bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Progressive Transformation in the Conception of Property
Authors: Horwitz Morton J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The basic problem of legal thinkers after the Civil War was how to articulate a conception of property that could accommodate the tremendous expansion in the variety of forms of ownership spawned by a dynamic industrial society. At a time when legal conceptions were still overwhelmingly derived from ideas about landed property, new forms of property developed and expanded that were increasingly difficult to fit into the conventional categories. The rise of the business corporation generated a number of novel questions about property rights, in terms both of constitutional protection of corporate property and of shareholders’ property rights in the corporation. The enormous expansion in the variety of commercial instruments produced new forms of ownership in need of legal classification.
Early Judicial Attempts to Adapt Entity Law to the New Economy of Corporate Groups
Authors: Blumberg Phillip I 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The doctrine of entity law, regarding the corporation as a separate juridical person with its own rights and obligations distinct from those of its shareholders, presents obvious opportunities for manipulation, particularly where the corporation is owned and controlled by a single shareholder. Accordingly, it was inevitable that, notwithstanding the development of entity law and its reinforcement by the adoption of the policy of limited liability, the courts would develop an accompanying corrective doctrim: to avoid the grotesque consequences that would otherwise result from unyielding application of the doctrine.
National Law and Multinational Business: Enterprise Law and Extraterritoriality
Authors: Blumberg Phillip I 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Enterprise concepts generally seek to impose legal obligations of one component of a corporate group upon the other components of the group; occasionally, enterprise principles are used to attribute legal rights of one group component to another. In the case of multinational corporations with component corporations in several, if not many, countries, the use of enterprise principles by a nation invariably involves extraterritorial application of the doctrine to foreign affiliates, thereby frequently precipitating a clash with the national legal systems of the other countries in which the group operates. This is particularly likely when the group operates in other nations that continue to rely on entity principles.
Assessment of Risk to Children
Authors: Wender Esther H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The assessment of risk to children is different from judgments regarding risk in adults. In this context, risk refers to the possibility of harmful outcome from procedures involved in research studies. One of the assumptions of this analysis is that the assessment of medical risk in children is relatively straightforward and differs from such assessment in adults only because of differences in physiology and disease susceptibility in children, issues that are the substance of pediatric medicine and have been previously well researched. When assessing risk as it uniquely affects children, however, the primary issues are psychological, and the psychological issues vary both with the progress of development and with environmental circumstance.
The Two Tempers of Draco
Authors: Bernstein Iver 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For New York’s middle and upper classes, no less than for its wage laborers, the riot week was a time of evaluating commitments and choosing sides. The riots provoked sharp disagreement among local elites over whether to declare federal martial law and allow a Republican standing army to enforce the draft in New York City. The debate over federal power also became a dispute over relations with the poor and between the races. By midweek there were two well-defined elite positions on the violence with no neutral ground in between. The polarization of the middle and upper classes turned the draft riots from a working-class challenge o[ unprecedented scope into something larger-a political crisis.
Aging Aircraft
Authors: Oster Clinton V , Strong Johns , Zorn C Kurt 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of the most chilling images of recent times was the April 1988 film footage of the Aloha Airlines B-737-200 which had the top half of the front fuselage torn away in flight. While the flight crew landed the aircraft safely and only one fatality occurred, the image of passengers and crew exposed to flying debris and hurricane force winds brought concerns about aging aircraft to the fore.
Summing Up and Looking Ahead
Authors: Oster Clinton V , Strong Johns , Zorn C Kurt 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Pre-deregulation concerns about an erosion in the high level of safety in the U.S. airline industry have not been realized during the first decade of deregulation. Jet carrier safety performance has been sharply better post-deregulation than in any comparable pre-deregulation period. Perhaps more significantly in light of concerns about competitive pressures leading to maintenance shortcuts, the rate of accidents precipitated by equipment failure has been lower following deregulation. Jet carrier accidents due to air traffic control error are also less frequent, suggesting that neither the PATCO strike nor increasing congestion has resulted in decreased safety.
