bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Democratization and Politics in South African Townships
Authors: Cherry Janet , Jones Kris , Seekings Jeremy 
Published: March 2003

In South Africa, as in many other countries, there appears to have been a demobilization of mass urban movements following the achievement of representative democracy. This apparent demobilization has led to a perception that South Africa's neighbourhood‐based civic organizations are in crisis. This article builds on existing studies by sharpening analysis of the nature of this ‘crisis’. We show that there continue to be high levels of popular engagement with self‐governing civic structures at the local level. The decline in mass direct action in civil society appears to be linked to public confidence in political society, i.e. in the political parties and elected councillors that provide mechanisms for local representation in representative democracy. The crisis facing civic organizations is in large part a crisis of adjustment, as civic activists redefine their roles in the new institutional context and accept that their roles will be more limited than in specific extraordinary periods in the past. What makes this task of redefinition so difficult is that civil and political society cannot be easily separated, but, rather, form a tangled web in the minds of civic activists (and, we suspect, ordinary citizens also). The lesson of this South African case‐study is that changing patterns of popular politics need to be located in a careful analysis of political society as well as civil society, and especially of the real and perceived links between them.En Afrique du Sud, comme dans de nombreux pays, une démobilisation se dessine, semble‐t‐il, dans les mouvements urbains de masse depuis l'accès à une démocratie représentative. Cette sensation laisse à penser que les organisations civiques de quartier sont en crise en Afrique du Sud. S'appuyant sur des études existantes, l'article affine l'analyse de la nature de cette ‘crise’. Il montre qu'il existe toujours des niveaux élevés d'engagement populaire avec, au niveau local, des structures civiques autonomes. Le recul de l'action directe de masse au sein de la société civile semble liéà la confiance générale dans la société politique, c'est‐à‐dire dans les partis et les conseillers élus qui assurent les mécanismes locaux de la représentation démocratique. La crise que connaissent les organisations de citoyens est en grande partie une crise d'ajustement, les activistes devant redéfinir leur rôle dans le nouveau contexte institutionnel et accepter que celui‐ci soit plus limité que durant certaines périodes du passé. Cette opération de redéfinition est particulièrement problématique, car il n'est pas facile de séparer société civile et société politique, celles‐ci étant étroitement m7ecirc;lées dans l'esprit des activistes civiques (et, à notre avis, dans celui des citoyens ordinaires). Cette étude de cas sud‐africaine démontre qu'il faut situer les nouveaux schémas de politique générale par une analyse précise tant de la société politique que de la société civile, notamment en ce qui concerne les liens réels et supposés entre les deux.
Networks, Place and Identities in Post‐industrial Mining Communities
Authors: Strangleman Tim 
Published: March 2003

This article engages with the theme of the symposium by examining the role and meaning of networks in the context of a former coal‐mining region in the UK. Mining communities have historically been noted by sociologists and historians for their strong social ties and extended families as well as for forming the bedrock of discussion of class and place. In the wake of the closure programme of the 1980s and early 1990s, such identities have been fundamentally challenged. The notion of networks is explored in four distinct but ultimately interrelated senses: occupational/work networks; networks around place; networks of class relations; and, finally, networks as relationships of family, kin and generation. Material presented here is based on research that investigated four former coalfield communities in the UK after closure, focusing on a former pit village in the North East of England. It begins with a discussion of community and the coalfield within sociological and historical literatures. It then proceeds to discuss the changing nature of community and social networks post‐coal by focusing on the experience of two separate cohorts of former workers. It concludes by arguing for a historical understanding of the patterning of networks.Cet article s’inscrit dans le th?me du symposium en étudiant le rôle et la signification des réseaux dans le cadre d’une ancienne région miniàre anglaise. De tous temps, sociologues et historiens ont distingué les communautés miniàres, celles‐ci présentant de solides liens sociaux et des familles étendues, tout en étant à la base des débats de classes et de lieux. À la suite du plan de fermeture des années 1980 et du début des années 1990, ces identités ont été profondément remises en cause. La notion de réseaux est examinée dans quatre sens distincts, quoique liés en définitive: réseaux professionnels, réseaux autour du lieu, réseaux liés à la classe, et réseaux de relations de famille, parenté et génération. Les éléments présentés sont issues de recherches sur quatre communautés d’un ancien bassin charbonnier anglais apràs la fermeture des mines, et plus particuliàrement sur un village du nord‐est de l’Angleterre. Apràs avoir abordé la communauté et le bassin charbonnier au travers de documents sociologiques et historiques, l’article s’intéresse à la nature évolutive des réseaux de la communauté et des réseaux sociaux apràs l’àre du charbon, en s’attachant à l’expérience de deux groupes distincts d’anciens ouvriers. Il conclut en défendant une appréhension historique de la modélisation des réseaux.
Sketches from the Urban Internationale, 1910–50: Voluntary Associations, International Institutions and US Philanthropic Foundations
Authors: Saunier Pierre‐Yves 
Published: March 2003

