bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ANTITUBERCULOUS IMMUNITY INDUCED IN MICE BY VACCINATION WITH KILLED TUBERCLE BACILLI OR WITH A SOLUBLE BACILLARY EXTRACT
Authors: Weiss David W. , Dubos René J. 
Published: June 2004

It proved possible to increase the resistance of mice to tuberculous infection by vaccinating them with a suspension of avirulent tubercle bacilli killed by exposure to 2 per cent phenol. This increase in resistance was demonstrated by two different techniques: (a) observation of survival time of vaccinated animals following challenge infection with a large dose of virulent bacilli, and (b) determination of numbers of virulent bacilli in the spleens of animals 2 weeks after injection of a small infective dose.
The minimum protective dose of vaccine corresponded to approximately one-tenth the acutely toxic dose.
Addition of an adjuvant to the bacillary suspension markedly increased both the protective effectiveness of the vaccine and the duration of the immunity. It enhanced also the toxicity of the vaccine in approximately the same proportion. However, other lines of evidence suggested that toxicity and protective activity were independent one from the other and were the manifestations of different bacillary constituents.
Extraction with absolute methanol released from the bacillary bodies a crude soluble fraction possessing low, if any, toxicity, yet capable of eliciting in mice a state of increased resistance to virulent infection. The protective activity of this methanol-soluble fraction was low; it accounted for only a small part of the total protective activity of the original material.
STUDIES ON THE ANTIPYRETIC ACTION OF CORTISONE IN PYROGEN-INDUCED FEVER
Authors: Atkins Elisha , Allison Fred , Smith Mary Ruth , Wood W. Barry 
Published: June 2004

The mode of action of cortisone as an antipyretic has been studied in rabbits challenged with intravenous injections of bacterial pyrogens. The fever induced by pyromen or dextran was found to be markedly suppressed when cortisone was administered in liberal amounts (25 mg. twice daily) for 3 days prior to the challenge. Although the cortisone effectively blocked the febrile response to both pyrogens, it failed to influence the transient but marked leucopenia which characteristically precedes the onset of fever.
The antipyretic action of the drug also was shown to bear no relation to the activity of the serum factor recently demonstrated by Farr, Grant, and others to be involved in the production of pyrogen-induced fever. In preliminary experiments with typhoid vaccine as the inciting pyrogen, the presence of serum factor activity in normal blood and its absence in the blood of pyrogen-tolerant rabbits was confirmed. Subsequently the blood of rabbits treated with antipyretically effective doses of cortisone was shown to contain just as much serum factor activity as that of normal rabbits. In addition, previous incubation of the pyrogen with serum factor failed to influence the antipyretic effect of the drug.
It is concluded from these findings that in suppressing pyrogen fever, cortisone acts neither upon the leucopenic reaction nor upon the fever-accelerating factor of the serum. By exclusion it would appear that the drug must influence some later stage of the fever-producing process. The mechanisms involved in the later stages of the response to exogenous pyrogen remain undefined, and the need for determining whether they are related to the prefebrile leucopenia is emphasized.
SPECIFIC AGGLUTINATION OF TREPONEMA PALLIDUM BY SERA FROM RABBITS AND HUMAN BEINGS WITH TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS
Authors: Hardy Paul H. , Nell E. Ellen 
Published: June 2004

A method has been described for the preparation of Treponema pallidum suspensions that are suitable for specific agglutination studies and can be stored at 4°C. for months without loss of agglutinability. Such suspensions have been shown to react with two distinct antibodies in the serum of syphilitic animals and man: Wassermann antibody and a specific treponeme agglutinin.
It has been demonstrated that the agglutination of treponemes by specific treponeme agglutinin is enhanced by heat treatment or aging of the suspension, and inhibited by a divalent cation, probably Ca++, normally present in serum. This inhibition has been overcome by the use of a chelating agent, ethylene-diamine tetracetate.
These findings have been utilized to devise a simple agglutination test for the diagnosis of treponeme infections that is very sensitive and highly specific. This test has been carried out with 430 human sera, and a comparison has been made of the results of the agglutination, treponemal immobilization, and standard serological tests on these sera. The agglutination test appears to have a specificity comparable to the treponemal immobilization test and considerably greater than the standard serological tests.
ERYTHROCYTE LIFE SPAN IN GROWING SWINE AS DETERMINED BY GLYCINE-2-C14
Authors: Bush J. A. , Berlin N. I. , Jensen W. N. , Brill A. B. , Cartwright G. E. , Wintrobe M. M. 
Published: June 2004

