bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Historical evolution of inguinal hernia repair
Authors: Sachs M. , Damm M. , Encke A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWhen analyzing original articles since the sixteenth century, it becomes apparent that all surgical techniques for repair of the inguinal hernial orifice can be traced back to two simple repair principles. The first is reinforcement of the anterior wall of the inguinal canal and tightening of the external inguinal ring (Stromayr 1559, Purmann 1694, Czerny 1877), and the second is reinforcement of the posterior wall of the inguinal canal and the tightening of the internal inguinal ring, either externally (Lucas‐Championnière 1881, Bassini 1889, Lotheissen 1898, McVay 1942, Shouldice 1945, Lichtenstein 1987, Stoppa 1989) or via an intraabdominal approach by laparotomy (Tait 1891) or laparoscopically (Ger 1990, Velez and Klein 1990). We have tried to provide a systematic order to the diverse procedures of surgery of inguinal hernias according to their repair principles. We also point out their historical development.
Incidence of Acute Nonperforated and Perforated Appendicitis: Age‐specific and Sex‐specific Analysis
Authors: Körner Hartwig , Söndenaa Karl , Söreide Jon Arne , Andersen Egil , Nysted Arne , Lende Tone H. , Kjellevold Kjell H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis prospective study was performed to investigate epidemiological characteristics in terms of the age‐ and sex‐specific incidence in patients with perforated and nonperforated appendicitis. The study population comprised 1486 consecutive patients who underwent appendectomy for suspected acute appendicitis between 1989 and 1993. Two patient cohorts [n= 544 (37%)] were analyzed with regard to prehospitalization duration of symptoms and in‐hospital observation time. The crude incidence of acute appendicitis was 86 per 100,000 per year. Although the incidence of nonperforated appendicitis was highest among adolescents and young adults (13–40 years of age), perforated appendicitis occurred at almost the same incidence in all sex and age groups. The diagnostic accuracy was 76%. Perforated appendicitis occurred in 19%, with higher rates in small children and the elderly, irrespective of gender. A high diagnostic accuracy was not associated with an increased rate of perforation. In small children and the elderly, the diagnostic accuracy was low and the perforation rate high. Patients with perforation had a significantly longer duration of symptoms as well as in‐hospital observation time than did patients with nonperforated appendicitis. Perforated appendicitis showed a different incidence pattern than nonperforated appendicitis and was associated with a significantly longer duration of symptoms and in‐hospital observation time, probably due to patient‐related factors. We suggest this observation deserves attention regarding clinical diagnosis and treatment decision‐making for patients with suspected acute appendicitis.
Abdominoperineal Resection via Total Mesorectal Excision and Autonomic Nerve Preservation for Low Rectal Cancer
Authors: Enker Warren E. , Havenga Klaas , Polyak Tatyana , Thaler Howard , Cranor Millicent 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe have examined the results of abdominoperineal resection (APR) for primary cancer of the rectum performed in accordance with the principles of total mesorectal excision (TME) and autonomic nerve preservation (ANP). TME is defined as sharp pelvic dissection under direct vision between the parietal and visceral planes of the pelvic fascia. TME results in the resection of all mesorectal disease with intact, negative lateral or circumferential margins of resection. Statistical analysis was done of survival, local recurrence, and both sexual and urinary functions in a prospective database of consecutive patients. Operative mortality was
2% (3/148) due to cardiac disease. Overall survival was 60%, significantly worse than consecutive patients from the same database who were able to undergo sphincter preservation (81%)
(p= 0.0003). Poorer survival was statistically related to the presence of positive lymph nodes (p=
0.0009). Overall, local recurrence rates were 5% (8/148) in patients without distant metastases, and 15% to 21% in patients with positive nodes. Positive lymph nodes, N2 disease, lymphatic vascular invasion, and perineural invasion were independent significant risk factors for local recurrence. Sexual function was preserved in approximately 57% of patients undergoing APR versus 85% of patients undergoing sphincter preservation. No significant urinary morbidity was encountered. Low rectal cancer requiring APR seems to be a disease with more locally advanced disease and adverse pathologic features than are seen with mid‐rectal cancers treatable by low anterior resection. APR when performed in accordance with the principles of TME and ANP ensures the greatest likelihood of resecting all regional disease while preserving both sexual and urinary functions. Preoperative combined modality treatment may be warranted in all T3 or greater low rectal cancers.
