bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
253 A Survey of Added Trace Mineral Levels in Diets Utilized in the U.S. Swine Industry
Authors: Faccin Jamil , Tokach Mike D , DeRouchey Joel M , Gebhardt Jordan T , Goodband Robert D , Woodworth Jason C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
From November 2021 to February 2022, swine nutritionists representing 29 production systems and 8 nutrition supplier companies in the United States were surveyed about added trace mineral concentration in swine diets. Respondents were asked to provide trace mineral premix concentrations, amount added to the diets outside the premix, inclusion rates, and body weight ranges associated with feeding phases. Survey participants represented 4.38 million sows, or 69% of the U.S. industry. Data were compiled into 3 nursery phases (Phase 1, weaning to 7 kg; Phase 2, 7 to 11 kg; and Phase 3, 11 to 23 kg), 3 finishing phases (23 to 55 kg; 55 to 100 kg; 100 to market), gestation, and lactation. Mainly driven by pharmacological levels of zinc and copper, trace mineral levels were, on average, 9.3 times above NRC (2012) recommendations across all nursery diets (Table). Selenium and iron were the lesser extremes being close to their requirement estimates (1.0 to 1.2). In finishing diets, trace mineral levels averaged 6.4 times the 2012 NRC recommendations. Copper and manganese contributed to that number the most, with reported values more than 10 times their requirement estimates. Zinc, selenium, and iron were on the other extreme at 1.4 to 1.8 times NRC (2012) requirement estimates. Regarding sow diets, trace mineral levels were 1.9 times the 2012 NRC recommendations on average. In gestation and lactation diets, iodine was in the upper extreme, and zinc in the lower. The only difference between gestation and lactation diets was copper ratios to NRC (2012). In gestation, it was supplemented at 1.8 times, and in lactation at 0.9 times the NRC (2012) requirements estimates. In recent years, the use of alternative zinc, copper, manganese, and selenium sources has increased. Selenium had the greatest number of nutritionists using alternative sources (Se yeast or hydroxyl-selenomethionine), with 50%, 8%, and 61% for nursery grow-finishing, and sow diets, respectively. Alternative sources of zinc (chelates or complexed with amino acids) were used the least, with 25%, 8%, and 33% for nursery grow-finishing, and sow diets, respectively. Alternative copper and manganese sources had intermediate usage reported. Different herd health status, trace mineral sources, and diet formulation philosophies with a margin-of-safety mindset are reflected in the use above requirement estimates found in trace mineral concentrations observed in all production phases. Understanding current supplementation practices may help develop experiments designed to test different inclusions and provide industry trends and benchmarks of trace minerals usage.
248 Concentration of Net Energy in Corn without or with Microbial Phytase Fed to Group-Housed Pigs
Authors: Rodriguez Diego A , Lee Su A , Stein Hans H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The objective was to test the hypothesis that addition of microbial phytase to corn increases net energy (NE) by group-housed growing pigs. Three diets were formulated. The positive control (PC) diet contained corn as the sole source of energy. The PC diet contained Ca and P at the requirements for pigs (NRC, 2012). The negative control (NC) diet was similar to the PC except that this diet contained 0.08% standardized total tract digestible P and 0.12% total Ca less than the PC diet. The third diet was similar to the NC diet with the exception that this diet contained 1,000 units of phytase per kg diet. Pigs were allowed ad libitum access to feed and water. Pigs (n = 24; initial body weight = 44.99 kg; SD = 2.09) were allotted to the 3 diets using a replicated 6 × 3 incomplete Latin square design with 6 chambers (i.e., 4 pigs/chamber) and 3 periods. Oxygen consumption and CO2 and CH4 production were measured during fed and fasting states and fecal and urine samples were quantitatively collected. The statistical model included diet as the fixed effect and chamber and period as random effects. Result indicated that the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter and gross energy, energy excretion in feces, urine, and heat, and NE did not differ among the 3 diets (Table 1). However, concentrations of digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) in diets and in corn were less (P &lt; 0.05) in the PC diet compared with the NC diet without phytase, but no difference was observed between the PC diet and the NC diet with phytase or between the 2 NC diets. The ratio between NE and ME was not different among diets, but ME to DE was increased (P &lt; 0.05) by supplementation of phytase to the NC diet. In conclusion, concentrations of DE and ME in corn are less if more feed phosphate and limestone are used in diets. However, concentrations of NE were not affected by supplemental phytase or Ca and P levels, even though ME to NE was increased by supplemental phytase.
