bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intracranial distribution of the sympathetic system in mice: DiI tracing and immunocytochemical labeling
Authors: Maklad Adel , Quinn Thomas , Fritzsch Bernd 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe intracranial distribution of the cephalic branches of the superior cervical ganglion (scg) was studied in mice using indocarbocyanine dye (DiI) anterograde tracing. Two main branches were traced from the scg. The first branch joined the nerve of the pterygoid canal (the vidian nerve), npc, from which several intracranial sympathetic branches passed to the branches of the trigeminal nerve (tgn), abducent nerve (abn), trochlear nerve (trn), and oculomotor nerve (ocn). Most of the second branch joined the abn, from which sympathetic fibers dispersed in the distal region of the trigeminal ganglion (tgg) to form a plexus close to the ganglion's branches. Branches from this plexus joined the branches of the tgn, trn, and ocn. Several minor branches arising from the second branch of the scg were also observed. One formed a sympathetic plexus around the internal carotid artery (ica); a second formed a sympathetic plexus in the proximal region of tgg, close to its root; and a third branch coursed laterally to reach the ear by passing along the greater petrosal nerve (gpn). All of the intracranial trajectories traced from scg were found to be catecholaminergic, and likely sympathetic, using tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunocytochemistry. Anat Rec 263:99–111, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomical distribution of NPY‐like immunoreactivity in the domestic chick brain (Gallus domesticus)
Authors: Esposito Vincenzo , Pelagalli Gaetano Vincenzo , De Girolamo Paolo , Gargiulo Giuliana 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNeuropeptide Y‐immunoreactive (NPY‐ir) fibers and neurons in the brain of the domestic chick (Gallus domesticus) were described using an immunohistochemical technique. NPY‐ir neurons were seen in the lobus parolfactorius; hyperstriatum, neostriatum, paleostriatum, and archistriatum; hippocampal and parahippocampal areas; dorsolateral corticoid area; piriform cortex; two thalamic areas contiguous to the n. rotundus; n. dorsolateralis anterior thalami, pars lateralis, and pars magnocellularis; n. periventricularis hypothalami; n. paraventricularis magnocellularis; regio lateralis hypothalami; n. infundibuli; inner zone of the median eminence; dorsal and lateral portions of the n. opticus basalis; n. raphes; and n. reticularis paramedianus. NPY‐ir fibers were seen throughout the entire chick brain, but were more abundant in the hypothalamus where they formed networks and pathways. They were also observed in some circumventricular organs. The anatomical data of the present study regarding the distribution of NPY ir in the chick brain, together with the physiological findings of other studies, suggest that NPY plays a key role in the regulation of the neuroendocrine, vegetative, and sensory systems of birds by acting as a neuromodulator and/or neurotransmitter. Anat Rec 263:186–201, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modeling and remodeling in a developing artiodactyl calcaneus: A model for evaluating Frost's Mechanostat hypothesis and its corollaries
Authors: Skedros John G. , Mason Mark W. , Bloebaum Roy D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe artiodactyl (mule deer) calcaneus was examined for structural and material features that represent regional differences in cortical bone modeling and remodeling activities. Cortical thickness, resorption and formation surfaces, mineral content (percent ash), and microstructure were quantified between and within skeletally immature and mature bones. These features were examined to see if they are consistent with predictions of Frost's Mechanostat paradigm of mechanically induced bone adaptation in a maturing “tension/compression” bone (Frost,1990a,b, Anat Rec 226:403–413, 414–422). Consistent with Frost's hypothesis that surface modeling activities differ between the “compression” (cranial) and “tension” (caudal) cortices, the elliptical cross‐section of the calcaneal diaphysis becomes more elongated in the direction of bending as a result of preferential (> 95%) increase in thickness of the compression cortex. Regional differences in mineral content and population densities of new remodeling events (NREs = resorption spaces plus newly forming secondary osteons) support Frost's hypothesis that intracortical remodeling activities differ between the opposing cortices: 1.) in immature and mature bones, the compression cortex had attained a level of mineralization averaging 8.9 and 6.8% greater (P< 0.001), respectively, than that of the tension cortex, and 2.) there are on average 350 to 400% greater population densities of NREs in the tension cortices of both age groups (P< 0.0003). No significant differences in