bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LEAD STUDIES
Authors: Aub Joseph C. , Reznikoff Paul , Smith Dorothea E. 
Published: June 2004

It appears, from the investigations in other laboratories, that the anemia observed in cases of lead poisoning is due to destruction of blood rather than to diminished production of blood. The method of poisoning cells in vitro with lead was adopted in order to study this phenomenon, and distinct effects were thereby obtained, even when only 0.001 mg. of lead is added to approximately 5 billion washed red corpuscles. In order to obtain optimum results the usual dosage employed was ten times this or 0.01 mg. per 5 billion cells. The following changes were observed in cells so treated.
1. Such a marked increase in the resistance to hypotonic salt solution develops that complete hemolysis does not occur until the cells are exposed to a saline solution of 0.05 per cent. Untreated cells are completely hemolyzed in 0.25 or 0.225 per cent saline.
2. This reaction is quantitative and varies with the concentration of lead used. Under the conditions of our experiments this phenomenon seems to be unique. The effects of arsenic are very slight in comparison.
3. While from this reaction it may be concluded that lead increases cellular resistance, it also appears that it shortens the life of blood cells. This may be demonstrated by the much more rapid appearance of hemolysis than normal when the cells are merely allowed to stand in Ringer solution of any dilution.
4. In rabbits with acute lead poisoning these same phenomena may be noted in vivo.
5. Both phenomena may be changed in vitro by varying the time and temperature of the reaction and the concentration of lead, as Fici has already pointed out.
6. If normal cells stand in Ringer solution for 6 hours something diffuses into the solution which largely reduces the action of lead. After repeated washing these cells react with lead in the usual manner.
7. Small amounts of serum react with lead and eliminate its effects. Red blood cells, treated with a mixture of lead and blood serum, show normal hemolysis in hypotonic salt solution.
8. When lead is added to whole blood the only evidence of this neutralization is a marked decrease in the intensity of the reaction. This is probably explained by the fact that since both serum and cells are present together, the lead reacts with both simultaneously. This in turn explains how the reaction may occur in vivo.
9. The change in hemolysis does not appear in the blood of all species of animals. In the species in which it does occur, anemia and stippling of the red cells also tend to develop readily during lead intoxication.
10. In vitro, cells which have been exposed to lead are far more fragile than normal blood cells. Slight trauma causes them to hemolyze. In vivo this is probably an important causal factor in the increased destruction of blood and in the anemia of acute lead poisoning.
11. The serum of a rabbit which has been immunized to human blood, causes more rapid and complete hemolysis in cells treated with lead than in the control cells. No satisfactory explanation for this has been found.
PARTIAL OCCLUSION OF THE AORTA WITH SILK SUTURES, AND COMPLETE OCCLUSION WITH FASCIAL PLUGS. THE EFFECT OF LIGATURES ON THE ARTERIAL WALL
Authors: Reid Mont R. 
Published: June 2004

1. Partial occlusion of the aorta of dogs may be produced by Halsted mattress sutures of silk. This occlusion persists.
2. A method of completely occluding the aorta of dogs by means of anchoring fascial plugs in the lumen is described.
3. The vessel wall below and at the site of an occluding fascial plug undergoes marked atrophy.
4. Ligatures used for ligating or plicating large arteries cause death of the arterial wall. The same is true for encircling metallic bands.
5. Catgut is dangerous to use for the ligation of large arteries, since it may give way before the necrosed vessel wall becomes completely substituted by fibrous tissue.
A CARDIOVALVULOTOME
Authors: Beck Claude S. , Cutler Elliott C. 
Published: June 2004

1. A study of the fibrosed and often calcareous condition present in the mitral orifice in cases of chronic stenosing rheumatic disease demonstrated that a powerful instrument must be developed if we are to apply surgical relief in the treatment of the disease.
2. An instrument (cardiovalvulotome) is described which actually excises a segment from the mitral orifice and removes this from the blood stream.
3. The efficacy of the instrument has been tested by its use on the stenotic valves of diseased hearts removed at autopsy. Its feasibility has been shown by operations both upon animals and in a single human case.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE PRESENCE OF A TOXIC SUBSTANCE IN THE BLOOD AND URINE OF PATIENTS WITH SCARLET FEVER
Authors: Trask James D. , Blake Francis G. 
Published: June 2004

