bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Game Theory and Animal Contests
Authors: Riechert Susan E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is not at all surprising that the first application of game theory to a biological phenomenon dealt with the problem of animal conflict. Here is an area of biology that is pervasive. All animals and even plants, for that matter, compete for resources that may be present in limited supply. A common mechanism of resource defense is to exclude others from access to the resource. This is direct competition, as opposed to exploitation competition in which individuals that are better competitors take more of the limiting resource than do others.
Contests represent the means by which individuals or groups of individuals exclude others from resources. Most of our work on contests has been on male-male competition for mates and individuals fighting for territories or rank in a social hierar chy. It is important to note that contests include a much broader group of interactions than these two classes of disputes. Contests can take place between individuals be longing to closely related species or ecological equivalents that have similar feeding or space requirements (e.g., see discussion in Riechert&Hammerstein 1983). Con tests also occur between the sexes (e.g., Petrie&Lipsitch 1994), between juveniles and adults (e.g., Hansen 1986), between parents and their offspring and other close relatives (e.g., Chapais 1985), and between social groups (e.g., McEachron&Baer 1982).
Game Theory and Inheritance in the Conditional Strategy
Authors: Gross Mart R , Repka Joe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many populations contain more than one behavioral or life-history phenotype within a sex, such as sneakers and fighters in animal mating systems (Gross 1996). Maynard Smith (1982) introduced game theory and the concept of the evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) in part to help explain the evolution of such alternative phenotypic tactics. He emphasized frequency-dependent selection, giving rise to alternative phe notypes with equal average fitnesses. He suggested that this could occur either through a mixed ESS in which each individual randomly plays one or both of the alternative tactics, such as fight with probability p and sneak with probability 1 – p, or through a genetically polymorphic evolutionarily stable state (ESSt) in which different individuals play different strategies within the population, such as a proportion p of individuals that are fighters and 1 – p that are sneakers. Theoretical analyses of the genetically monomorphic mixed ESS and the genetically polymorphic ESSt be came popular in the 1980s and remain so today. However, few examples of alternative phenotypes, which on close inspection are consistent with the conditions of the mixed ESS or ESSt, have been found in nature (Gross 1996).
Duality of Error and Policy Formation
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Grave errors of judgment are brought to our attention as a result of catastrophes immediately linked to wrong decisions. The explosion of the space shuttle Challenger in January 1986 is such a catastrophe; it will stand out for generations not because of a large loss of life but because of its dramatic character—a flaming explosion high in the sky—captured on television and replayed countless times. In addition, it is a clear and compelling example of how a wrong decision—“launch” instead of “don’t launch”—produced a catastrophe. The Challenger disaster clearly was the result of a decision made under uncertainty and thus increased the visibility of this topic.
In order to understand the situation confronting the launch managers, and its implications for judgment and policy, we need to approach the subject of probability, a highly technical, perhaps arcane, topic involving philosophy and mathematics. But this is not a technical book and there are thousands of books on statistics and probability, so we need not approach it very closely. All we need to do is to grasp the distinction between the two major views of probability so that we can see how they affect human judgment and social policy.
Is It Possible to Learn by Intervening?
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I describe various modes of inquiry used by policymakers to reduce uncertainty. “Modes of inquiry” is a term introduced by C. W. Churchman. This is a useful idea, because it allows us to examine all manner of efforts to understand the world around us, not only purely scientific ones. We can examine all modes of inquiry in terms of how well they serve specific purposes; the critical examination of different modes of inquiry allows us to evaluate their characteristics in relation to how well they fit the needs of policymakers. In addition, examining modes of inquiry is critical to our purposes because different modes of inquiry make different demands on human judgment. We may find that some, indeed, all, are found wanting because they were designed for needs other than policy formation. As Churchman put it:
The current tendency in designing inquiring systems is to bolster science and its research as it is conceived today. But in every age when men have struggled to learn more about themselves and the universe they inhabit, there have always been a few reflective thinkers who have tried to learn how men learn, and by what right they can claim that what they profess to learn is truly knowledge.
Natural hybridization: Emerging patterns
Authors: Arnold Michael L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The discussion in Chapters 1 through 6 emphasizes natural hybridization as a process with evolutionarily significant consequences. This perspective motivates the research to discern which factors affect the outcome of reticulate events. This strategy dismisses the typological thinking that defines species as “good” or “bad” depending on whether they are involved in hybridization with related species. Furthermore, the approach that dismisses natural hybridization, either by denying its importance (i.e., hybrids are unfit) or by denying its existence (i.e., taxa that cross cannot be species and thus crosses between them do not represent natural hybridization), is rejected. This rejection is founded on the outlook that such an approach leads to a misunderstanding (or no understanding) of the evolutionary effects that may arise from reticulations.
