bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Black Sheep in the (Second) First Family
Authors: Haynes Stephen R. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter traces Genesis 9's history of interpretation from the formative periods of Judaism and Christianity through the twentieth century in order to establish a context for recognizing the distinctive features in American versions of Noah's curse. Reviewing this history of interpretation illumines the parameters of an orthodox interpretive paradigm that emerged in rabbinic and patristic commentary and which has governed the interpretation of Genesis 9:20–27 since Jews and Christians began to read and comment on this Bible story. According to this orthodox paradigm, Ham the villain is contrasted with his righteous brothers Shem and Japheth.
Original Dishonor
Authors: Haynes Stephen R. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter explores the distinctive way American advocates of slavery read the story of Noah and his sons (Gen. 9:20––27) and applied it to the defense of racial slavery. Their departure from the history of interpretation by failing to sexualize the story while reading it as a tale of violated honor confirms the centrality of honor in the biblical imagination of Southern whites. The concept of slavery as “social death” (the ultimate dishonor) is used to elucidate the connections between slavery, honor, and honor‐bound readings of this popular proslavery biblical passage.
Original Disorder
Authors: Haynes Stephen R. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter continues an exploration of the distinctive ways in which Genesis 9:20–27 was read by American proslavery apologists with emphasis on the themes of order and disorder. It is argued that the way these themes animate proslavery commentary on the story of Noah and his sons reflects the popular belief that the “Negro” (Hamitic) character was exemplified in a penchant for disorder – including a desire for amalgamation.
Honor, Order, and Mastery in Palmer's Biblical Imagination
Authors: Haynes Stephen R. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter explores the way the themes of honor and order permeate Palmer's evolving interpretation of Genesis 9:20–27 and related passages throughout his long career. Particular attention is given to Palmer's view that secession from the Union and separation from Northern Presbyterians were matters of honor, and to his association of abolitionism with disorder and infidelity.
Challenging the Curse
Authors: Haynes Stephen R. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter explores readings of Genesis 9 that run counter to the orthodox interpretive paradigm. These counterreadings are identified in the commentary of rabbis and church fathers, the tracts of abolitionists, and the work of historical critics of the Bible and authors of fiction and poetry. These Bible readers have challenged Noah's curse by clarifying the historical context of Genesis 9, by denying its putative racial dimensions, by employing logic and the rules of biblical exegesis, and by undermining textual assumptions through creative rereading.
Myth
Authors: Leeming David 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Myths are living entities that continue to energize thought and action in the modern world. If ancient mythmakers conceived of the evident reality of creation in terms of character and events we associate with such works as Genesis or the Rig Veda, modern scientific mythmakers see it in terms of evolution and the Big Bang. Myth has always been intricately related to religion and new religious metaphors and energies are to be found in the new scientific myths. Modern works of literature reflect ways in which the modern mind uses the ancient Creation, Deity, and Hero archetypes to reveal new understandings.
Deity
Authors: Leeming David 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The concept of Deity is central to the way humans see themselves and their societies; a strong father god reflects one kind of culture while a nurturing mother goddess reflects another. The way we think and act as individuals and as national and cultural entities is directly affected by our myths of deity. The question of gender has always been crucial to humankind's understanding of itself as a species. The ancient Mother Goddess of agricultural cultures gradually lost power to the patriarchal god of more warlike societies but is today beginning to regain a position of importance in our mythic metaphors and, therefore, in the way we think and behave. The nature of the gender struggle in deity mythology is beautifully revealed in Ceremony, a novel by Leslie Marmon Silko, a woman of the Laguna Pueblo in New Mexico.
The Hero
Authors: Leeming David 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Heroes are those humans who, in the mythological traditions, are in varying degrees infused with divine or superhuman qualities. Heroes reflect our priorities as individuals and as cultures. As analyzed archetypally in Joseph Campbell's “monomyth,” the hero reflects our priorities as a species, priorities involving the body's, the psyche's, and the soul's search for union. Warlike cultures create warlike heroes who seek the union of hegemony; heroes such as Jesus and the Buddha reflect the search for spiritual union; the hero pattern as a whole reflects our life's psychological journey toward wholeness. Modern thinkers have recognized new mythologies that reflect new understandings of reality based on, e.g., psychology, mysticism, ecology, and physics. New hero values have emerged from this modernist process, values perhaps reflected in William Carlos Williams's little poem, “The Red Wheelbarrow.”
A Historical Puzzle
Authors: Swenson Peter A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Poses a historical puzzle about the timing of welfare state development in the U.S. and Sweden. The “big bang” in progressive social and labor policy occurred earlier in the U. S., during the Great Depression, although the left and labor seemed markedly weaker than in Sweden, where social democracy made its remarkable legislative strides only later in the 1940s and 1950s. This historical puzzle indicates that conventional theory about the welfare state, drawing on comparative analysis of class power and institutions, needs to be challenged because it wrongly presumes capitalist interests against the welfare state that are unchanging over time and invariant across countries.
Egalitarian Employers
Authors: Swenson Peter A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter wraps up the analysis of solidarism's development through the 1950s with historical evidence showing how employers strongly favored continued wage compression, a fact that thoroughly undermines the mythology that employers reluctantly traded centralized negotiation of an egalitarian structure of wages across firms and industries in exchange for the labor confederation's suppression of wage militancy. Wage solidarism and restraint, consensually pursued in multiindustry collective bargaining, generated endemic labor scarcity, which in turn gave rise to a profusion of welfare capitalist benefits offered by firms to attract and retain labor. The employers’ confederation proved unsuccessful in unilaterally suppressing this resurgent segmentalism, and these difficulties help explain employer support for welfare state politics during the 1940s and 1950s.
Cartelism and Market Control
Authors: Swenson Peter A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter returns to the analysis of twentieth century U.S. to explain the dual nature of its system of labor market governance in which cartelism, a centralized system of multiemployer collective bargaining, thrived alongside segmentalism in important sectors like bituminous coal mining, clothing, and building and construction. In these sectors, employers and unions joined in cross‐class alliance to prop up wages to stem destabilizing low‐standard competition. The regulatory alliance, distinct from Sweden's solidarism, which imposed ceilings instead of floors on wages, helped give rise to economic and political phenomena of an equally distinct nature, e.g., early ties between the Republican Party and the powerful miners’ union; corruption in building and construction (which was absent in Sweden); and ultimately, employer interests in the New Deal's labor and social legislation of the 1930s.
Expanding the Solidaristic Welfare State
Authors: Swenson Peter A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter turns to the social democratic reforms of the 1940s and 1950s, rooted in cross‐class alliances that were ultimately to distinguish Sweden as the world's paragon social democratic welfare state. Looking first at its People's Pension and universal health insurance reforms, it shows how the Social Democratic government assisted organized employers in their efforts against welfare capitalism by relieving pressure on individual firms to use private social benefits to attract and retain labor under the labor scarcity associated with solidarism and strong expansionary macroeconomic pressures. It then looks at Sweden's renowned “active labor market policy” and its controversial pension legislation of 1959 to show how additional social democratic reforms directly served employers’ solidaristic interests in wage restraint, labor mobility, and the rationing of labor made scarce by collectively administered underpricing – all the while preserving capitalist domination of the investment process.
Reopening the Word
Authors: Sabin Marie Noonan 
Published: October 2003

