bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neuronal pentraxin with chromo domain (NPCD) is a novel class of protein expressed in multiple neuronal domains
Authors: Chen Bo , Bixby John L. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe receptor tyrosine phosphatase PTPRO is involved in axon guidance, but its intracellular signaling mechanisms are unknown. Signals generated through PTPRO must involve interaction of the intracellular domain with substrates and/or signaling proteins. By screening for proteins interacting with PTPRO's intracellular domain, we have identified a new class of cytoplasmic protein. This novel protein, NPCD (Neuronal Pentraxin with Chromo Domain), has multiple cytoplasmic isoforms generated by alternative splicing that are selectively expressed in neurons. These cytoplasmic NPCD isoforms are composed of a neuronal pentraxin domain (formerly thought exclusively extracellular) linked to a chromo domain (formerly thought exclusively nuclear); this protein motif organization is unprecedented. NPCD isoforms are expressed in numerous regions of the central nervous system, where they are present in distinct subcellular arrangements in different brain regions. NPCD isoforms are mainly associated with the inner side of the plasma membrane in brain neurons and rat PC12 cells in vitro; they are present in cell bodies, processes, and growth cones. The biochemical complexity and neuronal expression pattern of NPCD, together with its interaction with PTPRO, suggests involvement in multiple neuronal processes. J. Comp. Neurol. 481:391–402, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ab Initio Study of Free‐Radical Polymerizations: Cost‐Effective Methods to Determine the Reaction Rates
Authors: Van Speybroeck V. , Van Cauter K. , Coussens B. , Waroquier M. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe addition of carbon‐centered radicals to ethene, which are important in free‐radical polymerization processes, are studied from a theoretical point of view. Experimental data for the rate constants are only available for the addition of methyl, ethyl, propyl and butyl radicals. The latter reactions are taken as model systems to derive a cost‐effective method for the addition of alkyl radicals to ethene. The proposed model must be accurate and computationally feasible for additions in which larger radicals are involved. Accuracy is validated by direct comparison of theoretical and experimental rate constants in the temperature range from 300 to 600 K. A variety of electronic‐structure methods were tested ranging from Hartree–Fock and post‐Hartree–Fock methods to pure and hybrid density functional theory methods. Molecular partition functions were refined by treating large amplitude vibrations beyond the harmonic oscillator approximation.
Oligomer‐to‐Polymer Transition in Short Ethylene Glycol Chains Connected to Mobile Hydrophobic Anchors
Authors: Tanaka Motomu , Rehfeldt Florian , Schneider Matthias F. , Gege Christian , Schmidt Richard R. , Funari Sérgio S. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe studied the structure of short ethylene glycol (EG) chains with N repeating units (EGN, N=3, 6, 9, 12, and 15) connected to hydrophobic dihexadecyl chains by means of a combination of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and small‐ and wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS). These synthetic amphiphiles dispersed in water form planar lamellar stacks and hexagonal cylinders confining the EG chains to restricted geometries. Owing to the self‐assembly of the anchoring points, the lateral density of EG chains in planar lamella can be quantitatively controlled. Furthermore, the chain‐melting phase transition of the anchors enables us to “switch” the intermolecular distance reversibly. SAXS/WAXS results suggest that the shorter EG chains (N=3, 6, and 9) assume a helical conformation in stacks of planar lamella. When the EG chains are further elongated (N=12 and 15), the lamellar periodicities cannot be explained by a linear extrapolation of shorter oligomers, but can be interpreted well as polymer brushes following the scaling theorem. Such rich phase behaviors of EGN molecules can be used as a simple model of oligo/poly‐saccharide chains on cell surfaces, which act not only as flexible repellers between neighboring cells but also as stable spacers for functional ligands.
Activation‐induced cytidine deaminase fails to induce a mutator phenotype in the human pre‐B cell line Nalm‐6
Authors: Rückerl Florian , Bachl Jurgen 
Published: December 2004

AbstractActivation‐induced cytidine deaminase (AID) plays a key role in the induction of somatic hypermutation and class switching at the immunoglobulin loci of B lymphocytes. AID overexpression can induce a mutator phenotype in lymphoid and nonlymphoid cell lines, suggesting that AID by itself is sufficient to trigger hypermutation and class switching. AID expression in vivo is considered to be restricted to germinal center B lymphocytes, yet AID expression is also seen in many B cell lymphomas, hinting at a potential role for the development of these malignancies. We used a GFP‐based reversion assay to efficiently evaluate the activation of mutator phenotypes. As expected, AID overexpression in the human Burkitt lymphoma cell line BL70 caused hypermutation. Surprisingly, AID overexpression in the human pre‐B cell line Nalm‐6 failed to induce a detectable mutator phenotype, indicating that Nalm‐6 cells are probably lacking an essential factor(s) to confer AID‐induced mutagenesis. This finding supports the concept that AID overexpression by itself must not automatically lead to the onset of a mutator phenotype. In addition, treating Nalm‐6 transfectants with thymidine, a potential mutagenic drug, caused profound mutation rates on the GFP transgene. Thus, the GFP‐based mutation assay might prove a powerful tool to study protein‐ and chemical‐induced mutator phenotypes in cell lines.
