bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differences in daily life between semiprovisioned and wild‐feeding baboons
Authors: Altmann Jeanne , Muruthi Philip 
Published: June 2005

AbstractActivity budgets and social aspects of feeding, among the adult females in a group of semiprovisioned baboons that fed from a garbage dump were compared with those of adjacent wild‐feeding groups in Amboseli National Park, Kenya, during the dry seasons of 1984 and 1985. Statistically significant differences were found in time spent feeding, distance travelled, and the relationship between dominance rank and time spent feeding. The garbage‐feeding animals fed for 20% of the time and rested for almost 50%, in contrast to approximately 60% and 10%, respectively, for the wild‐feeding animals. Speed of travel, length of day‐route, and home range size were greatly reduced for the garbage‐feeding animals. Use of sleeping trees and day route were highly regular in contrast to the unprovisioned group. At the garbage dump, time spent feeding was correlated with dominance rank among the adult females of this study. This was not the case for feeding on wild foods. Human enriched food sources offer the opportunity to study limiting factors and relationships between ecology and behavior. However, these conditions lead to human–animal conflicts that may be to the animals' long‐term detriment. Conservation and management implications are discussed.
Prenatal growth in the cynomolgus and rhesus macaque (Macaca fascicularis and Macaca mulatta): A comparison by ultrasonography
Authors: Tarantal A. F. , Hendrickx A. G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe rhesus monkey has played an important role in the history of reproductive research. Because of limitations on the exportation and availability of this species, several other species of nonhuman primates have been considered as alternate models. Among them is the crab‐eating, or cynomolgus, macaque (Macaca fascicularis), which displays similarities in developmental, reproductive, and physiological parameters. The use of both species of macaques for pregnancy‐related studies necessitates the assessment of differences in growth and development through gestation. Observations during the embryonic and fetal periods in both species have been compared with diagnostic ultrasound. Results indicate no significant differences in size during the embryonic and early fetal periods, but a greater acceleration of growth in the rhesus begins at approximately 100–110 gestational days (GD). Analysis of embryonic and fetal heart rates indicate no differences between the two species. Normal predictive values for a variety of growth parameters including gestational sac, greatest length, biparietal diameter, and femur length have boon calculated by multiple regression analysis. These charts have proven useful for confirming the gestational age after timed matings and for predicting the age of animals for which the conception date is not known.
Alterations in primate sperm motility with maturation and during exposure to theophylline
Authors: Gould Kenneth G. , Young Leona G. , Hinton Barry T. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMicropuncture was used to collect pure suspensions of sperm from the caput and cauda regions of chimpanzee epididymides, which were analyzed with a Motion Analysis VP‐110. Sperm recovered from the caput region showed no forward motility. Incubation of these sperm with cauda epididymal fluid affected motility in 62%–90% of the sperm. Dilution of cauda sperm into buffer containing >50 mM theophylline resulted in immediate initiation of progressive forward motility. Although this motility was maintained by at least 50% of the sperm for over 5 hr, these “activated” caput sperm did not penetrate zona‐free hamster ova. These data show that sperm from the caput epididymis of the chimpanzee have the capacity for normal motility but do not have the capacity to bind to and penetrate an ovum. Cauda epididymal chimpanzee sperm were motile at the time of recovery and this motility was maintained for over 5 hr. These sperm penetrated both hamster zona‐free ova and intact chimpanzee ova. These data show that sperm from the cauda epididymis of the chimpanzee have the capacity for normal motility and also have the capacity to bind to and penetrate an ovum. This is the first use of computer assisted analysis to quantify motility in maturing nonhuman primate sperm.
