bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Engineering perfumes
Authors: Mata Vera G. , Gomes Paula B. , Rodrigues Alírio E. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractA new concept of perfumery ternary diagrams (PTDs), based on an analogy between perfume pyramid structure and engineering ternary diagrams, is described. These diagrams allow a fast theoretical evaluation of the odor value in the headspace for all possible concentrations of a perfume liquid mixture constituted by three fragrant components and one solvent base, thus eliminating a long trial‐and‐error experimental work to analyze the headspace composition. The effect of the nonidealities in the liquid phase arising from molecular interactions was analyzed, as well as the effect of ethanol in a test mixture composed of limonene, geraniol, and vanillin. A diffusion model was used to simulate the evaporation of a small and finite sample of perfume test mixture. The changes in the liquid phase and in the gas–liquid interface were followed using the PTDs developed in this work. A characteristic point of a PTD was used as the initial mixture for simulating the evaporation of the small amount of perfume as a function of time and space. The performance parameters, such as impact, tenacity, diffusion, and volume, were discussed based on these results. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Novel process for diethylacetal synthesis
Authors: Silva Viviana M. T. M. , Rodrigues Alírio E. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThis work presents the development of a novel process for the production of diethylacetal from the reaction between ethanol and acetaldehyde catalyzed by the acid resin Amberlyst® 15 using simulated moving‐bed reactor (SMBR) technology. The methodology used combines modeling/simulation with laboratory‐ and pilot‐scale experiments. The kinetic law of the reaction was measured from experiments in a batch catalytic reactor. The adsorption parameters were obtained from experiments performed in a fixed‐bed adsorption column. Laboratory experiments in fixed‐bed adsorptive reactors were performed and used to validate model and simulation tools. The SMBR technology was applied for diethylacetal production and separation with 87% purity and the acetaldehyde conversion was about 98%. The influence of feed composition, switching time, and mass‐transfer resistance on the SMBR performance was analyzed by simulation. The reaction/separation region was determined using separation zone methodology. Simulated results show that high acetal purities can be achieved for 100% acetaldehyde conversion. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Elevation of 12/15 lipoxygenase products in AD and mild cognitive impairment
Authors: Yao Yuemang , Clark Christopher M. , Trojanowski John Q. , Lee Virginia M.‐Y. , Praticò Domenico 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe 12/15 lipoxygenase (12/15LOX) enzyme is increased in pathologically affected frontal and temporal regions of Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains compared with controls. Herein, we measured 12(S)‐HETE and 15(S)‐HETE levels, products of 12/15LOX, in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of normal individuals, subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD. Compared with controls, there was a significant increase of both metabolites in CSF from AD and MCI, which correlated with lipid peroxidation and tau protein levels. These results suggest that the activation of this enzyme occurs early in the course of AD, before the onset of overt dementia, thereby implicating 12/15LOX‐mediated lipid peroxidation in the pathogenesis of AD. Ann Neurol 2005
Mutations in phenotypically mild D‐2‐hydroxyglutaric aciduria
Authors: Struys Eduard A. , Korman Stanley H. , Salomons Gajja S. , Darmin Patricia S. , Achouri Younes , Van Schaftingen Emile , Verhoeven Nanda M. , Jakobs Cornelis 
Published: July 2005

AbstractD‐2‐hydroxyglutaric aciduria is a neurometabolic disorder with mild and severe phenotypes. Recently, we reported pathogenic mutations in the D‐2‐hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase gene as the cause of the severe phenotype of D‐2‐hydroxyglutaric aciduria in two patients. Here, we report two novel pathogenic mutations in this gene in one patient with a mild presentation and two asymptomatic siblings with D‐2‐hydroxyglutaric aciduria from two unrelated consanguineous Palestinian families: a splice error (IVS4‐2A→G) and a missense mutation (c.1315A→G;p.Asn439Asp). Overexpression of this mutant protein showed marked reduction of the enzyme activity. Ann Neurol 2005
Surgical outcome and prognostic factors of cryptogenic neocortical epilepsy
Authors: Lee Sang Kun , Lee Seo Young , Kim Kwang‐Ki , Hong Kkeun‐Sik , Lee Dong‐Soo , Chung Chun‐Kee 
Published: July 2005

AbstractSurgical treatment of cryptogenic neocortical epilepsy is challenging. The aim of this study was to evaluate surgical outcomes and to identify possible prognostic factors including the results of various diagnostic tools. Eighty‐nine patients with neocortical epilepsy with normal magnetic resonance imaging (35 patients with frontal lobe epilepsy, 31 with neocortical temporal lobe epilepsy, 11 with occipital lobe epilepsy, 11 with parietal lobe epilepsy, and 1 with multifocal epilepsy) underwent invasive study and focal surgical resection. Patients were observed for at least 2 years after surgery. The localizing values of interictal electroencephalogram (EEG), ictal scalp EEG, interictal 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET), and subtraction ictal single‐photon emission computed tomography were evaluated. Seventy‐one patients (80.0%) had a good surgical outcome (Engel class 1–3); 42 patients were seizure free. Diagnostic sensitivities of interictal EEG, ictal scalp EEG, FDG‐PET, and subtraction ictal single‐photon emission computed tomography were 37.1%, 70.8%, 44.3%, and 41.1%, respectively. Localization by FDG‐PET and interictal EEG was correlated with a seizure‐free outcome. The localizing value of FDG‐PET was greatest in neocortical temporal lobe epilepsy. The focalization of ictal onset and also ictal onset frequency in invasive studies were not related to surgical outcome. Concordance with two or more presurgical evaluations was significantly related to a seizure‐free outcome. Ann Neurol 2005
