bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An analysis of UK franchise contracting 1989–1999
Authors: Seaton Jonathan S. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThis paper examines UK franchise contracts over the period 1989–1999. Franchising is modelled as comprising three main variables, contract length, royalty rate and initial franchise fee. Up to now most authors have concentrated on the latter two variables, but with the data in this paper it is possible to assess the characteristics that impact on all three. Further, our analysis looks at what affects the probability of contract change. We take account of the limited dependent variable nature of the data and exploit sectoral heterogeneity. Our main findings are that the focus of attention on ‘aggregate’ variables is inappropriate and that contract length appears to be an important aspect of the franchise contract which is theoretically obvious, but until now has not been empirically tested. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Liver histology after current intensified therapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: microvesicular fatty change and siderosis are the main findings
Authors: Halonen Päivi , Mattila Jorma , Ruuska Tarja , Salo Matti K. , Mäkipernaa Anne 
Published: January 2003

AbstractBackgroundDuring modern intensified therapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) serum liver enzymes reach fairly high levels. Since no recent data on liver histopathology after therapy are available, we conducted a study of the subject.ProcedureLiver biopsy specimens were evaluated and serum liver function tests and lipid profiles measured from 27 consecutive children, aged 3.5–17.6 years, treated according to the regimens for standard (SR) and intermediate risk (IR) ALL.ResultsNone of the patients had entirely normal liver histology. Fatty infiltration was detected in 25 out of 27 (93%) and siderosis in 19 out of 27 patients (70%). Fourteen (52%) had both. Three (11%) also had mild portal and/or periportal fibrosis in addition to fatty change and siderosis. Fatty change was mainly microvesicular. Siderosis was in most cases grade II/IV to III/IV (in 16/19 or 84%). No hepatitis or cirrhosis was found. Serum total and LDL‐cholesterol levels were higher in the patients with fibrosis than in the patients with fatty change (P = 0.036, P = 0.042) or with siderosis ± fatty change (P = 0.036, P = 0.042). In serial ALT measurements a value of 300 U/L or more was oftener reached in the fibrosis than in the fatty change or siderosis groups (in 33 vs. in 12 or in 4% of the measurements, respectively, P = 0.014, in Kruskall–Wallis test).ConclusionsMicrovesicular fatty change and siderosis are the main liver findings after current therapy for childhood ALL. Fibrosis occurs rarely. High values in serial serum ALT measurements repeatedly or a disturbed serum lipid profile may facilitate decisions about the need for a liver biopsy. Med Pediatr Oncol 2003;40:148–154. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Treatment of overt extraocular retinoblastoma
Authors: Chantada Guillermo , Fandiño Adriana , Casak Sandra , Manzitti Julio , Raslawski Elsa , Schvartzman Enrique 
Published: January 2003

AbstractBackgroundOvert extraocular retinoblastoma is common in developing countries and little information about its treatment is available. The aim of this study is to report our experience in the treatment of these cases using a uniform approach.ProcedurePatients with overt extraocular retinoblastoma including orbital extension, preauricular lymph node invasion and/or metastatic disease on diagnosis or after extraocular relapse admitted to the Hospital JP Garrahan from August 1987 to December 2000 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were treated according to two different protocols (1987–1993 and 1994–2000). Treatment included: neoadjuvant combination chemotherapy followed by limited surgery in case of orbital extension (enucleation or resection of residual orbital mass) and adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Chemotherapy included cyclophosphamide, vincristine, etoposide, doxorubicin (in protocol 87), idarubicin (in protocol 94), cisplatin (in protocol 87), and carboplatin (in protocol 94).ResultsForty‐one patients were included. Fifteen of them had orbital or preauricular disease and had a 5‐year event‐free survival (pEFS) of 84%. Twenty‐six had distant metastatic disease and non survived 5‐years. One patient died of toxicity and one died in complete remission. One patient had a secondary leukemia. The remaining adverse events included CNS and/or systemic relapse.ConclusionsThis treatment strategy was highly efficacious for patients with orbital and/or lymph node extension. Orbital exenteration is not necessary for these patients. Those patients with distant metastatic or CNS disease were not curable with this approach. Med Pediatr Oncol 2003;40:158–161. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Complete 1H and 13C NMR assignments of three labdane diterpenoids isolated from Leonotis ocymifolia and six other related compounds
Authors: Hussein Ahmed A. , Meyer Marion J. J. , Rodríguez Benjamín 
Published: January 2003

