bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Arabidopsis ICX1 Is a Negative Regulator of Several Pathways Regulating Flavonoid Biosynthesis Genes
Authors: Wade Helena K. , Sohal Awinder K. , Jenkins Gareth I. 
Published: February 2003

Abstract
Flavonoid biosynthesis gene expression is controlled by a range of endogenous and environmental signals. The Arabidopsisicx1 (increased chalcone synthase expression 1) mutant has elevated induction of CHS(CHALCONE SYNTHASE) and other flavonoid biosynthesis genes in response to several stimuli. We show thatICX1 is a negative regulator of the cryptochrome 1, phytochrome A, ultraviolet (UV)-B, low temperature, sucrose, and cytokinin induction of CHS expression and/or anthocyanin accumulation, demonstrating that these pathways are regulated either directly or indirectly by at least one common component. Expression analysis of CHS and other genes (LTP,CAB, and rbcS) indicates thatICX1 functions in both seedlings and mature leaf tissue and acts principally in the epidermis, consistent with the alterations in epidermal development seen in icx1. The mutant was unaltered in the synergistic interactions between UV-B, blue, and UV-A light that regulate CHS and we propose a model of action of ICX1 in these responses.
A Sequence-Based Map of Arabidopsis Genes with Mutant Phenotypes,
Authors: Meinke David W. , Meinke Laura K. , Showalter Thomas C. , Schissel Anna M. , Mueller Lukas A. , Tzafrir Iris 
Published: February 2003

Abstract
The classical genetic map of Arabidopsis contains 462 genes with mutant phenotypes. Chromosomal locations of these genes have been determined over the past 25 years based on recombination frequencies with visible and molecular markers. The most recent update of the classical map was published in a special genome issue ofScience that dealt with Arabidopsis (D.W. Meinke, J.M. Cherry, C. Dean, S.D. Rounsley, M. Koornneef [1998] Science 282: 662–682). We present here a comprehensive list and sequence-based map of 620 cloned genes with mutant phenotypes. This map documents for the first time the exact locations of large numbers of Arabidopsis genes that give a phenotype when disrupted by mutation. Such a community-based physical map should have broad applications in Arabidopsis research and should serve as a replacement for the classical genetic map in the future. Assembling a comprehensive list of genes with a loss-of-function phenotype will also focus attention on essential genes that are not functionally redundant and ultimately contribute to the identification of the minimal gene set required to make a flowering plant.
The Arabidopsis STICHEL Gene Is a Regulator of Trichome Branch Number and Encodes a Novel Protein
Authors: Ilgenfritz Hilmar , Bouyer Daniel , Schnittger Arp , Mathur Jaideep , Kirik Victor , Schwab Birgit , Chua Nam-Hai , Jürgens Gerd , Hülskamp Martin 
Published: February 2003

Abstract
Here, we analyze the STICHEL(STI) gene, which plays an important role in the regulation of branch number of the unicellular trichomes in Arabidopsis. We have isolated the STI locus by positional cloning and confirmed the identity by sequencing seven independent sti alleles. The STI gene encodes a protein of 1,218 amino acid residues containing a domain with sequence similarity to the ATP-binding eubacterial DNA-polymerase III γ-subunits. Because endoreduplication was found to be normal insti mutants the molecular function of STIin cell morphogenesis is not linked to DNA replication and, therefore, postulated to represent a novel pathway. Northern-blot analysis shows that STI is expressed in all organs suggesting thatSTI function is not trichome specific. The analysis ofsti alleles and transgenic lines overexpressingSTI suggests that STI regulates branching in a dosage-dependent manner.
The Maize Low-Phytic Acid Mutant lpa2 Is Caused by Mutation in an Inositol Phosphate Kinase Gene
Authors: Shi Jinrui , Wang Hongyu , Wu Yunsheng , Hazebroek Jan , Meeley Robert B. , Ertl David S. 
Published: February 2003

