bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How to — and How Not to — Evaluate Innovation
Authors: Perrin Burt 
Published: July 2003

Many traditional evaluation methods, including most performance measurement approaches, inhibit rather than support actual innovation. This article discusses the nature of innovation, identifies limitations of traditional evaluation approaches for assessing innovation and proposes an alternative model of evaluation consistent with the nature of innovation. Most attempts at innovation, by definition, are risky and should `fail' — otherwise they are using safe, rather than unknown or truly innovative approaches. A few key impacts by a minority of projects or participants may be much more meaningful than changes in mean (or average) scores. Yet the most common measure of programme impact is the mean. In contrast, this article suggests that evaluation of innovation should identify the minority of situations where real impact has occurred and the reasons for this. This is in keeping with the approach venture capitalists typically take where they expect most of their investments to `fail', but to be compensated by major gains on just a few.
Process Use of Evaluations
Authors: Forss Kim , Rebien Claus C. , Carlsson Jerker 
Published: July 2003

Among practitioners, it is often said that there is much that is useful that takes place during the evaluation process. The literature on the utilization of evaluation, however, mostly refers to lessons learned and recommendations implemented after the evaluation. This article seeks to contribute to the debate by exploring further the process use of evaluations — the evaluation use that takes place before lessons learned are generated and feedback processes are initiated. Five different types of process use are identified: learning to learn; developing networks; creating shared understanding; strengthening the project; and boosting morale. Most resources in an evaluation process are spent in preparation and implementation. Very little is spent on feedback. A conventional way of improving evaluation use would be to shift resources from the preparation and implementation stages to the feedback stage. The article argues that in general, shifting resources from preparation and implementation to disseminating results would jeopardize the quality of the entire evaluation because it would ceteris paribus reduce the design, data collection and analytical quality. Instead it is argued that evaluation commissioners and evaluators should work explicitly to increase process use as the most cost-effective way of strengthening the overall utility of an evaluation.
Building Collaborative Capacity through `Theories of Change'
Authors: Sullivan Helen , Barnes Marian , Matka Elizabeth 
Published: July 2003

In the UK a great deal of attention is currently focused on the potential of the `theories of change' approach to evaluating complex public policy interventions. However, there is still relatively little empirical material describing its application. This article discusses the use of `theories of change' in the national evaluation of English Health Action Zones (HAZs). It locates `theories of change' within the wider context of evaluation approaches and assesses its strengths and weaknesses as an evaluation framework. The article then focuses on a key aspect of complex public policy interventions — cross-sector collaboration. Drawing on data about cross-sector partnerships and community involvement from the English HAZ evaluation, the article explores the contribution of `theories of change' towards examining the building of collaborative capacity in HAZs. The article also describes the `co-research' approach being employed within the national HAZ evaluation. It discusses how this approach can complement the use of `theories of change', contribute to managing change within organizations and communities and facilitate more effective use of evaluation within a local health context.
Stalking, Monitoring and Profiling
Authors: CASE DONALD O. 
Published: July 2003

The advent of caller identification (CID) services has brought additional complexity to the issue of telephone privacy. Federal hearings and other documents written between 1988 and 1996 are analyzed to create a typology of possible harms caused by CID, including the potential for CID to be used in the stalking of women by abusive men. Four examples of CID usage that led to a murder of a spouse or lover were located through NEXIS searches of electronic newspaper archives. Analysis of these cases suggest that: stalking has not been a common feature of murder cases involving CID; men have been equally likely to be victims as women; half of the cases have taken place in one of the two states with no restrictions on CID; in half the cases it was the misinterpretation of CID information, rather than the data itself, that led to the murders; and in half the cases the victim's CID device was used against them.
Exile and the Electronic Frontier
Authors: MEEK ALLEN 
Published: July 2003

