bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diffuse B-cell lymphoma (primary central nervous system lymphoma[PCNSL])
Authors: Meissner Dr. Irene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The patient presented with a subacute progressive process that occurred over several months and affected cognition, multiple cranial nerves, and sympathetic, cerebellar, and pyramidal tracts, with associated imaging abnormalities. The symptoms of subtle cognitive changes, hearing loss (superimposed on known occupational hearing deficits), and multifocal white matter changes can be seen in many disorders. These include demyelinating processes, inflammatory disorders such as the microangiopathy of Susac’s syndrome (retinocochleocerebral vestibulopathy), sarcoidosis, Behçet’s syndrome, Listeria rhombencephalitis, and infiltrative tumors such as lymphoma or gliomatosis cerebri. In our patient, a brain biopsy specimen contained tumor cells positive for CD20 and CD79a, with a light chain restriction supporting the diagnosis of diffuse B-cell lymphoma (PCNSL).
Segmental paresis secondary to presumed herpes zoster infection
Authors: Aksamit Dr. Allen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Segmental zoster paresis is a recognized complication of herpes zoster (shingles). This may occur in patients of any age, but the elderly and immunosuppressed are most vulnerable. The incidence of segmental weakness occurring in association with zoster infection has not been frequently studied. In a review of 1,210 cases of herpes zoster at Mayo Clinic, Thomas and Howard found 61 (5%) cases of segmental zoster paresis. Most often, the segmental weakness is manifest in the same myotome as the dermatome affected. Because a thoracic dermatome is usually affected, segmental weakness in the same myotome may not be manifested clinically. When herpes zoster affects cervical, lumbar, or trigeminal dermatomes, the clinical expression of segmental weakness may be demonstrated more easily. A better known example of segmental zoster paresis is Ramsay Hunt syndrome, with facial nerve paresis and zoster vesicles present on the ipsilateral ear pinna, the sensory representation of the facial nerve.
The Man From Nowhere
Authors: Jack Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Man On The Television Screen cut an awkward figure. For most Russians, a short broadcast in August 1999 was the first time they had seen Vladimir Putin, and there was little to impress in the bland, diminutive official now on show. A bureaucrat who had lived most of his life in the shadows, he had suddenly been thrust into the public eye by Boris Yeltsin’s latest bombshell. The ailing Russian president, himself out of public view for weeks on end while supposedly ‘working with documents’, had stirred from his slumbers to kick off a renewed round of political upheaval. On Monday 9 August, fresh from week­ end consultations, he announced to the nation his new prime minister, and the man he described as his choice to be the country’s future president. It was Yeltsin’s last chance, a gamble that was the best he could manage after months of agonizing over his choice of a successor as he felt his political power slipping away. Few believed then that Putin would be installed in the Kremlin within a few months, and heading towards a period of Russian leadership which may stretch at least as long as Yeltsin’s.
The Behavior of Corporate Species in Ecosystems and Their Roles in Environmental Change
Authors: Crawford-Brown Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The scientific study of ecosystems and environmental change focuses on the ways in which species produce, use, and transform material and energy, as well as the roles they play in environmental processes. The behavior of species, in turn, may be viewed as having two components: a purely biophysical component explainable by principles of biology, chemistry, and physics, and a social component related to the decisions that lead to behaviors influencing material and energy use.
One Two Many Germanys
Authors: Hockenos Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So preoccupied were the Greens in the late 1980s that they failed to grasp the full significance of the momentous events unfolding next door in central and eastern Europe. The Soviet Union—s charismatic new leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, had embarked on sweeping political and economic reforms, called glasnost and perestroika, that were reverberating across the continent. In Poland, Hungary, and even staid East Germany, outlawed prodemocracy groups were raising their voices against the single-party states. In the eastern German city of Leipzig, the “Monday demonstrations,” which had begun in early September 1989 with a few hundred people at the Nikolai Church, had burgeoned into mass protests of thousands and then tens of thousands, and even hundreds of thousands.
