bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of the effect of 2‐chloroadenosine in normal rat brain using spin‐labeled MRI measurement of perfusion
Authors: Kochanek Patrick M. , Hendrich Kristy S. , Robertson Courtney L. , Williams Donald S. , Melick John A. , Ho Chien , Marion Donald W. , Jackson Edwin K. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractAdenosine analogs such as 2‐chloroadenosine are potent cerebrovasodilators. Spin‐labeled MRI was used to investigate the spatial distribution, dose‐response, and timing of the effect of 2‐chloroadenosine on cerebral blood flow (CBF) after intraparenchymal injection into rat brain. Sprague‐Dawley rats (N = 10) were injected with 2‐chloroadenosine at doses of 0.3, 6.0, or 12 nmoles, or saline vehicle (2–4 μL). CBF was serially quantified in a slice through the injection site in a circular (3.6 mm diameter) region of interest (ROI) around the injection and in ipsilateral hemispheric ROIs at ∼90 min and ∼180 min. Marked 3.77‐ and 3.93‐fold increases in CBF (vs. vehicle) were seen in the circular ROI at ∼90 min and ∼180 min after 12‐nmol injection, respectively. Similarly, 2.92‐ and 2.78‐fold increases in hemispheric CBF were observed at ∼90 min and ∼180 min, respectively, after injection of 12 nmoles. Linear dose‐response relationships were observed at both times after injection in both ROIs (all P < 0.01). Spin‐labeling MRI assessment revealed that parenchymal injection of 2‐chloroadenosine produces potent, dose‐dependent, and sustained vasodilation over large areas of brain. This treatment and imaging paradigm should facilitate investigation of the effect of CBF promotion in models of traumatic and ischemic brain injury. Magn Reson Med 45:924–929, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Loss of reflex inhibition following muscle tendon stimulation in essential tremor
Authors: Burne John A. , Blanche Timothy , Morris John G.L. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractElectrical stimulation of human upper limb muscle tendons produces a reflex inhibition (I1) in the same muscles. This inhibition is reduced in Parkinson's disease (PD), prompting a similar study of essential tremor (ET). In essential tremor, two of eight subjects had no discernible inhibition, even following supramaximal stimulation (< 80 mA) of the tendons from extensor digitorum communis and extensor pollicis brevis. In the remaining six subjects, the mean thresholds for I1 in these muscles were increased by 270 and 320%, respectively, relative to controls. The maximal amplitude of the inhibition was significantly reduced in the ET group, as was the following excitation (E1). The latency and duration of I1 were not different in ET subjects and controls. The maximal duration of I1 was correlated with tremor frequency in individuals, and tendon stimulation was effective in initiating ongoing tremor cycles. These results disclose a peripheral reflex abnormality in ET that is mediated by tendon afferents and can be linked to the coexistent tremor. The response in ET was distinguished from that in PD by its different time‐course and by failure of the response to appear in the antagonist muscle. The abnormality may prove a useful marker for ET, which currently lacks a definitive pathological or neurophysiological marker to support objective clinical diagnosis. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Muscle Nerve 25: 58–64, 2002
Development of song responses in the zebra finch caudomedial neostriatum: Role of genomic and electrophysiological activities
Authors: Stripling Roy , Kruse Amy A. , Clayton David F. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractZebra finches first form demonstrable memories of specific songs between 25 and 35 days of age—several days after fledging from the nest. What accounts for the late onset of specific song memory formation? Here we investigated physiological development of the caudomedial neostriatum (NCM), part of the avian analogue of auditory cortex and a probable component of the system involved in song perception. Two types of physiological responses were characterized: electrophysiological (single‐unit spike rate) and genomic (induction of the immediate early gene zenk, also known as zif‐268, egr‐1, ngfi‐a, krox‐24). We found that by day 20, zebra finches already have robust electrophysiological responses in NCM to song stimulation. Spike activity was greater in response to conspecific songs compared to heterospecific songs, white noise, or tones, and ≈10% of the units showed selective responses to forward versus reversed songs. In contrast, at this age the zenk gene is expressed at a constitutively high level and undergoes no further induction in response to song presentation. At day 30, electrophysiological responses remained similar, but the zenk gene began to shift from a constitutive to an inducible pattern of expression. These results are consistent with a general role for NCM in the representation of song auditory patterns, and with a role for zenk gene expression in governing the efficiency of specific song memory storage at different ages. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 48: 163–180, 2001
Proconvulsant effects of central and peripheral administration of L‐name on penicillin‐induced epilepsy in rats
