bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The small GTPase Rac1 links the Kaposi sarcoma–associated herpesvirus vGPCR to cytokine secretion and paracrine neoplasia
Authors: Montaner Silvia , Sodhi Akrit , Servitja Joan-Marc , Ramsdell Amanda K. , Barac Ana , Sawai Earl T. , Gutkind J. Silvio 
Published: July 2004

AbstractKaposi sarcoma (KS) is a multifocal angioproliferative neoplasm strictly dependent on angiogenic growth factors and cytokines and invariably associated with infection by the Kaposi sarcoma–associated herpesvirus (KSHV or HHV8). A G protein–coupled receptor encoded by KSHV (vGPCR) is able to initiate KS-like tumors when targeted to the vascular endothelium of mice. Analogous to human KS, vGPCR sarcomagenesis involves the paracrine secretion of angiogenic growth factors and proinflammatory molecules from vGPCR-expressing cells. Here we demonstrate that vGPCR up-regulates expression and secretion of critical KS cytokines by stimulating key transcription factors, including nuclear factor–κB (NF-κB), activator protein-1 (AP-1), and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), through the activation of the small G protein Rac1. Inhibition of Rac1 blocked vGPCR-induced transcription and secretion of KS cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, and growth-regulated oncogene α (GROα), in vitro and reduced vGPCR tumorigenesis in vivo. Moreover, endothelial-specific infection with the constitutively active Rac1QL induced vascular lesions in mice that were remarkably similar to early vGPCR experimental lesions. These results identify Rac1 as a key mediator of vGPCR paracrine neoplasia, suggesting that this small G protein and its downstream effectors may represent suitable therapeutic targets for the treatment of KS.
Difficulties with use of the Mental Health (Scotland) Act 1984 by general practitioners in rural Scotland
Authors: Begum Millia , Helliwell Rebecca , Mackay Angus 
Published: July 2004

Aims and MethodAnecdotal evidence suggests that considerable difficulties are experienced in rural areas by isolated general practitioners, when detaining patients under the Mental Health (Scotland) Act1984. The aim of this study was to identify the range and extent of these difficulties in a structured way, and to identify ways of responding to them. A postal questionnaire was sent to 85 general practitioners in a sparsely populated area of Scotland to assess their experience of emergency detention.ResultsThe questionnaire response rate was 62%. Considerable difficulties were recorded from those who responded, notably their lack of support with clinical management during the delay between the patient's detention and the arrival of psychiatric staff, the lack of satisfactory places of safety for the patient during this period, and the difficult logistics of safe and satisfactory transport to hospital.Clinical ImplicationsRural general practitioners and their patients appear to be disadvantaged through lack of coordinated help in the management of inherently difficult and risky clinical situations. Even without additional resources, the process could be improved through coordinated, multi-agency action plans which take account of local conditions.
The Use of a Dissected Bovine Heart to Teach Cardiac Sonography
Authors: Campanella Lisa Marie , Pancu Diana , Gang Maureen , Marill Keith A. , Ort Victoria 
Published: July 2004

Abstract Objectives: To create and test a dissected bovine heart model (BHM) to facilitate the interpretation of cardiac sonography (CS). Methods:After a pretest and an instructional video on CS, emergency physicians (EPs) were randomized into two groups. Group 1 viewed two‐dimensional (2D) anatomic pictures of human hearts. Group 2 examined the BHM and the same anatomic pictures as group 1. The EPs retook the pretest. The differences between the raw pretest and posttest scores of the groups were compared with an unpaired Student's t‐test. Multiple linear regression was used to adjust for confounding by variation in education and initial test scores. EPs with previous experience in CS were excluded from the analysis. Results: Thirty‐five participants met the inclusion criteria, 16 in group 1 and 19 in group 2. The groups were well balanced with respect to postgraduate year training. The EPs in group 1 had a higher average pretest score of 11.6 versus 8.1 in group 2. Compared with the pretest scores, the average improvements in group 1 and group 2 were 7.6 and 11.3 points, respectively. Group 2 improved an average of 3.7 points (95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 0.7 to 6.7; p = 0.016) more than group 1. After adjusting for confounding by the difference in initial scores, group 2 improved 1.8 (95% CI =−1.1 to 4.8; p = 0.22) more points on average than group 1. Conclusions: A dissected bovine heart model did not significantly improve the ability of EPs to label structures on static ultrasounds over inspection of static‐labeled anatomic pictures alone.
