bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION
Authors: Allison Fred , Lancaster Margie G. 
Published: June 2004

The relation of intravascular fibrin to the leucocytic sticking reaction in ear chambers of rabbits injured by heat was investigated in two ways. First, attempts were made to destroy the thin layer of fibrin believed to coat the surfaces of cells involved in the sticking reaction. Second, white cell sticking was studied after fibrinogen had been removed from the blood stream. The results of these experiments were as follows:—
1. Activation of fibrinolysin in vivo by streptokinase did not impair sticking of white blood cells.
2. Administration of streptokinase parenterally did not lower fibrinogen blood levels appreciably even when the amount used was large.
3. Thromboplastin infusions alone reduced circulating fibrinogen to low levels but leucocytic sticking was not prevented. Furthermore, frequent death of animals due to pulmonary embolism made such experiments prohibitive.
4. Addition of streptokinase to thromboplastin infusions protected against embolic deaths but did not influence sticking even though the fibrinogen levels achieved were quite low.
5. Finally, when thrombin was added to infusions of thromboplastin and streptokinase, no circulating fibrinogen could be detected. Under such circumstances leucocytic sticking following heat injury occurred without reduction.
These findings were interpreted as evidence against a primary role of the blood clotting mechanism in causing the sticking of white blood cells to injured endothelium. Alternative explanations were discussed.
RELATION OF A ß1-GLYCOPROTEIN OF HUMAN SERUM TO THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
Authors: Müller-Eberhard H. J. , Nilsson U. 
Published: June 2004

The protein of human serum, tentatively designated ß1C-globulin, was shown to possess serological activity and to be related to the complement system. Another serum protein (ß1A-globulin) was identified as the inactivated form of ß1C-globulin.
Incubation of fresh serum with various immune precipitates or with soluble γ-globulin aggregates at 37°C. resulted in the removal of ß1C-globulin. Treatment of fresh serum with zymosan at 17 and 37°C. had a similar effect. In both instances ß1C-globulin was removed from serum, apparently by conversion to ß1A-globulin. However, isolated ß1C-globulin did not react with immune precipitates or zymosan, nor did ß1C-globulin of serum previously heated at 56°C.
Highly purified ß1C-globulin was tested for complement component activity by means of the usual reagents. All of the preparations examined were found to reconstitute the hemolytic activity of guinea pig R3. However, they failed to reconstitute R3 obtained from human serum. Isolated ß1A-globulin was found to be inactive in all systems.
When isolated ß1C-globulin in either phosphate or in borate buffer was stored at 37°C., the activity detected by means of guinea pig R3 declined within 6 days to 20 to 30 per cent of its original value. As the activity decreased, ß1C-globulin was gradually converted to ß1A-globulin.
Addition of ß1C-globulin to a limited complement system (human C') caused an increase of both initial velocity and final degree of hemolysis.
Although ß1C-globulin did not cause lysis of EAC'1, 4, 2, it fully prevented the otherwise rapid decay of EAC'1, 4, 2 at 37°C., and so presumably interacted with this complex.
GENETIC STUDY OF HUMAN CELLS IN VITRO
Authors: Chang R. Shihman 
Published: June 2004

The isolation of carbohydrate variants from cultures of HeLa and conjunctival cells was described. Factors inherent in the cell culture system, such as parent populations and dialyzed serums, have been shown to influence the outcome of variant isolations. Established stable variants incorporated significantly more pentoses or lactate into various cell fractions than the parent cultures. Besides their abilities to propagate continuously in the selecting environments, the variants multiplied slower, were more susceptible to sub-zero preservation and the cytotoxic effect of D-2-deoxyglucose, showed lower cloning efficiencies and were less susceptible to the deleterious effect of glucose oxidase.
The ribose variants also differed from the parent cultures in morphological appearance such as formation of multinucleated cells and ring-shaped colonies. They converted more ribose into other component sugars of mucopolysaccharides than the parent cultures. Preliminary analyses of the mucopolysaccharides extracted from the ribose variants and parent cultures showed large difference in their carbohydrate (Molisch-positive materials) and DNA ratios. Evidence suggests that a sequence of interrelated events from genetic selection to primitive morphogenesis has been established.
IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES ON A C POLYSACCHARIDE COMPLEX OF GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI HAVING A DIRECT TOXIC EFFECT ON CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Authors: Schwab John H. , Cromartie William J. 
Published: June 2004

