bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cultural Perspectives on Blood
Authors: Nelkin Dorothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Blood is a substance “thick with magical significance, mystical claims, phar macological prodigies, alchemistical dreams,” writes Piere Camporesi in The Juice ofLife1. In earlier centuries, this substance was a daily reality, far more visible than it is today: “From birth to death, the sight and smell of blood were part of the human and social pilgrimage of each and all ... as barbers, phlebotomists, pork butchers, midwives, brothers hospitalers opened, closed, cauterized veins.”2 Today, in most of the countries that are represented in this volume, blood is more a virtual than a visual reality, enjoyed by audiences of grisly gangster films in abstract settings, observed by the voyeurs of televised massacres in distant lands, and managed mainly by the remote control. It is a substance, not of daily experience, but of accidents, illnesses, battles, or orgies-a substance to be avoided “in the flesh.” Says Umberto Eco in his foreword to Camporesi’s book, “We who use the Internet think blood of interest only to surgeons and the scholars of the new planetary pestilences.”3 Yet, he observes, there is remarkable rapport between the cultural myths of the time when blood was a daily and visible reality and the impulses of the present day.
The Politics of Blood Hemophilia Activism in the AIDS Crisis
Authors: Kirp David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On a warm afternoon in the autumn of 1996, a limousine pulled up at the gates of the Bayer AG plant in Berkeley, California1. A handful of young men piled out of the car, megaphones to the ready. “We are here to take your name away!” they shouted. “I.G. Farben, I.G. Farben, Zyklon B, Zyklon B”—an unsubtle reference to the lethal gas manufactured by the German pharmaceutical house and used to devastating effect in the Holocaust—”4000 dead, 4000 dead, 4000 dead.” A cameraman recorded the scene, hoping to persuade local 1V stations to air this “great source tape.” “Demo by limo,” these demonstrators—”the wrecking crew ... the Northern California boys in the band,” as they called themselves—exulted in their Internet posting2. “How much more newsworthy can a story be?” Abruptly, however, the tone of the posting shifted and the demonstrators stood revealed as desperately sick, if still defiant, young men. “We might not be able to walk, but we can still demo!” During the late 1980s and early 1990s, AIDS activists launched similar “zaps” against drug companies. Those demonstrators were mainly gay men, members of ACT UP, expert practitioners in dramaturgical activism 3. The object of their animus was the alleged profiteering by pharmaceutical companies that put AZT and other drugs in the HIV arsenal out of the reach of many people with AIDS. By 1996, ACT-UP, with its “Silence=Death” insignia, had disappeared from public view.
The Wedding of Emotion and Skill
Authors: Miller Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Can violetta manage technical control of her breath and accomplish the pyrotechnical aspects of her first-act aria while experiencing the high levels of emotion she is expected to convey? Can Butterfly undergo such an emotional crisis that she might be tempted to thrust the ceremonial sword into her torso, while at the same time producing appropriate registration modification and resonance balancing in high tessitura? Can Gilda ecstatically recall her lover while skillfully managing her melismas? What is the relationship between dramatic situation and technical prowess, between communication and physical control? How does one keep the text and the drama from robbing one of one’s voice?
Graceland
Authors: Williamson Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I first came to Graceland on a bitterly cold day in the winter of 1984. Elvis Presley had died in 1977, and the house and grounds where he lived the last twenty years of his life had been open to paying visitors for only some eighteen months. I bought my ticket in a frigid barnlike structure in the staging area across the street from the estate. I recall vividly the squat, early middleaged man behind the chest-high counter and his condescending manner. He had a proprietary air, as if he were allowing me a privilege rather than selling me a ticket. Dourfaced, colorless, and fish-eyed, he tossed my change on the counter with a gesture of irritation and dismissal as if my money was nothing compared to the value of the ticket he pushed toward me. I suspected from his lordly manner that he was an insider of some sort who had never before had a job he loved so much.
