bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE ROLE OF HUMORAL ANTIBODY IN THE REJECTION OF PRIMARY RENAL ALLOGRAFTS IN SHEEP
Authors: Pedersen Niels C. , Morris Bede 
Published: June 2004

Antibody which had cytotoxic and agglutinating activity against donor lymphocytes appeared in the blood stream of primary renal allograft recipients usually within 48 h of the graft being finally rejected. Appearance of the antibody
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in the blood was associated with severe alterations in vascular permeability and this led to increases in the numbers of red cells and in the protein content of the lymph coming from the allograft. It was possible to elute cytotoxic and agglutinating antibody from renal allograft tissue, showing that this type of antibody was bound to graft antigens during the rejection process. The transfusion of whole serum or serum globulins obtained from sheep that had previously rejected allografts led to the destruction of recently installed renal grafts and the histological changes produced in these grafts and the alterations in the composition of the lymph coming from them were similar to those seen in the terminal stages of primary rejection. These findings have led us to the conclusion that in the sheep, at least the terminal stage of primary renal allograft rejection is mediated by humoral antibody.
GENETIC CONTROL OF IMMUNE RESPONSES IN VITRO
Authors: Kapp Judith A. , Pierce Carl W. , Schlossman Stuart , Benacerraf Baruj 
Published: June 2004

In recent studies we have found that GAT not only fails to elicit a GAT-specific response in nonresponder mice but also specifically decreases the ability of nonresponder mice to develop a GAT-specific PFC response to a subsequent challenge with GAT bound to the immunogenic carrier, MBSA. Studies presented in this paper demonstrate that B cells from nonresponder, DBA/1 mice rendered unresponsive by GAT in vivo can respond in vitro to GAT-MBSA if exogenous, carrier-primed T cells are added to the cultures. The unresponsiveness was shown to be the result of impaired carrier-specific helper T-cell function in the spleen cells of GAT-primed mice.
Spleen cells from GAT-primed mice specifically suppressed the GAT-specific PFC response of spleen cells from normal DBA/1 mice incubated with GAT-MBSA. This suppression was prevented by pretreatment of GAT-primed spleen cells with anti-θ serum plus C or X irradiation. Identification of the suppressor cells as T cells was confirmed by the demonstration that suppressor cells were confined to the fraction of the column-purified lymphocytes which contained θ-positive cells and a few non-Ig-bearing cells. The significance of these data to our understanding of Ir-gene regulation of the immune response is discussed.
A NEW SENSITIVE ASSAY FOR ANTIBODY AGAINST CELL SURFACE ANTIGENS BASED ON INHIBITION OF CELL-DEPENDENT ANTIBODY-MEDIATED CYTOTOXICITY
Authors: Halloran Phil , Schirrmacher Volker , Festenstein Hilliard 
Published: June 2004

Inhibition of cell-dependent antibody-mediated cytotoxicity has been investigated as a new assay for antibody against cell surface antigens. The cytotoxicity system consisted of effector cells (normal mouse spleen cells), target cells (61Cr-labeled chicken erythrocytes), and antitarget cell antibody. Addition of antibody against cell surface antigens in the effector cell population regularly inhibited the cytotoxicity measured in this system. This cytotoxicity inhibition assay (CIA) detected antibody with a variety of specificities: anti-H-2, anti-Thy 1.2, anti-immunoglobulin, and antimouse bone marrow-derived lymphocyte antigen. When the inhibition by anti-H-2 sera was analyzed using effector cells from congenic mice, the activity was found to be directed against specificities mapping in the H-2K, H-2D, and I regions of the H-2 complex, correlating well with the specificities characterized by complement-dependent assays.
A comparison between the sensitivity of the CIA and complement-dependent lysis revealed that the CIA was 2–11 times more sensitive for anti-H-2 antisera and 20–780 times more sensitive for certain antisera against subpopulations of the spleen cells (i.e., T cells or B cells). The CIA proved to be precise, sensitive, and reliable. It may become a very useful antibody assay in various species including man.
EFFECTS OF CONCANAVALIN A ON MOUSE PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES
Authors: Edelson Paul J. , Cohn Zanvil A. 
Published: June 2004

