bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
p16 expression in psoriatic lesions following therapy with propylthiouracil, an antithyroid thioureylene
Authors: Elias A. N. , Barr R. J. , Nanda V. S. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractPlaque formation is a characteristic finding in patients with psoriasis and reflects cytokine‐induced keratinocyte proliferation and/or impaired apoptosis of keratinocytes. Antithyroid thioureylenes such as propylthiouracil (PTU) and methimazole (MMI) are effective in the treatment of plaque psoriasis. Following PTU and MMI treatment, proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression is significantly reduced, suggesting that these medications have an antiproliferative effect. p16 is an antiapoptotic protein that is present in relative abundance in psoriatic plaques and is believed to play a potential role in the persistent senescence and impaired apoptosis of the keratinocytes in the plaque. This study examined p16 expression in biopsy samples of eight patients with plaque psoriasis given 300 mg of propylthiouracil in divided doses for 3 months. Despite significant clinical and histological improvement with PTU treatment, p16 expression was essentially unchanged, suggesting that the beneficial effect of PTU in psoriasis is not mediated through a decrease in p16 expression. The effect of PTU on other antiapoptotic proteins such as bcl‐xL remains to be determined.
Surgical pearl: the safety pin as a better alternative to the versatile paper clip comedo extractor
Authors: Mukhtar Muhammed , Sharma Rajeev 
Published: November 2004

AbstractAcne vulgaris is a very common, chronic inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous apparatus. The comedo extractor is the instrument primarily used for comedo extraction. There are many types of more costly instruments available, but extraction can be achieved with the help of a modified versatile paper clip and disposable syringes. The disposable syringe is a good option for acne surgery, but a safety pin has been found to be more effective than the clip comedo extractor for extracting the comedo. The safety pin can be regarded as a “two‐in‐one” instrument for piercing the lesion and for extracting the keratinous material from the pilosebaceous canals.
Integrating Decentralized Strategy Making and Strategic Planning Processes in Dynamic Environments
Authors: Andersen Torben Juul 
Published: November 2004

abstract Decentralized post‐bureaucratic organizations are deemed to display superior performance in dynamic environments, but recent evidence indicates that centralized integrative cross‐functional processes may be equally critical. Accordingly, this paper hypothesizes that organizational performance can be ascribed to the simultaneous emphasis on decentralized strategy making and strategic planning processes. This is investigated in a study of 185 manufacturing organizations operating in diverse industries spanning food processing and computer products. The study shows that both decentralized decision structure and planning activities are associated with higher performance in dynamic environments. These findings confirm that effective organizations engage in more complex strategy formation processes that complement the decentralized post‐bureaucratic form with formal mechanisms of rational analyses and operational integration. The paper highlights a need to extend our understanding of the duality between decentralization and planning.
The Development of Corporate Charitable Contributions in the UK: A Stakeholder Analysis
Authors: Brammer Stephen , Millington Andrew 
Published: November 2004

abstract This paper investigates the determinants of corporate charitable donations within a comparative study of corporate behaviour in two time periods, 1989–90 and 1998–99. The analysis is based on a longitudinal data set that includes over 400 UK listed companies. The determinants of corporate charitable donations are explored within a stakeholder model and the relationship between corporate charitable donations and a set of firm and industry variables is estimated using OLS. Particular emphasis is placed on industry effects and the impact of social and environmental stakeholders. The results highlight a significant change in behaviour between 1989–90 and 1998–99 that may reflect a strategic response by corporate decision‐makers to external concerns over corporate social responsibility. In the early period corporate charitable donations were substantially determined by profits. However, this relationship has weakened during the 1990s as firms have become increasingly responsive to stakeholder influences. The results for the later period emphasize the increasing importance of corporate visibility, and the development of social and environmental influences on corporate charitable contributions.
The Business School ‘Business’: Some Lessons from the US Experience*
Authors: Pfeffer Jeffrey , Fong Christina T. 
Published: November 2004

