bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High‐resolution 8 Tesla imaging of the formalin‐fixed normal human hippocampus
Authors: Chakeres Donald W. , Whitaker Chastity D.S. , Dashner Roger A. , Scharre Douglas W. , Beversdorf David Q. , Raychaudhury Abhik , Schmalbrock Petra 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the capacity of high‐resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to visualize the normal anatomic features of the human hippocampus in vitro, using high field imaging equipment, parameters, and acquisition times appropriate for imaging human subjects in vivo. This research compared high field, high‐resolution MRI of formalin‐fixed normal human hippocampus specimens to histologic sectioning of the same hippocampus samples. Four specimens were evaluated using an 8 Tesla (T), 80 cm bore whole‐body MRI scanner equipped with a 12.7 cm single strut transverse electromagnetic resonator (TEM) coil. Hahn spin echo images were acquired with a repetition time (TR) of 800 msec, echo times (TE) of 20, 50, 90, and 134 msec, and an acquisition time (TA) of 3.25 min. The image quality was superb with demonstration of most of the features of the hippocampus. High field, high‐resolution MRI can be used to depict multiple layers of the formalin‐fixed human hippocampus in vitro using an 8 T whole‐body scanner, a TEM coil, and short acquisition times compatible with human imaging in vivo. Clin. Anat. 18:88–91, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical significance of variations in the interconnections between flexor digitorum longus and flexor hallucis longus in the region of the knot of Henry
Authors: O'Sullivan E. , Carare‐Nnadi R. , Greenslade J. , Bowyer G. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractTendon transfer of the flexor digitorum longus tendon (FDLT) or the flexor hallucis longus tendon (FHLT) into the tibialis posterior tendon is carried out in patients with tibialis posterior dysfunction. FDLT and FHLT are connected in the region of the knot of Henry. The present study has investigated the anatomical variations of this tendinous interconnection. The results could be used to determine which of the two tendons should be transected proximal to the region of the knot of Henry in the surgical treatment of tibialis posterior dysfunction. In over two‐thirds of cadaver specimens investigated, tension applied solely to FHLT resulted in flexion of all digits and the hallux. On the basis of these results, we propose that identification of the tendon to be transected should be decided at the time of surgery depending on the anatomical pattern. Based on the evidence provided by 16 cadaveric dissections, transection of FDLT proximal to the region of the knot of Henry for the repair of tibialis posterior dysfunction would result in retention of function of the hallux and lesser digits in the majority of cases. Clin. Anat. 18:121–125, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unusual fibrous band on the left aspect of the aortic arch
Authors: Porzionato Andrea , Macchi Veronica , Parenti Anna , DeCaro Raffaele 
Published: February 2005

AbstractDuring dissection of a 63‐year‐old female cadaver, a firm ribbon‐like band was found on the left aspect of the aortic arch. Careful dissection showed that the band (6 cm long, 8 mm wide, 2 mm thick) connected the left superior intercostal vein with the accessory hemiazygos vein. Histological examination showed the fibrous structure of the band and showed the presence of a thread‐like vascular lumen. The topography and venous connections of the band indicated its origin from persistence of the embryonic anastomosis between the left superior intercostal and accessory hemiazygos veins. This anastomosis derives from the rostral portion of the supracardinal vein that usually regresses on the left side but forms the terminal arch of the azygos vein on the right side. The severe atherosclerosis present in this patient at the level of the aortic arch may have enhanced the effects of arterial pressure on the adjacent venous anastomotic vessel causing reduction of blood flow and progressive fibrosis. The persistence of this venous anastomosis and its possible age‐related fibrosis may have clinical relevance in central venous catheter placement. Clin. Anat. 18:137–140, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Demonstration of the appearance of the paraspinal musculoligamentous structures of the cervical spine using ultrasound
Authors: Leung Y.L. , Roshier A.L. , Johnson S. , Kerslake R. , McNally D.S. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe application of ultrasound in the imaging of the neck has primarily focussed on anterior structures (e.g., thyroid gland). Structures located on the posterior aspect of the neck have received little attention. This study illustrates the capability of modern ultrasound equipment in visualising the musculoligamentous structures of the neck, particularly the paraspinal musculature. Ten healthy adult volunteers (6 female; 4 male) underwent ultrasound examination of the cervical spine. A standardised technique for transducer placement was adopted and successive images of the neck of each subject were obtained. Spatial compound (extended field of view) images were obtained in subjects using one of two different ultrasound systems. Images of structures produced by ultrasound were compared to those achieved with magnetic resonance imaging in three subjects. Identification of key landmarks aided orientation and identification of structures. The internal architecture of the musculoligamentous structures of the cervical spine, especially the posterior neck muscles, was demonstrated well using ultrasound. Our study showed that modern ultrasound equipment is capable of producing clear images of the posterior cervical spine musculature and certain bony features. Clin. Anat. 18:96–103, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Do sagittal plane anatomical variations (angulation) of the cervical facets and C2 odontoid affect the geometrical configuration of the cervical lordosis?
