bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ownership, Organization, and Management: British Business and the Branded Consumer Goods Industries
Authors: Fitzgerald Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The failings of British management have been the target of prolonged adverse criticism, and this respectable and in many ways justifiable practice has recently been bolstered by the powerful assault of an authoritative source. It would be a revisionist, and undoubtedly foolhardy, historian who could dismiss the existence of some link between Britain ‘s relative economic decline, the loss of competitiveness, and the inadequate decisions and capabilities of business leaders, managers, and firms. Chandler ‘s Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism has a more ambitious objective than this acknowledgement of managerial weakness as one contributory factor amongst many. In relating national economic success to a particular form of capitalist enterprise and organizational structure, specifically the multidivisional corporation, it places the principal blame for British failure on the nature and composition of its industrial management. In order to illustrate the force of his thesis, Chandler directly criticizes a group of British industries which, as counterpoints to descriptions of decline in textiles, steel, shipbuilding, and engineering, have been distinguished as examples of sectoral competitive achieve ment.1 In his criticism of the failings of British management, specifically the continuance of business dynasties into an era when other forms of ownership and control were supposedly more appropriate, he is joined by Lazonick.2
An Impossible Merger? The French Chemical Industry in the 1920s
Authors: Daviet Jean-Pierre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to examine an ambitious merger project that would have changed the history of the French chemical industry. In 1926-7 the creation of a national federation, uniting all firms within the indus try, under the ‘Union chimique frarn;aise ‘ banner, was considered; it would have been like the Union chimique belge or, a closer comparison, ICI in Great Britain or IG Farben in Germany. The companies which were involved thought the idea had come from bankers, and the Credit com mercial de France, founded in 1894 under the name of Banque suisseet franc;aise, was the bank most often cited. This plan started a process of consultation, and the firms which were involved showed an extreme reluctance. Though the initiative eventually failed to reach its original goals, it was none the less useful in many respects, and it contributed to the advancement of a new set of ideas. Analysing this project provides a deeper understanding of the historical development of France ‘s chemical industry, an industry which suffered from many ambiguities, but also displayed in the 1920s an increased awareness of the ties between the banking community and industry. This study also helps to understand the strategic and organizational characteristics of French companies during the first half of the twentieth century.
The Network Structure of Inter-Firm Relationships in the Southern Italian Mechanical Industry
Authors: Lomi Alessandro , Grandi Alessandro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Inter-firm relationships in the southern Italian mechanical industry are considered in terms of four different structures of interaction generated by supply relationships, quality control agreements, technology transfer, and equity relations. Network-analytic techniques are used to explore patterns of community structure emerging from the system of intercorporate connections among 106 organizations. The study of organizations has moved beyond focusing on single organizations to an examination of how populations of organizations relate to their environments (Aldrich 1979). In this perspective, the population-rather than the individual organization-is taken as the basic unit of analysis, and adaptation is seen as a collective response to the problem of interdependence at the population and community levels (Hawley 1986; Hannan and Freeman 1989). This perspective is in sharp contrast with earlier research traditions on organizational environments which promulgated a firmcentred perspective by focusing on the relationship between individual organizations and their immediate environment (Lawrence and Lorsch 1967).
The Forms, Costs, and Development Dynamics of Inter-Organizational Networking
Authors: Ebers Mark , Grandori Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this concluding chapter we outline some specific implications for organizational theory and practice that may be derived from the chapters assembled in this volume. At the same time, we take this opportunity to point out what we believe to be some important issues for the further development of the field of inter-organizational network analysis. With regard to theoretical implications, we begin by returning to an issue discussed in the Introduction, namely the conceptualization and characterization of inter-organizational networks. A summary of the general explanatory argument for the formation of inter-organizational networks, as suggested by the chapters of this volume, follows. We then move on to discuss what we perceive to be two important yet under-researched areas in the study of inter-organizational networking, namely the possible costs and dynamics of networking. We end this concluding chapter by highlighting a number of practical implications that may be derived from the research reported in this book.
