bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parmenides’ Thesis at Issue
Authors: Palmer John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In exploring the continmties Plato would have perceived between Parmenides’ metaphysics and his own ontological and epistemological concerns during the middle period, I have tended to play down the discontinuities between the two theories. The most obvious of these is that Plato’s use preserves the uniqueness of Parmenidean Being only as an attribute of each individual form. The very plurality of the forms seems a radical departure from Parmenides’ monism.1 One might, however, suppose continuity here as well. For some scholars–most prominently, Jonathan Barnes–have challenged the various considerations underpinning the general assumption that Parmenides was a monist.2 Barnes has argued that the fragments of the ‘Truth’ arecompatible with the existence of a plurality of Parrnenidean Beings. Since the middle period forms can be seen as such a plurality, one could conclude that Plato did not think Parmenides a monist. From this perspective, one of the most interesting interpretations of Parmenides as potential pluralist is that advanced by Patricia Curd.
HIV Testing, Screening, and Confidentiality: An American Perspective
Authors: Richards III Edward P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The story of HIV1 testing, screening, and confidentially in the USA is like the blind men and the elephant: what one sees depends on one’s perspective and prior experience. A civil liberties lawyer concerned with the privacy of infected individuals would find the US approach a great success. A medical care provider concerned with the spread of HIV and the prompt treatment of infected individuals would see many lost opportunities. A public health specialist concerned with global communicable disease surveillance and control would see a disaster.
Is There a Right to Remain in Ignorance of HIV Status?
Authors: Erin Charles A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A recurring question-philosophically speaking, one of the most interesting—in the discussion of issues related to testing and screening for HIV is ‘do people have a right to remain in ignorance of their HIV status?’ Those who assume (often without question) the existence of a right to remain in ignorance seem to think along something like the following lines: non-voluntary testing for HIV is unethical it is morally wrong to test an individual against her will, without her prior fully informed consent; this being so, we may deduce that individuals hold a right not to be tested; the right not to be tested is equivalent to a right to remain in ignorance of HIV status. Such a line of reasoning is intuitively attractive and, at this superficial level, sounds plausible, but, as I will show, the argument proceeds far too swiftly.
Is Motivation Internal to Value?
Authors: Velleman J David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Various philosophers have thought that the truth-conditions of some normative statements—the statement that something is good for a person, or that an action is morally required of him, or that there is some reason for him to act— include or entail that the person would be moved to act accordingly under some conditions. I want to argue that there are good reasons for accepting one version of internalism, as this thesis is usually called; but that if these reasons are all that can be said for internalism, as I suspect, then its scope and implications are more limited than they are often conceived to be. The version of internalism that I’ll try to vindicate is restricted to statements about what’s intrinsically good for a person. One reason for focusing on intrinsic value for a person is that it is, of all the normative properties, the one of which internalism seems most likely to be true.
Lexical Shadowing and Argument Closure
Authors: Pustejovsky James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper, I address the general nature of argumenthood and what logical distinction is possible between argument types. In particular, I examine the syntactic and semantic behaviour of verbs such as risk and cost, and cognate object verbs such as dance and butter. Such verbs participate in an interesting alternation that I will refer to as lexical shadowing. Shadowing can be defined as the relation between an argument and the underlying semantic expression, which blocks its syntactic projection in the syntax. Informally, we see shadowing at work with sentences in (1) and (2) below, where normally cognate objects are shadowed because of the semantics of the verb.
Polysemy in a Broad-Coverage Natural Language Processing System
Authors: Dolan William , Vanderwende Lucy , Richardson Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
MS-NLP is a broad-coverage natural language understanding system that has been under development in Microsoft Research since 1991. Perhaps the most notable characteristic of this effort has been its emphasis on arbitrarily broad coverage of natural language phenomena. The system’s goal is to produce a useful linguistic analysis of any piece of text passed to it, regardless of whether that text is formal business prose, casual email, or technical writing from an obscure scientific domain. This emphasis on handling any sort of input has had interesting implications for the design of morphological and syntactic processing. Equally interesting, though, are its implications for semantic processing. The issue of polysemy and the attendant practical task of word sense disambiguation (WSD) take on entirely new dimensions in the context of a system like this, where a word might have innumerable possible meanings. A starting assumption, for example, is that MS-NLP will routinely have to interpret words and technical word senses that are not described in standard reference dictionaries.
