bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CORRELATION OF THE DURATION OF DOCETAXEL ADMINISTRATION IN BREAST CANCER PATIENTS WITH EPIPHORA DEGREES
Authors: DITA MINTARDI  
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Introduction & Objectives : Epiphora is caused by excessive secretion and/or obstruction of lacrimal drainage system, malposition or weakness of the eyelids, failure of the nasolacrimal duct, and reflex tearing. Obstruction of the lacrimal drainage system can be caused by inflammatory processes in the palpebra, the use of certain medications or congenital abnormalities. Some drugs that are at risk of causing epiphora are chemotherapy drugs, especially 5-FU and docetaxel. Most epiphora were foundin weekly therapy than every 3 weeks therapy. Docetaxel causes epiphora, induces obstruction of the lacrimal drainage system and fibrosis of the stroma in the mucous layer of the lacrimal drainage system. According to Erkan et al, cases of recurrent or persistent and symptomatic epiphora had a Munk score of 2 to 4. This study interested in conducting research on the Correlation of the Duration of Docetaxel Administration in Breast Cancer Patients with Epiphora Degrees at RSUP Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Palembang.
Methods : Cross sectional study with 25 samples suffering from breast cancer and experiencing epiphora at RSUP Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Palembang. The epiphora degree assessment is carried out using the Munk Score.
Results : The sample was predominantly ≤50 years old as many as 21(84%) samples with a median 45 (23-64) years. The most dose of docetaxel was 70 mg in 20(80%) samples. Somer's D test showed that there was a significant correlation (p=0.021) between the duration of docetaxel administration to epiphora degrees and the strength of the strong correlation (r=0.645).
Conclusion : The length of the docetaxel cycle is strongly correlated to having an epiphora
MANAGEMENT APPROACH OF LOW VISION IN RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA: WHAT SHOULD WE DO?
Authors: Novi Auliya Dewi  , Ani Ismail  , Eva Kumalasari  
Published: February 2024

