bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biopartitioning micellar chromatography to predict skin permeability
Authors: Martínez‐Pla J. J. , Martín‐Biosca Y. , Sagrado S. , Villanueva‐Camañas R. M. , Medina‐Hernández M. J. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractDermal absorption of chemicals is an area of increasing interest to the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, as well as in dermal exposure and risk assessment processes. In this paper the capability of biopartitioning micellar chromatography (BMC) as an in vitro technique to describe compound percutaneous absorption is evaluated. A multivariate study (principal component analysis, partial least squares) is performed in order to evaluate the importance of some physicochemical variables on the skin permeability constant values. From these results, a quantitative retention–activity relationship model for predicting the skin permeability constants that uses the BMC retention data and melting point as descriptor variables was obtained from a heterogeneous set of 43 compounds. The main advantage of the proposed methodology is that it allows the obtention of permeability constants of ionic compound and it can be very useful to predict the effect of pH of vehicle on the skin permeability of xenobiotics. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Branched Oligo‐ and Polysaccharides as Potential Substrates for Starch Active Enzymes
Authors: Greffe Lionel , Jensen Morten T. , Bosso Claude , Svensson Birte , Driguez Hugues 
Published: December 2003

AbstractOligo‐ and polysaccharides embodying the α‐maltotriosyl‐6II‐maltotetraosyl structure were readily synthesized by transglycosylation of maltosyl fluoride onto panose and pullulan catalysed by the bacterial transglycosylase cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase). The two products obtained proved useful for increasing the knowledge of substrate binding and processing at the active site of barley limit dextrinase that is involved in the metabolism of amylopectin by acting upon its branch points.
Engineering Solutions for Limiting the Increase of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Arlt W. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe article describes possible engineering solutions that can reduce the carbon dioxide (CO2) content of the air. To demonstrate the point fossil fuel power plants will be taken as a model for the source of CO2. The global mass balance shows that the oceans play a major role in storing CO2. The hypothesis presented states that the real problem is not the absolute CO2 content, rather its change. Consequently, present emissions should be stored for future release. Under the current worldwide measures to reduce power consumption CO2 emissions are unlikely to decrease. A number of strategies for the maritime sequestration of CO2 are reported in the contribution. One proposal for sequestration is the use of shallow waters which form a thermohaline current: the dissolved gas will travel for hundreds of years in deep sea currents. In the latter case, CO2 injection is easily achieved. Several scenarios are considered for the fate of this CO2‐enriched current. The environmental impact is briefly reported. The article will describe current research requirements, demonstrating that similar research in the US and Japan is presently more advanced in comparison to that in Europe.The sequestration of carbon dioxide on land will be the subject of a second publication. It is obvious that the sequestration of CO2 is the method after all rational chances to save energy.
Actin‐binding proteins required for reliable chromosome segregation in mitosis
Authors: Gerisch Günther , Faix Jan , Köhler Jana , Müller‐Taubenberger Annette 
Published: December 2003

AbstractWhile studying mitosis in Dictyostelium mutants with deficiencies in actin‐binding proteins, we found that two of these proteins, cortexillin and Aip1, are required for the precise segregation of chromosomes. Atypical spindles and nuclei with varying DNA content indicate that mutants lacking cortexillin or Aip1 are genetically unstable. These aberrations are caused by the detachment and irregular reattachment of centrosomes to the nuclear surface. Live imaging showed how coalescing mitotic complexes give rise to a multipolar spindle, and how excess centrosomes can be eliminated by mitotic cleavage between anucleate and nucleated portions of a cell. We hypothesize that mutations in regulatory proteins of the actin network might be one cause of genetic instability of malignant tumor cells. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 57:18–25, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of an amacrine cell type of the mammalian retina immunoreactive for vesicular glutamate transporter 3
Authors: Haverkamp Silke , Wässle Heinz 
Published: December 2003

