bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
White Kids and No Kids At All: Working-Class Culture and Languages of Race
Authors: Lott Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the minstrel show situated itself in the urban North, its debased cultural position, no less than its racial economy, made its representations politically volatile. Its racial meanings were inextricable from its class argument, and one must therefore attend to the shifting class formations, and minstrelsy’s shifting place within them, in the antebellum North. It was in rowdy theatrical spaces that an emergent racial politics was both registered and created, and that the racial feeling underlying and shaping but many times eluding the official narratives of race in these years began to appear. Rather than locate in disembodied minstrel types some coherent, intentional politics (derived from our present notions of nineteenth-century racial matters), one ought, as Gareth Stedman Jones’s work suggests, to examine the complications in the minstrel show’s languages of race with reference to antebellum social and political developments (Languages 8). The popular theater was itself an increasingly crucial though less and less respectable part of those developments, and for a time this status enabled minstrelsy to become an oppositional, almost underground cultural form. As a result, it told a story less articulate yet perhaps more revealing than the taunts and ripostes of polemicists.
“Genuine Negro Fun”: Racial Pleasure and Class Formation in the 1840s
Authors: Lott Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sometime in the winter of1842-43 four irregularly employed circus and minstrel men, in one of the numberless small hotels that lined the Bowery, hit upon the idea of a blackface minstrel band. The band would soon be called the Virginia Minstrels, and it was the first troupe of its kind to form in New York City. Although the story is variously told, all accounts agree that this happy occurrence came about quite by accident. Sitting in the North American Hotel, Dan Emmett, Billy Whitlock, Dick Pelham, and Frank Brower one day decided to descend upon the Bowery Circus with fiddle, banjo, tambourine, and bones and treat one of its proprietors to what Emmett termed a “charivari.” “Without any rehearsal,” according to Emmett, “with hardly the ghost of an idea as to what was to follow,” they crossed the street and “‘browbeat’ Uncle Nate Howes into giving them an engagement, the calculation being that he would succumb in preference to standing the horrible noise” the men made. Intrigued, Howes challenged them to sing a song, whereupon they lit into “Old Dan Tucker,” Emmett singing and the others joining in the chorus. “The four minstrels were as much surprised at the result as was Uncle Nate,” Emmett later told the New York Clipper. “After singing some more songs for him, they returned to the North American, where they resumed their ‘horrible noise’ in the reading-room, which was quickly filled with spectators.”
Rage, Race, and Desire Savage Holiday, by Richard Wright
Authors: Tate Claudia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How could he ever explain that a daydream buried under the rigorous fiats of duty had been called forth from its thirty-six-year-old grave by a woman called Mabel Blake, and that that taunting dream had so overwhelmed him with a sense of guilt compounded of a reality which was strange and alien and which he loathed, but which, at the same time, was astonishingly familiar to him: a guilty dream which he had wanted to disown and forget, but which he had had to reenact in order to make its memory and reality clear to him! At the level of concrete psychopathology, the compulsion to repeat is an ungovernable process originating in the unconscious. As a result of its action, the subject deliberately places himself in distressing situations, thereby repeating an old experience, but he does not recall this prototype; on the contrary, he has the strong impression that the situation is fully determined by the circumstances of the moment.
Kīrti ŚrīPredicament
Authors: Holt John Clifford 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is primarily about how kīrti Śr īR ājasinha expressed a classical understanding of Buddhism and appealed to various paradigmatic discourses of kingship through the religious works he sponsored. As I detail his enterprising program of reform, reestablishment, and renewal in chapters 2-4, the specific parameters of his classical Buddhist perspective will become quite apparent. Initially, it would be helpful to know why he expended such great effort and wealth to revive what had become essentially an institutionally moribund religious tradition.
Saints In Exile
Authors: Sanders Cheryl J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nationalism is one of the most serious political problems in the world today. This volume is a collection of papers which address the topic of the ethics of nationalism. The contributors include some of the most eminent political philosophers and political scientists active today. The bulk of the literature on nationalism is in the social sciences and tends to focus on descriptive and prescriptive themes and issues of policy. This collection, however, focuses on the deeper moral issues that must be addressed if a policy prescription is to be well grounded.
Wisdom
Authors: Carmody Denise Lardner , Carmody John Tully 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have described The Buddha as a monk, or a protomonk, stressing his removal of himself from the world, his dedication to celibacy, and his sponsorship of begging and obedience. We might describe him equally well as a sage, an exemplar of wisdom. Gautama became the Buddha, as we have underlined, by gaining awareness. His authority rested on the fact that he knew and could teach from personal experience, simply by sharing the light that flooded his own being. This is the enviable position of the sage, Eastern and Western.
