bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence of Developmental Differences in Implicit Sequence Learning: An fMRI Study of Children and Adults
Authors: Thomas Kathleen M. , Hunt Ruskin H. , Vizueta Nathalie , Sommer Tobias , Durston Sarah , Yang Yihong , Worden Michael S. 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Prevailing theories of implicit or unaware learning propose a developmental invariance model, with implicit function maturing early in infancy or childhood despite prolonged improvements in explicit or intentional learning and memory systems across childhood. Neuroimaging studies of adult visuomotor sequence learning have associated fronto-striatal brain regions with implicit learning of spatial sequences. Given evidence of continued development in these brain regions during childhood, we compare implicit sequence learning in adults and 7- to 11-year-old children to examine potential developmental differences in the recruitment of fronto-striatal circuitry during implicit learning. Participants performed a standard serial reaction time task. Stimuli alternately followed a fixed 10-step sequence of locations or were presented in a pseudorandom order of locations. Adults outperformed children, achieving a significantly larger sequence learning effect and showing learning more quickly than children. Age-related differences in activity were observed in the premotor cortex, putamen, hippocampus, inferotemporal cortex, and parietal cortex. We observed differential recruitment of cortical and subcortical motor systems between groups, presumably reflecting age differences in motor response execution. Adults showed greater hippocampal activity for sequence trials, whereas children demonstrated greater signal during random trials. Activity in the right caudate correlated significantly with behavioral measures of implicit learning for both age groups, although adults showed greater signal change than children overall, as would be expected given developmental differences in sequence learning magnitude. These results challenge the idea of developmental invariance in implicit learning and instead support a view of parallel developments in implicit and explicit learning systems.
N400-like Semantic Incongruity Effect in 19-Month-Olds: Processing Known Words in Picture Contexts
Authors: Friedrich Manuela , Friederici Angela D. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractTo understand mechanisms of early language acquisition, it is important to know whether the child's brain acts in an adult-like manner when processing words in meaningful contexts. The N400, a negative component in the event-related potential (ERP) of adults, is a sensitive index of semantic processing reflecting neural mechanisms of semantic integration into context. In the present study, we investigated whether the mechanisms indexed by the N400 are already working during early language acquisition. While 19-month-olds were looking at sequentially presented pictures, they were acoustically presented with words that were either congruous or incongruous to the picture content. The ERP averaged across the group of 55 children revealed an N400-like semantic incongruity effect in addition to an early phonological–lexical priming effect. The results suggest that both lexical expectations facilitating early phonological processing and mechanisms of semantic priming facilitating integration into semantic context are already present in 19-month-olds. The child's specific comprehension abilities are reflected in strength, latency, and hemispheric differences of the semantic incongruity effect. Spatio-temporal differences in that effect, thus, indicate changes in the organization of brain activity correlated with the child's behavioral development.
Common Neural Basis for Phoneme Processing in Infants and Adults
Authors: Dehaene-Lambertz G. , Gliga T. 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Investigating the degree of similarity between infants' and adults' representation of speech is critical to our understanding of infants' ability to acquire language. Phoneme perception plays a crucial role in language processing, and numerous behavioral studies have demonstrated similar capacities in infants and adults, but are these subserved by the same neural substrates or networks? In this article, we review event-related potential (ERP) results obtained in infants during phoneme discrimination tasks and compare them to results from the adult literature. The striking similarities observed both in behavior and ERPs between initial and mature stages suggest a continuity in processing and neural structure. We argue that infants have access at the beginning of life to phonemic representations, which are modified without training or implicit instruction, but by the statistical distributions of speech input in order to converge to the native phonemic categories.
