bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Latex allergy in infants younger than 1 year
Authors: Kimata H. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryBackground
The prevalence of latex allergy in children is increasing worldwide. Previous multiple operations or atopic predisposition are known risk factors. In contrast, only sporadic cases of latex allergy have been reported in infants younger than 1 year, and the causative latex‐containing products or symptoms in young infants have not been studied in detail.Objective
The purpose of this study is to analyse the symptoms and risk factors of latex allergy in young infants.Methods
Cases of latex allergy in infants younger than 1 year were studied in detail. Clinical course, causative latex‐containing products were spotted and detailed analysis for latex allergy in patients and patients' parents was performed.Conclusion
We report nine cases of latex allergy in infants younger than 1 year. None of them have any abnormality or previous operations. Six patients had atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome, one patient had bronchial asthma, whereas two patients had no overt allergic diseases. Symptoms of latex allergy were wheezing, swelling of face or lips, facial rash, or anaphylaxis, and causative latex‐containing products were teat, pacifier, nose cleaner, teether, balloon, or enema tube. All of the nine patients had positive skin prick test to latex and extract from causative latex‐containing products, whereas eight patients had positive serum latex‐specific IgE. Study for family history revealed that latex allergy was noted in either father or mother in six patients, in both father and mother in one patient, whereas no latex allergy was noted in parents in two patients. It should be noted that all of these patients had latex‐induced symptoms at home. Latex allergy in young infants may not be unusual. Physicians should be aware of latex allergy, and care should be taken to avoid contact with latex in young infants, especially when there is family history for latex allergy.
Heparin‐induced recurrent anaphylaxis
Authors: Berkun Y. , Haviv Y. S. , Schwartz L. B. , Shalit M. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryBackground
Heparin‐related immediate‐type hypersensitivity reactions like urticaria, angio‐oedema or bronchospasm are very rare, and only a few cases of anaphylaxis‐like responses because of heparin have been described. However, the mechanisms underlying these reactions and the role of mast cells in their pathogenesis have not been elucidated.Objectives
We report a patient with end‐stage renal disease who presented with recurrent anaphylaxis after receiving heparin during haemodialysis. The underlying aetiology was obscured by the initiation of haemodialysis with its known anaphylactic‐like side‐effects. The diagnosis of hypersensitivity to heparin was confirmed by the clinical picture, positive skin tests and elevated serum tryptase levels.Materials and methods
We performed prick and intradermal skin tests with heparin, enoxaparin and danaparoid heparinoid. Total and mature tryptase levels were measured in serum by ELISAs at 1, 24 and 36 h following the reaction.Results
An elevated mature tryptase level was found at 1 h, which returned to normal levels at 24 and 36 h. A high total tryptase level was detected at 1 h, but remained somewhat elevated at 24 h. Prick tests were negative with the three compounds. Intradermal skin tests with heparin and enoxaparin were both positive, while with danaparoid negative. Following negative skin test results, danaparoid was used as an anticoagulant during dialysis for the next 3 years without any adverse effects.Conclusions
In conclusion, we report the first case of heparin‐induced anaphylaxis confirmed by an elevated level of mature tryptase in serum. Following skin tests, the patient was treated with danaparoid during haemodialysis sessions three times a week without any adverse effects. Because of increasing use of heparin in daily medical practice, physicians should be aware of possible immediate hypersensitivity reactions to this medication and know how to diagnose and treat them.
