bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification and characterization of a novel transcript down‐regulated in Dlx1/Dlx2 and up‐regulated in Pax6 mutant telencephalon
Authors: Faedo Andrea , Quinn Jane C. , Stoney Patrick , Long Jason E. , Dye Catherine , Zollo Massimo , Rubenstein John L.R. , Price David J. , Bulfone Alessandro 
Published: September 2004

AbstractBy using a custom‐made array containing cDNAs preferentially expressed in the mouse embryonic telencephalon (Porteus et al. [1992] Brain Res Mol Brain Res 12:7–22; and Alessandro Bulfone, unpublished data), we studied the gene expression profile of the Dlx1/Dlx2−/− subpallium and Pax6−/− pallium. We identified a transcript corresponding to Unigene Cluster Mm.94021 and rat Evf‐1, which is down‐regulated in the Dlx1/Dlx2−/− subpallium and up‐regulated in the Pax6−/− pallium. Here, we report the expression pattern of this transcript, designated mouse Evf1 (mEvf1), in the prenatal forebrain of wild‐type, Dlx1/Dlx2−/− and Pax6−/− mice using RNA in situ hybridization and reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction. In the wild‐type forebrain mEvf1 expression is restricted to the ventral thalamus, hypothalamus, and subpallial telencephalon (caudal, lateral, and medial ganglionic eminences and septal primordia), whereas it is down‐regulated in the Dlx1/Dlx2−/− subpallium (mainly in caudal, lateral, and medial ganglionic eminences), and up‐regulated in the Pax6−/− lateral and ventral pallium at embryonic day 12.5 and in the dorsal, lateral, and ventral pallium at embryonic day 14.5. Developmental Dynamics 231:614–620, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Screen for genes differentially expressed during regeneration of the zebrafish caudal fin
Authors: Padhi Bhaja K. , Joly Lucille , Tellis Patricia , Smith Amanda , Nanjappa Purushothama , Chevrette Mario , Ekker Marc , Akimenko Marie‐Andrée 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe zebrafish caudal fin constitutes an important model for studying the molecular basis of tissue regeneration. The cascade of genes induced after amputation or injury, leading to restoration of the lost fin structures, include those responsible for wound healing, blastema formation, tissue outgrowth, and patterning. We carried out a systematic study to identify genes that are up‐regulated during “initiation” (1 day) and “outgrowth and differentiation” (4 days) of fin regeneration by using two complementary methods, suppression subtraction hybridization (SSH) and differential display reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (DDRT‐PCR). We obtained 298 distinct genes/sequences from SSH libraries and 24 distinct genes/sequences by DDRT‐PCR. We determined the expression of 54 of these genes using in situ hybridization. In parallel, gene expression analyses were done in zebrafish embryos and early larvae. The information gathered from the present study provides resources for further investigations into the molecular mechanisms of fin development and regeneration. Developmental Dynamics 231:527–541, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two DM domain genes, DMY and DMRT1, involved in testicular differentiation and development in the medaka, Oryzias latipes
Authors: Kobayashi Tohru , Matsuda Masaru , Kajiura‐Kobayashi Hiroko , Suzuki Aya , Saito Noriko , Nakamoto Masatoshi , Shibata Naoki , Nagahama Yoshitaka 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe recent discovery of the DMY gene (DM domain gene on Y chromosome and one of the DMRT1 family genes) as a key determinant of male development in the medaka (Oryzias latipes) has led to its designation as the prime candidate gene for sex‐determination in this species. This study focused on the sites and pattern of expression of DMY and DMRT1 genes during gonadal differentiation of medaka to further determine their roles in testis development. DMY mRNA and protein are expressed specifically in the somatic cells surrounding primordial germ cells (PGCs) in the early gonadal primordium, before morphological sex differences are seen. However, somatic cells surrounding PGCs never express DMY during the early migratory period. Expression of DMY persists in Sertoli cell lineage cells, from PGC‐supporting cells to Sertoli cells, indicating that only DMY‐positive cells enclose PGCs during mitotic arrest after hatching. DMRT1 is expressed in spermatogonium‐supporting cells after testicular differentiation (20–30 days after hatching), and its expression is much higher than that of DMY in mature testes. In XX sex‐reversed testes, DMRT1 is expressed in the Sertoli cell lineage, similar to the expression of DMY in XY testes. These results suggest strongly that DMY regulates PGC proliferation and differentiation sex‐specifically during early gonadal differentiation of XY individuals and that DMRT1 regulates spermatogonial differentiation. Developmental Dynamics 231:518–526, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Crk‐associated substrate (Cas) family member, NEDD9, is regulated in human neuroblastoma cells and in the embryonic hindbrain by all‐trans retinoic acid
