bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cholinergic synaptic potentials in the supragranular layers of auditory cortex
Authors: Bandrowski A.E. , Moore S.L. , Ashe J.H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractReceptive‐field plasticity within the auditory neocortex is associated with learning, memory, and acetylcholine (ACh). However, the interplay of elements involved in changing receptive‐fields remains unclear. Herein, we describe a depolarizing and a hyperpolarizing potential elicited by repetitive stimulation (20–100 Hz, 0.5–2 sec) and dependent on ACh, which may be involved in modifying receptive‐fields. These potentials were recorded, using whole cell techniques, in layer II/III pyramidal cells in the rat auditory cortex in vitro. Stimulation at low stimulus intensities can give rise to a hyperpolarizing response and stimulation at higher stimulus intensities can elicit a depolarizing response. The depolarizing response had a reversal potential of −35 mV, and was reduced by the combination of AMPA/kainate and NMDA glutamate receptor antagonists (AMPA/kainate: CNQX, DNQX, and GYKI 52466; NMDA: APV, MK‐801) and by the muscarinic ACh receptor antagonist atropine. The hyperpolarizing response had a reversal potential of −73 mV and could be reduced by atropine, GABAA receptor antagonists (bicuculline and a Cl− channel blocker picrotoxin), and to a small extent a GABAB receptor antagonist (saclofen). This suggests that the hyperpolarizing response is likely to be mediated by ACh acting on GABAergic interneurons. Extracellular recordings, also made from layer II/III of cortical slices, yielded a negative‐going potential which was reduced by ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonists (same as above) and by the ACh receptor antagonists atropine and scopolamine, suggesting that this potential was the extracellular representation of the depolarizing response. Synapse 41:118–130, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Total regional and global number of synapses in the human brain neocortex
Authors: Tang Yong , Nyengaard Jens R. , De Groot Didima M.G. , Gundersen Hans Jørgen G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAn estimator of the total number of synapses in neocortex of human autopsy brains based on unbiased stereological principles is described. Each randomly chosen cerebral hemisphere was stratified into the four major neocortical regions. Uniform sampling with a varying sampling fraction in each region of neocortex was performed. The total volume of each neocortical region was estimated using point counting according to Cavalieri's principle. The ethanolic phosphotungstic acid staining technique was modified for synapses in human autopsy brains. The numerical density of synapses in each neocortical region studied was estimated using the disector at the electron microscopical level. The total number of neocortical synapses in each region was estimated as the product of the total volume of neocortex and the numerical density of synapses. The influence of the postmortem fixation delay on the number of synapses was investigated in five large mammals (one dog, one cow, and three pigs), the brains of which were kept under conditions similar to those under which human corpses are normally kept. The apparent decrease of 3.9% in the numerical density of synapses in the large mammals following a 2‐day fixation delay was not significant. The average total number of synapses in the neocortex of five young male brains was 164 × 1012 (CV = 0.17). An analysis of the precision of the estimate of the total number of synapses in neocortex indicates that blocks represent both the major source of variation and the largest workload. Using eight blocks per brain the imprecision of the estimate is, however, only 66% of the total variance. Synapse 41:258–273, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Postmarketing surveillance for human teratogenicity: A model approach
Authors: Chambers Christina D. , Braddock Stephen R. , Briggs Gerald G. , Einarson Adrienne , Johnson Yvette R. , Miller Richard K. , Polifka Janine E. , Robinson Luther K. , Stepanuk Kathleen , Lyons Jones Kenneth 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundMost congenital defects associated with prenatal exposures are notable for a pattern of major and minor malformations, rather than for a single major malformation. Thus, traditional epidemiological methods are not universally effective in identifying new teratogens. The purpose of this report is to outline a complementary approach that can be used in addition to other more established methods to provide the most comprehensive evaluation of prenatal exposures with respect to teratogenicity.MethodsWe describe a multicenter prospective cohort study design involving dysmorphological assessment of liveborn infants. This design uses the Organization of Teratology Information Services, a North American network of information providers who also collaborate for research purposes. Procedures for subject selection, methods for data collection, standard criteria for outcome classification, and the approach to analysis are detailed.ResultsThe focused cohort study design allows for evaluation of a spectrum of adverse pregnancy outcomes ranging from spontaneous abortion to functional deficit. While sample sizes are typically inadequate to identify increased risks for single major malformations, the use of dysmorphological examinations to classify structural anomalies provides the unique advantage of screening for a pattern of malformation among exposed infants.ConclusionsAs the known human teratogens are generally associated with patterns of structural defects, it is only when studies of this type are used in combination with more traditional methods that we can achieve an acceptable level of confidence regarding the risk or safety of specific exposures during pregnancy. Teratology 64:252–261, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Export promotion: A framework for finding opportunity in change
Authors: Czinkota Michael R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractGovernments view exports as “special” for their macroeconomic impact. As a result, many governments
have developed programs to assist exporters. In order to function efficiently and to be permissible under the
anti‐subsidy rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO), it is proposed that export promotion
programs become the venture capital of international trade by being innovative and iconoclastic. Particular
attention is recommended for captive trade among affiliates, the generation of unsolicited orders, the rise of new
technology, and the sharing of resources among internationalizing firms. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Total Thyroidectomy for Management of Thyroid Disease
Authors: Gough Ian R. , Wilkinson David 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTotal thyroidectomy is a logical treatment for many patients with thyroid disease, including patients in whom the pathologic process requiring surgery involves both lobes of the thyroid or the risk of recurrence is a significant consideration, as in benign multinodular goiter, Graves' disease, and cancer. In earlier times the risks of extensive surgery and problems of adequate hormone replacement deterred surgeons from performing total thyroidectomy. However, as we enter the twenty‐first century we are confident that the technical aspects of safe total thyroidectomy are established and that thyroid hormone replacement and monitoring are readily available and accurate. In the future total thyroidectomy is likely to be performed increasingly commonly for both benign and malignant disease.
