bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Orthogonal array design in optimizing the extraction efficiency of active constituents from roots of Panax notoginseng
Authors: Dong T. T. X. , Zhao K. J. , Huang W. Z. , Leung K. W. , Tsim K. W. K. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe root of Panax notoginseng (Radix Notoginseng, Sanqi) is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine, which is mainly cultivated in Wenshan of Yunnan China. The identified active constituents in Radix Notoginseng include saponin, ßavonoid and polysaccharide; however, the levels of these active constituents vary greatly with different extraction processes. This variation causes a serious problem in standardizing the herbal extract. By using HPLC and spectrophotometry, the contents of notoginsenoside R1, ginsenoside Rg1, Rb1, Rd, and ßavonoids were determined in the extracts of Radix Notoginseng that were derived from different processes of extraction according to an orthogonal array experimental design having three variable parameters: nature of extraction solvent, extraction volume and extraction time. The nature of extraction solvent and extraction volume were two distinct factors in obtaining those active constituents, while the time of extraction was a subordinate factor. The optimized condition of extraction therefore is considered to be 20 volumes of water and extracted for 24 h. In good agreement with the amount of active constituents, the activity of anti‐platelet aggregation was found to be the highest in the extract that contained a better yield of the active constituents. The current results provide an optimized extraction method for the quality control of Radix Notoginseng. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is combining meta‐GGA correlation functionals with the OPTX exchange functional useful?
Authors: Proynov Emil I. , Thakkar Ajit J. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe recent generalized gradient approximation (GGA) density functional OCS1 of Handy and Cohen is implemented in the deMon code and tested on a carefully selected set of problems. OCS1 is found to be accurate for molecular atomization energies, transition metal–ligand bonds, and systems with intramolecular hydrogen bonds. However, OCS1 encounters problems for systems with intermolecular hydrogen bonds. It also tends to elongate bond lengths systematically, and sometimes significantly. The OPTX exchange is combined with three meta‐GGA correlation functionals, Lap3, τ1, and τ2, the latter reported for the first time. The new meta‐GGA scheme OPTX exchange plus τ2 correlation called Oτ2 yields improved molecular geometries, NMR shielding constants, and an improved barrier height for the H+H2 reaction. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Screening for proteolytic activities in snake venom by means of a multiplexing electrospray ionization mass spectrometry assay scheme
Authors: Liesener André , Perchuc Anna‐Maria , Schöni Reto , Wilmer Marianne , Karst Uwe 
Published: September 2005

AbstractA multiplexed mass spectrometry based assay scheme for the simultaneous determination of five different substrate/product pairs was developed as a tool for screening of proteolytic activities in snake venom fractions from Bothrops moojeni. The assay scheme was employed in the functional characterization of eight model proteases. Time‐resolved reaction profiles were generated and the relative reaction progress at each time point was determined. These were used to semi‐quantitatively sort the catalytic activities of each enzyme towards the respective substrates into six classes. The resulting activity pattern served as an activity fingerprint for each enzyme. The multiplex assay scheme was then applied to a screening for proteolytic activities in fractions of the pre‐separated venom from B. moojeni. Activity patterns of each fraction were generated and used to sort the fractions into three different categories of activity. By comparison of the fingerprint activity patterns of the venom fractions and the model enzymes, a compound with proteolytic properties similar to activated protein C was detected. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of econazole, fungizone and pimafucin on cell growth, lysosomal enzyme activity and sulphate metabolism of cultured human skin fibroblasts and amniotic fluid cells
Authors: Butterworth J. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractHuman skin fibroblasts and amniotic fluid cells showed sensitivity to antifungal agents in the order Econazole < Pimafucin < Fungizone, with the last initially reducing cell growth 10‐20%, even at the level recommended for cell culture. The activities of the lysosomal enzymes α‐l‐fucosidase, β‐d‐glucuronidase and α‐d‐mannosidase were unaffected, even by high concentrations of all three antifungal agents. Sulphate incorporation by cultured fibroblasts was increased by removal of sulphate salts and Crystamycin (contains streptomycin sulphate) from the culture medium. Sulphate incorporation into and degradation from macromolecules was only slightly reduced by antifungal agents. Human skin fibroblasts and amniotic fluid cells can be cultured long term in the presence of Econazole or Fungizone and used for lysosomal enzyme assay and sulphate kinetic studies.
Presymptomatic diagnosis: Metachromatic eukodystrophy or pseudo arylsulphatase a deficiency?
Authors: Kihara H. , Fluharty A. L. , Ng W. G. , Leider W. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractDiagnosis of metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) was established in the proband at age 27 months. An examination of the family arylsulphatase A profile revealed that the father and younger sibling, age 2 months, had very low enzyme activities like the proband. The father, in all likelihood, had the pseudo arylsulphatase A deficiency trait, but the sibling could be either pseudodeficient or affected with MLD. The fibroblast cerebroside sulphate loading test confirmed that the father had pseudo arylsulphatase A deficiency. The test also indicated that the sibling was affected with MLD. This was confirmed by clinical evidence of neurological degeneration by 18 months.
Video gaming promotes concussion knowledge acquisition in youth hockey players
Authors: Goodman David , Bradley Nori L. , Paras Bradley , Williamson Ian J. , Bizzochi James 
Published: September 2005

