bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Developing Role of Justice
Authors: Raphael D D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of concepts of justice helps us to see how the role of justice has developed. I have said that justice has both a conservative and a reforming role. Sidgwick described the latter as giving effect to an ideal conception of justice. The historical survey shows that the ideal conception is not static: it engenders some addition in the light of experience, perhaps as part of a more general development of ethical thought. The conservative role, too, develops, not merely in accepting changes from reformative justice but also in clarifying its original task. Let me begin with that.
In Aeschylus’Oresteiawe twice hear the maxim ‘What you do shall be done to you’. First the Chorus in theAgamemnonreport it as ‘enduring so long as Zeus reigns’, and then the Chorus in theChoephoroesay it is told as ‘an old, old tale’. Is it to be taken as a statement of fact or as a norm/ Are we to understand that being treated as we have acted is what happens as the way of the world, or that it is what ought to happen as a moral imperative? The first report, referring to the reign of Zeus, suggests that it is a norm, a divine commandment, though this can be a way of expressing what we now mean by a (scientific) ‘law of nature’.
Counting the Victims and Identifying the Killers
Authors: House Jim , Macmaster Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most keenly debated question, indeed the central issue, in the highly politicized controversy that has raged for over twenty years on the events of October 17, relates to the precise number of Algerians who were killed at the hands of the police. Although numerous historians and commentators have debated this issue, including the official Mandelkern Report (1998) and the Géronimi Report (1999), the two key opponents in the ‘numbers battle’ are Jean-Luc Einaudi and Jean-Paul Brunet. Einaudi can be described as a ‘maximalist’ in the sense that he has included in his most recent list of 325 dead and disappeared those he describes as ‘very likely’ victims of police violence, almost every possible instance of violent death recorded during the two months of September and October, including cases where there is little evidence of police involvement.
Contesting Colonial Repression, 1945–1961
Authors: House Jim , Macmaster Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How can we account for the weaknesses of metropolitan French civil society during the process of routinization of state repression against Algerians from 1945 to September 1961, and how should we measure the impact of the campaigning against repression that did occur? While attempting to answer these questions, this chapter also assesses the discourses and modes of intervention of the various French solidarity groups and the values and motives their activists advanced. These themes are studied within a series of evolving relations: between the radical anti-colonial left, wider anti-war groups, and the mainstream parties of the left; between the radical anti-colonial left and French public opinion; between the mainstream parties of the left and the FLN. This thematic analysis is articulated within two key developments: the impact of the voting of the Special Powers Act in March 1956, and the evolving late-war dynamic that emerged from September 1960 onwards.
‘Underground’ Memories, (1962–1979)
Authors: House Jim , Macmaster Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Just as genuine public disbelief hindered the attempts by some French witnesses of the violence during 17–20 October to garner more support to denounce the abuses, so many people in France reacted with relative incredulity when, in the 1980s and 1990s, the October events regained public visibility. They discovered the virtual public silence that had masked these events over two decades, from the early 1960s to 1980. This chapter examines this period, following the few traces available to the historian, and argues that post-colonial power relations greatly limited the social and political ‘space’ for Algerians’ memories of 17 October in France and Algeria. It analyses the content and contours of such resilient memories that often relate to the attitude Algerians held toward independent Algeria as well as France.
The Physician
Authors: Brockliss L V B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In France, as in other countries in the eighteenth century, medical practitioners were divided into two groups: the legitimate and the illegitimate. The latter consisted of a bevy of wise women, charlatans, Lady Bountiful, and priests, who practised medicine with no medical qualifications and usually little formal knowledge. The former was qualified practitioners who had received formal institutionalized instruction in medicine and/or served an apprenticeship and had had their knowledge and skill validated by an appropriate body. As elsewhere too, legitimate practitioners were divided into three theoretically distinctive groups: physicians, who gave consultations on internal maladies; surgeons, who policed external diseases and carried out surgical operations, often under a physician’s instructions; and apothecaries, who supplied the drugs that physicians and to a lesser extent surgeons prescribed. Traditionally, the physicians were deemed to be the surgeons ‘ and apothecaries ‘ superior. As normally they alone had received a university medical education, supposedly they alone understood the real cause of disease and were equipped to suggest its cure. Surgeons and apothecaries, whose training historically took the form of a formal apprenticeship, were merely mechanical operatives. Although the boundary between legitimate and illegitimate practitioners was porous, it was always meaningful. In eighteenth-century England unqualified medical practice was never formally outlawed; in France empirical healers were theoretically beyond the law.
