bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Iterative LCP solvers for non‐local loading–unloading conditions
Authors: Benvenuti E. , Tralli A. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis paper deals with the finite element analysis of a certain class of non‐local dissipative constitutive models, where the canonical pointwise backward‐Euler scheme cannot be employed for satisfying the loading–unloading conditions. In the presence of a non‐local dissipation, the admissibility conditions in a point depend on the inelastic strain increment of the surrounding points and can be cast as a linear complementarity problem (LCP) involving all Gauss points of the process zone. In order to actually solve the LCP, the use of iterative algorithms that can be easily embodied into existing FE codes is discussed. The performance of the proposed algorithms is tested in 1D and 2D examples for both elastoplastic and damaging materials. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Choice of insulins, pen devices and blood glucose meters: factors influencing decision making by DSNs in the UK
Authors: Thynne AD , Higgins B , Cummings MH 
Published: November 2003

AbstractChoices of insulin type and associated equipment largely result from discussions between patients and diabetes specialist nurses (DSNs), although we clearly do not fully understand the process leading to decision making. To establish a greater understanding of prescribing issues, we developed a UK questionnaire designed to identify factors influencing choice and the importance of the DSN's role. Furthermore, trends in responses according to experience of the DSN and geographical location of the practice were also examined. A Likert scale was employed where 1 = strongly disagree, 2 = disagree, 3 = agree and 4 = strongly agree.Insulin therapy was independently initiated by 96 per cent of DSNs. DSNs were likely to choose the insulin type (mean score 2.84) whereas patients were likely to choose pen devices (mean score 2.81). The DSN and patient were equally involved in choosing blood glucose meters (BGMs) (mean scores both 2.41). Key influential factors (mean score >3) when choosing insulin types were previous experience of the DSN and literature product availability. Influential factors when choosing pen devices (mean score >3) were accuracy, cartridge loading and reliability (pen features) and poor learning ability, poor memory and impaired sight (patient characteristics). Principle factors influencing choice of BGMs (mean score >3) were display size, accuracy and reliability (meter features) and impaired sight, poor dexterity and poor memory (patient characteristics).We conclude that both DSN and patient were integrally involved in decision making and there are heterogeneous complex factors influencing these choices. There were no trends in choice with regard to geographical location of the diabetes service or duration of DSN experience. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advanced glycosylated end products derived from external sources contribute to diabetic complications
Authors: Kisch ES , Ayalon D 
Published: November 2003

AbstractAdvanced glycosylated end products (AGEs) are implicated in the pathogenesis of damaging complications seen in diabetes. They are formed by non‐enzymatic glycosylation, have cross‐linking properties with amino acids and interfere with normal functioning of vascular and other tissues. AGEs arise mostly in the hyperglycaemic milieu of diabetes. Little attention has been devoted to major extraneous sources of AGEs, such as cooked food and other more unexpected products such as cola drinks and instant coffee. Also, tobacco and tobacco smoke give rise to enhanced AGE formation. Most diabetologists and dietitians are unaware of this unwanted contribution to diabetic complications. AGEs formed in heated foods containing protein and fructose are absorbed with a bioavailability of about 10%, and their excretion is increasingly impaired as kidney function decreases. The contribution of exogenous AGEs may be greater than those formed endogenously. New avenues are being developed to reduce the burden of AGEs. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glycaemic behaviour during lactation: postpartum practical guidelines for women with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Saez‐de‐Ibarra L , Gaspar R , Obesso A , Herranz L 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe aim of the study was to examine the pattern of glycaemic behaviour and insulin requirements over two months postpartum in women with type 1 diabetes, to analyse differences between breastfeeding and non‐breastfeeding mothers and to assess the relationship between hypoglycaemic episodes and nursing sessions.Blood glucose records (six glucose readings per day), HbA1c and insulin requirements for the last month preconception, the first week postpartum, the first month postpartum and the second month postpartum were analysed in 36 women with type 1 diabetes. Women were asked to keep a daily record of breastfeeding hours during the first month postpartum.The number of glucose readings did not differ during the four periods. Mean glucose values were only significantly lower during the first week postpartum. HbA1c values at the end of the first and second postpartum months did not differ from preconception values. Insulin requirements were significantly lower over the first postpartum week than during the preconception period, and remained significantly lower over the two postpartum months. Comparison of glycaemic control and insulin requirements between lactating and non‐lactating mothers revealed no statistically significant differences. The 13 women who kept a record of breastfeeding hours had fewer hypoglycaemic episodes related to nursing sessions than episodes unrelated to nursing sessions.Both lactating and non‐lactating mothers with type 1 diabetes will have lower glucose levels in the first week following delivery, and insulin requirements will remain lower than before pregnancy throughout the first two months postpartum. Hypoglycaemic episodes do not occur more frequently during or immediately after nursing sessions. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Blood pressure control in diabetes: are we achieving the guideline targets?
Authors: Joseph F , Younis N , Sowery J , Soran H , Stanaway S , Bowen‐Jones D 
Published: November 2003

