bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Emerald Gambit
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dr. Googol and Monica travelled to the heart of Arequipa, Peru, to seek ancient power. Inside a mighty Inca fortress was Augusto Liguria y Salved: mystic, soothsayer, and witch doctor. Dr. Googol looked into the wizard’s flaming magenta eyes and was transfixed by his mesmerizing glance.
The Nature of Emotional Experiences
Authors: Zautra Alex J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I watched my 4-year-old son approach some waves one day. We were at a water park in the desert, so the waves were made, not by the pull of the moon, but mechanically, with levers instead. Even though it is not the ocean, people flock there just the same. It is an oasis of rhythms: a large body of water rising, falling, and rising again. My son approached these waves with delight, eyes sparkling, and voice pitched high. Yet he stood back a bit, not quite ready to jump in, a bit apprehensive. He was displaying two basic emotions: joy and fear. He seemed to experience them nearly simultaneously, even though they are very different feeling states. Where did he get such a rich feeling repertoire? Allow me to review some possibilities. First, we might consider emotions to be a sensory experience, like hearing, sight, smell, taste, and touch. It could be a sixth sense, focused not on the detection of external events but on internal states, not so different from sensing muscle tone within our bodies. Though part of what we mean by emotion may be captured as a sensory experience, there are a few difficulties with this idea. First, anatomically, no specific area exists in the cortex for an emotional sense, as exists for the five senses.
Emotions In Two Dimensions
Authors: Zautra Alex J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I develop the idea that emotions are best understood from a two-dimensional framework. To understand these two faces of emotion, we could start with the question Auden poses in his poem about the Unknown Citizen. When he asks, “Was he happy?” he challenges us to think beyond life’s problems when seeking to understand one another. If you have ever asked yourself, “Am I really happy?” you know just how complex such a simple question can turn out to be. It turns out that there is more than one answer to this question. This, in a nutshell, is the lesson that a two-dimensional approach provides.
“Is my cup half full or half empty?” Here, again, we are struck with a question far more complex than it appears on the surface. The question also seems to pose a paradox. There is no single correct reply. Only by taking a point of view can we answer the question at all, and our choice would appear purely subjective. When optimistic, we see the cup as half full, and when pessimistic, we see the cup as half empty. This is hardly satisfying. As I discuss in this chapter, our error is in searching for a single answer. By doing so we miss the obvious and correct response to the question: Our cups are both half full and half empty. One part of us attends to what we have gained, but another part of us is keenly aware of what we may have lost.
Cheyne-Stokes Breathing
Authors: Koehler Peter J , Lyons John B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A frequently observed disorder of breathing, in which periods of apnea alternate with series of increasing and decreasing breathing, is named after two physicians who practiced in Dublin in the nineteenth century: John Cheyne and William Stokes. This type of respiratory disorder was possibly already described by Hippocrates, although his description is not complete. The text concerned deals with a certain Philicus, who suffered from a feverish disease, accompanied by black urine. He became confused after a few days, and subsequently he did not speak any more. The limbs were cold and livid. He died on the sixth day. During the last days “respiration [was] throughout like that of a man recollecting himself, and rare, and large.”
The Barre And Mingazzini Tests
Authors: Koehler Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Routine neurological examination often is comprised of the performance of the Barre test and, less often, the Mingazzini test, in order to find a latent pyramidal paresis of the arms or of the legs. Some physicians perform the Barre test by having the patient stretch the arms, the forearm in supination, the wrists and fingers in extension. With a pyramidal tract lesion, one observes the fingers or wrist drift downward, and if the pyramidal syndrome is more severe, the arm goes down on one side. Sensory and cerebellar disturbances may also show on this test, but with a different pattern of movement. Other physicians test with extended elbows and supinated forearms, while watching whether the patient pronates one of the forearms. One wonders which of these two methods was originally described by Barre. A similar test exists for examining the legs for latent paresis. For this purpose the Mingazzini test is often used: the patient, in supine position, is asked to bend his legs at the hips and knees, while the eyes are closed. The physician observes whether one of the legs moves downward. In this essay I discuss how Barre and Mingazzini originally performed the tests.
