bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patient satisfaction with doctor–patient interaction in a radiotherapy centre during the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak
Authors: Tang JI , Shakespeare TP , Zhang XJ , Lu JJ , Liang S , Wynne CJ , Mukherjee RK , Back MF 
Published: July 2005

SummaryAn outpatient radiotherapy department assessed how precautions implemented during the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak affected patient satisfaction with doctor–patient interaction and explored variables potentially influencing satisfaction. The information obtained would help prepare us for future infectious disease outbreaks. Outpatients seen during the outbreak completed a validated questionnaire assessing satisfaction with doctor–patient interaction. Additional items assessed included patients’ perception of SARS measures and patient demographics. Of 149 patients, 97% had heard of SARS, 92% believed SARS precautions necessary, and 54% believed contracting SARS was possible despite the precautions. Patients were satisfied with doctors wearing masks (97%), temperature checks (97%), and patients wearing masks (96%). Despite the high satisfaction levels with SARS precautions, 24% believed it had adversely affected doctor–patient interaction. With regards to doctor–patient interaction, 94% of patients were satisfied. Patients were most satisfied with the ‘information exchange’ domain (mean score 3.23 out of 4) compared to other domains (P < 0.0001, 100.00% confidence) and were less satisfied with the ‘empathy’ domain compared to other domains (P < 0.0001, 100.00% confidence). Patients were most satisfied with understanding their treatment plan (100%), doctor being honest (97%) and being understood (96%). Patients were least satisfied with information about caring for their illness (61%), that the visit could be better (59%), and the doctor showing more interest (58%). On multivariate analysis, patients who were less satisfied with SARS measures were significantly less satisfied with doctor–patient interaction (P = 0.0001). Dissatisfaction with SARS measures was associated with significant dissatisfaction for questions in all domains. Older age and non‐breast cancer patients were also less satisfied with doctor–patient interaction. Most (94%) of patients were satisfied with doctor–patient interaction, despite implementation of infectious disease prevention measures. However, patients who were dissatisfied with the SARS precautions had poorer satisfaction. In particular, physician empathy appeared to be most adversely affected. The results have relevance to any radiotherapy department preparing contingency plans in the event of infectious disease outbreaks.
Importance of radiation time and dose factors on outcome for childhood medulloblastoma*
Authors: Back M , Ahern V , Berry M , Borg M , Sexton M , Cameron F , Stevens G , Allison R , Childs J , Barton M 
Published: July 2005

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of posterior fossa radiation therapy duration (PFRTD) and relapse‐free survival (RFS) following adjuvant craniospinal RT for childhood medulloblastoma. A retrospective audit was performed assessing all children aged <18 years managed with adjuvant craniospinal RT for medulloblastoma in Australia and New Zealand in 1980–1993. Children receiving prolonged (>180 days) pre‐RT chemotherapy were excluded. Data were obtained for potential prognostic factors in domains of patient, tumour and treatment factors. Radiation therapy time factors assessed were PFRTD and time interval from surgery to commencement of RT (SRTD). The end‐point assessed was RFS and analysis was performed using Cox regression and Kaplan–Meier survival. One hundred and eighty‐nine children were identified from 10 oncology units, with data available from 182 children for analysis. Median follow up was 5.3 years. Seventy‐three per cent of children presented with disease confined to the cerebellum; 13% had initial neuraxis disease. Macroscopic resection was described in 54%; 42% received adjuvant chemotherapy. Median RT dose and RT duration to PF was 55 Gy and 45 days, respectively. Seventy‐eight relapses occurred with a 10‐year actuarial RFS of 58.2% (standard error ± 4%). On univariate analysis, increasing PF dose (P = 0.002), age >5 years (P = 0.006), and more thorough extent of surgical resection (P = 0.043) were associated with improved RFS; PFRTD (P = 0.20) and SRTD (P = 0.51) were not associated with RFS. On multivariate analysis, although both PF dose (P = 0.004) and extent of surgery (P = 0.045) remained strongly significant, RT duration was now associated with RFS (P = 0.049). Other factors assessed that did not reach significance were patient age, local tumour extent, presence of internal shunt and use of chemotherapy. The importance of local treatment factors was confirmed in this audit with established prognostic factors such as primary tumour macroscopic resection and adequate PF RT dose being associated with RFS. A treatment time effect is weakly suggested, although less significant than RT dose delivered.
