bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Birth and Baptism: Membership in a Social and Spiritual Network
Authors: Hanawalt Barbara A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Following the tradition of the ancients, Venerable Bede equated childhood with the season of spring, the element of air, the humor of blood, and the qualities of moistness and heat. These categories corresponded to children’s behavior: “merry, delightful, tenderhearted, and much given to laughter and talk.” Later medieval commentators continued the tradition, adding the years at which transition occurred; for the puericia vel infantia, this condition of the seasons, elements, humors, and qualities prevails through the fourteenth year.1 Medieval preachers saw the period as one of delightful innocence: “The property of a young child is that he cannot be maliciously disposed.” Even a child who is chastised will show no rancor, but will respond with hugs and kisses if offered a flower or a red apple. The child is generous to other children, to “houndys and to cattys.”2 Nothing bleak appears in the descriptions; there is no hint of indifference to a child’s birth and no question about the desirability of having such an infantile presence among adults.
On Becoming Sad and Wise
Authors: Hanawalt Barbara A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We must go back to a question we asked at the beginning of this book and wonder once again if people in the Middle Ages marked the “coming of age” and, if so, how they did it. The phrase that was used repeatedly to describe reaching the age of discretion was to become “sad and wise,” but usually this phrase was voiced as a desirable goal or as a reprimand to someone who had not managed yet to achieve this fine state. Did anyone say, by way of great approval, “You are now sad and wise, so you can be an adult?” Could the learned books of medicine and the satiric songs on the failings of all the ages of man serve as guides to establishing when childhood and youth had been left behind and sufficient sadness and wiseness had been achieved for an individual to be considered an adult? And the insistent whisper of the subtext asks if women also had to become sad and wise, or if they were simply to remain silent. As usual, the learned and poetical theorists had an instructive view, but those who stood guard at the portals of entry into adulthood controlled the reality of coming of age. The doorkeepers imposed many barriers to stepping over the threshold into adulthood. In London, so much was at stake for both the youth and the gatekeeper. The youth faced the perpetual struggle against adults to be independent: to move into a life in which the paternal inheritance was finally delivered; to have a marriage arranged in which dower and
Gnosticism as a Heresy
Authors: Lee Philip J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The gnostic typology sketched in Chapter 1 is patently at variance with orthodox Christianity’s faith and teaching. At the beginning, as in Protestantism now, gnosticism posed and poses the critical question of heresy. Is it possible, however, to speak of heresy in our time? Even to utter the word might seem to be a retreat into a darker age. Heresy evokes memories of the Spanish Inquisition, the martyrdoms of Jeanne d’Arc, John Huss and countless other victims of religious tyranny. It also brings into our consciousness ridiculous spectacles of Protestant orthodoxy such as that described in Bums’s “Holy Willie’s Prayer.” For almost two millennia, Christians have been assailing one another in court and out, with words or weapons, over the issue of who is correct in doctrine and praxis. Is it not self-contradictory for Christians to be judgmental toward one another about anything? Certainly, heresy talk does not seem kind or liberal-minded and is not conducive to the popular notion of what is ecumenical.
Protestant Gnosis: From Holy Event to Private Illumination
Authors: Lee Philip J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE difference between orthodox knowledge and gnostic knowledge has been described as the difference between open revelation and secret revelation. Although it is true for both faiths that the Holy Spirit is at work to open the eyes of the believer that he may know the truth, within orthodox thought the Holy Spirit’s work takes place in the presence of, and in terms of, given historical data and within the context of the Holy Catholic Church. Thus, in the Apostles’ Creed, the article affirming belief in the Holy Spirit is securely nestled between belief in the person and work of Jesus Christ and a willingness to learn from the Holy Catholic Church. That which humanity can and indeed ought to know-the data that bear the truth of God-is an open book. As Deutero-Isaiah assured Israel: He [the LORD] did not create it [the earth] a chaos, he formed it to be inhabited! “I am the LORD, and there is no other. I did not speak in secret, in a land of darkness; I did not say to the offspring of Jacob, ‘Seek me in chaos!’ “1 Here the prophet affirms not only the good order of the Creation, but the open revelation of Yahweh.
