bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parental bonding and bulimic psychopathology: The mediating role of mistrust/abuse beliefs
Authors: Meyer Caroline , Gillings Kirsty 
Published: February 2004

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether the previously reported relationship between parental bonding and bulimic psychopathology is mediated by the development of unhealthy core beliefs.MethodOne hundred and two nonclinical women completed the Parental Bonding Instrument, the short form of the Young Schema Questionnaire, and the Bulimic Investigatory Test, Edinburgh.ResultsMistrust/abuse beliefs were found to be a partial mediator in the relationship between paternal overprotection and the severity of bulimic attitudes.ConclusionsThe findings suggest that the development of mistrust/abuse beliefs is important in determining the effect that paternal overprotection has on bulimic attitudes. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 35: 229–233, 2004.
Effect of social desirability on adolescent girls' responses to an eating disorders prevention program
Authors: Tilgner Linda , Wertheim Eleanor H. , Paxton Susan J. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractObjectiveThe current study examined whether a social desirability response bias is a source of measurement error in prevention research.MethodSix hundred and seventy‐seven female students in Grade 7 (n = 345) and Grade 8 (n = 332) were divided into either an intervention condition, in which participants watched a videotape promoting body acceptance and discouraging dieting and then discussed issues related to the video, or a control condition. Questionnaires were completed at baseline, postintervention, and at 1‐month follow‐up.ResultsSocial desirability scores were correlated at a low but significant level with baseline body dissatisfaction, drive for thinness, bulimic tendencies, intention to diet, and size discrepancy for intervention participants. Social desirability did not correlate significantly with change over time in the outcome measures.DiscussionThe findings suggested that changes in girls' self‐reports related to a prevention program were relatively free of social desirability response bias. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 35: 211–216, 2004.
Night eating syndrome among nonobese persons
Authors: Marshall Heidi M. , Allison Kelly C. , O'Reardon John P. , Birketvedt Grethe , Stunkard Albert J. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the characteristics of obese persons with the night eating syndrome (NES) with those of nonobese persons with the NES.MethodsEighty subjects (40 with a body mass index [BMI] greater than 30 and 40 with a BMI less than 25) identified themselves on a website for the Night Eating Questionnaire (NEQ) as suffering from the NES. The responses of the 40 obese website subjects were compared with 21 obese persons with the NES who had undergone face‐to‐face interviews. The responses on the NEQ of the 40 obese and the 40 non‐obese website subjects were then compared.ResultsThere was no difference in the NEQ results of the 40 website obese subjects and 21 obese night eaters who had undergone face‐to‐face interviews. The responses of these same 40 obese subjects showed very little difference compared with those of the 40 nonobese subjects. The major difference between the two groups was the considerable younger age of the normal‐weight NES subjects.DiscussionThe striking similarity in the characteristics between obese and nonobese subjects with the NES indicates that this disorder, considered until now to occur primarily among obese persons, also occurs among nonobese persons. The younger age of the nonobese subjects suggests that the NES may contribute to the development of obesity. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 35: 217–222, 2004.
Randomized controlled trial of warming in anorexia nervosa
Authors: Birmingham C. Laird , Gutierrez Emilio , Jonat Lee , Beumont Peter 
Published: February 2004

AbstractObjectiveTo determine if warming therapy increases the rate of weight gain in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) who are hospitalized for refeeding.MethodPatients admitted to an eating disorders unit of a university teaching hospital were randomized to treatment and control arms. All patients wore a heating vest for 3 hr a day for 21 days. In the experimental arm, the vest was set to medium heat and in the control arm it was set in the off position.ResultsTwenty‐one females were recruited. They had an average age of 28.4 ± 6.6 years, a body mass index (BMI) of 17.7 ± 2.8, and the duration of AN lasted 13.6 ± 6.7 years. Ten subjects were randomized to the treatment arm and 11 to the control arm. Of the 18 completers, there was no difference in the change in BMI.DiscussionOur study did not demonstrate an increase in the rate of weight gain with warming. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 35: 234–238, 2004.