Gilles De La Tourette’S Syndrome
Authors: Kushner Howard I , Cortes David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tourette syndrome is characterized by an array of sudden, rapid, recurrent, non-rhythmic, and stereotyped motor and vocal tics. The motor tics generally involve head and neck jerking, eye blinking, tongue protrusions, shoulder shrugs, and various torso and limb movements. Vocalizations may include barks, grunts, yelps, coughs, repetition of one’s own or other’s words (echolalia), uttering obscenities (coprolalia), and blurting out inappropriate remarks. Other associated behaviors may include inappropriate touching of oneself or others. Often these are coupled with compulsive behaviors. Although the syndrome has adopted Georges Gilles de la Tourette’s name, it differs in important ways from the disorder described by Gilles de la Tourette.
Parinaud’S Syndrome
Authors: Koppejan Ernst H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Parinaud’s syndrome is an eponym that keeps alive the memory of a very modest man, who was outstanding not only for his achievements as a neuro-ophthalmologist, avant la lettre, but also for his courage and philanthropy, shown on many occasions. The first of May, 1844, Henri Parinaud was born in Bellac (Haute-Vienne), a small village in the Limousin region ofFrance.1 His father, a locksmith, died in 1863, leaving the family in poverty. Only by accepting the job of private teacher in two families was Henri able to start his study at the Medical School of Limoges in 1865. As an intern, he received an award for excellent progress in 1868. The following year, he moved to Paris to continue his medical training but the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870 interrupted his career. Parinaud enrolled in the first field hospital of the Red Cross on its way to Metz, the first stop of what proved to become a very long and demanding journey. Parinaud’s extraordinary courage in fulfilling his tasks drew the attention of many. In one of his tales about the war, the writer Ludovic Halevy described Parinaud’s dedication and brave behavior during the evacuation of the wounded citizens of Chateaudun, and the French prime minister Leon-Michel Gambetta (1838-1882) awarded Parinaud a decoration to commemorate these deeds.
The Chiari Malformation
Authors: Koehler Peter J , Greenblatt Samuel H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rachischisis, including spina bifida, meningomyelocele, and encephalocele, is usually treated by the pediatrician (or pediatric neurologist) and neurosurgeon. The neurologist will have a greater chance of observing associated conditions such as tethered cord, syringomyelia, and Chiari malformation, since these may first present in late childhood, adolescence, or adult life. The Chiari malformation, also called Arnold-Chiari malformation, comprises a syndrome of abnormalities at the base of the brain, particularly extension of the cerebellar tonsils into the cervical spinal canal caudal to the medulla oblongata. It is sometimes accompanied by displacement of the medulla oblongata into the spinal canal.1 In modern literature, the term “hindbrain herniation” is sometimes applied. Many articles on the Chiari malformation, mostly case reports, are added to the already extensive literature every year.
Von Economo’S Encephalitis
Authors: Arts Nicolaas J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the winter of 1916-1917, Europe was seized by a strange epidemic. In some patients the disease started abruptly, in others insidiously, like influenza. After the initial phase, the patients developed cranial nerve palsies, motor disorders, behavioral changes, and variable lethargy. Some patients were only mildly affected, others were stuporous. An English physician who had witnessed the epidemic in Glasgow wrote afterwards: There is nothing in the history of medicine to compare with the phantasmagoria of disorder manifested in the course of this strange malady ... Into the maze of contradictory phenomena it seemed almost impossible to read anything like a rationalized order of events which might be termed a disease entity.
