bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Eucalyptus fastigata
Authors: Eldridge Ken , Davidson John , Harwood Chris , Wyk Gerrit Van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Eucalyptus fastigata is confined to cool humid forests in a narrow zone running parallel to the New South Wales coast with a small extension into eastern Victoria. The species is found on moist, well-drained, fertile soils mainly on the eastern edges of tablelands and escarpments, and further inland in some places. The range of latitude is between 30°30’ and 37°20’S (Fig 9.1, Table 9.1). The range of altitude is mainly between 700 and 1200 m but the species does occur below 300 min moist gullies in the south (Fig. 9.2) and above 1400 m in the north. Frost and snow are common at higher altitudes throughout the range of the species. Rainfall between about 800 and 2000 mm is distributed fairly uniformly throughout the year in the south but there is a summer maximum in the north (Boland et al. 1984; Hall et al. 1981).
Eucalyptus urophylla
Authors: Eldridge Ken , Davidson John , Harwood Chris , Wyk Gerrit Van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
E. deglupta. Over most of its range E. urophylla is a forest tree usually reaching 25-45 m in height and up to 1 m diameter, with a straight bole for half to two¬ thirds of the tree height. Exceptional specimens attain 55 m in height and up to 2 m diameter. It is one of the best low-latitude eucalypts for planting in tropical areas (Turnbull and Brooker 1978; Jacobs 1981). There are extensive stands of E. urophylla on the large Indonesian island of Timor above 1000 m and throughout Wetar (Fig. 16.1). More scattered stands are found on the nearby islands of Adonara, Alor, Flores, Lomblen, and Pantar. These islands form the south-eastern end of the Sunda Archipelago. They are isolated to the north and south by the seas of Flores and Timor, so limiting the latitudinal spread of the species to between about 7° 30’S and 10°S.
Reproductive biology of eucalypts
Authors: Eldridge Ken , Davidson John , Harwood Chris , Wyk Gerrit Van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A good understanding of the biology of sexual reproduction of eucalypts is necessary for the breeder to plan seed production efficiently. Because of the variation among species, it is necessary when making controlled pollinations to have detailed information on the flowering biology of the particular species of interest. It is also necessary for the eucalypt breeder collecting seed to be well aware of the extent and effects of inbreeding and hybridization. Those readers seeking an understanding of the processes involved in sexual reproduction of tree crops generally are referred to the book by Sedgley and Griffin (1989). These authors have presented details of breeding systems and of flower, fruit, and seed production in both horticultural and silvicultural crops. They examined the ecological context in which these attributes have developed and in many cases used eucalypts as examples.
Ecophysiology of the world’s most troublesome aquatic weeds
Authors: Spencer W , Bowes G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A variety of aquatic plant species, under the right conditions, can become nuisance infestations in a particular location. However, only about a dozen or so higher plant species have a global reputation as major aquatic weeds. In this chapter we will restrict our discussion to those that cause the most problems on a global scale. These include six submerged species: Ceratophyl/um demersum, Elodea canadensis, Hydrilla verticillata, Myriophyllum spicatum, Potamogeton crispus, and P. pectinatus; three free-floating species: Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes, and Salvinia molesta; and five emergent species: Alternanthera philoxeroides, Echinochloa crus-galli, Phragmites australis, Panicum repens, and Typha spp. These species, by virtue of their prolific growth and reproduction, may interfere with human utilization of freshwater resources, become aesthetically displeasing, or displace desirable indigenous vegetation. Other species of more local importance as weeds are not included, because of the general nature of this review.
Flow-resistance of aquatic weeds
Authors: Pitlo R H , Dawson P H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Movement of water flowing in natural and artificial watercourses is influenced mainly by the following factors: (1) the dimensions of the water course (width, depth, and cross-sectional shape); (2) the slope or hydraulic gradient ofthe water course; (3) the resistance to flow (bed and bank roughness, aquatic vegetation, longitudinal changes in both cross-section and alignment).