The Antiquarian
Authors: Brockliss L V B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A visitor or patient who entered Calvet 2019;s house in the Rue Pugelle would have immediately realized that its owner was a collector of antiquities. The municipality’s dignitaries who came to make an inventory of Calvet’s posses-sions in August 1810 had no sooner crossed the threshold into the vestibule than they encountered ‘two large marble statues, one representing an angel [actually an unknown goddess], the other Hercules, five large stones bearing inscriptions, a large mosaic fragment, and a piece of marble ‘. Further colossal pieces of classical bric-a-brac-urns, busts, and statues-were found in the downstairs salon, while choicer pieces were on display in the first-floor rooms. The upstairs salon (where, presumably, Calvet did most of his entertaining) was filled with bronze statuary and sepulchral lamps decoratively arranged on table tops. The adjoining cabinet d” ‘ etudes was an Aladdin’s cave of statues, busts, utensils, lamps, bottles, and glass, which greeted the visitor from tables, cupboards, and row upon row of shelves surrounding the walls.
The Natural Historian
Authors: Brockliss L V B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we have seen, no one who stepped inside Calvet’s house in the Rue Pugelle in the last decade of his life would have ever doubted that he was a collector of antiquities. Such a visitor might never have suspected, on the other hand, that the Avignon physician possessed a natural-history collection. According to the inventory taken of Calvet’s household effects in 1810, the only natural-history items on display were the rib of a young whale and a narwhal’s tusk, both to be found in his cabinet d ‘ ‘etudes. Like his coins, his natural-history collection was largely kept out of sight, chiefly hidden in four cupboards, marked, so his testament informs us, A to D. One cupboard was kept in the box-room at the end of the hall, which entered onto the garden. The other three were kept in the attic (see Fig. 1.3). whether Calvet had displayed part or all of his natural- history collection earlier in his life is not known. whatever the truth of the matter, in the 1800s it must have been largely out of his own as well as his visitors ‘ sight. Given that Calvet was increasingly incapacitated in the last decade of his life and that his trusted servant, The ‘ re’se, was also getting on in years, he can have had little opportunity to view his treasures. Perhaps by then he had lost interest in the collection and tidied it away for posterity. 2
Crises
Authors: Hendy David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On Friday 10 January 1975, various BBC panjandrums—Governors, Advisory Council members, members of the Board of Management, and a small handful of programme-makers—all made their way to Ditchley Park, a secluded country house in the heart of the Cotswolds where Winston Churchill had spent time during the War. There, they were joined for the weekend by a select group of newspaper editors, clergymen, trade unionists, and academics, all concerned in one way or another with broadcasting.
Mac the Knife
Authors: Hendy David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There were five people with a chance of becoming Radio Four ‘s new Controller in 1976. One was Ronald Mason, the Head of Programmes in BBC Northern Ireland, who was keen to leave a troubled Belfast for a London posting. Two others worked in Television: Brian Wenham, the 38-year-old head of Current Affairs, and Monica Sims, the 50-year-old head of Children ‘s Programmes, a former editor of Woman ‘s Hour and the candidate tipped as a clear front-runner in the press.
Close-Up and Personal
Authors: Hendy David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One summer day in 1979, the nineteen-stone broadcaster Tom Vernon decided to pedal his bicycle all the way from Muswell Hill in London through France to the shores of the Mediterranean. Motivating him, he said, was the feeling that he had ‘given up being in touch with the world outside ‘: A radio broadcaster is among the most detached of all. He lives under fluorescent tubes in a windowless studio, and handles words and ideas on little pieces of magnetic tape. The temptation is strong to become more and more a processor of substitute reality, and not very different from a transistor in his tape machine.
Years Zero
Authors: Hendy David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In June 1983, with the wind of a Falklands War victory in her sails, Margaret Thatcher achieved a second decisive election victory. Henceforward, the climate within which the BBC operated became a potent brew of political, economic, and personal hostility. For broadcasters, her first government had been less intrusive than they might have expected. Macroeconomic policy had loomed largest in the Prime Minister ‘s concerns. There had also been the restraining influence at the Home Office of William Whitelaw, a man of the One Nation establishment quite at ease with the BBC–ITV duopoly.
Provocations
Authors: Hendy David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Programmes on Radio Four were lightning rods. Anxiety over the BBC ‘s internal upheavals, over the search for an acceptable mean between ‘popularity ‘ and ‘distinctiveness ‘, over the need to find new listeners without losing old ones: all this would find public expression in the reaction to individual programmes. For those on the outside they were the most sensible way of judging the health of the BBC. New programmes, or any changes to existing ones, were the ultimate measure of the Corporation ‘s ability to move with the times—and to do so by absorbing the best features of the age rather than the worst.