A macromolecular complex of C polysaccharide and peptide derived from Group A streptococcal cells produces a multinodular, remittent, and intermittent lesion of dermal connective tissue following a single intradermal injection. This lesion is greatly modified, both in the gross and microscopically, in rabbits hyperimmunized with a Group A streptococcal vaccine.
The immune serum, absorbed to yield only antibodies against C polysaccharide as indicated by agar diffusion techniques, will precipitate and neutralize the toxic material. This neutralization and in vitro precipitation can be inhibited with formamide-isolated C polysaccharide hapten and with N-acetylglucosamine, the primary directive group of this antigen. This clearly demonstrates that antibodies against the group-specific C polysaccharide are responsible for resistance to this toxic material.
The immunological and other properties of the toxic C polysaccharide complex, the fact that it is a product of Group A streptococci, the gross and microscopic features of the experimental lesion produced with this substance, and the observations on the chronic course of the experimental lesion, indicate that this toxic material should be investigated as a possible factor in the pathogenesis of the non-suppurative sequelae associated with Group A streptococci.
STUDIES OF PHAGOCYTOSIS OF GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI BY POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUCOCYTES IN VITRO
Authors: Hirsch James G. , Church Alice B. 
Published: June 2004

Studies have been made on phagocytosis and killing of Group A streptococci during mixing with suspensions of leucocytes in vitro. Under appropriate test conditions an anti-phagocytic effect can be demonstrated for the streptococcal hyaluronic acid capsule as well as for its M protein.
The results obtained suggest an explanation for the suitability of human, but not rabbit, blood for opsonophagocytic tests designed to measure type-specific streptococcal antibodies. Human sera contain a factor which counteracts the anti-phagocytic effects of streptococcal hyaluronic acid capsules, and hence human blood serves well for detection of antibodies which combine with the only other phagocytosis-resisting component of this microorganism, namely M protein. In contrast, rabbit sera contain none of this factor, and addition of antibody to M protein to phagocytic test systems employing rabbit serum does not necessarily render the streptococci susceptible to engulfment by white cells, since the hyaluronic acid capsule may continue to interfere with phagocytosis.
The nature of the human serum factor which opsonizes encapsulated streptococci is unknown. It does not appear to be an antibody or an enzyme capable of depolymerizing hyaluronic acid.
STUDIES ON FRACTIONS OF METHANOL EXTRACTS OF TUBERCLE BACILLI
Authors: Williams Curtis A. 
Published: June 2004

Fractions of methanol extract which had been previously demonstrated to increase the resistance of mice to experimental tuberculosis have been subjected to an examination of their toxic and allergenic properties.
The criteria for toxicity were: (a) production of inflammatory skin reactions in guinea pigs; (b) induction of weight loss in mice by intraperitoneal injection; and (c) depression of resistance to staphylococcus infections in mice.
Allergenicity of a preparation was investigated by (a) its ability to evoke a hypersensitive skin response in guinea pigs previously sensitized with whole tubercle bacilli; and (b) its capacity to induce hypersensitivity to one or more of its components when injected under appropriate conditions into guinea pigs.
Fraction F I, a preparation precipitated from methanol extract by slow concentration at 45°C., was found to possess some toxicity and some allergenicity by all of the criteria employed.
Subfraction F I-P, precipitated from aqueous suspensions of F I by 33 per cent ethanol and 0.5 per cent NaCl, was apparently the F I component responsible for these activities. The saline-ethanol-soluble subfraction, F I-S, was neither toxic nor allergenic by the tests performed.
These findings were considered of particular interest inasmuch as F I-S, despite its small yield, had been shown earlier to be the most active single substance used as vaccine to increase resistance to experimental tuberculosis in mice.
GENETIC STUDIES OF INFLUENZA VIRUSES
Authors: Kilbourne Edwin D. , Murphy James S. 
Published: June 2004