Abstract
Reduced phytic acid content in seeds is a desired goal for genetic improvement in several crops. Low-phytic acid mutants have been used in genetic breeding, but it is not known what genes are responsible for the low-phytic acid phenotype. Using a reverse genetics approach, we found that the maize (Zea mays) low-phytic acidlpa2 mutant is caused by mutation in an inositol phosphate kinase gene. The maize inositol phosphate kinase (ZmIpk) gene was identified through sequence comparison with human and Arabidopsis Ins(1,3,4)P3 5/6-kinase genes. The purified recombinant ZmIpk protein has kinase activity on several inositol polyphosphates, including Ins(1,3,4)P3, Ins(3,5,6)P3, Ins(3,4,5,6)P4, and Ins(1,2,5,6)P4. The ZmIpk mRNA is expressed in the embryo, the organ where phytic acid accumulates in maize seeds. The ZmIpk Mutator insertion mutants were identified from a Mutator F2family. In the ZmIpk Mu insertion mutants, seed phytic acid content is reduced approximately 30%, and inorganic phosphate is increased about 3-fold. The mutants also accumulatemyo-inositol and inositol phosphates as in thelpa2 mutant. Allelic tests showed that the ZmIpkMu insertion mutants are allelic to thelpa2. Southern-blot analysis, cloning, and sequencing of the ZmIpk gene from lpa2 revealed that thelpa2-1 allele is caused by the genomic sequence rearrangement in the ZmIpk locus and the lpa2-2 allele has a nucleotide mutation that generated a stop codon in the N-terminal region of the ZmIpk open reading frame. These results provide evidence that ZmIpk is one of the kinases responsible for phytic acid biosynthesis in developing maize seeds.
cor Gene Expression in Barley Mutants Affected in Chloroplast Development and Photosynthetic Electron Transport
Authors: Dal Bosco Cristina , Busconi Marco , Govoni Chiara , Baldi Paolo , Stanca A. Michele , Crosatti Cristina , Bassi Roberto , Cattivelli Luigi 
Published: February 2003

Abstract
The expression of several barley (Hordeum vulgare) cold-regulated (cor) genes during cold acclimation was blocked in the albino mutanta n, implying a chloroplast control on mRNAs accumulation. By using albino and xanthamutants ordered according to the step in chloroplast biogenesis affected, we show that the cold-dependent accumulation ofcor14b, tmc-ap3, andblt14 mRNAs depends on plastid developmental stage. Plants acquire the ability to fully express cor genes only after the development of primary thylakoid membranes in their chloroplasts. To investigate the chloroplast-dependent mechanism involved in cor gene expression, the activity of a 643-bp cor14b promoter fragment was assayed in wild-type and albino mutant a n leaf explants using transient β-glucuronidase reporter expression assay. Deletion analysis identified a 27-bp region between nucleotides −274 and −247 with respect to the transcription start point, encompassing a boundary of some element that contributes to the cold-induced expression of cor14b. However, cor14bpromoter was equally active in green and in albinoa n leaves, suggesting that chloroplast controls cor14b expression by posttranscriptional mechanisms. Barley mutants lacking either photosystem I or II reaction center complexes were then used to evaluate the effects of redox state of electron transport chain components on COR14b accumulation. In the mutants analyzed, the amount of COR14b protein, but not the steady-state level of the corresponding mRNA, was dependent on the redox state of the electron transport chain. Treatments of thevir-zb63 mutant with electron transport chain inhibitors showed that oxidized plastoquinone promotes COR14b accumulation, thus suggesting a molecular relationship between plastoquinone/plastoquinol pool and COR14b.
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Genome Project. A Guide to the Generation and Use of the cDNA Information
Authors: Shrager Jeff , Hauser Charles , Chang Chiung-Wen , Harris Elizabeth H. , Davies John , McDermott Jeff , Tamse Raquel , Zhang Zhaodou , Grossman Arthur R. 
Published: February 2003

Abstract
The National Science Foundation-funded Chlamydomonas reinhardtii genome project involves (a) construction and sequencing of cDNAs isolated from cells exposed to various environmental conditions, (b) construction of a high-density cDNA microarray, (c) generation of genomic contigs that are nucleated around specific physical and genetic markers, (d) generation of a complete chloroplast genome sequence and analyses of chloroplast gene expression, and (e) the creation of a Web-based resource that allows for easy access of the information in a format that can be readily queried. Phases of the project performed by the groups at the Carnegie Institution and Duke University involve the generation of normalized cDNA libraries, sequencing of cDNAs, analysis and assembly of these sequences to generate contigs and a set of predicted unique genes, and the use of this information to construct a high-density DNA microarray. In this paper, we discuss techniques involved in obtaining cDNA end-sequence information and the ways in which this information is assembled and analyzed. Descriptions of protocols for preparing cDNA libraries, assembling cDNA sequences and annotating the sequence information are provided (the reader is directed to Web sites for more detailed descriptions of these methods). We also discuss preliminary results in which the different cDNA libraries are used to identify genes that are potentially differentially expressed.
The Role of Free Histidine in Xylem Loading of Nickel inAlyssum lesbiacum and Brassica juncea
Authors: Kerkeb Loubna , Krämer Ute 
Published: February 2003

