bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphometric analysis of solifluction lobes and rock glaciers in the Swiss Alps
Authors: Matsuoka Norikazu , Ikeda Atsushi , Date Takeshi 
Published: March 2005

AbstractSolifluction lobes and rock glaciers show similar geometry with a wide range of sizes. Morphometric analysis classifies these lobate landforms in the eastern Swiss Alps into five subgroups. A bouldery rock glacier has an active layer composed of matrix‐free boulders, whereas a pebbly rock glacier consists of matrix‐supported debris derived from less resistant rocks. Both move by permafrost creep at 5–30 m depth, but the former tends to have a longer tread. A high solifluction lobe, having a riser 0.2–3 m high, originates mainly from annual gelifluction operating within the top 0.5 m of sediment, and its variation, a mudflow‐affected high solifluction lobe, occurs where prolonged snowmelt triggers a rapid flow of the thawed surficial layer. A low solifluction lobe has a riser up to 0.2 m high and occurs where thin fine‐grained debris responds mainly to diurnal frost creep. These lobes show, on the whole, positive relations between the tread length (L), width (W ) and the riser height (H ). However, a regression analysis separates the rock glaciers from the solifluction lobes by a distinct gap at W (or L)=30 m and H=3 m and provides different regression lines for the two populations. The morphometry primarily determined by the transport process is H, which approximates or slightly exceeds the maximum depth of movement. The depth of movement also affects the horizontal extent of a moving mass, which defines W. A lobe appears where horizontal homogeneity exceeds 3H, and advances with time until reaching a maximum L controlled by climatic or dynamic conditions. Lobe morphometry can be used as an environmental indicator. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Time‐resolved reflectivity studies of coherent longitudinal acoustic phonon pulses in bulk III‐nitride semiconductors
Authors: Wraback M. , Shen H. , Sampath A. V. , Collins C. J. , Garrett G. A. , Sarney W. L. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAn interferometric technique employing femtosecond pump–probe reflectivity measurements has been used to study the direct generation, propagation, and detection of coherent longitudinal acoustic (LA) phonon pulses in bulk GaN and AlGaN thin films at frequencies in the 100 to 200 GHz range. Photoreflectance and resonant Raman studies suggest that the dominant mechanism in the generation of the LA phonon pulse is photoexcited carrier transport‐induced screening of the near‐surface electric field associated with residual strain in the incompletely relaxed GaN or AlGaN epilayers. This field screening component in the strain pulse generation can be as much as two orders of magnitude larger than the deformation potential component, in contrast to theoretical calculations for the multiple quantum well (MQW) case, for which the two components are of comparable magnitude. The technique has been used to directly measure the sound velocity in GaN and AlGaN of various Al contents. The results are in good agreement with those calculated from elastic moduli. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Inframanubrial Parathyroid Glands in Patients with Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Alternatives to Sternotomy
Authors: Nwariaku Fiemu E. , Snyder William H. , Burkey Shelby H. , Watumull Lori , Mathews Dana 
Published: March 2005

