bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analytical mass spectrometry of herbicides
Authors: Budde William L. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

I.
Introduction
2

II.
Scope of Information Within Each Herbicide Category
3

III.
Herbicides by Category
4

A.  Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and Salts
4

B.  Amides, Including Chloroacetanilides
4

C.  Aminoacids and Derivatives
5

D.  Benzoic and Phthalic Acids, Esters, and Salts
6

E.  Benzonitriles
7

F.  Cyclohexanediones
7

G.  Dinitrophenylamines (Dinitroanilines)
7

H.  Diphenyl Ethers
8

I.  Imidazolinones
9

J.  Miscellaneous Heterocyclics
10

K.  Phenols
11

L.  Phenoxycarboxylic Acids, Esters, and Salts
12

M.  Pyridines
13

N.  Pyridazines
14

O.  Quaternary Ammonium Salts
15

P.  Sulfonylureas
16

Q.  Sulfonamides and Other Sulfur Compounds
16

R.  Thiocarbamates and Carbamates
19

S.  Triazines and Related Compounds
19

T.  Triazoles
20

U.  Ureas
21

References
22

Herbicides are chemical substances that are applied to agricultural soils, gardens, lawns, or plants to destroy or to prevent the growth of undesirable vegetation. The herbicides included in this review are generally synthetic organic compounds that are ingredients in commercial herbicide products that were designated active during late 2002 in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's database of registered and canceled pesticide products. The compounds are organized into 21 categories according to their general chemical structures or a common structural group. The herbicides in each category are discussed in terms of their structures, their database electron ionization mass spectra, and their amenability to separation and measurement with gas chromatography, reversed‐phase liquid chromatography, and capillary electrophoresis combined with mass spectrometry. Ionization techniques that are considered here are mainly electron ionization, electrospray, and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. Sixty‐six references are provided to herbicide reviews, and to the recent herbicide analytical chemistry and mass spectrometry research literature. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 23:1–24, 2004
Lung proteome alterations in a mouse model for nonallergic asthma
Authors: Houtman René , Krijgsveld Jeroen , Kool Mirjam , Romijn Edwin P. , Redegeld Frank A. , Nijkamp Frans P. , Heck Albert J. R. , Humphery‐Smith Ian 
Published: November 2003

AbstractA mouse model for nonatopic asthma was employed to study the alterations of the lung proteome to gain insight into the underlying molecular mechanisms of disease pathophysiology post‐challenge. Lung samples from asthmatic and control mice were used to generate 24 high quality two‐dimensional electrophoresis gels wherein 2115 proteins were examined for disease relevance. In total, 23 proteins were significantly up‐ or down‐regulated following hapten‐challenge of dinitro‐fluorobenzene‐hypersensitive mice. Twenty proteins were identified by mass spectrometry, of which 18 could be linked to asthma related symptoms, such as stress and inflammation, lung detoxification, plasma exudation and/or tissue remodeling. As such, proteomics was clearly vindicated as a means of studying this complex disease phenomenon. The proteins found in this study may not necessarily play a role in the immunological mechanisms and/or pathophysiology of asthma development. However, they may prove useful as surrogate biomarkers for quantitatively monitoring disease state progression or response to therapy. The mathematics of achieving statistical confidence from low numbers of gel replicates containing large numbers of independent variables stress the need for high numbers of replicates to better sample the population of proteins revealed by two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis.
Dihydropyrimidinase related protein‐2 as a biomarker for temperature and time dependent post mortem changes in the mouse brain proteome
Authors: Franzén Bo , Yang Yang , Sunnemark Dan , Wickman Monica , Ottervald Jan , Oppermann Madalina , Sandberg Kristian 
Published: November 2003

