bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Treatments and Therapies: From 1700 to World War I
Authors: Finger Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Francois Quesnay (1694-1774), an eighteenth-century apprentice to a barber-surgeon, graduated from the College of Surgery in 1718. He advanced in his profession and became physician to Louis XV (1710-1774) and his mistress, Madame de Pompadour (1721-1764).1 Quesnay, who saved the King’s life, lived during the Age of Enlightenment and was decidedly more optimistic about treating brain injuries than most of his predecessors and contemporaries.
Jason: Learning to be Independent After Encephalitis
Authors: Wilson Barbara A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After following the “Human Brain” programmes I wrote to the B.B.C. hoping they might appeal to families of patients suffering from memory problems to write to me and that we might be of some mutual help. My son contracted Virus Encephalitis 2½ year ago, he is now 26. I had a reply from the B.B.C. (Dick Gilling), who thought that you might be the one person who could be interested enough to give me some help and advice, as your main interest was memory. So far I have not been able to get any help, there are no organisations who know of people like Jason, I have written to so many. It is always the same, there are so few cases and there is no centre of information. Jason cannot remember much of his life before his illness, just facts, like the name of his school, name of his University, but has no recognition, when taking him to the University he did not know it or the way around.
Derek: Relearning to Read After A Gunshot Wound
Authors: Wilson Barbara A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Derek was born in 1954. At the age of 18 he joined the Royal Air Force but was discharged because of tuberculosis. He spent 2 yr as a slaughter man before joining the Special Airborne Services (SAS) Regiment of the Rhodesian Army. In October 1977, during a battle in Mozambique, Derek was shot in the head. At first he was left for dead in the bush but a friend went to reclaim the body 3 days later. Derek was found to be alive although his brain was visible through his shattered skull. Taken to Salisbury (now Harare) in Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), Derek underwent surgery to clean the wound and repair a leak of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSP). For 3 mo he hovered between life and death. Derek’s father in England learned of his son’s plight and scraped together enough money to go to Rhodesia and bring his son back to England where he was admitted to a neurosurgical department. Derek was very agitated and disturbed. He had meningitis and a communicating hydrocephalus.
Dolly: Learning to Attend to The Left Side of Space
Authors: Wilson Barbara A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In June 1983, at the age of 62 yr, Dolly was a busy, active woman who worked part time in her husband’s business. She was a church warden, helped with the women’s voluntary service, and had a wide circle of friends. One morning Dolly woke up and heard the alarm clock ringing. She tried to reach the clock to tum the alarm off but could not reach it. Her right arm flailed around but, try as she might, Dolly could not locate the clock. She tried to get out of bed and found herself on the floor. Her left arm and leg would not work. She could, by now, see the clock but found she could not tell the time, the numbers and hands no longer made any sense to her. Fully conscious but almost helpless, she called out and her husband who was downstairs came upstairs. It appears that he did not hear her fall because he had been in the garden at the time. He called an ambulance and Dolly was taken to her local hospital. She had obviously had a stroke. A CT scan carried out the following day showed a right parietooccipital infarct. She also had a left homonymous hemianopia and poor motor power in her left arm and leg. Her leg improved a little over the next few days.
Conclusions
Authors: Wilson Barbara A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this book I have described 20 people who sustained an injury or insult to the brain, and I have explained in detail the subsequent rehabilitation that was carried out to make their daily living more manageable and less distressing. I have tried to describe as fully as possible the problems these people experienced both before and after rehabilitation, and I have given an account of their successes and failures over a period of several years. Wherever possible I have included written or tape recorded accounts from the brain injured people themselves, or their relatives, in the belief that their voices should be heard and their perspectives understood.
The Break with Liberalism and the Formation of Working-Class Movements
Authors: Luebbert Gregory m. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The failure of liberal parties to establish their dominance in the years before the war meant that liberals soon found themselves simultaneously attacked by traditional oligarchs, parts of the urban and rural middle classes, and workers. Paradoxically, the same divisions that prevented liberal parties from establishing their dominance also prevented liberals from making the kind of liberal-labor alliances that were so characteristic of politics in prewar Britain, France, and Switzerland.
Narrowing the Aliberal Outcomes: Liberalism’s Final Failure and the Irrelevance of Traditional Dictatorship
Authors: Luebbert Gregory m. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lib-Labism failed in the interwar years in all of the societies in which it had failed before the war, and it did so for the same reasons. To these was added the additional burden of the still more intense class conflict that the war had engendered. Middle-class consolidation, too, remained as unattainable as it had been before the war, and again for the same reasons. The old cleavages within the middle classes were revived and even hardened as they were reinforced by the new conflicts that issued from the war.
