bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential expression of mGluR5 metabotropic glutamate receptor mRNA by rat striatal neurons
Authors: Testa Claudia M. , Standaert David G. , Landwehrmeyer G. Bernhard , Penney John B. , Young Anne B. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMetabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) mediate the effects of glutamate neurotransmission on intracellular second messenger systems. Among the seven distinct mGluR receptor isoforms currently identified, the mGluR5 isoform is expressed particularly prominently in the striatum, where it may contribute to neuronal plasticity, motor behaviors, and excitotoxic injury. mGluR5 mRNA expression in striatal enkephalinergic, somatostatinergic, and cholinergic neurons was examined using double label in situ hybridization techniques. mGluR5 expression is abundant in a large number of medium‐sized striatal cells but is absent in a significant minority of neurons. Double label in situ hybridization with 35S‐dATP‐ and digoxygenin‐dUTP‐tailed oligonucleotide probes demonstrated that mGluR5 message is highly expressed by enkephalinergic striatal neurons but is not detectable in cholinergic or somatostatin interneurons. In addition, some nonenkephalin, presumably substance P, neurons were also strongly labeled for mGluR5. The differential expression of mGluR5 in striatal projection neurons vs. interneurons may contribute to the selective vulnerability of these neurons to disease processes. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuropeptide receptors in developing and adult rat spinal cord: An in vitro quantitative autoradiography study of calcitonin gene‐related peptide, neurokinins, μ‐opioid, galanin, somatostatin, neurotensin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptors
Authors: Kar S. , Quirion R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA number of neuroactive peptides including calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP), substance P, neurokinin B, opioids, somatostatin (SRIF), galanin, neurotensin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) have been localized in adult rat spinal cord and are considered to participate either directly and/or indirectly in the processing of sensory, motor and autonomic functions. Most of these peptides appear early during development, leading to the suggestion that peptides, in addition to their neurotransmitter/neuromodulator roles, may possibly be involved in the normal growth and maturation of the spinal cord. To provide an anatomical substrate for a better understanding of the possible roles of peptides in the ontogenic development of the cord, we investigated the topographical profile as well as variation in densities of [125I]hCGRPα, [125I]substance P/neurokinin‐1 (NK‐1), [125I]eledoisin/neurokinin‐3 (NK‐3), [125I]FK 33–824 ([D‐Ala2, Me‐Phe4, Met(O)ol5]enkephalin)/μ‐opioid, [125I]galanin, [125I]T0D8‐SRIF14 (an analog of sornatostatin), [125I]neurotensin and [125I]VIP binding sites in postnatal and adult rat spinal cord using in vitro quantitative receptor autoradiography. Receptor binding sites recognized by each radioligand are found to be distributed widely during early stages of postnatal development and then to undergo selective modification to attain their adult profile of distribution during the third week of postnatal development. The apparent density of various receptor sites, however, are differently regulated depending on the lamina and the stage of development studied. For example, the density of μ‐opioid binding sites, following a peak at postnatal day 4 (N), declines gradually in almost all regions of the spinal cord with the increasing age of the animal [125I]substance P/NK‐1 binding sites, on the other hand, show very little variation until P14 and then subsequently decrease as the development proceeds. In the adult rat, most of these peptide receptor binding sites are localized in relatively high amounts in the superficial laminae of the dorsal horn. To varying extents, moderate to low density of various peptide receptor binding sites are also found to be present in the ventral horn, intermediolateral cell column and around the central canal. Taken together, these results suggest that each receptor‐ligand system is regulated differently during development and may each uniquely be involved in cellular growth, differentiation and in maturation of the normal neural circuits of the spinal cord, Furthermore, the selective localization of various receptor binding sites in adult rat spinal cord over a wide variety of functionally distinct regions reinforces the neurotransmitter/ modulator roles of these peptides in sensory, motor and autonomic functions associated with the spinal cord. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of glycinergic cells and puncta in nuclei of the superior olivary complex of the postnatal ferret
