bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Further Studies on the Relation Between Constitution and Association: Especially in Reference to Aromatic Compounds
Authors: Bingham Eugene C. , Geddes John A. 
Published: January 2005

The fluidities of fifteen ortho, meta and para compounds have been measured at temperatures of 0°C to 100°C, except when the melting point of the compounds interfered with measurements at the lower temperatures. The specific volumes of 14 of these compounds have been measured at the same temperatures. From the atomic temperature constants of C, H, O, Cl, Br and N given by Bingham and Spooner, the associations of the compounds have been calculated, whenever possible, at fluidities of 50, 100 and 200 rhes. From these same constants, and that of F determined by the authors, the associations of 14 ortho, meta and para compounds run by Swarts have been calculated at equal fluidities. On the basis of the theory of protection, the associations of these 29 compounds and of 17 ortho, meta and para compounds studied previously have been correlated.
In the case of compounds containing two non-associating groups, (A) The fluidity-temperature curves of the meta and para compounds cross, the para compound having the higher temperature coefficient of fluidity. (B) At low temperatures, the ortho compound is the most associated, the para next, and the meta compound has the least association. (C) At high temperatures, the ortho compound is the most associated, the meta next, and the para has the least association.
In the case of aromatic compounds, containing one non-associating and one associating group, the differences will be less clearly marked, but: (A) In general, the ortho compound is the least associated, the meta next, and the para compound is most associated. (B) In the phenetidines, at low temperatures, the meta compound is more associated than the para compound, but, having a higher temperature coefficient of fluidity, its fluidity-temperature curve shows a tendency to cross that of para-phenetidine, and at high temperatures, the associations will run o&lt;m&lt;p. (C) Where the associating group is NO2, the associations of the three isomers are nearly equal, with that of the meta compound being slightly lower than the associations of the ortho and para compounds.
In the case of compounds containing two associating groups, according to the theory, the associations should run o&lt;m&lt;p. Time was not available to run any of these compounds, and there are no fluidity data on them in the literature since all are solids at ordinary temperatures. In general, however, the boiling points of these substances, which vary in the same order as the association, run o&lt;m&lt;p (Table V). Unfortunately, even these data are scanty.
It is shown that the theory of protection offers an explanation for the behavior noted above.
Space Charge in Liquid Dielectrics
Authors: Whitehead J. B. , Minor E. E. 
Published: January 2005

Studies were made of the unequal potential distribution commonly observed in insulating liquids under continuous potential difference. The potential distribution between parallel plates is measured in two insulating oils for over-all voltages between 500 and 1500 volts, and at temperatures between 20 and 60°C. This distribution is produced by an accumulation of space charge near the electrodes which accumulation, however, extends measurably into the volume of the liquid. The amount of space charge as computed from the potential distribution increases with increase of applied voltage and decreases with increase in temperature. On reversal of the applied voltage, the initial over-all conductivity is of approximately the same value as that preceding reversal. The initial current on reversal may remain constant over an appreciable interval, say from 1 to 4 sec. Following the initial constant value, the reverse current rises sharply to a maximum from 2 to 6 times the initial constant value, and at first rapidly and then slowly decreases to the same long-time values as that of the preceding opposite potential. In this condition, a reversal of the foregoing pattern of potential distribution takes place.
It is suggested that two types of ion are involved in the space charge, one of high mobility, and the other of low mobility, due to the accumulation about it of an aggregate of neutral molecules. Oscillographic studies of the variation of current on reversal offer means for approximate computations of the mobility of the ions involved. The mobility of the ions in a given liquid may take a wide range of values. As between different oils and for the same oil at different temperatures, mobilities vary inversely as the viscosity. In a low viscosity insulating oil a high value of 10−4 cm/sec./volt/cm has been observed at 22°C.
Functional characteristics in asymmetric source/drain InAlAsSb∕InGaAs∕InPδ-doped high electron mobility transistor
Authors: Lee Ching-Sung , Hsu Wei-Chou 
Published: January 2005