AbstractDeep inframanubrial parathyroid tumors have traditionally been excised through a median sternotomy. With the advent of minimally invasive surgical access, we chose to examine the treatment options and outcomes of patients with inframanubrial mediastinal parathyroid tumors. Patients with primary hyperparathyroidism seen at a university medical center over a 12‐year period were retrospectively reviewed. The utility of localization studies, methods of treatment, complications, and outcomes were examined in patients with a parathyroid tumor located in the mediastinum inferior to the manubrium. Patients with parathyroid adenomas located at the thoracic inlet were excluded. Sixteen patients with inframanubrial mediastinal tumors were treated during the study period. Altogether, 81% of the patients had undergone at least one prior neck exploration for primary hyperparathyroidism. Preoperative calcium and parathyroid hormone levels were 12.4 ± 0.36 mg/dl and 273 ± 70 pg/ml, respectively. Localization studies identified mediastinal parathyroid adenomas in the following locations: anterior mediastinum (n = 8), middle mediastinum (n = 7), posterior mediastinum (n = 1). Mediastinal computed tomography and technetium‐sestamibi scans demonstrated the best sensitivity, 92% and 85%, respectively. Seven patients underwent successful excision of the mediastinal adenoma by transcervical mediastinal exploration with the Cooper retractor. The other patients underwent angiographic ablation (n = 4), anterior mediastinotomy (n = 3), video‐assisted thoracoscopy (VATS) (n = 1), and VATS plus thoracotomy (n = 1). The mean hospital stay for the study group was 2.9 ± 0.7 days. The complication rate was 25%. All patients were normocalcemic after a mean follow‐up of 15 ± 7 months. Most inframanubrial mediastinal parathyroid tumors can be successfully managed without median sternotomy.
A perspective on the use of spatialized indicators for ecosystem-based fishery management through spatial zoning
Authors: Babcock Elizabeth A. , Pikitch Ellen K. , McAllister Murdoch K. , Apostolaki Panayiota , Santora Christine 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAlthough much work has been done developing system-level indicators for ecosystem-based fishery management (EBFM), few of those proposed include a spatial component. Even in single-species management, time and area closures have been applied without a clear understanding of what their effect might be on identifying overfishing thresholds and other reference points. For EBFM, spatial zoning of the marine environment, including no-take marine reserves and areas where destructive fishing gears are prohibited, may become a prime management tool. Therefore, indicators of the effectiveness of spatial management will be required, along with an understanding of how indicators related to other objectives will be influenced. We review single-species models that have been used to model spatial zoning, including potential bias in assessment and current work on effort reallocation after area closure, as well as available ecosystem-based models and metrics and how they might account for spatial management. Metrics that can be derived from explicitly spatial approaches such as GIS-based ecosystem and fishery evaluations are also discussed.
Analysis of size spectra off northwest Africa: a useful indicator in tropical areas?
Authors: Stobberup Kim A. , Inejih Cheikh A.O. , Traoré Sory , Monteiro Carlos , Amorim Patrícia , Erzini Karim 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Changes in the size spectra of demersal fish communities off Cape Verde (1988, 1994), Guinea (1985–1995), and Mauritania (1987–2001) were studied. Intercepts and slopes showed opposite trends for Guinea and Mauritania, but were relatively stable in spite of a strong increase in landings per unit area. For Cape Verde, there were marked changes in size structure, seemingly inconsistent with the more moderate fishing pressure there. Changes in size structure do not seem to be suitable indicators of the effects of fishing in areas characterized by faster growth rates, small sizes, high species diversity, and complex interrelationships, such as the tropics.
International presence and impact of the UK biomedical research, 1989‐2000
Authors: Webster Berenika M. 
Published: March 2005

PurposeTo map UK biomedical research by analysing biomedical publications from authors with UK institutional affiliation and indexed in Science Citation Index (SCI) and Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI).Design/methodology/approachBibliometric methods to assess the volume of research published, its impact and sources of funding of biomedical research in the UK are used. The analyses also include an examination of national and international collaboration, leading regions and institutions (by volume of output), types of research carried out and its potential impact factor. This was done for all of biomedicine and 32 selected sub‐fields. The data used span 12 years, allowing changes and developments over time to be tracked.FindingsThe UK's position as the second largest producer of biomedical research is under threat from Japan and Germany and other countries with traditionally weaker biomedical research base. Strength in malaria and asthma research and relative weakness in surgery and renal medicine is notable. The profile of UK biomedical research has changed significantly in the period analysed, with a doubling of the level of international collaboration, a significant increase in basic research papers and an increase in the potential impact of UK publications. A relative decrease of acknowledgement of UK Government funding was noted, as were increased acknowledgements to UK not‐for‐profit and international organisations.Practical implicationsBibliometric analyses can provide reliable tools in mapping the development of scholarly disciplines which can be of use, as demonstrated in this paper, in research policy, as well as in domain analysis in information science, library collection development or publishing.Originality/valueApart from policy applications, bibliometric research of this type can provide valuable information about changes in the patterns of scholarly communication within a domain (areas of interest in sociology of science and information science) and inform collection development policies in libraries and information centres (by describing literatures: ageing and obsolescence, volume and impact).
E‐books in an academic library: implementation at the ETH Library, Zurich
Authors: McLuckie Ann 
Published: March 2005

