bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Rays on the Transverse Elastic Anisotropy in Green Wood of Deciduous Trees
Authors: Burgert I. , Bernasconi A. , Niklas K.J. , Eckstein D. 
Published: October 2004

Summary
The green wood of twelve deciduous tree species was investigated regarding its radial and tangential
moduli of elasticity measured in tension (ER and ET, respectively). In addition, the wood density and the
volume fraction of rays were determined. A strong positive correlation was found between structural and
stiffness properties. A simple two component model was derived for the relationship between the transverse
elastic anisotropy factor (i.e., ER/ET) of the green wood and the relative volume fraction of the axial
and ray tissues. In the radial direction of the wood, the modulus of elasticity is influenced by the wood
density and the volume fraction of rays; in tangential direction only the density seems to be important.
However, the comparison between the elastic anisotropy and the volume fraction of rays indicates that
the rays may have an indirect influence due to their shape.
The Effect of Varying Latewood Proportion on the Radial Distribution of Lignin Content in a Pine Stem
Authors: Gindl W. 
Published: October 2004

Summary
The radial distribution of lignin content in a pine stem was compared to latewood proportion. With the
exception of the innermost juvenile growth rings, a strong negative correlation was found. However, the
cell-wall lignin content of low lignin growth rings was equal to that of high-lignin growth rings. Therefore,
the difference in lignin content between individual growth rings was solely due to varying ratios of
high-lignin compound middle lamella to low-lignin secondary wall in thin- and thick-walled tracheids.
Effects of Environmental Factors on the Color of Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) Yellowish Heartwood
Authors: Chang Shang-Tzen , Cheng Sen-Sung 
Published: October 2004

Summary
The heartwood of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don), one of the most important planted trees in Taiwan,
has a pleasant yellow, yellowish red to red color. Unfortunately, its attractive appearance is susceptible
to discoloration after environmental exposure. This degradation is a significant defect that
decreases the value of sugi products. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of
environmental factors on the color of sugi yellowish heartwood. We found that the color eventually
turned to brownish black in the presence of moisture. Under the combined influence of light and oxygen
the color of heartwood changed from yellow to reddish blue. The effect of light wavelengths on the
discoloration of sugi yellowish heartwood was also investigated. After irradiation with light of wavelengths
above 600 nm, the color of sugi yellowish heartwood changed significantly from yellowish to
red. Our findings show that red color enhancement, and hence the economic value of sugi yellowish
heartwood, can be achieved by irradiating with light of wavelengths above 600 nm.
Influence of Tannin-Copper Complexes as Preservatives for Wood on Mechanism of Decomposition by Brown-Rot Fungus Fomitopsis palustris
Authors: Yamaguchi Haruhiko , Yoshino Kyoko 
Published: October 2004

SummaryThe mechanism of preservation by chemically modified tannin and tannin-ammonia-copper agents was examined. Wood decay byF. palustriswas markedly suppressed by processing wood with agents made by mixing chemically modified tannins with ammonia and cupric chloride. When wood powder was treated with these agents, mycelial growth and generated protein increased to some extent. The preservative effects of the chemically modified tannins (RMT and CMT) or compound agents composed of the tannins and ammonia-copper were considered to be due to inhibition of the activities of xylanase, mannase and Cx-cellulase. In the culture medium in which treated wood powder was brought in with these agents, drop of pH by oxalic acid, whichF. palustrisproduces, is not generated. The potency of the effect was thought to be due to chelation of copper, an essential trace element for wood decay byF. palustris, by the tannin, and/or neutralization or suppression of oxalic acid production by ammonia-copper.
Characteristics of Sludges Produced by Destabilization of CCA Preservative Solutions
Authors: Stevanovic-Janezic Tatjana , Cooper Paul A. 
Published: October 2004

