bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
I can’t pee: Acute renal failure
Authors: Nobile Joseph , Dave Sagar B. , Haase Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a problem that is commonly encountered in patients who present to the emergency department, and it can carry significant morbidity and mortality. AKI is a syndrome with many potential etiologies that can be divided and classified based on the anatomic relationship of the injury to the kidney. Emergency department management should be centered around identification, volume assessment, resuscitation, and stabilization of metabolic derangements that occur in severe AKI. Although it is emergently necessary in only a minority of patients, renal replacement therapy can be a lifesaving intervention for patients with severe AKI with life-threatening complications.
Hot as a hare: Critically ill toxidromes
Authors: Garcia Samuel , Skolnik Aaron 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter summarizes critical toxidromes that are commonly encountered in the emergency department and provides an in-depth review of anticholinergic poisoning. It describes the classic presentation for five common toxidromes: opioid, sedative–hypnotic, sympathomimetic, cholinergic, and anticholinergic. A case is presented of a patient with a known overdose of an anticholinergic drug who arrives to the emergency department in extremis: She is tachycardic, hypertensive, hyperthermic, and anhidrotic and has altered mentation. The presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and disposition of patients experiencing acute anticholinergic toxicity is reviewed. The management of anticholinergic toxicity using physostigmine versus non-antidote therapy is discussed based on current best evidence.
Dying in the Emergency Department: Death trajectories and palliative care in the emergency department
Authors: Pinto April Jessica , Elie Marie-Carmelle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
End-of-life care in the emergency department (ED) has become increasingly prevalent as our population ages. Moreover, as the field of palliative care and hospice grows, it will be common to encounter patients in the ED that utilize hospice and palliative care services. Providers will need to be prepared to have the skills to engage in communication to ensure goal-concordant care. These skills also include strategies to enhance the palliation of symptoms during routine care, medical de-escalation, or withdrawal of life-prolonging treatments. Importantly, the management of transitional symptoms in the final hours of life aims to improve comfort for both the patient and their loved ones.
Introduction and Overview
Authors: Usrey W. Martin , Sherman S. Murray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Cerebral Cortex and Thalamus is guided by two central and related tenets: the thalamus plays an ongoing and essential role in cortical functioning, and the cortex is essential for thalamic functioning. Accordingly, neither the cortex nor the thalamus can be understood in any meaningful way in the absence of the other. With chapters written by more than 100 leading experts in the field, The Cerebral Cortex and Thalamus provides a comprehensive account of the structure, function, development, and evolution of the circuitry interconnecting the thalamus and cortex and the consequences of pathology on these circuits. The introductory chapter provides important background information for the chapters that follow, as well as a discussion on some of the challenges facing progress in the understanding of the relationship between thalamus and cortex.
Heterogeneity of Thalamic Input Landscapes
Authors: Acsády László 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unlike cortical neurons, thalamocortical neurons are not connected to each other via a rich recurrant collateral system. As a consequence, thalamic computation is dominated by the integration of extrinsic inputs, not by the interactions among intrinsic elements. The thalamus represents a critical bottleneck in the communication between the cortex and the rest of the brain. The cortex provides by far the most numerous inputs to the thalamus but a variety of other afferents arise from almost the entire neuraxis. Axon terminals in the thalamus display substantial morphological heterogeneity and associated variability in short-term dynamics of neurotransmission. Axon terminals having different origins, transmitters, and synapse numbers can be integrated in many distinct ways in different thalamic territories. Thus there is no canonical input integration in the thalamus. Instead, a rich complexity of uni- and multisynaptic terminals in the thalamus suggests that a core feature of thalamic afferents is the heterogeneous dynamics of synaptic transmission associated with inputs having different number of synapses.
Neuromodulation in Cortical Circuits
Authors: Galvin Veronica C. , Disney Anita A. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The processing “state” of a cortical circuit is, in part, dynamically specified by the extracellular concentration of tens to hundreds of neuromodulatory molecules that originate from tissues across the brain and body. This neuromodulation is critical for proper cortical function, yet is relatively poorly understood. With a focus on primate cortex, this chapter introduces the 5 major neuromodulators of subcortical origin that are active in cortical circuits—acetylcholine, dopamine, histamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin—and also briefly considers the modulatory actions of the primary cortical neurotransmitters, glutamate and GABA. Particular attention is paid to the implications of the multiple cellular integrators for modulatory signals, and to evidence for, and consequences of, extrasynaptic transmission.
