bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial Relationships Between Coseismic Slip, Aseismic Afterslip, and On‐Fault Aftershock Density in Continental Earthquakes
Authors: Churchill R. M. , Werner M. J. , Biggs J. , Fagereng Å. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractDamaging aftershock sequences often exhibit considerable spatio‐temporal complexity. The stress changes associated with coseismic slip and aseismic afterslip are commonly proposed to drive aftershock sequences, but few systematic studies exist and do not always support strong, universal driving relationships. To investigate the roles that these two sources of stress changes may play in driving aftershocks, we assess the spatio‐temporal relationships between coseismic slip, afterslip, and on‐fault (within 5 km) aftershock density following seven Mw6.0–7.6 continental‐settings earthquakes, using available high‐quality slip models and regional seismic data. From previous empirical work and frictional considerations, near the mainshock we expect coseismic slip and afterslip to be anti‐correlated, and aftershocks to occur where coseismic slip is low/zero, near high slip gradients, and/or to migrate with afterslip. However, we find that spatial relationships between afterslip and coseismic slip, and between afterslip and aftershock density differ between earthquakes. Aftershock density correlates with coseismic slip following five of the earthquakes, and with total cumulative slip (coseismic slip + afterslip) following six: indicating that on‐fault aftershock distributions may be approximated by total slip (at current resolutions). Additionally, we find that the gradients of coseismic slip and afterslip (proxies for new stress concentrations) do not clearly correlate with aftershock distributions and that the choice of spatial domain over which relationships are tested can affect results significantly. A possible explanation of these results is that fault zones contain considerable fine‐scale structural and frictional heterogeneity. Nonetheless, the empirical evidence for frequently assumed relationships between coseismic slip, afterslip and on‐fault aftershocks is mixed.
Potential of Earthquake Strong Motion Observation Utilizing a Linear Estimation Method for Phase Cycle Skipping in Distributed Acoustic Sensing
Authors: Katakami S. , Noda S. , Korenaga M. , Araki E. , Takahashi N. , Iwata N. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractDistributed acoustic sensing (DAS) using existing optical fiber cables facilitates high‐density seismic observation. However, few studies have examined the reliability of the seismic waveform amplitude recorded by DAS. In this study, a DAS network was connected to optical fiber cables installed over a distance of 75 km along a high‐speed train (Shinkansen) railway in the Kumamoto prefecture, Japan. We successfully observed strong motions of the Mj6.6 earthquake (approximately 150 km from the fiber) on 22 January 2022, in Hyuga‐nada, in addition to several small local earthquakes. The observed strong motions from the Mj6.6 earthquake, using DAS, exhibited cycle skipping (clipping) issues due to dynamic range limitations at numerous channels. To address this, we estimated the shaking map, representing maximum strain distributions for Mj6.6, by replacing the clipped data with information from nearby unclipped channels and scaling their RMS amplitudes based on S‐coda (unclipped). Furthermore, we verified the reliability of the amplitude information obtained from DAS by estimating the distance attenuation of seismic waves while correcting for the differences in the structure type and coupling as much as possible. The distance attenuation property of local earthquakes was consistent with that of the peak ground velocities obtained from seismometers, indicating that DAS data acquired using fibers installed on infrastructure (various structures) can also be utilized to assess the spatial distribution of the relative amplitude values along the fiber. Obtaining high‐density seismic motion distributions is important for earthquake early warning and accurate damage estimation of strong motions.
Characterization of Submicron‐Thick Layered Structure in Hydrogenetic Ferromanganese Nodule Suggests Short‐Term Redox Fluctuation of Paleo‐Ocean
Authors: Zhou Junming , Kogure Toshihiro , Okumura Taiga , Takahashi Yoshio , Liu Jing , Yang Shengxiong , Yuan Peng 
Published: January 2024

AbstractFerromanganese (Fe‐Mn) nodules are widely considered significant economic potential and paleoenvironmentally significant archives. Generally, submicron‐thick layers (SMLs) are basic units of the Fe‐Mn nodules and record valuable information about the environment of Fe‐Mn nodule formation, but their structural, mineralogical, and chemical features are not well resolved. Here, we investigated a typical hydrogenetic Fe‐Mn nodule from the Penrhyn Basin in the South Pacific Ocean, using various microanalytical techniques. The nodule mainly consists of a micronodule‐dominant region around the core, a crust near the surface with Mn‐ and Fe‐rich layers, and stromatolite‐like textures between them. These textures are composed of distinct and indistinct SMLs parallel to their growth front. Although the distinct and indistinct SMLs have different mineral phases, the transmission electron microscopy revealed that these layered structures are actually interstratification of SMLs with different crystal sizes of foliated phyllomanganates. Large crystals contain higher Mn oxidation states than small crystals. Such variations of Mn oxidation state with different crystal sizes along the growth direction imply the short‐term regular fluctuation in the redox condition of the Lower Circumpolar Deep Water.
