bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative analysis of human herpesvirus 6 cell tropism
Authors: De Bolle L. , Van Loon J. , De Clercq E. , Naesens Lieve 
Published: November 2004

AbstractAlthough HHV‐6A and ‐6B are known to replicate preferably in human T‐lymphocytes, in vitro infection of several other cell types has been described. Also, the finding that both variants use the ubiquitous molecule CD46 as a membrane receptor fully supports the possibility of a broad cellular tropism. However, productive infection, which requires complete progression through the viral replication cycle, depends on multiple cellular processes. Our studies were aimed at determining the differences in replication efficiency according to the cell type infected and at relating these differences to the sequential transcriptional events preceding DNA replication. A strong expression of immediate‐early, early, and late genes was only seen in the T‐lymphoblastoma lines. In the other cell lines, there was no clear correlation between the level of transcription and the final outcome of replication. Finally, we investigated the cytopathic effects of HHV‐6 on different cell types of neural origin (oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and neurons) in greater detail, and found that although all three sustained HHV‐6 replication, HHV‐6A was more neurovirulent than HHV‐6B. This was confirmed in primary human oligodendrocyte cultures. J. Med. Virol. 75:76–85, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of different immunisation schedules on the excretion and reversion of oral poliovaccine strains
Authors: Minor P.D. , Dunn G. , Ramsay M.E. , Brown D. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractExcretion of live oral poliovaccine and molecular markers of increased virulence in the viruses isolated were examined in children who were either previously immunised with inactivated or live vaccine or were unimmunised. There appeared to be some effect of previous immunisation with either live or killed vaccine at the second dose of live vaccine. Where an effect was seen it took the form of reduced rates of excretion, shorter time periods of excretion and more rapid and complete reversion of the excreted virus. The data are consistent with the view that poliovirus is able to escape the immune pressure in the gut to some extent by improving its general fitness rather than direct evasion of immunity. J. Med. Virol. 75:153–160, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An evaluation of single nucleotide polymorphisms used to differentiate vaccine and wild type strains of varicella‐zoster virus
Authors: Quinlivan Mark , Gershon Anne A. , Steinberg Sharon P. , Breuer Judith 
Published: November 2004

AbstractRashes following immunization with the vaccine strain (vOka) of varicella‐zoster virus (VZV) may occur in up to 5% of children and 10% of adults. In 40% of cases, the causative virus is the vaccine strain and in 60% wild type virus is found. Several reports have identified three restriction site polymorphisms in ORF 62 and the loss of one in ORF 6, which differentiate vOka from wild type VZV, including the parental wild type strain from which vOka, is derived. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), restriction enzyme analysis, and sequencing, we analyzed the presence of these markers in the GlaxoSmithKline (GSK, UK) and Merck vaccine preparations as well as in 15 vaccine virus rashes and 15 wild type UK viruses. Our data suggest that a Sma1 positive and an Nae1 positive site in ORF 62 are present in the GSK and Merck vaccine preparations and all vaccine virus rashes. By contrast, a BssHII positive vaccine virus restriction site in ORF 62 and an Alu1 negative site in ORF 6 were mixed in the GSK and Merck vaccines and absent in some of the vaccine rashes. The BssHII site was also present in the European wild type C viruses in UK. The data suggest that unlike the Biken vaccine preparation, the Merck and GSK vaccine preparations are polymorphic for the BssHII and Alu1 restriction sites. These sites are also present variably in the vaccine viruses causing rashes following vaccination, and are therefore unreliable markers for differentiating vOka and wild type VZV strains. J. Med. Virol. 75:174–180, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gene expression analysis in the hippocampal formation of tree shrews chronically treated with cortisol
Authors: Alfonso Julieta , Agüero Fernán , Sanchez Daniel O. , Flugge Gabriele , Fuchs Eberhard , Frasch Alberto C.C. , Pollevick Guido D. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractAdrenal corticosteroids influence the function of the hippocampus, the brain structure in which the highest expression of glucocorticoid receptors is found. Chronic high levels of cortisol elicited by stress or through exogenous administration can cause irreversible damage and cognitive deficits. In this study, we searched for genes expressed in the hippocampal formation after chronic cortisol treatment in male tree shrews. Animals were treated orally with cortisol for 28 days. At the end of the experiments, we generated two subtractive hippocampal hybridization libraries from which we sequenced 2,246 expressed sequenced tags (ESTs) potentially regulated by cortisol. To validate this approach further, we selected some of the candidate clones to measure mRNA expression levels in hippocampus using real‐time PCR. We found that 66% of the sequences tested (10 of 15) were differentially represented between cortisol‐treated and control animals. The complete set of clones was subjected to a bioinformatic analysis, which allowed classification of the ESTs into four different main categories: 1) known proteins or genes (∼28%), 2) ESTs previously published in the database (∼16%), 3) novel ESTs matching only the reference human or mouse genome (∼5%), and 4) sequences that do not match any public database (50%). Interestingly, the last category was the most abundant. Hybridization assays revealed that several of these clones are indeed expressed in hippocampal tissue from tree shrew, human, and/or rat. Therefore, we discovered an extensive inventory of new molecular targets in the hippocampus that serves as a reference for hippocampal transcriptional responses under various conditions. Finally, a detailed analysis of the genomic localization in human and mouse genomes revealed a survey of putative novel splicing variants for several genes of the nervous system. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Micro‐Raman study of the fatigue fracture and tensile behaviour of polyamide (PA 66) fibres
Authors: Herrera Ramirez José Martin , Colomban Philippe , Bunsell Anthony 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe micro/nano structural evolution of two different types of ultra‐high‐performance polyamide (PA) 66 fibres, before and after tensile fatigue loading and failure, was studied using Raman spectroscopy. The nanostructure of these PA fibres consists of amorphous and crystalline domains. Two probes were considered: (i) low‐wavenumber collective modes at ∼100 and ∼70 cm−1 as representative of the crystalline and amorphous domains, respectively; and (ii) NH stretching mode at ∼3300 cm−1, as representative of the inter‐chain behaviour. The analysis of the wavenumber distribution revealed that the skin/core heterogeneity is a maximum for the amorphous domains. The residual stress in the skin was evaluated at about 200 and 400 MPa from calibrations plots for crystalline and amorphous domains, for the two types of fibres. This stress disappears after thermal treatment around Tg. In situ analysis at different strain levels shows that the amorphous regions accommodate the stress up to ∼350 MPa, from which point elastic behaviour is observed. The analysis of a series of fibres failed in fatigue showed that amorphous domains are highly stressed during the failure and remnant compression can be measured. The extent of the stressed region extends to typically 100–400 µm from the fracture. Examination of the NH wavenumber shift shows that the fracture squeezes the polymer chains together. Fatigue failure is explained by the loss of compliance in the amorphous region. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intergranular corrosion on Nd:YAG laser‐welded A653 steel for automotive application
Authors: Looi Y. M. , Flores J. R. , Kwakernaak C. , de Wit J. H. W. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractLaser welding techniques produce a narrower heat‐affected zone than other conventional welding methods. However, laser welding is not exempt from high heat input during the welding process. This high heat input results in changes of the material properties including its corrosion behaviour; the formation of the heat affected zone increases the susceptibility of the material to intergranular attack. The residue of zinc at the weld due to condensation and splashing during the welding process may also influence adversely the corrosion behaviour of the material. The degree of susceptibility to corrosion strongly depends on the welding parameters. Electrochemical and microstructure characterisation were employed to study the influence of Nd:YAG (neodymium yttrium aluminium garnet) laser‐welding on an A653 galvanized steel at different welding parameters.
Evaluation of the BEASY program using linear and piecewise linear approaches for the boundary conditions
Authors: Jia J. X. , Song G. , Atrens A. , St John D. , Baynham J. , Chandler G. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe boundary element method (BEM) was used to study galvanic corrosion using linear and logarithmic boundary conditions. The linear boundary condition was implemented by using the linear approach and the piecewise linear approach. The logarithmic boundary condition was implemented by the piecewise linear approach. The calculated potential and current density distribution were compared with the prior analytical results. For the linear boundary condition, the BEASY program using the linear approach and the piecewise linear approach gave accurate predictions of the potential and the galvanic current density distributions for varied electrolyte conditions, various film thicknesses, various electrolyte conductivities and various area ratio of anode/cathode. The 50‐point piecewise linear method could be used with both linear and logarithmic polarization curves.