AbstractWhile the positive uses for video games in an educational setting have also been established, the educational aim is usually made explicit. The goal of this research was to develop a video game wherein the educational aspect was implicitly embedded in the video game, such that the gameing activity remained interesting and relevant. Following a pilot study to confirm the usability of an in‐house developed game, two studies were conducted with 11–17 year old hockey players (, ). Results demonstrated that participants playing the experimental version of the video game scored significantly higher on a concussion symptoms questionnaire, in a significantly faster time, than participants playing the control version of the game. Most participants indicated that they enjoyed the game and would play it again. These results suggest that educational material can be conveyed successfully and in an appealing manner via video game play.
Non‐resident fathers’ relationships with their secondary school age children: Determinants and children's mental health outcomes
Authors: Flouri Eirini 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTData from 520 British secondary school age children were used to explore determinants of and mental health outcomes (measured with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire) from their non‐resident fathers’ relationships (child‐reported father's involvement and frequency of contact) with them. Frequency of contact was negatively related to time elapsed since parents separated, and was higher if fathers were single than partnered. Compared to White, non‐White adolescents reported lower frequency of father's contact but not lower father's involvement. Father's involvement was related positively to mother's involvement and negatively to interparental conflict. As a whole, non‐resident father's involvement and frequency of contact did not improve the regression models predicting children's total difficulties or pro‐social behaviour. Even after controlling for other factors non‐resident father's involvement did not predict child's difficulties or pro‐social behaviour, although frequency of contact was negatively associated with child's emotional symptoms. Neither child's ethnicity or gender nor mother's partner status moderated the link between child's mental health outcomes and non‐resident father's involvement or frequency of contact.
Mental illness stigma: Concepts, consequences, and initiatives to reduce stigma
Authors: Rüsch Nicolas , Angermeyer Matthias C. , Corrigan Patrick W. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractPersons with mental illness frequently encounter public stigma and may suffer from self-stigma. This review aims to clarify the concept of mental illness stigma and discuss consequences for individuals with mental illness. After a conceptual overview of stigma we discuss two leading concepts of mental illness stigma and consequences of stigma, focussing on self-stigma/empowerment and fear of stigma as a barrier to using health services. Finally, we discuss three main strategies to reduce stigma - protest, education, and contact – and give examples of current anti-stigma campaigns. Well-designed anti-stigma initiatives will help to diminish negative consequences of mental illness stigma.
Rural Women, Displacement and the Three Gorges Project
Authors: Tan Yan , Hugo Graeme , Potter Lesley 
Published: September 2005

