bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neitherdominionnorpeace: Germany After The Armistice
Authors: Offer Avner 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When the armistice failed to lift the blockade, Germany faced another winter of hunger and cold. As long as food was short, the war economy continued. There was one difference. The government no longer carried the blame. The onus had shifted to the Allies. From the start the coalition of Majority Socialists and the bourgeois democratic bloc faced a threat from both political extremes: from disaffected conservatives on the right, and from revolutionary socialists on the left.
Reform Redundant: Political Continuity in Lewes and Great Yarmouth
Authors: Phillips John A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Though Reform proved to be a tonic potent enough to alter electoral behaviour substantially in many boroughs, its potency was not evident in all towns. Reform failed to affect politics in Lewes and Great Yarmouth. Reform’s inutility in these two towns, however, stemmed not from its ineffectiveness but from its redundancy. Political struggles from the later eighteenth century onward had produced antagonistic, extremely well-defined camps that warred under the banners of local/parliamentary political parties in these boroughs. Divisions were too rigidly fixed before 1832 for Reform to have had much of an impact. Reformers could fan the flames of partisanship in places like Shrewsbury, but they were preaching to the converted in Lewes and Great Yarmouth where voters were already partisans. Paradoxically, in both word and deed, Lewes gave every appearance of having been very much affected by Reform. Voters in Lewes appeared to respond to the powerful reforming spirit sweeping the country. A closer examination reveals the truth. Already rigidly if idiosyncratically partisan, Lewes felt 1832 only superficially. Conversely, the behaviour of Yarmouth’s voters did not require painstaking interpretation.
Cordoba after 422/1031
Authors: Wasserstein David J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In his study of the coinage of fifth/eleventh-century Islamic Spain, G. C. Miles lists eight specimens which he attributes to an ‘unidentified independent ruler, period of the revolution’. He assigns them, although they all lack dates, to the period ‘Ca. 422–428 AH = 1030-1037 AD’. In doing so he seems to have based himself on the dating provided by Prieto in his comprehensive work on the coins of this period, where a group of related coin types (seven in number) is treated. Among these some retain enough of their inscriptions and dates to make it possible to date them to years within this period. All of them bear the name ‘Humām’ or ‘Ibn I:Iumam’ (Prieto: Abenhamam; Miles: Ibo Hamam) on the obverse. In this chapter I shall attempt (i) to draw together the few scattered pieces of information on Ibo I:Iumam which it is possible to find in the sources for the fifth/eleventh century; (ii) to suggest an identification for him and use the results thus obtained in a consideration of some problems raised by other groups of coins with inscriptions of similar types; and finally (iii) to relate the conclusions of this investigation to the broader question of the survival of the caliphal institution in Cordoba after 422/1031.
Zuhayr
Authors: Wasserstein David J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The first decades of the fifth/eleventh century were a confused period, with states coming into being, rulers coming and going, and no one, in all probability, fully aware that the old unitary state of the caliphal-‘ ūmirid regime was gone for ever. While later taifa rulers, in choosing a form of caliphal recognition, did so to suit such purposes as local legitimation or the need to temporize with Seville, the earliest ones often did so with completely different aims: they did so in what they thought of as the knowledge that their support for any particular caliphal pretender might well help towards the reconstruction of the unitary state, and thence towards their own fall, or just possibly their rise in subordination to a larger political unit than the one they were actually in control of already. In acting as they did, therefore, they took account, both at home, in their own individual states-inreadiness, and abroad, on the broader Iberian scene, of the possible reconstruction of peninsular unity.
Was the Caliphate Abolished in 422/ 1031?
Authors: Wasserstein David J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Hishūm III al-Mu’tadd faced a hopeless task when he was chosen as caliph. It was in the nature of the circumstances that he should fail. But the history of his own family in the preceding half century also made it almost inevitable that he should do so. The ‘Amirids had done their efficient best during their quarter of a century of power to rid the country of any Umayyads with promise, and the two succeeding decades had shown the woeful incapacity for rule of the surviving members of the Umayyad family. Although Hishūm seems to have come to the caliphal throne with the goodwill and even the support of the Cordobans and of a number of the emerging local potentates elsewhere in the Iberian peninsula, he came also without any military support and with scarcely more idea of how authority was to be maintained or political power exercised.
