bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Outdated International Development Institutions
Authors: Roberts Paul Craig , Araujo Karen Lafollette 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), and InterAmerican Development Bank (IDB) own or lease space in some twenty-five buildings in downtown Washington, D.C. Their principal buildings reflect an opulence that only public money can afford. The IMF headquarters is located at 700 19th Street. Inside, an imposing lobby is crowned with a twelve-story atrium. Marble and fountains abound. Stairs rise to a second-level dining room where international bureaucrats and their guests dine under chandeliers among flowers and tropical trees.
Across the street on a site two blocks from the White House, a new World Bank headquarters is under construction. The complex, with gleaming glass towers, will occupy a city block. According to the Financial Times, the construction costs were $83.5 million over budget as of July 16, 1993. Still unfinished in 1996, the overruns alone may exceed the original estimate of $200 million for the building.
The Inter-American Development Bank is a spectacular twelvestory building that fills a city block along New York Avenue at 13th Street. A central atrium of beige, black, and white marble sports a seven-story stone fountain in an Aztec reminiscent design from which a waterfall cascades to the lobby below.
Epidemiology and Risk Assessment
Authors: Samet Jonathan M , Burke Thomas A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Risk assessment is now a widely used term for a systematic approach to characterizing the risks posed to individuals and populations by environmental pollutants and other potentially adverse exposures. Risk assessment is increasingly applied as a translational tool for moving from research findings to the implementation and evaluation of policies. In the United States, its use is either explicitly or implicitly required by a number of federal statutes (Table 5-1), and its application worldwide is mounting. This chapter provides an introduction to risk assessment, focusing on those aspects of its methodology most pertinent to epidemiologists and addressing the use of epidemiologic data in risk assessment.
An Agricultural Empire
Authors: Bogue Allan G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
From the early nineteenth century through the first decades of the twentieth, settlers created farms in the American trans-Mississippi West. Each life story in this process was unique, but similar elements might be found in all of them. Collectively, these biographies compose the history of American agriculture and settlement west of the Mississippi. The settlers directed torrents of grain and mountains of meat, hides, wool, and cotton to the markets of the older states and of the world and by their example drew millions of hopeful compatriots and immigrants into the American West to share in the adventure of planting European-American settlements.
Religion And Spirituality
Authors: Szasz Ferenc M , Szasz Margaret Connell 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the spring and summer of 1788, a number of eastern cities staged celebrations in honor of the new Constitution of the United States. The most impressive of these “federal processions” occurred in Philadelphia, where, on 4 July 1788, a crowd of about seventeen thousand watched five hundred people file past in a mammoth parade. According to the eyewitness Francis Hopkinson, the marchers grouped themselves by guild or profession, and eighty-fifth in line (after the lawyers but before the doctors) strolled “the clergy of the different Christian denominations, with the rabbi of the Jews, walking arm in arm.” This public display of”charity and brotherly love” by Philadelphia’s clergy proved a first, not only for America but probably for the entire world. It pointed to the fact that religion in the new federal Republic would play a vastly different role from anything that had gone before.
Politics And Protests
Authors: Malone Michael P , Peterson F Ross 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On an autumn evening along the Pedernales River in the hill country of central Texas, Lyndon Baines Johnson, president of the United States and Texas native, mounted his horse and began riding through his herd of cattle. Dressed in western attire, with ever-present Stetson, the tall Texan rode among the cattle with reckless abandon as Secret Service men in business suits jumped in jeeps and cars in order to stay close to Johnson as he exhibited his riding skills. Twenty years later, on his ranch near Santa Barbara, California, Ronald Reagan, the transplanted midwesterner, swung into the saddle of his horse and slowly led a small entourage along the hilly trails overlooking one of America’s most affluent comm unities. The planned activity allowed the Secret Service agents to don jeans and boots. The actorturned-politician became a westerner because of vocation, and his acquired horsemanship came from movie roles, not boyhood necessity.
Speaking For The Past
Authors: Peterson Charles S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If historians speak for the past, who speaks for historians? Certainly historians seem endlessly willing to talk about themselves, but on occasion journalists and others too have paid attention. In 1989 and 1990, newspapers and magazines took note of disputes over what became known as the “new western history.” National attention may have begun with an article in the Washington Postof 10 October 1989 under the wildly western headline: “Shootout in Academia over the History of U.S. West, New Generation Confronts Frontier Tradition.” Not to be outdone by its East Coast rival, the New York Times published two pieces on this academic showdown in December 1989 and March 1990. In May, US. News and World Report had a cover announcing “The Old West: The New View of Frontier Life,” and in October 1990, the cover of the New Republic sourly announced “Westward Ho Hum: What the New Historians Have Done to the Old West.” These reports from the academic front covered the most recent infighting but did not always explain how long the war of words had been under way. For decades an uneasy balance existed between the voices of popular impulse and those of academic professionalism. Without worrying about its subtleties, chis constant shifting between general interest and scholarly discipline energized those who spoke for western history even as the very idea of the West changed. Now taken as the trans-Mississippi area, the West looks back beyond the hundred years of its immediate past to historiographic times far more distant and to geographies far wider than its present vastness. Not only has western history had to cope with successive Wests, but it has also had to respond to ongoing change about the meanings and uses of history.
