bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of two techniques for castration of llamas
Authors: Baird A. N. , Pugh D. G. , Wenzel J. G. W. , Lin H. C. 
Published: December 2023

Objective—
To compare a prescrotal castration technique with the conventional bilateral scrotal incision technique for castration of llamas.

Design—
Prospective randomized controlled trial.

Animals—
10 clinically normal, sexually intact male llamas.

Procedure—
Five llamas were castrated by use of a 5-cm skin incision located 2 to 3 cm lateral to the ventral midline and approximately 15 cm cranial to the scrotum, which was closed with absorbable suture material to allow primary healing. Five other llamas were castrated via a more conventional technique, with a 5-cm scrotal incision positioned directly over each testis, which was allowed to heal by second intention.

Results—
The prescrotal technique required significantly more time to complete; however, no additional anesthesia was required to complete the longer procedure. Llamas castrated with the prescrotal technique required less aftercare and had less incisional pain when the area was palpated.

Clinical Implications—
Both techniques are safe and effective. Some clients, however, find the prescrotal technique more aesthetically acceptable. The prescrotal technique may be more clinically important where fly control is difficult. U Am Vet Med Assoc 1996:208:261-262)
Use of low- and high-dose dexamethasone tests for distinguishing pituitary-dependent from adrenal tumor hyperadrenocorticism in dogs
Authors: Feldman Edward C. , Nelson Richard W. , Feldman Marsha S. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To evaluate low- and high-dose dexamethasone suppression tests for differentiating pituitary dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH) from adrenal tumor hyperadrenocorticism (ATH) in dogs.

Design
Prospective study.

Animals
181 dogs with PDH and 35 dogs with ATH.

Procedure
Plasma Cortisol concentrations from dogs with naturally developing hyperadrenocorticism were evaluated before, and 4 and 8 hours after administration of standard low- and high-doses of dexamethasone (0.01 mg/kg of body weight, IV, and 0.1 mg/kg, IV; respectively).

Results
In response to the low-dose test, all but 3 dogs had an 8-hour post-dexamethasone plasma Cortisol concentration that was consistent with a diagnosis of hyperadrenocorticism, that is, ≥ 1.4 μg/dl. Criteria used to distinguish PDH from ATH in response to low-dose dexamethasone included a 4-hour post-dexamethasone plasma Cortisol concentration < 50% of the basal value or < 1.4 μg/dl, or an 8-hour post-dexamethasone plasma Cortisol concentration < 50% of the basal concentration. Criteria used to distinguish PDH from ATH in response to high-dose dexamethasone included 4- or 8-hour post-dexamethasone plasma Cortisol concentrations < 50% of the basal concentration or < 1.4 μg/dl. In response to the low-dose test, 111 dogs met criteria for suppression (each had PDH). In response to the high-dose test, 137 dogs met criteria for suppression (2 had ATH, 135 had PDH). Twenty-six dogs with PDH (12%) had indications of adrenal suppression in response to high-dose but not low-dose testing.

Clinical Implications
Low-dose dexamethasone test has value as a discrimination test to distinguish dogs with PDH from those with ATH. The high-dose test need only be considered in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism that do not have adrenal suppression in response to the low-dose test. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:772–775)
Treatment of recurrent otitis media that developed after total ear canal ablation and lateral bulla osteotomy in dogs: nine cases (1986–1994)
Authors: Smeak Daniel D. , Crocker Conan B. , Birchard Steven J. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To assess clinical findings and long-term outcome of dogs treated for recurrent middle ear infection that developed after total ear canal ablation and lateral bulla osteotomy.

Design
Retrospective case series.

Animals
Of 94 dogs (142 ears) treated by means of total ear canal ablation and lateral bulla ostectomy for end-stage otitis, 9 developed recurrent middle ear infection.

Procedure
Information regarding treatment and outcome were retrieved from the medical records.

