optimal. Criteria thresholds were unevenly spaced leaving scale regions poorly measured. Criteria varied in discriminating levels of risk. Compared to a binary MD diagnosis, item response model (IRM) liability scales performed far better in (i) elucidating the relationship between MD symptoms and liability, (ii) predicting the personality trait of neuroticism and future depressive episodes and (iii) more precisely estimating heritability parameters.Conclusions. Criteria for MD largely defined a single dimension of disease liability although the quality of person risk measurement was less clear. The quantitative item response scales were statistically superior in predicting relevant outcomes and estimating twin model parameters. Item response models that treat symptoms as ordered indicators of risk rather than as counts towards a diagnostic threshold more fully exploit the information available in symptom endorsement data patterns.
The National Co-ordination of EU Policy
Authors: Wright Vincent 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
This book is the second of two volumes in which leading scholars examine the way in which European Union (EU) member states co-ordinate their European policies, and investigates the structures, institutions and processes put in place by national governments in Brussels. The companion volume, published in 2000, examines the national co-ordination of EU policy at the domestic level. This second book offers a comprehensive, comparative analysis of national co-ordination at the European level. It investigates the way in which eleven member states—Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden, and the United Kingdom—co-ordinate their European policy in Brussels. It examines their co-ordination ambitions, the value attached to co-ordination and their conception of it, and the strategies adopted by the member states for defining and defending a national position in EU policy-making. It looks in detail at the organization and operation of the permanent representations—the principal institution charged by governments with safeguarding the ‘national interest’ in Brussels—and at how, to what extent (indeed, whether) they succeed in reconciling their responsibilities as both agencies of the national government and part of the EU decision-making system. The book assesses the effectiveness of the various national arrangements in achieving their intended goals, and identifies the factors that influence or determine performance at the European level. The institutions, structures, and processes utilized by the member states in Brussels are compared with a view to discovering whether there is evidence of convergence around a common model or whether national differences persist. All of the chapters except for the Conclusion are extensively revised versions of papers presented at a workshop, held at Nuffield College, Oxford, on 13–14 May 1999.
Private Donations for International Development
Authors: Micklewright John , Wright Anna 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The chapter starts by considering the extent to which development benefits from philanthropic effort, showing that a great deal of philanthropy in rich industrialised countries is aimed at domestic concerns, and may vary with household income; the super‐rich are treated here as a special case. The next question asked is why development may command only a small share of charitable donations and how people determine the objects of their giving; here the economic literature on philanthropy provides only limited help and the discussion draws on the literature on donor behaviour from other disciplines, notably marketing. The special case of private donations to the UN agencies is then considered, looking at the particular problems faced by the UN, and focusing on the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), which is by far the most successful UN agency at collecting money from private individuals; the question is asked as to whether private donations are crowded‐out by governmental contributions or by Official Development Assistance (ODA). The last main section of the chapter discusses future prospects and ways forward, including measures designed to promote charitable donations, in general, but focusing on their particular relevance for development. It covers the issue of tax incentives to donors, the new ‘global funds’ (intended partly to attract money from the super‐rich), new forms of corporate social responsibility and giving in relation to ‘cause‐related marketing’, the use of the Internet, and long‐term donor education.
Perfectly nested or significantly nested – an important difference for conservation management
Authors: Fischer Joern , Lindenmayer David B. 
Published: March 2005

Assemblages are nested if species present at species‐poor sites are subsets of those present at species‐rich sites. In fragmented landscapes, nestedness analyses have been suggested as a means of assessing which patches are most important for biodiversity conservation. In the theoretical situation of perfect nestedness in relation to patch size, the single largest patch is disproportionally more important compared to smaller patches and will capture all species of conservation concern. However, real ecosystems are rarely perfectly nested. Here, we examined how different the implications for conservation management would be for an assemblage of birds that was highly significantly, but imperfectly nested in relation to patch size.The study focused on a fragmented landscape in southeastern Australia. Across 43 patches, 76 species of birds were recorded and classified as generalist, intermediate and sensitive species. The dataset was highly significantly nested by patch size (p=0.002). Under perfect nestedness by patch size, the single largest patch would have captured all species, and all sensitive species would have co‐occurred in the largest patch. In our imperfectly nested dataset, co‐occurrence patterns were substantially weaker. Usually, less than half of the sensitive species co‐occurred in any given patch, and using the largest patches only, over a quarter of the study area would have been required to capture 80% of sensitive species at least once. These findings highlight there can be large qualitative differences between theoretical perfectly nested assemblages, and real imperfectly nested assemblages.Despite the outcomes of our study which showed highly significant nestedness by area, smaller patches in the system were important to complement large patches. We therefore argue that nestedness analyses need to be interpreted carefully, especially in an applied conservation context. Alternative conservation planning tools which consider the complementarity of various different patches are likely to be more informative for conservation management than nestedness analyses.
Effect of Xenon on elevated intracranial pressure as compared with nitrous oxide and total intravenous anesthesia in pigs
Authors: Schmidt M. , Marx T. , Armbruster S. , Reinelt H. , Schirmer U. 
Published: March 2005

