bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Historical Introduction: The Novel Comes of Age
Authors: Raven James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The modern novel is a product of the eighteenth century. With roots extending to the sixteenth- and seventeenth-century romance and to the influence of French, Italian, and Spanish writers, what has for long been called the ‘rise of the novel’ is very largely an eighteenth-century development. In 1785 Clara Reeve, an accomplished fiction writer herself, set about chronicling the history of the novel in her Progress of Romance. ‘We had early translations of the best Novels of all other Countries’, she concluded, ‘but for a long time produced very few of our own.’ In recent times-and she brought her account down to 1770-the situation had been transformed, even though she confessed to fright in trying to review the subject and admitted that any conclusion to her story ‘is yet a great way off’. As Reeve’s account suggested, a new critical maturity in English novel writing was reached in the three decades before 1770 and this furnished the climax to her ‘investigation of novels’.
Frames and Narrators in Chaucerian Poetry
Authors: Phillips Helen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Chaucerian’ poetry is not a precise term. To define it simply as poetry that imitates Chaucer would be both too wide and too narrow. Critically it makes most sense to see it as the English and Scottish subgroup within a larger tradition: the tradition of dits amoureux and associated lyric genres, which developed in French literature from the thirteenth century and continued to flourish on both sides of the Channel for two centuries after Chaucer. ‘Chaucerian’ is obviously not the right term for all of this (indeed, there is no good term for the whole tradition: ‘courtly’ or dits amoureux are in their own ways just as far from being adequate), but when considering writing in English within that wider tradition, ‘Chaucerian’ has the advantage both of familiarity (established especially by Skeat’s seminal I897 anthology, Chaucerian and other Pieces) and of marking the centrality of Chaucer for composition in these genres in England and Scotland.
The Verse Forms of Jon the Blynde Awdelay
Authors: Stanley Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘It deserves mention here, since it is almost totally neglected by critics’, says Douglas Gray, writing of the alliterative ‘De tribus regibus mortuis’ (I43 lines long in eleven thirteen-line stanzas), preserved only in Bodleian MS Douce 302 in which the poems of John Audelay have come down to us, poem 54 in the standard edition of his verse.
Ossian as a Poetry of Knowledge
Authors: Mcgann Jerome 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When James Macpherson published his Fragments of Ancient Poetry in June 1760, Gray was ‘extasie with their infinite beauty’ (Gray, 1925: letter of 20 June 1760). His early reaction forecast the extraordinary career of Macpherson’s ‘Ossian’ over the next fifty years and more. Despite—perhaps even because of—the controversy that raged over the question of the authenticity of the Ossianic materials, this work’s influence on the literary scene of the late eighteenth-century eclipsed all others. More particularly, Ossian set the literature of sentiment and sensibility on a whole new footing.
Learning by Doing: The Example of ‘The Amourous Lady’
Authors: Mcgann Jerome 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sensibility is the language of spontaneous overflow. From the perspective of feeling and emotion and all affective philosophy, it is unteachable. That belief is ancient, but in the eighteenth century it began to be scrupulously re-explored. A passion for enlightenment drove the quest for the reasons of the heart. The project is therefore riven with paradox from the outset.
A Lesson from Michelangelo
Authors: Fenton James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In old age, Giambologna used to tell his friends the story of how, as a young man, a Flemish sculptor newly arrived in Rome, he made a model to his own original design, finished it coll’alito, ‘with his breath’-that is to say, with the utmost care, bringing it to the very peak of finish-and went to show it to the great Michelangelo. And Michelangelo took the model in his hands and completely destroyed it, and then remodelled it to his way of thinking, and did so with marvel lous skill, so that the outcome was quite the opposite of what the young man had done. And then Michelangelo said to Giambologna: Now go and learn the art of modelling before you learn the art of finishing.
The Shakespeare First Folio: The History of the Book
Authors: West Anthony James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Existing copies of the Shakespeare First Folio (1623) were surveyed and counted a hundred years ago, in Sidney Lee’s Census of 1902. Since then, some seventy copies have come to light, some of which are only now identified as First Folios. This new Census lists 229 copies, giving concise descriptions of each. The entries cover condition (including the number of original leaves), items of special interest, provenance, and binding. A concordance of Lee and West numbers is also provided. To set the stage, the volume tells the story of the search for copies and the detective work involved in dealing with doubtful identifications. Because Folios survive in such a wide variety of condition, the tests for defining what to count as a copy are described, then demonstrated with three unnumbered, unrecognized copies at the Folger Shakespeare Library. Finally, details of missing copies are given, to increase the likelihood of their rediscovery.