251 Effects of Fat Source and Level on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Commercial Finishing Pigs
Authors: Bromm Jenna J , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , Goodband Robert D , DeRouchey Joel M , De Jong Jon A , Berg Kiah M , Pohlen Courtney , Gebhardt Jordan T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Two experiments evaluated different fat sources and levels on growth performance and carcass characteristics in commercial finishing pigs. In Exp. 1, pigs (n = 2,160 337 × 1050, PIC; initial BW 37.3 ± 0.93 kg) were used. Pens of pigs were blocked by initial BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments. Three of the treatments included: 0, 1, and 3% choice white grease fed throughout the trial. The final treatment contained no added fat until pigs were approximately 100 kg, and then the diet containing 3% fat was fed. Experimental diets were fed over 4 phases and were corn-soybean meal-based with 40% dried distillers grains with solubles. There were 27 pigs per pen and 20 replications per treatment. Overall, increasing choice white grease decreased (linear, P = 0.006) ADFI and increased (linear, P = 0.006) G:F without influencing ADG (Table 1). Pigs fed 3% fat only during the late finishing phase (approximately 100 to 129 kg) had similar G:F compared with pigs fed 3% fat for the entire study. Increasing fat tended to increase (linear, P = 0.068) HCW. In Exp. 2, pigs (n = 2,011 PIC 1050 × DNA 600; initially 28.3 ± 0.53 kg) were used. Pens of pigs were blocked by location in the barn and randomly assigned to 1 of 5 dietary treatments arranged in a 2 × 2 + 1 factorial with main effects of fat source (choice white grease or corn oil) and level (1 or 3% of the diet) and a control diet with no added fat. There were 16 replications per treatment with 21 to 27 pigs per pen. Overall, increasing fat, regardless of source, increased (linear, P &lt; 0.001) ADG, decreased (linear, P = 0.013) ADFI, and increased (linear, P &lt; 0.001) G:F. Increasing fat increased (linear, P ≤ 0.016) HCW, carcass yield, and backfat depth (Table 2). There was a fat source × level interaction (P &lt; 0.001) in belly fat iodine value (IV), where IV increased to a greater extent in pigs fed diets containing corn oil with only a small increase in IV in pigs fed diets with choice white grease. In conclusion, the results from these experiments suggest that increasing fat from 0 to 3%, regardless of source, produced variable responses in ADG but consistently improved G:F. Increasing fat increased HCW, carcass yield, and backfat depth, but feeding diets containing corn oil increased belly fat IV to a greater magnitude than choice white grease.
273 Dynamics of Bone Mineralization in Primiparous Sows as a Function of Dietary Phosphorus and Calcium During Lactation
Authors: Heurtault Julien , Létourneau-Montminy Marie-Pierre , Schlegel Patrick 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In a context of maximizing the use of dietary phosphorus (P) in swine production, research should focus on understanding the mechanisms of bone P and calcium (Ca) utilization in sows. A better knowledge of P and Ca quantities that can be mobilized from bones during lactation, which would then be restored during gestation, would allow the development of new feeding strategies including this dynamic process. In turn, it can lead to a substantial decrease in dietary P supply. The role of dietary phytase supplementation also needs to be quantified in such potential strategies. In addition to the bone mineral status of sows, the consequences of these strategies on litter performance need to be documented. The objectives of the experiment were to measure the capacity of the sow to mobilize bone minerals reserves during lactation according to dietary digestible P (P dig) content and phytase addition, to restore them, during the following gestation, and to measure the effects on the growth performance of the offspring. Whole body bone mineral content (BMC) of primiparous Swiss Large White sows (n = 24) from the Agroscope sow herd was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) on days 2, 14, 26, 66, and 106 after parturition. Four lactation diets were formulated to cover all nutritional requirements except for Ca and P dig: control without phytase (100%; 3.0 g P dig, 9.9 g Ca/kg), 75% of P dig without phytase (75%; 2.3 g P dig, 8.3 g Ca/kg), 50% of P dig without phytase (50; 1.5 g P dig, 6.0 g Ca/kg), and 50% of P dig with phytase (50+Phyt; 3.0 g P dig, 7.6 g Ca/kg). The gestation diet was formulated to cover nutritional requirements of Ca and P dig (2.6 g P dig, 8.2 g Ca/kg). Piglets were weighed at 1 and 14 days after parturition and at weaning (day 26), and the average daily gain (ADG) per piglet was calculated. During lactation, BMC of the sow (in g/kg of body weight, BW) tended to be less in treatment 50% than in treatment 100% (-12.8%, linear effect x time quadratic, P = 0.05). During gestation, BMC was similar between treatments. Therefore, sows in treatment 50% were able to recover their bone-mineralization deficit during the next gestation. The BMC (in g and in g/kg BW) was similar between treatments 100% and treatment 50+Phyt throughout the experimental period. Piglet weight at days 1, 14, and 26 and ADG (days 1 to 14, 14 to 26 and 1 to 26) were similar between dietary treatments. These results show the possibility of drastically reducing dietary P during lactation without decreasing litter performance and highlight the ability of primiparous sows to mobilize bone mineral during lactation and restore it during gestation.