ENGLAND 450–1066
Authors: Pratt David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conner, Patrick W. ‘Beyond the ASPR: electronic editions of Old English poetry’, A133, 109.Dobney, Keith; Hall, Allan; Kenward, Harry. ‘The bioarchaeology of Anglo-Saxon Yorkshire: present and future perspectives’, A89, 133–40.Fulford, Michael; Handley, Mark; Clark, Amanda. ‘An early date for Ogham: the Silchester Ogham Stone rehabilitated’, Medieval Archaeology44 (2000), 1–23.Irving, Edward B. (Jr.) ‘Editing Old English verse: the ideal’, A133, 11–20. 693. O’Keeffe, Katherine O’Brien. ‘Introduction’ [New approaches to editing Old English verse], A133, 1–10.Scragg, D.G. ‘Towards a new Anglo-Saxon poetic records’,A133, 67–78. 695. Spence, Craig. ‘“Citie . . . of stickes”: toward a material history of medieval London’,Transactions of the London and Middlesex Archaeological Society50 (1999),98–107.
England And Wales 1500–1714
Authors: Archer Ianw. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bartlett, Kenneth R. ‘Travel and translations: the English and Italy in the sixteenth century’, Annali d’Italianistica 14 (1996), 493–506.Chandler, John Howard (ed.) Travels through Stuart Britain: the adven- tures of John Taylor, the water poet (Stroud: Sutton, 1999), xii, 308p.Chard, Chloe. Pleasure and guilt on the Grand Tour: travel writing and imaginative geography, 1600–1830 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1999), ix, 278p.Gunn, Steven. ‘Britain 1500’, History Today 50:8 (2000), 38– 44.Miller, John. ‘Britain 1600’, History Today 50:9 (2000), 35– 43.Macinnes, Allan. ‘Britain 1700’, History Today 50:10 (2000), 39 – 45.Renaud, Emma. L’Angleterre au XVIIe siècle[England in the 17th century] (Rennes: Presses universitaires de Rennes, 1997), 171p.
‘Revolution in Writing’: Gender, Modernism, and the Aesthetics of the Ideal Language
Authors: Tookey Helen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most consistent features of the reception of Nin’s work-from reviews dating from the 1940s through to feminist critical appraisals of the 1980s and 199os-has been a focus on the interrelations of artistic creativity and gender; more specifically, of creativity and femininity. Edmund Wilson, reviewing Under a Glass Bell in the New Yorker in 1944, described Nin’s stories as taking place in ‘a special world, a world of feminine perception and fancy’.
Byron
Authors: Ricks Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is no longer a word for what used to be called cant, or in Victorian times humbug. (Bullshit, for which a poem in 1915 by T. S. Eliot furnishes the earliest OED citation, is something else, since it doesn’t have to imply a mouthful of piety.) We still have plenty of opprobrious terms for ways of speaking of which we disapprove, but none of them catches cant, with its insinuation of hypocrisy tinged with self-deception: ‘a stock phrase that is much affected at the time, or is repeated as a matter of habit or form’, ‘phraseology taken up and used for fashion’s sake, without being a genuine expression of sentiment’ (OED). There ‘genuine’ is good, because it waives any need to enter upon the distinction between sincerity and authenticity.
An Anglo-Indian Family
Authors: Caine Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is impossible to overstate the importance of India in the lives of the Stracheys. Both Richard and Jane Strachey described themselves as ‘Anglo-Indians’ and took immense pride in the term. They used it, of course, in its nineteenth-century sense as one referring, not to those born in India of mixed British and Indian descent, but rather to those English families and individuals who spent time engaged in imperial service in India. Thus their sense of themselves as Anglo-Indian was inseparable from their sense of connection to Britain’s imperial mission. Jane Strachey made this absolutely clear in a speech she made to the Lyceum Club in London in 1910.
An Imperial Marriage
Authors: Caine Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Richard and Jane Strachey exemplify the companionate Victorian middle-class marriage that has been of so much interest to historians in the past few decades. Once thought of as an absolutely patriarchal institution, in which a dominant and powerful husband had complete control over a subordinate wife, Victorian marriage has come in recent years to be seen as both more complex and more varied than this simple model suggests. This is not to suggest that husbands did not have considerable legal power over the person, property, and children of their wives, but rather to recognize that many women exerted immense influence over their husbands and that personal affection often served to mitigate the extreme nature of patriarchal power.
School Days
Authors: Caine Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Stracheys were an unusual Victorian family in their belief that the education of daughters was almost as important as was that of their sons. Hence all the Strachey children went to school. For the most part the boys spent a longer time there, starting of as boarders at a preparatory schools when they were 7 or 8 and moving on to a public schools in their early teens. James followed the usual course in terms of a preparatory school, but then became the only one to attend a secondary day school. The daughters’ preparatory schooling was either done at home or in local day schools. Thus while they too went to boarding school in their teens, they were usually away from home for less time than their brothers.
