bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Did the Renaissance have a Renaissance?
Authors: Dunlop Anne 
Published: December 2003

John T. Paoletti and Gary M. Radke, Art in Renaissance ItalyA. Richard Turner, The Renaissance in Florence: The Birth of a New ArtHermann Voss (trans. Susanne Pelzel), Painting of the Late Renaissance in Rome and Florence I: From the High Renaissance to Mannerism 1520–1570Evelyn Welch, Art and Society in Italy 1350–1500
Mapplethorpe’s Living Room: Photography and the Furnishing of Desire
Authors: Meyer Richard 
Published: December 2003

This essay analyses the descriptions (and distortions) of Robert Mapplethorpe’s photography put forward by Senator Jesse Helms during the controversy over The Perfect Moment (a full‐scale retrospective of Mapplethorpe’s work) in 1989. It argues that Helms’s attacks on Mapplethorpe’s life and work open onto a broader set of fears and fantasies about homosexuality.After examining some of the key contradictions in Helms’s discourse, the essay turns to a contemporaneous event concerning Mapplethorpe: the sale of his collection of art and furniture by Christie’s auction house in October 1989. Christie’s cleverly marketed `The Robert Mapplethorpe Collection’ by suggesting a link between the bodies Mapplethorpe photographed and the objects he collected, between the forbidden appeal of Mapplethorpe’s art and the eclectic array of his belongings. In so doing, Christie’s capitalized upon the public controversy in which the name ‘Mapplethorpe’ was embroiled at the time. But Christie’s also revealed, however unwittingly, something essential about Mapplethorpe’s practice as both an artist and a collector. In both his photographs and in his private collection. Mapplethorpe has set a space for homosexual difference. And it was this space that Senator Helms and the morally upstanding citizens he claimed to represent could not abide.
A Core System for Design Information Management Using Industry Foundation Classes
Authors: Lee Keunhyoung , Chin Sangyoon , Kim Jaejun 
Published: December 2003

Abstract: Research has been conducted for the applications of Industry Foundation Classes (IFC), developed by International Alliance for Interoperability (IAI) for building product model‐based information sharing and exchange. This article presents the results and lessons learned from a research project, titled “A Development of the 3D Object‐Based Product Model and Application,” jointly performed by the research teams of two universities in Korea.An integrated information system called Design Information Management System (DIMS) has been developed with a focus on representation of design information based on IFC and its association with schedule, estimation, and structural engineering information. With the integration of information from various sources, DIMS can represent project information in multiple viewpoints through the hierarchical classification of building components. It also calculates the quantities of each building component and helps users to recognize the corresponding 3D graphic objects in the CAD system. This article discusses considerations, processes, and methods used during the development of DIMS along with lessons learned from this research.
Improving public information about large hydroelectric dams: Case studies in France and West Africa
Authors: Faure Armelle 
Published: December 2003

It is becoming more common for public authorities in charge of dam construction and management to inform the population living in the area soon to be submerged by a proposed dam. However, populations living further downstream along a river to be dammed, have often been left to find out by chance, despite the fact that the changes to the river flow regime will have an important impact on their lives, sometimes serious negative impacts. This article makes a comparison between two dams, one at Bort‐les‐Orgues across the upper Dordogne River in southern France, the other the Bagré Dam over the Nakambé (or White Volta) River in south‐eastern Burkina Faso. The article discusses dam construction and operation from the point of view of the concerned populations living in the reservoir and downstream areas.In 2000, a study was carried out in the Dordogne Valley to ascertain downstream impacts of dam operations and information needs of the population. Suggestions from local river users related mostly to improving public information about predicted and actual flow rates and actual flow in real time along the 300 km course of the Dordogne between the dams and the estuary. Such information should be disseminated as widely as possible through available media, including the Internet, and also displayed visibly in key locations along the length of the river.
Energy for sustainable development: Review of national and international energy policies
Authors: Gururaja J. 
Published: December 2003

