bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sequential study of pancreatic structure and function during development of pancreatic acinar atrophy in a German Shepherd Dog
Authors: Westermarck Elias , Batt Roger M. , Vaillant Camille , Wiberg Maria 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Sequential assessments of pancreatic structure and function were performed on a female German Shepherd Dog bred from parents with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (epi), to monitor development of pancreatic acinar atrophy in this breed. Determinations of serum trypsin-like immunoreactivity (tli), results of N-benzoyl-l-tyrosyl-p-aminobenzoic acid test, fecal soy bean stimulation test (sst), and gross and histologic examinations of the pancreas did not provide evidence of exocrine pancreatic disease up to 13 months of age. However, electron microscopy revealed degenerative abnormalities of acinar cells that were already apparent at 6 weeks and became more extensive with age. Examination of the pancreas at 22 months of age also indicated no gross or histologic abnormalities, but electron microscopy revealed widespread degenerative changes, including dilatation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and extensive fusion of zymogen granules affecting most of the acinar cells. Serum tli concentration was markedly reduced at that time, indicative of epi, but the dog remained healthy and results of the sst were normal. Within 1 month, the dog had developed clinical signs of epi, and not only serum tli concentration, but also results of the N-benzoyl-l-tyrosyl-p-aminobenzoic acid test and sst were compatible with severe loss of exocrine pancreatic tissue. This loss was confirmed by gross and histologic examination of the pancreas at 25 months, which revealed typical features of pancreatic acinar atrophy, including scattered and disorganized exocrine cells in the small remnants of pancreatic tissue. These findings indicate that in German Shepherd Dogs, pancreatic acinar atrophy may involve interference with normal intracellular processing of zymogen granules, which precedes progressive and eventual rapid loss of exocrine pancreatic tissue.
Effect of age on theophylline pharmacokinetics in dogs
Authors: Alberola Jordi , Pérez Yolanda , Puigdemont Ana , Arboix Margarita 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Differences between neonatal and adult animals in their response to drugs can usually be attributed to altered disposition processes. Effect of age on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline was determined after IV administration of the drug to 10 groups of dogs at 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 52, and 104 weeks of age.
Plasma theophylline concentration curves for all groups were adjusted to a biexponential kinetic, with rapid initial distribution phase and slower elimination phase. It also was noticed that young dogs have a slower elimination half-life (1 week old, t1/2β = 987 minutes) than do older animals (8 weeks old, t1/2β = 138 minutes). The values then plateaued until 16 weeks of age, increasing slightly at more advanced age (104 weeks old, t1/2β = 282 minutes). A similar pattern was followed with respect to clearance (1-week-old pups, Cl = 1.17 ml/min/kg of body weight), which increased progressively to reach a value of 7.09 ml/min/kg at 16 weeks of age, then decreased to 3.5 ml/min/kg at 104 weeks of age. Volume of distribution β, in relation to body weight, was not significantly different between age groups (between 1.2 and 1.6 L/kg; P ≤ 0.03).
Theophylline biotransformation mechanisms may be mainly responsible for Cl and t1/2β variations. This leads us to suggest that quantitative and qualitative modifications in the P-450 mono-oxygenase system are responsible for the variations observed in pharmacokinetic variables of theophylline between dogs of different ages.
These findings may have clinical relevance with regard to the therapeutic range of theophylline. For this reason, dosage should be carefully adjusted in younger animals.
Effect of polysulfated glycosaminoglycan on osteoarthritic equine articular cartilage in explant culture
Authors: Caron J. P. , Toppin D. S. , Block J. A. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Middle carpal cartilage explants from 4 horses with mild osteoarthritis involving that joint were maintained in tissue culture to test the effects of a polysulfated glycosaminoglycan (psgag) on proteoglycan synthesis and degradation. Cultures were exposed to 0.025 or 25 mg of psgag/ml for 48 hours, after which the medium was replaced with medium containing similar doses of psgag and 35S. Subsequently, the sulfated proteoglycan content of the medium and extracts of the explants was measured. Gel filtration chromatography was used to estimate the size and to purify the principal, large proteoglycan monomer, which was further characterized by digestion, using glycosidic enzymes. In a second experiment, explants were incubated with 35S for 48 hours, and were subsequently exposed to the same concentrations of the psgag for an additional 48 hours. The amount of remaining labeled proteoglycan was determined for culture medium and cartilage extracts. Gel filtration chromatography was used to assess the hydrodynamic size of the large proteoglycan monomer. Aliquots of proteoglycans from the second experiment were incubated in high-molecular weight hyaluronate and chromatographed to assess reaggregation.
