bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Regolith And Trace Economic Resources (CRATER): An Orbitrap‐based laser desorption mass spectrometry instrument for in situ exploration of the Moon
Authors: Ray Soumya , Arévalo Ricardo , Southard Adrian , Willhite Lori , Bardyn Anais , Ni Ziqin , Danell Ryan , Grubisic Andrej , Gundersen Cynthia , Llano Julie , Yu Anthony , Fahey Molly , Hernandez Emanuel , Graham Jacob , Lee Jane , Ersahin Akif , Briois Christelle , Thirkell Laurent , Colin Fabrice , Makarov Alexander 
Published: February 2024

RationaleCharacterization of Regolith And Trace Economic Resources (CRATER), an Orbitrap™‐based laser desorption mass spectrometry instrument designed to conduct high‐precision, spatially resolved analyses of planetary materials, is capable of answering outstanding science questions about the Moon's formation and the subsequent processes that have modified its (sub)surface.MethodsHere, we describe the baseline design of the CRATER flight model, which requires <20 000 cm3 volume, <10 kg mass, and <60 W peak power. The analytical capabilities and performance metrics of a prototype that meets the full functionality of the flight model are demonstrated.ResultsThe instrument comprises a high‐power, solid‐state, pulsed ultraviolet (213 nm) laser source to ablate the surface of the lunar sample, a custom ion optical interface to accelerate and collimate the ions produced at the ablation site, and an Orbitrap mass analyzer capable of discriminating competing isobars via ultrahigh mass resolution and high mass accuracy. The CRATER instrument can measure elemental and isotopic abundances and characterize the organic content of lunar surface samples, as well as identify economically valuable resources for future exploration.ConclusionAn engineering test unit of the flight model is currently in development to serve as a pathfinder for near‐term mission opportunities.
Identification and quantification of both isomers of hexahydrocannabinol, (9R)‐hexahydrocannabinol and (9S)‐hexahydrocannabinol, in three different matrices by mass spectrometry
Authors: Bottinelli Charline , Baradian Pauline , Poly Amélie , Hoizey Guillaume , Chatenay Camille 
Published: February 2024

ContextHexahydrocannabinol (HHC), a compound derived from synthetic production using cannabidiol (CBD) or delta‐9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9‐THC), has gained recent attention due to its presence in seized materials across Europe. Sold legally in various forms, HHC poses potential health risks, particularly as a legal alternative to THC in some countries. Despite its historical description in the 1940s, limited toxicology data, pharmacological understanding, and analytical methods for HHC exist.MethodThis study proposes analytical techniques using mass spectrometry to detect, identify, and quantify (9R)‐HHC and (9S)‐HHC, concurrently with THC and CBD in various matrices, including oral fluid, whole blood, and seized material. Three distinct methods were employed for different matrices: GC/MS for seized material, GC/MS/MS for whole blood, and UHPLC/MS/MS for oral fluid. Methods were validated qualitatively for oral fluid with a FLOQSwab® device and quantitatively in whole blood and seized material according to Peters et al's recommendations and ICH guidelines.ResultsValidated methods were considered reliable in detecting and quantifying HHC isomers in terms of repeatability, reproducibility, and linearity with r2 systematically >0.992. These methods were applied to authentic cases, including seized materials and biological samples from traffic control (whole blood and oral fluid). In seized materials, (9R)‐HHC levels ranged from 2.09% to 8.85% and (9R)‐HHC/(9S)‐HHC ratios varied from 1.36 to 2.68. In whole blood sample, (9R)‐HHC and (9S)‐HHC concentrations were, respectively, 2.38 and 1.39 ng/mL. For all analyzed samples, cannabinoids such as THC and CBD were also detected.ConclusionThis research contributes analytical insights into differentiating and simultaneously analyzing (9R)‐HHC and (9S)‐HHC, using widely applicable mass spectrometric methods. The study emphasizes the need for vigilance among toxicologists, as new semisynthetic cannabinoids continue to emerge in Europe, with potential health implications. The findings underscore the importance of reliable analytical methods for monitoring these compounds in forensic and clinical settings.
Hedge fund activism in family firms
Authors: Feldman Emilie R. , Amit Raphael (Raffi) , Chen Siwen 
Published: February 2024