Authors: Harrison Deed E. , Harrison Donald D. , Haas Jason W. , Janik Tadeucz J. , Holland Burt 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAnthropometric and statistical evaluation of measurements from digitization of 252 lateral cervical radiographs were used to investigate any correlation between radiographic measurements of cervical lordosis with sagittal plane facet angulation, articular pillar height, and inclination of the C2 odontoid with respect to the body of C2. Some researchers have hypothesized that facet and odontoid architecture variations can cause a reduction in cervical lordosis. To evaluate this hypothesis, the posterior aspect of the C2 dens, vertebral body corners, and superior and inferior facet surfaces of C2–C7 were digitized on 252 lateral cervical X‐rays to calculate global angle, segmental angles, dens angle, facet angles, and facet height. No correlation between facet angle, articular pillar height, and cervical curve was found. Similarly, no correlation between the sagittal angle of the dens and any angle of cervical curvature was identified. There was correlation between the global ARA C2–C7 angle and the Cobb angles at C1–C7 (r = 0.71) and C2–C7 (r = 0.82). There was correlation between the global inclination of the atlas vertebral angle (APL) and the Cobb angle at C1–C7 (r = 0.66), Cobb angle at C2–C7 (r = 0.39), ARA C2–C7 (r = 0.42), and anterior translation of C2 compared to C7 (r = −0.46). Because no correlation between cervical facet and odontoid architecture and any segmental or global angle of cervical lordosis was found, conservative and surgical rehabilitative techniques aimed at the reduction of sagittal cervical deformities do not need to account for a patient's architecture of the cervical facets nor odontoid. Clin. Anat. 18:104–111, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mushroom cloud appearance of hemorrhage into the superficial anterior abdominal wall associated with an underlying rectus sheath hematoma
Authors: Gulamhuseinwala Nadim , Webb Philippa 
Published: February 2005

AbstractWe present a case of rectus sheath hematoma compounded by anterior abdominal wall haemorrhage. Its clinical and anatomical relationship is discussed. Clin. Anat. 18:141–145, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cystic duct and Heister's “valves”
Authors: Dasgupta D. , Stringer M.D. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe anatomy and physiology of the cystic duct have been relatively neglected by anatomists and the function of the spiral mucosal folds or “valves” of Heister, first described in 1732, remains obscure. The gross and microscopic anatomy of the cystic duct is reviewed together with results from laboratory investigations into the function of the cystic duct and its spirally arranged folds. The duct and spiral folds contain muscle fibers responsive to pharmacologic, hormonal, and neural stimuli. There is, however, no convincing evidence of a discrete muscular sphincter within the duct. Although the cystic duct is unlikely to play a major role in gallbladder filling and emptying, it appears to function as more than a passive conduit. Coordinated, graded muscular activity in the cystic duct in response to hormonal and neural stimuli may facilitate gallbladder emptying. The principal function of the internal spiral folds that are found in man and other animals may be to preserve patency of this narrow, tortuous tube rather than to regulate bile flow. Clin. Anat. 18:81–87, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structural Rationalisation of Co‐crystals Formed between Trithiocyanuric Acid and Molecules Containing Hydrogen Bonding Functionality
Authors: Ahn Shinbyoung , PrakashaReddy J. , Kariuki Benson M. , Chatterjee Swati , Ranganathan Anupama , Pedireddi V. R. , Rao C. N. R. , Harris Kenneth D. M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractCrystallisation of trithiocyanuric acid (TTCA) from various organic solvents that have hydrogen bonding capability (acetone, 2‐butanone, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, methanol and acetonitrile) leads to the formation of co‐crystals in which the solvent molecules are incorporated together with TTCA in the crystal structure. Structure determination by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction reveals that these co‐crystals can be classified into different groups depending upon the topological arrangement of the TTCA molecules in the crystal structure. Thus, three different types of single‐tape arrangements of TTCA molecules and one type of double‐tape arrangement of TTCA molecules are identified. In all co‐crystals, hydrogen‐bonding interactions are formed through the involvement of NH bonds of TTCA molecules in these tapes and the other molecule in the co‐crystal. Detailed rationalisation of the structural properties of these co‐crystals is presented.
