bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanistic Studies on Pd-Catalyzed Telomerization and Co-Cyclization of Butadiene: Amphiphilicity of Bis-π-allylpalladium Intermediate in the Presence of Phosphine Ligand
Authors: Kiji Jitsuo , Okano Tamon , Nomura Takaaki , Saiki Kayoko , Sai Torei , Tsuji Jiro 
Published: November 2002

Abstract
Pd-catalyzed reactions of butadiene, which proceed through a bis-π-allylpalladium intermediate, (η3,η3-C8H12)Pd (2), were performed in the presence of both a pronucleophile (aceto- or cyanoacetate) and an electrophile (benzaldehyde). Methyl aceto- or cyanoacetate and benzaldehyde reacted independently with 2 to give telomers 8 and the divinyl-substituted pyranes 9, respectively. In the case of methyl cyanoacetate, the co-cyclization of 2 with 2-cyano-3-phenylpropenoate (11) formed in situ also took place to afford the cyclohexane derivative 10. Namely, three kinds of amphiphilic additions of the C8-chain of 2 occurred to δ+H–Nuδ−, δ+C=Cδ−, and δ+C=Oδ− simultaneously in a one-pot reaction. The Pd-catalyzed reaction of allyl chloride, allyltributylstannane, methyl cyanoacetate, and benzaldehyde was undertaken under neutral conditions, expecting the amphiphilic reactions by the intermediacy of (η3-C3H5)2Pd (6) formed in situ. Allylation of both benzaldehyde and methyl cyanoacetate took place. Competitively amphiphilic bis-allylation of the polar double bond of 11 also occurred to form the 1,7-octadiene derivative 18. The mechanisms of both reactions can be explainable in terms of the amphiphilicity of the intermediates (2 and 6) in the presence of a phosphine ligand.
Intramolecular Cyclization of (2-Functionalized Allyl)trimethylsilane with Acid Chloride. Synthesis of Two Guaianolide-Type α-Methylene γ-Lactones
Authors: Kuroda Chiaki , Kobayashi Kenichi , Koito Akira , Anzai Shuzo 
Published: November 2002

Abstract
α-Methylene γ -lactone fused to seven-membered carbocycle was synthesized by intramolecular cyclization of (2-ethoxycarbonylallyl)trimethylsilane or (2-acetoxymethylallyl)trimethylsilane with acid chloride. The former was found to be a better way for seven-membered carbocyclization, while the latter method was applicable to the synthesis of α- methylene γ -lactones fused to eight- and fourteen-membered carbocycles. Both guaian-8,12- and 6,12-olide type of compounds were synthesized by this method, in which the cyclization reaction proceeded stereoselectively. It was also found that both (Z)- and (E)-allylsilanes afford the same stereoisomer as the major product.
Radical Addition of 2-Iodoalkanamide or 2-Iodoalkanoic Acid to Alkenes with a Water-Soluble Radical Initiator in Aqueous Media: Facile Synthesis of γ -Lactones
Authors: Yorimitsu Hideki , Wakabayashi Katsuyu , Shinokubo Hiroshi , Oshima Koichiro 
Published: November 2002

Abstract
Radical reactions in water or aqueous ethanol using a water-soluble radical initiator are described. Heating a mixture of 2-iodoacetamide and 5-hexen-1-ol in water at 75 °C in the presence of a water-soluble radical initiator, 4,4′-azobis(4-cyanopentanoic acid), afforded 5-(4-hydroxybutyl)dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one in 95% yield. The use of 2-iodoacetic acid in place of 2-iodoacetamide also gave the same γ-lactone in 93% yield. The reaction of 2-iodoacetamide with 1-octene in aqueous ethanol was initiated by 2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropanamidine) dihydrochloride to provide γ-decanolactone. Employing water as a solvent is crucial to obtain lactone in satisfactory yield.
Hydrogen Pressure Dependence in Enantioselective Hydrogenation of α,β-Unsaturated Acids with Cinchonidine-Modified Pd/TiO2 Catalyst
Authors: Nitta Yuriko 
Published: November 2002

