bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Importance of the Polis
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To produce an Inventory of Greek poleis makes sense only if the polis was an essential element of Hellenic civilisation both as an institution and as a concept. That is usually taken for granted, but ought instead to be substantiated. Was the polis really the political unit par excellence? Did it matter to the ancient Greeks if they lived in a polis rather than in some other form of community? Was it something in which they took pride? As an introduction to this work we can adduce a number of observations in support of the orthodoxy.
The Number of Poleis
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This Inventory comprises 1,035 communities, each certainly or probably or possibly a polis in the Archaic and/or Classical periods. But not all were poleis at the same time. Some early poleis had disappeared for good already in the Archaic period, e.g. Arisba on Lesbos (no. 768) swallowed up by Methymna, presumably in C6, or Megara Hyblaia in Sicily (no. 36), destroyed by Gelon in 484. Other poleis were founded in the course of the period covered by our investigation, e.g.
Territory and Size of Territory
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According tothe Greekconception, most clearly formulated by Aristotle, a polis was “a community (koinonia) of citizens (politai) with regard to the constitution (politeia)”. It is at once apparent that Aristotle picks up only two of the three elements that comprise the modern juristic idea of a state (CPCActs 5: 36–40), the people and the constitution; the territory is left out altogether, and that is not by chance. For Aristotle asserts that no one is a citizen by mere domicile in a particular place (Pol. 1275a7), and that a common space to live in is not the essential aspect of a polis (Pol. 1280b30). Thus, Aristotle hits upon one important difference between the polis and the modern state.
Proxenoi as Evidence for Polis Identity
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A proxenos is commonly defined as “one city’s o¶cial friend in another city”. Proxenia is indeed an institution inextricably connected with the polis (see Index 14), but it is neither co-extensive with the polis nor as old as the polis. The earliest epigraphical attestations of proxenoi date from, probably, C6f and the earliest reference sin literary sources are found in Pindar. Apart from a few possible harbingers, the proxenia grew up in C6s, and in C5m it was a well-established institution (Wallace (1970) 189–94).
Stasis as an Essential Aspect of the Polis
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Hellas in the Archaic and Classical periods “belonging” in a political context meant, first of all, to belong to one’s polis. Like the modern state, the polis provided its citizens with a feeling of common identity, based on traditions, culture, ceremonies, symbols and sometimes (presumed) common descent. For a Greek citizen the polis was his fatherland (patris) for which he was expected, if necessary, to die, just as the modern state expects “every man to do his duty” (supra 49).
The Polis as a Religious Organisation
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since Fustel de Coulanges ((1864) 280–81 and passim) it has commonly been claimed that religion was the dominant aspect of community life: (1) “the polis provided the central framework in which Greek religion operated”; (2) “in the world of the Greek cities the opposition between the sacred and the profane—which we assume to be fundamental in the area of religion—was either blurred or utterly irrelevant”. Thus, (3) “religion provided the framework and the symbolic focus of the polis. Religion was the very centre of the Greek polis.”In our opinion, this holistic view of the polis is skewed, and it is particularly the second and third propositions we find misleading.
Coins as Evidence for Polis Identity
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the Hellenic world in the Archaic and Classical periods most coins were struck by poleis (see Index 26). How do we know? (a) In the written sources there are general statements that striking coins was one of the tasks incumbent on a polis (Pl. Resp. 371B; Arist. Mag. mor. 1194a18–25). (b) From other sources we obtain information about mints of individual communities explicitly attested as poleis (Dem. 24.212–14, Athens; IG xii.2 1 (C5s), Mytilene and Phokaia; Syll.3 218.14– 15 (C4f), Olbia).
