bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cultures, Conditions, and Corruption
Authors: Balfour Sebastian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of all the themes addressed in this book, that of the everyday life and mentality of the soldier in the colonial war is the least documented and the least subject to verification. It has always been difficult for combatants caught up in the worst moments of war to represent it to those who have not undergone its barbarism, physical suffering, and deep comradeship, and even to explain that experience to themselves. For it lies beyond discourse and even identity.
A Noifolk Childhood 1841-1852
Authors: Owen Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 8 June 1841 census enumerators visited Cromer Hall, a newly built neo-Gothic house just a mile and a half from the little fishing town of Cromer in Norfolk. There they collected the form showing that the house contained two little boys, Master Thomas Baring, aged 2, and Master Evelyn Baring, aged 5 months, together with five female house servants, including Ann Cox, the boys’ nurse. The boys’ parents, Mr and Mrs Henry Baring, were away, as they very often were, staying at their London House at 11 Berkeley Square with their one daughter, Cecilia, aged 8, and the twins, Robert and Richard, aged 7, looked after by fourteen live-in servants.
Helping to Govern Malta with Many Excursions 1864-1867
Authors: Owen Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After leaving Corfu, Baring returned quickly to England and then on to North America for a shooting trip and to see his brother Tom, who was working for Baring Brothers in New York. ‘ Now don’ t get shot and marry a squaw,’ wrote Lear. It proved to be sage advice as Earing’ s first act was to hasten down to Washington to observe some of the Civil War, then in its last stages, following General Grant’ s wilderness campaign in southern Virginia. This was part of Grant’ s juggernaut drive into the Confederate heartland, which had just ground to a halt after encountering Robert E. Lee’ s army in an area of thick shrub and swamps outside the town of Petersburg, some 30 miles south of the Confederate capital of Richmond.
Return to England 1907-1908
Authors: Owen Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cromer continued to try to direct policy until Gorst and his wife arrived to take over on 24 April r 907. Having made his decision, he was anxious to go as quickly as possible, writing to Rowland that ‘ I cannot tell you how much I am looking forward to a little peace and quiet’ .1 It was a confused and difficult time. One factor was the impact of the United States stock market crash in March, which produced immediate restrictions in local bank and mortgage credit leading to what The Economist’ s correspondent called a ‘ wave of demoralisation ... without parallel’ on the Alexandria stock exchange.
An Active Retirement 1908-1914
Authors: Owen Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Once he felt he had fully regained his health in the spring of 1908, Lord Cromer decided to enter British political life by taking up his seat in the House of Lords. He was now 67. He spent the next four years in the energetic pursuit of a wide variety of causes until his health began to break down again in 1912, when he was too ill to go to Scotland for the summer. This was followed by a fainting fit in the autumn of 191 3, and then another serious illness, a stroke, in the spring of 19 14, after which he was convinced that, for all practical purposes, his political life was over.1
Literature and the Irish Famine 1845–1919
Authors: Fegan Melissa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The impact of the Irish famine of 1845-1852 was unparalleled in both political and psychological terms. The effects of famine-related mortality and emigration were devastating, in the field of literature no less than in other areas. In this incisive new study, Melissa Fegan explores the famine's legacy to literature, tracing it in the work of contemporary writers and their successors, down to 1919. Dr Fegan examines both fiction and non-fiction, including journalism, travel-narratives and the Irish novels of Anthony Trollope. She argues that an examination of famine literature that simply categorizes it as 'minor' or views it only as a silence or an absence misses the very real contribution that it makes to our understanding of the period. This is an important contribution to the study of Irish history and literature, sharply illuminating contemporary Irish mentalities.
Making Citizens in an Increasingly Complex Society: Jacobinism Revisited
Authors: Schnapper Dominique 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
VINCENT Wright was one of the few foreigners to express some sympathy for Jacobinism. For did he not say, with a humour that he would have forgiven me for describing as British, ‘the nation state, with all its problems, remains, for most citizens, the principal repository of legitimate authority. In arguing this case, I am aware that I lay myself open to the not entirely unjustifiable accusation of being an old-fashioned Jacobin, perverted by a nostalgia for the 1950s and 1960s, by a penchant for limited social democratic distributionalism, and by an admiration for the French prefectoral administration’.1 It seems to me that any lover of France should share this sympathy even if it can only be critical-in so far as it was this very Jacobinism which built the nation. It is, however, important to understand this Jacobinism for what it is, and not to take at face value the descriptions and the justifications which its own theorists provided. In this homage to Vincent, I would like to offer a few thoughts on what it was and on the problems encountered today by the heritage of Jacobinism, a legacy that is nowadays criticized in two respects. On the one hand, it is said to be alien to the great liberal tradition of the British, furtheir developed by the United States and the democracies of northern Europe; and, on the other hand, it is viewed as inappropriate to the style of modern civilization, which is founded upon individual initiative. The rigidity of Jacobinism, like that of the traditional nation state, is believed to meet neither the conditions governing the functioning of modern democracy nor the demands of a liberal and internationalized economy.
