bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Through a Glass Darkly: Data and Uncertainty in the AIDS Debate
Authors: Whiteside Alan , George Gavin , Barnett Tony , Van Niekerk Anton 
Published: December 2004

The HIV/AIDS epidemic is the greatest threat to development in much of Africa. It is already the main cause of death in many countries, especially those in Southern Africa. However there is an absence of solid data on the scale and scope of the disease and how it is evolving. In this article we discuss the data on the epidemic – where it comes from and how it is presented. We note the limitations of the use of antenatal clinic surveys – which provide the bulk of our information.We then turn to the evidence of impact. The paper shows that the long incubation period between infection and illness means that it takes time for HIV infections to turn into AIDS cases, and AIDS cases to translate into deaths with all the consequences of orphaning, poverty and changing population structures. Furthermore it means that once the HIV prevalence has peaked, AIDS impact will take years to work through – this epidemic is a ‘long‐wave’ event.The paper is premised on the view that HIV causes AIDS and AIDS causes death. It notes that insufficient and/or unreliable data have allowed leaderships to deny the scope and scale of the problem and that this is unacceptable. However it is incumbent on all to accept the moral responsibility for and the moral consequences of their work, and this includes those who gather, interpret and use the data.
Setting Up a Domestic Violence Service
Authors: Vetere Arlene , Cooper Jan 
Published: December 2004

Background: This paper describes some of the issues we confronted and resolved in setting up an independent dedicated domestic violence service.Method: In our project we work with violent behaviour that is known or suspected in the contexts of both assessment and therapy. We describe our policy on domestic violence, including confidentiality, our reflecting practices, our relationships with referrers as a means of managing the risk of violence, and the assessment and evaluation procedures we use for the assessment of risk of violence. We include some discussion of the effects of domestic violence on children and the effects of doing this work on ourselves.Conclusions: We conclude by discussing the moral issues involved for us as therapists in doing this work, the impact of the legal frame within which we work, and some of the social and psychological theories we find helpful in understanding the causes and effects of violent behaviour in the family.
Looked After Children in Residential Homes
Authors: Nicholas Bridget , Roberts Sophie , Wurr Catherine 
Published: December 2004

Background: Looked after children in residential children's homes constitute a particularly vulnerable group who are known to have high rates of mental health problems and limited access to services.Method: A survey was undertaken in Leeds to determine what proportion of these children are involved with mental health services, and to look at the different ways in which child and adolescent mental health services across the city are currently working with this group.Results: Of the 177 children in residential children's homes in August 2000, 64% had had some contact with child mental health services in the previous 5 years and 27% were in current contact. Thirty‐six percent had had no contact with services over the past five years.Conclusions: It was anticipated from a review of the literature that a higher proportion of children would have been currently in contact with services. The findings suggest that the pattern of services offered to this group of children is changing, with an increase in consultation with, and training of, staff in residential children's homes. The paper ends with a discussion of whether or not this is a positive change and how CAMH resources might best be utilised in the future.
Explaining cross‐country differences in policy response to child labour
Authors: Dessy Sylvain E. , Vencatachellum Désiré 
Published: December 2004

