bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of folic acid and lamotrigine therapy in some rodent models of epilepsy and behaviour
Authors: Ali Atif , Pillai K K , Pal Shanthi N 
Published: May 2003

Abstract
It has been suggested that a folic acid (FA) deficiency induced by antiepileptic drugs might be the basis for the neuropsychiatric toxicity associated with these drugs. In the present study, lamotrigine (LTG), one of the newer antiepileptic drugs, was evaluated for its effect on epilepsy, mood and memory in mice. Further, the effect of the addition of FA to LTG therapy was also investigated. The increasing current electroshock seizure test was used to evaluate the anticonvulsant effect of drugs, while the forced swimming test (FST) and spontaneous alternation behaviour (SAB) models were employed for assessing the effects on mood and memory, respectively. LTG exhibited a dose-dependent increase in seizure threshold, whereas FA did not have any effect. LTG did not affect, whereas FA decreased, behavioural depression in the FST in mice. Neither LTG nor FA affected memory scores in the SAB test. The combination of LTG and FA significantly reduced depression while enhancing the effects on memory and seizure threshold. The present observations have confirmed the antiepileptic action of LTG in yet another rodent model of epilepsy. Further, the results clearly demonstrate the additional benefits on epilepsy, mood and memory brought about by the inclusion of FA in the LTG regimen.
Comparison of suppressive potency between azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine against mitogen-induced blastogenesis of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in-vitro
Authors: Sugiyama Kentaro , Satoh Hiroshi , Hirano Toshihiko 
Published: May 2003

Abstract
Azathioprine (AZ) is a prodrug of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP), but little is known about the relative suppressive efficacy of these agents against blastogenesis of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in-vitro. We compared the pharmacological efficacy of AZ and 6-MP against T cell mitogen-induced blastogenesis of PBMCs in-vitro. PBMCs were obtained from seven healthy subjects. The potency of AZ and 6-MP to suppress PBMC-blastogenesis in-vitro was compared using 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay procedures. Production of 6-MP from AZ in PBMC culture was examined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Both AZ and 6-MP dose-dependently suppressed PBMC blastogenesis. Mean ± s.d. IC50 (concentration of drug that gave 50% inhibition) values for AZ and 6-MP were 230.4 ± 231.3 and 149.5 ± 124.9 nM, respectively. Thus, the potencies of AZ and 6-MP to suppress PBMC blastogenesis were not significantly different. A significant correlation was observed between the IC50 values of AZ and 6-MP (P &lt; 0.01, n = 6). After incubation of PBMCs with 100 μM AZ for 4 days, 35.3–92.5 μM 6-MP was liberated into the culture medium. The ratio of 6-MP liberation from AZ was influenced by the presence of PBMCs, but not by the medium or fetal bovine serum. The results suggest that the suppressive potency of the prodrug AZ and its converted form 6-MP against blastogenesis of human PBMCs in-vitro is similar, although PBMCs appeared to convert AZ to 6-MP. AZ is suggested to be effective after conversion to 6-MP to express immunosuppressive efficacy in-vitro.
Darkness induces mobility, and saturation deficit limits questing duration, in the tickIxodes ricinus
Authors: Perret Jean-Luc , Guerin Patrick M. , Diehl Peter A. , Vlimant Michéle , Gern Lise 
Published: May 2003

SUMMARYThe behaviour of Ixodes ricinus nymphs was recorded in 10-day experiments using computer-assisted video-tracking, in the absence of any host stimuli. These ticks switch spontaneously from questing in a desiccating atmosphere to quiescence in a water-saturated atmosphere after dark. Quantification of both questing and quiescence duration demonstrates that questing duration is inversely related to saturation deficit whereas quiescence duration is not. Distance walked after quiescence increased with desiccating conditions, while the distance walked after questing remained unchanged. Almost all locomotor activities of I. ricinus occurred during darkness under either a 14 h:10 h L:D or a 8 h:4 h L:D cycle. We established that all life stages of I. ricinus are equipped to sense shifts in light intensity with bilaterally placed strings of photoreceptors. This permits I. ricinus to use onset of darkness to trigger mobility when desiccation risk is reduced in nature.
Localisation of VIP-binding sites exhibiting properties of VPAC receptors in chromaffin cells of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Authors: Montpetit Colin J. , Shahsavarani Arash , Perry Steve F. 
Published: May 2003

