bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Taste, food intake and obesity
Authors: Nasser J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractResearch in human eating behaviour prior to 1990 has shown that taste impacts the palatability and selection of food for intake; sensory‐specific satiety; satiation; and thermic effect of food. Research in the last decade has added information to these areas; expanded the field to comparisons of the impact of ‘wanting’ vs. ‘liking’ food on intake, and provided insight into the relationship of food intake and brain functioning through new imaging techniques. This article will review literature from the last decade on research in the area of taste and its impact on food intake. Emphasis will be placed on differences seen between lean and obese humans and how these may contribute to the development of human obesity. Suggestions for future research directions will also be discussed.
Long‐term weight development after pregnancy
Authors: Linné Y. , Barkeling B. , Rössner S. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryFor some women pregnancy is a trigger for developing overweight and obesity. Seventy‐three per cent of 128 female patients at our Obesity Unit indicated that they had retained more than 10 kg after each of their pregnancies, and for this subgroup weight development after pregnancy was of crucial importance for their future health. Although mean weight increases after pregnancy generally are modest, there are wide individual variations. In studies at the Obesity Unit, weight retention ranging from up to 26.5 kg one year after pregnancy to a loss of 12.3 kg was reported, although the mean weight gained was only 0.5 kg. Numerous studies have analysed factors explaining weight development after pregnancy and delivery, with a range of subjects from several hundred thousand women to fewer than one‐hundred, but overall it has been surprisingly difficult to identify strong predictors of weight development. Numerous confounders have been identified; in a review up to 31 such confounders were reported. Methodological problems include weight development over time also in non‐pregnant women and problems of identifying the optimal time‐point when the overall impact of the pregnancy on weight development should be evaluated. Lactation has consistently been found to play a small role in explaining weight retention up to one year after delivery. Few studies have examined the role of physical activity during pregnancy and after delivery to explain weight development. Our own ongoing follow‐up of women who gave birth during 1984–85, the so‐called SPAWN (Stockholm Pregnancy and Women’s Nutrition) study, illustrates that 15 years after delivery, a significant proportion of the 1423 women initially studied were available for re‐examination. Drop‐out analyses indicate that for most variables under study, the remaining women were representative for the initial sample. Pregnancy and weight development are intertwined in a complex pattern, which includes a change in lifestyle factors, such as eating behaviour, physical activity, smoking cessation and degree of lactation, but which are still not fully understood.
Twenty‐year changes in the prevalence of overweight in Japanese adults: The National Nutrition Survey 1976–95
Authors: Yoshiike N. , Seino F. , Tajima S. , Arai Y. , Kawano M. , Furuhata T. , Inoue S. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe aim of this study was to describe the 20‐year changes in body mass index (BMI; kg m−2) and the prevalence of overweight in Japanese adults. Cross‐sectional annual nationwide surveys (National Nutrition Survey, Japan) were carried out with a large probability sample of the Japanese population. Data sets of the 1976–95 surveys, comprising 91 983 men and 120 822 women (≥20 years of age), were used. The analyses were carried out in age and gender groups, and by residential area according to the size of the municipality (metropolitan areas, cities and small towns). The mean BMI increaseed in men with an increment of +0.44 kg m−2 10 years−1 and slightly decreased in women, by −0.09 kg m−2 10 years−1, after adjustment for age. A decreasing trend of mean BMI was most significant in the female 20–29 years age‐group (−0.38 kg m−2 10 years−1), in contrast to an increasing trend observed in elderly women (60–69 and 70+ years age‐groups). The prevalence of preobese (BMI: 25–29.9 kg m−2) and obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg m−2) men increased from 14.5% and 0.8%, respectively, in the time‐period 1976–80 to 20.5% and 2.01% during 1991–95. The increasing trend was most evident in the youngest age‐group (20–29 years) and in those from small towns. The overall prevalence of preobese and obese women did not change during the 20‐year study period. The prevalence in younger women decreased, this trend being more prominent in metropolitan areas. Although the prevalence of overweight (BMI ≥25 kg m−2) in Japanese men and elderly women has increased in the last 20 years, the mean BMI in younger women, especially those in metropolitan areas, has decreased. A population approach to control obesity and prevent obesity‐associated diseases should be mainly focused on men and women older than 40 years of age.