AbstractResearch SummaryThis article examines the antecedents and outcomes of hedge fund activism in family versus nonfamily firms. We find that activist hedge funds are less likely to initiate campaigns against family firms than nonfamily firms, but the cumulative abnormal returns to announcements of campaigns against family firms exceed those of nonfamily firms. The presence of one or more family members on a firm's board of directors appears to be a key impediment to hedge fund activism in family firms. Additionally, activist hedge funds are more likely to use hostile tactics and demand more substantive changes in their campaigns against family firms than nonfamily firms. Together, these findings contribute to the agency theory‐based literatures on hedge fund activism, family firms, boards of directors, and corporate governance.Managerial SummaryActivist hedge funds are a significant force in corporate governance, driving the companies they target to change their strategies, structures, and leadership. Family firms are prevalent and economically important, accounting for a third to a half of companies worldwide. This article compares hedge fund activism in family versus nonfamily firms. Activist hedge funds are about 41% less likely to initiate campaigns against family than nonfamily firms, but the average returns to successful activist hedge fund campaigns against family firms are about 2% higher than in nonfamily firms. These effects are especially pronounced when family members serve on a company's board of directors. Furthermore, activist hedge funds are more likely to use hostile tactics and demand more substantive changes in campaigns against family than nonfamily firms.
The Multiple Roles of Na Ions in Highly Efficient CZTSSe Solar Cells
Authors: Yang Wentong , Ji Yixiong , Chen Wangxian , Pan Yining , Chen Zifei , Wu Shaoyang , Russo Salvy P. , Xu Yang , Smith Trevor A. , Chesman Anthony , Mulvaney Paul , Liu Fangyang 
Published: February 2024

AbstractSodium (Na) doping is a well‐established technique employed in chalcopyrite and kesterite solar cells. While various improvements can be achieved in crystalline quality, electrical properties, or defect passivation of the absorber materials by incorporating Na, a comprehensive demonstration of the desired Na distribution in CZTSSe is still lacking. Herein, a straightforward Na doping approach by dissolving NaCl into the CZTS precursor solution is proposed. It is demonstrated that a favorable Na ion distribution should comprise a precisely controlled Na+ concentration at the front surface and an enhanced distribution within the bottom region of the absorber layer. These findings demonstrated that Na ions play several positive roles within the device, leading to an overall power conversion efficiency of 12.51%.
Tumor Homing Chimeric Peptide Rhomboids to Improve Photodynamic Performance by Inhibiting Therapy‐Upregulated Cyclooxygenase‐2
Authors: Zhang Wei , Yu Bai‐Xue , Chen Xia‐Yun , Yan Meng‐Yi , Liu Qian‐Qian , Liu Yi‐Bin , Yang Ni , Cai Hua , Yan Ni , Kong Ren‐Jiang , Cheng Hong , Li Shi‐Ying , Chen A‐Li 
Published: February 2024

AbstractNegative therapeutic feedback of inflammation would extensively attenuate the antitumor effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT). In this work, tumor homing chimeric peptide rhomboids (designated as NP‐Mel) are fabricated to improve photodynamic performance by inhibiting PDT‐upregulated cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2). The hydrophobic photosensitizer of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) and palmitic acid are conjugated onto the neuropilin receptors (NRPs) targeting peptide motif (CGNKRTR) to obtain tumor homing chimeric peptide (Palmitic‐K(PpIX)CGNKRTR), which can encapsulate the COX‐2 inhibitor of meloxicam. The well dispersed NP‐Mel not only improves the drug stability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production ability, but also increase the breast cancer targeted drug delivery to intensify the PDT effect. In vitro and in vivo studies verify that NP‐Mel will decrease the secretion of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) after PDT treatment, inducing the downregulation of IL‐6 and TNF‐α expressions to suppress PDT induced inflammation. Ultimately, an improved PDT performance of NP‐Mel is achieved without inducing obvious systemic toxicity, which might inspire the development of sophisticated nanomedicine in consideration of the feedback induced therapeutic resistance.
Creation of Interfacial S4–Sn–N2 Electron Pathways for Efficient Light‐Driven Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Yin Yihang , Xiang Peng , Zhou Yujie , Meng Huiyuan , Xiao Xudong , Shao Yugui , Zhang Xinxin , Zhou Jing , Li Qi , Guo Chuanyu , Ma Xuena , Zhang Luoming , Zhang Liping , Zhang Qun , Jiang Baojiang 
Published: February 2024

