bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Not With My Tax Money”
Authors: Feinberg Joel 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This article takes up the issue of governmental subsidies of the arts, an issue that parallels an examination of governmental restraints on liberty in The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law. In the present article, after considering the limited support offered by considerations like rotational justice, it is argued that supporting the arts in part through government funds derived from mandatory taxation is justified on the grounds that it is good to create, maintain, and preserve things of high intrinsic value even when they do not generate benefits. This position is based upon a rejection of the ancient claim that all worthwhile things produce benefits either directly or indirectly for everyone.
Fusion
Authors: Feinberg Joel 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter considers the complexities arising from the fusion of moral and psychiatric norms. Although mental sickness is a traditional ground in both law and morality for the mitigation of culpability, it is seldom regarded now as a serious criminal defense. The present trend is to use the idea of sickness to condemn the behavior and aggravate culpability. Concerning the relation between sickness and wickedness, over time, these concepts have blurred together; both are complex and each contains elements of the other. By taking an historical approach, we see that concepts of mental illness and immorality first intermingled in the dialogues of Plato, who held that to have a morally bad character is to be out‐of‐kilter, a state that is difficult to distinguish from mental illness.
Currency Areas, Exchange Rate Systems, and International Monetary Reform
Authors: Mundell Robert 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter opens with a discussion on the dollar’s position as the world’s pre-eminent currency. It builds a case for currency unions by advocating monetary rules, suggesting that currency and free trade areas reinforce each other, and rejecting the criticism that “one-size-fits-all” monetary policy will not work across countries with differential growth rates. It then describes the benefits of a single-currency area for the world and how this may be implemented.
Unofficial Dollarization in Latin America
Authors: Feige Edgar L. , Faulend Michael , Šonje Velimir , Šošić Vedran 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter examines the extent to which the U.S. dollar has become the de facto currency in Latin America. The amounts of U.S. dollars in circulation in various Latin American countries were estimated. Argentina had the highest level of de facto dollarization. It represents a classic case of hysteresis, suggesting that once a threshold level of dollarization is reached, it may be maintained, producing what is called a dollarization “irreversibility”.
The Pros and Cons of Full Dollarization
Authors: Berg Andrew , Borensztein Eduardo R. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter examines the benefits and costs of full dollarization. It considers emerging market economies in Latin America exposed to volatile capital flows, but not necessarily close, in an economic sense, to the United States. For an extremely dollarized economy, seigniorage revenues would be small, exposures of banks and businesses would make devaluation financially risky, and the exchange rate would not serve as a policy instrument since prices would be “sticky” in dollar terms. In such cases, dollarization offers more benefits and costs.
What Use Is Monetary Sovereignty?
Authors: Schuler Kurt 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter discusses the meaning, purpose, scope, and expected benefits of monetary sovereignty. Monetary sovereignty has become the focus of recent debates on dollarization, currency boards, and monetary unions. Concerns have been raised that replacing a national central bank with any of these monetary systems would reduce national monetary sovereignty, and by association, political sovereignty. It is argued that monetary sovereignty has been harmful for most developing countries because the rhetoric of sovereignty fails to distinguish between political, consumer and monetary sovereignty.
The Merit of a North American Monetary Union
Authors: Grubel Herbert G. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter examines the benefits and costs of a common currency for Canada, the United States, and Mexico. It is argued that the experience of the European Monetary Union and countries such as Argentina show that labour market flexibility will increase as exchange rate adjustments are no longer available to absorb the consequences of rigidities. Canada and Mexico should take the lead in demanding the creation of a North American monetary union.
A Dollarization/Free‐Banking Blueprint for Argentina
Authors: Hanke Steve H. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter analyses the impact of official dollarization on Argentina’s economy. It argues that replacing the peso issued by the central bank with dollar-denominated notes issued by offshore commercial banks would eliminate the perceived risk of peso depreciation, increase the supply of bank reserves, reduce banks’ demand for reserves, and encourage deposits into the banking system. This would lead to lower interest rates, and boost Argentina’s economy.
Introduction
Authors: Hamner M. Gail 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
American pragmatism is about the only philosophical movement indigenous to the U.S.A., but the question of what is American about it has never really received sustained attention. This is what this book sets out to do by means of an analysis of the works of two classical American pragmatists (Charles Sanders Peirce and William James) and their continental interlocutors. In answering the question, the book takes the form of a double project: first, American pragmatism marks a repositioning of British and European science, especially psychology, within theories of human knowing and being that emphasize the purposive and disciplined production of the self through habits (Peirce) or will (James); second, the engine of this repositioning is something the author terms America's slippery but persistent Puritan imaginary. The two aspects of the project come together in narratives about subjectivity (in the final two chapters on Peirce and James), since applying the methods and assumptions of natural science to the human self (in psychology) highlights the limitations and aporias of those methods and principles and, for the early pragmatists at least, underscores the necessity of religion. In addition to explaining the context of the book, this introduction describes its organization, the situation in which the philosophy of American pragmatism developed, and the methodology adopted by the book.
