bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Reza Alexandra 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the journals and sets out my argument for thinking formally, rather than only historically, about these texts. Treating journals as form raises the question of how to read them, given that in the collections of writing they present, Présence Africaine and Mensagem enclose internal tensions. I argue that these moments of dissidence and dissonance comprise the texture of both journals. As such, reading for cracks and fragments, as well as consensus, becomes an important part of parsing the journals’ form. It is also important to consider how they exceed and escape the marshalling intentions of their editors. From the perspective of the present, reading for cracks and fragments is also one way to retrieve the dissensus and contingency in the evolution of once-polysemic ideas that have today become concretized, such as negritude.
Multilingual modernism
Authors: Reza Alexandra 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, the history discussed in Chapter 2 is brought into conversation with a growing body of scholarship in English-language postcolonial studies about African modernism. It shows firstly how the French and Portuguese language material complicates the distinction between ‘modernist’ and ‘engaged’ writing that has been established in English-language work. Part of the contention in this chapter (and in the book as a whole) is that, as journal culture, in which writers from different language traditions were published alongside one another, makes clear, it is not possible entirely to separate out the different linguistic threads of African literary histories. In this context, the chapter considers what kind of comparative strategies are required to take seriously the shared questions about aesthetics, politics, and freedom that underpinned writing in different language contexts. The chapter goes on to discuss the Nigerian English-language journal, Black Orpheus.
Introduction
Authors: James William D. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This introductory chapter summarizes the book’s three core arguments. First, British politicians and officials have thought in grand strategic terms throughout the era of American hegemony—even if they do not realize or admit to this. Grand strategy is the highest level of national security decision-making and is an unavoidable part of governing. Second, the role of allies in influencing British grand strategic decision-making has been overstated. The UK has retained a remarkable degree of agency considering its relative decline over the last century. Third, domestic political actors, notably parliamentary parties, have played a greater role in grand strategic decision-making than has hitherto been acknowledged. The chapter also discusses research design—that is, the approach for selecting the three case studies and the primary sources. Finally, it outlines the book’s two contributions: to debates and ideas on grand strategy as well as historical research on the UK in the world.
‘The most momentous shift in our foreign policy for a century and a half’
Authors: James William D. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the decision-making underpinning the UK’s drawdown from its large military bases in the Arabian Peninsula and Southeast Asia midway through the Cold War. Existing explanations for retrenchment from ‘East of Suez’ range from the UK’s weak economic position to the domestic political incentives of withdrawal for the ruling Labour Party. This chapter offers an alternative explanation: the strategic rationale for retaining major garrisons such as Aden and Singapore dissolved during the 1960s, as officials realized that these military bases were consuming more security than they could generate. They had become political and military liabilities, rather than hubs for power projection. From mid-1965 onwards, the British government embarked on a phased withdrawal, while attempting to mollify allies, who wanted the UK to remain, and ‘East of Suez’ sceptics in the Parliamentary Labour Party. This careful management of expectations unravelled in the wake of the November 1967 currency crisis.
The Law Emerges from Violence
Authors: Fish Stanley 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance tells the familiar story of the struggle in the American West between naked physical violence and the rule of law. It appears that law wins when the thuggish Valance is bested in a shootout by the bookish Rance Stoddard, who then goes on to be the Governor and Senator of a state he helps civilize. But a flashback scene (within a flashback scene) reveals that the fight was not fair and was orchestrated from the shadows by a hidden gunman. The triumph of law and order has been effected by the very force law is designed to blunt. Civilization rests on a bedrock not of principle but of cold-blooded murder. High Noon presents a vision of the law housed not in an institution but in the breast of a single, heroically unheroic man who stands his ground independently of any official obligation to do so. At the moment of crisis, he is deserted by everyone—including, for a time, his new wife—and must rely only on his determination to be the man that he is, with or without a badge.
Natural Law versus Positive Law
Authors: Fish Stanley 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Judgment at Nuremberg is structured by the age-old opposition between natural law—the law of an abiding morality—and positive law—the laws on the books in a particular precinct. The visual imagery (of concentration-camp films) and the emotionally charged occasion (the trial of Nazi jurists) tip the audience sympathy in favor of the United-States-led prosecution helmed by that most American of actors, Spencer Tracy. But the movie keeps giving renewed life to the position of the defense and its argument that the accused were faithful to the laws of their country. The legal drama is mirrored by the personal drama between the Tracy character and a German aristocrat played by the great German-born actress Marlene Dietrich, whose personal story repeatedly bleeds into the story of her character.
