bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Profile: air quality regulation policy in Portugal
Authors: Gomes João F. P. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractTen years after the publication of the first air quality laws in Portugal, and seven years after the publication of the respective emission limits, it seems appropriate to analyse the degree of law enforcement by the Portuguese manufacturing industry.Therefore, based on the emission measurements made regularly by ISQ as the only officially accredited laboratory, a set of about 400 sources is analysed in terms of the compliance with the emission limits regarding total suspended particulate, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and VOCs.The compliance is evaluated through a non‐dimensional parameter and plotted versus the emission flow rate to derive conclusions: it was noticed that emission limits are generally respected regarding sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, which does not happen for the other pollutants considered in this study. However, the non‐compliance occurs mainly for very low emission flow rates, which suggests some alterations in the emission limits' applicability, which is being revised at the moment. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
The climate change policy network in Germany
Authors: Jost Gesine Foljanty , Jacob Klaus 
Published: February 2004

AbstractGermany is frequently perceived as a forerunner in environmental policy, particularly since the change of government in 1998. We contribute to the debate on capacities for environmental policy by explaining this position with reference to the configuration of actors in the German policy network. The paper describes and analyses the policy network that determines the national position in international climate change negotiations. We ask what activities have been performed by the members of this network regarding the introduction of eco‐taxation, analyse what resources the various organizations dispose of and consider how far the organizations are interrelated when it comes to the exchange of information, cooperation and opposition. We conclude that NGOs are well integrated despite their comparably low financial resources, that the network is not fragmented and that coalitions are possible among the different types of actor. This may contribute to an explanation of the German position; however, we also conclude that comparative research is needed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Federal agency liability under the superfund act: It goes beyond federal facilities
Authors: Swenson Raymond Takashi 
Published: February 2004

AbstractWhile many readers of the Federal Facilities Environmental Journal are involved with the performance of Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) cleanup on Department of Defense and Department of Energy facilities, many may be unfamiliar with the much broader CERCLA liability of federal agencies under other circumstances. This article places the various kinds of federal agency CERCLA liability into that wider context and serves as a “lessons learned” for environmental managers who want to avoid creating new CERCLA liability for their agencies. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Natural resource trustee partnering in the urban river restoration initiative
Authors: Deason Jonathan P. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractMany urban rivers in the United States contain severely contaminated sediments that adversely affect aquatic life and limit recreational and economic uses. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimated in 1997 that more than 1.2 billion cubic yards of contaminated sediment exist nationwide. In response to this situation, a new interagency cooperative program to restore rivers affected by contaminated sediments is being undertaken. This program, called the Urban River Restoration Initiative, offers a new opportunity for natural resource trustee agencies to address problems on a watershed basis in partnership with other federal, state, and local entities.On July 2, 2002, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) and EPA signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) entitled “Restoration of Degraded Urban Rivers” to coordinate remedial, water quality, and environmental restoration activities under the Clean Water Act, Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, and the Water Resources Development Acts. The MOU calls for the identification of eight pilot projects to be announced and undertaken within one year of the date of the MOU.The principal Federal natural resource trustee agencies (Interior and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration [NOAA]) are likely to be heavily involved with the Corps, EPA, and state and local agencies in preparing comprehensive, watershed‐based plans for the eight pilot projects, and in undertaking such plans. A model for such partnering already is evolving in the Passaic River, New Jersey, watershed, where a cooperative study currently is being planned for a project that is likely to be named as one of the eight pilots. The Passaic River, located in the heartland of the U.S. industrial revolution, is one of the most complex riverine restoration challenges in the nation. The Passaic River Restoration Initiative, as the project is called, involves a partnership among four Federal and two state agencies. These are Interior, NOAA, the Corps, EPA, the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and the New Jersey Office of Maritime Resources. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has been designated as the administrative trustee for the effort. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The routinization of innovation research: a constructively critical review of the state‐of‐the‐science
Authors: Anderson Neil , De Dreu Carsten K. W. , Nijstad Bernard A. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractIn this review we argue that facilitators of innovation at the individual, group, and organizational levels have been reliably identified, and that validated process models of innovation have been developed. However, a content analysis of selected research published between 1997 and 2002 suggests a routinization of innovation research, with a heavy focus on replication–extension, cross‐sectional designs, and a single level of analysis. We discuss five innovative pathways for future work: Study innovation as an independent variable, across cultures, within a multi‐level framework, and use meta‐analysis and triangulation. To illustrate we propose a ‘distress‐related innovation’ model of the relations between negatively connotated variables and innovation at the individual, group, and organizational levels of analysis. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Do personal characteristics and cultural values that promote innovation, quality, and efficiency compete or complement each other?
Authors: Miron Ella , Erez Miriam , Naveh Eitan 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThis study examines whether the same personal and contextual characteristics that enhance innovation could also contribute to quality and efficiency. Three hundred and forty‐nine engineers and technicians in 21 units of a large R&D company participated in the study. Using CFA and HLM models, we demonstrated that people have the ability to both be creative and pay attention to detail, and that an innovative culture does not necessarily compete with a culture of quality and efficiency. Yet, to reach innovative performance creative people need to take the initiative in promoting their ideas, with the possible corresponding price of low performance quality. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characteristics of wintertime daily and extreme minimum temperature over South Korea
Authors: Ryoo Sang‐Boom , Kwon Won‐Tae , Jhun Jong‐Ghap 
Published: February 2004