Gender identity disorder and anorexia nervosa in male monozygotic twins
Authors: Hepp Urs , Milos Gabriella , Braun‐Scharm Hellmuth 
Published: February 2004

AbstractObjectiveMale identical twins with gender identity disorder (GID) in childhood and anorexia nervosa (AN) are presented. Etiologic aspects and the relationship among gender identity, sexual orientation, body dissatisfaction, and AN are discussed.MethodCase reports and a review of the literature are reported.ResultsIn childhood, both twins showed an atypical gender behavior. Whereas one of the twins later developed a transsexual gender identity and asked for sex reassignment, the other developed a male identity but his appearance and clothing are effeminate. According to their biologic sex, they are concordant in regard to their homosexual orientation. In adolescence, both developed AN. Monozygotism was proved by DNA analysis.DiscussionGID in childhood could be at least partly hereditary, whereas the development of the later phenotype of the gender identification is more determined by environmental factors. GID might be a risk factor for the development of AN. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 35: 239–243, 2004.
Looking good—family focus on appearance and the risk for eating disorders
Authors: Davis Caroline , Shuster Barbara , Blackmore Elizabeth , Fox John 
Published: February 2004

AbstractObjectiveEvidence suggests that eating‐disordered families are overly concerned with social appearance and physical attractiveness. However, some argue that parental values are not sufficient to produce disordered eating in their offspring unless combined with certain third‐factor effects of the child such as a psychological or biologic vulnerability. We tested this hypothesis by predicting that proneness to anxiety (neuroticism) and a family appearance focus would relate interactively (after controlling for body size) to a measure of weight preoccupation.MethodData from 158 healthy young women were used in the analyses.ResultsStatistical analyses confirmed our hypothesis in a multiple regression model that accounted for 42% of the variance in weight preoccupation.DiscussionFindings support the view that family risk factors have a more potent influence on young women who are easily made anxious—perhaps because they are more sensitive to, or more likely to internalize, pressures and expectations to conform to family values. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 35: 136–144, 2004.
Measuring eating concerns in Black and White adolescent girls
Authors: Franko Debra L. , Striegel‐Moore Ruth H. , Barton Bruce A. , Schumann Barbara C. , Garner David M. , Daniels Stephen R. , Schreiber George B. , Crawford Patricia B. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractObjectiveFew instruments exist to measure eating concerns in adolescent girls from diverse ethnic backgrounds.MethodsA Children's version of the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI‐C) has been under development for several years and was designed to be more appropriate for younger children with lower reading levels. However, little is known about the validity of this instrument. The current study reports on the factor structure of an early version of the EDI‐C using nonclinical samples of 1,073 White and 1,155 Black girls (ages 11–12).ResultsFactor analysis resulted in an eight‐factor solution for each group that included a weight concerns factor and an emotional distress factor. For Black girls only, the positively worded items from the Body Dissatisfaction subscale loaded on a separate factor. Four of five factors were similar to the original EDI subscales (Bulimia, Interpersonal Distrust, Maturity Fears, and Perfectionism), although the latter was unique to White girls.DiscussionThe factor structure was generally similar for Black and White girls, although the separate body satisfaction factor and lack of shared variance for the perfectionism factor for Black girls suggest that EDI data obtained from ethnic minority samples may need to be interpreted cautiously. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 35: 179–189, 2004.
Alloreactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells express the immunotolerant HLA‐G molecule in mixed lymphocyte reactions: in vivo implications in transplanted patients
Authors: Le Rond Solène , Le Maoult Joël , Créput Caroline , Menier Catherine , Deschamps Marina , Le Friec Gaëlle , Amiot Laurence , Durrbach Antoine , Dausset Jean , Carosella Edgardo D. , Rouas‐Freiss Nathalie 
Published: February 2004

AbstractHLA‐G displays immunotolerogenic properties towards the main effector cells involved in graft rejection through inhibition of NK‐ and CTL‐mediated cytolysis and CD4+ T cell alloproliferation. HLA‐G expression is restricted in healthy tissues to trophoblast and thymus but is extended to various tissues under pathological conditions. HLA‐G was detected in allograft biopsies and sera from transplanted patients who displayed a better graft acceptance. However, the cells involved in such de novo expression of HLA‐G remain to be characterized. By flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, we demonstrated that, following allogeneic stimulation in vitro, both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets can express membrane‐bound HLA‐G1 and/or soluble HLA‐G5molecules. Such HLA‐G1/‐G5 expression is regulated at the transcriptional level. Soluble HLA‐G5 could be detected by using a novel monoclonal antibody, 5A6G7, specific for the intron 4‐retaining sequence of HLA‐G5. Finally, the biological relevance of these data was provided by analysis of transplanted patients in whom we identified both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressing HLA‐G. The HLA‐G‐positive T cells we describe here may constitute a cellular source of HLA‐G after allotransplantation and may be involved in the improved graft acceptance which is observed in HLA‐G‐positive transplanted patients.