The Bank of England and Central Bank Co-operation 1970–1994
Authors: Pringle Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The modern era of central bank co-operation began in 1961, with the first in a series of bilateral arrangements that were to lead to a large ‘swap’ network of mutual credit lines among major central banks. The purpose of the arrangements, initiated by the US Treasury and taken over the following year by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, was to defend the dollar, which had come under attack in the foreign exchange markets for the first time since World War II. The swaps made foreign currencies available to the United States to finance intervention in the foreign exchange market. The first was between the New York Fed and the Bank of France; the Fed agreed to pay $50m. into the account of the Bank of France in New York against payment of an equivalent sum (245m. frs.) by the Bank of France to the account of the Fed in Paris. This resulted in an increase in the foreign reserves at the disposal of both countries at the stroke of a pen. Swap credits were later used extensively by other countries, notably Britain. They were very flexible and short term; unless renewed, the swaps were unwound at the end of three months at the same exchange rate, eliminating exchange risk. They survived the move to floating rates. By 1994 the New York Fed had swap facilities totalling $30bn. with fourteen central banks and the Bank for International Settlements.
Towards a Model of Clustering in High-Technology Industries
Authors: Swann G M Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Drawing on the literature review, the aim of this chapter is to set out a simple model of clustering in high-technology industries that forms the basis of the empirical analysis in the later chapters. Much analysis of clusters has focused on the initial formative stages, or what could be called the riseof clusters. In these formative stages there is an important positive feedback mechanism which reinforces the development of clusters. But this positive feedback rarely continues indefinitely. Within most clusters, even the most successful, diminishing returns are liable to set in beyond a certain point. This means that the rate of growth of the cluster will start to decline. Eventually, indeed, the cluster will stop growing, and start to decline. Most analysis of clustering tends to stop there: the cluster enters a phase of decline from which there is no apparent recovery at this is not the inevitable outcome. In a few cases, clusters that reach maturity do not necessarily then decline into oblivion. Some of them experience a renaissanceor revival in a new age with a new set of industries.
Comparison and Interaction between Computing and Biotechnology
Authors: Prevezer Martha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is divided into two parts. The first compares the processes of clustering in the two industries—computing and biotechnology—and traces differences back to the nature of the technologies. The second part looks at the interaction between the technologies, and specifically the effect computing has had on biotechnology and the implications for clustering. Chapters 4 and 5, 6 and 7 have analysed clustering in computing and biotechnology in both the USA and the UK. We have looked at the process through the entry of firms into clusters and at the effect on the growth of incumbent firms of being situated in clusters, and we have found different factors have affected entry and growth. We have compared these processes of entry and growth in the US and UK computing industries, and, less formally.
Management Accounting Changes The Belgian Experience
Authors: Bruggeman Werner , Slagmulder, Regine , Waeytens Dominique 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the last years we have seen many innovative practices and new methods in the field of management accounting. For different subject areas it was advocated that existing concepts and techniques were obsolete and create dysfunctional behaviour. It has been suggested that the so-called traditional systems should be replaced by new approaches.
In capital budgeting, there is a call for strategic investment appraisal instead of traditional discounted cash flow methods. In cost accounting, activity-based costing is becoming popular. Also, new concepts and theories are being sought for measuring performance.
The Bretton Woods System: Concept and Practice
Authors: Panić Mića 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first (discouraging) thought that occurs to anyone asked to write about the Bretton Woods system is that there is nothing, no aspect of the subject, that has failed to attract careful and lengthy scrutiny over the last fifty years. The existing literature must be at least as voluminous as that on the classical gold standard; and the number of devotees of the System is probably greater than the one that admired for so long its much debated nineteenth century precursor.
International Capital Movements: Some Proposals for Reform
Authors: Akyüz Yzlmaz , Cornford Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The recent trend towards liberalization of international capital movements in most parts of the world economy has been accompanied by growing agreement concerning the potential benefits of long-term international investment, so long as it is subject to certain restrictions and conditions. But there is no such consensus as to the benefits of short-term capital movements, even though these too are now increasingly covered by measures of liberalization. Policy makers’ concerns regarding short-term capital movements derive mainly from the volatility of many of the transactions through which such movements are effected. Unless offsetting action is taken, this is easily translated into volatility of the exchange rate, asset prices and interest rates, foreign exchange reserves, and the supply of domestic financing. Therefore such movements are capable of exerting a powerful influence on the economy as a whole, including resource allocation, consumption, and investment.
