bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Langland’s Ymaginatif: Images and the Limits of Poetry
Authors: Hanna III Ralph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ymaginatif has recently attracted more attention than any other personification in piers plowman save perhaps the narrator Wille himself. Indeed, critical interest in this character has exceeded even that accorded the title figure. Certain broad views of Ymaginatif are widely held, as Mary Carruthers suggests: ‘we generally agree that Ymaginatif is the soul’s image-making power, the vis imaginativa of the scholastics’.
But Carruthers’s identifying phrase ‘of the scholastics’ prejudges the issue, although not, perhaps, without justice. Her formulation attends to an anomaly of Langland’s presentation: as a name, Ymaginatif is neither quite complete nor quite sensible in English. Morphologically, the word is not properly a name, a noun, but an adjective, and all its fourteenth-century uses, of which Langland’s is probably the earliest, represent calque formations on learned Latin phrases in which the word is adjectival. Yet these usages do not cohere in a single discourse, nor one specifically ‘scholastic’, if by that one means ‘the talk of theologians’. Langland’s term might depend on the discourse of faculty psychology, where vis imaginativa is commonplace.
Sophistic, Spectrality, Iconoclasm
Authors: Copeland Rita 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most important moment in the history of rhetoric is also the moment that was effectively blotted from the record for nearly two millennia, at the very point when rhetoric’s historiography began to be written: the moment of the ancient sophists, the predecessors and immediate contemporaries—and rivals—of Socrates. It was Socrates’ own historiographer and mythographer, Plato, who successfully disparaged and discredited the sophists. Some say that we should credit the sophists with the very invention of rhetoric as a pedagogy and science; but all would agree that it is to the sophists that we owe the emergence of rhetoric as an intellectual system and as an epistemology based on the power of language.
The Vivacity of Images: St Katherine, Knighton’s Lollards, and the Breaking of Idols
Authors: Stanbury Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most graphic accounts of an act of iconoclasm in pre-Reformation England occurs in Henry Knighton’s Chronicle, written in an Augustinian abbey in Leicester and covering the years 1337–96. In a long discussion of the Lollard heresy, Knighton tells the story of two ‘collatores principales’, chief sustainers of heresy, William Smith and a chaplain, Richard Waytestathe, who chopped up an image of St Katherine and then burned it as fuel to make a cabbage stew. In this account, which is told with Knighton’s characteristic skill as a raconteur and with an eye to the lurid horrors of Lollard violations of decency, Knighton gives us information about character and motivation: William Smith, ‘so called from his craft’, was deformed in person and had taken on an extremist sectarian faith when he was spurned in love.
Stateside Poetry Protest and Prophecy
Authors: Chattarji Subarno 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Second World War in its global reach, its effect on vast civilian populations, the extermination of 6 million Jews, and the use of atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, was an exercise in mass destruction. That the allies, and particularly America, won the war and constructed a post-war mythology of a righteous triumph over evil, cannot mitigate the actual evil: the war itself. Numbers give us an idea of the extent of the carnage, but as Paul Fussell points out,
the sheer numbers defeat attempts to flesh them out with actual, unique human beings. Killed and wounded were over 78 million people, more of them civilians than soldiers. Close to 6 million Jews were beaten, shot, or gassed to death by the Germans. One million people died of starvation and despair in the siege of Leningrad⃛If the battle of the Somme constitutes a scandal because 20,000 British soldiers were killed in one day, twice the number of civilians were asphyxiated and burned to death in the bombing of Hamburg. Seventy thousand died at Hiroshima, 35,000at Nagasaki, and the same at Dresden.
Introduction: The Republic of Ireland and Scotland: What Difference Does it Make?
Authors: Ryan Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On I May I997, the day Tony Blair’s Labour Party triumphed in the British general election, the then leader of the Scottish National Party, Alex Salmond, published an article in the Irish Timesentitled ‘Irish Show Scots Road to Success’. The piece strongly criticized Blair’s plans for Scottish Home Rule. Salmond quoted Parnell’s famous speech at Cork on 2I January I885, invoking Parnell’s declaration that ‘No man has the right to fix the boundary to the march of a nation; no man has the right to say to his country-”thus far shalt thou go and no further”.
The Republic and Ireland: Dermot Bolger, ‘Bolgerism’, and Dublin
Authors: Ryan Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One Consequence of the revision of Irish history has been the gradual redefinition of the Irish nation until it becomes almost conterminous with the twenty-six counties. Hence Tom Garvin, professor of political science at University College Dublin, can claim that ‘Long before the island of Ireland was partitioned in 1920 … the areas that were to become the Irish Republic and Northern Ireland had shown clear signs of developing in different directions and of becoming different societies … Partition therefore accelerated or aggravated a process of divergence that had previously existed, and did not artificially instigate it for the first time.’ This is refreshingly frank, and ‘artificial’ is an intriguing term.
