bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Struggle for Survival
Authors: Porter Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The rhetoric of “science” and “work” allowed the positivists to shift attention away from the violence of 1863, but not without a price. Not only had they opened gaps through which hierarchy and authority could penetrate the discourse of patriotism, but by describing the nation as a “society” rather than a “cause,” by transforming Poland from a historical actor into an ethnolinguistic community subject to the laws of nature, they had called into question the bond between nation and state, between patriotism and the quest for independence. Most Poles, including most of the positivists, were still drawn to the famous lyric, “Poland has not yet died, as long as we still live,” but talk of the social organism and the struggle for survival raised the possibility that Poland might die.
What is TIAA-CREF?
Authors: Schloss Irving S , Abildsoe Deborah V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like many other enduring philanthropic and public service concepts, the idea of TIAA-CREF germinated in the mind and fortune of Andrew Carnegie. In 1905, concerned about the poverty that seemed the common fate of retired teachers, he gave the then colossal sum of$10 million to fund the pensions of teachers at thirty universities. By 1918, it had become clear that the financial requirements for such a plan necessitated both teacher and employer participation and a larger financial organization. As a consequence, the Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association (“TIAA’’) was incorporated and licensed as a New York life insurance company.
What is an Annuity?
Authors: Schloss Irving S , Abildsoe Deborah V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An annuity is a contract between two parties in which the first party, typically an insurance company, agrees, upon receipt of a specified dollar amount, to make periodic payments to a second party, typically one or two individuals, for an agreed upon period of time, starting either immediately or at some date in the future. The parties may define the stipulated period of time over which the payments will occur as (1) a definite number of years, (2) the lifetime of one or both of the individuals, or (3) a combination of (1) and (2). The recipient of the payments is defined as the annuitant. Like any other legally binding agreement, an annuity represents an irrevocable choice. Annuities exist outside of qualified plans. Generally, they are labeled tax-deferred annuities, and the investor buys one with posttax dollars. The annuitant has a number of payment options, including waiting until age 85 or talking a lump sum. Such a payment will produce income equal to the appreciation on the initial investment. The appreciation on the contract also enjoys a tax-free build-up, and only the growth is subject to tax.
How should you Allocate your TIAA-CREF Contributions?
Authors: Schloss Irving S , Abildsoe Deborah V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This question arises with the greatest frequency, and it ranks, as one would expect, as one of the most difficult to answer. We can only suggest general guidelines because your investment risk tolerance may differ from the next person’s. Also, investment choices should reflect one’s overall economic situation, and advertisements for online brokerage houses notwithstanding, not every form or method of investment suits every situation. In an age when most of us are at least aware of general movements in the market, if not actually participating in some way, most of us wish for a formula to provide the optimal investment mix for our particular situation. But investment management is an art, not a science, and there is no predetermined optimal solution or magic bullet.
When and How Should You Review Your Estate Plan? A Primer on Estate Planning
Authors: Schloss Irving S , Abildsoe Deborah V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We debated where to put this chapter. Logic seemed to dictate that it be placed at the beginning of part V On the other hand, retirement planning and estate planning go hand in hand. When you think about it after you have read this chapter or in some meditative moment, you will realize that estate planning represents just another phase of financial planning and that type of long-term thinking forms one of the leitmotivs of this book. If we left this information to the end, we ran the risk that many readers would never make it that far or conclude, incorrectly, that they did not need to know what this chapter contains. Again, we cannot tell you what to do, but we can tell you the principal rules governing this area of the law and the options available to you as you work out an estate plan that suits your individual circumstances.
Who Should be Your Designated Beneficiaries? A Quick Review
Authors: Schloss Irving S , Abildsoe Deborah V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This may appear an utterly redundant chapter, considering that we covered some of the issues earlier. Admittedly, you will find some overlap, but the designation of a beneficiary in the estate planning process differs from the general run-of-the-mill rules that we discussed before. We will undertake a more focused discussion because if you are estate planning, the choice of the DB can make a difference of potentially millions of dollars. These are distinctions that amount to a difference. The choice of your DBs, primary and contingent, also serves as the foundation of the estate plan, and you simply have to get it right.
How Can You Reduce the Size of Your Taxable Estate?
