bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A two‐phase model for water and heat transfer within an intermittently‐mixed solid‐state fermentation bioreactor with forced aeration
Authors: von Meien Oscar F. , Mitchell David A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA two‐phase dynamic model is developed that describes heat and mass transfer in intermittently‐mixed solid‐state fermentation bioreactors. The model predicts that in the regions of the bed near the air inlet there can be significant differences in the air and solid temperatures, while in the remainder of the bed the gas and solid phases are much closer to equilibrium, although there can be differences in water activity of around 0.05. The increase in the temperature of the gas as it flows through the bed means that it is impossible to prevent the bed from drying out, even if saturated air is used at the air inlet. The substrate can dry to water activities that severely limit growth, unless the bed is intermittently mixed, with the addition of water to bring the water activity back to the desired value. Under the conditions assumed for the simulation, which was designed to mimic the growth of Aspergillus niger on corn, two mixing events were necessary, one at 17.4 and the other at 27.9 h. Even though such a strategy can minimize the restriction of growth by water‐limitation, temperature‐limitation remains a problem due to the rapid heating dynamics. The model is obviously a useful tool that can be used to guide scale‐up and to test control strategies. Such a model, describing the non‐equilibrium situation between the gas and solid phases, has not previously been proposed for solid‐state fermentation bioreactors. Models in the literature that assume gas‐solid temperature and moisture equilibrium cannot describe the large temperature differences between the gas and solid phase which occur within the bed near the air inlet. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 79: 416–428, 2002.
Bioprocess applications of a Sindbis virus‐based temperature‐inducible expression system
Authors: Boorsma M. , Hoenke S. , Marrero A. , Fischer R. , Bailey J. E. , Renner W. A. , Bachmann M. F. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe production and study of toxic proteins requires inducible expression systems with low basal level expression and high inducibility. Here, we describe bioprocess applications of the pCytTS temperature‐regulatable Sindbis virus replicon‐based expression system. We used green fluorescent protein as a marker protein to optimize the selection of stable transfected clones with increased expression levels. Using the optimized protocol, clones were constructed that produced the growth‐inhibiting, anti‐viral protein interferon β (β‐IFN). Selected clones were analyzed for temperature‐dependent β‐IFN production in adherent and suspension cultures in serum free medium. Specific expression levels were around 1.0 × 105 IU/106 cells/day (0.5 μg/106 cells/day) in suspension cultures and over 1.5 × 106 IU/mL/day (7.5 μg/mL/day) in hollow fiber reactors using adherent cells. Hexahistidine‐tagged β‐IFN purified from T‐flask cultures was highly glycosylated and showed high specific activity. β‐IFN mRNA amplified by the viral replicase for 10 days did not show an accumulation of mutations. These data suggest the applicability of the pCytTS‐inducible expression system for the production of high‐quality glycoproteins in different reactors. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 79: 602–609, 2002.
Self‐activating factor X derivative fused to the C‐terminus of a cellulose‐binding module: Production and properties
Authors: Kwan Emily , Guarna M. Marta , Boraston Alisdair B. , Gilkes Neil R. , Haynes Charles A. , Kilburn Douglas G. , Warren R. Antony J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn this work, a new derivative of FX was engineered. It comprises a cellulose‐binding module (CBM) fused to the N‐terminus of the truncated light chain (E2FX) of FX and a hexahistidine tag (H6) fused to the C‐terminus of the heavy chain. The sequence LTR at the site of cleavage of the activation peptide from the N‐terminus of the heavy chain is changed to IEGR to render the derivative self‐activating. However, N‐linked glycans on the CBM of the derivative blocked its binding to cellulose and those on the activation peptide slowed its activation. Therefore, the sites of N‐linked glycosylation on the CBM and on the activation peptide were eliminated by mutation. The final derivative can be produced in good yield by cultured mammalian cells. It is purified easily with Ni2+‐agarose, it is self‐activating, and it can be immobilized on cellulose. When immobilized on a column of cellulose beads, the activated derivative retains ∼80% of its initial activity after 30 days of continuous hydrolysis of a fusion protein substrate. Under these conditions of operation, the effective substrate:enzyme ratio is >104. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 79: 724–732, 2002.
