bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Don’t tell anybody you are a thete!’
Authors: Cecchet Lucia 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores a subtle form of subordination, involving one component of the Athenian civic body: the thetes. Despite being included in the civic body as the fourth census class of the Solonic order, thetes were precluded from offices and the Boule (Council). Such restrictions were probably no longer observed in the classical period; however, they remained formally unchanged. As a socio-economic group, thetes were originally landless or owners of small plots; thus they were involved in crafts, artisanship, and constructions—including daily wage labour. Some clues in the literary record suggest that the word thetes evoked proximity with servile status, and this might be the reason for which, in Athenian oratory, court speakers who identify themselves as ‘poor’ (penetes or even ptochoi) never describe themselves as thetes. One other explanation is that the word did not reflect any specific socio-economic condition in the classical period, as thetes could be, in fact, also wealthy. However, in the common perception the word must have remained linked to the sphere of subalternity. The self-perception of thetes as workers and artisans was probably also affected by the elite-promoted public discourse, which celebrated rural labour (i.e. the hoplite–farmer) over urban labour (the citizen worker). This might account for the fact that, though a good part of Athenians were involved in activities outside the agricultural sector, manifestations of professional pride by Athenian craftsmen and artisans are fairly rare in the epigraphic record, if compared to those by metics and slaves. This form of subordination internal to the civic body represents a paradox of Athenian democracy, as democratic Athens celebrated itself as an inclusive political system.
How to Find a New Master
Authors: Forsdyke Sara 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter aims to expand our appreciation of the ways that enslaved persons in ancient Greece resisted their enslavers. It does so by examining a range of strategies pursued by the enslaved that aimed to secure transfer from a cruel to a more benevolent enslaver. First, the chapter demonstrates how some enslaved persons leveraged provisions in the law requiring slaves who had committed crimes to be handed over to the victim for punishment. By colluding with alleged ‘victims’ of these crimes, enslaved persons were thereby transferred to a new owner. Secondly, the chapter explores the role of temples as a place of refuge for abused slaves. It suggests that enslaved persons exploited this feature of religious norms to negotiate for transfer to a new enslaver. The chapter ends with some reflections on the number and social position of enslaved persons who might have been able to deploy these strategies.
Varying Statuses, Varying Rights
Authors: Kamen Deborah 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the degree to which individuals of different statuses in classical Athens could make use of their right to be protected from hubris. It demonstrates that subordinate members of Athenian society (enslaved people, formerly enslaved people, freeborn foreigners, naturalized citizens, even children, women, and poor people who were citizens) were, to varying degrees, less able to obtain redress through a graphē hubreōs than the law purported to offer. Finally, it suggests that the variable access to this right that was notionally granted to all may have had the paradoxical effect of upholding the status hierarchy and reinforcing the subordination of most members of Athenian society.
Strategies of Disenfranchisement
Authors: Kennedy Rebecca Futo 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Although women and children appear frequently in extant Athenian oratory, we rarely know more about them than what appears in the speech. This appearance is frequently taken at face value, as if the women were as represented: foreigners perpetrating illegal marriages, whores laying illegal claims to estates through fake marriages or illegitimate children, or nameless women and children of uncertain status. In inheritance disputes, these women and children can stand between speakers and the estates they claim; it is hardly surprising that speakers present a remarkably biased narrative about them. And yet these texts have traditionally been used to construct not only our working knowledge of laws for inheritance and heirs/heiresses but also the limited statuses that scholars believe women and children were able to occupy in classical Athens. In most cases, this procedure must ignore the biases of the texts and the strategies that the speakers are using to undermine the credibility and status of these women. This approach gives the speeches a level of credibility as evidence that is unwarranted, since we lack any control for their claims. Structural biases must be assessed, and these can be understood better by looking at the persistence of specific rhetorical strategies for disinheriting and, in some cases, disenfranchising women and children.
CD80-Fc fusion protein as a potential cancer immunotherapy strategy
Authors: Wang Songna , Hu Pinliang , Fan Jiajun , Zou Jing , Hong Weidong , Huang Xuan , Pan Danjie , Chen Huaning , Zhu Yi Zhun , Ye Li 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The activation of T lymphocytes is a crucial component of the immune response, and the presence of CD80, a membrane antigen, is necessary for T-cell activation. CD80 is usually expressed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which can interact with cluster of differentiation 28 (CD28) or programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) to promote T-cell proliferation, differentiation and function by activating costimulatory signal or blocking inhibitory signal. Simultaneously, CD80 on the APCs also interacts with cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) on the surface of T cells to suppress the response of specific effector T cells, particularly in the context of persistent antigenic stimulation. Due to the pivotal role of CD80 in the immune response, the CD80-Fc fusion protein has emerged as a promising approach for cancer immunotherapy. This review primarily focused on the crucial role of CD80 in the cancer immunotherapy. We also reviewed the current advancements in the research of CD80-Fc fusion proteins. Finally, we deliberated on the challenges encountered by CD80-Fc fusion proteins and proposed the potential strategies that could yield the benefits for patients.
Survey and situation analysis of personal, employer-related, and environmental factors affecting participation in continuous professional development (CPD) programs of laboratory professionals in Africa
Authors: Ndlovu Nqobile , Mataka Anafi , Lombard Carl , Erasmus Rajiv T , Zemlin Annalise E 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Objectives
To determine the level and evaluate factors affecting the participation of laboratory professionals in continuous professional development (CPD) programs in eastern and southern Africa.