The lifecycle effects of nutrition and body size on adult adiposity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease
Authors: Yajnik C. S. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThis study was undertaken to review the links between maternal nutrition, offspring's birth weight and the propensity to early insulin resistance and high diabetes rates in Indian adults. Studies included a comparison of maternal size and nutrition with birth weights in Pune, India, and Southampton, UK. In Pune, the growth, insulin resistance and blood pressure of four‐year‐old children were assessed. Adults >40 years of age, who were resident in rural areas, were compared with adults living in urban areas for size, glucose handling, lipid status and blood pressure. Newly diagnosed diabetic adults living in urban areas were also monitored. Height, weight, head, waist and hip circumferences, skin‐fold measurements and blood pressure were routinely measured. Fasting glucose, insulin, total and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides were linked to the glucose and insulin responses during glucose tolerance tests. Cytokine levels were measured in plasma samples of urban and rural adults. Indian babies were lighter, thinner, shorter and had a relatively lower lean tissue mass than the Caucasian babies. However, the subcutaneous fat measurements of these babies were comparable to those of the white Caucasian babies. The Indian mothers were small, but relatively fat mothers produced larger babies. Maternal intake of green vegetables, fruit and milk, and their circulating folate and vitamin C levels, predicted larger fetal size. Rapid childhood growth promoted insulin resistance and higher blood pressure. Rural adults were thin, with a 4% prevalence of diabetes and a 14% prevalence of hypertension, but the risks increased within the normal body mass index (BMI) range. Type 2 diabetes was common in urban adults younger than 35 years of age. Although the average BMI was 23.9 kg m−2, central obesity and thin limbs were noteworthy. Levels of interleukin‐6 and tumour necrosis factor‐α were markedly increased in urban dwellers. Hence, there is evidence of a remarkably powerful, intergenerational effect on body size and total and central adiposity. Indians are highly susceptible to insulin resistance and cardiovascular risks, with babies being born small but relatively fat. Insulin resistance is amplified by rapid childhood growth. Dietary factors seem to have profound long‐term metabolic influences in pregnancy. Overcrowding with infections and central obesity may amplify cytokine‐induced insulin resistance and early diabetes in Indian adults with a low BMI.
Should obese patients be counselled to follow a low‐glycaemic index diet? Yes
Authors: Pawlak D. B. , Ebbeling C. B. , Ludwig D. S. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryA reduction in dietary fat has been widely advocated for the prevention and treatment of obesity and related complications. However, the efficacy of low‐fat diets has been questioned in recent years. One potential adverse effect of reduced dietary fat is a compensatory increase in the consumption of high glycaemic index (GI) carbohydrate, principally refined starchy foods and concentrated sugar. Such foods can be rapidly digested or transformed into glucose, causing a large increase in post‐prandial blood glucose and insulin. Short‐term feeding studies have generally found an inverse association between GI and satiety. Medium‐term clinical trials have found less weight loss on high GI or high glycaemic load diets compared to low GI or low glycaemic load diets. Epidemiological analyses link GI to multiple cardiovascular disease risk factors and to the development of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Physiologically orientated studies in humans and animal models provide support for a role of GI in disease prevention and treatment. This review examines the mechanisms underlying the potential benefits of a low GI diet, and whether such diets should be recommended in the clinical setting.
