bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human Well-Being and the Natural Environment
Authors: Dasgupta Partha 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis book explores ways to measure the quality of life, a problem pervading a number of academic disciplines, but not confined to the academic realm. Indices of human well‐being in current use are insensitive to human dependence on the natural environment, both at a moment in time and across generations. Moreover, international discussions on economic development in poor regions frequently ignore the natural resource base. In developing quality‐of‐life measures, the author pays particular attention to the natural environment, illustrating how it can be incorporated, more generally, into economic reasoning.The discussion offers a comprehensive account of the newly emergent subject of ecological economics. Connections between biodiversity, ecosystem services, resource scarcities, and economic possibilities for the future are developed in a quantitative but accessible language. Familiar terms such as ‘sustainable development’, ‘social discount rates’ and Earth's ‘carrying capacity’ are given a firm theoretical underpinning.The theory developed is used in extended commentaries on the economics of population, poverty traps, global warming, structural adjustment programmes and free trade. The author shows that, whether for valuing the state of affairs in a country or evaluating economic policy there, the index that should be used is the economy's wealth, which is the social worth of its capital assets. The concept of wealth adopted is comprehensive, including not only manufactured assets but also human capital, knowledge, and the natural environment. Wealth is contrasted with popular measures of human well‐being, such as gross national product and the United Nations Development Programme's Human Development Index. The theory is applied repeatedly to data on poor countries, revealing a picture that contrasts sharply with that portrayed in the contemporary literature on economic development.
Constituents and Determinants of Well‐Being
Authors: Dasgupta Partha 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIn order to identify usable indices, measures of well‐being are classified according to whether they are based on well‐being's constituents (e.g. health) or their commodity determinants (e.g. food and nutrition). For practical purposes, it is often simpler to construct measures based on well‐being's commodity determinants.
Current Quality of Life in Poor Countries
Authors: Dasgupta Partha 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIllustrates how the concept of current well‐being can be put to work on the contemporary world. I draw upon evidence from the contemporary world's poorest countries to suggest that, interestingly, the three constituent spheres of citizenship may well be synergistically related to one another. The findings indicate that democracy and civil liberties are not only intrinsically valuable, but may even be instruments for bringing about material progress in poor countries. The fact remains though that, within democratic countries, there are enormous differences in people's life chances. Democracies in poor regions harbour malnourished people. It is argued that the malnourished are caught in poverty traps. In order to explain the findings, we are led to study institutions and the role they play in determining the allocation of resources.
Economic Institutions and the Natural
Authors: Dasgupta Partha 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThree systems of rights to natural resources are studied in Ch. 7: private, communal, and state. Institutional failures are shown to be the cause of inefficiencies and inequities, both in momentary allocations of resources and in the inter‐generational transfer of resources. It is argued that in the world we have come to know, there is a bias in the use of the natural environment, in that use at any moment is excessive, not insufficient. Since observed prices frequently do not reflect the social worth of natural resources, use should be made of notional prices, called accounting prices.
Places, Natural Places, and the Power of Place
Authors: Morison Benjamin 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Motion is the most important type of change. Everything is somewhere, in some sense of ‘somewhere’. The most evident type of change of place is replacement: when one thing replaces another. All motion in nature is a case of replacement or displacement. The four elements (earth, water, air, and fire) all have their own places, known as ‘natural places’ that are referred to in the very definitions of those elements. These natural places exist and are defined independently of us or our orientation.
Being in
Authors: Morison Benjamin 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Something is said to be in a place, and so its place is one of the things in which it is. If x is in y, then y contains x. Something may contain something else either derivatively, or in its own right. I am in the universe derivatively, because there is something else in which I am, namely the air, such that anything in the air is in the universe, but not vice versa. The air is one of my broad places. There is a place in which I am, such that I am the only thing in that place: this is my proper place. There are many different ways of being in something: containment is only one of them, but it is the central way in which something is in something else.
Zeno's Paradox of Place
Authors: Morison Benjamin 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Eudemus and Alexander of Aphrodisias provide valuable evidence for the reconstruction of what Zeno's paradox of place is. Everything is somewhere: so places are in a place, which is in turn in a place, etc.; this generates an infinite regression. Aristotle thinks this infinite regression deprives us of the possibility of saying where something is, or answering where‐questions properly. He solves the paradox by giving different senses to the word ‘somewhere’.
