bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
D
Authors: Campbell Robert Jean 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
D1 receptor See dopamine.
DA Dopamine.
Da Costa syndrome Effort syndrome; neurocirculatory asthenia; soldier ‘s heart. See asthenia, neurocirculatory.
dacrygelosis Obs. Condition characterized by spells of alternate weeping and laughing; seen most frequently in hebephrenic schizophrenia.
daemonic character The person who is his own worst enemy and throughout his life (unconsciously) brings ill fortune upon himself. See accident proneness; masochism.
daemonophobia A morbid fear of ghosts, spirits, devils, etc.
DAF Delayed auditory feedback (q.v.).
DAG Diacylglycerol (q.v.).
DAH Disordered action of the heart; the syndrome is known as neurocirculatory asthenia or effort syndrome.
Dale ‘s principle Dale ‘s law; based on the work of Sir Henry Dale in the early 1930s, the principle states that a neuron releases a single transmitter from all its terminals. The original version has undergone considerable revision. It is now known that more than one neurotransmitter (q.v.) can be released from a single neuron; most often, the combination involves a biogenic amine or amino acid neurotransmitter with a neuropeptide as cotransmitter. The cotransmitter exerts a long-term modulatory effect on adjacent cells. Although approximately 30 neurotransmitters were known by 1987, the fact that they work in combination indicates that any satisfactory description of neurotransmission must make allowance for the 435 combinations of these transmitters that might occur.
L
Authors: Campbell Robert Jean 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
LAAM l-α-acetylmethadol, a longer acting congener of methadone (72 hours as compared with 24 hours). See methadone; narcotic blockade.
labeled line code See code, labeled line.
labeled lines Anatomically and physiologically distinct neurons that are specifically associated with particular sensations. See code, labeled line.
labeling theory The sociologic hypothesis that deviance is determined by the reactions of others, in that defining a person as deviant automatically consigns him to a path of mental illness or criminality. Deviance thus is in the eye of the beholder, whose labeling of another as abnormal or delinquent constitutes a self-fulfilling prophecy. Also known as societal reaction theory.
labetolol A beta blocker (q.v.).
labile Characterized by free and usually uncontrolled expression of the emotions. See lability.
lability Volatility; instability. Emotional lability refers to emotions that are inordinately mobile and hence not under adequate control; seen most commonly in the organic brain syndromes and in the early stages of the schizophrenias.
labyrinthine A type of schizophrenic speech that wanders aimlessly, from one topic to another, without obvious connection between the various topics. Certain topics may be elaborated tangentially, and others appear to be an outgrowth of circumstantiality; the overall effect on the listener is to produce a massive, vague, hazy maze of words, made all the more remarkable by the fact that typically the patient is able to return to the initial topic of conversation and appears to think that his incomprehensible ramifications have been appropriately related to that topic.
M
Authors: Campbell Robert Jean 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
μ-receptor A heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein (G protein)–linked opiate receptor, the major opiate receptor for morphine like opiates, including heroin. Long-term opiate administration produces tolerance by decreasing μ-opiate receptor signaling in the noradrenergic LC (locus coeruleus). Opiates initially inhibit camp-dependent phosphorylation in the Na+ ion channel. With long-term opiate administration, the camp pathway is unregulated and the sodium channel becomes more fully phosphorylated, making LC neurons hyper excitable. Adaptations in the camp signal transduction pathway underlie the mechanisms of opiate tolerance and dependence, and up-regulation of these components plays an important role in the onset of the withdrawal syndrome.
Endogenous opioid binding to μ receptors is also one neural mediator of infant attachment behavior, which entails display of affiliative behaviors and establishment of a special bond with caregivers. Malfunctioning of the endogenous opioid system may be implicated in the social indifference displayed by autistic infants. See attachment.
U
Authors: Campbell Robert Jean 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
UAI Unprotected anal intercourse; in public health surveys of HIV-positive populations, MSM (q.v.) are typically asked to provide data on their use of insertive or receptive unprotected anal intercourse. In one study of YMSM (Y = young, between the ages of 17 and 28 years), nonhomeless YMSM reported remarkably high rates of lifetime exposure to a variety of drugs. Roughly 18, reported drug use in their last sexual encounter. Over 11, reported insertive UAI in their last sexual encounter, and nearly a third (31,) of these events involved the use of drugs.
Lyme Disease
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Lyme disease is a chronic infection by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, which is carried by mammals such as deer and deer mice and spread by very small deer ticks (Ixodes scapularis). The ticks bite an infected animal and pick up the spirochete with their blood meal. They then transfer the spirochete to people or animals they feed on, infecting them with Lyme disease.
