bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Rise and Fall of Emil Konopinski's Theory of β Decay
Authors: Franklin Allan 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
In 1934, Enrico Fermi proposed a theory of beta decay. Although it was supported by existing experimental evidence, a more detailed examination revealed discrepancies. Emil Konopinski and George Uhlenbeck proposed an alternative theory that better fit the results and was accepted by the physics community. It was later realized that both the experimental results and the experiment-theory comparison were incorrect. When both problems were corrected, in part by the work of Konopinski and Uhlenbeck themselves, Fermi’s theory was supported. As Konopinski publicly stated in a 1943 review article, “Thus, the evidence of the spectra, which has previously comprised the sole support for the K-U theory, now definitely fails to support it”.
Are Postmodernist Universities and Scholarship Undermining Modern Democracy?
Authors: Sullivan Philip A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis chapter argues that the encroachment of advocacy in certain disciplines has undermined their credibility, and that this trend is largely due to uncritical acceptance of relativist epistemologies such as social constructivism. Examples are cited from anthropology, educational theory, law, the sociology of science, and women’s studies. It is suggested that practices in the natural and historical sciences, as contrasted to the attributes of pseudoscience, provide guidelines for both university scholarship and the public debate essential to democracy.
The Wedge of Intelligent Design
Authors: Forrest Barbara , Gross Paul R. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The rejection of evolution in favor of creation by a supernatural deity is not the only feature of intelligent design creationism that marks it as a religious movement. Its integral but lesser known features include anti-modernism, anti-secularism, religious exclusionism, and anti-rationalism. The intelligent design movement, following a Wedge Strategy, seeks not only to return American education to a premodern understanding of science, but to move the country culturally and politically away from secular democracy and toward a premodern, Christian commonwealth. The movement’s leader, Phillip Johnson, brands secular academics as apostates and warns Christian students against relying on “your own thinking”. Scientists must join concerned citizens in stopping the advance of intelligent design in the public school science class.
The New Mass Media
Authors: Nord David Paul 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
This chapter explores the interplay of economics and religion in the publishing efforts of the early Bible and tract societies. It describes how religions publishers found ways to deal with the central economic problem: how to run a successful marketing and manufacturing business whose goal was to give a away rather than sell a product; a business whose most needy customers were least likely to desire the product. The economic nature of the new mass media, as well as the special economic nature of religion itself are examined. Emphasis is given to the pioneering work of the New England Tract Society (1814-1825) and the Bible Society of Philadelphia (1808-1815).
Introduction
Authors: Bendroth Margaret Lamberts 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Boston might seem an unlikely place for studying fundamentalism, but it was in fact home to nationally recognized conservative Protestant leaders A.J. Gordon, J.C. Massee, and Harold Ockenga; and churches, particularly Tremont Temple Baptist and Park Street Congregational. The movement’s history in Boston falls into two stages, one spanning the 1880s through World War I, and the other ending in 1950. The first period was intensely confrontational, drawing conservative Protestants together into sharp conflict with Roman Catholics; the second was characterized by slow accommodation, as political conflict shifted toward a more abstract war of cultural symbols, a process illustrated by three major urban revivals between 1909 and 1950.
Civic Revivalism
Authors: Bendroth Margaret Lamberts 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Revivalist J. Wilbur Chapman’s “simultaneous crusade”, held in the winter of 1909, used the Progressive-era language of civic uplift to save the city of Boston. The campaign was broad and inclusive, incorporating coordinated efforts by the revivalist and hundreds of assistants fanning out into Boston-area churches. Aimed primarily at the city’s businessmen, the Chapman crusade invoked a language of cultural masculinity to energize the city’s evangelical Protestants in a new, positive effort to remake Boston along more godly lines. The crusade also signaled a shift among evangelical Protestants that mirrored changes taking place in Boston’s political institutions, then dominated by the powerful figures of James Michael Curley and Cardinal O’Connell. In both religion and politics, the specific local attachments of ward politics and denomination were being replaced by new more diffuse, symbolic allegiances to popular leaders and causes.
Vaudeville Revivalism
Authors: Bendroth Margaret Lamberts 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Evangelist Billy Sunday’s arrival in Boston demonstrated both the ephemeral nature of urban revivals and their complex role in constructing fundamentalist resistance. Dubbed the “Vaudeville revivalist” by his critics, Sunday’s moralistic, combative rhetoric quickly threatened to divide the city’s Protestants into pro- and anti-revivalist camps. But in the end, the Sunday campaign demonstrated the relative weakness of evangelicals in Boston — a prohibition vote in the midst of the campaign went down in defeat — and the relative resilience of liberal Protestants, as the city’s Unitarians launched a vigorous revival of their own in the wake of Sunday’s departure.
