bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ENDURING IMMUNITY FOLLOWING VACCINATION OF MICE WITH FORMALIN-INACTIVATED VIRUS OF RUSSIAN SPRING-SUMMER (FAR EASTERN, TICK-BORNE) ENCEPHALITIS
Authors: Casals J. , Olitsky Peter K. 
Published: June 2004

A single course of two intraperitoneal injections of formalin-inactivated virus of Russian spring-summer encephalitis induced in albino mice a solidly immune state which endured almost throughout life. Active virus is therefore not essential for the production of a high degree of lasting immunity. The immune response to vaccination consists of resistance to peripherally introduced active virus and development of circulating antibody.
A correlation has been found to exist throughout the long period of the immune state between the titer of neutralizing antibody, as determined by the intraperitoneal method described, and the degree of immunity to peripherally introduced active virus. Thus laboratory tests for the immunizing power of a vaccine suggest themselves, to be carried out by an estimation in vaccinated mice of (a) immunity to peripherally inoculated active virus, and (b) serum virus-neutralizing antibody determined by the intraperitoneal method.
The rôles as indicators of immunity in vaccinated mice of complement-fixing antibody in the serum, of the intracerebral challenge dose of virus, and of the intracerebral method for testing neutralizing antibody are discussed.
Finally, if the immune response of man to vaccination with formalin-inactivated virus of Russian spring-summer encephalitis follows the pattern of the response of mice as here described, and if the correlation of neutralizing antibody with immunity to peripherally introduced virus applies to man as to mice, then possibly the degree of immunity in human beings following vaccination can be appraised by a peripheral test for neutralizing antibody in the serum.
STUDIES ON PNEUMONIA VIRUS OF MICE (PVM)
Authors: Horsfall Frank L. , Curnen Edward C. 
Published: June 2004

This study on pneumonia virus of mice (PVM) was carried out in order to obtain as accurate data as possible on the degree of variation which may be expected in titrations of the virus or of antibodies against it in vivo. It is believed that the knowledge gained will facilitate further investigations on this latent pneumotropic virus and make possible a more exact assessment of the significance of experimental results obtained with the agent.
The reproducibility of 50 per cent maximum score titration end points with PVM in mice is such that the chances are 19 out of 20 that a difference of 1.084 log units (i.e. a twelvefold difference) in the end points obtained in two separate titrations is significant. The reproducibility of 50 per cent maximum score serum dilution end points in neutralization tests with PVM in mice is such that the chances are 19 out of 20 that a difference of 0.626 log units (i.e. a fourfold difference) in the end points obtained with two sera against similar amounts of virus is significant.
It was found that there is a linear exponential relationship between the serum dilution end point and the quantity of PVM used in a neutralization test. This relationship appears to be identical with immune serum obtained from different animal species, and appears also to be identical to the linear relationship described previously in similar studies with influenza A virus.
Basaloid Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Larynx: A Report of Four New Cases
Authors: Erisen Levent M. , Coskun Hakan , Ozuysal Sema , Basut Oguz , Onart Selcuk , Hizalan Ibrahim , Tezel Ilker 
Published: June 2004

AbstractObjectives: This study is designed to report the clinical and pathologic features and outcome of cases of basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (BSCC) of the larynx treated in our clinic.Study Design: A retrospective review of the medical records of these patients.Methods: Four cases of BSCC of the larynx were treated in our department. Histopathologic slides were reevaluated to confirm the diagnosis. Immunohistochemical studies were performed, and file records were reviewed. Follow‐up was available for all patients and ranged between 11 and 72 (mean 37) months.Results: All patients were male (mean 57), with supraglottic or transglottic larynx tumors. Two patients presented with stage‐II disease and the other 2 with stage‐IV disease. Initial diagnosis was invasive squamous cell carcinoma in 3 patients and BSCC in one patient. Two patients who had stage‐II disease underwent partial laryngectomy and bilateral neck dissections; total laryngectomy and bilateral neck dissections were performed in stage‐IV patients. Three patients received adjuvant postoperative radiotherapy, and 2 of them also received additional chemotherapy. Patients with stage‐IV disease were found to have 4 and 27 metastatic lymph nodes on histopathologic examination and died because of distant metastases at 11 and 14 months, respectively. Patients with stage‐II disease did not have cervical metastasis on histopathologic examination and were alive and free of disease at 52 and 72 months respectively.Conclusion: In contrast with the literature reporting the tendency of more aggressive clinical behavior of the BSCC, we can say that BSCC has a behavior similar to conventional squamous cell carcinoma based on our 4 cases.
Role for Postoperative Radiation Therapy in Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Head and Neck
Authors: Silverman Damon A. , Carlson Thomas P. , Khuntia Deepak , Bergstrom Richard T. , Saxton Jerrold , Esclamado Ramon M. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractObjective: Clarify the role for postoperative radiation for adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the head and neck as it relates to tumor site, T‐stage, and surgical margin status.Study Design: Retrospective cohort study at an academic tertiary care hospital.Methods: A review of 129 patients with biopsy‐proven ACC was performed. Previous treatment failures and nonoperative candidates were excluded, with 75 patients considered eligible for further study. Patients were grouped according to treatment modality and Kaplan‐Meier estimates of overall survival, locoregional control, and distant control were compared using log‐rank tests. Patients were also stratified according to tumor site, T‐stage, and surgical margin status, and pair‐wise comparisons of treatment outcome within each group were performed using Wald tests from Cox proportional hazards models.Results: Twenty‐five patients were treated with surgery alone, and 50 were treated with surgery and postoperative radiation. There was no significant difference in outcome between treatment groups when correlated with tumor site (P = .89). However, postoperative radiation was associated with improved overall survival for advanced T‐stage (T4) tumors (P = .019) and greater locoregional control for patients with microscopically positive margins (P = .018). There was no demonstrated benefit of postoperative radiation for patients with microscopically negative margins (P = .93).Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that advanced T‐stage and positive microscopic margins are important factors in determining the necessity for postoperative radiation therapy for ACC of the head and neck and that radiation therapy may not be necessary for patients with early T‐stage tumors and negative surgical margins.
Role of Free Radicals and Antioxidants in Nasal Polyps
Authors: Dagli Muharrem , Eryilmaz Adil , Besler Tanju , Akmansu Halit , Acar Aydin , Korkmaz Hakan 
Published: June 2004