Authors: Henkel Craig K. , Brunso‐Bechtold Judy K. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe distribution of glycine‐immunopositive cells and axonal endings was studied in the adult and early postnatal ferret superior olive. As in other species, the most prominent glycine‐immunopositive cell group in the adult ferret superior olive was the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body. Other darkly immunostained cells were present, although more scattered, in most periolivary regions, including the lateral and ventral trapezoid body nuclei. In the lateral superior olivary nuclei, glycine‐immunopositive cells were intermingled with immunonegative cells. A comparable population of cells in the ipsilateral lateral superior olivary nucleus was retrogradely labeled in cases with unilateral injections of tritiated glycine in the inferior colliculus. Glycine‐immunopositive puncta were widely distributed in the neuropil in most periolivary regions, including dense accumulations in the dorsomedial periolivary region and ventral and lateral nuclei of the trapezoid body. In the lateral and medial superior olivary nuclei, immunopositive puncta were distributed around the principal cells in characteristic perisomatic halos.In postnatal ferrets, immunopositive cell bodies were first observed by postnatal day 7 and were distributed in regions comparable to regions in the adult, with the exception that immunopositive cells in the lateral superior olivary nucleus did not appear until about postnatal day 28. There was diffuse staining in the neuropil in principal and periolivary nuclei by postnatal day 7. During the third postnatal week, the immunostaining in the neuropil began to take on a more granular appearance and immunopositive puncta could be seen by postnatal day 35. In the lateral and medial superior olivary nuclei, the earliest distribution of immunostaining in the neuropil was nonuniform, being greater in the high‐frequency, medial, and ventral regions, respectively. The density gradient in these areas was gradually eliminated over the next 2 postnatal weeks as immunostained processes and endings appeared over greater portions of the nuclei. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developmental changes in epitope accessibility as an indicator of multiple states of an immunoglobulin‐like neural cell adhesion molecule
Authors: Denburg Jeffrey L. , Caldwell Robert T. , Marner Joyce M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractCell surface molecules with restricted spatial and temporal distributions are good candidates for mediators of the cell‐cell interactions that are necessary for the development of the nervous system. A monoclonal antibody (MAb 23A7) was produced that selectively and transiently labeled a limited subset of axons in the chick embryo spinal cord. Determination of the N‐terminal amino acid sequence and immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that the 23A7 antigen is identical to Bravo/Nr‐CAM, a previously described cell adhesion molecule with immunoglobulin‐like domains (E. J. de la Rosa, J. F. Kayyem, J. M. Roman, Y.‐D. Stierhof, W. J. Dreyer, and U. Schwartz [1989] J. Cell Biol. 111:3087–3096; M. Grumet, V. Mauro, M. P. Goon, G. M. Edelman, and B. A. Cunningham [1991] J. Cell Biol. 113:1399–1412).The temporal distribution of the 23A7 antigen is unusual in that, immunohistochemically, MAb 23A7 binding greatly decreases after 7 days of development, whereas Western blot analysis indicates increasing levels of the antigen until 17 days of development. In contrast, an antiserum against purified Nr‐CAM, which also binds only to the 23A7 antigen, labels nearly all the axons in the tissue throughout all the later stages of development. These anomalous observations are apparently not the result of differential sensitivity of the 23A7 epitope to fixation, the use of suboptimal concentrations of the MAb, or selective MAb binding to a subset of Bravo/Nr‐CAM molecules produced by alternative splicing of the transcript or by posttranslational modification. These findings could indicate the existence of multiple states of Bravo/Nr‐CAM, which during development, vary in the accessibility of their extracellular domains to the MAb. This suggests the existence of multiple conformation or aggregation states of this cell adhesion molecule, each of which might be performing a different function. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Patterning of local intracortical projections within the vibrissae representation of rat primary somatosensory cortex
