bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Republicanism And Political Economy
Authors: Whatmore Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Jean-Baptiste Say’s intellectual career was divided by the Bourbon Restoration of 1814. Hitherto, Say had dedicated his life to the promotion of a form of republicanism that characterized one of the most important movements of the French Revolution: that of the Gironde faction as it developed between 1792 and 1793. Coming to prominence after the publication of the Traite d’economic politique in 1803, Say attempted in the book to describe a political economy supportive of the kind of republic he was committed to, adapted to the post-Terror circumstances of the Directory and the Consulate. If a republic was created in France, whose legislation embodied a republican creed adhered to by its citizens, he believed that the result would be the defeat of France’s arch-rival Britain, and the beginning of an era of happiness and prosperity across the globe.
The Republican Turn in France, 1776—1789
Authors: Whatmore Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In one of the letters Say received from Dupont de Nemours in 1815, physiocracy was described as the “science of liberty”. The most wide-ranging inference drawn by Dupont from this grand claim was that all of the beneficial effects of the French Revolution could be ascribed to Quesnay’s political economy Dupont had been propagating this belief since the early 1790s. In 1794 a letter to the editors of the revolutionary journal La Decade philosophique stated that Quesnay had “planted the tree of French liberty” which bore fruit in 1789.
Rejecting the Post-War Settlement
Authors: Whatmore Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The end of Napoleon s control over France, after military defeat at Leipzig and a speedy abdication to Elba in April 1814, was a clarion call to many intellectuals to address the question “whither France?” It was universally accepted that there would be no return to 1799; the republic of letters created in the 1790s had been sliced in two by attitudes to the First Empire. Committed philosophes such as Roederer, Garnier, and Cabanis, took a decision to follow the imperial standard, and were amply rewarded for their change of face.1 The institutions of republican intellectual discourse were no more.
‘Social Science in its Entirety’
Authors: Whatmore Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Say’s writings between 1816 and 1822 underline an interest in North American society as a model for Europe, in the face of James Madison s contention that Say was exaggerating the republic’s assets.1 They also affirm a faith in the capacity of reason-induced virtue to create a society characterized by civil equality Furthermore, Say’s work makes clear an increasing scepticism about legislators, and the resulting need to present indisputable facts about social behaviour to the nation, so that the public good everyone shared would be gradually realized. Say’s confidence in his views was growing stronger, as evinced by a request to his students to dispute with him on any issue in political economy, in order to achieve the unity of opinion he believed to be essential to progress.2 The approval he anticipated was not forthcoming. Ricardo, Malthus, and Sismondi, between 1815 and 1821, attacked Say’s notion of utility as incapable of supporting a conception of the public good powerful enough to satisfy the diverse elements of a modern nation.
Conclusion
Authors: Whatmore Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the preface to the sixth edition of the Traite d’economic politique published in 1838, Horace Say claimed that his father “had professed liberal doctrines’ from the time that “he fulfilled the role of Tribune’. This view was understandable in a country which had, in the mid-i Sjos, showed the first symptoms of a civil war between capital and labour, and which was facing anew the question of political legitimacy with the declining fortunes of the Orleans constitutional monarchy Nevertheless, it is a mistake. Along with contemporaries of every shade of political opinion, Jean-Baptiste Say used the term ‘liberal’ as an adjective and, in later life, as a noun. As I have argued earlier, using ‘liberal’ to signify a party grouping or philosophical standpoint makes no sense in France before the Restoration.1 Although he had more in common with Saint-Simon than Constant, and was closer to Charles Comte and Dunoyer than any other contemporaries, Say’s perspective was distinctive. It must be understood in the light of the failure of modern republicanism with the rise of Napoleon, and continuing reflection upon the nature and relevance to France of the British and American models of state and society.
Introduction
Authors: Messere Ken , Kam Flip de , Heady Christopher 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The book is divided into three parts. Part I deals mostly with tax trends over the last fifty years, though reference is occasionally made to the first half of the twentieth century: it addresses in turn general tax trends, the dynamics of tax revenues, public sector developments, and tax aspects of fiscal federalism. Part II discusses various pol icy choices and the arguments for and against them in respect of all the main taxes. Part III summarizes the main tax policy decisions actually taken by OECD countries, with a focus on tax policy making in recent years. It also offers some views on what might be expected to happen in the near future.
Tax Aspects of Fiscal Federalism
Authors: Messere Ken , Kam Flip de , Heady Christopher 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
‘Fiscal federalism’ is the term currently used to cover the assignment of expenditure functions and revenue-raising powers to different levels of government. Though the present chapter is primarily concerned with tax issues, it is not possible to discuss them rationally without reference to some of the more general policy issues addressed by the fiscal federalism literature.
