bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Body and mind
Authors: Westcott Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks at the interaction of body and mind, mind and body as experienced in primary care. I start with a particular patient, who appears with what might be called a classic psychosomatic disorder. I show her presentation and the GP ‘s reaction: the diagnostic process and approach to management. Recourse to an authoritative resource reveals illuminating differences between the worlds of secondary and primary care. I consider the nature of paradigms, their role in science generally, and how these (too often) implicit structures can be both helpful, yet obstructive in a consideration of the interaction between body and mind. It becomes clear that primary care discarded the biomedical model some time ago and has subsequently (albeit perhaps unwittingly) moved on from positivism, through social construction into a quasi post-modern world. Secondary care, however, has progressed less evenly, with some specialties in the teaching hospital apparently still firmly rooted in the earlier paradigm.
Systemic family practice in primary care
Authors: Graham Hilary , Mayer Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We start by quoting from one of our co-authors who has inspired us to introduce family approaches to our general practice work (see Chapter 5):I have always envied GPs for being—at least in theory—in a position of picking up problems early. . . you have to work pretty hard as a teenager to get a referral to a child psychiatrist: attempted hanging or killing the cat, but the rest stays in general practice. I found I could help GPs get at families with teenagers earlier in the story, and encourage parents to take control again. Pathologizing the individual teenager didn’t ‘t seem to help much and GPs can become good at seeing more than one person at a time. It proved to me how useful the family systems approach can be when it comes to prevention or early intervention—and general practice seems the ideal site for this.
Substance misuse
Authors: Crome Ilana , Day Ed 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
General practitioners and their teams are in an excellent position to intervene in drug and alcohol problems. Treatment in the primary care setting can avoid the stigma that many people feel about attending a specialist addiction service and the teams may have the advantage of a long-term perspective on the patient ‘s problems, as well as contacts with potential co-therapists such as family and friends. Furthermore, some of the developing evidence for the effectiveness of both pharmacological and psychological interventions in addictive behaviour has been derived from work in primary care settings.
Who Gets multiple sclerosis?
Authors: Matthews Bryan , Rice-Oxley Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many unusual facts concerning the distribution of MS in the world population which must be taken into account in any comprehensive theory of cause of the disease. Before describing these I must emphasize that all figures relating to the prevalence of MS are approximate. Early cases are often not diagnosed because the symptoms have been slight or fleeting. The figures are also influenced in the opposite direction because, no matter how careful the exam, in action, there are always some patients thought to have MS who are subsequently found to have some quite different disease. Investigators are forced to classify their patients in separate categories of diagnostic certainty or doubt, the most usual being: possible, probable, or definite, as defined by clinical features, now assisted by results of laboratory and imaging tests. The difficulties in diagnosis must be remembered when discussing the pattern of who gets MS and who does not.
Using the Internet for clinical care
Authors: McKenzie Bruce C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Evidence-based practice (EBP) involves the integration of high-quality research evidence with individual clinical expertise and the explicit, conscientious, and judicious consideration of the best available evidence in making healthcare decisions.
EBP resources on the Web include articles underpinning the development of the EBP paradigm; information and products from EBP organizations and networks; critical appraisal guides/checklists; clinical calculators; and materials to answer your clinical questions—databases, structured abstracts, systematic reviews, critically appraised articles and topics, and health technology assessment reports.
Using the Internet for medical education
Authors: McKenzie Bruce C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The exponential growth in medical information demands changes in the way medical students are taught and core competencies required.
Educational goals rather than the technology itself must drive the use of technology in medical education.
The Internet promotes the development of self-directed learning strategies essential for effective medical practice and provides greater flexibility than traditional methods, allowing students to learn where and when they choose.
The Internet is used by patients who will increasingly turn to their medical practitioners for guidance about how and where to seek quality information sites. Practitioners require the skills to allow them to respond to such requests.
Using the Internet for patient education
Authors: McKenzie Bruce C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
More consumers are going online and numbers are rising all the time; health information is commonly sought.
Consumer health information comes from a wide variety of sources including government-sponsored institutions and healthcare providers; information from authoritative organizations and societies; universities, academics, and medical group Web sites; information from commercial concerns; and patient self-support and mutual support groups.
Strategies to cope with Internet printouts brought to the consultation include drawing up ground rules for what can be brought to the consultation; discussing quality issues with the patient; requesting an advance preview of what the patient is going to bring; using the Internet yourself to dovetail with what the patient has found; and letting the patient do your research.
