bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Rose By Any Other Name
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IT IS NOT COMPLETELY TRANSPARENT what Gertrude Stein had in mind when, in the puzzling piece “Sacred Emily,” she wrote: “Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose.” She repeated the thought in Lectures in America, where she noted: “A rose is a rose is a rose.” We might naively assume that Stein was lumping all roses in an act of taxonomic know-nothingness. More likely she was restating in her own syntax Ralph Waldo Emerson’s thought:
Man is timid and apologetic; he is no longer upright; he dares not say “I think,” or “I am,” but quotes some saint or sage. He is ashamed before the blade of grass or the blowing rose. These roses under my window make no reference to former roses or to better ones; they are for what they are; they exist for God today. There is no time to them. There is simply the rose; it is perfect in every moment of its existence.
I would not have pursued these flowery thoughts had I not heard Stanwyn Shetler of the Smithsonian Institution speak about the great difficulties of classifying roses, which became a matter of public note in the discussion of choosing the rose as the national flower of the United States. Through the kindness of Dr. Shetler, I obtained a transcript of the “House of Representatives Hearing on Designation of a National Floral Emblem.” This matter of civic botany came under the purview of the Subcommittee on Census of Population of the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service. Congressman Robert Garcia of New York chaired the subcommittee.
Medicine as a Moral Community
Authors: Pellegrino Edmund D , Thomasma David C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alasdair MacIntyre has stressed repeatedly that the interrelationship of ethical virtues and principles relies upon the grounding of both in the community and its values. As he says of the community and moral rules: It is therefore important in our line of argument to consider the ways in which medicine itself functions as the moral community that both shapes the ends of the moral life of those who practice health care healing and the means by which these ends emerge in their virtuous actions.
Dream Of A Red Factory
Authors: Kaple Deborah A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Drawing on previously unknown primary sources in both Chinese and Russian, Deborah A. Kaple has written a powerful and absorbing account of the model of factory management and organization that the Chinese communists formulated in the 1949-1953 period. She reveals that their “new” management techniques were adapted from Soviet propaganda during the harsh period of Stalin’s post-war reconstruction. The idealized Stalinist management system consisted mainly of strict Communist Party control of all aspects of workers’ lives, which is the root of such strong Party control over Chinese society today. Dream of a Red Factory is a rare and revealing look at the consolidation rule in China; told through the prism of the development of new “socialist” factories and enterprises. Kaple completely counters the old myth of the “Soviet monolith” in China, and carefully reconstructs how the Chinese communists came to rely on an idealized, propagandistic version of the Soviet model instead.
Therapeutic Ways with Words
Authors: Ferrara Kathleen Warden 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most people know that therapists listen to people discuss their problems, and that they are paid for their services. Yet few people who have not undergone therapy know what actually goes on in these sessions, or have any idea about how talking to a stranger can be beneficial to one's mental health. What is therapeutic about therapeutic discourse? Why is the therapy hour such a powerful influence in peoples' lives if all they do is talk? Who talks, and what about? To answer some of these questions from a linguistic stand-point, Kathleen Ferrara analyses samples of psychotherapeutic discourse between several therapists and their clients. She focuses on cohesion and the joint construction of digalogue to get at her main concern of just how talk can be therapeutic, and at the same time addresses recent concerns in the study of conversation. Her thesis is that repetition and continuity are resources of language which speakers can recombine in various ways to create meaning within a given social context, and she looks at the many ways these cohesive devices are used in therapy speech. Therapeutic Ways with Words should appeal not only to linguists and people concerned with language in the professions, but to the large audience connected to psychotherapy. 'The scholarship reflected in the manuscript is not just sound, but creative; not just up-to-date, but up to the minute. Ferrara offers insightful treatments of data just begging for attention in light of recent developments in discourse analysis, and thus contributes cutting-edge results ... It represents the kind of research we need much more of in linguistics today." Neal Norrick, Professor of English-Linguistics, Northern Illinois University
Tragedy’s End
Authors: Dunn Francis M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Francis Dunn explores the novel gestures that close the dramas of Euripides, showing how these deny access to an authoritative reading of the plays, reinforce innovations in plot and structure, and open up tragedy to comic, parodic, and narrative impulses. The author provides the first large-scale study of closure in classical literature, and includes readings of plot, ending, and generic innovation in Hyppolytus, Trojan women, Hercules, and the late plays Helen, Orestes, and Phoenician Women.