The half-time for the degradation of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is increased from 14 h to 37 h in Con A-treated cells, while the half-time for the degradation of [125I]BSA is increased from 5.4 h to 14.8 h. This supports prior microscopic observations which suggested that Con A pinosomes showed a marked impairment in their ability to form phagolysosomes. Artifacts due to anomalous behavior of HRP-Con A complexes, or to inhibition of lysosomal hydrolases by Con A, could be excluded.
These indications of impaired phagolysosome formation, as well as those described in the preceding paper, could be reversed by postincubation of the cells in mannose, but not in galactose. This reversal is accompanied by a dissociation of Con A-FITC from the inner surface of the pinosome membrane, into the vesicle contents. These observations may be relevant to the ability of Con A to affect several membrane characteristics, and are also of interest in relation to the impaired formation of phagolysosomes which has been described in certain in vitro parasitic infections of macrophages or other cells.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE BRIDGING HYPOTHESIS OF ANAPHYLAXIS
Authors: Mossmann Horst , Meyer-Delius Margot , Vortisch Uta , Kickhöfen Botho , Hammer Dietrich K. 
Published: June 2004

The present study has established, that cows suitably immunized with either DNP-edestin (DNP-Ed), di-DNP-gramicidin-J [(DNP)2-Gram], respectively, or p-azobenzenearsonate-Ed (ABA-Ed) synthesized and secreted reaginic antibodies (IgE) into colostrum. Whereas ABA-Ed failed to elicit more than a low response, there was however a persistent and increased antibody synthesis between 10 and 56 days after priming with DNP-Ed.
Bivalent and multivalent DNP haptens differing in molecular size, degree of substitution, and rigidity were compared for their effectiveness in eliciting Prausnitz-Küstner (P-K) reactions in either newborn colostrum-deprived calves or in those 4 wk of age. The sensitization with reaginic anti-DNP antibody has been accomplished either by feeding colostrum of the immunized dam or by intradermal injection of reaginic serum or colostral whey. It could be demonstrated that equimolar doses of the bivalent α,N-(ϵ,N-DNP-aminocaproyl-)-ϵ,N-DNP-L-lysine and the multivalent dinitrophenylated bovine serum albumin were equally effective in eliciting reactions in skin sites provided that a high affinity antibody was used for sensitization. By contrast, the comparatively rigid, bivalent hapten, (DNP)2-Gram consistently failed to induce comparable reactions. Furthermore, it was clearly shown that optimal distances of determinant groups on the haptenic molecule are a prerequisite for positive P-K reactions, since α,ϵ,N-bis-DNP-lysine failed to induce comparable reactions.
Concurrent sensitization of skin sites with reaginic anti-DNP and anti-ABA antibodies provides the final proof that cross-linking of two adjacent reaginic molecules on the mast cell surface by a bivalent hapten is required for effective elicitation of immediate-type reactions. This has been accomplished by utilizing the bivalent ϵ,N-DNP-α,N-[(4-hydroxy-3-azobenzenearsonic acid)-phenacetyl]-L-lysine (DNP-ABA) carrying noncross-reactive haptenic groups, which was consistently effective in eliciting P-K reactions in doubly but never in singly sensitized skin sites. It is apparent from the results that equimolar doses of monovalent haptens could completely inhibit the response to DNP-ABA. The present studies finally establish that mast cells of newborn colostrum-deprived calves lack IgE molecules on their surface. Thus, mast cells of newborn calves may be unique, to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in immediate-type reactions more precisely.
PROTECTIVE AND CELLULAR IMMUNE RESPONSES TO IDIOTYPIC DETERMINANTS ON CELLS FROM A SPONTANEOUS LYMPHOMA OF NZB/NZW F1 MICE
Authors: Sugai Susumu , Palmer Donald W. , Talal Norman , Witz Isaac P. 
Published: June 2004

A spontaneous lymphoma (141) producing monoclonal IgM is established in NZB/NZW F1 (B/W) mice who spontaneously develop an autoimmune disease. Idiotypic determinants of 141 IgM are present on the lymphoma cell surface as shown by indirect immunofluorescence and specific cytotoxicity with rabbit anti-idiotypic antiserum. Fluorescence and cytotoxicity are inhibited by 141 IgM but not by 104E IgM, a monoclonal IgM produced by a BALB/c plasmacytoma.
Immunization of B/W mice with 141 IgM before transplantation of lymphoma 141 confers protective immunity. No such protection occurs after immunization with 104E IgM or other unrelated proteins. Protected mice contain spleen cells cytotoxic for 141 lymphoma cells. This cytotoxicity is blocked by incubation of spleen cells with 141 IgM but not with 104E IgM. Moreover, splenic lymphocytes from protected mice are stimulated to synthesize DNA by 141 IgM but not by 104E IgM. These results suggest that specific cellular immune responses to idiotypic determinants may participate in the observed protection against challenge with the corresponding B-cell tumor.
Genetic control of specific immune suppression. III. Mapping of H-2 complex complementing genes controlling immune suppression by the random copolymer L-glutamic acid(50)-L-Tyrosine(50) (GT)
Authors: Debre P , Waltenbaugh C , Dorf M , Benacerraf B 
Published: June 2004

