bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
1875–1876
Authors: Bordman Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The preceding season had been so diverse, so generally excellent, and, not infrequently, so astonishingly successful that knowledgeable theatrical circles could not expect the new season to repeat the pleasant surprises of the old. But in what may have been the biggest and happiest surprise of all, it almost did. Still, there was a slight falling-off. With one notable exception, long runs were not quite as long. Good plays were not quite as good. The uncertain drift toward more genuinely native theatre was even a little less certain. And the prolonged depression that had begun in 1873 seemed at last to be taking its toll. Niblo’s, each year farther away from the northward-moving theatrical hubbub, remained dark for the entire season, while other houses continued to turn their stages over to variety or musicals. Practically speaking, only five first-class theatres were devoted to comedy and drama.
1885–1886
Authors: Bordman Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The new season was openhanded with pleasant surprises. The box-office blues of the preceding year largely vanished, chased away in part by a reason- ably steady progression of plays, performers, and productions that garnered both critical praise and public approval. Time has not been equally openhanded. Of course, performers and productions have passed beyond recall ages ago, and only one of the straight plays-Pinero’s The Magistrate-is revived with any regularity on commercial stages. Yet several other works might withstand modern reconsideration. In any case, a season that a hundred years on is seen to have given birth to a classic is not to be demeaned, and more and more subsequent seasons would proffer new works that still hold some place in the repertory.
1892-1893
Authors: Bordman Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although victories over the Spaniards at Manila Bay and in Cuba at the decade’s close confirmed our emergence as a world power, throughout the nottotally-gay nineties the nation was flexing its muscles, growing apace, and reconsidering its perceptions. Even the grim panic that began in the spring of 1893 with the failure of the Reading Railroad and the National Cordage Company, while hurtling the economy into temporary disarray, ultimately led to reorganizations that served to strengthen that same economy and promote a more vigorous enterprise. Inevitably the theatre partook of the expansion.
1900–1901
Authors: Bordman Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The coming of the new century was accompanied by a wave of national optimism that was echoed up and down the length of Broadway. Indeed, 1901 was the year in which Broadway was christened “the Great White Way.” Nighttime strollers from Madison Square to Longacre Square (later Times Square) delightedly lifted their eyes skyward to feast on glittering, beckoning electric signs, which invited them to an evening’s entertainment. At the season’s outset the Dramatic Mirror listed nearly sixty auditoriums in Manhattan, approximately two dozen of them offering first-class or major touring productions.
1910–1911
Authors: Bordman Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The new season began on a down note, with two more venerable theatres making sad headlines. The trouble-plagued Herald Square, which had suffered a nasty fire some months earlier, was sold to developers, who planned to replace it with a highrise office building. The once aristocratic Academy of Music was leased to Corse Payton, who boasted he was “the World’s’ Best Bad Actor.” For many years he had successfully run a ten-twent’-thirt’ playhouse in Brooklyn-a theatre that put on popular revivals for two performances a day and whose ticket prices ranged from ten cents for the balcony to a thirty-cent top. Payton’s Manhattan gamble soon proved a disappointment.
The Tide Ebbs(1945-1969)
Authors: Dinnerstein Leonard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A remarkable metamorphosis occurred in the United States in the two decades following the end of World War II. After more than half a century of increasing animosity toward the Jews, antisemitism in the United States suddenly began to decline. Given what apparently had been an escalation of bigotry during the war, the transformation in public rhetoric and behavior afterwards was so swift that careful observers were at a loss to explain the changes. Antisemitism, of course, did not disappear between 1945 and 1969 but as a less socially accept¬ able aspect of American life it waned significantly. Life magazine commented on how much ground antisemites had lost in a December 1, 1947, editorial; less than a month later the Ohio JCRC issued a report stating that antisemitism was “really weak and not recently articulated.” And the AOL remarked about how little antisemitism appeared in the various election campaigns of 1948 compared to the prejduices manifested in 1940 and 1944. Laypersons and scholars both acknowledged the change by 1955.
Introduction Democracy in Europe
Authors: Eley Geoff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
But what does “democracy” mean? In the realm of law it requires at least the following: free, universal, secret, adult, and equal suffrage; the classic civil freedoms of speech, conscience, assembly, association, and the press; and freedom from arrest without trial. By this standard, democracy was achieved nowhere in the world during the nineteenth century and arrived in only four states before 1914— New Zealand (1893), Australia (1903), Finland (1906), and Norway (1913). If we relax our definition by ignoring women’s suffrage, then the male democracies of France and Switzerland may also be added. Though 1918 gave rise to the revolutionary circumstances that expanded juridical freedoms, these still proved short-lived and were only lastingly reinstated after 1945. Only the largescale socioeconomic mobilizations of world war, it seems, created the societal context for the advancement of democratic politics. Hence the special resonance of 1918 and 1945.