abstract US business schools dominate the business school landscape, particularly for the MBA degree. This fact has caused schools in other countries to imitate the US schools as a model for business education. But US business schools face a number of problems, many of them a result of offering a value proposition that primarily emphasizes the career‐enhancing, salary‐increasing aspects of business education as contrasted with the idea of organizational management as a profession to be pursued out of a sense of intrinsic interest or even service. We document some of the problems confronting US business schools and show how many of these arise from a combination of a market‐like orientation to education coupled with an absence of a professional ethos. In this tale, there are some lessons for educational organizations both in the US and elsewhere that are interested in learning from the US experience.
Hypoxia potentiates transforming growth factor‐β expression of hepatocyte during the cirrhotic condition in rat liver
Authors: Jeong Won‐II , Do Sun‐Hee , Yun Hae‐Sun , Song Byoung‐Joon , Kim Seong‐Jin , Kwak Wie‐Jong , Yoo Sung‐Eun , Park Ho‐Yong , Jeong Kyu‐Shik 
Published: November 2004

Abstract: Background/Aims: Many studies have reported that hypoxia might be associated with angiogenesis and fibrogenesis, and the level of transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) was increased in fibrotic liver and maximal at cirrhosis. Therefore, we examined the expression of TGF‐β1, phosphorylated‐Smad2/3 (p‐Smad2/3) of the TGF‐β immediate down stream signaling system and hypoxic status during hepatic fibrogenesis.Methods: Fibrosis of rats was induced by carbon tetrachloride. Collagens were detected with Azan stain. Immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting was used.Results: TGF‐β1 was mainly produced by hypoxic hepatocytes at cirrhosis although myofibroblasts (MFBs) and macrophages producing TGF‐β1 were decreased. Moreover, distribution of p‐Smad2/3 in hepatocytes was consistent with those of hypoxic hepatocytes regardless of MFBs. Furthermore, in recovery, most MFBs disappeared, whereas positive reactions of p‐Smad2/3 still existed in the hepatocytes of hypoxic areas. Therefore, TGF‐β1 expression in hepatocytes might have been associated with hypoxia.Conclusions: We put forward the hypothesis that TGF‐β1 is mainly produced by MFBs and macrophages at early and middle stages of fibrotic processes, but it is predominantly released by hypoxic hepatocytes in the last fibrotic stage or cirrhosis.
Evaluation of transcatheter arterial embolization prior to percutaneous tumor ablation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Akamatsu Masatoshi , Yoshida Haruhiko , Obi Shuntaro , Sato Shinpei , Koike Yukihiro , Fujishima Tomonori , Tateishi Ryosuke , Imamura Masatoshi , Hamamura Keisuke , Teratani Takuma , Shiina Shuichiro , Ishikawa Takashi , Omata Masao 
Published: November 2004