Muscle-Specific Overexpression of CD36 Reverses the Insulin Resistance and Diabetes of MKR Mice
Authors: Héron-Milhavet Lisa , Haluzik Martin , Yakar Shoshana , Gavrilova Oksana , Pack Stephanie , Jou William C. , Ibrahimi Azeddine , Kim Hyunsook , Hunt Desmond , Yau Daphne , Asghar Zeenat , Joseph Jamie , Wheeler Michael B. , Abumrad Nada A. , LeRoith Derek 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Insulin resistance is one of the primary characteristics of type 2 diabetes. Mice overexpressing a dominant-negative IGF-I receptor specifically in muscle (MKR mice) demonstrate severe insulin resistance with high levels of serum and tissue lipids and eventually develop type 2 diabetes at 5–6 wk of age. To determine whether lipotoxicity plays a role in the progression of the disease, we crossed MKR mice with mice overexpressing a fatty acid translocase, CD36, in skeletal muscle. The double-transgenic MKR/CD36 mice showed normalization of the hyperglycemia and the hyperinsulinemia as well as a marked improvement in liver insulin sensitivity. The MKR/CD36 mice also exhibited normal rates of fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle when compared with the decreased rate of fatty acid oxidation in MKR. With the reduction in insulin resistance, β-cell function returned to normal. These and other results suggest that the insulin resistance in the MKR mice is associated with increased muscle triglycerides levels and that whole-body insulin resistance can be, at least partially, reversed in association with a reduction in muscle triglycerides levels, although the mechanisms are yet to be determined.
Selective Modulation of Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels in the Terminal Nerve Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons of a Teleost, the Dwarf Gourami (Colisa lalia)
Authors: Haneda Kosuke , Oka Yoshitaka 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
GnRH neurons in the terminal nerve (TN) have been suggested to function as a neuromodulatory system that regulates long-lasting changes in the animal behavior. Here we examined electrophysiological properties of TN-GnRH neurons in a teleost (dwarf gourami, Colisa lalia), focusing on the voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, which are thought to be coupled to several cellular events such as GnRH release. TN-GnRH neurons showed low-voltage activated (LVA) currents and three types of pharmacologically distinct high-voltage activated (HVA) currents. The L- and N-type currents constituted 30.7 ± 3.1 and 41.0 ± 3.9%, respectively, of HVA currents, which was recorded at the holding potential of −60 mV to inactivate the LVA currents. Although P/Q-type current was small and negligible, R-type current accounted for the remaining 23.6 ± 1.6% of HVA currents. Next we examined the possibility of Ca2+ channel modulation induced by GnRH released in a paracrine/autocrine manner. HVA currents of up to 40% was inhibited by the application of salmon GnRH, which is the same molecular species of GnRH as is synthesized by TN-GnRH neurons themselves. However, salmon GnRH had no measurable effects on LVA currents. The inhibition of HVA currents had a dose dependence (EC50 was 11.5 nm) and type specificity among different HVA currents; N- and R-type currents were preferentially inhibited, but L-type currents had by far lower sensitivity. The physiological significance of different Ca2+ influx pathways, and their paracrine/autocrine regulation mechanisms in TN-GnRH neurons are discussed.
Force enhancement in single skeletal muscle fibres on the ascending limb of the force–length relationship
Authors: Peterson Daniel R. , Rassier Dilson E. , Herzog Walter 
Published: July 2004

SUMMARYIt has been assumed that force enhancement in single fibres of skeletal muscles only occurs on the descending, and not the ascending or plateau region, of the force–length relationship. This assumption has been based, however, on theoretical considerations or isolated experiments, in which neither stretch conditions nor fibre lengths were optimized for force enhancement. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the residual, steady-state force enhancement following active stretch in single muscle fibres of frog on the ascending limb of the force–length relationship. Twenty-nine stretch experiments on ten single fibres from the lumbrical muscle of the frog Rana pipiens were carried out on the ascending limb of the force–length relationship. Force enhancement was observed in 28 out of the 29 tests. Moreover, the force produced for stretch experiments finishing at optimal fibre length always exceeded the force obtained for an isometric contraction at optimal length. We conclude from these results that steady-state force enhancement occurs systematically on the ascending limb of the force–length relationship, and that the steady-state force in the enhanced state can easily exceed the maximal isometric force of the fibre.
Aerobic characteristics of red kangaroo skeletal muscles: is a high aerobic capacity matched by muscle mitochondrial and capillary morphology as in placental mammals?
Authors: Dawson Terence J. , Mifsud Brock , Raad Matthew C. , Webster Koa N. 
