bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Specific-to-general and general-to-specific
Authors: Juselius Katarina 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Up to this point we have analysed just one set of variables representing a broadly formulated money market model. The unrestricted VAR model estimated at the first stage of the analysis was just a convenient reformulation of the covariances of the data, and bore little resemblance to the underlying economic model. By systematically imposing more and more, statistically acceptable, restrictions on the VAR, we were able to uncover economically meaningful structures in the data. Such a procedure is called general-to specific modelling. However, some of the findings were consistent with our prior economic hypotheses, others seemed to need a further explanation.
Income, Wage, and Wealth Inequality in France, 1901–981
Authors: Piketty T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The primary objective of this research is to document trends in income inequality in France during the twentieth century. Did income distribution become more unequal or more equal in France over the course of the 1901–98 period? What are the specific periods in which income inequality increased or declined, and what income deciles were most affected by these trends? The second objective of this work is obviously to understand these facts. What are the economic mechanisms and processes that allow us to understand the way income inequality evolved in France over the course of the twentieth century? As we have seen in Chapter 1, according to Kuznets ‘s influential hypothesis (Kuznets 1955), one should expect income inequality to decline spontaneously in advanced capitalist countries, as more and more workers join the high paying sectors of the economy.
Debate and Dialogue
Authors: Cayley Emma 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In early humanist France two debating traditions converge: one literary and vernacular, one intellectual and conducted mainly via Latin epistles. Debate and Dialogue demonstrates how the two fuse in the vernacular verse debates of Alain Chartier, secretary and notary at the court of Charles VI, and later, Charles VII. In spite of considerable contemporary praise for Chartier, his work has remained largely neglected by modern critics. This study shows how Chartier participates in a movement that invests a vernacular poetic with moral and political significance, inspiring such social engagements as the fifteenth-century poetic exchange known as the Querelle de la Belle Dame sans mercy. Emma Cayley sets Chartier in the context of a late-medieval debating climate through the use of a new model of participatory poetics which she terms the collaborative debating community. This is a dynamic and generative social grouping based on Brian Stock's model of the textual community, as well as Pierre Bourdieu's sociological categories of field, habitus, and capital. This dialectical model takes account of the socio-cultural context of literary production, and suggests the fundamentally competitive yet collaborative nature of late-medieval poetry. Cayley draws an analogy here between literary debates and game-playing, engaging with the game theory of Johan Huizinga and Roger Caillois, and discusses the manuscript context of such literary debates as the materialization of this poetic game. The collaborative debating community postulated affords unique insights into the dynamics of late-medieval compositional and reading practices.
‘Clerc Excellent, Orateur Magnifique ’ Alain Chartier and The Rise of a Vernacular Humanist Rhetoric
Authors: Cayley Emma 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The lyric manuscript compilation assembled by the anonymous author of this art of poetry, who calls himself l’Infortuné, was edited by Anthoine Vérard in his Jardin de plaisance et fleur de rethorique (1501), and a further seven times in the sixteenth century. Alain Chartier is here evoked in the capacity of master in the art of rhetoric and dialogue, a position he frequently occupies in works of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.
‘La vérité du jeu’ Collaborative Debating Communitis in Late Medieval France
Authors: Cayley Emma 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The figure of the Amant in this anonymous³ poem (c.1440) from the cycle known as the Querelle de la Belle Dame sans mercy expresses his disillusionment⁴ with the game within which he is implicated—namely the game governed by Amours—and his desire to leave that particular sphere of play, by taking religious vows. In these lines, the Amant’s severe interlocutor, Damp Prieur, is accused of ‘esbatement’ at the former’s expense, and advised by him to find alternative entertainment. There are further voices, and ‘d’autres esbas’, at play in these lines, though, as I shall suggest through a close reading of the poems that constitute the Belle Dame sans mercy cycle.
The Past as an Urban Place: Mid-Victorian Images of Revolution and Governance
Authors: Melman Billie 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We would expect the horror generated by the Revolution and the fascination with its violence to have lessened somewhat by the middle of the nineteenth century. This indeed is what some students of Victorian historiography and popular histories tell us, relating this change to a move away from the past and from historical genres to an interest in contemporary topics. The supposed mid-Victorian distancing from history is also, and more broadly, associated with a change in elite and middle-class apprehension about a second, French-style revolution in Britain. Fears of urban anarchy, at their zenith during the 1830s and 1840s, gradually subsided after the debacle of Chartism and the repression, throughout the Continent, of the revolutionary upheaval of January–June 1848.