Three Possibilities for Place: Matter, Form, and Space
Authors: Morison Benjamin 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Because something's proper place is the first thing that surrounds it, one might think that something's place is its outer boundary, i.e. its shape or form. Equally, some philosophers have thought that places are extended and the same size as their occupants, which suggests that something's place is its extension or matter: Plato argued this in the Timaeus. Finally, one might think that the interval occupied by something (but existing separately from it) is also its place––this is close to what we call ‘space’. Aristotle argues that on this theory, there are an infinite number of overlapping places.
Explaining Normativity: On Rationality and the Justification of Reason
Authors: Raz Joseph 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Explaining normativity requires, amongst other things, an examination of the relationship between rationality and reasons and the connection between reasons and principles of reasoning. Essentially, explaining normativity will consist in demonstrating what it is to be a reason and solving related puzzles about reasons. The capability to reason, to justify our reasons for acting, whether we require substantive principles of reason, and the standing of formal reason is considered. The claim that normativity should be defended and justified amounts to a demand for the justification of reason.
Explaining Normativity: Reason and the Will
Authors: Raz Joseph 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The relation between reason and the will is explored in reference to the nature of reasons and of normativity. Must we hold beliefs for decisive reasons? Can we be unreflectively motivated by reasons? It is maintained that one need not necessarily be motivated by all the reasons that apply to an agent (i.e. to conform to reason does not entail knowing all the reasons that apply to you). Reasons are argued to be optional to the extent that the fact that there are reasons for a certain response make it an eligible response, but not one that is wrong not to adopt. The mediation of the will helps to explain how we are governed by our rationality.
Mixing Values
Authors: Raz Joseph 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Under what conditions can one compare the strength of conflicting reasons for and against an action where they are a function of irreducibly different values that its performance manifests, contributes to, or detracts from? Two sets of conflicting reasons are incommensurable when neither is at least as weighty as the other, and so are the actions they are the only reasons for. It is argued that it is a conceptual truth that one has reason to realize value, and that the greater the value, the more stringent the reason. Moreover, belief in value explains why the action was done and makes its performance intelligible. The extent to which social practices are relevant to the existence or validity of at least some values is also explored.
On the Moral Point of View
Authors: Raz Joseph 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The existence and nature of a moral point of view is explored. There is a philosophically deep way of dividing considerations into moral and non‐moral such that even thought other context‐dependent, uses of the terms are legitimate marks the correct or significant delineation of morality. Moral considerations are a distinct type, distinct in how we find out about them and in what makes them into considerations with a call for our attention. A powerful argument for the distinctness of the moral point of view is provided, and it is one that is relevant to the thesis that there are internal and external reasons for action, and to forms of agent‐relativism, which depend on it.
The Amoralist
Authors: Raz Joseph 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The question of what an agent has reason to act on is approached via the question of what it is that an agent values. The distinction between acting for moral versus non‐moral reasons is argued to be obscure and not overly helpful. What we should attempt to demonstrate is the relations between the reasons that agents standardly act on. By taking this approach, we find that we no longer feel the need to advance a defence of moral reasons as categorical reasons for action.
The Central Conflict: Morality and Self‐Interest
Authors: Raz Joseph 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Self‐sacrifice does not necessarily involve conflict between morality and self‐interest, and when making sacrifices we do not necessarily harm our self‐interest. While people may reasonably care about their own well‐being, a person's well‐being is not, for that person, a source of value or reasons for action. People act for reasons, i.e. for what appears to them to be adequate reasons, regardless of whether or not they serve their well‐being. Sometimes, the reasons that appear to be conclusive, even when conforming with them affects the agent adversely, are moral reasons.
Discrete State‐Space Methods for the Study of Dynamic Economies
Authors: Burnside Craig 
Published: October 2003

AbstractA number of numerical methods are discussed for solving dynamic stochastic general equilibrium models that fall within the common category of discrete state‐space methods. These methods can be applied in situations where the state space of the model in question is given by a finite set of discrete points; in these cases the methods provide an ‘exact’ solution to the model in question. However they are frequently applied in situations where the model's state space is continuous in which case the discrete state space can be viewed as an approximation to the continuous state space. Discrete state‐space methods are discussed in the context of two well‐known examples: a simple one‐asset version of Lucas's (1978) consumption‐based asset pricing model and the one‐sector neoclassical growth model. The discussion does not aim to exhaust the list of possible discrete state‐space methods as they are very numerous; rather it describes several examples that illustrate the basic principles involved. The main sections of the chapter describe the basic principles of numerical quadrature underlying most discrete state‐space methods, show how they can be applied in a very straightforward way to problems in which the state space consists entirely of exogenous state variables, and describe methods that can be used when there are endogenous state variables. The last section notes the several files associated with the chapter for use with MATLAB.
