bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Food distribution, dominance, and aggressive behaviors in bonnet macaques
Authors: Boccia Maria L. , Laudenslager Mark , Reite Martin 
Published: June 2005

AbstractResource availability or distribution may affect interindividual competition in species such as primates, which forage in social groups, and several field studies suggest that dominance status predicts access to restricted food sources. Increased competition due to restricted resources may result in the intensification of aggressive behaviors. The study reported here examines the impact of manipulation of the distribution of food resources in a laboratory‐housed group of bonnet macaques to assess the impact of distribution on aggressive behaviors. Food was restricted to a space which allowed access to only one or two individuals at a time or was dispersed throughout the living enclosure to allow universal access in alternating periods. During periods of clumped distribution, the monkeys obtained access to the food in order of their dominance status in the group. In addition, overall levels of aggressive behaviors increased, submissive behavior increased, and play decreased during periods of clumped distribution of food. These results confirm the findings from field studies indicating increases in agonism with restriction of food resources. These findings also have implications for primate colony management, in terms of developing strategies for minimizing intragroup aggression in captive groups.
Successful feeding enrichment for captive chimpanzees
Authors: Bloomsmith M. A. , Alford P. L. , Maple T. L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn analysis of a feeding enrichment program for captive chimpanzees was completed to determine the effects of that program on the incidence of agonistic and abnormal behaviors by using 41 adult chimpanzees in six social groups. Four feeding enrichment procedures were implemented simultaneously in the experimental phase of this ABA design study. The procedures were planned to elicit time‐consuming, noncompetitive feeding, theorizing a consequent reduction in agonism and detrimental abnormal behaviors typically occurring in captive chimpanzees. The 270 hours of data were collected over a 6‐month period. A multivariate analysis of variance result supported the hypothesis, as the barrage of feeding enrichment techniques significantly reduced agonism and abnormal behaviors. This study's significance lies in its application of the scientific method to improving the husbandry of captive primates.
Grooming with a stone in sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys)
Authors: Kyes Randall C. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract“Stone‐grooming,” or grooming with a stone, has been reported in Macaca fuscata. This report provides a descriptive account of a similar behavior displayed by a female mangabey Cercocebus atys. During a study of embracing behavior in sooty mangabeys, one adult female was observed to groom her infant with a stone. The grooming pattern involved short strokes and/or a circular motion over the area being groomed—the infant's eye region. Stone‐grooming appears to be a distinct type of grooming although the function(s) of this behavior remains unclear. The use of a stone in grooming may represent a case of tool use.
Partial recovery and a new population estimate of rhesus monkey populations in India
Authors: Southwick Charles H. , Siddiqi M. Farooq 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe purpose of this field study has been to assess major changes in rhesus monkey populations of north central India over a period of 28 yrs from 1959 to 1986. Population censuses have been done in Aligarh District three times per year, and extensive regional surveys were done in 1959–1960, 1964–1965, 1977–1978, and 1985–1986. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, rhesus populations in India declined more than 90%, from an estimated 2 million animals in 1960 to approximately 180,000 by 1980. These declines were attributed to increasing agricultural pressures in India, loss of primate habitats, less protection for monkeys, and high levels of trapping. In the 1970s, as India's agricultural production rose and stronger wildlife conservation programs developed, local populations of rhesus began to increase. These increases became more prominent after 1978, when India imposed a ban on export of monkeys. By 1985 a population in Aligarh District had returned to its 1960 level in total population size, although the number of groups remained low. Other local populations showed even more striking growth and greatly exceeded former levels. Some areas of India, however, have shown no improvement in rhesus populations. Overall, extensive field surveys of rural habitats in 1985–1986 showed a 53% recovery in the number of rhesus groups, and a 129% recovery in total rhesus from their low points in 1977–1978. We estimate the rhesus population of India in 1985 in the vicinity of 410,000–460,000 individuals.
