bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The biotin regulatory system—kinetic, thermodynamic, and structural interrogation of a biological switch
Authors: Beckett Dorothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Biological regulation frequently involves functional switches in one or more of the macromolecules that participate in these processes. Examples of these switches are ubiquitous in signal transduction pathways (1) and transcription regulatory systems (2). In order to gain understanding of the detailed molecular mechanisms of any regulatory process it is necessary to probe the structural, thermodynamic, and kinetic features of the macromolecules that contribute to them. The Escherichia coli biotin regulatory system is a complex biological regulatory circuit that is important for both retention of biotin in the cell and regulation of biosynthesis of the vitamin. The macromolecular interactions that contribute to this regulatory process have been examined using kinetic, equilibrium thermodynamic and structural tools. The body of data obtained from application of these multiple probes has revealed the essential molecular details of the functional switch that dictates the biology of this system.
Time resolved spectral analysis
Authors: Palfey Bruce A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chromophoric prosthetic groups are central to the chemistry of a large number of enzymes, such as those utilizing flavins, heme, cobalamin, iron-sulfur centres, and pyridoxal. Prosthetic groups generally participate by direct chemical reaction with substrates causing changes to the absorbance spectra that allow the reactions to be monitored in real time by stopped flow methods. Not only can the kinetic schemes and rate constants be determined, but the absorbance spectra of the species in the reaction scheme can also be obtained. Most common derivatives of prosthetic groups have either been characterized in bioorganic or bioinorganic model studies, or in studies on other enzymes, allowing the facile and reliable identification of many transient reaction intermediates. This chapter will focus on methods for extracting absorbance spectra from stopped flow data. The approaches given here can often be applied or adapted to other kinetic methods (e.g. temperature-jump) and to other types of spectroscopy(e.g. circular dichroism).
Exactness Criteria at Work
Authors: Boffi Giandomenico , Buchsbaum David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the time that the structure theorems of the last chapter appeared, there have been any number of applications and refinements of these results. What we have tried to do is to select some area in which these theorems have played an essential role, and in which there are still lurking some fascinating, only partially explored areas of investigation.
Introduction to Complex Analysis
Authors: Priestley H A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Complex analysis is a classic and central area of mathematics, which is studies and exploited in a range of important fields, from number theory to engineering. Introduction to Complex Analysis was first published in 1985, and for this much-awaited second edition the text has been considerably expanded, while retaining the style of the original. More detailed presentation is given of elementary topics, to reflect the knowledge base of current students. Exercise sets have been substantially revised and enlarged, with carefully graded exercises at the end of each chapter.
Holomorphic functions
Authors: Priestley H A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Complex analysis may be summarized as the study of holomorphic functions. Holomorphic means—almost—the same as differentiable, but there is a critical distinction between the two concepts. This comes from the role played by open sets. h has different limiting values when h approaches O from different directions. A similar situation can arise in real analysis: a real-valued function defined on an open interval of ℝ is not differentiable at x if its left-hand and right-hand derivatives at x exist but have different values.
Integration in the complex plane
Authors: Priestley H A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter continues the study of paths begun in Chapter 4. It contains basic material on integrals along paths which underpins the presentation of Cauchy’s theorem in Chapters 11 and 12.
To qualify as a path, the function γ is required to satisfy a rather technical differentiability condition. Intuitively, we may interpret this condition as telling us that the image γ* is made up of finitely many smooth sections (as the image of a contour certainly is). Essentially, the definition of a path is set up so that we are able to apply the theory of integration of continuous functions, piecewise, to the finitely many smooth paths which join to form γ We assume familiarity with integration of real-valued functions on compact intervals in JR, at least at a fairly basic level. Specifically, we take for granted simple techniques for evaluating real integrals, elementary properties of integrals (such as linearity) and the fact that, at the least, continuous real-valued functions on compact intervals in JR are integrable. [Here ‘integrable’ may be interpreted as having the meaning it has in any treatment of basic integration theory, whether a Riemann-style approach or a more sophisticated one leading to the Lebesgue integral.]
Zeros of holomorphic functions
Authors: Priestley H A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
where an otherwise holomorphic function fails to be holomorphic). Integrating a function round a contour inside which it has one or more singularities will in general give a non-zero result (recall 10.4 and the Cauchy formulae). Understanding, and exploiting, singularities will be the thrust of Chapters 17-22.