Earlier studies from our laboratory demonstrated that the terpolymer of L-glutamic acid, L-alanine, and L-tyrpsine (GAT) stimulated the development of T cells capable of specifically suppressing the antibody responses in vivo and in vitro of nonresponder strains (bearing the H-2(s), H-2(q), and H-2(p) haplotypes) to GAT complexed with an immunogenic carrier, methylated bovine serum albumin, MBSA (1,2). We then extended these findings to another antigen, the copolymer of L-glutamic acid and L-tyrosine (GT). None of 19 inbred or congenic resistant mouse strains developed antibody responses to GT after immunization with this synthetic polypeptide in adjuvants. All the strains investigated, however, developed IgG plaque-forming cells (PFC) primary responses to GT complexed with MBSA (3). This permitted us to determine that: (a) preimmunization with GT suppressed the response to GT-MBSA in certain but not in all strains; (b) the suppression could be transferred by thymocytes and spleen cells from GT-primed animals; (c) the development of GT-specific suppressor cells is under dominant control of H-2- linked gene(s) which have been designated specific immune suppressor genes (Is genes); (d) the Is genes are antigen specific since GAT-MBSA responses are suppressed by GAT in strains carrying the H-2(q) haplotype, while GT-MBSA responses are not suppressed by the related polymer GT in these same strains (3,4).
The experiments reported in this study map the Is genes responsible for GT-specific suppression within the H-2 complex. The data indicate that the K and D loci are not concerned with GT-specific suppression, and that this phenomenon is controlled by complementing or interacting genes which map on either side of cross-over events between the IB and IC subregions.
Purification and properties of M protein extracted from group A streptococci with pepsin: covalent structure of the amino terminal region of type 24 M antigen
Authors: Beachey EH , Stollerman GH , Chiang EY , Chiang TM , Seyer JM , Kang AH 
Published: June 2004

M protein was extracted from type 24, group A streptococci with pepsin at pH 5.8 and was further purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, ribonuclease digestion, ion-exchange chromatography, and isoelectric focusing. The purified pepsin extract of M (pep M) protein was shown to be free of nontype-specific immunoreactivity in (a) complement fixation tests with heterologous M antiserum, (b) skin tests in normal adult guinea pigs, and (c) passive hemagglutination tests for the presence of lipoteichoic acid sensitizing or antigenic activity. The pep M24 was highly immunogenic; two of three rabbits developed opsonic antibody titers of 1:256 and the third a titer of 1:32 6 wk after a single injection of 100-pg doses of pep M24 emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant. The antisera lacked nontype-specific antibodies and produced single precipitin lines in agar gel diffusion tests against crude HC1 extracts of the homologous M protein. Thus, the type-specific antigenic determinant(s) of type 24 M protein appears to be separable from immunotoxic, cross-reactive antigens without loss of immunogenicity in rabbits.
The mobility of pep M24 upon electrophoresis in 10 percent sodium dodecyl sulfate pelyacrylamide gel was consistent with an average mol wt of 33,500 daltons. Amino acid analysis demonstrated a predominance of alanine, followed by glutamic acid, lysine, leucine, and aspartic acid. Pep M24 contained an estimated six to seven methionine residues and approximately ten phenylalanine residues per molecule. No other aromatic amino acids were detected. Automatic Edman degradation of pep M24 yielded the sequence of the first 29 amino acids (the amino terminal amino acid being valine) of the amino terminal region of the molecule. The detection of only one new amino acid at each step of Edman degradation confirmed the homogeneity of the purified pep M24.
Tissue culture studies in Hodgkin's disease morphologic, cytogenic, cell surface, and enzymatic properties of cultures derived from splenic tumors
Authors: Long JC , Zamecnik PC , Aisenberg AC , Atkins L 
Published: June 2004