Much of the rhetoric that surrounds the so-called `electronic frontier' of the new communication technologies has emerged at a moment when discourses about borders, margins and exiles are also proliferating in the arts and in critical writing. What Mark Poster has called the `second media age', which he sees as constituting a mode of information fundamentally different to broadcast media, can also be seen as defining a period in which electronic technologies service individuals and populations who are culturally and geographically displaced on a scale previously unknown in history. The article critically interrogates the writings of Mark Poster, Mark C. Taylor and Esa Saarinen as theorists of the new media and draws from different articulations of exile by Edward Said, Theodor Adorno and Hamid Naficy to present an alternative theoretical response to contemporary electronic culture.
Impact of Media Messages about the Internet
Authors: WHITE CANDACE , SCHEB JOHN M. 
Published: July 2003

The study explores a concept defined as `internet anxiety', and uses mass communication theories to help explain it. Findings suggest we believe `other people' are responding to media messages about the internet, perpetuating beliefs that internet use is higher than it actually is, and that we are further behind other people than we actually are. Evidence of third-person perception and overestimation of internet use were found. An understanding of internet anxiety can help structure messages for mass audiences, and lead to more efficient and appropriate use of the internet by business.
The Broadcasting Media in the Age of Risk
Authors: CHALABY JEAN K. , SEGELL GLEN 
Published: July 2003

This essay argues that the process of digitization has farreaching implications for the broadcasting field and claims that the most suitable theoretical framework to comprehend the full scope of these changes is provided by Ulrich Beck's theories on risk society. Despite predictable developments, digitization increases the sources of uncertainties and the level of risks for the expanding number of players involved in broadcasting. Several sources of uncertainties are identified: market demand for digital services, intensified competition, regulations, the pace of technological progress and the phenomenon of convergence. The second section argues that the process of digitization is challenging public service broadcasters and may contribute to weaken their presence in the public sphere. Technological mastery increasingly tends to rest in the hands of commercial firms and digital broadcasting furthers the commercialism of television. In addition, fuelling the growth of conditional access, digitization threatens universal access, one of the key principles of public broadcasting. The last section argues that when digital broadcasting will be fully operational, watching television will cease to be a common experience, to become a shared activity that individuals experience separately.
Beyond the belly of the house
Authors: Maceachern Scott 
Published: July 2003

