bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The reactive response of life
Authors: Stevenson Tyler John 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on another type of reactive rheostasis, the well-defined, sequential regulated change in physiology that underlies gestation in mammals and brooding in birds. It shows that female energy balance during pregnancy is maintained through short-term homeostatic regulation of glucose, while the long-term change in insulin action is driven by the coordinated activity of an entirely separate genetic and anatomically driven response. These reactive rheostatic responses, unlike programmed rheostasis, have a defined period which can vary from a few weeks to several months. The chapter concludes that, given the considerable variation in parental physiology and behavior across the animal kingdom, it is hard, if not impossible, to formulate a single overarching model that can encompass the reactive rheostatic regulation of embryo development.
Hierarchical organization of physiological stability
Authors: Stevenson Tyler John 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers allostasis, in particular the control of glucocorticoid concentrations in the blood. It reviews the complex neural activity underlying individual differences in stress responses and places the hippocampus as the central node for allostasis. The chapter proposes a hierarchical organization of physiological stability to account for different levels of control over one physiological variable, glucocorticoid concentration in the circulatory system. It also reviews the difference between allostasis and rheostasis and the differing mechanisms of anticipation, which in rheostasis is a programmed event using inherited, genetic material, while the allostatic control of physiological responses is dependent on prior experience to the same, or similar environmental cues and requires an entirely separate set of brain regions.
Citizenship
Authors: Jacobson David , Cinalli Manlio 
Published: January 2024

AbstractA paradox underlies Citizenship: The Third Revolution. Curiously, the importance of citizenship since its introduction some four thousand years ago in the Ancient Near East is only partly grasped. Ever since, citizenship has always been circumscribed by ascribed markers of status, such as slavery in Greece and Rome, the exclusion of women from civic life across millennia, and the discrimination against religious and racial minorities in nation-states. Understanding this paradox—the introduction of the revolutionary idea of humankind to shape its own destiny yet being unable to shed the harness of “primordialism”—is key. This book seeks, first, to reveal the underlying “grammar”—the principles—of citizenship. Why does citizenship emerge, historically, and why does it maintain traction, even if in compromised forms? Second, the book asks how we can move forward to revive citizenship and democracy. Historically, the book considers three revolutionary periods for citizenship: from the ancient and classical worlds, to the flourishing of guilds and city republics from 1000 CE, to the “unfinished revolution” of human rights from the post–World War II period. Building on emerging social developments, this book proposes a path forward toward repairing democracy, including laying open the foundations for a “twenty-first century guild.”
Introduction
Authors: Cinalli Manlio 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThis Introduction sets the historical context for the emergence of citizenship, the revolutionary periods in its evolution, and the underlying paradox that citizenship never fully overcomes primordialist practices. Six propositions shape the book’s exposition: the underlying “grammar” of citizenship; the paradoxical character of rights, which may undermine as well reinforce civic society; the role of interest and identity, respectively, in collective action; the importance of “social embeddedness” for the functioning of citizenship; the concept of seams as a better conceptual framing than borders in revealing the present global environment; and the increasingly evident empirical basis for prescribing a “twenty-first century guild” to help repair democracy.
The Second Revolution
Authors: Cinalli Manlio 
Published: January 2024

AbstractIn the mid-eleventh century, the Church, under Pope Gregory VII, sanctioned the “corporation”—a body based on civic principles rather than blood ties. This is a keyhole moment in what was an otherwise overwhelmingly kinship-based, feudal society, in which birth determined social status and political rule. New civic corporate bodies, notably guilds, communes, and the Italian city republics, eased the transition from the close personal bonds of the clan. Crucially, the guilds merged economic interests in the trades and crafts together with mutual aid, shared identity, and a broader political vision in their towns and cities. The corporation as a basis of association that transcended kinship was the seed of pivotal, long-term institutional developments regarding citizenship. Examples include religious associations that became, ironically, a basis for Protestant dissenters, business corporations like the Dutch East India Company, voluntary associations, and the nation-state itself.
A Twenty-First Century Guild
Authors: Cinalli Manlio 
Published: January 2024

AbstractA guild model, adapted for the twenty-first century, is put forward as the basis for a more developed civic polity. A “second wave” in human rights is increasingly evident in the corporate sector, and comes under the rubric of environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG). The developments include a gradual shift to stakeholder (as opposed to stockholder) principles. Building upon ESG developments, a prescriptive guild can address several concerns. It can provide an alternative pathway to political engagement, based on a model of “juridical democracy,” confronting distrust and shoring up the legitimacy of the state. Such a guild can thus serve as a nexus of citizenship. This includes choosing members, including those who are not yet citizens. Such a role for the corporation is especially germane now as the corporation is extraordinarily important in shaping people’s lives and the world itself, from the environment to human rights.