Impact on Outcome of Additional Microvascular Anastomosis—Supercharge—on Colon Interposition for Esophageal Replacement: Comparative and Multivariate Analysis
Authors: Fujita Hiromasa , Yamana Hideaki , Sueyoshi Susumu , Shima Ichiro , Fujii Teruhiko , Shirouzu Kazuo , Inoue Yojiro , Kiyokawa Kensuke , Tanabe Hiroko Yanaga , Tai Yosiaki , Inutsuka Hiroki 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe impact on the outcome of an additional microvascular anastomosis—supercharge—on colon interposition for esophageal replacement was retrospectively evaluated by comparing it with colon interposition without supercharge. A series of 53 patients had undergone colon interposition for esophageal replacement at Kurume University Hospital from 1981 to 1996. The postoperative courses and the morbidity and mortality rates were compared between the 24 patients who underwent colon interposition without supercharge from 1981 to 1988 and the other 29 patients who underwent colon interposition with supercharge from 1989 to 1996. Risk factors for leakage of the esophagocolostomy and for hospital mortality after colon interposition were evaluated by multivariate analysis. Colon interposition with supercharge required a longer operation time but resulted in a lower incidence of necrosis in the colon graft and leakage in the esophagocolostomy (Odds ratio = 34), a shorter duration until peroral intake, and a shorter hospital stay compared to colonic interposition without supercharge. The addition of supercharge to colon interposition for esophageal replacement has been an effective option that has prevented serious complications caused by graft ischemia.
Female Genital Mutilation: A Global Bug That Should Not Cross the Millennium Bridge
Authors: Eke Ndu , Nkanginieme Kanu E.O. 
Published: August 2002

Abstract.Female genital mutilation (FGM) has been practiced worldwide, clothed under the tradocultural term “circumcision.” Indications for its practice include ensuring virginity, securing fertility, securing the economic and social future of daughters, preventing the clitoris from growing long like the penis, and purely as a “tradition.” Outlawed only in the United Kingdom, Sweden, and Belgium, no law forbids it in most other countries. Classified into four identified types, the current perpetrators are mainly quacks, but trained medical personnel still connive at and encourage FGM. Early complications include hemorrhage, urinary tract infection, septicemia, and tetanus. Late complications include infertility, apareunia, clitoral neuromas, and vesicovaginal fistula. Reasons for the ritual persisting include fear that legislation would force it underground and it will be performed in unsterile conditions, belief that it is racist to speak out against FGM, “tolerance” by health professionals, continued use of the term “female circumcision,” lack of awareness of the culture of immigrants by the physicians in areas where FGM is not culturally practiced, and sporadic or uncommitted eradication efforts. We believe there is no reason for the continued practice of FGM. It should incur global abolition, the same way slave trade or Victorian chastity belts have done. We advocate that in medical communications the term “female genital mutilation” be used in place of “female circumcision.” World leaders should include unacceptable cultural practices such as FGM in the “world summit” agenda. The year 1999 should be declared the year for global eradication of FGM.
Active female courtship behavior and male nutritional contribution to female fecundity in Bruchidius dorsalis (Fahraeus) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)
Authors: Takakura Koh‐ichi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMating behavior and the male's contribution to female fecundity were studied in the bean weevil Bruchidius dorsalis (Fahraeus) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) in comparison with two other species, Callosobruchus chinensis (which infests stored beans) and Kytorhinus sharpianus (which feeds on wild legumes). Only females of B. dorsalis showed multiple mating and characteristic precopulatory behavior that appeared to solicit the male's nutritious secretion. In contrast, all females of the other two species did not copulate multiply and did not show such precopulatory behavior. In B. dorsalis, the decrement of male body weight just after copulation indicated that seminal fluid weighing as much as approximately 7% of the male's body weight was transferred to the female. Fecundity was more than eight times higher in females that had copulated ten times than in females that had copulated only once, indicating that males paid most of the nutritional cost of egg production. These facts suggest that the sex role is reversed in B. dorsalis.
