bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Political Visionary in Mid-Life: Notes on leadership and the life cycle
Authors: Gould Laurence. J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A substantial body of contemporary work now exists about adult development. Much of this work began in earnest with the publication of a number of books which attempted to conceptualize the adult life course from a psychodynamic/ psychoanalytic perspective. Notably these were: Levinson and his coworkers’ major study (1978), R. Gould (1978), and Valliant (1977). These volumes significantly carried forward several prominent earlier enquiries regarding the stages of life by Erikson (1959), Jung (1971), and Jagues (1965). Although this body of theory and research, together with a large body of subsequent work, has contributed a great deal to an understanding of the many aspects of a person’s life as it unfolds, it has not specifically focused on the relationship between adult development and the nature of leadership. The purpose of this chapter, therefore, is to provide an initial outline for the integration of adult developmental theory with psychoanalytic and open systems perspectives on leadershipdrawing particularly on the works of Freud (e.g. 1921), Klein’s object relations perspective (e.g. 1928, 1935, 1940, 1945, 1959), Bion’s small group theory (1961), and Rice’s (1969) and E. J. Miller and Rice’s (1967) concept of primary task.
Creating the Modern Firm: Management and Leadership Challenges
Authors: Roberts John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book has offered a set of frameworks, concepts, and tools to help meet the challenges of designing effective organizations. It has also offered a number of examples of firms that have developed strategies and organizational designs that allowed them to deliver exceptional perfor-mance and growth. Yet, the fact remains that it is very difficult to develop a winning strategy and an effective organization. Doing so is fundamentally a creative act that requires both the analytical problem-solving that charac-terizes management and the vision, communication, and persuasion that are essential features of leadership.
Introduction: Small Business in Historical Perspective
Authors: Odaka Konosuke , Sawai Minoru 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Small business is a generic concept. Being the antonym of big business, its social significance becomes clearer when placed in the historical context where the latter first appeared in the world economy. Big business became conspicuous in the US economy in the second half of the nineteenth century, especially after the 1890s when the wave of corporate mergers swept the country: Mass-production methods were then introduced after the turn of the century, as best exemplified by the phenomenal success of Ford’s Model T, produced at the company’s Highland Park plant beginning in 1913 (cf. Hounshell 1984: 9). As noted by Peter Drucker (1946/1960), Ford’s method demonstrated for the first time that ‘under conditions of modern technology, the maximum profit is obtained by maximising production at the minimum cost’ (p. 220).
The Architecture of an Industrial Sector: Size and Structure in Canadian Manufacturing
Authors: Inwood Kris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A celebrated wave of technological change beginning with the steam engine and improvements in iron manufacture during the eighteenth century created the necessary conditions for mechanizing a wide range of activities in the transportation, mining, and manufacturing sectors (Ashton 1948; Mokyr 1993; Wrigley 1988). A large and still-growing literature investigates the causes and timing of this ‘industrial revolution’, and its effects on living standards, inequality, working conditions, settlement patterns, and long distance trade. On one point there is a consensus, that the new technologies improved productivity for large-scale enterprise and thereby contributed to the emergence of big business. And yet small unpowered firms were not eliminated by the multi-faceted influences of industrialization. Observers as diverse as Alfred Marshall (1923) and Ralph Samuel (1977) agree that hand production survived in many places and industries, in some cases be cause of changes introduced by the incoming technological tide. Theim portance of small firm survival is reinforced by recent debates about the nature of the industrial revolution (Berg and Hudson 1992; Hoppit 1990).
Small Manufacturing Firms and Local Productive Systems in Modern Italy
Authors: Alaimo Aurelio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historical research on industrial development in Italy has been marked by some contradictions. International historiography has given scarce attention to the Italian phenomenon. The latter has often been considered just one of the many cases of latecomer countries, for which the task was simply to identify the substitutive factors of industrialization. Moreover, Italian historians themselves have shown little interest in the economic development of the last two centuries. Modern historians have dwelt on the classic themes of political and institutional history, while economic historians have shown a clear preference for the study of pre-industrial economy and of its extraordinary evolution, from great prosperity to its rapid decline.
