bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A MECHANISM OF CONSERVATION IN THE KIDNEYS OF THE WINTER FROG
Authors: Oliver Jean , Shevky Eshref 
Published: June 2004

1. A method of conservation has been demonstrated in the kidneys of winter frogs.
2. The mechanism of this conservation is an increase in the absorptive function and a decrease in the excretory activity of the tubular epithelium.
3. The excessive absorptive process may be depressed by various means. Such a depression in the tubular activity is followed by large increases in the rate of excretion of water, salts and, if present in the urine, phenol red.
4. Further evidence is thus obtained which supports the theory that phenol red is excreted chiefly through the glomeruli.
THE BLOOD IN HOG CHOLERA
Authors: Lewis Paul A. , Shope Richard E. 
Published: June 2004

1. Prolonged and systematic examination of blood from swine with hog cholera has failed to reveal any formed element that could be identified with the etiological virus. Culture has likewise been unsuccessful.
2. The quantitative blood changes in hog cholera consist in a slowly progressive anemia, usually moderate in degree, and a rapidly progressive severe leucopenia affecting cells of the polymorphonuclear series most markedly but also including those of the lymphocytic series.
3. Incubation of hog cholera blood results in a further progress of the leucopenia, in vitro, if heparin has been used as the anticoagulant, but there is no significant change if potassium oxalate or sodium citrate has been used.
4. Consideration of the leucocytic reactions prevailing in experimental infection with B. suisepticus, in infectious enteritis, in swine influenza, following successful immunization against hog cholera, and following infection of cholera-sick swine with secondary invaders indicates that the leucocyte count would be of aid in the differential diagnosis of hog cholera.
THE EFFECT OF UNILATERAL NEPHRECTOMY ON THE SENILE ATROPHY OF THE KIDNEY IN THE WHITE RAT
Authors: Moore Robert A. , Hellman Louis M. 
Published: June 2004

1. In senility in the white rat there is a decrease in the total number of glomerular units.
2, The decrease in glomerular units is associated with an increase in the average diameter and a greater variation in size, of the remaining glomeruli.
3. Unilateral nephrectomy during adult life has no effect on these senile changes.
STUDIES ON VITAL STAINING
Authors: Smith H. P. 
Published: June 2004

When large amounts of brilliant vital red are injected into the blood stream of dogs, the dye is gradually removed from circulation, and most of it is deposited in numerous phagocytic cells which are scattered throughout various organs and tissues. The dye occurs largely in the form of tiny red granules crowded together in the cytoplasm of these cells.
If Niagara sky blue, a closely related dyestuff, is injected, it too is taken up and stored in these same cells. It is shown that the presence of red dye in the tissues does not inhibit the cells from taking up the blue one.
The normal ability of the phagocytes to take up Niagara sky blue is observed also when this dye is injected simultaneously with brilliant vital red. This normal response toward the blue dye is seen even though the phagocytes are busied at the same time in the process of engulfing and storing the red dye.
These experiments show that it is difficult if not impossible to "block" the cells with one dye so that their ability to take up another is even slightly impaired.
The two dyes employed in these studies are shown to be particularly suitable for experiments of the sort here reported.
CUTANEOUS REACTIONS WITH CULTURE FILTRATES OF THE COLON TYPHOID TYPE
Authors: Ecker E. E. , Welch H. 
Published: June 2004

The observations of Ecker and Rimington on the production of skin reactions with synthetic medium culture filtrates (concentrated and dialyzed) of organisms belonging to the colon-typhoid group have been confirmed and extended.
The filtrates show a marked degree of thermostability and marked resistance to ultraviolet radiation.
Intravenous injections of the filtrates stimulate the production of precipitins. No precipitins are produced in the sera of rabbits that receive intracutaneous injections only.
At no time during the course of immunization was the skin reaction obliterated. An indurative process was noted at the site of injection (skin) during the course of immunization. Mixtures of the filtrates with their homologous antisera, obtained from animals immunized by the intravenous route, and injected into skin, also failed to obliterate the erythema and edema.
The observations of Shwartzman have been confirmed; the Shwartzman phenomenon appears to be group or species specific. Filtrates from enterococci failed to produce the phenomenon. Filtrates of other unrelated organisms have not been studied.
The products of Shwartzman and of Ecker and Rimington appear to be the same.
REACTIONS OF RABBITS TO INTRACUTANEOUS INJECTIONS OF PNEUMOCOCCI AND THEIR PRODUCTS
Authors: Julianelle Louis A. 
Published: June 2004

