bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immune response of sows vaccinated with attenuated transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and recombinant TGEV spike protein vaccines and protection of their suckling pigs against virulent TGEV challenge exposure
Authors: Park Seongkuk , Sestak Karol , Hodgins Douglas C. , Shoup David I. , Ward Lucy A. , Jackwood Daral J. , Saif Linda J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To compare recombinant transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) spike protein, (SP) R2-2, with attenuated live virus (ALV) vaccine in sows during late pregnancy.

Animals
13 TGEV-seronegative sows and their pigs.

Procedure
At prepartum weeks (PPW) 6 and 4, sows of groups 1 and 2 received ALV via the oral/intranasal (O/IN) route. At PPW 2, group-1 sows received ALV IM and group-2 sows received SPR2-2 IM. Group-3 sows received SPR2-2 IM at PPW 4 and ALV O/IN at PPW 2. Sows of group 4 (negative controls) were inoculated O/IN with mock-infected ST cell fluids at PPW 6 and 4 and IM with Sf9 cell lysates at PPW2 (n = 2), or IM with Sf9 cell lysates at PPW4 and O/IN with mock-infected ST cell fluids at PPW2 (2). Serum, colostrum, and milk samples were tested for antibody to TGEV, and a lymphoproliferative (LP) assay was done on blood mononuclear cells. Suckling pigs were challenge exposed with virulent TGEV.

Results
Sows of groups 1 and 2 had higher IgG and significantly higher antibody titers in colostrum; their pigs had significantly higher serum antibody titer. At challenge exposure of their pigs, LP responses of group-2 sows were significantly higher than those of sows in the other 3 groups. Mean pig mortality ranged from 43 (group 2) to 92% (group 4). Significant negative correlations were observed among litter mortality and sow LP response, colostral titer, and pig serum titer at time of challenge exposure.

Conclusions
In sows vaccinated twice with attenuated live TGEV, the recombinant SPR2-2 administered IM may be comparable to ALV administered IM as a booster. Vaccination failed to provide complete protection to suckling pigs after challenge exposure. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1002–1008)
Field study of vaccination of cattle with Brucella abortus strains RB51 and 19 under high and low disease prevalence
Authors: Lord Veronica R. , Schurig Gerhardt G. , Cherwonogrodzky John W. , Marcano Mabel J. , Melendez Gerardo E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To assess humoral and protective immunity in cattle vaccinated by 12 months with Brucella abortus vaccine strains RB51 and 19 under field conditions of high and low brucellosis prevalence.

Animals
450 seronegative female cattle: 330 three to eight months old (calves), and 120 ten to twelve months old (heifers).

Procedures
Ranch A had high prevalence (39%) of brucellosis, and ranch B had low prevalence (2%), as determined by results of conventional serologic testing: agar gel immunodiffusion and the ring test. Seronegative cattle were vaccinated once or twice with 5 × 109 colony-forming units of B abortus strain RB51 or once with strain 19. After vaccinating 285 cattle with strain RB51 and 165 with strain 19, 74 (26%) and 30 (18%), respectively, were bred to seropositive bulls, then were kept within the infected herd of origin.

Results
All cattle vaccinated with strain 19 seroconverted 30 days later. All 285 cattle vaccinated with strain RB51 had negative results for all serologic tests, including agar gel immunodiffusion. All RB51-vaccinated cattle that became pregnant had negative results for the ring test and for conventional serologic tests after their first calving.

Conclusions
Strain RB51 can be used as a live organism vaccine without inducing antibody titers that interfere with serodiagnosis, and induced 100% protection against field strain B abortus-induced abortion in cattle vaccinated at least 1 year before mating to an infected bull. Vaccination with strain 19 under similar conditions was less effective than vaccination with strain RB51. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1016–1020)
Prevalence of autoantibodies to thyroglobulin in dogs with nonthyroidal illness
Authors: Nachreiner R. F. , Refsal K. R. , Graham P. A. , Hauptman J. , Watson G. L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate a thyroglobulin autoantibody (TgAA) assay and determine a diagnostic threshold.

Sample Population
Serum samples from dogs with various endocrine abnormalities and from 30 obese adult female Beagles.

