bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Vilsmeier Reaction of Non‐Aromatic Compounds
Authors: Jones Gurnos , Stanforth Stephen P. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis chapter extends the discussion to reactions between the Vilsmeier‐Haack reagent (subsequently referred to as the Vilsmeier reagent for brevity) and any other compounds in which a carbon‐carbon bond is formed. The discussion thus excludes reactions in which the Vilsmeier reagent acts as a chlorinating agent (for example in the preparation of acid chlorides), or in which it forms carbon‐oxygen or carbon‐nitrogen bonds, unless these are accompanied by formation of a carbon‐carbon bond. For a discussion of the nature of the reagent and of the mechanism of the reaction, the earlier chapter in vol. 49 should be consulted. There are also a number of reviews that deal at length with mechanisms of reactions involving the Vilsmeier reagent, notably those by Jutz and Marson, and hence this chapter will concentrate on applications, with brief mention of mechanisms when necessary.Wizinger has pointed out that alkenes could react with the Vilsmeier reagent, but his only examples were styrenes where the intermediate carbocation has considerable stability.Hydrolysis gives the cinnamaldehyde. In principle, any alkene which is not too sterically hindered can undergo this reaction, but the Vilsmeier reagent has low reactivity as an electrophile, and in practice activation is often necessary. The addition depends on the HOMO of the alkene, and anything increasing the HOMO energy will aid reaction, as for example further conjugation (dienes, trienes, etc.) or the presence of an electron‐donating substituent. Hence aldehydes and ketones are active in their enol forms, and enol ethers and enamines are good substrates. Indeed, all additions covered by this chapter can be regarded as alkene additions, even those on active methyl groups attached to electron‐deficient rings. As with any reaction involving carbocation intermediates, rearrangements are possible; the initial products are sometimes enamines, and this can give rise to polysubstitution. The substrates are grouped into eleven major subsections; references to reviews of particular relevance will be found in the appropriate subsection.
The Ramberg‐Bäcklund Reaction
Authors: Taylor Richard J. K. , Casy Guy 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
The base‐mediated conversion of alpha‐halosulfones into region‐defined alkenes was first described by Ludwig Ramberg and Birger Backlund. This transformation has proved to be of wide synthetic value and is known as the Ramberg‐Backlund reaction (RBR). The facile nature of the RBR is surprising given the difficulties encountered when attempting to carry out nucleophilic substitution reactions on alpha‐halosulfones. In contrast to halogens adjacent to carbonyls and related electron‐withdrawing groups, polar, steric and field effects appear to combine leading to the marked deactivation of alpha‐halosulfones. The stereochemical outcome of the reaction was also unexpected: a predominance of Z‐alkenes is often observed with relatively weak bases, whereas stronger bases tend to favor E‐alkenes. The mechanism of the RBR was therefore the subject of intense interest, particularly in the 1950s and 1960s.
From the synthetic viewpoint, the RBR is attractive for a number of reasons, for example, the accessibility of the precursor sulfide and sulfones; the conjunctive nature of the process; the unambiguous location of the resulting double bonds, among others. Organic sulfones are readily available, but the preparation of alpha‐halosulfones can be problematic. In view of this, perhaps the most significant synthetic advance concerning RBR has been the development of Meyer's modification, which involves in‐situ halogenation‐RBR sequence and enables sulfones to be converted directly into alkenes.
This chapter discusses the mechanism of RBR, its scope and limitations, applications of the reaction in natural product synthesis, and comparison of the RBR with related procedures. Representative experimental procedures are also given.
