bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The clinical psychiatry of late life in Britain from 1950 to 1970: an overview
Authors: Hilton Claire 
Published: April 2005

AbstractBackgroundThe psychiatry of old age in Britain can be traced back to the 1940s. Provision of services for mentally ill older people, however, did not become widespread until the 1970s.MethodSurvey of archive sources, published work, and oral history interviews relating to the development of services for mentally ill older people in Britain between 1950 and 1970.Results and conclusionsDespite considerable progress in research leading to a firm academic foundation for the specialty of old age psychiatry, there was relatively little progress made in the coordinated development of services from 1950 to 1970. A new generation of old age psychiatrists began to take service delivery issues forward at the very end of the 1960s and into the 1970s. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Positive affect and its relationship to free recall memory performance in a sample of older Dutch adults from the Maastricht Aging Study
Authors: Hill Robert D. , van Boxtel M. P. J. , Ponds R. , Houx P. J. , Jolles J. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractObjectiveA Dutch translation of the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) was used to measure Positive Affect (PA) and its relationship to episodic memory in a sample of Dutch adults between the ages of 40 to 82 years. Specifically, the role of PA was examined as a predictor of performance on a serial list learning task that included a recognition and free recall component.MethodsParticipants were divided into two age groupings representing middle‐age (40 to 64 years) and older (65 to 82 years) adults with respect to the study sample.ResultsPA was not related to recognition performance in either age grouping. In the older age group, however, PA predicted free recall.ConclusionsPA facilitated episodic memory in older adults when unsupported tasks conditions were present that placed heavy demands on processing resources. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The CIDI as an instrument for diagnosing depression in older Turkish and Moroccan labour migrants: an exploratory study into equivalence
Authors: Smits Carolien H. M. , de Vries Wilma M. , Beekman Aartjan T. F. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractObjectiveThe number of elderly migrants from Turkey and Morocco in Western Europe will increase sharply in the coming decades. Many of these migrants seem to have mental health problems. As mental health care programs are based on DSM criteria, there is a need for diagnostic instruments with good psychometric properties. This exploratory study examines the presence of construct bias, method bias and item bias in the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) Basis Life time version 2.1 in elderly Turkish and Moroccan men and women.MethodFrom a community based health survey four groups of migrants aged 55–74 were selected for semi‐structured interviews including the CIDI depression section. Data included interview transcriptions and observations of 11 respondents in each group (Turkish men, Turkish women, Moroccan men, and Moroccan women). The data were analysed using qualitative techniques.ResultsConstruct bias, method bias and item bias of the CIDI was found in all groups. The poor match between the CIDI on the one hand and the taboo on mental health problems and the poor level of education of the respondents can partly explain this bias.ConclusionsThe use of the CIDI in elderly migrants of Moroccan and Turkish descent is problematic, due to the presence of construct, method and item bias. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Depressive symptom quality and neuropsychological performance in dementia
Authors: Janzing Joost G. E. , Naarding Paul , Eling Paul A. T. M. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractBackgroundIt is unknown to what extent depression and cognitive dysfunction are related in subjects with dementia. A limitation of earlier studies is that only general measures of depression have been studied.MethodsIn a sample of 60 subjects with dementia according to DSM‐III‐R criteria depressive symptoms were divided into factors of mood and motivation disturbance according to a principal components analysis. Correlations were computed between the factor scores and the performance on a number of specific neuropsychological tests. As the symptom content of motivation disturbance suggests subcorticofrontal dysfunction it was hypothesized that this factor is related to impaired executive functions.Results77% of the depressive symptoms contributed to the dimension of motivation disturbance and most of these symptoms occurred outside the context of a major depressive episode. Our hypothesis was supported by a significant negative correlation between motivation symptoms and semantic verbal fluency. This relationship seems to have specificity, as both the dimensions of mood symptoms and of general depressive symptoms did not correlate significantly with specific neuropsychological test scores.ConclusionsThe division of depressive symptoms in factors of mood and motivation disturbance contributes to insight into the relationship between depression and cognitive dysfunction in dementia. An advantage of the motivation disturbance factor compared to the regular apathy scales is that it consists of depressive symptoms. Therefore, it becomes evident that apathy or impaired motivation may occur in patients with dementia both in and outside the context of a depressive syndrome. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detecting effects of donepezil on visual selective attention using signal detection parameters in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Foldi Nancy S. , White Richard E. C. , Schaefer Lynn A. