bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Constitutional Politics in Canada and the United States
Authors: Bateman Thomas M.J. 
Published: April 2005

Constitutional Politics in Canada and the United States, Stephen L. Newman, ed., Albany: State University of New York Press, 2004, pp. vi, 282Constitutional politics in Canada and the United States are staples of teaching and research in both countries, and accordingly merit periodic updating and reflection. An excellent contribution in this respect is
Stephen Newman's edited collection of essays, published as part of SUNY's series on American constitutionalism. The essays are balanced, of fairly even quality, and diverse in both subject matter and ideological perspective.
L'organisation mondiale du commerce : où s'en va la mondialisation?
Authors: Doucet Marc G. 
Published: April 2005

L'organisation mondiale du commerce : où s'en va la mondialisation?, Christian Deblock, sous la direction de, Québec : Éditions Fides, 2002, 298 p.Depuis quelques années, l'Organisation mondiale du
commerce (l'OMC) connaît des moments difficiles. À l'échec monumental de la troisième Conférence ministérielle à Seattle en 1999, et
l'émiettement du consensus simulé qui déboucha sur le soi-disant “ cycle du développement ” à
Doha en novembre 2001, s'ajoutent l'hostilité
affichée par l'administration Bush au multilatéralisme
de toutes formes et l'opposition de plus en plus obstinée des
pays en développement quant à l'élargissement du
mandat de l'organisation, sans oublier, bien sûr, les
manifestations populaires qui pourchassent ici et là les
réunions ministérielles. L'avance du cheval de Troie
des programmes de libéralisation et de régulation
économique créé en janvier 1995 suite aux
négociations du cycle Uruguay semble sérieusement
déroutée, du moins pour l'instant. D'où la
justesse de la question que pose le sous-titre de cet ouvrage
dirigé par Christian Deblock. En effet, si la question est bien
posée, c'est plutôt son traitement, mis en rapport au
déroulement des négociations depuis la quatrième
réunion ministérielle à Doha, qui marque la
contribution majeure de l'ouvrage. L'objectif principal des
textes est donc de faire le point sur les développements les plus
récents au sein du système commercial multilatéral
tout en soulignant les principaux enjeux. Or, il s'agit bel et bien
d'un ouvrage d'économie politique qui s'adresse non
seulement aux universitaires et aux étudiants francophones de
niveau post-secondaires, mais aussi au grand public qui, depuis un certain
temps, semble suivre de plus près l'évolution de
l'économie mondiale.
Globalism and the universal language
Authors: Al-Dabbagh Abdulla 
Published: April 2005

Like so many other innovations, the idea of one common language for all mankind appeared for the first time, in European thought, during the Renaissance. It has been estimated that since then nearly ‘seven hundred such artificial languages’ have been tried. Undoubtedly, this had to do with the collapse of Latin as the common language of education, soon to be replaced by the various, rising national languages. Europe's great expansion overseas, in this epoch, also created the need for a unified vehicle of communication.In many ways, the world, and not just Europe, is now facing a similar challenge. While English has become the Latin of the contemporary world, such a position, one can say in the light of historical experience, has always been precarious. Whether English will be unanimously accepted as the one unifying, international language of the globe, whether it will share this role with one or more other languages, or whether an artificial language will be adopted for that purpose is the question that sooner or later we will all be facing.
Gemination in English
Authors: Kaye Alan S. 
Published: April 2005

An account of consonantal ‘twinning’ in English and other languages.THIS ESSAY concerns itself with gemination in English, but more specifically, it asks whether English has consonantal gemination (CG), as has been reported by some in the literature. Gemination is usually defined as a phonetic doubling (cf. Latin geminus ‘twin’); however, phonetic length (as opposed to a single or nongeminated segment) is a more accurate designation (see Matthews 1997:141, who cites Italian atto [at[Length mark]o] ‘act’, making reference only to ‘doubling’). It has long been known that English does not have contrastive CG as is recognized, say, from the phonemic difference between Classical and Modern Standard Arabic kasara (‘he broke’) and kassara (‘he smashed’) or darasa (‘he studied’) and darrasa (‘he taught’).
Bisphosphonates and metastasis
Authors: Lester J. , Coleman R. 
Published: April 2005

