bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fast reconstruction of three‐dimensional images in Fresnel transform imaging technique using optical imaging system
Authors: Ito Satoshi , Kawaharada Shingo , Kamimura Yoshitsugu , Yamada Yoshifumi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper, a fast reconstruction of three‐dimensional images, based on the analogy between the expression for the NMR signal in the three‐dimensional Fresnel transform NMR imaging and the expression for light diffraction, is presented. When three‐dimensional imaging is applied to MRI, the problem arises that the computation time for reconstruction is too long, due to the large amount of data. However, the reconstruction time for the spatially continuous cross‐sectional images can be greatly reduced by high‐speed optical operation if the signal is sent to a liquid‐crystal spatial light modulator as a set of Fresnel hologram signals, to be displayed continuously and illuminated by coherent light. In this study, holographic reconstruction is applied to image reconstruction in three‐dimensional Fresnel transform imaging, and an attempt is made to improve the speed of image reconstruction by high‐speed transfer of the obtained signals to the holographic reconstruction system as a set of Fresnel holograms. Thus, the MR cross‐sectional image is reconstructed with the video rate from the three‐dimensional signal data. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 33(5): 21–29, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.1124
Vocal tract length normalization using rapid maximum‐likelihood estimation for speech recognition
Authors: Emori Tadashi , Shinoda Koichi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSpeaker normalization techniques for correcting differences in the vocal tract lengths of different speakers, referred to as vocal tract length normalization, in a large vocabulary voice recognition system using a hidden Markov model (HMM), have been proposed in recent years. In this paper, a scheme for approximating especially small changes in the vocal tract length by linear mapping using a vocal tract length parameter in cepstrum space and maximum‐likelihood estimation of this parameter from vocalization is proposed. The proposed method can estimate a more optimal parameter for a speaker with a small amount of computation than in past schemes using multiple vocal tract length parameters in advance. In evaluation tests of the recognition of 5000 single Japanese words, the proposed scheme decreased errors by 7.1% alone and 14.6% in combination with cepstrum mean normalization (CMN). © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 33(5): 30–40, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.1125
Modeling collaborations among objects that change their roles dynamically and its modularization mechanism
Authors: Naoyasu Ubayashi , Tetsuo Tamai 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFor the representation of the collaborative operations among objects (computational entities), many of the techniques proposed at present treat the collaborative operations only as the concept in analysis and design stages; moreover, the roles carried by the respective objects have the problem of being fixed from the beginning to the end. Based on the environment‐adaptive computation model “ϵ” computation proposed by the authors, in this paper we will study from the language side a description method for the case of collaborative operations in which the group of objects changes their roles dynamically along with the progress of computation. Furthermore, we will present a method for defining the collaborative operations among objects as general collaboration protocol components and reuse them again. ϵ computation is a model in which the field where the group of objects operates collaboratively is considered as an environment for the individual objects; the object can change its roles and collaboration forms with other objects dynamically by entering the environment or leaving the environment. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 33(5): 51–63, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.1127
Classification of nerve action potentials for estimation of sensory unit activity
Authors: Nakatani Hironori , Watanabe Takashi , Ohba Shigeo , Hoshimiya Nozomu 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA method for classifying action potentials to estimate a sensory unit activity was developed. The classification of action potentials based on their waveforms involves a pattern classification problem without supervised signal. Some methods depended on an operator for specifying parameters due to the lack of a standard criterion for classification. Therefore, we have proposed an objective classification method in this paper. The performance of our method was evaluated with a simulated signal generated by a peripheral nerve model. Our method provided more appropriate classification results against the influence of the noise process than the conventional method whose reliability was reported to be high in previous studies. The classification results of our method applied to the cuff recordings suggested that there were several different stretch receptors of different characteristics, which agrees with previous reports. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 33(6): 44–52, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.1131
Pitch pattern generation using multispace probability distribution HMM