AbstractKnowing that the earliest Jesus traditions took shape in a Jewish milieu, Sabin sets the composition of the earliest gospel in the context of the theological discourse of first‐century Judaism. That discourse took the form of an exchange between current events and Scripture: contemporary persons and events were understood through the lens of the Hebrew Bible, while at the same time, the biblical word was reopened – i.e., reinterpreted – so as to reveal its relevance to the present faith community. Applying this kind of compositional process (which is related to Midrash) to the Gospel of Mark, Sabin uncovers a fresh reading of the Seed, Fig Tree, and Vineyard parables; of the various Temple scenes; of the foolish disciples and the wise women; and of the gospel's open‐ended ending. She highlights the results of her findings by juxtaposing them with interpretations of the same passages by various church fathers as well as by readings from modern critics. Sabin sees Mark as an original theologian shaping his material out of two primary Jewish traditions: the Wisdom traditions, with their emphasis on God's presence in daily life, and Creation theology, which imagined the End Time not as a catastrophe but as a return to the Garden. She thus offers a new way of understanding Mark's use of Scripture, his eschatology, and his presentation of Jesus. In conclusion, she argues that retrieving Mark's voice in the context of Early Judaism brings with it insights much needed in our day: of God's presence in the ordinary, of God's image reflected in female as well as male, of watchfulness as the way of wisdom, and of God's revelation as ongoing.
Scripture Interpreting Scripture: Reopening the Word
Authors: Sabin Marie Noonan 
Published: October 2003

AbstractSabin shows how Mark uses both direct citations and indirect echoes of Hebrew Scripture to construct a framework of interpretation. In particular, she shows how the opening word of Mark's Gospel, Beginning, as well as the other words of Mark 1, have enriched meanings in a Jewish context, and how the Seed Parables of Ch. 4 (i.e., the Parable of the Sower, the Parable of the Seed Growing Secretly, and the Parable of the Mustard Seed), if read in relation to one another as a midrashic lexicon, open up different insights about the meaning of God's kingdom than those derived from the reading‐frames of the church fathers or modern critics.
The Identity of the Markan Jesus: A Mashal
Authors: Sabin Marie Noonan 
Published: October 2003

