bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fallow weed application alters rice yield by changing nitrogen uptake
Authors: Chen Ge , Kang Yuling , Cao Fangbo , Chen Jiana , Huang Min 
Published: November 2023

Summary
Fallow weeds can be abundant in rice paddies without any inputs and provide ecosystem services like those of cover crops, such as reducing nitrogen (N) leaching and capturing carbon. Therefore, allowing fallow weeds to grow is a potential alternative to cover crops in rice cropping systems. To evaluate the feasibility of this strategy, the effect of fallow weeds on grain yield in rice needs to be clarified. In this study, 2-year field experiments were conducted to compare N uptake, biomass production, yield components, and grain yield in rice with and without application of fallow weeds (500 g m−2, sun-dried). Results showed that the application of fallow weeds reduced aboveground N uptake and biomass production by 21–30% during the early growth period (from transplanting to mid-tillering) in rice. However, these reductions did not lead to reduced grain yield because they were compensated for or even exceeded by increased aboveground N uptake and biomass production during the middle and late growth periods (from panicle initiation to maturity). In addition, the application of fallow weeds increased spikelets per panicle in rice by 6–7%. These results provide preliminary evidence that fallow weeds may alter yield formation in rice and highlight the need for further investigations of the ecophysiological mechanism underlying the effect of fallow weeds on N uptake in rice.
High genetic diversity of Echinococcus canadensis G10 in northeastern Asia: is it the region of origin?
Authors: Wassermann Marion , Addy Francis , Kokolova Ludmila , Okhlopkov Innokentiy , Leibrock Sarah , Oberle Jenny , Oksanen Antti , Romig Thomas 
Published: November 2023

AbstractEchinococcus canadensis consists of 4 genotypes: G6, G7, G8 and G10. While the first 2 predominantly infect domestic animals, the latter are sylvatic in nature involving mainly wolves and cervids as hosts and can be found in the northern temperate to Arctic latitudes. This circumstance makes the acquisition of sample material difficult, and little information is known about their genetic structure. The majority of specimens analysed to date have been from the European region, comparatively few from northeast Asia and Alaska. In the current study, Echinococcus spp. from wolves and intermediate hosts from the Republic of Sakha in eastern Russia were examined. Echinococcus canadensis G10 was identified in 15 wolves and 4 cervid intermediate hosts. Complete mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) sequences were obtained from 42 worm and cyst specimens from Sakha and, for comparison, from an additional 13 G10 cysts from Finland. For comparative analyses of the genetic diversity of G10 of European and Asian origin, all available cox1 sequences from GenBank were included, increasing the number of sequences to 99. The diversity found in northeast Asia was by far higher than in Europe, suggesting that the geographic origin of E. canadensis (at least of G10) might be northeast Asia.
Ethnic differences in intergenerational housing mobility in England and Wales
Authors: Buscha Franz , Gorman Emma , Sturgis Patrick , Zhang Min 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Home ownership is the largest component of wealth for most households and its intergenerational transmission underpins the production and reproduction of economic inequalities across generations. Yet, little is currently known about ethnic differences in the intergenerational transmission of housing tenure. In this paper, we use linked Census data covering 1971–2011 to document rates of intergenerational housing tenure mobility across ethnic groups in England and Wales. We find that while home ownership declined across all ethnic groups during this period, there were substantial differences between them. Black, Pakistani, and Bangladeshi households experienced the strongest intergenerational link between parent and child housing tenure, and Black individuals had the highest rates of downward housing mobility. In contrast, those of Indian origin had homeownership rates similar to White British families, and a weaker link between parent and child housing tenure. These patterns are likely to exacerbate existing gradients in other dimensions of ethnicity-based inequality, now and in the future.
An extreme case of cor triatriatum mimicking hypoplastic left heart syndrome and combined pulmonary vein stenosis
Authors: Hong Hee Ju , Kwon Hye Won , Kwak Jae Gun , Lee Sang Yun , Lee Yoon Seong 
Published: November 2023

