bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vector and direct torque control of synchronous machines
Authors: Vas Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter vector control and direct torque control of different types of synchronous machines are described. For this purpose permanent-magnet synchronous machines (PMSM), the electrically excited synchronous machine, and synchronous reluctance machines (SYRM) are considered. Various ‘ sensor less’ control schemes are also discussed. Synchronous machines with an electrically excited rotor winding have a three-phase stator winding (called the armature) and an electrically excited field winding on the rotor which carries a d.c. current. There can also be damper windings on the rotor. The armature winding is similar to the stator of induction machines. The synchronous machine is a constant-speed machine which always rotates at a synchronous speed which depends on the supply frequency and on the number of poles. The electrically excited field winding can be replaced by permanent magnets.
Vector and direct torque control of induction machines
Authors: Vas Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Induction machines have been used for over a hundred years. Because of their simplicity, ruggedness, reliability, efficiency, low cost, compactness, and economical and volume manufacturing advantages, induction machines with a squirrel cage rotor are the most widely used machines at fixed speed. This is especially the case at lower power levels, where on the rotor there is a squirrel-cage winding, which is manufactured by die-casting. However, recent developments in the field of variable-speed drives have made possible the large-scale application of variable-speed induction motor drives.
Approaches to three-dimensional problems
Authors: Reece A B J , Preston T W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Analysis of three-dimensional electromagnetic fields, whether magnetostatic or electrodynamic, is far more difficult than analysis of two-dimensional systems (including axial symmetry and peripheral periodicity). In the two-dimensional case, the vector magnetic potential has only one component, yet it allows detailed analysis of devices with source, and, where present, induced currents. If a vector magnetic potential formulation is used for a three-dimensional problem, all three vector components will appear and in addition, a scalar potential will be needed. A simple scalar magnetic potential formulation is useful for magnetostatic problems, but source currents can only be represented approximately by magnetic shells as discussed in Section 2.5. Treatment of induced currents in electrodynamic situations requires the introduction of a further potential (unless the use of a surface impedance is justified).
Data generation (or pre-processing)
Authors: Reece A B J , Preston T W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Data generation will be discussed in relation to two-dimensional and quasi-threedimensional situations only. The details of data generation will depend on the package used but basically there are two groups of data: It should be self-evident that data generation is an important and critical stage: the quality of the computed result will depend on the goodness of the data. For example, good distribution of nodes is essential. Many silly results have been obtained through bad judgement or even errors (for example, incorrect exponent in specification of conductivity) in data. The two classes of data are discussed in detail below.
Simulation of turbine-generator short circuit and application to parameter prediction
Authors: Reece A B J , Preston T W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Flux and current patterns and intensities within a turbine generator immediately after a terminal short circuit vary with time in a complicated way. This is a result of locked or trapped flux in short-circuited coils, the complexities of the rotor damping circuits and saturation. Circuit models are commonly used in fault analyses, but it has not been possible to predict the various transient reactances and time constants with any great accuracy.
Performance calculations on permanent-magnet d.c. motor
Authors: Reece A B J , Preston T W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conventional methods of analysis of this type of permanent-magnet machine are hardly adequate to ensure proper exploitation of the magnet properties. The object of this investigation was to assess the value of the finite element method as a design aid for this class of machine by calculating performance data for a machine for which test results were available. The investigation was a co-operative one with Lucas Electrical Ltd and is described by Smith (1986).
Induction-motor steady-state performance prediction
Authors: Reece A B J , Preston T W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cage induction motor is used in a wide variety of applications ranging from large industrial drives to small motors in the white-goods market. This is a consequence of its simple construction, making it robust and requiring little maintenance. Its major disadvantage has been the difficulty of control and this has meant that in some applications it could not compete with d.c. motors. However, with the emergence of high-power solid-state devices it is now able to match the d.c. motor where speed control is required.
Transformer fields and reactances
Authors: Reece A B J , Preston T W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The transformer engineer needs to predict leakage fields and reactances, flux distribution in the iron, and quantities such as tank-wall losses. Whilst the transformer is simple in concept, its practical realisation is surprisingly complex, particularly when built in the three-phase form. The coils are of cylindrical form, as are the limbs, to a good approximation. However, the finite axial length, the yokes and the assembly of three phases make the whole assembly very three-dimensional.
