bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Bridge Over Troubled Water, 1968–1971
Authors: Smith Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Music in 1960s’ America will forever be linked with the hippie phenomenon that spilled out of San Francisco and onto the world stage between 1965 and 1970—even the term ‘‘the sixties’’ reflects less the actual calendar decade and more the peace-and-love movement it is known for. The Human Be-In and the Monterey Pop Festival of 1967 brought about a rash of concert festivals through the remainder of the decade, as amplification technology allowed large crowds to gather for performances, creating a communal atmosphere most famously exemplified by the Woodstock Music and Art Fair in upstate New York in 1969.
Take it to the Limit, 1972–1976
Authors: Smith Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In July, 1972, the rock musical Hair closed on Broadway after 1,741 performances that made it one of the most successful productions in Broadway history. Hair was the first rock musical, spawning numerous imitators and cultural battles straight out of the 1960s hippie songbook. By the time the play closed, the good vibes of 1967 San Francisco seemed like a distant memory as harder drugs, skyrocketing divorce rates, and the distancing of rock stars from their audiences brought about a schizophrenic battle between the intimate and the universal in American music. The former found a home in the massive popularity of sensitive singer-songwriters such as James Taylor, Carly Simon, and Joni Mitchell, while the latter was represented by an L. A. Memorial Coliseum concert in November 1972 (ushering in the age of stadium rock) and the Watkins Glen, New York concert in July 1973, which set records with 600,000 fans in attendance.
Welcome to the Jungle, 1986–1990
Authors: Smith Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the mid-1980s, the album format was pushing forty, rock and roll began graying around the temples, and music journalism had graduated college and was finally moving out of its parents’ basement. American popular music that had been centered around the LP had matured to the point that it seemed to serve largely as a reflection of its own past—much of what was hailed as new was actually a rediscovery of what had been forgotten or had gone unappreciated for too long. Jazz had long since loosed itself from the moorings of scales and modes and sailed on to meet new genres; the blues had been electrified, amplified, abandoned, and then welcomed home; the magic of electronica had been watered down to harmless new-age music or simplistic dance-pop; country had finally broken free of the Nashville system and was discovering itself in Austin; and rock and roll had found gospel with Elvis, folk with Dylan, psychedelia with the Beatles, metal with Zeppelin, art with Pink Floyd, antiart with the Ramones, and ironic self-mockery with everything that came after—a string of short marriages that were not meant to last, but left behind memories both good and bad and many bastard children too numerous to recount.
Basic Definitions: Disease, Symptoms, Signs, Syndromes, and Diagnosis
Authors: DeMyer William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Definition: Disease means any abnormality in a person that causes undue discomfort, deformity, dysfunction, or death (Humber and Almeder, 1997). Literally the term disease means a state of dis-ease (dis = negation or lack of, ease = ease— therefore a state of lacking ease or of un-ease). Many states of discomfort, such as grief, reactive depression, or anxiety, only qualify as a disease if they exceed normal limits.
The concept of “normality” and “abnormality”: The concept of disease and its diagnosis rests on the assumption that human beings exist in definable states of health or disease, but health and disease exist in a continuum. No strict dichotomy separates them, particularly in regard to mental illness. Some unusual, often creative people, like the mathematician Paul Erdös (Hoffman, 1998), defy a simple normal/abnormal dichotomy. Nevertheless, we can assume that a standard healthy “normal” or “average” person exists, normal in mind and body, to the degree that we could enshrine the person in the Bureau of Standards in Washington, D.C., along with the standard meter bar and standard kilogram. By matching the findings in a given patient against normal persons of like age, race, sex, and culture, physicians recognize abnormal states of body and mind that constitute disease.
The Importance of the Clinical History
Authors: DeMyer William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The knowing process and resultant trust is the pivotal and most important outcome of the clinical history. The clinical history enables the physician to know and empathize with the patient, but equally important is that the patient comes to know and decides whether or not to trust the physician (Inui, 2003). The result is a medical partnership of understanding, with as much unspoken as spoken between patient and physician (Frank, 2004). For the development of this trust, nothing can ever replace the history. The quality of the history and physical examination determines the quality of the patient–physician relationship and the quality of the outcome for the patient.
The Mental Status and Psychosocial History
Authors: DeMyer William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Generally speaking, if the whole thing is a matter of mental disturbance, this is more easily recognized by the method of questioning than by any other. —Rufus of Ephesus, 1st century (reproduced in Brock, 1929, p 114) Definition of the mental status examination The mental status examination consists of a series of inquiries and observations that evaluate the patient’s mental state in regard to the following: Overall life adjustment Symptoms of mental illness Cognitive abilities: normal, retarded, or demented Emotionality Sensorium Many of the inquiries consist of test questions with specified, objective end points, such as knowing the day and date, whereas in the history per se the patient simply relates what has previously occurred or has previously been experienced. Nevertheless, the techniques for exploring the mental status are the same as those for eliciting the history.
