bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cytoarchitectonic heterogeneities in the thalamic reticular nucleus of cats and ferrets
Authors: Clemence Annemarie E. , Mitrofanis John 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe thalamic reticular nucleus has been classically defined as a group of cells surrounding most of the rostral and lateral surfaces of the dorsal thalamus, lateral to the fibres of the external medullary lamina and medial to those of the internal capsule. With the use of Nissl staining and antibodies to γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), somatostatin, and parvalbumin, this study describes the cytoarchitecture of the thalamic reticular nucleus of cats and ferrets. In cats, three subdivisions of the nucleus are distinguished, two of which are distinct in ferrets also.First, the main body of the reticular nucleus lies lateral to the fibres of the external medullary lamina (except ventrally) and medial to those of the internal capsule. In both cats and ferrets, this structure is heterogeneous, consisting of distinct layers, the details of which vary along the dorsoventral axis. A prominent rostroventral portion of comparatively small rounded cells is also apparent within the main body. Most reticular cells in all areas of the main body are labelled with all of the above mentioned antibodies.Second, the inner small‐celled region is a group pf small cells located between the external medullary lamina (ventrally) and the medial margin of the ventral regions of the main body of the reticular nucleus: the inner small‐celled region is clearly differentiated in cats only. Previous studies have referred to this area as being part of the main body of the reticular nucleus, but we suggest that it may form a separate subnucleus. For example, the inner small‐celled region stands in striking contrast to the main body of the reticular nucleus in that none of its cells are GABA immunoreactive and only a small caudal subpopulation are parvalbumin immunoreactive. A very similar pattern of immunostaining is apparent for the cells in the zona incerta, although the latter contains a small rostral subpopulation of GABA immunoreactive cells. Furthermore, although morphologically distinct from the zona incerta, the inner small‐celled region fuses with it ventrocaudally. We suggest that the inner small‐celled region may constitute a previously undescribed dorsal extension of the zona incerta, rather than a subdivision of the reticular nucleus.Third, the perireticular nucleus, hitherto unidentified, is a discrete group of small cells lateral to the main body of the reticular nucleus and medial to the corpus striatum (globus pallidus and caudate‐putamen). It is apparent throughout most of the dorsoventral extent of the main body of the reticular nucleus of cats and ferrets. Although continuous with the latter ventrocaudally, the perireticular nucleus is otherwise clearly separated from it, forming a sheet around the main body of the reticular nucleus. There are no immunocytochemical differences between the perireticular and reticular cells with the antibodies used to date. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The rat's postero‐orbital sinus hair: II. Normal morphology and the increase in peripheral innervation with adjacent nerve section
Authors: Williams J. B. , de Permentier P. , Waite P. M. E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe morphology and innervation of the postero‐orbital (PO) sinus hair has been studied in normal rats and in adult animals in which an adjacent nerve, the infraorbital nerve, was sectioned on postnatal day 0 or day 7. The normal morphology of the follicle was similar to that of mystacial sinus hairs. However, the normal innervation differed from mystacial follicles in three respects: (1) instead of a separate innervation, the deep vibrissal nerve (DVN) and dermal plexus were supplied by a common follicle and skin nerve, named here the postero‐orbital cutaneous nerve, a branch of the zygomaticofacial nerve; (2) the entry of the DVN through the capsule was highly variable; in some cases fascicles entered in close proximity, but in others they were widely distributed around the capsule; and (3) two or three small nerves, called here anastomosing nerves, were found to leave the PO follicle. These arose from the DVN after it had passed through the capsule to the cavernous sinus. The anastomosing nerves passed back through the capsule and ascended on the outer surface of the follicle to join the dermal plexus. Each nerve contained 1–4 myelinated fibres and 11–35 unmyelinated fibres.Infraorbital (IO) nerve section on day 0 caused a 19% (P < 0.001, n = 8) increase in numbers of fibres to the DVN on the lesioned side. Most of the increase was due to unmyelinated fibres with no significant change in myelinated axons. No change in axon numbers in the DVN occurred after day 7 lesions. Labelling of the mystacial pad and the PO follicle did not result in any double labelling of cells in the trigeminal ganglion, in either normal or lesioned animals, making it improbable that the increased numbers of unmyelinated axons arose from rerouting of infraorbital fibres. It is suggested that the increased innervation of the PO follicle may arise by the rescue of ganglion cells from developmentally programmed cell death. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphology of single vestibulospinal collaterals in the upper cervical spinal cord of the cat. II. Collaterals originating from axons outside the ventral funiculi