AbstractEstablishing effective charge transfer channels between two semiconductors is key to improving photocatalytic activity. However, controlling hetero‐structures in situ and designing binding modes pose significant challenges. Herein, hydrolytic SnCl2·2H2O is selected as the metal source and loaded in situ onto a layered carbon nitriden supramolecular precursor. A composite photocatalyst, S4–Sn–N2, with electron pathways of SnS2 and tubular carbon nitriden (TCN) is prepared through pyrolysis and vulcanization processes. The contact interface of SnS2–TCN is increased significantly, promoting the formation of S4–Sn–N2 micro‐structure in a Z‐scheme charge transfer channel. This structure accelerates the separation and transport of photogenerated carriers, maintains the stronger redox ability, and improves the stability of SnS2 in this series of heterojunctions. Therefore, the catalyst demonstrated exceptional photocatalytic hydrogen production efficiency, achieving a reaction rate of 86.4 µmol h−1, which is 3.15 times greater than that of bare TCN.
Interfacial Electronic Modulation of Mo5N6/Ni3S2 Heterojunction Array Boosts Electrocatalytic Alkaline Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Fang Bin , Jin Jutao , Li Yanqin , Dang Haifeng , Shao Mengmeng , Zhao Liyuan , Yin Nianliang , Wang Wenlong 
Published: February 2024

AbstractBifunctional electrocatalysts with excellent activity and durability are highly desirable for alkaline overall water splitting, yet remain a significant challenge. In this contribution, palm‐like Mo5N6/Ni3S2 heterojunction arrays anchored in conductive Ni foam (denoted as Mo5N6‐Ni3S2 HNPs/NF) are developed. Benefiting from the optimized electronic structure configuration, hierarchical branched structure and abundant heterogeneous interfaces, the as‐synthesized Mo5N6‐Ni3S2 HNPs/NF electrode exhibits remarkably stable bifunctional electrocatalytic activity in 1 m KOH solution. It only requires ultralow overpotentials of 59 and 190 mV to deliver a current density of 10 mA cm−2 for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in 1 m KOH solution, respectively. Importantly, the overall water splitting electrolyzer assembled by Mo5N6‐Ni3S2 HNPs/NF exhibits an exceptionally low cell voltage (1.48 V@10 mA cm−2) and outstanding durability, surpassing most of the reported Ni‐based bifunctional materials. Density functional theory (DFT) further confirms the heterostructure can optimize the Gibbs free energies of H and O‐containing intermediates (OH, O, OOH) during HER and OER processes, thereby accelerating the catalytic kinetics of electrochemical water splitting. The findings provide a new design strategy toward low‐cost and excellent catalysts for overall water splitting.
A Graphene‐Mica‐Based Photo‐Thermal Actuator for Small‐Scale Soft Robots
Authors: Gu Ming , Echtermeyer Tim J. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractSmall‐scale soft robots demonstrate intricate life‐like behavior and allow navigation through arduous terrains and confined spaces. However, the primary challenges in soft robotics are 1) creating actuators capable of quick, reversible 22D‐to‐3D shape morphing with adjustable stiffness, 2) improving actuation force and robustness for wider applications, and 3) designing holistic systems for untethered manipulation and flexible multimodality in practical scenarios. Here, mechanically compliant paper‐like robots are presented with multiple functionalities. The robots are based on photothermally activated polymer bimorph actuators that incorporate graphene for the photo‐thermal conversion of energy and muscovite mica, with its high Young's modulus, providing the required stiffness. Conversion of light into heat leads to thermal expansion and bending of the stress‐mismatched structures. The actuators are designed on the basis of a modified Timoshenko model, and numerical simulations are employed to evaluate their actuation performance. The membranes can be utilized for light‐driven programmable shape‐morphing. Localized control allows the implementation of active hinges at arbitrary positions within the membrane. Integrated into small‐scale soft robots in mass production, the membrane facilitates locomotion, rolling, and flipping of the robots. Further, grasping and kicking mechanisms are demonstrated, highlighting the potential of such actuators for future applications.
N‐Decorated Main‐Group MgAl2O4 Spinel: Unlocking Exceptional Oxygen Reduction Activity for Zn‐Air Batteries
Authors: Zhao Xue , Wu Fengqi , Hu Haidong , Li Jinyu , Sun Yong , Wang Jing , Zou Guodong , Chen Xiaobo , Wang Yong , Fernandez Carlos , Peng Qiuming 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThe development of economical and efficient oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts is crucial to accelerate the widespread application rhythm of aqueous rechargeable zinc‐air batteries (ZABs). Here, a strategy is reported that the modification of the binding energy for reaction intermediates by the axial N‐group converts the inactive spinel MgAl2O4 into the active motif of MgAl2O4‐N. It is found that the introduction of N species can effectively optimize the electronic configuration of MgAl2O4, thereby significantly reducing the adsorption strength of *OH and boosting the reaction process. This main‐group MgAl2O4‐N catalyst exhibits a high ORR activity in a broad pH range from acidic and alkaline environments. The aqueous ZABs assembled with MgAl2O4‐N shows a peak power density of 158.5 mW cm−2, the long‐term cyclability over 2000 h and the high stability in the temperature range from ‐10 to 50 °C, outperforming the commercial Pt/C in terms of activity and stability. This work not only serves as a significant candidate for the robust ORR electrocatalysts of aqueous ZABs, but also paves a new route for the effective reutilization of waste Mg alloys.
Au Micro‐ and Nanoelectrodes as Local Voltammetric pH Sensors During Oxygen Evolution at Electrocatalyst‐Modified Electrodes
Authors: Li Lejing , Limani Ndrina , P Antony Rajini , Dieckhöfer Stefan , Santana Santos Carla , Schuhmann Wolfgang 
Published: February 2024