Finite‐Difference Methods for Continuous‐Time Dynamic Programming
Authors: Candler Graham V. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Introduces some of the methods and underlying ideas behind computational fluid dynamics—in particular, the use is discussed of finite‐difference methods for the simulation of dynamic economies. A standard stochastic dynamic programming model is considered of a macroeconomy. Finite‐difference methods are applied to this problem (model), resulting in a second‐order nonlinear partial differential equation that has some features in common with the governing equations of fluid dynamics; the idea is also introduced of ‘upwind’ or solution‐dependent differencing methods, and the stability of these is discussed through the analysis of model problems. An implicit solution to the nonlinear dynamic programming problem is then developed and tested, with the motivation of reducing the computer time required to solve it. Finally, the extension of the finite‐difference method to a two‐state dynamic programming problem is considered.
Optimal Fiscal Policy in a Linear Stochastic Economy
Authors: Sargent Thomas J. , Velde François R. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe Lucas and Stokey (1983) economy without capital is used to exhibit features of the Lucas and Stokey model of optimal taxation, and show how they compare with Barro's (1979) tax‐smoothing model. Computation of optimal fiscal policies for Lucas and Stokey's model requires repeated evaluations of the present value of the government's surplus, an object formally equivalent to an asset price. The functional equation for an asset price is typically difficult to solve. A linear quadratic version of Lucas and Stokey's model is specified, which makes both asset pricing computations and optimal fiscal policy calculations easy. Martingale returns on government debt are discussed, and examples and extensions of Lucas and Stokey's model given. Two appendices describe and discuss: the key steps for two basic kinds of stochastic process (a stochastic first‐order linear difference equation and a Markov chain), and time consistency and the structure of debt. Lastly, details are given of the appropriate MATLAB programs.
Computing Models of Social Security
Authors: İmrohoroğlu Ayşe , İmrohoroğlu Selahattin , Joines Douglas H. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractA core topic of current economic research (and policy debate) is the evaluation of social security systems and their possible reforms. Shows how models of social security can be computed in economies where agents have uncertain lifespans and earnings profiles. In particular, it shows how to solve stationary equilibria and (within a linear quadratic formulation) how to solve transitional equilibria, such as the transition following a reform of the system. The two main sections of the chapter present: a model of social security with heterogeneous agents, which is related to several recent large‐scale general equilibrium, overlapping generations models; and a linear quadratic model of social security. These are both versions of an overlapping generations model with incomplete markets, and both assume that private annuity markets are missing, but they differ in their preference structures and certain other respects.
Computation of Equilibria in Heterogeneous‐Agent Models
Authors: Ríos‐Rull José‐Víctor 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
There are many questions in economics for which heterogeneous‐agent dynamic models (i.e. models populated by agents that are different from each other) have to be used to provide answers. The first such model presented is one with infinitely lived agents subject to uninsurable idiosyncratic shocks to earnings; a very simple version of such a model is used to address the distribution of wealth under both a steady state and a non‐steady state situation. The second type of model presented is the overlapping generations model, which represents the situation where every year some agents die and new agents are born; such models are embodied in a neoclassical growth model structure with capital accumulation. Once again, both steady state and non‐steady state situations are considered. Finishes with a section on dynamic voting models; these are models that endogenously generate government policies as part of a Markov equilibrium, and are starting to be used to study positive policy issues such as redistributional policies. All the models are posed in such a way that they are susceptible to computation, and in all of them, the different agents are central in the sense that the question that the models are used to answer requires heterogeneity.
The Incarnation: The Critical Issues
Authors: O'Collins Gerald 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Gerald O’Collins outlines 12 issues: the particular, historical truth of the union of divinity and humanity in the one person of Jesus Christ; his personal pre‐existence; the paradox in holding the Chalcedonian teaching of Jesus being truly divine and fully human; the objection that the incarnation entails unfairness on the part of God; the divine and human wills and minds of Christ in their sinless harmony; the virginal conception as the way the incarnation actually happened; God's reasons for the incarnation; its revelatory and redemptive impact; the relationship of the incarnation to the crucifixion and resurrection; the incarnation being possible only for the Word of God; the incarnation as a once and for all occurrence; and the credibility of the incarnation.