The international town planning milieu forms an intriguing web of people, books, exhibitions, congresses and ideas. Exploring it can add to our nationally oriented understanding of the ways in which the urban scene was conceived in the twentieth century. This article aims to place this exploration in the wider context of the ‘Urban Internationale’ the sphere dedicated to the declensions of ‘urban issues’ such as town planning, housing and urban government. It suggests that the Urban Internationale can be structured around three areas of focus: voluntary associations, international institutions and the big US philanthropic foundations. The development of those areas and the relationships between them shaped the way in which ‘urban issues’ were defined and treated.Le milieu international de ‘l’urbanisme’ forme une trame fascinante d’individus, ouvrages, expositions, conférences et idées. L’explorer peut enrichir notre appéhension nationalisée des manières selon lesquelles la scène urbaine a été conçue au XXe siècle. L’article place cette exploration dans le contexte plus large de ‘l’Internationale Urbaine’, sphère dédiée aux déclinaisons des ‘problèmes urbains’ tels que urbanisme, logement et gouvernement urbain. Il suggère que l’Internationale Urbaine peut se structurer autour de trois pôles: les associations de bénévoles, les institutions internationales et les grandes fondations philanthropiques américaines. Le développement de ces pôles et leurs relations mutuelles ont fa??onné les modalités de définition et de traitement des ‘problèmes urbains’.
Cultural Districts, Property Rights and Sustainable Economic Growth
Authors: Santagata Walter 
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this article is to analyse the economic properties as well as the institutions governing the start‐up and evolution of cultural districts. The first part of the article reviews the relationships between culture, viewed as an idiosyncratic good, and the theory of industrial districts. The second part comprises a critical discussion of four models of cultural districts: the industrial cultural district (mainly based on positive externalities, localized culture and traditions in ‘arts and crafts’); the institutional cultural district (chiefly relying on the assignment of property rights); the museums cultural district (based on network externalities and the search for optimal size); and the metropolitan cultural district (based on communication technologies, performing arts and electronic trade). The assignment of intellectual property rights to local idiosyncratic cultural goods seems to be the most significant way to differentiate among cultural districts. The final section discusses a possible convergence of all district models towards the institutional district, based on the creation of a system of property rights as a means to protect localized production.Cet article tente d’analyser les propriétés économiques et les institutions qui régissent la création et l’évolution de districts culturels. La première partie étudie les relations entre la culture – vue comme un bien idiosyncrasique – et la théorie des districts industriels. La deuxième partie est un débat critique sur quatre modèles de districts culturels: le district culturel industriel (basé essentiellement sur des externalités positives, des cultures et traditions artisanales locales), le district culturel institutionnel (s’appuyant principalement sur l’attribution de droits de propriété), le district culturel des musées (fondé sur des effets d’entraînement en réseau et la recherche d’une taille optimale), et le district culturel métropolitain (basé sur les technologies de communication, des représentations artistiques et le commerce électronique). L’attribution de droits de propriété intellectuelle sur des biens culturels idiosyncrasiques locaux semble être la meilleure manière de différencier les districts culturels. La dernière partie de l’article examine une convergence possible de tous les modèles de district vers le district institutionnel, en s’appuyant sur la création d’un système de droits de propriété comme moyen de protection d’une production locale.
Aspects of the Informal Economy in a Transforming Country: The Case of Romania
Authors: Neef Rainer 
Published: March 2003