Authors: Bağirici Faruk , Marangoz Cafer 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe effect of Nϖ‐nitro L‐arginine methyl ester (L‐NAME) on penicillin‐induced epileptiform activity was investigated in anaesthetized Wistar rats. Approximately 39.1 ± 5.7 min after penicillin G (3 million U/kg, i.p.) administration, large amplitude intermittent sharp waves appeared in the electrocorticogram. L‐NAME (60 mg/kg, i.p.) injection 30 min before penicillin G adminstration significantly reduced the latency of epileptiform activity (12.9 ± 3.2). In other groups, when the epileptiform activity reached maximum levels, administration of L‐NAME (300 μg/2 μl, i.c.v.) significantly increased the frequency of epileptic spikes, while saline and D‐NAME (Nϖ‐nitro D‐arginine methyl ester, 300 μg i.c.v.) were completely ineffective.These results suggest that L‐NAME has proconvulsant effects and NO may be an endogenous anticonvulsant substance.
Acute effects of fluoxetine on inhibitory avoidance consolidation in male and female OF1 mice
Authors: Monleón Santiago , Casino Ana , Vinader‐Caerols Concepción , Arenas M. Carmen 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe effects of acute administration of fluoxetine on memory consolidation using an inhibitory avoidance task were investigated in male and female OF1 mice. Several doses of this antidepressant (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) were intraperitoneally administered immediately after the training session. The test session was carried out four days later and response latencies were measured in both sessions. The results showed that the highest dose of fluoxetine significantly increased response latencies of inhibitory avoidance compared with the lowest dose and the control group. Sex differences in this task were observed, females showing a better performance. But the drug's effects were not sexually dimorphic: These sex differences were present in control animals, and they remained at every dose of fluoxetine. It is concluded that acute administration of fluoxetine did not impair inhibitory avoidance learning and it could be a better choice in depression and other disorders associated with memory deficits.
Abstracts section
Authors: Allcock Sheila 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe theme of poverty eradication is now again at the top of the development policy agenda. In November 2000 the UK Department for International Development (DfID) published an important White Paper on International Development with the title Eliminating world poverty: a challenge for the 21st century. The World Bank World Development Report for 2000/2001 also takes poverty as its theme with the title Attacking poverty. It is interesting to note that the World Bank has bracketed the decade of the 1990s with the 1990 World Development Report simply entitled Poverty.After many conflicting theories of economic development, the basic problem of poverty in developing countries is now being addressed in a much more holistic way, as is exemplified in the following articles. It should be noted that two of these act as introductory articles to a special issue of a journal on this topic. The article by Lustig and Stern introduces the December 2000 issue of Finance and Development whose overall title is ‘How we can help the poor’ and the article by Baulch and Hoddinott introduces the August 2000 issue of the Journal of Development Studies entitled ‘Economic mobility and poverty dynamics in developing countries’. These special issues contain articles on poverty in addition to the ones abstracted here. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Water policy and environmental sustainability: the case of post‐colonial Namibia
Authors: Forrest Joshua B. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIn semi‐arid countries, particularly in Africa, governments have evolved water policies oriented toward ‘techno‐giantist,’ grand‐scale schemes that have generally accelerated the depletion of national water tables. In Namibia, such a techno‐giantist water management strategy was utilized to reinforce the privileges of white minority farmers prior to independence, and was subsequently expanded to provide modern water facilities to the black African majority in the post‐independence period. The government has pursued not only the construction of a massive new system of pipelines and boreholes, but also the development of giant dam‐building and river canal schemes that are likely to result in watershed depletion over the long term. This reflects state leaders' belief in the imagery of political potency projected by the government's ability to build macro‐scale water systems. However, a water supply approach focused on more micro‐level extraction techniques through which aquifer recharge is prioritized is more likely to assure both local‐level water access and water table sustainability. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of donors: how to combine sector programme support with devolution? A comment from a practitioner to James Wunsch: ‘decentralization, local governance and “recentralization” in Africa’
Authors: Nielsen Henrik A. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractAn Erratum has been published for this article in Public Administration and Development 22(1) 2002, 95.