The Shakespeare First Folio
Authors: West Anthony James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Shakespeare First Folio is arguably the greatest book ever written in the English language, and it is the only source for half the plays (including Macbeth and The Tempest). Vast amounts have been written on it up to its publication - for example on its printing and proofreading - but very little since it left the press in 1623. And yet its story is a highly significant contribution to the history of the book worldwide, and crucial to the study of Shakespeare's 'afterlives'. The present volume breaks new ground in its account of the price and sales history of the books - from one pound in the seventeenth century to over half a million pounds today - placing this in the context both of Shakespeare's standing and of the contemporary world of antiquarian book sales. It charts the number and distribution of copies at the beginning and end of the twentieth century, surveys the nineteen facsimile editions since 1807, and assesses earlier listings of the work since 1824, including Sidney Lee's Census (1902). It also indicates the history of the volumes' ownership - ranging from counry parson to President of Standard Oil.
Natural Law and Rights
Authors: Weinreb Lloyd L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The philosophy of natural law has on the whole not been much concerned with the matter of rights. Greek sources from which natural law emerged scarcely noticed the subject at all. On the contrary, they sought to locate the individual within a natural order that might strike an individual down without warning or apparent explanation but that was a normative order all the same. The development of this line of thought in Christian theology, which achieved its classic expression in the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas, likewise did not in the first instance uphold rights of the individual; rather, it confirmed his personal responsibility while still within and subject to the Providence of an omnipotent God. Divine Providence contained an assurance of God’s benevolent regard for humanity, something that the Greek notion of moira (fate) had lacked. and some of the duties that defined one’s responsibility were for the benefit of other persons. But any suggestion that, without reference to God, rights are an independent basis of obligations was remote indeed.
Innovation and Continuity
Authors: Brown Lesley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prologue
In Greek mythology, Zeus and the other Olympian deities were challenged in a mighty battle by the race of giants, a battle which, with the help of Herakles, the gods won. Unlike the earlier battle of the Titans, in which Zeus’s party defeated and supplanted their own forebears, the Titans, the Gigantomachia ended with the preservation of the old order in the face of the newcomers’ challenge.
The battle of gods and giants forms the theme of this essay at more than one level. Plato’s Sophist has been something of a battleground for interpreters of his later philosophy. Some have made bold claims for revolutionary methods and results, deriving in part from Plato’s new-found interest in philosophy of language, in part from his post-Parmenides rethinking of the theory of Forms. Others have insisted on greater continuity of both method and doctrine with the approaches of the middle dialogues, and strongly reject interpretations which represent Plato as abandoning metaphysics for logic or philosophy of language, or which see him backtracking on central theses such as the unchangeability of Forms, or self-predication. Again, the replacement of Socrates as main speaker by a stranger from Elea may be interpreted as bringing major changes in both method and doctrine; some have associated it with an abandonment of genuine dialectic for a more dogmatic laying out of philosophical theses.
Interpreting Aristotle’s Directions
Authors: Broadie Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the course of examining practical wisdom in Nicomachean Ethics VI, Aristotle takes a good look at theoretical wisdom too. One of his reasons is completeness: the Ethics is mainly a study of human virtue, moral and intellectual, and Aristotle wants to cover every subdivision of the field. Then there is the need to prepare for subsequent arguments showing that even the best practical activities fail to qualify as consummate happiness, at least when compared with god-like theoretical activity. 1 And yet another reason, which concerns me here, lies in Aristotle’s hope of throwing light on the nebulous topic of practical wisdom through comparison and contrast with the theoretical kind. With this in view, he summons up for us in broad strokes the picture of theoretical science (episteme) which he has already drawn in detail ‘in the [sc. Posterior] Analytics’.2 It seems not to have occurred to him that the reverse comparison might also be helpful: that an account of practical wisdom and practical reason might shed light on their theoretical counterparts too. But this possibility has not been lost on some of his interpreters.
Possessives in English
Authors: Taylor John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is about a single morpheme - the possessive morpheme - in English. Often realized as 's, it occurs in a variety of constructions (the man's hat, a friend of mine, without my saying so, a girls' school). What does the morpheme actually mean? What category does it belong to? What is its contribution to the meaning of the expression in which it occurs? And how can we account for the various restrictions on its use? Dr Taylor proposes a unitary account of the morpheme, within the theoretical framework of Cognitive Grammar. In the earlier chapters he introduces and explains the conceptual apparatus of the theory, and in the later chapters he develops a coherent account of the full range of possessive constructions. A special feature of this book is that it also provides a wide-ranging critique of alternative, and especially Government and Binding accounts of possessive expression, highlighting the profound conceptual differences between the contrasting approaches as well as some of the points of convergence.