Background:  Xenon in low concentrations has been investigated in neuroradiology to measure cerebral blood flow (CBF). Several reports have suggested that inhalation of Xenon might increase intracranial pressure (ICP) by increasing the cerebral blood flow and blood volume, raising concerns about using Xenon as an anesthetic in higher concentrations for head‐injured patients.A porcine study is presented in which the effects of inhaled 75% Xenon on elevated ICP, cerebral perfusion pressure and the efficacy of hyperventilation for ICP treatment were compared with nitrous oxide anesthesia and total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA).Methods:  Twenty‐one pentobarbital‐anesthetized pigs (age: 12–16 weeks) were randomly assigned to three groups to receive either 4 h of Xenon‐oxygen ventilation, nitrous oxide‐oxygen ventilation or air‐oxygen (75%/25%) ventilation, respectively. After instrumentation for parenchymal ICP measurement and ICP manipulation, an epidurally placed 6‐F balloon catheter was inflated until a target ICP of 20 mmHg was achieved.After 4 h of anesthesia hyper‐ and hypoventilation maneuvers were performed and consecutive ICP and CBF changes were investigated.Results:  Intracranial pressure and CBF increased significantly in the nitrous oxide group as compared with the controls. There was no increase of ICP or CBF in the Xenon or control group. Intracranial pressure changed in all three groups corresponding to hyper‐ and hypoventilation.Conclusions:  During Xenon anesthesia, elevated ICP is not increased further and is partially reversible by hyperventilation. Our study suggests that inhalation of 75% Xenon seems not to be contraindicated in patients with elevated ICP.
Transposon Mutagenesis of Mb0100 at theppe1-nrpLocus inMycobacterium bovisDisrupts Phthiocerol Dimycocerosate (PDIM) and Glycosylphenol-PDIM Biosynthesis, Producing an Avirulent Strain with Vaccine Properties At Least Equal to Those ofM. bovisBCG
Authors: Hotter Grant S. , Wards Barry J. , Mouat Pania , Besra Gurdyal S. , Gomes Jessica , Singh Monica , Bassett Shalome , Kawakami Pamela , Wheeler Paul R. , de Lisle Geoffrey W. , Collins Desmond M. 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACTThe unusual and complex cell wall of pathogenic mycobacteria plays a major role in pathogenesis, with specific complex lipids acting as defensive, offensive, or adaptive effectors of virulence. The phthiocerol and phthiodiolone dimycocerosate esters (PDIMs) comprise one such category of virulence-enhancing lipids. Recent work in several laboratories has established that theMycobacterium tuberculosis fadD26-mmpL7(Rv2930-Rv2942) locus plays a major role in PDIM biosynthesis and secretion and that PDIM is required for virulence. Here we describe two independent transposon mutants (WAg533 and WAg537) ofMycobacterium bovis, both of which carry an insertion in Mb0100 (=M. tuberculosisRv0097) to reveal a new locus involved in PDIM biosynthesis. The mutations have a polar effect on expression of the downstream genes Mb0101, Mb0102 (fadD10), Mb0103, and Mb0104 (nrp), and Mb0100 is shown to be in an operon comprising these genes and Mb0099. Reverse transcription-PCR analysis shows elevated transcription of genes in the operon upstream from the transposon insertion sites in both mutants. Both mutants have altered colony morphology and do not synthesize PDIMs or glycosylphenol-PDIM. Both mutants are avirulent in a guinea pig model of tuberculosis, and when tested as a vaccine, WAg533 conferred protective immunity againstM. bovisinfection at least equal to that afforded byM. bovisbacillus Calmette-Guérin.
Uroflowmetry nomogram in Iranian children aged 7 to 14 years
Authors: Kajbafzadeh Abdol-Mohammad , Yazdi Cyrus Ahmadi , Rouhi Omid , Tajik Parvin , Mohseni Parvin 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
As the voiding habits of Iranian children differs from other children because of some cultural and religious considerations, we aimed to establish normal reference values of urinary flow rates in Iranian children between 7 to 14 years of age.

Methods
Eight hundred and two uroflowmetry studies were performed on children with no history of a renal, urological, psychological or neurological disorder, between the ages 7 and 14. Five hundred twenty five studies from 192 girls and 335 boys were considered in this study excluding the staccato/interrupted voiding pattern or voided volume less than 20 ml. The voiding volume, the maximum and average urinary flow rates were extensively analyzed.

