bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sedimentation
Authors: Zimmels Yoram 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Scope2.Theory2.1.Steady Sedimentation of Nondiffusing Particulates2.1.1.Monodisperse Particulates2.1.2.Polydisperse Particulates2.1.3.Aggregated Dispersions2.2.Time Dependence of Steady Sedimentation Systems2.3.Nonsteady Sedimentation2.3.1.System Characterization2.3.2.Computer Program for Simulation of Nonsteady One‐Dimensional Sedimentation of Polydisperse Mixtures2.3.3.Graphical Output2.3.4.Transient Sedimentation2.3.5.Sedimentation in Turbulent Suspension2.4.Sedimentation of Diffusing Particulates2.4.1.Monodisperse System2.4.2.Polydisperse System2.5.Sedimentation of Fluid Particles2.6.Generalized Correlations for Hindered Sedimentation Fluidization and Flow through Fixed Beds2.7.Enhancement of Sedimentation2.8.Sedimentation in Inclined Channels2.9.Principle of Hydrodynamic Particle Competition3.Processes and Equipment Involving Sedimentation3.1.Settling Pools3.2.Suspension of Particles in Fluids3.2.1.Suspension of Particles in Mixed Containers3.2.2.Suspension of Particles in Conduits3.3.Fluidization and Sedimentation3.4.Slurry Transportation in Horizontal Pipes3.5.Sedimentation in Centrifugal Fields3.5.1.Ultracentrifugation3.5.2.Magnetic and Magnetocentrifugal Sedimentation3.5.3.Centrifugal Sedimentation in Flowing Dispersions3.5.4.Solid ‐ Liquid Separation by Sedimentation
Solid–Solid Separation, Introduction
Authors: Cohen Henry E. 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Preparatory Processes

2.1.

Comminution

2.2.

Size Separation

2.2.1.

Screening

2.2.2.

Classification

3.

Physical Separation Processes

3.1.

Radiation Sorting

3.2.

Gravity Separation

3.3.

Magnetic Separation

3.4.

Electrostatic Separation

3.5.

Separation Based on Surface Phenomena

4.

Process Design Economics
Screening
Authors: Schmidt Paul 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
The article contains sections titled:

1.

General

1.1.

Applications of Screening

1.2.

Fundamentals of Screening

2.

Theory of Screening

2.1.

Free‐Flow Screening, Scalping

2.1.1.

Adhesive Forces between Particles

2.1.2.

Ultrasonic screening

2.2.

Probability Approach to Screening

2.3.

Screening as a First‐Order Reaction

2.4.

Empirical Screening Function

2.5.

Applying Dimensional Analysis to Screening

2.5.1.

Free‐Flow Screening with Vibration

2.5.2.

General Application of Dimensional Analysis

2.6.

Particle ‐ Mesh Interaction

2.7.

Oblique Flow to the Mesh

2.8.

Fluid‐Flow Screening

3.

Screening Machines

3.1.

Vibrating Screens

3.2.

Sifters

3.3.

Trommel Screens

3.4.

Special Screens

3.5.

Sizing of Screen Surfaces

3.6.

Flow Screens

3.6.1.

Pneumatic Screens

3.6.2.

Wet Screens

4.

Screen Arrays

5.

Screen Surfaces

5.1.

Cleaning of Screens

5.2.

Electrostatics in Screening

6.

