bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development and evaluation of emulsified reference materials for magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Lee Sunyoung , Hwangbo Seonae , Hong Cheolpyo , Lee Changwoo , Cho Hyo-Min 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Hepatic steatosis is characterized by an abnormal accumulation of lipids within hepatocytes. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a widely used noninvasive method that can accurately and objectively quantify liver fat. To evaluate the accuracy of the quantitatively measured fat fraction, stable and homogenous qualified material is needed as a reference. Surfactant-free micro-emulsions of three fat fractions I, II, and III, corresponding to (9.12 ± 0.02)%, (18.32 ± 0.04)%, and (27.86 ± 0.05)%, respectively, were prepared using a high-intensity focused ultrasonic emulsification technique. The targeted fat fraction of 10%–30% covers the range of grade I moderate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, which occurs in the early stages that require early detection. Water contents as the main component of the emulsified reference materials (RMs) were determined using the Karl Fisher titration method to evaluate the stability and homogeneity of the RMs. The water contents of fat fraction I, II, and III were (89.12 ± 1.08)%, (79.87 ± 0.81)%, and (72.71 ± 1.29)%, respectively. The RMs were stable for six months and showed good homogeneity with both standard deviations between and within units in the range of 0.3%–0.6%. The physical phantom consisted of nine vials of RMs surrounded by agarose gel. The phantom was scanned on 3 T MRI (Siemens MAGNETOM Vida, Siemens Healthineers, Erlangen, Germany). The correlation between the measured proton density fat fraction values and the fabricated fat fraction values was evaluated using linear regression analysis. The slope of the linear fitting was 0.99, and the intercept was −0.88%. These results show that the developed RMs can provide a reference value for the measured fat fraction from a medical imaging system to evaluate the effectiveness of a measurement procedure. It is also expected that the developed RMs can be utilized to harmonize the measured values across multi-site.
Transfer learning with data alignment and optimal transport for EEG based motor imagery classification
Authors: Chu Chao , Zhu Lei , Huang Aiai , Xu Ping , Ying Nanjiao , Zhang Jianhai 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective. The non-stationarity of electroencephalogram (EEG) signals and the variability among different subjects present significant challenges in current Brain–Computer Interfaces (BCI) research, which requires a time-consuming specific calibration procedure to address. Transfer Learning (TL) offers a potential solution by leveraging data or models from one or more source domains to facilitate learning in the target domain, so as to address these challenges. Approach. In this paper, a novel Multi-source domain Transfer Learning Fusion (MTLF) framework is proposed to address the calibration problem. Firstly, the method transforms the source domain data with the resting state segment data, in order to decrease the differences between the source domain and the target domain. Subsequently, feature extraction is performed using common spatial pattern. Finally, an improved TL classifier is employed to classify the target samples. Notably, this method does not require the label information of target domain samples, while concurrently reducing the calibration workload. Main results. The proposed MTLF is assessed on Datasets 2a and 2b from the BCI Competition IV. Compared with other algorithms, our method performed relatively the best and achieved mean classification accuracy of 73.69% and 70.83% on Datasets 2a and 2b respectively. Significance. Experimental results demonstrate that the MTLF framework effectively reduces the discrepancy between the source and target domains and acquires better classification performance on two motor imagery datasets.
Impact of helium and hydrogen plasma exposure on surface damage and erosion of tungsten
Authors: Sakamoto Ryuichi , Bernard Elodie , Kreter Arkadi , Martin Céline 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The impact of helium plasma exposure on the tungsten surface damage structure development and erosion has been investigated by comparing the impact of hydrogen plasma exposure. Crystal orientation dependence of the undulating surface structure formation and erosion rate is observed on the plasma-exposed tungsten surface independently from the plasma species. The top surface of the plasma exposed tungsten has a tendency to {100} plane independently from the initial surface orientation. Although hydrogen and/or helium cause no erosion in tungsten under incident ion energy exposure conditions below the sputtering threshold, inevitable minute impurities, like oxygen, play an essential role in erosion, and significant erosion can be observed even at 30 eV.
Brownian fluctuations of kinetic energy under Lorentz force
Authors: Paraguassú Pedro V 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In stochastic thermodynamics, significant attention has been given to studying the statistical behavior of thermodynamic quantities, such as heat and work. However, fluctuations in other quantities, such as kinetic energy and internal energy, can also exhibit intriguing statistical properties. In this study, we investigate the fluctuations of kinetic energy within an initially equilibrated underdamped Brownian particle subsequently exposed to a Lorentz force, comprising both electric and magnetic fields, and provide insights through the examination of the characteristic function, central moments, and kinetic energy distribution.
