bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modelling of loss mechanisms in a pushing metal V-belt continuously variable transmission: Part 2: Pulley deflection losses and total torque loss validation
Authors: Akehurst S , Vaughan N D , Parker D A , Simner D 
Published: December 2004

The power transmission efficiency of continuously variable transmissions (CVTs) based on the pushing metal belt is acknowledged to be lower than that of discrete ratio alternatives. This tends to negate the potential fuel economy benefits that are obtained by improved engine/load matching with a CVT. This series of three papers details an investigation into the loss mechanisms that occur within the belt drive as a first step to obtaining improvements in efficiency. This second part follows on from an initial paper in which an analysis was performed of the losses that occur due to relative motion between the bands and segments of the belt. Additional experimental work has been performed indicating that a significant deflection occurs in the pulleys of the variator. Further torque-loss models are proposed in addition to that discussed in Part 1, representing a smaller but still significant torque loss associated with the belt. The work takes into account new findings in other research and changes in the design of the metal V-belt. The third paper in this series develops a number of models to predict belt-slip losses in the variator system, based on force distribution models developed in Part 1.
Z-Tribenzo[c,g,k]-1,2,5,6-tetradehydro[12]annulene, a Concave π-Electron System
Authors: Iyoda Masahiko , Fuchigami Kazuyuki , Kusaka Ayako , Yoshida Tadahiro , Yoshida Masato , Matsuyama Haruo , Kuwatani Yoshiyuki 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Synthesis of Z-tribenzo[c,g,k]-1,2,5,6-tetradedydro[12]-annulene 1 has been carried out in a good total yield. The Bergman reaction of the closely situated acetylene bonds in the endiyne structure of 1 and the reaction of 1 with AuCl produced the corresponding cyclization products.
New Insulin-Mimetic Zinc (II) Complexes; Bis-maltolato Zinc(II) and Bis-(2-hydroxypyridine-N-oxido) Zinc(II) with Zn(O4) Coordination Mode
Authors: Yoshikawa Yutaka , Ueda Eriko , Kawabe Kenji , Miyake Hiroyuki , Sakurai Hiromu , Kojima Yoshitane 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Zinc(II) complexes with a Zn(O4) coordination mode were found to have insulinomimetic activity. A bis-maltolato zinc(II) (Zn(Mal)2) complex was revealed to be in an octahedral and a square pyramidal geometries in a unit cell. Both Zn(Mal)2 (IC50 = 0.59 mM) and bis-2-hydroxypyridine-N-oxide zinc(II) (IC50 = 0.41 mM) complexes exhibited higher insulinomimetic activity than VOSO4(IC50 = 1.00 mM) and ZnSO4(IC50 = 0.81 mM) in terms of IC50 values, which show 50% inhibition concentration of the complex in the free fatty acids release from rat adipocytes.
Seneganolide, a Novel Antifeeding Mexicanolide from Khaya senegalensis
Authors: Nakatani Munehiro , Abdelgaleil Samir A M , Okamura Hiroaki , Iwagawa Tetsuo , Doe Matsumi 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Seneganolide, a new mexicanolide type rings B,D-seco limonoid was isolated as insect antifeedant together with a known methyl angolensate from the stem bark of Kyaya senegalensis (Meliaceae). The structure was elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic means and the antifeedant activity was tested by a conventional leaf disk method.
Surface Reducibility of Cerium Oxide Modified with Palladium
Authors: Matsumura Yasuyuki , Shen Wen-Jie , Ichihashi Yuichi , Morisawa Yasuo , Okumura Mitsutaka 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Three peaks at 530, 532, and 534 eV in the X-ray photoelectron spectrum of O 1s region for palladium-modified cerium oxide after reduction with hydrogen at 573 K can be attributed to Ce4+–O–Ce4+, Ce4+–O–Ce3+, and Ce3+–O–Ce3+ on the surface, respectively.
Synthesis and Molecular Structure of a Dilithium Salt of the cis-Diphenylcyclobutadiene Dianion
Authors: Matsuo Tsukasa , Mizue Takeru , Sekiguchi Akira 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
The cis-diphenyl-substituted cyclobutadiene cobalt complex (1), prepared from the reaction of 1,8-diphenyl-3,6-disila-1,7-octadiyne with CpCo(CO)2, reacted with lithium metal in tetrahydrofuran (THF) to yield pale orange crystals of the dilithium salt of the cis-diphenylcyclobutadiene dianion (2). The structure was determined by spectroscopic methods and X-ray crystallography to reveal the aromatic character of the doubly-charged four-membered ring system.
