bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors affecting reproduction in zoo‐housed geoffroy's tamarins(Saguinus geoffroyi)
Authors: Kuhar Christopher W. , Bettinger Tamara L. , Sironen Alan L. , Shaw James H. , Lasley Bill L. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe captive population of Geoffroy's tamarins (Saguinus geoffroyi) has suffered a severe decline over the past 10 years. This population decline is attributed not to a failure to produce offspring, but rather to a failure to successfully rear offspring. To date, no studies have quantitatively examined the behaviors and hormones of this tamarin species in captivity. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine whether there were any discernable factors that could be correlated with failure to rear offspring in S. geoffroyi. Fifteen adult Geoffroy's tamarins (GTs) at the Cleveland Metroparks Zoo (CMZ) were observed by means of instantaneous sampling on a focal animal. In addition, all instances of social behaviors were recorded. A factorial arrangement of treatments was used, as animals were divided between a colony‐housing situation and a non‐colony situation with hand‐reared and mother‐reared animals in both treatments. Repeated‐measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed no interactions between the treatments, and no differences between rearing histories for the behaviors studied. However, animals housed in a colony setting exhibited higher levels of aggressive behaviors and lower activity levels compared to those in a non‐colony setting. There also was a trend for colony‐housed animals to huddle, scent‐mark, and exhibit sexual behaviors more often than non‐colony animals. First‐morning‐void urine samples were collected once per week, and assays for E1C and PdG indicated that reproduction was not being suppressed. ANOVA conducted on samples assayed for excreted cortisol showed no differences in mean cortisol concentration by rearing histories or housing conditions. While these physiological indicators reveal no signs of stress, high levels of aggressive and territorial behaviors indicate social unrest in the colony‐housed condition, which may be contributing to the poor reproductive success of those individuals. Zoo Biol 22:545–559, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acquisition of fishes and aquatic invertebrates for zoological collections. Is there a future?
Authors: Thoney D.A. , Warmolts D.I , Andrews C. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe majority of the freshwater fishes in the ornamental trade now originate from captive‐bred sources, as do a large proportion of the freshwater species exhibited in public aquariums. In contrast, commercial operators who also supply marine specimens to the ornamental trade remove directly from the wild approximately 98% of the marine fishes and invertebrates exhibited in public aquariums. The common perception prevails that captive propagation is inherently a better alternative to obtaining animals from the wild. Although captive propagation has been shown to have many benefits for terrestrial species, there are a number of features unique to marine species that challenge the idea that every species should be bred in captivity. Some of the key issues relating to the development of widespread conservation‐oriented captive propagation programs include: 1) the high taxonomic diversity in marine animals; 2) the resultant variety in their reproductive methods; 3) their ecological, behavioral, physiological, and nutritional needs; and 4) our general lack of knowledge on their husbandry and medical care. There are several characteristics of marine fish and invertebrate populations that make them suitable candidates for sustainable harvest. For instance, marine teleosts are “r‐selected,” meaning that they have an extremely high fecundity, and most marine teleosts have a wide distribution and the ability to disperse over long distances. In locations considered for fish collection, appropriate management techniques should be employed to ensure that fishes and invertebrates are collected with as little impact on the ecosystem as possible. The collection of marine fishes and invertebrates for public aquariums and the hobby trade should be managed like a fishery to ensure long‐term sustainability. The public aquarium community should support marine organism certification initiatives, such as the Marine Aquarium Council (MAC). Marine organism certification will create market incentives that encourage and support quality and sustainable practices by creating consumer demand and confidence for certified organisms, practices, and industry participants. The creation of refuges that supply propagules to harvested areas, the rotation of areas fished, species‐specific size limits and seasons, and standardization of collecting, handling, and transportation techniques should be used to manage these fisheries and harvest areas. Zoo Biol 22:519–527, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessment of motility, acrosomal integrity, and viability of giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) sperm following short‐term storage at 4°C
Authors: Olson Mary Ann , Yan Huang , DeSheng Li , Spindler Rebecca , Howard JoGayle , Hemin Zhang , Durrant Barbara 
Published: December 2003