Contribution of Ship Emission to Volatile Organic Compounds Based on One‐Year Monitoring at a Coastal Site in the Pearl River Delta Region
Authors: Tong Mengxue , Zhang Yanli , Zhang Huiyi , Chen Duohong , Pei Chenglei , Guo Hao , Song Wei , Yang Xin , Wang Xinming 
Published: January 2024

AbstractShip emission impacts ambient air quality, especially in coastal regions, by emitting air pollutants such as fine particles, nitrogen oxides (NOx), and sulfur dioxide (SO2), yet its contributions to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and ozone (O3) are much less constrained with the challenge in distinguish ship emission from land diesel emission. In this study, we conducted a 1‐year online measurement of VOCs with a 1‐hr resolution at a coastal site in south China's Pearl River Delta region, which holds three of the world's top 10 container ports. The results revealed that C10–C12 n‐alkanes, as typical diesel‐related emission tracers, were significantly enhanced and strongly related to oceanic air masses. Receptor modeling revealed two diesel‐related sources of land diesel emission and ship emission, which could be differentiated based on their source profiles, seasonal trends and air mass back trajectories. Ship emissions contributed 6.4%, 5.0%, and 13.6% of total VOC mixing ratios, ozone formation potentials (OFPs), and secondary organic aerosol formation potentials (SOAFPs), while these percentages were 3.4%, 14.7%, and 15.9% for land diesel emission, respectively. In particular, in July, ship emissions could contribute 21.7%, 14.6%, and 31.2% of VOCs, OFPs, and SOAFPs, respectively. Our results highlight the important contribution of diesel‐related emission VOCs in forming O3 and SOA in coastal regions, and ship emission is a non‐negligible source of VOCs, particularly after the strict control of land emission sources.
Predicting Methane Formation Rates of Freshwater Sediments in Different Biogeographic Regions
Authors: Moras Simone , Zellmer Ursula Ronja , Hiltunen Evelina , Grasset Charlotte , Sobek Sebastian 
Published: January 2024

AbstractFreshwater lakes and reservoirs cover a small fraction of the Earth, however their emission of the greenhouse gas methane (CH4) from the sediment to the atmosphere is disproportionately high. Currently, there is still a limited understanding of the links between sediment characteristics and CH4 formation. Earlier studies have indicated that sediment age and nitrogen content are related to sediment CH4 formation rates, but it is uncertain such relationships are valid across gradients of sediment characteristics. We therefore measured potential CH4 formation rates in multiple layers of sediment sampled from nine lakes situated in the temperate, boreal and alpine biogeographic regions of Sweden, thus differing in productivity, catchment and climate properties. Potential CH4 formation varied over 3 orders of magnitude, and was broadly related to the quantity and reactivity of organic matter, and generally decreased with sediment depth. Sediment age and total nitrogen content were found to be the key controlling factors of potential CH4 formation rates, together explaining 62% of its variability. Moreover, the model developed from the Swedish lake sediment data was able to successfully predict the potential CH4 formation rates in reservoirs situated in different biogeographic regions of Brazil (R2 = 0.62). Therefore, potential CH4 formation rates in sediments of highly contrasting lakes and reservoirs, from Amazonia to alpine tundra, could be accurately predicted using one common model (RMSE = 1.6 in ln‐units). Our model provides a valuable tool to improve estimates of CH4 emission from lakes and reservoirs, and illustrates the fundamental regulation of microbial CH4 formation by organic matter characteristics.
