bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Voices Unheard: Barriers to Expressing Dissatisfaction to Health Plans
Authors: Schlesinger Mark , Mitchell Shannon , Elbel Brian 
Published: March 2003

As american medicine and health policy have incorporated market perspectives, the emphasis on patients' ability to act as effective consumers has grown. Empowering consumers is expected to achieve two goals (Andreason 1988). First, informed consumers can protect themselves from inadequate or inequitable treatment. Second, their actions can provide incentives for health plans to improve the quality of care for all enrollees. To produce these effects, consumers must be able to assess their health care experiences accurately and take appropriate action when they believe the plan has not performed satisfactorily. In recent years, state and federal policies to facilitate medical consumerism have been designed to expand consumer options, improve their decision‐making abilities, and provide supportive services (Pollitz, Dallek, and Tapay 1998; Rodwin 2001). During the 1990s, many private employers pursued similar policies for their workers (Maxwell et al. 1998).Consumers dissatisfied with their health plan can either "exit" (switch service providers) or "voice" (complain to the current provider). Policymakers' efforts to help consumers voice their dissatisfaction to health plans or external mediators have been disappointing, in part because little is known about the determinants of voice. This article represents the first comprehensive assessment of voicing in response to problematic experiences with health plans. A national consumer survey from 1999 is used to test hypotheses about characteristics of problems, patients, and settings that might inhibit voice and assess state regulations intended to enhance voice. Although problems associated with plans led to more voice than exit, voice is circumscribed by several factors: certain groups, such as racial minorities, do not express their grievances as often; episodes with severe health consequences for patients are not reported as regularly. The findings suggest that even though regulatory initiatives have not increased the frequency of voice, they have made grievances more effective, at least in jurisdictions where citizens know about the laws.
1. The Organization and Financing of Health Services for Persons with Disabilities
Authors: Dejong Gerben , Palsbo Susan E. , Beatty Phillip W. 
Published: March 2003

Over the last 30 years, the nation has witnessed a material change in the status of Americans with disabilities: no longer are they at the periphery of American political and social life but now are increasingly represented in the mainstream of American community life. What started almost as a quixotic social movement in the early 1970s has matured into a social and political force that has altered how most Americans view individuals with disabilities. The most widely known achievement of the movement is the 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act, commonly referred to as the “civil rights act for individuals with disabilities.”Despite these successes and a decade of strong economic growth, people with disabilities lag behind in many areas of American life, especially employment and health care. About half of working‐age individuals with disabilities report that they are not working, and for those persons with the most severe disabilities, this proportion is 69 percent (U.S. Department of Commerce 2001).Americans with disabilities are rarely considered a distinct group of health care users in the same way as are older Americans, children, racial and ethnic minorities, and others who are perceived to have different needs and access issues. Indeed, to some extent individuals with disabilities overlap with all these groups. But they also have distinct needs with material implications for the organization, delivery, and financing of health care services. Despite the disproportionate health care needs and expenditures of many‐‐‐though not all‐‐‐individuals with disabilities, the mainstream health services research community has largely neglected them. This article outlines the most pressing health service research issues in addressing the health care needs of individuals with disabilities.
Supply Prospects and Network Integration in the European Natural Gas Sector
Authors: Bergmann Burckhard 
Published: March 2003

At least for the next 10–15 years, natural gas will be the fastest‐growing energy form in Europe, with a higher rate of growth in consumption (from a lower base) in central Europe than in western Europe. Although most of the prospective demand until 2010 is covered by signed import contracts and indigenous production, important additional gas supply capacity still has to be developed out of a plenitude of reserves within and (in the long run primarily) outside western and central Europe. The real problem is how to mobilise the reserves economically and direct them towards the European market, in competition with other markets.Europe has a sophisticated transmission system whose development has gone hand‐in‐hand with long‐term import agreements. Among the missing links is the Interconnector, which, at the end of 1998, is due to integrate the UK and Ireland into mainland Europe. This is expected to enhance security of supply in both areas, to balance prices and maybe also to foster ideas of liberalisation.Overall, the European gas industry is in an excellent position to develop the supply of gas in an environmentally benign way. The future belongs all the more to natural gas, the fewer the mistakes that are made when it comes to matters of legal frameworks and taxation.
Technology, oil reserve depletion and the myth of the reserves‐to‐production ratio
Authors: Salameh Mamdouh G. 
Published: March 2003