Spain And France (Including Corsica)
Authors: Domínguez Adolfo j. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The region under consideration here is made up of at least three different areas, partially recognised as such in antiquity: Iberia, Southern Gaul and the island of Corsica. The only common elements characterising these different areas are colonisation by Phokaia (no. 859) and the fact that both Iberia and southern Gaul were, at least to some extent, within the area dominated commercially and possibly politically by Massalia (no. 3). Moreover, these areas mark the western-most limit of the Greek presence in the Mediterranean.¹
Lakedaimon
Authors: Shipley Graham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The polis of Sparte (no. 345) (in the local Doric dialect Sparta) was also called Lakedaimon. Its citizens, the Spartiatai (Spartans, Spartiates) were the dominant class in a larger state whose members were the Lakedaimonioi. Thus all Spartans were Lakedaimonians, but most Lakedaimonians were not Spartans. All Lakedaimonians were free and were citizens of poleis; but the other poleis were dependent upon Sparta, and their citizens were known as the perioikoi, “dwellers around” (sc. around Sparta).
Thrace From Nestos To Hebros
Authors: Loukopoulou Louisa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
East of the lower Nestos and its delta, along the Aegean coast, extend vast alluvial expanses. They are barred to the north by the formidable heights of the Rhodope Mts. and bordered to the east by Mts. Ismaros and Zonaia. This fertile plain is richly watered and often flooded by the Nestos (Strabo 7 fr. 44; cf. Theophr. Hist. pl. 1.3.5) and by numerous lesser rivers.
Propontic Thrace
Authors: Loukopoulou Louisa , Laitar Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The European coast of the Propontis was settled by Megarians (no. 225) and Samians (no. 864). By 480 four colonies are recorded: viz. from east to west, Megarian Byzantion (no. 674) and Selymbria (no. 679), and Samian Perinthos (no. 678) and Bisanthe (no. 673), along with two probably smaller and presumably dependent settlements, Tyrodiza (no. 681) and Heraion [Teichos] (no. 676) (Loukopoulou (1989) 51–57).
Troas
Authors: Mitchell Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Troad received Greek colonies. Several of its cities are said to have been colonised from the island of Lesbos: Tenedos was settled from Lesbos (Hdt. 1.151.1–2),Achilleion specifically from Mytilene (Strabo 13.1.39), and Assos probably from Methymna (Strabo 13.1.58). There is probably no truth in the supposition that Arisbe was connected with the homonymous settlement on the island of Lesbos, since it is more reliably identified as a Milesian foundation (Strabo 14.1.6). Assos in turn created a sub-colony at Gargara (Strabo 13.1.58).
Crete
Authors: Perlman Paula 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Written sources, including coin legends, provide us with the toponyms and city-ethnics of sixty-four Cretan settlements of the Archaic and Classical periods. Written sources from the Archaic and Classical periods survive for forty-five of these toponyms. The written sources for sixteen of the remaining nineteen toponyms are late, and the Archaic and Classical phases of these settlements are attested by the material evidence which in most cases consists of surface remains only.
Rhodos
Authors: Nielsen Thomas Heine , Gabrielsen Vincent 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This evidence clearly proves that throughout C6 and C5 there was a general development in the direction of pan-Rhodian (political) unity. The synoecism in 408/7 may reasonably be seen as a decisive step in this unifying development. Though there are problems of interpretation, nos. (7) and (8) above render it probable that a unified state existed prior to the foundation of the city of Rhodos. The polis of Rhodos (no. 1000) came to monopolise such important functions as, e.g., foreign policy, military organisation and minting.
Poleis in 400 versus Poleis no longer or not yet Existing in 400
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Spain and France Emporion Massalia Sikelia Abakainon Agyrion Akrai Alaisa Apollonia Engyon Galeria Heloron Henna Herakleia Minoa Imachara Kallipolis Kamarina Kasmenai Kephaloidion Lipara Longane Morgantina Mylai Mytistratos Nakone Selinous Syrakousai Zankle/Messana.