Authors: Schloss Irving S , Abildsoe Deborah V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having eschewed the yellow brick road in terms of the division of the estate between the marital share and the credit shelter trust, we need to look elsewhere to find techniques to reduce the size of your taxable estate. Again, this involves a profound mental and psychological switch. Up until now, you probably never thought that your net worth amounted to a hill of beans or that your estate planning would prove as challenging as it is turning out to be. But you have, through your own efforts, managed to accumulate wealth, and that means your estate planning can no longer stick to plain vanilla. Your estate planning needs more flavors, and you need to use more than the credit shelter trust and the estate tax exemption to minimize taxes. If you can make the transition from a person trying to make ends meet and having something left over for a reasonable level of comfort to someone who really owns something and needs to plan accordingly, you will readily appreciate that the dilemmas that you face compare favorably to the alternative of not having enough. For most of your life, you probably expected that the alternative would prove your lot, and now you must make the difficult adjustments to having more than you had expected.
Event Time Series Regression Analysis
Authors: Poole Marshall Scott , Van de Ven Andrew H , Dooley Kevin , Holmes Michael E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapters 6 and 7 introduced Markov and phasic analysis, which help us understand the probabilistic and temporal relationships among individual events. As we have noted, these techniques preserve the nominal character of events. Stochastic modeling uses event types directly, while phasic analysis explores structures of phases that reflect the event types which constitute them. A different and quite useful approach considers the intensity or level of one or more characteristics over the course of the event sequence. For example, it would be useful to consider the degree to which actors external to an innovation were active in its development at various points in time. One way of measuring this would be to assess the number of interactions between the innovation team and external actors each month. This gives a measure of the intensity of external actor involvement, and the shape of this intensity curve over a period of three years would indicate when and how much external influence was occurring. A steady rise in this curve would indicate that external actors are more and more involved as time passes. On the other hand, cyclic patterns might suggest that external actors are involved only at certain key junctures. We might also gain some insights into the dynamics of external actor involvement by correlating the intensity curve with the curve of amount of positive and negative feedback each month. If increases in external involvement closely follow increases in negative feedback, then the nature of the key junctures would be clarified.
Event Time Series Nonlinear Dynamical Analysis
Authors: Poole Marshall Scott , Van de Ven Andrew H , Dooley Kevin , Holmes Michael E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 8 event time series were subjected to event time series regression analysis (ETSRA) to determine what type oflinear patterns existed in the temporal data. Recent advances in the theory and mathematics of nonlinear dynamical systems enable us to further distinguish between orderly, linear patterns of change and disorderly or random patterns of change. Specifically, we shall demonstrate that event time series that are classified as “random” according to the time series modeling techniques discussed in chapter 8 may in fact not be as random as we think. The methods of event time series nonlinear dynamical analysis (ETSNDA) will allow us to categorize time series data that would otherwise be classified as “random” into three different types of unpredictable behavior: chaos, colored noise, and white noise. Each of these patterns will be discussed in terms of their characteristics, how they manifest themselves in terms of statistical patterns, and what their implications are concerning social and organizational processes of change.
Ischemic Cerebrovascular Disease
Authors: Adams Harold P , Bachinski Vladimir , Norris John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book provides a comprehensive clinical review of the diagnosis and treatment of patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease. The book includes chapters on the clinical features of transient ischemic attacks and ischemic stroke, risk factors, and evaluations. Additional chapters discuss causes of stroke including atherosclerosis, cardioembolism, non-atherosclerotic vasculopathies, and pro-thrombotic disorders. The causes of stroke in children and young adults are highlighted. The final section of the book includes chapters on therapies to prevent stroke, acute stroke treatment, general management of the patient with recurrent stroke, and rehabilitation. The volume is heavily referenced with an emphasis on recent publications so that the reader can pursue additional information about a topic. It also includes several tables and algorithms that should aid the clinician treating patients with cerebrovascular disease.
Approach to Painful Peripheral Neuropathies
Authors: Cornblath David R , Glass Jonathan D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The evaluation and treatment of painful peripheral neuropathy is one of the more common reasons for neurologic referral. Unfortunately, most clinicians are frustrated when dealing with these patients. In most cases, no etiologic diagnosis is forthcoming (so-called idiopathic painful sensory neuropathy, 1•2) and current treatments are only modestly successful. This chapter addresses the types of symptoms patients describe and their presumed pathophysiology, the differential diagnosis of painful peripheral neuropathy, and treatment strategies.