Event‐related potentials as an index of similarity between words and pictures
Authors: Watson Todd D. , Azizian Allen , Berry Stephen , Squires Nancy K. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThis report examines the ERP correlates of processing nontarget stimuli that are conceptually, but not perceptually, similar to a target. In two studies, the P300 component was examined in healthy adults during a multistimulus oddball paradigm. The stimuli were pictures of five objects and their five corresponding names. Participants were required to keep a mental count of number of target presentations. In Experiment 1, the target was the word “globe.” Both the word target and the nontarget picture of the globe elicited large P300s, though the P300 to the picture was smaller in amplitude. No other stimulus elicited a prominent P300. In Experiment 2, the target was the picture of the globe, and the word was considered to be the related nontarget. Again, the target elicited a large P300. However, in this case the related nontarget stimulus failed to elicit a P300. The relevance of the data to theories of word/picture processing is discussed.
Effects of perceptual processing demands on startle eyeblink modification
Authors: Rissling Anthony J. , Dawson Michael E. , Schell Anne M. , Nuechterlein Keith H. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractStartle eyeblink modification was measured during a continuous performance test (CPT) with either clearly focused stimuli or visually degraded stimuli to measure the effects of early perceptual processing demands on startle modification. A startling noise was presented either 120, 240, or 1200 ms following target and nontarget CPT stimuli. In the degraded stimulus CPT, startle inhibition at 240 ms was greater following targets than nontargets and was as great during targets at 240 ms as at 120 ms, whereas in the clearly focused CPT, inhibition declined significantly from 120 to 240 ms. The results indicate that maximum prepulse inhibition is extended in time when the task involves discrimination of degraded visual stimuli and when early perceptual processing demands are high. At 1200 ms, targets and nontargets produced nondifferential inhibition during both CPTs, suggesting that modality‐specific attention occurred equally for the two tasks.
Positive difference in ERPs reflects independent processing of visual changes
Authors: Kimura Motohiro , Katayama Jun'ichi , Murohashi Harumitsu 
Published: July 2005

AbstractTo elucidate the nature of the processing of visual stimulus changes, ERPs were recorded while 12 participants performed an S1–S2 matching task with multifeature stimuli. Each trial consisted of two sequentially presented stimuli (S1–S2), where S2 was either the same as S1, different from S1 only in color, different only in shape, or different in both color and shape. The four trial types were presented in random order with equal probability, and participants responded to one of these types in separate blocks. Relative to the no‐change stimuli, the change stimuli elicited posterior positivity with different topography according to changing features ranging from 100 to 180 ms in all tasks. The amplitude and topography of the positivity in response to the both changes were the respective sums of those to changes in the corresponding single features. These results suggest that a feature‐specific change detection system exists in the human visual system.
Age differences in attentional control: An event‐related potential approach
Authors: Kray Jutta , Eppinger Ben , Mecklinger Axel 
Published: July 2005

AbstractWe examined age differences in event‐related potentials (ERPs) associated with attentional control of task‐set selection and response interference by means of a cue‐based switching paradigm in which participants performed the color or word Stroop task. The results of ERPs in the cue interval indicated that P3 latencies were slowed for older adults, suggesting age‐related slowing in updating currently relevant task sets. Older adults also showed a larger CNV under switching than nonswitching conditions, indicating age differences in maintaining task sets over longer periods of time. The results of target‐locked ERPs revealed a negativity to incompatible Stroop trials (Ni) that was prolonged for older adults, suggesting age differences in early conflict processing. Response‐locked ERPs showed a negative deflection to incompatible Stroop trials (CRN) only for younger adults, suggesting age differences also in response‐related conflict processing.