The Carolina Venture in Economic Context
Authors: Coclanis Peter A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In April 1670 an elderly Puritan led a small band of Englishmen down from the solid little frigate Carolina and onto the eerie lowland the Kiawah Indians called home. Though Europeans had moved through the history of the area for well over a century, their boot prints up to this time were faint. The lone and level sands of Kiawah, as in the antique land of Shelley’s “Ozymandias,” still stretched far away. The arrival of the Carolina changed the course of history at Kiawah, however, for with its coming, permanent European settlement-occupation if you will-had begun. The arrival of the frigate that spring day, indeed, the history of the colony founded by the adventurers that sprang from its hold, should be seen as characteristic, if relatively minor, episodes in the story of the commercial expansion of early modern Europe. This commercial expansion, moreover, was part of an even larger phenomenon which began in the twelfth century and stretched into the nineteenth century, the evolution of a market society. Though but an existential moment in the saga of this epochal development, South Carolina can only be understood within its context. And so, it is with the market that our narrative properly begins.
The Economic Rise of the South Carolina Low Country
Authors: Coclanis Peter A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It was a long, hard ride for the Huguenot Samuel Peyre from his home in French Santee to the city of Charleston. Down the private path carved out of the wilderness to the Craven County Highway. Down that highway for a number of miles, through Mattasee, Flowery Cane, and Fountain Run swamps. Then, into Berkeley County. Down the Berkeley County Highway past Biggan Church, then, after crossing Fair Forest Swamp, down the highway further until it became the Congaree Road. Down the Congaree Road for a good piece, then across the stream where the Mepkin Bridge later stood. Down the road further still, until, reaching Strawberry, he would spend the night at an inn. After rising early the next day, he would continue down the Congaree Road to Bonneau’ s Ferry over the eastern branch of the Cooper River. Upon crossing that stream, he would pick up the Congaree Road again and continue on until he crossed three small creeks, French Quarter, Gibson’s, and Clouter’s by name. Continuing on a little further, he would ride up on his tired mount to the east bank of the Cooper River. After crossing that wide, wide river, he would catch the King’s Highway, the highway to Charleston. With luck, by nightfall he would ride into the city. Clearly, the trip from the French Santee area to Charleston in, let us say, 1740 was not easy. For French Santee was for all practical purposes the “outback” of the colony of South Carolina at that time.
“Lay dis body down’’: The Economic Demise of the Low Country
Authors: Coclanis Peter A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On January 22, 1737, a “very Melancholy accident” was reported in the South-Carolina Gazette. A planter’s son and a Negro slave, according to the newspaper, disappeared while traveling by canoe down the Ashley River for Charleston, where the former—apparently a young boy—was to attend school. Being missed, a search was launched after them. This effort notwithstanding, neither the white boy nor the Negro slave ever was seen alive again. Their bodies ultimately were found, however, “ ... sticking in the Mud in the said River, their Arms clasping one another.” Their deathly embrace seems, in retrospect, a fitting metaphor for the economic history of the area they both called home. Requiescant in pace. The economy of the South Carolina low country collapsed in the nineteenth century. Collapse did not come suddenly—many feel, for example, that the area’s “golden age” lasted until about 1820—but come it did nonetheless. By the late nineteenth century it was clear that the forces responsible for the area’s earlier dynamism had been routed, the dark victory of economic stagnation virtually complete. Indeed, so complete was this victory that much of the low country remains languid even today. In this chapter we shall attempt to explain some of the reasons for the low country’s demise. In so doing, it is hoped that we shall also gain greater insight into the nature of the area’s eighteenth-century rise.
The Fundamental Role of Risk Tradeoffs
Authors: Kip Viscusi W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Risk is an inherent part of almost every facet of our lives. We encounter risks in our food, transportation, employment, and recreation. These risks are seldom certain prospects. Usually there is some probability less than 1 that we will incur some adverse health outcome. In the case of extremely undesirable consequences, such as severe injury or ·death, the odds of occurrence are usually quite slim.
Social Insurance for Work and Product Injuries
Authors: Kip Viscusi W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Government policies designed to reduce risk are primarily concerned with the ex ante value of the statistical lives saved. In contrast, social insurance efforts primarily focus on the appropriate compensation amount after the accident has occurred. These functions are not entirely divisible since this ex post compensation may have important incentive effects for accident prevention. Moreover, an understanding of the appropriate principles for social insurance will enable us to better understand the differences between the appropriate value of life for compensation and prevention.
Risk within Reason
Authors: Kip Viscusi W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Society’s system for managing risks to life and limb is deeply flawed. We overreact to some risks and virtually ignore others. Often too much weight is placed on risks of low probability but high salience (such as those posed by trace carcinogens or terrorist action); risks of commission rather than omission; and risks, such as those associated with frontier technologies, whose magnitude is difficult to estimate. Too little effort is spent ameliorating voluntary risks, such as those involving automobiles and diet. When the bearers of risk do not share in the costs of reduction, moreover, extravagance is likely.
