bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diffusion creep and partial melting in high temperature mylonitic gneisses, Hope Valley shear zone, New England Appalachians, USA
Authors: Garlick S. R. , Gromet L. P. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractField, petrographic, microstructural and isotopic studies of mylonitic gneisses and associated pegmatites along the Hope Valley shear zone in southern Rhode Island indicate that late Palaeozoic deformation (c. 275 Ma) in this zone occurred at very high temperatures (>650 °C). High‐energy cuspate/lobate phase boundary microstructures, a predominance of equant to sub‐equant grains with low internal lattice strain, and mixed phase distributions indicate that diffusion creep was an important and possibly predominant deformation mechanism. Field and petrographic evidence are consistent with the presence of an intergranular melt phase during deformation, some of which collected into syntectonic pegmatites. Rb/Sr isotopic analyses of tightly sampled pegmatites and wall rocks confirm that the pegmatites were derived as partial melts of the immediately adjacent, isotopically heterogeneous mylonitic gneisses. The presence of syntectonic interstitial melts is inferred to have permitted a switch from dislocation creep to melt‐enhanced diffusion creep as the dominant mechanism in these relatively coarse‐grained mylonitic gneisses (200–500 µm syn‐deformational grain size). A switch to diffusion creep would lead to significant weakening, and may explain why the Hope Valley shear zone evolved into a major regional tectonic boundary. This work identifies conditions under which diffusion creep operates in naturally deformed granitic rocks and illuminates the deformation processes involved in the development of a tectonic boundary between two distinct Late Proterozoic (Avalonian) basement terranes.
Women's Issues of Migraine in Tertiary Care
Authors: Kelman Leslie 
Published: January 2004

Objective.—To document the frequency and types of symptoms of migraine in a large group of female migraineurs in tertiary care.Background.—Hormonal changes remain a significant accompaniment in the life cycle of the female migraineur. Little is documented on the relationship of women's issues to other features of migraine or to the lives of patients with migraine. Successful management of migraine mandates attention to women's issues from menarche to beyond menopause. The more information available to this end, the more confidently the clinician can prognosticate, guide, and treat the female patient.Methods.—Women's issues were evaluated in 504 women with migraine diagnosed according to the criteria of the International Headache Society (codes 1.1 and 1.2). The variables graded on a scale of 0 to 3 at the initial visit included premenstrual syndrome, menopausal symptoms, use of birth control pills, use of hormone replacement therapy, hormonal triggering of headaches, worsening of headaches with birth control pills or hormone replacement therapy, headaches with menses only, headaches with menses and at other times, headaches in pregnancy, headaches unchanged in pregnancy, headaches worse in pregnancy, and headaches better in pregnancy. These variables were stratified by age and headache diagnosis.Results.—Premenstrual syndrome was reported in 68.7% of patients, menopausal symptoms in 29.0%, and headaches attributed to birth control pills or hormone replacement therapy in 24.4% of patients. Sixty‐four point nine percent of women had headaches with menses as well as at other times, while 3.4% of women had headaches exclusively with menses. A pregnancy was reported in 61.3% of the women; 20.4% did not experience headache in pregnancy. Of the 79.6% who did experience headache, 17.8% reported that headaches improved in pregnancy, 27.8% reported headaches to be unchanged, and 34% reported a worsening of headaches. Hormone replacement therapy or birth control pills triggered headaches in 64% of the study group. Patients with 100% aura were significantly different from patients with 0% aura, being less likely to have headaches worsening with birth control pills or hormone replacement therapy (P < .01) and more likely to have headaches occurring during pregnancy (P < .05). When patients with 100% aura were matched for age, headache frequency, use of birth control pills or hormone replacement therapy, and use of prophylactic medications with patients having 0% aura, the former were significantly less likely to have menopausal symptoms (P < .05), less likely to have headaches worsening with birth control pills or hormone replacement therapy (P < .01), and more likely to have headaches occurring only during pregnancy (P < .05).Conclusions.—This study provides a documentation of women's issues in a large cohort of patients. Stratification by headache type, presence of aura, and age refine the study.
Consequences of Transforming Measures of Efficacy for Acute Therapies: 5‐HT1B/1D Agonists as a Worked Example
Authors: Fox Anthony W. , Keywood Charlotte , Sheftell Fred D. , Spierings Egilius L. H. 
Published: January 2004

