bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Special Circu1nstances and the Bad Sa1naritan Exception
Authors: Smith Patricia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jane Austen characterized obligation as a fat friend who breaks his leg on your I front walk after tea, obliging you to care for him through months of convalescence. Some obligations are not acquired by consent. In liberal theory, affirmative obligations are almost exclusively focused in terms of individual consent (or contract). Yet, actual obligations in liberal societies appear to derive from many sources: from being a citizen, from owning property, from engaging in certain activities, from living in a particular place, from being related to someone, perhaps even simply from being in the wrong place at the wrong time. Obligations appear to come attached, like price tags, to other things we value. There might be any number of grounds for justifying them apart from or in addition to consent or contract.
Evolution
Authors: Russell Bertrand 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE sciences h2ve developed in an order the reverse of what might have been expected. What was most remote from ourselves was first brought under the domain of law, and then, gradually, what was nearer : first the heavens, next the earth, then animal and vegetable life, then the human body, and last of all (as yet very imperfectly) the human mind. In this there is nothing inexplicable. Familiarity with detail makes it difficult to see broad patterns ; the outlines of Roman roads are more easily traced from aeroplanes than from the ground. A man’s friends know what he is likely to do better than he does himself ; at a certain turn in the conversation, they foresee the dreadful inevitability of one of his favourite anecdotes, whereas to himself he seems to be acting on a spontaneous impulse by no means subject to law. The detailed acquaintance derived from intimate expenence is not the easiest source for the generalized kind of knowledge which science seeks. Not only the discovery of simple natural laws, but also the doctrine of the gradual development of the world as we know it, began in astronomy ; but the latter, unlike the former, found its most notable application in connection with the growth of life on our planet. The doctrine of evolution, which we are now to consider, though it began in astronomy, was of more scientific importance in geology and biology, where, also, it had to contend with more obstinate theological prejudices than were brought to bear against astronomy after the victory of the Copernican system.
Demonology And Medicine
Authors: Russell Bertrand 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE scientific study of the human body and its diseases has had to contend-and to some extent still has to contend-with a mass of superstition, largely pre-Christian in origin, but supported, until quite modern times, by the whole weight of ecclesiastical authority. Disease was sometimes a divine visitation in punishment of sin, but more often the work of demons. It could be cured by the intervention of saints, either in person or through their holy relics ; by prayer and pilgrimages ; or (when due to demons) by exorcism and by treatment which the demons (and the patient) found disgusting. For much of this, support could be found in the gospels ; the rest of the theory was developed by the Fathers, or grew naturally out of their doctrines. St. Augustine maintained that “ all diseases of Christians are to be ascribed to these demons; chiefly do they torment fresh-baptized Christians, yea, even the guiltless new-born infants.” It must be understood that, in the writings of the Fathers, “ demons “ mean heathen deities, who were supposed to be enraged by the progress of Christianity. The early Christians by no means denied the existence of the Olympian gods, but supposed them servants of Satan-a view which Milton adopted in “Paradise Lost.” Gregory Nazianzen maintained that medicine is useless, but the laying on of consecrated hands is often effective ; and similar views were expressed by other Fathers.
Soul And Body
Authors: Russell Bertrand 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
OF all the more important departments of scientific knowledge, the least advanced is psychology. According to its derivation, “ psychology “ should mean “ the theory of the soul,” but the soul, though familiar to theologians, can hardly be regarded as a scientific concept. No psychologist would say that the subject-matter of his study is the soul, but when asked to say what it is he would not find it easy to give an answer. Some would say that psychology is concerned with mental phenomena, but they would be puzzled if they were required to state in what respect, if any, “mental “ phenomena differ from those which provide the data of physics. Fundamental psychological questions quickly take us into regions of philosophical uncertainty, and it is more difficult than in other sciences to avoid fundamental questions, because of the paucity of exact experimental knowledge. Nevertheless, some thing has been achieved, and much ancient error has been discarded. Much of this ancient error was associated with theology, either as cause or as effect. But the connection was not, as in the matters we have hitherto discussed, with particular texts or Biblical errors as to matters of fact ; it was rather with metaphysical doctrines which, for one reason or another, had come to be thought essential to the body of orthodox dogma.