Abstract
Exposure of the hyperaccumulator Alyssum lesbiacum to nickel (Ni) is known to result in a dose-dependent increase in xylem sap concentrations of Ni and the chelator free histidine (His). Addition of equimolar concentrations of exogenousl-His to an Ni-amended hydroponic rooting medium enhances Ni flux into the xylem in the nonaccumulator Alyssum montanum, and, as reported here, in Brassica juncea L. cv Vitasso. In B. juncea, reducing the entry of l-His into the root by supplying d-His instead of l-His, or l-His in the presence of a 10-fold excess of l-alanine, did not affect root Ni uptake, but reduced Ni release into the xylem. Compared with B. juncea, root His concentrations were constitutively about 4.4-fold higher in A. lesbiacum, and did not increase within 9 h of exposure to Ni. Cycloheximide did not affect root His or Ni concentrations, but strongly decreased the release of His and Ni from the root into the xylem of A. lesbiacum, whereas xylem sap concentrations of Ca and Mg remained unaffected. Near-quantitative chelation of Ni with nitrilotriacetate in the rooting medium did not enhance Ni flux into the xylem of A. lesbiacum and B. juncea, suggesting the absence of a significant apoplastic pathway for Ni entry into the xylem. The data suggest that in B. juncea roots, Ni2+uptake is independent of simultaneous uptake of His. In both species, enhanced release of Ni into the xylem is associated with concurrent release of His from an increased root free His pool.
Skp2 Protein Expression in Soft Tissue Sarcomas
Authors: Oliveira Andre M. , Okuno Scott H. , Nascimento Antonio G. , Lloyd Ricardo V. 
Published: February 2003

Background: p45 S phase kinase-associated protein-2 (p45skp2), a member of the F-box family of proteins, is an important component of the Skp1-Cullin-F-box protein (SCF) ubiquitin-ligase complex (SCFskp2). The latter has been implicated in the ubiquitination and degradation of p27kip1 (p27) and G1-S cell cycle progression. The expression and prognostic role of Skp2 in a large series of soft tissue sarcomas has not been previously investigated. Methods: Clinicopathologic features and immunohistochemical expression of Skp2, p27, and Ki-67 proteins were studied in 182 cases of soft tissue sarcomas (American Joint Committee on Cancer stages II and III). Survival analyses were performed using the Kaplan-Meier method and the Cox regression model. Results: The male to female ratio was 1.2:1, and the median age at the diagnosis was 53 years. The tumors were predominantly located in the lower extremities (n = 163; 90%) and had a median size of 9 cm. High Skp2 expression (≥ 10% of the cells) was identified in 68 tumors (37%), and was correlated with high grade histology (P = .002) and Ki-67 proliferative index (r = 0.44; P < .0001), but not with p27 expression (r = −0.02; P = .80). By univariate analysis, high Skp2 expression was associated with decreased metastasis-free, disease-free, and overall survival. In a multivariate model, high Skp2 expression was an independent predictor for decreased local recurrence-free, disease-free, and overall survival. Conclusion: These results indicate that Skp2 expression is associated with cell proliferation and a worse prognosis in soft tissue sarcomas. The lack of an inverse correlation between Skp2 and p27 suggests that additional molecular events associated with either Skp2 expression or p27 proteolysis may be operating in these tumors.
Nonadherence to Adjuvant Tamoxifen Therapy in Women With Primary Breast Cancer
Authors: Partridge Ann H. , Wang Philip S. , Winer Eric P. , Avorn Jerry 
Published: February 2003

Purpose: Although clinical trials have clearly demonstrated the benefits of tamoxifen in women with primary breast cancer, little is known about how this drug is actually used in the general population. We sought to estimate adherence and predictors of nonadherence in women starting tamoxifen as adjuvant breast cancer therapy. Patients and Methods: Subjects were age 18 years or older initiating tamoxifen for primary breast cancer and enrolled in New Jersey’s Medicaid or Pharmaceutical Assistance to the Aged and Disabled programs during the study period, from 1990 to 1996 (N = 2,378). Main outcome measures were number of days covered by filled prescriptions for tamoxifen in the first year of therapy with the 4 years after tamoxifen initiation for a subset; predictors of good versus poor adherence. Results: Twenty-three percent of patients missed taking tamoxifen on more than one fifth of days studied, although on average, patients filled prescriptions for tamoxifen for 87% of their first year of treatment. The youngest, oldest, nonwhite, and mastectomy patients had significantly lower rates of adherence; patients who had seen an oncologist before taking tamoxifen had significantly higher rates of adherence. Overall adherence decreased to 50% by year 4 of therapy. Conclusion: The mean level of adherence to tamoxifen is high compared with other chronic medications. However, nearly one fourth of patients may be at risk for inadequate clinical response because of poor adherence. Because of the efficacy of tamoxifen therapy in preventing recurrence and death in women with early-stage breast cancer, further efforts are necessary to identify and prevent suboptimal adherence.
Phase III Trial of Doxorubicin, Paclitaxel, and the Combination of Doxorubicin and Paclitaxel as Front-Line Chemotherapy for Metastatic Breast Cancer: An Intergroup Trial (E1193)
Authors: Sledge George W. , Neuberg Donna , Bernardo Patricia , Ingle James N. , Martino Silvana , Rowinsky Eric K. , Wood William C. 
Published: February 2003