Seneca Falls and the Origins of the Women’s Rights Movement
Authors: McMillen Sally G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a quiet town of Seneca Falls, New York, over the course of two days in July, 1848, a small group of women and men, led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott, held a convention that would launch the woman's rights movement and change the course of history. The implications of that remarkable convention would be felt around the world and indeed are still being felt today. In Seneca Falls and the Origins of the Woman's Rights Movement, the latest contribution to Oxford's acclaimed Pivotal Moments in American History series, Sally McMillen unpacks, for the first time, the full significance of that revolutionary convention and the enormous changes it produced. The book covers 50 years of women's activism, from 1840-1890, focusing on four extraordinary figures--Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucy Stone, and Susan B. Anthony. McMillen tells the stories of their lives, how they came to take up the cause of women's rights, the astonishing advances they made during their lifetimes, and the lasting and transformative effects of the work they did. At the convention they asserted full equality with men, argued for greater legal rights, greater professional and education opportunities, and the right to vote--ideas considered wildly radical at the time. Indeed, looking back at the convention two years later, Anthony called it "the grandest and greatest reform of all time--and destined to be thus regarded by the future historian." In this lively and warmly written study, Sally McMillen may well be the future historian Anthony was hoping to find. A vibrant portrait of a major turning point in American women's history, and indeed in human history, Seneca Falls is essential reading for anyone wishing to fully understand the origins of the woman's rights movement.
Separate Spheres: Law, Faith, Tradition
Authors: McMillen Sally G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oh, my daughter, I wish you were a boy,’’ Judge Daniel Cady allegedly uttered to eleven-year-old Elizabeth, following the death in 1826 of her twenty-year-old brother Eleazar, Cady’s only surviving son. Now he had only daughters to raise. Whether or not he spoke these exact words, Elizabeth Cady Stanton later invoked them in written records of her life, identifying this as the moment when she first vowed to achieve all that men could. To her father, Elizabeth allegedly responded, ‘‘I will try to be all that my brother was.’’1 If the story is apocryphal, the sentiment was not, and Elizabeth would indeed eventually accomplish more during her lifetime than did most men. Judge Cady may have been expressing his sorrow at the loss of a male heir to carry on the family name. But perhaps he hoped to inspire his energetic, precocious daughter to succeed in a man’s world.
War, Disillusionment, Division
Authors: McMillen Sally G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Civil War had a profound impact on the women’s movement. Once fighting broke out in April 1861, female reformers gave scant thought to the Declaration of Rights of Sentiments and the goals they had pursued throughout the 1850s. The outbreak of war caused the cancellation of the eleventh annual national convention, scheduled for that spring. In fact, no national women’s rights convention met during the four-year war. A disappointed Susan questioned why they should not convene, believing that nothing should impede their crusade. On this, she had little support. Martha Wright cautioned, ‘‘When the nation’s whole heart & soul are engrossed with this momentous crisis … it is useless to speak if nobody will listen.
The Cold War Economy: Opportunity Costs, Ideology, and the Politics of Crisis
Authors: Higgs Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our government has kept us in a perpetual state of fear-kept us in a continuous stampede of patriotic fervor-with the cry of grave national emergency. Always there has been some terrible evil at home or some monstrous foreign power that was going to gobble us up if we did not blindly rally behind it by furnishing the exorbitant funds demanded. Yet, in retrospect, these disasters seem never to have happened, seem never to have been quite real. For four decades, the government of the United States waged the Cold War. Doing so brought about massive changes in the allocation of resources, with effects on many dimensions of the nation’s economic performance. Despite all that has been written by economists, historians, political scientists, and others about the Cold War economy, economic historians have given little attention to it as such. Most textbooks devote scant, if any, space to discussing it.1 Now that it can be viewed as a distinct phase of U.S. economic history, an analytical survey is in order.
Airplanes the Pentagon Didn't Want, but Congress Did
Authors: Higgs Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With regard to spending for national defense, we are accustomed to regarding some people as “hawks” and others as “doves.” These birds disagree sharply in their answers to the question, “How much defense spending is enough?” In the 1980s, a new bird, the “cheap hawk,” began to be sighted with growing frequency. This one wants a strong defense, mayor may not want more spending for the military, but definitely wants more bang for the buck. He worries about weapons that don’t work as they are supposed to and about spending for purposes that deliver less military punch than other programs that are sacrificed in the budget process. The advent of the cheap hawk pushed the defense budget debate beyond the old question of how much is enough and brought to the forefront the more important question of how we should spend whatever amount is available. Obviously, the nation’s security is not promoted simply by spending money under the heading of defense.
Sex Differences in Disease
Authors: Migeon Barbara R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ever since 1662, when John Graunt—the father of demography—noticed fewer women than men among deaths reported in London, it has been recognized that females outlive males by a significant number of years. Insurance companies use this biological fact as a basis for determining their rates. The sex difference in mortality is seen throughout the world, irrespective of economic or political factors. The reasons for the greater longevity of women are complex, because many factors are involved [2]. Much has been attributed to the differences in lifestyle, especially with regard to occupational risks—perhaps less valid now than when women spent all their time at home. Risky behavior, such as smoking—that was more characteristic of men at that time—might have contributed to the greater incidence of premature deaths from cancer or heart disease in males. Yet, careful scrutiny picks up another significant component of sex differences in mortality: the biological differences between the sexes. Certainly, gonadal and hormonal differences—testosterone in men and estrogen in women—are responsible for some sex differences in disease. Breast cancer and the delayed onset of schizophrenia in females, and prostate cancer and the higher incidence of heart disease in males can be attributed to a combination of environmental and hormonal factors. Yet, even when environmental and hormonal differences between the sexes are not prominent, it is clear that mortality and morbidity are greater in males.
