bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Representations of the Working Classes by Nonworking-Class Writers: Subjectivity and Solidarity
Authors: Gagnier Regenia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Detailed descriptions of the life and labour of the people in all its various aspects, sensational or scientific, derived from personal observation or statistical calculation, become a characteristic feature of the publications of the [the 1880s], whether newspapers or magazines, plays or novels, the reports of philanthropic organisations or the proceedings of learned societies. It may be said that this novel concentration of attention on the social condition of the people was due neither to intellectual curiosity nor to the spirit of philanthropy, but rather to a panic fear of the newly enfranchised democracy.
The Bavli in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Kraemer David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapters I suggested that the form of the Bavli reflects its authors’ opinion that truth is ultimately indeterminable. The text juxtaposes interpretations or rulings, frequently without preferring one or the other, in order to declare that a single confident truth is beyond the reach of human understanding. Because revelation is no longer a means of divine communication and because the divine record (scripture) is dependent on human interpretation, human reason becomes the arbiter of the divine will-but only at a cost; human reason, as the Bavli admits explicitly from time to time, is fallible. The single truth is therefore inaccessible, and the variety of approaches to truth must be (and are) systematically affirmed.
Target: Prime Time
Authors: Montgomery Kathryn C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Offering the first book-length exploration of network television's relations with advocacy groups, Kathryn C. Montgomery presents a comprehensive picture of the impact of organized pressure on prime-time TV. She vividly describes, for example, how the Catholic Church campaigned against Maude's abortion on the TV show, Maude; how outraged actors mobilized a national protest against the portrayal of blacks in the TV miniseries, Beulah Land; and how the Moral Majority waged a sophisticated campaign to "clean up TV," by threatening to boycott advertisers. Exposing the inner workings of network television as no other book has done, Montgomery's study demonstrates how behind-the-scenes struggles have shaped the images, messages, and values that enter people's homes every night. The book also raises critical questions about television's role in our society and its responsibility to the American public.
Out into the world.
Authors: Taylor Mary , Murray Janet H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Though Sarah’s new whim to go to place excited so much astonishment, she knew that she had the entire approval of both father and mother. It was their teaching, probably, that had unconsciously led her to take it. They were not obliged to send her out to maintain herself, they could, in fact, have lived without working themselves, hut nothing could he farther from their habits and ideas than that their children should cease working on that account. If any better employment had offered itself for Sarah they would have directed her attention to it; as it was they would have laughed at the notion of losing dignity by work of any kind. If dignity could not take care of itself they would let it go. At worst, taking up an inferior trade was hut “reculer pour mieux sauter”-a thing quite in accordance with their practical, sterling character. So Mrs. Miles gave the girl some instructions as to her dress and behaviour, and Sarah felt herself quite equal to the occasion. She was thinking all the while of quite other matters. Her duties seemed to her easy enough, hut of small importance compared with the discoveries she should make when once within the gate of Paradise.
Hope again elastic springs.
Authors: Taylor Mary , Murray Janet H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is it that makes a new idea come into people’s heads-a new idea on a subject whereon they have perhaps thought long and earnestly for days or weeks? We have perhaps a hard nut to crack, and see no way of doing it. We turn it over and over, and find no one side more impressible than another. We settle a hundred times that there is nothing to be done with it, but yet we go on looking at it, and trying to find a weak place where we may make an attempt. We turn in despair away, and then from nowhere comes the solution that we have sought so long. Some unconscious cerebration, or other new name for an unknown thing, brings out the new light we sought so long and painfully in vain.
The Yankee Invasion
Authors: Hackett David G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was at the age of eighteen, and in the autumn of the year eighteen hundred, that I first set my foot within the precincts of the ancient and far-famed city of Albany.... Ihad then just launched my “light untimbered bark” upon the ocean of life; with no guide but Providence, and with no hand but my own to direct its course. Never shall I forget the deep feeling of loneliness that came over me when the receding headlands of my native bay disappeared in the distance, and I found myself, for the first time in my life, alone on the waters.
The Word in the Desert
Authors: Burton-Christie Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The retreat to the desert and growth of monasticism in fourth-century Egypt has long been recognized as one of the most significant moments in early Christianity. In the withdrawal to the stark solitude of the desert, a vibrant and original spirituality was born which was to wield great influence on both contemporaries and succeeding generations. Douglas Burton-Christie sheds fresh light on this early Christian ascetic movement by focusing on the way the desert saints interpret and appropriate the Scriptures. Drawing extensively on stories and sayings from the vast body of monastic literature, he shows that the Scriptures were a primary source of inspiration for the founders of early monasticism, and the shaping force in the development of a new `school’ of holiness in the desert. Burton-Christie goes on to discuss how this biblical spirituality developed, what substantive issues defined its growth, what hermeneutical approaches were used in shaping it, and how it came to its mature expression. He contends that, through the use of contemporary hermeneutical categories, the ‘desert hermeneutic’ can become not only intelligible to the modern interpreter, but engaging and challenging as well.
