bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Spirit and The Letter: Aristotle on Perception
Authors: Caston Victor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is hard to imagine that a footnote could cause so much controversy. In his 1974 article, ‘Body and Soul in Aristotle’, Richard Sorabji claimed that perceiving, on Aristotle’s view, involves a physiological process in which the sense organ ‘literally takes on’ the perceptible quality of the object (49 n. 22).1 It was intended, no doubt, as a straightforward reading of Aristotle’s claim that perception is a form of assimilation, where the sense organ becomes like its object.
Plato’s Stoic View of Motivation
Authors: Carone Gabriela Roxana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to a common interpretation of Plato’s Republic, the views on virtue and motivation expounded there might seem blatantly opposed to that of the Stoics. Two important differences could be summarized as follows: Whereas orthodox Stoics believe that all motivating desire requires assent and evaluative attitudes, Plato presents in the Republic a picture that allows for irrational, pre-evaluative, or even pre-propositional motivational appetites.
Shared Valuing and Frameworks for Practical Reasoning
Authors: Bratman Michael E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Intentions, plans, and policies provide background frameworks that structure deliberation and practical reasoning. These background frameworks have a characteristic stability over time. They shape practical reasoning, sometimes by shaping what options are to be considered, sometimes by shaping what is to count as a consideration of significance in favour of or contrary to options considered. In providing such frameworks our intentions, plans, and policies help constitute and support important forms of cross temporal co00ADordination and organization both within the life of an individual agent and socially, across different lives.
Reasons: A Puzzling Duality?
Authors: Scanlon T M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It would seem that our choices can affect the reasons we have. If I adopt a certain end, then it would seem that I have reason to do what is required to pursue it, a reason that I otherwise would not have had. On the other hand, many of us believe that we have other reasons that are not dependent on our choices. If accelerating my car and driving straight ahead would seriously injure a pedestrian, this is a reason for me not to do that. And it seems, to me at least, that this is a reason I would have whatever ends I may have chosen. Its being a reason is something I discover rather than create.
Projects, Relationships, and Reasons
Authors: Scheffler Samuel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The relation between values and reasons has been the subject of much discussion in recent moral philosophy, but few people have explored the topic with as much insight and sensitivity as Joseph Raz. In this essay, I will discuss one aspect of what Raz calls ‘the value reason nexus’:1 namely, the relation between valuing certain kinds of things and the recognition of reasons for action. Elsewhere I have argued that to value one’s relationship to another person non00ADinstrumentally just is, in part, to be disposed to treat that person’s needs, interests, and desires as providing one with reasons for action, reasons that one would not have had in the absence of the relationship. This is part of what valuing a relationship non instrumentally involves. In this essay, I want to extend the argument from interpersonal relationships to personal projects.
Aristotle’s Natural Teleology And Metaphysics Of Life
Authors: Pavlopoulos Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past thirty years, two stances have dominated interpretations of Aristotle’s teleology. Martha Nussbaum and Hilary Putnam, in arguing that Aristotle was a functionalist, have barely conceded that the notion of a final cause is more than a mere epistemic concept. While they focus their reading on conceptual analysis, other commentators, chiefly David Balme and Allan Gotthelf, have relied on Aristotle’s scientific views on the constitution of living matter to interpret his arguments for final causation. Balme and Gotthelf both claim that this teleology rests on ontological, and not merely semantic, non-reductionism about forms, souls, and ultimately life, to physical matter. They further maintain that in the domain of life at least, such non-reductionism is largely an empirical claim.
Grammatical Relations
Authors: Farrell Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Patrick Farrell shows how grammatical relations are characterized in competing theories of grammar and reveals the different theories' merits and limitations. He compares mainstream generative-transformational theory with formalist and functionalist approaches, showing points of convergence and divergence. This is an ideal introduction to the field for graduate students and will be a useful reference for theoretical syntacticians of all persuasions.
Introduction
Authors: Farrell Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Language is used to say things about things that happen in the world. We conceive of what happens in the world as involving people and other entities doing things, often to each other. In order to say something about things that happen, it is critical to identify the participants and the precise process in which they are involved. Noun phrases (NPs) such as the boy, a dog, and the branches are used to identify event participants, by virtue of the fact that they are built on nouns, which (typically) name kinds of things. Verbs, such as touch, hit, sneeze, and shout, are used to identify types of processes. Knowing the syntactic and semantic conventions for constructing NPs, how the world is generally considered to operate, and the meanings of the words the, boy, touched, and branches is not enough to tell me everything I need to know about the meaning of a sentence such as (1.1) in a hypothetical language like English-but with no conventions governing the relative order of verbs and noun phrases.