Abstract
The enantioselectivity in the hydrogenation of (E)-2,3-diphenyl-2-propenoic acid with a cinchonidine-modified 5wt%Pd/TiO2 catalyst decreases with increasing pressure of hydrogen up to 5 MPa contrary to the tendency observed in the hydrogenation of aliphatic acids, probably because of the difference in the adsorption strength of the substrates on both modified and unmodified sites.
Static and Dynamic Stereochemistry of N-(9-Triptycyl)acetanilide
Authors: Yamamoto Gaku , Nakajo Fusako , Mazaki Yasuhiro 
Published: November 2002

Abstract
X-ray crystallography and dynamic NMR spectroscopy of the title compound revealed (1) pyramidality of the N atom, (2) strong preference for Z-configuration of the amide bond, and (3) very high (67.4 kJ mol−1) and very low (&lt;&lt; 35 kJ mol−1) energy barriers to “Ac-passing” and “Ph-passing”, respectively.
Structural Elucidation of an Oxidation Product of Sedimentary Porphyrins by One-Pot Synthesis of 3-Methylphthalimide
Authors: Nomoto Shinya , Kozono Masaki , Mita Hajime , Shimoyama Akira 
Published: November 2002

Abstract
One-pot synthesis of 3-methylphthalimide was achieved from 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene. The starting compound was oxidized in two steps to produce methylphthalic acids. The o-isomer was converted into its anhydride, which was subjected to thermal reaction with urea to form 3-methylphthalimide. The product was identical with the reported oxidation product of sedimentary porphyrins.
Synthesis of New Symmetrically Substituted Stilbenes with Large Multi-Photon Absorption Cross Section and Strong Two-Photon-Induced Blue Fluorescence
Authors: Wang Xiaomei , Zhou Guanyong , Wang Dong , Wang Chun , Fang Qi , Jiang Minhua 
Published: November 2002

Abstract
Efficient Ti-catalyzed reductive coupling methodology was first employed to synthesize three new chromophores, whose chemical structures have been characterized by IR, 1H NMR, MS spectra, and elemental analyses. These dye solutions exhibit the linear transmission of ca. 90% at wavelengths ≥ 500 nm at the concentrations of 0.005–0.0005 mol dm−3. Pumped by ca. 700 nm laser irradiation, they possess large two-photon absorption cross sections of 44.5 × 40−48–62.0 × 10−48 cm4 s photon−1, and strong up-conversion blue fluorescence occuring at 437–452 nm. A large three-photon absorption cross section of 27.3 × 10−76 cm6 s2 photon−1 has also observed for one of these dyes under ca. 990 nm laser irradiation.
Usefulness of high‐resolution comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) for detecting and characterizing constitutional chromosome abnormalities
Authors: Ness Gro Oddveig , Lybæk Helle , Houge Gunnar 
Published: October 2002

