bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Educational consequences of developmental speech disorder: Key Stage 1 National Curriculum assessment results in English and mathematics
Authors: Nathan Liz , Stackhouse Joy , Goulandris Nata , Snowling Margaret J. 
Published: April 2004

Background: Children with speech difficulties may have associated educational problems. This paper reports a study examining the educational attainment of children at Key Stage 1 of the National Curriculum who had previously been identified with a speech difficulty.Aims: (1) To examine the educational attainment at Key Stage 1 of children diagnosed with speech difficulties two/three years prior to the present study. (2) To compare the Key Stage 1 assessment results of children whose speech problems had resolved at the time of assessment with those whose problems persisted.Sample(s): Data were available from 39 children who had an earlier diagnosis of speech difficulties at age 4/5 (from an original cohort of 47) at the age of 7. A control group of 35 children identified and matched at preschool on age, nonverbal ability and gender provided comparative data.Methods: Results of Statutory Assessment Tests (SATs) in reading, reading comprehension, spelling, writing and maths, administered to children at the end of Year 2 of school were analysed. Performance across the two groups was compared. Performance was also compared to published statistics on national levels of attainment.Results: Children with a history of speech difficulties performed less well than controls on reading, spelling and maths. However, children whose speech problems had resolved by the time of assessment performed no differently to controls. Children with persisting speech problems performed less well than controls on tests of literacy and maths. Spelling performance was a particular area of difficulty for children with persisting speech problems.
Material appropriate processing and elaboration: The impact of balanced and complementary types of processing on learning concepts from text
Authors: Hamilton Richard J. 
Published: April 2004

Background: The Material Appropriate Processing (MAP) framework suggests that the influence of a text adjunct on the learning and transfer of textual information will be moderated by the overlap between type of processing induced by the adjunct and by the organisation of the text. The two types of processing are item specific processing and relational processing. Although complementary types of processing have been found to produce superior concept learning effects in previous research, there is some question as to the effects of complementary but unbalanced processing.Aims: This study examined the effects of different combinations of two types of text adjuncts (i.e., elaborative activities) and two types of text on learning concepts from text. The four combined treatments differed as to the degree to which they were balanced and/or complementary.Sample: Participants were 80 undergraduate students who were enrolled in a Year 3 education paper.Methods: Students studied a passage that included adjuncts which asked them to either: (a) create personal examples of target concepts, or (b) contrast the target concepts. In addition, two versions of text were paired with these adjuncts: specific‐only text and specific/relational text. Subjects took a criterion test that consisted of cued recall of definitions, free recall of text, classification of novel examples, and problem solving.Results: Best performance occurred within the condition that included balanced and complementary processing of text/adjunct information, and worst performance occurred in the condition that included non‐complementary processing.Conclusion: Although these results are consistent with a MAP perspective, the results are equivocal about the potential interfering effects of complementary and unbalanced processing on learning of concepts from text.
Re‐examining the effects of noncontingent success on self‐handicapping behaviour
Authors: Thompson Ted 
Published: April 2004

Background: Self‐handicapping refers to the practice on the part of certain individuals to handicap their performance when poor performance is likely to reveal low ability. Noncontingent success (feedback that is inflated relative to performance) is more likely to promote self‐handicapping behaviour than noncontingent failure (failure feedback based on false or misleading information). However, the reasons for the differing effects of these forms of performance feedback on self‐handicapping behaviour remain obscure.Aims: The present study sought an explanation for the differing effects of these forms of performance feedback, testing the assumption that students high in self‐handicapping behaviour would react more negatively following noncontingent success, reporting more unstable and external attributions, higher anxiety, and a greater propensity to claim handicaps than those low in self‐handicapping behaviour. No differences were expected on any of these measures for high relative to low self‐handicappers following either noncontingent failure or success.Sample: Participants were 72 undergraduate students, divided equally between high and low self‐handicapping groups.Method: High and low self‐handicappers were assigned to one of three performance feedback conditions: noncontingent failure, success and noncontingent success. High and low self‐handicappers were then given an opportunity to claim handicaps prior to completing measures of attributions and state anxiety. Subsequently, they completed 12 remote associate tasks, serving as an assessment of performance, and 16 unicursal tasks, assessing practice effort.Results: Following noncontingent success, high self‐handicappers reported greater anxiety, more unproductive attributions and claimed more handicaps than low self‐handicappers. However no differences were evident for high and low self‐handicappers following either noncontingent failure or success. High self‐handicappers also performed poorly on the remote associates tasks and reduced practice effort on the unicursal tasks.
