bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geomorphic controls, riffle substrate quality, and spawning site selection in two semi‐alluvial salmon rivers in the Gaspé Peninsula, Canada
Authors: Coulombe‐Pontbriand Moise , Lapointe Michel 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe relationships between valley and channel morphology, spawning substrate quality (content of fine sediment < 2 mm) and the selection of spawning sites by Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were investigated along 45 km of two semi‐alluvial, valley‐confined rivers in the Gaspé Peninsula, Canada. Linear and logistic regressions confirm that Atlantic salmon prefer spawning at riffles providing good rather than mediocre or poor spawning substrate, as defined by the percentage sand and the Sand Index of Peterson and Metcalfe. However, exceptionally large concentrations of redds were observed on the few riffles located at island heads, with sub‐optimal substrate quality. This observation suggests that, in addition to content of fine material in the substrate, the morphology of spawning reaches may be a significant factor controlling the intensity of inter‐gravel flow through redds and the consequent selection of spawning sites. In the study systems, the quality of spawning substrate was controlled by ‘large‐scale’ geomorphic attributes at the scale of valley segments (1–5 km here): segments located within a wide valley were actively meandering, had higher sinuosity and bank erosion rates, generally lower shear stresses and presented somewhat higher sand content than segments confined by a narrow valley. Although sand contents were significantly higher, laterally unstable segments in wide valleys still harboured good to excellent spawning substrate overall. The study data do not allow the roles of variations in levels of riffle‐zone shear stress to be distinguished from those of cut bank fines input, to explain the observed inter‐segment association between valley width and riffle fines content. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Random walks on the torus with several generators
Authors: Prescott Timothy , Su Francis Edward 
Published: June 2004

AbstractGiven n vectors {i} ∈ [0, 1)d, consider a random walk on the d‐dimensional torus 𝕋d = ℝd/ℤd generated by these vectors by successive addition and subtraction. For certain sets of vectors, this walk converges to Haar (uniform) measure on the torus. We show that the discrepancy distance D(Q*k) between the kth step distribution of the walk and Haar measure is bounded below by D(Q*k) ≥ C1k−n/2, where C1 = C(n, d) is a constant. If the vectors are badly approximated by rationals (in a sense we will define), then D(Q*k) ≤ C2k−n/2d for C2 = C(n, d, j) a constant. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2004
On the advantage over a random assignment
Authors: Håstad Johan , Venkatesh S. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWe initiate the study of a new measure of approximation. This measure compares the performance of an approximation algorithm to the random assignment algorithm. This is a useful measure for optimization problems where the random assignment algorithm is known to give essentially the best possible polynomial time approximation. In this paper, we focus on this measure for the optimization problems Max‐Lin‐2 in which we need to maximize the number of satisfied linear equations in a system of linear equations modulo 2, and Max‐k‐Lin‐2, a special case of the above problem in which each equation has at most k variables. The main techniques we use, in our approximation algorithms and inapproximability results for this measure, are from Fourier analysis and derandomization. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2004
Integrating diverse paradigms in evolution and maintenance by an XML‐based unified model
Authors: Lu Chih‐Wei , Chu William C. , Chang Chih‐Hung , Yang Don‐Lin , Lian Wen‐Da 
Published: June 2004

AbstractMany disparate software analysis/design methods and tools (called paradigms in this paper) individually offer faster and more efficient software design/evolution, yet they are generally partially incompatible. Therefore, when they are used together, they suffer from a lack of communication and integration. Unanticipated and inadvertent inconsistencies arising from the implicit incompatibilities result in significantly increased costs and errors during software maintenance. To improve both software evolution and maintenance, we propose an XML‐based model that effectively unifies and integrates current software paradigms while helping reduce ripple effects and related software maintenance difficulties. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Architecture‐based semantic evolution of embedded remotely controlled systems
Authors: Chung Lawrence , Subramanian Nary 
Published: June 2004

