bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transnational Lawmaking Coalitions as Change Agents in International Law
Authors: Reiners Nina 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces transnational lawmaking coalitions as a path for change in international human rights law. Such coalitions are understood as informal collaborations under a like-minded goal of action, occurring between one or more non-state actors and one or more members of an expert committee, for the purpose of elaborating an interpretation of one (or more) human rights norms. The chapter illustrates the formation and operation of the transnational lawmaking coalition path in two cases of norm development: first, the interpretation of the right to decent working conditions by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and secondly, the extension of the right to life towards abortion by the UN Human Rights Committee. It then demonstrates that NGOs and other human rights advocates likely select the path of change where they already have connections when working towards change in international human rights law.
A Quiet Revolution in the Making? The Changing State Authority in Treaty Interpretation
Authors: Zarbiyev Fuad 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The joint interpretation of a treaty by its parties has generally been seen as having a conclusive effect. This state of affairs was recently shaken by the International Law Commission in its work on subsequent agreements and subsequent practice. The chapter seeks to account for the traditional authority of joint interpretive agreements and identify what made the approach promoted by the Commission possible. Theorizing authority as a function of attractiveness, it argues that the state authority in treaty interpretation has long enjoyed the advantage of obviousness and persuasiveness in the international legal order, given the state-centric nature of international law, the dominance of intentionalism in treaty interpretation, and the lack of plausible alternatives. The Commission was able to capitalize on various factors challenging that ‘obviousness’ in order to open the black box of the state authority in treaty interpretation.
Brewing up a New Old Germany
Authors: Terrell Robert Shea 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter charts the remarkable boom of production and consumption in the 1950s and 1960s, detailing how both provincial and national trade organizations embraced community advertising (Gemeinschaftswerbung) programs to help their products thrive in the post-war economy. By the end of the 1960s, beer had become the single most popular beverage in the Federal Republic, with one in four West Germans drinking beer on a daily basis. Brewers were quick to claim that their success evinced a broad national cultural consensus, but closer scrutiny reveals that production and consumption continued to be deeply informed by longer provincial cultures, divisions of socio-economic class, and a demarcation of gendered public and private spheres. This chapter shows how the apolitical façade of quotidian pleasures characteristic of advertising for beer was deeply entwined not only with the “conservative restoration” and stabilization of a conventional gender binary, but also with persistent regional differences and the conspicuous absence of public assessment of Germans’ recent pasts.
Gone Flat?
Authors: Terrell Robert Shea 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter details crucial shifts in three spheres—capital, regulation, and geopolitics—that transformed how Bavarian brewers and their associates operated on local, national, and global scales. In the case of capital, the recessions of the 1970s and 1980s hollowed out the place-based claims to authenticity by which Munich brewery Löwenbräu had helped shape global conceptions of the German nation. The Bavarian stereotype would persist, but after the 1970s, producers, marketers, and promoters in Bavaria scaled back their promotion of cultural approximation. In the regulatory sphere, the 1970s and 1980s also witnessed the emergence of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) as the cutting edge of neoliberal European market integration. While West Germans continued to insist on the cultural importance of the Reinheitsgebot, the ECJ defanged it as a market barrier by the end of the 1980s. For West Germans weary of surrogate imports, the Reinheitsgebot became a purely cultural standard—one that symbolized national culture in a supranational economy. Lastly, while the reunification of Germany initially brought Western brewers opportunities for expansion, soon brewers on both sides of the former divide insisted on the importance of a decentralized national industry that adhered to the Reinheitsgebot. Major structural transitions from the 1970s to the 1990s thus took down the scaffolding of explosive economic growth and political division that had fuelled earlier developments, but they did not fundamentally undo the Bavarian influence of decades past.
The Life and Work of James Bradley
Authors: Fisher John 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
James Bradley, once the most celebrated astronomer in Europe, is now an obscure figure, surprising given that he was the first to establish empirically that the Earth was a planet in motion around the Sun. Introduced to the science of positional astronomy by his uncle James Pound, he excelled in his abilities to make precise observations. Mentored by Edmond Halley, he observed Jupiter and its satellites, identifying the gravitational resonances of the three innermost Galilean satellites, before being proposed to the fellowship of the Royal Society by Halley with the approval of Newton. Elected to the Savilian Chair in Astronomy at Oxford he joined Samuel Molyneux and George Graham in the attempt to observe annual parallax at Kew, based on the attempt of Robert Hooke. This experiment revealed a counter-intuitive motion of the object star that defied all attempts at the resolution of the problem. He designed a research programme at Wanstead, when he studied the motions of seventy stars identifying a new discovered motion, later called the aberration of light. Recognizing another motion within the residuals of his observations, he identified it as a nutation of the Earth’s axis. He taught experimental philosophy at Oxford for thirty-one years. His final work as Astronomer Royal was a stellar survey of unprecedented dependability taking note of every possible cause of error, later reduced by Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel in his Fundamenta Astronomiæ, producing a stellar catalogue of 3,222 stars.
