bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ec Law Remedies In Judicial Review
Authors: Gordon Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Remedy depends upon the EC violation alleged 5.37 Type 1—Administrative public law breach alleged but underlying EC legislation not challenged 5.38 Type 2—Challenge to transposing or other relevant legislation and/or to a public law breach derived from such unlawful legislation 5.45 Type 3—Underlying challenge to the validity of EC legislation 5.57 where State does not exercise an EC discretion 5.121 The distinguishing feature—absence of need to prove breach as ‘sufficiently serious’ 5.121 Failure to transpose directives 5.124 EC or domestic rules of damages liability—which apply? 5.126 State liability and liability under Article 288 (ex 215) EC compared 5.134 Analysing classes of State EC damages liability where discretion is exercised 5.140
The Original Story
Authors: Dudbridge Glen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The text of Jiang Zhiqi’s inscription quickly found its way to Hangzhou. A monk of the [Upper] Tianzhu Monastery there made it his business to engrave and re-erect the inscription in 1104. Our sources for that now fragmentary text take the form of a rubbing and three published transcripts. The rubbing is No. 02202 in the Fu Sinian Library of the Academia Sinica at Nangang, Taiwan. The transcripts were published in 1824, 1830, and 1925.
Textual Traditions Examined: What the Text of the Apostolic Fathers tells us about the Text of the New Testament in the Second Century
Authors: Petersen William L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A century ago ‘a small committee’ of the Oxford Society of Historical Theology published a slender, 144-page volume entitled The New Testament in the Apostolic Fathers. The charge given the committee was ‘to prepare a volume exhibiting those passages of early Christian writers which indicate, or have been thought to indicate, acquaintance with any of the books of the New Testament’. The committee limited itself to the so-called Apostolic Fathers, examining eight authors (and/or texts).3 The results were presented in exemplary fashion. Each passage in an Apostolic Father thought to have a possible parallel in the canonical New Testament was excised and printed in Greek, accompanied by the putative parallel(s).4 A brief analysis accompanied each passage; often, a concluding summary gave an overview of that author’s (or text’s) presumed knowledge of the New Testament. Let us begin by reviewing the results achieved a century ago.
The Irony of the Community’s Human Rights Policies
Authors: Williams Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this book I have examined a sequence of stories. From an investigation into those narratives concerning human rights externally and internally to those that explain the generation of human rights as a founding principle of the Community and its identity, I have attempted to demonstrate how the Community has constructed a policy that has affected both its constitution and its practice. The result has not been the rendition of a linear history or a chronicle. More accurately, it has been a genealogy, an excavation of the plurality of the Community’s institutional narratives on human rights, how they are constructed and how they are read.
My aim throughout has not been simply to uncover these stories but to interpret them, specifically to understand what they tell us about the Community and the role of human rights within it. At a time when human rights have acquired emblematic status, representing the imposition of order for Europe and the world, this is an increasingly necessary undertaking.
Effect Of Administrative Decisions
Authors: Nazzini Renato 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Regulation 1/2003 codifies the previous case law of the Court of Justice on the effect of administrative decisions by the Commission in civil proceedings. It provides that when national courts rule on agreements, decisions, or concerted practices falling under Article 81 or 82 EC they may not hand down any judgment that runs counter to a decision adopted by the Commission in respect of the same agreements, decisions, or practices.1 However, the effect of a Commission decision is wider and extends to third parties having standing to bring an action against the decision under Article 230(4) EC ‘without any doubt’ and, possibly, to other third parties in application of Article 10 EC.
Disclosure And Admissibility Of Evidence
Authors: Nazzini Renato 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Concurrent proceedings are likely to occur in competition law enforcement. As a consequence, it is necessary to define the limitations on disclosure and admissibility of evidence obtained or generated in one set of proceedings in another set of proceedings. Evidence obtained by the Commission in the course of an investigation may be relevant information for the purposes of further administrative proceedings by the Commission or by national competition authorities. Section B of this chapter analyses disclosure and admissibility of evidence obtained by the Commission in other administrative proceedings for the enforcement of EC or national competition law, including the additional protection afforded to information submitted by leniency applicants.
Copyright Norms and the Problem of Private Censorship
Authors: Gordon Wendy] 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Copyright policy must resolve intelligently the tension between upstream and downstream creators, between incentives to create and incentives to use. Downstream authors who copy and transform others’ images or words as an input to new creativity have obvious free speech concerns. So do simple copiers in those many instances where even non-creative copying is essential for expressing one’s ideas or allegiances. Part of the tension is economic. Because virtually every author needs access to predecessor texts, a legislature that increases copyright protection for today’s creators simultaneously increases tomorrow’s costs of creation or use. But the issue goes far beyond mere pricing and output.
