bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A HEMOLYSIN ASSOCIATED WITH THE MUMPS VIRUS
Authors: Morgan Herbert R. , Enders John F. , Wagley Philip F. 
Published: June 2004

1. A factor capable of causing the hemolysis of the erythrocytes of man, chicken, and sheep occurs in the amniotic and allantoic fluids of chick embryos infected with the virus of mumps.
2. The hemolysin has not been found in normal fluids or in those infected with PR8 or Lee B strains of influenza virus.
3. The hemolysin is definitely inhibited by the serum of man and monkey convalescent from mumps, but only slightly by the serum of the acute phase.
4. The hemolysin is almost completely inactivated at 50°C. after 10 minutes. It exhibits maximal activity at 37°C. and is completely inactive at 4°C. A pH range from about 7.0 to 8.0 allows for maximum activity.
5. Adsorption and elution of the hemolysin with red blood cells has been demonstrated. After elution of the hemolysin, the red blood cells exhibit an increased osmotic fragility. Similar treatment of red cells with influenza virus did not alter this property.
6. The relationship of the hemolysin to the hemagglutinin and the enzyme-like behavior of the former have been discussed.
THE INHIBITION OF d-GLYCERALDEHYDE 3-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE BY SPECIFIC ANTISERUM
Authors: Krebs Edwin G. , Najjar Victor A. 
Published: June 2004

Antibodies to yeast d-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase have been produced in rabbits and chickens. The antiserum from either animal inhibits the activity of the yeast enzyme with the formation of a precipitate that has a low residual activity. One combining site of antibody on the enzyme appears to be the point of DPN attachment.
The rate of antigen-antibody formation has been studied with varying concentrations of antibody.
The activity of yeast hexokinase is not inhibited by the antiserum to the dehydrogenase.
Five of six antisera to the yeast enzyme showed no inhibition of the analogous enzyme from rabbit muscle, but one serum strongly inhibited the muscle dehydrogenase in the absence of DPN. No evidence was obtained that the inhibition by this one antiserum was due to an immune reaction, because the inhibition persisted after absorption with the homologous antigen.
HEREDITARY OSTEOPETROSIS OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Pearce Louise 
Published: June 2004

The results of x-ray, hematologic, and chemical studies on cases of hereditary osteopetrosis of the rabbit are described and the resemblance of the findings to those of the severe juvenile form of human osteopetrosis is pointed out.
The outstanding feature of the x-ray examinations was the homogeneous dense appearance of the entire skeleton. This condition was present at birth. In older cases there was evidence of some differentiation of bone structure.
The hematologic studies showed that the disease was characterized by the development of a macrocytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and a moderate myeloid leucocytosis. Other abnormal findings included high reticulocyte and normoblast counts, anisocytosis and poikllocytosis, and degenerative changes of the neutrophiles and lymphocytes.
The chemical studies showed very low serum calcium values; serum phosphorus values were low during the first 4 weeks of life but were somewhat higher than normal levels in older cases. The serum phosphatase values were elevated. The blood sugar content was generally low. The blood cholesterol values were generally high. The liver glycogen values were small especially in older cases and those for muscle glycogen were somewhat smaller than normal values.
PURIFICATION OF AN INFLUENZA VIRUS SUBSTRATE, AND DEMONSTRATION OF ITS COMPETITIVE ANTAGONISM TO APPLE PECTIN
Authors: Woolley D. W. 
Published: June 2004

A substance was demonstrated in erythrocytes which antagonized the inhibiting effect of apple pectin on influenza virus hemagglutination. This substance was purified and found to be a water-soluble material, rather labile, and with some properties which suggested that it contained a polysaccharide. It was destroyed in vitro by highly purified preparations of the virus. It occurred in greatest amount in human erythrocytes and to a lesser extent in the red cells of species not susceptible to the virus. It was also found in normal rabbit serum.
Calcium ions were found to be essential to the action of apple pectin in causing inhibition of virus hemagglutination. A second substance was purified from an alkaline extract of erythrocytes, and shown likewise to have an effect antagonistic to that of pectin. However, this latter material was not destroyed by the virus, and seemed to owe its effect to the binding of calcium ions.
EFFECT OF THE LESION DUE TO INFLUENZA VIRUS ON THE RESISTANCE OF MICE TO INHALED PNEUMOCOCCI
Authors: Harford Carl G. , Leidler Virginia , Hara Mary ,   With the Technical Assistance of Alice Hamlin
Published: June 2004

