bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coming to Terms with the Past
Authors: Burgees John P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Because the East German Wende had spiritual-moral concerns at its heart, it is not surprising that questions of loyalty and integrity, both personal and corporate, came to the fore as East Germans tried to make sense of the past. Vergangenheitsbewiiltigung (literally, mastery of the past) proved to be one of the most urgent yet difficult tasks of democratization. The battle to shape the future of eastern Germany became a sometimes nasty, politicized fight about its past, that is, about how to interpret the forty years of Marxist-Leninist rule.
Meeting Some Archaea
Authors: Howland John L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our characters are microorganisms belonging to the domain Archaea, and they are well worth meeting. Many are spectacularly eccentric in their lifestyle, living in scalding spring water, in the digestive systems of animals, or within the very cells of host organisms. A large number of them are fiendishly inventive in their ability to do exotic chemistry, carrying out reactions quite unknown in other organisms. Moreover, some are bizarre, to say the least, in their physical appearance, consisting of intricate networks, amorphous blobs, triangles, or postagestamp-like squares. Although all of them are microscopic, their collective role in the world ecosystem is pervasive. And they all have a great deal to tell us about very early evolution and even, it appears, about our own evolutionary origins.
Their Discovery
Authors: Howland John L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Discovering microorganisms is not what it used to be. When van Leeuwenhoek, in the seventh century, first described bacteria, he drew what he had observed through a microscope of his own manufacture: his landmark discovery of the bacteria was pure visual description. By the nineteenth century, chemistry had entered the discovery process. Pasteur, Lister, and, later, Beijerinck and Winogradsky described and classified new microorganisms on the basis of their nutrition and their metabolic capabilities. But, in the twentieth century, for reasons we will be considering, such structural and chemical criteria for identifying new microbes, or groups of microbes, diminished in their usefulness, and scientists increasingly turned to the newly developed methods of molecular biology. This transition has been difficult for biologists who lean toward natural history of the descriptive sort, but it has also been enormously productive. The discovery of the Archaea was perhaps the first great product of the new, molecular-biological approach to describing organisms and an account of the discovery is also an account of the transition to that new methodology.
Where They Live (and How They Manage)
Authors: Howland John L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Where do Archaea live? The short answer is “everywhere.” It has become clear from rRNA analysis that representatives of the Archaea occur widely throughout the biosphere. But there are certain locations where they are especially likely to be encountered. These places tend to be somewhat remote from the ecological mainstream: relatively obscure nooks and crannies in which rigorous environmental conditions have sheltered the Archaea, apparently for very long periods of geological history. These locations have historically provided inocula from which microbiologists have isolated pure archaeal cultures. And they are also locations that raise an obvious question: how do thermophilic, acidophilic, or halophilic Archaea manage to live in such uncompromising environments? In other words, what physiological adaptations have evolved to make such “extrem- ophile” life possible?
Setting the Stage
Authors: Evans Howard Ensign 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Louisiana Purchase Of R 803 Approximately Doubled The size of the United States, adding 800,000 square miles of ignorance—land that had never been well explored or adequately mapped. Even the northern and southern boundaries, with British Canada and Spanish Mexico, had not been explored. To the west, Louisiana ended in ranges of mountains of unknown dimensions. That such mountains were there had been shown by Father Silvestre Velez de Escalante, who in 1776 had crossed from Santa Fe to what is now northeastern Utah, seeking in vain for a convenient route to California, and by Alexander Mackenzie, who had crossed the Canadian Rockies to the Pacific in 1793. Fur trappers and traders—most of them French or Spanish and often illiterate—had also penetrated parts of the mountains, bringing back tales of white bears and wild Indians.
Exploring the Front Range
Authors: Evans Howard Ensign 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE EXPEDITION REMAINED CAMPED AT THE mouth of the canyon of the South Platte for two days. Seymour took occasion to make a watercolor painting, View of the Chasm Through which the Platte Issues from the Rocky Mountains. It was reproduced, in black and white, in the final report of the expedition. The mouth of the canyon is today included in Waterton Canyon Recreation Area, a mecca for picnickers, hikers, and fishermen. Although the area is much transformed, it is possible to look up the canyon and enjoy a view very much like that shown in Seymour’s painting. The cottonwoods noted by Bell still provide abundant shade, and some of the trees and bushes noted by James are still much in evidence: box elders, oaks, junipers, and poison ivy.