Coevolution of the Great Spotted Cuckoo and Its Hosts
Authors: Arias-De-Reyna Luis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the past decade, the great spotted cuckoo (Clamator glandarius) has come to be one of the most well-studied parasitic birds (Redondo and Arias-de-Reyna 1989; Soler 1990; Soler and M0ller 1990; Soler and Soler 1991; Zuniga and Redondo l992a,b; Redondo 1993; Arias-deReyna 1994; Soler et al. 1994). It differs from the two other most well-studied parasites, the common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) and the brownheaded cowbird (Molothrus ater), in several critical ways. These two latter species show little geographic variation in the number of host species they use. In each region where it occurs, the common cuckoo specializes on several host species while the brown-headed cowbird acts as an extreme generalist and parasitizes numerous passerine species with which it co-occurs.
Behavior and Ecology of the Shining Cuckoo Chrysococcyx lucidus
Authors: GILL Brain J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chrysococcyx lucidus (Gmelin 1788), called the shining cuckoo in New Zealand and shining bronze cuckoo in Australia, is one of the small “glossy cuckoos” monographed by Friedmann (1968). In this review of the shining cuckoo’s behavior and ecology, I focus mainly on New Zealand data (Gill 1982c, 1983a), but make comparisons and contrasts with the situation in Australia (Brooker and Brooker 1989a,b) and New Caledonia (Hannecart and Letocart 1980) where possible. These references are the main sources of the data given, and for simplicity and readability they may not be cited at every point.
Potential Impacts of Cowbird Range Expansion in Florida
Authors: Cruz Alexander , Post William , Wiley James W , Ortega Catherine P , Nakamura tammie K , Prather John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Avian brood or social parasitism is a reproductive strategy in which parasites lay their eggs in the nests of other birds and depend on the hosts to incubate the eggs and care for the young. Host reproductive success is often reduced by parasitism because of: (i) egg removal or puncturing by the adult parasite; (ii) host desertion of the parasitized nest; (iii) breakage of host eggs when cowbird eggs are laid; (iv) short incubation period of cowbird eggs, 11 days compared with 12-14 days of most hosts, which give nestling cowbirds a head start; (v) reduced egg hatchability and fledgling success; and (vi) cowbird nestlings grow faster, beg more loudly and have larger gapes than host nestlings (Friedmann 1929; Payne 1977; Post and Wiley 1977a; Wiley 1985; Spaw and Rohwer 1987; Cruz et al. 1989; Weatherhead 1989; Rothstein 1990; Ortega and Cruz 1991; Sealy 1992; Robinson et al. 1993).
A Dictionary of Ancient Egypt
Authors: Bunson Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From Aha, king of the 1st Dynasty at Memphis (2,290 BC), to the vast complex of pleasure palaces at Zerukha, this A-Z dictionary places more than 1,500 entries on the rich world of ancient Egypt right at the reader’s fingertips. The first single-volume of its kind, The Dictionary of Ancient Egypt vividly combines the historical, religious, creative, artistic, military, and personal details of this venerable civilization on the Nile. This easy to use dictionary covers a wealth of information from the Predynastic period around 3,000 BC to the fall of the New Kingdom in 1,070 BC. Here are the many pharaohs who served as the guiding forces of Egypt, such as Djoser, the second king of the 3rd Dynasty, who, after dreaming the god Khnum had appeared to him complaining about the sorry state of his shrine, erected a new temple at Elephantine bringing a miraculous end to a famine that plagued Egypt of seven years. And, of course, there is King Tutankhamun, the most well-known pharaoh in modern times because of the discovery of his tomb. We are introduced to the many Egyptian queens, who, whether in command of the country or serving as a consort to the kings, remain intriguing figures in Egyptian history. There is Nefru-Sobek, the eighth ruler of the 12th Dynasty, and Tiy, a queen of the 18th Dynasty and the first queen of Egypt to have her name on official acts, even on the announcement of the king’s marriage to a foreign princess. The mortuary rituals, maintained throughout ancient Egypt’s history and evolving over the centuries, are covered, from simple burials on the fringes of the settlement region and the use of tombs as a place of transfiguration, to the elaborate processes of embalming and mummification. Here also is the art, architecture, and artistic themes that so vividly represent ancient Egyptian cultural expression – the great Step Pyramid, the earliest stone building of its size in the world; the Great Sphynx, seventy-five feet from base to crown and one-hundred and fifty feet long; scarabs, the beetle shaped amulets associated with the life-giving sun; and Satirical Papyrus, a unique collection of artistic works satirizing the state of the nation during the reigns of the last Ramessid kings. Abundantly illustrated with over 170 maps, charts, and drawings based on reliefs, paintings, and statues, The Dictionary of Ancient Egypt is an extraordinary compendium illuminating the vitality, daring, and energy of the dynasties of ancient Egypt as they established new horizons of art, architecture, and spiritual insights on the human journey through time.