Methods
A survey was conducted among laboratory professionals from 14 countries. The CPD participation was defined as low if it was fewer than 2 CPD trainings in the past 2 years. Associations between categorical variables were tested for significance using Fisher exact test.

Results
Of the expected 400, 283 (70% response rate) individuals participated in the survey. Of these, 153 (54%) had low CPD participation and 199 (70%) were aware of CPD educational activities in their respective country. Those with diploma certificates attended more CPD programs (P &lt; .001) than those with undergraduate and master’s degrees. Awareness of CPD programs was associated with a higher level of CPD participation (P = .0001). Job satisfaction was significantly associated with high levels of CPD participation (P = .02). Other factors associated with high level of participation in CPD programs included affordability (P = .03), funding by employer (P = .0005), and awareness of legal CPD requirements (P = .002).

Conclusions
The CPD programs are considered useful to an individual’s professional development, although there was low participation. It is recommended that different formats and platforms be used to expand CPD programs.
Identification of Hb Lepore, Hb anti-Lepore, and α-globin gene triplications by long-read single-molecule real-time sequencing
Authors: Xu Anping , Ye Yinghui , Huang Yueying , Huang Yun , Guo Hui , Ji Ling 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Objectives
Hemoglobin (Hb) Lepore and Hb anti-Lepore are infrequent fusion gene variants that result from nonhomologous crossovers during meiosis. Conventional molecular testing methods may face challenges in identifying these variants. During Hb analysis using capillary electrophoresis, we encountered 6 cases with unusual Hb variants. Our aim was to identify the alterations in their globin genes.

Methods
Gap-polymerase chain reaction (PCR), reverse dot-blot assay (RDB), Sanger sequencing, multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA), and long-read single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing were used to confirm the presence of globin gene alterations.

Results
The routine thalassemia gene test kit using the gap-PCR and RDB techniques did not detect common gene variations. Direct sequencing failed to identify any known or unknown globin gene alterations. The MLPA analysis, however, revealed the possible presence of α-globin gene triplications as well as 2 types of fusion gene alterations. Further analysis using long-read SMRT sequencing accurately identified 3 rare gene variations: αααanti-3.7, Hb Lepore-Boston-Washington, and Hb anti-Lepore P-India.

Conclusions
Conventional methods may overlook rare thalassemias or Hb variants. Long-read SMRT sequencing has the potential to identify breakpoints in fusion genes, demonstrating that it is a promising technique for detecting rare thalassemias.
Presence of 10 transformation zone cells in endocervical curettage should not be required for adequacy
Authors: Alqabbani Roa , Chan Joanna , Goldberg Allison 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Objectives
In another publication, we concluded endocervical curettage (ECC) should have a minimum number of squamous cells for adequacy, similar to the requirements for adequate cervical Papanicolaou smears. Here, we investigate if also, similar to cervical Papanicolaou smears, the presence of at least 10 cells from the endocervical/transformation zone (EC/TZ) in ECCs should be used as a quality assurance measure or if, instead, at least 10 EC/TZ cells should be part of the adequacy criteria for ECC, with an emphasis on diagnosis of at least high-grade squamous dysplasia (HGD).

