bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Railways: How they may contribute to a sustainable future
Authors: Smith R. A. 
Published: January 2004

A combination of a rapidly increasing world population and an increasing energy-intensive lifestyle has led to doubts about the sufficiency of natural resources. The waste products of these economic activities have become large enough to change the climate of the globe. The demand for transport is characterized by an exponential increase and a tendency to choose faster modes. These facts give rise to concerns about the sustainability of present transport practices. While railways presently offer significant environmental advantages over other modes of transport, particularly the car, in many areas the gap is closing quickly. Cars are much safer, more energy efficient and less polluting than a decade ago. Trains in the future will have to contend with reducing hydrocarbon fuel supplies and much stricter legislation limiting emissions, particularly diesel particulates. Because the energy environmental performance of trains depends on the passenger load factor, the areas in which railways excel are high-speed intercity and commuting. Both these activities are well served by electric traction. With very few exceptions railway companies have not yet responded to significant environmental challenges. The oft-stated complacent view, that railways are environmentally superior to other modes of transport, fails to recognize that the competition is rapidly eroding their lead.
Research of European railway operators to reduce the environmental impact of high-speed trains
Authors: Schulte-Werning B 
Published: January 2004

This article presents the results of several research projects to reduce the environmental impact of high-speed traffic on rails. The most prominent keywords relating to environmental friendliness are energy saving and noise reduction. To follow national as well as European Union (EU) requirements and to empower the environmental friendliness of the European railway traffic, the railway companies and manufacturers are joining together more and more to perform research projects in this area. At about 280km/h travelling speed flow-induced noise becomes important, so areas with flow separation on the train must be avoided, thus reducing the aerodynamic drag of the train at the same time. Bogie fairings lead both to a reduction in aerodynamic resistance and locally generated aerodynamic noise resulting from the high level of turbulence in the bogie area. In a similar way, streamlining of the frame structure of the pantograph leads to a reduction of the noise generated at high velocities. A high-speed train entering a tunnel generates a pressure wave. When it is reflected at the tunnel exit a part of the pressure wave is audibly emitted into the surrounding environment. A number of technical solutions were advanced to circumvent noise annoyance. In situ tests showed that an acoustically soft head of a sound barrier works very well and that the barrier effect can be improved.
High-speed rail and air passenger transport: A comparison of the operational environmental performance
Authors: Janic M 
Published: January 2004

This paper presents an overview of the environmental performance of high-speed rail (HSR) and air passenger transport (APT) in the European Union (EU). This performance embraces the direct environmental burdens/emissions such as energy consumption, air pollution, noise, land-take and land use, safety and congestion. A comparison of the marginal values of particular burdens/emissions and their costs (externalities) is carried out. The results have shown that significant mitigation of the impacts and savings of costs could be achieved by substitution of air passenger transport by high-speed rail. The substitution can be carried out through competition and complementarity of operations of both modes.
Bioremediation of polychlorinated biphenyl contaminated sludge and ballast
Authors: Shimura M , Hayakawa T , Kyotani T , Ushiogi T , Kimbara K 
Published: January 2004

Incineration had been the only authorized method for polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) decomposition in Japan. However, because of the objection of Japanese people to the construction of PCB incineration facilities, no progress was made in detoxifying PCBs for decades. In the late 1990s, the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare authorized several alternative methods to promote PCB detoxification. Most of the methods authorized are for liquid PCBs and PCB containers, while only a few are for the kind of PCB wastes resulting from an accidental PCB spill. Here the detoxification of PCB contaminated sludge and ballast is examined. Microbial treatment of PCB contaminated sludge removed 90 per cent of the PCBs in 60 days of treatment. However, neither microbial treatment nor solvent treatment effectively removed PCBs from ballast.
Peptide and Protein Presenting Materials for Tissue Engineering
Authors: Hirano Y. , Mooney D. J. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractTissue engineering aims to create new tissues and organs to replace those lost to disease, trauma, or congenital defects. However, considerable instruction must be given to the cells forming these new tissues if one is to create a tissue structurally and functionally similar to the native tissue. Materials are ideal for the local presentation of various peptides and proteins that can bind to cell surface receptors and regulate cell function. An overview of techniques to present peptides and proteins from materials, and the utility of these systems in engineering tissues in vitro and in vivo is presented.