The Institutional Infrastructure of Competition Policy
Authors: Tirole Jban 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Economists have long extolled the virtues of competition. Competition often lowers prices, enlarges product variety, and fosters innovation. It usually selects the most efficient producers. And it facilitates governance by letting daimholders benchmark their firm’s performance against that of its rivals and by threatening dormant managers with marginalization and bankruptcy. To be certain, the industrial organization literature focuses (rightly so) on the many imperfections of the competitive process, and serves as a healthy reminder to ideologues that competition is at best an instrument and not a goal per se. This literature, however, should not be used to vindicate anti-competitive policies; it should rather be a guide for designing corrections to an otherwise beneficial competitive environment.
Institutions and the orkings of the Labour Market
Authors: Nickell Stephen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Across the OECD economies there is a wide variety of labour-market institutions, some of which have changed significantly over time. Consequently we have a fair bit of information as to what works and what does not work, both with regard to employment or unemployment. and with regard to productivity. My purpose here is to summarize what we think we know and indicate the lessons that might be learned by the non-OECD world. Much of the evidence is taken from Nickell (1997) and Nickell and Layard (2000), where a vastly fuller discussion may be found. So we shall not burden this note with lots of references.
Safety Nets, Savings, and Informal Social Security Systems in Crisis-Prone Economies
Authors: Dercon Stefan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the developing world orintransition economies, large economic fluctuations, climatic shocks, and natural disasters demand further development of support systems during crises. In this paper, we discuss the role played by self-insurance (via savings) in the presence of informal social security systems. We argue that better functioning asset markets and more attractive savings instruments for the poor could make self-insurance much more effective. Finally, publicly provided safety nets should take into account their crowding-out effects on informal risk-sharing or self-insurance. We argue that minimizing crowding-out may be difficult with standard safety nets such as targeted employment schemes. Asset market support to encourage group-based savings schemes may provide a useful alternative.
Energy Crisis versus Climate Change: Is there a Lesson to be Learned?
Authors: Olli Tahvonbn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The energy crisis that began in the early 1970s and ended around the mid-1980s was becoming nothing more than a bad dream when climatologists started the discussion on climate change. One major theme in the energy crisis was the threat of fast depletion of fossil energy resources, while the problem in climate change is that this material does not disappear after it is used in energy production. In spite of this difference, these two problems have many similarities. Both are related to global energy markets, natural resources, and economists’ ability to take environmental problems seriously while focusing on empirically relevant issues. My aim is to offer a brief comparison of the energy crisis and climate change discussion from the point of view of environmental economics.
Growth and External Debt: A New Perspective on the African and Latin American Tragedies
Authors: Cohen Daniel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This paper addresses two puzzles of the growth literature-namely. the failure of standard growth equation to account for Latin American and African slow growth; and the surprising failure of trade to explain growth whereas ‘trade liberalization’ appears to play a significant role. The paper shows (1) that African growth is readily explained by macroeconomic mismanagement and low investment; (2) that ‘trade liberalization’ should be taken as a proxy of such ‘macroeconomic’ good management: rather than a genuine measure of the effect of trade upon growth, and (3) that Latin American poor growth (which does not appear to be accounted by any of the preceding feature) is well explained by a variable (constructed in the text) that represents the likelihood of debt crisis.
The French Experience of Youth Employment Programmes and Payroll Tax Exemptions
Authors: Kramarz Francis 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It may seem ironic for a French person to give opinions or advice on youth employment programmes and tax exemptions in view of the fact that the level of unemployment in France is over 11 per cent and around 25 percent among young workers. Of course, it is always difficult to resist the opportunity to give your views on the world. So, I seize this possibility with great pleasure. The outline of the chapter will be as follows. I will mostly give a summary of recent research by colleagues of mine or myself. I will start with the motivation for the discussion, then I will present the basic measures that constitute employment policy in France, in particular showing you the number of beneficiaries and levels of expenditure for the different programmes. Using recent research articles, I will try to assess the impact of these programmes on youth employment, as well as the impact of payroll tax exemptions on the employment of minimum wage workers. Finally, I will present some conclusions.
Will Japan’s Current Account Turn to Deficit?
Authors: Adams F Gerard , Gangnes Byron 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Japan’s current account has been in surplus for many years. From a Japanese perspective, the surplus has provided market outlets for Japanese manufactures and high tech products and has been the basis for capital flows into foreign investment. From the perspective of other industrial countries, the surplus has represented a source of cheap foreign savings, but has also created political pressure through job losses in import-competing sectors.