This article presents an assessment of the effectiveness of national and international energy policies directed toward the objectives of sustainable development contained in Agenda 21. Following a brief overview of energy and transport sector trends over the past ten years, the article discusses whether and to what extent energy policies for sustainable development have impacted on poverty reduction, energy security, equitable access to energy, and transition to a more efficient and environmentally sound energy system.The impact of policies is assessed considering that such a transition involves appropriate combinations of energy efficient technologies and usage patterns, wider use of renewable energy, and gradual induction of advanced energy technologies. The article then examines the extent to which such policies have been based on integrated assessments of the needs and priorities in economic growth, social development and environmental protection and identifies some of the main constraints and barriers hampering the implementation of energy for sustainable development. The article also examines whether decision‐making processes ensure multi‐stakeholder participation in policy development and support a fair sharing of commitments, responsibilities and benefits among the participating stakeholders in policy implementation. Selected case studies of policies that have made a tangible difference in promoting energy for sustainable development are outlined.Finally the article discusses the challenges facing energy for sustainable development and discusses various options to accelerate the implementation of its goals.
Informal coal mining in Eastern India: Evidence from the Raniganj Coalbelt
Authors: Lahiri‐Dutt Kuntala 
Published: December 2003

Unauthorized mines are not uncommon in mineral‐rich regions of poorer countries, and India is no exception. Whether they constitute merely a law and order problem including safety issues, or there are important social and economic questions involved has yet to be thrashed out. The mining industry, at regional, national and international levels, is ambivalent towards such mining, tending to draw attention away from their informal nature to the size factor.This article looks into the problem of such informal mining in the light of empirical surveys in eastern Indian collieries. These are called peoples’ mines and they serve a significant purpose in local economies. The article's thesis is that peasant communities are trying to claim back a portion of the local resources lost to them through appropriation by mining companies thus re‐asserting their traditional rights to local mineral resources. In conclusion, the need for a new moral economy for mining regions is stressed: an economy in which local communities will play a powerful role.
Institutional Investors and Information Asymmetry: An Event Study of Self‐Tender Offers
Authors: O'Neill Michele , Swisher Judith 
Published: December 2003

AbstractOur research compares the asymmetric information costs of firms with low levels of institutional ownership to those with high levels. We use self‐tender offers as an information event. Our results show that higher institutional ownership, particularly a higher number of institutional investors, is associated with a lower degree of informed trading. These results persist even after we control for differences in trading activity among our sample firms.
The Impact of Trust‐Preferred Issuance on Bank Default Risk and Cash Flow: Evidence from the Debt and Equity Securities Markets
Authors: Harvey Keith D. , Collins M. Cary , Wansley James W. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractTrust‐preferred stock is a debt‐equity hybrid that offers the tax deductibility of dividends but is treated as equity capital by bank regulators and rating agencies. The purpose of this paper is to examine whether holders of bank debt securities benefit from trust‐preferred issuance in the form of lower default premia and whether bank shareholders benefit from the tax deductibility of trust‐preferred dividends. Using daily returns surrounding the Federal Reserve's announcement that trust‐preferred securities would be included as a component of commercial banks' Tier I equity capital, we find evidence to support both hypotheses.
Evidence on the Mean‐Reverting Tendencies of Closed‐End Fund Discounts
Authors: Gasbarro Dominic , Johnson Richard D. , Zumwalt J. Kenton 
Published: December 2003