Embryonic Development of the Vascular System
Authors: Hatzopoulos Antonis K , Rosenberg Robert D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The vascular system supplies nutrients, hormones, and growth factors to all tissues and organs and removes waste products. The main component of the vascular system is the endothelial cells that line the walls of all blood vessels. Endothelial cells are involved in numerous interactions with perivascular cells, adjacent tissues, and blood cells. They play major roles in clotting, thrombosis, and diseases such as atherosclerosis. Under normal conditions the adult vasculature is a stable structure. Mature endothelial cells do not divide and have a half-life of many years. However, in pathological situations such as tumoinduced angiogenesis, tissue remodeling following injury, cardiac infarction, diabetic retinopathy, psoriasis, etc., endothelial cells quickly respond and grow, vascularizing affected tissues de nova (Folkman, 1995).
Cellular Mechanisms of Angiogenesis
Authors: ware J Anthony 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Alterations in endothelial cell function occur not only as part of new vessel formation, but also wound healing. Small injuries to the endothelial cell monolayer heal by migration of adjacent endothelial cells into the wound; after they reattach to the underlying matrix, they then reenter the cell cycle and divide to replace the denuded cells. In angiogenesis, the first step under most circumstances is dissolution of the underlying matrix, brought about by release of proteases (e.g., collagenases and plasminogen activator) from the stimulated endothelial cells themselves or from cells or material admitted to the subendothelial space under conditions of heightened endothelial permeability. The cells detach from the matrix and migrate by crawling along the vascular bed, and eventually readhere. Endothelial cells adhere to the underlying matrix via a number of different receptors, which become expressed on their surface in greater numbers when the cells are growing. Once the cells reattach, they reenter the cell cycle, proliferate, and align themselves into capillary sprouts or tubules.
Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans
Authors: Shworak Nicholas W , Rosenberg Robert D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs)1 are highly charged macromolecules consisting of different core proteins with covalently linked heparan sulfate chains (HS) of varying monosaccharide sequence. These molecules are involved in a multitude of biologic processes including regulation of mesoderm induction, extension of neurites, positioning of the heart, interactions of cells with adhesive proteins, proliferation of smooth muscle cells during atherogenesis, metabolism of lipoproteins, inhibition of thrombosis on the endothelial surface, and induction of angiogenesis (Rosenberg et al., 1997; Yanagishita and Hascall, 1992). Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are produced by virtually all cell types while a related molecule, heparin, an extremely modified form of heparan sulfate, is exclusively generated by mast cells.
Therapeutic Angiogenesis in Myocardial Ischemia
Authors: Sellke Frank W , Harrison David G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Ischemic coronary disease remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the Western world. Available therapeutic approaches aim either at relieving symptoms by reducing myocardial oxygen demand, preventing further disease progression by modifying risk factors, or restoring flow to a localized segment of the arterial tree by means of angioplasty or bypass surgery. However, even with all the recent advances in coronary bypass surgery and percutaneous revascularization, a significant number of patients with ischemic heart disease are not candidates for these therapeutic strategies either due to high procedural risk to or coronary anatomy not amenable to surgery or angioplasty; furthermore, these patients may often be refractory to medical therapy.
Therapeutic Angiogenesis in Peripheral Limb Ischemia
Authors: Isner Jeffrey M , Pieczek Ann , Schainfeld Robert , Blair Richard , Haley Iaura , Asahara Takayuki 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The prognosis for patients with chronic critical leg ischemia, i.e., rest pain and/or established lesions that jeopardize the integrity of the lower limbs, is often poor. Psychological testing of such patients has typically disclosed quality-of-life indices similar to those of patients with cancer in critical or even terminal phases of their illness (Albers et al., 1992). It has been estimated that 150,000 patients (Dormandy and Thomas, 1988) require lower limb amputations for ischemic disease in the United States per year. Their prognosis after amputation is even worse (European Working Group on Critical Leg Ischemia, 1991): The perioperative mortality for below-knee amputation in most series is 5%-10% and for above-knee amputation 15%-20%.