Syncretism: From the Particular to the Nebulous
Authors: Lee Philip J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ancient gnostics did not find it acceptable to confine themselves to the intelligence of the apostles. They were not at all prepared to place all their eggs in such a small basket. For gnosticism by its very nature is syncretistic: it accepts the “intermingling of given ideas and images”1 as normal and necessary for faith. Christian orthodoxy is syncretistic by accident. As we have seen, in its missionary zeal and in its interaction with neighboring religions, the Church has been inadvertently influenced by many other faiths. Orthodoxy, however, in all its twists and turns, is pointed in one direction, that of Jesus Christ the incarnate Son of God. The one direction is guaranteed through the orthodox community’s regular celebration of Word and Sacrament. Gnostic syncretism could not accept the one direction. How could its multiple agenda be realized through the Crucified One? In fact, the Christ present at his Eucharist, as a single focus, denied what gnosis considered to be the supreme goals of religion: alienation from the world, secret knowledge, escape from the world, escape into the self and special status for the knowledgeable ones.
Results of a Gnosticized Protestantism
Authors: Lee Philip J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The decline of an authentic Protestantism and the ascendancy of gnostic Christianity in North America has wrought horrendous results and threatens even more tragic consequences in the future. If G. K. Chesterton was right in describing America as “a nation with the soul of a church,” that is one thing, but when America becomes a nation with the soul of a gnostic church, that is quite another. The sense of alienation felt by many Christians today is similar to that expressed in the mandalas of some Christian gnostics of the early Middle Ages. In some of their circular drawings or unifying symbols connecting male and female images, good and evil figures, there is no center. Those mandalas lacking a center, in which “no trace of divinity is to be found,” signify according to Jung that the creator of the mandala has found a center within the self. “The place of the deity,” Jung believes, “appears to be taken by the wholeness of man.” Although such a substitution of self for God can be and has been looked at as a positive step, humanity’s “coming of age,” the human race being now responsible for its own destiny or other bold assertions of emancipation, the place in the center remains empty: God’s place has been filled with-a void.
Pressure Balanced Structures
Authors: Burlaga L F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pressure balanced structures are structures across which the total pressure is a constant (Ferraro and Plumpton, 1966; Burlaga, 1971a). Assuming that there is no motion of a pressure balanced structure relative to the solar wind frame, the equation of motion (1.1) is simply -ߜp’ + (J x B) = 0.
Magnetic Clouds and Force-Free Magnetic Fields
Authors: Burlaga L F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of ejecta (“plasma clouds”) emitted from the sun, propagating through interplanetary space, and producing geomagnetic disturbances by their interaction with earth is very old (Lindeman, 1919; Chapman and Ferraro, 1929). The early work suggested that the plasma clouds are ejected by major solar flares with a speed of the order of 1000 km/s determined from the time between the flare and the corresponding solar disturbance (Chapman and Bartels, 1940). Initially, it was thought that the plasma clouds propagate through a vacuum. After Parker introduced the idea of a solar wind moving at a speed of the order of 400 km/s, it was realized by Gold (1955, 1959) that a plasma cloud can move supersonically and should drive a shock wave. Gold proposed that the sudden commencement of a geomagnetic storm is the effect of such a shock interacting with the earth’s magnetic field. Gold (1962) introduced the term “magnetosphere” for the region controlled by the earth’s magnetic field.