Results
The maximal and average urine flow rate nomograms were plotted for both girls and boys. Mean maximum urine flow rate was 19.9 (ml/sec) for boys and 23.5 (ml/sec) for girls with a mean voided volume of 142 (ml) for boys and 147 (ml) for girls. Flow rates showed a close association with voiding volume in both sexes. The maximum and average flow rates were higher in girls than in boys, and they showed a significant increase in flow rates with increasing age, where boys did not. The mean maximum urine flow rates (19.9 ml/sec for boys and 23.5 ml/sec for girls) were found to be higher in this study than other studies.

Conclusion
Nomograms of maximal and average flow rates of girls and boys are presented in centile form, which can help the physician to evaluate the response to medical or surgical treatment and be useful for the screening of lower urinary tract disturbances in children, for a wide range of voided volumes.
Competition in health research: the experience of the John Curtin School of Medical Research
Authors: Whitworth Judith A 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
In 2002 the Australian National Competitive Grants System was opened to the Institute of Advanced Studies at the Australian National University as part of a commitment to transparency, competitiveness, and collaboration in national research funding.

Results
The block grant to the John Curtin School of Medical Research had progressively eroded over many years. Access to the National Competitive Grants Schemes and associated infrastructure (through an agreed 'buy-in' price of 20% of block funding) has succeeded in its aims and in reversing this progressive effective decrease in funding.

Conclusion
Access to the National Competitive Grant Scheme has allowed the John Curtin School of Medical Research to contribute more broadly to Australia's health and medical research effort through increased collaboration, in a transparent and competitive funding environment.
Holoprosencephaly and limb reduction defects: A consideration of Steinfeld syndrome and related conditions
Authors: Siebert Joseph R. , Schoenecker Kelly A. , Resta Robert G. , Kapur Raj P. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractIndividuals with holoprosencephaly (HPE) and limb reduction defects have been ascribed historically to a variety of syndromes with overlapping phenotypic features. As such, these patients are challenges for clinicians and researchers alike. In an effort to better understand this association, we reviewed our autopsy records and identified five cases of HPE with reduction defects of the limbs and other anomalies. One case appears to be the third reported instance of Steinfeld syndrome, while others represent microgastria‐limb reduction sequence, VATER/VACTERL association, and an additional unique condition characterized by HPE, rhombencephalosynapsis, absent left radius, first metacarpal, and thumb, and congenital heart disease. The phenotypic heterogeneity inherent in these patients continues to complicate diagnosis, which will hopefully be simplified by continuing delineation at morphologic and especially genetic levels. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Doppler assessment after right hepatectomy confirms the need to fix the remnant left liver in the anatomical position
Authors: Ogata S , Kianmanesh R , Belghiti J 
Published: March 2005

Abstract

Background
The remnant left liver after right hepatectomy tends to rotate spontaneously into the right subphrenic space. This rotation might induce venous outflow impairment. The aim of this study was to assess immediate venous outflow in the left hepatic vein by intraoperative Doppler ultrasound (US) according to the position of the remnant liver.

Methods
From August 2003 to February 2004, assessment of left hepatic venous outflow was systematically performed in 44 consecutive right hepatic resections by Doppler US in spontaneous and anatomical positions. The anatomical position was defined as the position in which the falciform ligament was in its strict median position.

Results
The placement of the left liver from the spontaneous position to the anatomical position resulted in a significant increase in left hepatic venous outflow (20·1 ± 5·7 versus 8·5 ± 4·4 cm/s; P &lt; 0·0001). In the spontaneous position, the decrease in left hepatic venous outflow persisted even without division of the left triangular ligament (10·2 ± 5·4 versus 21·7 ± 5·3 cm/s in the anatomical position) or removal of the middle hepatic vein (8·4 ± 3·4 versus 21·3 ± 5·8 cm/s).

Conclusion
Results of this study strongly suggest that after right hepatectomy the remnant left liver should always be fixed in the anatomical position.
DNA index, genome size, and electronic nuclear volume of vertebrates from the Miami Metro Zoo
Authors: Krishan Awtar , Dandekar Payal , Nathan Nirmal , Hamelik Ronald , Miller Christine , Shaw Jackie 
Published: March 2005

