bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Functional Cooperation between Multiple Regulatory Elements in the Untranslated Exon 1 Stimulates the Basal Transcription of the Human GnRH-II Gene
Authors: Cheng Chi Keung , Hoo Ruby L. C. , Chow Billy K. C. , Leung Peter C. K. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe wide distribution of GnRH-II and conservation of its structure over all vertebrate classes suggest that the neuropeptide possesses vital biological functions. Although recent studies have shown that the expression of the human GnRH-II gene is regulated by cAMP and estrogen, the molecular mechanisms governing its basal transcription remain poorly understood. Using the neuronal TE-671 and placental JEG-3 cells, we showed that the minimal human GnRH-II promoter was located between nucleotide −1124 and −750 (relative to the translation start codon) and that the untranslated exon 1 was important to produce full promoter activity. Two putative E-box binding sites and one Ets-like element were identified within the first exon, and mutational analysis demonstrated that these cis-acting elements functioned cooperatively to stimulate the human GnRH-II gene transcription. EMSAs, UV cross-linking, and Southwestern blot analyses indicated that the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor AP-4 bound specifically to the two E-box binding sites, whereas an unidentified protein bound to the Ets-like element. The functional importance of AP-4 in controlling human GnRH-II gene transcription was demonstrated by overexpression of sense and antisense full-length AP-4 cDNAs. Taken together, our present data demonstrate a novel mechanism in stimulating basal human GnRH-II gene transcription mediated by cooperative actions of multiple regulatory elements within the untranslated first exon of the gene.
Controlled Evaporation as an Easy Method of Constructing Novel Nano Objects from Amphiphilic Diblock Molecules
Authors: Qin Lidong , Li Hongbo , Wu Lixin , Qiu Dengli , Zhang Xi , Shen Jiacong 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
Novel nano “island” and “ribbon” morphologies could be fabricated just by changing the air-substrate interface of cast films during evaporation. Speeding up or slowing down evaporation of cast films 100-fold allowed diblock molecules containing oligo (phenylene vinylene) dimer as the rod segment and poly (ethylene oxide) as the coil segment to form two different self-assembled nano objects on mica: “islands” and “ribbons,” respectively.
GHz Range Absorption Properties of α-Fe/Y2O3 Nanocomposites Prepared by Melt-spun Technique
Authors: Liu Jiu Rong , Itoh Masahiro , Machida Ken-ichi 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
Nanocomposite materials of α-Fe/Y2O3 prepared by melt-spun technique exhibited good electromagnetic wave absorption properties (RL&lt;−20 dB) in a 2.0-3.5 GHz range as absorbers with thickness ranging from 3 to 5 mm, and a minimum reflection loss of −36 dB was obtained at 2.6 GHz with an absorber thickness of 4 mm.
Synthesis and Facile Rearrangement of 10,10-Dicarbonyl-substituted [4.3.1]Propellane Derivatives
Authors: Tobe Yoshito , Kusumoto Takuji , Minakata Shiho , Umeda Rui , Sonoda Motohiro , Naemura Koichiro 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
While an attempt to prepare 10,10-diformyl[4.3.1]propella-1,4-diene was not successful owing to its facial skeletal rearrangement, the corresponding diacetyl derivative was isolated, which would serve as a useful precursor of carbene sources.
Direct Detection of Horseradish Peroxidase as a Marker Molecule Encapsulated in Liposomes via Use of Fluorescein Chemiluminescence
Authors: Kamidate Tamio , Ishida Yoshiki , Tani Hirofumi , Ishida Akihiko 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
A method for direct detection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a marker molecule trapped in liposomes by the use of HRP-catalyzed fluorescein chemiluminescence (CL) with hydrogen peroxide has been developed. Maximum CL emission in the direct detection of HRP in liposomes increased by a factor of 13 times compared with that in the detection of HRP dissolved in lipid-free buffer solution.