Generische herkunftsbezogene Namen für Polymere
Authors: Meisel Ingrid 
Published: January 2004

AbstractEs gibt bereits Empfehlungen zur Bildung herkunftsbezogener Namen für lineare Copolymere und nichtlineare Polymere, die jedoch in einigen Fällen nicht zu eindeutigen Bezeichnungen führen. Hier werden deshalb Nomenklaturregeln zur Erzeugung generischer herkunftsbezogener Namen vorgestellt, die dieses Problem beseitigen und eindeutigere herkunftsbezogene Namen liefern. Ein generischer herkunftsbezogener Name besteht aus zwei Teilen: dem Namen der Polymerklasse (generisch), gefolgt von einem Doppelpunkt, und dem/den Namen des/der (hypothetischen) Monomers/Monomere, die im Fall eines Copolymers durch einen Bindestrich getrennt werden. Im Folgenden werden bei allen Beispielen die Strukturformel, der von der Struktur abgeleitete Name (“systematisch”), der von den Ausgangsstoffen abgeleitete Name (“herkunftsbezogen”) und der generische herkunftsbezogene Name angegeben. Wenn ein Polymer mehr als einen Namen hat oder wenn es durch eine Folge von Reaktionsschritten über Zwischenstufen erhalten wurde, dann ist nur der generische herkunftsbezogene Namen eindeutig. Die Nomenklaturregeln gelten im Wesentlichen für Polymere mit einer oder mehreren funktionellen Gruppen oder mit heterocyclischen Einheiten in der Hauptkette. In gewissem Maß sind sie aber auch auf Polymere mit Seitenketten, reinen Kohlenwasserstoffhauptketten – wie in Vinyl‐ oder Dienpolymeren –, auf Spiropolymere und cyclische Polymere sowie auf Netzwerke anwendbar.
New Catalytic Approaches in the Stereoselective Friedel–Crafts Alkylation Reaction
Authors: Bandini Marco , Melloni Alfonso , Umani‐Ronchi Achille 
Published: January 2004

AbstractAfter more than 125 years, the Friedel–Crafts alkylation is still one of the most studied and most utilized reactions in organic synthesis. What is the secret of this astonishing success? Perhaps the great versatility in scope and applicability continues to justify its crucial role in the synthesis of more and more complex molecules. However, it has taken more than a century for asymmetric catalytic versions of this reaction to be developed and subsequently extended to a range of aromatic compounds and alkylating agents. Herein we review recent developments in the design and use of catalytic and stereoselective strategies for the alkylation of aromatic systems and synthesis of a wide range of polyfunctionalized enantiomerically enriched compounds.
How adhesion, migration, and cytoplasmic calcium transients influence interleukin‐1β mRNA stabilization in human monocytes
Authors: Pomorski P. , Watson J.M. , Haskill S. , Jacobson K.A. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractWe investigated the mechanisms by which primary human monocyte migration and the production of important cytokines are co‐regulated. Motile monocytes underwent cyclic morphologic and adhesive changes that were associated with intracellular free calcium changes; in such cells, cytokine transcripts were unstable and translationally repressed. Agents that activate monocytes, including lipopolysacharrides (LPS), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and tumor necrosis factor (TNFα), have been shown to de‐repress translation and these agents stabilize adhesion‐induced transcripts for IL‐lβ and IL‐8 and markedly diminish cell migration in the presence of autologous serum. LPS suppressed Rho A activity and either this agent or C3 transferase elevated intracellular free calcium, stabilized transcripts, and, in tandem, inhibited cell migration by preventing tail retraction, a prerequisite for cell translocation. These results, therefore, suggest that monocyte activating agents inhibit the RhoA pathway and continuously elevate intracellular calcium leading to a concomitant decrease in monocyte migration and stabilization of cytokine transcripts prior to translation. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 57:143–157, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterisation of chicken TES and its role in cell spreading and motility
