bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PROPAGATION OF POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS BY THE HELA CELL
Authors: Eagle Harry , Habel Karl 
Published: June 2004

Only minimal amounts of poliomyelitis virus were formed by HeLa cells placed in a medium free from glucose and glutamine, even if the medium contained an otherwise full complement of essential and non-essential amino acids, purines, pyrimidines, NB4+, and serum protein. Conversely, within one log of the optimal yield of virus was formed by HeLa cells in a medium containing only glucose, glutamine, and salts, even if the cells had been starved in this medium for 12 hours prior to their inoculation.
The presence of glucose alone caused an average 170-fold increase in viral output beyond the amounts formed by the glucose- and glutamine-depleted cells. The addition of glutamine alone caused an average 2000-fold increase; and the addition of both increased the viral formation 40,000-fold. Qualitatively similar results were obtained with unstarved cells, not previously depleted of glucose and glutamine. It follows that only a small proportion of HeLa cells are capable of forming virus unless either glucose or glutamine, or both, are present in the medium.
The elaboration of virus was significantly delayed in media containing glucose but no glutamine.
The absence of glucose and glutamine did not prevent the fixation of poliomyelitis virus by the cell. When these compounds were added to previously depleted cells even 6 hours after inoculation, and after the excess free virus had been removed by washing and by the addition of specific antiserum, normal amounts of virus were formed despite the degenerative changes caused by the previous glucose and glutamine deprivation. Possible functions of glucose and glutamine in the elaboration of virus are discussed in the text.
Such factors other than glucose, glutamine, or salts (e.g. amino acids, purines, pyrimidines, vitamins, protein, or NH4+) as may be needed by HeLa cells for the propagation of poliomyelitis virus, need not be present in the medium and cannot be easily washed out of the cell. Even 12 hours' total deprivation of the cells in salt solution prior to inoculation only slightly decreased their virus-synthesizing capacity in a similarly deficient medium, provided only that adequate amounts of glucose and glutamine were retained.
CROSS-REACTIONS OF ANTITYPHOID AND ANTIPARATYPHOID B HORSE SERA WITH VARIOUS POLYSACCHARIDES
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Cordoba Felix 
Published: June 2004

A study was made of cross-reactions of synthetic polyglucose and of numerous plant and bacterial gums in an antityphoid and an antiparatyphoid B horse serum. The observed differences permit conclusions to be drawn regarding certain of the linkages likely to be found in the fine structures of each of the corresponding Salmonella polysaccharides:—
1. Cross-reactions of the antityphoid serum with the specific polysaccharide of Type II pneumococcus and with tamarind seed polysaccharide, glycogen and synthetic polyglucose indicate that the acetic acid-degraded O-polysaccharide of S. typhi, strain O 901, may contain part, at least, of its glucose as 1,4,6-branch points or in 1,6-linkage, perhaps adjacent to a terminal, non-reducing, galactopyranose unit.
2. Cross-reactions of both antisera with arabogalactans point to the existence of (probably ß-) 1,3-, 1,6-, and/or 1,3,6-linkages of galactose in both the typhoid and paratyphoid B polysaccharides.
3. The differential reactivities of the galactomannans and yeast mannan suggest that the mannose in the typhoid polysaccharide is linked 1,2- or 1,3- with possible non-reducing mannopyranose end groups attached 1,6-. In the paratyphoid B polysaccharide the linkages are probably galacto-oligomannose 1,4-, or 1,4,6-, or the corresponding linkages of mannose alone.
EXPERIMENTAL ENTERIC SHIGELLA AND VIBRIO INFECTIONS IN MICE AND GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Freter Rolf ,   With the Technical Assistance of David Hentges
Published: June 2004

A method has been devised for inhibiting the normal enteric flora, permitting long term asymptomatic enteric infections of mice and guinea pigs with streptomycin-resistant strains of Shigella flexneri or Vibrio cholerae.
Introduction of a streptomycin-resistant strain of E. coli into the intestinal tract of experimental animals resulted in a rapid elimination of the enteric pathogens studied. No in vitro production of antibiotic substances by this coli strain could be demonstrated.
Active and oral passive immunization did not noticeably influence the number of Shigella or Vibrio organisms recoverable from the feces of infected animals.
COPROANTIBODY AND BACTERIAL ANTAGONISM AS PROTECTIVE FACTORS IN EXPERIMENTAL ENTERIC CHOLERA
Authors: Freter Rolf 
Published: June 2004