AbstractBased on empirical research, this article examines the status, situations and development issues of rural women displaced by the monumental Three Gorges Project (TGP) in China. The study reveals that TGP resettlement is leaving women worse off as family members, as well as worse off than male members. Woman resettlers are more likely to become impoverished than men, partly because women make up the main labour force in agricultural sectors. Most women are unable to achieve occupational mobility in the process of resettlement. Fewer employment opportunities, a gender‐segregated labour market, low level of human capital and social prejudice are principal causes. Land provision for resettlers is inadequate with a lower quality of productivity. Marriage is a means for some women to remain in or move to the reservoir area to improve their socio‐economic status, but bias against granting of ‘resettler’ status to married women and their generally low levels of education and lack of occupational skills work against them. It is imperative that the authorities integrate a gender perspective into policy‐making and design of resettlement schemes.
Conservation implications of genetic variation between spatially and temporally distinct colonies of the endangered damselfly Coenagrion mercuriale
Authors: Watts Phillip C. , Kemp Stephen J. , Saccheri Ilik J. , Thompson David J. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract.  1. Good conservation management is underpinned by a thorough understanding of species' historical and contemporary dispersal capabilities along with the possible adaptive or neutral processes behind any spatio‐temporal genetic structuring. These issues are investigated with respect to the rare damselfly Coenagrion mercuriale (Charpentier) – the only odonate species currently listed in the U.K.'s Biodiversity Action Plan – in east Devon where its distribution has become fragmented.2. The two east Devon C. mercuriale populations, only 3.5 km apart, have accumulated strong differences in frequencies of alleles at 14 microsatellite loci as a consequence of poor adult dispersal and drift. There is no contemporary migration between sites.3. A genetic signature of population decline at both sites corresponds with known demographic reductions. Coenagrion mercuriale in east Devon are now significantly genetically less diverse than those from a population stronghold in the Itchen Valley.4. Colonies would benefit from improved connectivity between areas and possibly by a transfer of individuals from other ecologically similar areas.5. Because C. mercuriale has a semivoltine life cycle throughout the U.K., the possibility that alternate‐year cohorts are reproductively isolated is explored. Genetic differentiation among cohorts is an order of magnitude less than between sites, suggesting that some larvae delay their development into adults for a year and recruit to a different cohort.6. To our knowledge, this is the first study to document migration and gene flow between alternate‐year cohorts in a species of odonate. From a conservation standpoint, the cohorts do not require separate management.
Resistance and tolerance to herbivory in Salix cordata are affected by different environmental factors
Authors: Macdonald Kevin P. , Bach Catherine E. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract.  1. Effects of sand burial and nutrients on the ability of sand‐dune willow (Salix cordata) to tolerate or resist herbivory by the beetle Altica subplicata were evaluated in field experiments.2. To assess tolerance, all combinations of sand burial (none, 50%), nutrients (presence, absence), and beetles (presence, absence) were applied to caged plants and growth responses to herbivory were measured. Sand burial increased plant growth rate, but decreased S. cordata's tolerance to herbivory. Although nutrients increased growth, tolerance to herbivory was unaffected.3. To assess resistance, plants were exposed to all combinations of sand burial and nutrients, and then to natural beetle colonisation. The presence of nutrients, but not sand burial, significantly increased the percentage of plants with beetles, for both adults and larvae. This decreased resistance to beetles of plants grown with added nutrients occurred only in the absence of sand burial.4. The performance and preference of beetles were examined in laboratory experiments. Larvae developed faster and had increased pupation success on plants with nutrients added. Beetles also showed a marginally significant feeding preference for leaves grown with added nutrients. Thus, S. cordata tolerance to herbivory was affected by sand burial, whereas resistance, preference, and performance were affected by nutrient level.
Allogeneic haematopoietic stem‐cell transplantation for relapsed and refractory aggressive histology non‐Hodgkin lymphoma*
Authors: Doocey Richard T. , Toze Cynthia L. , Connors Joseph M. , Nevill Thomas J. , Gascoyne Randy D. , Barnett Michael J. , Forrest Donna L. , Hogge Donna E. , Lavoie Julye C. , Nantel Stephen H. , Shepherd John D. , Sutherland Heather J. , Voss Nicholas J. , Smith Clayton A. , Song Kevin W. 
Published: September 2005

