bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Annual cycles of primary production and of zooplankton at Southwest Greenland
Authors: Smidt Erik L. B. 
Published: January 2024

Annual hydrographic observations, measurements of primary production, and sam­pling of zooplankton were undertaken in Southwest Greenland waters in the 1950s and -60s. In the coastal area and at the entrance to Godthåbsfjord winter cooling normally extends to the bottom, resulting in a vertical mixing of the water and an effective replenishment of nutrients at the surface. The subsequent production rate is, therefore, high with an average annual gross production calculated to about 160 g C m-2. In the inner fjord regions the stratification is normally much more stable with persisting warm bottom water, and the production is, therefore, lower here than in the coastal area. The seasonal variation in the relations between daylight, primary production, phosphate, and quantity of zooplankton is, presumably, representative of the coastal waters at SW Greenland. A maximum in primary production in spring is normally followed by another maximum in late summer. The number of animals in the microplankton samples from the upper 30 m (the productive layer) is at its maximum simultaneously with the second maximum of the primary production, while the maximum of the macroplankton biomass (taken by stramin net) extends until late autumn in the coastal and outer fjord regions.
A maximum of the macroplankton biomass during winter in the deep water layers in the inner Godthåbsfjord, caused by inflow of warm bottom water, stable stratifica­tion and cooled outflowing surface water acting as a barrier to the ascent of the animals, is assumed to be normal to the open, non-threshold, W Greenland fjords.
Seasonal vertical migration of the zooplankton is indicated by Hensen net hauls from different depths. There is a concentration of zooplankton in the upper water layers in April-September and a deeper concentration from autumn to spring.
Annual cycles of various animal groups are described for holoplankton and meroplankton, separately. Holoplankters are normally dominant, copepods being the most numerous group. Meroplankters, especially bottom invertebrate larvae, are relatively numerous in the microplankton in spring and summer with Ba/anus nauplii dominant in spring and lamellibranch larvae in the following months. In a special section on fish eggs and larvae it is shown i.a. that cod eggs and larvae are normally concentrated in the upper 50 m, where they are much exposed to temperature varia­tions, while eggs and larvae of American plaice occur also in deeper water. This may partly explain why the cod stock is more vulnerable to low temperatures.
It is shown that the epipelagic plankton fauna in the survey area in terms of growth and mode of development is more similar to the arctic than to the boreal fauna. It could therefore be termed subarctic, which also corresponds to the environmental conditions in the area.
A phytogeographical study of South Greenland. Vascular plants
Authors: Feilberg Jon 
Published: January 2024

South Greenland, extending from 59° 45' to 62° 20' N., is considered a botanical province ranking with those of West, North and East Greenland. The province is divided into six vegetational zones, based on the distribution of selected taxa.
A phytogeographical analysis grouped the 346 taxa into eleven distribution types, each with two to seven subtypes. Each taxon is characterized further by a map of its distribution in South Greenland, by its holarctic distribution type (HOT) and climatic distribution type (CDT), and by a chorological index value (CI).
The flora of South Greenland is compared with that of adjacent areas in Greenland, and its affinities to the floras of Europe and North America shows a slight predominance of the American elements.
The following new combinations are proposed: Elymus violaceus (Hornem.) J. Feilberg, Lychnis alpina L. ssp. americana (Fern.) J. Feilberg and Vaccinium oxycoccos L. ssp. microphyllum (Lange) J. Feilberg.
Heavy metals in Greenland seabirds
Authors: Nielsen Christian Overgaard , Dietz Rune 
Published: January 2024