Summary
Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) working solution is partially destabilized over time as a result of
hexavalent chromium (CrVI) reduction by wood extractives and reactive additives such as water repellents
and polyethylene glycol (PEG) wood softening agents. Hot water extracts of several softwood and
hardwood species were used to prepare 2% CCA type C solutions. The softwoods included sapwood and
heartwood of red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.), jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), black spruce (Picea
mariana Mill.), balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) and sapwood of southern yellow pine (Pinus spp.).
Hard wood samples were mixed sapwood and heartwood of red maple (Acer rubrum L.), basswood (Tilia
americana L.), yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) and red oak (Quercus rubra L.). In a similar
way, 2% CCA solutions were prepared containing 4% PEG and 1% paraffin wax formulated water repellent.
The pH and hexavalent chromium content of the CCA solutions were monitored over time until
sludge formation was observed. The obtained sludges were separated and analyzed by Fourier Transform
Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) in the mid-infrared range and by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS)
for chromium, copper and arsenic contents. The results of FT-IR and AAS analyses of the sludges indicate
that the products of sludging are of comparable chemical nature regardless of the agent responsible
for the destabilization of CCA solutions. Arsenic and chromium are the major and copper the minor constituent
of the sludges produced by destabilization of CCA solutions examined here.
Extractives and Structural Components in Wood and Bark of Endemic Oak Quercus vulcanica Boiss
Authors: Balaban Mualla , Uçar Günes 
Published: October 2004

SummaryThe bark and wood of an endemic oak species in Turkey,Q. vulcanica, were investigated with regard to main components, phenolics as well as extractives. About 66% of extract free wood consists of polysaccharides, i.e. cellulose and polyoses. Heartwood was found to be rich in ellagitannins, while in bark proanthocyanidins occurred in larger amounts. Extractives soluble in cyclohexane were divided into saponifiables and neutrals. Among saponifiables saturated acids made up the majority, while sterols and nonsteroidal triterpenes were the predominating compounds of the neutral fraction.
Fragmentation of Suberin and Composition of Aliphatic Monomers Released by Methanolysis of Cork from Quercus suber L.,Analysed by GC-MS, SEC and MALDI-MS
Authors: Bento M.F. , Pereira H. , Cunha M.Á. , Moutinho A.M.C. , Berg K.J. van den , Boon J. J. , Brink O. van den , Heeren R.M.A. 
Published: October 2004

Summary
Suberin from extractive-free cork from Quercus suber L. was depolymerised by methanolysis using different
sodium methanolate (NaOMe) concentrations. 1% and 3% NaOMe completely removed suberin
from cork (54%–56% of extractive-free cork), but for lower concentrations there was incomplete solubilisation;
with 0.05% NaOMe, only approximately 80% of total suberin was removed. The monomeric
composition of the extracts differed significantly: for the 0.05% NaOMe, only alkanoic acids and
diacids were found; the yield of v-hydroxy acids increased with reactant concentration, as well as alkanols
and ferulic acid.
Results from light scattering, SEC and MALDI-MS showed that soluble oligomeric fragments containing
suberinic acids were present in the methanolysis mixture. The molecular weight of these
oligomeric fragments decreased with higher sodium methanolate concentrations.
Controlled Assembly of Glucuronoxylans onto Cellulose Fibres
Authors: Henriksson Åsa , Gatenholm Paul 
Published: October 2004

SummaryIn this study we have shown that cellulose fibres can be coated with regular micron-sized particles by controlling the assembly process of xylans on the cellulose surfaces. When cotton linters were exposed to a 5% water solution of xylan from birchwood at 110°C, 2 h, pH 8, the substrates showed an increase in weight of approximately 6.5%, and visualization by AFM revealed regular particles on the fibre surfaces. The surface modification process was optimized using an experimental design where time, temperature, and pH were varied. The experiments showed that the amount of xylan deposited on the fibres could be varied from 2% up to 20% depending on treatment conditions. The temperature and time were the most important parameters, while pH was not important in the investigated region. The morphology of the deposited xylan layer, as shown by SEM, was dependent on the amount of xylan on the fibre surfaces. At low yield the fibres were coated with a homogenous layer, while at higher yields (20%) regular particles of micron size were identified by AFM analysis. The mechanism of this assembly process of xylan on cellulose fibre surfaces is discussed.
Solid State NMR Studies on Inhomogeneous Structure of Fibre Wall in Kraft Pulp
Authors: Liitiä Tiina , Maunu Sirkka L. , Hortling Bo 
Published: October 2004