Learning a Grammar in Functional Phonology
Authors: Boersma Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I will describe how learners can acquire the articulatory and perceptual constraints of segmental phonology and their interactions; specifically, I will show that the substantial content of these constraints does not have to be innate for the learner to be able to acquire an adequate grammar from a realistic amount of overt data. I will assess the empirical adequacy of the functional learning algorithm with respect to existing algorithms that assume the innateness of constraints, and I will show that it is convergent, realistic, and robust.
Foundations: Nietzsche’s Conception of Values
Authors: May Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nietzsche’s conception of the nature, function, and grounding of values is the cornerstone of his whole approach to ethics. To elucidate that conception--and related concepts, especially ‘will’ and ‘power’-is crucial to understanding both his criticism of traditional morality and the ethic which he espouses in its place.
Asceticism in Life-Enhancement and Life-Denial
Authors: May Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I continue to explore the contrast between the traditional ‘morality’ that Nietzsche repudiates and the new ethic that he espouses by focusing on a concept that, in his view, crucially structures moral thinking, namely, the ‘ascetic ideal’. In addition, I suggest that there is a broader ascetic conceptual form, of which the ascetic ideal itself is only an extreme (life-denying) version, and which is also capable of other, potentially life-enhancing, instantiations—notably in Nietzsche’s own concepts of ‘self-overcoming’ and of the healthy ‘soul’. This wider discussion hopefully enables me not simply to analyse the role of the ascetic ideal, according to Nietzsche, in Platonic-Christian ‘morality’ (as has been done well by other authors’), but also to show why, with this concept too, life-enhancing forms are possible. But first I must say what 1 mean by the ‘ascetic conceptual form’.
Objective Prescriptions
Authors: Hare R M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term ‘objective prescriptivity’ was introduced by John Mackie (1977: ch. 1). Mackie thought that not only some misguided philosophers but even ordinary people think that when they use moral language they are uttering objective prescriptions. Hence his well-known ‘error theory’ of ethics. According to this, when we utter a sentence containing a word like ‘right’ or ‘wrong’. we all think both that we are saying something prescriptive. i.e. action-guiding. and that we are stating some fact about the world; and we are always mistaken. because there are no such prescriptive moral facts existing in the world. I agree with Mackie that, in the sense in which he used that expression, there can he no objective prescriptions. That is to say. if by ‘objective’ we mean ‘factual’, in the sense of ‘merely factual’, a prescription could never be that. An imperative like ‘Shut the door’ does not state any fact about the door. And a statement of fact like ‘The door is locked’ cannot be used to tell somebody to do something. It only becomes a guide to action when conjoined with some general prescription like ‘If a door is locked. do not try to open it’.
Philosophy And Conflict
Authors: Hare R M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IT seems that every few weeks we hear on the radio or the other media of a new violent conflict that has broken out in some part of the world either between nations or within them. And we very seldom hear that some existing conflict has been resolved: most of them go on and on. The conflicts are the result of differences, often of the most radical sort. between groups of people. These may be differences simply in material interests. or in religion, or in ideology, or in anything else which can make people fight one another. Can philosophy do anything to help resolve these conflicts? They will be resolved. if at all. either by rhetoric, often leading to violence, or by the use of reason. Philosophy contributes to both of these methods: but the second is preferable. There are many obstacles to the settlement of these differences. But one of the main obstacles is bad philosophy. Philosophy well done can help people to understand one another, even if they come from quite different backgrounds and have competing interests. But if done badly it can hinder this, or even make it impossible. I am going to describe various ways in which bad philosophers achieve this barrier to communication, and then I shall say how good philosophers can remedy the trouble.
Philippa Foot On Subjectivism
Authors: Hare R M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It may therefore be useful to explain yet again why I reject these descriptions. I have done so already in a paper to a conference in Moscow which she beard. and to which she kindly refers (Chapter I). These explanations would not he important if she were the only person to be confused about this matter; but the confusions are so wide spread, even among professional philosophers who should know better, and are so often taught to succeeding generations of students, that it is worthwhile to make yet another attempt to dear them up-though the confusions are so insidious that I have not much hope that they will ever be eradicated.
Weakness Of The Wil
Authors: Hare R M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the other hand, there is a problem for externalists and descriptivist too. For if there were no connection between the thought that one ought to do something and the disposition to do it, there would be no puzzle about weakness of will: but there clearly is a puzzle. If someone does not do what he (or she) says he thinks he ought to be doing. an explanation is called for. The person who says ‘ Yes I ought. So what?’ is thought to have something wrong. not merely with his morals. but with his understanding of morality (of the word ‘ought’). The only way to sort out these problems is by a careful analysis of the different contexts and the different senses in which we can say ‘I ought’ but not do what we say we ought. in order to determine whether there are any cases which impugn one or other of the two positions. Such an analysis might leave each side in possession of part of the field, and resolve one of the central problems in ethical theory. But it has not yet been achieved.