AbstractUnambiguous and complete assignments of 1H and 13C NMR chemical shifts for three structurally complex labadane diterpenoids isolated from Leonotis ocymifolia (leonotin, leonotinin and nepetaefolin) and six other related compounds (hispanolone, 7α‐ and 7β‐hispanols, marrubiin, villenol and andalusol), previously isolated from Labiatae species, are presented. The assignments are based on 2D shift‐correlated [1H, 1H‐COSY, 1H, 13C‐gHSQC–1J(C,H), 1H,13C‐gHMBC–nJ(C,H) (n = 2 and 3)] and DPFGSE 1D‐NOE experiments. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural analysis of pentacyclic triterpenes from the gum resin of Boswellia serrata by NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Belsner Klaus , Büchele Berthold , Werz Udo , Syrovets Tatiana , Simmet Thomas 
Published: January 2003

Abstract3α‐Acetyl‐β‐boswellic acid (1), 3α‐acetyl‐α‐boswellic acid (2), 3α‐acetyl‐9,11‐dehydro‐β‐boswellic acid (3), 3α‐acetyl‐9,11‐dehydro‐α‐boswellic acid (4) and 3α‐acetyl‐11‐keto‐β‐boswellic acid (5) were isolated from the gum resin of Boswellia serrata. 1D and 2D NMR (COSY45, HMQC, HMBC, ROESY) spectra at 500 MHz were used for shift assignments and structure verification. All boswellic acids investigated share the cis conformation at ring D/E and the 3α orientation of the acetyl ester group. Owing to high‐order spectra, NMR could not determine the exact conformation of H‐20/H‐30 of the β‐boswellic acids. 3α‐Acetyl‐β‐boswellic acid methyl ester (1′) was synthesized for experiments with a shift reagent, Eu(fod)3, that enhanced the resolution considerably. The oxygen atoms of the 3α‐acetyl group form the apparent complex binding site for the shift reagent. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
N‐Alkenyl amide rotational barriers by 2D EXSY NMR
Authors: Aguirre Gerardo , Somanathan Ratnasamy , Hellberg Lars H. , Dwyer Tammy J. , North Robert 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe rotational barriers of some N‐alkenylamides were measured by 2D exchange spectroscopy (2D EXSY) NMR techniques. It was found that the conjugated double bond lowers E,Z barriers by 2.6 kJ mol−1. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural and spectral assignment by 2D NMR of a new prenylated benzopyrancarboxylic acid and structural reassignment of a related compound
Authors: Burke Sharon J. , Jacobs Helen , Mclean Stewart , Reynolds William F. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractA new prenylated benzopyrancarboxylic acid, 1a (3,4‐dihydro‐5‐hydroxy‐2,7‐dimethyl‐8‐(2‐methyl‐2‐butenyl)‐ 2‐(4‐methyl‐1, 3‐pentadienyl)‐2H‐1‐benzopyran‐6‐carboxylic acid) was isolated from Peperomia amplexicaulis and fully characterized by 1D and 2D NMR and high‐resolution mass spectrometry. In the course of this investigation, the structure of a related compound (minus the carboxylic acid group) which was previously assigned as 2b was corrected to structure 1b. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assignment of the E,Z configurational isomers of platinum complexes of N,N‐dialkyl‐N′‐acyl(aroyl)thioureas by means of triple resonance 1H/13C/195Pt PFG correlation NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Argyropoulos Dimitris , Hoffmann Eberhard , Mtongana Sibusiso , Koch Klaus R 
Published: January 2003