Preparation and Characterization of Hydroxo-zinc(II) Complex Surrounded with Hydrogen Bonding and Hydrophobic Interaction Groups. A Structural/Functional Model of Carbonic Anhydrases
Authors: Yamaguchi Syuhei , Tokairin Isao , Wakita Yoko , Funahashi Yasuhiro , Jitsukawa Koichiro , Masuda Hideki 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
A novel Zn(II)–OH complex surrounded with hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction groups has been prepared as a structural/functional model of carbonic anhydrases, and characterized by X-ray structure analysis and ESIMS and 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopies. The complex has been found to exhibit a reversible binding of CO2.
IR Observation of Hydrogen Adsorption on Active and Inactive Pt/SO42−–ZrO2
Authors: Wang Ping , Yang Shuwu , Kondo Junko N , Domen Kazunari , Yamada Takashi , Hattori Hideshi 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
The formation of H2O and OH groups on an active Pt/SO42−–ZrO2 (Pt/SZ) catalyst was observed upon hydrogen adsorption at 523 K, whereas only OH groups were formed on an inactive Pt/SZ catalyst.
[2.0.2.0]Metacyclophane-1,15-diynes. A Potential Fragment of Double-Helical Conjugated Systems
Authors: Utsumi Keiichiro , Kawase Takeshi , Oda Masaji 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
The title cyclophanes as a potential fragment of double-helical π-conjugated system were synthesized, and the spectroscopic and crystallographic characterization shows the strained nature of the π-system; variable-temperature NMR spectra also reveal that the cyclophanes exist as an equilibrium mixture between the meso- and dl-forms in solution.
Mountain waves over the Hohe Tauern: Influence of upstream diabatic effects
Authors: Doyle James D. , Smith Ronald B. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe structure and intensity of large‐amplitude trapped lee waves over the Hohe Tauern range of the Alps on 20 September 1999 are investigated through the analysis of in situ aircraft observations, airborne lidar, Global Positioning System dropsondes, rapid‐scan satellite imagery, and a suite of linear and nonlinear model simulations. Observations indicate that the lee waves attained a maximum vertical velocity of more than 9 m s−1, potential‐temperature perturbations greater than 10 K, and a horizontal wavelength of approximately 12–15 km. High‐resolution nonlinear simulations accurately capture the trapped‐wave evolution and characteristics. Blocking of the southerly flow upstream of the Hohe Tauern decreases the depth of the layer that ascends the mountain crest, and modulates the wave response. Vertically propagating waves are partially ducted into a train of lee waves as a result of weak stability aloft, which forms due to diabatic processes associated with precipitation upstream of the Hohe Tauern crest. Linear analytic solutions confirm the importance of the weak‐stability layer in the upper‐troposphere for the development of the non‐hydrostatic evanescent waves. Results from idealized two‐dimensional nonlinear simulations suggest that the vertical depth of diabatic heating associated with the upstream precipitation is important. In this case, latent heating over a relatively shallow depth tunes the atmosphere for a nonlinear resonance that leads to strong descent in the lee and reinforcement of the lee waves. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society.