AbstractIn South Korea, consecutive positive temperature anomalies have been observed since the mid‐1980s. The objective of this study is to assess the recent trends in, and variability of, daily minimum temperature over South Korea with particular emphasis on its extremes. Temporal characteristics of wintertime daily and extreme minimum temperature‐related variables were analysed on a seasonal basis for the period of 1958–59 to 2000–01. The results show continually fewer days with extreme low minimum temperature since the mid‐1980s. However, no significant change in the 1 day temperature difference was observed during the same period, indicating little change in the frequency of cold surges. Also, during the period analysed, there is a significant positive trend in the seasonal mean temperature, a negative trend in the frequency of the extreme cold days, and no significant trend in the seasonal occurrence of cold surges.Northern Hemisphere geopotential height fields before and after 1986–87, i.e. the start of successive positive anomalies in the winter surface air temperature over South Korea, showed a substantial decrease throughout the troposphere over the polar region. In the upper levels the overall pattern becomes more wavelike, with eddies embedded between meanders. The differences in the lower troposphere are remarkably similar to the Arctic oscillation, although the centre in the North Atlantic is shifted toward western Europe and differences in the North Pacific are relatively weaker than those in the polar region. The recent positive phase of the Arctic oscillation may contribute to these abrupt changes in wintertime daily minimum temperatures over South Korea. El Niño–southern oscillation phenomena appear to contribute to the interannual variation of cold surge days in South Korea. Years with no cold surges were experienced during La Niña episodes. On the other hand, all years with more than four cases of cold surges were during El Niño episodes. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
Modelled climate sensitivity of the mass balance of Morteratschgletscher and its dependence on albedo parameterization
Authors: Klok E. J. , Oerlemans J. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThis paper presents a study of the climate sensitivity of the mass balance of Morteratschgletscher in Switzerland, estimated from a two‐dimensional mass balance model. Since the albedo scheme chosen is often the largest error source in mass balance models, we investigated the impact of using different albedo parameterizations on the climate sensitivity of the mass balance. We first ran the mass balance model for the period 1980 to 2002 and calculated the mass balance sensitivity by perturbing the air temperature by values ranging from −2 to +2 K and precipsitation by values ranging from −20 to +20%. The albedo parameterization that we used for these simulations relates the snow albedo to snow age and snow depth, whereas it considers the ice albedo constant in time and space. The mass balance sensitivity to temperature and precipitation was estimated at −59 cmWE year−1 K−1 and at 17 cmWE year−1 per 10% respectively (cmWE: centimetres water equivalent). Then, we used three other albedo parameterizations. One parameterization uses ice albedo values that vary in space and were acquired from a Landsat image. Another parameterization calculates the snow albedo from accumulated daily maximum temperatures since snowfall. The third parameterization is the simplest and uses two constant albedo values, one for snow and one for ice. The differences between sensitivities calculated from the different albedo parameterizations were generally small. However, when the simplest parameterization was used, the mass balance sensitivity to temperature decreased to −52 cmWE year−1 K−1. This is mainly due to the constant snow albedo, which implies that the albedo feedback is not fully considered. For an accurate estimate of the mass balance sensitivity, the albedo parameterization should capture the process of a decreasing snow albedo when a snow pack gets older or thinner. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
A method for defining monsoon onset and demise in the southwestern USA
Authors: Ellis Andrew W. , Saffell Erinanne M. , Hawkins Timothy W. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe southwestern USA is subject annually to an inflow of atmospheric moisture in association with the North American monsoon, which is a summertime shift in the atmospheric circulation stretching from the Caribbean Sea, to Mexico, and into the southwestern USA. There are currently no regional criteria used to define the temporal aspect of the annual monsoon season in the southwestern USA, and only a single local definition. A regionalized definition of the annual timing of the monsoon season would seem to be a greater representation of the synoptic‐scale effects of the monsoon rather than individual definitions at point locations across the region. The research presented here outlines a method for defining the annual onset and demise of the regional monsoon season of the southwestern USA, and assesses the results through comparisons with a method currently used at one location within the region and with atmospheric composites from historic data.Using hourly dew‐point temperature data at five surface stations and daily precipitation data for 193 stations across the southwestern USA for June through to October for a 52 year period, daily humidity and precipitation threshold values indicative of monsoon moisture are established. The first and last occurrences of both humidity and precipitation sustained for a synoptic period of 3 days mark the annual onset and demise of the monsoon season, whereas all days in between that meet the humidity and precipitation thresholds are categorized as ‘monsoon days’. Results show good agreement with sample historic data for the sole local definition within the region, and atmospheric composites indicate a likelihood of accurate representation of monsoon onset and demise across the region. The significance of accurate onset and demise dates is apparent in the intimate relationship between seasonal precipitation across the region and the length of the monsoon season. Based upon the procedure, a historic monsoon season database was constructed for the southwestern USA for use in climatological, meteorological, and case‐study analyses. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
A statistical downscaling method for monthly total precipitation over Turkey
Authors: Tatli Hasan , Nüzhet Dalfes H. , Sibel Menteş Ş 
Published: February 2004