Abstract We develop a model of child labour where poverty and inequality combine to determine policy response to child labour. If there are strategic complementarities between parents’ decisions to educate their children and firms’ technology choice, multiple school‐enrolment equilibria arise. Only rich countries and those that are not ‘too’ poor and have a low wealth inequality benefit from adopting child labour laws. This is because such laws commit an economy with either of those initial conditions to the full school‐enrolment equilibrium which Pareto‐dominates all other equilibria. Moreover, wealth redistribution is not sufficient to eliminate child labour. JEL Classification: I20, O33Une explication des différences d’un pays à l’autre dans la réaction des politiques au phénomène du travail des enfants Les auteurs développent un modèle de travail des enfants dans lequel les niveaux de pauvreté et d’inégalité se combinent pour déterminer les politiques. Si des complémentarités stratégiques existent entre les décisions des parents d’éduquer leurs enfants et le choix de technologie des entreprises, de nombreux équilibres impliquant divers niveaux d’inscription à l’école sont possibles. Seuls les pays riches, et ceux qui ne sont pas « trop » pauvres ou qui ont un degré d’inégalité de la richesse relativement bas, tirent profit de lois réglementant le travail des enfants. C’est le cas parce que de telles lois engagent une économie qui a ces caractéristiques à se diriger vers un équilibre d’inscription totale des enfants à l’école. Dans ces cas, il s’agit d’un équilibre qui domine au sens de Pareto tous les autres équilibres. On note de plus que la redistribution de la richesse ne suffit pas pour éliminer le travail des enfants.
A Ricardian model of climate change in Canada
Authors: Reinsborough Michelle J. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract A comparative static ‘Ricardian’ model is used to establish relationships between climate and agricultural land value in Canada. From these relationships, agricultural costs of climate change scenarios are estimated. This study is motivated partly by evidence of potential agricultural benefits of climate change from a similar analysis of the United States by Mendelsohn, Nordhaus and Shaw, and partly by the void of Canadian studies. Furthermore, it extends the analysis to non‐uniform climate change scenarios. Its finding of a slightly positive upper bound on the agricultural benefits from climate change, within a wide margin of error, is motivation for further analysis.Un modèle ricardien de changement climatique au Canada.  L’auteur utilise un modèle statique ricardien classique pour établir des relations entre le climat et la valeur des terres agricoles au Canada. A partir de ces relations, on calibre les coûts agricoles de divers scénarios de changement climatique. Cette étude a pris forme en partie en réaction aux résultats d’une analyse similaire de Mendelsohn, Nordhaus et Shaw aux Etats‐Unis, et en partie en réponse à un manque d’études de ce genre au Canada. Cet article étend les analyses aux scénarios de changements climatiques non‐uniformes. Les résultats suggèrent qu’il existe une sorte de borne positive supérieure aux avantages agricoles du changement climatique, à l’intérieur d’une marge d’erreur assez vaste. Voilà qui encourage à poursuivre les analyses.
Multiproduct firm behaviour in a differentiated market
Authors: Giraud‐Héraud Eric , Hammoudi Hakim , Mokrane Mahdi 
Published: December 2004

Abstract In this paper we offer a generalization of the circular model of product differentiation by introducing a multiproduct firm facing monoproduct competitors. We prove existence and explicitly characterize equilibrium when transportation costs are quadratic. We exhibit interesting equilibrium features for price policy, market shares, and profits. In equilibrium, the multiproduct firm uses its connected market shares to build asymmetric pricing schemes that allow a fraction of its product line (brands, stores or firms) to be shielded from outside competition and hence extracts maximum consumer surplus. Our results shed some light on the link between product differentiation and mergers and acquisitions activity (M&As). JEL Classification: D21, L11, L13Le comportement de l’entreprise multi‐produits dans un marché différencié Cet article propose une généralisation du modèle circulaire de différenciation des produits en considérant le cas d’une firme multi‐produits en concurrence avec des firmes mono‐produit. Nous montrons l’existence d’un équilibre en prix, que nous caractérisons dans le cas de coûts de transports quadratiques. Nous exposons les propriétés de cet équilibre en terme de parts de marchés et de profits obtenus par les entreprises. A l’équilibre, la firme multi‐produits utilise ses niches de marché pour mettre en place une tarification asymétrique permettant à une partie de sa ligne de produits d’être protégée de la concurrence et d’extraire le maximum de surplus aux consommateurs. Nous proposons ensuite une discussion sur le lien entre différenciation des produits et activité de fusion et acquisition.
Technological choices and regulation: the case of the Canadian manufacturing sectors
Authors: Ouellette Pierre , Vigeant Stéphane 
Published: December 2004