Transcranial ultrasound shows nigral hypoechogenicity in restless legs syndrome
Authors: Schmidauer Christoph , Sojer Martin , Seppi Klaus , Stockner Heike , Högl Birgit , Biedermann Birgit , Brandauer Elisabeth , Peralta Cecilia M. , Wenning Gregor K. , Poewe Werner 
Published: July 2005

AbstractIn patients with Parkinson's disease, hyperechogenicity of the substantia nigra using transcranial ultrasound has been related to increased tissue concentrations of iron. Recently, deficient iron transport mechanisms in substantia nigra neurons have been described in postmortem tissue of patients with restless legs syndrome (RLS). This study was performed to study substantia nigra echogenicity in RLS patients compared with normal control subjects and Parkinson's disease patients. RLS patients had significantly reduced midbrain areas of hyperechogenicity compared with control subjects, and even more markedly reduced hyperechogenicity compared with Parkinson's disease patients. These findings lend further support to nigral iron deficiency as a pathogenetic factor in RLS. Ann Neurol 2005
On increasing the efficiency of amine antioxidant
Authors: Lin D. G. , Vorobieva E. V. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe amine antioxidant, Neozon D, was treated to increase its effectiveness in suppressing oxidation of polyethylene in contact with copper. It was found that this antioxidant becomes more efficient after interaction with a copper substrate. These experimental results show that the role of substrate is to catalyze oxidation transformations in the antioxidant. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 401–406, 2005
Effects of filler treatments on the mechanical, flow, thermal, and morphological properties of talc and calcium carbonate filled polypropylene hybrid composites
Authors: Leong Y. W. , Bakar M. B. Abu , Mohd. Ishak Z. A. , Ariffin A. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractCommercially available neoalkoxy titanate (Lica 12) and organosilane (3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane) coupling agents were used to treat talc and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) to compare their effects with those of untreated fillers upon their incorporation into polypropylene (PP). Commercial stearic acid treated CaCO3 was also used to widen the scope of the study. Single‐filler PP composites (containing either talc or CaCO3) and hybrid‐filler composites (containing a mixture of talc and CaCO3) were compounded on a twin‐screw extruder and subsequently injection‐molded into dumbbells. The silane and titanate treatments dramatically increased the elongation at break for both the single‐filler and hybrid‐filler composites, whereas stearic acid did not. There was also a moderate improvement in the impact strength of the composites, particularly those treated with Lica 12. The hybrid composites, through the synergistic coalescence of positive characteristics from talc and CaCO3, had exceptionally good impact properties, more so with the aid of the coupling agents. For example, the impact strength value of a Lica 12 treated hybrid composite was the greatest for all the composites studied, overshadowing the superiority of the CaCO3‐filled PP composites, which predominantly had the highest impact properties. Further investigations of the thermal and morphological properties were also conducted to facilitate the determination of the coupling mechanisms and their interesting effects on the hybrid composites. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 413–426, 2005
Preparation and mechanical properties of polypropylene/clay nanocomposites for automotive parts application
Authors: Hong Chae Hwan , Lee Young Bum , Bae Jin Woo , Jho Jae Young , Nam Byeong Uk , Hwang Tae Won 
Published: July 2005

AbstractNanocomposites of polypropylene with organically modified clays were compounded in a twin‐screw extruder by a two‐step melt compounding of three components, i.e., polypropylene, maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (PPgMA), and organically modified clay. The effect of PPgMA compatibilizers, including PH‐200, Epolene‐43, Polybond‐3002, and Polybond‐3200, with a wide range of maleic anhydride (MA) content and molecular weight was examined. Nanocomposites' morphologies and mechanical properties such as stiffness, strength, and impact resistance were investigated. X‐ray diffraction patterns showed that the dispersion morphology of clay particles seemed to be determined in the first compounding step and the further exfoliation of clays didn't occur in the second compounding step. As the ratio of PPgMA to clay increased, the clay particles were dispersed more uniformly in the matrix resin. As the dispersibility of clays was enhanced, the reinforcement effect of the clays increased; however, impact resistance decreased. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 427–433, 2005
Synthesis and characterization of photoluminescent copolymer containing 1,1′‐binaphthyl and fluorene rings