Transient Spectroscopic Properties of Endohedral Metallofullerenes, La@C82 and La2@C80
Authors: Fujitsuka Mamoru , Ito Osamu , Kobayashi Kaoru , Nagase Shigeru , Yamamoto Kazunori , Kato Tatsuhisa , Wakahara Takatsugu , Akasaka Takeshi 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Properties of the excited states of endohedral metallofullerenes (La@C82 and La2@C80) have been investigated by time-resolved absorption spectroscopy. Transient absorption bands of La@C82 showed two decay-components, which were attributed to excited states of different spin multiplicity. The properties of photoexcited states of La2@C80 are also reported.
Oxidation of Hydrocarbons by Mono- and Dinuclear Ruthenium Quinone Complexes via Hydrogen Atom Abstraction
Authors: Wada Tohru , Tsuge Kiyoshi , Tanaka Koji 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Deprotonation and two-electron oxidation of [RuII2(OH)2(Q)2(btpyan)]2+ (Q = 3,6-di(tert-butyl)-1,2-quinone, btpyan = 1,8-bis(2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridyl)anthracene) was converted to bis(ruthenium–oxo) complex [RuII2(O)2(Q)2(btpyan)]2+, which oxidized 1,3-cychrohexadiene and 1,2-dihydronaphtalene to corresponding aromatic compounds in the presence of AgClO4 and t-BuOK. On the other hand, mononuclear complex [RuII(OH2)(Q)(Ph-terpy)]2+ (Ph-terpy = 4′-phenyl-2,2′: 6′,2″-terpyridine, [2]2+) was converted to [RuII(OH)(Q)(Ph-terpy)]2+ under the similar conditions, but displayed the low activity for the oxidation compared with the dinuclear complex [1]2+.
Highly Conductive Room Temperature Molten Salts Based on Small Trimethylalkylammonium Cations and Bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide
Authors: Matsumoto Hajime , Yanagida Masahiro , Tanimoto Kazumi , Nomura Masakatsu , Kitagawa Yukiko , Miyazaki Yoshinori 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
The electrochemically stable and relatively high conductive room temperature molten salts (RTMS) have been obtained with the use of small ammonium cations such as methoxymethyltrimethylammonium and bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide. The RTMS showed high conductivity (4.7 mS cm−1 at 25 °C) which is the highest value of all the ammonium based RTMS reported so far.
Thenoyltrifluoroacetonato 1,10-Phenanthroline Europium (III) Complex Immobilized in Fluoropolymer Film as Optical Oxygen Sensing Material
Authors: Amao Yutaka , Okura Ichiro , Miyashita Tokuji 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
A new optical oxygen sensor based on the luminescence intensities of thenoyltrifluoroacetonato 1,10-phenanthroline europium (III) complex (Eu(TTA)3phen) immobilized in poly(styrene-co-trifluoroethylmethacrylate) film was developed. The luminescence intensity of the Eu(TTA)3phen film decreased with increasing the oxygen concentration. A Stern–Volmer plot of the Eu(TTA)3phen film exhibited considerable linearity (r2 = 0.996) and the Stern–Volmer quenching constant, KSV is estimated to be 0.015 %−1.
Synthesis of a Novel Ionic Liquid Crystalline Polythiophene Having Viologen Side Chain
Authors: Kijima Masashi , Setoh Kenichi , Shirakawa Hideki 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
A novel polythiophene having an ionic viologen mesogenic side chain at the 3-position was synthesized from a 2,5-dibromo-thiophene derivative by dehalogenative polycondensation using Ni(cod)2. Redox function of the viologen moiety in the polymer was confirmed by cyclic voltammetry. The polymer showed liquid crystalline, electrical conductive and photoelectrical properties.
A Sandwich Cubane-Type Mo–Sn Cluster: Synthesis and Crystal Structure of [(H2O)9Mo3OS3SnS3Omo3(H2O)9](CH3C6H4SO3)8·18H2O
Authors: Qin Yeyan , Wu Ling , Li Zhaoji , Kang Yao , Tang Yanhong , Yao Yuangen 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
A novel sandwich cubane-type mixed-metal Mo–Sn cluster compound [Mo6SnO2S6(H2O)18](pts)8·18H2O (A) was synthesized by the reaction of [Mo3(µ3-S)(µ-O)(µ-S)2(H2O)9]4+ (B) with tin metal in p-toluensulphonic acid (Hpts) solution. The compound A was characterized by the X-ray structure determination and UV–vis spectrum.
