bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adsorption on Na-Montmorillonite of 1,10-Phenanthroline and Quinoline in Single and Binary Aqueous Solution
Authors: Ferreiro Eladio A. , de Bussetti Silvia G. 
Published: December 2003

Abstract
The adsorption of single aqueous solutions and binary mixtures of 1,10-phenanthroline (OP) and quinoline (Q) on Na-montmorillonite was studied. The isotherms were obtained at 28°C and pH = 11. 1,10-phenanthroline showed a higher values of adsorption on the clay (2.213mmol/g) than quinoline (1.577mmol/g). On the basis of these values a specific surface of 799.6m2/g was determined on the montmorillonite for OP adsorption and 555.6m2/g for Q. 1,10-phenanthroline shows a higher affinity for the clay surface than quinoline, both in pure solution and in binary mixture, especially at low equilibrium concentrations. In the mixtures with an initial concentration of 1:1, the isotherm of OP adsorption can be fitted to the Langmuir equation and reaches a maximum adsorption of 1.810mmol/g, whereas in the case of Q the adsorption isotherm fits the Freundlich equation. Based on the free area unoccupied by OP molecules, and assuming re-accommodation of the aromatic ring on the surface of the clay, the maximum adsorption of Q at this concentration was calculated to be 0.827mmol/g. The diminishing maximum adsorption of OP at other concentrations in the presence of a constant quantity of Q on the surface corresponds to a quadratic equation as a function of the quantity of quinoline adsorbed.The obtained data could not be fitted to the competitive Langmuir adsorption model or to the two- or multi-surface Langmuir models, since adsorption of Q in aqueous solutions with OP does not correspond to the classic Langmuir equation.
Linear Free-Energy Relationships in the Protonation Equilibria and Acid–Base Catalysed Reaction of 4-Substituted Benzohydroxamic Acids
Authors: Ghosh Kallol K. , Tamrakar Pankaj 
Published: December 2003

Abstract
As part of our investigations on the structure-reactivity relationships in protonation and hydrolysis of hydroxamic acids, we have now studied a series of 4-substituted benzohydroxamic acids (4-X-C6H4.CO.NH(OH), with X = H, Me, OMe, Cl, Br, F and NO2) in aqueous sulfuric acid. Good correlation was observed pointing out the validity of the Hammett equation. The protonation constant, ionization constant and rate constant for acid- and base-catalysed hydrolysis reactions seems are to be related in a linear free-energy (LEER) fashion.
Pressure and Temperature Dependence of the Decomposition Rate of Aliphatic tert-Amyl Peroxyesters
Authors: Buback Michael , Nelke Dorit , Vögele Hans-Peter 
Published: December 2003

Abstract
Thermal decomposition of several aliphatic tert-amyl (TA, 1,1-dimethylpropyl) peroxyesters, RC(O)OOTA, has been studied in dilute solution of n-heptane at pressures up to 2500bar and temperatures up to 195°C. The peroxides under investigation were: tert-amyl peroxyacetate (TAPA), tert-amyl peroxy-n-butanoate (TAPnB), tert-amyl peroxy-iso-butanoate (TAPiB, TA peroxy-2-methyl propionate), tert-amyl peroxy-2-ethylhexanoate (TAPO), and tert-amyl peroxypivalate (TAPP, TA peroxy-2,2-dimethyl propionate). The experiments were carried out in a tubular reactor at residence times up to 140s. Peroxide concentration was monitored under continuous flow conditions via quantitative FT-IR spectroscopic analysis in an optical high-pressure cell positioned behind the tubular reactor. First-order decomposition kinetics over several half-lives were observed. For each TA peroxyester, rate equations for the first-order rate coefficient, k
obs(p,T), are presented. k
obs values for TA peroxyester decomposition are by 23 ± 9 per cent above the corresponding numbers reported for associated tert-butyl (TB) peroxyesters, with the same R group and at identical p, T, and solvent environment. The carbon atom of the R moiety that is in α-position to the carbonyl group controls decomposition kinetics. k
obs is smallest in cases where this particular C-atom is a “primary” one and is largest when it is “tertiary”. The “primary” TA peroxyesters are associated with activation energies around 140 kJ mol-1 whereas the E
A′s of the “secondary” and “tertiary” TA peroxyesters are around 130 und 120 kJ mol-1, respectively. The activation volumes, ΔV
‡
obs, of the “secondary” and “tertiary” TA peroxyesters are in the narrow range of ΔV
‡
obs = 3.0 ± 1.5cm3mol-1. The ΔV
‡
obs′s of the “primary” TA peroxyesters are above 8cm3mol-1. Within the limits of experimental accuracy, the activation parameters of TA peroxyester decomposition are identical to the corresponding quantities reported for the associated TB peroxyesters. The activation parameters suggest that “primary” aliphatic peroxyesters decompose via single-bond scission whereas the “secondary” and “tertiary” TA peroxyesters undergo concerted two-bond scission or extremely fast successive scission of the two bonds which latter two processes can not be distinguished on the timescale of the experiments. The mode of primary bond dissociation, via single-bond or via concerted two-bond scission, largely affects initiator efficiency in free-radical polymerization. The peroxide decomposition rate data measured in dilute solution of compressed n-heptane are useful for simulation and optimization of technical high-pressure ethene polymerizations.
Qualities of memories for performed and imagined actions
Authors: Lampinen James M. , Odegard Timothy N. , Bullington Jennifer L. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractWhen people imagine performing simple actions they can sometimes become confused about whether they actually performed the actions or only imagined doing so. In the present study participants performed, imagined, and heard groups of actions. During a second session participants imagined some of the earlier actions as well as some entirely new actions. On a later memory test participants sometimes falsely indicated that they had performed actions that they had only imagined and this tendency was a positive function of number of imaginings. We also found that true and false memories differed in terms of degree of perceptual detail, associated thoughts, emotions, contextual information, and kinesthetic detail. Differences between true and false memories were smaller when the action was imagined five times but were not entirely eliminated. These findings suggest that false memories produced in this paradigm can be both compelling and yet subtly different from true memories. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Classroom experiments on the effects of different noise sources and sound levels on long‐term recall and recognition in children
Authors: Hygge Staffan 
Published: December 2003

