bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Calculation of Boiling Heat Transfer Coefficients and Critical Heat Flux Using an Annular Flow Model
Authors: Whalley P B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From earlier chapters, it will now be evident that we are in a position to calculate: (a) boiling heat transfer coefficients in convective boiling using information about the velocity profile in the liquid film and the analogy between heat and momentum transfer; and (b) critical heat flux by calculating the variation of the liquid film flow rate along the tube due to entrainment, deposition, and evaporation. When the film flow rate is equal to zero, then dry out is assumed to occur (see Hewitt 1978). Here, it is assumed that the critical heat flux is of the high quality type (see § 17.1). It is, of course, not possible to calculate subcooled critical heat flux using an annular flow view of the flow structure.
Post-Burnout Heat Transfer
Authors: Whalley P B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Heat transfer after the critical heat flux has been exceeded (post-burnout heat transfer) is relatively poor compared with pre-burnout heat transfer. At the critical heat flux point, the heat transfer coefficient may fall by a factor of up to 100. The general post-dry out heat transfer regime can be divided into two general types: (a) film boiling which occurs, for example, in pool boiling or after the subcooled type of flow-boiling critical heat flux has occurred, (see§ 17.2), and (b) post-dry out flow boiling, which occurs after the high quality dry out type of flow-boiling critical heat flux has occurred (see§ 17.3).
Condensers
Authors: Whalley P B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many different types of condensers, (see Butterworth 1982 for details), but only two main types are considered here: (a) process industry shell and tube condensers which can be divided into tube-side and shell-side condensers; and (b) power industry turbine exhaust condensers which are often called surface condensers, but which are a specialized form of shell and tube heat exchanger.
Void Fraction And Pressure Drop In Subcooled Boiling
Authors: Collie John G , Eng F R S F , John R , Phil Thome D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In describing the process of subcooled boiling in forced convective flow of liquid in a confined channel it has been noted that vapour in various amounts is generated at the heated surfaces in the channel. A knowledge of the amount of vapour present in the channel is required to enable the accelerative and static head components of the pressure gradient to be calculated. In the particular case of the design of liquid cooled nuclear reactors information on the void fraction under subcooled conditions is often required because of its influence upon the reactivity of the system. As a result of this latter requirement the majority of experimental data is with water as the liquid.
Geometric Modelling for Numerically Controlled Machining
Authors: Marciniak Krzysztof 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Numerically controlled (NC) machine tools (lathes and milling machines) are commonly encountered in modern manufacturing processes. They offer the advantages of automation and the production of finished or nearly-finished articles in one operation. The design of these machines, and particularly the software that drives them, is of great importance. In the first part of this book, written principally for the software designers, the differential geometry of parametric curves and surfaces is reviewed. The second part shows how this can be applied in various novel ways to the programming of NC machinery. Throughout the book many detailed illustrations help demonstrate theoretical and practical considerations.
Multisegment curves
Authors: Marciniak Krzysztof 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The degree of the segment should be as small as possible. In the case of n = 1 we have a straight line. For n = 2 (a parabolic segment) each point of the segment is a convex combination of Bezier points B0, B1, B2 and hence the segment is contained in the triangle B0, B1, B2 and thus is flat. When an inflection point or a smooth three-dimensional curve is to be defined, polynomials of degree n 3 have to be used. If one wants to define polynomial segments which, at their ends, interpolate predescribed points and vectors of the first and second derivative, polynomials of degree n 5 should be used. Curves of a complicated shape may be defined in two different ways. The segment degree n may be increased or, alternatively, the consecutive segments may be joined smoothly together.
Tool positions tangential to a surface
Authors: Marciniak Krzysztof 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sculptured surfaces machining is usually defined as a tool movement tangential to a surface. In this chapter definitions of how to measure and calculate a distance between the tool and a surface will be presented. The method of approximating a region machined within a predefined tolerance is also shown. Finally, the relationship between the velocity of a tool centre and the motion of the contact point along the curves (on the part surface and on the tool surface) is presented. Velocity equations are derived under the assumption that the axis direction of a tool is constant (3C movements). A more general case of 5-axes machining will be described in Chapters 12 and 13.
Thin plate bending elements
Authors: Mohr G A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Finite thin plate bending elements generally differ from plane stress or threedimensional elements in that, rather than separate displacement functions for displacements parallel to orthogonal axes, it is customary to choose a single function for the lateral displacement. As the nodal freedoms it is frequent practice to allow lateral displacement and its first derivatives (or slopes) at each node, giving three degrees of freedom per node. Considering elements with corner nodes this leads to triangular and rectangular elements with nine and twelve freedoms, respectively. These and many other thin plate elements are discussed in this chapter.