Modern Marriages
Authors: Caine Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his short memoir, ‘Lancaster Gate’, Lytton Strachey described the marriage of his sister Dorothy to Simon Bussy in 1903 as an event that brought to an end a number of Victorian traditions and shook the world of his parents to its foundations.1 It was Dorothy’s choice of a husband that was most shocking. Simon Bussy was a French artist who was well known to the Stracheys. Indeed, he had stayed in their home. But he had never been thought of as a possible husband for one of their daughters. For all her love of French literature and culture, Jane Strachey had never seriously contemplated herself or any member of her family actually becoming French.
Continuity and Change
Authors: Caine Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most interesting questions when looking at the Strachey family over two generations centres on the extent to which it is possible to identify in detail the shared familial characteristics and attitudes that David Garnett referred to as the distinctive Strachey ‘atmosphere’. There is a question also about the impact of the strong sense of family tradition and of a shared outlook amongst the Stracheys on the desires of some members of the family to espouse new ideas, beliefs, and ways of life. These questions arise most particularly in relation to Lytton, James, and Dorothy, the three members of the family whose intellectual interests, activities, and personal lives diverged most noticeably from the family’s Victorian heritage.
A Literary Family
Authors: Caine Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Literature was important to the Stracheys in many different ways. Every member of the family read voraciously, and several of them had marked literary talent. This is evident obviously in their published works, but also in the absolutely wonderful letters that some of them wrote. Pippa’s letters from India, for example, were rightly cherished by the family, and read aloud in a similar way to Lytton’s diary of his trip to Egypt and South Africa. Throughout the nineteenth and the early twentieth century, their love of reading, their shared sense of literary history, and their communal literary activities, including the acting of plays by favourite authors, helped bind the Stracheys closely together.
Understanding and Knowledge of What is Said
Authors: Fricker Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When a human speaker-hearer of a language hears and understands an utterance by another speaker of a sentence of their shared language, she typically comes to know, or comes to be in a position to know, what speech act was elected in the utterance. But her forming of a knowledgeable belief about what was said is not the most immediate psychological upshot of her auditing of the utterance. In fact she may not, as it were, bother to form a belief about what was said at all. The most immediate personal-level psychological elect of her auditing of the utterance is that she enjoys a representation of a distinctive kind special to language understanding: a conscious representation of the content and force of the utterance.
Introduction: Conceptualizing Transition in an Evolving Field
Authors: Wray Alison 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A book entitled The Transition to Language could give the impression that there was a single event at some point in prehistory before which there was no language and after which there was language. But that is far from the case. The constituent properties of human language-its mediums of transmission, its microand macro-structure, the mechanisms that process it, the manner in which it is used to convey messages-all entail independent, or partially independent, developments of physical, mental, and/or social configurations. Each such development can be conceptualized in terms of a transition. A transition may be sudden or gradual. That is, it may be the result of one event with major consequences for the species, or a slow accumulation of relatively unimportant small changes that ultimately effect a combined impact.
Constraints on Communities with Indigenous Sign Languages: Clues to the Dynamics of Language Genesis
Authors: Ragir Sonia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A common criticism of language origin hypotheses has been that they are too speculative-that there is no way of proving or disproving them by observing language actually being formed in a languageless community. This is no longer, strictly speaking, true. There are three sources of information that shed significant light on language genesis: recent studies of indigenous sign language formation; historical accounts of the transformation of plantation pidgins into Creoles (Bickerton 1990, 1999; McWhorter 1997); and computer simulations of language genesis (Kirby 1999a, 2000, 2001; Batali 1998, 2000; Steels 1998,Steels et al.,this volume).Where sign language is concerned, it is important to realize that the deaf individuals who have created communication systems within hearing-speaking populations did not have access to the existing spoken languages (Kegl et al. 1999); thus, an examination of the formation of sign in their different communities offers a unique glimpse into language genesis in real populations.
Uniformitarian Assumptions and Language Evolution Research
Authors: Newmeyer Frederick J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the consequences of the fact that most research into language origins and evolution has taken the ‘uniformitarian’ position that the general nature of human language has not changed much over the millennia. It concludes that such a position is probably a mistaken one. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 17.2 presents the evidence for uniformitarianism, at least in so far as it governs the languages spoken today. Section 17.3 documents the fact that most language evolution research has assumed the correctness of the principle diachronicallyas well as synchronically. Section 17.4 presents reasons to doubt the correctness of uniformitarianism, at least in its strongest form and sect. 5 argues that reasons for such doubt increase the further back we go in time.