Authors: Masuko Takashi , Tokuda Keiichi , Miyazaki Noboru , Kobayashi Takao 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA scheme for simultaneously modeling and generating a pitch pattern and a spectral sequence on the basis of a hidden Markov model (HMM) is presented. Since a pitch pattern is expressed as a time series of voiced intervals taking continuous values and voiceless intervals without values, it cannot be modeled by the usual HMM. This paper proposes a scheme for modeling a pitch and a spectrum integrally with characteristic parameters that combine pitch parameters and spectral parameters by applying an HMM based on a multispace probability distribution (multispace probability distribution HMM: MSD‐HMM). In addition, a context clustering scheme based on decision trees in the MSD‐HMM is derived, and a scheme for constructing the model while taking account of the variation factors of the pitch and the spectrum is presented. In addition, it is shown that pitch patterns and spectral sequences approximating real voice can be generated by using the parameter generation scheme based on the maximum likelihood criterion. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 33(6): 62–72, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.1133
Video corpus construction and analysis
Authors: Satou Takashi , Kojima Haruhiko , Akutsu Akihito , Tonomura Yoshinobu 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper, we propose a method of handling videos based on the construction and analysis of a video corpus containing a large volume of video data and attributes. A video corpus was constructed by coding videos of a total length of approximately 180 hours by the MPEG‐2 standard and adding attributes, such as automatically extracted characteristic values and manually entered information. These attributes include, among other things, such items as cut points, camera operation, scene change techniques, captions placed by a television opaque projector, and scaled down images. The video corpora provide tools for the input, analysis, retrieval, and visualization of data and characteristic values, allowing for structuring in a distributed environment, thus enhancing their usability. We also demonstrate the use of InfoStripes, a tool intended for the visualization of videos, whose total length can amount to several hundred hours, in the form of stripes. In conclusion, as a preliminary analysis of the video corpus, we extracted common sequences usingn‐grams of frame images and analyzed the distribution of the timing of caption text appearance as well as the probability of occurrence of attributes related to the shooting and editing techniques. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 33(6): 101–111, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.1137
A replicated object relocation protocol for wide‐area networks
Authors: Watanabe Takashi , Mori Akifumi , Yamamoto Yukihisa 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe distributed object directing technology has been attracting attention from the points of view of cost reduction and scalability. Such technology may not be easily accessible due to communication delays and changes when applied to wide‐area networks. For this problem, RORP (Replicated Object Relocation Protocol) by which a replicated object is dynamically relocated to an appropriate site, considering the communication delay between client and a server, site processing performance, frequency of referencing of the object, propagation time, and so on, is proposed. The RORP has the functions of sharing, reserving, renewing, and relocating a replicated object. First, each function of the RORP is explained. Next, a prototype using HORB and JAVA is constructed, and the performance of the RORP is evaluated from the points of view of the response time improvement effect, control messages, and the network occupation time of reference request and reply messages. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 33(7): 73–84, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.1143
Hierarchical element decomposition of an articulated object based on its motion and shape and its application to measuring human body motion
Authors: Koara Kengo , Nishikawa Atsushi , Miyazaki Fumio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDecomposing an articulated object into its constituent elements is one of the basic techniques of image recognition and its applications to structural analyses or motion measurements of human and animal bodies are being studied. In this paper, a method of decomposing an object into elements based on its motion and shape while taking account of the distribution of high‐curvature points of the contour of the object is proposed for motion image sequences of objects, including objects considered to have two‐dimensionally moving, branchless, invariable link‐length elements and long multilink structures. Since the processing is based on the shape information obtained from all of the motion image sequences by this method, an object can be divided into regions in terms of the characteristic parts of the motion, even when the contour shape for each frame may be distorted by the effects of noise and the like, and therefore the method is very effective for preliminary processing or model building in measuring a body motion. In order to show the efficacy and an applicable example of the proposed method, the kip motion, which is a bar exercise, is measured. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 33(8): 98–110, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.1150
Atomic force microscopy of thin organic films on silicon in ultrahigh vacuum and under ambient conditions
Authors: Reiniger M. , Basnar B. , Friedbacher G. , Schleberger M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper we investigate thin organic films on silicon oxide by different atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques. For the preparation of the organic films we chose octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS), which shows a strong tendency for self‐assembly. As substrates we use silicon covered with a native silicon oxide. The self‐assembled monolayers are deposited in solution to give octadecylsiloxane (ODS) islands. Island density and size vary, among other things, with the solution age, its concentration and the deposition time. Growth and structure are investigated in air as well as in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) with AFM. The measurements are performed in contact, non‐contact or tapping mode. We found that the ODS islands are 1.6 nm in height in UHV as well as under ambient conditions. From the length of the OTS molecules a height of 2.6 nm should be expected. We attribute the reduced height to a tilt of the alkyl chains. Damping maps show that the energy dissipation on the ODS islands is less than on the silicon oxide substrate. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ToF‐SIMS analysis of model compounds of friction modifier adsorbed onto friction surfaces of ferrous materials
