bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exhumation rates and age of metamorphism in the Sanbagawa belt: new constraints from zircon fission track analysis
Authors: Wallis S. , Moriyama Y. , Tagami T. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractZircon fission track dating and track length analysis in the high‐grade part of the Asemigawa region of the Sanbagawa belt demonstrates a simple cooling history passing through the partial annealing zone at 63.2 ± 5.8 (2 σ) Ma. Combining this age with previous results of phengite and amphibole K–Ar and 40Ar/39Ar dating gives a cooling rate of between 6 and 13 °C Myr−1, which can be converted to a maximum exhumation rate of 0.7 mm year−1 using the known shape of the P–T path. This is an order of magnitude lower than the early part of the exhumation history. In contrast, zircon fission track analyses in the low‐grade Oboke region show that this area has undergone a complex thermal history probably related to post‐orogenic secondary reheating younger than c. 30 Ma. This event may correlate with the widespread igneous activity in south‐west Japan around 15 Ma. The age of subduction‐related metamorphism in the Oboke area is probably considerably older than the generally accepted range of 77–70 Ma.
Population‐Based Door‐to‐Door Survey of Migraine in Japan: The Daisen Study
Authors: Takeshima Takao , Ishizaki Kumiko , Fukuhara Yoko , Ijiri Tamami , Kusumi Masayoshi , Wakutani Yosuke , Mori Masatada , Kawashima Mika , Kowa Hisanori , Adachi Yoshiki , Urakami Katsuya , Nakashima Kenji 
Published: January 2004

Objectives.—To determine prevalence and characteristics of migraine in Japan, and to investigate use of medical care and whether food preference is associated with risk of migraine.Methods.—Structured questionnaires were given to all adult residents (N = 5758; 2681 men and 3077 women) in Daisen, a rural community in western Japan. Second questionnaires, specific to headache, were given to 1628 residents with headache. A telephone survey was also carried out. Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences analyzed the data.Results.—The 1‐year prevalence of migraine was 2.3% (migraine with aura, 0.4% and without aura, 1.9%) in men and 9.1% (migraine with aura, 1.0% and migraine without aura, 8.1%) in women. Overall prevalence of migraine in Daisen was 6.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.4% to 6.6%). Women observed a 5.9‐fold higher risk of migraine than men (odds ratio, 5.9; 95% CI, 4.5 to 8.0; P < .0001, after age adjustment, by logistic analysis). Fatigue and loss of vigor were predominant premonitory symptoms of migraine. Fatigue, mental stress, and lack of sleep were the main headache triggers. Over a 3‐month period, 20.3% of migraineurs experienced time or days off work due to headache. Only 7.3% of those with migraine with aura and 5.3% of those with migraine without aura had consulted a physician, and of those with migraine, 61.0% with aura and 71.8% without aura had never visited a medical doctor for their headache.Consumption of alcohol and cigarette smoking did not influence the risk for migraine or tension‐type headache, after age and gender adjustment (logistic analysis).Migraineurs consume significantly more fatty/oily foods, coffee, and tea than nonheadache subjects of the same community. Migraineurs consume significantly fewer fish than nonheadache residents.Conclusions.—Only a few Japanese migraineurs receive benefits of medical services and recent advances of headache medicine. Public education concerning headaches is one of the most urgent issues in Japan.
Lifetime Prevalence of Migraine and Other Headaches Lasting 4 or More Hours: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study
Authors: Perry Carson April L. , Rose Kathryn M. , Sanford Catherine P. , Ephross Sara A. , Stang Paul E. , Hunt Kelly J. , Brown C. Andrew , Szklo Moyses 
Published: January 2004

