bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSVI-15 Effect of Split Iron Injection to Sucking Pigs on Growth Performance and Hematological Variables in Pre- and Post-Weaning Periods
Authors: Lima Gabriella Cristina Veloso , Lemunyete Merit N , Johnson Alaina J , Jang Young Dal 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of split iron injection to suckling pigs on growth performance and hematological variables in pre- and postweaning periods. A total of 23 piglets (initial body weight: 2.19 ± 0.15 kg) were allotted into 3 treatments within litter based on body weight and sex. Treatments were: 1) Iron100: 100 mg iron at d 0 of experiment (d 3-4 of age) + no additional iron injection - control), 2) Iron100/100: 100 mg iron at d 0 of experiment + 100 mg iron injection at d 9 of experiment (d 14 before weaning), and 3) Iron200: 200 mg iron at d 0 of experiment + no additional iron injection. The pigs were housed by litter in the suckling and nursery periods with a common corn-soybean meal-based diet during the entire nursery period. Body weight, hemoglobin concentrations and hematocrit were measured at d 0 (initial), 9 (second dose for the Iron100/100 treatment), 16, 23 (weaning), and 36 of experiment. Body weight and average daily gain did not differ among treatments before weaning whereas the Iron100/100 treatment had greater body weight than the Iron100 treatment at d 36 of experiment (P &lt; 0.05; 10.17, 12.55, and 11.45 kg for the Iron100, Iron100/100 and Iron200 treatments, respectively) and the Iron100/100 treatment had greater average daily gain in d 23-36 of experiment than the Iron100 (P&lt; 0.05) and Iron200 (P = 0.08) treatments (0.112, 0.238, and 0.156 kg/d for Iron100, Iron100/100 and Iron200 treatments, respectively). At d 9 of experiment, the Iron200 treatment had greater hematocrit than the Iron100 and Iron100/100 treatments (P &lt; 0.05; 30.35, 29.88, and 33.85% for Iron100, Iron100/100, and Iron200 treatments, respectively) and tended to have greater hemoglobin levels than the Iron100/100 treatment (P = 0.06). At d 16 and 23 (weaning) of experiment, hemoglobin concentrations and hematocrit were greater in the Iron100/100 and Iron200 treatments (P &lt; 0.05) than the Iron100 treatment (9.39, 11.66, and 11.41 g/dL for Iron100, Iron100/100, and Iron200 treatments, respectively for hemoglobin concentrations at d 23 of experiment). At d 36 of experiment, hemoglobin concentrations tended to be greater in the Iron200 treatment than the Iron100 treatment (P = 0.09) and hematocrit were greater in the Iron100/100 (P = 0.10) and Iron200 (P &lt; 0.05) treatments than the Iron100 treatment (29.73, 31.56, and 33.54% for the Iron100, Iron100/100, and Iron200 treatments, respectively) with greater values (P = 0.10) in the Iron200 treatment than the Iron100/100 treatment. In conclusion, the piglets that received low level of iron at birth had decreased growth rate and hematological variable values while split iron injection could increase growth rate after weaning even though it maintained postweaning hematocrit slightly less than high level of iron injection at birth.
