bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The diagnosis of gestational diabetes in a multiethnic population: which diagnostic criteria should be used with respect to maternal outcome?
Authors: Pullen F , Grenfell A 
Published: January 2003

AbstractAim.To determine whether the diagnosis of gestational diabetes should be based on a plasma glucose of ≥9.0 mmol/L 2 h post 75 g glucose load rather than the WHO recommended level of ≥7.8 mmol/L in terms of maternal post‐natal glucose tolerance.Methods.This was a retrospective study in which all women delivered between 1995 and 1999 with a 2 h blood glucose following 75 g oral glucose load of 7.8–8.9 mmol/L (group A) were compared to those with a 2 h value of 9.0–11.0 mmol/L (group B).Results.Groups A and B were similar in terms of age (32.5 ± 5.7 years versus 32.8 ± 4.7 years), parity (1.4 versus 1.3), gestational age (38.8 ± 1.7 weeks versus 38.5 ± 2.3 weeks) and infants born >97 percentile (6.9% versus 5.6%). The ethnic make‐up of each group was also similar; group A consisted of 11 White, 57 Asian, 25 Black and eight Mediterranean women, group B of seven White, 37 Asian, 26 Black and one Mediterranean women. Postpartum, none from group A and one (1.4%) from group B (Asian) had diabetes, eight (7.9%) from group A (three Asian, five Black) and eight (11.2%) from group B (six Asian, one Black, one White) had impaired glucose tolerance while three (2.9%) from group A (one Asian, one Black, one White) and one (1.4%) from group B (Asian) had impaired fasting glucose. Subsequent oral glucose tolerance tests in those women with impaired glucose tolerance post‐partum have shown that in group A three have reverted to normal, two have remained as impaired glucose tolerance, one has developed diabetes and two have been lost to follow‐up, while in group B two have reverted to normal, three have remained as impaired glucose tolerance and one has developed diabetes with two being lost to follow‐up. In those with impaired fasting glucose post‐natally all three women from group A have developed diabetes while the one from group B has remained normal.Conclusions.These results suggest that with respect to maternal post‐natal carbohydrate tolerance current WHO recommendations for the diagnosis of GDM should be used for women from ethnic minority populations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diabetes and driving in the UK
Authors: Durston JC 
Published: January 2003

AbstractIn the interest of road safety those who suffer with a medical condition likely to cause a sudden disabling event at the wheel or inability to safely control their vehicle from any other cause should not drive.Diabetes is one of many medical conditions that may adversely affect driving ability and is therefore subject to legal requirements for the issue of a driving licence. The main concern is hypoglycaemia, especially if this is associated with impaired awareness. Other complications are also taken into account.The secretary of State for Transport, Local Government and the Regions (DfT) has responsibility, via his medical advisors at the Drivers Medical Group at DVLA, to ensure that all licence holders are fit to drive. © Crown Copyright 2002. Reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quadriparesis as initial presentation of hyperosmolar non‐ketotic diabetes
Authors: De P , Fergusson A , Kallarackal G , Wild S , Poolman M , Child DF 
Published: January 2003

AbstractAcute onset quadriparesis can be a manifestation of a variety of neurological and metabolic conditions. We report the case of a 47‐year‐old alcoholic gentleman who presented with acute onset weakness of all four limbs associated with hypokalemia and very high blood glucose (hyperosmolar nonketotic diabetes—HNKD) detected for the first time. He was confirmed as having type 2 diabetes (detectable insulin and C‐peptide levels) and his quadriparesis completely resolved on potassium replacement and treatment with insulin. HNKD is discussed along with the possible mechanisms of hypokalemia in this patient presenting with reversible limb weakness as an initial manifestation of type 2 diabetes. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of lipophilicity and formulation on the distribution of pesticides in laboratory‐scale sediment/water systems
Authors: Bromilow Richard H , Evans Avis A , Nicholls Peter H 
Published: January 2003