Curved shell elements
Authors: Mohr G A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several curved finite elements are described, beginning with an arch element and an axisymmetric thick shell element which is an extension of this. Rectangular finite elements for the analysis of cylindrical shells are then discussed, in particular the strain element of Ashwell and Sabir. Finally two triangular doubly curved shell elements are discussed, the second of which includes transverse shearing effects but is able to be used for thin shells with the application of penalty factors.
Variational and weighted residual methods
Authors: Mohr G A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In preceding chapters a wide range of solid mechanics problems was solved using the principle of minium potential energy or an equivalent virtual work argument. In subsequent chapters attention turns to the field and fluid flow problems introduced in Chapter 16. Minimum principles for some of the simplest of these can be constructed by energy or virtual work arguments but they can be solved more expeditiously by direct attack upon the governing differential equation using the method of weighted residuals, most commonly the Galerkin method. These methods and an equivalent virtual work approach are discussed in this chpater.
Pseudoharmonic field problems
Authors: Mohr G A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 16 we introduced the concept of continuity (or more strictly conservation) equations for a variety of flow problems for heat, fluids and so on. This chapter deals principally with diffusion problems the governing equations for which are continuity equations. In steady state one-dimensional diffusion problems the velocity of diffusion u per unit area per unit time of a substance of concentration c per unit volume is given by Fick’s first law of diffusion,
Transition-In-Wake State
Authors: Zdravkovich M M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All laminar flows eventually become unstable above a certainRe and undergo transition to turbulence. The flow in a wake does not become fully turbulent as soon as it ceases to follow the laws of laminar flow. There is a finitetransition region characterized by the random initiation and growth of irregularities. The transition in periodic laminar wakes is further complicated by the viscous diffusion and mutual interaction of laminar eddies.
Surface roughness and change in diameter
Authors: Zdravkovich M M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is customary to regard a surface as smooth when it is so even that no roughness or points are perceptible to the touch. It is known, however, that an examination of such a surface under a microscope would reveal the presence of small excrescences and undulations, that is the surface would appear ‘rough’. The smoothness or roughness of a surface is a relative quantity expressed as the ratio of the mean size of excrescences K to the diameter of a cylinder, D. In Fluid Mechanics, the surface of a cylinder can be regarded as smooth when the excrescences and undulations are small, and of such a character that they do not affect to any measurable extent the flow around the cylinder. Fage and Warsap (1929P).
Boundary layer control
Authors: Zdravkovich M M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prandtl’s (1961B) historical lecture on the concept of boundary layer was given in the same year as the concept of its control was initiated. He started his renowned flow visualization tests and filming of a circular cylinder with a slot on one side where suction was applied. The flow remained attached up to the suction slot at 9S = 140°, see Fig. 24.54. The second method of boundary layer control, a rotating cylinder, followed in 1906, see Fig. 24.1. The surface moving in the same direction as the flow postponed separation in proportion to the rotational velocity. A flow pattern analogous to that produced by suction was also produced by the rotating cylinder.
Determination of stability by solution perturbation
Authors: Jordan D W , Smith P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stability or instability of nonlinear systems can often be tested by an approximate procedure which leads to a linear equation describing the growth of the difference between the test solution and its neighbours. By Theorem 8.9 the stability or instability of the original system resolves itself into the question of the boundedness or otherwise of the solutions of the linear equation. This variational equation’ often turns out to have a periodic coefficient (Mathieu’s equation) and the properties of such equations are derived in this Chapter. The fact that the solutions to be tested are themselves usually known only approximately can also be assimilated into this theory.
Arrival and change
Authors: Whittaker Robert J , Fernández-Palacios José María 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Island forms of the same species [of birds] show every gradation from extremely small differences in average size to differences as great as those which separate some of the species. The differences tend to be greater the greater the degree of isolation. Some of them are adaptive and others seem non-adaptive. In the island ecology section we explored patterns and processes while treating species as standard and unchanging units of analysis. This is a useful simplifying assumption, but, as we know, species are not fixed, nor are they homogenous entities. In this section of the book we consider the special insights into evolutionary change that islands have provided.
‘Music’ and the ‘action song’ in infant development: An interpretation
Authors: Eckerdal Patricia , Merker Bjorn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After more than a century of study, the newborn’s developmental path to maturity is still imperfectly understood. For example, the use of song and musical play in adult–infant interaction is cross-culturally ubiquitous (Trehub and Trainor 1998; Unyk et al. 1992; Falk 2004), yet the question of what functional role this common form of interaction with infants has in their emotional, social and cognitive development is only in the process of being formulated (Papousek et al. 1991; Papaeliou and Trevarthen 1994; Trevarthen 1999; Malloch 1999; Mozgot 2003). Motivated by an interest in gathering descriptive material as an aid to thought on this functional issue, we decided to record mother–infant interaction in the home setting in a collaborative project with Colwyn Trevarthen.
