bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Region Reconstructed And Unreconstructed The Postwar South
Authors: Nelson Scott Reynolds , Sheriff Carol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ohioan Albion W. Tourgée was a slender, diminutive college student at the University of Rochester when Confederates fired on Fort Sumter. In the spring of 1861, he quit school to become a private soldier in a New York infantry regiment. His baptism by fire came at Bull Run, where he was struck by a carriage wheel, which injured his back and destroyed an eye. Tourgée returned to his parents’ home in Ohio to recuperate and study law. It was a brief recuperation. In July of 1862 he accepted a commission as a lieutenant in the 105th Ohio volunteers. By October, he and his men were pursuing Confederate General Braxton Bragg in neighboring Kentucky, then moving into central Tennessee. Captured there in January 1863, Tourgée spent five months in Confederate military prisons, including the notorious Salisbury Prison in North Carolina, before being exchanged. Whether from the wound at Bull Run or from his time in prison, Tourgée became sickly, with a lung impairment that his friends called an ague. In December 1863, Tourgée was allowed to resign his commission. Returning home to marry his grammar school sweetheart, he missed his regiment’s glory days in the siege of Atlanta, the March to the Sea, and the march through the Carolinas.In 1864 and 1865, while Tourgée recovered from his injuries, his regiment played an important part in the conclusion of the war. By cutting off Georgia and the Carolinas from Richmond, the 105th helped starve both the capital of the Confederacy and the Army of Northern Virginia. In early April 1865, General Lee surrendered the Army of Northern Virginia, and the war appeared to be over.
A Nation Stitched Together Westward Expansion and the Peace Treaty of 1877
Authors: Nelson Scott Reynolds , Sheriff Carol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the South, from Texas to Virginia, Klansmen had adopted the tactics of wartime guerrillas to combat the threat of political revolution. The West, meanwhile, saw considerable bloodletting as well, as the federal armies turned newly adopted technologies against Plains Indians. The year 1877 may have been the nation’s bloodiest since the surrender, as violence engulfed the few Southern states where black men still voted in large numbers. In the same year, just as Reconstruction ended, riots at dozens of Eastern railway hubs made many Americans wonder if they would be perpetually a people at war.
The Evolution of National Funding Policies for HIV Prevention and Treatment
Authors: Levi Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The usual version of the history of funding for HIV-related prevention and treatment programs is one that emphasizes the “exceptionalism” of HIV and the success of public health officials and advocates in obtaining funding for HIV- specific public health programs. Indeed, Figure 6-1 indicates, funding did increase dramatically in the first years of the epidemic for these categorical discretionary programs. But approaches to funding HIV prevention and care programs were not necessarily exceptional since they were patterned on preceding public health efforts to create and/or increase funding for specific health concerns. Such categorical programs, despite initial funding successes, often clash with each other for funding and tend to be poorly integrated with one another and the larger health-care delivery system.
How the Law Protects Patients Who Get Nonstandard Care
Authors: Menikoff Jerry , Richards Edward P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When we discussed Dr. Rowsey and his new form of corneal transplant procedure in chapter 3, we left an issue hanging: why was everyone so concerned about proving that he was “doing research”? Those who criticized what happened to his patients seemed to think that if he wasn’t doing research, then it would have been hard to find anything wrong in his actions, as least from a legal point of view. Presumably the University of South Florida would then not have been able to discipline him. Thus, everyone spent a great deal of time and eﬀort trying to prove that he was doing research and that he behaved improperly in failing to comply with the federal research regulations.
Where Do We Go from Here? The Paradox of Pediatric Cancer Research
Authors: Menikoff Jerry , Richards Edward P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1974, Charles Fried—then a professor at Harvard Law School, later to go on to become the Solicitor General of the United States and a justice on the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court—published a slim volume entitled Medical Experimentation: Personal Integrity and Social Policy. At the time he was writing, people were being enrolled in randomized studies without being told of that fact. In studies in England and Denmark, for example, women with breast cancer were randomized to receive either a “simple” mastectomy or a more radical surgical procedure. Fried noted that the women apparently knew neither that they were participating in a study nor that the type of surgery they received was chosen by, in essence, the flip of a coin.1
Introduction
Authors: Knight Richard L , Riedel Suzanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aldo Leopold is most widely known and appreciated for his description of the land ethic, as put forth in his collection of essays, A Sand County Almanac. Leopold’s land ethic has been interpreted by readers and scholars to mean different things, but at the very least, most agree it was Leopold’s attempt to describe a responsible, meaningful relationship between individuals and the land (Callicott and Freyfogle 1999).
