bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Secondary conditions in children with disabilities: spina bifida as a case example
Authors: Simeonsson Rune J. , McMillen Janey Sturtz , Huntington Gail S. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis paper examines the concept of secondary conditions and its application in studies of childhood disability focusing on children with spina bifida as a representative group. The “International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health” (World Health Organization, Geneva, 2001) provides a classification of body function/structure, activities, participation and the environment to document dimensions of human functioning in context. The ICF is of value in the study of secondary conditions in two ways: as a conceptual framework for defining impairments, activity limitations and participation restrictions, and the mediating role of the environment in their expression; and as a taxonomy for coding these dimensions of disability. The ICF can yield a profile of a child's difficulties, and documentation of environmental barriers experienced by that child. Research studies with children and adolescents with spina bifida reveal that physical and mental impairments and limitations in performing activities and participating in communal life are experienced as secondary conditions. The significance of secondary conditions is that they are preventable. Identifying the mechanisms associated with their manifestation is thus an important priority for the development of effective prevention programs. MRDD Research Reviews 2002;8:198–205. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An eight‐node hybrid‐stress solid‐shell element for geometric non‐linear analysis of elastic shells
Authors: Sze K. Y. , Chan W. K. , Pian T. H. H. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis paper presents eight‐node solid‐shell elements for geometric non‐linear analysis of elastic shells. To subdue shear, trapezoidal and thickness locking, the assumed natural strain method and an ad hoc modified generalized laminate stiffness matrix are employed. A selectively reduced integrated element is formulated with its membrane and bending shear strain components taken to be constant and equal to the ones evaluated at the element centroid. With the generalized stresses arising from the modified generalized laminate stiffness matrix assumed to be independent from the ones obtained from the displacement, an extended Hellinger–Reissner functional can be derived. By choosing the assumed generalized stresses similar to the assumed stresses of a previous solid element, a hybrid‐stress solid‐shell element is formulated. Commonly employed geometric non‐linear homogeneous and laminated shell problems are attempted and our results are close to those of other state‐of‐the‐art elements. Moreover, the hybrid‐stress element converges more readily than the selectively reduced integrated element in all benchmark problems. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification and determination of flavonoids in buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench, Polygonaceae) by high‐performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry and photodiode array ultraviolet detection
Authors: Tian Qingguo , Li Dan , Patil Bhimanagouda S. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAn analytical method for flavonoids present in the seed extract of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench, Polygonaceae), using HPLC and a photodiode array detector and interfaced to an electrospray ionisation mass spectrometer, has been developed. Structural information about the flavonols was obtained from the retention time characteristics, the UV–visible spectra and the mass spectra without the need to isolate the individual compounds. The methanol extract of buckwheat contained principally four flavonol glycosides: rutin, quercetin, kaempferol‐3‐rutinoside and a trace quantity of a flavonol triglycoside. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal diagnosis of Milroy's primary congenital lymphedema
Authors: Makhoul Imad R. , Sujov Polo , Ghanem Nadir , Bronshtein Moshe 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMilroy's primary congenital lymphedema (PCL) (hereditary lymphedema type I, Milroy disease) is present at birth, and mostly affects the dorsal aspects of feet. It is mostly a life‐long condition but does not affect longevity. Complications are rare except for chronic discomfort and warmness of affected areas. PCL is an autosomal dominant disease with incomplete penetrance due to a mutation in the gene locus encoding for VEGFR3 with resultant dysgenesis of microlymphatic vessels. We report on two fetuses where ultrasonographic examination at 15 weeks of gestation showed significant edema of the dorsal aspects of both feet with no evidence of other major malformations. Whereas in one fetus the edema resolved completely, it persisted in the second fetus and proved after birth to be of lymphedematous nature. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of early prenatal diagnosis of primary congenital lymphedema via fetal ultrasonographic examination and of spontaneous resolution of lymphedema during fetal life. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Printed plastic electronics and paperlike displays
Authors: Rogers John A. , Bao Zhenan 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPlastic electronic materials and high‐resolution printing methods may be important technologies for new classes of consumer electronic devices that are lightweight, mechanically flexible and bendable, and that can cover large areas at low cost. This article summarizes some of our recent work in this area. It focuses on the materials and patterning techniques that we used to produce plastic active‐matrix backplane circuits for a type of paperlike display. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 3327–3334, 2002
