bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of borate formulations as wood preservatives to control subterranean termites in Australia
Authors: Ahmed B.M. , French J.R.J. , Vinden P. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
The termiticidal efficacy of sodium octaborate tetrahydrate,
boric acid, borester-7, and tri-methyl borate as
wood preservatives was evaluated after each was
impregnated into seasoned sapwood of Pinus radiata D.
Don and Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell in laboratory bioassay
against Coptotermes acinaciformis (Froggatt).
There was clear difference between the different borate
retentions in treated and untreated blocks, mass loss,
and mortality rate of the termite used in the bioassay
units. After 8 weeks of laboratory bioassay, the results
suggested that borate was toxic to termites even at
0.24% m/m BAE and caused significant termite mortality,
but termites were not deterred from attacking the borate-treated
timber at a higher retention of >2.0% m/m BAE.
These laboratory results indicated that the minimum
borate treatment required to protect timber against termite
attack and damage was >1.0% m/m BAE.
Impedance Spectroscopy, Strength and Limitations (Impedanzspektroskopie, Stärken und Grenzen)
Authors: Boukamp Bernard A. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has become an important tool in Solid State Electrochemistry. Simple Kramers-Kronig transform data validation assures selection of high quality data for subsequent CNLS-fit analysis. Optimized starting parameters and probable equivalent circuit can be obtained through a de-convolution based pre-analysis procedure. Combination of time-domain measurements with frequency-domain analysis extends impedance measurements in to the μHz range.
Lineare Optimierung von Parametern eines Wirbelstrom-Sensors am Beispiel der Abstandsmessung (Linear Optimisation of Parameters of an Eddy Current Sensor Used for a Displacement Measurement)
Authors: Ricken Werner 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit dem modellgestützten Messen von Abständen mittels Wirbelstrom-Sensoren. Nichtlineares Verhalten von Skineffekt und Materialabhängigkeit der Diffusion des elektromagnetischen Feldes erschweren eine Signalverarbeitung auf weniger komplexen Mikroprozessoren. Der Mangel an einem geeigneten Modell war Motivation, ein Verfahren zur linearen Optimierung von Parametern des Wirbelstrom-Sensors zu entwickeln. Mithilfe eines linearen Ansatzes zwischen komplexer Impedanz und Einflussgrößen lassen sich optimierte Parameter berechnen. Linearkombinationen aus Impedanzen, die während der Kalibrierung erfasst wurden, bilden die notwendigen Bestimmungsgleichungen. Am Beispiel der Abstandsmessung wird gezeigt, dass sich der Einfluss z.B. der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit und der magnetischen Permeabilität deutlich verringert. Eine präzise Abstandsmessung ist daher auch ohne genaue Kenntnisse der Einflussgrößen möglich.
Magnetoimpedanzmethode zur Detektion von Materialfehlern in Aluminiumbauteilen des Airbus A-380 (Magneto-Impedance Method for Defect Detection in Aluminium Components of the Airbus A-380)
Authors: von Kreutzbruck Marc , Allweins Kai 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Es wird eine Magnetoimpedanzmethode zur Detektion von extrem tief liegenden Materialfehlern in Aluminiumkomponenten des Flugzeugbaus vorgestellt. Ausgehend von induzierten Wechselströmen werden die durch Materialfehler erzeugten Inhomogenitäten in der Magnetfeldverteilung detektiert. Hierzu kommt höchstempfindliche Magnetosensorik (z.B. SQUID) zum Einsatz, die es ermöglicht, geringe Abweichungen in der Amplituden- wie auch Phaseninformation zu bestimmen. Wesentlicher Bestandteil für eine zuverlässige Materialfehlerdetektion ist die erfolgreiche Trennung der magnetischen Signatur des Fehlers von den überlagerten Feldvariationen, die durch sonstige Komponenten verursacht werden (z.B. Titanbolzen). Neben der simulationsgestützten Bestimmung von optimalen Anregungsfrequenzen und den Fehler-Separationsmethoden wird von Messungen an über 60 mm starken Aluminiumstrukturen berichtet.