Authors: Merrill Ronald A. , See Angela Wai‐Man , Wertheim Margaret L. , Clagett‐Dame Margaret 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe vitamin A metabolite, all‐trans retinoic acid (atRA), plays an essential role in vertebrate embryogenesis, including development of the nervous system. In the human neuroblastoma cell line, SH‐SY5Y, atRA rapidly induces (within 4 hr) the expression of the Crk‐associated substrate (Cas) family member, neural precursor cell‐expressed, developmentally down‐regulated gene 9 (NEDD9) also called the human enhancer of filamentation (HEF1). NEDD9 is expressed in the developing hindbrain (5‐somite stage) in the presumptive rhombomeres 2, 3, and 5 before the onset of overt segmentation. Exposure of rat embryos to excess atRA at times ranging from E9.25 to E12 leads to altered NEDD9 expression in the developing hindbrain within 6 hr. NEDD9 expression is also perturbed in vitamin A‐deficient embryos. A putative retinoic acid response element in the 5′ region of the NEDD9 promoter binds specifically to a RXR/RAR heterodimer and forms a higher molecular weight complex upon addition of a retinoic acid receptor‐specific antibody. Regulation of NEDD9 may be an important means whereby atRA promotes cell spreading and neurite outgrowth in SH‐SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells, and NEDD9 represents a new downstream target of atRA and its receptors in the developing hindbrain. Developmental Dynamics 231:564–575, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intussusceptive angiogenesis: Its emergence, its characteristics, and its significance
Authors: Burri Peter H. , Hlushchuk Ruslan , Djonov Valentin 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThis review shall familiarize the reader with the various aspects of intussusceptive angiogenesis (IA). The basic event in IA is the formation of transvascular tissue pillars. Depending on location, timing, and frequency of pillar emergence, the IA process has different outcomes. In capillaries, a primary IA function is to expand the capillary bed in size and complexity (intussusceptive microvascular growth). It represents an alternative to capillary sprouting. Highly ordered pillar formation in a developing capillary network leads to the formation of vascular trees (intussusceptive arborization). In small arteries and veins, pillar formation at the vessels' branching angles leads either to remodeling of the branching geometry or even to vascular pruning (intussusceptive branching remodeling). It appears essential that future angiogenic research considers always both phenomena, sprouting and intussusception. Vascularization of tissues, organs, and tumors rely heavily on both mechanisms; neglecting one or the other would obscure our understanding of the angiogenesis process. Developmental Dynamics 231:474–488, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of a CD4+CD25+ T cell subset committed in vivo to suppress antigen‐specific T cell responses without additional stimulation
Authors: Nolte‐‘t Hoen Esther N. M. , Wagenaar‐Hilbers Josée P. A. , Boot Elmieke P. J. , Lin Chia‐Huey , Arkesteijn Ger J. A. , van Eden Willem , Taams Leonie S. , Wauben Marca H. M. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractNaturally occurring CD4+ regulatory T cells can be identified on the basis of expression of CD25 and suppression of T cell responses in vitro after TCR triggering. Here, we demonstrate that a CD134+ subset of CD4+CD25+ T cells in naive rats suppresses antigen‐specific T cell responses in vitro without additional TCR stimulation. In contrast, CD4+CD25+CD134– regulatory T cells and total CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells have suppressive activity only during simultaneous activation of responder and regulatory T cells or after in vitro pre‐activation. Furthermore CD4+CD25+CD134+ T cells have a more activated phenotype than CD4+CD25+CD134– T cells, as based on the expression of CD62L, CD45RC, and MHC class II. We propose that the CD134+ regulatory T cells contain an in vivo activated and highly suppressive regulatory T cell subset. CD4+CD25+CD134+ T cells can be found in several compartments of the immune system, including spleen, lymph nodes, and blood. Interestingly though, the relative amounts of these cells within the CD4+ population and their CD134 expression levels are highest in mucosa‐draining lymph nodes and lowest in blood. This suggests that the presence of CD4+CD25+CD134+ T cells indicates sites of active immune suppression.