Objective.—To evaluate the lifetime prevalence of migraine and other headaches lasting 4 or more hours in a population‐based study of older adults.Background.—Migraine and other headaches not fulfilling migraine criteria are common afflictions. Yet the health and social effects of these conditions have not been fully appreciated, particularly among older adults.Methods.—The study included 12 750 participants in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study from 4 US communities. Prevalence estimates of a lifetime history of migraine and other headaches lasting 4 or more hours were obtained for race and gender groups. A cross‐sectional analysis was done to assess the relationship between headache type, by aura status, and various sociodemographic and health‐related indices.Results.—Compared to education beyond high school, having completed less than 12 years of education was significantly associated with an increased occurrence of migraine with aura (prevalence odds ratio [POR], 1.47; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08 to 2.01). Family income less than $16 000, compared to family income of $75 000 or greater, was significantly associated with migraine with aura (POR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.07 to 2.64), migraine without aura (POR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.14 to 2.14), and other headaches with aura (POR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.14 to 3.13). The prevalence odds ratio was higher in each headache category, particularly for those with an aura, for those with hypertension versus normotension and for those who perceived their general health as poor compared to those whose perception was excellent.Conclusions.—A lifetime history of migraine with aura and other headaches with aura was more common among whites, women, and younger participants. Further investigation of headaches lasting 4 or more hours, particularly by aura status, is warranted.
Basilar and Middle Cerebral Artery Reactivity in Patients With Migraine
Authors: Silvestrini Mauro , Baruffaldi Roberto , Bartolini Marco , Vernieri Fabrizio , Lanciotti Chiara , Matteis Maria , Troisi Elio , Provinciali Leandro 
Published: January 2004

Background.—Migraine has been reported as a possible risk factor for ischemic stroke. The mechanisms underlying this association are unknown.Objective.—To evaluate cerebrovascular reactivity to hypercapnia in the anterior and posterior circulation of patients with migraine, as reduced cerebrovascular reactivity is associated with a predisposition to stroke in various clinical conditions.Methods.—Using transcranial Doppler ultrasonography, changes in flow velocity during apnea were measured in both middle cerebral arteries and in the basilar artery of 15 control subjects and 30 patients with migraine (15 with aura and 15 without aura) during an attack‐free period. Cerebrovascular reactivity was evaluated using the breath‐holding index, which is calculated by dividing the percent increase in mean flow velocity recorded during a breath‐holding episode by its duration (in seconds) after a normal inspiration.Results.—Vascular reactivity in the middle cerebral arteries was similar in patients and controls and significantly lower in the basilar artery of patients with migraine with aura compared with the other 2 groups (P < .0001).Conclusions.—These findings show that in patients with migraine with aura, there is an impairment in the adaptive cerebral hemodynamic mechanisms in the posterior circulation. This fact could have pathogenetic implications since the association between migraine and stroke frequently regards patients with migraine with aura, and cerebral infarcts occur more commonly in the vertebrobasilar district.
Laboratory Monitoring of OxyContin (Oxycodone): Clinical Pitfalls
Authors: Von Seggern Randal L. , Fitzgerald Charles P. , Adelman Leon C. , Adelman James U. 
Published: January 2004

Some patients have headaches that are refractory to standard treatments, and they require chronic administration of opioid analgesics. The use of opioids in a clinical setting must be closely monitored due to the medications' potential for addiction, abuse, and fatal interactions.Limited access to opioids and the demand for them outside the clinical setting leads to another danger. Patients can mislead their providers into prescribing opioids, intending to sell the medications instead of using them to alleviate their own pain. For protection of the patient, as well as the community, it is vital that such activity be prevented.We recently encountered a patient we suspected of abusing or misusing OxyContin (oxycodone). In order to determine whether the patient was taking the medication as prescribed, we ordered a urine‐based immunoassay drug screen. The results were negative; the patient appeared to not have oxycodone in his system. Based on these results, we dismissed the patient from our practice.At the patient's request, a second test was performed, this time using gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. It indicated that the patient did indeed have sufficiently high levels of oxycodone in the urine. The minimum level threshold was too high to detect the presence of oxycodone in the immunoassay.We would like to help prevent future misunderstandings such as we experienced. To do so, we will first present the case of our patient, followed by a discussion of the actions taken. Finally, we will provide an overview of analgesic monitoring systems.
Pituitary Apoplexy Masquerading as Meningoencephalitis
Authors: Jassal Davinder S. , McGinn Gregory , Embil John M. 
Published: January 2004