May It Please Your Honours
Authors: Fisher John 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Without the life of James Pound, it is inconceivable that the third son of an obscure steward of an estate in the Cotswolds could have become a leading astronomer. Pound, employed by the East India Company, escaped a massacre of the station on the island of Pulo Condore fleeing with others to the Dutch station at Malacca on a hazardous voyage in a sloop. Back in England, Pound became the Rector of Wanstead and, after making observations, in the Indies for Flamsteed was valued as a skilled astronomer, being the first in England to use a transit instrument. Working both for Halley and Newton, he introduced his nephew Bradley to many leading figures in English science, and to some important political and social elites who became his patrons and supporters during his scientific career. Pound’s second marriage and his sudden death intestate left Bradley financially dependent on his new aunt.
A New Discovered Motion
Authors: Fisher John 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
There was an extensive history of claims for annual parallax from studies of repeated annual motions of the stars including Robert Hooke’s observations of Eltanin in 1669 and his claims that were soon abandoned. Repeated observations of annual motions of thirty or more seconds of arc led to the general belief that the observation of annual parallax was ascertainable. Other authorities believed the annual parallax of the stars too small to be observed with current technology. The Kew experiment was initiated by Samuel Molyneux and both James Bradley and George Graham were recruited for their technical skills. The two main hypotheses of the observed annual motion were annual nutation and atmospheric refraction, both with null results and both with a noticeable anti-Newtonian bias.
Fundamenta Astronomiæ
Authors: Fisher John 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Bradley remained dissatisfied with his ad hoc methods of reduction, particularly those concerned with atmospheric refraction. There is an implicit assumption that these problems would be resolved at the Royal Observatory by his successors, but his executors thought otherwise for they only conceived of a monetary value for Bradley’s observations, denying public access for fourteen years. The huge data banks left by Bradley and his assistants were not published in a reduced form until 1818 in the Fundamenta Astronomiæ by Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel. Even more important than the publication of a catalogue of 3,222 stars was Bessel’s development of new methodologies in the reduction of multiple constants and variables.
Channelling the Sun
Authors: Jha Vyoma 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter lays the groundwork for understanding the creation of the International Solar Alliance (ISA) as a new international organization. It traces the evolution of climate policymaking in India, with a particular focus on the interweaving of energy security and climate change concerns. By providing a detailed look at the significant markers of domestic climate policy, this chapter goes on to describe the role of solar energy within India’s efforts to combat climate change. Against the backdrop of India’s ambitious solar targets, the chapter also explores the long-standing solar trade dispute between India and the United States and its impact on the governance of solar energy in India. Ultimately, this chapter explains the Indian government’s solar policy pivot from mid-2014, both at the national and international levels.
Politics
Authors: Jha Vyoma 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Domestic politics has typically not been a powerful driver of India’s global stance, and domestic climate policy is mostly shaped by international pressure before key multilateral events. This chapter focuses on the spoken word of two Prime Ministers of India—Dr Manmohan Singh and Narendra Modi—to highlight the role of political leadership in bringing about a change in the direction of domestic climate policy and India’s external engagement on the issue of climate change. An analysis of the Prime Ministers’ speeches, over two significant periods of climate policymaking in India, suggests a clear shift in the narrative around solar energy. In particular, this chapter illustrates that Prime Minister Modi’s speeches had a stronger emphasis on solar energy and exhibited his personal ambition to lead on the issue of climate change, both in the country and abroad. Ultimately, this chapter argues that Prime Minister Modi’s leadership marks the first instance of India’s domestic politics shaping its position in multilateral climate negotiations. His vision for a new, India-led global effort on solar energy was the primary driver behind the creation of the ISA, and underscores the importance of the political leadership in empowering an international rule-making stance.
Particle Quantum Statistics
Authors: Simon Steven H. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
We introduce the idea of the path integral and use it to study the properties of identical particles under exhange. We explain why the topology of paths through space-time, the fundamental group of the configuration space (the braid group in 2+1 dimensions and the permutation group in 3+1 dimensions) determines the possible particle types. We argue that in 3+1 dimensions one only has bosons and fermions but in 2+1 dimensions other particles, known as anyons, can exist. We describe both the abelian and nonabelian type of anyon and argue why nonabelian anyons could be useful for quantum computation. We introduce the notion of the “quantum dimension” of an anyon which describes the size of the many anyon Hilbert space.
