bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do Standard-Essential Patent Owners Behave Opportunistically? Evidence From U.S. District Court Dockets
Authors: Love Brian J , Lefouili Yassine , Helmers Christian 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
To what extent and with what effect do owners of standard-essential patents (SEPs) “hold-up” companies that produce standard-compliant products? To explore this question, we construct measures of opportunistic patent licensing behaviors using detailed information collected from the dockets of U.S. patent cases filed (2010–2019) to enforce SEPs and a matched sample of non-SEPs. Overall, we find evidence of at least one opportunistic behavior by the patent enforcer in approximately 77% of SEP and 65% of non-SEP assertions in court. However, these figures mask important heterogeneity across types of conduct. There is significantly more opportunistic conduct that tends to increase a potential licensee’s loss if the patent enforcer prevails in court: 35% of SEP assertions versus 10% of non-SEP assertions. In contrast, conduct that tends to increase a potential licensee’s litigation costs is less common, and the difference between SEP assertions (8%) and non-SEP assertions (6%) is small. We also show that opportunistic behavior is associated with case settlement, with the direction and strength of the correlation depending on the type of opportunistic behavior. Behavior that increases a potential licensee’s litigation costs is associated with an increase in the probability of settlement, while behavior that increases a potential licensee’s loss if the patent enforcer prevails in court is negatively associated with settlement.
Sociolinguistic Analysis with Missing Metadata? Leveraging Linguistic and Semiotic Resources Through Deep Learning to Investigate English Variation and Change on Twitter
Authors: Gonzales Wilkinson Daniel Wong 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper highlights a language and sign-based computational solution to the problem of missing social metadata on Twitter (now, ‘X’): demographic prediction using Deep Learning. It aims to apply this method to variationist sociolinguistics research, illustrating how the approach can facilitate analyses with missing metadata (i.e. stylistic age and sex/gender) by deriving this metadata solely from publicly available linguistic and semiotic resources on Twitter profiles (e.g. display pictures and biographies). I use my investigations of English tweets from the Philippines and Hong Kong as case examples, examining the extent to which the use of the copula and the use of will-shall modals on social media are conditioned by diachronic factors as well as factors internal and external to language (e.g. social factors). The results reveal the influence of stylistic gender and age as well as other factors on patterns of variation. They offer a glimpse into the nuanced sociolinguistic aspects of language usage on social media, highlighting the advantages of utilizing AI-powered Deep Learning to tackle data-related challenges. The discoveries and methodology hold the possibility of influencing other fields and practical situations beyond the study of language and society.
Coiled-coil domain containing 159 is required for spermatid head and tail assembly in mice
Authors: Ge Tingting , Yuan Lu , Xu Linwei , Yang Fan , Xu Wenhua , Niu Changmin , Li Guanghua , Zhou Huiping , Zheng Ying 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The centrosome is critical for maintaining the sperm head–tail connection and the formation of flagellar microtubules. In this study, we found that in mouse testes, CCDC159 (coiled-coil domain-containing protein 159) is specifically localized to the head–tail coupling apparatus (HTCA) of spermatids, a structure that ensures sperm head–tail tight conjunction. CCDC159 contains a C-terminal coiled-coil domain that functions as the centrosomal localization signal. Gene knockout (KO) of Ccdc159 in mice resulted in acephalic spermatozoa, abnormal flagella, and male infertility. To explore the mechanism behind CCDC159 regulating spermatogenesis, we identified CCDC159-binding proteins using a yeast two-hybrid screen and speculated that CCDC159 participates in HTCA assembly by regulating protein phosphatase PP1 activity. Further RNA-sequencing analyses of Ccdc159 KO testes revealed numerous genes involved in male gamete generation that were downregulated. Together, our results show that CCDC159 in spermatids is a novel centrosomal protein anchoring the sperm head to the tail. Considering the limitation of KO mouse model in clarifying the biological function of CCDC159 in spermatogenesis, a gene-rescue experiment will be performed in the future.
Evaluation of an artificial intelligence-based decision support for the detection of cutaneous melanoma in primary care: a prospective real-life clinical trial
Authors: Papachristou Panagiotis , Söderholm My , Pallon Jon , Taloyan Marina , Polesie Sam , Paoli John , Anderson Chris D , Falk Magnus 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Background
Use of artificial intelligence (AI), or machine learning, to assess dermoscopic images of skin lesions to detect melanoma has, in several retrospective studies, shown high levels of diagnostic accuracy on par with – or even outperforming – experienced dermatologists. However, the enthusiasm around these algorithms has not yet been matched by prospective clinical trials performed in authentic clinical settings. In several European countries, including Sweden, the initial clinical assessment of suspected skin cancer is principally conducted in the primary healthcare setting by primary care physicians, with or without access to teledermoscopic support from dermatology clinics.