Repair of Urinary Bladder Rupture Through a Urethrotomy and Urethral Sphincterotomy in Four Postpartum Mares
Authors: Higuchi Tohru , Nanao Yuki , Senba Hiroyuki 
Published: August 2002

Objective—To report the clinical findings, surgical technique, and outcome after repair of urinary bladder rupture through a urethral incision in postpartum mares.Study design—Retrospective study.Animals—Four Thoroughbred broodmares.Methods—Medical records were reviewed for clinical signs, surgical technique, medical therapy, and outcome. The bladder was everted into the vagina through a urethral incision that included a sphincterotomy. The bladder defect was repaired with absorbable suture material in a single‐layer, full thickness, simple, continuous pattern. The urethral incision was closed similarly.Results—Depression, inappetence, signs of shock, dehydration, azotemia, and serum electrolyte abnormalities were consistent findings that increased temporally after bladder rupture. Each bladder defect was repaired successfully, and metabolic derangements were corrected with supportive medical therapy. All mares survived, conceived, and had more foals without further complicationsConclusion and clinical relevance—Bladder rupture associated with parturition in mares can be repaired in a standing position by eversion of the bladder through a urethrotomy and urethral sphincterotomy.
Rapid chromosome detection by PRINS in human sperm
Authors: Pellestor Franck , Imbert Isabelle , Andréo Brigitte 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPrimed in situ (PRINS) labeling may be used for direct estimation of disomy rate in human sperm. We combined the PRINS procedure with a rapid and efficient NaOH pretreatment allowing simultaneous decondensation and denaturation of sperm nuclei. This enabled double labeling of human sperm within a 2‐hr time span. Chromosome‐specific primers have been defined for most human chromosomes, including those most frequently involved in aneuploidy. Using the dual‐color PRINS method, we estimated incidences of disomy for 15 autosomes and the sex chromosomes in sperm samples from 6 normal fertile men. The frequency of disomy ranged from 0.28% to 0.36%. There were no significant interchromosomal differences in disomy rate, but chromosome 21 displayed a higher incidence of nondisjunction than did the other chromosomes. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Application of CO2 laser heating zone drawing and zone annealing to nylon 6 fibers
Authors: Suzuki Akihiro , Ishihara Masayoshi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNlon 6 fibers were zone drawn and zone annealed by using a continuous wave carbon dioxide laser to develop their mechanical properties. A laser‐heating zone drawing was carried out under a applied tension of 35.4 MPa at a power density of 9.65 W · cm−2, and then the zone‐drawn fiber was annealed. A laser‐heating zone annealing was carried out in two steps at a power density of 9.65 W · cm−2; the first step was carried out under 423 MPa and the second under 517 MPa. The treating temperature of the fiber heated by the CO2 laser was measured by using an infrared thermographic camera equipped with a magnifying lens. The treating temperature at the zone drawing is 138°C, and those at the first and the second zone annealing are 121 and 125°C, respectively. The second laser‐heated zone‐annealed fiber has a birefringence of 65.2 × 10−3, a degree of crystallinity of 54%, and a storage modulus of 21 GPa at 25°C. Wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction patterns for the laser‐heated zone‐drawn and the zone‐annealed fibers show (200) reflection and (002/202) doublet due to only an α form on the equator. The laser‐heated zone‐drawn fiber has a melting endotherm peaking at 216°C and a trace of shoulder on the higher temperature side of its peak, and the laser‐heated zone‐annealed fibers have a single melting endotherm peaking at 216°C. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 1711–1716, 2002
Melting and crystallization behavior of aliphatic polyketones