Red blood cell survival studies were performed on five normal growing swine by following the C14-specific activity of hemoglobin and heme after the administration of glycine-2-C14. The erythrocytes of normal growing swine appear to be destroyed both by a random and an age-dependent process. Random destruction accounts for the larger portion of the cells which are destroyed.
The "mean" red cell survival time was 62 days. This represents the interval from the time of incorporation of 50 per cent of the maximal amount of labelling achieved to the time when the level had decreased once more to the 50 per cent amount. The " ‘corrected’ average potential life span" of the red cells was 86 ± 11.5 days. This figure was obtained by subtracting the number of days required to attain 80 per cent of the maximal labelling from the average survival time of red cells destroyed by an age-dependent process as distinguished from random destruction.
STUDIES ON HOST-VIRUS INTERACTIONS IN THE CHICK EMBRYO-INFLUENZA VIRUS SYSTEM
Authors: Finter Norman B. , Liu Oscar C. , Henle Werner 
Published: June 2004

An analysis has been made of factors contributing to the von Magnus phenomenon; i.e., the emergence of increasing quantities of non-infectious hemagglutinins (NIHA) in successive passages in the allantois of chick embryos of undiluted allantoic fluids infected with influenza virus.
Using the PR8 strain, the von Magnus phenomenon was pronounced when the serial seeds were obtained under conditions which permitted extensive inactivation of infectious virus during individual passages. Correspondingly, it was reduced but not abolished when precautions were taken to avoid accumulation of inactivated virus in the inocula. Thus, inactivated virus may be taken as a contributing factor.
Preparations of infectious virus obtained under conditions largely excluding the presence of inactivated virus were capable of yielding some NIHA on passage as long as sufficient amounts were injected to permit each host cell to adsorb several infectious virus particles. However, the fact remains that more NIHA was found in the harvests when the inocula contained a large proportion of non-infectious virus material.
Following injection of various types of seeds NIHA appeared in the allantoic fluids as soon as liberation of virus became detectable. This time relationship and the rates of release of non-infectious virus components seemed to exclude that the NIHA obtained consisted entirely of infectious virus which had been inactivated during incubation in ovo. It was apparent rather that NIHA other than that due to heat-inactivated virus was released.
Correlations between the infectivities and hemagglutinating capacities of over 50 standard and undiluted passage seeds and the compositions of the harvests derived therefrom on passage without dilution indicated that the corresponding activities in the yields did not depend entirely upon the relative concentrations of infectious virus and non-infectious hemagglutinins in the inocula but that apparently different forms of NIHA were obtained in successive undiluted passages.
THE USE OF PRECIPITIN ANALYSIS IN AGAR FOR THE STUDY OF HUMAN STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS
Authors: Halbert Seymour P. , Swick Lois , Sonn Constance 
Published: June 2004

Using a highly concentrated and partially purified streptolysin O preparation, migrating agar precipitins have been found in 94 of 143 human sera from patients with a variety of diseases. Most of those showing no bands, had very low antistreptolysin titers.
A correlation was found between the migration rates of these bands and the antistreptolysin titer. A strong trend toward a straight line relationship was apparent when the ASO titers were plotted on a logarithmic scale. In addition, a roughly positive correlation was found between the intensity of these bands and the antistreptolysin O titers. The finding of high levels of antistreptolysin O activity and slowly migrating heavy bands in normal pooled human gamma globulin supported the above observations.
Very similar results were obtained with rabbit and guinea pig sera after immunization with the streptolysin O concentrates.
The data strongly indicate that antistreptolysin O activity in human sera is generally due to precipitating antibody, and that non-specific inhibitors are not usually involved, even with low titered sera.
Rabbit and guinea pig antisera to the oxidized inactive and to the reduced active forms of streptolysin O showed no obvious differences. Attempts to demonstrate immunological differences between the two states of streptolysin were apparently complicated by proteolysis, due to contamination of the concentrates with proteinase precursor.
STUDIES ON INFLUENZA INFECTION IN FERRETS BY MEANS OF FLUORESCEIN-LABELLED ANTIBODY
Authors: Liu Ch'ien 
Published: June 2004