1. The normal lung of the mouse possesses the power of reducing markedly its content of Type I pneumococci within 3 hours after inhalation of the organisms in the form of fine droplets.
2. Lungs with fully developed influenza viral pneumonia not only fail to reduce the pulmonary content of pneumococci administered in this manner but, on the contrary, support their growth.
3. After intrabronchial inoculation into mice, influenza virus multiplies rapidly in the lung within 24 hours.
4. Criteria have been established for distinction between true viral lesions of the lung and changes due to the inoculation of diluents as vehicles for the virus.
5. 24 hours after inoculation of virus, there are no macroscopic lesions in the lung and the microscopic changes are due to the diluent.
6. Presence and multiplication of the virus in the lung 24 hours after inoculation have no apparent effect on the power of the lung to reduce rapidly its content of inhaled pneumococci.
7. The effect of the virus in lowering resistance to secondary bacterial infection appears to be due to the presence of the lesion produced by the virus.
RENIN PROTEINURIA IN THE RAT
Authors: Addis T. , Barrett Evalyn , Boyd Robert I. , Ureen Helen J. 
Published: June 2004

In the rat renin induces an intense but transient proteinuria, associated with the excretion of fibrinogen but not accompanied by any evidence of damage to the glomerulus.
The inactivation of renin with respect to its pressor effect leads to a loss of its capacity to induce proteinuria.
Angiotonin, when given in large amounts, induces proteinuria in the rat.
It is concluded that this form of proteinuria is dependent on the pressor action of renin.
THE EFFECT OF DIET ON THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE MOUSE TO PNEUMONIA VIRUS OF MICE (PVM)
Authors: Mirick George S. , Leftwich William B. ,   With the Technical Assistance of Miss Elizabeth I. Corddry
Published: June 2004

Young mice fed diets deficient in pyridoxine for 8 days or longer before the inoculation of PVM, as well as after inoculation, were more susceptible to infection than control mice fed complete diets.
Young mice fed a pyridoxine-deficient diet gained weight as well as controls fed a complete diet for 5 weeks, but they lost weight in the 6th week.
The ratio of thymus or spleen weight to body weight was less in mice fed a pyridoxine-deficient diet for 6 weeks than in controls fed a complete diet. Histologically the thymuses and spleens showed hypoplasia.
No measurable difference in antibodies against PVM was found in the sera of uninoculated mice fed complete or pyridoxine-deficient diets for 6 weeks.
THE MOVEMENT OF WATER IN TISSUES REMOVED FROM THE BODY AND ITS RELATION TO MOVEMENT OF WATER DURING LIFE
Authors: Opie Eugene L. 
Published: June 2004

During the initial period following immersion of parenchymatous cells of liver, kidney, or pancreas in various fluids immediately after their removal from the body water exchange is like that which occurs when water passes by osmosis through a semipermeable membrane; intake of water is proportional to the square root of the elapsed time and when liver tissue is immersed in solutions of sodium chloride movement of water is approximately proportional to the concentration of the solution.
Solutions of sodium chloride isotonic for parenchymatous cells of liver have twice the molar concentration of sodium chloride in the blood serum; for those of the kidney slightly less than twice and for those of the pancreas three times this concentration.
When interstitial tissue of thymus, omentum, or pancreas is immersed in water, it undergoes edema-like swelling caused by hydration of the colloids of the fibrous tissue; quantitative water exchange in an initial period accords with water movement by osmosis and is proportional to the square root of the elapsed time.
Solutions of sodium chloride isotonic for fibrous tissue of the omentum have slightly greater molar concentration than the sodium chloride in the blood serum and for that of the thymus approximately the same as that of blood serum.
Sodium chloride produces changes in fibrous tissue which increase with increasing concentration its power to hold water; the dense fibrous tissue of the corium of the skin and of the wall of the aorta takes up water in both weak an strong solutions of sodium chloride.
The initial movement of water induced in tissues in the period immediately following removal from the body is dependent upon forces which are active during life but soon impaired by injury to the tissues.
The molar concentration of the contents of secreting cells is greater than that of the blood serum and of the fluid surrounding them. These conditions are favorable to the passage of water from the tissue spaces to the cells.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES ON THE TOTAL PLASMIN AND THE TRYPSIN INHIBITOR OF HUMAN BLOOD SERUM
Authors: Todd Edgar W. 
Published: June 2004