Mixed Connective Tissue Disease
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Children with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) are ANA-positive like children with SLE, but typically have high titers of antibodies to RNP as well. The precise relationship of MCTD to SLE and the other rheumatic diseases remains unclear. Symptoms of MCTD may also be characteristic of dermatomyositis and scleroderma. Obviously, these diseases are somehow interrelated, but there is no clear explanation yet. Although MCTD was originally described as a subtype of SLE, it is probably more closely related to scleroderma and dermatomyositis.
Sjögren’s Syndrome
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The combination of dry eyes and dry mouth that is characteristic of Sjögren’s syndrome may be the result of inflammation of the glands that produce tears and saliva. Children with Sjögren’s syndrome are often sent to the rheumatologist by a dentist who has noted that they have unusually severe cavities or by an ophthalmologist who has noted that their complaints of eye discomfort are due to chronically dry eyes and poor tear production. Most of these children are ANA-positive, and the majority test positive for antibodies to Ro (see below). Other children with Sjögren’s syndrome are sent to the rheumatologist because of Raynaud’s syndrome and a positive ANA or rheumatoid factor.
Spondyloarthropathies E n thesitis-associated Arthritis
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Fifteen-year-old Samantha began to complain of hip pain after a skiing accident. When repeated evaluations of her injury were negative, she was told that the hip was “bruised.” Although she improved with physical therapy, her parents became concerned when she awoke a few months later with pain in the opposite hip. A family friend told them that the pain was a symptom of Lyme disease. However, visits to several doctors confirmed that all of the tests for Lyme disease were negative. Samantha began experiencing intermittent pain in both hips and occasional knee pain. When she went for long car rides, she could barely get out of the car. When she did, she walked like “a little old lady” for ten to fifteen minutes until she loosened up. She was diagnosed with fibromyalgia by an adult rheumatologist. On physical examination, she was found to be tender in several fingers. She nearly jumped off the table when I percussed her sacroiliac joints. She had pain in the tendon insertions around her knees and her ankles.
Kawasaki Disease
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Billy was a three-year-old boy who had always been in good health. Ten days before he was sent to my office, his mother noted that he appeared irritable. He had a low-grade fever, and the next day he was taken to the pediatrician to be checked for an ear infection. There was no otitis, but Billy was given antibiotic drops for his conjunctivitis. Over the next two days, Billy remained irritable. Although his eyes got better, his fever continued.
Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Sue Ellen was a sixteen-year-old who complained of fatigue and weakness. She was unable to go to school because she could not get out of bed in the morning and complained of hurting all over. Six months previously, she had developed a severe viral infection with fever, rash, and diffuse aches and pains. Although the fever and rash resolved within a week, she never regained her strength. She had been seen by several physicians and had been treated for Lyme disease—despite negative blood tests—with no response. A thorough physical examination and comprehensive laboratory testing found no abnormalities except for multiple trigger points. I explained to Sue Ellen and her family that we would all have to work together to help her get well. With the aid of her family, and friends, a program of steadily increasing activities and school attendance was devised. She often became discouraged because she tried to do too much and exhausted herself. It took several months for Sue Ellen to resume her normal activities. However, once she realized that she was the most important member of the team working to restore her health, she made steady progress to a full recovery.
Genetic Conditions
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Jennifer was a 13-year-old girl who puzzled her physician. Routine blood tests were normal, but she complained of feeling stiff all the time. She had frequent upper respiratory infections as a young child, and they continued as she got older. On exam, she was found to have limitation in her elbows without swelling. The pediatrician thought she might have juvenile arthritis (JA). The pediatrician had also noticed a heart murmur, and Jennifer was scheduled to be seen by a cardiologist, but she had gotten an appointment with me first. She was pleasant and normal in both appearance and intelligence. However, on complete examination, I noted that while she had slightly cloudy corneas, she had never complained to her family of visual difficulties. The heart murmur was evident, as was mild hepatosplenomegaly. X-rays of her arms revealed a curved radius with a tilted radial epiphysis, and the radiologist was uncertain what that meant. Putting the symptoms together, it was clear that Jennifer had Scheie syndrome, a milder variant of mucopolysac charidosis (MPS I) that was likely to cause progressive difficulties over time if not treated.
Understanding Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When I was a medical student first learning about diagnostic tests, I was present when a nervous mother asked the radiologist about the dangers of X-rays and whether it was really necessary to X-ray her child. The radiologist assured the mother that a single set of films would not cause problems, but she seemed only partially comforted. After she left, he smiled at me as I put the lead apron I had been wearing back on the rack with a questioning look. “That’s what people don’t understand,” he said. “We do this all day, every day, for years at a time. That much exposure can add up and cause problem. I’ve never seen a patient with any problem that resulted from routine radiographs, but I’ve seen plenty of problems that became serious because people waited to long to do the appropriate tests.”
