bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phytochemistry of Red Ginseng, a Steam-Processed Panax ginseng
Authors: Wang Chong-Zhi , Zhang Chun-Feng , Zhang Qi-Hui , Yuan Chun-Su 
Published: February 2024

Asian ginseng, the root of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, occupies a prominent position in the list of best-selling natural products in the world. There are two major types of ginseng roots: white ginseng and red ginseng, each with numerous preparations. White ginseng is prepared by air-drying fresh Asian ginseng roots after harvest. Red ginseng is prepared by steaming roots in controlled conditions using fresh or raw Asian ginseng. Red ginseng is commonly used in Asian countries due to its unique chemical profile, different therapeutic efficacy, and increased stability. Compared with the widespread research on white ginseng, the study of red ginseng is relatively limited. In this paper, after a botanical feature description, the structures of different types of constituents in red ginseng are systematically described, including naturally occurring compounds and those resulting from the steam processing. In red ginseng phytochemical studies, the number of published reports on ginsenosides is significantly higher than that for other constituents. Up to now, 57 ginsenosides have been isolated and characterized in red ginseng. The structural transformation pathways during steaming have been summarized. In comparison with white ginseng, red ginseng also contains other constituents, including polyacetylenes, Maillard reaction products, other types of glycosides, lignans, amino acids, fatty acids, and polysaccharides, which have also been presented. Appropriate analytical methods are necessary for differentiating between unprocessed white ginseng and processed red ginseng. Specific marker compounds and chemical profiles have been used to discriminate red ginseng from white ginseng and adulterated commercial products. Additionally, a brief phytochemical profile comparison has been made between white ginseng and black ginseng, and the latter is another type of processed ginseng prepared from white or red ginseng by steaming several times. In conclusion, to ensure the safe and effective use of red ginseng, phytochemical and analytical studies of its constituents are necessary and even crucial.
On the consistency of ZF with an elementary embedding from Vλ+2 into Vλ+2
Authors: Schlutzenberg Farmer 
Published: February 2024

According to a theorem due to Kenneth Kunen, under ZFC, there is no ordinal [Formula: see text] and nontrivial elementary embedding [Formula: see text]. His proof relied on the Axiom of Choice (AC), and no proof from ZF alone is has been discovered. [Formula: see text] is the assertion, introduced by Hugh Woodin, that [Formula: see text] is an ordinal and there is an elementary embedding [Formula: see text] with critical point [Formula: see text]. And [Formula: see text] asserts that [Formula: see text] holds for some [Formula: see text]. The axiom [Formula: see text] is one of the strongest large cardinals not known to be inconsistent with AC. It is usually studied assuming ZFC in the full universe [Formula: see text] (in which case [Formula: see text] must be a limit ordinal), but we assume only ZF. We prove, assuming ZF [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] “[Formula: see text] is an even ordinal”, that there is a proper class transitive inner model [Formula: see text] containing [Formula: see text] and satisfying ZF [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] “there is an elementary embedding [Formula: see text]”; in fact we will have [Formula: see text] ⊆[Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] witnesses [Formula: see text] in [Formula: see text]. This result was first proved by the author under the added assumption that [Formula: see text] exists; Gabe Goldberg noticed that this extra assumption was unnecessary. If also [Formula: see text] is a limit ordinal and [Formula: see text]-DC holds in [Formula: see text], then the model [Formula: see text] will also satisfy [Formula: see text]-DC. We show that ZFC [Formula: see text] “[Formula: see text] is even” [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] implies [Formula: see text] exists for every [Formula: see text], but if consistent, this theory does not imply [Formula: see text] exists.
The mouse set theorem just past projective
Authors: Rudominer Mitch 
Published: February 2024

We identify a particular mouse, [Formula: see text], the minimal ladder mouse, that sits in the mouse order just past [Formula: see text] for all [Formula: see text], and we show that [Formula: see text], the set of reals that are [Formula: see text] in a countable ordinal. Thus [Formula: see text] is a mouse set. This is analogous to the fact that [Formula: see text] where [Formula: see text] is the sharp for the minimal inner model with a Woodin cardinal, and [Formula: see text] is the set of reals that are [Formula: see text] in a countable ordinal. More generally [Formula: see text]. The mouse [Formula: see text] and the set [Formula: see text] compose the next natural pair to consider in this series of results. Thus we are proving the mouse set theorem just past projective. Some of this is not new. [Formula: see text] was known in the 1990s. But [Formula: see text] was open until Woodin found a proof in 2018. The main goal of this paper is to give Woodin’s proof.
Sweeping JET actuator for the control of flow separation on a hump airfoil
Authors: Zhao Tong , Bai Yalei , Gao Chuanyu , Ding Lei , Huang Da , Wang Wanbo 
Published: February 2024