AbstractClinical trials have demonstrated that treatment of hypertension in patients with diabetes can reduce microvascular and macrovascular complications. The aim of this study was to measure the prevalence of normotension, untreated and treated hypertension and to assess whether targets based on current recommended guidelines had been achieved.We undertook a cross‐sectional, analytic prospective study of consecutive patients attending a diabetes clinic in a district general hospital in the UK (n =1631; 86% participation). Blood pressure (BP) was measured using the average of two clinic readings and the type and frequency of use of antihypertensive agents were recorded using a questionnaire. In 220 patients with type 1 diabetes, the mean BP was 129/77mmHg. Twenty‐six per cent were hypertensive, with BP greater than 140/90mmHg, 95% of the hypertensive patients were prescribed treatment and 76% had reached a target BP of 140/80mmHg. In 1411 patients with type 2 diabetes, the mean BP was 147/82mmHg, 51% were hypertensive with 90% prescribed treatment but only 52% reaching target BP recommendations.The results of the study show that hypertensive diabetic patients are being identified and the majority are being prescribed treatment, but in patients with type 2 diabetes, the target BP recommendations are not being achieved. The study underlines the need for more aggressive antihypertensive therapy in hypertensive patients with diabetes. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diabetes control in pregnancy: who takes responsibility for what?
Authors: Josse J , James J , Roland J 
Published: November 2003

AbstractAt our diabetes team meetings in Peterborough, which included a psychotherapist, the issues involved in who takes responsibility for the birth of a healthy baby from a diabetic mother were explored. Traditional prescriptive approaches were compared with the empowerment model in the specific instance of pregnancy, when the needs of the fetus have to be considered as well as those of the mother. Clinical examples are given to illustrate the dilemmas over who takes responsibility with different models, and questions are raised for debate. The empowerment model of diabetes care may not be entirely applicable to the pregnant diabetic woman. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deficiencies in foot care of diabetic patients on renal replacement therapy
Authors: Mark P , McNally M , Jones GC 
Published: November 2003

AbstractDiabetic patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) are known to be at very high risk of foot ulceration causing significant morbidity and mortality. We surveyed the foot care of all diabetic patients in our area having RRT for ESRD over a three‐month period. Of the 55 patients included, 36 (65.5%) had not been seen in a diabetes clinic and 32 (58.2%) had not been seen by a podiatrist in the preceding year. Of all patients, 36 had previous documented evidence of high‐risk feet yet only 21 (58.3%) of this group had been seen by a podiatrist in the year before. Active ulceration was known to be present in seven patients. Ulcer duration was between 16 and 66 (mean 33) weeks. Three patients with active ulceration had not been seen by a podiatrist and four had not been seen in diabetes clinic in the previous year. In view of the worrying deficiencies in foot care in this group, we suggest increasing podiatry and diabetes team access for RRT patients at the site of their dialysis and advocate early multidisciplinary foot clinic referral for patients with ulceration. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unsaturated alkoxy‐substituted poly(p‐phenylene 1,3,4‐oxadiazole)s: Synthesis and chemical–physical characterization
Authors: Capitani Donatella , Laurienzo Paola , Malinconico Mario , Proietti Noemi , Roviello Antonio 
Published: November 2003

