bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Profit is a Dirty Word: The Development of Public Baths and Wash-houses in Britain 1847–1915
Authors: SHEARD SALLY 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Research on sanitary reform in nineteenth-century Britain has focused mainly on the introduction of large-scale sanitary infrastructure, especially waterworks and sewerage systems Other sanitary measures such as the provision of public baths and wash-houses have been ignored, or discussed in the limited context of working-class responses to middle-class samtarianism. Yet by 1915 public baths and wash-houses were to be found in nearly every British town and city A detailed analysis of these ‘enterprises’ can provide a useful way of understanding the changing priorities of public health professionals and urban authorities as well as the changing attitudes of the working classes. Connections between personal cleanliness and disease evolved during the century, particularly after the formation of germ theory in the 1880s. This paper demonstrates how the introduction of public baths and wash-houses in Liverpool, Belfast, and Glasgow was initially a direct response to sanitary reform campaigns It also shows that the explicit public health ideology of these developments was constantly compromised by implict concerns about municipal finance and the potential profit that such enterprises could generate. This city-based analysis shows that this conflict hindered the full sanitary benefit which these schemes potentially offered.
‘The Pregnant Women are here for the Sake of the Teaching Institution’: The Lying-In Hospital of Göttingen University, 1751 to c. 1830
Authors: SCHLUMBOHM JÜRGEN 
Published: November 2004

Abstract

SUMMARY
Drawing on the admission records, the medical casebooks and the publications of its director, this article explores how the University of Göttingen's maternity hospital achieved its three official goals: teaching medical students, training female midwives, and providing shelter for needy parturient women. Since educating medical men was the most important aim of the hospital, the paper particularly focuses on how the demands of instruction shaped day-to-day obstetrical practices, especially under the directorship of Professor Friedrich Benjamin Osiander (1792–1822). He was a keen advocate of the forceps, whereas the first director, Professor Johann Georg Roederer (1751–63), had taken a moderate, that is a much less interventionist, approach to obstetrics. Osiander avowedly was determined to subordinate the parturient women to the demands of the clinic and to treat them as ‘living manikins’. In spite of that, there is evidence that the pregnant and parturient women, most of whom were unmarried and from the lower classes, made use of the lying-in hospital for their own purposes, and that sometimes they refused to play the role assigned to them. The link between the maternity hospital and the rise of the man-midwife and of ‘scientific’ obstetrics appears to have been particularly strong in the case of Göttingen and other German university hospitals, compared with lying-in hospitals in other countries where the link was more indirect.
Interaction of the N‐terminal domain of Escherichia coli heat‐shock protein ClpB and protein aggregates during chaperone activity
Authors: Tanaka Naoki , Tani Yasushi , Hattori Hiroyuki , Tada Tomoko , Kunugi Shigeru 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe Escherichia coli heat‐shock protein ClpB reactivates protein aggregates in cooperation with the DnaK chaperone system. The ClpB N‐terminal domain plays an important role in the chaperone activity, but its mechanism remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of the ClpB N‐terminal domain on malate dehydrogenase (MDH) refolding. ClpB reduced the yield of MDH refolding by a strong interaction with the intermediate. However, the refolding kinetics was not affected by deletion of the ClpB N‐terminal domain (ClpBΔN), indicating that MDH refolding was affected by interaction with the N‐terminal domain. In addition, the MDH refolding yield increased 50% in the presence of the ClpB N‐terminal fragment (ClpBN). Fluorescence polarization analysis showed that this chaperone‐like activity is explained best by a weak interaction between ClpBN and the reversible aggregate of MDH. The dissociation constant of ClpBN and the reversible aggregate was estimated as 45 μM from the calculation of the refolding kinetics. Amino acid substitutions at Leu 97 and Leu 110 on the ClpBN surface reduced the chaperone‐like activity and the affinity to the substrate. In addition, these residues are involved in stimulation of ATPase activity in ClpB. Thus, Leu 97 and Leu 110 are responsible for the substrate recognition and the regulation of ATP‐induced ClpB conformational change.