271 Impact of Amount and Solubility of Dietary Fiber Fed During Late Gestation and During the Pre-Farrowing Period on Sow and Litter Performance in Lactation
Authors: Martinez Gabriela E , Wilcock Pete , van Heugten Eric , Rosero David S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This study evaluated the impact of level and solubility of total dietary fiber (TDF) on sow and litter performance when fed during late gestation and early pre-farrowing. Sows (n = 241) were assigned by body condition to a 2×2 factorial arrangement plus a control treatment (with no supplement) with the following factors: 1) Amount of a fiber supplement (0.45 or 0.90 kg), and 2) Fiber solubility (high soluble dietary fiber (SDF) of 9.63% with 25.25% insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) or high IDF of 30.73% with 4.18% SDF). Fiber supplements were formulated using sugar beet pulp and soybean hulls and were provided in addition to a common gestation (12.0% TDF) and lactation diet (11.3% TDF) from day 99 (± 1 d) of gestation until parturition. Total number of pigs born, and piglet birth weight were not impacted by treatment. Number of stillborn pigs was reduced by 0.45 kg IDF supplement (P = 0.03), but it increased ( P= 0.008) the number of low-birth weight pigs (&lt; 1 kg) compared with control, 0.90 kg IDF, and 0.45 and 0.90 kg SDF supplement (1.31a vs. 0.50b, 0.33b, 0.47b, and 0.40b, respectively). Treatment did not affect number of pigs weaned and pig weaning weight. Number of small-weaned pigs (&lt; 3.6 kg) was least (P &lt; 0.001) with 0.90 kg IDF, and 0.45 kg SDF compared with control, 0.45 kg IDF and 0.90 kg SDF (0.53c and 1.00bc vs 3.31a, 3.27a, and 2.00ab, respectively). Weaning to estrus interval was reduced (P = 0.003) by 0.90 kg IDF and 0.45 and 0.90 kg SDF compared with control and 0.45 kg IDF (5.00b, 4.77b, and 5.22ab vs. 6.51a, and 6.59a days, respectively). Results suggest that composition of fiber is important, and that fiber provided as a supplement to the standard feed may be a practical strategy to improve sow performance during the late gestation and the pre-farrowing period.