A broad class of nonlinear Langevin equations with drift and diffusion coefficients separable in time and space: generalized n-moment, ergodicity, Einstein relation, and fluctuations of the system
Authors: Fa Kwok Sau , Pianegonda Salete 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
An extensive class of nonlinear Langevin equations with drift and diffusion coefficients separable in time and space driven by Gaussian white noise is analyzed in terms of a generalized n-moment. We show that the system may exhibit an ergodic property, a key property in statistical mechanics, for space-time-dependent drift and diffusion coefficients. A generalized Einstein relation is also obtained. We also demonstrate that the first two generalized moments and variances are useful to describe the drift and fluctuations of the system.
Eigenvector dreaming
Authors: Benedetti Marco , Carillo Louis , Marinari Enzo , Mézard Marc 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Among the performance-enhancing procedures for Hopfield-type networks that implement associative memory, Hebbian unlearning (HU) (or dreaming) strikes for its simplicity and lucid biological interpretation. However, it does not easily lend to a clear analytical understanding. Here, we show how HU can be efficiently described in terms of the evolution of the spectrum and the eigenvectors (EVs) of the coupling matrix. That is, we find that HU barely changes the EVs of the coupling matrix, whereas the benefits of the procedure can be ascribed to an intuitive evolution of the spectrum. We use these ideas to design novel dreaming algorithms that are effective from a computational point of view and are analytically far more transparent than the original scheme.
Manifest modular invariance in the near-critical Ising model
Authors: Berg Marcus 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Using recent results in mathematics, I point out that free energies and scale-dependent central charges away from criticality can be represented in compact form where modular invariance is manifest. The main example is the near-critical Ising model on a thermal torus, but the methods are not restricted to modular symmetry, and apply to automorphic symmetries more generally. One application is finite-size effects.
Low intensity beam current measurement of the Associated Proton Beam Line at CSNS
Authors: Qiu R Y , Huang W L , Li F , Zeng L , Rehman M A , Liu M Y , Liu Q R , Yang R J , Yang T , Xu Z H , Tan Z X 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The Associated Proton beam Experiment Platform (APEP) beamline is the first proton irradiation facility to use naturally-stripped protons which come from H-beams interacting with the residual gas in the linac beampipe at CSNS. The stripped beam current, which is in the order of 0.1% of the original H-beam and approximately 10 μA, should be measured precisely to provide the proton number for irradiation experiments. Therefore, a low-intensity beam current measurement system was developed with considerations to eliminate the external interferences. An anti-interference design is adopted in this system with an elaboration of probes, cables and electronic low-noise technology to minimize the impact of environmental noise and interferences. This improves the signal-to-noise ratio and enables a more precise measurement of the microampere level pulsed beam current. The system was installed and tested during the summer maintenance in 2021 and 2022. It shows a good agreement with the measurement of the Faraday cup.
A novel BPM mechanical center calibration method based on laser ranging
Authors: Tang X H , Sui Y F , He J , Du Y Y , Cao J S , Yue J H 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Determining the mechanical center of the beam position monitor (BPM) has been a difficulty for BPM calibration. To solve this problem, a method of positioning the BPM mechanical center based on laser ranging is proposed. This method uses high-precision antenna support as the core locating datum, and high-precision laser ranging sensor (LRS) as the detection tool. By detecting the distances from the LRSs to the antenna support and the distances from the LRSs to the BPM, the mechanical center of the BPM can be indirectly determined. The theoretical system error of this method is within 20 μm, and the experimental results show that the measurement repeatability is 15 μm, This method has low cost and fast speed, which can be used for large-scale calibration.
A new approach for Canadian Light Source future orbit correction system driven by neural network
Authors: Saadat S , Boland M J 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The orbit correction system (OCS) of the Canadian Light Source (CLS) comprises of 48 sets of BERGOZ beam position monitors (BPM). Each BPM has the ability to measure the position of the beam in both the X and Y directions and can record data at a rate of 1000 times per second. Inverse Response Matrix (IRM) is utilized to determine the optimal strength of the 48 sets of orbit correctors in both the X and Y directions, in order to ensure that the beam follows its desired path. The suggestion in this study is to replace the singular value decomposition (SVD) function with a neural network algorithm, which will act as the central processing unit of the orbit correction system. The training model’s design includes three hidden layers, and within each layer, there are 96 nodes. The neural network’s outputs for regular operations in CLS exhibit a mean square error (MSE) of 10
−7
. Various difficult scenarios were created to test the OCS at 8.0 mA, using offsets in different sections of the storage ring. However, the new model was able to produce the necessary orbit correctors (OC) signals without any trouble.
