bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transaction Costs, American and Real Options
Authors: Milne Frank 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this last chapter we consider two extensions to our model to illustrate its flexibility. The first extension allows for transaction costs. The idea was first introduced in general equilibrium theory in the 1970s, but was largely ignored by the finance literature until comparatively recently. By considering bought and sold assets as different assets, doubling the asset and price space, it is fairly easy in principle to discuss transaction costs and their implications for asset prices and trades. Because the model is much richer, results are currently appearing in the literature.
Introduction: Livestock Farming and Environmental Regulation at the Cape
Authors: Beinart William 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The expansion of European economic and political power, as well as settlement, has been one of the overwhelmingly important features of world history over the last 500 years. To speak of the rise of an increasingly inter-connected global capitalist system over this long period, however, begs as many questions as it answers. Succeeding phases of European economic growth prompted strikingly different imperatives for expansion, for natural-resource exploitation, and for the social organization of extra-European production. In the eighteenth century, for example, sugar, African slaves, and shipping in the Atlantic world provided one major dynamic of empire. But in the nineteenth century antipodean settlement and trade, especially that resulting from expanding settler pastoral frontiers, was responsible for some of the most dramatic social and environmental transformations.
Vets, Viruses, and Environmentalism in the 1870s and 1880s
Authors: Beinart William 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Kraaling of cattle and sheep at night in order to safeguard them from predators and theft was central to livestock farming in South Africa. Millions of animals had to be driven, often long distances, to and from the pastures every day. By the 1870s there were increasingly frequent comments about the environmental problems caused by this practice. Those with botanical and geological interests had played the major role in elaborating and defining environmental ills at the Cape. In the late nineteenth century veterinary scientists became the key protagonists of reform in livestock management. Vets left behind them a large volume of literature, often in government publications—a testament to the importance of animal disease to the state. The first two Colonial Veterinary Surgeons made close links between the health of animals, agricultural productivity, and environmental conditions.
From Local to Global Peace and War
Authors: James Wendy , Lambek Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There have been many older anthropologies which have assumed competition and combativeness, even aggression, in human beings as a part of our evolutionary inheritance, but as natural tendencies which we have learned to control better as civilization has matured. There was a common view in the nineteenth century that warfare was a means whereby societies and nations had created human history itself in their struggles with each other. The original museum collections made by General Pitt Rivers consisted of weapons assembled for this reason, to illustrate the long fights for survival and the role that military technology had played in history. This endeavour matched Herbert Spencer’s vision of the principles of social evolution as a story of healthy competition between nations.
The Satirical Gaze
Authors: Mccreery Cindy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This work provides an analysis of how foreign law should be pleaded and dealt with in the litigation process of another country. What weight should the trial court give to the relevant foreign law, and how should it decide what the foreign law actually is? The way foreign law is procedurally treated in court indicates to a certain extent the degree of tolerance of a legal system towards foreign ideas. The book compares how these issues are handled in different national systems, with particular focus upon civil litigation rules in the US, UK, France, Germany, the Netherlands, and Belgium.
Women in Male Roles Literary Ladies and Masculine Politicians
Authors: Mccreery Cindy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Literary ladies will, I am afraid, be losers in love as well as in friendship, by their superiority. — Cupid is a timid, playful child, and is frightened at the helmet of Minerva. It has been observed, that gentlemen are not apt to admire a prodigious quantity of learning and masculine acquirements in the fair sex— we usually consider a certain degree of weakness, both of mind and body, as friendly to female grace. While late eighteenth-century satirical prints devoted considerable attention to prostitutes, courtesans, and actresses, they also discussed other prominent women. Of particular importance were women who engaged in artistic, scholarly, and political
Promoting a National School
Authors: Hoock Holger 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Academy pursued its patriotic and national m1ss10n of grooming an indigenous artistic tradition in a variety of ways. In the schools, students from across the British Isles were educated in academic precepts. The exhibitions provided the most important showcase for native artists. And with presidential addresses, lectures, and symbolic gestures the Academy sought to shape the dis course on the English School. However, the Academy’s educational provision, the format and composition of exhibitions, its internal structures, and its perceived monopolistic conduct provoked a variety of critiques. By 1800, a number of critics aimed at discrediting academies tout court. Increasing diversification and specialization of metropolitan art institutions-in part a response to the perceived deficiencies of the Academy-as well as new aesthetic thinking diminished the Academy’s formerly dominant influence in the institutional landscape and in the debate on native art.