1. About two-thirds of the rabbits injected intracutaneously with suspensions of heat-killed S or R pneumococci develop an increased eye reactivity.
2. Eye reactions in these animals may be elicited by the instillation of "nucleoprotein," or of a solution of Pneumococcus from which the acid precipitable and heat coagulable proteins have been removed. The eye reactions are not elicited, under the conditions described, by living R cells or the protein-free, type-specific, polysaccharides.
3. Rabbits do not develop an increased eye reactivity following intravenous injections of the intact cell.
4. Rabbits do not develop an increased eye reactivity following injections of soluble derivatives of Pneumococcus.
5. Experimental infection by Pneumococcus may stimulate eye reactivity in rabbits.
6. Eye reactivity occurs in animals actively resistant to infection.
7. Eye reactions are observed more frequently in rabbits which show the secondary reaction.
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF RABBITS TO INFECTION BY THE INHALATION OF TYPE II PNEUMOCOCCI
Authors: Stillman Ernest G. 
Published: June 2004

1. The susceptibility of rabbits to inhalations of pneumococci varies in direct proportion to the virulence of the organism for rabbits.
2. When rabbits are exposed to a pneumococcus spray, irrespective of the virulence of the organism, the bacteria readily penetrate into the lower respiratory tract.
3. When rabbits are exposed to a spray of avirulent degenerated "R" form of pneumococcus, septicemia does not occur and pneumococci are seldom recovered from the liver, kidney or spleen.
4. When rabbits are exposed to a spray of slightly virulent Pneumococcus Type II (SAv) a non-fatal septicemia may occur and pneumococci may be recovered from the liver, kidney and spleen.
5. When rabbits are exposed to a spray of virulent Type II (Sv) pneumococci, septicemia may occur which in certain instances terminates fatally. Pneumococci may also be recovered from the liver, kidney and spleen.
A TYPE SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE DISTINCT FROM THE SPECIFIC CARBOHYDRATE IN PNEUMOCOCCUS TYPE I
Authors: Enders John F. 
Published: June 2004

1. Evidence has been presented for the existence of a substance distinct from the specific carbohydrate in the autolytic products of Pneumococcus Type I.
2. The substance reacts specifically by precipitating homologous antiserum which either occurs naturally without antibody against the specific carbohydrate or has been deprived of that antibody artificially.
3. In guinea pigs passively sensitized with such antisera the homologous autolysate containing the substance alone produces typical lethal anaphylactic shock.
4. In weakly alkaline solution the substance is destroyed by boiling. In weakly acid solution it resists a temperature of 100°C. for at least ½ hour. Autoclaving for 1 hour at 15 pounds pressure in either acid or alkaline solution destroys its activity as precipitinogen.
5. The substance is resistant to peptic digestion.
6. The chemical nature and the possible identification of the substance as a haptene have been discussed.
THE EFFECT OF BACTERIAL VARIATION UPON THE FACTORS NECESSARY FOR THE PHENOMENON OF LOCAL SKIN REACTIVITY TO BACTERIAL FILTRATES
Authors: Shwartzman Gregory 
Published: June 2004