Safety Requirements
Magnetic Separation
Authors: Bronkala William J. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.History2.Principles of Magnetic Separation3.Types and Basic Application of Magnetic Separators3.1.Tramp Iron Removal3.2.Mineral Concentration and Product Purification3.2.1.Wet Magnetic Separators3.2.2.Dry Magnetic Separators4.Applications
Air pollution: A half century of progress
Authors: Seinfeld John H. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractIn the 50 years since the air pollution episodes of Donora, PA and London, U.K., a great deal of progress has been made in understanding the nature and sources of air pollution and the atmospheric transport and transformation of pollutants. Also, many significant technological advances in air pollution control equipment, such as the automobile exhaust gas catalytic converter, have led to effective reduction of emissions from a variety of major pollution sources. Finally, remarkable developments in instrumentation for sampling the trace species in the atmosphere have been and continue to be made. Relatively less progress has been made in understanding the biological mechanisms by which pollutants lead to human injury and mortality. In this review the focus is on the extraordinary progress that has been made over the last half century in understanding the atmospheric nature and behavior of pollutants, both gaseous and particulate. A major breakthrough was the determination of the gas‐phase chemistry of both the natural and polluted atmosphere, chemistry that leads to the formation of ozone and a vast array of oxidized molecules. The mechanisms of the oxidation of atmospheric sulfur dioxide, one of the main primary pollutants, were elucidated. Finally, the chemistry, physics, and optics of atmospheric particulate matter (aerosols) have been laid open by many stunning research achievements. Whereas 50 years ago air pollution was thought to be confined to the area around a city, it is now recognized that species emitted on one continent frequently find their way to other continents. Strategies for dealing with a truly global atmospheric backyard now represent a major challenge. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50:1096–1108, 2004
Flow boiling heat transfer of water and sugar solutions in an annulus
Authors: Yu Hong , Sheikholeslami Roya , Doherty William O. S. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe subcooled flow boiling heat‐transfer characteristics of water and sugar solutions in an annulus have been investigated under operating conditions similar to those found in the sugar mill evaporators. The variations in the effects of heat flux, fluid velocity, and subcooling on the observed heat‐transfer coefficients over a range of sugar concentrations implied an enhanced contribution of nucleate boiling heat transfer in the partial flow boiling regime, where both forced convection and nucleate boiling heat transfer occurred. Increasing the sugar concentration led to a significant drop in the observed heat‐transfer coefficient because of a mixture effect, which resulted in a local rise in the saturation temperature of sugar solution at the vapor‐liquid interface. The reduction in the heat‐transfer coefficient with increasing sugar concentration is also attributed to changes in the fluid properties (for example, viscosity and wettability) of solutions with different sugar content. The experimental data were compared with predictions by various flow boiling models and a modified Chen model incorporating the effect of sugar concentration. The new model provided a better prediction of heat‐transfer coefficients of sugar solutions in an annulus. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 1119–1128, 2004
Flow in an impeller‐stirred tank using an immersed‐boundary method
Authors: Verzicco R. , Fatica M. , Iaccarino G. , Orlandi P. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe moderate Reynolds number flow developing in a cylindrical unbaffled stirred tank is studied using direct numerical simulation (DNS) and the results are compared with available experimental data and Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) solutions. The geometry of the impeller is handled using an immersed‐boundary procedure implemented in a solver written for cylindrical coordinates. This allows efficient simulation of the flow at a reasonable computational cost and accurate prediction of the mean and rms velocity fields. For this configuration, RANS performs poorly because of the low Reynolds and strongly unsteady and inhomogeneous nature of the flow: many different flow structures are produced, ranging from small‐scale vortices generated at the blade tips to large‐scale meridional recirculation. It is shown, in addition, that inaccurate results are produced by the wrong (computational) assumption that an impeller with n blades produces instantaneous fields with an n‐fold symmetry. Because simple stirred‐tank configurations (like the present one) have been recently used to assess the performance of several RANS closures, the main message of this study is that simple geometrical configurations and low Reynolds numbers are not benign parameters for such a task. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 1109–1118, 2004
Central nervous system abnormalities in asymptomatic young patients with Sβ‐thalassemia
Authors: Zafeiriou Dimitrios I. , Prengler Mara , Gombakis Nikos , Kouskouras Konsantinos , Economou Marina , Kardoulas Achileas , Tsantali Chaido , Dimitriadis Athanasios , Athanasiou Miranta , Kirkham Fenella J. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractTwenty‐one children and young adults with sickle/β‐thalassemia without overt stroke were examined with magnetic resonance imaging and angiography (MRA), transcranial Doppler (TCD), visual (VEP) and median nerve somatosensory (SEP)–evoked potential recordings, and neuropsychological testing (Wechsler Intelligence Scale [WISC‐III]). Eight (38%) had silent infarction in the parietooccipital cortex, deep white matter, or basal ganglia, including two of three with previous seizures. Of 17 undergoing TCD, none had maximum middle cerebral artery (MCA) velocities greater than 126cm/sec, but 9 were abnormal, with low velocities and difficulty in tracking the MCA and/or asymmetry. Three patients had abnormal MRA, one of whom also had silent infarction. One patient had pathological VEP recordings, whereas all SEP recordings were normal. WISC‐III was performed in all 11 children, 4 with silent infarction: all but 1 had IQ scores greater than 85 (mean, 97.7; standard deviation, 14.2). We conclude that Greek children and young adults with Sβ‐thalassemia and no history of clinical stroke have TCD abnormalities and silent infarction similar to those reported in children and adolescents with sickle cell anemia, but cognitive function is not necessarily compromised. International collaboration is needed to establish the risk factors for central nervous system sequelae in patients with sickle cell disease, including Sβ‐thalassemia, leading to evidence‐based prevention. Ann Neurol 2004
Geometric morphometric analysis of allometric variation in the mandibular morphology of the hominids of Atapuerca, Sima de los Huesos site
Authors: Rosas Antonio , Bastir Markus 
Published: May 2004