Procedure
TgAA were determined by use of the ELISA. Six experiments were done: 1, definition of positive results for TgAA using samples from normal and T3 autoantibody (T3AA) positive dogs; 2, establishment of prevalence of positive results in 91 clinically normal dogs; 3, evaluation of positive results for sera from dogs with nonthyroidal illnesses; 4, testing of samples from dogs with primary hypothyroidism but absence of T4AA or T3AA, or both; 5, determination of prevalence of false-negative results in dogs that are T4AA and/or T3AA positive, which were (18 dogs) or were not (22 dogs) receiving L-thyroxine replacement therapy; and 6, examination of thyroid biopsy specimens from 18 dogs (8 TgAA positive and 10 TgAA negative).

Results
Positive results were defined as at least twice (200%) the optical density of the negative-control sample. False-positive results were obtained for only 3.4% of 146 dogs with nonthyroidal illness. Thirty-seven percent of dogs with primary hypothyroidism, but no evidence of T4AA or T3AA, or both, were TgAA positive. False-negative results were found in 1 of 22 and 2 of 18 T3AA-positive dogs with and without thyroid replacement therapy, respectively. Thyroid biopsy specimens from 8 TgAA-positive dogs had evidence of lymphocytic thyroiditis, whereas those from 10 TgAA-negative dogs did not.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance
The assay is sensitive and specific for identification of lymphocytic autoimmune thyroiditis in dogs, and has potential for aiding early diagnosis of thyroiditis in dogs and identifying dogs likely to perpetuate hypothyroidism in breeding programs. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:951–955)
Role of nitric oxide in in vitro contractile activity of the third compartment of the stomach in llamas
Authors: Van Hoogmoed Linda , Rakestraw Peter C. , Snyder Jack R. , Harmon Faye A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine the role of nitric oxide and an apamin-sensitive nonadrenergic-noncholinergic inhibitory transmitter in in vitro contractile activity of the third compartment in llamas.

Sample Population
Isolated strips of third compartment of the stomach from 5 llamas.

Procedure
Strips were mounted in tissue baths containing oxygenated Kreb's buffer solution and connected to a polygraph chart recorder to measure contractile activity. Atropine, guanethidine, and indomethacin were added to tissue baths to inhibit muscarinic receptors, adrenoreceptors, and prostaglandin synthesis. Responses to electrical field stimulation following addition of the nitric oxide antagonist Νω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and apamin were evaluated.

Results
Electrical field stimulation (EFS) resulted in a reduction in the amplitude and frequency of contractile activity, followed by rebound contraction when EFS was stopped. Addition of L-NAME resulted in a significant reduction in inhibition of contractile activity. Addition of apamin also resulted in a significant reduction in inhibitory contractile activity at most stimulation frequencies. The combination of L-NAME and apamin resulted in a significant reduction in inhibition at all frequencies.

Conclusion
Nitric oxide and a transmitter acting via an apamin-sensitive mechanism appear to be involved in inhibition of contractile activity of the third compartment in llamas.

Clinical Relevance
Results suggest that nitric oxide plays an important role in mediating contractile activity of the third compartment in llamas. Use of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors may have a role in the therapeutic management of llamas with lesions of the third compartment. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1166— 1169)
Changes in plasma protein concentrations in ponies with experimentally induced alimentary laminitis
Authors: Fagliari José J. , McClenahan David , Evanson Oral A. , Weiss Douglas J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether plasma protein concentrations were altered in ponies with alimentary laminitis.

Animals
12 adult ponies.

Procedure
Acute laminitis was induced in 6 ponies by oral administration of carbohydrate (85% corn starch, 15% wood flour); the other 6 ponies were used as controls. A physical examination was performed and blood samples were collected immediately before and 4, 8, 12, 24, and 28 hours after administration of carbohydrate. Plasma protein concentrations were determined by means of sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

Results
19 plasma proteins ranging from a molecular weight of 24,000 to a molecular weight of 350,000 were identified in all 12 ponies. Plasma concentrations of proteins with molecular weights of 350,000 (fibrinogen), 130,000 (ceruloplasmin), 118,000 (c-reactive protein), 67,000 (α1-antitrypsin I), 65,000 (α1-antitrypsin II), 50,000 (haptoglobulin), and 45,000 (acid glycoprotein) were significantly increased in ponies with laminitis, compared with concentrations in control ponies.