AbstractImmunocytochemical staining of vertical sections through rat, mouse, and macaque monkey retinae with antibodies against the vesicular glutamate transporter vesicular glutamate transporter 3 (vGluT3) showed a sparse population of amacrine cells. The labeled cells had similar appearances in the three species and probably represent homologous types. They were studied in detail in the rat retina. The thin varicose dendrites of vGluT3 amacrine cells formed a convoluted dendritic tree of approximately 100 μm in diameter that was bistratified in the center of the inner plexiform layer. The dendrites of vGluT3 cells were squeezed between the two strata of cholinergic dendrites. The density of vGluT3 cells was measured in retinal wholemounts and increased from 200/mm2 in peripheral retina to 400/mm2 in central retina, accounting for about 1% of all amacrine cells in the rat retina. The vGluT3 cells had a two‐ to threefold dendritic overlap, and their cell bodies formed a regular mosaic, suggesting they represent a single type of amacrine cell. The vGluT3 amacrine cells expressed glycine and glycine transporter 1 (GlyT1) but not the vesicular glycine transporter (vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter). They also expressed glutamate; hence, there is the possibility that, comparable to cholinergic amacrine cells, they are “dual transmitter” amacrine cells. The synaptic input of vGluT3 cells was studied by electron microscopy. They received input from bipolar cells at ribbon synapses and from other amacrine cells at conventional synapses. The types of bipolar cells possibly involved with vGluT3 cells were demonstrated by double labeling sections for vGluT3 and the calcium‐binding protein CaB5. The axon terminals of type 3 and 5 bipolar cells costratified with vGluT3 dendrites, and it is possible that vGluT3 cells have ON and OFF light responses. J. Comp. Neurol. 468:251–263, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multiple spot diffusing geometries for indoor optical wireless communication systems
Authors: Al‐Ghamdi A. G. , Elmirghani J. M. H. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractIn order to improve the performance of indoor optical wireless communication links, two multispot diffusing geometries based on diamond and line strip spot distribution geometries are proposed, analysed and compared to the known uniform spot distribution. Such geometries combine the advantages of the diffuse and the line‐of‐sight systems, giving great robustness and ease of use. The novel line strip multibeam transmitter geometry has resulted in a receiver signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) improvement of about 4 dB compared to the conventional diffuse system as well as a significant reduction in the pulse spread. Simulation and comparison results for both the conventional diffuse system and the three multispot diffusing geometries are presented. Further, pulse responses, SNR, and delay spread results at various locations are presented. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intranuclear inclusions in a case of pigmented villonodular synovitis of the ankle
Authors: Gangane Nitin , Anshu  , Shivkumar V.B. , Sharma S.M. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractPigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) is a proliferative disorder of the synovial lining of the joints. Although the cytological findings of this disorder have been described in the literature, there is no mention of intranuclear cytoplasmic inclusions in this entity. A 65‐yr‐old woman presented with a painful swelling on the ankle. In addition to other characteristic findings of PVNS, we found the presence of intranuclear cytoplasmic inclusions in the fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) smears. The characteristic cytological findings of abundant mononuclear cells occurring singly and in papillary clusters, multinucleated giant cells, and hemosiderin deposition should aid in the diagnosis of PVNS and in its differentiation from melanoma and other soft tissue sarcomas, even in the presence of uncommon features such as intranuclear inclusions. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2003;29:349–351. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Early recognition of newborn goat kids by their mother: II. Auditory recognition and evidence of an individual acoustic signature in the neonate
Authors: Terrazas Angelica , Serafin Norma , Hernández Horacio , Nowak Raymond , Poindron Pascal 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe vocal recognition of newborn kids by their mother at 2 days postpartum and the possible existence of interindividual differences in the voice structure of newborn kids were investigated in two separate studies. The ability of goats to discriminate between the bleats of their own versus an alien kid was tested at 2 days postpartum in mothers being prevented access to visual and olfactory cues from the young. Goats spent significantly more time on the side of the enclosure from which their own kid was bleating, looked in its direction for longer, and responded more frequently to the bleats of their own than to those of the alien kid (p < 0.05). In the second study, the sonograms of 13 kids, studied from Days 1 to 5, showed significant interindividual differences for the five variables taken into account and on each of the 5 days (duration of bleat, fundamental frequency, peak frequency, and numbers of segments and of harmonics). The potential for individual coding ranged between 1.1 and 4.1, indicating that for some variables variations between individuals were greater than intraindividual variations. Furthermore, when considering the five parameters together, the discriminating scores showed an average of 95% in the 78 combinations of any 2 kids for any given day. Finally, some significant intraindividual differences also were found between days, suggesting ontogenic changes in the characteristics of the kid's voice in early life. Therefore, mother goats are likely to recognize the vocalizations of their 48‐hr‐old kids, as they show sufficient interindividual variability to allow the existence of individual vocal signatures, even though some of the characteristics of the bleats change rapidly over time. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 43: 311–320, 2003.
Long‐term effects of prenatal morphine exposure on maternal behaviors differ from the effects of direct chronic morphine treatment
Authors: S̆lamberová Romana , Bar Noffar , Vathy Ilona 
Published: December 2003