Motors of Progress: Towns, Money, and Manufactures
Authors: Doyle William 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
All economic progress depends in the last analysis on a breakthrough in agriculture. Not until agriculture is able to feed and sustain large towns can economic life diversify, specialize, and bring forth productive innovations. Not until towns are substantial does capital tend to accumulate fast enough to finance these expensive but ultimately beneficial changes. Not until population is concentrated in large towns is a work-force not tied to agriculture available in sufficient numbers to diversify production. Without an agricultural revolution, in fact, there could have been no industrial revolution. This is not to say that agricultural improvements always led to an industrial breakthrough. ln the Netherlands, where the age-old cycle of subsistence farming was first broken, and where urbanization advanced most rapidly, little further economic progress was made after 1700. Whether the Dutch economy merely stood still or positively declined is still the subject of much debate, but it is indisputable that in the eighteenth century other states over hauled the Dutch republic and soon pulled far ahead. An agricultural revolution, then, is an essential enabling factor in economic progress. But many other obstacles also need to be removed if economic life is to be revolutionized on other fronts and is to expand in new ways at unprecedented rates. The removal of these obstacles in certain favoured areas was perhaps the most momentous development of the eighteenth century.
Wider Horizons: Trade and Empire
Authors: Doyle William 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
No event [ wrote the Abbe Raynal in 1770) has been so interesting to mankind in general, and to the inhabitants of Europe in particular, as the discovery of the New World, and the passage to India by the Cape of Good Hope. It gave rise to a revolution in the commerce, and in the power of nations; as well as in the manners, industry, and government of the whole world. At this period, new connexions were formed by the inhabitants of the most distant regions, for the supply of wants they had never before experienced. The production of climates situated under the equator, were consumed in countries bordering on the pole; the industry of the north was transplanted to the south; and the inhabitants of the west were clothed with the manufactures of the east.
Taking Broad Views
Authors: Gatrell V A C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
How Nowadays Might We Modern And Conscientiously Hsympathetic kinds of people (the kinds presumably who read books like this) deal with a small historical tableau like the following? More to the point, how did people deal with it in 1831? At Rochester assizes in August that year an illiterate and pauperized country lad curi ously called John Amy Bird Bell was sentenced to death for murder. Early on the Monday following he was taken out of Maidstone prison to a scaffold. Four or five thousand people assembled to watch. The hang man put a noose around his neck, he was prayed at, a platform was pulled away, and he dropped and choked to death. Afterwards his body was dissected by surgeons. It was all common enough for the times, except that John Bell was aged 14.
Wronged Women
Authors: Gatrell V A C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In The Early Nineteenth Century Two Campaigns Against the rough justice and execution delivered upon young women are of extraordinary interest for any student of attitudes to and feelings about capital law at this time. The first was set in Bury St Edmunds in 1800 when a servant girl, Sarah Lloyd, was hanged for theft from her mis tress’s house. The second was set in London in 1815: another servant girl, Eliza Penning, was hanged for attempting to murder her master’s household by poisoning their dumplings with arsenic. The campaigns to save each woman or rehabilitate her reputation were unprecedented. Nobody had made such fusses about the hanging of a common person before, or at least fusses which left such records. The campaigns suggest a readiness to challenge criminal justice which had not been easy to focus in the eighteenth century, and they portended many challenges to come. Each campaign testifies not only to the incorporation of long standing critiques of ancien regime law, but also the close relationship between thought and emotion in those most concerned. Each was mobilized by engagement with narratives of injustice, with real victims at their centres. If opinion was to be moved at all, it would be as much by stories like these as by Beccarian or Benthamite argument.
Therape Of Elizabeth Cureton
Authors: Gatrell V A C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This Chapter Addresses A Different Kind Of Opinion About capital justice from those surveyed so far. It also uses a different method. It offers a microhistory, rooted in neighbourhood and commu nity, playing to a sense of place, and of incident-to the imagination, in short. On a June evening in 1829 Elizabeth Cureton of Coalbrookdale in Shropshire let John Noden into her parents’ cottage after her parents had gone to bed. The couple then had sex on the parlour floor. A couple of days later she told the constable that he had raped her. This at once enmeshed both of them in a legal process which stripped her of privacy and reputation and threatened him with death. She prosecuted him; and at the Shrewsbury assizes in August Noden was tried for rape, con victed, and sentenced to hang. Their neighbours and betters became excited commentators upon the drama. Her sexual character was stripped bare in accusations and gossip as the community appealed to save Noden’s life at her reputation’s expense.
The Apprentice
Authors: Grassby Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Sir dudley north, born in London on 16 May 1641, was the third surviving son of Dudley, 4th Baron North of Kirtling. In 1657, at the age of 15, he was sent not to a University or an Inn, but to a boarding writing school in London, where he was taught by Mr Fox for a year with the intention of apprenticing him to a merchant.2 The primary reason for this decision was financial. The Norths had originally prospered in the Law, in Office, and in the City, but the position of the family deteriorated in the early seventeenth century. Since the 3rd Baron lived to be 84, Dudley ‘s father did not inherit the estate until 1666, after most of his children had matured. Consequently they ‘were given to under stand early that there was no other means of living to be expected than what came out of our Industry ‘.