Objective.—To examine whether the distributions of active and placebo response rates change after transformation into therapeutic gains, numbers needed to treat, and therapeutic ratios for 51 published clinical trials of 5‐HT1B/1D agonists in the acute treatment of migraine.Background.—Acute migraine therapies have been compared using meta‐analysis. Before pooling the results of noncontemporaneous clinical trials for meta‐analysis, reconciliation of active response rates with concurrent placebo controls is done because of fluctuations in placebo response rates. The 3 common methods of reconciliation are to find for each clinical trial the therapeutic gain, the number needed to treat, or the therapeutic ratio.Methods.—Raw active and placebo response rates were tabulated and displayed as histograms. The distributions of the therapeutic gains, numbers needed to treat, and therapeutic ratios were similarly plotted. These distributions were then compared with normal distributions using chi‐squared goodness‐of‐fit methodology.Results.—The distribution of active response rates was consistent with a normal distribution (passing a goodness‐of‐fit test). Placebo response rates were not normally distributed. The distribution of therapeutic gains failed a test of normality (P= .018), as did the numbers needed to treat (P < .001); the skews of these distributions were toward opposite ends of the scale for relative efficacy. The therapeutic ratios also failed a test for normality, but passed a test for log‐normal distribution.Conclusion.—Choice of transformation is a potential source of bias in meta‐analysis of acute migraine therapies.
Treatment of Primary Headache Disorders With Intravenous Valproate: Initial Outpatient Experience
Authors: Stillman Mark J. , Zajac Deborah , Rybicki Lisa A. 
Published: January 2004

Objective.—To evaluate the effectiveness of intravenous valproate in managing moderate to severe headaches.Background.—Despite major strides in the understanding of primary headache disorders, there have been few additions to acute headache management other than introduction of the triptans. An intravenous antiepileptic preparation, sodium valproate, has been reported to be effective in the management of status epilepticus and acute headache.Methods.—Between March 13, 2000 and October 11, 2000, we prospectively treated, in a nonrandomized and open‐label study, every patient with a moderate to severe headache (4 or greater on a visual analog scale of head pain from 1 to 10) who wanted treatment with intravenous valproate. Using a verbal visual analog scale for pain (0 = no headache and 10 = most severe headache), we measured head pain before treatment and at time of discharge. The treating nurse monitored vital signs and side effects. A positive response was defined as a 50% or greater reduction at discharge in baseline pain. Information was collected regarding patient demographics, type of headache (according to criteria of the International Headache Society and that recently proposed for chronic headache), observation time in the treatment suite, cumulative dose of valproate, and use of concurrent medications. Univariable and multivariable correlates of response to treatment were identified using logistic regression analysis.Results.—One hundred thirty treatments were given to 89 women and 17 men, aged 17 to 76 years; 92 patients received only one treatment. Valproate doses ranged between 300 and 1200 mg. Thirty‐three patients (31%) presented with episodic migraine, with or without aura; 45 patients (42%) presented with chronic daily headache with a history of episodic migraine, with or without aura (transformed migraine); 22 (21%) with unclassifiable chronic headache; 2 (2%) with episodic cluster headache; and 4 (4%) with chronic tension‐type headache. For first treatments only, 61 patients (57.5%) responded to treatment, whereas for all treatments, 82 patients (63.1%) responded. Age and gender did not affect likelihood of response, whereas increasing duration of treatment (P= .003) and the additional use of analgesics (P= .021) were each negatively associated with response. Among headache types, unclassifiable chronic headache segregated from all other classified headaches in terms of poor response. Aside from rare dizziness (n = 2) and one spell interpreted as a pseudoseizure, no side effects were noted.Conclusions.—Intravenous valproate is a safe, rapidly effective, abortive headache agent. It appears to be an effective analgesic for identifiable primary headaches, especially episodic headache, and less effective for unclassifiable chronic headache. Randomized, double‐blind, controlled studies are warranted.
Migraine: A Chronic Sympathetic Nervous System Disorder
Authors: Peroutka Stephen J. 
Published: January 2004