The Development of Social Behavior Following Neonatal Amygdala Lesions in Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Bauman M. D. , Lavenex P. , Mason W. A. , Capitanio J. P. , Amaral D. G. 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
We examined the role of the amygdala in the development of nonhuman primate social behavior. Twenty-four rhesus monkeys received bilateral ibotenic acid lesions of either the amygdala or the hippocampus or received a sham surgical procedure at 2 weeks of age. Subjects were reared with their mothers and were provided daily access to social rearing cohorts. The subjects were weaned at 6 months of age and then observed while paired with familiar conspecifics at 6 and 9 months of age and with unfamiliar conspecifics at 1 year of age. The subjects were also observed during daily cohort socialization periods. Neither amygdala nor hippocampus lesions altered fundamental aspects of social behavior development. All subjects, regardless of lesion condition, developed a species-typical repertoire of social behavior and displayed interest in conspecifics during social encounters. The amygdala lesions, however, clearly affected behaviors related to fear processing. The amygdala-lesioned subjects produced more fear behaviors during social encounters than did control or hippocampus-lesioned subjects. Although the heightened fear response of the amygdala-lesioned subjects was consistent across different testing paradigms and was observed with both familiar and novel partners, it did not preclude social interactions. In fact, the amygdala-lesioned subjects displayed particular social behaviors, such as following, cooing, grunting, presenting to be groomed, and presenting to be mounted more frequently than either control or hippocampus-lesioned subjects. These findings are consistent with the view that the amygdala is not needed to develop fundamental aspects of social behavior and may be more related to the detection and avoidance of environmental dangers.
Sensitive Periods in the Development of the Brain and Behavior
Authors: Knudsen Eric I. 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Experience exerts a profound influence on the brain and, therefore, on behavior. When the effect of experience on the brain is particularly strong during a limited period in development, this period is referred to as a sensitive period. Such periods allow experience to instruct neural circuits to process or represent information in a way that is adaptive for the individual. When experience provides information that is essential for normal development and alters performance permanently, such sensitive periods are referred to as critical periods.
Although sensitive periods are reflected in behavior, they are actually a property of neural circuits. Mechanisms of plasticity at the circuit level are discussed that have been shown to operate during sensitive periods. A hypothesis is proposed that experience during a sensitive period modifies the architecture of a circuit in fundamental ways, causing certain patterns of connectivity to become highly stable and, therefore, energetically preferred. Plasticity that occurs beyond the end of a sensitive period, which is substantial in many circuits, alters connectivity patterns within the architectural constraints established during the sensitive period. Preferences in a circuit that result from experience during sensitive periods are illustrated graphically as changes in a “stability landscape,” a metaphor that represents the relative contributions of genetic and experiential influences in shaping the information processing capabilities of a neural circuit. By understanding sensitive periods at the circuit level, as well as understanding the relationship between circuit properties and behavior, we gain a deeper insight into the critical role that experience plays in shaping the development of the brain and behavior.
Presence of papillomavirus sequences in condylomatous lesions of the mamillae and in invasive carcinoma of the breast
Authors: de Villiers Ethel-Michele , Sandstrom Robert E , zur Hausen Harald , Buck Charles E 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Background
Viruses including Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), a human equivalent of murine mammary tumour virus (MMTV) and human papillomavirus (HPV) have been implicated in the aetiology of human breast cancer. We report the presence of HPV DNA sequences in areolar tissue and tumour tissue samples from female patients with breast carcinoma. The presence of virus in the areolar–nipple complex suggests to us a potential pathogenic mechanism.

