bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Gorell Barnes Gill , Thompson Paul , Daniel Gwyn , Burchardt Natasha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We began the research which led to this book ten years ago with one overarching question, a question which then and now arises for all of us from personal and professional experience: if children are to grow up in stepfamilies, what is it that distinguishes the experience of those who fare relatively well and relatively badly? It was fundamental to our viewpoint that stepchildren, like human beings at any point in their lives, have an innate capacity for change, even for innovation, and that this can be crucial in helping them to overcome difficulties at any point in the life cycle. We wanted to know whether the experiences of Joss, transitions, and stepfamily Jiving could bring them new strengths and skills as well as pain in the face of difficulties.
The Experience of Change in the UK Public Services
Authors: Walsh Kieron , Deakin Nicholas , Smith Paula , Spurgeon Peter , Thomas Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What has been attempted in the UK over the past two decades is nothing less than a wholesale transformation of public services, involving radical organizational and cultural change. This transformation (sometimes referred to as ‘reinventing government’) has been based on the introduction of measures derived from market principles.
Statements Of Mutual Faith: Soft Contracts In Social Care
Authors: Lapsley Irvine , Llewellyn Sue 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we examine contracting for social care in action, employing a perspective which allows us to study the emergence of contracting processes. Two benchmarks are employed to evaluate these processes: first, the arguments of proponents for market solutions to public sector problems (the origins of the impetus for contracts as mechanisms for the rationing of health and social care) and secondly, the commentaries and guidance (official and unofficial) which has followed. This study reveals a tension between, on the one hand, the convictions of proponents of market solutions and, on the other, the emerging modes of contract-setting. For market proponents, there is a certainty implicit in the various dimensions of contracting, that is, over the setting (the market-place), the activity (bargaining over prices paid, negotiating over detailed specifications), the mechanism (arms-length relationships), and the outcome (the contract). However, when we examine this idea of the contract from the perspective of the concepts underpinning it (in particular trust, but also expectations about trust and mistrust), we show that the instruments and processes by which contracts are implemented are not passive, neutral, and unable to influence events.
Introduction
Authors: Shimotani Masahiro , Shiba Takao 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 1980s, when Japanese firms were still boasting impressive growth compared with their competitors in many other nations, their special brand of inter firm relations was cited as an important asset by observers from around the world in business, academia, and government. The word that was most commonly used to designate these ‘special ‘ Japanese inter firm relations was the term ‘keiretsu ‘, and they were seen as a major source of strength for Japanese firms. The ‘keiretsu ‘ organizations were also the targets of not a few complaints: e.g. ‘Large Japanese firms engage in exclusive transactions within their “keiretsu “ organizations, preventing firms from other countries from entering Japanese markets ‘, or ‘Costs that should be borne by Japanese firms are actually forced onto their “keiretsu “ subsidiaries. ‘ Prime examples of this type of representation were seen during the USA-Japan bilateral Structural Impediments Initiatives.
However, the word ‘keiretsu ‘ is extremely ambiguous; its exact content depends inordinately heavily on the person using it and on the context involved. Some commentators have used it to describe Japan ‘s complexes of huge firms that are connected to each other via extensive mutual share holdings. Others have used it to refer to the structure in which a major firm operates together with a group of subsidiaries more or less as a single entity. Still others have identified the word ‘keiretsu ‘ with the practice of a large firm establishing semi-permanent transactional relationships with small and medium-sized subcontractors. It should appear dubious that a single word can be used to describe such a diverse range of relationships.
The History and Structure of Business Groups in Japan
Authors: Shimotani Masahiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The USA-Japan bilateral Structural Impediments Initiatives (SIi}, which began in 1989, marked the start of serious debate concerning business groups and keiretsu, as interest mounted in the nature of the special inter firm networks formed by Japanese companies, and in their role in promoting Japan ‘s resilient international competitiveness. Seemingly unique Japanese business practices, along with the closed or exclusive nature of Japanese corporate complexes, were also addressed. Specifically, the mutual stockholding arrangements forming the basis for the six major complexes became a focus of attention, and the exclusivity of intra complex transactions was made a target for criticism. However, the six major complexes are not the only significant constellations of firms in the Japanese economy. There are, for example, pyramid-like ‘corporate groups ‘ featuring a large enterprise at the apex, supported by a large number of subsidiaries. These are generally known by the parent ‘s name, as in the Toyota group, the Matsushita group, or the Sony group.