Perception with Unstable Fixation
Authors: Abadi Richard V 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Fixation behavior has an enormous influence on perception. Too little image motion and the scene fades; too much, and blurring and oscillopsia are experienced. To keep within an optimal operating range, a number of feedback control systems counter drifts and suppress unwanted saccades. Vision, which is driven by both bottom-up and topdown processing, is an important component. Thus physiological microsaccades and saccadic intrusions are modulated by exogenous and endogenous attention, while early onset afferent defects often lead to strabismus and nystagmus. The visual consequences of such fixation failures depend on the onset time of the visual loss, the nature of any attendant afferent defect, and the retinal-image dynamics. This chapter describes psychophysical studies that examine the spatial (contrast sensitivity, visual acuity, vernier acuity, and stereopsis) and temporal (absolute and relative detection and discrimination motion thresholds) visual performance of individuals with idiopathic and nonidiopathic congenital nystagmus.
Studies of the Ability to Hold the Eye in Eccentric Gaze: Measurements in Normal Subjects with the Head Erect
Authors: Somers Jeffrey T , Reschke Millard F , Feiveson alan H , leigh R John , Wood scott J , Paloski, William H , Kornilova Ludmila 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
During natural activities, human subjects often direct their line of sight at an object of interest located off to one side and maintain the eyes at eccentric positions in the orbits while the object is watched. In order to program such “eccentric gaze-holding,” the brain must take into account the mechanical properties imposed by the orbital tissues. Specifically, a sustained contraction of the extraocular muscles is necessary to oppose the elastic forces that continually pull the eye back to the central position.1,2 To achieve this sustained muscle contraction, the ocular motoneurons must generate commands with an eye position component.
Expanding the Original Behavioral Infantile Nystagmus Syndrome Model to Jerk Waveforms and Gaze-angle Variations
Authors: Wang Zhong I , Dell’osso, louis F , Jacobs jonathan B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Our objective was to expand the behavioral ocular motor system (OMS) model for infantile nystagmus syndrome (INS) by (a) incorporating jerk and jerk with extended foveation waveforms using a unify-ing mechanism for both pendular and jerk wave-forms and (b) incorporating idiosyncratic variation of INS amplitude with gaze angles.
Using Wavelet Analysis to Evaluate Effects of Eye and Head Movements on Ocular Oscillations
Authors: liao Ke , hong simon , Zee david S , Optican, lance M , leigh R John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Oscillations are commonly encountered in biological signals. Studying the properties of oscillations often provides insights about their physiological mechanism, and may also aid understanding of the pathogenesis of abnormal oscillations. Important properties of the oscillations include amplitude, phase, and frequency, which are easily visualized with a power spectrum. If the oscillations are pure sinusoidal or combinations of a few sinusoidal waves, these properties are relatively easy to determine by using the traditional Fourier transformation. However, almost all biological signals (for example, from cardiac and skeletal muscle and from brain) have nonperiodic properties, and their frequency components vary with the time, which makes the traditional Fourier analysis impractical for analyzing the waveform’s properties. Short-term Fourier analysis can be used to analyze different frequency components at different times, but it cannot reach high resolution in both frequency and time domains.
Multifocal Electroretinographic Study of Patients with Oculocutaneous Albinism and Infantile Nystagmus Syndrome
Authors: bala Elisa , Jacobs, jonathan B , Peachey neal S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Spatial vision is degraded by nystagmus due to the instability of visual targets on the retina. Strategies to decrease nystagmus could, therefore, improve spatial vision, provided that the individual possesses a normal retinal architecture. This may not be the case, however, in all patients with nystagmus, particularly albinos in whom the fovea is abnormal.1,2 As a result, it would be useful to obtain an objective determination of the retinal architecture prior to initiating any treatment, particularly treatment that involves surgery. There are a number of approaches by which this information could be obtained. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) allows the thickness of the retinal layers to be noninvasively assessed, and has been used to document foveal hypoplasia in albinos.3,4 While the presence of a normal foveal cup would indicate a better chance of improved acuity following treatment to reduce nystagmus, accurate OCT measurements require steady fixation, and significant nystagmus may obviate the ability of OCT to collect accurate measurements.