Polysulfated glycosaminoglycan caused a significant (P ≤ 0.04) decrease in sulfated proteoglycan synthesis by cartilage explants. Radioactive proteoglycan content in explants labeled prior to exposure to psgag were similar. Large proteoglycan monomer size was similar in both experiments (median partition coefficient [KAV] = 0.40), and was not influenced by psgag treatment. Prelabeled explants exposed to hyaluronate and chromatographed under associative conditions had similar proportions of the radiolabel eluting as proteoglycan aggregate. Enzymatic digestion of newly synthesized large monomer revealed a mild dose-dependent increase in the proportion of keratan sulfate substitution on core protein. It was concluded that psgag in vitro, at the dosages evaluated, caused a decrease in proteoglycan synthesis, had little effect on labeled proteoglycan degradation, did not influence the size of large monomer, and caused a modest increase in the concentration of keratan sulfate in proteoglycans synthesized by osteoarthritic equine chondrocytes.
Effects of a 44-day administration of phenobarbital on disposition of clorazepate in dogs
Authors: Forrester S. Dru , Wilcke Jeff R. , Jacobson John D. , Dyer Karen R. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The disposition of clorazepate, a benzodiazepine anticonvulsant, was determined in dogs after administration of a single oral dose of clorazepate (2 mg/kg of body weight) and after oral administration of clorazepate (2 mg/kg, q 12 h) concurrently with phenobarbital (5 mg/kg, q 12 h) for 44 consecutive days. Serum concentrations of nordiazepam, the active metabolite of clorazepate, were measured. After a single oral dose of clorazepate, maximal nordiazepam concentrations ranged from 569.6 to 1,387.9 ng/ml (mean, 880.2 ± 248.9 ng/ml) and were detected 16.8 to 131.4 minutes (mean, 85.2 ± 36 minutes) after dosing. After administration of phenobarbital for 44 consecutive days, maximal nordiazepam concentrations were significantly (P < 0.01) lower, ranging from 209.6 to 698.5 ng/ml (mean, 399.3 ± 155.6 ng/ml) at 68.4 to 145.8 minutes (mean, 93 ± 25.8 minutes) after dosing. Mean area under the curve (AUC) on day 1 (mean, 3.37 ± 0.598 ng·min/ml) was significantly (P < 0.001) greater than AUC on day 44 (1.66 ± 0.308 ng·min/ml). Oral clearance was significantly (P < 0.01) greater on day 44 (12.44 ± 2.55 ml/min/kg), compared with that on day 1 (6.16 ± 1.35 ml/min/kg). Values for area under the first moment curve, oral volume of distribution, mean residence time, and elimination half-life were not significantly altered by concurrent administration of phenobarbital.
Administration of phenobarbital altered the disposition of clorazepate such that the amount of nordiazepam in circulation during each dose interval was significantly reduced. Adequate control of seizures in epileptic dogs, therefore, may require higher dosages of clorazepate when it is coadministered with phenobarbital.
Comparison of the properties and concentrations of the isoforms of retinol-binding protein in animals and human beings
Authors: Burri Betty J. , Neidlinger Terry R. , Zwick Harry 
Published: January 2024

Summary
We used size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) to investigate the properties of the 2 isoforms of vitamin A-containing (holo) retinol-binding protein (rbp) in animals: the form that is bound to transthyretin (holo-ttr-rbp), and the form that does not bind to ttr (holo-free rbp). We also used radial immunodiffusion to measure immunologically active rbp (apo + holo rbp). We compared the isoforms of rbp in animals with those of human beings to determine which animal is the best model of human rbp. Size-exclusion hplc detected holo-free and holo-ttr-rbp in every animal species studied. Apparent concentration of holo-ttr-rbp varied among species: that of rabbits and dogs > > that of apes, sheep, goats, monkeys, rhinoceroses, felids, rats, human beings, and deer > that of pigs, zebra, and bison > that of penguins. Dogs have unusual rbp chromatograms; they have high concentration of rbp, but also appear to transport much of their vitamin A on proteins other than rbp. Human rbp antibody preparations could detect apo + holo rbp immunologic activity only in apes, monkeys, and felids. Apes and monkeys appeared to have complete cross-reactivity to human rbp antibodies. Felids may have substantial, but partial, cross-reactivity. Apes and monkeys appear to be the most relevant animal models for study of human rbp transport. However, there is a need for less-expensive models. Further research is needed, but in the interim, rats or sheep may be satisfactory for some purposes.