PSVI-10 Evaluation of Corn Protein Source on Feed Intake Preference in Nursery Pigs
Authors: Stas Ethan , Goodband Robert D , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Gebhardt Jordan T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A total of 180 pigs (DNA 600 × 241, initially 7.7 ± 0.73 kg) were used to determine feed intake preference from various corn protein sources. A series of three 5-d preference trials with a different set of 60 pigs in each trial were used with two diets offered within each comparison. To determine feed intake preference, each pen was equipped with two identical feeders containing different diets. Feeders were rotated daily within pen to minimize feeder location bias. Feed consumption was used to determine preference between each diet comparison. There were 6 replicates of each diet comparison with 5 pigs per pen. The corn protein sources utilized in this experiment included: fermented corn protein, high protein dried distillers grains with solubles (HPDDGs), whole stillage solids (approximately 2/3 content of the fermented corn protein), and thin stillage solids (approximately 1/3 content of the fermented corn protein). Fermented corn protein and HPDDGs were included in the diet at 15% as a replacement for corn. Whole stillage solids and thin stillage solids were included in the diet at 10% and 5%, respectively, as a replacement to corn to match its contribution in fermented corn protein. The control diet was a standard nursery diet. Diet comparisons included: 1) Control vs. Fermented corn protein; 2) Whole stillage solids vs. Fermented corn protein; 3) Thin stillage solids vs. Fermented corn protein; 4) HPDDGs vs. Fermented corn protein; 5) Control vs. Whole stillage solids; 6) Control vs. Thin stillage solids. For comparison 1, pigs preferred (P &lt; 0.001) the control diet by consuming 82.5% of their intake with this diet compared with the diet containing fermented corn protein (Table 1). For comparison 2, there was no difference (P &gt; 0.05) in feed consumption of diets containing whole stillage solids and the fermented corn protein. For comparison 3, pigs preferred (P = 0.001) the diet containing thin stillage solids by consuming 75.8% of their intake with this diet compared with the diet containing fermented corn protein. In comparison 4, pigs tended to prefer (P = 0.067) HPDDG as compared with fermented corn protein. In comparisons 5 and 6, the control diet was preferred (P ≤ 0.028) compared with either stillage solids with the greatest difference when compared with whole stillage solids. These results indicate that whole stillage solids is the component of fermented corn protein that negatively affect feed consumption.
PSIV-10 Effects of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Supplementation in Resolvin D1 Concentration in Plasma and Follicular Fluid in Ewes
Authors: Carranza-Martin Ana C , Guerra Alvaro Garcia , Furnus Cecilia , Relling Alejandro E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Resolvins are lipid mediators derived from eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid with anti-inflammatory effects. The hypothesis of the current experiment was that supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) would increase resolvin in plasma and follicular fluid without alterations in the macroscopic ovary observations. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the concentration of resolvin D1 in plasma and follicular fluid in ewes supplemented during summer season with PUFA. In addition, examinate the macroscopic characteristic of the ovaries after PUFA supplementation. During the summer months of 2022, 24 adult ewes were blocked by body weight and body condition score and allotted in pairs into 12 pens. Within block, each pen received one of the three isocaloric treatments: supplementation with 0, 0.5, and 1% PUFA. Body weight, body condition score, and blood samples were collected every 21-days for 3 months. Blood samples were used to analyzed resolvin D1 concentration. Subsequently, ewes were synchronized and superstimulated using 240 mg of FSH administered in six decreasing doses every 12 h, and ovaries were collected by ovariectomy 12 h after the last FSH dose. Ewes were supplemented until the day of the surgery. Ovaries were weighed, measured, and follicles ≥ 5 mm and &lt; 5 mm and corpus luteum (CL) were counted. Blood and follicular fluid samples were collected at the time of the ovariectomy. Data were analyzed as a complete randomize block design considering treatment, time, and their interaction (when possible) as fixed effects, while block and pen within block were included as random effects. Plasma and follicular fluid resolving D1 concentration were correlated using Pearson correlation (Table 1). As a results, no differences were observed in body weight (P = 0.53). There was no difference in plasma resolvin D1concentration between the different PUFA supplementation levels (P = 0.36). Conversely, there was a tendency (P = 0.06) for a lineal increase in follicular fluid resolving concentration when animals increased PUFA supplementation. In addition, there was a positive correlation between plasma and follicular fluid resolvin D1 concentration (r= 0.53; P = 0.01). There were no differences on ovarian weight (P = 0.56), ovarian volume (P = 0.80), number of follicles &gt; 5mm (P = 0.88) or &lt; 5mm (P = 0.32) between treatments. However, there was a quadratic effect in CL (P &lt; 0.01) were 0% PUFA presents more structures than 0.5% and 1%. In conclusion, increasing PUFA supplementation in the diet linearly increases resolvin D1 concentration in follicular fluid, without changes in resolvin D1 concentration in plasma; however, plasma and follicular fluid concentrations of resolvin D1 are correlated.