From six Greenland districts we report the concentration of Zn, Cd, Hg and Se in muscle (pectoral), liver and kidney for 320 seabirds of the following species: Cepphus grylle, Uria lomvia, Clangula hyemalis, Mergus serrator, Larus glaucoides, L. hyperboreus, Rissa tridactyla, Pagophila eburnea, Fulmarus glacialis, Phalacrocorax carbo and Stercorarius pomarinus.
Concentrations vary widely within species. Yearlings are low in Cd and Hg. Concentrations tend to increase with age. No significant differences between sexes were found.
On a wet weight basis, the Zn concentration in liver and kidney is c. three times that of muscle. Gulls and the fulmar possess significantly more Zn in muscle than do other seabirds. The Cd concentration in liver and kidney is c. 20 and 80 times higher than in muscle, whereas the Hg concentration in liver and kidney is three to five times higher than that of muscle. The Se concentration in liver and kidney is c. five times the muscle concentration. Muscle, liver and kidney concentrations tend to correlate positively for Cd, Hg and Se. For Zn only liver and kidney concentrations correlate mutually.
On a molar basis, the three organs of all species have a large excess of Se over Hg. The intra-organ association of elements is strongest for Zn and Cd in liver and kidney, and for Hg and Se generally. All four elements show consistently higher concentrations in birds from NW and
NE Greenland than in those from S Greenland. For C. grylle from Avanersuaq, NW Greenland, the Cd concentration is twice that of birds from S Greenland, the difference being highly significant. Hg concentrations are not significantly different.
The lichenicolous fungi of Greenland
Authors: Alstrup Vagn , Hawksworth David L. 
Published: January 2024

124 lichenicolous (lichen-inhabiting) fungi are reported from Greenland, 72 for the first time, based on a study of 350 mainly hitherto undetermined collections made in the period 1946-83. This number is substantially more than that known from the whole of North America. A key to the species is provided, as are illustrations of new and rare species, extensive references to the literature, and lists of species by the host lichens.
New taxa introduced comprise three new generic names: Deichmannia (Hyphomycetes, Dematiaceae), Geltingia (?Ostropales, Odontotremataceae) and Kalaallia (Dothideales, Dacampiaceae). In addition, 24 species are described as new to science: Ascochyta santessonii, Dactylospora allantoidea, D. aspiciliicola, D. rinodi­nicola, Deichmannia verrucispora, Echinothecium glabrum, Geltingia groenlandiae, G. stereocaulorum, Graphium aphthosae, Kalaallia reactiva, Karschia alpicolae, Kar­steniomyces tuberculosus, Lasiosphaeriopsis christiansenii, »Lecidea« diexcipula, L. hymeneliicola, Lecidel/a lecanoricola, Opegrapha stereocaulicola, Phaeosporobolus alpinus, Pyrenidium hyalosporum, Rhizocarpon destructans, R. narssaqensis, Scutula cladoniicola, Taeniolella christiansenii and T. pertusariicola. Eight new combinations are also made: Geltingia associata (Lecidea associata Th.Fr.), Rinodina egedeana (Lecidea egedeana Lindsay), Sagediopsis campsteriana (Verrucaria campsteriana Lindsay), Stigmidium frigidum (Epicymatica frigida Sacc.), Unguiculariopsis cribriformis (Lecanora cribriformis Norman), Weddellomyces geographicola (Phaeospora geographicola Arnold), W. peripherica (Verrucaria peripherica Taylor) and W. tartaricola (V. tartaricola Lindsay). Phoma epiphyscia Vouaux and Epicymatica frigida Sacc. have been neotypified, and lectotypes have been selected for Lecanora cribriformis Norman and Verrucaria campsteriarra Lindsay.
The genus Nesolechia Massal. is retained as distinct from Phacopsis Tul., the concept of Weddellomyces D. Hawksw. is extended to include species lacking distinctly cephalothecoid peridia, the citation and typification of Sagediopsis (Sacc.) Vainio is revised, and Xerrosphaeria Trevisan is shown to be a synonym of Dacampia Massal.
A phytogeographical study of the vascular plants of northern Greenland - north of 74° northern latitude
Authors: Bay Christian 
Published: January 2024

