bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Da‘wah in the East: The Expansion of Islam from the First to the Twelfth Century,
Authors: Poston Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The territory brought under Islamic suzerainty during the first century following the inception of the religion stretched from the shores of the Atlantic in the West to the Indian subcontinent in the East-a remarkable achievement given the relatively small forces that accomplished it. Among the many questions that could be asked with regard to this phenomenon is one having to do with the initi ative that produced it: Was this expansion the intended result of tac tical and strategic planning on the part of the founder of Islam or was it rather an accident resulting from a chance combination of historical circumstances? Was it in Muhammad’s mind to produce a world religion or did his interests lie mainly within the confines of his homeland? Was he solely an Arabian nationalist-a political genius intent upon uniting the proliferation of tribal clans under the banner of a new religion-or was his vision a truly international one, encompassing a desire to produce a reformed humanity in the midst of a new world order? These questions are not without significance, for a number of the proponents of contemporary da’wah activity in the West trace their inspiration to the Prophet himself, claiming that he initiated a worldwide missionary program in which they are the most recent participants. Ahmad Sakr, the former director of the Muslim World League Office to the United Nations and North America and founder of the American Islamic College in Chicago, believes that “Allah commanded the Prophet Muhammad to start making Da’wa from the first day he was entrusted with the mission of Islam.
Khurram Murad: Contextualization of the Islamic Movement for the Western Audience
Authors: Poston Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Khurram Jah Murad was born in 1932 in Rai Sen, India. His basic education was completed at the Alexandaria Jahangirya School and he began his college career at Hamidiya College in Bhopal. In 1948 he emigrated to the newly formed state of Pakistan to join the Islamic Movement established by MawdiidI, to whose works he had been introduced by his mother and sisters.
Religious Conversion: The Traditional Western Paradigm
Authors: Poston Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Religious conversion is by no means a neglected topic among the various fields of the social sciences. The thirteen-page bibliography by Lewis R. Rambo which appeared in the April 1982 edition of The Religious Studies Review attests to the popularity of this subject among psychologists, sociologists, and historians as well as theologians. The titles listed reveal the existence of a tremendous variety of approaches to and theories concerning the phenomenon in general.
The Origins
Authors: Bloom Samuel W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Medical sociology is an old conception but relatively young as a field of endeavor.’ From early in the nineteenth century, one can trace research activities that are remarkably close, at least in style, to their modern counterparts in medical sociology. Until about seventy-five years ago, however, such studies were episodic, linked to major events like the struggle for political and social rights of the European middle class in the 1840s, the similar struggle of the English working class later in the nineteenth century, and the radical technological and social changes caused by the Civil War in the United States. These events typically heightened public feelings of social responsibility and, in the process, stimulated early variants of social science. Edwin Chadwick’s Report on the Sanitary Conditions of the Laboring Population of Great Britain in 1842 is a good example. Just as typically, however, at least with inquiry about health, the motive force of such movements was not sustained. It was not until almost 1930 that an unbroken development began in the sociology of medicine, and only after World War II were individuals identified as “medical sociologists.”
The University of Chicago
Authors: Bloom Samuel W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1920, American sociology was still dominated by the University of Chicago. Not only was it the first university department of sociology in the world, it quickly became the single main source of both the intellectual and institutional development of the field, including research on the sociology of medicine.
Albion Small (1854-1926), the founding chairman, was from the same mold as the other leading American sociologists of that time: he was a Protestant clergyman, deeply concerned about the human consequences of the rapid industrialization and urbanization of post-Civil War America, with a “passion for reform” combined with pragmatic optimism that a systematic science of society would solve these problems. However, Small’s leadership included no “party line.” He is remembered to have urged his students “to proceed as quickly as possible to make everything he taught them out of date.” Of even greater importance “was the intelligent perception by Small, accepted enthusiastically by his colleagues and successors, of the inhibiting consequences of doctrines, schools of thought, and authoritative leaders.”
D Yard Nation-Attica (1971)
Authors: Useem Bert , Kimball Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1929, the nation’s first major wave of prison riots hit the prisons of New York State. At Clinton prison, 1,600 inmates rioted, 3 of whom died in the recapture of the institution. At Auburn prison, inmates threw acid in a guard’s face and took the keys to the prison arsenal. Before the riot was quelled, six shops were burned, four inmates had escaped, and an assistant warden was killed. In response to these incidents, the state resolved to build the “ultimate prison,” escape-proof and riot-proof. The world’s most expensive prison to date opened in 1931 in the town of Attica, 275 miles northwest of New York City-as far away as Portland, Maine, or Fredericksburg, Virginia. It was billed as a “paradise for convicts. “
The Nature and Course of Prison Riots
Authors: Useem Bert , Kimball Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the beginning of this book, we pointed out that most people commonly believe “riots” to be chaotic and somewhat irrational events, while prisoners expect prison riots to be purposeful and organized. Actually, this difference is reflected throughout the scholarly study of collective action. Some treat riots as merely “expressive” acts, purposeless emotional outpourings. Those who are more prepared to view the masses as rational look for evidence of plan and strategy, interpreting riots as “instrumental,” not merely expressive, and designed to relieve their suffering.
