bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
I I I
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Gamboa family returned from the countryside in the middle of January: the servants by sea, the masters by land. Leonardo arrived a few days later.The first thing that DoÑa Rosa did in the city was to give MarÍa de Regla the document or permit allowing her to seek employment or a master. The paper in question (which is what it is called in Cuba by antonomasia), signed by Don Cándido, read more or less as follows: “This paper is to certify that I grant permission to my slave MarÍa de Regla for a period of ten days from this date to seek employment or a master in the city.
Banana Strike and Military Massacre: One Hundred Years of Solitude and What Happened in 1928
Authors: Bell-villada Gene H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The episode of the banana strike and military repression in One Hundred Years of Solitude constitutes the highest point in García Marquez’s extensive chronicle of Macondo. It is a vivid and dramatic scene, packed with sociopolitical suspense, capped with sanguinary horror, and followed by uncanny official silence and a fantastical rain. Moreover, it is the last occasion in which the Macondoites and their Buendia leaders will collectively resist the meddlings of a high-handed central government.1 With the army occupation and repression, the townspeople will lose once and for all the scant political autonomy still remaining them. With the five-year cloudburst, courtesy of the Banana Company, the decline of Macondo as historical subject and vital entity will be greatly accelerated. The biblical windstorm that sweeps everything off in the concluding paragraph only completes an inexorable cycle of physical and spiritual degradation.
The Dark Side of Magical Realism Science, Oppression, and Apocalypse in One Hundred Years of Solitude
Authors: Conniff Brian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Criticism of the latin american novel “magical realism” has typically been described as an impulse to create a fictive world that can somehow compete with the “insatiable fount of creation” that is Latin America’s actual history. This concept of magical realism received perhaps its most influential endorsement in the Nobel Prize acceptance speech of Gabriel Garcfa Marquez.
Mary and Abraham: A Marriage
Authors: Baker Jean H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
“Marriage is a noose.” “When a man takes a wife, he ceases to dread hell.” “Marry in haste and repent in leisure.” “A woman is necessarily an evil, and he that gets the most tolerable one is lucky”—and so on. There is an edgy, bridegroom-beware quality to the old proverbs that make marriage into a joking matter, with the joke on women. Today, yesterday’s derisive sayings may seem as far removed from contemporary reality as some of the herbal remedies of an earlier age. But unlike calomel and the wild datura vine, these reproachful wisdoms from the past still carry authority and reflect our uncertain attitudes about the matrimonial state.
Brave New Brain
Authors: Andreasen Nancy C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Nancy Andreasen, a leading neuroscientist who is also Editor-in-Chief of the prestigious American Journal of Psychiatry as well as the winner of the illustrious National Medal of Science, offers here a state-of-the-art look at what we know about the human brain and the human genome--and shows how these two vast branches of knowledge are coming together in a boldly ambitious effort to conquer mental illness. Scientists today know more about the brain than ever before, thanks to new imaging techniques and to discoveries in neuroscience and molecular biology. Andreasen gives us an engaging and readable description of how it all works, from the billions of neurons to the tiny thalamus to the moral monitor in our prefrontal cortex. She also shows the progress made in mapping the human genome, whose 30,000-40,000 genes are almost all active in the brain. In perhaps the most fascinating section of the book, we read gripping stories of the people who develop mental illness, the friends and relatives who share their suffering, the physicians who treat them, and the scientists who study them so that better treatments can be found. This section covers four major disorders--schizophrenia, manic depression, anxiety disorders, and dementia--revealing what causes them, what happens to the mind and brain, and how the illnesses are treated. Finally, the book shows how the powerful tools of genetics and neuroscience will be combined during the next decades to build healthier brains and minds. Andreasen’s bestselling The Broken Brain broke new ground in the public understanding of mental illness. Now, by revealing how combining genome mapping with brain mapping can unlock the mysteries of mental illness, she again offers general readers a remarkably fresh perspective on these devastating diseases--their nature, treatment, and possible future prevention.
Mapping The Mind using Neuroimaging to observe How The Brain Thinks
Authors: Andreasen Nancy C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I decided to become a psychiatrist in the early 1970s, motivated by a strong desire to do research on major mental illnesses such as schizophrenia, depression, and dementia, each of which was fascinating in a different way. Cardiology (another specialty that I liked), appealing in its precision, was too easy by comparison. As a medical student I found mental illnesses to be the most interesting and challenging diseases that I had encountered. What could explain how some people experienced the loss of autonomy over their minds that characterized schizophrenia, leading to the intrusion of alien voices or the theft of their emotional vitality? What caused people to fall into a deep depression, depriving them of all confidence and self-esteem, just when things seemed to be going very well for them? Why did some older people, previously bright and alert, begin to lose their mental capacities, and ultimately their whole personalities, ending in a wordless fetal-like helplessness? Not only were these questions fascinating, but the diseases were very common. Getting a handle on any one of them would help millions of people.