Abstract: Background: Transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) may reduce the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence when performed before percutaneous tumor ablation (PTA), either percutaneous ethanol injection therapy (PEIT) or radiofrequency ablation (RFA). We conducted a randomized, controlled trial comparing the use of TAE combined with percutaneous ethanol injection therapy (TAE/PEIT) to the use of PEIT only to assess the effects on HCC recurrence and survival. We continued the study after the introduction of RFA and compared TAE combined with RFA (TAE/RFA) with RFA only.Methods: Between March 1997 and April 2001, 42 HCC patients were enrolled who satisfied the following inclusion criteria: (1) uninodular HCC as determined by angiography under computed tomography, (2) arterial hypervascularity, and (3) no prior history of HCC treatment. Twenty‐two patients were treated with TAE/PTA (PEIT, 12; RFA, 10) and 20 patients with PTA only (PEIT, 14; RFA, 6).Results: There were four cases of local recurrence in the PTA‐only group and none in the TAE/PTA group (P=0.043). The four patients with local recurrence were treated with PEIT. None of the patients treated with RFA showed local recurrence. The effect of TAE on overall recurrence was not significant (P=0.4179). In the multivariate analysis, prior TAE was not significant for survival (P=0.514).Conclusions: TAE has a limited use in suppressing local recurrence when performed before PEIT but not before RFA.
Peginterferon α‐2b plus ribavirin compared with interferon α‐2b plus ribavirin for initial treatment of chronic hepatitis C in Saudi patients commonly infected with genotype 4
Authors: Alfaleh F. Z. , Hadad Q. , Khuroo M. S. , Aljumah A. , Algamedi A. , Alashgar H. , Al‐Ahdal M. N. , Mayet I. , Khan M. Q. , Kessie G. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract: Aim: Comparing the efficacy of peginterferon α‐2b plus ribavirin with interferon α ‐2b plus ribavirin in Saudi patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) commonly infected with genotype 4.Methods: A total of 96 patients with chronic HCV infection were randomly assigned to two treatment groups. Forty‐eight patients received once weekly 100 μg of peginterferon α‐2b plus ribavirin given orally 800 mg/day (peginterferon group). Another 48 patients received thrice weekly 3 million units of interferon α‐2b plus ribavirin 800 mg/day (interferon group). At the end of treatment (48 weeks) and sustained (72 weeks) biochemical and virologic responses were determined.Results: In the peginterferon group, 70.8% (34/48) patients attained both biochemical and virologic responses at the end of the treatment as against 52.1% (25/48) patients in the interferon group. (P=0.09 for both). Similarly, sustained biochemical and virologic responses in the peginterferon group were attained in 52.1% (25/48) and 43.8% (21/48) patients as against 43.8% (21/48) and 29.2% (14/48) patients in the interferon group, respectively (P=0.54 and 0.20, respectively). The sustained virologic response rates in patients with genotype 4 were 42.9% (12/28) in the peginterferon group and 32.3% (10/31) in the interferon group (P=0.43). Patients in peginterferon group had higher, although statistically not significant adverse reactions.Conclusions: Saudi patients with chronic HCV attained a higher, although statistically not significant sustained virologic response with pegylated interferon plus ribavirin compared with interferon plus ribavirin.
Lamivudine treatment for acute severe hepatitis B: a pilot study
Authors: Schmilovitz‐Weiss H. , Ben‐Ari Z. , Sikuler E. , Zuckerman E. , Sbeit W. , Ackerman Z. , Safadi R. , Lurie Y. , Rosner G. , Tur‐Kaspa R. , Reshef R. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract: Background: Experience with lamivudine treatment of immunocompetent patients with acute hepatitis B is limited.Aim of study: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of lamivudine for the treatment of acute severe hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in immunocompetent adults.Patients and Methods: Fifteen patients (10 men, 5 women, mean age 34.3±7.3 years) with severe acute HBV infection were treated with lamivudine 100 mg daily for 3–6 months, starting 3–12 weeks after onset of infection. Prior to treatment, 5 patients had grade 1–4 encephalopathy; all patients had severe coagulopathy (mean INR was 4.5±6.4), and all patients had evidence of severe hepatocyte lysis (mean alanine aminotransferase 3738±1659 U/L, and mean total serum bilirubin 18±6.8 mg/dl). All patients had evidence of highly replicative HBV (mean HBV DNA 13.5 × 106±11 × 106 copies/ml).Results: Thirteen patients (86.6%) responded to treatment. Encephalopathy disappeared within 3 days of treatment and coagulopathy improved within 1 week. Serum HBV DNA was undetectable (by polymerase chain reaction) within 4 weeks, and serum liver enzyme levels normalized within 8 weeks. Two patients in whom lamivudine therapy was delayed developed fulminant hepatitis and underwent urgent liver transplantation. (One died of vascular complications 1 month later). The 11 patients who were serum HBeAg‐positive before treatment seroconverted, and HBeAb developed within 12 weeks in 9 of them; HBsAg was undetectable in all 11 tested patients, and protective titer of HBsAb developed within 12–16 weeks in 9 of them. Therapy was well tolerated in all cases.Conclusions: These data indicate that lamivudine induces a prompt clinical, biochemical, serological and virological response in immunocompetent patients with de novo HBV infection. Lamivudine may prevent the progression of severe acute disease to fulminant or chronic hepatitis and should be considered for use in selected patients. A large randomized controlled, double‐blind prospective study is needed.
WESS-ZUMINO-WITTEN MODEL AS A THEORY OF FREE FIELDS
Authors: GERASIMOV A. , MOROZOV A. , OLSHANETSKY M. , MARSHAKOV A. , SHATASHVILI S. 
Published: November 2004