Purpose: Between February 1993 and September 1995, 739 patients with metastatic breast cancer were entered on an Intergroup trial (E1193) comparing doxorubicin (60 mg/m2), paclitaxel (175 mg/m2/24 h), and the combination of doxorubicin and paclitaxel (AT, 50 mg/m2 and 150 mg/m2/24 h, plus granulocyte colony-stimulating factor 5 mg/kg) as first-line therapy. Patients receiving single-agent doxorubicin or paclitaxel were crossed over to the other agent at time of progression. Patients and Methods: Patients were well balanced for on-study characteristics. Results: Responses (complete response and partial response) were seen in 36% of doxorubicin, 34% of paclitaxel, and 47% of AT patients (P = .84 for doxorubicin v paclitaxel, P = .007 for v AT, P = .004 for paclitaxel v AT). Median time to treatment failure (TTF) is 5.8, 6.0, and 8.0 months for doxorubicin, paclitaxel, and AT, respectively (P = .68 for doxorubicin v paclitaxel, P = .003 for doxorubicin v AT, P = .009 for paclitaxel v AT). Median survivals are 18.9 months for patients taking doxorubicin, 22.2 months for patients taking paclitaxel, and 22.0 months for patients taking AT (P = not significant). Responses were seen in 20% of patients crossing from doxorubicin → paclitaxel and 22% of patients crossing from paclitaxel → doxorubicin (P = not significant). Changes in global quality-of-life measurements from on-study to week 16 were similar in all three groups. Conclusion: (1) doxorubicin and paclitaxel, in the doses used here, have equivalent activity; (2) the combination of AT results in superior overall response rates and time to TTF; and (3) despite these results, combination therapy with AT did not improve either survival or quality of life compared to sequential single-agent therapy.
Randomized Comparison of ABVD and MOPP/ABV Hybrid for the Treatment of Advanced Hodgkin’s Disease: Report of an Intergroup Trial
Authors: Duggan David B. , Petroni Gina R. , Johnson Jeffrey L. , Glick John H. , Fisher Richard I. , Connors Joseph M. , Canellos George P. , Peterson Bruce A. 
Published: February 2003

Purpose: In a series of trials, doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine (ABVD) and mechlorethamine, vincristine, procarbazine, prednisone, doxorubicin, bleomycin, and vinblastine (MOPP/ABV) have been identified as effective treatments for Hodgkin’s disease. We compared these regimens as initial chemotherapy for Hodgkin’s disease. Patients and Methods: Adult patients (N = 856) with advanced Hodgkin’s disease were randomly assigned to treatment with ABVD or MOPP/ABV. The major end points were failure-free and overall survival, life-threatening acute toxicities, and serious long-term toxicities, including cardiomyopathy, pulmonary toxicity, myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), and secondary malignancies. Results: The rates of complete remission (76% v 80%, P = .16), failure-free survival at 5 years (63% v 66%, P = .42), and overall survival at 5 years (82% v 81%, P = .82) were similar for ABVD and MOPP/ABV, respectively. Clinically significant acute pulmonary and hematologic toxicity were more common with MOPP/ABV (P = .060 and .001, respectively). There was no difference in cardiac toxicity. There were 24 deaths attributed to initial treatment: nine with ABVD and 15 with MOPP/ABV (P = .057). There have been 18 second malignancies associated with ABVD and 28 associated with MOPP/ABV (P = .13). Thirteen patients have developed MDS or acute leukemia: 11 were initially treated with MOPP/ABV, and two were initially treated with ABVD but subsequently received MOPP-containing regimens and radiotherapy before developing leukemia (P = .011). Conclusion: ABVD and the MOPP/ABV hybrid are effective therapies for Hodgkin’s disease. MOPP/ABV is associated with a greater incidence of acute toxicity, MDS, and leukemia. ABVD should be considered the standard regimen for treatment of advanced Hodgkin’s disease.
Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Mediates Bone Loss in Ovariectomized Mice
Authors: Cuzzocrea Salvatore , Mazzon Emanuela , Dugo Laura , Genovese Tiziana , Di Paola Rosanna , Ruggeri Zaira , Vegeto Elisabetta , Caputi Achille P. , Van de Loo Fons A. J. , Puzzolo Domenico , Maggi Adriana 
Published: February 2003