Objective.—To determine the degree of diagnostic and clinical similarity between chronic sympathetic nervous system disorders and migraine.Background.—Migraine is an episodic syndrome consisting of a variety of clinical features that result from dysfunction of the sympathetic nervous system. During headache‐free periods, migraineurs have a reduction in sympathetic function compared to nonmigraineurs. Sympathetic nervous system dysfunction is also the major feature of rare neurological disorders such as pure autonomic failure and multiple system atrophy. There are no known reports in the medical literature, however, comparing sympathetic nervous system function in individuals with migraine, pure autonomic failure, and multiple system atrophy.Methods.—A detailed review of the literature was performed to compare the results of a wide variety of diagnostic tests and clinical signs that have been described in these 3 heretofore unrelated disorders.Results.—The data indicate that migraine shares significant diagnostic and clinical features with both pure autonomic failure and multiple system atrophy, yet represents a distinct subtype of chronic sympathetic dysfunction. Migraine is most similar to pure autonomic failure in terms of reduced supine plasma norepinephrine levels, peripheral adrenergic receptor supersensitivity, and clinical symptomatology directly related to sympathetic nervous system dysfunction. The peripheral sympathetic nervous system dysfunction is much more severe in pure autonomic failure than in migraine. Migraine differs from both pure autonomic failure and multiple system atrophy in that migraineurs retain the ability, although suboptimal, to increase plasma norepinephrine levels following physiological stressors.Conclusions.—The major finding of the present study is that migraine is a disorder of chronic sympathetic dysfunction, sharing many diagnostic and clinical characteristics with pure autonomic failure and multiple system atrophy. However, the sympathetic nervous system dysfunction in migraine differs from pure autonomic failure and multiple system atrophy in that occurs in an anatomically intact system. It is proposed that the sympathetic dysfunction in migraine relates to an imbalance of sympathetic co‐transmitters. Specifically, it is suggested that a migraine attack is characterized by a relative depletion of sympathetic norepinephrine stores in conjunction with an increase in the release of other sympathetic cotransmitters such as dopamine, prostaglandins, adenosine triphosphate, and adenosine. An enhanced understanding of the sympathetic dysfunction in migraine may help to more effectively diagnose, prevent, and/or treat migraine and other types of headache.
Changes of Cerebrovascular Response to Visual Stimulation in Migraineurs After Repetitive Sessions of Somatosensory Stimulation (Acupuncture): A Pilot Study
Authors: Bäcker M. , Hammes M. , Sander D. , Funke D. , Deppe M. , Tölle T. R. , Dobos G. J. 
Published: January 2004

Objectives.—To evaluate the effect of repetitive somatosensory stimulation (acupuncture) on cerebrovascular response in migraineurs by functional transcranial Doppler.Methods.—Changes of cerebral blood flow velocity in the right posterior and left middle cerebral arteries were measured by functional transcranial Doppler during visual stimulation (flickering light over 57 seconds) in 10 migraineurs before and after 10 acupuncture sessions. The same stimulation paradigm was performed in 10 control subjects. Cerebral blood flow velocity data were analyzed with a previously validated technique based on automated stimulus‐related averaging. To evaluate the clinical effect of the treatment, a headache diary monitored the frequency and intensity of the migraine attacks. A positive treatment effect was defined as a reduction of at least 50% in the attack frequency or the mean headache intensity (or both).Results.—Before treatment, migraineurs showed overshooting cerebral blood flow velocity changes at the beginning and at the end of the stimulation and a delayed decline to baseline compared with control subjects. After treatment, this response pattern was significantly diminished (P≤ .05) in those who benefited from treatment (n = 6). Those who did not benefit from treatment (n = 4) showed a significantly (P≤ .05) more marked alteration of the cerebral blood flow velocity pattern.Conclusions.—Data indicate that repetitive somatosensory stimulation (acupuncture) might positively influence the abnormal cerebrovascular response in migraineurs. In a subgroup of migraineurs, however, the dysfunction of the cerebrovascular system might deteriorate under the treatment.
The effect of swirl flow in an immersion nozzle on the heat and fluid flow in a billet continuous casting mold
Authors: Yokoya S. , Jönsson P. G. , Sasaki K. , Tada K. , Takagi S. , Iguchi M. 
Published: January 2004

