bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cast with Style: Nineteenth-Century Cast-Iron Stoves
Authors: groft tammis kane 
Published: February 2005

Cast With Style: Nineteenth-Century Cast-Iron Stoves
During the nineteenth century Albany and Troy, New York manufacturers were considered to be among the largest producers of cast-iron stoves in the world. Stoves made in these two upstate New York cities were renowned for their fine-quality castings and innovations in technology and design. The strategic location of Albany and Troy, located nine miles apart on opposite banks of the Hudson River, afforded easy and inexpensive transportation of raw materials to the foundries, and finished stoves to worldwide markets.
Cast-iron stove making reached its highest artistic achievement and technological advancements between 1840 and 1870. Flask casting and the advent of the cupola furnace permitted more elaborate designs and finer-quality castings. Stove designers borrowed freely from architectural and cabinet-makers design books, a process that resulted in the use of Greek, Roman, Egyptian and Rococo revival motifs; patriotic symbols, and lavish floral designs, all reflecting current taste and sentiment Stove types produced included Franklin, box, dumb, base-burner, parlor, cook stoves and ranges and parlor cook stoves. However, the stoves that attracted the most attention and helped to secure the reputation of Albany and Troy, as innovators in technological and decorative designs were the column parlor stoves produced during the 1830s and 1840s. These stoves were a focal point for a Victorian parlor because the overall designs incorporated current tastes in architecture, furniture and other decorative arts.
The decline of the stove industry in Albany and Troy began slowly after the Civil War, when companies went back into full production and glutted the market. Also, new deposits of iron ore were discovered in the Great Lakes region, and entrepreneurs were quick to see the potential of large western markets and began building foundries in Chicago and Detroit. As the century closed, the demands for iron were shifting toward steel.
The Prose (and Cons) of Vodka
Authors: stakhov dmitrii 
Published: February 2005

The Prose (and Cons) of Vodka
Drawing extensively on his own first-hand experience as someone who came of age during the prolonged “stagnation” of the Brezhnev years, and then witnessed the upheavals of perestroika and the breakup of the Soviet Union under Gorbachev and the wild-West capitalism of the 1990s under Yeltsin, the writer and journalist Dmitrii Stakhov explores the changing fortunes of vodka, Russia’s “alcoholic drink No. 1,” and its enduring significance as a symbol, “cultural yardstick,” and economic unit of exchange over the last quarter of a century in this hard-drinking and hard-pressed nation. Stakhov’s essay details Russians’ long love affair with vodka, as well their sometimes dangerous dalliances with various vodka substitutes (often of unknown or highly dubious origin) and their more recent infatuation, in a new era of seemingly unlimited consumer choice, with other, more manifestly “Western” alcoholic drinks (whiskey, beer, wine). Stakhov suggests that the recent shifts in drinking habits in Russia (with Russians developing more discriminating and highbrow tastes) has in certain important ways entailed a loss of cultural values and a diminished sense of community and camaraderie. No one looks after the local drunk any more, and no one is interested any longer in going in on the proverbial “threesome” of Soviet times (a bottle of vodka split three ways): now it is a Darwinian world of “every man for himself.” For better or worse the old poetry and mythos of vodka, Stakhov concludes, has died, replaced instead by the harsher (and less interesting) prose of the free market.
Man Eats Dogs: The Hot Dog Stands of Chicago
Authors: kraig bruce 
Published: February 2005