Cost of corrosion in fertilizer industry – A case study
Authors: Bhaskaran R. , Palaniswamy N. , Rengaswamy N. S. , Jayachandran M. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA detailed cost of corrosion survey has been undertaken in one of the oldest fertilizer factories in India producing ammonium sulphate and ammonium phosphate. The total direct cost of corrosion has been worked out as US $ 129,739. Due to use of corrosion resistant materials such as SS316L the annual cost of corrosion has been brought down considerably. It is further shown that approximately US $ 17,000 could be saved annually by opting for a high performance corrosion resistant system.
Toughness Behaviour of Vinylester/Epoxy Thermosets with Interpenetrating Network Structure
Authors: Karger‐Kocsis József , Gryshchuk Oleg 
Published: November 2004

AbstractVinylester/epoxy‐based (VE/EP) thermosets of interpenetrating network (IPN) structure were produced by using a VE resin (bismethacryloxy derivative of a bisphenol‐A type EP resin) and EP resins of aliphatic (Al‐EP) and cycloaliphatic (Cal‐EP) nature. Curing of the EP resins occurred either by an aliphatic (Al‐Am) or a cycloaliphatic (Cal‐Am) diamine compound. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) suggested the presence of an interpenetrating network (IPN) in the resulting thermosets. AFM scans taken on the ion‐etched surface of EP showed a featureless homogeneous structure. On the other hand, VE exhibited a two‐phase microgel, whereas VE/EP a two‐phase interpenetrating network (IPN) structure. Toughness was characterised by parameters of the linear elastic fracture mechanics, viz. fracture toughness (Kc) and fracture energy (Gc). Unexpected high Kc and Gc data were found for the systems containing cyclohexylene units in the EP network. This was attributed to beneficial effects of the conformational changes along the cyclohexylene linkages (chair/boat). The failure mode of the VE/EP thermoset combinations was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and discussed.
Adhesives Based on Formaldehyde Condensation Resins
Authors: Dunky Manfred 
Published: November 2004

AbstractFormaldehyde based resins are by far the most important adhesives for the production of wood based panels. This paper reviews in compact form the main application near features of these products including their composition, their molar mass distribution as well as their hardening behaviour, which all three parameters have decisive influence on the properties of the resins themselves and their performance as wood adhesives.
Time‐domain combination of MR spectroscopy data acquired using phased‐array coils
Authors: Brown Mark A. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA new method for efficiently processing MRS data acquired with phased‐array coils is presented. The method consists of performing phase compensation (i.e., redefining the signal phase relative to a common reference) of the signals in the time domain prior to combining the signals. The resulting spectra are equivalent to those obtained by previously published methods for phased‐array spectral data processing (i.e., processing the signals individually and then combining them in the frequency domain). The method allows spectra acquired with phased‐array coils to be processed as efficiently as those acquired with non‐phased‐array coils. Both single voxel spectroscopy (SVS) and chemical shift imaging (CSI) data sets may be processed by this method. Magn Reson Med 52:1207–1213, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Field‐of‐view limitations in parallel imaging
Authors: Griswold Mark A. , Kannengiesser Stephan , Heidemann Robin M. , Wang Jianmin , Jakob Peter M. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractParallel imaging is one of the most promising developments in recent years for the acceleration of MR acquisitions. One area of practical importance where different parallel imaging methods perform differently is the manner in which they deal with aliasing in the full‐FOV reconstructed image. It has been reported that sensitivity encoding (SENSE) reconstruction fails whenever the reconstructed FOV is smaller than the object being imaged. On the other hand, generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisition (GRAPPA) has been used successfully to reconstruct images with aliasing in the reconstructed FOV, as in conventional imaging. The disparate behavior of these methods can be easily demonstrated by a few simple illustrative examples. Additional in vivo examples using GRAPPA and modified SENSE (mSENSE) make this distinction clear. These experiments demonstrate that SENSE fails to reconstruct correct images when coil sensitivity maps are used that do not automatically account for the object size and therefore the aliasing in the reconstructed images. However, with the use of aliased high‐resolution coil sensitivity maps, accurate SENSE reconstructions can be generated. On the other hand, GRAPPA produces images with an aliasing appearance that is exactly as would be expected from normal nonaccelerated acquisitions. An understanding of these effects could potentially lead to fewer operator‐dependent errors, as well as a better understanding of the differences between the underlying reconstruction processes. Magn Reson Med 52:1118–1126, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Free‐breathing radial acquisitions of the heart