AbstractResearchers are aware of certain types of problems that arise when modelling interconnections between general circulation and regional processes, such as prediction of regional, local‐scale climate variables from large‐scale processes, e.g. by means of general circulation model (GCM) outputs. The problem solution is called downscaling. In this paper, a statistical downscaling approach to monthly total precipitation over Turkey, which is an integral part of system identification for analysis of local‐scale climate variables, is investigated. Based on perfect prognosis, a new computationally effective working method is introduced by the proper predictors selected from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis data sets, which are simulated as perfectly as possible by GCMs during the period of 1961–98. The Sampson correlation ratio is used to determine the relationships between the monthly total precipitation series and the set of large‐scale processes (namely 500 hPa geopotential heights, 700 hPa geopotential heights, sea‐level pressures, 500 hPa vertical pressure velocities and 500–1000 hPa geopotential thicknesses). In the study, statistical preprocessing is implemented by independent component analysis rather than principal component analysis or principal factor analysis. The proposed downscaling method originates from a recurrent neural network model of Jordan that uses not only large‐scale predictors, but also the previous states of the relevant local‐scale variables. Finally, some possible improvements and suggestions for further study are mentioned. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
Topographically controlled circulation and mixing in a lake
Authors: Bowyer Peter A. 
Published: February 2004

It is well known that the wind‐driven circulation in a wide lake may be controlled by its topography. Wind stress acting on the smaller mass of the water column in the shallows results in downwind flow there and return flow in the deeper water. In lakes with large areas of shallow water this circulation may cause rapid mixing in weakly stratified conditions. In more strongly stratified conditions, topographically induced horizontal wind driven circulation may influence the vertical stratification of the lake. Lough Mask is about 10 km long and has a maximum width of about 8 km. The lake may be divided into shallow eastern and deeper western portions with mean depths of 10 and 35 m respectively. In late Autumn, water at depth in the deep part of the lake moves upwind at speeds of up to 50 cm s−1 in response to axial winds of up to 15 m s−1. At the same location a weaker upwind flow is observed in the near surface water. This return flow is topographically driven. Temperature differences between near surface and near bottom meters were small (<0.5°C) and inversely correlated with the deep current. In a cool, windy summer, temperature time series in the deep part of the lake indicate a deep (>20 m) surface mixed layer and a cooler layer at depth whose temperature fluctuates in response to wind stress along the axis of the lake. Modelling results, supported by drogue measurements, indicate that the return flow associated with axial winds in these summer conditions is confined to the surface mixed layer. If this layer is thin, shear between the surface layer and the underlying water can be sufficient to cause mixing and a thickening of the surface layer until the Richardson number is ∼1. Thus the vertical temperature structure of the deep part of the lake can be influenced by flows driven by the lake topography.In the shallow part of the lake, there is evidence of thermally driven motion in periods of calm weather in summer.
CV8, a new combination of dihydroartemisinin, piperaquine, trimethoprim and primaquine, compared with atovaquone–proguanil against falciparum malaria in Vietnam
Authors: Giao Phan T. , de Vries Peter J. , Hung Le Q. , Binh Tran Q. , Nam Nguyen V. , Kager Piet A. 
Published: February 2004