By means of fluorescein-labelled antibody staining, specific influenza viral antigens were seen in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus of infected ciliated epithelial cells covering the nasal turbinates of infected ferrets. Initially, only a small portion of the nasal epithelium showed fluorescence, and no appreciable abnormality of the cells could be detected by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The fluorescence soon spread to involve the entire epithelium, followed by desquamation coinciding with the onset of manifest illness. Pneumonia was seen in some of the infected ferrets, and in them, viral antigens were found in the bronchial epithelium and in the mediastinal lymph nodes. A rise of viral infectivity titer paralleled the observed spread of viral antigens.
Many desquamated nasal epithelial cells and macrophages containing antigen were present in nasal smears. The finding would seem to offer a method for the rapid specific diagnosis of influenza infection.
EXPERIMENTAL NEEDLE BIOPSY OF THE MYOCARDIUM OF DOGS WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO HISTOLOGIC STUDY BY ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
Authors: Price Kenneth C. , Weiss Jules M. , Hata Daikichi , Smith John R. 
Published: June 2004

Our experience with needle biopsy of the heart in dogs indicates that myocardial tissue can be sampled one or more times in each animal with comparative safety. Tamponade, pericarditis, serious arrhythmias, or myocardial infarction due to the interruption of coronary vessels was not observed. Excellent specimens were obtained for critical study by light and electron microscopy. Casten and Marsh (1) have used biochemical techniques to study myocardial tissue obtained in similar fashion. Histochemical methods would also be applicable.
Although limited to animal studies at present, the technique may conceivably be adapted to the study of human disease. Myocardial puncture has been carried out (20–22) in patients for the recording of intracardiac pressures and for other diagnostic purposes without apparent harm.
Our study of the myocardium of dogs by electron microscopy generally confirms the observations of other workers, except that presence of significant numbers of red blood cells in the extravascular spaces of the heart had not been previously described (and is possibly an artifact). Nevertheless, it is notable that the tissue cells, cellular membranes, and intracellular structures appeared to be intact and undistorted in the tissue specimens which were obtained, fixed, and examined by these methods.
STUDIES ON ANTIBODY PRODUCTION
Authors: White Robert G. , Coons Albert H. , Connolly Jeanne M. 
Published: June 2004

After injection of ovalbumin as a water-in-oil emulsion a pronounced adjuvant effect is demonstrable following the incorporation of tubercle bacillary wax into the oily phase of the mixture. With single doses of antigen (10 mg. ovalbumin) there is a 4- to 5-fold increase in the amount of antibody at the median of 3 week serum levels in animals receiving a small dose of wax (40 µg.). With a 5 mg. dose of wax there is an 8-fold increase in serum antibody levels at the median.
A striking feature of the action of wax is the stimulation of a macrophage proliferation locally at the site of injection, and the production of morphological abnormalities in these cells. As judged by staining techniques for antibody content, these locally assembled cells are not active in the formation of antibody. Wax injected in mineral oil results in a remarkable systematized stimulation of the reticulo-endothelial system.
The greatly increased serum antibody levels demonstrated after the use of tubercle bacillary wax in antigen mixtures is attributed to a widespread proliferation of plasma cell elements in the lymphatic glands, spleen and liver.
STUDIES ON RENAL JUXTAGLOMERULAR CELLS
Authors: Hartroft Phyllis Merritt , Hartroft W. Stanley 
Published: June 2004

Many of the observations made by Deane and associates (8, 13, 14) regarding the effects of salt restriction, excess salt intake, and hypophysectomy on the zonna glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex in the rat have been confirmed.
A positive correlation (r = 0.63) of high statistical significance has been demonstrated between the degree of granulation of JG cells (JGI) and the width of the zona glomerulosa in 159 rats from 5 series of experiments in which low, normal, and high salt regimens were employed. A somewhat higher correlation (r = 0.81) was obtained when only rats were included from the most recent experiment of the series in which JGI counts were more accurate. Under the conditions of these experiments, therefore, increased granulation and degranulation of JG cells were associated with hyperactivity and suppressed activity, respectively, of the zona glomerulosa.
Rats sacrificed 4 to 7 weeks after hypophysectomy were found to have normal JG cells. This finding constitutes another example of the similarity in response of JG cells to that of the zona glomerulosa, which also remained unaltered following hypophysectomy despite atrophy of the rest of the adrenal cortex.
STUDIES ON THE GENERALIZED SHWARTZMAN REACTION
Authors: Thomas Lewis , Smith Richard T. , von Korff Richard 
Published: June 2004

