bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hysterical conversion—a view from clinical neurology
Authors: Stone Jon , Zeman Adam 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Symptoms which prove to be medically unexplained are ubiquitous for the clinical neurologist. Although they range throughout the domain of neurology, weakness, sensory disturbance, dizziness, and blackouts are particularly common presentations. A proportion of patients satisfy the following working definition of hysteria: They appear initially to suffer from a neurological disease.
Conversion hysteria: a legal diagnosis
Authors: Sprince Michael A Jones Alan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Conversion hysteria is not a diagnosis that has featured significantly in English law, at least in terms of reported decisions. Less than two per cent of civil claims come before the courts, the remainder being settled by the parties before trial, and not all cases that go to trial are reported. There is however very little direct reference to conversion hysteria in the legal electronic databases or the Law reports. This suggests that practising lawyers are unlikely to recognize it from their typical case-loads, though they will be more familiar with phrases such as ‘psychological overlay’, ‘functional overlay’, ‘illness behaviour’, and ‘litigation neurosis’.
Hysteria and hypnosis: cognitive and social influences
Authors: Mcconkey Kevin M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The cognitive and social factors that influence hypnosis seem to influence hysteria as well. Thus, investigating and understanding hypnosis is one way of investigating and under- standing the processes of hysteria. This has been recognized in both historical and contemporary links of hysteria and hypnosis, and I consider these links before turning to consider selected investigations of hypnotic phenomena (specifically blindness, anaes- thesia, and identity distortion), to then look at some major influences and interactions, and finally to make a concluding comment.
The future
Authors: Lindesay James , Rockwood Kenneth , Macdonald Alastair 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As all investors are constantly warned, the future cannot be predicted from the past, but a better future can be facilitated by the careful use of history, and the bulk of this chapter is therefore autistic [wish-fulfilling, in Bleuler’s terms (1970)] rather than attempting too much in the way of crystal-gazing. However, a cautionary note must be sounded by what appears to be a waning of interest in delirium, judging by the numbers of references to empirical studies. In 1970, there were 203 MEDLINE (National Library of Medicine 2001) references to delirium (2.5% of all mentioning patients or subjects), but this had only risen to 243 references by 2000 (0.2% of all mentioning patients or subjects). The disorder’s claim to interest as a boundary issue (its rich basic science, clinical, psychiatric, physical, social, and health service importance) may also be responsible for it being considered as peripheral by many disciplines and central to none. Claims by any one discipline to a dominant role [e.g. old age psychiatry (Meagher 2001)] must – with the possible exception of geriatric medicine – be rejected, but this lack of clear ‘ownership’ also makes it difficult to obtain funding for high-quality, large-scale research. It seems to us self-evident that delirium is a perfect subject for interdisciplinary research, including the biological, psychiatric, psychological, medical (including palliative care), nursing, and social sciences. Our primary desire, then, is to see delirium research increase in volume and quality to match its importance and relevance, and the intellectual challenge it poses.
Harvard University and the American Red Cross
Authors: Tyrrell David , Fielder Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Common cold research, in spite of these distractions, was attracting considerable support in Britain, and this was largely due to the attention being given to it by certain groups in the United States. The Lancet reported in 1930 that $195 000 had been given to Johns Hopkins Medical School to create the John J. Abel Fund to support research on the common cold. And we have just seen how the study of colds in New York City impressed young Dr Andrewes and the senior MRC staff in Britain. But another important element was the contribution, in 1940, of Harvard University in Boston, Massachusetts—in a quite different but very practical and immediate way.
Uncertain beginnings
Authors: Tyrrell David , Fielder Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The CCU was set up so that the team could find out how to grow the cold virus in the laboratory. But catching and taming a virus is like stalking an animal. It has to be approached with extreme care and in a roundabout way. The initial result of their experiments would be a slightly cloudy fluid in a tube. But that could be anything. They had to be absolutely certain it had a live virus in it that would reliably produce colds. If they could achieve that it would be a major advance in cold research. Meanwhile their experiments with volunteers had to rely upon transfers from known sufferers.
Viruses and their targets
Authors: Tyrrell David , Fielder Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There has been much confusion concerning viruses and bacteria and what, if any, are the differences between them. This is not surprising since even the scientists who first studied them shared this confusion. But the differences are fundamental. A bacterium is self-sufficient. It can survive on its own without any exterior aid and multiply rapidly through cell division. A virus is essentially parasitic. It can do nothing on its own and becomes active only after it has penetrated a living cell. Once inside it produces more viruses, often destroying the host cell and then going on to attack adjacent cells. It is the type of virus and the type of cell it attacks which determines the nature of any disease which follows.