O Brave New World Conquering Mental Illness in The Era of the Genome
Authors: Andreasen Nancy C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
During the coming century we will combine our knowledge of the human genome and our knowledge of the brain to develop new weapons with which to wage a war on mental illness that may eventually lead to a definitive victory. As Einstein reminds us, our minds can create powerful tools that can be used wisely, for good purposes. But these tools can also be used foolishly, and for evil ends. Aldous Huxley’s futuristic novel Brave New World predicted in 1936 that scientists would develop methods to clone human beings, practice eugenics to create a society in which people were stratified into classes based on intelligence, and misuse knowledge in the service of selfish hedonism and a totalitarian worldview. His vision of the future is terrifying. Fortunately, it has not come true.
Addiction
Authors: Goldstein Avram 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this clear and comprehensive account, a leader in pharmacologic research focuses on the neurobiology of drug addiction and illuminates the "highs" as well as the "lows" that drugs can produce. Providing full coverage of the seven families of addictive drugs—alcohol, heroin and other opiates, cocaine and amphetamines, marijuana, caffeine, and hallucinogens like LSD—Goldstein places emphasis on their actions in the brain and on their psychological aspects. But his examination does not stop there. Delving further, he calls attention to the current laws and flawed policies that aim to control drug addiction. And throughout, he relates fascinating personal accounts of addiction research, to which he has been a major contributor for over twenty-five years. Finally, in material new to this second edition, Goldstein highlights modern research on the genetics and neurobiology of susceptibility to addiction.
Alcohol and Related Drugs
Authors: Goldstein Avram 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is a typical foggy day in Manchester, England. Imagine that you are standing in an open field in the park, watching a pair of orange plastic road markers a few hundred yards away. A red double-decker bus comes barreling across the field, heading for the gap between the markers. You think: He’ll never get through, it’s too narrow for the bus. You are right. The bus knocks over one of the markers.
Heroin, Morphine, and Other Opiates
Authors: Goldstein Avram 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A passage in The Odyssey faithfully captures the peculiar quality of the psychoactive effect of opiates. The scene is the palace of Menelaus, king of Sparta. Telemachus, depressed and miserable after his long and vain search for his father Odysseus, is being entertained at dinner.
Prevention: Just Say No?
Authors: Goldstein Avram 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If you walked into a Kansas City sixth-grade classroom some years ago, you might have observed the following scene: Under a teacher’s guidance, and with the whole class watching, a child pretends to offer a cigarette to a friend. The friend hesitates, uncertain what to do. The teacher intervenes. “Sally,” she suggests, “you know that smoke makes people cough. Try saying that.” The role-playing is repeated. The cigarette is offered. Sally says, boldly, “No thanks, I don’t like the way smoke makes me cough.” Then Sally turns her back and walks away with a determined air.
Three Lessons from Abroad
Authors: Goldstein Avram 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Drug addiction is unbounded by geography, form of government, politics, ethnicity, economic status, or degree of formal education. In other words, it is a problem of the human condition. Three European nations—Great Britain, the Netherlands, and Switzerlandst—and out as having special ways of dealing with some aspects of drug addiction. In particular, their governmental policies are based solidly on public-health considerations—on pragmatic attempts to reduce harm wherever possible, without the moralistic crusading that has typified our own “war on drugs.” This chapter explores the similarities and differences between their approaches and our own, with a view to seeing what we can learn from them.
The Changing Landscape in Eastern Europe
Authors: Quandt Richard E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book shows how philanthropy can be a primary force in the transfer of technology in transitional societies. It demonstrates the necessity of retraining of people and how this endeavor is as important as the technology itself. It is essentially about Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Latvia, Estonia, with somewhat smaller emphases on Russia, Romania and South Africa. It chronicles, explains, and analyzes western assistance efforts in Eastern Europe between 1989 and 2000 in the context of the political and economic events of the period, with particular emphasis on the activities of The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. Factors that made transfers more or less successful and the role of social institutions and human factors will be highlighted. Significant illustrations include the creation of a small enterprise sectors, MBA programs, economic programs, and new markets and financial institutions. The material provides the reader with a clear understanding of how institutions for economic education emerged in Central and Eastern Europe, what role of US foundations and academic institutions played, and what the interplay with local personalities involved.