Contested Boundaries: Ambiguity and Creativity in the Evolution of German Codetermination
Authors: Jackson Gregory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Institutions are commonly seen as formal and informal ‘rules of the game’ that provide economic agents with incentives and constraints, and thereby induce stable patterns of behavior.1 Institutional constraints from political, legal, and social environments often lead to institutional isomorphism whereby organizations adopt similar structures and routines (Meyer and Rowan 1977). Institutional theory has thus offered powerful explanations of why organizations have diverse responses to similar economic pressures. Conversely, institutions may present comparative advantages for different types of activities (Streeck 1992; Whitley 1999; Hall and Soskice 2001). These insights have laid a valuable foundation for international comparisons of business, corporate governance, or industrial relations.
A Babel off Broad Street: artificial language planning in 1650s Oxford*
Authors: Lewis Rhodri 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1648, the scientist and political economist William Petty—then a young man in a hurry to cash in his ample reserves of ability and ambition—published his manifesto for the reformation of technical and medical education, entitled The Advice of WP. to Mr. Samuel Hartlib. This work, Petty’s first, was one through which he sought to make his name in ascendant Puritan circles within and without the English universities. In it, he asserted the primacy of the Baconian view that it was ‘more profitable … to spend ten or twelve years in the study of Things … then in a rabble of words’. He made a number of suggestions as to how this might best be achieved. Of most pertinence here is his view that, rather than preoccupy themselves with the study of various languages, children should concentrate on matters ‘such as are in the order of Nature … and are attainable by the help of memory’. They should ‘observe and remember all sensible Objects and Actions’, and only then move on to the study of language. And Petty envisaged a language that would help, rather than help to reverse, this process: the students should ‘not onely be taught to Write according to our Common Way, but also to Write Swiftly [sc. in shorthand] and in Reall Characters’. This use of real characters—representing things or notions rather than words—would increase their knowledge, but ‘were the Reall and Common characters brought into practice’, then there would also be much less need ‘to learne Forraine Languages’, both within and without Petty’s proposed school, allowing time for the study of more valuable matters.
Overview
Authors: Benjamin Joanna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Part II relates to simple financial positions, and in particular to guarantees, insurance, derivatives, standby credits, and performance bonds. One party to such contracts acts as risk taker or protection provider. Typically it does so in exchange for a fee or other return, such as an insurance premium, although individual guarantors often act gratuitously. The protection provider agrees to take a specifield risk from another person, known as the protection buyer or, where a third party pays for the arrangement as under a standby credit or performance bond, the beneﬁciary.
The Rise Of Net Positions
Authors: Benjamin Joanna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A range of techniques may be used to address credit risk, but none has as magical an effect for the creditor as netting. A guarantee or other simple ﬁnancial position substitutes the credit risk of the guarantor or other protection provider for that of the debtor. A traditional security interest or other asset backing substitutes the risk of the collateral assets for that of the debtor. But as far as the creditor is concerned, an effectively marked to market net position simply takes risk away.
The Arm’s Length Regulatory Project
Authors: Benjamin Joanna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The arm’s length project assumes that the parties come together as strangers, and deal in their own interests. This project is based on the view of the market as a self- regulating mechanism, which produces virtuous outcomes through the operation of the laws of supply and demand. Of course, the assumptions on which the classical economic vision of the market rests are highly artificial.. The regulatory concern is to protect these assumptions.
Introduction
Authors: Reynolds David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ‘special relationship’ seems inescapable. True believer or iconoclastic sceptic, no one writing about contemporary British foreign policy can avoid referring to this clichéd concept. In the 1970s, after Britain entered the European Community, many predicted that it would be consigned to the dustbin of history. But then came the Falklands War. Another round of obituaries was written in the early 1990s, after the collapse of the Soviet empire. But that was before two Gulf Wars against Iraq. Like it or loathe it, the term ‘special relationship’ is still central to the lexicon of British diplomacy, trotted out every time a Prime Minister flies to Washington or a President deigns to visit London.
Culture, Discourse, and Policy
Authors: Reynolds David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These essays seek to illuminate the wartime Anglo-American relationship and its place in the history of the 1940s. They also raise questions about the methodology of international history, some of which I now try to address. This concluding chapter reflects on the evolution of international history from its nineteenth-century roots in ‘diplomatic history’, looking particularly at how it has adapted to recent developments in the historical discipline as a whole such as the so-called linguistic and cultural ‘turns’. I do so with reference to some of the material on the 1940s deployed in earlier chapters of this book.