The phytogeography, flora, and vegetation of northern Greenland, north of 74°N have been investigated. The study area comprises the northern part of high arctic Greenland. The distribution of the 218 taxa of vascular plants has been mapped and classified into 14 distribution types with 16 subtypes. Based on the larger plant material obtained during the intensive botanical exploration of the area in the last decade the delimitation of the phytogeographical units as defined by Seidenfaden and Sørensen (1937) and Bacher et al. (1959) has been tested.
The delimitation of the floristic province North Greenland, north of 79°30'N, has been confirmed, now divided, however, into a coastal and an inland district based on the distribution of selected species which in North Greenland are restricted to the interior. The coastal district is considered the polar desert zone in high arctic Greenland.
The delimitation of the districts in the floristic province Northwest Greenland has been accepted, whereas the delimitation of the originally proposed districts in the floristic province Northeast Greenland has been altered. Here the border between the continental and the oceanic floristic province has been moved in an eastward direction. Further, the northern district in the continental province is divided into two districts based .m a marked floristic limit by Bessel Fjord (76°N), where several low arctic species have their northern limit, thus giving a total of four districts in continental Northeast Greenland. No evidence for maintaining the subdivision of the oceanic floristic province in Northeast Greenland at Wollaston Farland has been found. This limit is expected to be found south of the study area.
Four taxa new to the flora of Greenland have been recognized or found: Puccinellia bruggemanni Th. Sør., Phippsia algida (Sol.) R. Br. ssp. algidiformis (H. Sm.) L. & L., Geum rossii (R. Br.) Ser., and Pedicularis sudetica Willd. ssp. albolabiata Hult. giving a total of 121 taxa known from North Greenland north of 79°30'N. The total number of taxa in Northwest and Northeast Greenland north of 74°N is 161 and 194, respectively. Five different types of high arctic distribution are recognized in Greenland.
A classification of the vegetation based on detailed description of the vegetation and few analyses in Northwest, North, and Northeast Greenland is given. Two vegetation maps (scale c. 1:2.380.000) based on NOAA-satellite images showing the degree of plant cover in eastern North Greenland and Northeast Greenland, north of 75°N lat., are presented.
Occurrence of narwhals (Monodon monoceros) and white whales (Delphiapterus leucas) in East Greenland
Authors: Dietz Rune , Heide-Jørgensen Mads P. , Born Erik W. , Glahder Christian M. 
Published: January 2024

Narwhals (Monodon monoceros) have been observed along the east coast of Greenland from Umiiviip Kangertiva (64°10'N, 41 °W) to Kilen (81°N, 13°W). The fjord complexes of Sermilik, Kangerlussuaq and Scoresby Sund are important inshore summering areas. Narwhals occur in these fjords from ice breakup in May-July until new ice forms in September-November. Narwhals also occur at the entrances to these fjords during winter.
Historical information from whalers indicates that narwhals are present in the pack ice of the Greenland Sea between May and September. Narwhals are believed to be widely scattered in the pack ice between eastern Greenland and Svalbard during winter, and the narwhals in this area may comprise a single population.
Distribution and catch of white whales (Delphinapterus leucas) at Svalbard
Authors: Gjertz Ian , Wiig Øystein 
Published: January 2024

The distribution and catch of white whales at Svalbard are discussed based on literature, interviews with local residents, trappers and pilots, opportunistic observations recorded in the Norwegian Polar Institute fauna-data-base, and personal observations by the authors. The total number of white whales killed in Svalbard from the 18th century to the early 1960s was considerably higher than 15 000 animals. Today white whales are protected in Norwegian waters. Most white whales seem to appear at Svalbard in the spring and to leave again when the western fjords freeze in the autumn. However it is not known whether they come from and return to the eastern Greenland Sea or the Barents Sea. The number of white whales using the Svalbard area is not known, but since they have been protected for the last 30 years the population is assumed to be secure.
Distribution, exploitation and population status of white whales (Delphinapterus leucas) and narwhals (Monodon monoceros) in West Greenland
Authors: Heide-Jørgensen Mads P. 
Published: January 2024

