bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combined bedtime insulin–daytime sulphonylurea regimen compared with two different daily insulin regimens in type 2 diabetes: effects on HbA1c and hypoglycaemia rate—a randomised trial
Authors: Stehouwer M. H. A. , DeVries J. H. , Lumeij J. A. E. , Adèr H. J. , Engbers A. M. S. , Iperen A. van , Snoek F. J. , Heine R. J. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractBackgroundSeveral efficacy studies of insulin‐therapy regimens in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus have shown varying results. Moreover, most studies did not address hypoglycaemia frequency and severity.MethodsIn this multicentre study, we compared the glycaemic efficacy and incidence rate of hypoglycaemic episodes between 3 treatment regimens in obese type 2 diabetic patients with secondary failure to sulphonylurea and metformin. During the run‐in phase, patients were treated with glimepiride and metformin. After 3 months, 261 patients with HbA1c values >6.5% were randomised to (A) glimepiride + Neutral Protein Hagedorn (NPH) insulin at bedtime, (B) NPH insulin twice daily and (C) 30/70 mixture of short‐acting and NPH insulin twice daily. The therapeutic aim was an HbA1c level ≤6.5%.ResultsMean HbA1c achieved at 9 months was significantly higher in group A: 8.9% versus 8.3% and 8.4% in groups B and C, respectively (P < 0.001). There was no difference in the mild hypoglycaemic event rate, 0.36 versus 0.48 versus 0.53 events per patient month, in groups A, B and C, respectively. Severe hypoglycaemic events, requiring help from others, did not occur throughout the study. The mean weight gain and insulin dose were comparable in all three groups.ConclusionsThe glimepiride + NPH insulin treatment resulted in a higher HbA1c level, as compared to the other regimens. In the clinical setting of this multicentre study, good glycaemic control was only achieved in a minority of the patients, irrespective of the applied regimen. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
GLP‐1 receptor agonists are growth and differentiation factors for pancreatic islet beta cells
Authors: Egan Josephine M. , Bulotta Angela , Hui Hongxiang , Perfetti Riccardo 
Published: April 2003

AbstractGlucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) is an incretin hormone that, when given exogenously, is capable of normalizing blood glucose in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Until recently most of the research on this compound had been related to its insulinotropic properties. However, GLP‐1 also regulates insulin synthesis and proinsulin gene expression, as well as the components of the glucose‐sensing machinery. In addition to regulating insulin release, it is involved in regulating the secretion of at least two other islet hormones—glucagon and somatostatin. Extraislet effects of GLP‐1 include a role in the central nervous system stress response, hypothalamic‐pituitary function, and the suppression of gastric emptying.Recent studies from our own and other laboratories show that GLP‐1 can regulate islet growth and is a differentiation factor of the endocrine pancreas. This leads us to propose that GLP‐1 and GLP‐1 receptor agonists, in the context of long‐term treatment of type 2 diabetes, will have broader biological action on the endocrine pancreas than was earlier anticipated. We propose that GLP‐1 is a growth factor for pancreatic endocrine cells and can increase islet cell mass. Here we review those reports that have highlighted its role as a factor for islet cell growth and differentiation. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Treatment of diabetic nephropathy in its early stages
Authors: Deferrari Giacomo , Ravera Maura , Berruti Valeria 
Published: April 2003