Flow control can effectively improve lift and delay flow separation. Sweeping jet (SWJ) actuators have attracted increasing interest for as active flow control actuators. In this paper, the characteristics of the SWJ actuator were studied through large-eddy simulation and experiments. It was discovered that the oscillation frequency of the SWJ actuator is directly proportional to the mass flow rate, and its working principle was determined. Subsequently, SWJ actuators with [Formula: see text], 1.9%, and 6.6% were applied to flow control on the hump airfoil. It was observed that with an increase in momentum coefficient, the SWJ actuator was able to push the shear layer toward the hump airfoil surface, leading to a reduction in the size of the separation vortex. At [Formula: see text], it was achieved that the reattachment point of the separation vortex shifted upstream from [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text], and the separation vortex size essentially disappeared. During the investigation of the flow control mechanism of the SWJ actuator, it was found that the SWJ actuator periodically generates a separation vortex V1, which has entrainment effects, resulting in the formation of an external jet on the airfoil surface, effectively inhibiting flow separation.
A Randomized Comparison of Radial Artery Intimal Hyperplasia Following Distal Versus Proximal Transradial Access for Coronary Angiography: PRESERVE RADIAL
Authors: Tehrani Behnam N. , Sherwood Matthew W. , Damluji Abdulla A. , Epps Kelly C. , Bakhshi Hooman , Cilia Lindsey , Dassanayake Isuru , Eltebaney Moemen , Gattani Raghav , Howard Edward , Kepplinger David , Ofosu‐Somuah Araba , Batchelor Wayne B. 
Published: February 2024

Background
Distal transradial access (dTRA) is an alternative to conventional forearm transradial access (fTRA) for coronary angiography (CAG). Differences in healing of the radial artery (RA) in the forearm have not been evaluated between these 2 access strategies. We sought to compare the mean difference in forearm RA intimal‐medial thickening (IMT) in patients randomized to dTRA versus fTRA.

Methods and Results
In this single‐center randomized clinical trial, 64 patients undergoing nonemergent CAG were randomized (1:1) to dTRA versus fTRA. Ultra–high‐resolution (55‐MHz) vascular ultrasound of the forearm and distal RA was performed pre‐CAG and at 90 days. The primary end point was the mean change in forearm RA IMT. Secondary end points included procedural characteristics, vascular injury, RA occlusion, and ipsilateral hand pain and function.

Baseline demographics and clinical characteristics, mean forearm RA IMT, and procedural specifics were similar between the dTRA and fTRA cohorts. There was no difference in mean change in forearm RA IMT between the 2 cohorts (0.07 versus 0.07 mm;
P
=0.37). No RA occlusions or signs of major vascular injury were observed at 90 days. Ipsilateral hand pain and function (Borg pain scale score: 12 versus 11;
P
=0.24; Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulders, and Hand scale score: 6 versus 8;
P
=0.46) were comparable.

Conclusions
Following CAG, dTRA was associated with no differences in mean change of forearm RA IMT, hand pain, and function versus fTRA for CAG. Further investigation is warranted to elucidate mechanisms and predictors of RA healing and identify effective strategies to preserving RA integrity for repeated procedures.

Registration

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
; Unique identifier: NCT04801901.
Does Atrial Septal Anatomy Still Matter in the Etiological Evaluation of Ischemic Stroke Beyond the Age of 60?
Authors: Dusonchet Antoine , Varenne Olivier , Puscas Tania , Saadi Malika , Hagege Albert , Calvet David , Mas Jean‐Louis , Turc Guillaume 
Published: February 2024

Background
Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is causally associated with stroke in some patients younger than 60 years, especially when it is large or associated with an atrial septal aneurysm (ASA). After 60 years of age, this association is less well understood. We assessed the relationships between detailed atrial septal anatomy and the cryptogenic nature of stroke in this population.