Home in a Rage
Authors: Camfield Gregg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I begin with a writer whose importance to the tradition of comic literature that I am addressing cannot be overstated but whose status as an important American writer has been on the wane for the last several scholarly generations.1 Washington Irving has been more or less moved to the edge of his canonical pedestal because he is too sentimental for twentieth-century tastes, yet that is precisely why he is of such great importance to the tradition of domestic humor. With The Sketch Book, Irving virtually singlehandedly imported humor into American literature. There had been much literary comedy before, even much written by Irving himself. But American comedy before The Sketch Book was witty, satirical, usually overtly political. Think of Benjamin Franklin’s “Dogood Papers,” or of Hugh Henry Brackenridge’s Modem Chivalry, or Tabitha Tenney’s Female Quixotism, or William Byrd’s “History of the Dividing Line” and “Secret History of the Line.” Each of these has a definite satirical bent, and in each case the reader can discern a strong, clear authorial point of view, usually carried by a positive narrator.2
Madness Runs in Families
Authors: Camfield Gregg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapters I have tried to show not only that humor is used to articulate certain attitudes about domesticity, but also that it served as a way to explore new possibilities within and without the range of ideas that conform to the ideology. I have also tried to suggest that humor’s range and powers are finally limited by a need for conceptual security, by the final inability of comedians to deal fully with the chaos that their own practice makes available to them. What I hope to have shown thus far with respect to humor is that it is both an opening into new psychic and social territory, but that it paradoxically needs the old as a safe ground in the first place. It is a paradox of structure and freedom being mutually interdependent and opposite, much as the American ideology that required domesticity as an intermediate ideology puts freedom and equality into a paradoxical tension. It is also a paradox of inside and outside not only being interdependent by the binary construction that defines each only in terms of the other, but also of requiring a mutual communication, a knowledge of what the other entails in order to maintain the dialectical opposition of each to the other. The freedoms of humor at the expense of domesticity require full knowledge and ultimately the acceptance of the constraints of it as well.
North Carolina
Authors: Emblidge David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The undulating Nantahala Mts., from Wayah Bald, North Carolina. Trail miles: 95.6 in North Carolina, 207.7 shared with Tennessee Trail maintenance: Nantahala Hikmg Club, National Park Service and Smoky Mts. Hikmg Club (in Great Smoky Mts. National Park), Carolina Mt. Club Highest point: Clingmans Dome, 6,643 ft. (highest point on the AT) Broadest rivers: French Broad, Nantahala (bridge at Wesser over kayak racecourse), Little Tennessee (AT crosses 480-ft.-high Fontana Dam) Features: The AT traverses most-visited national park in the U.S. (Great Smoky Mts.), with extraordinary variety of plant life (balsam fir, flame azalea) due to sustained high elevation and abundant precipitation. Extensive wilderness areas in national park and forests; over 70 miles of crest-line trail; spectacular vistas.
Tennessee
Authors: Emblidge David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Day hiker and Catawba rhododendron in the mountains of Tennessee. Trail miles: 69.5 in Tennessee, 207.7 shared with North Carolina Trail maintenance: Tennessee Eastman Hiking Club Highest point: Roan Mt., 6,285 ft. Broadest river: Laurel Fork Features: The AT follows the Tennessee border with North Carolina, frequently entering and leaving the state along the mountain crests in Great Smoky Mts. National Park. Spectacular views and rich plant life, including famous Roan Mt. wild rhododendron garden.
Connecticut
Authors: Emblidge David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a shady pine plantation north of St. Johns Ledges, Kent, Connecticut. Trail miles: 45 Trail maintenance: Appalachian Mt. Club (Connecticut chapter) Highest point: Bear Mt., 2,316 ft. Broadest river: Housatonic (two AT crossings) Features: Lovely views of Housatonic River valley from the Taconic Range, one of the oldest geologic areas on the AT. Longest riverside walk on the AT, with miles of whitewater views (in season).
Robert Pinsky’s Social Nature
Authors: Langenbach James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A poet’s mark may be measured by his or her ability to expand the language available to poetry. The effort is usually subtle (we don’t need to think of Shakespeare as a formally innovative writer), and it always depends on an openness to a variety of poetries, past and present. For a legitimately postmodern poet, argues Robert Pinsky, “formal freedom feels assumed, and matters of technique [are] no longer fighting issues in the old modernist sense.”1 Pinsky himself not only admires both the formal terseness of J. V. Cunningham and the capacious waywardness of Frank O’Hara; his poems also partake of both these qualities. Unlike other writers who seem, mostly because of their formal choices, more programmatically postmodern, Pinsky has consequently become the more truly innovative poet—the poet who increases the possibilities available to poetry.