Ocean Oxygen, Preformed Nutrients, and the Cause of the Lower Carbon Dioxide Concentration in the Atmosphere of the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: Sigman Daniel M. , Hain Mathis P. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractAll else equal, if the ocean's “biological [carbon] pump” strengthens, the dissolved oxygen (O2) content of the ocean interior declines. Confidence is now high that the ocean interior as a whole contained less oxygen during the ice ages. This is strong evidence that the ocean's biological pump stored more carbon in the ocean interior during the ice ages, providing the core of an explanation for the lower atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations of the ice ages. Vollmer et al. (2022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021PA004339) combine proxies for the oxygen and nutrient content of bottom waters to show that the ocean nutrient reservoir was more completely harnessed by the biological pump during the Last Glacial Maximum, with an increase in the proportion of dissolved nutrients in the ocean interior that were “regenerated” (transported as sinking organic matter from the ocean surface to the interior) rather than “preformed” (transported to the interior as dissolved nutrients by ocean circulation). This points to changes in the Southern Ocean, the dominant source of preformed nutrients in the modern ocean, with an apparent additional contribution from a decline in the preformed nutrient content of North Atlantic‐formed interior water. Vollmer et al. also find a lack of LGM‐to‐Holocene difference in the preformed 13C/12C ratio of dissolved inorganic carbon. This finding may allow future studies to resolve which of the proposed Southern Ocean mechanisms was most responsible for enhanced ocean CO2 storage during the ice ages: (a) coupled changes in ocean circulation and biological productivity, or (b) physical limitations on air‐sea gas exchange.
Neural correlates of automatic emotion regulation and their association with suicidal ideation in adolescents during the first 90-days of residential care
Authors: Dobbertin Matthew , Blair Karina S. , Aloi Joseph , Bajaj Sahil , Bashford-Largo Johannah , Mathur Avantika , Zhang Ru , Carollo Erin , Schwartz Amanda , Elowsky Jaimie , Ringle J. L. , Tyler Patrick , Blair R. James 
Published: January 2024

AbstractBackground: Suicide is the second leading cause of death for adolescents in the United States. However, relatively little is known about the forms of atypical neuro-cognitive function that are correlates of suicidal ideation (SI). One form of cognitive/affective function that, when dysfunctional, is associated with SI is emotion regulation. However, very little work has investigated the neural correlates of emotion dysregulation in adolescents with SI. Methods: Participants (N = 111 aged 12-18, 32 females, 31 [27.9%] reporting SI) were recruited shortly after their arrival at a residential care facility where they had been referred for behavioral and mental health problems. Daily reports of SI were collected during the participants’ first 90-days in residential care. Participants were presented with a task-fMRI measure of emotion regulation – the Affective Number Stroop task shortly after recruitment. Participants were divided into two groups matched for age, sex and IQ based on whether they demonstrated SI. Results: Participants who demonstrated SI showed increased recruitment of regions including dorsomedial prefrontal cortex/supplemental motor area and parietal cortex during task (congruent and incongruent) relative to view trials in the context of emotional relative to neutral distracters. Conclusions: Participants with SI showed increased recruitment of regions implicated in executive control during the performance of a task indexing automatic emotion regulation. Such data might suggest a relative inefficiency in the recruitment of these regions in individuals with SI.
The role and applications of extracellular vesicles in osteoporosis
Authors: Fang Fei , Yang Jie , Wang Jiahe , Li Tiantian , Wang Erxiang , Zhang Demao , Liu Xiaoheng , Zhou Chenchen 
Published: January 2024

AbstractOsteoporosis is a widely observed condition characterized by the systemic deterioration of bone mass and microarchitecture, which increases patient susceptibility to fragile fractures. The intricate mechanisms governing bone homeostasis are substantially impacted by extracellular vesicles (EVs), which play crucial roles in both pathological and physiological contexts. EVs derived from various sources exert distinct effects on osteoporosis. Specifically, EVs released by osteoblasts, endothelial cells, myocytes, and mesenchymal stem cells contribute to bone formation due to their unique cargo of proteins, miRNAs, and cytokines. Conversely, EVs secreted by osteoclasts and immune cells promote bone resorption and inhibit bone formation. Furthermore, the use of EVs as therapeutic modalities or biomaterials for diagnosing and managing osteoporosis is promising. Here, we review the current understanding of the impact of EVs on bone homeostasis, including the classification and biogenesis of EVs and the intricate regulatory mechanisms of EVs in osteoporosis. Furthermore, we present an overview of the latest research progress on diagnosing and treating osteoporosis by using EVs. Finally, we discuss the challenges and prospects of translational research on the use of EVs in osteoporosis.