Cross-Sectional and Other Types of Studies
Authors: Kelsey Jennifer L , Whittemore Alice S , Evans Alfred S , Thompson W Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a cross-sectional, or prevalence, study, exposure status and disease status are 1I1easured at one time or over a short period of time in the participants. Prevalence rates among those with and without the exposure or at varying levels of exposure are then determined and compared. Prevalence studies are often employed for public health planning, but it is their use in studies of etiology that will be considered here.
Methods of Sampling and Estimation of Sample Size
Authors: Kelsey Jennifer L , Whittemore Alice S , Evans Alfred S , Thompson W Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The preceding chapters have described study designs and methods of statistical analysis commonly used in epidemiology. The remaining chapters cover certain other methodologic issues that need to be considered when planning epidemiologic studies. Specifically, Chapter 12 first discusses common methods of sampling used by epidemiologists and then methods of estimating sample size. Chapters 12 through 15 are concerned with issues related to measurement in epidemiologic studies.
Measurement Error
Authors: Kelsey Jennifer L , Whittemore Alice S , Evans Alfred S , Thompson W Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A certain amount of error is intrinsic to any measurement process. In the conduct of epidemiologic research, measurement error is potentially a major problem that may invalidate the results of otherwise well-designed studies. For instance, if a case-control study is undertaken to address the issue of whether past dietary fat consumption affects the risk of breast cancer, assessment of food items consumed many years ago may be so inaccurate that it is not worth undertaking the study. Although measurement error can seldom if ever be eliminated, an appreciation of the sources of measurement error, of the nature of its impact on study results, and of methods for minimizing that impact can contribute greatly to the quality of epidemiologic studies and to the appropriateness of the conclusions drawn from them.
Impossible Sites
Authors: Dougherty Carol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The potential colonist, forced to leave home, consults Delphic Apollo to learn which foreign lands he should settle. Thus, the Delphic consultation, located midway between the mother city and the new world, occupies the transitional point in the colonization narrative-the pivot from civic crisis to civic foundation-and the oracles themselves play an important role in colonial discourse. In the previous chapter, we saw how crisis as the first stage of the colonial narrative both shapes and is shaped by a cultural metaphor that describes overseas settlement as a kind of civic purification. Now, as the narrative moves toward Delphi, the oracles that form part of colonial discourse themselves influence Greek memories of archaic colonization, and the act of solving a riddle functions as another metaphor for representing the colonial experience. Once we consider these foundation oracles not as simple mirrors of historical reality but as representatives of a coherent system of cultural meaning, we will see that the ambiguous and enigmatic language typically associated with the Delphic oracle describes the act of foundation as a process of interpretation. Oracles within colonization tales exploit the ambiguity of puns to create a new vision of reality, one that translates local phenomena into the Greek language just as colonization itself transforms foreign soil into a Greek city. In addition, colonial oracles often adopt the bipartite structure of riddles to represent the process of founding a colony overseas in terms of solving a puzzle; the solution, or colony, reorders an unfamiliar and confused landscape.
The Lay of the Land
Authors: Dougherty Carol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this passage from the Laws, Plato evokes the image of a colonial expedition to describe the changes in familial relationships that necessarily evolve as a result of marriage. The married couple, like colonists, must leave home. In spite of the physical separation, however, religious and cultural bonds remain that link the new couple with their family just as shared customs and practices keep the cultural ties strong between a new colony and its mother city-in both cases, the common bonds of custom and culture will continue to bridge the sea of differences that married couples and colonists will inevitably confront. The torch, evocative of both household and civic hearth, plays an important role in the rituals of marriage and colonization. It provides a sense of continuity that extends across time and place, and Plato highlights the torch as a symbol of cultural identity passed down from one generation to the next. The similarities between marriage and colonization, however, transcend the issues of separation and continuity raised by Plato. Both are institutions of integration and acculturation, concerned with uniting opposites and transforming that which is wild and foreign into a fruitful and productive experience. And like all instruments of civilization, colonization and marriage also embed within their ideology the element of violence. Precisely because of this striking overlap between colonization and marriage, not only does colonization serve as a metaphor for conceptualizing marriage, as Plato suggests, but the rituals and rhetoric of the Greek marriage ceremony (including rape) shape colonial representation as well.1
Effects Of Agricultural Practices And Farmland Structures
Authors: Rodenhouse Nicholas L , Best Louis B , O’Connor Raymond J , Bollinger Eric K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Agriculture probably has had greater impact on populations of Neotropical migratory birds than any other human activity. Al though crop types differ greatly among regions, most counties in the United States include agricultural land (Sommer and Hines 1991), about 52% of the land area of the contiguous 48 states (USDA 1992) and 11% of Canada (Statistics Canada 1986) is in farms. Conversion of native habitats to agricultural land has resulted in local extirpation of migratory bird species (e.g., Owens and Myres 1973, Bowles et al. 1980, Blanke spoor and Krause 1982), shifts in species composition and relative abundances (e.g., Graber and Graber 1963, 1983, Dinsmore 1981, Herkert 1991), and alteration of geo graphic ranges (e.g., Hurley and Franks 1976, Brittingham and Temple 1983, Dolbeer 1990). However, agriculture has also created habitat features used by Neotropical migra tory birds (Freemark et al. 1991).Field and edge areas created by agriculture are used by Neotropical migratory birds when breeding or migrating. Fields are the areas worked for crop production (including forage crops that may be grazed), and birds found in these fields often were formerly grassland species. Edges include field borders (e.g., fencerows, roadsides) but also uncultivated areas within fields, such as grassed waterways or terrace berms.