Preparing for teaching
Authors: Hartley Sarah , Gill Deborah , Carter Frances , Walters Kate , Bryant Pauline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To be a good teacher you need to be organized, have the skills to get your message across, and want to teach. Good planning underpins all good teaching sessions, and no matter how skilled, charismatic, or humorous a teacher, if they are repeatedly late, disorganized, or teach postgraduates about the basics of diabetes, students will not turn up and make pointed comments on course evaluation forms.
Poisson Approximation
Authors: Barbour A D , Holst Lars , Janson Svante 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Poisson `law of small numbers' is a central principle in modern theories of reliability, insurance, and the statistics of extremes. It also has ramifications in apparently unrelated areas, such as the description of algebraic and combinatorial structures, and the distribution of prime numbers. The law of small numbers is only an approximation. In 1975, a new technique was introduced, the Stein-Chen method, which makes it possible to estimate the accuracy of the approximation in a wide range of situations. This book provides an introduction to the method, and a varied selection of examples of its application, emphasizing the flexibility of the technique when combined with a judicious choice of coupling. It also contains more advanced material, in particular on compound Poisson and Poisson process approximation, where the reader is brought to the boundaries of current knowledge.
Ethnicity and human biology
Authors: Macbeth Helen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter has a very broad mandate in its consideration of ethnicity and human biology. Ethnicity as a term has already been discussed in the first chapter. I wish to draw attention to two essential aspects: firstly, it is found in the processes and transmission of ideas of belonging to a group by those in that group, and secondly it is the way people outside the group classify people into that group. Furthermore, it is all the factors, especially those visible and audible, which confirm, and which are recognized as confirming, the classification both to those within and to those without.
The pregnant and post-partum patient
Authors: Mynors-Wallis Dr Laurence , Moore Dr Michael , Maguire Mr Jon , Hollingbery Mr Timothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mood and anxiety disorders are common during childbearing years. In this chapter the pregnant and the post-partum patient will be considered separately. It has been suggested that pregnancy is protective against psychiatric disorders; however, there is a clear risk of relapse in women who discontinue prophylactic psychotropic medication. There is an increased risk of psychiatric disorder in the first 3 months post-partum, although no increased incidence in the full year post-partum.
Functional neuroanatomy of the human motor cortex*
Authors: Geyer Stefan , Zilles Karl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until the second half of the twentieth century, it was widely believed that the cortical motor system of humans could be subdivided into three regions: the primary motor cortex (area 4) in the caudal wall and on the vertex of the precentral gyrus, the supplementary motor area further rostral on the mesial aspect of the frontal lobe (mesial part of area 6), and the premotor cortex on the lateral aspect of the frontal lobe (lateral part of area 6).
Multicellular organisms—origins as cell colonies
Authors: Fenchel Tom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The multicellular organisms represent the next major transition in the evolution of life (after the origin of the first prokaryotic cells and the origin of the eukaryotes). Three groups: fungi, plants, and animals have evolved independently, but they remain relatively close to each other on the eukaryote phylogenetic tree (Chapter 12, Figure 12.8). The fungi descend from a group of fungi-like protists (the chytrids), the plants from green algae, and the animals from a group of flagellates (choanoflagellates).
Physical disability in myotonic dystrophy
Authors: Phillips Margaret F , Mathieu Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of impairment, disability and handicap was originally defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1980 as the International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities and Handicaps (ICIDH) (World Health Organization 1980). In that model, an impairment was defined as ‘any physiological, anatomical or histological anomaly or alteration’ and a disability as ‘any disturbance resulting from an impairment in the capacity to perform a physical or mental activity considered normal for a human being (depending on his/her biological characteristics)’.
Readings in Credit Scoring
Authors: Thomas Lyn C , Edelman David B , Crook Jonathan N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Credit scoring is one of the most successful applications of statistical and management science techniques in finance in the last forty years. This unique collection of recent papers, with comments by experts in the field, provides excellent coverage of recent developments, advances and aims in credit scoring. Aimed at statisticians, economists, operational researchers and mathematicians working in both industry and academia, and to all working on credit scoring and data mining, it is an invaluable source of reference.
Measures for comparing scoring systems
Authors: Wilkie A D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this note is to describe a variety of measures that can be used to compare different scoring systems with one another. A description of these measures may assist practitioners in deciding which they may find useful for their own purposes and also when discussing scoring systems with clients. It may also help clients to understand what practitioners mean when discussing what may be described as the ‘relative power of different scoring systems. when applied to the same data or to different populations. Different individuals may find some measures more intuitively a appealing than others.