Bodenfeuchtemessung mittels Impedanzspektroskopie (Soil Moisture Measurement with Impedance Spectroscopy)
Authors: Kanoun Olfa , Tetyuev Andrey , Tränkler Hans-Rolf 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Bodenfeuchte haben diverse Nachteile aufgrund hoher Kosten und der Abhängigkeit der gemessenen Signale von den Materialeigenschaften des Bodens. Durch die Nutzung der Methode der Impedanzspektroskopie kann ein höherer Informationsgehalt im frequenzabhängigen Real- und Imaginärteil der Dielektrizitätskonstante bei der gesuchten Bodenfeuchte generiert werden. Untersuchungen zeigen, dass mathematische und physikalische Methoden für die Signalverarbeitung bei der bodenartunabhängigen Bodenfeuchtemessung genutzt werden können.
Continuous Crude Oil Characterization by a Radio Frequency Resonator (Kontinuierliche Rohöl-Bewertung mittels eines Hochfrequenzresonators)
Authors: Gasch Armin , Riegler Peter , Powell Steve 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Determining the component fractions in flowing fluids is of paramount technical interest in the process industry. One of the main challenging measurement tasks is the determination of the crude oil, water and gas fractions in the offshore oil production. Out of the possible measurement principles electromagnetic interaction is promising for cases where the fluid components have distinct dielectric properties. In this paper a new type of non-invasive multiphase meter is described which is based on a radio-frequency dielectric measurement principle using a slow-wave resonator. The data analysis is based on a theoretical treatment of the metering system. By deriving an exact relation between the dielectric properties of the flow components and the resulting resonance spectrum the individual volume fractions can be obtained from the measuring data. The theoretical model is verified by experimental results.
Die akustische Impedanz als Messgröße zur Charakterisierung flüssiger Stoffsysteme (Acoustic Impedance as a Process Variable to Characterize Liquids)
Authors: Henning Bernd 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Die elektrische Impedanzmessung ist heute in einem weiten Frequenzbereich technisch möglich und wird vielfach zur Materialcharakterisierung eingesetzt. Neben den elektrischen und optischen Messverfahren verfügen aber auch gerade die akustischen Messverfahren über vorteilhafte Applikationseigenschaften wie Robustheit und geringe Wartungsanforderungen. Die zuverlässige Bestimmung der Schallkennimpedanz als eine der drei akustischen Stoffkenngrößen erweist sich aber noch heute als sehr diffizil, wie im Folgenden gezeigt wird.
Anwendung der Impedanzspektrometrie zur Selbstüberwachung amperometrischer Gassensoren (Use of Impedance Spectrometry for Self-Monitoring of Amperometric Gas Sensors)
Authors: Horn Michael 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Die Empfindlichkeit amperometrischer Gassensoren ist proportional zur Größe der elektrochemisch aktiven Fläche. Die Größe dieser Fläche verringert sich durch Ablagerungen und Verschmutzung des Katalysators und sollte deshalb während des Betriebes automatisch überwacht werden. Da die Doppelschichtkapazität und der Durchtrittsleitwert ebenfalls proportional zur Elektrodenfläche sind, können diese durch impedanzspektrometrische Messungen bestimmt und zur Selbstüberwachung der Sensoren herangezogen werden. Die Bestimmung der Größe der Doppelschichtkapazität erfolgt durch modellgestützte Auswertung der Impedanzspektren der gesamten Messanordnung, deren Ersatzschaltbild durch einen Satz von insgesamt neun Modellparametern gekennzeichnet ist gekennzeichnet ist. Die Analyse dieser neun Parameter zeigt, dass davon nur zwei exemplarspezifisch sind und während des Betriebes bestimmt werden müssen; die anderen sind typspezifisch bzw. im gewählten Frequenzbereich nicht relevant.
Diagnose von Gerätebatterien mit Impedanzspektrometrie (Diagnosis of Portable Secondary Batteries by Impedance Spectroscopy)
Authors: Tröltzsch Uwe , Kanoun Olfa , Tränkler Hans-Rolf 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Zur Charakterisierung von Alterungseffekten von Gerätebatterien ist Impedanzspektroskopie eine der aussichtsreichsten Methoden, insbesondere bei der Trennung verschiedener Alterungseffekte. Bei einem breiten Einsatz der Impedanzspektroskopie im Online-Betrieb ergeben sich spezielle Anforderungen. Messzeiten müssen trotz niedriger Frequenzen kurz sein, was durch die Verwendung mehrfrequenter Signale erreicht wird. Modelle müssen mit verschiedenen Batterietypen verwendbar sein, weshalb Modelle von Mischelektroden Anwendung finden. Die Modellparameter müssen ohne Nutzerinteraktion bestimmt werden, daher wird eine Kombination von Evolutionären Verfahren und dem Levenberg-Marquardt-Algorithmus verwendet. Experimentelle Untersuchungen an einer Lithium-Ion-Zelle zeigen die Eignung der Impedanzspektroskopie zur Charakterisierung von Alterungseffekten. Eine Verringerung der Kapazität um 14% nach 230 Entlade-/Ladezyklen sowie eine Veränderung des Elektrolytwiderstandes, des Durchtrittswiderstandes und des Warburgkoeffizienten um jeweils etwa 60% wurden beobachtet.
