bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of a dietary supplement ofn-3 polyunsaturated fat on platelet lipid composition, platelet function and platelet plasma membrane fluidity in healthy volunteers
Authors: Gibney M. J. , Bolton-Smith Caroline 
Published: June 2005

1. Eight healthy male volunteers (aged 22–39 years) supplemented their normal daily diet with 15 g encapsulated fish oil (MaxEPA) for a 6 week period. Fasting blood samples were taken before, at the completion of and 3 months after the period of supplementation.2. Evaluation of nutrient intakes showed that the intake ofn-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids rose significantly (P< 0·01) during supplementation. This was reflected in changes in the fatty acid composition of platelet phosphatidyl choline (PC) and phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) without any changes in phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidyl inositol or sphingomyelin.3. In both PC and PE there were significant (P< 0·05) increases in the levels of 18:1n-9 and 20:5n-3 fatty acids and a significant (P< 0·05) decrease in 20:4n-6 during supplementation. 16:0 rose significantly in PC (P< 0·05) while in PE, 18:0 fell and both 22:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 rose significantly (P< 0·05).4. There were no significant effects of fish-oil supplementation on serum lipids, platelet cholesterol: phospholipid, collagen-induced platelet aggregation or collagen-induced platelet thromboxane B2production. However, there was a significant correlation (P< 0·001; r+0·63) between total phospholipid arachidonic acid and platelet thromboxane production.5. The fluorescent probe 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene was used to determine whether fish-oil supplementation altered fluorescence polarization of isolated platelet plasma membrane and, by inference, platelet plasma membrane fluidity. No significant effect of fish-oil supplementation on fluorescence polarization was seen.
Uptake of exogenous and endogenous eicosapentaenoic acid by cultured human mononuclear cells
Authors: Gibney M. J. , Connolly Aedeen 
Published: June 2005

1. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from eight healthy volunteers were cultured, with or without concanavalin A (Con A), in a medium containing (ml/1) 100 normal autologous serum, 100 experimental autologous serum or 100 heterologous (fetal calf) serum.2. The control and experimental autologous sera were obtained from the volunteers, before and after 15 d supplementation with 15 g fish oil (MaxEPA)/d to provide 1.5 g eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3)/d. The sera were frozen at -20°. The level of EPA increased from trace quantities in the control autologous serum to 14.3% w/w free fatty acids and between 6.9 and 8.1% w/w lipoprotein phospholipids in the experimental autologous serum. The heterologous fetal calf serum was enriched with EPA, complexed with bovine serum albumin, to provide a final concentration of 15μg/ml. All culture medium contained 10 ml fresh autologous serum/l and cells were obtained from the volunteers for the culture studies about 60 d after the end of EPA supplementation.3. Portions of cells were removed from culture at 36, 48 and 72 h for phospholipid fatty acid analysis.4. The level of EPA in phospholipids of cells cultured with exogenous EPA in fetal calf serum was increased significantly (P< 0.05) at all sampling times, both with and without Con A. By 48 h the levels had peaked at 15.8 (se2.7) and 18.4 (se4.5) % w/w respectively.5. Resting cells, i.e. with no Con A present, failed to accumulate EPA when cultured in the experimental autologous serum containing 8.6% w/w total lipids as endogenous EPA. When cells were stimulated to divide by the mitogen Con A, there was a gradual increase in phospholipid EPA levels of mononuclear cells cultured with experimental autologous serum containing endogenous EPA. The maximum level obtained was at 72 h (7.2 (se2.7)).6. In a separate experiment, the effect of Con A at increasing doses (0, 1,5, 10 and 20 μg, final concentration) on lymphocyte blastogenesis was determined by estimating the incorporation of3[H]thymidine. No significant effects due to serum in the culture medium were observed.
Nutritional status of healthy, active, Chinese elderly
Authors: Woo Jean , Ho S. C. , Donnan S. P. B. , Swaminathan R. 
Published: June 2005