Poetic Profit
Authors: Dougherty Carol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
And for these reasons, Theophrastus too praised him [Democritus of Abdera], because he gathered a greater collection of goods than Menelaus and Odysseus. For those men wandered and were not at all different from Phoenician merchants. They gathered goods and offered this as their excuse for traveling and sailing around.Aelian, MiscellanyAt the end of Book 5, Odysseus builds a raft to sail away from Calypso’s island and return home to Ithaca. In addition to enabling Odysseus to continue his homeward journey, this raft helps articulate the figurative association of ships and seafaring with poetic activity in the Odyssey. On many occasions, shipsthe manner of their construction and their ability to sail-represent the poetic process in Greek poetry, and the raft-building scene in Book 5 elaborates the terms and structure of this metaphor at work in the Odyssey. Read metaphorically, then, Odysseus’ ability to set sail once again prefigures his emergence as poet of the Odyssey once he arrives safely at Phaeacia. In building his raft, Odysseus proves that he has the necessary skills of a professional shipbuilder or poet, but also, and somewhat surprisingly, this hastily cobbled together raft is said to have the capacity to carry substantial cargo:
Odysseus Returned and Ithaca Re-founded
Authors: Dougherty Carol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Odysseus of the Odyssey justifies himself by his success as the refounder of his own house; he is ruthless, practical, inventive, self-seeking, and utterly committed to a few close loyalties. Such a man would surely have found ample play for his talents in the first great age of Greek entrepreneurial expansion, which was also the moment of the composition of the Odyssey. Home at last. After ten long years of battle at Troy and still ten more at sea, Odysseus has returned home at last. In his travels he has encountered seductive nymphs, cannibal monsters, destructive whirlpools, and Golden Age landscapes. He has gone to Hades and returned, survived the song of the Sirens, and rejected offers of immortality. He has built a raft and lost it. And after all these travels, all these experiences, all this suffering, he has now come home; in fact, his travels are precisely what has enabled Odysseus to return home successfully. Like the Swiss missionary-ethnographer, Jean de Lery, Odysseus has managed a return to the self-to his Greek self-through his travels among the other. In other words, he helps forge a new sense of Greek identity out of his experiences among the peoples and places overseas. In the first section of this book we looked at the ways in which Odysseus’ raft operates as a vehicle for articulating the poem’s ethnographic imagination. The raft, with its careful construction, its cargo-carrying capacity, and its ability to travel, serves as an emblem of the inextricable interconnection in the Odyssey of narrative, travel, and trade. It both represents the potential of the ethnographic imagination and transports Odysseus to the site of his New World tales. The second section then turned its focus to these brave new worlds, and in particular to the land of the Phaeacians. With a landscape that belongs in part to traditions of the Golden Age and in part to narratives of the New World, Phaeacia offers an ideal site for the ethnographic imagination.
The Cognitive And Behavioral Neurologic Examination
Authors: Taylor Michael Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The neuropsychiatric evaluation detailed in Chapters 2 and 3 provides information needed to make a DSM diagnosis and to identify dysfunctional systems in the brain. The relationship between diagnosis and treatment is obvious. Knowing which brain systems are involved is equally important for treatment because it (1) identifies specific syndromes now grouped together in the DSM “not otherwise specified” (NOS) categories; (2) identifies subgroups of patients who, despite meeting criteria for a DSM category, are still atypical in some way that suggests that they have a different underlying pathophysiologic process (i.e., they have a secondary syndrome); and (3) determines medication choices and areas needing rehabilitation. The following vignettes illustrate these points.
Depression
Authors: Taylor Michael Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Depression is common, affecting about 10% of adults in any one year. About 8% of women and 4% men are at lifetime risk for severe depression, and an additional 10% (about 15% overall) are at risk for less severe forms (e.g., adjustment disorders). Depression affects all social classes and all ethnic groups and Western and nonWestern societies. Most first depressions occur after puberty and before age 60 years, although childhood depression occurs and is of major clinical concern. The incidence (new cases) of depression increases in persons born more recently (period effect). The age of onset of the first depression is also getting younger (cohort effect). Thus, depression is more common in persons born in the last several decades than in persons born before World War II, and these depressions are occurring for the first time when people are younger. The explanations for these effects are unclear. About 15%-20% of private psychiatric hospital patients and about 10% of public psychiatric hospital patients are admitted for depression. Melancholia affects about 2% of the general population and represents about 20% of all depressions.
Epilepsy And Related Syndromes
Authors: Taylor Michael Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Epilepsy results from excessive neuronal electrical discharges that synchronize and spread (by recruiting more neurons) through parts or all of the brain, producing a focal or generalized electrical “storm” or seizure. For there to be a seizure, instability must occur or be induced in neuronal membrane voltage-dependent sodium and chloride channels that then produce high frequency potentials. These potentials spread, producing the seizure. Dopamine and GABA stabilize these channels and can prevent the high frequency potential spread and thus the seizure.
Big Town Blues
Authors: Sudhalter Richard M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1928 Book Nook “commencement” came and went, bigger and more elaborately choreographed than its predecessor. The old gang was still in attendance: Wad Allen, introduced as the “out-of-town speaker,” arrived in stovepipe hat and frock coat, a live white hen under his arm. Carmichael remembered his speech as “a marvelous thing … inspiring, yet completely senseless; as insanely futile as a Bent Eagle’s notion of posterity.”
A Poke in His Pocket
Authors: Sudhalter Richard M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Americans responded to the December 7, 1941, Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in intense, often personal, ways but with an overall unity. The fractiousness that had tied up public debate over possible U.S. involvement in the century’s second “foreign” war seemed to evaporate overnight. As Time magazine put it: The war came as a great relief, like a reverse earthquake, that in one terrible jerk shook everything disjointed, distorted, askew back into place. Japanese bombs had finally brought national unity to the U.S.