SUMMARYThe current model for the neuronal control of catecholamine release from piscine chromaffin cells advocates that the neurotransmitters vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) are co-released with acetylcholine from preganglionic fibres upon nerve stimulation. Both VIP and PACAP elicit the secretion of exclusively adrenaline from rainbow trout chromaffin cells, which presumably arises from the activation of VPAC type receptors. Thus, the goals of the present study were (1) to localise VPAC receptors in the chromaffin cell fraction of the posterior cardinal vein (PCV) of trout and (2) to test the hypothesis that the selective secretion of adrenaline elicited by VIP could be explained by the absence of the VPAC receptors from the noradrenaline-containing cells.Fluorescent labelling of chromaffin cells using aldehyde-induced fluorescence of catecholamines and antisera raised against dopamineβ-hydroxylase (DβH) revealed a distinct layer of chromaffin cells lining the walls of the PCV. Furthermore, specific VIP-binding sites were demonstrated on chromaffin cells using a biotinylated VIP that was previously established as being bioactive. Although multiple labelling experiments revealed that a number of DβH-positive cells were immunonegative for phenylethanolamine N-methyl transferase (PNMT;noradrenaline-containing cells versus adrenaline-containing cells,respectively), labelling of VIP-binding sites was similar to that of DβH labelling, suggesting that all chromaffin cells possess VIP-binding sites. Pharmacological assessment of the VIP-binding sites indicated that they exhibited characteristics of VPAC receptors. Specifically, the labelling of VIP-binding sites was prevented after pre-treatment of PCV tissue sections with unlabelled VIP, PACAP or the specific VPAC receptor antagonist VIP 6-28. By contrast, sections pre-treated with the PAC1 receptor blocker PACAP 6-27 displayed normal labelling of VIP-binding sites. Finally, partial cDNA clones for the trout VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptor were obtained and sequenced. Tissue distribution experiments using RT-PCR revealed the presence of VPAC1 receptor mRNA but not that of the VPAC2 receptor in the PCV tissue. The results provide direct evidence that VIP and PACAP can elicit the secretion of adrenaline from the chromaffin tissue via specific VIP-binding sites that exhibit properties of VPAC receptors. However, the selective secretion of adrenaline by VIP or PACAP cannot be explained by a lack of VIP-binding sites on the noradrenaline-containing cells.
Osmoregulation in an avian nectarivore, the whitebellied sunbirdNectarinia talatala: response to extremes of diet concentration
Authors: Fleming P. A. , Nicolson S. W. 
Published: May 2003

SUMMARYWater intake of nectarivores is intrinsically linked to nectar concentration. Osmoregulation in whitebellied sunbirds Nectarinia talatala (body mass 9.3±0.1 g, mean ± S.D., N=7),was examined by feeding them sucrose solutions, equivalent to extreme diet concentrations (0.07–2.5 mol l–1 sucrose; 2–65%w/w), with and without supplementary drinking water. Total water gain was 33–515% of body mass daily. Cloacal fluid (CF) volume increased with diet dilution from 0.4% to 309% of body mass while increases in evaporative water loss (obtained by difference) were also recorded. Osmolality of CF demonstrated the largest scope yet recorded for a bird and was significantly correlated with water flux: mean values were 6–460 mosm kg–1 H2O (minimum 3, maximum 1900 mosm kg–1). When supplementary water was provided, its consumption by birds fed concentrated diets (2.5 mol l–1 sucrose) led to a dramatic reduction in CF osmolality, from 461±253 to 80±119 mosm kg–1 fluid. Sunbirds maintained energy balance on sucrose diets varying tenfold in concentration, from 0.25 to 2.5 mol l–1; however, on extremely dilute diets (0.07 and 0.1 mol l–1 sucrose, lower than natural nectar concentrations) their inability to maintain energy balance was probably due to excess preformed water. Total osmotic excretion and concentrations of Na+ and K+ increased with high water fluxes, and are a possible physiological constraint for nectarivorous birds on artificial dilute diets devoid of electrolytes. Even low electrolyte levels in nectars may be adequate to replace these losses, but other physiological limitations to the intake of dilute nectars are increased energetic costs of solute recovery, increased heat loss and interference with digestive processes. Sunbirds therefore deal with sugar solutions spanning the range of nectar concentrations by shutting down water excretion on concentrated diets, or, on dilute diets, by producing extremely dilute CF with some of the lowest solute concentrations recorded.
Cadmium disrupts behavioural and physiological responses to alarm substance in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Authors: Scott Graham R. , Sloman Katherine A. , Rouleau Claude , Wood Chris M. 
Published: May 2003