Authors: Hoeflinger Brian F. , Bennett‐Clarke Carol A. , Chiaia Nicolas L. , Killackey Herbert P. , Rhoades Robert W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAnterograde and retrograde tracing with biotinylated dextran amine and Phaseolus vulgaris leukoagglutinin was used to assess projection patterns within the vibrissae representation of the rat's primary somatosensorycortex (S‐I). Large and small injections of either tracer into the center of the vibrissae representation yielded dense anterograde and retrograde labelling throughout much of the tangential extent of the vibrissae representation within S‐I. In all layers, the pattern and extent of retrograde and anterograde label was in rough congruence. The organization of this labelling varied across cortical layers. In layers II and III, labelled fibers extended away from injection sites in all directions and yielded a uniform pattern, which decreased in density with increasing distance from the tracer injection. There was a tendency for labelling to be more extensive along the representation of the row of vibrissae follicles that included the injection site than across rows. There was also a tendency for anterograde labelling to be more extensive in the direction of the representation of follicles more rostral on the face than that injected. In lamina IV, both labelled fibers and cells were restricted for the most part to the septa regions between the barrels. However, a small number of retrogradely labelled neurons were also located in the barrels (approximately one‐ninth of the number found in the septa). The pattern observed in laminae II–III was repeated in layers V and VI. In these laminae, there was no evidence of a pattern of intracortical connections related to the vibrissae representation in overlying lamina IV. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spindle neurons of the human anterior cingul. Ate cortex
Authors: Nimchinsky Esther A. , Vogt Brent A. , Morrison John H. , Hof Patrick R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe human anterior cingulate cortex is distinguished by the presence of an unusual cell type, a large spindle neuron in layer Vb. This cell has been noted numerous times in the historical literature but has not been studied with modern neuroanatomic techniques. For instance, details regarding the neuronal class to which these cells belong and regarding their precise distribution along both ventrodorsal and anteroposterior axes of the cingulate gyrus are still lacking. In the present study, morphological features and the anatomic distribution of this cell type were studied using computer‐assisted mapping and immunocytochemical techniques. Spindle neurons are restricted to the subfields; of the anterior cingulate cortex (Brodmann's area 24), exhibiting a greater density in anterior portions of this area than in posterior portions, and tapering off in the transition zone between anterior and posterior cingulate cortex. Furthermore, a majority of the spindle cells at any level is located in subarea 24b on the gyral surface. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed that the neurofilament protein triplet was present in a large percentage of these neurons and that they did not contain calcium‐binding proteins. Injections of the carbocyanine dye DiI into the cingulum bundle revealed that these cells are projection neurons. Finally, spindle cells were consistently affected in Alzheimer's disease cases, with an overall loss of about 60%. Taken together, these observations indicate that the spindle cells of the human cingulate cortex represent a morphological subpopulation of pyramidal neurons whose restricted distribution may be associated with functionally distinct areas.
Postnatal maturation of GABA‐immunoreactive neurons of rat medial prefron tal cortex
Authors: Vincent Stephen L. , Pabreza Laurie , Benes Francine M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA light microscopic immunocytochemical approach has been used to examine the distribution and maturation of γ‐aminobutyric acid‐ (GABA) containing cells in rat medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) at progressive postnatal stages. Between P1 and P5, labeled cells in the cortical plate show less differentiated morphological characteristics when compared to cells in the deeper laminae. By P10, however, most labeled cells in superficial laminae show more differentiated characteristics with some having a distinctive multipolar appearance. Between P1 and P5, there is a significant increase (50%) in the density of GABA‐containing cells in the superficial laminae, while concurrently there is an overall decrease in the subjacent deeper laminae. As the cortex continues to expand, there is a corresponding decrease in the density of GABA‐immunoreactive cells in the outer two‐thirds of the cortical mantle until approximately P15, stabilizing at 20–25 cells/100,000 μm2 for all laminae. Between P1 and P15, there is also a significant increase (133%) in the average size of labeled cells, followed by a gradual decrease of 30% between P15 and P41. During P1–7, there is a marked increase in the density of labeled axosomatic terminals in both the superficial (200%) and deep laminae (116%). In the superficial layers, however, the density of labeled terminals again increases by 86% between P12 and P18. In general, the present findings are consistent with the idea that there is a progressive maturation of the intrinsic GABAergic system in rat mPFC in a classic “inside‐out” pattern, and this involves extensive postnatal changes occurring during the first 3 postnatal weeks.