Huntington’s Chorea
Authors: Bruyn George W , Bruyn Richard P M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Huntington’s hereditary progressive chorea is characterized by choreatic, often stereotyped, movements (less abrupt and coarser than those in Sydenham’s chorea), which in the course of time acquire dystonic features, and by dementia, paranoid hypochondriac psychosis, and loss of weight. The neuropathological matrix consists of progressive depletion of the small to medium spiny interneurons of the neostriatium, particularly of the caudate nucleus, and also of the other gray matter, such as cortex, thalamus, and hypothalamus.
Syntactic Aspects of Language Disorders
Authors: Caplan David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sentences convey relationships between the meanings of words, such as who is accomplishing an action or receiving it. These aspects of semantic meaning, collectively known as the propositional content of a sentence, vastly extend the power of language beyond what is available through single words and word formation processes to enable language to represent events and states of affairs. Propositions can be used for updating semantic memory, for reasoning, and for many other purposes. Thus, they constitute a vital link between language and other cognitive processes.
Syntactic structures, hierarchically organized sets of syntactic categories, provide the means through which the meanings of individual words are combined with one another to represent propositional meaning (Chomsky, 1965, 1981, 1986, 1995). In analyzing these structures, individual lexical items are marked for syntactic category (e.g., cat is a noun [N]; read is a verb [V]; of is a preposition [P]). These categories combine to create nonlexical nodes (or phrasal categories), such as noun phrase (NP), verb phrase (VP), sentence (S), etc. The way words are inserted into these higher-order phrasal categories determines a number of different aspects of sentence meaning.
Hallucinations and Related Conditions
Authors: Tekin Sibel , Cummings Jeffrey L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hallucinations are common symptoms of a variety of neurologic, psychiatric, or medical conditions. Although hallucinations have traditionally been considered to be manifestations of psychiatric disorders, they are known to occur with space-occupying lesions, strokes, trauma, central nervous system (CNS) infections, seizures, neurodegenerative disorders, deprivation states, sleep disorders, and delirium. It is important to recognize and distinguish the characteristics of hallucinations, since they may be informative for the differential diagnosis of these conditions (Cummings and Miller, 1987). In this chapter, we shall first define hallucinations and related symptoms. We then systematically discuss the different clinical conditions associated with visual and nonvisual hallucinations, and the related phenomena of illusions and misidentification syndromes. Finally, we review pathogenetic mechanisms and treatment strategies.
Hallucinations are defined as false perceptual experiences in the absence of a sensory stimulus (Benson and Gorman, 1996). Hallucinations may be experienced in different modalities, including visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, and visceral (Carter, 1992).
Neuropsychology of Dementia
Authors: Knopman David , Selnes Ola 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dementia is a syndrome defined by a nonacute decline in cognition that interferes with functioning in everyday living (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Dementia, in contrast to disorders defined by deficits in only one cognitive or behavioral domain, is diagnosed when there are deficits in multiple domains. Memory dysfunction, abnormalities in speech and/or language, abnormalities in visuospatial function, deficits in abstract reasoning and executive function, and mood or personality changes are the principal manifestations of the dementia syndrome. The most common dementia, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), almost invariably includes striking deficits in new learning and recent memory. Alzheimer’s disease has an insidious onset and virtually always exhibits a declining course. Other common disorders in the dementia family may have prominent dysfunction in other cognitive domains, but typically also lead to functional deterioration. We would prefer to restrict the term de- mentia to conditions that are progressive, and use the term static encephalopathy to refer to the cognitive impairment states associated with a cerebral infarction, anoxic encephalopathy, traumatic brain injury, or other monophasic, nonprogressive brain insults.
Removing Castro
Authors: Freedman Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tiie cugan revolution of late 1958, when Fidd Castro marched into Havana and overthrew the old dictator Fulgcncio Ilatista, was a curiosity. Castro’s alkgiann:s at the time were by no nu:ans clear: his later claim to long-standing .i\farxist-Lcninist sympathies was n:trospcctivc. He had come to power as the only available leader of a broadly based coalition, having received some support rrom liberal opinion in the United States. 1 lowever, this support dispersed as Castro dashed with U.S. economic interests and showed no interest in elections. 1t was reared that Cuba would ffigger similar uprisings throughout the Americas and so e.,tend Soviet influence. As l,atin America was the United States’ narnral sphere of influence, any communist foothold :ippcarcd :ls Ml :iffront. \\1icn the foothold w:is Cuh:i. so dose to the coast of Floricb, :md perso1ulized hy such &lt;l charismatic and homhastic figure :ls Fidel. the :iffront w:is all the g-rc:iter.