Background.—Pituitary apoplexy, a rare but life‐threatening disorder, is characterized by the abrupt destruction of pituitary tissue secondary to infarction or hemorrhage of the gland itself. Its clinical features include severe headache, stiff neck, fever, visual disturbances, and symptoms of hypoadrenalism.Objective.—To assess how pituitary apoplexy may mimic the clinical findings of an infectious meningoencephalitis.Methods and Results.—We describe 3 individuals whose clinical profile and paraclinical studies were consistent with a diagnosis of presumed infectious meningoencephalitis. With minimal improvement on antimicrobial therapy, however, an extensive clinical and radiographic reevaluation yielded pituitary apoplexy as the etiology of their acute neurologic event.Conclusion.—Pituitary apoplexy is often misdiagnosed as meningitis or subarachnoid hemorrhage due to the presence of leukocytes and erythrocytes in the cerebrospinal fluid. These cases serve to highlight the importance of maintaining a broad differential diagnosis when evaluating patients presenting with an acute headache.
Water‐Deprivation Headache: A New Headache With Two Variants
Authors: Blau Joseph Norman , Kell Christian Alexander , Sperling Julia Maria 
Published: January 2004

Objective.—To describe a new type of headache induced by water deprivation.Background.—Two medical students experienced headache over the previous 7 (C.A.K.) and 9 (J.M.S.) years when deprived of drinking water. In a tutorial on headache, they mentioned this precipitant, not recognized by the tutor (J.N.B.) or described in the medical literature. Dialysis and post‐alcohol headaches are widely attributed to dehydration, but simple water deprivation has not been documented as a headache precipitant.Methods.—Family members, colleagues, and acquaintances were asked whether they experienced a headache when deprived of fluids. If they had, information was obtained regarding the location and quality of the headache, whether activity or posture influenced the pain, and what amount of fluid and time was needed to relieve symptoms.Results.—Approximately 1 in 10 interrogated subjects experienced water‐deprivation headache, aching in the majority and accentuated by head movement, bending down, or walking. The 34 subjects were divided into 2 groups according to the time taken to relieve the headache by drinking water: total relief within 30 minutes by drinking 200 to 1500 mL (mean, 500) occurred in 22 subjects, and within 1 to 3 hours by drinking 500 to 1000 mL (mean, 750) in 11 subjects; 1 subject required sleep in addition to fluid intake. Surprisingly, the Internet revealed many references to water deprivation inducing headaches.Conclusions.—Water‐deprivation headache is common, recognized by the public, but not described in the medical literature. Here we delineate it as a primary headache, postulating that the pain arises from the meninges; that the brain is also involved is indicated by impaired concentration and irritability, although not studied in detail in this preliminary survey. We speculate that water deprivation may play a role in migraine, particularly in prolonging attacks. Further studies of serum osmolality could prove illuminating.
Morbidity and Medication Preferences of Individuals With Headache Presenting to a Community Pharmacy
Authors: Wenzel Richard G. , Schommer Jon C. , Marks Thomas G. 
Published: January 2004

Objective.—To assess the degree of debilitation and the treatment views of individuals with headache presenting to a community pharmacy.Background.—Migraine and chronic daily headache are common poorly managed illnesses. Pharmacists recommend an over‐the‐counter “headache product” to customers more than 53 000 times daily, thus they are well positioned to help those with headache.Design.—Pilot project of 22 self‐administered surveys of individuals presenting to a community pharmacy with a complaint of headache.Results.—Thirteen persons had Migraine Disability Assessment scores of grade III or grade IV. Of the sample population, a substantial minority (41%) did not believe their headaches could be effectively managed with over‐the‐counter medications, 72% did not feel over‐the‐counter agents were safer than prescription products, 96% did not indicate that over‐the‐counter drugs were more effective than prescription drugs, and 50% disagreed that a physician's evaluation was not necessary. Only half of the population was satisfied with their current therapy, and individuals overwhelmingly (91%) wished they could prevent their headaches.Conclusion.—The majority of individuals with headache presenting to a community pharmacy had high levels of morbidity and were in need of education regarding the proper role of over‐the‐counter medications, the advantages of prescription agents, and the benefits of a physician's referral. These preliminary results indicate that community pharmacies are potentially important locations for identification, education, and referral of individuals with headache.
CONDITIONAL INDEPENDENCE STRUCTURES AND GRAPHICAL MODELS
Authors: VANTAGGI BARBARA 
Published: January 2004

