bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
State Power and the Institutional Bargain: America's Ambivalent Economic and Security Multilateralism
Authors: Ikenberry G. John 
Published: October 2003

AbstractArgues that American ambivalence about multilateral institutions (organizations), and variations in its institutional relations with Europe, reflect a basic dilemma that lies at the heart of international institutional agreements: the attraction of institutional agreements for the leading states is that they potentially lock other states into stable and predictable policy orientations, thereby reducing the need to use coercion; but the price that the leading state must pay for this institutionalized cooperation is a reduction in its own policy autonomy and its unfettered ability to exercise power. The central question that American policy‐makers have confronted over the decades after 1945 in regard to US economic and security ties with Europe (and elsewhere around the world) is how much policy lock‐in of such states is worth how much reduction in American policy autonomy and restraints on its power. The result is a potential institutional bargain that lies at the heart of America's multilateral ties to Europe and the wider array of post‐war multilateral institutions championed by the US. In this bargain, the leading state wants to reduce compliance costs and weaker states want to reduce their costs of security protection; the leading state agrees to restrain its own potential for domination and abandonment in exchange for the long‐term institutionalized cooperation of subordinate states. The first section, State Power and Institutions, develops the logic of the institutional bargain that has informed America's post‐war order building experience and continues into the new century. The next section (American Institution Building) explores various aspects of this institutional strategy as it appears in America's relationship with Europe in the 1940s and again after the cold war, and the conclusion assesses the relevance of the institutional bargain in an era of American unipolarity.
The United States and the GATT/WTO System
Authors: Sen Gautam 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAn examination is made of the relationship between the US and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), and its successor, the World Trade Organization, addressing the crucial question of the likelihood that the US will exit, or through its behaviour undermine, the multilateral trade organization in favour of regional or bilateral alternatives. It is concluded that the probability of a US‐inspired weakening of the WTO is low, although the incentives for protectionism in the US are strong and growing as a result of globalization and the changing international division of labour. The US domestic political system gives voice to such protectionist interests in international trade policy through a set of administrative and legal remedies that are reinforced by principles such as reciprocity and ‘fair trade’. Countervailing factors to this situation include the growing power of US export interests, the effectiveness of the Executive in deflecting the protectionist tendencies in the US Congress, and the exceptional power and influence of the US over the multilateral regime, in which it is a rule maker rather than a rule taker, enjoying the power to bend the rules selectively to serve its interests. As such, the WTO tends to reflect and reinforce US economic interests, and the US is, therefore, likely to continue in overall terms its efforts to comply with and generally strengthen the multilateral organization, rather than to break away from it.
Looking Beyond the ‘K‐Word’: Embedded Multilateralism in American Foreign Environmental Policy
Authors: Hopgood Stephen 
Published: October 2003

AbstractPresents an analysis of multilateralism in American foreign environmental policy, focusing on the issues of ozone depletion, climate change, and biodiversity, and arguing that the evolution of US perspectives on environmental multilateralism reflects a fundamental split in the US policy arena. On one side are activists who seek to promote multilateral regulation of environmental issues and to deepen the US role therein. On the other hand are the sceptics, hostile to state and international regulation of environmental issues and preferring market solutions. The author suggests that, although sceptics have scored repeated short‐term successes, the longer‐term momentum favours the activists, and the US is gradually becoming more deeply embedded in multilateral environmental regimes.
Making Africa Safe for Capitalism: US Policy and Multilateralism in Africa
Authors: Nel Philip 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe purpose is to trace and assess the ways in which the US has used multilateral institutions/organizations (both those international institutions/organizations of which it is a member and those regional institutions/organizations of which it is not) and multilateralism itself to pursue its interests on the African continent. The emergence of a noticeable multilateral dimension to American policy towards Africa is situated against two backgrounds: the first (Sect. 1 of the chapter) deals with the general features of American policy towards Africa since the Second World War and the role that multilateralism in general has played in that; the second (Sect. 2) deals with the rise of multilateralism (and multilateral regional institutions/organizations) on the African continent as a process that has a dynamic of its own. This perspective on Africa as an agent, and not simply as an object, of US policy is important for maintaining a critical perspective on the successes but also the contradictions and failures of US policy towards Africa. The final two sections offer a detailed description and evaluation of the dimensions of multilateralism in post‐cold‐war US policy, and, in particular, the Clinton era, which, in many respects, encapsulates much of what is right and wrong with US policy towards the continent. The evaluation made and the general assumptions used to approach the theme of US policy towards Africa are informed by a broadly neo‐Gramscian appraisal of the hegemonic function of the US in the current global political and economic order, and of the place of multilateralism within that hegemonic function.