Citizens, Democracy, and Markets
Authors: Dalton Russell J , Shin Doh Chull 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Two historic processes are transforming East Asia. The first process, and the better known, is the region’s economic development. Today, East Asia represents one of the most dynamic parts of the global economy. As the world’s fastest growing region, it is rapidly closing the economic gap between itself and the Western advanced industrial societies. In the past two decades, the region has experienced an average annual GDP growth rate of nearly 8 percent. As recently as 1970, some of the now affluent East Asian nations had income levels comparable to many poor African nations.
Democratic Aspirations and Social Modernization1
Authors: Dalton Russell J , Shin Doh Chull 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The people power movement that forced Ferdinand Marcos from power in 1986 was the beginning of the third wave of democratization in East Asia, which was quickly followed in 1987 by the end of military rule in South Korea and the lifting of martial law in Taiwan. Democratization then spread to several other East Asian nations (Mongolia, Thailand, and Indonesia). However, democratic progress in the rest of East Asia has been incomplete. China and Vietnam represent two of the handful of nations where the Communist party still controls the state. Singapore and Malaysia have had a mixed political record over the past decade, and the Freedom House rated both as only partly free in 2000.
Authority Orientations and Democratic Attitudes: A Test of the ‘Asian Values’ Hypothesis1
Authors: Dalton Russell J , Ong Nhu-Ngoc T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Among the many explanations for the course of political and economic development in East Asia, the theme of Asian values has played an especially prominent role. The Singaporean patriarch Lee Kuan Yew popularized the claim that the authority orientations particular to Confucian culture explained the unique pattern of political development in East Asia (Lee 1994; Emmerson 1995). The Confucian tradition of respect for authority and family and the emphasis on community over individual rights are presented as antithetical to Western images of liberal democracy. In less polemic terms, this same principle is prominent in scholarly research on East Asian political culture (Pye 1985; Lau and Kuan 1988; Scalapino 1989).
Risk Avoidance and Economic Value Orientation: Functioning of Postmaterialist Values in the Pacific Rim Countries1
Authors: Ikeda Ken’ichi , Kobayashi Tetsuro 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Ronald Inglehart (1990, 1997) coined the term ‘‘postmaterialists’’ to explain the value changes in postindustrial societies. Among its multiple effects, Inglehart argued that postmaterialism influenced orientations toward the economic system and economic policy. However, postmaterialism’s influence on economic orientation needs to be reconsidered by analyzing the separate impact of risk avoidance, because risk avoidance is a potentially powerful source of resistance to taking risks in the market economy. In this chapter, we examine whether risk avoidance and postmaterialism have independent or interactive impacts on the support for the market economy, thereby shaping the developmental pattern in East Asia.
Public Attitudes Toward a Market Economy in Vietnam
Authors: Hac Pham Minh , Nghi Pham Thanh 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Democratization and economic development are two of the most important trends facing almost every nation in the developing world. Vietnam presents an economically and politically significant example of a nation that has consciously and systematically attempted to transform its economic system through a series of state-directed reforms over the past two decades. An essential point of the doimoi policy implemented in Vietnam since 1986 is to develop a market economy and democratize the society. These reforms have transformed the Vietnamese economy and affected the living standards and life conditions of the public in dramatic ways. Thus, Vietnam presents an example of the correlates of marketization in a developing nation. Even more so, Vietnam presents a unique opportunity to study a rapidly changing nation
Introduction: Intelligent Policing
Authors: Harfield Clive 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Why ‘intelligent policing’ when the prevailing and emerging mantras are’intelligenceled policing’ and ‘knowledge-based policing’? For precisely the reason implicit in Sir Colin Powell’s observation quoted above: intelligence has to be gathered, analysed, and used in context. This collection of essays seeks to illustrate contexts of intelligent policing within which the technicalities of intelligence-led policing and knowledge-based policing might operate.
Police Intelligence Systems as a Strategic Response
Authors: Phillips David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The police, although a strong case can be made that it should be so, have never quite established ‘professional’ status. A consequence has been that the police service approach to ‘doctrine’ has been fragmentary. Doctrine is the establishment of good operational practice against published and evidence-based research. A professional is not bound by doctrine; rather he or she is expected to be able to use knowledge with discretion. But doctrine does imply a rational, methodical, and empirical approach and the contribution of experience to a shared corpus of knowledge. Over the last decade and a half the Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO) has sought to bring more authority to its deliberations as a national policy lead and more recently government has financed its own agency to achieve the same ends. Nonetheless a proper ‘corpus of knowledge’ has been slow to develop. In the absence of credible doctrine in any organization good practice tends to be based upon vague craft values, ambitious clichés, and nostalgic if not atavistic instincts. Indeed there are present dangers that policy formation will, in the current climate of risk aversion, replace initiative founded on ‘doctrine’ with ‘doctrinaire’ rigidity.