Face Selectivity in the Borohydride Reduction of 4-eq,6-ax-Diaryl-5-azaadamantan-2-ones
Authors: Jiménez-Cruz Federico , Cetina Raúl , Ríos-Olivares Héctor 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
The highly preferential attack at the en face in the reduction with sodium borohydride of 4-eq,6-ax-diaryl-5-azaadamantan-2-ones in methanol is described. Steric and electronic effects are involved.
New Cyclization Reaction of 2-(Trimethylsilylmethyl)pentadienal. Synthesis of Spiro[4.5]decane Ring System
Authors: Kuroda Chiaki , Koshio Hiroyuki 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
4-Cyclohexylidene-2-(trimethylsilylmethyl)but-2-enal, allylsilane type of linearly conjugated pentadienal, underwent a new self-cyclization reaction to afford 2-methylspiro[4.5]-2-decen-1-one. The reaction of 4-(4-alkylcyclohexylidene)-2-(trimethylsilylmethyl)-2-butenal proceeded stereoselectively.
A Bilayer Formed by Soluble Amphiphiles with Single Chain at the Mica–Solution Interface
Authors: Kawasaki Hideya , Syuto Masamitsu , Maeda Hiroshi 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
We investigated the aggregate morphologies of tetradecyldimethylamine oxide hemihydrochloride (C14DAO·1/2HCl) on mica surface in the surfactant solutions by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). C14DAO·1/2HCl forms a flat bilayer on mica. This morphology is different from spheres or cylinders which have been reported for other cationic surfactants with a single tetradecyl tail. The reason for this lower curvature of the C14DAO·1/2HCl aggregate on mica is discussed in terms of the hydrogen bond between the headgroups.
Evidence for the Formation of Hydrogen by Surface Reaction between Hydroxyl Groups and CO Molecule over Ga2O3–Al2O3
Authors: Haneda Masaaki , Joubert Emmanuel , Ménézo Jean-Christophe , Duprez Daniel , Barbier Jacques , Bion Nicolas , Daturi Marco , Saussey Jacques , Lavalley Jean-Claude , Hamada Hideaki 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Surface reaction of CO with Al2O3-supported metal oxide catalysts was studied. Reversible reduction/oxidation was observed for In2O3–Al2O3. Although the exposure of Ga2O3–Al2O3 to CO caused the formation of CO2, the successive reoxidation by O2 was not observed. This was accounted for by the reaction of surface hydroxyl groups on Ga2O3–Al2O3 with CO, leading to CO2 and H2.
Antimuscarinic Intoxication Resulting from the Ingestion of Moonflower Seeds
Authors: DeFrates Lynn J , Hoehns James D , Sakornbut Ellen L , Glascock Daniel G , Tew Amanda R 
Published: December 2004

OBJECTIVE: To report a case in which ingestion of moonflower seeds resulted in antimuscarinic intoxication. CASE SUMMARY: An 18-year-old man was found at a local convenience store hallucinating and incoherent. Upon presentation to the emergency department, his signs and symptoms included tachycardia, confusion, dilated pupils, and dry, flushed, hot skin. He was admitted to the intensive care unit. Hallucinations and symptoms resolved within 36–48 hours after hospitalization. The patient then reported that he had ingested moonflower seeds. He recovered and was released 4 days after admission. DISCUSSION: Based on the patient's description and clinical presentation, the moonflower seeds were believed to be Datura inoxia. This species of plant is similar to jimson weed, or Datura stramonium. These plants are known to contain high concentrations of anticholinergic substances; ingestion can result in anticholinergic intoxication. Signs and symptoms that commonly occur include hallucinations, tachycardia, dilated pupils, and disorientation. In our patient, use of the Naranjo probability scale indicated a possible relationship between the moonflower seed ingestion and the patient's signs and symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Ingestion of the Datura species can result in severe toxicity. Each plant varies in the concentrations of alkaloid substances. For this reason, it is very important for individuals to become educated on the toxicities and potential risks associated with recreational use of these plants.
