bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Heavy Drinking, Binge Drinking, and Family History of Alcoholism on Regional Brain Metabolites
Authors: Meyerhoff D. J. , Blumenfeld R. , Truran D. , Lindgren J. , Flenniken D. , Cardenas V. , Chao L. L. , Rothlind J. , Studholme C. , Weiner M. W. 
Published: April 2004

Abstract: Background: The main goals are to investigate the effects of chronic active heavy drinking on N‐acetylaspartate (NAA) and other metabolites throughout the brain and to determine whether they are affected by family history (FH) of alcoholism and long‐term drinking pattern.Methods: Forty‐six chronic heavy drinkers (HD) and 52 light drinkers (LD) were recruited from the community and compared on measures of regional brain structure using magnetic resonance imaging and measures of common brain metabolites in gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) of the major lobes, subcortical nuclei, brainstem, and cerebellum using short–echo time magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging. Regional atrophy‐corrected levels of NAA, myoinositol (mI), creatine, and choline‐containing metabolites were compared as a function of group, FH of alcoholism, and bingeing.Results: Frontal WM NAA was lower in FH‐negative HD than FH‐positive HD and tended to be lower in women than men. Creatine‐containing metabolites in parietal GM were higher in HD than LD. FH‐negative compared with FH‐positive HD also had more mI in the brainstem and tended to have lower NAA and more mI in frontal GM. Although parietal GM NAA was not significantly lower in HD than LD, it was lower in non–binge drinkers than bingers. Frontal WM NAA was lower in HD than LD, with the difference driven by a small number of women, FH‐negative HD, and older age. Lower frontal WM NAA in HD was associated with lower executive and working memory functions and with lower P3b amplitudes at frontal electrodes.Conclusions: Community‐dwelling HD who are not in alcoholism treatment have brain metabolite changes that are associated with lower brain function and are likely of behavioral significance. Age, FH, and binge drinking modulate brain metabolite abnormalities. Metabolite changes in active HD are less pronounced and present with a different spatial and metabolite pattern than reported in abstinent alcoholics.
Thermally Stable Two‐Dimensional Hexagonal Mesoporous Nanocrystalline Anatase, Meso‐nc‐TiO2: Bulk and Crack‐Free Thin Film Morphologies
Authors: Choi S. Y. , Mamak M. , Coombs N. , Chopra N. , Ozin G. A. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractHerein a novel synthetic route is described for the production of thermally stable, structurally well‐defined two‐dimensional (2D) hexagonal mesoporous nanocrystalline anatase (meso‐nc‐TiO2), with a large pore diameter, narrow pore‐size distribution, high surface area, and robust inorganic walls comprised of nanocrystalline anatase. The synthetic approach involves the evaporation‐induced co‐assembly of a non‐ionic amphiphilic triblock‐copolymer template and titanium tetraethoxide, but with a pivotal change in the main solvent of the system, where the commonly used ethanol is replaced with 1‐butanol. This seemingly minor modification in solvent type from ethanol to 1‐butanol turns out to be the key synthetic strategy for achieving a robust, structurally well‐ordered meso‐nc‐TiO2 material in the form of either thick or thin films. The beneficial “solvent” effect originates from the higher hydrophobicity of 1‐butanol than ethanol, enhancing microphase separation and templating, lower critical micelle concentration of the template in 1‐butanol, and the ability to increase the relative concentration of the inorganic precursor to template in the co‐assembly synthesis. Moreover, thin films with dimensions of several centimeters that are devoid of cracks down to the length scale of the mesostructure itself, having high porosity, well‐defined mesostructural features, and semi‐crystalline pore walls were straightforwardly and reproducibly obtained as a result of the physicochemical property advantages of 1‐butanol over ethanol within our synthesis scheme.