Central Banking, Financial, and Regulatory Change in Japan
Authors: Cargill Thomas F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Japan’s central banking, financial, and regulatory institutions evolved slowly from the start of industrialization in the second half of the nineteenth century, reaching maturity in the 1950s. In the 1950s and 1960s they supported an impressive record of economic growth and macroeconomic stability that elevated Japan to the second largest economy in the world. Financial and monetary institutions began to change in the second half of the 1970s in response to new economic, political, and technological forces, both internal and external to Japan, calling for a more open, competitive, and internationalized financial system.
Has Japan Specialized in the Wrong Industries?
Authors: Wolff Edward N 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Japan has slipped from being one of the fastest growing economies in the world to one of average growth. During the 1960s, labor productivity was growing at an average annual rate of 9 percent; in the 1990s, it was growing at only 3 per cent per year. Part of this slowdown reflects the transition from being a converging economy to a “frontier economy.” Indeed, most of Japan’s phenomenal productivity growth from 1960 to 1980 can be traced to technological catch-up combined with an extremely high investment rate (see Wolff, 1996).
Fertility Decline in Nepal
Authors: Collumbien Martine , Timaus Ian M , Acharya Laxmi 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Secular reductions in fertility are now a well-established feature of the demography of South Asia. Fertility began to decrease in parts oflndia in the 1960s (Preston and Mari Bhat 1984; Rele 1987). By the late 1970s, a downward trend was apparent throughout nearly the entire country. In Bangladesh, the onset of fertility decline dates back to the end of the 1970s (Cleland et al. 1994). Moreover, while claims that fertility is falling in Pakistan have repeatedly been discredited (Retherford et al. 1987), detailed analysis of the most recent surveys suggests that some decline in fertility has now occurred (Juarez and Sathar, 2001).
The Effect of Micro-Credit Programmes on the Reproductive Behaviour of Women in Rural Areas of Bangladesh
Authors: Hadi Abdullahel , Nath Samir R , Chowdhury A M R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
An extensive literature is now available on the social, economic and cultural deter minants of contraceptive use and fertility in developing countries (Dharmalingam and Morgan 1996; Koenig and Simmons 1992; Lapham and Simmons 1987; Schuler et al. 1997). However, evidence of the specific mechanisms and pathways through which societal and development factors influence reproductive behaviour is still limited (Koenig and Simmons 1992). Many studies examining the relationship between social and economic development and changing fertility aspirations still do not clearly demonstrate how women’s empowerment, which can depend on many factors and assume multiple dimensions, affects their reproductive behaviour (Mason 1995). Nevertheless, it is widely understood that the major keys to improve ments in women’s status are education and paid employment.
Son Preference in South Asia
Authors: Arnold Fred 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The preference of parents for sons has been observed to be unusually strong in the South Asian region, as well as in East Asia, the Middle East and North Africa (Arnold 1997; United Nations 1985). Virtually every study in Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka (at both the national and local levels) has found son preference to be both pervasive and largely resistant to change. Sons are valued above daughters for their economic value in providing help on the family farm or in the family business, in providing security for their parents in old age, and in carry ing on the family line. In some South Asian cultures, other important reasons for wanting sons include the receipt of dowry payments at the time of marriage and the need for sons to perform certain religious duties. For example, according to Hindu tradition, sons are needed to light the funeral pyre when their deceased parents are cremated. By performing pind daan (making offerings to Brahmins and the poor), sons can also help in the salvation of their parents’ souls.
Approximate Common Knowledge in a Search Model
Authors: Shin Hyun Song 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In a single-person decision problem, pay-offs are determined by one’s action and the state of the world. When a decision-maker receives a message which rules out some states of the world, this information can be utilized directly by disregarding these states in one’s deliberations. However, the same is not true in an environment where payoffs depend on the actions of other individuals, as well as the state of the world. Since my pay-off depends on your actions and your actions are motivated by your beliefs, I care about the range of possible beliefs you may hold. So, when I receive a message which rules out some states of the world, it may not be possible to disregard these states in my deliberations, since some of these states may carry information concerning your beliefs. Furthermore, your beliefs at these neighbouring states may depend on your beliefs concerning my beliefs at a further set of states. The reasoning does not stop here. Unless there is some feature of the framework which curtails this sequence of iterated beliefs, higher-order beliefs of all orders will be relevant for my decision now. In this way, states which are known not to have occurred may nevertheless exercise an influence on the equilibrium outcome due to such ‘infection’ of actions across the state space.
