bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decision Making on the School Curriculum; A Conflict Model
Authors: Eggleston John 
Published: June 2005

The paper is concerned with curriculum decision making in the school and the attempts to apply a sociological analysis to this important area. Its focus is on the `micro' rather than on the `macro' decision making process, i.e. within the school rather than within the educational system, though the significance of macro decisions is recognized throughout the paper. Commencing with a discussion of the role that may be played by the study of decision making in curriculum content and method, the paper goes on to suggest some of the orientations that influence such decisions. Six such areas are identified. In the light of these areas four ideological variables are hypothesized. These are finally brought together as components of a model of the autonomy and interrelationship of educational personnel.
Bishop Berkeley and the Adenotonsillectomy Enigma: An Exploration of Variation in the Social Construction of Medical Disposals
Authors: Bloor Michael 
Published: June 2005

Observational data gathered in the out-patient clinics of eleven ENT specialists were used to explore the issue of the marked and well-documented variations in the assessment of children for possible adeno-tonsillectomy. The routinized orientation of the various specialists to the assessment process allowed the comparison of specialists in terms of their routine assessment practices. Inter-specialist variation in routines is described in terms of five parameters of difference—variation in the search procedures used in the examination of the child, variation in the decision rules making for differential stress on the examination findings relative to the history, variation on the search procedures used for the history-taking, variation in the decision rules pertaining to the history, and variation in routines according to the age of the child. Such differences in routines are the means whereby systematic variations in patient assessment are constructed. The very nature of medical knowledge provides for the possibility of these differences in routines, since the theoretical construction of a disease entity is essentially arbitrary and value-laden and since any disease entity is in effect a general name which can refer to a wide variety of different particular conditions. Extrapolating from the work of Bishop Berkeley, it can be seen that the various specialists' decision rules are specific representative ideas of appropriate surgical indications. Further, these ideas can be seen to vary both in content and in degree of specificity from specialist to specialist, to vary in degree of specificity for any one specialist from one category of patient to the next, to vary for any one specialist from setting to setting. It is the first two types of variance that may largely account for inter-specialist differences in assessment, while the third type of variance, by reducing the visibility of inter-specialist differences, may help to account for their persistence.
Women's Work and Theories of Class Stratification
Authors: Garnsey Elizabeth 
Published: June 2005

Most stratification studies exclude from the scope of their analysis the study of inequalities based on the division of labour between women and men. In this paper an attempt is made to identify ambiguities which arise from the ad hoc treatment of this issue in the literature, at both individual and aggregate levels of analysis. A systematic approach to the problem requires reconsideration of the assumption that the class position of the family is determined by the occupation of the male head of household. Evidence on the inadequacy of this assumption for the analysis of occupational stratification in contemporary Britain is presented.It is unnecessary to adopt a multi-dimensional approach to stratification or to treat women as a distinct `class'. But it is essential to examine the collective effects of women's employment on the occupational system. This in turn requires consideration of the processes by which women's work in the household and labour force articulate. The analysis of inequalities based on gender can be integrated with the study of class-based inequalities if a dynamic approach, one which focuses on the causes and effects of changes in the occupational division of labour, is adopted.
Crime at Work: The Social Construction of Amateur Property Theft
Authors: Henry Stuart , Mars Gerald 
Published: June 2005

