bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microbial Foaming in the Activated Sludge Process
Authors: Gerardi Michael H. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

Microbial foaming in the activated sludge process reviews the major operational conditions responsible for microbial (bacterial) foam production and accumulation. Major causes of foam production presented include foam‐producing filamentous organisms, nutrient deficiency, sludge aging, and zoogloeal growth or viscous floc formation. Foam is described by color and texture. Foam‐producing filamentous organisms described include
Microthrix parvicella
, nocardioforms, and type 1863. Operational conditions that promote the rapid and undesired growth of these filamentous organisms are listed as well as treatment measures that are available for the control of these filamentous organisms. Corrective measures for a nutrient deficiency and zoogloeal growth also are provided.
Denitrification in The Activated Sludge Process
Authors: Gerardi Michael H. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

Denitrification in the activated sludge process is the use of nitrate ions (NO
3
−
) by facultative anaerobic (denitrifying) bacteria to degrade soluble carbonaceous BOD (cBOD). Although denitrification most often is observed in the secondary clarifier, denitrification occurs whenever an anoxic condition exists. Denitrification in the secondary clarifier often is referred to as “clumping,” “rising sludge,” and “dark sludge rising.” Clumping is highly undesired, because it results in poor compaction of solids, loss of solids, increased operational costs, and possible permit violations.
Wastewater Management for Developing Countries
Authors: Tsagarakis Konstantinos P. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractConditions applicable when planning wastewater treatment facilities for developing countries are not identical to those prevalent during planning in developed countries in the past. Today, technology is available for the treatment of wastewaters of any origin and strength. However, research is needed to be applied to specific country‐region conditions. The number and location of the wastewater treatment facilities in an area is a crucial factor to be determined. A combination of onsite and centralized treatment cannot be overruled. No ideal solution exists applicable to all conditions, and each sanitation project should be considered individually. Local experts should always be involved when planning new wastewater treatment projects. Historical data on the flow rate is necessary for design purposes. Daily, seasonal, and annual variations should be acquired, instead of adopting such values from text books. Low levels for effluent requirements and standards are frequently introduced in developing countries (DC), but these levels are in reality rarely met. The above‐mentioned key points are among those discussed in this entry.
Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse
Authors: Ahmad Rasheed 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Because of growing population and increasing urbanization, many communities throughout the world are approaching or reaching the limits of their available water supplies. Wastewater reclamation and reuse has become an attractive option for conserving and extending available water supplies. Wastewater reclamation and reuse may also present communities an opportunity for pollution abatement when it replaces effluent discharge to sensitive surface waters.