Conclusion
Changes in plasma protein concentrations are detectable within 4 hours after the onset of alimentary laminitis in ponies.

Clinical Relevance
Measurement of plasma protein concentrations may be useful in monitoring the progression of laminitis in ponies. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1234–1237)
Hematologic and serum biochemical variables and plasma corticotropin concentration in healthy aged horses
Authors: McFarlane Dianne , Sellon Debra C. , Gaffney Debbie , Hedgpeth Vickie , Papich Mark , Gibbs Scott 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To compare hematologic and serum biochemical variables and plasma ACTH concentration between healthy horses 5 to 12 years old and those more than 20 years old.

Animals
30 healthy horses 5 to 12 years old and 30 healthy horses more than 20 years old.

Procedures
Venous blood was collected from all horses, and CBC and serum biochemical analysis were performed for each horse. Plasma ACTH concentration was determined by radioimmunoassay. Student's paired t-test or the Mann-Whitney rank sum test was used to compare values between control and aged horse groups.

Results
Compared with values for control horses, aged horses had significantly higher erythrocyte mean cell volume and mean cell hemoglobin. Aged horses also had significantly decreased total lymphocyte count. Five aged horses had lymphocyte count that was lower than the low reference limit as established for horses in our laboratory. Differences between control and aged horses for serum biochemical or plasma ACTH values were not significant.

Conclusion
Compared with younger adult horses, those more than 20 years old have some hematologic differences, but there is no apparent effect of aging on baseline plasma ACTH concentration.

Clinical Relevance
It is important to establish age-matched control values for optimal interpretation of clinicopathologic variables. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59: 1247–1251)
Comparison of two techniques for total intravenous anesthesia in horses
Authors: Mama K. R. , Pascoe P. J. , Steffey E. P. , Kollias-Baker C. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To characterize responses associated with two 1-hour total intravenous anesthesia techniques in horses.

Animals
6 mature, healthy mares.

Procedure
Each horse was anesthetized 3 times. Treatment order was determined by a series of Latin squares. After baseline measurements and instrumentation, horses were given xylazine (XYL) IV; anesthesia was induced 5 minutes later with 10% guaifenesin given IV, then either ketamine (KET) or propofol (PRO) was given IV. After anesthesia induction, each horse received an infusion of XYL and either KET or a low or high dose of PRO. Cardiopulmonary variables were measured at 20, 40, and 60 minutes after the start of the infusion; arterial blood samples were collected prior to each set of measurements, and blood gas tensions and plasma drug concentration were determined. A noxious stimulus was applied after each of the 3 sets of measurements.

Results
Differences in measured cardiopulmonary variables were significant among all treatments at different times. Most notable differences were between KET and high PRO. Times to regaining sternal and standing posture were shortest for KET, and differed significantly from values for low and high PRO. Purposeful responses were not observed for high PRO in horses after noxious stimulation. In contrast, 4 horses given KET responded at all time points and 1 horse given low PRO responded.

Conclusion
None of the infusion techniques were flawless, but results support continued efforts at technique refinement and selected clinical use. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1292–1298)
Experimental implantation of posterior chamber prototype intraocular lenses for the feline eye
Authors: Gilger Brian C. , Davidson Michael G. , Colitz Carmen M. H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To measure postoperative anterior chamber depth (ACD), corneal curvature, and refractive state of feline eyes after lens removal and implantation of a prosthetic intraocular lens (IOL) and determine appropriate IOL use in cats.

Animals
8 clinically normal adult cats.

Procedure
A-scan ultrasonic biometry, keratometry, and streak retinoscopy were performed on both eyes of each cat before and after lens removal and implantation of a prosthetic IOL. Three diopter (D) IOL strengths were used: 48, 51, and 60 D. Measurements were recorded for 12 weeks after surgery.

