bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why Do Children Get Rheumatic Disease?
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the questions parents ask me as they come to grips with their child’s diagnosis of rheumatic disease is: “Why did this happen?” Medical research has made great strides over the past fifty years, but we still can’t really answer this question. It is frustrating to think that all of that time and effort has not given us the answers. The following paragraphs detail some of my own thoughts. Some of it is proven. Some of it is conjecture. Most of the rheumatic diseases clearly occur with increased frequency in relatives of people with the diseases, not so much that a mother needs to be concerned that her child will have the disease, but enough that investigators have to notice. Fill a football stadium with 100,000 random children, and the rheumatic diseases are rare. Fill that same football stadium with 100,000 children who have relatives with rheumatic disease, and children with rheumatic disease would be ten or twenty times as common. So there must be a genetic contribution.
Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD)
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Children with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) are antinuclear antibody (ANA)-positive. At one time this disease was thought to be a milder version of SLE. To understand this disease, it is necessary to understand that it was defined “backwards.” A physician named Gordon Sharp noted an unusual laboratory finding in some patients who were antinuclear antibody (ANA)-positive. When he went back and looked at the patients who had this finding, they were most often “atypical” SLE patients. These patients differed from typical SLE patients in having more arthritis, more rash, more lung disease, and less kidney disease. Since many of these patients were also positive for rheumatoid factor (see Chapter 24) and had more arthritis than typical SLE patients, they were thought of as having “mixed” disease. Thus, the name was chosen to reflect this. It took only a short time once the disease was described in adults to realize that there were children with the same pattern of findings.
Virtue Among The Ruins?
Authors: Pearson Steven D , E.Sabin James , Emanuel Ezekiel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is an urgency to this book, an urgency born of concern and hope. The concern is easy to understand. The American health-care system is in a state of crisis. Basic health coverage remains out of reach to millions of citizens, while the cost of care for the insured population has resumed a rapid rate of increase that promises to price ever more employers and individuals out of the health-care insurance market. Administrative costs remain the highest in the world. Despite spending more on health care than any other nation in the world, the U.S. healthcare system is plagued by medical errors and failures to provide proven clinical “best practices, “-the screening tests, preventive care, and medical treatments known to be most effective. Broad efforts to reform the system have met with public suspicion and skepticism, a reaction reinforced by the failure of the Clinton health-care initiative of the 1990s. Even limited reform efforts often sink into a quagmire of selfishness and distrust. Powerful interests, including managed care insurers, pharmaceutical corporations, and hospitals and physicians, line up to combat each other or to fend off regulatory efforts sponsored by citizens’ groups or the government. We have power without vision, conflict without progress. The system is stuck.
Medical Necessity, Coverage Decisions, and Medical Policy
Authors: Pearson Steven D , E.Sabin James , Emanuel Ezekiel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ronald Barnes is a 12-year-old boy who was born with a severely deformed left ear. As a young child, Ronald had reconstructive surgery on the ear that produced a satisfactory functional result, but the ear remained quite small and misshapen. As Ronald grew older, he was frequently teased by his schoolmates, and he suffered poor school performance as a result. As he neared adolescence, the impact on his life of his “ugly “ ear escalated. In an attempt to alleviate mounting psychological problems, and with the recommendation of their pediatrician, Ronald’s parents took him to see Dr. Schmidt, a plastic surgeon. Dr. Schmidt told them that, through new surgical techniques, she could restore the ear to a nearly normal appearance. Ronald and his family were ecstatic, and Dr. Schmidt requested preauthorization for the revision from the family’s HMO, Ultima Care. Two weeks later the Barnes family received a brief letter from Ultima Care saying that coverage for treatment would be denied because it was a cosmetic procedure and therefore not “medically necessary. “ Confused and angry, Ronald’s parents didn’t know what they should do next. Dr. Steven Bernstein is the senior medical director for Ultima Care HMO, based in Massachusetts. One morning Dr. Bernstein received a call about a 20-year old man, Henry Larson, an Ultima member, who had been hospitalized for a month after a serious car accident left him quadriplegic. As the time approached when he was to be moved from the hospital to a nearby rehabilitation facility, the patient’s sister had called to request a benefit exception that would cover a transfer of Henry’s care to the Shepherd Rehabilitation Center in Atlanta, Georgia, the rehabilitation center where the wellknown actor Christopher Reeve received care after his injury.
