bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Conceptual Foundations of Animals and Artifacts
Authors: Mandler Jean M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The thesis of this chapter is that concepts of animals and artifacts begin to be developed in early infancy. Animals and artifacts, of course, represent a distinction between animate and inanimate things. However, although animals are differentiated from other things (including plants) at an early age, virtually all the infant research on inanimates has been confined to artifacts. So we do not know what infants think about other inanimate kinds, such as rocks, shells, pieces of driftwood, or slices of meat.
Animal Artifacts
Authors: Gould James L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is an animal artifact? The first definition of ‘artifact’ in my dictionary reads ‘a simple object (as a tool or ornament) showing human workmanship or modification’ (Merriam 1981). The next two definitions are of equally little help in providing a guide to the meaning of animal artifact: ‘a product of civilization’, and ‘a product of artistic endeavor’.
Personal Stats
Authors: Alexander Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Catherine Alexander charts how Turkish people, both within and outside the state bureaucracy, attempt to personalise the impersonality of the state. Based on a detailed study of the nationalized Turkish Sugar Corporation, she considers how people from the highest levels of the state bureaucracy to farming villages understand 'the state', and how, in turn, they imagine themselves to be perceived. The narratives and metaphors used in these constructions draw on resources close to hand such as the material organization of state factory compounds, state personnel encountered in the course of everyday life, and the image of the family structure. By also exploring notions of state and personhood within the highest echelons of the administration itself, Alexander shows how ideas of 'the state' recede once one is actually 'within'. For officials the state becomes other institutions and Ministries with which they have little contact. The continual process of striving to make connections with other groups and people occurs both at all hierarchical levels of the Sugar Corporation and between farmers and factory engineers. This elegant, nuanced ethnography of modernity will cause scholars of state institutions across a broad range of disciplines radically to rethink what 'the state' actually is, and the relations that create it, thus taking understandings of the state to an entirely new level.
Histories: ‘Time and the Self
Authors: Alexander Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In The ComfiJrters, Muriel Spark moves her characters into the position of having presence only while interacting with other characters. The implied question to this fictional form seems to be: where the process of making is continuous, what happens to the made thing when it is not being made? Taking the pattern of effects to its extreme point, Spark’s characters physically vanish when out of conceptual sight. It is a difficult literary trick to pull off, as observing and thinking about the absence of the character necessarily re-foregrounds their presence. Characters literally flicker in and out of view as they participate in the action, are acted upon, or temporarily vanish, having no part to play. Questions of agency ripple through the novel, although drenched with a Roman Catholic sensibility.
The Moorish Other
Authors: Balfour Sebastian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The social organization and culture of northern Morocco bafﬂed most of the Spanish colonial military. Its ﬂuid, segmented society was not easy to understand for Europeans brought up in a codified, class-based, and at least formally democratic system. The structures of the Sultanate held sway over most of the towns but exercised little control over the countryside, despite the presence of the sultan’s representatives.
The Reconquest of Spain
Authors: Balfour Sebastian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The military uprising in Morocco, in contrast to Spain, was almost immediately successful. By the evening of 18 July all of Spanish Morocco was in rebel hands. The overwhelming majority of ofﬁcers and soldiers of the Army of Africa supported the insurrection once it began. In comparison to their counterparts in Spain, the obstacles the rebels faced in Morocco were feeble. The balance of forces gave them a devastating advantage over Spaniards loyal to the government. Facing them were only a handful of ofﬁcers appointed for their allegiance to the Republic, a comparatively small number of loyal Assault Guards and Civil Guards, and groups of Spanish workers with hardly any weapons.
Garrison Life in Coifu 1858-1864
Authors: Owen Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Corfu is the most southerly of the string of seven Ionian Islands which stretch north-south at the point where the Adriatic meets the Ionian Sea between the Italian and Albanian-Greek coasts. The islands had been under Venetian control for many centuries until they were occupied, first by the French, then by the British, during the Napoleonic Wars. Their putative independence was acknowledged at the Congress of Vienna in 1814.
Staff Officer and Military Reformer 1867-1872
Authors: Owen Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Baring soon found his return to army life ‘ uncongenial’ . It must also have been a considerable anticlimax after his nine years in Corfu and Malta. And though nearer to Ethel geographically, he was no nearer to be being able to afford to marry. The only incident of any interest which he records in the ‘ Biographical Notes’ about his life at this time was also unlikely to have made him feel better about the problems posed by a mixed marriage.
