bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
It's installed ... now get on with it! Looking beyond the software to the cultural change
Authors: Bell Malcolm , Bell Wendy 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThis case study looks at the lessons learned from the ultimately successful implementation of the Blackboard Managed Learning Environment at Northumbria University and explores how these are now being applied to the matching implementation at a local further education college, which we are supporting. The study identifies key aspects that emerged from Northumbria's experience—the application of models of innovation from both educational and business worlds, the need to take account of the impact of cultural change, the need for effective staff development for all stakeholders, the need for a ‘road map’ for the development, and the need for ongoing dialogue with clients (staff) and customers (students). It reflects upon how Northumbria's approach has led to the emergence of a learning organisation that is adaptive and responsive and how a business approach can be applied to higher and further education innovations.
Performance in e‐learning: online participation and student grades
Authors: Davies Jo , Graff Martin 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe beneficial effects of learners interacting in online programmes have been widely reported. Indeed, online discussion is argued to promote student‐centred learning. It is therefore reasonable to suggest that the benefits of online discussion should translate into improved student performance. The current study examined the frequency of online interaction of 122 undergraduates and compared this with their grades at the end of the year. The findings revealed that greater online interaction did not lead to significantly higher performance for students achieving passing grades; however, students who failed in their courses tended to interact less frequently. Other factors that may be salient in online interactions are discussed.
INDIVIDUALLY COMPUTED FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF THE NON-STEMMED ANATOMICAL TOTAL HIP PROSTHESIS
Authors: Chieng Poon-Ung , Chen Ching-I , Lin Chi-Chang , Tsai Ching-Lin , Chen Po-Quang 
Published: July 2005

Background: Current total hip prosthesis lack an accurate individualized finite element model to assure an accurate fit, and further require amputation of a possibly healthy femoral neck.Methods: This research presents a new methodology for performing an automated three-dimensional finite element meshing for a new type of total hip prosthesis. The stress analysis for this new design, known as Non-stemmed Anatomical Total Hip Prosthesis, is based on the methodology proposed here. The merit of this method is that the automated meshing process can be produced by using ANSYS software alone, without the need for a complicated, self-developed meshing interface program.Results: This new methodology provides a smooth boundary around the contour of the femur and the interface between the femur and the Non-stemmed Anatomical Total Hip Prosthesis, as well as avoiding additional complications. This newly designed prosthesis involves minimal modification of the intact femoral neck alignment after total hip replacement, provided that the femoral neck is still healthy. The main body of this new prosthesis is a conical-shaped mask that tightly embraces the femoral neck. The bottom skirt of this mask contacts the greater and lesser trochanter in such a way that maintains the mask in the desired position using a screw through the axis of the femoral neck. Finite element stress analysis is performed to compare the stress distribution of the intact femur and the femur after implantation of the Non-stemmed Anatomical Total Hip Prosthesis.Conclusions: Hopefully, this new prosthesis will be the method of choice for patients who have healthy femoral necks, but sick femoral heads. Further research can focus on applying this new methodology to other bone structures.Level of Evidence: Therapeutic study, Level IV.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOFT TISSUE MASS IN THE HAND BY ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION
Authors: Blankstein Alexander , Chechick Aharon , Adunski Abraham , Givon Uri , Mirovski Yigal , Ganel Avraham 
Published: July 2005

Soft tissue masses are amongst the commonest complaints encountered in orthopedic practice. Of these, masses found in the hand and the wrist are presented at higher frequency. They are often painful and may cause limitation of movement.This work describes the prevalence and the nature of soft tissue masses in the hand and wrist encountered in routine practice. This work was performed to assess the characteristics of soft tissue mass in the hand and the effectiveness of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of soft tissue masses and their differentiation from other lesions in the hand and wrist. Orthopedic surgical conditions that involve soft tissue in the hand and wrist may remain a diagnostic challenge when clinical diagnosis is uncertain and standard X-rays are non-diagnostic. High resolution ultrasound is widely available, non-invasive, without damage of radiation, imaging modality that can help the diagnosis.We reviewed retrospectively 25 patients with soft tissue masses. We compared the ultrasound findings with the histological findings in seven operated patients.A substantial majority of these lesions occurred in the right hand: 79% of the lesions were in the dorsal aspect of the hand, of which 37% were distal to the wrist joint, among them 42% at wrist either radial or ulnar; and 21% of the lesions were found in the volar aspect, among them 17% at wrist aspect, either radial or ulnar side. No predisposing factors could be found.The findings of this study reaffirm the utility of ultrasonography as primary diagnostic tool in routine orthopedic practice.
