bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Theorizing the Identity of Christ
Authors: McGrath Alister E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers the period of early Christian doctrine developed as analogous to a ‘theological laboratory’, in which various doctrinal formulations were proposed and assessed over time in terms of their capacity to offer a coherent account of the apostolic teaching and practices of the church. Charles Taylor’s notion of the ‘Best Account’ is applied to illuminate some aspects of this process of development. The parallels with the modern scientific notion of ‘inference to the best explanation’ is explored, and used to challenge Walter Bauer’s influential account of the relation of heresy and orthodoxy in the early church. In place of Bauer’s account of the suppression of early orthodoxies, this study argues that multiple doctrinal formulations were proposed for discussion and possible reception, only becoming ‘orthodox’ as a result of a consensual assessment within the church. The chapter then considers Athanasius of Alexandria’s development of the concept of incarnation as the ‘best explanation’ of the witness of the New Testament to the identity and significance of Christ, and the criteria of assessment that he appears to have used in this process.
The Three Worlds of Christian Doctrine
Authors: McGrath Alister E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the nature of doctrine, noting its theoretical, objective, and subjective aspects, while setting out a theoretical framework that enables these to be seen as different aspects of the same thing. Karl Popper’s famous concept of the ‘Three Worlds’ is used as a framework for affirming and exploring this complex unity of Christian doctrine. Charles Taylor’s notion of ‘Articulation’ is used to make the point that doctrine is a verbal expression of something that itself lies beyond words. Other topics considered in this chapter include the problem of abstraction in doctrine; the ways in which doctrine can be interpreted affectively (as in the case of the poetry of George Herbert), and the objective and subjective aspects of the doctrine of the incarnation.
Doctrine
Authors: McGrath Alister E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter deals with the ontic and epistemic aspects of doctrine, which has important parallels with the development of scientific theories. It explores how Christian doctrine can be seen both as an ontological disclosure, allowing theological reality to be seen in a new way, and as a coordinating framework which holds together multiple aspects of a greater whole. There are clear parallels here with ontic and epistemic approaches to scientific explanation, often expressed in terms of ‘realist’ and ‘instrumentalist’ approaches to reality. After considering how ontic and epistemic approaches are developed in the natural sciences, the chapter explores how two important Christian doctrines—the incarnation and Trinity—can be seen as both securing ontological disclosure and as offering a coordinating framework for a complex reality.
Pain
Authors: Carruthers Peter 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The debates among the intrinsic-feeling, value-representing, and imperative accounts of valence considered in Chapters 5 and 6 also play out (albeit somewhat differently) in theories of the nature of sensory pain. Indeed, pain (and to a lesser extent other sensory pleasures and displeasures) has been thought to provide a decisive counter-example to representational theories of consciousness, thus purporting to under-cut one of the arguments favoring representational accounts of valence. Moreover, one major objection to value-representing theories of pain is that pain and painfulness seem to lack correctness conditions. To feel pain is to be in pain. There seems to be no possibility of error. Even phantom-limb pain is real pain. It has also been objected that awareness of pain is not transparent in the manner required by the value-representing account, and that the latter cannot explain the reason-giving nature of painful experiences. This chapter confronts these objections, while at the same time defending a value-representing account of painfulness.
Moral Motivation
Authors: Carruthers Peter 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This final chapter develops the value-representing theory of valence (pleasure and displeasure) into an account of moral motivation, looking especially at the question of how much of moral motivation (if any) is “built in” (innate), as opposed to being culturally constructed via processes of conditioning and affective learning. With hedonism and egoism having been refuted over the course of the previous chapters, the task in this one is to consider whether or not there are human-specific innate foundations for prosociality and altruism, and for motivation by moral norms. The chapter also discusses evidence of an innate sense of fairness, as well as for innate expectations about social groups. Evidence for these claims is reviewed and discussed, focusing especially on evidence of the very early emergence of altruism and norm-based thinking and evaluation in early infancy. Finally, before summarizing the main argument of the book, the sense in which the account of motivation provided here is a kind of Humeanism is discussed.