Beam test of a harmonic kicker cavity
Authors: Bruker M W , Grames J , Guo J , Musson J , Overstreet S A , Pablo M , Park G T , Plawski T , Poelker M , Rimmer R , Roberts B , Speirs D , Wang H , Wilson C , Zhang S 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
A harmonically resonant kicker cavity designed for beam exchange in a circulator cooler was built and successfully tested at the Upgraded Injector Test Facility (UITF) at Jefferson Lab. This type of cavity is being considered for the injection scheme of the Rapid Cycling Synchrotron at the Electron-Ion Collider, where the spacing of neighboring bunches demands very short kicks. Operating with five transversely deflecting modes simultaneously that resonate at 86.6 MHz and consecutive odd harmonics thereof, the prototype cavity selectively deflects 1 of 11 electron bunches while leaving the others unperturbed. An RF driver was developed to synthesize phase- and amplitude-controlled harmonic signals and combine them to drive the cavity while also separating the modes from a field-probe antenna for RF feedback and dynamic tuning. Beam deflection was measured by sweeping the cavity phase; the deflection waveform agrees with expectations, having sub-nanosecond rise and fall times. No emittance increase is observed. Harmonically resonant cavities like the one described provide a new capability for injection and extraction at circulators and rings.
Microbunching of thermionic cathode rf gun beams in the Advanced Photon Source s-band linac
Authors: Dooling J , Brill A , Lobach I , Lumpkin A , Kuklev N , Sereno N , Sun Y 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
We report on measurements of beams from thermionic cathode (TC) rf guns in the Advanced Photon Source S-Band Linac. These measurements include the macropulse out of both new and existing TC guns as well as the observation of microbunching within the micropulses of these beams. A gun chopper limits the macropulse FWHM duration to the 10-ns range. Our objectives were to analyse the new TC gun and investigate microbunching within a TC-rf-gun-generated beam. Our diagnostics elucidated longitudinal beam structures from the ns to the fs time scales. Coherent transition radiation (CTR) interferometers responding to far-infrared wavelengths were employed after each compression stage to provide the autocorrelations of the sub-ps micropulse durations. The first compression stage is an alpha magnet and the second a chicane. A CCD camera was used to image the beam via optical transition radiation from an Al screen at the end of the linac and also employed to measure coherent optical transition radiation (COTR) in the visible range. The COTR diagnostic observations, implying microbunching on a fs time scale, are presented and compared with a longitudinal space-charge impedance model.
Enhancing spatial resolution in MÖNCH for electron microscopy via deep learning
Authors: Xie X. , Barba Flores L. , Bejar Haro B. , Bergamaschi A. , Fröjdh E. , Müller E. , Paton K.A. , Poghosyan E. , Remlinger C. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Hybrid Pixel Detectors (HPDs) are highly suitable in diffraction-based electron microscopy
due to their high frame rates (> 1 kHz), high dynamic range, and good radiation
hardness. However, their use in imaging applications has been limited by their relatively large
pixel size (≥ 55 μm) and high-energy (>80 keV) electrons scattering over
multiple pixels in the sensor layer. To realize the full potential of fast, radiation-hard HPDs
across electron microscopy modalities, we developed deep learning techniques to precisely localize
the impact point of incident electrons in MÖNCH, a charge integrating HPD with
25 μm pixel size. With neural network models trained using labeled data via
simulations and experimental measurements, the best spatial resolution obtained, defined in terms
of the root mean squared error, was 0.60 pixels for 200 keV electrons, a three-fold improvement
over a simple charge centroid method. This article presents the training sample generation, deep
learning model design, training results, and imaging outcomes for a sample containing gold
nanoparticles.
Development and commissioning of a hydrogen ion source for the CERN ALPHA experiment
Authors: Johnson M.A. , Bertsche W.A. , Cortázar O.D , Faircloth D. , Kalvas T. , Lawrie S. , Megia Macías A.M. , Tarvainen O. , Barrios Díaz E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The CERN ALPHA experiment makes precision measurements of antihydrogen atoms held in a
superconducting magnetic minimum trap. Recent studies of the antihydrogen spectrum have provided
unique tests of fundamental physics, and to improve on these studies ALPHA is now proposing
upgrades to directly compare hydrogen and antihydrogen within their existing atom trap. One route
towards producing cold, neutral hydrogen atoms is the integration of a hydrogen ion source into
the experiment. Ideally, this should provide both positive (H+, H2
+,
H3
+) and negative (H-) ions to facilitate different schemes for
producing and trapping hydrogen atoms. For compatibility with ALPHA's existing beamlines, the
source must produce modest (∼ 10 μA) beam currents at very low final energies
(<100 eV). PELLIS, previously developed at JYFL, is a filament-driven ion source that
generates 5–10 keV H- beams with small emittances and tens of
microamps of beam current. Here, we present a modified PELLIS design to provide both positive and
negative hydrogen ions for ALPHA. The use of an electromagnet filter field in PELLIS allows for
the optimisation of H- volume production, and also tuning of the positive ion species
fraction. We present simulations of H- (and similarly H+) transport through
the initial extraction optics, which have been configured for a lower beam energy of 5 keV
and designed to match a proposed beamline to interface with ALPHA. We present the results of
detailed vacuum simulations that were used to guide the optics design, allowing the source (at
10-2 mbar) to interface with a transport beamline ∼ 0.5 m downstream
that has strict vacuum requirements of < 10-9 mbar. We present experimental results
from commissioning of the source, and show that it broadly performs as designed for both positive
and negative hydrogen ions.
