bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychotherapy Integration
Authors: Castonguay Louis G. , Reid Jack J. , Halperin Gregory S. , Goldfried Marvin R. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractIn sharp contrast to the acrimonious debates that prevailed for a long time in psychotherapy, a movement of rapprochement and integration has emerged among major theoretical orientations (psychodynamic, cognitive‐behavioral, and humanistic). The first section of this chapter presents a number of empirical, conceptual, and clinical factors that have facilitated the emergence of this movement. The major trends of current integrative efforts are then described. The chapter ends with a brief description of the directions that the integration movement should be taking in the near future in order to maximize its contributions to the development of psychotherapy.
Family Psychotherapy
Authors: Mirsalimi Hamid , Perleberg Stephanie H. , Stovall Erica L. , Kaslow Nadine J. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractTo set the stage for this chapter, background information is presented on family systems theory. This is followed by a section on the characteristics of individual families, which emphasizes family development; family structures/types; family normalcy/health and dysfunction; and meaning, beliefs, and rituals. Attention is then turned to a discussion of the major theoretical models that serve as the basis for family therapy as it is practiced today. The family therapy models that are examined include: psychodynamically oriented, experiential/humanistic, communication, strategic, structural, behavioral and cognitive‐behavioral, transgenerational, psychoeducational, and systemic/Milan. This is followed by a brief review of more current and evolving approaches such as solution‐focused, solution‐oriented, reflecting team, externalization and reauthoring lives and relationships, therapeutic conversations, and integrative. Information is also presented on culturally competent family therapy and gender‐sensitive approaches to family therapy. Specific applications of family therapy are delineated related to medical problems, substance abuse, and family violence. After a presentation of the major empirical findings related to the efficacy and effectiveness of family intervention approaches, future directions for practice and research within the field of family therapy are provided.
Brief Psychotherapies
Authors: Messer Stanley B. , Sanderson William C. , Gurman Alan S. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractSeveral factors have contributed to the increasing popularity of brief forms of psychotherapy. Among the most significant are: (1) cost‐saving measures such as managed care which has decreased the number of therapy sessions covered and (2) scientific studies demonstrating the efficacy of brief therapies for a variety of problems. These factors and others, such as the sharp increase of two‐earner families and the consequent decrease in leisure time, have increased the acceptance of brief therapy by clients and therapists as an alternative to long‐term, traditional therapies.Brief therapy is not merely less therapy. As will be reviewed in this chapter, there are several brief psychotherapies that are structured and planned to maximize efficiency. Factors such as formulating and working within a therapeutic focus, setting time limits and goals, and increased therapist activity all have the potential to bring about change in a timely way. This chapter provides a state‐of‐the‐art review of six major forms of brief psychotherapy: Brief Psychodynamic Therapy, Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Brief Marital and Family Therapy, Brief Experiential Therapy, Strategic Therapy, and Brief Integrative‐Eclectic Therapy. The following information is presented for each of these modes of psychotherapy: Historical overview, selection criteria, techniques used in therapy, theory of change, supporting research, and future directions.
Crisis Intervention
Authors: Brown Lisa M. , Shiang Julia , Bongar Bruce 
Published: November 2003

AbstractCrisis intervention services are now widely recognized as an efficacious treatment modality for the provision of emergency mental health care to individuals and groups. During the course of a lifetime, all people experience a variety of personal traumas, such as divorce or illness, while many others will also live through cataclysmic events, such as natural disasters or acts of violence, that result in a state of crisis. Although exposure to traumatic stressors can trigger adverse, long‐term effects that can become extremely difficult to resolve without the timely delivery of effective, psychological intervention, crisis states can also provide an avenue for personal growth. This chapter presents a summary of the historical highlights and the theoretical influences on the development of modem crisis intervention theory. An overview of solution focused therapy, cognitive therapy, and other useful techniques are presented along with the differences and similarities in the delivery of emergency mental health services to individuals and groups. Case examples are used to illustrate the implementation of specific assessments and interventions in providing crisis intervention services. A general framework for collaborating with law enforcement and other agencies providing emergency care providers is presented. Cultural considerations in the context of a crisis, current research, and relevant legal issues are reviewed.