277 Effect of Mode of Delivery of Fecal Microbiota Transplants on Growth Performance and Gut Microbiome in Weaning Piglets
Authors: Oladele Paul , Dong Wenxuan , Richert Brian T , Johnson Timothy A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Weaning is one of the most stressful events for piglets, due to diet change from sow milk to grain-based feed. This diet change causes turnover of the gut microbial which can allow proliferation of pathogens leading to diarrhea. Antibiotics are administered to treat or prevent post-weaning diarrhea (PWD). Increased occurrence of antimicrobial resistance has increased incentives to develop viable antibiotic alternatives. Previous studies have shown that fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) reduced diarrhea incidence and improved body weight gain in piglets. However, one barrier to FMT adoption in swine production is that FMT are generally given via oral gavage, which is difficult and labor intensive for large swine operations. For FMT to be a viable option in swine management, a simple method is needed to administer the transplant. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of three methods of FMT administration (oral, rectal and lyophilized in-feed) on growth performance, diarrhea incidence and gut microbiome. We hypothesize that FMT (in-feed and rectal) will increase colonization efficiency, improve growth performance and reduce diarrhea incidence compared with control. Weaned male piglets (n = 40) were allotted to 4 treatments at 10 piglets per treatment (no FMT - Control, Oral gavage - FMT1, rectal gavage - FMT2 and lyophilized in-feed – FMT3). Feces from 12-week-old pigs, screened for pathogens, was donor material. The study lasted nine days and FMT was for five days. Diarrhea incidences and body weight were observed for the first week. Fecal samples were collected on days 0, 2, 5 and 7. Five piglets per group were sacrificed on day 4 and the remaining on day 8. Cecal and colon contents were collected from the sacrificed piglets. DNA was extracted from fecal and digesta samples and 16S rRNA gene libraries (V4 region) were prepared for bacterial community analysis. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA in R. All FMT groups had significantly greater body weight on day 3 (P &lt; 0.05) and average daily gain between day 0 – 3 (P &lt; 0.05) compared with control but there was no difference between FMT groups. There was no effect of FMT on average daily feed intake and diarrhea incidence. Only FMT3 had greater alpha diversity (Observed features and Faith’s phylogenetic diversity) on day 5 (P &lt; 0.05) compared with control, but there was no difference in beta diversity between FMT groups. There was decreased abundance of 27 ASVs (amplicon sequence variant) and increased abundance of 30 ASVs in increased in FMT3 compared with control on day 5. In conclusion, the three FMT groups has similar colonization pattern but there was no difference in diarrhea incidence. FMT3 (lyophilized in-feed) altered overall community structure of piglets and modulated individual taxa.
275 Awardee Talk: Gnotobiotic Porcine Models to Better Understand Gut Microbiome-Host Interactions in Human and Porcine Hosts
Authors: Aluthge Nirosh D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Better understanding the interactions between the gut microbiome and its host is at the forefront of research conducted in areas related to human health as well as livestock production. The complexity of the gut microbiome as well as the numerous environmental and host factors that influence the structure and function of the microbial community complicates the study of host-gut microbiome interactions under natural conditions. To this end, germ-free animal models which have been transplanted with target microbiomes and raised under controlled experimental conditions provide a unique opportunity to mitigate some of the inherent difficulties related to studying host-microbiome interactions in conventional animals as well as in humans. Due to its high degree of similarity to humans at the anatomical, biochemical, and immunological levels and its importance in the livestock industry, the domestic pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) is an excellent animal model which has a unique ‘dual-purpose’ potential for use in both human health and livestock production research. Using high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies, we have demonstrated some of the advantages of using human microbiota-associated (HMA) porcine models compared with commonly used HMA mouse models to study the human gut microbiome. Specifically, we identified that a significantly greater percentage of taxa from child, adult, and senior donors were able to colonize (69% to 85% in pigs versus 41% to 49% in mice) and persist (28% to 57% in piglets versus 21% to 28% in mice) in the HMA piglets compared with the HMA mice, and that this was primarily driven by a greater colonization success of Firmicutes members in the pigs compared with the mice. In addition, we have characterized human infant microbiota-associated porcine models at both the taxonomic and functional levels to better understand the HMA piglet as a model for infant microbiome investigations. We have also utilized the porcine microbiota-associated (PMA) pig model to understand the establishment and development of the porcine gut microbiome. This model has great potential to dissect the mechanistic relationship between the host and its microbiome in pigs. Additionally, this model can be used to understand how prebiotics and direct-fed microbials might interact with the gut microbiome and influence porcine health and well-being. Despite some of the challenges to the widespread use of gnotobiotic porcine models, such as high overhead costs and labor involved in animal care, the porcine model holds a lot of promise to help better understand host-gut microbiome interactions.