AbstractDiabetic nephropathy is one of the most frequent causes of end‐stage renal disease (ESRD), and, in recent years, the number of diabetic patients entering renal replacement therapy has dramatically increased. The magnitude of the problem has led to numerous efforts to identify preventive and therapeutic strategies. In normoalbuminuric patients, optimal glycemic control (HbA1c lower than 7.5%) plays a fundamental role in the primary prevention of ESRD [weighted mean relative risk reduction (RRR) ∼37% for metabolic control versus trivial renoprotection for intensive anti‐hypertensive therapy or ACE‐inhibitors (ACE‐I)]. In the microalbuminuric stage, strict glycemic control probably reduces the incidence of overt nephropathy (weighted mean RRR ∼50%), while blood pressure levels below 130/80 mmHg are recommended according to the average blood pressure levels obtained in various studies. In normotensive patients, ACE‐I markedly reduce the development of overt nephropathy almost regardless of blood pressure levels; in hypertensive patients, ACE‐I are less clearly active (weighted mean RRR ∼23% versus other drugs), whereas angiotensin‐receptor blockers (ARB) appear strikingly renoprotective. Once overt proteinuria appears, it is uncertain whether glycemic control affects the progression of nephropathy. In type 1 diabetes, various anti‐hypertensive treatments, mainly ACE‐I, are effective in slowing down the progression of nephropathy; in type 2 diabetes, two recent studies demonstrate that ARB are superior to conventional therapy or calcium channel blockers (CCB). In clinical practice, pharmacological tools are not always used to the best benefit of the patients. Therefore, clinicians and patients need to be educated regarding the renoprotection of drugs inhibiting the renin‐angiotensin system (RAS) and the overwhelming importance of achieving target blood pressure. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prevalence and sociodemographic determinants of overweight in young French adolescents
Authors: Klein‐Platat C. , Wagner A. , Haan M. C. , Arveiler D. , Schlienger J. L. , Simon C. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractBackgroundThe prevalence of overweight in adults and in children is increasing in most industrialised countries. Our purpose is to estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity in a population of 12‐year‐old French adolescents and to analyse its association with different sociodemographic factors.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was conducted in 2001 on a representative sample of sixth‐grade adolescents (mean age 12.1 ± 0.6 years) living in the Department of the Bas‐Rhin (Eastern part of France). Height and weight were measured in 4326 adolescents. Overweight and obesity were defined as recommended by the International Obesity Task Force. Sociodemographic data were obtained for 3436 adolescents.ResultsThe prevalence of overweight was 22.7% (17.5% of moderate overweight and 5.2% of obesity) and it was not different by gender or by size of the commune of residence. Overweight was more frequent in low economic zones (p < 10−4 in girls, p < 10−2 in boys) and in public schools than in private schools (p < 10−3 in girls). The prevalence of overweight was inversely associated with family income tax (p < 10−3 in girls, p = 0.012 in boys), mother's (p = 10−4 in girls, p = 10−3 in boys) and father's (p = 0.001 in girls, p = 0.004 in boys) educational level. Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated an independent association of being overweight with low family income tax (p = 0.2195) and poor mother's educational level (p = 0.0193).ConclusionsThis study indicates that, as in other industrialised countries, much overweight and obesity are present in 12‐year‐old French adolescents. It suggests the existence of an influence of socio‐economic factors with a predominant effect of the mother's educational level rather than the financial resources. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Pro12Ala PPARγ2 gene missense mutation is associated with obesity and insulin resistance in Swedish middle‐aged men
Authors: Rosmond Roland , Chagnon Monique , Bouchard Claude 
Published: April 2003

AbstractBackgroundA missense mutation in exon B of the adipocyte‐specific isoform peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ2 (PPARγ2) has recently been described, leading to the substitution of proline to alanine at codon 12, which causes a reduction in the transcriptional activity of PPARγ2. The Pro12Ala PPARγ2 polymorphism has been variably associated with obesity, insulin sensitivity, and dyslipidemia.Aims and methodsIn the present study, we addressed the hypothesis that the Pro12Ala variant is associated with obesity and estimates of insulin, glucose, and lipid metabolism as well as circulating hormones including salivary cortisol in 284 unrelated Swedish men born in 1944. The subjects were genotyped by using PCR amplification of exon B of the PPARγ2 gene followed by digestion with the restriction enzyme BstUI.ResultsTests for differences between the PPARγ2 genotypes revealed that the PPARγ2 Ala homozygotes (n = 6) had higher body mass index (P = 0.022), abdominal sagittal diameter (P = 0.038), and nearly 3 times higher fasting insulin levels (P < 0.001) as well as higher HOMA insulin‐resistance index (P = 0.011) compared to the PPARγ2 Pro homozygotes (n = 186). This association was independent of body mass and fat distribution. In addition, subjects with the Ala/Ala genotype had lower total cholesterol (P = 0.012) as well as a trend toward lower high‐ and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = 0.071 and P = 0.095) compared to the other PPARγ2 genotypes.ConclusionIn summary, these findings both confirm and expand the current notion that the PPARγ2 gene might play a role in the etiology of obesity and that genetic variability in PPARγ2 is associated with variations in body fat mass and insulin sensitivity. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An arbitrary scale image enlargement method with the prediction of high‐frequency components
Authors: Takahashi Yasumasa , Taguchi Akira 
Published: April 2003

AbstractEnlargement of digital images is equivalent to narrowing the sampling spacing. Hence, it is necessary for enlargement of the digital images to estimate the high‐frequency components lost in the sampling by some means. Recently, an enlargement method accompanied by estimation of lost high‐frequency components has been proposed. The present authors have also noted the Laplacian pyramid layer expression, which is a multiresolution representation of digital images, and have proposed an enlargement method to estimate lost high‐frequency components. Based on the Laplacian pyramid layered representation, estimation of unknown high‐frequency components is equivalent to estimation of unknown high‐resolution Laplacian components. Since the layered expression of the Laplacian pyramid has band division encoding as the objective, the image size between the layers is 2 and the enlargement method based on this expression is also limited to 2. However, it is possible to obtain a layered expression with an arbitrary size ratio by varying the passband width of the Gaussian filter and eliminating the pixels corresponding to the bandwidth, in place of continuous use of the half‐band Gaussian filter and downsampling of the usual Laplacian pyramid layered image. In this paper, based on this concept, an enlargement method with high‐frequency component estimation that allows setting of an arbitrary enlargement rate is proposed. The effectiveness of the proposed method is clarified from abundant application examples. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 86(8): 41–51, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10018
Improvement of perceptual watermarking based on the multiresolution analysis of still images
Authors: Miyazaki Akio , Kabashima Osami 
Published: April 2003

