bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Faith and Ideology
Authors: Nasr Seyyed Vali Reza 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The development of the Jama’at-i Islami and the success of Islamic revivalism depended in part on Mawdudi’s ability to articulate his political program effectively. His writings disseminated his ideas far and wide, cultivating a following for his views, particularly among the educated, and placing his arguments at the center of Muslim intellectual and political debate. For his followers, these texts became the principal means of learning about Islam, distinguishing them from other Muslims, and defining the party.
A New Islam?
Authors: Nasr Seyyed Vali Reza 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The scope and extent of Mawdudi’s rationalization and modernization of lslamic thought and the manner in which he incorporated Western ideas and concepts into his ideology set him apart from the traditional perspective based on timehonored Islamic norms and institutions.1 As a result, Mawdudi’s ideology has often been regarded by traditional scholars and divines as unorthodox. The Jama’at and the traditional institutions in South Asia certainly have competing and mutually exclusive definitions of religious truth, as each vies to shape social institutions in its own image-posturing as “sect” before a “church,” to use terms from the sociology of religion.
An Old Mandate in a New Age: Mawdudi’s Authority
Authors: Nasr Seyyed Vali Reza 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Jama’at-i Islami and Mawdudi’s prolific writings have given his ideology the reach it needed to become known in Muslim society. Their importance suggests that, ultimately, Mawdudi’s authority was legal-rational in nature.1 Many were drawn to Mawdudi by his intelligence, erudition, creativity, and selfreliance. He was not from the beginning the hardened leader that his followers later found him to be. In his earlier years, he had a different disposition, reflected, for example, in his love of poetry, especially that of Ghalib.
Muddling Through
Authors: Dallek Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN THE THREE MONTHS after the Senate rejected membership in the World Court, events abroad fanned American fears of war. In February 1935, Mussolini responded to a two-month-old border dispute with Ethiopia by sending additional forces to Italian East Africa. In March, Berlin openly repudiated the disarmament clauses of the Versailles Treaty by revealing the existence of a German air force and plans to build a 550,000-man army. In response, France doubled the existing period of service for conscripts, and the League voted to consider economic and financial measures against any state endangering the peace. “These are without doubt the most hair-trigger times the world has gone through in your lifetime or mine,” FDR wrote• Ambassador Breckinridge Long in Rome. “I do not even exclude June and July 1914.”These developments, coupled with a $1.1 billion defense request by FDR, the largest peacetime budget in American history, stirred American pacifists to fresh actions. “We are rapidly sinking to the level of Hitler and Mussolini in our bowing down before the God of war,” Oswald Garrison Villard, the editor of the Nation,complained. “That a Chris tian nation such as we pretend to be ... is actually planning to spend $1,125,000,000 ... upon military and naval expenditures ... when . . . more than 20,000,000 Americans are on the bread line and in receipt of doles, is one of the most humiliating and discouraging happenings of recent years.” Arguing that the United States was in no danger of invasion, students, clergymen, and women’s groups warned that so large a defense budget signified an intent to make war.
Limited Influence
Authors: Dallek Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN THE DAYS AND weeks after Munich, Roosevelt joined the “mass of mankind” in a “universal sense of relie’f” that peace had been pre served. Overjoyed that they had been spared the “abomination” of an other total war, people everywhere showered Chamberlain with expressions of approval: letters, flowers, poems, umbrellas, and fishing rods “rained in on Downing Street”; the Dutch sent tulips; the Belgians struck a medal to the “apostle of peace”; someone requested “a piece of his umbrella to make a relic in a Greek icon”; and city councils across Britain named streets in his honor. “We in the United States,” Roosevelt wrote Mackenzie King in Canada, “rejoice with you, and the world at large, that the outbreak of war was averted.”Though Roosevelt also had hopes that Munich might bring “a new order based on justice and law,” he invested little faith in the idea. He principally saw Munich as an interlude between threats in which the democracies must rearm. Others shared his belief. Hitler was bent on world domination and would not be satisfied with his Czech gains, Assistant Secretary of State George Messersmith told FDR. Premier Edouard Daladier, Bullitt reported from Paris, anticipated new German demands within six months and intended now, above all, to build French military strength, especially in the air. “Daladier ... realizes fully that the meeting in Munich was an immense diplomatic defeat for France and England and recognizes that unless France can recover a united national spirit ...a fatal situation will arise within the next year.” “Do not suppose that this is the end,” Winston Churchill warned in England. “This is only the beginning of the reckoning. This is only the first sip, the first foretaste of a bitter cup which will be proffered to us year by year unless, by a supreme recovery of moral health and martial vigor, we arise again and take our stand for freedom as in the olden time.”