Methods are described for the separate titration of total plasmin and of trypsin inhibitor in human blood serum. Azocoll was used as the substrate in all experiments.
When titrating the total plasmin, interference by trypsin inhibitor was minimized by mixing together serum, streptokinase, and substrate in the cold before incubation was commenced.
When titrating the trypsin inhibitor, interference by plasmin was avoided by using small quantities of serum and of crystalline trypsin.
Experimental results show that with the methods employed neither the trypsin inhibitor in the serum nor the inhibitor in the streptokinase nor the antistreptokinase in the serum significantly interfered with the results of titrations of total plasmin.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF THE SHWARTZMAN PHENOMENON
Authors: Thomas Lewis , Stetson Chandler A. 
Published: June 2004

Rabbit skin which is prepared for the Shwartzman phenomenon by an intradermal injection of meningococcal toxin exhibits, in vitro, a high degree of aerobic glycolysis. This metabolic abnormality is reflected, in vivo, by a measurable increase in the concentration of lactic acid in the prepared skin. Some increase in anaerobic glycolysis also occurs in prepared skin; this is of less degree than the increase in aerobic glycolysis. The respiratory quotient of prepared skin tends to be somewhat higher than that of normal skin, although the oxygen uptake is not significantly altered.
Gross hemorrhagic lesions which resemble the Shwartzman phenomenon are produced by the intradermal injection of papain into rabbits which have received an intravenous injection of meningococcal toxin 1 hour previously. Such hemorrhagic reactions are not observed when papain is injected into normal rabbit skin.
Similarly, hemorrhagic lesions are produced by the intradermal injection of cysteine and BAL, following an intravenous injection of meningococcal toxin.
An hypothesis to explain the Shwartzman phenomenon, which implicates tissue protease in the damage to the blood vessels of the skin, is proposed.
THE MECHANISM OF ACTIVE CEREBRAL IMMUNITY TO EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS
Authors: Schlesinger R. Walter 
Published: June 2004

The fate of W.E.E. virus has been followed in the brains of mice vaccinated to such an extent that they failed to resist a large intracerebral challenge dose of a viral variant with a rapid rate of multiplication but were fully protected against a similar amount of a "slow" strain.
The growth rate of the "fast" variant in vaccinated animals paralleled that in non-vaccinated ones at a slightly lower level. The "slow" strain also multiplied, but its rate of growth was depressed. Nevertheless, it persisted for 4 days at a level 100-fold higher than its initial titer.
After the 4th day the virus was no longer demonstrable and was replaced by neutralizing antibody which rose so high that the serum antibody/brain antibody ratio was reduced from a "physiological" value of about 200/1 to less than 10/1. Antibody persisted in brain tissue in high titer until at least 127 days after challenge inoculation.
The shift in the serum/brain ratio of neutralizing antibody was paralleled by a similar shift in the ratio of complement-fixing antibody.
The neutralizing antibody in brain tissue, like that in serum, followed the "percentage law" on dilution of underneutralized mixtures.
In mice immunized with small doses of vaccine, the intracerebral challenge inoculum induced a significantly greater local immune response than in those immunized to a higher degree.
Mice with very low grade immunity were found more resistant to large amounts of virus than to small amounts. This "paradoxical" response to challenge was explained as due to the antigenic booster effect exerted by amounts of virus in excess of that utilized to initiate infection which were present in large inocula but absent in small doses.
The broader relation of these findings to the problem of antiviral immunity has been discussed.
NUTRITION OF THE HOST AND NATURAL RESISTANCE TO INFECTION
Authors: Schneider Howard A. 
Published: June 2004