A Confucian Path From Conscientiousness To Spontaneity
Authors: Wattles Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Confucian tradition has honored the beauty in genuine goodness, where the shadow of self-conscious hesitation is gone and nobility of character expresses itself spontaneously. The ideal is appealing, but how shall this beautiful spontaneity dawn in human character? How can one live spontaneously without betraying duty? Is it possible to cultivate such a manner of living?
Confucius’ autobiographical sketch indicates something of his steps along the way.
A spontaneity that “follows the dictates of one’s heart” while remaining “within the boundaries of right” can hardly be confused with impulsiveness.
In the program to achieve a noble and spontaneously expressive character, the golden rule plays an important and many-faceted role. First, the practice of the rule strengthens the virtues conducive to humane relationships in an orderly society. Second, the rule symbolizes the goal itself, the way of relating that is ideal. Third, the rule functions as a thread of continuity between levels of interpretation that range in focus from socialethical norms to philosophical and spiritual realization.
From Greek Reciprocity To Cosmopolitan Idealism
Authors: Wattles Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Sophistry” is a term of abuse. Used by the greatest thinkers of ancient Greece to characterize their opponents as purveyors of sham wisdom, “sophistry” connotes deceptive reasoning and rhetoric that sacrifices truth on the altar of social power. As characterized by Socrates (ca. 470–399), Plato (ca. 428–348 or 347), and Aristotle (384–322), the Sophists were the ones who entered the field of philosophy armed with talent, skill, and broad information, but refused to submit to the reconstruction of popular opinion required by honest logic and philosophical insight. Sophistic oratory, whether spoken or written—when it was not confrontational and abusive—was marked by a pleasing and ambiguous mix of social propriety, vague idealism, and partisan self-interest. Yet it was the Sophist Isocrates (436–335) who, more than anyone else, was responsible for the burst of golden rule thinking that entered fourth-century Greek culture.
A Principle of Sensitivity and Respect
Authors: Wattles Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Contemporary philosophies of self and other are providing a new context for interpreting the golden rule, especially for thinkers developing the continental European traditions of philosophy. One cannot help remarking that world war has marked the lives of surprisingly many of the authors treated in these chapters, including three discussed here, heightening sensitivities, strengthening moral conviction, and showing the reciprocal influence of philosophical reflection and committed human living.
The careful study of empathy has been undertaken in the philosophical tradition of phenomenology. This discipline, as developed by Edmund Husserl (1859–1938) and others, originally aimed to describe rigorously the most general features of experience, and it may be regarded as a philosophic approach to psychology. Describing the experience of other persons, Husserl focused on the phase of relating in which the self, the conscious subject, forms its sense of the other. According to Husserl (philosophizing in the first person singular, inviting the reader to see for himself or herself and speak forth his or her own insight), I, as an embodied ego, in the presence of another person before me, recognize that person as analogous to myself( The other person’s stream of experience is never intuitively presented to me as though it were part of my own stream of experience. For this reason, in talking about intersubjective understanding, Husserl speaks of apperception rather than intuition, to indicate that I do not perceive the other’s experience, even though I do have a sense of it: I apperceive it. Nor do I go through a process of inference, reasoning that the other person’s body is similar to what mine would look like if I were experiencing X, so the other person must be experiencing X (or something similar), too.
The Return of the Gift
Authors: Webb Stephen H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Someone gives something to somebody. These three elements constitute what we commonly call gift giving, an apparently simple structure that, when closely examined, opens onto a multitude of complex questions. Even a partial list of these questions would serve only to raise countless issues that cannot be rendered clearly or completely. Such issues, however, can be grouped around the three basic aspects of giving that my initial sentence outlines. First, someone gives. What is generosity? Why should someone give something to somebody else? How is generosity motivated and maintained? Second, something is given. What is a good gift? What distinguishes a gift from other objects, and how is the gift presented in order to verify this distinction? To whom should the gift be given? Third, someone receives.
Examination of the Aggregates
Authors: Garfield Jay L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Apart from the cause of form, Form cannot be conceived. Apart from form, The cause of form is not seen. If apart from the cause of form, there were form, Form would be without cause. But nowhere is there an effect Without a cause. If apart from form There were a cause of form, It would be a cause without an effect. But there are no causes without effects.
Examination of the Four Noble Truths
Authors: Garfield Jay L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If all of this is empty, Neither arising nor ceasing, Then for you, it follows that The Four Noble Truths do not exist. If the Four Noble Truths do not exist, Then knowledge, abandonment, Meditation and manifestation Will be completely impossible. If these things do not exist, The four fruits will not arise. Without the four fruits, there will be no attainers of the fruits. Nor will there be the faithful.
