bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Esophageal Anastomosis Pressure Testing to Failure: Full‐thickness or Submucosa‐Mucosal?
Authors: Aho Johnathon Michael , Manzar Shahid A , Wise Kevin B , Wigle Dennis A , Tschumperlin Daniel J , Urban Matthew W 
Published: November 2023

BackgroundEsophageal pathology such as perforation or malignancy often necessitates esophageal reconstruction. However, the optimal method of esophageal primary repair and anastomosis are unclear. We aim to determine stress to failure of esophageal anastomosis for full thickness and mucosal‐submucosal anastomotic techniques.MethodsSix esophagi from freshly sacrificed 60 kilogram swine were transected at the mid thoracic portion of the esophagus. Esophageal anastomoses were created and subsequently primarily anastomosed using 2‐0 running continuous polyglactin (Vicryl, Ethicon, Somerville, NJ) suture either as full thickness or partial thickness (mucosa‐submucosa alone). The sutured specimens were then mounted on cannulae. Using a syringe pump system, the esophagi were infused with colored saline while monitoring pressure continuously with optical tracking for detection of fluid leak. Data acquisition software was used to collect stress‐to‐failure data. Synchronized video and pressure data were analyzed post hoc for visualization of the leak and concurrent pressure to determine failure pressure.ResultsThe full‐thickness anastomosis failed at a mean ± (SEM) pressure of 15.33 ± (1.45) mmHg while the mucosal‐submucosal anastomosis failed at a mean ± (SEM) pressure of 36.33 ± (3.76) mmHg, (P = 0.02, unpaired t‐test with Welch's correction). MATLAB (MathWorks, Natick, MA) was used calculate the statistical results.ConclusionWhile the optimal in vivo method for esophageal anastomosis is unclear, we present evidence that an anastomosis incorporating only the mucosa and submucosa may be superior to full thickness. Additional research is needed to further clarify optimal technique and post‐operative outcomes.Support or Funding InformationDr. Aho reports funding from a Grant from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute T32 HL105355, a component of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
Classification of Type II Diabetes Mellitus Progression Based on Quantification of Pancreatic Histology
Authors: Papazian Lucine A , Pan Zenggang , LaRosa Francisco , Lee Lisa 
Published: November 2023

Type II Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by insulin insensitivity resulting in a decreased ability to transport glucose into cells systemically. While type II diabetes is well understood both clinically and in the renal system, there is a gap in documentation of the histological changes that occur in pancreatic tissue throughout disease progression. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the morphological changes in pancreatic tissues and to establish a set of histological criteria associated with the progression of type II diabetes. The systemic nature of type II diabetes provides opportunity to use the already established renal progression schematic to stage the disease into Diabetic Kidney Disease (DKD) I–IV. In this project, 100 matched pancreatic and kidney tissue slides from autopsy cases, with a pre‐mortem diagnosis of type II diabetes, were obtained from the existing autopsy repository. Kidney tissues were stained with periotic acid schiff to assess alternations in the glomerular basement membrane thus allowing each case to be staged into DKD I–IV. Matched pancreatic tissue slides were digitally scanned using Aperio slide scanner. Each digitized image file was then analyzed using the imagescope software; size and density of pancreatic islets and parenchymal adipose infiltrates were quantified. The quantified metrics and characteristics of the pancreatic tissues were compared across the 4 DKD groups. The results illustrate a general pattern of increased adipose infiltration and decreased islet density that correspond with type II diabetes disease progression. Our findings are consistent with other studies documenting incidental observations of increased adipose infiltration, and beta‐cell deficits in diabetic patients. For the first time, a classification schematic based on pancreatic histology for type II diabetes disease progression, is proposed.Support or Funding InformationCapstone Funding MSMHA
AMPK: A Novel Link Between E‐cadherin Mechanotransduction And Cell Metabolism
Authors: DeMali Kris , Bays Jennifer , Miller Hannah , Heidema Christy 
Published: November 2023