No Cheers for Foreign Aid
Authors: Krauss Melvyn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Income transfer is the sine qua non of the modem welfare state. To secure for itself a preeminent role in the distribution of the nation’s production of goods and services, the government uses its substantial tax, spending, subsidization, and administrative powers to take from Citizen A to give to Citizen B. Not that the welfare state is the “Robin Hood” state, though that is what its proponents would like us to believe. For at the same time that government takes from Citi­ zen A to give to B, it also takes from Citizen B to give to A. Each citizen, in other words, has debits and credits in its account with government, and whether one comes out with a net credit or debit balance in the end depends on a host of factors and not simply how much money one earns in private life.
Mobility
Authors: Pierson George W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One day, several years ago, a single-engine Cessna airplane, flying from New Haven to Rhode Island, ran out of power, came down safely on Expressway 95, and was promptly hit by a mobile home. About the same time a team of youth researchers discovered that, out of more than a thousand boys and girls whom they had been studying, 70 per cent remembered their families’ having moved once, twice, three, or even four times, and 13 per cent remembered their families having moved five or more times. Eighty per cent did admit to having lived in the same house for one year, but only 50 per cent for as long as five.Again in 1964 the American Petroleum Institute announced that we Americans, using 55 million oil credit cards, drove 86 million motor vehicles some 38 billion miles and lost some 43,000 lives on the road. Meanwhile at a single oil company it was taking 650 trained employees to keep track of the credit transactions-and on a routine day they had to handle four thousand changes of address: which figured out to a residential mobility of 30 per cent in a single year.
Industrialization
Authors: Cochran Thomas C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
An economic explanation of the rapid and massive industrialization of the United States can be given in terms of natural resources, but such an answer is far too simple. Other nations that did not rapidly develop industry have also had great resources, while Japan, with little coal, iron, or oil, astonished the world with the speed of its industrial revolution. Aware of such ap­ parent contradictions, some leading American economists have maintained that the most important elements in economic growth are noneconomic. Granting that these economists may be right, let us take a broad view of both economic and “non­ economic” factors that seem to have been important in making the process of American industrial development differ from that of other nations.
Urbanization
Authors: Wade Richard C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When the United States was born, less than 5 per cent of its people lived in cities; today over 75 per cent live in two hundred metropolitan areas. From the standpoint of the urban historian, these simple figures comprise the single most important fact about our historical development. In less than two centuries, the country was transformed from a simple agrarian society to a highly complex urban one. The urbanization of the continent, perhaps more than any other aspect of our past, accounts for the “comparability” which the chapters in this book attempt to assess. For we all now live in an increasingly metropolitan world where we occupy a common environment. Thus a Chicagoan quickly feels at home in London, Paris, Milan, or Amsterdam despite differences in nationality, language, and custom. Even first impressions of distinctiveness of architecture, age, and street scenes do not conceal for long the shared urban attributes of the world’s important cities.
Socialism and Labor
Authors: Shannon David A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
With the exception of the United States, all the major industrial countries of the world-as well as many of the nations which are becoming industrialized only in the present generation-have some kind of Marxist political movement of significant proportions. These political movements embrace a wide range of the political spectrum, from various kinds of Communists (Soviet, Titoist, Maoist) to various kinds of social democrats, such as the British Labour Party, the West German Social Democratic party, and the Scandinavian socialists. National character, different traditions, and problems or conditions peculiar to a nation create some interesting variations, as in Mexico, for example. The differences between these parties and their programs are wide and important, but all of them derive in one way or another from the thought of Karl Marx. In most of these parties the trade unions or other organizations of industrial labor play an important role. In the United States, however, there is nothing quite comparable. There are many kinds of Marxist political organizations in America, from Maoists to mild social democrats, but none is politically important.
World War II
Authors: Blum John Morton 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
World War II was really the first war to involve the entire world. Its global quality, its duration and intensity brought the United States into an experience common to most of the rest of man­ kind. Those nations subjected on all continents to the aggression of the Axis powers shared a long and special adventure-a sequence of shock and anger, of resistance, fortitude, and eventu­ ally triumph. The countries participating in that adventure&gt; including the United States, responded to wartime circumstances,. now in strikingly similar ways, now with sharp differences from nation to nation. While the war raged, moreover, behind the lines of battle and away from high councils of state, less remarked developments anticipated postwar change that was to affect men everywhere. Still, as so often in history, what was obvious was for the time perhaps most important.