AbstractPesticide reaching surface waters will be sorbed by sediment. This sorption process and the influence of pesticide formulation have been examined at 10 °C in small‐scale systems having 2‐cm depth of sediment and 8‐cm overlying water stirred gently. Eight pesticides (triasulfuron, isoproturon, chlorotoluron, phenmedipham, difenoconazole, chlorpyrifos, pendimethalin and permethrin), spanning a range of physicochemical properties, were applied individually to the water. Sorption equilibrium was reached at between 15 and 30 days, the proportion of pesticide then in the sediment ranging from 20% for the acidic and therefore polar triasulfuron to 97% for the lipophilic permethrin; this behaviour was not influenced by formulation. Sorption coefficients measured in batch tests over 2 h gave good estimates of the equilibrium distribution. Some degradation was observed for all compounds over 90 days; for some compounds and formulations, enhanced degradation occurred after 20 to 60 days. It is concluded that lipophilicity is the chief determinant of pesticide distribution in sediment/water systems.© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Variation in response to neonicotinoid insecticides in peach‐potato aphids, Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Foster Stephen P , Denholm Ian , Thompson Robin 
Published: January 2003

AbstractLaboratory bioassays applying the neonicotinoid insecticides imidacloprid, acetamiprid and nitenpyram against clones of the peach‐potato aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) demonstrated that these compounds effectively circumvent the known carboxylesterase, modified acetylcholinesterase (MACE) and knock‐down (kdr) insecticide resistance mechanisms in this species. However, some clones showed cross‐tolerance (up to 18‐fold) of these compounds relative to susceptible standards. A survey assessing the frequency of neonicotinoid tolerance in M persicae in the UK, based on samples collected from the field and glasshouses between 1997 and 2000, showed that such tolerance is still rare. Experiments on neonicotinoid‐susceptible and ‐tolerant populations of M persicae under simulated field conditions in the laboratory showed that, although the latter were well controlled by imidacloprid applied at recommended application rates, they were more likely to survive and reproduce when this compound was applied at lower concentrations. Such conditions are probably periodically present in imidacloprid‐treated field and glasshouse crops. Selection favouring tolerant forms of M persicae could lead to increases in their frequency and the evolution of more potent resistance to neonicotinoids.© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Variation in the effects of take‐all disease on grain yield and quality of winter cereals in field experiments
Authors: Gutteridge Richard J , Bateman Geoffrey L , Todd Alan D 
Published: January 2003

AbstractRelationships between take‐all intensity and grain yield and quality were determined in field experiments on cereal crops using regression analyses, usually based on single‐point disease assessments made during anthesis or grain‐filling. Different amounts of take‐all were achieved by different methods of applying inoculum artificially (to wheat only) or by using different cropping sequences (in wheat, triticale or barley) or sowing dates (wheat only) in crops with natural inoculum. Regressions of yield or thousand‐grain weight on take‐all intensity during grain filling were similar to those on accumulated disease (area under the disease progress curve) when these were compared in one of the wheat experiments. Regressions of yield on take‐all intensity were more often significant in wheat than in the less susceptible crops, triticale and barley, even when a wide range of disease intensities was present in the latter crops. The regressions usually had most significance when there were plots in the severe disease category. Thousand‐grain weight and hectolitre weight usually responded similarly to total grain yield. Decreased yield was often accompanied by a significant increase in the percentage of small grains. When severe take‐all was present in wheat, regressions showed that nitrogen uptake was usually impaired. This was sometimes accompanied, however, by increased percentage nitrogen in the grain as a consequence of smaller grain size with decreased endosperm. Significant effects of take‐all, both positive and negative, on Hagberg falling number in wheat sometimes occurred. Significant regressions of yield on take‐all assessed earlier than usual, ie during booting rather than grain‐filling in wheat and triticale and during anthesis/grain‐filling rather than ripening in barley, had steeper slopes. This is consistent with observations that severe disease that develops early can be particularly damaging, whilst the crops, especially barley, can later express tolerance by producing additional, healthy roots. The regression parameters, including maximum potential yield (y‐axis intercept) and the extrapolated maximum yield loss, also varied according to the different growing conditions, including experimental treatments and other husbandry operations. These differences must be considered when assessing the economic potential of a control measure such as fungicidal seed treatment.© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Co‐induction of glutathione‐S‐transferases and multidrug resistance associated protein by xenobiotics in wheat
Authors: Theodoulou Frederica L , Clark Ian M , He Xiao‐Li , Pallett Kenneth E , Cole David J , Hallahan David L 
Published: January 2003