AbstractUnsymmetrical, dialkyl‐substituted N,N‐dialkyl‐N′‐acyl(aroyl)thioureas show E,Z configurational isomerism at room temperature in solution, which is also expressed in the existence of cis‐[Pt(ZZ‐L‐S,O)2], cis‐[Pt(EZ‐L‐S,O)2] and cis‐[Pt(EE‐L‐S,O)2] complexes derived from these ligands. These configurational isomers were assigned by means of a double magnetization transfer 1H/13C/195Pt correlation NMR experiment, despite the fact that the long‐range 5J(195Pt, 1H) and 4J(195Pt, 13C) scalar couplings are not directly observable in their 1H and 13C spectra at high field. Depending on the ligand structure, the relative amounts of cis‐[Pt(ZZ‐L‐S,O)2], cis‐[Pt(EZ‐L‐S,O)2] and cis‐[Pt(EE‐L‐S,O)2] complexes are in the ranges 40–42% ZZ, 46–47% ZE and 12–13% EE. The cis‐bis[N‐methyl‐N‐(tert‐butyl)‐N′‐(2,2‐dimethylpropanoyl)thioureato]platinum(II) complex is found to occur exclusively as the ZZ isomer. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functionalization of PAMAM dendrimers with nitronyl nitroxide radicals as models for the outer‐sphere relaxation in dentritic potential MRI contrast agents
Authors: Francese Giancarlo , Dunand Frank A. , Loosli Claudia , Merbach André E. , Decurtins Silvio 
Published: January 2003

AbstractPAMAM dendrimers functionalized with nitronyl nitroxide radicals were characterized. Quantitative determination of substitution with radicals was performed using EPR and electrochemical methods. The study of the 1H NMR relaxation of the surrounding water showed how the outer‐sphere contribution to the relaxivity may be limited by the presence of the dendrimer core. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On evaluation of shape sensitivities of non‐linear critical loads
Authors: Parente E. , Vaz L. E. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe present paper focuses on the evaluation of the shape sensitivities of the limit and bifurcation loads of geometrically non‐linear structures. The analytical approach is applied for isoparametric elements, leading to exact results for a given mesh. Since this approach is difficult to apply to other element types, the semi‐analytical method has been widely used for shape sensitivity computation. This method combines ease of implementation with computational efficiency, but presents severe accuracy problems. Thus, a general procedure to improve the semi‐analytical sensitivities of the non‐linear critical loads is presented. The numerical examples show that this procedure leads to sensitivities with sufficient accuracy for shape optimization applications. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mesh independent modelling of cracks by using higher order shape functions
Authors: Iarve E. V. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractA mesh independent crack modelling approach based on displacement approximation with higher order shape functions is proposed. The Heaviside step function based local enrichment method, known as eXtended Finite Element Method, is modified by replacing the step function with a higher order shape functions approximation. Polynomial B‐spline approximation functions are used in the present paper. An advantage of the proposed method is that its implementation only involves integration of the products of original shape functions and their derivatives and does not require modification of the integration domains. A volume integral based expression is proposed to calculate the effective surface area of the crack modelled by using an approximate step function. It is shown to give the actual crack surface area in the limit of the approximate step function approaching the Heaviside function. The convergence and accuracy of the method is illustrated in examples of transverse and oblique (with respect to loading direction) crack problems in rectangular plates. Uniaxial tension of a unidirectional composite with an open hole is considered. Hoop stress relaxation due to longitudinal splitting is successfully modelled by the method proposed and compared to direct modelling by using ANSYS software. Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sensitivity analysis and design optimization of three‐dimensional non‐linear aeroelastic systems by the adjoint method
Authors: Maute K. , Nikbay M. , Farhat C. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractWe consider the problem of optimizing a non‐linear aeroelastic system in steady‐state conditions, where the structure is represented by a detailed finite element model, and the aerodynamic loads are predicted by the discretization of the non‐linear Euler equations. We present a solution method for this problem that is based on the three‐field formulation of fluid–structure interaction problems, and the adjoint approach for coupled sensitivity analysis. We discuss the computational complexity of the proposed solution method, describe its implementation on parallel processors, and illustrate its computational efficiency with the aeroelastic optimization of various wings. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Who missed routine diabetic review? Information from a district diabetes register
Authors: McCarlie J , Anderson A , Collier A , Jaap A , McGettrick P , MacPherson N 
Published: January 2003

