bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Child health care centres: an academic model for comprehensive child health care in the community
Authors: Katz M. , Urkin J. , Bar‐David Y. , Cohen A. H. , Warshawsky S. , Barak N. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe challenge of the discipline of paediatrics in the 21st century is to promote health and development of children in a way that will enable them to maximize their biological and social potential. The community child health centre (CHC) in Israel is a model of community health care service built to provide comprehensive health care to children and adolescents, as well as an academic setting for under‐ and postgraduate paediatric training. Today there are 34 CHCs in Israel, serving a population of 220 000 children from birth to 18 years of age. The CHC combines the advantages of group practice with those of an academic medical centre and enables flexibility and mutual learning. Further expansion and development are required to realize the CHC's mission of a true comprehensive academic centre for paediatric community health.
Development of a condition‐specific measure of quality of life for children with cerebral palsy: empirical thematic data reported by parents and children
Authors: Waters E. , Maher E. , Salmon L. , Reddihough D. , Boyd R. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBackground Although there is increasing recognition that quality of life (QOL) and health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) are important outcome variables in clinical trials for children with cerebral palsy, there are substantial limitations in existing measures of QOL. This study identify themes of QOL for children with cerebral palsy and their parents to guide the development of a new condition‐specific QOL scale.Methods A qualitative study of parent and child views on QOL composition was conducted, using a grounded theory framework. Families participated in semistructured interviews on QOL until thematic saturation was reached (n = 28 families).Results Overall, 13 themes emerged from the interviews: physical health, body pain and discomfort, daily living tasks, participation in regular physical and social activities, emotional well‐being and self‐esteem, interaction with the community, communication, family health, supportive physical environment, future QOL, provision of, and access to services, financial stability, and social well‐being.Conclusions Research with parents and children with cerebral palsy, representative of severity across the disease spectrum and socio‐economic status, reinforced and expanded on the traditional themes that have underpinned QOL measurement development. This has implications not only for the development of a new QOL scale for children with cerebral palsy, but also for clinical interventions and community care management.
A 2‐year follow‐up of orphans’ competence, socioemotional problems and post‐traumatic stress symptoms in traditional foster care and orphanages in Iraqi Kurdistan
Authors: Ahmad A. , Qahar J. , Siddiq A. , Majeed A. , Rasheed J. , Jabar F. , Von Knorring A.‐L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBackground This paper aims to compare orphans’ development in two different care systems.Methods Based on age, sex, psychological trauma scores, competence and psychological problem scores, two comparable samples were found representing orphans in the traditional foster care (n = 94) and the orphanages (n = 48) in a middle‐large city in Iraqi Kurdistan. At an index interview, Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL), Harvard–Uppsala Trauma Questionnaire for Children and Post‐traumatic Stress Symptoms for Children (PTSS‐C) were administered to the caregivers. After 1 year the CBCL, and after 2 years both the CBCL and the PTSS‐C, were‐re‐administered, consecutively.Results Although both samples revealed significant decrease in the means of total competence and problem scores over time, the improvement in activity scale, externalizing problem scores and post‐traumatic stress disorder‐related symptoms proved to be more significant in the foster care than in the orphanages. While the activity scale improved in the foster care, the school competence deteriorated in both samples, particularly among the girls in the orphanages. The improvement of boys’ activity scores in the foster care, and deterioration of girls’ school competence in the orphanages were the most significant gender differences between samples over time.Conclusions Even if the two orphan care systems showed more similarities than differences, the foster care revealed better outcomes over time. The results are discussed in relation to gender, age, socio‐economic situation, cultural values and the characteristics of each care system.
How do Turkish mothers discipline children? An analysis from a behavioural perspective
Authors: Kircaali‐Iftar Gonul 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA descriptive study was conducted to assess the disciplinary practices of Turkish mothers for increasing appropriate and decreasing inappropriate behaviours of their children. The participants were 50 mothers of 4‐ to 6‐year‐old children receiving preschool education. The data were collected via a questionnaire consisting of open‐ended questions. The results revealed that the most frequently used disciplinary technique for strengthening desirable behaviours of children was presenting verbal praise, followed by presenting activity, edible, and social reinforcers whereas the favourite disciplinary technique for overcoming behaviour problems was providing verbal explanations. These findings show that the participants seem to be benefiting from a variety of behavioural techniques for supporting their children's appropriate behaviours. However, they look less competent when it comes to discouraging inappropriate behaviours. These findings are expected to (a) offer an alternative data collection model for assessing parental disciplinary practices, and (b) contribute to designing parent training and family‐focused early intervention programmes.
Risperidone in the treatment of disruptive behavioural symptoms in children with autistic and other pervasive developmental disorders
Authors: Reading Richard 
Published: February 2005

