bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Orthogonal and Projection Procrustes Analysis
Authors: Gower J .C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A brief review is given in this chapter of those Procrustes methods that have strong Euclidean interpretations. That is those methods which rely on orthogonal matrices and on orthogonal projections. It is shown how all such methods can be presented in a unified framework which can be summarised in the form of an analysis of variance. This unification (i) clarifies interpretation and (ii) offers the possibility of constructing general purpose software that subsumes several known methods as well as some new ones.
Child fosterage and social parenthood
Authors: Pennington Renee , Harpending Henry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Child rearing practices are fundamentally important to our understanding of Herero demography and social ecology because they can be linked to the survival of children, the fertility of women, and the structure and economy of households. Many Herero share their parenting responsibilities with friends and relatives by giving them their children to raise. This custom of child fosterage has a long history in Herero society and is well-known in other parts of Africa (Goody 1982; Frank 1987). Nearly 40 per cent of all Herero are fostered out during childhood.
The patient with somatic symptoms
Authors: Mynors-Wallis Dr Laurence , Moore Dr Michael , Maguire Mr Jon , Hollingbery Mr Timothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Medically unexplained physical symptoms are common in both primary and secondary care. Somatization describes the presentation of psycho logical distress as physical symptoms. Somatising patients are high utilizers of medical care and can be frustrating patients to care for.
Higher-order disorders of gait
Authors: Nutt John G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term ‘highest-level (or higher-order) gait disorders’ is derived from Hughlings Jackson’s concept of lowest, middle and highest levels of function in the nervous system (Jackson 1932). The highest levels of neurological function were those requiring the most complex sensory-motor integration. As an example of the anatomical distribution of these functions, Jackson assigned the anterior horn motor neurons to the lowest level, the primary motor strip to the middle-level, and the prefrontal cortex to highest level. He considered spinal muscular atrophy as a lowest-level disorder, paralysis agitans as a middle-level disorder, and general paresis as a highest-level disorder.
Unimodal sensory-motor transformation disorders
Authors: Freund Hans-Joachim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The act of reaching and grasping (reviewed in Chapters 2 and 3) is one of the most thoroughly examined motor behaviours in both monkeys and humans. It is particularly suitable for disentangling the different facets of the sensory-motor transformations required for the adjustment of separate eye-, head-, body- and world-referenced coordinate systems. Experimentally, different neural repertoires involved in specific aspects of this multistage process have been identified by microrecordings of monkey behaviour.
Tics and stereotypies
Authors: Jankovic Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tics are brief and intermittent movements (motor tics) or sounds (vocal or phonic tics). Simple motor tics involve only one group of muscles, causing a brief jerk-like movement. They are usually abrupt in onset and rapid (‘clonic tics’), but they may be slower, causing a briefly sustained abnormal posture (‘dystonic tics’) (Jankovic and Stone 1991)or an isometric contraction (‘tonic tics’) (Jankovic 1992). Clonic and dystonic tics may occasionally occur in patients with primary dystonia, possibly more frequently than in the general population (Stone and Jankovic 1991; Nemeth et al. 1999).
Claws, Rasps and Shells
Authors: Southwood T R E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the one period in the whole of the history of life when the number of different animal forms—;their diversity—;appears to have increased most dramatically. This is shown for marine animals in fig. 5.1, where the measure used is the number of orders. An ‘order’ contains species of animal of similar design (p. 4). Different species of crab are in one order (Decapoda), of woodlice in another (Isopoda); both belong to a bigger category, the class, which in this case is known as Crustacea. This sudden burst of evolution has been termed the ‘Cambrian explosion’. However as has already been mentioned, molecular studies point to many fundamental differences between the major types of animal having evolved before the Cambrian period. Also, if certain interpretations of Ediacaran animals are accepted, there is some evidence, supportive of this view, from the fossil record. The previous (Precambrian) period has been described as a ‘fuse’, the time when the potential for an explosion was established.
The World of the Dinosaurs
Authors: Southwood T R E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods the movements of tectonic plates were causing the giant continent Pangaea to split up, the process becoming particularly marked in the Cretaceous (145–65 Mya). During the Jurassic the central Atlantic opened and, linking with the Tethys Ocean, split Laurasia in the north from Gondwana in the south. By the Early Cretaceous strong westerly currents flowed through these oceans, between the large land masses. At the same time the southern parts of Gondwana were dividing—;the South Atlantic was born as a narrow ocean. On the other side of Africa the Indian Ocean was beginning to form as the tectonic plate that carries India began its dramatic movement north.
