bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dissection and culture of postimplantation Embryos
Authors: Cockroft David l. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The inaccessibility of the postimplantation mammalian embryo in utero has stimulated the development of a number of techniques to facilitate its manipulation. The culture methods described in this chapter allow great control over the embryos’ environment and afford good access for injection or surgical procedures. The major disadvantage of such in vitro techniques is the relatively short period (usually 2 - 3 days) for which the embryos can be grown. If further development is required, it may be possible to use exo utero preparations (Chapter 2) or to perform i jections in 1ttero (Chapter 3). Both of these alternative techniques permit development to term and beyond (following Caesarean delivery), though the range of manipulation they permit is more restricted than with embryos in culture. A review of the range of culture techniques that are available and the results that may be expected from them are described by New in the Introduction to this volume.
Introduction of cloned DNA into plant pathogenic bacteria
Authors: Keen Noel T , Shen, Hao , Cooksey Donald A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The introduction of cloned DNA into an organism of interest is an essential part of modern biological experimentation. This may be a vexing problem with poorly characterized organisms containing various uncharacterized plasmids, restriction/modification mechanisms, and recombinational systems. Not surprisingly then, bacterial plant pathogens have often posed difficulties in the introduction of exogenous plasmid DNA. While classical chemical transformation methods have been reported for some of these organisms (see, for example, refs 1 and 2), several pathogenic bacteria have not been successfully transformed or, if so, the frequencies are exceedingly low. Transducing phages are not generally useful with plant pathogens for the introduction of DNA. One clever approach, however, has been the introduction of the cloned E.coli lamB gene into other Gram-negative bacteria (3). These cells expressing LamB protein are then receptive to transduction with packaged phage lambda cosmid clones. Since phage packaging is required, this is not a general approach for the introduction of DNA into plant pathogenic bacteria, but may be of use for the establishment of cosmid libraries.
Physiological approaches to the study of glutamate receptors
Authors: Jahr C E , Westbrook G L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our understanding of glutamate receptors and their role in central excitatory neuro transmission has dramatically increased in the past five years. This has been driven by rapid technical improvements in the pharmacological agents available for studying glutamate receptors, as well as by the refinement of in vitro preparations. The purpose of this chapter is to survey some of the methods that have been useful in studies of glutamate receptors and ion channels in the past few years. Obviously, many of these techniques are common to the study of any receptor or ion channel, especially in the central nervous system (CNS). Thus no attempt will be made here to comprehensively review all the techniques that may have application to glutamate receptor studies. Rather we will focus on techniques which have influenced major issues in excitatory amino acid physiology and pharmacology.
Identifying and characterizing stretch-activated ion channels
Authors: Erxleben Christian , Ubl Joachim , Kolb Hans-Albert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first observation of stretch-activated (SA) channels was probably accidental. It is a common practice to use moderate suction on the tubing connected to the patch-pipette to facilitate the formation of a gigaohm seal. The first reports of SA-channels were those of Guharay and Sachs (1984) (1) on chick myotubes and of Brehm et al. (1984) (2) on embryonic Xenopus muscle. Subsequently, SA-channels have been found in a variety of biological systems, ranging from bacteria, yeast, and plant cells, over molluscan heart muscle to vertebrate oocytes, lens epithelia, endothelial cell lines and kidney cells (for reviews see: refs 3, 4 and 39). The most recent reports also include K+-selective SA-channels in growth cones of neurons, where they co-exist with stretch-inactivated channels (5), in human fibroblasts (6), embryos of fresh-water fish (7) and in stretch-receptor neurons of the crayfish (8, 9).
In situ hybridization with synthetic DNA probes
Authors: Wisden William , Morris Brian J , Hunt Stephen P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In situ hybridization is the colloquial term for a now standard technique used to detect mRNA (e.g. coding for a peptide transmitter or neurotransmitter receptor) in the neuronal or glial cells where it is being synthesized, using a labelled nucleic acid probe of complementary sequence to a portion of the mRNA.
Optimization strategies in microbial process development and operation
Authors: Bull Alan T , Huck Teresa A , Bushell Michael E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The predominant theme of the Society’s 29th Symposium a decade ago was the supplanting of empirical discovery by rational design in the field of microbial technology. Thus, the possibilities were seen for predicting whether or not a given material, or reaction, could be produced microbiologically; what type of organism would be most suitable for the process, and how it might be sought and discovered; the conditions under which the organism should be grown in order that it express the desired property; and how a particular property could be modulated by choice of environmental conditions or nutrient status, or by genetic manipulation of the organism (Bull et al., 1979). Our aim in this paper is to encourage further the use of techniques and thinking that provide the best chances of achieving these objectives.