On projecting the unprojectible
Authors: Shoemaker Sydney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This essay deals with one of the issues raised by Nelson Goodman’s predicate “grue” and other similarly defined predicates. Goodman defines “grue” as applying “to all things examined before t just in case they are green but to other things just in case they are blue,” where t is some particular time in the future - say, 12:or a.m., E.S.T., r January 2010. I take this to mean that something is grue at a given time if and only if either (r) it is green at that time and is (has been or will be) first examined before t, or (2) it is blue at that time and is not (has not been and will not be) examined before t. Goodman defines another predicate, “bleen,” which is defined as applying to all things examined before t just in case they are blue and to other things just in case they are green. And he points out that while we can define “grue” and “bleen” in terms of “green” and “blue,” we can also define “green” and “blue” in terms of “grue” and “bleen”; for example, we can say that something is green just in case it is grue and examined before t or bleen and not so examined.
Phenomenal similarity
Authors: Shoemaker . Sydney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I shall begin by quoting from some recent philosophical discussions of sensation. In his book Myself and Others Don Locke says that “My elders and betters taught me what ‘pain’ meant even though they did not and could not know how my sensations felt because they did not and could not feel them.”1 This is possible, according to Locke, because
A sensation’s being a pain sensation is not a matter of how it feels, but a matter of its being of the sort caused by bodily damage and leading to pain behavior. Similarly a sensation’s being a sensation of cold is not a matter of how it feels, but a matter of its being a sensation of the sort caused by frost and snow and leading to shivering, etc. And similarly for other sensations.2
Functionalism and qualia
Authors: Shoemaker Sydney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In their paper “What Psychological States are Not” N. J. Block and J. A. Fodor raise a number of objections to the ‘functional state identity theory’ (FSIT), which says that “for any organism that satisfies psychological predicates at all, there exists a unique best description such that each psychological state of the organism is identical with one of its machine states relative to that description.”1 FSIT is a version of ‘functionalism,’ which they characterize as the more general doctrine that “the type-identity conditions for psycho¬ logical states refer only to their relations to inputs, outputs, and one another.”2 Most of the objections Block and Fodor raise they take to be objections only to FSIT, and not to functionalism more broadly construed.
Vagueness: A Fifth Colun1n Approach
Authors: Wright Crispin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anyone must agree that vagueness pervades the lexicon of natural languages: almost everything we say is expressed in vague vocabulary. It is a little more controversial, but presumably true, that this is unavoidable: that a language stripped of vague expressions would suffer not merely in point of usefulness— often a vague judgement is exactly what we need—but in its very expressive power. (We need concepts, for instance, of rough impressions, of casual appearances, and of circumstances in which a precise predicationsay, “is more than six feet tall”—may justifiably be made on the basis of rough—and— ready observation; and we need to be able to express these concepts.) 'This makes vagueness a topic of central philosophical significance in at least two ways. Both the philosophy of languagein so for as it is concerned with what it is, at the most general level, to have mastery of a natural language—and the metaphysics of the relationship between natural languages and the world they serve to represent must demand an understanding of the nature of vagueness.
The Sen1an tic Paradoxes and the Paradoxes of Vagueness
Authors: Field Hartry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Both in dealing with the semantic paradoxes and in dealing with vagueness and indeterminacy, there is some temptation to weaken classical logic: in particular, to restrict the law of excluded middle. The reasons for doing this are somewhat different in the two cases. In the case of the semantic paradoxes, a weakening of classical logic (presumably involving a restriction of excluded middle) is required if We are to preserve the naive theory of truth without inconsistency. In the case of vagueness and indeterminancy there is no worry about inconsistency; but a central intuition is that we must reject the factual status of certain sentences, and it hard to see how we can do that while claiming that the law of excluded middle applies to those sentences.
Universal Universal Quantification: Comments on Rayo and
Authors: McGee Vann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In telling us what formulas of the lower predicate calculus are true under every interpretation in which the variables are allowed to range over everything whatever, Dr.Rayo and Professor Williamson (Chapter 15 in this volume) have given us the answer we anticipated to a question we thought we knew the answer to all along. It’s been known since the 1930s that a formula is a theorem of .6.00. if and only if it is true under every interpretation over some infinite domain, which happens if and only if it’s true under every interpretation over every infinite domain.
How Might We Survive Death?
