bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The conversational model
Authors: Meares Russell 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Conversational Model is the name Robert Hobson (1920–1999) gave, in 1985, to an approach to psychotherapy that grew out of work with patients who had failed other treatments; many of these would now be called ‘borderline’. Its main focus is on the sense of a life going on within us, its feelings, images, and various forms. William James (1890) called this experience the ‘stream of consciousness’. It is what he understood as ‘self ‘. It barely features in main- stream psychotherapies, yet a disturbance of this experience is fundamental, no matter the clinical presentation. The enhancement of self involves the development of a particular form of relatedness, (Hobson called it aloneness–togetherness).
Conversation and meaning
Authors: Dowrick Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far I have been interested in re-interpreting the world that we call depression. I have argued that the concept of depression as a medical condition has less validity and utility than is commonly supposed and that the reasons for its popularity may have more to do with commercial, professional, and organisational interests, and with our value systems, than with any intrinsic scientific worth it might possess. I have indicated a variety of alternative linguistic, religious, and philosophical frameworks within which to understand the constellation of emotions and cognitions which we in the west have decided, for the time being, to call depression.
Decision Modelling For Health Economic Evaluation
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Claxton Karl , Sculpher Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In financially constrained health systems across the world, increasing emphasis is being placed on the ability to demonstrate that health care interventions are not only effective, but also cost-effective. This book deals with decision modelling techniques that can be used to estimate the value for money of various interventions including medical devices, surgical procedures, diagnostic technologies, and pharmaceuticals. Particular emphasis is placed on the importance of the appropriate representation of uncertainty in the evaluative process and the implication this uncertainty has for decision making and the need for future research. This highly practical guide takes the reader through the key principles and approaches of modelling techniques. It begins with the basics of constructing different forms of the model, the population of the model with input parameter estimates, analysis of the results, and progression to the holistic view of models as a valuable tool for informing future research exercises. Case studies and exercises are supported with online templates and solutions. This book will help analysts understand the contribution of decision-analytic modelling to the evaluation of health care programmes. ABOUT THE SERIES: Economic evaluation of health interventions is a growing specialist field, and this series of practical handbooks will tackle, in-depth, topics superficially addressed in more general health economics books. Each volume will include illustrative material, case histories and worked examples to encourage the reader to apply the methods discussed, with supporting material provided online. This series is aimed at health economists in academia, the pharmaceutical industry and the health sector, those on advanced health economics courses, and health researchers in associated fields.
Introduction
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Claxton Karl , Sculpher Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Economic evaluation is increasingly used to inform the decisions of various health care systems about which health care interventions to fund from available resources. This is particularly true of decisions about the coverage or reimbursement of new pharmaceuticals. The first jurisdictions to use economic evaluation in this way were the public health systems in Australia and Ontario, Canada (Commonwealth Department of Health 1992; Ministry of Health 1994); since then many others have developed similar arrangements (Hjelmgren et al. 2001). In the UK, the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) has a wider purview in terms of health technologies, and uses economic evaluation to inform decisions about medical devices, diagnostic technologies and surgical procedures, as well as pharmaceuticals (NICE 2004a).
Efficient research design
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Claxton Karl , Sculpher Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we establish a sufficient condition for deciding to conduct further research and identify efficient research design. To do so we need to consider the expected benefits and costs of sample information. The value of sample information and the expected net benefits of sampling are outlined in the following section. This section considers the case where incremental net-benefit is normally distributed, as well as the calculation of the expected value of sample information for parameters or groups of model parameters based on conjugacy assumptions. These methods are then applied to the simple model of zanamivir, which was introduced in Chapter 6. This example demonstrates how measures of the societal payoff from research can be used to identify efficient research designs. Additional issues for research design that can be addressed within the general framework offered by considering the value of sample information are discussed in the final section.
Swampy ground: brief interventions with families before bereavement
Authors: Chowns Gillian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a book about children’s bereavement this chapter is the odd one out, because its focus is on working with children before a death. Nevertheless the principles underpinning the work will no doubt be familiar to many readers, and these will be illustrated through a variety of case examples. Pre-bereavement work has to contend with one major and unique issue—uncertainty. However tragic the experience of a bereaved child, she knows where she is, she knows she is bereaved, and that someone important has died. This also applies to the worker. But sup- porting children in a family where a parent or grandparent is seriously ill, is like wading through a swamp that has been sown with land mines.
