bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
1 Creating Sensor Systems for Real Time Animal Management
Authors: Brown-Brandl Tami M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sustainable animal production needs to consider all aspects of sustainability: economic, environmental, and social. Important aspects include 1) waste and odor management, greenhouse gas emissions; 2) animal care and well-being, labor needs, worker safety, and satisfaction; 3) careful use of antibiotics, food safety, and foreign animal disease; and 4) all while the producer needs to make the business show a profit. New technological approaches for building management, animal monitoring, and care should be carefully considered to help satisfy these pressures and concerns. Increases in computing power, sensor systems, and modeling techniques lend themselves to technological advancements in animal agriculture. Research has shown promising results for implementing multiple sensor systems. Precision animal management systems use a variety of sensors to capture real-time data on individual animals and new modeling techniques to process the data into valuable information to aid management decisions. However, data streams from different sources can be problematic. This presentation aims to provide an understanding of current and future technologies and the advantages, difficulties, and pitfalls of processing and combining different types of real-time data. Current technologies used in precision animal management systems include sound, images, and radio frequency identification (RFID) systems. Steps to a successful system include 1) evaluating the needs of the producers and the animals, 2) selecting appropriate sensors, and 3) understanding both the value and the limitation of the captured data and the data processing.
172 Effects of Anesthetic and Analgesic Administration at Castration on the Dry Matter and Water Intake, Growth, Feed Efficiency, and Carcass Characteristics of Beef Steers
Authors: Kovarna Madison , Mucciante Michele , Smith Zachary K , Wright Cody 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of anesthetic and analgesic administration at castration on the dry matter and water intake, growth, feed efficiency, and carcass characteristics of beef steers. Angus (n = 14) and Simmental x Angus (n = 12) bulls (200 to 278 days of age) were randomly assigned to 2 treatments by breed. Control (CON) bulls were castrated by elastration with no pain management. Pain managed (PM) bulls were castrated by elastration, but also received an anesthetic (lidocaine + 10% sodium bicarbonate; 15 to 20 mL) injection and an oral analgesic (meloxicam; 0.992 mg per kg BW). Initial BW = 325.4 ± 36.9 kg and 299.3 ± 48.2 kg for CON and PM bulls, respectively. Steers were provided with ad libitum access to feed and water using an Insentec RIC system (Hokofarm, Marknesse, Netherlands). Beginning 2 weeks after castration, steers received 2 diets containing increasing energy concentrations at weekly intervals until reaching a finishing diet. Steers were implanted 28 d after castration. Dry matter intake (DMI), diet water intake (DWI), liquid water intake (LWI), and total water intake (TWI) were collected from d -7 to d 195. Depression scores were determined at 6, 18, and 30 h after castration. Body weights were collected on d -7, d 0, d 7, d 14, d 21, d 28, and d 195. Camera carcass data and USDA Yield and Quality Grades were collected at slaughter. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS and significance was declared at P &lt; 0.05. Dry matter intake, water intake, and BW were analyzed by periods beginning 1 week before castration (d -7 to d -1). Periods 2, 3, and 4 were the weeks following castration (d 0 to d 6, d 7 to d 13, and d 14 to d 20, respectively). Period 5 was from d 21 to d 195 and overall was from d 0 to d 195. Dry matter intake, DWI, LWI and TWI were unaffected by treatment. Average daily gain (P = 0.0178) and G:F (P = 0.0130) were influenced by treatment x period interactions. Pain managed steers gained faster (ADG: 1.26 vs 0.48 kg/d; P = 0.0069) and more efficiently (G:F: 0.148 vs 0.051; P = 0.0032) than CON cattle in the week following castration. Depression scores, carcass characteristics, overall ADG, and overall feed and water intake were not different. Pain management at time of castration improves ADG and G:F in the short term; however, the effects are not different over the duration of the feeding period. Further research is needed to determine the best method of castration pain management for beef cattle.