The informal economy has played a large part in state socialist countries and has been growing since 1989 in eastern European countries. Based on qualitative interviews and a large–scale survey carried out in Romania in 1996 and 1998, this article identifies four forms of informal household economies. In the context of a long drawn–out transformational recession in Romania, market conditions are rather unfavourable for most branches of the informal economy, which two–thirds of all Romanian households participate in. Success or failure depend largely on household potential and personal skills. A large group of households, which depend primarily on subsistence farming or on occasional manual labour, is trapped in a survival economy. Households that combine formal and informal jobs mostly manage to escape poverty, and the better off can raise their standards of living through informal activities, especially those who are independent and provide qualified services or those who carry out informal activities related to their formal employment in firms. A small group of informal entrepreneurs struggles between the two extremes of successful accumulation and a situation of dependency. Economically, subsistence farming exacerbates the crisis in agriculture, whereas in other branches of the informal economy there are more positive than negative impacts on overall economic development.L’économie parallèle a joué un rôle important dans les pays socialistes, s’intensifiant depuis 1989 dans les pays d’Europe de l’Est. En s’appuyant sur des entretiens approfondis et une vaste étude réalisée en Roumanie en 1996 et 1998, cet article définit quatre formes parallèles d’économie pour les ménages. Dans le cadre de la récession prolongée associée à la mutation roumaine, les conditions de marché sont plutôt défavorables à la plupart des branches de l’économie parallèle, laquelle concerne deux tiers des ménages roumains. La réussite ou l’échec est en grande partie liée au potentiel familial et aux compétences individuelles. Un groupe considérable de ménages, qui dépend essentiellement d’une agriculture de subsistance ou d’un travail manuel occasionnel, est prisonnier d’une économie de survie. Les ménages qui combinent des emplois officiels et officieux réussissent généralement àéchapper à la pauvreté, et les ‘plus favorisés’ peuvent élever leur niveau de vie grâce à des activités parallèles, notamment ceux qui sont indépendants et fournisseurs de prestations qualifiées ou ceux qui se livrent à des activités officieuses en relation avec leur emploi officiel en entreprise. Un petit groupe de créateurs d’entreprises parallèles luttent entre les deux extrÁmes: cumul réussi et situation de dépendance. Èconomiquement, l’autosubsistance accentue la crise du secteur agricole tandis que, dans d’autres branches de l’économie parallèle, on constate davantage d’effets positifs que négatifs sur l’expansion économique globale.
The Consequences of International Migration for the Status of Women: A Turkish Study
Authors: Day Lincoln H. , Içduygu Ahmet 
Published: March 2003

As part of a larger inquiry into the consequences of international migration for those who remain in the country of origin, 234 adults in four Turkish provinces were interviewed concerning matters (mostly opinions) pertaining to the status of women. Three migrant‐status categories were defined; (a) Returned migrants, (b) Non‐migrant close kin or friends of migrants, and, as a control group, (c) All others. Controlling for age, sex, urban‐rural residence, and schooling, group (a) was the most likely to express “non‐traditional” views, and group (c) the least. Group (b) was in between.Of the two possible explanations for such a pattern – recruitment and socialization – we found recruitment highly significant. The evidence for socialization, however, was decidedly mixed. Some of the considerable diversity of viewpoints pertaining to the status of women found in this inquiry are doubtless causally associated with the experience of migration, whether direct or indirect. But there is also evidence here of a society in the process of rapid change; and it is these more general social changes, not migration as such, that would appear to be more likely to affect the status of women.There is little support for the contention that the type of international migration that has involved so many Turks these past three decades – migration that has for the most part been temporary and economically motivated and has consisted of movements from relatively poor agricultural or but slightly industrialized areas to rich, highly industrialized ones characterized by marked differences in language, religion, and overall culture – is going to result in moving the status of women from a more to a less “traditional” plane.
Conveying a Sense of Community along Bolsa Avenue: Little Saigon as a Model of Ethnic Commercial Belts
Authors: McLaughlin Colette Marie , Jesilow Paul 
Published: March 2003

In the past, ethnic enclaves have functioned as homogeneous residential areas providing support and comfort to newly arrived immigrants. A new form of urban village is increasingly serving commuting immigrants who live in integrated residential neighbourhoods.Little Saigon, a Vietnamese commercial belt in Southern California, serves as a model of this emerging form. Participant observation and interviews with users of Little Saigon and other ethnic commercial belts in Southern California reveal that these areas provide users with places where they can experience the sense of community previously provided by ethnic ghettos.Little Saigon demonstrates that ethnic, commercial enclaves benefit diverse groups of individuals: in these places immigrants with limited English gain employment, older immigrants find solace, and “Americanized” immigrants and their children connect with their ancestral culture.Concomitant with the cultural advantages are the perpetuation of stereotypes, erosion of ethnic boundaries and persistent forms of specialized crime that threaten these areas’ success and yield negative perceptions of the areas’ ethnic groups.
Migration and Policies in the European Union: Highly Skilled Mobility, Free Movement of Labour and Recognition of Diplomas
Authors: Peixoto João 
Published: March 2003