Results
Antibiotic treatment was attempted in 8 dogs, but failed to cure recurrent otitis media in 7 of 8 dogs. Seven dogs were treated by means of exploratory surgery, which consisted of ventral bulla osteotomy and tympanic curettage. One dog was cured, 1 developed another infection and was euthanatized, and the 5 remaining dogs developed another middle ear infection after the first exploratory surgery. Infection resolved after retained epithelium was removed from the tympanic cavity during a second exploratory surgery of the bulla in these 5 dogs.

Clinical Implications
Antibiotic treatment rarely is effective for resolving recurrent middle ear infection that develops after total ear canal ablation and lateral bulla osteotomy. Ventral bulla osteotomy and curettage can be a successful method of treatment, provided retained epithelium and debris are completely removed from the ear canal and tympanic cavity. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:937-942)
Ocular blastomycosis in dogs: 73 cases, 108 eyes (1985–1993)
Authors: Bloom Jonathan D. , Hamor Ralph E. , Gerding Paul A. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To evaluate clinical signs of ocular blastomycosis in dogs, to determine response of blastomycosis-infected eyes to treatment with systemically administered amphotericin B and ketoconazole, and to identify prognostic indicators of successful antifungal treatment.

Design
Retrospective study.

Animals
73 dogs.

Procedure
Medical records were reviewed for all dogs with confirmed blastomycosis and ocular disease seen at our hospital between 1985 and 1993.

Results
6 eyes had anterior segment disease, 24 had posterior segment disease, and 78 had endophthalmitis. 40 eyes were treated with a combination of amphotericin B and ketoconazole, and 16 of the 40 responded favorably. However, 16 of the 24 eyes that were not severely affected responded favorably, but none of the 16 eyes that were severely affected did.

Clinical Implications
Dogs with blastomycosis had posterior segment disease, without complete retinal separation, had a good prognosis for retaining vision. Results of histologic examination suggested that secondary glaucoma was a manifestation of endophthalmitis and was indicative of a grave prognosis for response to antifungal and antiglaucoma treatment. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1271–1274)
Effect of vaccination with an Escherichia coli bacterin-toxoid on milk production in dairy cattle
Authors: Musser Jeffrey M. B. , Anderson Kevin L. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine whether vaccination of lactating cattle with an Escherichia coli J5 bacterin-toxoid would produce a significant short-term change in milk production.

Design
Randomized, controlled clinical trial.

Animals
84 healthy, lactating cows (42 Holsteins and 42 Jerseys).

Procedure
Control and vaccinated cows were paired on the basis of breed, days in milk, daily milk production 1 week prior to vaccination, and parity. One cow in each pair was inoculated IM with a commercially available bacterin-toxoid according to label directions; the other cow was given saline solution. Cows were milked twice daily for 5 days before and 5 days after inoculation. Milk production was compared by ANCOVA.

Results
Vaccinated cows produced significantly less milk than did control cows at the second and third milkings after inoculation. At these milkings, milk production in vaccinated cows was approximately 7% less than that of controls.

Clinical Implications
Vaccination of lactating cattle with an E coli J5 bacterin-toxoid may cause a significant short-term decrease in milk production. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1291–1293)
Financial assessment of results of intervention to correct a housing-system problem on a dairy farm
Authors: Goodger William J. , Frank Gary G. , Nordlund Kenneth V. , Hilbelink Brad , Eisele Christian 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To monitor effects that improvements in housing facilities would have on herd performance. Financial measures were calculated to estimate whether improvements resulted in an improved financial status for the farm.

Design
Prospective, observational study.

Animals
160-cow dairy herd.

Procedure
Farm visits were conducted from 1990 to 1994. Areas for improvement were identified, and changes were recommended. Herd production and farm financial records were analyzed before, during, and after adoption of recommended changes.

Results
After improving facilities, somatic cell count was somewhat constant, but tended to decrease during the last 16 months of the study. During the last 8 months of the study, incidence for clinical cases of mastitis decreased to 3.3% per month. Reproductive variables improved dramatically after implementing use of a bull for breeding. Subjective evaluation of cow comfort and lameness indicated apparent improvements in each area. However, milk production remained fairly constant from January 1991 through December 1994.
Review of the farm's financial status revealed that costs of production increased from 1990 through 1993, but decreased in 1994. Slow financial response to improvements were attributed to a large decrease in milk price in 1991 and a poor crop harvest in 1993. Thus, although progress was made toward financial stability, approximately 55% of the farm's assets (determined on a market-basis value) were represented by debt.