A Short Discussion of Harm
Authors: Davis Dena S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Because Discussions Of Genetics and of reproductive technology often involve cases of children who are not yet conceived or born, ethical discussions in this area have to negotiate a pitfall that I will call the harm conundrum. Other writers have called it the problem of wrongful life1 or the wrongful-handicap problem.2 The essence of the problem is that often parents are criticized (or defended against criticism) for bringing into the world a child who is physically or mentally damaged in some way that seems very likely to cause that child a degree of suffering greater than that of normal children. But some writers argue that this criticism is misplaced because, counter to our intuitions, no one has actually been harmed, as the child herself could not have existed otherwise than in her suboptimal state. Thus, unless the child’s current existence is so terrible that she would have been better oR never having been born, she has not been harmed by being born in her damaged state.
Sex Selection
Authors: Davis Dena S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was the monthly meeting of the Ethics Committee at Rubin Hospital for Women. Two dozen people spooned up their lunchtime yogurt and listened intently as the doctor outlined his problem and asked for guidance. An Indian couple now living permanently in America had been referred to him for routine amniocentesis because the wife, who was pregnant, was over thirty-’ve. Because fetal anomalies such as Down Syndrome are much more common with advancing maternal age, it is now standard practice to o6er, even to urge, that older pregnant women undergo genetic testing that can detect the most common fetal abnormalities in time for the women to decide whether or not she wants to continue the pregnancy. Although this couple had been interested in testing for fetal problems, they also expressed their interest in knowing the sex of the fetus and their intention of aborting the pregnancy if it was a girl. They already had one daughter, thought that two children was the right size for their family, and came from .
Introduction
Authors: Teukolsky Rachel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Victorian Britain, critics and essayists turned with a new enthusiasm toward the subject of the visual arts. Art writing became tremendously popular as art spectatorship came to define taste and culture for a growing middle-class audience. This textual fascination in art accompanied other Victorian interests—in the body, in science, in vision, as well as in history, politics, and global conquest. Victorian writers responded to art with a myriad of textual forms: they published treatises on aesthetics, reviews of exhibitions at museums and galleries, volumes of art history, and lectures to amateur societies. John Ruskin conveys the Victorian passion for aesthetic spectatorship when he writes, famously, in Modern Painters III (1856), “The greatest thing a human soul ever does in this world is to see something, and tell what it saw in a plain way …To see clearly is poetry, prophecy and religion, all in one.”
Sublime Museum
Authors: Teukolsky Rachel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Ruskin’s fierce demands for a truthful vision in art in the 1840s emerged from both his Evangelical beliefs and his investment in a scientific ethos. His calls for readers to conduct visual experiments in their gardens often sounded like a lone truth-teller beseeching an ignorant herd. This individualist strain in Ruskin’s early writings contrasts with a major development in art criticism in the 1850s, as some critics began to establish identities as new art professionals attached to evolving institutions such as the National Gallery and the British Museum. As art professionals began to create a collective identity by referencing other well-educated readers, they also asserted their expertise by demarcating a learned kind of looking unavailable to the ignorant amateur.
Conclusion
Authors: Teukolsky Rachel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If art writing was a luminous and influential body of literature in the nineteenth century, that prominence receded in the later twentieth century. Contemporary writing about visual arts, whether in the academy or in the press, is a professionalized kind of criticism defined in opposition to qualities we would deem “literary.” Few courses on post-war British or American literature would include art essays in their literary canon. Professional art writing takes a more objective tone, avoids poetic effusions, and speaks within the specialized world of its educated readers. The relative importance of art writing in culture has also changed directly in proportion to the role played by the visual arts in everyday life. Although the art world today in Britain and America is infinitely more accessible to viewers than it was in the nineteenth century, the visual arts have lost their central position as a topic necessary to assure middle-class respectability. While Victorian spectators needed a knowledge of art to cement their class status, the visual arts in the twentieth century are coded as the canons of a cultural elite, existing beyond the sphere of daily life.
Unlocking the Three Secrets of Life
Authors: Regis ED 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Schrödinger had predicted in 1943 that no detailed information about “the functioning of the genetical mechanism” would emerge in the near future. As it happened, progress toward that end occurred in three distinct incremental stages, each of which nevertheless embodied a major discovery about the gene, which indeed gave up its secrets slowly. The first disclosure, announced to the world in 1944, was that genes were nucleic acids and not, as many biologists had thought, proteins. With that finding, scientists knew for the first time the composition of the basic entities that controlled the heredity and development of life on earth.