PSIV-7 Multi-Sire Artificial Insemination of Beef Heifers in the Nebraska Sandhills May Increase Pregnancy Rate Compared with Single-Sire Insemination
Authors: Christenson Dempster M , Funston Rick N , Thomas Jordan M , Kelly Dan J , Maddux John G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The objective of these studies was to observe pregnancy outcomes resulting from artificial insemination (AI) with multi-sire semen (MS) compared with single-sire semen (SS) in beef heifers. One study compared MS AI to SS AI and the other study observed the pregnancy rate to AI using sexed MS semen. In the first study, three bulls were selected for AI of 441 heifers in year one. Heifers were synchronized with the melengestrol acetate – PGF2α – GnRH protocol using estrus detection and timed AI. Seventy-five single-sire straws of semen, from each bull, were labeled A, B, or C. Remaining semen was pooled together to form multi-sire semen straws. Heifers were artificially inseminated using alternating treatment of MS or SS; A, B, or C. Ultrasound determined pregnancy rate of heifers by treatment averaged 63% ± 5.5% (SS-A), 64% ± 5.5% (SS-B), 65% ± 5.5% (SS-C), and 69% ± 3.3% (MS). Heifers administered MS averaged 4.5% ± 4.5% greater than SS (P = 0.32) and 5.9% ± 6.4% greater than the least performing sire (P = 0.36). The observed differences between MS and SS pregnancy rate are less than previous research suggests. It is hypothesized the best fertilization period for a sire and dam may differ between individuals and herds leading to variability in pregnancy rates. In the second study, multiple unproven bulls were selected for AI of 868 ± 37 heifers over two years. Heifers were synchronized using the previously mentioned protocol with split-time AI. Semen was collected and sexed to favor heifer progeny at an expected ratio of 9:1. The sexing process has been shown to decrease pregnancy rate due to sperm damage and decreased quantity. Semen from 3 random bulls were pooled together making 4 pools or 3 pools of multi-sire semen straws in year 1 and 2 respectively. Multi-sire sexed semen was only administered to heifers who exhibited estrus. The observed ultrasound determined pregnancy rate of heifers administered multi-sire sexed semen was 65% in year 1 and 75% in year 2, which is 12% and 22% greater than the average pregnancy rate reported in previous studies using single-sire sexed semen. Observed differences lends credence to the possibility of improving pregnancy rate by utilizing multiple sires for AI when semen quality is lower. Ultimately these two studies may suggest that multiple sires may outperform pregnancy rate of single sires to AI. This difference may be more pronounced when semen quality is lower. Further research into semen quality of single sires and pooled semen could lead to optimization of fertilization among individuals within a herd.
PSV-9 Characterization of the Rumen Bacterial Communities of Lambs That Transitioned from Forage to a Concentrate-Based Diet
Authors: Anema Reid F , Fowler Emily , Francis Forest L , Smith Zachary K , St-Pierre Benoit 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Forage and concentrate-based diets are distinct strategies used in ruminant production. The transition from a forage-based diet to a concentrate-based diet has been shown to have a great impact on the rumen microbiome composition due to vast differences in substrates provided by each diet type. To gain further insight on the nature of the changes that occur in the rumen microbiome as a result of a switch in diet, ruminal bacterial composition was compared between lambs initially fed a forage-based diet and lambs that were switched to a concentrate-based diet for approximately 60 days. From rumen fluid that was collected after slaughter, data were generated by Illumina MiSeq 2X300 sequencing of PCR amplicons targeting the V1-V3 regions of the 16S rRNA gene. Next-Generation Sequence data were analyzed using a combination of custom Perl scripts, and publicly available software (Mothur (v.1.35.1), RDP classifier and NCBI Blast). A total of 10,693 species-level operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified across all samples, with 86 OTUs shared between diets. A comparative analysis using the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test identified 16 highly represented species-level OTUs that differed in abundance across dietary treatments (P &lt; 0.05). Of these, three OTUs, RA-01223, RA1-35340, and RA1-55937, were found to be of particular interest. OTU RA-01223 was at its highest representation in samples from individuals given a concentrate-based diet, with an average abundance of 8.76% compared with 0.80% in samples from animals fed a forage-based diet. RA-01223 was predicted to be a novel species of the family Oscillospiraceae based on its low 16S rRNA gene sequence identity (94.8%) to its closest valid relative, Ruminococcoides bili. OTU RA1-35340, predicted to be a strain of Sharpea azabuensis, was also in much greater abundance in the concentrate-based diet as compared with the forage-based diet (2.83% and 0.05%, respectively). In contrast, RA1-55937, which was predicted to be a strain of Pectinatus haikarae, was at its greatest abundance in samples from individuals given a forage-based diet, with an average representation of 4.91% compared with 0.52% in samples from animals fed a concentrate-based diet. These and other specific ruminal OTUs whose abundance are affected by changes in diet can then be studied further to gain more insight on the effects of the transition from forage to concentrate on rumen physiology.