cortical thickness, mineral content, porosity, or NREs were found between medial and lateral cortices of the skeletally mature bones, suggesting that no modeling or remodeling differences exist along a theoretical neutral axis. However, in mature bones these cortices differed considerably in secondary osteon cross‐sectional area and population density. Consistent with Frost's hypothesis, remodeling in the compression cortex produced bone with microstructural organization that differs from the tension cortex. However, the increased remodeling activity of the tension cortex does not appear to be related to a postulated low‐strain environment. Although most findings are consistent withpredictionsof Frost's Mechanostat paradigm, there are several notable inconsistencies. Additional studies are needed to elucidate the nature of themechanismsthat govern the modeling and remodeling activities that produce and maintain normal bone. It is proposed that the artiodactyl calcaneus will provide a useful experimental model for these studies. Anat Rec 263:167–185, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clonogenic analysis reveals reserve stem cells in postnatal mammals: I. Pluripotent mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Young Henry E. , Duplaa Cecile , Young T. Michele , Floyd Julie A. , Reeves Michelle L. , Davis Kathryn H. , Mancini Greg J. , Eaton Mark E. , Hill J. David , Thomas Karen , Austin Troy , Edwards Chris , Cuzzourt Jeremy , Parikh Amar , Groom Jaime , Hudson John , Black Asa C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractClonal populations of lineage‐uncommitted pluripotent mesenchymal stem cells have been identified in prenatal avians and rodents. These cells reside in the connective tissue matrices of many organs and tissues. They demonstrate extended capabilities for self‐renewal and the ability to differentiate into multiple separate tissues within the mesodermal germ line. This study was designed to determine whether such cells are present in the connective tissues of postnatal mammals. This report describes a cell clone derived by isolation from postnatal rat connective tissues, cryopreservation, extended propagation, and serial dilution clonogenic analysis. In the undifferentiated state, this clone demonstrates a high nuclear‐to‐cytoplasmic ratio and extended capacity for self‐renewal. Subsequent morphological, histochemical, and immunochemical analysis after the induction of differentiation revealed phenotypic markers characteristic of multiple cell types of mesodermal origin, such as skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, fat cells, cartilage, and bone. These results indicate that this clone consists of pluripotent mesenchymal stem cells. This report demonstrates that clonal populations of reserve stem cells are present in mammals after birth. Potential roles for such cells in the maintenance, repair, and regeneration of mesodermal tissues are discussed. Anat Rec 263:350–360, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cellular dynamics during evagination of the thyroid primordium in the chick embryo
Authors: Kinebrew Gwendolyn M. , Hilfer S. Robert 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe thyroid forms as an outpouching of the ventral pharynx. Evidence supports the conclusion that formation of the thyroid pit is mediated by changes in the cytoskeleton that cause constriction of cell apices. However, it seems unlikely that a relatively flat epithelial sheet can be converted into a pit without either distortions of the surface or considerable rearrangement of cells to reduce surface area. Possible cellular rearrangements were investigated by tracing the movements of individual cells by using time‐lapse video microscopy. Changes in shape of the primordium were investigated by marking with carbon and DiI and by scanning electron microscopy. Cell movements occurred only over short distances, mostly shifts relative to a neighbor, especially at the edge of the pit. Instead, cells rearranged into clusters that piled up at the edge of the pit and then tilted inside. Adjacent rings of pharyngeal cells were annexed by the growing thyroid, undergoing rearrangement into clusters, piling up at the edge, and moving inside the pit. The consequence was the formation of a series of shelf‐like extensions within the cavity, representing successive generations of cell rings moving inside. These results have implications for the formation of other organs by evagination. Anat Rec 264:146–156, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cell proliferation and differentiation in a model of human skin equivalent