Clinical Implications
It is important to monitor financial status when managing complex health problems that involve several aspects of a farm's operation. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1406–1410)
Frequency of argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions in fine-needle aspirates and biopsy specimens from mast cell tumors in dogs
Authors: Kravis Laura D. , Vail David M. , Kisseberth William C. , Ogilvie Gregory K. , Volk Lynn M. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine for mast cell tumors in dogs whether frequency of argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions (AgNOR) determined by examining fine-needle aspirates (FNA) correlated with frequencies determined by examining biopsy specimens or with histologic grade.

Design
Case series.

Animals
25 dogs with 32 histologically confirmed tumors.

Procedure
Biopsy specimens and FNA were collected from each tumor. Histologic grade and AgNOR frequency were determined.

Results
Frequency of AgNOR in FNA was significantly correlated with frequency in biopsy specimens and was significantly associated with histologic grade of the tumor.

Clinical Implications
Determining AgNOR frequency in FNA of mast cell tumors in dogs is a rapid, minimally invasive means of obtaining information that potentially could be used to help predict biological behavior of the tumor and to guide clinicians and owners in making decisions about further diagnostic tests and treatment. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1418–1420)
Relationship between physical signs of elbow dysplasia and radiographic score in growing Rottweilers
Authors: Read R. A. , Armstrong S. J. , Black A. P. , Macpherson G. C. , Yovich J. C. , Davey T. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To examine the relationship between physical signs of elbow dysplasia and radiographic appearance of the elbow joints in growing dogs.

Design
Prospective study.

Animals
55 Rottweiler pups.

Procedure
Owners of clinically normal Rottweiler pups were contacted through breed clubs in 3 Australian states and asked to participate in the study. All those offering to participate were included.

Procedure
The first physical examination was performed when pups were 3 months old and included a lameness evaluation and palpation of the elbow joints. Physical examinations were repeated when pups were 5, 6, 9, and 12 months old. Radiographs of the elbows were obtained at 6 and 12 months. Relationships among lameness, decreased range of movement, signs of pain, and radiographic data related to elbow dysplasia were examined.

Results
Elbow dysplasia caused clinical lameness in only 3 dogs but 57% of dogs developed radiographic signs of elbow dysplasia by 12 months of age. A grade-2 radiographic score at 12 months of age was significantly associated with clinical elbow dysplasia.

Clinical Implications
Elbow dysplasia has a prevalence of > 50% in certain breed populations. This study supports radiographic screening at 12 months of age, accompanied by physical examination to detect clinical elbow dysplasia. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1427–1430)
Intradermal reactivity to various insect and arachnid allergens among dogs from the southeastern United States
Authors: Willis Elizabeth L. , Kunkle Gail A. , Esch Robert E. , Grier Thomas J. , Kubilis Paul S. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To compare cutaneous reactivity to insect and arachnid allergens in clinically normal (control) and allergic dogs in the southeastern United States.

Design
Prospective, controlled study.

Animals
26 clinically normal dogs and 82 allergic dogs from the southeastern United States.

Procedure
Intradermal skin testing with various dilutions of 13 insect and arachnid allergens was performed on control dogs to establish skin threshold concentrations (ie, concentrations to which < 25% of the dogs had positive reactions). These established threshold concentrations were then used to test allergic dogs for reactivity. Prevalence of single and multiple insect and arachnid reactions were determined.

Results
Flea allergen was the only allergen that caused a significantly higher prevalence of positive reactions in allergic dogs than in control dogs.

