bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of multigrid method to lightwave propagation in two‐dimensional optical waveguide
Authors: Yokota Mitsuhiro , Sugio Naomi 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe multigrid method widely used in computational fluid dynamics is applied to the problem of propagation of an optical wave in an optical waveguide. This method is a technique for accelerating the convergence speed of the relaxation method. The electromagnetic field components contain various frequency components. Higher‐frequency components contain local effects of the shape. On the other hand, the lower‐frequency components contain more global aspects. By using this phenomenon, the discretized equations are made to reduce errors corresponding to the grid size. As a numerical example, linear and nonlinear directional couplers are treated and the effects of the number of levels and the number of iterations in the multigrid method are studied. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 86(7): 14–22, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10131
Improved resolution of thick‐film resist (effect of development technique)
Authors: Sensu Yoshihisa , Sekiguchi Atsushi , Miyake Yasuhiro 
Published: June 2003

AbstractIn view of the fact that little analysis of the mechanism for the achievement of high resolution or a high aspect ratio in the thick‐film resist process has been performed, we have studied development properties with respect to differences between the development methods employed for pattern formation using thick‐film resists. This study identifies the most effective development method for thick‐film resists and reports the mechanism of development. For this investigation, we use a development rate measurement system, a mask aligner, and lithography simulator to examine the dipping development method, the step puddle development method, the vibration development method, and the reverse development method. We employ a thick‐film positive resist composed of diazo‐naphthoquinone (DNQ) and Novolak resin, which is coated on a silicon substrate to a thickness of 24 µm. After prebaking, the coated substrate is placed in a vacuum desiccator to remove water, followed by immersion in deionized water for a fixed period. A mask pattern is transferred to the resist‐coated substrate with a Mask Aligner Q4000 made by Quintel Corporation, and then the rate of development is measured. A laser microscope analysis of the result indicates that the step puddle development method gives the highest pattern resolution and sharpness, followed by the vibration development method, the dipping development method, and lastly the reverse development method. The mechanisms of the development are studied by comparing the development contrast and the energy of activation involved in each development method, and by conducting resist pattern simulations. The results indicate that the factors responsible for retarding the progression of the development process and causing a degradation of pattern profile and resolution are development inhibition due to N2 released from inside the resist during the development process, and due to products that are dissolved in the development solution. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 86(7): 1–13, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10141
Surface defects on SOI wafers and their influence on device characteristics
Authors: Naruoka Hideki , Hattori Nobuyoshi , Iwamatsu Toshiaki , Ipposhi Takashi , Sudo Mitsuro , Nakai Tetsuya , Yamamoto Hidekazu , Mashiko Yoji 
Published: June 2003

AbstractWe have classified the surface defects present in two kinds of wafers processed by high‐dose separation by implanted oxygen (HD‐SIMOX), for which the starting substrates were grown by the Czochralski (CZ) and epitaxial (EPI) methods, respectively. Our classification included several kinds of categories, based on our investigations of the densities and distributions of these defects. In addition, we varied the shapes of the defects by sacrificing the oxide layers, and investigated their cross‐sectional structure. The two main classes of surface defects are pit‐type defects and undulation‐type defects. Our view is that the former are attributable to grown‐in defects such as crystal‐originated particles (COPs), the latter to the behavior of these particles during the implantation and SIMOX anneal stages. We also investigated the influence of surface defects on the integrity of the oxide layer and the quality of the buried‐oxide (BOX) material. We found that some undulation‐type defects that lose the silicon‐on‐insulator (SOI) layer during the thinning process can degrade the oxide film integrity, while those defects that lose both the BOX layer and the SOI layer during the thinning process can lead to both degradation of the oxide film integrity and BOX leakage. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 86(7): 64–72, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.1125
Organic EL device using SrOx as an electron injection material
Authors: Tanaka Kuniaki , Maeda Kenji , Usui Hiroaki 
Published: June 2003

AbstractStrontium oxide (SrOx) is known as an alkaline‐earth metal oxide that has a low work function. We have prepared an organic EL device with an ITO/PVCz (polyvinylcarbazole)/Alq/SrOx/Al structure. SrOx was stacked as an electron injection layer on the Alq (aluminum quinolinol complex) emission layer by means of a reactive vapor deposition method by evaporating metallic strontium under an oxygen atmosphere. By inserting the SrOx film of less than 5 nm in thickness, significant improvements were achieved in the device properties, including luminance, lifetime, threshold voltage, and efficiency. XPS measurement and AFM analysis showed that the film morphology of the SrOx layer had an island structure. The oxidation of SrOx was enhanced by setting the oxygen partial pressure for the reactive vapor deposition to 10−3 to 10−2 Pa, which yielded the optimum EL properties. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 86(7): 73–80, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.1126
Synthesis of N,N‐Disubstituted 1‐Cyanocyclopropanecarboxamides
Authors: Yamagata Kenji , Okabe Fumi , Tagawa Yoshinobu 
Published: June 2003

Abstract2‐(Disubstituted amino)‐4,5‐dihydro‐3‐furancarbonitriles 1a−i reacted with acetyl chloride to yield the corresponding ring‐opening products 2a−i. The cyclization of compounds 2a−f with bases gave the corresponding N,N‐disubstituted 1‐cyanocyclopropanecarboxamides 3a−c and (E)‐1‐cyano‐2‐phenylcyclopropanecarboxamides 3d−f. The same compounds 3d−f were also obtained by treatment of compounds 2g−i with sodium methoxide. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Synthesis and Photochromism of Novel Chromene Derivatives Bearing a Monoazacrown Ether Moiety
Authors: Ahmed Saleh A. , Tanaka Mutsuo , Ando Hisanori , Iwamoto Hitoshi , Kimura Keiichi 
Published: June 2003