Physical Chemistry and Economics: 1933–1937
Authors: Scott William Taussig , Moleski Martin X. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
In response to the Nazi anti-Jewish policies, Polanyi resigned from the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute and moved to the University of Manchester in 1933. Even as he brought his work in reaction kinetics to a climax with the publication of Atomic Reactions in 1935, he was deeply immersed in economic studies and philosophical reflection on the nature of a freedom in science and in society, which led in turn to the production of two movies on the economic cycle. Polanyi worked with his colleagues on reaction rates, hydrogen catalysis, proton transfer reactions, ionogenic reactions, pyrolysis, and bond energies.
The Philosophy of Freedom: 1938–1947
Authors: Scott William Taussig , Moleski Martin X. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The Second World War gave Polanyi time and incentive to write about the foundations of freedom in economics, scientific inquiry, and socio-political organization. He felt that developing a satisfactory philosophy of freedom was the greatest contribution he could make to the war effort; in 1944, he rounded out his work on Keynesian economic theories with the publication of Full Employment and Free Trade. Because of his commitment to science as a model of free but responsible inquiry, he helped John Baker found the Society for Freedom in Science, an organization that opposed socialist philosophies of science as a tool that could and should be subordinated to the interests of the state.
Merton College, Oxford: 1959–1961
Authors: Scott William Taussig , Moleski Martin X. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Through his appointment as Senior Research Fellow at Merton, Polanyi found the home that would serve him for the rest of his life. His post-critical philosophy clashed with the logical positivism and linguistic analysis that dominated the Oxford scene, but the intellectual and cultural life were very satisfying for him and Magda. In these years, Polanyi capitalized on his previous work and lectured extensively on the need to broaden our understanding of the tacit and personal foundations of knowledge in order to overturn the nihilism generated by too narrow a view of the grounds of objectivity in science.
The Process of Mythmaking
Authors: Tumminia Diana G. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractLiving myth is explored as a sacred narrative that is made and elaborated upon through a process of charismatic labor or interactional storytelling between leaders and followers of spiritual groups. The author considers the theories of Max Weber, Carl Jung, Rene Girard, Emile Durkheim, and Mircea Eliade. This mythmaking process is illustrated with examples from Unarius in the spiritual careers of Ernest Norman, Uriel the Archangel, Antares, and certain students. In addition to channeling messages and having visions, the filming of unscripted psychodramas helps produce and maintain myths in the group.
Locke and the Nature of Matter
Authors: Woolhouse Roger S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDescartes's unequivocal statement that the “nature of body consists ... simply in extension” (Principles 2:4) met with some disagreement in Locke's Essay. In the early draft A (1671) of the Essay Locke shows no concern about the possible narrowness of the Cartesian conception. However, in the later draft, draft B, of the same year Locke expresses dissatisfaction with “some [who] have made the whole essence of body to consist in extension”. From draft B of 1671, through draft C of 1685, and on to the 1690 Essay itself, Locke's list of characterizations of matter involve far more than Descartes's. This chapter discusses this list's relation to the other features of matter of which Locke makes it the foundation.
God and Matter in Locke
Authors: Bennett Jonathan 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMargaret Wilson and the author of this book share an interest in and enthusiasm for the tenth chapter in Locke's Essay 4, entitled “Of Our Knowledge of the Existence of a GOD”. This chapter expounds on this deep, subtle, intricate, flawed chapter. It attempts to clarify what happens in those nineteen sections, which is referred to by their numbers alone.
Kant on Causality
Authors: Longuenesse Béatrice 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis chapter is divided into three sections. The first considers Kant's formulation of the problem of causality. It argues that Kant's questioning of the causal principle and his analysis of the concept of cause are best approached in light of his conception of logic, and more particularly in light of his conception of hypothetical judgments and hypothetical syllogisms. The second section considers Kant's proof of the causal principle in the Second Analogy of Experience. This relation provides an indispensable foundation for understanding Kant's argument on the conditions of time perception. However, the argument Kant provides does not appear to support the strong causal principle he claims to prove. This apparent discrepancy between Kant's claim and his actual argument in the specific context of the Second Analogy is a primary reason for the persisting disagreements about the meaning of the Second Analogy. The third section argues that Kant does provide an answer to the difficulty raised. This answer, however, relies not only on the discursive model of thought laid out in the first and second sections but also on Kant's conception of space and time as forms of intuition, as it emerges from the Transcendental Aesthetic and the Transcendental Deduction of the Categories.
