bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Indexical Thought
Authors: Pitt David 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter addresses another source of externalist intuitions regarding the individuation of intentional content, viz., David Kaplan’s theory of indexicals. It argues that the intuitions Kaplan appeals to concerning “what is said” are not inevitable. The chapter is concerned to defend a conception of indexical thought content that is entirely phenomenal and internalist; it develops an account of indexical concepts and thought consistent with the phenomenal intentionality of thought thesis. It also offers a critique of phenomenal concepts and the phenomenal concept strategy.
Conceptual Reference
Authors: Pitt David 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter takes up the phenomena of conceptual reference and extension in an uncompromisingly internalist context. Causal-informational-teleological theories have the advantage that the very relations that establish content also establish extension and reference. This is lost on the phenomenal approach. The chapter develops a Fregean view, on which concepts have in their extensions the objects that have the properties the concepts represent. The relation between a conceptual phenomenal property and the property it describes is primitive. This is just what conceptual phenomenology does, by its nature. The chapter shows that this assertion of primitiveness is not ad hoc.
Etymology, History, and Anthropology of Privacy
Authors: Véliz Carissa 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the genealogy of privacy through its etymology, history, and anthropology. Many of the misconceptions surrounding privacy that contribute to people not giving it the importance it deserves are sustained through a misrepresentation of historical and anthropological facts regarding privacy and surveillance. This chapter discusses the etymology of the term to give an idea of what privacy means. Although current uses of the term do not reflect all of the senses that it has carried in the past, many of these senses have been inherited, to varying degrees. This chapter then shows how practices designed to protect privacy are found in almost all societies, across time and geographies.
The Value of Privacy
Authors: Véliz Carissa 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter spells out in a condensed form why privacy matters. It first goes through the interests protected by privacy. In some cases, privacy is a necessary condition to achieve certain goods. For instance, some degree of privacy is necessary for autonomy. In some other cases, privacy might be a sufficient but not a necessary condition to achieve certain goods. Financial and physical security are among the benefits that can be achieved in more than one way. While some of the benefits that privacy can offer may be achieved through other means, ensuring privacy is often the most cost-effective way (morally and otherwise) to avoid certain harms people might suffer if they become accessed in certain ways. Other benefits, like avoiding public humiliation, can only be achieved through privacy. The chapter suggests that privacy protects our control over self-presentation, our reputation, autonomy, creativity, security, freedom, equality, wellbeing, and democracy. The chapter then discusses whether the value of privacy is only instrumental or also intrinsic.
Privacy vs Surveillance
Authors: Véliz Carissa 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
If privacy and surveillance are both valuable, how can we decide which is the more valuable in a particular situation? If both privacy and surveillance protect interests that arguably give rise to rights (e.g., the right to privacy and the right to security), how do we adjudicate between them when they are in conflict? This chapter attempts to tackle that difficult balance. Even though it is unlikely there is an overarching answer that will apply to every case, there is something to be said about how to balance privacy and surveillance, and the kinds of considerations that should come into play. Section 1 offers a sketch of how rights and values can conflict and how to balance them. It emphasizes the importance of paying attention to internal connections between the conflicting values. Section 2 argues that the internal connections between the values that privacy and surveillance protect are such that balancing them demands a process of “qualitative priority” as opposed to a quantitative analysis. Section 3 analyses some of the internal connections between privacy and surveillance. It uses the examples of security, accountability, and democracy to illustrate how surveillance has a tendency to undermine the values, objectives, and institutions it purports to protect. Section 4 argues that, because of the difficulties in noticing and measuring the negative effects of surveillance, we are blinded by the surveillance delusion: the mistaken belief that surveillance has no significant moral costs. Section 5 concludes the chapter by arguing that, although it is probably a good idea to have privacy as a default, there are important cases in which privacy should be surrendered.
Epilogue
Authors: Véliz Carissa 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The epilogue offers some thoughts about academic philosophy and public policy, and reviews the practical significance of our philosophical views about privacy. Privacy is more fundamental to society than it can first appear. It is as old as humanity, universal, deeply entrenched in social norms, and vital to our wellbeing. As individuals, a culture of exposure cripples our autonomy and creativity. As social beings, it can flatten our social interactions into politically correct exchanges between public personae. A surveilled social setting in which everything can be on the record does not allow for unreservedness or true intimacy. Politically, surveillance threatens our civil liberties. Watching someone is a way of exercising power over them. The act of surveillance is not neutral—it pressures the surveilled into conformity. It is an act of domination. We may have come a long way from the savannahs we evolved in, but it is still the case that the stare of another turns us into potential prey.