PSVI-6 Effects of Partial or Total Replacement of Soybean Meal with Urea on Feed Efficiency in Nellore × Red Angus Growing Bulls
Authors: da Silva Julia Travassos , de Filho Sebastião Campos Valadares , Pucetti Pauliane , de Matos Éllem Maria Almeida , Alves Julia Gabriela Baroni , Salles Gabriela Herculano , Ebani Yuri Cesconetto , Swanson Kendall C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Soybean meal (SBM) is the primary protein source used worldwide for livestock. but is a high-cost protein source than other alternative protein sources such as urea. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of partial or total replacement of SBM with urea on dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency of finishing Nellore × Red Angus crossbreed bulls. Nellore × Red Angus crossbred bulls (n = 30; average initial BW = 383.5 ± 8 kg; age = 9 ± 1 mo) were utilized in a completely randomized design for 93 days (9 d adaptation period + 84 d finishing period). Bulls were randomly assigned to receive 1 of 3 dietary treatments containing different replacement levels of soybean meal with urea (diet DM basis): 0% replacement (R-0%); 50% replacement (R-50%); 100% replacement (R-100%). Diets were formulated according to the BR-CORTE system to achieve an ADG of 1.3 kg and to contain 130 g CP/kg DM. The diets consisted of 20% corn silage and 80% concentrate that was formulated with ground corn, soybean meal and/or urea, ammonium sulfate, mineral mix, and virginiamycin. All animals were fed for ad libitum intake using an electronic feeder (INTERGADO, Intergado Ltd., Contagem, Minas Gerais, Brazil) and individual daily feed intake was recorded. The bulls were weighed at the beginning and end and every 28 d throughout the finishing period. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC) assuming the significance level of 0.05. There was no influence on final BW (P = 0.39), DMI (P = 0.22), ADG (P = 0.47), or feed efficiency (P = 0.98; Table 1). These results suggest that SBM can be replaced with urea and may be used as a strategy to reduce diet costs for Nellore × Red Angus crossbred bulls without affecting DMI, ADG, and feed efficiency.