AbstractBackgroundFlow cytometry is a rapid and reliable method for measuring nuclear DNA content and genome size. Fluorochrome binding characteristics, sample preparation and differences in DNA condensation, and availability of binding sites can cause variations in results obtained.MethodsBlood samples from 82 vertebrate species were collected in 10% dimethyl sulfoxide and stained with propidium iodide/hypotonic citrate or 4,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole dihydrochloride for analysis of DNA content and electronic nuclear volume (ENV). Trout red blood cells (TRBCs), human peripheral blood lymphocytes, and human buccal cavity cells were used as internal standards.ResultsMean fluorescence channel (MFC) values of TRBC and buccal cavity cells used as internal standards were stable at 15 to 120 min of propidium iodide staining. TRBCs mixed with other cells especially human peripheral blood cells showed an increase in MFC. ENV and MCF values were less variable in different species of birds than in reptiles or mammals. Genome size based on use of buccal cavity cells as the internal standard showed a high degree of correlation with previous reports.ConclusionsProper selection and use of internal standards and sample preparation are essential for reliable determination of DNA content and genome size in vertebrates by flow cytometry. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cloning and developmental expression of Xenopus Enabled (Xena)
Authors: Xanthos Jennifer B. , Wanner Sarah J. , Miller Jeffrey R. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractRegulation of actin dynamics, organization, and interaction with cell surface adhesion proteins is critical for tissue morphogenesis during development. The Ena/VASP family of actin‐binding proteins function in several cellular processes that involve dynamic regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, including axon guidance, platelet aggregation, cell migration, and cell adhesion. The vertebrate Ena/VASP family is composed of three genes: Ena (Enabled), VASP (Vasodilator Stimulated Phosphoprotein), and Evl (Ena/VASP‐Like). To better understand the role of Ena/VASP proteins during vertebrate development, we have cloned and characterized the developmental expression of Ena in Xenopus laevis. Analysis of the temporal expression of Xenopus Ena (Xena) demonstrates that multiple isoforms of Xena are detected throughout embryogenesis and that the presence of different isoforms is developmentally regulated. In situ hybridization analyses reveal that Xena is broadly expressed throughout development. During gastrulation and neurulation, Xena is detected in the neuroepithelium, notochord, and somites. In tadpoles, Xena expression is restricted to dorsal regions of the brain, whereas it is expressed at lower levels throughout the spinal cord. Xena expression is also detected in the notochord, myotome, heart, pronephros, and cranial placodes, including the olfactory and otic placodes. Analysis of the subcellular localization of Xena using a GFP fusion protein revealed that Xena localizes to adherens junctions and focal adhesions in Xenopus animal caps and NIH3T3 fibroblasts, respectively. These results define spatiotemporal windows in which Xena may function during early Xenopus development to modulate actin‐dependent processes such as cell adhesion and migration. Developmental Dynamics 233:631–637, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of a dominant negative IFN‐γreceptor on mouse oligodendrocytes
Authors: González John M. , Bergmann Cornelia C. , Fuss Babette , Hinton David R. , Kangas Cindy , Macklin Wendy B. , Stohlman Stephen A. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) receptor is expressed by all nucleated cells, and binding of its cognate ligand, IFN‐γ, induces a wide variety of biological functions. Transgenic mice expressing a dominant negative IFN‐γ receptor 1 (IFN‐γR1ΔIC) on oligodendrocytes under control of the myelin proteolipid protein promoter are described. The mRNA encoding the transgene was only detected in the nervous system and protein expression was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Transgenic receptor expression does not alter myelination and the mice exhibited no clinically apparent phenotype. Consistent with the restricted nervous system expression of the transgene, no alterations in peripheral immune responses were detected. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated constitutive expression of both the IFN‐γR1ΔIC transgene and the endogenous IFN‐γ receptor 2 at high levels on oligodendrocytes derived from the transgenic mice. These oligodendrocytes also exhibited decreased STAT1 phosphorylation in response to IFN‐γ, confirming dominant negative transgene function. Transgenic mice in which oligodendrocytes have a diminished ability to respond to IFN‐γ showed delayed virus clearance from oligodendroglia compared with wild‐type mice. This model will allow evaluation of oligodendrocyte responses to this critical cytokine during CNS inflammation.© 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MLL: How complex does it get?
Authors: Popovic Relja , Zeleznik‐Le Nancy J. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) gene encodes a very large nuclear protein homologous to Drosophila trithorax (trx). MLL is required for the proper maintenance of HOX gene expression during development and hematopoiesis. The exact regulatory mechanism of HOX gene expression by MLL is poorly understood, but it is believed that MLL functions at the level of chromatin organization. MLL was identified as a common target of chromosomal translocations associated with human acute leukemias. About 50 different MLL fusion partners have been isolated to date, and while similarities exist between groups of partners, there exists no unifying property shared by all the partners. MLL gene rearrangements are found in leukemias with both lymphoid and myeloid phenotypes and are often associated with infant and secondary leukemias. The immature phenotype of the leukemic blasts suggests an important role for MLL in the early stages of hematopoietic development. Mll homozygous mutant mice are embryonic lethal and exibit deficiencies in yolk sac hematopoiesis. Recently, two different MLL‐containing protein complexes have been isolated. These and other gain‐ and loss‐of‐function experiments have provided insight into normal MLL function and altered functions of MLL fusion proteins. This article reviews the progress made toward understanding the function of the wild‐type MLL protein. While many advances in understanding this multifaceted protein have been made since its discovery, many challenging questions remain to be answered. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.