Brief Interventions in Critical Care Environments
Authors: Speck Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Family structures and attitudes regarding children and death have changed enor- mously over the past 100 years. Victorian art frequently depicts children involved in death-bed scenes and the funeral processions. The funerals were often of children under 15 years of age and, therefore, it is the siblings that may be seen carrying the baby coffin or walking with the parents to the graveside. In recent times, however, there is a tendency to be protective of young children and the attempt to shield them from the reality of death.
Appendix to Chapter 1 Cholesterol, saturated, and unsaturated fats. What do they do in the body?
Authors: Gutteridge John M C , Halliwell Barry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Membranes encircle all cells and control the exchange of material between the cell and its surroundings. Inside cells, membranes separate the different cell compartments (organelles, such as nucleus and mitochondria) from the fluid cell matrix (the cytosol).
The main constituents of membranes are lipid and protein, the amount of protein increasing with the number of functions the membrane performs. ‘ Lipid’ is a general term used to describe any biological compound that is soluble in organic solvents such as chloroform and ether. The term includes both molecules that contain fatty acids, examples being triglycerides and phospholipids, and molecules containing hydrocarbon ring structures, examples being cholesterol, steroid hormones, and some of the fat-soluble vitamins.
Band Theory of Solids An Introduction from the Point of View of Symmetry
Authors: Altmann Simon L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The structure of much of solid-state theory comes directly from group theory, but until now there has been no elementary introduction to the band theory of solids which adopts this approach. This book provides such an introduction, employing only the simplest and most basic of group theoretical ideas, and emphasizing the significance of symmetry in determining many of the essential concepts used in the subject. Given the extensive training of chemists in applying group theory, there is no quicker entry into the subject than by means of the approach used in this book. Many topics were chosen with the needs of chemists in mind, and many of the examples have a chemical flavour. Numerous problems are included which enable the reader to apply the major ideas and to complete some parts of the treatment. Chemists will find this a valuable introduction to band theory, and the book will also appeal to all physical scientists who would like to go a little beyond the elementary treatments so far available.
The Therapeutic Relationship and the Social Domain
Authors: Green Stephen A , Bloch Sidney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The source of ethical guidelines governing the relationship between psychiatrists and patients can be traced to the Hippocratic tradition of fourth-century Greece. Though the oath of the Pythagorean School makes no reference to treatment of the mentally ill, it has nevertheless shaped the concept of right and wrong conduct for contemporary physicians, including psychiatrists, by defining two fundamental goals of the medical profession: (i) establishing values that guide its work; and (ii) promoting guild interests by advancing scholarship and technical skills for the purpose of applying ‘specific knowledge to the needs of fellow citizens’.
Psychiatric Treatment and Services
Authors: Green Stephen A , Bloch Sidney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Assessing and treating patients, the cardinal interrelated tasks of the clinical psychiatrist, depend on establishing a working alliance and obtaining informed consent. We have dealt with the ethical aspects of the alliance in Chapter 2 on the psychiatrist-patient relationship. We have also examined informed consent as it applies to research in psychiatry in chapter 9 on research ethics. We now turn to the place of informed consent and its ramifications in the clinical sphere.
Research
Authors: Green Stephen A , Bloch Sidney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If psychiatry is to advance its knowledge base and, correspondingly, offer the mentally ill effective treatments and progress towards preventing illness, systematic research must have a pivotal place. And yet, a contradiction looms in that the conduct of much research in psychiatry requires the active collaboration of patients who may lack the wherewithal to provide informed consent and to appreciate fully their own interests and needs. When scientific research became an inherent feature of psychiatry during the nineteenth century, the ethical dimension was barely considered, if at all. This lack of systematic attention extended well into the twentieth century.