Authors: Casasco A. , Casasco M. , Zerbinati N. , Icaro Cornaglia A. , Calligaro A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRecent advances in culturing technology has permitted the production of organotypic models that may be referred to as human skin equivalents (HSE). We have studied histochemical, ultrastructural, and kinetic aspects of an HSE composed by an epidermal equivalent and a dermal equivalent separated by a basement membrane. Only keratinocytes and fibroblasts were present in the epidermal and dermal equivalents, respectively; cells of other lineages were lacking. Keratinocyte stratification and differentiation seemed similar to natural skin. Evidence is shown that such an HSE may also release growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor that are believed to play a role in skin grafting. The distribution of cycling cells as well as the values of the growth fraction are comparable to those observed in natural skin. Although the absence of several cells populations that reside in natural skin is a remarkable feature of this HSE, the high levels of tissue organization and cell differentiation lead us to believe that such an HSE may be considered a candidate substitute of human skin in biological, pharmacologic, and clinical applications. Anat Rec 264:261–272, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐term followup of patients treated with total lymphoid irradiation for lupus nephritis
Authors: Genovese Mark C. , Uhrin Zuzana , Bloch Daniel A. , Oehlert John , Sibley Richard K. , Myers Bryan , Strober Samuel 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the long‐term survival, renal condition, and morbidity outcomes in patients who received total lymphoid irradiation (TLI) for the treatment of lupus nephritis.MethodsTwenty‐one patients with biopsy‐proven, diffuse membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and significant proteinuria of >2.5 grams/day received TLI from 1980 to 1987 at Stanford University Medical Center. All patients had previously failed to respond to treatment with high‐dose corticosteroids or therapy with corticosteroids plus immunosuppressive agents (azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, or chlorambucil).ResultsThe mean duration of followup since TLI was 10.7 years. Fifteen of 21 patients (71%) remained alive at the time of this assessment. Nine of the 21 patients (43%) survived without developing end‐stage renal disease (ESRD). The probability of long‐term survival without ESRD and without need for additional immunosuppressive agents after TLI was 19% (4 of 21). Factors predicting renal failure at the time of TLI included elevated creatinine levels, increased interstitial fibrosis on renal biopsy, and increased fractional excretion of immunoglobulin and albumin. Malignancies were found in 4 patients, and opportunistic infections occurred in 7 patients.ConclusionOverall, patients with lupus nephritis treated with TLI do not appear to have better 10‐year survival with lower incidence of ESRD compared with patients in published series treated with conventional immunosuppressive therapies. However, in this series of patients, treatment with conventional immunosuppressive therapies had been unsuccessful and given the limited number of adverse events and the efficacy seen in some patients, TLI appears to be a reasonable therapeutic option for the treatment of severe lupus nephritis among patients who fail to respond under standard cytotoxic regimens.
Known‐item online searches employed by scholars using surname plus first, or last, or first and last title words
Authors: Kilgour Frederick G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis experiment explores the effectiveness of retrieving the listing of a known‐item book from the 3.6 million entry onine catalog at the library of the University of Michigan using various combinations of author's name plus first and last title words. The principal finding was that 98.9% of the time a 1 to 20 line miniature catalog (minicat) was displayed that contained either the entry sought or a not‐in‐database (NID) reply when the search comprised all three words.
An interpretive and situated approach to an evaluation of Perseus digital libraries
Authors: Yang Shu Ching 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe present study adopts an interpretive and situated approach to observe and assess learners' problem solving using hypermedia. The evaluation is conducted in context by considering the use of Perseus in particular learning situations. The study reflects on the design and use of hypermedia learning systems from both the learners' and researcher's perspective. The characteristics of Perseus are discussed together with some design recommendations for future consideration. Drawing from the study, conclusions are set out that highlight some implications for designers. It should be noted that the list of suggested features is not meant to be either definitive or exhaustive. The list is indicative of which design considerations should be addressed to improve Perseus hypermedia learning systems in the future. The researcher hopes that the findings of the study can help designers develop and refine better intellectual tools with which to augment learners' performance.
