bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ductal epithelial proliferations of the breast: a biological continuum? Comparative genomic hybridization and high‐molecular‐weight cytokeratin expression patterns
Authors: Boecker Werner , Buerger Horst , Schmitz Klaus , Ellis Ian A. , van Diest Paul J. , Sinn Hans‐Peter , Geradts Joseph , Diallo Raihanatou , Poremba Christopher , Herbst Hermann 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAccording to current concepts, benign proliferative breast disease (BPBD) is a direct precursor of breast cancer, in a spectrum ranging from ductal hyperplasia to overtly invasive carcinoma. In this study, comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) was used to screen ductal hyperplasia and other BPBD lesions and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) for common genomic abnormalities, to test the relationship between these hyperplastic and neoplastic lesions. Immunohistochemistry for cytokeratin 5/6 was used as a diagnostic adjunct to distinguish ductal hyperplasia from DCIS. A total of 42 cases of BPBD comprising ductal hyperplasia of the usual type (n=14), papilloma (n=22), tubular adenoma (n=3), and adenosis (n=3), as well as 52 cases of DCIS, were studied. All cases of BPBD consistently displayed the presence of a subpopulation of cytokeratin 5/6‐expressing basal‐type cells within the proliferative lesion, whereas all of the non‐high‐grade and most of the high‐grade DCIS lesions lacked cytokeratin 5/6‐positive cells. Whereas gross genomic alterations, as determined by CGH, were undetectable in BPBD, distinct genetic changes characterized all cases of DCIS, with one exception. These results confirm the usefulness of cytokeratin 5/6 immunohistology in the diagnosis of BPBD and neoplastic breast lesions and support the view that BPBD and DCIS are not closely related entities and that BPBD is not an obligate direct precursor of DCIS. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Low molecular weight organic acids and fatty acids in root exudates of two Lupinus cultivars at flowering and fruiting stages
Authors: Lucas García J. A. , Barbas C. , Probanza A. , Barrientos M. L. , Gutierrez Mañero F. J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractLow molecular weight organic acids (LOAs) and fatty acids in root exudates of two lupin cultivars, Lupinus albus cv. Multolupa and L. luteus cv. Tremosilla, were determined at flowering and fruiting stages. LOAs were analysed by capillary electrophoresis. Acetic and citric acids were the most abundant, especially the latter in L. luteus at the flowering stage (5922.79 µg/g dry root). The significant decrease in acid content of both cultivars from flowering to fruiting stages was also striking. The highest levels of acetic acid were detected in L. luteus at fruiting stage (1542.03 µg/g dry root). The significant citrate production in L. luteus could be related to the low phosphorus concentration in the studied soils but not to proteoid roots, which were detected only in L. albus. The source of the LOAs detected in these exudates is also discussed, since they may be produced either by the plant or by the associated rhizobacteria. The profile of phospholipid fatty acids was determined by high‐resolution GC. A high level of 18:2ω6 (a fatty acid specific to fungi) was found in exudates of L. luteus (a mycorrhizal plant) in contrast to L. albus (a non‐mycorrhizal plant). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in fetal heart rate pattern after intrauterine paracentesis in one twin with meconium peritonitis
Authors: Leung Wing Cheong , Pandya Pranav , Seaward Gareth , Windrim Rory , Ryan Greg 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe report a case of in utero paracentesis of ascites in a fetus with meconium peritonitis due to volvulus at 34 weeks which resulted in the correction of an abnormal fetal heart rate pattern and enabled vaginal delivery by preventing abdominal dystocia. The intrauterine intervention also helped to establish the diagnosis and potentially reduced the respiratory compromise after birth. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Factors influencing the flow rate through a surgical defect in human fetal membranes