Macaca thibetana at Mt. Emei, China: I. A cross‐sectional study of growth and development
Authors: Zhao Qikun , Deng Ziyun 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSix free‐ranging groups of Macaca thibetana were studied at Mt. Emei, in southwest China. Patterns of growth and development observed during the study are described for this species for the first time. Data were collected mainly during the birth season of 1986. Food handouts made possible the measurement of body weight and sitting height. Changes in fur color and growth of forehead hair were noted. Dark hair appeared on the broad white forehead of infants at the end of the third month. A triangular patch formed about 30 days later, and full cover developed within 4.5 to 5 months. For the first 1 or 2 weeks, the fur was blackish; it then became yellow, and by the age of 3.5–4.5 months, it was brown or blackish, i.e., adult color. Growth data on body weight and sitting height for different age‐sex classes were collected. For adult males, body weight was 18 kg, sitting height (SH) 55 cm, and ponderal index 33. For adult female, body weight was 13 kg, sitting height 47 cm, and ponderal index 27. Females were considered to be adult at age 5 years.
Macaca thibetana at Mt. Emei, China: II. Birth seasonality
Authors: Zhao Qikun , Deng Ziyun 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBirth censuses were conducted every 2 or 3 days for each of six groups of Macaca thibetana along trails at Mt. Emei in southwest China from March 7 to June 15, 1986. Based on direct observations and the timetable of forehead hair growth and behavior, each of 32 infants could be placed in one of sixteen 14‐day periods of the 1986 birth season. The mean estimated birth date was March 27 (SD = 39 days); the median estimated birth date was March 14. Sex ratios in newborns and yearlings did not deviate significantly from 1:1. Seasonal birth timing was correlated with the altitude of the range (r = −0.84, P < .05); that is, infants were born earlier in the season at higher altitudes.
Model life tables for the larger old world monkeys
Authors: Gage Timothy B. , Dyke Bennett 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMortality statistics for 25 populations of the larger Old World monkeys (members of the subfamily Cercopithecinae) were evaluated with a competing hazard model of mortality. The best eight of these life tables were combined to generate a standard model life table representative of the mortality patterns of these primates. Two applications of the standard model to smooth, graduate, and compare life tables based on limited and defective data are presented.
Female sexual swellings in the Asian colobine Simias concolor
Authors: Tenaza Richard R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDuring a preliminary study of pig‐tailed langurs (Simias concolor) in the Pagai Islands, Indonesia, it was discovered that females exhibited conspicuous swelling of the urogenital triangle. The pig‐tailed langur is the first Asiatic colobine found to have prominent sexual swellings and the only colobine with sexual swellings that lives in one‐male groups. Because all anthropoids with conspicuous sex skin typically live in groups having female‐biased adult sex ratios, it is possible that females might compete amongst themselves for the male in one‐male groups, or the best males in multimale groups. Sexual swellings may therefore have resulted from sexual selection for signals attractive to males in female‐female competition, as suggested earlier by Bercovitch (California Anthropologist 8:9–12, 1978). Prolonged observation of recognizable individuals will be required to test this hypothesis in the pig‐tailed langur and other species.
Direct effect of estradiol‐17β on progesterone accumulation by ovarian granulosa cells from rhesus monkeys
Authors: Hutz Reinhold J. , Morgan Patricia M. , Krueger Gail S. , Durning Maureen , Dierschke Donald J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe have previously demonstrated that estradiol‐17β (E2) administered in vivo induces atresia of the dominant ovarian follicle (DF). Whether this effect is exerted directly at the ovarian level or by central mediation has not been confirmed. The present study was designed to assess whether E2 in amounts similar to those found in monkey follicular fluid (FF) directly alters in vitro progesterone (P) accumulation by granulosa cells (GC) aspirated from follicles in cycling rhesus monkeys. Follicular contents were aspirated from three to five animals on each of days 8–13 of the cycle. GC were plated at a density of 50,000 viable GC/0.5 ml medium; GC were incubated with 0 or 2–2,000 ng/ml E2, and cultures were maintained for 72 h. P accumulation by GC collected on day 8 and treated with 2 ng/ml E2 was augmented 37.5 ± 5.5% (X ± S. E. M.; P<.05) over controls but was diminished significantly at 20 ng/ml ( −55 ± 18% with respect to controls), 200 ng/ml ( −73.7 ± 13.2%), and 2,000 ng/ml ( −77.3 ± 18.4%). A similar dose‐response relationship was noted on other cycle days. At a concentration of 2,000 ng/ml, E2 significantly reduced P 91.5 ± 8.5% (day 10), 81.5 ± 18.5% (day 11), 84.3 ± 4.7% (day 12), and 53.7 ± 15.8% (day 13). We conclude that E2 at concentrations found in FF can inhibit P output by monkey GC through a direct action.