Determination of hemagglutination-inhibition titers to influenza A virus in porcine sera by use of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Authors: Lee Brian W. , Bey Russell F. , Baarsch Mary J. , Morrison Robert B. , Freese Wayne 
Published: January 2024

Summary
An elisa-based method to estimate hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) titer was developed. Subtype specificity was obtained by using purified H1 and H3 hemagglutinin antigens. Using the linear relation that exists between elisa and hi methods, regression lines for HIN1- and H3N2-monospecific porcine antisera were constructed. Approximation of actual hi titer could be obtained from insertion of elisa values into the appropriate regression line. The hi estimations were within 50% of the actual measured hi value 84% of the time. In young pigs that had suckled immune sows, use of this elisa revealed estimated hi titer > 320 at 2 and 4 weeks of age. After a typical farm outbreak of influenza A/swine (HIN1), estimated hi titers remain high for 4 to 6 months. Subtype-specific estimation of the distribution frequency of positive influenza A (HIN1 or H3N2) results for sera from swine in regional herds indicated that 31.3 and 7.4% of the swine tested were positive (hi > 41) for H1N1 and H3N2, respectively. From these observations, we conclude that in many circumstances, an elisa-based hi estimation method could be used as a substitute for the hi test.
Evaluation of bacterins containing three predominant phage types of Salmonella enteritidis for prevention of infection in egg-laying chickens
Authors: Barbour Elie K. , Frerichs Wayne M. , Nabbut Nassim H. , Poss Peter E. , Brinton Marshall K. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Six Salmonella enteritidis bacterin formulations differing in adjuvant content and whole-cell inactivation procedures were evaluated in egg-laying chickens. Chickens given S enteritidis bacterins containing modified Freund's incomplete adjuvant had greater humoral immune responses to S enteritidis than did birds given other bacterin formulations (P < 0.05). Better protection against infection by S enteritidis phage types 8, 13a, and 23 was obtained in birds vaccinated with bacterin 5. Bacterin 5 contained S enteritidis cells inactivated by 20% acetone and modified Freund's incomplete adjuvant.
Effect of phenylbutazone and repeated endotoxin administration on hemostasis in neonatal calves
Authors: Semrad Susan D. , Dubielzig Richard 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Twenty newborn Holstein calves were allotted at random to 4 groups: group A received 0.9% sterile saline solution; group B received phenylbutazone (5 mg/kg of body weight, iv) and 0.9% sterile saline solution; group C received progressively increasing doses of endotoxin (0.1 to 15 μg/kg); and group D received phenylbutazone and endotoxin similarly as did calves of groups B and C, respectively. Phenylbutazone was given once daily and saline solution or endotoxin were given every 8 hours for 5 days. Clinical variables—pcv, plasma total protein and fibrinogen concentrations, platelet count, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and fibrin degradation products concentration were measured at 24-hour intervals. Necropsy was performed on each calf.
Phenylbutazone suppressed the clinical response to endotoxin challenge until large doses (7.5 to 15 μg/kg) were administered. Calves of groups C and D remained stable until they abruptly developed severe dyspnea necessitating euthanasia. Thrombocytopenia and leukopenia developed after the initial endotoxin dose. Prothrombin time was prolonged and pcv suddenly decreased at 96 hours. Necropsy revealed consistent lesions in the vascular endothelium and lungs. Phenylbutazone administration did not enhance or ameliorate endotoxin-induced hemostatic alterations or pathologic lesions.