The Impact of New Drug Introduction on Drug Expenditure in Primary Health Care in Catalunya, Spain
Authors: Zara Corinne , Torralba Miguel , Sotoca José M , Prat Alba , Faixedas María-Teresa , Gilabert Antoni 
Published: December 2004

BACKGROUND: Introduction of new drugs is a dynamic process with a high impact on consumption and expenditure. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the prescription of new drugs and the associated costs in public health care in Catalunya, Spain, in 2002. The analysis also attempts a perspective of consumption in relation to the grade of therapeutic innovation of the new drugs. METHODS: Prescription data on all 86 new drugs licensed for use during 1998–2002 were analyzed, using the prescription item as unit and the cost. RESULTS: Prescription for new drugs in 2002 represented 4% of overall items prescribed and 13% of the cost. The mean new drug item cost was ¢39, while that of overall drugs was ¢13. New drug item increase over the previous year was 18.6% compared with 5.2% of the overall drugs, and the proportional cost increased by 25.7% and 9.9%, respectively. Ten new drugs represented 55.1% of the expenditure of this group. Antiasthmatic drugs represented 20.7% of the expenditure on new drugs, angiotensin-receptor blockers represented 18.6%, antiaggregants 9.7%, and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs 6.9%. New drugs providing significant or modest therapeutic improvement represented 25.6% of overall new drug items and 32.3% of their cost. CONCLUSIONS: New drugs have a mean cost growth rate greater than that of existing drugs, with only a quarter of them offering advantages over existing drugs. More detailed evaluations of new medications are warranted before they can be recommended for general use so that a better distribution of the limited resources available may be made when prescribing drugs that are newly available through prescription.
A Device for Studying Fresh Concrete Friction
Authors: Vanhove Y , Djelal C , Magnin A 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Many civil engineering applications are confronted with problems caused by friction (wear, head losses, etc.). A tribometer for fluid material was therefore developed. The principle consists in pressing fresh concrete samples against a moving metal surface and measuring the tangential force. The validation of this new instrumentation is presented. Results obtained on two concretes show that the friction does not follow Coulomb's Law. The main parameters (pressure, velocity) involved during formwork filling are taken into account.
Effect of Finishing Practices on Performance of Concrete Containing Slag and Fly Ash as Measured by ASTM C 672 Resistance to Deicer Scaling Tests
Authors: Taylor PC , Morrison W , Jennings VA 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
The test method was developed to evaluate portland cement systems with different air contents, and for the purpose of determining whether the apparent poor performance of concretes containing supplementary cementing materials in the ASTM C 672 deicer scaling test can be attributed to differences in finishing effort or timing of finishing, or both.
Unthermostated Multichannel Heat Conduction Calorimeter
Authors: Wadsö L 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Heat conduction calorimetry is a convenient method to detect cement-admixture incompatibility. However, such instruments tend to be used mainly in chemical laboratories. This paper presents the design of a simple unthermostated heat conduction calorimeter that can simultaneously monitor the heat production rate in 14 samples of cement paste or mortar. As it is not thermostated, its performance is governed by the ambient temperature stability and the heat capacity balance between each sample and its reference. The paper shows that the instrument can be used to detect cement-admixture incompatibility and to quantify retardation time.
Polycarboxylate Polymers and Blends in Different Cements
Authors: Mäder U , Schober I , Wombacher F , Ludirdja D 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
During the last few years, polycarboxylate based polymers have become very popular. They contain a polycarboxylic backbone onto which ethyleneoxide side chains have been grafted. However its dispersing and slump keeping properties vary significantly, depending on the chemical structure. The dispersing properties of two polymers having a different number of polyoxyethlene (PEO) graft chains relative to the length of the backbone were evaluated in cement paste by measuring adsorption on cement paste and flow properties in different mortar compositions. The effects of the polymers on the fluidity and the retention of flow of the cementitious systems are significantly different. While one polymer gives a very strong initial water reduction, the second one shows excellent flow retaining properties. When combined, the two polymers are well suited for the production of RMC and self-consolidating concrete mixes with different cements and in different climate zones.
Direct Simple Shear Testing for Post-Cyclic Degradation in Stiffness of Nonplastic Silt
Authors: Song BW , Yasuhara K , Murakami S 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Using a sequential procedure of cyclic and postcyclic direct simple shear tests, the stiffness degradation characteristics of nonplastic silt are studied during and immediately after cyclic loading by direct simple shear (DSS) tests. The results from cyclic and postcyclic DSS tests were interpreted using methods modified from those adopted for cyclic and postcyclic triaxial tests. In particular, the effect of initial static shear stress (ISSS) on postcyclic behavior is considered for nonplastic silt. The findings obtained from the sequential DSS testing on nonplastic silt are: (i) during cyclic loading the tendency of the stiffness to decrease with increasing normalized pore pressure is different for plastic and nonplastic silts, (ii) since the relation between equivalent stiffness ratio and single amplitude shear strain for nonplastic silt does not filt the Hardin-Drnevich Model, new modified relation is needed, (iii) the larger the ISSS is, the faster the decrease in stiffness ratio becomes, and (iv) the decrease of stiffness ratio for nonplatic silt is less marked than that for plastic silt when plotted against the normalized pore pressure after cyclic load.
