bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prospective Trading Costs and Execution Strategies
Authors: Hasbrouck Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we discuss minimization of expected implementation cost in two stylized dynamic trading problems. Both analyses are set in discrete time, and in each instance a trader must achieve a purchase by a deadline. The first problem concerns long-term order splitting and timing. A large quantity is to be purchased over a horizon that spans multiple days. Strategic choice involves quantities to be sent to the market at each time, but order choice is not modeled. The second problem involves purchase of a single unit over a shorter horizon, typically several hours.
Frame Dependence: The Second Theme
Authors: Shefrin Hersh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Frame independence lies at the heart of the Modigliani-Miller approach to corporate finance. Merton Miller has a succinct description of frame independence. When asked to explain, in twenty-five words or less, the essence of his contributions with Franco Modigliani, he said: "If you transfer a dollar from your right pocket to your left pocket, you are no wealthier. Franco and I proved that rigorously." It is a matter of form whether a person keeps a dollar of wealth in the right pocket or in the left pocket. The form used to describe a decision problem is called its frame. When I speak of frame independence, I mean that form is irrelevant to behavior. Proponents of traditional finance assume that framing is transparent. This means that practitioners can see through all the different ways cash flows might be described. Yet many frames are not transparent but rather are opaque. When a per son has difficulty seeing through an opaque frame, his decisions typically depend on the particular frame he uses. Consequently, a difference in form is also a difference in substance. Behavior reflects frame dependence.
Trying to Predict the Market
Authors: Shefrin Hersh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When it comes to predicting the market, how immune are Wall Street's strategists from heuristic-driven bias? Are they any different from the typical investor? And what illusions, if any, bias investors' predictions about where the market is headed? Consider the predictions that strategists made in January 1997. Let's start with some background.
Portfolios, Pyramids, Emotions, and Biases
Authors: Shefrin Hersh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Harry Markowitz, the pioneer of modern portfolio theory, played it both ways. Markowitz developed the theory of mean variance portfolios, one of the pillars of standard finance. But he also developed the basic ideas that underlie frame dependence and loss aversion. And when it came time to choose his own retirement portfolio, Harry Markowitz played it the behavioral way (see chapter 3).
Open-Ended Mutual Funds: Misframing, "Hot Hands," and Obfuscation Games
Authors: Shefrin Hersh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Think about a legendary mutual fund manager. Whose name comes to mind? Peter Lynch? There are many lessons to be learned from Lynch's experience managing Fidelity's Magellan Fund. These lessons concern the way misframing and heuristic-driven bias combine to confuse investors about the relative contributions of skill and luck in fund performance. Investors invariably attribute excessive weight to skill, and consequently they tend to overweight the importance of an individual fund's track record. Moreover, open-ended mutual funds companies tend to play to investors' weaknesses by inducing opaque frames.
The Traditional Interpretation
Authors: Tushnet Mark V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gun- control proponents had a predictable reaction to the conclusion by the Department of Justice that the Second Amendment protected an individual right. Sarah Brady, wife of Ronald Reagan’s press secretary James Brady, became a gun- control activist after her husband suffered severe brain damage in John Hinckley’s attempted assassination of President Reagan. She became chair of the Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence, an offshoot of a long-standing gun-control lobbying group, in 1991. When the Department of Justice memorandum was published, she attacked it as a ‘‘discredited interpretation held by the gun lobby.’’ She continued, John Ashcroft’s ‘‘position is also dangerous, as it would only make defending reasonable gun laws—laws that Americans overwhelmingly support—more difficult.’’ Earlier Garry Wills had written of ‘‘the linguistic tricks of the Standard Model which wrench terms from context and impose fanciful meanings on them.’’
Westward Expansion, Antislavery, and Resistance
Authors: Horton James Oliver , Horton Lois E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Spanish Florida, Anna Madgigine Jai Kingsley became a free woman in 1811. By then, she was eighteen years old and the mother of three children, George, Martha, and Mary. In granting her and the children their freedom, Zephaniah Kingsley made manifest his memoir’s claim, “She has always been respected as my wife and as such I Acknowledge her.”1 He also freed Abraham Hannahan, manager of his Laurel Grove plantation. By this time, Anna was taking a larger role in her husband’s affairs and managed the plantation when Hannahan was away. Anna exercised her new freedom in 1812 by moving across the river and establishing her own farm on a Spanish homestead land grant, living there with her children and twelve slaves of her own.