Objectives
To determine the diagnostic performance of an AI-based clinical decision support tool for cutaneous melanoma detection, operated by a smartphone application (app), when used prospectively by primary care physicians to assess skin lesions of concern due to some degree of melanoma suspicion.

Methods
This prospective multicentre clinical trial was conducted at 36 primary care centres in Sweden. Physicians used the smartphone app on skin lesions of concern by photographing them dermoscopically, which resulted in a dichotomous decision support text regarding evidence for melanoma. Regardless of the app outcome, all lesions underwent standard diagnostic procedures (surgical excision or referral to a dermatologist). After investigations were complete, lesion diagnoses were collected from the patients’ medical records and compared with the app’s outcome and other lesion data.

Results
In total, 253 lesions of concern in 228 patients were included, of which 21 proved to be melanomas, with 11 thin invasive melanomas and 10 melanomas in situ. The app’s accuracy in identifying melanomas was reflected in an area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve of 0.960 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.928–0.980], corresponding to a maximum sensitivity and specificity of 95.2% and 84.5%, respectively. For invasive melanomas alone, the AUROC was 0.988 (95% CI 0.965–0.997), corresponding to a maximum sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 92.6%, respectively.

Conclusions
The clinical decision support tool evaluated in this investigation showed high diagnostic accuracy when used prospectively in primary care patients, which could add significant clinical value for primary care physicians assessing skin lesions for melanoma.
Alzheimer proteopathic tau seeds are biochemically a forme fruste of mature paired helical filaments
Authors: Kumar Mukesh , Quittot Noé , Dujardin Simon , Schlaffner Christoph N , Viode Arthur , Wiedmer Anne , Beerepoot Pieter , Chun Joshua E , Glynn Calina , Fernandes Analiese R , Donahue Cameron , Steen Judith A , Hyman Bradley T 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Aggregation prone molecules, such as tau, form both historically well characterized fibrillar deposits (neurofibrillary tangles) and recently identified phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) extract species called proteopathic seeds. Both can cause normal endogenous tau to undergo templated misfolding. The relationship of these seeds to the fibrils that define tau-related diseases is unknown. We characterized the aqueous extractable and sarkosyl insoluble fibrillar tau species derived from human Alzheimer brain using mass spectrometry and in vitro bioassays. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) including phosphorylation, acetylation and ubiquitination are identified in both preparations. PBS extract seed competent tau can be distinguished from sarkosyl insoluble tau by the presence of overlapping, but less abundant, PTMs and an absence of some PTMs unique to the latter. The presence of ubiquitin and other PTMs on the PBS-extracted tau species correlates with the amount of tau in the seed competent size exclusion fractions, with the bioactivity and with the aggressiveness of clinical disease. These results demonstrate that the PTMs present on bioactive, seed competent PBS extract tau species are closely related to, but distinct from, the PTMs of mature paired helical filaments, consistent with the idea that they are a forme fruste of tau species that ultimately form fibrils.
A framework to improve the alignment of individual cytoarchitectonic maps of the Julich-Brain atlas using cortical folding landmarks
Authors: Wang Xiaoyu , Leprince Yann , Lebenberg Jessica , Langlet Clement , Mohlberg Hartmut , Rivière Denis , Auzias Guillaume , Dickscheid Timo , Amunts Katrin , Mangin Jean-François 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The segregation of the cortical mantle into cytoarchitectonic areas provides a structural basis for the specialization of different brain regions. In vivo neuroimaging experiments can be linked to this postmortem cytoarchitectonic parcellation via Julich-Brain. This atlas embeds probabilistic maps that account for inter-individual variability in the localization of cytoarchitectonic areas in the reference spaces targeted by spatial normalization. We built a framework to improve the alignment of architectural areas across brains using cortical folding landmarks. This framework, initially designed for in vivo imaging, was adapted to postmortem histological data. We applied this to the first 14 brains used to establish the Julich-Brain atlas to infer a refined atlas with more focal probabilistic maps. The improvement achieved is significant in the primary regions and some of the associative areas. This framework also provides a tool for exploring the relationship between cortical folding patterns and cytoarchitectonic areas in different cortical regions to establish new landmarks in the remainder of the cortex.
The Business Process Management for Healthcare (BPM+ Health) Consortium: motivation, methodology, and deliverables for enabling clinical knowledge interoperability (CKI)
Authors: Lario Robert , Soley Richard , White Stephen , Butler John , Del Fiol Guilherme , Eilbeck Karen , Huff Stanley , Kawamoto Kensaku 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To enhance the Business Process Management (BPM)+ Healthcare language portfolio by incorporating knowledge types not previously covered and to improve the overall effectiveness and expressiveness of the suite to improve Clinical Knowledge Interoperability.