AbstractSabin takes up the various identifying terms applied to Jesus in the Gospel of Mark – (1) Messiah, (2) the beloved son, (3) son of man, (4) son of David, and (5) son of Mary – and discusses their meaning in the context of Jewish tradition. In conclusion, Sabin argues that Mark identifies Jesus most of all with Wisdom, which Jewish tradition presents as the creative, nurturing, restorative aspect of God. Sabin finds Mark's Jesus to resemble Wisdom in his inclusive seeking out of followers, in his concern for feeding those around him, in his restorative acts of healing, forgiveness, and raising to new life. She argues that while Mark speaks of Jesus as an historical male, he describes him with the characteristics of Woman Wisdom. Finally, she sees that Mark, in presenting Jesus as God's Wisdom, also shows him to be God's “image and likeness,” a living parable (mashal) of “what God is like.”
The Unending Revelation: Mark 16:8 as a Theological Choice
Authors: Sabin Marie Noonan 
Published: October 2003

AbstractSabin argues that Mark 16:8 is the most appropriate ending to Mark's Gospel. She challenges the practice of printing in Christian Bibles verses 9–20, unanimously acknowledged to be a spurious ending, and of misleadingly ascribing it to Mark in the Christian lectionary, arguing that this practice undermines Mark's theology. She develops her argument for the fittingness of Mark 16:8 in terms of four different kinds of evidence, two external and two internal: (1) the textual or manuscript evidence; (2) the evidence from the canon; (3) the evidence from the literary structure of Mark's Gospel; (4) the evidence from Mark's theology. She compares Mark's ending at 16:8 with the endings of Matthew, Luke, and John, noting how the differences serve to highlight each evangelist's distinctive theological voice. She concludes that to add verses 9–20 to Mark's authentic ending is to blunt the voice that can reopen God's word for us today in many important ways: to the enriching Jewish context of the Christian Scripture; to lost traditions about the equality of women; to lost emphasis on the inclusiveness of the divine image in humanity; to a creative way of doing theology that allows God's revelation to be ongoing.
Desire and Belief
Authors: Bittner Rüdiger 
Published: October 2003

AbstractExamines the desire‐belief‐theory, as presented, for example, in the work of Donald Davidson, which holds that a reason for which somebody does something is a combination of a desire and a belief of the agent. Widely accepted, this theory is seldom defended, the most explicit argument being due to Michael Smith. However, not only is his argument found wanting on a number of counts but the desire‐belief‐theory also gives desire and belief incompatible roles to fulfill. Desire is asked both to set a goal and to provide the impulse for pursuing it, and, correspondingly, belief is held to give the agent guidance both in the sense of informing and in the sense of directing him or her.
Sources of the Desire/Belief Thesis
Authors: Bittner Rüdiger 
Published: October 2003

AbstractExplores the ancestry of the desire‐belief‐theory. It is generally assumed to derive from David Hume's conception, epitomized in his statement that the impulse for action does not arise from reason, but is only directed by it. In fact, though, this view is not credibly supported by argument and must rest, rather, on traditional assumptions. Their source is Plato: the doctrine of the soul in Phaedrus expounds, contrary to many scholars’ opinion, essentially the understanding of action that we are familiar with from Hume. What made this understanding of action attractive becomes also apparent in considering Plato: if reason gives desire direction, there can be action in accordance with what there is. Nevertheless we should drop the idea: it brings with it domination within the soul.
Acting on Principle
Authors: Bittner Rüdiger 
Published: October 2003

AbstractExamines an alternative understanding of doing things for reasons, Kant's conception of acting on a maxim. Having explained the Kantian idea of maxims and having defended the claim that this is indeed Kant's conception of agency, the chapter tries to find viable accounts of, first, holding a maxim and, second, acting on a maxim, in either case without success. How the agent who holds a maxim differs from an agent who does not cannot be made out. As for acting on a maxim, Kant's texts support two accounts, the one relying on the practical syllogism, the other on the faculty of judgment. Notoriously, however, the practical syllogism does not yield action; and a faculty of judgment, it is argued here, does not in fact exist.
The Explanatory Force of Reason Explanations
Authors: Bittner Rüdiger 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe chapter asks how such a conception of reasons for which people do things can account for the fact that explanation of action is provided by indicating the reasons for which the thing in question was done. The answer is that reason explanations are a subclass of historical explanations. Historical explanations, however, do not hold explanatory force just by being historical explanations, but by following some more specific pattern. Reason explanations form one such pattern. While they are not strong enough to support corresponding predictions and counterfactuals, the understanding they provide should not therefore be contrasted, as in the traditional distinction between explanation and understanding, with the understanding gained from explaining phenomena by reference to general laws.
Any State or Event May Be a Reason for Which Somebody Does Something
Authors: Bittner Rüdiger 
Published: October 2003