Authors: Murase A. , Ohmori T. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe adsorption of model compounds of friction modifiers on ferrous materials has been investigated by time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS). Eleven kinds of model compounds, including carboxylic acids, alcohols, amines and esters, were subjected to lubrication tests. Six compounds among these—carboxylic acids and some amines and esters—showed good lubricity. The ToF‐SIMS spectra of the friction surfaces after being washed with hexane showed that carboxylic acids formed Fe‐carboxylates by reacting with the ferrous material, and esters formed both Fe‐carboxylates and Fe‐alcoholates by reactions of hydrolysates of esters and the ferrous material. For amines, no reaction products were detected but quasimolecular ions, suggesting physical adsorption, were detected from the friction surfaces. For alcohols, no adsorption or reaction was detected from the friction surface. However, clear correlations were not found between the amounts of reaction products or adsorbed materials and lubrication properties such as friction coefficient and width of wear scar. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of a non‐organofunctional silane film deposited on Al, Zn and Al–43.4Zn–1.6Si alloy‐coated steel
Authors: Bexell Ulf , Olsson Mikael 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe need to develop new environmentally friendly pretreatments in the surface engineering of metal substrates has become more and more important.This is mainly due to the toxic and carcinogenic properties of the chromium‐based surface pretreatments frequently used in the industry. During the last decade, simple solution‐dip silane‐based pretreatments have emerged as promising candidates for the replacement of currently used pretreatments of metals. Recent investigations have shown that the performance of these newly developed pretreatments is strongly dependent on the chemical composition and structure of the silane film and consequently a lot of work, based on advanced surface analytical techniques, is needed in order to characterize these properties. In the present study, time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) has been used to characterize the structure of thin films of the non‐organofunctional silane 1,2‐bis(triethoxysilyl)ethane (BTSE) deposited on three different metal substrates, i.e. Al, Zn and Al–43.4Zn–1.6Si (AlZn) alloy‐coated steel. Of special interest was an evaluation of the influence of substrate material on the structure and composition of the silane films.The results show that the BTSE silane forms a thin, evenly distributed film over the substrate surfaces and that the molecular structure of the silane film is independent of the type of metal substrate. Analysis of the molecular ions in the positive mode shows that the surface structure of the BTSE silane is very complex and that the BTSE condensates via one to three SiOSi bridges. Also, the results show that the BTSE silane is not fully hydrolysed using a hydrolysing time of 1 h. Finally, if an alcohol is used as a solvent for the BTSE there is a clear chemical interaction between the alcohol and the silane, resulting in an exchange of alkoxy groups between the alcohol and the silane. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating the efficacy of interventions to prevent mother‐to‐child transmission of HIV in breast‐feeding populations: development of a consensus methodology
Authors: Alioum Ahmadou , Dabis François , Dequae‐Merchadou Laurence , Haverkamp Geert , Hudgens Michael , Hughes James , Karon John , Leroy Valeriane , Newell Marie‐Louise , Richardson Barbra , Weverling Gerrit‐Jan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPostnatal transmission of HIV through breast milk complicates both the design of effective interventions to prevent mother‐to‐child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) and their evaluation. Estimated long‐term efficacy in five African trials (four with peri‐partum antiretrovirals and one with artificial feeding) varied from 25 to 50 per cent. This variation may be due, at least in part, to differences in analytical methodology. To facilitate direct comparison between trials, a methodological consensus approach to the analysis and presentation of the results of PMTCT trials was developed. The initial methodology used and results presented from African trials with available long‐term efficacy data were reviewed during a workshop in Bordeaux, France, in September 2000. A consensus approach for evaluating efficacy applicable across PMTCT studies was developed. There are four typical situations defined by duration of follow‐up (short versus long), and the available demographic (vital status) and biological data (single versus repeat HIV testing). Efficacy can be assessed from the risk of infection directly or from HIV‐free survival by combining infection and death as a single endpoint. Studies should report results in a standardized format including infection, weaning, mortality and loss to follow‐up. New statistical methods that account for the unknown date when a child would first test positive for HIV, for weaning as a competing risk for HIV infection, and for increased risk of death among HIV‐infected children should be used in analysing data from PMTCT studies with repeat HIV testing. All estimates should be reported with confidence intervals. This standardized methodology that allows direct comparison between studies is now being applied to four randomized clinical trials. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prediction trees with soft nodes for binary outcomes