1. Anthropometric indices are presented for 402 healthy Chinese elderly subjects leading an active life in the community in Hong Kong.2. Women had higher body-mass index (weight/height2) and body fat, while fat-free mass, arm-muscle circumference and corrected arm-muscle area were higher in men. Body-mass index, fat-free mass, arm-muscle circumference and corrected arm-muscle area did not decline with age. Total body fat was lower in women aged 75 years and above compared with those aged 60–64 years.3. All values were lower than those for elderly Caucasians. A different criteria for severe wasting malnutrition among elderly Chinese should be established.
The effect of dietary modification and hyperglycaemia on gastric emptying and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) secretion
Authors: Morgan L. M. , Tredger J. A. T. , Hampton S. M. , French A. P. , Peake J. C. F. , Marks V. 
Published: June 2005

1. Five healthy volunteers whose usual fat and energy intakes were moderately high (fat intake 155 (SE 11) g/d; energy intake 13683 (SE 909) kJ/d) were given on two separate occasions (a) 96 g fat and (b) 96 g fat and intravenous (IV) glucose (250 g glucose/1; 100 ml followed by a 2 ml/min infusion for 180 min).2. Subjects continued on a low-fat diet for 35 d (fat intake 25 (SE 4) g/d; energy intake 6976 (SE 539) kJ/d) and the tests repeated.3. The gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) response to oral fat was significantly attenuated by IV glucose whilst subjects were consuming their normal diets and the GIP response to fat alone was significantly diminished during the low-fat diet. Post-prandial plasma triglycerides, light scattering indices (LSI; an index of post-prandial chylomicronaemia) and paracetamol levels paralleled the integrated GIP responses on both normal and low-fat diets.4. The study of oral fat with or without glucose was repeated on seven further volunteers consuming their usual diet, substituting 10 MBq 99Tcm-labelled tin colloid for the paracetamol to investigate the rate of gastric emptying by radionuclide imaging.5. Plasma GIP, insulin, triglyceride and LSI levels were similar to those found in the first study. IV glucose almost doubled the gastric emptying time of the oral fat load (half emptying time (t½) 148 (SE 11) min after fat alone and 224 (SE 18) min after fat and IV glucose). Post-prandial plasma motilin levels were significantly depressed by IV glucose.6. We conclude that (a) the GIP response to oral fat is attenuated both by IV glucose and by a low-fat diet, (b) the delay in gastric emptying induced by IV glucose may be partly responsible for the diminished GIP response to oral fat when IV glucose is infused, (c) it is possible that some of the changes observed with IV glucose are mediated via changes in motilin.
The effect of underfeeding on the physiological response to food ingestion in normal weight women
Authors: Mansell P. I. , Macdonald I. A. 
Published: June 2005

1. The thermogenic, cardiovascular and metabolic responses to the ingestion of a 30 kJ/kg body-weight test meal were studied in six normal weight, female subjects before and after a 7 d period of underfeeding at 60 kJ/ kg ideal body-weight per d.2. With underfeeding there were decreases in body-weight, plasma insulin and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine concentrations, resting metabolic rate and respiratory exchange ratio, with increased blood ketone levels. Baseline ‘arterialized’ venous plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline concentrations were not affected by underfeeding.3. Ingestion of the test meal caused similar increases in heart rate and calf blood flow and changes in blood pressure in the fed and underfed states. There was a greater glycaemic response to the test meal in the underfed state compared with the fed state although the rise in plasma insulin concentration was similar and ketogenesis was suppressed. The increases in metabolic rate and plasma noradrenaline concentrations following the test meal were similar in the fed and underfed states.4. Although the period of underfeeding in the present study led to considerable metabolic adaptation, and some alteration in physiological responses to ingestion of a test meal, there was no evidence that there were associated changes in sympathetic nervous system activation.
Effect of dietary methionine on tissue selenium and glutathione peroxidase (EC1.11.1.9) activity in rats given selenomethionine
Authors: Waschulewski Ingo H. , Sunde Roger A. 
Published: June 2005