A Year In The Life Of Joseph Farington, R.A.
Authors: Hoock Holger 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The year 1798 was a tremendously busy one for landscape painter Joseph Farington. His painting practice and active social life apart, he was central to many Academy projects. Though he did not hold any office, as a natural and astute administrator and chief adviser to President West, Farington pulled the strings behind the scenes at Somerset House. The year started with celebrations: Farington, West, and Robert Smirke had successfully lobbied Parliament to grant Academicians an exemption from Pitt’s dramatic trebling of assessed taxes. Throughout the spring, Farington then kept an eye on a copyright bill to protect British sculptors from plagiarism, which was being steered smoothly through Parliament with the President’s support. Over the summer, West consulted Farington on the best ways of advising the Privy Council on designs for a new coinage, and later Farington was a contact for colleagues who were sub mitting drawings and models. At the same time, negotiations which he had been conducting with Treasury officials since the annual dinner in 1796 began to bear fruit, as the government commissioned Academicians to submit designs for national military monuments in St Paul’s Cathedral.
Hopes and Dreams: Creating a Men’s Politics
Authors: Collective Men’S Free Press 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This journal [Achilles Heel] has been produced by a working collective of socialist men who have been involved in men’s groups and men’s politics for some time. For all of us it is a process of making public a very private and very important experience—that of consciously redefining and changing the nature of our relationships with women and with each other as men. In making this experience public and in beginning to develop an analysis around it, we are in a sense ‘coming out’ politically as men and realigning ourselves with the women’s and gay movements in the struggle against sexual oppression.
Tripartite Advisory Committees: the Advisory Committee on Safety and Health at Work1
Authors: Smismans Stijn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapter, the EESC has been analysed first as an institutionalized form of functional participation. This chapter will focus on a second model of functional participation in social regulation, namely tripartite advisory committees, using the example of the Advisory Committee on Safety and Health at Work (AC). In the first section I will explain what tripartite advisory committees are and will indicate to what extent findings on the AC can be generalized to other (tripartite) advisory committees. The subsequent analysis, however, will con centrate on the sector of OH&S and thus on the AC. The second section gives a descriptive picture of the status and role of the AC.
Strategic export controls and the private sector
Authors: Berlack Evan R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Since 11 September 2001 there has been a fresh surge of interest in international mechanisms for cutting off at the source supplies of weapon-related items and finances to dangerous actors. Strategic export controls, and the groups of states which enforce them, are among the relatively few instruments which in principle could serve a policy of denial aimed at both non-state actors, such as terrorists, and states. What exactly do such controls entail? First, they include controls on the export of all items designed for military use, including not only lethal weapons but also items with potential military use, such as electronics, avionics, metals and telecommunications.
Defending against cyber terrorism: preserving the legitimate economy
Authors: Bosch Olivia 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The main thesis of this chapter is that the means used to defend against the many commonly occurring cyber incidents can provide a strong foundation for dealing with the effects of the less frequent acts of cyber terrorism. Daily cyber security ‘housekeeping’ by businesses, government departments and individuals will not prevent cyber incidents, but good information security policies and business continuity plans (BCPs) for disaster recovery can mitigate the effects when such incidents do occur. Further research is required to determine how much the state, which has both the responsibility and the tools to address national security issues, can protect information assets beyond those that are owned directly by government.
Water Concessions and Protection of Foreign Investments under International Law
Authors: Pannatier Serge , Ducrey Olivier 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Water is life. The multiple uses of water contribute to the satisfaction of many human basic needs: consumption, sanitation, irrigation, source of energy, means of communication, etc. This explains why the poisoning and spoilage of water have always been feared. Fresh water is a rather abundant natural resource. A rough estimation shows that there are approximately 7,000 m3 of water per person living on planet Earth. Its distribution, however, is extremely uneven. Today, forty countries do not have enough stocks to satisfy the basic needs of their population.1 Due to its characteristics, water cannot be considered as an ordinary com modity. The economic, environmental, and social roles played by water resources explain why it is difficult to develop a regulatory system that is able to cope with all these realities.