Cosmic Purpose
Authors: Russell Bertrand 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
MODERN men of science, if they are not hostile or indifferent to religion, cling to one belief which, they think, can survive amid the wreck of former dogmas-the belief, namely, in Cosmic Purpose. Liberal theologians, equally, make this the central article of their creed. The doctrine has several forms, but all have in common the conception of Evolution as having a direction towards something ethically valuable, which, in some sense, gives the reason for the whole long process. Sir J. Arthur Thomson, as we saw, maintained that science is incomplete because it cannot answer the question why ? Religion, he thought, can answer it. Why were stars formed ? Why did the sun give birth to planets ? Why did the earth cool, and at last give rise to life ? Because, in the end, something admirable was going to result-I am not quite sure what, but I believe it was scientific theologians and religiously-minded scientists. The doctrine has three forms-theistic, pantheistic, and what may be called “emergent.” The first, which is the simplest and most orthodox, holds that God created the world and decreed the laws of nature because He foresaw that in time some good would be evolved. In this view the purpose exists consciously in the mind of the Creator, who remains external to His creation.
The “No Propositional Functions” Theory
Authors: Landini Gregory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By merging the calculus of substitution with the theory of definite descriptions the substitutional theory generates a proxy for a type stratified calculus which employs predicate variables (bound and free) in both subject and predicate positions. We must take care not to be misled. The plan of the theory was not to deny that there are properties and relations in intension. Russell is certainly committed to the subsistence of properties and relations in intension. He holds that we are immediately acquainted with many, not the least of which is ‘implication’ itself. Moreover, he maintains steadfastly that properties and relations have both an individual and a predicable nature their predicable nature accounting for the unity of propositions. The substitutional theory simply endeavors to show how logicism can proceed without the blanket assumption that every open wff stands for a single entity with both a predicable and an individual nature. The blanket assumption leads to contradiction.
I Believe
Authors: Silver Brian L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The book that you are holding purports to give a description of the physical world. Why do you believe what I tell you? Because I am a professor of physical chemistry and have canvased your vote? On an overcast autumn afternoon in 1976, I wandered down a nondescript side street off Charing Cross Road in London and strayed into a dingy second hand bookshop that could have been the film set for a whimsical tale of a kindly old bookseller.
Belief and Action
Authors: Silver Brian L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Do our beliefs affect our work? To what extent do metaphysical reflections, religious faith, or scientiflc dogma influence the science, as distinct from the weekend thoughts, of scientists? It would be nice to think that nothing would influence a scientist’s search but the objective facts. Reality often says otherwise. Scientists are part of the society in which they live, and it is natural to look for the part their environment plays in their professional lives, and the effect it has on their motivations and the way in which they see nature. At one time that environment included philosophy.
Aumann’s “No Agreement” Theorem Generalized
Authors: Hild Matthias , Jeffrey, Richard , Risse Mathias 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In “Agreeing to Disagree,” Robert Aumann (1976) proves that a group of agents who once agreed about the probability of some proposition for which their current probabilities are common knowledge must still agree, even if those probabilities reflect disparate observations. Perhaps one saw that a card was red and another saw that it was a heart, so that, as far as that goes, their common prior probability of 1/52 for its being the Queen of hearts would change in the one case to 1/26, and in the other to 1/13. But if those are indeed their current probabilities, it cannot be the case that both know them, and both know that both know them, and so on.
Symmetry Arguments for Cooperation in the Prisoner’s Dilemma
Authors: Bicchieri Cristina , Green Mitchell S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A variety of philosophers, decision theorists, and game theorists have advanced arguments according to which rational agents who play a one-shot Prisoner’s Dilemma (PD) should choose to cooperate if they know either that they are in identical circumstances, or are in some sense identical twins (Brams 1975; Lewis 1979; Davis 1985). The reasoning in favor of the cooperative solution raises the question whether the PD with the appropriate “ldenticality” assumption is inconsistent, since there is a separate argument employing dominance reasoning that favors noncooperation. We argue here that the question can only be answered relative to a clarification of the Identicality assumption. There turns out to be only one interpretation of the Identicality assumption that justifies cooperation, but this interpretation may be controversial. On another interpretation of this assumption the description of the PD game is indeed inconsistent, while on the remaining interpretations of that assumption the argument for the cooperative solution is unsound. Seeing the inconsistency teaches us a lesson concerning the kinds of postulates that can be added to the description of a game. Seeing the unsoundness will motivate a more careful treatment of the relation of modal concepts to the notion of rational choice, and will help us to illuminate the relevance to game theory of technical tools developed by logicians.
Why Dance?