Production of monoclonal antibodies specific for antigens derived from tissue of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) affected with plasmacytoid leukemia
Authors: Newbound Garret C. , Markham Robert J. F. , Speare David J. , Saksida Sonja M. , Després Beatrice M. , Horney Barbara S. , Kibenge Frederick S. , Sheppard Judith A. , Wright Glenda M. , Kent Michael L. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Two distinct monoclonal antibodies (mab) were prepared for testing with kidney, spleen, and retrobulae tissue imprints made from chinook salmon (Oncorhnchus tshawytscha) affected with plasmacytoid leukemia. (pl). Hybridomas were prepared from mice immunized with whole and lysed cells purified from renal or retrobular pl-positive tissues, which had been obtained from naturally and experimentally infected fish from British Columbia, Canada. The mab reacted with at least 4 morphologically different cell types; of fluorescence was associated with the plasma membrane and cytoplasm. The mab also reacted with kidney imprints made from chinook salmon affected with a pl-like lymphoproliferative disease in California, indicating that these 2 diseases might be caused by a similar agent. The mab did not react with any of the kidney or spleen imprints made from wild chinook salmon collected from a river in Ontario, Canada
Effects of subject velocity on force plate-measured ground reaction forces in healthy Greyhounds at the trot
Authors: Riggs C. M. , DeCamp C. E. , Soutas-Little R. W. , Braden T. D. , Richter M. A. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Force plate gait analysis was used to study the effects of subject velocity on ground reaction forces. Seven adult Greyhounds were trotted at 3 distinct velocities: 1.5 to 1.8 m/s, 2.1 to 2.4 m/s, and 2.7 to 3.0 m/s. Forelimb and hind limb peak vertical forces increased with increase in velocity (P < 0.05). Forelimb and hind limb vertical impulses decreased as velocity increased (P < 0.05). Significant variations were not observed for craniocaudal or mediolateral peak forces or impulses. It was concluded that velocity significantly (P < 0.05) influenced ground reaction forces and impulses, and must be controlled in experimental design.
Effects of intra-articular chlorhexidine diacetate lavage on the stifle in healthy dogs
Authors: Anderson Mark A. , Payne John T. , Kreeger John M. , Wagner-Mann Colette C. , Schmidt Donald A. , Mann F. A. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Eight dogs were determined to be orthopedically normal on the basis of prelavage physical examination, stifle radiography, synovial fluid analysis, and force plate analysis (peak vertical force normalized for body weight, and time on the force plate). Each dog had 1 stifle randomly assigned to be lavaged with 100 ml of a commercially available 0.05% (w/v) chlorhexidine diacetate solution, and the contralateral stifle was lavaged with lactated Ringer’s solution.
Difference was not detected between the chlorhexidine diacetate and lactated Ringer’s solution-treated joints, with regard to results of synovial fluid analysis and clinical lameness evaluations on days 4 and 8 after lavage. Chlorhexidine diacetate caused a more intense synovitis than did lactated Ringer’s solution, as determined by histologic evaluation of synovial membrane specimens after necropsy on day 8; however, a difference in the intensity of toluidine blue staining of articular cartilage was not found between treatments. Chlorhexidine diacetate, as a 0.05% (w/v) solution, cannot be recommended as a joint lavage fluid until the duration of inflammatory changes in the synovial membrane are determined or until the chemical constituents of chlorhexidine diacetate causing the synovitis can be identified and removed.
Effects of concurrent administration of phenylbutazone and flunixin meglumine on pharmacokinetic variables and in vitro generation of thromboxane B2 in mares
Authors: Semrad Susan Diane , Sams Richard Alvin , Harris Orville Newton , Ashcraft Susan Marie 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Flunixin meglumine and phenylbutazone are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs commonly used for the management of colic, endotoxemia, and musculoskeletal disorders in equids. Although it is not usually recommended, there appears to be an increasing trend to use nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in combination to enhance or prolong their effects. Therefore, we studied the effect of concurrent administration of flunixin (1.1 mg/kg of body weight, iv) as flunixin meglumine and phenylbutazone (2.2 mg/kg, iv) on the pharmacokinetics of each drug and on in vitro thromboxane B2 production.