Authors: McLeish Kate , Kozerke Sebastian , Crum William R. , Hill Derek L.G. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThere is considerable interest in performing free‐breathing acquisitions of the heart in order to obtain high‐quality images without the need for multiple, long breathholds. In this article a 3D motion‐correction method is described that is based on image registration of in‐plane data and through‐plane slice tracking. A number of fast radial undersampled images are acquired, each of which is free of motion artifacts. Initially, in‐plane translational and rotational motion between each image was corrected before combining the data to give a fully sampled image. At the next stage, correction of in‐plane deformation, in addition to translations and rotations, was performed in the image domain. Through‐plane translational motion was compensated using a navigator echo to move the acquisition plane. Using this method, information on the motion of the heart was captured at the same time as acquiring the image data. No motion model, assumptions about the motion, or training data are required. The method is demonstrated on phantom data and cardiac images acquired on free‐breathing volunteers. Magn Reson Med 52:1127–1135, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Computational cardiac anatomy using MRI
Authors: Beg Mirza Faisal , Helm Patrick A. , McVeigh Elliot , Miller Michael I. , Winslow Raimond L. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractVentricular geometry and fiber orientation may undergo global or local remodeling in cardiac disease. However, there are as yet no mathematical and computational methods for quantifying variation of geometry and fiber orientation or the nature of their remodeling in disease. Toward this goal, a landmark and image intensity‐based large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping (LDDMM) method to transform heart geometry into common coordinates for quantification of shape and form was developed. Two automated landmark placement methods for modeling tissue deformations expected in different cardiac pathologies are presented. The transformations, computed using the combined use of landmarks and image intensities, yields high‐registration accuracy of heart anatomies even in the presence of significant variation of cardiac shape and form. Once heart anatomies have been registered, properties of tissue geometry and cardiac fiber orientation in corresponding regions of different hearts may be quantified. Magn Reson Med 52:1167–1174, 2004. Published 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On the influence of training data quality in k‐t BLAST reconstruction
Authors: Hansen Michael S. , Kozerke Sebastian , Pruessmann Klaas P. , Boesiger Peter , Pedersen Erik M. , Tsao Jeffrey 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThis work investigated how the quality of prior information (i.e., data acquired during the training stage) influences k‐t BLAST reconstruction. The impact of several factors, such as the amount of training data, the presence of spatial misregistration in the training data, and the effects of filtering, was investigated with simulations and in vivo data. It is shown that k‐t BLAST outperforms sliding window reconstruction, even with very limited training data. By increasing the amount of training data, reconstruction error continues to decrease, albeit by a diminishing amount. However, an increased amount of training data also increases susceptibility to misregistration of the training data. Filtering of the training data with the goal of reducing truncation artifacts had only minor impact on reconstruction errors. Considering the balance among obtaining the most benefit from the training data, minimizing susceptibility to misregistration, and keeping data acquisition to a minimum, it is concluded that in cardiac imaging the training datasets should be limited to 10–20 profiles in k‐space for a typical field of view. The training data may be acquired in a separate breathhold without much penalty, if care is taken to minimize misregistration, such as with a navigator. Magn Reson Med 52:1175–1183, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vivo cardiac 1H‐MRS in the mouse