Evaluating Japanese Industrial Policy: The Auto-Parts Industry Example
Authors: Odaka Konosuke 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To promote the development of small and medium-size companies in machinery manufacturing, the Japanese Diet passed legislation in 1956 to supply greatly needed cash flow to the smaller makers of specified kinds of basic machinery, including auto parts and components. This chapter con siders this programme as an example of a Japanese industrial policy that was small-scale but contributed greatly to the success of an industry that now sets world standards. The implication might be that the national government and, more specifically, the Ministry of International Trade and Indus try (MITI) are due some credit for the success of the auto industry, albeit indirectly, since the creation of a world-class (or even a significant) auto industry was neither a stated policy nor a ‘stealth’ one. However, even if one argues that the programme was a necessary condition for the auto-sector’s success, it was only one of many factors. The larger concern is to under stand the motivation and intellectual underpinnings of Japanese industrial policy and how to evaluate it.
Globalization and Business Systems
Authors: Whitley Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The increasing domination of international trade by multinational companies (MNCs) over the past five decades has been seen by some to herald the establishment of new, non-national kinds of economic actors that behave differently from more nationally based competitors (e.g. Bartlett and Ghoshal 1989; Doz and Prahalad 1993; Hedlund 1993). Together with the expansion of international trade and growth of international capital markets, this increasing international managerial control of economic activities has been claimed to be leading to a borderless world in which national boundaries and the states controlling them have less economic significance than the decisions of transnational business elites and financial markets. Within Europe, such claims have, of course, been accentuated by the expansion of the European Union, moves to a single European market, and related efforts to standardize the rules of the game governing economic competition.
Path Dependence and Emergent Capitalisms in Eastern Europe: Hungary and Slovenia Compared
Authors: Whitley Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Just as the rapid industrialization of East Asian economies in the twentieth century highlighted the variety of economic coordination and control systems in market economies as well as their interdependence with societal institutions, so too the transformations of the former state socialist societies of Eastern Europe reveal the path dependence of political and economic change. As Grabher (1995), Offe (1997), and others have emphasized, differences in the nature of state socialist regimes and in their pre-war predecessor societies have greatly affected both how their political economies were transformed in the early 1990s and the nature of the economic systems that are currently being established. The command economies of Eastern Europe varied sufficiently in their political and economic structures to generate significant differences in how they introduced political and economic liberalization and in the resulting patterns of enterprise and market organization.
Enterprise Change and Continuity in a Transforming Society: The Case of Hungary
Authors: Whitley Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I present some evidence about how leading Hungarian enterprises and their managers responded to the institutional and economic changes of the late 1980s and early 1990s that broadly confirms the analysis in Chapter 8. In addition to the limited and incremental nature of many changes to enterprises ‘ structures and strategies in the early 1990s, the effects of changes in ownership were more varied and less sharp than many anticipated. Where privatization did result in significant changes in control and behaviour, typically when foreign firms bought a dominant shareholding, these took some time to be implemented. Additionally, many of the enterprises in severe financial difficulties that remained in state hands had restructured their activities quite substantially by 1996. Changing ownership per se, then, was not a prerequisite for reducing the labour force, disposing of business units, or reorganizing the managerial hierarchy. However, substantial investment in new technologies and products overwhelmingly occurred in those SOEs taken over by foreign firms, as was found in numerous case studies elsewhere (Carlin et al. 1995).
Traditional Families and Fertility Decline: Lessons from Australia’s Southern Europeans
Authors: santow Gigi , Bracher michael D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The bearing of children is often said to result from fertility decision-making processes that reflect ‘the demand for children, the supply of children, and the costs of fertility regulation’ (Hollerbach 1983: 340). Childbearing that does not seem to fit this scheme can still be accommodated by being said to be the outcome of ‘non-rational decisions’ or ‘ambivalent decisions’ or ‘passive decisions’ (Hollerbach 1983: 341). Yet, as we try to show here, the greatest value of such a decision-making paradigm may be in providing a framework within which demographers can order their thoughts, rather than in its faithfully reflecting the way people go about producing, or not producing, their children. During the 1950s, sociologists and demographers, heavily influenced by economics and psychology, began to systematize their interest in what people might consider to be the ‘right’ family size, either for themselves personally, or for the wider community (Bulatao and Lee 1983). Alongside questions on actual reproductive performance, respondents to fertility surveys might be asked the number of children they would prefer, the number they would consider ideal, or the number they actually wanted: indeed, some surveys bombarded their respondents with the entire battery of questions.
The Cultural Significance of Western Fertility Trends in the 1980s
Authors: Simons John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between the mid-1960s and the mid-1970s, fertility declined rapidly in north, west, and central Europe. In Italy, Portugal, and Spain, the decline from the mid-1960s was more moderate than elsewhere in Europe for the first ten years but became much steeper after 1974. Since the mid-1970s, and especially during the 1980s, the rates have generally stabilized, and in some countries they have increased. Analyses of the demographic statistics show that the fertility decline was largely the result of decreases in third and higher-order births, together with increases in the proportion of childless women. There have also been changes in the age at which people start childbearing.