Complications of Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy: Results of 169 Consecutive Procedures
Authors: Henry Jean‐François , Defechereux Thierry , Raffaelli Marco , Lubrano Denis , Gramatica Luis 
Published: August 2002

AbstractLaparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA) has become the gold standard for adrenalectomy. Review of the literature indicates that the rate of intra‐ and postoperative complications is not negligible. The aim of this study was to evaluate the complications observed in a series of 169 consecutive LAs performed at a same center for a variety of endocrine disorders. Between June 1994 and December 1998 a series of 169 LAs were performed in 159 patients: 149 unilateral LAs and 10 bilateral LAs. There were 98 women and 61 men with a mean age of 49.7 years (range 22–76 years). There were patients with 61 Conn syndrome, 41 with Cushing syndrome, 1 androgen‐producing tumor, 29 pheochromocytomas, and 37 nonfunctioning tumors. Mean tumor size was 32 mm (range 7–110 mm). LA was performed by a transperitoneal flank approach in the lateral decubitus position. Mean operating time was 129 minutes (range 48–300 minutes) for unilateral LA and 228 minutes (range 175–275 minutes) for bilateral LA. There was no mortality. Twelve patients had a significant complication (7.5%): three peritoneal hematomas requiring (in two cases) laparotomy and (in one case) transfusion; one parietal hematoma; three intraoperative bleeding episodes without need for transfusion; one partial infarction of the spleen; one pneumothorax; one capsular effraction of the tumor; and two deep venous thromboses. Eight tumors were malignant at final histology (4.7%), of which four were completely removed laparoscopically. Conversion to open surgery was required in eight cases (5%): for malignancy in four cases, difficulty of dissection in three cases, and pneumothorax in one case. With a mean follow‐up of 26.58 months (range 6–60 months) all patients are disease‐free. We conclude that LA is a safe procedure. With increasing experience the morbidity becomes minor. To avoid complications LA should be converted to open surgery if local invasion is suspected or if there is difficulty with the dissection.
Persistent Hyperparathyroidism Requiring Surgical Treatment after Kidney Transplantation
Authors: Kinnaert Paul , Nagy Nathalie , Decoster‐Gervy Christine , De Pauw Luc , Salmon Isabelle , Vereerstraeten Pierre 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThere are not many publications describing long‐term follow‐up of persistent hyperparathyroidism requiring surgical treatment after kidney transplantation (PHSKT). In some patients adenomas, rather than multiglandular disease, have been incriminated as the cause of PHSKT. We reviewed the charts of 45 patients followed for 12 to 146 months (median 45 months) after parathyroidectomy for PHSKT. We compared them with (1) those of 951 patients receiving a kidney graft during the same period but not submitted to parathyroidectomy or (2) 90 matched controls selected from this cohort to determine the characteristics of PHSKT patients. The duration of pretransplant dialysis was significantly longer in PHSKT patients than in controls (5.78 ± 0.41 vs. 3.41 ± 0.24 years; p < 0.0001). A total of 166 glands were removed or biopsied. Except for one questionable case, no true adenoma was observed even when only one gland was enlarged. The outcome of surgery was not influenced by the technique (subtotal parathyroidectomy versus total parathyroidectomy and autografting) but depended on the amount of resected parathyroid tissue: no failures and 4 cases of hypoparathyroidism in 34 cases with no missing gland at cervical exploration; 3 failures and no permanent hypoparathyroidism in 11 cases with one or two missing glands. Excision of the enlarged glands only was sufficient to cure the patient. No recurrence was observed. Our results suggest that single gland enlargement in PHSKT results in most cases from different rates of involution of the parathyroids after successful kidney transplantation. When fewer than four glands are discovered, resection of all visible glands with or without grafting corrects hypercalcemia in more than 70% of the cases.