AbstractAllometry is an important factor of morphological integration that contributes to the organization of the phenotype and its variation. Variation in the allometric shape of the mandible is particularly important in hominid evolution because the mandible carries important taxonomic traits. Some of these traits are known to covary with size, particularly the retromolar space, symphyseal curvature, and position of the mental foramen. The mandible is a well studied system in the context of the evolutionary development of complex morphological structures because it is composed of different developmental units that are integrated within a single bone. In the present study, we investigated the allometric variation of two important developmental units that are separated by the inferior nerve (a branch of CN V3). We tested the null hypothesis that there would be no difference in allometric variation between the two components. Procrustes‐based geometric morphometrics of 20 two‐dimensional (2D) landmarks were analyzed by multivariate regressions of shape on size in samples from 121 humans, 48 chimpanzees, and 50 gorillas (all recent specimens), eight fossil hominids from Atapuerca, Sima de los Huesos (AT‐SH), and 17 Neandertals. The findings show that in all of the examined species, there was significantly greater allometric variation in the supra‐nerve unit than in the infra‐nerve unit. The formation of the retromolar space exhibited an allometric relationship with the supra‐nerve unit in all of the species studied. The formation of the chin‐like morphology is an “apodynamic” feature of the infra‐nerve unit in the AT‐SH hominids. The results of this study support the hypothesis that allometry contributes to the organization of variation in complex morphological structures. Anat Rec Part A 278A:551–560, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Craniofacial growth in growth hormone‐deficient rats
Authors: Vandeberg James R. , Buschang Peter H. , Hinton Robert J. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractAlthough supplementation with growth hormone (GH) is an accepted treatment for children who are GH‐deficient or very small in stature, its effect on the craniofacial skeleton has been little studied. The goal of this study was to compare the absolute and relative growth of the craniofacial skeleton in GH‐deficient dwarf rats to that in wild‐type rats of the same strain, using a mixed‐longitudinal radiographic design. Lateral and dorsoventral X‐rays of the head and hindlimb were obtained weekly in dwarf and wild‐type female Lewis rats from 4 to 9 weeks of age (n = 14 for each time interval). The X‐rays were scanned, 27 cephalometric points were digitized, and selected linear distances were measured between points. Multilevel statistical procedures were used to model growth changes in different regions of the head. Among craniofacial measures, growth curves of the two groups differed greatly in the magnitude of initial size differences and the effect of GH deficiency on growth velocity. Considerable variation (65–97%) also existed among craniofacial measures with regard to relative maturity (i.e., the percentage of growth completed between the first and last time intervals). The deficiency effect (a quantitative estimate of the extent to which growth velocity was affected by GH) was negatively correlated (r = –0.52, P < 0.01) with relative maturity of a particular measure. The dependence of the GH effect on relative maturity suggests that different craniofacial morphologies may result depending on the timing of GH supplementation therapy. Anat Rec Part A 278A:561–570, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prevention of renal damage in murine lupus nephritis by CTLA‐4Ig and cyclophosphamide
Authors: Cunnane Gaye , Chan Owen T. M. , Cassafer Gail , Brindis Seth , Kaufman Elizabeth , Yen T. S. Benedict , Daikh David I. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the effects of combined administration of cyclophosphamide (CYC) and CTLA‐4Ig with the effects of these agents alone on the immunopathology and progression of renal damage in (NZB × NZW)F1 (B/W) lupus‐prone mice, and to explore the clinical implications of this combination by evaluating the ability of CTLA‐4Ig to sustain the benefit of CYC in patients with lupus nephritis.MethodsWe carried out a detailed, prospective pathologic and immunohistochemical analysis of the effects of CYC and CTLA‐4Ig, alone and in combination, in kidney tissue from B/W mice. The acute effects of these agents on immune cells in the kidney were evaluated by fluorescence‐activated cell sorting. We also compared the effect of brief CYC plus sustained CTLA‐4Ig administration with the effect of sustained administration of both agents on the progression of renal disease in B/W mice.ResultsAs a single agent, CTLA‐4Ig was generally as effective, and in some cases more effective, than CYC in slowing progression of renal disease. Combined therapy with these two agents very effectively arrested the progression of renal damage and, in some respects, reversed renal pathology. Induction therapy with both CTLA‐4Ig and CYC precluded the need for continuous administration of CYC.ConclusionOur results indicate that the combination of CTLA‐4Ig and CYC very effectively arrests the progression of murine lupus nephritis. These findings have direct implications for the treatment of lupus nephritis.
Skin reaction to adalimumab
Authors: Beuthien W. , Mellinghoff H.‐U. , von Kempis J. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) inhibitors etanercept and infliximab have shown good clinical results in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune disorders. With these novel fusion proteins, immune‐mediated side effects, among them various cutaneous reactions, have been encountered. We report herein the case of an erythema multiforme–like skin reaction to treatment with the monoclonal anti‐TNFα antibody adalimumab in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. The reaction occurred after the sixth injection and affected the palms and soles as well as the injection site. Discontinuation of the adalimumab therapy resulted in rapid improvement of the condition. Although this patient was receiving concomitant immunomodulatory therapy with methotrexate and leflunomide, these medications were not discontinued when the reaction developed, and no other potential pathogenetic mechanisms were identified. We believe the reaction is most likely attributable to adalimumab.
Association of CD163+ macrophages and local production of soluble CD163 with decreased lymphocyte activation in spondylarthropathy synovitis
Authors: Baeten Dominique , Jon Møller Holger , Delanghe Joris , Veys Eric M. , Moestrup Søren K. , De Keyser Filip 
Published: May 2004

