bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Airways, respiration, and respiratory sinus arrhythmia during picture viewing
Authors: Ritz Thomas , Thöns Miriam , Fahrenkrug Saskia , Dahme Bernhard 
Published: August 2005

AbstractEmotional stimuli can cause airway constriction; however, it is uncertain whether a dimensional or categorical model of emotion can better describe airway changes. Also, little is known about the affective modulation of respiration and vagal activity, which can influence airway tone. We studied changes in oscillatory resistance (Ros), respiration, and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) in asthmatics and controls during viewing of affective pictures eliciting anxiety, depression, disgust, happiness, contentment, erotic tension, or neutral affect. Ros, respiration, cardiac activity, and self‐report were measured during picture presentations. Ros increased monotonically with picture unpleasantness mainly due to disgust pictures. RSA and respiratory timing parameters were particularly sensitive to erotic pictures. Differences between asthmatics and controls were minimal, suggesting that airway responses to unpleasant pictures are not specific to asthma.
Affective modulation of nociception at spinal and supraspinal levels
Authors: Rhudy Jamie L. , Williams Amy E. , McCabe Klanci M. , Nguyê˜n Mary Anh Thù V. , Rambo Philip 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis study was designed to examine the effect of emotion on the nociceptive flexion reflex and pain ratings. To do so, 28 participants viewed pictures varying in emotional valence (unpleasant, neutral, pleasant) and electric stimulations were delivered during and in between pictures. Biceps femoris EMG resulting from the stimulations was used to quantify the nociceptive flexion reflex (spinal nociception), and pain ratings to the stimulations were used as an evaluative measure of supraspinal nociception. Manipulation checks suggested that pictures effectively manipulated emotion. Moreover, nociceptive flexion reflex magnitudes and pain ratings were modulated in a parallel manner. Specifically, viewing unpleasant pictures enhanced the nociceptive flexion reflex and pain, whereas viewing pleasant pictures inhibited the reflex and pain. Analyses suggested that emotional valence, but not arousal, mediated the effects of pictures.
Characteristic changes in the physiological components of cybersickness
Authors: Kim Young Youn , Kim Hyun Ju , Kim Eun Nam , Ko Hee Dong , Kim Hyun Taek 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWe investigated the characteristic changes in the physiology of cybersickness when subjects were exposed to virtual reality. Sixty‐one participants experienced a virtual navigation for a total of 9.5 min, and were required to detect specific virtual objects. Three questionnaires for sickness susceptibility and immersive tendency were obtained before the navigation. Sixteen electrophysiological signals were recorded before, during, and after the navigation. The severity of cybersickness experienced by participants was reported from a simulator sickness questionnaire after the navigation. The total severity of cybersickness had a significant positive correlation with gastric tachyarrhythmia, eyeblink rate, heart period, and EEG delta wave and a negative correlation with EEG beta wave. These results suggest that cybersickness accompanies the pattern changes in the activities of the central and the autonomic nervous systems.
Electrophysiological correlates of anticipatory task‐switching processes
Authors: Nicholson Rebecca , Karayanidis Frini , Poboka Dane , Heathcote Andrew , Michie Patricia T. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractRecent studies show a differential switch‐related positivity emerging before a switch trial and reflecting anticipatory task‐set reconfiguration processes. In this study, the switch‐related positivity was examined in a cued task‐switching paradigm. Cue‐stimulus and response‐stimulus intervals were independently manipulated to dissociate between the effects of anticipatory preparation and passive dissipation of task‐set interference. Reaction time switch cost declined with increasing cue‐stimulus and response‐stimulus intervals, suggesting a contribution from both active preparation and passive interference processes. In cue‐related difference waveforms, a switch positivity peaked around 350–400 ms and is interpreted as reflecting differential activation of task‐set reconfiguration. In stimulus‐related difference waveforms, a switch‐related negativity is believed to indicate the role of S‐R priming and response interference in task‐switching.