SUMMARY
Alarm substance is a chemical signal released from fish skin epithelial cells after a predator causes skin damage. When other prey fish detect alarm substance by olfaction, they perform stereotypical predator-avoidance behaviours to decrease predation risk. The objective of this study was to explore the effect of sublethal cadmium (Cd) exposure on the behavioural and physiological responses of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to alarm substance. Waterborne exposure to 2 μg Cd l–1 for 7 days eliminated normal antipredator behaviours exhibited in response to alarm substance, whereas exposures of shorter duration or lower concentration had no effect on normal behaviour. Furthermore, dietary exposure to 3 μg Cd g–1 in the food for 7 days, which produced the same whole-body Cd accumulation as waterborne exposure to 2 μg l–1, did not alter normal behaviour,indicating that an effect specific to waterborne exposure alone (i.e. Cd accumulation in the olfactory system) results in behavioural alteration. Whole-body phosphor screen autoradiography of fish exposed to 109Cd demonstrated that Cd deposition in the olfactory system (rosette, nerve and bulb) during waterborne exposure was greater than in all other organs of accumulation except the gill. However, Cd could not be detected in the brain. A short-term elevation in plasma cortisol occurred in response to alarm substance under control conditions. Cd exposures of 2 μg l–1 waterborne and 3 μg g–1 dietary for 7 days both inhibited this plasma cortisol elevation but did not alter baseline cortisol levels. Our results suggest that exposure to waterborne Cd at environmentally realistic levels (2 μg l–1) can disrupt the normal behavioural and physiological responses of fish to alarm substance and can thereby alter predator-avoidance strategies, with potential impacts on aquatic fish communities.
Predicting metabolic rate from heart rate in juvenile Steller sea lionsEumetopias jubatus
Authors: McPhee Jan M. , Rosen David A. S. , Andrews Russel D. , Trites Andrew W. 
Published: May 2003

SUMMARYThe validity of using heart rate to estimate energy expenditure in free-ranging Steller sea lions Eumetopias jubatus was investigated by establishing whether there is a relationship between heart rate (fH)and oxygen consumption rate(V̇O2) in captive sea lions while swimming and resting. Four trained Steller sea lions (2 males and 2 females; mass 87.4–194.4 kg; age 16 months–3 years) were each equipped with a datalogger and two dorsal subcutaneous electrodes to record electrocardiograms from which fH was calculated. V̇O2 (measured using open-circuit respirometry) was simultaneously recorded while the previously fasted animals were at rest within an enclosed dry metabolic chamber or while they swam in an enclosed swim mill against water currents of various speeds (0–1.5 m s–1). The mean regression equation describing the relationship between fH (beats min–1) and V̇O2 (ml h–1 kg–0.60) for all four animals was V̇O2=(71.3fH±4.3)–(1138.5±369.6) (means± S.E.M.) (r2=0.69, P&lt;0.01). The relationship demonstrated between fH and V̇O2 while fasting suggests that heart rate can potentially be used to monitor energy consumption in free-ranging Steller sea lions. However, a short-term feeding experiment revealed no significant increase in heart rate following a 6 kg or 12 kg meal to match the observed increase in rate of oxygen consumption. This suggests that heart rate may not accurately reflect energy consumption during digestion events. Additional research should be conducted to further elucidate how the relationship between heart rate and oxygen consumption is affected by such factors as digestive state, stress and age.
The pathway of myofibrillogenesis determines the interrelationship between myosin and paramyosin synthesis inCaenorhabditis elegans
Authors: White Glenn E. , Petry Christine M. , Schachat Fred 
Published: May 2003