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractBackgroundAttentional function is impaired in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Moreover, attention is mediated by acetylcholine. But, despite the widespread use of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChE‐I) to augment available acetylcholine in AD, measures of attentional function have not been used to assess the drug response.ObjectivesWe hypothesized that as cholinergic augmentation impacts directly on the attentional system, higher‐order measures of visual selective attention would be sensitive to effects of treatment using an AChE‐I (donepezil hydrochloride). We also sought to determine whether these attentional measures were more sensitive to treatment than other measures of cognitive function.MethodsSeventeen patients with AD (8 untreated, 9 treated with donepezil) were contrasted on performance of a selective cancellation task. Two signal detection parameters were used as outcome measures: decision strategy (beta, β) and discriminability (d‐prime, d′). Standard screening and cognitive domain measures of vigilance, language, memory, and executive function were also contrasted.ResultsTreated patients judged stimuli more conservatively (p = 0.29) by correctly endorsing targets and rejecting false alarms. They also discriminated targets from distractors more easily (p = 0.58). The screening and neuropsychological measures failed to differentiate the groups.ConclusionsHigher‐order attentional measures captured the effects of donepezil treatment in small groups of patients with AD. The results suggest that cholinergic availability may directly affect the attentional system, and that these selective attention measures are sensitive markers to detect treatment response. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Drawing on mind's canvas: Differences in cortical integration patterns between artists and non‐artists
Authors: Bhattacharya Joydeep , Petsche Hellmuth 
Published: April 2005

AbstractOur primary question was to learn whether mentally composing drawings of their own choice produce different brain electric features in artists and laymen. To this purpose, we studied multichannel electroencephalograph (EEG) signals from two broad groups (all participants were females): artists (professionally trained in visual arts) and non‐artists (without any training in art). To assess the underlying synchronization, which is assumed to be the platform for general cognitive integration between different cortical regions, three measures inspired by nonlinear dynamical system theory were applied as follows: (1) index based on generalized synchronization; (2) index based on mean phase coherence; and (3) index of phase synchrony based on entropy. Results consistent over all three measures were as follows: comparing the tasks to rest, the artists showed significantly stronger short‐ and long‐range delta band synchronization, whereas the non‐artists showed enhancement in short‐range beta and gamma band synchronization primarily in frontal regions; comparing the two groups during the tasks, the artists showed significantly stronger delta band synchronization and alpha band desynchronization than did the non‐artists. Strong right hemispheric dominance in terms of synchronization was found in the artists. In artists, the higher synchrony in the low‐frequency band is possibly due to the involvement of a more advanced long‐term visual art memory and to extensive top‐down processing. The results demonstrate that in artists, patterns of functional cooperation between cortical regions during mental creation of drawings were significantly different from those in non‐artists. Hum. Brain Mapping, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tactile discrimination of grating orientation: fMRI activation patterns
Authors: Zhang Minming , Mariola Erica , Stilla Randall , Stoesz Mark , Mao Hui , Hu Xiaoping , Sathian K. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractGrating orientation discrimination is employed widely to test tactile spatial acuity. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the neural circuitry underlying performance of this task. Two studies were carried out. In the first study, an extensive set of parietal and frontal cortical areas was activated during covert task performance, relative to a rest baseline. The active regions included the postcentral sulcus bilaterally and foci in the left parietal operculum, left anterior intraparietal sulcus, and bilateral premotor and prefrontal cortex. The second study examined selective recruitment of cortical areas during discrimination of grating orientation (a task with a macrospatial component) compared to discrimination of grating spacing (a purely microspatial task). The foci activated on this contrast were in the left anterior intraparietal sulcus, right postcentral sulcus and gyrus, left parieto‐occipital cortex, bilateral frontal eye fields, and bilateral ventral premotor cortex. These findings not only confirm and extend previous studies of the neural processing underlying grating orientation discrimination, but also demonstrate that a distributed network of putatively multisensory areas is involved. Hum Brain Mapp, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Function of striatum beyond inhibition and execution of motor responses