Two scale high gain adaptive control
Authors: Polderman Jan Willem , Mareels Iven 
Published: April 2004

AbstractSimple adaptive controllers based on high gain output feedback suffer a lack of robustness with respect to bounded disturbances. Existing modifications achieve boundedness of all solutions but introduce solutions that, even in the absence of disturbances, do not achieve regulation. In this paper a new modification that achieves the desired robustness without the side‐effect of undesirable solutions is proposed. The modification features two data‐driven stability indicators. Intuitively, the first indicator drives the ‘closed‐loop poles’ to the closed right half plane while the latter provides fine‐tuning that prevents persistent imaginary axis poles and their associated undesired behaviour. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Elevated plasma sVCAM‐1 levels in children with sickle cell disease: Impact of chronic transfusion therapy
Authors: Sakhalkar Vishwas S. , Rao Sreedhar P. , Weedon Jeremy , Miller Scott T. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractVascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (VCAM‐1) has been implicated as being important in the pathophysiology of acute pain episodes (APE) and acute chest syndrome (ACS) of sickle cell disease (SCD). The frequency of these episodes is reduced by chronic transfusion therapy. The impact of chronic transfusion therapy on VCAM‐1 expression is unknown. Soluble VCAM‐1 (sVCAM‐1) levels were measured in plasma using an ELISA assay (R&D Systems) in 61 patients with SCD (age range 1.5–20 years) and 12 normal controls (2.5–14 years). SCD patients included 20 with ACS, 14 with APE, 12 at well‐child visits, and 15 receiving chronic transfusion therapy. Asymptomatic SCD patients had higher sVCAM‐1 levels compared to normal subjects (P < 0.001). Levels of sVCAM‐1 were further elevated during ACS (P < 0.001) and APE (P = 0.072) and returned to the asymptomatic range on resolution. Levels were significantly lower in transfused patients (P = 0.003) compared to asymptomatic SCD patients. Our findings of increased VCAM‐1 expression during ACS and perhaps APE offer a rationale for therapeutic use of cytokine and other VCAM‐1 modulators. The reduction of sVCAM‐1 levels observed in our transfused SCD patients offers insight into the mechanism of the protective effect of transfusion against ACS and APE and possibly stroke. Am. J. Hematol. 76:57–60, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Embolization of intracranial aneurysms and sickle cell disease
Authors: Vicari Perla , Choairy Ana Cristina C. , Siufi Grazziella C. , Arantes Adriano M. , Fonseca José Roberto F. , Figueiredo Maria Stella 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe association of intracranial aneurysms and sickle cell disease (SCD) has been described in the English‐language literature. Treatment strategies have included angiography and craniotomy. However, with advancement of non‐operative interventions, much controversy surrounds the treatment of these patients. Endovascular embolization has been used in many patients with cerebral aneurysms, but it had been reported in the literature in only two sickle cell patients. The authors present a case of endovascular embolization of multiple intracranial aneurysms in a patient with sickle cell anemia with good outcome. Am. J. Hematol. 76:83–84, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Predictive value of QT dispersion for acute heart failure after autologous and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Nakamae Hirohisa , Hino Masayuki , Akahori Mika , Terada Yoshiki , Yamane Takahisa , Ohta Kensuke , Hayashi Tomoshige , Tsumura Kei 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe aim of our study was to evaluate whether corrected QT dispersion (QTc dispersion), an electrocardiographic marker, is a good predictor of the development of acute heart failure after high‐dose chemotherapy followed by autologous or allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. We enrolled 50 consecutive patients, from age 15 to 63 years, with hematopoietic diseases scheduled to undergo autologous or allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and compared QTc dispersion with other markers before transplantation conditioning. In univariate logistic analysis, QTc dispersion was a significant factor for acute heart failure after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (odds ratio, 3.7 per 10 msec; confidence interval, 1.6–8.5; P = 0.002). There were no significant differences as age, sex, systolic or diastolic echocardiographic function markers, cumulative anthracycline dose, or QTc before transplantation between patients with and without acute heart failure. After multiple adjustments for left ventricular ejection fraction, cumulative anthracycline dose, cyclophosphamide conditioning dose, QTc dispersion was a significant and independent factor for acute heart failure after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (odds ratio, 48.0 per 10 msec; confidence interval, 1.4–1666.3; P = 0.03). This study demonstrated that QTc dispersion could be used as a powerful noninvasive predictor of the development of acute heart failure after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Am. J. Hematol. 76:1–7, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV‐8)‐associated peritoneal primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) in two HIV‐negative elderly patients