Pharmacokinetic variables calculated for each drug when given alone and in combination were similar to those reported. Serum thromboxane B2 production was significantly (P = 0.05) suppressed for 12, 8, and 24 hours after administration of flunixin, phenylbutazone, and the drugs in combination, respectively. These results indicate that although concurrent administration of these drugs at the aforementioned dosages does not alter either drug disposition or clearance, it prolongs their pharmacologic effect.
Somatosensory potentials in dogs with naturally acquired thoracolumbar spinal cord disease
Authors: Poncelet Luc , Michaux Charles , Balligand Marc 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Somatosensory evoked potentials (sep) were recorded at the scalp and at various levels along the lumbar and caudal thoracic parts of the spine in response to tibial nerve stimulations. The sep were observed in 24 diseased dogs, 2 with a vertebral fracture, 1 with a spinal cord tumor, 1 with a vertebral tumor, and 20 with disk herniation. Cord compression location was confirmed by myelography, laminectomy, or both. The clinical state had significant (P < 0.0001) influence on sep characteristics. The scalp-recorded sep latency changed only in association with the most severe lesions; spine-recorded sep conduction velocity was lower in association with mild lesions; scalp-recorded sep amplitude changed with lesions of intermediary severity. Because these 3 electrophysiologic variables were influenced differently by cord damage, it was possible to discriminate the various clinical grades by use of these techniques. However, dogs with signs of pain only could not be differentiated from clinically normal dogs. The evoked injury potential was observed in all but 4 diseased dogs, and its maximal amplitude corresponded, in all cases, with cord damage location. Increased duration (P < 0.05) of the spine-recorded sep was associated with longstanding problems, but not necessarily with clinically detectable malfunction. Use of sep and evoked injury potential for identifying lateralized cord damage may be of value.
Colorimetric diagnosis of prolonged bluetongue viremia in sheep, using an enzyme-linked oligonucleotide sorbent assay of amplified viral nucleic acids
Authors: Katz Jonathan B. , Gustafson Gary A. , Alstad A. David , Adler Karl A. , Moser Kathryn M. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Each of 5 US-origin serotypes of bluetongue virus (btv) was inoculated into a separate pair of sheep. The duration of each animal's ensuing viremia was monitored, using a btv serogroup-specific nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method and an embryonating chicken egg (ece) inoculation procedure. Mean duration of viremia was 100 and 38 days for the pcr and ece methods, respectively. This difference was significant (P < 0.001) and documents a more prolonged viremia in virus-exposed sheep than has been reported. A dual internal oligonucleotide solution hybridization procedure was developed for the rapid (2 hours) colorimetric detection and identification of btv-specific pcr products. This enzyme-linked oligonucleotide sorbent assay (elosa) relied on annealing of separate biotinylated and fluores-ceinated probes to the amplified btv nucleic acid; these complexes were captured on streptavidin-coated microtitration wells and were detected, using a horseradish peroxidase-labeled antifluorescein antibody conjugate. End-point dilution analyses of pcr products indicated that the elosa was more sensitive than gel electrophoretic or comparable colorimetric slot-blot hybridization techniques. The btv pcr-elosa system represents a more sensitive and expeditious means of diagnosing btv-induced viremia than does the ece procedure currently used. The combination of elosa with pcr should facilitate practical application of nucleic acid technology to diagnostic veterinary medicine.
Pharmacokinetics of phenylbutazone in neonatal foals
Authors: Wilcke Jeff R. , Crisman Mark V. , Sams Richard A. , Gerken Diane F. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Single doses (2.2 mg/kg of body weight) of phenylbutazone (pbz) were administered iv to 6 neonatal horses (5 to 17 hours old at time of dosing). Plasma concentrations of pbz and its metabolite oxyphenbutazone were monitored serially for 120 hours after drug administration. Pharmacokinetic variables were calculated, using 1- and 2-compartment open models. Descriptive equations from the best model for each foal were then used to derive model-independent variables describing pbz disposition. Median volume of distribution at steady-state was 0.274 L/ kg (range, 0.190 to 0.401 L/kg). Median terminal half-life was 7.4 (6.4 to 22.1) hours, and median total plasma clearance of pbz for foals in this study was 0.018 L/kg/h (range, 0.013 to 0.038 L/kg/h). Volume of distribution was larger, half-life was longer, and total clearance was lower, compared with similar values reported for administration of pbz to adult horses.