bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lateral transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy
Authors: Shichman Steven , Sosa, R Ernest , Vaughan E Darracott 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Laparoscopic adrenalectomy has recently become the standard technique for the surgical removal of the adrenal gland. Gagner et al. (1992) first reported laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Since then, many reports have confirmed the advantages of laparoscopic adrenalectomy over open surgery: Laparoscopy offers a shorter length of stay (LOS) in hospital, a decrease in postoperative pain, a shorter time to return to preoperative activity level, and improved cosmesis, and reduces complications in the fragile Cushingoid patient (MacGillivary et al. 1996; Gagner 1996; Gagner et al. 1996, 1997).
Dementias
Authors: Volicer Ladislav 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia and progresses in four stages. Management of the patient should include a palliative care approach which includes a decision-making process ahead of time. The use of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and tube feeding is seen critically. Also, transfer to an acute medical setting poses serious risks, such as confusion and falls, to the patients. As side effects are rarely reported appropriately, drug treatment must be restricted wherever possible. Also, in lifethreatening infections, very often the use of analgesics and antipyretics, maybe with the help of oxygen, may assure comfort without the use of antibiotics. Support for family members must start with diagnosis and continue after the death of the patient with berea-done in the garden. Last week, Mr Gray got lost when shopping in a neighborhood in which he was born and had to be brought home by the police. His wife, concerned about his condition, insisted that he saw a physician.
Pressure Ulcers
Authors: Walker Paul W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Important considerations for the management of pressure ulcers include the goals of treatment, patient preferences, expected outcomes, and both the benefits and burdens of treatment. The dogma that all pressure ulcers are caused by poor quality care and that all patients should undergo treatment directed at healing these lesions is not substantiated. Although pressure ulcers can usually be prevented, it must remembered that, in high-risk patients, even the most exemplary care may not prevent their development. In patients with advanced disease it should be acknowledged that repositioning, debridement, dressing changes, and nutritional interventions can cause significant discomfort with no resulting benefit. For select patients, the goal of providing comfort through the use of analgesic drugs, and the selection of appropriate support surfaces and dressings, may be considered the most desirable approach to management.
Managing the Dying Patient
Authors: Sykes Nigel P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
require careful attention as death approaches are respiratory problems, pain, and restlessness or agitation. Oxygen should not be the automatic response to breathlessness, and both dyspnea and cough can be eased by the use of opioids and benzodiazepines in carefully titrated doses. Choking is a common symptom in bulbar impairment but is not a cause of death. Anti-cholinergic drugs are helpful in the relief of noisy respiration caused by retained secretions, but it is also important to provide adequate explanations for the patient’s family and friends. Myoclonus must be distinguished from agitated restlessness, as the implications for choice of medication are different. It may be appropriate to use sedatives for restlessness but the aim is the relief of distress, not the achievement of a particular level of sedation. Families and carers are the ones who have to go on living. Care should be taken to discover their needs for information and support, and provide for them. Death is also stressful for professional staff who, if they are to continue to be effective, require appropriate training and the opportunity to share feelings about the care they have given.
Refusal and Withdrawal of Treatment
Authors: Bernat James L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Refusal of medical treatment is an implicit part of the doctrine of informed consent. Competent patients and the authorized surrogate decision makers of incompetent patient have the right to refuse all forms of treatment, including life-sustaining treatment without which they will die, and also including artificial hydration and nutrition. Physicians must respect valid treatment refusals by patients and surrogates. Physicians should attempt to enhance patients’ communicative and psychological capacities to maximally permit them to participate in their health decisions. Physicians who feel that patients or surrogates have made a bad decision to stop treatment can try to negotiate a time-limited trial of treatment. Patients undergoing withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment require excellent palliative care to prevent them from suffering. Studies have shown, however, that many dying patients are not receiving proper palliative care. Hospital ethics committees can help assure protection of the patient’s interest in situations in which treatment conflicts arise between patients and their surrogates, and their physicians.
Cultural Aspects of Care
Authors: Oliver David Oliviere David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The understanding of any patient is impossible without the understanding of their culture, whether this is the wider culture of their ethnic group, nationality, or religion or the more specific culture within individual families. The place of culture in the ‘total’ holistic approach of palliative care should always be considered, and the issues of culture and ethnicity should be addressed in both direct and indirect patient care. These various strands and components need to be considered in the assessment and intervention with each individual patient and family, involving them closely in this assessment process. In the care of patients with neurological disease there may be specific concerns related to disability or personal care, and these issues must be considered to ensure good-quality palliative care for patients and their families.