AbstractObjectiveTo consider the factors which may influence the uptake of routine diabetes care.MethodsA district diabetes register has been analysed to give information on the population not accessing routine diabetes care. The groups of patients with no record of HbAlc or fundoscopy in the previous year were identified and considered for the possible influencing factors of age, sex and socio‐economic status designated by DEPCAT score.ResultsThe results suggested that older patients, over 70 years, and young people, less than 20 years, are less likely to access routine diabetes care. The analysis by deprivation category does not demonstrate the usual poorer uptake in those from deprived areas. In this population uptake was slightly worse from less deprived areas. There was no significant difference between males and females.ConclusionsThe data held on the district diabetes register suggests that age does appear to have influence on uptake of routine diabetic review, but the usual influence of deprivation is not demonstrated. Planners of healthcare may need to develop services to meet the needs of the elderly and teenagers as well as giving consideration to the needs of different socio‐economic groups. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Digital imaging in diabetic retinopathy screening—a comparative study of two digital cameras
Authors: Basu A , Kamal AD , Illahi W , Khan M , Stavrou P , Lusty JD , Owens DR , Ryder REJ 
Published: January 2003

AbstractAim.The National Screening Committee (NSC) has recommended digital imaging for diabetic retinopathy screening. There have been recommendations but no consensus yet on the specifications for the digital cameras to be used for the purposes of diabetic retinopathy screening. We therefore undertook a study to evaluate two different digital cameras with different image resolutions currently being used in UK for diabetic retinopathy screening to detect any difference in their evaluation of retinal details.Methods.The study involved detailed assessment of 192 images taken from 48 diabetic patients recruited from two centres—City Hospital, Birmingham, and Llandough Hospital, Cardiff. Digital retinal photographs of both eyes were obtained using the Sony DXC‐950P and the JVC KY‐F70U mounted on a Canon CR6‐45 NMf non‐mydriatic retinal camera. The JVC camera has an image resolution of 1360 × 1024 pixels similar to the NSC guidelines and produces as a consequence an image with a 4 MB file size. The Sony on the other hand has an image resolution of 750 × 570 pixels and generates a file size of only 1.3 MB. The images were captured using ‘EyeCap’ software (Orion Imaging, UK) on a Pentium III PC and displayed on a Sony Trinitron colour monitor. Comparison was then made between the JVC and Sony images in bitmap (BMP) formats.Results.46 patients were included in the study, of whom 27 were male and 19 female subjects. The median age was 60 years (range 27–89). They were from a varied ethnic background and the majority had type 2 diabetes (n = 43). A total of 184 digital images were available for evaluation. 17 images could not be graded because of cataracts (15) and asteroid hyalosis (2). The difference in retinopathy grades between the two digital cameras were not found to be statistically significant (p = 0.943). Overall agreements in grading between the two cameras were seen in 85/92 (92.39%) images.Conclusion.For the purpose of screening for diabetic retinopathy, both retinal cameras are comparable, and one does not appear to have any major advantages over the other. This may also suggest that the resolution of neither camera is optimum and perhaps much higher resolution digital cameras may be needed for diabetic retinopathy screening in the future. File sizes are an important issue with regard to storage of images as well as transmission over computer networks. This may become a difficult issue, as higher resolution cameras will inevitably require larger amounts of memory for storage. Currently there appears no justification in using the JVC camera with larger file sizes instead of the lower resolution Sony DXC‐950P camera. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differential scanning calorimetric study on the curing behavior of epoxy resin/diethylenetriamine/organic montmorillonite nanocomposite
Authors: Xu Weibing , Bao Suping , Shen Shijun , Wang Wei , Hang Guopei , He Pingsheng 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe curing mechanisms and kinetics of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A with diethylenetriamine as the curing agent and different amounts of organic montmorillonite were examined with isothermal and dynamic scanning calorimetry. The modified Avrami equation was used to calculate the activation energy and reaction orders in the isothermal experiment. A single peak was observed in each dynamic scan. The curing mechanism and kinetics of the curing reaction were also analyzed by two kinds of methods—Kissinger and Flynn–Wall–Ozawa. The results obtained from those methods under dynamic measurement agreed with those obtained from the modified Avrami equation. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 378–386, 2003
Functionalization of an ethylene–propylene copolymer with allyl(3‐isocyanate‐4‐tolyl) carbamate
Authors: Ding Yongtao , Xin Zhirong , Gao Ying , Yin Jinghua , Costa Giovanna 
Published: January 2003