Functional characteristics, comprising enhance-mode linear amplification performance and N-shaped negative-differential resistance phenomenon, have been observed in an inverted δ-doped In0.34Al0.66As0.85Sb0.15∕In0.75Ga0.25As∕InP high electron mobility transistor with the asymmetric source/drain terminal structure. Unpassivated peak performances, including the transconductance of 268mS∕mm and saturation drain current density of 210mA∕mm, and significant negative differential resistance characteristics, including the peak-to-valley current ratio of 6.1, can be obtained on the same device by switching the source/drain electrical connection. The electric field aspects of the asymmetry in the contacts have also been investigated.
At the request of the authors, this article is being retracted effective 19 August 2005.
Exploring the Plant Transcriptome through Phylogenetic Profiling
Authors: Vandepoele Klaas , Van de Peer Yves 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPublicly available protein sequences represent only a small fraction of the full catalog of genes encoded by the genomes of different plants, such as green algae, mosses, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. By contrast, an enormous amount of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) exists for a wide variety of plant species, representing a substantial part of all transcribed plant genes. Integrating protein and EST sequences in comparative and evolutionary analyses is not straightforward because of the heterogeneous nature of both types of sequence data. By combining information from publicly available EST and protein sequences for 32 different plant species, we identified more than 250,000 plant proteins organized in more than 12,000 gene families. Approximately 60% of the proteins are absent from current sequence databases but provide important new information about plant gene families. Analysis of the distribution of gene families over different plant species through phylogenetic profiling reveals interesting insights into plant gene evolution, and identifies species- and lineage-specific gene families, orphan genes, and conserved core genes across the green plant lineage. We counted a similar number of approximately 9,500 gene families in monocotyledonous and eudicotyledonous plants and found strong evidence for the existence of at least 33,700 genes in rice (Oryza sativa). Interestingly, the larger number of genes in rice compared to Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) can partially be explained by a larger amount of species-specific single-copy genes and species-specific gene families. In addition, a majority of large gene families, typically containing more than 50 genes, are bigger in rice than Arabidopsis, whereas the opposite seems true for small gene families.
Preemptive Low‐frequency Stimulation Decreases the Incidence of Amygdala‐kindled Seizures
Authors: Goodman Jeffrey H. , Berger Russell E. , Tcheng Thomas K. 
Published: January 2005

Summary:  Purpose: The use of electrical stimulation as a therapy for epilepsy is currently being studied in experimental animals and in patients with epilepsy. This study examined the effect of preemptive, low‐frequency, 1‐Hz sine wave stimulation (LFS) on the incidence of amygdala‐kindled seizures in the rat. Methods: Electrodes were implanted into the basolateral amygdalae of adult male rats. All animals received a kindling stimulus of 60‐Hz, 400‐μA, sine wave for 1 s twice a day. Experimental animals received an additional LFS consisting of 1 Hz, 50 μA for 30 s immediately before the kindling stimulus. Afterdischarge (AD) duration, behavioral seizure score, the number of stimulations required to elicit the first stage five seizure and to become fully kindled were measured. After 20 stimulations, a crossover procedure was performed. Fully kindled rats from each group were switched, so that the original controls received LFS plus the kindling stimulus, and the original experimental rats received only the kindling stimulus. Results: During kindling acquisition, LFS induced a significant decrease in AD duration. A significant increase in the number of times the kindling stimulus failed to elicit an AD was noted. Control rats exhibited an AD 99% of the time compared with 70% in experimental rats (p < 0.0001; Fisher's Exact test). In fully kindled animals, the incidence of stage five seizures in the original controls significantly decreased from 98% to 42% (p < 0.0001) when the LFS was added to the kindling paradigm. Conclusions: The dramatic decrease in the incidence of stage 5 seizures in fully kindled animals after preemptive LFS strongly suggests that LFS may be an effective therapy for the prevention of seizures in patients with epilepsy.
ApoE Epsilon4 Allele and Disease Duration Affect Verbal Learning in Mild Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Authors: Gambardella Antonio , Aguglia Umberto , Chifari Rosanna , Labate Angelo , Manna Ida , Serra Paolo , Romeo Nelide , Sibilia Grazia , LePiane Emilio , Russa Antonella La , Ventura Patrizia , Cittadella Rita , Sasanelli Francesco , Colosimo Eleonora , Leggio Ugo , Zappia Mario , Quattrone Aldo 
Published: January 2005