Historic and present distribution of narwhals (Monodon monoceros) and white whales (Delphinapterus leucas) in West Greenland is reviewed. The distribution of white whales changed early in this century. They initially disappeared from Nuuk District and later, during the 1920s, from Maniitsoq District. Southwest Greenland (south of 65°N) is no longer a part of the winter or spring distribution of Baffin Bay white whales. Possible reasons for this change are discussed. No large-scale changes in distribution of narwhals have been detected. The major products from narwhals and white whales traded in Greenland are mattak (= whale skin) and narwhal tusks. The mean yield of mattak per whale is estimated to be about 67 and 133 kg per white whale in the municipalities of Upernavik and Qeqertarsuaq, respectively, and 89 kg per narwhal in the municipality of Avanersuaq. Annual reported catches were approximately 900 white whales and 300 narwhals in West Greenland during 1970-1980.
After 1980 the catch reporting system became less reliable and it had virtually collapsed by 1991. However, some statistics of catches during the 1980s are reliable, some are available from other sources and others can be calculated from purchases of mattak. The estimated catches of white whales during the 1980s indicate one of two scenarios: either I) the population estimates from 1981 seriously underestimated the actual population size, or 2) the population has been declining during the 1980s. For narwhals the catches are smaller and the population estimates higher, albeit subject to large variability.
A phytogeographical study of the vascular plants of West Greenland (62°20' - 74°00'N)
Authors: Fredskild Bent 
Published: January 2024

Phytogeographically and climatically West Greenland includes parts of the low arctic and high arctic areas. The present vegetation and a summary of its history since the last glaciation based on pollen- and macrofossil analyses are briefly described. The determination of more than 55,000 herbarium sheets of native pha­nerogams has been checked. Before preparing the dot maps it was necessary to decide at which level taxonomically difficult genera, e.g. Antennaria, Draba, Poa, Puccinellia, and Stellaria would be treated. For all of these the criteria used are given. Dot maps have been prepared for 379 taxa. These maps have been grouped into 11 West Greenland distribution types, which clearly correlate with T. W. Böcher's biological distribution types (Böcher 1963).
The collecting intensity in the large area is rather uneven. This is illustrated by a map giving the number of collections at the 305 localities from which 50 or more collections are at hand. Another map giving the number of taxa at 29 well-investigated localities illustrates the species diversity in the region. Most low arctic local­ities have more than 130 taxa, with 215 at the richest locality (Godhavn/Qeqertarsuaq on Disko), while the number at no high arctic locality exceeds 150. Reference to the corresponding numbers in other parts of Greenland is given.
Based on the dot maps a new delimitation of West Greenland in floristic prov­inces and districts is presented. It differs somewhat from that in Grønlands Flora/The Flora of Greenland (Böcher & al. 1957, and later editions). The major al­teration is that the boundary between the low and high arctic phytogeographic provinces is now placed through north Disko - Nuussuaq. As a consequence of this the southernmost district in the high arctic is divided into an outer (NWso) and an inner province (NWsi). Minor alterations are suggested in the southern part of West Greenland.
The distribution and habitats in the North Atlantic of two gnathiid species (Crustacea, Isopoda) and their reproductive biology in the Denmark Strait and north of Iceland
Authors: Klitgaard Anne B. 
Published: January 2024

Caecognathia robusta and C. abyssorum (Crustacea, Isopoda, Gnathiidae) were found associated with several species of demosponges collected in the Denmark Strait and around Iceland. Comparison of the distribution of the two gnathiid species shows C. robusta to be mainly a cold water species occurring north of the Greenland-Iceland-Faroe Ridge, while C. abyssorum is principally an Atlantic species occurring south of this ridge system; the distribution of the two species, however, overlaps in the Denmark Strait. Both gnathiid species demonstrate a well-developed adaptability to utilize the naturally occurring cavities. C.
robusta inhabits such different cavities as the massive, well-defined preoscular cavities of the spherical Geodia mesotriaena and the lacunae of the soft, elastic, encrusting Hexadella dedritifera. C. abyssorum shelters in the lacunae in the encrusting H. dedritifera. The female: male ratio for both gnathiid species seems to be determined by the volume of the chosen cavity. Both species are primarily monogamous and each adult male, instead of having a "harem", appears to survive long enough to complete two or more consecutive female reproductive sequences.
There is indication of continuous reproduction in C. robusta and perhaps also in C. abyssorum. The females of the two gnathiid species produce bigger and, in C. abyssorum, fewer pranizae than reported for "harem" forming gnathiid species.
Physical oceanography of the Greenland Sea
Authors: Buch Erik 
Published: January 2024