AbstractAn ethylene–propylene copolymer (EPM) was functionalized with an iso cyanate‐bearing unsaturated monomer, allyl(3‐isocyanate‐4‐tolyl) carbamate (TAI), with dicumyl peroxide as an initiator in a xylene solution. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) was used to confirm the formation of EPM‐g‐TAI. The peak at 2273 cm−1, characteristic of NCO groups in EPM‐g‐TAI, revealed evidence of grafting. The grafting degree was determined with both chemical titration and FTIR. The grafting degree could be adjusted, and the maximum was over 6 wt % without any gelation. The molar mass distribution of EPM‐g‐TAI was narrower than that of EPM. The rheological behavior of both EPM‐g‐TAI and EPM was investigated with a rotational rheometer. The apparent viscosity of EPM‐g‐TAI was higher than that of EPM and increased with an increasing grafting degree of TAI. Surface analysis by contact‐angle measurements showed that contact angles of EPM‐g‐TAI samples to a given polar liquid decreased with an increasing grafting degree of TAI. We also obtained the dispersion component of the surface free energy (γ), the polar component of the surface free energy (γ), and the total surface free energy (γS = γ + γ) of the grafted EPM. These parameters increased with the enhancement of the grafting degree, which gave us a quantitative estimation of the polar contribution of the grafted TAI to the total surface free energy of EPM‐g‐TAI. The adhesive property of EPM‐g‐TAI with aluminum foil was studied. The peeling strength between EPM‐g‐TAI plate and aluminum foil increased dramatically with an increasing content of grafted TAI in EPM‐g‐TAI. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 387–402, 2003
Annealing behavior of gel‐spun polyethylene fibers at temperatures lower than needed for significant shrinkage
Authors: Hu Wenbing , Buzin Alexander , Lin Jar‐Shyong , Wunderlich Bernhard 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe annealing at 373 K of ultrastrong, gel‐spun polyethylene (PE) has been studied. At this temperature, the fibers show no significant shrinkage. Still, a significant decrease in the mechanical properties is observed. The fibers have been analyzed with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), temperature‐modulated differential scanning calorimetry (TMDSC), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS). During the annealing, the glass transition of the intermediate phase is exceeded, as shown by DSC. When split for structure analysis by AFM, the annealed fibers undergo plastic deformation around the base fibrils instead of brittle fracture. The quasi‐isothermal TMDSC experiments are compared to the minor structural changes seen with SAXS and AFM. The loss of performance of the PE fibers at 373 K is suggested to be caused by the oriented intermediate phase, and not by major changes in the structure or morphology. The overall metastable, semicrystalline structure is shown by TMDSC to posses local regions that can melt reversibly. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 403–417, 2003
Influence of the molecular architecture of low‐density polyethylene on the texture and mechanical properties of blown films
Authors: Guichon O. , Séguéla R. , David L. , Vigier G. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThree types of low‐density polyethylene materials were investigated with respect to the influence of the molecular architecture on the mechanical and use properties of blown films. The materials were a branched polyethylene synthesized by free‐radical polymerization under high‐pressure (HP‐LDPE), a linear ethylene–hexene copolymer (ZN‐LLDPE) produced by low‐pressure Ziegler–Natta catalysis, and an ethylene–hexene copolymer (M‐LLDPE) from metallocene catalysis. The extrusion and blowing conditions were identical for the three materials, with a take‐up ratio of 12 and a blow‐up ratio of 2.5. The blown films displayed a decreasing puncture resistance in the order M‐LLDPE, ZN‐LLDPE, and HP‐LDPE. In parallel, the tear resistance of the films became increasingly unbalanced in the same order of the polymers. The morphological study showed an increased anisotropy of the films in the same polymer order, the crystalline lamellae being increasingly oriented normal to the take‐up direction. This texturing caused a detrimental effect on the mechanical properties of the films, notably increasing the capacity for crack propagation. The phenomenon was ascribed to the kinetics of chain relaxation in the melt that governed the ability of the chains to recover an isotropic state from the flow‐induced stretching before crystallization. The puncture resistance was examined in terms of both texture and strain‐hardening capabilities. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 327–340, 2003