bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program: 35 years of birth defects surveillance at the centers for disease control and prevention
Authors: Correa‐Villaseñor Adolfo , Cragan Janet , Kucik James , O'Leary Leslie , Siffel Csaba , Williams Laura 
Published: September 2003

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program (MACDP) is a population‐based birth defects surveillance program administered by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) that has been collecting, analyzing, and interpreting birth defects surveillance data since 1967. This paper presents an overview of MACDP current methods and accomplishments over the past 35 years.METHODSMACDP actively monitors major birth defects among infants born to residents of five counties of metropolitan Atlanta, an area with approximately 50,000 annual births. Cases are ascertained from multiple sources, coded using a modified British Pediatric Association six‐digit code, and reviewed and classified by clinical geneticists.RESULTSMACDP has monitored trends in birth defects rates and has served as a case registry for descriptive, risk factor, and prognostic studies of birth defects, including studies of Agent Orange exposure among Vietnam War veterans, maternal use of multivitamins, diabetes, febrile illnesses, and survival of children with neural tube defects. MACDP has served as a data source for one of the centers participating in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, and for developing and evaluating neural tube defects prevention strategies related to the periconceptional use of folic acid supplements.CONCLUSIONSSince its inception, MACDP has served as a resource for the development of uniform methods and approaches to birth defect surveillance across the United States and in many other countries, monitoring birth defects rates, and as a case registry for various descriptive, etiologic, and survival studies of birth defects. MACDP has also served as a training ground for a large number of professionals active in birth defects epidemiology. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 67:617–624, 2003. Published 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Maternal age‐specific Down syndrome rates by maternal race/ethnicity, Hawaii, 1986–2000
Authors: Forrester Mathias B. , Merz Ruth D. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractBACKGROUNDPublished maternal age‐specific rates for Down syndrome are based mostly on populations of predominately European origin. Down syndrome rates have been reported to vary by race/ethnicity. The objective of this study was to calculate maternal age‐specific Down syndrome rates for various racial/ethnic groups and to compare the rates between the racial/ethnic groups.METHODSData were obtained from a population‐based birth defects registry and included all Down syndrome cases delivered in Hawaii during 1986–2000 with maternal race/ethnicity of white, Far East Asian, Pacific Islander, or Filipino. Maternal age‐specific Down syndrome rates were calculated for each race/ethnicity, and the rates were compared.RESULTSThe pattern of maternal age‐specific Down syndrome rates among Far East Asians and Filipinos was similar to that among whites ‐ Down syndrome rates increased with maternal age, with the increase in rate being most obvious for maternal age groups of 35 years or greater. However, for maternal age of 35 years or greater, the Down syndrome rate was lower for Pacific Islanders than whites, with the difference between the two racial/ethnic groups being significant for maternal age of 40 years or greater (rate ratio 0.13, 95% confidence interval 0.02–0.48).CONCLUSIONSAll racial/ethnic groups do not appear to demonstrate the same maternal age pattern of Down syndrome rates as whites. This is important because maternal age‐specific Down syndrome rates are used to calculate expected Down syndrome rates in a population and to estimate a woman's risk of having an infant with Down syndrome given her age. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 67:625–629, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Omphalocele and gastroschisis in the state of New York, 1992–1999
Authors: Salihu Hamisu M. , Pierre‐Louis Bosny J. , Druschel Charlotte M. , Kirby Russell S. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractBACKGROUNDVariations in the temporal distribution and risk factors for omphalocele and gastroschisis have been suggested although results have not been conclusive. This study examines the trend and risk factors for both conditions among live births in New York State.METHODSAnalysis of surveillance data from the New York Congenital Malformation Registry for the years 1992–1999.RESULTSFive hundred and ninety‐five (595) infants with either omphalocele (287) or gastroschisis (308) were identified. It appeared that the prevalence of gastroschisis was rising from 1992–1999, while prevalence of omphalocele was decreasing. Cases of gastroschisis were clustered among younger mothers while the maternal age distribution among omphalocele infants was U‐shaped. As compared to Whites, Black infants were more likely to present with omphalocele (OR = 1.73; 95% confidence interval = 1.28–2.33) and Hispanic infants with gastroschisis (OR = 1.50; 95% CI = 1.12–2.00). For both anomalies, residents of rural New York were significantly at higher risk than those living in urban New York. Twenty‐three chromosomal aberrations were detected, all among omphalocele babies. Infant survival was substantially greater among gastroschisis (92%) as compared to omphalocele newborn (81%)[p < 0.0001].CONCLUSIONSPrevalence of gastroschisis has been on the rise while that of omphalocele has been declining in New York State. Geographical and racial/ethnic variations were observed, further confirming the notion of different etiologies for the two congenital anomalies. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 67:630–636, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Orofacial cleft malformations: Associations with maternal and infant characteristics in Washington State