Authors: Vink Matthijs , Kahn René S. , Raemaekers Mathijs , van den Heuvel Martijn , Boersma Maria , Ramsey Nick F. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractWe used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to study the role of the striatum in inhibitory motor control. Subjects had to refrain from responding to designated items (STOP trials) within a similar series of motor stimuli. Striatal activation was increased significantly compared to that when responding to all targets within a series of motor stimuli, indicating that the striatum is more active when inhibitory motor control over responses is required. The likelihood of a STOP trial was varied parametrically by varying the number of GO trials before a STOP trial. We could thus measure the effect of expecting a STOP trial on the fMRI response in the striatum. We show for the first time in humans that the striatum becomes more active when the likelihood of inhibiting a planned motor response increases. Our findings suggest that the striatum is critically involved in inhibitory motor control, most likely by controlling the execution of planned motor responses. Hum Brain Mapp, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The effect of social content on deductive reasoning: An fMRI study
Authors: Canessa Nicola , Gorini Alessandra , Cappa Stefano F. , Piattelli‐Palmarini Massimo , Danna Massimo , Fazio Ferruccio , Perani Daniela 
Published: April 2005

AbstractPsychological studies of deductive reasoning have shown that subjects' performance is affected significantly by the content of the presented stimuli. Specifically, subjects find it easier to reason about contexts and situations with a social content. In the present study, the effect of content on brain activation was investigated with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while subjects were solving two versions of the Wason selection task, which previous behavioral studies have shown to elicit a significant content effect. One version described an arbitrary relation between two actions (Descriptive: “If someone does …, then he does …”), whereas the other described an exchange of goods between two persons (Social‐Exchange: “If you give me …, then I give you …”). Random‐effect statistical analyses showed that compared to baseline, both tasks activated frontal medial cortex and left dorsolateral frontal and parietal regions, confirming the major role of the left hemisphere in deductive reasoning. In addition, although the two reasoning conditions were identical in logical form, the social‐exchange task was also associated with right frontal and parietal activations, mirroring the left‐sided activations common to both reasoning tasks. These results suggest that the recruitment of the right hemisphere is dependent on the content of the stimuli presented. Hum Brain Mapp, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exploring the unity and diversity of the neural substrates of executive functioning
Authors: Collette Fabienne , Van der Linden Martial , Laureys Steven , Delfiore Guy , Degueldre Christian , Luxen Andre , Salmon Eric 
Published: April 2005

AbstractPrevious studies exploring the neural substrates of executive functioning used task‐specific analyses, which might not be the most appropriate approach due to the difficulty of precisely isolating executive functions. Consequently, the aim of this study was to use positron emission tomography (PET) to reexamine by conjunction and interaction paradigms the cerebral areas associated with three executive processes (updating, shifting, and inhibition). Three conjunction analyses allowed us to isolate the cerebral areas common to tasks selected to tap into the same executive process. A global conjunction analysis demonstrated that foci of activation common to all tasks were observed in the right intraparietal sulcus, the left superior parietal gyrus, and at a lower statistical threshold, the left lateral prefrontal cortex. These regions thus seem to play a general role in executive functioning. The right intraparietal sulcus seems to play a role in selective attention to relevant stimuli and in suppression of irrelevant information. The left superior parietal region is involved in amodal switching/integration processes. One hypothesis regarding the functional role of the lateral prefrontal cortex is that monitoring and temporal organization of cognitive processes are necessary to carry out ongoing tasks. Finally, interaction analyses showed that specific prefrontal cerebral areas were associated with each executive process. The results of this neuroimaging study are in agreement with cognitive studies demonstrating that executive functioning is characterized by both unity and diversity of processes. Hum. Brain Mapp, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Brain structures involved in interoceptive awareness and cardioafferent signal processing: A dipole source localization study
Authors: Pollatos Olga , Kirsch Wladimir , Schandry Rainer 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAfferent signals from the body play an important role for emotional and motivational aspects of behavior. Nevertheless, little is known about the cortical and subcortical structures involved in interoceptive processes. Recently, a functional MRI study demonstrated that insula, somatomotor, and cingulated cortices are activated when subjects focus attention on their heartbeats. Aside from the use of imaging data, cardiac awareness has frequently been studied by using the heartbeat‐evoked potential (HEP), a brain wave that appears contingent on the heartbeat. The present study aimed at localizing sources of the HEP. Multichannel EEG was recorded in 44 subjects while they performed a heartbeat perception task. This task was used to quantify interoceptive awareness and to subdivide the subjects into good and poor heartbeat perceivers. Analyses showed highest HEP amplitudes over frontal and frontocentral electrode locations in the time range of later than 200 ms after R‐wave onset. By means of a BESA dipole‐source‐analysis, four sources of the HEP were identified which were located in the anterior cingulate, the right insula, the prefrontal cortex, and the left secondary somatosensory cortex. Good heartbeat perceivers showed both significantly higher HEP amplitudes and higher dipole strength than poor heartbeat perceivers in all four cortical sources. We conclude that the identified structures are involved in the processing of cardiac signals, whereby anterior cingulate and right insula seem to serve as interoceptive centers for cardioception. Hum Brain Mapping, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phenotypic changes of p53, HER2, and FAS system in multiple normal tissues surrounding breast cancer