Sex, Class, and Class Action
Authors: Fish Stanley 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
North Country is based on an actual case that marked the first time a class action suit for sexual harassment was brought (and won). The central figure is Josey Aimes, a beautiful woman (Charlize Theron) who has always been at the mercy of the misogynist culture pervading her small Minnesota town and the mine that, quite literally, hangs over it. Raped as a teenager, abused by her husband, vilified by her neighbors, scorned by her son, Josey finds the strength to expect more than the sorry and limiting conditions everyone in the town accepts and affirms. She does not set out to make legal history; she just wants to live a life whose shape is dictated by her choices and not by the role—a beauty vulnerable to the whims of men—imposed on her. She just wants to be free to teach her son how to drive.
Speech, Radical Innocence, and the Law
Authors: Fish Stanley 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Billy Budd presents a near-allegorical conflict between a figure of pure innocence—Billy Budd, the “handsome sailor”—and a figure of radical misanthropy—Master at Arms John Claggart. Claggart’s darkness of spirit and action is rooted in a belief that, at bottom, all men are driven by the same base motives—cruelty, desire of mastery, lust for power—that move him; therefore the very appearance in the world of an apparently guileless young man, enemy to no one and beloved by everyone, is an affront to his convictions and must be removed by proof that Billy is as self-serving and venal as anyone else. Hoping to provoke Billy into some act that will reveal a dark side, Claggart falsely accuses him of inciting mutiny. Unable to declare his innocence because a stutter renders him verbally inarticulate at moments of stress, Billy speaks with his fist and fells Claggart with a blow to the temple. In the court martial that quickly follows, the fact of Billy’s innocence—no one doubts it—is overwhelmed by the legal and formalist distinctions Claggart so loved.
Free Speech for Good or Ill
Authors: Fish Stanley 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The People vs Larry Flint celebrates the First Amendment by putting at its center a self-described “scumbag”—moonshiner, pornographer, exploiter of women, voyeur—and insisting that we, the viewers, be on his side because in the movie’s morality he stands for freedom of speech. The director secures the desired effect of inducing sympathy for Larry Flint by portraying his opponents as bigoted and hypocritical; and, lest any viewer miss the point, the warriors against pornography are played, not by professional actors, but by public figures known to be free-speech stalwarts in real life. Absence of Malice has a plot generated by New York Times v. Sullivan, a case in which the Supreme Court rewrote the law of libel by declaring that a public official can be libeled only if the alleged libeler knew that the information being retailed was false and thus acted with reckless disregard for the truth; if this very high standard is not met, anything printed is absent of malice. In the movie, this account of libel allows a cunning FBI agent to put into the public record a story suggesting, falsely, that one Michael Gallagher is suspected of involvement in the disappearance and likely murder of a union activist. Because the story was written by a reporter with no direct knowledge of the facts, the newspaper can publish it without fear that its subject will sue. The effects of the story’s appearance are far reaching. An early primer in the production of fake news.
The Development of Welfare
Authors: Rose Richard 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Development is a multidimensional concept. As well as economic growth, it includes more people living in cities big enough to support hospitals and colleges; welfare services administered without corruption; and political institutions that hold government accountable. Since these characteristics are correlated, they are combined in an Index of Development. Countries highest in development are spread across continents and cultures from Europe and North America to the Asia Pacific region. The mean of the Index of Development differs between continents, being highest on average in Latin America and lowest in Africa. It also differs within continents. China and India have similar Index scores for different reasons: China has a bigger economy, while there is more freedom in India. The chapter concludes by explaining the statistical methods used to account for big variations between countries on every continent in the health, education, and employment of their population.
Health
Authors: Rose Richard 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Female life expectancy varies by 19 years between continents while being consistently higher than male life expectancy on every continent. Eliminating infant mortality has almost reached its limit in highly developed countries, and every continent is approaching this goal at its own speed. Smoking tends to be highest among men in China and Asian developing countries. Non-smoking by women is very high on developing continents, while highly developed countries have the biggest percentage of women who smoke. Fatal road accidents are lowest in countries where motorists and pedestrians have the longest experience of dealing with a large number of motor vehicles, while being highest where there are fewer vehicles and less experience in avoiding road accidents. A country’s level of development and communist legacy are significant influences on measures of health.
Nation Keeper
Authors: Dutt Sandeep , Hayat Faisal , Ritika  
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The chapter unfolds the story of Dr. Muhammad Riaz, son of a nation builder and grandson of a nation protector, this chapter narrates story of a nation keeper. Coming from the family of a war veteran from the Second World War, headmaster of the school, and session judge, he’s always seen neat uniforms around him. Read about how after losing everything in partition, he found it all, all heights and glory; worked in various high positions, and also had a chance to meet Col. Gadaffi in person. This is the story of a Nation Keeper who after achieving all the accolades still long for his childhood days with his friends.