The Level of Fertility in Tokugawa and Meiji Japan, c. 1800s-1930s: A Preliminary Analysis of the Hutterite Indices
Authors: Tomobe Ken’ichi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent studies of fertility in Tokugawa Japan have shown that the level of fertility was moderate compared with that of historical Europe. This paper, on the proximate determinants of fertility in Tokugawa Japan,1 examines changes in peasant fertility and the relationship between nuptuality and fertility in particular.’ Specifically, I calculate the Hutterite indices (If, lg, Im, and Ih) for a variety of Japanese populations and compare them with other historical populations. Using these indices to observe changes in fertility levels, we can guess whether these changes are coming from the changes in nuptuality (Im) or fertility (lg or Ih).
Indonesian Fertility Behaviour before the Transition: Searching for Hints in the Historical Record
Authors: Hull Terence h. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When societies undergo rapid social change the need for new histories to explain different systems of organisation or morality increases, and it is common for ‘fables’ to be invented to meet new requirements. In modern times rapid social changes have been accompanied by the growth of literacy, so the new fables have the benefit of being written, and thus fixed in form and substance but subject to reinterpretation. However, in terms of breadth of communication and impact on the exercise of power, the spoken word frequently continues to have a position of prominence in shaping the thinking of all classes, including the intelligentsia. Over the long term, societies in the course of rapid social change need reference to history to maintain some sense of coherent identity and common purpose. Theoretically a long tradition of written history would offer the most stable foudation for such cultural identification, but among developing nations written histories are often sparse and suspect, since they were the product of colonial institutions rejected in the rise of nationalism. Instead reinterpretations of written histories are elaborated through reference to oral traditions and imagined ‘realities’, to produce visions of society more in consonance with modern conditions and political needs.
Trends and Fluctuations in Fertility in Sri Lanka during the First Half of the Twentieth Century
Authors: ford C m. Lang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Previous research has indicated that fertility in Sri Lanka (Ceylon until 1972) has been falling since the early-to-mid 1950s. Initially this seems to have been due to rising female age at marriage, as well as to changes in age structure, but from the early-to-mid 1960s, in addition to rising age at marriage, marital fertility has also been falling, obviously reflecting the deliberate practice of birth control (Langford, 1981). According to Freedman and Blanc (1992), on the basis of an analysis of Demographic and Health Survey data, by 1985 (in fact, a four year period centred on 1985) the total fertility rate for Sri Lanka had fallen to 2.72 children per woman; an official Sri Lankan statement to the International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo in 1994 put the total fertility rate for Sri Lanka at 2.2 children per woman (United Nations, 1994, 3).
Marriage Patterns and Demographic Change in Sri Lanka: A Long-Term Perspective
Authors: Caldwell Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines changes over time in Sri Lankan marriage patterns and demographic correlates. The paper takes a historical perspective looking at long term factors underlying Sri Lanka’s marriage patterns but for its detailed analysis concentrates on the more recent period of the twentieth century for which there is more detailed information, which is within the memory of people living today, and which has been marked by radical and unprecedented change. The paper concentrates on female age at marriage because this has demographically been the most important aspect of marriage patterns in Sri Lanka.
Entrepreneurship as Innovation
Authors: Schumpeter Joseph A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To produce means to combine materials and forces within our reach. To produce other things, or the same things by a different method, means to combine these materials and forces differently. In so far as the “new combination” may in time grow out of the old by continuous adjustment in small steps, there is certainly change, possibly growth, but neither a new phenomenon nor development in our sense. In so far as this is not the case, and the new combinations appear discontinuously, then the phenomenon characterising development emerges. For reasons of expository convenience, henceforth, we shall only mean the latter case when we speak of new combinations of productive means. Development in our sense is then defined by the carrying out of new combinations.
The Treasury (1953-1955) and the years 1955-1958
Authors: Little I M D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The economy was peaceful during my time at the Treasury, 1953-5. I saw the Chancellor, R. A. Butler, only once, when my boss, Sir Robert Hall, was away. I was supposed to lead the Economic Section on foreign economic policy, a subject to which I had paid no more attention than was required for undergraduate teaching.