A numerical analysis and a water model study of the mold region of a billet continuous caster was performed with a novel injection concept using swirling flow in the pouring tube, to control the heat and mass transfer in the continuous casting mold. The following results were found:

A weak impinging flow can be observed near the corner of the mold wall, which results in the promotion of uniform heat and mass transfer all around across the plane, particularly at the casting corner.
An upward flow directed from the vicinity of the nozzle outlet to the meniscus can be observed near the corner of the upper part of the mold, which leads to the active heat and mass transfer into the meniscus.
A uniform velocity and heat distribution can be obtained within a short distance of 200 mm downward from the outlet of the nozzle.
Quite different mold flow patterns are observed between the divergent and straight immersion nozzles. Heat and mass transport in the mold using the divergent nozzle is much more reasonable than that using the straight nozzle.
L2(Σ)‐regularity of the boundary to boundary operator B∗L for hyperbolic and Petrowski PDEs
Authors: Lasiecka I. , Triggiani R. 
Published: January 2004

This paper takes up and thoroughly analyzes a technical mathematical issue in PDE theory, while—as a by‐pass product—making a larger case. The technical issue is the L2(Σ)‐regularity of the boundary → boundary operator B∗L for (multidimensional) hyperbolic and Petrowski‐type mixed PDEs problems, where L is the boundary input → interior solution operator and B is the control operator from the boundary. Both positive and negative classes of
distinctive PDE illustrations are exhibited and proved. The larger case to be made is that hard analysis PDE energy methods are the tools of the trade—not soft analysis methods. This holds true not only to analyze B∗L, but also to establish three inter‐related cardinal results: optimal PDE regularity, exact controllability, and uniform stabilization. Thus, the paper takes a critical view on a spate of “abstract” results in “infinite‐dimensional systems theory,” generated by unnecessarily complicated and highly limited “soft” methods, with no apparent awareness of the high degree of restriction of the abstract assumptions made—far from necessary—as well as on how to verify them in the case of multidimensional dynamical systems such as PDEs.The operator B*L for the wave equation with
Dirichlet controldx.doi.org/10.1155/S1085337504404011
Lipid rafts are necessary for tonic inhibition of cellular tissue factor procoagulant activity
Authors: Dietzen Dennis J. , Page Keith L. , Tetzloff Tina A. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractA fraction of total cellular tissue factor procoagulant activity remains masked or “encrypted” in intact cells. Decryption of this activity partly involves the extracellular exposure of anionic phospholipids such as phosphatidylserine. Because of the potential association of tissue factor and phospholipid scramblase activity with lipid rafts, we have explored the role of lipid rafts in regulating factor VIIa/tissue factor activity. In HEK293 cells, tissue factor antigen was not stably associated with lipid rafts, yet disruption of rafts with methyl-β-cyclodextrin resulted in a 3-fold stimulation of tissue factor procoagulant activity. Treatment with methyl-β-cyclodextrin was not associated with cytotoxicity and did not result in the exposure of additional tissue factor antigen. Factor VIIa/tissue factor activity decrypted with methyl-β-cyclodextrin was quantitatively similar to that obtained by using lytic concentrations of octyl glucoside but more sensitive to inhibition by cell surface tissue factor pathway inhibitor and the phospholipid binding protein, annexin V. Partial decryption of tissue factor was achieved with methyl-β-cyclodextrin prior to complete disruption of lipid rafts, suggesting the role of an enzyme localized to lipid rafts in the transbilayer transport of phosphatidylserine. We conclude that lipid rafts are required for the maintenance of cellular tissue factor in an encrypted state. (Blood. 2004;103:3038-3044)
Reprogramming of human postmitotic neutrophils into macrophages by growth factors
Authors: Araki Hiroto , Katayama Naoyuki , Yamashita Yoshihiro , Mano Hiroyuki , Fujieda Atsushi , Usui Eiji , Mitani Hidetsugu , Ohishi Kohshi , Nishii Kazuhiro , Masuya Masahiro , Minami Nobuyuki , Nobori Tsutomu , Shiku Hiroshi 
Published: January 2004

