bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Riemannian Background to Frege’s Philosophy
Authors: Tappenden Jamie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There was a methodological revolution in the mathematics of the nineteenth century, and philosophers have, for the most part, failed to notice. My objective in this chapter is to convince you of this, and further to convince you of the following points. The philosophy of mathematics has been informed by an inaccurately narrow picture of the emergence of rigour and logical foundations in the nineteenth century. This blinkered vision encourages a picture of philosophical and logical foundations as essentially disengaged from ongoing mathematical practice. Frege is a telling example: we have misunderstood much of what Frege was trying to do, and missed the intended significance of much of what he wrote, because our received stories underestimate the complexity of nineteenth-century mathematics and mislocate Frege’s work within that context. Given Frege’s perceived status as a paradigmatic analytic philosopher, this mislocation translates into an unduly narrow vision of the relation between mathematics and philosophy.
Probability and random variables
Authors: Stirzaker David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Randomness and probability are not easy to define precisely, but we certainly recognize random events when we meet them. For example, randomness is in effect when we flip a coin, buy a lottery ticket, run a horse race, buy stocks, join a queue, elect a leader, or make a decision. It is natural to ask for the probability that your horse or candidate wins, or your stocks rise, or your queue quickly shrinks, and so on.
Introduction to stochastic processes
Authors: Stirzaker David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have looked at single random variables, and finite collections of random variables (X 1, … , Xn), which we termed random vectors. However, many practical applications of probability are concerned with random processes evolving in time, or space, or both, without any limit on the time (or space) for which this may continue. We therefore make the following definitions, confining ourselves in the first instance to processes evolving in one dimension that we call time, for definiteness.
Oncogenes
Authors: Knowles Margaret A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The involvement of multiple genetic events in the generation of human cancers has been discussed in previous chapters and the terms oncogene and tumour suppressor gene have been used to describe the two major classes of cellular genes that are genetically or epigenetically altered. In this section we will examine the discovery and characterization of those genes classified as ‘oncogenes’ and will consider their role in the process of carcinogenesis and their potential use as therapeutic targets.
Growth factors and their signalling pathways in cancer
Authors: Prigent Sally A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The organization of cells into multicellular organ- isms depends upon sophisticated communication systems. During development, and in the mature organism, cells need to be able to sense the appropriate time to grow, divide, migrate, differentiate, survive, or die. These processes are all controlled by families of growth factors, which bind to specific receptors on the surface of their target cells. Once activated, these receptors initiate signalling path- ways, which determine the response of the cells. Aberrant activation of one or more of these path- ways can lead to unregulated cell division, and the formation of a tumour.
Mechanisms of viral carcinogenesis
Authors: Farrell Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many controls on proliferation and survival of cells. These prevent development of cancer unless multiple genetic or epigenetic changes accumulate in the cells. As part of their normal growth strategy, certain viruses happen to cause changes in infected cells that are equivalent to some of the changes required to make a cancer cell. In this way these viruses make an important contribution to certain types of cancer, to the extent that prevention of the virus infection may effectively prevent the cancer. About 14% of all human cancer worldwide has this type of viral component to its aetiology (Stewart and Kleihues, 2003). Studies on viruses associated with cancer have been central to the discovery of the mechanisms of cancer development and may provide novel approaches to prevention or treatment of cancers.
Conclusions and prospects
Authors: Selby Peter , Knowles Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ultimate goal of all cancer research is to provide benefits for cancer patients, and those at risk of cancer. The immediacy of those benefits from research will vary from the long-term pro- ducts of basic biomedical research through to the direct benefits to patients that come from clinical trials. The process of editing this book has allowed us to take an overview of what has happened in recent years, when new knowledge and new tech- nologies have been firmly established and great progress has been made in translating these into real advances in prevention and treatment.
Dynamically guided learning
Authors: Gómez Rebecca L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent research on human learning has revealed a pervasive ability to track statistical structure in adulthood and infancy. Because statistical information abounds in visual and linguistic structure, statistical learning has potential for playing an important role in the acquisition of complex skill. This chapter summarizes the literature on statistical learning and evaluates it in terms of its potential for circumventing problems that have been traditionally posed for learners, such as over generalization and how learners choose among multiple forms of structure.
Vector spaces
Authors: Cameron Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the time you reach this point, you will probably have met vector spaces in another course: perhaps matrices, geometry, mechanics, or linear algebra. The treatment here may be somewhat diﬀerent. A vector space is an algebraic object like a ring or a group, and we will start with a collection of axioms, as we did in the chapters on rings and groups. Then we turn to subspaces and homomorphisms, and ﬁnd that homomorphisms between vector spaces can be represented by matrices, and indeed by matrices of a particularly simple form. In the last section, we see that for matrices with elements in a Euclidean domain (such as the integers), similar results apply.