The effects of competition on achievement motivation in Chinese classrooms
Authors: Lam Shui‐Fong , Yim Pui‐Shan , Law Josephine S. F. , Cheung Rebecca W. Y. 
Published: April 2004

Background: Laboratory studies have consistently found that competition induces performance goals and affects learning motivation. However, the ecological validity of these results is yet to be established. There is a need for investigation of whether the results hold in both the classroom context and non‐Western culture.Aim: The study investigated the effects of competition on learning motivation among Chinese students in an authentic classroom setting.Sample: The participants were 52 students of grade 7 from two Hong Kong secondary schools.Method: They were randomly assigned to either competitive or non‐competitive conditions in a 2‐hour Chinese typewriting course.Results: Students in the competitive condition performed better in easy tasks than their counterparts in the non‐competitive condition. However, they were more performance‐oriented and more likely to sacrifice learning opportunities for better performance. They were also prone to have worse self‐evaluation after failure. Although there were no statistically significant differences between the two conditions in task enjoyment and achievement attribution, the direction of the differences was consistently unfavourable to students in the competitive condition.Conclusion: The findings were consistent with the predictions of goal theory. Competitiveness induces performance goals and worse self‐evaluation after failure among Chinese students in a classroom setting, as was found with Western students in a laboratory setting.
Bully/victim problems and their association with Machiavellianism and self‐efficacy in Greek primary school children
Authors: Andreou Eleni 
Published: April 2004

Background: Previous research demonstrated that Machiavellian beliefs are linked with bully/victim problems at school. However, Machiavellianism was treated as a single construct and not as multidimensional. Children's perceptions of self‐efficacy in both social and academic domains have been related to conflictual peer interactions but not directly to bully/victim problems. This study extends previous work by examining the association of Machiavellianism and self‐efficacy with bully/victim problems.Aims: The main purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between bully/victim problems and (a) components of Machiavellian beliefs, (b) Self‐efficacy for Assertion, (c) Self‐efficacy for Aggression and (d) Self‐efficacy for Learning and Performance, among school‐age children. It was also examined whether children who bully others and are bullied themselves (bully/victims) are a distinct group in terms of Machiavellian beliefs and the above perceptions of self‐efficacy.Sample: The sample consisted of 186 children drawn from the fourth to sixth grade classrooms of four primary schools in central Greece.Method: Peer victimization and bullying behaviour were assessed by two 6‐item self‐report scales (Austin & Joseph, 1996), Machiavellian beliefs with a 20‐item scale (Christie & Geis, 1970), Self‐efficacy for Assertion and Self‐efficacy for Aggression with two 6‐item scales (Egan & Perry, 1998) and Self‐efficacy for Learning and Performance with an 8‐item scale (Pintrich, Smith, Garcia, & McKeachie, 1991). Higher scores reflected greater victimization, bullying behaviour, Machiavellianism and domain specific self‐efficacy. Data were analysed using both correlational and categorical approach.Results: Factor analysis of the Kiddie Mach scale revealed four main factors: Lack of Faith in Human Nature, Manipulation, Dishonesty and Distrust. The results of the correlational approach suggest that both bullying and victimization are associated with most of these factors, overall Machiavellianism and self‐efficacy measures. Separate analyses for boys and girls provide a more precise picture of that association. The results of the categorical approach, regarding differences in the Kiddie Mach and Self‐efficacy scales between bullies, victims and bully/victims, suggest that bully/victims are a distinct group in terms of Lack of Faith in Human Nature and overall Machiavellianism. Moreover, bully/victims were found to be similar to victims with respect to Self‐efficacy for Assertion but similar to bullies with respect to Self‐efficacy for Aggression.Conclusions: Anti‐bullying interventions might profit from a greater focus on mastery‐oriented motivation and more emphasis on citizenship and interpersonal relationships in order to minimize children's aggression‐encouraging cognition and reduce Machiavellian attitudes. Further research is needed to explain satisfactorily the behaviour patterns of bully/victims.