.

Shea S,
Turgay A,
Carroll A,
Schulz M,
Orlik H,
Smith I &
Dunbar F.
(
2004
)

,
114
,
e634
–
e641
.
Objective  To investigate the efficacy and safety of risperidone for the treatment of disruptive behavioural symptoms in children with autism and other pervasive developmental disorders (PDD).Methods  In this 8‐week, randomized, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled trial, risperidone/placebo solution (0.01–0.06 mg/kg/day) was administered to 79 children who were aged 5–12 years and had PDD. Behavioural symptoms were assessed using the Aberrant Behaviour Checklist (ABC), Nisonger Child Behaviour Rating Form and Clinical Global Impression‐Change. Safety assessments included vital signs, electrocardiogram, extrapyramidal symptoms, adverse events and laboratory tests.Results  Subjects who were taking risperidone (mean dosage: 0.04 mg/kg/day; 1.17 mg/day) experienced a significantly greater mean decrease on the irritability subscale of the ABC (primary endpoint) compared with those who were taking placebo. By study endpoint, risperidone‐treated subjects exhibited a 64% improvement over baseline in the irritability score almost double that of placebo‐treated subjects (31%). Risperidone‐treated subjects also exhibited significantly greater decreases on the other four subscales of the ABC; on the conduct problem, insecure/anxious, hyperactive and overly sensitive subscales of the Nisonger Child Behaviour Rating Form (parent version); and on the Visual Analog Scale of the most troublesome symptom. More risperidone‐treated subjects (87%) showed global improvement in their condition compared with the placebo group (40%). Somnolence, the most frequently reported adverse event, was noted in 72.5% vs. 7.7% of subjects (risperidone vs. placebo) and seemed manageable with dose/dose‐schedule modification. Risperidone‐treated subjects experienced statistically significantly greater increases in weight (2.7 vs. 1.0 kg), pulse rate and systolic blood pressure. Extrapyramidal symptoms scores were comparable between groups.Conclusions  Risperidone was well‐tolerated and efficacious in treating behavioural symptoms associated with PDD in children.
Prognosis for ambulation in cerebral palsy: a population‐based study
Authors: Reading Richard 
Published: February 2005

.

Wu YW,
Day SM,
Strauss DJ &
Shavelle RM.
(
2004
)

,
114
,
1264
–
1271
.
Objectives  To determine independent predictors of ambulation among children with cerebral palsy and to develop a simple tool that estimates the probability that a child will walk.Methods  In a retrospective study of all children with cerebral palsy who were not yet walking at 2–3.5 years of age, while receiving services from the California Department of Developmental Services during the years 1987–1999, we analysed medical and functional data obtained annually by Department of Developmental Services physicians and social workers. Using logistic regression analyses, we determined independent predictors of a child's ability to walk well alone at least 20 feet, without assistive devices, by age 6. We then estimated the probabilities of walking at various levels of ability over time, using multistate survival analysis.Results  Of 5366 study subjects, 2295 (43%) were evaluated at age 6; 12.8% could walk independently and 18.4% walked with support. Independent predictors of successful ambulation included early motor milestones such as sitting (odds ratio: 12.5; 95% confidence interval: 5.8–27.2) and pulling to a stand (odds ratio: 28.5; 95% confidence interval: 13.4–60.4) when compared with lack of rolling at age 2, cerebral palsy type other than spastic quadriparesis (odds ratio: 2.2; 95% confidence interval: 1.5–3.1), and preserved visual function (odds ratio: 2.4; 95% confidence interval: 1.1–5.4). Our ambulation charts depict the probability of remaining non‐ambulatory, transitioning to one of three possible ambulatory states, or expiring at all subsequent ages through age 14.Conclusion  The ambulation charts provide a simple straightforward way to estimate the probability that a child with cerebral palsy who is non‐ambulatory at 2–3.5 years of age will eventually walk with or without support.
Resource allocation in the submerged plant Vallisneria natans related to sediment type, rather than water‐column nutrients
Authors: XIE YONGHONG , AN SHUQING , WU BOFENG 
Published: February 2005