Institutionalizing Performance
Authors: Sutton R Anderson 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was less than twenty-four hours after I first arrived in South Sulawesi in 1993 that I found myself sitting at a music and dance rehearsal in a large studio at Ujung Pandang’s Teachers College (lnstitut Keguruan Ilmu Pendidikan, acronym IKIP). Only gradually, as the weeks went by, and as I returned to South Sulawesi nearly every year for the next six, did I realize how this rehearsal encapsulated much that was current and in some ways contradictory about the institutionalization of performance in South Sulawesi in the 1990s and how it helped shape a major line of inquiry in my research. I had gone to IKIP in search of Halilintar Lathief. The person who greeted me as I entered was his Javanese wife, Niniek Sumiani, who was leading the rehearsal, in which a group of ten dancers and five musicians were polishing or reviewing a series of short South Sulawesian dances whose movements and musical styles varied significantly from one another. My first encounter with performing arts in South Sulawesi found a Javanese, albeit a very talented one, in charge.
Conclusion
Authors: Sutton R Anderson 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The preceding pages have attempted to trace multiple paths into, ifnot through, the complex world of music and dance in South Sulawesi. It has not been a single journey, but multiple departures, in hopes of avoiding the tendency for scholarship to contribute to a false essentializing—of “culture,” “genre,” and “identity”—and to an overarching grand narrative claiming to explain all. At times I have focused on individuals and genres identifiable as Makassarese (or Bugis, or Torajan), and often I have considered practices, events, and groups whose identity is mixed, multiple, or ambiguous. From the opening look at the Culture Week festival, the fit between ethnicity and genre has been shown to be highly problematic. Two of the prominent figures appearing throughout the book, Bu Nani Sapada and Halilintar, have Bugis ancestry but have figured centrally in activities involving Makassarese performance and in representing South Sulawesi to itself and to others.
Manage Time Well: Day-Tight Compartments
Authors: Bryan Charles S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Is William Osler a useful role model? Our first response is no. He was simply too good, too talented, too productive for most of us to emulate. Master clinician, prolific writer, promoter of science, inspiring motivator, and since his death in I 919, a durable icon of professionalism, Osler seemingly had it all. The historian Fielding H. Garrison called him “one of nature’s chosen” and added, “Good looks, distinction, blithe, benignant manners, a sunbright personality, radiant with kind feeling and good will toward his fellow men, an Apollonian poise, swiftness and surety of thought and speech, every gift of the gods was his.” Striving to be like Osler would seem a sure formula for failure, frustration, and dam­ aged self-esteem.
Care Carefully: The Least Sentimental and the Most Helpful
Authors: Bryan Charles S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two images of Osler seem paradoxical. On the one hand he was the consummate caring and compassionate physician, “family doctor to the world,” a model of humanism, the embodiment of the Hippocratic ideal that “where there is love of man, there is also love of the art.” Indeed, he quoted that ideal in his last major address, extolling the physician’s love of humanity associated with the love of his craft!-philanthropia and philotechnia-the joy of working joined in each one to a true love of his brother. Memorable sentence indeed! in which for the first time was coined the magic word philanthropy, and conveying the subtle suggestion that perhaps in this combination the longings of humanity may find their solution, and Wisdom-philosophia-at last be justified of her children.
Wittgenstein: My Wicked Heart
Authors: Mcginn Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Was Wittgenstein a spiritual as well as a philosophical genius? Ray Monk’s exceptionally fine and fat biography puts us in a better position to answer this question than we have been hitherto.
Perhaps the best place to begin trying to understand Wittgenstein’s character is with the photographs that exist of his face. He himself advised friends to pay more attention to people’s faces and often passed remarks about the faces of others, saying (according to Theodore Redpath) of Locke that he had “a nice face,” of Descartes that he had “the face of a murderer,” of T. S. Eliot that he had “a modern face” (meant disapprovingly). I recommend, in particular, a striking picture of Wittgenstein, reproduced in Monk’s book, which was taken in Swansea in 1945 by Ben Richards—a young man almost forty years Wittgenstein’s junior, with whom he was then despairingly in love.
Wittgenstein: Seething
Authors: Mcginn Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When I saw you last I was confirmed in a view which had arisen in me last term already: you then made it very clear to me that you were tired of my conversation etc. Now please don’t think that/ mind that! Why shouldn’t you be tired of me, I don’t believe for a moment that I can be entertaining or interesting to you. What I did mind was to hear through your words an undertone of grudge or annoyance. Perhaps these are not exactly the right words but it was that sort of thing. I couldn’t make out for some time what could be the cause of it all, until a thought came into my head which was by an accident proved to be correct. It was this: I thought probably you think that I cultivate your friendship amongst other reasons to be able to get some financial assistance from you if I should be in need (as you imagined I might be some day). This thought was very disagreeable to me.
Russell: You Would Not Want to Be Him
Authors: Mcginn Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bertrand Russell’s first and formative love affair was with symbolic logic. But the relationship, though fertile, was troubled. Beginning in rapture, as he molded and extended the new concepts and techniques, sweeping away the barren detritus of two millennia, the affair eventually foundered on a stinging paradox, unexpected and intractable, which abruptly took the shine off the whole thing. His devotion crumbled, and he was driven to seek comfort elsewhere, never quite regaining his former idealism. It must have been very disillusioning, and no doubt tainted his other romantic involvements, which also began in ecstasy and then became mired in refractoriness of one kind or another. For the antinomial is not adorable. And if logic can’t be trusted, what can?