The Governance of Intelligence
Authors: MacVean Allyson 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Historically, literature relating to the governance of intelligence management has focused on the intelligence agencies (for example see Keegan, 2004; Herman, 1996a; Hinsley and Simkins, 1900). The wider governance of intelligence has seldom dominated mainstream policing as only specialist police departments, such as Special Branch, had until recently been concerned with intelligence systems and processes. Because of recent concerns that have arisen about the generation and use of intelligence by the intelligence agencies and politicians (see MacVean and Harfield, Chapter 7 below), the current advocacy of intelligence-led policing, articulated through implementation of the National Intelligence Model within mainstream policing, begs questions about governance and political motivation. Are there lessons for the police service in what has become known about the work of the intelligence services in recent years? Or is the use of intelligence in policing significantly different? These are key questions because, as Gregory identifies (see Chapter 4 above), the lines between police force and intelligence service are becoming increasingly blurred, not least with the appointment of a former MI5 Director General to head the new Serious Organised Crime Agency (Harfield, 2006).
Performance Versus Intelligence: The Unintended Consequences
Authors: Scott-Lee Paul , Martin Esther , Shipman Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Performance driven or intelligence led? These two perspectives and styles of policing have historically been seen as mutually exclusive and diametrically opposed and as such have provided fertile ground for division and conflict amongst intelligence and performance professionals; but is this really the case? Performance management and intelligence analysis in policing can be viewed as two competing principles. They often occur in separate departments with different senior managers with a language and associated tools that can result in them being viewed as competitive processes seeking to influence priorities and the allocation of resources. But as ACC Nick Gargan, ACPO portfolio lead for intelligence argued in October 2007, intelligence and performance are doing largely the same things and the police service should move forward with intelligence and performance as a single function: ‘The intelligence versus performance debate must come to an end and we must view intelligence as part of performance or performance as part of intelligence’.
1630–1639
Authors: Randall Dale B J , Boswell Jackson C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
|
In the latter part of 1626, when the very young William D’Avenant (1606–1668) wrote The Cruel Brother, he leavened his tragic matter with a comic strand in which the main character is a “rustick” fellow named Borachio (Spanish borracho, “drunken”). Perceived by Koeppel to be descended from Cervantes’s Sancho Panza, Borachio is the servant companion of Lothario, a country gentleman who, like Don Quixote, makes his way to the court of a duke.
Strategy and Dynamics in Contests
Authors: Konrad Kai A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book describes the theory structure underlying contests, in which players expend effort and/or spend money in trying to get ahead of one another. Uniquely, this effort is sunk and cannot be recovered, regardless of whether a player wins or loses in the competition. Such interactions include diverse phenomena such as marketing and advertising by firms, litigation, relative reward schemes in firms, political competition, patent races, sports, military combat, war and civil war. These have been studied in the field of contest theory both within these specific contexts and at a higher level of abstraction. The purpose of this book is to describe the fundamental common properties of these types of interactions and to uncover some common properties or laws that govern them. The book begins by describing the properties of static contests and tournaments. Aspects such as timing, entry, sabotage and delegation are added and contest design issues such as the admission or exclusion of players and the structure of prizes are discussed. Further, structures are analysed in which players interact repeatedly in the same or different contest environments. Examples are inter-group conflict followed by intra-group rivalry, elimination tournaments and other dynamic contest structures.
Types of Contest
Authors: Konrad Kai A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Many dimensions can be distinguished for a typology of contests. Hirshleifer and Riley (1992, chapter 10), for instance, distinguish dimensions such as whether random elements play a role in the contest success function, whether contestants are informed about their co-players ‘ costs or their co-players ‘ valuations of the prize, whether the contestants ‘ costs of their effort choices are determined by themselves or partially by their co-players, as in wars of attrition, etc. With so many such dimensions, classification is cumbersome. I will follow an alternative strategy and present the three types of contest technology described by the contest success functions that are most prominent in the literature.
The Bad Guys First
Authors: Rumsfeld —Donald 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Standing beneath a sun-bleached sky, Michael Lehnert scanned the horizon stretching behind the remote airfield on the leeward side of Guantanamo Bay. It was exactly four months since American Airlines flights 11 and 175 struck the Twin Towers and AA 77 had hit the Pentagon and United Flight 93 had crashed into the field near the town of Shanksville, Pennsylvania. Inspecting the landing site from a rise 100 yards away, Lehnert tried to get an overall picture of his JTF’s readiness for their first consignment of detainees, a group of 20 whom Lehnert described before they arrived as “the bad guys first.”