Abstract The economic environment in which Canadian manufacturing firms operate has changed substantially over the last 40 years. Technological changes, new regulations, deregulation, and exogenous economic shocks all have been important aspects of this economic environment. In this article, we show how to include such changes in the economic environment faced by the firms in a behavioural model that includes the investment decision of the firm under uncertainty. Assumptions regarding the expectation formation process and technology are kept minimal. We estimate the effects of innovations such as the free trade agreement, the foreign investment review agency, and the federal environmental policy on the economic decisions of fifteen Canadian manufacturing sectors. JEL Classification: D24Choix de technologies et réglementation: le cas des secteurs manufacturiers canadiens Au cours des 40 dernières années, l’environnement économique des firmes manufacturières canadiennes s’est grandement transformé. Que ce soit à cause du changement technologique, de la réglementation, de vagues de déréglementation ou de chocs économiques exogènes, les firmes ont dû s’adapter en modifiant leur technologie. Dans cet article, nous montrons comment prendre en compte les changements de l’environnement économique des firmes dans le cadre d’un modèle décisionnel de la firme en incertitude avec investissement. Les hypothèses concernant la technologie et les anticipations sont aussi générales que possible. Nous estimons l’effet qu’ont eu l’accord de libre échange, l’agence de tamisage des investissements étrangers et la politique environnementale fédérale sur les choix de technologies des firmes de quinze secteurs manufacturiers canadiens.
Interconnectivity of communications networks and international trade
Authors: Kikuchi Toru 
Published: December 2004

Abstract In this study a multi‐country model of trade is developed that captures the role of country‐specific communications network interconnectivity, which enhances trade in intermediate business services. The number of countries connected to internationally interconnected networks is found to determine the structure of comparative advantage. That is, countries with interconnected networks have a comparative advantage in the good that requires business services provided via networks. In connected countries, producers of that good benefit from the efficient transmission of business services. This research also demonstrates that countries whose country‐specific networks are not connected to the interconnected networks may become worse off as the result of trade. JEL Classification: D43, F12Interconnectivité des réseaux de communication et commerce international Ce mémoire développe un modèle de commerce international impliquant plusieurs pays qui cerne le rôle de l’interconnectivité des réseaux de communication de chaque pays. Cette interconnectivité enrichit les flux de commerce dans les services intermédiaires d’affaires. Il appert que le nombre de pays connectés aux réseaux internationalement connectés détermine la structure de l’avantage comparatif. Ce qui veut dire que les pays qui ont des réseaux interconnectés ont un avantage comparatif dans le bien qui requiert les services d’affaires fournis par les réseaux. Dans les pays connectés, les producteurs de ces biens bénéficient de la transmission efficace de ces services d’affaires. La recherche montre aussi que les pays dont les réseaux nationaux ne sont pas connectés aux réseaux interconnectés peuvent voir leur situation s’empirer en conséquence du commerce international.
Expense ratios of North American mutual funds
Authors: Ruckman Karen 
Published: December 2004