The End of Adolescence
Authors: Graham Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On television, in the newspapers, even in textbooks of psychology, the teen years are portrayed as 'bad news'. Adolescents are seen as moody, rebellious, promiscuous, immature, aggressive and lazy. Their behaviour is seen as getting worse as we move into the twenty first century. In fact the majority of young people have none of these objectionable characteristics. Adolescents have always been stigmatised as they are today and it is widely thought that it is 'natural' for the teens to be a 'difficult' phase of life. But it is the adult world that has created the world of adolescence and the adult world that is finding it difficult to live with what it has manufactured. This book puts forward an entirely new way of looking at adolescence. Written by a leading child psychiatrist, it starts by describing the myths that pervade the popular view of adolescence. After a brief description of the history of adolescence, it goes on to examine the way the teens actually function in families, giving particular attention to approaches that result in positive outcomes. Discussing moodiness, conflict, sexual behaviour, drugs and alcohol, and eating patterns, it adopts the same questioning but positive approach. The book then looks at how the sense of frustration and failure many teenagers experience at school and in their neighbourhoods might be overcome by giving them a level of responsibility that matches their competence. This book will be of great value to parents of teenagers and those whose children are just about to become teenagers, as well as teachers, psychologists, and anyone whose work brings them in touch with young people.
Diagnosis and baseline investigation in myotonic dystrophy: a core protocol
Authors: Meola Giovanni , Hilton-Jones David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The myotonic dystrophies can be considered as clinical syndromes that include subtypes designated as myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DMI) and myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2), each of which is determined by a distinct genetic locus (Meola 2000). It is possible that further specific subtypes will be identified, and these will be designated DM3, etc. This nomenclature was recommended by an international panel (Ashizawa 2000) and is followed in this chapter. Alternatively, some experts reserve the term ‘myotonic dystrophy’ (myotonia atrophica, dystrophia myotonica, myotonic muscular dystrophy) for the monogenic disorder, in which a characteristic pattern of dystrophic muscle disease is accompanied by myotonia and by specific abnormalities of other systems, originally described by Steinert, and prefer a different designation for variants that are clinically and genetically distinct, such as proximal myotonic myopathy (PROMM).
Pregnancy and perinatal problems in myotonic dystrophy
Authors: Rudnik-Schbneborn Sabine , Die-Smulders Christine de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whether or not a pregnancy is potentially dangerous for a woman with muscle weakness is related not only to the cause and diagnosis of her disorder but also to the distribution and severity of weakness. Most women with myotonic dystrophy whose pregnancies have been documented belong to the classical form, with mild distal weakness and fatigue, grip myotonia and nasal speech. In general, they are ambulatory and many are not aware of their disease when planning to have children. Nonetheless, myotonic dystrophy patients face considerable risks from cardiorespiratory problems and some of them need full-time assistance to manage their family life. Myotonic dystrophy patients have a risk for anaesthetic complications and need specific advice regarding operative interventions or operative deliveries (see Chapter 8).
Support groups for myotonic dystrophy and their role: an American family perspective
Authors: Lord Shannon Miller 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rene Descartes, a seventeenth-century French philosopher, espoused a metaphysical dualism of mind and body, a concept that Western doctors perpetuated in their treatment of physical manifestations of disease, with little regard for mental and spiritual ramifications. In recent years, however, attempts are being made to bridge the schism so that mental and spiritual healing can take place along with the physical, even in the face of an incurable disease like myotonic dystrophy. Support groups of various configurations-such as private therapy groups, general support groups, social groups, family and friends, myotonic dystrophy support groups, phone friends, computer chat rooms, and other internet liaisons-offer forums for therapy and education to take place.
The degradation of the scorecard over the business cycle
Authors: Crook Jonathan N , Thomas, Lyn C , Hamilton Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The published literature on credit scoring has neither compared the characteristics of those who default nor the discriminating power of individual variables used to predict default, under different economic conditions. Similarly, scorecards constructed by credit-scoring agencies are estimated from data relating to two or three consecutive years for applications over 3-5 years before. The aim of this chapter is to explore the effects of changes in a scoring function over time on the classification of applicants into those likely to default and those not likely to default.
Linear discriminant analysis is applied to a training sample of26.043 applicants for a bank credit card to estimate empirically a model of their repayment behavior in 1989 and 1990. The variables that have additional statistically significant discriminating power over others are broadly similar between the 2 years. although some differences exist Using a holdout sample of 17.084 cases. which is thought to be representative of a profile of applications to the data-supplying organization. we cross-tabulate the number who would be accepted and rejected using the 1989 model with the corresponding predictions using the 1990 model. The characteristics of those who would be accepted using the 1989 model but rejected using the 1990 model are identified. Differences in the predicted classification of a case may be due to differences between the 2 years in the functions estimated and/or to differences in the prior probabilities of default. We consider the proportion of applicants who would be accepted in a year but not in the other if the prior probabilities were adjusted to give the same rejection rate in both years, and discuss their characteristics.