EARLY MUSCLE AFFECTION IN CHURG–STRAUSS SYNDROME
Authors: Finsterer Josef , Haberler Christine 
Published: July 2005

Purpose: Skeletal muscle affection already in the eosinophilic stage of Churg–Strauss syndrome (CSS) is unusual. Case report: In a 36-year-old woman with a history of recurrent bronchial infections since childhood, recurrent poly-sinusitis and nasal polyps, and bronchial asthma, easy fatigability, weakness of the lower arms and lower legs, generalized myalgias with predominance of the lower arms, recurrent vertigo and falls developed. There was recurrently elevated creatine-kinase, glutamate-oxalate-transaminase, aldolase, lactate-dehydrogenase, eosinophilic granulocyte-count, thrombocyte-count, cholesterol, and blood sedimentation rate. Histologically polyps showed diffuse infiltrations of eosinophils exclusively. Muscle biopsy revealed grouped atrophic fibers, necrotic fibers, rarely regenerating fibers, epitheloid cells and rarely perimysial eosinophilic granulozytes. According to established criteria, CSS was diagnosed. Conclusions: This case shows that affection of the skeletal muscle in CSS, may manifest as easy fatigability, myalgias, and recurrently elevated CK, and that skeletal muscle involvement may be a dominant feature not only of the vasculitic but also of the eosinophilic stage of CSS.
FEEDBACK IN THE PLANT-SOIL SYSTEM
Authors: Ehrenfeld Joan G. , Ravit Beth , Elgersma Kenneth 
Published: July 2005

▪ Abstract  Feedback between plants and the soil is frequently invoked on the basis of evidence of mutual effects. Feedback can operate through pathways involving soil physical properties, chemical and biogeochemical properties and processes, and biological properties, including the community composition of the microbiota and soil fauna. For each pathway, we review the mechanistic basis and assess the evidence that feedback occurs. We suggest that several properties of feedback systems (for example, their complexity, specificity, and strength relative to other ecological factors, as well as the temporal and spatial scales over which they operate) be considered. We find that the evidence of feedback is strongest for plants growing in extreme environments and for plant-mutualist or plant-enemy interactions. We conclude with recommendations for a more critical appraisal of feedback and for new directions of research. Let us not make arbitrary conjectures about the greatest matters. Heraclitus ( 1 )
Ensemble Kalman Filter Assimilation of Doppler Radar Data with a Compressible Nonhydrostatic Model: OSS Experiments
Authors: Tong Mingjing , Xue Ming 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
A Doppler radar data assimilation system is developed based on an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) method and tested with simulated radar data from a supercell storm. As a first implementation, it is assumed that the forward models are perfect and that the radar data are sampled at the analysis grid points. A general purpose nonhydrostatic compressible model is used with the inclusion of complex multiclass ice microphysics. New aspects of this study compared to previous work include the demonstration of the ability of the EnKF method to retrieve multiple microphysical species associated with a multiclass ice microphysics scheme, and to accurately retrieve the wind and thermodynamic variables. Also new are the inclusion of reflectivity observations and the determination of the relative role of the radial velocity and reflectivity data as well as their spatial coverage in recovering the full-flow and cloud fields. In general, the system is able to reestablish the model storm extremely well after a number of assimilation cycles, and best results are obtained when both radial velocity and reflectivity data, including reflectivity information outside of the precipitation regions, are used. Significant positive impact of the reflectivity assimilation is found even though the observation operator involved is nonlinear. The results also show that a compressible model that contains acoustic modes, hence the associated error growth, performs at least as well as an anelastic model used in previous EnKF studies at the cloud scale.
Flow-dependent and dynamically consistent background error covariances estimated from the forecast ensemble play a critical role in successful assimilation and retrieval. When the assimilation cycles start from random initial perturbations, better results are obtained when the updating of the fields that are not directly related to radar reflectivity is withheld during the first few cycles. In fact, during the first few cycles, the updating of the variables indirectly related to reflectivity hurts the analysis. This is so because the estimated background covariances are unreliable at this stage of the data assimilation process, which is related to the way the forecast ensemble is initialized. Forecasts of supercell storms starting from the best-assimilated initial conditions are shown to remain very good for at least 2 h.