Differential capacity of CD8α+ or CD8α− dendritic cell subsets to prime for eosinophilic airway inflammation in the T‐helper type 2‐prone milieu of the lung
Authors: Hammad H. , De Vries V. C. , Maldonado‐Lopez R. , Moser M. , Maliszewski C. , Hoogsteden H. C. , Lambrecht B. N. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryBackground
Different subsets of dendritic cells (DCs), identified in mouse spleen by their differential expression of CD8α, can induce different T‐helper (Th) responses after systemic administration. CD8α− DCs have been shown to preferentially induce Th type 2 (Th2) responses whereas CD8α+ DCs induce Th1 responses.Objective
To study if these DC subsets can still induce different Th responses in the Th2‐prone milieu of the lung and differentially prime for eosinophilic airway inflammation, typical of asthma.Methods
Donor mice first received daily Flt3L injections to expand DC numbers. Purified CD8α+ or CD8α− splenic DCs were pulsed with ovalbumin (OVA) or phosphate‐buffered saline and injected intratracheally into recipient mice in which carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester‐labelled OVA‐specific T cell receptor transgenic T cells had been injected intravenously 2 days earlier. T cell proliferation and cytokine production of Ag‐specific T cells were evaluated in the mediastinal lymph nodes (MLNs) 4 days later. The capacity of both subsets of DCs, to prime for eosinophilic airway inflammation was determined by challenging the mice with OVA aerosol 10 days later.Results
CD8α− DCs migrated to the MLN and induced a vigorous proliferative T cell response accompanied by high‐level production of IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐10 and also IFN‐γ during the primary response and during challenge with aerosol, leading to eosinophilic airway inflammation. In the absence of migration to the MLN, CD8α+ DCs still induced a proliferative response with identical levels of IFN‐γ but reduced Th2 cytokines compared with CD8α− DCs, which led to weak eosinophilic airway inflammation upon OVA aerosol challenge. Unpulsed DCs did not induce proliferation or cytokine production in Ag‐specific T cells.Conclusion
CD8α− DCs are superior compared with CD8α+ DCs in inducing Th2 responses and eosinophilic airway inflammation in the Th2‐prone environment of the lung.
Analysis of forces developed during mechanical preparation of extracted teeth using RaCe rotary instruments and ProFiles
Authors: Da Silva F. M. , Kobayashi C. , Suda H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAim  To compare the torque and load during instrumentation with ProFile and RaCe nickel‐titanium rotary instruments.Methodology  Thirty human incisor roots 12 mm in length were embedded in epoxy resin, and divided into three groups of 10 specimens each. Instruments employed in each group were as follows: RaCe .02 Step Back Files in group 1; RaCe .04 Step Back Files in group 2; and .04 ProFiles in group 3. Two load cells, whose outputs were connected to a digital oscilloscope, recorded torque and vertical load. Data were analysed by one‐way anova.Results  Torque values were statistically different between groups 1 and 3, and between groups 2 and 3 (torque was higher in group 3 than in groups 1 and 2). Vertical loads were statistically higher in group 3 than in groups 1 and 2.Conclusions  Torsional and vertical forces can be evaluated during instrumentation of straight root canals using the device and methods described in this study. When the step‐back technique was employed, torque and vertical load obtained with RaCe instruments were lower than that obtained with ProFiles.
A comparison between two electronic apex locators: an in vivo investigation
Authors: Venturi M. , Breschi L. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAim  To compare in vivo the Apex Finder and Root ZX electronic apex locators (EALs) at five different stages during root canal instrumentation.Methodology  The Apex Finder and Root ZX were used in 64 teeth with either vital or necrotic pulps. Informed consent was obtained by each patient under a study protocol approved by an ethical committee from the University of Trieste. Measurements were made: (stage 1) before instrumentation and irrigation; (stage 2) after brief filing, irrigation with 70% isopropyl alcohol and partial drying; (stage 3) after canal lubrication with EDTA gel (RC‐Prep); (stage 4) after complete instrumentation and irrigation with NaOCl 5%; (stage 5) after drying of the final instrumented canal. Stages 2, 3 and 5 were considered low canal conductivity conditions and stage 4 as high. Teeth were then extracted and a size 15 K‐file was inserted until its tip was observed under stereomicroscope to reach the foramen and the corresponding length was recorded to an accuracy of 0.25 mm and compared with values derived from the EALs.Results  The data revealed 133 unstable measurements (out of 640): some (68) related to low canal conductivity conditions (more frequently for Root ZX, 67; P < 0.05), and others (63) related to NaOCl presence in the canal (more frequently for Apex Finder, 58; P < 0.05). Accuracy was calculated only on stable measurements. The Root ZX showed significantly (P < 0.05) more precise measurements overall (−0.03 ± 0.39 mm) compared with the Apex Finder (−0.31 ± 0.46 mm). Under dry canal conditions the Apex Finder provided the greatest accuracy (−0.0 ± 0.21) compared with the Root ZX (−0.05 ± 0.32) (significance P < 0.05).Conclusions  Under the five different clinical situations both EALs revealed accurate measurements. Apex Finder was negatively influenced by NaOCl in the root canal. The Root ZX was more frequently unable to reveal stable measurements in low conductivity canals.