Dementia: visualizing the metabolic changes of early Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Wu William , Small Scott A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The pathological course of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) progresses slowly, taking years to cause cognitive disability, producing an often confusing array of histological and functional alterations in the brain. Despite notable inconsistencies, a consensus regarding the anatomy and physiology of AD has emerged by investigating brain tissue, both living and dead, in human patients and in mouse models of disease. Prospective neuropsychological studies have made the fundamental observation that AD begins in the hippocampal formation. The hippocampus itself is made up of anatomically distinct subregions, and recent microarray studies have shown that each hippocampal subregion expresses a unique molecular profile. Although, over time, most subregions will manifest AD pathology, these molecular observations underlie the assumption that early on, AD selectively targets the hippocampus. By investigating multiple hippocampal subregions simultaneously, a combination of in vitro and in vivo studies have pinpointed the entorhinal cortex as the single hippocampal subregion most vulnerable to AD. Once germinating in the entorhinal cortex, AD progresses anatomically, spreading across multiple regions of the neocortex. Within each region, AD progresses pathophysiologically as well. Ultimately, in what can be called the ‘cell-death’ stage, AD is characterized by neuronal loss accompanied by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. However, affected neurons do not die immediately, and it is now clear that there is antecedent ‘cell-sickness’ stage, characterized by neurons that are alive but suffer physiological and metabolic dysfunction. Notably, the cell-sickness stage can occur before amyloid plaques or neurofibrillary tangles.
Introduction
Authors: Grath Joanna Collicutt Mc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is Tuesday afternoon and I am seeing the last client of my outpatient clinic, Alison. Her husband, Brian, sustained a severe head injury in a fall 2 years ago. After a long period of rehabilitation he was discharged home to his family. He needs supervision for most activities of daily life, and he attends a day centre once a week. The couple are in their forties and have two children.
After a discussion of the results of her husband’s neuropsychological assessment Alison tells me that she would like to ask some further questions concerning his psychology.
Case studies
Authors: McGrath Joanna Collicutt 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this final chapter there are 18 case studies presented as worked examples. Each case study takes the form of a brief scenario followed by a list of issues that it raises. For cases 1–6 the groundwork for decision making set out in Figure 6.1 (see p. 114) is worked through, and completed proformas for alternative courses of action are presented. But no decisions are reached. This is left to the reader(s), as is thinking through the process of enacting the decision, managing the costs, and evaluating the outcome.
Dynamical Grammar
Authors: Culicover Peter W , Nowak Andrzej 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dynamical Grammar explores the consequences for language acquisition, language evolution, and linguistic theory of taking the underlying architecture of the language faculty to be that of a complex adaptive dynamical system. It contains the first results of a new and complex model of language acquisition which the authors have developed to measure how far language input is reflected in language output and thereby get a better idea of just how far the human language faculty is hard-wired.
Computational Simulation of Language Acquisition: CAMiLLe
Authors: Culicover Peter W , Nowak Andrzej 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 3 we argued that purely statistical techniques are not sufficient to acquire grammar from naturally occurring text. There are of course many statistical regularities in naturally occurring text that reflect gram matical generalizations, as we have noted. If a corpus contains only gram matical expressions of a language, the corpus will reflect the constraints imposed by the grammar of the language. The problem for the learner is that while the text reflects the grammar of the language, it does so only imperfectly. The statistical properties of the text are skewed by the mean infulness of the text. The actual distribution of forms is determined by the content of the text; words and phrases that bear on a particular subject matter occur together (e.g. drink milk) while those that do not rarely if ever correlate with one another (e.g. drink cake). Completely un interpreted distributional information is limited in that it does not provide general evi dence for the learner about the sound-meaning correspondence, and it does not provide sufficient evidence accurately to determine lexical and phrasal categories.
Word Order
Authors: Buck Timothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a main clause (except in the case of a question or command) the finite verb forms the second element in the sentence. It may, as usually in English, follow the subject, e.g. der Mann reitet auf dem Pferd the man is riding the horse; but it may also follow another element, in which case the subject comes after the finite verb, as happens in English in cases like no sooner was she ... , only later did they ... —this is known as inversion.
Setting Up the State, 1833–75
Authors: Vincent Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before 1789 Spain had been both an imperial and a major European power. Less than three decades later, the American colonies were lost and the peninsula ravaged. Once a great presence on the world stage, Spain was reduced to a peripheral role on the edge of Europe, the subject of diplomatic concern and military interventions. The few remaining colonies—Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines—kept abject humiliation at bay, but these ‘crumbs from the imperial banquet’ could not sustain pretensions to world power status.1
Imagining the Nation, 1875–98
Authors: Vincent Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Language has always been seen as an impediment to Spanish nationalism. The persistence of Basque, Catalan, and Galician signifies to many the failure to establish a Spanish nation-state. This is primarily understood as a peculiarly powerful kind of nationalism: for the nation-state to exist, Spanish citizens would identify themselves as such, would believe in the existence and historical identity of Spain, and would perceive this identity so strongly that they would be prepared even to die for it.