In this paper we study conditional independence structures arising from conditional probabilities and lower conditional probabilities. Such models are based on notions of stochastic independence apt to manage also those situations where zero evaluations on possible events are present: this is particularly crucial for lower probability.The "graphoid" properties of such models are investigated, and the representation problem of conditional independence structures is dealt with by generalizing the wellknown classic separation criteria for undirected and directed acyclic graphs. Our graphical models describe the independence statements and the possible logical dependencies among the random variables.
DYNAMIC HOLOGRAPHIC GRATINGS IN METHYL RED-DOPED NEMATIC LIQUID CRYSTALS
Authors: RUZAK O. , COLLINGS N. , CROSSLAND W. A. , WILKINSON T. D. , DAVEY A. B. , KHOO I. C. 
Published: January 2004

Orientational photorefractivity in liquid crystals doped with azo dye MR crystals is studied. The experiments are carried out with no voltage applied. Dynamic behavior and its dependence on writing beams intensity are presented. When excited by light, the dye tends to bond to the cell surface. Such an effect is irreversible and leads to the permanent component formation in diffracted signal. This is not beneficial for applications where change of written information is required (OASLMs, dynamic holography, all-optical switching). The process was strongly suppressed and was virtually eliminated for the light intensities used, by the choice of materials for alignment surfaces.
Gentran Machinery, Inc. (B)
Authors: Carl Pegels C. 
Published: December 2003

The two cases describe the problems associated with the implementation of an international manufacturing joint venture in China between an American construction machinery firm and its Chinese counterpart. Case (A) presents the major hurdles the partners had to deal with: cultural, language and management problems. The conflicts between the two sides were exasperated by the lack of Western exposure to Chinese managers and the strict hierarchical management system in the Chinese side of the joint venture. Case (A) does not propose solutions but certainly raises many issues that need resolution. Case (B) proposes solutions to the problems extensively described in the "A" case. General recommendations were proposed to address the following issues: (a) the general manager's position, power and authority in the joint venture, (b) the organizational design of the joint venture, (c) clarification of the responsibility of both parties, (d) reward system and appraisal system, (e) how to deal with both the Chinese and American incompetent managers, (f) how to deal with the communication problems, both language and cultural, and (g) final comprehensive and position outline of the potential of the joint venture.
Applying Knowledge Management in Higher Education: The Creation of a Learning Organisation
Authors: Metaxiotis Kostas , Psarras John 
Published: January 2004

Knowledge Management (KM) has recently received considerable attention in the computer information systems community and is continuously gaining interest by industry, enterprises and academia. As we are moving into an era of "knowledge capitalism", knowledge management in combination with information management will play a fundamental role towards the success of transforming individual knowledge into organizational knowledge. Higher education (HE) institutions are in the knowledge business, since they are involved in knowledge creation, dissemination and learning. The increasing economic importance of knowledge, which nowadays redefines the links among education, work and learning, makes the role of KM in HE crucial.In this framework, this paper presents the key concepts of human-computer interaction in knowledge management, discusses their applicability to HE and proposes the creation of learning organisations in HE institutions, as an innovative way to apply KM to HE.
Essential role of HGF (hepatocyte growth factor) in blood formation in Xenopus
Authors: Koibuchi Nobutaka , Kaneda Yasufumi , Taniyama Yoshiaki , Matsumoto Kunio , Nakamura Toshikazu , Ogihara Toshio , Morishita Ryuichi 
Published: January 2004