174 Longitudinal Assessment of Prevalence and Incidence of Salmonella and Escherichia Coli O157 Resistance to Antimicrobials in Feedlot Cattle Sourced and Finished in Two Regions of the U.S
Authors: Dornbach Colten W , Hales Kristin E , Gubbels Erin R , Wells James E , Hoffman Ashley A , Hanratty Ashlee Noelle , Line Dalton J , Smock Taylor M , Manahan Jeff L , McDaniel Zach S , Kohl Kesley B , Burdick Sanchez Nicole C , Carroll Jeffery A , Rusche Warren C , Smith Zachary K , Broadway Paul R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The objective was to investigate the influence of cattle origin and region of finishing on the prevalence of Salmonella, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and select antimicrobial resistance in E. coli populations. Yearling heifers (n = 190) were utilized in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Heifers (n = 98) in the northern region were sourced from South Dakota (SD) while heifers (n = 92) in the southern region were sourced from Texas (TX). After feedlot arrival in each respective region, fecal Salmonella prevalence was determined, and heifers were sorted into 1 of 4 treatments: heifers sourced from SD and finished in SD (SD-SD); heifers sourced from SD and finished in TX (SD-TX); heifers sourced from TX and finished in SD (TX-SD); heifers sourced from TX and finished in TX (TX-TX). Transport for SD-TX and TX-SD heifers occurred on d 0. Fecal, pen, and water scum line (WSL) samples were collected longitudinally throughout the study; hide and subiliac lymph node (SLN) samples were collected at study end (d 78 for heifers finished in TX and d 90 for heifers finished in SD). A treatment × time interaction was observed (P ≤ 0.01) for fecal Salmonella prevalence, with prevalence being greatest for TX-TX and TX-SD heifers before transport. From d 14 through study end, prevalence was greatest for TX-TX and SD-TX heifers compared with SD-SD and TX-SD heifers. The TX-SD heifers had a 72% decrease in Salmonella prevalence from d 1 to harvest, whereas the SD-TX heifers had a 2,200% increase in Salmonella prevalence from d 1 to harvest. Salmonella prevalence on hides were greater (P ≤ 0.01) for heifers finished in TX compared with SD. Salmonella prevalence in SLN tended (P = 0.06) to be greater in TX-TX and SD-TX heifers compared with TX-SD and SD-SD. Fecal E. coli O157:H7 prevalence had a treatment × time interaction (P = 0.04), with SD-TX prevalence being greater than TX-SD on d 56 and SD-SD and TX-TX being intermediate. A treatment × time interaction was observed for fecal trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-resistant and cefotaxime-resistant E. coli O157:H7 prevalence (P ≤ 0.01). Overall, these data suggest region of finishing influences pathogenic bacterial shedding patterns, with the initial 14 d after feedlot arrival being critical for pathogen carriage.
