bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lipid transfer protein VAS inhibits the hypersensitive response via reactive oxygen species signaling in Nicotiana benthamiana
Authors: Koyama Rina , Suzuki Akira , Ohnishi Kouhei , Hikichi Yasufumi , Kiba Akinori 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) are small cysteine-rich soluble proteins that affect flower and seed development, cuticular wax deposition, and biotic and abiotic stress responses. We isolated an LTP-encoding gene homologous to LTPVAS in Nicotiana benthamiana and designated it LTP-VASCULAR TISSUE SIZE (NbLTPVAS). This gene was expressed in seeds, leaves, roots, and stems. Additionally, NbLTPVAS expression was induced by hypersensitive response (HR)-inducing agents. Cell death was accelerated and the phytopathogenic bacterial population decreased significantly in NbLTPVAS-silenced plants infected with the incompatible Ralstonia solanacearum strain 8107. The expression of HR marker gene hin1 in NbLTPVAS-silenced plants was markedly induced by R. solanacearum 8107, indicative of the acceleration of HR. HR cell death in NbLTPVAS-silenced plants was also promoted by the Agrobacterium-mediated expression of HR-inducing proteins including INF1, AvrA, and PopP1. Excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was detected in NbLTPVAS-silenced plants. The expression of NbrbohB (encoding a ROS-generating enzyme) also increased in NbLTPVAS-silenced plants, but the expression of the antioxidant enzyme-encoding genes NbSOD and NbAPX decreased. The silencing of both NbLTPVAS and NbrbohB adversely affected HR induction. Moreover, NbLTPVAS was secreted into the intercellular washing fluid. The transient expression of the full-length NbLTPVAS induced the expression of antioxidant genes, attenuated ROS production, and suppressed the induction of HR cell death. This is the first functional analysis of LTPVAS in plant–microbe interactions. Our study provides novel insights into the role of NbLTPVAS as a negative regulator of HR via ROS homeostasis in N. benthamiana.
Positron Emission Tomography
Authors: Chareonthaitawee Panithaya , Bois John P. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Positron emission tomography is a valuable imaging modality for management of known or suspected coronary artery disease and has recently become a powerful diagnostic tool for patients with suspected cardiac sarcoidosis. Similar costs and lower patient radiation exposure with cardiac positron emission tomography imaging compared with conventional nuclear imaging have added to the growth of cardiac positron emission tomography imaging. In addition, with increased use of cardiac positron emission tomography imaging, evidence for its clinical usefulness is rapidly expanding and demonstrating high diagnostic accuracy and incremental prognostic value.
Electrocardiographic Diagnoses: Criteria and Definitions of Abnormalities
Authors: Hammill Stephen C. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter is a diagnostic guide for all physicians who evaluate electrocardiograms and should be of specific value to persons taking professional examinations in cardiology and internal medicine. The criteria for each electrocardiographic diagnosis are those used in clinical practice at Mayo Clinic. Because of this, the criteria may differ in minor ways from those used on examinations, and, thus, it is important to check the specific diagnoses available on the answer sheet. These criteria are not endorsed by any professional examination body or organization.
Ventricular Tachycardia
Authors: DeSimone Christopher V. , Munger Thomas M. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The prevalence of ventricular tachycardia is greatly influenced by the presence of coronary artery disease and structural heart disease, especially that complicated by myocardial infarction. Ventricular tachycardia occurs in 1% to 2% of patients in the year after myocardial infarction; this is because scar formation serves as a substrate for reentrant ventricular tachycardia. Infarct- or scar-related ventricular tachycardia (also referred to as ischemic ventricular tachycardia) represents the largest subgroup of patients with ventricular tachycardia who require some form of therapeutic intervention. In addition to ischemic ventricular tachycardia, some types of ventricular tachycardia are not related to coronary artery disease; these are known as nonischemic ventricular tachycardia. These may be found in the context of dilated cardiomyopathy, arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy, infiltrative diseases of the heart, and congenital heart disease. Additionally, idiopathic ventricular tachycardia can be seen in patients with structurally normal hearts; these patients may or may not have associated syndromes of abnormal repolarization.
Arrhythmias in Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: McLeod Christopher J. , Brady Peter A. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The number of persons with congenital heart disease who survive into adulthood has increased substantially in the past few decades. In this population, arrhythmias are a major cause of late morbidity and death and may herald worsening underlying hemodynamic changes and associated worse outcomes. In addition, the risk of sudden cardiac death is high, especially in patients with certain repaired malformations. Device therapy (pacing and defibrillation) is often complicated and may require thoracotomy for epicardial lead placement. Risk markers for arrhythmias in patients with congenital heart disease include the presence of residual hemodynamic defects, surgical repair later in life, and older age.
Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy
Authors: Kowlgi Guru G. , Killu Ammar M. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Cardiac resynchronization therapy is a cardiac pacing modality used in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction and ventricular electromechanical delay (dyssynchrony). Disrupted electromechanical coupling is a frequent accompaniment of progressive left ventricular systolic failure, manifesting as delays in atrioventricular nodal conduction and the His-Purkinje system in one-third of patients. Left bundle-branch block makes up a substantial proportion of infra-Hisian conduction disease. Intraventricular conduction delay results in adverse ventricular remodeling, with left ventricular dilatation, functional mitral regurgitation, and increased cardiometabolic demands. By virtue of reversing dyssynchrony, cardiac resynchronization therapy has spawned a revolution in the field of heart failure therapy, offering a survival benefit in some patients whose only previous option was heart transplant. The key points of cardiac resynchronization therapy are summarized in this chapter.
Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator &#x2028;Troubleshooting
Authors: Siontis Konstantinos , Killu Ammar M. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter reviews common problems seen on implantable cardioverter-defibrillator interrogation which are likely to be encountered in clinical practice. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators are now commonplace, and the ability to understand basic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator interrogation and troubleshooting is an essential requirement in most general cardiology practices. Like a pacemaker, it is dependent on the ability to appropriately sense cardiac signals and deliver energy appropriately. The implantable cardioverter-defibrillator has a greater complexity of analysis than a pacemaker, and its energy delivery can be in the form of either pacing (bradycardia or tachycardia pacing) or defibrillation (shock).
Autonomic Function Testing
Authors: Parikh Pragnesh , Venkatachalam K. L. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Syncope is defined as a transient loss of consciousness due to a temporary limitation in cerebral blood flow. The causes include 1) low systemic BP (arrhythmias, valvular disease, medications, reflex causes); 2) reduced cerebral blood flow (cerebral vasospasm, hyperventilation); and 3) Miscellaneous causes of cerebral dysfunction (metabolic, endocrine, and electrolyte abnormalities). Most cardiology referrals for autonomic function testing are for near-syncope, syncope, or palpitations. The focus of this chapter will be limited to autonomic function assessment as related to cardiology, specifically the evaluation of a patient referred for syncope.
Valvular Regurgitation
Authors: El Sabbagh Abdallah , Nishimura Rick A. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The mitral valve is a complicated structure that requires the correct functioning of the valve leaflets, valve commissures, mitral annulus, papillary muscles, chordae tendineae, and left ventricle for competence. Mitral regurgitation results from failure of 1 or more of the components of normal competence of the mitral valve. The presentation and management of mitral regurgitation depend on the underlying cause, duration, severity, symptoms (including objective exercise tolerance), and left ventricular size and systolic function. Aortic regurgitation may result from intrinsic structural abnormalities of the aortic valve or the ascending aorta or both.
Rheumatic Heart Disease
Authors: Lane Colleen E. , Moore Andrew G. , Anavekar Nandan S. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Rheumatic heart disease is a long-term sequela of acute rheumatic fever. Myocardial inflammation (carditis) leads to left ventricular remodeling and cardiac valve damage, resulting in progressive valve disease and congestive heart failure. Although both acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease are rare in North America and Europe, it remains endemic in many low-economy countries, where it is an important public health problem.
Peripheral Vascular Disease
Authors: Spittell Peter C. , Pollak Amy W. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Lower extremity peripheral arterial disease affects 8 to 12 million Americans and can range in clinical presentation from impaired walking ability to intermittent claudication or critical limb ischemia. Pseudoclaudication is caused by lumbar spinal stenosis and can be confused with intermittent claudication. Peripheral arterial occlusive disease has a substantial mortality rate because of its association with systemic atherosclerosis. The symptoms of acute arterial occlusion are sudden in onset (&lt;5 hours) and include the “5 Ps”: pain, pallor, paresthesia (numbness), poikilothermy (coldness), and absent pulses. Abdominal aortic aneurysm is a frequent comorbid condition. Other predisposing factors for aneurysmal disease include hypertension, familial tendency, connective tissue disease, trauma, infection, and inflammatory disease. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia affects between 5% and 10% of patients who receive heparin therapy, but the incidence of arterial or venous thrombosis is less than 1% or 2%.
Venous and Lymphatic Disorders
Authors: Shields Raymond C. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Venous and lymphatic diseases frequently coexist with cardiac or arterial disease, and an understanding of these diseases is an important part of a cardiovascular practice. Venous thromboembolism is the third most common cardiovascular disease, after acute coronary syndromes and stroke. Independent acquired risk factors for venous thromboembolism include immobility, neurologic disease with leg paresis, recent surgery, hospitalization for acute medical illness, trauma/fracture, cancer, advanced age, history of superficial thrombophlebitis, central venous catheter or transvenous pacemaker, pregnancy, and estrogen use.