A series of observations on the blood of patients acutely ill with scarlet fever has shown that a toxic substance can be demonstrated in the serum by means of intracutaneous injections of the serum in persons who have not had scarlet fever and whose serums fail to blanch the rash in scarlet fever. The reaction caused by this substance consists of a bright red local erythema, varying from 20 to 70 mm. in diameter, of 1 to 4 days duration. The severer reactions are moderately indurated and tender, and are followed bypigmentation and desquamation. Control injections in persons whose serums blanch the rash in scarlet fever cause no reaction. The toxic substance is not neutralized by mixture with a human serum which gives a negative blanching test but is readily neutralized by a human serum which gives a positive blanching test. It is not neutralized by normal horse serum, but is completely neutralized by Dochez's scarlatinal antistreptococcic serum.
In a limited number of observations on the urine of patients with scarlet fever a similar toxic substance has been found in two out of five cases studied.
Since the toxic substance described appears to resemble the toxic substance found in the filtrates of scarlatinal hemolytic streptococcus cultures by Dick and Dick and since it is neutralized not only by a blanching human serum but also by Dochez's scarlatinal antistreptococcic horse serum, the experiments reported support the conception that scarlet fever is a local infection of the throat by a particular type of Streptococcus hæmolyticus capable of producing a toxin which is absorbed and is the cause of the general manifestations of the disease.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE HEMOLYTTC STREPTOCOCCI BY THE PRECIPITIN REACTION
Authors: Hitchcock Charles H. 
Published: June 2004

A method is described for the preparation from hemolytic streptococci of extracts containing a soluble precipitating substance.
By the use of such extracts, it is shown that nearly all members of this family yield a common precipitable substance.
So far, therefore, as concerns the precipitin reaction, the hemolytic streptococci form a practically homogeneous group.
STUDIES IN AGGLUTINATION
Authors: Shibley Gerald S. 
Published: June 2004

1. The effect of immune serum upon the electrical charge on bacteria has been studied.
2. Immune agglutinating serum possesses a specific charge-reducing effect which is quantitatively related to the agglutination titer of the serum. This effect is lost when the serum loses its agglutinating power, that is after adsorption of agglutinin by homologous bacteria; adsorption by heterologous organisms does not affect this property.
3. A highly protective, non-agglutinating serum did not show this specific charge-reducing effect.
4. It is suggested that the reaction may have practical diagnostic application.
5. The findings of Northrop and De Kruif, that unsensitized and sensitized bacteria agglutinate only when the charge on the bacteria has been reduced to a critical potential zone lying between +15 and –15 millivolts, have been confirmed in the case of all electrolytes tested except Na2HPO4.
6. When Na2HPO4or phosphate buffer solutions are used as electrolytes, specific bacterial agglutination occurs at negative charges well above –15 millivolts, and with serum in high dilution, specific agglutination takes place without any observable reduction of charge.
STUDIES ON PNEUMOCOCCUS GROWTH INHIBITION
Authors: Robertson Oswald H. , Woo Shutai T. , Cheer Sheo Nan 
Published: June 2004

A simplified and compact agitator for growth inhibition tests with serum-leucocyte mixtures has been described.
Several modifications have been made as well in the technique of the test, which have eliminated occasional irregularities that necessitated discarding the results of the individual experiment. Such irregularities were found to be due chiefly to injury of the pneumococci brought about by prolonged suspension in gelatin-Locke's solution which resulted in failure of the organisms to grow in the control serum-leucocyte tubes. This deterioration of the pneumococcus suspension may be greatly lessened or entirely prevented by the addition of a small quantity of a balanced phosphate mixture to the gelatin-Locke's solution. The use of small tubes made of Pyrex glass has also eliminated the former, not infrequent, occurrence of early hemolysis which was sometimes intense enough to disturb the results of the test.
It has been found that washed rabbit leucocytes, suspended in their homologous serum, may be kept in the ice box for as long a period as 2 days without showing any apparent diminution of their functional activity in the serum-leucocyte test.
ATTEMPTS TO TRANSMIT RHEUMATIC FEVER TO RABBITS AND GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Miller C. Philip 
Published: June 2004