AbstractGiven that reasons for which people do things are states of affairs and events in the world, are there additional restrictions on what can be a reason for what? Many writers have claimed that there are, arguing that actions and the reasons for which they are done derive from particular systems of meaning. The pivot on which their argument turns is the notion of a constitutive rule, introduced by Rawls and taken up by writers like Charles Taylor and Searle; i.e., the notion of a rule such that without it the activity in question could not exist. The chapter argues, by contrast, that there are no constitutive rules, and that it is purely an empirical matter to figure out what is a reason for what action. This does not bar from reason status rules, customs, obligations, and similar things deemed to involve meanings.
Reasons for Which People Do Things Are Normally not Qualities of the Agent
Authors: Bittner Rüdiger 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWhat selects the reasons for which people actually do things from the vast array of what could be such a reason? The chapter argues that it depends on the qualities of the agent, on things like her eagerness, belief, and expectation, and what is the reason for which she does something. It does not follow, though, and typically it is not true that such qualities of an agent as eagerness, belief, and expectation themselves are the reasons for which she does something. We are reason selectors, but the reasons are still “out there”; they are not mental entities. A serious problem is presented by the case of the agent in relevant error, but such an agent does not in fact do for a reason what he does; he only took himself, mistakenly, to be acting for a reason.
Stronger Reasons
Authors: Bittner Rüdiger 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWe compare the reasons one has in terms of strength, and the task of the present chapter is to explain what it is for one reason to be stronger than another. Raz offered a criterion, but that is shown to yield unsatisfactory results. The explanation proposed here is this: stronger reasons are states of affairs or events more important to the agent, the notion of importance deriving from Frankfurt's explication of what we care about. This proposal does not reduce the strength of reasons to the strength of the relevant desires. Contrary to Frankfurt's view, however, it does away with the difference between the order of reasons and the order of caring.
Doing Things for a Purpose, Doing Things for Fun
Authors: Bittner Rüdiger 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe chapter tries to account for two kinds of cases that raise difficulties for the present conception of reasons for which people do things, namely, things done for a purpose, where the reason seems to be a future state or event, and things done for fun, which do not seem to be supported by reasons at all. As for things done for a purpose, it is argued here that we do not need teleological explanation as a special kind of explanation of action, and that these cases can be accommodated on the present conception by taking the reason for the action to lie, not in the end state the agent is said to be aiming at, but in the current state of affairs that prompts the agent to change or, as the case may be, to preserve it. As for things done for fun, it is argued that they are indeed done for a reason, which lies, generally speaking, in the special character of what it is like to do them.
The Cultural Premises
Authors: Cavalieri Paola 
Published: October 2003

AbstractFocuses on the recent cultural changes that have contributed most to the revival of the debate on the animal question. The first area I consider is the political discussion of the principle of human equality; in this area the prohibition both of group discrimination and of hierarchies based on perfectionism paved the way to the idea that equality cannot be confined to our own species. The second area is bioethics, in which the criticisms of the sanctity‐of‐life doctrine, by eliminating the ambiguity between being human in the biological sense and being human in the philosophical sense, deprived mere species membership of any moral relevance. Finally, I turn to the disciplines that are today grouped together under the label of cognitive sciences – a field that has produced a wealth of evidence that, contra any behavioristic beliefs, animal minds not only do exist, but are much more like human minds than we ever thought.
The Traditional Accounts
Authors: Cavalieri Paola 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIn order to understand how we got where we are, I consider the main ways questions of moral status have been dealt with by mainstream Western philosophy. Descartes's defense of an ontological distinction between human and nonhuman animals is examined first, and contrasted with the contemporary paradigm of evolutionary continuity. Kant's confinement of respect to human beings, with the attendant doctrine that we only have indirect duties toward animals, is rejected insofar as it is attained at the cost of a series of surreptitious shifts in the meaning of the notions involved. Finally, Bentham is credited with abandoning the traditional bias in favor of moral agents, and with consistently introducing animals, as conscious beings, into the moral community. Classical utilitarianism is, however, criticized for not tackling the problem of the comparative status of humans and nonhumans in a theoretically satisfactory way.
Speciesism
Authors: Cavalieri Paola 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDespite bioethical discussions of its moral irrelevance, membership in the species Homo sapiens is still appealed to as a criterion for access to superior moral status. Along the lines of the authors who have equated ”speciesism” with racism and sexism, I challenge this view on several grounds. I claim that biological characteristics cannot carry direct moral weight. I maintain that species membership cannot be referred to as a mark of a more complex mental endowment because some nonparadigmatic human beings are not so endowed. Finally, I argue that relational defenses of the moral relevance of species membership are either prejudiced or circular.