Loyalty And Obedience
Authors: Hare R M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
briefly, the story is this. on 25 November 1944 his majesty’s submarine sturdy, commander lieutenant William St. George Anderson. was operating, under control of the us fleet, against Japanese shipping in waters off northern Australia. she encountered a 350-ton Indonesian coastal vessel which lieut. Anderson suspected (rightly as it turned out) of being a supply ship for the Japanese. the vessel was stopped by shell fire but did not sink. sturdy was brought alongside and the vessel was boarded. fifty crewmen had abandoned her in lifeboats, leaving behind the same number of women and children. possibly the families of the crew, or possibly being transported between islands. in the words of lieut. Anderson. ‘ owing to the nature of the cargo (oil) and the use of this type of vessel to the enemy.
The Ethics Of Medical Involvement In Torture
Authors: Hare R M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
But it is necessary to ask what purpose such definitions serve. Some may feel that verbal questions of this kind ought not to occupy our time. But whatever conclusions we reach will have to be expressed in words, and if the words have not been made clear. the conclusions will not be. For example. if we say that torture, or torture in certain specified circumstances. ought to be ruled out. it has to be dear precisely what we are saying should be ruled out. Donnie says (p. 135), ‘From a practical point of view it does not really matter very much whether a practice is strictly torture or some other form of inhuman treatment; the point would be to get it stopped’. But we do need to be dear about what we want to get stopped.
Linguistic Diversity
Authors: Nettle Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are some 6,500 different languages in the world, belonging to around 250 distinct families and conforming to numerous grammatical types. This book explains why. Given that the biological mechanisms underlying language are the same in all normal human beings, would we not be a more successful species if we spoke one language? Daniel Nettle considers how this extraordinary and rich diversity arose, how it relates to the nature of language, cognition, and culture, and how it is linked with the main patterns of human geography and history. Human languages and language families are not distributed evenly: there are relatively few in Eurasia compared to the profusion found in Australasia, the Pacific, and the Americas. There is also a marked correlation between biodiversity and linguistic diversity. The author explains the processes by which this distribution evolved and changes still. To do so he returns to the earliest origins of language, reconstructing the processes of linguistic variation and diffusion that occurred when humans first filled the continents and, thousands of years later, turned to agriculture. He ends by examining the causes of linguistic mortality, and why the number of the world's languages may halve before 2100. Linguistic Diversity draws on work in anthropology, linguistics, geography, archaeology, and evolutionary science to provide a comprehensive account of the patterns of linguistic diversity. It is written in a clear, lively and accessible style, and will appeal broadly across the natural and human sciences, as well as to the informed general reader.
Introduction
Authors: Honderich Ted 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the first philosophy of which we have more than fragments, there was the arguer who did not give up, Socrates. Of him it is possible to think that he stubbornly chose to die in order to bring home to his accusers the error of their ways, to show them they were wrong about him. His taking the hemlock in399 BC made him as immortal as any of us are. As for his thoughts, they cannot be separated with confidence from those of his pupil Plato, both having been written into the latter’s dia logues. But whatever the origins of Plato’s thoughts, those of his middle period had to do with the ordinary world in which we live and also with something else, true reality.
Stthomas Aquinas (1224/5–n74)
Authors: Broadie Alexander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The greatest of the medieval philosopher-theologians. After centuries of neglect by thinkers outside the Catholic Church, his writings are increasingly studied by members of the wider philosophical community and his insights put to work in present-day philosophical debates in the fields of philosophical logic, metaphysics, epistemology, philosophy of mind, moral philosophy, and the philosophy of religion.
Immanuel Kant (1724–1804)
Authors: Allison Henrye. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps the most important European philosopher of modern times, Kant was born, spent his entire life, and died in Konigsberg in East Prussia. After studying at the University of Konigsberg from 1740 to 1746, he worked for a time as a private tutor. In 1755 he returned to the University, received his master’s degree, and began lecturing. In 1770 he was appointed professor and he continued to lecture on a wide variety of subjects, including mathematics, physics, anthropology, pedagogy, and physical geography, as well as the central fields in philosophy, until his retirement in 1796. Although he never married or travelled outside of East Prussia and led a highly regimented existence, he was no recluse. On the contrary, he was known as a brilliant lecturer and conversationalist, had a wide circle of friends, and was keenly interested in the intellectual and political issues of the day.