Single-Species Versus Multiple-Species Approaches For Management
Authors: Block William M , Finch Deborah M , Brennan Leonard A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neotropical migratory birds are major components of the avifauna in most North American terrestrial ecosystems. Over 150 species of Neotropical migratory birds are known to breed in North America (Finch 1991a). Given the large number of species, developing effective management strategies for Neotropical migratory birds is a monumental task because each species exploits a unique niche, and thus requires different considerations for the management of its habitats and populations. Management is complicated further by temporal and spatial variations in resource-use patterns by many species. Thus, detailed knowledge of a species’ habitat and population ecology from one place and time might have little relevance to other locations or periods. Managers have a continuum of options for managing wildlife resources. This continuum ranges from management for one or a few featured species to the management of entire communities, landscapes, ecosystems, or regions. Each approach has advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of one approach over another represents a series of tradeoffs. Resource managers must decide which approach meets their objectives and the level of risk that is acceptable.
Introduction
Authors: Amick III Benjamin C , Levine Sol , Tarlov Alvin R , Walsh Diana Chapman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although many people throughout history have believed that social conditions affect health, it was not until the twentieth century that researchers established a body of knowledge concerning the social determinants of health and their pathways. In the United States, especially after World War II, the federal government and private foundations launched major training programs and research projects in the health and social sciences (Freeman and Levine, 1989a). Medical sociology, health psychology, and health economics achieved specialties within their larger respective disciplines. And within epidemiology and other public health disciplines investigators incorporated social variables in designing their studies. Generations of research have now documented the impact on health of social factors like class, race, education, sex, marital status, employment, and the quality of jobs (cf Ostfeld and Eaker, 1985; Susser et al., 1985; Freeman and Levine, 1989b).
The Role of Medical Care in Determining Health: Creating an Inventory of Benefits
Authors: Bunker John P , Frazier Howards , Mosteller Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Average life expectancy for citizens of industrial countries has increased from approximately 45 to 75 years during this century, a gain assumed by many to be largely the result of advances in medical care. This assumption has been called into question by a number of observers (Carlson, 1975; Illich, 1976; McKinlay and McKinlay, 1977; McKeown, 1979). Others have argued for the good that medicine does (McDermott, 1978; Beeson, 1980; Levine et al., 1983; Anderson and Morrison, 1989); in most instances these views are unsupported by measurements of benefits, although in one study lower regional death rates were found to be associated with higher Medicare expenditures (Hadley, 1982). Today most observers agree that the causes of increased longevity include, in addition to medical care, improvements in nutrition, housing, sanitation, occupational safety, and lifestyle. If we wish to allocate effort and material resources to achieving further increases in life expectancy, we need to distinguish among these determinants and to estimate the magnitude of their separate effects.
The Parental Analogy
Authors: Kultgen John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concepts of paternalism and parentalism are based on analogies between paternal or parental and other forms of care. The analogies are relational: they point out similarities between the relation of parent to child and other common human relationships. These similarities, and differences which reflection brings to light, help us sort out our intuitions about the desirability of some forms of parentalistic care and the repugnancy of others. In each case it is necessary to ask whether the relation between parentalist and beneficiary is sufficiently like that of parent to child to justify the treatment of the beneficiary like a child.
VanDeVeer’s Consent-Based Antiparentalism
Authors: Kultgen John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
VanDeVeer’s theory is a version of justification by consent. He declares that the moralist must choose between principles that refer to the subject’s consent and his welfare in evaluating parentalism, and he opts for consent in the name of respect for persons. This leads him to deny that abridgments of a person’s autonomy without some form of consent are ever justified. To accommodate intuitively justified cases of parentalism when the need to help someone without his actual consent is urgent, he is forced to appeal implausibly to a form of hypothetical consent.
