bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oral care and stroke units
Authors: Talbot Ana , Brady Marian , Furlanetto Denise L.C. , Frenkel Heather , Williams Brian O. 
Published: May 2005

Objective:  To investigate oral care provision reported by senior nurses in stroke care settings in Scotland.Background:  Stroke can have adverse effects on oral care and health. Little is known about current oral care practices in stroke care settings.Materials and methods:  We designed a postal survey to be completed by ward managers or senior nurses. After piloting, the survey was distributed to all 71 units in Scotland, identified as providing specialist care for patients in the acute or rehabilitation stages following stroke. Pre‐notification and reminder letters were circulated. Responses were anonymous.Results:  All but one survey was completed and returned. Help from dental professionals was available to most units (64/70) mostly on request. Only a third of units received oral care training in the last year (23/70). The majority of this training was ward based (20/23). The use of oral care assessment tools and protocols was limited (16/70 and 15/70 units respectively). Not all units had access to toothbrushes, toothpaste or chlorhexidine. For patients unable to perform oral care independently, senior nurses expected the patients’ teeth or dentures to be cleaned at least twice a day in 59 of 70 and 49 of 70 units respectively.Conclusion:  The response rate was excellent and has provided a national overview of oral care provision for patients in stroke care settings. Access to staff training, assessments, protocols and oral hygiene material varied considerably. This information provides a valuable baseline from which to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of ward‐based oral care interventions for stroke patients.
‘Fiber 7’ supplement as an alternative to laxatives in a nursing home
Authors: Khaja M. , Thakur C. S. , Bharathan T. , Baccash E. , Goldenberg G. 
Published: May 2005

Background:  Chronic constipation is a common and bothersome problem in elderly nursing home patients. Although fibre has a known role in the treatment of constipation, laxatives are still widely used in nursing home patients.Objective:  To determine whether the addition of a fibre supplement to oral diet can reduce the use of laxatives in a long‐term care facility.Participants and methods:  Oral diet of 92 nursing home residents (all older than 65) on chronic laxatives (docusate, milk of magnesia with Cascara, psyllium) was supplemented with ‘Fiber 7’, a natural powder fibre (7 g per meal twice a day). During the next 2.5 years discontinuation of laxatives was attempted.Results:  Laxatives were successfully discontinued in 63 of the 92 patients (68.5%, 95% confidence interval 59–78%). The fibre supplement was well tolerated. The cost of care was decreased by $3.5 per patient every month or by $220/month for the 63 patients.Conclusions:  Use of ‘Fiber 7’ allowed discontinuation of laxatives in 63 of 92 nursing home residents. The fibre supplement was a safe and convenient alternative to laxatives and decreased the cost of medical care.
Development of an index to measure oral health care priority among nursing staff
Authors: Wårdh Inger , Sörensen Stefan 
Published: May 2005

Objective:  To develop an index to measure oral health care priority among nursing staff.Background:  Nursing staff, working on hospital wards, at nursing homes and at other facilities, have to deal with oral health care and there are many reports about the low priority that is given to oral health care by nursing staff. It is difficult to measure oral health care priority among nursing staff. A Dental Coping Beliefs Scale (DCBS) index was used in an intervention study and was found to be easy to handle but did not have the ability to reveal significant differences in small study samples. A development process consisting of added items and item numbering by chance was carried out. During this process, different nursing staff test groups were used.The aim was to develop an oral health care priority index that can be used both on hospital wards and at special facilities to measure oral health care priority among nursing staff over time and between groups.Material and methods:  Nursing staff at both special facilities and hospital wards and nursing students.Results:  It was found that the index, the nursing DCBS, was more stable compared with the version that was used in the initial intervention study. It was also noted that its ability to discriminate between the items was improved.Conclusion:  The nursing DCBS index is a suitable tool for use in further studies where the aim is to measure how different nursing staff groups give priority to and allocate responsibility for oral health care, even where study samples are small.
Approximate discharge for constant head test with recharging boundary
Authors: Renard Philippe 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe calculation of the discharge to a constant drawdown well or tunnel in the presence of an infinite linear constant head boundary in an ideal confined aquifer usually relies on the numerical inversion of a Laplace transform solution. Such a solution is used to interpret constant head tests in wells or to roughly estimate ground water inflow into tunnels. In this paper, a simple approximate solution is proposed. Its maximum relative error is on the order of 2% as compared to the exact analytical solution. The approximation is a weighted mean between the early‐time and late‐time asymptotes.