Calcium: Controls and Triggers
Authors: Fraústo da Silva J J R , Williams R J P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is almost impossible to overemphasize the role of calcium in advanced biological systems (Fig. I0.1). Everywhere one turns in the study of controls over metabolic pathways there is a calcium-dependent step (Table l 0.1). Again, outside cells calcium is involved in multiple structural and cross linking functions which we refer to mainly in later sections of this chapter.
Nickel and cobalt: remnants of early life?
Authors: Fraústo da Silva J J R , Williams R J P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We start this chapter with the remark that the functions of these two elements appear to belong to very primitive systems indeed. In some sense it looks as if the elements were at their most useful when metabolism was based on such chemicals as CH4, CO, and H2, but that after the advent of dioxygen their value diminished.
A Self-help Guide for Sufferers
Authors: Levitt Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It seems nowadays that we are happy to discuss almost every aspect of our health, and reveal to doctors, psychologists, phone-in hosts and their audiences, in fact almost anyone who will listen, our most personal and intimate problems. There remains one last taboo, one last subject for which people will suffer in silence - problems relating to their bowels. This reluctance is seen by many within the medical profession as being a significant cause of the increase in bowel cancer within the developing world. ‘The Bowel Book’ is a frank, entertaining, and accessible book offering advice on these and related problems, from the view of a medical specialist with many years experience of dealing with these problems. The book provides advice on every type of problem such as haemorrhoids, irritable bowel syndrome, constipation, and colitis. Most importantly, it highlights the early warning signals of such life threatening illnesses such as bowel cancer. Along the way it discusses and assesses alternative treatments such as colonic irrigation, and controversially contests some of the widely held views on the benefits of high fibre diets. A book that everyone will need at some point in their lives.
Practice building – relationships within the practice
Authors: Trevor Burke F J , Freeman Ruth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The image of the dental team has, therefore, changed. The term no longer represents the single-handed dentist working with a dental nurse but rather the dentist as team leader, working in a multi-handed practice in unison with a practice manager, receptionists, dental nurses, hygienists and so forth. Reflecting this change, the General Dental Council in 1998 revisited the Report of the Inquiry into Education and Training of Personnel Auxiliary to Dentistry (‘The Nuffield Report’ 1993) to provide clear and concise guidelines on the training and clinical duties of professions complimentary to dentistry (PsCD).
Clinical aspects of mitochondrial encephalomyopathies
Authors: Pulkes T , Hanna MG 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Human diseases caused by impaired respiratory chain function have been increasingly recognized in recent years.1–13 Although neurological diseases are the commonest consequence of such respiratory chain dysfunction, it is now apparent that virtually any tissue in the body can be affected (see Table 5.1). This is perhaps unsurprising when one considers the central role of the respiratory chain in normal cell and tissue function. The neurological diseases associated with respiratory chain impairement are collectively known as the mitochondrial encephalomyopathies, a term which reflects the common involvement of both the central nervous system (CNS) and skeletal muscle in these patients.
Nuclear gene mutations in mitochondrial disorders
Authors: Zeviani Massimo , Pandolfo Massimo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The OXPHOS takes place in the inner mitochondrial membrane where it is mediated by the respiratory chain and ATP synthase. From a genetic standpoint, the respiratory chain is unique, as it is formed through the complementation of two genetic systems, nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Because of this dual genetic control, OXPHOS disorders can result from mutations in mitochondrial or nuclear genes, encoding either structural components of the five enzymes, or factors controlling their expression, assembly, function and turnover.
The effects of mitochondrial DNA mutations on cell function
Authors: James Andrew M , Murphy Michael P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The pathophysiology of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) diseases is caused by increased cell death and dysfunction due to the accumulation of mutations to mtDNA. While disruption to oxidative phosphorylation is central to mtDNA diseases, many other factors such as Ca2+ dyshomeostasis, increased oxidative stress, and defective turnover of mitochondrial proteins may also contribute. The relative importance of these processes in causing cell dysfunction and death is uncertain. It is also unclear whether these damaging processes lead to the disease phenotype through affecting cell function, increasing cell death or a combination of the two.
Bone Emergencies
Authors: Eakin Ruth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cancer patients are at risk of severe and distressing bone pain, with or without associated pathologic fractures. Given the relatively high percentage of cancers which metastasize to bone, this type of clinical presentation is not uncommon. In the emergency setting, clinical examination and plain X-rays are often all that are required to diagnose the majority of problems quickly. The importance of appropriate management cannot be underestimated if good palliative care is to be part of modern medicine.