Structure and Strategy of Belgian Business Groups (1920-1990)
Authors: Hentenryk G Kurgan-Van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the first country of continental Europe where the process of industrialization was initiated, Belgium experienced early in the nineteenth century the concentration of some industrial branches under banking control. The early development of universal banks, with the prominent Societe Generale, profoundly shaped the structure of the Belgian economy. During the last third of the nineteenth century, a number of industrial groups emerged, becoming powerful after the First World War.
Lone Motherhood in Twentieth-Century Britain
Authors: Kiernan Kathleen , Land Hilary , Lewis Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the 1990s lone mothers reached the top of the political agenda, viewed as both a drain on public expenditure and a moral threat. What has been missing from the debate is an understanding of how we have got to where we are. This timely new study, by three leading experts in the field, sets out first to investigate the demographics of lone motherhood - how the pathways into lone motherhood have changed, and whether the changes of the last quarter of a century are as dramatic as they appear. Second, it looks at the wider context for the changes in lone motherhood in terms of ideas about marriage, and the changes in the construction of the never-married mother, from victim in the 1950s to parasite in the late 1980s. Finally, it examines the way in which policies have defined the problem of lone motherhood over time and the way in which lone mothers have been treated with regard to housing, social security, and employment. The study concludes that there is little possiblility of putting the genie back in the bottle in terms of reducing the number of lone mothers—efforts to do so by reducing public expenditure on them may be effective, but at the expense of the children involved. Instead, the authors urge policy-makers to change focus again, and pay more attention to investing in children.
Constructions of Unmarried Motherhood in the Post-War Period
Authors: Kiernan Kathleen , Land Hilary , Lewis Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of all the groups of lone mothers, the unmarried have fared worst historically. At the turn of the century the options for single, pregnant women were few. The mortality of children born outside marriage was high, as a result both of natural causes and infanticide (Arnot 1994; Higgenbotham 1989). During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries there was also the possibility of informal adoption. Most local newspapers contained numerous advertisements for and by people wanting children to nurse before adoption was made a legal procedure in 1926. The majority of unmarried mothers would have had to resort to the poor law and were usually forced to enter the workhouse, where, because of their moral taint, they were more likely than other women to be employed on the unpleasant task of picking oakum (Thane 1978).
Hybrid Organization, Contractual Governance, and Compulsory Competitive Tendering in the Provision of Local Authority Services
Authors: Vincent-Jones Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an evaluation of the contractual processes involved in compulsory competitive tendering (CCT) for UK local services under the Local Government Act 1988. It goes on to consider the possible role of contract in the provision of these services should the element of compulsion be relaxed or abolished by in future by government. At the present time, the legal requirement to submit local services to competition is unique in Europe (Council of Europe 1993), although a movement away from voluntary competitive tendering towards CCT is gaining ground in some states in Australia (Cotter 1995).
Conceptualizing Contractual Disputes in the National Health Service Internal Market
Authors: Mchale Jean , Hughes David , Griffiths Lesley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A feature of the last decade has been the introduction of a contractual culture into the public sector with the development of quasi-markets. The National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990 established an internal market in health care with a split between. Health care purchasers—GP fundholding practices and district health authorities—nd providers of care, including the new NHS trusts (Hughes 1991). Within this quasi-market, parties contract for the provision of clinical services. The market within which these contracts have been formed is not only imposed but highly regulated in its nature. Operation of such a market structure is complex where, as in the NHS, parties are contracting within a statutorily imposed framework subject to continual regulation by central NHS management. Contracts made between parties in the NHS internal market were initially intended to be binding and enforceable: however, at an early stage in the development of the internal market, the option of judicial enforce-ability was rejected and instead a statutory dispute resolution procedure was established. This chapter considers whether it is possible adequately to conceptualize the operation of the NHS internal market within existing contract law models, which involve implicit comparisons with contracting practices in the commercial world. We focus on the process of dispute resolution, which we take to provide a revealing indication of the nature of the NHS contracting process.
The Relational Constitution of Contract and the Limits of ‘Economics’: Kenneth Arrow on the Social Background of Markets
Authors: Campbell David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have previously argued that, in the terms of the modern philosophy of science, the classical law of contract is a research programme which is now so unproductive that it should be regarded as falsified (Campbell 1992b). However, exposure of the weaknesses of the classical law alone will not effect that falsification. One should rightly be reluctant to abandon what obviously has been an enormously productive research programme, and falsification of the classical law is dependent on the emergence of a sufficiently attractive rival. I am of the opinion that recent steps taken towards the development of a relational theory of contract stressing co-operation between the parties in certain ‘socio-legal’ contract works constitute the initial development of such a programme (Campbell, forthcoming b). In this chapter, I want to attempt to direct the development of this ‘embryonic’ (Adams and Brownsword 1995: 299) theory in a way which might initially appear unusual.