Summary
Solid state NMR spectroscopy was used to analyse the inhomogeneous structure of kraft fibre. Primary
fines, isolated from the original kraft pulp, and secondary fines, isolated after refining, were compared
with the corresponding long fibres. To fractionate fibre wall surface material, the kraft pulp was refined
in stages. After each stage, the secondary fines and long fibres were separated and the long fibres refined
again to peel off the surface material. It was found that the crystallinity of cellulose is lower in fines compared
with the corresponding long fibres. When the fines fractions were compared with each other, the
cellulose crystallinity was observed to increase towards the inner parts of the fibre surface. A very clear
gradient was also seen in the amount of extractives, which was highest in the primary fines rich in ray
cells. The contents of lignin and some hemicelluloses, mainly xylan and glucomannan, were also higher
in fines. Residual lignin isolated from the fines was found to be slightly more condensed than residual
lignin from long fibres.
Characterizing the Surface Roughness of Thermomechanical Pulp Fibers with Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Snell Rebecca , Groom Leslie H. , Rials Timothy G. 
Published: October 2004

Summary
Loblolly pine, separated into mature and juvenile portions, was refined at various pressures (4, 8 and 12
bar). Fiber surfaces were investigated using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and an Atomic Force
Microscope (AFM). Refiner pressure had a significant effect on the fiber surfaces. SEM images showed
an apparent increase in surface roughness with increased refiner pressure. This was shown quantitatively
with data from the AFM that was analyzed using 5, 2.5 and 1.25 μm scan sizes. A scan size of 2.5 μm
was found to be the most informative in terms of quantifying the effect of the different treatments on the
two fiber types. The calculated surface roughness was greatest at 8 bar for both wood types. Juvenile
fibers in general had higher surface roughness values than mature fibers. The results suggest that refining
pressure may influence the failure mechanism of juvenile and mature wood differently.
Thermal Decomposition of Cellulose Crystallites in Wood
Authors: Kim Dae-Young , Nishiyama Yoshiharu , Wada Masahisa , Kuga Shigenori , Okano Takeshi 
Published: October 2004

Summary
Decomposition of cellulose crystallites in wood during pyrolysis was studied by X-ray diffraction using
a tension wood of Populus maximowiczii (cottonwood), which contains highly crystalline cellulose. X-ray
diffraction profiles were recorded at varied temperature up to 360°C. By one-hour isothermal treatments,
the cellulose crystallites did not decompose at 300°C, but completely decomposed at 340°C. The
change in equatorial diffraction profile was studied by temperature scan up to 360°C and by isothermal
treatment at the critical temperature of 320°C. Along with the changes by thermal expansion, the
changes in diffraction diagram revealed a characteristic discrepancy between the diminishment of crystalline
order and the reduction in crystallite size; i.e., the intensity of crystalline reflections diminished
steadily while the crystallite size decreased much more slowly. A model of highly heterogeneous decomposition
is proposed to explain this behavior.
Damage and Fracture Mechanisms during Mode I and III Loading of Wood
Authors: Tschegg E.K. , Frühmann K. , Stanzl-Tschegg S.E. 
Published: October 2004

SummaryTests under mode I and mode III loading were performed on side grooved Compact-Tension specimens of larch and beech under steady state crack propagation to study the damage and fracture behaviour and the influence of two fibre orientations. From the complete load-displacement diagram, all important damage and fracture mechanical values (stiffness/compliance, microstructural damage, crack initiation energy, specific fracture energy, etc.) have been determined. Crack initiation energy and specific fracture energy are approximately ten times higher for mode III loading than for mode I loading in both wood species. Crack initiation occurs in mode III under external mode III loading, crack propagation, however, takes place under mode I, owing to crack surface interference. The influence of fibre orientation on the (fracture) mechanical properties of beech and larch is different. This difference may be explained mainly by the high number of rays in beech.
Directional Characteristics of Near Infrared Light Reflected from Wood
Authors: Tsuchikawa Satoru , Torii Misato , Tsutsumi Shigeaki 
Published: October 2004

Summary
A near infrared auto-goniophotometer was designed to acquire detailed information on optical characteristics
of a biological material which had a cellular structure, such as wood. The reflected light, which
originated from the irradiation of polarized near infrared light, was separated into an unpolarized and a
polarized component by using two polarizing filters. The standardized reflected intensities of each component
at various incident angles θ and observation angles η, ρup
(θ, η) and ρp
(θ, η), were measured. Sitka
spruce samples with various thicknesses were used. The measurements showed that the directional characteristics
of the unpolarized component were affected significantly by the irradiation conditions and the
sample thickness. Particularly, these varied with the wavelength of incident light λ. This shows that the
directional characteristics models we proposed previously are reasonable. On the other hand, matrices
of the directional characteristics for polarized components typically show an elliptical shape which is
strongly affected by incident angle and only slightly by λ. Based on these results, the effects of sample
thickness on the spectral directional characteristics were determined.
Intra-Ring Variations in the Rolling Shear Modulus of Spruce Wood
Authors: Dumail Jean-François , Salmén Lennart 
Published: October 2004