Glial cells of the lamprey nervous system contain keratin‐like proteins
Authors: Merrick Sandra E. , Pleasure Samuel J. , Lurie Diana I. , Pijak Donald S. , Selzer Michael E. , Lee Virginia M. ‐Y. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractLamprey axons regenerate following spinal cord transection despite the formation of a glial scar. As we were unable to derect a lamprey homologue of glial tibrillary acidic protien (GFAP), a major constituent of astrocytes, we studied the composition of intermediate filament(IF) proteins of lamprey glia. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were raised to lamprey spinal cord cytoskeletal extracts and these mAbs were characterized by using Western blotting and immunocytochemistry. On two‐dimensional (2‐D) Western blots, five of the mAbs detected three major IF polypeptides in the molecular weight (MW) range of 45–56 kD. Further studies were conducted to determine the relationship between the lamprey glial‐specific antigen and other mammalian IF proteins. Antikeratin 8 antibody recognized two of the three polypeptides. Several of the glial‐specific mAbs reacted with human keratins 8 and 18 on Western blots. Keratin‐like immunoreactivity was found in all parts of the central and peripheral nervous systems in both larval and adult lampreys. The immunocytochemical staining patterns of glial‐specific mAbs were indistinguishable on lamprey spinal cord sections. However, on brain sections, two distinct patterns were observed. A subset of mAbs stained only a few glial fibers in the brain, whereas others stained many more brain glia, particularly the ependymal cells. The former group of mAbs recognized only the two lower MW polypeptides on 2‐D Western blots, but the latter group of mAbs recognized all three mejor IF polypeptides. This correlation is supported by the observation that the highest MW IF polypeptide has an increased level of expression in the brain relative to the spinal cord. Thus, in the lamprey, the glial cells of both spinal cord and brain express molecules similar to simple epithelial cytokeratins, but their IFs may contain these keratins in different stoichiometric proportions. The widespread presence in the lamprey of primitive glial cells containing keratin‐like intermediate filaments may have significance for the extraordinary ability of lamprey spinal axons to regenerate.
5‐HT1A receptor localization on the axon hillock of cervical spinal motoneurons in primates
Authors: Kheck N. M. , Gannon P. J. , Azmitia E. C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSerotonin (5‐HT) has direct and specific effects on the activity of spinal cord motoneurons. The 5‐HT1A receptor has been shown to mediate motoneuron responses in spinal reflex pathways using the highly selective 5‐HT1A receptor agonist 8‐OH‐DPAT. We have developed an antipeptide antibody that recognizes a specific region (the second external loop) of the 5‐HT1A receptor. This 5‐HT1A receptor antibody labels populations of neurons and glia in the primate cervical spinal cord. The highest receptor density is present in the superficial lamina of the dorsal horn, around the central canal, and on the axon hillock of large ventral horn motoneurons. The cellular labeling pattern on motoneurons shows a single, densely stained, tapering process emanating from the perikaryon. A more diffuse label is also present throughout the soma. Dendritic labeling was not apparent. These results suggest that post‐synaptic 5‐HT1A receptors may be involved in modulating spinal motoneuron activity at the key site of action potential initiation, the axon hillock.