Thalamic Output Pathways
Authors: Clasca Francisco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The thalamus is the central hub of forebrain networks. Cells in its various nuclei receive selective monosynaptic connections from an astounding array of sources, ranging from the caudal spinal cord and retina to the cerebral cortex. In turn, the axons of thalamic cells innervate multiple structures of the ipsilateral forebrain in complex parallel or divergent-convergent patterns. Prominent among these target structures are the cerebral cortex, including the parahippocampal and some hippocampal areas, as well as the reticular thalamic nucleus, striatum, and amygdala. The organization of thalamic output pathways has been investigated in different mammalian species using increasingly sensitive tract-tracing methods. These studies have revealed a richly diverse nucleus-specific organization that underscores the central role of the thalamus in the perception, movement, cognition, arousal and memory networks of the brain.
Thalamocortical Synapses
Authors: Holtmaat Anthony , Lee Kok-Sin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thalamocortical (TC) synapses play important roles in relaying information about internal states and the external world to the cortex. Therefore, it is imperative to understand how variations in their morphological, connective, and functional properties influence signal transfer and processing. This chapter focuses on thalamic afferents that innervate and form synapses within the neocortex. For simplicity, the discussion is generalized to properties of thalamocortical synapses common to the various sensory and non-sensory modalities. First, the chapter illustrates their structural features as revealed by ultrastructural studies. Second, it describes the main postsynaptic characteristics of the cortical target neurons and their functional features. Finally, the chapter concludes by reconciling various lines of evidence on how TC synapses and their activity may come together across space and time to mediate efficient information transfer.
Corticothalamic Layer 5 Pathways and Synapses
Authors: Mease Rebecca A. , Groh Alexander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The thalamus is a primary recipient of information from cortical layer 5, via axon collaterals of the pyramidal tract which innervate subcortical and spinal targets responsible for motor control and behavior. The function, evolutionary history, anatomy, and physiology of these layer 5 corticothalamic (L5 CT) pathways differ fundamentally from those of the better studied layer 6 corticothalamic (L6 CT) pathways. Most importantly, L5 CT projections target only higher-order thalamic nuclei, and are sparse, with characteristic “driver” properties—providing powerful excitation capable of precisely driving postsynaptic action potentials. In contrast, weaker, modulatory L6 CT projections target all thalamic nuclei. The past decade has seen increased appreciation for such L5-recipient “higher-order” thalamic regions in sensation and behavior, thanks to technological advances in cell-type-specific monitoring and manipulations. This chapter introduces foundational aspects of L5 CT pathways: physiological and anatomical properties supporting temporally precise, sparse excitatory drive of the thalamus, integration with different driver inputs, recruitment of inhibitory circuits, and relevance to sensory processing and cognition.
Duplicated Thalamocortical Input
Authors: Bruno Randy M. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thalamocortical axons from primary thalamic nuclei branch to innervate both the middle and deep cortical layers, duplicating information in both targets. Direct thalamocortical engagement of multiple layers is a feature of cortical architecture across many modalities and species. In the somatosensory system, branches in the middle layers are part of a strong feedforward inhibitory circuit, which sensitizes layer 4 to thalamic population synchrony. Thalamic synchrony can code for multiple stimulus dimensions, including space, direction, and velocity, and adaptation can enhance the thalamic synchrony code to improve discrimination. The sparse thalamocortical branches in L5/6 define an entirely independent pathway for information to reach cortex and can account for the generation of L5/6 receptive fields. Thus, sensory response properties of both the upper and deeper layers of cortex may be strongly dictated by inputs from primary thalamic nuclei.
The Vestibular Thalamus
Authors: Cullen Kathleen E. , Carriot Jérôme , Chacron Maurice J. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews how 2 main subdivisions of the thalamus process vestibular input. It first focuses on the ventroposterior lateral (VPL) area of the thalamus. Initial studies using artificial self-motion stimuli have reported that VPL neurons displayed similar response properties as their input neurons within the vestibular nuclei, which has led to the common assumption that these neurons merely relay information about self-motion to cortical areas. However, recent studies using more functionally relevant self-motion stimuli have shown that this is not the case. Specifically, VPL neurons display fundamentally different response dynamics to natural and artificial self-motion stimuli. Additionally, these neurons provide a substrate for previous observations that self-motion perception strongly deviates from Weber’s law. Finally, VPL neural responses are attenuated during active as opposed to passive self-motion, thereby providing a correlate of the sense of agency. The chapter next focuses on the anterior dorsal thalamic nucleus (ADN) that receives indirect input from the vestibular nuclei. Unlike VPL, ADN neurons are generally not sensitive to head motion but are instead thought to encode head direction and relay this information to cortical areas. This head-direction signal is assumed to be generated by ring-attractor networks that require head-velocity information from the vestibular nuclei. The authors review evidence demonstrating that neurons within vestibular nuclei and other brain areas projecting to the head-direction network are predominantly sensitive to eye rather than head movements. The chapter concludes by indicating future avenues of research toward understanding how the thalamic pathways processes vestibular information.