The response of cells to mechanical force is a major determinant of cell behavior and is an energetically costly event. How the cell derives energy to resist mechanical force is unknown. Here, we show that application of force to E‐cadherin stimulates Liver Kinase B1 (LKB1) to activate AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK), a master regulator of energy homeostasis. LKB1 recruits AMPK to the E‐cadherin mechanotransduction complex, thereby stimulating actomyosin contractility, glucose uptake, and ATP production. The increased ATP provides energy for reinforcing the adhesion complex and actin cytoskeleton so that the cell can resist physiological forces. Together, these findings reveal a paradigm for how mechanotransduction and metabolism are linked and provide a framework for understanding how diseases with contractility and metabolic disturbances arise.Support or Funding InformationResearch reported in this publication was supported by The National Institutes of General Medicine (Award Number R01GM112805 to K.A.D) and the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health (Award Number P30CA086862). Predoctoral fellowships from the American Heart Association (Award Number AHA 16PRE26701111) and National Institutes of Health (Award T32 GM067795) support J.B. and C.H., respectively.
Loading and Form in the Mammalian Jaw Joint
Authors: Rafferty Kathy , Herring Sue 
Published: November 2023

The synovial articulation between the dentary and squamosal bones, usually referred to as the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), is a defining feature of the Class Mammalia. The mandibular component of this joint is a secondary cartilage that develops in a membranous matrix and contributes to growth of the mandible. While resembling the growth cartilage of long bones, the mandibular condylar cartilage differs in that it also must function as the articular surface of the mammalian jaw joint, a function mediated by a fibrous thickening of the perichondrium. Another difference from typical growth cartilage is that cells are closely packed and not aligned in columns. This feature permits the direction of growth to be altered. Perhaps because of its origin from membranous tissue, the mandibular condyle is notably sensitive to mechanical loading, particularly during the period of growth. Loading of the TMJ arises from contraction of the jaw muscles, but the magnitude and orientation of loading vary according to the muscle combination used. In this contribution we summarize and synthesize studies on condylar loading assessed using strain gages affixed to the condylar neck of rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and pigs (Sus scrofa) under normal and altered conditions, correlating the findings with condylar morphology. During normal mastication young adult rabbits evince nearly vertical compressive strain on the condylar neck. Reduction of muscle force using botulinum toxin diminished and reoriented the strain, and these changes were accompanied by a striking loss of bone in the condylar head and neck. The paralyzed side condyle tended to be smaller than that of the healthy side, suggesting that condylar surface area did not increase normally, but the thickness of the cartilage layer was unaffected, implying no change in length of the cartilage process. Like rabbits, pigs show compressive strain on the condylar neck during mastication. During the growth process, the orientation of masticatory compressive strain alters from posterior‐superior in younger animals to anterior‐superior in older pigs. Studies correlating condylar strain with cartilage proliferation showed a tendency for proliferation to decrease as condylar compressive strain increased. A procedure (distraction osteogenesis) used clinically to increase mandibular length was found to lower the magnitude and reorient condylar strain. Unlike the adult rabbits, these juvenile pigs responded to lowered loads with increased growth, but the direction was altered in correspondence with the reorientation of masticatory strain. Collectively, these studies illustrate the dependence of mandibular morphology on the specifics of species, age, and especially masticatory mechanics.Support or Funding InformationSupported by DE08513, DE14336, DE018142 from NIDCR.
Histological Evaluation of Olive Oil Effects on Skin of Chronically Stressed Mice
Authors: Romana‐Souza Bruna , Monte‐Alto‐Costa Andréa 
Published: November 2023