Authors: Paskevska Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For J-Ju An Beings, dancing is as natural as breathing. We have forgotten how our ancestors danced or why they danced, but children remember. My granddaughter at six months would stop crawling and begin rocking as soon as she heard music. A conversation with prospective students’ parents frequently begins: “Jenny is always dancing, around the kitchen, in the living room “How old is Jenny? Typically she is about two or three.
Dance Training
Authors: Paskevska Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When We Er.Gage in any physical activity in a consistent manner over a period of time, we encourage the development of synaptic connections in the brain. These connections allow “new moves” to become part of our vocabulary of motion, just as crawling, walking, and running become part of our automatic response. These learned systems share a common feature: a broadening of the base of habitual actions that we can use consciously and with intent. When we talk of technique, we refer to training methods that employ a patterning process, that is, the repetition of specific motions until these motions become part of our physical vocabulary.
How to Select a Teacher and School
Authors: Paskevska Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I! the Process of choosing a school or a teacher, you should bear in mind two ideas: (1) This is not a life decision; (2) This may be a life decision. The first will help you avoid the sense of competition and urgency that often leads to unwise decisions, such as pressuring the child to excel beyond the capacity of her or his age, or choosing a school or teacher for the wrong reasons (it has the biggest enrollment in the area, or it puts on the most lavish recital at the end of the year). The second will guide you to choose wisely a teacher who can instill a sound foundation that will serve your dancer throughout her or his career.
What to Wear
Authors: Paskevska Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For dancers, it is hard to imagine the world prior to Lycra. Today’s basic classroom dancewear generally consists of a leotard and tights made of nonrestrictive stretch fabric, from Lycra to cotton, that conforms to the body and allows comfort and ease of movement. But such congenial dress did not always exist. In the nineteenth century, a costumier at the Paris Opera, Mons. Maillot, invented tights and gave his name to his invention. However, maillots were expensive, as well as bulky (if made of cotton) or fragile (if made of silk). Until the latter part of the nineteenth century, female dancers wore tutus in class, and male dancers wore pants and shirts. Teachers taught in street clothes. Cachet, the Italian teacher, derided female teachers because they could not demonstrate the movements, encumbered as they were by their long skirts and petticoats. Most female teachers of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries taught sitting in a chair. As late as the 1940s, Mme. Rosannt, a very popular teacher at the studio Xacker in Paris, conducted class from an armchair. As dancing became more athletic, the need for special practice clothes became obvious; but before the explosion in the manufacturing of exercise clothes, dancers dressed in homemade tunics and knitted tights. On stage, they wore silk stockings. These were extra long, designed to reach above the top of the leg and be hidden under the tutu.
Skepticism About The External World
Authors: Butchvarov Panayot 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most important and perennially debated philosophical questions is whether we can have knowledge of the external world. Butchvarov here considers whether and how scepticism with regard to such knowledge can be refuted or at least answered. He argues that only a direct realist view of perception has any hope of providing a compelling response to the sceptic and introduces the radical innovation that the direct object of perceptual, and even dreaming and hallucinatory, experience is always a material object, but not necessarily one that actually exists. This leads him to a metaphysics in which reality is ultimately constructed by human decisions out of objects that are ontologically more basic but which cannot be said in themselves to be either real or unreal.
The Clinical Trials for Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Clark William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first gene therapy trials for cystic fibrosis began in the spring of 1993, just over three years after the CFTR gene was cloned and sequenced, and two and a half years after the first ADA-SCIO trial. The approach to treating CF by gene therapy is necessarily different from the approach us d for ADA-SCIO, or any of the other genetic blood-cells diseases ultimately derived from bone marrow. In these latter cases, the cells that are crippled by the genetic defect can be removed from the body, exposed to the gene-bearing vector, and then reimplanted. This form of treatment is referred to as ex vivo (or in vitro) gene delivery, with the introduction of the new gene into the target cells occurring outside the body.
Gene Therapy for Monogenic Disorders What Have We Learned, and Where Are Going?
Authors: Clark William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When we take into account all of the diseases caused by external agents such as infectious microorganisms, we are still left with a rather large array of human disorders arising from internal dysfunctions. It is now clear that a significant proportion of these idiopathic diseases are caused by defective genes, nearly all of which are inherited. Some of these diseases, such as SCID and CF, are monogenic, while others (diabetes, for example) are polygenic, involving several genes at once. The possibility of treating monogenic disorders by introducing into crippled cells a functional copy of the underlying gene was one of the first benefits perceived for the application of molecular biology to human medicine. Applications for treating diseases such as cancer and AIDS followed soon thereafter. The possibility that gene therapy could be of use in treating polygenic diseases is at present remote; the likelihood of getting multiple genes into affected cells and having them expressed in a coordinated and well-regulated fashion is beyond present technology.