An intravenous injection of sodium polyanethol sulfonate, a heparin-like synthetic polymer of large molecular size, into rabbits given endotoxin 2 hours previously, results in the abrupt disappearance from the circulating blood of a large proportion of fibrinogen. The depletion of circulating fibrinogen is prevented by the administration of heparin prior to the synthetic polymer. In animals receiving the polymer alone, or endotoxin alone, no depletion of fibrinogen occurs.
It is suggested that the intravascular deposition of fibrinoid and the subsequent necrotizing lesions of the generalized Shwartzman reaction, which occur after the combined injection of endotoxin and synthetic acid polymer, may be due to the intravascular precipitation of fibrinogen by polymer.
A qualitative change in fibrinogen, characterized by its precipitability by heparin at low temperature, is regularly demonstrable in plasma between 1 and 4 hours after an intravenous injection of endotoxin. The appearance of this heparin-precipitable fraction is prevented by treatment with heparin before endotoxin. It is not influenced by nitrogen mustard or cortisone.
During the period when depletion of circulating fibrinogen is produced by polyanethol, in endotoxin-treated animals, the heparin-precipitable fraction also disappears from the blood.
It is suggested that the change in fibrinogen may represent partial polymertization, and the cold precipitability of this material by heparin may be related to its enhanced precipitability, in vivo, by polyanethol.
An hypothesis which accounts for certain events in the generalized Shwartzman reaction, based on observations reported in this study, is presented.
MAST CELLS AS SOURCES OF TISSUE HISTAMINE
Authors: Graham Helen Tredway , Lowry Oliver H. , Wahl Nancy , Priebat Martha K. 
Published: June 2004

Enumeration of mast cells and determination of histamine in sections of dog skin and dog lung have shown that the regions of the tissue rich in mast cells are also rich in histamine. In the skin, the outer layers of the dermis contain higher concentrations of histamine and mast cells than any other region.
Average values of the histamine content and mast cell count for dog liver, heart, muscle, and kidney, and for beef liver parenchyma and capsule, also exhibit a positive relationship between these two parameters, although the amount of histamine found per mast cell varied from 7 µµg. in dog skin to 32 µµg. in beef liver capsule.
When the size of the mast cells was taken into account, the intracellular concentration of histamine was found to be of the same order (about 0.4 molar) for all the tissues examined except skin and kidney. In both dog skins analyzed, the intracellular concentration was about 0.1 molar. In kidney both mast cell and histamine values were too low for accurate estimation.
The concentration of histamine in the mast cells investigated was much greater than the concentration in human basophils, the blood elements richest in histamine.
The mechanism of the localization of histamine in mast cells is briefly considered.
THE DEPRESSION OF ESTRONE-INDUCED UTERINE GROWTH BY PHENOLIC ESTROGENS WITH OXYGENATED FUNCTIONS AT POSITIONS 6 OR 16: THE IMPEDED ESTROGENS
Authors: Huggins Charles , Jensen Elwood V. 
Published: June 2004