Summary
The mechanical properties of wood are highly related to its structure, and knowledge regarding the influence
of, for instance, density and fiber wall structure is needed for a better utilisation of the wood material.
In this work, the Iosipescu method was used to test wood in rolling shear in order to establish the
intra-ring variations in the wet shear modulus of spruce wood. The shear modulus increased from the
earlywood to the latewood within the annual rings. This increase in the wet shear modulus was explained
to 80% by the variations in the density of the wood.
Study on Alkali-Accessible Chromophores from Unbleached Kraft Pulp
Authors: Bikova T. , Klevinska V. , Eremeeva T. , Treimanis A. 
Published: October 2004

Summary
An approach to a chromophore composition study using the direct size-exclusion chromatography (SEC-UV)
analysis of an alkaline extract of pulp fibre walls is described. Absorbance in the 290–405 nm range
of 2% and 18% NaOH extract from unbleached pulps obtained by conventional and extended kraft
delignification of black alder wood is compared. The effect of cooking conditions on the localisation and
accessibility of chromophores is elucidated. The alkali-soluble lignin from pulp produced by extended
cooking was less oxidised, less conjugated, and less coloured as compared with the conventional kraft
lignin. A chromophore accessibility index is proposed. The chromogenic structures in pulps obtained by
extended cooking were more resistant to alkali solutions than those in conventional kraft pulps.
Addition of Boron Based Compound in the LVL Glueline: Effect on the Mechanical Properties and the Leaching of Boron
Authors: Bridaux V. , Charrier B. , Fauroux N. , Charrier F. , Goncalez J. 
Published: October 2004

Summary
This study aims at the optimization of the durability of Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) panels by
adding borates to the gluing formulation. Poplar veneers measuring 2.6 mm thickness were used for the
manufacture of LVL by Isoroy, a French company located in Lisieux. The melamine-urea-formaldehyde
(M.U.F.) glue formulations were mixed with various concentrations of boric acid. A 0.8% retention of
boron was measured in the LVL panel after intensive water leaching. The mechanical properties of finished
LVL panels and their bonding strength properties were evaluated. The influence of the glue bonding
on leaching was also evaluated. The amount of boron in LVL was measured by spectrocolorimetry
using the CIELAB system. Results demonstrated that the incorporation of boron in the glueline may
improve LVL durability.
Characterisation of a Soft Rot-Like Decay Pattern Caused by Coniophora puteana (Schum.) Karst. in Sapelli Wood (Entandrophragma cylindricum Sprague)
Authors: Kleist G. , Schmitt U. 
Published: October 2004

Summary
The decay patterns of brown and soft rot fungi in Sapelli wood (Entandrophragma cylindricum Sprague),
with respect to natural durability, were examined by light and transmission electron microscopy as well
as UV spectroscopy. Analyses revealed that the typical brown rot fungus Coniophora puteana can cause
a soft rot-like decay in the sapwood of Sapelli at high moisture contents of approx. 100%. In accordance
with the decay pattern of the typical soft rot fungus Chaetomium globosum, the hyphae of C. puteana
penetrated the S2 wall of fibres and formed characteristic rhomboidal cavities orientated parallel to the
microfibrillar angle. However, these cavities were larger in diameter (3.9 μm ± 0.9) than those formed
by C. globosum (2.1 μm ± 0.5) and with a distinct interspace between the hyphae and surrounding walls.
Hyphae of C. globosum were directly attached to the undecayed secondary wall. No lignin degradation
for both fungi in close vicinity to the cavities was observed, as evidenced by UV spectroscopy. The inclusion
of microscopy for definitive decay type identification is recommended.
Transformation of Chlorophenols by White-Rot Fungi and their Laccase
Authors: Cho N.-S. , Nam J.-H. , Park J.-M. , Koo C.-D. , Lee S.-S. , Pashenova N. , Ohga S. , Leonowicz A. 
Published: October 2004