Acute Pain Emergencies
Authors: Kelly Sheila , Corcoran Bernadette 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pain is something we feel. It can be described as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential damage, or described in terms of such damage.
Pain recognition, assessment, and management have been shown to be challenging. Pain measurement is necessarily subjective. There are no objective measures of pain as in blood tests, or X-rays. Observation of physical signs and change in behavioral patterns may provide some information.
Biomineralization Principles and Concepts in Bioinorganic Materials Chemistry
Authors: Mann Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book describes the principles and concepts of biomineralization and their application in the new field of biomimetic materials chemistry. The main focus is on the principles and concepts that arise from a chemical perspective of biomineralization. After surveying the major types of biominerals (chapter 2) the general principles of biomineralization are discussed (chapter 3), followed by a detailed description of the chemical aspects of biomineralization (chapter 4). The next four chapters are concerned with the process of biomineralization, including boundary-organized biomineralization (chapter 5), organic matrix-mediated biomineralization (chapter 6), morphogenesis (chapter 7) and biomineral tectonics (chapter 8). The final chapter describes how current knowledge of biomineralization is inspiring new biomimetic strategies in synthetic materials chemistry.
Last Days
Authors: Lee Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter of the book is about death itself. You may not feel ready to read it but it is here if you need it, and it can wait. The time surrounding death is intensely personal and intimate. I have had the great privilege of listening to carers talk about the deaths of their loved ones. Sometimes the events they described felt too private for me to write about. Yet all those concerned have read this chapter and have agreed to share their stories in this way. Our hope is that those facing death may gain strength and courage from reading them. Some of the common experiences that precede death are recounted, followed by very moving descriptions of the moment of death. The chapter and the book ends with the carers’ descriptions of letting go of their loved one to whatever lies ahead.
Alternatives to four clinical and research traditions in malingering detection
Authors: Faust David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The best scientific methodology does not ensure success, nor the worst failure, as the soundness of methodology and the productiveness of scientific efforts are linked probabilistically (Faust and Meehl 2002). However, the odds of a positive yield may be enhanced, or greatly enhanced, depending on the methodology employed. The detection of malingering presents some intellectually fascinating and deep methodological challenges, and our capacity to meet them may determine, more than anything else, the productivity and success of our research and, ultimately, of our clinical efforts in this domain.
Illness falsification in children: pathways to prevention?
Authors: Libow Judith A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Illness falsification by young people has received only limited attention although retrospective data on adult patients with factitious disorder suggests that medical deception can begin during adolescence or even earlier. Certainly many children have ambiguous or chronic, undiagnosed medical problems, often categorized generically as psychosomatic or somatoform illness. While it is particularly difficult to assess both intent to deceive and motivation for secondary gain in children, recent reviews have documented a small but intriguing number of cases of intentional medical deception by children as young as 10 years, spanning a wide range of symptoms from rather crudely induced bruises to very elaborately induced infections and other complex medical puzzles.
Malingering, insurance medicine, and the medicalization of fraud
Authors: Locascio John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Malingering is a concept that spans law and medicine and has important societal consequences. Disability-related programmes in both the public and private sectors are faced with increasing numbers of disability claims despite improved health care and job design (the disability paradox). As a result, medical providers face questions of malingering and related issues with increasing frequency. However, there is a paucity of data as to the demographics and exact magnitude of the problem. Changes in medical technology, confusion between medical and legal concepts, and unrecognized clinical assumptions make malingering difficult to analyse and document, and may result in risk to unskilled analysts. To be most effective, the analyst must: distinguish malingering from fraud; understand the difference between the clinical and analytical role; know the limits of medical data; and apply functional concepts in a disciplined manner.
Introduction to the economics of infectious disease
Authors: Roberts Jennifer A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Infection is an ever-present threat to the health of populations. Its control is of the utmost importance. Scarce resources are used to care for those who are sick and to prevent or control the transmission of infection. Productive capacity is constrained by infection, and trading relationships are disrupted. Thus, infection poses an economic problem that needs to be addressed. The characteristics of infectious disease raise important issues for economists seeking to apply their tools in this area.