The Decomposition of Sociology
Authors: Horowitz Irving Louis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this opening chapter is to describe and explain an anomaly: in a period when the fields of social science—from the policy sciences to social planning, from public administration to demography—are expanding, one area, sociology, with a distinguished lineage and tradition, is suffering hard times. Indeed, sociology threatens to join phrenology as a pseudoscience and to share the fate of occult studies in being viewed more as a privileged lan­guage of dedicated elites than as a field of investigation broadly reflective of public needs.
Social Contexts and Cultural Canons
Authors: Horowitz Irving Louis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every era redefines what of the past remains relevant and what needs to be discarded. This is hardly news, but it is not exactly an immutable process. Individuals who are discarded in one period are sometimes rediscovered in the next; the finite amount of information that one can carry about dictates as much. Civilizations, like individuals, travel with only as much intellectual baggage as they can manage, and perhaps a trifle more than can be comfortably handled during such transitional periods as the fin de siècle of the twentieth century. The current reconsideration of what from the past has meaning today, then, is hardly anything new. It forms the core of what Mannheim referred to as the sociology of the culture.1
Policy Research in a Post-Sociological Environment
Authors: Horowitz Irving Louis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to examine the present bifurcation of policy-making into domestic and foreign components and to urge a research effort aimed at unifying national policy by integrating its various components. Beyond this urging, my aim is to show that the act of making policy invariably involves decisions about events that take place both within and outside of a nation. This is not a claim for the superiority of any one segment of policy-making. What is important or trivial is determined within a means–ends continuum. In breaking down artificial barriers inherited from nationalist models, a policy process can be institutionalized that takes into account “shrinkage” of the world that is a direct consequence of new information technologies and, at the same time, incorporates the wisdom of classical social theories on the nature of power.
The Development of Philosophy and the Origin of the Doctrine of Transmigration
Authors: Basham A L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The German philosopher Karl Jaspers posited in The Origin and Goal of History1 that, between the eighth and the fourth centuries B.C.E., great changes took place in the religious life of people in all the civilized parts of the world. Some of the wisest individuals of the times began thinking independently and individually. Dissatisfied with the traditional mythologies as explanations of the cosmos and humanity’s place in it, they put forward new doctrines, more rational and simpler than those that went before, with a much deeper ethical content.
Preaching in the Last Days
Authors: Petersen Rodney L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the enigmatic prophecies of the Book of Revelation is a passage (11.3-13) concerning ‘two witnesses’ who will appear in the dark days of the church to preach or prophesy with powers like those of the prophets of ancient Israel. In this book Rodney Petersen presents an exhaustive examination of the treatment of this passage by interpreters from medieval times to the Protestant Reformation. Petersen demonstrates that speculation on the identity and theological meaning of the two witnesss has abounded since the days of the early church. They have been linked to a time of culminating evil, the final proclamation of hope, and the end of history associated with divine judgement. Such speculation found ample expression in medieval literature, art and drama. In the writings of the reformers, however, the witnesses acquired increased social implications. The sixteenth and seventeenth centuries saw a proliferation of commentaries on the Apocalypse, in which reformist exegetes appropriated the image of the witnesses to their own movement, often identifying them with specific contemporary figures or using them to predict a future in tune with their hopes for the Protestant movement. Finally, Petersen shows, the theme of the two witnesses inspired and sustained those who carried the Puritan message into the New World, and features in the writings of such leading New England divines as Cotton Mather and Jonathan Edwards.
The Dawn of Reformation Preaching
Authors: Petersen Rodney L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reformation preaching, concerned with particular religious abuses, was shaped by prophetic anticipation.’ Whether in Italy, among apocalyptic Spiritualists who drew inspiration immediately from Savonarola and more distantly from Joachite spirituality, or in Spain among mystically oriented Alumbrados in search of a “third church, “ or in the heartland of the empire, in central Europe, among such peasant movements as associated with the visionary Johann Eberlin of Gilnzberg, one can discern such expectation. Deepened biblical study, whether Humanist or mystical in intent,2 the search for a universal science,3 astrology,4 and divination5 were all used to strengthen the prophetic vision despite caution and censure from the Fifth Lateran Council (1512-1517).