Colm T6ibin, Partition, and the Ends of History
Authors: Ryan Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was the centre of power, our neo-gothic cathedral at the top of the main street … much grander than the town’s Protestant church it was a sign of the great rich might of the Catholic church in the nineteenth century … There are certain things that I know about them [his rural ancestors, or can imagine, but before them I can imagine nothing and I know nothing. The Cathedral is the beginning of real imaginable time.
The ‘Gentleman-Tarpaulin’ ISsue And The Reform Of The Officer Corps
Authors: Davies J D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The officers of the Restoration navy in general, and the gentlemen captains in particular, have long been damned by the judgements in Pepys’s diary, in his 01hcr writings, and in the works of other contem porary or near-contemporary writers, all of whom accuse them of having been indisciplined and incompetent.
Liverpool, Eton, and Oxford
Authors: Matthew H C G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The earliest document in the Gladstone family papers is dated 1550; none the less, John Gladstone, the Prime Minister’s father, was a self-made man. His career epitomized the entrepreneurial drive which made British commerce the dominant influence in world trade in the first half of the nineteenth century. His father, Thomas Gladstones, was a middle-ranking corn dealer in Edinburgh and Leith, the family having moved to the capital from the village of Biggar in the Scottish Borders. John Gladstone, born in Leith in 1764, soon saw the limitations of east coast trade, and moved west. Ignoring the difficulties of the French and American wars, and indeed turning those difficulties to advantage by surefooted anticipation of shortages, he assembled a huge fortune, travelling widely in North America and the Baltic in pursuit of purchases.
Church, State, and Free Trade: the Public Crisis of the 1840s
Authors: Matthew H C G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thus Gladstone wrote in his diary (or journal, as he always called it) on his birthday, 29 December 1844, as he prepared to resign from Peel’s cabinet on the Maynooth question. And indeed strong cords were being both woven around him and released, cords which, partly by his own tying and partly by the developments of the day, came to bind him to political and intellectual positions which in the 1830s he would have regarded as inconceivable, even satanic. The predominant features of Gladstone’s life in the 1840s are those of sharp change and sometimes painful consolidation: change in domestic, political, and intellectual affairs; consolidation in the gradual establishment of life-long attitudes and commitments. Domestically, Gladstone’s marriage in 1839 marked the start of wide-ranging responsibilities and changes.
Colonial, Foreign, and Defence Policy, 1880-1885
Authors: Matthew H C G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Colonial or, as it was increasingly called, Imperial policy and foreign policy were the chief areas in which Gladstone intended to restore right conduct and right principles after the disasters of Beaconsfieldism. Gladstone had seen these disasters as caused by individual failures of ‘panic or pride’ within what he saw as a systematic perversion of good government: good men with right principles—’the exercise of moral control over ambition and cupidity’—could restore proper conduct and right relations. Though recognizing Britain’s inherent capacity for Empire, he explicitly declined to accept that there was any underlying or determinist pattern of causation.
Towards Home Rule
Authors: Matthew H C G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Within thirteen months of the fall of his second government in June 1885, Gladstone had fought two elections, had proposed a gigantic settlement of the Irish question which dominated Liberal politics for the rest of their significant existence, and had split his party. We now, therefore, turn our attention to that ‘mighty heave in the body politic’, ‘the idea of constituting a Legislature for Ireland’‡ History of an Idea was the title of the first half of the apologia on Home Rule which Gladstone wrote in 1886 after his electoral defeat.§ The phraseology and the format of a public, historical explanation take us back to A Chapter of Autobiography (1868), Gladstone’s other public apologia.
The Fourth Gladstone Government, 1892-1894
Authors: Matthew H C G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 15 August 1892, Gladstone went to Osborne House to receive the Queen’s commission to form a government: the only one of the four times on which she did not seriously attempt to find an alternative.† She did not need to: Gladstone’s party position was unassailable, but his political position was broken by the results of the general election. Early results at the start of July were ‘even too rosy’, but a gain of So British seats at least was expected.
The Making of English Collegiate Statutes in the Later Middle Ages
Authors: Davis Virginia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1852 Magdalen College Oxford filed a bill in chancery to obtain an injunction against G. R. Ward prohibiting the publication of his translation of the college’s statutes. The injunction was subsequently withdrawn but the publication of the volume resulted in much criticism. At the heart of this dispute was concern about the dissemination of the founder’s statutes which, it was claimed by detractors of the publication, had been forbidden by the founder himself. Ward in his defence pointed out that the real words of William Waynflete, founder of the college in 1458, had been ‘We strictly inhibit the President and all and each of the Fellows and Scholars of our College, from being over-ready and hasty in displaying their evidences ... the other muniments and originals and the original book of all our Statutes’.