Authors: Boulanger Emmanuelle , Hermine Olivier , Fermand Jean‐Paul , Radford‐Weiss Isabelle , Brousse Nicole , Meignin Véronique , Gessain Antoine 
Published: April 2004

AbstractHuman herpesvirus 8 (KSHV/HHV‐8) is associated with all forms of Kaposi sarcoma (KS), with a rare high‐grade B‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphoma characterized by serous effusions in body cavities called primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and with some forms of multicentric Castleman disease (MCD). Although mostly observed during AIDS, such disorders have also been described with a lower incidence in human immunodeficiency virus‐negative patients. We describe here the features of two novel cases of AIDS‐unrelated PEL. Two patients, a 78‐year‐old man (case 1) and a 86‐year‐old woman (case 2), both of French origin, presented exudative ascitic effusion containing numerous KSHV/HHV‐8+ EBV− large lymphomatous cells of B‐cell clonal origin, characterized by a CD45+ CD30+ CD19− CD20− immunophenotype. The PEL tumor cells harbored a homogenous and isolated trisomy 12 in case 1 and an aberrant expression of the T‐cell lineage antigen CD7 in case 2. Both patients were lymphopenic at the time of PEL diagnosis and rapidly died with progressive lymphoma. Moreover, patient 2 had a previous history of classic KS and MCD clinically improved after treatment with all‐trans‐retinoid acid and a concomitant metastatic breast adenocarcinoma. Compared to AIDS‐related PEL, these two cases displayed distinct features in particular the advanced age of patients, as observed for Mediterranean KS, and the absence of EBV coinfection. Am. J. Hematol. 76:88–91, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MTHFR C677T polymorphism and its relation to ischemic stroke in the Black Sea Turkish population
Authors: Uçar Fahri , Sönmez Mehmet , Ovalı Ercüment , Özmenoǧlu Mehmet , Kartı S. Sami , Yılmaz Mustafa , Pakdemir Alper 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe MTHFR C677T mutation has been shown to be associated with venous thrombosis. The role of this mutation in ischemic stroke is unclear. We investigated whether the MTHFR mutation is a risk factor for patients with ischemic stroke in the Black Sea Turkish population or not. We analyzed 30 patients (19 male, 11 female) [median age: 50 years (range: 28–78)] with ischemic stroke who had no known predisposition factors for stroke and 242 (182 male, 60 female) healthy controls [median age: 42 years (range: 18–65)]. Detection of the MTHFR C677T mutation was performed by using commercially available allele‐specific PCR‐ELISA kits. Prevalence of the MTHFR C677T genotype was 49.1% (CT, 45.8%; TT, 3.3%) in controls and 50% (CT, 43.3%; TT, 6.6%) in patients [OR: 1.03, 95% CI (0.45–2.35]). The prevalence of homozygous gene mutation for MTHFR was higher among patients with stroke than control subjects, but this difference was not statistically significant. The MTHFR gene mutation is not a risk factor for ischemic stroke formation in patients from the Black Sea region in Turkey. Am. J. Hematol. 76:40–43, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microgranular and t(11;17)/PLZF‐RARα variants of acute promyelocytic leukemia also present the flow cytometric pattern of CD13, CD34, and CD15 expression characteristic of PML‐RARα gene rearrangement
Authors: Rizzatti Edgar G. , Portieres Fernando L. , Martins Sérgio L.R. , Rego Eduardo M. , Zago Marco A. , Falcão Roberto P. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractAcute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a subtype acute myeloid leukemia in which leukemic promyelocytes predominate in the bone marrow (BM). Rapid diagnosis is critical for treatment decision since all‐trans‐retinoic acid must be administrated promptly. The microgranular variant may be of difficult diagnosis, as it may be confused with other diseases on morphological grounds. The purpose of this study was to determine if the microgranular variant has the same antigenic profile as the classical hypergranular type. The immunophenotype of leukemic cells from the bone marrow of 50 patients, with the PML‐RARα gene rearrangement confirmed by RT‐PCR, was determined by flow cytometry using a large panel of 22 monoclonal antibodies and a polyclonal anti‐TdT antibody. Thirty‐four cases were classified as classical APL and 16 as microgranular APL. The immunophenotypic profile of the two subtypes was indistinguishable concerning the presence or absence of these antigens, including the absence of reactivity for the HLA‐DR antigen. The simultaneous immunophenotypic combination of a unique major cell population, heterogeneous intensity of expression of CD13, and the typical pattern of CD15/CD34 expression were similarly present in the hypergranular and microgranular subtypes. Homogeneous expression of CD33 was observed in 76% of the classical APL cases and in 100% of the microgranular cases. Additionally, we have studied two cases of PLZF‐RARα APL that also displayed the same immunophenotype described for classical APL. Thus, the immunophenotypic profile highly characteristic of the PML‐RARα gene rearrangement was also observed in microgranular and PLZF‐RARα variants of APL. Am. J. Hematol. 76:44–51, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
