bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Criminal victimization, posttraumatic stress disorder, and comorbid psychopathology among a community sample of women
Authors: Boudreaux Edwin , Kilpatrick G. , Resnick Heidi S. , Best Connie L. , Saunders Benjamin E. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThis paper provides information on the relation between victimization status, crime factors, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and several other psychological disorders among a community sample of women. Results indicated that victims of crime were more likely than nonvictims to suffer from PTSD, major depressive episode, agoraphobia, obsessive‐compulsive disorder, social phobia, and simple phobia. Furthermore, life threat was associated with increased risk of major depression, agoraphobia, obsessive‐compulsive disorder, and social phobia. Completed rape was strongly related to almost every disorder assessed, while robbery and burglary were not related to any disorder. When demographics, victimization status, and crime factors were entered hierarchically into multivariate logistic regressions with PTSD in the final step, associations between victimization status, other crime characteristics (e.g., life threat, injury), and non‐PTSD Axis I disorders were greatly reduced. This suggests that PTSD may be an important mediating factor in the victimization‐psychopathology relation for many disorders.
A review of primary hereditary optic neuropathies
Authors: Votruba M. , Aijaz S. , Moore A. T. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractSummary: The primary inherited optic neuropathies are a heterogeneous group of disorders that result in loss of retinal ganglion cells, leading to the clinical appearance of optic atrophy. They affect between 1:10 000 to 1:50 000 people. The main clinical features are a reduction in visual acuity, colour vision abnormalities, centro‐caecal visual field defects and pallor of the optic nerve head. Electrophysiological testing shows a normal flash electroretinogram, absentor delayed pattern visually evoked potentials suggestive of a conduction deficit and N95 waveform reduction on the pattern electroretinogram, consistent with a primary ganglion cell pathology. The primary inherited optic neuropathies may be sporadic or familial. The mode of inheritance may be autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X‐linked recessive or mitochondrial. Within each of these groups, the phenotypic characteristics vary in such features as the mode and age of onset, the severity of the visual loss, the colour deficit and the overall prognosis. A number of different genes (most as yet unidentified) in both nuclear and mitochondrial genomes, underlie these disorders. The elucidation of the role of the encoded proteins will improve our understanding of basic mechanisms of ganglion cell development, physiology and metabolism and further our understanding of the pathophysiology of optic nerve disease. It will also improve diagnosis, counselling and management of patients, and eventually lead to the development of new therapeutic modalities.
Posttraumatic stress disorder and family functioning in adolescent cancer
Authors: Pelcovitz David , Libov Barbara Goldenberg , Mandel Francine , Kaplan Sandra , Weinblatt Mark , Septimus Aliza 
Published: September 2003

AbstractTwenty three adolescents with a history of cancer, 27 physically abused adolescents, and 23 healthy, nonabused adolescents were administered structured posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) interviews and self‐report questionnaires regarding family functioning. Thirty five percent of adolescent cancer subjects met criteria for lifetime PTSD as compared to only 7% of the abused adolescents: 17% of the cancer subjects and 11% of the abuse subjects met criteria for current PTSD. Adolescents with cancer viewed their mothers and fathers as significantly more caring and more protective than the comparison and abused adolescents. Cancer subjects who met criteria for lifetime PTSD saw their families as significantly more chaotic than those who did not have PTSD. Eighty three percent of cancer subjects who had lifetime PTSD also had mothers who had PTSD.
Effects of psychotherapeutic treatments for PTSD: A meta‐analysis of controlled clinical trials
Authors: Sherman Jeffrey J. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThis meta‐analysis synthesized the results from controlled, clinical trials of psychotherapeutic treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Psychotherapeutic modalities included behavioral, cognitive, and psychodynamic treatments, in group and individual settings. Participants in the studies included combat veterans from the Vietnam and Lebanon Wars, crime‐related victims, and severe bereavement sufferers. The impact of psychotherapy on PTSD and psychiatric symptomatology was significant, d = .52, r = .25, when measured immediately after treatments were administered. Similarly, there was no decay in the effect of treatment at follow‐up, d = .64, r = .31. Moreover, for target symptoms of PTSD and general psychological symptoms (intrusion, avoidance, hyperarousal, anxiety, and depression), effect sizes were significant, ranging from r's of .2–.49. Results suggest substantial promise for improving psychological health and decreasing related symptoms for those suffering from PTSD.