Loss
Authors: Sudhalter Richard M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Loss, progressive and pervasive, shadowed Hoagy Carmichael throughout the 1960s. His younger sister Martha, unable to regain her footing since the death of her husband, novelist John Bell Clayton, was the first casualty. Georgia, with whom she was staying at the Doheny Drive house, found her body on Sunday morning, August 6, 1961. The sisters and Hoagy Bix had dined together the previous evening, and Martha had excused herself early, saying she was tired and wanted to turn in early. She’d drunk a bit during dinner, and before going to bed had apparently taken a sleeping pill, from which she’d never awakened. Though no mention was made at the time, family suspicion lingered that her death had not been accidental.
Introduction
Authors: Ricketts Thomas c. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rural health policy has taken an important place on the American political agenda due to changes within the health care system and the policy environment that affects rural America. The demographic, social, cultural and economic changes in rural and urban populations are different in many respects, yet policy does not always recognize those differences and sometimes causes harm when policies that do recognize a difference are implemented. The financing and delivery of health care in this nation has undergone a revolution in the past decade. This is apparent to even the most casual observer as well as to people directly involved in health policy making. The changes of the past 10 years have been almost overwhelming in their scope and impact.
Federal Programs and Rural Health
Authors: Ricketts Thomas C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The federal government has long been involved in the support of programs and projects that target rural populations and places. Although there is no comprehensive national rural policy (Bonnen, 1992) for the main sectors of economic development, agriculture, energy, communications, and transportation, there has been a concerted effort to coordinate policy and combine and coordinate programs in health policy. The establishment of the Office of Rural Health Policy (ORHP) in 1987 signaled a desire on the part of Congress and the Administration to bring together the various elements of federal rural health policy to eliminate duplication of effort and to apply policies consistently.
State Laws and Programs That Affect Rural Health Delivery
Authors: Slifkin Rebecca T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many government programs and regulations, both state and federal, affect the health care infrastructure of rural areas. Unlike the federal government, states are in the unique position of being able to respond to the specific needs of their communities, and many of the new government programs that focus on improvement of the health of rural populations have been state-initiated. These initiatives have both a direct benefit to states, in terms of improvement of their populations’ health, and also an indirect benefit, as the presence of a health care delivery system is critical to the economic development of rural areas (McCloskey and Luehrs, 1990).
Hospitals in Rural America
Authors: Ricketts Thomas C , Heaphy Paige E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The role of hospitals in the American health care system is changing very rapidly. Indeed, there are some who see hospitals as disappearing from the scene, to be replaced by networks of professionals and institutions tied together through a variety of contractual arrangements to coordinate care and promote health-the so-called virtual hospital. For many rural communities, however, it is the hospital that has served as the focus of health care delivery in the community and that remains as the most prominent-and effective-institution to organize the delivery of health care.
Rural Maternal and Perinatal Health
Authors: Lishner Denise M , Larson Erich H , Rosenblatt Roger A , Clark Sarah J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Maternal and newborn care is a critical component of rural health services and integral to the health of the rural community (Council on Graduate Medical Education, 1997; Gavin and Leong, 1989). A high-quality system provides prenatal, obstetric, and neonatal services locally and, at the same time, an efficient system for linking higher-risk women and infants with nonlocal services when required. In the 1960s and 1970s, many rural areas lagged behind urban ones in terms of sentinel health outcomes such as infant mortality and rates of low birthweight (Sherman, 1992). Research on rural birth outcomes and the organization of maternal and neonatal services revealed that obtaining optimal birth outcomes required an accessible and efficiently used constellation of local and nonlocal services (Gortmaker et al., 1987; Hein and Lathrop, 1986). Efforts to build such regionalized systems of care substantially decreased the most glaring of rural/urban differentials in infant mortality.
Rural Children’s Health
Authors: Clark Sarah J , Savitz Lucy A , Randolph Randy K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents a profile of rural children’s health in the 1990s, describing demographic changes, mortality patterns, health status indicators, health insurance, and the availability of health care providers and institutions. It utilizes recent, national data only; findings from small-area or single-state studies and from research conducted prior to 1990 are not included in statistical comparisons, although they are referenced occasionally to support or clarify statements about related issues. The purpose is to describe the current situation, suggest recent trends, and inform policy decisions concerning child and adolescent health in rural America.
Rural Mental Health and Substance Abuse
Authors: Hartley David , Bird Donna C , Dempsey Patricia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Current trends, including active consideration of parity for mental health benefits and the increasing role of managed care in the delivery of mental health services, may be breaking down some of the historic barriers between the mental and physical health care delivery systems. Unfortunately, the concerns of rural mental health and substance abuse service consumers and providers are often overlooked as these systems undergo financial and organizational changes. While system changes raise many concerns about quality, appropriateness, cost, and equity, this chapter will focus only on rural-specific issues with implications for policy, financing or organizational initiatives.