SummaryThe effects of pentachlorophenol (PCP) and 2-chlorophenol (2CP) on white rot fungi,Abortiporus biennis, Cerrena unicolor, Gloeophyllum odoratum, andTrametes versicolorwere investigated. With the exception ofC. unicolorandA. biennis, concentrations of PCP higher than 50 ppm inhibited fungal growth completely. However, extreme concentrations of PCP (500 ppm) caused a 61% increase in growth ofC. unicolorcompared to the control culture within 14 days. When initial PCP concentrations were 50 ppmA. biennisandC. unicolorachieved, respectively, 87% and 78% of chlorophenol transformation within 3 days. However, when 2,5-dimethylaniline (0.2mM) was added to theC. unicolorculture, 98% of PCP transformation was achieved after one hour. Under the same conditions,A. biennistransformed 44% of PCP. Both chlorophenols are completely removed, when laccase activity reaches its maximum. In conclusion, among the four fungi investigated,C. unicolorandA. Bienniswere very effective in transforming PCP and 2-CP. This biotransformation was greatly intensified by 2,5-dimethylaniline and accompanied by an increase in laccase activity.
Fixation of Amine Copper Preservatives. Part 1. Reaction of Vanillin, a Lignin Model Compound with Monoethanolamine Copper Sulphate Solution
Authors: Ruddick J.N.R. , Xie C. , Herring F.G. 
Published: October 2004

Summary
The fixation reaction of copper-ethanolamine preservatives in wood was studied using the reaction
between vanillin, a lignin model compound, and ethanolamine-copper sulphate solution. The green
compound precipitated after the reaction has been characterized spectroscopically as di(ethanolamine)-bis (vanillinato)dicopper(II); [Cu(vanillin) (ethanolamine)]2. Single crystal X-ray crystallographic studies
showed that the crystals of [Cu(vanillin)(ethanolamine)]2 are triclinic with the space group P1
with a = 9.1271(7), b = 10.8723(9), c = 6.360(1) Å, α = 97.08(1), β = 100.63(1), and γ = 110.024(7)°.
Z = 1. The binuclear molecule has crystallographic inversion symmetry. The ligand arrangement around
the Cu(II) is a distorted square based pyramid, with a base plane made up of two oxygen atoms from the
ethanolamine ligands, one oxygen atom from a hydroxyl group in vanillin and one nitrogen atom from
ethanolamine. Two Cu-O [1.916(2) and 1.950(5) Å], one Cu-O (hydroxyl) [1.926(4) Å] and one Cu-N
[1.999(3) Å] bonds form a plane with Cu-O (methoxyl) [2.303(2) Å] bond in an axial direction at an
angle 77 ° to the plane. The result suggests that after treatment with copper-ethanolamine wood preservatives,
stable copper-nitrogen-lignin complexes can be formed through reaction with guaiacyl units in
lignin.
Influence of Moisture Sorption on Swelling of Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) Wood
Authors: Arévalo R. , Hernández R.E. 
Published: October 2004

Summary
Samples of mahogany wood (Swietenia macrophylla King) from Peru were used for moisture sorption
tests associated with swelling tests at 25°C. Seven adsorption and five desorption moisture conditions
were investigated to study the differences in swelling between adsorption and desorption curves at a
given equilibrium moisture content. The results demonstrated that dimensional changes in the tangential
direction and in volume were greater for desorption than for adsorption. The presence of these second
order effects of moisture sorption in mahogany wood were not detected in the radial direction. Finally,
the tangential/radial swelling ratio of this wood was lower in both states of sorption, and was lower in
adsorption than in the desorption state.
Silica in Several Rattan Species
Authors: Abasolo W.P. , Yoshida M. , Yamamoto H. , Okuyama T. 
Published: October 2004

Summary
The overall silica content in 10 rattan species was analyzed. Its distribution within the stem of Calamus
merrillii Becc. was also tested. Anatomical observations were performed to explain the silica content
variation. Ash and silica content varied among species. Regardless of diameter class, silica accounts for
44% to 48% of the overall ash content of the stem. Silica in the medium and small diameter stem was
twice as much as in the large diameter stem. Within Calamus merrillii Becc., silica was abundant in the
epidermal layer. It was responsible for 74% to 85% of the total silica content of the stem, which explains
the variation in silica content between diameter classes. The proportion of epidermal layer contained in
the sample deviated among the species causing a variation in silica content. Epidermal silica did not vary
along the length of the stem while silica in the stem itself varied significantly from base to top. Differences
in silica body frequency per vascular bundle caused such deviation.