AbstractHerbicide safeners are known to protect monocotyledonous crops from herbicide injury by accelerating the metabolism of herbicides. We have investigated the effects of the safener cloquintocet‐mexyl, which protects small‐grain cereals against the graminicidal herbicide, clodinafop‐propargyl. Subtractive suppression hybridisation was used to identify wheat genes which are up‐regulated by treatment not only with cloquintocet‐mexyl but also with phenobarbital, which is known to stimulate xenobiotic metabolism in animals and plants. DNA sequences of five glutathione transferases (GSTs) belonging to three different classes and a multidrug resistance associated protein (MRP) homologue were identified in the screen. The chemical inducibility of these clones was confirmed by Northern analysis. The MRP protein was shown to be induced by treatments with cloquintocet‐mexyl and phenobarbital and to be localised to the tonoplast. Since clodinafop‐propargyl is not known to be metabolised by glutathionylation, the significance of GST induction is interpreted in terms of a generalised response to chemical stress, particularly the generation of active oxygen species.This work establishes herbicide safeners as useful tools for the identification of genes encoding herbicide‐metabolising enzymes.© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Development of a new management strategy for the control of root‐knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp) in organic vegetable production
Authors: Atkins Simon D , Hidalgo‐Diaz Leopoldo , Kalisz Helen , Mauchline Tim H , Hirsch Penny R , Kerry Brian R 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe nematophagous fungus, Pochonia chlamydosporia (Goddard) Zare & Gams, has been investigated as a potential biological control agent for use in integrated pest management strategies for Meloidogyne incognita (Kof & White) Chitwood in vegetable crops. The release of the fungus as a biological control agent requires a diagnostic method to monitor its spread in the environment and to gain knowledge of its ecology. Only molecular methods are sufficiently discriminating to enable the detection of specific isolates of fungi in soil. A method to extract DNA from soil was developed to increase the efficacy of PCR‐based diagnostic tests that use specific primers. A selected isolate of P chlamydosporia var catenulata was applied at densities similar to those that occur naturally in nematode‐suppressive soils. The fungus significantly reduced nematode infestations in soil following a tomato crop, in a strategy that combined the use of the fungus with crop rotation. The survival of the fungus in soil was also examined in controlled conditions in which it remained in soil in densities significantly greater than its original application rate for at least 5 months. Hence, it seems that populations of this fungus may be built up in soil and have significant effects on the regulation of root‐knot nematode populations.© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Herbicide risk assessment for non‐target aquatic plants: sulfosulfuron – a case study
Authors: Davies Joanna , Honegger Joy L , Tencalla Francesca G , Meregalli Giovanna , Brain Philip , Newman Jonathan R , Pitchford Hannah F 
Published: January 2003