The Permanence Of Capitalism?
Authors: Eley Geoff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thereafter, socialists pursued maximum parliamentary democracy on a basis usually resembling the Six Points of the 1838 People’s Charter in Britain. In most of Europe, the dominant Left vehicle became a national social democratic party in tandem with nationally federated trade unions. This new political model was centralist, stressing national rather than local forms of action; parliamentarist, privilegingthe parliamentary arena as the source of sovereignty; and constitutionalist in the given meaning of the term, adopting representative over direct methods of governing. This preference for centralized forms over the looser federated ones prevalent between the 1820s and 1860s brought a new theme into the Left’s discourse, namely, the key role of the party.
Germany and Italy
Authors: Eley Geoff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most striking thing about the German revolution was the unrelenting intransigence of the SPD’s moderation. Rather than harnessing working-class militancy, the leaders did their best to suppress it. The SPD upheld the constitutional reforms of late September 1918 in the hour of Germany’s military defeat, as the old regime tried to legitimize itself for negotiating with the Western Allies. For the SPD Right, this constitutional transition completed the policies of August 1914. It vindicated their patriotism. The measures making Germany a constitutional monarchy, reached after the SPD joined the coalition government on 3 October, already satisfied the party’s cochairmen, Friedrich Ebert and Philipp Scheidemann. The party’s impending parliamentary dominance seemed sufficient guarantee of further reforms.
The Politics of Gender
Authors: Eley Geoff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For women in the revolutionary years, the ambiguities of change were acute. The war’s end brought the first breakthrough of female enfranchisement. Before 1914, women voted in only Finland (1906) and Norway (1913), but by 1918 they shared in Europe’s democratization. First in Russia, then in the central European revolutions of Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, Poland, and Germany, and finally in Ireland (1922), the new states included women as voting citizens, as did the liberal polities of the north—Denmark and Iceland (1915), Sweden (1918), Britain (1918), Luxemburg (1919), and the Netherlands (1920). If women’s suffrage wasn’t universal—in Belgium, France, and Italy reforms were blocked—the trend was clear.1
Living The Future
Authors: Eley Geoff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Socialists mobilized Enlightenment ideals against inequality and injustice, but to broaden access to high culture rather than challenge it—democratizing the old culture rather than creating a new. Conversely, the avant-garde’s cultural radicalism was apolitical: the Parisian extravagance of the Russian Ballet might scandalize bourgeois sensibilities but expressed creative license rather than political emancipation.1 Beyond both was the emerging “mass” culture of leisure, moreover, which neither socialists nor avant-garde had faced. If political radicals and cultural radicals ignored each other, this new challenge outflanked them both.
"Neither Slave . . ."
Authors: Jones Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The circuit court decision of September had left the Amistad captives with an amorphous status similar to that held by many free blacks in the United States: they were neither slave nor free. Thompson's ruling was the proper one. He could not have freed the blacks on grounds of natural rights, for that would have negated all law. The blacks' attorneys had raised serious doubt about the Spaniards' property claims, and yet prejudices based on race and color had combined with the Van Buren administration's political aspirations to confuse matters. The abolitionists intended to focus on several issues, all touching the central racial problems in the United States. Did free blacks have citizenship? Were slaves simply property, devoid of rights? Did American courts have jurisdiction over the case? Can one claim salvage on human beings? In raising these questions, the abolitionists stirred arguments that further complicated an already complex situation. Now, in admiralty proceedings in Hartford, they prepared for the second phase of a sustained battle in America's courts.
" . . . Nor Free"
Authors: Jones Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the first phase of district court proceedings had moved the blacks closer to freedom, they still had a long way to go. The trial's postponement gave all sides time to assess their positions. Whereas the defense had been relieved to have an additional period for Covey's recovery, the other parties must have been concerned that the abolitionists would use the interval to promote their case in the press. Domestic and foreign pressures dictated that the Van Buren administration take some sort of action. The election campaign was near, and the Spanish government was increasing its demands for the blacks' return. The delay in court proceedings might provide the White House an opportunity to reverse the course of events and assure the blacks' status as slaves, returnable to Spain under Pinckney's Treaty.