Psychotherapy with Older Adults
Authors: Knight Bob G. , Nordhus Inger Hilde , Satre Derek D. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractPsychotherapy with older adults and psychotherapy integration are two important clinical movements of recent years. In this chapter, we discuss psychotherapy with older adults in an integrative framework. We first review the evidence for the effectiveness of psychological interventions with a range of problems faced by older clients, including chronic illness and disability, depression, anxiety, alcohol problems, and sleep disorders. In the following sections, we discuss integrative trends in psychotherapy with older adults using the common factors theme, the metatheoretical framework, and the prescriptive eclecticism integrative approach. In the final section, we begin to explore the potential for theoretical integration in psychotherapy with older adults, using the integrative model developed at the older adult clinical program associated with the University of Bergen (Norway). The Bergen Model, which we illustrate with a case example, emphasizes identification and modification of cyclical maladaptive patterns in interpersonal relationships. Our intertwined themes in the chapter are that the integrative approaches are useful in thinking about psychotherapy with older adults and that working with older clients may provide particular impetus to thinking in integrative terms.
Ethical Issues in Clinical Psychology
Authors: Jones Stanley E. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
This chapter includes the sources of ethical principles and standards, the major ethical issues in clinical practice, and methods of regulation. An overview of the American Psychological Association (APA) Ethics Code is provided, including its history, revisions, and content. The content of the Ethics Code is discussed in terms of competence, confidentiality, autonomy and informed consent, multiple relationships, sexual misconduct, advertising and public statements, and supervision. Frequent problem areas are covered, including sexual misconduct, forensic and child custody evaluations, managed care, and raw data release. A model for ethical decision making is presented. In addition to the APA Ethics Code, good practice requires considering other guidelines and standards, laws, and psychology licensure laws and regulations. The chapter discusses the basic enforcement of ethics codes, including direct enforcement by APA and by state or other psychological associations that adopt it and apply it to their members, as well as states that incorporate the code into licensure legislation or licensure board regulations as the profession's code of conduct. A brief section is provided regarding the role of the APA Ethics Committee Rules and Procedures that govern the process for conducting ethics investigations of members.
Health Care Marketplace in the United States
Authors: Drum David J. , Sekel Andrew 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
As the twenty‐first century begins, the United States healthcare system has endured a turbulent, unremitting change cycle for over two decades. It is truly a system in motion, configuring and reconfiguring itself on a regular basis. The Self‐Regulatory Era in health care lasted from the late nineteenth century until the late 1930s and was a time when healthcare evolved naturally in the marketplace. That era was overturned by providers in the late 1930s, when they organized to create the Fee‐for‐Service/Third‐Party Payer system, which gave the era its name. The present‐day Cost‐Containment Era has resulted from the revolts of purchasers against increasingly higher healthcare costs. Today the healthcare system has been restructured around free market principles: there has been a dramatic shift in the way healthcare services are organized, delivered, and financed. Healthcare is now treated like other commodities. Behavioral health care has felt these changes keenly, and practicing psychologists are in a very different health care world than existed through the mid‐1980s.
Role of Technology in Clinical Psychology
Authors: Rudestam Kjell Erik , Giannetti Ronald A. , Stamm B. Hudnall 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis chapter highlights the current impact of technology on the practice of clinical psychology. Within the field of education and training, computer conferencing systems are increasingly used to offer coursework at a distance. The pedagogy goes beyond the presentation of didactic materials to include collaboration, “communities of practice,” and the learning of meta‐skills such as reflective thinking and real‐world problem solving. Online supervision of graduate students within a psychology training program is part of the larger domain of “telehealth,” which uses telecommunication technology to provide health information and intervention, and consultation and supervision across distances. The technology is expanding to include interactive videodisks and expert system‐based, computer‐assisted training programs (ESCATs).The Internet offers a rich lode of counseling and psychotherapy to the public both in self‐help form and from professionals. Such Internet information and resources help to demystify psychology and provide business opportunities to enterprising psychologists for products and consultations. There are, however, ethical concerns ranging from privacy and cross‐jurisdictional licensing issues to responding appropriately to serious mental disorders online. Many psychologists today employ desktop computers to provide administration, scoring, and interpretation of psychological tests. The most common psychotherapy applications are cognitive‐behavioral interventions and manualized therapies for specific dysfunctions and the greatest resistance to their adoption seems to come from relationship‐oriented therapists. There is a need for more outcome and validation research, for determining what aspects of clinical practice and training are most easily automated, and how to provide an optimal blend of the technological with the human.