In a series of attempts to transmit a virus from patients in the acute stages of rheumatic fever, twenty-seven rabbits and fourteen guinea pigs were inoculated with one of the following materials: whole blood, serum, joint fluid, pleural fluid, throat washings, suspensions of tonsil tissue. Subsequent transfer inoculations from animal to animal brought the total number of animals employed in the experiments to 67 rabbits and 40 guinea pigs. Only two animals developed an acute non-bacterial arthritis. No other evidence of successful transmission of the disease was obtained.
In about one-half of the rabbits and two-thirds of the guinea pigs myocardial lesions were encountered which consisted of interstitial accumulations of lymphocytes and endothelial cells. Similar lesions were found in control animals.
THE BLOOD PLATELETS IN PNEUMOCOCCUS INFECTIONS
Authors: Reimann Hobart A. 
Published: June 2004

1. A study was made of the behavior of the blood platelets during the course of pneumonia in man, as also in several rabbits experimentally infected with pneumococci.
2. The number of platelets begins to diminish after the infection has become established. A thrombopenia occurs during the febrile period. Immediately following the onset of the crisis in lobar pneumonia or after the temperature begins to fall by lysis, the platelets begin gradually to increase in number. In the postfebrile period, the platelet count increases until the normal number is greatly exceeded, and there is a return to the normal number only after about 2 weeks.
3. Sequelæ, characterized by fever, following pneumonia are accompanied by a renewed diminution in the number of platelets. After subsidence of the temperature their number usually increases until the normal is again exceeded.
4. The platelets in general are smaller and contain more granules during the thrombopenic stage of pneumonia.
5. Intravenous injection of antipneumococcus serum during pneumonia ordinarily produces no variation in the number of platelets.
STUDIES BASED ON A MALIGNANT TUMOR OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Brown Wade H. , Pearce Louise , Van Allen Chester M. 
Published: June 2004

A report is given of the results obtained by intratesticular inoculation of a malignant tumor of the rabbit based on a study of the first twenty generations.
The subject is presented from the standpoint of variations in growth and malignancy as they occurred with continued transplantation. Essential features of the experimental conditions and of clinical and postmortem observations are condensed and recorded graphically.
On analyzing the results of these experiments, it was found that many changes had occurred in the behavior of the tumor during transplantation, but that the changes were of a very irregular character and as a rule did not proceed constantly in any given direction. Moreover, the evidence as to the effect of transplantation on the growth and malignancy of the tumor was contradictory in that there was a great deal of evidence to show that there had been a decided increase in the activity and capacity for growth on the part of the tumor cells. But, with the exception of a few generations, there was an apparent reduction in the incidence and percentage distribution of secondary tumors, while the death rate was unaltered or actually diminished.
It was believed that this paradoxical situation afforded a basis for an explanation of the results that had been obtained by transplantation.
STUDIES BASED ON A MALIGNANT TUMOR OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Pearce Louise , Brown Wade H. , Van Allen Chester M. 
Published: June 2004

The results of transplantation, as recorded in the first section of the paper, are analyzed from the standpoint of the influence of the factors of serial passage, the material used for inoculation, the age and breed of the animals, and the time or season at which the experiments were carried out.
The material used for the inoculation of different groups of animals appeared to have comparatively little effect on the ultimate results.
The character of the animals used was found to be a factor of more importance in that the tumor displayed definite peculiarities of growth and malignancy referable to age and to breed or color markings. Still, it seemed unlikely that any of these factors would account for the variations in growth and malignancy that had been observed.
After considering the various possibilities presented, it appeared that the principal factors concerned in determining the results of transplantation were adaptation to passage and variations in the conditions of season and weather that prevailed during the time the experiments were being carried out—the one affecting the energy of cell growth and the other affecting animal economy.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE SUPRARENAL GLAND ON THE THYMUS
Authors: Jaffe Henry L. 
Published: June 2004