C5a anaphylatoxin as a product of complement activation up‐regulates the complement inhibitory factor H in rat Kupffer cells
Authors: Schlaf Gerald , Nitzki Frauke , Heine Ines , Hardeland Rüdiger , Schieferdecker Henrike L. , Götze Otto 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe 155‐kDa complement regulator factor H (FH) is the predominant soluble regulatory protein of the complement system. It acts as a cofactor for the factor I‐mediated conversion of the component C3b to iC3b, competes with factor B for a binding site on C3b and C3(H2O) and promotes the dissociation of the C3bBb complex. The primary site of synthesis is the liver, i.e. FH‐specific mRNA and protein were identified in both hepatocytes (HC) and Kupffer cells (KC). Previous studies in rat primary HC and KC had shown that the proinflammatory cytokine IFN‐γ influences the balance between activation and inhibition of the complement system through up‐regulation of the inhibitory FH. In this study we show that C5a, as a product of complement activation, stimulates the expression of FH‐specific mRNA and protein in KC and thus induces a negative feedback. Quantitative‐competitive RT‐PCR showed an approximate threefold C5a‐induced up‐regulation of FH. ELISA analyses revealed a corresponding increase in FH protein in the supernatants of KC. The up‐regulation of FH was completely inhibited by the C5a‐blocking monoclonal antibody 6‐9F. Furthermore, an involvement of LPS and IFN‐γ was excluded, which strongly indicates a direct effect of C5a on the expression of FH in KC.
Mini‐review: Transendothelial migration of leukocytes: through the front door or around the side of the house?
Authors: Engelhardt Britta , Wolburg Hartwig 
Published: September 2004

AbstractLeukocyte adhesion to the endothelial cells lining the vessel wall and the subsequent migration of the leukocytes into the underlying tissue are key elements of both innate and adaptive immunity. Leukocyte extravasation is generally believed to take place through small gaps at intercellular endothelial cell junctions – the paracellular route. This view has, however, been repeatedly challenged by morphological studies demonstrating leukocyte migration through the endothelial cells themselves – the transcellular pathway. On the basis of the current experimental evidence, we propose consideration that both pathways are equally possible for a leukocyte's journey from the apical surface of the endothelium to its basal side.
Reciprocal stimulation of γδ T cells and dendritic cells during the anti‐mycobacterial immune response
Authors: Dieli Francesco , Caccamo Nadia , Meraviglia Serena , Ivanyi Juraj , Sireci Guido , Bonanno Cesira T. , Ferlazzo Viviana , La Mendola Carmela , Salerno Alfredo 
Published: September 2004

Abstractγδ T cells and dendritic cells (DC) are two distinct cell types of innate immunity that participate in early phases of immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Here we show that a close functional relationship exists between these cell populations. Using an in vitro coculture system, Vγ1 T cells from Tcrb–/– mice were found to be activated by DC infected in vitro with BCG, as indicated by the elevated CD69 expression, IFN‐γ secretion and cytotoxic activity. This activation process was due to a non‐cognate mechanism since it required neither cell to cell contact nor interaction between the TCR and a specific antigen, but was mediated by DC‐derived IL‐12. Reciprocally, Vγ1 T cells provided a key cytokine, IFN‐γ, which increased IL‐12 production by BCG‐infected DC. Moreover, exposure of BCG‐infected DC to Vγ1 T cells conditioned the former to prime a significantly stronger anti‐mycobacterial CD8 T cell response. Consequently, stimulation of γδ T cells and their non‐cognate interaction with DC could be applied as an immune adjuvant strategy to optimize vaccine‐induced CD8 T cell immunity.
Enhanced basal AP‐1 activity and de‐regulation of numerous genes in T cells transgenic for a dominant interfering mutant of FADD/MORT1
Authors: Chaneva Svetla , Schneider Günter , Siegmund Daniela , Wajant Harald , Mages Jörg , Häcker Georg 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe essential role of FADD/MORT1 and caspase‐8 in ‘death‐receptor’‐induced apoptosis is well characterized. Surprisingly, these proteins also play a critical role in antigen‐ or mitogen‐induced activation and proliferation of T cells. We report the results of gene expression profiling in T cells from mice defective in FADD‐signaling due to transgenic expression of a dominant negative mutant of FADD (FADDdn T cells). Of the tested genes, 159 were differentially expressed in mutant cells prior to or, more often, after mitogenic stimulation for 20 h. No obvious regulator of proliferation was changed in expression. However, a number of T cell effector genes such as IL‐2 and IL‐9 were up‐regulated upon stimulation. Analysis of IL‐2 regulation showed enhanced mRNA induction but normal protein production in activated FADDdn T cells. Activation of the nuclear factor of activated T cells was normal upon stimulation but the activity of the activator protein 1 (AP‐1) family was strongly increased in resting FADDdn T cells. Expression and transcriptional activity of classical AP‐1 family members was unaltered in FADDdn cells, suggesting the involvement of other AP‐1 family members. The constitutive activation of AP‐1 may thus serve to precondition resting T cells for an enhanced expression of many immunologically relevant genes during activation.
