bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wreckonomics Goes Viral?
Authors: Andersson Ruben , Keen David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chapter 8 elaborates the discussion of distorted knowledge environments by exploring how far the “wreckonomics” model applies beyond highly militaristic interventions. The case is the COVID-19 response and what can be learned from both its lockdown and “laissez-faire” incarnations. While often (understandably) treated as opposites, the chapter finds that these two extremes both exhibited “wreckonomic” tendencies, albeit to different degrees at different times. In looking at the intersection of COVID-19 responses and the much-maligned “culture wars,” it emphasizes that a key disadvantage in the various belligerent framings around COVID-19 is that they have narrowed the space for debate and dissent.
Mitigating the Costs of Combat with the Code of Conduct
Authors: Govern Kevin H. , Xenakis Stephen N. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In August 1955, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed into effect Executive Order 10631, which stated, “All members of the Armed Forces of the United States are expected to measure up to the standards embodied in the Code of Conduct while in combat or in captivity.” Specific training and instruction was given to the use of the Code. Since its signing, the Code has gone through only two modifications, notwithstanding the changes in the nature of conflict. In this chapter the authors advance the notion that the Code has become an integral part of developing and sustaining U.S. service members’ endurance, both emotional and physical, as the nature of conflict has changed. The authors also examine historical traditions and necessities that gave rise to the Code, which comprises readily identifiable, moral foundation principles by which individual U.S. service members may hold individuals and others to account for moral values in a purposeful and coherent codification.
Substance Use Disorders
Authors: Corcoran Jacqueline , Wolk Courtney Benjamin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Almost 4% of adolescents in the past year met criteria for a substance use disorder, which is characterized as mild, moderate, or severe, depending on the number of symptoms identified. These symptoms range from negative consequences of use to compulsive use despite serious consequences. Cannabis is the most abused substance among adolescents, and opioids are the most common drugs of misuse for adolescent females and the third most common for males. Adolescent substance use disorders may be part of a behavioral profile of dysregulated, antisocial, and aggressive behaviors, and therefore, the material in this chapter overlaps with information presented in Chapter 7. Effective treatments have been identified for this population of youths, but most presenting for services do not receive them, and many more youths never receive intervention at all. Social workers’ intersection with this population may occur in mental health treatment, specialized addiction services, and other social service settings, where they can promote the implementation of empirically supported interventions.
Nonsuicidal Self-Injury and Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors
Authors: Corcoran Jacqueline , Wolk Courtney Benjamin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses both nonsuicidal self-injury and suicidal thoughts and behavior because of their interrelationship and their high occurrence rates in adolescents. Suicide is the second leading cause of death among 15- to 29-year-olds globally. Depression and other comorbid conditions are often present, and risk factors have been identified, such as low socioeconomic status, early adversity and trauma, bullying, and family conflict, as well as a sense of hopelessness. A structured safety planning intervention can be undertaken for cases that do not require hospitalization. Social workers are also urged to discuss firearm safety with parents. Dialectical behavior therapy for adolescents (DBT-A) has been developed to treat adolescents and their families who deal with serious dysregulation, but a stepped-care approach needs more research, and less intensive programs are available for those who do not require or cannot access DBT-A.
Computational models
Authors: Manenti Riccardo , Motta Mario 
Published: October 2023

AbstractIn this chapter, we introduce the definitions of automata Turing machines. We present different flavors of Turing machines including deterministic, probabilistic, and multi-tape machines. We present several complexity classes, i.e. collections of problems that can be solved by a machine with similar resources, including the P and NP classes. We present the Church-Turing thesis, which states that if a problem can be solved by a physical machine, then it can also be solved by any deterministic Turing machine. In the last part of the chapter, we introduce quantum Turing machines and the quantum circuit model. We study the complexity class BQP. This is the class of problems that can be solved by a quantum computer with polynomial resources and a small error probability. Finally, we introduce QMA, the quantum version of the complexity class NP. We present the k-LOCAL problem, and we show that this problem is in QMA
Quantum circuits
Authors: Manenti Riccardo , Motta Mario 
Published: October 2023

AbstractIn this chapter, we describe the circuit model of quantum computation, focusing on the initialization of a set of qubits, their unitary evolution, and final projective measurement. We outline Di Vincenzo’s criteria for constructing a functional quantum computer. We describe single-qubit gates and measurements, and we present two-qubit gates. We prove that single-qubit gates and a particular two-qubit gate, the CNOT gate, are universal for quantum computation. In the last part of the chapter, we present the Clifford group of unitary transformations that stabilize the Pauli group, and the Gottesman-Knill theorem.
