bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Instrumentation Amplifiers
Authors: Bowers Derek F. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Background

Definition

The Basic Instrumentation Amplifier

Gain Error

Common‐Mode Rejection Ratio

Advantages of the Basic Instrumentation Amplifier

Shortcomings of the Basic Instrumentation Amplifier

The Classic Three‐Op‐Amp Instrumentation Amplifier

Reference Input

Sense Input

Input and Output Referred Errors

The Two‐Op‐Amp Instrumentation Amplifier

An Alternative Approach Using Three Op‐Amps

Venturing Beyond Op‐Amp Design Techniques

Current‐Feedback Techniques

Active Feedback

Conceptual Active‐Feedback Instrumentation Amplifiers

Precision Active‐Feedback Instrumentation Amplifiers

Glossary of Frequently Encountered Terms
Automatic Test Equipment
Authors: Liguori Fred 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Early History of Automatic Test Equipment

Maintenance Versus Manufacturing Testing

Basic Principles of Automatic Test Equipment

Comparison of Manual and Automatic Testing

Control Subsystem

Stimulus Subsystem

Measurement Subsystem

Switching Subsystem

System Software Subsystem

Machine Instructions

Operating System and Run Time Executive

Translators

Compilers

Self‐Test

Self‐Test Hierarchy

Turn‐On Tests

Autocheck

System Diagnostic and Calibration Tests

Subsystem Test Library

Building‐Brick Test Library

User Libraries

The Test Program

Test Program Set Design and Production

Test Design

Establishing Test Limits

Test Program Set Production

Interface Device Design and Fabrication

Test Program Instructions

Validation
Hygrometers
Authors: Matko Vojko 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionTypesMechanical HygrometersWet‐ and Dry‐Bulb HygrometersAdsorption‐Type HygrometersHygrometers Based on Adsorption of CeramicDew‐Point HygrometerImpedance‐Type HygrometersPiezoelectric HygrometersElectrolytic HygrometersOptical Fiber HygrometersCalibrationLong‐Term Stability
Pressure Sensors
Authors: Wioeniewski Roland 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Fundamental Definitions

Primary Pressure Measurements

General Characteristics of Pressure Sensors

Diaphragm Pressure‐Sensing Elements

Bourdon‐Tube Sensing Elements

Straight‐Tube Sensing Elements

Strain‐Gauge Pressure Sensors

Resistance Pressure Sensors

Capacitive Pressure Sensor

Inductive Pressure Sensors

Reluctive Pressure Sensors

Piezoelectric Pressure Sensors

Potentiometric Pressure Sensors

Semiconductor Devices as Silicon Pressure Gauges

Actual Market Information
Strain Sensors
Authors: Rajanna K. , Nayak M. M. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areOrigin of Strain GaugesConcept of Stress and StrainBasic Operating Principle of the Strain GaugeStrain Sensitivity/Gauge FactorFeatures of an Ideal Strain GaugeGeneral Classes of Strain GaugesStrain Sensitivity DependenceUse of the Wheatstone BridgeThin Film Technology for Strain Gauges and Strain Gauge Based Sensor DevelopmentPhysical Vapor DepositionBias SputteringChemical MethodsMethods to Determine the Gauge Factor of Strain GaugesApplication of Strain Gauges in Other Measuring SystemsPressure TransducerLoad CellsSummaryAppendix 1. A Chronology of the Major Milestones in the History of Strain Gauge Development
Microwave Measurement Instrumentation
Authors: Aditya Sheel , Arokiaswami Alphones 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areMicrowave RadiometryMicrowave SpectroscopyMeasurement of Permittivity and PermeabilityTime‐Domain MeasurementsSweep Frequency Measurement of Scattering ParametersSix‐Port ReflectometerPower Measurement
Magnetic Field Measurement
Authors: Aykan Aydin , Stecher Manfred 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areRelevance of Electromagnetic Field MeasurementsQuantities and Units of Magnetic FieldsRange of Magnetic Field Levels to be Considered for MeasurementEquipment for Magnetic Field MeasurementsMagnetic‐Field‐Strength Measurement MethodsCalibration of a Circular Loop AntennaCalculation of Standard Near‐Zone Magnetic FieldsElectrical Properties of Circular LoopsDetermination Of The Antenna Factor
Reflectometers, Time‐Domain
Authors: Rusek Andrew 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Time‐domain reflectometry
(TDR) is one of the most useful methods of analyzing signal integrity in transmission media. This includes conventional “hardwired” devices such as cables, microstrip transmission lines, and other transmission paths found in radiofrequency, microwave, and high‐speed digital circuits and systems. This article describes the basic concepts of the TDR technique as well as associated with a related technique:
time‐domain transmission
(TDT). Through the course of this article, conventional TDR signal measurements related to various transmission‐line loads are demonstrated and discussed. In addition, a
differential
TDR
system is presented. Finally, TDR/TDT test results illustrating reflections due to parasitic effects, as well as
normalization techniques
in modern TDR systems, are described.

