bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drug-related Emergencies
Authors: McDermott Ultan , Pestalozzi, Bernard , JÖrger Markus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although cytotoxic agents that selectively target cancer cells are being developed, the majority of drugs in use tend to indiscriminately affect both cancer and normal cells. It is this that accounts for the different toxicities seen with the use of these agents. While many of the side effects are of short duration and cause no long-term morbidity, occasionally they can be so severe as to merit urgent action. It is these side effects that are the focus of this chapter. The chapter is divided into the different body systems affected and the management of drug-related toxicities specific to them.
Biomineral-inspired materials chemistry
Authors: Mann Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of biomineralization offers valuable insights into the scope of materials chemistry at the inorganic-organic interface. We have described how biominerals are highly controlled in structure, composition, shape and organization, and these properties are directly related to many areas of materials chemistry such as
inorganic-organic composites, nanomaterials, functional materials and interfaces, oriented crystals, materials with complex morphologies, organized assemblies, hierarchical materials.
Early symptoms
Authors: Matthews Bryan , Rice-Oxley Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before describing the common modes of onset I must refer to a matter of great importance that caused me to have serious doubts on the wisdom of writing a book explaining MS to the general public. Following every surge of publicity I have been asked to see a number of people, usually young women, who are convinced that they have MS. This is because certain of the early symptoms of the disease that they may have heard described on radio or television, or read about in magazines, have a superficial resemblance to banal, everyday experiences. To lie on an arm or to sit awkwardly with legs crossed at the knee for too long causes temporary numbness, pins and needles, and even weak, ness, as everyone is aware. Many people do not have perfect balance between the movements of the two eyes so that, particularly when tired, vision may become blurred or double for a moment as the eyes drift apart, clearing at once on blinking or rubbing the eyes. Normally, these and other fleeting ‘symptoms’ are forgotten or rightly ignored as of no importance.
Possible causes of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Matthews Bryan , Rice-Oxley Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite many years of intense and accelerating research, the cause of MS remains unknown. Before considering some of the many theories that have been advanced and those currently under investigation it is important to understand what is meant by ‘cause’ in medicine. Often, there is no problem-the influenza virus causes an attack of influenza, although why you rather than your neighbour should catch it may not be so simple. In many dis, eases, however, causation must be regarded as a chain that may be followed link by link, but seldom for very far. For example, a coronary thrombosis or a stroke is usually due to narrowing the arteries by fatty deposits or high blood pressure but the causes of these, where known at all, are what it is now fashionable to call multifactorial.
Multigrid Techniques for Unstructured Mesh Methods in CFD
Authors: Mavriplis D J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The use of unstructured grids for computational fluid dynamics problems has experienced tremendous growth over the last decade. Most of the success of these methods has been related to the solution of inviscid flows for aerodynamic configurations. The extension of these methods to solve the full Navier-Stokes equations, in order to better represent the flow physics, is an area of great current interest.
Discontinuous Finite Element High Order Accurate Numerical Solution of the Compressible Navier-Stokes Equations
Authors: Bassi F , Rebay S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This work deals with an high order discontinuous Galerkin method for the numerical solution of the equations governing compressible viscous flows. We extend a method which has been successfully used to solve the Euler equations on unstructured grids by the authors ([2], [3]) to the case of the compressible Navier-Stokes equations. The method is based on a discontinuous finite element space discretization originally considered by Lesaint and Raviart [7] and more recently refined by Cockburn et al. [4],[5], for the solution of nonlinear systems of conservation laws. As in classical finite element methods, accuracy is obtained by means of high-order polynomial approximation within an element rather than by wide stencils as in the case of finite volume schemes. As a consequence, there is no need for the interpolation procedures used in finite volume methods, which, especially for unstructured grids, are not at all a trivial task (see, for example, Barth [1], Harten and Chakravarthy [6]). The physics of wave propagation is correctly accounted for by solving the (approximate) Riemann problems that arise from the discontinuous representation of the solution at element interfaces. In this respect the method is therefore similar to a finite volume scheme.