Theme 1 The Initial Steps—Creating the Active and Inactive X
Authors: Migeon Barbara R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter and the next deal with the features of X inactivation that are shared among mammals, the ones that reflect the basic themes responsible for the single active X in diploid cells. What all mammals have in common is that (1) the XX female—like the XY male—has only a single working X chromosome in each of her somatic cells, (2) the active X is chosen, and (3) individuals of either sex with more than one X chromosome are cellular mosaics. Up to now, I have referred to the mammalian version of X dosage compensation as X inactivation, which is what it is most often called. However, the term is probably misleading because it implies that silencing an X chromosome is the primary thrust of our method of dosage compensation. Clearly, inactivation of X chromosomes is the means to eliminate the extra set of X transcripts in females, but it is not the defining step in the process; in fact, silencing X chromosomes is more of a default pathway. The primary event in mammalian X dosage compensation is choosing the future active X chromosome.
Coda: Taking the Concepts into the Present
Authors: Tannen Deborah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Readers may wonder how the ideas and methods presented in this book have evolved and been expanded in my work during the two decades since the book’s original publication. I will answer that question briefly in what follows. The major theoretical frameworks that characterize the analysis presented in Conversational Style have remained fundamental to my approach to language in interaction. In particular, three theoretical frameworks that drive the analysis presented here have become what I regard as cornerstones of that approach: (1) the ambiguity and polysemy of conversational strategies; (2) the interplay of power and solidarity; and (3) the linguistic framing of meaning in interaction. I will briefly explain these constructs and illustrate how they have developed in my work.
The New York advice market
Authors: Braithwaite John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
New York is the home of the most sophisticated tax practitioner community in the world; US tax planning is years in advance of any other market and New York and to some extent Washington are where the most sophisticated practitioners in the US market are to be found. This discussion of aggressive tax planning in the US is based on 26 interviews I conducted from my base at New York University, though eight of these were conducted with people in other parts of the US; in person with five of them in Washington, and by telephone with three others. Nine of the respondents were elite tax attorneys (some with experience working in accounting firms), seven were from the IRS, five were academic tax specialists (mostly with substantial practical experience with accounting or law firms) and five were from accounting firms or investment banks or with experience in both. Some of the elite tax practitioners interviewed in New York had held government positions up to the most senior in tax policy in the US Treasury, so the data reflects “both sides of the fence”. The bias of these interviews was toward tax attorneys, with only nine of the informants having had any experience working for the Big Five accounting firms. Most of the aggressive tax planning action is in these (now four) firms and, as discussed below, tax attorneys in New York have very different views on tax shelters than accountants, so this is a serious bias.
Reforming the law
Authors: Braithwaite John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this section, it will be argued that while rules can make law certain and effective in simple and stable regulatory domains, a different approach is needed to make the law more certain and effective for more complex, dynamic domains. The discussion in Chapter 7 proposed that a principle-based tax law might be more effective than a rule-based law in preventing international arbitrage to avoid tax. This chapter makes the case for this sort of tax law - one of binding principles and rules derivative from and subject to those principles arguing that international arbitrage and gaming rules would be less productive under this principle-driven approach and that a law based on principles that people understand and accept is less likely to be eroded by moral termites. There is debate on the difference between rules and principles, or standards as the Americans prefer. I simply define rules and principles in the way chosen by Joseph Raz: “Rules prescribe relatively specific acts; principles prescribe highly unspecific actions” (Raz, 1972: 823). Safe driving in light of road conditions is a principle; a proscription of speed over 80 km per hour is a rule. Those who do not like this way of making the distinction might prefer to consider the argument as one about how to integrate general and specific rules.