Our Hearts Were Touched Civil With War Fire: Years
Authors: White G Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In april 1864, wendell holmes described his experience in the Civil War as “a crusade in the cause of the whole civilized world.”1 He had gone to war for two related reasons. He enlisted because he opposed slavery hut also because dedication to such a noble cause was an obligation of young, educated Boston gentlemen. Both of these reasons were part of his romantic view of participation in the war. He was going off on a great adventure, a crusade.
The Quiet Years
Authors: White G Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If anyone had been making predictions about holmes’s career as a judge, he or she might have been inclined to predict that Holmes’s twenty years on the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts would he the pivotal chapter in his judicial life. During these years Holmes was in the prime oflife for a man of his time: He was appointed at the age of forty-one and remained on the court past his sixty-first birthday. Although many judges are appointed for life, and thus do not face mandatory retirement, most of them, even today, do not continue on a full-time basis beyond the age of seventy. By 1902, when Holmes joined the Supreme Court of the United States, he had served as chief justice of the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts for three years and was the most senior judge, both in terms of age and in terms of service, on that court.
An Unlikely Reformer
Authors: White G Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Asholmes entered ms second decade on the surreme court, he began to take judicial positions that made him appear to be a critic of the established economic order. State legislatures had begun to try to regulate the working hours and wages of industrial laborers, hoping to guarantee an eight-hour day or a minimum wage, and those laws were now being challenged on constitutional grounds. The challenges were based on the idea that both employers and employees had a constitutional right to buy and sell their services on the terms they chose-a “liberty of contract,” as it was called. It was thought to be an interference with this liberty for legislatures to impose maximum-hour or minimumwage restrictions on businesses, or to prohibit contracts that made a worker’s employment conditional on his promise not to join a union.
The Vision of ’76
Authors: Bouton Terry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the 1760s and 1770s, the hardships caused by British policies led Pennsylvanians to create a broad-based movement to democratize government and society. Part of this movement focused on transferring powers from Britain to the colonial governments—what some historians have called the struggle to establish “home rule.” Here, bringing democracy meant the familiar anticolonial struggle, echoing with calls for control of taxation, finance, and trade and with demands for freedom from the coercive powers of the king, Parliament, British courts, and unpopular laws upheld by redcoat guns.
The Gospel of Moneyed Men
Authors: Bouton Terry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Amid the chaos of war, the Revolution in Pennsylvania reached its decisive turning point. The turning point was not a military loss or victory but rather a radical rethinking by the gentry of what they wanted the Revolution to be. In a stunning reversal, many genteel Pennsylvanians abandoned the vision of ‘76. They did not just give up on the ideal of empowering white men: the gentry, in fact, made a complete about-face. They began condemning the Revolution’s democratic achievements and started calling for important decisions to be removed from popular control. Much of the gentry also replaced its support for wealth equality with a new belief that the only way to make America great was to put most of the money and land in the hands of the wealthy. In short, during the war, much of the gentry came to embrace ideals that had far more in common with the beliefs of their former British masters than they did with the ideals of 1776.
“A Stronger Barrier against Democracy”
Authors: Bouton Terry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Threatened by popular political victories and widespread resistance, many elite Pennsylvanians launched an effort to remake the state and national governments so that they were less democratic. Their objective—which was shared by elite men in the other states—was to insulate critical government powers from popular control. In 1787 and 1788, these men, calling themselves Federalists, launched an aggressive— and at times ruthless—effort to create this “barrier against democracy” and get it ratified. In response, many ordinary Pennsylvanians tried to stop these changes. This produced unprecedented attempts by rural Pennsylvanians to organize across the state to oppose the proposed federal Constitution and its limits on democracy. The culmination of this organizing was an effort by people of the middling and lower sorts to create a political party run by and for ordinary people, dedicated to enacting a popular vision of the Revolution.
The Pennsylvania Regulation of 1794
Authors: Bouton Terry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On August 1, 1794, a nervous Federalist judge and whiskey merchant from Pittsburgh named John Wilkins, accompanied by several colleagues, rode his horse up a steep bluff that overlooked the Monongahela River. The men were making the climb to see if the rumors were true: they had received “certain intelligence” that thousands of militiamen from across the region were marching to “take the garrisons” at Fort Pitt and then head to “Pittsburgh (or Sodom as they called the town) and destroy it by fire.” Wilkins had been so worried that, at 2:00 a.m. on the night before this climb, he had decided “to hide or bury property, the county books and treasury, the books belonging to my office as justice, my private books, and money left in hand.” Without much sleep, he was now heading up the bluff to “see the length of the line” when “the people” arrived.