Introduction

Time‐Domain Reflectometry Principles

Examples of
TDR
/
TDT
Tests and
TDR
/
TDT
Applications

Summary
Electric Noise Measurement
Authors: Tobar Michael E. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areMathematical Representations of NoiseDefinitionsNyquist’S TheoremEquivalent Current and Voltage Noise GeneratorsTypes of NoiseNoise Figure and Temperature of a Device Under TestNoise Figure and Temperature of Cascaded StagesNoise Figure and Temperature of Lossy Transmission LineTwo‐Noise Source MethodEffects of MismatchNoise SourcesInternational Comparison of Thermal Noise Temperature MeasurementsOn‐Wafer Noise MeasurementsInterferometric Noise MeasurementsAcknowledgments
Wavelength Meter
Authors: Guy Martin , Latrasse Christine , Villeneuve Bernard , Têtu Michel , Tremblay Pierre 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areBasic InformationBasic Electromagnetic Wave Theory and Useful Wavelength‐Measurement DefinitionsSpectrometer‐Based Wavelength MetersInterferometer‐Based Wavelength MetersApplications and Advanced TopicsConclusion
Image Processing
Authors: Singh Harpreet , Hamzeh Y. , Bhama S. , Talahmeh S. , Anneberg L. , Gerhart G. , Meitzler T. , Kaur D. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Background

Image Restoration

Image Enhancement

Object Recognition

Wavelets

Image Coding

Neural Networks

Image Fusion

Fuzzy Logic and Neuro‐Fuzzy Approach to Image Fusion

Major Problems in Video Image Fusion
Camera Calibration For Image Processing
Authors: Chatterjee Chanchal , Roychowdhury Vwani P. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areCamera Calibration ModelLinear Methods of Noncoplanar Camera CalibrationNonlinear Methods of Noncoplanar Camera CalibrationRobust Methods of Noncoplanar Camera CalibrationCoplanar Camera CalibrationExperimental ResultsConcluding Remarks
Algebraic Coding Theory
Authors: KlØve Tor Helleseth Torleiv 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Linear Codes

Some Bounds on Codes

Galois Fields

Cyclic Codes

BCH Codes

Automorphisms

The Weight Distribution of a Code

The Binary Golay Code

Decoding

Reed–Solomon Codes

Nonlinear Codes from Codes over
Z
4
Distributed Databases
Authors: Breitbart Y. , Korth H. F. , Silberschatz A. , Sudarshan S. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Taxonomy of Distributed Database Systems

Distributed Database Architecture

Data Allocation

Distributed Query Processing

Distributed Transaction Processing

Distributed Concurrency Control

Distributed Commit Protocols

Replication of Data

Alternative Models of Distributed Transaction Processing

Conclusions
Data Analysis
Authors: Chen Arbee L. P. , Wu Yi‐Hung 
Published: September 2005

AbstractIn this article, we describe the concepts and techniques of data analysis. Two categories, supervised data analysis and unsupervised data analysis, are presented according to different initial conditions and resultant uses. Two methods for data analysis are then described and illustrated with examples, which are based on probability theory and fuzzy‐set theory, respectively. Following the introduction of fundamental data analysis methods, the method for Internet data analysis is presented. Further discussions on advanced techniques for Internet data analysis are then provided, which are based on rough‐set theory. Finally, we bring this article to a conclusion with the research trends highlighted.Data Analysis MethodsData Analysis on Internet DataImprovement of the Data Analysis MethodsSummary
Expert Systems
Authors: Pomykalski James J. , Truszkowski Walter F. , Brown Donald E. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areExpert Systems: A DefinitionHistory of Expert SystemsMajor Application AreasBooks/Journals/ConferencesStructure of Expert SystemsExpert System Kernel ArchitectureAn Expert System ArchitectureDevelopmentCurrent ApplicationsThe Future for Expert SystemsSummary and Conclusions
Object‐Oriented Database for Radar Signature Analysis
Authors: Bhattacharyya Asoke K. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areObject‐Oriented Database DevelopmentRadar Signature AnalysisDiscussions, ConclusionsFuture PlanSummaryAppendix AAppendix B: Correlation SchemeAppendix C: Complex Resonant Frequency Data for Targets
Electro‐Optical Switches
Authors: Tavlykaev R. F. , Ramaswamy R. V. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areMain Characteristics Ofelectro‐Optic ModulatorsModulators Incorporating Coupled Waveguides1 × 2 (Y‐fed) Directional CouplerInterferometric ModulatorTotal Internal Reflection SwitchSwitches Employing Mode ConversionMain Trends of Development of Electro‐Optical ModulatorsConclusion
Nonlinear Optics
Authors: Hunt Jeffrey H. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Stimulated Raman Scattering