In commenting on ‘Decentralization, Local Governance and ‘Recentralization’ in Africa’ (Wunsch, 2001), this article concurs with the general thesis of Wunsch that the actual implementation as distinct from the rhetoric of decentralization in Africa has featured lingering central retention of power and resources and that genuine local control over important services and investments remains elusive. However, there is evidence that this is not invariably the case and that donors may have decisive roles to play in encouraging local assertiveness in the medium term in providing leverage for change through budget support and technical assistance to civic education, training local councillors, monitoring local government elections and encouraging local government associations to put to the test the national commitment to genuine local governance. These roles include helping to ensure the transparency of central transfers and, as in Uganda and Malawi for example, assisting with the development of intermediary fiscal mechanisms in this regard. Learning from such promising experiences will be vital in nurturing the longer term optimism heralded by Wunsch. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Are Whites Still Fleeing? Racial Patterns and Enrollment Shifts in Urban Public Schools, 1987–1996
Authors: Clotfelter Charles T. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe effect of interracial contact in public schools on the enrollment of whites has been an important concern in assessments of desegregation since the 1970s. It has been feared that “white flight”—meaning exit from or avoidance of racially mixed public schools—could undermine the racial contact that desegregation policy seeks to enhance. This study examines this question using recent data. It also expands coverage from large urban districts to entire metropolitan areas, paying attention to the spatial context within which enrollment decisions are made. To do so, it examines data for 1987 and 1996 on racial composition and enrollment in all schools and school districts in 238 metropolitan areas. The study finds that white losses appear to be spurred both by interracial contact in districts where their children attend school and by the opportunities available in metropolitan areas for reducing that contact. These findings apply with remarkable consistency to large and small districts in both large and small metropolitan areas. Implications for metropolitan segregation are examined. © 2001 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Structural studies of 1‐(2‐hydroxy‐4‐bromophenyl)‐4‐methyl‐4‐imidazolin‐2‐ones
Authors: Cyrański Michal K. , Wawer Iwona , Zielińska Agnieszka , Mrozek Agnieszka , Koleva Vera , Lozanova Christina 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe crystal structure of 1‐(2‐hydroxy‐4‐bromophenyl)‐3‐methyl‐4‐methyl‐4‐imidazolin‐2‐one was determined by x‐ray diffraction. The structure is stabilized by intermolecular hydrogen bonds formed between the 2‐hydroxy and central groups. Molecular modelling including ab initio calculations at the HF/6–31+G** level revealed that in the gas phase the molecule is stabilized by an intramolecular hydrogen bond. The derivatives with 3‐alkyl, benzyl and phenyl substituents were studied by 13C NMR including solid‐state 13C CP/MAS NMR [for 1‐(2‐hydroxy‐4‐bromophenyl)‐3‐methyl‐4‐methyl‐4‐imidazolin‐2‐one] and FT‐IR methods. The differences in chemical shifts Δ = δliquid − δsolid are significant for aromatic carbons C(3) (−2.9 ppm), C(4) (3.6 ppm) and C(5) (−3.9 ppm) and, on the other side of the imidazoline ring, of C(7) (−1.5 ppm). These carbons are adjacent to N(1)—C(4), and are subject to the largest changes of the environment during reorientation of the imidazolin‐2‐one moiety. Copyright ­© 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of novel phosphinic acid‐containing polymers
Authors: Miyatake Kenji , Hay Allan S. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThree arylene difluoride monomers containing phosphine oxide (1), phosphinic acid (2), or phosphinate ester (3) groups were prepared and polymerized with bisphenol A to give novel poly‐(arylene ether)s (4, 5, and 6). The polymers obtained had moderate molecular weights (ηinh: 0.14–0.30 dL g−1 in N‐methylpyrrolidinone) and glass‐transition temperatures (Tg: 102–200 °C), depending on the phosphine group in the main chain. Using bis(4‐fluorophenyl)sulfone as a comonomer improved the polymerization to give copolymers with higher solution viscosities. The stoichiometric investigation revealed that 7 mol % excess of fluoride monomer gave the highest molecular weight copolymer 8 with ηinh of 0.78 dL g−1, which had a Tg of 176 °C, a T of 432 °C, and formed a hard film by casting from solution. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 39: 1854–1859, 2001