The adoption of new endodontic technology amongst Danish general dental practitioners
Authors: Bjørndal L. , Reit C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAim  To assess the adoption of new endodontic technology in a population of Danish practitioners.Methodology  Members of the Copenhagen Dental Association (n = 1156) were approached with a questionnaire concerning the frequency of various endodontic procedures. Three options were available: often, occasionally and never. Responses were anonymous. The statistical analyses were performed as studies of association in two‐ or three‐way contingency tables, and with Goodman–Kruskal's γ‐coefficient as the basic tool chosen.Results  Only data from general practitioners (GPs) in private practice were analysed (n = 956). The response rate was 72%. NiTi hand instruments were often used to negotiate canals by 18%, whilst 10% often used NiTi rotary systems. Electronic apex locators were often employed by 15%. Nineteen per cent reported that warm gutta‐percha was often used. A majority (53%) often spend two sessions to instrument a molar, and 20% often needed three or more sessions to finish the shaping phase. To complete a treatment of a nonvital case most practitioners reported to use at least three appointments. Only 4% frequently applied rubber dam.Conclusions  The adoption of new endodontic technology is at an early stage amongst Danish GPs. A new revised remuneration system might influence the rate of adoption, allowing the practitioners to act more rationally and produce a higher frequency of good‐quality root fillings. Progress towards high quality endodontics might be hindered by the nonuse of rubber dam.
O‐Linked glycosylation and functional incompatibility of porcine von Willebrand factor for human platelet GPIb receptors
Authors: Schulte am Esch Jan , Robson Simon C. , Knoefel Wolfram T. , Hosch Stefan B. , Rogiers Xavier 
Published: December 2004

Abstract:  Background:  Xenograft rejection is associated with vascular inflammation, thrombocytopenia and the accelerated consumption of coagulation factors. Primary biological incompatibilities of the xenograft in the regulation of clotting appear to amplify pathological processes associated with rejection. The functional incompatibility of porcine von Willebrand factor (vWF) expressed within the xenograft vasculature may heighten interactions with the primate platelet receptor GPIb, hence augmenting formation of platelet microthrombi and vascular injury. Here, we address the functional impact of O‐linked glycosylation of the vWF A1 domain on primate platelet activation.Methods:  Recombinant human or porcine vWF A1‐domains were transiently over‐expressed in COS‐7 cells as FLAG‐tagged fusion protein, linked to plasma membranes via GPI anchors. O‐linked glycosylation was blocked by the addition of phenyl‐α‐GalNAc2 to cultures. Expressed vWF‐A1 domains were characterized utilizing cytofluometric‐ and Western blot analyses.Results:  Cytofluometric analysis confirmed equivalent levels of human and porcine vWF A1‐domain expression irrespective of the levels of O‐linked glycosylation. Differential glycosylation patterns of vWF‐A1 under these conditions were confirmed by Western blot analyses. Native porcine vWF A1‐domains had enhanced human platelet activation potential when compared with human recombinant vWF A1. However, the loss of O‐linked glycosylation abolished differences in aggregatory responses between human and porcine vWF A1 domains.Conclusions:  Various degrees of O‐linked glycosylation of vWF‐A1‐domains modulate levels of functional interaction with platelet receptor GPIb and consequent platelet aggregation responses in vitro. These data may have implications for outcomes of xenotransplantation. We speculate that alterations in glycosylation of vWF and other adhesion proteins associated with the targeting of the α1,3‐Gal‐epitope in mutant swine may have salutatory effects on the primate platelet activation observed in these xenografts.
