bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Migrating to Web services: a performance engineering approach
Authors: Litoiu Marin 
Published: February 2004

AbstractIn this paper we look at several performance pitfalls that Web services are facing today and at the performance penalties that have to be paid when exposing a legacy application as a Web service. We investigate two performance metrics of Web services, latency and scalability, and compare them with those of legacy middleware. The goal of the paper is to show how the performance penalties can be mitigated by following the principles and methods of performance engineering. Performance models can help the migration decisions, especially when new architectures or new deployment topologies are sought. The paper shows the mechanisms of building and solving a performance model involving Web services. An example is presented throughout the paper. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of Web‐usage behavior for focused Web sites: a case study
Authors: El‐Ramly Mohammad , Stroulia Eleni 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe number of Web users and the diversity of their interests increase continuously; Web‐content providers seek to infer these interests and to adapt their Web sites to improve accessibility of the offered content. Usage‐pattern mining is a promising approach in support of this goal. Assuming that past navigation behavior is an indicator of the users' interests, then, Web‐server logs can be mined to infer what the users are interested in. On that basis, the Web site may be reorganized to make the interesting content more easily accessible or recommendations can be dynamically generated to help new visitors find information of interest faster. In this paper, we discuss a case study examining the effectiveness of sequential‐pattern mining for understanding the users' navigation behavior in focused Web sites. This study examines the Web site of an undergraduate course, as an example of a focused Web site that offers information intrinsically related to a process and closely reflects the workflow of this underlying process. We found that in such focused sites, indeed, visitor behavior reflects the process supported by the Web site and that sequential‐pattern mining can effectively predict Web‐usage behavior in these sites. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Four permeases import proline and the toxic proline analogue azetidine‐2‐carboxylate into yeast
Authors: Andréasson Claes , Neve Etienne P. A. , Ljungdahl Per O. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractWe have found that proline and the toxic proline analogue azetidine‐2‐carboxylate (AzC) are efficiently imported into Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells by four amino acid permeases, including two nitrogen‐regulated permeases (PUT4 and GAP1) and two permeases that are regulated by the SPS sensor of extracellular amino acids (AGP1 and GNP1). In contrast to Agp1p, Gnp1p is not functionally expressed when cells are grown on media containing proline as sole nitrogen source. These findings have implications for the interpretation of studies using AzC to characterize nitrogen source‐dependent regulation of amino acid uptake and of post‐Golgi targeting and localization of amino acid permeases in yeast. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cloning and expression analysis of the ornithine decarboxylase gene (PbrODC) of the pathogenic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
Authors: Niño‐Vega Gustavo A. , Sorais Françoise , Calcagno Ana‐María , Ruiz‐Herrera José , Martínez‐Espinoza Alfredo D. , San‐Blas Gioconda 
Published: February 2004

AbstractWe describe the isolation and sequencing of PbrODC, the gene encoding ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. The gene contains a single open reading frame made of 1413 bp with a single intron (72 bp), and encodes a 447 amino acid polypeptide with a predicted molecular weight of 50.0 kDa, an isoelectric point of 4.9 and a high similarity to other fungal ornithine decarboxylases. Functionality of the gene was demonstrated by transformation into a Saccharomyces cerevisiae odc null mutant. A phylogenetic tree generated with several fungal ODCs provided additional evidence to favour a taxonomic position for P. brasiliensis as an ascomycetous fungus, belonging to the order Onygenales. Expression of the PbrODC gene was determined by Northern analyses during growth of the mycelial and yeast forms, and through the temperature‐regulated dimorphic transition between these two extreme phases. Expression of PbrODC remained constant at all stages of the fungal growth, and did not correlate with a previously observed increase in the activity of ornithine decarboxylase at the onset of the budding process in both yeast growth and mycelium‐to‐yeast transition. Accordingly, post‐transcriptional regulation for the product of PbrODC is suggested. The PbrODC gene sequence is available at the GenBank database under Accession No. AF212867. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SRE1 and SRE2 are two specific steroid‐responsive modules of Candida drug resistance gene 1 (CDR1) promoter
Authors: Karnani Neerja , Gaur Naseem Akhtar , Jha Sudhakar , Puri Neeti , Krishnamurthy Shankarling , Goswami Shyamal K. , Mukhopadhyay Gauranga , Prasad Rajendra 
Published: February 2004