The passage of newly isolated, filamentous Asian (A2) influenza viruses in the presence of non-infective PR8 (A) virus results in the rapid emergence of virus of Asian (A2) antigenicity but PRS-like growth capacity and spherical morphology.
Evidence is presented that this effect results from genetic interaction of the infective Asian and non-infective PR8 viruses rather than from spontaneous change of the Asian strain.
It is concluded that influenza viral morphology, growth rate and growth capacity are associated genetic traits which distinguish unadapted from adapted strains, and which are transferable by recombination.
A pragmatic consequence of these experiments is the fact that conditions have been defined for the rapid adaptation of early passage influenza virus isolates to the chick embryo allantoic sac. Such adaptation is attended by an increase in viral yield which has obvious implications for vaccine production during future epidemics with new antigenic types.
THE EFFECT OF THE INTESTINAL FLORA ON THE GROWTH RATE OF MICE, AND ON THEIR SUSCEPTIBILITY TO EXPERIMENTAL INFECTIONS
Authors: Dubos René J. , Schaedler Russell W. 
Published: June 2004

Mice delivered by Caesarian section were used to develop a new mouse colony which has been maintained in an environment protected from contact with common mouse pathogens, but not in the germ-free state. These mice, designated as NCS, were compared with animals of the same sex and age coming from the parent colony maintained under ordinary conditions.
The NCS mice grew more rapidly than ordinary mice on complete diets; moreover, they continued to gain weight—although at a slower rate—when fed deficient diets which caused ordinary mice to stop growing, or to lose weight.
The NCS mice proved much more susceptible than ordinary mice to certain experimental bacterial infections. In contrast, they were much more resistant than ordinary mice to the lethal effect of large doses of endotoxins. However, they responded to injection of minute amounts of these endotoxins by a marked increase in susceptibility to staphylococcal infection.
Bacteriological studies revealed striking qualitative differences between the intestinal flora of NCS and ordinary mice. When NCS mice were contaminated—either by contact or by feeding—with a strain of Escherichia coli recovered from the intestine of ordinary mice, they acquired the characteristics of the latter animals with regard to weight gain on various diets, and to response to bacterial pathogens and endotoxins.
NCS mice have been found well suited to the study of several nutritional, bacteriological, and immunological problems and it appears that their production on a large scale will not present unsurmountable difficulties.
IMMUNOLOGIC PRODUCTION OF ANTIANGIOTENSIN
Authors: Deodhar Sharad D. 
Published: June 2004

Angiotensin II was coupled with bovine γ-globulin (BGG) through the following series of reactions.
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By determinations of the aromatic amine and tyrosine contents of p-aminobenzoylangiotensin II, the number of p-aminobenzoyl residues introduced per molecule of angiotensin II was calculated.
Absorption spectra (between 250 and 500 mµ) of BGG complexes of p-aminobenzoylangiotensin II and six different para substituted aromatic amines were compared.
Specific activities (dog units/millimicromole) of the different intermediate products were determined. Presence of a terminal, free amino group does not appear to be an absolute requirement for the biological activity of angiotensin II, since substitution of a p-aminobenzoyl radical in this group yields a product with 40 to 50 per cent of the activity of the parent compound. Angiotensin I, on the other hand, is completely inactivated under identical circumstances. Possible implication of this finding has been discussed.
IMMUNOLOGIC CROSS-REACTIONS AMONG MAMMALIAN ACUTE PHASE PROTEINS
Authors: Gotschlich Emil , Stetson Chandler A. 
Published: June 2004

Crystalline rabbit Cx-reactive protein has been compared immunologically with the analogous crystalline C-reactive protein of man.
Immunologic cross-reactivity has been demonstrated between the acute phase proteins of man, rabbit, and monkey.
Double-diffusion reactions in agar and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reactions in vivo both indicate that these acute phase proteins are antigenically closely similar but not identical.
Guinea pigs with delayed hypersensitivity to C-reactive protein exhibit delayed skin reactions when tested with Cx-reactive protein and vice versa.
STUDIES ON THE Cx-REACTIVE PROTEIN
Authors: Wood Harrison F. , Anderle Sonia , Hammond Carolyn W. , Miller C. Phillip 
Published: June 2004