Gender Compromises: The Female Practitioner and her Connections
Authors: Felling Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To consider the female practitioners pursued by the College is to consider the most extreme case of the paradox of distance and proximity. With women, as with strangers, we can see most clearly the need to adopt a dyadic form of analysis, to examine interaction rather than one side of the confrontation. Ostensibly, the College did not spend much time on women practisers of physic, and it was easily able to deter them from practice. Cases involving women have been cited by the College’s apologists chiefly as a way of ridiculing the pretensions of empirics in general.
Desert: Individualistic and Holistic
Authors: Hurka Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is a response to a recent argument of Samuel Scheffler’s. Scheffler is defending John Rawls’s view that while the concept of desert may play a foundational role in the theory of retributive justice that underlies the criminal law, it cannot do the same in the theory of distributive justice that assesses economic outcomes.1 The concept of desert, Scheffler argues, is individualistic, in that what a person deserves depends only on facts about him. This suits it for the con text of retributive justice, which is likewise individualistic. But distributive jus tice is essentially holistic, since the justice of a given person’s share of resources turns in several ways on facts about other people.
Brute Luck Equality and Desert
Authors: Vallentyne Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years, interest in desert-based theories of justice has increased, and this seems to represent a challenge to equality-based theories of justice.1 The best distribution of outcome-advantage with respect to desert, after all, need not be the most equal distribution of outcome-advantage. Some individuals may deserve more than others. Outcome egalitarianism is, however, implausible, and so the conflict of outcome desert with outcome equality is of little significance.2 Most contemporary versions of egalitarianism are concerned with neutralizing the differential effects of brute luck and not with equality of outcome. I shall argue that, in order to be plausible, a desert-based theory of justice can and must be compatible with this form of egalitarianism.
Competitive City: Governance and the Changing Dynamics of Urban Regeneration in Dublin
Authors: Bartley Brendan , Shine Kasey Treadwell 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Ireland, as elsewhere in the developed world, national and municipal governments have adopted entrepreneurial practices such as place promotion, flagship projects, image boosterism, and urban regeneration schemes in order to promote competitive advantage on the international and global stage (Bartley and Saris 1999; Hall and Hubbard 1998). These practices are associated with new economic and social policies that coincide with a transformation of urban politics. An increasing stress is placed on facilitating market operations, through a new business-oriented management ethos within local and central government.
Business as Usual:The Naples Business District (Centro Direzionale di Napoli)
Authors: Haddock Serena Vicari 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Visitors to Naples cannot help but be struck by the natural beauty of the city’s location and buildings and at the same time by how they have been disfigured over time. This double image is not a recent phenomenon; it has been a constant feature of the ‘beautiful monster’, as Braudel (1966) called the city, for hundreds of years. In some ways the new business centre of the city, which towers over its skyline, is a further addition to its monstrosity. Beauty and desolation, wealth and poverty reside side by side in all parts of the city-glaring evidence of the constant conflict among different economic, social, and cultural groups, which is at the heart of a fragmented southern European society.
The Contradictions of Urbanizing Globalization
Authors: Swyngedouw Erik , Moulaert Frank , Rodríguez Arantxa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The preceding chapters illustrated in their rich diversity a number of common themes and features that characterize the urban development process in the European Union. Not with standing the profound reorganizations of the urban fabric that the political-economic elites of these cities have pursued in their attempts to insert their urban economies within a neo-liberal and globalizing world order, the concrete transformations exhibit a number of contradictions that stand in sharp contrast with the professed objectives.
Phonetic change and semantic change
Authors: Saussure Ferdinand de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When we deal separately with the double subject of modified forms and modified meanings in words, we are not creating an artificial division but are only recognizing natural distinctions .. . We are plunged into perplexity on reading the comparisons that one finds, in serious works (Whitney for example) between these two types of change over time: All of this needs reviewing, but we have no idea where to begin.
Life of language
Authors: Saussure Ferdinand de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Life of language may mean, firstly, the way language lives through time, i.e. the fact that it may be transmitted. This fact is a truly vital element of language, because nothing in language escapes transmission; but it also happens to be completely foreign to language. What existence a sign may be said to have resides in principle in the mental association between it and an idea, and there alone. That is why a degree of surprise is probable, indeed inevitable, at the need to recognize that the sign has a second existence, independent of the idea as one goes through time.