Authors: Griffith Elen , Coutts Amanda S. , Black Donald M. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractPreviously we identified TES as a candidate tumour suppressor gene that is located at human chromosome 7q31.1. More recently, we and others have shown TES to encode a novel LIM domain protein that localises to focal adhesions. Here, we present the cloning and functional analysis of the chicken orthologue of TES, cTES. The TES proteins are highly conserved between chicken and human, showing 89% identity at the amino acid level. We show that the cTES protein localised at focal adhesions, actin stress fibres, and sites of cell‐cell contact, and GST‐cTES can pull‐down zyxin and actin. To investigate a functional role for cTES, we looked at the effect of its overexpression on cell spreading and cell motility. Cells overexpressing cTES showed increased cell spreading on fibronectin, and decreased cell motility, compared to RCAS vector transfected control cells. The data from our studies with cTES support our previous findings with human TES and further implicate TES as a member of a complex of proteins that function together to regulate cell adhesion and additionally demonstrate a role for TES in cell motility. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 57:133–142, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Positioning and capture of cell surface‐associated microtubules in epithelial tendon cells that differentiate in primary embryonic Drosophila cell cultures
Authors: Tucker John B. , Mackie John B. , Cottam Deborah M. , Rogers‐Bald Margaret M. , Macintyre John , Scarborough Julie A. , Milner Martin J. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractUsing primary embryonic Drosophila cell cultures, we have investigated the assembly of transcellular microtubule bundles in epidermal tendon cells. Muscles attach to the tendon cells of previously undescribed epidermal balls that form shortly after culture initiation. Basal capture of microtubule ends in cultured tendon cells is confined to discrete sites that occupy a relatively small proportion of the basal cell surface. These capturing sites are associated with hemiadherens junctions that link the ends of muscle cells to tendon cell bases. In vivo, muscle attachment and microtubule capture occur across the entire cell base. The cultured tendon cells reveal that the basal ends of their microtubules can be precisely targeted to small, pre‐existing, structurally well‐defined cortical capturing sites. However, a search and capture targeting procedure, such as that undertaken by kinetochore microtubules, cannot fully account for the precision of microtubule capture and positioning in tendon cells. We propose that cross‐linkage of microtubules is also required to zip them into apicobasally oriented alignment, progressing from captured basal plus ends to apical minus ends. This involves repositioning of apical minus ends before they become anchored to an apical set of hemiadherens junctions. The proposal is consistent with our finding that hemiadherens junctions assemble at tendon cell bases before they do so at cell apices in both cultures and embryos. It is argued that control of microtubule positioning in the challenging spatial situations found in vitro involves the same procedures as those that operate in vivo. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 57:175–185, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High temperature arsenic doping of CdHgTe epitaxial layers
Authors: Vlasov A. , Bogoboyashchyy V. , Bonchyk O. , Barcz A. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractExperimental results on solid‐state arsenic doping of the n‐type bulk and ISOVPE epitaxial CdXHg1‐XTe (X = 0.19 ÷ 0.3) alloys are presented. The arsenic doped thin epitaxial CdxHg1‐xTe films (nAs ≈ 5 · 1016 ÷ 1 · 1020 cm‐3; d = 2 ÷ 5 μm) obtained by RF sputtering in a mercury glow discharge were used as As diffusion sources. The arsenic diffusion and activation were carried out at temperatures T = 500 ÷ 600 °C under Hg vapour pressure. Immediately after the high temperature treatment all samples were annealed to annihilate point defects. The SIMS analysis was used for determination of the quantitative admixture distribution of As in the diffusion area. The arsenic electrical activity has been evaluated by means of differential Hall, resistivity and thermoemf measurements. The analysis of experimental data obtained as well as their comparison with previously obtained results has been performed. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Metastability and crystal growth kinetics on L‐arginine phosphate
Authors: Arunmozhi G. , de M. Gomes E. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractStability of saturated L‐Arginine Phosphate (LAP) solution studied as a function of supercooling rate and crystal growth kinetics investigated as a function of supersaturation are reported in this communication. Solution stability was studied by observing the metastable zone width at different cooling rates employing a polythermal method. Analysis of the experimental data yielded the kinetic constant of nucleation and the order of nucleation. Crystal growth rates studied on small seed crystals with regular morphology, under normal growth conditions and at different supersaturation levels were found to satisfy BCF surface diffusion model. Crystal growth rates were investigated normal to the (100), (010) and (00$ \bar 1 $) faces. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