AbstractProteome analysis in the central nervous system area represents a large and important challenge in drug discovery. One major problem is to obtain representative and well characterized tissues of high quality for analysis. We have used brain tissues from normal mice to study the effect of post mortem time (up to 32 h) and temperature (4°C and room temperature) on protein expression patterns. A number of proteins were identified using mass spectrometry and potential markers were localized. One of the proteins identified, dihydropyrimidinase related protein‐2 (DRP‐2), occurs as multiple spots in two‐dimensional electrophoresis gels. The ratio between the truncated form of DRP‐2 (fDRP‐2) and full length DRP‐2 is suggested as an internal control that can be used as a biomarker of post mortem time and post mortem temperature between unrelated brain protein samples. Results of this study may be useful in future efforts to detect disease specific alterations in proteomic studies of human post mortem brain tissues.
Proteomic identification of heat shock protein 70 as a candidate target for enhancing apoptosis induced by farnesyl transferase inhibitor
Authors: Hu Wei , Wu WeiGuo , Verschraegen Claire F. , Chen Ling , Mao Li , Yeung Sai‐Ching Jim , Kudelka Andrzej P. , Freedman Ralph S. , Kavanagh John J. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractFarnesyl transferase inhibitors (FTIs) are novel antitumor drugs with clinical activity. FTIs inhibit cell growth not only by preventing direct Ras farnesylation but also through a Ras‐independent pathway. Proteomics has been shown to be a powerful tool to monitor and analyze molecular networks and fluxes within the living cells and to identify the proteins that participate in these networks upon perturbation of the cellular environment. To observe early and dynamic protein changes in the cellular response to FTI in ovarian cancer cells, total proteins were extracted from 2774 cells treated or not with 10 μM manumycin, an FTI, for 3, 6 and 16 h. The proteins in the cells that were differentially expressed following treatment with manumycin for 3, 6 and 16 h were noted by two‐dimensional electrophoresis and further identified by peptide mass fingerprinting as stress proteins. Both heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and altered HSP70 were significantly up‐regulated as early as 16 h in 2774 cells after exposure to manumycin. Since HSP70 plays an important role in protecting cells under stress, we treated the 2774 cells with the HSP inhibitor quercetin in combination with FTI. Quercetin dramatically enhanced the manumycin‐mediated apoptosis in 2774 cells. Inducible HSP70 by manumycin in surviving ovarian cancer cells was also inhibited by quercetin as demonstrated by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The inhibition of HSP70 by quercetin was correlated with enhancement of manumycin‐induced mediated apoptosis in 2774 cells. The inhibition of HSP70 by 50 μM quercetin was also correlated with a decreased expression of procaspase‐3 and enhancement of specific cleavage of poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase into apoptotic fragment in 2774 cells treated with manumycin. The interaction between the HSP70 inhibitor and FTI confirms the functional significance of the up‐regulation of HSP70 as a protective mechanism against FTI‐induced apoptosis and provides the framework for combination treatment of ovarian cancer.
Single‐step perfusion chromatography with a throughput potential for enhanced peptide detection by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ ionization‐mass spectrometry
Authors: Choi Byung‐Kwon , Cho Young‐Moon , Bae Soo‐Han , Zoubaulis Christos C. , Paik Young‐Ki 
Published: November 2003

AbstractMass spectrometric peptide mapping of proteins separated by two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis can be routinely performed by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI‐MS) which has become a standard tool. Since MALDI‐MS detection relies heavily on the quality of the MALDI target, development of an efficient sample preparation technique for removal of sample contaminants is necessary. To date, among the several sample preparation techniques for MALDI targets available, multistep perfusion chromatography (MSPC) using Poros R2 and Oligo R3 has been most commonly used. However, MSPC requires at least four working steps and is not efficient for high‐throughput analysis and recovery of low abundance proteins. During the course of proteomic analysis of a large set of rat liver tissues and the immortalized human sebaceous gland cells (SZ95 cells), we were interested in developing an alternative to MSPC. Here, we describe a single‐step perfusion chromatography (SSPC) method for MALDI target preparation, which uses a tiny column packed with a mixture of Poros R2 and Oligo R3 resins. The SSPC method significantly improves not only detection of peptides but also efficiency of sample handling, thus enabling high‐throughput sample preparation for analyzing large set of samples with high resolution and reproducibility.
Current therapy and new molecular approaches to antiviral treatment and prevention of hepatitis C
Authors: Hügle Thomas , Cerny Andreas 
Published: November 2003