Malingering, shirking, and self-inflicted injuries in the military
Authors: Palmer Ian P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Soldiers of all nations have indulged in malingering and shirking to avoid duty since time immemorial; indeed the term originates with the military. Malingering is the simulation of injury or illness and may be understood as a way soldiers and sailors attempt to ‘control’ their environment; the results may be positive or negative. Avoidance of military duty is viewed seriously within British Military Forces given its potential to undermine group cohesion, discipline, morale, military culture, and ethos. Malingering therefore remains a concept extant within the minds of military commanders even today. It may be wittingly or unwittingly aided by gullible doctors; more importantly, however, it may reflect poor leadership, group dysfunction, learning difficulties, mental illness, or personality vulnerabilities or disorder. The greatest care is therefore required before the possibility of malingering is contemplated and all cases must be examined on their individual merits with an open mind.
Conceptual issues and explanatory models of malingering
Authors: Rogers Richard , Neumann Craig S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an important overview outlining conceptual issues and explanatory models central to our understanding of malingering and deception. Terminological and classificatory limitations are delineated with cautions against the use of unvalidated or controversial descriptors. Diagnostic distinctions between factitious disorders and malingering are examined critically. From a clinical perspective, the chapter considers how professional assumptions and misassumptions may affect the accurate assessment of response style. An important contribution of the chapter is a re-analysis of extensive data on explanatory models of malingering. This re-analysis reveals a previously observed limitation in the pathogenic model. In addition, it confirms the importance of the adaptational model and a refined criminological model in explaining why persons are likely to malinger mental disorders. Clinical research and practice have devoted extensive efforts to the classification of malingering but have largely avoided its conceptual underpinnings. This chapter selectively addresses conceptual issues relevant to our understanding of malingering and related response styles. In addition, it provides a framework for examining explanatory models that grapple with the primary motivations for feigning. To assist in our understanding of explanatory models, prototypical data from 221 forensic experts (Rogers et al. 1998) are re-examined via confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).
Deceptive responses and detecting deceit
Authors: Vrij Aldert , Mann Samantha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses (i) the relationship between deception, non-verbal behaviour, and speech content; and (ii) people’s ability to detect deceit. Although there is not a clear giveaway cue such as Pinocchio’s growing nose, some non-verbal and verbal cues are, to some extent, related to deception. We will discuss these cues and reasons why they differentiate between liars and truth tellers. Research has demonstrated that people, including professional lie catchers such as police officers, are generally not good at detecting deceit. We discuss explanations for this poor ability as well as guidelines which might help those who want to improve at this task.
Monogenic causes of ischaemic stroke
Authors: Dichgans Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on monogenic causes of ischaemic stroke. Within recent years most of the major gene loci have been mapped. Many of the genes have been cloned thus allowing a direct diagnosis in the index patient and its relatives. Moreover, cloning of the genes has provided new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying these disorders. Thus, for example, the identification of the genes implicated in CADASIL and hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia revealed cell signalling pathways involved into angiogenesis.
Multiple regression and calibration
Authors: Brown Philip J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapter looked at the relationship between two variables: the response Y and the explanatory variable x, and with n observations developed model fitting by least-squares. With a response and explanatory variable pair, it emphasized both the prediction of the future Y, denoted Z, for given x; and estimation and confidence intervals for unknown x, denoted , for given Z. In this chapter these ideas are extended to models where more than one variable is available to explain Y. This chapter concentrates on least-squares methods whereas the following chapter looks at less-standard shrinkage methods. These are capable of dealing sensibly with both non-singular and singular specifications of the linear model.
Optimum Experimental Designs
Authors: Atkinson A C , Doney A N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A well-designed experiment is an efficient method of learning about the world. Because experiments in the field and in the laboratory cannot avoid random error, statistical methods are essential for their efficient design and analysis. In this book, the fundamentals of optimum experimental design theory are presented. In the first part of the part of the book, the advantages of a statistical approach to the design of experiments are discussed, and the ideas of models, least squares fitting, and optimum experimental designs are introduced. The second part presents a more detailed discussion of the general theory of optimum design and an evaluation of various criteria that may be appropriate for designing experiments. Specific experiments are detailed and algorithms for the construction of designs are given. Each chapter is a self-contained topic, illustrated with examples drawn from science and engineering. Little previous statistical knowledge is assumed, and the derivation of mathematical results has been avoided. This book should be of interest to everyone concerned with designing efficient experiments in the laboratory or in the industry.
Canonical Discriminant Analysis: Comparison of Resampling Methods. and Convex-hull Approximation
Authors: Weihs C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In order to characterize the predictive power of multivariate data-analytic methods like Principal Components Regression, Partial Least Squares analysis and Canonical Discriminant Analysis, it is customary to use resampling methods like the jackknife or the bootstrap (see e.g. Krzanowski and Radley, 1989; Weihs and Schmidli, 1991). Predictive distributions are es pecially valuable in model determination, i.e. in the examination of model adequacy and in model selection. Also in this field, a cross-validation view point has been advocated by Gelfand et al (1991).