Entrapment Neuropathies
Authors: Freimer Miriam , Brushart Thomas M , Cornblath David R , Kissel John T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Entrapment neuropathies are compression injuries to a specific region(s) of a nerve predisposed by a narrow anatomic pathway, a fibroosseous tunnel, or a superficial course that provides little protection. The compression may be acute, intermittent, repetitive, or continuous. The course of the nerve predisposes to different types of injury, including interior pressure from the compromised space, exterior points of pressures such as occur at the elbow or fibular head, or directional changes causing angulation or stretching of the nerve. The ability to treat and determine prognosis depends on understanding the severity of the nerve injury and its potential reversibility.
Shaping the Enemy
Authors: McNeilly Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Therefore, those skilled in war bring the enemy to the field of battle and are not brought there by him. (Vl.2)
To achieve the nation’s objectives and defeat the enemy a leader must first make the opponent conform to his strategy, rules, and will. He must seize the advantage and make the enemy meet him at the time and place of his choosing. To master the enemy in this manner is what Sun Tzu means by “shaping.”
To shape your enemy one must first put together all that has been learned so far. A leader must know the situation.
And as water shapes its flow in accordance with the ground, so an army manages its victory in accordance with the situation of the enemy. (VI.28)
Then one must be able to deceive the enemy as to one’s plans.
Subtle and insubstantial, the expert leaves no trace; divinely mysterious, he is inaudible. Thus he is the master of his enemy’s fate. (Vl.9)
Character-based Leadership
Authors: McNeilly Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The principle that the leader is responsible for everything that happens under his command is a well-entrenched rule in am1ies throughout the world. This is as it should be, especially in Westem armies, in which the commander has the authority and responsibility to carry out his mission and to ask for support if the resources at hand are insufficient for the task. Finally, it is a tradition (indeed the duty) for a commander to resign if he believes the mission and/or strategy are incorrect or the goal unattainable. This responsibility for one’s command increases as the level of the command increases. Obviously, the decisions of commanders of armies, fleets, and air forces in battle will determine the fate of the nation.
Importance Of HIV Neurologic Complications To The Neurologist And Physician
Authors: Brew Bruce James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neurologic complications of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease are important to both neurologists and physicians for a variety of reasons. Perhaps the most significant is that neurologic complications are common. At least one-third of patients with advanced HIV disease will present with a neurologic complication, and even greater numbers of patients will have experienced one or more neurologic complication during their life with HIV disease. At autopsy, more than 80% of patients will have cerebral pathology, ranging from evidence of HIV encephalitis to opportunistic infections and lymphoma. At least half will have some evidence of a peripheral neuropathy.–These figures are evident in those countries where there is limited or no access to antiretroviral drugs as well as in those countries with full access to such drugs.
Introduction To HIV Disease
Authors: Brew Bruce James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before the neurologic complications of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease are discussed, it is necessary first to review aspects of the biology of the virus in general, recognizing that it is a retrovirus and a member of the lentivirus family. In addition, the specific aspects of the molecular biology of HIV and the immunologic response to infection are critical to understanding the pathogenesis of the neurologic complications. Within this basic framework, the clinical features of systemic HIV disease and its complications are discussed, along with methods of diagnosis of HIV infection and treatment. Finally, the complications of treatment are detailed, with particular reference to how these impact on the neurologic manifestations of HIV infection.
Tuberculous Meningitis
Authors: Brew Bruce James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tuberculous meningitis (TBM), in areas where tuberculosis (TB) is endemic, is a significant cause of a nonfocal deficit in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease. Indeed, it may be more frequent than cryptococcal meningitis in some populations. Furthermore, there is still a significant mortality associated with the disease, which is considerably worsened if the diagnosis is delayed.
Uncommon Causes Of Nonfocal Brain Disorders In Advanced HIV Disease
Authors: Brew Bruce James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease the most common causes of predominantly diffuse neurologic impairment are acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) dementia complex (ADC) and cryptococcal meningitis. Conditions such as cytomegalovirus (CMV) encephalitis and HIV headache, however, occur from time to time. CMV ncephalitis should be diagnosed early in order to increase the likelihood of recovery, and HIV headache may be associated with the early manifestations of ADC, which can easily be overlooked. The diffuse form of toxoplasmic encephalitis and herpes simplex encephalitis are included for completeness, although they are quite rare in clinical practice.