Methods
All patients with at least HGD diagnosed on an excisional biopsy specimen (loop electrosurgical excision procedure [LEEP]) from May 1, 2018, to December 31, 2019, and an ECC in the preceding 6 months at our institution were included. Number of EC/TZ cells present in ECCs was counted visually and categorized as less than or greater than 10 TZ cells. A χ2 test was used to evaluate the proportion of ECCs with and without HGD and the presence or absence of at least 10 EC/TZ cells. Given our recent work encouraging at least 1000 squamous cells in an ECC to be considered adequate, we also evaluated only ECCs with greater than 1000 squamous cells with and without HGD and the presence or absence of at least 10 EC/TZ cells. P value was &lt;.05.

Results
Fifty-one LEEPs with HGD and a preceding ECC in the previous 6 months were identified. Of the 51 ECCs, 6 had fewer than 10 EC/TZ cells and 45 had at least 10 EC/TZ cells. A similar proportion of the ECCs with HGD had at least 10 EC/TZ cells as those without HGD (93% vs 86%, P = .53). Using only ECCs with greater than 1000 squamous cells, we still found no statistical difference in the proportion of ECCs with HGD having greater than 10 EC/TZ cells compared to those without HGD (91% vs 100%, P = .49).

Conclusions
We found that the presence of at least 10 EC/TZ cells does not increase the likelihood of finding HGD in an ECC performed in the 6 months prior to a LEEP with HGD. Similar to the use of the TZ component in cervical Papanicolaou smears, the presence or absence of at least 10 TZ cells in an ECC should only be considered a quality assurance measure and not be used as a criterion for adequacy of the specimen.
Tumour deposits in colon cancer predict recurrence and reduced survival in a nationwide population-based study
Authors: Jörgren Fredrik , Agger Erik , Lydrup Marie-Louise , Buchwald Pamela 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Background
Tumour deposits are suggested to impact prognosis in colon cancer negatively. This study assessed the impact of tumour deposits on oncological outcomes.

Methods
Data from the Swedish Colorectal Cancer Registry for patients who underwent R0 abdominal surgery for TNM stage I–III colon cancer between 2011 and 2014 with 5-year follow-up were analysed with multivariable analysis. Patients were categorized for their tumour deposit status and compared for the local recurrence and distant metastasis rates and 5-year survivals (overall and relative). Subgroup analyses were performed according to the nodal disease status.

Results
Of 8146 stage I–III colon cancer patients who underwent R0 resection, 8014 patients were analysed (808 tumour deposits positive, 7206 tumour deposits negative). Patients with tumour deposits positive tumours had increased local recurrence and distant metastasis rates (7.2 versus 3.0 per cent; P &lt; 0.001 and 33.9 versus 12.0 per cent; P &lt; 0.001 respectively) and reduced 5-year overall and relative survival (56.8 per cent versus 74.9 per cent; P &lt; 0.001 and 68.5 versus 92.6 per cent; P &lt; 0.001 respectively). In multivariable analysis, tumour deposits moderately increased the risks of local recurrence and distant metastasis (hazard ratio 1.50, 95 per cent c.i. 1.09 to 2.07; P = 0.013 and HR 1.91, 95 per cent c.i. 1.64 to 2.23; P &lt; 0.001 respectively) and worse 5-year overall and relative survival (hazard ratio 1.60, 95 per cent c.i. 1.40 to 1.82; P &lt; 0.001 and excess hazard ratio 2.24, 95 per cent c.i. 1.81 to 2.78; P &lt; 0.001 respectively). Subgroup analysis of N stages found that N1c patients had worse outcomes than N0 for distant metastasis and relative survival. For patients with lymph node metastases tumour deposits increased the risks of distant metastasis and worse overall and relative survival, except for N2b patients.