The Foundations of Kant’s Mature Moral Philosophy in the Groundwork and Critique of Practical Reason
Authors: Guyer Paul 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter expounds the central doctrines and arguments of Kant’s two foundational works in moral philosophy from the 1780s. The analysis of Kant’s several formulations of the categorical imperative in the Groundwork shows that the Formula of Humanity, which is the ground of the Formula of Universal Law and leads to the Formula of the Empire of Ends, is Kant’s new way of expressing the value of the maximal yet equal freedom of all to set their own ends. Kant’s transcendental idealist defense of freedom of the will, which would lead to the objection that he cannot explain free but contra-rational and therefore immoral action, is examined next. Then Kant’s account of the feeling of respect and its role in the motivation of morally worthy action is examined. The chapter concludes with consideration of Kant’s conception of the highest good, which adds a concern for happiness back into his conception of morality, and his “postulates” of personal immortality and the existence of God as conditions of the possibility of the highest good.
Schelling
Authors: Guyer Paul 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling’s response to Kant in his earlier System of Transcendental Idealism (1800) and later Essay on the Essence of Human Freedom (1809). The first work, still under the influence of Fichte, describes consciousness’s construction of its representation of nature and then of itself, thus of self-consciousness, and argues that consciousness of having a will is a necessary condition for distinguishing between oneself and objects. Schelling argues further that the experience of resistance is necessary to have consciousness of a will. In this way, he attempts to provide a deduction of the phenomenology of the categorical imperative, namely that we experience the moral law as a command and constraint, that he felt Kant took for granted. In the essay on Human Freedom, he argued that we have to posit the possibility of our own evil in order to distinguish ourselves from God, thus attempting to give an a priori argument for the necessity of radical evil in place of Kant’s merely empirical recognition of the ubiquity of evil.
Nietzsche’s Transvaluation of Kantian Values
Authors: Guyer Paul 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Friedrich Nietzsche’s “transvaluation of values” in his works from The Birth of Tragedy to The Genealogy of Morals and Beyond Good and Evil seems to reject the rationalism of Socrates as well as Kant and Kant’s conviction that there is a single, rational moral law, valid for all human beings, and indeed for all rational beings. Nietzsche’s early work was heavily influenced by Schopenhauer, and he thought of rationality as a thin veneer over a fundamentally irrational reality, and it is not clear however well he ever knew Kant’s own work. But his conception of the “noble” way of life is not so different from Kant’s ideal of human beings getting to set their own ends freely, although he never shared Kant’s concern that everyone has an equal right to live a noble life.
Combining Kant and Consequentialism
Authors: Guyer Paul 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
A series of philosophers including Richard Hare, Kurt Baier, Marcus Singer, David Cummiskey, and Derek Parfit, have attempted to find common ground between Kantianism and utilitarianism, or more broadly what is now called (after Elizabeth Anscombe) consequentialism. On the basis of his analysis of moral language, Hare advocated what he called “universal prescriptivism,” which sounds Kantian, but also argued that what anyone would prescribe for everyone is a form of utilitarianism. Baier’s “moral point of view” requires everyone to override self-interest in favor of universally acceptable reasons, but finds the content of the latter in what is required to preserve human society. Singer argued for a Kant-inspired “generalization” principle that “what is right (or wrong) for one person must be right (or wrong) for any similar person in similar circumstances,” but also argued that we could determine what would satisfy this constraint by considering the “desirability” of the consequences of proposed actions. Cummiskey stayed closer to Kant in presenting a consequentialist analysis of the implications of the Formula of Humanity. Finally, Parfit argued that utilitarianism best stated the content that would be yielded either by a Kantian universalization procedure or by T. M. Scanlon’s “contractualist” principle that what is right is what no one could reasonably reject.
Kantian Constructivism I
Authors: Guyer Paul 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In A Theory of Justice, John Rawls derived two principles of justice, a principle of maximally equal liberties and a principle of equality of opportunity, from an “original position” for agreement upon principles governed by a “veil of ignorance” that operationalizes a “Kantian interpretation” of citizens as desiring to express their nature as “free and equal” to each other. He thus erected his own liberal political philosophy on what he recognized as the most fundamental concept of Kant’s moral philosophy. He regarded his approach as “constructivist,” for the principles of justice are not somehow given or intuited but are constructed by a procedure that begins with a Kantian conception of the true nature of persons. In later work he introduced the idea of “Kantian constructivism” as a more general approach to moral philosophy, but in his lectures on Kant’s moral philosophy he made it clear that the underlying conceptions of persons as equally ends in themselves and of the categorical imperative are not “constructed” but must simply be assumed at the outset of the construction of further, more specific moral principles. In this Rawls remained closer to Kant that did many of the successors who call themselves “constructivists.”