The terminology currently used in wastewater reuse engineering is derived from sanitary and environmental engineering practice. The water potentially available for reuse includes municipal and industrial wastewater, agricultural return flows, and storm water. Of these, return flows from agriculture irrigation and storm water are usually collected and reused without further treatment.
Wastewater reclamation
involves treating or processing wastewater to make it reusable, and
wastewater reuse
or
water reuse
is the beneficial use of the treated water. Reclamation and reuse of water frequently require water conveyance facilities for delivering the reclaimed water and may require intermittent storage of the reclaimed water prior to reuse. In contrast to reuse,
wastewater recycling
or
water recycling
normally involves only one use or user, and the effluent from the user is captured and redirected back into that use scheme. In this context, the term
wastewater recycling
is applied predominantly to industrial applications such as in the steam—electric, manufacturing, and mineral industries.
Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse Treatment Technology
Authors: Ahmad Rasheed 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The effective treatment of wastewater to meet water quality objectives for water reuse applications and to protect public health is a critical element of water reuse systems. Municipal wastewater treatment consists of a combination of physical, chemical, and biological processes and operations to remove solids, organic matter, pathogens, metals, and sometimes nutrients from wastewater. General terms used to describe different degrees of treatment, in order of increasing treatment level, are preliminary, primary, secondary, tertiary, and advanced treatment. A disinfection step for control of pathogenic organisms is often the final treatment step prior to distribution or storage of reclaimed wastewater. Wastewater reclamation, recycling, and reuse treatment systems are derived from applying technologies used for conventional wastewater treatment and drinking water treatment. The goal in designing a wastewater reclamation and reuse system is to develop an integrated cost‐effective treatment scheme that can reliably meet water quality objectives.
Wastewater Treatment Processes and Water Reuse
Authors: McLeary Kevin S. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The selection of wastewater treatment processes depends on the influent characteristics, the quality of effluent required, and the cost. Treatment can be divided into these stages: preliminary, primary, secondary, and advanced treatment.
The objective of preliminary treatment is to prepare wastewater for further treatment by removing large objects and grit from the wastewater. These materials may otherwise impede the efficiency or increase the maintenance of downstream processes. Typical preliminary treatment may include screening, grit removal, comminution, and flow equalization.
Water and Wastewater Properties and Characteristics
Authors: Kazmi Absar A. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Water in nature is most nearly pure in its evaporative state. Because the very act of condensation usually requires a surface, or nuclei, water may acquire impurities at the very moment of condensation. Additional impurities are added as the liquid travels through the remainder of the hydrologic cycle and comes into contact with materials in the air and on or beneath the surface of the earth. Human activities contribute further impurities in the form of industrial and domestic wastes, agricultural chemicals, and other less obvious contaminants. Ultimately, these impure waters complete the hydrologic cycle and return to the atmosphere as relatively pure water molecules. However, the water quality in the intermediate stage is of greatest concern because the quality at this stage affects human use of water.
The impurities accumulated by water throughout the hydrologic cycle and from human activities may be in both suspended and dissolved form. Suspended material consists of particles larger than molecular size that are supported by buoyant and viscous forces within the water. Dissolved material consists of molecules and ions that are held by the molecular structure of water. Colloids are very small particles that technically are suspended but often exhibit many of the characteristics of dissolved substances.
Water pollution is the presence of impurities in water in such quantity and of such nature as to impair the use of the water for a stated purpose. Many parameters and characteristics have evolved that qualitatively reflect the impact that various impurities have on selected water uses. Knowledge of properties/characteristics/parameters of water and wastewater treatment processes is essential for environmental scientists and engineers.
Aeration
Authors: Hertle Arnim R. H. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The aeration of wastewater and byproducts is a key process in the operation of most modern wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), which is reflected in the energy consumption of a WWTP's aeration system, which can be up to 70% of the WWTP's total energy consumption.
As most wastewater treatment plants and many sludge treatment plants include aerobic biological processes, the transfer of oxygen into the wastewater (or sludge) is a key operation.

As a result of the large quantities of CO
2
produced in the course of the aerobic degradation of organic matter, the pH in such a reactor can be significantly lower than that of its feed. These CO
2
‐related effects can be amplified when nitrification occurs or when the liquor's alkalinity is low. This drop in pH can lead to decreased performance of the plant as well as to impacts such as concrete and metal corrosion if not managed properly. The second key function of an aeration system is therefore to remove CO
2
from the reactor (1).
Getting Our Clean Water Act Together
Authors: Wolz Dan 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Sometimes, having ideas or understanding ideas takes a long time. Maybe it is like fine wine. This idea was born in the current business climate of mission statements, defining the product, public perception, reality and principles and practices of Total Quality Management (TQM—which has reached the stage of maturity where an individual can now be a Certified Master TQMer). The idea: our industry's main product is clean water. No duh! (Not a TQM phrase.) This may not be a great revelation to anyone except maybe me. So what is my point? It is simply a question, “Why do we call them wastewater plants when the main product is clean water?” This could be rephrased to say “What cookie factory calls itself the flour, lard, baking soda, raisin, cinnamon, chocolate chip factory?” This is the topic of this article.
Chemically Enhanced Primary Treatment of Wastewater
Authors: Chagnon Frédéric J. F. , Harleman Donald R. F. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractChemically enhanced primary treatment (CEPT) is a wastewater treatment process in which small doses of chemical compounds are added to wastewater in order to increase the operating efficiency of sedimentation basins. The chemicals cause the suspended particles to clump together via the processes of coagulation and flocculation. The particle aggregates, or flocs, settle faster and thus enhance the treatment efficiency, which is measured as the removal of solids, organic matter, and nutrients from the wastewater. The chemicals utilized in CEPT are the same ones commonly added in potable water treatment (e.g., metal salts and/or organic polymers).
Domestic Sewage
Authors: McLeary Kevin S. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Fresh sewage typically has a light brown color. As it ages, oxygen is depleted, and anaerobic microorganisms begin to use other electron acceptors, including sulfates, nitrates, iron, and manganese. As sulfates are reduced, hydrogen sulfide is produced, which can combine with metals in the sewage. The color gradually changes from light brown to gray and eventually to black as a result of the metal sulfides.
The odor of fresh sewage is usually not objectionable, but as it ages, anaerobic microorganisms produce odors that are much more offensive than the odor of fresh sewage.
Total solids are made up of soluble solids and suspended solids and are determined by evaporating a known volume of sewage at a temperature of 103–105°C and weighing the residue.
The temperature of sewage is generally warmer than that of the water supply because of heat added by homes, businesses, and industrial activities. Sewage temperatures vary with the seasons and geography.
The organic strength of sewage is measured by a test called biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). The test does not directly measure the concentration of the organics, but rather measures the amount of oxygen that is used as the organic compounds are degraded by microorganisms.
Flotation as a Separation Process
Authors: Matis Kostas A. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe importance of the flotation process to the economy of the whole industrial world is considered enormous. Without this process, many familiar metals and inorganic raw materials would be exceedingly scarce and costly because the high‐grade ores that could be processed by simple physical and mechanical methods have long since been used up (1). Flotation initially originated from the field of mineral processing, usually termed froth flotation. For many years, various particulate solids besides minerals have been extracted from water by using this effective gravity separation method that is based on the idea of applying rising gas bubbles as the transport medium; the attachment of bubbles to particles transfers the solids from the body of water to the surface. As opposed to settling, flotation is a solid–liquid separation technique that is applied to particles whose density is lower or has been made lower than the liquid they are in. These flotation applications include mainly the treatment of water and wastewater.
Practical Applications of Wastewater Modeling and Treatment Plant Design
Authors: Russell David L. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Your objective is to make a model that represents a form of reality. That reality may represent either the dynamic behavior of a new facility or the dynamic behavior of an existing facility. The purposes are predictive and or historical. In the first case, you may want to find out how the facility will work and whether a specific design is adequate. In the second case, you may be looking to duplicate the performance of a real plant by preparing a model and matching the data from the model to the data from the real plant. In this latter instance, you can then use the data to predict future performance or investigate plant modifications.
Anthrax Hoaxes: Case Studies and Discussion
Authors:   Monterey WMD‐Terrorism Database Staff
Published: July 2005