AbstractA 65-day-old girl presented to the emergency room with lethargy, requiring emergency venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for refractory cardiogenic shock. Initially, hypoplastic left heart syndrome was suspected. However, cor triatriatum with a pinpoint opening on the membrane was diagnosed based on a detailed echocardiographic examination. After membrane resection, the left heart size was restored. However, follow-up echocardiography performed 4 months later showed occlusion of both upper pulmonary veins and stenosis in both lower pulmonary veins. Hybrid balloon angioplasty was performed in all pulmonary veins, and stents were inserted into the right upper and lower pulmonary veins. Despite repeated balloon angioplasty, all pulmonary vein stenosis progressed over 6 months and the patient expired while waiting for a heart-lung transplant. Even after successful repair of cor triatriatum, short-term close follow-up is required for detecting the development of pulmonary vein stenosis.
Does information disclosure mitigate air pollution? Evidence from China
Authors: Yu Sitian , Liang Yinhe , Wang Hongyu 
Published: November 2023

AbstractFrom 2013 to 2015, China gradually established nationwide air quality monitoring stations and began to release real-time air pollution information to the public. We exploit step-by-step environmental regulations across cities to identify the effects of information disclosure on air pollution. We find that information disclosure significantly decreases the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10. Through mechanism analysis, we find that information disclosure raises the level of government awareness, increases the amount of investments in air pollution prevention and control, stimulates green innovation, and forces heavily polluting enterprises to shut down. Additionally, we find evidence that the effectiveness of information disclosure varies across cities.
NO Radiative Cooling and Ionospheric Response to the HILDCAA Events Following Geomagnetic Storms
Authors: Ranjan Alok Kumar , Sunil Krishna M. V. , Kumar Akash , Sarkhel Sumanta , Chakrabarty D. , Reeves G. D. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractNitric oxide infrared (5.3 µm) radiative cooling plays an important role in Earth's upper atmospheric energy balance during space weather events. Its behavior during a HILDCAA event following a geomagnetic storm can be more complicated than what is observed in an isolated geomagnetic storm (without HILDCAA). In order to understand this contrast, two moderate (SYM‐Hmin −80 nT; April 2005 (event‐1) and −65 nT; December 2006 (event‐2)), and an intense (Dstmin −150 nT; May 2000 (event‐3)) geomagnetic storms followed by HILDCAA events are considered for this study. It is found that, despite the larger solar wind‐magnetospheric energy coupling during the main phases of event‐1 and event‐2, the NO radiative cooling (NORC) and energetic electron precipitation (EEP) rates are larger during the HILDCAA phase. TIE‐GCM simulations indicate that the NORC pattern can be mainly attributed to variation in temperature, [O], and [NO] during HILDCAA. A larger rates of EEP due to the continuous substorm activity contributed to an additional ionization in D‐region and E‐region of the northern polar ionosphere during HILDCAA period of event‐2. This work is the first attempt to understand the NORC and EEP fluctuations during HILDCAA events preceded by geomagnetic events like event‐1 and event‐2. This study presents a comprehensive investigation of NORC and energetic electron (>27.93 keV) precipitation rate during HILDCAA event preceded by a moderate geomagnetic storm. An atmospheric chemistry‐based NORC emission model is used to understand the variation of NORC during intense geomagnetic storm (event‐3).
Arabidopsis telomerase takes off by uncoupling enzyme activity from telomere length maintenance in space
Authors: Barcenilla Borja Barbero , Meyers Alexander D. , Castillo-González Claudia , Young Pierce , Min Ji-Hee , Song Jiarui , Phadke Chinmay , Land Eric , Canaday Emma , Perera Imara Y. , Bailey Susan M. , Aquilano Roberto , Wyatt Sarah E. , Shippen Dorothy E. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractSpaceflight-induced changes in astronaut telomeres have garnered significant attention in recent years. While plants represent an essential component of future long-duration space travel, the impacts of spaceflight on plant telomeres and telomerase have not been examined. Here we report on the telomere dynamics of Arabidopsis thaliana grown aboard the International Space Station. We observe no changes in telomere length in space-flown Arabidopsis seedlings, despite a dramatic increase in telomerase activity (up to 150-fold in roots), as well as elevated genome oxidation. Ground-based follow up studies provide further evidence that telomerase is induced by different environmental stressors, but its activity is uncoupled from telomere length. Supporting this conclusion, genetically engineered super-telomerase lines with enhanced telomerase activity maintain wildtype telomere length. Finally, genome oxidation is inversely correlated with telomerase activity levels. We propose a redox protective capacity for Arabidopsis telomerase that may promote survivability in harsh environments.
Enhancement of short/medium-range order and thermal conductivity in ultrahard sp3 amorphous carbon by C70 precursor
Authors: Shang Yuchen , Yao Mingguang , Liu Zhaodong , Fu Rong , Yan Longbiao , Yang Long , Zhang Zhongyin , Dong Jiajun , Zhai Chunguang , Hou Xuyuan , Fei Liting , Zhang GuanJie , Ji Jianfeng , Zhu Jie , Lin He , Sundqvist Bertil , Liu Bingbing 
Published: November 2023