The Impact of Occupational Safety and Health Regulation, 1972–1975
Authors: Kip Viscusi W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Since the passage of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, there has been a steady decline in the injury rate for manufacturing workers. This favorable trend has been widely cited as evidence of the effectiveness of the regulatory activities of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. This chapter provides both a conceptual analysis of the likely effects of regulation and analyzes the determinants of health and safety investments and industry injury rates over the 1972–75 period.
The Mis-Specified Agenda: The 1980s Reforms of Health, Safety, and Environmental Regulation
Authors: Kip Viscusi W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The 1970s marked the advent of a new wave of regulation of health, safety, and the environment.1 Congress created a series of new agencies with broad responsibilities, including the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). Although some of these agencies consolidated the functions previously dispersed among other smaller agencies, the sweeping legislative mandates given to these agencies marked a dramatic increase in the level of regulation of the American economy. Congress directed these agencies to promote health, safety, and environmental quality almost without compromise.
Autonomous Selfhood: Individualism Versus Compound Individuality
Authors: Crittenden Jack 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The autonomous self, as discussed, emerges with the unfolding of formal opera¬ tional thought. Here identity is embedded in these operations, that is, in abstract reasoning, rationality, the system and rules of logic and language that are indepen¬ dent of the phenomena they govern. For the first time self-reflectivity is possible, and it marks this level as that of individuality. Only at this level can the person be independent of the rules and roles of his “sodality” and thus be free of the need for group conformity and approbation.1
Veneration of Community
Authors: Crittenden Jack 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Participation in the generative procedures, which we might abbreviate as “gener¬ ative participation,” assumes a willingness to take part in making decisions that affect not only one’s own life but also the shape and future of the lives of others and of the life of the community. II cannot be the simple pursuit of private interests. This participation opens up the possibility of intimate relationships, as it promotes a habit of considering disparate views and incorporating them into one’s own worldview. And it does more. The group or community is opened to continuous democratic deliberation about its general will or common interest, just as the individual is similarly opened to the recasting of his worldview.
Life in the Household
Authors: Gottlieb Beatrice 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We do not think about the household today as something public or economically productive. Home is where you go to get away from the world and to rest from your labors. Even a housewife who feels that she never rests from her labors tends to think that her purpose is to maintain a setting for private activities. Exceptions are considered unusual-for example, the author of this book, who works at home. In the past, and not even the very distant past, it was difficult to separate household activities from other activities. A house hold was at one and the same time a family’s private residence and a place in the public eye. More than any other aspect, the use to which the household is put differentiates the Western family of the present from the Western family of the past.
What’s Mass Wrong with Production?
Authors: Scitovsky Tibor 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Specialization, division of labor, mass production, economies of scale-all are names and aspects of the one principle, recognized and first stated by Adam Smith: that the division of labor increases its product. That principle is the foundation of our high standard of living, the guiding light of all economic progress, and it continues to shower benefits upon us. Yet it has drawbacks as well. Since the drawbacks affect us as universally as the blessings, it is essential that we have a balanced view of them together. The drawbacks, however, are as commonly ignored as the advantages are recognized; that is why I set out to redress the balance.
What’s Wrong with Specialization?
Authors: Scitovsky Tibor 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Having dealt with some of the implications of the economies of scale, let me now come to those of specialization more narrowly interpreted. Specialization is the key to the high and still rising efficiency of production in our economy, which perhaps explains the specialist’s high prestige in our production-oriented society. But if narrow specialization is the necessary condition of efficiency in production, efficiency in consumption demands the very oppo­ site. Humanity has many needs, and people’s welfare depends on the balanced satisfaction of all or most of them. One of these, enjoyable stimulation, has a great variety of sources, and here again, a full and interesting life demands the ability to enjoy, if not all, at least a good selection also of them.
Chapter IV
Authors: Tenney Tabitha Gilman 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The thirty-fourth year of Dorcasina, was another remarkable era of her life, as at that age he was addressed in a style of love and gallantry exactly adapted to her taste. The year before, there had arrived at Philadelphia, from Europe, a young Irishman, about twenty-one years of age. He was natural son to the steward of an Irish nobleman. During his life time, his father had kept him at school. The boy was likely, impudent, and a good scholar; always at the head of all mischief in every school he attended; and remarkable for having always a pack of cards in his pocket, and for attending every cock-fight and horse­ race, within a dozen miles of him. Upon the death of his father, which happened when he was about twenty, being left in adestitute situation, he repaired to London, the general resort of people of all conditions, to try his luck at gambling, or any other kind of villany which would procure him a subsistence.