Merged Interaction Regions
Authors: Burlaga L F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When two or more interaction regions interact and coalesce, the resulting structure is called a “merged interaction region” or MIR (Burlaga et al. 1983, 1985; Burlaga, 1987). MIRs can be produced by the coalescence of interaction regions of various types, including those associated with corotating streams, magnetic clouds, forward and reverse shocks, and interplantary ejecta. Thus, there are many kinds of MIR, depending on origin. However, it is convenient to classify MIRs in three broad categories: corotating MIRs (CMIRs), local MIRs (LMIRs), and global MIRs (GMIRs), as discussed by Burlaga et al. (1993a). A corotating MIR is a quasi-steady pressure wave with a spiral geometry resembling that of the spiral magnetic field. A corotating MIR is ultimately formed by the interaction and coalescence of one corotating interaction region with one or more interaction regions of various types. Some processes by which a corotating MIR can be formed are discussed in Section 8.2. A corotating MIR tends to recur with a frequency equal to the solar rotation frequency. Qausi-periodic CMIRs are discussed in Section 8.3.
Decision-Making in Child Welfare: Linchpin of the Residual Model
Authors: Lindsey Duncan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Only one variable other than single motherhood was a better predictor of child removal: poverty… The Society [protective services] was sensitive to allegations that it kidnapped poor people’s children, and its stated policy was that it never removed children from their homes for poverty alone. But poverty was never alone. The characteristic signs of child neglect in this period [1880–1920]—dirty clothing, soiled linen, lice and wom1s, crowded sleeping conditions, lack of attention and supervision, untreated infections and running sores, rickets and other malfomiations, truancy, malnutrition, over-work—were often the results of poverty.
Euripides Electra
Authors: lembke Janet , Reckford kenneth J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Based on the conviction that only translators who write poetry themselves can properly recreate the celebrated and timeless tragedies of Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, the Greek Tragedy in New Translations series offers new translations that go beyond the literal meaning of the Greek in order to evoke the poetry of the originals. Under the general editorship of the late William Arrowsmith and Herbert Golder, each volume includes a critical introduction, commentary on the text, full stage directions, and a glossary of the mythical and geographical references in the plays. This vital translation of Euripides’ Electra recreates the prize-winning excitement of the original play. Electra, obsessed by dreams of avenging her father’s murder, impatiently awaits the return of her exiled brother Orestes. When he arrives, the play mounts toward its first climax, a tender recognition scene. From that moment on, Electra uses Orestes as her instrument of vengeance. They kill their mother’s husband, then their mother herself--and only afterward see the evil inherent in these seemingly just acts. But in his usual fashion, Euripides has imbued myth with the reality of human experience, counterposing suspense and horror with comic realism and down-to-earth comments on life.
The comparative method in linguistics and poetics
Authors: Watkins Calvert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A curious byproduct of the age of colonialism and mercantilism was the introduction of Sanskrit in the 18th century to European intellectuals long familiar with Latin, Greek, and the European languages of culture at the time: Romance, Germanic, and Slavic. The comparison of Sanskrit with the two classical languages revolutionized the perception of linguistic relationships.
Poetics as grammar: Typology of poetic devices and some rules of poetic grammar
Authors: Watkins Calvert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We may consider poetic language as a sort of grammar, in our case an Indo-European grammar, which distinguishes levels of sound and levels of meaning. On the level of sound alone, where meaning per se and meaningful units are not in play, we have the domains of METRICS and other rhythmic features and of the various sound devices which we can refer to globally as PHONETIC FIGURES, such as alliteration and rhyme. On a higher level, this poetic grammar has a morphological component, where sound and grammatical meaning alone are in play: we have the domain of GRAMMATICAL FIGURES.
The poet’s truth: The power, particularity, and perseveration of the word
Authors: Watkins Calvert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If water is best, and gold the most awesome of possessions, then Theron in virtue comes to the outermost edge, and reaches from his house to the Pillars of Heracles. I will speak with truthful mind a word under oath, that the city has not in a hundred years given birth to a man more magnificent in heart and more ungrudging in hand than Theron. In each case it is the ‘Poet’s Truth’ which assures his proper recompense.