AbstractAs an advanced amorphous material, sp3 amorphous carbon exhibits exceptional mechanical, thermal and optical properties, but it cannot be synthesized by using traditional processes such as fast cooling liquid carbon and an efficient strategy to tune its structure and properties is thus lacking. Here we show that the structures and physical properties of sp3 amorphous carbon can be modified by changing the concentration of carbon pentagons and hexagons in the fullerene precursor from the topological transition point of view. A highly transparent, nearly pure sp3−hybridized bulk amorphous carbon, which inherits more hexagonal-diamond structural feature, was synthesized from C70 at high pressure and high temperature. This amorphous carbon shows more hexagonal-diamond-like clusters, stronger short/medium-range structural order, and significantly enhanced thermal conductivity (36.3 ± 2.2 W m−1 K−1) and higher hardness (109.8 ± 5.6 GPa) compared to that synthesized from C60. Our work thus provides a valid strategy to modify the microstructure of amorphous solids for desirable properties.
Introspective inference counteracts perceptual distortion
Authors: Mihali Andra , Broeker Marianne , Ragalmuto Florian D. M. , Horga Guillermo 
Published: November 2023

AbstractIntrospective agents can recognize the extent to which their internal perceptual experiences deviate from the actual states of the external world. This ability, also known as insight, is critically required for reality testing and is impaired in psychosis, yet little is known about its cognitive underpinnings. We develop a Bayesian modeling framework and a psychophysics paradigm to quantitatively characterize this type of insight while people experience a motion after-effect illusion. People can incorporate knowledge about the illusion into their decisions when judging the actual direction of a motion stimulus, compensating for the illusion (and often overcompensating). Furthermore, confidence, reaction-time, and pupil-dilation data all show signatures consistent with inferential adjustments in the Bayesian insight model. Our results suggest that people can question the veracity of what they see by making insightful inferences that incorporate introspective knowledge about internal distortions.
Discovery of ultrafast spontaneous spin switching in an antiferromagnet by femtosecond noise correlation spectroscopy
Authors: Weiss M. A. , Herbst A. , Schlegel J. , Dannegger T. , Evers M. , Donges A. , Nakajima M. , Leitenstorfer A. , Goennenwein S. T. B. , Nowak U. , Kurihara T. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractOwing to their high magnon frequencies, antiferromagnets are key materials for future high-speed spintronics. Picosecond switching of antiferromagnetic spin systems has been viewed a milestone for decades and pursued only by using ultrafast external perturbations. Here, we show that picosecond spin switching occurs spontaneously due to thermal fluctuations in the antiferromagnetic orthoferrite Sm0.7Er0.3FeO3. By analysing the correlation between the pulse-to-pulse polarisation fluctuations of two femtosecond optical probes, we extract the autocorrelation of incoherent magnon fluctuations. We observe a strong enhancement of the magnon fluctuation amplitude and the coherence time around the critical temperature of the spin reorientation transition. The spectrum shows two distinct features, one corresponding to the quasi-ferromagnetic mode and another one which has not been previously reported in pump-probe experiments. Comparison to a stochastic spin dynamics simulation reveals this new mode as smoking gun of ultrafast spontaneous spin switching within the double-well anisotropy potential.
Resurrecting ancestral antibiotics: unveiling the origins of modern lipid II targeting glycopeptides
Authors: Hansen Mathias H. , Adamek Martina , Iftime Dumitrita , Petras Daniel , Schuseil Frauke , Grond Stephanie , Stegmann Evi , Cryle Max J. , Ziemert Nadine 
Published: November 2023