Integrability of ASDYM and twistor theory
Authors: Dunajski Maciej 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ASDYM equations played an important role in the last chapter because of their connection with the YM instantons. In this chapter we shall explore the integrability of these equations using the twistor methods. The twistor transform described in Section 7.2 is a far reaching generalization of the inverse scattering transform studied in Chapter 2. All local solutions to the ASDYM equations will be parameterized by certain holomorphic vector bundles over a three-dimensional complex manifold called the twistor space. Some solutions to ASDYM can be written down explicitly as the equations can be reduced to a linear problem. The class (6.4.26) is one example. While one cannot hope to write the most general solution in terms of ‘known’ functions, the twistor methods will allow to reduce the problem to a number of algebraic operations like the Riemann–Hilbert factorization.
Gravitational instantons
Authors: Dunajski Maciej 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gravitational instantons are solutions to the four-dimensional Einstein equations in Riemannian signature which give complete metrics and asymptotically ‘look-like’ flat space, in a sense to be made precise in the remainder of this chapter. Gravitational instantons cannot usually be analytically continued to Lorentzian signature. They are nevertheless physically relevant as they can allow a semi-classical description of the as-yet-unknown theory of quantum gravity. Our discussion in this chapter assumes familiarity with basic general relativity, but we shall summarize the standard definitions in Section 9.2.
One Thousand Exercises in Probability
Authors: Grimmett Geoffrey R , Stirzaker David R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is a revised, updated and greatly expanded version of the authors' "Probability and Random Processes: Problems and Solutions", first published in 1992. The 1000+ exercises contained within are not merely drill problems but have been chosen to illustrate the concepts, illuminate the subject, and both inform and entertain the student. Topics cover a broad range of subjects, including: elementary aspects of probability and random variables; sampling; Markov chains; convergence; stationary processes; renewals; queues; Martingales; diffusion; mathematical finance and the Black-Scholes model. This text is intended for general use, and to serve students as a companion text for elementary, intermediate and advanced courses in probability and random processes. Useful for anyone needing a large source of problems in these areas and at all levels. This book also acts as a companion volume to the new edition of Probability and Random Processes 3/e, (OUP - 2001), providing the solutions for the problems and exercises.
Probability and Random Processes
Authors: Grimmett Geoffrey R , Stirzaker David R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This third edition of this successful text gives a rigorous and extensive introduction to probability theory and an account in some depth of the most important random processes. It includes various topics which are suitable for undergraduate courses, but are not routinely taught. It is suitable for students of probability at all levels. There are four main aims: 1) to provide a thorough but straightforward account of basic probability, giving the reader a natural feel for the subject unburdened by oppressive technicalities, 2) to discuss important random processes in depth with many examples. 3) to cover a range of important but less routine topics, 4) to impart to the beginner the flavour of more advanced work. The book begins with basic ideas common to many undergraduate courses in mathematics, statistics and the sciences; it concludes with topics usually found at graduate level. The ordering and numbering of material in this third edition has been mostly preserved from the second. Minor alterations and additions have been added for clearer exposition. Highlights include new sections on sampling and Markov chain Monte Carlo, geometric probability, coupling and Poisson approximation, large deviations, spatial Poisson processes, renewal-reward, queuing networks, stochastic calculus, Itô's formula and option pricing in the Black- Scholes model for financial markets. In addition there are many (nearly 400) new exercises and problems that are entertaining and instructive; their solutions can be found in the companion volume 'One Thousand Exercises in Probability', (OUP).
Events and their probabilities
Authors: Grimmett Geoffrey R , Stirzaker David R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much of our life is based on the belief that the future is largely unpredictable. For example, games of chance such as dice or roulette would have few adherents if their outcomes were known in advance. We express this belief in chance behaviour by the use of words such as ‘random’ or ‘probability’, and we seek, by way of gaming and other experience, to assign quantitative as well as qualitative meanings to such usages.
Discrete random variables
Authors: Grimmett Geoffrey R , Stirzaker David R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The distribution of a discrete random variable may be specified via its probability mass function. The key notion of independence for discrete random variables is introduced. The concept of expectation, or mean value, is defined for discrete variables, leading to a definition of the variance and the moments of a discrete random variable. Joint distributions, conditional distributions, and conditional expectation are introduced, together with the ideas of covariance and correlation. The Cauchy–Schwarz inequality is presented. The analysis of sums of random variables leads to the convolution formula for mass functions. Random walks are studied in some depth, including the reflection principle, the ballot theorem, the hitting time theorem, and the arc sine laws for visits to the origin and for sojourn times.