UNC‐119 homolog required for normal development of the zebrafish nervous system
Authors: Manning Angela G. , Crawford Bryan D. , Waskiewicz Andrew J. , Pilgrim David B. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe UNC‐119 proteins, found in all metazoans examined, are highly conserved at both the sequence and functional levels. In the invertebrates Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster, unc‐119 genes are expressed pan‐neurally. Loss of function of the unc‐119 gene in C. elegans results in a disorganized neural architecture and paralysis. The function of UNC‐119 proteins has been conserved throughout evolution, as transgenic expression of the human UNC119 gene in C. elegans unc‐119 mutants restores a wild‐type phenotype. However, the nature of the conserved molecular function of UNC‐119 proteins is poorly understood. Although unc‐119 genes are expressed throughout the nervous system of the worm and fly, the analysis of these genes in vertebrates has focused on their function in the photoreceptor cells of the retina. Here we report the characterization of an unc‐119 homolog in the zebrafish. The Unc119 protein is expressed in various neural tissues in the developing zebrafish embryo and larva. Morpholino oligonucleotide (MO)‐mediated knockdown of Unc119 protein results in a “curly tail down” phenotype. Examination of neural patterning demonstrates that these “curly tail down” zebrafish experience a constellation of neuronal defects similar to those seen in C. elegans unc‐119 mutants: missing or misplaced cell bodies, process defasciculation, axon pathfinding errors, and aberrant axonal branching. These findings suggest that UNC‐119 proteins may play an important role in the development and/or function of the vertebrate nervous system. genesis 40:223–230, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Strategic planning and budgeting to achieve core missions
Authors: Haberaecker Heather J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA new strategic plan, an additional one hundred faculty members, a new financial model, an incentive compensation plan, a new $200 million research building, closing one professional school and repositioning assets to help another, redirecting net revenues from two parking garages, and a building renewal and replacement plan‐all are outcomes of a strategic planning and budgeting process.
Beyond the rhetoric of visitor management in transboundary protected areas: the case of Peneda–Geres
Authors: Hewlett Denise , Fyall Alan , Edwards Jon 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAlthough the objectives for transboundary protected areas are often clear, in practice the development and management of these areas, particularly for tourism, are complex. Often explained, in part, by cultural and political differences evident among border partners, this complexity adds to the challenge of managing these often pristine natural areas for tourism. Through a case‐study of Peneda–Geres National Park, Northern Portugal, which forms part of the Transfrontier Park of Geres–Xures, and which encompasses the Natural Park of Baixa–Limia Serra do Xures of Galicia, Spain, this paper sets out to explore the effectiveness of transboundary partnerships for purposes of visitor management in transboundary protected areas. The paper introduces 12 core guidelines, developed by the authors, for transboundary visitor management and highlights the range of constraints and limitations that impede effective visitor management. Thereafter, the paper compares and contrasts the 12 core guidelines with the visitor management ‘actions’ and ‘decisions’, and their underlying rationale, taken by the transboundary protected area authorities of the Transfrontier Park of Geres–Xures. The paper concludes with an assessment of the success to date of the Portuguese authorities in their attempts to meet the core guidelines. Subsequently, a preliminary assessment as to the implementation of further guidelines for the future is conducted. A Portuguese perspective is emphasised throughout this paper, owing to recent developments in Portuguese National Policy aimed towards the promotion of nature‐based tourism, efforts in the establishment and embetterment of a network of Protected Areas and the political and economic importance of cross‐border activities for northern Portugal and Galicia, Spain. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Site‐specific encounters, norms and crowding of summer visitors at alpine ski areas
Authors: Needham Mark D. , Rollins Rick B. , Wood Colin J.B. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractOperating chairlifts at alpine ski areas during the summer to accommodate tourism and recreation activities (e.g. hiking and mountain biking) is increasing in popularity. Increasing summer use, however, may affect the ability of ski areas to sustain acceptable social conditions (e.g. crowding). In addition, little is known about encounters, crowding or acceptable use levels at ski areas during the summer. This article addresses these issues using data from surveys of summer visitors (n = 548) conducted at five separate sites in the Whistler Mountain ski area in British Columbia, Canada. Photographs and Likert‐type scales measured visitors' encounters with others, perceived crowding and acceptance of use levels. Results showed that: (i) crowding and encounters differed among the sites; (ii) visitors at the backcountry sites rated encounters as less acceptable and possessed greater agreement regarding acceptable encounter levels compared with visitors at the more accessible sites; (iii) crowding and encounters were important indicators of summer use at each site; and (iv) visitors who felt more crowded encountered more people than their normative tolerances. Explanations for these findings and implications for managers and researchers are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Paths to deutero‐learning through successive process simulations: a case study