Methods
We used the BPM+ Health and Object Management Group (OMG) standards development methodology to develop new languages, following a gap analysis between existing BPM+ Health languages and clinical practice guideline knowledge types. Proposal requests were developed based on these requirements, and submission teams were formed to respond to them. The resulting proposals were submitted to OMG for ratification.

Results
The BPM+ Health family of languages, which initially consisted of the Business Process Model and Notation, Decision Model and Notation, and Case Model and Notation, was expanded by adding 5 new language standards through the OMG. These include Pedigree and Provenance Model and Notation for expressing epistemic knowledge, Knowledge Package Model and Notation for supporting packaging knowledge, Shared Data Model and Notation for expressing ontic knowledge, Party Model and Notation for representing entities and organizations, and Specification Common Elements, a language providing a standard abstract and reusable library that underpins the 4 new languages.

Discussion and conclusion
In this effort, we adopted a strategy of separation of concerns to promote a portfolio of domain-agnostic, independent, but integrated domain-specific languages for authoring medical knowledge. This strategy is a practical and effective approach to expressing complex medical knowledge. These new domain-specific languages offer various knowledge-type options for clinical knowledge authors to choose from without potentially adding unnecessary overhead or complexity.
Protection against unfair competition in the European Union: from divergent national approaches to harmonized rules on search result rankings, influencers and greenwashing
Authors: Senftleben Martin 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This article provides an overview of the complex interplay between harmonized rules of unfair competition law at EU level and national approaches in the Member States. It discusses case law, sheds light on the objectives underlying protection against unfair competition and describes intersections with intellectual property rights. The analysis addresses general clauses that allow unfair competition law in the EU to keep pace with constantly changing marketing practices. It discusses the concept of confusion from a comparative trademark and unfair competition law perspective. Moreover, misleading practices, discrediting and denigrating allegations, slavish imitation, unfair free-riding, trade secret rules and transparency obligations will be explored. The analysis includes recent extensions of the canon of unfair competition rules, in particular in the field of product rankings within search results, influencer marketing and greenwashing. Particular attention will also be devoted to the growing body of transparency obligations in online marketing contexts, including obligations in the area of targeted behavioural advertising that follow from the Digital Services Act.
Latrine site selection by African clawless otters, Aonyx capensis, and their behavior during latrine visitations
Authors: Nicolaides Stephanie G , Mostert Theodorus H C , McIntyre Trevor 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Latrine sites are used as areas for the deposition of scent-containing excretions and play important roles in intraspecific olfactory communication, territoriality, sexual attraction, and defense behaviors of many mammals. African clawless otters (Aonyx capensis) likely use latrine sites as primary areas for scent marking and scent communication but no studies to date have investigated their potential role or site selection. We assessed latrine site selection at 2 spatial scales (micro- and macroscale) and recorded behaviors via camera trap recordings. Thirty-eight latrine sites were identified and assessed at 2 locations in Mtunzini on the north coast