We argue that the theft of goods from work and their subsequent resale might usefully be considered in a social anthropological frame: as the transferring of goods from our economy's dominant market exchange sphere to what we call the illegal amateur trading sphere. We show that pecuniary reward is alien to the amateur sphere and that a wide range of social features which belie normal market principles characterize the transactions. These features `personalize' relationships and `dematerialize' transactions which become part of a flow in the relationships involved. Exchange relationships in non-individual societies, are easier to understand because they have several clear spheres of exchange each with institutional forms, moral values and vocabularies. But understanding these relationships in our society is obscured because of the apparent dominance of the market exchange sphere. The natural insulation between different spheres is breached by general purpose currency—money—and market terms pervade all forms of transaction. This fails to emphasize the social dimension and as a result explanations of non-market exchange in our society are described as motivated for economic benefit. When legal authority, police, security or courts—all extraneous to the amateur sphere—become involved, they `rematerialize' transactions and `depersonalize' relationships completing a reconversion from the amateur sphere back to the market exchange sphere. This process is possible because i) the social availability of a general language of retrospective description only acknowledges economically rational interpretations 2) the linguistic reconstruction of events occurs in contexts alien to the interaction. Serious problems arise in both criminal processing and control when these are framed in market exchange terms and applied to the an ateur trading sphere. To avoid these problems we propose building on the normative controls typically found at work which limit categories and amounts and institutionalizing these through workplace courts.
The Origins of Levi-Strauss's Structuralism
Authors: Clarke Simon 
Published: June 2005

The paper is concerned with the intellectual origins of Lévi-Strauss's structuralism. In the first section I define this structuralism, arguing that it consists of far more than a simple method, being underpinned by an epistemology and a theory of man in society. I argue further that this structuralism cannot be seen as the application of a method pioneered in linguistics, indicating that the `structural' aspects of Levi-Strauss's first major theoretical work, The Elementary Structures of Kinship derive rather from Gestalt psychology than from linguistics. In the bulk of the paper I seek to demonstrate that Lévi-Strauss's structuralism in fact has its origins in the attempt to adapt Durkheimian sociology in the light of the newly found individualism characteristic of French radical liberalism of the inter-war years. This adaptation is achieved by submitting Marcel Mauss's theory of exchange to an individualist, rationalist and anti-historicist critique, by means initially of psycho-analysis and subsequently of Gestalt psychology. The Elementary Structures of Kinship combines this theory with a formalistic interpretation of the theory of kinship developed by the Durkheimian sociologist Marcel Granet. In conclusion I note that the significance of the discovery of linguistics for Lévi-Strauss was not the discovery of the concept of structure, but its provision of a radically intellectualist theory of the unconscious as a formal structuring capacity.
c-Myc rapidly induces acute myeloid leukemia in mice without evidence of lymphoma-associated antiapoptotic mutations
Authors: Luo Hui , Li Qing , O'Neal Julie , Kreisel Friederike , Le Beau Michelle M. , Tomasson Michael H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractEctopic expression of c-Myc (Myc) in most primary cell types results in programmed cell death, and malignant transformation cannot occur without additional mutations that block apoptosis. The development of Myc-induced lymphoid tumors has been well studied and supports this model. Myc can be upregulated in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), but its exact role in myeloid leukemogenesis is unclear. To study its role in AML, we used a murine stem cell virus (MSCV) retroviral gene transfer/transplantation system to broadly express Myc in the bone marrow of mice either alone or in combination with antiapoptotic mutations. Myc expression in the context either of Arf/Ink4a loss or Bcl-2 coexpression induced a mixture of acute myeloid and acute lymphoid leukemias (AML+ALL). In the absence of antiapoptotic mutations however, all mice transplanted with MSCV-Myc (100%, n = 110) developed AML exclusively. MSCV-Myc-induced AML was polyclonal, readily transplantable, possessed an intact Arf-p53 pathway, and did not display cytogenetic abnormalities by spectral karyotyping (SKY) analysis. Lastly, we found that Myc preferentially stimulated the growth of myeloid progenitor cells in methylcellulose. These data provide the first direct evidence that Myc is a critical downstream effector of myeloid leukemogenesis and suggest that myeloid progenitors are intrinsically resistant to Myc-induced apoptosis. (Blood. 2005;106: 2452-2461)
Serum biomarkers in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome an ailing prognosticator
Authors: Tzouvelekis Argyris , Pneumatikos Ioannis , Bouros Demosthenes 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe use of biomarkers in medicine lies in their ability to detect disease and support diagnostic and therapeutic decisions. New research and novel understanding of the molecular basis of the disease reveals an abundance of exciting new biomarkers who present a promise for use in the everyday clinical practice. The past fifteen years have seen the emergence of numerous clinical applications of several new molecules as biologic markers in the research field relevant to acute respiratory distress syndrome (translational research). The scope of this review is to summarize the current state of knowledge about serum biomarkers in acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome and their potential value as prognostic tools and present some of the future perspectives and challenges.
Contextual weighting for Support Vector Machines in literature mining: an application to gene versus protein name disambiguation
Authors: Pahikkala Tapio , Ginter Filip , Boberg Jorma , Järvinen Jouni , Salakoski Tapio 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Background
The ability to distinguish between genes and proteins is essential for understanding biological text. Support Vector Machines (SVMs) have been proven to be very efficient in general data mining tasks. We explore their capability for the gene versus protein name disambiguation task.

