bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Henningsen Gustav , Ankarloo Bengt 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of early modern European witchcraft has to a great extent been the domain of English and American scholars, and this has affected our general understanding and formulation of problems. Some of the questions in the current debate are simply wrong or have to be redefined because they were raised from an oblique, Anglo-Saxon angle. To take an example, the cross-cultural approach launched by the two English historians Alan Macfarlane and Keith Thomas has provoked a discussion of whether historical European witchcraft was comparable to African witchcraft today. As Robert Rowland demonstrates below, the real problem is that Macfarlane and Thomas drew on African anthropological studies for keys to interpret village-level witchcraft in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Essex. ‘Both authors appear to have been led astray by the undoubted similarities between what is the general situation in African witch-believing societies and what is, in the European context, a problematic special case’, observes Rowland. English witches did not fly, did not go to the sabbath, copulate with devils, or feast on the flesh of murdered infants. What made the comparison easy, he concludes, was that ‘most of the features which distinguished European from African witchcraft were absent in England’.
Estonia II: The Crusade against Idolatry
Authors: Kahk Juhan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
DURING the 1650s various disasters befell some families of Vana Kasti village in western Estonia, all of whom had had dealings with Kopsu Maie or her daughter Ello shortly before the accidents. At a wedding party, for example, Maie had thrown ale on the hearthstone. Within a few years, three children from this family fell into the fire place, and one was burned to death. The family summoned an exorcist, who blamed Maie’s gesture at the wedding as the source of their misfortune.
Enemy Property In Paris: Confiscations And Grants
Authors: Thompson Guy Llewelyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the first days after the entry of the Burgundians, indiscriminate pillage had been directed against the goods of suspected Armagnacs ‘sans commission et sans inventaire’, as Clement de Fauquembergue observed legalistically. The wife of the late Guillaume Boisseau hid her valuables down a well in fear that her house would be ransacked, since her husband had died in the prisons of the Chatelet as a suspected Armagnac. During the chaos in the summer of 1418 the Burgundian soldier Raolin de Hallus appropriated certain handsome tapestries from the house of the Armagnac marshal Jean de Rieux which, as it turned out, bore the arms of the d’Orgemont family from whom they had been stolen two years before. Indeed, as this last example reminds us, confiscation of property had become an intrinsic part of the oscillations in political fortunes during the second decade of the fifteenth century. It is therefore important to know how successive ‘Burgundian’ and ‘Anglo-Burgundian’ governments dealt with the problem of enemy property, and especially with confiscated buildings. Furthermore, this can tell us a great deal about the politics and society of the period, about the people who lost and the people who gained.
Religious Innovations and Royal Injunctions, 1535–1538
Authors: Haigh Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
HENRY VIII had not exactly been dragged kicking and screaming to the royal supremacy, but nor did he stride purposefully towards it. In hesitant and stumbling steps he had asserted the claims his divorce had made necessary, and by 1534 he had been forced to make reality of the slogans he had been using since 1530: national sovereignty and monarchical supremacy. But however slowly and unwillingly Henry had achieved his supremacy, once he had it he found he rather liked it; it appealed to his self-importance as a king and to his self-image as a concerned Christian. What had been designed as a weapon to gain a new queen and implemented to protect the new marriage became an essential attribute of kingship. In the right circumstances Henry would no doubt have modified (or even abandoned) his supremacy, and his agents hinted as much to pope and emperor; but the more Henry grew into his new role, the more he exercised and enjoyed his new powers, the less likely right circumstances became. The king, it seems clear, actually believed he was rightful supreme head, and, as the sceptics found to their cost, he expected others to believe it too.
Edward’s Reformation, 1547–1553
Authors: Haigh Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IT is easy to suppose that, with Hertford’s seizure of power, the Reformation was all over bar the Marian burnings. On 31 January 1547 the regency Council named Hertford protector of the realm and governor of the young king; on 12 March he was commissioned as virtual regent with near-sovereign powers. Then there was a clockwork Reformation. In 1547 there were new reformist Injunctions and new evangelical Homilies;endowed prayers were suppressed, and the laity allowed communion in both bread and wine. In 1548 church images were pulled down, and an Order of Communion introduced English prayers to the Latin mass. In 1549 the Latin rites were replaced by a half-Protestant Book of Common Prayer, and the clergy were permitted to marry. In 1550 altars were exchanged for communion tables, and a new Ordinal provided Protestant pastors rather than Catholic priests. In 1551 the episcopate was remodelled and a corps of missionary preachers created. In 1552 there was a decisively Protestant second Prayer Book. In 1553 redundant mass equipment was confiscated, the Protestant theology of the Church defined in Forty-Two Articles, and a Catechism published to teach the new religion.