Prologue
Authors: Hamner M. Gail 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
A brief look is taken at the meanings of the terms ‘Puritans’, ‘Puritanism’ and ‘Puritan imagery’, giving a clarification of what they mean, and how they affect the author's reading of the pragmatists. An examination is also made of how the meaning of ‘Puritan’ changed over the course of the nineteenth century. In order to establish the cultural force of Puritan imagery, an investigation is also made of the context and means by which the American pragmatists took hold of and reinvented certain European scientific concepts. By examining the appeals to Puritanism from the Second Great Awakening to the Civil War, and from Reconstruction to the Gilded Age, it is shown how at different times and on behalf of particular causes, different stories about the history and destiny of America were inflected, in selective and specialized ways, by this or the other understandings of Puritanism.
Hermann von Helmholtz
Authors: Hamner M. Gail 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter and the next deals with the texts of two German thinkers who were widely read by Charles Sanders Peirce and William James – the German psychologists Hermann von Helmholtz and Wilhelm Wundt. They clarify the connections and differences between America and Europe, and specify the connections between science and philosophy in ways that intersect with the Puritan questions of identity, ethics, and politics. The work of von Helmholtz (with which that of Peirce has some parallels) evinces an understanding of science and natural law that was only partially accepted by the pragmatists, their criticism pivoting on a refusal to understand scientific inquiry as being constitutively devoid of purposiveness (final causality). The focus here is on particular concepts employed by both pragmatism and its continental interlocutors before going on (in the last two chapters) to consider how the Americans transformed them. Of particular importance, as far as Helmholtz is concerned, is the concept of causality: first, an analysis is made of Helmholtz's theory of causation and his conviction that the theory reconciles German transcendentalism and British empiricism; and second, it is demonstrated how Helmholtz's ‘physical sign theory’ (Zeichentheorie) places his reflections on causality in a semiotic frame.
Wilhelm Wundt
Authors: Hamner M. Gail 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter (and the last) deals with the texts of two German thinkers who were widely read by Charles Sanders Peirce and William James – Hermann von Helmholtz and Wilhelm Wundt. They clarify the connections and differences between America and Europe and specify the connections between science and philosophy in ways that intersect with the Puritan questions of identity, ethics, and politics. The work of Wundt (with which that of James has some parallels) is the outcome of the professionalization of psychology, a process that challenged the radical individualism and commitment to liberal democracy that was inherent in the American pragmatists’ cultural and political lineages and backgrounds. The focus here is on particular concepts employed by both pragmatism and its continental interlocutors before going on (in the last two chapters) to consider how the Americans transformed them. Of particular importance, as far as Wundt is concerned, are the concepts of will and consciousness.
William Hamilton
Authors: Hamner M. Gail 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDemonstrates the resonance between Charles Sanders Peirce (the American pragmatist) and William Hamilton (a Scottish professor of logic and metaphysics), which can be outlined in three ways: first, both men present a philosophy that balances Kant's idealism with T.H. Reid's naturalism (Peirce calls this task a ‘critical common‐sensism’); second, they both discuss questions of faith in a manner that implies a transcendent or cosmological perspective; and third, they exhibit a focused interest in logic. However, the pragmatist always evinces slightly different priorities: while Hamilton remains a committed nominalist throughout his writings, Peirce attempts to reconcile Kant and British empiricism as part of his larger argument against nominalism; while Hamilton maintains a Calvinist trinitarianism, Peirce's musings on questions of faith direct him closer to Spinoza's panentheism; and finally, while Hamilton's logic remains an important but separate line of philosophical inquiry, Peirce develops a logic of relations that conjoins his interest in logic to his semiotic and phenomenology, and thus becomes a pervasive part of his philosophy. After giving a brief exposition of the main points of his philosophy, the discussion of Hamilton examines how relativity, conditionality, and free will inform his statements about causality, consciousness, belief, and action. Of greatest interest is how the concept of consciousness relates to the concept of belief, such that the former acts as the guarantor of the latter.
