bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simplified method to substantiate SPF labeling for sunscreen products
Authors: Sayre Robert M. , Stanfield Joseph , Lott Dennis L. , Dowdy John C. 
Published: August 2003

Background/Purpose: Worldwide, sunscreen sun protection factor (SPF) testing is based on 30‐year‐old technology. At the time the SPF test came into being, the highest SPFs available were in the 6–8 range. The SPF test is reasonably accurate for SPFs up to 15, but is much less reliable for measuring SPFs of 30 and higher. The method we propose addresses two primary reasons for this unreliability: 1) difficulties in applying products uniformly and 2) the subjectivity and variability of perception in evaluating and grading responses to UV doses.Methods: Our proposed SPF substantiation method differs from the current SPF test in that sunscreen‐protected test sites receive the same UV dose in four uniformly spaced sub‐sites, which are graded as passing if no response is seen or failing if any response is seen. The response may be tanning, erythema, or a combination of both. To demonstrate the method, two commercial products with labeled SPFs of 30 and 45 and the P2 sunscreen standard were tested at two different laboratories.Results: The SPF 30 product and SPF 15 standard were shown to be correctly labeled. However, it is questionable as to whether the SPF 45 product provides protection against 45 minimal erythema doses.Conclusions: Our proposed SPF substantiation method is not dependent on subjective evaluation of responses, accounts for non‐uniform product application, and provides a conservative estimate of sunscreen protection. The method consists of a systematic repetition of identical tests that are considerably more rigorous than the current methods that are based on single data points per test subject. While the current SPF test remains necessary and valuable as a dose ranging tool, we propose that this SPF substantiation method supersede the old method for final SPF label determination.
Narrowband UVB therapy in the treatment of lichen planus
Authors: Saricaoğlu Hayriye , Karadogan Serap Köran , Başkan Emel Bülbül , Tunali Şükran 
Published: August 2003

Background: Recently, UVB lamps with a peak emission around 311 nm have been used successfully for the treatment of many dermatologic diseases known to be treated with psoralen plus UVA (PUVA). Narrowband UVB (NBUVB) radiation causes less erythema and carcinogenicity with lower cumulative doses than PUVA, while the treatment response remains high. Lichen planus (LP) is a cell‐mediated immune response of unknown origin.Methods: We present our results of NBUVB therapy administered to 10 LP patients. The sessions were administered three to four times weekly with an average cumulative dose of 17.7±1.6 J/cm2.Results: Five patients responded completely, and four were partially responsive at the end of the 30th session. Three of the partially responsive cases responded completely at the 31st, 36th and 51st sessions, respectively.Conclusion: Clinical improvements observed in our study as well as the potential advantages of NBUVB imply that it is an inevitable treatment alternative for resistant cases of LP.
Review article: mechanisms of action of mesalazine in preventing colorectal carcinoma in inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Allgayer H. 
Published: August 2003

SummaryA series of epidemiological, experimental and preliminary clinical trials strongly suggest that mesalazine or 5‐aminosalicyclic acid (5‐ASA) may have antineoplastic and potentially prophylactic chemopreventive properties. It is assumed that mesalazine may have similar genetic and molecular targets as nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which is further supported by its close similarity with aspirin, differing only in its structure by the presence of an amino group at position 5 of the benzene ring. The putative chemopreventive actions include the inhibition of inflammatory cascades and/or reactions involved in cell growth and proliferation, such as cyclo‐oxygenase (COX‐1 and COX‐2), which regulate cell proliferation through the formation of prostaglandins; lipoxygenase; nuclear factor κB (NFκB), responsible for the subsequent expression of pro‐inflammatory molecules; MAP kinases and Bcl‐2, as well as the activation of apoptotic processes, such as the stimulation of intestinal sphingomyelinase. The peroxisome‐proliferator‐activated receptor δ (PPARδ), which also regulates gene transcription, is thought to play a role in both inflammatory and non‐inflammatory driven carcinogenesis. This may be another significant target. It is hypothesized that 5‐ASAs may prevent the enhancing effect of prostaglandins on PPARδ binding to DNA by its COX inhibitory properties, decreasing proliferation of colorectal mucosal cells in non‐inflammatory bowel disease patients with sporadic polyps of the large bowel.
Review article: the incidence and prevalence of colorectal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Munkholm P. 
Published: August 2003