The double strain inoculation (DSI) method of testing for natural resistance to infection has been examined in the instance of mouse salmonellosis. The DSI method has been found capable of detecting differences in natural resistance due to genetic as well as nutritional causes.
A difference in response to Salmonella infection was found for the first time between the two "susceptible" inbred mouse strains, BSVR and BSVS. Whereas BSVS mice for the most part survived an intraperitoneal injection of 103 "avirulent" S. typhimurium, BSVR mice all succumbed.
The relationship of the DSI test to the usual single infection test has been discussed and it is suggested that such single infection tests are special cases of the DSI test, since they involve a heterogeneous bacterial population which can be considered as a mixture of cultures of differing virulence and in which, by a single injection, the usual time interval between the two injections of the DSI method has been reduced to 0.
DIFFUSE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS PRODUCED IN RABBITS BY MASSIVE INJECTIONS OF BOVINE SERUM GAMMA GLOBULIN
Authors: More Robert H. , Waugh Douglas 
Published: June 2004

A high incidence of acute diffuse glomerulitis was produced in unilaterally nephrectomized rabbits by injection with two successive doses of purified bovine serum gamma globulin (fraction II). This experimental nephritis is morphologically analogous to human acute and subacute diffuse glomerulonephritis. The technique described is advanced as a valuable experimental method in the study of the pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis.
Qualitative immunological investigations produced no evidence that the pathogenesis of experimental globulin nephritis is mediated by kidney autoantibodies. The rôle of hypersensitivity in the pathogenesis of nephritis is discussed.
During the 1st week of the development of experimental globulin nephritis there is a significant increase in blood coagulability, as shown by a lowering of the mean coagulation time in globulin-treated animals during this period. This observation has not been reported previously. The possible relation of this increased blood coagulability to the formation of coagula in the glomerular capillaries is discussed.
The injection of a single purified antigen (bovine serum gamma globulin) produced three distinct types of lesion, diffuse glomerulitis, focal granulomata of the heart valves and valve rings, and coronary arteritis.
PERIPHERAL VASCULAR REACTIONS IN ANAPHYLAXIS OF THE MOUSE
Authors: McMaster Philip D. , Kruse Heinz 
Published: June 2004

Pronounced vascular changes occurring in the ears and claws of mice during anaphylactic shock are described. Practically at once after a foreign serum (pig, horse, or rabbit) enters the blood stream of sensitized animals both the arterial and venous vessels undergo marked, local or generalized constriction in the organs mentioned. Usually spasm of the vessel walls occurs simultaneously in the arteries and veins, but it may appear first in the arteries, or occasionally in the veins. When venous spasm precedes arterial spasm, the true capillaries become distended with cells; if the reverse order holds, the ears appear bloodless. There is no active constriction or dilatation of capillaries; the capillary behavior follows passively the changes in the large vessels.
Peripheral vascular spasm occurs while the carotid blood pressure is high, but a few minutes later, while this still holds true, the ear vessels begin to relax and the circulation is resumed. Shortly afterwards the blood pressure falls to levels far below normal, but the vessels remain open.
If the circulation of one ear is obstructed while anaphylactic shock is produced, no vascular spasm occurs in it. Release of the obstruction during the animal's recovery results in belated constriction of the blood vessels of this ear although by now the vessels in the other ear are dilated and the general systolic blood pressure is very low.
The vascular reactions in the ears appear to be uninfluenced by the blood pressure in the large vessels, and they are not a response to nervous stimuli. They are local in origin.
The vascular changes are often not clearly perceptible in the gross but are plainly to be seen under a low power of the microscope. They occur in some sensitized mice exhibiting no manifest signs of shock, differing only in degree from the changes taking place when shock is severe or fatal.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE RÔLE OF THE RAT KIDNEY IN HYPERTENSION CAUSED BY DESOXYCORTICOSTERONE ACETATE
Authors: Friedman Sydney M. , Friedman Constance L. 
Published: June 2004

Desoxycorticosterone acetate in pellet form was administered for 51 days to albino rats of the Sherman strain which also received 1 per cent saline as drinking water. Treatment was stopped in representative groups at 25, 37, and 51 days so that the regression of blood pressure and renal changes could be observed. It was noted that both the elevation in blood pressure during treatment and its reversal when treatment was stopped were closely correlated with corresponding changes in renal mass. In the time for which the process was studied it did not become irreversible.
Removal of both kidneys from DCA-treated animals aggravated the hypertension, suggesting that the kidneys are actively concerned with the excretion and possible inactivation of the steroid.
STUDIES ON HOST-VIRUS INTERACTIONS IN THE CHICK EMBRYO-INFLUENZA VIRUS SYSTEM
Authors: Henle Werner 
Published: June 2004