The Structure and Dynamics of Geographic Ranges
Authors: Gaston Kevin J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No species occurs everywhere. Indeed, the majority are absent from most places, and where they do occur they are usually quite rare. Gaston discusses the structure of these distributions - the structure of the geographic ranges of species. Gaston is particularly concerned with the factors that determine the limits to a species’ geographic range, how the sizes of those ranges vary, and patterns in that variation. Also considered are the distribution of individuals amongst those sites where a species does occur and what determines that distribution, and some of the practical implications of all these. Both in a pure and applied context, ecologists need a broader perspective on their subject matter than has historically prevailed. This book provides one such perspective. A must have book for any researchers and graduate students studying macroecology, biogeography and conservation biology.
Overview: Advancing the Clinical Science of Prognostication
Authors: Glare Paul , Christakis Nicholas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Doctor, how long do I have?’ is a question dreaded by most physicians. It is also what most physicians think about when they hear the words ‘prognosis’ and ‘prognostication’. While it is true that most patients want this type of information and that this question often gets asked during consultations, there is much more to prognostication than the communication skill required to answer this most difficult of questions. Physicians are prognosticating all of the time at both a conscious and subconscious level. Indeed, arguably, every time a physician chooses one course of therapy over another, it is at least implicitly, if not explicitly, because the one offers a better future than the other.
A Course in Number Theory
Authors: Rose H E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This textbook covers with the main topics in number theory as taught in universities throughout the world. Number theory deals mainly with properties of integers and rational numbers; it is not an organized theory in the usual sense, but a vast collection of individual topics and results, with some coherent sub-theories and a long list of unsolved problems. Nine main areas of the subject are treated: (i) divisibility and multiplicative functions; (ii) congruences and quadratic residues; (iii) the basics of algebraic numbers and sums of squares; (iv) continued fractions, diophantine approximations and transcendence; (v) quadratic forms; (vi) partitions; (vii) the prime numbers; (viii) diophantine equations; and (ix) elliptic curves (this part has been considerably extended for this edition). The increased use of computers in number theory is reflected in many sections (with much greater emphasis in this edition). Some results of a more advanced nature are also given, including the Gelfond-Schneider theorem, the prime number theorem, and the Mordell-Weil theorem. The latest work on fermat's last theorem is also breifly discussed. Each chapter ends with a collection of problems; hints or sketch solutions are given at the end of the book, together with various useful tables.
Projective Representations and Representation Groups
Authors: Hoffman P N , Humphreys J F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we discuss the elementary theory of projective representations of finite groups. The foundations of the theory were presented by Schur in two papers in 1904 and 1907. A subsequent paper, Schur (191 I), applies this theory to the symmetric and alternating groups, and is the basis for much of the material in this book. We begin with some general definitions.
Some aspects of generalized QR factorizations
Authors: Paige C C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We use the terminology generalized QR factorizations (GQR) to refer to a certain class of transformations that apply to two general matrices A (n x m) and B (n x p), but which correspond to the QR factorization of B-1 A in the case where B is square and non-singular. We define the GQR and related product QR factorization (PQR), and show how these may be reliably computed. By PQR we mean transformations applied to general A (n x m) and B (n x p) which correspond to the QR factorization of BT A. Some applications of the GQR are considered and standard forms of linear equations and equivalent optimization problems that often arise in such applications are examined. The GQR produces triangular matrices from each of A and B, and it is indicated how careful use of these leads to increased understanding and generalization of some classes of problem and their solutions.
The least-squares solution of linear equations with block-angular observation matrix
Authors: Cox M G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The problem considered is the least-squares solution of a system of overdetermined linear equations whose observation matrix is block angular. We describe a structure-exploiting method of solution based on the use of orthogonal transformations. Our algorithm requires considerably less storage space than other recently proposed direct methods and, unlike otherwise competitive iterative techniques, permits accurate statistics (variances, covariances) associated with the solution to be provided.