Results
IOL were well tolerated by cats, with no serious complications attributable to implantation or presence of the IOL. The ACD was significantly greater after (8.30 mm) than before (4.97 mm) surgery; however, it became slightly more shallow during the 4 weeks after surgery, suggesting that the IOL shifted anteriorly in the eye. Significant difference in corneal curvature was not detected before or after surgery among eyes with various IOL. Twelve weeks after surgery, eyes with 48-, 51-, and 60-D IOL had mean ± SD refractive state of +2.1 ± 0.49, +0.42 ± 0.20, and -2.6 ± 0.78 D, respectively. Linear regression analysis of refractive state on IOL power for all eyes at 12 weeks after surgery predicted that +52.8-D IOL was necessary to best approximate emmetropia in these cats.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance
IOL of substantially higher diopter strength than that needed in dogs was required to achieve emmetropia after lens extraction in cats. A 52- to 53-D IOL is required to correct feline eyes to near emmetropia after lens removal. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1339–1343)
Evaluation of mild lameness in horses trotting on a treadmill by clinicians and interns or residents and correlation of their assessments with kinematic gait analysis
Authors: Keegan Kevin G. , Wilson David A. , Wilson Daniel J. , Smith Bryan , Gaughan Earl M. , Pleasant R. Scott , Lillich James D. , Kramer Joanne , Howard Rick D. , Bacon-Miller Christy , Davis Elizabeth G. , May Kimberly A. , Cheramie Hoyt S. , Valentino William L. , van Harreveld Phillip D. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To estimate sensitivity and accuracy of subjective evaluation of mild lameness in horses during treadmill locomotion and to correlate subjective evaluation with kinematic analysis.

Animals
19 lame and 5 clinically normal horses.

Procedure
Lameness was evaluated by subjective score and kinematic analysis before and after palmar digital nerve block (PDNB). Evaluations were made by 6 clinicians and 7 interns or residents. Within- and between-observer agreement analyses (κ values) were calculated and compared, using a Student’s t-test. Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficients were calculated between clinician’s change in score and the change in kinematic variables after PDNB.

Results
Within-observer agreement was within the range expected for conditions of moderate diagnostic difficulty. Within-observer agreement was higher for clinicians than for interns or residents. Between-observer agreement was acceptable for scores within 1 value of each other. Between-observer agreement of change in lameness score after PDNB was poor. When kinematic variables were ranked with each clinician’s subjective change in score, only 2 were among the top 3 for the majority of clinicians. Asymmetry of vertical head movement between contralateral forelimb stance phases and the point of maximum hoof height during swing decreased as lameness subjectively improved.

Conclusion
Mild lameness may be difficult to evaluate during treadmill locomotion. Although clinicians were more repeatable in their subjective evaluation of lameness than interns or residents, they were not more reliable at detecting the true state of lameness.

Clinical Relevance
Lack of agreement between clinician scoring of mild lameness emphasizes the need to use more objective measures for quantifying lameness. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1370–1377)
Protection of pregnant cattle and their fetuses against infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 by use of a modified-live virus vaccine
Authors: Cortese V. S. , Grooms D. L. , Ellis J. , Bolin S. R. , Ridpath J. F. , Brock K. V. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine efficacy of a vaccine containing modified-live bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) type 1 for protecting pregnant cows and their fetuses against virulent heterologous BVDV type 1.

Design
Randomized controlled cohort study.

Animals
18 yearling beef heifers seronegative for BVDV and negative when tested for BVDV by virus isolation.

Procedure
Cattle were randomly assigned to control (unvaccinated; n = 6) or vaccinated (12) groups. Vaccinated heifers were given a combination vaccine containing modified-live BVDV type 1 comprising a cytopathic (NADL) strain. All 18 heifers were then bred and challenge-exposed between 70 and 75 days of gestation with BVDV type 1, administered intranasally. Cattle were monitored, and infection status of offspring was determined after parturition. Antibody concentrations of vaccinated and control heifers were also monitored.

Results
All 6 calves from control heifers had positive results on multiple virus isolation tests and were considered persistently infected. In comparison, only 2 calves from vaccinated cows had positive results on virus isolation tests and were considered persistently infected. One vaccinated heifer aborted, but the fetus was not persistently infected, and the abortion was not attributed to BVDV infection.

Clinical Implications
Analysis of these data indicated that a single dose of a modified-live NADL-derived BVDV type 1 vaccine will confer protection to dams and their fetuses against challenge-exposure to heterologous BVDV type 1 organisms. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1409–1413)
Transient alteration in intestinal permeability to technetium Tc99m diethylenetriaminopentaacetate during the prodromal stages of alimentary laminitis in ponies
Authors: Weiss Douglas J. , Evanson Oral A. , MacLeay Jennifer , Brown David R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To determine whether mucosal permeability is altered during the prodromal stages of alimentary laminitis.