Authors: Feng Liheng , Bie Hongyan , Chen Zhaobin 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe luminescent polymer, F‐DMBN, containing 2,2′‐dimethacrylanido‐1,1′‐binaphthyl (DMBN) and 9,9‐diphenylfluorene, is synthesized by the Heck reaction of halogenated and olefinic monomers. The structures are characterized by MS, 1H‐NMR, and IR, and the photoluminescent properties are investigated by UV/vis absorption and fluorescence spectra. The results show that the polymer emits blue and blue–violet light. The luminescence quantum yield is 0.424 in ethanol and the emission spectra exhibit obvious solvent effects. In addition, the light emitting can be quenched by both electron donor (N,N‐dimethylaniline) and electron acceptor (fullerene), where the processes follow the Stern–Volmer equation. Moreover, the interaction between F‐DMBN and carbon nanotubes is also studied by fluorescent quenching. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 434–438, 2005
Effect of volume fraction and particle size on wall slip in flow of polymeric suspensions
Authors: Gulmus Sergul Acikalin , Yilmazer Ulku 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor especially highly concentrated suspensions, slip at the wall is the controlling phenomenon of their rheological behavior. Upon correction for slip at the wall, concentrated suspensions were observed to have non‐Newtonian behavior. In this study, to determine the true rheological behavior of model concentrated suspensions, “multiple gap separation method” was applied using a parallel‐disk rheometer. The model suspensions studied were polymethyl methacrylate particles having average particle sizes, in the range of 37–231 μm, in hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene. The effects of particle size and solid particle volume fraction on the wall slip and the true viscosity of model concentrated suspensions were investigated. It is observed that, as the volume fraction of particles increased, the wall slip velocity and the viscosity corrected for slip effects also increased. In addition, for model suspensions in which the solid volume fraction was ≥81% of the maximum packing fraction, non‐Newtonian behavior was observed upon wall slip correction. On the other hand, as the particle size increased, the wall slip velocity was observed to increase and the true viscosity was observed to decrease. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 439–448, 2005
Interfacial factors affecting polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate/wood bond strength
Authors: Sonnenschein Mark F. , Wendt Benjamin L. , Sonnenschein G. Franklin 
Published: July 2005

AbstractPolymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI) has been used for making wood board composites for over 30 years, although its growth in application has been limited mainly by the perception that it is a high‐cost alternative to formaldehyde‐based adhesives. Increased use of pMDI adhesive in making wood composites will require optimization of the process variables involved. One such factor is the unresolved question of the interfacial aspects most responsible for building strong wood composites. Some argue that adhesive surface coverage is primarily responsible for board strength; others assert that penetration of the pMDI into the wood matrix is a primary characteristic of strong boards. This article will provide evidence that the interfacial aspect most important in building board strength is surface coverage of the wood particles or fibers. Experiments controlling the depth of pMDI penetration into wood matrices and then measuring their adherend strength were performed. We also calculated the potential efficiencies to be obtained from maximizing the surface coverage and minimizing the matrix penetration using a spherical sector model. Neither high nor low pMDI viscosity offered a significant advantage in surface covering pine or oak, although it is speculated that minimizing the droplet size of pMDI in the resination step could lead to substantial efficiency improvements in adhesive coverage. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 449–455, 2005
Rheological and processing properties of purified natural rubber
Authors: Rattanasom N. , Suchiva K. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractStudies were performed on the nature and magnitude of the variabilities in the rheological and processing properties of purified natural rubber (PNR). PNR samples were prepared from three clones of NR (RRIM 600, GT 1, and KRS 156). The corresponding whole NR (WNR) containing total nonrubber substances was also prepared for comparative purposes. All samples were stored for 3 months to elucidate the effect of storage on their rheological and processing properties. A novel study was also conducted to determine whether the commonly reported variabilities in the rheological properties had actual effects on the mixing. These were studied by means of an instrumented torque rheometer fitted with a small mixer head. The results showed that the vulcanization time of PNR was consistent and did not show clonal variation. PNR exhibited large clonal variation in the viscosity at a low shear rate and storage hardening, similar to the ordinary NR. However, the variations in the viscosity of PNR became less evident as the shear rates increased toward 200 s−1. The significant findings were that the observed variations in the rheological properties had no practical effect on the mixing time of PNR samples with carbon black. Moreover, the PNR samples required less energy for mixing than their WNR counterparts. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 456–465, 2005
Biodegradation behavior of acid‐containing cellulose acetate film in soil