Atlantic Niño induced sea surface salinity variability as observed from the satellite
Authors: Chen Yihao 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The Atlantic Niño exerts great impact on surrounding weather and climate anomalies, leading to anomalous wind, temperature, precipitation, etc. However, the impact of Atlantic Niño on ocean salinity in the tropical Atlantic has not been well disclosed. The present study examines the Atlantic Niño induced sea surface salinity (SSS) distribution in both boreal summer and winter seasons by using the satellite data as well as various reanalysis and objective analysis data sets. It concludes that the summer Atlantic Niño leads to large fresh SSS anomalies in the eastern equatorial basin, while the winter Atlantic Niño leads to a meridional dipole structure of SSS anomalies. The former is mostly controlled by the dynamical processes of ocean, while the latter is largely controlled by the atmospheric processes. Accordingly, two SSS indices are developed to describe the relationships in the two seasons. The present study advances our understanding of the Atlantic Niño and its associated SSS variability and reveals the possible deficiencies of current reanalysis and objective analysis data sets in the tropical Atlantic Ocean.
Exploring the Environmental Health Implications of Invisible, Unnoticeable, and Overlooked Mistakes in Hospital Design: A Study in Egypt
Authors: Hussain Adel , Rabie Mohamed , Abdlaty Ramy , Mahdy Mohamed M 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Hospital Planning and design can have a significant impact on environmental health, and even seemingly minor mistakes or oversights can contribute to negative health outcomes for patients and hospital staff. This paper examines the impact of invisible, unnoticeable, and overlooked mistakes in hospital design on environmental health in Egypt, with a focus on identifying the risks associated with these mistakes and exploring strategies for mitigating negative outcomes. Through a review of the literature, this paper identifies several key environmental factors that can contribute to negative health outcomes in hospitals, including poor air quality, inadequate ventilation, noise pollution, infection, poor materials quality, inadequate lighting and any other factors could harm the hospital occupants. Additionally, this paper examines the impact of these factors on patient outcomes, including length of stay, recovery time, and overall health and well-being. Finally, this paper explores and studies these mistakes which are considered a frequent phenomenon in a large number of hospitals in Egypt to determine these environmental health risks. Overall, this paper highlights the importance of considering even the smallest details in hospital design, and offers recommendations for promoting healthy and safe hospital environments in Egypt.
The Effect of Using Horizontal Shading Elements on the Energy Efficiency of Multistory Residential Buildings
Authors: Alothman R A T , Abdin A R , Mahmoud A H 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Shading elements have been considered to be an important element in controlling the amount of heat and sunlight entering the spaces, the most common kinds of horizontal shading devices include architectural components including balconies, louvres, and roof overhangs. Residential buildings consume high energy by household appliances from air conditioning, which makes it the most energy consuming building. Therefore, the aim of this research is determine the effect of using horizontal shading elements on the energy efficiency of multi-storey residential buildings. DesignBuilder is a tool used in this research to evaluate the energy efficiency by comparing the typical room without shading elements and with typical room with shading elements with different depths under two district climatic conditions cold semi-arid climate and hot arid climate. The research found that energy saving between 0.5% to 30.8% when using horizontal shading elements depending on the orientation and location of the case study beside the depth of shading elements.
Guidelines for Egyptian Cities Towards Achieving Sustainable Creative Cities (Aswan as a Case Study)
Authors: Atalah E Z , Hussien R G , Qutb S M 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The concept of the creative city is considered one of the most important contemporary trends for achieving development plans, although it arose from the beginning of the formation of human settlements since the beginning of human civilization, but the creative discourse has been developed since the end of the last century. UNESCO established the Creative Cities Network in 2005, and the classification included two Egyptian cities In the scope of crafts and folk arts - Aswan in 2005 and Cairo in 2017 - then the United Nations organization put forward the goals of sustainable development, which created a research question about the ability of cities to be sustainable. The research tended to formulate a guide to study the creative capacity of the city based on its components to achieve sustainability, and the axes and criterias of the guide were put forward and discussed with specialists and the community, Aswan was chosen because it is the city with the most momentum in the heritage components, and the guide, axes, and criteria were applied, and the results were analysed. The study concluded that Aswan has the elements that distinguish it to achieve sustainability, and it is possible to focus on positive points that help achieve the goals towards society, the economy and the environment.