AbstractHerbicides entering the aquatic environment by spray drift, run‐off and leaching to field drains may cause adverse effects on non‐target aquatic vegetation. The potential for such effects has typically been evaluated from tests with floating, monocotyledonous Lemna sp. However, concern has been expressed as to whether this species could be used to indicate potential effects on other vegetation types, particularly rooted, submerged, emergent or dicotyledonous species. In 1997, the Centre for Aquatic Plant Management undertook development of new tests based on the additional species, Glyceria maxima (Hartm) Holmb, Lagarosiphon major (Ridl) Moss and Myriophyllum spicatum L. The resulting methodology was used to assess the effects of the sulfonylurea herbicide, sulfosulfuron on these species. Data presented here demonstrate that exposure to initial sulfosulfuron concentrations of 3.33 µg litre−1 for up to 21 days was tolerated by these species and that adverse effects were observed only when plants were exposed to initial concentrations of 3.33 and 10 µg litre−1 for 70 days. As the occurrence of such high initial concentrations for long periods is unlikely in the aquatic environment, sulfosulfuron is not expected to have adverse effects on the growth of these species. This study has also demonstrated that G maxima, L major and M spicatum grown in small outdoor tanks can be used successfully to assess the effects of crop‐protection products on non‐target aquatic flora.© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Mode of action and pesticidal activity of the natural product dunnione and of some analogues
Authors: Khambay Bhupinder P S , Batty Duncan , Jewess Philip J , Bateman Geoffrey L , Hollomon Derek W 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThis paper reports the investigation of the insecticidal and fungicidal activity of dunnione, a natural product obtained inadvertently as a by‐product of a synthesis programme. Dunnione exhibits no insecticidal activity but has an unusually broad spectrum of antifungal activity. In vitro and in vivo (preventative) activities were comparable to those of several long‐established fungicides (eg carbendazim). However, in whole‐plant assays, its eradicant activity was unexpectedly low, probably due to poor dose‐transfer from leaf surface to fungus. The level of residual activity appears to be influenced by the formulation. Finally, its potential as a lead structure was assessed, and several analogues synthesised which exhibited high activity in the in vitro assays. Mode‐of‐action studies revealed that dunnione exerts its action primarily through initiation of redox cycling. This contrasts to the activity of BTG 505, the biochemical/chemical precursor, which does not initiate redox cycling but instead exhibits both insecticidal and fungicidal activity by inhibiting mitochondrial Complex III.© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Use of the normal coordinates in variational and perturbative ab initio handling of the vibronic and spin–orbit couplings in Π electronic states of linear tetra‐atomic molecules
Authors: Perić Miljenko , Stevanović Ljiljana 
Published: February 2003

AbstractAvariational and a perturbative approach are developed to handle the combined effect of the vibronic and spin–orbit couplings in Π electronic states of tetra‐atomic molecules with linear equilibrium geometry. Both of them are based on the use of the normal vibrational bending coordinates. The perturbative treatment is carried out via two schemes for partition of the model Hamiltonian: In the first, the spin–orbit coupling term is treated as a perturbation; in the second, it is included in the zeroth‐order Hamiltonian. It is demonstrated that both perturbative approaches lead to the same second‐order formulae when the spin–orbit coupling constant is small compared to the bending frequency, but much larger than the splitting of potential surfaces upon bending. These approaches are used to calculate the vibronic and spin–orbit structure in the X2Π electronic state of HCCS by employing the ab initio‐computed potential energy surfaces. Complete numerical equivalence of the results obtained with the present variational approach and those generated by the algorithms employing internal vibrational coordinates is demonstrated. The restrictions concerning the applicability of the perturbative approaches are discussed in terms of the agreement between the results obtained by means of them with those generated in the corresponding variational computations. The general reliability of the model employed is checked by comparing the theoretical results with the available experimental data. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2003
A two‐dimensional self‐adaptive hydrodynamic scheme for the assessment of the effects of structures on flooding phenomena in river basins
Authors: Cioffi Francesco , Gallerano Francesco 
Published: January 2003