AbstractA total of 1358 children aged 12–14 years participated in ten noise experiments in their ordinary classrooms and were tested for recall and recognition of a text exactly one week later. Single and combined noise sources were presented for 15 min at 66 dBA Leq (equivalent noise level). Single source presentations of aircraft and road traffic noise were also presented at 55 dBA Leq. Data were analysed between subjects since the first within‐subjects analysis revealed a noise after‐effect or a asymmetric transfer effect. Overall, there was a strong noise effect on recall, and a smaller, but significant effect on recognition. In the single‐source studies, aircraft and road traffic noise impaired recall at both noise levels. Train noise and verbal noise did not affect recognition or recall. Some of the pairwise combinations of aircraft noise with train or road traffic, with one or the other as the dominant source, interfered with recall and recognition. Item difficulty, item position and ability did not interact with the noise effect. Arousal, distraction, perceived effort, and perceived difficulty in reading and learning did not mediate the effects on recall and recognition. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acoustic, semantic and phonetic influences in spoken warning signal words
Authors: Edworthy Judy , Hellier Elizabeth , Walters Kathryn , Clift‐Mathews Wendy , Crowther Mark 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThree experiments are reported which explore the relationship between semantic, acoustic and phonetic variables in the judgement of eight warning signal words. Experiment 1 shows that listeners can distinguish very clearly between urgent and non‐urgent versions of the words when spoken by real speakers, and that some signal words such as ‘deadly’ and ‘danger’ score more highly than words such as ‘attention’ and ‘don't’. It also shows that the three dimensions of perceived urgency, appropriateness and believability of these words are highly correlated. Experiment 2 replicates Experiment 1 using synthesized voices where acoustic variables are controlled. The semantic effects are replicated, and to some extent appropriateness and believability are found to function differently from that of perceived urgency. Experiment 3 compares the same set of eight signal words with a set of phonetically similar neutral words, showing that warning signal words are rated significantly higher, and largely maintain their previous rank ordering. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison of preschoolers' recall of experienced versus non‐experienced events across multiple interviews
Authors: Powell Martine B. , Jones Carolyn H. , Campbell Claire 
Published: December 2003

AbstractPreschool children's recall of both experienced and non‐experienced activities was examined across three interviews. One hundred and six children aged 4 to 5 years (58 males, 48 females) from both low and high socioeconomic status areas participated in an event called the Deakin Activities, which consisted of two experienced activities. One or two days later, the children were asked to recall what happened in the two activities and an activity they had not experienced which was suggested to have occurred along with the experienced activities. Next, children were given false suggestions about one of the experienced (true‐biased) activities and the non‐experienced (false) activity. For the remaining experienced (true‐unbiased) activity, no questions were asked. Three and eight days after the activities were presented, children were again required to recall all three activities in their own words while a variety of suggestive techniques were used as encouragers. The results revealed that irrespective of the SES group, assent rates across the true and false activities became more similar after the first interview. Furthermore, children's narratives about the false activity became more similar in detail, structure and quality to their narratives about the true activities across interviews. However, the rate of fantastic/improbable details was higher for the false activity compared to the true activities, children reported more interviewer suggestions about the false activity than the true‐biased activity, and there were fewer confabulation errors reported about the false activity compared to the true activities. The implications of the results are discussed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Awareness of the origin of knowledge predicts child witnesses' recall of alleged sexual and physical abuse
Authors: Thierry Karen L. , Lamb Michael E. , Orbach Yael 
Published: December 2003

