bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design and Development of a Mini-Channel Thermal Management System With Active Liquid Cooling for Electromechanical Actuators in Aircrafts
Authors: Baes Hans Matthew , Sandja Tchamba Herve , Telha Abdulbasit , Abdelaziz Hamza , Xu Jaijun 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The steady advancement of technology significantly influences the complexity and increases capability of modern aviation vehicles. As systems become more intricate and reduced in size to allow greater number of features to be added, traditional heat dissipation systems become nonfunctional and outdated. In recent years, the incremental transition to electric powered vehicles resulted in an increase of demand and study in thermal management systems for electromechanical actuators (EMAs). The application of EMAs within the aviation and aerospace industries are numerous, prominently in aircraft control systems. However, overheating is a significant issue that needs to be addressed. Given an efficient thermal dissipation system, an EMA system can provide significant advantages in multiple aspects compared to hydraulic and pneumatic systems. The aim of this research is to design and develop an active liquid-cooling system to regulate the heat temperatures of the motor of an EMA for aircraft applications. Variations of water & ethylene glycol were used as working fluid, and the heat generated by the motor was mimicked by a cartridge heater. Although manufactured using conventional methods, the system is lightweight, small, and inexpensive. An EMA of a fighter aircraft was used as a reference and its complete flight cycle. The duration of a full flight cycle consists of multiple phases, with a cumulative time of 2400s and producing a total energy waste of 340.8W (in the form of heat). It is also noted that the combat phase holds the highest heat generation. The results from the developed system in this study were validated using numerical calculations and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) simulations in COMSOL Multiphysics.
Design and Optimization of Tuned Mass Dampers to Improve Settling Time of a Precision Optical System
Authors: Sidletsky Stephen D. , Amirkulova Feruza A. , Pharand Michel , Furman Burford J. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This paper presents a method of designing and optimizing tuned mass dampers (TMDs) for a precision optical metrology structure using a state-space representation to significantly reduce the design time. The proposed method utilizes a finite element model (FEM) to obtain a solution of an eigen-value problem, which is then used to create a state-space representation of the structure. This state-space representation incorporates a single input single output tuned mass damper in a feedback loop. The state-space model can be iterated many times to determine the optimal tuned mass damper design parameters: location, stiffness, and damping values. The optimal values found are compared to a harmonic finite element solution. The validated approach is then used to find the optimal TMD design parameters for the optical metrology structure. The TMDs are fabricated and installed on the structure. Finally, the attenuation of each mode and total reduction in settling time is presented.
Thermal Testing of an AMDROHP (Additively Manufactured Deployable Radiator Oscillating Heat Pipes) for Use in High-Powered CubeSats
Authors: Miesner Spencer , Wolk Kieran , Furst Ben , Daimaru Takuro , Sunada Eric , Roberts Scott , Bellardo John , Kuo Jim 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
High-power small satellites will play an important role in reducing the cost of space missions. High power levels are required to satisfy high bandwidth communication needs, as well as to accommodate other critical systems such as propulsion and high-power electronics. One of the current high-power limitations is the need to overcome the thermal challenges associated with high thermal loads. While substantial work has been done in the development of deployable solar arrays, relatively little attention has been given to small satellite deployable radiators. Previous deployable small satellite radiators rely on a mechanical hinge to conduct heat from spacecraft to radiator. However, this presents a thermal choke point and limits heat flow. Thus, a deployable radiator design concept is currently being explored as a thermal solution for high powered electronics in CubeSats. This Additively Manufactured Deployable Radiator Oscillating Heat Pipes (AMDROHP) design concept combines the function of a deployable radiator with high performance Oscillating Heat Pipes in this compact thermal solution. In this project, significant efforts have gone into developing the mechanical, deployable aspect of this design while maximizing its thermal performance, and this joint development has been discussed in previous publication. This initial design was additively manufactured and thermally tested at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The results of the thermal testing of the initial AMDROHP design are discussed and presented in this work. The device is tested across a range of heat inputs under “micro-gravity” and “gravity-assisted” orientations for the working fluids R134a and Ammonia. The performance and behavior of the AMDROHP device are characterized by transient temperature measurement data under these different conditions. The results were interpreted to determine the feasibility of the design. Although AMDROHP did operate under “gravity-assisted” orientation, it did not start-up under “micro-gravity” orientation. Furthermore, the range of operation under “gravity-assisted” orientation was less than expected. Based on these results, possible design changes have been identified to improve AMDROHP performance under space-like conditions. These changes include creating a shorter adiabatic length by decreasing the path length of the helical joint, as well as increasing the inner channel diameter. These changes will allow for better thermal performance and to better avoid any imperfections in the additive manufacturing process to cause negative effects on OHP operation. In this study, experimental testing provided actionable information about the initial design of AMDROHP to lead to design improvements. These design improvements will be implemented in the next design iteration of AMDROHP.