Our second reason for investigating zeros is more theoretical. Taylor’s theorem implies that holomorphic functions are locally representable by power series, with the coefficients expressible in terms of the derivatives. The consequences of this fact are surprising and far-reaching.
Holomorphic functions: further theory
Authors: Priestley H A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Here we present some additional results about holomorphic functions and about conformal maps. These are all important tools for more advanced theory. While this chapter is not designated as ‘advanced track’, it could be omitted by readers eager to reach the applications-oriented later chapters.
Since the integrand is continuous and is non-negative, it must be identically zero if the integral is to vanish.
The Fourier transform
Authors: Priestley H A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Fourier transform is, from a theoretical point of view, more fundamental than the Laplace transform; we introduced the latter first because it has a greater wealth of elementary applications. Here we concentrate on the evaluation, by contour integration techniques, of Fourier transforms arising out of probability theory. We also present sufficient basic theory, parallel to that we presented for the Laplace transform, to be able to demonstrate how the Fourier transform can be used to solve certain ordinary and partial differential equations.
Structural magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: McIntosh Andrew , Lawrie Stephen M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The technique of nuclear magnetic resonance originated before the use of computed tomography. Initially used to image small quantities of biological tissue (Lauterbur 1973), it was much longer before it found a clinical application (Budinger and Lauterbur 1984). The superior spatial resolution of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) enabled clinicians to visualize demyelinating lesions and was subsequently used to examine the brains of individuals with schizophrenia, in the hope that it might aid diagnosis and further our knowledge of pathophysiology. There were good grounds to think that this would be the case, since the inferior technique of computed tomography (CT) had consistently showed the presence of cortical ‘atrophy’ and ventricular enlargement.
IID Sampling using Self-Avoiding Population Monte Carlo: The Pinball Sampler
Authors: Mengersen Kerrie L , Robert Christian P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is now a popular method of choice for computation in many fields. For instance, particle filters are currently used in sequential settings such as tracking a moving target (see, e.g., Gilks and Berzuini, 2000; Doucet et al. , 2001) or in static settings with large datasets as exploratory tools (see, e.g., Berzuini and Gilks, 2001; Chopin, 2001). Various improvements have occurred in the past years with the introduction of additional moves based on MCMC techniques, as detailed in Doucet et al. (2001).
A Variant Version of the Pólya-Eggenberger Urn Model
Authors: Wechsler Luis G Esteves Sergio , Iglesias Pilar L , Pereira Antônio L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We present a new version of Polya urn scheme via the introduction of a prior probability distribution for the initial composition, that is, for the initial numbers of black and white balls in the urn. We also determine conditions for an exchangeable process taking values on {0,1}00 to be well approximated by a suitable Polya process with unknown initial composition. The predictivistic features in such processes are also discussed.
Finite Element Methods for Structures with Large Stochastic Variations
Authors: Elishakoff Isaac , Ren Yongjian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The finite element method (FEM) can be successfully applied to various field problems in solid mechanics, fluid mechanics and electrical engineering. FEM is a numerical method widely used in computer aided engineering, which allows for modelling and analysis of engineering and mathematical problems, e.g. safety testing. This reference text is the first to discuss finite element methods for structures with large stochastic variations. Stochastic variations are those that follow a random probability distribution or pattern and whose behaviour may be analysed statistically but not predicted precisely. Graduate students, lecturers, and researchers in mathematics, engineering, and scientific computation will find this a very useful reference. This book is the latest in the Oxford Texts in Applied and Engineering Mathematics series, which includes texts based on taught courses that explain the mathematical or computational techniques required for the resolution of fundamental applied problems, from the undergraduate through to the graduate level. Other books in the series include: Jordan & Smith: Nonlinear Ordinary Differential Equations: an introduction to dynamical systems; Sobey: Introduction to Interactive Boundary Layer Theory; Scott: Nonlinear Science: emergence and dynamics of coherent structures; Tayler: Mathematical Models in Applied Mechanics; Ram-Mohan: Finite Element and Boundary Element Applications in Quantum Mechanics.
The Expansion of the Universe
Authors: Weinberg Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The visible universe seems the same in all directions around us, at least if we look out to distances larger than about 300 million light years. The isotropy is much more precise (to about one part in 10−5) in the cosmic microwave background, to be discussed in Chapters 2 and 7. As we will see there, this radiation has been traveling to us for about 14 billion years, supporting the conclusion that the universe at sufficiently large distances is nearly the same in all directions.