Syntheses and Structures of the First Heavy‐Alkali‐Metal Tris(trimethylsilyl)germanides
Authors: Teng Weijie , Ruhlandt‐Senge Karin 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe first heavy‐alkali‐metal tris(trimethylsilyl)germanides were obtained in high yield and purity by a simple one‐pot reaction involving the treatment of tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)germane, Ge(SiMe3)4, with various alkali metal tert‐butoxides. The addition of different sizes of crown ethers or the bidentate TMEDA (TMEDA=N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylethylenediamine) provided either contact or separated species in the solid state, whereas in aromatic solvents the germanides dissociate into separated ions, as shown by 29Si NMR spectroscopic studies. Here we report on two series of germanides, one displaying MGe bonds in the solid state with the general formula [M(donor)nGe(SiMe3)3] (M=K, donor=[18]crown‐6, n=1, 1; Rb, donor=[18]crown‐6, n=1, 4; and M=K, donor=TMEDA, n=2, 6). The silicon analogue of 6, [K(tmeda)2Si(SiMe3)3] (7) is also included to provide a point of reference. The second group of compounds consists of separated ions with the general formula [M(donor)2][Ge(SiMe3)3] (M=K, donor=[15]crown‐5, 2; M=K, donor=[12]crown‐4, 3; and M=Cs, donor=[18]crown‐6, 5). While all target compounds are highly sensitive towards hydrolysis, use of the tridentate nitrogen donor PMDTA (PMDTA=N,N,N′,N′′,N′′‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine) afforded even more reactive species of the composition [K(pmdta)2Ge(SiMe3)3] (8). We also include the silanide analogue [K(pmdta)2Si(SiMe3)3] (9) for sake of comparison. The compounds were typically characterized by X‐ray crystallography, and 1H, 13C, and 29Si NMR and IR spectroscopy, unless extremely high reactivity, as observed for the PMDTA adducts 8 and 9, prevented a more detailed characterization.
Tin‐Free Radical Alkoxyamine Addition and Isomerization Reactions by Using the Persistent Radical Effect: Variation of the Alkoxyamine Structure
Authors: Molawi Kian , Schulte Tobias , Siegenthaler Kai Oliver , Wetter Christian , Studer Armido 
Published: February 2005

AbstractVarious C‐centered radicals can efficiently be generated through thermal CO‐bond homolysis of alkoxyamines. This method is used to perform environmentally benign radical cyclization and intermolecular addition reactions. These alkoxyamine isomerizations and intermolecular carboaminoxylations are mediated by the persistent radical effect (PRE). In the paper, the effect of the variation of the alkoxyamine structure—in particular steric effects in the nitroxide moiety—on the outcome of the PRE mediated radical reactions will be discussed. Fourteen different nitroxides were used in the studies. It will be shown that reaction times can be shortened about 100 times upon careful tuning of the alkoxyamine structure. Activation energies for the CO‐bond homolysis of the various alkoxyamines are provided. The kinetic data are used to explain the reaction outcome of the PRE‐mediated processes.