Orographic precipitation and air mass transformation: An Alpine example
Authors: Smith Ronald B. , Jiang Qingfang , Fearon Matthew G. , Tabary Pierre , Dorninger Manfred , Doyle James D. , Benoit Robert 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA case of orographic precipitation in the Alps on 20 September 1999 was studied using several models, along with rain‐gauge and radar data. The objective of the study is to describe the orographic transformation of an air mass, including multi‐scale aspects. Several new and some conventional diagnostic quantities are estimated, including drying ratio, precipitation efficiency, buoyancy work, condensed‐water residence time, parcel changes in heat, moisture and altitude, and dominant space‐ and time‐scales.For the case considered, the drying ratio was about 35%. Precipitation efficiency values are ambiguous due to repeated ascent and descent over small‐scale terrain. The sign of buoyancy work changed during the event, indicating a shift from stratiform orographic to weak convective clouds. Cloud‐water residence times are different for the two mesoscale models (400 compared to 1000 s) due to different cloud–physical formulations. The two mesoscale models agree that the dominant spatial‐scale of lifting and precipitation is about 10 km; smaller than the scale of the main Alpine massif. Trajectory analysis of air crossing the Alps casts doubt on the classic model of föhn. Few parcels exhibit classic pattern of moist ascent followed by dry descent. Parcels that gain latent heat descend only briefly, before rising into the middle troposphere. Parcels that descend along the lee slope, originate in the middle troposphere and gain little, or even lose, latent heat during the transit. As parcels seek their proper buoyancy level downstream, a surprising scrambling of the air mass occurs.Radar data confirm the model prediction that the rainfall field is tightly controlled by local terrain on scales as small as 10 km, rather than the full 100 km cross‐Alpine scale. A curious pulsing of the precipitation is seen, indicating either drifting moisture anomalies or weak convection. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society.
The convective storm system during IOP 2a of MAP: Cloud‐to‐ground lightning flash production in relation to dynamics and microphysics
Authors: Seity Y. , Soula S. , Tabary P. , Scialom G. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis paper presents a study about correlation between cloud‐to‐ground lightning flash (CG) activity, and the dynamics and microphysics of thunderclouds. Data collected during Intense Observation Period (MAP IOP) 2a of the Mesoscale Alpine Programme Special Observing Period (SOP) over the Lago Maggiore Target Area (LMTA) in northern Italy are used. IOP 2a was the most electrically active period during the SOP, representing 75% of the total CG activity. Thunderclouds were strongly vertically developed (the 30 dBZ echo tops were sometimes higher than 12 km) and produced large amounts of rainfall and some hail. Doppler and polarimetric radar data allow us to retrieve the three‐dimensional wind and radar‐reflectivity fields from two synchronous Doppler radars, and particle‐type fields in the thunderclouds from the S‐Pol polarimetric radar. Both polarities of CGs are distinguished. Temporal and spatial relationships from the global activity over the LMTA are first studied. Then, the temporal correlation between CG rates and dynamics or microphysics for five individual cells is considered. A very strong correlation is observed between CG and the presence of a mixture of graupel and hail, which strongly supports a non‐inductive charging mechanism. CG impacts seem to be located underneath large radar‐reflectivity values and around the maximum vertical velocities. Two individual cells are studied in more detail, in order to better understand their different electrical behaviours: the first produced mainly negative CGs, and the second produced 61% positive CGs in the second phase of its lifetime. The association of positive CGs with severe weather and especially with the presence of hail is observed. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society.
The nature of the mistral: Observations and modelling of two MAP events
Authors: Jiang Qingfang , Smith Ronald B. , Doyle James 
Published: March 2003

AbstractTwo mistral events observed in 1999 during the Mesoscale Alpine Programme (MAP) are studied using observational data and high‐resolution mesoscale‐model simulations from the US Navy's Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS). Radiosondes suggested that both mistral wind events were associated with the passage of cold fronts and post‐frontal air descent. EuroSat Rapidscan images indicated a stationary and persistent cloud edge along the lee of the Massif Central. The cloud edge marks the beginning of mistral flow acceleration and descent according to COAMPS simulations. Narrow persistent cloud banners were identified trailing from the Mont Lozére in the Massif Central during both mistral events. COAMPS indicated that these cloud banners were associated with a deeper turbulent boundary layer in wakes induced by hydraulic jumps. The cloud banner and wake defined the western boundary of the mistral.Analysis of dropsonde data and in situ flight data indicated the presence of a sharp shear line separating the cold severe mistral wind from the warm calm wake flow to the lee of the French Alps. Trajectory analysis of model data suggested that air parcels on the two sides of the shear line had different histories. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society.