Quantitative measurement using fMRI
Authors: Hoge Richard D , Pike G Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent developments have permitted the extension of magnetic resonance imaging into the realm of quantitative physiological monitoring. Previously, noninvasive quantitative measurement of physiological processes in internal structures such as the brain was almost the exclusive domain of techniques requiring the introduction of radioactive tracers via injection or inhalation, such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Currently, radioisotope-based methods retain the advantage of offering absolute quantitation of many variables in physical units (e.g. ml/lO0g/min for blood flow) compared with MRI-based techniques that offer only relative quantitation of most physiological parameters.
Statistical analysis of activation images
Authors: Worsley Keith J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Statistical analysis is concerned with making inference about underlying patterns in data that often contain a large amount of random error. This is certainly the case with £MRI data, where the effect of a stimulus may be as little as 1 per cent of the BOLD signal. However, by careful averaging of the data over time, such as averaging the BOLD response at the times when the stimulus is ON, and subtracting the average when the stimulus is OFF, we are often able to detect such a small signal in the presence of considerable background noise. More complex experimental designs require more complex analysis. The type of analysis can be guided by constructing a model for the way in which the BOLD response depends on the stimulus. Such a model must include a component of random error which explains how the observations vary even if the experiment is repeated on the same subject under exactly the same conditions. Statistics can be used to best estimate the parameters in the model, including the variability of the errors. It is this random variability of the errors that can then be used to assess the random variability, or standard error, of the estimated parameters themselves.
Dynamic functional neuroimaging integrating multiple modalities
Authors: George John S , M.Schmidt David , M.Rector David , Wood Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The past few decades have witnessed extraordinary progress in the development of techniques for noninvasive structural and functional imaging of the human brain. However, despite this progress, no existing medical imaging modality provides all of the information required for best clinical practice or cutting edge research. MRI is the premier technique for characterizing the soft tissue anatomy of the human brain, but it has significant limitations for defining the geometry of the skull. Functional MRI provides detailed pictures of spatial patterns of neural activation based on associated haemodynamic changes, but does not capture the characteristic temporal dynamics of electrophysiological activation. MEG and EEG provide excellent temporal resolution of neural population dynamics but are limited in spatial resolution by the ambiguity and ill-posed nature of the source reconstruction problem.
Frobenius maps and finite groups of Lie type
Authors: Geck Meinolf 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In all of this chapter, k will be an algebraic closure of the finite field with p elements, where p 0 is a prime number. We shall consider affine varieties and algebraic groups over k which are defined by polynomials with coefficients in the finite field 𝔽q ⊆k (where q is a power of p). For example, this is the case for all the classical groups that we considered in Chapter 1.
Neurobiology of human spatial attention: Modulation, generation and integration
Authors: Driver Jon , Eimer Martin , Macaluso Emiliano , Velzen José van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Studies of human spatial attention using neurobiological measures (i.e. functional imaging, event-related potentials, or magnetoence phalography) have transformed the field, in conjunction with single-cell studies of behaving primates. We review how such empirical work has altered the theoretical framework originally developed in pioneering information processing models. Modulation of sensory processing by spatial attention has now been shown at cortical stages even earlier than envisaged by ‘early’ selection, although attenuated information may still feed into higher stages. Activity in sensory brain areas may also be modulated by spatial attention prior to stimulus presentation.
Solution of Discrete Stokes Problems
Authors: Elman Howard C , Silvester David J , Wathen Andrew J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The inf-sup stability condition associated with mixed approximation of the Stokes problem is of central importance when it comes to finding fast and reliable iterative solution methods. Indeed, although it is not always necessary to use stable approximations to compute an accurate velocity field, it is crucial for the construction of fast convergent iterative methods. This is the subject of this chapter.
Introduction to Applied Statistics
Authors: Lindsey J K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This text is aimed at students in medicine, biology, and the social sciences, as well as those planning to specialise in applied statistics. It covers the basics of the design and analysis of surveys and experiments and provides an understanding of the basic principles of modelling and inference. Practical advice is provided on how to design a study, collect data, record observations accurately, detect errors, construct appropriate models, and interpret the results. The text contains many illustrative examples and exercises relating statistical principles to research. A companion website is available with links to data sets, R codes, and to an instructor's manual with teaching hints and solutions.