Between Universalism and Skepticism
Authors: Philips Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Philips defends a middle ground between the view that there is a set of standards binding on rational beings as such (Universalism) and the view that differences in morals reduce ultimately to matters of taste (Skepticism). He begins with a sustained critique of universalist moral theories and some familiar approaches to concrete moral questions that presuppose them (most appeals to intuitions, respect for person’s moralities, and versions of contractarianism and wide reflective equilibrium). He goes on to criticize major recent attempts to develop non-universalist alternatives to skepticism, arguing that they rely on excessively abstract and philosophically indefensible preference satisfaction theories of the good. According to Philips’s positive alternative, moral standards are justified to the extent that they support reasonably valued ways of life. He devotes considerable attention to clarifying this idea and draws conclusions from it about the role and limits of reason in ethics. Philips’s theory provides us with a theoretical basis for dealing with actual moral controversies and for approaching questions of applied and professional ethics in a systematic way.
Engendering Genesis Stories
Authors: Sapp Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the Great War began, there were attempts to explain away the atrocities in terms of “the struggle for existence.” A protest against such an “abuse” of Darwin’s terminology appeared in a letter published in the London Times. It was said that such an explanation was “little more than an application to philosophy and politics of ideas taken from crude popular misconceptions of the Darwinian theory (of ‘struggle for existence’, and ‘will to power’, ‘survival of the fittest’ and ‘superman,’ etc.)”; and that there was, however, a work in English “which interprets biological and social progress not in terms of overbearing brute force and cunning, but in terms of mutual cooperation.” A reprint of Kropotkin’s Mutual Aid was quickly published to emphasize that the war was not the result of an inherent aggression among the masses. It was their rulers who prepared the war, and their intellectual leaders who worked out its barbarous methods.
Les Symbiotes and Germ Theory
Authors: Sapp Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pasteur effectively quieted all proponents of spontaneous generation. Microorganisms in the tissue of animals were not the consequence, but rather the cause of disease. This work led to the isolation and systematic study of germs, to vaccination, and to the preparation of preventive and curative serums. The germ theory of disease transformed medicine and part of biology. At the same time, however, it led to the dogma of asepsis of normal healthy animal tissue. Organic liquids such as blood, urine, and lymph collected with necessary precautions against introducing extraneous microorganisms do not give rise to germs. Therefore, the tissues of healthy animals were deprived of germs. If microorganisms appeared, it was due to a technical fault: perhaps the operating instruments, the flask in which they had been deposited, or the air which penetrated into the flask had carried these germs. Otherwise, it was because the animal was stricken by a parasitic infection.
The Dull Edge of Ockham’s Razor
Authors: Sapp Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the 1970s and 1980s the symbiotic theory for the origin of cell organelles, once so out of harmony with accepted theory and “too fantastic to mention in polite biological society,” emerged not only as a respectable subject of scientific discourse, but as a thriving research program. This is not to suggest that all biologists readily accepted it. On the contrary, the symbiotic theory was evaluated from various perspectives and received with various degrees of agreement and skepticism. Many welcomed the argument for mitochondria and chloroplasts but rejected it for the organelles concerned with mitosis and motility. Still others were reluctant to accept the claim that chloroplasts and mitochondria evolved as symbionts. During the late 1960s and 1970s the serial endosymbiosis theory continued to be developed in direct conflict with autogenous theories labeled “direct filiation,” which held that organelles evolved by compartmentalization inside cells. The nature of the debates which ensued highlight the difficulties of establishing the validity of any evolutionary account.
Infectious Morbidity
Authors: Sommer Alfred , West Keith P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The strong impact of vitamin A status on mortality (Chapter 2) must be mediated, in large part, by its effect on the incidence and/or severity of life-threatening infections. Vitamin A prophylaxis and treatment have their clearest efficacy in reducing mortality associated with diarrhea and measles. An understanding of the relationship(s) between vitamin A status and infection is important in identifying the mechanisms that account for altered mortality and in quantifying the burden of infectious morbidity associated with vitamin A deficiency. These relationships are being examined with growing interest.
As already noted, animals develop infections relatively early in the course of vitamin A deficiency, often dying of overwhelming sepsis before developing xerophthalmia. In 1924, Webster reported that mice raised on “McCollum’s complete diet” were much more resistant to the lethal consequences of an oral challenge with mouse typhoid bacillus than were apparently equally healthy mice raised on the standard Rockefeller Institute diet.