Serial urinary cyclic guanosine monophosphate measurements in the assessment of response to treatment in epithelial ovarian cancer
Authors: LUESLEY D. M. , CHAN K. K. , NEWTON J. R. , BLACKLEDGE G. R. 
Published: August 2005

SummarySerial measurements of urinary cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) were performed in 47 patients with epithelial ovarian cancer. In 30 patients, the pre‐chemotherapy cGMP level was above the range for normal controls (marker positive); the remainder were within the normal range. Marker positive patients demonstrated a 96% correlation of disease regression with a fall in marker level and a 75% correlation of disease progression with a rise in marker level. The corresponding correlations in the marker negative group were 41% and 39%. Marker positive patients also demonstrated a rise in marker before clinical recognition of disease progression in six of 11 instances whereas only one of nine instances in marker negative patients showed such a rise. Patients with evidence of static disease had normal and stable marker levels.
Oestradiol‐17β and progesterone level changes in peritoneal fluid around the time of ovulation
Authors: KRUITWAGEN R. F. P. M. , JANSSEN‐CASPERS H. A. B. , WLADIMIROFF J. W. , SCHATS R. , JONG F. H. DE , DROGENDIJK A. C. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryIn 15 women, peritoneal fluid was obtained by either culdocentesis (n= 20) or laparoscopy (n= 3), before (n= 9) and after (n= 14) ovulation. Ultrasound was used for ovulation detection. Before ovulation the mean oestradiol‐17β level in plasma and peritoneal fluid was not essentially different; the mean progesterone level was significantly higher in peritoneal fluid. After ovulation both the mean oestradiol‐17β and progesterone levels were significantly higher in peritoneal fluid than in plasma. In peritoneal fluid, there was a wide distribution of individual oestradiol‐17β values before and after ovulation; no significant difference existed between the mean pre‐ and postovulatory oestradiol‐17[3 level. More consistent changes were seen in peritoneal fluid progesterone levels; the mean level was significantly higher after ovulation. In three subjects, a low postovulatory progesterone level in peritoneal fluid was associated with a cystic luteal structure observed by ultrasound, suggesting a reduced leakage of fluid from the ovulation stigma.Erasmus University, Rotterdam Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology R. F. P. M. KRUITWAGEN
The effect of fetal heart rate on umbilical artery flow velocity waveforms
Authors: MIRES G. , DEMPSTER J. , PATEL N. B. , CRAWFORD J. W. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryUmbilical artery flow velocity waveforms were obtained using continuous wave Doppler ultrasound in 85 normal pregnancies (25 antepartum, 60 intrapartum) to examine the relation between fetal heart rate, end systolic/end diastolic ratio (A/B ratio) and resistance index (RI). Our results demonstrated a significant negative correlation between fetal heart rate, A/B ratio and RI (in the antepartum group r= ‐0·49, and in the labouring group r= ‐0·65). It is therefore important when performing mathematical analysis of umbilical artery flow velocity profiles to make a statistical allowance for fetal heart rate.
An immunohistochemical study of steroid binding by endornetrial glandular epithelial cells throughout the menstrual cycle
Authors: SIVRIDIS E. , BUCKLEY C. H. , FOX H. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryAn immunohistochemical technique was used to demonstrate oestrogen and progesterone binding by endornetrial glandular epithelial cells at various stages of the menstrual cycle. A cross‐section of steroid binding sites, including low affinity, concentration dependent Type 11 and III binding sites, were demonstrated but only in cells which contain the classical high affinity receptor. The technique demonstrated both free binding sites and receptor‐hormone complexes within the cytoplasm but was poorly effective in demonstrating nuclear complexes. Oestrogen binding sites were shown to reach a peak during the late proliferative and early secretory phases of the cycle: oestrogen binding capacity remained high during the mid and late secretory phases. Progesterone binding capacity rose progressively throughout the proliferative and early secretory phase.