Influence of ancient thrust faults on the hydrogeology of the blue ridge province
Authors: Seaton William J. , Burbey Thomas J. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe Blue Ridge Province contains ubiquitous northeast‐southwest–trending thrust faults or smaller thrust “slivers” that greatly impact the nature and character of ground water flow in this region. Detailed investigations at a field site in Floyd County, Virginia, indicate that high‐permeability zones occur in the brittle crystalline rocks above these thrust faults. Surface and borehole geophysics, aquifer tests, and chlorofluorocarbon and geochemical data reveal that the shallow saprolite aquifer is separated from the deeper fault‐zone aquifer by a low–fracture permeability bedrock confining unit, the hydraulic conductivity of which has been estimated to be six orders of magnitude less than the conductivity of the fault zones at the test site. Within the Blue Ridge Province, these fault zones can occur at depths of 300 m or more, can contain a significant amount of storage, and yield significant quantities of water to wells. Furthermore, it is expected that these faults may compartmentalize the deep aquifer system. Recharge to and discharge from the deep aquifer occurs by slow leakage through the confining unit or through localized breach zones that occur where quartz accumulated in high concentrations during metamorphism and later became extensively fractured during episodes of deformation. The results of this investigation stress the importance of thrust faults in this region and suggest that hydrogeologic models for the Blue Ridge Province include these ancient structural features. Faults in crystalline‐rock environments may not only influence the hydrology, they may dominate the flow characteristics of a region.
Evaluation of time‐space distributions of submarine ground water discharge
Authors: Taniguchi Makoto , Ishitobi Tomotoshi , Saeki Ken‐ichi 
Published: May 2005

AbstractSubmarine ground water discharge (SGD) rates were measured continuously by automated seepage meters to evaluate the process of ground water discharge to the ocean in the coastal zone of Suruga Bay, Japan. The ratio of terrestrial fresh SGD to total SGD was estimated to be at most 9% by continuous measurements of electrical conductivity of SGD. Semidiurnal changes of SGD due to tidal effects and an inverse relation between SGD and barometric pressure were observed. Power spectrum density analyses of SGD, sea level, and ground water level show that SGD near shore correlated to ground water level changes and SGD offshore correlated to sea level changes. SGD rates near the mouth of the Abe River are smaller than those elsewhere, possibly showing the effect of the river on SGD. The ratio of terrestrial ground water discharge to the total discharge to the ocean was estimated to be 14.7% using a water balance method.
3H/3He age data in assessing the susceptibility of wells to contamination
Authors: Manning Andrew H. , Kip Solomon D. , Thiros Susan A. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractRegulatory agencies are becoming increasingly interested in using young–ground water dating techniques, such as the 3H/3He method, in assessing the susceptibility of public supply wells (PSWs) to contamination. However, recent studies emphasize that ground water samples of mixed age may be the norm, particularly from long‐screened PSWs, and tracer‐based “apparent” ages can differ substantially from actual mean ages for mixed‐age samples. We present age and contaminant data from PSWs in Salt Lake Valley, Utah, that demonstrate the utility of 3H and 3He measurements in evaluating well susceptibility, despite potential age mixing. Initial 3H concentrations (measured 3H + measured tritiogenic 3He) are compared to those expected based on the apparent 3H/3He age and the local precipitation 3H record. This comparison is used to determine the amount of modern water (recharged after ∼1950) vs. prebomb water (recharged before ∼1950) samples might contain. Concentrations of common contaminants were also measured using detection limits generally lower than those used for regulatory purposes. A clear correlation exists between the potential magnitude of the modern water fraction and both the occurrence and concentration of contaminants. For samples containing dominantly modern water based on their initial 3H concentrations, potential discrepancies between apparent 3H/3He ages and mean ages are explored using synthetic samples that are random mixtures of different modern waters. Apparent ages can exceed mean ages by up to 13 years for these samples, with an exponential age distribution resulting in the greatest discrepancies.
Identifying connections in a fractured rock aquifer using ADFTs
Authors: Halihan Todd , Love Andrew , Sharp John M. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractFractured rock aquifers are difficult to characterize because of their extremely heterogeneous nature. Developing an understanding of fracture network hydraulic properties in these aquifers is difficult and time consuming, and field testing techniques for determining the location and connectivity of fractures in these aquifers are limited. In the Clare Valley, South Australia, well interference is an important issue for a major viticultural area that uses a fractured aquifer. Five fracture sets exist in the aquifer, all dipping >25°. In this setting, we evaluate the ability of steady‐state asymmetric dipole‐flow tests (ADFTs) to determine the connections between a test well and a set of piezometers. The procedure involves dividing a test well into two chambers using a single packer and pumping fluid from the upper chamber to the lower chamber. By conducting a series of tests at different packer elevations, an “input” signal is generated in fracture zones connected to the test well. By monitoring the “output” response of the hydraulic dipole field at piezometers, the connectivity of the fractures between the test well and piezometers can be determined. Results indicate the test well used in this study is connected in a complex three‐dimensional geometry, with drawdown occurring above and below areas of potentiometric buildup. The ADFT method demonstrates that the aquifer evaluated in this study cannot be modeled effectively on the well scale using continuum flow models.
