bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Coagulant Dosing on Physicochemical and Microbiological Characteristics of Activated Sludge and Foam Formation
Authors: Lánský Milan , Ruz̆ic̆ková Iveta , Benáková Andrea , Wanner Jir̆í 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe paper examines the effect of coagulant dosing on stable biological foam formation and occurrence of filamentous microorganisms. Physicochemical (surface charge, extracellular polymers concentration and composition) and biological parameters (sedimentation characteristics, microscopical analysis) were determined for this purpose. Coagulant dosing was found to suppress biological foam formation and filamentous microorganisms Microthrix parvicella presence in activated sludge.Close connection between sludge volume index and EPS amount was detected during experiment.
Measurement of Foam Quality of Activated Sludge in MBR Process
Authors: Nakajima Jun , Mishima Iori 
Published: July 2005

AbstractMBR (membrane bioreactor) process has been applied to wastewater treatment plants recently. It is well known that the most important point of the optimum maintenance is control of membrane clogging in the process. Suitable indices for operation and maintenance in MBR are desired to predict the timely cleaning period and carry out the effective cleaning of the membrane. A large amount of foam is sometimes produced in MBR facilities. Some foam seems to be produced by extracellular protein that is known to cause the membrane clogging. Therefore measurement methodology of foam quality produced by activated sludge in MBR process and characteristics of its extracellular polymer substances (EPS) were studied. The conclusions were: (1) EPS was able to be extracted by steaming treatment on the optimum condition at 105 °C for 30 minutes. (2) Bingham viscosity and yield stress of activated sludge were measured. The yield stress was contributed by EPS and this suggested that EPS was one important factor for foaming. (3) The measurement of foam quality using a video camera showed good performance. The foaming power and the foam stability increased proportionally with the concentration of protein in EPS. It was clear that the protein concentration in EPS was strongly related to the foam quality and quantity. (4) The foaming power decreased by addition of MLSS. This decrease was caused by adsorption of EPS to MLSS. Foaming in an aeration tank will be an index for membrane cleaning requirement.
Lipase Activities in Activated Sludge and Scum – Comparison of New and Conventional Techniques
Authors: Schade Margit , Lemmer Hilde 
Published: July 2005

AbstractLipase activities in activated sludge and scum were determined by both conventional in vitro methods and in situ measurements using the ELF (enzyme labeled fluorescence)‐technology where enzyme activity can be observed right at the site of activity. Activities were determined in a two‐stage municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) as well as in three one‐stage WWTP's. In the high load first stage (F:M ratio given as mass of BOD5 related to mass of mixed liquor suspendid solids and day: 0.64 kg kg−1 d−1) of the two‐stage municipal WWTP being dominated by nocardioform actinomycetes lipase activity was somewhat higher in activated sludge as compared to scum. In contrast activities in the low load second stage (F:M ratio 0.02…0.05 kg kg−1 d−1) were significantly higher in the scum fraction. High lipase activities were measured in the one‐stage WWTP 2 being dominated by “Microthrix parvicella”. In situ ELF‐technology assigned the lipase activity to “M. parvicella” filaments with high activity in sludge and reduced activity in scum. In WWTP 3 with alternating dominance of actinomycetes and “M. parvicella” in scum both in vitro and in situ measurements revealed lower activities when actinomycetes were dominating. This suggests their lower degradation activity of long‐chain fatty acids (oleate, palmitate). AlCl3 addition in a pilot scale activated sludge treatment plant led to a significant decrease of lipase activity of the dominating “M. parvicella” filaments which could readily be monitored by both techniques after only two days of dosage.