Animals
15 healthy adult ponies.

Procedures
Intestinal permeability was evaluated for control ponies (n = 5) and for ponies 4 to 12 (n = 5) and 20 to 28 (n = 5) hours after administration of carbohydrate overload. Mucosal permeability was determined by measuring the percentage of orally administered technetium Tc99m diethylenetriaminopentaacetate (99mTc-DTPA) excreted in urine during an 8-hour period, then measuring blood radioactivity at hourly intervals. Plasma endotoxin-like activity was measured by use of a chromogenic Limulus amebocyte assay.

Results
Urinary excretion of 99mTc-DTPA was 2.45% of administered dose for control ponies, and was 16.67% of administered dose 4 to 12 hours and 3.57% of administered dose 20 to 28 hours after administration of carbohydrate.

Conclusions
A marked but transient increase in intestinal permeability was observed early in the prodromal stages of alimentary laminitis.

Clinical Relevance
Absorption of substances from the intestine may be an initiating event in alimentary laminitis. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1431–1434)
Relations between biochemical markers of osteoarthritis and other disease parameters in a population of dogs with naturally acquired osteoarthritis of the genual joint
Authors: Innes John F. , Sharif Mohammed , Barr Alistair R. S. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To investigate the hypothesis that concentrations of the keratan sulfate epitope, 1/20/5D4 (5D4) and total sulfated glycosaminoglycans (S-GAG) in synovial fluids, and of 5D4 in serum of dogs with naturally acquired osteoarthritis of the genual joint (stifle), secondary to cranial cruciate ligament deficiency, are associated with other disease parameters of osteoarthritis.

Animals
58 dogs with stifle osteoarthritis secondary to naturally acquired cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) deficiency.

Procedure
All dogs were examined clinically, radiographically and, in some instances, scintigraphically. Serum and synovial fluid from both stifles were assayed for 5D4 concentration, using an inhibition ELISA, and for S-GAG, using a direct dye-binding assay.

Results
Serum 5D4 concentration was not significantly associated with other disease features. Total S-GAG values were high, and 5D4 values were low, in synovial fluid from clinically active, compared with contralateral joints. The S-GAG concentration in synovial fluid from clinically active joints was negatively correlated with radiographic severity score (rs = −0.389, P = 0.004, Spearman's rank correlation). Other associations between marker concentrations and disease parameters could not be detected.

Conclusions
Serum 5D4 concentration is not a useful marker of stifle osteoarthritis in dogs; however, synovial fluid S-GAG and 5D4 values may hold more promise as disease measures. (Am J Vet Res 1998; 59:1530-1536)
Serotyping scheme for Staphylococcus aureus isolated from cows with mastitis
Authors: Guidry Albert , Fattom Ali , Patel Atul , O'Brien Celia , Shepherd Sara , Lohuis Jos 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To identify the Staphylococcus aureus capsular serotypes that are not typable, using capsular serotypes 5 and 8, which are currently used to type Saureus isolated from cows with mastitis.

Sample Population
Milk samples (n = 273) from cows with mastitis in 178 dairy herds in California, Wisconsin, Michigan, Texas, and New York that were collected by state diagnostic laboratories and S aureus-positive milk samples collected by Veterinary Health Services in the United Kingdom (15), France (22), The Netherlands (36), and Germany (21).

Procedure
Capsular serotyping of coded isolates was performed by use of direct cell agglutination and immunoprecipitation of cell extracts with antisera specific for capsular types 5 and 8 and a newly developed S aureus serotyping antiserum 336.

Results
In the United States, S aureus capsular types 5 and 8 accounted for 18 and 23% of the isolates, respectively, and type 336 accounted for 59%. Percentage of capsular serotypes in European samples were as follows: type 5 = 34%, type 8 = 34%, type 336 = 30%, and nontypable = 2%.

Conclusions
Serotypes 5 and 8 accounted for only 41% of S aureus isolates from US milk samples, but accounted for 70% of isolates from European milk samples. Addition of the newly developed serotyping antiserum 336 to the typing scheme accounted for 100% of US samples and 98% of European samples and will enable development of a more comprehensive S aureus vaccine. (Am J Vet Res 1998; 59:1537-1539)