Methods
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was undertaken to amplify HPV types in areolar and tumour tissue from breast cancer cases. In situ hybridisation supported the PCR findings and localised the virus in nipple, areolar and tumour tissue.

Results
Papillomavirus DNA was present in 25 of 29 samples of breast carcinoma and in 20 of 29 samples from the corresponding mamilla. The most prevalent type in both carcinomas and nipples was HPV 11, followed by HPV 6. Other types detected were HPV 16, 23, 27 and 57 (nipples and carcinomas), HPV 20, 21, 32, 37, 38, 66 and GA3-1 (nipples only) and HPV 3, 15, 24, 87 and DL473 (carcinomas only). Multiple types were demonstrated in seven carcinomas and ten nipple samples.

Conclusions
The data demonstrate the occurrence of HPV in nipple and areolar tissues in patients with breast carcinoma. The authors postulate a retrograde ductular pattern of viral spread that may have pathogenic significance.
The role of perceived need within the theory of planned behaviour: A comparison of exercise and healthy eating
Authors: Payne Nicola , Jones Fiona , Harris Peter R. 
Published: October 2004

Objectives: This study examined the effect of perceived need on exercise and healthy eating using the theory of planned behaviour (TPB). In addition, it investigated the determinants of perceived need.Method: Participants completed a questionnaire measuring components of TPB and perceived need. A follow‐up questionnaire 1 week later measured behaviour. The questionnaires were completed by e‐mail. The initial questionnaire was completed by 331 adults, and 286 follow‐up questionnaires were returned.Results: Perceived behavioural control was the main predictor of exercise intention and affective attitude was the main predictor of healthy eating intention. Perceived need significantly contributed to the prediction of healthy eating intention but not to exercise intention. Intention and perceived behavioural control predicted actual behaviour but perceived need did not. Reasons reported for the perception of needing to engage in both behaviours mainly focused on physical health and weight control.Conclusions: Reasons reported for low perceived need suggest that the concept of perceived need may be rather ambiguous, particularly in the case of exercise. Therefore, further research is needed to elucidate the role of perceived need in relation to a variety of health behaviours.
Belief importance and the theory of planned behaviour: Comparing modal and ranked modal beliefs in predicting attendance at breast screening
Authors: Steadman Liz , Rutter D.R. 
Published: October 2004

Objective: The objective of this study was, to compare the predictive utility of two measures of the attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control constructs of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB; Ajzen, 1991) in predicting intention and subsequent attendance at breast screening. One construct was based on a modal set of underlying beliefs; the other was based on the three beliefs from each construct considered by the participant to be the most important.Method: We used a prospective, longitudinal design using a postal questionnaire at Time 1 and objective attendance data from screening records at Time 2. Questionnaires were sent to 1657 women from southeast England due to be invited for X‐ray mammography under the UK's National Health Service Breast Screening Programme. After evaluating a set of modal behavioural, normative and control beliefs, women were asked to select the three beliefs they saw as the most important for them, and to rank them. The products of these three beliefs formed the ‘important’ (vs. the modal) measures.Results: The ‘important’ attitude and subjective norm measures showed similar associations with direct measures and were equivalent to the modal measures in predicting intention and attendance at screening. The modal control construct was marginally more robust than the ‘important’ one in its association with the direct measure of control, and with intention. Key individual important beliefs that predicted intention and behaviour were identified.Conclusions: Measuring belief importance can help more fully identify the structures underlying attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control, and can provide useful information when the TPB is used as the basis for intervention to help change behaviour.
Psychological distress in couples dealing with colorectal cancer: Gender and role differences and intracouple correspondence
Authors: Tuinstra Jolanda , Hagedoorn Mariët , Van Sonderen Eric , Ranchor Adelita V. , Van den Bos Geertrudis A.M. , Nijboer Chris , Sanderman Robbert 
Published: October 2004

Objectives: This longitudinal study examined patterns of psychological distress in couples facing colorectal cancer within 6 months after surgery. In addition, correspondence in psychological distress was investigated between patients and their spouses, taking into account the gender of the patient.Method: The study had a longitudinal design, involving three assessment points; (T1) within 2 weeks after surgery, (T2) 3 months after baseline and (T3) 6 months after baseline. At T1, respondents were asked to indicate how they felt during the week prior to surgery. At T2 and T3, respondents reported their feelings during the preceding week. Psychological distress was measured using the 20‐item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES‐D) in 137 couples.Results: Concerning the week prior to surgery, females reported more distress being a patient, whereas males reported more distress being a spouse. In comparison with a reference group, females as well as males, regardless of their role, showed increased levels of psychological distress prior to surgery. At 3 and 6 months following surgery, increased levels of distress continued to exist in females, whereas males’ distress returned to normal levels. Neither within female‐patient couples, nor within male‐patient couples, were associations between patients’ and spouses’ distress found.Conclusion. We demonstrated a considerable impact of the cancer diagnosis on both female and male patients and their spouses before and 3 months after surgery. Six months after surgery, females, in particular, appear to be vulnerable to distress.
Promoting exercise behaviour: An integration of persuasion theories and the theory of planned behaviour
Authors: Jones Lee W. , Sinclair Robert C. , Rhodes Ryan E. , Courneya Kerry S. 
Published: October 2004