This article evaluates the relationship between highly skilled mobility (especially by individuals with university‐level degrees) and migration policies. Data from the European Union (EU) and Portugal (in particular) provide the empirical basis of the research.EU policies regarding the free circulation of individuals which aim to build the “common market” for economic factors (including labour) are reviewed, as are the more specific recognition of diplomas policies for professional and academic purposes, and recent levels of international mobility in both the EU and Portugal.The article also enumerates the main obstacles that, from a political and legal or social and cultural perspective, explain the low mobility revealed by those figures. Obstacles include the broad denial of citizenship rights; the necessity of assuring a means of sustenance; linguistic and technical exigencies for diploma recognition; the social attributes of work (more explicit in the service sector); and the institutional nature of national skilled labour markets.The main exception to the low mobility rule – movements of cadres in the internal labour markets of transnational corporations – together with flows in other multinational organizations, are also reviewed. In these, migrations are relatively exempt from political constraints and, significantly, avoid the recognition procedures adopted by the EU. In other words, it seems that the entry of highly skilled individuals in a transnational corporation, and not their citizenship in a Europe without frontiers, is what enables them to achieve effective mobility.
Issues and Challenges of Emigration Dynamics in Developing Countries
Authors: Afolayan A.A. 
Published: March 2003

This article is a theory‐based attempt to present the issues and challenges of emigration dynamics in developing countries. The topic is discussed within several basic assumptions: first, that emigration dynamics in developing countries have certain features that are different from those in developed countries; second, that countries in the regions covered by the study (sub‐Saharan Africa, Central America and the Caribbean, and South Asia) are representative of developing countries.The article has been considerably facilitated by two recently concluded and reported projects: the IOM/UNFPA project, “Emigration dynamics in developing countries: sub‐Saharan Africa, Central America and the Caribbean, and South Asia”(Appleyard, 1998, 1999), and the UAP/CEIFO project on “International migration in and from Africa: dimensions, challenges and prospects”(Adepoju and Hammar, 1996). Any serious academic study of emigration dynamics in developing countries must acknowledge these landmark scholarly studies if they hope to advance understanding of the essential features of emigration dynamics in developing countries.A prime objective of the present article is to focus attention on aspects of the emigration process that will enable policy makers to utilize emigration for development, especially through national and international cooperation at regional and global levels.The article is predicated upon the need for a theory or model of emigration dynamics in developing countries that meets both internal and external dimensions. The adequacy of such a theory can be measured at three different levels: observation, description and explanation (Chomsky, 1965).
Transformation in Ostdeutschland: Hat die Arbeitsmarktpolitik den Betroffenen geholfen?
Authors: Feldmann Horst 
Published: March 2003

Abstract In order to smooth the transition from a planned to a market economy, labour market policies were applied to an unprecedented extent in East Germany. This paper analyses the effects of these policies. As it turns out, labour market policies not only were largely unsuccessful; in many cases they were even prejudicial to the unemployed as well as to regular employees.
Meta‐analyses of love scales: Do various love scales measure the same psychological constructs?
Authors: Masuda Masahiro 
Published: March 2003

Abstract: Two statistical meta‐analyses synthesized 33 empirical studies which investigated the correlation between relationship satisfaction and two types of love: Erotic Love and Companionate Love, measured by various love scales based on four major theories by Rubin, Lee, Hatﬁeld, and Sternberg. The results drawn by the Hunter‐Schmidt method showed that satisfaction was highly correlated with Erotic Love, but that its correlation with Companionate Love was unclear due to heterogeneity in the total sample of the all Companionate Love studies. A moderator analysis indicated a potential moderator, that is, theoretical differences between Lee's Color Theory of Love and the other three theories. The result suggested that a Companionate Love named “Storge” in the Color Theory should not be mixed up with other friendship‐style loves deﬁned by other theories as the Storge subscale would measure a different psychological construct.
The Analogical Argument for Animal Pain
Authors: Perrett Roy W. 
Published: March 2003

Philosophical defenders of animal liberation believe that we have direct duties to animals. Typically a presumption of that belief is that animals have the capacity to experience pain and suffering. Notoriously, however, a strand of Western scientific and philosophical thought has held animals to be incapable of experiencing pain, and even today one frequently encounters in discussions of animal liberation expressions of scepticism about whether animals really experience pain.The Analogical Argument for Animal Pain responds to this scepticism by claiming that it is just as reasonable for me to believe that animals feel pain, given my only evidence for this is shared behaviour and physiology, as it is for me to believe that other humans feel pain on the basis of similar evidence. In this paper I expound and defend this Argument.