bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
1 Applying a dimensional framework to the study of developmental neurotoxicity
Authors: Krzeczkowski John 
Published: December 2023

Objective:In recent decades, a large body of evidence has linked prenatal exposure to environmental neurotoxins to adverse intellectual, neurodevelopmental, and psychiatric outcomes in offspring. This evidence has clearly highlighted the widespread impact of neurotoxin exposure on the developing brain; however, it is unclear how and why these exposures alter brain development in a way that appears to increase risk for multiple, seemingly disparate outcomes.Participants and Methods:Shifting our focus from describing links between neurotoxin exposure and symptoms of offspring mental/cognitive problems considered categorically, to investigating how neurotoxins adversely affect domains of functioning known to cut across risk for multiple problems in offspring may be critical to answering these questions. This presentation will discuss how combining research in developmental neurotoxicology with novel systems that take dimensional approaches to understanding emotions, cognition, and behaviour (i.e., the NIHM Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)) may provide a fruitful future research direction for the field. The RDoC framework aims to understand neuropsychological outcomes (i.e., mental health, mental illness, IQ) across major domains of human emotion, cognition, behaviour, and social functioning, rather than within distinct diagnostic categories.Results:Using lead exposure as an example, this presentation will outline a framework for how researchers can use this dimensional approach to develop more specific hypotheses that can reveal how and why neurotoxin exposure increases risk for multiple adverse outcomes and elucidate the mechanisms that may underly these links.Conclusions:Additionally, given that adverse development within domains of functioning can be detected prior to the onset of full-blown diagnoses, this research could enable us to develop more precise, targeted prevention and risk reduction campaigns. Adopting a dimensional framework will provide a more complete picture of the overall impact of prenatal exposure to neurotoxins - critical for informing public health policy.
14 A Potential Behavioral Sign for Detection of Mild HIV-Related Neuropsychological Impairment
Authors: Pomeroy Maiko Sakamoto , Kashiwazaki Takato , Tsurumi Jundai , Giovannetti Tania , Yamaguchi Takehiko 
Published: December 2023

Objective:Even though the severity of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) has decreased with the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy, mild forms of HAND remain prevalent. Many HIV-infected individuals live alone, so mild cognitive impairments are easily missed. It is important to check their neurocognitive and everyday functions during hospital visits; however, it is challenging for Japanese clinicians because many hospitals do not have enough clinical psychologists or neuropsychologists. Additionally, neuropsychological (NP) test results may not detect those mild cognitive impairments. A micro error has been given more attention as a new behavioral sign of the early stages of cognitive decline, especially among people with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). The current study aimed to 1) develop a touch-panel HAND screening battery and 2) evaluate if the micro errors could differentiate individuals with HAND from their counterpart healthy individuals.Participants and Methods:Forty HIV-infected men (age: 49.0±8.51 years old, education: 18.5±2.17 years) and 44 healthy men (age: 45.4±8.49 years old, education: 14.4±2.27 years) completed the touch-panel HAND screening battery which assessed six NP domains by seven subtests, everyday functions, and depression. A micro error is defined as a subtle action disruption or hesitation occurring immediately before making final actions. We evaluated the micro errors in short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM) of verbal learning tests (VLT).Results:Mann Whitney U tests revealed that the HIV+ group made significantly more micro errors on both STM (HIV+: 1.45±0.90 times, Healthy: 0.52±0.84 times) and LTM (HIV+: 1.85±0.73 times, Healthy: 1.29±0.71 times) than the healthy group (STM: W=1362, p< .001, Effect Size (EF)= .548; LTM: W=1199.5, p= .002, EF= .363). An independent samples T-test showed that the HAND group made significantly more micro errors than the non-HAND group (t=1.822, p= .038, ES= .595) on STM; moreover, the Asymptomatic Neurocognitive Impairment (ANI) group made significantly more micro errors than the healthy group (W=446, p< .001, ES= .689). On LTM, no significant micro error differences between HAND and non-HAND (W=184.5, p= .539, ES= -.189) nor between ANI and healthy group (W=327.5, p= .103, ES= .241) were found.Conclusions:The present study suggests that a novel behavioral measure, micro errors, may be able to help detect even the mildest form of HAND, ANI. Given that the touch-panel HAND screening battery consists of NP and IADL tests, it is important to evaluate micro errors on these various measures. Additionally, the touch-panel screening battery requires minimal administrative staff involvement, which could be beneficial for busy HIV clinicians.
34 Machine Learning Predicts Time to Dementia Conversion in Cognitively Normal Subjects
Authors: Brickell Emily E , Whitford Andrew , Boettcher Anneliese 
Published: December 2023