Evidence of macrophage receptors capable of direct recognition of xenogeneic epitopes without opsonization
Authors: Rees Michael A. , Butler Andrew J. , Brons I. Gabrielle M. , Negus Margaret C. , Skepper Jeremy N. , Friend Peter J. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract:  Background:  We have previously demonstrated that porcine livers perfused with human blood remove most of the erythrocytes from three units of human blood over the course of a 72‐h extracorporeal perfusion. Red blood cell loss did not appear to involve classical complement pathway‐mediated hemolysis, but instead resulted from porcine Kupffer cell phagocytosis.Methods:  We developed a method incorporating collagenase digestion and metrizamide separation to isolate and maintain porcine Kupffer cells in primary culture. An in vitro rosetting assay was used to assess the binding of human and porcine erythrocytes to porcine Kupffer cells. Immunohistochemistry was used to confirm the presence of porcine macrophages. The rosetting assay was quantified using 51Cr‐labeling of erythrocytes to assay for both rosette formation and phagocytosis.Results:  Porcine Kupffer cells were successfully isolated and maintained in primary culture. The presence of porcine macrophages was confirmed using the monoclonal antibody 74‐22‐15A. Human, but not porcine, erythrocytes were bound in an in vitro rosetting assay as confirmed by immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy and 51Cr‐quantitation. Porcine Kupffer cells bound human erythrocytes regardless of the presence of opsonizing antibody. Approximately 70% of the isolated porcine Kupffer cells demonstrated the capacity to bind non‐opsonized human erythrocytes. Phagocytosis was not observed.Conclusions:  Using primary porcine Kupffer cell cultures, we have demonstrated that a subpopulation of porcine macrophages has the ability to recognize specifically xenogeneic human erythrocyte epitopes without the need for prior opsonization. The possibility is discussed that lectin‐mediated carbohydrate binding plays a role in the cellular and humoral recognition and rejection of xenografts.
Abdominal manifestations of cystic fibrosis in adults: A review
Authors: Constantine S , Au VWK , Slavotinek JP 
Published: December 2004

SummaryGastrointestinal manifestations of disease are present in most adults with cystic fibrosis. Radiologists are familiar with the classical imaging characteristics of end‐stage pulmonary disease and the radiological findings of meconium ileus in neonates. As most patients now live into adulthood, recognition of the imaging appearances of abdominal disease is important to enable prompt diagnosis and treatment. Accordingly, this article presents typical imaging appearances of the adult gastrointestinal manifestations of cystic fibrosis.
Australian and New Zealand three‐dimensional conformal radiation therapy consensus guidelines for prostate cancer
Authors: Skala M , Berry M , Duchesne G , Gogna K , Tai K‐H , Turner S , Kneebone A , Rolfo A , Haworth A 
Published: December 2004

SummaryThree‐dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3DCRT) has been shown to reduce normal tissue toxicity and allow dose escalation in the curative treatment of prostate cancer. The Faculty of Radiation Oncology Genito‐Urinary Group initiated a consensus process to generate evidence‐based guidelines for the safe and effective implementation of 3DCRT. All radiation oncology departments in Australia and New Zealand were invited to complete a survey of their prostate practice and to send representatives to a consensus workshop. After a review of the evidence, key issues were identified and debated. If agreement was not reached, working parties were formed to make recommendations. Draft guidelines were circulated to workshop participants for approval prior to publication. Where possible, evidence‐based recommendations have been made with regard to patient selection, risk stratification, simulation, planning, treatment delivery and toxicity reporting. This is the first time a group of radiation therapists, physicists and oncologists representing professional radiotherapy practice across Australia and New Zealand have worked together to develop best‐practice guidelines. These guidelines should serve as a baseline for prospective clinical trials, outcome research and quality assurance.
Three‐dimensional conformal radiotherapy in the treatment of prostate cancer in Australia and New Zealand: Report on a survey of radiotherapy centres and the proceedings of a consensus workshop
Authors: Tai K‐H , Duchesne G , Turner S , Kneebone A , See A , Gogna K , Berry M 
Published: December 2004

SummaryThere is an increasing use of 3‐D conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) in the radiotherapeutic management of prostate cancer. The Faculty of Radiation Oncology Genito‐Urinary Group carried out a survey of Australian and New Zealand radiotherapy centres in the preparation of a consensus workshop. Of the 19 centres that were represented, there were 24 radiation oncologists, 16 radiation therapists and 12 medical physicists. The survey collected demographic information and data on the practices undertaken at those centres when delivering curative radiotherapy in the treatment of prostate cancer. There was much variation in the delivery of treatment in the areas of patient set‐up, contouring of target volumes and organs of interest during computer planning, the techniques and the dose constraints used in these techniques, the use of adjuvant androgen deprivation therapy and the quality assurance processes used in monitoring effects of treatment. This variability reflects the range of data in the published literature. Emerging trends of practices were also identified. This is a first report on a multi‐disciplinary approach to the development of guidelines in 3DCRT of prostate cancer.