Authors: Donevan A. H. , MacDonald J. A. , Brennan P. A. , Rose P. K. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractRecent studies have shown that vestibulospinal axons reach the upper cervical spinal cord of the cat via several different funicular routes. The purpose of this study was to describe the projections of those axons travelling outside the well‐recognized pathways in the ventral funiculi. These axons are located in the dorsal columns, dorsolateral funiculi, and lateral funiculi. Collaterals of these axons were stained following extracellular injections of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin in the medial and descending vestibular nuclei. The trajectories of individual collaterals were reconstructed from serial histological sections.Collaterals arising from axons in the same funiculus usually had the same characteristic appearance. Axons in the lateral funiculi, ipsilateral or contralateral to their cells of origin, gave rise to collaterals that had a simple structure and usually followed a horizontal trajectory across laminae VII and VIII. The boutons of these collaterals were distributed throughout the mediolateral extent of laminae VI and VII and the dorsal half of lamina VIII. In contrast, axons in the dorsolateral funiculi, ipsilateral or contralateral to their cells of origin, terminated primarily in laminae IV and V. Many collaterals of these axons projected either rostrally or caudally and had a narrow mediolateral distribution. The combined distribution of boutons from collaterals originating from axons in the dorsal columns included the dorsal horn and intermediate zone. Although these collaterals were less common and formed a heterogeneous group, they were easily distinguished from collaterals originating from axons travelling in other funiculi.These results indicate that vestibulospinal axons travelling outside the ventral funiculi comprise several distinct systems. Each system travels by a different funicular route and is distinguished by differences in collateral morphology and termination zones. Compared to vestibulospinal axons travelling in the ventromedial funiculus, vestibulospinal axons in lateral and dorsal funiculi have a more dorsal termination zone. Vestibulospinal projections to the upper cervical spinal cord appear to consist of several functional subdivisions that correspond to different funicular pathways. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A comparison of glycogen phosphorylase a and cytochrome oxidase histochemical staining in rat brain
Authors: Harley Carolyn A. , Bielajew Catherine H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe utility of metabolic markers that index functional neuronal circuits is widely appreciated. The present study asks whether patterns of the metabolic enzyme, active glycogen phosphorylase, parallel those of the neuronal marker, cytochrome oxidase. Fresh frozen rat brain sections (30 μm) were processed for either active glycogen phosphorylase or cytochrome oxidase at each often levels of the neuraxis. Although these metabolic markers predominate in different cellular compartments–glycogen phosphorylase in the astrocytic compartment and cytochrome oxidase in the neuronal compartment–the patterns of high, moderate, and low levels of activity for both enzymes were generally parallel. These similarities extended to detailed patterns of heterogeneous staining within structures, in particular, to laminated and modular distribution within cerebral and cerebellar cortical structures. The modular distribution was evident in barrel structures in the cerebral cortex and in parasagittal compartments in the vermis of the cerebellum.Conspicuous differences between the two patterns occurred in white matter, in subcortical grey matter regions such as the nucleus accumbens, diagonal band, amygdala, and globus pallidus, and in the superior olivary nuclei of the brainstem as well as in nonneural structures such as the choroid plexus and ependyma. Discrete patchiness was characteristic of active glycogen phosphorylase distribution in the limbic neuropil of the dentate gyrus and entorhinal cortex.The strong parallels between active glycogen phosphorylase and cytochrome oxidase distribution support the view that glycogen phosphorylase, despite its glial localization, can reflect neuronal metabolic demands. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Somatostatin‐ and neuropeptide Y‐like immunoreactivity in the dentate area, hippocampus, and subiculum of the domestic pig
Authors: Holm Ida E. , Geneser Finn A. , Zimmer Jens 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWith the principal aim of providing baseline observations for future experimental studies, the distribution of somatostatin‐like and neuropeptide Y‐like immunoreactivities is described in the dentate area, hippocampus, and subiculum of the domestic pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) and compared with the distribution described in other mammals.Intensely stained somatostatin‐like immunoreactive nerve cell bodies were present throughout the region, with highest densities in the dentate hilus, stratum radiatum and stratum oriens of the hippocampal regio inferior, stratum oriens of the hippocampal regio superior, and in the subicular cell layer. Somatostatin‐like immunoreactive terminals were represented by both stained fibers and stained puncta. Scattered somatostatin‐like immunoreactive nerve fibers were seen in most areas, but regular fiber plexuses were present in the dentate molecular layer and dentate hilus, stratum moleculare of the hippocampus, and in the subicular plexiform layer. Somatostatin‐like immunoreactive puncta were seen in the dentate molecular layer, stratum moleculare of the hippocampus, and in the subicular plexiform layer.Neuropeptide Y‐like immunoreactive nerve cell bodies were less numerous than somatostatin‐like immunoreactive ones. They were mainly seen in the dentate granule cell layer and dentate hilus, stratum radiatum and stratum oriens of the hippocampus, and in the subicular cell layer. Intensely stained neuropeptide Y‐like immunoreactive fibers were numerous, and present in all areas examined. They formed fiber plexuses in the dentate molecular layer and dentate hilus, stratum moleculare of the hippocampal regio superior, and in the subicular plexiform layer. Neuropeptide Y‐like immunoreactive puncta were present in the dentate molecular layer, stratum moleculare of the hippocampus, and in the subicular plexiform layer.Consistent and very characteristic variation in the distribution of somatostatin‐like and neuropeptide Y‐like immunoreactivity was found along the septotemporal axis of the hippocampus.The distribution of somatostatin‐like and neuropeptide Y‐like neurons and terminals in the domestic pig displayed striking similarities with the basic pattern of organization of these neuropeptides in other species, although more subtle species‐specific characteristics were also observed in the pig. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cholinergic innervation of the human striatum, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra, and red nucleus
Authors: Mesulam M.‐Marsel , Mash Deborah , Hersh Louis , Bothwell Mark , Geula Changiz 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe anatomical organization of cholinergic markers such as acetylcholinesterase, choline acetyltransferase, and nerve growth factor receptors was investigated in the basal ganglia of the human brain. The distribution of choline acetyltransferase‐immunoreactive axons and varicosities and their relationship to regional perikarya showed that the caudate, putamen, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, red nucleus, and subthalamic nucleus of the human brain receive widespread cholinergic innervation. Components of the striatum (i.e., the putamen, caudate, olfactory tubercle, and nucleus accumbens) displayed the highest density of cholinergic varicosities. The next highest density of cholinergic innervation was detected in the red nucleus and subthalamic nucleus. The level of cholinergic innervation was of intermediate density in the globus pallidus and the ventral tegmental area and low in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra.Immunoreactivity for nerve growth factor receptors (NGFr) was confined to the cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain and their processes. Axonal immunoreactivity for NGFr was therefore used as a marker for cholinergic projections originating from the basal forebrain (Woolf et al., '89: Neuroscience 30:143–152). Although the vast majority of striatal cholinergic innervation was NGFr‐negative and, therefore, intrinsic, the striatum also contained NGFr‐positive axons, indicating the existence of an additional cholinergic input from the basal forebrain. This basal forebrain cholinergic innervation was more pronounced in the putamen than in the caudate. The distribution of NGFr‐positive axons suggested that the basal forebrain may also project to the globus pallidus but probably not to the subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra, or red nucleus. The great majority of cholinergic innervation to these latter three structures and to parts of the globus pallidus appeared to come from cholinergic neurons outside the basal forebrain, most of which are probably located in the upper brainstem.These observations indicate that cholinergic neurotransmission originating from multiple sources is likely to play an important role in the diverse motor and behavioral affiliations that have been attributed to the human basal ganglia. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Growth properties of larval and adult locust neurons in primary cell culture
Authors: Kirchhof Barbara , Bicker Gerd 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe developed a cell culture system for thoracic neurons of fifth instar or adult locusts (Locusta migratoria) in order to obtain maximum visualization of cellular morphology and direct access to neurons for electrophysiological analysis. The dissociated neurons regenerated new neurites in a serum‐free defined culture medium, in which they remained viable for up to 3 weeks. Viability of the cells was confirmed by intracellular recordings demonstrating active membrane properties and action potentials. While the morphology of the cultured neurons is distinct from their in vivo counterparts, they retained some cellular surface properties and markers related to transmitter metabolism.Two factors influencing cellular morphology in vitro were identified in Locusta: (1)the presence of a primary neurite stump, and (2) membrane contacts between cells. Dissociated neurons of the locus species Schistocerca gregaria grown in a hemolymph‐enriched medium showed a marked reduction in branching patterns and a tenfold increase in neurite length compared to neurons growing in a medium without hemolymph. This culture system could prove useful for identifying the action of hemolymph‐derived growth factors. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Photic regulation of Fos‐like immunoreactivity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the mouse
Authors: Colwell Christopher S. , Foster Russell G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn mammals, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus functions as the primary pacemaker of the circadian system. Light has been shown to induce Fos‐like immunoreactivity (Fos‐LI) in the SCN of rats and hamsters. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate extensively the effect of light on Fos‐LI in the mouse SCN. Brief pulses of light administered to animals otherwise in constant darkness were found to induce Fos‐LI. This photic induction was unaffected by the rd mutation, which causes the profound loss of photoreceptors but fails to affect circadian responses to light. Light regulation of Fos‐LI was dependent upon the phase of the circadian cycle in which the light pulse was administered. Phases at which light causes phase shifts of the circadian system were permissive for Fos‐LI induction (CT 16 and 24), while phases in which light does not cause phase shifts were not permissive (CT 6 and 9). The time course of the induction at CT 16 was also described. In a light/dark cycle, Fos‐LI was found to be rhythmically expressed with Fos‐LI elevated soon after the lights came on but remaining low throughout the rest of the cycle. However, this rhythm is a direct consequence of the light because in constant darkness Fos‐LI was always low. These results have implications regarding the possible functional roles of Fos in the circadian system and add to our understanding of light regulation of circadian physiology in the mouse. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Projections of the ventral premammillary nucleus