AbstractObjectiveSince CD163+ macrophages are selectively increased in spondylarthropathy (SpA) synovitis, we investigated the role of CD163+ macrophages in synovial inflammation.MethodsSynovial biopsy samples from 26 SpA and 23 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients were analyzed for macrophage and lymphocyte subsets. Synovial fluid (SF) samples were analyzed by Western blotting and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for soluble CD163 (sCD163) and by flow cytometry for lymphocyte activation. We also analyzed sCD163 in sera from 100 SpA patients, 23 RA patients, 20 healthy controls, and 20 SpA patients treated with infliximab. Polymorphism of haptoglobin (Hp), the CD163 ligand, was determined in 130 SpA and 23 RA patients.ResultsCD163+ macrophages, but not CD68+ macrophages, were significantly increased in SpA versus RA synovium and in HLA–B27+ versus HLA–B27− SpA. Despite similar lymphocyte numbers, activated lymphocytes (CD69+) were significantly decreased in SpA versus RA patients, with an inverse correlation between CD163 and CD69 levels. Local production of sCD163 was evidenced by a 5–7‐fold higher level of sCD163 in SF than in serum and by the correlation with synovial lining CD163+ macrophages in SpA. SF sCD163 levels correlated directly with global inflammation but correlated inversely with CD69+ SF T lymphocytes in the synovium. In contrast, serum sCD163 levels were only moderately increased, did not correlate with SF sCD163 levels or parameters of inflammation, and were unaffected by infliximab therapy. The distribution of Hp polymorphism was not altered in SpA and was not related to CD163 expression.ConclusionIncreased numbers of CD163+ macrophages in SpA synovium and local production of sCD163 are associated with global inflammation as well as impairment of T cell activation, suggesting a dual role for CD163+ macrophages in SpA synovitis.
A functional promoter haplotype of macrophage migration inhibitory factor is linked and associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Authors: Donn Rachelle , Alourfi Zaynab , Zeggini Eleftheria , Lamb Rebecca , Jury Francine , Lunt Mark ,   the British Paediatric Rheumatology Study Group, Meazza Christina , De Benedetti Fabrizio , Thomson Wendy , Ray David 
Published: May 2004