Summary1. Phenotypic plasticity in resource allocation by Vallisneria natans was investigated in a greenhouse experiment, using three types of sediment [sandy loam, clay, and a 50 : 50 (by volume) mixture of the two sediments] and two levels of water‐column nutrient. The clay was collected from a highly eutrophic lake in Jiangsu Province, China, and the N and P concentrations applied in nutrient media were at the upper limits observed in most lakes of China.2. Growth and biomass allocation were significantly affected by sediment type, rather than water‐column nutrients. Plant growth in clay and the mixture were similar, and 2.4–3.4 times higher than that in sandy loam. Compared with the plants grown in clay or the mixed sediments, the plants grown in sandy loam allocated relatively more biomass to root (11–17% versus 7–8% of total biomass), and relatively less to leaf (76–82% versus 86–87% of total biomass). Plastic variations in root area were induced by sediment type alone (P < 0.05), whereas the impacts of sediment type and water‐column nutrients on leaf area were insignificant (P > 0.05).3. Plant N and P concentrations were significantly affected by both sediment type and water‐column nutrients. Increased nutrient availability in the water column enhanced plant N concentration by 3.5–20.2%, and plant P concentration by 19.1–25.8%.4. Biomass accumulation and plant nutrient concentration in plants grown in different sediment types and water‐column nutrients indicate that sediment type had more significant impacts on growth and N and P concentrations of V. natans than did water‐column nutrients. Changes in phenotype are a functional response to nutrient availability in sediment, rather than to water‐column nutrients.
Light absorption by phytoplankton and chromophoric dissolved organic matter in the drainage basin and estuary of the Neuse River, North Carolina (U.S.A.)
Authors: VÄHÄTALO ANSSI V. , WETZEL ROBERT G. , PAERL HANS W. 
Published: February 2005

Summary1. We examined the absorption of solar radiation by phytoplankton and chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) taking into account riparian shading in the rivers, reservoirs, swamps of the Neuse River Estuary and its drainage basin.2. In the streams, CDOM typically absorbed 55 and 64% of photons in the spectral range of 400–700 nm (photosynthetically active radiation, PAR) and 500–600 nm, respectively. The large proportion of photons absorbed by CDOM indicates high potential for abiotic photochemial reactions in the 500–600 nm region.3. Despite the high concentration of nutrients, phytoplankton contributed little (2%) to the total absorption of PAR in the streams. Small (<30 m wide) streams typically received only 7% of incident PAR that impinged onto the more exposed reservoirs and estuary. Riparian shading and the low contribution of phytoplankton to the total absorption resulted in conditions where phytoplankton absorbed nearly two orders of magnitude less PAR in the streams than in the estuary and reservoirs.4. The results indicated that riparian shading and non‐algal absorbing components can significantly restrict phytoplankton production in nutrient‐rich streams with a high concentration of CDOM flowing throughout forested catchments.
Plasticity in newt metamorphosis: the effect of predation at embryonic and larval stages
Authors: ORIZAOLA GERMÁN , BRAÑA FLORENTINO 
Published: February 2005