Natural language processing: Word recognition without segmentation
Authors: Saeed Khalid , Dardzińska Agnieszka 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn an earlier article about the methods of recognition of machine and hand‐written cursive letters, we presented a model showing the possibility of processing, classifying, and hence recognizing such scripts as images. The practical results we obtained encouraged us to extend the theory to an algorithm for word recognition. In this article, we introduce our ideas, describe our achievements, and present our results of testing words for recognition without segmentation. This would lead to the possibility of applying the methods used in this work, together with other previously developed algorithms to process whole sentences and, hence, written and spoken texts with the goal of automatic recognition.
On an inverse problem in mixture failure rates modelling
Authors: Finkelstein Max S. , Esaulova Veronica 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMixtures of decreasing failure rate (DFR) distributions are always DFR. It turns out that very often mixtures of increasing failure rate distributions can decrease or show even more complicated patterns of dependence on time. For studying this and other relevant effects two simple models of mixing with additive and multiplicative failure rates are considered. It is shown that for these models an inverse problem can be solved, which means that given an arbitrary shape of the mixture failure rate and a mixing distribution, the failure rate for a governing distribution can be uniquely obtained. Some examples are considered where this operation can be performed explicitly. Possible generalizations are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Studies of vitamin A metabolism in mouse model systems
Authors: Gottesman Max E. , Quadro Loredana , Blaner William S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOver the past several years, discoveries from mouse genetics have had direct impact on our understanding of vitamin A metabolism. Although the metabolism of vitamin A in the mouse does have some special features (for example very large stores of liver and pulmonary retinyl esters), the ability to construct knockout and transgenic mouse models has yielded an impressive amount of information directly relevant to understanding the general principles of vitamin A transport, storage and degradation. We discuss below the metabolism of vitamin A through a number of genetically engineered mouse strains with alterations in genes that affect this metabolism. The novelty of this experimental approach is evidenced by the fact that the oldest of these strains was first reported only eight years ago.1) BioEssays 23:409–419, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Wingless can't fly so it hitches a ride with dynein
Authors: Myster Steven H. , Peifer Mark 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAsymmetric RNA localization is required for many developmental processes in a wide range of organisms. For example, wingless and pair‐rule transcripts are localized to the apical membrane of polarized cells. It has been unclear, however, if this localization is important for biological activity and, in addition, how the transcripts are transported. Two recent studies(1,2) have identified cis‐elements and trans‐acting factors that are required for the asymmetric localization of mRNAs. Correct localization is shown to be required for biological activity, and a mechanism of RNA transport involving the microtubule motor dynein has been revealed. BioEssays 23:869–872, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
14‐3‐3 proteins: key regulators of cell division, signalling and apoptosis
Authors: van Hemert Martijn J. , Steensma H. Yde , van Heusden G. Paul H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe 14‐3‐3 proteins constitute a family of conserved proteins present in all eukaryotic organisms so far investigated. These proteins have attracted interest because they are involved in important cellular processes such as signal transduction, cell‐cycle control, apoptosis, stress response and malignant transformation and because at least 100 different binding partners for the 14‐3‐3 proteins have been reported. Although the exact function of 14‐3‐3 proteins is still unknown, they are known to (1) act as adaptor molecules stimulating protein–protein interactions, (2) regulate the subcellular localisation of proteins and (3) activate or inhibit enzymes. In this review, we discuss the role of the 14‐3‐3 proteins in three cellular processes: cell cycle control, signal transduction and apoptosis. These processes are regulated by the 14‐3‐3 proteins at multiple steps. The 14‐3‐3 proteins have an overall inhibitory effect on cell cycle progression and apoptosis, whereas in signal transduction they may act as stimulatory or inhibitory factors. This article contains supplementary material which may be viewed at the BioEssays website at http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0265‐9247/Suppmat/23/v23_10.936. BioEssays 23:936–946, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Recent critiques of the UCLA Young Autism Project