Vasculitis
Authors: Anand Vidhu , Bois John P. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
By definition, vasculitis is inflammation of a vessel. Vasculitis is a diverse group of diseases that are as difficult to classify as they are to diagnose and treat. Large, medium, and small arteries, capillaries, and venules may be involved. The presenting symptoms vary by the organ system or systems affected. Both primary and secondary causes of vasculitis exist, and several conditions can mimic vasculitis. This chapter discusses types of vasculitis grouped by vessel size, with cardiovascular pathology emphasized whenever appropriate.
Marfan Syndrome and Other Genetic Aortopathies
Authors: Bowen Juan M. , Connolly Heidi M. , Ammash Naser M. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Marfan syndrome is recognized as the most common of the genetic aortopathies, with a prevalence of approximately 1 in 5,000 persons. The cause is a sequence variation in the FBN1 gene, which encodes for fibrillin-1, a component of elastic microfibrils. The diagnosis of Marfan syndrome is made by applying accepted diagnostic criteria in the evaluation of a patient. Surgical intervention together with medical treatment has led to marked improvement in survival, with newer therapies having the potential to further improve the natural history of the disease. This chapter will primarily address Marfan syndrome because it is the most common and best-studied genetic aortopathy but will also include pertinent information about related disorders.
Cardiovascular Risk Assessment
Authors: Kullo Iftikhar J. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Cardiovascular risk assessment is the first step in individualizing therapy for primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease events. Risk factors for such events, identified in population-based studies, have been included in multivariable risk scores for coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral arterial disease, heart failure, and composite cardiovascular disease end points. Most of these risk calculators estimate a patient’s probability of having a cardiovascular event within a 5- to 10-year period. Commonly used cardiovascular risk scores include the Framingham coronary heart disease Risk Score and its derivative, the Adult Treatment Panel III risk assessment profile, and the European Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation algorithm for cardiovascular disease death. The American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines include pooled cohort equations for assessment of cardiovascular risk in the clinical setting
Reperfusion Strategies for Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Widmer Robert J. , Anavekar Nandan S. , Pollak Peter M. , Murphy Joseph G. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter covers the initial recognition, risk stratification, and medical stabilization of patients with acute coronary syndrome, followed by treatment options and optimal approach to reperfusion for patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and non- ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, including percutaneous coronary intervention and thrombolytic therapy.
Pericardial Disease
Authors: Melduni Rowlens M. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The pericardium is a fibromembranous inelastic sac less than 2 mm in thickness that comprises 2 distinct layers. The outer inelastic fibrous layer (fibrous pericardium) anchors the heart in the mediastinum with attachments anterior to the manubrium and xiphoid process, posterior to the vertebral column, and inferior to the diaphragm. The inner serous double layer (serous pericardium) is divided into the visceral pericardium (epicardium) and the parietal pericardium.
Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Murphy Joseph G. , Kane Garvan C. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Physiologically, normal pulmonary circulation is radically different from systemic circulation. It is characterized by a low blood pressure with a mean pulmonary arterial pressure between 12 and 16 mm Hg (pulmonary arterial systolic, 18-25 mm Hg). There is low resistance to blood flow through compliant, thin-walled pulmonary vessels which optimizes gas exchange at the level of the alveolar/capillary membrane, which varies from 0.2 µm to 2 µm in thickness, less than the thickness of a red blood cell in its thinnest dimension.
Adult Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Ammash Naser M. , Warnes Carole A. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
It is estimated that 95% of all current newborns with congenital heart disease will reach adulthood; the growing population of adults with congenital heart disease (increasing by 5% per year) means there are now more adults than children living with congenital heart disease. Patients are divided into 2 broad categories: natural selection and unnatural selection. This chapter discusses the most common types of congenital heart disease, associated hemodynamic disturbances, and complications before and after repair.
Cardiac Tumors
Authors: Murphy Joseph G. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Primary tumors of the heart are exceedingly rare and account for less than 5% of all cardiac tumors; the other 95% are metastatic tumors. Cardiac tumors may be present anywhere in the heart and may be attached to any cardiac surface. The most common primary cardiac tumors in adults are myxomas, usualy developing in the left atrium, followed by fibroelastomas and lipoma. The most common malignant cardiac tumor in adults is angiosarcoma. A malignant lymphoma may occasionally develop in the adult heart. In children, the most common benign cardiac tumor is rhabdomyoma, and the most common malignant tumor is rhabdomyosarcoma.