Participatory Democracy: The Meaning of ‘1968 ‘
Authors: Horn Gerd-Rainer 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The preceding pages were designed to concentrate on process rather than outcome, for social movements generally leave their mark on the societies they aim to affect regardless of the measure of success in obtaining their goals. It is in the struggle to change their world that activists leave their imprint on their environment, and the learning curve of activists, sympathizers, and onlookers alike is dependent on any number of factors, only one of which is the relative degree of success in reaching stated objectives. Indeed, quick and easy achievements of ambitions and hopes may very well contribute to the rapid demise of a fledgling campaign before it can begin to affect substantial numbers of people.
Keeping it Clean-Safeguarding the Environmental Integrity of the Clean Development Mechanism
Authors: Meijer Ernestine , Werksman Jacob 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Kyoto Protocol1 to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),2 when in force, will create legally binding caps on the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of developed (Annex I) Parties.3 The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol was included in the Protocol to accommodate Annex I governments‘ demands for flexibility in the implementation of these commitments.
Managing Adverse Selection in Recruiting
Authors: Garibaldi Pietro 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Throughout the hiring process, as long as a worker is not fully involved in the firm’s activities, the firm is likely to have imperfect information about the worker’s productivity. Such information is more likely to be known to the worker. This implies that the hiring process is characterized by an asymmetric information problem, since workers know more about their own ability than the firm does. In the hiring process, the uninformed party is the firm, while the informed party is the worker. This chapter analyses this asymmetric information problem in detail, and studies which personnel policies can partly overcome it. The firm has a vacant job, and offers the possibility of applying for such a job to a variety of workers. We are in a situation in which the uninformed party (the firm) offers an option to the informed party (the worker). In the economics of imperfect information, each time an uninformed party offers an option to the informed party, the problem of adverse selection may arise.
Job Destruction
Authors: Garibaldi Pietro 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Sooner or later, every firm experiences bad times. And in bad times, management often needs to reduce the size of the workforce. The choice of downsizing is obviously a key concern for personnel managers and for personnel economics. The firm needs not only to choose which workers should be targeted for lay-off, but also to realize that reducing the workforce will have an impact on the remaining workers. Job destruction is a subtle business, even in labour markets in which employment protection legislation is not particularly stringent, and employer-initiated legislation is largely admissible. The first key concept that the chapter high- lights is the difference between consensual and non-consensual separation, where the former refers to those separations that, at a given wage, are agreed by both parties, while the latter refers to those separation decisions that are not shared by both parties. Over the job destruction decision, each party (i.e. the firm and the worker) looks at his or her surplus from the job, and wants to preserve a job as long as the difference between the value of the job net of his or her outside option is positive. When the surplus of each party is negative there is obviously no point in continuing the job, and job destruction should take place without particular difficulties.
Teams and Group Incentives
Authors: Garibaldi Pietro 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Team-organized production is a key feature of many organizations. Most job advertisements explicitly look for workers that possess team-specific skills, and are motivated to work in teams. Indeed, team production and group-based incentives pose a great challenge to personnel economics. As it turns out, a simple approach to the problem would argue that organized team production is likely to lead to a reduction in productivity. This is the so-called 1/Nth problem, whereby effort put forward by workers under team production is likely to be less than what would be exerted under individual-based incentives. If this is indeed the case, all we can do under team production is to find ways to preserve the right incentives, even though it appears that overall productivity will hardly be larger than what it would have been if individual-based incentives were in place. Yet, to fully understand team production, and all the emphasis that real life organizations do place on teams, we have to move forward and explicitly recognize that there exist benefits and costs linked to team production. After all, if so many firms are interested in workers able to work in teams, it has to be the case that team-specific skills (such as communication skills) and the possibility of mutual learning among team members may increase the total surplus generated by the workforce.
Prologue: The Bismarck Myth in Wilhelmine Germany (1890-1918)
Authors: Gerwarth Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When, on 20 March 1890, Prince Otto von Bismarck was dismissed as Chancellor of the German Reich and Minister President of Prussia, the German public reacted with surprising indifference to the end of his almost fifty-yearlong career.1 To be sure, Bismarck’s departure from Berlin on 29 March was accompanied by cheering crowds; but neither the Prussian parliament nor the Reichstag voiced any immediate response to the dismissal of one of the most pre-eminent figures in nineteenth-century European politics.2 The daily newspapers, which at first uncritically reported the rumour leaked from government circles that Bismarck’s request to resign had been accepted on grounds of his ill-health, did not express any grief over the Chancellor’s dismissal either.