Education and Labour-Market Entry in Germany
Authors: Moller Walter , Steinniann Susanne , Ell Ren A Te 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In studies of labour-market organization, it is common to emphasize spe cific characteristics of the German education and training system and its relationship to the national labour market. In their seminal study, Maurice, Sellier and Silvestre (1982) describe the German labour market as patterned in a qualificational :,pace in contrast to the organizational space of France. Using the vocabulary of labour-market segmentation, Marsden (1990) describes Germany as a typical case of a labour market, which is mainly segmented along occupational lines in contrast to labour markets mainly segmented between firms.
Gender and Ethnic Differences in the Transition from School to Work in Israel
Authors: Kraus Verefj , Shavit, Yossi , Yaish Meir 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the pattern of association between educational qualifications and labour-market outcomes for men and women in Israel. We compare the effects of academic and vocational qualifications on occupational prestige and class of labour-force entry, and study the relation ship between qualifications and unemployment. In addition to gender comparisons, we also examine ethnic differences in the relationship between educational qualifications and occupational outcomes.
Education and Early Occupation in the Netherlands around 1990 Categorical and Continuous Scales and the Details of a Relationship
Authors: graaf Paul m. De , Ultee wout c. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has, somewhat facetiously, been remarked that there is a great divide in the literature on social stratification. On the one hand, there are various studies regarding the social scale as one long continuum. On the other hand, although two-class schemas are no longer used, a great many analyses still treat a society’s structure as a limited number of discrete classes. Consequently research conducted against the background of the first assumption primarily employs linear regression techniques, and research involving the second assumption log-linear models and multinomial logis tic regression techniques.
Ford’s Hermosillo Plant: The Trajectory of. Development of a Hybrid Model
Authors: Carrillo Jorge , Montiel Yolanda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the reorganization of production in the assembly and stamping plants of Ford-Hermosillo, Mexico. It concerns an attempt by Ford to introduce a production system based on a Japanese model, and its subsequent hybridization. Ford sought to combine high technology, just-in-time, total quality control, and an inexperienced Mexican labour force. The company succeeded in achieving international levels of competitiveness at a greenfield site in a less developed country, but also encountered worker resistance, high labour turnover, and endemic labour conflict. The use of work teams has diminished and unions have recovered a significant shop floor role. Ford’s adaptation has not been systematic because of the company’s failure to prioritize the stabilization and upgrading of working conditions.
Volkswagen’s Shanghai Plant: Between Chinese Tradition and Modernization Strategy
Authors: Kiefer Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Fundamentally Chinese, but foreign whenever it suits the purpose better.’ Joint ventures in the Chinese automobile industry mirror this ancient Chinese dictum. Although the management systems are Western in their form, their content remains Chinese. Informal production processes and ‘correct’ relationships (Guanxi) complement the relationships set by markets and formal organizations. The forms and the teamwork of Chinese groups differ from those in the West. Yet these Chinese specificities are difficult to comprehend, because of serious linguistic and conceptual obstacles and the absence of effective social scientific investigation of these domains of informality.
Introduction
Authors: Pacini Andrea 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the Arab and Turkish areas of the Middle East today Islam undoubtedly represents the majority culture, although to a lesser extent than in presentday Maghreb,’ which is almost totally homogeneous. Until today in fact, the regions of the Mashreq have been inhabited throughout the centuries by people of many different religions. Thus Muslims, Jews, and Christians have traditionally lived together within the same social system, although the institutional and social terms on which this system was based have undergone changes during the course of history up to our most recent era.
The Law of the Nation-State and the Status of non-Muslims in Egypt and Syria
Authors: Botiveau Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The institutional ‘re-Islamization’ currently in progress in several Arab countries poses an important question today. In which way and how far does the process affect the level of citizenship achieved by individuals in these countries since the beginning of the century, under the effect of various factors, particularly political decisions in which the law has often had a decisive role? How important is this phenomenon and how can it be analysed globally in spite of all the risks this involves? One way of answering this question is to reflect on the role of law in the political processes which have characterized the formation of these nation States, bearing in mind that they have always been voluntary to a certain extent, thus influencing the result of conflicts generated from changes in the status of individuals or communities.