Foaming Estimation Tests in Activated Sludge Systems
Authors: Torregrossa Michele , Viviani Gaspare , Vinci Valentino 
Published: July 2005

AbstractPersistent biological foaming phenomena in activated sludge systems due to excess of filamentous microorganisms with hydrophobic properties, such as GALO, Microthrix parvicella and others, are frequently reported everywhere. Nevertheless, even if the number of plants affected by this trouble is high, presently there are no suitable general methods to evaluate properly the phenomenon. This paper reports on the results of a series of foam tests (Scum Index, Foam Rating), of hydrophobicity measurements of activated sludge (mixed liquor and foam) and measurements of extension of aeration tank covered by foam surfaces.The data obtained by using the above indicated methods are clearly correlated with the capability of activated sludge to produce foam. Nevertheless a different coherence between foam test measurement data and foam coverage of aeration tanks was encountered in comparison to that between hydrophobicity measurement data and foam coverage of aeration tanks due to the hydraulic regime of surface.
The Oxidation State of a Protein Observed Molecule‐by‐Molecule
Authors: Schmauder Ralf , Librizzi Fabio , Canters Gerard W. , Schmidt Thomas , Aartsma Thijs J. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractWe report the observation of the redox state of the blue copper protein azurin on the single‐molecule level. The fluorescence of a small fluorophore attached to the protein is modulated by the change in absorption of the copper center via fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). In our model system, the fluorescence label Cy5 was coupled to azurin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa via cysteine K27C. The Cy5 fluorescence was partially quenched by the absorption of the copper center of azurin in its oxidized state. In the reduced state, absorption is negligible, and thus no quenching occurs. We report on single‐molecule measurements, both in solution by using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) combined with fluorescence intensity distribution analysis (FIDA), and on surfaces by using wide‐field fluorescence microscopy.
Inflammation and the etiology of type 2 diabetes
Authors: Sjöholm Åke , Nyström Thomas 
Published: July 2005

AbstractType 2 diabetes is increasingly common worldwide and is beginning to strike younger age groups. Almost 90% of all patients with diabetes show insulin resistance, which also precedes the first symptoms of diabetes. The mechanisms underlying the development of insulin resistance are not well understood. In recent years, several studies have been published that implicate subclinical chronic inflammation as an important pathogenetic factor in the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. This opens new perspectives for diagnosis and treatment of early insulin resistance and incipient glucose intolerance.Surrogate markers for this low‐grade chronic inflammation include CRP, IL‐6 and TNF‐α. Some antidiabetic agents, for example, glitazones that reduce insulin resistance, and insulin itself, reduce inflammation. Conversely, antiinflammatory drugs (ASA/NSAID) may improve glucose tolerance. Vasoactive drugs that are often prescribed to people with diabetes, for example, statins and ACE inhibitors/angiotensin receptor antagonists, also counteract inflammation and reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. More specific and sensitive biomarkers should be identified, which may predict early disturbances in insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular risk. Also, inflammatory signalling pathways need to be explored in greater detail, and may form the basis of drugable targets against the epidemic of insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of Leprapinic Acid, Calycine and Analogues by Sequential “[3+2] Cyclization/Suzuki/Lactonization” Reactions
Authors: Ahmed Zafar , Albrecht Uwe , Langer Peter 
Published: July 2005

AbstractCalycine and analogues were prepared on the basis of Suzuki cross‐coupling reactions of γ‐alkylidene‐α‐hydroxybutenolides – readily available by cyclization of 1,3‐dicarbonyl dianions or 1,3‐bis(silyl enol ether)s with oxalyl derivatives – and subsequent boron tribromide‐mediated lactonization. Leprapinic acid was prepared by chemoselective boron tribromide‐mediated deprotection of permethylated leprapinic acid. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Conformational Study of GPI Anchors: the Common Oligosaccharide GPI Anchor Backbone