Force and Fraud in the World (and the Nine Circles of Hell)
Authors: Hunt Luke William 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the universal role that force and fraud play in unjustified acts, in turn raising questions about the justification of a police institution enmeshed in deception and dishonesty. The chapter relies on empirical jurisprudence to introduce the concept of universalistic positive morality (UPM), which is based on the idea that societal issues regarding things such as brutality (force) and dishonesty (fraud) are grounded in positive (social) morality that is universalistic in character. Empirical evidence suggests that societies are oriented in a universalistic direction—in other words, they tend toward universal aims given empirical generalizations about human life and society. Accordingly, it should give us pause when our legal and political institutions—such as the police—depart from UPM.
Good Faith Policing
Authors: Hunt Luke William 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter draws on the norms of contract law—including good faith, honesty, and transparency—to illustrate how policing reaches beyond the value of security. Suppose a person is charged with a crime, and subsequently agrees to act on behalf of the police (to gather evidence, testify, or confess) in exchange for a (potentially) reduced sentence. If the person’s agreement is based on a material misrepresentation by the police, the person was subjected to a fraudulent bargaining process. More broadly, societal arrangements modeled on the ideal of a social contract (agreements between the government and the governed) are relational in nature even if they cannot be captured exhaustively in a literal contract. Persons are conceived as entrusting certain tasks (policing) to agents of the state, and it is through this entrustment that persons can be thought of as having a right to be secured in good faith.
The One Who Could See Stars
Authors: Conlan Thomas D. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter reveals how Ōuchi Moriakira had the ability to defend his lands against an attack by Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, the powerful leader of Japan’s shogunate, and keep his people unified through religious rites and military success. It shows how he was able to profit from new modes of extraction of copper ore and expand trade with Korea, and at the same time emphasize his ethnicity through the renovation of tombs. Then it explores how Moriakira became a Zen monk and an important cultural patron and mediator. Finally, the chapter explains the process whereby national shrines were repurposed and possessed by the Ōuchi.
Ōuchi Masahiro and the Rise of Yamaguchi
Authors: Conlan Thomas D. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a new narrative of the debilitating Ōnin War (1465–78) and recasts the struggle as one for supremacy between the Ashikaga and the Ōuchi, revealing how the war ended with the next Ōuchi lord, Masahiro, abandoning his father’s warrior government, but receiving Ashikaga recognition of his extensive rites. Furthermore, it recounts the urban expansion of Yamaguchi and explores how it, rather than the capital of Kyoto, became the center of court-based rituals of governance. It then argues that the period is best characterized not as “Warring States” but rather a dual polity, with complementary political centers at Kyoto and Yamauguchi. Likewise, the chapter explains how they initiated economic regulations concerning coinage. After showing how Masahiro rewrote the Ōuchi past, recalibrating claims of ethnicity through forging records, the chapter explains how he patronized Shinto and deified his father as a god.
The Triumphs and Tragedy of Ōuchi Yoshitaka (1528–51)
Authors: Conlan Thomas D. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the rise Ōuchi Yoshitaka, his destruction of long-standing rivals, consolidation of authority over the port of Hakata, and the islands of Tsushima, as well as his ability to contact directly to the courts of Japan and Korea through the post of Dazaifu Governor General (Dazai Daini). It also explains how his mines became the source of silver exports to the Ming. Finally, the chapter reveals an attempt to move Japan’s capital from Kyoto to Yamaguchi, and explains how these efforts spawned a coup d’état that resulted in his death, as well of that of many courtiers, the enervation of court rites, and the onset of Japan’s “Warring States” era in 1551.
Epilogue
Authors: Conlan Thomas D. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains the turmoil accompanied the Ōuchi fall, and how numerous groups tried to gain control of the lucrative China and Korea trade. Furthermore, it recounts how the Mōri and Ōtomo fought for control of the Straits of Shimonoseki and provides a narrative of the rebellion of Ōuchi Teruhiro, which was the final attempt to restore Ōuchi rule. It then explains how Japan changed, and the earlier notion of Ōuchi becoming inconceivable. Finally, it recounts Ōuchi nostalgia, and explains how, for the finality of their collapse, the Ōuchi were too great to be forgotten entirely.