AbstractClosed‐end fund (CEF) discounts vary widely over time due to changes in share price, net asset value (NAV), or both. Prior studies suggest discounts are mean‐reverting. We examine the mean‐reversion issue by employing cointegration procedures. Specifically, we identify bond and equity CEFs that exhibit stationary time‐series properties and find statistically significant error correction terms that quantify the speed of mean reversion. The results indicate that mean reversion is caused by changes in both share price and NAVs. However, CEFs can only provide excess returns when the discount narrows due to share price increases.
Trade Imbalances and Inventory Effects in Long‐term S&P 500 Index Options
Authors: Bharadwaj Anu , Wiggins James B. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThis article investigates how trade imbalances affect prices in the S&P 500 Long‐term Equity Anticipation Securities (LEAPS) market. From 1994 to 1996, put volume was 30 times higher than call volume, and public purchases of puts vastly outnumbered sales. We find that LEAPS put quotes are revised following trade imbalances by more than can be explained by information effects, suggesting that put prices are subject to price pressure or inventory effects. The results suggest market frictions are important in the pricing of options, at least in settings in which arbitrage is particularly costly and public demand leans toward one type of order.
Creating Fama and French Factors with Style
Authors: Faff Robert W. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThis paper utilizes Frank Russell style portfolios to create useful proxies for the Fama and French (1992) factors. The proxy‐mimicking portfolios are shown to represent a pervasive source of exposure across U.S. industry portfolios and to generally possess similar properties to those utilized in the finance literature. Further, a set of multivariate asset‐pricing tests of the three‐factor Fama and French asset‐pricing (FF) model based on the proxy factors fails to reject the model. However, these tests do not reveal strong evidence of significantly positive risk premiums, particularly in the case of the size and book‐to‐market factors.
Systematics, phylogeny and biogeography of Anterastes (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae, Tettigoniinae): evolution within a refugium
Authors: Çıplak Battal 
Published: December 2003

Çıplak, B. (2004). Systematics, phylogeny and biogeography of Anterastes (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae, Tettigoniinae): evolution within a refugium. —Zoologica Scripta, 33, 19–44.The genus Anterastes, distributed in southeastern Europe and the western part of Anatolia, is revised based on previous materials and numerous specimens collected from new localities. A key to all species is presented. Two new species, A. antitauricus sp. n. and A. ucari sp. n. are described. Anterastes akdaghensis Ramme is placed in synonymy with A. babadaghi Uvarov. Cladistic analysis confirmed the monophyly of Anterastes. The relationships among the species of Anterastes are: A. uludaghensis + ((A. serbicus + A. burri + A. antitauricus sp. n.) + (A. anatolicus + A. tolunayi + (A. niger + (A. babadaghi + A. turcicus + A. ucari sp. n.)))). The biogeography of the genus shows a correlation with its phylogeny. It is assumed that the genus arose from an ancestral stock in northwestern Anatolia in the Pliocene and the later range of this ancestral population expanded and contracted under the effects of the ice ages (glacial and interglacial periods, respectively). It is postulated that speciation within the genus, suggested by phylogenetic analysis, might have occurred when the range of ancestral populations expanded during glacial periods and contracted in subsequent warm periods. The present species may be the product of relict populations remaining in refugia at higher altitudes with alpine or subalpine vegetation in southern Anatolia.
Hippopotamyrus ansorgii species complex in the Upper Zambezi River System with a description of a new species, H. szaboi (Mormyridae)
Authors: Kramer Bernd , Van Der Bank Herman , Wink Michael 
Published: December 2003