Sighted Soldier
Authors: Dutt Sandeep , Hayat Faisal , Ritika  
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The chapter reveals the story of Shyam Lal Kanojia who hails from a family of military officials who were then based in Lahore. However, the family managed to migrate to India without much difficulty. The storyteller, still smitten by the charm of Lahore and the ambiance around the pre-partition time, he would often say, “he, who has not seen Lahore, has not been born!” Read about his love for Lahore and how he looks back at the days spent in his native city, his admiration for his Urdu teacher, the cordial relations with neighbors, and post-partition hardships before they finally settled in Meerut and called it home. The story, Sighted Soldier, is a love letter to Lahore.
Unwanted Strangers
Authors: Dutt Sandeep , Hayat Faisal , Ritika  
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The chapter narrates the story of Basheer Ahmed to whom it’s not the hate that pains the most, it’s the absence of the love within which once existed. People of the village Kaleke near Amritsar backed the decision of a Muslim family to stay back after partition, only for them to experience cold stares, rage, resentment, and blames as if they had become the Unwanted Strangers so ten months later, they migrated as the place once they were familiar with became a distant dream … a memory. This story is of a man who sold ice creams at some point yet could not instil the same sweetness into the hearts of the people.
Coalonizing Egypt
Authors: Barak On 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The flow of British coal beginning in the 1830s animated almost everything that can be ascribed to Egypt’s social, technological, cultural, or political modernity. Simultaneously, Egypt was central to the process of global carbonization—the worldwide proliferation of fossil fuels. Yet rather than uprooting older powers, the “age of coal” depended on the survival, repurposing, and often proliferation of the existing powers of human and nonhuman muscle, wind, and water. This calls into question the notion of “energy regimes” and “energy transitions,” revealing that intensification rather than replacement was, in fact, the main organizing principle of energy history. A hybridization of old and new as well as local and foreign elements also characterized “softer” domains informed by coal power and shaped it in turn. The restructuring of timekeeping and the emergence of an “Egyptian time” was such a process.
Hostages of Credit
Authors: Cheta Omar 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The practice of imprisoning debtors in Egypt had a long Islamic legal genealogy, but in the nineteenth century it came to be largely controlled by bureaucrats and in the service of the modern state. The mid-1800s was a period of significant change in the economic and legal realms in Egypt and the Ottoman Empire. The outlawing of monopolies ushered in a period of intense and free commercial exchange. The modern state-building project entailed a significant redrawing of the legal map, which included the expansion of incarceration as punishment and the redefinition of the jurisdiction of Islamic law. The practice of imprisoning debtors was at the intersection of these developments. This chapter combines references from official state documents, Islamic legal opinions, and European traveler accounts to reconstruct the experiences of debtors who were incarcerated in the middle decades of the nineteenth century. Specifically, it explains the conditions that led debtors to prison, what went on inside the prison, and what path they could follow to depart from it. Some debtors were imprisoned because of the stipulations of French-inspired Ottoman and khedival laws, while others suffered the same fate because of a decision by a shari‘a court judge. The path to and purpose of debtor prisons did not differ radically in either case. Thus, the chapter highlights the continuities between Islamic and state-enacted legal practices. It also sheds light on the incongruence between state policy shifts and what individual historical actors may have experienced on a social level.
The Body of the Nile
Authors: Derr Jennifer L. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The history of Egypt during the long twentieth century demonstrates the powerful links between environmental change and human health. Beginning in the 1860s, Egypt began to develop a colonial economy rooted in the production of cotton for export. The expansion of cotton production necessitated the transformation of Egypt’s agricultural landscape. To water cotton, new irrigation canals were dug throughout the countryside, which, after 1902, were filled with the water stored behind Khazan Aswan, the first modern dam constructed on the Nile River. In addition to its significance within the practice of agriculture, the presence of a canal system dramatically impacted the health of rural communities, fueling the prevalence of the diseases schistosomiasis, hookworm, and pellagra. Schistosomiasis would represent one of Egypt’s primary challenges in the realm of public health throughout the twentieth century. By the middle of the 1930s, approximately 60% of Egypt’s population suffered from the disease. Beginning in the 1920s, the interwar Egyptian regime offered treatment for parasitic diseases, among them schistosomiasis. Despite the existence of an expanding treatment infrastructure, the likelihood of reinfection and the paucity of rural infrastructure meant that the threat of schistosomiasis persisted. In the 1950s and 1960s, under the populist authoritarian regime of President Gamal Abdel Nasser, the treatment of those infected and the environment in which individuals became infected were central tenets of the state’s expanding social welfare program. The history of environmental disease in Egypt underscores complex entanglements of human bodies and the environment.