Influence of the patient’s age on the safety, efficacy, and prediction accuracy of the microkeratome in laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis
Authors: Benabidi Safiya , Frings Andreas , Druchkiv Vasyl , Katz Toam 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe purpose of this retrospective pseudonymised data analysis was to determine whether the patient’s age has an influence on the safety, efficacy, and prediction accuracy of laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) treatment of myopic and hyperopic eyes. This study was performed at CARE Vision GmbH (Düsseldorf, Germany) and included two patient cohorts: an older group with patients > 55 years old and a younger group with patients 30–40 years old. Each patient had a single LASIK treatment. The safety, efficacy, and prediction accuracy of the refractive results were analysed. In total, 682 patients were analysed, with 341 patients in each patient group (one eye per patient). There were 570 myopic eyes and 112 hyperopic eyes. In myopic eyes, the efficacy was significantly influenced by the patient’s age but only in myopic eyes (myopic: p ≤ 0.05; hyperopic: p = 0.085), while safety was not significantly influenced by the patient’s age in hyperopic or myopic eyes (p = 0.204). We found that LASIK treatment at an older age (> 55 years) resulted in almost the same safety outcomes as a LASIK treatment at a younger age (30–40 years) but with a lower efficacy; the efficacy correlated with the patient’s age. If the patient was hyperopic, their age did not influence safety or efficacy.
Association between systemic immune-inflammation index and insulin resistance and mortality
Authors: Deng Xiaoqi , Liu Dichuan , Li Miao , He Jie , Fu Yufan 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe role of inflammation in disease promotion is significant, yet the precise association between a newly identified inflammatory biomarker and insulin resistance (IR) and mortality remains uncertain. We aim to explore the potential correlation between systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) and these factors. We used data from 2011 to 2016 of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, and multivariate logistic regression and restricted cubic spline were employed. Subgroup and interaction analysis were conducted to recognize the consistency of the results. The association between SII and mortality was described by survival analysis. 6734 participants were enrolled, of whom 49.3% (3318) exhibited IR and 7.02% experienced mortality. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that individuals in the highest quartile (Q4) of SII had a significantly increased risk of IR compared to those in the lowest quartile (Q1). We then identified a linear association between SII and IR with an inflection point of 407, but may be influenced by gender. Similarly, compared to Q1, people whose SII at Q4 showed a higher all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. It showed a significant association between SII and both all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, but the results need to be interpreted with caution.
Assessing generalisability of deep learning-based polyp detection and segmentation methods through a computer vision challenge
Authors: Ali Sharib , Ghatwary Noha , Jha Debesh , Isik-Polat Ece , Polat Gorkem , Yang Chen , Li Wuyang , Galdran Adrian , Ballester Miguel-Ángel González , Thambawita Vajira , Hicks Steven , Poudel Sahadev , Lee Sang-Woong , Jin Ziyi , Gan Tianyuan , Yu ChengHui , Yan JiangPeng , Yeo Doyeob , Lee Hyunseok , Tomar Nikhil Kumar , Haithami Mahmood , Ahmed Amr , Riegler Michael A. , Daul Christian , Halvorsen Pål , Rittscher Jens , Salem Osama E. , Lamarque Dominique , Cannizzaro Renato , Realdon Stefano , de Lange Thomas , East James E. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractPolyps are well-known cancer precursors identified by colonoscopy. However, variability in their size, appearance, and location makes the detection of polyps challenging. Moreover, colonoscopy surveillance and removal of polyps are highly operator-dependent procedures and occur in a highly complex organ topology. There exists a high missed detection rate and incomplete removal of colonic polyps. To assist in clinical procedures and reduce missed rates, automated methods for detecting and segmenting polyps using machine learning have been achieved in past years. However, the major drawback in most of these methods is their ability to generalise to out-of-sample unseen datasets from different centres, populations, modalities, and acquisition systems. To test this hypothesis rigorously, we, together with expert gastroenterologists, curated a multi-centre and multi-population dataset acquired from six different colonoscopy systems and challenged the computational expert teams to develop robust automated detection and segmentation methods in a crowd-sourcing Endoscopic computer vision challenge. This work put forward rigorous generalisability tests and assesses the usability of devised deep learning methods in dynamic and actual clinical colonoscopy procedures. We analyse the results of four top performing teams for the detection task and five top performing teams for the segmentation task. Our analyses demonstrate that the top-ranking teams concentrated mainly on accuracy over the real-time performance required for clinical applicability. We further dissect the devised methods and provide an experiment-based hypothesis that reveals the need for improved generalisability to tackle diversity present in multi-centre datasets and routine clinical procedures.