AbstractShort‐term cool storage of semen affords many of the same benefits as cryopreservation, without the extensive cryoinjury to sperm associated with freezing. Semen storage for artificial insemination (AI) is an integral part of giant panda captive breeding programs. AI functions to generate offspring from males that have never bred, are underrepresented, or are unable to breed with genetically desirable females due to geographic separation. In the present study, semen was collected by electroejaculation from six giant pandas and extended in four media (TEST with 0% or 5% glycerol, or SFS with 0% or 5% glycerol). Subsequently, initial motility (MOT), speed of progression (SOP), percent live (% L), and percent normal acrosome (% NAR) values were recorded. These parameters were assessed again at 4, 8, 24, and 48 hr of incubation at 4°C in each medium. Motility scores (MS) were calculated as MOT×SOP2. The MS of each sample was also recorded after the addition of 20 mM caffeine. Results were expressed as a percent of the initial value (% I). Although all three parameters decreased over time, the MS decreased at a faster rate than either the % L or the % NAR. There were significant differences between individual pandas for each measured parameter, while only % IMS was significantly affected by medium (P=.0006). The addition of caffeine increased % IMS at all time periods and reduced the differences between media to nonsignificant levels. The addition of glycerol was not beneficial for short‐term semen storage. These data indicate that storage of giant panda semen at 4°C for up to 48 hr maintains sperm viability at a level sufficient for use in an AI program. Zoo Biol 22:529–544, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of felid activity on zoo visitor interest
Authors: Margulis Susan W. , Hoyos Catalina , Anderson Meegan 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe extent to which the presence of zoo visitors influences animal behavior, and the ways in which animal activity influences visitor interest and perception, are of great interest to zoological parks. Visitors have been variously characterized as being enriching for zoo animals, as being stressors, and generally as influencing behavior in measurable ways. Most studies have focused on primates, and have assumed a “visitor effect” paradigm (i.e., visitors influence animal behavior). Here we present findings from a study of a nonprimate group (felids), and examine the “visitor attraction” model, which assumes that visitors are attracted to active animals. We assessed visitor interest and number at seven cat exhibits at the Brookfield Zoo during the spring and summer of 2002. Data were collected during 1‐min scans of each exhibit at 10‐min intervals. The results indicate that visitor presence per se did not influence cat activity, and that visitor interest was generally greater when cats were active. Various species differences may be explained by visitor familiarity with the species, variations in exhibit design, and species‐specific activity budgets. We conclude that the visitor attraction model may be more appropriate for taxa, such as large cats, that tend naturally to be largely inactive and to respond little (if at all) to visitor disturbances or efforts to engage. The relationship must be viewed as bidirectional: visitors influence animal behavior, and animal behavior influences visitor interest. However, the strength and primary direction of this relationship is likely taxon‐specific. We suggest that a visitor attraction model may be more appropriate not only for felids, but for other taxa with similar behavioral patterns and responses as well. Zoo Biol 22:587–599, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dangerous animals in captivity: Ex situ tiger conflict and implications for private ownership of exotic animals
Authors: Nyhus P.J. , Tilson R.L. , Tomlinson J.L. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe risks associated with tiger attacks on people in the wild are well documented. There may currently be more tigers in captivity than in the wild, but relatively little is known about the risks of injury or death associated with owning and managing captive tigers and other large carnivores. The purpose of this study was to conduct a global assessment of attacks by captive tigers on people, with particular emphasis on cases in the United States. Our analysis of 30 international media sources and additional documents uncovered 59 unique incidents in 1998–2001 in which people were reportedly injured or killed by captive tigers. In the United States, seven people were reportedly killed and at least 27 were injured—a rate of 1.75 fatal attacks and at least nine nonfatal attacks per year. All but one fatal attack in the United States occurred in situations where tigers were privately owned or held in private facilities. Forty‐two percent of the victims were classified as visitors, and almost one‐quarter of the victims were under the age of 20. These results suggest that the victims underestimated the dangers posed by direct contact with these animals. In this work we review current legislation regarding captive ownership of tigers and other large exotic animals, and contradict claims by those who support private ownership of tigers and other large felids that the risks associated with owning and viewing these animals are insignificant. We conclude that the growing number of people who own tigers and other large exotic animals is cause for concern because of the danger to the animals, the handlers, and the public. The problem of private ownership of dangerous exotic animals has broad implications for tiger and large‐carnivore conservation, public health, and animal welfare. We support the regulation of private ownership of dangerous exotic animals, and encourage scientific analysis of this contentious issue. Zoo Biol 22:573–586, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hueidea (Fuscideaceae), a new lichen genus from alpine Australia
Authors: Kantvilas Gintaras , McCarthy Patrick M. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractHueidea australiensis Kantvilas & P.M. McCarthy gen. et sp. nov. (Fuscideaceae) is described from seasonally inundated, granite rocks in the Mt Kosciuszko area of New South Wales, Australia. The genus is characterized by the crustose habit, a green unicellular photobiont of the type found in the Fuscideaceae, Teloschistes-type, eight-spored asci, non-adhering, simple paraphyses and polarilocular, hyaline ascospores. Its systematic position is discussed, based on a comparative study of a range of related or superficially similar taxa from the Teloschistaceae and Fuscideaceae.
Hafellia alisioae and H. gomerana (lichenized Ascomycetes, Physciaceae), two new species from the Canary Islands, with a key to all known corticolous species
Authors: Etayo Javier , Marbach Bernhard 
Published: December 2003