Psychological stress‐induced oxidative damage may be an important factor that influences skin aging. However, neither study demonstrated if olive oil administration might inhibit the histological alterations induced by chronic stress in skin aging. The aim of this study was to investigate histologically the effects of olive oil administration on skin of chronical stressed mice. Mice were daily submitted to rotational stress, for 28 days, until euthanasia. Another group of animals did not submit to stress model. In the same period, animals were orally treated with olive oil or water. After 28 days, mice (5 animals per group) were killed and skin was analyzed. All experiments was approved by the Ethical Committee for Animal Use of State University of Rio de Janeiro (CEUA/044/2014). In mice skin, chronic stress reduced dermis and epidermis thickness, but it did not alter collagen fiber organization when compared to nonstressed mice after 28 days. The chronic stress also increased the number of proliferating and apoptotic cells in dermis when compared to nonstressed group after 28 days. The olive oil administration inhibited the effect of chronic stress on epidermis and dermis thickness and cell proliferation and apoptosis in dermis after 28 days. In addition, collagen fibers were thicker in the skin of the stressed mice treated with olive oil than that of stressed mice. In conclusion, olive administration may inhibit the histological alterations induced by chronic psychological stress on mice skin.Support or Funding InformationThe Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support in the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) and the National Council of Research (CNPq)
THE ANATOMY OF PEDIATRIC LAPAROSCOPIC AND THORACOSCOPIC PROCEDURES ‐ NEWER CONCEPTS AND PROCEDURES
Authors: GHOSH TAMOJIT 
Published: November 2023

Laparoscopic pediatric procedures have revolutionized the treatment of tracheo‐oesophageal fistulas with oesophageal atresia, duodenal atresia, anorectal malformations, appendicitis, hirschsrpung disease and inguinal hernias. They can be grossly divided into abdominal and thoracic procedures and a basic knowledge of body wall and surface anatomy is required.Abdominal laparoscopy requires gas insufflation, the use of surface ports in various sites and and a keen understanding of upper and lower abdominal anatomy. Iatrogenic abdominal injuries include vascular trauma, retroperitoneal heamorrhage, bladder injuries and stomach injuries especially when it is over inflated. Most procedures use a camera port with 2 or more ports for instrumentation. Lower abdominal laparoscopies have a risk of hernias, damage to the inferior epigastric blood vessels and bowel damage. A detailed knowledge of the abdominal body wall musculature and underlying vascular structures is required. The anatomy reinforcing single port laparoscopy procedures is presented in this work too. Transuterine and cul‐de‐sac approaches are revisited and explained.Thoracospic pediatric surgical procedures have a risk of injury to the lung, pleura and thoracic wall vasculature. Newer anatomical approaches through the posterior thoracic wall ports are also proposed and explained.To correct spinal and vertebral defects newer sites of laparoscopic port entry are proposed with an eye to access and maximum utilization of small working space in such procedures.
HIND LIMB PERIMETRY AND MUSCLE WEIGHT IN HIGH INTENSITY INTERVAL TRAINED RATS
Authors: Fazan Frederico Sassoli , Almeida Lucas Ferreira , Francescato Heloisa Della Colleta , Giorgetto Carolina , Fazan Valéria Paula Sassoli 
Published: November 2023

Interval‐training can be divided into high‐intensity interval training (HIIT – near maximal efforts) and sprint interval training (supramaximal efforts) [1]. Physiological adaptations to interval‐training are well known, such as increased aerobic capacity (VO2max). Nevertheless, skeletal muscle adaptations, that is clearly dependent on excercise intensity, still need investigation, particularly on HIIT protocols. Male Wistar rats (N=17), weighing 150–200g, were submitted to a HIIT that consisted in a nine week time and intensity incremental protocol starting at 50% Vmax during 20 minutes and ending at 70% Vmax during 60 minutes (Vmax being the maximum velocity, in meters per minute that the animals could individually reach). At the end of the nine‐week protocol, animals were weighed and anesthetized with Sodium Pentobarbital (50mg/kg) and hind limb perimetry was performed below the knee, at mid‐leg level, using a stainless steel Vernier Caliper (300mm – 0.02mm accuracy) and a flexible and inextensible thin cord. Rats were them perfused with buffered saline (PBS 150mM) and had their right and left triceps sural carefully dissected, removed in one piece and weighed using a digital scale Mettler Toledo™ (320g capacity – 0.1 mg readability). Average final body weight was 565 ± 12g. Average leg perimetry was 6.91 ± 0.14cm on the right and 6.81 ± 0.12cm on the left sides with no differences between sides. Average triceps sural weight was 3.61 ± 0.12g on the right and 3.72 ± 0.12 on the left sides, also with no differences between sides. There was no correlation between final body weight and right or left legs perimetry. Also, no correlation was found between final body weight and right or left triceps sural weight. Finally, no correlation was present between leg perimetry and triceps sural weight for both sides. Thus, triceps sural weight was normalized by body weight and the correlation with leg perimetry was again investigated. Still no correlation was found either for right or left sides between the normalized muscle weight and leg perimetry. Despite the absence of positive correlations in the parameters investigated in this study, further histological evaluation of these muscles will be performed since there is still little evidence of the role of exercise intensity in mediating skeletal muscle alterations such as capillary density and mitochondrial content.Support or Funding InformationFAPESP, CNPq, CAPES and FAEPA
Exploration and Description of Accessory Foot Evertor Muscles
Authors: Greiner Thomas M 
Published: November 2023