Contrast or Continuum?
Authors: Kind Amy 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Though traditional folk psychology treats imagination and belief as distinct kinds of mental states, recently a number of philosophers have suggested that this is mistaken (e.g., Schellenberg 2013; Egan 2008; Currie and Jureidini 2004). According to what’s often referred to as the continuum hypothesis, imagination and belief are best thought of as lying on a continuum, with at least some of the intermediary states along this continuum best thought of as imagination-belief hybrids. In support of the continuum hypothesis its defenders often argue that certain phenomena such as delusions and imaginative immersion can be best (or, perhaps, only) explained if we reject the view that there is a sharp division between imagination and belief. In this chapter, the author reviews the case for the continuum hypothesis and suggests that it is not as strong as its defenders would have us believe.
Believing in Stories
Authors: Levy Neil 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
People believe, or profess to believe, bizarre claims for many reasons. In this chapter, the author suggests that some of these cases may be explained by our disposition to entertain narratives. He argues that the mechanisms for processing narratives evolved for the offline consideration of counterfactuals, to improve decision-making. Since this machinery has the function of guiding action in the world, it disposes us to take the representations it generates as ways the world is or could be; as a consequence, its outputs feel real to us and we may endorse them, especially when nothing turns on their being true. Proto-narratives can be generated by very minimal cues, and this fact may help to explain why even those who decisively reject superstitions might feel uneasy at activity they count as unlucky. The author extends the account to explain, or partially explain, other bizarre claims like acceptance of conspiracy theories and monothematic delusions.
Why Do You Believe That?
Authors: Archer Sophie 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Consider a case in which a man is deluded that his wife is unfaithful to him. When asked why he thinks this, he answers simply that the fifth lamp-post along on the left is unlit. He has no further story to tell about his friend sending him a signal via the lamp-post, or some such. The author argues that this man should not be classed as taking the state of the lamp-post to count in favour of the truth of the proposition that his wife is unfaithful to him, even mistakenly so. That is, he does not have a subjective epistemic reason on the basis of which to believe that his wife is unfaithful to him, let alone an objective one. But this does not debar him from believing that she is. There do seem to be beliefs held on the basis of no subjective epistemic reason. However, the author argues that this man does not believe that his wife is unfaithful to him insofar as he fails to give application to the relevant sense of the question, ‘Why do you believe that?’
Introduction
Authors: Patrin Maria 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter outlines the scope, the methodology, and the content of the book. It provides an overview of the main forms of institutional collegiality that have historically emerged, including adjudication in courts, political executives, and independent authorities. Against this background it explains the reasons behind the choice of a collegial setting for the Commission. Furthermore, the chapter lays out the book’s law-in-context methodology and interdisciplinary approach, arguing that the law of collegiality can only be fully understood based on the institutional procedures and practices that have developed along legal rules. Finally, it contains a chapter-by-chapter overview of the book’s arguments.
Origins and Evolution of Collegiality in the Commission
Authors: Patrin Maria 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter retraces the evolution of collegiality from its origins in the Paris Treaty to the present day. After an introductory section, Section 2 explains the reasons behind the choice of a collegial authority in the European Coal and Steel Community and examines how collegial governance was implemented during the early days of the High Authority. Section 3 outlines how the principle of collegiality has been accounted for by subsequent Treaty revisions, highlighting the progressive strengthening of the Commission President’s powers and of the democratic accountability of the college towards the European Parliament. Section 4 explores how collegiality has historically been implemented and translated into different organizational preferences and institutional practices. From the Hallstein Commission to the Von der Leyen college, it reviews the main critical junctures responsible for the evolution of the principle of collegiality.
The Commission as the Watchdog of EU Law
Authors: Patrin Maria 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter brings together two case studies in the field of competition policy and infringement proceedings. Decisions on infringements and competition are rooted in the impartial status of the Commission as the Guardian of the Treaties and assign a crucial role to the expertise of the Directorate-Generals and to the Legal Service. The case study on the 2018 Commission’s decision on Google’s Android mobile devices shows that competition forms an area of separate responsibility, for which the competition commissioner and Directorate-General for Competition are in charge, which partially derogate to full collegiality. In infringements, the Legal Service plays a dominant role. Yet, following an increased use of infringements for political purposes, control by the college of commissioners has grown recently. There, collegiality plays an important role, shielding the Commission’s exercise of political discretion, as illustrated by the 2015 infringement proceedings against Hungary, Poland, and the Czech Republic on relocation of asylum-seekers.