Computing with Anyons
Authors: Simon Steven H. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
We introduce some basic ideas of quantum computing including the idea of a quantum circuit model and the idea of a universal quantum computer — implementing arbitrary gates arbitrarily accurately. We discuss how braiding of certain anyons can be used as a universal quantum computer, and we illustrate this using Fibonacci anyons as an example. We then turn to the task of designing braids to perform particular computations, which is known as Topological Quantum compiling.
Bosons and Fermions from Group Representations: Rep(G)
Authors: Simon Steven H. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
We consider building planar diagram algebras by labeling edges with group representations and vertices follow the fusion rules of the group representations. We review using character tables to deduce fusion rules and quantum dimensions. The groups S3 and Q8 (quaternions) are used as simple examples. We show how F-matrices can be constructed using generalized Clebsch-Gordan coefficients. We deduce the possible braidings for such theories and conclude that only bosons or fermions are possible. We reconsider the possibility of parastatistics and argue why, given the structure of diagram algebras, only bosons and fermions are possible in 3+1 dimensions.
Quantum Groups (in Brief)
Authors: Simon Steven H. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The mathematical structure known as a Quantum Group can be thought of as a deformation of a classical Lie group. The (deformed) representation theory of quantum groups gives a natural way to generate data (F-matrices, and R-matrices) for anyon theories. In many cases, this approach gives data equivalent to Chern-Simons theory based on the corresponding Lie group.
Robustness of Topologically Ordered Matter
Authors: Simon Steven H. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Topologically ordered matter is famously robust to small perturbations. If a Hamiltonian has a topologically ordered (TQFT) ground state with a gap, then adding a small pertrubation (on the scale of the gap) to the Hamiltonian cannot change its TQFT properties. We explore this robustness with the example of the toric code. We show that the robustness is guaranteed by the fact that the toric code has a protected code space. We further discuss how the properties of the quasiparticles are also unchanged under perturbations of the Hamiltonian. These properties might be unsurprising, given the rigidity of the properties of TQFTs. We define the notion of topological order and give a definition of a topological phase of matter.
Legislative Assemblies
Authors: Martin Shane , Strøm Kaare 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
By whatever name they are known (parliaments, legislatures, or assemblies, to name but three) legislative assemblies in democratic societies face the twin challenges of institutional capacity and accountability to their citizens. In addressing these challenges, assemblies vary in the extent to which they serve the respective interests of three critical sets of actors: their members, party leaders, and voters. We identify three ideal types of democratic assemblies: the members’ assembly, the leaders’ assembly, and the voters’ assembly. This book analyzes national legislative assemblies in the world’s 68 most populous democracies, from Finland to Papua New Guinea, in light of these models. Based on extensive new cross-national data, the authors trace the implications of the three assembly types for the design, internal organization, resources, and powers of democratic national assemblies, develop indices of each assembly type, and score each of the 68 legislative assemblies on these indices. In an analysis of legislative re-election rates in these countries, the authors show that the fate of incumbents depend on member resources as well as on leadership control but is ultimately constrained by voter confidence. In conclusion, the authors discuss the past and future trajectories of legislative assemblies including their susceptibility to democratic backsliding.
Organization and Leadership
Authors: Martin Shane , Strøm Kaare W. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
To help us understand better the challenges of legislative capacity and accountability within the three ideal-typical models of legislative assemblies developed in Chapter 1 (the members’ assembly, the leaders’ assembly, and the voters’ assembly), this chapter focuses on organization and leadership. We explore variation in organizational and leadership structures across legislative assemblies. In particular, we focus on four questions. First, we explore assembly size as reflected in the number of members. Legislatures have evolved from the legislative state of nature often because too many members were chasing too little plenary time, which raises the question of whether chambers have an optimal size. Second, we explore the sources of rules and organizational structures. Who decides what the rules are? Third, we look in closer detail at authoritative legislative offices and in particular the office of presiding officer. Whose interests do such leaders represent? At one end of the spectrum, the office of presiding officer can be a tool for party leaders—at the other end of the spectrum it can be designed to serve the interest of ordinary members. Finally, we examine the resources available to members (both collectively and individually) to perform their duties and ensure legislative capacity.