SummaryAlthough colorectal cancer (CRC), complicating ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, only accounts for 1–2% of all cases of CRC in the general population, it is considered a serious complication of the disease and accounts for approximately 15% of all deaths in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients.The magnitude of the risk was found to differ, even in population‐based studies. Recent figures suggest that the risk of colon cancer for people with IBD increases by 0.5–1.0% yearly, 8–10 years after diagnosis. The magnitude of CRC risk increases with early age at IBD diagnosis, longer duration of symptoms, and extent of the disease, with pancolitis having a more severe inflammation burden and risk of the dysplasia‐carcinoma cascade.Considering the chronic nature of the disease, it is remarkable that there is such a low incidence of CRC in some of the population‐based studies, and possible explanations have to be investigated. One possible cancer‐protective factor could be treatment with 5‐aminosalicylic acid preparations (5‐ASAs).Adenocarcinoma of the small bowel is extremely rare, compared with adenocarcinoma of the large bowel. Although only few small bowel cancers have been reported in Crohn's disease, the number was significantly increased in relation to the expected number.
Review article: colitis‐associated cancer – time for new strategies
Authors: Shanahan F. 
Published: August 2003

SummaryColorectal cancer (CRC) remains a feared and potentially life‐threatening complication of both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's colitis. Currently, the main preventive strategy is a secondary one, i.e. surveillance colonoscopy usually after 8 years of disease duration, when the risk for neoplasia begins to increase. Despite its widespread acceptance, dysplasia and cancer surveillance is unproven in terms of reducing mortality or morbidity and there is a remarkable lack of uniformity in the manner in which it is practised.In this review article, the pitfalls of dysplasia surveillance are summarized and the need for novel chemopreventive and perhaps pharmabiotic approaches for prevention are highlighted.
Intestinal crypt clonogens: a new interpretation of radiation survival curve shape and clonogenic cell number
Authors: Roberts S. A. , Hendry J. H. , Potten C. S. 
Published: August 2003

Abstract.  Estimates of the clonogen content (number of microcolony‐forming cells) of murine intestinal crypts using microcolony assays show an apparent dependence on the radiation dose used in the assay of clonogen content. Crypt radiation survival curves often show increased curvature beyond that expected on the basis of the conventional linear‐quadratic model. A novel form of crypt survival curve shape is proposed based on two contributory mechanisms of crypt killing. Six previously published sets of microcolony data were re‐analysed using a dual‐kill model, where target cells are killed by two contributory mechanisms, each described by a linear‐quadratic function of dose. The data were analysed as two series – high‐dose rate and low‐dose rate irradiation. The data were fitted to the models using direct maximization of a quasi‐likelihood, explicitly allowing for overdispersion. The dual‐kill model can reproduce both the apparent dose‐dependence of the clonogen estimates and the high‐dose curvature of the dose–response curves. For both series of data the model was a significantly better fit to the data than the standard linear‐quadratic model, with no evidence of any systematic lack of fit. The parameters of the clonogenic cell component of the model are consistent with other studies that suggest a low clonogen number (somewhat less than five) per crypt. The model implies that there is a secondary mechanism decreasing clonogen survival, and hence increasing clonogen number estimates, at high doses. The mechanisms underlying the modification of the dose–response are unclear, and the implied mechanisms of, for example, slow growth, induced either directly in the surviving cells or indirectly through stromal injury or bystander effects are only speculative. Nevertheless, the model fits the data well, demonstrating that there is greater kill at high doses in these experimental series than would be expected from the conventional linear‐quadratic model. This alternative model, or another model with similar behaviour, needs to be considered when analysing in detail and interpreting microcolony data as a function of dose. The implied low number of ≤ 5 of these regenerative and relatively radioresistant clonogenic cells is distinct from a similar number of much more radiosensitive precursor stem cells which undergo early apoptosis after doses around 1 Gy.
Role of placental alkaline phosphatase in the internalization of trypomatigotes ofTrypanosoma cruziinto HEp2 cells
Authors: Sartori M. J. , Mezzano L. , Lin S. , Muñoz S. , de Fabro S. P. 
Published: August 2003

