bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Traditions of Public Law Thought
Authors: Loughlin Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My argument has been that the positions adopted within public law by commentators, advocates, and judges are rooted in certain categories of thought. I have identified the main styles of public law thought, which I call normativism and functionalism, in an ideal typical form. In this form these styles are inventions; they are constructed to permit us to obtain initial insights into the dominant categories of public law thought. As I suggested, these styles are fluid and that, within them, certain tensions may be evident. In order to understand them better we therefore need to examine their influence; and this process of investigation also leads to elaboration. I have first tried to show how their origins are to be found in certain political ideologies. Through this exercise we may obtain an insight into the richness of these styles. In addition to appreciating their complexity, however, we have also seen something of their internal tensions. This is hardly surprising since these styles are not fixed and intractable. Their various facets are constantly being adapted in the light of changing circumstances and requirements.
Social Security Decision Making and Appeals
Authors: Sainsbury Roy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1998, a new Social Security Act was passed which, among other things, established a new framework for decision making and appeals for large parts of the social security system. It has to be said that this barely provoked a flicker of interest in the media or among the public at large. Perhaps this should not surprise anyone. I low decisions are made, who makes them, and how appeals are handled seem to be dry administrative details compared with important issues such as the cuts to benefits for lone parents, also contained in the Act. And yet, decision making is important. The rules of decision making and the way they are used in practice will have a direct bearing on the outcome of a claim for benefit.
The Economics of Pre-emption and the Abuse of a Dominant Position
Authors: Sanders Anselm Kamperman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this Chapter some economic justifications for the law of unfair competition will be discussed.1 In order to grasp these economic considerations, the economics of the statutory ‘property rule’ regimes of trade mark, patent, and copyright protection are contrasted with the economics of protection of confidential information and other forms of ‘liability rules’ that are employed to regulate competition. The effects on competition of market dominance sustained by a property or a liability rule are considered. Further attention is given to the Treaty of Rome, which forbids the abuse of such a dominant position.
Malign Competition: Action and Remedy
Authors: Sanders Anselm Kamperman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this final Chapter an attempt is made to integrate all aspects of the action for malign competition. Factual situations will be taken from cases in order to demonstrate how the action provides a sound rationale in the assessment of liability. Consideration will also be given to the remedies that are the result of a successful action. The first part is a recapitulation of the grounds for the action in malign competition where the focus is on the action for free acceptance augmented by constructive knowledge principles to assess liability. It is also at this point where we will ask which factors must be pres ent in addition to the Baden progression to make a defendant liable. The later part is an assessment of the action on a factual case-by-case basis. The facts are taken from several cases that have been discussed in previous chapters and have been selected to display the maximum number of problems that can arise in malign competition cases.
Privacy as a Constitutional Right and Value
Authors: Barendt Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
English common law does not recognize a general right to privacy, while Parliament has been unwilling to introduce a broad statutory right. Nor is it likely to take this step in the foreseeable future. Even within the relatively narrow context of disclosure by newspapers of personal information, it is argued the right is too difficult to define satisfactorily and that its introduction would significantly erode press freedom. Outside this context there are occasional references in judicial and political discussion to the guarantee under Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) of the ‘ right to respect for private life and correspondence’, but there is no imminent prospect of the introduction of such a right in English law, short of general incorporation of the Convention. Many commentators would accept the Younger Committee’s conclusion that a right couched in these terms would be far too broad, being little more than a reformulation of Judge Cooley’s classic, if vacuous, definition of privacy as ‘the right to be let alone’. 1 Even in the United States there is much debate about the coherence and scope of privacy.
Law as Information
Authors: Susskind Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter One, I considered a number of thorny problems with contemporary legal systems. While I concentrated largely on the effects of these problems on social and business life, it is easily seen that the same difficulties can also be assessed in terms of information. For example, hyperregulation refers to legal information being of unmanageable quantity and complexity. Lack of promulgation means that certain legal information is not disseminated adequately and then made available to those who need it.