The Pennsylvania Regulation of 1799
Authors: Bouton Terry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1799, ordinary Pennsylvanians engaged in another regulation of their government, this time centered in the German-speaking counties in the eastern part of the state. For the last 200 years, this uprising has been seen as being entirely distinct from the one in 1794: historians tell us that 1799 was caused by conditions unique to the German population in the eastern counties and involved issues separate from those that had inspired westerners. To be sure, there were differences between the two. But those disparities have been exaggerated to the point where they mask the stunning similarities. In both regions, people rose up for fundamentally the same reason: because they believed that their governments were undermining equality through policies that favored land and war debt speculators and because they opposed how the governments were attempting to stifle democratic self-expression.
Laura Otis
Authors: Lab Mullers 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many scientific structures and systems are named after Johannes Müller, one of the most respected anatomists and physiologists of the 19th century. Müller was a mentor to many scientists of his age, many of whom would go on to make trail-blazing discoveries of their own. Among them were Theodor Schwann, who demonstrated that all animals are made of cells; Hermann Helmholtz, who measured the velocity of nerve impulses; and Rudolf Virchow, who convinced doctors to think of disease at the cellular level. This book tells Müller's story by interweaving it with that of seven of his most famous students. Müller suffered from depression and insomnia at the same time as he was doing his most important scientific work, and may have committed suicide at age 53. Like Müller, his most prominent students faced personal and social challenges as they practiced cutting-edge science. Virchow was fired for his political activism, Jakob Henle was jailed for membership in a dueling society, and Robert Remak was barred from Prussian universities for refusing to renounce his Orthodox Judaism. By recounting these stories, Müller's Lab explores the ways in which personal life can affect scientists' professional choices, and consequently affect the great discoveries they make.
Introduction
Authors: Levinson Sanford 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1987, I went to a marvelous exhibit in Philadelphia commemorating the bicentennial of the drafting there of the U.S. Constitution. The visitor’s journey through the exhibit concluded with two scrolls, each with the same two questions: First, “Will You Sign This Constitution?” And then, “If you had been in Independence Hall on September 17, 1787, would you have endorsed the Constitution?” The second question clarifies the antecedent for “this” in the first: It emphasizes that we are being asked to assess the 1787 Constitution.
The Legacy of Article II
Authors: Levinson Sanford 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The year 2006 began with the country roiled in debate about the extent of presidential power. The president in question, of course, is George W. Bush, who was named president in 2000 even though he notably came in second to Al Gore in the overall national presidential vote. Returned to office in the 2004 election, he will, barring personal catastrophe or impeachment, enjoy the full powers of the presidency, whatever they may be, until the inauguration of his successor on January 20, 2009. None of these facts is without relevance to debating the powers enjoyed by the president.
The Impermeable Article V
Authors: Levinson Sanford 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps you now agree with me that there are significant defects in our constitutional system, with real consequences for the achievement of the kind of country that the Preamble sets forth as our collective aspiration. But you might well say that the drafters of the original Constitution knew that their handiwork was imperfect, as evidenced by their foresight in setting out a framework for amendment in Article V: The Congress, whenever two thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the application of the legislatures of two thirds of the several states, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three fourths of the several states, or by conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress; . . . [although] no state, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate.
Personal Jurisdiction
Authors: Mccaffrey Stephen C , Main Thomas O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with “jurisdiction to adjudicate,” an expression that refers to the authority of a state to subject persons and things to its judicial process. When a person or thing is in another country, one must address the extent to which that makes a difference—that is, to what extent is a national court able to reach beyond its country’s sovereign boundaries to adjudicate the dispute. Limitations on the exercise of authority over persons or things abroad may derive from several sources. They might be self-imposed by courts in the spirit of cooperation among sovereign nations sensitive to over-reaching. Or they could be imposed by a constitutional mandate. Or legislatures could have the authority and will to limit the scope of the judiciary’s jurisdiction to adjudicate. Or limitations may be imposed by public international law. We will see examples of many of these forms of limitations in this chapter.
Forum Non Conveniens
Authors: Mccaffrey Stephen C , Main Thomas O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In most common law countries, the doctrine of forum non conveniens is an important part of the court’s determination regarding the exercise of its jurisdiction. A plaintiff in a given case may be able to persuade the court that it would not violate due process for the court to exercise personal jurisdiction over the defendant, yet the defendant can get the case dismissed nevertheless by persuading the court that there is a more appropriate forum for the litigation. Over time, this doctrinal analysis has evolved from a more rigid form applicable only in exceptional cases where the suit is vexatious or oppressive to a much more fluid form that requires a balancing of various interests and factors. Forum non conveniens is not a component of the analysis to determine jurisdiction, but rather part of the court’s decision whether to exercise its jurisdiction to adjudicate.