The Shape and Characteristics of Social Security Today (including Insurance) Pensions) and Means-tests)
Authors: Harris Neville 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The British social security system is today based on a tangle of complex, often interrelated, benefit schemes whose structures are subject to frequent amendment. These structures are based on an even more intricate legal framework. This chapter aims to map out the current framework of social security provision and to draw some conclusions about the system’s shape and principal characteristics. It examines various ways of classifying social security benefits for the purposes of such a map. It also explores the contrast between contributory and income-related benefits, including the principles on which each of these broad categories is based.
Social Security and Education
Authors: Harris Neville 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the late 1980s successive governments have adopted a policy of seeking to widen access to and participation in further and higher education. The present government endorses the philosophy of a ‘learning age’ and recognises a need for ‘lifelong learning’.Indeed, enhanced educational opportunity is one of the Government’s principal policy goals and is seen as the key to future economic prosperity and social cohesion. The Government wants to increase by 500,000 the number of students with places in further and higher education.
Nature of Units
Authors: Sin Kam Fan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term unit trust carries with it the connotation that it is a species of trust. Its distinctiveness as a species is supposed to be found in the word ‘unit’, a word that describes the trust. An understanding of the legal features of a unit will provide us insights into the character of a unit trust. It also enables us to determine if such features are necessary components in the unit trust as a distinct legal institution. It is imperative to our understanding whether the law of unit trusts is a mere application of private trust principles in the commercial arena and whether the term unit trust is no more than a commercial description. that does not have any legal signification.
Unfair Competition: Its Legal Basis
Authors: Sanders Anselm Kamperman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this Chapter the international dimension and the principles of unfair competition law will be set out. As such the international superstructure of the Paris Convention will be the starting point. Then its principles in various jurisdictions will be traced. Through describing the structure of unfair competition law in selected countries, the differences in the legal basis for unfair competition law will show. Two distinctive groups are discerned.
RPI-X Price-cap Regulation
Authors: Rees Ray , Vickers John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most distinctive feature of monopoly regulation in Britain is the RPI-X method of price control. RPI-X price control is a type of price-cap regulation. In its basic form, it requires that the price index for a defined ‘basket’ of the firm’s regulated products and services should increase by no more than the rate of retail price inflation minus X per cent per annum for a period of years. In short, average price must fall by at least X per cent in real terms, or rise by at most—X per cent if X is negative. Following the Littlechild Report (1983), RPI—X price control was introduced for BT, and the general method, albeit with important variations, has since been adopted in other privatized industries with monopoly power—gas, airports, water, and electricity.
Problems of Yardstick Regulation in Electricity Distribution
Authors: Weyman-Jones Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The electricity supply industry in the UK has been substantially restructured before privatization, with the consequence that, unlike electricity-supply arrangements in virtually every other country the functions of generation, transmission, distribution, and supply have been separated. These functions now differ in ownership structure, regulation, and in entry liberalization. The functions themselves are succinctly described in the briefing of the government’s lead broker, James Capel (1990) as: Generation: the production of electricity.
Introduction: Privatization in Performance
Authors: Bishop Matthew , Kay John , Mayer Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most enduring legacies of the 1980s has been the programme of privatizations that the Thatcher government set in train in the first half of the decade. Whole sectors of the UK economy which were formerly part of the public sector were sold to the private sector. Some were bought out by their employees; others were bought by the public at large. Some public services were contracted out to the private sector; others were placed on a more commercial footing. The UK privatization programme had an influence on economic policy throughout the world. Privatization programmes were initiated in Asia, South America, and Africa, as well as in Europe and North America. The most recent to experiment with privatizations have been the East European countries which have seen privatization as the fastest route to move from socialism to capitalism.
Privatization, Restructuring, and Regulatory Reform in Electricity Supply
Authors: Yarrow George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The privatization of the British electricity supply industry, accomplished during 1990 and 1991, was the most ambitious exercise in the whole UK privatization programme. Seventeen new private companies were created, significant organizational restructuring occurred, and a whole new regulatory framework was established. Most important, at least in so far as England and Wales are concerned, British public policy abandoned the traditional model of the horizontally and vertically integrated utility (i.e. the franchised-monopoly model), and opted instead for experimentation with an approach based upon competition in both electricity generation and retail supply of electricity.