Social Preferences, Equity, and Non-Expected Utility Theory
Authors: Farina Francesco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter enquires into the kind of behavioural pattern to be followed by an ethical decision-maker so as to make a concern for equity influence social preferences. Following Harsanyi’s ‘constructivistic’ model of social choice, the ‘veil of ignorance’ assumption is adopted. Each individual evaluates the possible outcomes of random prospects by assigning an ‘equal probability’ to the event of being placed in the objective position (a given state of the world x, with x = I, ... , h) and in the subjective position i (with i = 1, ... , n) of everyone else. This corresponds to introducing a decision maker who overcomes possible conflicts between self-interested individuals. Social preferences are then determined by means of interpersonal utility comparisons employing a uniform conversion index between each individ ual’s own and other individuals’ utility units. With reference to the ex ante approach to social welfare, expectational utility functions will be interpreted as mathematical instruments by which the ethical decision-maker expresses social preferences. The utility differences resulting from interpersonal com parisons will then be deemed not as measurements of pleasure but as the determinants of judgements of social welfare.
Introduction
Authors: Goto Akira 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past decade, there has been a growing interest in national innovation systems (see Dosi et al. 1988; Lundvall 1992; and especially Nelson 1992). As the globalization of the economy proceeds with increasing speed, the arena of competition has become world-wide, and technology is now the key factor in this global competition. Still, innovation systems differ from country to country, and the innovative activities of firms are by and large conditioned by the innovation system of their home country.
Intrafirm Transfers of Engineers in Japan
Authors: Kusunoki Ken , Numagami Tsuyoshi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on intrafirm personnel transfers of Japanese engineers. We present an in-depth description of the engineering personnel transfer system in Japan, using an unusually comprehensive data set collected from a large Japanese R&D-oriented firm. Although much research concerning Japanese technology management has called attention to intrafirm transfers of Japanese engineers, there has been surprisingly little quantitative research that directly sheds light on the actual frequencies or patterns of engineering transfers within firms. This is the first quantitative research that provides substantial findings on actual intrafirm transfers of Japanese engineers.
Introduction: Historical Roots of Family Policy
Authors: Phipps Shelly 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Canada as a nation has never developed a comprehensive and explicit set of family policies, although the province of Quebec has taken this initiative since the late 1980s. Instead, policies affecting families with children are implicitly embedded within all social and economic policies. This means that any analysis of Canadian family policy must include a more general discussion of income security programmes, public health insurance, labour market policies, and income tax regulations.
Introduction: Themes in the American Tradition
Authors: Shirley Ian , Pool Peggy Koopman-Boyden Ian , John St. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The United States has no explicit national, comprehensive family or child policy, nor has there been any such policy or cluster of policies in the past. Nonetheless, over the past century, even as European welfare states were being shaped, the US too developed many of the institutional supports and commitments to what in Europe would be called a welfare state (or in Germany, a social market). Among these, from time to time, were measures directed at children or families with children. These enactments were in considerable part concentrated in several ‘bursts’ during periods of reform: the Progressive Era (approximately 1895-1920), the New Deal and its aftermaths (1932-54), the War on Poverty and the Great Society (1960–74). A hundred years after the Progressive Era, at the beginning of the Clinton Administration, there were new child and family initiatives, but by the middle of his term a wave of conservative reaction had begun to dismantle a sixty-year history of increasing social entitlements.
The Formation of Families
Authors: Shirley Ian , Pool Peggy Koopman-Boyden Ian , John St. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the early 1970s, both popular and scholarly literature in the United States have highlighted issues of family change. Although the debate has been couched in terms of whether the family is failing as society’s primary institution of child socialization, it was stimulated by the growing awareness of significant changes occurring within families. That the family has changed, in particular over the last three decades, is a subject of general agreement. That the major changes have to do with the declining significance of ‘traditional’ families—two-parent, husband/wife families with children, in which the husband works outside the home in the paid labour force and the wife works inside the home as an unpaid family worker—is also a source of general agreement.