A C’risis Managed
Authors: Freedman Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kennedy iiad aciiieved his con: political objective of removing the mis siks. By avoiding making Castro the issue, it was easier to agree to a deal that n:quin:d a promise not to invade Cuba. If the OVl.Hhrow of Castro had been the issue, he would have found it more difficult to hack down. It was this, as much as the more often quoted ksson of allowing Khru shchev t(l “save race,” that made the final deal possible. Moscow was never in any doubt about what was required, the only question was what could they extract llom \Vashington in return. 1r the crisis had been concluded in less or a panic, then the actual deal might have served as the roundation ror a more general reassessment or American relations with Cuba.
The Sino-Soviet Split
Authors: Freedman Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tiie missile crisis stn:ngthcncd Kennedy personally. His approval ratings in opinion polls, hdow 60 percent prior to the crisis, now shot up to 76 percent. The November ckctions had given the Democrats a net gain of four scats in the Senate and a net loss of four scats in the House. They had been hdpcd by Cuba hut hindered by Kennedy’s firmer commitment to civil rights. America’s international position also appeared smmger. Kennedy soon saw the crisis as a possible mrning point, the conclusion or a period in the cold war that had begun with S’purnik 1 in late 1957, when Khrushchev boasted that the world’s correlation or rorces was mov ing in communism’s direction. Five years later, the contradictions within the \Vcstcrn cnnp, the military tedmology of the Soviet Union, :md the opportunities in the undenkvdoped world Jud all turned into dis:ippomt ments for Khrushchev. Kennedy wondered whether the “glow” Jud gone out of the “bubble ... the concept of communism as Ml :ilmost meviuhlc development in history.”‘ During 1963 he ceruinly found Khrushchev more accommodating, hut this was not soldy heciuse of Cuh:L The Kremlin’s postcrisis appraisal or its strategic choices became bound up with the developing Sino-Soviet dispute. Indeed, the missile crisis’s greatest geopolitical signilicance may lie in its aggravation or the rracture in the communist alliance.
Counterinsurgency
Authors: Freedman Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Where kennedy really wanted fkxihk response was not at the nuclear or conventional kvds, but with counterinsurgency. He disliked and feared nuclear weapons and sought measures that would pn:vcnt them from being used. By contrast, he found special forces and counterinsurgency fas cinating and was convinced that they represented the future way of war. 1 le was also convinced that Khrushchev took the same view. The clinch ing evidence was round in a short section or a long speech given on 6 January 1961, two weeks be(ore Kennedy’s inauguration.
The Influence of Laos
Authors: Freedman Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It ilas neen claimed that when confronting the various options for Viet nam presented to him in November l 961 Kcnm:dy “turned his back on the route toward a negotiated scttkim:nt.”1 Given what we know about Kcrnu:dy’s rcadim:ss to enter into negotiations on Ikrlin, Laos, and even Cuba, such a posture in this case would have been surprising. In fact Kennedy demonsffated the same interest in a negotiated outcome over \’ietnam. 1t is important, however, to clariry what he saw to be the role or negotiations in such conllicts.
Sabahaddin Bey and His Leaque of Private Initiative and Decentralization, 1905–1907
Authors: Şükrü Hanioğlu M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Following the so-called majority’s failure in staging a coup d’état with the help of the British in 1902 and 1903, its leader, Sabahaddin Bey, assumed a low profile for almost two years. As we have seen, Edhem Ruhi and Abdullah Cevdet could not induce Sabahaddin Bey to work with them. Apparently the prince had no desire to work with members of the old CUP organization and thus adopted a wait-and-see policy before launching a new campaign against both the Ottoman government and the coalition. In the meantime he became interested in the doctrine of Science sociale.