Catholic Restoration, 1553–1558
Authors: Haigh Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ON the night of 4July 1553, Mary Tudor fled in darkness from her house at Hunsdon in Hertfordshire. She had been warned that her half-brother Edward VI was about to die, and she followed a pre-arranged plan. Her small party rode through the night, and on to Sawston Hall in Cambridge-shire; on 6 July she travelled in disguise to the earl of Bath’s house, Hengrave Hall in Suffolk, and on the 7th to Lady Burgh at Euston Hall. Probably on 8 July, she was told of Edward’s death; she moved on to her own house at Kenninghall, and next day she received firm confirmation that the king was dead. Mary then wrote to the Privy Council in London, claiming the throne by statute and her father’s will and ordering the councillors to proclaim her queen, ‘not failing hereof, as our very trust is in you’. But on 10 July Jane Grey, granddaughter of one of Edward’s aunts, was proclaimed queen in London; a young tapster who defended Mary’s right was nailed by the ears to the pillory. On 11 July the Council’s reply to Mary dismissed her claim, and warned her to ‘surcease by any pretence to vex and molest any of our sovereign lady Queen Jane her subjects from their true faith and allegiance due unto her grace’.
England and Beyond
Authors: Bartlett Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although English people sometimes forget it, England is not an island. It occupies, in fact, somewhat less than 60 per cent of the land surface of the island of Britain. Both to the west and to the north the medieval kingdom of England had land boundaries. The western and northern regions thus faced the problems and opportunities of a territorial frontier in a way that no other parts of the realm did.
The Rural Foundations
Authors: Bartlett Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Writing at the very end of the eleventh century, the Flemish monk Goscelin was struck by England’s physical resources:There stretch before you the most fertile fields, flourishing meadows, broad swathes of arable land, rich pastures, flocks dripping with milk, spirited horses and flocks. It is watered by fountains of leaping spray, bubbling streams, notable and excellent rivers, lakes and pools crowded with fish and birds and the coming and going of boats, all well suited for cities and people. Groves and woods are in leaf, field and hill full of acorns and woodland fruit, rich in game of all kinds.
Towns and Trade
Authors: Bartlett Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Norman and Angevin England shared in the general revival of urban life that took place throughout Europe in the eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth centuries. Urban growth meant, on the one hand, the multiplication of places where clusters of population made a living from non-agricultural activities trading, artisanal production, and the urban services such as law, tavern keeping, and prostitution.
From Warriors to Functionaries: The Falangist Syndical Élite, 1939-1976
Authors: Balfour Sebastian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the more obscure and fascinating comers of the Francoist state was that occupied by the Syndical Organization or OS. Set up at the end of the Civil War by the victorious regime, the OS was given formal control of industrial relations, social security, employment exchanges, and an extraordinary range of medical, welfare, housing, cultural, and recreational activities. By 1968, according to its head or national delegate, the OS had set up over 23,000 co-operatives and agricultural colonies whose members numbered two-and-a-half million, had constructed half-a-million buildings, including many working-class estates, was running 125 training schools for workers through which 40,000 trainees had passed, and had represented almost two-and-ahalf million workers in the labour courts. Its income for the year 1972 amounted to over 12,000 million pesetas (about £72 million at the time).
The Ideological Conversion of the Leaders of the Psoe, 1976-1979*
Authors: Juliá Santos 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the 1976 Summer School of the Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE), the Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party, the party secretary, Felipe González, delivered a long speech to an audience composed mainly of Socialists who had joined the party before Franco’s death in 1975, or, at the latest, before the initiation of the transition to democracy. González devoted his lecture to defining the identity of the PSOE. He felt compelled to do so, for, from the beginning of the 1950s onwards, the PSOE had been losing prominence among the forces which had fought against the Francoist dictatorship until, in the regime’s final years, it was far from being hailed as an organization with a political future.
Patterns of Crime and Patterns of Deprivation
Authors: King Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In view of the highly personal, selective, and discretionary nature of the prosecution process, and of the varied and widely used escape routes that enabled the vast majority of those accused of property theft to avoid formal indictment in the major courts, it could be argued that the number of offenders who finally reached those courts has little value as an indicator of changing levels of appropriation. However, most contemporaries used them in precisely that way and to some extent historians have done the same. The length of the assizes gaol calendar was frequently, although not consistently, reported by most eighteenth-century provincial newspapers. In the mid-r77os the Chelmsford Chronicle noted that ‘so great a number of felons is not remembered to have been in our gaol at any one time for upwards of fifty years past’, while at the beginning of the French wars it remarked on ‘the smallest number ever remembered upon the calendar’. The length of the assize calendar was clearly seen as a guide to changes in the number of crimes actually being committed. In the 1780s Madan assumed that lengthening calendars ‘plainly testify’ to the growth of crime. In r 8or the Chelmsford assize judge, after referring to the unprecedented size of the calendar, went on to inform the court that offences ‘are doubling and trebling upon us’. He then announced that his approach to sentencing would therefore be less lenient. Sentencing decisions, jury verdicts, and pardoning processes were all affected by changes in the number of offenders reaching the courts (Chapters 7 and 8). Both victims and officials were not only aware of the approximate numbers being indicted; they also allowed their sense of the prevalence of crime to affect their attitudes and policies. Pretrial processes were also affected. When it was thought that crime was increasing, the courts became more willing to grant legal aid to prosecutors, and victims became more willing to join or form prosecution associations.