1. Regeneration of involuted thymuses of old rats follows double suprarenalectomy in this species with great constancy.
2. Partial thymectomy alone does not induce compensatory secondary hyperplasia in involuting glands.
3. Regeneration of the thymus following suprarenalectomy would appear to be completed in most rats in about 2 weeks; and it probably begins in the medulla.
ON THE NATURE OF THE HEAT-LABILE SUBSTANCE ("V") REQUIRED FOR THE GROWTH OF THE BACILLUS OF PFEIFFER
Authors: Thjötta Th. 
Published: June 2004

It has been shown in several experiments that the heat-labile, growth-promoting factor "V" found in the blood of animals does not diminish or disappear when the animals are kept on vitamine B-free diet. The titer of the "V" substance present in the blood of normal animals is undiminished in animals showing severe signs of polyneuritis even to the time of their death.
The antipolyneuritic factor of vegetable food, designated as vitamine B, is found to be considerably more heat-stable than is the "V" substance concerned in promoting the growth of Pfeiffer's bacillus.
THE RELATION OF DOSE OF BACTERIA TO GROUP INFECTION
Authors: Bloomfield Arthur L. , Felty Augustus R. 
Published: June 2004

A study has been made of the peritoneal reaction in mice after injection of different bacteria in graded dose. Organisms were employed to which the animals were fairly resistant. Under these conditions it was found that as the dosage was decreased a more or less critical point was reached below which infection failed to be initiated.
The possible clinical bearings of this observation are discussed.
THE RELATION OF VEGETATIVE ACTIVITY OF BACTERIA TO PATHOGENICITY
Authors: Felty Augustus R. , Bloomfield Arthur L. 
Published: June 2004

The experiments which have been reported show that distinct differences exist between relatively young cultures of bacteria and the same strains during the period of decline as regards invasive power and pathogenicity, and that these differences must be distinguished clearly from specific alterations in virulence such as those produced by animal passage. The exact interpretation of these observations is not, however, perfectly clear. We were inclined to believe that simple alterations in vegetative activity might account for the differences which have been described, but to what extent the results have been due to injury to the bacteria by products of culture growth it is impossible to say, and further work will be necessary to settle this point.
At any rate the experiments seem to bear definitely on the problem of infection in as far as they show that purely temporary modifications
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of growth activity whether or not brought about by specific injury lead to changes in invasiveness which are quite analogous to the test-tube phenomenon of lag.
It has previously been shown that there exists in the upper air passages a mechanism by means of which foreign particles and bacteria can be eliminated within a few hours. It seems highly likely on the basis of the present work that bacteria entering in an inactive growth phase—for example dried in dust or perhaps from a chronic carrier—may be disposed of before activity can be resumed, whereas organisms introduced in the stage of active growth—as from a case of acute disease—may be able to take advantage of a portal of entry. It is further possible that these experiments may have some bearing on the genesis of epidemics, especially as regards the preepidemic phase, and these matters will be discussed at another time.
EXPERIMENTAL PRODUCTION OF PNEUMOCOCCUS PNEUMONIA IN MICE BY THE INHALATION METHOD
Authors: Stillman Ernest G. , Branch Arnold 
Published: June 2004

1. Non-immune mice which are alcoholized and die of septicemia following exposure to a spray of virulent pneumococci rarely show any localization of infection in the lung.
2. Mice which have been partially immunized by previous inhalations of living or killed pneumococci and which while alcoholized are exposed to an atmosphere of virulent pneumococci often develop a pneumococcus lobar pneumonia.
3. Mice which have been rendered relatively immune to one type of pneumococcus may frequently develop lobar pneumonia after the inhalation of pneumococci of another type.
A FILTERABLE VIRUS INFECTION OF RABBITS
Authors: Andrewes C. H. , Miller C. Philip 
Published: June 2004