Sophists and Emperors
Authors: Bowersock G W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The wealth, intelligence, and patriotism of the sophists, expressed in public service and benefaction, contributed largely to the prosperity of their cities. They became a valuable part of the local administration which was so important to the efficient functioning of the Roman empire. Since teachers and rhetors had tended the affairs of eastern cities long before the second century, it was no accident that as the rhetors became more numerous, more important, and richer, their cities did too. Hence the resurgence of places like Pergamum and Ephesus. The social and political influence of the rhetors of the late republic and early empire can be discerned clearly by anyone who cares to look; in the second century it simply cannot be missed, so conspicuous are the intellectual and (in many cases) lineal descendants of those earlier men of culture.
The Circle of Julia Domna
Authors: Bowersock G W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With all that has been said so far about the sophists of the second and early third centuries and their relations with the Roman government, there has still been no discussion of an aspect of the sophistic revival which has general notoriety among historians of Rome. This is the circle of sophists and philosophers which the empress Julia Domna assembled around her in the reigns of Septimius Severus and Caracalla. Since Philostratus’ life and writings have throughout provided an apposite terminus for these inquiries, it is appropriate to turn to a discussion of the coterie to which Philostratus himself belonged. Unfortunately, much of what has to be said on this matter is negative, because for the first time in dealing with the Second Sophistic we touch upon a topic that has been treated often by historians. The result has been a welter of error and misunderstanding.
Other Literary Men
Authors: Bowersock G W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his biographies of the sophists Philostratus found space for men whom he could not truthfully denominate sophists; yet their achievements were such as to warrant inclusion.1 The rhetorical prowess of Dio of Prusa and Favorinus the Gaul induced Philostratus to write their biographies. From a historical aspect his decision may be justified no less. The careers of those philosophers and their contacts with the Roman government exhibit, as has already emerged, much in common with the careers and contacts of the greater sophists. It was inevitable that it should be so, for the liaison between politics and literature does not recognize all distinctions in literary activity.
Two Case Histories
Authors: Pomeroy Sarah B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Far from being grotesque or totally pathological, the families encountered in private orations can often serve as examples for the generalizations that have been made in preceding chapters about topics such as sentiment, naming patterns, demographic regimes, choice of spouses, and devolution of property. This is not the result of circular reasoning. The patterns have been detected in other pieces of evidence deriving from ‘normal’ families, rather than solely from those that became the fractured, fractious ones well known through litigation. Rather than discuss families in the abstract, I have chosen to present detailed case-studies and to generalize using these examples as touchstones. I trace the life cycle in at least three generations of two well-known families, which allows us to view the changing relationships within families as men select wives, wives become widows, children become adults and marry, and patrimonies are dispersed. This provides a more complex picture of the family than would be the case with discussions of anonymous persons engaged in normal or average behaviour.
Pelagius’s Commentary On. St Paul’s Epistle to the Romans
Authors: Bruyn Theodore De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Pelagian controversy has secured an enduring place for Pelagius in the history of western Christian thought. Few of Pelagius' writings, however, have been preserved, and until recently none was available in English translation. This volume presents Pelagius' commentary on Romans for the first time in English. The commentary, one of thirteen on the Pauline epistles, dates from the time when Pelagius was active in Rome, before he became embroiled in controversy. But already there are adumbrations of the later debate and signs of different currents of thought in Italy and beyond. In his introduction Theodore de Bruyn discusses the context in which Pelagius wrote the commentary and the issues which shaped his interpretation of Romans. He also takes up questions about the edition of the commentary. The translation is annotated with references to Pelagius' contemporaries. A new recension of Pelagius' text of Romans is presented in an appendix.
Roman Theatre Design
Authors: Sear Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Logically one might expect to begin a study of design with the architects, and many names are known to us. For example, an inscription on the outer south wall of the eastern parodosof the large theatre at Pompeii names the architect as ‘M. Artorius M. I. Primus’. The architects who rebuilt the odeum of Pericles after the sack of Athens of 86 bc are known from an inscription to have been Gaius and Marcus Stallius and Melanippus. The theatre of Herculaneum was built or restored at the time of Augustus with Numisius as architect. In the theatre at Aspendus two inscriptions honour the architect, Zeno son of Theodorus, each of which enumerates part of his titles.