Authors: Mottolese Marcella , Nádasi Edit A. , Botti Claudio , Cianciulli Anna M. , Merola Roberta , Buglioni Simonetta , Benevolo Maria , Giannarelli Diana , Marandino Ferdinando , Donnorso Raffaele Perrone , Venturo Irene , Natali Pier Giorgio 
Published: April 2005

AbstractTo determine whether phenotypic field changes occur in tissues adjacent to carcinoma, we assayed, by immunohistochemistry, the expression of HER‐2, p53, Fas, and FasL in 72 breast cancers (BC) and multiple autologous peritumoral tissues (PTTs) sampled up to 5 cm distance and in 44 benign breast tumors (BBTs). About 5% and 3% of the PTTs and 4.5% and 6.8% of BBTs showed alterations in HER2 and p53 expression, respectively. Of interest, gene amplification was observed in 50% of HER2 positive PTTs, but not in any HER2 positive BBTs. Fas, highly expressed in BBTs and downregulated in BC, maintained its expression in PTTs, whereas FasL, usually negative in BBTs, was upregulated in BC as well as in the PTTs closest (1 cm) to the invasive lesion. Our data suggest that FasL could be a potential novel biomarker of transformation, which may identify, along with HER2 and p53, precursor lesions in a genetically altered breast tissue. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cross‐sectional survey of Parkinson's disease and parkinsonism in a rural area of the United Kingdom
Authors: Hobson Peter , Gallacher John , Meara Jolyon 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe objective of this study was to estimate the crude and standardized age/sex‐adjusted prevalence rates of parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease (PD) in a rural area of North Wales. Cases of PD and parkinsonism in a geographically defined rural area of North Wales were ascertained from the prescription of antiparkinsonian medication in primary care, hospital records, attendance at general medical outpatient clinics and at a specialist movement disorder clinic. In this population, the crude prevalence of clinically probable/possible PD was 144 per 1000,000 (95% confidence interval [CI], 120–173) and for parkinsonism 169 per 100,000 (95% CI, 143–201). When adjusted to the UK population, the prevalence for clinically probable PD was 105 per 100,000 (95% CI, 85–124) and for parkinsonism 122 per 100,000 (95% CI, 102–143). Age‐ and sex‐adjusted standardized rates indicate that regional variations in PD and parkinsonism may exist in the United Kingdom. There are several possible reasons for this, although methodological differences between studies may be the most likely explanations for the present findings. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Mutation of the Parkin gene in a Persian family: Clinical progression over a 40‐year period
Authors: Clarimon Jordi , Johnson Janel , Djaldetti Ruth , Hernandez Dena , Hattori Nobutaka , Sroka Hava , Barhom Yael , Singleton Andrew 
Published: April 2005

AbstractWe report on an Israeli family originating from Iran in which 4 of 7 brothers born from a consanguineous marriage had juvenile Parkinsonism. Linkage analysis of markers covering the autosomal recessive juvenile Parkinsonism (AR‐JP, PARK2, Parkin gene, OMIM #602544) gene resulted in a maximal logarithm of odds score of 2.18. A homozygous deletion that expanded from exon 4 to exon 6 was identified in all the patients. Significant clinical heterogeneity was present between siblings. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Pallidal stimulation reduces treatment‐induced dyskinesias in “minimal‐change” multiple system atrophy
Authors: Huang Yue , Garrick Raymond , Cook Raymond , O'Sullivan Dudley , Morris John , Halliday Glenda M. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractDeep brain stimulation therapy is increasingly gaining acceptance in the management of levodopa‐induced dyskinesia and fluctuations in idiopathic Parkinson's disease. It is generally not recommended for the other forms of parkinsonism such as progressive supranuclear palsy or multiple system atrophy where the response to levodopa is usually poor and disease progression more rapid, making any benefit short‐lived. Here, we present an autopsy‐confirmed case of “minimal‐change” multiple system atrophy in whom pallidal stimulation surgery was effective in abolishing severe levodopa‐induced dyskinesia. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Mikrobruchmechanik in einem Keramik‐Metall‐Verbundwerkstoff mit Hilfe der in‐situ Fluoreszenzspektroskopie
Authors: Müller W. H. , Pezzotti G. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractDie Mikrofluoreszenzspektroskopie wird benutzt, um in‐situ Mikrospannungsfelder zu charakterisieren, die während des Bruches in einem exemplarisch untersuchten Keramik‐Metallverbund (Al2OMo) entstehen. Spannungsverläufe werden über ein relativ großes Gebiet in der Nachbarschaft eines sich ausbreitenden Risses aufgenommen und zwar sowohl bei Nulllast als auch bei zur Aufrechterhaltung kritischen Rißwachstums notwendiger Belastung. Theoretische und experimentelle Problemstellungen hinsichtlich der Messung und Analyse komplexer Mikrospannungsfelder werden behandelt. Insbesondere wird eine experimentelle Prozedur vorgestellt, die es erlaubt, (i) den experimentell beobachteten Peakshift in individuelle Komponenten zu zerlegen, wie sie von zuvor existierenden Restspannungs‐ sowie Mikrospannungsfeldern wähhrend des Bruchvorganges (Bridging Stresses) hervorgerufen werden; (ii) die Abhängigkeit des Bridging‐Stress‐Feldes von der Laserspotgröße und ‐tiefe zu bewerten. Die Resultate zeigen, daß die Mikrofluoreszenzspektroskopie in der Lage ist, als quantitatives Hilfsmittel des Mikrobruchverhaltens in verstärkten Werkstoffen zu dienen. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)