Results
We incorporated into the conventional SVM a weighting scheme based on distances of context words from the word to be disambiguated. This weighting scheme increased the performance of SVMs by five percentage points giving performance better than 85% as measured by the area under ROC curve and outperformed the Weighted Additive Classifier, which also incorporates the weighting, and the Naive Bayes classifier.

Conclusion
We show that the performance of SVMs can be improved by the proposed weighting scheme. Furthermore, our results suggest that in this study the increase of the classification performance due to the weighting is greater than that obtained by selecting the underlying classifier or the kernel part of the SVM.
Antihyperlipidemic and antiperoxidative effect of Diasulin, a polyherbal formulation in alloxan induced hyperglycemic rats
Authors: Saravanan Ramalingam , Pari Leelavinothan 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBackgroundThis study was undertaken to investigation the effect of Diasulin, a poly herbal drug composed of ethanolic extract of ten medicinal plants on blood glucose, plasma insulin, tissue lipid profile, and lipidperoxidation in alloxan induced diabetes.MethodsEthanolic extract of Diasulin a, poly herbal drug was administered orally (200 mg/kg body weight) for 30 days. The different doses of Diasulin on blood glucose and plasma insulin in diabetic rats were studied and the levels of lipid peroxides [TBARS, and Hydroperoxide] and tissue lipids [cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipides and free fatty acids] were also estimated in alloxan induced diabetic rats. The effects were compared with glibenclamide.ResultTreatment with Diasulin and glibenclamide resulted in a significant reduction of blood glucose and increase in plasma insulin. Diasulin also resulted in a significant decrease in tissue lipids and lipid peroxide formation. The effect produced by Diasulin was comparable with that of glibenclamide.ConclusionThe decreased lipid peroxides and tissue lipids clearly showed the antihyperlipidemic and antiperoxidative effect of Diasulin apart from its antidiabetic effect.
Conservative management of sporadic unilateral acoustic neuromas
Authors: Flint David , Fagan Paul , Panarese Alessandro 
Published: June 2005

Our objective was to review retrospectively patients with a unilateral acoustic neuroma managed by observation. One hundred patients with tumours (<24 mm) were followed a median 25.5 months. Thirty-six acoustic neuromas grew with four growth patterns. No factors were associated with growth. Eighty percent of growing tumours grew in the first year. Eleven patients proceeded to surgery. Twenty-two patients were eligible for hearing preservation surgery; five of the 15 available for analysis subsequently lost eligibility.In conclusion, selected patients can be safely observed with serial imaging and follow up. Size increase in the first year may predict future growth. Delaying surgery until required by symptoms or tumour growth does not result in more morbidity for the patient. Some may lose the opportunity for hearing preservation surgery but operating on all would result in more sustaining a loss of hearing in the first few years after diagnosis.
Tophaceous gout presenting as a dorsal nasal lump
Authors: Hughes J P , Di Palma Silvana , Rowe-Jones J 
Published: June 2005