PurposeTo provide some insight into the phenomenon of e‐books and their potential application in general, and to describe how the ETH‐Bibliothek, an academic library, has integrated web‐based e‐books into its collection.Design/methodology/approachThe concept of e‐books was examined and the success (or failure) of their integration into library collections evaluated. How web‐based e‐books have been integrated into the ETH‐Bibliothek's collection was evaluated, as there were different formats and pricing models for e‐books. Other important issues relevant to e‐books were considered, such as usage statistics, how to discover new e‐books for integration into a collection, and whether web‐based e‐books are likely to be applied successfully in academic libraries.FindingsThe implementation of e‐books at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule) in Zurich is described, and information is provided on publishers or aggregators through which the ETH has subscribed to e‐books, different formats and pricing models for e‐books and usage statistics. How the number of e‐books to which an institution subscribes can be increased, is described, together with the benefits of e‐books in the academic environment, which will in all likelihood ensure the ongoing future of web‐based e‐books.Originality/valueThe paper provides introductory information on e‐books in general and on their suitability to an academic library in particular.
UNLV's Lied Library: a graphical time line
Authors: Vaughan Jason 
Published: March 2005

PurposeTo chronicle the planning, construction and subsequent operation of UNLV's Lied Library.Design/methodology/approachTraces the critical milestones associated with the above.FindingsThe history chronicled herein has been dynamic, to say the least, and has yet to slow down.Practical implicationsServes as a basis for similar developments still in the pipeline.Originality/valueCould be a model for anyone contemplating establishing a future modern technology‐centred academic library.
Monitoring the effectiveness of anticoagulation control
Authors: Utley Martin , Patterson David , Gallivan Steve 
Published: March 2005

PurposeTo assess the quality of anticoagulation control at an out‐patient clinic and to investigate patterns of deviation from therapeutic ranges.Design/methodology/approachRecords for 36,157 clinic visits (2,050 patients) were studied. The quality of anticoagulation control was assessed by comparing the measurement of pro‐thrombin time recorded at each clinic visit, expressed as an international normalised ratio (INR), with the target therapeutic range for that patient, also recorded at the time of the clinic visit. Each INR measurement was classified according to the relevant patient's therapeutic range and the signed difference between the INR measurement and the centre of the therapeutic range was calculated. For each patient the percentage of their INR measurements that lay within their therapeutic range was calculated.FindingsOf the measurements, 52.3 per cent were within the relevant therapeutic range. The proportion of individual patients' INR measurements within range varied greatly (median 52 per cent, inter‐quartile range 40‐65 per cent). The quality of anticoagulation control, as measured by the proportion of patients within their therapeutic range, changed little with patient follow‐up time.Originality/valueThe quality of anticoagulation control reported is comparable with that at other centres. The vast majority of patients spend periods outside the therapeutic range for their condition. There may be considerable room for improvement.
Attitude and age differences in online buying
Authors: Sorce Patricia , Perotti Victor , Widrick Stanley 
Published: March 2005