Express Coaching: Privatization, Incumbent Advantage, and the Competitive Process
Authors: Thompson David , Whitfield ANN 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The deregulation of express coach services, implemented in October 1980, has resulted in profound changes in this industry—some of them expected but some almost wholly unexpected. The significant scale of market entry which followed immediately after deregulation, and the associated reduction in real price levels, can both be counted as expected outcomes. More surprising has been the success which the main incumbent—National Express—achieved in fighting entry, the large share of the deregulated market which it was able to sustain, and the rising trend in real price levels after 1982. These unexpected outcomes have been examined in several studies (see Jaffer, for example, Jaffer and Thompson 1986; Davis 1984) and these point to various advantages of incumbency which enabled National Express (NE) to successfully meet the threat of market entry. Such advantages included exclusive access to major coach terminals, an established brand name, an extensive marketing network, and a weak bankruptcy constraint, arising from NE’s status as a subsidiary of the public-sector National Bus Company (NBC).
Regulatory Reform in Higher Education in the UK: Incentives for Efficiency and Product Quality
Authors: Cave Martin , Dodsworth Ruth , Thompson David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last decade has seen a series of significant changes in the funding, organization, and regulation of higher education in the UK. Whilst the objectives and motivations of the changes in higher education have been multifaceted (see, for example, Kogan and Kogan 1983), it seems clear that they share some common goals with the wider programme of public-sector reforms—goals motivated by concern with the contribution which the (then) public-sector institutions could make to the health of the UK economy and shaped by a belief that these institutions were failing to perform effectively (see, for example, Moore 1983). It was suggested variously that the public-sector bodies were poorly managed, lacked clear objectives, or had been captured by their work-forces.
Privatization and Regulation of the Water Industry in England and Wales
Authors: Cowan Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ten water authorites in England and Wales were privatized in1989. This was the third privatization of network utilities following the sales of British Telecom in 1984 and British Gas in 1986. These three industries have many characteristics in common but there are some special features of the water industry which make the study of its regulatory regime of particular interest. These include the possibility of some form of yardstick competition, the importance of quality and environmental regulation, the danger of underinvestment, and the possible introduction of metering.
Conditional Heteroskedasticity in Asset Returns: A New Approach
Authors: Nelson Daniel B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
GARCH models have been applied in modelling the relation between conditional variance and asset risk premia. These models, however, have at least three major drawbacks in asset pricing applications: (i) Researchers beginning with Black (1976) have found a negative correlation between current returns and future returns volatility. GARCH models rule this out by assumption. (ii) GARCH models impose parameter restrictions that are often violated by estimated coefficients and that may unduly restrict the dynamics of the conditional variance process. (iii) Interpreting whether shocks to conditional variance “persist” or not is difficult in GARCH models, because the usual norms measuring persistence often do not agree. A new form of ARCH is proposed that meets these objections. The method is used to estimate a model of the risk premium on the CRSP Value-Weighted Market Index from 1962 to 1987.
Semiparametric ARCH Models
Authors: Engle Robert F , Gonzalez-Rivera Gloria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This article introduces a semiparametric autoregressive conditional hetero scedasticity (ARCH) model that has conditional first and second moments given by autoregressive moving average and ARCH parametric formulations but a conditional density that is assumed only to be sufficiently smooth to be approximated by a nonparametric density estimator. For several particular conditional densities, the relative efficiency of the quasi-maximum likelihood estimator is compared with maximum likelihood under correct specification. These potential efficiency gains for a fully adaptive procedure are compared in a Monte Carlo experiment with the observed gains from using the proposed semiparametric procedure, and it is found that the estimator captures a substantial proportion of the potential. The estimator is applied to daily stock returns from small firms that are found to exhibit conditional skewness and kurtosis and to the British pound to dollar exchange rate.
Modelling the Coherence in Short-run Nominal Exchange Rates: A Multivariate Generalized ARCH Model
Authors: Bollerslev Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A multivariate time-series model with time-varying conditional variances and covariances, but constant conditional correlations is proposed. In a multivariate regression framework, the model is readily interpreted as an extension of the Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) model allowing for heteroskedasticity. Parameterizing each of the conditional variances as a univariate Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedastic (GARCH) process, the descriptive validity of the model is illustrated for a set of five nominal European US dollar exchange rates following the inception of the European Monetary System (EMS). When compared to the pre-EMS free-float period, the comovements between the currencies are found to be significantly higher over the later period.
An Economist’s Perspective on the Theory of the Firm
Authors: Hart Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An outsider to the field of economics would probably take it for granted that economists have a highly developed theory of the firm. After all firms are the engines of growth of modern capitalistic economies, and so economists must surely have fairly sophisticated views of how they behave. In fact, little could be further from the truth. Most formal models of the firm are extremely rudimentary, capable only of portraying hypothetical firms that bear little relation to the complex organizations we see in the world. Furthermore, theories that attempt to incorporate real world features of corporations, partnerships and the like often lack precision and rigour, and have therefore failed, by and large, to be accepted by the theoretical mainstream.