Marriage, the End of a Military Career, and Off to the East Again 1876-1879
Authors: Owen Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Evelyn Baring returned from India in May 1876 determined to marry and to settle down in England. All the obstacles had now been removed. He had managed to save part of his Indian salary and to this could be added a small legacy from his mother as well as the money Ethel had inherited from her father after his death and then the sale of his Puddington house in June 1875.Just as important, Sir Rowland’ s death seems to have removed the final obstacle to his daughter marrying a non-Catholic in a non-Catholic church.
Asserting British Control 1887-1891
Authors: Owen Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Baring returned to Egypt in the autumn of 1887 with two major priorities: the further assertion of British control, particularly in matters concerning the courts and the police, and the inauguration of a campaign to convince party leaders and their followers in London that the British were better governors of Egypt than the Egyptians themselves. Success was still not completely assured. In spite of the breakdown of the Drummond Wolff Convention, there was continued talk of evacuation by certain British politicians, both in and out of power.
Things Fall Apart 1904-1907
Authors: Owen Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cromer rightly saw the Anglo-French Agreement of 1904 as a great personal triumph. It also seemed to pave the way for the accomplishment of his ultimate goal: the abolition of the Capitulations as the last international barrier to unfettered British control. This was to become his main preoccupation during what proved to be his final three years in Egypt, 1904-7. He was also fortunate, at least in the short run, to preside over an explosive economic boom in which land prices and rents soared as the result of what the American Consul-General called the ‘ profuse introduction of loanable capital’ .
Connecting Paradigms :Person Paradigms through Time and Space
Authors: Cysouw Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pronominal elements are among the most popular linguistic items for comparative research into the history and prehistory of language. The famous Analytical Comparison of the Sanskrit, Greek, Latin and Teutonic Languagesby Bopp (1974 [1816/20]), one of the major early landmarks of the historical-comparative method, is a comparison of pronominal elements in different Indo-European languages. Pronominal elements have remained an important source of information in the historical-comparative line of research until the present day. In this extensive body of work, the locus of investigation has always been the individual pronominal elements. Although it is widely acknowledged that pronominal elements are bound into a paradigm, the paradigmatic structure as a whole has never been consistently included in a diachronic investigation. Such an investigation would ideally lead to a history of the structure of the paradigm, which is a different level of analysis altogether. In this and the following chapter, an attempt will be made to formulate a first outline of a theory on change of pronominal paradigms as a whole. This outline will be based on the typological investigations from the previous chapters. In this chapter, the typological results from Chapter 4 will be used to investigate changes in paradigmatic structure. In that chapter, the major paradigmatic structures unmarked for specific numbers were summarized in two hierarchies: the Explicitness Hierarchy and the Horizontal Homophony Hierarchy. In this chapter, these synchronic hierarchies will be taken as hypotheses for the path-ways of change of paradigmatic structure, to be tested by a collection of cognate paradigms. In the next chapter, the same method will be used to investigate the Dual Explicitness Hierarchy, as developed in Chapter 7.
Lexical Semantics
Authors: Fox Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have so far been concerned primarily with the ‘formal’ aspects of language: with the various units, categories, structures, rules, etc. in terms of which German may be described. Though we have by no means ignored the meanings of these (some attention was given to the meanings of grammatical categories in Chapter 4, for example), meaning has mostly been kept in the background, in an attempt to focus attention on the forms themselves. The balance will to some extent be redressed in this chapter, where we turn our attention more explicitly to matters of meaning.
William Carleton in Retrospect: The Irish Prophecy Man
Authors: Fegan Melissa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ben Okri wrote (in the very different context of the execution of Ken Saro Wiwa): ‘If you want to know what is happening in an age or in a nation, find out what is happening to the writers, the town criers; for they are the seismographs that calibrate impending earthquakes in the spirits of the times.’ William Carleton is one such seismograph, charting the political, historical, and literary earthquakes of his Ireland. In his lifetime, Carleton never had to defend his right to describe Famine Ireland, as Anthony Trollope had. A ‘peasant’s son’, he was able to use his privileged access to the dying Gaelic Ireland to help originate a new Irish literature, based in and on Ireland.
Morphology
Authors: Watson Janet C E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Morphology deals with the way in which words are constructed. Morphology also accounts for morphological variation—that is, allomorphy. Within a phonological framework, morphology is important insofar as certain phonological rules are sensitive to morphological structure and are restricted to applying within specific derived morphological domains, while other phonological rules are insensitive to morphological structure. For example, coronal plosive voicing in San’ani requires no morphological specification and applies whenever a coronal plosive occurs in intervocalic or word-initial position (see Section 9.2.7).