Two‐Photon Absorption

Four‐Wave Mixing Spectroscopy

High‐Resolution Nonlinear Spectroscopy

Detection of Rare Atoms and Molecules

Multiphoton Spectroscopy

Surface Nonlinear Optical Characterization
Soft Magnetic Materials
Authors: Fiorillo F. , Bertotti G. , Appino C. , Pasquale M. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Iron, Low‐Carbon Steels, and Silicon Steels

Amorphous and Nanocrystalline Alloys

Nickel‐Iron and Cobalt‐Iron Alloys

Soft Ferrites
Magnetic Circuits
Authors: Sykulski Jan K. , Stoll Richard L. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Magnetic Quantities

Nonlinearity and Saturation

Duality Between Magnetic and Electric Circuits

Maxwell’S Equations

Potentials

Diffusion Equation and Eddy Currents

Boundary Conditions

Tubes and Slices

Finite Differences

Finite Elements

Linear Magnetic Actuator
Magnetic Tapes
Authors: Weick Brian L. , Bhushan Bharat 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Description of Tape Materials

Design Considerations for Development of Advanced Ultrathin Magnetic Tapes

Tensile Properties

Viscoelastic Characteristics (Nonpermanent Deformation)

Shrinkage, Thermal, and Hygroscopic Expansion (Permanent Deformation)

Tribological Characteristics

Mechanical Design Considerations
Magnetic Variables Control
Authors: Levi Emil 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areMathematical Modeling of an Induction MachinePrinciples of Vector Control of Induction MachinesParameter Variation Effects in Rotor Flux Oriented Induction MachinesCompensation of Parameter Variation EffectsOptimal Efficiency ControlSpeed‐Sensorless ControlTrends in Vector Control of Induction Machines
Magnetostrictive Devices
Authors: Dapino Marcelo J. , Calkins Frederick T. , Flatau Alison B. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areMagnetostrictive MaterialsMagnetostrictive Device Transduction BasicsThe Magnetoelastic EffectMagnetostrictive ActuatorsMagnetostrictive Sensor ApplicationsMagnetostrictive Device ModelingConcluding Remarks
Thermal Magnetoresistance
Authors: Uher Ctirad 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Heat Conduction in Solids