Optoelectronic Properties of Quasi‐Linear, Self‐Assembled Platinum Complexes: Pt–Pt Distance Dependence
Authors: Debije M. G. , de Haas M. P. , Warman J. M. , Fontana M. , Stutzmann N. , Kristiansen M. , Caseri W. R. , Smith P. , Hoffmann S. , Sølling T. I. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractCharge‐carrier mobilities of various self‐assembled platinum complexes were measured by time‐resolved microwave conductivity techniques in the temperature range –80 to +100 °C. Eight compounds were investigated in the present study, including the original Magnus' green salt ([Pt(NH3)4][PtCl4]) and derivatives with the general structure [Pt(NH2R)4][PtCl4], where R denotes an alkyl side chain. In one instance, the chlorines were substituted with bromines. For these complexes, which all consist of a linear backbone of platinum atoms with Pt–Pt distances, d, varying from 3.1 to ≥ 3.6 Å, a strong, inverse correlation was found between d and the one‐dimensional charge‐carrier mobility, Σμ1D. The highest value of Σμ1D at room temperature was observed for R = (S)‐3,7‐dimethyloctyl (dmoc) with Σμ1D ≥ 0.06 cm2 V–1 s–1. Almost all materials exhibited a charge‐carrier mobility that was relatively independent of the temperature over the range studied. One exceptional compound (R = (R)‐2‐ethylhexyl) showed a pronounced negative temperature dependence of the charge‐carrier mobility; upon decreasing the temperature from +100 °C to –80 °C the charge‐carrier mobility increased by a factor of about ten.
Semiconducting Polymers via Microwave‐Assisted Suzuki and Stille Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Nehls B. S. , Asawapirom U. , Füldner S. , Preis E. , Farrell T. , Scherf U. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA fully conjugated para‐phenylene ladder polymer (P1) and the alternating copolymers {2,7‐[9,9‐bis(2‐ethylhexyl)fluorene]‐5,5′‐(2,2′‐bithiophene)} (P3) and {2,7‐[9,9‐dioctylfluorene]‐5,5′‐(2,2′‐bithiophene)} (P4) have been prepared via metal‐mediated cross‐coupling reactions, using microwaves as a heat source. The procedure, which yields polymeric material in ca. ten minutes, has no adverse effects on the quality of the polymers and displays a high degree of reproducibility. Transfer of the optimized conditions to the synthesis of a new naphthalene‐based polyarylene‐ketone (P2) and a (1,5‐dioctoxynaphthylene‐2,6‐diyl‐alt‐2,2′‐bithiophene‐5,5′‐diyl) copolymer (P5) confirmed the versatility of the procedure and the dramatic reduction in reaction times compared with conventional heating. In the case of the Stille‐type coupling reaction of the electron‐rich, less reactive dibromo monomer 1,5‐dioctoxy‐2,6‐dibromo‐naphthalene, the microwave‐assisted protocol results in a marked increase in both yield and molecular weight.
Light‐harvesting function of carotenoids in photo‐synthesis: The roles of the newly found 11B state
Authors: Koyama Yasushi , Rondonuwu Ferdy S. , Fujii Ritsuko , Watanabe Yasutaka 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis minireview article highlights the energetics and the dynamics of the 11B and 31A states of carotenoids discovered very recently. Those “hidden” covalent states have been revealed by measurements of resonance‐Raman excitation profiles of crystalline carotenoids. The dependence of the energies of the low‐lying singlet states, including the 11B, 31A, 11B, and 21A states, on the number of conjugated double bonds (n) is in agreement with the extrapolation of those state energies calculated by Tavan and Schulten for shorter polyenes (P. Tavan and K. Schulten, Journal of Chemical Physics, 1986, vol. 85, pp. 6602–6609). It has also been shown that the internal‐conversion processes among those singlet states take place in accord with the state ordering, i.e., 11B → 11B → 21A → 11A (the ground state) for carotenoids having n = 9 and 10, whereas 11B → 31A → 11B → 21A → 11A for carotenoids having n = 11–13. Radiative transitions of 11B → 21A and 11B → 21A as well as a branching into the triplet manifold of 11B → 13Ag → 13Bu have also been found. Those low‐lying singlet states of all‐trans carotenoids can facilitate multiple channels of singlet‐energy transfer to bacteriochlorophyll in the LH2 antenna complexes of purple photosynthetic bacteria. Thus, the newly found 11B and 31A states of carotenoids need to be incorporated into the picture of carotenoid‐to‐bacteriochlorophyll singlet‐energy transfer. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers, 2004
Growth kinetics of zinc(tris)thiourea sulphate (ZTS) crystals
Authors: Arunmozhi G. , de M. Gomes E. , Ganesamoorthy S. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractGrowth kinetics of zinc (tris) thiourea sulphate (ZTS) crystals investigated as a function of supersaturation is reported in this communication. Crystal growth rates were investigated normal to the (100), (010) and (001) faces under growth conditions employed for bulk crystal growth. The growth rates normal to (010) and (100) were found to follow the continuous growth model (RG = Cσ) with respect to the supersaturation whereas the growth rates normal to (001) was found to satisfy birth and spread (B+S) model (RG = Aσ5/6 exp(‐B/σ)). The growth rates observed normal to the studied face are in agreement with the growth mechanism predicted from the estimated α (Jackson) factor. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Similarities between the quasi‐bubble and the generalized wave continuity equation solutions to the shallow water equations