AbstractCDR1 gene encoding an ATP‐driven drug extrusion pump has been implicated in the development of azole‐resistance in Candida albicans. Although the upregulation of CDR1 expression by various environmental factors has been documented, the molecular mechanism underlying such process is poorly understood. We have demonstrated earlier that the CDR1 promoter encompasses a large number of cis‐regulatory elements, presumably mediating its response to various drugs. In this study we have identified a novel steroid responsive region (SRR) conferring β‐oestradiol and progesterone inducibility on the CDR1 promoter. The SRR is located −696 to −521 bp upstream of the transcription start site; it is modular in nature and can confer steroid responsiveness to a heterologous promoter (ADH1) linked to a GFP reporter gene. In vitro DNase I protection analyses of SRR revealed two progesterone responsive sequences (−628 to −594 and −683 to −648) and one β‐oestradiol responsive sequence (−628 to −577), which was further corroborated by the gel mobility shift assay. Deletion analyses within the SRR further delimited these steroid responsive sequences into two distinct elements, viz. SRE1 and SRE2. While SRE1 (−677 to −648) responds only to progesterone, SRE2 (−628 to −598) responded to both progesterone and β‐oestradiol. Both SRE1 and SRE2 were specific for steroids, as they did not respond to other drugs, such as cycloheximide, miconazole and terbinafine. In silico comparison of the SRE1/2 with the promoter sequences of other MDR (CDR2 and PDR5) and non‐MDR (HSP90) steroid‐responsive genes revealed a similarity with respect to conservation of three 5 bp stretches (AAGAA, CCGAA and ATTGG). Taken together, we have identified a novel steroid responsive cis‐regulatory sequence in the CDR1 promoter, which presumably can be instrumental in understanding the steroid response cascade in Candida albicans. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experiments on the discrimination of fish and seabed echoes
Authors: MacLennan D.N. , Copland P.J. , Armstrong E. , Simmonds E.J. 
Published: February 2004

Abstract
During acoustic surveys for biomass estimation, fish aggregations near the seabed may not be correctly measured due to false detection of the bottom echo. The extent of this problem depends on the spatial and density features of the near-seabed aggregations. We conducted experiments using a tower structure deployed close to the bottom of a sea loch. The tower is 10 m high with a split-beam transducer at the top and a fish cage at the bottom. The effect of a bottom slope is simulated by tilting the transducer. In experiments with various densities and sizes of gadoids in the cage, echoes from the vicinity of the seabed were studied over hard and soft ground. In addition to the range, the split-beam echosounder gives two angular coordinates of the target direction. These may be combined into one measure of angular displacement, namely, the angle between the apparent target direction and the transducer axis. We call this the split-beam angle (SBA). We found that the SBA is not necessarily an accurate indication of the target direction. Echoes from fish aggregations and the seabed have different characteristics in this respect. When the seabed echo is detected with few interfering targets above, the SBA is an accurate indication of the seabed slope, and assuming the slope does not change over a short series of pings, the SBA is highly correlated. On the other hand, the SBA from multiple fish echoes is highly variable, as expected, and the ping-to-ping variation is essentially random. Furthermore, when the seabed echo is transmitted through a substantial density of fish, the interference can change the SBA, although the ping-to-ping correlation of the seabed SBA remains superior to that of fish aggregations. We also studied records from acoustic surveys on various research vessels to provide comparable results at full scale. When there is a low density of near-seabed fish, the correlation between the fore-aft SBA and the seabed gradient is optimal at the start of the first seabed echo; it declines at sub-bottom ranges. When there are dense aggregations of fish near the seabed, the automatic bottom-detection algorithm may be located on top of the aggregation, so that the echo integration misses a substantial quantity of fish. Examples from acoustic surveys in the North Sea are presented to illustrate this problem.
The Sulu Zone Revisited
Authors: Sutherland Heather 
Published: February 2004