Kramer, B., Van der Bank, & H., Wink, M. (2004) Hippopotamyrus ansorgii species complex in the Upper Zambezi River System with a description of a new species, H. szaboi (Mormyridae). — Zoologica Scripta, 33, 1–18.Specimens referable to Hippopotamyrus ansorgii sampled from the Upper Zambezi River System within Caprivi (Namibia) represent a complex of three species, two of which coexist in the Upper Zambezi River, and a third that inhabits a nearby river, the Kwando, with which the Zambezi has been connected during periods of flooding. All three are indistinguishable in terms of their general appearance, but differ consistently in electric organ discharges (EOD), morphology, and molecular genetic characters. All phenotypes display a monopolar, head‐positive EOD pulse with specific post‐ or prepotentials. For H. ansorgii from the Zambezi River (HaZ), pulse duration is less than 0.5 ms (down to 0.205 ms; N= 34); for the syntopic H. szaboi sp. n., it is greater than 0.6 ms (up to 1.8 ms at 10% peak amplitude; N= 19). The parapatric phenotype of H. ansorgii from the Kwando River (HaK) has pulses shorter than 0.215 ms (down to 0.105 ms; N = 36). All three members of the species complex may be distinguished from each other by 7−9 anatomical characters, analysed by manova. Based on 22 enzymes and proteins studied, the moderate to high Wright's fixation index and the significant (P < 0.05) allele differentiation between EOD phenotypes provide additional evidence for incipient speciation. Pairwise analyses of the three different phenotypes showed the two parapatric species of H. ansorgii grouped together, and distinguishable from individuals of H. szaboi. Analyses of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene revealed that all specimens which were attributed to H. szaboi form a well‐supported monophyletic basal clade (bootstrap support 73% or 82%). The genetic distances (uncorrected p distances) between H. szaboi and the two species of H. ansorgii are between 0.6% and 1.7%. Within the derived H. ansorgii clade some phylogeographical differentiation can be seen for fishes from the Zambezi and Kwando Rivers, but the respective groups are not consistent or supported by significant bootstrap values. The question of which of the two parapatric morphological and EOD phenotypes of H. ansorgii recognized in the present paper represents H. ansorgii (Boulenger, 1905) cannot be resolved at present because of the paucity and unclear origin of the historical type material.
Anatomy and relationships of the Early Cambrian wormMyoscolex
Authors: Dzik Jerzy 
Published: December 2003

Dzik, J. (2004). Anatomy and relationships of the Early Cambrian wormMyoscolex. —Zoologica Scripta, 33, 57–69.Numerous fossil specimens ofMyoscolex atelesGlaessner, 1979 from the late Early Cambrian Emu Bay shale of Kangaroo Island, South Australia with phosphatized organic matter‐rich tissues show its muscular body wall penetrated by rows of rod‐like structures — possible chaetae. The body wall was composed of an external layer with transverse (circular) fibres. This layer was thickest in lateral parts of the body and very thin dorsally. In the ventro‐lateral quarter of the body circumference, a belt of longitudinal fibres extended along the body. Longitudinal fibres also occurred in the dorsal region of the body. Along the venter extended a narrow longitudinal belt of probably oblique cords, crossing themselves perpendicularly. In having a virtually smooth, laterally flattened body,Myoscolexclosely resembles the slightly geologically youngerPikaiafrom the Burgess shale of British Columbia, generally believed to be one of the oldest chordates. Being the oldest probable annelid, at least superficially similar to the opheliid polychaetes,Myoscolexmay appear not too distant from the ancestor of the phylum. The lateral body flattening ofMyoscolexwas apparently an adaptation to swimming by undulation of the body in transverse plane, similar to today's errant polychaetes but without using chaetae or appendages in propulsion.
Delimitation of morphologically similar sponge crab species of the genus Pseudodromia (Crustacea, Decapoda, Dromiidae) from South Africa
Authors: Stewart Barbara A. , Gouws Gavin , Daniels Savel R. , Matthee Conrad A. 
Published: December 2003

Stewart, B. A., Gouws, G., Daniels, S. R. & Matthee, C. A. (2004). Delimitation of morphologically similar sponge crab species of the genus Pseudodromia (Crustacea, Decapoda, Dromiidae) from South Africa. —Zoologica Scripta, 33, 45–55.Presently, three Pseudodromia sponge crab species are recognized, all of which are endemic to the continental shelf off the coast of South Africa. Two of these differ only in the morphology of their rostral teeth, making them difficult to distinguish, and can thus be considered as cryptic species. In addition they have very similar distribution ranges, thus raising doubts as to their specific status. Discriminant function analysis of morphometric data, differentiation at 10 allozyme loci, and sequence data derived from the 12S rRNA mitochondrial gene were used to test whether specimens identified as P. latens and P. rotunda are morphological forms of a single, widespread species, or represent two, distinct, reproductively isolated species, and to establish whether these two taxa are sister species, and thus form a monophyletic entity. The presence of fixed allele differences at three, and strong genetic heterogeneity at five other allozyme loci, indicating no gene flow occurring between sympatric populations, as well as the relatively high degree of 12S rRNA and allozyme genetic differentiation observed, supported the recognition of P. latens and P. rotunda as separate species. The 12S rRNA topology suggested that the genus Pseudodromia, as presently constituted, is paraphyletic, thus inferring that the morphological characters used to define this taxon might not be useful for phylogenetic inferences. It was concluded that in view of the uncertainties raised regarding the designation and composition of certain genera within the family Dromiidae, further rigorous analyses of morphological and genetic data are needed to further our understanding of the taxonomy of the sponge crabs.
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) and the treatment of CNS injury: advantages and possible caveats
Authors: Barnett Susan C. , Riddell John S. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractOne of the main research strategies to improve treatment for spinal cord injury involves the use of cell transplantation. This review looks at the advantages and possible caveats of using glial cells from the olfactory system in transplant‐mediated repair. These glial cells, termed olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), ensheath the axons of the olfactory receptor neurons. The primary olfactory system is an unusual tissue in that it can support neurogenesis throughout life. In addition, newly generated olfactory receptor neurons are able to grow into the CNS environment of the olfactory bulb tissue and reform synapses. It is thought that this unique regenerative property depends in part on the presence of OECs. OECs share some of the properties of both astrocytes and Schwann cells but appear to have advantages over these and other glial cells for CNS repair. In particular, OECs are less likely to induce hypertrophy of CNS astrocytes. As well as remyelinating demyelinated axons, OEC grafts appear to promote the restoration of functions lost following a spinal cord lesion. However, much of the evidence for this is based on behavioural tests, and the mechanisms that underlie their potential benefits in transplant‐mediated repair remain to be clarified.
Strategies for identifying genes that play a role in spinal cord regeneration
Authors: Wintzer M. , Mladinic M. , Lazarevic D. , Casseler C. , Cattaneo A. , Nicholls J. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractA search for genes that promote or block CNS regeneration requires numerous approaches; for example, tests can be made on individual candidate molecules. Here, however, we describe methods for comprehensive identification of genes up‐ and down‐regulated in neurons that can and cannot regenerate after injury. One problem concerns identification of low‐abundance genes out of the 30 000 or so genes expressed by neurons. Another difficulty is knowing whether a single gene or multiple genes are necessary. When microchips and subtractive differential display are used to identify genes turned on or off, the numbers are still too great to test which molecules are actually important for regeneration. Candidates are genes coding for trophic, inhibitory, receptor and extracellular matrix molecules, as well as unknown genes. A preparation useful for narrowing the search is the neonatal opossum. The spinal cord and optic nerve can regenerate after injury at 9 days but cannot at 12 days after birth. This narrow window allows genes responsible for the turning off of regeneration to be identified. As a next step, sites at which they are expressed (forebrain, midbrain, spinal cord, neurons or glia, intracellular or extracellular) must be determined. An essential step is to characterize proteins, their levels of expression, and their importance for regeneration. Comprehensive searches for molecular mechanisms represent a lengthy series of experiments that could help in devising strategies for repairing injured spinal cord.
A role for cAMP in regeneration of the adult mammalian CNS
Authors: Spencer Tim , Filbin Marie T. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractInjury to the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) often results in permanent loss of sensory and motor function. This is due to the failure of injured axons to regenerate. The inhibitory nature of the CNS can be attributed to several factors, including formation of the glial scar, the presence of several molecules, associated with myelin, which inhibit axonal regrowth, and the intrinsic growth state of these neurons. Encouraging regeneration in the adult mammalian CNS therefore will require targeting one or all of these factors following injury. Here we illustrate recent work from our laboratory that identifies some of the signalling components involved in modulation of the intrinsic growth state of adult neurons. When activated, these signalling pathways can induce axonal regeneration in the presence of the myelin‐associated inhibitors both in vitro and in vivo.