Anatomical texts commonly describe three muscles as foot evertors: fibularis longus, fibularis brevis and fibularis tertius. During dissection accessory muscles are frequently found that would also serve to evert or invert the foot. A survey of the legs and feet from 110 cadavers shows that accessory foot invertors are rare – only one example was found. However, accessory foot evertors appear with some regularity – in approximately 25% of subjects.Six different versions of an accessory evertor were identified in the leg, two from the anterior compartment and four from the lateral compartment. About half of the identified muscles occurred bilaterally. Most of these muscles attached to the lateral calcaneus, although some attached to the base of the fifth metatarsal. Many of these muscles are small and would contribute little to the forceful eversion of the foot. Therefore they are probably best regarded as proprioceptive organs. However, some variants are comparable in size to the other deep leg muscles and probably provide a significant evertor contribution. Fibularis longus and brevis were found in all subjects, while 7% of the subjects lacked a fibularis tertius. Only one example was found where the “accessory” evertor was present when the fibularis tertius was absent. This suggests that these “accessory” muscles are indeed accessory, and not functional replacements for the more standard fibularis muscles.The biological significance of these muscles is unclear. The frequency of their appearance is higher than several other anatomical variants that are consistently mentioned in anatomy textbooks. By this standard alone, it would seem that these muscles should be part of a standard presentation of human anatomy. A literature review was unsuccessful in finding reports of these accessory evertors among non‐humans. Therefore, it is unclear if these muscles represent muscular spandrels, atavistic traits, or attempts at muscular innovations that are perhaps associated with an improved adaptation to bipedal locomotion.
Morphometric Analysis of Commonly Grafted Costal Cartilages: Considerations for Reconstructive Surgery
Authors: Ganoe Maria R , Lynch Hannah L , Bender‐Heine Adam N , Holmes J Scott , Rickards Allen A , Armeni Mark A , Lambert H Wayne , Zdilla Matthew J 
Published: November 2023

Over the past seventy‐five years, autologous costal cartilage has been used for diverse surgical reconstructions including reconstruction of the ear, nose, and midface. Despite the wide utilization of costal cartilage grafts, there is little agreement regarding which cartilage level and which particular portion of each costal cartilage is the most optimal for grafts of varying sizes. Furthermore, there have been few studies dedicated to understanding the size of costal cartilage. Therefore, the aim of this cadaveric study was to provide salient measurements that will aid in the selection of optimal costal cartilage harvests. The study analyzed the left and right sides of the most commonly utilized costal cartilages (the 5th, 6th, and 7th costal cartilages) from sixteen cadaveric rib cages. The data presented in this study provides a starting‐point for the development of an algorithm that will enable selection of optimal cartilage for facial reconstructive surgery based upon the desired graft size.Support or Funding InformationWV Research Challenge Fund [HEPC.dsr.14.13]WVU Initiation to Research Opportunities (INTRO) Summer Research Program
Distribution of CGRP and bone remodeling markers in the mandible of senescence accelerated mouse
Authors: Miwa Yoko , Sunohara Masataka , Sato Iwao 
Published: November 2023

ObjectivesCalcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) has been proposed to contribute the transmission of pain in peripheral and central neurons. Mandibular condyle of SAMP8 mice is early‐onset age‐related degenerative changes in TMJ's articular surface (Chen et al., 1989). Osteopontin effect the anchoring osteoclasts in bone remodeling regions. Osteocalcin is also a marker for the bone remodeling produced by osteoblasts. Our study is to identify the expression change of mRNA in CGRP, Osteopontin and Osteocalcin for senescence accelerated mouse model.MethodsThe senescence‐accelerated SAMP8 mouse (male, 12 weeks of age n=4, 24 weeks of age n=4) and SAMR1 (male, 12 weeks of age n=4, 24 weeks of age n=4) were purchased for this study. All sampled tissues were flash frozen in liquid nitrogen and put in‐80 degree freezer for RNA extraction.ResultsQuantitative Real time PCR was performed using an Applied Biosystems 7300 Fast Real Time PCR Systems for the detection of CGRP, Osteocalcin and Calcitonin. Our data gave an information for mandible bone and cartilage degeneration accompanied by CGRP expression levels between 12 weeks and 24 weeks. The statistical significance of differences in the percentages of positive cells was analyzed by two‐tailed, unpaired Student's t test (p<0.01).ConclusionThese different expression of each marker also may indicate pain mechanism related to CGRP in mandibular bone.Support or Funding Informationnone
Histological identification of cells directly participating calcified tissue resorption and destruction
Authors: Nakamura Masanori , Otsuka Hirotada 
Published: November 2023

IntroductionIt is well established that multinucleated osteoclasts are the main cells to resorb calcified tissues. However, it still remains the possibility that the mononuclear cells other than osteoclasts directly resorb or destruct calcified tissues. In this study, we examined the ontogenic development of long bones in vivo and in vitro and the process of the bone destruction during the experimentally induced mouse arthritis model to detect the calcified tissue destruction by mononuclear cells.Materials and MethodsHumeral bones from E16 Balb/c mice were dissected and processed for transmission electron microscopy (TEM). To inhibit resorption by osteoclasts, pregnant mice were treated with a daily administration of nitrogen‐containing bisphosphonate (alendronate) from E15–E17 before the formation of fetal humeral bone marrow cavities. Metatarsals at E16 were organ cultured for 7 days and processed for TEM. Ten‐weeks old male DBA/1 mice were treated with type II collagen to induced collagen‐induced arthritis. Alendronate was administered once a week before the onset of arthritis to inhibit osteoclastic bone resorption. At the indicated time, knee joints were dissected and processed for the histological and immunohistochemical analyses.ResultsDuring the development of the humeral primary bone marrow cavity formation, the density of type II collagen fibers in the cartilage decreased with the progress of the calcification. Finally, the calcified cartilage directly became fragmented and macrophages invading from the perichondrium phagocytosed the fragmented particles. The number of primary bone trabecula of new born mice increased with alendronate treatment. However, bone marrow was formed in humeral bones of alendronate –treated newborn mice where active hematopoiesis was observed. In the organ culture of mouse E15 metatarsals, the primary bone marrow was also formed where fibroblasts phagocytosed calcified cartilage particles. In the mouse collagen–induced arthritis model, alendronate induced more severe inflammation than the control, which leaded to the severe articular cartilage and bone destruction. Many osteoclasts actively resorbed bone in the control group whereas many neutrophils were accumulated on the bone surface in the alendronate‐treated group. Ultrastructural observation clearly showed the accumulation and rupture of neutrophils on the bone surface. No collagen fibers were detected in the bone matrix.DiscussionBone homeostasis is maintained by the functional coupling between osteoblasts and osteoclasts. It has been accepted that the aberration of these two cells lead to bone diseases. In this study, we strongly indicated the direct resorption and destruction of calcified tissues by mononuclear cells other than osteoclasts. The results may change the concept for bone diseases and help the way to the understanding and the development of new therapies for the disease mainly involving bone destruction.