The Zen Discipline and Experience
Authors: King Winston L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Meditation has always been an integral Part of Buddhist doctrine and practice, though followed in varying degrees and in differing forms in the several Buddhist traditions. In those countries dominated by the Buddhist Theravada tradition, it is termed dhyäna and has been presumed to be the somewhat exclusive property of the monks who have foresworn worldly life. Indeed, final salvation (the attainment of Nirvana) is not possible without it. Laypersons have moral precepts to follow and monks to support and honor in order to gain merit for a better rebirth, perhaps with a monk’s nirvanic-oriented career in store.
Religion as a Mediating Factor 1n Culture Change
Authors: Bourguignon Erika 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“In the autumn of 1984 a wave of rumors about mad Balanta women spread across the south of Guinea Bissau.” So begins a fascinating account by the Dutch psychiatrist Joop T.V.M. de Jong (l 987, p. 77) in his book A Descent into African Psychiatry. Guinea Bissau is a small West African country that had obtained its independence from Portugal only ten years before, and the Balanta are its largest ethnic group. What de Jong is referring to in the quotation cited above is a movement that came to be called Jangue Jangue. Young women who had lost children or who were unable to conceive were, it was said, being helped by an inspired woman healer. She supposedly received spirit messages that gave her knowledge of medicinal plants, as well as a new code of living. This code included an anti-witchcraft movement, of which there had been several in the past. In particular, one was associated with the struggle for liberation from colonial rule. Additionally, the leader’s teachings rejected many traditional practices, including arranged marriages and expensive mourning ceremonies involving much drinking and slaughtering of cattle. The founder’s original inspiration (which followed on a serious illness) and the conversions of new members involved such features as dreaming, hearing voices, head shaking, and running off into the bush.
The Burden of Christendom: Seventeenth-Century Harvard
Authors: Marsden George M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the remarkable facts of American history is that only six years after their settlement in the Massachusetts wilderness the Puritans established what soon became a reputable college. Higher education was for them a high priority in civilization building. During its early decades New England had one of the highest per capita concentrations of university-educated men anywhere in the world. By establishing a college so early (in the southern colonies it took a century to do the same) the Puritans laid the foundation for New England’s dominance in American higher education for the next three centuries. As late as the era when Americans founded modern universities or transformed their colleges into universities, few of the key leaders lacked New England connections. The Puritans’ commitment to higher education and the tensions that created for such an intensely spiritual movement must be understood in the context of a long history of often uneasy relationships of Christianity to advanced learning. The Puritans of the 1630s, it is helpful to recall, were living as close to the era of Thomas Aquinas as we are to theirs. So while we inevitably refract our understanding of them through what has happened since, we will gain a more balanced appreciation of their own concerns if we think in terms of their own history. They were still in many ways people of the Middle Ages. Their medieval outlook had indeed been modified by what we call the Renaissance, more by the Reformation, and they had been touched as well by glimmers of what was to become modernity. Nonetheless, the problems they addressed were still largely those of medieval Christendom. How could they set Christendom back on its proper course? So far as university education was concerned, they took for grantedsome deeply entrenched patterns that for several centuries had defined advanced learning in the Western world; but as reformers they were also ready to bend the patterns to suit their purposes.
American Arbitration Law
Authors: Macneil Ian R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although arbitration is a way of settling disputes without expensive court litigation, it carries with it a central conflict for the state. That is, if the judgments of the arbiter are not supported by the state, then they are not enforceable, and arbitration becomes unworkable. On the other hand, arbitration can frequently be manipulated to maintain inequitable relationships, and the state has legitimate reservations about surrendering or leasing its authority. In this work, Ian Macneil examines the history of the American arbitration legislation that deals with this conflict.