Derivation and Validation of Software Metrics
Authors: Shepperd Martin , Ince Darrel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the first book of its kind on software metrics - the measurement of software products and processes used for establishing quality assurance thresholds and in predicting quality levels. This authoritative review of the subject discusses a number of weaknesses which have been discovered over the last ten years and describes a method for the derivation and validation of metrics. This is the first work to describe a methodical derivation process for software metrics and is a major improvement over the current ad hoc ways of developing metrics making this an important and much needed contribution to software engineering.
The Justification of Logical Theories based on Data Compression
Authors: Srinivasan A , Muggleton S , Bain M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Non-demonstrative or inductive reasoning is a crucial component in the skills of a learner. A leading candidate for this form of reasoning involves the automatic formation of hypotheses. Initial successes in the construction of propositional theories have now been followed by algorithms that attempt to generalize sentences in the predicate calculus. An important defect in these new-generation systems is the lack of a clear model for theory justification. In this chapter we describe a method of evaluating the significance of a hypothesis based on the degree to which it allows compression of the observed data with respect to prior knowledge. This can be measured by comparing the lengths of the input and output tapes of a reference Turing machine which will generate the examples from the hypothesis and a set of derivational proofs. The model extends an earlier approach of Muggleton by allowing for noise. The truth values of noisy instances are switched by making use of correction codes. The utility of compression as a significance measure is evaluated empirically in three independent domains. In particular, the results show that the existence of compression distinguishes a larger number of significant clauses than other significance tests. The method also appears to distinguish noise as incompressible data.
Making robots conscious of their mentaI states
Authors: McCarthy John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In AI, consciousness of self consists in a program having certain kinds of facts about its own mental processes and state of mind.
We discuss what consciousness of its own mental structures a robot will need in order to operate in the common-sense world and accomplish the tasks humans will give it. It’s quite a lot.
Many features of human consciousness will be wanted, some will not, and some abilities not possessed by humans will be found feasible and useful.
We give preliminary fragments of a logical language a robot can use to represent information about its own state of mind.
A robot will often have to conclude that it cannot decide a question on the basis of the information in memory and therefore must seek information externally. Godel’s idea of relative consistency is used to formalize non-knowledge.
Case studies in evolution
Authors: Brakefield Paul M , Shreeve Tim G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Genetic variation is all important to evolutionary change. It forms the basis of adaptation to specific or novel environments and also of divergence between populations and speciation. This chapter uses work on three European satyrine butterflies to illustrate the processes involved in such divergence. Firstly, studies of local differences, and of progressive clinal changes between populations are described. These may reflect changes in adaptation to the environ¬ ment. Secondly, examples of more extensive pheno¬typic and genetic divergence characteristic of disjunctraces or subspecies are discussed. Such divergence may be the prelude to complete repro-ductive isolation. Once this stage has been reached and genes cannot be exchanged by hybridization between two groups of populations, they have become distinct species. The same processes involved in adaptation to novel environments or in local divergence between populations are also the ultimate basis of speciation events.
Queen-queen interactions in polygynous ants
Authors: Heinze Jürgen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the last few years new approaches have led to a better understanding of the significance of queen number in social insects (for reviews see, e.g. Fletcher and Ross 1985; Rissing and Pollock 1988; Strassmann 1989; Holldobler and Wilson 1990; Rosengren et al. this volume; Herbers this volume; Keller and Vargo this volume). However, the behaviour of individual queens in polygynous nests has been studied little, and whether and how queens compete over reproduction is largely unknown.
Kin discrimination and division of labour among matrilines in the polygynous carpenter ant camponotus planatus
Authors: Carlin Norman F , Reeve Hudson K , Cover Stefan P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The enduring fascination that social insects hold for both the public and the scientist lies in our vision of the colony as an epitome of selfless, anonymous industry-a rather anthropomorphic image that may take the form of utopian commune (Fore! 1921) or totalitarian state (White 1939), depending on the commentator’s political predilections. Hamilton’s (1964) revolutionary theory of inclusive fitness and the consequences of haplodiploid sex determination in the Hymenoptera provided an explanation for this collectivity in terms of population genetics. Altruism such as that of insect workers can evolve if, by helping a relative to reproduce, an individual effects a net increase in the frequency of genes shared with those relatives, including the genes expressed in co-operative behaviour. The relatedness asymmetries resulting from haplodiploidy render hymenopteran females peculiarly prone to surrender personal reproduction to promote that of their mother queen. As Hamilton (1964) himself indicated, however, the complex domestic arrangements of many social insect species yield colony genetic structures inconsistent with the straightforward model of family felicity.