AbstractIn this study, we investigated the role of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in blood formation during Xenopus development. First, we examined the gene expression of HGF and its receptor, c-met, by whole-mount in situ hybridization during development. Strong signals of HGF as well as c-met were detected early in the developing ventral mesoderm, which later gives rise to the ventral blood island. Furthermore, to study the role of HGF, we blocked the HGF signaling pathway in Xenopus embryos by using truncated c-met lacking the tyrosine kinase domain. Injection of truncated c-met mRNA resulted in a marked decrease in the number of circulating blood cells. Similar results were obtained using morpholino antisense HGF oligonucleotides. Moreover, we also analyzed the expression of several early primitive blood markers in the blood island of these embryos. RNA in situ analysis revealed a significant reduction (or absence) of stem cell leukemia (SCL), α-globin, and GATA-1 expression, but not GATA-2 expression. In contrast, no significant difference was observed in the levels of expression of early definitive blood markers, SCL, GATA-2, and GATA-3 in the dorsolateral plate, as analyzed by in situ hybridization. Overall, the present study demonstrated that HGF is necessary for primitive hematopoiesis by regulating the expression of SCL. (Blood. 2004;103:3320-3325)
Lack of effect of the human GM-CSF analog E21R on the survival of primary human acute myeloid leukemia cells
Authors: Jakupovic Ira , Grandage Victoria L. , Linch David C. , Khwaja Asim 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) analog E21R binds to the GM-CSF receptor complex with low affinity and acts as a competitive antagonist. In addition, it has been reported to be a potent direct activator of apoptosis in primary human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. We have confirmed the ability of E21R to neutralize the biologic effects of GM-CSF and investigated its activity on primary AML blasts. We find that it failed to induce cell death in blast cells from 23 separate AML cases treated in vitro at concentrations of E21R up to 30 μg/mL. Significant cell death resulted in all cases after incubation with cytosine arabinoside. The lack of effect of E21R on AML blasts was unlikely to be due to an absence of functional GM-CSF receptors because 13 cases demonstrated an increase in cell number with the addition of exogenous GM-CSF. These results do not support the use of E21R for the treatment of AML. (Blood. 2004;103: 3230-3232)
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells, antigen, and CpG-C license human B cells for plasma cell differentiation and immunoglobulin production in the absence of T-cell help
Authors: Poeck Hendrik , Wagner Moritz , Battiany Julia , Rothenfusser Simon , Wellisch Daniela , Hornung Veit , Jahrsdorfer Bernd , Giese Thomas , Endres Stefan , Hartmann Gunther 
Published: January 2004

AbstractIt has been reported that interferon α (IFN-α) enhances humoral immunity and that dendritic cells of the myeloid lineage promote B-cell differentiation. Here we studied whether the plasmacytoid dendritic cell (PDC), a subset of dendritic cells specialized for the production of IFN-α, is involved in regulating B-cell differentiation and immunoglobulin production. The recently identified class of CpG oligonucleotides (CpG-C) was used to activate both B cells and PDCs via Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). The presence of PDCs synergistically enhanced CD86 expression, cytokine production (interleukin 6 [IL-6], tumor necrosis factor α, and IL-10) and plasma cell differentiation of isolated human peripheral blood B cells stimulated through CpG-C and B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) ligation. This stimulation protocol was sufficient to drive purified naive B cells into IgM-producing plasma cells and to trigger IgG synthesis in memory B cells. PDCs contributed to B-cell activation via IFN-α secretion. Up-regulation of TLR9 on B cells was not involved. These results demonstrate that CpG-stimulated PDCs induce plasma cell differentiation in naive and memory B cells in the absence of T-cell help, providing an explanation for the excellent activity of CpG oligonucleotides as a humoral vaccine adjuvant. (Blood. 2004;103:3058-3064)
L-selectin defines a bone marrow analog to the thymic early T-lineage progenitor
Authors: Perry S. Scott , Wang Hongfang , Pierce L. Jeanne , Yang Anne Marie , Tsai Schickwann , Spangrude Gerald J. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe recent description of an early T-lineage progenitor (ETP) population in adult mouse thymus implies the presence of a bone marrow predecessor that has not yet been identified. Here we describe a LinNeg Sca-1Pos c-kitHi Thy-1.1Neg L-selectinPos adult mouse bone marrow population that resembles the thymic ETP in both antigen expression phenotype and posttransplantation lineage potential. These cells produce wavelike kinetics of thymic seeding and reconstitute the irradiated thymus with kinetics comparable to a thymocyte graft after intravenous transplantation. Transient B-lineage reconstitution is also observed, but little myeloid potential can be detected in transplant experiments. A second subset of progenitors is L-selectinNeg and is highly enriched for rapid and persistent T- and B-lineage potential, as well as some myeloid potential. L-selectin (CD62L) is therefore an effective marker for separating lymphoid progenitors from myeloid progenitors and hematopoietic stem cells in mouse bone marrow. (Blood. 2004;103: 2990-2996)