The Colonial Code: the ILO and ‘Native Labour’ (1919–56)
Authors: Rodríguez-Piñero Luis 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Why did a body such as the International Labour Organisation (ILO) enter into the regulation of the rights of indigenous peoples? The organization’s official answer reflexively points to history. According to the collective memory transmitted generation after generation within the organization: Since its creation in 1919, the ILO has been concerned with the situation of indigenous and tribal populations. It undertook studies as early as 1921 on the situation of indigenous workers, and in 1926 the Governing Body established a Committee of Experts on Native Labour to for- mulate international standards for the protection of indigenous workers.
Top Incomes in Germany Throughout the Twentieth Century: 1891–1998
Authors: Dell1 F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter aims at providing for the first time homogenous top income shares for Germany over the whole twentieth century. Using income tax data, we are able to trace top income shares back into the past as far off as 1891, when the first modern income tax was put into effect in Prussia. We can thus study top income shares series for a period longer than a century, beginning at a time when Germany was still in a phase of late industrialization. Being very similar to France (and indeed all continental European countries documented in this volume), Germany constitutes an appropriate comparison point to deepen our understanding of how top incomes distribution changes. Like France, Germany was deeply shaken by the two World Wars. Like France (and the Netherlands), Germany built a comprehensive Welfare State after the Second World War. Like France, Germany did not experience sharp tax cuts in the 1980s.
Work, Family, and the Discipline of Labour Law
Authors: Conaghan Joanne 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Of what does the subject of labour law comprise? How do we identify its boundaries? What constitutes its rationale? Who is properly subject to its governance? These are questions that are fundamental to labour law, questions which seek to delineate its scope, content, and purpose(s). They are also questions which, in current times, seem increasingly difficult to address in light of the declining explanatory power of those dominant conceptual and ideological frameworks within which such enquiries have traditionally been located.
Equity or Efficiency: International Institutions and the Work/Family Nexus
Authors: Rittich Kerry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A variety of international institutions have discovered that women are a focal point in the transformation of the economy, and one of the keys to enhanced growth. The result is a burgeoning series of investigations into the question of women’ s economic activity and labour market participation, and a range of different analyses of the factors—institutional, cultural, economic, legal—that enhance or impede it. In most, if not all of these analyses, managing the relationship between work and the family, and coming to grips in a comprehensive way with the problem of care, tum out to be central concerns.
Recommodifying Time: Working Hours of ‘Live-in’ Domestic Workers
Authors: Mundlak Guy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Overtime regulation typically does two things. First, it sets limits to the length of the working day and working week. This is usually done by establishing what a standard working day /week is, as well as the maximum number of hours the employer can employ the worker over and above the standard. Secondly, it requires the payment of higher wages for these overtime hours. The core of this regulatory arrangement exists in most countries, with variations from one country to another. One type of variation concerns the extent to which these regulations apply to all workers. While coverage is often universal, in all countries there are various exceptions. They may be for certain types of occupations, for various sectors, in situations of derogation by collective agreement, and more. Most of these exemptions indicate that a uniform arrangement of time is difficult to prescribe.
Work and Family Issues in the Transitional Countries of Central and Eastern Europe: The Case of Hungary
Authors: Lehoczky Csilla Kollonay 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The euphoria over the fall of the communist regimes and the economic and political shift from an authoritarian party-state and centralized economy to parliamentary democracy and a privatized market economy in the Central and East European (CEE) countries (including the Eastern states of the reunified Germany) very soon gave way to disillusionment and a bitter soberness amongst the many who felt themselves to be losers in the changes. Although the overall gains have never been questioned and a reversal of the transformation has never seriously been raised, the sweep of the ‘new freedoms’ desired and celebrated so much on the eve of the shift raised the question of the balance of the gains and losses brought about by privatization and the various economic freedoms, particularly in the field of labour and social law.
New Approaches
Authors: Hamilton Alastair 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Eliano’s was the last Jesuit mission to the Copts for some time to come. Other missions continued, however, and in the final decade of the sixteenth century it seemed that the Coptic patriarch Gabriel VIII had agreed to union with the pope, Clement VIII, and that the ambitions of so many pontiffs had at last been fulfilled.1 In March 1592 the pope dispatched Giovanni Battista Vecchietti, a man with a considerable knowledge and experience of the East. He was to approach the patriarch and two other dignitaries, and arrange for a legation to be sent to Rome.