MIKADO: a multicentre, open‐label pilot study to evaluate the antiretroviral activity and safety of saquinavir with stavudine and zalcitabine
Authors: Katlama C , Pellegrin J‐L , Lacoste D , Aquilina C , Raffi F , Pialoux G , Vittecoq D , Raguin G , Lantz O , Mouroux M , Calvez V , Trylesinski A , Montestruc F , Dohin E , Goehrs Jm , Delfraissy Jf 
Published: March 2003

Background  Since eradication of HIV is unlikely, long‐term management of the disease necessitates careful evaluation of the combinations of currently available drugs to determine the most potent and useful rational sequencing of regimens.Objective  To determine the antiretroviral efficacy and tolerability of saquinavir soft gelatin capsule (SQV‐SGC) plus zalcitabine (ddC) and stavudine (d4T), as first‐line treatment in HIV‐infected patients.Design  Multicentre, open‐label, non‐comparative study.Patients and methods  Thirty‐five asymptomatic, HIV‐infected adults with no prior antiretroviral treatment, a CD4 count ≥ 250 cells/μL and baseline ≥ 5000 HIV RNA copies/mL were included in the study. Patients received SQV‐SGC 1200 mg three times a day (tid), ddC 0.75 mg tid and d4T 30 or 40 mg twice a day (bid) for 24 weeks. Plasma HIV RNA, CD4 and CD8 cell counts, HIV reverse transcriptase and protease resistance genotypes, SQV plasma concentration and tolerability were evaluated.Results  At baseline, median HIV RNA (interquartile range) was 4.99 (4.81–5.48) log10 copies/mL, and median CD4 count was 370 (318–504) cells/μL (n = 35). At week 24, the median decrease in HIV RNA was 3.05 (2.19–3.68) log10 copies/mL. A viral load below the level of quantification (200 copies/mL and 20 copies/mL) was achieved in 63% and 34% of patients, respectively (intent‐to‐treat analysis). The only mutations detected were L90M substitutions in two patients. At week 24, the median CD4 count increased (P < 0.0001), and CD8 cell counts decreased (P < 0.0001), relative to baseline. In total, there were five cases of peripheral neuropathy (14%). Mean triglyceride and cholesterol levels remained within normal ranges.Conclusions  Triple therapy with SQV‐SGC plus ddC and d4T is a reasonably well tolerated regimen that markedly and rapidly reduces viral load with immunological improvement. This combination is an effectiveadditional therapeutic option, with an efficacy that compares favourably to other triple regimens used in HIV treatment.
L‐Carnitine in the treatment of HIV‐associated lipodystrophy syndrome
Authors: Mauss S , Schmutz G 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe objective of this pilot study was to assess the effect of L‐carnitine on the course of the HIV‐associated lipodystrophy syndrome. Twelve patients presenting with combined atrophic and hypertrophic changes of body fat were treated with L‐carnitine 1000 mg bid for 3 months. No marked improvement of the body changes was observed. However a reduction in serum cholesterol levels, but not triglycerides, was noted. These preliminary data do not support the use of L‐carnitine for the rapid reversal of advanced fat tissue alterations due to HIV‐associated lipodystrophy.
Resistance and cross‐resistance to abacavir
Authors: Moyle G 
Published: March 2003

Background Abacavir (ABC) is a potent nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) used in multi‐drug antiretroviral regimens and in combination with other NRTIs, protease and/or non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) in both treatment naive and treatment experienced patients.Patterns of resistance Resistance to ABC has been demonstrated in vitro and in vivo. Patterns of emerging mutations may vary when ABC is combined with other NRTIs relative to the mutations observed in monotherapy. Additionally, thymidine NRTIs may select for mutations that, while not selected for by ABC, may confer diminished susceptibility and diminished clinical response to ABC.Clinical use of ABC Resistance and clinical data indicate that ABC may be a suitable component of initial regimens and second or subsequent lines of therapy. It may be used as a substitution agent for persons wishing to discontinue protease inhibitor therapy who have not previously experienced viral rebound on NRTI therapy.
The changing demographics of new HIV diagnoses at a London centre from 1994 to 2000
Authors: Barry SM , Lloyd‐Owen SJ , Madge SJ , Cozzi‐Lepri A , Evans AJ , Phillips AN , Johnson MA 
Published: March 2003

ObjectiveTo document the demographic changes in new HIV diagnoses at the Royal Free Hospital, London, UK, between 1994 and 2000.DesignRetrospective case note review.MethodsData were extracted from the Royal Free HIV database identifying new diagnoses for 1994, 1997 and 2000. All case notes were reviewed and patients were included if they had their first positive HIV test at the Royal Free Hospital, or if they first tested positive elsewhere and attended the Royal Free HIV unit for their initial HIV care. Data extracted included sex, ethnicity, age, risk factor(s) for HIV, reason for test, clinical stage of disease, CD4 count and HIV RNA viral load at diagnosis.ResultsOne hundred and forty‐four patients were identified for 1994, 136 for 1997 and 110 for 2000. Over this time period the proportion of white patients dropped from 72% (n = 104) to 48% (n = 53), P= 0.0001, whilst the proportion of black Africans rose from 24% (n = 34) to 45% (n = 49), P= 0.0004. The median CD4 count at diagnosis of the white cohort was 475 cells/µL in 1994 and 286/µL in 2000, P= 0.005, whilst in the black African patients it was 240/µL and 230/µL for the same years.ConclusionsThere has been a reduction in new HIV diagnoses among the white population and a rise in the black Africans at this centre between 1994 and 2000. The clinical and immunological parameters of HIV disease have worsened over this time period for the white group, but have remained stable in the black Africans.