The Art Expert, the Law, and Real Life
Authors: Stebbins Theodore E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Theodore Stebbins, Jr., formerly John Moors Cabot curator of American Paintings at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, is presently curator of American Art at the Harvard University Art Museums. He is the author of more than twenty-five studies of American painting and photography, including works on John Singleton Copley, Martin Johnson Heade, and Charles Sheeler. As a third-year student at Harvard Law School in 1963 –64,I wrote a paper dealing with the circumstances under which art experts might be sued for offering opinions about the authenticity or quality of works of art. The paper proved a success; it came to be regarded as authoritative, and was published and republished through the years.1 However, its greater impact was on my own life. In researching the paper I interviewed a number of leading art historians, including Lloyd Goodrich, then director of the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York, and Professor Jakob Rosenberg, a greatly admired teacher and curator at Harvard University. Coming to know the art world through such people, and having taken— as part of my legal research— Professor Rosenberg’s course on the connoisseurship of European drawings, I gave up law and turned to the study of art history, eventually becoming a specialist in American paintings from the eighteenth to the twentieth century.
The Three Routes to Financial Crises The Need for Capital Controls
Authors: Palma* Gabriel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is not that other countries did not have capital controls before (like India or China), or since (like Malaysia and Colombia), but of all the countries applying capital controls in recent years, the case of Chile in the 1990s has turned out to be the most ideologically influential one within the “mainstream.” This is probably the result of the fact that Chile was the first country that implemented capital account regulations after having fully liberalized its economy; i.e., with its neo-liberal credentials intact (as until then it had followed the whole spirit and the letter-including the small print-of the liberalization and reform programs}. It also did so explicitly as a temporary measure (as opposed to what Keynes always recommended1 ), necessary to deal with (what was expected to be) a temporary phenomenon of “excess” capital inflows. That is, Chile implemented capital controls in 1991 clearly not in any way as part of a fundamental questioning of the classical “efficient-market” theory, but simply as a mechanism for tackling some short-term strains caused by what they believed to be an otherwise efficient international financial flow system.
Synthetic Assets, Risk Management, and Imperfections
Authors: Neftci Salih N 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Similarly, regulatory and taxation policies cannot rely on an analysis of financial tables and balance sheets. Using replicating portfolios and Special Purpose Vehicles (SPV) institutions can reconstruct all the instruments that they would like to buy or sell, in principle. Hence, policies such as capital controls and stamp duties, with holding taxes, etc., may end up having unexpected results if the financial engineering dimension is ignored.
Laboratory Aspects of Medical Mycology
Authors: Brandt Mary E , Warnock David W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Over the course of time, more than 100,000 species of fungi have been recognized and described. However, fewer than 500 of these species have been associated with human disease, and no more than 100 are capable of causing infection in otherwise normal individuals. The remainder are only able to produce disease in hosts that are debilitated or immunocompromised. Fungi are not plants. Fungi form a separate group of higher organisms, distinct from both plants and animals, which differ from other groups of organisms in several major respects. First, fungal cells are encased within a rigid cell wall, mostly composed of chitin and glucan. These features contrast with animals, which have no cell walls, and plants, which have cellulose as the major cell wall component. Second, fungi are heterotrophic. This means that they are lacking in chlorophyll and cannot make their organic food as plants can, through photosynthesis. Fungi live embedded in a food source or medium, and obtain their nourishment by secreting enzymes for external digestion and by absorbing the nutrients that are released from the medium. The recognition that fungi possess a fundamentally different form of nutrition was one of the characteristics that led to their being placed in a separate kingdom.
Terbinafine
Authors: Pappas Peter G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Terbinafine is a newly developed oral and topical antifungal agent in the allylamine class of antifungal compounds (Petranyi et al, 1984). Discovered in 1983, it is closely related to naftifine. Terbinafine became available in Europe in 1991, and in 1996 in the United States. Terbinafine is the only oral allylamine available in the United States and is used largely for the treatment of superficial fungal infections, especially those due to dermatophytes. There has been significant interest in developing the drug for the treatment of deep mycoses, either alone or in combination, for disorders such as cryptococcosis, invasive aspergillosis, and other mould infections, but there are only scant clinical data evaluating its efficacy in these settings. Terbinafine is a very valuable antifungal drug for the treatment of superficial fungal infections, and has potential as an adjunctive agent in the treatment of selected deep mycoses. Terbinafine has a unique mechanism of action among the antifungal agents (Petranyi et al, 1984; Balfour and Faulds, 1992), inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, a key sterol component in the plasma membrane of the fungal cell. Terbinafine inhibits squalene epoxidase, the enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of squalene to squalene-2,3 epoxide, a precursor of lanosterol, which in turn is a direct precursor of ergosterol (Ryder and Dupont 1985; Birnbaum, 1990). A deficiency of ergosterol is detrimental to the integrity of the cell membrane resulting in a fungistatic effect similar to that seen with the azole antifungal compounds. In addition to this action, terbinafine also causes excessive intracellular accumulation of squalene, which is believed to exert a further toxic effect on susceptible fungal cells, thereby exerting a fungicidal effect (Ryder, 1992).