The scarcity of state‐of‐the‐art oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts has led to intensive research on alternative viable electrocatalytic materials. While activity and cost are the main factors to be sought after, the catalyst stability under harsh acidic conditions is equally crucial. Considering that OER is a proton‐coupled electron‐transfer reaction that involves local acidification of the reaction environment by liberation of H+, the catalyst stability can be largely compromised in such conditions. Consequently, probing the pH value near the catalyst surface under operation leads to a deeper understanding of this process. The applicability of bare Au microelectrodes and nanoelectrodes as sensitive local pH probes during OER is shown in this work by using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). Two case studies are presented, including the state‐of‐the‐art OER catalyst (IrO2) in acidic media and a ZnGa2O4 catalyst in alkaline buffered solution, demonstrating the suitability of the Au probe to accurately determine the local pH value in a wide pH range.
Research on seismic response and dynamic lateral pressure of the silo model under dynamic interaction between granular materials and the silo wall
Authors: Zhang Daying , Yang Qinghe , Wang Shuming 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThe purpose is to study seismic response and dynamic lateral pressure of the silo wall with different storage conditions under the earthquake. FEM was used to conduct dynamic time history analysis of the silo. The seismic response of the empty silo was smaller than that of the filled silos, and for the latter, under seismic action, the bulk sand particles and the silo wall had a more complex dynamic interaction, and nodes displacements on the wall and columns mainly fluctuated rising. For the deformation of the bulk sand, it was similar to a parabolic pattern in section, the closer to the silo center the greater the deformation was, and the farther away from the silo center the smaller the deformation was. The maximum acceleration was near the top of the wall in the empty silo, near the middle of the wall in contact with bulk sand in the filled silos. Nodes maximum overpressure coefficient was 1.6 and 2.9 in half fully and fully filled silos, respectively, but the coefficient 2.9 was greater than the standardized value of 2.0, therefore, the suggested overpressure coefficient was proposed. Meanwhile, Mises stress was investigated, and it was smaller in the empty silo, but larger in the filled silos, particularly in and around the ring beam due to the dynamic interaction between the sand and the silo wall, where the stiffness had a sudden change, and the maximum stress at the ring beam increased gradually with the seismic action.
A comprehensive review on the fate and impact of antibiotic residues in the environment and public health: A special focus on the developing countries
Authors: Sikder Sadia , Toha Mohammad , Anik Amit Hasan , Sultan Maisha Binte , Alam Mahbub , Parvin Fahmida , Tareq Shafi M. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThe widespread application of antibiotics in human and veterinary medicine has led to the pervasive presence of antibiotic residues in the environment, posing a potential hazard to public health. This comprehensive review aims to scrutinize the fate and impact of antibiotic residues, with a particular focus on the context of developing nations. The investigation delves into the diverse pathways facilitating the entry of antibiotics into the environment and meticulously examines their effects on human health. The review delineates the current state of antibiotic residues, evaluates their exposure in developing nations, and elucidates existing removal methodologies. Additionally, it probes into the factors contributing to the endurance and ecotoxicity of antibiotic residues, correlating these aspects with usage rates and associated mortalities in these nations. The study also investigates removal techniques for antibiotic residues, assessing their efficiency in environmental compartments. The concurrent emergence of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria, engendered by antibiotic residues, and their adverse ecological threats underscore the necessity for enhanced regulations, vigilant surveillance programs, and the adoption of sustainable alternatives. The review underlines the pivotal role of public education and awareness campaigns in promoting responsible antibiotic use. The synthesis concludes with strategic recommendations, strengthening the imperative for further research encompassing comprehensive monitoring, ecotoxicological effects, alternative strategies, socio‐economic considerations, and international collaborations, all aimed at mitigating the detrimental effects of antibiotic residues on human health and the environment.Practitioner Points
Antibiotic residues are widely distributed in different environmental compartments.
Developing countries use more antibiotics than developed countries.
Human and veterinary wastes are one of the most responsible sources of antibiotic pollution.
Antibiotics interact with biological systems and trigger pharmacological reactions at low doses.
Antibiotics can be removed using modern biological, chemical, and physical–chemical techniques.
Electrophoresis analysis of a hydrophobic spherical particle in a micropolar electrolyte solution
Authors: Faltas Moukhtar Shenouda , Sherief Hany H. , Ismail Mohamed Mahmoud 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThe general expression for the time‐independent electrophoretic velocity of a spherical colloidal particle with a slippage surface in a microstructure electrolyte solution is derived. The two extreme cases of nonconducting and perfect conducting particles are investigated. The derived expression is valid for arbitrary Debye length and low particle zeta potentials. The concept of velocity spin slip is incorporated with the usual velocity slip at the particle's surface. The effect of the microstructure of fluid particles on the electrophoresis phenomena is discussed based on a micropolar fluid model. The influences of velocity slip and velocity spin slip are shown through various plots of electrophoretic velocity. The limiting case of electrolyte viscous solution is recovered. The principal findings of this research can be summarized as follows: As the micropolarity parameter increases, the normalized electrophoretic velocity decreases and reaches its peak in the case of Newtonian fluids. Additionally, the velocity slip acts as a counteracting factor that promotes an increase in the electrophoretic velocity. In the context of nonconducting particles, the normalized electrophoretic velocity rises as the spin slip parameter and Debye length decrease. Conversely, for perfectly conducting particles, it increases as the spin slip parameter and Debye length increase.
Innovationism and the New Public Intellectuals
Authors: Hallonsten Olof 
Published: February 2024