Monolayer and suspension cell cultures prepared from Hodgkin's disease tumors in the spleen were examined microscopically and by cytogenetics, tested for lymphocyte and monocyte cell surface properties, and assayed for enzymes by histochemical and spectrophotometric techniques. Hodgkin's disease monolayer cultures were composed of rapidly proliferating round and polygonal cells that were capable of propagation in vitro for an indefinite period of time. Abnormal aneuploid chromosomes were found in short-term Hodgkin's disease monolayers that had been passaged 16-20 times, and in established cell lines carried in culture longer than 3 yr and passaged more than 200 times. Cells fromHodgkin's disease monolayers contained lysozyme (muramidase), fluoride-resistant alpha naphthol acetate esterase, acid and alkaline phosphatase, and chymotrypsin-like activity. The monolayers did not exhibit specific cell surface markers or phagocytosis. Suspension cultures derived from Hodgkin's disease monolayers were composed of cells with aneuploid karyotypes and similar enzymes. The Hodgkin's disease suspension culture cells had surface receptors for complement and IgGFc, lacked surface or cytoplasmic immunoglobulin, and did not form Erosettes, react with an antithymocyte serum, nor exhibit phagocytosis. Normal monolayer culture cells, derived from adult spleen and human fetal spleen and thymus, were composed of spindle cells with a diploid number of chromosomes that could be carried for only a finite period of time in vitro. Normal cultured cells contained similar esterases and phosphatases, but were devoid of lysozyme and chymotrypsin-like activity.
The morphologic, cytogenetic, cell surface, and enzymatic findings indicate that our Hodgkin's disease monolayer and suspension cultures are composed of cells with many properties suggesting an origin from monocytes (macrophages) rather than lymphocytes or fibroblasts. The presence of aneuploid karyotypes is consistent with a neoplastic origin and derivation from a malignant cell of Hodgkin's disease.
Frequencies of mitogen-reactive B cells in the mouse. II. Frequencies of B cells producing antibodies which lyse sheep or horse erythrocytes, and trinitrophenylated or nitrodophenylated sheep erythrocytes
Authors: Andersson J , Coutinho A , Melchers F 
Published: June 2004

The B-cell mitogens LPS and lipoprotein stimulate 20-35 percent of all B cells in the spleen of 6- to 8-wk old C3H/Tif mice, as determined by limiting dilution analysis of precursors. Each reactive cell grows to a clone of IgM-secreting PFC, enumerated in a hemolytic plaque assay detecting all IgM secreting cells, regardless of v-region specificity. We have used these mitogens to reveal the total repertoire of Ig specificities produced by these mitogen-reactive B cells. We have determined in plaque assays with six different target erythrocytes the number of spleen cells limiting to one the number of mitogen-reactive B cells detected as specific IgM-secreting clones in each of these plaque assays. By this method, the absolute frequencies of precursor B cells with defined v-gene specificities could be calculated, for at least, one third of all B cells.
The frequencies of specific IgM-plaque-forming B-cell clones within the total pool of mitogen-reactive B cells was 1 in 10 for NIP(12),-SRC, 1 in 50 for TNP(12)- SRC, 1 in 100 for NIP(1)-SRC, 1 in 160 for TNP(3)- SRC, 1 in 500 for HRC, and 1 in 1,000 for SRC. These frequencies were the same in the LPS- and in the lipoprotein-reactive B-cell population for TNP(30)- SRC and SRC.
Immunosuppressive factor(s) specific for L-glutamic acid(50)-L- tyrosine(50) (GT). II. Presence of I-J determinants on the GT-suppressive factor
Authors: Theze J , Waltenbaugh C , Dorf ME , Benacerraf B 
Published: June 2004