X‐ray diffraction studies of bone apatite under acid demineralization
Authors: Danilchenko S. N. , Moseke C. , Sukhodub L. F. , Sulkio‐Cleff B. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe analysis of the X‐ray diffraction line broadening used to determine bone apatite crystallite size and lattice microstrain can provide information about the substructure of the bone mineral under differing real or simulated conditions. The paper discusses modifications in the bioapatite crystals observed in the bone subjected to demineralization in a 0.1 N HCl solution. Planar oriented specimens of mature bone with the analyzed surface normal to the longer bone axis were treated for varied immersion times. The crystallite size and the lattice microstrain were determined simultaneously by Fourier analysis of the X‐ray diffraction line profiles. Both were observed to decrease during the acid demineralization. These findings support the idea that the distribution of lattice imperfections in the bulk of bioapatite crystals is highly nonuniform, with crystallite surface regions richer in imperfections dissolving more readily. In addition, an approach is proposed suitable for rough estimation of the reaction front advancement by demineralization‐induced variations in the integrated intensity or shift in the position of the (002) and (004) diffraction lines. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Synthesis and structure of 2D‐ and 3D‐ inorganic‐organic coordination polymers: based on Ag‐hmt subunit
Authors: Lu Sheming , Qin Shoubo , Ke Yanxiong , Li Jianmin , Pei Hongxia , Zhou Shuxi , Wu Xintao , Du Wenxin 
Published: January 2004

AbstractTwo new inorganic‐organic complexes, namely, [Ag2(hmt)2]Cr2O7·H2O (1) and [Ag(hmt)(tar)0.5]·H2O (2), (hmt = hexamethylenetetramine, Tar = tartarate,), have been synthesized in H2O/CH3CN solvent at room temperature. Both molecules have the common [Ag3hmt3]3+ layers. Compound 1 is a two‐dimensional structure, and Complex 2 shows three‐dimensional topology. In complex 2, the tartarate molecules are connected with adjacent layers to form parallelogram pores of 18.55×7.44 Å, which are occupied by two water molecules. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Pyridine‐2‐sulfonates as Versatile Ligands for the Synthesis of Novel Coordinative and Hydrogen‐Bonded Supramolecules
Authors: Lobana Tarlok S. , Kinoshita Isamu , Kimura Kentaro , Nishioka Takanori , Shiomi Daisuke , Isobe Kiyoshi 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe reactions of 3‐methylpyridine‐2‐sulfonic acid (3‐mpSO3H) with CuII and 4‐methylpyridine‐2‐sulfonic acid (4‐mpSO3H) with ZnII in water formed one‐dimensional infinite coordination polymers, [Cu(3‐mpSO3)2]n (1) and [Zn(4‐mpSO3)2]n (2). Similarly, two‐dimensional hydrogen‐bonded supramolecules of stoichiometries, [ML2(H2O)2] [L = 3‐methylpyridine‐2‐sulfonate (3‐mpSO3), M = Mn (3), Fe (4), Co (5), Zn (6); L = 5‐methylpyridine‐2‐sulfonate (5‐mpSO3), M = Zn (7); L = pyridine‐2‐sulfonate (PySO3), M = Zn (8); L = 4‐mpSO3, M = Co (9)], [Ni(3‐mpSO3)2(H2O)2]·H2O (10) and the one‐dimensional hydrogen‐bonded network [VO(acac)(3‐mpSO3)(H2O)] (11) (acac = acetylacetonate) have been prepared. The ligands are tridentate [N,O‐chelating‐Cu‐μ‐O‐bridging] in 1 and 2, while in all the other compounds the N,O‐chelating and uncoordinated O atoms are engaged in intermolecular hydrogen bonding leading to the formation of hydrogen‐bonded networks. The geometry around each metal center is octahedral (9) or distorted octahedral (1−8, 10 and 11). The compounds 3−8, and 10 showed novel π−π stacking interactions, not shown by 9 and 11. The magnetic behavior of 3 and 11 indicates lack of any intermolecular magnetic interactions. The position of the substituents in the pyridyl ring and Jahn−Teller effect (CuII) appear to determine the stacking interactions as well as the density of ligands with regard to the formation of coordinative and hydrogen‐bonded supramolecules. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Role of the 2,6‐Bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl Group on the Acidity of the Corresponding Phosphane