AbstractA new series of alkoxy‐substituted poly(p‐phenylene 1,3,4‐oxadiazole)s modified by the insertion of small percentages of various comonomers were synthesized through the precursor polyhydrazides. The comonomers used contained trans double bonds or meta‐alkoxy‐substituted aromatic rings to improve the solubility of the final polymers. The synthesized copolymers were chemically characterized by 1H NMR and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. In some cases, the copolymers really showed improved solubility in organic solvents. The 15N solid‐state NMR technique was applied to examine the degree of conversion from the precursor polyhydrazides to the final polymers, which determined the effective conjugated length in the target polyoxadiazoles. Thermal stability and structural characteristics of all the polymers as well as a preliminary investigation on the optical properties of polyoxadiazoles are also reported. The copolymers retained high absorbance in the UV region and high transmission in the whole telecommunication range. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 3916–3928, 2003
Preparation and photoinduced isomerization study of a homopolymer and a copolymer based on 4′‐(6‐acryloxy)hexyloxy‐4‐methoxyazobenzene and acrylic acid
Authors: Kasemjit Pattrawin , Srikhirin Toemsak , Sutapun Boonsong , Bualek‐Limcharoen Sauvarop 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe synthesis and characterization of a copolymer based on 4′‐(6‐acryloxy)hexyloxy‐4‐methoxyazobenzene (MAB6) and acrylic acid (AA) are reported. A reaction was carried out by free‐radical polymerization, yielding an MAB6 homopolymer and an AA–MAB6 copolymer with an MAB6 concentration of 16–80%. A nematic phase was observed in the copolymer when the MAB6 content was 44% or higher. Both nematic and smectic phases were observed in the MAB6 homopolymer. All of the polymers were investigated for trans–cis–trans isomerization in a solid film. The samples were irradiated with nonpolarized ultraviolet light (385 nm) before absorption measurements were taken with an ultraviolet–visible spectrometer. The copolymer and homopolymer exhibited a thermal cis–trans isomerization, which could be described by a double‐exponential relaxation process (fast and slow). The relaxation experiment suggested that the hydrogen bonding may have hindered the slow process but had no effect on the fast process. A film of a copolymer sample with a high MAB6 content could be optically aligned by the exposure of the sample to polarized light (385 nm). © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 4017–4024, 2003
New soluble functional polymers by free‐radical copolymerization of methacrylates and bipyridine ruthenium complexes
Authors: Holder Elisabeth , Meier Michael A. R. , Marin Veronica , Schubert Ulrich S. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe luminescent complex [4‐(3‐hydroxypropyl)‐4′‐methyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine]‐bis(2,2′‐bipyridine)‐ruthenium(II)‐bis(hexafluoroantimonate) and its methacrylate derivative were successfully synthesized and fully characterized by two‐dimensional 1H and 13C{1H} NMR techniques [correlation spectroscopy (COSY) and heteronuclear multiple‐quantum coherence experiment (HMQC)], as well as matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. The respective labeled methyl methacrylate‐ruthenium(polypyridyl) copolymers were obtained by free‐radical copolymerization with methyl methacrylate and were characterized utilizing NMR, IR, and UV–visible spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 3954–3964, 2003
Chemical amplification resists: Inception, implementation in device manufacture, and new developments
Authors: Ito Hiroshi 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe chemical amplification concept aimed at dramatically boosting the resist sensitivity was invented at IBM Research in San Jose, CA, in 1980. The sensitivity enhancement is achieved by generating acid by irradiation, which induces a cascade of chemical transformations in a resist film. A chemically amplified resist based on acid‐catalyzed deprotection was quickly employed in the mid‐80s in manufacture of 1 megabit (Mbit) dynamic random access memory (DRAM) devices by deep ultraviolet (UV) (∼250 nm) lithography in IBM. The unexpectedly high‐resolution capability of chemical amplification resists promoted their acceptance in the resist community and the microelectronics industry. All the advanced lithographic technologies (current workhorse 248 nm, maturing 193 nm, and emerging 157 nm, extreme UV, and projection electron beam) depend on chemical amplification resists. This article describes the invention, implementation in device manufacturing, current status, and future perspective of chemical amplification resists. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 3863–3870, 2003
Manipulation of the molecular weight and branching structure of hyperbranched poly(arylene ether phosphine oxide)s prepared via an A2 + B3 approach
Authors: Czupik Michaela , Fossum Eric 
Published: November 2003