Periparturitional behavior of a bonobo (Pan paniscus)
Authors: Bolser Linda , Savage‐Rumbaugh Sue 
Published: June 2005

AbstractKnowledge of periparturitional behaviors in captive primates may contribute to infant survival and is particularly important for endangered species, such as the bonobo, or pygmy chimpanzee (Pan paniscus). Given that the bonobo is considered to be closely related to humans, such knowledge also may offer insights about the evolutionary development of complex maternal patterns. To date, however, only one observation of a P. paniscus birth has been reported. The periparturitional behaviors of a mature bonobo (P. paniscus) female during the pregnancy and birth of two infants are described in detail. Information not previously reported for the species is included. Periparturitional behaviors were similar for both births.
Forelimb dimensions and goniometry of the wrist and fingers in tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella): Developmental and comparative aspects
Authors: Fragaszy Dorothy M. , Adams‐Curtis Leah E. , Baer Janet F. , Carlson‐Lammers Rena 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAdult capuchin monkeys use precision grips during manipulation of small objects, although their thumbs have been classified as pseudo‐opposable. We investigated the physical properties of the hands to increase our understanding of manual function in capuchins. Forelimb dimensions and joint mobility (goniometric) measurements were obtained from adult, juvenile, and infant tufted capuchins (Cebus apella). Compared to adult squirrel monkeys, adult capuchins exhibited less flexibility of the wrist and digits. Capuchins of all ages had proportionally longer hands than squirrel monkeys, and capuchins more than 7 weeks old had proportionally longer thumbs than squirrel monkeys. Growth of the arms and hands was asynchronous. The duration of growth of the thumb was particularly prolonged, extending into early adulthood. Age‐related changes in flexibility were apparent in most indices, and were greatest at the metacarpophalangeal joints. It is unknown to what extent the characteristics of growth, forelimb dimensions, and goniometry presented by capuchins are shared with other species, or if they contribute to the capuchin's unusual prehensive capacities. However, the marked differences between adult capuchins and squirrel monkeys in these metrics, and between capuchins and rhesus in the growth patterns of the digits, suggest that variation across taxa in these characteristics can be considerable.
Uncertain availability of a preferred food affects choice in a captive group of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Gust Deborah A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFood‐choice was investigated in a social group of 16 chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) maintained in a large outdoor compound. Three feeding stations located along the periphery of the compound were considered analogous to food patches. Color‐coded aluminum panels temporarily covered each feeding apparatus, with one color corresponding to nonpreferred food (commercial biscuits) available at two locations and other colors corresponding to the certain or uncertain availability of preferred food (oranges) available at one location. Only nine chimpanzees met the criterion for learning the color/food associations and thus only those animals were included in the analysis. There was a significant decrease in choosing the station associated with oranges when the probability of availability of oranges was reduced from 0.5 to 0.1 but not from 1.0 to 0.5. In addition, there was a significant increase in the frequency with which the subjects made no choice when the probability of availability of oranges was reduced from 1.0 to 0.1. The data indicate that the uncertain availability of preferred food in a choice situation affects choice behavior in a social group of chimpanzees studied under controlled conditions.