Interactions between Brushlike Polyacrylic Acid Side Chains on a Polyacrylate Backbone in Dioxane–Water
Authors: Hua Fengjun , Kita Rio , Wegner Gerhard , Meyer Wolfgang 
Published: February 2005

AbstractDensely grafted polyacrylic acids (d‐PAAs) with overcrowded PAA side chains on the polyacrylate main chains were synthesized and characterized. Acryloyl poly(tert‐butyl acrylate) macromonomer [M‐P(tert‐BA)] was prepared with a definite chain length (n=29) by atom‐transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), then homopolymerization was carried out to produce densely grafted P(tert‐BA)s with polyacrylate main chains of two different lengths (m=27 and 161). The two d‐PAAs were obtained by hydrolyzing d‐P(tert‐BA)s in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). The d‐PAAs exhibit intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the carboxylic groups of PAA side chains in dioxane and pyridine; both were investigated using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy. The intermolecular hydrogen bonding was found to be dependent on polymer concentration, temperature, and water content. The intramolecular association between the PAA side chains was found to produce a contraction of the hydrodynamic volume of the d‐PAA. Intermolecular hydrogen bonding produces aggregates, as demonstrated by dynamic light scattering (DLS). The clusters were found to shrink as the overall water concentration decreased, and this effect is tentatively explained by considering the gradient in chemical potential of water inside the clusters in comparison with the solvent phase.
Selective Fluorescence Recovery after Bleaching of Single E2GFP Proteins Induced by Two‐Photon Excitation
Authors: Chirico G. , Diaspro A. , Cannone F. , Collini M. , Bologna S. , Pellegrini V. , Beltram F. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractWe report the two‐photon excitation and emission of a recently developed green fluorescent protein (GFP) mutant, E2GFP. Two main excitation bands are found at 780 and 870 nm. Blinking and irreversible and reversible bleaching were observed. Fluorescence blinking occurs in the millisecond range and has been ascribed to conversions between the neutral, anionic and dark zwitterionic states. Bleaching is observed after approximately 10 to 4000 ms depending on the excitation power, and it is probably due to a conversion to a dark state. The striking feature of this GFP mutant is that the fluorescence can be recovered with very high efficiency only upon irradiation at 720±10 nm. This GFP mutant therefore seems promising as an almost permanent chromophore for two‐photon excitation (TPE) microscopy or for applications in single‐molecule memory arrays.
The Kinetics of Z/E Isomerization of Methyl Oleate Catalyzed by Photogenerated Thiyl Radicals
Authors: Chatgilialoglu Chryssostomos , Samadi Abdelouahid , Guerra Maurizio , Fischer Hanns 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe reaction of β‐mercaptoethanol with methyl oleate in tert‐butyl alcohol was investigated under photochemical conditions. The time‐dependent Z/E isomerization of the unsaturated moiety as well as the thiol‐adduct formation were analyzed on the basis of radical generation rates and established rate constants. This provides precise room‐temperature rate constants for the reversible thiyl radical addition to both Z and E isomers. The rate constants for HOCH2CH2S. addition to the Z and E forms were found to be 1.6×105 and 2.9×105 M−1 s−1, respectively. For the β‐elimination of the thiyl radical from the alkyl radical adduct, the rate constants were 1.7×107 and 1.6×108 s−1, the faster associated with the formation of the E isomer. DFT‐BB1K calculations on 2‐butene assign this large preference of fragmentation for the E isomer to a lower activation barrier for the formation of the E transition state from the equilibrium radical adduct structure.
Molecular Adsorption‐Mediated Control over the Electrical Characteristics of Polycrystalline CdTe/CdS Solar Cells
Authors: Visoly‐Fisher Iris , Sitt Amit , Wahab Melina , Cahen David 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe effect of surface treatments on p‐CdTe/n‐CdS solar cell performance was examined. Adsorption of organic molecules with various magnitudes and directions of the dipole moment on p‐CdTe resulted in controlled changes in electron affinity and surface band bending. Similar adsorption on CdTe in state‐of‐the‐art p‐CdTe/n‐CdS solar cells changes the cell performance, and we explain this by a combination of increased series resistance and changes in light absorption and in cell photovoltage. While at this stage no improvement in performance has been found with these cell structures, which are the result of years of empirical optimization, the molecular effect on the photovoltage shows that it is possible in this way to control the photovoltaic effect at this junction. Separate optimization may well lead to improvement by inserting a dipole layer near the photovoltaic interface. Our results also show that this is even possible when dipole adsorption is performed on the complete polycrystalline thin‐film cell.