AbstractComparative genomic hybridization (CGH) is a technique for detection of chromosomal imbalances in a genomic DNA sample. We here report the application of the recently developed method of high‐resolution CGH on DNA samples from 66 children having various degrees of delayed psychomotor development with or without clear dysmorphic features and congenital malformations. In 5 of 50 patients with apparently normal karyotypes, a deletion or duplication was revealed by CGH. Only one of these cases had a subtelomeric rearrangement. In one of seven cases with a de novo apparently balanced translocation, deletions were found. In all nine cases where the origin of a marker chromosome or additional chromosomal material was difficult to determine, CGH gave a precise identification. The following findings were from cases having a deletion or duplication as the sole chromosomal imbalance; dup(2)(p16p21), del(4)(q21q21), del(6)(q14q15), del(6)(p12p12), dup(6)(q24qter), and dup(15)(q11q13). One case had dup(9)(p11pter) combined with a very small subtelomeric deletion on 6q. In our hands, CGH is highly useful not only for identifying known chromosomal imbalances, but also for finding elusive deletions or duplications in the large group of children with developmental delay with or without congenital abnormalities. In such cases, the diagnostic yield of CGH appears to be higher than what has been reported from subtelomeric FISH screening. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic testing for hearing loss: Different motivations for the same outcome
Authors: Dagan Orit , Hochner Hagit , Levi Haya , Raas‐Rothschild Annick , Sagi Michal 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe recent discoveries of genes involved in deafness open new options for families and individuals with hearing loss. Our aim was to learn if parents of children with hearing loss will benefit from these new possibilities. A total of 139 parents answered questionnaires aimed at evaluating their intentions as well as their reasons to opt for or against genetic testing and prenatal diagnosis for hearing loss. A very high interest (87%) in genetic testing was found among Israeli Jewish parents of deaf and hard‐of‐hearing children. Although the Jewish population in Israel is very diverse in its religious beliefs, this high interest was similar across all religious sectors (secular, traditional, orthodox, and ultraorthodox); however, some of the reasons for undertaking such a test were very different between them. Reasons related to family planning and prenatal diagnosis were significantly less important to parents from the ultraorthodox sector, but the possibility to utilize genetic testing for matchmaking the children with hearing loss and their hearing siblings was an important factor in motivating them to undertake the test. Parents from all religious sectors wished testing would shed light on the cause of the hearing loss. We conclude that genetic testing would be welcomed by a wide range of communities, including those that usually do not apply for genetic counseling and testing, if it is offered in accordance with their cultural norms and beliefs. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Grebe‐Quelce‐Salgado chondrodystrophy: Prenatal diagnosis of two new cases in unrelated families in Southern Brazil
Authors: Muñoz Rojas María Verónica , Gonçalves Luís Flávio 
Published: October 2002

AbstractGrebe‐Quelce‐Salgado chondrodystrophy is an autosomal recessive non‐lethal skeletal dysplasia. Affected individuals have normal head, neck, and trunk skeleton, relatively normal humeri and femora, short and deformed radii, ulnae, tibiae, and fibulae, and severe abnormalities of hands and feet. Polydactyly is frequent. Digits present as globular appendages and are characteristic of the condition. The disease is caused by a missense mutation in the gene encoding cartilage‐derived morphogenetic protein‐1 (CDMP‐1). Most cases described in the literature are from Brazil and, among these, all had ancestors from a particular region in the state of Bahia. We describe two cases of Grebe‐Quelce‐Salgado chondrodystrophy visualized by prenatal ultrasound. The patients presented in this report do not descend from the population of Bahia and, to our knowledge, case two is the only case with prenatal clinical diagnosis in a family with no previously affected children. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hereditary chronic lymphocytic leukemia: An extended family study and literature review
Authors: Lynch Henry T. , Weisenburger Dennis D. , Quinn‐Laquer Brigid , Watson Patrice , Lynch Jane F. , Sanger Warren G. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractLeukemia is manifested in about 1–2% of people in Western industrialized nations. The most common form of leukemia is B‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B‐CLL), which accounts for approximately 30% of all cases. While CLL's etiology remains elusive, there is increasing evidence that substantially supports the role of hereditary factors in a subset of cases of this disease. Our purpose is to describe an extremely well documented CLL family wherein the disease has been verified in a father and his four sons; two of the sons are identical twins. The family history, including available medical records and pathology reports, was gathered and reviewed. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were used for cytogenetic and fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses. The family reported herein shows classic findings in support of an autosomal dominant mode of genetic transmission of CLL. Given the explosive developments in molecular genetics during the past decade, it is certain that families of this type will provide important clues to the etiology, pathogenesis, and ultimate prevention of CLL. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Methodologies in cancer cytogenetics and molecular cytogenetics
Authors: Wang Nancy 
Published: October 2002