Thalamocortical Contributions to Chemical Senses
Authors: Courtiol Emmanuelle , Maffei Arianna , Fontanini Alfredo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thalamocortical contributions to sensory processing have been extensively studied in the context of audition, vision, and somatosensation. Much less attention has been devoted to thalamocortical systems in the chemical senses: olfaction and taste. The reasons for this partial neglect can be found in the peculiarities of the olfactory and gustatory systems. The olfactory system does not rely on the thalamus as a primary relay of sensory information from the periphery; indeed, the thalamus is engaged only at later stages of processing. As for taste, the prominence of amygdalocortical interactions in taste processing and learning has monopolized the attention of the field at the expense of the thalamocortical system. This chapter reviews the available literature on thalamocortical systems in olfaction and taste, and further presents evidence of the interaction between the 2 systems. The goal is to draw attention to the importance of thalamocortical contributions in chemosensation.
Thalamic Contributions to Multisensory Convergence and Processing
Authors: Barczak Annamaria , O’Connell Monica N. , Schroeder Charles E. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every waking moment, multiple signals are received from different sensory systems. These signals must be properly integrated to ensure accurate perception and contextually-appropriate behavioral responses. An obvious question is: How does the brain integrate these separate signals? Research over the past 50 years has provided evidence of multisensory and sensorimotor integration in the thalamus itself and has highlighted the fact that widespread thalamic connections allow for fast transfer of information to and between different sensory and/or motor cortical areas. In addition to reviewing anatomical connections of major thalamic nuclei, this chapter considers the evidence supporting the role of thalamic nuclei in multisensory/sensorimotor integration, focusing on the mechanisms that include cross-modal modulation of ongoing oscillations and cortico-thalamocortical transfer of information.
Intrinsic Properties of Neurons in Motor Thalamus and Connected Cortex
Authors: Cavarretta Francesco , Kahl Taylor , Jaeger Dieter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Intrinsic properties of neurons are given by the interaction of morphological, synaptic, and voltage-gated properties. Motor thalamus generally conforms with known cellular properties of other thalamic areas, including cholinergic modulation and t-type calcium-channel-dependent burst firing. Different thalamocortical neuron subtypes display different layer specificity in their connection to motor cortex, but their functional specificity remains incompletely understood. The ventromedial motor thalamus in rodents forms an excitatory loop with anterolateral motor cortex, which is further modulated by both cerebellar and basal ganglia inputs. Distinct motor cortical feedback from layer 5b and layer 6 to motor thalamus may perform the role of driver and modulator input, respectively. Overall, the motor thalamus can be considered a hub of cortical and subcortical input integration. The precise synaptic input/output modulation by intrinsic properties is state dependent, and further affected by disease states such as Parkinson’s disease.
Models of Thalamocortical Interactions in Motor Control
Authors: Escola G. Sean , Lakshminarasimhan Kaushik , Logiaco Laureline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ever-increasing accumulation of experimental results from the thalamocortical system has driven improvements in theories and models of circuit mechanisms in motor control. In this chapter, the authors give a historical overview of the development of such theories, and propose a taxonomy for categorizing models into types according to 2 principal features: (1) whether they assume a representational or dynamical function for motor cortex, and (2) whether thalamus acts as a feedforward input to, or a bidirectional loop with, cortex. They show that technical advances in experimental and theoretical approaches have led to a conceptualization of the thalamocortical circuit as a mechanism for efficiently reconfiguring cortical dynamics. In this framework, context-specific thalamocortical loops can refine cortical computations to solve multiple tasks accurately and robustly. The chapter demonstrates that throughout the history of modeling in the thalamocortical circuit, mathematical insights have illuminated new theories and proposed new experiments.
Oculomotor Thalamus and Efference Copy
Authors: Sommer Marc A. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The oculomotor system is a network of neural circuitry that controls where one looks. Because the purpose of looking around a scene is to see details, the oculomotor system is closely tied to the visual system. A central hub for visuo-oculomotor coordination is the thalamus. Specific regions of the thalamus collect information from the rest of the central nervous system. A few salient examples are the pulvinar and mediodorsal thalamus (MD) that receive midbrain input, the ventrolateral thalamic nuclei that receive cerebellar input, and the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) that receives retinal input. In turn, these thalamic regions project to visual and oculomotor regions of cerebral cortex. A major signal conveyed by all these connections is neural activity related to eye movements. Broadly speaking, the oculomotor thalamus is the collection of nuclei that convey eye movement signals. The signals are used for both generating eye movements and monitoring them. The monitoring function, known as efference copy, allows the visual system to compensate for blur and image shifts caused by fast eye movements. This chapter outlines the current state of conceptual understanding about the role of the oculomotor thalamus in perception and behavior. The narrative approach is to consolidate the conclusions from many laboratories about the nuclei, connections, signals, and functions of the neural systems involved.