Nerves of Copper, Arteries of Iron
Authors: Martin Albro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
He was an old man, and very tired. The babble of the crowd annoyed him, and the long-winded speeches seemed foolish to one who had heard the budding American talent for oratory exercised in much more important causes. It was July 4, 1828, and it was hot. It was always hot in Baltimore on the Fourth of July, at least by midday. The place for him was the cool shade of his veranda at Carrollton. But he could not disappoint them, these men and women who were celebrating what everybody said would turn out to be a historic day, not only for Balti¬ more and for Maryland, but for the whole United States. After all, it was not nearly so hot as that July day in Philadelphia fifty-two years ago. And to tell the truth, he rather enjoyed playing the role of Balti¬ more·s most famous citizen, although he sometimes suspected that he was more of a curiosity than a celebrity.
A Nation on Wheels: The Formative Years of the American Passenger Train, 1830-1870
Authors: Martin Albro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Benjamin Franklin found out very early in life how far the English colonies in North America were from possessing even the rudiments of nationhood. This remarkable man, who spent his life helping prepare the young nation-to-be for its destiny, was only seventeen years old in 1723 when he set out from New York for Philadelphia, which was to be his home for the next sixty-seven years. He would proceed south ward from New York by sailing ship as far as Amboy, on the north Jersey coast, and then by stagecoach across New Jersey to the Delaware River, down which he would float to Philadelphia.
Comparisons
Authors: Mendelsohn Ezra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modern Jewish history, including modern Jewish politics, certainly possesses its unique characteristics. But in some ways at least Jewish politics in the interwar period had much in common with the politics of other peoples, and a comparative approach might well prove enlightening. It is perfectly obvious, for example, that the Jews were not the only people whose politics was characterized by bitter division; Yeats’s famous lines, “Out of Ireland have we come/ Great Hatred, little room/ Maimed us at the start,” certainly fit the Jewish case, with the Pale of Settlement, or Poland, substituted for Ireland.1 More specifically, I would propose two general contexts in which the comparative approach is particularly appropriate—the politics of national minorities in Eastern Europe and the politics of various ethnic groups in the United States.
Every Mother Ought to Rejoice
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Forces of industrialism and Urbanization That Spurred The Growth of Amateur and Semiprofessional Baseball After The Civil War Simultaneously Obstructed It By Reducing The Number of Open Lots That Served As Ball Fields For American Boys. The City Youth Saw His Play Spaces Disappear. Steadily Under Brick and Mortar As Manufacturers and Real Estate Promoters, intent On Erecting Plants, Warehouses, and Residences, Gobbled Them Up. The Dou-Bling of Land Values in Chicago Within The Last Quarter of The Nineteenth Century Plainly Showed The Space Shrinkage.
tournaments, Trophies, and Cash
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term amateur as used for the way even youngsters played is a euphemism, as illustrated by one of the teams I organized, taught, and managed in Brooklyn, in 1936. to form this team I added to seven members of my former Creston team the best of four from a group that had broken up, and from another team I selected a pitcher of potential who, after a year of tutelage and my recommendation, got into Organized Baseball. On their suits, which I designed, members of the new team fortuitously, as it turned out, wore a large C, and I entered these reorganized Crestons in the Brooklyn Amateur League the first and only time I ever placed a team in a league-which played Saturdays on the Parade Grounds in strictly amateur fashion: no bets, no prizes, no guarantees, no admission, no pay.
Baseball’s Progeny
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Potent though it was, baseball’s widespread public appeal, presented in the preceding chapters and to be further elucidated in succeeding ones, cannot be completely appreciated without grasping the eager acceptance of the game’s lusty offspring, eventually to be known collectively as softball. in effect, baseball became the mother of invention, for the inability to satisfy the well-nigh insatiable demand for regulation baseball because of lack of space in the congested urban areas, combined with the want of baseball equipment in recreation centers, YMCAs, schools, colleges, and Turnvereins, inspired invention of a facsimile of the national game suitable for playing in limited space, indoor or out, even all year round.
Baseball Breaks into Prison
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The indians shared the House of Baseball’s basement with a group of a different stripe. Its members, having run afoul of the authorities, had been confined to prisons or reformatories. When the institutions in which they were imprisoned provided opportunities for inmates to form prison baseball teams or watch such teams play, as well as to follow the major-league pennant races, the ready response of so many not only revealed their previous familiarity with the game but also showed that their interest and skill had by no means died. On their part, prison authorities soon claimed that baseball served as a broad mainsail that helped carry health, morale, and discipline to their incarcerated charges.