Conclusions to A Critique of Welfare Economics (1957)
Authors: Little I M D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book might, in part, be described as a study of the usage of influential and persuasive language in economics. Wherever it has been found that the terminology of economics is, in this sense, normative, we have suggested that the ethical issues involved should be brought right into the open. Unless this is done, it is often not at all clear whether a dispute is one of fact, or one of value. A discussion which is superficially objective and factual (because frankly ethical expressions are not used), but which is really about values, though the contestants may not realize it, is usually unhelpful, and may tend to create ill feeling.
Direct versus Indirect Taxes (1951)
Authors: Little I M D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first part of this article is designed to show that the usual theoretical treatment of the problem of direct and indirect taxation is based on extraordinary assumptions, and liable to be misleading. An alternative mode of analysis is suggested. In the second part, I try to show that no case against indirect taxation can be proved from the ordinary, general, purely competitive assumptions of economic theory; and, further, that the special assumption, necessary to prove the case, involves an unplausible conclusion concerning incentives.
A single ‘economic man’ who spends his income on two goods (one of which may be ‘money’) is assumed. In Figure 1, Qo is the equilibrium tax-free position. When an income tax equal to AB of Xis imposed, Q1 is reached. The same sum could be raised by an indirect tax on Y, which would result in a position such as Q2. From the usual convexity assumption, it follows that Q2 is worse than Q1. Q.E.D.
The Strategy of Indian Development (I960)
Authors: Little I M D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
India became independent in 1948. She is now in the final stages of preparing her Third Five-Year Plan for economic development. The First Plan ran from 1950/i to 1955/6 (British financial years). It has no relevance to India’s present problems. It was small; it was an amalgam of existing investment projects with little or no conscious economic philosophy behind it. The Second Plan runs from 1956!7 to 1960/i. The Third Plan starts in April 1961.
Miscellaneous Activities
Authors: Little I M D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From about the mid-195os, the Economic Section became increasingly worried by the exaggerated role that, it believed, ministers were beginning to give to monetary policy, and by the confused mystique apparent in some of their pronouncements, particularly those of Mr Thornecroft, concerning money and inflation. It was apparently believed that monetary measures could reduce inflation without reducing demand. Ever since the revival of monetary policy, chan¬cellors have been extremely reluctant to raise taxes, preferring to raise interest rates or restrict credit. This may well have destabilized the economy.
Higgledy Piggledy Growth (I962)
Authors: Little I M D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This article originated in my belief that the information provided by Moodies Services, Ltd, had not been adequately exploited for academic purposes. The corrections which must be made to earnings and dividends for capital changes are very laborious, and could hardly have been done without the cooperation of Moodies Services, for which I am most grateful.
European Capital Markets: Does the Euro Matter?
Authors: Dermine Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Maastricht Treaty on European Union provides for the introduction of a single currency by 1 January 1999 at the latest. Although a large series of papers and conferences has been concerned with the timing and sequencing of the introduction of the new currency and with an estimate of the costs that would be incurred, few published studies have attempted to evaluate the medium-term impact of a single currency on European capital markets. The purpose of the introductory chapter is to identify the various ways through which a single currency could alter fundamentally and permanently the European capital markets. The focus will be entirely on the medium- and long-term impact. One question is being addressed: Once a single currency is in place, what is likely to change in European capital markets? To address this issue, references to a wide economic literature will be made, ranging from the theory of market microstructure to international monetary economics. The chapters which follow discuss in great depth the various channels identified in this introductory chapter.
EMU, Monetary Policy and Capital Markets
Authors: Gros Daniel , Lannoo Karel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The introduction of the euro will lead to common monetary policy for the participating countries. This will have profound consequences for capital markets as well. This chapter provides therefore a general description of the environment in which monetary policy of the euro area will be conducted. The Treaty obligations together with the Stability Pact for fiscal policy will produce an environment conducive to sustained low inflation and interest rates.
European Futures and Options Markets in a Single Currency Environment
Authors: Steinherr Alfred 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Financial derivatives traded on the exchanges are a recent phenomenon. Section 2 provides an overview of the development of this market to establish a starting point for the subsequent analysis. Section 3 then asks a fundamental question: what makes a successful contract? Answering this question is important for the assessment of the future configuration of European financial futures and options markets.
The European Single Currency and World Equity Markets
Authors: Santis Giorgio De , Gerard Bruno , Hillion Pierre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1991 Treaty on European Union (Maastricht Treaty) set 1 January 1999 as the starting date for the final stage in the creation of the European Monetary Union (EMU). As of 1 January 1999, the exchange rates between EMU participants will be irrevocably fixed to start the transition towards a unique currency, the euro, which is expected to become the legal tender for EMU participants by the year 2002.