Introduction
Authors: Cavanaugh William T. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This introductory chapter outlines the argument of the book as a whole: everybody worships something, whether explicitly or implicitly. The biblical critique of idolatry acknowledges that people have a proclivity towards worshipping all sorts of things that are not God. Idolatry critique can be used sympathetically to narrow the gap between believers and nonbelievers. It can also be used critically to show how people become oppressed by their own creations. In both cases, the critique of idolatry questions the notion that the modern West is disenchanted and devoid of worship. The holy has not disappeared but has rather migrated to the market, the nation-state, and other supposedly “secular” realities.
Augustine on Idolatry as Self-Worship
Authors: Cavanaugh William T. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter turns to Augustine for a Christian theological account of idolatry. For Augustine, idolatry is rooted in a kind of self-love, though one that paradoxically results in self-dissolution. The chapter examines Augustine’s analysis of the Roman creation of gods as a manifestation of self-love. It then considers Augustine’s attitude toward temporal things, showing that Augustine has sympathy for us material creatures who cling to material things both from delight at their beauty and from fatigue caused by the flux of time. The following section shows how Augustine regards idolatry as a kind of narcissism or self-worship, despite its appearance of worshiping an other. Autonomy becomes heteronomy, and self-love becomes domination by one’s own inventions. The final section considers Augustine’s view of material images. Augustine shares a suspicion of graven images, but allows for a nonidolatrous sacramental practice of images as they participate in the Image of God, Jesus Christ.
The Splendid Idolatry of Nationalism
Authors: Cavanaugh William T. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores nationalism as idolatry dedicated to the service of something larger than the self but ultimately coming down to collective narcissism. Nationalism calls forth real virtues of self-sacrifice for ideals and people beyond the individual self, while simultaneously directing lethal levels of devotion toward what is not God. The chapter explores theories of nationalism as “religion.” It looks at theories about the origins of nationalism and argues that Western forms of nationalism appropriated the sacred from the old Christian order. The chapter gives a sympathetic account of the virtues of nationalism, but also explores the vices of nationalism, particularly collective narcissism, the worship of the collective “we,” which results in racism and the willingness to kill for the nation-state. Finally, the chapter considers whether there are other types of collective belonging compatible with the worship of God, exploring the biblical theme of the people of God.
Incarnation and Sacrament
Authors: Cavanaugh William T. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter develops a nonidolatrous practice of the material world. It considers the question of sacramentality, the notion that divinity is found in creation, and argues that the question Which divinity? must be addressed. The chapter addresses that question with the Incarnation of God in Christ as an antidote to idolatry. The chapter considers Jean-Luc Marion’s contrast of the icon to the idol. While idols serve as mirrors to the self, the icon serves as a portal to participation in God. The chapter explores this theme in the practice of the sacraments, especially the Eucharist, acknowledging that there are idolatrous practices of the Eucharist. The Eucharist must be lived out in a way that counters idolatries like nationalism and consumerism. Idolatry can be healed only by encounter with the living God, especially in the unmanageable encounter with Christ in those who are marginalized by our idolatrous practices.
Is This God's Country?
Authors: Audi Robert 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This book discusses how Christianity as a religion—or any religion—can coexist in harmony with democracy as an American ideal that separates church and state. The notion of a religion is complex and elastic; the notion of democracy is complex and contested. Both notions are described, and both are considered in contemporary America viewed through our founding documents, our ideals of religious liberty and social justice, and our acute day-to-day problems. Public education, business, and healthcare are all beset by the culture wars—from perceived hostility to religion in schools, to vaccine resistance, to refusing to provide religiously objectionable services, to abortion. The book reflects Audi’s decades of work on religion and politics, ethics, and philosophy of religion, but it’s written in plain language. It explains why America separates church and state, how this can benefit both religious and secular citizens, why there is nevertheless controversy about what this means, and how opposed religious and secular people can peaceably resolve differences. The main points are clarified by a multitude of cases spanning issues in schooling, doing business, and providing medical care. The book proposes standards for discussing and resolving these issues. Its final essay addresses the question whether, within those standards, America can be Christian—or religious at all—in a way that integrates religious liberty with democratic law-making and expands the common ground we need to overcome the cultural fragmentation that besets America.