Authors: Devlieger R. , Gratacos E. , Ardon H. , Vanstraelen S. , Deprest J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectivesIn order to determine factors influencing the flow rate trough a created defect in human fetal membranes, an ex vivo set‐up was used with fetal membranes collected from patients undergoing Caesarean section at term.MethodsThe membranes were secured at the bottom of a plastic tube and traumatised with needles ranging from 14–26 Gauges (Ga), under a hydrostatic pressure of 10 to 20 cmH2O and an angle of 45° or 90°. The column was filled with amniotic fluid or Hartmann's solution. The duration of the puncture was 1 s or the time it takes to aspirate 10 ml through the needle. The flow rate through the defect in the fetal membranes and size of the defect were measured.ResultsThe flow rate and defect size increased with increasing diameter of the needle. Increasing the pressure in the column resulted in a significant linear increase in the flow rate. Replacing the saline solution with amniotic fluid did not result in significant changes in the measured flow rates, except for the small needle size (24 Ga). Increasing the duration of the puncture did not result in increased flow rates, except for small needle size (24 Ga).ConclusionThese experiments suggest that needle diameter, angle of needle insertion, duration of the procedure, amniotic fluid pressure and composition could influence the incidence of amniotic fluid leakage following amniocentesis. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Profound hypoglycaemia and cognitive impairment
Authors: Croxson Simon C.M. , McConvey Remy , Molodynski Louise 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA 75 year old diabetic man had an initial admission with drug induced hypoglycaemia following which his hypoglycaemic drugs were stopped; cognitive function on simple bedside tests was normal on this and a subsequent second admission (Abbreviated Mental Test (AMT) score was 8/10 (normal 8–10). However, he was inadvertently represcribed the hypoglycaemic drugs after his second discharge from hospital causing profound hypoglycaemia; following this, his AMT was 5/10 and his behaviour became aggressive and demanding. Investigations including autopsy and CT brain, showed no other cause for this decline; given the temporal relationship between the episode of hypoglycaemia and sudden cognitive impairment, we conclude that the hypoglycaemia was the cause. One must take care when prescribing for the elderly. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Contraindicated medications dispensed with cisapride: temporal trends in relation to the sending of ‘dear doctor’ letters
Authors: Weatherby Lisa Bianchi , Walker Alexander M. , Fife Daniel , Vervaet Piet , Klausner Mark A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPurpose‘Dear Doctor’ letters alert the prescribing community of drug labeling changes that contain new contraindications, warnings, adverse reactions, and precautions. There has been little assessment of the impact of these letters. We quantified the impact of two ‘Dear Doctor’ letters concerning interactions between cisapride and a series of drugs. A letter in 1995 described a risk of prolonged QT intervals and serious ventricular arrhythmia in patients who received macrolide antibiotics and imidazole antifungals in conjunction with cisapride. A June 1998 letter that expanded the list of contraindicated comedications had wider distribution than an earlier one, was accompanied by substantial Internet and media coverage, and was complemented by an effort to inform large pharmacy dispensing information organizations of the warnings against concurrent use of the named drugs.MethodsHealth plan members with one or more outpatient pharmacy claims for cisapride during the period 1 January 1995 through 31 May 1999 were identified among members of a large New England health insurer. A retrospective review of concurrent and nearly concurrent dispensings of cisapride and contraindicated comedications was undertaken in the automated pharmacy claims data using both graphical and statistical time‐series analysis. We tabulated by month the fraction of cisapride dispensings that occurred in close temporal relation to dispensings of contraindicated comedications. Codispensings that occurred on the same day were taken as the most direct measure of prescriber responsiveness to the letters. Codispensings that occurred in windows of plus or minus 2 weeks (29 day window) and plus or minus 4 weeks (57 day window) were taken as measures of possible simultaneous consumption. Among overlapping dispensings, we counted the proportion dispensed by the same pharmacy. Time series regression analysis of secular, seasonal, and step‐effects was conducted.ResultsThere was a steady decline in codispensing of cisapride and contraindicated medicines, and a pronounced seasonal effect, arising principally from the seasonal use of macrolide antibiotics. Against this background, the isolated Dear Doctor letter of October 1995 had no discernible effect on prescribing practices. The 1998 letter and surrounding activity, by contrast, were followed by a 66% decline in same‐day dispensings and a smaller, but still pronounced decline in dispensings in the wider time windows. For most codispensings of contraindicated medications with cisapride, both medications came from the same pharmacy.ConclusionsPublicity and direct intervention with dispensing pharmacies may be an important supplement to Dear Doctor letters when the goal is to eliminate the codispensing of drugs that should not be taken together.