Effect of orientation on thermoset frontal polymerization
Authors: Bazile Mervin , Nichols H. Archie , Pojman John A. , Volpert Vitaly 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe observed that the velocities of descending thermoset polymerization fronts were strongly affected by the orientation of the tube. The front remained approximately perpendicular to the gravitational vector but propagated almost 1.8 times as fast at 75° along the axis of the tube. We performed a study of the velocity and front‐shape dependence on orientation with propagating fronts of triethylene glycol dimethacrylate with peroxide initiator and acrylamide/bisacrylamide polymerization in dimethyl sulfoxide with persulfate initiator. The percentage increase of velocity was independent of the initiator concentration but strongly dependent on the viscosity. Convection under the front flowed away from the tube wall nearest the vertical axis and was stronger as the angle increased. The front shape also changed, becoming significantly distorted near the wall from which the convection originated. We applied a simple geometric argument to explain the angular dependence for small angles on the basis of the assumption that convection did not affect the velocity of propagation normal to the front. The increase in velocity along the tube axis could be explained by a projection of the normal velocity onto the tube axis, following a 1/cosθ dependence. For higher angles, the convection was not sufficiently strong to maintain a level front. When the difference from a 180° orientation was considered, the velocity dependence exactly followed the geometric relationship. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 3504–3508, 2002
Soluble tin(II) macroinitiator adducts for the controlled ring‐opening polymerization of lactones and cyclic carbonates
Authors: Storey R. F. , Mullen B. D. , Desai G. S. , Sherman J. W. , Tang C. N. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPolyesters and poly(ester carbonates) were synthesized via ring‐opening polymerization with new tin(II) macroinitiator adducts containing oligomeric L‐lactide (LLA), rac‐lactide (rac‐LA), and ϵ‐caprolactone (CL). The novel initiating species were synthesized by the reaction of LLA, rac‐LA, or CL with Sn(OEt)2 (monomer concentration/initiator concentration ≤20) and then were dissolved in methylene chloride or toluene and stored in a stoppered flask for the subsequent ring‐opening polymerization of cyclic esters and carbonates. The soluble tin alkoxide macroinitiators yielded predictable and quantitative initiation of polymerization for up to 1 month of storage time at room temperature. The resulting polymers displayed low polydispersity (≤1.5), and a high monomer conversion (>95%) was obtained within relatively short polymerization times (≤2 h). Adjusting the monomer/macroinitiator ratio effectively controlled the molecular weights of the polymers. NMR was used to characterize the initiating species and polymer microstructure, and size exclusion chromatography was used to determine the molecular weight properties of the polymers. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 3434–3442, 2002
Thermodynamic analysis of polymer‐solid adhesion: Sticker and receptor group effects
Authors: Lee Ilsoon , Wool Richard P. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAdhesion of dense linear polymer chains containing a small number of randomly distributed sticker groups (ϕX) to a solid substrate containing receptor groups (ϕY) has been analyzed by a single‐chain scaling approach. An entanglement sink probability (ESP) model motivated by vector percolation explains the nonmonotonic influences of sticker concentration (ϕX), receptor concentration (ϕY), and their interaction strength (χ) on the adhesion strength GIC of the polymer‐solid interface. The ESP model quantifies the degree of interdigitation between adsorbed and neighboring chains on the basis of the adsorbed chain domain with an extension of the scaling treatment of de Gennes. Here, the adsorbed chain domain changes thermodynamically with respect to the energy of interaction parameter, r = χϕXϕY. This model considers the situation of a blend consisting of a small volume fraction of adhesive molecules as a compatibilizer at the interface, where these molecules promote adhesion by adsorbing to the surface via sticker‐receptor interactions. The percolation model scales solely with r = χϕXϕY, and this parameter can be related to both the adhesive potential (GA) and the cohesive potential (GC). GA describes adhesive failure between adsorbed chains and the solid surface and linearly behaves as GA ∼ r = χϕXϕY. The cohesive strength between adsorbed and neighboring chains corresponds to GC ∼ r−0.5∼−1.0 = (χϕXϕY)−0.5∼−1.0. When the fracture stresses for cohesive and adhesive failure are equal, the model predicts maximum adhesion strength at an optimal value of r* = (χϕXϕY)*. Thus, for a given χ value, optimal values ϕ and ϕ exist for the sticker and receptor groups, above or below which the fracture energy will not be optimized. Alternatively, if the X‐Y interaction strength χ increases, then the number of sticker groups required to achieve the optimum strength decreases. Significantly, the optimum strength is not obtained when the surface is completely covered with receptor groups (ϕY = 1) but is closer to 30%. For polybutadiene, the optimum value of r* was determined experimentally (Lee, I.; Wool, R. P. J Adhesion 2001, 75, 299), and typically ϕ ≈ 1–3%, ϕ ≈ 25–30%. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 2343–2353, 2002
Predicting worry following a diagnosis of breast cancer