Authors: DeRoo Lisa A. , Gaudino James A. , Edmonds Larry D. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractBACKGROUNDTo characterize the prevalence of orofacial cleft malformations and investigate variations in prevalence according to maternal and infant characteristics, we analyzed a cohort of 298,138 live births delivered between 1987 and 1990 to residents of Washington State.METHODSInfants with cleft defects were identified using a statewide, population‐based birth defects registry. Information on infant and maternal characteristics was obtained from Washington State birth certificates. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to measure the association between potential risk factors and orofacial clefts. Cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL±CP) and cleft palate (CP) were analyzed separately, depending on the presence or absence of other defects.RESULTSWe identified 608 infants with cleft defects. The prevalences of isolated and non‐isolated CL±CP were 0.87 and 0.30 per 1,000 live births, respectively. The prevalences of isolated and non‐isolated CP were 0.34 and 0.54 per 1,000 live births, respectively. Compared with mothers aged 25‐29 years, mothers aged < 20 years were twice as likely to have an infant with isolated CL±CP (RR=2.0; 95% CI 1.3, 2.9). Compared to white mothers, black mothers were more likely to have an infant with non‐isolated CL±CP (RR=2.8; 95% CI 1.2, 6.6).CONCLUSIONSThe prevalences of orofacial clefts in Washington State in 1987‐90 were similar to those of other states. This study is among the first to report a greater relative risk for isolated CL±CP among the infants of mothers < 20 years compared to older mothers. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 67:637–642, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Treatment of oralfacial clefts by state‐affiliated craniofacial centers and cleft palate clinics
Authors: Williams Charles A. , Mardon Russell E. , Grove Douglas , Wharton Paul , Hauser Kimberlea W. , Frías Jaime L. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractBACKGROUNDOralfacial clefting (OFC) disorders require expedient evaluation and treatment to obtain optimal outcome. In Florida, there is a statewide program targeted to the care of infants with OFC. We therefore sought to determine statewide referral and treatment patterns of children born with OFC identified through the Florida Birth Defects Registry.METHODSUsing data for 1996 and 1997 and ICD‐9 CM codes 749.00 ‐ 749.25, we identified 539 OFC cases. All cases were matched with the evaluation and treatment records of the statewide Children's Medical Services' (CMS) craniofacial centers (CFC) and cleft palate clinics (CPC). The likelihood of CMS contact was examined with respect to demographic and other descriptive data characterizing the OFC cases.RESULTS42% (227/539) of OFC cases were evaluated at or known to the CFC or CPC. Children with cleft lip and palate were more likely to have had contact than were those with cleft lip or cleft palate alone. The CFC and CPC programs were most likely to provide evaluation between age 2 months and 3 years. Of 12 counties with occurrences of more than 15 OFC cases, 2 had significantly lower contact rates, suggesting possible problems in accessibility or reporting of services.CONCLUSIONSStatewide Birth Defect Registry data can be used in collaboration with statewide treatment programs to gain insight into referral patterns and provision of services. Factors influencing access to services and quality of care, though not addressed by this study, could be prospectively incorporated into such a project. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 67:643–646, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Registry to referral: Using birth defects registries to refer infants and toddlers for early intervention services
Authors: Farel Anita M. , Meyer Robert E. , Hicken Margaret , Edmonds Larry D. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractBACKGROUNDAlthough many birth defect surveillance systems were developed for the primary purpose of monitoring trends and conducting epidemiologic studies, a number of programs have recognized the potential of birth defects monitoring systems for identifying and referring children who may be eligible for services. Because almost all surveillance programs maintain a registry of all children who have been diagnosed with birth defects in a particular state or other defined geographic region, registries can play an important role in identifying eligible children and providing timely referral to specialized services.METHODSWe sent electronically an 18‐question survey to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's list of State Birth Defects Surveillance Contacts in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. The survey queried states as to whether they had or were developing a birth defect surveillance program, the extent to which they were currently using or were considering using their program as a means of identifying and referring children for services, and if so, the manner in which referrals were made.RESULTSWe received completed surveys from all 50 states, Washington, DC, and Puerto Rico. Thirty‐two of the fifty‐two respondents stated that their state or entity has an operational birth defect surveillance program. Of these, 13 have implemented an identification and referral system within the surveillance program. All 16 states that were planning a surveillance program are also are planning or beginning to implement a program that would include an identification and referral system. Respondents cited lack of resources and confidentiality concerns as being the major barriers to implementing a referral system for their registry.CONCLUSIONSFor many registries, using their surveillance data for program development purposes represents a new undertaking. This trend reflects increasing recognition of the role that state‐based birth defect surveillance systems can play in supporting child‐find efforts for children with special needs. In the long run, this expanded focus may further enhance the public health usefulness of birth defect surveillance programs. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 67:647–650, 2003. Published 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mortality associated with birth defects: Influence of successive disease classification revisions