Several clinical studies have shown that bone loss may be attributed to osteoclast recruitment induced by mediators of inflammation. In different experimental paradigms we have recently demonstrated that estrogen exhibits antiinflammatory activity by preventing the induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and other components of the inflammatory reaction. To verify whether this could explain the estrogen-dependent blockade of osteoporosis, we investigated the effect of ovariectomy in mice in which iNOS activity had been blunted by genetic or pharmacological manipulation. The consequences of iNOS blockade were evaluated initially on bone formation and resorption by histomorphometric analysis. The proximal tibiae of mice with iNOS genotypes revealed that 32 d after ovariectomy bone volume and bone formation rate were significantly decreased, and osteoclast surface was increased. Conversely, in iNOS knockout (iNOSKO) and wild-type (WT) mice treated with a specific inhibitor of iNOS, N-iminoethyl-l-lysine, ovariectomy did not result in bone depletion. In WT mice, ovariectomy also affected bone formation, as shown by a decreased mineral apposition rate. Also in this case, iNOS inactivation prevented the effect of ovariectomy. Immunocytochemical analysis showed that after ovariectomy iNOS protein accumulates in chondrocytes, and a significant increase in nitrotyrosine and poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase staining was observed in the femur metaphyses. The increase in nitrotyrosine and poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase formation induced by ovariectomy was significantly reduced in sections from iNOSKO mice. These data indicate that in WT mice the observed induction of iNOS has functional relevance, because it leads to overproduction of nitric oxide and accumulation of highly reactive molecules, triggering a local inflammatory reaction. These inflammatory foci attract cytokines, well known actors in the mechanism of osteoclastogenesis. In iNOSKO mice the measurements of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα plasma levels showed that ovariectomy fails to elicit the increase observed in WT animals and suggests that iNOS plays a primary role in the protective effects of estrogens. To further support this hypothesis, we show that estradiol-dependent activation of estrogen receptor-α blocks phorbol 12-acetate 13-myristate-induced transcription of iNOS promoter in transfected cells, thus demonstrating that the promoter of iNOS is under estrogen negative control.Our findings point to a key role of iNOS in mediating the negative effects of estrogen depletion on bones and provide a novel mechanistic explanation for the effects of menopause in osteoporosis and possibly also in other diseases in which the inflammatory component is elevated.
Combination System of Fluorine-containing Phenoxy-imine Ti Complex and Chain Transfer Agent: A New Methodology for Multiple Production of Monodisperse Polymers
Authors: Mitani Makoto , Mohri Jun-ichi , Furuyama Rieko , Ishii Seiichi , Fujita Terunori 
Published: February 2003

Abstract
Multiple production of Zn-terminated polyethylene with narrow molecular weight distribution was attempted using the combination of fluorine-containing phenoxy-imine Ti complexes and Et2Zn. One of the two complexes promotes living polymerization in the presence of ethylene and Et2Zn and, moreover, undergoes chain transfer with Et2Zn in the absence of ethylene, resulting in a rare example of multiple production of nearly monodisperse Zn-terminated polyethylenes which are valuable intermediates for functional polymers and block copolymers.
Preparation of Hyperbranched Aromatic Poly(ethersulfone)s Possessing Sulfonic Acid Terminal Groups for Polymer Electrolyte
Authors: Takeuchi Masaki , Jikei Mitsutoshi , Kakimoto Masa-aki 
Published: February 2003

Abstract
Hyperbranched poly(ethersulfone) (HPES) having terminal sulfonic acid group was synthesized from 2,6-bis(p-sodium sulfophenoxy)benzonitrile. These films of polymer blend of HPES and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) exhibited the proton transportation ability.
Effect of Addition of Pt, La2O3, Nd2O3 and ZrO2 to PdO/Al2O3 on Catalytic Combustion of Methane
Authors: Ozawa Yasushi , Tochihara Yoshihisa , Watanabe Ayako , Nagai Masatoshi , Omi Shinzo 
Published: February 2003

Abstract
The addition of Pt prolongs the lifetime of the PdO/Al2O3 catalyst during CH4 combustion at 1073 K. Furthermore, the addition of ZrO2, La2O3 and Nd2O3 greatly extends the lifetime of the Pt–PdO/Al2O3 catalyst. This is due not to the transformation of PdO to Pd–Pt but to the prevention of the growth of PdO particles during the reaction.