Published: July 2004

SUMMARY
Marsupials and placentals together comprise the Theria, the advanced mammals, but they have had long independent evolutionary histories, with the last common ancestor occurring more than 125 million years ago. Although in the past the marsupials were considered to be metabolically `primitive', the red kangaroo Macropus rufus has been reported to have an aerobic capacity (V̇O2max)comparable to that of the most `athletic' of placentals such as dogs. However,kangaroos travel at moderate speeds with lower relative cost than quadrupedal placentals. Given the long independent evolution of the two therian groups,and their unusual locomotor energetics, do kangaroos achieve their high aerobic capacity using the same structural and functional mechanisms used by(athletic) placentals?
Red kangaroo skeletal muscle morphometry matched closely the general aerobic characteristics of placental mammals. The relationship between total mitochondrial volume in skeletal muscle and V̇O2max during exercise was identical to that in quadrupedal placentals, and differed from that in bipedal humans. As for placentals generally, red kangaroo mitochondrial oxygen consumption at V̇O2max was 4.7 ml O2 min–1 ml–1 of mitochondria. Also, the inner mitochondrial membrane densities were 35.8±0.7 m2 ml–1 of mitochondria, which is the same as for placental mammals, and the same pattern of similarity was seen for capillary densities and volumes.
The overall data for kangaroos was equivalent to that seen in athletic placentals such as dogs and pronghorns. Total skeletal muscle mass was high,being around 50% of body mass, and was concentrated around the pelvis and lower back. The majority of the muscles sampled had relatively high mitochondrial volume densities, in the range 8.8–10.6% in the major locomotor muscles. Again, capillary densities and capillary blood volumes followed the pattern seen for mitochondria. Our results indicate that the red kangaroo, despite its locomotion and extreme body form, shows fundamental aerobic/muscular relationships that appear common to both marsupials and placentals. The evolution of such metabolic relationships apparently predates the divergence of the therian groups in the early Cretaceous, and perhaps evolved in the mammal-like reptiles during the Triassic (220 million years ago) before the actual evolution of the mammals.
Luminescence Resulting from Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Simple Hydroxy Compounds at a Nickel Anode in Alkaline Media Containing a Fluorescent Dye
Authors: Karatani Hajime , Shizuki Takahiro , Kojima Motohiro 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Electrocatalytic oxidation of simple hydroxy compounds on a nickel(III) surface in alkaline media containing a fluorescent dye was demonstrated to lead to visible luminescence, probably due to energy transfer interactions between the fluorescent dye and oxidation products.
Density Functional Study on Possible Peroxo Form of Non-heme Diiron Enzyme Model
Authors: Yoshizawa Kazunari , Yokomichi Yasunori , Shiota Yoshihito , Ohta Takehiro , Yamabe Tokio 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Dioxygen binding to the active dinuclear iron site of methane monooxygenase (MMO) is theoretically analyzed with a density functional method. The μ-η1:η1-O2 mode was calculated to be the most favorable binding mode of dioxygen to a supposed active site of MMO that contains two five-coordinate irons(II).
A Novel Electroluminescent Metal Complex: Tris(4-phenanthridinolato)aluminum(III)
Authors: Kido Junji , Endo Jun 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
A yellow fluorescent aluminium complex (Alph3) having 4-phenanthridinolato ligands was synthesized and used as an emitter material in organic electroluminescent (EL) devices. The device structure of glass substrate / indium-tin oxide / tetraphenyldiamine derivative / Alph3 / Mg:Ag was employed. The EL device exhibited bright yellow light originating from Alph3 with a maximum luminance of 13000 cd/m2 at 11 volt.
Halogenated Bis(methylthio)tetrathiafulvalenes as a Unique Donor System
Authors: Iyoda Masahiko , Kuwatani Yoshiyuki , Hara Kenji , Ogura Eiji , Suzuki Hironori , Ito Hitoshi , Mori Takehiko 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Chlorination, bromination and iodination of bis(methylthio)tetrathiafulvalene (BMT-TTF) produced mainly the dihalogenated products (BMT-TTFX2) with small amounts of the monohalogenated derivatives (BMT-TTFX). The molecular structures of BMT-TTFBr2 and BMT-TTFBr2•I3 have been determined, and the conductivities of CT-complexes and radical salts derived from BMT-TTFX2 have been measured.
Catalytic Reactions of cis-2-Butene at the Solid-Solid Interface of Ferroelectrics and Metals under an Electric Field
Authors: Seto Takatoshi 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Catalytic reactions at the solid-solid interface of ferroelectrics and an electrode of metal catalyst under an electric field were studied. For the reactions of cis-2-butene under hydrogen, the selectivity and conversion of the formation of n-butane and trans-2-butene changed under an applied electric field. We showed theoretically that with increasing electric field the aperture size at the interface was reduced, influencing the catalytic reactions. The ability to actively control the aperture size with an electric field promises novel applications of catalytic systems.