Lexical Phonology
Authors: Watson Janet C E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter and the final two chapters of the book deal with general phonological processes. Phonological processes fall into two broad classes: those which are sensitive to lexical information and morphological structure, and those which do not exhibit such sensitivity. Processes which are insensitive to morphological structure take place after the elimination of all morphological cues. In a language such as English, with a mainly concatenative morphology, morphemic distinctions are encoded by means of labelled brackets which are removed at the end of each lexical cycle through Bracket Erasure:
Post-Lexical Phonology
Authors: Watson Janet C E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines phonological processes which occur following complete Tier Conflation and the erasure of morpheme nodes. These processes do not require access to morphological information, are purely phonologically conditioned, and may introduce or refer to non-contrastive segments (cf. Kaisse and Shaw 1985: 4–5). An example of the introduction of non-contrastive segments is nasal place assimilation in Cairene and San’ani where /n/ to the left of a labio-dental /f/ is realized as a labio-dental nasal—a sound which does not constitute part of the phoneme inventory. Another example is where the voiced bilabial stop /b/ is devoiced in utterance-final position in both dialects and realized as a voiceless bilabial stop—a sound which is not attested in the phoneme inventory of either dialect. As in Chapter 8, I consider prosodic processes and then melodic processes. Under melodic processes, I restrict the discussion in this chapter to local assimilation processes. The long-distance spread of emphasis is examined in Chapter 10 as part of a wider consideration of the phenomenon of phonological emphasis. While prosodic processes outweigh melodic processes in the lexical phonology, there are considerably more melodic than prosodic processes in the post-lexical phonology.
Introduction:The College and the Middling Sort
Authors: Felling Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The College of Physicians of London, With which this study begins, was the premier medical corporation of early modern England. However, it was a comparatively recent body, being founded by Thomas Linacre and other humanists under crown patronage in 1518. London’s Barber Surgeons’ Company, by contrast, formed by the combination of the Barbers with the much smaller group of surgeons in 1540, had its origins from before 1308. The Society of Apothecaries, the ‘third part’ of practice, emerged under the College’s aegis as late as 161 7, but apothecaries had been members of the Grocers’ Company, one of the twelve great livery companies, from the medieval padded.
Syllable Structure
Authors: Wheeler Max W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Catalan syllable structure and organization has now received considerable attention from phonologists with an Optimality perspective: see, in particular, Colina (1995), Serra (1996b), Jiménez (1999), and Dols (2000). It had already become a focus of interest in post-classical generative phonology (see Montreuil 1987a; 1987b; Wheeler 1987; Harris 1993; Palmada 1993), and Lloret (2002a) provides a theoretically informed descriptive account. The presentation I over here draws on many of the insights of this previous work, particularly the OT studies.
Coda Voicing Neutralization and Assimilation
Authors: Wheeler Max W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the phonological literature Catalan is quite well known as an example of a language which neutralizes voice contrasts among obstruents in coda position. In this section I review the facts of contrast and neutralization among obstruents in Catalan (Recasens 1993: 170–72; Bonet & Lloret 1998: 103–5, 118–26; Palmada 2002). In (1) and (2) are displayed examples of voicing contrasts. In (1) we see obstruents contrasting in voicing in prevocalic onset position.
Patrons and the Exercise of Choice
Authors: Hunneyball Paul M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In January 1677, some three years before John Evelyn’s visit to Cassiobury, work on the shell of the new wings was nearing completion, and the architect, Hugh May, wrote to the earl of Essex requesting his guidance on a focal point of the external ornamentation:
Upon seaveral meetings and consultacons concerning the ffrontis’speece on the Corte side at Caishobury, Mr [Peter] Lely have made choice of this inclossed draft to be the most proper for a contrey scituacon representing, Diana and the countrey Nymphs . . . ; the workman that undertakes it; is a stranger . . . [but] Mr Lely (wth his Directions) is of the opinion that he will performed it very well and according to the model in Clay wch is Extraordinarie well done and much better then the Drauft inclossed, The Price that he demandes (forwork man ship only) is 2501i, But as yet I have not offered him above 200li . . . If your Excelled approve of the Drauft & price, I shall immeadiately upon receipt of yr Answer set the work in hand; But if yr Excellencie have any other thoughtes that any other subject will doe better bee pleassed to informe me & Mr Lely and myself will provide Drauftes accordingly and send them speedly to yr Excellencie for your Approbation.
Rescuing Emin Pasha (1888—1890)
Authors: Perras Arne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The failure to negotiate a final treaty with Said Bargash was a heavy blow for Peters. As his sister observed, he was ‘crushed in body and soul’ when he returned to Europe in early 1888. In fact, his future colonial career was seriously threatened. ‘The fight against Dr Peters ... starts with heavy guns’, Count Behr observed at the time,3 and Schroeder remarked to Palezieux: ‘I doubt that they will be willing to send out Peters again, and he will have to operate very skilfully if he does not want to fall alto gether.’