Differences Be1ween The Earth And Venus Arising From Origin By Large Planetesimal Infall
Authors: W.M. Kaula 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two differences between the Earth and Venus must be primordial: ( 1) their rotations and ( 2) their retentions of inert gases. These differences are so big as to appear to require catastrophic events, such as differences in magnitude of the largest impacts in the terminal phases of formation. This hypothesis is testable by numerical simulations. Four protoplanets were assumed, each with 81% of the final mass of the terrestrial planets, and orbits coplanar with the same semimajor axes and eccentricities as the final planet orbits. Startin spins were selected randomly from a Gaussian distribution about a prograde rate proportionate to M , and obliquities were selected from a distribution about zero. Also assumed were planetesimal populations of 50 members, with randomly selected distributions of the form f(p) = kp-q for four parameters p: mass, semimajor axis, eccentricity, and inclination. These conditions were selected to resemble the late stages of the accretion simulations of Wetherill (1986). Sixty Monte Carlo runs were made of interactions of such randomly selected sets of 50 planetesimals with the 4 planets, using an Opik algorithm (modified to take into account eccentricity of the planets’ orbits). The outcomes for proto-Venus and proto-Earth yielded retrograde spins in 30% of cases, speed-up of spins to LODs less than 8 hr in 15% of cases, and energy dissipations ranging from 1000 to 20,000°K equivalent mean temperature rise. Seven cases combined fast prograde rotation (LOD &lt; 9.5 hrs) in one planet with retrograde rotation for the other. Three of these cases had much higher energy dissipation in the fast prograde rotator. Hence the marked differences of Earth and Venus in spin plus satellite and noble gas retention are plausible, though not probable, outcomes of formation from large planetesimals.
Convection From Local Sources
Authors: Emanuel Kerry A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For certain simple fluid flows, a great deal of information about their character may be inferred from the various constant parameters associated with the flow, without solving the governing equations rigorously. If, in particular, the flow is steady and the various dependent variables vary in a simple way with the independent variables and the boundary conditions, the de­ pendent variables may often be related to the independent variables and the boundary conditions with the aid of the governing equations simply by requiring the dimensions of each side of the equality to be alike. The analysis is particularly simple if there is reason to believe, a priori, that the dependence of all the dependent variables on one or more independent variables is similar. If we assume this to be the case and can find a solution consistent with the governing equations, there is a reasonably good chance that this similarity solution will correspond to experimental results.
Moist Thermodynamic Processes
Authors: Emanuel Kerry A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As most of the rest of this book is concerned with the dynamics of moist convective processes, it is fitting to pause to review the elementary thermo­ dynamics of atmospheres with variable water vapor content and with phase changes of water substance. The latter makes a very major contribution to atmospheric thermodynamics and introduces a variety of new dynamical processes with no analogs in dry convection.
Dynamics Of Precipitating Convection
Authors: Emanuel Kerry A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The formation, fall, melting, and evaporation of precipitation radically alter the dynamics of cumulus convection in several important respects. In the first place, the fall of precipitation represents an extremely important irreversible process in the atmosphere. Once precipitation reaches the surface, a net, vertically integrated quantity of heat is added to the atmosphere. In the tropics, this heating is a major term in the overall thermal budget of the atmosphere. As latent heat is converted to sensible heat in cumulus clouds, which generally cover a very small fraction of the sky (Section 6.5), much of the effect of the heating is transmitted through the atmosphere by inertia-gravity waves instead of advection. This is completely different from the advective mode of heat transfer in dry convecting layers and ex­ plains part of the very different character of moist convection. This point is explored in Sections 11.1 and 11.2.
Deep Convective Regimes
Authors: Emanuel Kerry A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over some tropical regions and middle-latitude continents during the warmer part of the year, deep convective clouds dominate the thermodynamic structure of the atmosphere. Unlike trade cumuli, deep convection is associated with plentiful precipitation and, therefore, a net release of latent heat integrated through the depth of the troposphere. Consequently, deep convection has strong effects on the dynamics and thermodynamics of the atmospheric circulation systems in which it is embedded.