In this paper there is reported the effect of bacterial variation upon the reacting factors of the phenomenon of local skin reactivity to bacterial culture filtrates. By means of the method described in the text the following results were obtained:
Various stock strains of B. typhosus were found to produce reacting factors which differed in their neutralizability by anti-stock immune sera. The reacting factors of low neutralizability also possessed low antigenicity. The passage of strains through mice brought about in one instance a lowering of neutralizability of reacting factors and in another instance had no effect. It was possible to increase the antigenicity of the reacting factors by passage of the strain through mice.
Transformation of "stock" strain into "rough" brought about the formation of reacting factors of new specificity. The "rough" reacting factors were neutralized by homologous sera and also differed in their neutralizability.
Reacting factors of various degrees of neutralizability were produced by stock strains which did not display any difference in colony appearance (with one exception). The "rough" reacting factors appeared in strains of typical "rough" colony morphology. However, "rough" strains of the same degree of roughness morphologically differed in the neutralizability of their reacting factors. The changes in neutralizability elicited by passage through mice had no influence on colony morphology.
There seemed to be a parallelism between the degree of agglutinability of stock strains by anti-stock sera and the degree of neutralizability of reacting factors of the same strain.
It was possible to obtain a partial loss of neutralizability by passage through mice with and without change in agglutinability. The agglutination titer of anti-rough serum was not an indication of its anti-rough neutralizing properties.
The degree of neutralizability of "rough" reacting factors paralleled the specific serum agglutinability of the strains producing them.
Abundant precipitation occurred in mixtures of toxic filtrates and immune serum in spite of low neutralization. The filtrates of rough cultures non-neutralizable by anti-stock sera failed to precipitate with the latter. The appearance of neutralizing anti-rough antibodies was coincident with the development of anti-rough precipitates.
The rough strains possessed a lower virulence than the stock strains from which they were derived. However, there was no difference in the virulence of "rough" strains, the reacting factors of which differed in their neutralizability. The filtrates containing "rough" reacting factors were seemingly as lethal to mice and rabbits as were filtrates of stock cultures of B. typhosus.
The possible relation of these findings to the immunological understanding of the course of infectious diseases and to serum therapy is discussed.
FURTHER EXPERIMENTS IN TYPHUS FEVER
Authors: Zinsser Hans , Castaneda M. Ruiz 
Published: June 2004

Precise interpretation of our experiments seems to impose the following conclusions:
Guinea pigs inoculated with washed Rickettsiae from Mexican typhus fever develop a disease identical with that resulting from inoculations with whole tunica scrapings, blood or other virulent material, and become thereby immunized to European typhus fever.
The etiological agent of Mexican typhus fever is the Rickettsia body of the type described by Mooser (5) in the tunica vaginalis of infected guinea pigs; and it is likely that the etiological agent of European typhus fever is an organism similar to this, but not identical with it in some of its minor biological characteristics.
STUDIES ON IMMUNOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE PNEUMOCOCCI
Authors: Sugg John Y. , Neill James M. 
Published: June 2004

This paper reports inter-reactions of anaphylaxis and precipitation between antigens and antisera derived from the Type II variety of pneumococcus and from one variety of yeast. That the reactions occurred only with Type II and not with Types I and III is proof that the pneumococcus antigen responsible for the anaphylaxis of the antiyeast sensitized animals was the type-specific carbohydrate (S).
Pronounced differences in respect to reactivity with the pneumococcus antigen were found between individual antiyeast sera that were of equal potency in respect to reactivity with the yeast antigen. This fact emphasizes the desirability of the use of antisera from a large number of individual animals in the study of microbial inter-relationships.
A POTENT ANTIPOLIOMYELITIC HORSE SERUM CONCENTRATE AND ITS EXPERIMENTAL USE IN INFECTED MONKEYS
Authors: Weyer Elliott R. , Park William H. , Banzhaf E. J. 
Published: June 2004

1. The horse, apparently itself unsusceptible to poliomyelitis, can be stimulated in certain cases but not all to the production of virucidal antibodies.
2. The virucidal potency of such immune serum can be raised to a point comparable to that of human convalescent serum and when concentrated and refined exhibits a four-fold increase in potency.
3. Such concentrates have proved effective in the prevention of paralysis in inoculated monkeys when given intraspinously before the onset of paralysis.
4. Treatment has been found more effective when therapeutic serums are given through the spinal route.
5. Pooled serum from "normal" adult donors has proved effective in neutralizing virus but its potency is approximately one-half that of convalescent serum.
EXPERIMENTAL NEPHRITIS IN THE FROG
Authors: Oliver Jean , Shevky Eshref 
Published: June 2004

1. A method of testing the frog's kidney by means of perfusion is described.
2. This is made possible by dissociating, as far as possible, from the total function of the organ the functions of its constituent parts.
3. The characteristics by which tubular, glomerular, and combined tubular-glomerular lesions may be recognized are described.
THE ACCUMULATION OF IRON IN TUBERCULOUS AREAS
Authors: Menkin Valy , Menkin Miriam F. 
Published: June 2004