AbstractElectronic watermarking has drawn attention as a way to prevent or limit unauthorized copying of digital contents and has been studied and improved extensively. In this paper, as an improved version of the electronic watermarking method proposed by Cox, a method is proposed in which a pseudorandom number sequence is embedded as watermarking information into the wavelet coefficients of the image. In this method, two conventional schemes known as improvements of Cox's method are included. With regard to this electronic watermarking scheme, the detection accuracy of the watermarking information and the quality of the image with watermarking are analyzed. It is shown that the detection accuracy of the watermarking information is better than in the conventional scheme. This conclusion is verified by numerical experiments. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 86(8): 31–40, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10036
Applying the genetic programming to modeling of diffusion processes by using the CNN and its applications to the synchronization
Authors: Yakabe Masayuki , Tokinaga Shozo 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe CNN (Cellular Neural Network) has been proposed as a method of describing the system behavior of neuron coupling with a network structure. This is convenient for analysis of decision risk diffusion in economic society. However, in general, analysis of diffusion becomes possible only after inference of the system dynamics from the observed data. In this paper, using the GP (Genetic Programming) technique, a method is proposed for estimation of dynamics in the CNN. Based on this proposal, the signal diffusion is discussed and a method is proposed for controlling propagation. In order to approximate the system equation in CNN by GP, functions such as piecewise linear ones are prepared in addition to elementary operations. With these and the tree structure containing variables, the individual in the GP is defined. In the GP, two individuals with large degrees of fitness are selected. Crossover processing in the GP is carried out at an appropriately determined place so that an individual with higher capability for approximating the function is generated. In this method, it is shown that approximation is possible, including the system equation of the CNN exhibiting chaotic characteristics. Next, a method of estimating the propagation condition of the signal in CNN by using the estimated system equation is adopted. The results are compared with those derived by simulation and the validity of the computational equation is discussed. In this way, the diffusion coefficient for truncating the signal propagation on the network can be estimated. Further, using the fact that the system equation is available, a control method for synchronization for convergence of the cell state to a stationary point or a limit cycle is proposed. In this method, by means of the measured dynamical results, an appropriate control input in the feedback control can be estimated, allowing control to a balanced level to be attained within a shorter time. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 86(8): 19–30, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10064
Velocity estimation and detection of moving objects by using extended complex Kalman filters in the mixed domain
Authors: Kondo Katsuya , Maeda Kazunori , Konishi Yasuo , Ishigaki Hiroyuki 
Published: April 2003

AbstractIn this paper, a transform/spatiotemporal mixed‐domain filter is proposed that extracts a moving object with its trajectory varying in time (arbitrary trajectory signal). The trajectory signal in a mixed domain can be considered as a bunch of one‐dimensional complex signals. In the case of an arbitrary trajectory signal, this is a bunch of quasi‐periodic signals in which the periods of the one‐dimensional complex signals change in time. Hence, in the proposed method, the arbitrary trajectory signal is extracted by designing a parallel bank of extended complex Kalman filters for estimating the quasi‐periodic signals. The effectiveness of the proposed method is clarified by simulation. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 86(8): 1–10, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10084
Large‐vocabulary spontaneous speech recognition using a corpus of lectures
Authors: Nishimura Masafumi , Itoh Nobuyasu 
Published: April 2003