Lowering the affinity between antigen and the B cell receptor can enhance antigen presentation
Authors: Brooks Katie , Knight Andrew M. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe B cell receptor (BCR) enables antigen‐specific B cells to bind, internalize and target antigens for processing into small peptide fragments. These epitopes are then expressed on the plasmamembrane in association with MHC class II molecules for recognition by CD4+ T cells. The affinity of the interaction between the BCR and antigen plays an important part in determining T cell epitope generation. In this report we provide evidence that the efficiency of antigen presentation by specific B cells does not need to be directly proportional to antigen/BCR affinity. We show that increased presentation can result from lowering the affinity of the antigen/BCR interaction. This finding suggests a novel mechanism by which B cells can recruit T cell help and obtain survival signals. Activation of these cells may have consequences for the generation of the B cell repertoire.
Demonstration of strong enterobacterial reactivity of CD4+CD25– T cells from conventional and germ‐free mice which is counter‐regulated by CD4+CD25+ T cells
Authors: Gad Monika , Pedersen Anders Elm , Kristensen Nanna N. , Claesson Mogens H. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractUnfractionated CD4+ T cells from the gut‐associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and peripheral lymph nodes are unresponsive when exposed to enterobacterial antigens in vitro. Under similar conditions, CD4+ T cells depleted in vivo or in vitro of CD4+CD25+ T cells proliferate extensively. The CD4+CD25– T cell reactivity depends on MHC class II presentation, specific TCR stimulation, CD4 ligation, and antigen processing by antigen‐presenting cells. The CD4+CD25– T cells respond to autologousand heterologous enterobacterial antigens, but not to antigens from the feces of germ‐free mice. Surprisingly, CD4+CD25– T cells obtained from the GALT of germ‐free mice also proliferate when exposed to enterobacterial antigens, and adding back the conventional or germ‐free CD4+CD25+ T cells to the enteroantigen‐stimulated CD4+CD25– T cells abolishes proliferation. As judged from carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester‐labeling experiments, 4–5% of the CD4+CD25– T cells respond to enteroantigen. The data show for the first time that CD4+CD25– T cells with reactivity towards the enterobacterial flora and regulatory CD4+CD25+ T cells are present in both conventional and germ‐free mice. The data suggest that a significant proportion of the peripheral pool of CD4+CD25– T cells express anti‐enterobacterial reactivity, which, due to the presence of regulatory CD4+CD25+ T cells, is kept in a quiescent state.
The RhoA‐ and CDC42‐specific exchange factor Dbs promotes expansion of immature thymocytes and deletion of double‐positive and single‐positive thymocytes
Authors: Klinger Mark B. , Guilbault Benoit , Kay Robert J. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractSpecific members of the Rho family of GTPases exert unique influences on thymocyte proliferation, differentiation and deletion. Dbs is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor which is expressed throughout thymocyte development and is able to activate the Rho family GTPases CDC42, RhoA and RhoG. Transgenic mice expressing an activated form of Dbs had increased numbers of double‐negative thymocytes. The Dbs transgene promoted expansion of double‐negative thymocytes in the absence of pre‐TCR, but had no effect on pre‐TCR‐dependent differentiation of double‐negative thymocytes into double‐positive thymocytes. Transgenic double‐positive thymocytes were proliferative in vivo, but were also susceptible to apoptosis in vivo and in vitro. The transgenic single‐positive thymocytes had attenuated proliferative responses following TCR ligation, and were depleted rather than expanded during culture in the presence of anti‐CD3. When expressing a positively selectable TCR, transgenic double‐positive thymocytes were increased in number and activated, but the output of single‐positive thymocytes was reduced. Transgenic double‐positive thymocytes were acutely sensitive to deletion by TCR ligation in vivo. These results indicate that activation of Dbs has the potential to promote proliferation throughout thymocyte development, but also sensitizes double‐positive and single‐positive thymocytes to deletion.