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: The aim of this study is to determine the role of free radicals and antioxidants in nasal polyps.Study Design: Prospective, randomized, controlled study.Methods: Thirty‐one patients with nasal polyposis and a control group consisting of 19 patients with septal deviation and lower turbinate hypertrophy were included in the study. Levels of the antioxidants retinol, β‐carotene, α‐tocopherol, and ascorbic acid were measured from the sera of the patients with nasal polyposis and the control group. Plasma levels of superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSHPX) activity, and reduced glutathione (GSH) were also obtained. As a peroxidation product, the levels of the malondialdehyde‐thiobarbituric acid (MDA) combination were measured from the plasma of patient and control groups. Measurements of MDA, GSH, and α‐tocopherol levels were also taken from the polyp tissue and turbinate mucosa of the control group.Results: The blood levels of antioxidants and MDA as an oxidant were significantly different in the patient group compared with the control group (P < .01). The tissue levels of antioxidants and MDA were significantly different in the patients with polyposis compared with the control group (P < .01). The blood and tissue anti‐oxidant levels were found to be decreased, and MDA levels as an oxidant increased significantly in the patient group with polyposis when compared with the control group, and there was a negative correlation between oxidative stress and antioxidants.Conclusion: This study demonstrates that oxidative stress and tissue and blood antioxidants in the patients with polyposis were significantly different compared with the control group. The blood and tissue antioxidant levels decreased, and MDA levels, as an oxidant, increased significantly in the patient group with polyposis when compared with the control group. The current study demonstrates that there is strong evidence related to oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of nasal polyposis, and antioxidants can have a preventive role in free–radical‐mediated tissue damage in nasal polyposis.
Questioning the Relationship between Cochlear Otosclerosis and Sensorineural Hearing Loss: A Quantitative Evaluation of Cochlear Structures in Cases of Otosclerosis and Review of the Literature
Authors: Nelson Erik G. , Hinojosa Raul 
Published: June 2004

AbstractBackground: The literature provides conflicting information regarding the prevalence and cause of sensorineural hearing loss (HL) in individuals with otosclerosis.Objective: The purpose of this study was to further evaluate the association between involvement of the cochlear endosteal layer with otosclerosis and sensorineural HL.Study Design: Retrospective case review.Methods: Temporal bones and audiograms from five individuals with otosclerosis were evaluated. The cochlear elements were quantified. The location and extent of the cochlear element loss was correlated with the location and extent of endosteal involvement with otosclerosis.Results: A reduction in the population of cochlear elements was observed in most individuals; however, the reduction was not proportional to the extent of endosteal involvement with otosclerosis. The cochlear elements remained normal adjacent to some areas of endosteal involvement with otosclerosis. One individual with extensive cochlear otosclerosis had normal hearing and predominantly normal cochlear elements.Conclusion: This study demonstrates a variable amount of degeneration of the cochlear elements in individuals with otosclerotic involvement of the endosteum. The reduction in the population of cochlear elements was not related to the extent and location of endosteal involvement with otosclerosis. These findings suggest that factors that limit the effect of otosclerotic endosteal involvement on the cochlear elements or processes that effect the cochlear elements directly and are independent of bone involvement may be present.
Restoring Vocal Fold Movement after Transection and Immediate Suturing of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve with Local Application of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor: An Experimental Study in the Rat
Authors: Motoyoshi Kazumi , Hyodo Masamitsu , Yamagata Takahiko , Gyo Kiyofumi 
Published: June 2004