Viruses are very ‘clever’, being able to adapt rapidly to changing conditions, but so is the body. It is by no means a foregone conclusion that a virus attack will lead inevitably to some form of illness. We are involved with viruses all the time. Some viruses live inside our bodies from childhood to old age and either cause no illness or only occasional problems like cold sores. We swallow or breathe in other viruses, and more often than not they do us no harm. Even if they infect us for a while our immune system is very good at getting rid of them. Some people are attacked more than others, but our bodies win the battle on most occasions.
International cooperation
Authors: Tyrrell David , Fielder Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Diseases travel the world, taking no note of boundaries. They are the true internationals, and we have to deal with them accordingly. Some have a preference for a particular region, perhaps thriving in warmer climes, but the majority have no such limitations. And of these the common cold must surely be the most ubiquitous international of them all. We needed to pursue this experienced traveller as far as we could by having an international dimension to our own studies. For example, were the rhinoviruses found in Salisbury causing colds abroad?
Major rheumatic diseases
Authors: Li Suzanne C , Imundo Lisa F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The aims of this chapter are to discuss the major rheumatic diseases that may present with features similar to those seen in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA). These major systemic rheumatic diseases include systemic lupus erythematosus, neonatal lupus erythematosus, mixed connective tissue disease, dermatomyositis, scleroderma, and vasculitis. Some of the less common rheumatic diseases will also be discussed. Clinical characteristics and laboratory studies that can be used to distinguish between JIA and these other childhood rheumatic diseases will be discussed.
Disorders of bone and connective tissue
Authors: Peterson Karin S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to provide an extensive review of the congenital and inherited diseases of bones and connective tissues that may present with musculoskeletal symptoms and may be potentially confused with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis. The clinical presentation of inherited and congenital disorders of bone and connective tissue is varied ranging from the fairly typical features of an adolescent with Marfan syndrome to the diagnostic challenge of a child afflicted by a mild form of osteochondrodysplasia where subtle disproportionate short stature may be noticed during the evaluation for arthritis.
Adolescent rheumatology services
Authors: McDonagh Janet E , White Patience 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to examine the specific issues that are pertinent to the care of adolescents with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA). In particular the importance of transition from childhood to adult rheumatology care is discussed in detail. All adolescents including those with chronic illnesses and/or disabilities have hopes and dreams. They want to be valued as human beings and treated with dignity, obtain education and job training, have opportunities for social experiences, community involvement, recreation and worship, and find meaningful work for reasonable pay.
Disease evaluation
Authors: Tucker Lori B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to discuss the different components of the disease that must be evaluated in order to determine if a child with JIA is actually improving or not. The chapter details those instruments that are available to measure these different aspects of disease. In caring for the child with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA), the goals are elimination or decrease of active disease as much as possible, improvement in the disability, or impairment resulting from active disease, and an improved quality of life for the affected child and the family.
Pain assessment and management
Authors: Sherry David D , Varni, James W , Rapoff Michael A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to discuss the assessment of pain in children, pain coping, cognitive behavioral management, and medical management in the context of arthritis pain, and painful procedures. Arthritis, conjures up images of joint pain and, as expected, most children with arthritis have significant pain and stiffness associated with their disease. Children, on the whole, experience as much pain as do adults under similar circumstances although we recognize that some children report either no pain or less pain than do adults [1,2]. Pain is subjective and personal which makes the communication and treatment of this experience in children especially challenging.
Nutrition
Authors: Rothman Deborah 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to discuss the importance of nutrition and nutritional deficits in the morbidity of children with JIA. Protein–energy malnutrition as well as obesity, poor linear growth, anaemia, and osteoporosis are all common problems in children with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA). Dietary intake is only one of many contributing factors including the disease process itself, malabsorption, side-effects from drug therapy, and decreased physical activity.
The Society of Northern Europe in the High Middle Ages 900-1200
Authors: Whitton Da Yid 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In about 1175 a magnificent set of the Gospels was copied at the Saxon monastery of Helmarshausen. It was destined for another church, St Blasius, which had quite recently been founded at Brunswick by Henry the Lion, greatest of German nobles, who was duke of Saxony and Bavaria. Brunswick was his principal residence in Saxony-there he built a palace which outshone even those of his sovereign, the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa-and the new Gospels for his church were sumptuously illustrated. One of its illustrations featured the duke himself, with his English wife, Matilda. Each knelt in humility before Christ, who was in the act of placing crowns upon their heads.