AbstractEvolution of a software system is a natural process. In most systems, evolution takes place during the maintenance phase of their life cycles. Those systems that have reached their limit in evolution have usually reached their end of useful life and may have to be replaced. However, there are systems in which evolution occurs during the operational phase of their life cycles. Such systems are designed to evolve while in use or, in other words, be adaptable. Semantically adaptable systems are of particular interest to industry as such systems often times adapt themselves to environment change with little or no intervention from their developing or maintaining organization. Since embedded systems usually have a restricted hardware configuration, it is difficult to apply the techniques developed for non‐embedded systems directly to embedded systems. This paper focuses on evolution through adaptation and develops the concepts and techniques for semantic evolution in embedded systems. As the first step in the development of a software solution, architectures of software systems themselves have to be made semantically evolvable. In this paper we explore various architectural alternatives for the semantic evolution of embedded systems—these architectures are based on four different techniques that we have identified for semantic evolution in embedded systems. The development of these architectures follows the systematic process provided by the non‐functional requirement (NFR) framework, which also permits the architectures to be rated in terms of their evolvability. As the field of embedded systems is vast, this paper concentrates on those embedded systems that can be remotely controlled. In this application domain the embedded system is connected to an external controller by a communication link such as ethernet, serial, radio frequency, etc., and receives commands from and sends responses to the external controller via the communication link. The architectures developed in this paper have been partly validated by applying them in a real embedded system—a test instrument used for testing cell phones. These architectures and techniques for semantic evolution in this application domain give a glimpse of what can be done in achieving semantic evolution in software‐implemented systems. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decreased plasma membrane targeting of NMDA‐NR1 receptor subunit in dendrites of medial nucleus tractus solitarius neurons in rats self‐administering morphine
Authors: Glass Michael J. , Kruzich Paul J. , Kreek Mary Jeanne , Pickel Virginia M. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractOpioid abuse is associated with repeated administration and escalation of dose that can result in profound adaptations in homeostatic processes. Potential cellular mechanisms and neural sites mediating opiate‐dependent adaptations may involve NMDA‐dependent synaptic plasticity within brain areas participating in behaviors related to consumption of natural reinforcers, as well as affective‐autonomic integration, notably the medial nucleus tractus solitarius (mNTS). NMDA‐dependent synaptic plasticity may be mediated by changes in the intracellular and surface targeting of NMDA receptors, particularly in postsynaptic sites including spines or small distal dendrites. High‐resolution immunogold electron microscopic immunocytochemistry combined with morphometry were used to measure changes in targeting of the NMDA‐NR1 (NR1) receptor subunit between intracellular and plasmalemmal sites in dendrites of neurons of the intermediate mNTS of rats self‐administering escalating doses of morphine (EMSA). In control and EMSA rats, the density of plasmalemmal and cytosolic gold particles was inversely related to profile size. Collapsed across all NR1‐labeled dendrites, rats self‐administering morphine had a lower number of plasmalemmal gold particles per unit surface area (7.1 ± 0.8 vs. 14.4 ± 1 per 100 μm), but had a higher number of intracellular gold particles per unit cross‐sectional area (169 ± 6.1 vs. 148 ± 5.1 per 100 μm2) compared to saline self‐administering rats. Morphometric analysis showed that the decrease in plasma membrane labeling of NR1 was most robust in small dendritic profiles (<1 μm), where there was a reciprocal increase in the density of intracellular particles. These results indicate that the plasmalemmal distribution of the essential NR1 subunits in distal sites may prominently contribute to NMDA receptor‐dependent modulation of neural circuitry regulating homeostatic processes, and targeting of these proteins can be prominently affected by morphine self‐administration. Synapse 53:191–201, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of upper airway obstruction on blood pressure variability after stroke
Authors: TURKINGTON Peter M. , BAMFORD John , WANKLYN Peter , ELLIOTT Mark W. 
Published: June 2004