PSIV-6 Impact of Cooling Pads and Dietary Moringa on Measures of Heat Stress in Sows in Late Gestation
Authors: Mannion Eimear C , Casey Theresa , Schinckel Allan P , Sung Jung Yeol , Oogundare Wonders , Stansberry McKeeley , Stwalley Robert M , Minor Radiah , Neeno Samantha , Field Tyler C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Gestating sows become more sensitive to high temperatures at the end of gestation. Cooling pads have been developed that reduce the impact of high environmental temperatures on sows. Some of the added heat stress response may be due to oxidative stress which might be reduced with dietary antioxidants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the daily patterns of common measures of heat stress on late gestation sows with or electronic cooling pads (ECP) with or without the addition of Moringa, a plant with antioxidant activity. Sows (n = 24), 2 days before farrowing, were assigned a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments: farrowing crates with or without cooling pads and corn-soybean based diets containing either 0 or 4% Moringa leaf powder. Sows were fed 1.36 kg of feed twice a day and had ad-libitum access to water. The farrowing room was targeted to have a 32°C daytime from 1100 to 1700 h and 26°C nighttime). The ECP flushed 2.0 L of cool water when one of the three temperature sensors reached 26°C. Skin temperature (TS) was measured hourly using an infrared gun 10 cm behind the ear, and hourly respiration rate (RR) recorded from 600 to 2200 h. Rectal temperatures were (TI) taken at 600, 1300, 1600 and 1900 h. Two statistical analyses were conducted. The first was a mixed model including the fixed effects of ECP, diet, hour of measurement and their interactions with sow included as a random effect. Also, mixed model periodic regressions were fitted to the RR and TS data. The RR was impacted by ECT, hour, and ECP × hour interactions (P &lt; 0.001). The final model for RR included the random effect of sow, main effect of ECP, single phase sine/cosine and 2-phase cosine variables and the interaction with the single-phase variables with ECP treatment (P &lt; 0.001). For TS, there was only a tendency for the ECP treatment (32.4 vs. 33.0°C, P = 0.064) and effect of hour of measurement (P &lt; 0.001) The final model for TS using periodic regression included the random effect of sow, ECP treatment (P = 0.12), single-phase sine and cosine and two-phase sine variables (P &lt; 0.001) and interaction of single-phase sine variable by ECP treatment (P = 0.024). Overall ECP reduced internal temperatures by 0.23°C (P = 0.17) with trend for a ECP × time interaction (P = 0.074) with the greatest impact at 1300 h (38.04 vs. 37.53, P &lt; 0.02). The ECP produced greater relative reductions in RR and smaller differences in TI. Daily mid- to late- afternoon increases in RR, TS, and TI were reduced for ECP sows. No significant diet or diet by hour interactions were found.
PSIV-4 Effect of Drip Cooling on Sow Body Weight and Litter Performance During Summer
Authors: Rao Zhong-Xing , Coble Kyle , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D , Gebhardt Jordan T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
During lactation, maximizing sow feed intake is critical to sustaining sow body weight and milk production for litter growth. However, heat stress can reduce the lactation feed intake of sows during summer. Drip cooling has shown positive effects on reducing the heat stress of pigs, but there are limited data on the effect of drip cooling on lactating sows. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of drip cooling on lactating sow farrowing performance and litter growth in a hot and humid environment. A total of 300 sows (Line 3, PIC, Hendersonville, TN) were used in this experiment. Five 60-stall farrowing rooms (15 stalls per row and 4 rows per room) were used with tunnel ventilation and evaporative cool cells. At approximately d 110 to 112 of gestation, sows were blocked by body condition score (BCS), parity, and offspring sire (Line 2 or Line 3 sires), then randomly allotted to farrowing stalls with or without drip cooling. Water drippers were located above the stall and aimed at the shoulder region of the sow. The set point of the drip cooling system started at 24°C, and the system ran on a 10-min cycle (2 min on and 8 min off). Evaporative cooling cells started circulating water at 26°C and were used in all farrowing rooms. Drippers were disabled in 3 of every 6 farrowing stalls to balance the environmental effects. The first and third rows of the farrowing rooms started with the first three stalls without drip cooling, while the second and fourth rows started with the first three stalls with drip cooling. After farrowing, sows had ad libitum access to lactation feed. Only piglets from sows bred to Line 2 boars (219 litters) were recorded for litter performance data. Line 3 piglets were not included in litter performance data, but sows of these piglets were included in sow BW and feed disappearance data. Sows with drip cooling had greater (P &lt; 0.05) feed disappearance and litter growth performance, and reduced (P &lt; 0.05) BW change, but also had a marginal difference of decreased (P &lt; 0.10) percentage bred back by d 30 after weaning (Table 1). In conclusion, drip cooling improved sow and litter performance in barns with tunnel ventilation and evaporative cool cells during summer.