Analysis of side chain mobility among protein G B1 domain mutants with widely varying stabilities
Authors: Goehlert Virginia A. , Krupinska Ewa , Regan Lynne , Stone Martin J. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract“Host–guest” studies of the B1 domain from Streptococcal protein G have been used previously to establish a thermodynamic scale for the β‐sheet‐forming propensities of the 20 common amino acids. To investigate the contribution of side chain conformational entropy to the relative stabilities of B1 domain mutants, we have determined the dynamics of side chain methyl groups in 10 of the 20 mutants used in a previous study. Deuterium relaxation rates were measured using two‐dimensional NMR techniques for 13CH2D groups. Analysis of the relaxation data using the Lipari–Szabo model‐free formalism showed that mutations introduced at the guest position caused small but statistically significant changes in the methyl group dynamics. In addition, there was a low level of covariation of the Lipari–Szabo order parameters among the 10 mutants. The variations in conformational free energy estimated from the order parameters were comparable in magnitude to the variations in global stability of the 10 mutants but did not correlate with the global stability of the domain or with the structural properties of the guest amino acids. The data support the view that conformational entropy in the folded state is one of many factors that can influence the folding thermodynamics of proteins.
Limited Value of Assays Using Detection of Immunoglobulin G Antibodies to the Two Recombinant Dense Granule Antigens, GRA1 and GRA6 Nt of
Toxoplasma gondii
, for Distinguishing between Acute and Chronic Infections in Pregnant Women
Authors: Ferrandiz Josette , Mercier Corinne , Wallon Martine , Picot Stéphane , Cesbron-Delauw Marie-France , Peyron François 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACT

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using two recombinant antigens of
Toxoplasma gondii
(GRA1 and GRA6 Nt) was developed in order to differentiate between pregnant women with a serological profile of recently acquired infection and those with chronic infection. Both proteins were expressed in
Escherichia coli
as glutathione
S
-transferase fusion proteins. Thirty-two serum samples from subjects who presented seroconversion within 3 months before sampling (group 1; acute profile), 46 serum samples from women who had a positive serology at least 1 year before sampling (group 2; chronic profile), and 100 serum samples from pregnant women who were not infected by
T. gondii
(group 3) were examined for immunoglobulin G (IgG) reactivity. For both antigens, the specificity reached 98%. In both groups of infected patients, the overall sensitivity scored was 60% for GRA1 and 83% for GRA6 Nt. In group 1, 34% of sera reacted with GRA1 whereas 84% of sera reacted with GRA6 Nt; in group 2, however, sensitivities were 78.2 and 82.6%, respectively. Combination of the readings obtained with both antigens yielded a sensitivity of 91%. A serological follow-up of 10 women who seroconverted during pregnancy displayed three different serological patterns: (i) a GRA profile paralleling the IgG curve, as detected by the commercial kit, (ii) a GRA1 profile, or (iii) GRA1 and GRA6 Nt profiles remaining negative for at least 8 weeks after the reference test gave positive results. Taken together, these results suggest that neither GRA1 nor GRA6 Nt is sensitive enough to be used routinely to differentiate between acute and chronic toxoplasmic infections.
Use of Antibodies in Lymphocyte Secretions for Detection of Subclinical Tuberculosis Infection in Asymptomatic Contacts
Authors: Raqib Rubhana , Kamal S. M. Mostafa , Rahman M. Jubayer , Rahim Zeaur , Banu Sayera , Bardhan Pradip K. , Chowdhury Fahima , Ara Gul , Zaman K. , Breiman Robert F. , Andersson Jan , Sack David A. 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACT

We have previously demonstrated that
Mycobacterium bovis
BCG-specific immunoglobulin G antibodies in lymphocyte secretions (ALS) can be employed as a marker for active tuberculosis (TB). We aimed to determine whether the ALS method allows detection of subclinical TB infection in asymptomatic individuals. A prospective study of family contacts (FCs) of patients with active TB and healthy controls was performed. Thirteen of 42 FCs had high ALS responses, including 6 FCs who subsequently developed active TB. No correlation was observed between the tuberculin skin test and the ALS responses in the FCs (
r
= 0.1,
P
= 0.23). Among patients with active TB, BCG-specific ALS responses steadily declined from the time of diagnosis through 6 months following antimycobacterial chemotherapy (
P
= 0.001). The ALS assay enabled detection of infection in exposed symptom-free contacts, who are at greater risk for developing active TB. The method may also allow discrimination between effective treatment of active infection and suboptimal response to therapy.