Authors: Yamashita Yoichiro , Endo Takeshi 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe biodegradation behavior of various cellulose acetate (CA; degree of substitution = 2.5) films that contain acids was examined by a laboratory soil burial test to clarify the effects of additives on the biodegradability of CA. The biodegradation rate of the CA films containing polyphosphoric acid, phosphoric acid, and p‐toluenesulfonic acid increased compared to that of the nonadditive CA film. CA films containing mandelic acid and maleic acid showed a small tendency to increase. Conversely, CA films containing adipic acid did not affect the biodegradability of CA. A similar experiment was carried out with a sterilization system. The acid‐containing CA film, which showed an accelerated biodegradation rate, was chemically deacetylated by contact with water in the environment and was consequently converted to a lower degree of acetyl group substitution matter that had higher biodegradability. An IR analysis suggested that this deacetylating ability of acids is correlated with the intensity of their interaction with the acetyl group of CA. In the biodegradation process, the contact efficiency of acids to CA was considerably lowered by the elution of internal acids with time. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 466–473, 2005
Investigation on dry spinning process of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene/decalin solution
Authors: Sun Yushan , Wang Qingrui , Li Xiaojun , Chen Xueying , Ma Yan , Zhang Qi , Jin Xiaofang , Jiang Yuan , Sun Lin , Luo Qiang 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe relationship between the draw‐down ratio in the dry spinning process of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene/decalin solution and the fiber performance through maximized after‐drawing was investigated. The structural development during the after‐drawing process was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, sonic velocity, and FTIR measurements. An optimum draw‐down ratio was found in the multihole dry spinning process, which may be explained by molecular disentanglement and the composite effect of entropy and the viscosity component. The as‐spun fiber by draw‐down had an obvious shish kebab morphology, lower crystallinity, and a higher melting temperature compared with a free extrusion sample, and higher crystallinity and melting temperature compared with the fiber by first‐stage after‐drawing. During the subsequent after‐drawing process, the crystallinity, melting temperature, X‐ray diffraction, and sonic velocity orientation factors increased slowly in the higher after‐drawing ratio region, which was not consistent with the rising tendency of the tensile properties. The polarized and unpolarized IR spectra reflected the variations of the orientation and the content of the folded chains. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 474–483, 2005
Effects of heat treatment on the properties of heterogeneous cation permeable membranes from blends of poly(ether sulfone)/sulfonated poly(phenylene sulfide) and phenolphthalein poly(ether ether ketone)/sulfonated poly(phenylene sulfide)
Authors: Yan Hu Ke , Wen Xu Tong , Hua Yang Wei , Xun Fu Yan 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe effects of heat treatment on the properties of membranes prepared from blends of poly(ether sulfone)/sulfonated poly(phenylene sulfide) (SPPS) and phenolphthalein poly(ether ether ketone)/SPPS were studied in detail. The membranes' fundamental properties, including water content, transport number, diffusion coefficient of electrolytes, flux, and so on, changed with both treated temperature and time, whereas the ion‐exchange capacity and electrical resistance remained approximately unchanged. The trends may have been due to the possible structural change resulted from the shrinking of the polymers forming the membranes. Furthermore, the membranes also retained a good physical appearance at temperatures below 220°C. Therefore, a series of heterogeneous membranes with desired conductivities and selectivities as well as proper water contents, which could satisfy different industrial purposes, such as electrodialysis, diffusional dialysis, and proton exchange, were achieved by simple heat treatment for a proper time and at a proper temperature. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 494–499, 2005
Study on morphology development for in situ fiber–reinforced composites by blending polyolefin and polycaprolactone
Authors: Semba Takeshi , Kitagawa Kazuo , Nakagawa Masahiko , Semo Ishiaku Umaru , Hamada Hiroyuki 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe morphology developments and interfacial properties of extruded polyethylene/polycaprolactone and polypropylene/polycaprolactone blends were investigated. The interfacial thicknesses of both polymer blends were thin and this was investigated by interfacial tension measurement in the melt state. The aspect of boundary area was observed by AFM, and a clear line could be observed at the interface area as a result of thin interfacial thickness. The in situ fiber formation of the dispersed phase was remarkably generated under elongational flow (between die exit and solidification) rather than under shear flow (in the cylinder and die). Drawing ratio was varied at three levels to study its effect on elongation of the dispersed phases. The dispersions dramatically changed from spherical to spheroidal and filament shapes depending on the drawing ratio. Reduced capillary number (Ca*) was used to characterize droplet deformation. The deformation mode under shear flow was classified as nondeformation mode due to the fact that the Ca* was almost 0. On the other hand, the deformation mode under elongational flow was classified into filament shape mode (Ca* > 4). This classification was in agreement with the SEM images. The tensile properties were increased at the border line where the Ca* was 4.0. The melt interfacial tensions of polyolefin/polycaprolactone were relatively large, and a clear line could be observed at the interface area as a result of little affinity of polymer interface. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 500–508, 2005