Much of this prophecy was linked to particular events at the close of the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. New economic conditions in central Europe were leading to an upheaval in social relations. The fall of the Byzantine Empire and the arrival of Turkish armies from the east into European precincts offered a sense of the impending Judgment of God upon the last of the kingdoms envisioned by the biblical prophet Daniel. Finally, continued anxiety over religious and institutional failure in the Church contributed to the popularity of apocalyptic prophecy, fear of false prophets, and search for true ones. Competing theories about who such prophets were grew through the sixteenth century, sometimes including one who would appear like an earlier paragon of virtue, perhaps a restored Enoch or Elijah.
Bullinger and the Testimony of the Church
Authors: Petersen Rodney L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To the anxieties of the sixteenth century, whether political fears of internal social disintegration, Turkish advance into Europe, natural catastrophe, or even that of a fraudulent clergy,1 Luther’s answer was to preach the effective graciousness of God. Our two witnesses were actual or symbolic representatives of God’s last call to humanity to accept that grace prior to Judgment. Heinrich Bullinger, and many of the reformers who would take the name “Reformed “ as opposed to “Lutheran, “2 nuanced this answer differently. Without denying the proffered grace of God, their preaching focused more upon God’s promise given throughout the history of his people. Our witnesses became symbols of that promise.
Heinrich Bullinger (1504-1575), reformer of Zurich in Switzerland and successor to Huldrych Zwingli, writes about prophets as they herald God’s promise. The existence of the Christian ministry is a sign of God’s care for humanity. The work of that ministry, of prophets and preaching or prophesying, is to call people to live in terms of this covenant. Prophets are a part of Bullinger’s concern for the restoration of the precepts of the covenant in the sixteenth century. They call God’s people to return to the theological simplicity and spiritual immediacy connoted for him by the covenant. The way in which Bullinger’s ideas of prophets, prophecy, and, indeed, the covenant are handled in his set of sermons on the Apocalypse, a book which he argues is a summary of biblical revelation, offers (1) an affective argument to his conception of the place of the covenant in shaping history, (2) a polemical yet effective vision of the Reformed pastor, and (3) lays an important part of the foundation for the later speculative development of the Apocalypse among Reformed churches and with implications for Protestant historiography.7
Rebuilding the Temple
Authors: Petersen Rodney L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Commenting on our text (Rev. 11:11-13), Heinrich Bullinger noted that he had seen arisen in the previous thirty years a company of prophets (communis prophetia) like “Mirandola, Reuchlin, Erasmus, Luther, Zwingli, Oecolampadius and Melanchthon. “1 “Innumerable others “ are cited as having taken the mantle. Many stepped forward to prophesy with the new vernacular Bible in hand, thus raising the issue of the definition of prophecy and of prophetic legitimacy.
While the general subject of prophecy is beyond the scope of this study, the question itself, as it was raised in relation to our text, is intriguing and can serve to provide a guide to the contours of prophecy as it was conceived in Reformed circles. In searching for the identity of the two witnesses we have seen how from the start prophetic models were drawn upon from Israel’s past. Not only do specific allusions in our text call for such, but the Apocalypse is replete with references to the books of the Old Testament. By raising up an Elijah or Enoch one raised up the company of prophets in the Old Testament.
Introduction
Authors: Prelinger Catherine M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mainline Protestantism is the current focus of significant scholarly attention; the popular press has also been attracted by what it calls the shift “from mainline to sideline”, or “those mainline blues.” Oddly, few so far have addressed the situation of women in the mainline or asked what it may have to tell us about the mainline’s widely analyzed “decline.” As a category of analysis, gender has been so overlooked in attempts to understand the mainline that little attention has been given even to the proposition, formulated as early as 1977, of the feminization of American Protestantism achieved by the alliance between an influential sector of Northeast American women and their clerical mentors. Nor has an opinion on the prominence of women among the mainline missionaries been ventured.
The Anthropology of Vitality and Decline: The Episcopal Church in a Changing Society
Authors: Buchanan Constance H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mainline Protestantism, widely understood to be the primary religious force shaping America’s national identity and social values since the Pilgrims landed, is increasingly viewed as in decline. With it the Episcopal Church, long a flagship of the liberal Protestant establishment, is seen as in decline as well. It seems the center will not hold. This is one of the chief features of the landscape of American religion at the close of the twentieth century. Among North American Christians, the prominence of liberal mainline Protestantism is perceived as giving way in the face of the vitality of black Protestant groups, Roman Catholic Church membership, and the conservative evangelical churches especially. The liberal religious establishment has been defined by scholars as at once a particular set of Protestant denominations and a personal network of leaders in American society connected with those denominations. It is this establishment that appears no longer to be in the position to direct American Protestantism as a whole and, as the dominant force in American religious life, to aspire as well to the exercise of broad cultural authority.