Spider monkey sleeping sites: Use and availability
Authors: Chapman Colin A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe behavior of spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) at sleeping sites and the characteristics of these sites were studied in Santa Rosa National Park, Costa Rica. The spider monkeys tended to congregate just prior to dusk at a number of sleeping sites which were repeatedly used (81.6%), but occasionally they slept in trees which were only used once (18.4%). All of the regularly used sleeping trees were not used concurrently, but rather, there was a rotation between sites. In general, males were not encountered at regularly used sleeping sites as often as other age/sex classes, and when they were in all male subgroups, they did not sleep in repeatedly used sites. The trees used as regular sleeping sites tended to be large, but such trees were common in the group's home range. The size of the subgroups attending repeatedly used sleeping trees was large when food was abundant and small when food was scarce. It is suggested that this relationship reflects that the costs of travelling to the sleeping site would be more easily recovered when food was abundant than when food was scarce.
Nutrition, body condition, activity patterns, and parasitism of free‐ranging troops of olive baboons (Papio anubis) in Kenya
Authors: Eley R. M. , Strum S. C. , Muchemi G. , Reid G. D. F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThree troops of olive baboons (Papio anubis) comprising 134 animals were captured during a translocation program. All three troops (PHG, CRIP, WBY) lived in high‐altitude savannah, but two (CRIP and WBY) also frequented human settlements, where they had access to the garbage pits and vegetable gardens. The translocation offered the opportunity to compare body condition, activity patterns, and parasitism among the troops of animals. A variety of body measurements were taken, a physical examination performed, activity patterns for the previous 2 years enumerated, and blood and feces collected for virological and parasitological analyses. Body condition, as judged qualitatively by appearance and quantitatively by subcutaneous fat thickness and body weight, was lowest in PHG, the naturally foraging troop. All animals were negative for all viruses. No blood‐borne parasites were found, but the feces of the majority of animals were positive for eggs of strongyles, ascarids, Trichuris spp., and Strongyloides spp. Quantification of strongyles indicated the heaviest burdens were in the non provisioned troop PHG. These results when combined with the behavioral observations that PHG spent more time foraging and less time resting or socializing than WBY suggest lowered availability and/or a poorer quality of PHG's diet. The data support the hypothesis of a causal relationship between host nutrition and helminth parasite infection but do not permit general conclusions to be drawn on mechanisms of interaction.
Atresia of the dominant ovarian follicle in rhesus monkeys is detected within 24 hours of estradiol treatment
Authors: Hutz Reinhold J. , Krueger Gail S. , Morgan Patricia M. , Dierschke Donald J. , Wolf Richard C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFollowing treatment with estradiol‐17β (E2) on day 6 of the menstrual cycle, degenerative alterations in the microenvironment of the dominant follicle (DF) (follicular fluid [FF], granulosa cells [GC], and oocyte) are readily apparent on day 10, or 96 h after E2 administration. The present study was designed to determine how early such changes could be detected and which indices of atresia were observed first. The DF was identified during laparoscopy on day 5 or 6 of the cycle, and four capsules containing crystalline E2 were inserted s.c. for 24 h. Contents of the DF were aspirated at 24, 48, and 72 h following initiation of E2 treatment. General size and appearance of the DF did not change distinctly with E2 treatment; however, by 48 h FF viscosity was increased markedly. GC viability was not altered with treatment. FF concentrations of estrogen (E) were dramatically reduced at 24 h. These differences were maintained at 48 h and at 72 h. E accumulation by cultured GC was significantly reduced by > eightfold. There appeared a similar trend for reduced progesterone (P) in FF and decreased P production by GC in vitro. These results demonstrate that degenerative alterations in the DF indicative of atresia can be detected as early as 24 h after initiation of E2 treatment; the index of atresia appearing earliest is a reduction in FF concentrations of E, and the first morphological changes in the DF can be observed 24 h later. This study indicates that biochemical alterations precede morphologic changes with E2‐induced atresia, and should allow us to begin to determine the earliest events and putative initiation sites of atresia.