Magnetically Ordered States Relevant to Thermal Magnetoresistance

Experimental Techniques of Thermal Magnetoresistance

Thermal Magnetoresistance in GMR Structures

Thermal Magnetoresistance in Colossal Magnetoresistance Structures

Thermal Magnetoresistance In High‐Temperature Superconductors
Magnetic Media, Magnetization Reversal
Authors: Ross C. A. , Schabes M. E. , Nolan T. , Tang K. , Ranjan R. , Sinclair R. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areMechanism of Magnetization Reversal in Magnetic MediaTime Dependence of Magnetization ProcessLong‐Term Stability of Magnetization PatternsConclusions
Micromechanical Resonators
Authors: Beeby S. P. , Tudor M. J. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionMicromechanical ResonatorsMicromechanical Resonator MaterialsResonant Silicon SensorsComparison of Silicon Sensing TechnologiesVibration Excitation and Detection MechanismsTheory of ResonanceQuality FactorNon Linear BehaviorHysteresisMicromechanical Resonant SensorsMicromechanicalRFResonatorsConclusions
Diagnostic Imaging
Authors: Budinger Thomas F. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areX RayX‐Ray CTUltrasoundMagnetic Resonance ImagingRadionuclide Emission Imaging (Nuclear Medicine Imaging)EndoscopyInterventional RadiologyDiagnostic Radiological ImagingBrainChest (Lung) RadiologyBreast CancerHeartGastrointestinalGenital and UrinarySkeletal SystemAcknowledgments
Document Interchange Standards
Authors: van Herwijnen Eric 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areStandards for Document InterchangeThe Standard Generalized Markup LanguageContinuous Acquisition and Life‐Cycle SupportThe Hypertext Markup Language and the Extensible Markup LanguageHypermedia/Time Based Structuring LanguageDocument LayoutMultimedia and Hypermedia Information Coding Expert GroupPresentation Environment for Multimedia ObjectsConclusion
Chirality
Authors: Lakhtakia Akhlesh 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areNatural Optical ActivityChiral Media: Natural and ArtificialConstitutive Relations of an Isotropic Chiral MediumArtificial Isotropic Chiral MediaBeltrami Fields in an Isotropic Chiral MediumRepresentation of Beltrami FieldsSources in an Isotropic Chiral MediumTheorems for Scattering in an Isotropic Chiral MediaStructurally Chiral Media
Dielectric Resonator Oscillators
Authors: Fusco Vincent F. , Dearn Andrew 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areDielectric ResonatorsDielectric Resonator Material PropertiesQuality FactorLumped Element Coupling ModelsMeasurement Of DR Coupling CoefficientDielectric Resonator Coupled to a Microstrip LineDielectric Resonator TuningOscillator Basic TheoryOscillator Phase NoiseDesign Example—10.8 GHz DRODRO CAD Techniques
Numerical Modeling of Circulators
Authors: Krowne Clifford M. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areComputer‐Aided Design of Planar CirculatorsFerrite Material Parameters Affecting ModelingUniform Two‐Dimensional Green's FunctionUniform Three‐Dimensional Green's FunctionInhomogeneous Two‐Dimensional Dyadic Green's FunctionInhomogeneous Three‐Dimensional Dyadic Green's FunctionMultiple Layers Under the Circulator MetallizationLoss ContributionsMatching SectionsNumerical Studies and Comparison with ExperimentFuture Developments
Microwave Ferrite Materials
Authors: Schloemann Ernst F. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areOverview: Microwave Behavior of Ferrite MaterialsMicrowave Behavior of Ferrites at Low PowerMicrowave Behavior of Ferrites at High PowerMicroscopic Theories of DampingMicrowave Behavior of Partially Magnetized FerritesMathematical Models of Polycrystalline Ferrites
Frequency Converters and Mixers
Authors: Angelov Iltcho , Kollberg Erik L. , Zirath Herbert 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areGeneral Properties Of Two‐Terminal Non‐Linear DevicesSystems AspectsSchottky Diode MixersDiode Mixer Topologies and Mixer DesignHarmonic MixersParametric Frequency ConversionNegative Resistance Diode MixersSelf‐Oscillating MixersBolometer MixersMixers Based on Superconducting Devices
Striplines
Authors: Bhartia Prakash , Pramanick Protap 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areBasic ConfigurationModes in a Stripline and the Maximum Usable FrequencyCharacteristic Impedance of a Balanced StriplineCharacteristic Impedance of an Unbalanced Strip Transmission LineThe Propagation Constant in a StriplineSynthesis of StriplinesAttenuation Constant in StriplinesThe Power‐Handling Capability of StriplinesStripline DiscontinuitiesSuspended StriplineAnalysis of Suspended StriplineSuspended Stripline DiscontinuitiesStripline and Suspended Stripline Transitions
Dielectric Resonator Filters
Authors: Bila S. , Baillargeat D. , Verdeyme S. , Guillon P. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractDielectric resonators (DRs) are widely used in microwave circuitry since these components offer a higher integration than do classical empty waveguides and, at particular frequency bands, equivalent electrical performances. This article deals with the design of bandpass microwave filters employing DRs. The electrical characteristic parameters of these circuits are introduced in the first section. In the second section, different topologies of microwave filters using cylindrical DRs are described. The third section is a review of particular applications of DRs in microwave filtering: power handling, out‐of‐band rejection, and high frequency. Finally, the last section proposes an electromagnetic optimisation methodology for the design of DR filters.
Feedforward Neural Nets
Authors: Fine Terrence L. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areNeural Network Elements and NotationThe LiteratureRoles for Artificial Neural NetworksMathematical Setup for Feedforward Neural NetworksBasic Properties of the Representation by Neural NetworksThe Representational Power of a Single‐Hidden‐Layer NetworkTraining a Neural Network: Background and Error SurfaceTraining: BackpropagationDescent AlgorithmsTrends and Open Problems
Neural Nets, Recurrent
Authors: Forcada Mikel L. , Gori Marco 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areDiscrete‐Time Recurrent Neural Nets for Sequence ProcessingDiscrete‐Time Recurrent Neural Nets as Neural State MachinesApplication of Dtrnns to Sequence ProcessingLearning inDTRNNsRelaxation Discrete‐Time Recurrent Neural NetsContinuous‐Time Recurrent Neural NetsFurther Reading
Nuclear Engineering
Authors: Lee John C. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areNuclear Power PlantsNuclear Reactor PhysicsNuclear Reactor SafetyThermal and Hydraulic Analysis of Nuclear Power PlantsSelection of Materials for Nuclear Power Plant ComponentsInteraction of Radiation with MatterNeutron Diffusion TheoryReactor KineticsReactor Physics Analysis and Core DesignThermal‐Hydraulic Analysis for Reactor Cores and Power PlantsFuel Cycle Analysis for Nuclear Power PlantsRadioactive Waste DisposalProbabilistic Safety Analysis of Nuclear Power PlantsInstrumentation and Control Systems in Nuclear Power PlantsTemperature Coefficients of Reactivity and Inherent Reactor SafetyNumerical Solution of theMGDEquationsNeutron Transport Theory and Computational AlgorithmsAdvanced Reactor Designs and Challenges for Nuclear EngineersCross‐references:
Local Area Networks
Authors: Evans Joseph B. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Lan Topologies