Introduction : Retinitis pigmentosa is a chronic and progressive disease throughout patient’s life. Management low vision in retinitis pigmentosa patients are to maximize their remaining vision and provision of visual aids, it can be financial dan social burden.
Case Illustration : A 56-year-old man came with blurred vision in his both eyes for 12 years. The patient had cataract surgeries and IOLs implantation in 2022. Ophthalmologic examination revealed the right eye was 4/40 and the left eye was 3/60. Funduscopic examination revealed the bone spicule appearance, blood vessel attenuation, and waxy disc pallor in both eyes. Contrast sensitivity test decreased and Farnsworth hue test showed mild to severe. Humphrey visual field examination showed peripheral visual field defect, therefore patient diagnosed with low vision caused by retinitis pigmentosa with bilateral pseudophakia and his Low Vision Quality of Life was intermediate.
Discussion : Treatment includes pharmacological treatment with supplementation, optical or non-optical treatment, and rehabilitation. Spectacles clarified distant and near vision with Best Corrected Visual Acuity 6/30 with photochromic lenses, for adapting the light and gave addition lens +5.00 in both eyes. Rehabilitation enhances his head tracking, scanning, and habitual spotting skills. Lighting and typoscope would help his daily reading activities as well.
Conclusion : Low vision requires several management approach, patient with visual impairment can get low vision aids to optimize his visual function based on his needs. Managing low vision in patient with visual impairment has to be considered from multiple aspects.
Homonymous Quadrantanopia as the First Manifestation of Cerebral Infarction: A Case Report
Authors: Dr. Rizki Dwayana Putra  , Muhammad Hidayat  
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Introduction : Homonymous quadrantanopia, a visual impairment caused by lesions in the occipital lobe is typically due to vascular or traumatic injuries with tumors, abscesses, demyelination, or toxic substances in the white matter in rarer cases. Cerebral infarction in the occipital lobe is often diagnosed by ophthalmologists since initial symptoms involve visual disturbances without neurological symptoms.
Case Illustration : A 52-year-old woman complained visual disturbance in the upper left visual field. Ophthalmologic examination showed normal visual acuity (6/6), pupillary response, and fundus appearance. The patient had history of hypertension for the past three years. Laboratory findings revealed hypercholesterolemia (240 mg/dl) and increased fasting blood sugar levels (102 mg/dl). A Brain CT scan identified infarction in the right occipital lobe and perimetry revealed left superior homonymous quadrantanopia.
Discussion : The left superior homonymous quadrantanopia is caused by an infarction in the inferior calcarine of the occipital lobe due to the occlusion of a branch of the posterior cerebral artery. Atherosclerotic factors, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia, are identified as the main causes of this condition. Normal pupillary responses and optic nerve appearance distinguish visual impairment caused by anterior lesions of the lateral geniculate body. Larger infarcts of the occipital lobe may result in neurological symptoms such as migraine with aura and visual hallucinations.
Conclusion : The clinical manifestation of homonymous quadrantanopia should emphasizes the importance of ophthalmologic examinations, laboratory tests, perimetry, and imaging to estimate the location and etiology of the lesion.
CORRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE LEVEL OF THYROTROPIN RECEPTOR ANTIBODY WITH ACTIVITY AND SEVERITY OF GRAVES’ OPHTHALMOPATHY AT WAHIDIN SUDIROHUSODO HOSPITAL MAKASSAR
Authors: ARDY GISNAWAN  
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Introduction & Objectives : Graves’ Ophthalmopathy (GO) is an autoimmune orbital disease with mostly occurs along with hyperthyroidism. The underlying cause of GO is theoretically connected with thyrotropin receptor that activated antigen-presenting cells from thyrotropin-receptor peptides, then attached with T- helper and B cell that produce the level of thyrotropin receptor antibody (TRAb) and cause an enlargement of orbital tissue and increase the level of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). To determine the active manifestation status from those clinical findings, the Clinical Activity Score (CAS) is utilised. Meanwhile, European Group on Graves' Orbitopathy (EUGOGO) is used to classify the severity of the disease. This research aims to assess the correlation of TRAb levels toward its activity and severity in patients with Graves’ Ophthalmopathy.
Methods : Thirty-four patients with Graves’ Ophthalmopathy underwent clinical and laboratory examinations. The result of clinical finding was plotted into CAS to determine its activity status and EUGOGO to classify its severity. TRAb concentration was measured with ELISA or TBII Assays.
Results : All patients have high level TRAb. We analysed the level of TRAb with activity and severity. We found a significant result of cofounding variables related to gender and smoking history, with P value 0.011 and 0.017 respectively. There is no statistically significant result TRAb with activity (CAS) P=0.465, and TRAb with Severity (EUGOGO) P=0.812.
Conclusion : The level of TRAb is primarily used as diagnostic marker for Graves’ Ophthalmopathy, but they haveno correlation from the level of TRAb with activity and severity patient with Graves’ Ophthalmopathy.
One-Step Surgical Approach for Treating Lens-Induced Glaucoma with Iridodialysis Following Blunt Trauma
Authors: Haryono Aditia Apriyanto , Gustianty Elsa , Rifada R Maula , Umbara Sonie 
Published: February 2024

Introduction : Traumatic glaucoma is one of secondary glaucoma that can be challenging to treat. Blunt trauma to the eye may result in iritis, hyphema, lens subluxation, or dislocation leading to increased intraocular pressure (IOP). Every complication needs to be addressed promptly. Here we present about one-step surgical approach to treat lens indued glaucoma with iridodialysis following blunt trauma.
Case Illustration : A 65-year-old man presented with a chief complaint of blurred vision and pain in his right eye for a month following blunt ocular trauma where he was hit with piece of wood while operating a chainsaw. Ophthalmologic examination revealed RE VA of 2/60 with IOP 32 mmHg. Anterior examination revealed a shallow anterior chamber, iridodialysis 90 degrees, cloudy lens with phacodonesis (Fig 1). Patient was diagnosed with lens-induced glaucoma, lens subluxation, iridodialysis and traumatic cataract. Patient was treated with antiglaucoma agents prior to surgery. One-step surgical approach: trabeculectomy, phacoemulsification with capsular tension ring, and iridodialysis repair become the treatment of choice (Fig 2). After one month of surgery, IOP decreased to 16 mmHg without anti-glaucoma medication, final VA RE achieved 0.2 (Fig 3).DiscussionManagement of traumatic glaucoma depends on the underlying cause of increased IOP. Trabeculectomy combined with lens extraction should be considered with degree of subluxation that may cause pupillary block. Repair iridodialysis can be done using various techniques.
Conclusion : Management of traumatic glaucoma can be done with trabeculectomy, lens extraction and repair iridodialysis in one-step surgery. Surgical technique should be considered depending on the patient’s eye condition.
ANGLE RECESSION, THE SEQUELA OF EIGHT-BALL HYPHEMA AFTER SPRAYED BY FIRE HYDRANT: A CASE REPORT
Authors: Asti Annisa Kinanti , Komaratih Evelyn , Nurwasis  , Primitasari Yulia 
Published: February 2024