In every case it is assumed that each ‘case in a given data set can be classified either as ‘good ‘ or as ‘bad ‘. For each case a number of characteristics are recorded, each of which is usually subdivided into discrete categories.
A scoring system is a set of (usually integer) scores, one score being associated with each possible category within each relevant characteristic. The score for the case is the sum of the appropriate scores for the categories applicable to that case.
Mental health services for older people: a developing countries perspective
Authors: Prince Martin , Trebilco Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By 1990, a clear majority (58 per cent) of the world ‘s population aged 60 years and over was already to be found living in developing countries. By 2020 this proportion will have risen to 67 per cent. Over this period of 30 years this oldest sector of the population will have increased in number by 200 per cent in developing countries as compared to 68 per cent in the developed world (Murray and Lopez, 1996). This demographic transition will be accompanied by unprecedented economic growth and industrialization, and by profound changes in social organization and in the pattern of family life. For older people, mental health conditions are an important cause of morbidity and premature mortality.
Psychogeriatric services: trends in Canada
Authors: Shulman Kenneth I , Cohen Carole A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Canada will see a dramatic increase in its elderly population, rising from 13 per cent of the general population (approximately 30 million total population) in 2001 to 22 per cent in 2031, an increase due primarily to the bulge of baby boomers reaching old age. Compared to the US.
Psychogeriatric services: current trends in Asia
Authors: Chiu Helen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 2000, the world’s population was 6 billion, 58 per cent of which lived in Asia. The population of Asia is ageing and the percentage of people aged 65 and above will be doubled between 1960 and 2020, from 4.2 per cent to 8.8 per cent. Life expectancy will rise from 66 to 77 years between 2000 and 2050.
Integrated service delivery and quality of care
Authors: Melding Pamela 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The chief difficulty Alice found at first was in managing her flamingo . and when she had got its head down, and was going to begin again, it was very provoking to find that the hedgehog had unrolled itself, and was in the act of crawling away: besides all this, there was generally a ridge or furrow in the way wherever she wanted to send the hedgehog to, and, as the doubled-up soldiers were always getting up and walking off to other parts of the ground, Alice soon came to the conclusion that it was a very difficult game indeed. The Queen ‘s croquet-ground, Chapter 8, Alice in Wonderland. Lewis Carroll, 1866 In thinking about integrating services, we need to begin at the ‘centre ‘ with the patient. Consider the following scenario. Sandy Jones, a former head teacher, is 75 years old and had a stroke yesterday.
Gathering information and becoming an ‘expert patient’
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Expert patients’ are people suffering with a long-term illness who have chosen to become well informed about how to manage both their disease and their illness. They may do this in two ways—firstly by finding out as much as possible about its causes, management, and prognosis, and by experimenting to see what suits them; secondly, they may work towards managing their illness in a partnership with their doctors. Another way of describing ‘expert patients’ is to call them ‘empowered patients’. They have chosen to take as much control over their illness and their lives as is possible and appropriate.
Using Activity and Exercise
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You may feel that, because of your illness, exercise is just not possible. Well, our message is that the right kind of exercise will help anybody, with what-ever condition! Even if you are completely bedridden, passive exercise with someone else moving your limbs for you would be a help. Appropriate exercise is the key phrase. You may need to get expert advice to discover just what is right for you, but keeping your body in the best condition possible in the circumstances really is a good idea.
Improving Your Personal Relationships
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Illness often changes relationships. It puts a strain on both sides. You may be grieving for the past, for your lost job perhaps, for the things that you once could do, or for the changed image of yourself. However, your illness may have affected other people too. People close to you may also have a lot to grieve for. Carers may have had to take on the responsibility for house-work or earning the money, and so have had to give up things they valued. They may be missing out on things they enjoyed previously on their own or with you. Their grief needs to be acknowledged too. You may feel that they are not caring enough; they may feel that you are asking too much. There may be a lot of resentment on both sides. All of this adds difficulties.
Carcinogenic mechanisms in mesothelioma: effects of asbestos on cell signalling events, transcription factors, and inflammatory cytokines
Authors: Swain W A , Mossman B T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Occupational exposure to asbestos fibres, particularly crocidolite asbestos, is associated causally with the vast majority of malignant mesothelioma (MM) . The mechanisms of asbestosinduced carcinogenesis have been intensively studied in an effort to establish preventive and therapeutic approaches to MM and other asbestos-related diseases. Studies have largely focused on the properties of asbestos fibres that are important in the development of MM and the mechanisms of action of asbestos in the multistage carcinogenic process.