Bone metastases frequently occur in advanced breast cancer patients and once incorporated into bone have profound effects on bone physiology. Bisphosphonates are potent inhibitors of osteoclastic function and are becoming increasingly important for the management of patients with breast cancer. They affect the ability of cancer cells to accelerate bone turnover and as a result control pain and reduce the risk of pathological fracture.Furthermore ongoing clinical trials are investigating the role of bisphosphonates as an adjuvant therapy in high-risk breast cancer patients with an aim to prevent bone metastasis.This article reviews the mechanisms of bone metastasis and will discuss present and future developments for the monitoring and treatment of metastatic bone disease.
Block of TRPC5 channels by 2‐aminoethoxydiphenyl borate: a differential, extracellular and voltage‐dependent effect
Authors: Xu Shang‐Zhong , Zeng Fanning , Boulay Guylain , Grimm Christian , Harteneck Christian , Beech David J 
Published: April 2005

2‐Aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2‐APB) has been widely used to examine the roles of inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) and store‐operated Ca2+ entry and is an emerging modulator of cationic channels encoded by transient receptor potential (TRP) genes.
Using Ca2+‐indicator dye and patch‐clamp recording we first examined the blocking effect of 2‐APB on human TRPC5 channels expressed in HEK‐293 cells.
The concentration–response curve has an IC50 of 20 μM and slope close to 1.0, suggesting one 2‐APB molecule binds per channel. The blocking effect is not shared by other Ca2+ channel blockers including methoxyverapamil, nifedipine, N‐propargylnitrendipine, or berberine.
In whole‐cell and excised membrane patch recordings, 2‐APB acts from the extracellular but not intracellular face of the membrane.
Block of TRPC5 by 2‐APB is less at positive voltages, suggesting that it enters the electric field or acts by modulating channel gating.
2‐APB also blocks TRPC6 and TRPM3 expressed in HEK‐293 cells, but not TRPM2.
Block of TRP channels by 2‐APB may be relevant to cell proliferation because 2‐APB has a greater inhibitory effect on proliferation in cells overexpressing TRPC5.
Our data indicate a specific and functionally important binding site on TRPC5 that enables block by 2‐APB. The site is only available via an extracellular route and the block shows mild voltage‐dependence.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 145, 405–414. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706197
Ciclopirox protects mitochondria from hydrogen peroxide toxicity
Authors: Lee Sun J , Jin Youngnam , Yoon Hye Young , Choi Byung‐Ok , Kim Hyoung Chun , Oh Yu‐Kyoung , Kim Hee‐Sun , Kim Won‐Ki 
Published: April 2005

The mitochondrial respiratory chain produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) during normal electron transport. Despite producing ROS, mitochondria are vulnerable to oxidative stress. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been associated with many degenerative diseases, making it important to identify compounds that protect mitochondria from ROS‐mediated toxicity. Here we report that ciclopirox (CPX) blocks H2O2‐induced mitochondrial injury by maintaining mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Δψm).
CPX completely blocked H2O2‐stimulated release of lactate dehydrogenase (a marker of cell death) and decrease in MTT reduction (a marker of mitochondrial function) in adenocarcinoma SK‐HEP‐1 cells.
H2O2 rapidly depolarized the Δψm, and CPX blocked this H2O2‐stimulated Δψm decrease. Similar data were obtained in experiments using mitochondria isolated from rat liver.
Furthermore, CPX effectively inhibited H2O2‐induced mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening. In de‐energized mitochondria, however, CPX did not inhibit Ca2+‐evoked MPTP opening, indicating that CPX is not a direct inhibitor of the MPTP.
Oxygen consumption studies showed that in the presence of pyruvate and malate CPX restored the rate of state 3 to state 4 respiration decreased by H2O2. Consistent with this, CPX replenished ATP levels lowered by H2O2.
The present results indicate that CPX protects SK‐HEP‐1 cells from H2O2 cytotoxicity by inhibiting Δψm decrease and indirectly preventing MPTP opening.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 145, 469–476. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706206
The Living Planet Index: using species population time series to track trends in biodiversity
Authors: Loh Jonathan , Green Rhys E , Ricketts Taylor , Lamoreux John , Jenkins Martin , Kapos Valerie , Randers Jorgen 
Published: April 2005