Coupled runoff simulations as validation tools for atmospheric models at the regional scale
Authors: Jasper Karsten , Kaufmann Pirmin 
Published: March 2003

AbstractHigh‐resolution atmospheric forecasting systems are characterized by an increasing complexity which renders validation and interpretation of the model results more and more demanding. This is especially evident in complex terrain. In such areas, the limited density of meteorological observing stations does not allow an accurate evaluation of high‐resolution weather forecasts. Accordingly, advanced tools for the validation of atmospheric models are necessary and of great interest to forecasters. In this paper we address this issue, and present the possibilities and advantages offered by coupling atmospheric and hydrological models. A distributed hydrological model has been used to estimate the forecast quality of two different weather prediction models at different resolutions for the mesoscale Ticino–Verzasca–Maggia watershed, a high catchment located in the southern European Alps draining from the north into the Lago Maggiore. For this area, several hydrological forecast‐driven model experiments have been carried out as one‐way nested simulations using hourly time steps and 0.5 × 0.5 km grid resolution. The availability of meteorological forecast sequences allowed continuous atmospheric– hydrological simulations covering non‐overlapping periods of 3.5 years and 2.5 months. The model results have been analysed using multiple comparisons including rainfall and runoff measurements, as well as observation‐driven model results of river runoff and water balances at the catchment‐scale. It is shown that the hydrological model is sufficiently sensitive to provide substantial information for the validation of atmospheric models. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society.
Analysis and simulation of local and regional conditions for the rainfall over the Lago Maggiore Target Area during MAP IOP 2b
Authors: Asencio N. , Stein J. , Chong M. , Gheusi F. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe Mesoscale Alpine Programme (MAP) operational and research network collected a large variety of measurements during the two days of Intensive Observing Period (IOP) 2b (19 and 20 September 1999), which is one of the most intense rainfall episodes during the Special Observing Period over the Lago Maggiore area. The synoptic situation is a typical one of a southerly flow and associated convection over Alpine orography. Simulations with the non‐hydrostatic Meso‐NH model are used to describe the rainfall conditions and are successfully validated at the different scales allowed by the MAP data. The two types of pre‐frontal orographically triggered convective episodes are described: (1) Sporadic and shallow convection occurs over the coastal mountains and propagates over the Po Valley. The chronology and the intensity of these convective episodes are driven by two main features: the low‐level humidity anomalies and the middle‐troposphere dry anomaly present over the Mediterranean Sea. (2) The Lago Maggiore orographic convection has a very long duration and is mainly controlled by both the intensity of the easterly low‐level wind in the north part of the Po Valley and the upper‐level clouds of the cold front. The different origins of the air masses transported by this easterly barrier wind and the associated local circulations are detailed. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society.
A comparison of ground‐based Doppler lidar and airborne in situ wind observations above complex terrain
Authors: Durran Dale R. , Maric Tomislav , Banta Robert M. , Darby Lisa S. , Hardesty R. Michael 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAirborne wind observations collected by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) WP‐3D aircraft are compared with the winds retrieved by the NOAA/Environmental Technology Laboratory's ground‐based scanning Doppler lidar within the Wipp Valley during the Special Observing Period of the Mesoscale Alpine Programme. Comparisons are performed along individual flight tracks and over an aggregated dataset consisting of all pairs of WP‐3D and lidar observations that were approximately coincident in time and space. The impact of several different quality‐control thresholds on the root mean square (r.m.s.) difference between the two observations is explored. The overall quality‐controlled r.m.s. difference between radial wind speeds measured by each platform was 3.0 m s−1, with larger r.m.s. errors in the region up valley from the lidar than in the region down valley. A bias was also evident, in which the wind speeds from the WP‐3D exceeded those from the lidar; this bias was small down valley (0.4 m s−1) and much larger up valley (2.4 m s−1). Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society.