What God?
Authors: Pegg Mark Gregory 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks into the life of Vibia Perpetua, an ancient noble Roman woman, and an ancient Roman Christian. Perpetua's early martyrdom foreshadowed the definition of the medieval phenomenon of redemption through holy violence. The chapter details the features of Late Antiquity or the beginning of the Middle Ages. The shift of the era correlates to the way the old gods and the Christian God were understood to interact with one another. The chapter highlights the distinct change in the relationship of humanity to holiness that inaugurates a sensibility amongst some people that has more in common with anyone from seventh-century Jarrow or fifteenth-century Paris.
The Flutter of Blackbirds
Authors: Pegg Mark Gregory 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the transition of Rome from Late Antiquity into the Middle Ages. It notes the swift, cataclysmic disintegration of Roman Britain in the fifth century is one of the most stunning societal breakdowns in world history. The “barbarian” successor kingdoms in North Africa, Spain, Italy, and Gaul were surprisingly effective in co-opting or coercing elite Romans into the new governing entourages gathering around these Vandal, Visigothic, Ostrogothic, and Frankish kings. The chapter explains how the kingdoms fell under Justinian's campaign of reconquest. It points out how the cultural and religious contours of the West were moving away from southern and eastern influences.
Suppression of neuropathic pain in the circadian clock–deficient Per2m/m mice involves up-regulation of endocannabinoid system
Authors: Yamakawa Wakaba , Yasukochi Sai , Tsurudome Yuya , Kusunose Naoki , Yamaguchi Yuta , Tsuruta Akito , Matsunaga Naoya , Ushijima Kentaro , Koyanagi Satoru , Ohdo Shigehiro 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Neuropathic pain often results from injuries and diseases that affect the somatosensory system. Disruption of the circadian clock has been implicated in the exacerbation of the neuropathic pain state. However, in this study, we report that mice deficient in a core clock component Period2 (Per2m/m mice) fail to develop tactile pain hypersensitivity even following peripheral nerve injury. Similar to male wild-type mice, partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSL)-Per2m/m male mice showed activation of glial cells in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and increased expression of pain-related genes. Interestingly, α1D-adrenergic receptor (α1D-AR) expression was up-regulated in the spinal cord of Per2m/m mice, leading to increased production of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), an endocannabinoid receptor ligand. This increase in 2-AG suppressed the PSL-induced tactile pain hypersensitivity. Furthermore, intraspinal dorsal horn injection of adeno-associated viral vectors expressing α1D-AR also attenuated pain hypersensitivity in PSL-wild-type male mice by increasing 2-AG production. Our findings reveal an uncovered role of the circadian clock in neuropathic pain disorders and suggest a link between α1D-AR signaling and the endocannabinoid system.
Exactness of the First Born Approximation in Electromagnetic Scattering
Authors: Loran Farhang , Mostafazadeh Ali 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
For the scattering of plane electromagnetic waves by a general possibly anisotropic stationary linear medium in three dimensions, we give a condition on the permittivity and permeability tensors of the medium under which the first Born approximation yields the exact expression for the scattered wave whenever the incident wavenumber k does not exceed a preassigned value α. We also show that under this condition the medium is omnidirectionally invisible for k ≤ α/2, i.e. it displays broadband invisibility regardless of the polarization of the incident wave.
Granular Search, Market Structure, and Wages
Authors: Jarosch Gregor , Nimczik Jan Sebastian , Sorkin Isaac 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
We develop a model of size-based market power in a frictional labour market. In the canonical search environment, competition for workers is encoded in outside options. In our granular setting, large employers remove their own job postings from their workers’ outside option. Thus, size gives market power and a more concentrated market structure depresses wages because it reduces competition for workers. We calibrate the model to Austrian data and find that such size-based market power depresses wages by about 2.6% or 1,500 euros annually per worker.
The Benefits of Cochlear Implantation for Adults: A Systematic Umbrella Review
Authors: Tang Diana , Tran Yvonne , Lo Charles , Lee Jien Nien , Turner Jessica , McAlpine David , McMahon Catherine , Gopinath Bamini 
Published: January 2024