Upon injection of active influenza A or B virus into the allantoic cavity of the developing chick embryo, an average of only 70 per cent of the agent was adsorbed onto the tissue, as measured by the difference between the quantity of virus injected and that found free in the allantoic fluid of the injected eggs during the constant period. The degree of adsorption was similar, regardless of whether 109 or 102 ID50 of active virus was injected.
Attempts to demonstrate the adsorbed virus in suspensions of the infected tissue met with partial success only in that not more than 1 to 5 per cent of the amount calculated to be adsorbed was actually found. All efforts to increase the yield of virus have failed. These results led to the suggestion that the seed virus, which participates in the propagation, becomes altered in such a way that it no longer may be demonstrated by infectivity titrations, whereas the active virus found represents superficially adsorbed virus, which does not multiply.
STUDIES ON HOST-VIRUS INTERACTIONS IN THE CHICK EMBRYO-INFLUENZA VIRUS SYSTEM
Authors: Henle Werner 
Published: June 2004

Experiments have been reported on the propagation of influenza viruses in the allantoic membrane of the developing chick embryo during the first infectious cycle.
After adsorption of the seed virus onto the host cells, only a small percentage of it remains demonstrable by infectivity titrations. This amount remains constant for 4 hours in the case of infection with PR8 virus, and for 6 hours in that of infection with Lee virus. Thereafter, a sharp rise in infectivity occurs 2 to 3 hours before liberation of the new generations of active virus into the allantoic fluid can be detected.
Injection of homologous virus, inactivated by ultraviolet irradiation, following infection prevents or delays the production of virus in the tissues, depending to some extent upon the number of ID50 of active virus used as inoculum. The smaller the dose, the more pronounced the inhibitory effect.
With increasing delay in the injection of the inhibitor, progressively more virus is produced and liberated 6 and 9 hours after infection with PR8 and Lee virus, respectively. Thus, production of virus may be interrupted by the homologous inhibitor when given up to 3 hours after infection with PR8, and up to4½ hours after infection with Lee virus. Since no increase in infectivity can bedetected during these 3 and 4½ hour periods in the tissues, it is suggested that influenza virus propagates in at least two major stages: first, non-infectious, immature virus material is produced which, subsequently, is converted into the fully active agent. Presumably the first step can be interrupted by the homologous inhibitor, while the second cannot.
Heterologous irradiated virus, injected after infection of the tissue, exerts only a slight inhibitory effect on the production of virus.
EXPERIMENTAL DISSEMINATED ENCEPHALOMYELITIS IN WHITE MICE
Authors: Olitsky Peter K. , Yager Robert H. 
Published: June 2004

Disseminated encephalomyelitis was readily induced in mice of the Swiss strain by means of repeated intramuscular and subcutaneous injections of apparently normal mouse brain mixed with an adjuvant. The latter consisted of autoclaved virulent tubercle bacilli and heavy liquid petrolatum, a modification of the Freund adjuvant.
The syndrome and the histopathological picture of the induced malady were essentially similar to those in monkeys, rabbits, and guinea pigs, previously reported by others. Certain exceptional characteristics of the affection, as occurring in mice, suggest that they may be the animals of choice for its study as well as for that of other encephalitides. Not only were the signs indicative of marked involvement of the central nervous system but also of the respiratory mechanism, and only a few injections of mouse brain-adjuvant mixture were required to evoke the neurological symptom complex in almost every animal.
NEPHROTOXIC NEPHRITIS IN RATS
Authors: Solomon David H. , Gardella Joseph W. , Fanger Herbert , Dethier Frances M. , Ferrebee Joseph W. 
Published: June 2004

Nephrotoxic anti-rat kidney sera were produced in rabbits by intraperitoneal injection of suspensions of blood-free rat kidney. The nephrotoxin of these sera could be removed by adsorption with saline suspensions of finely ground rat glomeruli, but not by adsorption with other portions of rat kidney or by adsorption with several other rat tissues. It was concluded that nephrotoxic sera of this type react primarily with glomerular tissue and, by inference, that the antigen essential for the production of these anti-kidney sera was of glomerular origin.
The observations are consistent with Pressman's (15, 16) demonstration that anti-mouse kidney sera labeled with radioiodine localize primarily in glomeruli.