Test of a Poor Man’s Ensemble Prediction System for Short-Range Probability Forecasting
Authors: Arribas A. , Robertson K. B. , Mylne K. R. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Current operational ensemble prediction systems (EPSs) are designed specifically for medium-range forecasting, but there is also considerable interest in predictability in the short range, particularly for potential severe-weather developments. A possible option is to use a poor man’s ensemble prediction system (PEPS) comprising output from different numerical weather prediction (NWP) centers. By making use of a range of different models and independent analyses, a PEPS provides essentially a random sampling of both the initial condition and model evolution errors. In this paper the authors investigate the ability of a PEPS using up to 14 models from nine operational NWP centers. The ensemble forecasts are verified for a 101-day period and five variables: mean sea level pressure, 500-hPa geopotential height, temperature at 850 hPa, 2-m temperature, and 10-m wind speed. Results are compared with the operational ECMWF EPS, using the ECMWF analysis as the verifying “truth.” It is shown that, despite its smaller size, PEPS is an efficient way of producing ensemble forecasts and can provide competitive performance in the short range. The best relative performance is found to come from hybrid configurations combining output from a small subset of the ECMWF EPS with other different NWP models.
High-Resolution Observations of Mammatus in Tropical Anvils
Authors: Kollias Pavlos , Jo Ieng , Albrecht Bruce A. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Unprecedented high-resolution observations of mammatus from a profiling 94-GHz Doppler radar during the NASA Cirrus Regional Study of Tropical Anvils and Cirrus Layers–Florida Area Cirrus Experiment (CRYSTAL–FACE) are presented. Because of its high sensitivity and temporal and spatial resolution, the cloud radar used was able to resolve the fine structure of individual mammatus clouds and record significant vertical Doppler velocity perturbations (−6 to +1 m s−1). Strong perturbations of the Doppler velocity within the mammatus as it extends below the main cirrus cloud base are captured by the radar observations. Upward motions in the periphery of descending mammatus cores are documented. Areas of intense, small-scale turbulent mixing near the cirrus cloud base are identified using the Doppler spectrum width. Power spectra analysis of the mean Doppler velocity field supports the presence of gravity waves and the development of higher-frequency structures near the cirrus anvil base, where the mammatus clouds are observed. The observations provide strong evidence for dynamical forcing from coherent vertical motions 500 m above the cloud base contributing to the mammatus formation. The results are discussed in the context of suggested theories for mamma formation and morphology.
Roots of Ensemble Forecasting
Authors: Lewis John M. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe generation of a probabilistic view of dynamical weather prediction is traced back to the early 1950s, to that point in time when deterministic short-range numerical weather prediction (NWP) achieved its earliest success. Eric Eady was the first meteorologist to voice concern over strict determinism—that is, a future determined by the initial state without account for uncertainties in that state. By the end of the decade, Philip Thompson and Edward Lorenz explored the predictability limits of deterministic forecasting and set the stage for an alternate view—a stochastic–dynamic view that was enunciated by Edward Epstein.The steps in both operational short-range NWP and extended-range forecasting that justified a coupling between probability and dynamical law are followed. A discussion of the bridge from theory to practice follows, and the study ends with a genealogy of ensemble forecasting as an outgrowth of traditions in the history of science.
Probabilistic Prediction of Tropical Cyclones. Part II: Intensity
Authors: Weber Harry C. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
A new objective aid for operational probabilistic intensity (defined as maximum wind speed) prediction of tropical cyclones is presented. Based on statistical analyses of the performance of all operationally available numerical models (using datasets of the U.S. Navy’s Automated Tropical Cyclone Forecasting System) during training periods defined by the years 2000 and 2001, probabilistic and, as a by-product, deterministic intensity predictions were carried out for all global tropical-cyclone events during subsequent forecast periods defined by the years 2001 and 2002, respectively.
The annual mean deterministic intensity errors of the years 2001 (2002) at 24-, 48-, 72-, 96-, and 120-h prediction time were found to be 6.2 (6.5), 9.6 (10.6), 11.7 (12.4), 15.4 (15.3), and 17.2 (17.1) m s−1, respectively. On average, the deterministic forecasts were of approximately the same quality as those of all current consensus approaches and of superior quality than those of the majority of all operational dynamical models. The quality of the probabilistic forecasts, provided in the form of intensity probability intervals at given prediction times, was assessed by the annual mean sizes of given probability intervals. For example, in the years 2001 (2002) the annual mean sizes of the 66% confidence intervals at 24-, 48-, 72-, 96-, and 120-h prediction times were found to be 12.6 (13.3), 19.7 (21.5), 24.4 (24.8), 39.6 (27.8), and 40.4 (29.0) m s−1, respectively. Postanalyses showed that the sizes of all intensity probability intervals represented conservative and reliable estimates of future storm intensities in that the observed percentages of storm intensities inside given intervals were larger than the corresponding expected percentages.