AbstractVarious types of cytogenetic and molecular cytogenetic approaches, including conventional banding, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), fiber‐FISH, comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), matrix array CGH, chromosome microdissection, and microcell‐mediated chromosome transfer are summarized. The rationale, advantage, and limitations of each approach are discussed with respect to research and clinical applications in human neoplasia. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chromosome breakage syndromes and cancer
Authors: Duker Nahum J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThere exist numerous genetic disorders, marked by chromosome instability, that are strikingly associated with various cancers. Both the chromosomal instabilities and neoplastic outcomes are related to abnormalities of DNA metabolism, DNA repair, cell‐cycle governance, or control of apoptosis. Among these diseases are ataxia telangectasia and Nijmegen breakage syndrome, with increased incidences of lymphomas. Bloom syndrome, Werner syndrome, and Rothmund‐Thompson syndrome, each characterized by a DNA helicase defect, are associated with early incidences of different cancers. Other diseases combining the phenotype of chromosomal instabilities and neoplastic development are Fanconi anemia and breast cancers associated with mutant BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. The cloning of the encoding genes and the characterization of their products have resulted in partial understanding of the pathways of cellular DNA surveillance and maintenance of genomic rectitude. The exact pathways fully linking the genetic defect mechanisms to the eventual development of various neoplasias remain to be elucidated, but progress in defining the molecular genetics of these entities suggests that many of them are disorders of DNA recombination. Each defect involves a separate protein in these complex pathways. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular cytogenetic aspects of hematological malignancies: Clinical implications
Authors: CHEN ZHONG , SANDBERG AVERY A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe field of molecular cytogenetics has had a great impact on many aspects of medical and basic sciences. During the past 30 years, the application of molecular cytogenetic methodologies has resulted in remarkable advances in the field of cancer genetics and cytogenetics. These advances have led to the establishment of chromosome patterns as diagnostic and prognostic indexes in an array of acute and chronic leukemias and lymphomas, as key information in BMT, and as guides for the localization of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes that are apparently responsible for the development of neoplastic states. With such information, the physician is in a more favorable position to devise therapy, appraise diagnosis, and plan follow‐up. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic alterations associated with adult diffuse astrocytic tumors
Authors: Shapiro Joan Rankin 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAstrocytic tumors make up a wide range of neoplasms that differ in their location in the central nervous system, morphologic features, progressive and invasive behaviors, and the age and gender of people they affect. This report reviews the cytogenetic, molecular cytogenetic, and molecular genetic abnormalities associated with diffuse infiltrating astrocytomas in adults. This group of tumors is subdivided into low‐grade astrocytomas (WHO grade II), anaplastic astrocytomas (WHO grade III), and glioblastoma multiforme (WHO grade IV). © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytogenetics and molecular genetics of bone and soft‐tissue tumors
Authors: Sandberg Avery A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe cytogenetic and molecular findings in bone and soft‐tissue sarcomas are summarized. A table presenting all such tumors, with their specific translocations and the genes involved, is included, along with a list of those tumors that most likely result from a stepwise process of numerous genetic changes. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytogenetics and molecular genetics of lung cancer
Authors: Mitsuuchi Yasuhiro , Testa Joseph R. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe development and progression of lung cancer is a multistep process characterized by the accumulation of numerous genetic and epigenetic alterations, some of which occur early in the course of disease. In this review, we summarize cytogenetic imbalances and molecular genetic/epigenetic changes seen in human small‐cell and non‐small‐cell lung cancer. Alterations of tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes leading to perturbations of key cell‐regulatory and growth‐control pathways are highlighted. The translational implications of molecular biomarkers for risk assessment, early detection, and monitoring of chemoprevention trials are discussed. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytogenetics and molecular genetics of bladder cancer: A personal view
Authors: Sandberg Avery A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe cytogenetic and molecular genetic aspects that may be involved in the pathogenesis of bladder cancer are presented. Although anomalies of chromosome 9 may play an initial causative role in this cancer, the subsequent events, involving a succession of genetic changes, are less established or understood. This presentation is a distillation of what generally are considered to be the cytogenetic and molecular genetic events that constitute the array of changes underlying bladder cancer. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytogenetics and molecular genetics of cancer of the prostate
Authors: Brothman Arthur R. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractProstate cancer remains the most common male malignancy in Western countries and the second‐leading cause of death from cancer in males. Progress in the understanding of molecular and genetic mechanisms leading to this disease has only recently begun to offer a glimpse of the genes, chromosomal sites, and proteins implicated in the development and progression of prostate tumors. This brief review addresses some of the key issues in prostate cancer research, including a discussion of both hereditary and sporadic cancers as well as specific genes and chromosomal loci that likely play a part in the etiology of this disease. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytogenetics and molecular genetics of ovarian cancer
Authors: Wang Nancy 
Published: October 2002