AbstractIt is generally recognized that postmitotic neutrophils give rise to polymorphonuclear neutrophils alone. We obtained evidence for a lineage switch of human postmitotic neutrophils into macrophages in culture. When the CD15+CD14- cell population, which predominantly consists of band neutrophils, was cultured with granulocyte macrophage–colony-stimulating factor, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, and interleukin-4, and subsequently with macrophage colony-stimulating factor alone, the resultant cells had morphologic, cytochemical, and phenotypic features of macrophages. In contrast to the starting population, they were negative for myeloperoxidase, specific esterase, and lactoferrin, and they up-regulated nonspecific esterase activity and the expression of macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor, mannose receptor, and HLA-DR. CD15+CD14- cells proceeded to macrophages through the CD15-CD14- cell population. Microarray analysis of gene expression also disclosed the lineage conversion from neutrophils to macrophages. Macrophages derived from CD15+CD14- neutrophils had phagocytic function. Data obtained using 3 different techniques, including Ki-67 staining, bromodeoxyuridine incorporation, and cytoplasmic dye labeling, together with the yield of cells, indicated that the generation of macrophages from CD15+CD14- neutrophils did not result from a contamination of progenitors for macrophages. Our data show that in response to cytokines, postmitotic neutrophils can become macrophages. This may represent another differentiation pathway toward macrophages in human postnatal hematopoiesis. (Blood. 2004;103:2973-2980)
Identification of quantitative trait loci that modify the severity of hereditary spherocytosis in wan, a new mouse model of band-3 deficiency
Authors: Peters Luanne L. , Swearingen Rebecca A. , Andersen Sabra G. , Gwynn Babette , Lambert Amy J. , Li Renhua , Lux Samuel E. , Churchill Gary A. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractDefects in red blood cell (RBC) membrane skeleton components cause hereditary spherocytosis (HS). Clinically, HS varies significantly even among individuals with identical gene defects, illustrating the profound effects of genetic background on disease severity. We exploited a new spontaneous mouse model, wan, which arose on the inbred C3H/HeJ strain, to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) that modify the HS phenotype. Homozygous wan mice have severe HS due to a complete deficiency of erythroid band 3. A QTL analysis of RBC count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin content (MCHC) was performed in wan/wan mice from an F2 intercross between C3H/HeJ+/wan and CAST/Ei+/+ F1 hybrids. Hematologic and survival data from C3H, CAST/Ei F2 wan homozygotes support the hypothesis that genetic modifiers significantly influence the band-3 null HS phenotype. Significant QTL were identified for the MCV trait only, suggesting that RBC membrane characteristics are a target for modifier gene action. The most significant quantitative trait locus, Hsm1 (hereditary spherocytosis modifier 1), localizes to mouse Chromosome 12 and is dominant. The peak LOD score was obtained with a marker for Spnb1 encoding erythroid β-spectrin, an obvious candidate gene. (Blood. 2004;103: 3233-3240)
Antigen-selected, immunoglobulin-secreting cells persist in human spleen and bone marrow
Authors: Ellyard Julia I. , Avery Danielle T. , Phan Tri Giang , Hare Nathan J. , Hodgkin Philip D. , Tangye Stuart G. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractPlasma cells (PCs) represent the final stage of B-cell differentiation and are devoted to the production of immunoglobulin (Ig). Perturbations to their development can result in human disorders characterized by PC expansion and hypergammaglobulinemia. Ig-secreting cells (ISCs) have been identified in secondary lymphoid tissues and bone marrow (BM). Most ISCs in lymphoid tissue are short-lived; in contrast, ISCs that migrate to the BM become long-lived PCs and continue to secrete immunoglobulin for extended periods. However, a small population of long-lived PCs has been identified in rodent spleen, suggesting that PCs may persist in secondary lymphoid tissue and that the spleen, as well as the BM, plays an important role in maintaining long-term humoral immunity. For these reasons, we examined ISCs in human spleen and identified a population that appears analogous to long-lived rodent splenic PCs. Human splenic ISCs shared morphologic, cellular, molecular, and functional characteristics with long-lived PCs in BM, demonstrating their commitment to the PC lineage. Furthermore, the detection of highly mutated immunoglobulin V region genes in splenic ISCs suggested they are likely to be antigen-selected and to secrete high-affinity immunoglobulin. Thus, our results suggest that splenic ISCs have an important role in humoral immunity and may represent the affected cell type in some B-cell dyscrasias.