Authors: Mathews A. , Ridgeway V. , Warren R. , Britton P. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMeasures identified in research as being predictive of later worry following a cancer diagnosis may be too time consuming for routine clinical screening purposes. In practice, therefore, clinicians may use factors such as disease severity to anticipate likely distress. In this study we evaluated alternative predictors based on simple ratings that we had found useful with other patient groups.Methods: Women attending a breast clinic were briefly interviewed on three occasions about their worries: in the clinic immediately before diagnosis and twice after diagnosis, two and four months later. Severity of disease was established using the Nottingham Prognostic Index (NPI).Results: Severity as assessed by the NPI was not highly correlated with post‐diagnostic health worries. The factor found to be most highly correlated with subsequent worry about cancer was patients' ratings of the frequency of thinking about the initial clinic visit during the preceding week.Conclusion: Given the relative ease of asking about level of pre‐diagnostic intrusive thoughts, we conclude that this index would provide a useful and practical method for clinicians to identify in advance those patients likely to worry excessively following a diagnosis of cancer. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pesticide residue analysis and its relationship to hazard characterisation (ADI/ARfD) and intake estimations (NEDI/NESTI)
Authors: Renwick Andrew G 
Published: October 2002

AbstractOver 800 pesticides are currently approved for use in one or more EU countries. The maximum residue levels (MRL) for agricultural pesticides are derived from field trials conducted under good agricultural practice (GAP). The MRL is a legally enforceable limit related to GAP. The results from field trials would only be used to establish MRLs if the estimated intake of residues did not exceed the acceptable daily intake (ADI) or acute reference dose (ARfD). However, the MRL is not linked to the ADI or ARfD, and could result in intakes considerably below the ADI/ARfD. This disconnection between hazard characterisation (ADI/ARfD) and potential exposure assessment (MRL) means that risk characterisation of pesticide residues is less transparent than for other chemicals present in human food. Residue levels at or below the MRL would not give intakes that exceed the ADI/ARfD but, despite this, there is public concern over such residues. Residue levels above the MRL have to be analysed on a case‐by‐case basis to determine if the intake could exceed the health‐based limits. Other causes of public concern, such as the presence of multiple residues, are currently under investigation.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Novel method for testing the grease ­resistance of pet food packaging
Authors: Lange J. , Pelletier C. , Wyser Y. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractFor paper‐based dry pet food packaging, one of the main requirements is a high resistance against staining from the fat in the product. For both development and quality control, rapid and reliable standardized test procedures assessing this property are needed. Although a number of tests are available, they either apply only to certain types of packaging materials and show limited correlation with field behaviour, or employ non‐standard testing substances, long testing times and complicated equipment. In response to this situation, a new testing procedure that reflects field behaviour but without the drawbacks of the existing tests has been developed. The new test shows high reproducibility and good correlation with field performance for a wide range of multiwall bag and folding box materials with different types of grease resistance treatment. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Triplex and quadruplex DNA structures studied by electrospray mass spectrometry
Authors: Rosu Frédéric , Gabelica Valérie , Houssier Claude , Colson Pierre , Pauw Edwin De 
Published: October 2002

AbstractDNA triplex and quadruplex structures have been successfully detected by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS). Circular dichroism and UV‐melting experiments show that these structures are stable in 150 mM ammonium acetate at pH 7 for the quadruplexes and pH 5.5 for the triplexes. The studied quadruplexes were the tetramer [d(TGGGGT)]4, the dimer [d(GGGGTTTTGGGG)]2, and the intramolecular folded strand dGGG(TTAGGG)3, which is an analog of the human telomeric sequence. The absence of sodium contamination allowed demonstration of the specific inclusion of n − 1 ammonium cations in the quadruplex structures, where n is the number of consecutive G‐tetrads. We also detected the complexes between the quadruplexes and the quadruplex‐specific drug mesoporphyrin IX. MS/MS spectra of [d(TGGGGT)]4 and the complex with the drug are also reported. As the drug does not displace the ammonium cations, one can conclude that the drug binds at the exterior of the tetrads, and not between them. For the triplex structure the ESI‐MS spectra show the detection of the specific triplex, at m/z values typically higher than those typically observed for duplex species. Upon MS/MS the antigene strand, which is bound into the major groove of the duplex, separates from the triplex. This is the same dissociation pathway as in solution. To our knowledge this is the first report of a triplex DNA structure by electrospray mass spectrometry. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface studies of a chalcogenide glass ferric ion‐selective electrode Part 1: Influence of ferric and hydroxide ions on interfacial kinetics
Authors: Pejcic Bobby , De Marco Roland , Prince Kathryn 
Published: October 2002