Non‐redundancy of cytidine deaminases in class switch recombination
Authors: Fugmann Sebastian D. , Rush James S. , Schatz David G. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractClass switch recombination (CSR), somatic hypermutation, and gene conversion are immunoglobulin diversification mechanisms that are strictly dependent on the activity of the activation‐inducedcytidine deaminase (AID). The precise role and substrate(s) of AID in these processes remain to be well defined. The closest homologue of AID is APOBEC‐1, a bona fide mRNA‐editing enzyme, which shares with AID the ability to deaminate cytidines within single‐stranded DNA in vitro and in prokaryotic cells. To determine whether APOBEC‐1 can therefore substitute for AID in activated B cells, we expressed human AID, a catalytic mutant thereof, and rat APOBEC‐1 in AID‐deficient murine B cells. Whereas AID rescued CSR, neither the inactive mutant nor APOBEC‐1 could complement AID deficiency. This indicates that cytidine deaminase activity is necessary but not sufficient to initiate CSR, and suggests that AID is specifically targeted to its cognate substrate, the immunoglobulin genes or a distinct mRNA, by an as‐yet‐unknown mechanism.
The CD8+ T cell repertoire against Her‐2/neu antigens in neu transgenic mice is of low avidity with antitumor activity
Authors: Lustgarten Joseph , Dominguez Ana Lucia , Cuadros Camilo 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe majority of tumor‐associated antigens are aberrantly expressed or overexpressed normal gene products. Therefore, mechanisms responsible for self tolerance dampen immune responses against these antigens. To evaluate the effect that tolerance has on the immune responses against tumor antigens, we characterized the CD8+ T cell responses in neu mice. T cell responses against theA2.1/neu p369–377 and p773–782 peptides were evaluated in neu mice that were crossed with A2.1/Kb transgenic mice (A2×neu). Tetramer binding and cytotoxic activity demonstrate that, compared to CTL from A2.1/Kb×FVB wild‐type mice (A2×FVB), CD8+ T cells from A2×neu mice were of lower avidity for the peptides. Despite the fact that A2×neu mice are tolerant, multipleimmunizations with DC pulsed with the p369–377 or p773–782 peptides in the presence of IL‐2 retarded tumor growth in A2×neu mice, and immunizations in combination with the anti‐OX40 mAb further enhanced the antitumor response. Taken together, these data indicate that low‐avidity T cells for neu antigens persisting in A2×neu mice have the capacity to develop antitumor responses as long as they are provided with efficient costimulation. These results underscore the potential role of low‐avidity T cells in antitumor immunity and may offer an important component for vaccination immunotherapies.
MHC class II‐independent CD25+ CD4+ CD8α β+ α β T cells attenuate CD4+ T cell‐induced transfer colitis
Authors: Krajina Tamara , Leithäuser Frank , Reimann Jörg 
Published: February 2004

AbstractCD4+ α β T cell populations that develop in mice deficient in MHC class II (through ‘knockout’ of either the Aα, or the Aβ chain of the I‐Ab molecule) comprise a major ‘single‐positive’ (SP) CD4+ CD8– subset (60–90%) and a minor ‘double‐positive’ (DP) CD4+ CD8α β+ subset (10–40%). Many DP T cells found in spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and colonic lamina propria (cLP) express CD25, CD103 and Foxp3. Adoptive transfer of SP but not DP T cells from Aα–/– or Aβ–/– B6 mice into congenic RAG–/– hosts induces colitis. Transfer of SP T cells repopulates the host with only SP T cells; transfer of DP T cells repopulates the host with DP and SP T cells. Anti‐CD25 antibody treatment of mice transplanted with DP T cells induces severe, lethal colitis; anti‐CD25 antibody treatment of mice transplanted with SP T cells further aggravates the course of severe colitis. Hence, regulatory CD25+ T cells within (or developing from) the DP T cell population of MHC class II‐deficient mice control the colitogenic potential of CD25– CD4+ T cells.