Physiological Sensing in HALO/HAHO Environment
Authors: Bloch Audra , Kersten Nolan , Short Eli , Stevens Parker , Simonson Benjamin , Hoyer Brodie 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Health risks are a prevalent concern during High-Altitude Low Opening (HALO) and High-Altitude High Opening (HAHO) operations due to the low-oxygen environment. Jumpers must be constantly monitored to ensure safety prior to exiting the aircraft. To objectively monitor the biometrics of jumpers a piece of clothing was developed that would use wearable biometric sensors. Although there have been previous products intended for the same purpose, they were not suitable for the special needs of these operations. After discussing the intention of the product with experts, customer requirements and engineering specifications were developed and used to create four Army Combat Shirt (ACS) prototypes with integrated sensors to monitor the biometrics of jumpers in real-time. The goal is to integrate the sensors into a product to output the biometric data effectively and efficiently to the Android Team Awareness Kit (ATAK) system, providing easily interpreted data to the jumpmaster. Testing of initial prototypes found that none met the durability and useability requirement of the HALO/HAHO environment. After multiple iterations of testing and product refinement, an arm sleeve was developed with an integrated sensor that would be worn on the left forearm of the jumper. The final product of an ATAK sleeve system will be created to objectively monitor jumpers heart rate variability and oxygen saturation levels before exiting the aircraft.
Design of a New Rocket Stove and Performance Testing With Different Varieties of Wood
Authors: Tuicolo Aseli , Gounder Kavitesh , Ahmed Mohammed Rafiuddin 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Developing countries are always looking for compact and efficient rocket stoves that burn wood efficiently and cause minimum harm to the environment. An improved design of the rocket stove and its performance as per the Clean Cook Stove Alliance procedures are reported in the present work. Previous works indicate that the square cross-section does not have a continuous air velocity. Divergent sections reduce fluid velocity and improve combustion and flow as well as reduce losses. The key features of the new design are: (a) cylindrical shape for even flow of air around the stove and improved stability for outdoor use, (b) secondary air inlets for improved combustion of wood fuel, (c) divergent combustion chamber for reduced air flowrate, which in turn would increase mixing of air and fuel, (d) double-walled cover for reduced heat losses and improved safety, and (e) base air intake design - fresh air is directed from the base. The resulting design allows better handling, improved heat transfer, easier ash collection, and improved aesthetics. Insulation was provided at the outer surface to minimize heat loss. Both cold-start and hot-start testing were carried out indoors and outdoors. Four types of wood were tested in this work. The results showed that the use of insulation and 360-degrees air entry points complement each other well in achieving a consistent air supply to the burning fuel. Arranging the wood vertically reduces the smoke expelled and increases the burning rate. The calorific values of the four wood species did not greatly differ from each other. However, Bruguiera Gymnorhiza, locally known as Dogo, gave the maximum efficiency of 36% due to the closely compacted hydrocarbons in it.
Probabilistic Risk Assessment Approach for the Transportation of Micro Reactors: Evaluating the Impact of Highway Accidents on the Surrounding Population
Authors: Prins Molly , O’Connell Thomas M. , Alzahrani Yahya A. , Diaconeasa Mihai A. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The Department of Defense (DoD) embarked on research into mobile nuclear power plants (MNPPs) in the late 2010s to address energy needs in remote locations during peace and war. Project Pele, an MNPP prototype, seeks to advance nuclear power plant engineering and inform decision-makers comprehensively. Due to the complexities and mobility of MNPPs, conducting probabilistic risk assessments (PRAs) is crucial for operational and transportation safety. This paper presents Project Pele’s transportation framework, utilizing a multi-mode event tree analysis to assess MNPP transportation risks. A transportation event tree for highway transport is developed based on extensive research into accident causes and outcomes. Additionally, insights into radionuclide release and transport, determined using RADTRAN, are provided. The paper includes a preliminary case study illustrating the effects of an MNPP transportation accident. The proposed framework offers decision-makers a unique perspective on probabilistic risks associated with transporting micro reactors, facilitating informed decision-making, enhanced safety measures, and improved hazardous material transportation during MNPP deployment.