Eight‐year study of social and ecological correlates of mortality among immature baboons of Mikumi National Park, Tanzania
Authors: Rhine Ramon J. , Wasser Samuel K. , Norton Guy W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe Cox Proportional Hazards Regression Model was used to examine ecological and sociodemographic correlates of mortality among 164 immature yellow baboons born over an 8‐year period at Mikumi National Park, Tanzania. Ecological correlates were derived from seasonal rainfall. Mortality was lowest for immatures born during the late rainy season, when it was likely that nourishment for pregnant and lactating females was greatest. High mortality was associated with above‐average rainfall early in the immature's first complete rainy season. This association may result from one or more of the following: exposure, increased ranging, or accelerated vegetation growth, each of which is thought to increase hazards for weanlings. When births for the 8 years of the study were pooled, a birth peak occurred during the early dry season. The larger number of births during a birth peak should intensify competition among mothers and among immatures. Mortality was greatest for immature females born during the season immediately following the birth peak, while lowest for immature females born during the season immediately preceding the peak. Immature female mortality was greatest when the troop size at birth was large, and was most severe for females born to low ranking mothers. The sociodemographic results are consistent with Wasser's hypothesis that cooperative attacks of female baboons upon other troop females suppress the others' reproduction and the vitality of their infants, thereby improving the relative competitive position of the attackers' own young.
Reproduction in the vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops): III. The menstrual cycle
Authors: Eley R. M. , Tarara R. P. , Worthman C. M. , Else J. G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe menstrual cycles of 17 multiparous vervet monkeys were studied. Based on estradiol, progesterone, and LH profiles, ovulation is predicted to occur on day 13 of the 32.4‐day menstrual cycle. Estradiol peaked on the day preceding the LH peak in 75% of cycles. Average luteal phase length (progesterone greater than 4 nmol/l) was 18 days, with progesterone rising above 4 nmol/l on the day of the LH peak. Vaginal cytology and perianal skin coloration exhibited too much within‐ and among‐animal variability to be reliable indicators of menstrual cycle stages. Uterine biopsies of the proliferative phase were characterized by mild pseudostratification of the columnar epithelium and absence of glandular secretion; in contrast, those of the luteal phase had marked pseudostratification of the tall columnar epithelium with glandular secretions in the lumen. A few follicular‐phase samples contained structures such as tortuous uterine glands with secretions. Such structures are more characteristic of the luteal phase. It is suggested that their presence can be explained by incomplete sloughing of the endometrium at menstruation, as this is known to be light or convert in this species.
Early development of locomotor behavior in vervet monkeys
Authors: Vilensky Joel A. , Gankiewicz Eva 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe locomotor development of three vervet infants across approximately the first 2 months of life is described. Fairly normal‐looking walking movements (as compared to adults) were seen in all the animals by approximately 1 month of age and galloping was observed by 2 months. Early locomotor footfall patterns were often aberrant and bounding‐type gaits were sometimes exhibited. Most of the symmetrical gaits observed were classifiable as lateral sequence. Across the 2‐month period the animals showed decreased three‐ and four‐foot support and improvements in joint angular displacement patterns. From their earliest locomotor movements the infants showed significant linear relationship between both cycle duration and swing and stance durations of the limbs. We suggest that locomotor control mechanisms are probably fairly mature at birth but that weight support and postural control problems explain the initial locomotor difficulties exhibited by these infants.
Preliminary observations on the role of Acacia gum chemistry in Acacia utilization by Galago senegalensis in Kenya
Authors: Nash L. T. , Whitten P. L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA census and preliminary observations on the ranging and feeding behavior of Galago senegalensis were made in a savannah‐woodland site in Kenya. Population densities in three slightly different habitats were all approximately 1.5 animals/ha. Ranging patterns suggested the existence of territorial behavior. The diet of the galagos was exclusively insects and gums of two species of Acacia. The gum of A. drepanolobium appeared to be preferred to that of A. xanthophloea. The chemistry of the gums suggests that this preference is not due simply to the total level of phenolics or to avoidance of condensed tannins but may relate to the presence of compounds (e. g., flavonoids) having nutritional or hormonelike action.