AbstractIn order to assess the effects of river and floodplain engineering projects on flooding, a new self‐adaptive hydrodynamic scheme for the simulation of two‐dimensional river flows is proposed. The depth‐averaged motion equations are solved numerically using a fractional step method, in which the convective terms are calculated using the inverse characteristics method and the remaining terms with an explicit method based on a finite difference method. The integration is performed on a dynamically self‐adaptive calculus grid, which allows representation of the movable boundary between wetting and drying regions of the basins to follow the effective development, in time and space, of the expansion phenomenon of flood. The proposed procedure allows the grid's dynamic refinement to avoid coordinate transformation or the use of unstructured grids. The proposed method is simple and allows the thickening of the grid to accommodate the flooding phenomena on the floodplain and to calculate the velocity in the domain regions in which a higher space resolution is required. Therefore, flows running through structures such as weirs, gates, bridges or culverts can be simulated. In the paper two different case studies, approached with the proposed self‐adaptive calculation scheme, are discussed. The studies concern the analysis of the effects of structures, such as roads or embankments, on flooding phenomena in the Tiber and Tanaro basins respectively. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of flow regulation on disturbance frequencies and in‐channel bryophytes and macroalgae in some upland streams
Authors: Downes Barbara J. , Entwisle Timothy J. , Reich Paul 
Published: January 2003

AbstractRiver regulation can cause various downstream changes to the physical environment of stream channels. Here, we examined whether disturbance of the stream bed and/or degree of emergence of large substrata affect the diversity and abundances of bryophytes and macroalgae in three regulated and three unregulated upland streams. We marked and mapped randomly selected rocks in situ for each stream and measured the rates at which these substrata disappeared. We recorded percentage covers of bryophytes and macroalgae in each stream on rocks of differing sizes (‘small’ <10 cm, ‘medium’ = 10–20 cm, ‘large’ >20 cm maximum top dimension) and lying either loosely on top of the bed or packed into it; we also recorded when rocks were emergent. We found strong positive associations between plant cover (mostly bryophytes) and substrate size, consistent with the hypothesis that substratum stability primarily drives bryophyte abundance. Nevertheless, highest covers of bryophytes in unregulated streams were found on emergent rocks, which tended to be large, meaning that disturbance and emergence effects were difficult to discriminate. Regulated streams did not have lower disturbance frequencies than unregulated systems. Percentage covers of plants, primarily bryophytes, were lower in regulated systems because of reduced cover on large substrata, but not small or medium ones. Together, these two pieces of evidence suggest that effects of river regulation on bryophytes were not caused by altered disturbance frequencies. A more likely explanation is that regulated streams have little of the daily or weekly rises and falls in discharge that occur in unregulated streams because of small rainfall events. Consequently, large rocks in regulated streams have only narrow zones that are subject to a variety of wetted conditions, which may be more suitable for bryophyte growth and colonization than constant submergence. Distinguishing between disturbance and emergence effects is important for setting environmental flows: alleviating the former requires more flushing flows whilst the latter requires greater temporal variability in non‐flood flows. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Beaver herbivory and its effect on cottonwood trees: influence of flooding along matched regulated and unregulated rivers
Authors: Breck Stewart W. , Wilson Kenneth R. , Andersen Douglas C. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractWe compared beaver (Castor canadensis) foraging patterns on Fremont cottonwood (Populus deltoidessubsp.wislizenii) saplings and the probability of saplings being cut on a 10 km reach of the flow‐regulated Green River and a 8.6 km reach of the free‐flowing Yampa River in northwestern Colorado. We measured the abundance and density of cottonwood on each reach and followed the fates of individually marked saplings in three patches of cottonwood on the Yampa River and two patches on the Green River. Two natural floods on the Yampa River and one controlled flood on the Green River between May 1998 and November 1999 allowed us to assess the effect of flooding on beaver herbivory. Independent of beaver herbivory, flow regulation on the Green River has caused a decrease in number of cottonwood patches per kilometre of river, area of patches per kilometre, and average stem density within cottonwood patches. The number of saplings cut per beaver colony was three times lower on the Green River than on the Yampa River but the probability of a sapling being cut by a beaver was still higher on the Green River because of lower sapling density there. Controlled flooding appeared to increase the rate of foraging on the Green River by inundating patches of cottonwood, which enhanced access by beaver. Our results suggest regulation can magnify the impact of beaver on cottonwood through interrelated effects on plant spatial distribution and cottonwood density, with the result that beaver herbivory will need to be considered in plans to enhance cottonwood populations along regulated rivers. Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.