De novo complex chromosomal rearrangements (CCR) involving chromosome 1, 5, and 6 resulting in microdeletion for 6q14 in a female carrier with psychotic disorder
Authors: Lespinasse James , Bugge M. , Réthoré M.O. , North M.O. , Lundsteen C. , Kirchhoff M. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA 23‐year‐old obese woman with a psychotic disorder was found to have a de novo apparently balanced complex chromosomal rearrangement involving chromosomes 1, 5, and 6. Molecular cytogenetic analyses using high‐resolution comparative genomic hybridization (HR‐CGH) showed a microdeletion at 6q14 in a der(6). Application of HR‐CGH facilitated detection of micro‐rearrangement of all de novo apparently balanced complex chromosomal rearrangements (CCR) and supported the localization of the breakpoint. According to our knowledge, no constitutional interstitial microdeletion of chromosome 6q14 has been found associated with a schizoid‐type phenotype. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Results of a genomewide linkage scan: Support for chromosomes 9 and 11 loci increasing risk for cigarette smoking
Authors: Gelernter Joel , Liu Xuexuan , Hesselbrock Victor , Page Grier P. , Goddard Andrew , Zhang Heping 
Published: April 2004

AbstractCigarette smoking is highly destructive to individuals and society, and is moderately heritable. We completed a genomewide linkage scan to map loci increasing risk for cigarette smoking in a set of families originally identified because they segregate panic disorder (PD). One hundred forty two genotyped individuals in a total of 12 families were studied (214 subjects analyzed, including non‐genotyped individuals). Of these individuals, 69 were “affected” with habitual cigarette smoking (i.e., they smoked more than one pack per day for at least a year, or at least 1/2 pack per day for at least 10 years), 49 were “unaffected” (i.e., they smoked less than 1/2 pack per day for less than 1 year), and 24 were scored as “unknown.” Nine families from the panic series were excluded from these analyses because they lacked multiple affected individuals with habitual cigarette smoking. In an initial genomewide scan, we genotyped a total of 416 markers (398 autosomal, 18 X‐chromosome) with an average spacing of less than 10 cM, spanning the genome. Linkage analysis (pairwise, or single‐point, and multi‐point) was performed using ALLEGRO. An additional 14 markers were genotyped in a high‐density panel to follow‐up on an identified region of interest on chromosome 11p. The three highest multi‐point Zlr scores (3.43, 3.04, and 3.01; P = 0.0003, P = 0.0012, and P = 0.0013, respectively), which each reflect “suggestive” evidence for linkage, were observed in multi‐point linkage analyses using Allegro on chromosomes 11p and 9, near markers D11S4046, D9S283, and D9S1677, respectively. D11S4046 is in a region where linkage to alcohol dependence and linkage disequilibrium to substance dependence have previously been identified. The chromosome 9 region we identified as possibly linked to cigarette smoking in anxiety families, was previously identified as significantly linked to PD in Icelandic pedigrees. We also identified evidence supporting linkage (Zlr score > 2.3, P < 0.01) to regions of chromosomes 14, 16, and X. There was a significant phenotypic association between PD and cigarette smoking (P < 0.001). Conclusions: We identified evidence for two loci increasing risk for cigarette smoking that map to chromosomes 9 and 11. There is now evidence supporting linkage or association of chromosome 11 markers with alcohol dependence, illegal drug abuse and dependence, and cigarette smoking. Interestingly, one of our most promising linkage regions, includes a region previously identified as linked to PD. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Funktionale poröse Koordinationspolymere
Authors: Kitagawa Susumu , Kitaura Ryo , Noro Shin‐ichiro 
Published: April 2004

AbstractDie Chemie der Koordinationspolymere hat sich in den vergangenen Jahren rasant entwickelt. Strukturen aus einer Vielzahl molekularer Bausteine mit unterschiedlichen Wechselwirkungen sind mittlerweile zugänglich. Die nächste Stufe ist die chemische und physikalische Funktionalisierung dieser Architekturen durch Einstellung ihrer Porositäten. Dieser Aufsatz konzentriert sich auf drei Aspekte von Koordinationspolymeren: 1) Anwendung von Kristall‐Engineering zum Aufbau poröser Gerüste aus Konnektoren und Linkern (“Nanospace‐Engineering”), 2) Charakterisierung und Katalogisierung porös‐struktureller Funktionalität für Anwendungen in Speicherungs‐, Austausch‐, Trennprozessen etc. und 3) porös‐strukturelle Funktionalität auf der Basis dynamischer Kristallumwandlungen durch Gastmoleküle oder physikalische Reize. Ziel ist es, den aktuellen Stand der Forschung zur Chemie und Physik von und in den Mikroporen poröser Koordinationspolymere vorzustellen.