Characterization of inducible cyclooxygenase in rat brain
Authors: Breder Christopher D. , Dewitt David , Kraig Richard P. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractConsiderable debate exists regarding the cellular source of prostaglandins in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). At least two forms of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase, or cyclooxygenase (COX), the principal enzyme in the biosynthesis of these mediators, are known to exist. Both forms have been identified in the CNS, but only the distribution of COX 1 has been mapped in detail. In this study, we used Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry to describe the biochemical characterization and anatomical distribution of the second, mitogen‐inducible form of this enzyme, COX 2 in the rat brain.COX 2‐like immunoreactive (COX 2‐ir) staining occurred in dendrites and cell bodies of neurons, structures that are typically postsynaptic. It was noted in distinct portions of specific cortical laminae and subcortical nuclei. The distribution in the CNS was quite different from COX 1. COX 2‐ir neurons were primarily observed in the cortex and allocortical structures, such as the hippocampal formation and amygdala. Within the amygdala, neurons were primarily observed in the caudal and posterior part of the deep and cortical nuclei. In the diencephalon, COX 2–ir cells were also observed in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and in the nuclei of the anteroventral region surrounding the third ventricle, including the vascular organ of the lamina terminalis. COX 2–ir neurons were also observed in the subparafascicular nucleus, the medial zona incerta, and pretectal area. In the brainstem, COX 2‐ir neurons were observed in the dorsal raphe nucleus, the nucleus of the brachium, of the inferior colliculus, and in the region of the subcoeruleus. The distribution of COX 2‐ir neurons in the CNS suggests that COX 2 may be involved in processing and integration of visceral and special sensory input and in elaboration of the autonomic, endocrine, and behavioral responses.
Early postmitotic neurons transiently express TOAD‐64, a neural specific protein
Authors: Minturn Jane E. , Geschwind Daniel H. , Fryer Hugh J. L. , Hockfield Susan 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTo identify proteins involved in the early development of the mammalian cerebral cortex, we previously used two‐dimensional gels to compare proteins synthesized at different stages in corticogenesis in the embryonic rat at embryonic day 14 (E14), E17, and E21. During this period, the cortex develops from a morphologically homogeneous population of proliferative precursor cells into a complex structure containing a diverse array of terminally differentiated neurons. Several proteins are up‐regulated coincident with the generation of postmitotic neurons. Here we describe the purification, partial amino acid sequencing, and characterization of one of these proteins, TOAD‐64 (Turned On After Division; 64 kDa), using polyclonal antisera to two synthetic peptides from the protein. This analysis reveals that TOAD‐64 is a 64,000 Da protein that increases in abundance over the period of corticogenesis and then subsequently decreases to very low levels in the adult. The protein is neural specific and is expressed by postmitotic neurons as they begin their migration out of the ventricular zone into the developing cortical plate. It is expressed in advance of most other neuronal proteins. Progenitor cells do not express TOAD‐64. Therefore, this protein is a marker for postmitotic cells that have made a commitment to a neuronal phenotype. The extremely early expression, the relative abundance in newly born neurons, as well as the restriction in expression to the period of initial neuronal differentiation suggest that TOAD‐64 may be a key structural protein for early neuronal function.
Distribution and spatial geometry of dopamine interplexiform cells in the retina. II. External arborizations in the adult rat and monkey
Authors: Savy Claudine , Moussafi Fatima , Durand Jacques , Yelnik Jérôme , Simon Axelle , Nguyen‐Legros Jeanine 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe morphology and distribution of dopaminergic interplexiform cells in adult rat and monkey retinas were analyzed to determine any correlation with the function of dopamine in the outer retinal layers. The retinas were processed as whole mounts for tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry. There was a network formed by the sclerally directed processes of interplexiform cells in the inner nuclear, outer plexiform, and outer nuclear layers running throughout the retina. Their density was higher in the superior retina than in the inferior retina of the rat and was especially high in the superior temporal quadrant. The external network in this quadrant was significantly less dense in the monkey than in the rat, as are the interplexiform cells. The somata of interplexiform and other dopaminergic cells were about the same size in both rats and monkeys. Computer‐assisted reconstruction of external arborizations of individual cells showed that external processes lay very close to horizontal and photoreceptor cells and also to blood capillaries. Because they were long, thin, and highly varicose; branched at right angles; and often arose from an axon hillock, the external processes were identified as axons. Therefore, we define the dopaminergic interplexiform cells as multiaxonal neurons, with at least one outwardly directed axon that reaches the outer plexiform layer. The function of the network of external processes from the interplexiform dopaminergic cells is discussed in terms of modulating the release of dopamine to external layers.