Authors: Atkinson J. H. , Westerink J. J. , Hervouet J. M. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractTwo common strategies for solving the shallow water equations in the finite element community are the generalized wave continuity equation (GWCE) reformulation and the quasi‐bubble velocity approximation. The GWCE approach has been widely analysed in the literature. In this work, the quasi‐bubble equations are analysed and comparisons are made between the quasi‐bubble approximation of the primitive form of the shallow water equations and a linear finite element approximation of the GWCE reformulation of the shallow water equations. The discrete condensed quasi‐bubble continuity equation is shown to be identical to a discrete wave equation for a specific GWCE weighting parameter value. The discrete momentum equations are slightly different due to the bubble function. In addition, the dispersion relationships are shown to be almost identical and numerical experiments confirm that the two schemes compute almost identical results. Analysis of the quasi‐bubble formulation suggests a relationship that may guide selection of the optimal GWCE weighting parameter. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two‐dimensional dispersion analyses of finite element approximations to the shallow water equations
Authors: Atkinson J. H. , Westerink J. J. , Luettich R. A. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractDispersion analysis of discrete solutions to the shallow water equations has been extensively used as a tool to define the relationships between frequency and wave number and to determine if an algorithm leads to a dual wave number response and near 2Δx oscillations. In this paper, we explore the application of two‐dimensional dispersion analysis to cluster based and Galerkin finite element‐based discretizations of the primitive shallow water equations and the generalized wave continuity equation (GWCE) reformulation of the harmonic shallow water equations on a number of grid configurations. It is demonstrated that for various algorithms and grid configurations, contradictions exist between the results of one‐dimensional and two‐dimensional dispersion analysis as a result of subtle changes in the mass matrix. Numerical experiments indicate that the two‐dimensional dispersion analysis correctly predicts the existence and onset of near 2Δx noise in the solution. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Journal entries and adjustments—your biggest fraud danger
Authors: DeVries Delwyn D. , Kiger Jack E. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFalse journal entries and other adjustments may be your biggest exposure to fraud. They figured prominently in some of the latest corporate scandals, including those at WorldCom, Cendant, and Xerox. What special actions must auditors take to keep your company safe from this kind of fraud? © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluation of pork backfat firmness and lard consistency using several different physicochemical methods
Authors: Gläser Karola R , Wenk Caspar , Scheeder Martin RL 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA total of 96 pigs were fed on a control diet (barley, wheat, soybean meal) or the control diet supplemented with one of six fats, differing in saturated (SFA), cis‐ and trans‐monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content, in order to produce backfat widely differing in fatty acid composition. In addition to fatty acid composition, firmness was measured, by means of a puncture test, in the intact outer backfat layer and in lard extracted from the outer layer. Melting behaviour and solid fat content (SFC) were determined by differential scanning calorimetry and crystallisation time with a Rapid Interesterification Control‐Box. Regression analyses revealed that all consistency traits were mainly dependant on SFA content, particularly stearic acid. Cis‐MUFA were the next most decisive for crystallisation time and SFC. The prediction of firmness and SFC at 0 °C was improved when the proportion of PUFA was also considered. The stearic to linoleic acid ratio provided the best prediction of lard firmness. It was concluded that MUFA and PUFA exert specific effects on the different consistency characteristics and not only PUFA but also MUFA should be considered in feeding recommendations for growing‐finishing pigs when lard consistency is to be improved. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
A liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometric method for the determination of oak moss allergens atranol and chloroatranol in perfumes
Authors: Bossi Rossana , Rastogi Suresh C. , Bernard Guillaume , Gimenez‐Arnau Elena , Johansen Jeanne D. , Lepoittevin Jean‐Pierre , Menné Torkil 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis paper describes a validated liquid chromatographic‐tandem mass spectrometric method for quantitative analysis of the potential oak moss allergens atranol and chloroatranol in perfumes and similar products. The method employs LC‐MS‐MS with electrospray ionization (ESI) in negative mode. The compounds are analysed by selective reaction monitoring (SRM) of 2 or 3 ions for each compound in order to obtain high selectivity and sensitivity. The method has been validated for the following parameters: linearity; repeatability; recovery; limit of detection; and limit of quantification. The limits of detection, 5.0 ng/mL and 2.4 ng/mL, respectively, for atranol and chloroatranol, achieved by this method allowed identification of these compounds at concentrations below those causing allergic skin reactions in oak‐moss‐sensitive patients. The recovery of chloratranol from spiked perfumes was 96±4%. Low recoveries (49±5%) were observed for atranol in spiked perfumes, indicating ion suppression caused by matrix components. The method has been applied to the analysis of 10 randomly selected perfumes and similar products.