In Search of Jefferson‘s Moose
Authors: Post David G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1787, Thomas Jefferson, then the American Minister to France, had the "complete skeleton, skin horns" of an American moose shipped to him in Paris and mounted in the lobby of his residence as a symbol of the vast possibilities contained in the strange and largely unexplored New World. Taking a cue from Jefferson's efforts, David Post, one of the nation's leading Internet scholars, here presents a pithy, colorful exploration of the still mostly undiscovered territory of cyberspace--what it is, how it works, and how it should be governed. What law should the Internet have, and who should make it? What are we to do, and how are we to think, about online filesharing and copyright law, about Internet pornography and free speech, about controlling spam, and online gambling, and cyberterrorism, and the use of anonymous remailers, or the practice of telemedicine, or the online collection and dissemination of personal information? How can they be controlled? Should they be controlled? And by whom? Post presents the Jeffersonian ideal--small self-governing units, loosely linked together as peers in groups of larger and larger size--as a model for the Internet and for cyberspace community self-governance. Deftly drawing on Jefferson's writings on the New World in Notes on the State of Virginia, Post draws out the many similarities (and differences) between the two terrains, vividly describing how the Internet actually functions from a technological, legal, and social perspective as he uniquely applies Jefferson's views on natural history, law, and governance in the New World to illuminate the complexities of cyberspace. In Search of Jefferson's Moose is a lively, accessible, and remarkably original overview of the Internet and what it holds for the future.
Language II
Authors: Post David G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of the Enlightenment ‘s Big Ideas was that languages evolve, changing over time in systematic ways. Though the idea was not original to him, Jefferson probably understood and appreciated it as well, or better, than anyone then alive. It was pretty radical stuff , for the late eighteenth century; it meant that the biblical story of the Tower of Babel, with its simultaneous creation of all human languages in a single cataclysmic moment, was not to be taken literally. It meant that Anglo-Saxon, and Chaucerian English, and the English of Shakespeare, Samuel Johnson, and Thomas Jeff erson were all connected to one another through an unbroken chain of intermediates, the many shades of mutation by which the language has tapered down to its modern form.
Governing Cyberspace III Law
Authors: Post David G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Code may be law in cyberspace, but law—ordinary law, the rules contained in the statutes and ordinances and municipal regulations and constitutions and court decisions and all the rest—is also law in cyberspace. It, too, constrains—at the very top of the protocol stack, as it were—what you may or may not do on the inter-network.
Germany: German Tax Implications on E-Commerce Activities
Authors: Sinewe Patrick 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
E-Commerce—that is, commerce transacted by means of electronic networked communication systems—has recorded enormous rates of growth throughout the world and, in particular, within Germany. According to the statement of the Federal Association of Mail Order Membership Corporation (BIundesverband Versandhandel e.V.), the mail order business alone handled E6.1 billion e-commerce orders of goods and services over the Internet in Germany in 2005.
Greece: Electronic Transactions and the Boundaries of National Tax Legislation
Authors: Skouzos Theodoros 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Whilst the Internet and other electronic tools facilitate the efficient allocation of global resources, taxing Internet use struggles to retain national character and is an obstacle to the development of e-commerce. E-Commerce increasingly involves the international sharing of tax revenues. According to this argument, failure of the applicable international and local laws to tackle the increased role of e-commerce in global business will result in revenue losses for some countries and revenue increases for others, but also, potentially, to double taxation of the same revenues. The result will vary not only according to the way in which the issue is handled by internationally applicable rules but also more importantly by local laws, to the extent that taxation retains its national character. The increased role of electronic transactions facilitates tax competition between states. On the other hand, the power of a state to impose tax is now challenged by the fact that the traditional rules defining the country to which one is subject to tax, such as the notion of permanent establishment, were not originally designed to accommodate e-businesses.
Introduction
Authors: Lubet Steven 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Ayoung lawyer moved from the Indian Territories (now Oklahoma) to Texas, in the early spring of 1888. Eager to get started, he rented a small office and put his shingle on the door, but he still had to be admitted to practice. There were few law schools in those days, and there was no formal bar exam. Instead, each aspiring lawyer, whether a youngster or a newcomer, had to appear for a personal interview before the Texas Supreme Court.
Our young man made his way to Austin, apprehensive but ready for what he expected to be a rigorous examination by the notoriously hard-nosed justices. Surprisingly, however, they asked him only four questions: Had he studied Blackstone? Did he read the Bible? Did he know his Shakespeare? And could he play poker?
The first three questions were easy to understand. Black-stone’s Commentaries was the basic reference book for lawyers everywhere; and on the frontier it was often just about the only source available.
Spades Digging for Information
Authors: Lubet Steven 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Knowledge is power in almost every setting where power makes a difference, but seldom more than in poker and law. In both pursuits, there is a premium on reliable information, as adversaries are constantly trying to spot each other’s weaknesses and outwit their opponents.
In the film Legally Blonde, Reese Witherspoon plays a California sorority girl named Elle Woods who is trying to reinvent herself as a Harvard law student. She turns out to be smarter than anyone suspected and is asked to assist one of her professors in defending a young woman charged with murdering her very wealthy 60-year-old husband. As proof of motive, the prosecution calls the couple’s hunky pool boy, who testifies that he was having an affair with the attractive defendant. He seems to be lying, but how to prove it?
During a recess, Elle finds herself standing in line for the water fountain, as the prosecution witness takes his sweet time drinking. Frustrated by his rudeness, she taps her foot impatiently.