of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (uMlalazi Nature Reserve and Zini Fish Farm) during the months of August to November 2021. Latrine sites were identified through several intensive surveys, while we characterized nonselected sites through a systematic sampling approach. Latrine and control sites were inventoried along a 52-m buffer around all water bodies in both study areas. At each site we measured a series of potential environmental predictors, including horizontal and vertical vegetation cover, surface slope, and averaged wind speeds for days classified as relatively wind-still and relatively windy. To assess the relative role of various environmental predictors, we used a binomial generalized linear model resource selection function to model both spatial scales of latrine site selection. The majority of latrine sites were located at the ecotone between 2 vegetation units or between a vegetation unit and a water source. At a macroscale, latrine sites were associated with areas containing little vegetative substrate cover and minimal canopy cover. The top-ranked models at the microscale also indicated that latrine sites were characterized as occurring in open areas with less canopy and horizontal cover and on flatter areas that are relatively protected against wind. The most common behaviors recorded at 3 latrine sites were the “jiggle dance” (42%) and sniffing (29%). We hypothesize that otters evaluate numerous environmental parameters to enhance the functionality of latrine sites. For example, sites with little vegetative cover may increase the conspicuousness of latrines to conspecifics, while areas exposed to less wind likely aid in the retention of scent. Ongoing research is characterizing the behaviors of otters around latrines and chemical signatures of latrine sites in an effort to facilitate interpretation of their social function to African clawless otters.
Comparative assessment of a novel fan box trap for collecting Anopheles farauti and culicine mosquitoes alive in tropical north Queensland, Australia
Authors: Chow Weng K , Cooper Robert D , Lokhorst Matthew , Zalucki Myron P , Ambrose Luke , Beebe Nigel W 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
During preliminary mosquito surveys at Cowley Beach Training Area in north Queensland, Australia, it was found that the utility of the standard encephalitis virus surveillance (EVS) trap for collecting the malaria vector Anopheles farauti (Laveran) adults was compromised by the harsh tropical conditions. With the aim of increasing the survival rate of mosquitoes, we designed a downdraft fan box trap (FBT) that incorporated a screened fan at the bottom of the trap, so mosquitoes did not have to pass through a fan. The FBT was tested against the EVS and Centers for Disease Control (CDC) light traps, where mosquitoes do pass through a fan, and a nonpowered passive box trap (PBT). We conducted 4 trials to compare the quantity and survival of An. farauti and culicine mosquitoes were collected in these traps. Although not significant, the FBT collected more An. farauti than the EVS trap and PBT and significantly less An. farauti than the CDC light trap. However, the FBT improved on the CDC light trap in terms of the survival of An. farauti adults collected, with a significantly higher percentage alive in the FBT (74.6%) than in the CDC light trap (27.5%). Thus, although the FBT did not collect as many anophelines as the CDC, it proved to be superior to current trap systems for collecting large numbers of live and relatively undamaged mosquitoes. Therefore, it is recommended that FBTs be used for collecting An. farauti adults in northern Australia, especially when high survival and sample quality are important.
The evolutionary path of void galaxies in TNG300 simulation
Authors: Rodríguez-Medrano Agustín M , Springel Volker , Stasyszyn Federico A , Paz Dante J 
Published: January 2024