Electric-stress calculations in bushings and surge arresters
Authors: Reece A B J , Preston T W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The designer of an insulation system needs information on the electric field distribution in all the stressed regions of a proposed design. For example, in a bushing the stresses are required in the materials forming the bushing, at interfaces between materials and in the medium surrounding the bushing. Stress distributions are controlled by the combination of material properties and geometry, so that finite element simulation which makes it possible to investigate the effect of change easily, is a valuable design aid.
Derivation Of The Wave Packet Equation And Introduction To Soliton Transmission Systems
Authors: Hasegawa Akira , Kodama Yuji 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we derive the nonlinear envelope equation describing the linear and the nonlinear dispersion as well as dissipation effects from the Maxwell equation and the property of dielectric polarizability for the electric field wave propagation in a fibre. The method used here is based on an asymptotic perturbation technique developed by Taniuti et al. (the so-called reductive perturbation method (Taniuti 1974)), and the result gives a consistent scheme for the derivation of the wave envelope equation in the form of the nonlinear Schrodinger equation including higher order terms.
Femtosecond Solitons
Authors: Hasegawa Akira , Kodama Yuji 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Soliton phenomena can be used to construct stable subpicosecond pulses with proper choice of the peak power and minimum dispersion. However higher order terms play a crucial role in this regime. This chapter is devoted to introducing the methods and limitations in producing sub picosecond pulses based on soliton processes. The chapter consists of three sections. Section 11.1 discusses soliton formation when the pulse is launched at wavelengths close to or at the zero group dispersion, Section.
Using the steam
Authors: Semmens P W B , Goldfinch A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The vast majority of steam locomotives have made use of the steam generated in their boilers in two or more cylinders. There it drives the pistons backwards and forwards, and the thrust so generated is transferred via the connecting rods to crank-pins on the driving wheels and/or the driving-wheel axle. Clearly, some way of programming the steam supply to the two ends of each cylinder is needed to obtain the required reciprocating motion, and this is the function of the valve gear. The simplest form of valve-gear was that used by Trevithick for his ‘strong-steam’ industrial engines, one of which was mounted on wheels to power the world’s first steam-hauled train over the Penydarren Tramway in 1804.
Reprocessing irradiated fuel
Authors: Denniss I S , Jeapes A P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All thermal power reactors operate by converting the energy released by fission of actinides such as U-235 and Pu-239 into electrical energy. Fertile isotopes such as U-238 (the bulk of the fuel) are partly transmuted into additional fissile material some of which also undergoes fission. On balance the initial fissile content of the fuel is reduced during irradiation, and accumulated fission and transmutation products change its physical and neutronic properties. Some products such as neodymium absorb neutrons and poison the fuel whilst others alter its structure, and the gases (e.g. xenon and krypton) may pressurise it. Eventually further irradiation of the fuel becomes uneconomic and it is removed from the reactor.
Recycling uranium and plutonium
Authors: Patterson J P , Parkes P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The uranium and plutonium recovered by reprocessing irradiated fuel from a modem power reactor represent some 97% of the original uranium content, with no major use but as a source of energy. Fabricating reactor fuel from them is a way of husbanding resources that are currently plentiful but cannot be assumed to remain so; it has a long and established history which emphasises the maturity of both the technology and the concept.
Waste treatment
Authors: Hutson G V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first of these is covered in Chapter 2, the last in Chapter 12. This chapter will therefore concentrate on reprocessing wastes, with particular reference to the principal British site at Sellafield as a representative modem undertaking; waste management elsewhere and in other parts of the cycle is conducted on similar principles. Wastes from military programmes outside the UK, sometimes posing specialised problems, are not covered, nor are the much less substantial amounts from the thousand or so minor producers such as hospitals and research laboratories.
Introduction To The Time Domain Wave-Splitting And Imbedding Approach In One Space Dimension
Authors: He Sailing , Strom Staffan , Weston Vaughan H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ideas and techniques used in the wave-splitting and invariant imbedding approach to direct and inverse scattering problems can, naturally, be presented most easily and completely in the case of one-dimensional scattering. Besides being useful, though simplified, models for important classes of physical and technical problems, the one-dimensional cases have served as guides for many aspects of the extension of the wave-splitting and invariant imbedding approach to two- and three-dimensional scattering problems. The starting point for the one-dimensional formalism is given by the general features of wave propagation in a medium whose scattering properties vary along one fixed direction in space. The most directly relevant features are those which are concisely expressed by the Redheffer star product, as well as by differentiations of this product. The one-dimensional formalism can in essence be regarded as an implementation of the relations obtained from this product in a time domain setting. Of particular importance for our purposes is the fact that in a time domain setting, the wavesplitting and imbedding approach has provided the solution to large classes of inverse problems in which time domain measurements are used as given data. A typical one-dimensional inverse problem is to reconstruct, from a measured function of time, a physical parameter which is a function of one space variable. As will be shown below, integration along characteristics in a time domain approach, together with initial conditions, provides a solution to this type of inverse problem.