Infection of Immunodeficient Horses withSarcocystis neuronaDoes Not Result in Neurologic Disease
Authors: Sellon Debra C. , Knowles Donald P. , Greiner Ellis C. , Long Maureen T. , Hines Melissa T. , Hochstatter Tressa , Tibary Ahmed , Dame John B. 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTEquine protozoal myeloencephalitis is a progressive neurologic disease of horses most commonly caused by infection with the apicomplexan parasiteSarcocystis neurona. Factors affecting neuroinvasion and neurovirulence have not been determined. We investigated the pathogenesis of infection withS. neuronain horses with severe combined immune deficiency (SCID). Two immunocompetent (IC) Arabian horses and two Arabian horses with SCID were infected orally with 5 × 105sporocysts ofS. neurona. Four IC horses and one SCID horse were infected intravenously (i.v.) with 5 × 108merozoites of the WSU-1 isolate ofS. neurona. Despite prolonged parasitemia and persistent infection of visceral tissues (skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, lung, liver, and spleen) as demonstrated by PCR and culture, SCID horses did not develop neurologic signs after oral or i.v. infection.S. neuronawas undetectable in the neuronal tissues of SCID horses by either PCR, immunohistochemistry, or culture. In contrast, although parasitemia was undetectable in orally infected IC horses and of only short duration in i.v. infected IC horses, four of six IC horses developed neurologic signs.S. neuronawas detectable by PCR and/or culture of neural tissue but not visceral tissue of IC horses with neurologic disease. Infected SCID horses are unable to clearS. neuronafrom visceral tissues, but the infection does not result in neurologic signs; in contrast, IC horses rapidly control parasitemia and infection of visceral tissues but frequently experience neuroinvasion and exhibit clinical signs of neurologic disease.
Managing the Flow of Construction Minerals in the North West Region of England
Authors: McEvoy Darryn , Ravetz Joe , Handley John 
Published: November 2004

SummaryThis article, focusing on the flow of bulk construction minerals, establishes a mass balance framework for the North West of England, a region that imports more aggregate material than any other in the United Kingdom. The problems associated with construction minerals are of a different nature than most other resource flow issues: Depletion of resources and contamination are not considered major problems; rather it is the environmental impact resulting from life‐cycle stages from extraction, transport, processing, through to final disposal that is most important. A mass balance framework can promote a better understanding of the regional flow of materials, and the impact of human activity on surrounding ecosystems, and hence underpin informed decision making. This is of particular relevance at the current time because increasing political emphasis is placed on sustainable resource management and resource productivity at the United Kingdom and European Union levels. Using a mass balance framework to analyze the sustainability impacts of construction and mineral flows in the North West of England, this study finds that flows resulting from construction activity account for 34,075 terajoules (TJ) of energy resulting in 2,701 gigagrams (Gg) of carbon dioxide emissions related to energy use, and 387 Gg of carbon dioxide emissions related to the transportation of the minerals. Against these impacts, the flow of bulk construction mineral salso supports 147,000 jobs within the region.
Students' Academic Performance: An Interaction of Inputs from the Students, Schools, and Voters
Authors: Koshal Rajindar , Koshal Manjulika , Gupta Ashok 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
This study proposes and tests a model affecting students' academic performance. We postulate that students' academic performance depends on the interaction of key factors associated with students, the schools, and the voters. The model incorporates variables such as the attendance rate, social and economic background of parents of the students, marital status of parents, expenditure per pupil that voters are willing to invest, proportion of school expenditure from local sources, and quality of teachers. Academic performance of students is measured by the percentage of total number of students passing all four parts of the proficiency test. The simultaneous-equations model is estimated by using data for 576 Ohio school districts. Our analysis suggests that an increased expenditure on education would improve the academic performance of the students. However, money alone is not sufficient. Our study implies that, along with the increased investment in education, a number of other socioeconomic variables need to be paid attention to. For example, an increase in the attendance rate of students can bring a substantial improvement in the academic performance of students. An improvement in attendance rate requires reduction in poverty and an increase in the percentage of families having two parents.