The responses to the synthetic antigens, L-glutamic acid(60)-L- alanine(30)-L-tyrosine(10) (GAT) and L-glutamic acid(50)-L-tyrosine(50) (GT) are controlled by genes in the I region of the mouse H-2 complex (1-3). Preimmunization of the mice bearing the H-2(p,q,s) nonresponder haplotypes with GAT stimulates the development of suppressor T cells that inhibit in vivo or in vitro antibody responses to GAT complexed to the immunogenic carrier, methylated bovine serum albumin (GAT-MBSA) (4). The copolymer GT is not immunogenic in any inbred mouse strain tested, and has a suppressive effect on the antibody responses to GT-MBSA in mouse strains bearing the H-2(d,f,k,s) haplotypes; suppressor T cells have been demonstrated to be responsible for specific GT suppression (3).
We have obtained specific suppressive extracts from thymus and spleen cells of GAT-or GT-primed suppressor strains (5,6). The specific suppressive T-cell factors in the active extracts have been characterized (6,7) and appear similar to the carrier-specific suppressor factor described by Tada and Taniguchi (8). These products belong to a family of newly identified molecules coded for by the I region of the H-2 complex with affinity for antigen and helper (9,10) or suppressive (5-8) regulatory activity on the immune response.
Recently, Tada et al. have reported that the keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH)-specific suppressor factor is coded for by the I-J subregion of the H-2 complex (11). We now demonstrate also that a GT-specific suppressor factor extracted from the spleens and thymuses of B10.BR (H-2(k)) mice bears determinants controlled by the I-J subregion of the H-2 complex.
Regulatory functions of hapten-reactive helper and suppressor T lymphocytes. I. Detection and characterization of hapten-reactive suppressor T-cell activity in mice immunized with hapten-isologous protein conjugate
Authors: Yamamoto H , Hamaoka T , Yoshizawa M , Kuroki M , Kitagawa M 
Published: June 2004

Helper and suppressor T-cell activities were detected simultaneously in the spleen cells of mice immunized with para-azobenzoate (PAB)-mouse gammaglobulin (MGG). Dinitrophenyl (DNP)-specific B cells were raised by immunization with DNP-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and used as the indicator B-cell population. The helper and suppressor T-cell activities were determined after adoptively transferring spleen cells from PAB-MGG- primed donors and DNP-KLH-primed donors into X-irradiated recipients. Stimulation of these recipients with DNP-MGG-PAB detected helper T-cell activity, which was measured in terms of increased anti-DNP antibody responses of DNP-KLH-primed cells over these responses in the presence of unprimed cells. On the other hand, when DNP-KLH-primed cells were stimulated with DNP-KLH-PAB in the presence of PAB-MGG-primed cells, anti-DNP antibody responses were substantially lower than in unprimed normal cells.
This suppressor cell population was (a) hapten-reactive, (b) present in B-cell-depleted spleen cells, (c) Thy-1 positive, (d) detectable earlier than the helper T-cell activities after priming (e) more radiosensitive than helper cells, and (f) found in the spleen but not the lymph nodes in contrast to helper T cells. These data indicate that these suppressor T cells are distinct from the helper T cells. PAB-reactive T cells clearly suppressed the antibody response by inhibiting KLH-reactive helper T-cell functions. The hapten-reactive T-lymphocyte system described here should be useful for analyzing and manipulating the immune response and for studying regulatory interactions of helper and suppressor T cells in the induction of antibody responses.
Direct visualization of T lymphocytes bearing Ia antigens controlled by the I-J subregion
Authors: Parish CR , McKenzie IFC 
Published: June 2004

Previous studies have demonstrated that I-J-subregion-controlled Ia antigens are only expressed on a small subpopulation of peripheral T lymphocytes which includes the suppressor T cells of antibody responses (6). This subpopulation of T cells cannot be detected by conventional dye-exclusion cytotoxicity tests. A sensitive rosetting procedure therefore was developed for detecting the binding of anti-Ia antibodies to T lymphocytes. This assay system, unlike the complement lysis technique, has a low background and since it represents a direct binding assay could detect noncomplement-fixing antibodies in the antisera.
Anti-Ia sera were absorbed with B cells and using the rosetting procedure in genetic mapping studies the remaining antibodies were found to be directed against I-J-subregion-controlled determinants. These determinants were shown to be highly haplotype specific for H-2(k) and H-2(s) and appeared to be exclusively expressed on Ly-l.l(-), Ly2.1(+), T lymphocytes, at least some of which were suppressor T cells. Lymphoid organs differed in their content of anti-I-J-reactive cells, the hierarchy being spleen, lymph node more than thymus, bone marrow. In contrast, on a T-cell basis, a high proportion (35 percent) of the T cells in bone marrow reacted with anti-I-J antibodies, a substantial proportion (13 percent) of T cells from spleen were reactive, whereas the lymph node and thymus T-cell populations contained only a small proportion of positive cells (1-4 percent).