Authors: Sorabji Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The earliest written suggestion in Western writing that we might be annihilated at death is said to be on the inscription for those who fell at the battle of Potidaea in Greece in 432 bc.1 For hundreds of years before that, the Homeric bards had been singing of at least a shadowy after-life. Not that a Homeric after-life would comfort everybody. It was pretty gloomy, with a very dimmed form of consciousness, and it allowed for punishment of the wicked. The possibility of annihilation is not necessarily what people fear about death. They may rather fear illness or pain, or the interruption of their projects and relationships, or subsequent punishment. Indeed, around 300 bc, the philosopher Epicurus sought to remove the fear of punishment after death by saying that we need not worry, because we were a bunch of atoms and would have disintegrated.
If we do not survive death, is it irrational to feel dismay?
Authors: Sorabji Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last two chapters, I have discussed four ways in which we might be expected to survive death: reincarnation, disembodiment, resurrection, and time going round in a circle. All turned out to have their difficult, though I did not exclude them all as impossible methods. Nonetheless, if we do not survive, is it irrational to feel dismay at that prospect? I certainly do not accept the view that annihilation would make life pointless. If there is no point in a life of four score years, it will not gain point by being prolonged, even indefied. But I want to consider the opposite view: that fear of annihilation, so far from being justified, is irrational. Of various reasons that have been, or might be, suggested for rejecting dismay, I shall mention some only briefely.
Language Networks
Authors: Hudson Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book argues that language is a network of concepts which in turn is part of the general cognitive network of the mind. It challenges the widely-held view that language is an innate mental module with its own special internal organization. It shows that language has the same internal organization as other areas of knowledge such as social relations and action schemas, and reveals the rich links between linguistic elements and contextual categories. Professor Hudson presents a new theory of how we learn and use our knowledge of language. He puts this to work in a series of extended explorations of morphology, syntax, semantics, and sociolinguistics. Every step of his argument and exposition is illustrated with examples, including the kind mainstream theory finds it hard to analyse. He introduces the latest version of his influential theory of Word Grammar and shows how it can be used to explain the operations of language and as a key to understanding the associated operations of the mind.
Pakistan
Authors: Shackle Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Islamic Republic of Pakistan is a virtually unique case of a multilingual Asian country whose frontiers were explicitly defined by the religious identity of the majority of its inhabitants. The partition of the British Indian empire in 1947 into the separate countries of India and Pakistan was the result of a successful separatist campaign to achieve an independent homeland for the Muslims of South Asia. Since the Muslim majority areas of South Asia were not geographically contiguous, Pakistan was initially created as a country of two separate halves (West and East Pakistan) on either side of a hostile India. A mass exchange of populations between Pakistan and India along religious lines further conformed the Muslim identity of Pakistan while simultaneously changing previous patterns of linguistic identity. Following two in-conclusive wars with India fought over the disputed territory of Kashmir in 1947–48 and 1965, Pakistan was itself divided in 1971, when a third war resulted in the former East Pakistan becoming the independent country of Bangladesh. The focus of this chapter is on present-day Pakistan, the former West Pakistan.
Taiwan
Authors: Simpson Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Issues of language and national identity have been of considerable importance for those living on the island of Taiwan for much of the twentieth century, and continue to be the subject of great public debate in contemporary Taiwan as the population tries to establish what kind of nation it thinks it should belong to. Having initially been incorporated into China as part of the Qing empire during the seventeenth century, Taiwan became an official part of the Japanese empire in 1895 when ceded to Japan following the Sino-Japanese war of 1894–5. For much of the fifty years after this, there were concerted efforts to assimilate the population of Taiwan to a Japanese national identity, with the manipulation of language playing a key role in the attempts at assimilation. In 1945, the forced departure of the Japanese led to Taiwan coming to be occupied by a second, twentieth-century long-term ruling force from outside the island, the Chinese nationalist army of the Kuo Min Tang (KMT), which adopted Taiwan as its main base of operations and stronghold after being defeated by communist forces on the Chinese mainland. Continued claims by the KMT to be the official government of all China resulted in policies on Taiwan which promoted an idealized Chinese national identity and simultaneously enforced the suppression of local Taiwanese language and culture. More recently still, since the lifting of restrictions on language and political opposition in the mid-1980s, there has been a dramatic growth in the championing of a local, potentially national, Taiwanese identity, and the celebration of languages spoken on the island prior to the arrival of the mainlander nationalist government. Taiwan has thus experienced a complex twentieth century from the point of view of language and national identity, with various, quite different national identities being promoted on the island, and language continuously being manipulated for political reasons. The present situation of Taiwan also remains highly complex, with the sovereignty and future of the territory still very much under dispute.