. Along with Frege, Peano, and others, Russell constructed the basic machinery of modern mathematical logic, clearing up the defects of the older syllogistic logic, and putting the new logic to use in the analysis of mathematics itself. The program was to provide a rigorous demonstration of classical mathematics in purely logical (including set-theoretic) terms, thus setting mathematics on a transparently secure foundation.
Fodor: Mental Representations
Authors: Mcginn Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Mental Acts, published in 1957, P. T. Geach proposed that judgment be understood in terms of “mental utterances” in an “interior language.” Judging, he supposed, consists in the mind’s exercise of concepts, and the content of a judgment comprises a complex of Ideas which represent things in the world; his suggestion was that these Ideas be identified with words—to judge that the sky is blue is to say in one’s heart “the sky is blue.” This theory, or something very like it, has recently been advocated by Jerry Fodor (among others) under the title “the language of thought,” though Geach’s early statement of the theory is not mentioned. In this new collection of essays, mostly reprints of earlier publications, Fodor’s chief concern is to expound and defend what he calls the Representational Theory of the Mind (RTM). RTM, as Fodor expounds it, is the thesis that to have thoughts is to be related to internal formulae in a (probably innate and universal) language, these formulae having both syntactic and semantic properties; mental processes such as reasoning consist in computational operations performed upon these formulae.
Putnam: Ideal Justifications
Authors: Mcginn Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the publication in 1975 of Hilary Putnam’s second volume of collected papers, he has been changing his views; he has, indeed, been undergoing something of a conversion. As he confesses in the introduction to the present volume, there was a time when he was an unqualified realist, hostile to verificationism in any form; when he believed that reference to things in the world was unproblematic and semantically primary; and when he took truth to consist in a relation of correspondence between thought and a mindindependent world. But now Putnam has come to believe that all this is wrong, or at least highly misleading: the papers collected in this third volume set out to explain why.
There is much to commend in these efforts: his discussion is, as always, lively and stimulating; he takes on the big issues with uninhibited freshness; he ingeniously connects what may have seemed like separate questions. There are, however, some regrettable lapses in both conception and presentation: formulations of key positions are obscure and elusive, relying upon a liberal use of inverted commas to suggest that more is being meant by the quoted phrase than it literally says; there is a tendency to resort to shrill sloganizing when rigorous argument is what is wanted, possibly as a result of hasty composition; and there are moments of pretentiousness and selfcongratulation.
Quine: Theories and Things
Authors: Mcginn Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Quine’s latest collection of essays is somewhat of a miscellany: it ranges from the strictly logical, through the narrowly philosophical, to the accessibly popular. The slighter essays make for enjoyable reading, displaying Quine’s flawless prose to good effect, while the weightier essays helpfully clarify and extend his already familiar doctrines. In this review I shall comment critically upon some of these doctrines as thus clarified and extended, in the hope that the issues, and Quine’s stand on them, will come into sharper focus.
The opening essay, “Things and Their Place in Theories,” begins, strikingly enough, with this sentence: “Our talk of external things, our very notion of things, is just a conceptual apparatus that helps us to foresee and control the triggering of our sensory receptors in the light of previous triggering of our sensory receptors” (p. 1). This conception of the point and payoff of referring to objects, in both ordinary talk and theoretical science, is recognizably pragmatist in spirit: saying what there is is wielding an instrument whose function it is to predict and control certain events (“sensory triggerings”) in the speaker. Such a conception would not, of course, be shared by all philosophers of science.
39
Authors: Mcginn Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thus, for Russell, ethical knowledge enjoys the privileges and securities that the rationalists discerned in our knowledge of logic and mathematics: immediacy, certainty, necessity. It is a paradigm of what true knowledge should be like, and contrasts sharply, in Russell’s epistemology, with the empirical knowledge we seek in science. There Russell finds only uncertainty, indirectness, and questionable inference. We know the world of science merely “by description,” as a projection from what we are immediately “acquainted with,” and we must rely on indirect, subjective “signs” if we are to venture any objective knowledge at all.