Trouble in Pax Atlantica? the United States, Europe, and the Future of Multilateralism
Authors: Haglund David G. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Takes up the relationship between the US and regional multilateral organizations in Europe, in particular, NATO (the North Atlantic Treaty Organization), and the European Union (specifically the common European security and defence policy, or ESDP). It is suggested that US relations with Europe are an indicator of the US commitment to multilateralism more generally, and argued that the US approach to NATO has been driven by a combination of international structural factors (the distribution of capabilities) and the key domestic factor of national character (the liberal identity of the US). These very same factors hold important consequences for NATO because the US is the decisive actor in NATO, which, as a political entity, reflects the multilateralism that has its foundations in US national character, but as a military instrument, reflects the dominant power of the US. The resulting tensions in NATO were finessed more easily during the cold war, in the face of a common enemy, but are more significant in the current unipolar system, which exaggerates both the incentives for the US to act unilaterally and the frustration of European states who are less able to constrain the US yet unwilling to act independently. The author expects NATO to become less rather than more important to the US in the years ahead, and thus to matter less as a multilateral organization. The different sections of the chapter are: Isolationism as Multilateralism's ‘Other’?; Sources of America's Eurocentric Multilateralism; Systemic Change and American Behaviour: The Case of NATO; Consequences for Multilateral Organizations: The EU and the ESDP; and The Bush Administration and the European Allies.
The Unspeakable Evil
Authors: Harries Richard 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The holocaust is an unspeakable evil. How is it possible to speak of it at all? Yet ‘How is one not to speak of it?’ (Elie Wiesel). Traditional Christian anti‐Judaism is a very sorry story and this prepared the ground for Nazi anti‐Semitism. Hitler, nourished by Wagner, believed he was continuing the church's work, though on a pagan basis.
Jewish Attitudes Towards Christianity
Authors: Harries Richard 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
There is a tradition in Judaism of a positive attitude towards Christianity as well as a negative one, associated with Maimonides and more recently Leo Baeck, Martin Buber, Franz Rosenzweig, William Herberg, and Abraham Heschel. More recently, a group of Jewish scholars associated with Dabru Emet have sought to understand some traditional terms such as trinity and incarnation in terms of Jewish ideas.
The Jewish Jesus and the Christian Christ
Authors: Harries Richard 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
One of the encouraging features of recent scholarship has been the recovery of Jesus as a Jew, work particularly associated with Geza Vermes. Christians as well as Jews now see Jesus as fully Jewish in his Jewish context. But what is there in the life and teaching of Jesus that might make a valid foundation for claims made later in the New Testament about his divine status, claims developed in the doctrines of the church? Even if, from a Christian point of view, one believes that there is such a foundation, Jesus himself emphasized that ultimate salvation depends upon doing the will of the Father, an emphasis on action rather than belief entirely in accord with Judaism itself.
The Unfinished Agenda
Authors: Harries Richard 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Anti‐Semitism is a very light sleeper and there is still work for the Council of Christians and Jews, founded in 1942, to perform. A particular issue for Christians at the moment is balancing concern for the safety of Israel with sympathy for Palestinian suffering. Apart from Israel, there is the key question of how far the New Testament itself incites anti‐Semitism through certain of its attitudes and statements. There is a major obligation on those who have responsibility for teaching and preaching the Christian message to avoid even implicit anti‐Judaism and to ensure that statements that can be interpreted in an anti‐Semitic way are properly understood in their context. The Roman Catholic Church has been a pioneer in giving instruction on how Christianity should be preached in relation to Judaism in such a way as to avoid the obvious pitfalls.
The Trajectory of Post‐communist Welfare State Development: The Cases of Bulgaria and Romania
Authors: Sotiropoulos Dimitri A. , Neamtu Ileana , Stoyanova Maya 
Published: October 2003

Abstract Governments of countries undergoing a post‐communist transition face the dilemma of balancing conflicting demands for greater economic efficiency (to achieve a successful transition to a market system) with demands for enhanced social protection (to legitimize regime change through a visible improvement in living standards which includes vulnerable groups). This paper analyses the transition in Bulgaria and Romania. Unlike other European countries, these countries did not embark on retrenchment policies until the mid‐ to late 1990s, so convergence with policies of spending constraint elsewhere in Europe was belated and partial. The social problems created by strict economic policies, exacerbated by a determination to reorganize the post‐communist welfare states along the lines promoted by international organizations, are now being recognized. Post‐communist governments in South‐eastern Europe have belatedly started to address the social aspects of transition to democracy and the market. This probably reflects the process of regime change in Bulgaria and Romania, which has been characterized as a “two‐step transition to democracy”, with liberal governments only succeeding transformed communist elites in power after a protracted transition.