Churchmanship
Authors: Fincham Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Consider the memorial brasses of two Jacobean bishops, one of Henry Robinson (d. 1616), the other of Samuel Harsnett (d. 1631).* Robinson is portrayed as a good shepherd, holding in his right hand a candle representing the light of the gospel. Assisting him is a team of sheepdogs, the parochial clergy of Carlisle, who guard their flocks from the marauding Roman wolf. Robinson’s task has been, the inscription informs us, ‘to give light to them that sit in darkness’ and ‘to guide our feet into the way of peace’ (Luke 1:79). Episcopal authority is here interpreted as a device to further the work of conversion;
The New Middle Class and the Remaking of the Central City
Authors: Ley David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What factors lay behind the rehabilitation of central city districts across the world? Set against the contexts of international transformations in a post-industrial postmodern society, this book examines the creation and self-creation of a new middle class of professional and managerial workers associated with the process of gentrification. These are amongst the privileged members in the growing polarisation of urban society. The book examines their impact on central housing markets, retailing and leisure spaces in the inner city. Taking as its focus six large canadian cities, the author identifies a distinctive cultural new class of urbane social and cultural professionals inspired in part by the critical youth movements of the 1960s for whom old inner city neighbourhoods served as oppositional sites to assail the boureois suburbs. The study looks at their close links with reform movements, neighbourhood activism and a welfare state that often provided their employment, in a progressive aesthetisation of central city spaces since the 1980s. The New Middle Class and the Remaking of the Central City offers the first detailed and comparitive study of gentrification which locates the phenomenon in broader historical and theoretical contexts.
The Geography of Gentrification
Authors: Ley David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have already seen that variation exists between innercity neighbour hoods in the incidence of reinvestment by the middle class, and this chapter becomes more specific about the geography of gentrification. Of course there is a range of geographical scales to consider. Internationally, no truly comparative data exist to permit an assessment of the variation of inner-city reinvestment by country. In the United States the tendency has often been to downplay the phenomenon as ‘islands of renewal in seas of decay’.
The Central-City Labour-Market
Authors: Ley David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While it may appear to be a truism that housing-markets and labour markets are closely intertwined, none the less the interdependencies of jobs and shelter have often been obscured in scholarship and policy. Separate data sources, divergent theoretical traditions, and sub-disciplinary boundaries have forced an analytical detachment between housing and employment. In government agencies, this separation has reached the level of institutionalization, as different departments and even different levels of the state reify and, through their discourses and policies, normalize the binary administrative categories they alone have created.
The New Urbanism: The Neighbourhood Movement
Authors: Ley David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1968, in their own response to American policy in Vietnam, Jane Jacobs and her family left Greenwich Village and moved to Toronto. Jacobs was the author of The Death and Life of Great American Cities,first published in 1961, and perhaps the most important critique written on post-war design and planning in the United States, that Fordist compact of power and money that was assembling the corporate city.
A Conclusion-or the End?
Authors: Ley David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the past twenty years of gentrification research, there have been a few voices that have queried the whole enterprise. Gentrification, they say, is a small and temporary phenomenon that scarcely merits the degree of attention it has received. Such arguments have been renewed in the recession of the early 1990s when newspaper reports suggested that new investment in the inner-city housing-market for the benefit of the middle class might be weakening. In this final chapter I shall examine some of these arguments and then assess the wider significance of gentrification, a re search emphasis that I shall suggest is justified not only for its own sake, but also because of the related questions it has raised, and continues to raise, in the much broader field of the restructuring of metropolitan society at the close of the twentieth century.
Introduction
Authors: Telban Borut 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When I was a boy in primary school a friend gave me a book for my birthday. The dedication was from Richard Bach’s Jonathan Livingston Seagull:
If our friendship depends on things like space and time, then when we finally overcome space and time, we’ve destroyed our own brotherhood! But overcome space, and all we have left is Here. Overcome time, and all we have left is Now. And in the middle of Here and Now, don’t you think that we might see each other once or twice? (1970: 63)
Much as I liked this saying I was somewhat puzzled by it. Over the years, as I travelled through Europe, North and Central America, South-East Asia, and Australasia, I began to grasp those Heres and Nows, but I still wondered about that ‘middle of Here and Now’.