Race-A Political Lightning Rod
Authors: Reeves Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The voice of the people is but an echo chamber. The output of an echo chamber bears an inevitable and invariable relation to the input. As candidates and parties clamor for attention and vie for popular support, the people’s verdict can be no more than a selective reflection from amonJ; the alternatives and outlooks presented to them-V. 0. Key, The Responsible Electorate.The levels of support may vary with individual candidates and campaigns. But the evidence is overwhelming that black candidates in the main find it difficult to attract sizable white support.
In Pursuit of a Level Playing Field
Authors: Reeves Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
OK, you want to be colorblind, and that’s fine. But we’ve got 30 percent ef white people who won’t vote for anybody black. How is that colorblind? -U.S. Congressman Melvin Watt of North Carolina, quoted in Nadine Cohodas, “Electing Minorities” fI’Jhe issue is whether a person like me, with my pigmentation, will have the opportunity to be elected to effice. While Reconstruction used poll taxes to suppress blacks from voting, this [court litigation challenging the constitutionality of raceconscious districting] is going in a more sophisticated way to silence us from having any meaningful role in the [political] process.
From Cattle Tanks to Carolina Bays The UtiIity of Model Systems for Understanding Natural Communities
Authors: Resetarits William J , Fauth John E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A primary goal of ecological research is to identify generalities that can simplify the natural world from a jumbled collection of special cases to an ordered array of classifiable sets. This goal is shared by all ecologists and stems from the belief that complex ecological systems operate on a finite set of principles. Once these are understood, ecologists expect some level of predictive ability with regard to ecological phenomena. It has long been recognized that perhaps the most serious constraint in ecological research is the sheer number of factors affecting natural systems, coupled with the large number of unique natural communities we hope to understand. A parallel consideration is that sufficient resources will never be available to study every system on the planet. Thus, the search for generality and predictive power is not simply an abstract theoretical pursuit but an absolutely essential component of the ecological research paradigm. Ecologists use observation, experimentation, and deduction to generate predictive models that simplify the natural world and permit general statements about how it works. Only by obtaining a fundamental and general comprehension of the processes that shape natural systems can we hope to understand not only those systems that are intensively studied but also those innumerable systems that will never be studied. And only then can our basic understanding give rise to the informed and broadly applicable conservation decisions necessary to keep the world working.
Ecology in a Bottle Using Microcosms to Test Theory
Authors: Lawler Sharon P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The science of ecology is brimming with models that portray how community and population dynamics might unfold through time (Kareiva 1989). Such models typically predict dynamics over hundreds of generations of the focal organisms. In contrast, most field experiments encompass just a few generations or less of the species studied. Because investigators seldom record long-term responses of populations to community structure, some key ecological theories have rarely been tested. This is a pervasive problem for models that predict population fluctuations and persistence through time (e.g., theories of predator-prey dynamics or metapopulation dynamics) or species composition and turnover in communities (e.g., island biogeography, assembly rules, succession, or alternative community states). Microcosms can be used as ‘‘biological accelerators’’ to test these theories because they contain organisms with short generation times (Lawton 1995). In addition, some microcosms are very large relative to the size and motility of their inhabitants. In this subset of microcosms, it becomes feasible to measure processes peculiar to large populations or those which require relatively large spatial scales.
Using Models to Enhance the Value of Information from Observations and Experiments
Authors: Marschall Elizabeth A , Roche Bernadette M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ecologists use a number of approaches to understand how complex ecological processes and interactions affect population dynamics. A straightforward approach is to design manipulative experiments that directly measure effects on populations. This requires a replicated manipulation done at an appropriate spatial scale, usually one that encompasses a large portion of a population, and an appropriate temporal scale, usually one that encompasses several generations of a population. This approach limits the populations we can study to those that occur over a small area and those that have short generation times. Some ecologists have recognized these limitations and have chosen to study community and trophic dynamics at small scales (e.g., Morin, Lawler studies of patterns in microbial communities, this volume). Others are successfully taking this direct approach in larger systems (e.g., Brown, studies of desert ecosystems, this volume). But as systems get bigger we lose the ease of replication, and as life cycles get longer we lose the ease of encompassing multiple generations. Our ability to conduct replicated manipulative experiments at large spatial scales and long time scales to assess impacts on whole populations is severely limited by time, systems, and money.