AbstractTwo new corticolous species, Hafellia alisioae and H. gomerana (lichenized Ascomycetes, Physciaceae), collected from twigs of coastal shrubs on the Canary Islands are described. The new species are discussed in relation to other Hafellia species with similar characters. An overview and a key for 23 corticolous species of Hafellia with 2-celled ascospores is provided.
Ochrolechia Splendens (Pertusariaceae), a new species from south-western North America
Authors: Lumbsch H. Thorsten , Messuti María Inés , Nash Thomas H. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe new species Ochrolechia splendens Lumbsch and Messuti, is described from Mexico, south-western North America, where it occurs on exposed siliceous rocks. It is characterized by relatively large apothecia with entire margins, the presence of the gyrophoric acid chemosyndrome in the thallus and apothecial disc and the presence of lichexanthone as major components.
Development of a structured generic drug intervention model for public health purposes: a brief application of motivational interviewing with young people
Authors: MCCAMBRIDGE JIM , STRANG JOHN 
Published: December 2003

AbstractBrief applications of Motivational Interviewing (MI) emerged around 15 years ago to target problematic alcohol and other drug use. Interventions which specifically target illicit drug use, young people, or which are delivered in settings other than health‐care services have, however, been relatively slow to develop. The needs of young people for interventions distinct from those offered to adults are considered, as a precursor to an outline of the structure of a newly adapted intervention targeting drug use in general among young people. Based upon earlier topic‐based approaches developed by Rollnick et al. this intervention is innovative in simultaneously targeting a range of drugs in pursuit of secondary prevention objectives, while also seeking to manifest the spirit of MI. The intervention consists of a single‐session face‐to‐face conversation of up to 60 minutes duration. Data are presented which describe the development and conduct of this intervention during the course of an efficacy trial, with promising efficacy data themselves reported elsewhere. Observations are made on intervention delivery and consideration is given to implications for further novel targeting of young people and within the field of addiction interventions more generally.
Antagonist‐precipitated heroin withdrawal under anaesthetic prior to maintenance naltrexone treatment: determinants of withdrawal severity
Authors: ALI ROBERT , THOMAS PETER , WHITE JASON , MCGREGOR CATHERINE , DANZ CATHERINE , GOWING LINDA , STEGINK AMANDA , ATHANASOS PETER 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThis study sought to characterize antagonist‐precipitated heroin withdrawal during and immediately following anaesthesia and to identify the determinants of withdrawal severity and duration in 48 dependent heroin users. Objective withdrawal signs decreased significantly with each naloxone bolus administered under anaesthetic. The cost (amount) of the final heroin administration and the number of hours between last heroin use and commencement of anaesthesia were significant, independent predictors of the severity of withdrawal symptomatology. While 83% (40/48) of participants completed withdrawal according to objective criteria and commenced maintenance naltrexone treatment, almost half (22/48) were unable to commence naltrexone on the day of the procedure due to residual withdrawal signs. Fourteen of these 22 participants subsequently commenced naltrexone (median number of days between admission and commencement of naltrexone was 2, range 1–6) while eight left treatment prior to initiation of naltrexone. Significantly fewer of those with more severe withdrawal signs during anaesthesia commenced naltrexone (40% vs. 60%). While the severity and duration of withdrawal symptomatology may be moderated by encouraging participants to reduce (or cease) heroin use close to the time of withdrawal, for a substantial proportion of participants in this study, heroin withdrawal by this antagonist‐precipitated procedure was neither rapid nor painless.
Emergency management of inadvertent accelerated opiate withdrawal in dependent opiate users
Authors: LUBMAN DAN I. , KOUTSOGIANNIS ZEFF , KRONBORG IAN 
Published: December 2003

AbstractSix opiate‐dependent drug users presented to the local emergency department within a 10‐day period with symptoms of severe opioid withdrawal immediately following intravenous use of recently acquired street ‘heroin’. The withdrawal picture was similar to that described in patients undergoing rapid opioid detoxification, suggesting that the substance injected was contaminated with an opiate antagonist. A number of potential compounds are discussed, including naltrexone and buprenorphine, and recommendations for the medical management of severe opiate withdrawal within an emergency setting are outlined.
Smoking cessation interventions for in‐patients: a selective review with recommendations for hospital‐based health professionals
Authors: WOLFENDEN LUKE , CAMPBELL ELIZABETH , WALSH RAOUL A. , WIGGERS JOHN 
Published: December 2003

