bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Paramosque” Structures and Their Development
Authors: Poston Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jakob Spener did not consider himself a reformer in the tradition of Luther and Calvin. He did not intend to establish a sect in competition with other Protestant churches, and he never formally severed his ties with the Lutheran church in Germany. But his collegia piatatus gathered in homes during the week, enjoying an atmosphere of warmth and community that was far more conducive to an emphasis upon Christian experience in daily life than was the foreboding air of the European cathedrals. These meetings, however, were viewed with suspicion by both civil and ecclesiastical author ities, who were aware of the dissent of the Moravians, Mennonites, and other Anabaptist groups elsewhere on the continent. Already troubled by the continuing Catholic presence, Germany did not need additional conflicts at home, and so, while no actual persecution of the kind associated with the Inquisition was instituted, pressure was brought to bear upon the Pietists to keep them from straying too far from the orthodox fold. One of the measures taken was the closing of several universities to persons espousing Pietist con victions. In response, the Pietists opened their own university at Halle in 1694, and out of this institution grew the first Protestant missionary agency, the Danish-Halle Mission. One of the first graduates of Halle University, Ludwig von Zinzendorf (1700-1760), introduced pietistic concepts to a group of Anabaptist refugees he had permitted to build a town on his property. From this group he recruited the first members of what became the Moravian Missionary Society.
Conversion to Islam
Authors: Poston Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The topic of conversion to Islam has been very little explored. T. W. Arnold remarked in The Preaching of Islam that “Muslim literature is singularly poor in those records of conversions that occupy such a large place in the literature of the Christian Church,” and Richard Bulliet observed in 1979 that “although interest in the subject has grown in recent years ... the great conversion experience that fundamentally changed world history by uniting the peoples of Middle East in a new religion has had few modern chroniclers.”
The Word as Scalpel
Authors: Bloom Samuel W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Medical Sociology is now an established subdiscipline in both medicine and sociology. This book traces the intellectual and institutional evolution of the field in relation to antecendents of the past 2000 years and developments in American sociology and medicine since the turn of the century. Drawing on his own experience as a participant and witness, Bloom provides an engaging account of the ongoing search for knowledge about the relationship between illness, medicine, and society.
First Steps toward Social Identity
Authors: Bloom Samuel W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The substantial intellectual and methodological foundations for a sociology of medicine that had accumulated by 1940 did not immediately spawn an identifiable special field. Even the name “medical sociology,” in spite of its appearance at the end of the nineteenth century, disappeared, and exactly when it surfaced again is obscure. Nevertheless, the subject matter began to be taught, in the thirties by Bernhard Stern at Columbia, in the early 1940s at the University of Chicago by Everett Hughes and by Leo Simmons at Yale. Research on medical problems was part of the generally enhanced role of sociologists in the Second World War, and several of the field’s outstanding pioneers trace their entry into medical sociology to wartime research.
Postwar Medical Sociology
Authors: Bloom Samuel W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Virtually none of those who became the first generation of medical sociologists were trained in any formal way to study problems of health, illness, or the medical profession. This should not suggest that they changed direction when they became medical sociologists. Quite the contrary; there are strong continuities between their early and later work. The career of August B. (Sandy) Hollingshead is typical of this pattern. His first major research was a study of “Elmtown,” a midwestern town.’ The central theme was the influence of social class on the lives of its adolescents. When in the early postwar years Hollingshead turned his attention toward studies of medical problems, the design and methodology remained consistent with his Elmtown research but the focus became the influences of social class on mental illness. Leo Srole was also the author of a community study, conducted before the war.
The Role of NIMH, 1946-1975
Authors: Bloom Samuel W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At midcentury, the institutions responsible for higher education in the United States were poised for a radical transformation. The changes that followed the war appear at first to pick up and continue the prewar trends, but they were both more fundamental and more diverse. For example, the scientific function of the medical school that Abraham Flexner had recommended in 1910 had been gradually realized during the next two decades. By 1930, as Stevens has so clearly documented, “the faculties in the best schools had become scientific investigators.” However, the role of such faculty investigators did not radically change during the thirties. Support for research projects occasionally received earmarked foundation grants, but “in large part, medical schools made no distinction between teaching and research.” Following the war, the research function became dominant, reflecting a structural change that altered the social environment of medical schools in a way that no one had predicted, not even the ubiquitous Flexner.