Authors: Miqueu Karinne , Sotiropoulos Jean‐Marc , Pfister‐Guillouzo Geneviève , Rudzevich Valentyn , Romanenko Vadim , Bertrand Guy 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe proton affinities of PhPH− (1) and ArfPH− (2) were calculated using the B3LYP hybrid functional and the 6‐31+G(d,p) basis set. For both anions a net difference was observed. The study of the structural and electronic properties of the anionic species and the corresponding phosphanes PhPH2 (3) and ArfPH2 (4) allowed us to unsderstand this results and point out the specific role of the 2,6‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl (Arf) substituent. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Gold and Silver Complexes with the Ligands N‐[Bis(isopropoxy)thiophosphoryl]thiobenzamide and N‐[Bis(isopropoxy)thiophosphoryl]N′‐phenylthiourea
Authors: Crespo Olga , Brusko Vasiliy V. , Gimeno M. Concepción , Tornil M. Loreto , Laguna Antonio , Zabirov Nail G. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractGold and silver complexes with the N‐[bis(isopropoxy)thiophosphoryl]thiobenzamide (HL1) and N‐[bis(isopropoxy)thiophosphoryl]‐N′‐phenylthiourea (HL2) ligands are reported. The compounds [M(HL)(PPh3)]TfO, [Ag(HL)(TfO)] and [Ag(HL)(PPh3)2]TfO were obtained by the reaction of both ligands with the corresponding trifluoromethanesulfonate salts. The (acetylacetonato)gold and ‐silver materials [M(acac)(PPh3)] or [Au(acac)(C6F5)2] cause deprotonation of the ligands and afford [ML(PPh3)] or [AuL(C6F5)2], whereas the reaction of [Au(TfO)(PPh3)] with HL1 in a 2:1 molar ratio in KOH/MeOH affords [Au2(L1)(PPh3)2]TfO. The first homoleptic anionic metal compounds [AuIL2]− are also reported. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Reactivity of [Cp2Ti(CO)2] towards Nitrile and Water Adducts of B(C6F5)3: Formation of [Cp2Ti(η2‐F3CC6H4CN)·B(C6F5)3] and [Cp2Ti][HOB(C6F5)3] with a Ti···F Interaction
Authors: Choukroun Robert , Lorber Christian , Vendier Laure 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe reaction of [Cp2Ti(CO)2] with borane adducts CF3C6H4CN·B(C6F5)3 and [H2O·B(C6F5)3] has afforded the titanaazirine [Cp2Ti(η2‐C,N‐F3CC6H4CN)·B(C6F5)3] (1) and the TiIII salt [Cp2Ti][HOB(C6F5)3] (2), respectively. In both cases, a Ti···F interaction between the titanium centre and an ortho‐fluorine atom of the tris(perfluorophenyl)borane is observed in the X‐ray structure determination. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
X‐ray Crystallographic Study of Copper(II), Cobalt(II) and Silver(I) Complexes of Ligands Containing Two Oxine Subunits Linked by Xylylene Spacer Groups
Authors: Al‐Mandhary Muna R. A. , Steel Peter J. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractX‐ray crystal structures are reported for six transition‐metal complexes of the ligands 1,2‐bis(8‐quinolyloxymethyl)benzene (3) and 1,3‐bis(8‐quinolyloxymethyl)benzene (4). In three mononuclear copper(II) and cobalt(II) complexes, 3 acts as a chelating ligand with either N,O,N′‐tridentate or N,O,O′,N′‐tetradentate coordination. A novel dinuclear silver(I) complex of 3 is shown to be stabilised by a number of weak metal−ligand contacts and multiple intramolecular π−π stacking interactions. In two dinuclear copper(II) nitrate complexes of 4, the ligand adopts very different bridging modes of coordination. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Mercury−Chalcogenide Clusters: Synthesis and Structure of [Hg10Te4(SePh)12(PPhnPr2)4], [Hg10Te4(TePh)12(PPhnPr2)4] and [Hg34Te16(SePh)36(PPhnPr2)4]
Authors: Eichhöfer Andreas , Deglmann Peter 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe reaction of HgCl2 with PPhnPr2, Te(SinBu3)2 and PhESiMe3 (E = Se, Te) in DME at −30 °C results in the formation of yellow octahedral crystals of [Hg10Te4(SePh)12(PPhnPr2)4] and [Hg10Te4(TePh)12(PPhnPr2)4] respectively. The molecular structures of the clusters are similar to those of other [M10Se4(SePh)12(PR3)4] (M = Cd, Zn; R = org. group) cluster compounds, but are the first of this type with tellurium as the group 16 metal atom. Dissolution of [Hg10Te4(SePh)12(PPhnPr2)4] in benzene/toluene at 5 °C leads to the formation of the larger cluster [Hg34Te16(SePh)36(PPhnPr2)4] which displays a new structure type for group 12−16 cluster molecules. The “Hg34Te16Se36” cluster core can be considered as an idealized tetrahedral fragment, 15 Å in diameter, of the cubic sphalerite lattice with a vacancy in the center. Theoretical investigations on the basis of density functional theory (DFT) reproduce the structural data and the measured electronic spectra for this cluster. Additionally we found that formal occupation of the vacancy by a mercury ion would lead to an ionic cluster [Hg35Te16(SeMe)36(PMe3)4]2+ which should be stable according to the results of the calculations. This suggests that the formation of the vacancy is probably driven by the absence of an appropriate counterion in the reaction which might stabilize such an ionic cluster molecule. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)