The relation between aquatic weeds and public health
Authors: Gangstad E O , Cardarelli N F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dense growths of aquatic plants may have an adverse effect on public health, mainly because they provide a habitat which favours the development of vectors of human diseases. The plants give shelter to these vector organisms, provide a food source (organisms and/or detritus associated with the plants) and can also be a source of oxygen (oxygen which is present in the plant tissues). The most important vectors of human diseases which, at least during part of their life cycle, depend on the environmental conditions prevailing in dense aquatic weed vegetation are certain types of mosquitoes and aquatic snails. The disease-carrying mosquitoes which thrive under these conditions can be divided into mosquitoes with larvae which breathe at the water surface, i.e. the anopheline mosquitoes, and mosquitoes which are able to obtain oxygen from plant tissues, i.e. mosquitoes of the genus Mansonia.
Chemical control of aquatic weeds
Authors: Murphy K J , Barrett P R F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Herbicides can offer a cheap, effective, and rapid method of aquatic weed control. However, they are powerful tools which require knowledge and understanding to be used safely and effectively. If misused, they can have side effects which may be harmful to aquatic organisms, wildlife in general and, ultimately, to man. This chapter describes the main herbicides used in or near water, discusses the factors which influence their performance and indicates how they can best be used.
Ways forward
Authors: Woodruff Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It seems unlikely that there is much, if anything, to be gained from more radical local treatment, though it is worth asking whether we are moving too far in the opposite direction. As was pointed out in Section 6.4.2, pp. 82-84, a critical analysis of the extent to which loco-regional recurrence is the first evidence of failure of systemic adjuvant therapy should help to answer this question. If local treatment has reached its zenith, progress will depend on the development of more effective systemic treatment, to be used either alone or in combination with local treatment. Ideally, such systemic treatment should be, and should remain, cytotoxic to all the neoplastic cells in a given neoplasm but, in the dose needed to destroy the neoplasm, harmless to normal cells.
Lichen reinvasion with declining air pollution
Authors: Gilbert Oliver L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The decline of lichen floras under the impact of air pollution has been a worldwide phenomenon. So sensational is the decline that a Scandinavian worker coined the term ‘lichen desert ‘ to describe the centre of towns where trees are devoid of foliose and fruticose lichens (Sernander 1926). In the UK the degree of impoverishment was shown to correspond closely with levels of sulphur dioxide, a correlation made possible using the results of a national network of nearly 1300 air pollution gauges (Clifton 1969). Though it was not fully appreciated at the time, stable SO2 emission rates aided the calibration of semi-quantitative biological scales for estimating levels of air pollution that were constructed in the late 1960s (Gilbert 1970a; Hawksworth and Rose 1970). This was the period when ecological interactions between lichens and air pollution were most vigorously investigated. Species were listed in order of their sensitivity, the effect of environmental variables such as pH, nutrient availability, and microclimate were investigated, and a number of other air pollutants were screened to determine whether they too were having any effect. The only ones convincingly shown to be influencing lichen distribution were point source emissions of flourides, which are harmful (Martin and Jacquard 1968; Gilbert 1973b), and alkaline dust which is able to counteract SO2 producing small oases of lichen-rich vegetation (Gilbert 1976).
Phylogeny, Lifeform, And Habitat Dependence Of Ant-Defended Plants In A Panamanian Forest
Authors: Schupp Eugene W , Feener Jr D H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Facultative defence mutualisms, in which many species of ants visit and defend many species of plants but nest elsewhere, are abundant (Bentley 1977 h; Inouye and Taylor 1979; Koptur 1979; Keeler 1980a; Oliveira and Brandao Chapter I 4, this volume). These ant-defended plants attract and maintain their ‘bodyguard’ of ants (and parasitoids; see Chapter 15) with extrafloral (non-pollination) nectar and solid pearl bodies, proffered primarily on young, vulnerable, actively growing tissues (e.g. expanding leaves and shoots, flower buds, and young fruits) (Beattie 1985). In most cases, ants collecting these rewards or defending the sites of their production either actively or passively reduce herbivore damage.