Morphologic study of the connections between the accessory nerve and the posterior root of the first cervical nerve
Authors: Oh Chang Seok , Chung In Hyuk , Koh Ki Seok , Kim Hee Jin , Nam Kwang Il 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the anastomotic relationships between the accessory nerve and the posterior root of the first cervical nerve and to determine the course of the posterior root nerve fibers after anastomosis. The relationships between these two nerves were studied in 100 sides of the spinal cord and then classified into four types. In the most common type of anastomosis (38% of cases), either a branch from the posterior C1 root was seen to course cranially and join the accessory nerve, or the posterior root and accessory nerve fused as they coursed orthogonal to one other. In the second most common type (36% of cases), the accessory nerve anastomosed with a posterior C1 root that had no direct connection with the spinal cord; the nerve fibers of the posterior root were observed in stained samples to course caudally along the accessory nerve and join the posterior C2 root. In the least common type (6% of cases), no connection was observed between the accessory nerve and the posterior C1 root. In the next least common type (20% of cases), the posterior C1 root was absent and a connecting branch was sometimes observed between the accessory nerve and the anterior C1 root. Clin. Anat. 15:267–270, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical results for the training‐phase roll‐in patients in the intracoil femoralpopliteal stent trial
Authors: Ansel Gary M. , Botti Charles F. , George Barry S. , Kazienko Brian T. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to report the results of the roll‐in patients for the multicenter IntraCoil trial in the femoropopliteal arteries at 9‐month follow‐up. Ninety‐three roll‐in patients (mean age, 67.8 ± 10.5 years; 62.4% male gender) constituted the learning phase for the 22 clinical sites. Obstructive femoropopliteal artery disease up to 15 cm was treated with stenting. Clinical patency was measured over a 9‐month period by clinical and hemodynamic data as well as the Rutherford scale. Diabetes mellitus was present in 35.5%. Twenty‐nine percent of lesions treated were occlusions. The mean reference diameter for treated lesions was 4.27 ± 1.11 mm, while the mean lesion length was 3.83 ± 3.69 cm. Acute angiographic success by operator evaluation was obtained in 98.9% of patients. Major complications occurred in 3.2%. No patient experienced abrupt or subacute closure. There were two reports of failure to deliver assigned stent. In both incidences, the stent was removed without surgical intervention. There were also three reports of stent misplacement (moving during delivery), one report of stent migration, one report of delivery system failure. At 30‐day and 9‐month follow‐up of successfully treated patients, 100%/77.9% remained free of major adverse clinical events (MACE) and 100%/81.8% target lesion revascularization (TLR), respectively. At 9‐month follow‐up, ankle‐brachial index increased from 0.66 ± 0.22 to 0.83 ± 0.20 while mean maximum walking time increased form 4.47 ± 3.02 to 5.91 ± 3.97 min. The use of the IntraCoil stent appears to have a short learning curve. Excellent clinical and hemodynamic patency is seen at 9 months. The randomized comparison trial comparing the IntraCoil to angioplasty is pending. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;56:443–449. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chirality induction in supramolecular aggregate: Chiral recognition between armed cyclen‐Na+ complexes having quadruplicated helical geometry
Authors: Nishimura Tomoko , Shinoda Satoshi , Tsukube Hiroshi 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA water‐soluble self‐aggregate of octadentate Na+ complex with chiral cholesterol‐armed cyclen provides unique microenvironments for chirality induction of guest cyclen‐Na+ complex via supramolecular interaction. Chirality 14:555–557, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prophylactic intrathecal methotrexate and hydrocortisone reduces central nervous system recurrence and improves survival in aggressive non‐hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Tomita Naoto , Kodama Fumio , Kanamori Heiwa , Motomura Shigeki , Ishigatsubo Yoshiaki 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDCentral nervous system (CNS) recurrence is almost invariably fatal in patients with aggressive non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Although some protocols are intended to prevent CNS disease, the value of CNS prophylaxis in patients with aggressive NHL remains to be determined.METHODSWe retrospectively analyzed a cohort of 68 adults with NHL who had been treated uniformly with systemic chemotherapy and had attained complete remission (CR) of disease. Patients ranged in age from 15 to 77 years (median, 56 years). Median