Conclusion
Tumour deposits negatively impact the prognosis in colon cancer and must be considered when discussing adjuvant chemotherapy.
Treatment Responses to Integrase Strand-transfer Inhibitor-containing Antiretroviral Regimens in Combination With Short-course Rifapentine-based Regimens for Latent Tuberculosis Infection Among People With HIV
Authors: Lin Kuan-Yin , Sun Hsin-Yun , Yang Chia-Jui , Lu Po-Liang , Lee Yuan-Ti , Lee Nan-Yao , Liou Bo-Huang , Tang Hung-Jen , Lee Mei-Hui , Wang Ning-Chi , Chen Tun-Chieh , Hii Ing-Moi , Huang Sung-Hsi , Lin Chi-Ying , Tsai Chin-Shiang , Cheng Chien-Yu , Hung Chien-Ching ,   the Taiwan HIV Study Group, Hung Chien-Ching , Chang Sui-Yuan , Sun Hsin-Yun , Huang Yu-Shan , Lin Kuan-Yin , Chen Guan-Jhou , Wu Pei-Ying , Chen Ling-Ya , Chang Hsi-Yen , Liu Wen-Chun , Su Yi-Ching , Wang Ning-Chi , Lin Te-Yu , Yang Chia-Jui , Tsai Mao-Song , Lee Mei-Hui , Lee Yi-Chieh , Cheng Shu-Hsing , Cheng Chien-Yu , Liou Bo-Huang , Huang Sung-Hsi , Huang Yi-Chia , Peng An-Ting , Lee Yuan-Ti , Lee Yu-Lin , Lin Chia-Chun , Lin Shih-Ping , Hsieh Chia-Yin , Wang Hsiu-Wen , Ho Mao-Wang , Liu Chun-Eng , Hii Ing-Moi , Lin Chi-Ying , Tang Hung-Jen , Lee Nan-Yao , Tsai Chin-Shiang , Hung Tung-Che , Chen Yen-Hsu , Lu Po-Liang , Lee Chun-Yuan , Chen Tun-Chieh , Tsai Hung-Chin , Lin Hsi-Hsun , Lee Chen-Hsiang 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Background
Real-world experience with combinations of short-course rifapentine-based regimens and integrase strand-transfer inhibitor–containing antiretroviral therapy (ART) in management of latent tuberculous infection (LTBI) is limited among people with human immunodeficiency virus (PWH).

Methods
From August 2019 to October 2022, PWH receiving 3 months of weekly rifapentine plus isoniazid (3HP) or 1 month of daily rifapentine plus isoniazid (1HP) in combination with ART were included. The primary outcome was virologic response within 12 months after LTBI treatment; secondary outcomes included treatment completion rate and safety of LTBI regimens.

Results
During the study period, 479 PWH (94.6% male; median age, 43 years) were included: 142 received 1HP and bictegravir (BIC)-containing regimens (1HP/BIC group), 46 1HP and dolutegravir (DTG)-containing regimens (1HP/DTG group), 38 3HP and BIC-containing regimens (3HP/BIC group), 214 3HP and DTG-containing regimens (3HP/DTG group), 17 1HP and other ART regimens (1HP/others group), and 22 3HP/other ART regimens (3HP/others group). In the intention-to-treat analysis, the proportions of PWH maintaining plasma HIV-1 RNA &lt;200 copies/mL within 12 months after LTBI treatment completion were 96.5% (1HP/BIC), 100% (1HP/DTG), 100% (3HP/BIC), 95.8% (3HP/DTG), 100% (1HP/others), and 100% (3HP/others). The overall completion rates were &gt;80% for all treatment groups, whereas &gt;50% of the included PWH experienced any adverse event. LTBI regimens and ART combinations were not associated with virologic response and completion rate.

Conclusions
Combinations of short-course rifapentine-based regimens and integrase strand-transfer inhibitor-containing ART maintained viral suppression for most PWH within 12 months of LTBI treatment completion with low rates of grade 3 or higher adverse events.
Clinical Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Oral Fluids Following Infection and Vaccination
Authors: Heaney Christopher D , Hempel Heidi , DeRosa Kate L , Pinto Ligia A , Mantis Nicholas J 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Background
SARS-CoV-2 variants continue to circulate globally, even within highly vaccinated populations. The first-generation SARS-CoV-2 vaccines elicit neutralizing immunoglobin G (IgG) antibodies that prevent severe COVID-19 but induce only weak antibody responses in mucosal tissues. There is increasing recognition that secretory immunoglobin A (SIgA) antibodies in the upper respiratory tract and oral cavity are critical in interrupting virus shedding, transmission, and progression of disease. To fully understand the immune-related factors that influence SARS-CoV-2 dynamics at the population level, it will be necessary to monitor virus-specific IgG and SIgA in systemic and mucosal compartments.