Introductory note to *1953/9
Authors: Goldfarb Warren 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1953 Gödel accepted the invitation of Paul Arthur Schilpp, the editor of the series The Library of Living Philosophers, to write a paper for Schilpp’s projected volume on Rudolf Carnap. This would have been Godel’s third contribution to the series, after 1944 on Russell and 1949a on Einstein. Gödel continued working on the paper over the next six years. He wrote Schilpp in 1954 that the paper was essentially done, but he wanted to add some paragraphs on Carnap’s more recent work, in 1955 that it would be done soon, in 1956 that it would be done “within two weeks”, and in 1957 that, as he was reducing the size of the paper to one-third or one-quarter, he should be able to get it done “very soon”.
Deadly Conflict—Penitentiary of New Mexico (1980)
Authors: Useem Bert , Kimball Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are two riots that every prisoner has heard of. One is Attica. The other was more recent. Prisoners have a hard time placing it exactly; they say it was in Texas, or Mexico, or somewhere in the Southwest. But they know what kind of riot it was: a bloody, deadly thing. They call it “the one where 47 people got killed” or “where they cut everybody’s heads off.” Their beliefs do the event justice, so far as they go.
Country Patterns in R&D Organization: The United States and Japan
Authors: Westney Eleanor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Empirical studies of country patterns in R&D have been dominated by the systemlevel analysis of aggregate national variables. One common approach has been the comparative analysis of national data on such variables as research expenditures, patent applications, and the numbers and distribution of researchers (e.g., Okimoto and Saxonhouse 1987; Slaughter and Utterback 1990). Another approach has been to study the state’s role in the R&D system (Brooks 1986; Ergas 1987; Derian 1990). However, the growing interest in the effect of institutionalized patterns in manufacturing organization on technological change and country competitiveness raises the question of whether country patterns in R&D organization—patterns that cut across industries and individual firms—also influence national trajectories in the pace and direction of technological change.
The Diffusion of American Organizing Principles to Europe
Authors: Parkinson Bruce Kogut David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The slow productivity growth of the United States during the 1970s and 1980s has all but eradicated the remarkable esteem in which its industry was held in the years immediately following World War II. In Europe, wartime destruction left little doubt that economic structures had to be remade in accordance with two seemingly mutually exclusive models of the United States and the Soviet Union. Yet, though they were widely different, it was hardly coincidental that both models encouraged the growth of mass production run by large organizations. It had been the American example in the earlier part of the century that was the target of Soviet emulation. It was the American model, even if emulated only indirectly, that dominated the ideas of best practice in Europe, and elsewhere, at the midpoint of this century.
Supplying the Toyota Production System: Intercorporate Organizational Evolution and Supplier Subsystems
Authors: Fruin W Mark , Nishiguchi Toshihiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is now overwhelming agreement that the Toyota Production System (TPS) represents the world’s best practice for the manufacture of motor vehicles (Womack, Jones, and Roos 1990), though there is little evidence why the TPS works so well. The surprisingly large yet strategically important number of suppliers to Toyota Motor Corporation is a particularly confounding aspect of this puzzle. Though a sizeable literature has appeared relating the postwar Japanese motor vehicle industry to issues of industrial structure, industrial relations, and economic growth (e.g., Ono and Odaka 1988; Cusumano 1985), little integration has been made between these themes, especially with regard to assembler-supplier relations.
Sociology and Subjectivity
Authors: Horowitz Irving Louis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The common denominator of the social sciences (evident in sociology in particular) is subjectivism, the tendency to deny that human behavior is normally driven by a reasoned response to a knowable reality. I do not dispute the role of subjective factors in decision making, or even the place of human will in directing the course of events; I deny that the subjective element obliterates all objective elements. To say that the world has no rules in the name of ideology is no better than to offer a diet of strict determinism.
Human Life, Political Domination, and Social Science
Authors: Horowitz Irving Louis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the first step toward a reconstruction of social research is to examine the actual conditions of professional life and academic ideologies, then the next step must surely be to locate a broad field of study—one that enlists the aid of empirical studies to normative issues. As I tried to demonstrate in Taking Lives, one critical frame of reference (although not necessarily the only such field) is the social meaning of life and death. I do not imply by this some course in the biology of the life-cycle, but rather the study of the mechanisms and purposes in the arbitrary termination of life in the name of state power, military necessity, racial purity, ethnic cleansing, or religious holy war.