AbstractObjective: To evaluate the effects of basic fibro‐blast growth factor (bFGF) on the recovery of vocal fold movement and the attenuation of laryngeal muscle atrophy after transection of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN).Study Design: Quantitative assessment of vocal fold movement using the video cassette recorder (VCR) image‐analysis method and histologic examination of the laryngeal muscle.Methods: Fifty‐eight Wistar rats underwent RLN transection and one of the following three procedures: 1) transection of the RLN alone (transection group, n = 18), 2) suture of the nerve stumps followed by local administration of phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) solution using an osmotic pump (PBS group, n =20), or 3) suture of the nerve stumps followed by local administration of bFGF (FGF group, n = 20). Vocal fold movements were recorded with VCR by way of a rigid endoscope, and the VCR images were analyzed on a computer. Histologic changes in the thyroarytenoid (TA) muscle were evaluated by measuring the cross‐sectional area of the muscle and average size of muscle fibers.Results: In the transection group, vocal fold movement did not recover, and atrophy of the TA muscle gradually progressed after sectioning the nerve. In contrast, vocal fold movement as assessed by VCR image‐analysis recovered in some cases in the immediate suturing groups, more markedly in the FGF group (34.1 ± 29.1%) than in the PBS group (5.5 ± 7.9%) (P < .05). Histologically, atrophy of the laryngeal muscle was significantly attenuated by the local administration of bFGF.Conclusion: bFGF facilitates regeneration of the transected RLN and attenuation of intrinsic laryngeal muscle atrophy, thereby restoring laryngeal function.
Effect of Mastoid Oscillation on the Outcome of the Canalith Repositioning Procedure
Authors: Motamed M. , Osinubi O. , Cook J. A. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractObjective: The canalith repositioning procedure (CRP), as described by Epley, is a well‐established method of treatment for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). Debate exists as to whether simultaneous application of a mastoid oscillator confers any added benefit. The aim of this study was to examine this question.Study Design: Prospective randomized study.Method: Eighty‐four subjects with unilateral posterior canal BPPV were randomized into two groups. The oscillator group was treated by CRP with mastoid oscillation and the nonoscillator group was treated by CRP alone. Positive outcome was regarded as complete resolution of symptoms and a negative Dix‐Hallpike's test after a 4 to 6 week follow‐up period.Results: Five patients were lost to follow‐up. Twenty‐eight (72%) patients from the oscillator group and 26 (65%) patients from the nonoscillator group had a positive outcome. This difference was not significant (χ2 = 0.17, P = .68)Conclusion: For the treatment of posterior canal BPPV, concurrent mastoid oscillation with CRP does not significantly alter the short‐term outcome.
Mutation Detection of GJB2 Using IsoCode and Real‐Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction With SYBR Green I Dye for Newborn Hearing Screening
Authors: Kudo Takayuki , Oshima Takeshi , Kure Shigeo , Matsubara Yoichi , Ikeda Katsuhisa 
Published: June 2004

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: Recent developments in molecular genetics have opened a new era in genetic analysis accompanied by new concepts concerning genetic disorders. Although 30 genes responsible for nonsyndromic deafness have been discovered as of March 27, 2003, the connexin 26 gene (GJB2) is commonly found in cases of deafness of unknown origins. The GJB2 contains a predicted open reading frame of 785 base pairs, which makes it relatively easy to detect mutations. Accordingly, mutation analysis of GJB2 should be suitable for the screening of congenital deafness.Study Design: Prospective study.Methods: IsoCode Stix is a useful device to isolate DNA from small samples of blood, which can be delivered from remote areas. To apply the detection of common mutations of GJB2 to hearing screening, DNA was extracted from several droplets of blood applied to the IsoCode device, and an allele‐specific amplification method with real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed using GeneAmp 7700 with SYBR Green I dye.Results: DNA extracted from IsoCode was purified within 45 minutes, which was sufficient to detect the full sequence of GJB2. Four types of common GJB2 mutations were reliably detected within 2.5 hours.Conclusion: IsoCode and real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction will be promising tools for newborn screening of deafness genes in the future in DNA‐based deafness screening, allowing early diagnosis of deafness and prompt training for language development.
De novo proteins from designed combinatorial libraries
Authors: Hecht Michael H. , Das Aditi , Go Abigail , Bradley Luke H. , Wei Yinan 
Published: June 2004