PurposeThis paper examines the shopping and buying behavior of younger and older online shoppers as mediated by their attitudes toward internet shopping.Design/methodology/approachOver 300 students and staff from a US university completed a survey regarding their online shopping and buying experiences for 17 products.FindingsThe results show that, while older online shoppers search for significantly fewer products than their younger counterparts, they actually purchase as much as younger consumers. Attitudinal factors explained more variance in online searching behavior. Age explained more variance in purchasing behavior if the consumer had first searched for the product online.Research limitations/implicationsThe limitations of the present research are threefold. First, the sample was restricted to university faculty, staff and students. Second, a better measure of the hedonic motivation construct is needed. Third, additional independent measures such as income should be included to understand the additional demographic factors related to online purchase.Practical implicationsRetailing managers can make use of the results as describing multifaceted nature of online shopping and buying behavior. Age differences (in both directions) were seen for many product categories. In addition, results indicate that how one measures online shopping impacts on one's understanding of age effects on internet shopping. Age was negatively correlated with online pre‐purchase search but was positively correlated with online purchasing when pre‐purchase search behavior was taken into account.Originality/valueThe present study advances knowledge of the nature of the relationships among age, attitudes, and online shopping and buying behavior.
Human African trypanosomiasis: clinical presentation and immune response
Authors: Sternberg J. M. 
Published: March 2005

SUMMARY Human African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness is caused by infection with two subspecies of the tsetse‐fly‐vectored haemoflagellate parasite Trypanosoma brucei. Historically, epidemic sleeping sickness has caused massive loss of life, and related animal diseases have had a crucial impact on development in sub‐Saharan Africa. After a period of moderately successful control during the mid‐part of the 20th century, sleeping sickness incidence is currently rising, and control is hampered by a combination of factors, including civil unrest and the possible development of drug resistance by the parasites. The prevailing view is that the disease is invariably fatal without anti‐trypanosomal drug treatment. However, there have also been intriguing reports of wide variations in disease severity as well as evidence of asymptomatic carriers of trypanosomes. These differences in the presentation of the disease will be discussed in the context of our knowledge of the immunology of trypanosomiasis. The impact of dysregulated inflammatory responses in both systemic and CNS pathology will be examined and the potential for host genotype variation in disease severity and control will be discussed.
Adaptive variation in coral geometry and the optimization of internal colony light climates
Authors: ANTHONY K. R. N. , HOOGENBOOM M. O. , CONNOLLY S. R. 
Published: March 2005

SummaryThe ability of photosynthetic organisms to adjust their light climate has high adaptive significance because irradiance can vary spatially by orders of magnitude. Using a plating (foliaceous) coral species (Turbinaria mesenterina), we tested the hypothesis that plasticity of colony geometry optimizes internal irradiance distributions.We developed a two‐dimensional model to predict the internal irradiance distribution of a foliaceous colony as a function of its geometry. Field tests showed that the model explained 85% of the variation in irradiance within colonies ofT. mesenterinawith minimal bias.Colony plate angle, plate spacing and range of tissue distributions into the colony were exponential functions of water depth. In shallow water plates tended to be nearly vertical, narrowly spaced, and had living tissue only near the growing edge of the plate. In deep water plates grew more horizontally, were more widely spaced, and had living tissue extending well into the colony interior. This pattern of phenotypic plasticity effectively evens out differences in within‐colony irradiances.We compared within‐colony irradiance distributions across light habitats (depth), based on the observed variation in colony geometry with water depth. Despite fourfold differences in environmental irradiance, within‐colony irradiances had a common mode of 100–200 µmol m−2 s−1. This is near the hypothesized photosynthetic optimum defined by the upper limit of the subsaturation parameter (Ek) of the photosynthesis–irradiance curve.Our study demonstrates that phenotypic plasticity of colony geometry is an important mechanism for regulating light capture during growth inT. mesenterina, and facilitates near‐optimal internal irradiances across a wide range of environmental light regimes.
Deriving a neutral model of species abundance from fundamental mechanisms of population dynamics
Authors: HE F. 
Published: March 2005