Aesthetics and Politics
Authors: Erkkila Betsy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his 1844 essay “The Poet,” Ralph Waldo Emerson described an American poet who did not exist. “Our logrolling, our stumps and their politics, our fisheries, our Negroes, and Indians, our boasts, and our repudiations, the wrath of rogues, and the pusillanimity of honest men, the northern trade, the southern planting, the western clearing, Oregon, and Texas, are yet unsung.” Critics have been quick to point out that Whitman’s poems appear to be a direct response to Emerson’s call for an American poet.2 Emerson himself responded to the 1855 Leaves of Grassin an act of literary recognition that was as generous as it was prophetic. Only a few weeks after Whitman sent him a copy of his poems, Emerson wrote: “I greet you at the beginning of a great career, which yet must have had a long foreground somewhere, for such a start. I rubbed my eyes a little, to see if this sunbeam were no illusion; but the solid sense of the book is a sober certainty. It has the best merits, namely, of fortifying and encouraging” (LGC,p. 732). Gratified by Emerson’s recognition, Whitman published the letter along with his own letter addressing Emerson as “dear Friend and Master” in the 1856 edition of Leaves of Grass.
Leaves of Grass and the Body Politic
Authors: Erkkila Betsy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The publication of Leaves of Grassin 1855 was not an escape from politics but a continuation of politics by other means. The poems were, in Whitman’s words, an attempt to provide “some worthy record of that entire faith and acceptance (‘to justify the ways of God to man’ is Milton’s well-known and ambitious phrase) which is the foundation of moral America” (PW,II, 729). Whitman’s reference to John Milton’s Paradise Lostis instructive, for like his epic forebear, he attempts to mythologize the historically specific political struggles of his time as universal and divinely ordained. As a work of visionary democracy, Leaves of Grassis split between Whitman’s desire to speak for and against his age. While the self-sovereign individual and utopian social community of his poems represent an implicit critique of the actual conditions of industrial and commercial transformation, Whitman’s ideological investment in the political system led him to “justify” when he did not actually silence the more disagreeable workings of free-enter-prise democracy in nineteenth-century America. Although Whitman was cognizant of the ways that past literature participated in and justified the domination, power, and interests of an aristocratic class system, he never fully acknowledged the extent of his own ideological complicity as the celebrator of American democracy. The fervent Tom Paine democrat of Leaves of Grassis (mis)represented as a nonpartisan citizen of the world, a figure who stands simultaneously in-side and outside social time and above the squalor of political contest:
The Union War
Authors: Erkkila Betsy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Civil War took place in part because the American people decided that it must take place in order to affirm the rational and divine order of the universe. From the time when slavery was written into the Constitution to Lincoln’s second inaugural address, the spectre of civil war as the just retribution for the sin of slavery haunted the American political imagination. While the Constitution was being debated, the Congregational minister Samuel Hopkins, one of Jonathan Edwards’s leading disciples, expressed his fear that civil war would be the consequence of writing slavery into the law of the land: How does it appear in the light of Heaven, and of all good men, well in-formed, that thoseStates, who have been fighting for liberty, and consider themselves as the highest and most noble example of zeal for it, cannot agree in any political constitution, unless it indulge and authorize them to enslave their fellow men. I think if this constitution be not adopted, as it is, without any alteration, we shall have none, and shall be in a state of anarchy, and probably civil war: therefore, I wish to have it adopted: but still, as I said, I fear. And perhaps civil war will not be avoided, ifit be adopted.’
The Truman Doctrine and the Beginnings of Global Strategy
Authors: Jones Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Truman Doctrine has been the subject of debate since its announcement in March 1947. Critics have called it the “first shot of the Cold War”; a global license for American imperialism; an exaggerated response to an imagined communist menace that scared Americans with rhetoric and contributed to McCarthyism; a reactionary policy that placed the United States on the side opposite freedom and social, political, and economic reforms; proof of an “arrogance of power” that helped lead the United States into Vietnam. Defenders have hailed the declaration as evidence of America’s determination to contain Soviet communism; an assurance of the nation’s commitment to Free World principles; a promise by America to safeguard the world against totalitarianism; a generous aid program designed to help first Greece and. Turkey and then any nation that could prove need.
Pardon and the Rehabilitative Ideal
Authors: Moore Kathleen Dean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Under the influence of Bentham’s optimism, philosophers, social scientists, and jurists alike hoped that the new born twentieth century would be an era of penal reform. The hope was that the humanity of law and the power of science would be harnessed together to achieve social goals; American prisons would become rehabilitation centers from which offenders would issue forth, transformed into productive members of society. Since sentences would be fitted to the rehabilitative needs of each individual, there would no longer be a need for the institution of pardon. Pardons would wither away, and they would not be missed-for their presuppositions of moral guilt were inconsistent with the new faith that offenders were sick or defective or confused, but never wicked.
Pardoning in Transition
Authors: Moore Kathleen Dean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To this day, courts, legislatures, and philosophers are still working out the details of a system of punishment based on commensurate deserts. Pardon and punishment have always been closely connected, both in theory and in practice. So it is no surprise that, as the system of punishment disentangles itself from the old theory-even while carrying the weight of the new theory-the pardoning power, stumbling beside punishment, needs to redefine itself and its new direction. To date, there has not been a major change in the theoretical justification for pardon that parallels the shift in justification for punishment.