The Living Planet Index was developed to measure the changing state of the world's biodiversity over time. It uses time-series data to calculate average rates of change in a large number of populations of terrestrial, freshwater and marine vertebrate species. The dataset contains about 3000 population time series for over 1100 species. Two methods of calculating the index are outlined: the chain method and a method based on linear modelling of log-transformed data. The dataset is analysed to compare the relative representation of biogeographic realms, ecoregional biomes, threat status and taxonomic groups among species contributing to the index.
The two methods show very similar results: terrestrial species declined on average by 25% from 1970 to 2000. Birds and mammals are over-represented in comparison with other vertebrate classes, and temperate species are over-represented compared with tropical species, but there is little difference in representation between threatened and non-threatened species. Some of the problems arising from over-representation are reduced by the way in which the index is calculated. It may be possible to reduce this further by post-stratification and weighting, but new information would first need to be collected for data-poor classes, realms and biomes.
Prospects for monitoring freshwater ecosystems towards the 2010 targets
Authors: Revenga C , Campbell I , Abell R , de Villiers P , Bryer M 
Published: April 2005

Human activities have severely affected the condition of freshwater ecosystems worldwide. Physical alteration, habitat loss, water withdrawal, pollution, overexploitation and the introduction of non-native species all contribute to the decline in freshwater species. Today, freshwater species are, in general, at higher risk of extinction than those in forests, grasslands and coastal ecosystems. For North America alone, the projected extinction rate for freshwater fauna is five times greater than that for terrestrial fauna—a rate comparable to the species loss in tropical rainforest. Because many of these extinctions go unseen, the level of assessment and knowledge of the status and trends of freshwater species are still very poor, with species going extinct before they are even taxonomically classified.Increasing human population growth and achieving the sustainable development targets set forth in 2002 will place even higher demands on the already stressed freshwater ecosystems, unless an integrated approach to managing water for people and ecosystems is implemented by a broad constituency. To inform and implement policies that support an integrated approach to water management, as well as to measure progress in halting the rapid decline in freshwater species, basin-level indicators describing the condition and threats to freshwater ecosystems and species are required. This paper discusses the extent and quality of data available on the number and size of populations of freshwater species, as well as the change in the extent and condition of natural freshwater habitats. The paper presents indicators that can be applied at multiple scales, highlighting the usefulness of using remote sensing and geographical information systems technologies to fill some of the existing information gaps. Finally, the paper includes an analysis of major data gaps and information needs with respect to freshwater species to measure progress towards the 2010 biodiversity targets.
Temporal patterns in shore fly (Diptera, Ephydridae) community structure in a salt marsh habitat
Authors: Kubátová‐Hiršová Hana 
Published: April 2005