200 The Effects of Whole Hemp Seed Supplementation on Health Status, Voluntary Physical Activity, Fecal Quality, and Fermentative End-Products in Healthy Adult Dogs
Authors: Finet Shannon E , Vargas Krystal A , Riggins Chance , de Godoy Maria R C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cultivation and utilization of hemp and hemp-derived products have increased at a rapid pace since the enactment of the 2018 farm bill which provided changes in regulation related to cannabis. Although there are three hemp-derived ingredients that have been generally recognized as safe status for human consumption by the FDA, no ingredients have been approved by the FDA for consumption by companion animals or defined by AAFCO. Hemp seeds have the potential to act as a rich source of plant protein, polyunsaturated fatty-acids, and dietary fiber in companion animal nutrition. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementing ground whole hemp seed in a baked chew on voluntary physical activity, fecal characteristics, fermentative-end products, and overall health status in healthy adult dogs. All animal procedures were approved by the University of Illinois Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee and were in accordance with the United States Public Health Service Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Thirty adult beagle dogs were used in a complete randomized design, with ten dogs assigned to each treatment. The dogs were fed the same commercially available, complete and balanced diet and were supplemented with one of three baked chews containing either a high inclusion of ground hemp seed (50%), a low inclusion of ground hemp seed (25%), or cellulose. The baked chews were fed at a level of 10% of the daily intake for 28 d and were formulated to be similar in macronutrient composition, approximately 25% fat, 20% protein, and 25% total dietary fiber. Duration and intensity of voluntary physical activity was measured using activity monitors for 4 d before supplementation and at the end of the supplementation period (d 24 to 27). Fasted blood and a fresh fecal sample were taken on d 0, 14, and 28 to monitor health status, blood variables, fecal characteristics and fermentative-end product concentrations. The baked chews were well accepted by the dogs with minimal intake refusals, and all dogs remained clinically healthy for the duration of the experimental period. No differences in fecal score or fecal pH were observed among the treatment groups (P &gt; 0.05). The treatment did not have an effect on fecal concentrations of volatile fatty acids including acetate, propionate, butyrate, valerate, isovalerate, and isobutyrate (P &gt; 0.05). Concentrations of fecal ammonia, phenols, and indoles were also similar among the groups (P &gt; 0.05). No adverse effects were observed, and the data suggest that in a baked chew the whole ground hemp seed was comparable to the cellulose control.
195 Restricted Feeding and Weight Loss Change Fecal Metabolite Concentrations and Microbiota Populations of Overweight Cats
Authors: Opetz Danielle , Oba Patricia Massae , Kostiuk Darcia , Kelly Janelle , Swanson Kelly S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Feline obesity negatively influences many metabolic processes, health outcomes, and the individual well-being of cats, but little research evaluates the modification in gastrointestinal microbiota in an overweight state. The use of specially formulated diets and restricted feeding, resulting in subsequent body weight (BW) loss, may be used to improve health and modify gastrointestinal microbiota of overweight cats. This study aimed to identify and determine the effects of restricted feeding and BW loss on fecal metabolite concentrations and microbiota populations of overweight cats. All procedures were approved by the University of Illinois IACUC before experimentation. Twenty-two overweight adult spayed female and neutered male cats [BW = 5.70 ± 1.0 kg; BCS = 7.68±0.6; age = 4 ± 0.4 yr] were used in a 24-wk BW loss study. A control diet (OR) was fed during a 4-wk baseline to identify intake needed to maintain BW. After baseline (wk 0), cats were allotted to OR or a BW loss diet (FT) and fed to lose ~1.0% BW/wk. Fecal samples were collected at baseline (wk 0), and weeks 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 for microbiota and metabolite analyses. Fecal microbiota data were analyzed and evaluated using QIIME2 and Mixed Models procedure of SAS, with P &lt; 0.05 considered significant. Change from baseline fecal acetate, propionate, butyrate, total short-chain fatty acid, isobutyrate, valerate, phenol, indole, and total phenol and indole concentrations were reduced (P &lt; 0.05) with restricted feeding and BW loss. Change from baseline fecal scores and valerate concentrations were also affected by diet, with greater (P &lt; 0.05) reductions occurring in cats fed OR than those fed FT. Change from baseline fecal pH was also greater (P = 0.05) in cats fed OR than those fed FT. Fecal bacterial alpha diversity was not affected by diet or restricted feeding and BW loss. However, fecal bacterial beta diversity, assessed by weighted and unweighted UniFrac distances and presented as principal coordinate plots, showed separation between dietary groups, with some significant clustering as a result of restricted feeding and weight loss. The relative abundances of a single fecal bacterial phylum and 5 fecal bacterial genera were impacted by restricted feeding and weight loss. Diet had a greater effect, with 3 fecal bacterial phyla and 19 fecal bacterial genera being different (P &lt; 0.05) between dietary treatment groups. Our data demonstrate that restricted feeding of specially formulated diets, and subsequent BW loss, modifies the fecal metabolite profiles and microbiota populations of overweight cats. The mechanisms by which these changes may affect feline gastrointestinal health and metabolism requires further study.