The Nature and Influence of Late Renaissance Paduan Psychology
Authors: Michael Emily 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The University of Padua, the state university of the Venetian Republic and second oldest university in Europe, was founded after the University of Bologna in 1222. During the Renaissance and early modern period, the University of Padua, attended by important thinkers of all nations, was one of the most important universities in Europe, and it has for some time been reputed to be the centre of a distinctive philosophical approach. Since Ernest Renan’s classic work, Averroes et l’averroisme, written during the latter part of the nineteenth century, this distinctive Paduan approach has been associated with the influence of Averroes and Alexander of Aphrodisias, and, indeed, both played a significant role in the development of Paduan thought, but this is not the whole story. Charles B. Schmitt explains that, in fact, the views of individual Renaissance Aristotelians are so diverse and so eclectic that he prefers to speak of Renaissance Aristotelianisms, and to focus upon individual accounts. There can be no doubt Aristotelians at Padua did develop complex and individual analyses that often go beyond the influence of Averroes and Alexander. In what follows I wish to add a further chapter to this story.
Monarchic Liturgies and the ‘Hidden King’: The Function and Meaning of Spanish Royal Portraiture in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
Authors: Cremades Fernando Checa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the start of the reign of the house of Austria in the kingdoms of Spain, the Habsburg dynasty acquired a place within the widest community of peoples during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, to such an extent that the Spanish branch of the Habsburgs became one of the most decisive factors in the internationalization of Spanish art in the modem period. Not only did the Habsburgs produce a characteristic and defining iconography (expressed, for example, in the continued reference to the myth of Hercules, the importance of representations of the dynasty, and the enormous significance of the symbolism linked to the Order of the Golden Fleece), which was used in triumphal arches and commemorative cycles, but also a very distinctive self-image best reflected in the portrait genre—and one which was to transcend even its own stylistic evolution. Consequently, the study of this phenomenon cannot be approached merely from formal and iconographical perspectives, since the reasons for it must also be sought in political, ritual, and even anthropological factors.
The Arnerican war and the volunteers
Authors: Mcdowell R B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the long recess which followed the Irish parliamentary session of I 773-4 discontent in the American colonies and the determination of the home government to assert its authority produced a series of incidents which formed a grim chain of causation leading to armed conflict at Concord in April I 775. Ireland and America were linked by innumerable family ties and Irishmen settled in the colonies were conspicuously involved in the War of Independence. Early in the war a young officer serving in America, in a letter published in the Hibernian Magazine stated that the troops which ’kept up the spirit and life of the rebellion were totally Scotch and Irish’, many of the latter being tenants forced by eviction to emigrate. Some years later an Irish M.P. went further, declaring that ‘the Irish in both the British and American forces have distinguished themselves and borne away the laurels’.
The catholic agitation
Authors: Mcdowell R B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While during 1791 the radical agitation for reform was getting under way, another section of Irish society, already provided with well-tried machinery through which it could exercise political pressure, was beginning to stir. The Irish catholics for some years after the passing of the 1782 relief act had refrained from pressing for the abolition of the remaining disabilities. For the moment they were grateful for what they had received and perhaps sensed that the protestant mind needed an interval in which to adjust itself to the inevitability of further concession. But by the close of the eighties their instinctive urge to ask for more was stimulated by events outside Ireland. In the United States religious equality was accepted as politically axiomatic. At Westminster in 1789 and 1790 the disabilities of the English dissenter were debated when it was moved that the test and corporation acts be repealed, and at the end of 1789 the French national assembly decreed that French protestants should enjoy all civic rights.
Radicalism and reaction
Authors: Mcdowell R B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While the catholics had been developing a sustained and well organized drive for relief, the Irish radicals had been both encouraging the catholics and strenuously striving to promote what they regarded as the more comprehensive cause of reform. During 1792 the Dublin society of United Irishmen produced six important addresses declaring their aims and ideals, and early in 1792 it publicly challenged parliament and the executive on two important constitutional issues, though, unfortunately for the radicals, political drama was interspersed with farce. During the commons debate on the catholic petition, Toler, the solicitor-general, who had a penchant for robust humour, entertained the house by offensive puns based on Tandy’s distinctive and unattractive facial appearance. Tandy immediately sent a friend, Colonel Smith, to demand an explanation. Toler refused to apologize and suggested as a suitable place for a meeting the fields adjacent to Merrion Square.