1. The effect of dietary methionine on the utilization of selenium from dietary selenomethionine ([Se]Met) for tissue Se deposition and for glutathione peroxidase (EC1.11.1.9; GSH-Px) synthesis was studied in male weanling rats.2. When rats were given 0.5 mg Se as [Se]Met/kg diet supplemented with 0, 4 or 9 g methionine/kg, Se in plasma, erythrocytes, liver and muscle increased significantly over the 20 d period for all methionine-treatment groups. The increases in erythrocyte and muscle Se, however, were significantly higher in rats fed on the methionine-deficient diet compared with the methionine-supplemented diets.3. In contrast to the increases in tissue Se, GSH-Px activity in liver, plasma and muscle decreased in methionine-deficient rats given 0.5 mg Se as [Se]Met/kg whereas GSH-Px activity was maintained or increased in rats supplemented with methionine.4. The percentage of tissue Se associated with GSH-Px was calculated from the measured Se concentration and GSH-Px activity. A significantly lower percentage of Se was associated with GSH-Px in methionine-deficient rats compared with methionine-supplemented rats.5. These results show that Se from dietary [Se]Met is preferentially incorporated into body proteins rather than used for GSH-Px synthesis when methionine is limiting in the diet.6. These results further suggest that [Se]Met might not be the optimum Se compound to use for Se supplementation because metabolism of dietary [Se]Met to a biochemically active form, such as GSH-Px, was impaired when [Se]Met was provided in diets low in methionine.
Effect of the duration of malnutrition and of nutritional rehabilitation on blood glucose homeostasis and pancreatic hormones in rats
Authors: Dollet Jean-Marc , Beck Bernard , Max Jean-Pierre 
Published: June 2005

1. To study the efficiency of rehabilitation after different periods of protein–energy malnutrition, we used as a model preweaning malnourished rats. After weaning, male Wistar rats were fed on a protein-deficient diet (50 g casein/kg) ad lib. for the whole study (DR group) or rehabilitated with normal diet (180 g casein/kg; RR group) from weaning, week 0, or weeks 1, 3, 5, 8 and 16 thereafter.2. Twelve animals from the DR group were killed at the beginning of each rehabilitation period. The twelve rehabilitated rats were killed after 2 weeks. Body-weight and epididymal adipose tissue weight, blood glucose, plasma immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and immunoreactive glucagon (IRG), and pancreatic contents of IRI and IRG were determined.3. Food intake of RR rats rose significantly except during the last period where body-weight increased less than that during the previous periods. Fat-pad weights increased in the same manner in DR and RR groups.4. Blood glucose fell and plasma IRG rose significantly without any change in plasma IRI after each rehabilitation period, except during the last period where blood glucose concentrations became stable. Pancreatic IRG and IRI showed the same type of response to those of the plasma.5. All short-term rehabilitation periods were similarly efficient at producing catch-up growth. High insulin sensitivity of target cells was responsible for good recovery except after long-term malnutrition.
Absorption kinetics of dietary hydrolysis products in conscious pigs given diets with different amounts of fish protein
Authors: Rérat A. , Vaissade P. , Vaugelade P. 
Published: June 2005

1. Concentrations of amino-nitrogen, glucose, reducing sugars and lactic acid in blood obtained from arterial and portal permanent catheters were measured together with the portal hepatic blood flow-rate during a post-prandial period of 8 h in twenty unanaesthetized pigs (initial mean body-weight 52·3 (SEM 0·9) kg) receiving experimental meals (200–1000 g) at 3–4 d intervals from 6–8 to 20 d after surgical implantation of the catheters and electromagnetic flow probe. The semi-synthetic starch-based diets contained variable amounts of fish meal giving crude protein (nitrogen x 6·25; CP) concentrations (g CP/kg) of 80 (seven meals), 120 (twenty-two meals), 160 (six meals) and 240 (nine meals).2. After the meal the concentration of amino-N increased with increasing levels of protein intake and increased more in the portal than in the arterial blood. There were significant relations between amounts of amino-N appearing in the portal blood at various time-intervals after the meal and the level of protein intake. Values for the ratio, amount absorbed within 8 h: amount ingested (absorption coefficient: 0·633 for a mean intake of 13·4 g N) decreased with increasing level of protein intake.3. There was a rise in glycaemia after the meal, increasing with the amount of carbohydrate eaten, and this was more marked in the portal than in the arterial blood. There were also significant relations between amounts of glucose absorbed and amounts of starch ingested. However, the appearance of glucose in the portal blood was less marked than that of amino-N since the absorption coefficient within 8 h was lower (0·504 for a mean intake of 291 g reducing sugars). This was most probably due to a larger uptake of glucose by the intestinal cell wall.4. Amounts of lactic acid appearing in the portal vein during the post-prandial period did not depend on amounts ingested; they ranged from 3 to 1·6 g/h from the 1st to the 8th hour after the meal.
Absorption kinetics of dietary hydrolysis products in conscious pigs given diets with different amounts of fish protein
Authors: Rérat A. , Jung J. , Kandé J. 
Published: June 2005