Conclusions
Authors: Patrin Maria 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The concluding chapter summarizes the key findings of the book and offers some general reflections on the broader implications of collegiality for the Commission’s role in the EU institutional setting. The chapter argues that collegiality holds a special status in the Commission because the EU displays specific features as a legalized system of formal rules and institutional practices. It also highlights how the principle of collegiality interacts with other key principles, such as efficiency, transparency, and legitimacy. Ultimately, the conclusions address the normative question of whether collegiality can still be of use in the current EU institutional setting against the background of the increasing functional diversification that has occurred in the Commission.
The Realm
Authors: Sax William S. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the realm of Raja Karna, a divine king in the Western Himalaya. This realm can be regarded as janapada or “land and people”, the second of Kautilya’s “seven limbs of the kingdom.” The chapter shows how, just as in the classic formulations of Indian political theory, the moral condition of the population effects “natural” processes, and vice versa. It thus contributes to the ongoing efforts of anthropologists and others to rethink the classical Western opposition of “nature” and “culture.” The argument is illustrated by means of several detailed ethnographic examples, including collective temple repair, a description and analysis of the palanquin journeys that are so prominent in the Western Himalaya, and the legendary account of a conflict between Raja Karan and Mahasu, the Western Himalaya’s most powerful “divine king.”
The Minister and the Army
Authors: Sax William S. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Chapter 6 deals with two more “limbs” of the classical Indian state: the minister and the army. It describes what happened when there was a serious dispute between, on the one hand, the human vazir who manages the affairs of the divine king, and on the other hand the warriors of Dargan Village upon whom the vazir relies. This dispute shook Karna’s world to its very foundations, and the author was present when the vazir attempted to “repair” the damage over the course of a year. The ethnographic description of this process is very detailed, and this chapter is the centerpiece of the book.
Religious Fictionalism
Authors: Oppy Graham 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter begins with simple accounts of religious error theory and fictionalism. It then provides more complex accounts of religious fictionalism and religion, in particular drawing a distinction between original and parasitic religious fictionalism. According to the former, fictionalism is proposed to capture the attitude of everyone who participates in a religion; according to the latter, it is proposed to capture the attitude of only some participants, who gain benefits of participation only if there are others who are sincere believers. The author argues that original religious fictionalism is untenable: the goods that are plausibly delivered by religion depend on its being believed. Parasitic religious fictionalism is also found to be untenable. Different accounts of the fictionalist proposal are canvassed and criticized. The chapter concludes with a discussion of some objections that might be raised against the case that the author has presented.
The Pretensions of Religious Fictionalism
Authors: Armour-Garb Bradley , Kroon Frederick 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
There is a tendency to let fictionalism become a procrustean bed for any view that allows the combination of a more or less uncritical participation in a discourse and its practices with resistance to a fully literal construal of its claims. The authors of this chapter consider the tendency problematic, and argue that its faults are found in some influential recent accounts of religious fictionalism. They consider one strand of religious fictionalism that centers on the attitudes of users of religious discourse rather than the discourse itself, and argue that such an approach makes it too easy to be a religious fictionalist. On the other hand, they claim that a religious fictionalism that focuses on the secular (e.g., moral) benefits of engagement in the discourse of religion is susceptible to collapse, and thus makes it too hard to be a religious fictionalist.
Revolutionary Moral Fictionalism and the Problem of Imaginative Failure
Authors: Brock Stuart 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The so-called “problem of imaginative resistance” is that it is very often extremely difficult, or even impossible, to enter imaginatively into scenarios where the moral status of things is markedly different from what we believe them to be. We have no trouble pretending that vampires exist, for example, but struggle to pretend that torturing innocent people for sadistic pleasure is a morally upstanding pastime. This poses a problem for the revolutionary moral fictionalist, who recommends that we pretend that things have a moral status that we believe they do not have. Different explanations of moral imaginative resistance/failure are canvassed, each of which leaves the moral fictionalist facing obstacles. Religious fictionalism, by contrast, faces no comparable challenge.