Constraints on Multimedia Convergence
Authors: Garnham Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A pervasive, technological determinist perspective has dominated much popular and scholarly discussion on ICT innovations and related policy debates and initiatives. Proponents of this view have argued that developments leading to a digitally based convergence of ICTs are fundamentally restructuring communications and the communication industries as part of the process of ushering in the information society. They claim the challenge for policy makers is to ensure that outdated regulatory structures are not a barrier to economically and socially beneficent change (Bell 1973, 1980; Toffier 1980; de Sola Pool 1990; Negroponte 1995).
The Moral Hazard Problem
Authors: Macho-Stadler Ines , Perez-Castrillo J David , Watt Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyses the moral hazard model. The model studies those situations in which the agent’s behaviour is not a verifiable variable in the relationship. Therefore, it cannot be included in the terms of the contract and so the systems of payment pro posed by the symmetric information model are no longer adequate. The analysis of the moral hazard model has two simple implications. First, our at tention is directed to the fact that when a contract is offered, it is necessary to take into account the decisions (the effort) that the other party will take if he accepts the relationship. The fact that these decisions cannot be controlled implies an important efficiency loss and it also affects the type of contract that will be signed and the decisions that will be taken. Secondly, the analysis shows that the optimal contract is determined by the trade-off between two conflicting objectives: efficiency (in the optimal distribution of risk between the participants) and the incentives of the agent (additional risk).
Strategies of Cooperation
Authors: Child John , Faulkner David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Strategic alliances are increasingly common, as many organizations look towards various partnering arrangements. This book is a clear and comprehensive survey by two authors with extensive knowledge of alliances in Europe, Asia and America. They present perspectives from economics, strategy and organization theory and blend these with a range of practical examples. This informed and accessible book will be ideal for business students and managers alike wishing to understand the challenges of managing alliances.
Organizational Learning
Authors: Child John , Faulkner David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has long been recognized that successful strategies are those which adapt organizations to the opportunities and threats in their environments, and which enhance their internal capacities. Adaptation to external developments and internal enhancement both involve ‘organizational learning’. The term has since the 1970s come to be used to emphasize that organizations, just as individuals, can acquire new knowledge and skills with the intention of improving their future performance. It has indeed been argued that the only competitive advantage the company of the future will have is its managers’ ability to learn faster than its rivals (De Geus 1988: 740). Organizations often adopt cooperative strategies with the specific intention of acquiring new knowledge and know-how. Successful cooperation itself requires a learning process by the partners (Inkpen 1995a).
Technological Collaboration
Authors: Dodgson Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Collaboration, in the form of technology-based joint ventures, strategic alliances, and multi-partner R & D projects, is an increasingly important feature in the generation and diffusion of technology and is therefore a key MTI activity. Technological collaboration essentially involves shared commitment of resources and risk by a number of partners to agreed complementary aims. Vertical collaboration occurs throughout the chain of production for particular products, from the provision of raw materials, through the production and assembly of parts, components, and systems, to their distribution and servicing. Horizontal collaborations occur between partners at the same level in the production process. As we have seen in previous chapters, vertical, user-supplier links play a central role in the innovation process. Horizontal links also assist the innovation process, although firms may be comparatively more reticent to form such collaborations, as these may lead to disputes over ownership of their outcomes, such as intellectual property rights, or to direct competition between collaborating firms. Technological collaboration –with suppliers, users, partners, and universities –was a feature of all the case-study companies in Chapter 1.
Applied Macroeconometrics: An Introduction
Authors: Favero Carlo A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Once upon a time there was consensus on both the theoretical foundations of macroeconomics and the correct approach to macroeconometric modelling. Such a consensus, built around the Cowles Commission approach to model building, broke down dramatically at the beginning of the 1970s when it became clear that ‘...the models did not represent the data...did not represent the theory... were ineffective for practical purposes of forecasting and policy...’, Pesaran and Smith(1995) .