The Therapy of Reconciliation
Authors: Muldoon Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) as a healing operation. It seeks to explicate the meaning and the burdens of ‘healing’ in this context by reading the TRC in relation to two different biopolitical rationalities: pastoralism and governmentalism. It suggests that each of these is premised on a different understanding of healing and hence a different therapy for life. Whereas the first—championed by Desmond Tutu—looks to restore the communal ‘bundle of life’ through acts of moral generosity (apology and forgiveness), the second—embedded in the institutional structure of the TRC—looks to overcome emotional stagnation (impacted grief and repressed guilt) through societal catharsis. While the chapter agrees with many critics that the promotion of forgiveness in the TRC was deeply problematic, it argues that the ‘healing as catharsis’ model was even more ethically compromised in its manipulation of emotional life.
Conclusion
Authors: Muldoon Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The conclusion draws upon Albert Camus’ brilliant novel The Fall to make some summary observations about the return of memory and the perversity to which acts of repentance are subject. It assesses the claim, set out in the introduction, that the paradigm of restorative justice generally, and acts of sovereign repentance specifically, can be construed as an expression of an affirmative biopolitics in which care is extended to formerly denigrated life. Without seeking to diminish the significance of the efforts penitent states have made to correct their constitutional flaws, the chapter suggests the victims of past injustices may not be the principal beneficiary of public spectacles like political apology where the sovereign exposes itself in its crimes.
The Union Judicial System
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Gutman Kathleen , Nowak Janek Tomasz 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter elaborates on the Union judicial system. It highlights the primary role of the national courts in applying Union law in all cases between national authorities and natural or legal persons or between such persons and protecting the rights conferred on them by Union law. Additionally, it discusses the structure and the functioning of the Union Courts, that is, the Court of Justice and the General Court, along with the allocation of jurisdiction between them in the light of recent judicial reforms.
The Action for Annulment
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Gutman Kathleen , Nowak Janek Tomasz 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the action for annulment set out in Art. 263 TFEU, which enables all types of parties to protect themselves against unlawful binding acts of Union institutions, bodies, offices, and agencies. It considers how annulment is at the core of the system of judicial protection by allowing direct review of the legality of binding Union acts before the Union Courts. It evaluates matters relating to the admissibility of the action, with particular regard to the standing of natural and legal persons in the light of the changes brought about by the Lisbon Treaty, along with the parties, the grounds, and the consequences. Particular attention is devoted to the enforcement of Arts 101 and 102 TFEU, merger control, State aid, anti-dumping, banking union, public procurement, and access to documents.
Proceedings for Interim Measures Before the Union Courts
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Gutman Kathleen , Nowak Janek Tomasz 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the proceedings for interim measures before the Union Courts, which essentially constitute provisional legal protection granted in favour of a party before the main action is decided. It evaluates the types of interim measures which can be requested, the types of direct actions in which interim measures may be requested, and the ancillary and provisional nature of these proceedings. It also discusses the three main substantive requirements—a prima facie case, urgency, and the balance of interests—which must be satisfied in order for interim measures to be granted, and the possible imposition of financial penalties for non-compliance with the order of interim measures.
The Review Procedure
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Gutman Kathleen , Nowak Janek Tomasz 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks into the review procedure set out by Art. 256(2) and (3) TFEU. Decisions of the General Court may be subject to review by the Court of Justice if there is a serious risk of the unity or consistency of Union law being affected. Only the First Advocate General of the Court of Justice can take the initiative for a review of the General Court’s decisions when he or she considers that such risk exists. While the review procedure is currently dormant, it remains relevant insofar as the heads of jurisdiction conferred on the General Court under Art. 256(2) and (3) TFEU, in particular preliminary ruling jurisdiction, would be activated.
Hypotheses
Authors: Lyon Aidan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter uses the explication developed in the previous chapter to help delineate a logical space of hypotheses involving the concept of psychedelic experience. In particular, the chapter suggests that the practice of meditation and the consumption of psychedelics may tend to induce psychedelic experiences that reliably differ from each other with respect to the four dimensions of psychedelic space. As a broad brushstroke, the chapter hypothesises that meditation may tend to induce psychedelic experiences that are high in clarity and duration and low in scope and novelty. In contrast, the consumption of psychedelics may tend to induce experiences that are high in scope and novelty but low in clarity and duration. The chapter also proposes that psychedelic experiences can occur spontaneously and that such experiences may follow a power-law distribution: most spontaneous psychedelic experiences are only mildly psychedelic, but a rare few are extremely psychedelic (such as spontaneous mystical experiences).