Authors: Canteras N. S. , Simerly R. B. , Swanson L. W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe projections of the ventral premammillary nucleus (PMv) have been examined with the Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHAL) method in adult male rats. The results indicate that the nucleus gives rise to two major ascending pathways and a smaller descending pathway. One large ascending pathway terminates densely in most regions of the periventricular zone of the hypothalamus, with the notable exception of the suprachiasmatic, suprachiasmatic preoptic, and median preoptic nuclei. This pathway is in a position to influence directly many cell groups known to regulate anterior pituitary function. The second large pathway ascends through the medial zone of the hypothalamus and densely innervates the ventrolateral part of the ventromedial nucleus and adjacent basal parts of the lateral hypothalamic area, medial preoptic nucleus, principal nucleus of the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis, ventral lateral septal nucleus, posterodorsal part of the medial nucleus of the amygdala, posterior nucleus, and immediately adjacent regions of the posterior cortical nucleus of the amygdala. It is already known that these regions are major components of the sexually dimorphic circuit, and interestingly, that they provide the major neural inputs to the PMv. The smaller descending projection from the PMv seems to innervate preferentially the posterior hypothalamic nucleus, although a small number of fibers appear to end in the tuberomammillary nucleus, supramammillary nucleus, specific regions of the medial mammillary nucleus, interfascicular nucleus, interpeduncular nucleus, periaqueductal gray, dorsal nucleus of the raphe, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, Barrington's nucleus, and locus coeruleus. Relatively sparse terminal fields associated with ascending fibers were also observed in the dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus; in the nucleus reuniens, parataenial nucleus, paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus, and mediodorsal nucleus; in the central nucleus of the amygdala, anterodorsal part of the medial nucleus of the amygdala, posterior part of the basomedial nucleus of the amygdala; and in the ventral subiculum and adjacent parts of hippocampal field CA1, and the infralimbic and prelimbic areas of the medial prefrontal cortex. Taken as a whole, the evidence suggests that the PMv receives two major inputs‐one from the sexually dimorphic circuit, and the other from the blood in the form of gonadal steroid hormones‐and gives rise to two major outputs: one (perhaps feed‐forward) to the neuroendocrine (periventricular) zone of the hypothalamus, and the other (perhaps feed‐back) to the sexually dimorphic circuit.© 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acetylcholinesterase reactivity in the frontal cortex of human and monkey: Contribution of AChE‐rich pyramidal neurons
Authors: Mrzljak Ladislav , Goldman‐Rakic Patricia S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractLight and electron microscopic histochemistry were used to analyze the distribution of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the frontal cortex of macaque monkey and human. In prefrontal, premotor, prelimbic, and medial paralimbic areas, AChE reactivity showed a characteristic bilaminar appearance due to a combination of positive neuronal and fiber labeling in deep layer III and layer V. In addition, layer I contained dense AChE‐reactive fiber plexuses labeled throughout the frontal areas.One of the major issues addressed in this study was whether pyramidal neurons in the nonhuman primate cortex express AChE reactivity, as has been reported for humans. Three different histochemical methods were applied to provide confidence in the reliability of the results. Light microscopic analysis revealed strongly reactive, intensely stained pyramidal neurons in monkey as well as in the human. Further, these AChE‐rich neurons exhibited the same pattern of laminar and regional variation in both species. In the prefrontal and premotor areas, AChE‐rich pyramidal neurons predominated in layer III. In the motor cortex, they were also concentrated in layer III, but numerous AChE‐rich pyramids were observed in layer V. In contrast, medial paralimbic areas had more AChE‐rich neurons in layer V than in layer III. Finally, at the electron microscopic level, the subcellular distribution of AChE histochemical product in pyramidal neurons was identical in both monkey and human. The only difference noted between the two species was that the density of AChE‐rich pyramidal neurons was greater in humans than in monkeys.Since nonhuman primates possess a system of AChE‐reactive pyramidal neurons similar to human, they provide a potentially useful animal model for analyzing acetylcholinesterase neuronal systems in the cortex, which are compromised in various neuropathological diseases like Alzheimer's disease. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.