In the aftermath of the 1973 oil crisis, a multiplication of ideas and the development of novel concepts have opened the way to an entirely new oil universe made up of spectacular innovations and technological challenges, such as 3D seismic surveying, horizontal drilling, submersible platforms, offshore drilling at greater depths and enhanced recovery systems, to name but a few.Because of these advances, the global oil demand‐supply picture has undergone a transformation beyond recognition. Between 1973 and 1997, the world's proven oil reserves have grown from 579 billion barrels to 1,037 bn b at the end of 1997, despite the consumption of 571 bn b during the same period. Yet, despite these great strides, technology cannot breathe new life into commercially depleted reserves, nor can it create new reserves where none exist.This paper argues that “conventional” oil will soon be approaching the last phase of its cycle, probably by 2040. It also discusses the concept of the reserves‐to‐production ratio and its shortcomings as a measure of the length‐of‐life of global oil reserves. The paper concludes that rising global oil demand and declining reserve discovery rates could lead to a radical increase in the price of oil in the near future and that chronic shortages could be predicted to develop from 2010 onwards.
Peaceful Intentions: the First British Trade Commission in China, 1833–5*
Authors: Melancon Glenn 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
This interpretation, resting on heretofore unexamined documents, directly challenges the prevailing interpretations of Anglo‐Chinese relations which argue that after 1834 Britain embarked on a new forward policy designed to force the Chinese to expand British trading privileges. Evidence from the private papers of British officials and from unpublished Foreign Office records shows that the government in London resisted demands from British merchants to demand aggressively access to the Chinese market. Instead the Grey ministry sought to create and maintain a passive policy toward China after the abolition of the East India Company's monopoly.
The Changing International Economic Order: Rival Visions for the Coming Millennium
Authors: Henderson David 
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:D. K. Fieldhouse, The West and the Third World: Trade, Colonialism, Dependence and DevelopmentJohn Gray, False Dawn: the Delusions of Global CapitalismRoyal Institute of International Affairs, International Affairs: Special Anniversary Issue (on the theme of ‘Justice in the World Economy’), Volume 75, Number 3Inge Kaul, Isabelle Grunberg and Marc A. Stern (eds), Global Public Goods: International Cooperation in the 21st CenturyJohn Mitchell (ed.), Companies in a World of ConflictDani Rodrik, The New Global Economy and Developing Countries: MakingOpenness WorkRazeen Sally, Classical Liberalism and International Economic Order: Studies in Theory and Intellectual History
Personal Assistance for Disabled People – The Norwegian Experience
Authors: Askheim O.P. 
Published: March 2003

This article presents data from a survey of all disabled people in Norway who receive personal assistance in the municipalities that have been granted subsidies from the state. It concentrates on the following issues:– Who are the users of personal assistance? What distinguishes them from other disabled people?– What dimensions has personal assistance as a service? How has it influenced the total service to the recipients and how is this composed?– How do the users value the service? To what extent does it seem to fulfil the aims of self‐dependence and sovereignty for the users?The article concludes that personal assistance seems to be a suitable instrument to reach the goals of full participation and equality of status for disabled people in Norwegian society. The main challenges which personal assistance will meet in the future are the financing of the arrangement and how the principles of user‐determination could be implemented and transferred to other services without losing its ideological base.
Symbolic Use of Globalization in Urban Politics in Tokyo
Authors: Machimura Takashi 
Published: March 2003

Since the 1980s, more complicatedly interwoven forces of globalized capital, central and local states, and growth‐oriented local actors have produced not a single form but variations of global city formation. In the reconstruction process of postindustrial cities, the concept of globalization does not necessarily provide a dominating and self‐sufficient story, but actually acts as a symbolic catalyst which stimulates them to establish a new urban regime on the basis of more exclusive political powers. This article investigates why Tokyo, though lacking in consensus about such a change, once succeeded and then failed in establishing a political coalition for urban restructuring. For newly‐emergent global cities such as Tokyo, ‘globalization’ had two different local impacts on urban restructuring: a substantial one derived from the economic interests of globalized capital; and a symbolic one manipulated by local dominating political actors. Globalization as a political symbol took on an ideological role by both masking pre‐modern traits behind the coalition and giving postmodern appearances to it. But, concurrently with this, as a social cleavage has developed from an influx of foreign workers, the meaning of globalization has shifted to a more conflicting one.Depuis les années quatre‐vingt, les forces du capital globalisé, des états centraux et locaux, et des participants locaux orientés vers l'expansion, entremêlées de fa??on plus complexe, ont produit non pas une seule forme mais des variations de la formation de la ville globale. Dans le processus de reconstruction des villes post‐industrielles, le concept de globalisation ne fournit pas nécessairement un narratif dominant et suffisant, mais agit en fait comme un catalyseur symbolique qui les encourage àétablir un nouveau régime urbain basé sur des pouvoirs politiques plus exclusifs. Cet article examine pourquoi Tokyo, qui n'a pas de consensus pour un tel changement, réussit d'abord àétablir une coalition politique pour la restructuration urbaine, et puis y échoua. Pour les villes globales naissantes comme Tokyo, la ‘globalisation’ a deux effets locaux différents sur la restructuration urbaine: un effet substantiel provenant des intérêts économiques du capital globalisé, et un effet symbolique manipulé par les participants politiques locaux dominants. La globalisation comme symbole politique a pris un rôle idéologique en masquant les traits pré‐modernes de la coalition et en lui donnant des apparences post‐modernes. Mais, simultanément, alors qu'une division sociale provenant d'un afflux de travailleurs étrangers se développe, la signification de la globalisation est devenue plus contradictoire.
Environment‐Related Litigation in Rio de Janeiro: Shaping Frames for a New Social Problem
Authors: Fuks Mario 
Published: March 2003