Israel and Empire
Authors: Bryan Christopher 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
From 63 BC until the Jewish War of 66, Israel was under Rome’s control. Following the deposition of Herod’s son Archelaus in AD 6, there were two phases. From 6 to 39 there was direct Roman rule of Judea, while Galilee continued under Herod’s son Herod Antipas. From 44 to 66 there was direct Roman rule of Galilee and Judea. The two phases were separated by a brief period of united rule from 41 to 44 under Agrippa I, Herod the Great’s grandson. Throughout the period, there were disturbances and protests, but their extent and significance is impossible to estimate. Among possible Jewish attitudes to foreign imperium we may note: (1) acceptance of Roman rule, (2) acceptance of Roman rule, with willingness on occasion to question non-violently its actions, (3) non-violent rejection of Roman rule, and (4) violent rejection of Roman rule. Following the war of 132–135 the rabbis maintained the second option, insisting that in all things not directly contravening God’s law, the empire’s laws must be obeyed.
Jesus and Empire
Authors: Bryan Christopher 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Jesus suffered crucifixion by the Romans. Is this because he was a rebel against Rome? Not according to the evangelists, who claim that the Sanhedrin under Caiaphas initially arraigned Jesus on a capital charge of blasphemy. References to Jesus’ death in Jewish sources (notably Josephus and the Talmud) also claim primary responsibility for the Jerusalem authorities. Having condemned Jesus, the Sanhedrin referred the case to Pilate, as would be necessary, given Rome’s normal practice of reserving the death penalty to itself. For Pilate’s benefit, the charge was restated in terms of maiestas laesa —high treason. The gospels describe Pilate as initially unconvinced and prepared to deal with Jesus of Nazareth as Albinus would later deal with Jesus ben Hananiah. Then, perhaps because he fears a riot, Pilate is persuaded to apply the death penalty. There is no good reason to doubt the essential truth of this record.
Method and Metaphysics
Authors: Davidson Donald 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
This essay argues that semantics provides a method for metaphysics. If we have the semantics of a language right, the objects that we assign to the expressions of the language must exist. Two problems are explored. The first is the inscrutability of reference, the fact that there is an endless number of ways an interpreter can assign objects to the expressions of an interpretant’s language, all of which do equally well. The second problem is that in describing the semantics and hence the ontology of a language, we must appeal to the entities we think exist, which are just the entities that belong to the ontology of our language.
Thinking Causes
Authors: Davidson Donald 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
This essay discusses a common criticism of the Davidson’s theory of Anomalous Monism, namely, that according to this theory the mental is causally inert. It is argued that this criticism stems from a misunderstanding of the use of the concept of supervenience, which implies ontological monism, but not definitional or nomological reductionism. The criticism also fails to appreciate that causal relations are extensional relations which hold between singular events no matter how they are described.
Theological Trajectories In the Early Fourth Century: II
Authors: Ayres Lewis 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Initially discusses two more theological trajectories. The first is that of Marcellus of Ancyra. Discusses the possible relations of Marcellus to ‘Monarchianism’ and to Eustathius of Antioch. The second is that of Latin theology c.300. Argues against the idea that Latin theology in this period focuses on the unity of God and is simply a reiteration of Tertullian. Through an examination of Lactatntius, Novatian, and the early Hilary, the author argues for a context shaped by anti-adoptionism. The end of the chapter turns to whether we can speak of ‘orthodoxy’ c.300.
The Creation Of ‘Arianism’: AD 340–350
Authors: Ayres Lewis 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Focuses on the period between 340 and 350. It begins by considering how Athanasius drew on some previous tradition to create the category ‘arian.’ Also considers the theology of Athanasius’ Orations Against the Arians and the success of Athanasius in getting some significant support in the West. The categories ‘east’ and ‘west’ are brought under suspicion, however, in discussion of the council of Serdica in 343. The ‘western’ members present included a large number of Greek and Balkan bishops. Ends by considering attempts at rapprochement between ‘east’ and ‘west’ in the later 340s and the ‘Macrostich’ creed.
Shaping the Alternatives: AD 350–360
Authors: Ayres Lewis 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Considers the period between 350 and 360. It begins with a consideration of the Emperor Constantius II and his influence on this decade. Consideration of his support for the gradually emerging ‘Homoian’ movement and its direct critique of ousia language is followed by an account of Athanasius’s initial defence of Nicaea’s terminology in the 350s. Offers an account of Aetius and Eunomius, showing how their theology helped to define the theological conflict of this decade. Discussion of Basil of Ancyra and the Homoiousians is followed by an account of the theoogy of Cyril of Jerusalem. Cyril possibly stands as an example of the theology of many eastern bishops who found themselves caught between more polemic options.
Autoregressive Models With Individual Effects
Authors: Arellano Manuel 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis chapter discusses the specification and estimation of autoregressive models with individual specific intercepts. It focuses on first order processes, since the main insights generalise in a straightforward way to high-order and multivariate cases. It discusses the role in short panels of assumptions about initial conditions, homoskedasticity, and whether the parameter space includes the possibility of unit roots; alternative representations of restrictions that can be obtained by transformation; and the various aspects of inference with VAR panel data models.
