bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
John Campbell, Pioneer American Newspaperman, 1704-1719
Authors: Clark Charles E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Among the tradesmen of post-revolutionary Boston in the early days of the new charter was Duncan Campbell, a bookseller recently come from Glasgow. In 1693 he became Boston postmaster. A fellow Scots emigre, Governor Andrew Hamilton of New Jersey, headed the newly reorganized colonial postal system, which may have helped. As postmaster for the largest and most important seaport in British America, Campbell could make his office a center for more than the routine taking in and dispatching of other people’s mail. He had both the franking privilege and frequent contact with the masters of incoming ships who came to Boston with news in the form of hearsay reports and the London prints.
The Couranteers, 1721-1726
Authors: Clark Charles E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In midsummer, 1721, Boston still had only two newspapers, the Newsletter, gasping toward the end of John Campbell’s eighteen-year regime, and the quite new Gazette, now early in the term of Postmaster Philip Musgrave. The Gazette was somewhat livelier and better looking than the more systematic but less varied News-Letter, but there was little to distinguish the two publishers politically. Both were respectful of Governor Samuel Shute and his administration, both carried on the same mildly contentious relationship with the Assembly, dominated by the popular, or what has been variously called the “country” or “old charter” party, and neither had ever engaged in any hostilities with the clerical and intellectual leadership of the province. Both publishers addressed their newspapers primarily to the economic and political elite. Both treated the lower orders of town and country with anonymity and occasional contempt.
American Eugenicists in Nazi Germany
Authors: Kühl Stefan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
American eugenicists followed the development of eugenics measures in Germany with rapt attention. The widespread coverage of the Nazi eugenics program by the American mass media promised to promote eugenics within the United States, as long as the eugenics movement succeeded in separating the positively regarded eugenics measures in Germany from the negative image of the barbaric, racist Nazis.
Religious Reform: An Attempt to Deal with the Crisis
Authors: Lowenstein Steven M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The crisis of Berlin Jewry was by no means over when the Jews of Prussia were granted citizenship by the decree of March 1812. Although the era of unconventional family patterns and out-of-wedlock births was coming to an end, the wave of baptisms continued unabated. The new status of Berlin Jews as citizens of the city and of Prussia found them faced both with the continuing problem of defections from Judaism and the new issues of how to deal with their new political status. One result of the Emancipation law was that it brought back to the fore ideological issues that had been languishing almost unnoticed since the collapse of the Jewish Enlightenment in the last years of the eighteenth century. Those who began to advocate a reform of the Jewish religion after 1812 generally connected their call to action with the new civic stat”as of the Jews. Now that the Jews were citizens, they claimed, they should pray in the language of their country (German) and change those prayers calling for a return to Palestine, rescue from persecution, or a restoration of the Jerusalem Temple. Despite the fact that the overt explanation of the need for reform was related to emancipation, the ongoing problem of conversions must have been a factor as well. Proponents of reform wanted to make sure that coming generations would continue the Jewish religion. In their minds, this would only be possible if the religion underwent a thoroughgoing reform.
Disease and Social Diversity
Authors: Kunitz Stephen J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book discusses the various social, political, and cultural forces that shape the distribution of diseases in populations. It is based on a series of comparative studies of the historical and contemporary disease patterns of the indigenous peoples of America north of Mexico, Polynesia, and Australia. The purpose of the comparisons is to control in a quasi-experimental way certain crucial variables in order to examine the impact on health of other variables. The comparisons are made at increasingly more refined levels of analysis. Thus, once disease ecology has been held roughly constant, one can see more clearly the ways in which colonial policy and political institutions have shaped the affairs of indigenous peoples. And once policy has been held constant, one can see more clearly how culture can make a difference. And once culture has been held constant, one can see how gender and status make a difference. Kunitz argues that very few broad generalizations adequately explain the distribution of diseases in populations and that to truly comprehend such patterns one must understand the local social context as well the biological characteristics of diseases. The book is thus an argument for the importance of local knowledge as a complement to the universalizing sort of knowledge that we associate with science.