Repeated daily intravenous injections of ferric chloride solution are followed by an accumulation of iron in tuberculous areas of lungs. The iron accumulates in the caseous areas of tubercles and is demonstrable by the Prussian blue reaction.
Quantitative determinations corroborate these results and show that the iron content of lung tissue in tuberculous animals injected with ferric chloride exceeds that in normal animals injected with this salt, as well as that in non-injected tuberculous animals.
CRITERIA OF THE AGE OF LYMPHOCYTES IN THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD
Authors: Wiseman Bruce K. 
Published: June 2004

The study of blood from rabbits with normal and with hyperactive lymphatic tissue reveals, in the latter, a greater percentage of lymphocytes with heavily basophilic cytoplasm and numerous mitochondria. This indicates that cytoplasmic basophilia and mitochondrial content can serve as criteria of the degree of maturity of the lymphocyte, these characters having the same significance in this relation as obtains with other blood cells. Basophilia is the more evident and reliable indicator of youth of the cells. The classification of lymphocytes into three groups, according to degree of basophilia, has yielded figures which show the proportions of the three to be relatively stable in blood from normal adult human beings and rabbits.
Size is not strictly a function of age in lymphocytes. Moreover, there is no correspondence in the size of lymphocytes in supravital films and in fixed specimens obtained by the "cover glass" method. There is a change of size during fixation. Although lymphocytes of intermediate and large size may be of any age, in supravital preparations the majority are young cells, whereas in fixed films the reverse obtains. The small lymphocyte may be of any age in specimens examined by either technique.
The total number of lymphocytes circulating at any given time is not necessarily an index to lymphoid activity.
SOME ULTRAVIOLET PHOTOMICROGRAPHS OF B. SUBTILIS
Authors: Wyckoff Ralph W. G. , Ter Louw Adrian L. 
Published: June 2004

1. Type-specific antipneumococcus immunity has been induced in rabbits by immunization with antigen prepared by combining a specific derivative of the capsular polysaccharide of Type III Pneumococcus with globulin from horse serum.
2. Rabbits immunized with this antigen acquire active immunity against infection with virulent Type III pneumococci.
3. The sera of the immune rabbits contain type-specific antibodies which precipitate the Type III capsular polysaccharide, agglutinate Type III pneumococci, and specifically protect mice against Type III infection.
4. The experimental data are discussed with reference to: (1) the concurrence in the immune sera of type-specific antibodies for Pneumococcus and precipitins for horse globulin; (2) the determining influence of the capsular polysaccharide on the specificity of the antigen as a whole; (3) the unity of the type-specific precipitins, agglutinins, and protective antibodies induced by a single compo of the pneu mococcus in chemical union with an unrelated, animal protein.
HISTOLOGICAL STUDIES OF THE BONE MARROW IN FASTED AND POLYNEURITIC PIGEONS
Authors: Moore Robert A. , Barlow O. W. 
Published: June 2004

1. The histological changes of the bone marrow in fasted and rice disease pigeons are essentially the same.
2. The histological changes of the bone marrow in pure vitamin B deficiency consist of degeneration and edema and slight endothelial proliferation of the small vascular channels, but with active hematopoiesis.
3. The anemia of rice disease in pigeons is in large part a starvation anemia and not directly related to vitamin B deficiency.
THE DEVELOPMENT AND LOCALIZATION OF THE DERMAL PNEUMOCOCCIC LESION IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Goodner Kenneth 
Published: June 2004

An attempt has been made to analyze the factors involved in the development and localization of the dermal pneumococcic lesion in the rabbit.
The character and quantity of the edema fluid which forms during the early phases of the lesion are intimately concerned in its development and spread. It contains an antithrombic substance, probably derived from the pneumococci, and delayed coagulation probably facilitates its movement through the tissue. The direction of spread in the skin is determined by gravity, and the fluid finally localizes in the more dependent regions. The distance that the pneumococcic lesion travels and the local tissue characters have much to do with the amount of fluid that accumulates.
Studies are also reported of some factors which alter the rate of spread of the edema fluid. An acceleration in rate occurs when H. influenzae is used as an associative infective agent with the Pneumococcus.
ORAL IMMUNIZATION AGAINST PNEUMOCOCCUS TYPES II AND III AND THE NORMAL VARIATION IN RESISTANCE TO THESE TYPES AMONG RATS
Authors: Ross Victor 
Published: June 2004