Myrmecochory In Cape Fynbos
Authors: Bond W J , Yeaton R , Stock W D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1975, Berg reported the widespread occurrence of myrmecochory in Australian heathlands. At the time, there was considerable interest in the hypothesis of convergent evolution among the mediterranean climate regions of the world (Cody and Mooney, 1978). Berg's discovery suggested a further test of the hypothesis in the arena of reproductive biology. Myrmecochory was virtually unknown in the Cape fynbos, the closest equivalent to the vegetation studied by Berg. Was fynbos also rich in myrmecochores? A survey to address this question indicated that perhaps one fifth of the Cape flora (&gt;1000 species), mostly of little affinity with the Australian clements, were myrmecochorous (Slings by and Bond I 981; Milewski and Bond 1982; Bond and Slingsby 1983). The discovery of this remarkable convergence in dispersal type, across diverse phylogenies, must rank as one of the more successful predictions of convergence theory. Ironically, the selective pressures which lead to the evolution of myrmecochory in diverse lineages within the Cape and Australian floras are still enigmatic.
Cannibalism in lower eukaryotes
Authors: Waddell David R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cannibalism is taxonomically widespread among lower eukaryotes (Sandon 1932), although most reports have been anecdotal. The first report of cannibalism in lower eukaryotes was in the ciliateOxytricha(Haime 1853). It was subsequently reported in several other species of ciliates, includingOnychodromus grandis(Maupas 1888),Pleurotricha laceolata(Joukowsky 1898),Stentor coeruleus(Gelei 1925),Blepharisma undulans(Dawson 1929), andStylonychia curvata(Giese and Alden 1938). Although generally widespread among the ciliates, it is notable that cannibalism has not been reported for the most commonly studied smaller ciliatesTetrahymenaandParamecium,which generally feed upon bacteria. However, two species,Tetrahymena vorax(Buhse 1966; Buhseet al.1978) andT. patula(Williams 1960) can undergo a transformation from a form which feeds upon bacteria to a carnivorous form which feeds on other cilates. The transition to the large form capable of feeding upon larger prey involves the resorption of the oral apparatus and the formation of a larger one by a process known as oral replacement. Cannibalism does occur in the form with the larger oral apparatus (N. E. Williams, personal communication).
Sexual cannibalism in spiders and other invertebrates
Authors: Elgar Mark A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A variety of animals, but most notably certain species of praying mantids, scorpions, and spiders, have gained some notoriety for attempting to consume their mates, with descriptions of this behaviour making good copy for popular articles on courtship and mating in animals. However, the evolutionary basis of this form of cannibalism has received little empirical or theoretical attention in the biological literature, and descriptions are usually anecdotal or associated with general descriptions of courtship and mating. For example, many textbooks state that cannibalism of sexual partners has been responsible for the evolution of elaborate courtship behaviour in many spiders (e.g. Manning 1972; Gould 1982; Cloudsley-Thompson 1988), despite the lack of either within-species or comparative evidence. Cannibalism of sexual partners may have been ignored in the past because it did not accord with the traditional view of courtship and mating as largely cooperative and harmonious ventures, a view that is being replaced by the idea that there are conflicts of interest between the sexes (e.g. Krebs and Davies 1987). Because cannibalism of sexual partners represents an extreme form of the conflict of interests between males and females, it offers an interesting model system for understanding animal mating and courtship behaviour.
Cannibalism in amphibians
Authors: Crump Martha L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The complex life cycle of most salamanders and anurans (frogs and toads), involving an aquatic larval stage and a semi-terrestrial or terrestrial adult stage, creates a complicated web of potential intraspecific interactions that include cannibalism. Cannibalism is defined here as the killing and consumption of live conspecifics, and therefore will exclude from discussion the consumption of already dead conspecifics or parts of a conspecific (e.g., tails, limbs, and gills, Borland and Rugh 1943; Petranka 1989).