Evolution to similarity solutions for polymerization and depolymerization with microwave radiation
Authors: Madras Giridhar , Karmore Vishal 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe kinetics of polymerization and depolymerization are critical in understanding the stability and characterization of polymers. The kinetics of simultaneous polymerization and degradation of poly(methyl methacrylate) have been investigated by varying the initiator concentration and monomer concentration under the influence of microwave energy. Microwave radiation initially polymerizes the monomer, then degrades the resulting polymer and the polymer attains an equilibrium molecular weight distribution with a polydispersity of two. To understand more fully the kinetics, the molecular weight distribution (MWD) is represented as a gamma distribution; the random degradation rate coefficient is assumed to vary linearly with molecular weight and the polymerization rate coefficient is assumed to be independent of molecular weight. The change of the MWD with time is studied by continuous distribution kinetics; the solutions obtained depict the change of the average molecular weight, polydispersity and the gamma distribution parameters with time. Experimental data indicate that reaction rates are enhanced by microwave radiation and the MWD approaches a similarity solution within 10 min for all the investigated cases. The model satisfactorily predicts the change of the MWD with time.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Photovoltaic mini‐modules from layer transfer by the porous silicon process
Authors: Brendel Rolf , Auer Richard 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe introduce a novel series connection technique to fabricate small photovoltaic modules by layer transfer. Using the porous Si (PSI) process and the novel technique, we fabricate a monocrystalline Si solar module that consists of five series‐connected cells with an effective film thickness of 16 μm and an independently confirmed power conversion efficiency of 10.6%. The module size is 5 × 5 cm2. The effective thickness is equal to the film volume divided by the film area. The cells have a back surface texture of random inverted pyramids. The process avoids photolithography. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improvement of charge minority‐carrier lifetime inp(boron)‐type Czochralski silicon by rapid thermal annealing
Authors: Youn Lee Ji , Peters Stefan , Rein Stefan , Glunz Stefan W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractInp‐type Czochralski‐grown (Cz) silicon a light‐induced degradation of the minority‐carrier lifetime is well known in the literature. Reducing the extent of this degradation would significantly improve the stable effective lifetime and thus the related performance of solar cells. In this work, the reduction of the density of the metastable defect underlying the degradation is performed by rapid thermal annealing (RTA). For a proper analysis it is extremely important to avoid contamination by the RTA furnace. Both, SiNxand SiO2were examined as a barrier layer. A 60 nm SiNxlayer was proven to act as the most effective barrier layer, allowing maintenance of a very high lifetime of 700 μs on 1.25 Ω cmp‐type FZ material. A design‐of‐experiments (DOE) study was used to analyze the effect of five process parameters on the stable effective lifetime. Especially, the plateau temperature shows a strong correlation with τd, the stable effective lifetime after light‐induced degradation. The effect of plateau temperature on τdof Cz‐ and FZ‐Si wafers is examined in the temperature range of 700–1050°C for plateau time 120 s. It was found that the stable effective lifetime of all RTA‐treated Cz‐wafers is increased compared with the initial stable effective lifetime before processing. The highest increase of stable effective lifetime (by a factor of around 2) is obtained at 900°C with a process time of 120 s. This increase in lifetime is reflected in a reduced concentration of the metastable defect. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeled performance of polycrystalline thin‐film tandem solar cells
Authors: Coutts Timothy J. , Emery Keith A. , Scott Ward J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe optimum bandgaps for two‐terminal monolithic multijunction devices have typically been studied under a fixed set of environmental conditions, using ideal device models. This study examines the effects of a realistic dark‐current for typical state‐of‐the‐art thin‐film polycrystalline cells on the optimum energy gap for a series‐connected two‐junction cell. The optimum energy gaps are compared for a series‐connected tandem cell under standard reference conditions and the energy produced for five different reference days where the temperature, spectral irradiance and total irradiance varied. The optimum bandgaps were found to be 1.72 ± 0.02 eV for the top cell and 1.14 ± 0.02 eV for the bottom cell. Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solar cell efficiency tables (version 19)