Pearl’s Kitchen
Authors: Wuthnow Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jason McKendrick crawled wearily into the back of the van. He wanted just a moment to be alone with his thoughts. It had been such a long evening, though not so different from the others. The sounds and the smells and the faces still crowded in front of his eyes. That old man with the purple pillow case. Mary, poor Mary, hmmm, always a smile. The new guy (or had he been there before?), shy at first. But yeah, he brightened up. So many tonight, probably more than a hundred. Well, but it’s cold. Freezing out here. That always brings them in. Liquor. Keeps you warm. The stench. Never will get used to it. Megan. Glad she came along. She’s cute, smart, could be a model.
Thinking About the Future
Authors: Wuthnow Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Are America’s young people being encouraged to “dream bigger” as they do volunteer work and are drawn into community service projects? Or are they simply being kept off the street, away from the mall, and being used to per­ form tasks that nobody else wants to do?These are hard questions. But we must confront them and, one hopes, in a way that will encourage young people to benefit from their volunteer experiences and that will help teachers, clergy, and leaders of community agencies to enrich these experiences.
The Reduction of the Prohibition of m. AZ 1:1 in the Diaspora
Authors: Hayes Christine Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the following example the Talmuds explicitly articulate divergent halakhah for Jews in Palestine and for Jews in the diaspora while disagreeing on the details of this divergence. Two specific halakhic differences will occupy us. The first is the difference in the number of days prior to a non-Jewish festival during which it is prohibited to carry out certain transactions with non-Jews. According to the Yerushalmi, three prior days are prohibited in Palestine and one prior day in Babylonia. According to the Bavli, three prior days are prohibited in Palestine but only the festival day itself is prohibited in the diaspora. The second difference is the manner in which the stricter minority view of R. Yishmael, recorded in m. AZ 1:2, is treated in the two Talmuds. In the Yerushalmi it is neutrally explored but in the Bavli it appears to be discredited.
The Question of Worldview
Authors: Bacon Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All people carry with them a worldview, a sense of how the social world is organized. All people carry with them a sense of what a person is and how persons are related to one another and to the entire complex of social relations that constitute society. This worldview is the product of a person’s experience in his or her culture of origin. To the extent that people share a cultural milieu that surrounds and delimits their particular experiences of language, religion, caste, gender, family, education, work, and politics, they share the worldview constitutive of their common cultural background. Certainly, there is great variety in the ways individuals within a common culture think about their social world. I believe, however, that people who share a cultural background understand the way their culture thinks about social relationships. Even one who holds views different from most people, or different from his or her parents, still understands what “most people” or “parents” are thinking. There is a shared understanding, if not acceptance, of the dominant worldview.
Problems Talk: The Rhetoric of Adjustment in the Immigrant Press
Authors: Bacon Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In public forums and panel discussions, in the youth columns of the immigrant press, there is a standard way of discussing the adjustment problems faced by “the youth” in the Indian community. Unlike the organizational problems of the first generation or the adjustment problems of immigrants, which only make occasional appearances in public forums or print media, the problems of the second generation are very public and are discussed incessantly.
The Iyengars: Historical Indians
Authors: Bacon Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lakshmi: If we had given more Indian culture, Bob wouldn’t be walking around in a leather jacket.
Shivan: You are always going to have doubts even if you did not have a second culture involved. Maybe if we had taught him more Indian culture, he would have turned out slightly different. But maybe this way he’s going to get assimilated a hell of a lot easier into the society in which he is going to live. A lot better than we have been. He’s more comfortable, at ease, with it. That’s the life that our staying here has made for him. And if this is the norm for kids his age in the society, why should I ...
The Kumars: Compromise
Authors: Bacon Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Kumars are practicing Christians who emigrated from Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, in the late 1970s, with three children in tow. They did not come “for a few years” with the idea of returning to India.1 Unlike most Indian immigrant families of the late ‘60s and early ‘70s, Ravi and Ratna Kumar were not a young couple whose emigration was contingent upon a decision to break away from their parents in India. Instead, Ravi’s mother, widowed for six or seven years, had been the first in the family to move to the United States. It was she who encouraged her four sons in India and their families to join her there. Within a few years of Ravi’s mother’s immigration, the entire family had been reunited in Chicago and lived together in the apartments of a three-flat.
Writing and Scripts in India
Authors: Salomon Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of writing in India, insofar as it applies to the material treated in this book, is essentially coextensive with the history of the Brāhmī script and its many derivatives, and of the Kharothī script. While the latter, though important in its day, was a regional script which died out without any descendants, the former is the parent of one of the major script families of the world, comprising not only all of the indigenous scripts of South Asia (as opposed to those of Perso-Arabic or European origin) but also several other major scripts of central and especially Southeast Asia. While the processes of development of these scripts will not be presented in detail in this book (this being, as explained in the preface, primarily a work on epigraphy rather than paleography), the general outlines of these developments, particularly as they relate to epigraphy proper, are presented in the context of a general discussion of the history of epigraphic writing in India.