AbstractCurrent therapeutic options for hepatitis C are limited, especially for genotype 1. For genotypes 2 and 3, pegylated interferon in combination with ribavirin, can lead to a sustained virological response in up to 80% of patients. Unfortunately, adverse effects of IFN and ribavirin are a major problem and the list of contraindications for HCV therapy is long, including decompensated cirrhosis of the liver and psychiatric disorders. Therefore, alternative therapeutic approaches are needed. New delivery options for IFN and ribavirin are aimed at optimising efficiency and reducing adverse effects. Recent progress in the molecular virology of HCV has identified new targets for antiviral intervention. Inhibition of HCV gene expression and replication as well as immunotherapeutic concepts aimed at enhancing the cellular immune response against HCV are being explored. Solution of the crystal structures of HCV key enzymes led to the design of specific inhibitors including compounds active against the well characterised NS3 serine protease and RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase which are currently in the early phase clinical investigation. New strategies for inhibiting HCV gene expression include the use of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides and ribozymes. Immunomodulation by agents such as inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase inhibitors, thymosin‐alpha 1, histamine or amantadine are being studied in combination with IFN and/or ribavirin. Immunotherapeutic vaccination with recombinant HCV E1 protein improved host immunity against HCV and thus seems to be a promising new option. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Companion planting – do aromatic plants disrupt host‐plant finding by the cabbage root fly and the onion fly more effectively than non‐aromatic plants?
Authors: Finch Stan , Billiald Helen , Collier Rosemary H. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract Brassica and Allium host‐plants were each surrounded by four non‐host plants to determine how background plants affected host‐plant finding by the cabbage root fly (Delia radicum L.) and the onion fly [Delia antiqua (Meig.)] (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), respectively. The 24 non‐host plants tested in field‐cage experiments included garden ‘bedding’ plants, weeds, aromatic plants, companion plants, and one vegetable plant. Of the 20 non‐host plants that disrupted host‐plant finding by the cabbage root fly, fewest eggs (18% of check total) were laid on host plants surrounded by the weed Chenopodium album L., and most (64% of check total) on those surrounded by the weed Fumaria officinalis L. Of the 15 plants that disrupted host‐plant finding in the preliminary tests involving the onion fly, the most disruptive (8% of check total) was a green‐leaved variant of the bedding plant Pelargonium × hortorum L.H. Bail and the least disruptive (57% of check total) was the aromatic plant Mentha piperita × citrata (Ehrh.) Briq. Plant cultivars of Dahlia variabilis (Willd.) Desf. and Pelargonium×hortorum, selected for their reddish foliage, were less disruptive than comparable cultivars with green foliage. The only surrounding plants that did not disrupt oviposition by the cabbage root fly were the low‐growing scrambling plant Sallopia convolvulus L., the grey‐foliage plant Cineraria maritima L., and two plants, Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv. and Lobelia erinus L. which, from their profuse covering of small flowers, appeared to be white and blue, respectively. The leaf on which the fly landed had a considerable effect on subsequent behaviour. Flies that landed on a host plant searched the leaf surface in an excited manner, whereas those that landed on a non‐host plant remained more or less motionless. Before taking off again, the flies stayed 2–5 times as long on the leaf of a non‐host plant as on the leaf of a host plant. Host‐plant finding was affected by the size (weight, leaf area, height) of the surrounding non‐host plants. ‘Companion plants’ and aromatic plants were no more disruptive to either species of fly than the other plants tested. Disruption by all plants resulted from their green leaves, and not from their odours and/or tastes.