AbstractA series of hyperbranched poly(arylene ether phosphine oxide)s (HB PAEPOs) were prepared via an A2 + B3 polymerization scheme with tris(4‐fluorophenyl)phosphine oxide as B3, and a variety of bisphenols as A2. The effects of the reactivity of the A2 monomer, the A:B ratio, the addition mode, the solvent, and the concentration on the final molecular weight, polydispersity index (PDI), and degree of branching (DB) were studied. Soluble HB PAEPOs with weight‐average molecular weights of up to 299,000 Da were achieved. Reactions in which the A2 component was added slowly resulted in lower DBs (0.2–0.5), whereas the slow addition of the B3 component provided samples with DBs of approximately 0.75. Reactions performed under high‐dilution conditions afforded completely soluble materials with weight‐average molecular weights of 9000–12,100 Da and PDI values as low as 2.20. The molecular weights achieved under high‐dilution conditions were independent of the mode of monomer addition. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 3871–3881, 2003
Random copolycondensation of isophthalic acid/terephthalic acid with bisphenols by tosyl chloride/dimethylformamide/pyridine in terms of the monomer reactivity ratios of bisphenols
Authors: Higashi Fukuji , Mizutani Naoko 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe random copolycondensation of isophthalic acid/terephthalic acid with various combinations of bisphenols (M1 and M2) with a tosyl chloride/dimethylformamide/pyridine condensing agent was carried out to investigate the effects of the monomer reactivity ratios, r1′ and r2′, on the reaction, like r1 and r2 in radical copolymerization. The ratios were calculated from the probabilities of finding an M2 unit next to an M1 unit and of finding an M1 unit next to an M2 unit, which were determined by an NMR analysis of the resultant copolymers. They were discussed with respect to the inherent viscosities (molecular weights) of the resultant copolymers. There was a fairly good relationship between r1′ and r2′ and the inherent viscosity values of the copolymers, indicating that copolycondensation could be facilitated by a combination of bisphenols; the lowering of r1′ and r2′ was indicative of random distributions in the copolymers. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 3908–3915, 2003
Synthesis and morphology of polyethylene‐block‐poly(methyl methacrylate) through the combination of metallocene catalysis with living radical polymerization
Authors: Matsugi Tomoaki , Kojoh Shin‐Ichi , Kawahara Nobuo , Matsuo Shingo , Kaneko Hideyuki , Kashiwa Norio 
Published: November 2003

AbstractPolyethylene‐block‐poly(methyl methacrylate) (PE‐b‐PMMA) was successfully synthesized through the combination of metallocene catalysis with living radical polymerization. Terminally hydroxylated polyethylene, prepared by ethylene/allyl alcohol copolymerization with a specific zirconium metallocene/methylaluminoxane/triethylaluminum catalyst system, was treated with 2‐bromoisobutyryl bromide to produce terminally esterified polyethylene (PE‐Br). With the resulting PE‐Br as an initiator for transition‐metal‐mediated living radical polymerization, methyl methacrylate polymerization was subsequently performed with CuBr or RuCl2(PPh3)3 as a catalyst. Then, PE‐b‐PMMA block copolymers of different poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) contents were prepared. Transmission electron microscopy of the obtained block copolymers revealed unique morphological features that depended on the content of the PMMA segment. The block copolymer possessing 75 wt % PMMA contained 50–100‐nm spherical polyethylene lamellae uniformly dispersed in the PMMA matrix. Moreover, the PE‐b‐PMMA block copolymers effectively compatibilized homopolyethylene and homo‐PMMA at a nanometer level. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 3965–3973, 2003
Synthesis and characterization of novel, optically active poly(amide‐imide)s from N,N′‐(4,4′‐sulfonediphthaloyl)‐bis‐L‐phenylalanine diacid chloride and aromatic diamines under microwave irradiation
Authors: Mallakpour Shadpour , Kowsari Elaheh 
Published: November 2003