Archives of Our Discontent
Authors: Ghazaleh Pascale 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter seeks to trace the connections between nationalism and history writing in Egypt since the 2011 uprising. It examines the security apparatus’s increased scrutiny of scholarship, the nexus of capital and heritage making in urban reconfigurations, the elisions and inventions inherent in commemorations of historical events, and the portrayal of the past in the media. This chapter asks how history has been imagined and produced in Egypt since 2011, attending to the ways the regime has co-opted the past to project itself into the future, what alternative visions of the past exist, and how they have been articulated.
The Invention of Cinema
Authors: Gunning Tom 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The cinema apparatus includes the system of presentation (projector, screen, auditorium, as well as spectator) and the various devices for producing films (camera, printer). This apparatus depends on the moving image, achieved by a succession of rapidly appearing single images and a shutter mechanism, interacting with the viewer’s perceptual capabilities. The presentation derives especially from the magic lantern. Cinema has been linked with the process of photography, especially chronophotography, which fixed a series of images of movement in a succession of rapid exposures. However, moving images were also produced through drawings. The creation of a modern cinema depended as well on a flexible band for a series of images; celluloid fulfilled this need although other bases were sometimes employed. Initial devices tended to be single-viewer peepshows, while larger cinema audiences depended on projection. The claims for inventors are multiple, including Muybridge, Marey, Reynaud, Edison, Dickson, Lumière, and others.
“That’s Me, Not Whitman”
Authors: Aćamović Bojana 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This essay discusses two book-length translations of Walt Whitman’s work into Serbo-Croatian, both of which appeared in the late twentieth century and merit special attention as important breakthroughs in Whitman’s Yugoslav reception. They were produced by Tin Ujević (1951) and Ivan V. Lalić (1974), eminent poets of different generations who shared a long-standing interest in Whitman; each considered him their poetic forefather as well as a spiritual contemporary. Ujević’s and Lalić’s own artistic sensibilities fundamentally shaped their Whitman editions. The essay examines their relationships with Whitman and his poetry, and considers the specific historical context in which they worked—the decades following World War II, marked by the Cold War and political tensions as well as important cultural shifts in socialist Yugoslavia.
Whitman and his Handbooks
Authors: Price Kenneth M. , Schöberlein Stefan 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In this short introduction to the Oxford Handbook of Walt Whitman, its editors discuss the history of scholarly handbooks on Walt Whitman and the fact that these have expanded considerably in scale, scope and ambition since the first Walt Whitman Handbook appeared in the mid-1940s. They reflect on new developments in Whitman studies that are outlined in the current volume and briefly discuss each of the individual essays and sections contained within it. Some of the challenges encountered by contributors during the creation of the book, such as the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic during its gestation period, are touched upon.
Toward an Increasingly Flourishing use of Metaphor/s in Organization Studies
Authors: Örtenblad Anders 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This is the introductory chapter of the book, in which the overall aim and purpose of the book are presented. The chapter outlines the introduction and use of metaphor and metaphors in the area of organization studies, offering a definition of “metaphor” along with a few types of metaphor research, especially metaphors of the field—either naturally occurring or invited—and metaphors of the researcher, as well as some distinctions between perspectives on metaphor, especially the comparison approach versus the domains-interaction approach, and conceptual metaphor theory versus metaphor-led discourse analysis. It offers some advice stemming from the contributions to the book, and presents each chapter.
Metaphors for Competition within and Between Organizations
Authors: Byers Terri , Owusu Charles 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to shed light on new sports metaphors for understanding aspects of competition, which embrace more critical views of sport and competition. A variety of metaphors have been used to understand competition in and between organizations, such as war, game, organism, ecosystem, and marriage. This chapter focuses on sports metaphors, their drawbacks, and utility when used as a colored lens or variable to understand competition in and between organizations. The authors suggest that more critical perspectives of sport should be used and that sport as a root metaphor, rather than sport as a variable, offers more flexibility for researchers to uncover new knowledge of competition. Specifically, they consider sport as a kaleidoscope metaphor which enables the paradoxical dark and bright images of sport to be revealed, rather than seeing sport through rose-colored glasses.