Transgenerational effects of abusive violence on the children of Vietnam combat veterans
Authors: Rosenheck Robert , Fontana Alan 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThis study examined the relationship between participation in abusive violence in Vietnam and behavioral disturbances among children aged 6‐16 in the next generation. As part of the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study (NVVRS) detailed data were obtained on a national sample of male veterans who were living in households with children aged 6‐16 (N = 257). Interviews with spouses/partners were used to evaluate current family relationships and child behavior. Children of veterans who participated in abusive violence showed more behavioral disturbance than children of other Vietnam veterans even after multivariate analysis was used to adjust for other factors such as PTSD symptoms, combat exposure, and postmilitary family relationships. Participation in abusive violence appears to affect parent‐child relationships in a way that adversely influences children living at home.
Animal defensive reactions as a model for trauma‐induced dissociative reactions
Authors: Nijenhuis Ellert R. S. , Vanderlinden Johan , Spinhoven Philip 
Published: September 2003

AbstractPatients with complex dissociative disorders remain in alternating psychophysiological states which are discrete, discontinuous, and resistant against integrative tendencies. In this contribution, a parallel is drawn between animal defensive and recuperative states that are evoked in the face of severe threat and the characteristic responses of dissociative disorder patients as displayed in major dissociative states. Empirical data and clinical observations seem to be supportive of the idea that there are similarities between freezing, concomitant development of analgesia and anesthesia, and acute pain in threatened animals and severely traumatized human beings.
Atrocities exposure in Vietnam combat veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder: Relationship to combat exposure, symptom severity, guilt, and interpersonal violence
Authors: Beckham Jean C. , Feldman Michelle E. , Kirby Angela C. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractVietnam combat veterans (N = 151) with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) completed measures of atrocities exposure, combat exposure, PTSD symptom severity, guilt and interpersonal violence. PTSD symptom severity, guilt and interpersonal violence rates were similar to previously reported studies that examined treatment seeking combat veterans with PTSD. Controlling for combat exposure, endorsement of atrocities exposure was related to PTSD symptom severity, PTSD B (reexperiencing) symptoms, Global Guilt, Guilt Cognitions, and cognitive subscales of Hindsight‐Bias/Responsibility and Wrongdoing. These results are discussed in the context of previous research conducted regarding atrocities exposure and PTSD.
Structural aspects of survivors' thinking about the Holocaust
Authors: Suedfeld Peter , Fell Charlene , Krell Robert 
Published: September 2003

AbstractVideotaped interviews of 30 Holocaust survivors were scored for integrative complexity, the recognition of alternate perspectives or dimensions of a topic (“differentiation”) and the joint consideration of several perspectives or dimensions (“integration”). Memories showed decreased differentiation and integration as they moved from pre‐war life to the shock and upheaval when organized persecution began. High complexity levels reflected survivors mustering their resources to enhance their chances of survival and successful postwar adaptation. These findings demonstrate the usefulness of quantitative, objective content analytic methods in Holocaust survivor research, add a cognitive dimension to the study of survival during and after extreme situations, and confirm theoretical propositions about decision making and information processing under stress.