Ieee 802 Lan Standards

Protocol Layering

Ethernet (IEEE 802.3)

Token Passing Bus (IEEE 802.4)

Map/Top

Token Ring (IEEE 802.5)

Other Token Rings

Hyperchannel and Hippi

Other Lan Protocols

Wireless Lans
Network Performance and Queueing Models
Authors: Azizoglu Murat , Barry Richard A. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areRole of Queueing Analysis in Network Design and OperationAn Introduction to Queueing TheoryLittle's ResultArrival and Service Distributions in QueueingBasic Queueing ModelsPriority QueueingNetworks of QueuesDiscrete‐Time QueuesFuture Trends in Queueing Analysis and Network Performance
Network Routing Algorithms
Authors: Varvarigos Emmanouel (Manos) , Yeh Chi‐Hsiang 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areTypes of Routing AlgorithmsRouting AlgorithmsShortest Path AlgorithmsMinimum Weight Spanning Tree AlgorithmsExamples of Routing Algorithms Used In PracticeDeadlocks and Deadlock Avoidance
Hydrophones
Authors: Rittenmyer Kurt M. , Schulze Walter A. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areTheoryConventional Piezoelectric HydrophonesNew Piezoelectric Materials and HydrophonesFiber‐Optic HydrophonesConclusionsAppendices: Some Typical Dielectric, Piezoelectric, and Elastic Properties of Hydrophone Materials
Image Segmentation
Authors: Kothari Ravi 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areThreshold‐Based Image SegmentationEdge‐Based Image SegmentationEdge LinkingTexture‐Based Image SegmentationRegion GrowingDistance‐Transform‐Based SegmentationMotion‐Based Image SegmentationScale Space and Image SegmentationConclusion and Future Directions
Image Classification
Authors: Hung Chih‐Cheng , Kuo Bor‐Chen , Fahsi Ahmed , Coleman Tommy L. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areUnsupervised ClassificationSupervised ClassificationHybrid ClassificationMultiple Classifier SystemsClassification Accuracy AssessmentNeural Networks and Genetic AlgorithmsTextural, Contextual, and Neural Networks ClassifiersReduction of the Computational ComplexityFeature Extraction and SelectionUse of Classified Images in Geographical Information SystemsSome Image Classification Software Packages
Image Processing Contrast Enhancement
Authors: Chatterjee Chanchal , Roychowdhury Vwani P. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areContrast Enhancement with Camera EletronicsContrast Enhancement in the Digital DomainContrast Enhancement in Digital and Analog (Hybrid) DomainsContrast Enhancement with CCD CamerasContrast Enhancement in the Digital DomainAnalog‐to‐Digital (Hybrid) Contrast EnhancementConcluding RemarksAcknowledgments
Document and Information Design
Authors: Redish Janice C. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Exploring what Makes Documents Successful

Using a Process Model as a Job Aid for Successful Documents

Planning Successful Documents

Working out the Logistics of a Document Project

Focusing on the Content that users Need

Organizing to help users

Writing so users can Understand what they Find

Formatting (The Other Meaning of “Document Design”)

Reviewing, Evaluating, and Revising Drafts
Parallel Numerical Algorithms and Software
Authors: Houstis E. N. , Sameh A. , Vavalis E. , Gallopoulos E. , Papatheodorou T. S. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Parallel Elliptic PDE Solvers

Parallel Dense Linear Algebraic Solvers

Parallel Sparse Linear Algebraic Solvers

Acknowledgments
Parallelizing and Vectorizing Compilers
Authors: Eigenmann Rudolf , Hoeflinger Jay 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areParallel MachinesProgramming Parallel MachinesProgram AnalysisEnabling TransformationsVectorization: Exploiting Vector ArchitecturesParallelization: Exploiting MultiprocessorsExploiting Parallelism at the Instruction LevelCompiler‐Internal Concerns