Distinct M50 and M100 auditory gating deficits in schizophrenia
Authors: Hanlon Faith M. , Miller Gregory A. , Thoma Robert J. , Irwin Jessica , Jones Aaron , Moses Sandra N. , Huang Mingxiong , Weisend Michael P. , Paulson Kim M. , Edgar J. Christopher , Adler Lawrence E. , Cañive Jose M. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe time course of the schizophrenia auditory gating deficit may provide clues to mechanisms of impaired cognition. Magnetoencephalography was recorded during a standard paired‐click paradigm. Using source strength of the M50 and M100 components for each click, calculated from dipole locations identified as underlying each component for the first click, a ratio of the second divided by the first was used to measure gating. Patients showed a left‐hemisphere gating deficit in M50 and a bilateral gating deficit in M100. Hypothesizing that an early deficit may affect later processing, hierarchical regression was used to examine variance shared between the components. A left‐hemisphere M100 gating deficit was coupled with the left M50 gating deficit. In contrast, a right‐hemisphere M100 gating deficit was unrelated to M50 gating in either hemisphere. Investigations of interhemisphere gating relations may clarify group differences in regional connectivity and their role in gating.
Parametric exploration of the fear‐inhibited light reflex
Authors: Hourdaki Eugenia , Giakoumaki Stella G. , Grinakis Vangelis , Theou Katerina , Karataraki Maria , Bitsios Panos 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe effect of various parameters on the mediation of the fear‐inhibited light reflex was examined. The light reflexes of 16 healthy men were measured across four light probe intensities, either in the presence of white noise alone or when the white noise was associated with the threat of either an electric shock or an acoustic sound blast. The white noise alone did not affect the light reflex amplitude. Both types of threat were subjectively anxiogenic and inhibited the light reflex across all light probe intensities, the threat of shock being more potent than the threat of sound blast. Importantly, the effect of either type of threat on the light reflex amplitude was found to increase with increasing light probe intensity, suggesting that brighter light probes may become more relevant motivationally in the threat condition, thus attracting greater allocation of attentional/cognitive resources.
Context modulation of memory for fear extinction in humans
Authors: Milad Mohammed R. , Orr Scott P. , Pitman Roger K. , Rauch Scott L. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractDistinct memories are formed during fear conditioning and subsequent extinction. In animals, the expression of the latter is gated by the context. The recall of extinction memory after a long delay, and the contextual modulation thereof, has not been directly tested in humans. Mentally healthy volunteers underwent a 2‐day fear conditioning and extinction protocol that examined the recall of extinction memory and its relationship to context. Conditioned stimuli were paired with an aversive electric shock in one visual context and extinguished in a different context. Extinction recall and renewal were examined 24 h after training. We found that skin conductance responses were small when the conditioned stimulus was presented in the extinction context, but responses were renewed when the conditioned stimulus was presented in the conditioning context. This finding demonstrates context dependency of extinction recall in humans.
ERPs of metaphoric, literal, and incongruous semantic processing in schizophrenia
Authors: Iakimova Galina , Passerieux Christine , Laurent Jean‐Paul , Hardy‐Bayle Marie‐Christine 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe ability of schizophrenia patients to access metaphorical meaning was studied on the basis of psycholinguistic models of metaphor processing. ERPs were recorded from 20 schizophrenic and 20 control participants who were asked to read metaphorical, literal, and incongruous sentences and to judge their meaningfulness. In all participants, incongruous endings to sentences evoked the most negative N400 amplitude, whereas literal endings evoked more negative N400 amplitude than metaphorical ones, consistent with the direct model of metaphor processing. Although the patients had ERPs patterns that were similar to controls, they exhibited a more negative N400 amplitude for all sentences, LPC amplitude reduction, and latency delay in both components. The results suggest that schizophrenics have no specific anomalies in accessing the meaning of metaphors but are less efficient in integrating the semantic context of all sentences—both figurative and literal.
Prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex and oculomotor control
Authors: Ettinger Ulrich , Hejda Sylvia , Flak Vanja , Corr Philip J. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractPrepulse inhibition and the suppression of reflexive saccades on the antisaccade task are thought to tap inhibitory function. Reports of a lack of association between these measures suggest that they reflect different facets of inhibition. This study aimed to reexamine this relationship in a large sample and investigate the association of prepulse inhibition with oculomotor tasks that require inhibition of a reflexive saccade with lower concurrent processing demands than antisaccades, namely the oculomotor delayed response and fixation with distractors tasks. One hundred and seven healthy volunteers took part. Prepulse inhibition was uncorrelated with oculomotor performance. The error rate was highest for antisaccades, intermediate for the delayed response task, and lowest for fixation with distractors, and was correlated across tasks. These findings provide no evidence of a relationship between prepulse inhibition and oculomotor inhibition. Failure in suppressing reflexive saccades toward a peripheral target may represent a common inhibitory component underlying these oculomotor tasks.
The Wetting of Surface‐Treated Silicone Impression Materials by Gypsum Mixes Containing Disinfectants and Modifiers
Authors: Abdelaziz Khalid M. , Combe Edward C. , Hodges James S. 
Published: July 2005

Purpose:
This work evaluated wettability of silicone impression surfaces by gypsum mixes containing disinfectants.
Materials and Methods:
Two types of dental stone were modified by mixing with aqueous solutions of either sodium hypochlorite or povidone iodine. These materials were subjected to further modification by adding a mixture of 1% gum arabic and 0.132% calcium hydroxide to reduce the water requirement of the hemihydrate. Mix consistency tests were carried out to determine the effect of the disinfectants and the modifying additives on the mix fluidity. Contact angles of the mixed materials were measured when they were poured against a polyvinylsiloxane impression material that had undergone the following treatments (1) no treatment (control), (2) surfactant treated, (3) disinfectant treated, and (4) treated with both surfactant and disinfectant. One‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out using Dunnett's method to determine if experimental groups were significantly different from the control.
Results:
Gypsum mix consistency was reduced by the presence of combined gum arabic and calcium hydroxide additives. Contact angle data showed that the additives and disinfectants incorporated into the gypsum had, in general, no beneficial effect on the wetting of an untreated silicone surface, or a surface treated with surfactant. In some instances, better wetting was obtained with disinfectant‐treated surfaces, and surfaces that had been disinfected and treated with surfactant.
Conclusions:
Fluidity of the mixed gypsum was affected by the modifying additives. Chemical disinfectants incorporated in gypsum have little effect on the wetting behavior of dental gypsum. Modifying dental stone powders with gum arabic and calcium hydroxide additives (before mixing at the manufacturers' recommended liquid/powder ratios), improved the wetting behavior of the mixed materials in some cases, but results were not consistent.
The Effect of a New Denture Adhesive on Bite Force Until Denture Dislodgement
Authors: Özcan Mutlu , Kulak Yasemin , De Baat Cees , Arikan Ayla , Ucankale Mert 
Published: July 2005

Purpose:
Denture adhesives are used to improve the denture retention and comfort of complete denture wearers. The purpose of this investigation was to establish the effect of a new denture adhesive on maximum bite force until denture dislodgement (BFDD) after adhesive application.
Materials and Methods: Fifteen denture‐wearing patients (7 female, 8 male, mean age: 64 years) were involved in the study. The BFDD measurements were performed using a disposable gnathometer with a 1 to 10 scale. During one of the treatment sessions, the maximum BFDD with the pre‐existing maxillary dentures using denture adhesive were measured. The measurements were also made at the baseline without adhesive and after the 1st, 2nd, 4th, and 6th hours following the application of the denture adhesive. The same procedure was applied to the new dentures about 2 weeks after the delivery of the dentures. The data were collected and statistically analyzed using ANOVA and Student's t‐test.