Authors: Chevalier Franck , Lopez‐Prados Javier , Perez Serge , Martín‐Lomas Manuel , Nieto Pedro M. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe solution three‐dimensional structure of pseudopentasaccharide 6, which constitutes the product from the GPI‐PLD cleavage of a GPI anchor, has been studied using a protocol which involves a systematic search of the conformational space around the glycosidic linkages, a thorough molecular dynamics study with explicit water molecules and a full NMR analysis study of intramolecular hydrogen bonding in solution. The results indicate that 6 exists in an extended conformation with a considerable flexibility compatible with a hinge‐like conformational motion. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Nifedipine pretreatment reduces vibration‐induced vascular damage
Authors: Curry Brian D. , Govindaraju Sandya R. , Bain James L. W. , Zhang Lin Ling , Yan Ji‐Geng , Matloub Hani S. , Riley Danny A. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractA rat‐tail vibration model of hand‐arm vibration was employed to test whether preemptive administration of nifedipine (5 mg/kg) to block vasoconstriction prevents vibration‐induced arterial damage. The tails of vibrated and nifedipine‐pretreated vibrated Sprague‐Dawley rats were exposed continuously to 4 h of 60‐HZ vibration at 49 m/s2 rms. In nonvibrated anesthetized rats, the ventral tail arteries were bathed for 15 min in situ in 1 mM epinephrine or 1 mM norepinephrine to induce structural changes indicative of intense vasoconstriction. Arteries were processed for light and electron microscopy 45 min after treatment. Compared to sham control, 4‐h vibration significantly (P < 0.01) reduced lumen size, generated endothelial disruption (7.0 ± 2.6%), elevated nuclear factor of activated T cells c3 (NFATc3) expression in endothelial and smooth muscle cells, and increased smooth muscle cell vacuolization. The findings demonstrate that blockage of vibration‐induced vasoconstriction with nifedipine prevents acute vascular damage. Smooth muscle and endothelial cells structurally altered by vasoconstriction are rendered susceptible to damage by vibration. Muscle Nerve, 2005
Dimethyl sulfone in human cerebrospinal fluid and blood plasma confirmed by one‐dimensional 1H and two‐dimensional 1H‐13C NMR
Authors: Engelke Udo F. H. , Tangerman Albert , Willemsen Michèl A. A. P. , Moskau Detlef , Loss Sandra , Mudd S. Harvey , Wevers Ron A. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract1H‐NMR spectroscopy at 500 MHz was used to confirm that a previously unidentified singlet resonance at 3.14 ppm in the spectra of cerebrospinal fluid and plasma samples corresponds to dimethyl sulfone (DMSO2). A triple resonance inverse cryogenic NMR probe, with pre‐amplifier and the RF‐coils cooled to low temperature, was used to obtain an 1H‐13C HSQC spectrum of CSF containing 8 µM (753 ng/ml) DMSO2. The 1H‐13C correlation signal for DMSO2 was assigned by comparison with the spectrum from an authentic reference sample. In plasma and CSF from healthy controls, the concentration of DMSO2 ranged between 0 and 25 µmol/l. The concentration of DMSO2 in plasma from three of four patients with severe methionine adenosyltransferase I/III (MAT I/III) deficiency was about twice the maximum observed for controls. Thus, DMSO2 occurs as a regular metabolite at low micromolar concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma. It derives from dietary sources, from intestinal bacterial metabolism and from human endogenous methanethiol metabolism. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A simulation‐based study of wireless sensor network middleware
Authors: Wolenetz Matthew , Kumar Rajnish , Shin Junsuk , Ramachandran Umakishore 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFuture wireless sensor networks (WSNs) will transport high‐bandwidth, low‐latency streaming data, and will host sophisticated processing, such as image fusion and object tracking,in‐networkon sensor network nodes. Recent middleware proposals provide capabilities for in‐network processing, reducing energy drain based on communication costs alone. However, hosting complex processing on WSN nodes incurs additional processing energy and latency costs that impact network lifetime and application performance. There is a need for a WSN planning framework to explore energy saving and application performance trade‐offs for models of future sensor networks that account for processing costs in addition to communication costs. In this work, we present a simulation framework to analyze the interplay between resource requirements for compute‐ and communication‐intensive in‐network processing for streaming applications. We simulate a surveillance application workload with middleware capabilities for data fusion, adaptive policy‐driven migration of data fusion computation across network nodes, and prefetching of streaming data inputs for fusion processing. Our study sheds light on application figures of merit such as latency, throughput, and lifetime with respect to migration policy and node CPU and radio characteristics. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Node placement for triangular mesh generation by Monte Carlo simulation