The mechanics of contact and adhesion of periodically rough surfaces
Authors: Hui C. Y. , Lin Y. Y. , Baney J. M. , Kramer E. J. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractAn analytical model based on the Johnson–Kendall–Roberts (JKR) theory of adhesion was used to study the contact mechanics and adhesion of periodically rough surfaces. The relation of the applied load to the contact area and the work of adhesion W was found in closed form for arbitrary surface profiles. Our analysis showed that when the parameter [where α* is a numerical constant of order one, β is the aspect ratio of a typical surface profile (or asperity), and ρ is the number of asperities per unit length], the surfaces will jump into contact with each other with no applied load, and the contact area will continue to expand until the two surfaces are in full contact. The theory was then extended to the non‐JKR regime in which the region where the surface forces act is no longer confined to a small region near the contact zone. Exact solution was also obtained for this case. An exact analysis of the effect of entrapped air on the mechanics of adhesion and contact was also enacted. The results showed that interaction between asperities should be taken into consideration in contact‐mechanics models of adhesion or friction. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 39: 1195–1214, 2001
Health care professionals' grief: a model based on occupational style and coping
Authors: Redinbaugh Ellen M. , Schuerger James M. , Weiss L. Leonard , Brufsky Adam , Arnold Robert 
Published: September 2002

AbstractMany publications address grief in terminally ill patients and their loved ones. In contrast, this paper proposes a hypothetical model for grief reactions in health care professionals (HCPs) working with terminally ill patients. The model integrates three literatures: burnout, coping and personality/occupational interests. Grief‐related job stress can culminate in burnout that affects over 50% of physicians treating the terminally and critically ill. Coping behaviors that attenuate burnout differ among HCPs, suggesting that nurses prefer different coping strategies when compared with physicians. The personality and occupational interests literatures provide a rationale for coping differences in HCPs. Personality characteristics associated with occupational preferences provide insight into HCPs' natural propensities for coping with stress. The model addresses personality/occupational differences among health care disciplines, thus providing a plausible explanation for coping differences among HCPs, as well as potential interventions that facilitate HCPs' adjustment to the deaths of their patients. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vitamin D3 analogue inhibits keratinocyte growth factor signaling and induces apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells
Authors: Crescioli Clara , Maggi Mario , Luconi Michaela , Vannelli Gabriella Barbara , Salerno Roberto , Sinisi Antonio A. , Bonaccorsi Lorella , Ferruzzi Pietro , Barni Tullio , Forti Gianni , Serio Mario 
Published: September 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDProstate cancer is a worldwide significant health care problem, due to its high incidence and mortality. In particular, androgen‐independent tumors have the worst prognosis, because they are refractory to almost all kinds of available therapy. Hence, there is the need of new treatment opportunities targeting androgen‐independent, growth factor‐mediated, tumor signaling. One of these new promising opportunities is vitamin D3 and its related analogues.METHODSWe investigated the effect of a vitamin D3 analogue, analogue (V), on proliferation of several human prostate cancer cells in basal condition and after treatment with KGF, one of the intraprostatic growth factors that might participate in the progression of prostate cancer. In addition, in the androgen‐independent cell line DU 145, we also studied the effect of analogue (V), KGF, and their mutual interaction on protein tyrosine phosphorylation, bcl‐2 expression and apoptosis.RESULTSOverall, we found that analogue (V) dose‐dependently decreased basal and KGF‐induced prostate cancer cell growth, although to a different extent. Maximal effect was obtained in DU 145 cells. In these cells, KGF stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of a protein corresponding to its receptor, induced bcl‐2 expression, and prolonged cell survival. Analogue (V) not only counteracted all these KGF‐mediated events, but also decreased basal bcl‐2 expression, therefore, allowing DU 145 cells to undergo an apoptotic program.CONCLUSIONSOur results indicated that in prostate cancer cells analogue (V) decreased basal and KGF‐induced cell proliferation. This effect, at least in DU 145 cells, is in part mediated by negative interactions with cell survival and KGF signaling. Prostate 50: 15–26, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of galectin‐3 expression on growth and tumorigenicity of the prostate cancer cell line LNCaP