Lower Limb Revascularization and Free Flap Transfer for Major Ischemic Tissue Loss
Authors: Tukiainen Erkki , Biancari Fausto , Lepäntalo Mauri 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe objective of this study was to assess the value of lower limb revascularization and free flap transfer (LLR‐FFT) in the management of critical leg ischemia and major tissue loss. A total of 29 consecutive patients with critically ischemic leg and major tissue loss underwent 24 simultaneous and 6 staged LLR‐FFT procedures. The main outcome measures were bypass graft patency, free flap viability, leg salvage, patients alive with salvaged leg, and survival. At the 2‐year follow‐up, the bypass graft patency rate was 85%, secondary free flap viability rate was 82%, and 82% of patients achieved leg salvage and were ambulant. If the success was defined as patients being alive with a salvaged leg, the corresponding rate was 80%. Three patients achieved long‐term primary patency and leg salvage despite free flap failure, which occurred during the 30‐day postoperative period. Lower extremity revascularization plus free flap coverage of large ischemic lesions is valuable in achieving long‐term leg salvage. Because revascularization and conventional management of major tissue loss alone can be effective in the management of a small number of cases, staged LLR‐FFT is indicated, when appropriate, for better selection of patients undergoing such an aggressive and demanding treatment.
Targets for Molecular Intervention in Multistep Pulmonary Carcinogenesis
Authors: Schrump David S. , Nguyen Dao M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractLung cancers are a leading cause of mortality worldwide, and most of these neoplasms are directly attributable to tobacco abuse. Recent studies have begun to elucidate molecular mechanisms of multistep aerodigestive tract carcinogenesis, revealing novel targets for intervention in lung cancers and their precursor lesions. This review summarizes the molecular biology of lung cancers in relation to the prognosis and treatment of patients with these neoplasms.
Evolution of Surgery for Liver Hydatidosis from 1950 to Today: Analysis of a Personal Experience
Authors: Cirenei Anacleto , Bertoldi Innocenzo 
Published: August 2002

Abstract.Hydatid disease (echinococcosis) remains a complex worldwide problem in rural areas. Medical treatment does not definitively cure hydatid cysts, and surgical management aims to eliminate the parasite, favoring rapid disappearance of the residual cavity, preventing complications and recurrence, and shortening the hospital stay. In this consecutive series, 298 patients with liver hydatidosis were treated surgically by the authors from 1950 to 1987 in various hospitals in Rome, Italy. Surgery comprised conservative methods (marsupialization and partial cystopericystectomy) and radical methods (total pericystectomy and liver resection). Liver resection was used only if unavoidable. Complications were exudate from the residual cystic cavity, cholerrhagia, and nonspecific incisional fistula. In the entire series, morbidity was 8.7% of which 12.6% was seen with conservative methods and 5.5% with radical methods (p < 0.05); mortality was 3.6%, of which 5.9% was seen with conservative methods and 1.8% with radical methods (p= NS). Over the 37 years, as medical science and complementary therapies progressed, the use of conservative operations diminished and radical treatments increased. Long‐term follow‐up showed that hydatid disease relapsed more frequently in patients who underwent conservative or subtotally radical treatment than in those who underwent radical surgery: eight patients (11.2%) versus one (0.9%) (p < 0.01). Hence surgical treatment that removes all of the pericyst and preservation of the nonpathologic liver are important.
Disseminated Epithelial Tumor Cells in Bone Marrow of Patients with Esophageal Cancer: Detection and Prognostic Significance
Authors: Thorban Stefan , Roder Jürgen D. , Nekarda Hjalmar , Funk Armin , Pantel Klaus , Siewert J. Rüdiger 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMinimal residual disease in patients with operable esophageal cancer is frequently missed by current noninvasive tumor staging. Here we applied an immunocytochemical cytokeratin assay that allows identification of individual esophageal carcinoma cells disseminated to bone marrow. Prior to therapy, bone marrow was aspirated from the upper iliac crest of 71 patients with esophageal cancer at various disease stages as well as an age‐matched control group of 20 noncarcinoma patients. Tumor cells in cytologic bone marrow preparations were detected with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) CK2, KL1, and A45‐B/B3 to epithelial cytokeratins (CKs) using the alkaline phosphatase antialkaline phosphatase method. CK‐positive cells were found in 14 (36.8%) of 38 cancer patients treated with curative intent and 16 (48.5%) of 33 patients with extended disease. The overall frequency of these cells was 1 per 4 × 105 to 82 per 4 × 105 mononuclear cells with no significant differences between patients at different tumor stages. After a short median follow‐up of 9.5 months (3–24 months), 7 of 11 patients who underwent complete surgical resection but had tumor cells in bone marrow presented with tumor relapse compared to 2 of 19 corresponding patients without such cells (p < 0.01). It was concluded that although bone marrow is not a preferential site of overt metastasis of esophageal cancer, the frequent occurrence of isolated tumor cells at this distant site indicates that hematogenous dissemination of viable malignant cells occurs early in tumor progression.