A literature review reveals that gout has been described as affecting many sites in the head and neck region, both in the arthritic and tophaceous form. Gout can often mimic malignancy or infection, and has been described as causing acute airway problems requiring emergency tracheotomy. Here we describe the first published case of tophaceous gout affecting the soft tissues overlying the nasal bones. The patient presented with a bony, hard, dorsal hump and requested aesthetic rhinoplasty.We also describe an endoscopic technique for removal of tophi using a powered microdebrider system with a protected burr head. Endoscopic powered microdebrider blade excision of tophi affecting the limbs has already been described, with reduced complications when compared with conventional curettage and debridement techniques. This is the first such application to the nose.
Souter-Strathclyde total elbow arthroplasty in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Khatri M. , Stirrat A. N. 
Published: June 2005

We present the outcome of 47 Souter-Strathclyde replacements of the elbow with a mean follow-up of 82 months (12 to 129). The clinical results were assessed using a condition-specific outcome measure. The mean total score (maximum 100) before the operation was 47.21 and improved to 79.92 (p < 0.001). The mean pain score (maximum 50) improved from 21.41 to 46.70 (p < 0.001) and the mean functional component of the score (maximum 30) from 11.19 to 18.65 (p < 0.001). There was negligible change in the score for the range of movement although a significant improvement in mean flexion from 124° to 136° was noted (p < 0.001). Revision surgery was required in four patients, for dislocation, wound dehiscence and early infection in one, late infection in two and aseptic loosening in one. The cumulative survival was 75% at nine years for all causes of failure and 97% at ten years for aseptic loosening alone. Our study demonstrates the value of the Souter-Strathclyde total elbow arthroplasty in providing relief from pain and functional improvement in rheumatoid patients.
A histological study of articular cartilage after rotational acetabular osteotomy for hip dysplasia
Authors: Shimogaki K. , Yasunaga Y. , Ochi M. 
Published: June 2005

Acetabular dysplasia was produced in 24 immature white rabbits. A rotational acetabular osteotomy was then carried out and radiological and histological studies of the articular cartilage were made. In the hips which did not undergo osteotomy, radiographs at 26 weeks showed that residual subluxation remained and arthritic changes such as narrowing of the joint space or dislocation were still seen. However, in the operated group there was a remarkable increase in cover, but arthritic changes were not observed. After 24 weeks, the Mankin grading score in the operated group was significantly lower than that in the non-operated group. The latter hips showed an irregular surface of the cartilage, exfoliation and proliferation of synovial tissue. In those undergoing osteotomy, primary cloning of chondrocytes or hypercellularity was seen and at 24 weeks after operation and metaplasia of the cartilage in the fibrous tissue was observed in the boundary between the medial area of the acetabulum and the acetabular fossa.
Survivorship of the Souter-Strathclyde elbow replacement in the young inflammatory arthritis elbow
Authors: Talwalkar S. C. , Givissis P. K. , Trail I. A. , Nuttall D. , Stanley J. K. 
Published: June 2005

We divided 309 patients with an inflammatory arthritis who had undergone primary elbow replacement using the Souter-Strathclyde implant into two groups according to their age. The mean follow-up in the older group (mean age 64 years) was 7.3 years while in the younger patients (mean age 42 years) it was 12 years. Survivorship for three different failure end-points (revision, revision because of aseptic loosening of the humeral component, and gross loosening of the humeral implant), was compared in both groups. Our findings showed that there was no significant difference in the incidence of loosening when young rheumatoid patients were compared with an older age group.
A comparison of knee braces during walking for the treatment of osteoarthritis of the medial compartment of the knee
Authors: Richards J. D. , Sanchez-Ballester J. , Jones R. K. , Darke N. , Livingstone B. N. 
Published: June 2005

In this cross-over study, we evaluated two types of knee brace commonly used in the conservative treatment of osteoarthritis of the medial compartment. Twelve patients confirmed radiologically as having unilateral osteoarthritis of the medial compartment (Larsen grade 2 to grade 4) were studied. Treatment with a simple hinged brace was compared with that using a valgus corrective brace. Knee kinematics, ground reaction forces, pain and function were assessed during walking and the Hospital for Special Surgery scores were also determined. Significant improvements in pain, function, and loading and propulsive forces were seen with the valgus brace. Treatment with a simple brace showed only significant improvements in loading forces. Our findings suggest that although both braces improved confidence and function during gait, the valgus brace showed greater benefit.
Chondroblastoma of bone
Authors: Suneja R. , Grimer R. J. , Belthur M. , Jeys L. , Carter S. R. , Tillman R. M. , Davies A. M. 
Published: June 2005