The 1907 Congress of “Ottoman Opposition Parties”
Authors: Şükrü Hanioğlu M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Following the CPU’s merger with the Ottoman Freedom Society,1 the new CPU and the two other main opposition organizations, namely Sabahaddin Bey’s League of Private Initiative and Decentralization and the Dashnaktsutiun Committee, organized a second congress of “Ottoman opposition parties” in order to unite all of these organizations in a program of revolutionary action. Although this meeting, which the organizers labeled a “congress,” took place after the merger, the CPU central committee in Paris, now renamed the CPU External Headquarters, had in fact taken the first initiatives and had worked toward a congress on its own during the early negotiations. It was only during the final preparations for the gathering that the CPU External Headquarters received feedback from the CPU Internal Headquarters in the form of an approval of its action.
Conclusion
Authors: Şükrü Hanioğlu M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1908 Young Turk Revolution even though not a popular constitutional movement, was a watershed in the history of the late Ottoman Empire. It not only put an end to the long-lived Hamidian regime, but also identified an ancien régime in Ottoman politics in the strongest terms and attempted to replace old institutions and policies with new ones. Abdülhamid II’s carefully created regime, refined and revamped by its founder over more than three decades, simply vanished from the scene, and no one who possessed any weight in politics, even among the opponents of the CUP, either defended it or yearned for its return. The Young Turk Revolution not only established a new power center in Ottoman politics, namely the CUP, but also gave rise to a dynamic opposition that disputed the political program of the CUP. Another result of the revolution was the gradual creation of a new governing elite, which had consolidated and cemented its control over the Ottoman civil and military administration by 1913.
Time Sampling Diary: An Ecological Approach to the Study of Emotions in Everyday Life Situations
Authors: Brandstaätter Hermann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Following the flow of a person’s daily activities over a long period of time is not just difficult, it is virtually impossible. A person moving around all the time, pursuing simultaneously several goals, entering inaccessible private settings, protecting thoughts and feelings against unwanted detection by partners in interactions or from observers—, all this makes observation and recording extremely cumbersome. As a viable substitute, we may rely on people’s narratives, accepting their reconstruction of their experience from memory. No doubt, narratives are important sources of information on people’s lives. They can extend over long periods of time, are flexible with respect to the variety of topics and settings, and provide a structure of personal meaning by relating single events and actions to the world-view, leading strivings, and action plans of a person. There is, however, a long way from real life to the subjects’ narratives and from there to the researcher’s reconstruction of a life history or some part of it. Much imaginative and creative transformation is going on, the conditions and rules of which are not well understood yet (Berscheid, 1994).
Optimism
Authors: Scheier Charles S , Carver Michael F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Optimists are people who expect good things to happen to them; pessimists are people who expect bad things to happen to them. Folk wisdom has long held that this difference among people is important in many, if not all, aspects of living. Folk wisdom is not always accurate. However, this particular belief has received much support in contemporary research. As we describe in this chapter, optimists and pessimists differ in several ways that have a big impact on their lives. They differ in how they approach problems and challenges, and they differ in the manner—and the success—with which they cope with adversity.
Setting Goals for Life and Happiness
Authors: Locke Edwin A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I begin with the egoistic premise that one’s highest moral purpose is the achievement of one’s own happiness. I am basing this on the philosophy of Ayn Rand (for an overview, see Gotthelf [2000]; for the validation, see Peikoff [1991]; Rand [1957, 1964]). In this chapter I will discuss some guidelines for achieving happiness, focusing primarily on psychological issues. I will assume a requisite political context of freedom. Totalitarian dictatorships and, to a considerable extent, “benevolent” dictatorships disallow the freedom to think and to act on the basis of one’s thinking, and thus prevent the individual from acting to achieve the values that make happiness possible.