Authors: Green Martin A. , Emery Keith , King David L. , Igari Sanekazu , Warta Wilhelm 
Published: August 2002

AbstractConsolidated tables showing an extensive listing of the highest independently confirmed efficiencies for solar cells and modules are presented. Guidelines for inclusion of results into these tables are outlined and new entries since July 2001 are reviewed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using functional analysis procedures to monitor medication effects in an outpatient and school setting
Authors: Anderson Mark T. , Vu Chau , Derby K. Mark , Goris Mary , McLaughlin T. F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFunctional analysis methods were used to monitor medication used to reduce vocal and physical tics of a child with Tourettes Syndrome. An initial functional analysis suggested that the tics were maintained by automatic reinforcement. Given this result, the participant's physician prescribed Orap 1mg per day to reduce the tics. Post‐medication results demonstrated a reduced level of tics by the participant. Although preliminary, the findings suggest that functional analysis methods can be used to monitor the effects of medication in outpatient and school settings. Thus, more research using functional analyses to assess medication effects is needed. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Extending research on the interspersal procedure to perceptions of continuous reading assignments: Applied and theoretical implications of a failure to replicate
Authors: Martin Jill J. , Skinner Christopher H. , Neddenriep Christine E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractResearchers have shown that students' perceptions of mathematics assignments could be improved by interspersing additional briefer, easier problems (e.g., Logan and Skinner, 1998). The current study was designed to extend this research to reading tasks. Seventh‐grade students read out loud both a control passage and a similar experimental passage that contained additional interspersed brief (i.e., 16 words), easy (i.e., first‐grade reading level) paragraphs. Students then selected the passage that would require the least effort to read and the least time to read. Students also indicated the passage they liked most (preference) and the passage that they would like to read again (choice). Significantly more students selected the control passage as requiring less time to read, but no differences were found for preference, choice, or effort selections. The results failed to confirm earlier research on the interspersal procedure, thus our findings have applied and theoretical implications regarding causal variables that may account for the effectiveness of the interspersal procedure. Specifically, the current study suggests that the interspersal procedure may improve assignment perception only when the procedure increases discrete task‐completion rates. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Synthesis and properties of novel cardo aromatic poly(ether‐benzoxazole)s
Authors: Hsiao Sheng‐Huei , He Ming‐Hsiang 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThree new bis(ether‐acyl chloride) monomers, 1,1‐bis[4‐(4‐chloroformylphenoxy)phenyl]cyclohexane (1a), 5,5‐bis[4‐(4‐chloroformylphenoxy)phenyl]‐4,7‐methanohexahydroindan (1b), and 9,9‐bis[4‐(4‐chloroformylphenoxy)phenyl]fluorene (1c), were synthesized from readily available compounds. Aromatic polybenzoxazoles bearing ether and cardo groups were obtained by the low‐temperature solution polycondensation of the bis(ether‐acyl chloride)s with three bis(aminophenol)s and the subsequent thermal cyclodehydration of the resultant poly(o‐hydroxy amide)s. The intermediate poly(o‐hydroxy amide)s exhibited inherent viscosities in the range of 0.35–0.71 dL/g. All of the poly(o‐hydroxy amide)s were amorphous and soluble in many organic polar solvents, and most of them could afford flexible and tough films by solvent casting. The poly(o‐hydroxy amide)s exhibited glass‐transition temperatures (Tg's) in the range of 141–169 °C and could be thermally converted into the corresponding polybenzoxazoles approximately in the region of 240–350 °C, as indicated by the DSC thermograms. Flexible and tough films of polybenzoxazoles could be obtained by thermal cyclodehydration of the poly(o‐hydroxy amide) films. All the polybenzoxazoles were amorphous and showed an enhanced Tg but a dramatically decreased solubility as compared with their poly(o‐hydroxy amide) precursors. They exhibited Tg's of 215–272 °C by DSC and showed insignificant weight loss before 500 °C in nitrogen or air. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 4014–4021, 2001