Summary1. Some organisms under variable predator pressure show induced antipredator defences, whose development incurs costs and may be associated with changes to later performance. This may be of especial relevance to animals with complex life histories involving metamorphosis.2. This study examines the effect of predation environment, experienced both during embryonic and larval stages, on palmate newt (Triturus helveticus) metamorphosis. Newt eggs were raised until hatching with or without exposure to chemical cues from brown trout (Salmo trutta), and larval development was monitored in the presence or absence of the cues.3. Exposure to predator cues during the embryonic stage resulted in higher growth rates at the larval stage, reduced time to metamorphosis and size at metamorphosis. Metamorphs also had narrower heads and shorter forelimbs than those from predator‐free treatments. In contrast, exposure to predator cues during the larval stage did not affect metamorph characteristics.4. These results indicate that developing embryos are sensitive to predator chemical cues and that the responses can extend to later stages. Reversion of induced defences when predation risk ceased was not detected. We discuss the possible adaptive significance of these responses.
Growth of shredders on leaf litter biofilms: the effect of light intensity
Authors: FRANKEN ROB J. M. , WALUTO BEATA , PEETERS EDWIN T. H. M. , GARDENIERS JEAN J. P. , BEIJER JOHN A. J. , SCHEFFER MARTEN 
Published: February 2005

Summary1. The effect of light intensity on the decomposition of poplar (Populus nigra) leaves and growth of the shredders, Asellus aquaticus and Gammarus pulex, was studied in a laboratory experiment. The response was studied along a gradient of six light intensities of 0, 5, 23, 54, 97 and 156 μmol m−2 s−1. It was hypothesised that an increase in light intensity would increase growth of shredders, because of an increase of algae (i.e. food quality) in the leaf‐biofilm.2. Light intensity affected both leaf‐biofilm quality and consumer behaviour and affected several aspects of the decomposition‐consumer interaction. In the absence of invertebrates, leaf mass loss was lower in the dark, while light intensity had no significant effect on mass loss of poplar leaf in the presence of invertebrates. Light intensity affected algal biomass, density and composition, and had a significant positive effect on the growth of both shredders.3. Our results suggest that algae can be an important component of the nutritional value of the leaf‐biofilm for benthic invertebrates, directly as an additional food source and indirectly through a link with bacteria and/or fungi.4. The River Continuum Concept mainly emphasises allochthonous inputs to headwater streams and autochthonous production further downstream. Our results suggest that light, by its effect on the biofilms on leaf surfaces, might be a more important factor in headwaters than is usually assumed.
Catchment‐ and site‐scale influences of forest cover and longitudinal forest position on the distribution of a diadromous fish
Authors: EIKAAS HANS S. , MCINTOSH ANGUS R. , KLISKEY ANDREW D. 
Published: February 2005

Summary1. The hydrologic connectivity between landscape elements and streams means that fragmentation of terrestrial habitats could affect the distribution of stream faunas at multiple spatial scales. We investigated how catchment‐ and site‐scale influences, including proportion and position of forest cover within a catchment, and presence of riparian forest cover affected the distribution of a diadromous fish.2. The occurrence of koaro (Galaxias brevipinnis) in 50‐m stream reaches with either forested or non‐forested riparian margins at 172 sites in 24 catchments on Banks Peninsula, South Island, New Zealand was analysed. Proportions of catchments forested and the dominant position (upland or lowland) of forest within catchments were determined using geographical information system spatial analysis tools.3. Multivariate analysis of variance indicated forest position and proportion forested at the catchment accounted for the majority of the variation in the overall proportion of sites in a catchment with koaro.4. Where forest was predominantly in the lower part of the catchments, the presence of riparian cover was important in explaining the proportion of sites with koaro. However, where forest was predominantly in the upper part of the catchment, the effect of riparian forest was not as strong. In the absence of riparian forest cover, no patterns of koaro distribution with respect to catchment forest cover or forest position were detected.5. These results indicate that landscape elements, such as the proportion and position of catchment forest, operating at catchment‐scales, influence the distribution of diadromous fish but their influence depends on the presence of riparian vegetation, a site‐scale factor.
The unimolecular character of the classical Brunauer, Emmett and Teller adsorption equation and moisture adsorption
Authors: Caurie Matthew 
Published: February 2005