The Civil Intifada:1 The Power and Politics of the Palestinian Census
Authors: Wilkins Karin Gwinn 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe Palestinian census of December 1997 holds both symbolic power, grounding a national identity within an intended modern, sovereign structure, and instrumental value, serving as a basis for social and economic development. Some scholars privilege the role of domination in this enumeration process, imposing official categorizations on people for the purpose of state control. However, in this article I argue that the census also has the potential to promote resistance, contingent upon the nature of the agency implementing the process and the historical circumstances of the community engaged in this exercise. In this case, Palestinian and Israeli governments compete over the parameters of this research implementation, particularly within the confines of Jerusalem, recognized by each as its (intended and existing) capital. Based on personal interviews, official documents and secondary sources, I describe this process in relation to other attempts to articulate a Palestinian community, and characterize the census within the context of a Palestinian political struggle for sovereignty against a dominant Israeli state.
Planned Resettlement, Unexpected Migrations and Cultural Trauma in Laos
Authors: Evrard Olivier , Goudineau Yves 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThough not officially considered a ‘policy’ by the Lao government, resettlement of ethnic minorities has become a central feature of the rural development strategy in Laos. Over the past ten years, a majority of highland villages have been resettled downhill, and the local administrations are planning to move the remaining villages in the coming years. This article draws on a national survey about resettlement in Laos, commissioned by UNESCO and financed by UNDP, that was undertaken by the authors. It focuses on the consequences of these huge shifts of population and on the social and cultural dynamics that underlie them. It shows that the planned resettlements, which are intended to promote the ‘settling’ of the highland populations by enforcing the ban on slash‐and‐burn agriculture and opium growing, actually cause increased and diversified rural mobility. This in turn complicates the implementation of the rural development policy and the political management of interethnic relationships. In other words, the ‘settling’ process promoted by the State, because of its broad and often tragic social consequences, can paradoxically generate unplanned or unexpected further migrations, which could be called ‘resettlement‐induced forms of mobility’
Degrees without Freedom: The Impact of Formal Education on Dalit Young Men in North India
Authors: Jeffrey Craig , Jeffery Roger , Jeffery Patricia 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis article considers the capacity of formal education to undermine established processes of caste and class reproduction in an area of north India, with particular reference to the views and strategies of educated Dalit young men. It draws on quantitative and qualitative research conducted by the authors in a village in Bijnor district, western Uttar Pradesh (UP). We discuss how educated Dalit young men perceive education, how they seek to use educational credentials to obtain ‘respectable’ jobs, and how they react when this strategy fails. Increased formal education has given Dalit young men a sense of dignity and confidence at the village level. However, these men are increasingly unable to convert this ‘cultural capital’ into secure employment. This has created a reproductive crisis which is manifest in an emerging culture of masculine Dalit resentment. In response to this culture, Dalit parents are beginning to withdraw from investing money in young mens’ higher secondary and tertiary‐level education. Without a substantial redistribution in material assets within society, development initiatives focused on formal education are likely to be only partially successful in raising the social standing and economic position of subordinate groups.
TO WHAT EXTENT HAS FISHER'S RESEARCH PROGRAM BEEN FULFILLED IN AUSTRALIA?
Authors: Mayo Oliver 
Published: December 2004

SummaryThis paper reviews Fisher's research program, showing how it constituted a theoretical basis for Darwin's evolutionary, genetical and experimental work, and identifies those fields where Fisher, through his influence on colleagues and students, caused some of his aims to be carried through in Australia, particularly in experimental design and evolutionary genetics.