Abstract.  1. An ecological investigation of the shore fly community was carried out in a salt marsh in Novosedly in the Czech Republic.2. Sampling was carried out in 1997 and 1999 at approximately 14‐day intervals during the seasonally active period, using yellow water traps.3. Altogether 14 374 specimens of the family Ephydridae were collected (6040 in 1997 and 8334 in 1999), belonging to 48 shore fly species (37 in 1997 and 41 in 1999).4. Community structure, species richness, species diversity, evenness, and seasonal and inter‐annual changes were studied. The species richness, species diversity, and evenness of the shore fly community in 1999 were higher than in 1997 but inter‐annual difference in species diversity was not statistically significant. Paracoenia fumosa, Scatella tenuicosta, and Hydrellia albilabris were found to be the most abundant species in both study years.5. Seasonal patterns and phenology of the most abundant species are discussed. Hydrellia albilabris showed similar seasonal distribution of abundance in 1997 and 1999, whereas seasonal distribution of P. fumosa and S. tenuicosta varied between the study years. Paracoenia fumosa, Hydrellia griseola, H. albilabris, Scatella paludum, S. tenuicosta, and Philotelma defecta were found to occur throughout the whole observation period from March until November while Notiphila cinerea, Hydrellia ischiaca, and Psilopa nigritella appeared in a limited period only.
Herbivore‐induced responses and patch heterogeneity affect abundance of arthropods on plants
Authors: Rodriguez‐Saona Cesar , Thaler Jennifer S. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract. 1. Plants respond to herbivore damage by inducing defences that can affect the abundance of herbivores and predators. These tritrophic interactions may be influenced by heterogeneity in plant neighbourhood.2. In the present study, the effects of induced responses on the abundance of herbivores (flea beetles and aphids), omnivores (pirate bugs and thrips), and predators (lady beetles and spiders) on individual plants and their neighbours between and within patches composed of three tomato plants was investigated.3. Herbivore damage was manipulated to create homogeneous patches where either all or none of the plants had defences induced by herbivore damage, and heterogeneous patches where only one of the plants was induced.4. Arthropod abundance on plants at different scales was compared by testing between patch effects (patch level), for neighbourhood effects at the plant phenotype level (neighbourhood level), and between near and far plants (within patch position).5.At the patch level, plants in homogeneously induced patches contained fewer flea beetles and pirate bugs, but more lady beetles, compared with homogeneously non‐induced patches. There was no effect of patch type on the abundance of aphids, thrips, and spiders on plants.6.At the neighbourhood level, induced plants in heterogeneous patches contained more flea beetles and pirate bugs compared with induced plants in homogeneous patches, indicating that the abundance of some herbivores and omnivores on induced plants varied depending on the phenotype of the other plants within the patch. Within patch position, there was no evidence that the abundance of herbivores or predators on non‐induced plants was affected by proximity to an induced plant.7. Therefore, variation in plant neighbourhood generated by induced plant responses affected the abundance of three arthropods from three feeding guilds.
Community structure of insect herbivores in a hybrid system: examining the effects of browsing damage and plant genetic variation
Authors: Hochwender Cris G. , Janson Eric M. , Cha Dong Ho , Fritz Robert S. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract. 1. Using three genetic classes of willows,Salix eriocephala,Salix sericea, and their interspecific F1 hybrid, the influence of browsing damage and the importance of genetic class on insect community structure were evaluated.2. Three‐year‐old plants grown from seeds generated from controlled crosses were placed in a common garden after a damage treatment was imposed on them (plants were either left undamaged during the previous winter or they had 50% of the previous year's growth removed). Clipping damage caused large increases in mean shoot length for plants.3. The abundance of eight species of insect herbivores was determined for every plant to evaluate community structure for three genetic classes across the two damage levels. Based onmanova, damage treatment had a modest effect on the relative abundance of herbivores (i.e. their proportional representation). In contrast, dramatic differences were detected among genetic classes for relative abundance; in cases where damage treatment influenced relative abundance of herbivores, the importance of genetic class was at least 20‐fold greater than that of damage treatment. No interaction between genetic class and browsing treatment was detected for community structure.4. The weak response of the herbivore community to clipping damage, contrasted to the large response to genetic class, was very surprising because mean shoot length was greatly altered by damage treatment. These findings, coupled together with previous research, suggest that plant genetic differences can act as the primary basis for herbivore community structure, while the effects of browsing may not be as common.
sGnRH‐A [(d‐Arg6, Pro9, NEt‐)LHRH] in combination with domperidone induces gonad reversal in a protogynous fish, the bluehead wrasse, Thalassoma bifasciatum
Authors: Kramer C. R. , Caddell M. T. , Bubenheimer‐Livolsi L. 
Published: April 2005

The effects of thrice weekly injections of Ovaprim (sGnRH‐A in combination with domperidone) on the ovary of Thalassoma bifasciatum, a protogynous marine fish, after 4 and 6 weeks are described. At the end of 4 weeks of treatment, 72% (n=13) of the original females showed signs of reversal. The majority of these were deemed early stage although mid‐ (n=2) and late (n=1) stage reversals were present. At 6 weeks, 92% of the females had ovaries that were undergoing transformation. None of these, however, progressed beyond the early stage. Only 3.8% of the control fish showed signs of reversal over the same periods. The blue head colour pattern, typical of the terminal phase, did not appear in any of the fish.To our knowledge, this is the first report investigating the hypothalamic influence on sex reversal in T. bifasciatum. These observations shed new light on the neuroendocrine control of reversal of gender in this species and hermaphroditic fishes in general.
Chronic toxicity of ammonia to juvenile gilthead seabream Sparus aurata and related histopathological effects
Authors: Wajsbrot N. , Gasith A. , Diamant A. , Popper D. M. 
Published: April 2005