Electropolishing (EP), ChemPolishing (CP), and As-Built Additively Manufactured Metal Components for Electroless Nickel Plating Research
Authors: Sanchez Pablo , Tyagi Pawan 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The current study investigates electroless nickel plating and surface finishing techniques such as ChemPolishing (CP) and ElectroPolishing (EP) for postprocessing on additively manufactured stainless-steel samples. Existing additive manufacturing (AM) technologies generate metal components with a rough surface that typically exhibit fatigue characteristics, resulting in component failure and undesirable friction coefficients on the printed part. Small cracks formed in rough surfaces at high surface roughness regions act as a stress raiser or crack nucleation site. As a result, the direct use of as-produced parts is limited, and smoothening the Surface presents a challenge. Previous research has shown that CP ChemPolishing has a significant advantage in producing uniform, smooth surfaces regardless of size or part geometry. EP Electropolishing has a high material removal rate and an excellent surface finishing capability. Electropolishing, on the other hand, has some limitations in terms of uniformity and repeatability. On additively manufactured stainless-steel samples, electroless nickel deposition has a higher plating potential. Nickel has excellent wear resistance, and nickel-plated samples are more robust as scratch resistant than not plated samples when tested for scratch resistance. This research uses medium-phosphorus (6–9% P) and high-phosphorus (10–13% P). The L9 Taguchi design of experiments (DOE) was used to optimize the electroless nickel deposition experiments. The mechanical properties of as-built and nickel-coated additive manufacturing (AM) samples were investigated using a standard 5 N scratch test and the adhesion test ASTM B-733 thermal shock method. The KEYENCE Digital Microscope VHX-7000 was used to examine the pre- and post-processed surfaces of the AM parts. The complete scratch and Design of Experiment (DOE) analysis was performed using the Qualitek-4 software. This work is in progress concerning testing the optimum conditions, completing measurements, and analyzing the results.
Addressing Software/Hardware Challenges by Incorporating System Software Integrator Certification
Authors: Kemper Bart , Laplante Phillip A. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Software is embedded in most electromechanical systems and complex facilities and has changed our lives in the same way that electricity and the internal combustion engine once did. These changes are overwhelmingly beneficial, but recent events, such as the 737 MAX crashes and problems with autonomous vehicles, demonstrate the serious consequences of software failures. The challenges are greater than isolated incidents, however. Three quarters of software projects fail. There has been a 742% average annual increase in SCC attacks over the past three years for open-source software (OSS), in many cases costing millions per incident. There have been significant increases in cyber-attacks and ransomware incidents. Human threats are adaptive, pernicious, and persistent and two US presidents have issued Executive Orders regarding software-related threats to the nation. In response to these events, a task force within the National Society of Professional Engineers proposes the creation of a certified System Software Integrator (SSI) role — a person designated to take responsibility for a system in a manner similar to other professionals with “responsible in-charge” duties. This proposal has been championed by a multi-discipline team from diverse industries, including power generation, software development, and Artificial Intelligence development. The challenge of building critical embedded software systems is not a “software problem, “ but an “engineering problem” that goes well beyond writing lines of code. This is an engineering solution.
Engineering Education Projects: Thermal Imaging for Robotic Joining Operations
Authors: Mauk Michael G. , Senthilvel Kavitha Arjuna Kartihikeyan , Vasudevan Nijanthan , Tseng Tzu-Liang (Bill) , Chiou Richard Y. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
We describe an undergraduate engineering project to give students hands-on experience and integrate diverse knowledge and skills in robotics, thermal imaging, rapid prototyping, machine learning and artificial intelligence, and plastics engineering, and materials testing. A robot is programmed for ultrasonic welding of 3D-printed or laser-machined plastic parts or soldering of components to printed circuit boards. The process is monitored with a thermal camera, and the infrared images and video are analyzed by machine learning and artificial intelligence algorithms for process optimization, based on criteria tensile strength and pressure leak tests. A pre-trained machine learning model can monitor and analyze the thermal joining processes.
Hydrates Based Carbon Capture System in Texas: a Techno-Economic Perspective
Authors: Acharya Palash V. , Bhati Awan , Bahadur Vaibhav 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This work analyzes the techno-economic factors associated with the production of blue H2, and hydrates-based capturing of CO2 produced by sorption-enhanced steam methane reforming (SESMR) of methane from landfill gas (LFG) across various counties in Texas. The SESMR system is coupled with a hydrates-based carbon capture system, and the energy and cost of setting up and running such a hydrates-centered capture facility have been estimated. In doing so, the amount of water and energy required to compress and refrigerate the gas down to hydrate-forming conditions and the capital and operating costs involved in setting up and running such a facility are evaluated in detail. The cost of producing hydrogen (without the carbon capture system) from this analysis is estimated at $0.5/kg of H2. The total cost (CAPEX+OPEX) for capturing one metric ton of CO2 ranges from $96 (Harris County) to $145 (Brazoria County). Notably, adding a thermodynamic promoter such as Tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) to the hydrate precursor mixture to achieve favorable thermodynamic formation conditions increases the overall cost ($107–$137/metric ton of CO2 captured). This can be attributed to the increased water requirement necessitating a higher number of reactors, higher refrigeration capacity, and labor costs. The minimum hydrogen cost required for a positive combined net present value (NPV) for a coupled SESMR + hydrate-based carbon capture system for a 30-year project duration is estimated at $0.9/kg and $2.4/kg of H2 for Harris and Brazoria counties, respectively. Furthermore, a 5-year payback period would require a minimum cost corresponding to $1.35/kg (Harris) and $4.95/kg (Brazoria) of H2, demonstrating that the coupled system would be economical only for counties that have a significant hydrogen production potential.