Language Wars and Linguistic Politics
Authors: Calvet Louis-Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Non-linguistic conflicts - economic, religious, territorial - are often projected on to language differences, and may be played out in the language policies of governments and other holders of power. Jean-Louis Calvet deals broadly, in a non-technical and introductory style, with this interaction of language issues and political process. He examines the fundamental problems arising from language contact, multilingualism, and the conflicts caused by inequalities symbolized in various patterns of language use. The author draws extensively on his own research and uses numerous case studies to illustrate the power-political dimensions of language policies from many parts of the world, such as Africa, China, South America, the former Soviet Union, and Europe. He cites the former Soviet Union as a prime example of an attempt to impose, for ideological reasons, a supra-national vehicular language, in order to supersede the languages of regional nationalism. Professor Calvet offers no simple solutions to the `war of languages' but urges all those involved in language intervention - from the professional `language planners' to school teachers - to combine the need to promote majority languages with respect for the diversity of local languages and language varieties.
Spinoza the Stoic
Authors: James Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a letter to William van Blyenbergh, Spinoza alludes to himself as ‘a Philosopher pure and simple, who .. has no other touchstone for truth than the natural understanding’.1 To be a philosopher is, in his view, to pursue truth by means of reason, undistracted by such purported sources of justification as empirical observation or established authority. It is to overcome all prejudice and superstition and submit arguments and conclusions to the rigorous scrutiny of reason. From the standpoint of this ahistorical conception of the philosopher’s task, temporal categories such as ‘ancient’ and ‘modern’ are superfluous. If the canons of reason by which we distinguish truth from falsehood are eternal, and if, as Spinoza firmly believed, people are and have always been prone to misunderstand them, the historical origins of a proposition or theory can have no bearing on its truth. Old or new, the question remains whether it can be rationally demonstrated.
Deciding How to Decide
Authors: velleman J David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By ‘deciding how to decide’, I mean using practical reasoning to regulate one’s principles of practical reasoning. David Gauthier has suggested that deciding how to decide is something that every rational agent does.1 Whether or not we agree with Gauthier about agents in general, we might think that his suggestion applies well enough to many of us moral philosophers. We assess rival principles of practical reasoning, which tell us how to choose among actions; and assessing how to choose among actions certainly sounds like deciding how to decide.
Reasons and Reason
Authors: Skorupski John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have reasons to believe, to act, to feel. We deal in reasons at every turn—for example, I have reason to believe you covered for me in an emergency, reason to feel grateful, and so reason to thank you in some more or less substantial way. What we make of a person turns on how that person responds or fails to respond to reasons in one or other of these three domains—belief, feeling, and action. Personality is the manner of one’s responsiveness to reasons. A testy person is more easily annoyed than he has reason to be. A credulous person believes when there is insufficient reason to believe. A precipitate person acts when there is insufficient reason to act.
Semantic Change and the Conceptualization of Spatial Relationships in Austronesian Languages
Authors: Blust Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is well known that the conceptualization of spatial relationships may differ widely between languages, particularly if they belong to different genetic groupings. This is often quite clear in relation to the directional system, or what I will call ‘macro-orientation’. Thus, in reconstructing earlier stages of Austro nesian no basis is found for positing terms for the cardinal directions, even though cardinal direction terms have entered a number of attested languages either through borrowing or through internal semantic evolution. The system of macro-orientation which is attributable to Proto-Malayo-Polynesian.
Downstream to Here Geographically Determined Spatial Deictics in Aralle-Tabulahan (Sulawesi)
Authors: Mckenzie Robin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aralle-Tabulahan, a west Austronesian language, is a member of the Pitu Ulunna Salu subgroup of the south Sulawesi group of languages (see Strømme 1987). Most of its 8,000 speakers live in vil1ages in the northern part of the Mambi subdistrict of the Polewali-Mamasa district. As with other South Sulawesi languages, Aralle-Tabulahan (A-T) uses a set of geographically related locatives and directionals as part of its spatial deictic system. In most cases their usage can clearly be observed to relate directly to either contour or river. What is perhaps of greater interest is where the utterance does not relate directly to geography, or at least not to the immediately perceptible landscape. In these cases the perception of the speaker may be conditioned by other extra linguistic determinants, such as social or historical factors.
Tarski’s Thesis and the Ontology of Mathematics
Authors: Chihara Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to some philosophers, there is a widespread belief that model theory provides us with an accurate conceptual analysis of the intuitive, pre analytic notions of logical consequence and logical truth, at least when the sentences to which these notions are to be applied are those of certain formalized languages. To undermine this belief is the principal goal of John Etchemendy’s book. Vann McGee has continued this attack in his article (McGee 1992). In this paper, I shall assess some of the objections of these two philosophers, focusing especially on Etchemendy’s ‘contingency argument’, which raises questions about the existence and nature of mathematical objects.