Results: Consistent improvement was observed in BFDD when adhesive was used for all time intervals from the baseline (mean: 1.54 units, 3.20 units) to 6 hours (mean: 3.99 units, 4.60 units) for both pre‐existing dentures (p= 0.003) and new dentures (p= 0.05), respectively.
Conclusions: The results of this in vivo study suggest that the denture adhesive tested could effectively increase BFDD for up to 6 hours after application.
Fluid Flow Around and Heat Transfer From an Infinite Circular Cylinder
Authors: Khan W. A. , Culham J. R. , Yovanovich M. M. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractIn this study, an integral approach of the boundary layer analysis is employed to investigate fluid flow around and heat transfer from an infinite circular cylinder. The Von Karman–Pohlhausen method is used to solve momentum integral equation and the energy integral equation is solved for both isothermal and isoflux boundary conditions. A fourth-order velocity profile in the hydrodynamic boundary layer and a third-order temperature profile in the thermal boundary layer are used to solve both integral equations. Closed form expressions are obtained for the drag and the average heat transfer coefficients which can be used for a wide range of Reynolds and Prandtl numbers. The results for both drag and heat transfer coefficients are in good agreement with experimental/numerical data for a circular cylinder.
Validation of MODIS Active Fire Detection Products Derived from Two Algorithms
Authors: Morisette Jeffrey T. , Giglio Louis , Csiszar Ivan , Setzer Alberto , Schroeder Wilfrid , Morton Douglas , Justice Christopher O. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Fire influences global change and tropical ecosystems through its connection to land-cover dynamics, atmospheric composition, and the global carbon cycle. As such, the climate change community, the Brazilian government, and the Large-Scale Biosphere–Atmosphere (LBA) Experiment in Amazonia are interested in the use of satellites to monitor and quantify fire occurrence throughout Brazil. Because multiple satellites and algorithms are being utilized, it is important to quantify the accuracy of the derived products. In this paper the characteristics of two fire detection algorithms are evaluated, both of which are applied to Terra’s Moderate Resolution Imagine Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data and with both operationally producing publicly available fire locations. The two algorithms are NASA’s operational Earth Observing System (EOS) MODIS fire detection product and Brazil’s Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE) algorithm. Both algorithms are compared to fire maps that are derived independently from 30-m spatial resolution Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) imagery. A quantitative comparison is accomplished through logistic regression and error matrices. Results show that the likelihood of MODIS fire detection, for either algorithm, is a function of both the number of ASTER fire pixels within the MODIS pixel as well as the contiguity of those pixels. Both algorithms have similar omission errors and each has a fairly high likelihood of detecting relatively small fires, as observed in the ASTER data. However, INPE’s commission error is roughly 3 times more than that of the EOS algorithm.
The Influence of Topography on the Stability of Shelfbreak Fronts
Authors: Lozier M. Susan , Reed Mark S. C. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
In an attempt to understand the degree to which the stability of a shelfbreak front, characterized by continuous horizontal and vertical shear, is affected by topography, a linear stability analysis was conducted for a range of frontal jets and bottom-slope configurations. Three-dimensional perturbations superposed on a continuously stratified shelfbreak front were investigated using linearized, hydrostatic primitive equations. For all model runs in the study, the frontal instability mode, which is the fastest-growing mode for a baroclinic flow, was not influenced by the bottom: Retrograde, prograde, and flat-bottom jets all share the same stability characteristics. In contrast, weakly baroclinic jets are strongly influenced by bottom topography. The presence of a bottom slope stabilizes prograde jets and destabilizes retrograde jets, a difference attributed to the orientation of the isopycnals relative to the bottom slope. Temporal and/or downstream changes in the bottom slope and/or background stratification are shown to produce sizeable changes in the instability of a weakly baroclinic jet.