bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen Supplied ICEs and Fuel Cells for Commercial Vehicles
Authors: Hipp E. , Kerschl S. , Pflanz T. , Gruber C. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractIn view of the limited availability of fossil fuels and the necessity to reduce the output of emissions of greenhouse gases in the long term, the transport sector needs efficient, environmentally compatible drive solutions. Hydrogen, as a clean and sustainable fuel, offers a high implementation potential and can be used both in internal combustion engines and in fuel cells. In urban deployment the fuel cell drive has specific advantages and is suitable for use in city buses. Integration of high‐power energy storage systems improves fuel consumption and can reduce the costs of the drive system. In May 2000 MAN presented its first fuel cell bus, which was successfully deployed in passenger transport in various cities. The next FC‐bus, using hybrid fuel cell propulsion, is planned under the framework of the Bavarian hydrogen project at Munich Airport and will be tested from spring 2004 on. The first deployment of pre‐series bus fleets with fuel cells using hydrogen as fuel can be expected from the end of this decade onwards.
Simulation Code for Gasoline Driven Fuel Cell Cars
Authors: Braun B. , Fischer K. , Rzepka M. , Stimming U. , Biermann J.W. , Johannaber M. , Wallentowitz H. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractA simulation model of a car driven by a gasoline based fuel cell system was generated with Matlab/SIMULINK. The model of the vehicle represents a common compact class passenger car equipped with an electric power train, fuel cell system and with and without an additional battery. For the fuel cell system two variants have been implemented, a PEMFC and a high temperature SOFC system. Both models consist of an on‐board gasoline reformer, stack and auxiliary components such as evaporator, catalytic burner, fuel pump, fans and control unit with additional FC‐type specific components such as air preheater or CO‐shifter. The simulation model allows the comparison of the two FC systems in different automotive traction concepts (fuel cell vehicle, hybrid car) varying all important parameters such as driving cycle or fuel cell nominal power. In this paper the simulation model is described and first simulation results are given.
APOE is associated with age‐of‐onset, but not cognitive functioning, in late‐life depression
Authors: Butters Meryl A. , Sweet Robert A. , Mulsant Benoit H. , Ilyas Kamboh M. , Pollock Bruce G. , Begley Amy E. , Reynolds, Charles F. , DeKosky Steven T. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractObjectiveThere is a recognized but poorly understood relationship between late‐life depression (LLD) and progressive dementia. Both cognitive impairment co‐occurring with LLD and a late age‐of‐onset of first lifetime depressive episode appear to be associated with subsequent progressive dementia. A history of major depression, especially when the first onset occurs in late‐life, has been identified as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). The major genetic risk factor for sporadic AD is carrying one or more apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) alleles. We hypothesized that the association between LLD and dementia risk would be mediated by APOE4, specifically that APOE4 allele frequency would be associated with cognitive impairment and later age‐of‐depression‐onset. We also predicted that APOE4 allele frequency would be increased among subjects with LLD.MethodsWe compared the distribution of APOE2, APOE3, and APOE4 alleles in groups of LLD (n=160), AD (n=568) and elderly control (EC; n=156) subjects.ResultsThe allele distribution of the cognitively impaired LLD subgroup was not different from either the cognitively normal subgroup or the EC group but was different from the AD group. However, mean age‐of‐onset of depression in APOE4 carriers (51.4±20.7) was significantly lower than non‐carriers (58.8±16.8). The allele distribution in LLD overall was significantly different from the AD but not the EC group.ConclusionsThe finding that neither LLD, accompanying cognitive impairment, nor late age‐of‐onset was associated with an increased APOE4 allele frequency suggests that LLD acts as a risk factor for developing AD as well as non‐AD dementia through mechanisms independent of APOE4. The unexpected finding that age‐of‐onset of LLD was significantly reduced in APOE4 carriers is similar to the association between APOE4 and age‐of‐onset in AD. Replication of the association of APOE4 with earlier age‐of‐depression‐onset is indicated. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gender in elderly suicide: analysis of coroners inquests of 200 cases of elderly suicide in Cheshire 1989–2001
Authors: Salib Emad , Green Laura 
Published: December 2003