Pup-cannibalism in rodents: causes and consequences
Authors: Elwood Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rodents are usually thought of as primarily vegetarian, but studies of the natural diet increasingly demonstrate the omnivorous nature of many species. For example, ground squirrels Spermophilus beldingi, hunt both insects and small mammals and feed on carrion (Sherman 1981); grasshopper mice Onychomys spp., feed on insects and small vertebrates; common hamsters Cricetus cricetus, hunt insects, lizards, frogs, mice, young birds and even snakes; doormice (family Gliridae) eat insects, spiders, and earthworms; and Wagner’s gerbil Gerbillus dasyurus, feeds on snails, leaving piles of shells near burrow entrances (Macdonald 1984). Some rodents that specialize in aquatic habits use crustaceans and fish as their primary food source (e.g. fish-eating rats and mice, tribe Ichthyomyini) (Macdonald 1984). The use of animal matter in the diet thus appears to be widespread amongst rodents, even if it forms a minority constituent in most species (e.g. Prakash 1962; Hansson 1985).
Factors influencing an individual’s competitive success
Authors: Davies N B , Quinn David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I now turn to the question of what might influence a female’s success in competing for habitat and a male’s success in competing for mates, particularly the effects of body size, age, and familiarity with a territory. Wing length was measured from the carpel joint to the tip of the longest primary, with the wing closed and pressed flat against a rule held along the long axis of the bird’s body (Fig. 5. la). Comparing all individuals measured at all ages, males had longer wings than females and in both sexes wing length increased from year 1 to year 2 but thereafter there was no further change (Fig. 5.2a). Measurements of individual changes with age supported this conclusion, with males and females who were measured in both year 1 and year 2 showing significant increases in wing length, but individuals measured in years 2 and after showing no change.
Horsfield’s or western tarsier
Authors: Kirkwood James K , Stathatos Katherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Horsfield’s tarsier is found in northern and western parts of Borneo, eastern Sumatra, parts of Java, and on the islands of Bangka and Belitung (Mackinnon 1986; Wolfheim 1983). It has been classified as endangered but is not rare in North Borneo (Wolfheim 1983). MacKinnon (1986) estimated the total population at about 10 million, and it is not currently classified as threatened (IUCN, 1990).
Common baboon
Authors: Kirkwood James K , Stathatos Katherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is some debate concerning the classification of baboons. The common or savanna baboon (also known as the yellow or olive baboon) is widely distributed in the African continent, and inhabits savanna, woodland, and the forest edge. This species is not threatened at present, but the Hamadryas baboon Papio hamadryas and the Gelada baboon Theropithecus gelada are both listed as rare (Lee et al. 1988).
Western black and white colobus monkey
Authors: Kirkwood James K , Stathatos Katherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some authorities consider this species, which occurs in the countries of the southern coast of West Africa from Senegal to Nigeria, to be distinct from C. angolensis which occurs in central Africa (Wolfheim 1983). Others have classified these as one species (Napier and Napier 1967). ISIS includes angolensis with polykomos and recognizes 12 subspecies. The western black and white colobus has been described as common in some parts of Ghana and the Ivory Coast but it is very rare or extinct in Togo and Nigeria (Wolfheim 1983). These forest animals are found in a wide range of forest types (Wolfheim 1983). They are largely arboreal, only descending to the ground for salt or other minerals (Ormrod 1967). The black and white colobus was seriously threatened by the European fur trade at the end of the nineteenth century (Brandon-Jones 1984) and it is still hunted for fur and meat (Booth 1979; Wolfheim 1983; Oates et al. 1987). Habitat destruction is also threatening the status of C. polykomos in parts of its range (Struhsaker and Leland 1987). Lee et al. (1988) classified the species as not threatened, and it is not included in the IUCN red list.