AbstractAntibiotics are central to modern medicine, and yet they are mainly the products of intra and inter-kingdom evolutionary warfare. To understand how nature evolves antibiotics around a common mechanism of action, we investigated the origins of an extremely valuable class of compounds, lipid II targeting glycopeptide antibiotics (GPAs, exemplified by teicoplanin and vancomycin), which are used as last resort for the treatment of antibiotic resistant bacterial infections. Using a molecule-centred approach and computational techniques, we first predicted the nonribosomal peptide synthetase assembly line of paleomycin, the ancestral parent of lipid II targeting GPAs. Subsequently, we employed synthetic biology techniques to produce the predicted peptide and validated its antibiotic activity. We revealed the structure of paleomycin, which enabled us to address how nature morphs a peptide antibiotic scaffold through evolution. In doing so, we obtained temporal snapshots of key selection domains in nonribosomal peptide synthesis during the biosynthetic journey from ancestral, teicoplanin-like GPAs to modern GPAs such as vancomycin. Our study demonstrates the synergy of computational techniques and synthetic biology approaches enabling us to journey back in time, trace the temporal evolution of antibiotics, and revive these ancestral molecules. It also reveals the optimisation strategies nature has applied to evolve modern GPAs, laying the foundation for future efforts to engineer this important class of antimicrobial agents.
ZeroBind: a protein-specific zero-shot predictor with subgraph matching for drug-target interactions
Authors: Wang Yuxuan , Xia Ying , Yan Junchi , Yuan Ye , Shen Hong-Bin , Pan Xiaoyong 
Published: November 2023

AbstractExisting drug-target interaction (DTI) prediction methods generally fail to generalize well to novel (unseen) proteins and drugs. In this study, we propose a protein-specific meta-learning framework ZeroBind with subgraph matching for predicting protein-drug interactions from their structures. During the meta-training process, ZeroBind formulates training a protein-specific model, which is also considered a learning task, and each task uses graph neural networks (GNNs) to learn the protein graph embedding and the molecular graph embedding. Inspired by the fact that molecules bind to a binding pocket in proteins instead of the whole protein, ZeroBind introduces a weakly supervised subgraph information bottleneck (SIB) module to recognize the maximally informative and compressive subgraphs in protein graphs as potential binding pockets. In addition, ZeroBind trains the models of individual proteins as multiple tasks, whose importance is automatically learned with a task adaptive self-attention module to make final predictions. The results show that ZeroBind achieves superior performance on DTI prediction over existing methods, especially for those unseen proteins and drugs, and performs well after fine-tuning for those proteins or drugs with a few known binding partners.
A polymer tethering strategy to achieve high metal loading on catalysts for Fenton reactions
Authors: Wang Lixin , Rao Longjun , Ran Maoxi , Shentu Qikai , Wu Zenglong , Song Wenkai , Zhang Ziwei , Li Hao , Yao Yuyuan , Lv Weiyang , Xing Mingyang 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe development of heterogenous catalysts based on the synthesis of 2D carbon-supported metal nanocatalysts with high metal loading and dispersion is important. However, such practices remain challenging to develop. Here, we report a self-polymerization confinement strategy to fabricate a series of ultrafine metal embedded N-doped carbon nanosheets (M@N-C) with loadings of up to 30 wt%. Systematic investigation confirms that abundant catechol groups for anchoring metal ions and entangled polymer networks with the stable coordinate environment are essential for realizing high-loading M@N-C catalysts. As a demonstration, Fe@N-C exhibits the dual high-efficiency performance in Fenton reaction with both impressive catalytic activity (0.818 min−1) and H2O2 utilization efficiency (84.1%) using sulfamethoxazole as the probe, which has not yet been achieved simultaneously. Theoretical calculations reveal that the abundant Fe nanocrystals increase the electron density of the N-doped carbon frameworks, thereby facilitating the continuous generation of long-lasting surface-bound •OH through lowering the energy barrier for H2O2 activation. This facile and universal strategy paves the way for the fabrication of diverse high-loading heterogeneous catalysts for broad applications.
Atomic-level polarization in electric fields of defects for electrocatalysis
Authors: Xu Jie , Xue Xiong-Xiong , Shao Gonglei , Jing Changfei , Dai Sheng , He Kun , Jia Peipei , Wang Shun , Yuan Yifei , Luo Jun , Lu Jun 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe thriving field of atomic defect engineering towards advanced electrocatalysis relies on the critical role of electric field polarization at the atomic scale. While this is proposed theoretically, the spatial configuration, orientation, and correlation with specific catalytic properties of materials are yet to be understood. Here, by targeting monolayer MoS2 rich in atomic defects, we pioneer the direct visualization of electric field polarization of such atomic defects by combining advanced electron microscopy with differential phase contrast technology. It is revealed that the asymmetric charge distribution caused by the polarization facilitates the adsorption of H*, which originally activates the atomic defect sites for catalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Then, it has been experimentally proven that atomic-level polarization in electric fields can enhance catalytic HER activity. This work bridges the long-existing gap between the atomic defects and advanced electrocatalysis by directly revealing the angstrom-scale electric field polarization and correlating it with the as-tuned catalytic properties of materials; the methodology proposed here could also inspire future studies focusing on catalytic mechanism understanding and structure-property-performance relationship.
Unraveling the synergistic effects of Cu-Ag tandem catalysts during electrochemical CO2 reduction using nanofocused X-ray probes
Authors: Frisch Marvin L. , Wu Longfei , Atlan Clément , Ren Zhe , Han Madeleine , Tucoulou Rémi , Liang Liang , Lu Jiasheng , Guo An , Nong Hong Nhan , Arinchtein Aleks , Sprung Michael , Villanova Julie , Richard Marie-Ingrid , Strasser Peter 
Published: November 2023