Mills In The Medieval Economy
Authors: Langdon John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The late medieval English milling industry epitomizes one of the most important technical achievements of early societies: the exploitation of wind, water and muscle power for augmenting human endeavours. Through a computerized analysis of the number and variety of mills in England from 1300 to 1540, as well as the technology, practices and personnel sustaining them, Langdon reveals the structural evolution of the milling industry, highlighting both its accomplishments and its limitations. Although it focuses on England during the later middle ages, the book's innovative methodologies and original findings will furnish useful comparative material for all scholars investigating pre-industrial societies. It also offers a challenging new perspective on the later middle ages as a time of change, in addition to providing enthusiasts of old technologies generally with a wealth of detail about one of the most recognizable and enduring features of medieval society.
England 1066–1500
Authors: Gee Austin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1383. Barron, Caroline M. ‘The reign of Richard II’, A222, 297-333. 1384. Brand, Paul A. (ed.) Curia Regis rolls of the reign of Henry III, volume 18:27 to 30 Henry III. Woodbridge: Boydell, 1999. xxiv, 490p. 1385. Church, S.D. The household knights of King John. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. xix, 177p. 1386. Church, S.D. (ed.) The Pakenham cartulary for the manor of Ixworth Thorpe, Suffolk, c.1250-c.1320 (Suffolk Records Society, Suffolk Charters, 17). Woodbridge: Boydell, 2001. xiv, 117p. 1387. Cornford, Barbara. Medieval Flegg: two Norfolk hundreds in the middle ages: East and West Flegg, 1086-1500. Dereham: Larks Press, 2002. 203p.
Courts and Conflict in Twelfth-Century Tuscany
Authors: Wickham Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The twelfth century in Italy is seen as a period of major institutional and political changes: the origin of the communes, and of the Norman state in the south. It is also the period of the ‘rediscovery’ of Roman law and the fast development of canon law, both of which were spearheaded in Italy. But the exact content of these major shifts is considerably less clear. Arguably, the twelfth century in the north and centre of Italy was the period of the weakest political structures in the whole period from 700 to the present; the early city states were uncertain entitiies for a long time, operating with very ad hoc procedures. But people had to live their lives in this framework nonetheless; one of the best sorts of evidence we have is records of court proceedings, which begin to survive above all in the second half of the century. This book looks at the world of the slowly crystallising city states through the experience of ordinary people disputing with each other: what remedies did they use? what strategies? I argue here that they used the developing patterns of the communes, and also those of law, entirely pragmatically, selecting the parts of them that fitted best with their own assumptions about how to act in public, which were not necessarily those of the theorists. The book focuses on three cities in Tuscany: Lucca, Pisa, and Florence, and shows how people in each of these cities reacted differently to the social changes of the period. Throughout Tuscany, people - including judges -paid much attention to how violent public acts could legitimate public claims to rights, and were experts in the etiquette and meaning of such acts. Seen through this legal-anthropological analysis, the social history of the period looks very different.
Florence: Dispute Settletnent outside the City
Authors: Wickham Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
FLORENCE HAS DOMINATED Tuscany, and (still more) historians of Tuscany, since the late thirteenth century. In our period, however, this centrality had not begun. The city had been an important residence of the Canossa marquises, but not to the extent of rivalling Lucca as the centre of the march; Lucca and Pisa were still the major political foci of Tuscany when Matilda died in III5, looking respectively landward and seaward.
Keynote—Mass Language Extinction and Documentation: The Race against Time
Authors: Krauss Michael E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I realize that there must be many people here who are attending a conference on the subject of Language Endangerment for the first time, and who may not have heard any of the information or opinions I shall begin this presentation with; on the other hand there are some people here, especially old friends and colleagues, who have heard this before, who I hope will be patient with me. To summarize: in a 1991 paper entitled “The world ‘s languages in cri- sis “ addressing the Linguistic Society of America, I presented my views on the impending global mass extinction of languages with these statistics: of the world ‘s 6,000 languages, 20 to 50 per cent already are or soon will be no longer spoken by children, i.e. are moribund, to become extinct during.
Documenting and/or Preserving Endangered Languages
Authors: Comrie Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter originated as a “general remarks “ response to the individual papers presented at the conference on endangered languages held in Kyoto at the end of 2000; some of these papers appear in revised form in the present volume. In my presentation, I have decided to concentrate on one topic that emerged recurrently in the papers presented, and this is the relationship between the documentation of endangered languages and the preservation of endangered languages. By documentation, I refer to archival materials on a language such that at least some aspects, and preferably as many as possible, of that language will be available to future generations even if the language dies out.