Republican Theatres in Italy
Authors: Sear Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The earliest attested theatre in the west is that at Syracuse, which was in existence at the time of Aeschylus. Its architect is known from Eustathius to have been Damocopus Myrilla. The shape of the Damocopus theatre is unknown although the seventeen rectilinear rock-cut steps just west of the later theatre are sometimes regarded as belonging to an older theatre. There may also have been a theatre at Catania in the later fifth century bc. The oldest surviving theatre in the west seems to be the trapezoidal theatre at Morgantina (Plan 110), which dates to c.325 bc. It originally had rectilinear seating, but was rebuilt with a curved cavea in the later third century bc.
Sidonius Apollinaris and the Fall of Rome AD 407-485
Authors: Harries Jill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fifth century AD was a period of military turmoil and political upheaval in Western Europe. The career of the Gallo-Roman senator and bishop, Sidonius Apollinaris (c. 430-c. 485), holder of government office under three Roman emperors and later bishop of Clermont Ferrand, vividly illustrates the processes which undermined Roman rule. A champion of Latin letters and Roman aristocratic values, Sidonius was also for most of his career an advocate of co-operation with the Goths of Aquitaine. Both a career politician and an ardent Christian, Sidonius in his writings reveals both the confusion of loyalties afflicting an aristocracy under threat and the compromises necessary for survival. This book, the first in English on its subject for sixty years, argues that Sidonius adapted literary conventions and exploited accepted techniques of allusion to explain his dilemmas, justify his own role, and convey his personal understanding of, and response to, the fall of Rome.
Georgia in Antiquity
Authors: Braund David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the first full history of the ancient Georgia ever to be written outside Georgia itself. It is also an introduction to the substantial archaeological work that has been carried out in Georgia in recent decades. The principal purpose of this book is to open up ancient Georgia for the world of scholarship at large. It is not only the history of a neglected region, but also a sustained attempt to inform topics and issues that are more familiar to the historians of antiquity: myths of the periphery, Caucasian mountains and their passes, Greek colonization, the Persian, Athenian, and Selecuid empires, Pompey's conquest of Mithridates' empire, the development of the Roman frontier in the eastern Black Sea region, Roman diplomancy in Iberia, the Christianization of Iberia, Sassanian ambitions in Transcaucasia and Byzantine warfare there. The author has lived in Georgia for substantial periods during the last decade: he has made extensive use of scholarship in Georgian and Russian, and has first-hand knowledge of most of the sites which he discusses.
Introduction
Authors: Braund David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The principal purpose of this book is to construct a history of ancient Georgia. In this case, the familiar task of historical construction has been more fundamental than is usual in studies of ancient history, because, to a large extent, the histoty of ancient Georgia has not existed in western historiography or in any kindred form. Indeed, there have been very few attempts to write such a history in any intellectual tradition. With a few honourable exceptions, western historiography has simply ignored ancient Georgia. This book is intended as a new beginning. It offers a historical framework within which ancient Georgia can begin to be understood.
Roman Imperial Themes
Authors: Brunt P A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book comprises sixteen articles published over thirty years, with supplements including two additional essays. Its range is broad, from discussions of Rome's aspirations to world dominion, to studies of provincial administration. The results of these studies suggest that Roman rule was not endeared to the subjects by the lightness of the burdens imposed, nor by the integrity and professional competence of the administrators; both have often been overestimated. The higher orders among the conquered peoples, however, were eventually reconciled by the Roman policy of assimilating them to Romans, and entrusting to them control of local affairs and an increasing influence in central government. Though the attitude of the masses to the empire is virtually unknowable, there was, except in Judaea, no national resistance comparable to that in the British empire, a theory illustrated by detailed consideration of the first-century revolts in Gaul and Judaea. About one-third of the contents of this volume is new.