follow‐up after CR was 40 months. After CR was attained, 29 patients (Group A) received CNS prophylaxis consisting of four doses of intrathecal methotrexate 10 mg/m2 and hydrocortisone 15 mg/m2 as soon as they could tolerate it. The other 39 patients (Group B) did not receive CNS prophylaxis.RESULTSAlthough bulky mass (45% vs. 21%, P = 0.03) was more frequent in Group A than in Group B, none of the patients in Group A experienced CNS recurrence (0%), whereas CNS recurrence occurred in six patients in Group B (15%). This difference was significant (P = 0.03). Multivariate logistic regression analysis for CNS recurrence identified no CNS prophylaxis (P = 0.01) and bone marrow involvement (P = 0.02) as independent predictors. Among patients without CNS disease, systemic recurrence occurred in 5 patients in Group A and in 11 patients in Group B (P = 0.12). The 5‐year overall survival rate from CR was 80% in Group A and 58% in Group B (P = 0.05). The 5‐year recurrence‐free survival rate from CR was 85% in Group A and 51% in Group B (P = 0.01).CONCLUSIONSProphylactic intrathecal methotrexate and hydrocortisone injection reduces the incidence of CNS recurrence following CR in patients with aggressive NHL and improves the chance of long‐term survival. Cancer 2002;95:576–80. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10699
Expression of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit mRNAs within midbrain dopamine neurons
Authors: Azam Layla , Winzer‐Serhan Ursula H. , Chen Yiling , Leslie Frances M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMany behavioral effects of nicotine result from activation of nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopaminergic systems. Nicotine regulates dopamine release not only by stimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) on dopamine cell bodies within the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area (SN/VTA), but also on presynaptic nAChRs located on striatal terminals. The nAChR subtype(s) present on both cell bodies and terminals is still a matter of controversy. The purpose of this study was to use double‐labeling in situ hybridization to identify nAChR subunit mRNAs expressed within dopamine neurons of the SN/VTA, by using a digoxigenin‐labeled riboprobe for tyrosine hydroxylase as the dopamine cell marker and 35S‐labeled riboprobes for nAChR subunits. The results reveal a heterogeneous population of nAChR subunit mRNAs within midbrain dopamine neurons. Within the SN, almost all dopamine neurons express α2, α4, α5, α6, β2, and β3 nAChR mRNAs, with more than half also expressing α3 and α7 mRNAs. In contrast, less than 10% express β4 mRNA. Within the VTA, a similar pattern of nAChR subunit mRNA expression is observed except that most subunits are expressed in a slightly lower percentage of dopamine neurons than in the SN. Within the SN, α4, β2, α7, and β4 mRNAs are also expressed in a significant number of nondopaminergic neurons, whereas within the VTA this only occurs for β4. The heterogeneity in the expression of nAChR subunits within the SN/VTA may indicate the formation of a variety of different nAChR subtypes on cell bodies and terminals of the nigrostriatal and mesolimbic pathways. J. Comp. Neurol. 444:260–274, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developmental changes in the spatial pattern of mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (Mes5) neuron populations in the developing chick optic tectum
Authors: Sanchez Viviana , Ferrán José Luis , Pereyra‐Alfonso Susana , Scicolone Gabriel , Rapacioli Melina , Flores Vladimir 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe developing mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (nucleus of the fifth cranial nerve; Mes5) is composed of four neuron populations: 1) the medial group, located at the tectal commissure; 2) the lateral group distributed along the optic tectum hemispheres; 3) a group outside the neural tube; and 4) a population located at the posterior commissure. The present work aims to elucidate the site of appearance, temporal evolution, and spatial distribution of the four Mes5 populations during development. According to detailed qualitative observations Mes5 neurons appear as a primitive unique population along a thin dorsal medial band of the mesencephalon. According to quantitative analyses (changes in cell density along defined reference axes performed as a function of time and space), the definitive spatial pattern of Mes5 neurons results from a process of differential cell movements along the tangential plane of the tectal hemispheres. Radial migration does not have a relevant developmental role. Segregation of medial and lateral group populations depends on the intensity of the lateral displacements. The mesenchymal population appears as an outsider subset of neurons that migrate from the cephalic third of the neural tube dorsal midregion to the mesenchymal compartment. This process, together with the intensive lateral displacements that the insider subset undergoes, contributes to the disappearance of this transient population. We cannot find evidence indicating that neural crest‐derived precursors enter the neural tube and differentiate into Mes5 neurons. Our results can be better interpreted in terms of the notion that a dorsal neural tube progenitor cell population behaves as precursor of both migrating peripheral descendants (neural crest) and intrinsic neurons (Mes5). J. Comp. Neurol. 448:337–348, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sensory neuron addition in juvenile rat: Time course and specificity