Authors: Zhang Hanzhou , Smirnov Andrei V. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractA new approach of node placement for unstructured mesh generation is proposed. It is based on the Monte Carlo method to position nodes for triangular or tetrahedral meshes. Surface or volume geometries to be meshed are treated as atomic systems, and mesh nodes are considered as interacting particles. By minimizing system potential energy with Monte Carlo simulation, particles are placed into a near‐optimal configuration. Well‐shaped triangles or tetrahedra can then be created after connecting the nodes by constrained Delaunay triangulation or tetrahedrization. The algorithm is simple, easy to implement, and works in an almost identical way for 2D and 3D meshing. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photofabrication of surface relief gratings from azobenzene containing perfluorocyclobutane aryl ether polymer
Authors: Chun Chaemin , Ghim Jieun , Kim Mi‐Jeong , Kim Dong Yu 
Published: July 2005

AbstractAn azobenzene based perfluorocyclobutane (PFCB) aryl ether polymer, poly[4‐(phenylazo)triphenylamine‐1,2‐hexafluorocyclobutyl ether], was synthesized by using a palladium catalyzed amination reaction and the 2π + 2π cyclodimerization of 4‐[(trifluorovinyl)oxy]bromobenzene. This polymer was designed and synthesized to permit azo chromophores to be incorporated, thus introducing photoinduced dynamic behavior into the PFCB containing polymer structure. The polymer exhibited a Tg of about 122 °C, and the maximum absorption of the azo chromophores was 407 nm in the film state. A thin film was prepared through a spin coating process, and the rapid growth of diffraction efficiency was then achieved by irradiation with an interference beam. The efficient formation of holographic surface relief gratings was also verified from AFM images, which show regularly defined and aligned grating structures. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 3525–3532, 2005
Synthesis of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVdF)/silica hybrids having interpenetrating polymer network structure by using crystallization between PVdF chains
Authors: Ogoshi Tomoki , Chujo Yoshiki 
Published: July 2005

AbstractHigh transparent and homogeneous poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVdF)/silica hybrids were obtained by using an in‐situ interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) method. The simultaneous formation of PVdF gel resulting from the physical cross‐linking and silica gel from sol–gel process prevented the aggregation of PVdF in silica gel matrix. To form the physical cross‐linking between PVdF chains, the cosolvent system of dimethylformaide (DMF) and γ‐butyrolactone was used. The obtained PVdF/silica hybrids had an entangled combination of physical PVdF gel and silica gel, which was called a “complete‐ IPN” structure. The physical cross‐linking between PVdF chains in silica gel matrix was confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements. The miscibility between PVdF and silica phase was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and tapping mode atomic force microscopy (TM‐AFM) measurements. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 3543–3550, 2005
Synthesis and characterization of a poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) with β‐cyclodextrin as pendant groups
Authors: Liu Yu‐Yang , Fan Xiao‐Dong , Zhao YA‐Bing 
Published: July 2005

AbstractA novel linear poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPA) with β‐cylodextrin (β‐CD) moiety (PNIPA‐β‐CD) was synthesized by the conjugation of β‐CD carrying amino groups (EDA‐β‐CD) onto PNIPA with epoxy groups (P(NIPA‐co‐GMA), Mn = 3.86 × 104), and the related reaction conditions are investigated. PNIPA‐β‐CD was characterized by means of IR, NMR and UV spectroscopes, element analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The number‐average molecular weight (Mn) and the β‐CD content of the obtained PNIPA‐β‐CD are 4.87 × 104 and 18.8 wt %, respectively. PNIPA‐β‐CD can not only respond to temperature stimuli but also include guest molecules. Lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of aqueous PNIPA‐β‐CD solution is similar to that of PNIPA. The association constant (Ka) for PNIPA‐β‐CD with methyl orange (MO) is 2.4 × 103 L mol−1 at pH 1.4, which is comparable to that of EDA‐β‐CD (Ka = 2.9 × 103 L mol−1). © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 3516–3524, 2005
Photovoltaic behavior of structures based on nanocrystalline semiconductor oxides