Authors: Eikeseth Svein 
Published: August 2002

AbstractLovaas and his associates at UCLA reported substantially better treatment outcomes for children with autism than had been reported previously. Many authors have closely scrutinized the UCLA research, and some have published major criticisms. Recently two critical reviews have appeared. Howlin (1997) evaluated the most common treatment approaches for children with autism, including the UCLA model. Additionally, the UK Department for Education and Employment commissioned a review of treatment research on autism written by Jordan, Jones, and Murray (1998). Although both reports contain useful information, they also contain inaccurate statements about the published results of the UCLA project. An aim of this paper is to illustrate the errors of fact and interpretation contained in the two papers and to clarify the existing data. A second aim is to identify points of agreement, which is also important when attempting to facilitate critical and accurate assessments of available scientific evidence. It is argued that Lovaas and colleagues made a convincing case for the efficacy of one model of early intensive behavioral treatment by presenting outcome data showing clinically meaningful, long‐term gains in a population historically characterized by a severe and chronic disability, and an unfortunate history of treatment failures. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flow injection chemiluminescence determination of captopril based on its enhancing effect on the luminol–ferricyanide/ferrocyanide reaction
Authors: Du Jianxiu , Li Yinhuan , Lu Jiuru 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA new flow injection chemiluminescence method is described for the determination of captopril. It is based on the enhancing effect of captopril on the chemiluminescence reaction of luminol with potassium ferricyanide in alkaline solution in the presence of potassium ferrocyanide. The method allows the determination of captopril over 0.1–40 µg/mL range, with a relative standard deviation (SD) of 1.0% for the determination of 0.5 µg/mL captopril solution in 11 repeated measurements. The method was satisfactorily applied to the determination of captopril in commercial captopril tablets. The possible reaction mechanism is also discussed briefly. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conformational studies of cyclic enkephalin analogues with L‐ or D‐proline in position 3
Authors: Malicka Joanna , Groth Małgorzata , Czaplewski Cezary , Wiczk Wiesław , Liwo Adam 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe conformation of a series of cyclic enkephalin analogues of a general formula X1–cyclo[Y2–Z3–Nal4–Leu5] (Nal: β‐(2‐naphthyl)alanine), where X = Tyr, Phe, or Phe(NO2), Y = D‐Dab or L‐Dab (Dab: 2,4‐diaminobutyric acid), and Z = D‐Pro or L‐Pro, was studied by means of NMR spectroscopy and theoretical conformational analysis with the Empirical Conformational Energy Program for Peptides and Proteins force field plus solvation. The NMR measurements were performed in dimethyl sulfoxide solution. The nuclear Overhauser effect intensities and coupling constants were used to compute the statistical weights of the conformations of the ensemble generated in global conformational searches. The purpose of this study was to determine whether introducing the D‐ or L‐proline residue in position 3 can produce peptides with both rigid backbone and significant separation of the pharmacophore groups in position 1 and 4 (as required for high affinity for the μ‐type opioid receptors). It was found that the analogues with D‐Dab in position 2 and D‐Pro in position 3 possess a stable type II′ β‐turn at positions 3 and 4, which rigidifies the cyclic backbone; this finding was confirmed by independent measurements of the temperature coefficients of the amide protons, which indicated very significant screening of the Leu5 amide proton from the solvent. However, these analogues were found to possess a short interchromophore distance. The analogues containing both Dab and Pro in the L‐configuration are characterized by a larger interchromophore distance; however, they do not possess a stable β‐turn and have therefore a higher conformational flexibility. The modifications proposed in this work are therefore not likely to lead to enkephalin analogues with a high affinity for the μ‐receptors. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopolymers 63: 217–231, 2002; DOI 10.1002/bip.10068