bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychological Assessment in Medical Settings
Authors: Sweet Jerry J. , Tovian Steven M. , Suchy Yana 
Published: November 2003

AbstractBoth historically and in terms of present training and employment, medical settings have provided a fertile environment for formal psychological assessment. In fact, recently trained physicians expect to have psychological assessment resources available within the hospital systems in which they practice because these resources were present within the institutions in which they trained. Within this chapter, psychological assessment is viewed as encompassing all traditional (e.g., personality, intellectual, academic) and specialized testing (e.g., health/illness coping styles, neuropsychological). Important issues pertaining to psychological assessment in medical settings are reviewed. These topics include the influence of the medical environment, current pressures regarding ‘accountability,’ opportunities for clinical, educational, and research collaborations with physicians, reimbursement issues, financial efficacy, ethical and legal issues, logistics, and integration within a biopsychosocial model. Finally, types of medical settings, specific assessment instruments, and areas of specialty assessment are reviewed.
Psychological Assessment in Industrial/Organizational Settings
Authors: Klimoski Richard J. , Zukin Lori B. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis chapter is built on a broad view of “individual assessment” relative to its use in industrial and organizational settings. In constructing our treatment, we address historical, theoretical, as well as practical issues surrounding assessments in work settings. Specifically, we highlight the multiple purposes, the types of factors measured, the approaches used, and the role that assessment must play to ensure business success. While the skills and techniques involved in workplace assessments would be familiar to most psychologists, the application of the former must be sensitive and appropriate to particular work‐context realities. Therefore, our treatment of assessment is embedded within a broader discussion of the business and technical considerations inherent in the workplace. We begin the chapter with a brief historical introduction to the role and development of assessments in work settings, including a discussion of purposes for, attributes of, and approaches to assessment. Following this, attention is given to the technical implementation of assessments, the focus of those assessments, and the major tools used to conduct these assessments. Finally, we conclude our chapter with an examination of the major issues surrounding contemporary assessment in work settings such as business necessity, social policy, and technical/professional concerns.
Psychological Assessment in Forensic Settings
Authors: Ogloff James R. P. , Douglas Kevin S. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis chapter provides an introduction to the field of forensic psychology. The chapter focuses on four general topics. First, the authors provide a definition of forensic psychology and a discussion of how it fits within clinical psychology. The authors argue that those psychologists who work in the field of forensic psychology must have specialized training and experience in the field. Second, the authors discuss the legal parameters within which forensic assessments are conducted. The authors note that the legal standards establish the parameters of the assessment and help focus the clinician's task. The authors introduce and discuss the psycholegal content analysis approach to forensic assessment. Next, the authors review some of the contemporary issues in forensic assessment, including the effect of the clinical versus actuarial debate for the field, the development of the legally informed practitioner model, the roles and limits of general psychological testing in forensic contexts, legal specificity, and training in forensic psychology. Finally, the authors discuss some future concerns that should be addressed in the field. In particular, they raise concerns about quality control in forensic assessment and identify areas that require further development (i.e., civil forensic assessment, forensic assessments with youth, women, and visible minorities).
Assessment of Intellectual Functioning
Authors: Wasserman John D. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis chapter describes contemporary approaches to the assessment of cognitive and intellectual functioning. The origins of intelligence testing at the beginning of the twentieth century are briefly recounted. Six major intelligence tests are described in terms of their origins, theoretical underpinnings, standardization features and psychometric adequacy, and interpretive indices and applications. These tests include the Cognitive Assessment System, Differential Ability Scales, Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, Stanford‐Binet Intelligence Scale, Wechsler Intelligence Scales, and the Woodcock‐Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities. It is argued that in order for the study and practice of intellectual assessment to achieve status as a mature clinical science, the field must meet four essential requirements: (1) a coherent foundational theory, from which testable principles and propositions may be derived, (2) a variety of measures, operationalizing the theories and serving the needs of special populations, (3) an applied diagnostic taxonomy, derived from and consistent with the theory and its measures, and (4) a compendium of change‐oriented intervention techniques, aimed at modifying specific behaviors in a manner consistent with the theories. In spite of an abundance of theories and measures, the study of intelligence and its assessment has yet to realize its potential in terms of diagnosis and intervention.