Effect of 20 days exposure of juvenile gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) to elevated levels of ammonia on growth and survival was examined in a continuous flow system. Suppressed growth and reduced survival were observed at concentrations of 8.2 and 13 mg l−1 total ammonia‐N (0.5 and 0.7 mg l−1 un‐ionized ammonia‐N, respectively) and higher. The maximum acceptable toxic concentration (MATC) for growth was between 4.8 to 8.2 mg l−1 total ammonia‐N (0.3 and 0.5 mg l−1 un‐ionized ammonia‐N, respectively). Fish exposed to high ammonia levels (13 mg l−1 total ammonia‐N, 0.7 mg l−1 un‐ionized ammonia‐N) displayed clear signs of liver pathology. Existing evidence suggests that S. aurata is less sensitive to ammonia than other reported marine and freshwater fish.Under certain conditions ammonia concentration in the intensive fish ponds in Eilat may exceed the no observed effect concentration for S. aurata.
The seasonal changes in somatic energy content of Gulf of Alaska yellowfin sole, Pleuronectes asper
Authors: Paul A. J. , Paul J. M. , Smith R. L. 
Published: April 2005

Seasonal measurement of body energy content was made for Pleuronectes asper (Pallas, 1814) from the Gulf of Alaska. Whole body energy content of complete fish (∼ 3472 J g−1 wet wt) was minimal in May for females as their overwintering phase ended, then increased to ∼ 4456 J g−1 prior to spawning. The ovarian index [(g.w./t.w.) × 100] and energy content of ovaries (J g−1) was highest in June and May respectively, and then declined markedly by August as spawning occurred.Throughout the year male whole body energy content of complete fish ranged from 3351 to 4590 J g−1 with the lowest values in May and highest values occurring during June to September, the feeding season. The testes index [(g.w./t.w.) × 100] and total energy content of testes (J g−1) were high in March and lowest during June and July. On a weight‐specific basis, males and females had similar whole body energy values throughout the year.Juveniles followed the same seasonal trends in energy storage as adults and had similar whole body energy values. Whole body energy content was linearly related to wet and dry weight condition factor with r2 values of 0.70 and 0.87, respectively. Dry body weight as percent of wet body weight was the best predictor of body energy (r2=0.91).Yellowfin sole had an annual energy cycle with energy accumulation and growth from May to September. Thereafter they utilized stored energy for metabolic and reproductive needs. Spawning began in late May or early June and fish were spent by August. Whole body energy content increased by 28, 33 and 35% between May and June, for females, juveniles, and males, respectively, the most dramatic change during the year long survey. This suggests that intense feeding in May must be an important aspect of their energy storage cycle.
Purification of flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) fibronectin and its localization during re‐epithelialization at a fin wound
Authors: Kurokawa T. , Suzuki T. , Funakoshi S. 
Published: April 2005

Plasma fibronectin (FN) of flounder Paralichthys olivacem was purified and characterized. Flounder FN was purified by a combination of affinity chromatography using Sepharose coupled with flounder gelatin and gel filtration on Superose 6. Flounder FN was found to be a disulphide‐linked heterodimer of 220 and 230 kDa polypeptides. It had cell‐spreading activity for baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells, which was inhibited by the synthetic peptide, Gly‐Arg‐Gly‐Asp‐Ser‐Pro. In flounder explants, anti‐flounder FN antiserum distinguished fibroblast‐like cells from epithelial cells; indirect immunofluorescence showed that the fibroblast‐like cells exhibited a fibrous staining to the antiserum, but that epithelial cells did not. These results suggest that flounder FN is a homologue of mammalian FN.The localization of FN during re‐epithelialization at the site of a severed fin was investigated. When the top of the fin was cut, epidermal cells covered the surface of the wound within 1 h. FN is detected at the wound site during epidermal cell migration, suggesting that it serves as a cell‐adhesion factor for prompt re‐epithelialization at wound sites.