1. Concentrations of amino acids (AA) in blood obtained from arterial and portal permanent catheters were measured together with the portal hepatic blood flow-rate during a post-prandial period of 8 h, in nine conscious pigs (initial mean body-weight 49.3 (SEM 1.8) kg) receiving experimental meals (500, 600 or 1000 g) at 3–4 d intervals from 6–8 to 20 d after the surgical implantation of the catheters and electromagnetic flow probe. The semi-synthetic starch-based diets contained variable amounts of fish meal giving crude protein (nitrogen x 6.25; CP) concentrations (g/kg) of 80 (seven meals), 120 (seven meals), 160 (five meals) and 240 (three meals).2. During the post-prandial period, variations in the individual blood AA concentrations were parallel to those of total amino-N (Rératet al.1988) to a greater or lesser extent according to the AA considered. Portal concentrations, which always exceeded arterial ones (except for glutamic acid and glutamine), increased quickly and, after a peak, returned slowly to reach initial values (small intake) or above (large intake) after 8 h.3. Relations between amounts of each AA appearing during 8 h after the meal and amounts ingested were characterized by a highly significant linear regression (with the exceptions of glutamic acid and cystine). There were also close and significant relations between amounts of AA absorbed during the first 2 and 4 h after the meal and the amounts ingested.4. For a mean intake of 90 g CP, aromatic AA showed the highest hourly absorption coefficients (about 010 /h), and sulphur-AA (0.07/h), lysine (007/h) and arginine (0.056/h) the lowest ones. Alanine was synthesized (amounts absorbed within 8 h exceeding those ingested) at the expense of glutamic acid (absorption coefficient 001/h).5. For a given period of time, the AA abscrption coefficients decreased with increasing intake, but not in the same proportions for all AA, resulting in an enrichment (lysine, arginine, serine, proline) or depletion (branched- chain AA, histidine) of the absorbed mixture.6. Some substances of the urea cycle were synthesized in rather large amounts in the gut wall (for a mean level of intake of 90 g CP: citrulline 2.41 g/8 h, ornithine 1.09 g/8 h). Blood glutamine was taken up by the gut wall in larger amounts (4.28 g/8 h).
Initial studies on leucine metabolism in the rumen of sheep
Authors: Marsden M. , Bruce C. I. , Bartram C. G. , Buttery P. J. 
Published: June 2005

1. [3H]leucine infused directly into the rumen of sheep labelled microbial protein and, when compared with the specific activity of the rumen free-leucine pool, indicated that 50% of the bacterial protein leucine originated from the rumen free-leucine pool.2. The lower limit for bacterial protein turnover in the rumen was 0.37/d when calculated as the difference between the specific rate of disappearances of labelled bacteria from the rumen and the liquid-phase dilution rate.3. Intravenously infused leucine also labelled the rumen bacteria. The build-up of specific activity in the rumen bacteria was sigmoidal and did not resemble that of the salivary protein which suggested that the rumen epithelium was a major endogenous protein input to the rumen. Additionally, bacteria isolated from the rumen epithelium had high radioactivity indicating that they were ingesting the rumen epithelial cells.
Quality improvement of sweet-potato (Ipomoea batatasL. Lam.) roots as feed by ensilage
Authors: Lin Yaw-Huei , Huang Tzou-Chi , Huang Chia 
Published: June 2005

1. Sweet-potato (Ipomoea batatasL. Lam.) strips (SPS) mixed with maize powder (CP) in proportions 10:0, 9:1, 8:2, and 7:3 were ensiled for 1, 2 or 3 months.2. Trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA) decreased during ensilage in samples of all treatments while the SPS–CP mixture (7:3, w/w) ensiled for 3 months contained the lowest TIA.3. SPS–CP (8:2, w/w) dried or ensiled for 2 months, or ensiled for 2 months and dried, were each mixed with twice the amount of control diet (1:2, w/w) to make three diets. These three diets together with the control diet were used for a feeding experiment with rats to evaluate the nutritive value.4. General composition analysis (including metabolizable energy), fatty acid composition and amino acid analysis (including percentage of essential amino acids) of the samples did not change during ensilage to an extent which could explain the improved performance of rats fed on ensiled diets.5. Rats fed on diets containing dried SPS–CP (8:2, w/w) showed significantly lower (P< 0.05) body-weight gain than rats fed on the control diet or ensiled SPS diets, at the end of the 8th week. They also showed enlargement of the pancreas. The adverse effect of SPS was associated with TIA which seemed to be prevented to some extent by ensilage.6. The possibility that the starch of SPS may also contribute to the adverse effect cannot be excluded at present.
Intestinal microflora and gastrointestinal adaptation in the rat in response to non-digestible dietary polysaccharides
Authors: Wyatt G. M. , Horn N. , Gee J. M. , Johnson I. T. 
Published: June 2005