Two small groups of steroids in the estrane series—here designated as impeded estrogens,—represent a class of compounds which differ from the majority of estrogenic substances in exerting certain unusual influences on growth of the uterus. The induction of these effects previously was considered to be peculiar to estriol. The unusual growth properties common to impeded estrogens are twofold: (a) after the threshold dosage required to initiate growth has been reached, the slope of the curve of increment of uterine weight in response to increased steroid dosage is very gradual rather than steep; (b) these compounds possess the ability to inhibit to a limited extent the uterine growth induced by estrone administered concurrently.
The partial inhibition of estrone-induced growth of the uterus is confined to a critical dosage of the impeded estrogen and is overcome by increased dosage of the inhibitor. Estrone-induced growth of the vagina is not inhibited by impeded estrogens. Furthermore the simultaneous administration of impeded estrogens and testosterone does not lessen the amount of uterine growth evoked by the latter.
The impeded estrogens so far encountered are 3-hydroxyestratriene derivatives possessing either a ketone group at position 6 or a hydroxyl group at position 16. Oxygenated functions at these positions in phenolic estrogens have special significance in the excitation and restraint of uterine growth unshared by similar groups at certain other sites of the estrane molecule.
THE DEPRESSION OF GROWTH OF THE UTERUS, ADRENALS, AND OVARIES BY FLUORINATED STEROIDS IN THE PREGNANE SERIES
Authors: Huggins Charles , Jensen Elwood V. 
Published: June 2004

Progesterone, 5-pregnene-3,20-dione, and desoxycorticosterone were found to be partial but significant inhibitors of estrone-induced growth of the uterus of hypophysectomized rats but they did not depress the amount of growth elicited by testosterone.
The presence of both the 2-carbon side chain at position 17 and an oxygenated function at position 3 is necessary for the inhibitory activity of progesterone. The introduction of a hydroxyl group in the progesterone molecule at positions 6 (ß), 11 (α), 16 (α) or 17 (α) destroyed its growth-inhibitory activity.
11ß-Hydroxyprogesterone is weaker than progesterone in the inhibition of estrone-induced uterine growth; unlike progesterone it has the capacity to depress growth elicited by testosterone.
The introduction of a flourine atom in the 9 (α) position resulted in a striking increase of the growth-inhibitory activity of 11ß-hydroxyprogesterone and hydrocortisone.
9α-Flouro-11ß-hydroxyprogesterone is a partial but significant inhibitor of growth of the uterus in hypophysectomized rats injected simultaneously with large doses of estrone or testosterone. It is more powerful than progesterone in transforming the vaginal epithelium to mucus cells in the presence of estrone. Administered alone, the only detectable growth was a slight increase in size of the preputial glands.
9α-Flouro-11ß-hydroxyprogesterone suppresses in part the growth of the adrenals, ovaries, and uterus in intact rats at a dose level which does not cause loss of body weight or inhibit body growth. Many rats treated with this compound in small amount had extensive mucification of the vagina resembling that of late pregnancy.
STUDIES ON SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INFECTION FOLLOWING IONIZING RADIATION
Authors: Hammond Carolyn W. , Ruml David , Cooper Dorothy B. , Miller C. Phillip 
Published: June 2004

Pseudomonas aeruginosa introduced directly into the stomach established itself more regularly in the intestinal tract of irradiated mice than of unirradiated mice. The irradiated mice had been exposed to 550 r total body x-irradiation 5 days before inoculation.
This difference between irradiated and unirradiated mice could not be explained by differences in pH of gastric or duodenal contents, propulsive motility of the intestinal tract, or the ability of the intestinal contents to support growth of Pseudomonas in vitro.
TENDOVAGINITIS WITH ARTHRITIS, A NEW SYNDROME OF CHICKENS: ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF AN INFECTIOUS AGENT
Authors: Lecce J. G. , Sperling F. G. , Hayflick L. , Stinebring W. 
Published: June 2004

The findings with an infectious agent isolated from cases of tendovaginitis or arthritis of chickens were as follows:—
Cultures, stains, and darkfield studies of material containing this agent for spirochetes, bacteria, and pleuropneumonia-like organisms were negative.
The yolk sac was the preferred route of inoculation, all of the embryos dying in 4 to 12 days.
The agent passed through a bacteria-retaining filter, but with a drop in titer.
Antibiotic sensitivity tests revealed that the agent was most sensitive to the tetracycline antibiotics, less sensitive to chloromycetin, dihydrostreptomycin, and resistant to penicillin.
From electron micrographs it was concluded that the agent is a rigid, dense, coccobacillus from 0.2 µ to 0.5 µ, in size.
The agent produced a cytopathogenic effect in tissue cultures of chick heart fibroblasts.
The agent had no gross effect on suckling or newly weaned mice, pigs, or guinea pigs.
Reasons for suggesting that the agent is most similar to a rickettsia or possibly a large virus are discussed.