Probabilistic Prediction of Tropical Cyclones. Part I: Position
Authors: Weber Harry C. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
A new objective aid for operational prediction of the positions of tropical cyclones is presented. Its method is based on a simple analysis of the performance of all operationally available numerical models during a training period. In a subsequent forecast period, the results of this analysis are used to produce both high-quality deterministic (as by-product) and probabilistic storm position forecasts in the form of geographical maps of strike probability for all prediction times out to 120 h from a given base date and time.
The model was developed using operationally available position predictions of all global tropical-cyclone events of the years 2000, 2001, and 2002 as provided in the U.S. Navy’s Automated Tropical Cyclone Forecasting System (ATCF). Forecasts have been carried out for the years 2001 and 2002, with corresponding training periods 2000 and 2001. The global annual mean deterministic position errors for the years 2001 (2002) were 148 (136), 266 (235), 393 (329), 541 (435), and 733 (554) km at 24-, 48-, 72-, 96-, and 120-h prediction times, respectively. The deterministic mean errors and their corresponding standard deviations were found to be lower than those of most statistical and dynamical operational models and approximately equal to those of all consensus approaches currently in operational use.
The main feature of the new method is the automatic production of geographical strike probability maps. For all tropical-cyclone events during the year 2001 (2002), the mean annual diameters of, for example, the 66% strike probability regions (i.e., the regions inside which future storm positions can be expected with a probability of 66%) at 24-, 48-, 72-, 96-, and 120-h prediction time were found to be 290 (280), 490 (480), 710 (660), 1020 (780), and 1310 (1020) km, respectively. At all prediction times, the predicted sizes of areas of given strike probability represent conservative estimates in that the observed percentages of storm positions inside these areas are larger than the corresponding expected percentages.
Spurious Convective Organization in Simulated Squall Lines Owing to Moist Absolutely Unstable Layers
Authors: Bryan George H. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
A spurious updraft pattern has been documented in some numerical simulations of squall lines. The pattern is notable because of a regular, repeating pattern of updrafts and downdrafts that are three–six grid lengths wide. This study examines the environmental and numerical conditions that lead to this problem. The spurious pattern is found only in simulations of upshear-tilted convective systems. Furthermore, the pattern coincides with deep (2–3 km) and wide (5–20 km) moist absolutely unstable layers (MAULs)—saturated layers of air that are statically unstable. In this physical environment, small-scale perturbations grow rapidly. The necessarily imperfect numerical schemes of the model introduce spurious small-scale perturbations into the MAULs, and these perturbations amplify owing to the unstable stratification. Some techniques are investigated that diffuse the perturbations or minimize their introduction in the statically unstable flow.
The Impact of Wave Packets Propagating across Asia on Pacific Cyclone Development
Authors: Chang Edmund K. M. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
In this paper, ECMWF 40-yr reanalysis data have been examined to study the influence of upper-level wave packets propagating across Asia into the Pacific on surface cyclone development over the Pacific. Previous studies have shown that in winter, wave packets propagate across Asia over two branches—a northern branch over Siberia and a southern branch along the subtropical jet across southern Asia. Results presented here show that subsequent to the presence of wave packets on either branch, the frequency of occurrence of deep cyclones (defined as cyclones with central pressure below 960 hPa), as well as explosively deepening cyclones (those with a deepening rate of 1 Bergeron or more), are significantly enhanced. This enhancement also clearly follows the wave packet eastward as it propagates across the Pacific.
Wave packets from the two branches are found to interfere with each other, such that if wave packets of the appropriate configuration are present on both the northern and southern branch, subsequent surface cyclone development over the western Pacific is further enhanced. Examination of the evolution of the anomalies suggests that these interferences can largely be explained by linear superposition of wave packets from the two branches.
Examination of the evolution of the composite structure of wave packets that are followed by the development of a significant surface cyclone indicates that cyclones that develop as the northern packet propagates into the Pacific are phase locked with the upper-level trough and maintain a favorable westward tilt with height throughout their development, consistent with the hypothesis that cyclogenesis is triggered by the approach of the wave packet. In contrast, significant cyclones whose development are influenced by the southern packets initially develop west of the upper-level trough, and propagate eastward with a phase speed that is much faster than that of the upper-level trough, attaining a westward phase tilt with height only at the mature stage, suggesting that cyclogenesis for these cases is probably not triggered by the wave packet.