The comparison of formulaic sequences
Authors: Watkins Calvert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In formulaics especially, as elsewhere in the study of poetics, the investigator must distinguish the diachronic, historical from the synchronic, descriptive, but at the same time move from the one to the other. Formulaic examples like those given just above from Vedic, Greek, and Old Irish are synchronic formulas. Cases like these just alluded to in Early Irish are synchronic formulas which are also diachronically viable. That is to say that in favorable cases this can be demonstrated by comparanda and motivated.
An Indo-European stylistic figure
Authors: Watkins Calvert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapter we saw that not only words but whole phrases can be equated between or among cognate languages. Such phrases are termed formulas, since their very repetitionas ‘ready-made surface structures’ (Kiparsky) over long periods of time is precisely what makes possible the application of the Comparative Method to them. The result is the postulation and reconstruction of a stylisticlinguistic history. Not only lexicon and formula, where meaning is relevant, but also more abstract levels of poetic grammar are equally amenable, in favorable circumstances, to treatment by the Comparative Method.
A late Indo-European traditional epithet
Authors: Watkins Calvert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In one of the few fragments of pre-Christian Armenian oral epic poetry (the text is quoted in chap. 23.2) we find in a simile the phrase arcui sratew‘sharp-winged eagle’. In this group of noun and adjectival epithet, both in its form and in its semantics, we have a probable inheritance from the common poetic language of Indo-Iranian, Greek, and Armenian.
Strophic structures as “rhythmic prose”? Italic
Authors: Watkins Calvert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our observations of early Latin and Umbrian prayer and liturgy have led to the recognition of demarcated strophic structures which can be broken into relatively short lines which correspond to syntactic units. These lines are often ornamented by alliteration and other phonetic figures, and may and usually do exhibit characteristic rhetorical and grammatical figures (as for example those catalogued in chap.
Early Irish rosc
Authors: Watkins Calvert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Liam Breatnach observed in an important article (Breatnach 1984, with references) that ‘Old Irish texts appear in three forms: prose, rhyming syllabic verse, and rose.The simplest definition of roseis that it is neither of the other two.’ There were several stylistic varieties of prose in Early Irish, associated with such genres as law texts, saints’ lives, and sagas.
The root *g4hen-: Vedic han-
Authors: Watkins Calvert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While the Verb-Object formula is characteristic, the full structure with overt Subject is, not surprisingly, possible, with various permutations of word order, as we have seen. Indeed the fullest expression of the mythological theme includes the specification of the Weapon, typically a cudgel; this type will be considered separately later.
The root *g4hen-: Avestan jan-
Authors: Watkins Calvert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There should be no doubt that this legend is only another version of the same common Indo-Iranian myth, with its same formulaic diction.Yasna 9 .10, with which we began, continues exactly parallel to strophe 7 quoted above, with Thrita, the third man to press haoma.
Hermes, Enualios, and Lukoworgos: The Serpent-slayer and the Man-slayer
Authors: Watkins Calvert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let us return to the passages in Iliad 6 with which the discussion of the basic formula in Greece began: the meeting and verbal exchange on the battlefield between the Trojan Glaukos and the Greek Diomedes. As well as myths and legends it contains many cultural themes of great antiquity.
The Germanic world
Authors: Watkins Calvert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The earliest Germanic literature, Old English, Old High German, Old Saxon, and Old Norse, knows a great many combats between heroes and dragons or heroic adversaries, epical conflicts which have continued to seize popular imagination from the Dark Ages right down to the 19th and 20th centuries, in the response to the operas of Richard Wagner, the still unabated vogue of the literary creations of the distinguished philologist J. R. R. Tolkien, and the immense success of the game Dungeons and Dragons.
Fergus mac Léti and the muirdris
Authors: Watkins Calvert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The myth of the first of the two leading cases, teoraferba f(ra‘three milk cows’, contains both themes and key vocabulary going back to the Indo-European times: in a lecture in Dublin I styled it ‘The Milk of the Dawn Cows’. For this reason alone the second myth, the events culminating in Fergus’ vanquishing the monster in an underwater combat, also deserves our close attention.