The northeastern Mandara Mountains of Cameroon and Nigeria are occupied at high population densities, with households spread across an abrupt mountain landscape. Ritual and political power in this area inheres to a great extent to the physical being of the mountains themselves. The exercise of such power is dispersed within mountain households, with few opportunities for aggregation of authority through control of communal activity in public spaces. The plains around these mountains are occupied at lower densities, by nucleated Islamic communities integrated within the Wandala state. Fewer roles for household ritual remain, and communal activity in public spaces is controlled by Wandala elites. Archaeological data indicate that the predecessors of both mountain and plains societies were iron-using communities in the plains around the massif. This article discusses the evolution of ritual and political systems over the last two millennia, from the plains to the mountains above them, and the implications of those changes for our understanding of how prehistoric groups in this area would have used public and private spaces.
Indentation test as a tool for monitoring the solidification process during injection molding
Authors: La Carrubba V. , Gabriëlse W. , van Gurp M. , Piccarolo S. , Brucato V. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractAn inline method for monitoring the solidification process during the injection molding of semicrystalline polymers is demonstrated. The method has been applied to various poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and poly(buthylene terephthalate) (PBT) samples. The technique is based on a simple device by which an additional ejector pin is pushed onto the injection‐molded part with a fixed force at different times during the solidification phase while the mold remains closed. The residual deformation (the so‐called indentation depth) due to the applied load is measured offline after ejection. By the performance of indentation at different times during the cooling phase, an indentation depth profile, that is, the residual deformation as a function of time, is obtained. With a simplified solid/liquid two‐phase model, the evolution of the solidification front in the mold as a function of the cooling time can be determined from the indentation curve. The obtained experimental results agree well with calculations based on the classical theory of heat penetration. Descriptions of several materials (including PET and PBT) with variations in the molecular weight (PET) have been obtained under different operating conditions (various mold temperatures, holding pressures, and indentation pressures). The results show that the indentation test may be regarded as a powerful tool for monitoring the solidification process during injection molding and, therefore, for optimizing injection‐molding processing conditions according to material characteristics. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 3713–3727, 2003
Eucalyptus kraft pulp fibers as an alternative reinforcement of silicone composites. II. Thermal, morphological, and mechanical properties of the composites
Authors: Redondo S. U. A. , Gonçalves M. C. , Yoshida I. V. P. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractSilicone composites reinforced with short eucalyptus pulp fibers were obtained. The composites were prepared with untreated fibers and with fibers modified with a silane coupling agent, vinyltriethoxysilane, with tetrahydrofuran or ethanol as a solvent. The surface treatment improved the adhesion at the fiber–matrix interface, and vinyltriethoxysilane was suitable for forming a covalent and nonhydrolyzed interface in the composites. The thermal stability of the composites was lower than that of the silicone matrix, with a distinct mechanism of degradation, because of the presence of the cellulosic fibers in the composite. The tensile properties of the composites depended more on the fiber dispersion in the matrix than on the nature of the interface. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 3739–3746, 2003
Surface wettability improvement of silicone elastomers synthesized with water‐soluble polyacrylic acid molds