This article aims to contribute to an understanding of how the environment is constituted as a social problem in Rio de Janeiro. In order to account for the local contours of this global phenomenon, it considers contextual aspects that frame environmental conflicts in Rio de Janeiro and examines certain relevant cultural resources. An analysis of the accounts of two actors involved in environmental litigation serves as the point of departure for an inventory of the versions of environment available for public debate.Le but de cet article est d’aider à mieux comprendre comment l’environnement en vient àêtre construit comme un problème social à Rio de Janeiro. Afin d’expliquer les profils locaux de ce phénomène global, cet article considère les aspects contextuels qui structurent les conflits de l’environnement à Rio de Janeiro et examine certaines ressources culturelles pertinentes. L’analyse des compte‐rendus de deux participants impliqués dans les litiges de l’environnement sert de point de départ à un inventaire des différentes versions de l’environnement utilisées pour les débats publics.
The Political Economy of Urban Land Reforms in a Post‐Colonial State
Authors: Njoh Ambe J. 
Published: March 2003

This paper investigates the rationale for land law reforms as well as their implications for different societal groups in Cameroon. It is revealed that the rationale — that is, to place as much land as possible in state hands — has remained unchanged since the colonial era. The study further shows that the land law reforms have always been skewed in favour of political and bureaucratic elites, entrepreneurs and the salariat at the expense of women in the informal sector, ethnic minorities and the poor. Thus, a potent consequence of land law reforms in Cameroon is that they have effectively accentuated socio‐economic inequities characteristic of the country. To remedy these problems, it is recommended that authorities seek to create some fit between the ‘modern’ land tenure system and the traditions, culture and beliefs of the Cameroonian society. Additionally, it is recommended that serious efforts be made to institute programmes designed to redistribute income and improve the performance of the bureaucratic machinery, particularly the institutional framework for land policy administration.Cet article explore la raison d’être des réformes de la loi agraire ainsi que leurs implications pour différents groupes sociaux au Cameroun. Je révèle que la raison d’être —à savoir, mettre le maximum de terres dans les mains de l’état — n’a pas changé depuis l’époque coloniale. Cete étude montre aussi que les réformes de la loi agraire ont toujours été biaisées en favour des élites politiques et bureaucratiques, des entrepreneurs et des cadres au détriment des femmes du secteur officieux, des minorités ethniques et des pauvres. Une conséquence importante des réformes de la loi agraire au Cameroun est donc que les inégalités socio‐économiques caractéristiques du pays ont effectivement été accentuées. Pour résoudre ces problèmes, cet article recommande que les autorités essaient d’ajuster le système ‘moderne’ d’occupation des terres et la culture et croyances traditionnelles de la société camerounaise. De sérieux efforts pour introduire des programmes de redistribution des revenus et pour améliorer la performance de l’appareil bureaucratique, en particulier le modèle institutionnel pour l’administration de la politique agraire, sont aussi recommandés.
Esfahan’s gardens and mosques: on the instrumentality of symbols as a means of retaining urban identity
Authors: Shahshahani Soheila 
Published: March 2003

The word paradise is of Iranian origin and refers to an enclosed garden space. In the Koran it is the permanent abode of the righteous. Its form, with flowing water, shade and fruits, is physically reproduced in gardens, mosques and carpets. The best examples of such reproduction were found in the sixteenth century, in the city of Esfahan. Today these structures still exist. How have they changed and what has remained intact? After a synopsis of Iranian history with our topic of paradise in mind, we investigate these two periods and present descriptive analyses. The objectification of the idea of ‘paradise’ is seen in the street names, and their perseverance to the present day shows the continuity of this symbol ever since the first written documents in Iran.mdash;Le mot paradis est d’origine iranienne et se rapporte à l’espace clos d’un jardin. Dans le Coran c’est la demeure permanente des vertueux. Sa forme, avec de l’eau qui coule, de l’ombre et des fruits, est physiquement reproduite dans les jardins, dans les mosquées et sur les tapis. Les meilleurs exemples de telles reproductions furent trouvés au seizième siècle dans la ville d’Esfahan. Ces structures existent encore de nos jours. Ont‐elles changé et qu’est‐ce qui est resté intact? Après un résumé d’histoire iranienne dans lequel le sujet de paradis est central, nous examinons ces deux époques et présentons des analyses descriptives. L’objectification de l’idée de paradis est visible dans les noms de rues, et leur persévérance jusqu’à nos jours démontre la continuité de ce symbole depuis les premiers documents écrits en Iran.
State‐society relations and national development: a comparison of Argentina and Taiwan in the 1990s
Authors: Bosco Fernando Javier 
Published: March 2003