Primary central nervous System lymphoma and metastatic lymphoma
Authors: Brew Bruce James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until recently, primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) was one of the most common causes of a focal brain lesion in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease. With the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), this situation is becoming increasingly uncommon. This fundamental change in the epidemiologic characteristics of PCNSL, however, does not lessen its importance. In those parts of the world where access to HAART is limited or nonexistent, PCNSL is still an important cause of a focal brain lesion. In those parts of the world where HAART is available, PCNSL is still significant. If it occurs in a patient with suboptimal HIV viral load suppression, there is reason to believe that intensification of antiretroviral therapy, with consequent improvement in immune function, may be beneficial. In addition, the decision to use chemotherapy for PCNSL patients has changed, with some patients probably deriving benefit from a modified regimen. Finally, as a consequence of the increasing role of chemotherapy, the place of radiotherapy is under review. For all these reasons, the clinician involved with the care of HIV patients must know and understand PCNSL.
Uncommon Causes Of Predominantly Focal Cerebral Complications In Advanced HIV Disease
Authors: Brew Bruce James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although it is true that the most common causes of focal brain disease in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are toxoplasmosis, primary central nervous system lymphoma, and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, there are several other less common yet important entities. Most have pleomorphic presentations leading to both focal and nonfocal disease. Indeed, all the complications discussed in this chapter more often cause diffuse, nonfocal disorders except herpes simplex, Kaposi’s sarcoma, cerebral hemorrhage, and primary brain tumors. In these cases, the focal presentations are discussed in detail here and the nonfocal aspects are discussed in other chapters. All of these disorders are important because diagnosis has become easier with the development of a variety of molecular techniques and because many respond to therapy.
Pathology and Natural History of Cholangiocarcinoma and Gallbladder Carcinoma
Authors: Rashid Asif , Ahrendt Steven A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Malignant tumors of the bile ducts and gallbladder are uncommon neoplasms. The bile ducts and gallbladder give rise to a wide variety of histopathological types of cancers, with adenocarcinoma being the most common type.1,2 Bile duct cancers and gallbladder cancers differ in incidence, gender distribution, clinical features, association with lithiasis and other risk factors, frequency of histological types, and treatment. For example, gallbladder cancers are two to three times more common in women than in men, but no gender difference is present for bile duct cancer.
Memory and Amnesia
Authors: Markowitsch Hans J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Memory is the glue that holds together our thoughts, impressions, and experiences. Without it, past and future would lose their meaning and self-awareness would be lost as well. In the 1950s the case description of H. M. by Scoville and Milner alerted scientists all over the world to the fact that certain circumscribed brain lesions within the limbic system may destroy the ability to form new memories, while leaving other intellectual functions untouched. The following two case reports are intended to display the symptoms of memory disturbance that may arise after bilateral damage to limbic structures.
Neural Substrates of Psychiatric Syndromes
Authors: Post Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is perhaps premature (but tempting) to write a chapter on the neural substrates of the various major psychiatric syndromes. In contrast to most neurological syndromes, wherein a medical history and physical examination usually lead to the diagnosis of a structural lesion that can be confirmed at autopsy (and more recently by a variety of imaging techniques), the psychiatric syndromes are by definition “functional” and, therefore, without fixed “organic lesions.” Nonetheless, there is a longstanding interest in uncovering the neurobiological bases of these syndromes. The purpose of this chapter is to review the emerging information on the anatomical distribution of dysfunction in some of these syndromes and to see how this neuroanatomy fits the principles that are covered in the other chapters of this book. The goal is not to show that psychiatric diseases are based on fixed lesions but, instead, to show that they are associated with patterns of dysfunction that have neuroanatomical substrates and specificities (Fig. 9-1).
Complexity Science Models of Organizational Change and Innovation
Authors: Dooley Kevin J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Complexity science is a term used to describe a broad and diverse group of concepts, models, and metaphors pertaining to the systemic and dynamic properties of living systems (Gell-Mann, 1994; Holland, 1995; Jantsch, 1980; Maturana and Varela, 1992; Prigogine and Stengers, 1984). Complexity science has its roots in general systems theory but also takes into account the basic principles and characteristics of living systems, such as self-renewal, construction of order from energy, self-organization, coevolution with the environment, nonlinearity, emergence, and the idiosyncratic desires, norms, preferences, and realities of humans (Lewin, 1992; Waldrop, 1992; Anderson, 1999; Guastello, 2002). Complexity science is broad and generic enough to encompass both positivist and constructivist viewpoints (Stacey, 1999) and provides a rich background for conceptual and theoretical development for both qualitative and quantitative researchers.