Freedom, Planning, and the Moral Order
Authors: Horowitz Irving Louis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
American notions of freedom, planning, and democratic society are largely derived from a twentieth-century context and, more exactly, from a post-World War II series of notions that emphasized a belief that a caring society must overcome a careless state. The operative word in this, of course, is planning, since we obviously derive our notions of freedom and ethics from a large variety of sources ranging from ancient Greece to eighteenth-century Europe.1
Introduction
Authors: Parker Eugene N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The magnetostatic theorem has broad application to the activity of the external magnetic fields of planets, stars, interstellar gas clouds, and galaxies, and to the magnetic fields in laboratory plasmas. In particular the theorem indicates that magnetic fields are highly dissipative. as a consc4ucnce of their internal current sheets, providing the principal heat source that creates the flares and X-ray coronas of stars and galaxies, and providing the aurora in the magnetic field of the Earth and other planets.
The Field Equations
Authors: Parker Eugene N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Maxwell’s equations can be written in terms of various field vectors E, D, H, B, A, j, etc. The first step is to establish the most convenient vector quantities for formulating the basic equations of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). We find it simplest to deal directly with the electric field E and the magnetic field B, in a system of units (e.g., cgs) that is compatible with the basic symmetry of Maxwell’s equations.
Effects of Resistivity
Authors: Parker Eugene N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Theoretical development of the spontaneous formation of tangential discontinuities in the foregoing chapters ha been based on the ideal state of vanishing electrical resistivity. The purpose has been lo establish and understand the basic theorem of magnetostatics. that the lowest available energy slate or all but the most symmetric field topologies involve the: formation or surfaces of tangential discontinuity (current sheets).
Episcopal Women as Community Leaders: Galveston, 1900-1989
Authors: Turner Elizabeth Hayes 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Soon after Galveston entered the twentieth century it became a victim of the 1900 hurricane, at that time the worst natural disaster to have occurred in North America. Although suffering from the loss of an estimated 6,000 lives and two-thirds of its structures, the city began immediately to restore, rebuild, and reorganize.
Beyond the Parallel Church: Strategies of Separatism and Integration in the Governing Councils of the Episcopal Church
Authors: Donovan Mary Sudman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Episcopal Church, through most of its history, operated with two separate definitions of church membership: one for men and another for women. Until 1970 membership for women did not include participation in the church’s political life. Though Episcopalians prided them­ selves on having a polity that was both traditional and democratic, they were generally blind to the crucial error in the church’s claim to be democratic: the exclusion of women members from its political processes. At baptism, women were welcomed as equal members of Christ’s kingdom and urged to work and pray and give for the spread of that kingdom, but their voices were not heard in the assemblies that discussed the means of spreading that kingdom, nor were their votes counted when leadership for the earthly church was being chosen. In most dioceses, prior to the 1950s, women were not allowed to serve on parish vestries nor to represent the parish at diocesan functions.
Old Ship of Zion
Authors: Pitts Walter F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a major new study of the African origins of African-American forms of worship, based on the author’s fieldwork in black Baptist churches in rural Texas. Through historical comparisons and linguistic analysis, Pitts uncovers striking parallels between “Afro-Baptist” services and the religious rituals of Western and Central Africa, as well as other African-derived rituals in the Caribbean, Brazil etc.
“We Free!” History of the Afro-Baptist Church
Authors: Pitts Walter F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The origins of the Afro-Baptist church lie in the antebellum South. For the sake of clear analysis, the history of this church is best seen as developing in three stages before the Civil War. The first stage begins with the European colonization of North America in the seventeenth century and ends approximately in 1750, two decades before the American Revolutionary War. The second stage begins in the mid-eighteenth century as the first waves of the Great Awakening revival reached the American colonies. The last stage begins in the second decade of the nineteenth century, after the winding down of the Second Awakening revivals, when the ominous threats of slave insurrections convinced many planters to convert their chattel en masse. This last stage concludes with the South’s military defeat by the Union army and the freeing of black bondsmen after the Civil War.
Capitalists in Spite of Themselves
Authors: Lachmann Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Richard Lachmann's work offers a new explanation for the origins of nation-states and capitalist markets in early modern Europe. Comparing regions and cities within and across England, France, Italy, Spain, and the Netherlands from the twelfth to the eighteenth centuries, Lachmann shows how conflict among feudal elites---landlords, clerics, kings and officeholders---transformed the bases of their control over land and labor, forcing the winners of feudal conflicts to become capitalists in spite of themselves as they took defensive actions to protect their privileges from rivals in the aftermath of the Reformation.
State Formation: England and France
Authors: Lachmann Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Something began to happen in the sixteenth century in the most unlikely places. Rural aristocrats, who previously had defined their interests in terms of particularistic corporate and local privileges, were drawn into nationwide networks. As those networks became institutionalized, aristocrats, once locally oriented, began holding office in nation-states and developing new, broad class interests as the beneficiaries of capitalist relations of production.