B cells are not required for T cell priming in low zone tolerance to contact allergens and contact hypersensitivity
Authors: Seidel‐Guyenot Wolfgang , Alt Ruth , Perschon Sylwia , Knop Jürgen , Steinbrink Kerstin 
Published: September 2004

AbstractLow zone tolerance (LZT) to contact allergens is induced by epicutaneous exposure to haptens in subsensitizing doses resulting in an inhibition of contact hypersensitivity (CHS), which, in contrast, occurs after sensitization with immunogenic doses of allergens. Performing the protocol of tolerance induction resulted in robust LZT to allergens in B cell‐deficient mice in vivo, indicating that B cells are not required for the induction and effector phase of LZT. However, CHS reactions in vivo were restricted in B cell‐deficient mice as compared to wild‐type (WT) mice. In contrast, analysis of hapten‐specific T cell activation in vitro revealed a strong proliferative response of T cells derived from both WT and B cell‐deficient sensitized mice. Similar to WT animals, T cells obtained from tolerized B cell‐deficient mice produced a Tc2 cytokine pattern of LZT with high levels of IL‐4 and IL‐10, whereas sensitization of B cell‐deficient mice resulted in the typical Tc1 cytokine profile of CHS. Adoptive transfer of CD8+ effector T cells from tolerized or sensitized B cell‐deficient mice induced significant LZT or CHS reactions, respectively, in WT recipients, demonstrating that the development of hapten‐specific effector CD8+ T cells of LZT and CHS is independent of B cells.
The Nature of the M≡E Bond: Theoretical Investigation of the Molecules [(RO)3M≡E] (M = Mo, W; E = N, P, As, Sb, Bi; R = H, Me) and [(Me3CO)3Mo≡P]
Authors: Pandey Krishna K. , Frenking Gernot 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe electronic and molecular structures of the metal‐pnicogen complexes [(RO)3M≡E] (M = Mo, W; E = N, P, As, Sb, Bi; R = H, Me) and [(Me3CO)3M≡P] have been investigated at the DFT level using the exchange correlation functionals B3LYP and BP86. The nature of the M≡E interactions was analyzed with charge and energy decomposition methods. The bonding analyses show that the metal‐pnicogen bonds are genuine triple bonds containing a σ‐ and a degenerate π‐bond. The M−E σ‐bonds are always polarized towards the pnicogen atom E, particularly for the nitrogen complexes. The M−N π‐bonds are also polarized towards nitrogen, while the π‐bonds of the heavier pnicogens P−Bi show a small polarization towards the metal atom. The M−E σ‐bonds at the pnicogen E are spn‐hybridized; the p character is always > 80% of the total AO contribution. The hybridization of the metal atoms in the nitrido complexes is approximately sd2 and that in the heavier homologues, approximately sd. The ratio of the energy contributions of the σ‐ and π‐orbitals to the covalent bonding in [(HO)3M≡E] is about 50:50 for all pnicogen atoms E. The metal−nitrido bonds in [(HO)3M≡N] are more covalent than electrostatic. The covalent character becomes smaller when the pnicogen atom becomes heavier with the trend N >> P > As > Sb > Bi. The [(HO)3M≡E] tungsten complexes have stronger bonds that are slightly less covalent than the molybdenum complexes, the π‐bonding contribution in the former species is slightly larger than in the latter. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Chiral Gelators Constructed from 11‐Aminoundecanoic (AUDA), Lauric and Amino Acid Units. Synthesis, Gelling Properties and Preferred Gelation of Racemates vs. the Pure Enantiomers
Authors: Čaplar Vesna , Žinić Mladen , Pozzo Jean‐Luc , Fages Frederic , Mieden‐Gundert Gudrun , Vögtle Fritz 
Published: September 2004

AbstractA new class of efficient low molecular weight gelator molecules has been designed by combining 11‐aminoundecanoic acid (AUDA), lauric acid and aromatic and aliphatic amino acid units in the same molecule. This yields a special class of fatty acid amphiphiles with core chiral centres and hydrogen bonding sites. Some of the compounds with terminal carboxylic acid and sodium carboxylate functions exhibited ambidextrous gelation properties, being able to form gels both with highly polar solvents (water, DMSO) and also with highly lipophilic solvents, including two hydrocarbon fuels. At variance with several recent observations that the enantiomers are generally more efficient gelators than the corresponding racemates, some of the racemic gelators prepared in this work were found to be capable of gelling up to 16 times larger