The National Adult Reading Test as a measure of premorbid IQ in schizophrenia
Authors: Russell A. J. , Munro J. , Jones P. B. , Hayward P. , Hemsley D. R. , Murray R. M. 
Published: April 2004

Objectives. To investigate the validity of the NART as an estimate of premorbid IQ in schizophrenia. Design. A within‐in participants, follow‐back design was adopted.Methods. A sample of adults with schizophrenia who had presented to psychiatric services and had a measure of IQ routinely taken during childhood were traced and subject to follow‐up WAIS‐R and NART IQ assessment (N = 24). Measures of current IQ and NART estimated premorbid IQ were compared with the measure of IQ taken ‘premorbidly’, i.e. in childhood.Results. There were no significant differences between childhood and adult measures of IQ. However there were significant differences between these two indices and NART estimated IQ, particularly where IQ deviated from general population means. The Vocabulary subtest of the WAIS‐R performed better as an estimate of both premorbid and current IQ in the sample. Conclusion. Use of a word‐reading test such as the NART to predict past levels of intellectual function should proceed with caution, particularly where IQ does not fall in the ‘average category’. Use of more than one index of prior level of function is recommended.
On parameter estimation for excitation control of synchronous generators
Authors: Galaz Martha , Ortega Romeo , Bazanella Alexandre 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis paper deals with the problem of identification of the network parameters and the desired equilibrium in applications of excitation control for synchronous generators. Our main contribution is the construction of a new non‐linear identifier that provides asymptotically consistent estimates (with guaranteed transient bounds) of the line impedance and the equilibrium for the classical three‐dimensional flux‐decay model of a single generator connected to an infinite bus. This model is non‐linear, and non‐linearly parameterized, and the equilibria depend also non‐linearly on the unknown parameters. The proposed estimator can be used, adopting a certainty equivalent approach, to make adaptive any power system stabilizer that relies on the knowledge of these parameters. The behaviour of the scheme is illustrated in two simulated case studies with the interconnection and damping assignment passivity‐based controller recently proposed by the authors. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dissection of Human Tropoelastin: Solution Structure, Dynamics and Self‐Assembly of the Exon 5 Peptide
Authors: Bochicchio Brigida , Floquet Nicolas , Pepe Antonietta , Alix Alain J. P. , Tamburro Antonio M. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe elastic properties of elastin have essentially been discussed in terms of dominant entropic components, with questions still remaining about whether the basic mechanism is compatible with the classical theory of rubber elasticity. A better understanding of the structure–function relationships in terms of the protein's elastic properties remains an important goal in elastin science. Recently, we succeeded in the exon‐by‐exon synthesis of all polypeptide sequences encoded by the so‐called hydrophobic exons and almost all of the cross‐linking exons of human tropoelastin. Among these, the peptide encoded by exon 5 (PGGLAGAGLGA) has been extensively studied by classical spectroscopic methods, such as CD and NMR spectroscopy, and by molecular dynamics simulations. The results obtained clearly evidenced a large flexibility of the polypeptide chain, which oscillates between rather extended conformations, such as PPII, and folded ones, such as β turns. At the supramolecular level, we obtained evidence by TEM that shows that the peptide encoded by exon 5 is able to self‐assemble in fibrillar structures, a result indicating that the “information” for self‐assembly is also contained within a small domain of tropoelastin.
Does a Reinforced Kinetic Macrocyclic Effect Exist? The Demetallation in Strong Acid of Copper(II) Complexes with Open and Cyclic Tetramines Containing a Piperazine Fragment
Authors: Boiocchi Massimo , Bonizzoni Marco , Fabbrizzi Luigi , Foti Francesco , Licchelli Maurizio , Poggi Antonio , Taglietti Angelo , Zema Michele 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe demetallation in acidic solution of the CuII complexes with open‐chain and cyclic tetramines containing a piperazine unit (2 and 3) has been investigated in terms of its kinetic aspects and compared with the behaviour of unsubstituted counterparts (tetramines 1 and 4). The presence of the piperazine fragment slows demetallation of the open‐chain‐ligand complex owing to the activation barrier associated with the conformational change from boat‐to‐half‐boat; however, it does not affect the demetallation of the macrocyclic complex, which involves the spontaneous boat‐to‐twist conformational change. Thus, lateral reinforcement of a cyclam‐like ligand does not add any further contribution to the typical inertness in demetallation of macrocyclic complexes.