1. Considerable variation in the resistance of different rats toward Type II pneumococcus has been demonstrated. In general, older rats survive much greater doses than young ones, illustrating the acquisition of a natural partial immunity. The same is true for Type III but the immunity appears somewhat later in life and does not reach the same height.
2. An active immunity can be created against Types II and III in rats by feeding the dead organisms or the Berkefeld filtrate of the bile salt-dissolved cells. This immunity resembles that obtained against Type I in several respects.
ANTIGENIC STREPTOCOCCAL HEMOLYSIN
Authors: Todd E. W. 
Published: June 2004

1. Normal serum, used in cultures for preparation of the streptolysin, modifies the properties of the streptolysin, causing delayed hemolysis, increased filterability, resistance to oxidation or reduction, and absence of antigenicity.
1. Streptolysin prepared without serum is an active antigen.
3. Similar temperatures are required to destroy the antigenic activity of serum-free streptolysin and the skin reactivity of Dick toxin.
4. Scarlet fever antitoxin contains antistreptolysin which does not neutralise serum streptolysin and which can be detected only by titration against serum-free streptolysin.
5. The antihemolysin which neutralises serum-free streptolysin is species-specific but not type-specific.
THE GRADIENT OF PERMEABILITY OF THE SKIN VESSELS AS INFLUENCED BY HEAT, COLD, AND LIGHT
Authors: Hudack Stephen , McMaster Philip D. 
Published: June 2004

The mounting gradient of permeability along the small vessels of the corium is essentially unaltered by active hyperemia produced by heat, cold, or light. Only when the vascular walls are so damaged that rapid leakage ensues, as shown by the development of edema, does the permeability of the capillary web as a whole approximate that of the venules. It is plain that the normal gradient of vascular permeability depends upon the integrity of the vessel wall.
The method of experiment described can be utilized for a study of the functional changes which result in the lesions due to burning and freezing.
THE AGE FACTOR IN THE VELOCITY OF THE GROWTH OF FIBROBLASTS IN THE HEALING WOUND
Authors: Howes Edward L. , Harvey Samuel C. 
Published: June 2004

The velocity curve of fibroplasia in the healing of wounds in young rats reached its end-point 3 days ahead of a similar curve for adults. Strength and fibroplasia were manifest 1 day sooner than in the adults. A study of the increments of the curve showed that the rate of fibroplasia during the accelerated phase was less in the young and that it lasted longer. Correspondingly, retardation appeared later and was less in amount than in the curve for the adult rats. The amount of retardation was even less than in the curve obtained for adults on a high protein diet, in spite of the fact that in this latter curve there was a definite increase in the rate of fibroplasia.
Healing in the young, therefore, is more rapid than in adults because fibroplasia begins earlier and is less retarded, not because the rate of fibroplasia is greater.
Growth of the young is not hindered by the process of wound healing.
REACTION OF RABBITS TO STREPTOCOCCI: COMPARATIVE SENSITIZING EFFECT OF INTRACUTANEOUS AND INTRAVENOUS INOCULA IN MINUTE DOSES
Authors: Schultz M. P. , Swift Homer F. 
Published: June 2004

1. Rabbits were rendered very hypersensitive by relatively small doses of green streptococci given intracutaneously, and somewhat less hypersensitive by similar doses of heat-killed vaccine prepared from hemolytic streptococci.
2. Animals receiving the same doses intravenously gave, upon subsequent testing, lesions slightly more marked than normal controls; but these lesions were qualitatively hard and nodular compared with the large edematous lesions in the cutaneously sensitized group.
3. There was no parallelism between the degree of cutaneous or ophthalmic hypersensitivity and agglutinin titer in the blood serum.
4. Bacterial hypersensitivity to whole streptococci appears to depend more upon previously induced focal infection than upon circulating antibodies.