Atopic diseases among adults in the two geographically related arctic areas Nikel, Russia and Sør‐Varanger, Norway: possible effects of indoor and outdoor air pollution
Authors: Dotterud Lk , Odland Jø , Falk Es 
Published: March 2003

Abstract Background Previous studies have shown lower prevalence of atopic diseases among adults and schoolchildren in Eastern Europe. Objectives To compare the prevalence of atopic diseases among adults in two geographically related arctic areas, Nikel, Russia and Sør‐Varanger, Norway. Nikel is a heavily polluted town on the Kola Peninsula. Methods The prevalence of eczema, asthma and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (AR) was assessed using two identical questionnaire studies. The study in Sør‐Varanger was conducted in the autumn of 1991 and comprised 1102 adults. In the spring of 1994, 3368 adults in Nikel completed the 4‐page questionnaire. Results The lifetime prevalence of atopic diseases was significantly higher in Sør‐Varanger than in Nikel (25.2% vs. 11.2%; P < 0.001), most pronounced for eczema (15.9% vs. 5.9%; P < 0.001) and AR (10.3% vs. 5.6%; P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the prevalence of asthma between the two areas (5.6% vs. 4.9%; RR 1.1). Indoor dampness, carpeted floors and outdoor pollution were found to be significantly higher in Nikel than in Sør‐Varanger (P < 0.0001). Smoking habits were different in the two areas. Conclusion Atopic diseases in Sør‐Varanger were more than twice that found in Nikel. Western lifestyle and new building techniques resulting in poorly ventilated homes may be the main reasons for these differences. Other factors, such as differences in seeking medical help for physical complaints and in the social and political environment, are also suggested.
Erythema multiforme along Blaschko’s lines
Authors: Micalizzi Claudia , Farris Alessandro 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA case of erythema multiforme along Blaschko’s lines is reported in a 20‐year‐old female suffering from recurrent herpes labialis. Histological examination was compatible with the clinical features. Spontaneous resolution followed in 4 weeks without therapy.
Digital gangrene: a rare skin symptom in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Vocks E , Welcker M , Ring J 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA case of digital gangrene in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus without secondary antiphospholipid syndrome is reported. The acute onset of the necrotizing acrovasculitis occurred without a history of Raynaud’s phenomenon. Preceding symptoms of the systemic lupus erythematosus were arthritis, photosensitivity, alopecia and anorexia. Despite the seriousness of the acute episode the patient achieved an excellent outcome.
Occupational protein contact dermatitis and paronychia from natural rubber latex
Authors: Kanerva L 
Published: March 2003

AbstractProtein contact dermatitis (PCD) is a chronic recurrent dermatitis caused by contact with a proteinaceous material. PCD may also present as paronychia. Here a case of PCD and paronychia from natural rubber latex (NRL) is presented. The correct diagnosis would not have been established if prick testing with NRL had not been performed. This case shows that contact allergy presenting as dermatitis may occur despite negative patch test results. PCD from NRL may be relatively common, although very few cases have been published. This is probably due to the fact that the term contact urticaria is so closely connected to NRL that automatically all cases of type I allergy to NRL are considered contact urticaria, although the clinical picture is a dermatitis, i.e. PCD.
Disseminated pagetoid reticulosis: plaques and tumoral lesions occurring simultaneously in the same patient
Authors: Bükülmez G , Atakan N , Taşkın M , Bilezikçi B , Üner A 
Published: March 2003

AbstractDisseminated pagetoid reticulosis is considered to have a poor prognosis. Some authors regard this disease as an epidermotropic type of mycosis fungoides rather than a distinct entity. We report the case of an 83‐year‐old woman with disseminated pagetoid reticulosis who subsequently developed tumoral lesions and died soon after the appearance of these tumours. Our case is in agreement with findings that disseminated pagetoid reticulosis has an aggressive clinical behaviour.