Mechanisms of Cortico-Cortical Communication
Authors: Kohn Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nearly all brain functions involve activity distributed across multiples areas or structures. Function requires that activity is appropriately routed and coordinated across the areas relevant for a particular task. Anatomy informs what communication is possible, but the dynamic and flexible nature of inter-areal signaling indicates that there are mechanisms that can modulate communication on a moment-by-moment basis. This chapter reviews current understanding of these mechanisms, and discusses several open issues.
Cross-Modal Plasticity of Cortical and Thalamic Circuits
Authors: Mesik Lukas , Lee Hey-Kyoung 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cross-modal plasticity refers to changes in brain circuitry and function to adapt to the loss of a sensory modality. Both early and late sensory loss leads to widespread plastic changes across the brain, including the sensory thalamus and sensory cortices. Cross-modal plasticity broadly falls under 2 main categories: cross-modal recruitment of the deprived sensory areas and compensatory plasticity of the spared sensory areas. The former is thought to expand the neural substrate, while the latter likely refines the processing of the spared senses. For early sensory loss, there is evidence that there is anatomical plasticity mainly involving the retainment of multisensory inputs to the thalamus and cortex that normally get pruned during development. In the case of late sensory loss, most of the plasticity occurs via functional plasticity of preexisting connections. This chapter focuses on plasticity of the thalamic and cortical circuits associated with cross-modal plasticity. Most of the discussion is based on studies of vision loss in animal models, where most of the circuit and synaptic level plasticity mechanisms are available.
Thalamic Changes in Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Forno Gonzalo , Hornberger Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of thalamic changes associated with healthy aging and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). It first describes the structural and functional changes associated with aging processes, followed by how these changes impact cognition. The authors then explore how the thalamus is affected by AD, by presenting data which show that the thalamus and specific thalamic nuclei are affected not only in clinical AD but also in its prodromal and at-genetic-risk forms. They also explore how thalamic changes impact the symptomology and cognitive deficits in AD. The chapter concludes with a summary and outlook, describing the need for better harmonization and segmentation of thalamic nuclei to further their study in aging and AD. In turn, this will provide an exciting future for thalamic investigation in aging and AD.
Frontotemporal Dementia
Authors: Bocchetta Martina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a spectrum of conditions which have been originally associated with degeneration of the frontal, temporal, and insular cortex, and only recently with significant thalamic atrophy. As cognition, emotion, and behavior are regulated through different interactions between the thalamic nuclei and the cerebral cortex, it is possible that damages in the thalamocortical connectivity could give rise to the diverse symptoms and signs seen in FTD. This chapter considers the imaging and pathological findings from the literature across the clinical and genetic forms of FTD, linking them with the symptomatology seen in FTD, and especially in the domains of behavior, emotion, social cognition, executive function, language, and memory. The chapter finally examines separately C9orf72 repeat expansion carriers: in fact, this genetic group represents a special case given the high heterogeneity, the possible neurodevelopmental nature, and the early involvement of the thalamic-cortical-cerebellar network.
Services and systems of care for psychotic disorders: A global perspective
Authors: Malla Ashok , Iyer Srividya N. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, the authors review different models of treatment services, separately, for the earlier and later phases of psychotic disorders, and how treatments are delivered within different systems of care in high-income countries (HICs) and low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). It examines how the theoretical frameworks and practical implementations of these models are influenced by social, economic, cultural, and historical circumstances. It provides a brief historical review of the development of mental health services for psychotic disorders to understand the current state of services for these disorders and to enable planning of better services for the future. Last, it discusses emerging concepts and innovations including the potential for bidirectional transfers of knowledge between HICs and LMICs.
Intellectual disability services in North America
Authors: Thakur Anupam , Chau Ruth , Jiwa Muhammad Irfan , Jaggi Prabhleen , Lunsky Yona 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the current landscape of mental healthcare delivery for adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) living in Canada, the US, and Mexico. A macro, meso, and micro lens provides an overview of mental healthcare of adults with IDD in Canada. Some of the barriers to effective delivery of care include siloed systems, lack of IDD-specific training, and difficulties arising from transitions in care. In contrast, there are many examples of system-level enablers, such as interprofessional teams for care delivery, virtual care, guidelines and tools, caregiver involvement, and innovative educational initiatives. The Canadian section also reflects on a few important considerations for improvement in mental healthcare for people with IDD. Similar progress and challenges exist in the services for people with IDD in the US. Mexico has limited services specially designed for meeting the needs of people with IDD. There is a recent government intent to address this.