Abstract

This article reviews four well‐described cases involving the threat of
Bacillus anthracis
use, as documented in the Monterey Institute's Weapons of Mass Destruction Database. These cases in chronological order are: the counter Holocaust Lobbyists of Hillel (1997); Brothers for the Freedom of Americans (1998); unknown perpetrator (1999); and Secret Operating Base (2001).
D
epartment of
S
tate
Authors: Harbaugh Erin 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The Department of State (DOS) is the principal U.S. Foreign affairs agency dedicated to American interests and objectives abroad. The DOS maintains 250 posts worldwide to support diplomatic relations with some 180 countries and a variety of international organizations. The Civil Service works in tandem with the Foreign Service, serving stateside assignments to provide logistical support to posts, negotiations, formulates and analyzes reports, issues travel warnings, offers assistance to citizens traveling abroad, and communicates with Congress. The DOS addresses a range of biological weapons issues through a variety of bureaus and offices. It is primarily concerned with areas on nonproliferation and arms control, counter‐terrorism and peaceful use of science and technology.
Dugway Proving Ground
Authors: Glass Michael 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Dugway Proving Ground is the Department of Defense's (DoD) primary chemical and biological defense testing center. In addition to performing chemical and biological defensive testing, Dugway scientists conduct environmental characterization and remediation technology testing, battlefield smokes and obscurants and munitions testing, and reliability and survivability testing of all types of military equipment in a chemical or biological environment. Recently, the facility has taken on a larger role in homeland defense. Past, present, and future activities at Dugway Proving Ground are discussed.
Education for Biodefense
Authors: Wehling Fred 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Significant efforts have been made since 2001 to provide education on the potential threats from, and the range of, possible responses to bioterrorism. These efforts have been directed toward both professionals and the general public. While the development of educational programs in bioterrorism defense is still in its early stages, such programs have great potential for reducing the impact of biological attacks, increasing the effectiveness of first response and consequence management, and encouraging students and professionals to pursue careers in homeland security and biological arms control and disarmament.
Food and Waterborne Pathogens
Authors: Dembek Zygmunt F. , Noah Donald L. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFood and waterborne pathogens are listed categorically by the Centers or Disease Control and Prevention as Category B agents, of second highest priority in terms of public health and national security. These agents generally represent what is considered the “high probability, low impact” threat, as opposed to such “low probability, high impact” threats as the smallpox virus or Ebola virus. Their acquisition, production, and delivery are relatively straightforward, but their effects are primarily limited to incapacitation. Regardless, a natural or deliberate outbreak could still be severe in terms of economic and social impact. The major food and waterborne pathogens are reviewed.Food and waterborne diseases are significant causes of illness. Purposeful introduction of the pathogens that cause illness into food or water could be used as a weapon of bioterrorism. Many of these agents are considered Category B diseases by CDC, in that they are moderately easy to disseminate, result in moderate morbidity and low mortality rates, and require specific enhancements of CDC's diagnostic capacity and enhanced disease surveillance. The study of the occurrence and epidemiology of these pathogens can help to determine their potential for purposeful use, and hence to prepare the biodefense of our food and water supplies.
DoDPolicies on Force Health Protection: Medical Defense Against Biological Warfare Agents
Authors: Lebeda Frank J. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractForce health protection (FHP) defines the medical defense approaches to maintain the health of the men and women who serve in the U.S. Armed Forces, to minimize or eliminate casualties, and to provide superior casualty care. Medical defense against biological warfare (BW) agents, whether encountered on a battlefield or as a result of bioterrorism, forms an important part of this strategy. Today, FHP related to biodefense primarily involves developing effective countermeasures against BW agents, performing appropriate surveillance, performing occupational and environmental health risk assessments, and providing medical training. These and other aspects of FHP are discussed.
F
ort
D
etrick and
USAMRIID
Authors: Covert Norman M. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Fort Detrick is a U.S. Army military reservation within the city limits of Frederick, Maryland. It serves several branches of the military. It is the premier biomedical research and development reservation of the Department of Defense. The primary military research facility on the installation is the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease (USAMRIID). Camp Detrick's research involves many fields of science. Scientific articles based on the research have been published and remain definitive scientific discussions on diseases of significance. Some classified material has been released in the interest of advancing science. Other articles have been downgraded making them available to the public. Fort Detrick came into the spotlight after the September 11, 2001 when letters containing Anthrax were discovered.
A
rmed
I
slamic
G
roup: A Case Study
Authors:   Monterey WMD‐Terrorism Database Staff
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The Armed Islamic Group (GIA) is an Algerian Islamic fundamentalist group with anti‐government, anti‐intellectual, anti‐secular, and anti‐West policies. The precise numbers of members is unknown, probably fewer than 100. The GIA began its violent activity in 1992. Since 1992 the group has conducted a terrorist campaign of massacres. It routinely carries out assassinations and bombings. It also high‐jacked an Air France flight to Algiers on 1994. Two members were sentenced to life in prison for bombings in France.
HAMAS
Authors: Bhattacharjee Anjali 
Published: July 2005