The improvised musicality of belonging: Repetition and variation in mother–infant vocal interaction
Authors: Gratier Maya , Apter-Danon Gisèle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In their spontaneous interactions, mothers and infants build repertoires of communicative motifs based on repetition and variation of expressive units that carry meaning. This shared repertoire grows as it is performed, and brings a sense of pride in mutual understanding and a sense of belonging. We offer a description of the ‘feeling of belonging’ between mothers and infants as a subtle and dynamic balance between sameness and novelty, between well-known trajectories and adventurous detours. This is at the essence of communicative musicality.
Spontaneity in the musicality and music learning of children
Authors: Bannan Nicholas , Woodward Sheila 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Developments in educational philosophy question the view that music is in any way an artificial activity that has to be taught. As the innate skill of infants’ participation in musical games with their parents has become better appreciated, spontaneous music-making by the young child has been given greater significance (Bjørkvold 1992; Dissanayake 2000 a, b; Flohr and Trevarthen 2007). At the same time a new ‘world music culture’ is animated by a democratization of musical participation in rock music, garage bands and karaoke.
Intimacy and reciprocity in improvisatory musical performance: Pedagogical lessons from adult artists and young children
Authors: Custodero Lori A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Through music, we learn about ourselves and about our relatedness to the world; our engagement with melodies and rhythms provides opportunities for appreciating sound, people and ideas. Such sympathetic understanding is a product of interaction, a connection (or collision) between perception and experience, between social context and individual disposition. We make meaning through shared experiences of musical time and space; we find personal solace and inspiration from our own and others’ individual interpretations within those dimensions. Through the compelling qualities of organized sound and the rewards of making such sound, we are drawn to others through revelations of our common humanity, and drawn to artistry through realizations of uncommon accomplishments.
Bodies swayed to music: The temporal arts as integral to ceremonial ritual
Authors: Dissanayake Ellen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The primary context for the temporal and performative arts in small-scale societies is in ceremonial ritual, where these activities—or this activity, since they occur together—appears to be essential and universal. The temporal arts—singing, playing instruments, expressive gesture, movement (clapping hands, marking time, dancing, performance)—are the behavioural means for conveying the message of the ceremony: they mark its importance and may even be used to provide some kind of fundamental change in individuals’ consciousness (Alcorta and Sosis 2005; Nettl 2000, p. 468).
Musical communication: The body movements of performance
Authors: Davidson Jane , Malloch Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The role of body movement in creating and communicating music, and in conveying extra-musical meaning during performance, has attracted academic attention. Beyond the obvious need for a body to interact with a musical instrument in order to create musical sounds, the idea has been explored that musical meaning itself originates in the body, that music is experienced as movement (for example, Cox 2001, 2006; Davidson and Correia 2002; Malloch 2005; Cross and Morley, Chapter 5, Lee and Schögler, Chapter 6, and Panskepp and Trevarthen, Chapter 7, this volume).
Alzheimer‘s Disease As A Neurotransmitter Disease
Authors: Lai Mitchell K P , Ramfrez Marfa J , Tsang, Shirley W Y , Francis Paul T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the first reports of a profound loss of basal forebrain acetylcholine-synthesizing neurons and associated neurochemical perturbation of pre-synaptic cholinergic markers (Whitehouse et al. 1982; Wilcock et al. 1982), neurotransmitter system dysfunction and synapse loss have been recognized as hallmarks of Alzheimer‘s disease (AD) along with senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (Terry et al. 1991).
Molecular And Biological Markers For Alzheimer‘s Disease
Authors: Zetterberg Henrik , Blennow Kaj 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we review the biochemistry and clinical usefulness of the most established cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein markers for Alzheimer‘s disease (AD) and how to interpret their results with emphasis on early and differential diagnosis. Scientific bene fits of using biomarkers as additional inclusion and exclusion criteria in the design of clinical trials and as surrogate markers for drug effects are considered. Further, the ability of CSF biomarkers to reveal AD in its preclinical stage, when novel disease-modifying drugs are likely to be the most effective, is discussed. Finally, we present an updated list of novel possible biological markers which may prove useful in the diagnostic work-up of patients with subtle memory disturbances in the clinical routine.