Mission As Service to Life: Reflections From an African Worldview
Authors: Ssettuuma Benedict 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThis article discusses mission as service to life. The author developing from the African worldview whose centrality is life, argues that the question of life permeates the history of salvation and is at the heart of the Christian mission as Jesus Christ the Perfect Revealer of God indicates ( John 10:10). The author concludes that life thus unites both the African worldview and the Christian mission; consequently mission becomes God's lifegiving activities directed to the world and the church's mandate of service to life under His guiding power. Such understanding gives new meaning to church activity in Africa and unites all her undertakings for this one purpose that all may come to get life to the full. It suggests that all that is anti-life is to be fought and rejected while all that is pro-life and leads all to acquire life in its fullness must be promoted and cultivated.
Inhibition of Wnt/Axin/β-catenin pathway activity promotes ventral CNS midline tissue to adopt hypothalamic rather than floorplate identity
Authors: Kapsimali Marika , Caneparo Luca , Houart Corinne , Wilson Stephen W. 
Published: November 2004

Ventral midline cells in the neural tube form floorplate throughout most of the central nervous system (CNS) but in the anterior forebrain, they differentiate with hypothalamic identity. The signalling pathways responsible for subdivision of midline neural tissue into hypothalamic and floorplate domains are uncertain, and in this study, we have explored the role of the Wnt/Axin/β-catenin pathway in this process. This pathway has been implicated in anteroposterior regionalisation of the dorsal neural tube but its role in patterning ventral midline tissue has not been rigorously assessed.We find that masterblind zebrafish embryos that carry a mutation in Axin1, an intracellular negative regulator of Wnt pathway activity, show an expansion of prospective floorplate coupled with a reduction of prospective hypothalamic tissue. Complementing this observation, transplantation of cells overexpressing axin1 into the prospective floorplate leads to induction of hypothalamic gene expression and suppression of floorplate marker gene expression. Axin1 is more efficient at inducing hypothalamic markers than several other Wnt pathway antagonists, and we present data suggesting that this may be due to an ability to promote Nodal signalling in addition to suppressing Wnt activity. Indeed, extracellular Wnt antagonists can promote hypothalamic gene expression when co-expressed with a modified form of Madh2 that activates Nodal signalling. These results suggest that Nodal signalling promotes the ability of cells to incorporate into ventral midline tissue, and within this tissue, antagonism of Wnt signalling promotes the acquisition of hypothalamic identity. Wnt signalling also affects patterning within the hypothalamus, suggesting that this pathway is involved in both the initial anteroposterior subdivision of ventral CNS midline fates and in the subsequent regionalisation of the hypothalamus. We suggest that by regulating the response of midline cells to signals that induce ventral fates, Axin1 and other modulators of Wnt pathway activity provide a mechanism by which cells can integrate dorsoventral and anteroposterior patterning information.
Observation of Coherent Recurrence Motion of Excitons in Anthracene Dimers
Authors: Yamazaki Iwao , Akimoto Seiji , Aratani Naoki , Osuka Atsuhiro 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Intramolecular electronic excitation transfer in anthracene dimers in solution at room temperature has been investigated by probing the fluorescence anisotropy decay with a femtosecond up-conversion method. Two types of anthracene dimers were used: anthracenophane (DTA) in which two anthracene rings are stacked parallel, but with nearly orthogonal orientation, and two dianthrylbenzenes (m- and o-DAB) in which two anthracene rings are linked to a benzene ring at meta- and ortho-positions. There appeared damped oscillations of apparent periods of 0.6–1.0 ps and damping time constants of 0.7–1.2 ps. The ordinary fluorescence decay (excited-state population decay) obtained with the magic angle excitation exhibits no oscillation in all the cases. It has been found from a theoretical analysis that the oscillatory behaviors on fluorescence anisotropy are consistent with the coherent recurrence motion of an exciton between two anthracene moieties. The magnitudes of the dipole–dipole energy transfer interaction are estimated to be 10–80 cm−1, which are considerably smaller than the experimental value (30–100 cm−1) deduced from the angular frequencies of oscillation. This means that some interchromophore interaction other than the dipole–dipole resonance interaction is involved in the energy transfer interaction in strongly coupled dimers. The longer dephasing time can be explained as a consequence of rigid dimeric conformations in anthracene dimers.