George Eliot and the Politics of National Inheritance
Authors: Semmel Bernard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this stimulating intellectual history of the ideas behind George Eliot’s novels, Bernard Semmel argues that the popularity of Eliot’s fiction can be attributed to a nostalgia for a lost heritage. Writing at a time when society was transforming itself from a traditional to a modern one, Eliot, however, viewed herself as intellectually ‘disinherited’, largely because of her estrangement from her father and brother. Through detailed analyses of Eliot’s novels, and a study of the intellectual currents of the time, Semmel demonstrates that the theme of inheritance provided the central ideas in Eliot’s novels. Semmel argues that Eliot wrote of inheritance both in the common meaning of the term, as in the transfer of goods and property from parents to children, and in the more metaphoric sense of the inheritance of both the benefits and the burdens of the historical past, particularly those of the nation’s culture and traditions (Eliot viewed nationality as an especially important moral force). Semmel also sees Eliot’s use of the politics of inheritance as a debt to the philosophical view called Positivism, which was a major force in nineteenth-century culture. Eliot’s difficult personal associations with leading Positivists, however, led her to a political compromise that pervades her later work. Semmel dissects the Politics of Middlemarch and convincingly demonstrates Eliot’s variations on the theme of inheritance and her acceptance of the gradualist reform processes in (as opposed to a radiacl criticism of) Britain’s political life.
Industrial Energy Conservation
Authors: Duchin Faye , Lange Glenn-Marie 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of the most attractive ways to increase the effective energy supply is through energy conservation. Energy conservation measures are usually relatively inexpensive and can be implemented quickly compared to the replacement of existing capacity with new, more energy-efficient equipment. This chapter describes the kinds of obstacles that in the past prevented th full implementation of these measures. Conservation measures are then discussed in some detail, and the investment and energy savings that can be envisaged for the next several decades are quantified for specific industries defined in terms of World Model sectors. World Model parameter projections under the OCF scenario are described by region and decade.
The Supreme Court Reborn
Authors: Leuchtenburg William E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For almost sixty years, the results of the New Deal have been an accepted part of political life. Social Security, to take one example, is now seen as every American’s birthright. But to validate this revolutionary legislation, Franklin Roosevelt had to fight a ferocious battle against the opposition of the Supreme Court--which was entrenched in laissez faire orthodoxy. After many lost battles, Roosevelt won his war with the Court, launching a Constitutional revolution that went far beyond anything he envisioned. In The Supreme Court Reborn, esteemed scholar William E. Leuchtenburg explores the critical episodes of the legal revolution that created the Court we know today. Leuchtenburg deftly protrays the events leading up to Roosevelt’s showdown with the Supreme Court. Committed to laissez faire doctrine, the conservative “Four Horsemen”--Justices Butler, Van Devanter, Sutherland, and McReynolds, aided by the swing vote of Justice Owen Roberts--struck down one regulatory law after another, outraging Roosevelt and much of the Depression-stricken nation. Leuchtenburg demonstrates that Roosevelt thought he had the backing of the country as he prepared a scheme to undermine the Four Hoursemen. Famous (or infamous) as the “Court-packing plan,” this proposal would have allowed the president to add one new justice for every sitting justice over the age of seventy. The plan picked up considerable momentum in Congress; it was only after a change in the voting of Justice Roberts (called “the switch in time that saved nine”) and the death of Senate Majority Leader Joseph T. Robinson that it shuddered to a halt. Rosevelt’s persistence led to one of his biggest legislative defeats. Despite the failure of the Court-packing plan, however, the president won his battle with the Supreme Court; one by one, the Four Horsemen left the bench, to be replaced by Roosevelt appointees. Leuchtenburg explores the far-reaching nature of FDR’s victory. As a consequence of the Constitutional Revolution that began in 1937, not only was the New Deal upheld (as precedent after precedent was overturned), but also the Court began a dramatic expansion of Civil liberties that would culminate in the Warren Court. Among the surprises was Senator Hugo Black, who faced widespread opposition for his lack of qualifications when he was appointed as associate justice; shortly afterward, a reporter revealed that he had been a member of the Ku Klux Klan. Despite that background, Black became an articulate spokesman for individual liberty. William E. Leuchtenburg is one of America’s premier historians, a scholar who combines depth of learning with a graceful style. This superbly crafted book sheds new light on the great Constitutional crisis of our century, illuminating the legal and political battles that created today’s Supreme Court.
Roots of American Racism
Authors: Vaughan Alden T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This collection of essays focuses principally on India/White and Black/White relations in colonial America. While the principal concern of the book is on the interaction of culture and races, its more specific focus is on perception and policies, based upon the mental impression whites fashioned to help understand Native Americans and African Americans, and the colonial policies that evolved from these precepts. One section of the book deals specifically with changing European perceptions of Indians and blacks. some of these were base upon false impressions later reversed. Many of them continued to be antagonistic to the two races. A section on “Culture and Race in Early Virginia” deals both with English subjection of the Indians and with later debate over the introduction of slavery into the colony. The final section, titled “Puritans and Indians,” deals with Puritan wars against the Pequot Indians, tests of Puritan justice towards Indians, and general development of white-Indian relations in New England from 1605 to 1763. These are a series of provocative essays - some of them revised from published essays, some written specifically for the book - that put race relations in colonial America into a new perspective.