Well-Being
Authors: Lyon Aidan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the thesis that the empirically observed benefits of meditation and psychedelics on well-being can be accounted for in terms of their tendency to reveal the mind. The chapter proposes a more general explanation that goes beyond psychedelic experience by utilising the conceptual framework of psychedelic space (developed in chapter 3). Briefly stated, the explanation is that psychedelics and meditation either promote mindfulness directly or create revelatory experiences that approximate temporary increases in mindfulness. To the extent that these experiences approximate temporary increases in mindfulness, they inherit the benefits to well-being that would otherwise result from genuine increases in mindfulness. Using this explanation, the chapter then considers the relationship between mystical-type experiences and well-being, and explores the possibility that this is mediated by revelations about one's self-nature.
Psychedelic Philosophy
Authors: Lyon Aidan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues for a novel approach to philosophy, one that incorporates psychedelic experiences into philosophical methodology. Whereas the previous chapters used the tools of philosophy to understand psychedelic experiences, this chapter flips things around and argues that we can use psychedelic experiences to enhance our philosophising. The chapter explains how three particular conceptions of wisdom -- sophia, Socrates' human wisdom, and Aristotle's practical wisdom -- can be enhanced by engaging with methods that cultivate psychedelic experiences (and enhancements of mindfulness). The chapter also reviews the existing empirical evidence in support of these claims.
American Mass Production and the Dawn of Italian Mass Culture
Authors: Bonsaver Guido 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThe focus of Chapter 3 is on America’s industrial output and its influence as a model of mass production in both manufacturing and the culture industry. After a discussion of the role of Camillo Olivetti as a young industrialist eager to learn lessons from America’s mass-production techniques, the study concentrates on two fields, the car and film industries, both of which developed in close contact with their American counterpart. Italy’s former capital Turin was at the centre of both phenomena, so the analysis concentrates in particular (but not exclusively) on this city. The chapter also dwells on the tensions between the two giants of world cinema—France and the USA—and the ways in which the Italian film industry fought to carve out its own identity as a late arrival on the scene. The chapter concludes by examining the adoption by Italian film-production companies of America’s most typical film genre, the western.
American Literature, Opera Librettos, and Pragmatism
Authors: Bonsaver Guido 
Published: October 2023

AbstractChapter 4 traces the features and channels of the initial appreciation of American literature by Italian intellectuals. The scarce knowledge of the English language among Italians had a direct influence on the discovery of American literature, since French translations regularly acted as a cultural go-between. Even the fact that millions of Italians migrated to the Americas in the decades around the turn of the century did not encourage better knowledge of English. This cultural resistance is also somehow connected to the near-absence of the theme of migration to the USA in the literary production of Italian authors. Despite the fact that millions of Italians were crossing the Atlantic, interest in the language and literature of those distant places and interest in representing the experience of migration remained minimal. The chapter also deals briefly with opera librettos, a genre that showed a similar tension between French and American influence. The final section discusses the interest shown by Italian intellectuals towards American pragmatist philosophy at the turn of the century. This involved a number of key figures in Italian culture, including the future leader of Italian Fascism, Benito Mussolini.
American Culture in Fascism’s Final Years, 1938–1943
Authors: Bonsaver Guido 
Published: October 2023

AbstractIn Chapter 10, the various cultural fields that have so far been examined separately come together to give a sense of the impact of the anti-American turn across the whole cultural spectrum. The turn took place in 1938, following Mussolini’s visit to Nazi Germany and his decision to step up Italy’s cultural autarky and prepare the country for war. Hollywood cinema was the most contested ground, but strong anti-American policies were introduced in other sectors too, from literature to music. The chapter’s first section tackles the regime’s attempted management of American culture next to the widening shadow of Nazi cultural policies. Beyond the cultural debate in the press, attention is paid to two themes that have cropped up in previous chapters: aviation and architecture. Both are connected with the image of modernity that the Fascist regime was attempting to project on the outside world. The second section looks at the world of letters: it examines the impact of the final years of the regime on foreign-language teaching, on the circulation of American literature, and on comics magazines. The two final sections are devoted respectively to the impact of anti-American measures on music and film.