AbstractPublic intellectuals were once honest and knowledgeable academics who engaged in critical debate and spoke truth to power, but seem today rather to be celebrities who make vast amounts of money from selling an oversimplified message to policymakers and the public. This chapter discusses the role of the new public intellectuals for the rise of oversimplified and misguided innovation policy, both in the wider context of the recent spread of the ideology of “innovationism” and with specific attention to the sociological mechanisms involved. With the help of a conceptual discussion and some key examples, the chapter issues some warnings of what might happen when public intellectuals give up essential virtues of academic work in favor of fame and fortune, and the role they can then come to play in the spread of “innovationism” and misdirected innovation policy agendas.
Found Down
Authors: Hess Christopher P. , Smirniotopoulos James G. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractConsciousness is believed to arise from two inter-related brain functional states: wakefulness, reflecting an individual’s level of arousal and response to external stimuli, and awareness, representing the content of one’s conscious experience and the ability to interact with the external environment. Disruption to either or both states may result in a patient being “found down.” The inability to take an accurate medical history, the limitations of physical examination in the obtunded patient, and the need to rapidly make treatment decisions position imaging centrally within the evaluation of most of these patients. Radiologists should be prepared to help decide on an appropriate imaging strategy, suggest a limited differential diagnosis as to root causes for the patient’s condition, identify problems that mandate emergent medical or surgical intervention and, in some cases, assist in defining short- and long-term prognosis.