Health Psychology: Overview and Professional Issues
Authors: Marks David F. , Sykes Catherine M. , McKinley Jennifer M. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis chapter provides an introductory overview of the definition and scope of health psychology. The overview begins by discussing relationships with other professions, the clinical and community approaches to health psychology, conditions which promote and maintain health, the inalienable right to health and health care for all, and the centrality of the scientist‐practitioner model in current conceptions of training. Two contrasting approaches to education and training in the United States are described, the clinical model and the community model. Next, the rationale for education and training in Europe is outlined. The European training guidelines prioritize complementarity with other fields of applied psychology, professional autonomy and complementary independence, and stages of competency. Implementation of training is illustrated by the example of training in the United Kingdom which falls into five broad areas: professional competence, research competence, consultancy competence, teaching and training competence, and a set of optional competences, including interventions. Then, the U.S., European, and UK models are compared and contrasted exposing some interesting similarities and differences. This is followed by a critique of professionalization in health psychology. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of ethical and policy issues concerned with poverty and inequality, economics, new technologies, and the aging population.
Stressful Life Events
Authors: Schwarzer Ralf , Schulz Ute 
Published: November 2003

AbstractStressful life events are commonly seen as independent variables, called stressors, that lead to a number of negative outcomes. However, this bivariate relationship is too simplistic. Stress is a process that takes place in context, and the amount of stress actually perceived is different from the objective magnitude of a stressor. Characteristics of the taxing event, such as intensity, duration, predictability, and controllability, have some bearing on the way this actual event is cognitively appraised by individuals, along with other determinants, such as personality, social networks, and coping resources or vulnerabilities.A distinction is the one between normative and non‐normative events, another one between natural and technological disasters. We characterize the impact ofnatural and human disastersand address their health‐hazard potential. Further, we discuss events that are characterized by personal harm and loss, such asconjugal bereavementandcriminal victimization. Finally, we address the stress of immigrants and refugees.Most individuals who experience stress do not develop illness. But the cumulative exposure to aggravating daily hassles over a long time may have detrimental health effects. Extreme stressors can create both acute and prolonged distress and ailments.
Coping and Social Support
Authors: Manne Sharon 
Published: November 2003

AbstractCoping and social support are among the most widely written about and researched topics in health psychology. Both constructs have been hypothesized as reasons why particular individuals are at increased risk for developing illnesses such as cardiovascular disease and cancer and why some individuals do not adapt well once they develop a disease. More recently, coping and social support have been linked with disease course and survival. In this chapter, I review theories of coping, definitions of social support, evidence supporting the role of coping and social support in health and psychological outcomes, theoretical and methodological challenges to both areas of research, and directions for future research.
Asthma
Authors: Schmaling Karen B. , Lehrer Paul M. , Feldman Jonathan M. , Giardino Nicholas D. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractAsthma is a common and costly condition in the United States; 7.5% of the population reports having asthma. Asthma prevalence and mortality rates have been increasing in recent decades; purely biological mechanisms are insufficient to explain asthma onset, exacerbation, or its rising prevalence. This chapter reviews the application of psychological theories to the understanding of asthma; the effects of stress and mood states on asthma; and the prevalence and effects of comorbid psychiatric disorders among persons with asthma. We also provide an overview of medical treatments for asthma, and discuss challenges related to adherence with those treatments. Behavioral and other psychological interventions are reviewed that directly or indirectly affect asthma. Suggestions for future research needs and directions conclude the chapter.
Obesity
Authors: Corsica Joyce A. , Perri Michael G. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractObesity rates have increased dramatically and constitute a major public health problem. Environmental factors appear to be the major contributor to this epidemic of overweight. Continuous exposure to high‐calorie and high‐fat foods, combined with decreased occupational and leisure‐time physical activity, have produced the significant increases in body weights observed over the past two decades. Weight loss can reverse many of the complications and disadvantages associated with obesity, and progress has been made in the development of weight‐loss treatments. Behavioral interventions can produce weight reductions of sufficient magnitude to decrease the risk for many diseases; new drug treatments can enhance the effectiveness of lifestyle interventions; and gastric bypass surgery provides a viable treatment option for the very severely obese.Unfortunately, with the exception of surgery, all weight‐loss interventions suffer from the problem of poor long‐term maintenance. Providing obese patients with long‐term care has shown some benefit in this regard, but more research on the long‐term management of obesity is clearly needed. Moreover, reversing the epidemic of obesity will require a major public health initiative aimed at identifying and implementing effective behavioral, educational, and environmental strategies for the prevention and control of obesity.