Content
Oral fluids and saliva, with appropriate standardized collection methods, constitute a readily accessible biospecimen type from which both systemic and mucosal antibodies can be measured. Serum-derived IgG and immunoglobin A (IgA) are found in gingival crevicular fluids and saliva as the result of transudation, while SIgA, which is produced in response to mucosal infection and vaccination, is actively transported across salivary gland epithelia and present in saliva and passive drool. In this mini-review, we summarize the need for the implementation of standards, highly qualified reagents, and best practices to ensure that clinical science is both rigorous and comparable across laboratories and institutions. We discuss the need for a better understanding of sample stability, collection methods, and other factors that affect measurement outcomes and interlaboratory variability.

Summary
The establishment of best practices and clinical laboratory standards for the assessment of SARS-CoV-2 serum and mucosal antibodies in oral fluids is integral to understanding immune-related factors that influence COVID-19 transmission and persistence within populations.
Identifying unique exposure-specific transgenerational differentially DNA methylated region epimutations in the genome using hybrid deep learning prediction models
Authors: Mavaie Pegah , Holder Lawrence , Skinner Michael 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Exposure to environmental toxicants can lead to epimutations in the genome and an increase in differential DNA methylated regions (DMRs) that have been linked to increased susceptibility to various diseases. However, the unique effect of particular toxicants on the genome in terms of leading to unique DMRs for the toxicants has been less studied. One hurdle to such studies is the low number of observed DMRs per toxicants. To address this hurdle, a previously validated hybrid deep-learning cross-exposure prediction model is trained per exposure and used to predict exposure-specific DMRs in the genome. Given these predicted exposure-specific DMRs, a set of unique DMRs per exposure can be identified. Analysis of these unique DMRs through visualization, DNA sequence motif matching, and gene association reveals known and unknown links between individual exposures and their unique effects on the genome. The results indicate the potential ability to define exposure-specific epigenetic markers in the genome and the potential relative impact of different exposures. Therefore, a computational approach to predict exposure-specific transgenerational epimutations was developed, which supported the exposure specificity of ancestral toxicant actions and provided epigenome information on the DMR sites predicted.
Transcatheter edge-to-edge repair for tricuspid valve regurgitation in apolipoprotein A-I–associated cardiac amyloidosis: case report
Authors: Alomari Mohammad , Reddy Prajwal , El Sabbagh Abdallah , Pollak Peter , Lyle Melissa 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Background
Amyloidosis is defined by abnormal protein folding and subsequent deposition in tissues. Cardiac involvement is usually related to misfolded monoclonal immunoglobulin light chains or misfolded transthyretin; however, apolipoprotein A-1–associated amyloidosis is a hereditary form of amyloidosis resulting from mutations in the AAPOA1 gene that can also result in cardiac amyloidosis. Although there have been advancements in noninvasive algorithms for the diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis, endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) may still be warranted. All individuals undergoing EMB are susceptible to complications, including tricuspid valve injury resulting in severe tricuspid valve regurgitation.

Case summary
Our patient is a 70-year-old white man presented with symptoms of dyspnoea on exertion and decreased functional capacity, diagnosed previously with apolipoprotein A-I cardiac amyloidosis, confirmed by EMB. He developed progressive right-sided heart failure secondary to iatrogenic flail tricuspid leaflet related to the diagnostic EMB. He underwent a successful transcatheter tricuspid valve edge-to-edge repair with 4D intracardiac echocardiographic guidance. At the recent follow-up, the patient showed improved symptoms, with increased stamina, and transoesophageal echocardiography revealed a 65% ejection fraction and mild tricuspid regurgitation (TR).

Discussion
Tricuspid valve injury is one of the complications associated with EMB, which can result in severe TR. Transcatheter tricuspid valve edge-to-edge repair can be a useful option for patients considered too high risk for surgical intervention, such as those with advanced cardiac amyloidosis.