Manipulating Microbe Proceedings Cytoplasmic Bacteria That Cause Parthenogenesis
Authors: Stouthamer Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have to admit that Bill had little to do with the actual research that was reported in this paper but, his work formed the inspiration for this study and without his help—both editorial and conceptual—this paper would not have been published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Here I will describe how Bill got involved.
Further Homage To Santa Rosalia Discovery at last of the elusive females of a species of Myrmecolacidae (Strepsiptera: Insecta)
Authors: Kathirithamby Jeyaraney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I first met Bill at Imperial College, London, and he struck me as a quiet but very hard-working scientist. I was researching leafhoppers then, which are not strange and unusual insects, so other than polite greetings we did not engage in long conversations. However, when Bill came to Oxford in 1984 we met often to talk about Strepsiptera, as I had begun working seriously on this group in 1979. Bill was curious about all things strange—hence his interest in these bizarre entomophagous parasites. He regularly stopped by my room to chat about the latest find in Strepsiptera. It was just after Christmas 1999 that I last saw him, before his trip to the Congo in January 2000. He wanted to photocopy something to send Naomie Pierce, and had forgotten his copying key, so I lent him mine.
Between Shoreham And Downe: Seeking The Key To Natural Beauty
Authors: Hamilton William Donald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People divide roughly, it seems to me, into two kinds, or rather a continuum is stretched between two extremes. There are people people and things people. I undoubtedly fall on the side of the things. From the earliest childhood I can remember I was content to be making objects, looking at things, playing in silence with no one near. Yet I don ‘t think I was an asocial child. I certainly enjoyed games with others, slap stick, practical jokes, and the making up and enacting of stories which, of course, always involved people or else the objects or animals that were people surrogates. But in the games with others somehow it turned out that I was usually the one out of step and the slowest to pick up the rules, I the most apt to miss my move because day dreaming of something else. Likewise in the stories I made up I laid great emphasis on what I considered an exciting landscape setting, less on the human relations and complexities.
Life, evolution and development in the Amazonian floodplain
Authors: Henderson Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our paper Evolution and Diversity in Amazonian Floodplain Communities was in part an essay on the biological wonders and inspirational diversity of the Amazon Rainforest. It was written expressly for a conference held in Cambridge, England in 1998, but it is far more than a quick paper stitched together to justify attendance at a meeting. Bill and I had come to suspect that tropical wetlands were the most important generators of biological innovation on the planet.
Circles and triangles
Authors: Bradley Christopher J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some of the sections in this chapter are concerned with these circles that are associated with a triangle. Fig. 2.1 shows a triangle with its circumcircle and its incircle. There are also sections that are concerned with the special quadrilaterals associated with a circle, such as a cyclic quadrilateral, which is inscribed in a circle, so that the circle passes through its vertices, and an inscribable quadrilateral, which circumscribes a circle, so that the circle touches its sides and lies wholly within the quadrilateral. For problems concerning these circles a familiarity with the elementary circle theorems, such as the intersecting chord theorem, is assumed.
Rational points on curves
Authors: Bradley Christopher J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with the identiFB01cation of integer points and rational points on curves of degree two and three. Elliptic curves have been studied extensively throughout the twentieth century and they are at the centre of a deep and profound theory. My intention is to provide a reader new to such ideas with a readable account of the elementary theory, and at the same time to give enough examples to give a student a working knowledge of the subject. It is necessary, therefore, to explain how to classify singularities on curves, and to explain why it is necessary to embed curves in the projective plane.
Solids
Authors: Bradley Christopher J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we consider, rather brieﬂy, some problems associated with solids. The FB01rst of these is the analogue in three dimensions of the problem of the Heron triangle in the plane. If we are given a tetrahedron with integer edge lengths, can these lengths be chosen so that the tetrahedron has integer volume? The answer, as one might guess, is that there are an inFB01nite number, but none that are regular or semi-regular. We then look at the various types of tetrahedra with integer edges and ask for which of them is it possible for the circumscribing sphere to have integer radius. In the course of Section 9.2 we prove two curious and little-known theorems.
From Kant to Hilbert: French philosophy of concepts in the beginning of the twentieth century
Authors: Sinaceur Hourya Benis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The legacy of the Kantian theory of knowledge was very much alive among French philosophers of science at the beginning of the twentieth century. To adopt, not the letter of the Kantian system, but its spirit of critique, seemed a good perspective from which to undertake a rational study of science in general, and of mathematics in particular. The critical attitude does indeed invite us to turn away from things in themselves, inaccessible to the human mind, and to keep at arm’s length metaphysical questions, examining instead the defining conditions of knowledge.