Multicriteria e‐negotiation systems for e‐democracy
Authors: Insua David Rios , Holgado Julio , Moreno Raul 
Published: April 2004

AbstractWe outline concepts and an architecture underlying an electronic negotiation system. Once the participants' preferences are privately assessed, a variant of the balanced increment method is used to reach an agreement. The implications for such a system within e‐democracy are described. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Limit analysis for saturated porous media without fluid flow calculation
Authors: Corfdir Alain 
Published: April 2004

AbstractApplication of yield design to porous media usually requires a preliminary calculation of the fluid flow net. The stability analysis is then carried out with seepage forces associated with the flow. We assume here that the flow is steady and that the yield criterion is defined by a function of the effective stress tensor. The formulation that we propose here allows taking into account seepage force in the expression of the kinematic stability conditions by means of hydraulic boundary conditions without calculation of the fluid flow. One obtains a formulation of the kinematic condition similar to the case of classic, non‐porous media. The method is illustrated by two examples: a cylinder subjected to fluid flow and a vertical cut. It can be adapted to various boundary conditions and to the case of a criterion defined by a function of a generalized effective stress tensor. We also give a method to derive rigorous lower bounds using approximate fluid pressure field. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Uniform estimate of the constant in the strengthened CBS inequality for anisotropic non‐conforming FEM systems
Authors: Blaheta R. , Margenov S. , Neytcheva M. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractPreconditioners based on various multilevel extensions of two‐level finite element methods (FEM) lead to iterative methods which have an optimal order computational complexity with respect to the size of the system. Such methods were first presented in Axelsson and Padiy (SIAM. J. Sci. Stat. Comp. 1990; 20:1807) and Axelsson and Vassilevski (Numer. Math. 1989; 56:157), and are based on (recursive) two‐level splittings of the finite element space. The key role in the derivation of optimal convergence rate estimates is played by the constant γ in the so‐called Cauchy–Bunyakowski–Schwarz (CBS) inequality, associated with the angle between the two subspaces of the splitting. It turns out that only existence of uniform estimates for this constant is not enough but accurate quantitative bounds for γ have to be found as well. More precisely, the value of the upper bound for γ∈(0,1) is part of the construction of various multilevel extensions of the related two‐level methods.In this paper, an algebraic two‐level preconditioning algorithm for second‐order elliptic boundary value problems is constructed, where the discretization is done using Crouzeix–Raviart non‐conforming linear finite elements on triangles. An important point to make is that in this case the finite element spaces corresponding to two successive levels of mesh refinements are not nested. To handle this, a proper two‐level basis is considered, which enables us to fit the general framework for the construction of two‐level preconditioners for conforming finite elements and to generalize the method to the multilevel case.The major contribution of this paper is the derived estimates of the related constant γ in the strengthened CBS inequality. These estimates are uniform with respect to both coefficient and mesh anisotropy. To our knowledge, the results presented in the paper are the first such estimates for non‐conforming FEM systems. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Existence of a low rank or ℋ︁‐matrix approximant to the solution of a Sylvester equation
Authors: Grasedyck L. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractWe consider the Sylvester equation AX−XB+C=0 where the matrix C∈ℂn×m is of low rank and the spectra of A∈ℂn×n and B∈ℂm×m are separated by a line. We prove that the singular values of the solution X decay exponentially, that means for any ε∈(0,1) there exists a matrix X̃ of rank k=O(log(1/ε)) such that ∥X−X̃∥2⩽ε∥X∥2. As a generalization we prove that if A,B,C are hierarchical matrices then the solution X can be approximated by the hierarchical matrix format described in Hackbusch (Computing 2000; 62: 89–108). The blockwise rank of the approximation is again proportional to log(1/ε). Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Band structure effects in nitrogen K‐edge resonant inelastic X‐ray scattering from GaN