SummaryForty‐four patients with relapsed or refractory aggressive histology non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (diffuse large B cell, n = 23; peripheral T cell, n = 5; transformed B cell, n = 16) proceeded to allogeneic stem cell transplant (allo‐SCT) between 1987 and 2003. Median age at transplant was 40 years (range 19–56 years). At the time of transplant, 35 were chemosensitive and nine were chemorefractory. Thirty‐three patients had matched sibling donors and 11 had unrelated donors. Forty‐two patients (95%) received radiation‐based conditioning regimens. Event‐free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) at 5 years was 43% [95% confidence interval (CI): 27–58%] and 48% (95% CI: 32–63%) respectively. Treatment‐related mortality was 25% at 1 year. Grade III–IV acute graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) was the only significant variable affecting OS and EFS, and had a negative impact. Chronic GVHD did not influence survival. Lymphoma relapse <12 months after initial therapy predicted for increased risk of relapse post‐transplant (P = 0·02). Patients with chemorefractory lymphoma were not at increased risk of relapse (P = 0·20) with four of nine patients remaining alive without disease 12–103 months post‐transplant. In conclusion, allo‐SCT for relapsed or refractory aggressive histology NHL results in long‐term EFS and OS of 40–50%. Patients with chemorefractory disease can have a durable remission post‐transplant.
Exercise capacity in patients with β‐thalassaemia intermedia
Authors: Agostoni Piergiuseppe , Cerino Mario , Palermo Pietro , Magini Alessandra , Bianchi Michele , Bussotti Maurizio , Fiorelli Gemino , Cappellini Maria D. 
Published: September 2005

SummaryThalassaemia intermedia patients can suffer fatigue and exercise capacity reduction, possibly because of anaemia, deconditioning and lack of exercise‐induced haemoconcentration. We studied 21 β‐thalassaemia intermedia patients, 10 splenectomised (group A) and 11 not splenectomised (group B). Patients were evaluated by cardiopulmonary exercise test with blood sampling for haemoglobin and plasma protein measurements at rest and peak. During exercise, an isolated increase of haemoglobin suggested spleen contraction while a parallel increase of haemoglobin and proteins suggested fluid filtration through capillary wall. Groups were homogeneous for age and gender. Peak oxygen consumption (VO2) was 22·5 ± 4·4 ml/min/kg (51 ± 14%) and 24·3 ± 7·0 (53 ± 12%) in groups A and B respectively [not significant (NS)]. At rest, haemoglobin was 8·8 g/dl in both groups. Exercise‐induced increment was 0·4 ± 0·2 and 1·0 ± 0·4 g/dl (P < 0·001) for haemoglobin and 4·0 ± 3·0 and 5·0 ± 4·0 g/l (NS) for proteins, in groups A and B respectively. Anaemia was the major cause of peak VO2 reduction (1097 ± 260 ml/min). However, anaemia did not explain the entire exercise capacity reduction, suggesting the presence of muscular deconditioning. Exercise capacity is reduced in β‐thalassaemia intermedia because of anaemia and muscular deconditioning. Spleen contraction does not significantly influence exercise capacity although exercise‐induced haemoconcentration was greater in patients with spleen.
Loss of phenotypic expression is related to tumour progression in early gastric differentiated adenocarcinoma
Authors: Nakamura T , Yao T , Kabashima A , Nishiyama K , Maehara Y , Tsuneyoshi M 
Published: September 2005

Aims : To evaluate the relationship between phenotypic expression and tumour progression as represented by macroscopic features, submucosal invasion and lymph node metastasis in early differentiated gastric adenocarcinoma.Methods : One hundred and fifty‐five cases of early gastric differentiated adenocarcinoma without any poorly differentiated components were studied. The mucosal and submucosal components of carcinomas and lymph node metastatic lesions were classified into four categories, gastric type (G‐type), incomplete intestinal type (I‐type), complete intestinal type (C‐type) and unclassified type (U‐type), based on the combination of the phenotypic expression of HGM (gastric foveolar epithelium), MUC6 (gastric pyloric glands), MUC2 (intestinal goblet cells) and CD10 (small intestinal brush border). In addition, a new classification representing a phenotypic shift from mucosa to submucosa or from primary lesion to lymph node metastasis was established with the categories of preserved group (P‐group), loss group (L‐group) and acquired group (A‐group).Results : (1) In submucosal carcinoma, U‐type was more common in the submucosa (39%) than in the mucosa (9%). (2) U‐type was more common in the metastatic lesions (42%) than in the primary lesions (5%). (3) The submucosal component and lymph node metastatic lesions were classified as P‐group in 48% and 43% of cases, respectively, and as L‐group in 50% and 52% of cases, respectively. (4) Lymph node metastatic lesions comprising undifferentiated carcinoma were classified as L‐group in 100% of cases.Conclusion : During the course of tumour progression, early differentiated adenocarcinoma at first tends to lose its phenotypic expression despite preserving its morphology, but subsequently morphological dedifferentiation occurs.
Therapeutic anti‐integrin (α4 and αL) monoclonal antibodies: two‐edged swords?
Authors: González‐Amaro Roberto , Mittelbrunn María , Sánchez‐Madrid Francisco 
Published: September 2005