AbstractHAMAS emerged shortly after the 1987 outbreak of the first Palestinianintifada(uprising). It is one of the leading resistance groups in the disputed territories of Gaza and The West Bank. HAMAS serves as a strong internal opposition to the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), which has now become the more bureaucratized Palestinian Authority (PA). HAMAS has rejected the secular nationalist and socialist ideology propagated by the PA and in its place has promoted a radical Islamic doctrine to bring about social and political change. In addition to its agenda to liberate Palestine from Israeli occupation, it has sought to mobilize popular support and set up medical, educational, and charitable facilities in Gaza and the West Bank. HAMAS's membership is in the tens of thousands with many sympathizers in other parts of the world. It remains unclear as to whether the group would acquire biological weapons (BW). At present, it would appear that the use of BWs would not serve HAMAS's interest.
L
arry
W
ayne
H
arris
Authors: Harrison Lauren 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Larry Wayne Harris, a trained microbiological technician from Lancaster, Ohio has been implicated in two cases of possession of biological materials that are of particular concern in weapons. In 1995, he was charged with misrepresenting himself while ordering three vials of the causative agent of plague. He was also arrested on suspected possession of the causative agent of anthrax. This substance was later found to be a harmless veterinary strain. He is thought to be a lone actor and not maintaining ties with any terrorist groups or states. He did have, at one time, ties with Aryan Nations and other neo‐Nazi groups. He renounced his racist views in mid‐1990s.
H
uman
I
mmunodeficiency
V
irus
Authors:   Monterey WMD‐Terrorism Database Staff
Published: July 2005

Abstract
When human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), first appeared in the 1980s, The Soviet Union alleged that the virus had been created at Fort Detrick, Maryland as part of the United States' biological weaponry. Epidemiologists were quick to demonstrate that this argument could not be supported scientifically. However, the threat of HIV as an apparent weapon has reemerged. HIV possesses a number of characteristics that make it poorly suited as a biological warfare weapon. Widespread contamination is hard to achieve, but a single individual could be infected with a simple needle prick. Precedents do not exist for illicit use, however, this threat may warrant a greater degree of concern.
This article reviews four cases of deliberate contamination with HIV and one threatened use in order to gain insight into the possible use as a terror weapon.