Lupus erythematosus/lichen planus overlap syndrome with scarring alopecia
Authors: İnalöz HS , Chowdhury MMU , Motley RJ 
Published: March 2003

AbstractLupus erythematosus (LE) and lichen planus (LP) may occur as an overlap syndrome (LE/LP). The term comprises a heterogeneous group of patients who have clinical, histological and/or immunopathological characteristics of both diseases at the same time. The disease occurs so infrequently as to limit clinical cases for study. We present a case of scarring alopecia due to LE/LP overlap syndrome. Initial biopsy of the scalp showed scarring alopecia only, with subsequent biopsies showing histological features of LE. Direct immunofluorescence was negative for the LE band, but showed features consistent with LP. We report this case as an uncommon cause of scarring alopecia illustrating the importance of multiple biopsies in the diagnosis of LE/LP overlap syndrome.
Resolution of recurrent perianal condylomata acuminata by topical cidofovir in patients with HIV infection
Authors: Martinelli C , Farese A , Del Mistro A , Giorgini S , Ruffino I 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAnogenital condylomata acuminata are the most frequent clinical manifestation of genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Association between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and HPV infections is frequent (range: 26–60% in males). Topical cidofovir (a nucleotide analogue antiviral drug active against a broad range of DNA viruses) is a potential treatment for anogenital warts in immunocompromised patients. We treated three HIV‐infected patients with HPV perianal condylomas with topical 1% cidofovir in flexible collodion once a day for 2 weeks. The treatment resulted in complete clearance of the HPV lesions. The patients experienced mild transient erythema without any other side‐effects. None of the patients relapsed during the 10–14‐month follow‐up period.
Acne inversa (alias hidradenitis suppurativa)
Authors: Jansen T , Altmeyer P , Plewig G 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAcne inversa is a recurrent, suppurative disease manifested by abscesses, fistulas, and scarring. Once considered to be a disease of the apocrine glands, it is actually a defect of follicular epithelium. Thus, the term hidradenitis suppurativa is a misnomer and should be abandoned. In cases of familial acne inversa, the pattern of transmission and number of affected individuals are consistent with autosomal dominant inheritance. Aetiological factors such as hyperandrogenism, obesity, smoking and chemical irritants are not consistently associated with the affection. Bacterial involvement is not a primary event in acne inversa, but is secondary to the disease process. Potential complications include dermal contraction, local or systemic infection due to the spread of microorganisms, systemic amyloidosis, arthropathy, and squamous cell carcinoma. As spontaneous resolution is rare and progressive disability is the rule, early definitive surgical intervention is advisable. The surgical procedure of choice in most cases is wide local excision and healing by secondary intention. Pharmacotherapeutic drugs, including synthetic retinoids and antiandrogens, do not prevent progression of the disease.
Blue naevus with satellitosis mimicking malignant melanoma
Authors: Sahin MT , Demir MA , Yoleri L , Can M , Öztürkcan S 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBlue naevus is an acquired benign melanocytic naevus. It is a firm, sharply defined dark blue to grey–black papule or nodule, which is likely to arise from the arrested dermal melanocytes in the dermis. In the last few years, blue naevus has attracted much attention due to the recognition of new entities and to its confusion with malignant melanoma. We report a 69‐year‐old man who developed a blue–black nodular lesion with satellitosis on his scalp. Although clinically it was thought to be a malignant melanoma, histopathological investigation and conservative methods such as dermatoscopy and power Doppler ultrasonography did not confirm this diagnosis. Histopathological examination excluded malignant melanoma, as there were no cellular atypia and mitotic activity in either the nodular lesion or the satellitosis. Doppler ultrasonography confirmed the benign nature of the lesion. Dermatoscopic examination showed homogeneous steel‐blue pigmentation with individual blue globules, dots and some brown veils, and confirmed the histopathological diagnosis. To the best of our knowledge, our case is the third reported case of a blue naevus with satellitosis mimicking malignant melanoma.