Dielectrics in time-dependent fields
Authors: Scaife B K P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most straightforward analysis of the response of a dielectric medium to time-dependent electric fields is based on the study of a finite dielectric body situated in a uniform external field. In order to obtain useful results we must choose the shape of the body so that the polarization induced is uniform. This means that the most general shape will be an ellipsoid (Appendix B). Nothing is lost by taking the simplest ellipsoid, namely a sphere.
Transport in Mesoscopic Systems
Authors: Bruus Henrik , Flensberg Karsten 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Electron transport in mesoscopic systems is a relatively new field of condensed matter physics. Since its beginning in the early 1980s many interesting and fundamental results have emerged from this fascinating research area bordering to the macroscopic classical world on one side and to the microscopic quantum world on the other. Here, we combine this brief introduction to mesoscopic physics with our first in-depth use of the Kubo formalism given in the previous chapter.
Minority Games
Authors: Challet Damien , Marsili Matteo , Zhang Yi-Cheng 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Minority Game is a physicist's attempt to explain market behaviour by the interaction between traders. With a minimal set of ingredients and drastic assumptions, this model reproduces market ecology among different types of traders. Its emphasis is on speculative trading and information flow. The book first describes the philosophy lying behind the conception of the Minority Game in 1997, and includes in particular a discussion about the El Farol bar problem. Then it reviews the main steps in later developments, including both the theory and its applications to market phenomena. This book gives a colourful and stylized, but also realistic picture of how financial markets operate.
Quantum Optics
Authors: Fox Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most previous texts on quantum optics have been written primarily for the graduate student market at PhD leveland above. Quantum optics: an introduction aims to introduce a wide range of topics at a lower level suitable for advanced undergraduate and Masters level students in physics. The text is divided into four main parts, covering modern topics in both pure and applied quantum optics: I. Introduction and background material. II. Photons. III. Atom-photon interactions. IV. Quantum information processing. The emphasis of the subject development is on intuitive physical understanding rather than mathematical arguments, although many derivations are included where appropriate. The text includes numerous illustrations, with a particular emphasis on the experimental observations of quantum optical phenomena. Each chapter includes worked examples, together with 10-15 exercises with solutions. Six appendices are included to supplement the main subject material.
Classical optics
Authors: Fox Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Older electromagnetism texts tend to call H the magnetic field and B either the magnetic ﬂux density or the magnetic induction. However, it is now common practice to specify magnetic fields in units of ﬂux density, namely Tesla. Moreover, it can be argued that B is the more fundamental quantity, since the force experienced by a charge with velocity v in a magnetic field depends on B through F = qv B. A more detailed explanation of the diﬀerence between B and H and a justification for the use of B for the magnetic field may be found in Brooker (2003, 1.2).
Photon statistics
Authors: Fox Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The task of quantum optics is to study the consequences of considering a beam of light as a stream of photons rather than as a classical wave. It turns out that the diﬀerences are rather subtle, and we have to look quite hard to see significant departures from the predictions of the classical theories. In this chapter we shall approach the subject from the perspective of the statistical properties of the photon stream. We shall study the three diﬀerent types of photon statistics that can occur, namely: Poissonian, super-Poissonian, and sub-Poissonian.
Quantum cryptography
Authors: Fox Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fundamental concepts of quantum cryptography were developed in the 1980s and the first experimental proof of principle was given in 1992. Since then, the subject has developed to the point where demonstration systems have been installed that run over long distances down standard telecommunication optical fibre systems. This rapid growth of research activity is partly fuelled by the curiosity of scientists, and partly by the fears of military, government, and financial institutions about data confidentiality and computer security.
Quantum computing
Authors: Fox Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we shall look at the basic principles of quantum computing and its implementation by optical techniques. Since this is a rapidly developing subject that occupies the attention of many research groups worldwide, we shall concentrate on introducing the fundamental ideas and avoid too many details that will inevitably date very quickly. The reader is referred to the bibliography for more rigorous treatments of the subject and more comprehensive discussions of the present state of the art in the experiments.