Parallelism
Authors: Saussure Ferdinand de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The unilateral parallelism of the aorist is responsible for grouping laT1v; l8Eøt; lºømov within the unity of a certain idea. There is no corresponding unity in the forms, hence the unilateral nature of this parallelism. But what is the basis of this parallelism, if it is not in forms? It is, quite simply, the infinite number of ways in which it is different from other parallelisms (which may for their part be unilateral, or bilateral).
Negativity and difference
Authors: Saussure Ferdinand de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The negativity of terms in language may be considered before deciding on the place of language. For this negativity, we can provisionally accept that language exists outside ourselves and our mind, since we are only highlighting the fact that different terms in language, unlike different elements in chemistry, etc., are no more than defined differences between terms which would be empty and void of definition without these differences.
Note on Discourse (from the Orangery manuscripts)
Authors: Saussure Ferdinand de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This string of words, as rich as it might be through the ideas that it evokes, would never suggest to a human individual that another individual in enunciating them wanted to signify something to him. What is needed in order for us to get the idea that someone wants to signify something by using the terms that are available in a language system? This is the same question as asking what is discourse, and at first sight the answer is simple: discourse consists, even if only in a rudimentary way, and in ways of which we are unaware, of confirming a link between two of the concepts that appear cloaked in a linguistic form, while the language system at first consists only of isolated concepts that are waiting to be put into relation with each other so that meaningful thought may be expressed.
Troy And Homer
Authors: Latacz Joachim , Kevin Windle , Ireland Rosh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this book Joachim Latacz turns the spotlight of modern research on the much-debated question of whether the wealthy city of Troy described by Homer in the Iliad was a poetic fiction or a memory of historical reality. Earlier excavations at the hill of Hisarlik, in Turkey, on the Dardanelles, brought no answer, but in 1988 a new archaeological enterprise, under the direction of Manfred Korfmann, led to a radical shift in understanding. Latacz, one of Korfmann’s closest collaborators, traces the course of these excavations, and the renewed investigation of the imperial Hittite archives they have inspired. As he demonstrates, it is now clear that the background against which the plot of the Iliad is acted out is the historical reality of the thirteenth century BC. The Troy story as a whole must have arisen in this period, and we can detect traces of it in Homer’s great poem.
The Fundamental Problem: Was Hisarhk Really Once Troia/Ilios?
Authors: Latacz Joachim , Kevin Windle , Ireland Rosh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By 1996 there had been twenty-five excavation campaigns in five series under four expedition leaders at the Turkish hill of Hisarhk on the Dardanelles (see the table on p. 11). In the course of these excavations, the history of the occupation of the citadel on the hill, and also, since 1988 and more particularly since 1993, the occupation of the lower town, has been steadily clarified. However, none of the excavators knew the contemporary name of the settlement being brought to light.
The Opposing Side: ‘Achaians’ and ‘Danaans’—Two More Names Rehabilitated
Authors: Latacz Joachim , Kevin Windle , Ireland Rosh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whether or not we assume that Taruwisa/Tru(w)isa can be equated with Troy, the name of the besieged city in the Iliad is historical, since it has been proven that Wilusa and Wilios are one and the same. But we must then proceed to note that the names of the besiegers in the Iliad are no invention either. The besiegers came from the region known broadly to us as ‘Greece’. (We shall return to the matter of the geographical variations of the territory of ‘classical’ Greece.)
The Result: There Probably Was a War over Troy
Authors: Latacz Joachim , Kevin Windle , Ireland Rosh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1998 one of the leading Hittite scholars, Trevor Bryce, attempted to collate some of these facts, if far from all, in order to present a general picture in a separate chapter of his book, The Kingdom of the Hittites, which he entitled ‘The Trojan war: myth or reality?’1 He concludes that there can no longer be any doubt that the story of the Trojan War has a basis in history. Four of his five items of evidence will be quoted here (the fifth is not directly connected with the first four): Mycenaean Greeks were closely involved in the political and military affairs of western Anatolia, particularly in the thirteenth century.
Heroes And Kings
Authors: Black Jeremy , Cunningham Graham , Robson Eleanor , Zólyomi Brá 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is not dear that the legendary heroes whose exploits feature in several Sumerian literary narratives can be distinguished from gods. Usually their names are written with the same determinative sign used to write the names of deities, and it is known from documentary evidence that some received a cult and offerings. They were often considered to be the offspring of gods. Some, such as Lugalbanda, were envisaged as culture-heroes who had benefited mankind, while others, such as Gilgameš, were considered to have ruled well-known cities in ancient times. However, it is precisely this connection to identified terrestrial locations that characterizes the figures we can call heroes.