Passive oral immunization with O-antiserum was found to protect guinea pigs against fatal enteric cholera. The number of vibrios recoverable from the intestines of infected animals was not noticeably reduced by active and oral passive immunization.
Passive immunization by the intraperitoneal route was not protective even though high titers of circulating antibody were obtained shortly after injection. Oral administration of H-antiserum also had no protective effect.
Introduction of E. coli into the intestinal tract increased the resistance of guinea pigs to fatal enteric cholera.
EXPERIMENTAL PRODUCTION OF GROSS ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN THE RAT
Authors: Fillios Louis C. , Andrus Stephen B. , Mann George V. , Stare Frederick J. 
Published: June 2004

Gross atherosclerosis was produced in the rat by feeding purified diets containing cholesterol, sodium cholate, and thiouracil for periods up to 363 days. In a few weeks a marked increase of the serum cholesterol and beta lipoproteins as well as of the liver lipides was observed. Lesions visible in the gross were found on the intimal surfaces of the vessels of all 46 animals examined. These were most prominent in the heart valves and aortic arch. The earliest lesions, which were seen at 31 days, required Sudan staining for gross demonstration. Older lesions were visible without staining. Microscopic coronary artery lesions were present and in one instance were accompanied by massive myocardial infarction. Vascular lesions were characterized by medial and intimal lipide infiltration and cellular intimal plaque formation.
In a part of this study the protein level of the diet was altered at the expense of sucrose. The hypercholesteremic response among the rats varied according to the dietary protein level. The lowest response was observed among those animals receiving the highest level of dietary protein. A difference, however, in the severity and extent of the arterial lesions among these relatively small groups of rats could not be established under these experimental conditions.
In all these experiments a close correlation existed between the serum cholesterol levels and beta lipoproteins of the Sf20–100 range.
ASSOCIATION OF A NEW TYPE OF CYTOPATHOGENIC MYXOVIRUS WITH INFANTILE CROUP
Authors: Chanock Robert M. 
Published: June 2004

Viruses producing an unusual "sponge-like" cytopathogenic change in monkey kidney tissue culture were isolated from the pharyngeal swabs of 2 of 12 infants with croup. The infants from whom the viruses were isolated and 3 additional patients developed significant increases in neutralizing or hemagglutination-inhibition and complement-fixing or all 3 varieties of antibody during convalescence. The isolated agents appeared to be similar antigenically.
Fluid from infected monkey kidney tissue culture agglutinated chick erythrocytes and in lower titer human "O" red cells. Hemagglutination occurred best at 4°C. and pH 8.0. Agglutination was reversed at 37°C. but resuspension and sedimentation of red cells at 4°C. resulted in a restitution of positive patterns. In addition, the virus was capable of partially removing receptors from the erythrocyte surface, but only when large quantities of virus were incubated with red cells for 24 hours at 37°C. and small doses of hemagglutinin used to test the treated cells. RDE removed both the erythrocyte receptors and the inhibitor for hemagglutinin present in certain normal sera. Low level multiplication occurred at a slow rate in the amniotic cavity of the fertile hen' egg. Gradocol membrane filtration yielded a size of 90 to 135 mµ. The virus was stable at –70°C. but infectivity was lost after treatment with 20 per cent ether for 15 hours.
The properties of the isolated viruses were consistent with those required for classification in the myxovirus group. No antigenic relationship with influenza A, A', B, and C, Newcastle or Sendai viruses was found. The viruses were distinct from mumps virus but the existence of a common antigen was suggested.
The high incidence of infection with this new virus in one group of croup patients suggests that it may be at least one of the etiologic agents of this clinical syndrome, but more extensive control studies will be necessary to establish a specific etiologic association. For the present the group will be referred to as CA viruses; i.e., croup-associated viruses.
CLONAL GROWTH IN VITRO OF EPITHELIAL CELLS FROM NORMAL HUMAN TISSUES
Authors: Marcus Philip I. , Cieciura Steven J. , Puck Theodore T. 
Published: June 2004