Authors: Haho Päivi 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis paper discusses the dynamic interaction between organizational learning processes and their outcomes in the context of innovative business process development and change projects in a pharmaceutical company. Through the answers to the research questions, I wish to demonstrate the paths to deutero‐learning, which seldom can be empirically identified in an organization. The paper uses notions of strategic, operational and cultural outcomes—including their intangible and tangible manifestations—to explain different results in organizational learning processes.From 1998 to 1999, the pharmaceutical case company applied an evolutionary, process simulation‐based business process development method. This method was used to invent and implement business process innovations in the New Product Development process, to shorten the time‐to‐market of its new medical entities. Successive process simulations guided and focused the business process development and actions on the strategically most valuable areas. The process simulations prepared the organization for the change, and promoted the implementation of the process outcomes.The successive simulations have triggered and thereafter sustained individual and organizational learning. Thus, they have accelerated organizational learning processes and the development of knowledge and innovations. The case demonstrates efficient deutero‐learning, enabled through empowered successive process simulations. The results indicate that development projects are more successful, if there are intangible learning outcomes and systemic process learning at the early stages of the project. This also supports double‐loop learning in the business process development project and assists changes in norms to occur. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulated rainfall evaluation of revegetation/mulch erosion control in the Lake Tahoe Basin—1: method assessment
Authors: Grismer M. E. , Hogan M. P. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractRevegetation of road cuts and fills is intended to stabilize those drastically disturbed areas so that sediment is not transported to adjacent waterways. Sediment has resulted in water quality degradation, an extremely critical issue in the Lake Tahoe Basin. Many revegetation efforts in this semiarid, subalpine environment have resulted in low levels of plant cover, thus failing to meet project goals. Further, no adequate physical method of assessing project effectiveness has been developed, relative to runoff or sediment movement. This paper describes the use of a portable rainfall simulator (RS) to conduct a preliminary assessment of the effectiveness of a variety of erosion‐control treatments and treatment effects on hydrologic parameters and erosion. The particular goal of this paper is to determine whether the RS method can measure revegetation treatment effects on infiltration and erosion. The RS‐plot studies were used to determine slope, cover (mulch and vegetation) and surface roughness effects on infiltration, runoff and erosion rates at several roadcuts across the basin. A rainfall rate of ≈60 mm h−1, approximating the 100‐yr, 15‐min design storm, was applied over replicated 0·64 m2 plots in each treatment type and over bare‐soil plots for comparison. Simulated rainfall had a mean drop size of ≈2·1 mm and approximately 70% of ‘natural’ kinetic energy. Measured parameters included time to runoff, infiltration, runoff/infiltration rate, sediment discharge rate and average sediment concentration as well as analysis of total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and dissolved phosphorus (TDP) from filtered (0·45 μm) runoff samples. Runoff rates, sediment concentrations and yields were greater from volcanic soils as compared to that from granitic soils for nearly all cover conditions. For example, bare soil sediment yields from volcanic soils ranged from 2–12 as compared to 0·3–3 g m−2 mm−1 for granitic soils. Pine‐needle mulch cover treatments substantially reduced sediment yields from all plots. Plot microtopography or roughness and cross‐slope had no effect on sediment concentrations in runoff or sediment yield. RS measurements showed discernible differences in runoff, infiltration, and sediment yields between treatments. Runoff nutrient concentrations were not distinguishable from that in the rainwater used. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On‐line detection of the gate freezing‐off time for injection molding
Authors: Chen Xi , Gao Furong 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA robust on‐line detection system for estimating the gate freezing‐off time, which is useful for monitoring and control of injection molding, was developed based on an analysis of the correlation changes around the gate freeze‐off time, as reflected in the changes of the screw movement and nozzle pressure (NP). Experiments showed that the gate freezing‐off time can be accurately detected under different molding conditions. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 45:33–41, 2005. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.