Principles of Protein Stability. Part 2—Enhanced Folding and Stabilization of Proteins by Suppression of Aggregation in Vitro and in Vivo
Authors: Wetzel Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1. Introduction Protein folding is most conveniently studied under conditions where unfolding is reversible, and much of what we know about the forces that control the formation of native protein structure is derived from studies on reversible systems. But outside of the biophysical laboratory—and, for that matter, often within it—proteins are more mortal. Irreversible side-reactions limit the stabilities and folding efficiencies of many proteins under native conditions in vitro. Similar side-reactions also play roles in protein folding in vivo. A major class of irreversible side-reactions, which can occur both in vivo and in vitro, is chemical modification. Proteolysis is of major importance in vivo, and can also occur during in vitro folding of proteases. Other chemical reactions occur as well, especially in the in vitro inactivation of proteins (1). These pathways will not be discussed in this chapter. The topic under consideration here is aggregation, which in many ways is more subtle than other non-productive pathways. Aggregation can take place under more mild conditions, and generally leaves the protein intact chemically. Aggregation and precipitation are often thought of as the consequences of failed folding experiments, whereas they are often the cause of failure. An appreciation of the roles of aggregation and precipitation is a critical prerequisite for effectively designing and monitoring the progress of formal folding and stability experiments in the biophysics lab, as well as for the everyday production and handling of proteins in the laboratory and the factory. This problem thus touches protein engineering both in the mundane aspect of obtaining well-behaved protein variants from heterologous expression systems, and in the use of such variants in folding and stability studies.
Expression of Proteins in Prokaryotic Systems—Principles and Case Studies
Authors: Yarranton Geoffrey T Y , Mountain Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1. Introduction The rapid developments in recombinant DNA techniques have resulted in the identification and isolation of many novel genes, some of known function and some of unknown function. Almost invariably there is a need to express the gene in a heterologous cell system in order to produce:material for structure-function studies diagnostic reagents, e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies material for in vivo activity testing Several alternative systems for the expression of foreign genes have been developed including mammalian cells, insect cells, fungal cells, bacterial cells, and transgenic animals or plants. The choice of expression system for a given gene depends upon the likely properties of the encoded protein, e.g. protein modifications needed for biological activity, as well as the objective of the study, e.g. structure-function analysis or production of diagnostic reagents. Other important considerations for the investigator are the facilities available, times and cost involved in generating the amounts of recombinant protein required. The most widely used and convenient system for the production of foreign proteins remains that based on the simple prokaryote, Escherichia coli.
Biomonitoring: an epidemiologic perspective
Authors: Cuzick Jack 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Analytical epidemiologic studies are of two main types: case-control studies and cohort studies. New methods for assessing exposure and genetic damage from environmental carcinogens by protein and DNA adducts have something to offer each type of study, but because these study designs work at the two poles of natural history of the disease, the contributions are quite different.
Extraction of nucleic acid from fresh and archival material
Authors: Jackson David P , Hayden Jeremy D , Quirke Phil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The molecular biological study of fresh clinical material is relatively straight-forward, since good quality DNA or RNA can be easily extracted. However, the nucleic acid from archival material tends to be impure, of low molecular weight, containing single-stranded nicks, and hence is not as amenable to analysis. The sensitivity of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) allows small quantities of poor quality genetic material to be tolerated. As long as there is sufficient single-stranded DNA or RNA to bridge the distance between the 5’ ends of the two oligonucleotide primers, then amplification can take place (1). Hence, the PCR could be used for the retrospective molecular biological study of a wide variety of pathological archival material. This also has implications for the extraction procedures that may be used to provide template DNA or RNA for the PCR, since very simple, rapid techniques should provide suitable quality template material.
Protein targeting to mitochondria
Authors: Wienhues Ulla , Koll Hans , Becker Karin , Guiard Bernard , Hartl Franz-Ulrich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the last decade mitochondrial protein import has developed into one of the principal experimental systems for studying the general principles of intracellular protein sorting and the mechanisms involved in the translocation of proteins across membranes (for review, see references 1-5). Most mitochondrial proteins are synthesized as precursors on cytosolic polysomes and are subsequently imported into the pre-existing mitochondria which propagate by growth and division (Figure 1). The cytosolic precursors of mitochondrial proteins are maintained in a loosely folded, translocation competent conformation by the interaction with chaperone components such as cytosolic hsp70. In general, precursors carry amino-terminal pre-sequences which contain necessary and sufficient information for the targeting to mitochondria. Mitochondrial targeting signals are typically positively charged and rich in hydroxylated amino acids. Precursors interact with receptor proteins of 19 and 72 kd (in Neurospora crassa) on the surface of mitochondria. For the insertion into the outer membrane most precursors appear to use a ‘general insertion protein ‘ (GIP) in the outer membrane. Proteins of 38 kd in N. crassa and 42 kd in Saccharomyces cerevisiae have recently been identified which may constitute at least part of GIP.