Wealth and Welfare
Authors: Dasgupta Partha 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In a little-cited 1969 article, Jim Mirrlees explored the welfare significance of real national income in a timeless, optimizing economy. Real national income had previously been interpreted as a welfare measure, but only in the context of a full optimum (e.g. Lindahl 1934; Hicks 1940). Mirrlees (1969) studied a second-best economy, of the kind subsequently made famous by Diamond and Mirrlees (1971), one which is fully competitive, but where optimum lump-sum transfers are not feasible.
Non-linear Utility Pricing and Targeting the Poor
Authors: Kanbur Ravi , Tarkiainen Ritva , Tuomala Matti 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
With the accelerated move towards privatization of public utilities in developing countries, some old issues on public-utility pricing and the poor have re-emerged. Among the arguments for privatization are (a) increasing the efficiency of management by insulating it from political pressures on day operations (e.g. hiring and firing decisions) and (b) greater economic efficiency by linking pricing to costs through the profit motive. And yet there are sufficient concerns about the possible impact of untrammelled market forces in these sensitive sectors, particularly about the distributional impact of pricing decisions, that privatization under the framework of regulation and oversight is an attractive alternative to completely free markets. The sorts of regulations that might be considered are to do with broad guidelines on pricing structure, and on crosssubsidization across groups.
Decision-Making Under Uncertainty
Authors: Eichberger Jürgen , Harper Ian , Pfeil Christian , Scheid Florian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Exercises in this chapter illustrate the basic concepts of decision-making under uncertainty. They serve also to familiarize you with properties of the expected utility function and show how to apply the expected utility approach to a portfolio choice problem. Exercise 1 provides an example of how to construct ‘acts’, i.e. state contingent outcomes, and how acts, together with a probability distribution over states, induce ‘lotteries’ over outcomes. Example 2 uses the famous Allais paradox in order to demonstrate how one can construct new lotteries by compounding lotteries. Several ways to represent expected utility preferences in diagrams are illustrated in Exercise 3. The relationship between the expected utility approach and the meanvariance approach are explored in Exercise 4. Von Neumann-Morgenstern utility index functions representing constant absolute and relative risk aversion are the focus of Exercise 5. In Exercises 6 and 7 we analyse the same portfolio choice problem, first in the expected utility framework and then under the mean-variance approach.
Portfolio Choice
Authors: Eichberger Jürgen , Harper Ian , Pfeil Christian , Scheid Florian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The exercises in this chapter study an asset market system, first, as a pure asset exchange equilibrium and, second, as a mean-variance equilibrium. In its form as a mean-variance equilibrium, the important CAPM formula can be derived. For these results, one needs to manipulate the expected value and variance of a portfolio. It is important to distinguish these concepts from the expected value and the variance of a single asset.
Exercise 1 studies a simple economy with two consumers and two states of the world. Consumers have constant relative risk aversion of 1. Two systems of asset markets are considered: (i) state-contingent contracts and (ii) assets with arbitrary pay-offs. The exercise shows that both market systems can achieve efficient allocations. Exercise 2 shows that convex combinations of portfolios generate new portfolios. For the special case of two assets, of which one is riskless, we derive the curve of the mean-variance combinations of portfolios.
Deposit Contracts and Banking
Authors: Eichberger Jürgen , Harper Ian , Pfeil Christian , Scheid Florian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we study an economy with long-term illiquid assets and short-term liquid assets. In this world, we consider consumers with unknown liquidity needs. Liquidity needs of the consumers are their private knowledge. Hence contracts can be dependent on the liquidity needs of a consumer only if they respect these information constraints. A bank deposit contract can constitute an optimal contract subject to these information constraints.
Exercise 1 studies the choices open to a consumer if there is no deposit contract available. In Exercise 2 a bank investment policy is given and feasible withdrawals are studied. Exercise 3 raises a number of questions relating to the bank model with intermediate information about the success of the long-term investment.
Modern Irish Republicanism and the Belfast Agreement: Chickens Coming Home to Roost, or Turkeys Celebrating Christmas?
Authors: McIntyre Anthony 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The peace process in the North of Ireland has occasioned considerable debate as to whether or not Provisional republicanism has undergone a major transformation. While some unionists may reassure themselves with a rhetorical question—’Why do Martin McGuinness and Bairbre de Brun maintain the illusion that they are inheritors of Sean Russell’s Irish Republic rather than Ministers of the British Crown?’—there has clearly been a deep unionist mistrust of republican motives. John Taylor, the deputy leader of the Ulster Unionist party, for instance has claimed that republicans were never sincere about the peace accord. On the other hand Danny Morrison, the former Sinn Féin publicity director, has been effusive in his praise for the ‘peacemakers’ in the republican leadership.