A longitudinal field study of commercial honey bees shows that non-native probiotics do not rescue antibiotic treatment, and are generally not beneficial
Authors: Anderson Kirk E. , Allen Nathan O. , Copeland Duan C. , Kortenkamp Oliver L. , Erickson Robert , Mott Brendon M. , Oliver Randy 
Published: January 2024

AbstractProbiotics are widely used in agriculture including commercial beekeeping, but there is little evidence supporting their effectiveness. Antibiotic treatments can greatly distort the gut microbiome, reducing its protective abilities and facilitating the growth of antibiotic resistant pathogens. Commercial beekeepers regularly apply antibiotics to combat bacterial infections, often followed by an application of non-native probiotics advertised to ease the impact of antibiotic-induced gut dysbiosis. We tested whether probiotics affect the gut microbiome or disease prevalence, or rescue the negative effects of antibiotic induced gut dysbiosis. We found no difference in the gut microbiome or disease markers by probiotic application or antibiotic recovery associated with probiotic treatment. A colony-level application of the antibiotics oxytetracycline and tylosin produced an immediate decrease in gut microbiome size, and over the longer-term, very different and persistent dysbiotic effects on the composition and membership of the hindgut microbiome. Our results demonstrate the lack of probiotic effect or antibiotic rescue, detail the duration and character of dysbiotic states resulting from different antibiotics, and highlight the importance of the gut microbiome for honeybee health.
Complementary nutritional and health promoting constituents in germinated and probiotic fermented flours from cowpea, sorghum and orange fleshed sweet potato
Authors: Kewuyemi Yusuf Olamide , Adebo Oluwafemi Ayodeji 
Published: January 2024

AbstractGermination and fermentation are age-long food processes that beneficially improve food composition. Biological modulation by germination and probiotic fermentation of cowpea, sorghum, and orange-fleshed sweet potato (OFSP) and subsequent effects on the physicochemical (pH and total titratable acidity), nutritional, antinutritional factors and health-promoting constituents/properties (insoluble dietary fibres, total flavonoid and phenolic contents (TFC and TPC) and antioxidant capacity) of the derived flours were investigated in this study. The quantification of targeted compounds (organic acids and phenolic compounds) on an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) system was also done. The whole cowpea and sorghum were germinated at 35 °C for 48 h. On the other hand, the milled whole grains and beans and OFSP were fermented using probiotic mesophilic culture at 35 °C for 48 h. Among the resultant bioprocessed flours, fermented sorghum and sweet potato (FSF and FSP) showed mild acidity, increased TPC, and improved ferric ion-reducing antioxidant power. While FSF had better slowly digestible and resistant starches and the lowest oxalate content, FSP indicated better hemicellulose, lowest fat, highest luteolin, caffeic and vanillic acids. Germinated cowpea flour exhibited reduced tannin, better lactic acid, the highest crude fibre, cellulose, lignin, protein, fumaric, l-ascorbic, trans-ferulic and sinapic acids. The comparable and complementary variations suggest the considerable influence of the substrate types, followed by the specific processing-based hydrolysis and biochemical transitions. Thus, compositing the bioprocessed flours based on the unique constituent features for developing functional products from climate-smart edibles may partly be the driver to ameliorating linked risk factors of cardiometabolic diseases.