Comparison of velocity‐log data collected using impeller and electromagnetic flowmeters
Authors: Newhouse M.W. , Izbicki J.A. , Smith G.A. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractPrevious studies have used flowmeters in environments that are within the expectations of their published ranges. Electromagnetic flowmeters have a published range from 0.1 to 79.0 m/min, and impeller flowmeters have a published range from 1.2 to 61.0 m/min. Velocity‐log data collected in five long‐screened production wells in the Pleasant Valley area of southern California showed that (1) electromagnetic flowmeter results were comparable within ±2% to results obtained using an impeller flowmeter for comparable depths; (2) the measured velocities from the electromagnetic flowmeter were up to 36% greater than the published maximum range; and (3) both data sets, collected without the use of centralizers or flow diverters, produced comparable and interpretable results. Although either method is acceptable for measuring wellbore velocities and the distribution of flow, the electromagnetic flowmeter enables collection of data over a now greater range of flows. In addition, changes in fluid temperature and fluid resistivity, collected as part of the electromagnetic flowmeter log, are useful in the identification of flow and hydrogeologic interpretation.
Predicting ground water nitrate concentration from land use
Authors: Gardner Kristin K. , Vogel Richard M. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractGround water nitrate concentrations on Nantucket Island, Massachusetts, were analyzed to assess the effects of land use on ground water quality. Exploratory data analysis was applied to historic ground water nitrate concentrations to determine spatial and temporal trends. Maximum likelihood Tobit and logistic regression analyses of explanatory variables that characterize land use within a 1000‐foot radius of each well were used to develop predictive equations for nitrate concentration at 69 wells. The results demonstrate that historic nitrate concentrations downgradient from agricultural land are significantly higher than nitrate concentrations elsewhere. Tobit regression results demonstrate that the number of septic tanks and the percentages of forest, undeveloped, and high‐density residential land within a 1000‐foot radius of a well are reliable predictors of nitrate concentration in ground water. Similarly, logistic regression revealed that the percentages of forest, undeveloped, and low‐density residential land are good indicators of ground water nitrate concentration >2 mg/L. The methodology and results outlined here provide a useful tool for land managers in communities with shallow water tables overlain with highly permeable materials to evaluate potential effects of development on ground water quality.
Process‐based interpretation of tracer tests in carbonate aquifers
Authors: Birk Steffen , Geyer Tobias , Liedl Rudolf , Sauter Martin 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA tracer test in a carbonate aquifer is analyzed using the method of moments and two analytical advection‐dispersion models (ADMs) as well as a numerical model. The numerical model is a coupled continuum‐pipe flow and transport model that accounts for two different flow components in karstified carbonate aquifers, i.e., rapid and often turbulent conduit flow and Darcian flow in the fissured porous rock. All techniques employed provide reasonable fits to the tracer breakthrough curve (TBC) measured at a spring. The resulting parameter estimates are compared to investigate how each conceptual model of flow and transport processes that forms the basis of the analyses affects the interpretation of the tracer test. Numerical modeling results suggest that the method of moments and the analytical ADMs tend to overestimate the conduit volume because part of the water discharged at the spring is wrongly attributed to the conduit system if flow in the fissured porous rock is ignored. In addition, numerical modeling suggests that mixing of the two flow components accounts for part of the dispersion apparent in the measured TBC, while the remaining part can be attributed to Taylor dispersion. These processes, however, cannot reasonably explain the tail of the TBC. Instead, retention in immobile‐fluid regions as included in a nonequilibrium ADM provides a possible explanation.