The Languages of Indic Inscriptions
Authors: Salomon Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In early Indian inscriptions the Prakrit, or, more precisely, the Middle Indo-Aryan (MIA) languages predominated. Indeed, from about the third to the first century B.c. these were the only languages in epigraphic use, and they continued to predominate for at least two centuries more, and longer in some regions. It was only in the early centuries of the Christian era that the “mixed dialect,” or “Epigraphical Hybrid Sanskrit” (EHS), and Sanskrit began to appear, and for several centuries all three-MIA, EHS, and Sanskrit-were in use simultaneously. But the latter two gradually gained the upper hand over the Prakrits, and then Sanskrit gradually superseded both Prakrit and EHS (see 3.3.1-3.3.7). Thus the Prakrits practically ceased to be epigraphic languages by the early fourth century A.D. in northern India, and about a century later in the south.
Methods of Epigraphic Study
Authors: Salomon Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ideally, an epigraphist should study and edit an inscription from the original stone, copper plate, or other surface on which it is written. In practice, however, this is often not practically feasible, so that the editor must rely on some means of reproduction of the original. Of course, even if one does have access to the original, a reproduction should be made for future use and for publication, since a published edition of an inscription should include a good illustration of the original along with the edited transcript, to enable the readers to check the editor’s readings.
Coming Home
Authors: Balmer Randall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The voice on the other end of the phone sounded timid and not a little anxious. S. Carole Jackson, a recent graduate of Southern Baptist Theological Seminary and the associate pastor at Olive Chapel Baptist Church, had that very day stepped in as interim pastor. The senior minister, she explained, had resigned to attend graduate school. “I’m not quite sure what I’m doing here,” she conceded, “but I’m sure things will work out all right.”
Road to Recovery
Authors: Balmer Randall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to W. James Richards, senior pastor at the time, it was a difficult period in his life that led to a lot of misunderstandings. Others in the congregation had a different take on the situation, and once you cut through the evasions and the subterfuge, the sequence of events appears to have unfolded something like this. In the winter of 1991, amid what one source described as “apparent difficulties with the pastoral relationship,” the church held a two-hour congregational meeting to act on Richards’s offer to resign. “The people who spoke were over whelmingly supportive,” Richards said, adding that the easy way out of that situation would have been to acknowledge what the crescendo of rumors had already concluded-namely, that he was gay.
Epilogue
Authors: Balmer Randall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1960 Robert T. Handy, professor of church history at Union Theological Seminary in New York, published an article entitled “The American Religious Depression, 1925-1935.By almost any index, Handy demonstrated—diminished financial support, decline in church and Sunday school attendance, an attenuation of missionary activity, hardships faced by rural congregations—Protestant churches had fallen on hard times, a development that predated the economic collapse of 1929 and the Great Depression. According to the United Stewardship Council, for instance, gifts for benevolence fell from $5.57 per capita in 1921 to $3.43 by 1929. Sectarian movements flourished, drawing many of their followers from the older and larger Protestant denominations.
Mesoscopic Effects in Equilibrium and Static Properties
Authors: Imry Yoseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS, THERMODYNAMIC FLUCTUATION EFFECTS
This chapter will be devoted to mesoscopic effects which are not neccesarily related to nonequilibrium or transport phenomena. Most of our discussion in the rest of this chapter will be concerned with electronic effects, often with fluctuations from sample to sample. We shall start here, however, by briefly reviewing more general finite-size effects due to ordinary thermodynamic fluctuations.
Such fluctuations are usually negligible in the “thermodynamic limit,” as far as their contributions to, for example, intensive properties, or to the O(N) part of extensive ones are concerned. However, thermodynamic fluctuations may play an important role in special situations where large length scales exist in the system. We mention here two of these: the elimination of certain types of long-range order (and, therefore, phase transitions) in low-dimensional systems and the effects of finite sample sizes on regular phase transitions. There are several varieties of the former effects.
In systems with “discrete order parameters,” for example a liquid-gas equilibrium, the energy of a “wall” between two phases, Uw, is finite in the quasi-ID (finite cross-section) case for short-range interactions. Since the entropy (Landau and Lifshitz 1959) of such a wall is of the order of kB ln(L/ L0), where Lis the length of the system and L0 is some atomic length, walls will always be spontaneously generated in equilibrium, for a large enough
Noise in Mesoscopic Systems
Authors: Imry Yoseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1. INTRODUCTION
We shall be concerned here with three main types of noise phenomena:
Equilibrium or Nyquist-Johnson noise across a resistor (see eqs. A.9 and A.13-17).