Tissue culture strains of cells from four different normal human tissues—liver, conjunctiva, kidney, and appendix—have been grown by the plating procedure previously developed for the HeLa strain of cervical carcinoma cells. This technique results in colony formation from isolated single cells, in a manner completely analogous to the plating of bacteria in semisolid nutrient media.
Clonal cell strains have been isolated from each cell type. All behaved exactly alike in all properties studied except that some differences in plating efficiency were displayed in some of the growth media employed.
The cells from normal human tissues resembled the HeLa S3 carcinomatous cell in the following properties:— (a) Single cells displayed a plating efficiency close to 100 per cent in an appropriate medium. (b) They all grew as an epithelial sheet on glass, the cells being closely packed and polygonal in shape. (c) They had mean generation times of 20 to 23 hours in the nutrient media employed, (d) The mitotic frequency was constant, and therefore the duration of mitosis was the same for all the strains studied, (e) The incidence of multinuclearity and giant formation was very low and similar in both types of cells. (f) Both classes of cells had the same total volume, and the same nuclear cross-sectional area. (g) Both also showed a tendency to spread more in the presence of human serum (concentration of 20 per cent or more) than in porcine serum. However, this differential morphological response was much more marked in the HeLa cell than in those from normal tissues.
The only difference noted in the behavior of these two groups of cells lay in the tendency of the cells from normal tissues always to exhibit a greater cross-sectional area when spread on glass than the HeLa cell in the same medium.
The frequency of occurrence of different types of multinuclearity in the HeLa cell and cells from normal tissues has been measured. The data suggest that multinuclearity depends on two factors: a necessary, predisposing state in the cell, and a random, independent event causing the appearance of an additional nucleus in such a prepared cell.
STUDIES ON THE NATURE AND THE PURIFICATION OF THE COAGULASE-REACTING FACTOR AND ITS RELATION TO PROTHROMBIN
Authors: Tager Morris 
Published: June 2004

The coagulase-reacting factor (CRF) of human plasma has been purified, concentrated, and largely freed of prothrombin activity by Seitz filtration, absorbtion on hyflo-amphogel columns, controlled phosphate buffer elution, and fractional ammonium sulfate precipitation.
The purified CRF preparations localized between the beta and the gamma globulin position on paper electrophoresis, and the principal of two components observed on analytical ultracentrifugation gave sedimentation rates between 2.75 and 3.07.
Highly purified prothrombin preparations of Seegers effectively react with staphylocoagulase to lead to the coagulation of plasma.
The electrophoretic and ultracentrifugal properties of the human prothrombin preparations examined differ significantly from those of the purified CRF.
Derivatives of prothrombin, involving a loss of prothrombin activity, such as thrombin and "autoprothrombin," do not correspondingly lose in CRF function.
The hypothesis is proposed that CRF activity is resident in some component or components of the prothrombin molecule not involved in prothrombin function per se, and that therefore prothrombin and CRF activity may either parallel each other when the molecule is intact or diverge when the smaller units only are involved.
FATE OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS IN MOUSE TISSUES AS DETERMINED BY THE MICROBIAL ENUMERATION TECHNIQUE
Authors: McCune Robert M. , Tompsett Ralph 
Published: June 2004