Authors: Ellerhorst Julie A. , Stephens L. Clifton , Nguyen Thuy , Xu Xiao‐Chun 
Published: September 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDGalectin‐3 is a β‐galactoside‐binding vertebrate lectin. In human prostate cancer, galectin‐3 expression has been shown to decrease with progression of disease. In the present study, we further investigated the role of galectin‐3 in this malignancy by examining the phenotype of galectin‐3‐transfected prostate cancer cells.METHODSStably transfected galectin‐3‐expressing cell lines were developed from the prostate cancer cell line LNCaP, which does not constitutively express this molecule. Transfected cells lines were analyzed for alterations in morphology and growth rates, and for ability to form tumors in nude mice.RESULTSMorphologically, when compared to the parental LNCaP cells, the galectin‐3 transfectants had broader, flatter cell bodies, shorter and less finely branched dendritic processes, and large nuclei with pronounced and often multiple nucleoli. The galectin‐3 lines were found to proliferate at a slower rate in vitro than either the vector control‐transfected lines or parental LNCaP. When injected subcutaneously in nude mice, four of six galectin‐3 lines formed tumors at a slower rate than control lines. Twenty‐four tumors that formed from the transfected cell lines were examined by immunohistochemistry for galectin‐3 expression. Only one tumor was found to express galectin‐3, suggesting that the transfected cells which formed tumors were those which successfully down‐regulated galectin‐3 expression.CONCLUSIONSIn contrast to an apparent stimulatory role in some tumor types, galectin‐3 is an inhibitory molecule for prostate cancer. Prostate 50: 64–70, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Changes of phenotypic expression of prostatic antigen in secondary transitional cell carcinoma of the prostate: Evidence for induction phenomenon as a mechanism for acquisition of prostatic antigens in prostatic transitional cell carcinoma
Authors: Mai Kien T. , Yazdi Hossein M. , Farmer James 
Published: September 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDIn vitro and experimental studies of mesenchymal‐epithelial interaction for the prostatic stroma have demonstrated that the prostatic stroma is capable of inducing the nonprostatic epithelium to acquire many features of prostatic epithelium. We investigated whether this phenomenon could be observed in vivo in human prostatic stroma.MATERIALS AND METHODSSixty transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary bladder: (a) 20 with glandular lumen; (b) 20 without glandular lumen: (c) 10 mixed TCC‐adenocarcinoma (ACA); and (d) 10 with synchronous or metachronous TCC of the prostate; and three primary TCC of the prostate were examined and submitted for immunostaining for prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and prostatic specific antigen (PSA).RESULTSThere was a spectrum of immunostaining for PSA ranging from negative reactivity in TCC without glandular lumen of the urinary bladder, to focal and weak reactivity in single cells with varying degrees of nonmucinous glandular differentiation and to strong reactivity in groups of cells in primary and synchronous or metachronous TCC in the prostate. The areas of carcinoma geographically closest to the prostate and with the most extensive nonmucinous glandular differentiation displayed the most frequent and strongest immunoreactivity for PSA. The immunoreactivity for PAP was usually stronger than for PSA. Four cases of TCC and mixed TCC‐ACA were immunoreactive only for PAP. Furthermore, there was a change in the phenotype of TCC in the urinary bladder as it spread into the prostate. For 10 TCC in the urinary bladder with synchronous or metachronous tumor in the prostate, all TCC in the urinary bladder were negative for PAP and PSA, whereas six TCC in the prostate were focally positive.CONCLUSIONSThe spectrum of immunoreactivity for PAP and PSA and the change in immunoreactivity of TCC of the urinary bladder as it spreads into the prostate are likely induced by the prostatic stroma through the mechanism of mesenchymal‐epithelial interaction. Prostate 47:172–182, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.