Gathering Evidence Abroad
Authors: Mccaffrey Stephen C , Main Thomas O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
American discovery practice is notorious around the world. The standard perception is that U.S. lawyers Ole lawsuits on minimal bases, and then rely on discovery to develop or even find a case. To be sure, the scope of American discovery is broad—and it is thus by design. “No longer can the time-honored cry of ‘fishing expedition’ serve to preclude a party from inquiring into the facts underlying his opponent’s case,” the U.S. Supreme Court announced in 1947.* But since, discovery has been the scapegoat for the high costs of litigation (and of doing business).
Implementation of the European Takeover Directive in France
Authors: Vassogne Thierry , Loy Marc , Cardi Bertrand 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Directive 2004/25/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of April 21, 2004, on takeover bids (The Takeover Directive or the Directive) was implemented in France by law n° 2006-387 dated March 31, 2006, which triggered an amendment of the General Regulation of the Autorité des Marchés Financiers (AMF), effective as of September 2006.
Implementation of the European Takeover Directive in Ireland
Authors: Ríordáin Pádraig Ó , McLaughlin Maura , McSharry Gary , Arthur Cox 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Directive 2004/25/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of April 21, 2004, on takeover bids (the “Takeover Directive” or the “Directive”) was transposed into Irish law by the European Communities, Regulations 2006 (S.I. 255/2006) (the “Regulations”) pursuant to Section 3 of the European Communities Act, 1972.
Implementation of the European Takeover Directive in the United Kingdom
Authors: Godden Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Directive 2004/25/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of April 21, 2004, on takeover bids (the Takeover Directive or the Directive) was originally implemented in the United Kingdom (UK) by the Takeovers Directive (Interim Implementation) Regulations 2006 (the Regulations), which were made on April 25, 2006, and became effective on May 20, 2006. These Regulations have been replaced by Part 28 of the Companies Act 2006 (the Act), which became law on November 8, 2006 and came into force on April 6, 2007.
Hollywood, San Simeon, and Expansion
Authors: Procter Ben 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Early in the 1900s, nestled in the valleys and foothills of the Santa Monica Mountains in northwest Los Angeles, lay the peaceful community of Hollywood. Because of the warm southern California climate, with a terrain caressed by Pacific Coast breezes and “aglow with orange groves, fruit trees, palms, and poinsettias;’ Hollywood was considered an ideal place to live. But by 1926 the business and economic complexion of the area had changed significantly “from a paradise for retired Iowan farmers into a seventh heaven for youth:’ More than eighty percent of the motion picture trade, which was the fourth largest industry in the world, now resided in Hollywood and the surrounding area. As this golden age of the 1920s continued, population doubled, trebled, then quadrupled, with Hearst’s Los Angeles Examiner publicizing California growth in a daily headline, “2nd Million Population Is Coming to Los Angeles:• As a consequence real estate exploded in value; accompanying businesses arose to meet urban demands, and local leaders struggled to solve the problems of municipal expansion.
Solutions to Depression and President Maker
Authors: Procter Ben 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the spring of 1930 severe economic depression inundated the United States, creating a contagion of anxiety and fear in its wake. After the Wall Street crash on October 29, President Herbert Hoover repeatedly downplayed the seriousness of the calamity, announcing in conference after conference with the nation’s business leaders that the economic downturn was only temporary, that prosperity was ‘just around the corner:’ It was inconceivable to him chat the business and financial structure of this nation was in danger of total collapse. Bue the president was wrong. Bread lines began to appear in many of the larger cities, and by the fall of 1930 soup kitchens to feed lines of hungry masses became commonplace. Banks dosed, with millions of investors losing their life savings. Wages declined and unemployment rose; hence, debts mounted and purchases dwindled as the downward spiral of depression signaled an even greater economic catastrophe.
A Jeffersonian Democrat Versus the New Deal
Authors: Procter Ben 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the inauguration of Franklin Delano Roosevelt as the thirty second president of the United States on March 4, 1933, William Randolph Hearst faced an uncertain future, filled both with hope and anxiety. Like other Americans, he anticipated a change of direction in the policies of the United States as well as a rejuvenation of political leader ship sensitive to the needs of the American people. At the same time Hearst believed that he could help the Roosevelt administration solve some of the horrendous problems of the Great Depression. Yet even though blessed, or cursed, with a colossal ego and an intellect bordering on genius, Hearst grudgingly had to admit that he did not have all the answers for the economic debacle of October 1929.