AbstractControlling the selectivity of the electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide into value-added chemicals continues to be a major challenge. Bulk and surface lattice strain in nanostructured electrocatalysts affect catalytic activity and selectivity. Here, we unravel the complex dynamics of synergistic lattice strain and stability effects of Cu-Ag tandem catalysts through a previously unexplored combination of in situ nanofocused X-ray absorption spectroscopy and Bragg coherent diffraction imaging. Three-dimensional strain maps reveal the lattice dynamics inside individual nanoparticles as a function of applied potential and product yields. Dynamic relations between strain, redox state, catalytic activity and selectivity are derived. Moderate Ag contents effectively reduce the competing evolution of H2 and, concomitantly, lead to an enhanced corrosion stability. Findings from this study evidence the power of advanced nanofocused spectroscopy techniques to provide new insights into the chemistry and structure of nanostructured catalysts.
Ending extreme poverty has a negligible impact on global greenhouse gas emissions
Authors: Wollburg Philip , Hallegatte Stephane , Mahler Daniel Gerszon 
Published: November 2023

AbstractGrowing consumption is both necessary to end extreme poverty1and one of the main drivers of greenhouse gas emissions2, creating a potential tension between alleviating poverty and limiting global warming. Most poverty reduction has historically occurred because of economic growth3–6, which means that reducing poverty entails increasing not only the consumption of people living in poverty but also the consumption of people with a higher income. Here we estimate the emissions associated with the economic growth needed to alleviate extreme poverty using the international poverty line of US $2.15 per day (ref. 7). Even with historical energy- and carbon-intensity patterns, the global emissions increase associated with alleviating extreme poverty is modest, at 2.37 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent per year or 4.9% of 2019 global emissions. Lower inequality, higher energy efficiency and decarbonization of energy can ease this tension further: assuming the best historical performance, the emissions for poverty alleviation in 2050 will be reduced by 90%. More ambitious poverty lines require more economic growth in more countries, which leads to notably higher emissions. The challenge to align the development and climate objectives of the world is not in reconciling extreme poverty alleviation with climate objectives but in providing sustainable middle-income standards of living.