Religion as an Engine of Law-Making
Authors: Audi Robert 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Belonging to a religion that has an ethic—as is usual with full-blooded religions—inclines the faithful in the religion to want their culture, government, and laws to accord with their religiously approved ethical standards. The very same people who want this, however, would resist any pressures from some other religion to impose its standards by establishing its own pattern of laws or public policies. Our founders saw this and, in contrast with many European countries, built separation of church and state into the Constitution. This essay describes a range of constitutional and legal patterns and sets the stage for later essays which propose ways to balance religious sociopolitical aspirations with democratic tolerance.
Religion, Democracy, and Economic Liberty
Authors: Audi Robert 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Private businesses may seem to deserve the same religious liberties as individuals; publicly traded businesses seem more like government agencies. Why should a private business have to serve people it religiously disapproves of? And should publicly traded businesses, as akin to government agencies and often claiming to serve the public good, separate church and state? What is publicly traded may still be privately (non-governmentally) owned. This essay describes the importance of both the religious freedoms of management and their responsibility for forthrightness about their business practices. Sensitivity to shareholder and stakeholder preferences are also relevant to religious conduct in business. These difficult issues are discussed in the light of both principles in the ethics of citizenship and the details of individual cases.
Can We Integrate Morality, Politics, and Religion?
Authors: Audi Robert 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
One cliché has it that politics and religion don’t mix, but the suggested rule doesn’t apply to democracy. This essay proposes standards for a good mix: for when and how one may appeal to religion in political discussion and law-making. Its aim is to encourage citizens making laws to use adequate reasons, with mutual respect, and, so far as possible, on common ground. This practice accommodates both stating and being inspired by religious convictions. The restraints on citizens are simply to have, in law-making that restricts liberty, an adequate basis in the kind of reason we normally share. A counterpart standard accommodates religious bases of judgment: religious people should consult the ethical standards of their own religion. Often, these standards support laws and policies justifiable on other grounds or even a non-religious basis.
Introduction
Authors: Plakias Alexandra 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Awkwardness is a familiar fact of social life, but a less frequent subject of academic attention. This introduction begins by situating the study of awkwardness in relation to existing work in philosophy and psychology, and explains why awkwardness is relevant to contemporary work in ethics and social epistemology. Awkwardness, it’s suggested, functions as a kind of normative negative space, highlighting areas where our social resources fall short. The chapter concludes with a brief overview of the book and its analysis of awkwardness as a social phenomenon involving feelings of discomfort, highlighting social dysfunction, and drawing attention to areas of social and moral life where norms fail to sufficiently guide us.
Feeling Awkward
Authors: Plakias Alexandra 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains how awkwardness differs from related phenomena, the self-conscious emotions of embarrassment and shame. It begins by looking at whether certain people might be immune to awkwardness and why, and discusses what this tells us about the psychology of awkward feelings. Specifically, it argues that experiencing awkwardness requires a certain capacity to see ourselves in relation to others. This in turn shows that awkwardness is related to forms of self-consciousness, yet the chapter argues that awkwardness is distinct from the so-called self-conscious emotions. It describes different theories of embarrassment and shows that recognizing awkwardness as distinct from embarrassment makes for a more unified explanation of the latter. It also compares awkwardness and anxiety, and concludes by saying more about the discomfort that characterizes feeling awkward, and how it differs from anxiety.
Awkward, Socially
Authors: Plakias Alexandra 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter moves from the aesthetics of awkwardness to the beginning of an argument for its social and epistemic significance. It starts by asking why people enjoy awkward comedy. Using Carroll’s discussion of the overlap between horror and comedy, it is suggested that awkward comedy is best understood as “social horror.” The chapter goes on to discuss reactions to real-life awkwardness in terms of its aesthetic qualities. It begins by looking at the appeal of effortless manners, which is explained in terms of social norms and cooperation. From there, the argument explores the idea that awkwardness is a way of marking insiders and outsiders; those in the know, and those out in the cold. In the second half of the chapter, this social explanation is elaborated upon to explain why awkwardness is a threat to social norms and accountability.
Evidence on Risk Preferences and the Role of Prospect Theory in Insurance
Authors: Nyman John A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews the empirical evidence regarding the role of risk preferences in the demand for insurance and gambling, and then considers the empirical evidence in support of a quid pro quo approach to the demand for insurance. The first part summarizes the empirical evidence on risk preferences, and also describes prospect theory and the standard interpretation of this theory. Next, the chapter looks at the evidence from a series of empirical and theoretical studies to determine whether the standard interpretation is actually how prospect theory should be interpreted when applied to the demand for insurance. Finally, the chapter shows how the prospect theory diagram can be transformed into one that shows the demand for insurance under the quid pro quo theory.