Introduction : Hyphema results from damage to the blood vessels of the iris or anterior ciliary body after blunt trauma, and in 56–100% of cases can occur angle recession.
Case Illustration : A 40-year-old man complaints of pain and blurred left eye after being sprayed by a high-pressure fire hydrant five hours before coming to the emergency room. Visual acuity was 20/20 and hand movement in right and left eye, IOP is 13 mmHg and 18 mmHg in both eyes. Subconjunctival bleeding, conjunctival and pericorneal injections were found with punctate fluorescein test in the left eye. The cornea was edema and the anterior chamber was full of hyphema. Five days after being hospitalized and treated with topical atropine, antibiotics, and steroid in combination with oral tranexamic acid, the visual acuity was 5/6.5 and the hyphema was resolved. The IOP elevated after 1-6 weeks of follow-up in the outpatient clinic then timolol eyedrops were given. Gonioscopy showed widening of CBB, torn iris processus 2 clock hours in the inferior quadrant. The antiglaucoma medication was stopped due to the controlled IOP in the end episode of the treatment.
Discussion : Angle recession involves a tear between the longitudinal and circular muscle fibres of the ciliary body. Medication is needed to control the IOP, while surgical management only indicated in cases where medical treatment fails to control the IOP and risk of progressive visual loss.
Conclusion : Angle recession can occur after blunt eye trauma with hyphema and IOP control is needed to prevent the development of secondary glaucoma.
THE TREATMENT OF ACUTE ANGLE CLOSURE WITH HISTORY OF PSYCHOTROPIC AGENTS : A CASE REPORT
Authors: Rafika  , Subsp GL Dr. dr. Fidalia Sp.M (K) , Sari Sp.M (K) Subsp GL Dr. dr. Prima Maya 
Published: February 2024

Introduction : Psychotropic agents may precipitate Acute Angle Closure (AAC) either by inducing pupil block via adrenergic or anticholinergic mechanisms, or via an idiosyncratic non-pupillary block mechanism. This is a serious condition that can diminished aquous humor (AH) outflow and increased intraocular pressure
Case Illustration : A 60-year-old female complained of a sudden onset of a severe painful red eye on the right eye (RE)2 weeks ago and there was an IOP elevation. Anti-glaucoma medications were given with no succcess. The patient regularly consumed psychotropic drugs Trihexyphenidyl, Risperidone, and Chlopromazine since 2005 and Escitalopram since 2 years ago
Discussion : Several classes of centrally acting drugs, including antidepressants such as selective serotonin receptor inhibitors (SSRIs) and antipsychotics have been implicated in precipitate AAC in individuals with pre-existing narrow angels. Rapid lowering of the IOP including medical treatment and relieved relative pupillary block with laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI) is an important initial step in treating AAC. Because the media is not clear due to corneal edema, trabeculectomy + 5 Fluorouracil can be considered for IOP control to prevent further damage.
Conclusion : Trabeculectomy + 5 FU procedures may be a valuable and effective option in cases where LPI is too risky due to unclear visualization because of corneal edema. Trabeculectomy has been shown to effectively reduce IOP. Closed monitoring is necessary to assess ocular side effects due to the use of psychotropic agents
OVERVIEW OF PATIENTS SCREENED FOR AND DIAGNOSED WITH ROP IN PEDIATRIC OPHTHALMOLOGY OUTPATIENT CLINIC BEFORE, DURING, AND AFTER THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Authors: BARLIANA JULIE DEWI , Sitorus Rita Rita , Yulia Dian Estu , Casey Anthea , Zahra Raihanny Andrea 
Published: February 2024

Introduction & Objectives : The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly impacted healthcare systems worldwide, leading to significant changes in the delivery of medical services. Non-urgent ophthalmology visits were canceled. However, premature infants at risk of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) require timely and in-person care to prevent vision loss. This study aims to report on the high-risk babies screened and diagnosed with ROP before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic
Methods : This is a descriptive study conducted on premature infants who visited the pediatric ophthalmology outpatient clinic at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital Jakarta between January 2019 and December 2022. Data was collected using medical records and presented using tables and charts
Results : A total of 368 babies were screened for ROP in 2019, and 75% were diagnosed with ROP. During the lockdown in 2020, the number of babies screened for ROP decreased to 286, and the incidence of ROP was 38.5%. In 2021 and 2022, ROP screening increased to 458 and 515 babies per year, respectively. After the COVID-19 pandemic subsided, ROP screenings increased significantly from 2020 to 2021. The number of babies screened in 2021 and 2022 was similar, but the incidence of ROP decreased from 45.4% in 2021 to 20.3% in 2022
Conclusion : This study highlights the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ROP screening and diagnosis in a pediatric ophthalmology outpatient clinic. After the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of babies screened for ROP increased due to the end of the lockdown
Soft Contact Lenses as a Good Option for Adolescent with Anisometropia
Authors: Widya Wira Putri  , Dr. Ani Ismail, SpM(K)  , Dr. Eva Kumalasari, SpM  
Published: February 2024