ABSTRACT
The properties of galaxies in low-density regions of the universe suggest an interplay between galaxy formation and environment. However, the specific reason why this particular large-scale environment influences the evolution of galaxies remains unclear. This paper examines the properties and evolutionary paths of galaxies within cosmic voids using the Illustris TNG300 simulation. The population of void galaxies at z = 0 has a higher star formation rate, a smaller stellar-to-halo-mass ratio, higher gas metallicity, and lower stellar metallicity in comparison with non-void galaxies at fixed stellar mass. Our analysis shows that these differences are mainly due to the characteristics of galaxies classified as satellites, for which the largest differences between void and non-void samples are found. Although the mean number of mergers is similar between void and non-void samples at a fixed stellar mass, void galaxies tend to experience mergers at later times, resulting in a more recent accumulation of accreted stellar mass. While the mean net accreted mass is comparable for high-mass galaxies, low-mass void galaxies tend to exhibit higher fractions of accreted stars than non-void galaxies. This finding challenges the common notion that void galaxies predominantly experience growth with infrequent mergers or interactions. With this paper, we also publicly release our void catalogue as part of the IllustrisTNG project.
Outcomes for clinical trials involving adults with chronic kidney disease: a multinational Delphi survey involving patients, caregivers and health professionals
Authors: Matus Gonzalez Andrea , Evangelidis Nicole , Howell Martin , Jaure Allison , Sautenet Benedicte , Madero Magdalena , Ashuntantang Gloria , Anumudu Samaya , Bernier-Jean Amelie , Dunn Louese , Cho Yeoungjee , Cortes Sanabria Laura , de Boer Ian H , Fung Samuel , Gallego Daniel , Guha Chandana , Levey Andrew S , Levin Adeera , Lorca Eduardo , Okpechi Ikechi G , Rossignol Patrick , Scholes-Robertson Nicole , Sola Laura , Teixeira-Pinto Armando , Usherwood Tim , Viecelli Andrea K , Wheeler David C , Widders Katherine , Wilkie Martin , Craig Jonathan C 
Published: January 2024

ABSTRACT

Background
Many outcomes of high priority to patients and clinicians are infrequently and inconsistently reported across trials in chronic kidney disease (CKD), which generates research waste and limits evidence-informed decision making. We aimed to generate consensus among patients/caregivers and health professionals on critically important outcomes for trials in CKD prior to kidney failure and the need for kidney replacement therapy, and to describe the reasons for their choices.

Methods
This was an online two-round international Delphi survey. Adult patients with CKD (all stages and diagnoses), caregivers and health professionals who could read English, Spanish or French were eligible. Participants rated the importance of outcomes using a Likert scale (7–9 indicating critical importance) and a Best–Worst Scale. The scores for the two groups were assessed to determine absolute and relative importance. Comments were analysed thematically.

Results
In total, 1399 participants from 73 countries completed Round 1 of the Delphi survey, including 628 (45%) patients/caregivers and 771 (55%) health professionals. In Round 2, 790 participants (56% response rate) from 63 countries completed the survey including 383 (48%) patients/caregivers and 407 (52%) health professionals. The overall top five outcomes were: kidney function, need for dialysis/transplant, life participation, cardiovascular disease and death. In the final round, patients/caregivers indicated higher scores for most outcomes (17/22 outcomes), and health professionals gave higher priority to mortality, hospitalization and cardiovascular disease (mean difference &gt;0.3). Consensus was based upon the two groups yielding median scores of ≥7 and mean scores &gt;7, and the proportions of both groups rating the outcome as ‘critically important’ being &gt;50%. Four themes reflected the reasons for their priorities: imminent threat of a health catastrophe, signifying diminishing capacities, ability to self-manage and cope, and tangible and direct consequences.

Conclusion
Across trials in CKD, the outcomes of highest priority to patients, caregivers and health professionals were kidney function, need for dialysis/transplant, life participation, cardiovascular disease and death.