Sections 151 to 158 of the Companies Act 1985
Authors: Roberts Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The current prohibition on the provision by a company of financial assistance for the acquisition of its shares, the exemptions from that prohibition and other legislative requirements are found in eight sections (sections 151 to 158) in Chapter VI of the Companies Act 1985. In this Chapter the complete text of the legislative provisions is set out and commented upon.
A Week ‘s Pay
Authors: Korn Anthony , Sethi Mohinderpal 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If an employee was asked to define what he thought his week ‘s pay was, he would probably say that it was the amount he earned in the course of a normal working week. In giving that answer he would not be far from identifying the intention underlying the statutory provisions. However, what may appear to be a comparatively simple question is complicated by the different shift patterns and payment structures which exist in industry. For example, there are some workers, e.g., shift workers and piece workers, whose pay varies from week to week.
The Fsa ‘s Powers of Investigation
Authors: Russen Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The FSA has extensive powers of investigation where, for example, in cases where it has regulatory concerns about authorised firms and the individuals employed by them, it is concerned that market abuse may have taken place, or it suspects the commission of an offence of the kind discussed in the previous chapter. The particular grounds for appointing an investigator are addressed below. The FSA ‘s powers to gather information and to investigate the affairs of those regulated by the Act (and those suspected of market abuse) are found in Part XI of the FSMA. They include a power to require the authorised person or appointed representative to produce documents, or to produce a report upon the business by a ‘skilled person ‘, as well as a power to appoint an investigator (which may be a member of the FSA ‘s own staff ) to investigate the affairs of such a person (or, again, a person suspected of market abuse). The very exercise of these powers will raise ‘requirements ‘ of the respondent of the kind discussed in Chapter 1 and which, in the event of breach, will give rise to the sanctions addressed in Chapter 5.
Religious Dissent
Authors: Ashton John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the beginning of any historical enquiry some account may be expected of the questions to which answers are being sought. Of course, without any knowledge of the problems or opinions about possible solutions one could not even put the questions in the first place. And when Bultmann poses (or proposes) his two Johannine riddles he is keenly aware of the kind of answer he is looking for. His first riddle, the position of the Gospel in early Christianity, implies that the fundamental difficulty is to explain the momentous shift from the message of the earliest Christian preachers to that of the fourth evangelist. His solution, which places a hypothetical Gnostic source between early and late, virtually isolates John’s distinctive teaching from other sources and influences. In any case, if we are to avoid being trapped inside Bultmann’s personal problematic we must change or rather expand his question. As was explained in the Introduction it is necessary to ask instead what is the position of the Gospel in the history of Jewish thought (leaving the term ‘Jewish’ provisionally vague, since any closer definition would preju-dice the issue of our enquiry). Evidently such a reformulation of the question carries its own presuppositions, and part of the purpose of the present chapter is to justify these.
Excursus II: ‘Salvation is from the Jews’
Authors: Ashton John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In wrestling with the problem of how to reconcile Jesus’ statement to the Samaritan woman that ‘salvation is from the Jews’ with the portrayal of ‘the Jews’ in the chapters that follow, commentators make a variety of different moves, ranging from Archbishop Bernard’s bland comment, ‘the evangelist is not forgetful of the debt which Christianity owes to Judaism’ to Bultmann’s curt dismissal of the saying as a gloss: ‘for 1. 11 already made it clear that the evangelist does not regard the Jews as God’s own people, the people of salvation (Eigentumsund Heilsvolk)’.
The Community And Its Book
Authors: Ashton John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All we know about the Johannine community is what can be inferred from its writings. Such external guides as we have are at best unreliable, at worst misleading. But within the c of the Gospel and Letters is buried a surprising amount of positive data enabling us to piece together a picture of the nature and history of the community. Of course the piecing-together cannot be done without conjecture. As in all historical study it is important to hold apart the factual evidence and the shaping hypothesis. At the same time Colling-wood’s point concerning the correlativity of the two must not be forgotten. Without some hypothesis to inform the material facts with intelligibility there would, properly speaking, be no evidence either.