Agrarian trouble and militant radicalism
Authors: Mcdowell R B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the close of the session of 1795 Camden and Pelham could congratulate themselves on having coped successfully with the problems created by Fitzwilliam’s incursion into Irish politics. The catholic question had been disposed of, and official and parliamentary relationships established which seemed to guarantee the smooth working of the political machine. Fitzwilliam, Camden with some complacency remarked, ‘is as much forgotten here as in the more enlarged scale of London’. But there were already signs that a situation was developing of the utmost gravity, that forces were at work which could cause the collapse of the whole existing political and social regime in Ireland. The country was by the beginning of 1796 clearly in a very vulnerable condition. Agrarian trouble, in the past sporadic, was from the early nineties continuously surging up. Radicalism, which early in 1794 seemed to be a discredited and rapidly diminishing force in Irish politics, was becoming a dangerously well-organized underground movement.
Meeting the Costs of University Education in Northern France, c. 1240-c. 1340
Authors: Dunbabin Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Did medieval universities really encourage social mobility? Or did they simply reinforce social privilege, allowing those who could afford to take degrees to monopolize high positions in church and state and justify their possession by reference not only to birth but also to educational advantage? Whatever their view of the situation after about 1350, most historians who have considered it regard the thirteenth and early fourteenth century studia generalia as genuinely open to talent, offering a career ladder to those who might otherwise have been denied promotion. This view is not founded on statistics-too little is known about student populations (except those of Oxford and Cambridge) before the late fourteenth century to admit of even crude analysis. It is, rather, an impression based on evidence culled from many different kinds of sources, university and college legislation, particular careers, hints in royal and papal accounts, anecdotes in chronicles, and perhaps most cogently from the relative absence of evidence for participation in university study by members of the high aristocracy whose life stories are known. ‘It is clear that the universities of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries were not aristocratic institutions’ is a conclusion reinforced by the apparently striking contrast between them and the late fifteenth-century universities in which those of noble birth were conspicuous.
Higher Education and the Emergence of the Professional Woman in Glasgow c. 1890-1914
Authors: Kendall Catherine M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to show how the effort and achievement of gaining higher education broadened the range of professional opportunity for women. In late Victorian Britain women’s job opportunities increased as demand grew for clerks, shop assistants, nurses, and teachers, but middle-class women were restricted to occupations considered suitable for ladies. Higher education was a great outlet for these women since it channelled their energies into something worthwhile, and proved useful for future employment. Access to universities opened the way to professional training, not necessarily for paid work, but to the same standards attained by men. We will consider the campaign for women’s higher education and how it affected three of the first professions open to women.
Irish America
Authors: Byron Reginald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Few writers on the Irish in America have looked beyond the nineteenth-century ethnic enclaves of New York, Boston, Philadelphia, or Chicago, or have asked how the notion of an Irish-American ethnic identity in contemporary America can be reconciled with five, six, or seven generations of intermarriage and assimilation over the last century and a half. This study, based on interviews with 500 people of Irish ancestry in Albany, New York, aims to discover in what senses and in what degrees the present-day descendants of nineteenth-century Irish immigrants possess distinctive social practices and ways of seeing the world, and raises questions about the social conditions in which ideas of Irishness have been created and re-created.
Form, Forms, and Reform: Richard Kraut (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Plato
Authors: Mccabe Mary Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Life in the golden age, suggests the Stranger in the Politicus, would be a miserable and trivial business if people just sat around gossiping with the animals, eating and drinking and doing no philosophy; but it would be a life of bliss if it were spent in enquiry and discussion. Bliss is doing philosophy: and it is to this activity that the Platonic dialogues draw us. So the best Companion to Plato is Plato himself—there is no substitute for the enquiry we do when we read the dialogues for ourselves.
Philosophy and Prophecy: A Discussion of Miriam Galston, Politics and Excellence: The Political Philosophy of Alfarabi
Authors: Frank Daniel H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IT is entirely appropriate that discussion of Alfarabi (d. 950) and his political philosophy should find a place in Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy. Alfarabi was after all considered al-mu’allim ath-thani, the ‘second master’, second only to Aristotle. He wrote voluminously on logic and musical theory, and composed commentaries on Aristotle’s Organon (including Rhetoric and Poetics), Nicomachean Ethics, Physics, and Metaphysics, and on Plato’s Laws. But undoubtedly his most important and original works are his ethical-political treatises, the subject-matter of Galston’s book.
Incommensurable Values
Authors: Broome John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You might join the army or you might become a priest. Which would be better? Intuitively it seems this question may have no determinate answer; the values realized by these two careers seem to be so very different that they cannot be weighed against each other in a precise way. In some circumstances there will be a determinate answer to the question-for instance, if you do not believe in God and like guns. But, in more balanced circumstances, it will not be determinate which is the better option. This phenomenon of indeterminacy is often called the ‘incommensurabilit/ of values. It is often thought to be a central feature of ethical life.