Objective:Identification of pre-clinical Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is necessary for the development of future disease-modifying treatments, which would ideally target pre-clinical stages to mitigate functional loss. Despite advanced in biomarker development, clinical trials are still without a non-invasive and cost-effective means of identifying pre-symptomatic subjects who are at high risk for eventual conversion to AD. In previous work, we developed a machine learning algorithm using neuropsychological test scores and health history to identify subjects at high risk for eventual conversion. Here, we examine the performance of a similar algorithm in predicting the timing of that conversion in years.Participants and Methods:Data were obtained from the National Alzheimer’s Coordination Center (NACC) Uniform Data Set (UDS) version 3.0. Subjects with normal cognition at baseline were used to train a multi-class Random Forest classifier to predict conversion to AD. Each subject could be classified as a short-, mid-, or long-term converter (0-3 years, 4 to 6 years, and 7 to 9 years, respectively) or as a non-converter, if no dementia diagnosis was given within ten years of baseline. Predictors included baseline demographics, basic medical history, and neuropsychological test results. Algorithms were evaluated using standard, cross-validated performance metrics.Results:Multi-class Matthews correlation coefficient between predicted time to diagnosis and the ground truth averaged 0.26 +/- 0.06 across 100 cross validation splits. Prediction accuracy exceeded 0.67 in all cases, when computed for each class individually, and was greatest for the short-term (0.75) and nonconverter (0.78) classes.Conclusions:Machine-learning algorithms applied to neuropsychological, demographic, and medical history information were able to predict the eventual timing of conversion to dementia in cognitively healthy adults significantly better than chance. Results were most accurate when predicting shorter time to conversion. Results illustrate the potential of this data analytic approach for targeted recruitment in clinical trials.
46 Intrusions in Verbal Fluency Tasks in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: A Longitudinal Analysis
Authors: Shihadeh Layaly , Rosselli Monica 
Published: December 2023

Objective:Research shows intrusions in memory tests can predict cognitive impairment in abnormal aging. However, there still is a need for additional research regarding the association of intrusions in verbal fluency tasks and clinical diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment, and dementia. The aim of this research is to determine if there is an association between intrusion totals in verbal fluency tasks and diagnosis, longitudinally (across 3 years), if there are significant differences between category and phonemic fluency tasks in intrusion total scores, and if progression from cognitively normal (CN) to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia and from MCI to dementia can be indicated through differences in intrusion scores.Participants and Methods:Participants were recruited from the Memory Disorders Center at Wien Center for Alzheimer’s Disease and Memory Disorders at Mount Sinai Medical Center in Miami, Florida to take part in the ongoing 1Florida Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center (ADRC) project. At baseline, participants had an average of 15 years of education (M = 15.00, SD = 3.65), were an average of 72.24 years old (M = 72.24, SD = 7.99), and were 62.93% female. At baseline (Visit/ year 1), there were 88 CN, 229 MCI, and 58 dementia participants. Participants were asked to complete Categorical and Phonemic verbal fluency tasks in which correct words said and intrusions were collected. Intrusion totals were quantified as the sum of intrusions within each subsection of the tasks (i.e., fruits, vegetables, and animals for the category; F, L, A, S for phonemic). Intrusion totals and correct words were analyzed across diagnostic groups and progressor vs. non-progressor groups.Results:Results indicated that intrusions are significantly associated with diagnosis in Phonemic fluency tasks, however, this was not the case for Category fluency tasks. Higher phonemic fluency task intrusions were associated with more severe cognitive decline. In progressor versus non-progressor groups there were no significant differences in intrusion totals. Lower correct scores for category and phonemic fluency tasks were found to be significantly associated with increased severity of diagnosis. Lower correct scores also significantly predicted progressor classification.Conclusions:These findings suggest possible association of higher intrusion errors in verbal fluency tasks with more severe cognitive decline. Although these indications were significant, further research exploring intrusions and cognitive diagnosis are still needed.
51 Word Fluency Association Task (WFAT) Performance in Adolescents with Mild-Type Schizophrenia
Authors: Shvedovskiy Evgeny , Natalia Zvereva , Balakireva Elena 
Published: December 2023