Summary:  Purpose: To clarify the possible role of other factors including the ApoE ɛ4 allele for memory decline in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Methods: We conducted a neuropsychological and molecular study in 138 consecutive patients (78 female patients; mean age, 50.2 years, SD ± 17.9; range, 14 to 87 years) with mild nonlesional TLE, who rarely or never had seizures at long‐term follow‐up. The mean age at seizure onset was 33.0 years (SD, ±21.7), and the mean duration of epilepsy was 17.1 years (SD, ±15.7). Results: Thirty‐four (25%) of 138 patients had test scores indicating verbal learning deficit (VLD). The presence of an ApoE ɛ4 allele was associated with an increased risk of VLD (OR, 4.18; 95% CI, 1.66–10.55). The effect of the ApoE genotype was independent of both the age at epilepsy onset and disease duration as well as of a low educational level, which were separately associated with VLD (p values = 0.045, 0.001, and 0.001, respectively). A significant linear trend (p = 0.005) was seen in the relation between disease duration and cognitive impairment, with the highest risk being in patients with an epilepsy duration ≥25.5 years (OR, 7.06; 95% CI, 1.67–29.85), especially if they carried the ɛ4 allele (OR, 32.29; 95% CI, 5.23–195.72). Conclusions: These results provide evidence for an alteration in cognitive performance as a function of the presence of the ApoE ɛ4 allele and point to the critical role of disease duration itself for cognitive impairment in TLE.
Right‐sided Vagus Nerve Stimulation as a Treatment for Refractory Epilepsy in Humans
Authors: McGregor Amy , Wheless James , Baumgartner James , Bettis David 
Published: January 2005

Summary:  Purpose: We present three children who underwent right‐sided vagus nerve stimulation (R‐VNS). This treatment option for people with refractory epilepsy has not been described in children. Methods: We reviewed our database of >350 patients implanted with vagus nerve stimulators and now describe our experience in three patients with R‐VNS for the treatment of intractable seizures. All three patients improved dramatically with left‐sided vagus nerve stimulation (L‐VNS), but the devices had to be removed because of infection. The patients were thought to be at high risk for nerve injury if they were reapproached for L‐VNSs; therefore R‐VNSs were implanted. Results: All three patients with an R‐VNS had a reduction in seizures. Our first patient has had an R‐VNS for 5 years; he has been seizure free for >2 years on R‐VNS monotherapy. The second patient had an R‐VNS for 8 months. His seizure control improved slightly, but not as dramatically as with L‐VNS. The third child has had an R‐VNS for >7 months and has cessation of his most disabling seizure type (generalized tonic–clonic seizures). None of the patients had cardiac side effects from therapeutic R‐VNS. However, two of the three patients had respiratory events with R‐VNS. Conclusions: VNS is known to be an effective treatment in pharmacoresistant epilepsy. R‐VNS should be considered if a patient has significant benefit from L‐VNS but is unable to continue with L‐VNS. R‐VNS appears also to have antiepilepsy effects. Additionally, our case report suggests that in some patients, a differential response is found regarding seizure control with R‐VNS or L‐VNS, raising the question whether L‐VNS failures should pursue a trial of R‐VNS. Patients should be cautioned and monitored for reactive airway disease if they undergo R‐VNS. More research is needed to compare the effects of right‐ and left‐sided VNS on cardiac and pulmonary function in humans and to determine which has the best antiseizure effect.
Gabapentin‐induced Myoclonus in End‐stage Renal Disease
Authors: Zhang Chunxiao , Glenn Darren G. , Bell William L. , O'Donovan Cormac A. 
Published: January 2005