Measurement of Crystalline Swelling in Expansive Clay
Authors: Likos WJ 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
An experimental system for measuring relationships among relative humidity, moisture content, and the corresponding volume changes associated with hydration-related, or “crystalline,” swelling in expansive clay is described. The system is capable of actively controlling relative humidity between approximately 1 and 90% along either wetting or drying paths in a small environmental chamber. Axial strain and moisture content of compacted expansive clay specimens are monitored as the specimen swells or shrinks in response to imposed changes in humidity. Application of the system is demonstrated for a specimen of Wyoming Na+-smectite. Hysteresis is observed between the wetting and drying loops of the humidity-water content relationship as well as the humidity-strain relationship. Characteristic wavy patterns are noted in both relationships that are interpreted to indicate the successive adsorption and desorption of discrete molecular layers of water associated with crystalline swelling. Humidity values at which the transitions in the stable hydrate states occur compare well with previous results obtained from humidity-controlled X-ray diffraction tests. The maximum axial strain attributed to the crystalline swelling process is 16.3 %.
Design and Construction of Three Instrumented Test Piles to Examine Time Dependent Pile Capacity Gain
Authors: Paikowsky SG , Hajduk EL 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Three heavily instrumented test piles were designed, constructed, and installed at a bridge reconstruction site in Newbury, Massachusetts as part of a research initiative into time dependent pile capacity gain. Pile instrumentation consisted primarily of an alternating pattern of piezometers and strain gages, allowing for correlation between pile capacity gain and excess pore pressure dissipation along discrete pile segments. Additional instrumentation within the piles included accelerometers, telltales, and radial pressure cells, allowing monitoring of total pressure at the pile wall. Standard dynamic gages (strain gages and accelerometers) were also attached to the piles during dynamic testing. A total of 86 vibrating wire, 17 electrical resistance, 17 telltales, and 4 piezo-resistive gages were installed within the test piles to record strain, displacement, pressure, and acceleration.
This paper describes (i) the initial installation location of the test piles, (ii) the design and layout of the individual test piles, (iii) the selection and installation design of the individual instrumentation within the test piles, and (iv) assembly of the test piles. Sample measurements of the various instruments and a summary of the instrumentation performance are also presented.
The Generalized Subtraction Correction Algorithm for Measuring Duct Leakage Using a Blower Door
Authors: Katz M , Witriol NM , Erinjeri J 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
The Generalized Subtraction Correction Algorithm (GSCA) improves upon the Modified Subtraction method for determining duct-leakage-to-outside using only a blower door. GSCA utilizes attic pressure both to calculate a generalized Subtraction Correction Factor and to properly identify and assign the correct pressure difference between the ducts and attic responsible for the calculated duct-leakage flow. This paper also describes the normal procedures that enhance the accuracy of data collection and the subsequent tests on the resulting information for validating the applicability of GSCA to an individual home. GSCA collects associated pressure-coupling data and enhances the reliability of house-leakiness results.
Mechanical Properties of Municipal Solid Waste
Authors: Vilar OM , Carvalhod MdeF 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
This paper deals with the compressibility and shear strength of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) as measured in the laboratory. The waste studied was recovered from Bandeirantes Sanitary Landfill (São Paulo, Brazil) and is about 15 years old. More than 50 % by weight of MSW is organic paste and as much as 17 % is plastic and other strip materials. Consolidation and drained and undrained triaxial compression tests were performed in reconstituted waste specimens of large dimensions and with different unit weights considering both saturated specimens and specimens tested at natural moisture content. It is shown that the MSW exhibits a pronounced secondary compression; the influence of void ratio and stress on secondary compression index is discussed and compared with available data from MSW and soft soils. Typical stress-strain curves are presented and some peculiarities are shown, as the absence of failure even at large strains, up to 30 %, implies the need of deriving shear strength envelopes based on strain. The influence of saturation and of unit weight on shear strength is also addressed as well as the shear strength mobilization that shows that the friction tends to be fully mobilized at strains of about 20 %, while the cohesion intercept starts to be mobilized at strains of 10% and even more and a limiting value could not be observed in the strain range attained in the tests. The development of pore water pressures in the undrained tests and the variation of undrained shear strength with effective confining pressure are also addressed.