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this study is to review gender differences in elderly suicide in relation to specific social aspects of the suicidal process and health care contact before death. Such information may have practical value in identifying and targeting vulnerable elderly in whom suicide may be potentially preventable.MethodsData were extracted from the records of coroner's inquests into all reported suicide of persons aged 60 and over, in Cheshire over a period of 13 years 1989–2001. The Coroner's office covers the whole county of Cheshire (population 1 000 000).ResultsMen were less likely to have been known to psychiatric services (Odds Ratio [OR] 0.4 95% 0.2–0.6) and with less frequently reported history of previous attempted suicide compared to women (OR 0.5 95% Confidence Intervals [CI] 0.2–1). All deceased from ethnic minorities were men, none of whom had been known to psychiatric services. There was no significant difference between women and men in relation to, physical or psychiatric morbidity, GP contact prior to suicide, intimation of intent or living alone. Of suicide victims not known to services a surprisingly high proportion of 38% and 16% were found to have psychiatric morbidity in men and women respectively.ConclusionSuicide is an important problem in the elderly with gender playing an important part in their social behaviour but a high proportion of the deceased were not known to local services. Primary Care professionals have an important role to play in reducing elderly suicide as most contact with the health service in elderly suicide seem to be with GPs. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of reminiscence and life review on late‐life depression: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Bohlmeijer Ernst , Smit Filip , Cuijpers Pim 
Published: December 2003

AbstractAimTo assess the effectiveness of reminiscence and life review on late‐life depression across different target groups and treatment modalities.MethodTwenty controlled outcome studies were retrieved from Psychlit, Medline and Dissertation Abstracts. For each study a standardised effect size, d, was calculated and a random‐effects meta‐analysis was conducted.ResultsAn overall effect size of 0.84 (95% Confidence Intervals (CI)=0.31–1.37) was found, indicating a statistically and clinically significant effect of reminiscence and life review on depressive symptomatology in elderly people. This effect is comparable to the effects commonly found for pharmacotherapy and psychological treatments. The effect was larger in subjects with elevated depressive symptomatology (d=1.23) as compared to other subjects (d=0.37). Other characteristics of the subjects or interventions were not found to be related to increased or decreased effect sizes.DiscussionReminiscence and life review are potentially effective treatments for depressive symptoms in the elderly and may thus offer a valuable alternative to psychotherapy or pharmacotherapy. Especially in non‐institutionalised elderly people—who often have untreated depression—it may prove to be an effective, safe and acceptable form of treatment. Randomized trials with sufficient statistical power are necessary to confirm the results of this study. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nursing home suicides—a psychological autopsy study
Authors: Suominen Kirsi , Henriksson Markus , Isometsä Erkki , Conwell Yeates , Heilä Hannele , Lönnqvist Jouko 
Published: December 2003

AbstractObjectiveOlder adults comprise a fifth of all suicides. Elders are the fastest growing part of the population, thus the number of persons needing nursing home care will increase dramatically in the near future. Little information has been available about suicides in nursing homes. The present study described all suicides among older adults in nursing homes in Finland during a 12‐month period emphasizing the factors that have been found to be associated with suicide in the general elderly population.MethodsDrawing on data from a psychological autopsy study of all suicides (n=1397) in Finland during one year, all suicides committed by patients in nursing homes were identified. Retrospective DSM‐IV consensus diagnoses were assigned.ResultsTwelve elderly (aged 60 years or more) nursing home residents who died by suicide, 0.9% of all suicides, were identified. The primary finding of the present study was that nursing home residents who died by suicide had suffered from highly comorbid somatopsychiatric disorders. One or more diagnoses on Axis I were made for all who died by suicide in nursing home. Depressive syndrome was diagnosed in three‐quarters of subjects. Only a third of these were identified to have suffered from depressive symptoms before their death.ConclusionsEarly recognition and adequate treatment of both somatic diseases and mental disorders, particularly depression, as well as early recognition of suicide risk among nursing home residents, are needed in order to prevent suicide. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling late‐life depression
Authors: Parker Gordon , Snowdon John , Parker Kay 
Published: December 2003

AbstractObjectiveTo determine if we could find support for a three‐class depression sub‐typing model (and identify differentiating constituent clinical features) in a sample of elderly depressed patients.BackgroundDepression is currently modelled dimensionally, with little concession to descriptive psychopathology and distinction of meaningful clinical depressive sub‐types. We have proposed a three‐class hierarchical specificity model for sub‐typing the depressive disorders (comprising psychotic, melancholic and non‐melancholic depression), with specificity referring to two clinical features (psychotic symptoms and psychomotor disturbance or PMD) separating the first two classes from a residual non‐melancholic class.MethodSubjects were aged 65 years or more, non‐demented and being treated for depression. Extensive clinical assessment was undertaken, while several standardised measures were administered. ‘Bottom up’ analyses were data driven, while ‘top down’ analyses respected DSM‐III‐R decision rules. Dimensional and categorical multivariate analyses sought to identify features differentiating psychotic depression (PD), melancholic depression (MEL) and a residual non‐melancholic (NON‐MEL) class.ResultsOf the 123 referred patients (having a mean age of 75.6 years), 46 had DSM‐defined PD, 46 had MEL and 31 were assigned as NON‐MEL. Mean total CORE scores (measuring PMD) more clearly distinguished the groups than scores on two depression severity measures. Psychotic depression was best distinguished from melancholic depression by psychotic features, as well as more severe PMD and anhedonia. Melancholic depression was best distinguished from non‐melancholic depression by PMD, terminal insomnia and pathological guilt.ConclusionThe specificity of PMD to the definition of the psychotic and melancholic depression was confirmed in our elderly depressed sample. Clinical features identified as distinguishing psychotic, melancholic and non‐melancholic depression were broadly consistent with findings from our previous studies involving younger subjects and with our three‐class hierarchical model. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alzheimer’s disease: usefulness of the Family Strain Questionnaire and the Screen for Caregiver Burden in the study of caregiving‐related problems
Authors: Ferrario Silvia Rossi , Vitaliano Peter , Zotti Anna Maria , Galante Emanuela , Fornara Roberta 
Published: December 2003