The Fiftieth-Anniversary Coronation and Dismissal
Authors: Regis ED 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Schrödinger’ s Pioneering Little book had such a lasting impact among scientists that in 1993, fifty years after the original lecture series, a three-day scientific conference titled “What Is Life? The Next Fifty Years” was held at the original scene of the crime, Trinity College, Dublin. Such celestial bodies of the modern biological firmament as Stephen Jay Gould, John Maynard Smith, Manfred Eigen, Stuart Kauffman, and Leslie Orgel, among others, were on hand for the purpose of commemorating Schrödinger’ s seminal and prophetic achievements. But as would become clear over the following days, the scientists came both to praise Schrödinger and to bury him.
Assessment and Treatment Planning in Integrative Pediatric Practice
Authors: Culbert Timothy P , Maizes Victoria , Mendenhall, Tai , Becker David K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fe primary purpose of an “integrative” assessment is to intimately understand the child or adolescent who is presenting for care, within a broad context of factors that are likely to have direct or indirect influence on the balance of health, wellness, and illness in their lives, whether this takes place in a primary care clinic or a consultative practice.
A Pediatric Perspective on Acupuncture
Authors: Wang Yuan-Chi Lin Shu-Ming 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Acupuncture is a discipline of traditional Chinese medicine that has evolved over two millennia. It employs the technique of inserting and manipulating hair-thin needles into acupuncture points for therapeutic and preventive purposes. Acupuncture is widely practiced in the United States today and has become a visible component of the current healthcare system.
A Pediatric Perspective on Homeopathy
Authors: Riley David , Oberbaum Menachem , Singer Shepherd Roee 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fe discipline of homeopathy identifies three key principles: law of Similars, individualization of therapy, and the minimum dose. Homeopathic medicines (single remedies or combination remedies) are prepared by a unique pharmaceutical production process involving serial dilutions alternating with vigorous shaking or succussion.
Microbes First
Authors: Sapp Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There were three proposals in the early 1860s for a third kingdom of life. They were set against the background of new explorations in microbial natural history and of a new conception of the organisms that emerged with the cell theory. Surveys of microscopic life expanded during the first half of the nineteenth century. Microscopic technology improved, allowing a great plethora of hitherto invisible organisms to be described and more details of their internal structure to be seen and compared. If Antony Leeuwenhoek was the “Columbus’ of this new world, then it was said that Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg (1795’1876) was its “Humboldt,’ for he “thoroughly investigated these hidden provinces to the outermost boundaries.’ Examining water, soil, sediment, and chalks, he described thousands of new species of infusoria, euglena, Paramecia, diatoms, and radiolarians, as well as many small fossils.
Symbiotic Complexity
Authors: Sapp Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Symbiosis as a means of evolutionary innovation had been discussed since the late nineteenth century. The dual nature of lichens as fungi and algae, nitrogenizing bacteria in the root nodules of legumes, fungi (mycorrhiza) in the roots of forest trees and orchids, algae living inside the bodies of protests, hydra, sea anemones, and the flat worm Convolute roscoffensis’all these showed how intimate physiological relationships could be established between distantly related organisms. Symbiosis often entailed the emergence of new structures and sometimes, as in the case of the lichen, to the evolution of whole new organisms.
Out of Eden
Authors: Sapp Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There was no direct phylogenetic evidence to support the view that the archaebacteria were actually older than other bacteria, the eubacteria, but the conjecture that the archaebacteria were ancient persisted as that grouping grew to include the extreme halophiles and thermoacidophiles. Their unique lipid membranes, odd walls lacking peptidoglycan, and the unique transcription enzymes were all compatible with the concept that the archaebacterial lineage diverged deeply in the tree of life before peptidoglycan of the eubacteria had evolved. John Bullock and Thomas Tornabene informed Woes that the archaebacterial lipids were more similar to the hydrocarbon in ancient sediments than were those of any other organisms.
Big Tree
Authors: Sapp Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the summer of 1979, Woes, Fox, Stackebrandt, and Kindler were focused on “Big Tree,’ a universal phylogenetic tree of life. Kandler fixed on mapping the diverse wall types onto the 16S rRNA phylogenies that Wise’s laboratory shared with him. “Hopefully, George sent you what you need in terms of SAB’s [the similarity coefficient SAB; see chapter 11],’ Woes wrote him in September. “Our ’Big Tree’ mss. is near completion; the figures are at the artist’s.’ That paper integrated the past decade of empirical and conceptual work on 16S rRNA phylogenies into an outline of the foundational lineages of life on Earth. Several matters had piled up. To date, 170 species of bacteria had been cataloged by the 16S rRNA method; the archaebacterial group and its defining characteristics had grown, an outline of the relationships among its members had been discerned, and many of the published taxonomic groupings of eubacteria based on morphology and physiology were reclassified in terms of ribosomal RNA phylogenies. Yet several critical methodological issues remained unresolved.