Role of the Coagulation System in the Local and Systemic Inflammatory Response
Authors: McGilvray Ian D. , Rotstein Ori D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractActivation of the coagulation cascade during the inflammatory response is an essential component of the host response to infection. Coagulation represents a double‐edged sword. Necessary for hemostasis and the acute containment of an infective focus, it also amplifies the inflammatory response, decreases bacterial clearance, and in the critically ill patient contributes to end‐organ damage and death. Evidence for these concepts is found in the fact that critically ill and septic patients consistently demonstrate marked abnormalities in their biochemical indices of coagulation. Moreover, there is excellent experimental evidence to suggest that replacement or inhibition of individual coagulation factors, either consumed or up‐regulated during the inflammatory response, can attenuate both local and systemic injury and protect animals from otherwise fatal outcomes. Based on these facts, novel therapeutic approaches to the treatment of the systemic response to infection have been developed and tested in intensive care settings. Although promising results have been obtained, much work remains to be done in defining exactly which coagulation factors (or combination of factors) should be inhibited or replaced during treatment of the septic, critically ill patient. The experimental and clinical evidence linking the coagulation cascade to local and systemic inflammation is reviewed, and the status of the clinical trials performed to date is overviewed.
Comparison of the Hemodynamic Parameters of Open and Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy for Pheochromocytoma
Authors: Inabnet William B. , Pitre Joël , Bernard Denis , Chapuis Yves 
Published: August 2002

Abstract.Laparoscopic adrenalectomy has gained widespread popularity for treating a variety of adrenal disorders including pheochromocytoma, but the effects of pneumoperitoneum on the hemodynamics of patients with catecholamine‐secreting tumors are poorly understood. The goal of this study was to compare the effects of carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum and tumor manipulation on the hemodynamic parameters in two groups of patients with sporadic pheochromocytomas less than 7 cm in size. Group 1 patients (n= 11) underwent lateral transabdominal laparoscopic adrenalectomy, and group 2 (n= 11) underwent adrenalectomy by the open anterior approach. The mean follow‐up was 37 months in group 1 (range 26–51 months) and 52 months in group 2 (range 27–72 months). All patients undergoing laparoscopic adrenalectomy experienced intraoperative hypertension (blood pressure ≥200/90 mmHg), as did 73% with the open approach, but the difference was not significantly different. Intraoperative hypotension (systolic blood pressure < 80 mmHg) occurred in four group 1 patients compared to six patients in group 2. Mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure, and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure were significantly higher in group 1 patients prior to tumor excision, but there was no difference in pulse, cardiac index, or left ventricle work index at any point during the procedure. There were no conversions or complications in the laparoscopic group; one patient in group 2 developed an incisional hernia. Although laparoscopic adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma is associated with a greater increase in mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure, and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, the creation of pneumoperitoneum does not significantly change the cardiac index or left ventricle work index. Carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum is well tolerated in patients with pheochromocytoma.
Viability analyses with habitat‐based metapopulation models
Authors: Akçakaya H. R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPopulation viability analysis (PVA) models incorporate spatial dynamics in different ways. At one extreme are the occupancy models that are based on the number of occupied populations. The simplest occupancy models ignore the location of populations. At the other extreme are individual‐based models, which describe the spatial structure with the location of each individual in the population, or the location of territories or home ranges. In between these are spatially structured metapopulation models that describe the dynamics of each population with structured demographic models and incorporate spatial dynamics by modeling dispersal and temporal correlation among populations. Both dispersal and correlation between each pair of populations depend on the location of the populations, making these models spatially structured. In this article, I describe a method that expands spatially structured metapopulation models by incorporating information about habitat relationships of the species and the characteristics of the landscape in which the metapopulation exists. This method uses a habitat suitability map to determine the spatial structure of the metapopulation, including the number, size, and location of habitat patches in which subpopulations of the metapopulation live. The habitat suitability map can be calculated in a number of different ways, including statistical analyses (such as logistic regression) that find the relationship between the occurrence (or, density) of the species and independent variables which describe its habitat requirements. The habitat suitability map is then used to calculate the spatial structure of the metapopulation, based on species‐specific characteristics such as the home range size, dispersal distance, and minimum habitat suitability for reproduction.