AbstractA selective review of the literature was conducted to provide evidence‐based recommendations for the clinical management of hospitalized smokers. The Cochrane library, in particular the Cochrane review of ‘Interventions for smoking cessation in hospitalised patients’, was the basis for the review and was supplemented with other clinical and non‐clinical literature where the review did not inform clinicians sufficiently. Evidence was reviewed on issues considered by the authors to be of importance to health professionals interested in providing a smoking cessation intervention to their patients. The review suggests that effective hospital interventions: incorporate an in‐patient intervention lasting greater than 20 minutes in duration with extended post discharge follow‐up; consist of at least five intervention contacts; and be delivered over at least a 3‐month period. Furthermore, interventions should include in‐patient advice and counselling, the provision of nicotine replacement therapy and extended proactive post discharge telephone support. The review also indicates that cessation interventions are particularly effective when delivered to patients with a cardiovascular diagnosis. All health professionals may be effective in providing cessation treatments; however, the addition of a specialist smoking cessation counsellor appears to improve interventions in this setting. Finally, without the development of supportive systems, routine intervention with smoking patients by health professionals is unlikely. Recommendations for the delivery of effective smoking cessation interventions in hospitals are provided.
Being stoned: a review of self‐reported cannabis effects
Authors: GREEN BOB , KAVANAGH DAVID , YOUNG ROSS 
Published: December 2003

AbstractAlthough there has been considerable research into the adverse effects of cannabis, less attention has been directed toward subjective effects that may be associated with ongoing cannabis use. Examination of self‐reported cannabis effects is an important issue in understanding the widespread use of cannabis. While reviews have identified euphoria as a primary factor in maintaining cannabis use, relaxation is the effect reported most commonly in naturalistic studies of cannabis users, irrespective of the method used. Self‐reported effects in 12 naturalistic and 18 laboratory studies were compared. Regardless of methodology there was considerable variation in the effects experienced. Variation has been reported in terms of opposite effects being experienced by different individuals, variation of effects by individuals within a single occasion and between occasions of use. Factors that might explain this variation are outlined. Limitations of the available literature and suggested directions for future research are discussed.
Suppression of tumor necrosis factor‐alpha‐induced neutrophil adherence responses by essential oils
Authors: Abe Shigeru , Maruyama Naho , Hayama Kazumi , Ishibashi Hiroko , Inoue Shigeharu , Oshima Haruyuki , Yamaguchi Hideyo 
Published: December 2003

Background: In aromatherapy, essential oils are used as anti‐inflammatory remedies, but experimental studies on their action mechanisms are very limited.Aims: To assess their anti‐inflammatory activities, effects of essential oils on neutrophil activation were examined in vitro.Methods: Neutrophil activation was measured by tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α)‐induced adherence reaction of human peripheral neutrophils.Results: All essential oils tested at 0.1% concentration suppressed TNF‐α‐induced neutrophil adherence, and, in particular, lemongrass, geranium and spearmint oils clearly lowered the reaction even at 0.0125%. Similar inhibitory activities for the neutrophil adherence were obtained by their major constituent terpenoids: citral, geraniol, citronellol and carvone. In contrast, very popular essential oils, tea tree oil and lavender oil, did not display the inhibitory activity at the concentration.Conclusion: Thus, some essential oils used as anti‐inflammatory remedies suppress neutrophil activation by TNF‐α at a low concentration (0.0125‐0.025%) in vitro.
Cytomegalovirus Infection Modulates Cellular Immunity in an Experimental Model for Autoimmune Diabetes
Authors: van der Werf Nienke , Hillebrands Jan-Luuk , Klatter Flip A. , Bos Ineke , Bruggeman Cathrien A. , Rozing Jan 
Published: December 2003

Background: Viral infections are thought to play a role in the development of autoimmune diseases like type 1 diabetes. In this study we investigated the effect of Rat Cytomegalovirus (RCMV) infection on cellular immunity in a well‐defined animal model for diabetes, the Biobreeding (BB) rat.Methods: Diabetes prone (DP)‐ and Diabetes resistant (DR)‐BB rats were infected with 2 × 106 plaque forming units (pfu) RCMV. Diabetes development was monitored by frequent blood‐glucose analysis. Effects of RCMV on CD4+, CD8+ and Vβ‐TCR+ T‐cell subsets were measured in vivo, and in vitro after restimulation with RCMV‐infected fibroblasts. Proliferative capacity was determined by 3H‐Thymidine incorporation.Results: RCMV‐infection resulted in a significant acceleration of diabetes onset in DP‐BB rats ( p=0.003). Percentages CD4+ and CD8+ T‐cells were not affected in vivo. In vitro, RCMV‐restimulation resulted in a decreased CD4+/CD8+ blastoid T‐cell ratio compared to ConA ( p=0.00028). Furthermore, RCMV‐restimulation resulted in a strong RCMV‐specific proliferation, which comprises about 50% of the response triggered by ConA. Vβ‐TCR percentages did not change upon RCMV‐infection or RCMV‐restimulation.Interpretation: RCMV‐restimulation of splenic T‐cells in vitro resulted in a strong RCMV‐specific proliferation, probably also including autoreactive T‐cells. In vivo, this polyclonal response might be involved in the observed accelerated diabetes development in DP‐BB rats upon RCMV‐infection.