Man Eats Dog
Sometimes a hot dog is more than just a fast food, and the stands from which they are served in Chicago are more than simply corporate feeding places. Created by European immigrants in the Nineteenth Century and elaborated by succeeding generations, the subject of many jokes including the name itself, the hot dog represents a social and cultural history of America. Nowhere are these themes better seen than in Chicago’s hot dog stands and in the wonderful vernacular art decorating them. Stands define urban, ethnic neighborhoods, a mosaic of small communities that together compose the portrait of the city. These small places are the realms of small entrepreneurs who live seemingly untouched by the culture of modern corporate business. The art upon them embody these older, homier themes—retreat into memory, abundance, the imagined world of carnevale, and many others. To Chicagoans, hot dog stands, local eateries in general, reify the life of their hometown.
Fats and Fatty Oils
Authors: Hasenhuettl G. L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractMankind has used fats and oils for thousands of years. However, their chemistry only began to be explained in the nineteenth century. They are composed mainly of triacylglycerols, which are esters of glycerol and linear long chain carboxylic acids. Chain length of the acids can vary from 4 to 12 carbon atoms. Fatty acids in oils contain one or more cis (Z) double bonds, while those in fats are more highly saturated. Melting properties of fats are complex due to packing of alkyl chains in polymorphic forms. Compositions of fats and oils depend on their origin. They may be derived from animals, fish, vegetables, seeds, or microorganisms.Crude fats and oils may be isolated by hydraulic pressing, rendering, or solvent extraction. Removal of gums, waxes, pigments, volatile solvents, odors, and free fatty acids is accomplished by further processing that is essential for most applications. Product quality may be measured by fatty acid composition, melting point, iodine, acid and peroxide values, color and clarity, or functionality tests.Fats, oils, fatty acids, and their derivatives are used in a variety of applications, such as foods, soaps, detergents, paints and varnishes, lubricants, and biodiesel fuels. In some applications they compete with petroleum derivatives.
Iron
Authors: Lepinski J. A. , Myers Jeffrey C. , Geiger Gordon H. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Iron, the fourth most abundant element in the earth's crust, is the world's least expensive, most useful metal. Iron is alloyed with other elements for commercial applications. Iron‐bearing minerals of economic importance are hematite, magnetite, goethite, siderite, ilmenite, and pyrite. These ores can be beneficiated through crushing, grinding, magnetic separation, flotation, electrostatic separation, roasting, sintering, or pelletizing. Iron oxides in the form of pellet, lump, and/or sinter are fed along with coke and limestone into the blast furnace wherein the iron oxide is reduced and melted into hot metal (pig iron); the pig iron is further refined in an oxygen converter to make steel. New technologies are being developed as alternatives to the blast furnace for reducing iron oxide. These include direct reduction and direct smelting processes. Direct reduction is the process of converting iron ore into metallic iron without melting. Direct reduced iron (DRI) is used as a high quality feed material in electric arc furnace steelmaking, oxygen steelmaking, ladle metallurgy, blast furnace ironmaking, and foundries. Normally 90 to 95% of the iron in DRI is in the metallic form. The reduction of iron oxide proceeds from hematite to magnetite to wustite to iron. The most common reductants are reformed natural gas and coal. The main commercially proven direct reduction processes are discussed. Hot briquetted iron (HBI), a densified form of DRI, is more resistant to reoxidation and corrosion. In the foundry, ferrous scrap can be melted along with coke in a cupola or induction furnace to make cast iron. Cast iron can be classified into gray, white, malleable, or ductile iron. Economic, health and safety, and environmental issues are discussed.
Manganese and Manganese Alloys
Authors: Matricardi Louis R. , Downing James ,   Updated by Staff
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Manganese minerals, pretreatment of manganese ores, and smelting processes are reviewed. The reduction of manganese ores and the production of high carbon ferromanganese and of silicomanganese are discussed as is the electrolytic production of manganese metal. The safety of ferromanganese production in electric furnaces is presented.
Manganese and manganese alloy production is closely tied to the steel industry. Many specialty steels contain significant quantities of manganese. Other important uses of manganese occur in the cast iron and aluminum industries where manganese metal is used as an alloy addition to aluminum that is used for beverage containers.
Methanol
Authors: English Alan , Rovner Jerry , Brown John , Davies Simon ,   Updated by Staff
Published: February 2005

Abstract

The physical and chemical properties of methanol (methyl alcohol), CH
3
OH, are summarized. The evolution of the current low pressure technology based on synthesis gas is presented. The mechanism and functionality of the methanol synthesis catalyst are discussed. Synthesis gas generation processes and feedstocks are described in detail, as are various methanol reactor configurations. The status of current research for future methanol processes, including direct oxidation routes, is summarized. Health and safety aspects of methanol storage and handling are discussed. Economic data and end‐use products are detailed.
Nucleic Acids
Authors: Rehmann Jill 
Published: February 2005