Consumption and Expenditure
Authors: Vale Malcolm 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Any study of princely courts during the later thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, as we saw in the last chapter, demands that some attention be paid to the material underpinnings of aristocratic life. The study of material culture (Sachkultur) is an essential tool in the analysis and inter- pretation of consumption, expenditure, and their place in court life. To speak of an ‘infrastructure’ upon which the increasingly elaborate edifice of later medieval court life was built, moreover, is to acknowledge the influence of Marxist or quasi-Marxist interpretations of later medieval culture. Yet the identification and examination of the infrastructural conditions for later medieval cultural and social developments need not necessarily be cast, as it has been by some Marxist historians, in a doctrinaire or dialectical mould. Economic forces clearly had an impact upon all forms of consumption, and deterministic interpretations can be found in such works as Friedrich Antal’s Florentine Painting and its Social Background, Arnold Hauser’s Social History of Art, or those of other Marxist historians of art and culture.
The Viking-Age Rune-Stones
Authors: Sawyer Birgit 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There are over 3000 runic inscriptions on stone made in Scandinavia in the late Viking Age. This book is the first attempt by a historian to study the material as a whole. The analysis reveals significant regional variations that reflect different stages in the process of conversion, and the growth of royal power. Many monuments were declarations of faith or manifestations of status; but virtually all reflect inheritance claims, and cast unexpected light on the prehistory of the inheritance customs found in later Scandinavian law codes. The results of this analysis make a significant contribution to understanding developments in other parts of the Germanic world, as well as Scandinavia. The inclusion of a digest of the data-base on which this book is based will facilitate further study of this rich vein of evidence.
The Sumerian City-state
Authors: Finer S E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The first unambiguously attested states yet known emerged round about 3200 BC in the Nile Valley and in southern Mesopotamia-’unam biguously’, because writing had been invented in those two areas, and we have documents instead of merely archaeological records. There must certainly have been states before this: city-states, at least, since Jericho had massive walls and a temple shrine as early as c.6500 BC-but we know nothing of its social and political life. Likewise, there were important states after this which, if we could interpret their writing, might well disclose a political order to match the Egyptian or Sumerian: Minoan Crete, for example, that flourished between 2000 and 1450 BC. These states, however, all have another characteristic besides unfathomability: they were ‘one-off’ states, dead-end states. As they arose suddenly and in mystery, so they perished suddenly, in mysterious circumstances; and, dead, left no progeny. Their very existence was unknown until their ruins were exposed by the spade within the last hundred years.
Monarchy and counsel: models of the state
Authors: Guy John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It cannot be said that distinctively British theories of monarchy and politics evolved in the sixteenth century. Renaissance culture was pan-European: ideas (like printed books and manuscripts) crossed the Channel freely in both directions. This was equally true after the Reformation as before. Libraries were acquired in Paris, Bas1e, or Venice rather than in London, Dublin, or Edinburgh. Translations of classical and later writings were in vogue. Young aristocrats often travelled on the Continent after they had studied at university or the Inns of Court. Still, it was in the sixteenth century that classic ‘British’ models of sacral monarchy (mainly England) and popular sovereignty (mainly Scotland) emerged. These were the ideas that underlay the British Civil Wars of the seventeenth century and shaped the Atlantic and colonialist traditions, notably in North America. They survived until the French Revolution unleashed more stridently ‘nationalist’ theories of popular sovereignty, and until the rise of nationalism in post-Enlightenment Germany created the stimulus for ideals of autonomy and self-determination that were more closely indexed to ethnic and racial concerns.
Relic Cults in Normandy and England in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries
Authors: Crook John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the previous two chapters I traced the way in which, in the period up to c.1000, the presence of a relic cult influenced the architectural development of the church wherein the saint was housed. Most of the examples cited were perforce continental, for the survival rate of architectural remains is far higher on the mainland than in England; but some examples of insular architecture were included, and I sought to demonstrate the relationship between those comparatively rare survivals of Anglo-Saxon architecture and current continental practice. My broad conclusion is that from the seventh century many of the changes in the physical setting of the cult of saints evident on the Continent also occurred in Anglo-Saxon England, often virtually contemporaneously, although the available evidence suggests that the Carolingian enthusiasm for ring-crypts only infrequently crossed the English Channel.