Iranun and Balangingi. Globalization, maritime raiding and the birth of ethnicity
By JAMES FRANCIS WARREN
Singapore: Singapore University Press, 2002. Pp. xxii, 585. Maps, Figures, Tables,
Notes, Bibliography, Index.James Warren's rewarding Iranun and Balangingi (2002) expands on his classic The Sulu Zone (1981) but retains the explanatory model: Southern Philippine slave-raiding (1768–1898) was caused by the capitalist world economy's demand for commodities. This essay suggests that Warren's depiction of servility is too undifferentiated, that he may have overestimated labour needs and elite control while underestimating free trade.
The very idea of design: what God couldn't do
Authors: KORTUM RICHARD D. 
Published: February 2004

This paper argues for the proposition that there is fundamental incoherence in the idea of a divine designer. Such a being would have to have intentions and thoughts prior to designing and making a world. But it is a necessary truth that thought – of the complex and articulated kind necessary for the design of a cosmos – presupposes possession of language. It is further necessarily true that language is impossible, save for beings who inhabit a public world containing other linguistic subjects. The divine designer would be the impossible exemplar of the private language, whose incoherence was demonstrated by Wittgenstein. Objections to this line of argument are noted and rebutted.Even God can't whisper in His own ear.Isaak Babel
Counting death and disease: classification of death and disease in the interwar years, 1919–1939
Authors: BOROWY IRIS 
Published: February 2004

The International Lists of Causes of Death and Diseases underwent their Fourth and Fifth Revisions during the years before the First and Second World Wars, the only time that two institutions of different disciplines, the International Statistical Institute and the League of Nations Health Organization, participated in the revision process. This resulted in a mixture of institutional rivalry and cooperation, involving national, ideological and professional interests.The revisions entailed extensive international discussions. The studies on which they were based revealed a lack of international uniformity in disease classification and thus basic problems regarding the reliability and comparability of vital statistical data.
A comparison of cross‐hole electrical and seismic data in fractured rock
Authors: Herwanger J.V. , Worthington M.H. , Lubbe R. , Binley A. , Khazanehdari J. 
Published: February 2004

ABSTRACTCross‐hole anisotropic electrical and seismic tomograms of fractured metamorphic rock have been obtained at a test site where extensive hydrological data were available. A strong correlation between electrical resistivity anisotropy and seismic compressional‐wave velocity anisotropy has been observed. Analysis of core samples from the site reveal that the shale‐rich rocks have fabric‐related average velocity anisotropy of between 10% and 30%. The cross‐hole seismic data are consistent with these values, indicating that observed anisotropy might be principally due to the inherent rock fabric rather than to the aligned sets of open fractures. One region with velocity anisotropy greater than 30% has been modelled as aligned open fractures within an anisotropic rock matrix and this model is consistent with available fracture density and hydraulic transmissivity data from the boreholes and the cross‐hole resistivity tomography data. However, in general the study highlights the uncertainties that can arise, due to the relative influence of rock fabric and fluid‐filled fractures, when using geophysical techniques for hydrological investigations.
Geophysical exploration for interlayer slip breccia gold deposits: example from Pengjiakuang gold deposit, Shandong Province, China
Authors: Qingdong Z. , Yuanchao S. , Tiebing L. , Guangming L. , Qirui Z. , Kunfa S. , Hongchen L. , Xiuying S. , Jinzhong Y. 
Published: February 2004