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a theoretical integrated persuasive message on exercise motivation in college students.Method: Four hundred and fifty introductory psychology students (M age = 20.02 years;SD = 3.94) were randomly assigned to reading positively or negatively framed strong messages advocating exercise. The messages were attributed to a credible source, a non‐credible source or to a no‐source control condition. Theory of planned behaviour (TPB) constructs (i.e. attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control) and cognitive responses (i.e. thought listing) were measured immediately and 2 weeks following the delivery of the intervention.Results: Unfortunately, the results did not corroborate previous research, as we did not find any significant effects between experimental groups on any psychological or behavioural variable.Conclusions: There may be several potential explanations for the lack of effects, including the interaction between the type of persuasive information (TPB implications) and sources of persuasion and how these persuasive messages are processed (elaboration likelihood model/cognitive response implications). The theoretical implications of this research are discussed with a view towards future directions for exercise promotion initiatives using theoretically driven interventions.
Role of a Labile Terpene Compound in the Assessment of the Age of a Fossil Wood from Siena (Tuscany, Italy)
Authors: Staccioli G. , Meli A. , Menchi G. , Matteoli U. , Ricottini G. 
Published: October 2004

Summary
Fossil samples of Pinus sylvestris found near Siena (Tuscany, Italy) in geological formations 2–3 million
years old were chemically examined in order to solve the problem of the contrast between the age
of geological formations and their good degree of preservation.
Comparison with a living Pinus sylvestris was carried out on standard wood component analyses,
cation exchange capacity and residual terpene content. The analyses of wood components were close to
those of the reference pine, whilst the cation exchange capacity values showed remarkable changes. The
increase of salt carboxyls suggested the hydrolysis of ester carboxyls originally present, whilst the reduction
of total carboxyls revealed a partial loss of hemicelluloses. Both changes were attributed to the percolation
of salt-bearing water through the wood, thus causing ester hydrolysis, carboxyl salification and
hemicellulose solubilisation. Residual terpene analysis showed, for the first time in a terrestrial fossil,
tetrahydroabietic acid which forms by disproportion of the abietic acid. The 14C dating assigned the fossil
to an age of about 18,000 years and suggested a landslide of Wurmian interglacial age occurred inside
the geological formations of 2–3 million years old.
Transient terpene compounds, formed in incipient diagenesis, are proposed as tracers for the assessment
of particular ranges of fossil age, as previously suggested by the analyses of both a Larix decidua
14,500 years old and a Picea abies 100,000 years
Use of β-13 C labelled Coniferyl Alcohol to Detect "End-Wise" Polymerization in the Formation of DHPs
Authors: Ämmälahti E. , Brunow G. 
Published: October 2004

Summary
The possibility that preformed dehydrogenation polymer (DHP) could function as a template to induce
a structural pattern in DHP more closely resembling that of natural softwood lignin was investigated by
oxidizing β-13C-labelled coniferyl alcohol in a medium containing preformed unlabelled polymeric DHP.
The experiments were performed at pH 4 and pH 6.5. 1D and 2D NMR were used to estimate the distribution
of structural units. No such template effect was found in a comparison of unlabelled with uniformly
labelled DHP. Indeed, the effect of pH on the coupling pattern of coniferyl alcohol was greater
than the effect of the preformed DHP.
Solid State NMR Studies on Cellulose Crystallinity in Fines and Bulk Fibres Separated from Refined Kraft Pulp
Authors: Liitiä T. , Maunu S. L. , Hortling B. 
Published: October 2004