Martin Heidegger (1889–1976)
Authors: Inwood M J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
German philosopher who is usually seen as a founder of Existentialism. He prepared the ground for his major work, Sein und Zeit (Being and Time (1927)), with a series of lucid and solid, if unremarkable, writings, which anticipate several of the themes of his notoriously obscure mature work. In “The Problem of Reality in Modern Philosophy” (1912), his first published article, he argues against various versions of idealism, including Kant”s critical idealism, and in favour of critical realism. He criticizes the stress on epistemology characteristic of philosophy since Descartes.
Concepts Without Words
Authors: Peacocke Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My personal and intellectual debt to Michael Dummett is greater than my debt to any other philosopher. It was my immense good fortune to have my graduate work supervised by Michael, and a formidable experience it was too. The full power of Michael’s abilities were brought to bear—always in a supportive fashio—on my early fumblings in the subject. Perhaps the most important thing I learned from these lengthy supervision sessions was that a properly argued philosophical position can come only from a deep understanding of, and feeling for, the sources of the opposing conception.
The Julius Caesar Objection
Authors: Heck Richard G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent research has revealed three important points about Frege’s philosophy of arithmetic. First, his attempt to derive axioms for arithmetic from principles of logic does not require Frege to appeal to his Axiom V, the axiom which gives rise to Russell’s Paradox. The proofs sketched in Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik depend only upon what (alluding to Frege’s method of introducing it) may be called Hume’s Principle: The number of Fs is the same as the number of Gs just in case there is a one-one correspondence between the Fs and the Gs Formally, the relevant result is that, if a formalization of this Principle is added as an axiom to standard, axiomatic second-order logic, second-order arithmetic can be interpreted in the resulting theory .Secondly, this theory—which may be called Fregean Arithmetic—is itself interpretable in second-order arithmetic and so, presumably, is consistent.3 And thirdly, Frege’s own formal proofs of axioms for arithmetic, given in his Grundgesetze der Arithmetik, do not depend essentially upon Axiom V.4 Indeed, Frege himself knew that he did not require any more than Hume’s Principle, this being essential if he is to draw certain of the philosophical conclusions he wishes to base upon his formal results.
Slippery Slope Arguments
Authors: Walton Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A `slippery slope argument' is a kind of argument which warns you that, if you take a first step, you will find yourself caught up in a sequence of consequences from which you will be unable to extricate yourself, and that eventually you will end up speeding ever faster towards some disastrous outcome. Many textbooks on informal logic and critical thinking treat the slippery slope argument as a fallacy. Douglas Walton argues that slippery slope arguments can be used correctly in some cases as a reasonable type of argument to shift a burden of proof in a critical discussion, while in other cases they are used incorrectly. In the four central chapters he identifies and analyses four types of slippery slope argument. In each chapter he presents guidelines that show how each type of slippery slope argument can be used correctly or incorrectly, using over fifty case studies of argumentation on controversial issues. These include abortion, medical research on human embryos, euthanasia, the decriminalization of marijuana, pornography and censorship, and whether or not the burning of the American flag should be banned.
The Causal Slippery Slope Argument
Authors: Walton Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The causal type of argumentation identified by so many logic textbooks with the slippery slope fallacy appears to be quite different from the sorites argument. Instead of proceeding by comparing pairs of closely similar (or indistinguishable) instances of a property, it proceeds by predicting a series of distinct events, each one of which, it is claimed, will cause the next one. But, in general outline, both are slippery slope arguments. In a pattern of use similar to the sorites argument, the causal version claims that an initial step or action will lead, through the sequence, to some dangerous or otherwise bad ultimate outcome. Both arguments are used to try to dissuade a respondent from taking the initial step.
Abilities, Concepts, and Externalism
Authors: Sosa Ernest 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Traditionally the mind and its contents are thought internal to the subject. Thoughts, feelings, and experiences are considered entirely disparate and independent from the concrete, contingent surroundings external to the subject. Such internalism is presupposed in the Cartesian meditations that founded modern philosophy. According to this view, one’s mind (with its contents) neither involves nor depends upon anything external. Consider the states constitutive of having a mind with certain contents, constitutive of one’s experiencing, feeling, and thinking in certain ways at a given time. According to internalism no such state is constituted essentially by anything external, and every such state depends simply on the intrinsic properties of the subject whose state it is, and is determined wholly by these.