Transition to Democracy, Corporatism, and Presidentialism with Special Reference to Latin America
Authors: Nino Carlos Santiago 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter seeks to connect the movement toward revision of the presidentialist system of government, perceptible in several Latin American countries, with some sociostructural variables with considerable impact on the process of consolidation of democracy.1 In particular, I intend to show that as the main threats to that consolidation of democracy are the pressures of so-called “corporative groups”-the military, the Church, the trade unions, and entrepreneurial conglomerates-it is necessary to develop mechanisms for wider popular participation and stronger political parties to counteract those pressures. Further, I want to demonstrate that those mechanisms may increase the tensions in the democratic system generated by the dysfunctions of presidentialist government. My argument will lead to the conclusion that it is necessary to modify the presidential system of government to allow for the operation of mechanisms to contain the pressures of corporations, thus amplifying the space of the democratic process.
The Broadcast Reform Movement versus the Radio Lobby: Arguments, Proposals, Programs, and Problems
Authors: Mcchesney Robert W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The broadcast reform movement generated an extensive critique of commercial broadcasting and its limitations for the communication requirements of a democratic society. While there was general consensus on the core elements of this critique, the reformers disagreed about alternatives to the status quo. The assorted broadcast reformers had difficulty working in unison, thereby only magnifying the difficulty of their task of reconstructing U.S. broadcasting. This chapter will discuss the basic concerns that united the broadcast reform movement as well as the issues that divided them.
Conclusion
Authors: Mcchesney Robert W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A major objective of this study has been to indicate the extent to which there was organized popular opposition to commercial broadcasting in the United States, and to discredit the notion that the American people went along with the establishment of the status quo with barely a glimmer of dissent. The deterministic stance is based upon an assessment of the popular response to radio by the mid-192os, which follows from the presupposition that the network-dominated, advertising-supported system was intact and beyond political or ideological challenge by 1927 at the very latest. The status quo, however, only came into existence between 1927 and 1930; prior to those years, few if any imagined U.S. broadcasting would assume the traits it quickly adopted. Once the contours of the new system became apparent, many Americans, from a variety of backgrounds, reacted with utter disgust and devoted considerable energy to public campaigns to restructure the broadcasting set-up to allow for significant non profit and noncommercial devel. Far from being entrenched in the mid-192os, before it even came into existence, the status quo was only economically consolidated by 1932, legislatively consolidated by 1934, and ideologically consolidated by the end of the decade. On all three fronts, the broadcast reform movement challenged the industry with impunity prior to consolidation.
Introductory note to *1949b
Authors: Malament David B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his lecture, Gödel exhibits and discusses the properties of his new exact solution to Einstein’s equation. The solution represents a possible universe, compatible with the constraints of relativity theory, in which aggregate matter (on a cosmological scale) is in a state of uniform, rigid rotation. Gooel’s presentation here covers much the same ground as does the published account (1949) that appeared two months later. But the tone throughout is more relaxed and expansive, and there are a number of specific additions. They include the following:
Introductory note to Gödel *1970a, *1970b, and *1970c
Authors: Solovay Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gödel *1970a is a handwritten document that was sent to Alfred Tarski for submission to the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. It lists four axioms and claims to deduce from them that 2No = N2• *1970b and *1970c are two other handwritten documents that bear on *1970a. *1970b claims, on the contrary, to deduce the continuum hypothesis from some of the axioms mentioned in *1970a.
American Lawyers
Authors: Abel Richard L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Based on an extensive survey of historical, sociological, and legal sources, American Lawyers traces the development of the legal profession during the past century. The most comprehensive work on the subject in over thirty years, this seminal study offers a disturbing portrait of the character, evolution, and future of law and lawyers in the United States. Since their emergence in the last quarter of the nineteenth century, Abel argues, bar associations have consciously shaped and controlled the development of the profession. American Lawyers have deliberately erected entry barriers designed to restrict the number and raise the social status of lawyers, and have intentionally dampened competition. Abel demonstrates how lawyers sought to increase access to justice while simultaneously stimulating demand for legal services, and how they implemented self-regulation to forestall external control. Charting the dramatic transformation of the profession over the last two decades, Abel documents the growing number and importance of lawyers employed outside private practice in business and government.
Reading, Writing, and Arithmetic: The Lessons Silences Has Taught Us
Authors: Fishkin Shelley Fisher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A reader picking up Harper’s Magazine in October 1965 would have learned from the cover that a number of famous writers “and others” contributed to the issue. “And others” included Tillie Olsen-whose exclusion from the cover list of contributors gave ironic resonance to the themes of omission, erasure, and invisibility that her article so eloquently explored.