Determination of airflow across the Alpine ridge by a combination of airborne Doppler lidar, routine radiosounding and numerical simulation
Authors: Reitebuch Oliver , Volkert Hans , Werner Christian , Dabas Alain , Delville Patricia , Drobinski Philippe , Flamant Pierre H. , Richard Evelyne 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe Wind Infrared Doppler lidar (WIND) instrument was flown on board the aircraft Falcon of the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft‐ und Raumfahrt on two missions during the Special Observing Period (SOP) of the Mesoscale Alpine Programme (MAP). During the first flight two complete sections of horizontal wind speed and direction were sampled up to a height of 7 km from Innsbruck to the Po basin and back. From the second mission 11 WIND soundings from 11 km downwards are presented along a route from a jet stream of up to 45 m s−1 above Berlin towards the Alps. A routine radiosounding from Milano and episode‐type simulations with the Meso‐NH modelling system are used for detailed comparisons and to obtain comparative statistics. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society.
Surface radiation budget in an Alpine valley
Authors: Matzinger N. , Andretta M. , Gorsel E. Van , Vogt R. , Ohmura A. , Rotach M. W. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractSurface radiation data were collected at seven sites in the Riviera Valley in southern Switzerland during the special observing period of the Mesoscale Alpine Programme's Riviera project from August until October 1999. During the daytime on selected ‘valley wind’ days, strong site contrasts occurred with respect to solar and downward long‐wave radiation fluxes. Site‐to‐site differences of incoming global radiation were caused by the different orientations of valley surfaces relative to the direct solar beam component and by shading from surrounding topography. Diurnal cycles of albedo, determined from horizontal and slope‐parallel measurements of reflected and incoming global radiation at three eastern side‐wall sites, show that reflection of the direct radiation component from the inclined surfaces is predominantly anisotropic diffuse radiation. Downward long‐wave radiation decreases with elevation in the valley because the higher sites have an increased angular exposure to the radiating sky (i.e. sky view factor). Contrasts between the valley‐floor and ridge‐top sites are largest on valley wind days but also occur on overcast days. Finally, strong site‐to‐site variations of the net all‐wave radiation occur during daytime due to variations in the received direct beam component of incoming global radiation. During night‐time, net outgoing all‐wave radiation increases with elevation, again because sky view fraction increases with elevation. On valley wind days, significant contrasts are found in mean diurnal cycles and daily sums of available radiation energy between south‐west and north‐east facing slopes. When the direct beam component is absent, inter‐site contrasts in radiation components are reduced, especially short‐wave radiation components.A simple semi‐empirical method is described to estimate the net all‐wave radiation in a slope‐parallel frame of reference from measurements with horizontally exposed net radiometers. This method employs the theoretical ratio of short‐wave radiation on a slope to the horizontal equivalent. The method is tested successfully at one site where simultaneous measurements were made with inclined and horizontal sensors. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society.
Gravity waves over the eastern Alps: A synopsis of the 25 October 1999 event (IOP 10) combining in situ and remote‐sensing measurements with a high‐resolution simulation
Authors: Volkert Hans , Keil Christian , Kiemle Christoph , Poberaj Gorazd , Chaboureau Jean‐pierre , Richard Evelyne 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn situ and lidar data acquired during six repetitive flight legs across Grossglockner (3797 m, highest summit of the eastern Alps) reveal a coherent structure of the mountain‐wave field generated by a south‐westerly cross‐Alpine flow on 25 October 1999 during Intensive Observing Period (IOP) 10 of the Mesoscale Alpine Programme (MAP). The downward‐looking laser system sampling at 100 Hz provides distinct wave‐induced signatures in the layered clouds below the cruising altitude of about 11 km. Data obtained from three sondes dropped from the aircraft hint at mid‐tropospheric wave breaking in the lee of the main Alpine crest. The measurements are juxtaposed with results from a nested, non‐hydrostatic simulation (2 km horizontal resolution for the finest grid). Wave‐cloud signatures in satellite images (from Meteosat and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration satellites) are used for comparisons with the simulation in a region away from the aircraft track. Sensitivity experiments reveal the regular wave response to be induced by the background profile and re‐enforced by the suitably spaced terrain. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society.