Differential response of murine CD4+CD25+ and CD4+CD25– T cells to dexamethasone‐induced cell death
Authors: Chen Xin , Murakami Takaya , Oppenheim Joost J. , Howard O. M. Zack 
Published: February 2004

AbstractTo evaluate the in vivo effect of immunosuppressive glucocorticoids on CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells, we injected dexamethasone (Dex) into BALB/c mice. Administrationof Dex enhanced the proportion of CD4+CD25+ cells and the ratio of CD4+CD25+ cells to CD4+CD25– cells in the lymphoid organs, especially in thethymus. This correlates with our in vitro observation that CD4+CD25+ T cells express higher levels of glucocorticoid receptor and Bcl‐2, and are therefore more resistant to Dex‐mediated cell death than CD4+CD25– T cells. Furthermore, IL‐2 selectively protected CD4+CD25+ T cells from Dex‐induced cell death, while IL‐7 and IL‐15 didnot exert preferential protective effects. Dex‐treated CD4+CD25+ T cells expressed higher levels of intracellular CTLA‐4 and surface glucocorticoid‐induced TNF receptor than fresh CD4+CD25+ T cells, but still failed to respond to TCR stimulation and inhibited proliferation of CD4+CD25– T cells. These results suggest that, in addition to suppressing cytokine transcription, Dex treatment is permissive for the survival of functional CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells, and this property may contribute to the anti‐inflammatory and immunosuppressive efficacy of glucocorticoids. Our data also suggest that selective protection of CD4+CD25+ T cell from apoptosis may constitute a role in immune tolerance for IL‐2.
Pinpointing IL‐4‐independent acquisition and IL‐4‐influenced maintenance of Th2 activity by CD4 T cells
Authors: Cunningham Adam F. , Serre Karine , Toellner Kai‐Michael , Khan Mahmood , Alexander James , Brombacher Frank , MacLennan Ian C. M. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractNaive CD4 T cells develop Th2 activity early in primary responses to alum‐precipitated proteins by producing IL‐4 mRNA and inducing B cells to produce γ1 and ϵ switch transcripts. BothIL‐4‐dependent and IL‐4‐independent pathways for IL‐4 induction are recognized, but their relative contribution to the different phases of primary Th2 responses in vivo is uncertain. We show the primary induction of IL‐4 synthesis in lymph nodes responding to alum‐precipitated protein is overwhelmingly in antigen‐specific CD4 T cells and is unimpaired in IL‐4Rα–/– mice, which can produce but do not respond to IL‐4 and IL‐13. Ig class‐switching in extra‐follicular responses, reflecting Th2 activity, is also unimpaired in these mice. By contrast, 7 days after immunization — when T cells are selecting B cells in germinal centers and T cell priming has occurred — non‐responsiveness to IL‐4 is associated with smaller germinal centers, increased levels of T‐bet andγ2a switch transcripts and reduced γ1 and ϵ transcripts. These data indicate that Th2 characteristics acquired during T cell priming and the initial CD4 T cell interaction with B cells are largely IL‐4‐independent, whereas IL‐4 production induced during priming has a significant role in maintaining the Th2 phenotype as T cells select B cells in germinal centers.
The Toll‐like receptor ligand MALP‐2 stimulates dendritic cell maturation and modulates proteasome composition and activity
Authors: Link Claudia , Gavioli Riccardo , Ebensen Thomas , Canella Alessandro , Reinhard Elena , Guzmán Carlos A. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractA 2‐kDa synthetic derivative of the macrophage‐activating lipopeptide (MALP‐2) from Mycoplasma fermentans is a potent inducer of monocytes/macrophages and improves the immunogenicity of antigens co‐administered by systemic and mucosal routes. Dendritic cells (DC) are the most potent antigen‐presenting cells, which are able to prime naive T cells in vivo. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms of MALP‐2 adjuvanticity, we analyzed its activity on bone marrow‐derived murine DC. In vitro stimulation of immature murine DC with MALP‐2 resulted in the induction of maturation with up‐regulated expression of MHC class II, costimulatory (CD80, CD86) and adhesion (CD40, CD54) molecules. MALP‐2 also enhances the secretion of cytokines (IL‐1α, IL‐6 and IL‐12), and increases DC stimulatory activity on naive and antigen‐specific T cells. Further studies demonstrated that MALP‐2 treatment of DC results in a dose‐dependent shift from the protein pattern of proteasomes to immunoproteasomes (up‐regulation of LMP2, LMP7 and MECL1), which correlates with an increased proteolytic activity. Thus, the adjuvanticity of MALP‐2 can be mediated, at least in part, by the stimulation of DC maturation, which in turn leads to an improved antigen presentation. Therefore, MALP‐2 is a promising molecule for the development of immune therapeutic or prophylactic interventions.