Chemical Heterogeneity of a Crystal Built of Nanoscale Coherently Twinned Yb2−x(Fe,Ga)17+2x Polytypes
Authors: Filinchuk Yaroslav E. , Birkedal Henrik , Černý Radovan , Hostettler Marc , Yanson Tamara I. , Bodak Oksana I. , Yvon Klaus 
Published: April 2004

AbstractAn X‐ray study of single crystals extracted from an arc‐melted Yb‐Fe‐Ga alloy showed that the diffraction pattern can be modeled by an intergrown crystal that has three sorts of domains: one hexagonal (1, LuFe9.5 type) and two rhombohedral (2 a and 2 b, PrFe7 type), the last two twinned by reticular merohedry. Crystals 1 and 2 are essentially polytypes with maximum degree of order (MDO polytypes), built up of nearly identical slabs that are stacked along [001] in ABAB…︁ (1) and ABCABC…︁ (2) sequences. Structure refinement was performed by a newly developed program that allowed us to refine several structures on a single data set. We found that the hexagonal and rhombohedral domains differ in chemical composition: while 1 shows a higher rate of Yb substitution by Fe2 dumbbells, 2 shows partial substitution of Fe by Ga. Our observation of the nanoscale phase segregation is supported by latest finding of nonrandom distribution of stacking faults in a similar 2:17 alloy. An unequal distribution of chemical substitutions in 1 and 2 apparently compensates the inherent mismatch of basal plane dimensions of the individual MDO polytypes and thus constrains their cell parameters within the syntaxy. According to our knowledge this is the first example of two chemically distinct polytypes constituting a single crystal, refined on a single set of diffraction data.
Preparation, Characterization, and Photoactivity of Polycrystalline Nanostructured TiO2 Catalysts.
Authors: Addamo Maurizio , Augugliaro Vincenzo , Di Paola Agatino , Garcia‐Lopez Elisa , Loddo Vittorio , Marci Giuseppe , Molinari Raffaele , Palmisano Leonardo , Schiavello Mario 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Enthalpic and Polar Effects in the Reactions of Perfluoroalkyl Radicals. New Selective Synthetic Developments with Alkenes and Heteroaromatic Bases.
Authors: Antonietti Fabrizio , Mele Andrea , Minisci Francesco , Punta Carlo , Recupero Francesco , Fontana Francesca 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A New Chiral Catalytic Source with an N—P=O Structural Framework Containing a Proximal Hydroxyl Group for the Borane‐Mediated Asymmetric Reduction of Prochiral Ketones.
Authors: Basavaiah Deevi , Reddy Gone Jayapal , Chandrashekar Vanampally 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Evaluation of S‐4‐(3‐Thienyl)phenyl‐α‐methylacetic Acid.
Authors: Mittal Shilpi , Malde Alpeshkumar , Selvam C. , Arun K. H. S. , Johar P. S. , Jachak Sanjay M. , Ramarao P. , Bharatam P. V. , Chawla H. P. S. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A New “One‐Pot” Synthesis of 2‐Substituted 3‐Nitropyrrolidines Through a Multicomponent Domino Reaction.
Authors: Baricordi Nikla , Benetti Simonetta , Biondini Gisella , De Risi Carmela , Pollini Gian P. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Improvement in the Regioselectivity in the Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Metathesis Reaction of 2‐Azabicyclo[2.2.1]hept‐5‐en‐3‐one (ABH) with Allyltrimethylsilane.
Authors: Ishikura Minoru , Hasunuma Miyako , Saijo Makoto 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
One‐Pot Synthesis of Functionalized 4,5‐Dihydroisoxazole Derivatives via Nitrile Oxides and Biological Evaluation with Plant Cells.