Objective:Schizophrenia is often disguised as a crisis of adolescence. We want to understand how schizophrenia manifests itself in speech. We expect the difference in the Word Fluency Association Task (WFAT) in Normality Index and Time Delay.Participants and Methods:The analyses data was collected by the WFAT (authored by V.Kritskaya). WFAT actualize speech connections based on past experience. Stimuli - various syllables of 2-letters (20 pcs.), 3-letters (30 pcs.), varying in frequency of use (compiled on the basis of the Corpuses of the Russian language). Instruction: “Now I will tell you a syllable, your task is to complete the proposed syllable to words as quickly as possible, your words must be real”. For study purposes we subdivided the sample into two subgroups: 12-14 years, 15-17 years. For statistical analysis we used U-criterion, Mann-Whitney. Analyzed parameters:Normality index (NI) - the ratio of productive nouns to the amount of the standard associationsTime delay (TD) - response delay of the subject (sec., millisec.)Study involved 57 participants: 27 adolescents with schizophrenia (Cl_G) aged from 12 to 18 years, assessed in the hospital setting (DS: F20.xx, F21.xx) and 30 normotypal peers (Co_G) assessed in the school setting. Exclusion criteria: patients in the acute psychotic phase, left-handers.Results:NI grouped with the following rates: subgroup 1- Co_G 70,4, Cl_G 58,5, subgroup 2 - Co_G 65,2, Cl_G 56,1 There was no statistically significant difference between Cl_g Co_g in NI (P=0,000 and p=0,002 respectively). TD grouped with the following rates: subgroup 1-Co_G 2,42, Cl_G 22,63, subgroup 2 - Co_G 4,48, Cl_G 3,14 There was statistically significant difference between Cl_g Co_g in TD (P=0,432 and p=0,25 respectively).Conclusions:Temporal indicators of cognitive activity differ in the clinical and control groups, which testifies to the significance of this indicator in the context of WFAT. There is no difference in terms of semantics. However, we expect to see it, because such difference has previously been shown in a group of adult patients with a severe type of schizophrenia. In the future, we would like to expand the group and select additional methods that evaluate the semantic component.
Plenary G: The Faithful Brain
Authors: Grafman Jordan 
Published: December 2023

Abstract & Learning ObjectivesReligion's neural underpinnings have long been a topic of speculation and debate, but an emerging neuroscience of religion is beginning to clarify which regions of the brain integrate moral, ritual, and supernatural religious beliefs with functionally adaptive responses. In my presentation, I will review evidence indicating that religious cognition involves a complex interplay among the brain regions underpinning cognitive control, social reasoning, social motivations, emotion, reinforcement, and ideological beliefs. I will then conclude my presentation by summarizing current and future research efforts and why searching for God in the brain is critical to our understanding of human behavior.Upon conclusion of this course, learners will be able to:
1.Summarize the methods used to study the neural basis of religious belief.
THE PRO--SOLVABLE TOPOLOGY ON A FREE GROUP
Authors: MARION CLAUDE , SILVA PEDRO V. , TRACEY GARETH 
Published: December 2023

AbstractWe prove that, given a finitely generated subgroup H of a free group F, the following questions are decidable: is H closed (dense) in F for the pro-(met)abelian topology? Is the closure of H in F for the pro-(met)abelian topology finitely generated? We show also that if the latter question has a positive answer, then we can effectively construct a basis for the closure, and the closure has decidable membership problem in any case. Moreover, it is decidable whether H is closed for the pro-
$\mathbf {V}$
topology when
$\mathbf {V}$
is an equational pseudovariety of finite groups, such as the pseudovariety
$\mathbf {S}_k$
of all finite solvable groups with derived length
$\leq k$
. We also connect the pro-abelian topology with the topologies defined by abelian groups of bounded exponent.
Marginalization by Proxy: Voter Evaluations at the Intersection of Candidate Identity and Community Ties
Authors: Bell Ryan , Borelli Gabriel 
Published: December 2023