SummaryBackgroundIn vitro, Trypanosoma cruziinvades a wide variety of mammalian cells by an unique process that is still poorly understood. Trypomastigotes adhere to specific receptors on the outer membrane of host cells before intracellular invasion, causing calcium ion mobilization and rearrangement of host cell microfilaments.ObjectiveTo test if placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP), a trophoblast plasma membrane protein anchored by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol molecule, is involved in the transplacental transmission of this parasite.MethodWe cultured HEp2 cells with the parasite and studied PLAP and actin microfilaments. The results were correlated with invasion rate.ResultsHuman HEp2 tumour cells express PLAP. HEp2 cells infected with trypomastigotes showed alteration in their alkaline phosphatase activity and a different pattern of actin organization, compared to control cells. Perturbation of PLAP from HEp2 cells before infection withT. cruzitrypomastigotes decreased the invasion rate.ConclusionPlacental alkaline phosphatase could be involved in the internalization ofT. cruziinto HEp2 cells, via activation of tyrosine kinase and rearrangement of actin microfilaments.
Variation in incidence of serious adverse events after onchocerciasis treatment with ivermectin in areas of Cameroon co‐endemic for loiasis
Authors: Twum‐Danso Nana A. Y. , Meredith Stefanie E. O. 
Published: August 2003

Summary Objective To determine the incidence of serious adverse events (SAEs) after mass treatment with ivermectin in areas co‐endemic for loiasis and onchocerciasis, and to identify potential risk factors associated with the development of these SAEs, in particular encephalopathic SAEs.Methods We retrospectively analysed SAEs reported to have occurred between 1 December 1998 and 30 November 1999 in central‐southern Cameroon by chart review, interview and examination of a subset of patients.Results The overall incidence of SAEs for the three provinces studied was 6 per 100 000. However, for Central Province alone the incidence of SAEs was 2.7 per 10 000 overall, and 1.9 per 10 000 for encephalopathic SAEs associated with Loa loa microfilaremia (PLERM). The corresponding rates for the most severely affected district within Central Province (Okola) were 10.5 per 10 000 and 9.2 per 10 000 respectively. Symptoms began within the first 24–48 h of ivermectin administration but there was a delay of approximately 48–84 h in seeking help after the onset of symptoms. First‐time exposure to ivermectin was associated with development of PLERM.Conclusion In Cameroon, the incidence of SAEs following ivermectin administration in general, and PLERM cases in particular, varies substantially by district within the areas co‐endemic for loiasis and onchocerciasis. More intense surveillance and monitoring in the first 2 days after mass distribution in ivermectin‐naïve populations would assist in early recognition, referral and management of these cases. The increased reporting of SAEs from Okola is unexpected and warrants further investigation. Research is urgently needed to find a reliable screening tool to exclude individuals (rather than communities) at risk of PLERM from the mass treatment program.
Plasmodium falciparum: correlation of in vivo resistance to chloroquine and antifolates with genetic polymorphisms in isolates from the south of Lao PDR
Authors: Berens Nicole , Schwoebel Babett , Jordan Sabine , Vanisaveth Viengxay , Phetsouvanh Rattanaxay , Christophel Eva‐Maria , Phompida Samlane , Jelinek Tomas 
Published: August 2003