Basic Theory of Surface States
Authors: Davison Sydney G , Stęślicka Maria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The theory of surface states underlies our knowledge of the behaviour of electrons at solid surfaces, which is of paramount importance in understanding the mechanisms by which solid-state devices operate and catalytic reactions proceed. Although the subject is viewed through the "theoretical eye" of a physicist, the topics are treated in an elementary fashion, so the book should also appeal to both theoretical and experimental surface scientists from chemistry, materials science, and electronic engineering. The main features of the presentation are: its pedagogical, model-based approach, detailed step-by-step derivations of all the equations, smooth progression through the simple wave-function matching techniques to the more sophisticated Green-function methods and, finally, the historical theme, which traces the evolution of the subject, from its funding by the Nobel Laureate Igor Tamm in 1932, through the invention of the transistor in 1947 by Shockley, Bardeen and Brattain, to the recent developments.
Niels Bohr’s Times
Authors: Pais Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The life of Niels Bohr spans times of revolutionary change in science itself as well as in its impact on society. As the curtain rises, the reality of atoms is still under debate, the structure of atoms still a matter of conjecture, the atomic nucleus is not yet discovered, practical applications of atomic energy, for good or evil, are not even visible on the far horizon. All that changed during Bohr’s life, much of it under his own influence. He was the first to understand how atoms are put together, he played a leading role in the development of the theory of the atomic nucleus, and he was the godfather of nuclear medicine. He was also th first to bring to the attention of leading statesmen the need for openness betwe1:m West and East, a need resulting from the advent of formidable new weapdms developed during and after World War II. Time and again he would stress that openness was essential for political world stability.Even more profound than new discoveries and perceptions regarding the structure of matter are new physical laws discovered in that same period. Here the key concepts are relativity theory and quantum theory. Bohr was the principal figure in elucidating the revisions of the philosophical foundations of physics needed for a comprehension of quantum phenomena. I have been told that Vladimir Horowitz once commented on Mozart’s music that it is too easy for beginners and too hard for experts. The same can be said of quantum physics. In this book I attempt to outline for beginners how most experts think about quantum theory.
In on the Act—searching the record
Authors: Lovegrove Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In England and Wales, long before the establishment of the large game estates, dramatic changes to the landscape through the removal of forest cover, drainage of wetlands, and conversion of land to agriculture had already removed huge areas of natural habitat for many species. Mammals such as Pine Marten and Wild Cat, and birds including harriers and eagles had already been pushed back into their final refuges. We have already considered the impact that the fur trade had on a range of fur-bearing mammals. It is necessary now to concentrate on the third major factor, that of deliberate persecution, to establish the legal framework that was put in place in the sixteenth century for statutory control of these ‘vermin’, and to examine the processes of implementation of those laws through the parishes.
Why Have Prenatal Tests?
Authors: Crespigny Lachlan De , Chervenak Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The decision you make about prenatal testing may be one of the most important of your life. This is why it must be your decision, not your doctor’s, your friend’s or anybody else’s. There are some abnormalities you may not wish to know about, and some prenatal tests have a risk of miscarriage. If you choose to limit testing, an abnormality that could have been detected may go unrecognized. On the other hand, choosing to have all the tests available can ‘medicalize’ what might otherwise been a happy and normal pregnancy.
Prenatal testing: 10–14 weeks
Authors: Crespigny Lachlan De , Chervenak Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
New tests and scanning techniques mean it is possible to detect most of the abnormalities that can be diagnosed before birth, by the time a fetus is 13 weeks, or three months old. Many prenatal tests are now done early in pregnancy—at 10–14 weeks. The later tests of pregnancy—ultrasound, amniocentesis, and mid trimester serum screening—are still important and widely used. But there are obvious advantages of early testing. If nothing is found you can relax and enjoy your pregnancy. If an abnormality or an increased risk is found, you can make any decisions before you have announced your pregnancy to the world.
Prenatal testing: 15–17 weeks
Authors: Crespigny Lachlan De , Chervenak Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If you have chosen to have either a blood test for Down syndrome, called mid trimester serum screening, or an amniocentesis, then these tests are carried out at this stage of pregnancy. Ultrasound examinations are not usually done at this time—it is too late for nuchal translucency screening and too early to get the best pictures of the physical structure of your fetus. Ultrasound is used to guide the needle to the correct spot during amniocentesis, and you may be offered a scan if you develop problems such as bleeding or pain.
Principal Component Models for Patterned Covariance Matrices, with Applications to Canonical Correlation Analysis of Several Sets of Variables
Authors: Flury Bernard D . , Neuenschwander Beat E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we discuss in detail a common principal component model for dependent random vectors which arises naturally in an variety of situations. The best way to motivate it is probably by presenting some examples.
Example 5.1. Jackson (1991) reports audiometric measurements taken on N=100 men of the same age. Hearing loss (in decibel) was measured for frequencies of 500 Hz, 1000 Hz, 2000 Hz, and 5000 Hz on both ears.