AbstractWe apply an intersectional framework to explore how connections to marginalized communities interact with candidate demographics to shape vote choice in U.S. politics. In an original experiment manipulating candidates’ race, gender, sexuality, and endorsements, we show that endorsements by organizations advocating for marginalized communities shape voter evaluations to the same, if not greater, degree as candidate demographics. Moreover, the effects are particularly pronounced for candidates receiving an endorsement from an LGBT advocacy organization. Attitudes toward marginalized communities are mapped onto candidates with ties to those communities, whether the candidate is a member or not; we call this process associational affect. Identity has a complex role in shaping vote choice, and, absent an investigation of power and interlocking social hierarchies, it alone is insufficient to explain vote choice.
“El Principal Enemigo Nacional”: Revolutionary Guatemala's Response to Allied Policy toward German Presence in Latin America (1944–1952)
Authors: Véliz Estrada Rodrigo 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThis article examines the migration and expropriation policies of Guatemala's revolutionary governments toward Germans present in the country during the postwar years and the start of the Cold War. It reconstructs the challenges around the domestic and international articulations of their strategy. Revolutionary governments’ concerted efforts to confiscate valuable land and condition the return of German-Guatemalans classified as ‘dangerous’ can be interpreted as part of a cohesive plan to regain control of strategic domestic resources for future redistribution. It also reflects financial policies that have both electoral and financial purposes. The article is built around newly available judicial, legislative, and consular (France) Guatemalan sources, along with personal letters from Guatemala's top politicians, and complemented by Mexican, Chilean, Argentine, British, and US diplomatic documents. In methodological terms, this article shows the importance of articulating long-term processes, here the nineteenth-century German presence in Guatemala, in the context of historical junctures such as the end of World War II and the beginning of the Cold War. It also draws attention to the importance of analyzing events on domestic, regional and global scales to understand foreign policy-making. This article enriches an already complex set of global, regional, and domestic interactions of the postwar period, as well as the role of Guatemala during that time.
The Relationship Between the Menstrual Cycle, Oral Contraceptives,	and Executive Function – Inhibition, Updating, and	Shifting
Authors: Kowalczyk Melanie , Kornacka Monika , Wisiecka Katarzyna , Młyniec Agnieszka , Redeł Anna , Szwykowska-Ziemniak Maria , Krejtz Izabela 
Published: December 2023