The Declining Labour Force and Immigration
Authors: Rebick Marcus 
Published: August 2005

AbstractExamines Japan’s rapid ageing and the impact of demography and population decline on the labour market. Examines the attitudes of Japanese and the authorities towards immigration and concludes that it is unlikely that Japan will allow mass in-migration in the near future. Looks at alternative ways of dealing with the fall in the working-age population, including outward direct foreign investment, raising of labour productivity in non-traded goods industries, and the potential for increased labour force participation and longer working hours for women. Concludes that although Japan faces problems in financing its social welfare programmes and will suffer from shortages of labour in some sectors, the country should be able to manage its demographic decline.
A Comparative Analysis of Capitalism
Authors: Amable Bruno 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis chapter presents comparative analysis of capitalism based on the theory of institutions as political equilibriums and concepts of institutional complementarity and hierarchy discussed in chapter 2. It presents five possible models of capitalism (market-based economies, Social-Democratic economies, Asian capitalism, Continental European capitalism, and South European capitalism), and the set of institutional complementarities between five institutional forms that these models are based on. It argues that no single developed economy is accurately described by any of the five models of capitalism, which are ideal types. They may possess characteristics which make them close to one or the other model, without being fully identifiable with the model itself.
The Diversity of Economic Models
Authors: Amable Bruno 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis chapter gathers the results of the analyses of chapter 4, and proposes a cluster analysis of types of capitalism. Empirical clustering patterns are discovered that are interpretable in terms of the typology of chapter 3. Specific characteristics concerning political systems, specialization in scientific, technological, and industrial activity, as well as macroeconomic performance are shown to be associated with particular types of capitalism.
LOGIC AND RATIONAL BELIEF
Authors: Christensen David 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Sets up parameters for the book's approach — focuses on epistemic (rather than pragmatic) rationality; looks at conditions on simultaneous rational beliefs (rather than on rational changes of belief); and concentrates on global rationality—conditions for an agent's whole system of beliefs (rather than on local conditions for the rationality of particular beliefs). These choices are designed to focus the inquiry where formal logic is most likely to be useful in characterizing ideal rationality.
International Trade
Authors: Cigno Alessandro , Rosati Furio Camillo 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBrings theoretical arguments and empirical evidence to the effect that international trade may reduce child labour in countries endowed with a comparatively well educated labour force, and increase it elsewhere. Lowering trade barriers can thus help reduce child labour only if educational and other policies have created the right initial conditions. An international ban on goods produced with child labour can be effective if it is applied on a multilateral basis, and accompanied by compensatory payments to the countries exporting such goods.
Health Effects of Child Labour
Authors: Cigno Alessandro , Rosati Furio Camillo 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe link between child labour and health is difficult to disentangle because of problems due to two-way causality, household and individual level unobservables. Aims to establish whether there is a negative health impact of work during childhood controlling for observable and unobservable confounding factors. As far as we are aware, we are the first to take account these confounding factors in a study of the health effects of child work. That is made possible by the use of a particularly rich two-wave panel data set, the 1992/3 and 1997/8 Vietnam Living Standards Surveys, and of the retrospective information contained in the 2000 Guatemalan National Survey on Living Conditions (NSLC).
Crisis Costs and Incentives to Repay Sovereign Debt
Authors: Chui Michael , Gai Prasanna 
Published: August 2005

AbstractExamines the willingness of sovereign debtors to repay their debts and the penalties that creditors can impose on debtors to encourage repayment. The seminal models of Eaton and Gersovitz (1981) and Bulow and Rogoff (1989) are discussed and the role played by reputation and sanctions in encouraging repayment is considered.
Risk Aversion, Background Risk, and the Pricing Kernel
Authors: Poon Ser-Huang , Stapleton Richard 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
‘Risk Aversion, background Risk, and the Pricing Kernel’ looks in more detail at utility functions and their effect on the shape of the pricing kernel. The authors discuss the meaning of risk aversion and, in particular, ‘relative risk aversion’ and show that if relative risk aversion is constant at different levels of wealth, then the pricing kernel exhibits constant elasticity. They then show that the introduction of ‘background risk’, that is, non-hedgeable risks, causes the pricing kernel to exhibit declining elasticity. This effect on the pricing kernel is particularly significant for the pricing of options.
Policies for promoting growth
Authors: Sapir André , Aghion Philippe , Bertola Giuseppe , Hellwig Martin , Pisani-Ferry Jean , Rosati Dariusz , Viñals José , Wallace Helen , Buti Marco , Nava Mario , Smith Peter M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis chapter discusses policies for promoting economic growth in the European Union. These policies address two areas: measures to improve policies adopted in the past, and policies that go beyond the complementary policies that have been pursued to date. Some include promoting the entry of new players into the market, increasing investments in education and in research and development, and improving the macroeconomic policy framework of the Economic and Monetary Union.