Objectives:
The uptake of cochlear implants among adults who could benefit (based on pure-tone audiometry) in developed countries is estimated to be less than 10%. Concerns about potential surgical complications, fear of losing residual hearing, and limited awareness about the benefits of this intervention contribute to the low adoption rate. To enhance quality of life and improve the uptake of cochlear implants, it is essential to have a clear understanding of their benefits.

Design:
This umbrella review aims to summarize the major benefits of cochlear implant usage in adults, by synthesizing findings from published review articles. A comprehensive search of databases including MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar, was conducted. The search was limited to English-language review articles published between 1990 and 2022, focusing on cochlear implant outcomes in at least 5 adults (aged ≥18 years). Two independent reviewers screened titles, abstracts, and full-text articles, and conducted a quality assessment using the Joanna Briggs Checklist for Systematic Reviews and Research Syntheses.

Results:
Forty-two articles were included in this review. There were 15 systematic reviews with meta-analysis, 25 systematic reviews without meta-analysis, and 2 systematic scoping reviews. All 42 articles underwent quality assessment using the Joanna Briggs Institute Checklist for Systematic Reviews and Research Syntheses, of which 40% (n = 17) satisfied 9 out of 11 quality criteria. This umbrella review shows that cochlear implants are associated with improvements in speech perception and recognition as well as improved quality of life and cognition. These benefits are observed in a significant proportion of adults undergoing the procedure, highlighting its effectiveness as a viable intervention for individuals with severe to profound hearing loss.

Conclusions:
The potential benefits of cochlear implantation appear to outweigh the risks and complications associated with the procedure. It is recommended that adults with severe to profound hearing loss in particular, engage in informed discussions with healthcare professionals to consider cochlear implantation as a viable treatment option.
In-Hospital Violence and Its Impact on Critical Care Practitioners
Authors: Bass Gary A. , Chang Cherylee W.J. , Winkle Julie M. , Cecconi Maurizio , Kudchadkar Sapna R. , Akuamoah-Boateng Kwame , Einav Sharon , Duffy Caoimhe C. , Hidalgo Jorge , Rodriquez-Vega Gloria M. , Gandra-d’Almeida Antonio J. , Barletta Jeffrey F. , Kaplan Lewis J. 
Published: January 2024

OBJECTIVES:To provide a narrative review of hospital violence (HV) and its impact on critical care clinicians.DATA SOURCES:Detailed search strategy using PubMed and OVID Medline for English language articles describing HV, risk factors, precipitating events, consequences, and mitigation strategies.STUDY SELECTION:Studies that specifically addressed HV involving critical care medicine clinicians or their practice settings were selected. The time frame was limited to the last 15 years to enhance relevance to current practice.DATA EXTRACTION:Relevant descriptions or studies were reviewed, and abstracted data were parsed by setting, clinician type, location, social media events, impact, outcomes, and responses (agency, facility, health system, individual).DATA SYNTHESIS:HV is globally prevalent, especially in complex care environments, and correlates with a variety of factors including ICU stay duration, conflict, and has recently expanded to out-of-hospital occurrences; online violence as well as stalking is increasingly prevalent. An overlap with violent extremism and terrorism that impacts healthcare facilities and clinicians is similarly relevant. A number of approaches can reduce HV occurrence including, most notably, conflict management training, communication initiatives, and visitor flow and access management practices. Rescue training for HV occurrences seems prudent.CONCLUSIONS:HV is a global problem that impacts clinicians and imperils patient care. Specific initiatives to reduce HV drivers include individual training and system-wide adaptations. Future methods to identify potential perpetrators may leverage machine learning/augmented intelligence approaches.
25-gauge versus 27-gauge Vitrectomy for Management of Vitreoretinal Diseases: A Large Prospective Randomized Trial.
Authors: Benzerroug Mounir , Marchand Maude , Coisy Solène , Briend Bénédicte , Boussion Bertrand , Mazit Chérif 
Published: January 2024