The Civilization of Courts and Cities in the North 1200-1500
Authors: Vale Malcolm 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The relation of the ecclesiastical and secular arms had always been a major theme in medieval European history, but during the later Middle Ages secularization was especially significant. The papacy’s attempt to control and consecrate the secular state had failed. By 1500 the secular power exerted a greater degree of control over the Church in northern Europe than its precursor had done in r 200. In Germany, princely and aristocratic influence was dominant; in France, the powers of the monarchy over ecclesiastical appointments and privileges had greatly increased, while in England a ‘national’ Church had already emerged in which papal influence was severely restricted. Rulers were still obliged to protect and support the Church within their lands; in return, the higher clergy confirmed and sanctified their authority. Both churchmen and laymen attached great importance to the elevation of secular power into something holier and greater than mere rule by brute force or even by consent. But the temporal ruler was no longer perceived as an instrument, even less as a servant, of the Church’s will because the Church had to a large extent been absorbed by the state.
Greece: The History of the Archaic Period
Authors: Forrest George 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For most historians the characteristic and peculiar element in Greek political life has been the polis, the city-state, an institution of which any precise definition obscures the variety in size or shape or social and political organization. Very roughly, it was a community of citizens (adult males), citizens without political rights (women and children), and non-citizens (resident foreigners and slaves), a defined body, occupying a defined area, living under a defined or definable constitution, independent of outside authority to an extent that allowed enough of its mem¬ bers to feel that they were independent. The land at large may have been virtually empty of residents or occupied by farm¬ houses or villages or even small towns, but there had to be one focal point, religious, political, administrative, around which usually grew up (Sparta was. a notable exception) a city, the polis proper, usually fortified, always offering a market (an agora), a place of assembly (often the agora itself), a seat of justice and of government, executive and deliberative, in the early period monarchic or aristocratic in type, later usually oligarchic or democratic.
Hellenistic and Graeco-Roman Art
Authors: Ling Roger 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Hellenistic art is an unfashionable field. To the aficionados of the Archaic and Classical periods it seems a bewildering farrago of divergent styles, at one extreme bloated and showy, at the other flaccid and derivative: it is almost as though Greek art, hitherto carried forward in a relatively comprehensible and consistent pattern of development, loses its way and threshes around without a sense of purpose. To the students of Roman art, with its clearer chronological framework and (in the main¬ stream at least) its firm political thrust, the Hellenistic age is the shadowy and half-understood background out of which emerge the technical know-how and many of the stylistic features which go into the making of the Roman state tradition. These attitudes of course do scant justice to the achievements of Hellenistic art. The period 323-31 BC saw the creation of some of the greatest of Greek masterpieces-masterpieces which have exercised considerable influence on the artists and art critics of recent centuries, especially the seventeenth and eighteenth.
The Expansion of Rome
Authors: Rawson Elizabeth 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Polybius thought that no one could be so worthless or indolent as not to wish to know how, and under what sort of government, the Romans had succeeded in less than fifty-three years in subjecting almost the whole inhabited world to their rule (below, pp. 271 ff.). We are now to consider Rome’s expansion abroad from the beginning of the Punic Wars: but we will carry on the story after Polybius’ death to the end of the Republic.
Later Philosophy
Authors: Meredith Anthony 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The period with which this section is concerned is bracketed by the lives of the two most interesting and important figures of later philosophy, Posidonius of Apamea in Syria (d. 51 BC) and Plotinus, an Egyptian by birth, who died in Rome in AD 270. The former of these two was one of the most widely travelled and deeply learned men of his age, who interested himself in a whole range of subjects including rhetoric, geography, and recent history, taking over in the latter field where Polybius had left off. He was also a philosopher and represents a tendency present in a good deal of the philosophy of the period, to harmonize the apparently conflicting views held by the main schools of the age.