Continuous random variables
Authors: Grimmett Geoffrey R , Stirzaker David R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The distribution of a continuous random variable may be specified via its probability density function. The key notion of independence is explored for continuous random variables. The concept of expectation and its consequent theory are discussed in depth. Conditional distributions and densities are studied, leading to the notion of conditional expectation. Certain specific distributions are introduced, including the exponential and normal distributions, and the multivariate normal distribution. The density function following a change of variables is derived by the Jacobian formula. The study of sums of random variables leads to the convolution formula for density functions. Methods for sampling from given distributions are presented. The method of coupling is discussed with examples, and the Stein–Chen approximation to the Poisson distribution is proved. The final section is devoted to questions of geometrical probability.
Renewals
Authors: Grimmett Geoffrey R , Stirzaker David R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A renewal process is a recurrent-event process with independent identically distributed interevent times. The asymptotic behaviour of a renewal process is described by the renewal theorem and the elementary renewal theorem, and the key renewal theorem is often useful. The waiting-time paradox leads to a discussion of excess and current lifetimes, and their asymptotic distributions are found. Other renewal-type processes are studied, including alternating and delayed renewal processes, and the use of renewal is illustrated in applications to Markov chains and age-dependent branching processes. The asymptotic behaviour of renewal–reward processes is studied, and Little’s formula is proved.
Structuring an introductory statistics course
Authors: Gelman Andrew , Nolan Deborah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The demonstrations and examples in this book are presented as separate modules so that the reader can easily use any subset of them. This chapter illustrates how we integrate our demonstrations and other teaching material into a non-calculus based semester-long introductory course. We outline the course material and the student activities for each of 26 lecture periods of 75 minutes each. We make no claims for the optimality of this syllabus; rather, we include it to show how class-participation activities can be inserted into a standard course. In addition, we sketch an alternative list of activities for each week of a 15-week semester.
Decision theory and Bayesian statistics
Authors: Gelman Andrew , Nolan Deborah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have taught several times an introductory course in decision theory and Bayesian statistics, requiring one term of probability as a prerequisite. In addition to the usual lectures, homework, and problem solving, we have found it useful to conduct frequent classroom demonstrations. Some of these are essentially lectures, but with extensive class participation, whereas others involve actions or calculations by the students. This chapter outlines some of our more effective demonstrations. Our contribution here is in the tricks used to involve students; the ideas behind most of the demonstrations are well known, and we refer in structors and students to textbooks in applied decision analysis and Bayesian statistics for further references (see the Notes at the end of the book).
Human Baroreflexes in Health and Disease
Authors: Eckberg Dwain L , Sleight Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
BL The first book devoted to human baroreflexes A comprehensive review of baroreflex involvement in human diseases, this book places the most recent understanding of human physiology solidly in the context of knowledge from animals. This book secures a place for human studies in the understanding of baroreflex physiology and pathophysiology and celebrates the advances made. By describing clearly the existing deficiencies in the understanding of baroreflex mechanisms, it points a way for future research in this exciting and important area of medical science. Nerve endings in the walls of the carotid sinuses and the aortic arch transduce arterial pressure changes and provide the central nervous system with a steady stream of encoded information. On the basis of this information, efferent autonomic neural activity is modulated finely, and the neurohumoral milieu of the heart and blood vessels is adjusted on a second-to-second basis. The arterial baroreflex may be the most important of the cardiovascular control mechanisms, because the baroreflex, above all other reflex mechanisms is the one whose speed is most adequate to respond rapidly to the abrupt transients of arterial pressure that occur in daily life. This book will help to fix a place for human studies in the understanding of baroreflex physiology and pathophysiology. It is intended as a celebration of the advances that have been made and, by describing clearly the existing deficiencies in the understanding of baroreflex mechanisms, it points a way for future research in this exciting and important area of medical science.
Myocardial ischaemia
Authors: Eckberg Dwain L , Sleight Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Baroreflexes may be involved in the pathophysiology of human myocardial ischaemia in a variety of ways. Since ischaemia alters arterial pressure, and since arterial baroreceptors sense and respond to extremely small changes of pressure, it is likely that baroreceptors sense all pressure changes provoked by ischaemia and help shape autonomic responses. In patients with ischaemic heart disease, baroreceptors seem to be involved intimately with prognosis; they may modify responses to therapy; and there is even the possibility that under certain circumstances, baroreflex mechanisms modulate coronary vascular resistance and provoke (or relieve) myocardial ischaemia.