Taiwan: Development and Structural Change of the Banking System
Authors: Yang Ya-Hwei 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The financial system in Taiwan has not been a perfect bridge for transferring funds between savers and investors, but it is improving gradually. The system’s role in Taiwan’s economic development has been studied fairly extensively in such.,orks as Shea and Yang (1989) and Lee and Tsai (1988), but these are primarily on a macro level. There is little analysis at the micro level-even in Chinese. This chapter seeks to fill that void.
Beyond The Double Bind
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I can remember, says lawyer Flo Kennedy, “going to court in pants and the judge remarking that I wasn’t properly dressed, that the next time I came to court I should be dressed like a lawyer.” It was a moment painfully familiar to countless women: a demand that she conform to a stereotype of feminine dress and behavior—which would also mark her as an intruder, rising above her assigned station (as the saying goes, she dared to “wear the pants” in the courtroom). Kennedy took one look at the judge’s robe—essentially “a long black dress gathered at the yoke”—and said, “Judge, if you won’t talk about what I’m wearing, I won’t talk about what you’re wearing.” In Beyond the Double Bind, Kathleen Hall Jamieson takes her cue from Kennedy’s comeback to argue that the catch-22 that often blocks women from success can be overcome. Sparking her narrative with potent accounts of the many ways women have beaten the double bind that would seem to damn them no matter what they choose to do, Jamieson provides a rousing and emphatic denouncement of victim feminism and the acceptance of inevitable failure. As she explores society’s interlaced traps and restrictions, she draws on hundreds of interviews with women from all walks of life to show the ways they cut through them. Kennedy, for example, faced the bind that insists that women cannot be both feminine and competent—and then demands that they be feminine first; she undermined that trap with wry wit. Ruth Bader Ginsberg attacked the same quandary head-on: when she heard that her law-school nickname was “bitch,” she replied, “Better bitch than mouse.” Jamieson explores the full range of such double binds (the uterus-brain bind, for example—”you can’t conceive children and ideas at the same time”; or the assertion, “You are too special to be equal”), offering a roadmap for moving past these barricades to advancement. Unlike other breakthrough feminist writers, she finds grounds for optimism in areas ranging from slow improvements in women’s earnings to newly effective legal remedies, from growing social awareness to the determination and skill of individual women who are fighting the double bind. Jamieson is a widely sought-after authority on politics and communications; this book marks a dramatic new departure for her, one certain to win widespread attention. With intensive research and incisive analysis, she provides a landmark account of the binds that ensnare women’s lives—and the ways they can overcome them.
The Works
Authors: Bradley Betsy Hunter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This generously illustrated study of factory buildings documents how these factories were designed to meet the multifarious demands of industry, argues that industrial aesthetic ideals were derived from functional engineering principles (what she terms the “engineering aesthetic”), and contrasts the factory designs of engineers and architects. As Bradley probes the rationale behind the design of factories, she offers readers a useful typology and clarifying terminology.
The Transformation of American Life
Authors: Walker Samuel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Something fundamental has changed in American society. The change is far more profound than the readily evident superficial aspects of contemporary life: modern technology, changes in clothing and hairstyles, and suburban sprawl and urban decay. Some of the New Jeremiahs sense the depth of the transformation, noting a profound change in values and behavior. The problem with the New Jeremiahs, however, is that they focus only on certain aspects of this change-such as crime or teenage pregnancy-and see only the negative part of the larger picture.
The Mighty Experiment
Authors: Drescher Seymour 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
By the third quarter of the eighteenth century, Great Britain had amassed Europe's largest imperial stake in the transatlantic slave system. During the next three generations the British dismantled that stake in a graduated series of withdrawals. This process has been portrayed, on the one hand, as a rational disinvestment in a foundering overseas system by the world's greatest and most dynamic economic power. On the other hand, it has been assessed as the world's most expensive per capita overseas investment in modern history. In this latter perspective, British anti-slavery was the the crucial element in the greatest humanitarian achievement of all time. For those who actually planned, debated, implemented, and adjusted to the process, ending British slavery was best conceived neither as a timely withdrawal from a failed economy nor an unprecedented national sacrifice. Properly done, it was to be a rational social experiment. Emancipation was designed to simultaneously minimize agitation on both sides of the Atlantic, and to maximize the scientifically proven superiority of free over slave labor. It would thereby not only benefit planters, consumers, and capitalists within the empire, but also accelerate the peaceful and voluntary surrender of millions of chattels throughout the world. The implementation and evaluation of emancipation turned out to be a far more contentious affair than the originators had anticipated. It absorbed minds of a whole generation of parliamentarians, governments, and journalists. The origin, execution, and public assessment of this great experiment, in its own contemporary terms, is the subject of this study.