Summary:  Purpose: We analyzed the occurrence and clinical features of myoclonus in patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) who were treated with gabapentin (GBP). Methods: We reviewed the medical records of patients with ESRD who were treated with GBP and hospitalized during an 18‐month period and analyzed clinical details such as type of myoclonus, doses of GBP, electroencephalographic (EEG) findings, and relation of symptoms to GBP exposure and dosage. Results: Three of 71 patients had myoclonus with GBP doses ranging from 9 mg/kg to 20 mg/kg and within 4 months of treatment onset. Myoclonus was characterized as multifocal, involving all extremities in the three patients. EEG did not show epileptiform discharges with the myoclonus. Myoclonus resolved in the three individuals within 4–15 days after GBP was discontinued. Conclusions: GBP increases the risk of myoclonus in ESRD. Myoclonus in these individuals was more disabling than that in patients with normal renal function, and discontinuation of GBP is required to restore normal function.
Quantitative Neuropathology of the Entorhinal Cortex Region in Patients with Hippocampal Sclerosis and Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Authors: Dawodu Stephen , Thom Maria 
Published: January 2005

Summary:  Purpose: Clinical, radiologic, and experimental evidence indicates that the entorhinal cortex (EC) region may be linked to the pathophysiology of hippocampal sclerosis (HS) in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Few neuropathologic studies of this region have been undertaken in patients with HS undergoing surgery, some suggesting preferential loss of layer III neurones. Methods: We carried out a quantitative analysis in 26 patients with HS, nine patients with lesional temporal lobe epilepsy (LTLE), and eight postmortem controls. We measured neuronal densities in EC by using a three‐dimensional cell‐counting technique on NeuN immunostained and Nissl‐stained sections. We also quantified the density of calretinin‐positive interneurones in this region and the density of neurones in adjacent subiculum and CA1 subfields. We also assessed the patterns of gliosis in the EC in the patient groups and the presence of any neocortical neurone loss. Results: No significant difference was found in the mean neuronal densities in the EC region between HS and LTLE groups or postmortem controls. Laminar gliosis in midcortical layers was seen in a proportion of HS cases but also in the LTLE group. No significant difference was seen in the density of calretinin interneurones and no correlation between the presence of neocortical neuronal loss and EC neuronal densities. Conclusions: A stereotypical pattern of neuronal loss and gliosis in the EC region in patients with HS is not confirmed that distinguishes this pathologic process from that in patients with lesional TLE.
Electrographic Neonatal Seizures after Infant Heart Surgery
Authors: Clancy Robert R. , Sharif Uzma , Ichord Rebecca , Spray Thomas L. , Nicolson Susan , Tabbutt Sarah , Wernovsky Gil , Gaynor J. William 
Published: January 2005

Summary:  Purpose: Neonatal seizures are relatively common and an important early sign of acute encephalopathy in those who survive infant heart surgery. The contemporary occurrence of seizures in this setting is not fully known, and their electrographic characteristics are incompletely described. This study describes the characteristics of electrographic neonatal seizures (ENSs) in contemporary infants with congenital heart disease (CHD) surgically repaired by using cardiopulmonary bypass, with or without deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. Methods: Consecutive infants undergoing heart surgery were monitored by video‐EEG for 48 h postoperatively to establish the time of first seizure, total number of ENSs, site(s) of ENS(s) origin and other characteristics. Results: ENSs occurred in 21 (11.5%) of 183 infants. None had clinically visible seizures. The mean time to the first ENS was 21 h (range, 10–36 h). The total number of ENSs among the entire cohort was 1,429. Mean total number of ENSs per patient over a 48‐h period was 72 (range, 1–217). Phenobarbital administration was associated with a ≥50% reduction in seizure counts in five (41.7%) of 12 subjects. Conclusions: ENSs were relatively common in a large, contemporary cohort of infants after infant heart surgery. A wide variation was noted in seizure burden, but many experienced numerous seizures. Electrographic neonatal seizures are a candidate outcome end point in future neuroprotection trials in this patient population.
Typical Absence Seizures Triggered by Photosensitivity
Authors: Baykan Betül , Matur Zeliha , Gürses Candan , Aykutlu Ebru , Gökyiğit Ayşen 
Published: January 2005