Elektrische Impedanztomographie – ein Verfahren zur Überwachung der regionalen Lungenfunktion (Electrical Impedance Tomography – a Method for Monitoring Regional Lung Function)
Authors: Frerichs Inéz 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Elektrische Impedanztomographie (EIT) ist ein neues bildgebendes Verfahren, das die Perspektive besitzt, in der Zukunft in der klinischen Medizin zur Überwachung von beatmeten Intensivpatienten eingesetzt zu werden. Das Potential der EIT in dieser Anwendung bezieht sich auf die Fähigkeit der Methode, nichtinvasiv und kontinuierlich die regionale Lungenventilation direkt am Krankenbett zu erfassen. Diese Fähigkeit der EIT wird durch Ergebnisse aus experimentellen und klinischen Untersuchungen dokumentiert.
X-Ray Survival Characteristics and Genetic Analysis for Nine Saccharomyces Deletion Mutants That Show Altered Radiation Sensitivity
Authors: Game John C , Williamson Marsha S , Baccari Clelia 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
The availability of a genome-wide set of Saccharomyces deletion mutants provides a chance to identify all the yeast genes involved in DNA repair. Using X rays, we are screening these mutants to identify additional genes that cause increased sensitivity to the lethal effects of ionizing radiation. For each mutant identified as sensitive, we are confirming that the sensitivity phenotype cosegregates with the deletion allele and are obtaining multipoint survival-vs.-dose assays in at least one homozygous diploid and two haploid strains. We present data for deletion mutants involving the genes DOT1, MDM20, NAT3, SPT7, SPT20, GCN5, HFI1, DCC1, and VID21/EAF1 and discuss their potential roles in repair. Eight of these genes cause a clear radiation-sensitive phenotype when deleted, but the ninth, GCN5, results in at most a borderline phenotype. None of the deletions confer substantial sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation, although one or two may confer marginal sensitivity. The DOT1 gene is of interest because its only known function is to methylate one lysine residue in the core of the histone H3 protein. We find that histone H3 mutants (supplied by K. Struhl) in which this residue is replaced by other amino acids are also X-ray sensitive, which confirms that methylation of the lysine-79 residue is required for effective repair of radiation damage.
Survey and Analysis of Microsatellites in the Silkworm, Bombyx mori
Authors: Prasad M Dharma , Muthulakshmi M , Madhu M , Archak Sunil , Mita K , Nagaraju J 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
We studied microsatellite frequency and distribution in 21.76-Mb random genomic sequences, 0.67-Mb BAC sequences from the Z chromosome, and 6.3-Mb EST sequences of Bombyx mori. We mined microsatellites of ≥15 bases of mononucleotide repeats and ≥5 repeat units of other classes of repeats. We estimated that microsatellites account for 0.31% of the genome of B. mori. Microsatellite tracts of A, AT, and ATT were the most abundant whereas their number drastically decreased as the length of the repeat motif increased. In general, tri- and hexanucleotide repeats were overrepresented in the transcribed sequences except TAA, GTA, and TGA, which were in excess in genomic sequences. The Z chromosome sequences contained shorter repeat types than the rest of the chromosomes in addition to a higher abundance of AT-rich repeats. Our results showed that base composition of the flanking sequence has an influence on the origin and evolution of microsatellites. Transitions/transversions were high in microsatellites of ESTs, whereas the genomic sequence had an equal number of substitutions and indels. The average heterozygosity value for 23 polymorphic microsatellite loci surveyed in 13 diverse silkmoth strains having 2–14 alleles was 0.54. Only 36 (18.2%) of 198 microsatellite loci were polymorphic between the two divergent silkworm populations and 10 (5%) loci revealed null alleles. The microsatellite map generated using these polymorphic markers resulted in 8 linkage groups. B. mori microsatellite loci were the most conserved in its immediate ancestor, B. mandarina, followed by the wild saturniid silkmoth, Antheraea assama.