Charles Sanders Peirce
Authors: Hamner M. Gail 
Published: October 2003

AbstractCharles Sanders Peirce was an American pragmatist whose notions of, and about community, inform not only his reformulation of ‘science’ and ontology but also the complex theory of continuity (synechism) that structures his pragmatism. Peirce's realism is examined through his theorizing of community and synechism, and an assessment of his attempt to reconcile Kant's idealism with British empiricism. One consequence of this reconciliation is a theory of truth that posits both the singleness of truth (a characteristic presumed by Hermann von Helmholtz and William Hamilton), and truth's infinite deferral in the light of the fallible modes of human perception and reasoning. Envisioning fallibilism as occurring always within and between communities of inquiry, Peirce develops the famous pragmatic supposition that truth is that which no one has a reason to disbelieve. The discussion of Peirce's realism includes his theory of generals and its resonance with Helmholtz's theory of the reality of natural laws; for both thinkers, the reality of a law (or general) differs from individual (and equally real) instances of that law, with the difference residing in Peirce's synechism, where Helmholtz attributes the reality of natural laws to the overarching action of causality.
William James
Authors: Hamner M. Gail 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWilliam James was an American pragmatist, and this chapter clarifies how his commitments to both scientific respectability and the psychological need for a personal universe to trap him in an epistemological pendulum swing between monism and dualism. Drawn to dualism (or functional dualism) both because of its tough‐minded empiricism and because it protects the real disjunction (and therefore sanctity) of individual will and action, James nevertheless covers it with a monistic canopy. The monism asserts the reality of spheres of consciousness with which our consciousness continually conjoins, and it functions to guarantee the personal character of the universe. The swing between dualism and monism is shown through James's psychological writings on will and consciousness, through his epistemological struggles within radical empiricism, and through his philosophical presentation of pragmatism. Through each facet of his writings, James exhibits the conviction that the mystery of the world transcends individual experience and, simultaneously, that individual experience is the best manner in which both – to probe and assist the mystery.
Stratospheric Ozone and Its Protection
Authors: Parson Edward A. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAn introduction is given to the ozone layer issue, and the goals, context, and contributions of the book are described. The three main empirical arguments put forward in the book are summarised; these are threaded throughout the book and are developed in detail in the final chapter. The first argument concerns the factors accounting for the rapid formation of the ozone protection regime between 1986 and 1988 after ten years of deadlock (scientific assessment, institutional support for international negotiations and proposals, and leadership). The second argument concerns the strategy of conducting scientific assessment that allowed the two crucial assessments of 1986 and 1988 to achieve such a decisive influence in contrast with many previous assessments that did not. The third argument concerns the effects of technological options to reduce emissions of the offending chemicals (principally chlorofluorohydrocarbons, or CFCs), and the distribution of knowledge on the availability, cost, and other characteristics of these options among the policy actors.
Early Stratospheric Science, Chlorofluorocarbons, and the Emergence of Environmental Concern
Authors: Parson Edward A. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAs background to the book, a brief and historically organized account is given of highlights in (1) the early science of the stratosphere, (2) the development and use of chlorofluorohydrocarbons (CFCs), and their atmospheric impacts, and (3) the initial appearance of environmental concerns about the use of CFCs disrupting the atmosphere by destroying the ozone layer.
The Search for Knowledge‐Based Resolution
Authors: Parson Edward A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The major lines of scientific debate, research progress, and controversy over stratospheric ozone depletion from the mid 1970s to the mid 1980s are examined. Begins with the initial qualitative confirmation of the main points of the chlorine‐ozone depletion claim in 1976, which coincided with the resolution of the US policy debate over aerosols. It proceeds through 1985, with the seeming contradiction between slowly growing confidence that the main processes operating in the stratosphere were coming to be understood, and two shocking new claims of observed ozone losses that sharply called this confidence into question. In addition to reviewing substantive debates in stratospheric science, the chapter examines the multiple attempts over this period to synthesize and communicate the state of scientific understanding in assessments to inform policy making, culminating in 1985 with the first assessment that significantly influenced international policy debates.
Negotiations and Strategy, 1980–1987
Authors: Parson Edward A. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDomestic and international policy‐making on protection of the ozone layer are examined from 1980 to 1987. Tracks the 1982 resumption of international negotiations to protect the ozone layer after two further unsuccessful attempts. Follows the progression of these negotiations, and their interactions with domestic policy and corporate strategy, over five years: three years of stagnation leading to the 1985 Vienna Convention, followed by two years of rapid progress culminating in the 1987 Montreal Protocol — the first international agreement on concrete measures to reduce human contribution to ozone depletion.