Infant cross‐fostering between Japanese (Macaca fuscata) and rhesus macaques (M. mulatta)
Authors: Owren Michael J. , Dieter Jacquelyn A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCross‐fostering of infant rhesus macaques between unrelated females has become a routine management strategy at the California Primate Research Center. In order to study the effect of environmental factors on vocal development, we extended this procedure to offspring exchange between two different macaque species living in small social groups. A total of four neonatal Japanese and rhesus monkeys were fostered onto mothers of the other species. Six attempts were required, for an overall success rate of 67%. However, two of the adoptions involved the same foster mother, and both rejections occurred with the same female. The cross‐fostered individuals gained weight normally in the first year of life and did not require any hospital treatment. These results indicate that raising nonhuman primate infants with members of a different species can be a viable means of altering species‐typical experience without sacrificing essential aspects of maternal care, socialization, and psychological well‐being.
Population survey of macaques in northern Sulawesi
Authors: Sugardjito J. , Southwick C. H. , Supriatna J. , Kohlhaas A. , Baker S. , Erwin J. , Froehlich J. , Lerche N. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA field survey of 25 sites in Sulawesi Utara (north Sulawesi) in 1987 and 1988 found macaques in 16 of these sites. The most viable population of Macaca nigra was found in the Tangkoko reserve at an estimated density of 76.2 monkeys/km2, which is less than one‐third the abundance reported in the late 1970s by the MacKinnons. The adjacent reserves of Batuangus and Duasudara had only 22 monkeys/km2, yielding a population estimate for these three contiguous reserves of only 3,655 individuals. Maccaca nigrescens were found in the central and western portions of Dumoga‐Bone National Park in densities of 15.5 and 16.4 monkeys/km2, significantly below the density of 27/km2 reported by the MacKinnons. The more peripheral areas of Dumoga‐Bone had only 8.15 monkeys/km2, yielding a population estimate of M. nigrescens in Dumoga‐Bone of less than 34,000. Our total population estimate for M. nigra and M. nigrescens combined is less than 50,000 individuals, which is considerably below that reported in recent litreture. M. hecki were observed in only two locations, Tangale and Panua Reserves, at low densities of 3.3 to 5.2 monkeys/km2, suggesting its range and abundance have declined since the observations of Groves (pp. 84–124 in THE MACAQUES: STUDIES IN ECOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION. D. G. Lindburg, ed. New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1980). Several factors have contributed to population decline in these species: habitat shrinkage, increasing human population pressure, and drought conditions. Group sizes were significantly smaller in our study than in previous ones, and we found a shortage of juveniles and infants.
Change of nipple preference between successive offspring in Japanese macaques
Authors: Tanaka Ichirou 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSelective use of nipples among free‐ranging infant Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) was studied. Each infant held only one of its mother's two nipples in the mouth during an average of 90.9% ± 1.5% (SEM) of total nipple contact time. The next offspring born to the same mother tended to use the nipple that its previous sibling had not used. Maternal behavior did not cause use of one nipple or the other.
Reproductive synchrony in captive macaques
Authors: Silk Joan B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCaptive bonnet macaques housed at the California Primate Research Center reproduce seasonally. The chances of producing surviving infants were substantially reduced among females who conceived at the peak of the mating season compared with females whose conceptions were more isolated in time. Primiparous females and low ranking females were most consistently affected by the extent of reproductive synchrony. Behavioral data suggest that harassment of conceiving and pregnant females may have contributed to the correlation between the extent of reproductive synchrony and infant mortality as the levels of aggression toward females were highest during the months in which conceptions were most common.
Observations of parturition among captive patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas)
Authors: Hemmalin Holly , Loy James 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSix cases of labor and delivery by laboratory‐housed patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) are described. Five of the births occurred during the daytime, and the sixth occurred just after the usual “lights out” time. Although it was impossible to determine the actual onset of labor, the final 1.5–0.5 hr before parturition were observed in all cases. Throughout labor, females tended to begin a contraction every 2–4 min and contractions usually lasted 35–60 sec. Females did not show common patterns of change in contraction frequency or duration as birth neared. It was not possible to describe patas monkey labor and delivery in terms of “stages.” Postpartum, females typically began cleaning their infants within 90 sec and picked them up within 5 min. Placental delivery times varied among females, as did the extent of placental consumption. One “mother‐only” ‐ reared female proved to be an inadequate mother.