Typhoeus and the Illuyankas
Authors: Watkins Calvert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a more recent work, W. Burkert states simply,2 ‘There are detailed Hittite parallels; hence these myths must be regarded as borrowings from Asia Minor.’ While recognizing the value of the oriental analogues to Hesiod, Gregory Nagy (1990b:81) on the other hand cautions against the danger of mere typological similarity: the standard dilemma of the comparative method.
Python and Ahi Budhnya, the Serpent of the Deep
Authors: Watkins Calvert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fontenrose showed at considerable length, without comparing the two names linguistically, that the Python and Typhon myths largely coincide, and must be at the outset developments of a single ‘earlier form of the Greek dragon myth in which Typhon and Python were not distinguished’ (1980:193).
The best of the Achaeans
Authors: Watkins Calvert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We can observe the transition from mythical combat to the reality of war in the account of the trials of Bellerophontes in Iliad6 with which we began chap. 36. The passage concludes with the slaying of the warriors sent against Bellerophontes by the king of Lycia after his victory over the Chimaira, the Solymians, and the Amazons, Il.6.
To be the death of: Transformation of the formula
Authors: Watkins Calvert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some instances of the basic formula in Greek show a more complex grammatical responsion. Two sets involve minor players in the Iliad.We may think of them as little sagas, like that of Iphitos (chap. 41). The first is the saga of Tlepolemos of Rhodes, the son of Herakles and grandson of Zeus.
The poet as healer
Authors: Watkins Calvert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To the controversy initiated by Kuhn in 1864, centered rightly or wrongly on the Old High German second Merseburg charm, the theoretical contribution of Campanile 1977, reiterated 1990, was to recognize that magical, carminative medicine was in Indo-European culture and society a manifestation of the power of the spoken word, of which the Indo-European poet was both the custodian and the professional.
Conversion
Authors: Valeri Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The earliest autobiographical event that Joseph Bellamy recorded was his conversion. He recalled it some forty-seven years later, in 1783, while urging his daughter Betsey (b. 1759) to seek hers. “This is my comfort,” he wrote, “that God Almighty has been my chief joy from the time I was seventeen years old to this day.” He explained to Betsey that conversion was an identifiable and sensible moment of humiliation, confession, and faith. “Feel and confess all your guilt,” he counseled; “ask his pardon in the name of Christ, and his grace to form you anew.” If his advice reflected his own experience, then Bellamy’s conversion came also as a release from “the hustle and bustle of life,” the search for status and social position; it yielded a sense of security and confidence. Bellamy may well have recol-lected that his spiritual transformation occurred when he had gone to Northampton, Massachusetts, to reside and study with Jonathan Edwards.
Law
Authors: Valeri Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the wares that Boston dockworkers unloaded from a ship on a summer day in 1755, we might imagine, was a large package, damp and heavy after its long voyage from Scotland. It was addressed from “J. Erskine, Edinburgh” to “S. Kneeland, bookseller, Boston, New England.” The parcel lay for a few hours on the wharf before a messenger came, signed for it, and lugged it up to Queen street. At the shop, Samuel Kneeland cut open the cover and quickly thumbed through the books. He set aside and bundled nine of them and the next day sent them along with a rider to Hartford. During the next ten days several travelers carried the parcel to the inland trading town of Litchfield, where a militia captain on his way to Danbury agreed to take the books to a small village some fifteen miles away. After a morning’s ride, the captain knocked at the door of the village’s parsonage and handed the somewhat worn package to the large, deep-voiced man who shared courtesies and a draught of cider.
The Odyssey, History, and Women
Authors: Graham A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If we include the goddesses and semidivine women, the Odyssey presents a great panorama of womanhood. This is a fascinating prospect for Greek historians, starved as they are for information about women in Greek history generally, and especially in the early period. Before they can use that material for historical reconstructions and conclusions, however, it is necessary to consider the question of the Odyssey as historical evidence.