Three Domains
Authors: Sapp Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There was great confusion over kingdoms in the 1980s. Woes and Fox had referred to Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, and Eukaryote informally as “kingdoms’ later they were sometimes called “primary kingdoms,’ or just “kingdoms.’ Some referred to the Prokaryote as a super kingdom; others referred to it as a kingdom. James Lake had put forth Oocyte and Phagocyte kingdoms, as well as Prokaryote and Karyotin super kingdoms. Lynn Margulies continued to champion the five-kingdom model of the 1960s, in which bacteria were placed in the kingdom Moneta, and eukaryote was not recognized as a taxon.
Entangled Roots and Braided Lives
Authors: Sapp Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Microbial evolutionary biology crossed the twenty-first century in a tumultuous state of competing ideas over the three-domains concept and its ramifications for the structure of microbial evolutionary theory. The Achaea, Bacteria, and Encarta trifurcation was widely taught in textbooks as representing fundamental phylogenetic lineages. Berge’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology was based on the phylogenetic framework deduced from 16S RNA data, which by 2003 was the largest data set in the world for a gene or gene product. Still, there was no agreement regarding the relationships among the three domains. Their roots were discovered to be intertwined with many shared genes, and it was not clear which was the best way to disentangle them.
Trust in Managed Care Organizations
Authors: Buchanan Allen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two basic criticisms of managed care are that it erodes patient’s trust in physicians and subjects physicians to incentives and pressures that compromise the physician’s fiduciary obligation to the patient. In this article, I first distinguish between status trust and merit trust, and then argue (1) that the value of status trust in physicians is probably overrated and certainly under documented; (2) that erosion of status trust may not be detrimental if accompanied by an increase in well-founded merit trust; and (3) that under conditions of managed care the physician’s commitment to traditional medical ethics cannot serve as an adequate basis for merit trust. Next, drawing on an analogy between managed care organizations and polities, I argue that (4) the most appropriate basis for merit trust in managed care is a conception of organizational legitimacy that includes procedural justice, empowerment of constructive criticism within the organization, and organizational accommodation of the non instrumental commitment to patient’s well-being that is distinctive of medical professionalism. I then explore the conditions necessary for robust competition for merit trust among managed care organizations and indicate the kinds of public policies needed to facilitate such competition. Finally, I show how the account of organization-based merit trust can accommodate the special fiduciary obligation of medical professionals, without indulging in the delusion that it is the physician’s fiduciary obligation always to provide all care that is expected to be of any net benefit to the patient.
Responsibility For Global Health
Authors: Buchanan Allen , Decamp Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are several reasons for the current prominence of global health issues. Among the most important is the growing awareness that some risks to health are global in scope and can only be countered by global cooperation. In addition, human rights discourse and, more generally, the articulation of a coherent cosmopolitan ethical perspective that acknowledges the importance of all persons, regardless of where they live, provide a normative basis for taking global health seriously as a moral issue. In this chapter we begin the task of translating the vague commitment to doing something to improve global health into a coherent set of more determinate obligations. One chief conclusion of our inquiry is that the responsibilities of states regarding global health are both more determinate and more extensive than is usually assumed. We also argue, however, that institutional innovation will be needed to achieve a more comprehensive, fair distribution of concrete responsibilities regarding global health and to provide effective mechanisms for holding various state and non-state actors accountable for fulfilling them.
Nietzsche’s Self-Creation
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most people take life as they find it, and try to make something of the possibilities that are offered by their personal and social circumstances, avoiding catastrophe or failure, pursuing happiness, and working to realize some acceptable private or public ambitions. A small minority have the leisure to devote themselves systematically to understanding life and the world: scientists, historians, and thinkers. Others, seeing that there is much that is wrong with the world, spend their lives trying to change it for the better, and not just for themselves. Still others, creative artists, try to add to the world wonders that do not yet exist. Friedrich Nietzsche’s conception of his own task, the task of the true philosopher, was closest to the last of these—not merely to understand the world or to change it, but to create something new. And the field of his creation was himself. To take oneself and one’s world as given, and move forward intellectually and practically from that starting point, was in his view a betrayal of the extraordinary freedom we have as reflective beings. Nietzsche recognized that, like all human beings, he had reached consciousness with a sense of himself and a system of values that was produced by a tangled human history, together with biological sources of which he was largely unaware.