Concerns With Risk Distribution in Environmental Justice
Authors: Nelson Kevin , Kee Ernest 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
When engineers consider risk management, they have traditionally used a largely consequentialist framework in which the key consideration is the expectation value of total harm. However, as discussed by Hanson and by Cramer (in Lewens, 2007) non-consequentialist ethical theories have substantial support from philosophers and it is worth exploring the implications of those theories for engineering practice.
Though we can hardly survey all possible ethical theories, Kantian (deontological) and Rawlsian (justice-centered) theories are extremely prominent. One aspect those theories have in common is that they frown on, if they do not outright forbid, the imposition of risks on people who do not agree to them. This is a view that has been further elaborated in much of the recent work done on environmental justice (Coolsaet, 2020).
One implication is that risks should often be categorically reduced to a de minimis level. It is widely held that justice, unlike probability, does not come in degrees. If that is the case, then it is arguable that justice requires not merely the reduction of the expectation value of harm, but that some kinds of harm must be avoided altogether if at all possible.
The obvious objection to that claim is that risk can never be avoided entirely. One response to that objection is that what really matters is the risk as perceived by those who are required to be subjected to it, or by those with few alternatives to being subjected to it. Related to that point, we must remember that for events lacking a large sample, exact probabilities are not known and must be estimated. Even if we believe we have a good estimate for the probability of some adverse outcome, we should have the humility to respect other estimates. Quantitatively, this can be addressed via several mathematical tools for imprecise probabilities, such as upper and lower probabilities (Walley, 1991).
A further implication that is associated especially with Rawlsian theories is that we must be concerned not only with the total burden of risk, but with its distribution. In particular, the interests of underprivileged groups require consideration. A maximin principle may be applicable, in which we are required to maximize the interests of those who are currently least well off.
In this article, the limitations of engineering information that can be supplied to political decision-makers is explored against well established ethical theory, especially the theories that have been associated with consequentialism and deontology.
Weaving Digital Storytelling in Introductory Design Thinking Course for Mechanical Engineers
Authors: Condoor Sridhar S. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Design is at the core of engineering. Recognizing the importance of design thinking, we restructured our first-year design experience for mechanical engineering students at Saint Louis University. The course is structured around projects and uses the flip-classroom format. The first half of the course is focused on learning the traits of a designer/innovator, identifying unmet user needs, and developing innovative concepts. In these projects, students create a video to describe the traits of a designer, present an unmet need to a panel of judges, and create a poster to illustrate potential concepts. The paper presents an overview of the course along with the details of the projects.
In executing these projects, digital storytelling (DST) is a powerful tool that can enhance communication, create an emotional connection, and focus on experiences rather than products. Further, DST is a powerful skill in this digital age. To help students, we weaved DST into the course with three immersion modules — telling your story effectively, telling your story effectively with infographics, and making your story tangible.
The paper details the three digital storytelling modules to help others learn, integrate and implement digital storytelling with the courses that they teach. The first module helps students to storyboards, create impactful slide decks, and practice narration (using tools such as Present with Coach in Microsoft PowerPoint). The second module builds on the first module and brings in the elements of data presentation — which engineers often have to deal with and convey. The module helps in framing infographics and helps design presentations that effectively share qualitative and quantitative information. The module goes beyond the traditional charts and graphs and uses modern data visualization tools such as flourish.studio and d3.js. The third module empowers students to transform story elements into a physical or tangible form using props, analogies, and 3D printing techniques. These techniques help make the story accessible, memorable, and engaging for audiences, enhancing its impact. The three modules help them to develop skills in conveying the key message using storytelling.
Finally, the external project evaluators found a significant improvement over the three projects. Their assessment is also summarized in the paper. Thus, the paper will help faculty teaching similar engineering courses to integrate DST and enhance the skills of their students.