Abstract3,3′,4,4′‐Diphenylsulfonetetracarboxylic dianhydride was reacted with L‐phenylalanine in acetic acid, and the resulting imide acid (3) was obtained in high yield. The diacid chloride (4) was obtained from its diacid derivative (3) by reaction with thionyl chloride. The polycondensation reaction of 4 with several aromatic diamines such as 4,4′‐sulfonyldianiline, 4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl methane, 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylether, p‐phenylenediamine, m‐phenylenediamine, 2,4‐diaminotoluene, and 1,5‐diaminonaphthalene was developed with a domestic microwave oven in the presence of trimethylsilyl chloride and a small amount of a polar organic medium such as o‐cresol. The polymerization reactions were also performed with two other methods: low‐temperature solution polycondensation in the presence of trimethylsilyl chloride and reflux conditions. A series of optically active poly(amide‐imide)s with moderate inherent viscosities of 0.21–0.42 dL/g were obtained in high yield. All of the aforementioned polymers were fully characterized by IR, 1H NMR elemental analyses, and specific rotation techniques. Some structural characterizations and physical properties of these optically active poly(amide‐imide) s are reported. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 3974–3988, 2003
Conductivity and characterization of polyurea electrolytes with carboxylic acid
Authors: Lee Shao‐Ming , Chen Chuh‐Yung , Wang Cheng‐Chien 
Published: November 2003

AbstractPolyurea, which was synthesized from 4,4′‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate, Jeffamine‐ED2001 (weight‐average molecular weight: 2000), and 3,5‐diaminobanzoic acid (DABA) were doped with lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) as the polyelectrolyte. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and 7Li magic‐angle spinning (MAS) solid‐state NMR were used to monitor changes in the morphology of polyurea electrolytes corresponding to the concentration of LiClO4 dopants. DSC showed the glass‐transition temperature of the hard and soft segments increases with salt concentration. FTIR indicated the carboxylic group of DABA coordinates with the Li+ ion, and the ordered hydrogen‐bonded urea carbonyl groups are destroyed when the salt concentration exceeds 0.5 mmole of LiClO4 (gPUrea)−1. The 7Li MAS solid‐state NMR investigation of the polyurea electrolytes revealed the presence of two Li+ environments at lower temperature. Impedance spectroscopy measurements showed that the conductivity behavior followed the Arrhenius equation, and the maximum conductivity occurred when the crystalline structure of polyurea was disrupted. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 4007–4016, 2003
Synthesis and properties of functional aliphatic polycarbonates
Authors: Liu Zhi‐Lan , Zhou Yu , Zhuo Ren‐Xi 
Published: November 2003

AbstractTwo, functional, cyclic carbonate monomers, 5‐methyl‐5‐methoxycarbonyl‐1,3‐dioxan‐2‐one and 5‐methyl‐5‐ethoxy carbonyl‐1,3‐dioxan‐2‐one, were synthesized starting from 2,2‐bis(hydroxymethyl) propionic acid. The ring‐opening polymerization of the cyclic carbonate monomers in bulk with stannous 2‐ethylhexanoate as a catalyst under different conditions was examined. The results showed that the yield and molecular weight of polycarbonates were significantly influenced by the reaction conditions. The polycarbonates obtained were characterized by IR, 1H NMR, and differential scanning calorimetry. Their molecular weight was measured by gel permeation chromatography. The in vitro biodegradation and controlled drug‐release properties of the polycarbonates were also investigated. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 4001–4006, 2003