Abstract: Previous research suggests a link between oral contraceptives and cognitive functioning in women, yet the results are contradictory and limited by methodological inconsistencies. This is the first meta-analysis of studies comparing naturally cycling women with women taking oral contraceptives on measures testing three executive functions: inhibition, updating, and shifting. We conducted a systematic literature search. Sixteen articles were included which were either cross-sectional or experimental and compared executive functions between women taking oral contraceptives ( n = 588) or cycling naturally ( n = 594). The average sample size was n = 32.33 for oral contraceptives users and n = 31.34 for naturally cycling women with ranges going from 8 to 144 participants per study. The age range of participants in all the studies taken together was between 18 for the youngest participant and 50 years old for the oldest participant with a mean age of M = 21.97, SD = 2.28. The studies presented a mixture of androgenic and anti-androgenic oral contraceptives which were rarely analyzed as separate groups. We ran a multivariate meta-analysis model to estimate the effect size of 66 comparisons in executive functioning between the groups taking oral contraceptives and the groups of naturally cycling women. Overall, the effect size of differences in executive functioning between groups was not significant: d = 0.044, SE = 0.0713, 95% CI [−0.0959, 0.1839], z = 0.62; p = 0.54. The analysis of the cycle phases and types of executive functions as moderators was not significant, however, the studies assessed as having a lower quality increased the overall effect. Our analysis indicates no difference between oral contraceptive users and naturally cycling women on core executive functions but the high amount of heterogeneity might reflect a high level of methodological diversity. Implications for research design and methodology are discussed.
Sub‐Hourly Observations of Dust Storm Growth, Lee Waves, and Lyot Crater, by the EMM Camera EXI
Authors: Gebhardt C. , Guha B. K. , Young R. M. B. , Wolff M. J. , Edwards C. S. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractWe explore a sequence of 13 unique high‐cadence images of a dust storm, from the Emirates Mars Mission (EMM). The Emirates eXploration Imager camera took these images in less than 8 hr on 18 December 2022 (Martian Year 36, solar longitude 356°). Most of these images are separated by a time difference of half an hour. The region of interest extends from Lyot crater to the east. During the morning, the EMM images show lee waves (atmospheric gravity waves). In the late morning, the lee waves rapidly change into clearly distinct dust storm texture/convective features. We track the evolution of both lee waves and a local dust storm between sunrise and mid‐afternoon. Also, we relate our observations to atmospheric dynamics. Our analysis is supported by the Mars Climate Database and radio occultation measurement data.
Properties of Magnetohydrodynamic Normal Modes in the Earth's Magnetosphere
Authors: Hartinger M. D. , Elsden T. , Archer M. O. , Takahashi K. , Wright A. N. , Artemyev A. , Zhang X. , Angelopoulos V. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe Earth's magnetosphere supports a variety of Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) normal modes with Ultra Low Frequencies (ULF) including standing Alfvén waves and cavity/waveguide modes. Their amplitudes and frequencies depend in part on the properties of the magnetosphere (size of cavity, wave speed distribution). In this work, we use ∼13 years of Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms satellite magnetic field observations, combined with linearized MHD numerical simulations, to examine the properties of MHD normal modes in the region L > 5 and for frequencies <80 mHz. We identify persistent normal mode structure in observed dawn sector power spectra with frequency‐dependent wave power peaks like those obtained from simulation ensemble averages, where the simulations assume different radial Alfvén speed profiles and magnetopause locations. We further show with both observations and simulations how frequency‐dependent wave power peaks at L > 5 depend on both the magnetopause location and the location of peaks in the radial Alfvén speed profile. Finally, we discuss how these results might be used to better model radiation belt electron dynamics related to ULF waves.
Comprehensive Analysis of the NOAA National Water Model: A Call for Heterogeneous Formulations and Diagnostic Model Selection
Authors: Johnson J. Michael , Fang Shiqi , Sankarasubramanian Arumugam , Rad Arash Modaresi , Kindl da Cunha Luciana , Jennings Keith S. , Clarke Keith C. , Mazrooei Amir , Yeghiazarian Lilit 
Published: December 2023

AbstractWith an increasing number of continental‐scale hydrologic models, the ability to evaluate performance is key to understanding uncertainty and making improvements to the model(s). We hypothesize that any model, running a single set of physics, cannot be “properly” calibrated for the range of hydroclimatic diversity as seen in the contenintal United States. Here, we evaluate the NOAA National Water Model (NWM) version 2.0 historical streamflow record in over 4,200 natural and controlled basins using the Nash‐Sutcliffe Efficiency metric decomposed into relative performance, and conditional, and unconditional bias. Each of these is evaluated in the contexts of meteorologic, landscape, and anthropogenic characteristics to better understand where the model does poorly, what potentially causes the poor performance, and what similarities systemically poor performing areas share. The primary objective is to pinpoint traits in places with good/bad performance and low/high bias. NWM relative performance is higher when there is high precipitation, snow coverage (depth and fraction), and barren area. Low relative skill is associated with high potential evapotranspiration, aridity, moisture‐and‐energy phase correlation, and forest, shrubland, grassland, and imperviousness area. We see less bias in locations with high precipitation, moisture‐and‐energy phase correlation, barren, and grassland areas and more bias in areas with high aridity, snow coverage/fraction, and urbanization. The insights gained can help identify key hydrological factors underpinning NWM predictive skill; enforce the need for regionalized parameterization and modeling; and help inform heterogenous modeling systems, like the NOAA Next Generation Water Resource Modeling Framework, to enhance ongoing development and evaluation.