Approx. 60% of acute stroke patients have periods of significant UAO (upper airway obstruction) and this is associated with a worse outcome. UAO is associated with repeated fluctuation in BP (blood pressure) and increased BP variability is also associated with a poor outcome in patients with acute stroke. UAO-induced changes in BP, at a time when regional cerebral perfusion is pressure-dependent in areas of critically ischaemic brain, could explain the detrimental effect of UAO on outcome in these patients. The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between UAO and BP variability in patients with acute stroke. Twelve acute stroke patients and 12 age-, sex- and BMI (body mass index)-matched controls underwent a sleep study with non-invasive continuous monitoring of BP to assess the impact of UAO on BP control after stroke. Stroke patients had significantly more 15 mmHg dips in BP/h than the controls (51 compared with 6.7 respectively; P&lt;0.004). Stroke patients also demonstrated significantly higher BP variability than the controls (26.8 compared with 14.4 mmHg; P&lt;0.001). There were significantly more 15 mmHg dips in BP/h in stroke patients who had significant UAO than those who did not (85.7 compared with 29.5 respectively; P&lt;0.032). Furthermore, stroke patients without UAO (RDI &lt;10, where RDI is respiratory disturbance index) had significantly more 15 mmHg dips in BP/h than the controls (29.5 compared with 6.7 respectively; P&lt;0.037). There was a positive correlation between the severity of UAO (RDI) and 15 mmHg dips in BP/h (r=0.574, P&lt;0.005) in stroke patients. Our results suggest that UAO alone does not explain BP variation post-stroke, but it does play an important role, particularly in determining the severity of the BP fluctuation.
Fetal alcohol syndrome through the eyes of parents
Authors: DeVries Jocie , Waller Ann 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAlthough fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) was first identified by research scientists in the USA in 1973, it was not until 1989 when an adoptive parent, Michael Dorris, wrote The Broken Cord, that a practical description of the disability came into public awareness. Within the next 2 years, parents of children diagnosed with this disability teemed up with interested professionals to organize the FAS Family Resource Institute (FAS*FRI). This educational non‐profit organization has now devoted over a decade to their mission to identify, understand and care for individuals with fetal alcohol syndrome/effects (FAS/E) and to prevent this disability from occurring in future generations. Their mission has necessitated the identification of a behavioral phenotype for FAS/E, the development of a professional training curriculum, and operation of a national family advocacy and mentoring network. By adding their own families' experiences to the information gathered from thousands of other families with diagnosed children, they have accumulated enough experiential, frontline reports which are similar enough to serve as their research science base.
Paternal contribution to fetal alcohol syndrome
Authors: Abel Ernest 
Published: June 2004

AbstractMaternal alcohol use during pregnancy is associated with a wide range of adverse outcomes for the child. Many women who drink during pregnancy also have male partners who abuse alcohol. Existing data on paternal effects of alcohol abuse during the preconceptual period and at the time of conception are reviewed. Epidemiological data offer some support for a paternal influence on birth weight, congenital heart defects, and some evidence of mild cognitive impairments. Animal data have demonstrated decreased litter size, increased prevalence of low birth weight fetuses and mixed data on risk of malformations. Increased susceptibility to Pseudomonas bacterial infection has been reported. Cognitive and behavioral findings are the most robust effects. These include learning and memory deficits, hyperactivity, and poor stress tolerance. Multiple causal mechanisms for a paternal effect have been suggested, but none seems satisfactory to explain all findings. Further research is needed on paternal effects in animals and human populations. The results of this research may influence prevention activities.
The challenge of fetal alcohol syndrome in the criminal legal system
Authors: Fast Diane , Conry Julianne 
Published: June 2004

AbstractPeople with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) present challenges to those who work in the criminal legal system. Prenatal exposure to alcohol can cause physical, neurological, and psychological impairments. It is vital to understand the individual offender in order to address the underlying reasons for criminal behavior. Individuals with FASD often come from dysfunctional backgrounds, and may have mental illnesses and substance use disorders. A comprehensive medical ‐ legal report, prepared by a professional experienced with FASD, can help judges and lawyers understand how complex the interactions are among brain damage, genetics, and the environment. The person with FASD can be misunderstood in court, victimized in jails, and mismanaged in the transition back to the community, unless those working with the individual are aware of FASD and its implications.
AN ANTIVIRAL SUBSTANCE FROM PENICILLIUM FUNICULOSUM
Authors: Shope Richard E. 
Published: June 2004