Abstract The average expense ratio paid by Canadian mutual fund investors is 50% higher than that paid in the United States. This discrepancy is commonly thought to exist because Canadian funds do not take advantage of economies of scale and have less competition. A monopolistic competition framework is used to develop a model for the mutual fund industry. By allowing each fund to have different attributes, the model permits funds to charge different expense ratios in equilibrium and is found to strongly fit the North American mutual fund market. Empirical analysis indicates that these two common explanations and measurable fund attributes account for 24% of the discrepancy. JEL Classification: L11, L13 and G15Les ratios de dépenses des fonds mutuels nord‐américains Le taux moyen de dépenses payées par les investisseurs canadiens dans les fonds mutuels sont de 50% plus élevées que celles qu’on paie aux Etats‐Unis. Cet écart est attribué d’habitude au fait que les fonds canadiens ne tirent pas profit des économies d’échelle et qu’il y a moins de concurrence au Canada. On utilise un modèle de concurrence monopolistique pour analyser l’industrie des fonds mutuels. En permettant à chaque fond d’avoir certains attributs, le modèle permet aux fonds de charger des taux de dépenses différents en équilibre. Il semble que cela corresponde aux caractéristiques du marché des fonds mutuels américains. Une analyse empirique montre que les deux explications usuelles et les attributs mesurables des fonds expliquent 24% de l’écart.
A history of prices in Canada, 1840–1871: a new wholesale price index
Authors: Paterson Donald G. , Shearer Ronald A. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract We present a new monthly wholesale price index for Canada, 1840–71, comparing fluctuations in the Canadian macroeconomy with fluctuations in similar U.S. and British indexes. Canadian prices move through distinct phases: the 1840s rise in prices and the decline in the depression of 1848–49; the mid‐century economic boom and the 1857 depression; U.S. Civil War inflation and apparent Canadian price insulation through a flexible exchange rate created by U.S. withdrawal from gold; and the non‐inflationary boom following Confederation. After adjustment for the U.S. greenback issue, a broad coherence of Canadian, U.S., and British indexes suggests highly integrated commodity markets. JEL Classification: N20, N21, E31Une histoire des prix au Canada 1840–1871: un nouvel indice de prix de gros Ce mémoire présente un nouvel indice de prix de gros pour le Canada dans la période de 1840 à 1871. C’est un indice mensuel. A l’aide de cet indicateur, on décrit les fluctuations de la macroéconomie canadienne et on les compare avec les fluctuations d’indices similaires aux Etats‐Unis et en Grande Bretagne. Les prix canadiens passent à travers plusieurs phases au cours de cette période. Les prix s’accroissent dans les années 1840 et chutent avec la dépression de 1848/1849; et puis il y a le grand boom victorien du milieu du siècle qui culmine en 1857; il y a de plus les périodes de l’inflation de la guerre civile américaine et l’immunisation apparente des prix canadiens par la création d’un régime de change flexible parce que les Etats‐Unis se retirent de la monnaie étalonnée sur l’or; et enfin la période sans inflation du boom qui suit la Confédération. Si l’on ajuste pour tenir compte de l’affaire des « greenbacks », il y a cohérence des divers indices canadiens, américains et britanniques. Voilà qui suggère des marchés de biens fortement intégrés.
Effects of grazer immigration and nutrient enrichment on an open algae‐grazer system
Authors: K. Roll Sandra , Diehl Sebastian , D. Cooper Scott 
Published: December 2004