Clinical Implications
Flea hypersensitivity is the most important arthropod hypersensitivity in dogs. The importance of reactivity to insect and arachnid allergens other than flea allergen can be determined only when prevalence of positive reactivity has been determined in an appropriate regional control group of dogs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1431–1434)
Rabies surveillance in the United States during 1995
Authors: Krebs John W. , Strine Tara W. , Smith Jean S. , Noah Donald L. , Rupprecht Charles E. , Childs James E. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
In 1995, 49 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico reported 7,877 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 4 cases in human beings to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Nearly 92% (7,247 cases) were wild animals, whereas 8% (630 cases) were domestic species. The total number of reported cases decreased 4.2% from that of 1994 (8,230 cases). Most of the decline was the result of 17.1% fewer reported cases of rabies in raccoons in areas of the Northeast, where rabies is now enzootic rather than epizootic. Exceptions to this decline were detected in states where the virus has only recently entered raccoon populations or where ongoing epizootics persist. States experiencing increasing epizootic activity associated with this variant include Maine (3 cases in 1993 to 101 cases in 1995), North Carolina (9 cases in 1990 to 466 cases in 1995), Rhode Island (1 case in 1993 to 324 cases in 1995), and Vermont (45 cases in 1993 to 179 cases in 1995). The raccoon variant of the rabies virus is now present in Alabama, Pennsylvania, Vermont, West Virginia, and all Atlantic Seaboard states from Florida to Maine. In Ohio, this variant, last detected in 1992 as a single case, was again detected in 1996. Epizootics of rabies in foxes in west central Texas and in dogs and coyotes in southern Texas attributable to canine variants continue, with this state reporting 137 rabid foxes, 55 rabid dogs, and 80 of the 83 cases in coyotes during 1995. The number of rabid bats (787) increased by almost 25%, with cases reported by 47 of the 48 contiguous states. Nationally, reported cases of rabies in cattle (136) and cats (288) increased by 22.5 and 7.9%, respectively, whereas cases in dogs (146) decreased by 4.6%. Cats continued to be the domestic animal most frequently reported rabid. The cases of rabies reported in human beings were all caused by viral variants associated with bats. Eighteen states and Puerto Rico reported decreases in rabies in animals in 1995, compared with 28 states and the District of Columbia in 1994. Hawaii was the only state that did not report a case of rabies in 1995.
Cytologic identification of Toxoplasma gondii in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of experimentally infected cats
Authors: Hawkins Eleanor C. , Davidson Michael G. , Meuten Donald J. , Rottman James B. , Kennedy-Stoskopf Suzanne , Levy Julie K. , Ritchey Jerry W. , Cullins Laura D. , Tompkins Mary B. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine whether it was possible to retrieve organisms, by means of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), from cats inoculated with Toxoplasma gondii.

Design
Experimental study.

Animals
27 cats. Sixteen of the 27 were experimentally infected with feline immunodeficiency virus.

Procedure
All cats were inoculated with T gondii tachyzoites. Cats were grouped on the basis of feline immunodeficiency virus status and route (IV or intra-arterial) and number of tachyzoites administered. Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed by means of a standard technique. Lavage fluid was evaluated cytologically for tachyzoites.

Results
Clinical signs of toxoplasmosis varied widely among individual cats, but were generally most pronounced in group-1 and -2 cats (n = 5 each) and less pronounced in group-3 (n = 5) cats. Group-4 and -5 cats (n = 6 each) did not have clinical signs of toxoplasmosis. In 14 of the 15 cats in groups 1, 2, and 3, tachyzoites were detected in BAL flu id collected 7 days after inoculation. Tachyzoites were detected 14 days after inoculation in the single cat without tachyzoites 7 days after inoculation. A necropsy was performed on 9 of these cats, and tachyzoites were identified histologically in 4 of the 9. Tachyzoites were not detected in BAL fluid collected 3 days (n = 6) or 7 days (n = 6) after inoculation from the 12 cats in groups 4 and 5. Tachyzoites were not identified histologically in any of these 12 cats.

Clinical Implications
BAL may be useful in the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis. Particularly in cats with signs of pulmonary involvement. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;210:648–650
Morphologic and quantitative evaluation of the myenteric plexuses and neurons in the large colon of horses
Authors: Schusser Gerald F. , White Nathaniel A. 
Published: December 2023

Objective—
To determine the number of myenteric plexuses and neurons in the large colon of clinically normal horses and whether the number was decreased in the large colon of horses with colon disease.

Design—
Prospective study.