SUMMARYExamination of null mutants in myosin B and paramyosin yields insights into the complex mechanisms that regulate expression of the three major components of Caenorhabditis elegans body-wall muscle thick filaments myosin A,myosin B and paramyosin. In the absence of myosin B, paramyosin accumulation is reduced, although neither its synthesis nor that of myosin A is affected. This implies that the interaction of myosin B with paramyosin inhibits paramyosin degradation. By contrast, the absence of paramyosin results in reduced synthesis and accumulation of myosin B but has no effect on myosin A synthesis. The non-reciprocal effects of the null mutants on turnover and synthesis are best understood as an epigenetic phenomenon that reflects the pathway of thick filament assembly. The synthesis of myosin A and paramyosin,which are involved in the initial steps of thick filament formation, is independent of myosin B; however, a properly assembled paramyosin-containing thick filament core is essential for efficient synthesis of myosin B.
Intermolecular Energy-Transfer Dynamics in {Δ-[Ru(bpy)3]}{Λ-[Os(bpy)3]}(PF6)4 and rac-[Os(bpy)3](PF6)2 Crystals
Authors: Shinozaki Kazuteru , Hotta Yasutake , Otsuka Takuhiro , Kaizu Youkoh 
Published: May 2003

Abstract
In the crystal composed of Δ-[Ru(bpy)3]2+ and Λ-[Os(bpy)3]2+ complexes which were pseudo enantiomers the photo-excitation energy was effectively transferred from [Ru(bpy)3]2+ to [Os(pby)3]2+ (kET &gt; 1.1 × 108 s−1). In rac-[Os(bpy)3](PF6)2 crystal the energy-transfer rates from Λ-[Os(bpy)3]2+ to Λ-[Os(bpy)3]2+ and from Λ-[Os(bpy)3]2+ to Δ-[Os(bpy)3]2+ were estimated as k⊥ = 1.8 × 106 s−1 and k// = 7.9 × 105 s−1, respectively.
Effect of ZnO Film Thicknesses on the Adhesive Strength of Electroless Cu Deposits
Authors: Sun Ren-De , Tryk Donald A , Hashimoto Kazuhito , Fujishima Akira 
Published: May 2003

Abstract
The effect of ZnO film thickness on the adhesive strength of electroless Cu deposited on ZnO-coated glass substrates was examined. An increase of adhesive strength of the Cu deposits with increasing ZnO film thickness was observed. Excellent adhesion was obtained on ZnO films thicker than 0.6 μm, which is considered to be associated with the formation of rougher, more porous structures. XPS data combined with SEM and AFM measurements showed that in addition to the surface area effect, the mechanical anchoring effect caused by Cu depositing deeply within the ZnO film may also play an important role in obtaining the excellent adhesion of the Cu deposits on thicker ZnO films.
Radically Polymerizable Pseudorotaxane Monomers: Versatile Building Units for Side Chain Polyrotaxane Synthesis
Authors: Takata Toshikazu , Kawasaki Hiroaki , Asai Satoko , Kihara Nobuhiro , Furusho Yoshio 
Published: May 2003

Abstract
Side chain polyrotaxanes were synthesized from radically polymerizable pseudorotaxane monomers (DB24C8·1) which were composed of secondary ammonium salts having (meth)acryl group at one end and bulky stopper at the other end (1a and 1b) and dibenzo-24-crown-8 (DB24C8). Both radical polymerization of DB24C8·1 and copolymerization of DB24C8·1a with styrene afforded corresponding polymers having rotaxane moieties in the side chains (2a, 2b, and 3).
Mono- and Bilayer Equilibria of Stearate Self-Assembly Formed in Hydrotalcite Interlayers by Changing the Intercalation Temperature
Authors: Kanoh Takamitsu , Shichi Tetsuya , Takagi Katsuhiko 
Published: May 2003