Effect of the temperature on the friction‐wear properties of poly(ether ketone) with a cardo group
Authors: Tian Nong , Yan Fengyuan , Liu Weimin 
Published: April 2004

AbstractWe studied the effect of temperature on the friction‐wear properties of poly(ether ketone) with a cardo group (PEK‐C) with a XuanWu‐3 pin‐disc friction‐and‐wear tester. Testing conditions such as the temperature obviously affected the friction and wear behavior of PEK‐C. As the ambient temperature increased, the wear of PEK‐C increased, and there was a maximum value of the friction coefficient of PEK‐C at a certain temperature. This phenomenon could be attributed to the effect of an adhesive–elastic property of PEK‐C. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the size and shape of the wear debris of PEK‐C varied as the temperature varied. The main mechanism behind the different tribological characteristics lay in the variations of the physical state on the friction surface of PEK‐C due to the increasing surface temperature of PEK‐C. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 696–699, 2004
Synthesis and characterization of a high oil‐absorbing magnetic composite material
Authors: Li Peixun , Yu Bo , Wei Xiucheng 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe high oil magnetic composite resin, which is a low crosslinking resin, was synthesized by conventional suspension copolymerization in the present work. The effect of the monomer ratio, crosslinker, initiator, modified Fe3O4, and reaction time on oil absorptivity of the resin and defined optimum reaction condition were studied. The highest oil absorptivity of the resin was about 20 g/g in chloroform and 10.5 g/g in toluene when the extent of modified Fe3O4 was 5%. Infrared (IR), X‐ray diffractometer (XRD), synthetic themoanalyzer, laser particle size analyzer, and vibrating‐sample magnetometer (VSM) were used to study the properties of the oil‐absorbing magnetic composite resin. The magnetic composite resin can be recovered after conveniently and rapidly absorbing oil by magnetic separation techniques without excluding other mechanical techniques. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 894–900, 2004
Synthesis and properties of polymeric biocides based on poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl alcohol)
Authors: Park Eun‐Soo , Kim Hye Kyung , Shim Jae Hun , Kim Mal‐Nam , Yoon Jin‐San 
Published: April 2004

AbstractPoly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) with 55 wt % vinyl acetate units (EVA55) was cryogenically ground and saponified in KOH/ethanol solution to obtain poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl alcohol) (EVOH55). Polymeric antimicrobial agents were synthesized by reacting three antimicrobial agents, 4‐aminobenzoic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), and 4‐hydroxy benzoic acid (HBA) with EVOH55. The polymers became more flexible and exhibited lower melting peak temperature and heat of fusion as the content of the chemically bound ABA, SA, and HBA units increased. These phenomena appeared more significant in the order of ABA < HBA < SA. S. aureus, Gram‐positive bacterium, was more susceptible to the polymeric antimicrobial agents than P. aeruginesa, Gram‐positive bacterium. The antimicrobial activity increased in the order of EVOH55‐HBA < EVOH55‐ABA < EVOH‐SA. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 765–770, 2004
Fabrication and amplification of Rhodamine B‐doped step‐index polymer optical fiber
Authors: Liang Hao , Zheng Zhiqiang , Li Zengchang , Xu Jie , Chen Biao , Zhao Hui , Zhang Qijin , Ming Hai 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA step‐index polymer optical fiber (SI POF) containing Rhodamine B in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) has been fabricated by a preform technique. Fluorescence of different fiber lengths were observed and discussed. A high gain (23 dB) for a SI POF with 60‐cm length, 400‐μm diameter was obtained. The Rhodamine B content of the doped SI POF is 5 ppm‐wt. The signal wavelength providing the highest gain for a 60 cm SI POF is around 630 nm, and the optimum fiber length is about 60 cm at 10 kW launched pump power. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 681–685, 2004