Testing for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium in Samples With Related Individuals
Authors: Bourgain Catherine , Abney Mark , Schneider Daniel , Ober Carole , McPeek Mary Sara 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
When the classical χ2 goodness-of-fit test for Hardy-Weinberg (HW) equilibrium is used on samples with related individuals, the type I error can be greatly inflated. In particular the test is inappropriate in population isolates where the individuals are related through multiple lines of descent. In this article, we propose a new test for HW (the QL-HW test) suitable for any sample with related individuals, including large inbred pedigrees, provided that their genealogy is known. Performed conditional on the pedigree structure, the QL-HW test detects departures from HW that are not due to the genealogy. Because the computation of the QL-HW test becomes intractable for very polymorphic loci in large inbred pedigrees, a simpler alternative, the GCC-HW test, is also proposed. The statistical properties of the QL-HW and GCC-HW tests are studied through simulations considering a sample of independent nuclear families, a sample of extended outbred genealogies, and samples from the Hutterite population, a North American highly inbred isolate. Finally, the method is used to test a set of 143 biallelic markers spanning 82 genes in this latter population.
Bayesian Association-Based Fine Mapping in Small Chromosomal Segments
Authors: Sillanpää Mikko J , Bhattacharjee Madhuchhanda 
Published: September 2004

AbstractA Bayesian method for fine mapping is presented, which deals with multiallelic markers (with two or more alleles), unknown phase, missing data, multiple causal variants, and both continuous and binary phenotypes. We consider small chromosomal segments spanned by a dense set of closely linked markers and putative genes only at marker points. In the phenotypic model, locus-specific indicator variables are used to control inclusion in or exclusion from marker contributions. To account for covariance between consecutive loci and to control fluctuations in association signals along a candidate region we introduce a joint prior for the indicators that depends on genetic or physical map distances. The potential of the method, including posterior estimation of trait-associated loci, their effects, linkage disequilibrium pattern due to close linkage of loci, and the age of a causal variant (time to most recent common ancestor), is illustrated with the well-known cystic fibrosis and Friedreich ataxia data sets by assuming that haplotypes were not available. In addition, simulation analysis with large genetic distances is shown. Estimation of model parameters is based on Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling and is implemented using WinBUGS. The model specification code is freely available for research purposes from http://www.rni.helsinki.fi/~mjs/.
A Mechanistic Model for Genetic Machinery of Ontogenetic Growth
Authors: Wu Rongling , Wang Zuoheng , Zhao Wei , Cheverud James M 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Two different genetic mechanisms can be proposed to explain variation in growth trajectories. The allelic sensitivity hypothesis states that growth trajectory is controlled by the time-dependent expression of alleles at the deterministic quantitative trait loci (dQTL) formed during embryogenesis. The gene regulation hypothesis states that the differentiation in growth process is due to the opportunistic quantitative trait loci (oQTL) through their mediation with new developmental signals. These two hypotheses of genetic control have been elucidated in the literature. Here, we propose a new statistical model for discerning these two mechanisms in the context of growth trajectories by integrating growth laws within a QTL-mapping framework. This model is developed within the maximum-likelihood context, implemented with a grid approach for estimating the genomic positions of the deterministic and opportunistic QTL and the simplex algorithm for estimating the growth curve parameters of the genotypes at these QTL and the parameters modeling the residual (co)variance matrix. Our model allows for extensive hypothesis tests for the genetic control of growth processes and developmental events by these two types of QTL. The application of this new model to an F2 progeny in mice leads to the detection of deterministic and opportunistic QTL on chromosome 1 for mouse body mass growth. The estimates of QTL positions and effects from our model are broadly in agreement with those by traditional interval-mapping approaches. The implications of this model for biological and biomedical research are discussed.
Comparison of Efficacy of Reverse Remodeling and Clinical Improvement for Relatively Narrow and Wide QRS Complexes After Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy for Heart Failure
Authors: YU CHEUK‐MAN , FUNG JEFFREY WING‐HONG , CHAN CHI‐KIN , CHAN YAT‐SUN , ZHANG QING , LIN HONG , YIP GABRIEL W.K. , KUM LEO C.C. , KONG SHUN‐LING , ZHANG YAN , SANDERSON JOHN E. 