Adaptation and psychometric properties of the German version of the dissociative experience scale
Authors: Spitzer Carsten , Freyberger Harald J. , Stieglitz Rolf‐Dieter , Carlson Eve B. , Kuhn Gabriela , Magdeburg Norbert , Kessler Christof 
Published: September 2003

AbstractWe introduce the ‘Fragebogen zu Dissoziativen Symptomen’ (FDS), a German adaptation of the Dissociative Experience Scale (DES) which was developed to screen for dissociation within an ICD‐10 framework. In addition to the original 28 DES items, the FDS contains 16 items covering dissociative phenomena included in the ICD‐10, particularly pseudoneurological conversion symptoms. The psychometric properties of the FDS were studied in 927 clinical and nonclinical subjects from different diagnostic groups and compared to results of American studies. The scale had good test‐retest reliability of .88, high internal consistency (split‐half = .90, Cronbach's alpha = .94) and good construct validity. These results indicate that the FDS may be a valuable screen for dissociative psychopathology in German‐speaking countries.
Pilot evaluation of hypnotic medication during acute traumatic stress response
Authors: Mellman Thomas A. , Byers Patricia M. , Augenstein Jeffrey S. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractEarly intervention aimed at secondary prevention is a high priority for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) research. Disrupted sleep may have a role in the initiation and maintenance of PTSD. Three of the participants were recruited from a surgical trauma service, and one had sought treatment in a psychiatric setting. All were within 1‐3 weeks of trauma exposure and had acute PTSD symptoms that included disturbed sleep. Temazepam, a benzodiazepine hypnotic, was administered for 5 nights, tapered for 2 nights, and then discontinued. Evaluations 1‐week after the medication had been discontinued revealed improved sleep and reduced PTSD severity. These observations suggest an approach that may be clinically useful and a need for more systematic trials.
The development of a scale to assess war‐time atrocities: The war events scale
Authors: Unger William S. , Gould Robert A. , Babich Mark 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe War Events Scale (WES) was developed to assist clinicians with the assessment of war zone veterans' exposure to, and participation in war‐time atrocities distinct from combat, and their current distress from these events. Data conceming content validity, test‐retest reliability, internal consistency, as well as correlational data with the Combat Exposure Scale and the Mississippi Scale are presented. Results indicate that the WES does have adequate internal consistency and test‐retest reliability, and correlates moderately with the Combat Exposure and Mississippi Scales. Initial results suggest that the WES may be helpful in collecting extremely sensitive information concerning the exposure of war zone veterans to atrocities.
Postwar experiences and treatment‐seeking behavior in a community counselling setting
Authors: Dobson Matthew , Grayson David A. , Marshall Richard P. , O'Toole Brian I. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractPrevious research investigating the impact of postwar experiences on Vietnam veterans has focused on veteran morbidity. This emphasis has meant that the impact of these factors on treatment‐seeking behavior has received little empirical attention. This study examined the association between postwar factors and treatment‐seeking behavior in a sample of 692 Australian Vietnam veterans. Logistic regression analyses were used to compute the odds ratios associated with postwar experiences and self‐referral to a community‐based counselling service. Results suggest that veterans who reported experiencing negative feelings toward others when they first arrived home were more likely to seek treatment. Other factors, such as a veteran's perception of societal attitudes and the reception they received, were not associated with treatment‐seeking behavior.
Measurement of dissociative states with the Clinician‐Administered Dissociative States Scale (CADSS)
Authors: Bremner J. Douglas , Krystal John H. , Putnam Frank W. , Southwick Steven M. , Marmar Charles , Charney Dennis S. , Mazure Carolyn M. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to develop an instrument for the measurement of present‐state dissociative symptoms, the Clinician Administered Dissociative States Scale (CADSS). Reported here are interrater reliability and internal consistency of the CADSS, validity as assessed by comparisons with other instruments for the assessment of dissociation, and sensitivity of the CADSS to discriminate patients with dissociative disorders from patients with other psychiatric disorders and healthy subjects. Initial analyses indicated good interrater reliability and construct validity for the CADSS. Scores on the CADSS discriminated patients with dissociative disorders from the other groups.