volumes of certain solvents than the pure enantiomers. Temperature‐dependent FTIR and 1H NMR studies of the gels formed by derivatives with terminal carboxylic acid groups and lipophilic solvents revealed that intermolecular hydrogen bonding between amidic and carboxylic acid units was involved in the self‐assembly of gel aggregates. Additional strong stabilization of the aggregates was observed in the gelators possessing terminal sodium carboxylate groups, and this was attributed to the electrostatic and ion‐dipole interactions between the sodium carboxylate groups. This additional stabilization appears to be responsible for considerably higher thermal stability of the latter gels in relation to those formed by gelators with terminal carboxylic acid groups. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Sonogashira Cross‐Couplings of Dehydroamino Acid Derivatives and Phenylacetylenes
Authors: Abreu Ana S. , Ferreira Paula M. T. , Queiroz Maria‐João R. P. , Gatto Emanuela , Venanzi Mariano 
Published: September 2004

AbstractSeveral phenylacetylenes were coupled under Sonogashira cross‐coupling conditions with the methyl esters of N‐(tert‐butoxycarbonyl)‐(E)‐β‐bromo‐ or ‐β,β‐dibromodehydroalanine, to give β‐substituted or β,β‐disubstituted dehydroalanines, respectively. The β‐substituted dehydroalanines were obtained in good to high yields (60−90%) under the usual Sonogashira conditions (1 equiv. of the phenylacetylene, 1 mol % of [Pd(PPh3)4], 2 mol % of CuI, 18 equiv. of NEt3 in acetonitrile, 24 h at room temp.), with retention of stereochemistry. The β,β‐disubstituted dehydroalanines were, in turn, obtained in moderate to good yields (44−63%) under modified Sonogashira conditions (4 equiv. of the phenylacetylene,10 mol % of [PdCl2(PPh3)2], 20 mol % of CuI, 1.4 equiv. of Cs2CO3 in acetonitrile, 2 h at reflux). In the latter reactions, some phenylacetylene dimer and the (E) isomer of the monosubstituted coupled products were also isolated to some extent. The Sonogashira products obtained from the 4‐bromophenylacetylene were allowed to react with functionalized benzo[b]thiophenes under C−C or C−N palladium‐catalyzed cross‐coupling conditions. Preliminary fluorescence studies were performed for mono‐ and disubstituted (4‐aminophenyl)acetylenic dehydroamino acids and for the benzo[b]thiophene derivatives. The results showed that some of the dehydroalanines prepared can be used as fluorescent probes. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
TAME‐Hex A − A Novel Bifunctional Chelating Agent for Radioimmunoimaging
Authors: Arslantas Enver , Smith‐Jones Peter M. , Ritter Gerd , Schmidt Richard R. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractTwo novel (bifunctional) chelating agents, TAME‐Hex A and B, which are polyaminopolycarboxylic acids based on the tripodal TAME [tris(aminomethyl)ethane] structure, have been designed and synthesized. The chelators show very good stability with gallium(III) ions and thus are highly effective candidates for use in radioimmunoimaging (RII), especially in positron emission tomography (PET). (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Connective Synthesis of Spirovetivanes: Total Synthesis of (±)‐Agarospirol, (±)‐Hinesol and (±)‐α‐Vetispirene
Authors: Maulide Nuno , Vanherck Jean‐Christophe , Markó István E. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractA concise, connective synthesis of naturally occurring spirovetivanes 1 and 3, in racemic form, is presented. This novel approach involves the efficient assembly of the advanced intermediate 12 through a unique spiroannulation protocol. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Trends in Asymmetric Michael Reactions Catalysed by Tripeptides in Combination with an Achiral Additive in Different Solvents
Authors: Tsogoeva Svetlana B. , Jagtap Sunil B. , Ardemasova Zoya A. , Kalikhevich Victor N. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe potential of tripeptides 3, 6 and 12 as chiral catalysts for asymmetric Michael addition reactions in the presence of an achiral additive has been tested in different solvents (CHCl3, acetone, DMF, DMSO and the room‐temperature ionic liquid [bmim]PF6). The dependence of yields and enantiomeric excesses on the solvent used has been demonstrated. The experiments show that the combination of additive and peptides provides a catalytic system that appears to be better than the sum of its parts. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)