Sleep Apnea and Cardiac Disease
Authors: Konecny Tomas , Somers Virend , Kara Tomas 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In patients with sleep apnea, also called sleep-disordered breathing, sleep can be a period of hemodynamic, respiratory, and electrochemical turmoil that contributes to the initiation, progression, and worsening of all forms of cardiovascular disease.
COVID-19 and the Cardiovascular System
Authors: Ezzeddine Fatima M. , Murphy Joseph G. , Anavekar Nandan S. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Cardiovascular complications are common in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 infection. One characteristic is the wide range of cardiovascular findings that can occur with COVID-19 infection, ranging from an asymptomatic increase in cardiac biomarkers and an abnormal electrocardiogram to fulminant heart failure, myocarditis, pulmonary embolism, cardiogenic shock, and sudden death. Preexisting cardiovascular disease, including coronary artery disease and systemic hypertension, increase the risk of clinical COVID-19 disease and its severity.
Reflex and Humoral Control &#x2028;of the Circulation
Authors: Clavell Alfredo L. , Burnett John C. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Optimal regulation of the circulation depends on the integration of cardiovascular reflexes with local and circulating humoral factors that regulate myocardial contractility, vascular tone, and intravascular volume (intravascular volume is regulated primarily through renal sodium excretion). Under physiologic conditions, cardiovascular reflexes affect short-term cardiovascular control, whereas humoral mechanisms function more as long-term modulators of cardiovascular homeostasis.
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Tsay Julie L. , Ommen Steve R. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The clinical definition of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is left ventricular hypertrophy (wall thickness &gt;15 mm) without a secondary explanation such as hypertension or valvular disease. The size and volume of the left ventricle are usually normal or small. Most cases are familial with autosomal dominant inheritance. Histologically, loose connective tissue is surrounded by myocyte hypertrophy and disarray. Arrhythmias and systolic left ventricular outflow tract gradients are common, and premature sudden death occurs in approximately 1% of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients annually.
Coronary Artery Physiology, Endothelial Dysfunction, and Intracoronary Imaging
Authors: Murphy Joseph G. , Prasad Abhiram 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The function of the coronary arteries is to provide oxygen and nutrients to the myocardium. In the resting state, myocardial oxygen extraction is near the maximum and coronary sinus oxygen saturation is typically 30% or less. Because myocardial oxygen extraction is already near the maximum, myocardial V.o2 can increase only by an increase in coronary blood flow, and changes in myocardial V.o2 closely parallel changes in coronary blood flow. Important determinants of myocardial V.o2 are heart rate, inotropic state, and intramyocardial wall stress. Myocardial V.o2 can be approximated clinically by the product of systolic blood pressure and heart rate. The rate-pressure product is frequently used during exercise testing as an estimate of cardiac workload.
Preparing for Cardiology Examinations
Authors: Murphy Joseph G. , Lloyd Margaret A. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The cardiovascular disease board examination is a computer-based examination that lasts 1.5 days for initial certification and 1 day for recertification. One full day is common to both examinations and consists of multiple-choice questions administered in four 2-hour sessions. Examination questions are written to reproduce clinical scenarios a practicing cardiologist may encounter. The majority of questions are based on real-life patient clinical scenarios in typical practice settings. The majority of examination questions are high-level questions that require integration of information from several sources (eg, clinical history, examinations, investigations), as in real cardiology practice.
Get to Know the Patient and Show Interest (the Patient Is a Person)
Authors: Friedland Robert P. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Awareness of the patient and of how physicians learn from them and how patients learn from their physicians is crucial. Physicians need to learn about their patients so that they can make proper decisions about their care. Patients perceive their caregivers’ attitudes, and this influences their ability to follow directions. It is important to be aware of the patient’s point of view, which may be influenced by denial, deficits in cognitive function, poor understanding, and bias. Denial can be implicit or explicit and can profoundly influence all aspects of healthcare. The context of care, considering the patient's life circumstances and environment, may greatly influence health. It is hazardous to focus attention on disease causation, disease mechanisms, medications, and laboratory tests if attention to the patient is lost.
Think Deeply (Think Beyond the Obvious)
Authors: Friedland Robert P. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Critical thinking describes the ability to analyze information, make judgments, ask questions, and plan actions. Many decisions in healthcare and science are made on “auto-pilot” without thinking deeply about causes and consequences of actions. Logical analysis can be assisted by respect for intuition and by understanding the many forms of bias which influence judgment. Disease models may be helpful in research efforts as long as the models’ assumptions are considered. Biomarkers may also be valuable, but their limitations must not be overlooked. Progress in science is not linear, and theories about patients and scientific problems may be incomplete but still valuable. Success in research and in research careers is most often a product of hard work and not brilliance. Respect for the evolutionary origin of human cognition and perception can help enhance the capacity for understanding complex problems. Remember that one does not need to think “out of the box.” One needs to realize that there is no box.