AbstractChildren who understand that knowledge may have different origins produce more information in their free‐recall accounts than children who are less aware of source. We examined whether the tendency to make knowledge attributions was related to the number and proportion of details elicited from child witnesses using open‐ended invitations and whether this relationship varied depending on the number of incidents of abuse reported. The tendency to make knowledge attributions was measured in the presubstantive portion of protocol‐guided interviews with 3‐ to 11‐year‐old alleged victims of abuse. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that the production of knowledge attribution details was positively related to the proportion of substantive episodic details produced by 3‐ to 6‐year‐olds recalling a single incident and by 3‐ to 11‐year‐olds recalling multiple incidents of abuse. Presubstantive source details were also positively correlated with the amount of source information recalled about incidents of abuse. These findings remained significant after controlling for the children's verbosity, the relative prominence of open‐ended invitations, and the children's ages. © 2003 US Government work.
Characteristics of eyewitness identification that predict the outcome of real lineups
Authors: Valentine Tim , Pickering Alan , Darling Stephen 
Published: December 2003

AbstractData were analysed from 640 attempts by eyewitnesses to identify the alleged culprit in 314 lineups organized by the Metropolitan Police in London. Characteristics of the witness, the suspect, the witness's opportunity to view the culprit, the crime and the lineup were recorded. Data analysis, using mixed effects multinomial logistic regression, revealed that the suspect was more likely to be identified if the witness is younger than 30, the suspect is a white European (rather than African‐Caribbean), the witness gave a detailed description, viewed the culprit for over a minute and made a fast decision at the lineup. None of the explanatory variables were significantly associated with a mistaken identification of a foil. No independent, statistically reliable effects of weapon focus, cross‐race identification, or of the delay before the identification attempt were observed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thematically‐induced arousal in naturally‐occurring emotional memories
Authors: Laney Cara , Heuer Friderike , Reisberg Daniel 
Published: December 2003

AbstractA number of studies have examined participants' recollection of previously‐experienced emotional events. In these studies, emotion has generally been evoked by means of a specific attention‐grabbing visual stimulus (the sight of a bloody face or a weapon, views of surgery, and the like). We argue, however, that emotion outside of the laboratory is typically induced not by a particular visual stimulus, but by involvement and empathy with an unfolding event. We refer to this as ‘thematically‐induced arousal,’ as opposed to the ‘visually‐induced’ reactions involved in previous studies. In the present paper, we discuss the potential importance of this distinction, and report two studies that analysed sets of memories for emotional events that occurred outside the laboratory. The data make it clear that naturally‐occurring emotional events tend to be thematically‐arousing, not visually‐arousing, and provide an initial characterization of how these two types of arousal might shape memory. We discuss the implications of this finding, but we also emphasize the need for further data in this largely‐unexplored domain. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tetraploid embryos rescue the early defects of tw5/tw5 mouse embryos
Authors: Sugimoto Michihiko , Karashima Yuko , Abe Kuniya , Tan Seong‐Seng , Takagi Nobuo 
Published: December 2003

AbstractSummary: tclw5 is a t‐complex recessive lethal mutation of the tw5‐haplotype. Since tw5/tw5 embryos die soon after implantation, the tclw5 gene is thought to play an important role in early embryogenesis. Previous histological studies have demonstrated that tw5 homozygotes do not survive past the gastrulation stage due to extensive death of the embryonic ectoderm, whereas the extraembryonic tissues were less affected. In the present study, we demonstrate that tw5/tw5 embryos may be distinguished from wildtype littermates at embryonic (E) day 5.5. At this stage, the visceral endoderm of tw5/tw5 embryos appeared to be different, possessing smaller and fewer vacuoles compared to normal littermates. This led us to hypothesize that the visceral endoderm may be affected by tclw5. Confirmation was provided by the rescue of tw5/tw5 embryos following aggregation with tetraploid embryos. However, rescued embryos did not survive past E9.0 and displayed an underdeveloped posterior region. This would indicate that the actions of tclw5 extend beyond the midgestation stage. genesis 37:162–171, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
De novo DNA methylation at the CpG island of the zebrafish no tail gene
Authors: Yamakoshi Kimi , Shimoda Nobuyoshi 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe zebrafish no tail gene (ntl) is indispensable for the formation of the notochord and the tail structure. Here we showed that de novo DNA methylation occurred at the CpG island of ntl. The methylation started at the segmentation stage and continued after the larval stage. However, it occurred predominantly between 14 and 48 h postfertilization, which overlaps the period in which ntl expression disappears in the notochord and the tailbud. This inverse correlation, together with the methylation‐associated formation of an inaccessible chromatin structure at the ntl CpG island region, suggested the involvement of the de novo methylation in ntl repression. Since no changes in methylation patterns were observed at the CpG islands of four other zebrafish genes, there must be a mechanism in zebrafish for specific methylation of the ntl CpG island. genesis 37:195–202, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysing the primacy of distance in the utilization of health services in the Ahafo‐Ano South district, Ghana
Authors: Buor Daniel 
Published: December 2003