Measurement of Concentration Distribution of Etchant Using an Electrochemical Probe
Authors: Su Lianyong , Luo Jin , Wu Jintian , Lin Zhonghua , Tian Zhaowu 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Concentration distribution of electrogenerated etchant bromine as close as 8 micrometer to the surface of the macrodisk is studied quantitatively with an electrochemical probe technique. The feasibility of micro-fabrication using the confined etchant layer technique is further verified.
Lithium Isotope Fractionation during Transport through Liquid Membrane with Oligomethylene-bridged Bisphenanthroline Derivatives
Authors: Ooi Kenta , Kanoh Hirofumi , Sugihara Hideki , Hiratani Kazuhisa 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Lithium transport through a liquid membrane with bisphenanthroline derivatives resulted in the isotope fractionation with separation factors between 1.008 and 1.020. The lithium isotope fractionation depended on the length of the oligomethylene bridge between two phenanthroline units. The isotope separation factor was the highest for the sample bridged by heptamethylene groups.
Regio- and Stereoselective Hydrosilylation of 1,4-Bis(trimethylsilyl)-3-buten-1-ynes
Authors: Maruyama Yooichiroh , Yoshiuchi Keigo , Ozawa Fumiyuki , Wakatsuki Yasuo 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Four kinds of regio- and stereoisomers of hydrosilylation products of 1,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)-3-buten-1-yne (1) could be independently prepared in over 93% selectivities by proper choice of catalysts and cis and trans geometries of 1.
N-Pivaloyl Methyl Esters as Novel Derivatives of Amino Acid Enantiomers for Chiral-Phase Capillary Gas Chromatography
Authors: Abe Iwao , Nakao Yoshifumi , Nakahara Taketoshi 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Amino acids were first acylated with pivaloyl chloride and then esterified with trimethylsilyldiazomethane in order to form volatile derivatives for enantiomer separation by gas chromatography using capillary column coated with chiral stationary phase. All the derivatives showed complete separation of their enantiomeric pair, especially in the case of Pro which is difficult to separate completely as in conventional N-perfluoroacyl alkyl ester derivatives.
Orange Color Electroluminescence from Bis(2-styryl-8-quinolinolato)zinc(II)
Authors: Kido Junji , Endo Jun 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
An orange-light-emitting zinc complex (Znsq2) having 2-styryl-8-quinolinolato ligands was synthesized and used as an emitter material in organic electroluminescent (EL) devices. The device structure of glass substrate / indium-tin oxide / tetraphenyldiamine derivative / Znsq2 / Mg:Ag was employed. The EL device exhibited orange light originating from Znsq2 with a maximum luminance of 2000 cd/m2 at 11 volt.
Enhancing and Inhibiting Effects of SO2 on Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx by Ethene over Copper-Loaded Alumina Catalysts
Authors: Okazaki Noriyasu , Tsuda Shinya , Igarashi Yoshifumi , Tada Akio 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
In both the selective catalytic reduction of NO by ethene and the similar reaction system except use NO2 instead of NO, almost the same NOx conversions to N2 were obtained over Cu/Al2O3. In the presence of SO2 in the feeds, however, the two NOx reductions gave different results; the reduction of NO2 was enhanced, while that of NO was inhibited.
Generation and Identification of Strong Acid Sites in AlMCM-41 Prepared by Gel Equilibrium Adjustment Method
Authors: Reddy K Ramesh , Araki Nobuyuki , Niwa Miki 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
AlMCM-41 materials with SiO2/Al2O3 ratio 46 (in gel) were prepared by varying the chain length of the template from C10-C16 in the main chain of alkyltrimethyl ammonium halide and by adjusting the gel pH to 11.00. Thus obtained H-AlMCM-41 materials possess strong acid sites which are characterized by improved ammonia TPD technique using mass detector and co-adsorbed water. An almost good agreement in number was observed between desorbed NH3 molecules and Al atoms in H-AlMCM-41.
Reduction of Carbon Dioxide Using Coal at Low Temperature
Authors: Akiyama Fuminori 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Carbon oxide was reduced to carbon monoxide at a temperature as low as 300 °C with a mixture of coal and alkali metal carbonate which was preheated at high temperature around 600-800 °C. Reaction rate of carbon monoxide formation in this reaction at 800 °C increased by prolonged heating. These phenomena were more evident in the reaction of Cs2CO3 than in that of K2CO3, no such phenomena being observed in the reactions of BaCO3 and CaCO3.