Inana And Dumuzid
Authors: Black Jeremy , Cunningham Graham , Robson Eleanor , Zólyomi Brá 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Inana was the most powerful and ambitious goddess in the Sumerian pantheon. Much of this power stemmed from her role as the goddess of sexual love and agricultural fertility, the relationship between the two conveyed in metaphors which equate making love with plant cultivation, and sexual satisfaction with fruitful livestock and crops. Her partner in these celebrations was the shepherd-god Dumuzid, although this male role was often taken by a king who thus established his pastoral responsibility for his (human) flock, proximity to the divine, and contribution to agriculture, the economic foundation on which urban civilization was based.
Enlil And Ninlil
Authors: Black Jeremy , Cunningham Graham , Robson Eleanor , Zólyomi Brá 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Enlil, the dominant deity in the Sumerian pantheon, also went by the name Nunamnir and the epithet ‘Great Mountain’. He played a central role in royal ideology as the god who bestowed ‘kingship of the Land’ in his temple at Nibru, the religious centre of the Land. Sumer was rarely politically united-under Sargon and his successors in the late twenty-fourth century; by Šulgi and his descendants throughout the twenty-first century; and by Hammurabi in the mid-eighteenth century BCE-but the image of divinely sanctioned unity remained powerful (for instance in A praise poem of Lipit-Eštar, Group J).
LOVE AND SEX
Authors: Black Jeremy , Cunningham Graham , Robson Eleanor , Zólyomi Brá 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The whole spectrum of heterosexual love is explored and celebrated in Sumerian literature, as well as the bonds of family and friendship. Neither male nor female homosexuality is recognized (though homoeroticism is a defining feature of Gilgameš and Enkidu’s relationship in the Babylonian Epic of Gilgameš, largely absent in the Sumerian Gilgame šnarratives).
Propaganda and the Tudor State
Authors: Cooper J P D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book offers a fresh understanding of the substance behind the rhetoric of English Renaissance monarchy. Propaganda is identified as a key factor in the intensification of the English state. The Tudor royal image is pursued in all its forms: in print and prayer, in iconography and architecture. The monarchy surrounded itself with the trappings of majesty at court, but in the shires it relied on different strategies of persuasion to uphold its authority. The Reformation placed the provincial pulpit at the disposal of the crown, and the church became the main conduit of royal propaganda. Sermons taught the duty of obedience, and parish prayer was redirected from local saints towards the sovereign as the symbolic core of the nation. Dr Cooper examines the relationship between the Tudor monarchy and its subjects in Cornwall and Devon, and the complex interaction between local and national political culture. These were years of social and religious upheaval, during which the western peninsula witnessed three major rebellions, and many more riots and affrays. A vibrant popular religion was devastated by the Protestant Reformation, and foreign invasion was a frequent threat. Cornwall remained recognizably different from England in its ancient language and traditions. Yet in the midst of all this, popular allegiance to monarchy and nation survived and prospered. The Tudors were mourned and celebrated in towns and parish churches. Loyalty was fostered by the Duchy of Cornwall and the stannaries. Regional difference, far from undermining the power of the crown, was fundamental to its success in the westcountry. This is a study of government at the dangerous edges of Tudor England, and a testament to the unifying power of propaganda.
Annual Bibliography Of British And Irish History
Authors: Gee Austin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Royal Historical Society's Annual Bibliography of British and Irish History provides a comprehensive and authoritative survey of books and articles on historical topics published in a single calendar year. It is available before the end of the following year. The volume is divided into sections, to cover all periods of British and Irish history from Roman Britain to the end of the twentieth century, and is arranged alphabetically. It also includes sections on imperial and commonwealth history. Over two hundred journals are searched annually, and the editor's aim is to list all relevant books and articles published in the UK. Each section is edited by a specialist in the field; the whole is edited by Austin Gee for the Royal Historical Society. The book's contents are indexed by author, by place, by personal name, and by subject. The subject keywords enable scholars to trace publications in which they are interested, beyond the information conveyed in the title. The Annual Bibliography is the most complete and up-to-date bibliography of its type, and an indispensable tool for historians.
Lucca: Disputing Strategies
Authors: Wickham Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
this chapter will focus on narratives, which, as stressed already in the Introduction, are central to the methodology of this book. The institutional framework of Lucchese justice will, I hope, have become sufficiently dear in the previous chapter; here, we will concentrate on how the Lucchesi resolved disputes in the context of that framework. The stories of disputes have their own fascination, but they will also be assembled so as to allow further understanding of four different aspects of the disputing process: how arguments were set out; what sorts of proofs litigants thought were useful, and how they worked; how the moment of dispute fitted into longer-term patterns (in particular, the changing relationships between the parties, what social anthropologists have called the ‘extended-case method’); and how Lucchesi negotiated the actual ending of disputes in the context of the social expectations and institutional constraints described in this chapter and the previous one.