Coupling diet quality and Bowman‐Birk and Kunitz‐type soybean proteinase inhibitor effectiveness to Diatraea saccharalis development and mortality
Authors: Pompermayer Patrícia , Falco Maria Cristina , Parra José Roberto P. , Silva‐Filho Marcio C. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractWe used bioassays to investigate the effect of Bowman‐Birk and Kunitz‐type soybean proteinase inhibitors on two artificial diets (diets 1 and 2) which are commonly used to feed laboratory colonies of larvae of the moth Diatraea saccharalis, monitoring food intake and utilization, and larval development and mortality. Diet 1 was less nutritious, with a low protein content and reduced mineral and essential amino acid (e.g., cysteine, lysine, and methionine) content, while diet 2 was richer and more complete. When proteinase inhibitors were incorporated into the artificial diets, the effects on larval development were significantly greater for those larvae fed diet 1, with the chronic ingestion of proteinase inhibitors reducing the level of trypsin‐like activity in the midgut of larvae fed this diet. Larvae fed diet 2 also showed a reduced level of tryptic activity in the midgut, but this was less marked than for diet 1. These results indicate that despite their inhibitory effect on midgut enzymes, the effectiveness of proteinase inhibitors is directly dependent on the quality of the diet. The different effects seen on insect biology when proteinase inhibitors are added to rich or poor diets suggests that the role of anti‐nutritional proteins in the control of insects might not be adequately addressed by bioassays based on the incorporation of inhibitors into artificial diets.
Female Cowbird Song Perception: Evidence for Plasticity of Preference
Authors: King Andrew P. , West Meredith J. , White David J. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe goal of the research reported here was to look for evidence of modifiability of preference for male song in female cowbirds, Molothrus ater. To this end, we investigated whether social experience affected the breadth and consistency of females’ playback preferences for geographic variants of male song. In three experiments, we varied female cowbirds’ exposure to males. Wild‐caught juvenile females showed a preference for local song in their first year when housed without males in sound‐attenuating chambers, as we had found previously with adult females. But we found that neither adult nor juvenile females showed a preference for local over distant song after they had been housed in large, outdoor aviaries with other females but without male residents. Aviary housing with local males did lead to preferences for local songs. These data represent the first unqualified evidence that adult and juvenile female cowbird preferences for song are modifiable. These data add to the growing body of literature suggesting that receivers, as well as signalers, rely on learning during development of their communication system.
Oviposition Behavior and Offspring Emergence Patterns in Succinea thaanumi, an Endemic Hawaiian Land Snail
Authors: Brown Susan G. , Crowell Karen , Keene Patricia 
Published: November 2003