Tobacco Dependence
Authors: Swan Gary E. , Hudmon Karen S. , Khroyan Taline V. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractTobacco dependence results in an estimated 430,000 premature deaths and $72 billion in related costs per year in the United States. This chapter takes a multidisciplinary approach to reviewing the problem of tobacco dependence. Findings from preclinical animal studies of the neurobiology of nicotine and its reinforcing effects have been integrated with human clinical and population studies examining sex and ethnic differences, cognitive effects, various environmental risk factors, complex genetic traits, and prevention and cessation methods for tobacco dependence. In many respects, examination of social, behavioral, and genetic risk factors in humans has developed independently from basic animal research. Fortunately, there has been a greater collaboration and exchange of findings between the human and animal fields of research, prompted mainly by significant progress at the molecular genetic level. For example, present and future research is addressing the following important issues: the study of nicotine pharmacokinetics and gene‐environment interactions in families as they relate to tobacco dependence; the examination of gene‐environment interactions in the development and maintenance of nicotine addiction in well‐controlled conditions using animal models; and the extent to which genetic variation influences response to treatment for tobacco dependence. These converging lines of research will lead to an improved understanding of the complexities of tobacco dependence and its treatment.
Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Conditions
Authors: Burke Heather M. , Zautra Alex J. , Davis Mary C. , Schultz Amy S. , Reich John W. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractArthritis and other musculo‐skeletal conditions collectively represent the most common causes of disability in the United States (Lawrence, Helmick, Arnett, et al., 1998). Currently, more than 35 million Americans suffer from some form of arthritis (Lawrence, et al., 1998). The widespread prevalence and disability associated with these conditions highlights the importance of identifying mechanisms that affect arthritis onset, course, and outcome. Traditionally, researchers attempting to understand these chronic diseases have focused on indices of disease activity to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment. However, the lack of a one‐to‐one correspondence between objective disease activity and subjective suffering underscores the futility of applying a strict biomedical model to these conditions. Instead, consideration of psychosocial in addition to traditional biomedical factors may yield more accurate predictions of reactions to stress and treatment outcomes. Furthermore, we wish to emphasize that just as there exist predisposing sources ofvulnerability, there may exist predisposing sources ofresilienceto stress. Thus, the purpose of this chapter is to illustrate the biological, psychological, and social sources of vulnerability and resilience in the most common forms of arthritis in the United States: rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoarthritis (OA), and fibromyalgia (FM).
Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Landel‐Graham Julie , Yount Susan E. , Rudnicki Susan R. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractRecent clinical trials have found that tight glycemic control is of paramount importance in avoiding associated complications in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. However, achieving such beneficial outcomes is contingent upon persons with diabetes performing a variety of self‐care behaviors and working effectively with their health care team. Research indicates that adherence rates to clinical recommendations for diabetes management are problematic, especially for those behaviors that require lifestyle modification (e.g., diet and exercise). Importantly, research indicates that psychosocial factors may play both direct and indirect roles in diabetes management. This chapter focuses upon diabetes knowledge, stress, depression, social support, patient‐practitioner interactions, and coping as correlates of adherence and blood glucose control. Results of investigations into the efficacy of interventions designed to target these correlates and thus improve diabetes management are reported. In addition, sexual dysfunction, hypoglycemia, and weight management are all discussed as special issues for persons with diabetes. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the role of health psychology in diabetes as well as future directions for the field of behavioral diabetes.
AIDS/HIV
Authors: Carey Michael P. , Vanable Peter A. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis chapter provides a basic orientation to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the resulting acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). This orientation includes a succinct overview of HIV/AIDS epidemiology, disease transmission, natural course, treatment, and psychosocial and economic effects. The authors note that HIV is disproportionately a disease of young adults, and that its economic impact includes the obvious costs associated with medical care but also lessened productivity and increased child care costs. The majority of the chapter provides a through review of intervention research conducted to prevent infections and enhance adjustment among those who become infected. Reviewed are primary prevention interventions that have been implemented to reduce transmission of HIV; this review focuses on research conducted in the United States, and is organized conceptually according to two themes: first, whether the intervention is targeted at the high‐risk groups or general population and, second, where the intervention is conducted (e.g., school, health care setting, or community). Secondary prevention approaches are also reviewed, including those designed to help infected persons cope with the psychosocial challenges associated with HIV disease, adhere to complex and demanding treatment regimens, and eliminate HIV transmission behaviors. The chapter concludes by identifying important research needs and outline the authors’ expectations regarding future developments.