1. A comparison was made of the effect of a fibre-free diet and diets containing non-digestible polysaccharides on rat caecal and colonic physiology and microflora.2. All polysaccharide-containing diets led to enlargement of the caecum and colon, associated with increased weight of contents, and of tissue. Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) had the most marked effect and animals given this also had watery faeces.3. The density of bacteria in the caecum and colon varied significantly with diet and the proportion of aerobic bacteria in the flora was increased by the CMC diet.4. In vitro, CMC and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose were poorly fermented.5. There was a high correlation (caecum r 0.93; colon r 0.94) between tissue weight and wet weight of organ contents but no correlation with bacterial density, number of bacteria per organ, moisture content or short-chain fatty acid content.6. It is concluded that caecal and colonic enlargement is due to tissue hypertrophy in response to increased bulk of contents, irrespective of the nature of that bulk which varies with diet; it is unlikely that short-chain fatty acids or other microbial metabolites are the stimulus for the trophic response seen when non-digestible dietary polysaccharides are fed to rats.
The effect of alcoholic beverages on iron and zinc metabolism in the rat
Authors: Fairweather-Tait Susan J. , Southon Susan , Piper Zoe 
Published: June 2005

1. Male Wistar rats (approximately 200 g) were given distilled water and a semi-synthetic control diet for 6 d. On day 7, 37 kBq65Zn were administered intramuscularly and the rats were given distilled water, beer, cider, red wine, whisky or ethanol as their only source of fluid. The wine, whisky and ethanol were diluted so that each of the beverages contained a similar ethanol concentration (approximately 30 g/1). Food and fluid intake, growth rate and whole-body65Zn were measured regularly over 11 d, after which animals were killed and blood haemoglobin (Hb) concentration, liver iron stores and the Zn concentration in testes determined.2. There were no differences in body-weight gain or food intake between groups but fluid intake for the beer group was considerably higher than that for the other groups.3. There was a significant effect of the type of alcoholic beverage consumed on whole-body65Zn retention. Rats given whisky had a smaller daily loss of65Zn than those given water, beer or cider. The ethanol group also showed a lower rate of65Zn loss compared with the water group. The observed changes in whole-body65Zn retention could be explained by an adverse influence of ethanol on Zn absorption from the diet.4. Blood Hb and testes Zn concentration were similar in all groups but the type of liquid consumed influenced liver Fe levels. The cider group had the lowest liver Fe values and the ethanol group the highest values.5. It is apparent from the present study that ethanol and alcoholic beverages affect Zn and Fe metabolism, but that the effects of ethanol are moderated by other components of the alcoholic beverages.
Effects of dietary-fish-oil feeding on muscle growth and damage in the rat
Authors: Jackson M. J. , Roberts J. , Edwards R. H. T. 
Published: June 2005

1. Giving diets containing 100 g fully-refined, non-hydrogenated fish oil/kg to rats caused substantial modification of skeletal-muscle-membrane fatty acid composition compared with control animals fed on an equivalent diet containing 100 g maize oil/kg.2. Total muscle arachidonic acid (20:4ω6) was reduced from 138 (sd25) mg/g total fatty acids to 15 (sd2) mg/ g and phospholipid arachidonic acid content showed equivalent changes.3. Reduction in muscle arachidonic acid content had no influence on the growth of individual muscles.4. Variation in muscle fatty acid composition exacerbated the response of muscle to calcium-induced damage assessed by efflux of intracellular creatine kinase (EC2.7.3.2).5. It is concluded that metabolites of arachidonic acid are unlikely to be primary controlling factors of muscle growth or specific mediators of muscle sarcolemmal damage leading to enzyme efflux.