AbstractPrevious studies have demonstrated that chronic morphine treatment of pregnant rats alters maternal behavior. Other studies have shown long‐term effects of prenatal exposure to morphine, including changes in reproductive behavior in adult females. The present study investigated the effects of prenatal morphine exposure on a variety of maternal behaviors such as nursing, maternal activities, nonmaternal activities, and pup retrieval. Prenatal morphine exposure increased active and decreased passive nursing. There were no differences in maternal activities such as presence in the nest, contact with pups, grooming of pups, and/or manipulation of nest shavings. In the retrieval test, prenatally morphine‐exposed mothers were faster in carrying the first pup, retrieving the first pup back to the nest, and returning all pups to the nest than prenatally saline‐exposed mothers. Maternal and nonmaternal activities also were affected by the light:dark cycle. All saline‐ and morphine‐exposed mothers nursed more, were more often in the nest, and more often in contact with greater than half of their litter during the light than the dark sessions. On the other hand, nonmaternal activities increased during the dark sessions: Mothers cared for themselves (groomed, ate) more and displayed more rearing and sniffing. Mothers spent more time resting with their eyes closed during the light sessions regardless of prenatal drug exposure. The present study demonstrated that the effect of morphine on maternal behavior is different in adult exposed and prenatally exposed mothers. While direct morphine treatment impaired maternal behaviors, prenatal morphine exposure has the opposite effect. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 43: 281–289, 2003.
Reduced cumulative incidence of diabetes but not insulitis following administration of chimeric human IL‐15–murine IgG2b in NOD mice
Authors: Signore A. , Annovazzi A. , Giacalone P. , Beales P. E. , Valorani M. G. , Vestri A. R. , Ruberti G. , Manfrini S. , Pozzilli P. , Bulfone‐Paus S. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractBackgroundIt has been recently demonstrated that apoptosis is involved in beta‐cell destruction in the NOD mouse model of diabetes. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether IL‐15, a cytokine involved in the modulation of the apoptotic process, is capable of modifying the natural history of diabetes and/or insulitis in pre‐diabetic NOD mice. The rationale for the use of IL‐15‐IgG2b recombinant cytokine is related to its long half‐life (28 ± 4 h).MethodsAt 10 weeks of age, 2 groups of 24 female mice were treated with single or multiple i.p. doses of IL‐15‐IgG2b respectively. As control, 2 groups of 24 age‐ and litter‐matched female mice were injected intra‐peritoneally with single or multiple doses of IgG2b immunoglobulin.ResultsDiabetes incidence at 33 weeks of age was lower in the group of mice treated with multiple doses than in the control group (p = 0.03). The cumulative incidence of diabetes at 33 weeks of age between single‐dose treated mice and the control group was similar. No significant differences in the calculated index of insulitis were observed in all treated and control mice.ConclusionsWe conclude that IL‐15‐IgG2b reduces the cumulative incidence of diabetes, without affecting the extent and severity of the insulitis process. Considering this and the well‐defined anti‐apoptotic effects of IL‐15, we suggest that the reduction of diabetes incidence could be due to a down‐regulation of beta‐cell apoptosis. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vascular endothelial growth factor and diabetic retinopathy: pathophysiological mechanisms and treatment perspectives
Authors: Caldwell Ruth B. , Bartoli Manuela , Behzadian M. Ali , El‐Remessy Azza E. B. , Al‐Shabrawey Mohamed , Platt Daniel H. , Caldwell R. William 
Published: December 2003