Authors: Holt Jr. G. A. , Spruiell J. E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe basic crystallization and melting behavior of three aliphatic polyketones were studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD), small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS), and optical microscopy. One resin was a perfectly alternating copolymer of ethylene and carbon monoxide, while the other two resins were terpolymers in which 6 mol % propylene was substituted for ethylene. Small decreases in the melting point and percent crystallinity of these materials were displayed with repeated melting. This behavior was attributed to light crosslinking as a result of condensation reactions occurring at temperatures in the melting range. WAXS showed that, after cooling to room temperature, the crystalline form in the copolymer was the α‐phase, while that in the terpolymers was the β‐phase. Optical microscopy revealed that the materials produce both negative and mixed birefringence spherulites under the conditions studied. SAXS measurements showed that the lamella thickness was largely a function of the temperature of crystallization. Attempts were made to measure the equilibrium melting temperature of these resins using several available techniques. The best value of the equilibrium melting temperature was concluded to be 278 ± 2°C for the copolymer. The results varied over a wide range for the terpolymers, but it is suggested that appropriate values are of order 252°C for the terpolymers. Crystallization kinetics studies, carried out under isothermal conditions using DSC, were evaluated using the Avrami equation. Results showed the Avrami exponent to lie in the range of 2–3. Spherulite growth rates were interpreted in terms of the secondary nucleation theory of Lauritzen and Hoffman. A transition from regime II to regime III was discovered. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 2124–2142, 2002
Characterization and preparation of polyion complex composite membranes for the separation of methyl tert‐butyl ether/methanol mixtures
Authors: Kim Sang‐Gyun , Kim Yong‐Il , Jegal Jonggeon , Lim Gyun‐Taek , Lee Kew‐Ho 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA series of polyion complex (PIC) composite membranes composed of sodium alginate (SA) polyanion and chitosan polycation were prepared by varying the ratio of concentration. The interaction between SA and chitosan was investigated by FTIR, SEM, and X‐ray analysis and was related to mechanical properties and the swelling phenomenon. The overall PIC composite membranes showed the following results: the total thickness of the coating layer was thicker than that of pure SA composite, and increased with increasing the concentration of chitosan solution during PIC formation. This result was attributed to the diffusion of chitosan molecules from the liquid solution into the SA matrix, and the incorporation with SA molecules. For the PIC membranes prepared with different concentrations of polymer solution, their structural differences could not be detected from IR spectra but their morphological differences could be noticeably found from SEM. Furthermore, the amorphousness of PIC membranes and their elongation properties at break increased significantly as a function of polymer contents, whereas the tensile modulus decreased because of the physical transition effect. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 714–725, 2002
Effects of extrusion conditions on rheological behavior of acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene terpolymer melt
Authors: Liang Ji‐Zhao 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe influence of temperatures and flow rates on the rheological behavior during extrusion of acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) terpolymer melt was investigated by using a Rosand capillary rheometer. It was found that the wall shear stress (τw) increased nonlinearly with increasing apparent shear rates and the slope of the curves changed suddenly at a shear rate of about 103 s−1, whereas the melt‐shear viscosity decreased quickly at a τw of about 200 kPa. When the temperature was fixed, the entry‐pressure drop and extensional stress increased nonlinearly with increasing τw, whereas it decreased with a rise of temperature at a constant level of τw. The relationship between the melt‐shear viscosity and temperature was consistent with an Arrhenius expression. The results showed that the effects of extrusion operation conditions on the rheological behavior of the ABS resin melt were significant and were attributable to the change of morphology of the rubber phase over a wide range of shear rates. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 606–611, 2002
Differences in curing behavior of cocured and IPN materials