Community Benefits
Authors: Pearson Steven D , E.Sabin James , Emanuel Ezekiel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A development officer at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City calls the chief executive of a national health plan to ask whether the company would be willing to spend $50,000 to be a “platinum “ sponsor of an upcoming art show. The show focuses on nineteenth century American art and will be open for three months. Other confirmed major sponsors include a large bank headquartered in New York and an airline. For top-tier sponsorship, the health plan will be listed with the two other major sponsors on advertising for the show and will be able to host at least one private reception and showing of the exhibit. The CEO pauses. He lives in New York and believes strongly in the value of the arts, yet he also knows that his senior medical director has been asked to make budget cuts in free immunization and health fair programs that the company has supported in the past. Should the health plan sponsor the art show if it means cutting back further on its health-related activities? Maybe the health plan can do both, although the CEO worries about the pressure he is under from Wall Street analysts to trim administrative costs. And, after all, the health plan does pay taxes and has always provided good jobs with excellent benefits.
Global Financial Services Reconfiguration
Authors: Walter Ingo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Few industries have encountered as much strategic turbulence in recent years as has the financial services sector. In response to far-reaching regulatory and technological change, together with important shifts in client behavior and the de facto globalization of specific financial functions and markets, the organizational structure of the industry has been profoundly displaced. A great deal of uncertainly remains about the nature of any future equilibrium in the industry’s contours. At the same time, a major part of the industry has been effectively globalized, linking borrowers and lenders, issuers and investors, risks and risk takers around the world. This chapter presents a coherent analytical framework for thinking about financial firms worldwide, and spells out some of the key consequences for their strategic positioning and strategy implementation by management.
Mergers, Acquisitions, and the Financial Architecture
Authors: Walter Ingo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Merger and acquisitions activity in the financial sector has been one of the major vehicles in the transformation of a key set of economic activities that stand at the center of the national and global capital allocation and payments system. It can therefore be argued that the outcome of the M&A process in terms of the structure, conduct, and performance of the financial sector has a disproportionate impact on the economy as a whole.
Knowledge Creation and Transfer From Teams to the Whole Organization
Authors: Buächel Bettina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Knowledge creation is at the heart of innovation and developing a competitive advantage, and it is a key concern for managers in the business world. Yet, the creation and transfer of knowledge are managerial tasks that remain challenging. The difficulties of managing these processes are due to the tacit nature of knowledge and the inability to understand knowledge because it is frequently tied to a particular context. These factors are especially pronounced when knowledge has to move beyond the boundaries of clearly identified units or functions. Nevertheless, many firms have been able to solve these problems, and it is now possible to learn from teams that have successfully created and transferred knowledge within an organization. The Challenge of Knowledge Creation and Transfer Within New Product Development Teams One organizational area where the problematic nature of knowledge creation and transfer is particularly evident is in new product development, since knowledge is developed within the team and has to move across the team to multiple functions in order for new products to be brought to market. Both the creation and the transfer of knowledge are key to a company’s success, especially in light of the increasing pressure to deliver growth expectations.
Knowledge Transfer Within Organizations
Authors: Leonard Dorothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Is Knowledge Transfer Critical? The need to transfer knowledge from one function, one group, or one brain to another is omnipresent in organizations. In most situations, the transfer is two-way. However, at different times each party can be either the source of knowledge or its receiver, even when the exchange can be characterized as knowledge-sharing. Moreover, there are at least two typical situations in which knowledge transfer is predominantly one-way: when managers are required to increase operational efficiencies and when managers need to counter knowledge loss. Transferring experience and expertise is also of par- amount importance in new product /process/service development, where the exchange is at least two-way, for in this third situation the role of knowledge source and receiver shifts back and forth among a number of parties during the creative process.
Enabling Knowledge-Based Competence of a Corporation
Authors: Ichijo Kazuo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Role of Enablers in Knowledge Creation and Management In the current knowledge-based economy, individual and organizational knowledge and brainpower have replaced physical assets as the critical assets in the corporate world (Winter, 1987). Therefore, the success of a company in the twenty-first century will be determined by the extent to which an organization’s members can develop their intellectual capabilities through knowledge creation. In the present economy, knowledge constitutes the competitive advantage of a corporation (Doz, Santos, and Williamson, 2001). Companies should hire, develop, and retain excellent managers who generate and accumulate knowledge. Attracting smart, talented people and raising their level of intellectual capabilities will be a core competence in the new millennium (Eisenhardt and Santos, 2002).