ABSTRACTInterlayer slipping breccia‐type gold deposit – a new type of gold deposit, defined recently in the northern margin of the Jiaolai Basin, Shandong Province, China – occurs in interlayer slip faults distributed along the basin margin. It has the features of large orebody thickness (ranging from 14 m to 46 m, with an average thickness of 30 m), shallow embedding (0–50 m thickness of cover), low tenor of gold ore (ranging from 3 g/t to 5 g/t), easy mining and ore dressing. This type of gold deposit has promising metallogenic forecasting and potential for economic exploitation.A ground gamma‐ray survey in the Pengjiakuang gold‐ore district indicates that the potassium/thorium ratio is closely related to the mineralization intensity, i.e. the larger the potassium/thorium ratio, the higher the mineralization. The gold mineralized alteration zone was defined by a potassium/thorium ratio of 0.35. A seismic survey confirms the location of the top and bottom boundaries and images various features within the Pengjiakuang gold mineralization belt. The gold‐bearing shovel slipped belt dips to the south at an angle of 50–55° at the surface and 15–20° at depth. The seismic profile is interpreted in terms of a structural band on the seismic section characterized by a three‐layered model. The upper layer is represented by weakly discontinuous reflections that represent the overlying conglomerates. A zone of stronger reflections representing the interlayer slip fault (gold‐bearing mineralized zone) is imaged within the middle of the section, while the strongest reflections are in the lower part of the section and represent metamorphic rocks at depth. At the same time, the seismic reflection survey confirms the existence of a granite body at depth, indicating that ore‐forming fluids may be related to the granite. A CSAMT survey showed that the gold‐bearing mineralized zone is a conductive layer and contains a low‐resistivity anomaly ranging from 2 Ωm to 200 Ωm.
Nucleotide sequence identification of Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 infecting Cryphonectria parasitica on grafted American chestnut trees 12–18 years after inoculation with a hypovirulent strain mixture
Authors: Griffin G. J. , Robbins N. , Hogan E. P. , Farias‐Santopietro G. 
Published: February 2004

SummaryNatural blight cankers on grafted American chestnut Castanea dentata trees were inoculated with one French‐derived hypovirulent Cryphonectria parasitica strain, with a predominantly orange‐pigmented colony phenotype and three Italian hypovirulent C. parasitica strains, with a predominantly white colony phenotype, in 1982 and 1983. Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV1) dsRNA was extracted from the four inoculated strains and from 11 predominantly white or orange pigmented C. parasitica isolates recovered from blight‐controlled cankers on the grafted trees during 1994–2000; cDNAs were made by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction for two hypovirus regions: (i) an 844‐bp region in the helicase domain of open reading frame B (ORF B), designated OB and (ii) an 894‐bp region that included part of the 5′ non‐coding region and part (p29) of ORF A (5′OA). Nucleotide sequence analysis indicated that hypovirus isolates from the grafted trees and Italian inoculated strains had high homologies (identities) to each other and high homologies for OB (98.7–99.9%) and 5′OA (99.2–99.6%) to reference hypovirus, CHV1‐Euro7; homologies to reference hypovirus, CHV1‐EP713, were low (≤89.8%). In contrast, the hypovirus from the predominantly pigmented, French‐derived inoculated strain had high homologies for OB (99.1%) and 5′OA (99.7%) to reference CHV1‐EP713, and low homologies (87.7–89.7%) to the predominantly pigmented grafted‐tree isolates. These results provide strong evidence that hypoviruses present in the two predominantly pigmented isolates and nine predominantly white isolates of C. parasitica from the grafted trees were of Italian inoculated hypovirulent strain origin. For the Phe(25) through Gln(73) phenotype‐determinant region in p29 of 5′OA, hypovirus isolate amino acid sequences were dependent on whether they were CHV1‐Euro7 or CHV1‐EP713 hypoviruses, but predominantly white and predominantly pigmented phenotypes within CHV1‐Euro7 or within CHV1‐EP713 had identical amino acid sequences. Grafted‐tree hypovirus isolates infecting the predominantly pigmented C. parasitica isolates may originate from chance transmission and replication of a CHV1‐Euro7 hypovirus variant or variant mixture, possibly present in one or more of the Italian inoculated hypovirulent strains, such as Ep 49.
Diazepam‐induced adaptive plasticity revealed by α1 GABAA receptor‐specific expression profiling
Authors: Huopaniemi Laura , Keist Ruth , Randolph Ann , Certa Ulrich , Rudolph Uwe 
Published: February 2004