Weak D type 1.1 exemplifies another complexity in weak D genotyping
Authors: Doescher Andrea , Flegel Willy A. , Petershofen Eduard K. , Bauerfeind Ursula , Wagner Franz F. 
Published: August 2005

BACKGROUND: Weak D expression is caused by a large number of RHD alleles. Increasingly recommendations for D+ or D– transfusions are based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) identification of certain RHD alleles. Possible sources of error are rare D variants that are inadvertently carrying known polymorphisms of frequent weak D types.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Weak D donors were checked by direct column agglutination. In donors with unusually weak expression of D, the molecular weak D type was determined by weak D PCR and nucleotide sequencing. The serologic profile of a weak D type 1 variant was determined by agglutination serology and flow cytometry.RESULTS: Several donors in whom direct agglutination barely revealed any D expression were shown to carry the new RHD(L18V,V270G) allele dubbed weak D type 1.1. Initially, such donors had been mistyped as weak D type 1 by PCR. In a systematic study, weak D type 1.1 was shown to be present in 7 of 23 donors with very weak D expression who all lived in a restricted area of Northern Germany. Although weak D type 1.1 was typed D– or barely D+ by direct agglutination, it was easily detected by antiglobulin technique and was shown to carry about 600 antigens D per red blood cell.CONCLUSION: The observation of weak D type 1.1 with its distinct phenotype pinpointed to two general problems of current RHD genotyping strategies: Mistyping of alleles with additional mutations and striking geographic variation of the allele distributions.
White blood cell–reactive antibodies are undetectable in solvent/detergent plasma
Authors: Sachs Ulrich J.H. , Kauschat Dörte , Bein Gregor 
Published: August 2005

BACKGROUND: Transfusion‐related acute lung injury (TRALI) is a life‐threatening complication of transfusion. Although all types of blood products have been associated with TRALI, fresh‐frozen plasma (FFP) is the most commonly implicated component. It has been postulated that TRALI is an immune‐mediated event, because white blood cell (WBC)‐reactive antibodies in the donor's plasma are frequently associated with the syndrome. In contrast to single donor–derived FFP, solvent/detergent (S/D) plasma is produced from multiple donations, leading to an at least 500‐fold dilution of a single plasma unit. It was hypothesized that WBC‐reactive antibodies are undetectable in S/D FFP.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Twenty batches of S/D FFP (5 of each ABH group) were analyzed with well‐established routine techniques to detect WBC antibodies.RESULTS: All samples tested negative for granulocyte‐specific as well as HLA Class I and Class II antibodies.CONCLUSIONS: Different strategies to reduce the risk of TRALI are currently discussed. These include screening of all potentially immunized donors for WBC‐reactive antibodies and exclusion of multiparous or all women from donating FFP. Here, it is demonstrated that neither granulocyte‐ nor lymphocyte‐reactive antibodies are detectable in S/D FFP. Thus, S/D FFP may represent a potential alternative to reduce the risk of TRALI associated with the transfusion of FFP.
Host response modulation in the management of periodontal diseases
Authors: Salvi Giovanni E. , Lang Niklaus P. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractObjective: To review the biological mechanisms and clinical utility of therapeutic modulation of the host response in the management of periodontal diseases.Material and methods: A search of MEDLINE–PubMed was performed up to and including December 2004. The search was limited to in vitro, experimental animal and clinical studies published in English. The selection criteria included all levels of available evidence: systematic reviews, randomised‐controlled clinical trials, controlled clinical trials, prospective and retrospective cohort studies and case reports of human and experimental animal studies.Results: Six targets for non‐microbial chemotherapeutic intervention were identified. Clinical trials have demonstrated the ability of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs to slow periodontal disease progression. However, recently reported serious adverse effects preclude the use of cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibitors as an adjunct to periodontal therapy. Adjunctive use of subantimicrobial dose doxycycline to non‐surgical periodontal therapy is beneficial in the management of chronic periodontitis over 12 months. Controversial data exist on the effects of bisphosphonate administration as an adjunct to periodontal therapy. Evidence on modulation of other host mediators including lipoxins, cytokines and nitric oxide synthase is limited to animal research.Conclusion: After validation in long‐term clinical trials, adjunctive host modulation therapy may prove advantageous in the management of periodontal diseases.