Ocean-atmosphere interactions in the North Atlantic are responsible for heat transports that keep the Nordic region and North Western Europe 5–10°C warmer than the average of the corresponding latitude belt. This is to a large extent due to the ocean’s thermohaline circulation (THC). This circulation is driven by differences in water density, which is a function of temperature (thermo) and salinity (haline) and particularly by convection processes in the northern North Atlantic, especially the Labrador Sea and the Greenland Sea.
Therefore, the Greenland Sea has attracted much attention in the marine research community over the past decades. Scientific research in the Greenland Sea has been important to understand:

The physical processes generating deep convection
The role of sea ice in the deep convection process and biological production
Uptake of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and further transport into the ocean interior
Variability in deep convection, especially the decrease in the Greenland Sea convection observed over the recent decades

The main incentive behind all these activities has been to understand the role of the Greenland Sea – and the rest of the Nordic Seas (Greenland, Norwegian and Iceland Seas) – in the climate system of the world.
The sea ice in Young Sound: Implications for carbon cycling
Authors: Glud Ronnie N. , Rysgaard Søren , Kühl Michael , Hansen Jens W. 
Published: January 2024

Most of the year, Young Sound is covered by c. 160 cm thick sea ice overlain by a 20-100 cm thick snow cover. During the last 50 years the sea-ice-free period has varied between 63 and 131 days, but during the last 10–15 years there has been a tendency towards an increase in the sea-ice-free period, and 7 of the longest sea-ice-free periods observed in 50 years were recorded after 1990.
The snow and sea-ice cover regulates the activity of the light-limited marine ecosystem of Young Sound. As the snow cover melts during late May and June, the irradiance reflectance decreases, especially for red and near infrared light. Differences in snow cover thickness and patchy distribution of dry snow, wet snow and melting ponds on the sea-ice surface result in a very heterogeneous
light environment at the underside of the ice. In areas with sufficient light, sea-ice algae begin to flourish on the available nutrients. The sea-ice algal community adapts efficiently to the local light environment, and in areas with natural (or man-made) holes and cracks sea-ice algae bloom.
However, despite ample nutrients, the overall phototrophic biomass in Young Sound remains very low, with maximum values of c. 15–30 μg Chl a l-1 sea ice at the underside of the ice and with maximum area integrated values of c. 3 mg Chl a m-2. We speculate that the extreme dynamics in sea-ice appearance, structure and brine percolation, which is driven primarily by large but variable
freshwater inputs during snow melt and the breaking of frozen rivers, transforms the sea-ice matrix into a hostile environment for sea-ice algae. An annual estimate of sea-ice-related gross primary production for the entire outer Young Sound (Region 1 c. 76 km2) amounted to only 2.7 t C. The primary production measurements were performed in 1999 and 2002, and we cannot exclude large
inter annual variations. However, we have not experienced massive blooming of sea-ice algae in Young Sound during the last decade.
Detailed in situ and laboratory-based microsensor investigations documented that O2 concentrations at the underside of the ice and within the sea-ice matrix were extremely dynamic and strongly regulated by physical processes related to freezing and thawing of sea water rather than biological activity. Enclosure experiments on sea-ice samples performed in June 2002 revealed a high heterotrophic potential causing the sea-ice environment to become anoxic within 8 days despite concurrent photosynthetic activity. The sea ice was thus net heterotrophic, at least intermittently, and the sea ice hosted a bacterial community of denitrifiers. These findings change our conceptual and quantitative understanding of sea-ice-related microbial activity - at least in settings similar to Young Sound.