Circadian pattern of plasma melatonin concentrations in the marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Webley G. E. , Abbott D. H. , George L. M. , Hearn J. P. , Mehl H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study describes the concentrations of melatonin in plasma samples taken from marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus) every 4 h over three 24‐h periods. A circadian pattern of secretion was apparent, with higher levels recorded at night (20.00–08.00 h) than during the day (08.00–20.00 h) and a peak concentration at 20.00 h. There was a significant difference in the mean day and night concentrations (32.5 ± 4.5 pg/ml versus 49.0 ± 6.9 pg/ml, respectively) with individual concentrations ranging between<10–60 pg/ml in the day and 15–200 pg/ml at night. Circadian plasma melatonin concentrations were similar over the three 24‐h periods, in male (n = 3) and female (n = 3) monkeys, and in dominant (cyclic, n = 5) and subordinate (acyclic, n = 4) females. The results show a less pronounced circadian profile in the marmoset than is seen in the human but a similar profile to that in the seasonally breeding rhesus monkey.
Population status of the Simeulue monkey (Macaca fascicularis fusca)
Authors: Sugardjito Jito , van Schaik Carel P. , van Noordwijk Maria A. , Mitrasetia Tatang 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe oceanic island of Simeulue, west of Sumatra, is inhabited by a distinct subspecies of the long‐tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis fusca) [Miller, 1903]. In January 1982 and March 1984, a survey was conducted to establish its population status. The monkey is morphologically different from other Sunda shelf M. fascicularis populations. In productive habitats, it lives in small groups (10–15 individuals) and reaches a density of more than one monkey/hectare (ha). The island's total population is estimated to be at least 50,000. The authors suggest that the location of a proposed reserve be shifted to include more of the most favorable habitat, i.e., alluvial forest.
Color vision variations in Old and New World primates
Authors: Jacobs Gerald H. , Harwerth Ronald S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIt has long been recognized that there are significant individual variations in color vision among humans. Recently, even more widespread individual variation in color vision has been found to occur in members of several genera of New World monkeys. This article addresses the question of whether a representative genus of Old World monkeys, Macaca, expresses individual variations in color vision. The principal approach was to compare behavioral measurements of increment‐threshold spectral sensitivity for large samples of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sp.) and macaque monkeys (Macaca mulatta, M. fascicularis). We conclude that, if they occur at all, individual variations in color vision among macaque monkeys must be rare.
Fertility status, dominance, and scent marking behavior of family‐housed female cotton‐top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) in absence of their mothers
Authors: Heistermann Michael , Kleis Eckhard , Pröve Ekkehard , Wolters Hans‐Jürgen 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe effect of the mother's absence on the fertility status and expression of scent marking behavior was examined in 12 sexually mature female cotton‐top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) living in four motherless families. Behavioral data and urine samples were collected on an average of five times per week and levels of estrone‐glucuronide (E1G) were quantified directly by radioimmunoassay to establish whether the females showed ovarian cyclicity. Of the 12 females investigated only the dominant female in each motherless group exhibited regular E1G cycles. By contrast, low and acyclic hormonal profiles were found for subordinate sisters. In addition to differences in the patterns and levels of E1G, scent gland morphology and rates of scent marking differed between females: dominant, cycling females had elaborate glands and significantly higher rates of scent marking than subordinates. These results indicate that the presence of the mother (breeding female) is one important factor regulating ovarian function in cotton‐top tamarin daughters. The findings also show that dominance status is a vital determinant of each female's subsequent physiological reproductive competence, with only the dominant female obtaining complete fertility and probably inhibiting ovulatory activity in her subordinate sisters. Scent marking behavior seems to be involved in the regulation of this phenomenon of intrasexual reproductive competition.
Improved methods for freeze preservation of chimpanzee sperm
Authors: Gould Kenneth G. , Styperek Robert P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFreeze preservation of human and nonhuman semen has been used effectively for a number of years; however, the application of freezing to preserve nonhuman primate sperm has been less successful. This study compares five freeze methods and various concentrations of the cryoprotectants glycerol and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) for cryopreservation of chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) sperm. The different methods were compared using quantitative analysis of sperm function and, by an indirect measure of fertilizing capacity, the denuded hamster oocyte penetration assay (SPA). The best results were obtained using an extender comprising Ham's F10 medium containing 15% heat inactivated human cord serum and 15.6% glycerol. Semen extended 1 to 1 by this method, for a final glycerol concentration of 7.8%, and frozen using a computer programmed freezer maintained approximately 65% of its original viability and up to 70% of its initial motility. The extended semen was used to initiate pregnancy in two female chimpanzees.