Young adult rabbits (2 to 3 kg.) were subjected to a single total body exposure of x-radiation ranging from 50 to 1200 r and tested frequently for the presence of Cx-reactive protein in their blood.
It usually appeared in two phases separated by an interval of several days. The primary phase occurred 24 to 48 hours after irradiation in almost all (92 of 97) rabbits exposed to 500 r or more and in 4 of 16 exposed to 300 r or less. The secondary phase occurred during the 2nd week in many of the rabbits irradiated with 900 r or more and in a few irradiated with 700 r.
Autopsy cultures failed to demonstrate the presence of infection in rabbits which died or were sacrificed during the primary phase. Bacterial infection was demonstrated, however, in almost all (21 of 24) rabbits autopsied and cultured during the secondary phase.
After the disappearance of the primary phase in rabbits exposed to 700 or 900 r, the secondary phase could be elicited by initiating bacterial infection. Within 6 to 24 hours after intravenous inoculation of E. coli, Cx-reactive protein reappeared in the blood and persisted until death or termination of the experiment. Reappearance of the protein also followed the intravenous injection of killed E. coli but it disappeared again 1 to 2 days later.
The results indicate that the primary phase is elicited by radiation injury per se and the secondary phase by bacterial infection.
TYPE AND GROUP POLYSACCHARIDES OF GROUP D STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Elliott S. D. 
Published: June 2004

Polysaccharides extracted from cell walls of 4 serological types of Group D streptococci were serologically type-specific. Acid hydrolysates of all 4 contained hexosamine (glucosamine), rhamnose and glucose.
A polysaccharide extracted from 2 serological types by either alkaline treatment or mechanical disruption was serologically group-specific. Acid hydrolysates contained glucose and no other single component in comparable amount. The group-specific polysaccharide, which may be of a dextran-like nature, is probably situated wholly or in part at the surface of the streptococcus.
SPECIFIC AND NON-SPECIFIC IMMUNITY IN EXPERIMENTAL CRYPTOCOCCOSIS IN MICE
Authors: Louria Donald B. 
Published: June 2004

The course of lethal cryptococcosis in mice was modified by immunization with the same strain or different strains of Cryptococcus neoformans. Protection was associated with a definite decrease in tissue fungus multiplication over the initial 7 days of infection. Such immunity was species-specific and did not protect against heterologous challenge with Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, or Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Similar modification of lethal cryptococcosis was produced by intraperitoneal inoculation of 100 to 200 µg. of Salmonella endotoxin 7 days prior to challenge. In non-specifically (endotoxin) immunized mice there was only a minimal reduction in tissue cryptococcus census during the 1st week of infection.
When small numbers of virulent cryptococci were injected intravenously into normal mice, tissue populations rose markedly in all organs studies during the first 7 days. A progressive fall in tissue fungus census was then observed in most mice during the next 6 months.
The increase in resistance to cryptococcal challenge following specific immunization, the non-specific protection conferred by injection of bacterial endotoxin and the ability to control and eventually reduce infections with small inocula may well be dependent in each case on the development of specific antibody.
FUNCTIONAL AND METABOLIC PROPERTIES OF POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUCOCYTES
Authors: Cohn Zanvil A. , Morse Stephen I. 
Published: June 2004