AbstractCombinatorial libraries of de novo amino acid sequences can provide a rich source of diversity for the discovery of novel proteins with interesting and important activities. Randomly generated sequences, however, rarely fold into well‐ordered proteinlike structures. To enhance the quality of a library, features of rational design must be used to focus sequence diversity into those regions of sequence space that are most likely to yield folded structures. This review describes how focused libraries can be constructed by designing the binary pattern of polar and nonpolar amino acids to favor proteins that contain abundant secondary structure, while simultaneously burying hydrophobic side chains and exposing hydrophilic side chains to solvent. The “binary code” for protein design was used to construct several libraries of de novo proteins, including both α‐helical and β‐sheet structures. The recently determined solution structure of a binary patterned four‐helix bundle is well ordered, thereby demonstrating that sequences that have neither been selected by evolution (in vivo or in vitro) nor designed by computer can form nativelike proteins. Examples are presented demonstrating how binary patterned libraries have successfully produced well‐ordered structures, cofactor binding, catalytic activity, self‐assembled monolayers, amyloid‐like nanofibrils, and protein‐based biomaterials.
Analysis of the “thermodynamic information content” of a Homo sapiens structural database reveals hierarchical thermodynamic organization
Authors: Larson Scott A. , Hilser Vincent J. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractClassification of the amounts and types of lower order structural elements in proteins is a prerequisite to effective comparisons between protein folds. In an effort to provide an additional vehicle for fold comparison, we present an alternative classification scheme whereby protein folds are represented in statistical thermodynamic terms in such a way as to illuminate the energetic building blocks within protein structures. The thermodynamic relationship is examined between amino acid sequences and the conformational ensembles for a database of 159 Homo sapiens protein structures ranging from 50 to 250 amino acids. Using hierarchical clustering, it is shown through fold‐recognition experiments that (1) eight thermodynamic environmental descriptors sufficiently accounts for the energetic variation within the native state ensembles of the H. sapiens structural database, (2) an amino acid library of only six residue types is sufficient to encode >90% of the thermodynamic information required for fold specificity in the entire database, and (3) structural resolution of the statistically derived environments reveals sequential cooperative segments throughout the protein, which are independent of secondary structure. As the first level of thermodynamic organization in proteins, these segments represent the thermodynamic counterpart to secondary structure.
The Dynamics of Self‐employment and Ethnic Business Ownership among Taiwanese in Australia
Authors: Chiang Lan‐hung Nora 
Published: June 2004

AbstractTaiwan‐born business and skilled migrants who settle in Australia have high unemployment rates despite being well educated and fairly affluent. This phenomenon, commonly found in Australia among new Asian immigrants, has seldom been researched. Using qualitative methodologies, including ethnographic interviews and participant observation, this paper examines economic integration of recent Taiwanese business and skilled migrants in three Australian cities: Sydney, Brisbane, and Melbourne. The results indicate that Taiwanese immigrants find it difficult to secure employment, start profitable businesses, and adapt to the host society. The integration challenges include: lack of fluency in English, different social and cultural milieu, lack of familiarity with Australian business culture and labour relations, complex rules and regulations governing the establishment of business enterprises, small size of the market, high taxes, and lack of willingness to take up work not commensurate with their education and economic background. Policy recommendations to foster early integration of skilled migrants from Taiwan are included.
Phylogenetic relationships of fish leeches (Hirudinea, Piscicolidae) based on mitochondrial DNA sequences and morphological data
Authors: Y. Utevsky Serge , Trontelj Peter 
Published: June 2004

Utevsky, S. Y. & Trontelj, P. (2004). Phylogenetic relationships of fish leeches (Hirudinea, Piscicolidae) based on mitochondrial DNA sequences and morphological data. — Zoologica Scripta, 33, 375–385.Phylogenetic relationships of fish leeches (Piscicolidae) were deduced from combined mitochondrial DNA sequences of 12S rDNA and COI genes using Bayesian inference and Maximum Likelihood, as well as from a combined molecular‐morphological data matrix using Maximum Parsimony. Monophyly of the family was confirmed. The traditional subdivision into three subfamilies, the Platybdellinae, Pontobdellinae, and Piscicolinae, received weak support, but was not challenged by alternative groupings. In contrast to prior classifications, a basal split emerged between the Pontobdellinae on the one hand, and the Platybdellinae and Piscicolinae on the other. The complex coelomic system of pontobdellines is viewed as plesiomorphic, and independent reductions of the coelom in other fish leech groups are hypothesized. According to the inferred phylogeny, seawater was the primary habitat of fish leeches. Eurasian freshwaters were colonized by a species‐rich freshwater clade (genera Piscicola, Baicalobdella, Cystobranchus and Caspiobdella) and, probably independently, by the Asian genus Limnotrachelobdella.