Abstract
The self-assembly of sodium stearate and its homologs ( &gt;C12) in hydrotalcite (LDH) interlayers was found to change reversibly between mono- and bilayer structures with a ratio changing continuously within a range of 70 °C and 5 °C in stoichiometric intercalations in aqueous dispersion. The bilayer structure was more stable than the monolayer, judging from the fact that bilayer aggregations were formed even in high temperatures with the addition of excess amounts of guest stearates over the anion exchange capacity (AEC). Hydrophobic interaction was determined to be the key factor for the formation of a bilayer assembly.
Formation of Acyliron Complexes CpFe(CO){P(OR′)3}COR′ by Reaction of Silyliron Complexes CpFe(CO)2SiR3 with Alkylphosphites P(OR′)3
Authors: Kobayashi Hideki , Ueno Keiji , Ogino Hiroshi 
Published: May 2003

Abstract
Heating a toluene solution of CpFe(CO)2SiR3 (R3 = HMe2, HEt2, and FMe2) and excess P(OR′)3 (R′ = Me, Et, and Me-d3) at 80 °C resulted in the formation of an acyliron complex CpFe(CO){P(OR′)3}COR′ in 25–40% yield: Hence the alkyl group of phosphite is transferred to the carbon of a carbonyl ligand to give an acyl ligand during the reaction.
Carbon-carbon Bond Forming Reactions of μ-Vinylcarbenedipalladium Complexes
Authors: Ogoshi Sensuke , Tsutsumi Ken , Shinagawa Tsutomu , Kakiuchi Kiyomi , Kurosawa Hideo 
Published: May 2003

Abstract
μ-η3-Vinyl(phenyl)carbenedipalladium complex reacted with tetraphenyltin to give a η3-diphenylallylpalladium complex through reductive elimination, and with internal alkynes to give μ-η2:η3-dienylcarbene complexes through migratory insertion.
Novel Phosphinite Capped Cyclodextrin-Rhodium Catalysts in Substrate Selective Hydroformylation
Authors: Deshpande Raj M , Fukuoka Atsushi , Ichikawa Masaru 
Published: May 2003

Abstract
A Rh-cyclodextrin phosphinite catalyst exhibits substrate selectivities in hydroformylation of C8 and C10 olefins due to the inclusion of substrates in the cyclodextrin cavity.
Electrical and Magnetic Properties of BETS Conductor with Modified λ-type Structure, λ′-(BETS)2GaBr4
Authors: Tanaka Hisashi , Kobayashi Akiko , Kobayashi Hayao 
Published: May 2003

Abstract
The resistivity and the magnetic susceptibility of BETS conductor with modified λ-type structure, λ′-(BETS)2GaBr4 are 0.06 Ω cm and 4 × 10−4 emu mol−1 at room temperature. In contrast to the semimetal-to-insulator transition at ambient pressure, the system showed an unusual high-pressure resistivity behavior below 50 K. Very sensitive pressure dependence of the resistivities will be consistent with the semirnetallic Fermi surface obtained by extended Hückel tight-binding band calculation.
Selective Topochemical Photoreaction of Crystallized 2,3-Bis(2-phenylethenyl)-4,5-dicyanopyrazines
Authors: Kim Jae Hong , Matsuoka Masaru , Fukunishi Koushi 
Published: May 2003

Abstract
Topochemical photocycloaddition of morphologically isomeric yellow and orange crystals of bis(2-phenylethenyl)dicyanopyrazine 1 were conducted in solution, in the vapor deposited thin film and in the single crystals. Photoreaction of the yellow crystal gave syn head-to-tail dimer and its polymer, but the orange crystal did not react at all. The selective topochemical photocycloaddition of 1 was discussed based upon the lattice contraction and the dynamic movement of the molecular packing arrangements.
Surface-Enhanced IR Absorption (SEIRA) of CO Adsorbed on Small Pt Particles Deposited on an Island Au Film
Authors: Sato Shinri , Kamada Koji , Osawa Masatoshi 
Published: May 2003