1. Helenine injected intraperitoneally 24 hr prior to a regularly fatal dose of Semliki Forest virus saves most of the mice to which it is administered.
2. Mice saved by helenine develop no viral immunity and regularly succumb when rechallenged 2 wk later with the same dose of virus from which they were originally saved.
3. The time during which helenine is optimally effective in protecting mice from death by Semliki Forest virus covers a period of approximately 36 hr beginning after about 12 hr and extending to 48 hr before virus infection. When periods of less than 12 hr, or more than 48 hr, elapse between the time of helenine administration and virus inoculation, its protective effectiveness diminishes progressively.
4. Repeated injections of helenine at 2- or 3-day intervals, if continued long enough, exhaust the capacity of a host to respond favorably to helenine administered 24 hr before virus inoculation.
5. Helenine injections at intervals of 4, 3, and 2 wk before its administration 24 hr prior to infection do not decrease the effectiveness of this final dose in protecting mice from fatal infection by the virus.
The experimental results here reported indicate that, as suggested by the findings of earlier work, helenine does not act directly as an antiviral substance, but instead exerts its effect through some substance that it induces the host to elaborate. The nature of this induced antiviral substance is as yet unknown though, to judge from the failure of spared mice to acquire viral immunity, it appears to act at a stage in viral replication prior to that at which antigenic viral protein is produced.
The findings with helenine and those thus far reported for interferon afford no factual basis for judging the relationship of the two, if any.
THE EFFECT OF HYDROCORTISONE AND X-IRRADIATION ON THE LYMPHOCYTOSIS INDUCED BY BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS
Authors: Morse Stephen I. 
Published: June 2004

1. In mice rendered lymphocytopenic by X-irradiation or hydrocortisone acetate, pertussis vaccine evoked both lymphocytosis and polymorphonuclear leukocytosis.
2. When mice with lymphocytosis induced by pertussis vaccine were X-irradiated, prompt and extensive destruction of circulating as well as tissue small lymphocytes occurred. The devitalized circulating cells were cleared from the blood primarily by the Kupffer's cells of the hepatic sinusoids.
3. Hydrocortisone acetate administered to mice with lymphocytosis did not cause acute lymphopenia nor was there any evidence of destruction of circulating small lymphocytes. However, destruction of these cells within lymphoid tissues was apparent. These observations suggested that adrenal cortical hormones are not "lymphocytolytic" with respect to circulating lymphocytes.
THE INFLUENCE OF CORTISONE ON EXPERIMENTAL VIRAL INFECTION
Authors: Smart K. Marilyn , Kilbourne Edwin D. 
Published: June 2004

A comparative study was undertaken of the pathogenesis of infection of the allantoic sac of the chick embryo with three influenza viruses of differing virulence, and of the influence of hydrocortisone on the course of infection.
Judged on the basis of earlier onset and greater degree of inflammatory response and diminished survival time of infected embryos, Mel. and Lee viruses were markedly more virulent than PR8, despite the earlier appearance of virus in PR8-infected embryos. Interferon appeared first and in greater quantity in the allantoic fluid of Lee-infected embryos and latest with PR8 infection. Thus, there was no correlation of avirulence and better interferon production with the viruses under study in the present system. Furthermore, evidence obtained suggested that Lee virus ("virulent") was most susceptible to interferon action, and also that viral synthesis in the chorioallantoic membrane with PR8 ("avirulent") persisted after the appearance of interferon.
The injection of hydrocortisone within 2 hr of the initiation of infection delayed the synthesis of all three viruses; had no significant effect upon the inflammatory response; and transiently inhibited the synthesis of interferon, while prolonging the survival of Lee- and Mel.-infected embryos. Late administration of hydrocortisone suppresses both the inflammatory response and the production of interferon.
Only in the case of Lee virus infection did hydrocortisone administration lead to augmentation of final yields of virus with the low infection multiplicity employed in the present experiments. It is postulated that Lee virus is a better inducer of interferon because its infectivity in vivo is more rapidly inactivated. As a consequence synthesis of Lee virus is more under the control of endogenous interferon than is the case with PR8 or Mel. virus. Therefore, inhibition of interferon synthesis with hydrocortisone has a greater influence on final yields of Lee virus.
FURTHER STUDIES OF INFECTIOUS DNA EXTRACTED FROM MYCOBACTERIOPHAGES
Authors: Sellers Margret I. , Tokunaga Tohru 
Published: June 2004