Building an Adaptive Regime
Authors: Parson Edward A. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractReintegrates the discussions of science, technology, and policy to examine how the ozone protection regime has adapted since its formation. Discusses the linked processes of negotiation, assessment, and technological innovation that allowed the Montreal Protocol of 1987 to adapt repeatedly to new scientific knowledge and new technological capabilities, by strengthening and extending its control measures four times (1989–1990, 1991–1992, 1992–1995, 1995–1999). Finally, a brief assessment is made of the status of the regime at the end of the 1990s, including a review of several significant implementation problems.
The Theoretical and Practical Significance of the Ozone Regime
Authors: Parson Edward A. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe history of the ozone issue falls into three broad periods: a decade of deadlock from 1975 to 1985, despite repeated attempts to develop international cooperation; a rapid burst of ozone protection regime formation from 1986 to 1988, which produced the first agreement on concrete actions and most elements of the subsequent regime; and the period since 1989, which has been one of sustained progress in the elaboration and repeated adaptation of the regime's core control measures. These three distinct phases of the issue pose three explanatory challenges: explaining the dramatic transition from sustained deadlock by which the regime was established; explaining the persistent deadlock that preceded this transition; and explaining the sustained progress in building and adapting the regime that followed it. These are examined, stressing two types of processes: interactions between scientific assessments and the rhetorical use of scientific claims about environmental risk to support policy action or delay; and interactions between the setting and revision of regulatory targets, the assessment of technologies available to pursue the targets by reducing chemical usage, and the strategic responses of private industry. Some of the theoretical arguments advanced are then recast in practical terms to propose a set of lessons that the ozone issue may hold for other issues. The final section discusses limitations of the ozone regime.
A Relativistic Approach to Some Philosophical Problems
Authors: Unger Peter 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Applies the semantic relativism developed in the previous chapters to key terms in several philosophical debates in order to establish philosophical relativity. In all of these cases, invariantism forces the skeptical position whilst contextualism resonates with our common sense views. These philosophical debates and their relevant terms are (1) the problem of epistemic skepticism via “know,” (2) the problem of freewill and determinism as instanced by compatibilism and incompatibilism via “can” and “freewill,” (3) the problem of specifying causal conditions via “cause,” and (4) the problem of explanation via “explanation.” (1), (3), and (4) are straightforward categorical problems in that the skeptic's success will simply mean that the terms involved fail to apply. (2) by contrast is a conditional problem such that it is contingent on the truth of determinism itself, which few assent to.
On the Status of Ostensible Intuitions
Authors: Unger Peter 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Examines the objection to semantic relativity (and ipso facto to philosophical relativity) from our semantic intuitions, that takes common sense responses to questions about semantic content to support contextualism over invariantism, and takes the best explanation for such responses to be that they reflect objective deterministic facts regarding semantic content. Despite the acknowledged question‐begging nature of such an objection, it is deemed persuasive enough to warrant deeper analysis. The strengthened attack against invariantism (and in support of contextualism and against semantic relativity and therefore philosophical relativity) turns on invariantism's prima facie inability to account for agents possessing beliefs involving the contested lexical expressions. Two replies directly available to the invariantist (and hence indirectly available to the relativist) are formulated in detail, and a third direct reply for the relativist that turns on the denial of the deterministic nature of beliefs is tentatively suggested, prior to its extended development in the following chapter.
The Argument for the Secret Constitution
Authors: Fletcher George P. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter argues that the Civil War began with one set of purposes, and ended with another. The original motive for resisting Southern secession was preserving the Union, but the final goal was to abolish slavery and reinvent the United States on the basis of a new set of principles – at the heart of which lay the Reconstruction Amendments. The principles of this new legal regime are so radically different from our original constitution that they deserve to be recognized as a second American constitution. Where the first constitution was based on principles of nationhood as a voluntary association, individual freedom, and republican elitism, the guiding premises of the second constitution are organic nationhood, equality of all persons, and popular democracy – all themes signaled in Lincoln's famous Gettysburg Address.
Radical Gettysburg
Authors: Fletcher George P. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter carefully analyzes the text of Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address – beginning with the opening line, which evokes the Declaration of Independence rather than the Constitution – as the “preamble” to the new constitutional legal order. The author focuses on themes of nationhood, national identity, divine mission, equality and popular democracy, in contrast to the Constitution's original emphasis on a republic made up of free individuals.
Nationhood
Authors: Fletcher George P. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter examines the history of America's commitment to the idea of nationhood as the ideological basis for subsequent developments in equality and popular democracy. The lives and work of Orestes Brownson and Francis Lieber are discussed, focusing on Brownson's communitarian views of nationhood and collective identity, and Lieber's emphasis on a common language and on the distinction between a “people” and a “nation”.