AbstractObjectiveTo establish linkage and replicate the association of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA).MethodsThree hundred twenty‐one Caucasian simplex families from the UK were genotyped for polymorphisms of MIF using SNaPshot ddNTP primer extension, or by a fluorescently labeled primer method, and capillary gel electrophoresis. The functional significance of the promoter polymorphisms was studied using luciferase‐based reporter gene assays in human T lymphoblast and epithelial cell lines.ResultsMIF was linked and associated with JIA (P = 0.0016). Specifically, a 2‐point promoter haplotype, CATT7–MIF‐173*C, was found to be transmitted in excess (38 transmitted: 21 not transmitted) in the JIA patients. Conditional extended transmission disequilibrium test and pairwise extended transmission disequilibrium test predicted functional interaction between the 2 polymorphic positions. The interaction of the CATT repeat with MIF‐173*G/C was found to be specific to the cell type.ConclusionReplication of an association and linkage of MIF with JIA has been established. Functional interaction between the polymorphic positions on the linked haplotype has also been shown. The molecular mechanism of this interaction is currently being investigated.
Validation and clinical significance of the Childhood Myositis Assessment Scale for assessment of muscle function in the juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathies
Authors: Huber Adam M. , Feldman Brian M. , Rennebohm Robert M. , Hicks Jeanne E. , Lindsley Carol B. , Perez Maria D. , Zemel Lawrence S. , Wallace Carol A. , Ballinger Susan H. , Passo Murray H. , Reed Ann M. , Summers Ronald M. , White Patience H. , Katona Ildy M. , Miller Frederick W. , Lachenbruch Peter A. , Rider Lisa G. ,   for the Juvenile Dermatomyositis Disease Activity Collaborative Study Group
Published: May 2004

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the measurement characteristics of the Childhood Myositis Assessment Scale (CMAS) in children with juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (juvenile IIM), and to obtain preliminary data on the clinical significance of CMAS scores.MethodsOne hundred eight children with juvenile IIM were evaluated on 2 occasions, 7–9 months apart, using various measures of physical function, strength, and disease activity. Interrater reliability, construct validity, and responsiveness of the CMAS were examined. The minimum clinically important difference (MID) and CMAS scores corresponding to various degrees of physical disability were estimated.ResultsThe intraclass correlation coefficient for 26 patients assessed by 2 examiners was 0.89, indicating very good interrater reliability. The CMAS score correlated highly with the Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire (C‐HAQ) score and with findings on manual muscle testing (MMT) (rs = −0.73 and 0.73, respectively) and moderately with physician‐assessed global disease activity and skin activity, parent‐assessed global disease severity, and muscle magnetic resonance imaging (rs = −0.44 to −0.61), thereby demonstrating good construct validity. The standardized response mean was 0.81 (95% confidence interval 0.53, 1.09) in patients with at least 0.8 cm improvement on a 10‐cm visual analog scale for physician‐assessed global disease activity, indicating strong responsiveness. In bivariate regression models predicting physician‐assessed global disease activity, MMT remained significant in models containing the CMAS (P = 0.03) while the C‐HAQ did not (P = 0.4). Estimates of the MID ranged from 1.5 to 3.0 points on a 0–52‐point scale. CMAS scores corresponding to no, mild, mild‐to‐moderate, and moderate physical disability, respectively, were 48, 45, 39, and 30.ConclusionThe CMAS exhibits good reliability, construct validity, and responsiveness, and is therefore a valid instrument for the assessment of physical function, muscle strength, and endurance in children with juvenile IIM. Preliminary data on MID and corresponding levels of disability should aid in the clinical interpretation of CMAS scores when assessing patients with juvenile IIM.