Methods and Results

We reviewed all patients aged 60 to 80 years admitted to our stroke center for ischemic stroke who underwent contrast echocardiography between 2016 and 2021. The atherosclerosis, small‐vessel disease, cardiac pathology, other causes, and dissection (ASCOD) classification was used to reevaluate the etiological workup. Associations between cryptogenic stroke and (1) PFO presence or (2) categories of PFO anatomy (nonlarge PFO without ASA, nonlarge PFO with ASA, large PFO without ASA, and large PFO with ASA) were assessed using logistic regression. Among 533 patients (median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score=1), PFO was present in 152 (prevalence, 28.5% [95% CI, 24.9–32.5]). Compared with noncryptogenic stroke, cryptogenic stroke (n=218) was associated with PFO presence (44.5% versus 17.5%;
P
<0.0001). Among patients with a PFO, septal anatomy categories were associated with cryptogenic stroke (
P
=0.02), with a strong association for patients with both large PFO and ASA (38.1% versus 14.5%,
P
=0.002).

Conclusions
PFO presence remains strongly associated with cryptogenic stroke between 60 and 80 years of age. Large PFO, ASA, and their association were strongly associated with cryptogenic stroke in this age group. Our results support performing contrast echocardiography even after 60 years of age, although the optimal secondary prevention therapy in this population remains to be determined in randomized trials.
Plasma Markers of Alzheimer's Disease Pathology, Neuronal Injury, and Astrocytic Activation and MRI Load of Vascular Pathology and Neurodegeneration: The SMART‐MR Study
Authors: Twait Emma L. , Gerritsen Lotte , Moonen Justine E. F. , Verberk Inge M. W. , Teunissen Charlotte E. , Visser Pieter Jelle , van der Flier Wiesje M. , Geerlings Mirjam I. ,   UCC SMART Study Group, the NCDC Consortium
Published: February 2024

Background
Two of the main causes for dementia are Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular pathology, with most patients showing mixed pathology. Plasma biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease‐related pathology have recently emerged, including Aβ (amyloid‐beta), p‐tau (phosphorylated tau), NfL (neurofilament light), and GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein). There is a current gap in the literature regarding whether there is an association between these plasma biomarkers with vascular pathology and neurodegeneration.

Methods and Results

Cross‐sectional data from 594 individuals (mean [SD] age: 64 [8] years; 17% female) were included from the SMART‐MR (Second Manifestations of Arterial Disease‐Magnetic Resonance) study, a prospective cohort study of individuals with a history of arterial disease. Plasma markers were assessed using single molecular array assays (Quanterix). Magnetic resonance imaging markers included white matter hyperintensity volume, presence of infarcts (yes/no), total brain volume, and hippocampal volume assessed on 1.5T magnetic resonance imaging. Linear regressions were performed for each standardized plasma marker with white matter hyperintensity volume, total brain volume, and hippocampal volume as separate outcomes, correcting for age, sex, education, and intracranial volume. Logistic regressions were performed for the presence of lacunar and cortical infarcts. Higher p‐tau181 was associated with larger white matter hyperintensity volume (
b
per SD increase=0.16 [95% CI, 0.06–0.26],
P
=0.015). Higher NfL (
b
=−5.63, [95% CI, −8.95 to −2.31],
P
=0.015) was associated with lower total brain volume and the presence of infarcts (odds ratio [OR], 1.42 [95% CI, 1.13–1.78],
P
=0.039). Higher GFAP levels were associated with cortical infarcts (OR, 1.45 [95% CI, 1.09–1.92],
P
=0.010).

Conclusions
Plasma biomarkers that have been associated with tau pathology, axonal injury, and astrocytic activation are related to magnetic resonance imagingmarkers of vascular pathology and neurodegeneration in patients with manifest arterial disease.
Circulating microRNA Biomarkers of Thiazide Response in Hypertension
Authors: Chekka Lakshmi Manasa S. , Tantawy Marwa , Langaee Taimour , Wang Danxin , Renne Rolf , Chapman Arlene B. , Gums John G. , Boerwinkle Eric , Cooper‐DeHoff Rhonda M. , Johnson Julie A. 
Published: February 2024

Background
Thiazide diuretics are the second most frequently prescribed class of antihypertensives, but up to 50% of patients with hypertension have minimal antihypertensive response to thiazides. We explored circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) in search of predictive biomarkers of thiazide response.