Evolution, Culture, Cooperation, and the Chaldeans
Authors: Henrich Natalie , Henrich Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is an inquiry into one of the great puzzles in the human sciences: the evolution of cooperation and altruism in the human species. Unlike many works on this question, we seek to simultaneously draw together formal theoretical work on the evolution of cooperation, rich ethnographic descriptions of human social life, and a wide range of experimental results from both the laboratory and the Weld. On the theoretical front, we provide an introduction to the puzzle of human cooperation and a unified theoretical framework that integrates culture, psychology, and evolution in a manner that makes these concepts accessible to nonspecialists. From this general framework a set of theoretical foci emerge to provide a backbone for the book and place this work in a context that will evoke a sense of familiarity for those who have studied human societies. These foci are (1) kinship, (2) reciprocity and reputation, (3) social norms, and (4) ethnicity. Though we have attempted to present this theoretical material at an introductory level, we believe that more advanced students and scholars will find our synthesis of culture, coevolution, and cooperation worthwhile and provocative.
Social Norms and Prosociality
Authors: Henrich Natalie , Henrich Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 2, we discussed how people acquire their ideas, beliefs, preferences, motivations, values, and practices—including those related to social behavior, altruism, and punishment—from observation and interaction with other mem- bers of their social group, often using adaptive cultural-learning mechanisms such as prestige-biased and conformist transmission.1 Building on this, chapter 3 explained (1) how cultural learning can lead to stable norms, (2) how different norms generate cultural group selection, and (3) how cultural group selection can influence genetic evolution, yielding a culture-gene coevolutionary process. Taking the first, cultural learning and social interaction give rise to social norms. If people use cultural learning (and they do), groups of individuals can culturally evolve to either highly cooperative states or noncooperative states. However, while combinations of culturally learned motivations related to altruism and punishment can lead to stable cooperation, in contexts where kinship, reciprocity, and reputation fail (even in one-shot n-person situations), costly punishment can still stabilize any behavior, including costly behaviors not associated with cooperation.
Reparations Definitions
Authors: Brophy Alfred L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1989, U.S. Representative John Conyers of Michigan introduced a bill, H.R. 40, to study slavery and understand its effects, both benefits it has conferred on American society and harms it has caused subsequent generations. Since then, discussion of reparations has grown explosively. Debate about reparations is now heard on college campuses, on the editorial pages of newspapers, even in political campaigns.
Legislative Reparations
Authors: Brophy Alfred L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we have seen in chapter 5, lawsuits might be used to gain some limited reparations for relatively small groups of people, if lawyers can overcome the difficulty of finding a group of perpetrators to sue, if they can locate appropriate plaintiffs and demonstrate the connections between the plaintiffs and defendants, and if they can overcome statutes of limitations defenses. The people who perpetrated the crimes of slavery are gone, and their estates are distributed. A few corporations survive, and a small amount of the money made from slavery might be traceable to currently existing bank accounts.
Sentimental Journey: The Illusion of Validity
Authors: Shefrin Hersh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many investors believe that there is a negative relationship between the predictions made by newsletter writers and the subsequent moves in the market. Is the relationship they perceive truly valid, or is it nothing more than an illusion? Are these investors prone to the "illusion of validity?" What is the supposed logic that leads some investors to bet against sentiment, or at least against the prevailing views of advisory newsletter writers? To gain some insight into this question, consider the behavior of the market during the first quarter of 1998.
"Get-Evenitis": Riding Losers Too Long
Authors: Shefrin Hersh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People appear to be predisposed to "get-evenitis." Are they? Get-evenitis refers to the difficulty people experience in making peace with their losses. I first discussed get-evenitis in chapter 3, when I introduced the concept of loss aversion. Meir Statman and I (Shefrin and Statman 1985) coined the term disposition effect, as shorthand for the predisposition toward get-evenitis. In this chapter, I describe the extent to which the disposition effect permeates the investment landscape.
Fixed Income Securities: The Full Measure of Behavioral Phenomena
Authors: Shefrin Hersh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
"Wheen it comes to interest rates, investors are especially slow learners. In 1938, Frederick Macaulay published a book that described how interest rate movements were both puzzling and notoriously difficult to predict. Little has changed since 1938, at least in this respect. But some have been slow to learn what Macaulay pointed out more than fifty years ago.
Optimism in Analysts' Earnings Predictions and Stock Recommendations
Authors: Shefrin Hersh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Investors are slow to learn that security analysts do not always mean what they say. Corporate executives, security analysts, and investors play two games, a recommendation game and an earnings prediction game. In both games, analysts follow a company, solicit information from its executives, predict its earnings, and/or issue buy or sell recommendations on its stock.
Options: How They're Used, How They're Priced, and How They Reflect Sentiment
Authors: Shefrin Hersh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
And now for something completely different: In developing the behavioral implications for options, I will not dwell on "hockey stick" charts, binomial trees, or the derivation of the Black-Scholes formula. At most I will remind readers about a few basics, and concentrate on behavioral issues concerning how options are used, priced, and reflect sentiment.