Copolymerization of (2‐phenyl‐1,3‐dioxolane‐4‐yl)methyl methacrylate with alkyl methacrylates: Reactivity ratios and copolymer characterization
Authors: Coşkun Mehmet , İlter Zülfi̇ye 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe radical copolymerizations of (2‐phenyl‐1,3‐dioxolane‐4‐yl‐)methyl methacrylate (PDMMA) with methyl methacrylate (MMA), ethyl methacrylate (EMA), and butyl methacrylate (BMA) were studied in dioxane at 60 °C with benzoyl peroxide as an initiator. The glass‐transition temperatures of poly(PDMMA‐co‐MMA), poly(PDMMA‐co‐EMA), and poly(PDMMA‐co‐BMA) varied from 130 to 138 °C, from 100 to 134 °C, and from 63 to 122 °C, respectively, depending on the copolymer composition. Along with some physicochemical properties and thermal stability investigations of the copolymers, the monomer reactivity ratios were also determined with the conventional Finemann–Ross and Kelen–Tüdös linearization methods. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 1184–1191, 2002
1H NMR study of the kinetics of substituted aniline polymerization. I. Homopolymerization of 2‐methoxyaniline
Authors: Mav Ida , Žigon Majda 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe studied the kinetics of the oxidative chemical homopolymerization of 2‐methoxyaniline (OMA) in aqueous acid solutions by monitoring OMA depletion with 1H NMR spectroscopy. We used the same semiempirical kinetic model used for aniline (ANI) homopolymerization to evaluate the experimental data. The reaction kinetics of OMA homopolymerization was similar to that of ANI, although we obtained longer induction and propagation times for OMA. This was attributed to steric hindrance of the bulky methoxy substituent during the coupling reaction. Furthermore, it was suggested that a lower OMA polymerization rate could also be related to a lower concentration of nonprotonated OMA molecules in the reaction solution due to a higher pKa value for OMA than for ANI. This may also explain the lower OMA end conversion (90%) compared with that of ANI (96%). The OMA end conversion was not influenced substantially by reaction conditions; it was lower than 90% only when high acid or low oxidant (oxidant‐deficient oxidant/OMA ratio) concentrations were applied. Because the oxidant took an active part in polymerization, it markedly influenced the polymerization rate, especially the initiation rate. The OMA initiation and propagation rates increased with increasing oxidant and initial monomer concentrations and with the reaction temperature, but there was no uniform trend in the correlation between the homopolymerization rate and acid concentration. The activation energies of the OMA initiation and propagation were 57 and 10 kJ/mol, respectively. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 2471–2481, 2001
Formation of CdS nanoclusters in phase‐separated poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate)‐l‐polyisobutylene amphiphilic conetworks
Authors: Scherble Jonas , Thomann Ralf , Béla  , Mülhaupt Rolf 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNanophase‐separated poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate)‐l‐polyisobutylene (PHEMA‐l‐PIB) amphiphilic conetworks were obtained by crosslinking α,ω‐bismethacrylate‐terminated polyisobutylene (PIB) via copolymerization with silylated 2‐hydroxyethyl methacylate, followed by the hydrolysis of the silylether groups. Morphology development of a sample containing 64% PIB was monitored by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and small‐angle X‐ray scattering. For comparison, the morphology of a sample containing 53% PIB was investigated by AFM. The dry conetworks exhibited hydrophilic and hydrophobic phases with average 8–10‐nm domain sizes and were swellable in water as well as in heptane. Swelling amphiphilic conetworks with aqueous cadmium–chloride solution followed by exposure to H2S resulted in nanosized CdS clusters located in the amphiphilic conetworks, that is, for the first time, new inorganic–organic hybrid materials composed of CdS semiconducting nanocrystals and PHEMA‐l‐PIB amphiphilic conetworks were prepared. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B Part B: Polym Phys 39: 1429–1436, 2001