AbstractGenetic alterations identified in human ovarian tumors by conventional banding, fluorescence in situ hybridization, comparative genomic hybridization, chromosome microdissection, loss of heterozygosity, chromosome microcell–mediated chromosome transfer, and microarray gene expression analysis are summarized and correlated. The significance of these findings with respect to pathologic classification and clinical application are discussed. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chromosome and gene alterations in breast cancer as markers for diagnosis and prognosis as well as pathogenetic targets for therapy
Authors: Popescu Nicholas C. , Zimonjic Drazen B. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractChromosomal abnormalities have been implicated in cancer development since the turn of the last century. Only during the past two decades, with advances in cytogenetics and molecular biology, has the genetic basis of neoplasia been firmly established, however, with chromosomal alterations being recognized as critical in the pathogenesis of human cancer. Recurrent chromosomal alterations provide cytological and molecular markers for the diagnosis and prognosis of disease. They also facilitate the identification of genes that are important in carcinogenesis and, ultimately, may lead to the development of targeted therapy. In breast cancer, the most prevalent malignancy among females, substantial progress has been achieved in identifying genes located at sites of recurrent chromosomal alterations and in profiling gene expression through the application of powerful cytogenetic and functional genomic techniques. Characterization of the molecular pathologic characteristics and gene‐expression profiles of breast cancer should provide new clinical tools for the accurate diagnosis and prediction of prognosis as well as new targets for the development of therapeutic agents. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Renal cancer: Cytogenetic and molecular genetic aspects
Authors: Meloni‐Ehrig Aurelia M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTo date, much progress has been made in the fields of cytogenetics and molecular genetics of renal tumors. The previous and recent findings have delineated the characteristics of the various tumors, particularly the cytogenetic and molecular differences that exist between papillary and nonpapillary clear cell renal cell carcinomas (RCCs). At the same time, new cytogenetic subtypes have emerged [e.g., t(X;1)] in subtypes of RCC, while in others (e.g., Wilms tumors) several new cytogenetic abnormalities and consequent molecular involvement have been found. In addition to Wilms tumor, papillary RCC, and clear‐cell RCC, cytogenetic and fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses have been performed on several other tumors of the kidney, including chromophobic carcinoma, metanephric adenoma, collecting duct carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma, congenital mesoblastic nephroma, and malignant rhabdoid tumors of the kidney. This review is therefore intended to present a concise update on the cytogenetic and molecular data on renal tumors, focusing mainly on the clinical usefulness of the findings reported in the literature. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Postnatal overgrowth by 15q‐trisomy and intrauterine growth retardation by 15q‐monosomy due to familial translocation t(13;15): Dosage effect of IGF1R?
Authors: Nagai Toshiro , Shimokawa Osamu , Harada Naoki , Sakazume Satoru , Ohashi Hirofumi , Matsumoto Naomichi , Obata Kazuo , Yoshino Atsunori , Murakami Nobuyuki , Murai Takayasu , Sakuta Ryoichi , Niikawa Norio 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe report a 4‐year‐old boy, a 6‐month‐old girl, and a 17‐week‐old fetus all with a chromosomal imbalance derived from a balanced translocation t(13;15)(q34;q26.1) of their father. The boy had a partial trisomy for 15q26.1‐qter (46,XY,der(13)t(13;15)(q34;q26.1)) and postnatal overgrowth, as well as craniosynostosis, facial anomalies, and finger joint contractures, while the girl with the same chromosomal aberration did not show overgrowth, although she had similar craniofacial and skeletal abnormalities. The fetus had a partial monosomy for 15q26.1‐qter and intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis with a BAC clone covering the insulin‐like growth factor 1 receptor gene (IGF1R) that is located to 15q25‐q26 revealed three copies in the boy, one copy in the fetus, and two copies in their phenotypically normal father. Since deletion of IGF1Rhas repeatedly been reported to be associated with IUGR, it is tempting to speculate that the dosage of IGF1R may have determined growth in these children. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.