Behavioural Ecology of Teleost Fishes
Authors: Godin Jean-Guy J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Teleost (bony) fishes represent the most abundant taxonomic group of vertebrates. They are found in all conceivable types of aquatic environment and are extremely diverse behaviourally. Their evolutionary success as a taxonomic group is partly due to their striking behavioural plasticity. As such they are also extremely useful organisms on which to test mechanistic and functional models of behaviour. Considerable progress has been made over the past decade in understanding how behaviour, ecology, and genetics interact to determine individual survival and reproductive success in fishes, and thus the evolution of their behaviour. Behavioural Ecology of Teleost Fishes reviews the latest advances in behavioural adaptations for survival and reproduction in fishes, and proposes new directions and approaches for future research. The book focuses on behavioural strategies and tactics of habitat selection and space use, foraging, predator avoidance and evasion, and reproduction. It also considers how the behaviour of individuals affects ecological processes at population and community levels. The text will benefit all those with a general interest in behavioural ecology, and will be required reading for students, teachers, and researchers interested in the behaviour and ecology of fishes. It will also be a valuable reference source for biologists, aquaculturists, and conservationists.
Fish migration: an evolutionary perspective
Authors: Dodson Julian J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of fish migration has been dominated by the description of migratory trajectories and of the proximate control of orientation behaviour (e.g. Harden Jones 1968; McCleave et al. 1984; McKeown 1984; Smith 1985). Although fascinating in themselves, these themes are generally not concerned with the most central assumption of behavioural ecology, that individuals behave so as to maximise their reproductive success or, rather, their inclusive fitness (Krebs and Davies 1993). The purpose of this chapter is to relate migratory behaviour to reproductive success in fishes. The coverage of the subject is more selective than exhaustive. Although I focus principally (but not exclusively) on ‘diadromous’ migrations (between freshwater and marine habitats), I have not dealt with the ultimate causes of variability in the rates of homing to and straying from natal habitats. The reader is referred to Quinn (1985) and Kaitala (1990) for a treatment of the latter. The population genetic consequences of varying levels of gene flow among locallyadapted populations is beyond the scope of this chapter.
Diet selection
Authors: Hughes Roger N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his classic work on the ecological energetics of freshwater fishes, Ivlev (1961) related feeding behaviour, through diet (prey) choice, to subsequent growth. At that time, a proximate, physiological emphasis was placed on the energy budget, and although this approach generated experimental direction and considerable insight, it eventually ceased to break new ground. Fresh impetus was given by the emerging discipline of evolutionary ecology (Krebs and Davies 1991). Seeking to explain behavioural and life-history phenomena in terms of natural selection, the evolutionary ecologist would view growth as one of many possible surrogate measures of fitness. Thus, by experimentally determining the effect of diet on growth, one can begin to relate behavioural patterns affecting diet selection to fitness. The evolutionary approach continues to have a powerful influence on the questions asked by behavioural ecologists and on the experiments they perform. It is my purpose in this chapter to illustrate the potency of the evolutionary approach as a framework for the study of diet selection in fishes. To do this, I have chosen examples that I know well and that have generality.
Avoiding and deterring predators
Authors: Smith R Jan F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The threat of predation has profound and pervasive effects on prey fishes. If we begin with structure, the body shape, size, the degree and type of body armour, and the size and arrangement of spines are all subject to selection by predators. Colours that may attract mates can also make an animal conspicuous to predators, leading to seasonal changes in appearance or to colours that may be less than optimal for mate attraction. Control of seasonal colour changes is probably a physiological response to predation, as is the production of toxins and venoms. Behavioural responses to predation are very diverse and include avoiding dangerous areas, hiding at certain times of day and recognising predators and fleeing or hiding from them, as well as evasive tactics at the moment of attack.