Authors: Hiratani Haruyuki , Baba Masaki , Yasui Tutomu , Ito Eri , Lanry Yung Lin‐Yue 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe aim of this work was to evaluate the use of water‐soluble hydrophilic plastic molds for preparing siloxane based random copolymers and for enhancing the surface wettability of resultant polymers, with a view for contact lens manufacture. The random copolymer consisted of silicone monomers and a small amount of N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NVP) along with vinyl acetate and diethyleneglycoldiallylether as a crosslinker. The surface of this copolymer, which faced against a polyacrylic acid (PAA) mold, showed a higher degree of wettability compared to that obtained against a hydrophobic polypropylene (PP) mold. After heating at 80°C for 4 h, the surface of this copolymer became hydrophobic. When it was immersed in water, however, the high degree of surface wettability regained within 30 s, whereas no significant change in wettability was observed for the PP‐facing surface. The results obtained from X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated that the polar fraction, which is attributed to NVP fractions of the copolymer, concentrated at the vicinity of the PAA facing surface and, in consequence, improved the surface wettability. This surface also showed a dynamic rearrangement of the wettability in response to changes of the surrounding environment. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 3786–3789, 2003
A novel amphoteric, pH‐sensitive, biodegradable poly[chitosan‐g‐(L‐lactic‐co‐citric) acid] hydrogel
Authors: Yao Fanglian , Chen Wei , Liu Chang , De Yao Kang 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe novel amphoteric, pH‐sensitive, biodegradable poly([chitosan‐g‐(L‐lactic‐co‐citric) acid]) hydrogel (CLC) was synthesized through the reaction of chitosan (CS) with poly(L‐lactic‐co‐citric acid) (PLCA). The structure of CLC was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction measurement. The degree of substitution of CS amino groups was evaluated from salicylaldehyde analysis. The swelling behavior of CLC film in an aqueous solution with various pHs and the apparent swelling kinetics were studied. The swelling mechanisms of CLC film in acidic and alkaline mediums are discussed. The results showed that CLC hydrogel had a higher degree of swelling in the pH range of 4 > pH > 8 and that the swelling rate order in different buffers was neutral > acidic > basic mediums. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 3850–3854, 2003
Fiber optic sensors for noncontact process monitoring in a microwave environment
Authors: Degamber B. , Fernando G. F. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThis article reports on the design and development of two fiber optic sensing systems that facilitate the cure monitoring of an epoxy/amine thermoset in a microwave oven. First, the design, construction, and evaluation of a fiber optic probe were necessary so that noncontact diffuse reflectance spectra could be obtained during the curing of the resin in a microwave oven. Second, a low‐cost, disposable fiber optic temperature sensor had to be developed for use in the microwave oven because the use of conventional metal‐based thermocouples was not possible. The deployment of the two sensor systems was demonstrated successfully. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 3868–3873, 2003
Photolytic and free‐radical polymerization of cinnamate esters of epoxidized plant oil triglycerides
Authors: Esen Hüseyin , Küsefoğlu Selim H. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractEpoxidized soybean oil was reacted with cinnamic acid with triphenyl phosphine as a catalyst. Cinnamic acid reacted with 79% of the available epoxy groups, and this yielded cinnamate esters of epoxidized soybean oil (ESOCA). 1H‐NMR, IR, and mass spectra of the new cinnamate derivatives confirmed the proposed structure. The mass spectra revealed that the average number of cinnamate groups per triglyceride molecule was 3.33. ESOCA could be photopolymerized with UV light. ESOCA could also be homopolymerized into a soft and insoluble polymer by free‐radical initiation and copolymerized with styrene, vinyl acetate, and methyl methacrylate. A mixture of ESOCA with 25 wt % styrene had a viscosity of 410 cP and could be free‐radically polymerized with benzoyl tert‐butyl peroxide at elevated temperatures. Differential scanning calorimetry confirmed the formation of copolymers. The ESOCA homopolymer and its copolymers all showed a first‐order transition by differential scanning calorimetry around −1.5°C that was attributable to side‐chain relaxations of the triglyceride fatty acids. The styrene copolymer of ESOCA showed a tan δ peak at 66.6°C. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 3882–3888, 2003
Some properties of aqueous‐solutions of poly(vinylamine chloride)
Authors: Hu Zhiyong , Zhang Shufen , Yang Jinzong , Chen Yu 
Published: July 2003