SummaryAnti‐α4 and anti‐αL integrin chain monoclonal antibodies have shown a clear‐cut beneficial effect in different animal models of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders as well as in human diseases, including multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, and psoriasis. It has been widely assumed that this therapeutic effect is mainly consequence of the blockade of leucocyte adhesion to endothelium, inhibiting thus their extravasation and the inflammatory phenomenon. However, it is evident that both α4β1 (very late antigen‐4) and αLβ2 (leucocyte function‐associated antigen‐1) integrins have additional important roles in other immune phenomena, including the formation of the immune synapse and the differentiation of T helper 1 lymphocytes. Therefore, it is very feasible that the long‐term administration of blocking agents directed against these integrins to patients with inflammatory/autoimmune conditions may have undesirable or unexpected effects.
T cells are required for the peripheral phase of B‐cell maturation
Authors: Milićević Novica M. , Nohroudi Klaus , Milićević Živana , Hedrich Hans‐Juergen , Westermann Jürgen 
Published: September 2005

SummaryB‐lymphocyte maturation is considered to be independent of the thymus. However, there is circumstantial evidence suggesting that it may be impaired in nude animals that lack the thymus. Our study shows that the proportion of immature B‐lymphocyte subsets (CD90high IgMhigh and CD90high IgMlow) was significantly increased, whereas that of mature B‐lymphocyte subsets (CD90– IgMlow and CD90– IgMhigh) was decreased in the blood and lymph nodes of nude rats. In addition, the expression of major histocompatibility complex class II, intercellular adhesion molecule‐1, CD44 and l‐selectin was significantly down‐regulated both on immature and mature B‐lymphocyte subsets. After implantation of thymic tissue under the kidney capsule of nude rats the block in B‐lymphocyte maturation was alleviated and the expression of surface molecules was normalized. Comparable effects were seen after the adoptive transfer of T lymphocytes. Thus, we show that in nude rats B cells do not mature properly because of the lack of T‐cell help and that T lymphocytes are required for the peripheral phase of B‐lymphocyte maturation, as well as for the appropriate expression of surface molecules. This should be considered when treating patients with T‐cell deficiencies.
Ligation of CD8α on human natural killer cells prevents activation‐induced apoptosis and enhances cytolytic activity
Authors: Addison Elena G. , North Janet , Bakhsh Ismail , Marden Chloe , Haq Sumaira , Al‐Sarraj Samia , Malayeri Reza , Wickremasinghe R. Gitendra , Davies Jeffrey K. , Lowdell Mark W. 
Published: September 2005

SummaryIt has been previously shown that the subset of human natural killer (NK) cells which express CD8 in a homodimeric α/α form are more cytotoxic than their CD8– counterparts but the mechanisms behind this differential cytolytic activity remained unknown. Target cell lysis by CD8– NK cells is associated with high levels of effector cell apoptosis, which is in contrast to the significantly lower levels found in the CD8α+ cells after lysis of the same targets. We report that cross‐linking of the CD8α chains on NK cells induces rapid rises in intracellular Ca2+ and increased expression of CD69 at the cell surface by initiating the influx of extracellular Ca2+ ions. We demonstrate that secretion of cytolytic enzymes initiates NK‐cell apoptosis from which CD8α+ NK cells are protected by an influx of exogenous calcium following ligation of CD8 on the NK‐cell surface. This ligation is through interaction with fellow NK cells in the cell conjugate and can occur when the target cells lack major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class I expression. Protection from apoptosis is blocked by preincubation of the NK cells with anti‐MHC Class I antibody. Thus, in contrast to the CD8– subset, CD8α+ NK cells are capable of sequential lysis of multiple target cells.