Yes to Moral Fictionalism; No to Religious Fictionalism
Authors: Joyce Richard 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
A version of moral fictionalism is presented and defended, modeled on Coleridge’s “suspension of disbelief” and Mill’s solution to the paradox of happiness. The key observation is that sometimes, in order to achieve our goals, we must come at them obliquely—practicing “self-distraction.” This, it is argued, is the case with our Humean values: “in order to get them, one must forget them” (as Sidgwick put it). More specifically, in order to satisfy these non-moral goals we must dress them in a Kantian moral veneer, which renders our judgments false but also more practically efficacious. After this version of moral fictionalism is defended, the question is posed whether similar arguments might support religious fictionalism. Kant’s “moral hazard argument” for religious fictionalism is discussed. Ultimately, it is argued that ambitious religious fictionalism faces challenges that don’t arise for a comparably ambitious moral fictionalism.
Brexit and the Northern Ireland Constitution
Authors: Whitten Lisa Claire 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This book considers the intersection of two processes: the complex and constitutional process of the United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the European Union—Brexit—and the steady yet fragile development of the Northern Ireland constitution deriving, primarily, from the Belfast ‘Good Friday’ Agreement of 1998. Interdisciplinary in approach, the analysis draws on legal and political theory to develop a novel framework for assessing the progressive impact of Brexit on the Northern Ireland constitution based on systematic definitions of both. This approach elucidates dynamics and implications not yet considered in the otherwise extensive debates on Brexit and Northern Ireland. Based on detailed analysis of the Brexit process, it is argued that its impact on the constitution of Northern Ireland has been profound. Fundamentally, Brexit changed the political and legal environment in which the Northern Ireland constitution had existed for over twenty years. Embracing ‘constructive ambiguity’, the 1998 Agreement recognises and accommodates the concerns of both Unionists and Nationalists in Northern Ireland; it did not therefore solve the constitutional conflict but rather allowed it to be managed differently through an innovative system of multi-levelled governance: within Northern Ireland (power-sharing devolution), on the island of Ireland (North–South cooperation), and between the islands of Great Britain and Ireland (East–West cooperation), all underpinned by a multifaceted principle of constitutional, popular, and cross-community consent. By forcing a paradigmatic shift in the way that the architecture established by the 1998 Agreement operates, Brexit disrupted the ‘constructively ambiguous’ compromise it represents. Completed two years after the legal implementation of UK withdrawal from the EU, the book concludes by considering the potential longer-term constitutional repercussions of Brexit both within and beyond Northern Ireland’s recently (in)famous borders.
Gravity at the International Criminal Court
Authors: Urs Priya 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The gravity of a crime or case features in various international and national legal frameworks for the investigation and prosecution of international crimes. At the International Criminal Court, ‘sufficient gravity’ is a requirement for the admissibility of a case specified in Article 17(1)(d) of the Rome Statute. The open-textured nature of the provision leaves open to question the manner of its application and, ultimately, the purpose of the gravity criterion in the context of the Prosecutor’s decisions whether to investigate and whether to prosecute. Set against the backdrop of ongoing debates as to how to justify selective investigations and prosecutions at the Court, this book addresses the question of how the gravity criterion is to be applied in the context of the Prosecutor’s respective decisions whether to investigate and to prosecute. By proposing a more coherent and persuasive application of the criterion than that reflected in the Court’s twenty years of practice, it argues that the purpose of the gravity criterion in this context is the allocation of limited investigative and prosecutorial resources. First, identifying appropriate indicators of gravity, the book contends that the application of Article 17(1)(d) requires a subjective assessment that involves the exercise of discretion. Second, by clarifying the respective roles of the Prosecutor and the Pre-Trial Chambers of the Court in the assessment of gravity in different contexts, it argues in favour of wide prosecutorial discretion in the making of this assessment compared with the limited powers of judicial oversight conferred on the Pre-Trial Chamber.
The dilemmas of the regional parties in Jharkhand
Authors: Basu Ipshita 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Chapter 4 zooms in on the regional parties of Jharkhand and their dilemmas in balancing the representation of marginalized ethnic groups with the need to expand their ethnic social base across the region. While a politics of compromise has dictated their choices, it is also true that—in response to the instrumental and strategic application of Adivasi identity by the Hindu right—regional parties have revived expressive partisanship so that it achieves both political and social capital for those social groups who strongly identify as Adivasi. While the chapter outlines the emergence of the three main regional parties in Jharkhand, it focuses specifically on the Jharkhand Mukti Morcha (JMM) to explain that the rise, fall, and resurgence of the party must be seen in the context of how those Indigenous subaltern movements that propelled groups-based rights claims to change extant structures of subordination have been dealt with through different phases of Indian democracy.