AbstractIn this field study, newly laid egg clutches of Succinea thaanumi, an endemic Hawaiian land snail, were labeled and observed weekly over a 12‐mo period. Snails usually laid their clutches under leaf tips and, moreover, this placement affected snail emergence by mitigating the effects of dehydration through the leaf‐drip phenomenon. During droughts, the gel surrounding egg clutches dehydrated, pasting the embryos to the backs of leaves. The hygroscopic gel rehydrated once rains resumed. The majority of newly laid clutches contained shell‐less embryos which required more time for emergence than embryos laid with visible shells. More shelled embryos were laid subsequent to a 3‐wk drought, indicating that snails retained their eggs during adverse environmental conditions and laid them when conditions improved. The snails’ abilities to retain eggs in adverse conditions, but to lay more unshelled embryos over their lifetimes, contributed to their overall reproductive success.
Peripheral Blood Neutrophil Function and Lymphocyte Subpopulations in Cycling Mares
Authors: Roberto da Costa RP , Carvalho H , Agrícola R , Alpoim‐Moreira J , Martins C , Ferreira‐Dias G 
Published: November 2003

ContentsThe purpose of this study was to evaluate different parameters of the immune status in the mare, during the follicular and the luteal phases of the oestrous cycle, in two consecutive years. Functional competence of peripheral blood neutrophils, such as chemotaxis, phagocytosis and oxidative burst was assessed under physiological cyclic conditions (Exp. I). In the second year of this study (Exp. II), besides peripheral blood neutrophil phagocytosis and oxidative burst analysis, circulating lymphocyte subsets were also characterized. The reproductive status in a total of 17 adult cycling mares was evaluated by ultrasonography and further confirmed by plasma progesterone levels. Chemotaxis tests were performed using porous membranes inserted in transwell chambers. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) fromEscherichia coliandN‐formyl‐Met‐Leu‐Phe (fMLP) were used as chemoattractants. Measurement of phagocytosis and oxidative burst in blood neutrophils were assessed by flow cytometry using commercially available kits. Quantification of T‐lymphocyte subsets was assessed by indirect immunofluorescence staining after incubation with monoclonal antibodies specific for CD2, CD3, CD4 and CD8 cell markers by flow cytometry. Natural killer cells and B cells were estimated mathematically. No significant difference was found in migration, phagocytosis and oxidative burst at either phase of the oestrous cycle. Statistical analysis of total white blood cell counts also showed no significant difference between either phase of the oestrous cycle, although there was a tendency for blood neutrophils to increase in number under the progesterone influence (p = 0.09). Lymphocytic subpopulations did not differ throughout the oestrous cycle. Overall, our results suggest that luteal and follicular phases in cycling mares may not influence the immune status of the mare.
Effects of Glucose Concentration on in vitro Fertilization in BALB/c Mice
Authors: Wu HT , Chou CK , Lin CS , Huang MC 
Published: November 2003

ContentsBALB/c mice are widely used in genetic, tumour and immunological studies. However, the mice demonstrate a lower reproduction rate, low fertility and small litters, because of their highly genetic homozygoisty. Based on in vitro fertilization (IVF), a routine technique for biomedical studies, it is worth to evaluate the effects to BALB/c mice on IVF efficiency. In order to test the genetic factor affecting the IVF efficiency of BALB/c, four reciprocal IVF tests of BALB/cByJ and FVB/NCrl mice were performed. The results showed that the average fertility of IVF sponsored by FVB/NCrl spermatozoa was 69.6%, but only 12.1% was obtained from BALB/cByJ strain. Effect of glucose contained in the culture medium to the IVF efficiency of BALB/cByJ was also evaluated. The results showed that the fertility of BALB/cByJ spermatozoa incubated with 0, 2.7, 5.5, 11.1 and 22.2 mm of glucose in the TYH medium were 6.8, 9.9, 13.9, 32.7 and 22.2%, respectively. It is showed that IVF efficiency of BALB/cByJ spermatozoa could be improved depending on the concentration of glucose in the IVF medium. According to the results, it is beleived that lower IVF of BALB/cByJ mice might be due to the genetic defect in spermatozoa and increasing glucose in the IVF medium which significantly affect the IVF efficiency of BALB/cByl via activating the spermatozoa.
Climatic effects on soil trophic networks and the resulting humus profiles in holm oak (Quercus rotundifolia) forests in the High Atlas of Morocco as revealed by correspondence analysis
Authors: Sadaka N. , Ponge J. F. 
Published: November 2003

SummaryMultivariate methods have been widely used for revealing the structures of communities, and in this paper we explore one particular method, namely correspondence analysis (also called reciprocal averaging), for studying humus profiles by the ‘method of small volumes’. The present study was done on humus profiles under holm oak (Quercus rotundifolia), an evergreen Mediterranean species, in the High Atlas of Morocco. Three sites (1500 m, 1700 m, 1900 m altitude) and 2 years (1999 and 2002) were compared. The humus form is Dysmull (mull with thick litter horizons), with variations in the thickness of the OL (entire leaves), OF (fragmented leaves with faecal pellets) and A (hemorganic) horizons according to altitude and year. The dead leaves are rapidly incorporated into holorganic (earthworm, insect) and hemorganic (enchytraeid) animal faeces, which form the bulk of the OF and A horizons. The S horizon (weathering parent rock) shows the greatest development of the root system. As altitude increases more fresh litter (OL) or more humified organic matter (OF, A) is accumulated. Variation from year to year is depicted by opposite differences in the amount of entire oak leaves and of dead roots. Humus components (classes) are used as active (main) variables, after standardization of their means and variances. The addition of numerous passive (additional) variables, standardized in the same way as active variables, enabled us to understand the influence of biological and climatic effects on the composition of humus profiles and soil trophic networks.