Psychogeriatric service delivery with limited resources
Authors: Dening Tom , Shaji K S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Numbers of old people in developing countries are set to increase sharply over the next few decades. The most striking effects of population ageing are to be seen in the most rapidly developing regions: China, India and Latin America. The anticipated doubling over the next 30 years of the numbers of older persons living in these regions will change the global distribution of dementia (Prince, 1997). With its devastating negative effects on carers and families, dementia will soon emerge as a major public health problem in most developing countries. The number of elderly people suffering from depression and other mental health problems will also increase.
The methodology of prophylactic trials: discussion summary
Authors: Tfelt-Hansen P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The question about the CONSORT statement (Begg et al. 1996) for reporting clinical trials was raised. It was commented that these rules make common sense; and Cephalalgia, the official journal of the International Headache Society, has introduced a policy of requiring that papers submitted on randomized clinical trials conform with the CONSORT statement. In some headache centres patients may be included multiple times in clinical trials over the years. This may lead to a selection of failures, as has been observed for example in patients with non-opiate sensitive pain. In addition, patients in these centres are not representative for the general migraine population. In highly specialized headache centres one should not use the group of too severe affected patients for clinical trials.
Key issues in the methodology of prophylactic migraine trials
Authors: Tfelt-Hansen P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This equation looks like a t-test. To get the biological signal through, one should, when planning the RCT, estimate the pharmacological effect and the variability. A ‘large’ pharmacological in prophylactic migraine trials could be efficacy of active drug A versus placebo. Examples of ‘small’ pharmacological effects could be: I, dose-response curve for drug A; II, minimum effective dose for drug A versus placebo; ill, comparability among drug A and drug B; IV, adverse events after drug A versus adverse events after placebo. Examples of variability (‘noise’) in prophylactic migraine trials are, among others: I, migraine per se is a variable among patients; II, the individual patient’s migraine may vary over time; III, variability of efficacy measures, definitions of migraine attacks, migraine days, migraine periods, severity, duration, etc.; IV, difficulties in distinguishing between effectively treated migraine attacks and attacks of tension-type headache; V, placebo effect, and variable placebo effect, for efficacy; VI, placebo effect for adverse events; VII, time-effect; VIII, variable baseline; IX, non-responders; X, dropouts, due to either lack of efficacy or due to intolerance; XI, major psychosocial events occurring during the trial.
AEDs in migraine prevention
Authors: Silberstein S D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Effective migraine treatment begins with making an accurate diagnosis, ruling out alternate causes, ordering appropriate studies, and addressing the headache’s impact. Pharmacotherapy may be acute (abortive) or preventive (prophylactic), and patients who experience frequent, severe headaches often require both approaches. The Technical Reports of the Agency for Healthcare Policy and Research (AHCPR) identified and summarized controlled trial evidence on the efficacy and tolerability of preventive migraine drug treatments. They are the basis of the US Headache Consortium guidelines. Anticonvulsant medication is recommended for migraine prevention because placebo-controlled, double-blind trials prove them effective. With the exception of valproic acid and topiramate, anticonvulsants interfere with the efficacy of oral contraceptives.
Mechanism(s) of action of the antiepileptic drugs valproic acid, gabapentin, and topiramate: implications for the prophylactic management of migraine
Authors: White H S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Migraine is believed to represent a paroxysmal and unique neurovascular disorder. However, the precise underlying pathophysiology processes that lead to an acute migraine attack are not completely understood. In the susceptible individual, migraine can be triggered by a multitude of factors including, but not limited to, alterations in ion and glucose metabolism, an increase in nitric oxide synthesis, altered neurotransmitter function, and abnormal peptide release and metabolism (Fig. 12 .1). These and other factors contribute to an increase in neuronal and network hyperexcitability and are thought to contribute to the initiation and propagation of a migraine attack. Increasing evidence also suggests that there is a strong genetic component that contributes to the heightened brain excitability of some susceptible individuals. For example, familial hemiplegic migraine has been linked to missense mutations in the Ca2+ channel gene CACNAIA which encodes the pore-forming protein for the P/Q Ca2+ channel.
Description of a prospective, multicenter observational study of headache treatment with botulinum toxin type A: the program to assess treatment strategies. {PATS™) registry
Authors: Silberstein S D , Stiles M A , Gebeline-Meyers, C , Bradley K C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The frequency, severity, and functional limitations associated with primary headache disorders have been shown to significantly reduce patients’ perceived health-related quality of life (QoL) and place a substantial financial burden on society. Current preventive treatments tend to have a modest effect along with a substantial side effect burden related to vascular or systemic distribution. 6 Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) has shown promise for the preventive treatment of headache in several clinical trials. There has been discussion about how BoNT/A should be optimally used for treating headache and’which patients are best suited for treatment.