Surgical and multimodality approaches to the management of operable malignant mesothelioma
Authors: Rusch D J Boffa V W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historically, malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) was considered to be a rapidly and universally fatal disease. Most patients were thought to die within 2 years of diagnosis, and this nihilism led to insufficient attention being given to the staging and treatment of MPM. However, during the past two decades, a few investigators have carefully defined the natural history and studied the treatment of MPM. These studies established that patients with stage Ia tumours can be expected to live for up to 2 years without treatment, and patients who undergo surgical resection for stage I and II disease usually live more than 3 years. Effective surgical and multimodality treatments are now available. The surgical mortality of 31 per cent reported by Butchart et al.in 1976 for extrapleural pneumonectomy has decreased to 4–5 per cent, becoming similar to the mortality of standard pneumonectomy and making is possible to offer surgery as a routine part of treatment for MPM [2]. Adjuvant radiotherapy after extrapleural pneumonectomy is now an accepted means of controlling locoregional disease (Chapter 15). Newer chemotherapeutic regimens, including gemcitabine–cisplatin and pemetrexed–cisplatin, have shown encouraging response rates [3,4] In this chapter we address the staging of MPM and the surgical and multimodality treatment of this disease.
Systemic chemotherapy for malignant pleural mesothelioma
Authors: Rudd J P C Steele R M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chemotherapy can be an effective treatment for patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM). It is arguably the most important of current treatment approaches because few patients are suitable for radical surgery. Palliative surgery is of considerable value but it must be performed by specialist surgeons for optimum benefit [1]. Radiotherapy can control symptoms but does not improve survival . For the majority of mesothelioma patients, who generally have International Mesothelioma Interest Group (IMIG) stage III or IV disease, the major treatment decision is whether or not to opt for a course of chemotherapy. In our experience patients often hold strong views for or against chemotherapy. Some patients in the UK will not accept chemotherapy at any stage of their disease. Alternatively, other patients are determined to proceed with chemotherapy or other drug therapy ‘whatever the side effects’.
Intrathoracic photodynamic diagnosis and treatment of malignant mesothelioma with photodynamic therapy or hyperthermia
Authors: Baas P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Diagnosis of pleural malignancies such as malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is sometimes difficult. Despite the relatively good diagnostic yield of cytological examination for malignancies, the differentiation between MPM and adenocarcinoma is often a problem. Histological samples are then required for a definitive diagnosis. Reports on the efficacy of thoracoscopies indicate that in 90 per cent of the cases this procedure is conclusive; however, at least 10, and preferably, 20 biopsies have to be taken during this procedure. Furthermore, adhesions and streaks of fibrosis can make it difficult to determine where the actual pathology is located. Therefore the use of a ‘tumour-seeking’ agent could be of value in such cases to guide biopsies and shorten the thora-coscopy procedure.
Supportive and palliative care in mesothelioma
Authors: Clayson S H Ahmedzai H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mesothelioma is an increasingly important malignant disease affecting all developed and developing countries. The vast majority of cases are linked to occupational exposure to asbestos, whether directly in men and women who worked in industrial environments or indirectly in their wives who washed their contaminated clothing [1]. The proportional mortality ratios of those dying from mesothelioma are highest in metal plate workers, vehicle body builders, plumbers, and gas fitters [2]. Mesothelioma was first recognized as a specific malignant tumour in the 1960s, and it is estimated that the incidence of new cases will rise over the next two decades, reaching a peak in Europe around 2020 [3]. It could eventually account for up to 1 per cent of all deaths of men born in the 1940s [1,3].
The treatment of mesothelioma cases in the US and UK legal systems
Authors: Lipsitz A Budgen J N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mesothelioma patients must deal not only with their debilitating and fatal disease, but also, in many cases, with the legal system. This system includes workers’ compensation laws, which provide no-fault benefits for industrial accidents and diseases, as well as the traditional lawsuit, in which the mesothelioma patient sues asbestos manufacturers, and suppliers, and sometimes landowners. While numerous medical doctors frequently testify as experts in asbestos litigation, many more see an occasional mesothelioma patient in the usual course of their medical practice. In this chapter we provide the legal framework of the mesothelioma case from which the asbestos or occupational disease expert, as well as the medical practitioner, may approach the mesothelioma patient.