Aldo Leopold’s Wilderness, Sand County, and My Garden
Authors: Seidensticker John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Palouse was withering hot in July 1969. Heat radiated from scorched, rolling fields, sunup to sundown. Images of cool meadows and clear, rapid creeks invaded my thoughts. I was to begin radio-tracking cougars in the Idaho Primitive Area in January. I needed to get into “the country” to explore limits and define expectations for my new equipment. But German barred my way. I had to pass a German exam, an archaic hurdle on the way to a Ph.D. Day in and day out I struggled with the German language.
Aldo Leopold Was a Conservation Biologist
Authors: Noss Reed 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I was about halfway through my undergraduate education when I first read A Sand County Almanac. The book did not have the influence on me then that it should have. Aldo Leopold’s writing did not enthrall me as much as my favorite authors in those years-Thoreau, Faulkner, Steinbeck, Hemingway, Abbey, Tolkien. Not a hunter myself-nor an antihunter-I found the frequent references to hunting experiences in the first half of the book distracting rather than engaging. In some ways, the book seemed quaint.
Leopold’s Land Ethic: A Vision for Today
Authors: Clark Jamie Rappaport 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Restoring a Missing Piece 26 January 1998. The crisp winter day greeted us with a fresh blanket of snow covering the mountain landscape. Ponderosa pines reached for the clear, cerulean-painted sky, while the vistas atop the summit offered million dollar views. From our vantage point, we could see forever. This winter morning demanded a celebration, of what we were planning to do that day-restore a missing piece of our nation’s natural heritage.
Compensatory Automaticity: Unconscious Volition Is Not an Oxymoron
Authors: Glaser Jack , Kihlstrom John F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After nearly three decades of research on automaticity and construct activation, it is increasingly clear that much of human mental life operates without awareness or intent. In the literature of cognitive psychology, automatic processes are held to be inevitably evoked by the presence of a relevant environmental stimulus; once triggered, their execution proceeds rapidly, effortlessly, and incorrigibly to completion, leaving no traces accessible to conscious recollection. The concept of automaticity, long central in cognitive psychology (e.g., Schneider & Shiffrin, 1977), has come to occupy an important place in social psychology as well (e.g., Bargh, 1994, 1997; Kihlstrom, 1996, 1999; Wegner & Bargh, 1998). At the same time, some of the features canonically attributed to automaticity have been called into question (e.g., Logan, 1997; Shiffrin, 1997), and newer research reveals that automatic responses, while unintended, may not be inevitable (e.g., Glaser, 2003; Glaser & Banaji, 1999; Moskowitz, 2001; Moskowitz, Gollwitzer, Wasel, & Schaal, 1999). It appears that unconscious vigilance for bias can lead to corrective processes that also operate without conscious awareness or intent. Given these developments, we contend that the unconscious, in addition to being a passive categorizer, evaluator, and semantic processor, has processing goals (e.g., accuracy, egalitarianism) of its own, can be vigilant for threats to the attainment of these goals, and will proactively compensate for such threats. One might call this “compensatory automaticity”; strategic yet nonconscious compensations for unintended thoughts, feelings, or behaviors. For some, this will pose a paradox because automaticity has been equated with lack of control or intent.
The Control of the Unwanted
Authors: Gollwitzer Peter M , Bayer Ute C , McCulloch Kathleen C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How often does the will have to peek through the window, before the deed walks out of the door? Intentions to do more good and less bad are reliably associated with actual efforts in the intended directions (Ajzen, 1991; Godin & Kok, 1996; Sheeran, 2002). However, intention-behavior relations are modest, largely due to the fact that people, despite having formed strong intentions, fail to act on them (Orbell & Sheeran, 1998). Given this predicament, one wonders what people can do to facilitate the translation of intentions into behavior. In this chapter, it is suggested that people should engage in a second act of willing by making if-then plans (i.e., implementation intentions) that specify how the (goal) intention is to be realized. We argue that such plans produce automatic action control by intentionally delegating the control of one’s goal-directed thoughts, feelings, and behaviors to specific situational cues. Thus, by forming implementation intentions, people can strategically switch from conscious and effortful control of their goal-directed behaviors to being automatically controlled by selected situational cues. We understand this type of automatic action control as strategic automaticity or instant habits (Gollwitzer, 1999), as it originates from a single act of will rather than being produced by repeated and consistent selection of a certain course of action in the same situation (i.e., principles of routinization; Anderson, 1987; Fitts & Posner, 1967; Newell & Rosenbloom, 1981).