After disturbance, recovery dynamics of local populations depend on arrival rates of immigrants and local growth conditions. We studied the effects of herbivore immigration rates and nutrient enrichment on the dynamics of grazing insect larvae, benthic microalgae, and filamentous macroalgae recovering from low local densities in an open stream system. The two types of algae approximate a trade‐off between capabilities for growing at low resource levels and resisting herbivory. Many microalgae achieve relatively high growth rates at low nutrient levels but are vulnerable to grazers, whereas many macroalgae require high nutrient levels for growth but become increasingly defended with filament growth. We hypothesized that macroalgae should benefit more strongly than microalgae from increasing nutrient levels and decreasing grazer immigration rates, because both conditions increase macroalgal chances to grow into a size refuge from herbivory.We created a gradient of nutrient concentrations and manipulated drift immigration rates of macroinvertebrates. Macro‐ and microalgal biomass and the relative contribution of macroalgae to total algal biomass increased with increasing nutrient enrichment and decreased with increasing grazer immigration. Grazer densities responded positively to nutrient enrichment. The densities of large baetids responded positively to higher immigration rates of large baetids, whereas small baetids and chironomid larvae showed the opposite response. Per capita emigration of small baetids decreased with increasing algal biomass. The data suggest that large baetids negatively affected algal biomass and that small baetid and chironomid densities tracked resource levels set by nutrient enrichment and large baetids. Our experiments highlight the prospects of integrating disturbance with nutrient supply, immigration rates and local trophic interactions (determining recovery trajectories) into conceptual models of open system dynamics. We suggest that recovery trajectories towards micro‐ or macroalgal dominated states may depend on the spatial scale of disturbance relative to the movement ranges of migrating grazers and to nutrient supply.
Multiscale structure in sedimentary basins
Authors: Stewart S. A. , Hay G. J. , Rosin P. L. , Wynn T. J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractHierarchies of superimposed structures are found in maps of geological horizons in sedimentary basins. Mapping based on three‐dimensional (3D) seismic data includes structures that range in scale from tens of metres to hundreds of kilometres. Extraction of structures from these maps without a priori knowledge of scale and shape is analogous to pattern recognition problems that have been widely researched in disciplines outside of Geoscience. A number of these lessons are integrated and applied within a geological context here. We describe a method for generating multiscale representations from two‐dimensional sections and 3D surfaces, and illustrate how superimposed geological structures can be topologically analysed. Multiscale analysis is done in two stages – generation of scale‐space as a geometrical attribute, followed by identification of significant scale‐space objects. Results indicate that Gaussian filtering is a more robust method than conventional moving average filtering for deriving multiscale geological structure. We introduce the concept of natural scales for identifying the most significant scales in a geological cross section. In three dimensions, scale‐dependent structures are identified via an analogous process as discrete topological entities within a four‐dimensional scale‐space cube. Motivation for this work is to take advantage of the completeness of seismic data coverage to see ‘beyond the outcrop’ and yield multiscale geological structure. Applications include identifying artefacts, scale‐specific features and large‐scale structural domains, facilitating multiscale structural attribute mapping for reservoir characterisation, and a novel approach to fold structure classification.
Stratigraphic expression of the lateral propagation and growth of isolated fault‐related uplifts
Authors: Bernal Asdrúbal , Hardy Stuart , Gawthorpe Rob , Finch Emma 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe lateral propagation of faults and folds is known to be an important process during the development of mountain belts, but little is known about the manner in which along‐strike fault–fold growth is expressed in pre‐ and syntectonic (growth) strata. We use a coupled tectonic and stratigraphic model to investigate the along‐strike stratigraphic expression of fault‐related folds/uplifts that grow in both the transport and strike directions. We consider faults that propagate following a quadratic (nonself‐similar evolution) or linear (self‐similar evolution) scaling law, using different slip distributions per episode of fault propagation, under general background sedimentation. We find that the long‐strike geometry of pre‐ and syntectonic strata and the geometry of growth axial surfaces reflect the mode of fault propagation. The geometry of strata observed in the model is similar to that observed in natural contractional structures when: (1) the evolution of the fault is nonself‐similar, or (2) the fault grows as a result of thrust faulting events with similar displacements along strike that are terminated abruptly at the fault tips.
Regional three‐dimensional gravity modelling of the NE Atlantic margin
Authors: Kimbell G S , Gatliff R W , Ritchie J D , Walker A S D , Williamson J P 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA series of three‐dimensional models has been constructed for the structure of the crust and upper mantle over a large region spanning the NE Atlantic passive margin. These incorporate isostatic and flexural principles, together with gravity modelling and integration with seismic interpretations. An initial isostatic model was based on known bathymetric/topographic variations, an estimate of the thickness and density of the sedimentary cover, and upper mantle densities based on thermal modelling. The thickness of the crystalline crust in this model was adjusted to equalise the load at a compensation depth lying below the zone of lateral mantle density variations. Flexural backstripping was used to derive alternative models which tested the effect of varying the strength of the lithosphere during sediment loading. The models were analysed by comparing calculated and observed gravity fields and by calibrating the predicted geometries against independent (primarily seismic) evidence. Further models were generated in which the thickness of the sedimentary layer and the crystalline crust were modified in order to improve the fit to observed gravity anomalies. The potential effects of igneous underplating and variable upper mantle depletion were explored by a series of sensitivity trials. The results provide a new regional lithospheric framework for the margin and a means of setting more detailed, local investigations in their regional context. The flexural modelling suggests lateral variations in the strength of the lithosphere, with much of the margin being relatively weak but areas such as the Porcupine Basin and parts of the Rockall Basin having greater strength. Observed differences between the model Moho and seismic Moho along the continental margin can be interpreted in terms of underplating. A Moho discrepancy to the northwest of Scotland is ascribed to uplift caused by a region of upper mantle with anomalously low density, which may be associated with depletion or with a temperature anomaly.