Congestive heart failure
Authors: Eckberg Dwain L , Sleight Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In no category of patients with cardiovascular problems is abnormal baroreflex function more apparent than it is in those with congestive heart failure. Starling as early as 1897 recognized the possibility that tachycardia and vasoconstriction in heart failure patients might be due to reflex mechanisms. Baroreflex abnormalities are well documented in patients with heart failure resulting from a variety of underlying diseases, including particularly hypertension, coronary artery disease, and cardiomyopathy. Abnormalities are present (or have been studied) most commonly when disease involves the left ventricle; however, abnormal baroreflex-mediated responses may also be present in patients with processes that do not involve the left ventricle, including mitral stenosis (McIntosh Set al. 1954) and obstructive lung disease (Patakas et al. 1982).
Stamen diversity and in situ pollen of Cretaceous angiosperms
Authors: Friis Else Marie , Crane Peter R , Pedersen Kaj Raunsgaard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stratigraphic and systematic analyses of dispersed fossil pollen grains have played a major role in developing current ideas on the timing and pattern of early angiosperm evolution. In most cases other parts of the plants that produced these grains are unknown but recent studies have recovered diverse floral remains from many Cretaceous localities, and these frequently have pollen preserved within anthers or on stigmatic surfaces. In the mid-Cretaceous (Albian-Cenomanian), probable magnoliid and ‘lower’ hamamelidid stamens are particularly diverse and usually contain small, monocolpate or tricolpate-tricolporate pollen, generally with a relatively thick endexinc and a prominent footlayer. Typically these stamens show only weak differentiation between anther and filament, have a massive connective with a pronounced apical expansion, and exhibit well-developed valvate dehiscence. All of the hamamelidid stamens for which other floral organs arc known occur in small, unisexual flowers.
CCK receptors and anxiety in rats
Authors: Vasar Eero , Harro Jaanus , Pold Anu , Lang Aavo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Agonists at CCK receptors have been shown to induce or potentiate fear-related behaviour in rats. Thus very low doses of caerulein and pentagastrin have, an anxiogenic-like effect on rats in an elevated plus maze (Harro et al. 1989). The CCK antagonist proglumide completely reverses the anxiogenic-like action of caerulein and pentagastrin in rodents (Harro et al. 1989, 1990). Intracerebroventricular administration of CCK-4 increases the intensity of footshock-elicited aggressiveness in male rats (Vasar et al. 1984). The intravenous administration of CCK-4 has recently been shown to cause very severe anxiety and panic-like attacks in healthy volunteers (De Montigny 1989). However, it is not clear whether the primary target of the anxiogenic-like action of CCKrelated peptides lies in the brain or the periphery. Therefore the aim of the present study is to reveal the primary target of the anxiogenic-like effect of CCK agonists in the rat.
Behavioural analysis of the role of CCKA and CCKB receptors in the control of feeding in rodents
Authors: Dourish Colin T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the discovery that CCK decreases food intake in rats (Gibbs et al. 1973a; see Chapter 17 of this volume) there has been considerable interest in the proposal that the peptide may act as an endogenous satiety signal. The ‘CCK satiety’ hypothesis has aroused much controversy, and there have been suggestions that the decrease in feeding induced by the peptide is not due to satiety but is caused by sedation, nausea, or mild toxicity. The major proponents of the nausea/toxicity hypothesis have been Deutsch and his colleagues and, more recently, Stricker and his colleagues. Deutsch has shown that CCK produces a conditioned taste aversion (CTA) to various novel-flavoured. solutions (Deutsch and Hardy 1977) and that the decrease in feeding induced by CCK is attenuated by an anti-emetic drug (Moore and Deutsch 1985). However, the relationship between the ability of a drug to induce a CTA and to cause nausea is uncertain, and indeed many drugs that induce a CTA also support selfadministration, indicating that they have rewarding properties (Goudie 1987). Furthermore, it appears that small doses of CCK which produce a reliable decrease in food intake do not induce a CTA, suggesting that the presence of a CTA is not a prerequisite for observing a satiety-like action of CCK (see Chapter 17 of this volume for further discussion).
Production and application of phytochemicals from an agricultural perspective
Authors: Wink Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Animals and microorganisms (except the chemo-or photo-autotrophic bacteria) directly or indirectly rely on plants as a major and ultimate source of food. We can safely assume that plants have developed strategies against herbivorous animals or phytopathogenic microorganisms during evolution. Furthermore, plants compete with other plants (of the same or of different species) for light, water, and nutrients.
Mineral nutrition of galls induced by Diplolepis spinosa (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) on wild and domestic roses in central Canada
Authors: bagatto Giuseppe , Shorthouse Joseph D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cynipid wasp Diplolepis spinosa induces large, multichambered galls on stems of the wild rose Rosa blanda throughout central Ontario, Canada and recently has become established on the domestic rose Rosa rugosa. The life history of D. spinosa and composition of the associated community of parasitoids will be described.