The ‘Book of the year
Authors: Aveni Anthony F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is the connection between May Day and the Statue of Liberty? Between ancient solstice fires and Fourth of July fireworks? Between St. Valentine, the Groundhog, and the Virgin Mary? Why do people behave so bawdily during Mardi Gras? How has the significance and celebration of Christmas changed over the centuries? In The Book of the Year, Anthony Aveni offers fascinating answers to these questions and explains the many ways humans throughout time have tried to order and give meaning to time's passing. Aveni traces the origins of modern customs tied to seasonal holidays, exploring what we eat (the egg at Easter, chocolate on St. Valentine's Day), the games we play (bobbing for apples on Halloween, football on Thanksgiving), the rituals we perform (dancing around the Maypole, making New Year's resolutions), and the colorful cast of characters we invent to dramatize holidays (Santa Claus, the Easter Bunny, the witches and goblins of Halloween). Along the way, Aveni illuminates everything from the Jack 'O Lantern and our faith in the predictive power of animals to the ways in which Labor Day reflects the great medieval "time wars," when the newly invented clock first pitted labor against management. The calendar and its holidays, Aveni writes, function as "a kind of metronome that keeps the beat of human activity tuned to the manifold overlapping cycles of life," to the ebb and flow of birth, growth, decay, and death. Vividly written, filled with facts both curious and astonishing, this engrossing book allows us to hear that beat more clearly and to understand more fully the rhythms we all dance to throughout the year.
Halloween: Dead Time
Authors: Aveni Anthony F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Remembering where I Was the evening of October 31 in any of my early adolescent years is easy. I and my pals would spend the afternoon gathering materials out of attic closets to make our disguises. An old sheet was a great starter for a ghost; torn pants, battered top hat, shoes with flapping soles, and a cigar would conjure up a hobo. Or we’d create a bank robber out of a plastic water pistol, black eye mask, and thug’s hat.
Spectral Optical Imaging in Biology and Medicine
Authors: Burton Kevin , Jeong Jihoon , Wachsmann-Hogiu Sebastian , Farkas Daniel L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The utility of light as an investigational tool for biological research and medical diagnosis is largely based on its noninvasive nature, and its great spatiotemporal range and resolution. Additionally, handling optical images is very intuitive, as perception of the world around us relies heavily on our eyes and brains.
In the quest for better quantitating biological structure, understanding function, and applying both of these to the detection and treatment of disease, the mere extension of our sight is no longer sufficient. Light proves itself highly versatile, because its additional properties—usable for imaging only by deployment of relatively advanced technologies—allow the creation of optical images that carry valuable information (Farkas, 2003). Thus, in addition to intensity, features that can be used to generate contrast (Farkas et al., 1997) and, hence, images include wavelength (Farkas, 2001), polarization, coherence, lifetime and nonlinear effects, and this book contains illustrations of methods and applications in this respect.
Imaging Membrane Potential with Voltage-Sensitive Dyes
Authors: Vucinic Dejan , Kosmidis Efstratios , Falk Chun X , Cohen Lawrence B , Loew Leslie M , Djurisic Maja , Zecevic Dejan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An optical measurement of membrane potential using a molecular probe can be beneficial in a variety of circumstances. One advantage is the possibility of simultaneous measurements from many locations. This is especially important in the study of the nervous system and the heart in which many parts of an individual cell, many cells, or many regions are simultaneously active. In addition, optical recording offers the possibility of recording from processes that are too small or fragile for electrode recording.
Several different optical properties of membrane-bound dyes are sensitive to membrane potential, including fluorescence, absorption, dichroism, birefringence, FRET, nonlinear second harmonic generation, and resonance Raman absorption. However, because the vast majority of applications have involved fluorescence or absorption, these will be the only subjects of this review. All the optical signals described in this chapter are “fast” signals (Cohen and Salzberg, 1978) that are presumed to arise from membrane-bound dye; they follow changes in membrane potential with time courses that are rapid compared with the rise time of an action potential. Figure 6.1 illustrates the kind of result that is used to define a voltage-sensitive dye. In a model preparation, the giant axon from a squid, these optical signals are fast, following membrane potential with a time constant of less than 10 µsec (Loew et al., 1985) and their size is linearly related to the size of the change in potential (e.g., Gupta et al., 1981). Thus, these dyes provide a direct, fast, and linear measure of the change in membrane potential of the stained membranes.
Two-Photon Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy
Authors: Schwille Petra , Heinze Katrin , Dittrich Petra , Haustein Elke 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Single-molecule-based fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (or FCS) is currently considered one of the most powerful complementary methods in the context of modern fluorescence microscopy. Although the information it provides is primarily of dynamic rather than spatial nature, recent FCS applications particularly in the cellular environment have raised tremendous hopes that this technique, in conjunction with confocal or two-photon imaging, can open fully new ways to investigate and understand complex biological processes on a single-molecule scale.
The difference between FCS and standard microscopic techniques might be illustrated by drawing an—admittedly, rather far-fetched—parallel to wildlife observation. To learn something about, for example, animals in their natural habitat, one might either observe them from an airplane far above and take some high-resolution images or movies, or see them move around to different locations at different times to get a “big picture” about their distributions and colocalizations at certain interesting sites. One might, on the other hand, prefer to wait behind a bush or camouflage at the spots where they can be most frequently observed and take a closer look at their specific action: how fast and often they access or leave a place, how long they stay, how they interact, and how they behave as individuals. In principle, this latter approach is exactly what we want to achieve on a molecular level by applying confocal FCS analysis.