286 The Effect of Dietary Copper Levels and Source on the Performance and Profitability of Finishing Pigs
Authors: Bradley Casey L , Mshengu S'phamandla B , Raath Jaco J , Nolasco Liliana , Van Deventer Myles , Steyn Willem J , Pennicott Chantel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The micronutrient copper (Cu) is known to improve performance variables and the overall health of livestock animals. Different responses have been reported based on the molecular form of Cu and the inclusion level supplemented to growing pigs. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate four inclusion levels (25 ppm, 75 ppm, 125 ppm, 175 ppm) of CuSO4 and two Cu sources tribasic Cu chloride and organic Cu, in performance variables and economics of production of pigs during the grower-finisher phases. This trial was conducted at the Baynesfield Swine Research Unit at Baynsefield Estate in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa, following local farm protocols. A total of 528 animals (70 d of age; Initial BW of 33.1 ± 0.31 kg; TN 70 Topig Genetics) were randomly allotted to 48 mixed sex pens, with 11 pigs/pen. The treatments were as follow: TRT1 25 ppm CuSO4, TRT2 75 ppm CuSO4, TRT3 125 ppm CuSO4, TRT4 175 CuSO4, TRT5 hydroxy Cu, and TRT6 organic Cu. Each treatment had 8 repetitions with an equal number of boars and gilts (44). A four-phase corn and soy-based diet were formulated on the same specs having the premixes altered to accommodate the four Cu levels and/or Cu sources. Experimental animals had ad libitum access to feed and water. Feed intake and body weight were measured at every phase change. Additionally, the carcass variables (lean meat %, grading, cold carcass weight, and dressing%) were measured at slaughter. Feed cost, carcass value, MOFC, and cost per gain were calculated to determine economic value for each treatment. Statistical analysis was conducted in SAS (2021) utilizing the Proc GLM model for the average effects within each period, and if significant (P &lt; 0.05) the Fisher’s test was used for LSMeans. There were no significant differences between the dietary treatments for BW, ADFI, ADG, FCR, or yield (Table 1). However, cost over feed was greater for the TRT6 fed pigs compared with either the TRT2 or TRT3 treatments but similar to the other treatments (P &lt; 0.05). But when considering margin over feed, there were no significant differences amongst the treatments. In conclusion, this trial did not demonstrate an economic advantage of feeding copper greater than 75 ppm or utilizing alternative forms of copper.
285 Effects of Dietary Lysozyme Supplementation on Nitrogen Balance, Microbiota Diversity and Growth Performance of Growing Pigs
Authors: Schroeder Bruna , Pomar Candido , Andretta Ines , Petri Renée , Ronholm Jennifer , Escobar Jeffery , Ricci Sara , Remus Aline 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Lysozyme is an enzyme with antimicrobial properties that might improve gut health. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of lysozyme supplementation on growth performance, nitrogen (N) balance, and microbiota diversity of pigs and to determine the optimal inclusion level of this enzyme. Barrows [n = 72; 40.6 kg ± 2.6 body weight (BW); Yorkshire x Landrace] were used for this experiment. Pigs were distributed in a completely randomized design with 12 replicates within six dietary treatments (0, 16, 32, 48, 64, and 80 mg of lysozyme/kg of diet). Pigs were housed in the same pen, and individual transponders allowed feeders to identify the pigs, record their feed intake, and provide feed according to the individual assigned treatment. Animal growth performance was evaluated through average daily feed intake (ADFI, kg/d), average daily gain (ADG, kg/d), and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F, kg/kg) over 21 days. The N balance was estimated by dual-energy X-ray on days 1 and 21. The digesta in the jejunum segment was collected to study microbiota alpha and beta diversity. The linear-plateau and quadratic-plateau models were used to determine the optimal dietary lysozyme inclusion level as a function of ADG. The data were analyzed as completely randomized, the main fixed effect was lysozyme dose, and the scanning day was considered a random effect. The ADFI decreased linearly (P ≤ 0.01), while ADG, G: F and N utilization efficiency increased linearly (P ≤ 0.01) with the inclusion of lysozyme. Based on the non-linear models estimates, the minimal dietary lysozyme concentration maximizing ADG was 40 mg/kg, and no ADG response was observed above 50 mg/kg of supplementation. Shannon and inverse Simpson indices showed significant differences between cecum and jejunum (P ≤ 0.05) and due to the lysozyme, whereas treatments did not impact Chao1, ACE indexes and observed features, suggesting a treatment effect on species evenness but not on species richness. The treatments did not affect any of the beta diversity matrices analyzed. Based on these results, lysozyme supplementation up to 50 mg/kg may affect the species evenness in jejunum digesta while improving N utilization efficiency and ADG.