AbstractRetinal neovascularization and macular edema are central features of diabetic retinopathy, the major cause of blindness in the developed world. Current treatments are limited in their efficacy and are associated with significant adverse effects. Characterization of the molecular and cellular processes involved in vascular growth and permeability has led to the recognition that the angiogenic growth factor and vascular permeability factor vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a pivotal role in the retinal microvascular complications of diabetes. Therefore, VEGF represents an exciting target for therapeutic intervention in diabetic retinopathy. This review highlights the current understanding of the mechanisms that regulate VEGF gene expression and mediate its biological effects and how these processes may become altered during diabetes. The cellular and molecular alterations that characterize experimental models of diabetes are considered in relation to the influence of high glucose‐mediated oxidative stress on VEGF expression and on the mechanisms of VEGF's actions under hyperglycemic induction. Finally, potential therapeutic strategies for preventing VEGF overexpression or blocking its pathological effects in the diabetic retina are considered. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alternative promoters and polyadenylation regulate tissue‐specific expression of Hemogen isoforms during hematopoiesis and spermatogenesis
Authors: Yang Li V. , Heng Henry H. , Wan Junmei , Southwood Cherie M. , Gow Alexander , Li Li 
Published: December 2003

AbstractHemogen is a nuclear protein encoded by HEMGN (also known as hemogen in mouse, EDAG in human and RP59 in rat). It is considered to be a hematopoiesis‐specific gene that is expressed during the ontogeny of hematopoiesis. Herein, we characterize two distinct splicing variants of HEMGN mRNA with restricted expression to hematopoietic cells and to round spermatids in the testis, respectively. Expression of the testis‐specific HEMGN mRNA (HEMGN‐t) is developmentally regulated and is concurrent with the first wave of meiosis in prepuberal mice. Sequence analysis reveals that HEMGN‐t and the hematopoietic HEMGN mRNA (HEMGN‐h) share a common coding sequence with distinct 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions and that these two isoforms are transcribed from the same gene locus, HEMGN, through the use of alternative promoters and polyadenylation sites. Thus, HEMGN expression exemplifies a developmental regulatory mechanism by which the diversification of gene expression is achieved through using distinct regulatory sequences in different cell types. Moreover, the existence of a testis‐specific isoform of HEMGN suggests a role in spermatogenesis. Finally, fluorescence in situ hybridization demonstrates that HEMGN is localized to chromosome 4 A5‐B2 in mouse and to chromosome 9q22 in human, which is a region known to harbor a cluster of leukemia breakpoints. Developmental Dynamics 228:606–616, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
DNA sequence motifs conserved in endocrine promoters are essential for Pax4 expression
Authors: Brink Christopher , Gruss Peter 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe paired box transcription factor Pax4 is required for maturation of insulin‐producing β‐ and somatostatin secreting δ‐cells in the murine pancreas. It starts to be expressed in pancreatic precursors and later is restricted to β‐ and δ‐cells to finally be switched off after birth. A 0.9‐kb genomic DNA fragment has been shown to mediate the Pax4 expression pattern. Transcription factors Pdx1 and NeuroD bind to this fragment at A2‐ and E1‐sequence motifs. In this study, we downscale the size of this fragment to 409 bp. Another genomic fragment of 254 bp is still able to mediate the specificity, but not the strength of Pax4 expression. Deletion of the A2 and E1 elements results in loss or weakening of reporter gene expression. Because A2 and E1 elements are conserved in numerous pancreatic promoters, they might play a general role in regulating endocrine gene expression. Developmental Dynamics 228:617–622, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of connexin48.5, connexin44.1, and connexin43 during zebrafish (Danio rerio) lens development
Authors: Cheng Shaohong , Christie Tara , Valdimarsson Gunnar 
Published: December 2003

AbstractConnexins (Cx), the protein units of gap junctions, play important roles in lens development and homeostasis. Here, we report the mRNA expression patterns of zebrafish Cx48.5, Cx44.1, Cx43 during lens development. The expression of all three connexins in the adult lens was first confirmed by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction. By whole‐mount in situ hybridization, we detected Cx48.5 expression throughout the lens, except the lateral lens epithelium, at 36 hours postfertilization (hpf). The pattern remained the same at 2 days postfertilization (dpf). By 3 and 4 dpf, Cx48.5 expression was restricted to the differentiating lens fibers in the equatorial and medial regions. Cx44.1 was expressed in a similar manner as Cx48.5 from 36 hpf to 4 dpf. However, Cx44.1 expression was also detected in the lens at 24 hpf. Cx43 expression was detected throughout the lens at 24 and 36 hpf but became restricted to the lateral epithelium at later stages. Developmental Dynamics 228:709–715, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Asymmetry in Bridged Binuclear Metalloenzymes: Lessons for the Chemist
Authors: Belle Catherine , Pierre Jean‐Louis 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThis microreview describes the structures, properties and mechanisms of three selected bimetallic enzymes: Cu‐Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD), purple acid phosphatases (PAPs) and catechol oxidases (COs). The relevance of the unsymmetrical structures in the binucleating environment to the reaction mechanism and the respective roles of each metal center of these enzymes are discussed. Relevant model compounds are also considered. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Novel Hybrid Porous 3D Networks of Lead(II) Diphosphonate and Triphosphonate Containing 1,3,5‐Benzenetricarboxylate
Authors: Song Jun‐Ling , Mao Jiang‐Gao , Sun Yan‐Qiong , Clearfield Abraham 
Published: December 2003