Excursus III: The First Edition
Authors: Ashton John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anyone who is convinced (a) that the awkward transitions in the Gospel require some explanation and (b) that the displacement theory is unsatisfactory must choose between two alternatives: either the evangelist has produced different editions of the Gospel (Brown, Martyn, Lindars) or somebody else, an editor or redactor, has made substantial additions to his work (Schnackenburg, Becker). These two hypotheses are not mutually exclusive, since a final redaction may have been made after extensive revisions on the part of the evangelist himself. This is in fact my own view: I agree with Brown and Martyn, against Lindars, that the appendix, chapter 21, is unlikely to have been composed by the evangelist. In this excursus, however, I am interested only in what, following Lindars, I conceive to be the first edition of the Gospel and I shall not concern myself with the problem of how and when the later material was composed or redacted.
Excursus IV: A Call to Faith
Authors: Ashton John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If one begins by asking what justification there can be for attempting to reconstruct a source in this chapter (or in any other), the answer must be, as always, the presence of aporias, as the awkward transitions have been called since Schwartz, and in this instance the presence too of clear doublets. Yet the passage we are considering is so complex we might react as Schwartz (‘Aporien IV’, p. 497) says he did to the puzzles of chapter 7, being tempted ‘to lay down [his] critical knife and to leave these sections in the confusion and disorder into which they have fallen through having been worked over
Dualism
Authors: Ashton John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Fourth Gospel announces its dualism clearly and unequivocally from the very first page: ‘The light shines in the darkness, and the darkness has not mastered it’ (1: 5). This light, already declared to be ‘the life of men’, that is to say of the human race, continues to shine in spite of the futile attempts of the darkness to overcome it. A few verses later this opposition is repeated in different terms: ‘He was in the world . . . yet the world knew him not’ (1: 10). Then it is explained—reflected—in a declaration of further hostility: ‘He came to his own home (Ta Y 8ØÆ), and his own people (oƒ Y 8ØoØ) received him not’ (1: 11). And a little further on ‘he’ (the light that is the light of the human race) is identified as ‘the Word made flesh’.
Experimental techniques
Authors: Henderson B , Imbusch G F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tms book is concerned with the optical properties of inorganic solids which have a measurable forbidden energy gap between the valence and conduction bands. The bandgap may be small, as in some semiconductors, or large, as in materials such as diamond and aluminium oxide. Both impurity ions and defects may have energy levels in the gap, and transitions may be excited between these gap levels or between band states and the gap levels. Many experimental techniques have been used to investigate such transitions, those of longest standing being optical absorption spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy. In crystalline materials absorption and luminescence transitions may be strongly polarized due to the electronic centre occupying a low-symmetry site in the solid or to the effects of an external perturbation (e.g. magnetic field, electric field, or uniaxial stress). Analysis of the luminescence decay after pulsed excitation may indicate the dipole nature of the radiative process (Section 2), and the occurrence of dynamic processes such as excitation transfer between centres (Section l0.1).
Spectroscopy at high dopant concentrations
Authors: Henderson B , Imbusch G F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far this treatment of the spectroscopy of optically active centres in solids has assumed these centres to be isolated from each other. When the concentration of centres is increased, or when a second type of optically active centre is also introduced, allowance must be made for the possibility that two centres are sufficiently close to each other to interact. This interaction may be too weak to have a detectable effect on the energy levels so that the centres retain their individual identities but may yet be sufficiently strong to enable excitation to be transferred from one to another. The occurrence of energy transfer between centres can significantly affect the luminescence properties of a material. In some cases two or more centres may be near enough to interact strongly, so forming a new spectroscopic centre. In fully concentrated crystals such as manganese fluoride, chromic oxide, or praseodymium trifluoride the inter-ion coupling is so strong that the excitation must be interpreted as shared by all the ions acting collectively.
Expert Evidence
Authors: Cameron Cecily , QC Elizabeth-Anne Gumbel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The selection and instruction of medical experts is at the heart of clinical negligence practice. It is critically important that the expert is prepared get to grips with the minutia of the medical records, understands the particular issues that must be addressed in the report and how these interface with the legal tests in negligence. The expert must be impartial and should be familiar with his or her obligations under CPR Part 35 and PD35, in particular the overriding duty to the court.
The Law Commission’s Proposals For The Reform of Corporate Security Interests
Authors: Bridge Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After two consultation documents, against a background of quite severe time pressure on consultants and the Law Commission itself, the Law Commission has now issued its Report on Company Security Interests (‘the Report’). In this chapter I shall assume a general familiarity with the recommendations of the Law Commission. The interests of brevity also rule out a close analysis of the progress of individual proposals through the two consultation papers prior to their flnal disposition in the Report.