The Rural Elderly and Long-Term Care
Authors: Coburn Andrew F , Bolda Elise J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aging of America will have dramatic implications for the health care system. Approximately one fifth of the elderly-defined as persons over the age of 65-reside in rural places, accounting for 8.2 million people in 1995. Although in the past rural areas have had higher concentrations of older people, this trend appears to be changing. The rural elderly differ in a number of important respects from the stereotypical image of the rural older person living in an idyllic home in a quaint country setting surrounded by a large multigenerational family. Compared with urban elders, the rural elderly have lower in comes, they are more likely to be poor, and they are less educated (Coward et al., 1994b). Although they are more likely to own their homes, those dwellings are more likely to substandard; that is, they are more likely to have inadequate heating and plumbing systems and to be in need of costly repairs (Coward et al., 1994b).
Importance of Alkenes in the Chemistry of Ozone Generation in the Urban Atmosphere
Authors: Calvert J G , Atkinson R , Kerr J A , Madronich S , Moortgat G K , Wallington, T J , Yarwood G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Organic compounds are important trace constituents of the atmosphere that originate from many different natural and man-made sources. The atmospheric reactions of organic compounds influence other atmospheric trace constituents. In particular, reactions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the presence of sunlight can lead to the formation of ozone and other oxidants, commonly referred to as “smog” or “ground-level ozone” (see, e.g., Warneck, 1988; Finlayson-Pitts and Pitts, 1986). In many urban areas, emissions of VOCs and NOx, when combined under meteorological conditions that favor smog formation, can lead to the formation of ground-level ozone at harmful levels. In some cases, such as the eastern United States, ground-level ozone is a “regional-scale” as well as an “‘urban-scale” problem because significant atmospheric transport of ozone (and/or ozone precursors) occurs from urban to rural areas, or between neighboring urban areas.
Reactions of Alkenes with the N03 Radical
Authors: Calvert J G , Atkinson R , Kerr J A , Madronich S , Moortgat G K , Wallington, T J , Yarwood G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kinetic data for the NOrradical reactions with the alkenes are less extensive than those for OH radical, but a great deal has been learned about the mechanism; for example, see Atkinson (1991, 1994, 1997b) and the references therein. The existing data show that the reactivity of the NO3 radical with alkenes is much greater than that for the corresponding alkanes (see table III-A-I). Introduction of a double bond in the C2 alkane (ethane) to form the C2 alkene (ethene) causes at least a 50- fold increase in the reactivity. This increase is even more dramatic when alkyl groups are attached to the double bond as in 2-butenes; here, the reactivity increases over that of n-butane by a factor of over 5000. With four alkyl groups about the double bond, as in 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene, the ratio of rate coefficient is increased from that for 2,3-dimethylbutane by a factor of over 105. The dienes show a similar but somewhat less dramatic effect; with alkyl-group substitution, the reaction rate coefficient is over a thousand times that for the alkane with the structurally equivalent carbon chain.
Experiments in Conservatism
Authors: Levinger Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“The people will never attain maturity,” declared Otto von Voß-Buch in January 1821.1 This statement, as clearly as any other, signaled the end of the era of reform in Prussia. Dismissed from the Prussian ministry in 1809 because of his bitter opposition to Stein and Hardenberg, Voß reentered the inner circle of the king’s advisers in the autumn of 1820. Upon Hardenberg’s death in November 1822, Voß became the new head of the Prussian ministry—though he died within two months of assuming his new post.2
Power Analysis and Experimental Design
Authors: Steidl Robert J , Thomas Len 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ecologists conduct research to gain information about ecological patterns and processes (chapter 1). An underlying, fundamental goal for all research, therefore, is to generate the maximum amount of information from a given input of effort, which can be measured as time, money, and other similarly limited resources. Consequently, after we develop a clear set of questions, objectives, or hypotheses, the most critical aspect of ecological research is design.
The Bootstrap and the Jackknife: Describing the Precision of Ecological Indices
Authors: Dixon Philip M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Quantitative ecology uses many indexes and coefficients, including diversity indices (Magurran 1988), similarity indices (Goodall 1978), competition coefficients (Schoener 1983), population growth rates (Lenski and Service 1982), and measures of size hierarchy (Weiner and Solbrig 1984). All of these indices are statistics, calculated from a sample of data from some population and used to make conclusions about the population (chapter 1). To help a reader interpret these conclusions, good statistical practice includes reporting a measure of uncertainty or precision along with a statistic. Although it is easy to calculate the values of many ecological statistics, it is often difficult to estimate their precision.