Authors: Lin Mu‐Shih , Chiu Chun‐Chen 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study addressed the blending and cocuring of resole and epoxy, using NaOH and 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylmethane as curing agents. IR band shifts regarding the molecular interactions were investigated with FTIR. Exothermic peak shifts during cocuring reactions were studied with dynamic DSC. Viscosity increases were measured with a Brookfield LVT viscometer at 100°C. The dynamic mechanical properties of the cocured samples were investigated using rheometric dynamic spectroscopy (RDS). Experimental results revealed that the molecular interactions between resole and epoxy resulted in good compatibility as shown by the single damping peak in the RDS curve and the single glass transition for each cocured sample. Also apparent were accelerated curing rates, leading to shifts of the exothermic peaks to lower temperature and faster viscosity increases. Nevertheless, enhanced gel fractions and increased glass‐transition temperatures (Tg) of the samples were generally observed for this cocured system. The average molecular weight between crosslinked points calculated for the cocured materials also showed much less than the two components. These curing behaviors were quite different from those of the Interpenetrating Polymer Network (IPN) materials, which usually indicated lowered gel fractions, decreasedTg, and higher average molecular weight between crosslinkings than for components. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 963–969, 2001
Continuous emulsion polymerization of styrene in a single Couette–Taylor vortex flow reactor
Authors: Wei Xue , Takahashi Hiroshi , Sato Syuzaemon , Nomura Mamoru 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe effect of the geometrical and operational parameters on the mixing characteristics of a Couette–Taylor vortex flow reactor (CTVFR) were investigated and were correlated with the same parameters by using the tank‐in‐series model. Continuous emulsion polymerization of styrene was conducted at 50°C in a CTVFR to clarify the effects on kinetic behavior and reactor performance of operational parameters such as rotational speed of inner cylinder (Taylor number), reactor mean residence time, and emulsifier and initiator concentrations in the feed streams. It was found that steady‐state monomer conversion and particle number could be freely varied only by varying the Taylor number. In order to explain the observed kinetic behavior of this polymerization system, a mathematical model was developed by combining the empirical correlation of the mixing characteristics of a CTVFR and a previously proposed kinetic model for the continuous emulsion polymerization of styrene in continuous stirred tank reactors connected in series (CSTRs). On the basis of these experimental results, it was concluded that a CTVFR is suitable for the first reactor (prereactor) of a continuous emulsion polymerization reactor system. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 1931–1942, 2001
Thermal redistribution reactions of Blackglas™ ceramic
Authors: Wang Feng , Apple Tom , Gill William N. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSilicon oxycarbides undergo SiO and SiC bond redistribution when heated in an inert atmosphere above 900°C. This redistribution has a great influence on the mechanical, thermal, and oxidative stability properties of Blackglas™ ceramic. Based on a statistical method, three independent thermal redistribution reactions were chosen to describe the redistribution reactions between 900 and 1350°C. Over this temperature range, only SiO and SiC bond redistribution is involved, and the char yield is constant. The equilibrium constants of each independent reaction and their temperature dependence are calculated directly by using 29Si‐NMR experimental data for temperatures of 900, 1000, and 1100°C and fitted to a cubic polynomial. A redistribution reaction model (RRM) is proposed to describe how the microcompositions of silicon oxycarbide change with respect to temperature. The model is based on 29Si‐NMR data from 900 to 1100°C. It enables one to extrapolate results to 1400°C and indicates that the silicon oxycarbide can survive above 1400°C and that the microcomposition is very sensitive to the ratio O/Si in the polymer precursor. This prediction is in a good agreement with the experimental results observed by Belot et al., Corriu et al., Bois et al., and F. Babonneau et al. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 143–152, 2001
Effect of ions on the dynamic behavior of an electrodriven ionic polymer hydrogel membrane
Authors: Homma M. , Seida Y. , Nakano Y. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe bending mechanism of an electrodriven ionic polymer hydrogel membrane was investigated in terms of the concentration of ionic groups and the valence of ionic species within the hydrogel membrane. It was elucidated that the distribution of the ionic concentration played an important role in the bending behavior of the membrane. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 76–80, 2001