The Congress Era, 1815-1823
Authors: Schroeder Paul w. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The axiom ‘Whatever ceases to grow starts to rot’ has often been used in power politics, where it does not really fit. It does not correspond to the facts; durable success in power politics, as Napoleon’s career illustrates, depends less on expanding one’s power than on knowing where and how to stop and consolidate it. The maxim also suggests a mistaken notion of what power is and how it works. Except in the crudest sense, state power in international politics is not a thing, a definable and measurable entity, which at any particular time must be either growing, declining, or levelling off. It is not even a combination of factors (military capability, industrial capacity, wealth, territory, population, etc.) which add up to such a measurable entity. A state’s power in international politics involves above all a relationship between its international needs and goals, its capacity to meet them, and the costs of doing so. The sources of that power or capacity, moreover, lie in a complex network of interwoven factors (domestic-political, foreign-political, economic, social, even cultural and psychological) subject to constant change in different ways at different rates.
Revolutions, Progress, and Standstill, 1830-1833
Authors: Schroeder Paul w. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Contemporary observers and historians agree, by and large, on the results of the revolutions of 1830-1. In the domestic sphere they produced real and useful political and social change in France, Belgium, Switzerland, and parts of Germany, though in Italy and Poland they failed. In foreign affairs, they led to serious crises and war scares which challenged the Vienna system and weakened it over the long run. Major treaties were overturned, conservative solidarity was eroded, and Europe was divided more clearly into rival ideological camps, portending future trouble.
The Problem of Multiple Kingdoms C. 1580-1630
Authors: Russell Conrad 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1645 the Earl of Berkshire, one of the reluctant Royalists among Charles’s Privy Councillors, complained that ‘noe body can tell what we have fought about all this whyle’. It is arguable that his successors in the task have not done much better. The central difficulty about explaining the Civil War as a purely English phenomenon is that there does not appear to be enough head of steam to justify an explosion on the scale which resulted, and when we do find an issue which generated enough steam, it often turns out to be an issue more likely to unite the country than to divide it.
One of the moments when we may begin to see daylight on this question is when we realize that historians of the Irish Rebellion are faced with a closely parallel problem. The Irish Rebellion, like the English Civil War, was for more limited aims than its subsequent admirers have supposed: it was no more a movement for Irish independence than the English was for Parliamentary sovereignty. Like the English, it was not the result of a long and inevitable crescendo of tension, and Aidan Clarke has gone so far as to describe it as ‘a startling interruption of a mood of peaceful cooperation’.
The Church, Religion, and Politics the Problem of the Definite Article
Authors: Russell Conrad 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On 2 August 1642 the Lords and Commons told the country that the Royalists ‘come … to crown their work, and put that in execution which was first in their intention, that is the changing of religion into popery and superstition’. On 19 September the King told his assembled troops outside Wellington that ‘you shall meete with noe enemyes but traytors, most of them Brownists, Anabaptists and atheists, such who desire to destroy both church and state’. Both these statements contain an element of mythology, but in the Civil War, as in most other major conflicts, mythologies recruited as many troops as facts. To understand the war, it is necessary to understand the mythologies. We are likely to find that when they are fully understood, the genuine element in them is rather larger, and the mythological rather smaller, than at first sight might appear.
The ‘Social Psychology’ of Unemployment in Inter-war Britain
Authors: Mckibbin Ross 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
IN 1938 P. Eisenberg and P. F. Lazarsfeld published a ‘final’ statement of the social-psychological theory of unemployment and so completed the only systematic analysis of the effects of unemployment on the individual and the family. The theory suggested that men and women went through ‘stages’ in their reaction to unemployment–from optimism to resignation and despair–and these stages were accompanied by a progressive deterioration in the individual’s social and intellectual capacities. Social engagement was succeeded by social withdrawal; political activity by apathy; and mental interests by inertia. Differences of personality and temperament influenced only the timing, not the progression of the stages. Here I shall examine how far the literature available to Lazarsfeld supports such a theory. I have used only that material cited by Eisenberg and Lazarsfeld in their 1938 article or which was otherwise accessible to them, together with some more recent work when that does not seem anachronistic; and I have ignored the problem of physical deterioration with which the psychological literature was only obliquely concerned.
The Church in the Landscape c.650–850
Authors: Blair John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Early English Christianity left a legacy of impressive, durable monuments in the countryside which can be seen, or at least excavated, today: monastic sites, churches, stone crosses, graveyards. Equally important, though barely visible to us, were the wider landscapes of undeveloped or unmarked cult sites, and the conceptions of sacred space which would have given them coherence and meaning for their inhabitants. Written (and thus clerical) sources stress the monumental and the architectural, emblematic of Roman civilization and orthodoxy; our own intensively built-up environments encourage us to accept that emphasis, and to forget how many Anglo-Saxon communal activities must have taken place in the natural world and the open air. In the vernacular culture of early Christian England, landscape mattered more than architecture.