SummaryLevels of drug resistance of Plasmodium falciparum strains against antimalarials have increased in Laos. In several studies, chloroquine (CQ) resistance has been associated with point mutations in the Pfcrt and pfmdr genes, and sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine (S/P) resistance with point mutations in the genes of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and dihydropteroate synthetase (DHPS). We combined a study of these molecular markers with an in vivo antimalarial drug sensitivity study in Attapeu province in the south of Lao PDR. We treated 100 patients with either CQ, S/P or a combination of both. In the CQ group, Pfcrt mutations showed a very high sensitivity (100%) but a low specificity (12.5%) to predict resistance. The combination of mutations in the Pfcrt and pfmdr genes was highly specific and had a positive predictive value of 100%. Mutations in the DHPS gene showed a high correlation with the development of resistance. The prevalence of mutations in the DHFR gene, especially codon 108 Asn, was predictive with high sensitivity (100%) but low specificity. Isolates derived from patients treated with a combination of both drugs showed a high correlation between the mutation in codon 437 of DHPS gene and in vivo‐resistance (odds ratio 16.00, CI). The study provides evidence for the existence of antimalarial drug resistance in the south of Lao PDR, and offers a molecular method to predict resistance.
Influence of socio‐economic background and antenatal care programmes on maternal mortality in Surabaya, Indonesia
Authors: Taguchi N. , Kawabata M. , Maekawa M. , Maruo T. , Aditiawarman  , Dewata L. 
Published: August 2003

Summary Objective To determine the risk factors, such as socio‐economic background, quality of antenatal care and availability of family planning, responsible for high maternal mortality in Surabaya, Indonesia.Methods The study used a case‐control design. Descriptive, bivariate and multivariate analyses were carried out, comparing 59 maternal deaths and 177 women survivors in the referral hospital, from 1996 to 1999.Results The risk factors for maternal mortality were: living outside of Surabaya [odds ratio (OR) = 11.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 5.0–29.2], unemployment (OR = 4.4, 95% CI = 1.7–13.8), unavailability of toilet facilities (OR = 2.9, 95% CI = 1.0–7.7), <4 antenatal visits (OR = 2.5, 95% CI = 1.1–5.5) and initial visit to antenatal care facilities after the fourth month of pregnancy (OR = 3.0, 95% CI = 1.3–7.0). There was no significant association between maternal mortality and the availability of family planning.Conclusion Low socio‐economic background and the availability of antenatal care have a significant influence on maternal mortality in Surabaya, Indonesia.
Emerging rickettsial infections in Sri Lanka: the pattern in the hilly Central Province
Authors: Kularatne S. A. M. , Edirisingha J. S. , Gawarammana I. B. , Urakami H. , Chenchittikul M. , Kaiho I. 
Published: August 2003

Summary Objectives To identify different rickettsial infections using a specific immunofluorescent technique in patients clinically diagnosed as ‘typhus fever’ in the Central Province of Sri Lanka, and to define the clinical picture, assess the severity of infection and to determine the pattern of geographical distribution of the infections of the hospital‐based patients.Methods A specific indirect immunofluorescent antibody technique was used on the sera of two groups of patients in laboratories in Japan and Thailand.Results We serodiagnosed infections with Orientia tsutsugamushi, Rickettsia typhi and spotted fever group in 56 of 118 clinically investigated patients. There were eight infections with O. tsutsugamushi, two with R. typhi and 10 spotted fever group patients with IgM antibodies suggestive of acute infection. Nineteen patients had antibodies against these three rickettsial species, suggestive of past exposure, co‐infection or cross‐reactivity of antigens. Discrete, erythematous maculopapular rash was common to all three types of infection except for five patients who had no rash. Five patients positive for spotted fever antibodies developed fern‐leaf type skin necrosis with severe illness. Duration of the febrile period ranged from 4 to 23 days with defervescence occurring after specific antibiotic treatment.Conclusions The study has shown the presence of different types of rickettsial infections in the Central Province of Sri Lanka. The characterization of the clinical picture and the severity of infection provide useful information for the proper management of the patients in the future.
Transmission intensity index to monitor filariasis infection pressure in vectors for the evaluation of filariasis elimination programmes
Authors: Sunish I. P. , Rajendran R. , Mani T. R. , Munirathinam A. , Tewari S. C. , Hiriyan J. , Gajanana A. , Reuben R. , Satyanarayana K. 
Published: August 2003