Abstract
CO adsorbed on Pt particles deposited on an island Au film exhibited strong IR adsorption. Since Au is not able to adsorb CO, this is attributable to surface-enhanced IR absorption (SEIRA) caused by the Au film. When Pt deposits were extremely small, C-O stretching band appeared at frequencies much lower than those observed for supported Pt catalysts, indicating that the Pt deposit was so small that adsorbed CO was isolated each other without a dipole-dipole interaction.
Alcohol-Induced Helix-Sheet Transition of a Sequential Alternating Amphiphilic Polypeptide
Authors: Fukushima Yasumasa 
Published: May 2003

Abstract
The conformation of poly(Glu-Leu-Lys-Leu) was converted a β-sheet to an α-helix by addition of alcohols. The polypeptide has two HFIP-induced conformational transitional points. The non-hydrogen bonded interactions, the hydrophobicity of the peptide surface, and the secondary structural propensities of the constituent amino acids would play a major role in the conformational transitions and secondary structural stability.
Syntheses, Structures, and Fluxional Behavior of Tricarbonylmolybdenum(0) and Trioxomolybdenum(VI) Complexes of Tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine with One Free Arm
Authors: Xu Li , Sasaki Yoichi , Abe Masaaki 
Published: May 2003

Abstract
The Mo(0) and Mo(VI) complexes of tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine (tpa), Mo(CO)3(tpa) and Mo(O)3(tpa)•H2O, were synthesized. Structural analyses revealed tridentate coordination of tpa in both compounds. The fluxional behavior of both species was investigated by variable-temperature 1H NMR spectroscopy.
Remarkable Electric Field Effect on the Absorption Intensity of a Molecular Aggregate of Photomerocyanine in a PMMA Polymer Film
Authors: Abe Shigeaki , Nishimura Yoshinobu , Yamazaki Iwao , Ohta Nobuhiro 
Published: May 2003

Abstract
Electroabsorption spectra of merocyanine (PMC) produced by an photochromic reaction of spiropyran (SP) in a PMMA polymer film have been measured. The intensity of the sharp absorption band assigned as an aggregate of PMC was found to be remarkably reduced by an external electric field. The photochromic reaction from the aggregate of PMC to SP is suggested to be markedly enhanced by an electric field.
Resonance Raman Spectra of Ni(II)-Tetrakis(4-methylpyridyl)porphine Interacting with Metal-Phthalocyanine Tetrasulfonate and -Phthalocyanine Derivatives Bound to Silica Gels
Authors: Saito Yutaka , Mifune Masaki , Hayashi Kenichiro , Iwado Akimasa , Onoda Midori , Haginaka Jun 
Published: May 2003

Abstract
Resonance Raman spectra of Ni(II)-tetrakis(4-methylpyridyl)porphine (Ni-TMPyP) were measured in the presence of Cu(II)- or Ni(II)-phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate or silica gels immobilized with Cu(II)- or Ni(II)-phthalocyanine derivative. The interaction between Ni-TMPyP and metal-phthalocyanines caused apparent changes of the resonance Raman spectra of Ni-TMPyP in water.
Peri-, Site- and Stereocontrolled Photocycloaddition of 4-Methoxy-6-methyl-2-pyrone with Maleimide Induced by the Hydrogen Bond and CT Stacking in the Solid State
Authors: Obata Toru , Shimo Tetsuro , Yoshimoto Shigeyoshi , Somekawa Kenichi , Kawaminami Masaru 
Published: May 2003

Abstract
Photoirradiation of a 1:1 complex crystal of 4-methoxy-6-methyl-2-pyrone (1) with maleimide (2) peri-, site- and stereospecifically gave 11-methoxy-7-methyl-4-aza-8-oxatricyclo[5.4.0.02,6]undec-10-en-3,5,9-trione (3) (endo-[2+2]adduct), which was different from the solution products. It was inferred to be effectively brought by two sets of the hydrogen bonding and CT stacking between 1 and 2.