The effects of a purified bacterial lipopolysaccharide endotoxin on homogenous populations of rabbit polymorphonuclear leucocytes have been studied in vitro under defined conditions. Employing a 500-fold range of concentration (0.1 to 50.0 µg./ml.), it was shown that endotoxin enhanced the rate at which staphylococci were killed by leucocytes. The mechanism underlying the increased killing was found to be a direct stimulation of the phagocytic activity of the leucocyte and not mediated by the release of bactericidins or opsonins from the treated cells. In the presence of 10 per cent serum all concentrations of endotoxin enhanced phagocytosis, whereas at lower serum concentrations, the higher doses of lipopolysaccharide inhibited the phagocytic activity of the cells.
Similar concentrations of endotoxin were capable of increasing the utilization of glucose and the production of lactic acid. Endotoxin treated leucocytes exhibited no change in oxygen consumption, and only a slight depression in glycogen synthesis.
It appeared that endotoxin could interact and alter the functional and metabolic properties of leucocytes in the absence of serum.
The demonstration of enhanced phagocytic activity of endotoxin-treated cells was dependent upon the particular opsonic requirements for the organism under study.
STUDIES ON SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INFECTION FOLLOWING IONIZING RADIATION
Authors: Miller C. Phillip , Hammond Carolyn W. , Anderle Sonia K. 
Published: June 2004

Ten week old female CF-1 mice were subjected to a single total body exposure of x-radiation in one of the following doses: 300, 400, and 500 r. At intervals thereafter, susceptibility to bacterial infection was determined by intraperitoneal challenge with graded inocula of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Mice exposed to 400 or 500 r were also challenged by intravenous inoculation.
The LD50 of the test microorganism in each challenge was estimated from the mortality data.
Exposure to 300 r caused little increase in susceptibility to this experimental infection. 400 r caused a moderate increase on the 3rd day post-irradiation with return to normal on the 17th. Leucocyte counts (geometric means) following this dose of radiation did not fall below 1200.
500 r caused a marked increase in susceptibility which lasted from the 3rd to 11th day, during which period the leucocyte counts were below 800. On the 20th day, susceptibility to infection was normal, although the geometric mean of leucocyte counts was only 2200.
Comparison of mortalities resulting from equivalent inocula introduced by the two routes (intravenous and intraperitoneal) showed no difference in unirradiated mice. However, among mice irradiated with 400 or 500 r, higher mortalities resulted from intravenous inoculation. The difference was found to be due to the establishment of a small focus of infection at the site of intravenous injection as a result of leakage of a minute fraction of inoculum into the perivenous tissues of the tail. Bacterial multiplication occurred in such foci in irradiated (leucopenic) mice, but not in unirradiated mice, nor at the site of intraperitoneal inoculation even in irradiated mice.
THE HISTOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION OF BLOOD GROUP SUBSTANCES A AND B IN MAN
Authors: Szulman Aron E. 
Published: June 2004

The mapping out of the histologic distribution of blood group antigens A and B in human tissues was performed by means of the fluorescent antibody technique. Human hyperimmune sera were conjugated with fluorescein isocyanate and applied to frozen sections of human material obtained at autopsy or after surgical removal. The material examined encompassed A, B, and AB subjects. In the latter the anti-A and the anti-B conjugate elicited the same picture. Group O tissues were used for controls and were uniformly negative. The secretor status of subjects was determined from the saliva or by the Lewis typing of erythrocytes.
The results fall into the following main divisions:
Endothelia of Vessels.—Widespread localization was demonstrated in the cell walls of endothelium of capillaries, veins, arteries, and of sinusoidal cells of spleen.
Stratified Epithelia.—These showed good outlining of cells of the Malpighian (and the granular, when present) layers. In transitional epithelia, cells of the basal and contiguous layers gave specific staining.
Mucus-Secreting Apparatus.—Positive staining was obtained in glands, goblet cells, and secreting surface epithelia. In non-secretors there was no identifiable antigen with the important exception of the deeper parts of gastric foveolae, deeper parts of crypts of Lieberkühn of bowel mucosa and Brunner's glands of the duodenum.
Various Organs of Secretion and Excretion.—The pancreas (exocrine portion) and the sweat glands were found to produce the antigen irrespectively of secretor status. Breast, prostate, and endometrial glands on the other hand apparently secrete the antigen in conformity with the subject's secretor:non-secretor make-up.
Thus the secretor:non-secretor status governs principally the antigens associated with mucous secretions and this in most but not all locations. The possible nature of this control is briefly discussed.