Purpose:To compare the safety and performance clinical outcomes of the 27-gauge (G) two-dimensional cutting vitrectomy probe versus a standard 25-G probe for retinal procedures.Methods:In this large randomized prospective study, all candidates for epiretinal membrane or macular hole surgery were randomized to the 27-G group or 25-G group. Outcome measures included surgery time, changes in best-corrected distance visual acuity (BCDVA), intraocular pressure (IOP), central macular thickness (CMT) between baseline and 1- and 3-months follow-up timepoints. Moreover, intraoperative and postoperative complications were evaluated as well as the rate of sutureless vitrectomy.Results:A total of 463 patients were included in this study, 227 patients in the 27-G group and 236 patients in the 25-G group. A similar total surgery time was found between both groups (p=0.0911). Similar BCDVA and CMT changes were observed between baseline and the 1- and 3-mont follow-up visits. No significant differences were reported in terms of intraoperative and postoperative complications rates. The rate of sutureless vitrectomy was 96.5% for 27-G group and 91.1% for 25-G group (p=0.0170).Conclusion:These results suggest that 27-G vitrectomy probe is similar to 25-G probe in terms of surgery time and complications, while decreasing the need for vitrectomy sutures.
SF6 compared to C2F6 for inferior rhegmatogenous retinal detachment repair; The Manchester Pseudophakic Retinal Detachment Study
Authors: Moussa George , Jalil Assad , Lippera Myrta , Cristescu Irina-Elena , Ferrara Mariantonia , Ally Naseer , Ziaei Hadi , El-Faouri Muhannd , Patton Niall , Jasani Kirti M , Dhawahir-Scala Felipe , Ivanova Tsveta 
Published: January 2024

Purpose-
To compare SF6 relative to C2F6 in the anatomical and functional outcomes following pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for uncomplicated primary pseudophakic rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (PRD) with inferior causative breaks.

Methods-
This is a retrospective, comparative study on eyes with PRD with inferior causative breaks that had small-gauge PPV repair using SF6 and C2F6 tamponade between 2011-2020 at a tertiary centre in the UK. Primary outcome was single surgery anatomical success (SSAS) and the secondary outcomes, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA). Propensity score matching (PSM), using preoperative findings as covariates to account for relevant confounders, was performed.

Results-
From 162 PRD eyes with inferior causative breaks, the median (interquartile range) follow-up was 82 (52-182) days. The SSAS was 156 (96.3%) overall; 47/47 (100.0%) and 109/115 (94.8%) in the SF6 and C2F6 groups, respectively (p=0.182). Relative to the SF6 group, the C2F6 group had a higher mean number of tears (SF6:3.1[2.0], C2F6:4.5[2.7], p=0.002) and greater RD extent (SF6:5.3[2.9], C2F6:6.2[2.6] clock hours, p=0.025). Following PSM analysis, 80 eyes were matched with 40 in each group to homogenise preoperative factors. No significant difference was found in SSAS and BCVA between groups following PSM.

Conclusions-
Primary PPV with gas tamponade leads to a high SSAS rate in uncomplicated PRD with inferior causative breaks with no additional benefit associated with long-acting tamponade when comparing C2F6 with SF6.