Published: September 2004

Introduction: Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) has been shown to reverse left ventricular (LV) remodeling and improve symptoms in heart failure patients with wide QRS complexes; however, its role in patients with mildly prolonged QRS complexes is unclear. This study investigated if CRT benefited patients with mildly prolonged QRS complexes >120 to 150 ms and explored if the severity of systolic asynchrony determined such a response. Methods and Results: Fifty‐eight patients (age 66 ± 11 years, 66% male) who had undergone CRT were studied prospectively. Of these patients, 27 had QRS duration between 120 and 150 ms (group A), and 31 had QRS duration >150 ms (group B). Tissue Doppler echocardiography and clinical assessment were performed at baseline and 3 months after CRT. Both groups had significant reduction of LV volume and increased ejection fraction, +dP/dt, and sphericity index (all P < 0.05). These improvements were greater in group B and were explained by the higher prevalence of systolic intraventricular asynchrony. Significant reverse remodeling (reduction of LV end‐systolic volume >15%) was evident in 46% of group A patients and 68% of group B patients. Improvement in clinical endpoints was observed in both groups (all P < 0.01), although the changes in metabolic equivalent and New York Heart Association functional class were greater in group B. In both groups, systolic asynchrony index (TS‐SD) was the most important predictor of reverse remodeling (r =−0.78, P < 0.001) and was the only independent predictor in the multivariate model (β=−1.80, confidence interval =−2.18 to −1.42, P < 0.001); QRS duration was not. A predefined TS‐SD value >32.6 ms had a sensitivity of 94% and specificity of 83% to predict reverse remodeling. Improvement of intraventricular asynchrony after CRT was evident only in responders (P = 0.01). Conclusion: Improvement of LV remodeling and clinical status is evident after CRT in heart failure patients with QRS duration >120 to 150 ms. These responders are closely predicted by the severity of prepacing intraventricular asynchrony but not QRS duration.
Chronic Ethanol Enhances Ectodomain Shedding in T Cells and Monocytes
Authors: Zhao Xue‐Jun , Oliver Peter , Song Kejing , Schurr Jill , Zhang Zili , Kolls Jay K. 
Published: September 2004

Background: Chronic ethanol (EtOH) has been shown to augment tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α production, and this has been associated with EtOH‐induced liver injury. We have recently described a chronic in vitro cell culture model where chronic ethanol exposure results in significantly augmented TNF production in Mono Mac 6 cells, a human monocytic cell line. This enhanced TNF production was redox regulated and associated with increased levels of TNF messenger RNA (mRNA) as well as increased processing of TNF by TNF converting enzyme (TACE), the enzymatic activity of which is regulated by the cellular redox state. We hypothesized that chronic ethanol through oxidative stress activates TACE‐mediated ectodomain shedding of the preformed substrates p75 and p55 TNF receptors in Mono Mac 6 cells and L‐selectin in Jurkat T cells.Methods: Mono Mac 6 or Jurkat T cells were treated with EtOH (0, 50, or 100 mM) for 4 to 6 days. Shedding of p75 and p55 TNF receptors (Mono Mac 6 cells) or L‐selectin (Jurkat T cells) was induced by stimulation with lipopolysaccharide and phorbol myristate acetate for Mono Mac 6 cells and PMA alone for Jurkat T cells. Shedding was assessed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for shed molecules in the cell supernatant as well as the cell‐associated proteins recovered from cell pellets. Steady‐state mRNA levels for p75 TNF receptor and L‐selectin were determined by ribonuclease protection assay. Cell surface L‐selectin and TACE were measured by flow cytometry, and cell associated p55 and p75 TNF receptors were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.Results: Chronic EtOH exposure for 6 days resulted in a significant dose‐dependent increase in shedding of p75 and p55 TNF receptors from Mono Mac 6 cells and L‐selectin from Jurkat T‐cells. The enhanced shedding was correlated with an alcohol‐induced increase in mRNA levels and cell surface protein levels for these TACE substrates. Although chronic EtOH exposure increased the total amount of p75 and p55 TNF receptor and L‐selectin shed into the media, the efficiency of shedding was suppressed by EtOH. In the case of Mono Mac 6 cells, the EtOH exposure increased superoxide production. Inhibition of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced form) oxidase and hydrogen peroxide partially prevented the increased production of p75 TNF receptor in these cells.Conclusions: These results suggest that chronic EtOH up‐regulates p75 and p55 TNF receptors on monocytes and L‐selectin on T‐cells. However, the TACE‐mediated shedding efficiency of these substrates may be inhibited in the presence of EtOH. These results may have implications in monocyte signaling and T‐cell trafficking, which may, in part, contribute to immune dysregulation associated with chronic ethanol.