Nanoscopy: The Future of Optical Microscopy
Authors: Hell Stefan W , Schönle Andreas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1873, Ernst Abbe discovered that the resolution of a focusing light microscope is limited by diffraction. This physical insight became one of the most prominent paradigms in the natural sciences, with paramount importance in biology. Although the advent of confocal and multiphoton fluorescence microscopy facilitated three-dimensional imaging (Sheppard and Kompfner, 1978; Wilson and Sheppard, 1984; Denk et al., 1990), the resolution issue remained a fundamental physical limitation of the method (Pawley, 1995). It is only in recent years that methods with the ability to push resolution beyond this limit have appeared (Hell, 1997). In this chapter we discuss how the performance of optical microscopes operating with visible light can be pushed to its ultimate limit as predicted by Abbe, but in all three directions of space, and, more important, how the diffraction barrier can be broken altogether. We review a new class of fluorescence microscopes that has no theoretical resolution limit and has already led to a substantial resolution increase in practice. We believe that the introduction of these concepts mark the advent of optical nanoscopy (Hell, 2003).
Viruses as Evolutionary Tools to Monitor Population Dynamics
Authors: Poss Mary , Biek Roman , Rodrigo Allen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The field of virology is a discipline integral to the medical sciences. The affiliation of virology with population and conservation biology may not be as apparent. Viruses, and in particular virus evolution, may significantly contribute to the understanding of changes in host population structure. The impact of viruses is most notable when infection results in high mortality. Viruses can also exist as persistent or latent infections in a population.
Battered Women: Treatment Goals and Treatment Planning
Authors: Petretic-Jackson Patricia A , Witte Tricia H , Jackson Thomas L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a recent review of clinical practice with battered women, Lundy and Grossman (2001) note that practitioners working with battered women often use a combination of modalities and a range of models and theories to guide their interventions. At the same time, there is little empirical research on the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions with battered women.
H
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Lewis Wilbur Watkin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
HADES: Homer’s name for the god *Pluto, who reigns over the dead. In later classical mythology, Hades was the dwelling place of departed spirits. It was a place of dark and gloom, but not necessarily a place of punishment and torture. The word “Hades” corresponds to the Hebrew word Sheol, which has been faultily translated to the word Hell in the authorized version of the Bible. For this reason Hades is often misused as a euphemism for Hell.
I
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Lewis Wilbur Watkin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IBSEN, HENRIK (1828–1906): a Norwegian poet and playwright, the most famous writer and dramatist of his era. Ibsen began as a stage manager, where he learned a lot about the practicalities of the theater. Although his dramas were criticized for their outspokenness, they had great influence on social reform. The dramas Brand and Peer Gynt, for which he is best known, established his reputation in his native land. His early works were historical dramas, often in verse, tales of Norway’s heroic past, lofty in style with a tendency toward melodrama. Ibsen found his natural idiom when he turned his attention to contemporary society and wrote in modern prose.
K
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Lewis Wilbur Watkin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
KADDISCH: an ancient Aramaic prayer set to a Sephardic melody, intended to be recited by mourners as part of the synagogue service and by the congregation at High Holiday services. The text has four versions, of which Ravel set the one known as the Half Kaddish. Not a prayer for the dead, the Half Kaddish is an affirmation of the belief of the devout that their mission is to bring about the advent of God’s kingdom by proclaiming and sanctifying the name of God.
T
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Lewis Wilbur Watkin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tabb, john b. (1845–1909): American poet. Born in Virginia, his father a planter, Tabb had such poor eyesight that he had to be home-schooled. His strong desire was to be a musician. Although he was enthusiastic about the Confederacy when the Civil War began, Tabb’s bad eyesight caused him to be rejected as a soldier. He became a blockade runner, making trips to London, Paris, and Bermuda before being captured. In prison he met Sidney *Lanier, who befriended him and turned him toward poetry.
Y
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Lewis Wilbur Watkin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
yeats, william butler (1865–1939): Irish poet and playwright, born Sandymount, Ireland; died Roquebrune, France. Yeats was the son of John Butler Yeats, a former lawyer and artist. The family relocated to England (1867–80). Yeats was devoted to the study of Irish lore and spent considerable time researching it at the British Museum. Greatly interested in mythology and mysticism, Yeats eschewed organized religion. His first major poem, The Wanderings of Oisin, was published in 1889 (see *Ossian). He helped to found the Irish National Theatre Society, where he worked with J. M. *Synge.