Research on national development in developing and newly industrializing countries (NICs) has focused on issues of economic growth and social change independent of each other, without paying much attention to the way the two elements relate to each other and to the conditions that could lead to their simultaneous occurrence. This paper argues that explanations of how economic growth with — or without —‘positive social change’ can occur require attention to changing state‐society relations. This research investigates the cases of Argentina and Taiwan, where economic growth in the 1990s has not translated into positive social change. By analyzing changing state‐society relations, this research shows that relations of power within societies have a clear effect on national development; it also reveals how different social actors may be able to influence a state’s developmental strategies. This paper re‐evaluates traditional views of the state and society in Argentina and Taiwan by examining the fluctuating composition of the societal base of the state and the changing relations between the state and its societal coalition. The analysis reveals the processes under which economic growth without social change is occurring in both countries, and provides general insights into the way dynamic state‐society relations can influence national development in other contexts.—La recherche sur le développement national des pays en voie de développement et les pays nouvellement industrialisés a exploré les questions de croissance économique et de changement social séparément, sans s’occuper du rapport entre les deux et des conditions qui pourraiemt mener à leur occurrence simultanée. Cet article soutient qu’une explication de la croissance industrielle, avec ou sans ‘changements sociaux positifs’, demande que l’on prête attention aux relations changeantes entre l’état et la société. Cet article examine les cas d’étude de l’Argentine et de Taïıwan, où la croissance économique n’a pas apporté de changements sociaux positifs. En analysant les relations changeantes de l’état et de la société, cette étude démontre que les relations de pouvoir à l’intérieur des sociétés ont un effet manifeste sur le développement national; elle révèle aussi comment les différents participants sociaux peuvent influencer les stratégies de développement de l’état. Cet article ré‐évalue les vues traditionnelles de l’état et de la société en Argentine et à Taïrsquo;ıwan en examinant les compositions changeantes de la base sociale de l’état et les relations variables entre l’état et sa coalition sociale. L’analyse révèle les processus par lesquels la croissance économique survient sans changement social dans les deux pays et offre un aperçu général de la façon dont les relations dynamiques entre l’état et la société peuvent influencer le développement national dans d’autres contextes.
The Significance of Borders in the East European Transition
Authors: Wallace Claire , Shmulyar Oksana , Bedsir Vasil 
Published: March 2003

The growth of small‐scale trading in Central Europe is fostered by the uneven development among post‐communist countries. This has encouraged small‐scale informal traders to cross the borders between these countries in order to buy and sell goods to supplement their incomes. This paper is based upon a study of these traders, involving qualitative interviews with 129 traders and observation of markets in Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The paper argues that in a risky environment, where trading is either illegal or only semi legal, small‐scale traders try to minimize risk by building up different kinds of relationships with customers, representatives of the law and partners in trade. In the absence or inadequacy of formal institutional regulation, informal regulation through social capital becomes important. The paper considers the way in which social capital is created and cemented in these conditions through family, ethnic and social ties which can be ‘strong’ or ‘weak’ in character.La croissance du commerce de petite échelle en Europe centrale est favorisé par le développement inégal entre les pays post‐communistes. Ceci a encouragé les petits commerçants illegaux à traverser les frontières entre ces pays pour acheter et vendre des biens afin d’augmenter leurs revenus. Cet article s’appuie sur une étude de ces commerçants qui comprend des entretiens qualitatifs avec 129 commerçants et l’observation de marchés en Pologne, en Hongrie, dans la République Tchèque et en Slovaquie. Dans un environnement hasardeux où le commerce est soit illégal soit semi‐légal les petits commerçants essaient de réduire les risques en construisant des relations diverses avec les consommateurs, les représentants de la loi et les partenaires commerciaux. La réglementation en dehors des statuts par le capital social devient importante à cause de l’absence ou de l’imperfection des institutions formelles de rtéglementation. Cet article montre comment le capital social est cr éé et cimenté dans ces conditions à travers les liens familiaux, ethniques et sociaux qui peuvent avoir un caractère ‘fort’ ou ‘faible’.