Knowledge of the Firm, Combinative Capabilities, and the Replication of Technology
Authors: Kogut Bruce , Zander Udo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A fundamental puzzle, as first stated by Michael Polanyi (1966), is that individuals appear to know more than they can explain. That knowledge can be tacit has broad implications for understanding the difficulty of imitating and diffusing individual skills, a problem lying at the heart of artificial intelligence to the competitive analysis of firms. Though the idea of tacit knowledge has been widely evoked but rarely defined-as if the lack of definition is itself evidence of the concept, it represents a dramatically different vantage point by which to analyze the capabilities and boundaries of firms.
Assessment
Authors: Krawitz Roy , Jackson Wendy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While the assessment and planning stages can feel like you are not getting ‘treatment’, they are essential foundations for successful treatment and can be some of the most important sessions you might have. A skilled therapist will be mindful of taking things at a pace that best suits you. One of the most important areas of the assessment phase is for your therapist to clearly understand your strengths, problems, and therapy goals clearly. Openness is the best policy—this information is to help both of you plan for treatment.
Prioritizing your therapy focus
Authors: Krawitz Roy , Jackson Wendy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When you first enter therapy, you and your therapist will most probably focus on getting to know one another, clarifying treatment goals and developing a plan for treatment. Your safety and the safety of others, if relevant, will be of paramount importance, as will be the relationship with your therapist. Once safety has been achieved, the next focus will be improving the quality of your life. In therapy sessions, you will be encouraged to be yourself and reflect upon your internal world and your relationships with those external to you.
Is it taking charge of our personal boundaries that makes a difference?
Authors: Krawitz Roy , Jackson Wendy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Keys to healthy boundaries persuading ourselves about the need for boundaries; asserting with others the boundaries. Signs to evaluate our boundaries if we regularly lose our power when we are in relationships; if we regularly keep people away and feel lonely, isolated, and empty. Signs that our boundaries are about right when we feel sufficiently safe with and adequately connected to people.
Is it how we relate to ourselves that makes a difference?
Authors: Krawitz Roy , Jackson Wendy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We all have value.
We all have a right to be here.
We need to find ways of recognizing and acknowledging our successes, achievements, and positive qualities, however small.
Our favourite way of working towards improved self-esteem is via the pathway of acceptance of who we are at any single moment.
We need to try be compassionate with ourselves, recognizing that we are doing the best that we know how—nobody we have met has said, ‘I am going to get up today and deliberately make some poor decisions!’
Do National Systems Converge?
Authors: Tomlinson Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There has been much debate in recent years about the question of the convergence of economic systems. This has tÅn on a new importance in European economies in the light of European integration. Not least with the accession of ten new countries to the Union. The more recent debates have to some extent blurred the discussion about convergence and what it actually means. The chapter proceeds as follows. First of all, after a general discussion of the importance of convergence, different definitions of convergence will be briefly explored. While it is not possible here to go into all the details and nuances of the debates, the concept of convergence will be set within the context of the European Commission’s enduring fascination with international benchmarking and the use of various unidimensional indicators and league tables to assess the progress of member states (e.g. the Innovation Scoreboard or ‘Trendchar’.
Science–Technology–Industry Links and the ‘European Paradox’: Some Notes on the Dynamics of Scientific and Technological Research in Europe
Authors: Dosi Giovanni , Llerena, Patrick , Labini Mauro Sylos 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We originally began this work simply meaning to address what is known as the ‘European Paradox’. Such a paradox—which sounds quite similar to an earlier ‘UK paradox’, fashionable around thirty years ago—refers to the conjecture that EU countries play a leading global role in terms of top-level scientific output, but lag behind in the ability of converting this strength into wealth-generating innovations. However, we soon realized, first, that the paradox mostly appears just in the flourishing business of reporting to and by the European Commission itself rather than in the data.
European Universities Under the Pressure of Globalization
Authors: Cohendet Patrick , Mailhot Chantale , Schaever Véronique 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The debate on the role of the university in the modern society is a growing one among policymÅrs, scientists as well as industrialists (Etzkowitz and LeydesdorV 2000: 109). This debate reflects a general concern with the profound changes in the mode of production of knowledge and in the organization of science that are seen as characterizing the knowledge-based economy. A polyphony of academic voices from various Welds and disciplines (including sociology of innovation, social anthropology of learning, evolutionary economics, economic history, economic geography, cognitive psychology, and competence- or resource-based approaches to enterprise strategy) have proposed a diversity of models (Triple Helix, Mode 2, sociology of networks, etc.) aiming at throwing light on public policy and academic strategy (Rip 2002: 125).