Observations are presented on the behavior of populations of tubercle bacilli in the tissues of mice during the administration of antimicrobial drugs. The behavior of the populations during therapy with any particular drug was different depending upon whether the tubercle bacilli were subsisting in the lung or in the spleen. Moreover, the pattern of microbial behavior was distinctive and predictable for each drug studied. Changes in the size of the populations of tubercle bacilli in the tissues appeared to be a more sensitive reflection of drug influence than microscopic study of the number and character of the tuberculous lesions. Nevertheless, in untreated animals, pulmonary lesions evolved and progressed steadily to a fatal outcome despite the fact that the populations of tubercle bacilli had stabilized at a relatively high census early in the course of therapy.
The uniform persistence of tubercle bacilli in the spleen throughout prolonged drug administration was demonstrated with every drug or multiple drug regimens except for pyrazinamide when accompanied by isoniazid. Cultures of the bacilli which survived in the tissues despite antimicrobial therapy were highly susceptible to the drugs employed when tested in vitro. Thus the survival of the tubercle bacilli in the tissues represented microbial persistence rather than drug resistance.
When pyrazinamide and isoniazid were administered together, it was not possible to detect the microorganisms in the spleen or lungs of treated animals. A detailed investigation of this apparent abolition of microbial persistence forms the subject of an accompanying report.
CHARACTERIZATION OF LEUKIN: AN ANTIBACTERIAL FACTOR FROM LEUCOCYTES ACTIVE AGAINST GRAM-POSITIVE PATHOGENS
Authors: Skarnes Robert C. , Watson Dennis W. 
Published: June 2004

A method has been described for the preparation of a potent antibacterial factor from rabbit polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Upon characterization, the factor was found to possess many properties in common with basic proteins. The amino acid analysis revealed that it contained a relatively large amount of arginine (17 per cent) and small amounts of the other two basic amino acids. It has therefore been identified as a protamine or protamine derivative.
The leucocyte factor was very active against all Gram-positive pathogens tested but exhibited little or no action against Gram-negative species. A possible explanation of this phenomenon has been discussed. The factor was very heat-stable at acid and neutral pH and its staphylococcidal activity was blocked by glutamyl polypeptide, hyaluronic acid, and desoxyribonudeic acid.
Because of the apparent similarity of the product studied here to other poorly defined leucocyte factors which had been termed leukins in the early literature, it is suggested that the name leukin be retained for it. The possible significance of this leukin in natural immunity has been discussed.
CHANGES CAUSED BY INJURIOUS AGENTS IN THE PERMEABILITY OF SURVIVING CELLS OF LIVER AND OF KIDNEY
Authors: Opie Eugene L. 
Published: June 2004

Immersion of tissue slices of liver or of kidney in buffered Krebs-Ringer solution at 38°, with oxygenation, gives opportunity for the study of water exchange during 3 hours following removal of the tissue from the body.
Under these conditions a wide variety of physical and chemical agents cause changes in the permeability of the tissue to water, which are referable to the cells of the part; these agents include increased temperature, anoxia, ethyl alcohol, chloroform, bacteria, and bacterial products.
With heating of liver tissue increased permeability reaches a maximum at 50 to 52°C. and is lost at 55° when heat coagulation has occurred.
Permeability of liver cells has increased in the presence of cultures of colon bacilli, of culture filtrate, of killed typhoid bacilli and apparently of diphtheria toxin. Somatic antigen from paradysentery bacilli has caused increased permeability of liver cells.
The experiments indicate that a substance formed by normal metabolism, namely urea, may, under some conditions, increase the permeability of liver cells.
GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS OF TUBERCLE BACILLI AND CERTAIN OTHER MYCOBACTERIA IN HELA CELLS
Authors: Shepard Charles C. 
Published: June 2004

By making use of the increased phagocytosis which follows the exposure of HeLa cells to tissue culture media containing selected horse sera, it was possible to introduce all of the mycobacterial species studied into the cells, where many of them proceeded to grow.
Fully virulent strains of tubercle bacilli filled much of the cytoplasm in a few days and formed characteristic cords not seen with other strains. The strains said to be less virulent, R1Rv, BCG, H37Ra, and R1Ra, grew less rapidly and in characteristic patterns. Their rates of multiplication in HeLa cells were in the order named and correlated well with their reported pathogenicity for mice and guinea pigs. Six INH-resistant strains grew at rates characteristic of fully virulent strains.
Among the "rapidly growing" species, M. phlei and M. smegmatis did not show evidence of growth in the cells, although M. fortuitum did.
Some strains with optimal temperatures on bacteriological media below 37°C, M. balnei, M. marinum, and M. platypoecilus, grew rapidly in HeLa cells, especially at temperatures of 31 to 35°C.
The growth patterns of the bacilli in HeLa cells appear sufficiently specific to be useful in differentiation among the mycobacteria.
POSTPARABIOTIC TISSUE REACTIONS OF RABBITS TO MUSCULOFASCIAL CROSS-TRANSPLANTS
Authors: Andresen Richard H. , Monroe Clarence W. , Hass George M. , Madden Dorothy A. 
Published: June 2004