Screening for PTSD in a substance abuse sample: Psychometric properties of a modified version of the PTSD symptom scale self‐report
Authors: Coffey Scott F. , Dansky Bonnie S. , Falsetti Sherry A. , Saladin Michael E. , Brady Kathleen T. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe high rate of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among substance use disorder (SUD) patients has been documented in research protocols, but there is evidence that it is markedly under‐diagnosed in clinical settings. To address the need for a brief self‐report measure to identify SUD patients who may benefit from further assessment and/or treatment for PTSD, the psychometric properties of a modified version of the PTSD Symptom Scale Self‐Report (PSS‐SR) were examined in a treatment‐seeking SUD sample (N = 118). The modified version of the PSS‐SR, which measures both frequency and severity of PTSD symptoms, demonstrated good internal consistency reliability and was correlated with other self‐report measures of trauma‐related symptomatology. Comparisons between a structured PTSD diagnostic interview and the modified PSS‐SR indicated that 89% of the PTSD positive patients were correctly classified by the modified PSS‐SR. The clinical relevance of these findings was discussed.
Increases in retrospective accounts of war‐zone exposure over time: The role of PTSD symptom severity
Authors: Roemer Lizabeth , Litz Brett T. , Orsillo Susan M. , Ehlich Peter J. , Friedman Matthew J. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractRetrospective reports of the frequency of war‐zone exposure are commonly used as objective indices in studies investigating the mental health consequences of exposure to such stressors. To explore the temporal stability of these types of reports, we obtained frequency estimates of exposure to war‐zone stressors at two time points from 460 U.S. soldiers who had served in the peace‐keeping mission in Somalia. On average, soldiers demonstrated a significant increase in their frequency reports from initial (postdeployment) to subsequent (follow‐up) assessment. Severity of posttraumatic symptomatology was uniquely associated with this change, indicating a possible systematic bias in which severity of symptoms leads to increased reports of stressor frequency. The implications of these findings for research in the field of traumatic stress are discussed.
Male‐perpetrated violence among Vietnam veteran couples: Relationships with veteran's early life characteristics, trauma history, and PTSD symptomatology
Authors: Orcutt Holly K. , King Lynda A. , King Daniel W. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractUsing structural equation modeling, we examined the impact of early‐life stressors, war‐zone stressors, and PTSD symptom severity on partner's reports of recent male‐perpetrated intimate partner violence (IPV) among 376 Vietnam veteran couples. Results indicated that several variables demonstrated direct relationship with IPV, including relationship quality with mother, war‐zone stressor variables, and PTSD symptom severity. Importantly, retrospective reports of a stressful early family life, childhood antisocial behavior, and war‐zone stressors were indirectly associated with IPV via PTSD. One of our 2 war‐zone stressor variables, perceived threat, had both direct and indirect (through PTSD) relationships with IPV. Experiencing PTSD symptoms as a result of previous trauma appears to increase an individual's risk for perpetrating IPV. Implications for research and treatment are discussed.
Comparative distress levels of inner‐city family members of homicide victims
Authors: Thompson Martie P. , Norris Fran H. , Ruback R. Barry 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThis study investigated the distress levels of 150 family members of homicide victims, as well as how pre‐event, peri‐event, and postevent variables were related to distress. Distress levels were very high, with 26% of the sample reporting clinical distress. Because it was not possible to say if this distress resulted from the homicide itself or from the fact that people who lose family members to homicide generally have lives rooted in stressful contexts, we compared the homicide sample to two sociodemographically comparable groups of 108 other trauma victims and 119 nonvictims selected from a larger epidemiological dataset. Homicide survivors were significantly more distressed than either group, suggesting that loss of a family member to homicide has definite clinical implications. Although event‐related variables were somewhat predictive of distress, pre‐event and postevent variables selected for this study had greater predictive utility.