1. In two, and possibly four, of six transmission series of rabbits inoculated in the beginning with the blood of apparently normal rabbits a virus was recovered having the same properties as that recovered from series originally inoculated with material from rheumatic fever patients. The virus was immunologically identical with Rivers-Tillett Virus III and with that obtained from the rheumatic fever series. In conducting the control series precautions were taken to prevent infection of rabbit stock from known sources of the virus.
2. Treating rabbits with benzene does not appreciably increase their susceptibility to infection with the virus.
3. The virus is probably a parasite of the domestic rabbit but up to the present time the natural course of the infection in that animal is unknown.
STUDIES ON THE TOTAL BILE
Authors: Drury Douglas R. 
Published: June 2004

A day to day study has been made of the calcium content of the total liver bile of dogs intubated under sterile conditions. The concentration of this element in the bile is fairly constant under physiological conditions which do not involve wide fluctuations in the secretory output. It follows that the calcium yield for each 24 hour period in general varies directly with the amount of the bile. But when this amount becomes greatly lessened, as the result of fasting, the concentration of calcium becomes markedly increased, though not sufficiently so to compensate for the lessened volume. When the bile amount rises much above the average after the ingestion of food in quantity, the calcium content, unlike that of pigment, does not become correspondingly diminished, but tends to remain the same as ordinarily. Hence when great amounts of bile are put out, so too are relatively great amounts of calcium. This is not because of the increased ingestion of the element. For neither feedings with bone meal, nor the administration of large quantities of calcium salts intravenously or by mouth has any effect to alter the biliary output of calcium.
The normal gall bladder, far from secreting calcium into the bile, as some have supposed, acts to remove this element from the secretion, and removes carbon dioxide as well.
The "white bile," which is a specific secretion of the bile ducts, contains but little calcium, like the mucous secretions from elsewhere in the body. The concentration is only slightly greater than that in the blood plasma, and contrasts significantly with the high concentration to be noted in true bile of the fasting animal. Evidently the greater portion of the bile calcium must be secreted, not by the duct walls, but by the liver itself.
The findings have an evident bearing on the problem of cholelithiasis.
STUDIES ON THE MATURATION OF MYELOBLASTS INTO MYELOCYTES AND ON AMITOTIC CELL DIVISION IN THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD IN SUBACUTE MYELOBLASTIC LEUCEMIA
Authors: Sabin F. R. , Austrian C. R. , Cunningham R. S. , Doan C. A. 
Published: June 2004

1. Myeloblasts can be discriminated in the supravital technique by the great numbers of tiny mitochondria in the cytoplasm and the absence of any other vitally stainable substance.
2. There are three stages in the maturation of myelocytes.
3. These three phases can be correlated with three types of the oxidase reaction.
4. One case of myeloblastic leucemia showed such an amount of an abnormal type of amitosis as to suggest the disordered cell division of neoplasms.
5. In this case transfusions were correlated with a maturation of myeloblasts into myelocytes, with an increase of the oxidase reaction, and with an increase in amitosis.
THE SODIUM CONTENT OF THE BLOOD OF THE DOG AFTER EXPERIMENTAL INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION
Authors: Haden Russell L. , Orr Thomas G. 
Published: June 2004

Sodium determinations on the blood of ten dogs after experimental obstruction of the jejunum are reported.
The average sodium content of the plasma of the normal dog is 336 mg. per 100 cc.
There is relatively little change in the sodium content of the blood plasma after the intestine is obstructed, even with marked changes in the chloride and bicarbonate.
The whole blood sodium tends to rise after intestinal obstruction. The increase in bicarbonate ions does not fully compensate for the decrease in chloride ions.
After intestinal obstruction there is a larger amount of sodium in some unknown combination than in the normal dog.
These findings throw no definite light on the mechanism of the increased protein destruction characteristic of intestinal obstruction.