SummaryObjectives  To study a new combination, based on dihydroartemisinin and piperaquine (CV8) and atovaquone/proguanil (Malarone) for treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Vietnam.Methods  Vietnamese adults with falciparum malaria were allocated randomly to treatment with dihydroartemisinin/piperaquine/trimethoprim/primaquine 256/2560/720/40 mg (CV8, n = 84) or Malarone 3000/1200 mg (n = 81), both over 3 days. Patients were followed‐up for 28 days.Results  All patients recovered rapidly. The mean (95% CI) parasite elimination half‐life of CV8 was 6.8 h (6.2–7.4) and of Malarone 6.5 h (6.1–6.9) (P = 0.4). Complete parasite clearance time was 35 (31–39) and 34 h (31–38) (P = 0.9). The 28‐day cure rate was 94% and 95%, respectively (odds ratio 0.84, 95% CI 0.18–3.81). No significant side‐effects were found.Conclusion  CV8 and Malarone are effective combinations against multi‐drug resistant falciparum malaria. CV8 has the advantage of a low price.
Strengthening health services to control epidemics: empirical evidence from Guinea on its cost‐effectiveness
Authors: Van Damme Wim , Van Lerberghe Wim 
Published: February 2004

SummaryObjective  To assess the cost‐effectiveness of control measures implemented against epidemics in Guinea, West Africa.Methods  We collected all routine data available on incidence, mortality, control measures implemented and their cost during epidemics of cholera, measles and meningococcal meningitis in 1993–95. Then we estimated for one prefecture the effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness of epidemic control measures for three scenarios: (i) ‘natural’ situation, (ii) ‘routine’ health services and (iii) ‘intervention’. Where uncertainty was considerable, we used sensitivity analysis and estimated ranges.Findings  Routine health services reduced potential deaths by 51% (67%, 37% and 60% for cholera, measles and meningitis, respectively), and additional interventions further decreased potential deaths by 28% (28%, 27% and 30% for cholera, measles and meningitis, respectively). The marginal cost‐effectiveness of epidemic control measures in routine health services was US$29 per death averted. The marginal cost‐effectiveness of additional interventions was US$93 per death averted.Conclusion  Even with the data weaknesses that characterize situations of epidemics it is possible to show that strengthening health services to control epidemics as was performed in Guinea was highly cost‐effective. Moreover, sensitivity analysis over a range of assumptions confirms that (i) well‐functioning health services averted the major part of avoidable deaths, (ii) combining existing health services with additional interventions minimizes the health impact of epidemics and (iii) case management should be a cornerstone of control of epidemics of cholera, measles and meningococcal meningitis.
IgE antibody to Aspergillus fumigatus recombinant allergens in cystic fibrosis patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
Authors: Knutsen A. P. , Hutcheson P. S. , Slavin R. G. , Kurup V. P. 
Published: February 2004

Background:  Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) in cystic fibrosis (CF) is characterized by a heightened Th2 CD4+ T‐cell response to Aspergillus fumigatus (Af) allergens and a hyper‐immunoglobulin E (IgE) state compared with cystic fibrosis patients without ABPA. The IgE serologic differentiation of ABPA from atopic CF patients can be difficult. We propose as the reactivity with purified antigens varies qualitatively and quantitatively and that the antibody response is more specific than with crude Af antigen extract, the IgE responses to purified recombinant Af allergens may differentiate ABPA from atopic CF patients.Methods:  Serum IgE reactivity to seven recombinant purified allergens and to a crude extract of Af was measured in 15 ABPA, in 23 Af skin test positive (ST+), and in 19 Af skin test negative (ST−) CF patients. Four of the ABPA CF patients were studied before and after developing ABPA. Nine ABPA patients were studied during flares and remissions of ABPA.Results:  Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis patients had significantly increased IgE reactivity to Asp f2, f3, f4, f6, and f16 compared with the Af ST+ and ST− non‐ABPA CF patients. In the ABPA patients studied before and after developing ABPA, IgE reactivity also increased to Asp f2, f3, f4, and f6, and to the crude extract. In ABPA CF patients, IgE reactivity to Asp f1, f2, f3, and f6 significantly increased during periods of ABPA flares compared with periods of remission. Analysis of the receiver operating curve demonstrated that IgE reactivity to Asp f3 and f4 gave the best sensitivity and specificity and were better than IgE reactivity to a crude extract of Aspergillus. Furthermore, in ABPA patients studied during periods of remission the IgE reactivity to Asp f3 and f4 remained significantly elevated compared with Af ST+ non‐ABPA patients. The IgE responses when considered either to be positive or negative to Asp f3 and f4 significantly differentiated ABPA from Af ST+ and ST− non‐ABPA CF patients. In contrast, IgE reactivity was considered positive to the crude extract in 89% of ABPA, 61% of Af ST+, and 0% of Af ST− non‐ABPA CF patients.Conclusions:  Immunoglobulin E reactivity to a panel of purified Af allergens, especially to Asp f3 and f4, differentiates ABPA from atopic Af ST+ non‐ABPA CF patients. Serial determinations of IgE reactivity to individual purified Aspergillus antigens, especially Asp f3, demonstrates that increases in IgE reactivity may provide improved distinction between stages of flares and remission compared with changes in IgE reactivity to a crude Aspergillus extract.