Familiality of heart rate and cardiac‐related autonomic activity in five‐month‐old twins: The Québec newborn twins study
Authors: Dubreuil Etienne , Ditto Blaine , Dionne Ginette , Pihl Robert O. , Tremblay Richard E. , Boivin Michel , Pérusse Daniel 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe familiality of infant sleeping heart rate (HR) and cardiac‐related autonomic activity, as indexed by spectral analysis of HR variability (HRV) and response to postural change, was investigated in 322 5‐month‐old twin pairs. The postural change elicited only minor changes in cardiovascular activity. As a result, analyses focused on supine cardiovascular activity. Multivariate genetic modeling indicated that individual differences in sleeping HR and high frequency (HF) HRV were determined by unique environmental and distinct additive genetic factors. These variables, along with low frequency (LF) HRV, were also affected by overlapping familial environmental influences. Familial influences in HF HRV were more pronounced for baby girls than boys. Estimates of relative LF and HF HRV were determined by common (familial) and unique environmental factors; familial influences on these estimates did not overlap with familial influences on sleeping HR.
Picture–word matching: Flexibility in conceptual memory and pupillary responses
Authors: Van Der Meer Elke , Friedrich Manuela , Nuthmann Antje , Stelzel Christine , Kuchinke Lars 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe influence of levels of abstraction in picture–word matching was examined. The items each consisted of one picture and three successively presented words. Hierarchies with words for superordinate, basic, and subordinate level concepts were used (e.g., plant, flower, rose). The picture–word condition (congruent, incongruent), the word position (first, second, third), and the level of categorization (subordinate, basic, superordinate) were manipulated. Reaction times, error rates, and pupillary responses were recorded. Pupillary responses coincided with behavioral data. In general, there was an advantage for subordinate and basic level processing compared to superordinate level processing. However, switches to words for superordinate concepts were most facilitated. These findings support a two‐step account of picture–word matching. First, the picture is categorized according to its concrete features. Second, amodal features are processed.
Short‐term mobilization of processing resources is revealed in the event‐related potential
Authors: Falkenstein Michael , Hoormann Jörg , Hohnsbein Joachim , Kleinsorge Thomas 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis study investigates whether an occasional effortful improvement of performance, as asked for by a precue, is reflected in event‐related potential (ERP) changes. To estimate the limits of possible effort‐induced behavioral and ERP changes, we manipulated the time between precue and imperative stimulus (IS; precue interval, PCI). The subjects could, in fact, improve their performance in the effort trials, with all but the shortest PCI. The postcue ERP revealed a fronto‐central contingent negative variation (CNV), which was preceded by a frontal positive/occipital negative wave (P2/N2). Both the P2/N2 and the CNV were larger for effort than for standard trials for all PCIs. For the shortest PCI (300 ms), the CNV increase was seen after the IS. The CNV increase for PCIs 600 and 300 began at about 400 ms postcue. The results suggest that effortful performance improvement is associated with prior increase of a frontocentral CNV and a preceding P2/N2. The CNV increase is thought to reflect the activity of a frontal executive process by which additional processing resources can be mobilized on a trial‐to‐trial basis within less than 500 ms.
Startle reflex modulation, affective ratings and autonomic reactivity in incarcerated Spanish psychopaths
Authors: Carmen Pastor M. , Moltó Javier , Vila Jaime , Lang Peter J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractStartle probe modulation during affective picture viewing was assessed in a Spanish prison population. As for North American inmates, psychopaths failed to display normal blink potentiation during unpleasant slides even though their evaluative judgments and autonomic reaction to affective stimuli paralleled those of other inmate and noninmate participants. The results suggest that diminished defense activation characterizes psychopaths despite cultural differences.
Coupling of theta activity and glucose metabolism in the human rostral anterior cingulate cortex: An EEG/PET study of normal and depressed subjects
Authors: Pizzagalli Diego A. , Oakes Terrence R. , Davidson Richard J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIn rodents, theta rhythm has been linked to the hippocampal formation, as well as other regions, including the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). To test the role of the ACC in theta rhythm, concurrent measurements of brain electrical activity (EEG) and glucose metabolism (PET) were performed in 29 subjects at baseline. EEG data were analyzed with a source localization technique that enabled voxelwise correlations of EEG and PET data. For theta, but not other bands, the rostral ACC (Brodmann areas 24/32) was the largest cluster with positive correlations between current density and glucose metabolism. Positive correlations were also found in right fronto‐temporal regions. In control but not depressed subjects, theta within ACC and prefrontal/orbitofrontal regions was positively correlated. The results reveal a link between theta and cerebral metabolism in the ACC as well as disruption of functional connectivity within frontocingulate pathways in depression.