We undertook this retrospective study to determine the rate of recurrence and functional outcome after intralesional curettage for chondroblastoma of bone. The factors associated with aggressive behaviour of the tumour were also analysed. We reviewed 53 patients with histologically-proven chondroblastoma who were treated by intralesional curettage in our unit between 1974 and 2000. They were followed up for at least two years to a maximum of 27 years. Seven (13.2%) had a histologically-proven local recurrence. Three underwent a second intralesional curettage and had no further recurrence. Two had endoprosthetic replacement of the proximal humerus and two underwent below-knee amputation after aggressive local recurrence. One patient had the rare malignant metastatic chondroblastoma and eventually died. The mean Musculoskeletal Tumour Society functional score of the survivors was 94.2%. We conclude that meticulous intralesional curettage alone can achieve low rates of local recurrence and excellent long-term function.
Influence of stem geometry on the stability of polished tapered cemented femoral stems
Authors: Glyn-Jones S. , Gill H. S. , Beard D. J. , McLardy-Smith P. , Murray D. W. 
Published: June 2005

Polished, tapered stems are now widely used for cemented total hip replacement and many such designs have been introduced. However, a change in stem geometry may have a profound influence on stability. Stems with a wide, rectangular proximal section may be more stable than those which are narrower proximally. We examined the influence of proximal geometry on stability by comparing the two-year migration of the Exeter stem with a more recent design, the CPS-Plus, which has a wider shoulder and a more rectangular cross-section. The hypothesis was that these design features would increase rotational stability. Both stems subsided approximately 1 mm relative to the femur during the first two years after implantation. The Exeter stem was found to rotate into valgus (mean 0.2°, sd 0.42°) and internally rotate (mean 1.28°, sd 0.99°). The CPS-Plus showed no significant valgus rotation (mean 0.2°, sd 0.42°) or internal rotation (mean −0.03°, sd 0.75°). A wider, more rectangular cross-section improves rotational stability and may have a better long-term outcome.
Ten-year survival of the MS-30 matt-surfaced cemented stem
Authors: Berli B. J. , Schäfer D. , Morscher E. W. 
Published: June 2005

The Morscher-Spotorno (MS-30) femoral stem is a stainless-steel, straight, three-dimensionally tapered, collarless implant for cemented fixation in total hip replacement. We report the results at ten years of a consecutive series of 124 total hip replacements in 121 patients with the matt-surfaced MS-30 stem and an alumina ceramic head of 28-mm diameter. All the stems were fixed with Palacos bone cement with gentamicin using a modern cementing technique. They were combined with an uncemented, press-fit cup. The mean period of observation was 10.2 years (8.3 to 12.1) and no patient was lost to follow-up. Twenty-seven patients (22%) died with the implant in situ. Nine could only be interviewed by telephone. We included 85 patients with 88 hips in the clinical and radiological follow-up examinations. None of the stems or cups had been revised. The Harris hip score was excellent or good in 97% (85 hips) and moderate in 3% (three hips). Radiologically, six hips (6.8%) had osteolysis adjacent to the stem, mostly in Gruen zone 7. Twenty (22.7%) showed one or more radiolucent lines. Twenty-two stems (25%) had subsided by 2 mm to 5 mm. In these cases two showed osteolysis (9.1%) with subsidence and four without (6.1%). Radiolucent lines were seen in seven with migration (31.8%) and in 13 without (19.7%). No infections and no acetabular osteolysis were observed. The clinical results were excellent with survivorship after ten years of 100% and only a slightly statistically non-significant higher rate of osteolysis and radiolucency in cases of subsidence.