Methods and Results

We profiled 754 miRNAs in baseline plasma samples of 36 hypertensive European American adults treated with hydrochlorothiazide, categorized into responders (n=18) and nonresponders (n=18) on the basis of diastolic blood pressure response to hydrochlorothiazide. miRNAs with ≥2.5‐fold differential expression between responders and nonresponders were considered for validation in 3 cohorts (n=50 each): hydrochlorothiazide‐treated European Americans, chlorthalidone‐treated European Americans, and hydrochlorothiazide‐treated Black individuals. Different blood pressure phenotypes including categorical (responder versus nonresponder) and continuous diastolic blood pressure and systolic blood pressure were tested for association with the candidate miRNA expression using multivariate regression analyses adjusting for age, sex, and baseline blood pressure. After quality control, 74 miRNAs were available for screening, 19 of which were considered for validation. In the validation cohort, miR‐193b‐3p and 30d‐5p showed significant associations with continuous SBP or diastolic blood pressure response or both, to hydrochlorothiazide in European Americans at Benjamini‐Hochberg adjusted
P
<0.05. In the combined analysis of validation cohorts, let‐7g (odds ratio, 0.6 [95% CI, 0.4–0.8]), miR‐142‐3p (odds ratio, 1.1 [95% CI, 1.0, 1.2]), and miR‐423‐5p (odds ratio, 0.7 [95% CI, 0.5–0.9]) associated with categorical diastolic blood pressure response at Benjamini‐Hochberg adjusted
P
<0.05. Predicted target genes of the 5 miRNAs were mapped to key hypertension pathways: lysine degradation, fatty acid biosynthesis, and metabolism.

Conclusions
The above identified circulating miRNAs may have a potential for clinical use as biomarkers for thiazide diuretic selection in hypertension.

Registration

URL:
ClinicalTrials.gov
. Unique identifiers:
NCT00246519
,
NCT01203852
,
NCT00005520
.
Patient Outcomes by Ventricular Systolic and Diastolic Function
Authors: Levene Jacqueline , Voigt Andrew , Thoma Floyd , Mulukutla Suresh , Bhonsale Aditya , Kancharla Krishna , Shalaby Alaa , Estes N.A. Mark , Jain Sandeep , Saba Samir 
Published: February 2024

Background
Left ventricular dysfunction is characterized by systolic and diastolic parameters, leading to heart failure (HF) with reduced or preserved ejection fraction (EF), respectively. The goal of this study is to examine the impact of left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction (DD) on patient outcomes.

Methods and Results
Two cohorts were used in this analysis: Cohort A included 136 455 patients with EF ≥50%, stratified by the presence and grade of DD. Cohort B included 16 850 patients with EF <50%, stratified by EF quartiles. Patients were followed to the end points of all‐cause death and cardiovascular, HF, or cardiac arrest hospitalizations. Over a median follow‐up of 3.42 years, 23 946 (16%) patients died and 31 113 (20%), 13 305 (9%), and 1269 (1%) were hospitalized for cardiovascular, HF, or cardiac arrest causes, respectively. With adjustment for comorbidities, the risk of all‐cause mortality and of cardiovascular and HF hospitalizations increased steadily with increasing grade of DD in patients with normal EF, and even more so in patients with worsening EF. The risk of hospitalization for cardiac arrest in patients with grade III DD, however, was comparable to that of patients with EF <25% (hazard ratio, 1.00 [95% CI, 0.98–1.01]) and worse than that of patients in better EF quartiles.

Conclusions
Although systolic dysfunction is associated with a greater risk of overall death and HF hospitalizations than DD, the risk of cardiac arrest in patients with grade II and III DD is comparable to that of patients with moderate and severe systolic dysfunction, respectively. Future studies are needed to examine treatment strategies than can improve these outcomes.
Pain as the Essence of Torture: Exploring the Characteristics and Requirements of the Element of “Pain or Suffering” in the Crime Against Humanity of Torture
Authors: Luciano Simone Antonio 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Pain is the very essence of torture. This article explores the element of “pain or suffering” in the crime against humanity of torture and contributes to the existing literature by identifying the characteristics and requirements of such element within international criminal law. In particular, it examines, discusses and compares the case law of the International Criminal Tribunals in order to determine the specific characteristics that pain must possess for the mistreatment to qualify as torture as well as the required level of severity of pain and the subjective and objective criteria used for the assessment of such severity. At the same time, it also explores the case law of the echr on torture and compares the approach of this Court towards this crime with the approach of the International Criminal Tribunals to determine the extent of the echr’s contribution to the definition of torture in international criminal law.
Risk Factors for Hospitalization Duration Longer Than 24 Hours Following Percutaneous Radiofrequency Ablation of Liver Tumours
Authors: Racette Olivier , Zhang Li Xin , Olivié Damien , Vu Kim-Nhien , Giard Jeanne-Marie , Vandenbroucke-Menu Franck , Soulez Gilles , Zehr Justine , Tang An , Billiard Jean-Sébastien 
Published: February 2024