Mergers and Acquisitions
Authors: Hitt Michael A , Harrison Jeffrey S , Ireland R Duane 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1999, MCI WorldComm and Sprint agreed to merge. Valued at $129 billion, this expected transaction was the largest in history. However, it fell victim to regulators in Europe concerned with the potential monopoly power of the merged firm. This M and A action was merely the latest in a growing trend of "blockbuster" mergers over the past several years. Once a phenomenon seen primarily in the United States, mergers and acquisitions are increasingly being pursued across national boundaries. In short, acquisition strategies are among the most important corporate-level strategies in the new millennium. The need for clear, complete, and up-to-date guide to successful mergers and acquisitions had never been greater. This book more than fills that need. Looking at successful--and unsuccessful--mergers and acquisitions in a number of different industries, Mergers and Acquisitions: A Guide to Creating Value explains how to conduct an acquisition and how to avoid pitfalls that have doomed many such ventures. The authors take the reader step-by-step through the process, starting with the elements of a successful merger, due diligence to ensure that the target firm is sound and fits well with the acquiring firm, and how mergers and acquisitions are financed. They move on to explore how firms find partners/targets for acquisitions that have complementary resources and how to find partners with which integration and synergy can be achieved. Finally, they discuss the potential hazards found in Mand A's and how to avoid them, how to conduct successful cross-border acquisitions, and how to ensure that ethical principles aren't breached during the process. Based on 15 years of research, this essential guide goes beyond specific case studies to cover all aspects of these ventures, making it required reading for all managers seeking to build a successful strategy.
Shaping Buildings and Cities
Authors: Davis Howard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The institutional, typological, economic, contractual, and regulatory systems that have been described in the last several chapters all converge on the actual shaping of buildings: the processes through which drawings are made, brick is put upon brick, concrete poured into formwork, windows installed in a wall. These processes and the built result are given their character by those systems: and in the end the systems determine the extent to which the making of the building is the product of craftsmanship, considered in a broad and modern sense.
Founding Women
Authors: Magray Mary Peckham 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A NGELINA GOULD TOOK religious vows in 1829 in the Presentation convent at Doneraile, County Cork. Sister Magdalen Gould, born in 1792, was a member of the great Cork merchant family of Gould. Her parents had left their native city some years previously and taken up residence in Lisbon, where they had accumulated enormous commercial wealth.1 When Angelina Gould joined the Presentation Order, she brought with her to the convent a fortune of ap-proximately £60,000, which she later used to found convents.
John Cotton, Roger Williams, and The Problem of Charisma
Authors: Staloff Darren 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On September 4, 1633, the ship Griffin sailed into Boston harbor, bearing the most precious cargo yet brought to the Bay Colony. Two of the most stellar divines of the spiritual brotherhood of Puritan ministers, Thomas Hooker and John Cotton, had with great hazard ventured the journey to Massachusetts. In cultural terms, their migration transformed the colony from a benighted outpost of exiles into a stronghold of Puritan theoretical and practical activity. As the Reverend Thomas Shepard later recalled, one of the “reasons which swayed me to come to New England” was that “I saw the Lord departing from England when Mr. Hooker and Mr. Cotton were gone, and I saw the hearts of most of the godly set and bent that way.”
Establishing Orthodoxy
Authors: Staloff Darren 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The primary task facing Massachusetts’s ministerial intellectuals in the decade following the Antinomian controversy was to preserve the fruits of their victory by firmly establishing their interpretation of Puritan doctrine as the official orthodoxy. Three obstacles stood in their path, two of which had emerged only after the suppression of Antinomian dissent. The defeat of Anne Hutchinson had sorely undermined the charismatic authority of her mentor, John Cotton, within the ministerial community. Indeed, the whole affair had raised suspicions and doubts about the safety of charismatic authority. In the years directly following the Antinomian controversy, a new informal leadership structure emerged among the clergy in Boston and its neighboring towns (Roxbury, Dorchester, Charlestown, Watertown, and Cambridge), a structure I have called the “big six pulpits.” The Antinomian controversy had also revealed significant disagreements among the ministerial intellectuals on questions of theology and church polity. While such differences had been smoothed over for the time being by the various compromises struck at the Synod of 1637, there could be no doubt that new issues would arise in the future from which debates and controversies could ensue. To ensure that such controversies would never assume the crisis proportions of the Antinomian fiasco, the orthodox regime created an educational system, with Harvard College at its apex, that would foster cultural cohesion among the thinking class through a common, hegemonic core curriculum. Finally, of course, the Bay divines faced various dissidents among the laity and clergy who threatened to undermine the system of cultural domination. All three obstacles had to be cleared before the Massachusetts thinking class could compile the canonical document of the New England Way, the Cambridge Platform.