The CNV peak: An index of decision making and temporal memory
Authors: Macar Françoise , Vidal Franck 
Published: October 2003

AbstractA slow brain potential change, the contingent negative variation (CNV), was recorded in a temporal generalization schedule. The task was to judge the duration of a signal (1.250 to 3.125 s) as being equal or not to that of a 2‐s target that had been previously memorized. Two signal modalities, visual and tactile, were contrasted in distinct trial blocks, in order to explore possible localization differences. Significant results were found at CPz, irrespective of signal modality. The CNV that developed during signal presentation peaked around 2 s and then declined when the current signal was longer than the 2‐s target, instead of peaking at signal extinction as was the case for shorter signals. Thus, for signals longer than the target, the CNV peak and the following slope change provide a memory trace of the encoded target duration, leading to decision making.
Differentiating amodal familiarity from modality‐specific memory processes: An ERP study
Authors: Curran Tim , Dien Joseph 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDistinct event‐related potential effects have been related to familiarity and recollection processes underlying recognition memory. Familiarity has been conceptualized as similar either to perceptual priming mechanisms supporting implicit memory or to amodal global‐matching processes that should show little sensitivity to perceptual variables. The present experiment manipulated the study modality of words (auditory, visual) that were visually tested for recognition memory. The mid‐frontal (300–500 ms) old/new effect often attributed to familiarity was not affected by study modality, so it appears related to an amodal familiarity process. An earlier (176–260 ms) fronto‐polar old/new effect was perceptually specific in that it was observed only following visual study. The parietal old/new effect (400–800 ms), often attributed to recollection, was similar following both visual and auditory study. Temporal‐spatial PCA clarified the separability of these effects.
BIS–BAS sensitivity and cardiac autonomic stress profiles
Authors: Heponiemi Tarja , Keltikangas‐Järvinen Liisa , Kettunen Joni , Puttonen Sampsa , Ravaja Niklas 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis study examined the relationship of sensitivities of Gray's behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and behavioral approach system (BAS) to cardiac autonomic stress responses during laboratory tasks among 65 healthy men (n=34) and women (n=31) aged 22–37 years. Carver and White's BIS–BAS scales were used to measure BIS and BAS sensitivities. We measured heart rate (HR), respiratory sinus arrhythmia, and preejection period during mental arithmetic, a reaction time task, and a speech task. Results revealed that BAS sensitivity was related to HR reactivity and parasympathetic withdrawal during the tasks, but was unrelated to baseline levels. BIS sensitivity was unrelated to both reactivity and baseline levels of all measures. Overall, our results suggest that the relationship of the BAS with cardiac reactivity seems to be mediated by the parasympathetic nervous system.
Comparing arithmetic and semantic fact retrieval: Effects of problem size and sentence constraint on event‐related brain potentials
Authors: Jost Kerstin , Hennighausen Erwin , Rösler Frank 
Published: October 2003

AbstractEvent‐related potentials were recorded with 61 electrodes from 16 students who verified either the correctness of single‐digit multiplication problems or the semantic congruency of sentences. Multiplication problems varied in size and sentence fragments in constraint. Both semantic and arithmetic incongruencies evoked a typical N400 with a clear parieto‐central maximum. In addition, numerically larger problems (8×7), in comparison to smaller problems (3×2), evoked a negativity starting at about 360 ms whose maximum was located over the right temporal‐parietal scalp. These results indicate that the arithmetic incongruency and the problem‐size effect are functionally distinct. It is suggested that the arithmetic and the semantic incongruency effects are both functionally related to a context‐dependent spread of activation in specialized associative networks, whereas the arithmetic problem‐size effect is due to rechecking routines that go beyond basic fact retrieval.
Profit Warnings and Timing
Authors: Jackson Dave , Madura Jeff 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWe find that profit‐warning announcements elicit a strong negative market response that is not sensitive to timing the warning in advance of the earnings announcement. Share prices begin to adjust about five days before a profit warning, and the market response is not complete until about five days after the warning. The accumulated response over the 11‐day period ending five days after the announcement is −21.7%. The profit warning effect over the two‐day announcement period is 32 times the valuation effect upon subsequent release of the actual earnings. There is no evidence of a reversal after this period, and therefore no sign that the market response is excessive.