AbstractHydrothermal reactions of lead(II) acetate with 1,3,5‐benzenetricarboxylic acid (H3BTC) and a new aminodiphosphonic acid, [3‐pyridyl‐CH2N(CH2PO3H2)2] (H4L1), or a new aminotriphosphonic acid, [1‐{(H2O3PCH2)2NCH2CH2‐}‐piperazine‐4‐CH2PO3H2] (H6L2), afforded two novel porous carboxylate−phosphonate hybrids, [Pb4(BTC)(HBTC)(HL1)]·3H2O (1) and [Pb6(BTC)2(HBTC)(H2L2)]·4.5H2O (2). The structure of 1 is built from a 3D porous network of lead(II) tricarboxylate and 1D double chains of lead(II) aminodiphosphonate. The structure of 2 contains <002> lead(II) carboxylate−phosphonate hybrid layers, which are cross‐linked by 1D double chains of lead(II) phosphonate through the organic groups of both types of ligands, resulting in the formation of a complex 3D porous network. The lattice water molecules in both compounds are located at the micropores of the structures. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Preparation of Optically Active α‐Amino[3]ferrocenophanes − Building Blocks for Chelate Ligands in Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Liptau Patrick , Tebben Ludger , Kehr Gerald , Wibbeling Birgit , Fröhlich Roland , Erker Gerhard 
Published: December 2003

AbstractTreatment of 1,1′‐diacetylferrocene (4) with dimethylamine and TiCl4 yielded the unsaturated dimethylamino‐substituted [3]ferrocenophane product 5. Its catalytic hydrogenation gave the corresponding saturated [3]ferrocenophane system 6 (trans/cis ≈︁ 7:1). The rac‐[3]ferrocenophane amine 6 was partially resolved (to ca. 80% ee) by means of L‐ or D‐O,O′‐dibenzoyltartrate salt formation. Treatment of 4 with the pure (R)‐ or (S)‐methyl(1‐phenylethyl)amine (8)/TiCl4 gave the corresponding optically active unsaturated [3]ferrocenophane amines (R)‐(+)‐9 and (S)‐(−)‐9, respectively. Their catalytic hydrogenation again proceeded trans‐selectively, giving the corresponding saturated diastereomeric [3]ferrocenophane amines (1R,3R,5R)‐10a and (1S,3S,5R)‐10b [starting from (R)‐9], their enantiomers ent‐10a and ent‐10b were obtained from (S)‐9, but with a poor asymmetric induction (10a/10b < 2:1). Quaternization of 6 (CH3I) followed by amine exchange using (R)‐ or (S)‐methyl(1‐phenylethyl)amine (8), respectively, proceeded with overall retention. Subsequent chromatographic separation gave the pure diastereoisomers (1R,3R,5R)‐10a and (1S,3S,5R)‐10b [from (R)‐8, ent‐10a and ent‐10b from (S)‐8] in > 60% yield. Subsequently, the benzylic (1‐phenylethyl) auxiliary was removed from the nitrogen atom by catalytic hydrogenolysis to yield the enantiomerically pure (> 98%) ([3]ferrocenophanyl)methylamines (1R,3R)‐11 and (1S,3S)‐11, respectively, which were converted into the corresponding dimethylamino‐substituted [3]ferrocenophanes (1R,3R)‐6 and (1S,3S)‐6. Each enantiomer from the following enantiomeric pairs was isolated in its pure form and characterized by X‐ray diffraction: (R)‐9/(S)‐9; (1R,3R,5R)‐10a/(1S,3S,5S)‐10a; (1R,3R,5S)‐10b/(1S,3S,5R)‐10b; (1R,3R)‐11/(1S,3S)‐11. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)