The Nature Of The Human Condition: The Human As Mythic And As Homo ReligiOsus
Authors: Cave David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Eliade’s The Old Man and the Bureaucrats, the gentle, elderly Farama Zaharia, former principal of Primary School No. 17 on Mantulesa Street, undertakes a visit to Vasile I. Borza, a major in the Ministry of Internal Affairs (the Police), whom Farama believes is a former student of his. Farama hopes to renew contact and relive nearly forgotten memories.
Introduction
Authors: Rue Loyal 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Charles Darwin’s revolutionary thesis began to work its way through the halls and streets of London, a lady of the period is reputed to have remarked, “It cannot be true; but if it is let us hope it does not become generally known.” I must confess that something of the spirit of this woman’s remark has been at work in motivating this book. A dangerous thesis has been growing in our midst for the past two centuries or so, one I feel has become too generally known.
Deception in Historical Perspective
Authors: Rue Loyal 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Task before us is to assess the manner in which deception has been regarded within the context of Western intellectual and moral traditions, both religious and secular. A thorough examination of this topic might easily occupy an intellectual historian for the better part of a long career. But since the scope of this book is more broadly defined, our survey of the historical dimension must be restricted. In particular, the focus of this chapter is limited to Western attitudes toward the dangers of being deceived, quite aside from the evils of deceiving. At first sight this restriction might seem to exclude half the story, since the topic of deceiving others has held a prominent place in Western culture. Yet on reflection it becomes obvious that the cultural bias against acts of deceiving is derived from the more fundamental belief that one is harmed by being deceived. It is our profound fear of being deceived that gives moral substance to prohibitions against deceiving.
Deception in Evolutionary Perspective
Authors: Rue Loyal 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter I I attempted to defend a rather immodest claim: that the intellectual and moral traditions of Western culture have been shaped extensively by a bias against deception. Having relinquished any pretense to modesty, I shall now proceed to advance an even larger claim: that the dynamics of deception play a decisive role not merely in cultural history but in the process of biological evolution as well. The latter argument is encouraged by the former under the principle that wherever we find unanimity in cultural values, there we may suspect the influence of deeper, biological principles.
Other Prophetic Figures
Authors: Gray Rebecca 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the remaining accounts in Josephus’ writings concerning prophetic figures from the late Second Temple period. In addition to Jesus son of Ananias, whom I considered briefly in chapter 1, these figures include Onias, who was renowned for the effectiveness of his prayers; the Pharisees Pollion and Samaias; and some unnamed pharisaic prophets from the time of Herod the Great. For the most part, Josephus’ reports provide only sparse information about the prophetic activities of these individuals, and they are surveyed here largely for the sake of completeness. In Antiquities 14.22–24 Josephus describes an incident involving a Jew named Onias, known from rabbinic literature as Honi. The earliest rabbinic traditions about Honi describe how he once ended a serious drought by praying to God in a distinctive and insistent manner.1 Josephus was evidently familiar with these or similar traditions, for he reports that Onias “had once in a rainless period prayed to God to end the drought, and God had heard his prayer and sent rain” (Ant. 14.22). He says no more about this feat, however, and the remainder of his account concerns another incident, which took place in Jerusalem sometime close to Passover in the year 65 B.C.E
Islam And The West
Authors: Lewis Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Is it correct to equate Islam with the West, a religious community with a geo-political entity? Islam is not a place; it is a religion. But, in this enlightening and distinguished collection of essays, several of them previously unpublished in English, Bernard Lewis questions the apparent asymmetries between Islam and the West, explores the vast common heritage both communities share and investigates each side’s perception of the other. Many of the pieces examine the troubled relations between the two regions since the Middle Ages, focusing in particular on the impact of the West on the Middle East in modern times, and the Islamic responses to Western dominance. Especially timely are articles on the resurgence of Islam and anti-Western sentiment in recent years and on the failure of democratic institutions to take hold in the region. Bernard Lewis is one of the world’s leading scholars of the Middle East. He is Cleveland E. Dodge Professor of Near Eastern Studies, Emeritus, at Princeton University. Previously, a permanent member of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey.
Deborah: Biblical Antiquities 30–33
Authors: Murphy Frederick J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Deborah is one of the most remarkable figures in the Biblical Antiquities. Her importance is proven by the number of chapters devoted to her, as well as by the fact that some of Pseudo-Philo’s most important ideas are put on her lips. Pseudo-Philo’s treatment of her is a testimony to his high regard for women and to his determination to give them their rightful place in Israel’s history.