AbstractNucleic acids are essential components of all organisms. Deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA), most commonly double helical, encode the genetic information contained in living cells. Ribonucleic acids (RNA), a more diverse class of biopolymers able to adopt helical and other more complex tertiary structures, carry out a variety of intracellular functions, including transmitting the genetic message to the site of protein synthesis. Both DNA and RNA interact with a host of other molecules, eg, proteins, drugs, as well as other nucleic acids and nucleic acid constituents. The specificity of these interactions may be related to local sequence‐dependent structural variation. The structural characteristics of nucleic acids and their constituents are discussed.Development of techniques to synthesize oligonucleotides, which are short, well‐defined sequences of DNA or RNA, provides an opportunity to study nucleic acid structure in detail. In addition, oligonucleotides have proved invaluable in analytical procedures. The unique ability of nucleic acids to bind to self‐complementary sequences has been exploited in the design of oligonucleotide probes and in antisense drug strategies. Methods for synthesizing Oligonucleotides, including both unmodified and modified analogs are discussed.
Wool
Authors: Christoe John R. , Denning Ron J. , Evans David J. , Huson Mickey G. , Jones Leslie N. , Lamb Peter R. , Millington Keith R. , Phillips David G. , Pierlot Anthony P. , Rippon John A. , Russell Ian M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractWool, the fibrous coating from sheep, is the most important animal fiber used by the textile industry. It has been used continuously for several thousand years, the earliest type of fabric made from wool probably being a felt. Although the relative importance of wool as a textile fiber has declined with the increasing use of synthetic fibers, it remains important in some sectors of the market. This article discusses raw wool specification, fiber growth, its complex morphological and chemical structure, and the physical properties that make wool unique among textile fibers. Also discussed are the processing steps used to transform raw wool into consumer products, namely, scouring, carbonizing, carding, spinning, setting, dyeing, bleaching, printing, and treatments to reduce felting shrinkage, insect damage, and flammability. A new textile fiber made from wool (Optim, CSIRO) is also described.
African ancestry of the population of Buenos Aires
Authors: Fejerman Laura , Carnese Francisco R. , Goicoechea Alicia S. , Avena Sergio A. , Dejean Cristina B. , Ward Ryk H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe population of Argentina today does not have a “visible” black African component. However, censuses conducted during most of the 19th century registered up to 30% of individuals of African origin living in Buenos Aires city. What has happened to this African influence? Have all individuals of African origin died, as lay people believe? Or is it possible that admixture with the European immigrants made the African influence “invisible?” We investigated the African contribution to the genetic pool of the population of Buenos Aires, Argentina, typing 12 unlinked autosomal DNA markers in a sample of 90 individuals. The results of this analysis suggest that 2.2% (SEM = 0.9%) of the genetic ancestry of the Buenos Aires population is derived from Africa. Our analysis of individual admixture shows that those alleles that have a high frequency in populations of African origin tend to concentrate among 8 individuals in our sample. Therefore, although the admixture estimate is relatively low, the actual proportion of individuals with at least some African influence is approximately 10%. The evidence we are presenting of African ancestry is consistent with the known historical events that led to the drastic reduction of the Afro‐Argentine population during the second half of the 19th century. However, as our results suggest, this reduction did not mean a total disappearance of African genes from the genetic pool of the Buenos Aires population. Am J Phys Anthropol 128:164‐170, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Research trends in human osteology: A content analysis of papers published in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology
Authors: Stojanowski Christopher M. , Buikstra Jane E. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis paper explores recent research trends in human osteology, based on articles published in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology (AJPA) during two 5‐year intervals: 1980–1984 and 1996–2000. Topical “visibility” is measured in terms of article counts; “impact” is estimated through citation indices. Our results indicate that human osteologists continue to publish a range of methodological, analytical, and descriptive research papers that address a broad array of subjects. Analytical articles are cited more frequently than descriptive articles and thus have higher impact, reflecting the discipline's continued commitment to problem‐oriented research. Differences in publication patterns exist between scholars during early and later stages of their careers. Articles published by students and Ph.D.s within 2 years of their doctoral degree are more frequently descriptive than analytical, when compared to people with longer career histories. Topics such as pathology, forensic anthropology, and biodistance modeling remain highly visible, while articles on the dentition have waned. An increase in functional research directed toward the postcranial skeleton is also reflected in our data. While continued visibility for morphological investigations is apparent, the impact of recently developed applications in bone chemistry and molecular anthropology is amply documented in our data, particularly during the more recent survey years. Am J Phys Anthropol 128:98‐109, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of bismaleimide‐modified novolac resin/clay nanocomposites using p‐phenylenediamine as swelling agent
Authors: Wang Hongsheng , Zhao Tong , Yu Yunzhao 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSodium montmorillonite (Na–MMT) was swollen with protonated p‐phenylenediamine, and the latter was converted to maleamic acid. Intercalation of the swelling agents was confirmed by FTIR, XRD, and TGA data. Exfoliation of the organoclay took place easily in the melt of the Bismaleimide‐modified allylated novolac resin. It is remarkable that, as a result of layer delamination, introduction of 2 phr organoclay MAA–MMT brought in a rise in steady shear viscosity for over two orders of magnitude at low shear rates. Major improvement in thermal stability, flexural strength, and modulus was achieved by incorporation of the exfoliated clay layers, in contrast to the composite using pristine Na–MMT as reinforcement. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 466–474, 2005
Barocalorimetric technique for monitoring pressurized copolymer reactors
Authors: Infante Ramiro , Cisneros Arturo , Rivera Claudia , Alvarez Jesús 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe problem of on‐line estimation of the conversion and composition evolutions in a pressurized batch copolymer reactor with temperature and pressure measurements was addressed. The estimation model consisted of mass and energy balances with a pressure equation built from phase‐equilibrium considerations. The application of a nonlinear geometric estimation approach yielded the underlying solvability condition with physical meaning, a straightforward estimator construction, and a conventional‐like tuning procedure. The resulting barocalorimetric estimator was an on‐line dynamic measurement processor with a model‐based predictor and a measurement‐driven corrector, and whose implementation did not require the polymerization rates and heat‐transfer coefficient function dependencies. The technique was tested with a representative laboratory styrene–butadiene system. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 475–482, 2005
Monte Carlo simulation of sequence distributions of acrylonitrile copolymers
Authors: Hou Chen , Sun Chun‐feng , Ying Liang , Wang Cheng‐guo 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA Monte Carlo simulation examining the effect of monomer ratios on the composition and sequence distribution of acrylonitrile(AN) copolymers with N‐vinyl pyrrolidone (NVP), itaconic acid (IA), and acrylic acid (AA) as comonomers has been developed. The Kelen–Tudos method was used to estimate monomer reactivity ratios. The results of the simulation are consistent with the academic conclusion and are as foreseen by the experimental data. The average number of NVP identical monomers in a sequence length of AN/NVP copolymer chain increases continuously and the average number of AN identical monomers in a sequence length shows a prominent decrease with an increase of NVP concentration in the feed. Changes in the monomer average number of AN/IA and AN/AA copolymers in a sequence length were the same as those of AN/NVP copolymer with an increase of comonomer concentration in the feed. The optimum weight ratio of AN with comonomers for manufacturing carbon fibers is 98/2. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 483–488, 2005
Poly(dimethylsiloxane) coatings for controlled drug release. III. Drug release profiles and swelling properties of the free‐standing films
Authors: Gao Zongming , Nahrup Julia Schulze , Mark James E. , Sakr Adel 
Published: February 2005