Families and the Division of Labour: Employment and Family Work
Authors: Shirley Ian , Pool Peggy Koopman-Boyden Ian , John St. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whether referred to as a ‘subtle revolution’ or as the most significant social change of the twentieth century, changes in gender roles have had enormous implications for families. In particular, women’s entry into the labour force and their continued attachment to it have had a major impact on the household and family economy, the lifestyle of husbands and wives, the viability of single-parent families, and the ways that children are reared and cared for. Of particular importance have been the increased labour force participation of married mothers, especially those with young children; the sustained labour force attachment of women regardless of pregnancy, maternity, and child-rearing; and the rise in full-time, year-round work by married women with children.
The Income of Families: Earnings and Transfers
Authors: Shirley Ian , Pool Peggy Koopman-Boyden Ian , John St. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The economic situation of families with children is largely contingent on five factors: the rate of employment; the level of wages; the number of earners in the family; and the size and the composition of the family, i.e., the number of children and whether the family is headed by one or two parents. Government income transfers can offset some of the consequences of the other four factors, but in the US such transfers have been modest.
Except during the 1930s, the gross domestic product (GDP) rose steadily from the beginning of the twentieth century. Per capita real GDP increased by about two-thirds between World War II and 1974 but only by about one-fourth between 1974 and 1992. Families’ standard of living improved steadily between World War II and 1974 but later stagnated, with different consequences for different types of families. The rnid-1970s may be thought of as the post-World War II watershed in the economic situation of families. The slowdown in economic growth following the first world-wide oil shortage had significant consequences for family economic well-being. Family income inequality increased during the latter period, with shares in family income rising only for the highest quintile, declining for the three lowest, and remaining stable for the fourth (US Bureau of the Census, 1992). The economic situation of the poor also worsened during these years.
The Politics and Institutionalization of Family Policy
Authors: Shirley Ian , Pool Peggy Koopman-Boyden Ian , John St. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is no surprise that a country with the belief systems and political tendencies listed in the historical introduction has not developed a holistic and national family policy. The doctrine of separation of Church and State and the strong commitments to states’ rights, individualism, voluntarism, and family privacy have precluded contrary initiatives. Presidents, leaders in all walks of life, and citizens responding to public opinion polls routinely and fluently affirm that the family is the ‘cornerstone of society’ but—with few exceptions and with regard to most circumstances—do not advocate that it be interfered with or even strongly supported if that might create the possibility of interference.
Technology Management and the Role of the Research and Technology Infrastructure
Authors: Tsipouri Lena 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has been stressed in the earlier chapters that technology management is a strategic function for industry and that the actual choices enterprises make depend not only on the competences they have already acquired (i.e. competence feeds competence), but also on the outside resources to which they have access. Studying technology management from a policy perspective helps to understand not only what capabilities are involved at the level of firms but also how outside resources can further nourish them, thus providing a basis for policies designed to improve technology management. It has also been emphasized that policies do not directly influence technological change, they do so only indirectly by influencing the behaviour of firms.
Free-Standing Companies in Tsarist Russia
Authors: Ģurushina Natalia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The majority of British companies involved in conducting business in Russia at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries followed an identical organizational pattern. The distinctive feature of this pattern was the existence of complex, multilevel structures that included intermediary companies, special companies for financing, Russian-affiliated enterprises, and Russian and British banks. Many British companies that financed business in Russia were so called free-standing companies. This term was first introduced by Mira Wilkins, who defined a free-standing company as an ‘administratively as well as legally independent ‘ venture the purpose of which was to obtain capital by bringing together profitable or potentially profitable operations overseas with British investors seeking financial opportunities superior to those at home The free-standing companies would provide an institutional framework that minimized risks, managed the savings of British investors, and could attract foreign as well as British investment. Free-standing companies did not originate from a domestic manufacturing base. They were floated in the UK and had their head offices in London, but conducted business overseas. The difference between freestanding companies and investment companies was that the latter usually operated ‘ solely within Britain as institutional portfolio investors ‘.
Economic Reform and Poverty: An Overview
Authors: Sahn David E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Has economic reform hurt the poor in Africa? Little disagreement exists that most African countries faced an economic crisis in the early 1980s, characterized by worsening budget and balance-of-payments deficits, stagnant growth, and slow improvement in social indicators. Far less consensus exists, however, on the appropriateness and effectiveness of macroeconomic and sectoral economic reforms that such conditions motivated. More contentious still is the subject of this book: the impact of economic reforms on poverty and income distribution in Africa.