Sample Population—
Colon samples from 15 clinically normal horses and 31 horses with colon disease.

Procedure—
Samples were obtained, fixed, and stained with H&E. The number of myenteric plexuses and neurons and longitudinal muscle thickness were determined in each segment of colon for clinically normal horses. Counts for segments were compared with each other and with counts in the same segment from horses with colon disease.

Results—
Myenteric plexus and neuron densities and longitudinal muscle thickness in clinically normal horses were significantly greater in the pelvic flexure and left dorsal and transverse colons. Horses with chronic obstruction (> 24 hours' duration) or with previous obstruction had significantly lower neuron density in the pelvic flexure. Myenteric plexus density in horses with strangulating large colon torsion/volvulus was significantly less in the right ventral, right dorsal, and transverse colons, and neuron density in these horses was significantly less in all segments of colon, except the left ventral colon. Horses with colon strangulation that survived had significantly greater neuron density than horses with colon strangulation that died. Enteroglial cell numbers were increased in myenteric plexuses of horses with acute and chronic obstruction.

Clinical Implications—
Myenteric plexus and neuron densities can be estimated by evaluating linear counts of H&E-stained colon samples. Enteroglial cells may increase in number in response to myenteric plexus inflammation, which may affect bowel function. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;210:928–934)
Genetics of canine hip dysplasia
Authors: Leighton Eldin A. 
Published: December 2023

Objective—
To document genetic progress in improving hip quality of dogs maintained in a closed breeding colony to produce dogs for training as guides for blind people.

Design—
Prospective analysis of hip quality records from a breeding trial that encompassed 3 full generations and included some dogs born into the fourth and fifth generations.

Animals—
Hip quality was assessed for 2,037 German Shepherd Dogs and 1,821 Labrador Retrievers from 1980 to 1996.

Procedure—
A subjective hip score assigned by 1 radiologist was used to assess hip quality during the study period. In the past 8 years, the distraction Index was also used. Genetic change was produced by selecting a small percentage of dogs to be parents of the next generation. Dogs were selected to become parents of the next generation on the basis of estimated breeding values. These were calculated by combining observed values of individual dogs with known relationships in the population pedigrees to predict which dogs were the best candidates for selection as parents.

Results—
In < 5 generations of selection, the percentage of German Shepherd Dogs with canine hip dysplasia at 12 to 16 months of age decreased from 55 to 24 %. Among Labrador Retrievers, the percentage decreased from 30 to 10%.

Clinical Implications—
This report gives practitioners documented proof that genetic selection will work to improve hip quality. Dog breeders must be advised to be patient, however, to allow enough generations to elapse to make meaningful genetic change. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;210:1474-1479)
Evaluation of a practice-based ambulatory program in food animal medicine, surgery, and herd health management
Authors: Dartt Barbara A. , Lloyd James W. , Kaneene John B. , Derksen Frederik J. 
Published: December 2023

Objective—
To assess the educational value of a practice-based ambulatory program used at a school of veterinary medicine.

Design—
Retrospective cohort study.

Sample Population—
Graduates of US veterinary medical schools between 1987 and 1994.

Procedure—
Phase I involved use of interviews and focus groups to assist in development of the questionnaire used in phase II, a retrospective cohort study. The pretested questionnaire was sent to a study population consisting of all graduates of the University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, between 1987 and 1994 as well as a control group who were randomly selected from the 1994 AVMA list of veterinarians. Control-group veterinarians were matched on the basis of professional activity, region, and year of graduation.

Results—
728 of 1.067 veterinarians completed the questionnaire in phase II of the study (response rate, 68%). The practice-based ambulatory program at the University of Wisconsin-Madison compared favorably with university-based ambulatory programs in volume of experiences and perceived educational quality. Regardless of rotation type. female students were significantly less likely to observe or perform 12 specific clinical procedures and were significantly less likely to rate instructional quality as excellent or very good. compared with male students.

Clinical Implications—
Practice-based ambulatory rotations can be a good alternative to existing university-based ambulatory rotations. Implementation of these programs should emphasize performance of procedures while striving to ensure participation of female students. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;210:1590–1594