Occam’s Razor and Scientific Method
Authors: Maddy Penelope 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Entities are not to be multiplied beyond necessity, says the legendary razor of the legendary William of Occam, chief of the legendary medieval nominalists. My topic will be the role of this dictum in the philosophy of the last half-century and the science of the last half-millennium. My topic will thus be history. but it will not be the history of medieval philosophy.
The Finite and the Infinite in Frege’s Grundgesetze der Arithmetik
Authors: Heck Richard G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some of the best-known work on the foundations of mathematics done in the late nineteenth century was concerned with the concepts of the finite and the infinite, rigorous characterizations of which were famously given by both Cantor and Dedekind. It is little known, however, that, in his Grundgesetze der Arithmetik, Frege also studied the notions of finitude and infinity.
Introduction
Authors: Stassen Leon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is an essay in linguistic typology. As such, it can be placed within the modem tradition of comparative linguistics, which has constantly increased in importance over the last three decades. Taking the pioneering research on word order by Greenberg (1963, 1966) as a starting-point, a steady flow of typological publications has pursued a wide variety of topics from all areas of syntax and morphology. 1 The research results achieved in these publications do not add up to a monolithical typological theory, and are not intended to do so; typological linguistics is not a ‘school’ in the narrow sense of the term. However, all authors working within the framework share at least a number of background assumptions and convictions. Typological linguists take as a point of departure the undeniable fact that languages vary greatly in their structural properties, but they reject the old structuralist dictum that this variation is random, and therefore unpredictable. Thus, an axiom of all typological linguistic inquiry is that cross-linguistic variation is subject to Universal Restrictions. Whatever the selected topic of a typological investigation may be, the aim is always to chart the limitations on the Structural (or Formal) Encoding of a linguistically relevant property in the languages of the world. Typological linguists feel that the results of such enterprises can bring to light hitherto unknown aspects of the nature of human language. Since these typological results could not, in the typical case, have been arrived at by an in-depth analysis of single languages, typological linguistics forms a welcome supplement to other approaches in theoretical linguistics. In some cases, typological generalizations may even be used as an evaluation measure for different competing analyses in linguistic theory formation.
Absolute Simultaneity and the Infinity of Time
Authors: Smith Quentin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Philosophers frequently assume that the nature of things, events. properties, causality, free will, and the like is a matter for philosophers to determine, not scientists. But many philosophers assume that the nature of time is the topic of physics, specifically, Einstein’;s theory of relativity, and that this nature is not something that can be discovered in part or as a whole by philosophical investigation alone.
The “Great Death”
Authors: Fischer Steven Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The wonder arrived at a difficult period in Rapanui’s history. In 1770 the two main descent groups-the western Tu’u and eastern ‘Otu ‘lti-were apparently still locked in their fatal struggle for supremacy over a remnant population of approximately 4,000 Rapanui who were dwelling among the ruins of their “former spectacular architectural and artistic accomplishments” (Mulloy/Figueroa, 1966: 18). That James Cook and his party in 1774 saw no inscribed artefacts might suggest that the protracted war delayed the elaboration of an indigenous writing system on the island for several more years. It seems likely that the rongorongo found fruitful soil for its development only once this war between the Tu’u and ‘Otu ‘Iti was finally over, perhaps just before La Perouse’s visit in 1786.
Rediscovery
Authors: Fischer Steven Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1864 Joseph-Eugene Eyraud had been the first foreigner to witness rongorongo “in all the houses” of Rapanui during his nine-month sojourn there. Though his reporting of this extraordinary discovery twice appeared in print in the year 1866 (Eyraud, 1866; Anon., 1866), no one thereafter seems to have attached any importance to the event. In March 1866 Eyraud had already returned to Rapanui as an authorised lay brother of the SSCC, together with the French Father Hippolyte Roussel (1824-98) and four proselytes from Mangareva and Mangaia. The six were joined in November 1866 by the German Father Kaspar (Gaspard) Zumbohm (1823-87) and French Brother Theodule Escolan (1818-1904). There were no longer any incised inscriptions in daily evidence on the island, the majority of these objects having been concealed or destroyed the year before. There was no reason, then, that Eyraud should have informed his companions of a curious ethnological observation which apparently no longer obtained. And, with this, the matter of Rapanui’s extraordinary “hieroglyphics” might well have been relegated to the forgotten footnotes of history.