The Pleasures of Memory in Shakespeare's Sonnets
Authors: Garrison John S. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThis book examines Shakespeare’s poetry as a case study for the mutually formative relationship between desire and recollection. Through a series of close readings that are both historically situated and informed by recent theory, the book traces how the speaker of the poems strives for a more agential relationship to his own memory by treating recollection as a form of narrative. Drawing together insights from cognitive science, the early modern memory arts, and psychoanalysis, the book connects the Sonnets to the larger Renaissance project of conceiving memory as a faculty to be developed and managed through self-discipline and through rhetoric. In doing so, The Pleasures of Memory in Shakespeare’s Sonnets reveals how early modern thought predicted many theories that have emerged in contemporary neuroscientific and psychoanalytic understandings of the self and its pursuit of pleasure. The Sonnets emerge as a collection that contemplates the affective dimensions and conceptual overlaps that bind anticipation to retrospection in the pursuit of erotic pleasure. The book showcases Shakespeare’s most beloved sonnets as well as less familiar ones, and also discusses contemporary adaptations of the poems. The book further brings the Sonnets into the present by engaging with contemporary treatments of pleasure and memory by authors such as C. P. Cavafy, Toni Morrison, William Faulkner, and Michael Ondaatje. This volume will appeal to students and scholars working on Shakespeare’s poetry as well as to a broader audience of readers interested in affect studies, memory studies, and sexuality studies.
Embracing Absence
Authors: Garrison John S. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThis chapter begins by considering the evocative apostrophe to absence itself in Sonnet 39. When we recognize the absence of the beloved as a persistent theme, Shakespeare’s Sonnets suggest that the absence associated with mourning and unfulfilled romantic longing should not be taken as entirely negative. The chapter considers John Benson’s treatment of Sonnet 97, Sonnet 98, and Sonnet 99 as a single poem in his 1640 edition of Shakespeare’s Sonnets. The speaker of the Sonnets at times seems to prefer the beloved in his absence as he can explore strategies for new forms of erotic experience that find longing—not union—as the marker for the most heightened form of pleasure fueled by memory.
Fear, Shock, and Spending Control under the Major Government, 1992‒1997
Authors: Hood Christopher , King Maia , McLean Iain , Piotrowska Barbara Maria 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Starting with a vignette about a 1994 review of Defence spending (‘Front Line First’) that aimed to cut spending without reducing front-line defence capability and involved an informal political deal allowing the department to keep savings above a specified sum, this chapter tells the story of what happened to the fiscal constitution and public spending under John Major’s Conservative government. Shortly after that government was unexpectedly re-elected in 1992 the main plank of its economic policy (membership of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism) suddenly collapsed, leaving it with a £50bn budgetary deficit instead of the surplus it had expected. Against that background, spending control changes discussed in this chapter include: a new way of controlling non-cyclical spending; a ‘unified budget’ with just one fiscal event a year; and a zero-based review of the Treasury which aimed to replace detailed financial oversight from the centre with a more ‘strategic’ approach.
Yesterday’s Tomorrows
Authors: Hood Christopher , King Maia , McLean Iain , Piotrowska Barbara Maria 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Starting with a vignette about how a forecast budget surplus for 1993–1994 suddenly turned into a £50bn deficit, this chapter shows how institutional arrangements for fiscal reporting and forecasting changed over the period, with the creation of an independent forecasters group from 1993 to 1997, the use of the National Audit Office as a validator of forecasting assumptions from 1998 to 2010, and from 2010 the independent Office for Budget Responsibility producing fiscal reports and forecasts. The chapter compares forecasts to outcomes for all three regimes (suggesting that OBR’s forecasting errors were more evenly divided between optimism and pessimism than its predecessor regimes) and shows how longer-term 1990s forecasts of ‘fiscal sustainability’ compared to outturns two decades later. It concludes that the 1993–1994 forecasting error described in the vignette was not just a once-in-a-century event and that gaps between forecast and outturn did not disappear even in non-crisis times.
Conclusion and Epilogue
Authors: Hood Christopher , King Maia , McLean Iain , Piotrowska Barbara Maria 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Returning to questions raised in Chapter One, this chapter argues that there were important continuities in the UK’s fiscal constitution over the period, that the rules of the game were often indeterminate or selectively applied; and that classification was central to that spending game. It then comments on three major political ‘eruptions’ in the UK coming after the period covered by the study, but likely to affect public spending for years to come. They are: the UK’s exit from the European Union in 2020; the coronavirus pandemic that upended the public finances on a scale not seen since World War II; and the question mark over the future political geography of the British islands highlighted by successive SNP electoral victories in Scotland. The chapter concludes by looking ahead at possible future prospects for the fiscal constitution, and explores four different possible ways in which that constitution might develop in coming decades.