Introduction : Anisometropia is a condition of asymmetric refraction between the two eyes. Adequate anisometropia treatment, such as SCL (Soft Contact Lens) is required to provide binocular vision, patient comfort and also adolescent’s appearance.
Case Illustration : A 16 years old woman came to the RS Khusus Mata Sumatera Selatan. She complained of blurred vision since 6 years ago, and not feeling comfortable using spectacle. The ophthalmologic examination revealed that uncorrected visual acuity was 2/60 ph 6/12 for right eye and on left eye is 6/30 ph 6/7.5. Best corrected visual acuity was 6/6 using S-7.00 on the right eye and left eye was 6/6 using correction S-3.00 but she was not comfortable. The base-curve measurement of the SCL was 8.60 mm for the both eyes and the diameter was 14.2 mm. After the contact lenses attached , obtained that S-7.00 D for the right eye and S-3.00 for the left eye could reach 6/6 in both eyes, she was more comfortable wearing SCL than spectacle.
Discussion : Anisometropia can cause aniseikonia which is characterized by differences in the size of the image in the two eyes. One way to reduce aniseikonia by reducing the vertex distance, soft contact lenses canbe a choices to maintain binocular vision and minimalized the aniseikonia. Contact lenses significantly improved Adolescent’s appearance and activities, which lead to an overall improvementin satisfaction with vision correction, compared using spectacle.
Conclusion : SCL is one of a good option for Adolescent with anisometropia that can provide good visual acuity, and also adolescent’s appearance.
Steroid Induced Glaucoma and Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma: A Case Report of Mixed Mechanism Glaucoma
Authors: Masloman Anugrah Handini , Kasih Franky 
Published: February 2024

Introduction : Steroid induced glaucoma is a form of secondary open angle glaucoma (OAG) caused by adverse effects of steroid usage. Primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) is characterized by shallow anterior chamber accompanied by peripheral anterior synechiae (PAS), elevated IOP and glaucomatous optic neuropathy (GON).
Case Illustration : A 58 year-old woman presented with red eye, blurry vision, pain in her right eye radiating to the head, watery eye and halo. History of experiencing recurrent red eye, improving after taking steroid topical drug for about 3 months. Visual acuity 6/20 ph 6/20, IOP 39 mmHg, mixed conjunctival injection, shallow anterior chamber Van Herick 1-2, dilated pupil and iris pigment on anterior capsule of lens. Posterior segment showed glaucomatous optic neuropathy with cup disc ratio 0.8-0.9, anterior chamber depth 2.58, and thinning of optic nerve head layer. Patient was diagnosed with steroid induced glaucoma and mixed mechanism PACG. The patient underwent trabeculectomy procedure after mannitol injection was given to reduce IOP.
Discussion : We diagnosed the patient with steroid induced glaucoma and mixed mechanism PACG based on history, clinical findings, and diagnostics. Steroid raised IOP by accumulating polymerized glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in the trabecular meshwork, producing "biologic edema" thus increased outflow resistance. PACG was determined based on Van Herick and anterior chamber depth. Trabeculectomy remains an effective treatment in this case where medications were failed to control IOP.
Conclusion : Steroid induced glaucoma commonly found in OAG, definitive treatment includes halting steroid drugs and trabeculectomy. Further follow-up is needed to evaluate angle closure mechanism.
OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY PREDICTS VISUAL RECOVERY OF PATIENTS WITH PITUITARY ADENOMA FOLLOWING SURGERY IN DR KARIADI HOSPITAL SEMARANG
Authors: GALUH YULIETA NITIHAPSARI  , Riski Prihatningtias  
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Introduction & Objectives : The characteristics, symptoms, and clinical manifestations of pituitary adenoma in Indonesia have not been widely studied. In 26 patients undergoing pituitary surgery at Dr. Kariadi Hospital, we compared visual acuity pre-surgery and post-surgery from normal and thin optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and ganglion cell layer-internal plexiform layer (GCL-IPL).
Methods : A retrospective study from medical record from Januari 2020 to December 2022 was done. 21 of the 26 patients had surgery by the transsphenoidal route and the rest by craniotomy. All patients had macroadenoma (tumor size >1cm) and histologically confirmed. Visual acuity before and after surgery was evaluated along with patient’s OCT value.
Results : The thinner pre-surgery RNFL thickness was associated with worse visual acuity (VA). Patients with normal RNFL had a median VA of 20/200 while those with thin RNFL had to count their fingers (CF). The patients with normal pre-surgery RNFL had a significant improvement in median VA after surgery, from 20/200 to 20/32 (p=0.022), whereas the patients with thin RNFL did not improve (CF to CF, p=0.026). The patients with normal pre-surgery GCL-IPL had non-significant improvement in median VA after surgery from CF to 20/20 (p=0.505), also the patients with thin GCL-IPL from CF to 20/200 (p=0.151).
Conclusion : Based on this study, the visual recovery after pituitary adenoma surgery is likely to be predicted by pre-surgery OCT RNFL. Patients with normal RNFL thickness show an increase propensity in visual recovery after surgery.
Recurrence in Toxoplasma Chorioretinitis: A Case Report
Authors: Satyanegara Pratistha , Helvinda Weni 
Published: February 2024