Examination of the Aggregates
Authors: Garfield Jay L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The five aggregates are the basic Buddhist categories of personal constituents. The first-that discussed as an example in this chapter-is in Sanskrit rupa, in Tibetan gzugs. Unfortunately, given the lexicography of Western philosophy, this word has historically been translated as “form.” This practice is so ubiquitous that I am loathe to depart from it, despite the confusion it engenders. For what the word means is matter. The other aggregates are sensation, perception, intellect, and the dispositions. It is important to realize that this taxonomy is to be understood pragmatically: There is no deep doctrinal or philosophical point that hangs on dividing the properties or capacities of humans up in just this way. In fact, most often the only important point about analysis in terms of the aggregates is that humans are composite. The precise nature of the best decomposition is of interest to psychology and to soteriological practitioners, but is at bottom, from the standpoint of the tradition, an empirical matter.
Examination of the Prior Entity
Authors: Garfield Jay L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Now one can surely imagine an opponent responding to the argument of the previous chapter by granting that agency and its corelative phenomena might be empty, yet still denying that awareness itself-the subjectivity that grounds perception-could be empty. For, one might argue, the emptiness of all phenomena still requires that there be a subject for whom they are phenomena. Nāgārjuna’ articulates this response in the opening verses of this chapter: Since sight and hearing, etc., and Feeling, etc., exist, He who has and uses them Must exist prior to those, some say.
Examination of Connection
Authors: Garfield Jay L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The word here translated as “connection” (phrad-pa) is the term denoting the relation between the components that are compounded in any compounded phenomenon. It can also describe the relation between two things coming together in space and time or colliding, or two things fitting together, and while this can be taken fairly literally in the context of physical objects when they are understood as compounded of their parts, the relation is actually much more general than that. In fact, the example that Nāgārjuna’ takes as central, and one that is used by some earlier Buddhist theorists as an example of a case of connection in this sense, is visual perception. In such a case, accord-ing to the proponent of the reality of meeting, or compounding, the subject, the sensory organs, the sensory faculty, and the object join together, or “connect,” not in a literal physical sense of spatiotemporal coincidence, but rather in the sense of forming an ensemble. Sense perception is, on this view, the entire compound ensemble.
Examination of Bondage
Authors: Garfield Jay L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So there are no entities. But still, from a Buddhist perspective, we are bound: bound to our conceptions of entities and essence, bound to our selves, bound to objects, and principally, bound to cyclic existence itself. Surely, the opponent might ask, mustn’t the bondage that accounts for the illusions so ruthlessly analyzed in the previous chapter be intrinsically real? If not, what is the causal basis for all of these illusions and all of this suffering? In a Buddhist framework, this bondage to cyclic existence is instantiated in endless transmigration in sarpsara, and freedom from bondage would be liberation from cyclic existence into nirvāna. We will postpone a discussion of the precise nature of that liberation and of nirvāna until we reach the chapters where that topic is discussed, namely, XXII and XXV.
Examination of Self and Entities
Authors: Garfield Jay L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A good deal of the confusion Nāgārjuna’ diagnoses in the previous two chapters concerns the presupposition that the self, as an afflicted being capable of liberation from suffering, must be thought of as an inherently real entity. In this chapter, therefore, Nāgārjuna’ turns to an examination of the self, per se, apart from its relation to such things as perception, action, suffering, affliction, and so forth, as he has examined it in prior chapters.
Examination of Becoming and Destruction
Authors: Garfield Jay L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, Nāgārjuna’examines the phenomenon of momen-tary impermanence. At this point in the dialectic, one might suggest that since the emptiness of phenomena derives directly from their decomposition into momentary time-slices and from the fact that they are constantly coming into existence and being destroyed, that process of momentary arising and destruction itself ought to be real in the strong sense. Nāgārjuna’, by way of completing the discussion of the nature of conventional phenomena, demonstrates the emptiness of even arising and destruction themselves as a prelude to the final section of the text, that discussing the nature of the ultimate and its relation to conventional reality.
Examination of Nirvāna
Authors: Garfield Jay L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter continues the study of the nature of what are often thought of as ultimate realities and that of their relation to the conventional world. It follows quite naturally on the preceding chapter, which considered the relation between emptiness and the conventional world. For insight into emptiness is, from the standpoint of Mūlamadhyamakakārikiāphilosophy, an important precondition for entry into Nirvāna. And just as the ultimate truth is related to the conventional as an understanding of the way things really are as opposed to the way they appear to be, Nirvāna is related to sarpsara as a state of awareness of things as they are as opposed to a state of awareness of things as they appear to be.