Summary:  Purpose: To describe the characteristics of patients with typical absence seizures (TASs), consistently triggered by photosensitivity. Methods: Consecutive patients having TAS induced by intermittent photic stimulation were included in the study. All clinical parameters, EEG, and video‐EEG data were assessed during the long‐term follow‐up. Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS 10.0 software. Results: Nine female and two male patients with a mean age at onset of 14 ± 5.9 years (range, 7–27 years) and with a mean follow‐up of 9 ± 7.56 years had photosensitive TASs. They constituted 7.64% of absence epilepsies and 0.4% of all patients seen in our tertiary center. The seizures were usually subtle and had a reported frequency of 1 to 9 times daily. Seven patients were clinically photosensitive and reported that some of their TASs were induced by photic stimuli in daily life. All patients also had spontaneous TASs, and four of them had generalized tonic–clonic seizures. EEG results did not show any distinctive features when compared with those of other cases with TASs. Remission could not be achieved in five patients with antiepileptic drug treatments, and we always observed relapses after drug discontinuation or dose reduction in the remaining six cases in remission. Spontaneous remission did not occur even in the five patients older than 30 years. Conclusions: TASs triggered by photosensitivity are a rare and heterogeneous clinical condition with a marked female preponderance. It is notable that TASs do not remit in these cases.
Taking People as They Are?
Authors: COHEN JOSHUA 
Published: January 2005

My purpose is to consider if, in political society, there can be any legitimate and sure principle of government, taking men as they are and laws as they might be.—Jean‐Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract

Following Rousseau's opening thought in The Social Contract…, I shall assume that his phrase “men as they are” refers to persons' moral and psychological natures and how that nature works within the framework of political and social institutions.—John Rawls, The Law of peoples
Effect of 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid applied as a herbicide on fruit shedding and coffee yield
Authors: RONCHI C P , SILVA A A , TERRA A A , MIRANDA G V , FERREIRA L R 
Published: January 2005

SummaryThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D) applied as a herbicide at two timings after coffee blossoming, on fruit shedding from lower or upper plagiotropic branches on the canopy, as well as on crop yield. 2,4‐D was sprayed between the rows on a 0.75 m‐wide strip of land, starting on the border of canopy projection. Toxicity to the plants, final crop yield per plant and fruit shedding (FS) were assessed. The identical FS was observed for both application timings. Control plots showed an FS 13% lower than those where the highest 2,4‐D dose was employed. FS was greater on the lower branches (46.8%) than on the upper ones (39.4%). This was probably due to injury to the lower plant canopy caused by the 2,4‐D drift. Ripe or dried cherries and coffee bean yield per plant were not affected. It was concluded that despite the increased FS in the lower plant canopy, final coffee production was not significantly affected in response to 2,4‐D application.
How to model the effects of farming practices on weed emergence
Authors: COLBACH N , DÜRR C , ROGER‐ESTRADE J , CANEILL J 
Published: January 2005

SummaryEarly weed emergence models directly relate the weed seedbank to emerged seedlings, with constant emergence rates for each tillage tool. These models compare cropping systems at long term in a given region. Other models relate emergence to rain and air temperature. They are useful in no‐till systems with seeds close to soil surface. Recently, other authors split emergence into germination and pre‐emergence growth, depending on soil climate. But seed survival and dormancy as well as tillage were not yet integrated. Models advising farmers for strategic farming decisions in a large range of situations must split emergence into mechanistic relationships distinguishing the various underlying biological subprocesses in order to correctly quantify the effect of cropping system. The model AlomySys for Alopecurus myosuroides emergence follows this principle, based on submodels predicting (a) soil environment resulting from the cropping system, (b) vertical soil seed distribution after tillage, and (c) seed survival, germination and pre‐emergence growth depending on soil environment, seed depth, characteristics and past history. This model can be used to determine the optimal tillage modes and sowing dates, depending on the preceding crop succession, the following crop and the work constraints of the farmer.