AbstractNow that dictation systems have become a reality, research on large‐vocabulary voice recognition is shifting from “read speech” to “spontaneous speech.” The features of this kind of spontaneous speech have been investigated from various perspectives using a corpus of dialog speech. However, in particular for the Japanese language, creating a voice recognition system which has massive amounts of data and is based on statistical methods is not necessarily sufficient. There have been few reports on the performance of a large‐vocabulary voice recognition system whose purpose is tagging spontaneous speech. The authors have prepared a spontaneous speech corpus using as materials lecture speeches from the University of the Air for the purpose of improving the recognition precision for spontaneous speech. They report here on the recognition performance of their large‐vocabulary spontaneous speech recognition system created using this corpus. The results of experiments showed that the word error rate for lecture speeches, which was 51.5% under conventional systems that use reading, was reduced to 16.4%. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 86(8): 52–60, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www. interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10105
A linear space representation of language probability through SVD of N‐gram matrix
Authors: Terashima Shiro , Takeda Kazuya , Itakura Fumitada 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe number of parameters necessary for the word N‐gram model is equal to then‐th power of the size of the vocabulary. As a result, compression of the parameter space is vital, depending on the field in question. In this research, singular value decomposition (SVD) of anN‐pair word co‐occurrence matrix is performed. The word and phrase state are taken to be vectors in aK‐dimensional space. The authors then attempt to compress the N‐gram probability parameter space using an approximation of the original matrix but with a lower number of dimensions. The results clearly show that in vector space, the Trigram model can be represented using roughly 17.5% fewer parameters. In addition, clustering is performed based on the distance in the defined space, and whether or not words are positioned appropriately in the linear space is investigated. These results confirm through a comparison using the same number of parameters that the entropy value is lower compared to the class model obtained using a method based on the maximization of the amount of mutual information, and that the positioning is good. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 86(8): 61–70, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10106
Replaying a learner's temporal sequence of instruction on Web‐based learning system
Authors: Ohkawa Masahito , Murota Masao , Nakayama Minoru , Shimizu Yasutaka 
Published: April 2003

AbstractLearning material provided over the Internet is useful to the learner. But the provider of the learning material has no way of knowing the subsequent learning experience of the learner. Thus, the following system was developed in this study. For a learner who accesses the Internet, the learning history is recorded. Then, the system replays the presented screens as a temporal sequence as traced by the learner. The system is applied to learning material with animated presentation and numerical computation simulation functions, and the behavior of the system is investigated. By applying the proposed system, the learning process of the learner at a large number of remote sites can be reproduced. The system can be applied to improve Web‐based educational materials. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 86(8): 71–78, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www. interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10107
Learning goal ontology for structuring a collaborative learning group supported by learning theories
Authors: Inaba Akiko , Supnithi Thepchai , Ikeda Mitsuru , Mizoguchi Riichiro , Toyoda Jun'ichi 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to reorganize the interaction configuration in collaborative learning and the learning theory that guarantees the validity of the expected learning effect. It is intended to indicate the structure of the collaborative learning group which is effective in achieving the learning goal of the individual. By this approach, the configurations of the learning group and the interactions which have been intacitly assumed in the learning theories are clearly compared, and it is made possible to form a learning group supported by learning theory according to the purpose of the learner. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 86(8): 79–90, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10108
IDO method with higher hermite interpolation and its accuracy check by the use of advection‐diffusion equation
Authors: Nara Masanori , Takaki Ryuji 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe IDO method, known as a numerical method suitable for partial differential equations containing an advection term, is improved in terms of its accuracy. In the method proposed in this paper, the order of Hermite interpolation is increased with a parameter h in order to deal with the higher order differential coefficients as independent variables. (In the conventional IDO method, h = 3 for calculation of the advection term and h = 5 for calculation of the diffusion term.) When this method is applied to a one‐dimensional advection‐diffusion equation, it is found that the numerical error is reduced to about 1/5 of that in the conventional IDO method if h = 7 is used. By using two mutually overlapping grid systems, the scheme becomes stable. Further stability is achieved by applying the time‐splitting method. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 86(8): 11–18, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10124
New Modes of Productivity for Student Learning
Authors: Walvoord Barbara E. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractProductivity strategies such as delegating instruction to computers, minimizing redundant course taking, and the like may not work. To enhance the productivity of today's students, this chapter recommends that institutions take five steps: delineate learning goals, assess student performance, understand how to achieve learning with the particular student population, consider options for increasing productivity, and ensure institutionwide support.
Public Policy Implications of Changing Student Attendance Patterns
Authors: Longanecker David A. , Blanco Cheryl D. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractPublic policy is likely to remain more reactive than proactive, and more iterative than creative, in responding to the needs and concerns of students with new attendance patterns. Swirling students will likely swirl even more among institutions, but it will take some time before our policies catch up.
Nontraditional Attendance and Persistence: The Cost of Students' Choices
Authors: King Jacqueline E. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractWorking more than part‐time and attending college part‐time negatively affect persistence, especially among low‐income students. Such choices also impede the ability of institutions to shorten time‐to‐degree, improve graduation rates, and accommodate larger numbers of students. Judicious use of student loans can help students reduce hours at work and finance full‐time attendance.
Rethinking Policy, Process, and Planning to Redefine Quality and Enhance Student Success
Authors: Passaro Joanne , Lapovsky Lucie , Feroe Louise H. , Metzger James R. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractCombining broad access with academic excellence requires academic and support strategies and practices that pinpoint student needs and target appropriate resources effectively. Mercy College, a private comprehensive institution of ten thousand students in New York, has undertaken a series of policy and programmatic changes to support both access and excellence among nontraditional students.