AbstractIn this study three types of poly(vinylamine chloride) (PVAmHCl) with different amination degrees were prepared from the Hofmann degradation of polyacrylamide. The behavior of dilute aqueous solutions of PVAmHCl was compared by viscosimetric, conductometric, and potentiometric measurements, and by consideration of the degree of amination. The results show that with increasing amination degree of polyvinylamine (PVAm) from 55 to 78%, the m value (a measure of electrostatic interactions of neighboring groups on the chains) increased from 3.65 to 5.14, and the reduced viscosity of PVAmHCl decreased somewhat. With increasing ionic strength, the maximum of the reduced viscosity decreased. Moreover, the pKa value of PVAmHCl decreased from 8.33 to 7.47 with increasing amination degree of PVAm from 55 to 78%. At the same time, the equivalent conductivity gradually decreased with increasing concentration of the polymer and was enhanced with increasing amination degree of PVAm. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 3889–3893, 2003
Synthesis, structures, and properties of side‐chain cholesteric liquid‐crystalline polysiloxanes
Authors: Hu Jian‐She , Zhang Bao‐Yan , Liu Lu‐Mei , Meng Fan‐Bao 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe synthesis of three cholesteric monomers and side‐chain liquid‐crystalline polymers was described. The structure–property relationships of monomers IM–IIIM and polymers IP–IIIP were discussed. Their phase behavior and optical properties were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), and polarizing optical microscopy. Monomers IM–IIIM exhibited cholesteric oily‐streak texture and focal‐conic texture. Polymers IIP and IIIP revealed smectic A fan‐shaped texture and cholesteric grandjean texture, respectively. Experimental results demonstrated that the selective reflection of IM–IIIM shifted to the short‐wavelength region with increasing the flexible spacer length or decreasing the rigidity of the mesogen. Polymers with a longer flexible spacer had lower glass‐transition temperatures and wider mesomorphic temperature ranges. TGA showed that the temperatures at which 5% weight loss occurred were greater than 300°C for all the polymers. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 3944–3950, 2003
Measurement and modeling of human T cell kinetics
Authors: Macallan Derek C. , Asquith Becca , Irvine Andrew J. , Wallace Diana L. , Worth Andrew , Ghattas Hala , Zhang Yan , Griffin George E. , Tough David F. , Beverley Peter C. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe ability to measure, describe and interpret T cell kinetics is pivotal in understanding normal lymphocyte homeostasis and diseases that affect T cell numbers. Following in vivo labeling of dividing cells with 6,6‐D2‐glucose in eight healthy volunteers, peripheral blood T cells were sorted by CD4, CD8 and CD45 phenotype. Enrichment of deuterium in DNA was measured by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. A novel model of T cell kinetics, allowing for heterogeneity within T cell pools, was used to analyze data on acquisition and loss of label and calculate proliferation and disappearance rates for each subpopulation. Proliferation rates for CD45RO+CD8+ cells and CD45RO+CD4+ cells were 5.1% and 2.7% /day, respectively (equivalent doubling times: 14 and 26 days). CD45RA+CD8+ lymphocytes and CD45RA+CD4+ lymphocytes had slower proliferation rates, 0.5% and 0.6% / day, respectively (doubling time about 4 months). Disappearance rates of labeled cells were similar for all cell types (7%–12% / day) and exceeded corresponding proliferation rates. This disparity may be understood conceptually in terms of either phenotypic heterogeneity (rapid versus slow turnover pools), or history (recently divided cells are more likely to die). The new kinetic model fits the data closely and avoids the need to postulate a large external source of lymphocytes to maintain equilibrium.
CCR3 functional responses are regulated by both CXCR3 and its ligands CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11
Authors: Xanthou Georgina , Duchesnes Cécile Emmanuelle , Williams Timothy John , Pease James Edward 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe chemokine receptor CXCR3 is predominantly expressed on T lymphocytes, and its agonists CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 are IFN‐γ‐inducible chemokines that promote Th1 responses. In contrast, the CCR3 agonists CCL11, CCL24 and CCL26 are involved in the recruitment of cells such as eosinophils and basophils during Th2 responses. Here, we report that although CCL11, CCL24 and CCL26 are neither agonists nor antagonists of CXCR3, CCL11 binds with high affinity to CXCR3. This suggests that, in vivo, CXCR3 may act as a decoy receptor, sequestering locally produced CCL11. We alsodemonstrate that the CXCR3 ligands inhibit CCR3‐mediated functional responses of both human eosinophils and CCR3 transfectants induced by all three eotaxins, with CXCL11 being the most efficacious antagonist. The examination of CCR3–CCR1 chimeric constructs revealed that CCL11 and CXCL11 share overlapping binding sites contained within the CCR3 extracellular loops, a region that was previously shown to be essential for effective receptor‐activation. Hence, eosinophil responses mediated by chemokines acting at CCR3 may be regulated by two distinct mechanisms: the antagonistic effects of CXCR3 ligands and the sequestration of CCL11 by CXCR3‐expressing cells. Such interplay may serve to finely tune inflammatory responses in vivo.
Analysis of allelic expression patterns of IL‐2, IL‐3, IL‐4, and IL‐13 in human CD4+ T cell clones
Authors: Bayley Jean‐Pierre , Bakker Aleida M. , Kaijzel Eric L. , Wierenga Eddy A. , van der Pouw‐Kraan Tineke C. T. M. , Huizinga Tom W. J. , Verweij Cornelis L. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe occurrence of monoallelic expression of cytokine genes in single cells has been convincingly demonstrated, but there have been few reports of this phenomenon in T cell clones. Here we describe studies on the expression of alleles of the human genes encoding IL‐2, IL‐3, IL‐4, and IL‐13 in human CD4+ T cell clones. In contrast to the results reported in mouse T cell clones andsingle human T cells, we found no evidence for the monoallelic expression of the IL‐2, IL‐3, and IL‐13 genes. The gene for IL‐4 showed an imbalance in expression from each allele, indicating differential expression of IL‐4 alleles within or between IL‐4‐expressing cells.