Authors: Strocov V. N. , Schmitt T. , Rubensson J.‐E. , Blaha P. , Paskova T. , Nilsson P. O. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractSystematic experimental data on resonant inelastic X‐ray scattering (RIXS) in GaN near the N K‐edge are presented for the first time. Excitation energy dependence of the spectral structures manifests the band structure effects originating from momentum selectivity of the RIXS process. This finding allows obtaining k‐resolved band structure information for GaN crystals and nanostructures. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
New Operative Method for Fundal Variceal Bleeding: Fundectomy with Periesophagogastric Devascularization
Authors: Han Ho‐Seong , Yi Nam‐Joon , Kim Young‐Woo , Fleischer Gary D. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractCirrhotic patients with gastric fundal bleeding occasionally require operative intervention. Fundal variceal bleeding may be controlled by performing a fundectomy in addition to periesophagogastric devascularization. For 23 patients with cirrhosis, preoperative nonsurgical intervention alone could not achieve definitive control of variceal bleeding from the gastric fundus, and periesophagogastric devascularization with the fundectomy—specifically resection of the varix‐bearing lesion in the fundus—was performed. Direct inspection and palpation determined the area for the fundectomy, and resection was limited to the engorged varix‐bearing area. The overall mortality rate was 26.1%. There were two postoperative deaths (18.2%) among 11 patients in the elective operation group and four deaths (33.3%) among 12 patients in the emergency operation group (p > 0.05). The mortality rates among class A, B, and C patients, following the Child‐Pugh classification for hepatic functional reserve, were 0% (0/4), 23.1% (3/13), and 50.0% (3/6), respectively (p > 0.05). The patients who died had been transfused preoperatively with a mean of 13.0 ± 10.5 units, and those who survived received a mean of 6.00 ± 5.96 units (p > 0.05). Patients who were successfully stabilized by preoperative endoscopic intervention had significantly lower mortality (p < 0.001). During follow‐up there was no recurrent bleeding from gastric varices, and there was only one case (4.35%) of hemorrhage from esophageal varices. Hence, periesophagogastric devascularization and fundectomy offers an alternative operative method for cirrhotic patients with variceal hemorrhaging from the gastric fundus.
Sleep Problems in Early Childhood and Early Onset of Alcohol and Other Drug Use in Adolescence
Authors: Wong Maria M. , Brower Kirk J. , Fitzgerald Hiram E. , Zucker Robert A. 
Published: April 2004

Abstract: Background: No prospective studies exist on the relationship between sleep problems early in life and subsequent alcohol use. Stimulated by the adult literature linking sleep problems to the subsequent onset of alcohol use disorders in some adults, we examined whether sleep problems in early childhood predicted the onset of alcohol and other drug use in adolescence and whether such a relationship was mediated by other known predictors of this relationship, namely, attention problems, anxiety/depression, and aggression in late childhood.Methods: This study is part of an ongoing longitudinal study of the development of risk for alcohol and other substance use disorders. Study participants were 257 boys from a community‐recruited sample of high‐risk families.Results: Mothers’ ratings of their children's sleep problems at ages 3 to 5 years significantly predicted an early onset of any use of alcohol, marijuana, and illicit drugs, as well as an early onset of occasional or regular use of cigarettes by age 12 to 14. Additionally, although sleep problems in early childhood also predicted attention problems and anxiety/depression in later childhood, these problems did not mediate the relationship between sleep problems and onset of alcohol and other drug use.Conclusions: This is, to our knowledge, the first study that prospectively examines the relationship between sleep problems and early onset of alcohol use, a marker of increased risk for later alcohol problems and alcohol use disorders. Moreover, early childhood sleep problems seem to be a robust marker for use of drugs other than alcohol. Implications for the prevention of early alcohol and other drug use are discussed.