Meal‐induced increase in plasma gastrin immunoreactivity in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Scallet Andrew C. , McKay Daniel , Bailey John R. , Ali Syed F. , Paule Merle G. , Slikker William , Rayford Phillip L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe hormonal response to food intake in rodents, dogs, and humans involves gastrin and cholecystokinin, structurally related peptides present in plasma, gut, and brain. In order to determine the time course of plasma gastrin response in a nonhuman primate, six overnight‐fasted adult male rhesus monkeys were offered a meal of bananas (11g) and peanut butter (1 Tbsp) or a fresh water bottle in a crossover design. All animals completely consumed the meal within 10 min. Compared to non‐fed control levels, plasma gastrin was significantly elevated (52 ± 11 pM vs. 32 ± 9 pM, means ± S. E. M.) from 10 to 45 min post‐ingestion, but returned to near basal fasted level by 120 min. Levels of gastrin in tissue samples (n = 2) were highest in the antrum of the stomach, with decreasing amounts measured in the upper and lower duodenum, respectively. The results demonstrate that the plasma concentration and response to a meal of rhesus monkey gastrin are similar to those of other mammalian species. However, the high concentrations of gastrin found in duodenum are thus far unique to Macaca mulatta and humans.
Pattern of late DNA replication of the allocyclic X chromosome in Cebus apella and Leontopithecus rosalia chrysomelas fibroblasts
Authors: Seuanez Hector N. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe pattern of late DNA replication in the allocyclic X chromosome has been studied in the primary fibroblasts of two neotropical primates (Cebus apella and Leontopithecus rosalia chrysomelas). A comparison with previous reports showed a pattern identical with that of (1) the allocyclic X chromosome of human fibroblasts, and (2) the allocyclic X chromosome of rhesus and Cebus lymphocytes. Our results show that at least in one species (C. apella), and probably in rhesus and Leontopithecus, there is no tissue‐specific difference between the late DNA replication patterns of the allocyclic X chromosome as there is between human lymphocytes and fibroblasts.
Determination of lactogenic activity in the serum of the squirrel monkey (Saimiri boliviensis) using the Nb2 lymphoma bioassay
Authors: Thompson M. E. , Macmillan L. A. , Bethea C. L. , Williams L. E. , Abee C. R. , Scammell J. G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDetermination of squirrel monkey prolactin by immunoassay has been hampered by the lack of antiserum specific to prolactin from this species. As an alternate method, we have investigated whether the Nb2 lymphoma bioassay could be adapted for routine measurement of the lactogenic activity of samples of squirrel monkey serum. The growth of the Nb2 cells is absolutely dependent on the presence of lactogens in the culture medium. The cells were maintained in Fisher's medium supplemented with 10% horse serum, 10% fetal calf serum (FCS), and 10−4M β‐mercaptoethanol. For each assay, the cells were plated at an initial density of 1 × 105 cells/ml in 22‐mm 12‐well dishes in the above medium, but devoid of FCS. Serum samples were heated to 56°C for 20 minutes to abolish the unusually high cytolytic complement activity of squirrel monkey serum and were incubated for 72 hours with Nb2 cells at serial dilutions from 1/40 to 1/2,560. Growth curves were generated with pooled samples of squirrel monkey serum, and the level of lactogenic activity was estimated using a calibration growth curve generated with known concentrations of purified rhesus monkey prolactin standard. We have found that the Nb2 lymphoma bioassay provides a sensitive and adaptable means for determination of lactogenic activity in the serum of the squirrel monkey.