Towels into Turbans
Authors: Sassi —Nizar , #325 Guantanamo Detainee 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
“15, 17, 14, No B, L, D” was scribbled by hand on a large piece of canvas taped to the wall above the press desk. The sequence telegraphed an ongoing human drama in numbers and letters. To an outsider, it might have resembled some sort of enigmatic code. But everyone on the island base—officers, staff, the press, and even the detainees—knew exactly what it meant.
Efficiency Concepts In Economic Theory
Authors: Schwalbe Ulrich , Zimmer Daniel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
According to the classical definition, ‘Economics is the science which studies human behaviour as a relationship between given ends and scarce means which have alternative uses.’ This definition was given by Robbins in 19321 and remains valid today. It follows that economics must address the issue of the efficient use of existing resources, production factors, and goods and of the conditions under which a market economy will utilise these factors in the most efficient way. Economic theory has proposed a number of efficiency criteria in order to determine whether or not resources are being used efficiently: allocative efficiency, productive efficiency, and dynamic efficiency.
Market Power And Price Elasticities
Authors: Schwalbe Ulrich , Zimmer Daniel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In Part 1 2. above, it was shown that inefficiencies will arise if the price of a good exceeds its marginal cost. This applies above all to allocative efficiency, but it may also be true with respect to productive efficiency, which is liable to be affected by X-inefficiencies, particularly in the case of a monopoly. If a firm is able to charge a price above the competitive level, this gives it a certain margin of discretion in setting its prices. Economic theory refers to that discretion as market power. In other words, the economic definition of market power is the firm’s ability to set a price above long-run marginal cost.1 This definition also covers cases in which a firm continues to charge the same price, whilst at the same time reducing the quality of its product and thus the cost of production, since price will exceed marginal cost in that case too.2
Single Dominance
Authors: Schwalbe Ulrich , Zimmer Daniel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A merger is relatively easy to analyse when it gives rise to a monopoly or a dominant firm with a competitive fringe. In those cases, competition will be either eliminated entirely or limited to a competitive fringe unable to affect the market outcome to any significant extent. In either case, the market outcome is likely to be adversely affected, especially with respect to allocative and productive efficiency. Dynamic efficiency on the market may also be affected in certain circumstances.1 There is hardly a convincing economic justification for mergers resulting in such market structures and they should therefore be prohibited. However, especially in the case of imminent single dominance as identified on the basis of the resulting market shares, mitigating factors have to be considered. Important mitigating factors include barriers to market entry and potential competition.2 While it is possible that the merger will give rise to substantial efficiency gains, these do not usually suffice to counteract the resulting deterioration in the market structure.3
A pairwise radiomics algorithm–lesion pair relation estimation model for distinguishing multiple primary lung cancer from intrapulmonary metastasis
Authors: Chen Ting-Fei , Yang Lei , Chen Hai-Bin , Zhou Zhi-Guo , Wu Zhen-Tian , Luo Hong-He , Li Qiong , Zhu Ying 
Published: October 2023

Abstrac

Background
Distinguishing multiple primary lung cancer (MPLC) from intrapulmonary metastasis (IPM) is critical for their disparate treatment strategy and prognosis. This study aimed to establish a non-invasive model to make the differentiation pre-operatively.

Methods
We retrospectively studied 168 patients with multiple lung cancers (307 pairs of lesions) including 118 cases for modeling and internal validation, and 50 cases for independent external validation. Radiomic features on computed tomography (CT) were extracted to calculate the absolute deviation of paired lesions. Features were then selected by correlation coefficients and random forest classifier 5-fold cross-validation, based on which the lesion pair relation estimation (PRE) model was developed. A major voting strategy was used to decide diagnosis for cases with multiple pairs of lesions. Cases from another institute were included as the external validation set for the PRE model to compete with two experienced clinicians.

Results
Seven radiomic features were selected for the PRE model construction. With major voting strategy, the mean area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of the training versus internal validation versus external validation cohort to distinguish MPLC were 0.983 versus 0.844 versus 0.793, 0.942 versus 0.846 versus 0.760, 0.905 versus 0.728 versus 0.727, and 0.962 versus 0.910 versus 0.769, respectively. AUCs of the two clinicians were 0.619 and 0.580.

Conclusions
The CT radiomic feature-based lesion PRE model is potentially an accurate diagnostic tool for the differentiation of MPLC and IPM, which could help with clinical decision making.