Authors: Farel Paul B. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe time course and specificity of neuron addition to lumbar dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) L4–L6 of rats was investigated. By using methods validated by three‐dimensional reconstructions, profile counts in paraffin sections of nucleoli within a nucleus were 36% greater in 100‐day‐old (P100) rats than in 1‐day‐old (P1) rats. Adult values were reached by P50. Added neurons fell disproportionately into the population of neurons whose size was below that of the mean size within the ganglion. The biochemical characteristics of small neurons were used to determine whether added neurons fall into particular subpopulations. In DRGs, L3 and L4, the number of neurons immunoreactive to substance P (SP) or calcitonin‐gene‐related peptide (CGRP) or that bound the lectin isolectin B4 (IB4) was determined. Between P5 and P100, the number of SP‐stained neurons increased by 2,280 (40% increase), CGRP‐stained neurons increased by 6,080 (70% increase), and IB4‐stained neurons increased by 6,900 (90% increase). The increase in the number of neurons stained for CGRP or IB4 was more than twice the number of neurons found to be added to these ganglia, indicating that coexpression of these markers as well as neuron number may be developmentally regulated during postnatal life. J. Comp. Neurol. 449:158–165, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Direct catecholaminergic–cholinergic interactions in the basal forebrain. III. Adrenergic innervation of choline acetyltransferase‐containing neurons in the rat
Authors: Hajszán Tibor , Zaborszky Laszlo 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe central adrenergic neurons have been suggested to play a role in the regulation of arousal and in the neuronal control of the cardiovascular system. To provide morphological evidence that these functions could be mediated via the basal forebrain, we performed correlated light and electron microscopic double‐immunolabeling experiments using antibodies against phenylethanolamine N‐methyltransferase (PNMT) and choline acetyltransferase, the synthesizing enzymes for adrenaline and acetylcholine, respectively. Most adrenergic/cholinergic appositions were located in the horizontal limb of diagonal band of Broca, within the substantia innominata, and in a narrow band bordering the substantia innominata and the globus pallidus. Quantitative analysis indicated that cholinergic neurons of the substantia innominata receive significantly higher numbers of adrenergic appositions than cholinergic cells in the rest of the basal forebrain. In the majority of cases, the ultrastructural analysis revealed axodendritic asymmetric synapses. By comparing the number and distribution of dopamine beta‐hydroxylase (DBH)/cholinergic appositions, described earlier, with those of PNMT/cholinergic interactions in the basal forebrain, it can be concluded that a significant proportion of putative DBH/cholinergic contacts may represent adrenergic input. Our results support the hypothesis that the adrenergic/cholinergic link in the basal forebrain may represent a critical component of a central network coordinating autonomic regulation with cortical activation. J. Comp. Neurol. 449:141–157, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association of the AMPA receptor‐related postsynaptic density proteins GRIP and ABP with subsets of glutamate‐sensitive neurons in the rat retina
Authors: Gábriel Robert , De Souza Sunita , Ziff Edward B. , Witkovsky Paul 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe used specific antibodies against two postsynaptic density proteins, GRIP (glutamate receptor interacting protein) and ABP (AMPA receptor‐binding protein), to study their distribution in the rat retina. In the central nervous system, it has been shown that both proteins bind strongly to the AMPA glutamate receptor (GluR) 2/3 subunits, but not other GluRs, through a set of three PDZ domains. Western blots detected a single GRIP protein that was virtually identical in retina and brain, whereas retinal ABP corresponded to only one of three ABP peptides found in brain. The retinal distributions of GluR2/3, GRIP, and ABP immunoreactivity (IR) were similar but not identical. GluR2/3 immunoreactivity (IR) was abundant in