Roman Life and Society
Authors: Matthews John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the year AD 333 a Christian pilgrim set out from his home city of Bordeaux for the Holy Land. Measuring the early stages of his journey by the ‘leagues’ still at this late date in use in south-western Gaul, he travelled by land across the Alps and north Italy, through the Balkans to Constantinople, and from there through Anatolia and Syria until, 170 days and 3,300 Roman miles (about 3,100 modern miles) after his departure, he came to Jerusalem. The pilgrim’s journey is not merely testimony to the long-distance travel possible, and frequently undertaken, in all periods of the Roman Empire; it is also a challenge to the imagination. How did the pilgrim react to the different landscapes through which he travelled, the languages he heard spoken, the cities, towns, and way-stations in which he lodged as he passed from Bordeaux, penetrated by the Atlantic tides, to the edge of the Judaean wilderness? The modern historian, influenced perhaps by the Mediterranean perspective of his ancient informants and by his own knowledge of the future, tends to see the history of the Roman Empire in terms of the relationship between East and West, Greek and Latin; but a journey not much shorter than that of the Bordeaux pilgrim could be made from north to south, beginning at the militarized frontier region of Hadrian’s Wall and passing through Celtic.
Envoi: On Taking Leave of Antiquity
Authors: Chadwick Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The ancient classical world is a large entity to take leave of. How did it all end? Or should one ask how it survived so long? What principally distinguishes ‘ancient’ history from that which we label medieval or modern? One obvious difference is that the available sources, though massive enough, are on a far smaller scale, so that the writing of ancient history is a distinct operation from writing modern history where the quantity of documents overwhelms the student. But that is of the accidents rather than the substance of what makes ancient classical studies a special and unique discipline. The rock whence western civilization is hewn is the old Mediterranean world, beginning with high achievements at the eastern end in the Nile valley, in the Assyrian and Persian worlds, in Judaea, but then seeing the centre of gravity move westwards: first to the Greeks, with a high peak of excellence in the fifth and fourth centuries BC, then to the Romans, whose power ultimately yields to the energy of the despised, crude, bibulous barbarians of the north and northwest.
Ending the Revolution
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
IN Crane Brinton’s terms, a revolution is like a fever which grips the patient, rises to a climax, and finally subsides, leaving the patient to resume his normal life-’perhaps in some respects actually strengthened by the experience, immunized at least for a while from a similar attack, but certainly not wholly made over into a new man’.
The Long War
Authors: Mulholland Marc 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As poll evidence consistently indicated, Catholics broadly / % speaking were prepared to countenance a political settlement well short of a united, independent Ireland. Moreover, Catholics were confident that inexorable processes of demographic movement and the diminishing of borders in an integrated Europe would lead to communal Catholic victory. The relative moderation of Catholic political perspective was at odds with the widespread sympathy for armed struggle.
Towards One World?
Authors: Robbins Keith 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In April 1961 the Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first person in space. He was the first human being to orbit the Earth and thus look at ‘the world’ from ‘outside’. Even at this moment of triumph, however, there was a paradox. His achieve-ment has to be seen in the context of a ‘space race’ between the Soviet Union and the United States. Even as states thrust men beyond the world, they did so in competition with each other. Cost and other factors might lead to collaboration in the future, but in its early stages space exploration seemed to confirm division rather than unity. It was apparently only in the increas-ingly popular world of ‘science fiction’ that ‘Earthlings’ united to confront the aliens of outer space. It is the tension between creeping universalism and tenacious particularism which forms the central theme of this book.
Two decades before Gagarin, in August 1942, Wendell Wilkie, American publicist and presidential candidate, took off from an airfield in New York in a four-engined bomber to see what he could ‘of the world and the war’. Forty-nine days later, he landed in Minneapolis, Minnesota, having circled the globe on a route which crossed the Equator twice.
Turbulent Transition
Authors: Robbins Keith 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The years 1973–5, as has just been noted, led many observers to conclude that the world economy was on the brink of fundamen-tal and perhaps frightening change. In addition to the shocks induced by the oil price rise, there was talk of a ‘third industrial revolution’ resulting from the application of electronic technolo-gies and the ‘automation’ of industrial processes through the use of robots. The structures and processes which had underpinned the immediate post-war decades were looking obsolescent in the computer age that was dawning. Apple II, launched in 1977, can be described as the first mass-produced personal computer, and in the years that followed improvements in capacity and function multiplied. Everything, and not merely the new French highspeed train (1981), seemed to be moving à grande vitesse. Scientific and technological breakthroughs could not be confined, in their applications, to one region of the world. People listened to music everywhere with their ‘Walkman’—launched by the Jap-anese company Sony in 1980. The telephone operator and the bank clerk—to name only two ‘safe’ occupations—suddenly had bleak employment prospects. Newspapers, on both sides of the Atlantic, trying to inform their readers about such matters, were themselves caught up in industrial disputes as technology transformed production.