Mechanisms of action of environmental factors – tobacco smoking
Authors: Palmer Richard M. , Wilson Ron F. , Hasan Adam S. , Scott David A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAim:To review the potential biological mechanisms underlying the effects of tobacco smoking on periodontitis.Main findings:Smoking has major effects on the host response, but there are also a number of studies that show some microbiological differences between smokers and non‐smokers.Smoking has a long‐term chronic effect on many important aspects of the inflammatory and immune responses. Histological studies have shown alterations in the vasculature of the periodontal tissues in smokers. Smoking induces a significant systemic neutrophilia, but neutrophil transmigration across the periodontal microvasculature is impeded. The suppression of neutrophil cell spreading, chemokinesis, chemotaxis and phagocytosis have been described. Protease release from neutrophils may be an important mechanism in tissue destruction. Tobacco smoke has been found to affect both cell‐mediated immunity and humoral immunity. Research on gingival crevicular fluid has demonstrated that there are lower levels of cytokines, enzymes and possibly polymorphonuclear cells in smokers. In vitro studies have shown detrimental effects of nicotine and some other tobacco compounds on fibroblast function, including fibroblast proliferation, adhesion to root surfaces and cytotoxicity.Conclusion:Tobacco smoking has widespread systemic effects, many of which may provide mechanisms for the increased susceptibility to periodontitis and the poorer response to treatment.
Dental plaque: biological significance of a biofilm and community life‐style
Authors: Marsh P. D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBackground: Most microorganisms in nature attach to surfaces and form matrix‐embedded biofilms. Biofilms are highly structured and spatially organized, and are often composed of consortia of interacting microorganisms, termed microbial communities, the properties of which are more than the sum of the component species. Microbial gene expression alters markedly in biofilms; organisms communicate by gene transfer and by secretion of diffusible signalling molecules. Cells in biofilms are less susceptible to antimicrobial agents.Aim and Materials & Methods: To comprehensively review the literature to determine whether dental plaque displays properties consistent with those of a typical biofilm and microbial community.Results: Novel microscopic and molecular techniques have demonstrated that plaque has a structured architecture with an extracellular matrix, and a diverse composition (around 50% of cells are unculturable). The constituent species communicate by gene transfer, by secreted peptides (Gram‐positive bacteria) and autoinducer‐2 (Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria). These organisms are functionally organized for increased metabolic efficiency, greater resistance to stress and for enhanced virulence. Plaque formation has direct and indirect effects on gene expression.Conclusion: Dental plaque displays properties that are typical of biofilms and microbial communities in general, a clinical consequence of which is a reduced susceptibility to antimicrobial agents as well as pathogenic synergism.
Analytical epidemiology of periodontitis
Authors: Borrell Luisa N. , Papapanou Panos N. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAims: To review the literature related to the analytical epidemiology of periodontitis generated over the past decade. This review does not deal with descriptive epidemiologic studies of the prevalence, extent and severity of periodontitis with respect to global geography, but focuses exclusively on analytical epidemiology issues, including the challenges posed by the use of different case definitions across studies, current theories and models of disease progression, and risk factors associated with the onset and progression of periodontitis.Methods: Relevant publications in the English language were identified after Medline and PubMed database searches.Findings and conclusions: There is a conspicuous lack of uniformity in the definition of periodontitis used in epidemiologic studies, and findings from different research groups are not readily interpretable. There is a lack of studies that specifically address the distinction between factors responsible for the onset of periodontitis versus those affecting its progression. Colonization by specific bacteria at high levels, smoking, and poorly controlled diabetes have been established as risk factors for periodontitis, while a number of putative factors, including specific gene polymorphisms, have been identified in association studies. There is a clear need for longitudinal prospective studies that address hypotheses emerging from the cross‐sectional data and include established risk factors as covariates along with new exposures of interest. Intervention studies, fulfilling the “targeting” step of the risk assessment process, are particularly warranted. Obvious candidates in this context are studies of the efficacy of elimination of specific bacterial species and of smoking cessation interventions as an alternative to the traditional broad anti‐plaque approach in the prevention and control of periodontitis. Ideally, such studies should have a randomized‐controlled trial design.