Various nonequilibrium or shot noise phenomena around a steady state with a current flow.
Low-frequency, typically “1/f,” noise due to slow changes of the resistance with time.
In the first two cases, the noise power is typically “white” (frequency-independent) over a sizable frequency range from zero to 1/r*, the cutoff frequency, which is the smaller of ksT /n = 1/ f]n (in this chapter we shall mostly reserve the notation T for the transmission coefficient) and 1/r. r is a characteristic time for the transport, for example, the transport mean free time for a classical resistor in equilibrium. In this case, and for f]n » r, the noise power is linear in w for a constant conductance for O &lt; (f]n)-1 « w « 1/r. Concentrating on the current noise (which is measured in equilibrium by connecting a zero impedance “a.c.” amperometer across the resistor), one considers (see Wax 1954 and Reif 1965 for general references) the Fourier transform of the current current correlation function (which depends only on t, not on t’), the nature of the averaging denoted by the angular brackets will de discussed later
Concluding Remarks
Authors: Imry Yoseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many of the interesting and novel phenomena that occur in mesoscopic systems have been reviewed and discussed in this book. After a brief discussion in chapter 1 of the available experimental systems and “micro-” and “nano-” fabrication possibilities, the modification of the electronic properties, especially the transport, due to Anderson localization were considered in chapter 2. This is the first example where quantum interference has important consequences even macroscopically. Chapter 3 dealt with the general question of how inelastic scattering produces an uncertainty in the relative phase of partial waves, thereby eliminating their interference. An expression was produced which helps to evaluate the inelastic rate in terms of the dissipative response function of the system, which is usually known. As an application, the very nontrivial dephasing due to electron-electron interaction in the diffusive case was considered.
In chapter 4, equilibrium properties, mainly the response of a mesoscopic system to a magnetic field, were discussed, an instructive situation being the persistent current in a ring due to the Aharonov-Bohm (A-B) flux. The physics of these currents was explained, emphasizing their absolute stability, and estimates were made of their magnitudes for noninteracting electrons. This is a clear example of the omnipresent, important difference between a mesoscopic effect-the current in a given, specific ring-and the often much smaller result obtained when averaging over the impurity-ensemble is performed.
The Religious Interlocutor
Authors: Wainwright Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two passages in Newbigin’s writings from thirty years apart will raise the themes of the Gospel’s relation to adherents of other religions than the Christian and of his own understanding and practice in the matter over half a century and more. The first passage occurs in the address given by Newbigin under the title “Mission Agenda” at Trinity College, Dublin, in 1992 on the occasion of the centenary celebrations of the Dublin University Mission to Chota Nagpur: “The globalization of human society has, very naturally and properly, led missionary societies to move away from the one-directional model of mission to a model which emphasises sharing, listening and dialogue. My own life-time as a missionary has been in the context of this shift and I have shared in it to the full.” Newbigin immediately went on to declare, “There is a wide gap between the way inter-faith conversation happens when it is conducted in Tamil among people who have never been through an English educational process, and the way it is conducted among those, Indian and European, who share the same kind of academic formation.” The second passage dates from 1963 and Newbigin’s programmatic reflections on “Trinitarian Faith and Today’s Mission”:
The Christian Apologist
Authors: Wainwright Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the last quarter century of his life, from his return to Britain in 19 74 until his death in 1998, Lesslie Newbigin devoted himself principally to the diagnosis and treatment of the crisis of the Christian faith in the modern world, particularly the Western world. He sought by the Gospel to remedy both the Church and the culture. It is as an apologist to the doubting and to the unbelieving that he now became chiefly known.
The great issue, then. was that of “modernity.” On the one hand, Newbigin was happy to acknowledge the dazzling successes of the modern West in the natural sciences and in technology, and to approve in many respects the political gains made in the realms of personal freedom, human dignity, social justice, and material welfare. Indeed, he claimed a historically Christian basis for some of the achievements of modernity: the notion of a created universe that was both regular and yet not itself divine provided both the possibility and the permission for scientific investigation and technical use of the material world; the notion of humankind as persons created by a loving God for freedom and for mutual care provided a grounding for individual liberties and communal responsibilities.
Exodus and Conquest
Authors: Dozeman Thomas B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim in this chapter is to demonstrate how deuteronomistic tradents refashioned the liturgy of the Day of Yahweh into an account of salvation history during the exilic period. Such a hypothesis is not without debate. Although there is a broad consensus that the Tetrateuch contains material that resembles Deuteronomy, there is debate concerning the extent of such literature in the Tetrateuch, and concerning its relationship to Deuteronomy and the deuteronomistic history CToshua-2 Kings).