In Chapters 9 and 10, we discussed the local properties of precipitating moist convection, and regarded the clouds as a response to the (given) instability of a thermodynamic sounding. In Section 11.2, however, we pointed out that the global characteristics of moist convecting atmospheres are determined by the destabilization of such atmospheres by large-scale processes such as surface fluxes and radiation and not directly by the character of soundings, which is determined as a response to the forcing. As in stratocumulus and trade-cumulus boundary layers, the vertical structure of density in deep convecting atmospheres represents a compromise between the large­ scale processes, tending to destabilize the atmosphere to convection, and the convection itself, which tends to restore stable or neutral conditions. In this chapter we examine the global characteristics of atmospheres experiencing deep convection, as well as the character of the forcing of deep convection, and explore the nature of the interaction of ensembles of deep convective clouds with large-scale atmospheric circulations.
Introduction: The Rise of the Gunbelt
Authors: Markusen Ann , Hall Peter , Campbell Scott , Deitrick Sabina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the half-century since World War II, a profound change has come over the economic landscape of America-a change so obvious that it is the staple fare of newspapers and newscasts. It is summarized by media neologisms: Sunbelt, Frostbelt, and Rustbowl. Its essence is the relative decline of the old industrial heartland, the resurgence of New England, and the rise of new industrial regions on the nation’s southern and western perimeter.
Seattle: Aerospace Company City
Authors: Markusen Ann , Hall Peter , Campbell Scott , Deitrick Sabina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Seattle seems like the last place in America to build planes, or even to think about building them. It is separated by a continent from the nation’s capital, by hundreds of miles from any procurement center or any other major aero space production site. The Pacific storm tracks bring huge gray rain clouds that scud across Puget Sound, dousing the B-747s, B-767s, and Air Force jets that sit in Boeing Field waiting for their test flights. Behind airfield and city lie the Cascades, and beyond them, deserts and more mountains.
The Limitations of American Debate, 1770-1920
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall , Birdsell David S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Debates have been beset by abusive advocates, fractious crowds, and unbearable tedium. Even when well conducted, they are some times difficult to evaluate, yielding results more consistent with the opinions of the judges than the character of the arguments. Participation in debate can cost politicians flexibility and votes.
The Problems of Broadcast Debates
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall , Birdsell David S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Two hundred years ago, five William and Mary students met at nearby Raleigh Tavern, to form Phi Beta Kappa, a fraternity designed, they wrote, to search out and dispel the clouds of falsehood by debating without reserve the issues of the day,” recalled Barbara Walters in her opening statement at the third Ford-Carter debate, held in Williamsburg on October 22, 1976. “In that spirit of debate, without reserve, to dispel the clouds of falsehood, gentlemen, let us proceed.” To accomplish this noble objective, candidates were given up to two and a half minutes to answer each question.
Chronology of Gross Neural Development
Authors: Spreen Otfried , Risser Anthony H , Edgell Dorothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Approximately 7 days after fertilization of the ovum by the sperm, the ovum in the blastula (or hollow ball) stage attaches itself to the uterine endometrium (mucous membrane) and becomes implanted. On day 9 the fertilized ovum is composed of two layers, a dorsal ectoderm and the inner endoderm. Later, during gastrulation, when the blastula invaginates (folds in), a third layer, called the mesoderm, develops between the ectoderm and the endoderm. Gastrulation is essential for neural induction, the ability of these early cell layers to initiate formation of the nervous system (Saxen, 1980). Neural induction takes place on day 18 of gestation. The formation of the nervous system begins at the thickened ectoderm on the dorsal surface of the embryo. For general reviews of gross neural development, see Berenberg (1977), Cowan (1979) and Kolb (1989).Table 2-1 traces the stages of development in a chronological review of growth periods in the human. This chapter discusses two major time periods: the pre natal and the postnatal.
Convulsive Disorders
Authors: Spreen Otfried , Risser Anthony H , Edgell Dorothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A common denominator for the set of disorders discussed in this chapter is involvement of abnormal electrical activity, or discharge, of cerebral neurons. The terms “convulsions,” “seizures,” and “epilepsy” are sometimes used syn onymously, but do not necessarily refer to the same phenomenon. For the sake of uniformity in this chapter, the term “convulsive disorder” is used when we are discussing abnormal discharges in brain cells. These electrical changes, ex tracellularly recorded as EEG paroxysms, are thought to be summations of syn chronously developing depolarizations and hyperpolarizations in neurons (Goldensohn and Ward 1975). In simpler terms, the modulated balance of ex citatory and inhibitory synaptic influences that are normally present in neurons is disturbed in an epileptogenic area of ganglion cells in the gray matter of the brain. A gigantic hyperpolarization spreads to other areas; the specific type of such spreading determines the timing, form, and distribution of epileptic dis charges and hence the clinical picture (Figure 20-1).