Immune responses and vaccination against periodontal infections
Authors: Persson G. Rutger 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBackground: The infectious aetiology of periodontitis is complex and no curative treatment modality exists. Palliative therapy is available.Aims: To review the evidence that active or passive immunization against periodontitis provides immune protection.Material and Methods: PubMed (Medline), the National Institutes of Health, the Food and Drug Administration, and the Center for Disease Control electronic databases were searched to extrapolate information on immune responses to immunization against periodontitis.Results: Studies in non‐human primate models using ligature‐induced experimental periodontitis suggest that antibody responses by active immunization against Porphyromonas gingivalis can safely be induced, enhanced, and obtained over time. Immune responses to whole bacterial cell and purified protein preparations considered as vaccine candidates have been evaluated in different animal models demonstrating that there are several valid vaccine candidates. Data suggest that immunization reduces the rate and severity of bone loss. It is also, temporarily, possible to alter the composition of the subgingival microflora. Natural active immunization by therapeutic interventions results in antibody titre enhancement and potentially improves treatment outcomes. Passive immunization of humans using P. gingivalis monoclonal antibodies temporarily prevents colonization of P. gingivalis. Probiotic therapy may be an alternative approach. Regulatory and safety issues for human periodontal vaccine trials must be considered. Shared infectious aetiology between periodontitis and systemic diseases may enhance vaccine effort developments.Conclusions: Proof of principle that active and passive immunization can induce protective antibody responses is given. The impact of natural immunization and passive immunization in humans should be explored and may, presently, be more feasible than active immunization studies.
Transmission of periodontal bacteria and models of infection
Authors: Van Winkelhoff A. J. , Boutaga K. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBackground: Bacteria play an essential role in the aetiology of periodontitis. Most bacterial species isolated from subgingival plaque are indigenous to the oral cavity. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis are detected infrequently in periodontal health, which makes these species prime candidates to study person‐to‐person transmission. The aim of the present study was to review the literature on transmission of these periodontal bacterial species.Method: We review the literature on bacterial typing techniques and summarize the information on clonal distribution of A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis in family units based on different typing techniques in order to establish the likelihood for person‐to‐person transmission of these periodontal pathogens.Results: Vertical transmission of A. actinomycetemcomitans is estimated to be between 30% and 60%, whereas vertical transmission of P. gingivalis has rarely been observed. Horizontal transmission between spouses ranges between 14% and 60% for A. actinomycetemcomitans and between 30% and 75% for P. gingivalis. There is some evidence to show that cohabitation with a periodontitis patient influences the periodontal status of the spouse; however, substantially more information is needed to prove this hypothesis.Conclusions: Transmission of putative periodontal pathogens between family members has been shown. The clinical consequences of these events have been poorly documented. Based on the current knowledge, screening for and prevention of transmission of specific virulent clones of A. actinomycetemcomitans may be feasible and effective in preventing some forms of periodontal disease. P. gingivalis is usually recovered from diseased adult subjects, and transmission of this pathogens seems largely restricted to adult individuals. Horizontal transmission of P. gingivalis may therefore be controlled by periodontal treatment involving elimination or significant suppression of the pathogen in diseased individuals and by a high standard of oral hygiene.