AbstractObjectivesThe economic and psychosocial impacts of Alzheimer's disease (AD) on caregivers are so well documented that they have stimulated socioeconomic regulations that are international in scope. In Italy caregivers have the right to receive economic and psychosocial aid. However, to distribute such aid the needs of caregivers, must be properly assessed. Here we have attempted to integrate two measures, the Family Strain Questionnaire (FSQ) and the Screen for Caregiver Burden (SCB), in order to evaluate caregiver needs that are both general and specific to AD.Material and MethodsThe SCB and FSQ were administered to 91 primary caregivers of home‐based patients with AD. Caregivers also were asked to rate the activities of daily living of their care recipients, the latter of which were administered the Mini‐Mental State Examination.ResultsThe SCB and FSQ provide different, but complementary assessments of the needs of AD caregivers. The SCB identifies situations that are potentially stressful to AD caregivers and the FSQ identifies the needs of specific caregivers (e.g. men vs women, spouses vs children, unemployed vs employed).ConclusionTogether these measures may help government agencies to assess caregiver needs beyond those assessed by each individual measure. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A systematic review of cognitive decline in the general elderly population
Authors: Park Helen L. , O'Connell Janice E. , Thomson Richard G. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractBackgroundThe public health impact of cognitive decline and dementia is increasing as the population ages. Studies exploring therapies or risk factors for cognitive impairment require understanding of expected age‐related decline.ObjectiveTo establish the rate of age‐related cognitive decline in the general elderly population.DesignSystematic review of studies of cognitive decline in the general elderly population. Medline, Embase and PsycINFO databases were searched using an adapted version of McMaster's aetiology, causation and harm strategies and the Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Group strategy. Grey literature was explored and experts contacted. A second observer was involved at all stages and quality appraisal of included studies was performed. Included studies were representative, community‐based, cohort studies of people aged over 60, incorporating individuals with dementia.ResultsIdentification of 5990 abstracts and retrieval of 163 full texts led to inclusion of 19 papers. Heterogeneity made narrative review the appropriate method of data synthesis. Some degree of cognitive impairment with increasing age was found in all studies, although the extent varied. The prevalence of cognitive impairment and the rate of decline increased with age. Studies were of variable quality.ConclusionsCognitive decline is almost universal in the general elderly population and increases with age. Improved communication between researchers and between clinicians to identify a core minimum data set of neuropsychological tests that could be used in different populations would support consistent study design and meta‐analysis, helping to quantify the true rate of cognitive decline in the elderly and assisting diagnosis in clinical practice. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The association of psychosocial factors and depression with hypertension among older adults
Authors: Bosworth Hayden B. , Bartash Rachel M. , Olsen Maren K. , Steffens David C. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the relationship between depression and hypertension in an elderly population and how psychosocial variables influence this relationship.MethodsThe study included 293 subjects, who met DSM‐IV criteria for unipolar depression, and 151 subjects with no psychiatric disorder. All subjects were over the age of 58. Participants were administered the Duke Depression Evaluation Schedule at baseline and at yearly intervals for 3 years.ResultsCross‐sectional analyses of baseline data showed that hypertensive patients were more likely to be depressed and of non‐white race. Bivariate analyses provided evidence that hypertension was associated with higher amounts of total stressors and lower social support. No differences in the prevalence of hypertension were found between men and women. In addition, there was no evidence of change in hypertension status over time.ConclusionPatients, especially minorities, who experience depression, stress, or a lack of social support, are at an increased likelihood of having hypertension and clinicians should consider this risk when treating this population. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An infinite class of fibres in CURDs with block sizes two and three
Authors: Keranen Melissa S. , Rees Rolf S. , Ling Alan C.H. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractClass‐uniformly resolvable designs (CURDs) are introduced by Lamken et al. Discrete Math 92 (1991) 197–209. In Wevrick and Vanstone, J Combin Designs 4 (1996) 177–202, a classification scheme is developed based on the ratio a:b of pairs to triples. Asymptotic existence results are obtained when (a,b) = (1,2n), n ≥ 1 and when (a,b) = (9,2). The authors also obtain partial results on the existence of CURDs when (a,b) = (1,2n), 1 ≤ n ≤ 5, (a,b) = (3, 6u − 2), u ≥ 1 and when (a,b) ∈ {(1,1), (3,1), (7,2), (3,4), (9,2)}. In Danziger and Stevens, J Combin Designs 9 (2001), 79–99, the necessary and sufficient conditions for CURDs when (a,b) = (3,1) are completely settled. In this article, we obtain a necessary and sufficient condition when (a,b) = (3m, 1) for all m > 1. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Super‐simple resolvable balanced incomplete block designs with block size 4 and index 3
Authors: Ge Gennian , Lam C. W. H. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe necessary conditions for the existence of a super‐simple resolvable balanced incomplete block design on v points with k = 4 and λ = 3, are that v ≥ 8 and v ≡ 0 mod 4. These conditions are shown to be sufficient except for v = 12. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Atomic Latin squares of order eleven
Authors: Maenhaut Barbara M. , Wanless Ian M. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractA Latin square is pan‐Hamiltonian if the permutation which defines row i relative to row j consists of a single cycle for every i ≠ j. A Latin square is atomic if all of its conjugates are pan‐Hamiltonian. We give a complete enumeration of atomic squares for order 11, the smallest order for which there are examples distinct from the cyclic group. We find that there are seven main classes, including the three that were previously known. A perfect 1‐factorization of a graph is a decomposition of that graph into matchings such that the union of any two matchings is a Hamiltonian cycle. Each pan‐Hamiltonian Latin square of order n describes a perfect 1‐factorization of Kn,n, and vice versa. Perfect 1‐factorizations of Kn,n can be constructed from a perfect 1‐factorization of Kn+1. Six of the seven main classes of atomic squares of order 11 can be obtained in this way. For each atomic square of order 11, we find the largest set of Mutually Orthogonal Latin Squares (MOLS) involving that square. We discuss algorithms for counting orthogonal mates, and discover the number of orthogonal mates possessed by the cyclic squares of orders up to 11 and by Parker's famous turn‐square. We find that the number of atomic orthogonal mates possessed by a Latin square is not a main class invariant. We also define a new sort of Latin square, called a pairing square, which is mapped to its transpose by an involution acting on the symbols. We show that pairing squares are often orthogonal mates for symmetric Latin squares. Finally, we discover connections between our atomic squares and Franklin's diagonally cyclic self‐orthogonal squares, and we correct a theorem of Longyear which uses tactical representations to identify self‐orthogonal Latin squares in the same main class as a given Latin square. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Unitals in the code of the Hughes plane
Authors: Baker R. D. , Wantz K. L. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractA coding‐theoretic characterization of a unital in the Hughes plane is provided, based on and extending the work of Blokhuis, Brouwer, and Wilbrink in PG(2,q2). It is shown that a Frobenius‐invariant unital is contained in the p‐code of the Hughes plane if and only if that unital is projectively equivalent to the Rosati unital. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On perfect deletion‐correcting codes
Authors: Klein Andreas 
Published: December 2003