The free field representation or "bosonization" rule1 for Wess-Zumino-Witten model (WZWM) with arbitrary Kac-Moody algebra and arbitrary central charge is discussed. Energy-momentum tensor, arising from Sugawara construction, is quadratic in the fields. In this way, all known formulae for conformal blocks and correlators may be easily reproduced as certain linear combinations of correlators of these free fields. Generalization to conformal blocks on arbitrary Riemann surfaces is straightforward. However, projection rules in the spirit of Ref. 2 are not specified. The special role of βγ systems is emphasized. From the mathematical point of view, the construction involved represents generators of Kac-Moody (KM) algebra in terms of generators of a Heisenberg one. If WZW Lagrangian is considered as d−1 of Kirillov form on an orbit of KM algebra,3 then the free fields of interest (i.e. generators of the Heisenberg algebra) diagonalize Kirillov form and the action. Reduction of KM algebra within the same construction should naturally lead to arbitrary coset models.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GERMANIUM BASED ALLOYS
Authors: DEMICHELIS F. , PIRRI C. F. , TRESSO E. 
Published: November 2004

The purpose of this paper is to provide a consistent set of data for germanium based alloys using a number of different experimental techniques (optical and photoacoustic spectrometry, Electron Spin Resonance, conductivity and nuclear measurements) in order to know the consequences, both structural and electronic, of carbon incorporation into GeSi network. From correlation between optical and electrical properties information is obtained about the behavior of band tails and the density of states in the gap.
STRING SEGMENTATION AND CLASSIFICATION BY FORCED LANDMARK MARKOV NETWORKS
Authors: GREGOR JENS , GRANUM ERIK 
Published: November 2004

A method for segmentation of composite strings into their constituent substrings is presented as an extension to the Markov network inference technique. The basis for the segmentation is forced landmarks which are network representations of the positions where two substrings meet. The landmarks are forced into the Markov model in the inference thereof through supervised labeling. From subsequent string-to-network alignments, it is possible to estimate the positions in the strings that correspond to forced landmarks and thus segment the strings into their substrings. For discrimination between different classes of composite strings, classification probability measures are modified to include model-based information about estimated positions of the landmarks for individual classes. The potential of the method is illustrated with data representing banded human chromosomes.
AN INCREMENTAL FINE ADJUSTMENT ALGORITHM FOR THE DESIGN OF OPTIMAL INTERPOLATING NEURAL NETWORKS
Authors: SIN SAM-KIT , DEFIGUEIREDO RUI J. P. 
Published: November 2004

A two-stage design method for artificial neural networks is presented. The first stage is an evolutionary RLS (recursive least squares) algorithm which determines the optimal configuration of the net based on the concept of optimal interpolation. During this stage, the members of a given sample set are processed sequentially and a small consistent subset, constituting what we call prototypes, is selected to form the building blocks of the net. The synaptic weights as well as the internal dimensions of the net are updated recursively as each new prototype is selected. The evolving net at each intermediate step is a modified version of the Optimal Interpolative (OI) net derived in a recent paper by one of the authors. The concept of an evolving network configuration is attractive since it does not require the prescription of a fixed configuration in order to learn the optimal synaptic weights. This can eventually lead to a network architecture which is only as complex as it needs to achieve a required interpolation function. The second stage is for the fine adjustment of the synaptic weights of the network structure acquired during the first stage. This stage is a two-step iterative optimization procedure using the method of steepest descent. The initial values of the synaptic weights in the iterative search are obtained from the first stage. It is seen that they are indeed very close to the optimal values. Hence, fast convergence during the second stage is guaranteed.
On the History of British Social Anthropology
Authors: Urry James 
Published: November 2004

After Tylor: British Social Anthropology 1888‐1951. George W. Stocking Jr. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1995.570 pp.The Expansive Moment: The Rise of Social Anthropology in Britain and Africa 1918‐1970. Jack Goody. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. 238 pp.
I Shop, Therefore I Am
Authors: Belk Russell 
Published: November 2004

The Shopping Experience. Pasi Folk and Colin Campbell eds. London: Sage, 1997. 212 pp.. Theory of Shopping. Daniel Miller. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998. 180 pp.Shopping, Place and Identity. Daniel Miller. Peter Jackson. Nigel Thrift. Beverly Holbrook. and Michael Rowlands. London: Routledge, 1998. 214 pp.
Nearby Ethnography from the American Heartland
Authors: Howell Benita J. 
Published: November 2004

Scipio Storytelling: Talk in. Southern Indiana Community. Margaret Read MacDonald. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1996. 246 pp.Following Old Fencelines: Tales from Rural Texas. Lee Winniford. College Station: Texas. &. University Press, 1998.262 pp.Tobacco Culture: Farming Kentucky's Burley Belt. John van Willigen and Susan C. Eastwood. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1998. 223 pp.Living with the Adirondack Forest: Local Perspectives on Land Use Conflicts. Catherine Henshaw Knott. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998. 314 pp.
Determining Ethnicity: The Lubavitch Case
Authors: Alter Laura 
Published: November 2004