Authors: Schneider Jürgen E. , Tyler Damian J. , ten Hove Michiel , Sang A. Elizabeth , Cassidy Paul J. , Fischer Alexandra , Wallis Julie , Sebag‐Montefiore Liam M. , Watkins Hugh , Isbrandt Dirk , Clarke Kieran , Neubauer Stefan 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe mouse is the predominant animal model to study the effect of gene manipulations. Imaging techniques to define functional effects on the heart caused by genomic alterations are becoming increasingly routine in mice, yet methods for in vivo investigation of metabolic phenotypes in the mouse heart are lacking. In this work, cardiac 1H‐MRS was developed and applied in mouse hearts in vivo using a single‐voxel technique (PRESS). In normal C57Bl/6J mice, stability and reproducibility achieved by dedicated cardiac and respiratory gating was demonstrated by measuring amplitude and zero‐order phase changes of the unsuppressed water signal. Various cardiac metabolites, such as creatine, taurine, carnitine, or intramyocardial lipids were successfully detected and quantified relative to the total water content in voxels as small as 2 μl, positioned in the interventricular septum. The method was applied to a murine model of guanidinoacetate N‐methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency, which is characterized by substantially decreased myocardial creatine levels. Creatine deficiency was confirmed noninvasively in myocardium of anesthetized GAMT‐/‐ mice. This is the first study to report the application of cardiac 1H‐MRS in mice in vivo. Magn Reson Med 52:1029–1035, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A multi‐objective model for bank ATM networks
Authors: Hinojosa M.A. , Mármol A.M. , Thomas L.C. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractIn this paper we present an application of the core solution concepts for multi‐objective games to a bank ATM network model. In these games, the worth of a coalition is given by a subset of vectors of the k‐dimensional space rather than by a scalar. The paper investigates how an ATM network model based on multi‐objective cooperative game theory could be used as an alternative way of setting interchange fees paid by the customer's bank to the one that owns the ATM. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2005
Effects of decompressive craniectomy, hypothermia and their combination in a permanent focal cerebral ischemia model
Authors: Koo Ja‐Seong , Kim Young‐Ju , Yoon Byung‐Woo 
Published: November 2004

AbstractHypothermia has a neuroprotective effect in cerebral ischemia and reduces brain edema, and decompressive craniectomy (DC) can prevent brain herniation caused by massive brain edema. Thus, combination of the two therapies may be more effective in large hemispheric infarctions, by exerting an additive effect. We investigated the effects of DC, hypothermia, and their combination in experimental cerebral ischemia. Seventy rats received focal cerebral ischemia for 72 hours and were allocated to one of four groups: untreated control (n=29), DC (n=21), hypothermia (n=10), and DC plus hypothermia (n=10). Hypothermia (34°C) and/or DC were performed 6 hours after ischemia. Mortality was 44.8% (control), 28.6% (DC), 10.0% (hypothermia), and 0% (DC plus hypothermia), respectively (p<0.05). Compared to control (260.2±100.8 mm3), the size of the infarction was not reduced by DC (236.3±94.3 mm3), p>0.1) but was by hypothermia (117.8±50.7 mm3), p<0.01). Although hypothermia combined with DC reduced the size of the infarction significantly (99.6±71.2 mm3), no additional effect was observed versus hypothermia alone.
Differentiation of embryonic stem cells into functional neurons in vitro
Authors: Baharvand Hossein , Power John M. , Ozsarac Nesrin , Matthaei Klaus I. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractEmbroynic stem (ES) cells are pluripotent cells that are derived from the inner cell mass of blastocysts. We produced neuronal cells by directed differentiation of a newly established murine ES cell line in vitro (Royan B1). Immunohistochemistry, scanning electron microscopy, Campenot's assay and electrophysiology were used to evaluate the differentiated neurons. Antibodies against microtubule‐associated protein (MAP2), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) antigens showed that the cells had GABAergic and dopaminergic characteristics. The Campenot's assay revealed there were a number of peripheral nervous system related neurons but they were rare. The cells also produced action potentials and responded to electrial stimulation by expressing calcium channels in the processes. We showed therefore that functional neurons can be generated by directed differentiation from embryonic stem cells in vitro.