‘‘No One’s Private Ground”: A Bakhtinian Reading of Tillie Olsen’s Tell Me a Riddle
Authors: Coiner Constance 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the stories collected in Tell Me a Riddle Tillie Olsen examines the marginalization and potential empowering of various groups of oppressed people, particularly women, by experimenting with potentially democratizing modes of discourse. Deborah Rosenfelt has rightly placed Olsen in a line of women writers, associated with the American Left, who unite a class consciousness and a feminist consciousness in their lives and creative work, who are concerned with the material circumstances of people’s lives, who articulate the experiences and grievances of women and of other oppressed groups-workers, national minorities, the colonized and the exploited-who speak out of a defining commitment to social change (“Thirties” 374).
Television and Its Critics
Authors: Jankowski Gene F , Fuchs David C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most prestigious gathering in television is the annual convention of the National Association of Broadcasters. Everybody who is anybody goes-the station owners, the general managers, the program directors, the news directors, the sales managers, the top executives of the networks, the program producers, the hardware makers, the top advertising people, the station representative organizations, the trade groups, the regulators, the lawyers for everybody, the consultants for everybody, the press, and everyone who counts from Washington, New York, and Los Angeles, the three power centers of the industry, and almost every place in between. Having all this power in one place does not necessarily mean that anything interesting happens, but the 1961 convention did have a particular electricity about it. In 1958, the quiz show scandal had rocked the industry. It had been revealed over the course of a nine-month grand jury probe and sensational public hearings by a subcommittee of the U.S.
Comic Debates: The Uses of Cosmopolite
Authors: Bryant John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Confidence-Man begins with a dynamic vision of the West. Like Broadway, its opening image of the Mississippi is the cosmopolitan stage for all makes of man, foreign and domestic:
And the list goes on, pairing such opposites as Quakers and soldiers, Mormons and Papists, jesters and mourners. The West is an “all-fusing spirit” that contains “in one confident and cosmopolitan tide … that multiform pilgrim species, man.” Melville borrowed this opener from T. B.Thorpe’s “The Big Bear of Arkansas.” So well known was this tall tale that Melville’s readers could not miss echoes of Thorpe’s own cosmopolitan passenger list: “the wealthy Southern planter, and the pedlar of tin-ware from New England-bishop, and a desperate gambler-the land speculator, and the honest farmer-professional men of all creeds and characters Wolvereens, Suckers, Hoosiers, Buckeyes, and Com-crackers, beside a ‘plentiful sprinkling’ of the half-horse and half-alligator species of men.’’1 Some of Melville’s phrases-men of pleasure, men of business, backwoodsman, speculator, cotton planter-are close enough to be plagiarisms of Thorpe, but his repetition of the “-hunter” suffix manifests an aesthetics of fusion not found in the rhetoric of “Big Bear.”
Beyond “Just the Facts”: Reading as Rhetorical Action
Authors: Haas Christina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All English teachers are teachers of reading and of writing. Whether a teacher’s scholarship, instruction, and institutional identity lie primarily within literature or within composition, the day-to-day business of English classrooms is inherently bound up in texts: student texts, teacher texts, canonical texts, marginal texts. These texts are read and reread, written and rewritten, as teaching and learning proceed. Despite this fact, a great deal of recent scholarship in English, aimed at understanding the learning that goes on in our classrooms, has focused almost exclusively on writing and writing processes. In a recent College Composition and Communication article, Russell Durst points out that fully 62% of the articles cited in the Research in the Teaching of English bibliographies since 1984 have focused on written composition (Durst, 1990). Although 9% of the articles focused on literature, Durst noted none that specifically dealt with reading or reading processes. Similar results would no doubt be found for other publications written for college teachers of English.
Reading to Argue: Helping Students Transform Source Texts
Authors: Higgins Lorraine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
College students are often asked to develop arguments that address the questions and problems raised in their courses. In assessing student papers, however, instructors often remark that students seem to be indiscriminately reporting on or responding to source texts rather than using them to argue a position. This chapter explores some of the difficulties students face as they attempt to transform source texts into written arguments, and it demonstrates how instructors can model and support the interpretive strategies that underlie written argument.
Sacred Biography
Authors: Heffernan Thomas J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Medieval “saints’ lives” are among the oldest literary texts of Western vernacular culture, yet are routinely patronized as “pious fiction”. Heffernan demonstrates that to characterize the genre as fiction is to misunderstand the intentions of medieval authors, who were neither simply credulous or blinded by piety. Concentrating on Latin and English texts, Heffernan reconstructs the medieval perspective, arguing that such biographical writing presupposes an entirely different view of the world and the self, and presents new ideas of sin and guilt, of what was real and what imaginary, and for what one should live and die. Offering a new perspective on Christian literary expression, this book will appeal to scholars in Medieval, Religious and New Testament studies, Feminist Studies, and those interested in the history of Christian spirituality.