Authors: Hoyert Donna L. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractINTRODUCTIONThe National Vital Statistics System is the fundamental source of mortality statistics in the United States. The cause‐of‐death classification which is used to assign medical terms to a standard taxonomy is revised periodically, and it is necessary to account for these changes when investigating trends. This paper presents birth defects mortality statistics and preliminary information on the most recent transition between revisions of the classification.METHODSDescriptive statistics are presented using multiple cause and underlying cause counts, rankings of leading causes of death, infant mortality rates, and age‐adjusted death rates. Comparability results are based upon records that have been coded using two separate classifications.RESULTSBirth defects remain the leading cause of death for infants and among the leading causes for younger age groups. The trend for birth defect mortality shows that the risk of dying from birth defects decreased between 1950 and 2000. The effect of implementing successive revisions of the cause‐of‐death classification was relatively minor until the implementation of the most recent revision. Fewer records are assigned to birth defects in the latest revision than in the previous revision.DISCUSSIONResearchers investigating mortality trends related to birth defects need to be aware that the cause‐of‐death classification changes periodically. The effect of the changes between two successive classifications can be measured and explained. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 67:651–655, 2003. Published 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mortality throughout early childhood for Michigan children born with congenital anomalies, 1992‐1998
Authors: Berger Katherine H. , Zhu Bao‐Ping , Copeland Glenn 
Published: September 2003

AbstractBACKGROUNDCongenital anomalies are a leading cause of infant deaths, accounting for almost a fifth of all infant deaths. Few studies have researched the survival experience of infants born with congenital anomalies past the infant stage.METHODSUsing birth and death files routinely linked to the Michigan Birth Defects Registry, we identified all singleton infants during calendar years 1992 through 1998 with reportable congenital anomalies for our study. A comparative file of children born without congenital anomalies during the same time period was developed using linked birth and death files. The mortality data were assessed by age at death (through age six) and race to determine mortality rates, relative risks, hazard ratios, and survival trends.RESULTSThroughout early childhood, children born with congenital anomalies had a high risk of mortality compared with all other children. The overall 7‐year hazard ratio comparing children with congenital anomalies with all other children was 7.2. Overall mortality rates for black children were significantly higher than white children through the age of seven, irrespective of whether they had congenital anomalies. Among children with congenital anomalies, this disparity disappeared after adjusting for birth weight, sex, mother's age, mother's education, and number of organ systems affected.CONCLUSIONSCompared with children without congenital anomalies, children born with congenital anomalies had a higher risk of mortality well beyond the infant period. Racial disparities in mortality rates among children with congenital anomalies were due to confounding factors. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 67656–661, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
First‐year survival of infants born with congenital heart defects in Arkansas (1993‐1998): A survival analysis using registry data
Authors: Cleves Mario A. , Ghaffar Sadia , Zhao Weizhi , Mosley Bridget S. , Hobbs Charlotte A. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractBACKGROUNDIn the United States and other developed nations, birth defects are the leading cause of infant mortality. Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are among the most prevalent and fatal of all birth defects. Here we report the survival probability of infants born with CHDs in Arkansas and examine the impact of multiple malformations on survival.METHODSBirth and death certificate records were linked to birth defects registry data for infants born with CHDs from January 1993 through December 1998 in Arkansas. Both neonatal and first‐year survival probabilities were estimated. These were computed non‐parametrically using Kaplan‐Meier's product limit method. A Cox proportional‐hazards model was used to evaluate the relative importance of additional malformations on survival.RESULTSA total of 1,983 infants with CHDs were included in this study. The neonatal survival probability for this cohort was 94.0% (95% CI: 93.0%, 95.1%), and the first‐year survival probability was 88.2% (95% CI: 86.8%, 89.6%). The presence of hypoplastic left heart syndrome conferred the greatest reduction in survival, whereas infants with pulmonic valve stenosis and infants with ventricular septal defects had the highest first‐year survival. Infants with multiple CHDs had decreased survival compared to those with isolated heart defects. Survival was also adversely affected by the presence of congenital abnormalities in other body systems.CONCLUSIONSNeonatal and first‐year survival of infants with CHDs varies by both the type of cardiac malformation and the presence of additional cardiac and non‐cardiac malformations. Further work will focus on the effects of maternal and infant characteristics on survival. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 67:662–668, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Radiative heat flux measurement uncertainty