Summary

Ecologists have long sought to derive assembly rules of ecological communities from the fundamental processes of population dynamics, but this goal has remained elusive. Neutral theory has reinvigorated the search by showing that patterns of relative species abundance closely resembling those actually observed arise under the assumption that, to a first approximation, all species are demographically identical on a per capita basis.
Here a neutral model is proposed to incorporate all four fundamental processes of population dynamics: birth, death, immigration and emigration. This symmetric model demonstrates that patterns of relative species abundance are fully derivable from these basic processes of population dynamics.
The theory derived extends the concept of community by showing that a continuum exists between large‐scale (‘metacommunity’) and small‐scale (‘local community’) processes, eliminating the artificial distinction between the two made by the current neutral theory and by the theory of island biogeography.
The population‐based species‐abundance model describes very well the observed patterns of relative species abundance of tropical trees, breeding birds in the USA, aphids at Rothamsted, UK, and estuarine fishes in the north‐east USA.
The study also notes that while species assemblages may be well described by the neutral processes of population dynamics, the inference of mechanisms from pattern fitting is not warranted because one‐to‐one relationships between generating mechanisms and community patterns usually do not exist, either in the neutral realm or in the niche world.
Use of a patient information system to audit the introduction of modified early warning scoring
Authors: Quarterman C. P. J. , Thomas A. N. , McKenna M. , McNamee R. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractModified early warning scoring (MEWS) uses abnormalities in routine observations to identify patients at risk of critical illness. Nurses recorded scores at or above the medical response score of 3 on a hospital clinical information system during the first year of introducing MEWS to 10 wards in a university hospital. A total of 619 triggers were recorded in 365 patients. Fifty‐nine required intensive care unit (ICU)/high dependency unit (HDU) care; 71 died. Survival was significantly worse for initial scores > 4 (35/104 patients died) than for scores 3–4 (P < 0.004). Multivariant analysis showed age (P < 0.001) and trigger score (P < 0.001) but not ward specialty (P = 0.1) predicted death. Mean ages of survivors and non‐survivors were 64 years (SD 18) and 74 years (SD 17), respectively. Addition of a score for age did not significantly increase the area under a receiver operator characteristic curve for the predictive value of MEWS scores. The study shows that increasing MEWS score is associated with worse outcome across a range of specialties and that nursing staff will use a patient information system to audit MEWS scores.
Temperature acclimation of photosynthesis in spinach leaves: analyses of photosynthetic components and temperature dependencies of photosynthetic partial reactions
Authors: YAMORI WATARU , NOGUCHI KO , TERASHIMA ICHIRO 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACTSpinach (Spinacia oleracea) plants were grown under the day/night temperature regime of 15/10 °C (LT) or 30/25 °C (HT). The plants were also transferred from HT to LT when the sample leaves were at particular developmental stages (HL‐transfer). With fully mature leaves, the light‐saturated photosynthetic rate (A) at the ambient CO2 concentration (Ca) of 1500 µL L−1 (A1500) and the initial slope of A versus intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) at low Ci region (IS) were obtained to assess capacities of RuBP regeneration and carboxylation. Photosynthetic components including Rubisco and cytochrome f (Cyt f) were also determined. The optimum temperatures for A at Ca of 360 µL L−1 (A360), A1500 and IS in HT leaves were 27, 36 and 24 °C, whereas those in LT leaves were 18, 30 and 18 °C. The optimum temperatures in HL‐transfer leaves approached those of LT leaves with the increase in the duration at LT. The shift in the optimum temperature was greater and quicker for IS than A1500. By the HL‐transfer, the maximum values of A1500 and IS also increased. The maximum A1500 and Cyt f content increased more promptly than IS and Rubisco content. Changes in the Cyt f/Rubisco ratio were reflected to those in the A1500/IS ratio. Taken together, photosynthetic acclimation to low temperature in spinach leaves was due not only to the change in the balance of the absolute rates of RuBP regeneration and carboxylation but also to the large change in the optimum temperature of RuBP carboxylation.