Theophany, Anthropomorphism, and the Imago Dei: Some Observations About the Incarnation in the Light of the Old Testament
Authors: Dearman J. Andrew 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Andrew Dearman examines two elements in the OT: the anthropomorphic presentation of God in theophany and the creation of humankind in the imago Dei. Anthropomorphism was a way that divine presence could be apprehended by people, and theomorphism indicated both a basis on which humankind understood its divinely mandated tasks and one way in which the divine‐human relationship could be represented. In spite of anti‐anthropomorphic traditions elsewhere in the OT, these two elements influenced the presentation of Christ in the early church and both may contribute to a modern understanding of the incarnation.
Jesus' Self‐Understanding
Authors: Wright N. T. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Tom Wright challenges the view that no first‐century Jew could think of incarnation, let alone believe himself to be the incarnate Son of God. Wright argues that Jesus understood his own journey to Jerusalem and what he would do and suffer there as the long‐awaited coming of YHWH to his Temple. Jesus believed himself called to do and be things that Israel's God was to do and be. This self‐understanding provides the deepest historical root for the growth of NT faith.
The Incarnation and Virtue Ethics
Authors: Zagzebski Linda 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Linda Zagzebski proposes a formal framework for an ethical theory in which the incarnation is central and the imitation of Christ the basic normative idea. Her formal framework of exemplarism makes it possible to utilize the advantages of narrative ethics within a formal theory. She then sketches a practical form of exemplarist virtue theory that she calls Divine Motivation (DM) theory. In this theory, all evaluative concepts are derived from the concept of a good motive, and God's motives are the metaphysical ground for all value. Zagzebski argues that DM theory is more distinctively Christian than such law‐based theories as divine Command theory and Natural Law theory.
In Search of Dynamic Capabilities: The Origins of R&D Competence in Biopharmaceuticals
Authors: Pisano Gary P. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe chapter seeks to shed some light on the issue of creating firms’ unique organizational capabilities by reporting the findings of an in‐depth, field‐based, longitudinal analysis of the evolution of process development capabilities in the pharmaceutical industry. The chapter presents a simple conceptual framework for learning across development projects that highlights the dual ‘outputs’ of development projects: the technology that is implemented in a new process (or product design) and the knowledge that becomes available for future projects. It is argued that the latter can push technical and organizational learning that become part of a firm's knowledge base and which, in turn, influence strategies chosen for and performance achieved on future projects. In the example of four biotechnology organizations is explored the dynamic interaction between the organization's knowledge base, its capability for different development strategies (e.g. learning by doing versus learning before doing), and changes in project performance over time (e.g. lead time).
Managing the Development and Transfer of Process Technologies in the Semiconductor Manufacturing Industry
Authors: Appleyard Melissa M. , Hatch Nile W. , Mowery David C. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
A considerable literature on firm‐level differences in capabilities deals with product innovation, whereas intra‐firm management of process innovation has received less attention. This paper analyses the management of the new process technologies in the semiconductor industry. It shows that successful development and introduction of new process technologies relies on the replication of complex ‘routines’ within a firm, since in many cases a new manufacturing process is developed in an R and D facility and then transferred to a manufacturing site. Firm‐specific differences in the management and organization of process innovation, as well as in the degree of coordination of new product and new process development strategies, appear to be significant and influence performance.
The ‘Abominable Ohno Production System’. Competences, Monitoring, and Routines in Japanese Production Systems
Authors: Coriat Benjamin 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe chapter is concerned with the differences between Japanese automobile manufacturers and American manufacturers, with the focus largely on the period between the 1950s and 1960s, and the late 1980s and early 1990s. Toyota is taken as an archetypal Japanese automotive producer, while the Ford Motor Company is chosen as archetypal American automotive manufacturer. The chapter concentrates on the differences in their own right insofar as they reveal two different organizational archetypes and also tries to shed the light upon the concept of ‘routines’ through the examination of these differences. The author emphasizes that prevailing routines, in addition to serving to organize work and problem‐solving patterns, reflect the governance structures, modes of control, and compromises regarding competing interests, that prevail in an organization.