Corporate Finance Intangible Assets’ Effect on Shareholders’ Value
Authors: Nakano Makoto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite its growing size, attention, and importance, little academic research has succeeded in empirically identifying the relationship between shareholders’ value and intangible assets. There are several classes of intangibles. First, R&D-related capital is created primarily through innovation and discovery. Second, brand equity is created by a combination of marketing strategy and advertising. Third, human capital and organizational capital are also included in intangible assets. Considering their size and effect on financial performance, I focus on R&D-related intangibles in this chapter. The goal of this chapter is to shed light on the relationship between share- holders’ value and R&D investment. Empirical analysis will cover countries including the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Australia. The pharmaceutical and biotech- nology sectors are additionally analyzed because of their science-intensive (knowledge-intensive) characteristics.
Knowledge Management and Corporate Renewal
Authors: Chakravarthy Bala , Mcevily Sue 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is about continuous corporate renewal, in which a firm seeks to improve its operational excellence even as it explores for new markets and competencies. It explains that the process of renewal mirrors that of knowledge management. The corresponding activities are protecting, leveraging, and building knowledge. The chapter describes these activities and illustrates them with three examples: Best Buy (the leading North American retailer of consumer electronics), Pearson (a leading U.K.-based media giant), and Dr. Reddy’s (a leading generic drug company based in India). It then goes on to describe three key executive actions that can help corporate renewal. Each of the three actions—setting a daring vision, making flexible commitments, and balancing organizational power—is illustrated with the help of the three examples.
Sex and the aging woman
Authors: Segal Sheldon J , Mastroianni Luigi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Menopause is looked upon by most women as a clearly identifiable change in their reproductive systems. As the menstrual pattern is altered and menstruation finally ceases, this is a concrete signal that the reproductive tract is changed. In some cases, this is accompanied by decreasing interest in sex, often amounting to complete lack of desire. The cells of the vagina, vulva, and urethra contain a high concentration of estrogen receptors and are especially vulnerable to estrogen deficiency. The net result, without HT/ ET, is a dramatic anatomical change in these organs. In the absence of estrogen support, the vaginal tissues gradually become thin and lose their tone and elasticity. The fluid which normally is released across the vaginal lining during sexual excitement is reduced. The famous sexology team William Masters and Virginia Johnson actually filmed this fluid release during sexual stimulation. I was present when they showed this film to professional colleagues for the first time. The distinguished professor of gynecology Alan Guttmacher was in the small audience. When the film was over he declared with genuine enthusiasm, “I have been doing pelvic examinations throughout my career and never thought we would ever see such convincing and direct evidence of the changes in the vagina that occur during excitation.” Another distinguished professor of gynecology left the room without saying a word. From the grim look of disapproval on his face I would guess that sexual aspects of the menopause were not part of the residency training program at his medical center.
What is the status of designer estrogens?
Authors: Segal Sheldon J , Mastroianni Luigi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The choice of any medication depends on the balance of the risks and the benefits. This is the critical factor in choosing hormone therapy. It is the motivation behind the search for specially designed molecules that could prevent the symptoms associated with decreased production of estrogen such as hot flashes, vaginal dryness, and other issues which may be estrogen-related, including sleep disturbances and memory loss, while at the same time protecting both the bones and the cardiovascular system well into old age. Moreover, the goal is to achieve all of this without any short-term or long-term adverse effects on the breast, uterus, and cardiovascular or clotting systems. The age of modern molecular biology has brought to the fore a field that is not as well known in the public media as exciting subjects like the human genome or stem cell research. This is the field of receptor biology. It has clarified how hormones work and has helped identify medications that can preferentially affect some organ systems but not others. In the case of estrogen action, such agents are referred to as selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs.) They exert their effect selectively at the cellular level by modulating the estrogen receptors that determine whether and how strongly a tissue responds to estrogen stimulation.
Dorothy Leonard: Operating as a Knowledge System
Authors: Chatzkel Jay L . 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dorothy Leonard explores how organizations effectively build and man age knowledge. She has found that some organizations have developed a capacity for constant renewal. By fostering values and managerial systems that support key knowledge-building activities, managers in such companies continuously enhance their competitively critical core capabilities. Other organizations have not made knowledge and development important, and some are structured to undermine the creation of knowledge assets. In this conversation, Leonard discusses the perspectives, attitudes, and behaviors that are characteristic of each type.