Authors: Mincheva Zoia , Courtois Martine , Chreche Joel , Rideau Marc , Viaud‐Massuard Maria‐Claude 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of 2‐Amino and 2‐Azetidinonyl 5‐(2‐Benzoyl‐phenoxymethyl) 1,3,4‐Oxadiazoles.
Authors: Khanum Shaukath Ara , Shashikanth S. , Sudha B. S. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Diastereopure Preparation of α‐Benzotriazolyl 1‐Azacycloalka[2,1‐b][1,3]oxazines and Their Application as Versatile Chiral Precursors.
Authors: Xu Xuenong , Lu Jun , Li Rui , Ge Zongming , Dong Yanmei , Hu Yuefei 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of 9‐Bromo‐3‐methoxydibenzo[c,f][1,2]oxazepine‐11‐carbonitrile.
Authors: Orlov V. Yu. , Kotov A. D. , Ganzha V. V. , Mironov G. S. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New Stereoregular Liquid‐Crystalline Phenylcyclosiloxanes
Authors: Makarova N. N. , Volkova L. M. , Chizhova N. V. , Matukhina E. V. , Kaznacheev A. V. , Petrovskii P. V. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Frankiamide: A Structural Revision to Demethyl (C‐11) Cezomycin.
Authors: Klika Karel D. , Haansuu J. Pasi , Ovcharenko Vladimir V. , Haahtela Kielo K. , Vuorela Pia M. , Sillanpaeae Reijo , Pihlaja Kalevi 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Lambertellols A and B, Novel 3,4‐Dihydronaphthalen‐1(2H)‐ones with Spiro‐butenolide Produced by Lambertella sp. 1346.
Authors: Murakami Takanori , Morikawa Yoshifumi , Hashimoto Masaru , Okuno Toshikatsu , Harada Yukio 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Enantioselective Access to 2,7‐cis‐Disubstituted Oxepanes: Formal Synthesis of (+)‐Isolaurepan.
Authors: Carreno M. Carmen , Des Mazery Renaud , Urbano Antonio , Colobert Francoise , Solladie Guy 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Study on the Structure—Activity Relationships of NPTX‐594, a Spider Toxin Belonging to the Type‐B Acylpolyamine Structure.
Authors: Wakamiya Tateaki , Kinoshita Tomohiko , Hattori Yoshihide , Yamaguchi Yoshihiro , Naoki Hideo , Corzo Gerardo , Nakajima Terumi 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Late Transition Metal (Co, Rh, Ir)‐Siloxide Complexes: Synthesis, Structure and Application to Catalysis
Authors: Marciniec B. , Kownacki I. , Kubicki M. , Krzyzanowski P. , Walczuk E. , Blazejewska‐Chadyniak P. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Partitioning Mechanism of Phenazine Ethosulfate into Polymer Film Electrodes
Authors: Coleman Brian D. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractPhenazine ethosulfate (PES+) partitioning into the AQ55 cation‐exchange polymer has been demonstrated by immersion and continuous electrochemical cycling experiments. Cyclic voltammetric waveshapes indicate that both the reduction of PES+ and the oxidation of PESH are diffusion‐controlled when incorporated into the polymer film. This is in dramatic contrast to the behavior exhibited at bare glassy carbon where the reduction of PES+ is diffusion‐controlled but the oxidation of PESH is characteristic of a surface‐confined redox process. The straightforward determination of the partition coefficient is complicated by the uncertainty associated with accurately knowing the thickness of the swollen polymer. Therefore Randles‐Sevcik data for the reduction of PES+ at the bare and polymer‐modified electrode were compared to qualitatively assess the extent of possible partitioning, which was determined to be on the order of 101–102. The partition coefficient was determined to be 9.1±0.4, a value in agreement with qualitative assessment. Partitioning was found to be sensitive to the cations present in solution with the order of extractability of PES+ from solutions of Li+, Na+, and K+, increasing in the order: Li+>Na+>K+. Continuous cycling experiments suggest PES+ partitions into the film during the reductive cycle to restore the equilibrium concentration in the film caused by the electrochemical consumption of the species.