SummaryA reformulation of the classical Brunauer, Emmett and Teller multimolecular adsorption equation resulted in a unimolecular equation in which a third parameter was introduced into general statements. The third parameter represented adsorption centres on the unimolecular surface. This parameter modified the constant C in the BET equation to C1/n which, on analysis, was found to measure the density of the most strongly adsorbed molecules. The new equation, which was shown to apply to all isotherm shapes, delineated limits between which three states of unimolecularly adsorbed molecules could be identified along the isotherm. It also provided a new method for calculating the net heat of adsorption, which is identical with the Clausius–Clapeyron equation at low values of Aw. The equation also explained the phenomenon of adsorption compression in sorption studies and this was because of the increased density of primary adsorbate molecules at low values of Aw.
Composition, quality control and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) seeds from Bulgaria that had been stored for up to 36 years
Authors: Jirovetz Leopold , Buchbauer Gerhard , Stoyanova Albena S. , Georgiev Evgenii V. , Damianova Stanka T. 
Published: February 2005

SummaryThe essential oil of seeds of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) from Bulgaria stored for more than 35 years was analyzed by physicochemical methods, GC, GC‐MS and olfactometry and its antimicrobial activity tested using different strains of microorganisms. More than sixty constituents of this cumin oil could be identified as essential volatiles, responsible for the pleasant fresh, clean, spicy (typical cumin‐like) odour of a high quality product. Cumin aldehyde (36%), β‐pinene (19.3%), p‐cymene (18.4%) and γ‐terpinene (15.3%) were the principal compounds found. Antimicrobial testing showed high activity of the essential C. cyminum oil against the mold Aspergillus niger, the Gram (+) bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus epidermidis as well as the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans.
Effect of grafting and modified atmosphere packaging on eggplant quality parameters during storage
Authors: Arvanitoyannis Ioannis S. , Khah Ebrahim M. , Christakou Evangelia C. , Bletsos Fotios A 
Published: February 2005

SummaryThe physico‐chemical parameters (pH, mechanical firmness and vitamin C) and sensory parameters of grafted and ungrafted eggplant plants were studied in relation to storage time (up to 17 days at 10 °C). Eggplant plants of cultivar ‘Tsakoniki’ were grafted on Solanum torvum and S. sisymbriifolium rootstocks in order to avoid the soil borne disease caused by Verticillium dahliae. The fruits were stored under modified atmosphere packaging (MAP). Vitamin C was negatively affected by grafting it storage, while MAP prolonged the shelf life. Although pH was not affected by grafting but was positively affected by MAP. Flesh firmness was negatively affected by grafting and reduced over storage, but positively affected by MAP. Sensory analysis showed higher ratings of fruits from ungrafted plants for sweetness, acceptance and hardness whereas no difference was detected for overall acceptance. Fruits stored under MAP were better maintained compared with those stored in air.
Antioxidant activities of organic grape, pomace, juice, must, wine and their correlation with phenolic content
Authors: Yıldırım Hatice K. , Akçay Yasemin D. , Güvenç Ulgar , Altındişli Ahmet , Sözmen Eser Y. 
Published: February 2005

SummaryThe highest values of antioxidant activity (AOA), inhibition of low‐density lipoproteins (LDL‐diene, LDL‐MDA) and total phenols were determined in pomace (82.30 and 82.60%), grapes (68.91%) and must [2750 mg L−1 gallic acid equivalents (GAE)], respectively. For all parameters (AOA, iLDL‐diene, iLDL‐MDA, total phenols) the highest values were obtained in Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot grape varieties. Positive correlations were determined between AOA and iLDL‐diene (r = 0.809); AOA and total phenols (r = 0.528); total phenols and iLDL‐diene (r = 0.451) with significance of P < 0.005. The results of principal component analysis demonstrated that the location of iLDL‐diene and AOA is the same for pomace, must and red wines. The total phenols are found in the same place in red wines, red grapes, pomace and must. The results emphasize the importance of must, pomace and red wine for inhibiting LDL‐oxidation.