It has been suggested by Cohen [1978] that ethnicity is based on a “series of nesting dichotomizations” of shared diacritics wherein group membership occurs along a social scale of these markers by degree of inclusiveness and exclusiveness perceived of both subjectively and objectively by the group and by others. This paper is an attempt to explain the process of membership through the use of diacritic variables and the determination of sliding internal and external boundaries in the case of the Lubavitch, a contemporary chassidic group.The special problems of this movement surround the need for selection of group‐specific markers from multiple socio‐cultural and historical Jewish categories which survive in the modern, urban context. Recruitment into the group involves a progressive acceptance of a series of clearly known “markers” that emerge as gradual membership commitments. These diacritics form, therefore, a taxonomy of involvement into a complex set of criteria separating the membership into a differentiating subculture.
The Honnête homme as Music Critic: Taste, Rhetoric, and Politesse in the 17th-Century French Reception of Italian Music
Authors: FADER DON 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACT
The French concept of Taste (goût) has largely been viewed from an 18th-century tradition of aesthetics in which philosophers attempted to incorporate it into a rationalized systematic theory of musical expression. Its original 17th-century usage, however, was derived from the principles of classical rhetoric and noble etiquette, or politesse. Following the tenets of Cicero communicated by humanist writers, these principles require the ideal gentleman (the honnête homme) to adapt his knowledge and talents (agréments) to the requirements of good society just as an orator carefully chooses the appropriate rhetorical figures to convince and move his hearers. According to the principles of rhetoric, any overuse of figures (or agréments) vitiates their very effectiveness by drawing attention to their artificiality. Thus the 17th-century understanding of taste required the concealment of labor, knowledge, and “artifice” behind an effortlessly “natural” and pleasing courtly facade. This concept of taste became influential in courtly contexts of amateur music-making in the early part of the century, when it was incarnated by Pierre de Nyert, whose manner of singing was hailed as the model of “politesse du chant.” The principles of politesse played a significant role in the controversy over Italian music, whose perceived overuse of “learned” musical figures (dissonance, chromaticism, and other techniques) was viewed as a bourgeois flaunting of musical talent and rhetorical artifice.
Tory Brontë: Shirley and the “MAN”
Authors: ROGERS PHILIP 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACT
Philip Rogers, “Tory Brontë: Shirley and the ‘man’” (pp.141–175)
Charlotte Brontë's politics in Shirley (1849) conform to the Tory principles implicit in the Duke of Wellington's responses to Chartist unrest and parliamentary reform. Brontë's representation of Robert Moore's defense of his mill against Luddite rioters directly reflects Wellington's hostility to mob violence and also his strategy, as Commander-in-Chief, for suppressing the Chartist demonstration of 10 April 1848. The novel's defensive eulogizing of Wellington derides the liberal Manchester politics of Richard Cobden and the Peace Society as unmanly and unpatriotic. The Duke also serves subtextually as the model for changes that Robert and Louis Moore must undergo to make them suitable matches for Caroline and Shirley. Wellington consequently presides over the joint resolutions of the novel's domestic and political narratives. In this essay I challenge the view of Brontë's politics presented by Elizabeth Gaskell, subsequent biographers, and manycritics—who, understandably wishing to view Brontë's proto-feminism as evidence of political liberalism, have blunted the anti-democratic edge of her conservatism.
A Backdrop for Young Sibelius: The Intellectual Genesis of the Kullervo Symphony
Authors: GOSS GLENDA DAWN 
Published: November 2004

Abstract .
In April 1892 Jean Sibelius conducted the premiere of his Kullervo Symphony in Helsinki. As the young composer's first symphony and his only choral one and as his first setting of texts from the Finnish epic the Kalevala, Kullervo appeared to be a bolt from the blue. Closer examination, however, shows numerous forces at work, not only in Finland but also across Europe, that formed the essential backdrop to Sibelius's powerful, breakthrough composition. The author explores the literary, artistic, social, and political circumstances that provided the fertile soil from which the explosive Kullervo sprang.