Techniques in nuclear protein transport
Authors: Dingwall Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The transport of macromolecules across the nuclear envelope occupies a central place in the physiology of the cell. Interest in the study of this process has been relatively slow in developing but it now represents a major area of investigation. Recently there have been a number of demonstrations of regulated nuclear entry of proteins involved in cell cycle control, cellular transformation, and determination of cell fate in development. A variety of biochemical events are thought to bring about this regulated entry. These include protein phosphorylation or proteolysis to release a nuclear protein from an attachment site in the cytoplasm or reveal a cryptic nuclear targeting sequence. Unravelling the molecular basis of this control will require reliable techniques and many of those in current use are described in this chapter.
Genetic engineering of animal cells
Authors: Macdonald Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The commercial exploitation of mammalian cells has largely been for the production either of viruses for vaccines, or for monoclonal antibodies. This situation is changing, however, as the techniques for introducing and expressing foreign genes in animal cells become more routine. This chapter will review the most commonly used methods for introducing genes into animal cells and compare their advantages and disadvantages. It will also describe the strategies for constructing expression vectors and for selecting cell lines expressing heterologous genes at a high level.
Types I, III, and V collagen and total collagen from cultured cells and tissues
Authors: Peterkofsky Beyerl Y , Haralson Michael A , Dimari, Samuel J , Miller Edward J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fibre-forming collagens—types I, III, and V—constitute the majority of collagens in non-cartilagenous tissues. The common structure of these molecules is typified by the type I molecule, which is illustrated in Figure I (1). The general and specific features of these collagen types have been the subject of many reviews (2—10) and will not be exhaustively discussed in this chapter. However, several unique structural aspects of these molecules that are exploited for their isolation, identification, and quantification are briefly reviewed for purposes of orientation. First, the molecules possess long, non-interrupted triple-helical regions. This feature confers upon the molecules resistance to proteolytic digestion, particularly to the enzyme pepsin. Second, these molecules, as do the other collagen types, contain multiple repeats of the sequence —R-Pro—X—Gly—Pro—R—.
Patch clamp methods for single channel and whole cell recording
Authors: Standen N B , Stanfield P R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The patch clamp technique was first described by Neher and Sakmann (1) and further developed by Hamill et al. (2). It has led to major and widespread advances in the electrophysiological analysis of the behaviour of cell membranes for two main reasons. First, it has allowed the resolution of currents through single ion channel proteins in native cell membranes. This has led to detailed studies of their permeability and kinetic properties, pharmacology, and modulation, as well as providing powerful new criteria for the classification of channels, leading to the identification of several new types. Secondly, patch clamp has increased the range of cells suitable for electrophysiology to include many (especially mammalian) types too small or fragile for previous techniques.
Nucleic acid and protein sequence management
Authors: Hodgman T C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Computers have been used to store, manipulate, and analyse biological sequences since the mid 1970s. Indeed, a major industry has grown up to provide this area with a wide variety of specialist software and hardware. Several textbooks have already been written on different aspects of sequence management (1-7), so this chapter offers guidelines for the novice on the types of software available and how their results should be interpreted. It would be impractical to catalogue all the programs available on the different machines, because the list is very large and subject to revision every month. Hence, this text emphasizes the more well known and widely used packages and programs. Microcomputer design and capability are advancing rapidly. While the standard machines of five years ago-in particular the IBM PC and Apple II-are still capable of general sequence management, they are now considered somewhat slow or restrictive, especially with regard to graphics. Their descendantsthe IBM PS/2 and Apple Macintosh-do a much better job, though while it is almost trivial to transfer software on to the PS/2 the same cannot be said of the Macintosh. The Macll, however, has the option of using the Unix operating system, for which a wide variety of software is available. At the other end of the range, technological development has enabled minicomputer systems to be miniaturized to a microcomputer scale.