AbstractX‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and in situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) have been used to characterize the interfacial chemistry of the chalcogenide glass ferric (FeIII) ion‐selective electrode (ISE). The effects of ferric ions (Fe3+) and hydroxide ions (OH−) on the FeIII ISE have been studied and a mechanism for their action is proposed. It has been shown that an elevated hydroxide ion concentration causes the chalcogenide glass FeIII ISE to experience accelerated corrosion. In particular, XPS detected the formation of various antimony and iron hydroxide/oxide species, whereas SIMS and SEM revealed extensive dissolution of germanium selenide from the chalcogenide glass in the presence of OH−. The EIS measurements demonstrated that the rate of charge transfer is facilitated under extreme alkaline conditions, and this is internally consistent with the XPS/SIMS results. By contrast, EIS and XPS aging studies in ferric ion solution revealed a mild passivation film symbolic of an oxide layer. Extended aging of the chalcogenide glass membrane demonstrated a decrease in the charge transfer impedance, indicative of a breakdown in the passive layer properties. It has been shown that a charge transfer reaction occurs between Fe3+ and Ge2+ selenide sites in the membrane and that the rate of reaction is strongly dependent on temperature. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Statistical issues in the assessment of the evidence for an interaction between factors in epilepsy trials
Authors: Williamson Paula R. , Clough Helen E. , Hutton Jane L. , Marson Anthony G. , Chadwick David W. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe examine the common clinical belief that there is an interaction between epilepsy type and the two standard anti‐epileptic drugs, valproate and carbamazepine, using data from several randomized clinical trials. Epilepsy type is not always easy to define, and three possible reclassifications are investigated to see whether misclassification of epilepsy type within the trials has potentially masked such an interaction. Regression modelling is employed to investigate whether heterogeneity between trial results can be explained by patient factors. Our work suggests that uncertainty in epilepsy type classification should be recognized in future studies. We also generate the hypothesis that the interaction of drug effect with age may reflect the perceived interaction with epilepsy type. We suggest that in any context where misclassification is likely, it is worth considering the use of an explicit ‘unclassified’ group, and investigating whether additional covariates can answer the substantive question. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating disease prevalence in the absence of a gold standard
Authors: Black Michael A. , Craig Bruce A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWhen estimating disease prevalence, it is not uncommon to have data from conditionally dependent diagnostic tests. In such a situation, the estimation of prevalence is difficult if none of the tests is considered to be a gold standard. In this paper we develop a Bayesian approach to estimating disease prevalence based on the results of two diagnostic tests, allowing for the possibility that the tests are conditionally dependent, but not conditioning on any particular dependence structure. This involves the construction of four models with various forms of conditional dependence and uses Bayesian model averaging, enabled by reversible jump MCMC, to obtain an overall estimate of the prevalence. This methodology is demonstrated using a study on the prevalence ofStrongyloidesinfection. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Survival curve estimation with partial non‐random exposure information
Authors: Brookmeyer Ron , Curriero Frank C. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe objective of this paper is to estimate survival curves for two different exposure groups when the exposure group is not known for all observations, and the data is subject to left truncation and right censoring. The situation we consider is when the probability that the exposure group is missing may depend on whether the observation is censored or uncensored, in which case the exposure is not missing at random. The problem was motivated by a study of Alzheimer's disease to estimate the distribution of ages at diagnosis for individuals with and without an apolipoprotein E4 allele (the exposure group). Genotyping for this risk factor was incomplete and performed more frequently on the cases of Alzheimer's disease (the uncensored observations) than the censored observations. The survival curves are estimated in discrete time using an EM algorithm. A bootstrapping procedure is proposed that guarantees each bootstrap sample has the same proportion of observations with missing exposure. A simulation is performed to evaluate the bias of the estimators and to investigate design and efficiency issues. The methods are applied to the Alzheimer's disease study. Copyright 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Initial findings on cross‐system utilization of citizen foster care review board recommendations
Authors: Cahoon Byrnes Edward 
Published: October 2002

AbstractDuring 1998 an estimated 560,000 children were in foster care across the United States. With increasing numbers of children in foster care policy‐makers are concerned with permanency planning. In an effort to promote permanency planning the US Congress enacted the Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act of 1980 which mandated that individual states (a) develop a case plan within 30 days of a child being placed in foster care, (b) incorporate a system of review into their foster care programs, and (c) review foster care cases at least every six months. Despite the level of policy activity centering on foster care review there has been a paucity of rigorous research. This study asks ‘How well utilized are foster care review recommendations by child welfare case managers and Juvenile Court judges?’ Results are framed in Systems Theory, specifically Complexity Theory. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.