Eumycetoma
Authors: Bustamante Beatriz , Campos pablo E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Mycetoma is a chronic subcutaneous infection that develops after one of the multiple etiologic microorganisms is inoculated into a site of skin trauma. Although mycetoma is primarily a subcutaneous disease, it can involve bone and lymph nodes by contiguous spread. Mycetoma show three clinical characteristics: tumor, sinuses, and grains. The tumor results as a consequence of a progressive and relatively painless swelling. Sinuses, which are very characteristic of the disorder but can be absent in early stages, drain pus and grains. Grains are colonies of the causative agent and may be black, white, or red. The etiological agents can be either a variety of fungal agents (eumycetoma) or filamentous, branching bacteria belonging to the aerobic actinomycetes (actinomycetoma). Gill first described mycetoma while working in Madura, India in 1842, and this was subsequently documented by Godfrey in Madras (Godfrey, 1846). Gill reported this entity as foot tumor, and Colenbrook introduced the term Madura foot in 1846. Ballingal described the microscopic details of the disease for the first time in 1855; however, he did not define its etiology. In 1860, Carter described a fungal disease principally affecting the foot (Carter, 1860), and assigned a fungal origin to this disease in 1861. He also introduced the term mycetoma, meaning a fungus tumor, and extended the concept to include infections with grains that had colors other than black. During the second half of the nineteenth century, mycetomas were diagnosed around the world: in Europe in 1888, in Africa in 1894, and in the United States in 1896. The hyphomycete isolated from a black grain was given the generic name Madurella by Brumpt (Brumpt, 1906). In 1913, Pinoy subclassified this disease into two categories: actinomycosis and true mycetoma, according to the type of etiological agent (Pinoy, 1913). In 1916, Chalmers and colleagues coined the term maduromycoses for the first time to refer to mycetomas of fungal etiology, rejecting the term Madura foot to include extrapedal localizations of this disease (Chalmers and Christopherson, 1916; Chalmers and Archibald, 1916).
Fungal Infections among Patients With AIDS
Authors: Dupont Bertrand , Pappas Peter G , Dismukes William E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Fungal infections are the most frequent opportunistic diseases during the course of HIV infection. Those mycoses, which are usually controlled by cellular immunity, are most commonly observed. However, in patients with AIDS, the immune deficit is complex (Spellberg and Edwards, 2001) and worsens with time in nontreated patients, allowing uncommon mycotic diseases to develop (Cunliffe and Denning, 1995; Perfect et al, 1993). Pneumocystis carinii (recently classified as a fungus), Candida albicans, responsible for mucosal candidiasis, and Cryptococcus neoformans, the most frequent cause of meningitis, are the three major fungal pathogens in patients with AIDS. In endemic areas, infections due to dimorphic fungi also represent an important group. Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides immitis, and Penicillium marneffei are the most important endemic pathogens. In some AIDS patients, mycotic disease is often the consequence of a reactivation several years after a primary infection (Wheat, 1995). The time of occurrence of opportunistic fungal infections parallels the intensity of the immune deficit. Fungal infections can be the initial sign of HIV infection, are a good marker of the severity of the immune deficit, and often have prognostic value. Some fungal infections are relatively benign such as oropharyngeal candidiasis while others are severe and have a poor prognosis such as cryptococcal meningitis or invasive aspergillosis. Since 1996 the use of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) has markedly reduced the incidence and the severity of opportunistic fungal infections in patients living in countries that can afford the high costs of HAART. Several helpful reviews are devoted to fungal infections in patients with AIDS (Diamond, 1991; Wheat, 1995; Ampel, 1996; Dupont et al, 2000).
Prediction of Response To Electroconvulsive Therapy
Authors: Abrams Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Prediction in medicine is more aptly termed prognostication and usually constitutes an assessment of variables that determine the likelihood of developing a given illness (e.g., myocardial infarction risk factors), surviving one (e.g., the staging of cancers), or enjoying a favorable outcome following an intervention.
Earlier prognostic methods are now mainly of historical interest. These include physiologic measures, such as the methacholine and sedation threshold tests (Funkenstein, Greenblatt, and Solomon, 1952; Shagass and Jones, 1958), and personality variables as assessed by the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (Feldman, 1951), Rorschach test (Kahn and Fink, 1960), and California F scale (Kahn, Pollack, and Fink, 1959). These have been reviewed in detail elsewhere (Fink, 1979; Hamilton, 1982) and are not included here because they provide no practical guide to the present-day administration of ECT. Somewhat more relevant to modem practice are the prognostic scales derived from the clinical and psychopathologic features of the depressed state, although, as we shall see, they are also of limited utility.