AbstractAlthough the distance factor has been identified as key in the utilization of health services in rural areas of developing countries, it has been analysed without recourse to related factors of travel time and transport cost. Also, the influence of distance on vulnerable groups in utilization has not been an object of survey by researchers.This paper addresses the impact of distance on utilization, and how distance compares with travel time and transport cost that are related to it in the utilization of health services in the Ahafo‐Ano South (rural) district in Ghana. The study, a cross‐sectional survey, also identifies the position of distance among other important factors of utilization.A sample of 400, drawn through systematic random technique, was used for the survey. Data were analysed using the regression model and some graphic techniques. The main instruments used in data collection were formal (face‐by‐face) interview and a questionnaire.The survey finds that distance is the most important factor that influences the utilization of health services in the Ahafo‐Ano South district. Other key factors are income, service cost and education. The effect of travel time on utilization reflects that of distance and utilization. Recommendations to reduce distance coverage, improve formal education and reduce poverty have been made. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Working in a decentralized system: a threat to health workers' respect and survival in Uganda
Authors: Kyaddondo David , Whyte Susan Reynolds 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThis article contributes to the sparse empirical material on the position of health workers within health sector reform. Using qualitative data gathered in 1999, it shows how staff at rural health units in Tororo and Busia Districts experienced the reforms during the first 5 years of decentralization in Uganda. The analysis builds on a framework proposed by Franco et al. to examine the relation between health sector reform and health worker motivation. However, it diverges from their objective description of the factors determining motivation, giving more emphasis to the subjective perspective of the health workers. The categorical distinction between organizational and cultural/community factors was less relevant for them as actors. Two themes cross‐cut their lives inside and outside the health facilities: professional identity, which entailed recognition by both the organization and members of the community; and ‘survival strategies’, which were necessitated by the desire to maintain a status and lifestyle befitting a professional. Reform weakened workers' positions as professionals and hindered facility‐based ‘survival strategies’ that helped them get by on poor salaries. With an overall fall in remuneration, they were more motivated than ever to establish supplementary sources of income outside the formal government health care system. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determinants of health status and the influence of primary health care services in Latin America, 1990–98
Authors: Moore David , Castillo Eliana , Richardson Chris , Reid Robert J. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractPrimary health care (PHC) services have been advocated as a means by which less developed countries may improve the health of their populations even in the face of poverty, low levels of literacy, poor nutrition and other factors that negatively influence health status. Using aggregated data from the World Bank and UNICEF this study examined which factors, both within the health care system and outside of it, are associated with under‐5 mortality rates in 22 countries of Latin America and the Caribbean during the 1990s. In a multivariate analysis using generalized estimating equations for repeated measures, five factors were found to be independent predictors of lower under‐5 mortality rates (U5MRs). These were vaccination levels, female literacy, the use of oral rehydration therapy, access to safe water and GNP per capita. When the magnitude of these associations were assessed, higher levels of GNP per capita was found to be very weakly associated with lower U5MRs, compared with female literacy and vaccination rates. These findings suggest that government policies which focus only on promoting economic growth, while not making important investments in PHC services, female education and access to safe water are unlikely to see large improvements in health status. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The importance of quality, access and price to health care consumers in Bulgaria: a self‐explicated approach
Authors: Pavlova Milena , Groot Wim , van Merode Godefridus 
Published: December 2003

AbstractOne approach to the problem of low patient satisfaction in Bulgaria is to identify attributes of health care services that the consumers value most and to focus on their improvement. Based on data from a household survey, this paper examines the importance that health care consumers attach to quality, access and price.The survey was conducted in 2000 among the population of the region of Varna (the third largest city in Bulgaria). The elicitation of attribute importance was based on a self‐explicated method. To analyse the data, an ordered logit regression was performed.The analysis shows that clinical quality is the most valued characteristic by Bulgarian health care consumers compared with social quality, access and price. Given the poor quality of health care provision in Bulgaria, the allocation of revenues to its improvement appears to be essential in order to raise patient satisfaction and to enhance social efficiency. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.