Summary
Solid state NMR spectroscopy has been used in this work to investigate crystallinity of cellulose in
spruce wood before and after kraft pulping and TCF bleaching. Effects of refining of the spruce kraft
pulp in water and in weak alkali have been studied by determination of the crystallinity of isolated fines
and corresponding bulk fibres in order to find out whether the crystallinity in the fibre surface material
and inside the fibre wall differ from each other. Also the possible effect of enzymatic endo-1,4-β-galactanase
treatment on the crystallinity of some refined pulps has been investigated. It was found that the
Iα crystalline form of cellulose predominates over the Iβ form in native spruce and vice versa in all the
pulps studied. In pulping part of the cellulose Iα is converted to the more stable Iβ form mainly by heat.
Any measurable changes in the degree of crystallinity or in the relative proportions of different crystalline
forms of cellulose could not be seen in pulps after refining, TCF-bleaching or galactanase treatment.
However, the degree of crystallinity was found to be considerably lower in the fines compared to
the corresponding bulk fibres. Therefore it is suggested that the cellulose crystallinity is lower or the size
of crystallites smaller on the fibre surface than inside the fibre wall. Slightly higher contents of lignin
and hemicelluloses, mainly xylan and mannan, were also found in the fines compared to the bulk fibres.
Structure and Reactivity of Lignins and Associated Phenolic Acids in Wheat Straw TMP and CTMP Pulps
Authors: Billa E. , Choudens C. de , Monties B. 
Published: October 2004

Summary
The effect of hydrogen peroxide bleaching on the structure of thermomechanical (TMP) and chemothermomechanical
(CTMP) wheat straw paper pulps was investigated. The results obtained by thioacidolysis
indicated that the TMP treatment did not significantly affect the ß-0-4 structures of lignins whereas,
the alkali conditions of sulfonation (CTMP) and bleaching induced the cleavage of the ß-0-4 bonds
and an increase in the S/G ratio. Moreover, it was concluded that bleaching and sulfonation are responsible
for the partial solubilisation of the p-coumaric and ferulic acid esters. The ethers of p-coumaric acid
are not significantly affected by these treatments whereas, the ethers of ferulic acid are degraded, as
shown by acidolysis data. These results underline the structural differences of wheat straw pulps compared
to wood pulps.
Thermal Reactions of N-Methyl-morpholine-N-oxide (NMMO): A General Method for Separation and Quantification of N-Methyl-morpholine-N-oxide and its Main Degradation Products N-Methylmorpholine and Morpholine by Capillary Electrophoresis (CE)
Authors: Potthast A. , Rosenau T. , Kosma P. , Schelosky N. , Baldinger T. 
Published: October 2004

Summary
A general analytical method based on capillary electrophoresis with indirect UV detection has been
developed to separate and quantify N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO) and its main degradation
products N-methylmorpholine (NMM) and morpholine (M). The electrolyte is based on the two major
components 4-methylbenzylamine and 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid (hydroxy-isobutyric acid,
HIBA), the latter being used to adjust the pH to a value below 3.5 which is crucial for the electrophoretic
mobility and, thus, for a good detectability of the amine oxide. The present method is widely applicable
to monitor kinetics of reaction mixtures containing NMMO. NMM and M can be determined simultaneously
even in a 1000-fold excess of NMMO.
To monitor the fast and exothermic thermal degradation of NMMO by the electrophoretic method,
special reaction conditions had to be developed for separating the initial decomposition step from super-imposed
subsequent reactions. Reactive degradation products were removed by flushing with nitrogen,
and the reaction rate was decreased by dilution with o-dichlorobenzene as an inert solvent. The initial
phase of the decomposition reaction has been shown to follow second-order kinetics.