One‐ and Two‐Photon Photochemistry and Photophysics of Poly(arylenevinylene)s Containing a Biphenyl Moiety
Authors: Strehmel Veronika , Sarker Ananda M. , Lahti Paul M. , Karasz Frank E. , Heydenreich Matthias , Wetzel Hendrik , Haebel Sophie , Strehmel Bernd 
Published: February 2005

AbstractPhotochemical and photophysical properties were investigated for poly(arylenevinylene)s containing a flexible biphenyl “hinge” unit by applying one‐photon (OP) and two‐photon (TP) excitation to explore excited‐state properties. The poly(arylenevinylene)s were poly[(2,5‐dihexyloxy‐p‐phenylenevinylene)‐alt‐(4,4′‐dihexyloxy‐3,3′‐biphenylenevinylene)] (1), poly[(2,5‐dihexyloxy‐p‐phenylenevinylene)‐alt‐(2,2′‐dihexyloxy‐3,3′‐biphenylenevinylene)] (2), and poly[(2,5‐dihexyloxy‐p‐phenylenevinylene)‐alt‐(2,2′‐biphenylenevinylene)] (3). Effective emission quantum yields and related photonic properties were evaluated on a realistic per‐chromophore basis using effective conjugation lengths based on the Strickler–Berg relationship. Intramolecular photocyclization was deduced to occur in the one case where the biphenyl molecular connectivity permitted the reaction, based on matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight (MALDI‐TOF), heteronuclear multiple‐quantum coherence (HMQC)‐NMR, and gel‐permeation chromatography (GPC) results. The various photoprocesses could be induced by either OP or TP excitation, though the first excited singlet state is the photoactive state. The higher excitation energy of the TP excited state favors indirect population of the S1 state by electronic coupling between the TP and OP excited states [λ${{{TPE\hfill \atop max\hfill}}}$ (nm): 726; δ (GM)9: 1=229, 2=215, 3=109). Photochemical processes occurring from the lowest OP excited state (S1) could therefore also be indirectly induced by TP excitation.
Femtosecond Time‐Resolved Geometry Relaxation and Ultrafast Intramolecular Energy Redistribution in Ag2Au
Authors: Bernhardt Thorsten M. , Hagen Jan , Socaciu Liana D. , Mitrić Roland , Heidenreich Andreas , Le Roux Jérôme , Popolan Denisia , Vaida Mihai , Wöste Ludger , Bonačić‐Koutecký Vlasta , Jortner Joshua 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe ultrafast dynamics of the bimetallic cluster Ag2Au is investigated by pump–probe negative ion‐to‐neutral‐to‐positive ion (NeNePo) spectroscopy. Preparation of the neutral cluster in a highly nonequilibrium state by electron detachment from the mass‐selected anion, and subsequent probing of the neutral nuclear dynamics through two‐photon ionization to the cationic state, leads to strongly probe‐energy‐dependent transient cation‐abundance signals. The origin of this pronounced time and wavelength dependence of the ionization probability on the femtosecond scale is revealed by ab initio theoretical simulations of the transient spectra. Based on the analysis of underlying dynamics, two fundamental processes involving geometry relaxation from linear to triangular structure followed by ultrafast intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution (IVR) have been identified and for the first time experimentally observed in the frame of NeNePo spectroscopy under conditions close to zero electron kinetic energy.
New lattice structure of M‐channel paraunitary filterbanks
Authors: Kobayashi Yuhiro , Ikehara Masaaki 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis paper proposes a new lattice structure for the M‐channel paraunitary filterbank. When a filterbank is realized by using a lattice structure, there is an advantage that properties such as phase linearity and the paraunitarity can be retained if the coefficients are quantized. A large number of lattice structures have been proposed, but there remains the problem that the proposed structures contain redundancy. This paper first eliminates the redundancy from the lattice structure and presents a new lattice structure for the generalized filterbank without restrictions such as phase linearity. Based on the proposed structure and restricting the parameters, a pairwise mirror image filterbank structure is presented. Finally, the usefulness of the approach is demonstrated by simulation. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 88(6): 12–19, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20125