The Revolt of Vindex and the Fall of Nero
Authors: Carolyn Higbie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The revolt of Vindex has often been seen as a national movement for Gallic independence, or at least in Professor Syme’s words, as ‘a native insurrection against the Roman power’. Schiller, who held the more extreme of these views, depicted Nero’s fall as an almost fortuitous aftermath, brought on by his own timidity and indecisiveness. In his, and other modern accounts; the conduct of Verginius Rufus is (I believe) misrepresented and the true order of events distorted: while his interpretation of the Gallic revolt is altogether mistaken. In this paper I propose first to reconstruct the sequence of events from the time of the revolt to Nero’s death, when he was already abandoned by everyone, and secondly to show that Vindex rose to end oppression, not only of the senatorial class to which he belonged but of all Rome’s subjects. Like the Gordians in 238, he perished, but his cause triumphed, for he had not risen against Rome, but against Nero. |
Reflections on British and Roman Imperialism*
Authors: Carolyn Higbie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the heyday of British imperialism some fifty years ago, when Lord Cromer could find that the empire was ‘the main title which makes us great’, imperialists were apt to compare the British with the Roman empire and to seek ‘in the history of imperial Rome for any facts or commentaries gleaned from ancient times which might be of service to the modern empire of which we are so justly proud’. A critic of imperialism, J. A. Hobson, sourly remarked of such enterprises that ‘history devises reasons why the lessons of past empires do not apply to our own’.2 Primafacie, however, the comparison was encouraging. Both the Romans and modern imperial powers claimed that it was their purpose to govern in the interests of the subjects; both had undoubtedly established peace and order in a large part of the world; both had extended their own Jaw and their own civilization. The Romans, moreover, had in some measure created a genuine sentiment of unity and loyalty among all the peoples of their empire, and when it disintegrated, it was amid the lamentations of at least the most vocal of its inhabitants. In the provinces Rome first acquired her rule lasted for 600 years.
Did Imperial Rome Disarm her Subjects?
Authors: Carolyn Higbie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his Roman Social Relations 50 B.C.–A.D. 284 (New Haven and London 1974) Professor Ramsay Macmullen presents a sombre picture of the condition of the lower orders in the Roman empire, which in general appears to me to represent the truth only too well. But among the many suggestions he throws out which provoke reflection, at least one may challenge dissent. In his sketch of Roman taxation he urges that the resistance movements it caused ‘reveal in rough outline a common pattern of desperation: first, initial conquest by the Romans; next, the rapid confiscation of all hidden weapons’; and then assessments and ‘recurrent spasms of protest against the weight of tribute harshly calculated and still more harshly exacted’. His belief that even in the early empire taxation was heavier than is commonly assumed seems to me justifiable, but that is not my subject here. Is it right that disarmament, indeed rapid disarmament, was normally the first act of the conquerors as a prelude to taxation? Macmullen founds this claim on (a) a few texts relating to the disarmament of particular peoples and (b) an interpretation of the law or laws de vi, which in his judgement show that disarmament was universal.1 By implication, it was also permanent. There is perhaps some risk that this view will gain credit, unless rebutted. A fuller survey of the evidence suggests to me that disarmament was far from normal and, where attempted, without lasting effect.
Josephus on Social Conflicts Roman Judaea
Authors: Carolyn Higbie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 12 I had occasion to observe that ‘even in Judaea upper class Jews seem mostly to have opposed revolt or to have sought to sabotage it, not only because (as Josephus makes king Agrippa urge) in their judgement it was certain to fail, and it was folly to “kick against the pricks”, but because Rome guaranteed the social order; the revolt of66 was almost as much directed against native landlords and usurers as against the heathen rulers.’