Prophylactic drugs Ill:discussion summary
Authors: Goadsby P J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSR is) and their use in headache were dis cussed. Prof Olesen (Denmark) made the statement that there is no clinical trial evidence to support their use in headache. Dr Isler (Switzerland) commented that while they were not necessarily useful in headache per se there was a useful effect in enabling patients to cope with their disease. A published controlled trial that showed a possible effect in Chronic Tension-type Headache was considered.1 Prof Silberstein (USA) pointed out that it was not possible to absolutely dissect out an effect on depression from an effect on headache in that study. Dr Aoki surnrnarized results from basic experimental studies of Botulinum Toxin A (Botox A) on nociceptive models, such as formalin injected in the rat forepaw (see Aoki, this volume).
Naratriptan in the preventive treatment of refractory chronic migraine
Authors: Rapoport A M , TepP.er, M E Bigal1 S J , S1-ieftell F D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to the revised version of the International Headache Society (2003), chronic migraine (CM) is considered a complication of migraine. Patients with CM usually have a past history of episodic migraine, reporting a process of transformation characterized by headaches that become more frequent over months to years, with the associated symptoms becoming less severe. I Patients then develop a pat tern of daily or near daily headache resembling chronic tension-type headache, with a few attacks of full-blown migraine superimposed. They often have daily headaches. The treatment of CM often poses a major challenge for the clinician.
Triptans with methysergide
Authors: Valade D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a discussion specially in France with the Drug Agency to prove that the contra-indications of Triptans/Methysergide are more theoretical than factual. In this study we present our experience concerning the contra-indication indicated by laboratories according to regulation. The contra-indications of the triptans include all the D.H.E. and particularly Methysergide as prophylactic treatment. Is it realistic? Because when you look at the prescriptions of the practitioners, there is a lot of association but no adverse event. I give you my experience on the last one hundred patients treated with the association, Methysergide/Triptans. The distribution was the same as migraine in general population: 15% male and 85% female with a mean age of 46.8 years (18-65 years).
Recognition and initial management of the sick child
Authors: Bloch Mark , Habibi Parvis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All clinicians need to be able to recognize the symptoms and signs of the sick child as early as possible. This chapter attempts to give an understanding of the ‘first principles’ with regards to both the well child as well as some insight into the aetiology, symptoms, and signs of the child who has the potential to or is becoming seriously ill. It describes a systematic approach to the initial and ongoing assessment of these children.
Ophthalmology
Authors: Adams Gill , Dulley Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The eye develops early in pregnancy starting about 2 weeks after conception. Infection, drugs, X-rays, or metabolic abnormalities can damage the development process. At birth the visual system is very immature and it must then develop by forming neural connections and pathways. Maturation, which occurs over the next 7–8 years, is called the critical period of visual development and once this plastic phase is completed the system and its pathways are set and cannot be altered (Wiesel 1982).
Childhood obesity in primary care
Authors: Reilly John , Stewart Laura , Wilson David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Obesity is now very common in children and adolescents across the world, and prevalence continues to rise. Among health professionals and patients there is widespread ignorance and confusion over issues such as the aetiology, diagnosis, complications, and management of paediatric obesity. The present chapter aims to provide a concise, evidence-based but still practical summary of these issues, with a primary care perspective.
Vascularization in malignant mesothelioma
Authors: Vermeulen P B , Salgado R , Marck E A Van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Angiogenesis is, by definition, the development of new blood vessels from the wall of an existing blood vessel. Angiogenesis implies proliferation of endothelial cells and, in certain conditions, maturation of the new blood vessel walls by recruitment of mural cells or pericytes. Malignant and physiological growth processes need a system of patent channels that transports blood and is connected with the circulation of the patient/host [1,2]. Although angiogenesis is one of the mechanisms that fulfil this need, several other mechanisms have been described . Their existence has an important impact on the quantification of ‘vascularization’ in tumour tissue sections and has urged researchers to develop tools to detect the prevailing mechanism of vascularization in the tumours of individual patients [8].
Radiotherapy for mesothelioma
Authors: Stevens C W , Forster K M , Smythe W R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Malignant pleural mesotheliomas (MPMs) are almost impossible to cure with radiotherapy as a single modality. The tumours are large, so that potential cure requires commensurately large radiation doses. The treatment volumes are also very large, extending from the supraclavicular fossa to the insertion of the diaphragm, because the entire pleural space, even the intrapulmonary fissures, is at risk for recurrence. The treatment volumes are also very close to radiosensitive structures such as the lung, kidney, liver, oesophagus and heart. These issues challenge the radiation oncologist at many levels.