Assessing Personality and Psychopathology With Interviews
Authors: Craig Robert J. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis chapter discusses contemporary issues in assessing psychopathology and personality with interview. We discuss types of interviews, how clients and clinicians approach an interview, and structured versus unstructured interviews. The structure of the interview is presented along with continuing concerns with official diagnostic systems. Issues that complicate the assessment process for personality disorders are discussed, including the base rate problem, the role of affective disorders, state versus trait assessment, the role of culture, the reliability of psychiatric diagnosis, the problem of diagnostic overlap, and comorbidities. Current findings on the reliability of structured clinical interviews are presented. While structured diagnostic interviews show acceptable reliability, their convergent validity with similar instruments and with self‐report instruments are only modest. This means that two similar instruments, be they structured interview or self‐report tests, may not result in the same diagnoses for a given patient. The chapter concludes with a discussion of computer‐assisted diagnosis and suggestions for the future.
Assessing Personality and Psychopathology with Projective Methods
Authors: Viglione Donald J. , Rivera Bridget 
Published: November 2003

AbstractResearch findings, which are often ignored, clearly demonstrate that projective tests have value in the assessment process. This chapter addresses their value within a broad overview, incorporating projective tests and methods within a single domain. Simplified and misleading models for projective testing, such as the “blank screen” and “X‐ray” models, are examined. Bias against projective testing is reviewed from an historical perspective. In response to these misunderstandings about projective testing, the chapter provides a new behavioral, response process model for projective testing. Ironically, this behavioral response processing model, in which the personality processes are inferred by comparing input versus output, is very similar to the original descriptions about projective processes offered some 70 years ago. Based on information processing and problem solving, the model integrates both content/self‐expressive and structural/organizational components. In doing so, some common misperceptions about projective tests are corrected. The complexity and freedom of the projective stimulus situation and the richness and variety of the projective test responses are the foundation for the generalizability, validity, and interpretation of these tests. It follows necessarily that projective testing interpretation is synthetic and individualized so that projective tests allow one to personalize and contextualize group findings.
Overview of Forensic Psychology
Authors: Goldstein Alan M. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractForensic psychology has received considerable attention in recent years. This introductory chapter presents both an overview of the field as well as a description of how this volume is organized and the various psycho‐legal questions it addresses. The field of forensic psychology is defined and fundamental differences between it and clinical psychology are discussed. These include differences in roles, the significance of diagnoses, concepts of human behavior, trust in the client's responses, temporal focus of the evaluation, and professional accountability. The history of the field is briefly reviewed. The major sections of this volume are described: the nature of the field including training, ethics, and testimony; approaches to forensic assessment, including the use of third‐party information and the assessment of malingering; special topics, such as eyewitness memory and jury selection; civil issues, including child custody, personal injury, and Americans with Disabilities Act assessments; criminal issues, such as the evaluation of juveniles; Miranda waivers and false confessions, trial competence, criminal responsibility, death penalty and child sexual abuse assessments; evaluating special populations, including sex offenders, battered women, and those for whom violence is at issue; and emerging directions for the field of forensic psychology. This volume reflects the most up‐to‐date description of the field as we enter the twentieth century.
Ethical Principles and Professional Competencies
Authors: Weissman Herbert N. , Debow Deborah M. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe conceptual framework that links competent practice to ethical practice in forensic psychology is given practical expression through the use of commonly experienced psycho‐legal issues and case‐relevant examples. The application of Supreme Court decisions, rules of evidence, and case law into one's everyday work is explained. Ethical guidelines in psychology and evidentiary rules in the law are presented not as abstract principles, but rather as principles intrinsically involved in the process of performing the expert's work. It is argued that the process of defining referral questions, of choosing methodologies to answer these questions, and of formulating and presenting opinions all rely solidly on the competent application of ethical guidelines and evidentiary rules.Impediments to sound practice are described, including the personal and professional limitations of the practitioner and the external influences associated with an adversarial legal system and a medico‐legal context in which forensic psychologists work. Useful means of addressing personal limitations and coping with external influences are discussed.Conceptual models in personal injury and child custody are provided which illustrate how ethically competent methodologies can be constructed to produce findings that meet criteria for relevancy and admissibility in both psychology and law.