Microcomputers in the comparative analysis of one-dimensional electrophoretic patterns
Authors: Costas Menelaos 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An extensive range of electrophoretic techniques is available to the biomedical scientist wishing to separate complex mixtures of macromolecules. The majority of these techniques are variants on a single theme and are generally dependent on the principle that charged macromolecules move under the influence of an electric field. The rate of migration for each molecule differs, and is dependent on the charge density of the molecule concerned. Separation is usually achieved in a solution stabilized within a solid supporting matrix in order to fix the individual macromolecules to their final position without consequential loss in resolution due to post-electrophoretic diffusion effects. After electrophoretic separation, the macromolecules are visualized by staining to produce, in essence, a pattern consisting of a series of bands in differing positions (mobility) and with different densities.
Chemical derivatization in gas chromatography
Authors: Watson David G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gas chromatography (GC) of volatile or non-polar compounds may be carried out without derivatizing the sample, indeed derivatives of compounds such as hydrocarbons or halogenated hydrocarbons cannot easily be prepared. It is possible to analyse polar compounds such as carboxylic acids and amines, without prior derivatization, on polar GC phases such as those based on polyethylene glycol. However, derivatization is useful in many instances where it may: For these reasons, GC with derivatization is less frequently employed in quality control applications, where the purity of a single substance or the components in a formulation are being determined, than for instance high pressure liquid chromatography where derivatization is usually not necessary.
Biosynthesis of glycosyl phosphatidylinositol membrane protein anchors
Authors: Field Mark C , Menon Anant K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Different hydrophobic interactions are responsible for anchoring proteins to cell membranes. Classically, stretches of apolar amino acids in the protein itself are sufficiently hydrophobic to guarantee membrane association. In other cases membrane association is facilitated by fatty acids or complex lipids covalently linked to the protein. This chapter is concerned with the biosynthesis of a class of complex inositol-containing glycophospholipids (G-Pis) that serve as membrane anchors for a variety of eukaryotic cell surface proteins, including cell adhesion molecules, enzymes, complement regulatory proteins, lymphoid antigens, and protozoal coat proteins.
Modern Machine-Aided Methods Of Oligodeoxyribonucleotide Synthesis
Authors: Brown Tom , Brown Dorcas J S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the 1980s the development of efficient automated methods of solid phase oligonucleotide synthesis has had a major impact in the fields of molecular biology, biotechnology, and biological chemistry (1). Advances in nucleic acid chemistry have made possible the synthesis of oligonucleotides with modified backbones, non-standard bases, or with non-radioactive labels attached to the 3’-or 5’-termini (2). The synthesis of ribo-oligonucleotides has recently become possible and this will undoubtedly have far reaching implications in molecular biology (3, 4). New techniques of DNA sequencing have now been fully automated and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has facilitated the detection and amplification of very small amounts of natural DNA (5). Novel and imaginative applications and modifications of oligonucleotides emerge at a remarkable rate and this is clearly a very exciting era for nucleic acid chemists. Some of the most significant recent advances in the field of synthetic oligonucleotides are referred to in subsequent chapters.
Rapid detection of cyanogenic glycoside in malted barley
Authors: Cook R , Oliver W B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The occurence of trace amounts of ethyl carbamate in some distilled spirits may be controlled through the use of barley cultivars which lack the ability to produce cyanogenic glycoside during malting. A rapid method is described which enables barley to be screened for this property. The successful development of this simple technique is shown to depend upon the properties of the glycoside and its distribution within the kernel. The sensitivity of the method enables individual grains to be assessed and, examples are given to illustrate applications of the method in barley breeding and varietal identification.
Evaluation of dehusked malt and its influence on the brewing process and beer quality
Authors: Isoe Akira , Kanagawa Kazuo , Ono Miyoko , Nakatani Kazuo , Nishigaki Mamoru 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to the dehusked degree, the content of polyphenols in congress wort could be decreased by 10 to 50% The beer, which was brewed with 25% and 50% of the dehusked malt, showed smoother taste and better stability than the beer brewed with normal malt. Such dehusked malt was applied for the development of a new product.
Rheological studies on wheat arabinoxylan: effects of structure and molecular size
Authors: Izydorczyk Marta S , Biliaderis Costas G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A water-soluble wheat arabinoxylan was fractionated by stepwise ammonium sulphate precipitation. Compositional analyses, 13C-NMR, gel filtration chromatography, and viscosity measurements revealed that the fractions differed in molecular structure and size. Oxidative gelation (H202/peroxidase) of the arabinoxylan fractions was followed by dynamic rheometry. The gelling potential of arabinoxylan was directly related to the molecular size and the content of feruloyl residues; a correlation between rigidity of cross-linked arabinoxylan gels (as manifested by G’) and intrinsic viscosity (17) of the arabinoxylan fractions was found. The gelling ability was also more pronounced with fractions having a low ratio of ArafXyl and a smaller amount of doubly substituted xylose residues on the chain backbone.