Working in Forensic Mental Health Settings
Authors: Barker Richard , Moore Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A 22-year-old male attacked a female passer-by as she walked down by a river on a late summer ‘s evening. The attack appeared arbitrary in nature with the victim stating that the attacker had been murmuring to himself as she had approached him. She sustained injuries to her hands and arms, but was able to escape by jumping into the river. She was rescued by a passer-by on the other side of the river and the attacker ran away. Later that night a man fitting the description she provided was arrested in the centre of town when he had been seen on CCTV wandering down the main road.
Working in General Medical Settings
Authors: Latchford Gary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of the many different areas of academic psychology, health psychology has perhaps grown in popularity more than any other over the last 20 years. This is reflected in the establishment of a number of journals and organisations, and in its rise as one of the most popular topics for doctoral research projects in university psychology departments. There has been interest, too, in practical applications, for example in predicting and influencing lifestyle change such as smoking cessation, and in examining and enhancing informed decision making by patients about medical treatments.
DNA structure
Authors: Bates Andrew D , Maxwell Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of all biological molecules, DNA has perhaps most fired the imagination of scientists and non-scientists alike. This is probably due to the aesthetic appeal of the DNA double helix, a structure that is apparently simple but also profound in terms of its implications for biological function. The term ‘DNA structure’ encompasses the chemical and stereochemical details of DNA molecules. The principal purpose of this book is to focus on the higher-order structural features of DNA, namely supercoils, knots, and catenanes but before embarking on these topics, it is essential to consider the primary and secondary structural features: how DNA chains are put together and how they can form helical structures.
From absolute space and time to influenceable spacetime: an overview
Authors: Rindler Wolfgang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At their core, Einstein’s relativity theories (both the special theory of 1905 and the general theory of 1915) are the modern physical theories of space and time, which have replaced Newton’s concepts of absolute space and absolute time by spacetime. We specifically call Einstein’s theories ‘physical’ because they claim to describe real structures in the real world and are open to experimental disproof.
Foundations of special relativity; The Lorentz transformation
Authors: Rindler Wolfgang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It will be well to preface our detailed discussion of relativity theory with some comments on the nature of physical laws and theories in general. According to modern thought (largely influenced by Einstein) even the best of physical theories do not claim to assert an absolute truth, but rather an approximation to the truth. Moreover, they are not mere deductions from experimental facts, available to any diligent seeker cleansed of prejudices, as was thought by Bacon in the sixteenth, and still by Mach in the twentieth century.
The Schwarzschild metric
Authors: Rindler Wolfgang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was left to Schwarzschild to find, early in 1916, the first and still the most important exact solution of the Einstein vacuum field equations. It represents the field outside a spherically symmetric mass in otherwise empty space. (Later it was also recognized as the solution representing both the outside and the inside of a non-rotating black hole.) Schwarzschild’s solution allows the exact calculation of several of the ‘post Newtonian’ effects of GR, including the precession of planetary orbits, the bending of light around the sun, the exact gravitational frequency shift, the Shapiro time delay of light passing near the sun, and the precession of orbiting gyroscopes.
Special Relativity
Authors: Giulini Domenico 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Special relativity provides the foundations of our knowledge of space and time. Without it, our understanding of the world, and its place in the universe, would be unthinkable. This book gives a concise, elementary, yet exceptionally modern, introduction to special relativity. It is a gentle yet serious 'first encounter', in that it conveys a true understanding rather than purely reports the basic facts. Only very elementary mathematical knowledge is needed to master it (basic high-school maths), yet it will leave the reader with a sound understanding of the subject. Special Relativity: A First Encounter starts with a broad historical introduction and motivation of the basic notions. The central chapters are dedicated to special relativity, mainly following Einstein's historical route. Later chapters turn to various applications in all parts of physics and everyday life. Unlike other books on the subject, the current status of the experimental foundations of special relativity is accurately reported and the experiments explained. This book will appeal to anyone wanting a introduction to the subject, as well as being background reading for students beginning a course in physics.
Foundations of Special Relativity
Authors: Giulini Domenico 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The foregoing discussion should have made clear the state of tension in which physics found itself at the end of the 19th century. This was already felt by the young and bright Einstein. Shortly before his death he remembered his short but happy year (1895–1896) as a pupil of the school in the small city of Aarau (Switzerland), in whose liberal atmosphere the ‘saucy Swabian’ (according to a classmate) felt much more at home than in the authoritarian Gymnasium at Munich (Germany).