Revelations and Limitations of the Experimental Approach for the Study of Plant-Animal Interactions
Authors: Marquis Robert J , Whelan Christopher J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Interactions between plants and animals are pervasive in nature. Perhaps for this reason, a rich natural history lore exists for plant-animal interactions from virtually every natural habitat on earth. Despite the encyclopedic description available for a large number of interactions of plants and animals, experimental investigation of these interactions has been attempted only rather recently. We feel the use of experiments in the field of plant-animal interactions has led to both greater establishment of causal relationships and increased fundamental understanding of these interactions. We emphasize, however, the necessity of a vital observational component to this and indeed to all ecological disciplines.
Experimental Approaches to the Study of Evolution
Authors: Travis Joseph , Reznick David N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of evolution, a historical phenomenon, can be frustrating; historical subjects are seldom amenable to experimentation, and inferences about them depend on arguments of plausibility and likelihood. Further, evolutionary change is usually slow relative to the rate at which human patience is exhausted, so the phenomena under scrutiny take a long time to unfold before they become recognizable history. Nonetheless, the power of the experimental method can be used to study, in real time, some of what has unfolded and why. Our goal in this chapter is to focus on such experimental approaches; we argue that these methods, when combined with historical or comparative approaches, allow direct tests of certain kinds of hypotheses about evolution. Specifically, we examine how experimental approaches can be used to test hypotheses about the action of selection in natural populations. First, we distinguish a variety of comparative and historical methods, discuss how experimental approaches ought to dovetail with those methods, and illustrate our points with a specific example. We then place these experimental approaches in a larger context and categorize the variety of expeimental approaches by their goals and methods. These experiments and methods are designed to measure the extent of genetic variation for the traits under scrutiny and to elucidate the action of natural selection. For clarity, we focus on the action of selection on morphological, physiological, or life history traits.
Freshwater Resource Development: Case Studies from Puerto Rico and Costa Rica
Authors: Scatena Catherine M Pringle Frederick N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of freshwater resource development and associated environmental problems in both Puerto Rico and Costa Rica illustrates how geography, climate, ecology, human population growth, and political and economic factors like globalization have interacted to shape water resource issues. The effects of these factors on aquatic resources and the ecosystem’ s sustainability are examined for specific regions of each country in two separate case studies. The first deals with conflicts be tween water use and the retention of biological integrity in the Caribbean National Forest of Puerto Rico. The second documents changing land use and aquatic deterioration in the Caribbean lowlands of Costa Rica.
Evolutionary Control of Hiv and Other Sexually Transmitted Viruses
Authors: Ewald Paul W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An Evolutionary Perspective on Sexually Transmitted Viruses At a press conference on April 23, 1984, the secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Margaret Heckler, forecasted the imminent development of a vaccine to prevent AIDS. Focusing on the newly developed process for mass production of HIV, she said “we also believe that the new process will enable us to develop a vaccine to prevent AIDS in the future. We hope to have such a vac9ine ready for testing in approximately two years” (Heckler 1984). Those two years came and went over a decade ago. Between then and now a disturbing realization has emerged: HIV is one of the most formidable pathogenic adversaries that the health sciences have ever confronted. One of the things that makes it so formidable is its great potential for evolutionary change; it is a continually moving target. This potential for evolutionary change also makes HIV a prime example of the need for an integration of evolutionary biology with medicine.
Paleolithic Nutrition Revisited
Authors: Eaton S Boyd , Eaton S B , Konner Melvin J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The nutritional needs of today’s humans arose through a multimillion-year evolutionary process, during nearly all of which genetic change reflected the life circumstances of our ancestral species (Eaton & Konner, 1985). But, since the appearance of agriculture 10,000 years ago and especially since the Industrial Revolution, genetic adaptation has been unable to keep pace with cultural progress (Neel, 1994; Rendel, 1970). Natural selection has produced only minor alterations during the past 10,000 years, so we remain nearly identical to our late Paleolithic ancestors (Tooby & Cosmides, 1990), and, accordingly, their nutritional pattern has continuing relevance. The preagricultural diet might be considered a possible paradigm or standard for contemporary human nutrition (Burkitt & Eaton, 1989; Eaton & Konner, 1985; O’Dea & Sinclair, 1983).
A Skeletal Theory of Institutions
Authors: Bailey James Wood 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter has two aims. First, it articulates and defends a conception of institutions as the equilibria that result from the rational choices of individuals. Second, it shows that utilitarians face particular strategic problems in holding such a conception, specifically problems of equilibrium selection in worlds in which not everyone is a utilitarian and in which interpersonal comparisons of well-being are difficult. To open a conceptual space in which thinking about such problems is tractable, a simple analytical apparatus, the JC and v apparatus, is developed.