both plexiform layers and in large perikarya. ABP IR was concentrated in large perikarya but was sparse in the plexiform layers, whereas GRIP IR was relatively more abundant in the plexiform layers than in perikarya. Immunolabel for these three antibodies consisted of puncta ≤ 0.2 μm in diameter. The cellular localization of GRIP and ABP IR was examined by double labeling subclasses of retinal neuron with characteristic marker proteins, e.g., calbindin. GRIP, ABP, and GluR2/3 IR were detected in horizontal cells, dopaminergic and glycinergic AII amacrine cells and large ganglion cells. Immunolabel was absent in rod bipolar and weak or absent in cholinergic amacrine cells. By using the tyramide method of signal amplification, a colocalization of GluR2/3 was found with either GRIP or ABP in horizontal cell terminals, and perikarya of amacrine and ganglion cells. Our results show that ABP and GRIP colocalize with GluR2/3 in particular subsets of retinal neuron, as was previously established for certain neurons in the brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 449:129–140, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cellular and subcellular distribution of D‐aspartate oxidase in human and rat brain
Authors: Zaar Kurt , Köst Hans‐Peter , Schad Arno , Völkl Alfred , Baumgart Eveline , Fahimi H. Dariush 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe unusual amino acid D‐aspartate is present in significant amounts in brain and endocrine glands and is supposed to be involved in neurotransmission and neurosecretion (Wolosker et al. [2000] Neuroscience 100:183–189). D‐aspartate oxidase is the only enzyme known to metabolize D‐aspartate and could regulate its level in different regions of the brain. We examined the cellular and subcellular distribution of this enzyme and its mRNA in human and rat brain by immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and immunoelectron microscopy. D‐aspartate oxidase protein and mRNA are ubiquitous. The protein shows a granular pattern, particularly within neurons and to a significantly lesser extent in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. No evidence for a synaptic association was observed. Whereas between most positive neurons only gradual differences were observed, in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, neurons with high enzyme content were found next to others with no labeling. cDNA cloning of D‐aspartate oxidase corroborates an inherent targeting signal sequence for protein import into peroxisomes. Immunoelectron microscopy showed that the protein is localized in single membrane‐bound organelles, apparently peroxisomes. J. Comp. Neurol. 450:272–282, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Age‐related decline of presumptive inhibitory synapses in the sensorimotor cortex as revealed by the physical disector
Authors: Poe Brandon Hollis , Linville Constance , Brunso‐Bechtold Judy 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe synapse, as the site of functional neural interaction, has been suggested as a possible substrate for age‐related impairment of cognitive ability. Using the physical disector probe with tissue prepared for ultrastructural analysis, we find an age‐related decline in the numerical density of presumptive inhibitory synapses in layer 2 of the sensorimotor cortex of the Brown Norway × Fisher 344 rat. This age‐related decline in presumptive inhibitory synapses is maintained when the density of synapses is combined with the numerical density of neurons quantified from the same anatomical space to arrive at a ratio of synapses per neuron. The numerical density of these synapses declines between middle‐aged (18 months) and old (29 months) animals by 36% whereas numerical density of neurons does not change between these ages, resulting in a decline in the ratio of presumptive inhibitory synapses per neuron in this cortical area. This study demonstrates a deficit in the intrinsic inhibitory circuitry of the aging neocortex, which suggests an anatomical substrate for age‐related cognitive impairment. J. Comp. Neurol. 439:65–72, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A truly meshless Galerkin method based on a moving least squares quadrature
Authors: Duflot Marc , Nguyen‐Dang Hung 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA new body integration technique is presented and applied to the evaluation of the stiffness matrix and the body load vector of elastostatic problems obtained by a meshless method. It does not rely on a partition of the integration domain into small cells, but rather on a partition of unity by a set of moving least squares shape functions each defined on a small patch that belongs to a set of overlapping patches covering the domain and so leads to a truly meshless method. We present results demonstrating that this method is specially useful when the nodes are irregularly scattered. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.