Elite Defensiveness and the Transformation of Class Relations: England and France
Authors: Lachmann Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The conflicts engendered by the Reformation and the subsequent concentration of certain elite powers within statelike structures posed mortal dangers to the privileges of the rural aristocracies of England and France. Chapter 4 traces the differing institutional Reformations in Britain and France and the varying absolutisms created in each nation. The task of this chapter is to explain how landlords responded to the new dangers and how those responses transformed agrarian class relations in the two countries.
Josephus as Prophet
Authors: Gray Rebecca 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen that Josephus did not make a claim to prophetic authority in connection with his account of the Jewish revolt against Rome and the events leading up to it. He seems to have been firmly convinced that the sort of prophets who wrote books that contained completely reliable history belonged to the distant past; they were part of a succession that began with Moses and ended, definitively, after the reign of Artaxerxes. In other contexts, however, Josephus was less hesitant about making prophetic claims for himself. This chapter considers the evidence suggesting that he understood himself, and intended to present himself, as a prophet.
Europe and Islam
Authors: Lewis Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between these two terms, “Europe” and “Islam,” there is, or there would appear to be, a certain asymmetry. The one is a geographical expression, the name of a continent, one of several-the number has varied from two to seven-into which the earth’s surface is divided. The other is a religion. One might reasonably speak of Europe and Asia, of Europe and Africa, or one might speak of lslam and Christendom, or of islam and Buddhism. But what can one say about Europe and Islam? This asymmetry is more apparent than real. Europe is a European notion, as is the whole geographical system of continents, of which Europe was the first. Europe conceived and made Europe; Europe discovered, named, and in a sense made America. Centuries earlier, Europe had in­ vented both Asia and Africa, the inhabitants of which, until the age of European world supremacy in the nineteenth century, were unaware of these names, these identities, even of these classifications which Europeans had devised for them. Even in Europe, the notion of Europe as a cultural and political entity was relatively modem-a postmedieval secularized re­ statement of what had previously been known as Christendom.
Legal and Historical Reflections on the Position of Muslim Populations Under Non-Muslim Rule
Authors: Lewis Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the earliest Muslim visitors to western Europe in modern times was a certain Mirza Abu Talib Khan, an Indian of Perso Turkish back­ ground, who traveled in England and France between 1798 and 1803 and wrote an extensive and detailed account of his journeys, adventures, and impressions. During his stay in London he was taken several times to the Houses of Parliament. He was not impressed by what he saw, remarking that their oratory reminded him of the squawking of a flock of parrots. He was, however, astonished when he found that this was a legislative assembly, with the duty of enacting laws to regulate both civil and criminal matters-defining offenses and prescribing penalties. Unlike the Muslims, the English, he explains to his readers, did not accept any divinely revealed holy law to guide them and regulate their lives in these matters and were therefore reduced to the pitiable expedient of making their own laws “in accordance with the exigencies of the time, their own dispositions, and the experience of their judges.”1
Pseudo-Philo
Authors: Murphy Frederick J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a literary and theological study of the Biblical Antiquities of Pseudo-Philo. Using the methodologies of redaction and literary criticism, Murphy provides an analysis of the whole of the Biblical Antiquities. After a chapter-by-chapter analysis, Murphy addresses several topics more generally--major characters, major themes, and the historical context of the work. At the end of this book are full concordances to the Latin text which will be valuable tools for future research. This book will prove an important resource for students of Jewish interpretation of the Bible at the end of the Second Temple period. It sheds light on Jewish thought of the period regarding covenant, leadership in Israel, women in Israel, relations with Gentiles, divine providence, divine retribution, eschatology, and many other subjects. The study furnishes a broad interpretive context for future work on the Biblical Antiquities and gives students of the Bible access to an important literary and religious product of first-century Judaism.
American Transcendentalism and Asian Religions
Authors: Versluis Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first major study since the 1930s of the relationship between American Transcendentalism and Asian religions, and the first comprehensive work to include post-Civil War Transcendentalists like Samuel Johnson, this book is encyclopedic in scope. Beginning with the inception of Transcendentalist Orientalism in Europe, Versluis covers the entire history of American Transcendentalism into the twentieth century, and the profound influence of Orientalism on the movement--including its analogues and influences in world religious dialogue. He examines what he calls “positive Orientalism,” which recognizes the value and perennial truths in Asian religions and cultures, not only in the writings of major figures like Thoreau and Emerson, but also in contemporary popular magazines. Versluis’s exploration of the impact of Transcendentalism on the twentieth-century study of comparative religions has ramifications for the study of religious history, comparative religion, literature, politics, history, and art history.