Categorical data
Authors: Lindsey J K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Observations that involve only nominal or ordinal variables (Section 1.1.2) are called categorical data. In this chapter, I shall concentrate on the special meth­ods of model construction for such data, and specifically on the case when the response variable is categorical. These models have the major advantage that few assumptions are made in constructing them. On the other hand, when possible, stronger and more informative conclusions can usually be drawn from models constructed using more assumptions, if they are appropriate. However, I shall de­lay presentation of models incorporating such further assumptions until Chapter 4.
The enactive mind, or from actions to cognition: lessons from autism
Authors: Klin Ami , Jones Warren , Schultz Robert , Volkmar Fred 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Normative-IQ individuals with autism are capable of solving explicit social cognitive problems at a level that is not matched by their ability to meet the demands of everyday social situations. The magnitude of this discrepancy is now being documented through newer techniques such as eye tracking, which allows us to see and measure how individuals with autism search for meaning when presented with naturalistic social scenes. This paper offers an approach to social cognitive development intended to address the above discrepancy, which is considered a key element for any understanding of the pathophysiology of autism. This approach, called the enactive mind (EM), originates from the emerging work on ‘embodied cognitive science’, a neuroscience framework that views cognition as bodily experiences accrued as a result of an organism’s adaptive actions upon salient aspects of the surrounding environment. The EM approach offers a developmental hypothesis of autism in which the process of acquisition of embodied social cognition is derailed early on, as a result of reduced salience of social stimuli and concomitant enactment of socially irrelevant aspects of the environment.
Towards an understanding of the mechanisms of weak central coherence effects: experiments in visual configural learning and auditory perception
Authors: Plaisted Kate , Saksida Lisa , Alcántara Josè , Weisblatt Emma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The weak central coherence hypothesis of Frith is one of the most prominent theories concerning the abnormal performance of individuals with autism on tasks that involve local and global processing. Individuals with autism often outperform matched nonautistic individuals on tasks in which success depends upon processing of local features, and underperform on tasks that require global processing. We review those studies that have been unable to identify the locus of the mechanisms that may be responsible for weak central coherence effects and those that show that local processing is enhanced in autism but not at the expense of global processing. In the light of these studies, we propose that the mechanisms which can give rise to ‘weak central coherence’ effects may be perceptual. More specifically, we propose that perception operates to enhance the representation of individual perceptual features but that this does not impact adversely on representations that involve integration of features. This proposal was supported in the two experiments we report on configural and feature discrimination learning in high-functioning children with autism. We also examined processes of perception directly, in an auditory filtering task which measured the width of auditory filters in individuals with autism and found that the width of auditory filters in autism were abnormally broad. We consider the implications of these findings for perceptual theories of the mechanisms underpinning weak central coherence effects.
Autism and movement disturbance
Authors: Mari Morena , Marks Deborah , Marraffa Catherine , Prior Margot , Castiello Umberto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Autism is associated with a wide and complex array of neurobehavioural symptoms. Examination of the motor system offers a particularly appealing method for studying autism by providing information about this syndrome that is relatively immune to experimental influence. In this article, we considered the relationship between possible movement disturbance and symptoms of autism and introduced an experimental model that may be useful for rehabilitation and diagnostic purposes: the reach-to-grasp movement. Research is reviewed that characterizes kinematically the reach-to-grasp movement in children with autism compared with age-matched ‘controls’. Unlike the age-matched children, autistic children showed differences in movement planning and execution, supporting the view that movement disturbances may play a part in the phenomenon of autism.
Chinese mathematics
Authors: Hodgkin Luke 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fu Xi created the eight trigrams in remote antiquity to communicate the virtues of the gods and parallel the trend of events in earthly matters, [and he] invented the nine-nines algorithm to coordinate the variations in the hexagrams. (Liu Hui, cited Shen et al. 1999, p. 52 Mathematics is an important subject in the six arts. Through the ages all scholars who have participated in discussions on astronomy and calendars have to master it. However, you may consider it as a minor occupation, not as a major one.
Hausdorff measures and covering theorems in metric Spaces
Authors: Ambrosio Luigi , Tilli Paolo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we introduce and study the main properties of Hausdorff measures ℋk in a general metric setting. This class of measures provides a very general extension of the classical concepts of length, surface area, and volume. We also study some covering theorems in metric spaces and we apply them to compare, using the spherical densities, Hausdorff measures with Radon measures.