Jim Botkin: The Knowledge Business
Authors: Chatzkel Jay L . 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This conversation with Jim Botkin explores how knowledge is changing how organizations create value as knowledge-based enterprises. Botkin argues that the knowledge framework is actually the larger context for organizations and that e-business is actually a subset of its operations. Botkin also shares how knowledge has come to be a new factor of pro duction in organizations, both “new economy” organizations and “old economy” legacy organizations. Even so, the acceptance of the knowledge movement is still tentative. The very name knowledge management still often implies information technology “applications” to key organizational visionaries and is not always well received. The controversies over nurturing knowledge communities within the framework of knowledge initiatives are also examined in this dialogue.
Karl Wiic: The Knowledge Movement Emerges from Its Infancy
Authors: Chatzkel Jay L . 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Karl Wiig is one of the key developers of knowledge management theory and practice. He is chairman and CEO of the Knowledge Research Institute and the author of four books and numerous articles that have helped define the field. He works extensively with client organizations to build internal knowledge management capabilities by focusing on business related issues with senior management; tactical approaches and solutions with middle management; and hands-on methods and techniques with professional knowledge practitioners.
Wiig sees himself as a reformed “techie.” He actively integrates learning, knowledge management, intellectual capital, strategy, and process into an approach that allows for the complexity that actually reflects how people and organizations operate. He explores deeply and broadly, as well as with a curiosity that is infectious. He is continuously looking to discover what the field is and what it could be about.
An Action-Reaction Framework For Building Competitive Advantage
Authors: Grimm Curtis M , Lee Hun , Smith Ken G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Achieving high performance in the new age of fast-paced competition requires a new way of thinking about advantage and competition. Chapter 2 described established viewpoints on competition from economics, while chapters 3 and 4 presented the established frameworks to understanding a firm’s relative market and resource position, respectively. Although each of those perspectives was noted to provide significant insights for developing a competitive advantage, each also has limitations.
Using The Action Model: Predicting The Behavior Of Rivals
Authors: Grimm Curtis M , Lee Hun , Smith Ken G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let us consider the future outlook of the hotel and specialty coffee industries. In the hotel industry, the growth in supply of hotel rooms has exceeded the demand for rooms coming on line, mainly because of a slower economy. As a result, occupancy and room rates have been pushed downward. The new industry conditions have encouraged many companies, such as Cendant Corporation and Intercontinental Group (Holiday Inn), to cut properties. For example, Cendant has terminated more than 340 properties, comprising more than 30,000 guestrooms, and Holiday Inn (part of Intercontinental) has terminated more than 200 agreements.1 The increased supply of rooms in prior years, however, still raises concern about overcapacity and increased rivalry.
Skeletal Dysplasias
Authors: Spranger Jürgen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The skeletal dysplasias are a heterogeneous group of heritable disorders with disturbance of the growth, density, and organi- zation of cartilage and bone. In many cases, molecular defects causing dysplasias are prenatally expressed causing neonatally recognizable disorders. Other defects manifest only in early childhood or even later. However, all defects causing bone dysplasias continue to affect skeletal growth and development postnatally. In that respect they differ from dysostoses, i.e., malformations of single bones, alone or in combination, which are caused by spatiotemporally limited disturbances during early embryogenesis. In some disorders, the molecular defects are expressed during early embryogenesis and in later life resulting in disorders that combine malformative and dysplastic bone changes.
Cultural Ideologies in Japanese Language and Gender Studies: A Theoretical Review
Authors: Yukawa Sumiyuki , Saito Masami 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the first two decades of its history, language and gender research could not free itself from a persistent essentialism that assumed women and men, and “women’s language” and “men’s language,” as internally undifferentiated categories. It attempted to connect specific linguistic forms or strategies directly to the speaker’s sex, theorizing women’s speech style as either dominated by men (e.g., Spender 1980) or culturally different from that of men (e.g., Maltz & Borker 1982, Tannen 1990). However, in the 1990s a new theoretical framework emerged, based on recent developments in social and feminist theories and discourse-based methodologies.
Ideology in Linguistic Practice and Analysis: Gender and Politeness in Japanese Revisited
Authors: Okamoto Shigeko 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Language ideology plays an important role in affecting both linguistic practice and analysis. Defining linguistic ideologies as “any sets of beliefs about language articulated by the users as a rationalization or justification of perceived language structure and use,” Silverstein (1979:193) stresses that in scientific studies of language one must distinguish ideology from actual language use. Woolard and Schieffelin (1994) and Bergvall (1999) emphasize the importance of examining the dominant, or hegemonic, ideology and its relationship to specific linguistic practices.