Reaction Rate Spectroscopy for a Catalyzed Reaction of Gases
Authors: Yasuda Yusuke , Matsumoto Akira , Oda Ryo 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
A “reaction rate spectroscopy” available for a catalyzed reaction of gases is proposed on the basis of a frequency response method by which the flow of Gibbs free energy along a reaction coordinate τ, J(τ) (≡[−dG/dt]τ), can be determined. The validity was confirmed by actual data obtained in a reaction of CO(g) + (1/2)O2(g) → CO2(g) (I) on Pt/Al2O3, Ru/Al2O3, and Cu pellets at 623 K under partial pressures of ca. 100 Pa. The Gibbs free energy drop in the reaction (I), −ΔgT (&gt; 0), was found to be divided into two parts, x(−ΔgT) and y(−ΔgT) (x + y = 1), concerning the parallel transformations of the two reactants, (i) CO(g) → CO2(g) and (ii) (1/2)O2(g) → CO2(g), respectively: y = 0.158 (on Pt), 0.124 (Ru), and 0.021 (Cu). Both transformations were assumed to occur via three elementary steps accompanied by two intermediates, A and B, represented by (i) CO(X) ↔ CO(AX) ↔ CO(BX) → CO2(ZX) and (ii) (1/2)O2(Y) ↔ (1/2)O2(AY) ↔ O(BY) → CO2(ZY). Changes in J(τ) in the course of (i) and (ii), δJX(τn) (≡JX(τn) − JX(τn−1)) and δJY(τn), respectively, were determined along the reaction coordinate τn (n = 1–5; n corresponds to the three steps and two intermediates). Although both δJX(τn) and δJY(τn) were either negative or positive, the sum of δJX(τn) + δJY(τn) was negative throughout the reaction, in agreement with the second law of thermodynamics.
Adsorption Equilibria of Novel Phthalocyaninatomagnesium(II) Derivatives with Thioethers at the Toluene/Water Interface
Authors: Adachi Kenta , Watarai Hitoshi 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Three novel phthalocyaninatomagnesium(II) derivatives with eight peripheral thioethers (MgPc(SR)8) such as (2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octakis-ethylthiophthalocyaninato)magnesium(II) (MgPc(SEt)8), (2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octakis-benzylthiophthalocyaninato)magnesium(II) (MgPc(SBz)8), and (2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octakis-benzhydrylthiophthalocyaninato)magnesium(II) (MgPc(SBh)8) were synthesized. The interfacial adsorption and aggregation behavior of the three derivatives in a toluene/water system were examined by means of a high-speed stirring (HSS) method and a centrifugal liquid membrane (CLM) method. The interfacial adsorption constant of each MgPc(SR)8 derivative at the toluene/water interface was determined by the HSS measurement. Only in the case of MgPc(SEt)8, the formation of the trimer was observed at the interface. Moreover, the CLM measurements showed that the interfacial aggregate of MgPc(SEt)8 had a new broad band (613 nm) at the blue flank of the Q band (702 nm) of MgPc(SEt)8 monomer, which might be ascribed to H-aggregate. Extended double-dipole (EDD) model calculations suggested a cofacially stacked arrangement of MgPc(SEt)8 molecules in the trimer. The interfacial spectral change indicated that the aggregation of MgPc(SEt)8 at the toluene/water interface proceeded in a two-step, three-stage (monomer → dimer → trimer) formation.
Potentiometric Study on Interaction of Dodecyltrimethylammonium Bromide with α-Amylase
Authors: Bordbar Abdol-Khalegh , Hosseinzadeh Reza , Omidiyan Khodayar 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
The binding of dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) with α-amylase was investigated under various experimental conditions, such as pH, ionic strength, urea and protein concentration at 25 °C using surfactant membrane-selective electrodes as a fast and accurate method. The obtained binding isotherms have been analyzed and interpreted using the Wyman binding potential concept. The results represent: a) the self aggregation of protein that occurs at enzyme concentrations of more than 1 mg/mL (this observation was also confirmed by light-scattering measurements), b) the binding affinity at 10−3 M NaBr is more than other salt concentrations, and c) in the concentration range of 3 to 5 M of urea a predominant unfolding of protein occurs.