Attention Disorders and Hyperactivity
Authors: Spreen Otfried , Risser Anthony H , Edgell Dorothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Attentional deficits characterize a number of childhood syndromes. However, attempts to delineate these deficits have been confounded by confusion in terminology. For example, the terms “MBD,” “conduct disorder,” and “hyperactivity” were often used interchangeably in earlier studies. MBD children are defined as having neurochemical and neurophysiological dysfunction and perceptual or learning disabilities, although these features are not always associated with the hyperactive syndrome. In contrast, hyperactivity has often been treated as part of the MBD syndrome despite statistical evidence to the contrary. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-111-R, American Psychiatric Association 1987) used the term “Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Table 23-1) but allowed for attention deficit disorder with or without hyperactivity in the previous edition and again in the current edition (DSM-IV, American Psychiatric Association 1994). Co-morbidity of ADHD with conduct disorders, oppositional-defiant behavior, mood disorders, anxiety dis orders, learning disabilities, speech and language disorders, and mental retardation is extremely high, e.g., 50 per cent with conduct disorders (Biederman et al. 1991); 41 per cent with learning difficulties (Holborow and Berry 1986); and 78 per cent with speech and language disorders (Baker and Cantwell 1992), which can make differential diagnosis difficult.
Visual Disorders
Authors: Spreen Otfried , Risser Anthony H , Edgell Dorothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many hereditary and developmental disorders may affect the developing visual system. Depending on the site and extent of the damage, the resulting disorder may vary from absolute blindness, when there is not even light perception, to visual impairments only identifiable under special conditions, e.g., nightblindness.Visual impairment may refer to any incapacitating loss or distortion of vision. The term “blindness” implies that the individual has no useful vision. The legal definition of blindness requires that visual acuity in both eyes with proper corrective lenses is 20/200 (6/60) or worse as measured with the Snellen Chart or an equivalent test, or that the field of vision in both eyes is restricted to less than 20 degrees. The prevalence of congenital blindness, including blindness acquired during the immediate postnatal period, has been reported to range from 1 to 8 per 10,000 (Jan et al. 1977). Acquired blindness occurs at approximately one-quarter the rate of congenital blindness. Visual impairment occurs most often in combination with other handicaps. In a survey by W.D. Williamson et al. (1987), 17 per cent of visually impaired children also had hearing loss, 46 per cent had seizures, and 78 per cent had severe developmental delay. Similar figures were reported by Gardner et al. (1986).
Language Disorders
Authors: Spreen Otfried , Risser Anthony H , Edgell Dorothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Language, or verbal communication, is a crucial part of human behavior in society. Language permits the individual to communicate with others, a basic mechanism for social interaction. In addition, language provides the individual with a tool for thinking. Inadequate or failing language development may have far-reaching implications for a child’s overall development, as well as for specific behaviors involved in communicative transactions. In this chapter, several dis orders of language are addressed and the broader implications of language dis orders in relation to cognitive functioning discussed.To appreciate the manifestations of impaired language functioning in children, an understanding of normal language acquisition is helpful in identifying and quantifying specific aspects of language disorders. Although a full discussion of normal language acquisition is beyond the scope of this chapter, it should be noted that several theories and approaches to its study are available. Some emphasize the linguistic aspects (e.g., phonemic, morphemic, syntactic, semantic), some emphasize perceptual and cognitive bases of language acquisition (e.g., Vygotsky, Piaget), and others seek to explain linguistic development in terms of the development of more general cognitive structures (developmental psycho linguistics). In addition, differing emphasis has been placed on organismic and environmental factors involved in language acquisition.
Developmental Handicap
Authors: Spreen Otfried , Risser Anthony H , Edgell Dorothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term “developmental handicap” (DH) has gradually replaced a series of now outdated historical equivalents (idiot, moron, imbecile, oligophrenia, mental deficiency) although “mental retardation” is still the term preferred by many researchers and associations. The long-standing popularity of such general designations of unspecified cognitive deficit rests on their assumed value for de scribing a section of the population that has difficulty coping with the educational, social, and economic demands of society. As a result, the population so designated varies in size with changes in society itself. However, in most Western societies it is estimated to involve a considerable proportion of the population. For this reason, neuropsychologists and other clinicians almost invariably have to deal with developmentally handicapped persons in their regular practice.Other forms of specific cognitive deficit are discussed separately in this book The focus in this chapter is on the development of pervasive cognitive disabilities and intellectual handicap, as well as on the development and characteristics of other cognitive features of DH children, e.g., learning, memory, problem solving, reasoning, and concept formation. The development of the Down syndrome child is used as an example.