Results of the previous investigation in which it was found that DNA extracted from D29 mycobacteriophage was infectious for Mycobacterium smegmatis 607, have been extended. DNA extracted from mycobacteriophage D4 and D32 produced plaques when plated on their respective hosts; D28 DNA, extracted in the same manner and tested under similar conditions, failed to show infectivity. Species barriers were not crossed by mycobacteriophage DNA; bacteria resistant to intact phage were not infected with the phage DNA. The efficiency of plating of the DNA is very much lower than that of intact phage; infection of a given host was not accomplished by DNA when titration for plaque formation by the intact phage was less than 109 PFU.
The base composition of DNA extracted from the four mycobacteriophages and the three propagating hosts was very similar. The bases were paired, adenine with thymine and guanine with cytosine. A relatively higher per cent of guanine-cytosine than of adenine-thymine, was found. The buoyant density of each DNA in CsCl was linearly related to its guanine-cytosine content whereas with the exception of D28 DNA, thermal denaturation temperatures failed to show this relationship. However, the thermal transition profiles were characteristic of double stranded DNA.
Additional evidence that D29 DNA forms complexes with basic proteins was obtained. Binding between calf thymus histone and between RNAase and D29 DNA readily occurs with a resultant loss in DNA infectivity. Trypsin and D29 DNA are only weakly reactive.
THE LIVER AS THE SITE OF C-REACTIVE PROTEIN FORMATION
Authors: Hurlimann J. , Thorbecke G. J. , Hochwald G. M. 
Published: June 2004

The site of formation of C-reactive protein (CxRP, CRP) has been studied with tissues from rabbits, monkeys, and human beings. Rabbits and monkeys were stimulated to produce the acute phase protein by injection of turpentine, croton oil, endotoxin, paratyphoid-typhoid vaccine, or pneumococci. C14-amino acid incorporation in vitro was demonstrated by means of autoradiography of immunoelectrophoretic patterns made with culture fluids.
It was found that among many different tissues tested liver was the only tissue which incorporated C14-lysine and isoleucine into CxRP or CRP. Only livers taken 16 to 24 hr after various stimuli were active; livers from normal animals or from animals killed 3 to 9 hr after stimulation did not produce detectable amounts of CxRP. Inflamed muscle from the injection site did not show C14-amino acid incorporation into CxRP. Several human tissues were also cultured, and a few liver cultures found to contain labeled CRP.
The formation of CxRP or CRP by the liver was always accompanied by enhanced C14-amino acid incorporation into other serum proteins, but the reverse was not always found.
ISOLATED FECAL MICROORGANISMS CAPABLE OF 7 α-DEHYDROXYLATING BILE ACIDS
Authors: Gustafsson Bengt E. , Midtvedt Tore , Norman Arne 
Published: June 2004

Strains of microorganisms capable of 7α-dehydroxylation of chenodeoxycholate were isolated from rat and human feces. All the strains were strictly anaerobic, non-motile, moderately themioresistant Gram-positive rods. They showed some saccharolytic properties with the production of both acid and gas. They were H2S-positive but indole-, skatole-, citrate-, catalase-, and oxidase-negative.
The isolated strains capable of 7α-dehydroxylation of chenodeoxycholate were also able to oxidize the hydroxyl groups at C-3 and C-7 to keto groups. The following metabolites were isolated: 3-keto-7α-hydroxy-5ß-cholanoic acid, 3α-hydroxy-7-keto-5ß-cholanoic acid, 3α-hydroxy-5ß-cholanoic acid, and 3-keto-5ß-cholanoic acid. The isolated strains did not have the enzymes necessary for hydrolyzing conjugated bile acids.
In mixed anaerobic cultures of fecal microorganisms, extensive reduction of the 3-keto group to the 3ß-hydroxyl group occurred. The microorganism(s) responsible for this reaction have as yet not been isolated.