SummaryWe conducted longitudinal studies on filariasis control in Villupuram district of Tamil Nadu, south India, between 1995 and 2000. Overall, 23 entomological (yearly) data sets were available from seven villages, on indoor resting collections [per man hour (PMH) density and transmission intensity index (TII)] and landing collections on human volunteers [PMH and annual transmission potential (ATP)]. All four indices decreased or increased hand‐in‐hand with interventions or withdrawal of inputs and remained at high levels without interventions under varied circumstances of experimental design. The correlation coefficients between parameters [PMH: resting vs. landing (r = 0.77); and TII vs. ATP (r = 0.81)] were highly significant (P < 0.001). The former indices from resting collections stand a chance of replacing the latter from landing collections in the evaluation of global filariasis elimination efforts. The TII would appear to serve the purpose of a parameter that can measure infection pressure per unit time in the immediate household surroundings of human beings and can reflect the success or otherwise of control/elimination efforts along with human infection parameters. Moreover, it will not pose any additional risk of new infection(s) and avoids infringement of human rights concerns by the experimental procedures of investigators, unlike ATP that poses such a risk to volunteers.
Enzyme Immunoassays for the Determination of Ovine LH and FSH
Authors: Peclaris GM , Pappa A , Deligiannis K , Koutsotolis K 
Published: August 2003

ContentsThe development of competitive enzyme immunoassays for ovine plasma LH (oLH) and FSH (oFSH) is described. Standards and plasma samples were preincubated with diluted antiserum to oLH or oFSH and the reacted solution (100 μl per well) was transferred to plates previously coated with oLH or oFSH, respectively. The second antibody used was anti‐rabbit IgG horseradish peroxidase. The measuring range was 0.39–50 ng/ml for each hormone and the 50% relative binding sensitivity was 9 ng/ml for oLH. The respective value for oFSH was 3.5 or 34 ng/ml with different hormone and antibody preparations used for the assay. The enzyme immunoassays were used to determine oLH and oFSH levels in plasma from ewes of two breeds during the oestrous cycle. The assays detected the first FSH surge coincident with the LH surge, the second FSH surge about 24 h later and the periodic fluctuations of FSH concentrations during the luteal phase of the oestrous cycle. These enzyme immunoassays are an efficient and economic alternative to the established radioimmunoassays (RIA) for oLH and oFSH.
The Effect of Post‐Ovulatory Artificial Insemination on Sow Reproductive Performance
Authors: Castagna CD , Peixoto CH , Bortolozzo FP , Wentz I , Ruschel F , Neto GB 
Published: August 2003

ContentsIn order to increase reproductive performance, sows are usually inseminated several times during oestrus. In practice, this results in a significant number of sows receiving one or more post‐ovulatory inseminations. This study was carried out to determine the percentage of sows that receive one or more post‐ovulatory inseminations and the effect of such treatment on reproductive performance. The results were analysed from a total of 1298 sows on two farms. It was observed that more than 70% of the sows received at least one post‐ovulatory insemination and approximately 20% received two or more. There was no observed effect on the rate of return to oestrus, farrowing rate or litter size (p > 0.05).
Detection of Water Buffalo Sex Chromosomes in Spermatozoa by Fluorescence in situ Hybridization
Authors: Révay T , Kovács A , Presicce GA , Rens W , Gustavsson I 
Published: August 2003

ContentsIn order to identify X‐ and Y‐bearing spermatozoa in water buffalo by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), some available probes of closely related species were examined. An X‐ and Y‐specific probe set, made from flow sorted yak chromosomes, labelled in somatic metaphases of water buffalo the whole X and Y, respectively, except their centromere regions. A cattle Y‐chromosome repeat sequence (BC1.2) showed strong signal on the telomere region of the buffalo Y‐chromosome, demonstrating the evolutionary conservation of this locus in water buffalo. In hybridization experiments with spermatozoa from five buffaloes, the yak X‐Y paint set demonstrated clear signals in more than 92% (46.8% X and 45.8% Y) of the cells. Using the cattle Y‐chromosome specific BC1.2 probe, clear hybridization signal was detected in more than 48% of the cells. Statistical analysis showed that there was no significant difference between bulls or from the expected 50 : 50 ratio of X‐ and Y‐bearing cells. The probes presented here are reliable to assess separation of X‐ and Y‐bearing spermatozoa.