Authors: Vigil E. , Zumeta I. , Ayllón J. A. , González B. , Domènech X. , Domínguez C. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractContributions to the improvement of TiO2 photoelectrodes are presented. When using as underlying layer a thin film obtained by microwave‐activated chemical bath deposition (MW‐CBD), photoelectrodes with a two‐layer TiO2 structure supersede the one‐layer structure. This is explained on the basis of TiO2‐conducting oxide contact. Also, the TiO2 sensitization issue is considered. A new simple way to sensitize TiO2 with copper oxide is used. This technology is perspective for trying to eliminate liquid electrolyte in DSSC and possibly, for water photolysis. Photoelectrodes formed with a copper oxide–porous TiO2 heterostructure work in the visible part of the spectrum and require no bias for photocurrent generation. Photovoltaic behavior is characterized by the spectral photocurrent dependence and time response. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electromechanical Transducers at the Nanoscale: Actuation and Sensing of Motion in Nanoelectromechanical Systems (NEMS)
Authors: Ekinci K. L. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractElectromechanical devices are rapidly being miniaturized, following the trend in commercial transistor electronics. Miniature electromechanical devices—now with dimensions in the deep sub‐micrometer range—are envisioned for a variety of applications as well as for accessing interesting regimes in fundamental physics. Among the most important technological challenges in the operation of these nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) are the actuation and detection of their sub‐nanometer displacements at high frequencies. In this Review, we shall focus on this most central concern in NEMS technology: realization of electromechanical transducers at the nanoscale. The currently available techniques to actuate and detect NEMS motion are introduced, and the accuracy, bandwidth, and robustness of these techniques are discussed.
A determination of the hydromagnetic waves polarization from their perturbations on the terminator
Authors: Alperovich L. , Fidel B. , Saka O. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract. The influence of the homogeneous and inhomogeneous ionosphere on the orientation angle of the horizontal magnetic vectors of the long-time geomagnetic pulsations is under consideration in this study. It was realized that this angle is small in the case of the homogeneous ionosphere for both the Alfvén and magnetosonic types of oscillations. An increase in the ionospheric electric field was discovered as the ionospheric conductivity changes during the switch from day to night conditions. It is valid only for the initial Alfvén wave. The ionospheric equivalent current systems excited by the initial magnetospheric waves of Alfvén and magnetosonic types as well as their behavior near the terminator were studied for different seasons. For the Alfvén source, seasonal variations of the orientation angle close to sunrise at the equator depend on the type of source: odd or even modes of Alfvén oscillations excite observable pulsations. It was found that the ionospheric two-vortex equivalent current system of the long-period pulsations arising in high-latitudes in the equatorial region alters not only its direction, but its intensity too. The largest anomaly (~25% of the source value) would be expected near the terminator. A new experimental method was suggested to recognize the type of incident magnetospheric waves by implementing observations either at a single observatory or at a couple of observatories. In the case of a single observatory it is proposed to study the frequency dependence of the orientation angle of their magnetic components close to sunrise. If the initial wave is magnetosonic, this angle must not be changed as a function of the local time within the wide frequency range of pulsations. When pulsations have an orientation angle sensitive to the presence of the terminator, they may be classified as both Alfvén and magnetosonic. For the Alfvén waves no frequency dependence of the orientational angle is peculiar. On the contrary, magnetosonic waves should be determined as oscillations with an orientational angle proportional to the frequency. These oscillations may be revealed at observatories located on the high-resistance cross sections. The example of the spectral-temporal analysis of pulsation at the equatorial observatory in Huancayo was demonstrated to confirm the proposed experimental technique. A weak dependence of the orientation angle anomaly on the frequency near the terminator was found. The latter is evidence for the dominant contribution of the Alfvén waves to low-latitude and equatorial oscillations.