Person, Time, and Identity
Authors: Telban Borut 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mi ngok. Kwas-ikain ama kuriyaktr. Ama sayn auraur ama kuriyaktr. ‘You wait. I will come now (I just have to do something) but I will hurry and come.’ I was sitting in a large motorized canoe waiting for my Ambonwari friend to do what he had to do, expecting that we would leave in a few minutes. The time went by, and I rolled another cigarette while children were cheerfully jumping around teasing each other. After two hours I had to stretch my legs. Women brought a few more things for our trip: a cluster of betel nuts and dry coconuts, a sleeping mat, some smoked fish. A young man asked me if he could join us on our trip. I agreed. It seemed that people were deliberately delaying our departure and, by not leaving immediately, we were showing them our compassion and care. Another half an hour went by before my friend returned saying that we could leave now. And we left. I had to realize, all over again, that it is unwise to be the first in a canoe and that ‘now’ means ‘when we are all ready’, including those who stay. It meant ‘today’.
Myth and Identity
Authors: Telban Borut 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mariawk (talk, discourse, story) refers to all forms of discourse including myth, everyday speech, and those important occasions such as public moots, discussions in a men’s house, and disputes when oratory comes to the fore. Every event is told and retold several times, from the different perspectives of individuals and groups. Such reconstructions should be considered as extensions of the events themselves, as their continuation in a verbal medium—as parts, that is, of collective and personal kay. Continuous communication, as well as people’s relation to their past and future through the recollection and narration of events, constitutes the narrative time of the village. Such public time ‘is not the anonymous time of ordinary representation but the time of interaction. In this sense, narrative time is, from the outset, time of being-with-others’ (Ricoeur 1980: 188). Mariawk might be seen as constituting identity and temporality on two different axes: vertical, relating people who lived in the past with those who live in the present; and horizontal, between consociates.
Ethnographic Fieldsites
Authors: Hastrcp Kirsten 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ethnographers are travellers; for them travel is not a metaphor and their theoretical landscapes are real. They may be more or less pedestrian, but ethnographers must ground their work in places that are real and practised by people—including their own temporary practice. In this chapter I shall present the principal sites of my own fieldwork, those corners of the Icelandic world that I came to know well through my interlocutions with people who were already there, and who remained and continued to transform their world when I left.
The Contact Zone
Authors: Hastrcp Kirsten 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Social life unfolds in a community of potential conversational partners. The audience is implied in any reasoning, any social action, however unrecognized. This also applies to the social action of scholarship. When studying a world anthropologically we are doubly caught in the contact zone, the space wherein we meet and where our histories become mutually implicated. The life world of people is established in practice, and for the anthropologist to get near to it, she has to enter the contact zone. In some sense localized, but certainly not a place or a simple locality that can be organized visually; most of its defining parameters are invisible and exist only in action.
Community and Honour
Authors: Hastrcp Kirsten 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the preceding discussion of space and spatial practices in Iceland we shall now turn towards the people practising. The attempt is to understand how people, and here Icelanders, contribute to history through their daily practices, and how the world becomes embodied in them, on the assumption that there is a relation of mutual embeddedness between people and their world. It is the dynamics of this mutuality within the local community which is in focus in the present chapter.
The Dynamics of Regional Growth in Europe
Authors: Rodríguez-Pose Andrés 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a period of deep economic, social, and political transformation, regional disparities seem to be particularly resistant to change. The emergence of a global economy, the shift in production methods, and the greater mobility of capital, labour, and raw materials have not brought about a radical reshuffling of the prevailing regional disparities. There is a greater concentration of economic activity in core areas and very few peripheral regions are taking advantage of the process of global restructuring. The Dynamics of Regional Growth in Europe looks for the reasons behind this persistence in the social, political, and institutional arrangements of a large set of European regions, by trying to relate two scientific approaches concerned with regional economic performance, which share very little in common: the literature on socio-economic restructuring and structural change, and neoclassical and endogenous growth theories. OXFORD GEOGRAPHICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AIMS TO PUBLISH THE BEST ORIGINAL RESEARCH STUDIES IN THE RELATED FIELDS OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES. IT'S SCOPE IS INTERNATIONAL, PRESENTING A BROAD AND DIVERSE RANGE OF SCHOLARLY APPROACHES FROM ACROSS THE WORLD. SERIES EDITORS: GORDON CLARK, ANDREW GOUDIE, AND CERI PEACH.