Introduction : Toxoplasma is the most common cause of chorioretinitis and recurrency of toxoplasma chorioretinitis often occur. Recurrences risk factors are patients above 40 years, patients with de novo toxoplasmosis lesions or with less than one year after the first episode, macular area involvement, lesions greater than one disc diameter, congenital toxoplasmosis, and bilateral compromise.
Case Illustration : Female, twenty years old, complained blurred vision on the RE for two years. The patient had a history of cat contact and no systemic manifestation. Anterior segment examination in both eyes is normal with right eye visual acuity 1/60 and left eye visual acuity VA 6/6. Posterior segment examination on the left eye showed normal limit while the right eye showed hyperpigmentation in inferotemporal optic disc and nasal macula. Retina showed hard exudate. Macula showed yellow- white exudate with subretinal bleeding and macular star appearance. Foveal reflex under normal limit. Toxoplasma serology was IgG (+) and IgM (-). The patient has been treated with cotrimoxazole 2x960mg and methylprednisolone 1x32mg.
Discussion : Visual acuity is severely damaged in recurrence toxoplasma chorioretinitis. There are several factors that affect the recurrences of toxoplasma chorioretinitis. In this patient, the risk factors found are de novo lesion, lesions greater than 1 disc diameter, and macular involvement. Cotrimoxazole can reduce recurrence in toxoplasma chorioretinitis but still recurrency can occur.
Conclusion : Recurrences in toxoplasma chorioretinitis affect visual acuity, and even with adequate therapy, recurrence is possible.
Classic Choroidal Neovascularization in Young Man
Authors: Mawarasti Burhana , Augiani Amani Sakinah , Pratiwi Rianti Wulandari , Djatikusumo Ari 
Published: February 2024

Introduction : Classic choroidal neovascularization (CNV 2) represent a pathological growth of blood vessels and can result in loss of visual function. The most common cause of CNV 2 in elderly patients is age- related macular degeneration, meanwhile in young age it is frequently due to inflammation, high myopia, angioid disks and hereditary disorders. Hence, the presented case reports the characteristic findings as well the management of the disease.
Case Illustration : A 37-year-old man had two weeks history of metamorphopsia on both eyes. The left eye (LE) had a worse visual acuity, macular fibrosis with pigment epithelial detachment in funduscopy and Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). A submacular hemorrhage and exudative lesion were recognized on the right eye (RE) with type 2 choroidal neovascularization. Fundus Fluorescence Angiography (FFA) was also performed. Systemic conditions were unremarkable. Intravitreal anti-VEGF injections on RE were given for three consecutive months and showed significant improvement.
Discussion : The etiology of CNV 2 includes high myopia, and inflammation. However, none was found in this patient. Nonetheless, CNV type 2 is still uncommon in young age without predisposing conditions. As most common lesions involve the macula, symptoms shown include metamorphopsia, central scotoma and floaters. FFA is still considered to be the gold standard to differentiate the types of choroidal vascularization. Neovascularization and submacular hemorrhage can be treated with intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF, as previous studies reported significant improvement.
Conclusion : This was a case of bilateral CNV type 2 in a young man without any previous predisposing conditions. Three monthly injections of anti-VEGF showed significant improvement.