A New Year and a Fresh Start
Authors: Stampp Kenneth M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
New Year’s Day, 1857. “Another year. God prosper the same and make it more abundant in good works!” This was the prayer of the urbane New Yorker George Templeton Strong, who, like most of his countrymen, had been deeply affected by the public calamities of 1856 and, looking ahead, hoped for better times. Strong, a successful Wall Street lawyer, after devoting the morning to “diligent work,” amiably observed the custom of the day and spent New Year’s afternoon making social calls, and the evening with his family, entertaining at home. Every where old friends met to exchange good wishes, announce firm resolutions for self-improvement, and share their thoughts about what the future would bring. Some found the day a good time for resolving old grievances and renewing friendships.
The Emergence of the Jeffersonian Republican Party
Authors: Wood Gordon S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Opposition to the Federalist program was slow to develop. Since the only alternative to the new national government seemed to be disunity and anarchy, Alexander Hamilton and the Federalists were initially able to build their system without great difficulty. Besides, no one as yet could conceive of a legitimate opposition to government. Parties were considered a symptom of disease in the body politic, signs of partiality and selfinterestedness in opposition to the general good. Republics, which were dedicated to the commonwealth, could have no place for an opposition party.
The French Revolution in America
Authors: Wood Gordon S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The French Revolution began in 1789 at the very moment that the newAmerican national government was getting under way. When the meetingof the Estates-General in May 1789 was followed by the formation ofthe French National Assembly in June, the fall of the Bastille in July, andthe Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen in August 1789, Americanscould only conclude that France was well on its way to emulatingtheir own revolution. Most Americans gratefully recalled how France hadcome to their aid during their revolutionary struggle with Great Britain.Now Americans were repaying that debt by spreading the spirit of libertyabroad. Indeed, they hoped that their revolutionary ideals would eventuallyextend throughout the entire world.The liberal nobleman the Marquis de Lafayette, who in 1777 at theage of twenty had joined Washington’s army, certainly saw the insurrectionof July 1789 as a response to American principles. After assumingleadership of the Paris National Guard in July 1789, Lafayette sent Washington the key to the Bastille as a token of his gratitude for havingbeen taught what freedom was during his participation in the AmericanRevolution. And it was right that he did so, declared ThomasPaine, for the idea “that the principles of America opened the Bastilleis not to be doubted.
The Crisis of 1798–1799
Authors: Wood Gordon S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the French learned of Jay’s treaty with Great Britain, they immediately began seizing American ships and confiscating their cargoes. Actually, ever since the European war had broken out in 1793, the French treatment of American neutral shipping had not been all that different from that of the British, despite the stipulations of “free ships, free goods ” in the FrenchAmerican treaty of 1778. But throughout all its erratic seizing of American ships France at least had pretended to respect American neutral rights.
Republican Reforms
Authors: Wood Gordon S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite all the increased violence and rioting, despite all the anxiety over America’s climate, despite all the hand-wringing over so much licentiousness spreading everywhere, by the early nineteenth century most Americans continued to remain extraordinarily confident and optimistic about the future. They could readily respond to the overweening enthusiasm of poet and diplomat Joel Barlow in his Fourth of July oration of 1809. Public speakers on such memorable occasions, said Barlow, were called upon “to give utterance to the feelings of their fellow citizens, ” and that he intended to do. America, he said, had passed its infancy and was now looking forward confidently to its adolescence and its manhood. Providence had assigned Americans a special destiny, a theme iterated over and over in these years. The country was not only new to its own people, “but new also to the world. ” America required thoughts and principles different from those of the Old World. “There has been no nation either ancient or modern that could have presented human nature in the same character as ours does and will present it; because there has existed no nation whose government has resembled ours . . . a representative democracy on a large scale, with a fixed constitution. ” The United States, said Barlow, was “the greatest political phenomenon, and probably will be considered as the greatest advancement in the science of government that all modern ages have produced. ”
The Rising Glory of America
Authors: Wood Gordon S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite Jefferson’s valiant efforts to justify American genius, by the second decade of the nineteenth century many thought that the Europeans’ jibes about America being a cultural wasteland might have been only too accurate after all. Where were the great writers, the great painters, the great playwrights? Despite the high hopes of the 1790s and the promise of being the most enlightened nation in the world, America seemed incapable of artistically creating anything that captured the attention of Europe. “Who reads an American book? or goes to an American play? or looks at an American picture or statue? ” sneered the British critic Sydney Smith in 1820. Looking back, Ralph Waldo Emerson agreed that the country had failed to fulfill its earlier artistic promise. He thought his father’s generation had contributed little or nothing to American culture, certainly not in Massachusetts. “From 1790 to 1820, ” he said, “there was not a book, a speech, a conversation, or a thought in the State. ”