AbstractIn this article, we present constructions for perfect deletion‐correcting codes. The first construction uses perfect deletion‐correcting codes without repetition of letters to construct other perfect deletion‐correcting codes. This is a generalization of the construction shown in 1. In the third section, we investigate several constructions of perfect deletion‐correcting codes using designs. In the last section, we investigate perfect deletion‐correcting codes containing few codewords. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Distance measurement by circular scanning of the excitation beam in the two‐photon microscope
Authors: Kis‐Petikova Katarina , Gratton Enrico 
Published: December 2003

AbstractWe developed a method to measure relative distances with nanometer accuracy of fluorescent particles of different color in a two‐photon scanning fluorescence microscope, with two‐channel photon counting detection. The method can be used in the 10–500 nm range, for distances below the resolution limit of standard far field microscopy. The proposed technique is more efficient than the methods using raster scanning. To achieve maximum sensitivity in the radial direction, the excitation beam is moved periodically in a circular orbit with a radius of the size of the point spread function. The phase and the modulation of the periodic fluorescence signal, calculated by fast Fourier transform, gives the phase and the radial distance of the particle from the center of scanning. The coordinates of particles are recovered simultaneously in the two channels and the relative distance is calculated in real time. Particles can be tracked by moving the center of scanning to the recovered position, while measuring the distance from the second particle. Intensity data are saved and fitted later by a model accounting for light leakage between the channels. The total number of detected photons limited the accuracy of the position and distance measurement. Experiments demonstrating the advantages of the method were performed on fluorescent spheres and single dye molecules immobilized on quartz surface. Microsc. Res. Tech. 63:34–49, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.