198 Evaluation of Textural Characteristics of Commercially Available Sweet Potato Jerky-Style Pet Treats
Authors: Domer Randy N , Romero Jorge , Berganza Ileana , Carrera Hilary , Dunavant Justin , Cho Sungeun , Starkey Jessica D , Starkey Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The global pet food industry is expected to reach USD $118.83 billion by 2025 with a compound annual growth rate of 5.3%. This rapid growth, attributed to increased urbanization and pet humanization, has resulted in increased pet owner expectations when buying pet food and treats, where greater priority is given to buying healthy and quality pet nutrition products. Texture is 1 of the 4 main quality factors of fresh or processed treats, along with appearance, flavor, and nutritional properties, which pet owners rely on to make purchasing decisions and judge quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate textural characteristics of different commercially available sweet potato jerky-style treats. Three commercially available sweet potato jerky pet treats representing the current US. market were randomly selected for analysis (Brand 1, Brand 2 and Brand 3). A total of 50 samples were analyzed (n = 10 from each treatment per analysis). A TA-43R probe on a TA-HDplusC texture analyzer was used for the 3-point bend (3PB) test to assess hardness (force to break), flexibility (distance to break), and stiffness (force over distance), while a Warner-Bratzler (WBSF) probe was used for the shear force (SF) test to evaluate firmness (force required to cut through 60% of the sample) and toughness (total force over distance). Data were analyzed as a 1-way ANOVA using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS 9.4 with mean separation at P ≤ 0.05 using the PDIFF option. For 3PB, Brand 3 samples required the most force over distance among all treatments (P ≤ 0.0001). The greatest force to break was needed for Brand 3 (P ≤ 0.0001) followed by Brand 2 and Brand 1 (P ≤ 0.0006). The greatest distance to break was required for Brand 2 samples, followed by Brand 1 and Brand 3 (P ≤ 0.0001). For the SF test, there was no difference in the force required to cut through the sample among products (P = 0.1527). The total force over distance was greater for Brand 3 samples compared with all other products. (P = 0.0191). In summary, Brand 3 was harder, stiffer, firmer and tougher than Brand 2 and Brand 1. However, Brand 2 was more flexible compared with the other products. As pet treat buyers are presented with more options, they are making more informed decisions about what their pets eat based on quality, preference, and personal beliefs. Therefore, establishing and understanding quality parameters for processing products is useful for future product development and consumer preference. Analyses of product organoleptic characteristics like these combined with the future consumer sensory panel intent to purchase surveys will enable pet treat producers to better achieve the desired qualities of pet owners to improve the market potential for their new products.
92 Implications of Processing and Handling on the Functionality of Animal Derived Products for Pet Foods
Authors: Lonergan Elisabeth Huff , Frame Carl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The pet food industry has been closely tied to the livestock, meat, and rendering industries by using materials left over from human food production. Rendered animal fats are an excellent source of dietary fat and provide enhanced palatability when used to enrobe dry pet food. Mechanically deboned meat, viscera, and rendered protein meals are often utilized as a primary source of highly digestible, well-balanced proteins and vitamins and minerals. Although these products can be easily transported and stored, they are susceptible to oxidative and microbial degradation. Antioxidants and antimicrobials aid in preserving the quality of these ingredients but are only part of the solution. How these ingredients are produced, stored, and handled can impact quality. It is important to remember that this raw material stream starts with livestock management practices. Specifically, changes in nutritional practices in the livestock industry can impact the characteristics of the products used for both human and pet foods, especially when considering poultry and pork products. Demands by consumers in the meat industry have resulted in the popularity of vegetarian diets. For example, decreased amounts of rendered animal protein meals in diets fed to chickens and turkeys have shifted towards more unsaturated fats, ultimately decreasing oxidative stability. Handling animal products throughout their supply chain can also affect product quality and potential usability. After harvest, raw material is often transported and processed by two or more different facilities before arriving at the pet food manufacturer. At the meat and rendering facilities, food safety hurdles along with processing aids can limit biogenic amine or free fatty acid formation. Once oxidation and microbial degradation occur, they cannot be reversed. Therefore, addressing food safety or oxidation control upstream in the supply chain is critical. Since each facility is unique in how co-products are processed and handled, understanding how different antioxidant blends and how and where these are applied all impact final product quality; this carries through to the quality and shelf life of the pet food diet these ingredients are intended for. With most pet foods targeting 18 months to 2 years of shelf life, starting with high-quality ingredients is key to achieving these goals. The human food, rendering, and pet food industries remain closely tied together. Trends within the meat and rendering industry result in the potential for these ingredients to be more susceptible to quality and functionality changes. The pet food industry must continue to monitor and evaluate changes in livestock production practices and product handling. Proactive management of these ingredients throughout the supply chain can ensure that these ingredients remain high-quality, cost-effective ingredients for pet food.