Persuasion, Talk, and New Ideas
Authors: Bourne Angela K. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6, Persuasion, Talk, and New Ideas examines how initiatives opposing populist parties (IoPPs) may affect populist parties by reducing or increasing their support, diminishing or boosting their resources, inducing moderation or radicalization, and/or curbing their ability to implement illiberal or anti-democratic policies. Political protests, public critique, and denigration may stigmatize or shame populist party leaders and their supporters and ‘reframe’ terms of debate. Demonization of populists as fascists, communists, or racists, may ‘contaminate’ party identities. National and international initiatives monitoring, publicizing, and entering into dialogue with populist parties about inconsistencies in what they say and do may shame them into changing their ways. Nevertheless, talk and new ideas can fall flat, dismissed as ‘fake news’. If it deepens suspicion of fellow citizens or foreign detractors, denigration or critique may simply increase support for populist parties or boost internal solidarity. Examples taken from a wide range of European populist parties illustrate these processes.
Introduction
Authors: Baines Robert 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Finnegans Wake contains more philosophical allusions than any of James Joyce’s other works. The introduction opens by offering a brief history of the most important studies of those allusions. It then demonstrates the multiple challenges involved in elucidating the Wake’s philosophical allusions and shows that this book responds to those challenges by carefully explaining how Joyce constructed the philosophical allusions of his last work. The introduction also describes the innovative manner in which this book reads the Wake. Rather than selecting particular words and phrases from across the novel, it explores significant sections of text in their entirety. This approach allows the Wake’s philosophical allusions to be considered within their contexts.
World War II Memory and Contested Commemorations in Europe and Russia
Authors: Yoder Jennifer A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Instrumentalization of the wartime past for political gain is the subject of this study of eleven World War II commemorations. Using a comparative, conceptually original approach, the book identifies the actors who manipulate memory surrounding wartime anniversaries, such as the bombing of Dresden and ceremonies to honor fallen soldiers and fascist collaborators. The cases of memory contestation span three geographic regions, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, and Russia, recognizing that each developed distinctive interpretations of the war and different patterns of memory politics. This empirically rich study reveals the grievances that motivate memory challengers and their strategies for shaping the commemoration discourses and rituals. The memory challengers’ toolkit includes varieties of emotional manipulation, subtle distortion, revisionism, and full-scale denial. The study finds that, while there are differences in context and strategy across cases and regions, there are also areas of convergence. Moreover, a memory challenge in one country can spill over into others with serious consequences for foreign relations. While Contested Commemorations deals with debates and narratives about events in the last century, its focus is on power, persuasion, and identity in the present.
Introduction to the Politicization of World War II in Europe and Russia
Authors: Yoder Jennifer A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces a framework for examining the manipulation of the wartime past within and between countries. The challengers of established interpretations of World War II are typically right-wing and sometimes far-right actors who seek to redefine national identity in exclusionary ways. The range of approaches and mechanisms used to oppose or revise the dominant wartime memory includes the manipulation of emotions through symbols and rituals, obfuscation, construction of binaries, comparison and false equivalence, revisionism, and denialism. The chapter introduces a comparative approach to examining recent memory challenges at wartime commemorations in three mnemonic regions: Western Europe, Eastern Europe, and Russia.
Commemoration of Victory Day
Authors: Yoder Jennifer A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The commemoration of Victory-Europe Day highlights the persistence of three distinctive strands of memory. While Western and Eastern Europeans and Russians agree that VE marked the end of military conflict, there remains strong disagreement about whether the date marks the liberation from fascism and the beginning of democratic renewal or the colonization of Eastern Europe and another prolonged period of oppression. Should the event be commemorated as heroic or tragic? Efforts to deflect from the complexities of the war and to defend either a purely heroic or tragic narrative have provoked reactions from domestic actors and, especially, from other countries, serving to further divide the European mnemonic space. The Russian president’s invocation of his country’s heroic fight against Nazism to justify “doing it again” in Ukraine has further troubled the mnemonic landscape.
Introduction
Authors: Taylor Colleen 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This book claims that in the absence of written documents, the colonial past can be retrieved, piecemeal, through material objects. Using new materialist theory, I approach eighteenth-century everyday Irish objects as resources of narrativity, as holding, via their unique material processes and properties, stories and ideas that can illustrate the peasant Irish who handled and interacted with them. Coins, flax, spinning wheels, mud, and pigs impacted both imperial and nationalist ways of writing about Ireland and Irish character. Theories accounting for the material roots of metaphoric thought evince how these objects formulated both Irish stereotypes and nationalist ideas of resistance. Together, these five objects broaden and add complexity to our portrait of Irish tenant life in the eighteenth century. This book’s integration of new materialist theory and postcolonial cultural analysis is a previously under-explored interdisciplinary approach; as such, it models and invites further postcolonial new materialisms in other fields.