The Nature of the Cardiovascular Control System
Authors: Korner Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Many ideas about biological control came from the field of industrial engineering. Accordingly, the first part of the chapter considers the generic features of man-made linear and nonlinear “adaptive” control systems. Circulatory physiologists still tend to use linear control systems, but there is little doubt that the system subserving circulatory regulation resembles a man-made adaptive control system rather than a linear system. In an adaptive system, the set point for resting BP alters under certain circumstances as part of its normal behavior, while under linear control theory the system would be regarded as dysfunctional. The approach used to provide a working model of how the circulatory control system works in EH is considered next. The last section considers briefly the “unifying” theories of hypertension, which tried to explain all hypertension by a single mechanism. For example, Page considered all hypertension as due to disordered tissue perfusion. Later, Guyton formulated a theory in which hypertension was considered to be a compensatory response to the limited capacity of the kidney to excrete salt.
Cardiac Performance
Authors: Korner Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In hypertension, the heart pumps against a raised arterial BP while having to meet the body’s requirements for O2 and nutrients over a large range of metabolic activity. It maintains pump performance for many years through raised cardiac sympathetic nerve activity (SNA), greater preload, and development of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). However, in untreated hypertensives what eventually gives rise to deterioration of performance is, first, rarefaction of the coronary micro-circulation associated with the structural R1 vessel changes, and second, excess enlargement of LV myocytes. This is why LV failure is common in poorly treated patients with severe EH, who are also at greater risk of life-threatening arrhythmias and sudden death.
Exercise Training and its Long-Term Effects on Blood Pressure: Linkage to Somatic Movement
Authors: Korner Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Muscular exercise begins as a voluntary act, emanating from the cerebral cortex. The cerebellum compares the planned somatic movement with its actual execution by the musculature, adjusting discrepancies as they arise and storing them in memory for future reference. The exercising muscles depend on cardiorespiratory performance for an adequate supply of O2 and glucose. Hence one would expect the mechanisms regulating somatic movement during exercise to be closely linked with those involved in cardio-vascular control.
Psychosocial Stress and Hypertension
Authors: Korner Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
life is stressful and stress is experienced quite frequently by almost every-one. However, there is considerable variation in the perception of stress: A given stimulus that is mildly stressful to some is regarded as very stressful by others. Only a relatively small proportion of persons who feel chronically stressed go on to develop EH, which suggests greater sensitivity of their neural pathways mediating the cardiovascular responses to stress, since there is little to suggest that the lives of those with EH are more stressful than those of persons with normal BPs.
Salt, Other Dietary Factors, and Blood Pressure
Authors: Korner Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Lowering of the intake of salt for the treatment of hypertension was first employed by Ambard and Beaujard (1904) and by Allen (1925), who found improvement in some patients with hypertension and severe renal disease. Later, Kempner (1948) advocated a diet of fruit and rice of very low salt content and achieved a few successes in lowering BP in patients with severe hypertension. There were many more failures, but the results provided some encouragement in the days before antihypertensive drugs.
SHR Hypertension and Its Causes
Authors: Korner Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
SHR hypertension is a neurogenic type of genetic hypertension that develops in most environments (Okamoto and Aoki, 1963; Okamoto, 1969). This suggests that the rats possess sufficient appropriate high BP genes to develop hypertension soon after birth. These genes have been diluted in the borderline hypertensive rat (BHR), the hybrid between SHR and WKY, in which the environment has to reinforce the animal’s genetic makeup to raise the responsiveness of the defense pathway (figure 3.15).
The Parliamentary Voting Rule
Authors: Mueller Dennis C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Next to the question of how the representatives to the parliament or legislature are chosen, the most important constitutional issue regarding future collective decision making is the choice of voting rule. We have discussed two quite different parliamentary structures: two-party and multiparty proportional representation. Not surprisingly, the issue of voting rule-selection is quite different in each. We first discuss the two-party case. In a two-party system the choice of a voting rule is obvious-the simple majority rule. The logic of a two-party system is that the voters choose that party whose platform they most prefer or they would most like to see constitute the government. The runoff election option ensures that one party has a majority of seats in the parliament. If the parliamentary voting rule is the simple majority rule, the party winning a majority of seats can implement its program without compromise.