Cambodia
Authors: Heder Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the early twentieth century, the Khmer language has been at the centre of a series of only partly successful attempts by Cambodian politicians to rework and re-present ethnic identities in Cambodian society into one with a unitary national core. Their lack of success reflects that of Khmer nationalist movements themselves, a failure all the more striking given the overwhelming linguistic hegemony of Khmer for a millennium in what is now Cambodia. The current Hun Sen-led political regime lacks a credible nationalist pedigree, and Cambodia now seems to be passing – some would say disappearing – into an era of Asianization within globalization, having never passed through a period of viable nationalist rule. Instead, after a series of at best weak and at worst catastrophically self-destructive regimes since the nineteenth century – late classical, colonial, royalist, republican, communist, and liberal democratic – Cambodia still lacks an effective modern state and a self-sustaining national identity.
The Philippines
Authors: Gonzalez Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
a National Language in Search of a Nation The Director of the Philippines Institute of National Language from 1955 to 1969, Jose Villa Panganiban, a person who had dedicated his entire life to the development of the national language of his country, is recorded to have lamented, as he lay dying, that Pilipino (the name of the national language at the time) was ‘a language in search of a people (or a nation)’.1 In more prosaic language, what the late director was lamenting was the fact that it seemed that in spite of decades of work by the Institute of National Language (the official development agency for the selection, standardization, propagation, and cultivation of the national language), the national language had not yet been accepted by the people of the Philippines at large (Gonzalez 1980).
Justice and Law in Hobbes
Authors: Green Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Justice is one of the most important moral concepts for Hobbes and the most mature statement of his moral philosophy is presented in chapters 13-15 ofLeviathan. Nonetheless, Hobbes makes three claims about justice in these chapters that are in tension with one another. 1. There is no such thing as justice or injustice in the state of nature. To this war of every man against every man, this also is consequent; that nothing can be unjust. The notions of right and wrong,justice and injustice have there no place. Where there is no common power, there is no law: where no law, no injustice. Injustice is, by definition, breaking a valid covenant.
The Enigma of Leibniz’s Atomism
Authors: Arthur Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reminiscing about his early views on the continuum problem in a dia-logue penned in 1689, Leibniz recalled the period in his youth when he had enthusiastically subscribed to the ‘New Philosophy’, embracing the composition of the continuum out of points and the doctrine that ‘a slower motion is one interrupted by small intervals of rest.’2 Speaking of himself through the character Lubinianus, he continues: And I indulged other dogmas of this kind, to which people are prone when they are willing to entertain every imagination, and do not notice the infinity lurking everywhere in things.
Answering Bayle’s Question: Religious Belief in the Moral Philosophy of the Scottish Enlightenment
Authors: Harris James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Bayle states the question,’ wrote Lord Karnes in his Sketches of the History of Man,’Whether a people may not be happy in society and be qualified for good government, upon principles of morality singly, without any sense of religion’.’The question is ingenious,’ he continues, ‘and may give opportunity for subtile reasoning’.1 In this essay I examine some answers given to Bayle’s question in the moral philosophy of the Scottish Enlightenment. Calvin had claimed that ‘natural’ man is so depraved ‘that he can be moved or impelled only to evil’;2 and the Westminster Confession too affirms that, because of the sin of Adam and Eve, all human beings are ‘made opposite to all good and wholly inclined to all evil’(VI. iv). Hutcheson, Karnes, Smith, and Reid all reject this kind of pessimism.
The Fragmenting Family
Authors: Almond Brenda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Brenda Almond throws down a timely challenge to the liberal consensus about personal relationships. She maintains that the traditional family is fragmenting in Western societies, and that this fragmentation is a cause of serious social problems. Behind this phenomenon Almond finds a new ideology according to which the family is seen no longer as a natural procreative unit, but rather as a social construction, a set of legal and social relationships. She gives an urgent warning about the danger of legal changes which weaken the contractual status of marriage and discount genetic and biological parenthood. These changes threaten the parent-child link which is fundamental to human life. The Fragmenting Family challenges widespread beliefs about commitment and freedom in partnerships and parenthood. Almond urges that we reconsider our attitudes to sex and reproduction in order to strengthen our most important social institution, the family, which is the key to ensuring healthy relationships between parents and children and a secure upbringing for the citizens of the future. Anyone who is concerned about how the framework of society is changing, anyone who has to face difficult personal decisions about parenthood or family relationships, will find this book compelling. It may disturb deep convictions, or offer an unwelcome message; but it is compassionate as well as controversial.