Chapter X
Authors: Tenney Tabitha Gilman 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There had arrived ,that day, at the inn ,a gentleman from Philadelphia, attended by a shrewd Irish servant, possessed of as much impudence as his countryman, O’Connor. Unfortunately for Dorcasina, he was standing in the entry, when she arrived. Seeing a woman of such a strange appearance, his curiosity was excited, and he determined to watch her closely. Consequent upon this determination, he heard the message delivered to the hostess by Patrick, and saw the former show Dorcasina the way to’Connor’s chamber. Resolved to see the end of the adventure, he waited patiently, at the bottom of the stairs, till, after an hour’s absence, he saw her descend them.
Chapter XII
Authors: Tenney Tabitha Gilman 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As soon as Dorcasina had made this sacrifice of her inclination to her duty, she retired to her chamber and gave free vent to the emotions with which she was oppressed. She now experienced the fallacy and uncertainty of all sublunary felicity. Yesterday, she was the happiest of human beings: to-day, she experienced a sad reverse. Her grief was bitter and severe; but it did not carry her to despair. Her faith in the integrity of O’Connor being still unshaken, she flattered herself that the letter from Mr. W. would cause another revolution, in the mind of her father, which would be altogether in his favour. But alas! she was now debarred the pleasure of seeing him; and of having her sorrows soothed and composed by the magic voice of love and sympathy. She was also distressed at the thoughts of what her lover would suffer by this separation, and she wished to communicate to him her promise. But fearing the shock would be too great for him, she was willing to delay it as long as possible.
Chapter XVII
Authors: Tenney Tabitha Gilman 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
After this adventure, Dorcasina tarried at home, unmolested, a whole month; during which term, she never once visited her favourite retreat. In the interim, her mind had become tolerably composed, and her time was divided between her father, her domestic duties, and her novels. Her thoughts, however, dwelt much upon her absent lover; and his letters, the pledges of his love, were daily read over and daily caressed. She, likewise, often reflected upon the strange behaviour of the barber, and puzzled herself in conjecturing who, in the village, was capable of writing the letters, which she supposed had been by him deposited in the tree.
Chapter VI
Authors: Tenney Tabitha Gilman 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For four years, after the adventures related in the preceding chapters, Dorcasina conducted herself with the utmost propriety, and her father flattered himself that time and experience had entirely done away all her romantic ideas; and that she had now become as rational a woman in regard to love and marriage, as she was in every other respect. About the end of this term, he one day received a letter from Mr. Cumberland of Philadelphia, requesting permission to pay his addresses to Dorcasina. Mr. Cumberland, who was a merchant engaged in extensive commerce, was turned of fifty, and had been three years a widower. He had five children, who were all of them married. He was a respectable, economical, domestic kind of a man, who loved money, and, next to that his wife (when he had one) and his children; and was what the world calls an excellent husband and father. Having married his two youngest daughters, since the death of their mother, his life became so solitary that he began to think of taking another wife. Having but a very limited acquaintance, and being too deeply immersed in business to have leisure to look round himself, he requested a friend to recommend to him some lady, who he thought would make him a suitable companion. This friend had heard of Dorcasina Sheldon, of her father’s estate, and the amiable parts of her character. He therefore recommended her to Mr. Cumberland as a person in every respect suitable to become his wife. Mr. Sheldon, having formerly had dealings with Mr. Cumberland, and knowing him to be a man of integrity and punctuality, was pleased with the application; and thought that, if Dorcasina gave him her hand in marriage, she would be extremely well disposed of.
Chapter VII
Authors: Tenney Tabitha Gilman 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the morning Betty did not make her appearance in the kitchen, till breakfast time; and then she came dressed out in her Sunday apparel, to the no small astonishment of the white servants, and the inexpressible diversion of Scipio, who did not fail to get out of her every thing which passed in the back parlour. As soon as she had breakfasted, instead of assisting in the kitchen, as usual, she retired again to her chamber, where she passed great part of the forenoon, hoping and expecting to receive a visit from Mr. Cumberland.