Purpose: Prior studies have described complications of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of liver tumours. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for hospitalization duration longer than 24 hours following RFA of liver tumours. Methods: This retrospective, single-centre study included patients with liver tumours undergoing RFA between October 2017 and July 2020. Medical records were reviewed to collect patient, tumours, and procedure characteristics for each RFA session. The association between potential risk factors and duration of hospitalization (less than or more than 24 hours) was analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regressions. Results: Our study included 291 patients (mean age: 65.2 ± 11.2 [standard deviation]; 201 men) undergoing 324 RFA sessions. Sixty-eight sessions (21.0%) resulted in hospitalization of more than 24 hours. Multivariate analysis identified each additional needle insertion per session (OR 1.4; 95% CI [1.1-1.9]; P = .02), RFA performed in segment V (OR 2.8; 95% CI [1.4-5.7]; P = .004), and use of artificial pneumothorax (OR 14.5; 95% CI [1.4-146.0]; P = .02) as potential risk factors. A history of hepatic encephalopathy (OR 2.6; 95% CI [1.1-6.0]; P = .03) was only significant in univariate analysis. Post-hoc, subgroup analysis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (69.8%) did not identify other risk factors. Conclusion: Risk factors for a hospitalization duration longer than 24 hours include a higher number of needle insertions per session, radiofrequency ablation in segment V, and use of an artificial pneumothorax.
Sleep Disordered Breathing and Risk for ADHD: Review of Supportive Evidence and Proposed Underlying Mechanisms
Authors: Ivanov Iliyan , Miraglia Ben , Prodanova Dana , Newcorn Jeffrey H. 
Published: February 2024

Background: Accumulating evidence suggests that sleep disordered breathing (SDB) is under-recognized in youth and adults with ADHD. SDB may contribute to exacerbating pre-existing ADHD symptoms and may play a role in the development of cognitive deficits that may mimic ADHD symptoms. Method: We conducted a focused review of publications on cross-prevalence, overlapping clinical and neurobiological characteristics and possible mechanisms linking SDB and ADHD. Results: Exiting studies suggest that co-occurrence of SDB and ADHD is as high as 50%, with frequent overlap of clinical symptoms such as distractibility and inattention. Mechanisms linking these conditions may include hypoxia during sleep, sleep fragmentation and activation of inflammation, all of which may affect brain structure and physiology to produce disturbances in attention. Conclusions: The relationship between SDB and ADHD symptoms appear well-supported and suggests that more research is needed to better optimize procedures for SDB assessment in youth being evaluated and/or treated for ADHD.
Development of a Short Version of the ADHD Rating Scale-IV.es (sADHD-RS-IV.es)
Authors: Vallejo-Valdivielso María , de Castro-Manglano Pilar , Vidal-Adroher Cristina , Díez-Suárez Azucena , Soutullo Cesar A. 
Published: February 2024

Objective: To develop a short version of the Spanish 18-item ADHD-Rating Scale IV.es (sADHD-RS-IV.es) to be used as a potential screening tool in pediatric population. Methods: We recruited 652 subjects, ages 6 to 18 (mean ±  SD = 11.14 ± 3.27): 518 patients with ADHD (per DSM-IV criteria); and 134 healthy controls. We performed a stepwise logistic regression to select the best subset of ADHD-RS-IV.es items to create a short-form. We calculated internal consistency reliability (Cronbach’s and ordinal alphas) and diagnostic accuracy using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results: Six items were found to enter the stepwise analysis significantly. Internal consistency was high (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.86; ordinal alpha = 0.90) and offered a good concordance with clinician diagnosis and a high discriminatory power (AUC = 0.98) with an optimal cut-off at a score of six points. Conclusions: This shorter questionnaire (six items) was able to discriminate ADHD cases from healthy controls.