Expert Testimony: Law and Practice
Authors: Ewing Charles Patrick 
Published: November 2003

AbstractA major aspect of the contemporary practice of forensic psychology involves providing expert testimony in trials on a variety of issues such as child custody, personal injury, disability, substituted judgment, competency to waive rights, competency to stand trial, insanity, and diminished capacity. In order to be effective as an expert witness, today's forensic psychologist must not only be an expert in the area of his or her testimony but also be well versed in the law governing expert testimony and the most effective methods of presenting such testimony. This chapter begins with an examination of the history of expert testimony by psychologists from the early twentieth century to the present. Next the chapter explains the statutory and case law rules governing expert testimony, with particular emphasis on the Federal Rules of Evidence and the cases ofFrye v. United States,Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, andKumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael. Finally, the chapter details selected practical aspects of the current process of giving such testimony, including qualifying as an expert and dealing with efforts to discredit and impeach expert testimony.
Third Party Information in Forensic Assessment
Authors: Heilbrun Kirk , Warren Janet , Picarello Kim 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThird‐party information in forensic assessment is obtained from sources other than the individual being evaluated, most often from relevant records or interviews of collateral observers. Although third‐party information (TPI) has long played an important role in forensic assessment, there has been relatively little discussion of why it is important or focused analysis of the relevant research, law, ethics, and practice literature in this area. This chapter provides such a discussion. TPI is described as particularly important in forensic assessment for a number of reasons, including its facilitation of assessing response style and testing hypotheses, its application in recently developed assessment tools that require collateral sources, and its promotion of the effective and credible communication of findings. Relevant literature is reviewed in the areas of empirical research, law, ethics, and practice. The chapter also provides a discussion of how to obtain, weigh, and integrate information from third‐party sources into the overall forensic assessment.
Forensic and Clinical Issues in the Assessment of Psychopathy
Authors: Hemphill James F. , Hart Stephen D. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe chapter begins with a discussion of the current clinical conceptualizations of psychopathy and basic diagnostic issues. The authors argue that the procedures used to assess psychopathy should reflect the decision‐making purpose of the assessment and the nature of the disorder being assessed. The second section reviews the most commonly used methods for assessing psychopathy. Clinical or expert rating scales of psychopathy (e.g., The Hare Psychopathy Checklist—Revised) are identified as having a better fit to the assessment task than are other assessment methods (e.g., self‐report questionnaires, structured diagnostic interviews). The third section identifies important professional and clinical issues that practitioners should keep in mind when assessing psychopathy. Issues related to the assessment of psychopathy among children and adolescents, and the assessment of risk for violence, are discussed. The fourth section examines a number of professional and clinical issues that arise as part of the clinical‐forensic assessment of psychopathy. These issues include failing to appropriately use accepted procedures for assessing psychopathy, using assessment procedures without adequate training and experience, and not establishing causal connections between diagnoses of psychopathy and the relevant legal issues. The authors provide practical recommendations for dealing with these and other clinical and professional issues. The chapter concludes with a discussion of issues that are priorities for future research.
Forensic Assessment for High‐Risk Occupations
Authors: Borum Randy , Super John , Rand Michelle 
Published: November 2003

AbstractPsychologists are frequently asked to assess the psychological suitability of candidates and incumbent employees for law enforcement positions and other “high‐risk” occupations. This chapter begins with a review of significant ethical issues that emerge in conducting high‐risk occupational assessments generally, including Professional Competence, Role Definition, and Confidentiality and Access to Results. The sections that follow provide a more specific focus on legal and practice issues in pre‐employment psychological screening and fitness‐for‐duty evaluations. There is a discussion of federal statutes and case law that pertain to these evaluations, and an overview of practice guidelines that have been developed and endorsed by organized groups of public safety psychologists. Practical guidance and research‐based information is provided on issues related to obtaining consent, procedures and methods for conducting the assessment, and crafting an ultimate analysis regarding the examinee's psychological suitability for the position.
Voir Dire and Jury Selection
Authors: Kovera Margaret Bull , Dickinson Jason J. , Cutler Brian L. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractDuring the pretrial proceeding of voir dire, attorneys use a wide range of techniques to select potential jurors who will be favorably disposed to their case. Traditionally, attorneys have drawn on intuition, courtroom experience, and implicit theories of juror behavior to select favorable jurors. In contrast, scientific jury selection refers to the use of surveys and other social scientific tools to identify demographic characteristics, personality traits, or attitudes that predict jurors' verdict inclinations. There is a long‐standing debate within the legal and scientific communities whether either method of jury selection effectively identifies jurors favorable to a given case. This chapter describes the legal framework in which attorneys execute jury selection (i.e., voir dire), the procedures underlying traditional and scientific jury selection, and the history behind the development of scientific jury selection. The chapter provides a detailed review of the empirical research assessing the effectiveness of both traditional and scientific jury selection. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the limitations of this empirical research and a recommendation for a social‐psychological approach to the study of scientific jury selection that may remedy the current theoretical stagnation and advance research in the area.