218 Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Crossbred Beef Cattle Fall-Grazed on Native Aspen Parkland Pastures
Authors: Behrouzi Amir , Ewasiuk Mikayla , Bork Edward , Basarab John A , Fitzsimmons Carolyn J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over 20 M ha of grazing land is utilized for beef production in western Canada, significantly contributing to the Canadian economy. Cattle are recognized for contributing to methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), and individual animal contribution varies with several factors, one of them being feed efficiency as measured using residual feed intake adjusted for off-test backfat thickness (RFIfat). Given that commercial cattle spend a large portion of their production lifecycle grazing on diverse pastures in western Canada, understanding whether and how RFIfat measured in drylot and CH4 emissions reflect animal performance on pasture remains essential. This study quantified CH4 and CO2 production from beef cattle while grazing diverse diets on open-range aspen parkland pastures during fall. Cattle had been previously measured for RFIfat in drylot. Production of CH4 and CO2 (g/day) from crossbred beef cows (n = 22, with a range of -2.2 to +1.3 kg DM/day in RFIfat) and replacement heifers (n = 15; with a range of -2.6 to + 3.0 kg DM/day in RFIfat) were monitored using the GreenFeed emissions monitoring system over 40 days while grazing on native rangeland (70 ha) in the fall of 2022. Fall grazing was divided into two 20 ± 1 day' grazing periods; 20 days in September (SEP) vs. 20 days in October (OCT). Total spot measurements of CH4 and CO2 emissions in SEP and OCT were 1,096 vs. 1,054 for cows and 644 vs. 571 for heifers, respectively. The average number of daily visits per animal to the GreenFeed unit for cows and heifers were 2.8 ± 0.1 vs. 2.5 ± 0.1 in SEP, and 2.5 ± 0.1 vs. 2.0 ± 0.1 in OCT, respectively. Cows had greater average daily CH4 (SEP: 268.4 ± 6.1 vs. 196.1 ± 4.3; OCT: 243.9 ± 6.1 vs. 185.0 ± 4.3 g/day) and CO2 emission (SEP: 9,105.0 ± 143.1 vs. 6,485.3 ± 108.6; OCT: 8,544.3 ± 143.2 vs. 6,308.7 ± 108.9 g/day) than heifers (all P &lt; 0.01). A negative relationship was evident between the CH4 emission and RFIfat in heifers (SEP: R2 = 0.043 vs. OCT: R2 = 0.014; P &lt; 0.01), as well as CO2 emission and RFIfat (SEP: R2 = 0.083 vs. OCT: R2 = 0.020; P &lt; 0.01), although the amount of variation explained by RFIfat is very small and is in disagreement with previous data. We speculate that the decline in CH4 and CO2 emissions from cattle in Oct might be due to various factors, including but not limited to changes in overall intake, daylight hours, air temperature, plant community, feeding and ruminating patterns, and rumen microbial profiles. Further analysis of forage quality, step counts, and GPS location, as well as rumen bacterial community, may shed more light on methane production in the fall.