Naked DNA The Vaccine of the Future
Authors: Clark William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vaccination as it is currently practiced was introduced at the end of the eighteenth century by the English physician Edward Jenner. It involves the administration of minute amounts of a pathogen -a bacterium, virus, fungus, or occasionally a parasite-in one or more doses. The pathogen is either dead or attenuated (alive, but rendered unable to cause disease) but is still recognized by the immune system as foreign. Sometimes a fragment of the pathogen, or even a single molecule from the pathogen, will suffice for immunization because these, too, are recognized as foreign. The immune system then mounts a response against the pathogen or its components that is as effective as if the person thus immunized had been exposed to a fully active pathogen. Depending on the pathogen and how it is administered, protection may be long lasting or require periodic reexposure (“booster shots”).
Juan Antonio Rodriguez, military commander of San Rafael.—Threshing time.—Rodr(guez is challenged. —He jlees.Planch6n Pass.— Customs guards in the Andes.— Chilecitos.A!dao.— The adventures if Rodriguez, continued.— His death.—Rodn’guez’s itinerary and his papers.— The eastern slope ofthe southern Andes. —A note by Rodriguez.
Authors: Rosales Vicente Pérez 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The twenty-sixth day of October of the year 1842 found me on the small but very fruitful farm Boldomivida, which I had just rented and which lies next to the one called Los Culenes in what used to be the province of Cokhagua. There, to my surprise and that of others, I was resting from my travels between Mendoza and Buenos Aires, my expeditions to Salta, my comings and goings among La Rioja, San Luis, San Juan, and Mendoza, and my constant crossings of the Andean passes, which I had come to know so well that I had earned the enviable title of baqueano or scout.
Our voyage to Sacramento. — The Dicey My Nana and her Captain Robinson. —The sheltered bays if San Francisco, San Pablo, and Suisun. — The confluence if the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers. —Embryonic cities. —The town of Sacramento. —Brannan. —The first traces if gold. — In California, he who hesitates is lost. — Our voyage to the placers. —A dangerous encounter with the Indians. — Their method of panningfar gold. —Our commercial transaction with them. — We arrive at the famous Mill.
Authors: Rosales Vicente Pérez 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our commissioner of transportation for the continuation of our voyage inland to Sacramento had completed his work, but in California individual effort and willpower were not always enough for carrying out even the best-laid plans; what we lacked was the smews of war: money.
Sutler’s Mill. — How gold was discovered there. — Our situation and how we began washing/or gold. — Mining explorations. — The California gold country. — Every known metal can be found in California. — Our mining activities. —An ingenious and very usefulpan or cradle used in California far washing dirt. —An attempted native uprising and its bloody failure. —How Idrowned in the American River and resuscitated
Authors: Rosales Vicente Pérez 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As soon as we stopped at that wild but very pleasant spot we quickly and noisily set up our camp, which caused universal amazement, as it had in Sacramento and even in San Francisco, by the spaciousness and comforts of our tent, since no one could bring himself to believe there were men so thoroughly foolish as to haul such paraphernalia as far as the Mill.
Identification of Basic Features
Authors: Karpinski Gary S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines basic features of music that listeners can learn to identify at the earliest stages of study. The essential difference between the listening skills discussed in this chapter and those discussed in the next is that those in this chapter are not absolutely necessary for immediate progress whereas those in the next chapter lay an essential groundwork for the progressive curriculum discussed from there on. One might therefore consider the skills in this chapter to be “optional,” and—in some senses—they are. However, as part of any well-rounded musician’s training, the ability to articulately discriminate among various differences in the following features is fundamental. These topics may be addressed in advance of the materials in the subsequent chapters or may be covered concurrently with them.
Preliminary Listening Skills
Authors: Karpinski Gary S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many courses of study in aural skills begin with “basic” musical components such as scales, intervals, and chord identification.1 This chapter proposes a model for the beginning of a curriculum in aural skills that starts with more fundamental concepts and skills and builds—like a mathematics text—on few assumptions and develops each new idea from previously assimilated ones. The curriculum makes no assumptions about prior training in music notation but, rather, relies on certain musical abilities and aptitudes in order to build listeners’ skills and knowledge.