Early childhood trauma and disorders of extreme stress as predictors of treatment outcome with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder
Authors: Ford Julian D. , Kidd Phyllis 
Published: September 2003

AbstractHistory of early childhood trauma was prevalent and highly correlated with Disorders of Extreme Stress Not Otherwise Specified (DESNOS) in a sample of veterans in inpatient treatment for chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). DESNOS predicted reliable change on a variety of measures of psychiatric symptomatology (including PTSD) and psychosocial functioning independently of the effects of PTSD diagnosis and early childhood trauma history. DESNOS also predicted treatment outcome on PTSD and quality of life measures after controlling for the effects of ethnicity, war zone trauma exposure severity, initial level of symptomatic severity or quality of life, Axis I (PTSD and major depression) and Axis II (personality disorder) diagnostic status, and early childhood trauma history. Early childhood trauma was not predictive of outcome. DESNOS appears to play an important role in assessment and treatment planning for psychotherapeutic rehabilitation of chronic PTSD.
Challenges in Defining and Developing the Field of Rural Mental Disorder Preventive Intervention Research
Authors: Spoth Richard 
Published: September 2003

AbstractAn overview of selected issues and challenges in defining and developing the field of rural preventive intervention research is presented. One fundamental challenge is to clarify the distinguishing characteristics of prevention science in rural contexts. Other challenges are evident in the need to address: the lack of consensus on conceptual and methodological approaches to this field, limited empirical study to date, the tremendous diversity of rural populations, and inconsistencies in the usage of the term “rural.” This article suggests the organization of a work group to formulate and implement a clear research agenda. In addition, several general questions are discussed that, if addressed, might serve to better define and further develop the field. These questions concern the implications of multiple approaches to prevention science in rural contexts, the classification of rural populations, the functional relevance of rural residence in the etiology of specific disorders, the application of extant etiological models to interventions designed specifically for rural populations, the conduct of rural area prevention needs assessments, the development of models for collaboration between intervention researchers and rural community stakeholders, and strategies to engage rural residents in preventive interventions.
Conducting Ecologically Valid Prevention Research: Recruiting and Retaining a “Whole Village” in Multimethod, Multiagent Studies
Authors: Capaldi Deborah M. , Chamberlain Patti , Fetrow Rebecca A. , Wilson Jane E. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractMany prevention studies are now designed with complementary interventions in different settings. Evaluations of these interventions require assessing the child's behavior in each of these settings. Conducting these studies, therefore, may involve recruiting school districts, principals, classroom teachers, peers, parents, siblings, and in later years, employers and intimate partners. These participants may be considered natural raters or satellite subjects, depending on their degree of involvement. Issues of recruitment and retention thus are magnified in multimethod, multiagent studies. To illustrate these issues, findings are presented for three studies conducted with risk populations in the past decade at the Oregon Social Learning Center: a passive longitudinal study, a selected prevention study, and an indicated prevention study. Findings indicate that achieving high recruitment and retention rates for at‐risk and high‐risk subjects in multisetting studies is possible, and that a developmental approach should be taken to recruiting risk populations.
The Extension Service as Key Mechanism for Research and Services Delivery for Prevention of Mental Health Disorders in Rural Areas
Authors: Molgaard Virginia K. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe extension service associated with each state's land grant institution is an important resource for both programming and conducting research for the prevention of mental health disorders. This paper briefly outlines the history and structure of the extention service and gives examples of relevant programming across the country related to mental health. Although this programming is relevant to both rural and urban settings, this paper focuses on prevention programs and research in rural areas. Next is a description of extension's potential contributions to the prevention research process at each step of the Institute of Medicine's Preventive Intervention Research Cycle, followed by an illustration of an effective partnership between a research team and extension. Some of the ways in which extension can assist in the research process include doing local needs assessment and determining prevalence rates of a particular problem, reviewing literature on risk and protective factors, providing input on particular communities' needs and characteristics, and becoming a trusted link between local citizens and the research community. The article concludes with barriers to such an effective partnership and ways of reducing those hindrances.