Forensic Evaluation in Americans with Disabilities Act Cases
Authors: Foote William E. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) came into effect in the early 1990s. The legislation was developed to provide disabled people with legal remedies to address discrimination and to require reasonable accommodation for disabilities in many aspects of daily life. The ADA also provides psychologists with opportunities for evaluation and consultation related to litigation. However, the ADA presents the inquiring professional with a daunting array of definitions and regulations. A goal of this chapter is to address the considerable ADA literature in the context of a practical forensic approach. The chapter introduces the reader to some general information about disability in the workplace and how the ADA fits into existing disability systems. The second section reviews mental disabilities under the ADA. The third section will deal with how psychologists may work with employers to accommodate workers with disabilities. The fourth section will examine litigation‐related psychological evaluations and how psychologists may assist the court in determining damages in cases of discrimination and failure to provide reasonable accommodation. A final section will provide some concluding remarks.
Forensic Evaluation in Delinquency Cases
Authors: Grisso Thomas 
Published: November 2003

AbstractMental health professionals have provided forensic evaluations in delinquency cases throughout the one‐hundred‐year existence of the juvenile court. Yet little research has been available to assist the development of this mental health service, and professional guidance through literature and specialized training has lagged far behind other areas of forensic mental health practice. The first section of this chapter describes these conditions historically and suggests that a “new field” of juvenile forensic evaluation has recently emerged due to increased attention to problems of youth violence and increasing evidence of elevated prevalence rates of mental disorders among delinquent youths.Three types of assessments in delinquency cases are reviewed in the three main sections of this chapter: disposition (rehabilitation) assessments, evaluations for estimating risk of future violence, and assessments for psycholegal concepts in delinquency cases (e.g., waiver to criminal court, competence to stand trial, and youths' capacities to waive Miranda rights). Each section reviews the fundamental questions that these evaluations address, from a legal and psychological perspective, then review concepts and methods that have been developed to assist clinicians in obtaining data and making inferences to address those questions. The final section reviews anticipated future advances in forensic assessment in delinquency cases.
Evaluation of Criminal Responsibility
Authors: Goldstein Alan M. , Morse Stephen J. , Shapiro David L. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractUnlike traditional clinical assessments that are usually concerned with present functioning, forensic assessments of criminal responsibility focus on a defendant's actions and mental states that may have occurred days, weeks, months, or years ago. This chapter considers the basic doctrines of criminal liability. Specific attention is given to mental state issues relevant to culpability: negation ofmens rea, provocation/passion, extreme mental or emotional disturbance, voluntary and involuntary intoxication, imperfect self‐defense, and duress. The history of the insanity defense, including its development, changes, and recent reforms, is discussed. Those ethical issues and conflicts that frequently arise when clinicians conduct retrospective forensic mental state evaluations are reviewed. A generic model for conducting forensic assessments, with specific application to evaluating defendants' mental states at the time of the offense, is presented. The structure of mental state at the time of the offense assessments is described, including the need to review third‐party information and the administration of appropriate psychological testing.
Sentencing Determinations in Death Penalty Cases
Authors: Cunningham Mark D. , Goldstein Alan M. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis book chapter provides a comprehensive discussion of psychological evaluations in death penalty cases. Current demographic data regarding death row is described. The history of how a series of U.S. Supreme Court decisions in the modern era have shaped the parameters of death penalty sentencing is detailed. Ethical considerations are explored with particular attention to pitfalls unique to death penalty evaluations. These include participation in the death sentencing process, informed consent, and hazards of the team approach. Both conceptual frameworks and practical procedures for forensic assessments in capital cases are described. While various evaluations from pretrial to execution are considered, the primary emphasis is on sentencing assessments. Research findings that can inform evaluations of mitigation are outlined, including empirical data linking adverse developmental factors to violent criminal outcome. The methodology and statistical data important to reliable violence risk assessments at capital sentencing are described. Included are tables that summarize violence rates among capital offenders and murderers in prison, identification of common errors in capital risk assessments, and discussion of challenges to the application of group statistical data to these cases. The contributions of evaluating witness and teaching witness testimony at the sentencing phase proceedings are differentiated.