AbstractBenzodiazepines are in wide clinical use for their sedative and tranquilizing actions, the former being mediated via α1‐containing GABAA receptors. The signal transduction pathways elicited beyond the receptor are only poorly understood. Changes of transcript levels in cerebral cortex induced by acute diazepam administration were therefore compared by microarray analysis between wild‐type and point mutated α1(H101R) mice, in which the α1 GABAA receptor subunit had been rendered insensitive to diazepam. In wild‐type animals, diazepam reduced the expression levels of the α subunit of the calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II, as well as brain‐derived neurotrophic factor, MAP kinase phosphatase, transcription factor GIF, c‐fos and nerve growth factor induced gene‐A. None of these transcripts was changed in the α1(H101R) mice after treatment with diazepam. Thus, the sedative action of diazepam is correlated with a selective down‐regulation of transcripts involved in the regulation of neuronal plasticity and neurotrophic responses. Most transcript changes were transient except for the decrease of the CaMKIIα transcript which persisted even 40 h after the single dose of diazepam. This long‐term alteration is likely to contribute to the resetting of the neuronal responsiveness, which may be involved in rebound phenomena and, under chronic treatment, in the development of tolerance and dependence.
Identification of regulated genes during permanent focal cerebral ischaemia: characterization of the protein kinase 9b5/MARKL1/MARK4
Authors: Schneider Armin , Laage Rico , Von Ahsen Oliver , Fischer Achim , Rossner Moritz , Scheek Sigrid , Grünewald Sylvia , Kuner Rohini , Weber Daniela , Krüger Carola , Klaussner Bettina , Götz Bernhard , Hiemisch Holger , Newrzella Dieter , Martin‐Villalba Ana , Bach Alfred , Schwaninger Markus 
Published: February 2004

AbstractCerebral ischaemia induces transcriptional changes in a number of pathophysiologically important genes. Here we have systematically studied gene expression changes after 90 min and 24 h of permanent focal ischaemia in the mouse by an advanced fragment display technique (restriction‐mediated differential display). We identified 56 transcriptionally altered genes, many of which provide novel hints to ischaemic pathophysiology. Particularly interesting were two pro‐apoptotic genes (Grim19 and Tdag51), whose role in cerebral ischaemia and neuronal cell death has not been recognized so far. Among the unknown sequences, we identified a gene that was rapidly and transiently up‐regulated. The encoded protein displayed high homology to the MARK family of serine–threonine protein kinases and has recently been described as MARKL1/MARK4. Here we demonstrate that this protein is a functional protein kinase with the ability to specifically phosphorylate a cognate peptide substrate for the AMP‐kinase family. Upon overexpression in heterologous cells, the functional wild‐type protein, but not its kinase‐dead mutant, led to decreased cell viability. We conclude that the up‐regulation of this kinase during focal ischaemia may represent an interesting new target for pharmacological intervention.
Tau exon 10, whose missplicing causes frontotemporal dementia, is regulated by an intricate interplay of cis elements and trans factors
Authors: Wang Junning , Gao Qing‐Sheng , Wang Yingzi , Lafyatis Robert , Stamm Stefan , Andreadis Athena 
Published: February 2004

AbstractTau is a microtubule‐associated protein whose transcript undergoes complex regulated splicing in the mammalian nervous system. In humans, exon 10 of the gene is an alternatively spliced cassette which is adult‐specific and which codes for a microtubule binding domain. Mutations that affect splicing of exon 10 have been shown to cause inherited frontotemporal dementia (FTDP). In this study, we reconstituted naturally occurring exon 10 FTDP mutants and classified their effects on its splicing. We also carried out a comprehensive survey of the influence of splicing regulators on exon 10 inclusion and tentatively identified the site of action for several of these factors. Lastly, we identified the domains of regulators SWAP and hnRNPG, which are required for regulation of exon 10 splicing.