Authors: Ciampi Antonio , Couturier André , Li Shaolin 
Published: August 2002

AbstractConsider the problem of predicting the occurrence of an event, the onset of diabetes mellitus, say, from a vector of continuous and discrete predictors. We propose a new algorithm for the construction of a tree‐structured predictor for the event of interest, which uses a new approach for dealing with continuous predictors. The novelty is that the tree uses splits for continuous variables. This means that at each node an individual goes to the right branch with a certain probability, function of a predictor. The predictor as well as the particular shape of the function is chosen from the data by the proposed algorithm. We evaluate its performance on several real data sets, in particular comparing it with a standard tree‐growing algorithm. We also present an analysis of a well‐known data set, the Pima Indian diabetes data set, to illustrate the application of the method in biostatistics. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical trials of behavioural interventions with heterogeneous teaching subgroup effects
Authors: Hoover Donald R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBehaviour modification is often delivered to teaching subgroups. For example, experimental and control smoking cessation programmes may be given to 15 classes (subgroups) with 10 (otherwise independent) individuals. We present general statistical tests and power estimates to compare continuous outcomes from two interventions in settings where the magnitude of teaching subgroup heterogeneity, number of subgroups and subgroup size can differ between intervention arms. An application is made to data from a trial to reduce disease‐transmitting sexual behaviour. The statistical impact of teaching subgroup heterogeneity effect increases as the (a) number of participants in a subgroup increases, and (b) ratio of ‘averaged experimental and control subgroup effect variance’ to study subject variance increases. If plausible levels of subgroup teaching effect heterogeneity are ignored, the true sizes of tests with nominal 0.05 two‐sided type I errors range from 0.055 to 0.47, while when planning studies, estimated sample sizes are only 11.1–95.2 per cent of the true requirements. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Data field standards and the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
Authors: Braithwaite William R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe Administrative Simplification Title of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 addresses the creation and adoption of nationwide standards for the electronic exchange and confidentiality protection of all individually identified data used in health care administration. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) is implementing standards under this law. In addition to new standards, the law mandates that the Congress pass a health information privacy bill by August 1999 or that the DHHS adopt privacy protections for health information by February 2000. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A dynamic adaptation of the propensity score adjustment for effectiveness analyses of ordinal doses of treatment
Authors: Leon Andrew C. , Mueller Timothy I. , Solomon David A. , Keller Martin B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe propensity score adjustment is a method to reduce bias in observational studies. We propose a strategy that involves a novel combination of three data analytic techniques, which adapts the propensity adjustment for additional perturbations of longitudinal, observational studies. First, ordinal logistic regression examines propensity for ordinal doses of treatment. Second, a mixed‐model approach incorporates the multiple treatment trials and multiple episodes that are characteristic of chronically ill subjects. Finally, a mixed‐effects grouped‐time survival model incorporates the propensity score in treatment effectiveness analyses. The strategy that is applied here to an observational study of affective illness can also be used to evaluate the effectiveness of treatments for other chronic illnesses. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing human fertility using several markers of ovulation
Authors: Dunson D. B. , Weinberg C. R. , Baird D. D. , Kesner J. S. , Wilcox A. J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn modelling human fertility one ideally accounts for timing of intercourse relative to ovulation. Measurement error in identifying the day of ovulation can bias estimates of fecundability parameters and attenuate estimates of covariate effects. In the absence of a single perfect marker of ovulation, several error prone markers are sometimes obtained. In this paper we propose a semi‐parametric mixture model that uses multiple independent markers of ovulation to account for measurement error. The model assigns each method of assessing ovulation a distinct non‐parametric error distribution, and corrects bias in estimates of day‐specific fecundability. We use a Monte Carlo EM algorithm for joint estimation of (i) the error distribution for the markers, (ii) the error‐corrected fertility parameters, and (iii) the couple‐specific random effects. We apply the methods to data from a North Carolina fertility study to assess the magnitude of error in measures of ovulation based on urinary luteinizing hormone and metabolites of ovarian hormones, and estimate the corrected day‐specific probabilities of clinical pregnancy. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.