Authors: Bryant Rodney , Womeldorf Carole , Johnsson Erik , Ohlemiller Thomas 
Published: September 2003

AbstractAs part of an effort to characterize the uncertainties associated with heat flux measurements in a fire environment, an uncertainty analysis example was performed using measurement data from a room corner surface products test that followed the guidelines of ISO 9705. Equations to model the heat transfer at the surface of a Schmidt‐Boelter (thermopile) type total heat flux gauge were selected for use to calculate the incident radiative flux from a total heat flux measurement. The effects of the heat flux measurement uncertainty sources were evaluated by conducting an uncertainty propagation on the resulting equation for incident radiation. For the model equations and the example conditions selected, the free‐stream temperature estimate and the heat flux gauge calibration constant were determined to be major uncertainty contributors. The study demonstrates how to systematically identify major sources of uncertainty for the purpose of reducing total uncertainty and thereby enhancing experiment design. Published in 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combination of a hydroxy‐functional organophosphorus oligomer and a multifunctional carboxylic acid as a flame retardant finishing system for cotton: Part I. The chemical reactions
Authors: Yang Charles Q. , Wu Weidong 
Published: September 2003

AbstractMultifunctional carboxylic acids, such as 1,2,3,4‐butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA), have been used as crosslinking agents for cotton cellulose to produce wrinkle‐resistant cotton fabrics and garments. Polycarboxylic acids were used to bond hydroxy‐functional organophosphorus oligomer to cotton, thus imparting durable flame retarding properties to the cotton fabric. This research investigated the chemical reactions between the hydroxy‐functional organophosphorus compound and BTCA on cotton. BTCA crosslinks cotton cellulose through the formation of a 5‐membered cyclic anhydride intermediate and esterification of the anhydride with cellulose. In the presence of the organophosphorus compound, BTCA reacts with both the organophosphorus compound and cellulose, thus functioning as a binder between cotton cellulose and the organophosphorus compound and making the flame retarding system durable to laundering. The cotton fabric treated by the combination of the organophosphorus compound and BTCA demonstrated lower wrinkle resistance and less tensile strength loss than that treated by BTCA alone. The phosphorus retention on the cotton fabric after one home laundering cycle was approximately 70%. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combination of a hydroxy‐functional organophosphorus oligomer and a multifunctional carboxylic acid as a flame retardant finishing system for cotton: Part II. Formation of calcium salt during laundering
Authors: Yang Charles Q. , Wu Weidong 
Published: September 2003

AbstractMultifunctional carboxylic acids, such as 1,2,3,4‐butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA), were used to bond a hydroxy‐functional organophosphorus oligomer (FR) to cotton fabric in the presence of a catalyst, such as sodium hypophosphite (NaH2PO2). Previously, it was found that the cotton fabric treated with FR and BTCA showed a high level of phosphorus retention after one home laundering cycle. However, the flame retardant properties quickly deteriorated as the number of home laundering cycles was increased. In this research, it was found that the free carboxylic acid groups bound to the cotton fabric form an insoluble calcium salt during home laundering, thus diminishing the flame retardant properties of the treated cotton fabric. It was also found that the free carboxylic acid groups on the treated cotton fabric were esterified by triethanolamine (TEA), and that the formation of calcium salt on the fabric was suppressed by the esterification of the free carboxylic acid groups by TEA. The cotton fabric treated with BTCA and the hydroxy‐functional organophosphorus oligomer significantly improved its flame retardance when a new catalyst system consisting of hypophosphorous acid (H3PO2) and TEA was used in the system. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Real time non‐invasive imaging of receptor–ligand interactions in vivo
Authors: Winnard, Paul , Raman Venu 
Published: September 2003

AbstractNon‐invasive longitudinal detection and evaluation of gene expression in living animals can provide investigators with an understanding of the ontogeny of a gene's biological function(s). Currently, mouse model systems are used to optimize magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and optical imaging modalities to detect gene expression and protein function. These molecular imaging strategies are being developed to assess tumor growth and the tumor microenvironment. In addition, pre‐labeling of progenitor cells can provide invaluable information about the developmental lineage of stem cells both in organogenesis and tumorigenesis. The feasibility of this approach has been extensively tested by targeting of endogenous tumor cell receptors with labeled ligand (or ligand analog) reporters and targeting enzymes with labeled substrate (or substrate analog). We will primarily discuss MRI, PET, and SPECT imaging of cell surface receptors and the feasibility of non‐invasive imaging of gene expression using the tumor microenvironment (e.g., hypoxia) as a conditional regulator of gene expression. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.