AbstractPrevious reports in this series have described the preparation of stable poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) latices suitable for spray‐coating of drug tablets, as well as the mechanism of associated crosslinking reactions in PDMS emulsions. In the present investigation, in vitro evaluations were performed to study the effects of the amount of channeling agents, the addition of colloidal silica, and the pH of the dissolution media used. The study involved hydrochlorothiazide (as a marker drug) released from compressed tablets, which had been spray coated using PDMS latices with various polyethylene glycol (PEG) loadings as channeling agents. The dissolution results showed that coated tablets containing up to 25% (w/w dps) PEG could have constant release rates. Higher amounts of PEG resulted in nonlinear release patterns. The addition of colloidal silica decreased the rates of drug release. The pH of dissolution media affected the structures of the exposed PDMS films. Swelling tests were carried out to determine water uptake. Scanning electron microscopy and density measurements showed that the films obtained after soaking in higher‐pH media were more condensed, with corresponding changes in drug‐release rates. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 494–501, 2005
Immobilization of invertase in conducting polypyrrole/PMMA‐co‐PMTM graft copolymers
Authors: Yildiz Hüseyin Bekir , Kiralp Senem , Toppare Levent , Yağci Yusuf 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn this study, invertase was immobilized in copolymer electrodes constructed. Three different types of polymethyl methacrylate‐co‐polymethyl thienyl methacrylate matrices were used to obtain copolymers that were characterized by FT‐IR spectroscopy. Immobilization of enzymes was carried out by the entrapment of the enzyme in conducting polymer matrices during electrochemical polymerization of pyrrole through thiophene moieties of polymers. Immobilization of the enzyme was achieved by application of 1.0 V constant potential on a platinum electrode for 30 min in solution. The effects of temperature and pH on the activity of the enzyme electrodes were examined and operational stability studies were done. The changes in the maximum reaction rate and the variations in the Michaelis–Menten constant were studied. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 502–507, 2005
Linear polymers with sulfur in the main chain III. Synthesis of polythioesters by polycondensation of bis(4,4′‐mercaptophenyl)sulfide with various acid dichlorides and their properties
Authors: Hirano Hiroshi , Watase Seiji , Tanaka Mitsuaki 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSynthesis and properties of sulfur‐containing linear polythioesters derived from bis(4,4′‐mercaptophenyl)sulfide (MPS) and various acid dichlorides (AC) have been studied to evaluate the effect of the thioester group in comparison with corresponding linear polyesters. Polycondensations between MPS and azelaoyl chloride (AZC) chosen as a model reaction system were investigated under various conditions by solution polycondensation, to find optimal conditions to get high molecular weight and quantitative yield. The obtained polymer using chloroform as a solvent indicated the highest molecular weight, determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Thus the polythioesters from MPS and AC were synthesized under the above‐mentioned conditions. The thermal properties of polythioesters including the MPS moiety were evaluated by thermogravimetry/differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Those indicated that the polythioesters including the MPS moiety were crystalline polymers with relatively high heat resistance. These polythioesters were found to show an odd–even effect with the glass transition temperature, melting point, and oxygen permeability based on the methylene numbers. The tensile strength and storage modulus decreased with the number of methylene units. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 508–515, 2005