Role of spatial memory in primate foraging patterns: Saguinus mystax and Saguinus fuscicollis
Authors: Garber Paul A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFrom field data collected in the Amazon Basin of northeastern Peru, I present evidence that moustached (Saguinus mystax) and saddle‐back (Saguinus fuscicollis) tamarins maintain detailed knowledge of the distribution and location of many tree species in their home range. During the wet season months of October through December 1984, fruits and exudates from 20 tree species and over 150 individual trees accounted for 75% of plant feeding time. These trees exhibited a patchy distribution; mean nearest‐neighbor distances between trees of the same species averaged 148 meters. Moustached and saddle‐back tamarins visited an average of 13 trees per day, concentrating their feeding efforts on 4–11 individual trees from a small number of target species. In 70% of all cases the nearest tree of a given species was selected as the next feeding site. Movement between these sites was characterized by relatively straight‐line travel. It is argued that S. mystax and S. fuscicollis offset the patchiness component of the fruit and exudate part of their diet through goal‐directed foraging and an ability to compare accurately the distances and directions from their present location to a large number of potential feeding trees.
Heterosis associated with regional crossbreeding between captive groups of rhesus macaques
Authors: Smith David Glenn , Scott Linda M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe lengths and weights of male and female Chinese‐Indian hybrid rhesus macaques were compared with those of age‐ and sex‐matched non‐hybrid (Indian) controls to assess the occurrence of heterosis (hybrid vigor). Hybrid males and females had higher average, age‐adjusted values of weight than nonhybrids. Hybrid males, but not females, also had a higher average, age‐adjusted length than nonhybrids. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that regional crossbreeding of rhesus monkeys fosters heterosis.
Mitogenic responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells of vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops): Apparent role of adherent cells
Authors: Olobo Joseph O. , Reid Graham D. F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPeripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM) from normal vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) were examined for blastogenic responses to concanavalin A (ConA), phytohemagglutinin (PHA), and pokeweed mitogen (PWM). The mitogen stimulated PBM in a dose‐dependent manner. Response to ConA was apparently higher than for the other two mitogens. Cell density and mitogen concentration were critical parameters for optimal lymphocyte proliferation, an observation in line with that reported for other mammalian species. Depletion of an adherent cell population probably of monocyte/macrophage lineage from vervet PBM gave higher proliferative responses to both ConA and PHA, but the response without adherent cells to ConA was greater than the response without adherent cells to PHA. This latter finding is in contrast to what has been reported in many other species.
Genetic differentiation between baboon subspecies: Relevance for biomedical research
Authors: Williams‐Blangero S. , Vandeberg J. L. , Blangero J. , Konigsberg L. , Dyke B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe use of common names which may encompass a number of subspecies or species is pervasive in the biomedical literature. Failure to identify the complete taxonomic classification of research subjects presents a source of error for scientists attempting to evaluate results or to repeat experiments. This paper examines the problem in a common animal model, the baboon. Analyses of the genetic distances among five baboon subspecies (Papio hamadryas anubis, P.h. cynocephalus, P.h. papio, P.h. ursinus, and P.h. hamadryas) based on blood marker information from nine polymorphic protein loci (ADA, APRT, C3, CA1, CA2, GPI, MPI, PEPB, and PGD) available for baboons resident at the Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research are presented. Statistical tests on the distances showed that significant genetic differences exist among the subspecies. A comparison of P.h. anubis and P.h. cynocephalus revealed that these two subspecies also differ significantly for biomedically relevant lipoprotein cholesterol levels, as can be predicted from the genetic distances. The results emphasize the pitfalls of using different types of baboons interchangeably in experimental protocols.
Supplemental notes on population parameters of northeastern Peruvian night monkeys, genus Aotus (Cebidae)
Authors: Aquino Rolando , Puertas Pablo , Encarnación Filomeno 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFamily groups of Aotus nancymae and A. vociferans, captured and observed in lowland flooded forest of northeastern Peru, are compared. The groups differ in size, composition, social organization, sex ratio, and breeding season.