Enhancement of CO Hydrogenation Activity of Rh/SiO2 with Low Rhodium Content
Authors: Hanaoka Toshiaki , Kim Won-Young , Kishida Masahiro , Nagata Hideo , Wakabayashi Katsuhiko 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
The silica-supported Rh catalyst with low Rh content prepared using microemulsion was found to exhibit a very high activity for CO hydrogenation.
Metal Ion-Complexes of α,β-Unsaturated Ketones Acting as Actual Reactive Species in Michael Addition of Ketene Silyl Acetal
Authors: Fukuzumi Shunichi , Okamoto Toshihiko , Yasui Kiyomi , Suenobu Tomoyoshi , Itoh Shinobu , Otera Junzo 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
The Michael addition of β,β-dimethyl-substituted ketene silyl acetal [Me2C=C(OMe)OSiMe3] with α,β-unsaturated ketones occurs efficiently in the presence of magnesium perchlorate or lutetium trifluoromethanesulfonate in acetonitrile at 298 K via the 1 : 1 complexes between α,β-unsaturated ketones and the metal ion, in which the coordination of the metal ion enhances the electrophilicity of α,β-unsaturated ketones to accelerate the reaction rate.
A Geometrically Asymmetric Dinuclear Copper(II) Complex Derived from A New Unsymmetric ‘End-Off’ Compartmental Ligand
Authors: Uozumi Syunsuke , Ohba Masaaki , Okawa Hisashi , Fenton Devid E 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
An unsymmetrical ‘end-off’ compartmental ligand, 2-[N,N-di(2-pyridylmethyl)aminomethyl]-6-{N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]iminomethyl}-4-methylphenol, forms a μ-phenoxo-μ-hydroxodicopper(II) core complex which has a geometric asymmetry being comprised of square-pyramidal Cu(II) and trigonalbipyramidal Cu(II) ions.
Procedure for Preparation of Vesicles with No Leakage from Water-in-oil Emulsion
Authors: Zhang Lingang , Liu Junfu , Lu Zuhong , Hu Jichun 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Vesicle are prepared in a two-step procedure. Firstly, water in oil (W/O) emulsion are prepared by sonication. Then water droplets contact with monolayer at the phase interface due to centrifugal and transform into vesicles. Size of vesicles is 50-200 nm and the encapsulation efficiency is 60%. The main advantage of this method is that no leakage of the chemicals to be encapsulated occurs during the preparation. Therefore, vesicles can be directly prepared in an aqueous medium different from the entrapped phase and purification of vesicles is generally not needed.
Adsorption Kinetics of 5-Octyloxymethyl-8-Quinolinol at the Liquid-Liquid Interface
Authors: Shioya Takeshi , Tsukahara Satoshi , Teramae Norio 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Adsorption kinetics of 5-octyloxymethyl-8-quinolinol at liquid-liquid interfaces was investigated, and the factors which are expected to affect the interfacial reaction were discussed.
Olefin-Insertion Reaction between the Carbonyls of Benzils; Formation of 1,4-Diketones by Michael Additon Catalyzed by Cyanide Ion
Authors: Miyashita Akira , Numata Atsushi , Suzuki Yumiko , Iwamoto Ken-ichi , Higashino Takeo 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Benzils (1) react with Michael addition acceptors (2) in the presence of cyanide ion as a catalyst to give 1,4-diketones (3), which are products of ethylene group insertion between the carbonyls of the benzils. The 1,4-diketones (3) are produced through the formation of the O-aroylmandelonitrile anion, followed by Michael addition and rearrangement of the aroyl group with decyanation.
Generation of 1,3-Selenaza-1,3-butadienes by Thermal Cycloreversion of 2,4,6-Trisubstituted 6H-1,3,5-Oxaselenazines
Authors: Shimada Kazuaki , Aikawa Kei , Fujita Takuji , Aoyagi Shigenobu , Takikawa Yuji , Kabuto Chizuko 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
1,3-Selenaza-1,3-butadienes were generated by thermal cycloreversion of 6H-1,3,5-oxaselenazines, and were trapped with dienophiles or nucleophiles to give the corresponding [4+2] cycloadducts or 1,4-adducts, respectively.
Superconductivity of Alkali Metal Intercalated Niobate with a Layered Perovskite Structure
Authors: Fukuoka Hiroshi , Isami Toshiyuki , Yamanaka Shoji 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Alkali metal intercalated compounds of a layer structured perovskite, KCa2Nb3O10, have been prepared by the reaction with n-butyllithium or alkali metal azides, AN3 (A = Li and Na). The magnetic susceptibility measurements showed that the compounds became superconductors with transition temperatures ranging from 3 - 6 K.