Twenty-five pairs of male rabbits of the same variety and strain were joined together in aural parabiosis for 13 to 15 days and then separated from one another. Thirteen pairs of the separated parabiotic twins were surgically united for a second period of parabiosis, less successful than the first due to deficient healing and spontaneous separation of tissue in 5 to 15 days at the site of anastomosis. Within 6 to 90 days after spontaneous or surgical separation of all parabionts, the postparabiotic twins which had been united to one another were cross-grafted with musculofascial transplants. 2 weeks later, the animals were sacrificed and microscopic studies made of the organs and sites of transplantation. These studies disclosed that either one or two periods of parabiosis resulted in the same persistent modification of classical host-homograft interactions. This modification was characterized by the replacement of the customary basic or sensitized homologous incompatibility reactions by a reaction more easily interpreted as one of host-graft tolerance or indifference. The intense inflammatory aspects of the usual host-homograft interactions were absent. Penetration of the musculofascial graft by vascularized mesenchyme derived from the host was retarded. When it occurred, the vascularizing reaction was abnormal and unaccompanied by the customary proliferative, resorptive, and repairative activities of admixed cells of the host and the graft.
These observations provide another means which may be useful in seeking conditions for increasing the probability of successful homografting between members of a genetically impure species.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF X-RADIATION ON THE MULTIPLICATION OF RICKETTSIA MOOSERI IN EMBRYONATE EGGS
Authors: Greiff Donald , Powers E. L. , Pinkerton Henry 
Published: June 2004

The effect of x-rays on the growth of rickettsiae in the embryonate egg was investigated.
The intensifying effect of x-radiation of the host on rickettsial growth can be attributed to alterations of the cells of the host that persist at least 7 days.
The greatest enhancement of the growth of rickettsiae occurred when moderately infected cells were irradiated.
These experiments indicate that x-rays may neutralize or reverse changes in the host that are unfavorable to the growth of rickettsiae.
Explanations of the observed phenomena in terms of biochemical and biological alterations of the cells of the host are discussed.
THE EFFECT OF X-RAYS ON THE RICKETTSIOSTATIC ACTIVITY OF STREPTOMYCIN, AUREOMYCIN, AND PENICILLIN
Authors: Greiff Donald , Powers E. L. , Pinkerton Henry 
Published: June 2004

The effect of x-rays on the rickettsiostatic activity of streptomycin, penicillin and aureomycin in the embryonate egg was investigated.
Only a slight reversal of the rickettsiostatic action of 5 mg. of streptomycin occurred in embryonate eggs given 100 r of x-rays at 4 days of incubation, whereas complete reversal occurred in those given 1000 r. Groups of eggs irradiated with intermediate doses of x-rays showed a graded response.
The rickettsiostatic activity of 5 mg. (1660 Oxford units/mg.) of penicillin or of 5 mg. of aureomycin was not reversed by doses of x-rays ranging from 100 to 1000 r.
500 r of x-rays reversed the rickettsiostatic activity of 2 mg., 4 mg., 8 mg., or 16 mg. of streptomycin per egg in proportion to the amount of streptomycin injected. The rickettsiostatic activity of 2 mg. of streptomycin was completely reversed and the activity of 16 mg. only partially reversed.
Reversal of the rickettsiostatic activity of streptomycin by x-rays was observed when radiation was given up to 6 days after the injection of the antibiotic into 7-day-old embryos.
Reversal of the rickettsiostatic activity of 4 mg. of streptomycin could be detected when the antibiotic was injected 3 days after 500 r of x-radiation.
Explanations of the observed phenomena are discussed in terms of biochemical and biophysical alterations of the cells of the host.