The Christians of Syria
Authors: Moussalli Habib 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A geographer once described Syria as ‘an Orient of deserts and churches’. Although this definition refers to a long time ago, it nevertheless shows that the presence of Christians left a mark on the land and the history of the country. Many years have passed since then; the deserts have been eroded and the churches are now surrounded by a thousand and one mosques.If I had to name a place which was emblematic of the different religions which have lived alongside each other in Syria, I would choose Aleppo, where there is a boulevard named ‘Elias N, Patriarch of the Arabs’, after Elias Mu’awwad, Patriarch of the Greek Orthodox and of the Church of the Desert, described as a huge tent erected in the desert of Hauran.
Soka Gakkai in America
Authors: Hammond Phillip E , Machacek David W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the first-ever in-depth study of the Soka Gakkai Buddhists in the United States of America (SGI-USA). Drawing on unprecedented access to the organization through surveys and interviews, it provides a definitive and revealing picture of one of the fastest-growing religions in the world. The authors shed light on contemporary American society and show how many members of SGI-USA are drawn from a growing `transmodern' subculture in America. In addition the book traces the development of the organization in the USA, examining how it adapted to the peculiar circumstances of America's cultural life and showing how SGI-USA became a very American phenomenon.
The Decline of the Male Breadwinner: Explanations and Interpretations
Authors: Crompton Rosemary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The social sciences-and sociology in particular-underwent a period of rapid expansion from the 1960s onwards. However, during this period in which the social sciences were putting down their roots in academe, they were virtually gender free. Major social actors were, implicitly or explicitly, assumed to be men. Sociological theory was grounded in the classic trilogy of Marx, Durkheim, and Weber. Each of these theorists treated gender relations as being of little or no relevance in developing their explanations of the social.
Dual Breadwinners between State and Market
Authors: Ellingsjeter Anne Lise 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A profound reorganization of contemporary work and family life is taking place in all advanced capitalist societies: ’More women-and also more men-are facing dual and often conflicting labour market and family responsibilities. Ensuring the compatibility of employment and family commitments within individual lives is a major challenge emerging from the process of structural change’ (OECD 1994: 1). A major problem is that modern dual-breadwinner practices generate tensions when they confront structures and cultures in work life built around the traditional male-breadwinner model and the industrial time regime. Structural and social reform is widely regarded as essential to modify these problems. Adjustment policies recommended generally include social infrastructures, such as childcare services, flexible work hours, and measures to prevent the negative effects of career breaks (OECD 1994).
Myths and Memories of the N1ation
Authors: Smith Anthony D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nations and nationalism remain powerful phenomena in the contemporary world. Why do they continue to inspire such passion and attachments? Myths and Memories of the Nation explores the roots of nationalism by examining the myths, symbols and memories of the nation through a ‘ethno-symbolic’ approach. The book reveals the continuing power of myth and memory to mobilise, define and shape people and their destinies. It examines the variety and durability of ethnic attachments and national identities, and assesses the contemporary revival of ethnic conflicts and nationalism. The book analyses the depth of ethnic attachments and the persistence of nations to this day.
Rational Action Theory for Sociology
Authors: Goldthorpe John H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN PAPERS that have appeared over the last decade or so, a number of soci- ologists have sought to persuade their colleagues to become more familiar with rational choice, or—as I would prefer to call it—rational action theory (RAT), and to make greater use of it in their substantive work (see e.g. Coleman 1986a; Friedman and Hechter 1988; Lindenberg 1990; Abell 1992; Hedström 1996). I am in general sympathy with the arguments that these authors have advanced; and it may be useful here to say that I also share in (i) their commitment to methodological (as distinct from ontological) individualism or, that is, to the explanatory primacy of individual action in relation to social phenomena;
(ii) their belief that a theory of action must therefore be central to the sociological enterprise; and
(iii) their further belief that, while in the choice of such a theory, its aptness to problems of the macro-to-micro link is an obvious consideration, yet more important is the fact that analytic primacy in sociology lies with the consequences (intended or unintended) of individual action or, that is, with the converse, micro-to-macro link (see esp. Coleman 1990: ch. 1).
Choice: Origins and Consequences
Authors: Bruce Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is concerned with a largely novel situation in human lite: the possibility of choosing a religion. There have been some societies, though not many, that have allowed religious minorities to follow their Gods in peace, but never before have so many people been free to choose or had such a range to choose from. To put it another way, it used to be possible to guess peoples religion from their nationality, region, and class. An eighteenth-century Swede was a Lutheran. A nineteenth-century citizen of Cork of native Irish stock was a Roman Catholic; if descended from English settlers, an Episcopalian Protestant. Such regularities are now rare.