On the molecular structure that produces the phosphorescence of 7‐azaindole
Authors: Catalán J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe structured phosphorescence with a 0–0 component at ∼430 nm exhibited by 7‐azaindole is not due to its monomer, its normal or tautomeric C2h dimer, or its oligomeric forms consisting of five monomers, but rather to a molecular structure resulting from the interaction of the C2h dimer with a polar molecule (7‐azaindole itself, another solute or the solvent). Such an interaction breaks the C2h symmetry of 7‐azaindole dimer, thereby facilitating the localization of the electronic excitation on one of the dimer molecules and resulting in the presence of dimers of C1 symmetry. Based on the results, the structure that produces this phosphorescence is a normal dimer exhibiting a double hydrogen bond but no symmetry constraint. Surprisingly, its first triplet state, T(DC1), is ∼20 kcal/mol below the first triplet state for the system of C2h symmetry. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
A comparative review on leukocyte and tumor cell migration with regard to the regulation by serpentine receptor ligands
Authors: Entschladen Frank , Drell Theodore L. , Palm Daniel , Bastian Philipp , Potthoff Stefanie , Zänker Kurt S. , Lang Kerstin 
Published: December 2004

AbstractMigration is an essential function of cells; it is involved in reproduction and embryogenesis, as well as in the cellular, immunological defense of an organism against pathogens. On the pathological site, migration of tumor cells represents a pernicious step in the progression of cancer, because it is the prerequisite for invasion and metastasis development. In either case, migration is not an intrinsic property, but a cell function which is regulated by extracellular signal substances. The most prominent of these regulatory factors are ligands to serpentine receptors, e.g. chemokines and neurotransmitters. Many types of chemokine and neurotransmitter receptors are expressed on leukocytes and tumor cells, constituing a highly integrated interaction‐network of tumor cells, the nervous system, and the immune system. In this review we summarize current knowledge on the regulation of leukocyte and tumor cell migration by such ligands to serpentine receptors, and we furthermore highlight the differences between these cells in the intracellular processing of the regulatory signals. With this knowledge of the differences in the regulation of leukocyte and tumor cell migration it might be possible to develop strategies to selectively inhibit tumor cell migration and metastasis development without an impairment of the physiological migration, e.g. of leukocytes.
Deconstructing the bomb: recent perspectives on nuclear history
Authors: HUGHES J. 
Published: December 2004

John Canaday,The Nuclear Muse: Literature, Physics, and the First Atomic Bombs. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2000. Pp. xviii+310. ISBN 0-299-16854-9. £19.50.Septimus H. Paul,Nuclear Rivals: Anglo-American Atomic Relations 1941–1952. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2000. Pp. ix+266. ISBN 0-8142-0852-5. £31.95.Peter Bacon Hales,Atomic Spaces: Living on the Manhattan Project. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1997. Pp. 448. ISBN 0-252-02296-3. £22.00.A decade after the end of the Cold War, the culture and technology of nuclear weapons had lost much of the overt sense of dread they once inspired. The decline in international tension following the end of the communist regimes of the Soviet bloc produced a massive shift in the ideology of the nuclear in the 1990s. The de-targeting and dismantling of large numbers of nuclear weapons and the demise of the threat of nuclear annihilation created new conditions both for international security and for the writing of nuclear history. With the declassification and release of large quantities of official documentation from the former adversaries, as well as the fiftieth anniversary of the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1995, a burst of histories of various aspects of the nuclear age have appeared over the last ten years, exploring not just the technopolitics, strategy and operational logistics of the Cold War and the arms race, but the cultural history of the nuclear age, its imagery, its architecture, its oppositional politics and its effects on the landscape, national and regional economies and cultures and indeed everyday life. At a time of global economic and political uncertainty and the emergent threat of capricious international terrorism and new nuclear proliferation, the apparent certainties of the Cold War now even evoke a certain nostalgia, and its artefacts and structures are being recast as ‘heritage’.
Investigations of Epilepsy with a Mutant Animal (EL Mouse) Model
Authors: Suzuki Jiro 
Published: December 2004

Summary:  Purpose: The EL mouse model, with running fits and convulsions, has been useful for studying mechanisms of epilepsy, epileptogenesis, and ictogenesis. Methods: The history of this model and recent key findings are described. Results: Epileptogenesis has a hereditary component, and the genes responsible for it are presumed to be multiple. A seizure of an EL animal is precipitated by a rapid accelerating movement. Seizures develop in conjunction with aging of the mouse, repetition of stimuli, and with seizures themselves. This phenomenon represents a type of abnormal plasticity, which underlies epileptogenesis. The paroxysmal discharges in EL begin at parietal cortex, propagate to hippocampus, and then to the entire brain. Manifestation of a seizure requires a combination of several brain regions, termed the “focus complex.” A small but significant disorganization of hippocampal cytoarchitecture occurs, leading to higher excitability. Abnormally low GABAergic function in the parietal cortex and hippocampus develops with maturation of the EL mouse and with repetition of stimuli and seizures. Low superoxide dysmutase activity and abnormal eNOS function in hippocampus or parietal cortex may relate to epileptogenesis of EL. After seizures, immediate early genes (e.g., c‐fos and zif) expression and DNA fragmentation are observed, which play important roles in ictogenesis and epileptogenesis. All of these phenomena follow a process of development similar to that of the seizure itself. Conclusions: Insights from the EL model suggest that epileptogenesis and ictogenesis in epilepsy can be viewed in terms of genetic predisposition and a new concept of abnormal plasticity.