Contaminant transport models under random sources
Authors: Patrick Wang P. , Zheng Chunmiao 
Published: May 2005

AbstractWhile the discussion of model uncertainty has centered on spatial heterogeneity, it is possible that ground water models have not enjoyed much success as predictive tools often because the sources that were eventually imposed in the field differed from those represented in the simulations. This is because deterministic prediction of future conditions is often inaccurate due to the random nature of contaminant sources, in terms of their timing, location, and magnitude. This paper presents a stochastic framework for accommodating random contaminant sources in conventional, deterministic advection‐dispersion transport models. The contaminant sources are first classified into two types: those occurring continuously with a deterministic component and random variations and those occurring randomly at instantaneous discrete‐time intervals. For the first type, the governing partial differential equation (PDE) is replaced by a stochastic PDE. The random variations are modeled by Gaussian noise or Brownian motion, and the solution is obtained by using Ito's integration technique. For the second type, Markovian analysis is used for discrete‐time contamination events. Both approaches use a deterministic transport model to generate response functions at any observation location and time. The response functions are then integrated to yield probabilistic description of contaminant transport, from which key statistical properties such as mean, standard deviation, and confidence interval can be drawn.
On using simple time‐of‐travel capture zone delineation methods
Authors: Ceric Admir , Haitjema Henk 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAs part of its Wellhead Protection Program, the U.S. EPA mandates the delineation of “time‐of‐travel capture zones” as the basis for the definition of wellhead protection zones surrounding drinking water production wells. Depending on circumstances the capture zones may be determined using methods that range from simply drawing a circle around the well to sophisticated ground water flow and transport modeling. The simpler methods are attractive when faced with the delineation of hundreds or thousands of capture zones for small public drinking water supply wells. On the other hand, a circular capture zone may not be adequate in the presence of an ambient ground water flow regime. A dimensionless time‐of‐travel parameter T˜ is used to determine when calculated fixed‐radius capture zones can be used for drinking water production wells. The parameter incorporates aquifer properties, the magnitude of the ambient ground water flow field, and the travel time criterion for the time‐of‐travel capture zone. In the absence of interfering flow features, three different simple capture zones can be used depending on the value of T˜. A modified calculated fixed‐radius capture zone proves protective when T˜ < 0.1, while a more elongated capture zone must be used when T˜ >1. For values of T˜ between 0.1 and 1, a circular capture zone can be used that is eccentric with respect to the well. Finally, calculating T˜ allows for a quick assessment of the validity of circular capture zones without redoing the delineation with a computer model.
Modeling fracture porosity development using simple growth laws
Authors: Bloomfield John P. , Barker John A. , Robinson Nicola 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA model of porosity development has been developed to investigate general relationships between simple fracture aperture growth laws and fracture porosity in evolved fracture arrays in aquifers. The growth of fracture apertures in two‐dimensional orthogonal arrays with initially spatially uncorrelated lognormal aperture distributions has been studied, where aperture growth rate is proportional to an exponent of the flow rate through each fracture. The evolved arrays show geometrical phase changes as a function of the aperture growth rate exponent,e, and the standard deviation of the initial aperture distribution,σz. Low values ofeandσzlead to bimodal aperture distributions, where apertures parallel to flow are preferentially enlarged. At moderate values ofeandσz, there is a transition to a regime of more complex geometries consisting of networks of channel‐like structures of preferentially enlarged apertures. At larger values ofe, array‐spanning channel‐like paths of preferentially enlarged apertures develop, where the tortuosity of the channel‐like paths is a linear function ofσz. Following an initial growth phase, during which dynamically stable aperture configurations develop, arrays undergo simple amplification. The geometry of the evolved aperture fields is diverse and they can be highly complex; consequently, parameterization and prediction of their evolution in terms of the initial aperture distributions and growth rate laws is not trivial.
Influence of injection conditions on field tracer experiments
Authors: Brouyère Serge , Carabin Guy , Dassargues Alain 
Published: May 2005

AbstractCalibration of ground water transport models is often performed using results of field tracer experiments. However, little attention is usually paid to the influence, on resulting breakthrough curves, of injection conditions and well‐aquifer interactions, more particularly of the influence of the possible trapping of the tracer in the injection wellbore. Recently, a new mathematical and numerical approach has been developed to model injection conditions and well‐aquifer interactions in a very accurate way. Using an analytical solution derived from this model, a detailed analysis is made of the evolution of the tracer input function in the aquifer. By varying injection conditions from one simulation to another, synthetic breakthrough curves are generated with the SUFT3D ground water flow and transport finite‐element simulator. These tests show clearly that the shape of the breakthrough curves can be dramatically affected by injection conditions. Using generated breakthrough curves as “actual” field results, a calibration of hydrodispersive parameters is performed, neglecting the influence of injection conditions. This shows that neglecting the influence of actual injection conditions can lead to (1) errors on fitted parameters and (2) misleading identification of the active transport processes. Conclusions and guidelines are drawn in terms of proposed methodologies for better controlling the tracer injection in the field, in order to minimize risk of misinterpretation of results.