AbstractCrowned chromenes − four novel naphthopyrans (chromenes) bearing monoaza‐12‐crown‐4, ‐15‐crown‐5, ‐18‐crown‐6, and a noncyclic analogue at the 5‐position − were synthesized, and their photochromism in acetonitrile was examined in the presence of alkali and alkaline‐earth metal ions. Incorporation of crown ether units to chromene moieties facilitated to a great extent both the thermal isomerization and photoisomerization of the chromene moiety, reflecting the metal‐ion‐binding ability of the crown ether moiety. Comparison of the crowned chromenes with the corresponding crowned spirobenzopyrans reveals that photochromism of the crowned chromene reflects an interaction between the metal ion and the crown ether moiety that is stronger than that of the crowned spirobenzopyran, and shows only positive photochromism with significant red‐shifts in the UV/Vis absorption spectra, in contrast to the crowned spirobenzopyrans reported previously. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Preparation of 1‐Ethynylpyrene‐Modified DNA via Sonogashira‐Type Solid‐Phase Couplings and Characterization of the Fluorescence Properties for Electron‐Transfer Studies
Authors: Rist Manuela , Amann Nicole , Wagenknecht Hans‐Achim 
Published: June 2003

AbstractA range of 1‐ethynylpyrene‐modified oligonucleotides (Py−≡−dU) has been prepared by a special semi‐automated strategy using Sonogashira‐type cross‐coupling conditions in the solid phase. The absorption and fluorescence properties of the Py−≡−dU‐modified single strands and their corresponding double‐stranded duplexes have been characterized. The presented spectra show that the Py−≡−dU emission is quenched in DNA duplexes bearing a thymine or cytosine adjacent to the Py−≡−dU group. This shows that the Py−≡−dU moiety is able to inject an electron into the base stack while simultaneously acting as a spectroscopic label to enable the observation of these processes. Hence, Py−≡−dU‐modified oligonucleotides are promising donor systems in order to study electron injection and electron transport in DNA spectroscopically. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Cover Picture: The Effect of High Pressure on the Heck Reaction − A Contribution to a Deeper Understanding of the Mechanism (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 13/2003)
Authors: Buback Michael , Perković Thomas , Redlich Stefan , Meijere Armin de 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe cover picture shows the influence of high pressure on the Heck cross‐coupling reaction. As reflected by its generally accepted mechanism, this palladium‐catalyzed reaction proceeds in a number of distinctly different steps, some of which ought to be retarded by high pressure. Yet, the overall effect leads to a significant acceleration, and the reaction has a negative volume of activation. The kinetic parameters were determined by monitoring the reaction in a massive metal cylinder − as seen in the background − by on‐line FT‐IR spectroscopy. Details are discussed in the article by A. de Meijere et al. on p. 2375 ff.
The flame retardant mechanism of polyolefins modified with chalk and silicone elastomer
Authors: Hermansson Anna , Hjertberg Thomas , Sultan Bernt‐Åke 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThis paper presents the current understanding of the flame retardant mechanism of Casico™. The study includes the flame retardant effect of each individual component: ethylene–acrylate copolymer, chalk and silicone elastomer, as well as the formation of an intumescent structure during heating. The flame retardant properties were investigated by cone calorimetry and oxygen index tests. To obtain insight into the flame retardant mechanism, heat treatment under different conditions has also been performed. The results indicate that the flame retardant mechanism of Casico is complex and is related to a number of reactions, e.g. ester pyrolysis of acrylate groups, formation of carbon dioxide by reaction between carboxylic acid and chalk, ionomer formation and formation of an intumescent structure stabilized by a protecting char. Special emphasis is given to the formation of the intumescent structure and its molecular structure as evaluated from 13C MAS‐NMR and 29Si MAS‐NMR, ESCA and XRD analysis. After treatment at 500°C the intumescent structure consists mainly of silicon oxides and calcium carbonate and after treatment at 1000°C the intumescent structure consists of calcium silicate, calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maintaining the stability of a leapfrog scheme in the presence of source terms
Authors: Kim Cheolwan 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe instability encountered by applying the upwind leapfrog method to the advection equation having a source term is resolved. The source term is eliminated by transforming the governing equation. Two types of transformation are examined and the method of the space transformation leads to a stable and accurate scheme for the one‐dimensional advection equation. The method is also extended to the two‐dimensional acoustic equations in polar co‐ordinates. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new VOF‐based numerical scheme for the simulation of fluid flow with free surface. Part I: New free surface‐tracking algorithm and its verification
Authors: Kim Min Soo , Lee Woo Il 
Published: June 2003

AbstractNumerical simulation of fluid flow with moving free surface has been performed. For the free surface flow, a volume of fluid (VOF)‐based algorithm utilizing a fixed grid system has been investigated. In order to reduce numerical smearing at the free surface represented on a fixed grid system, a new free surface‐tracking algorithm based on the donor–acceptor scheme has been proposed. Novel features of the proposed algorithm are characterized by two numerical tools; the orientation vector to represent the free surface orientation in each cell and the baby‐cell to determine the fluid volume flux at each cell boundary. The proposed algorithm can be easily implemented in any irregular non‐uniform grid systems usually encountered in the finite element method (FEM). Moreover, the proposed algorithm can be extended and applied to the 3D free surface flow problems without additional efforts. For computation of unsteady incompressible flow, a finite element approximation based on the explicit fractional step method has been adopted. In addition, the streamline upwind/Petrov–Galerkin (SUPG) method has been implemented to deal with convection dominated flows. Combination of the proposed free surface‐tracking scheme and the explicit fractional step formulation resulted in an efficient solution algorithm. Validity of the present solution algorithm was demonstrated from its application to the broken dam and the solitary wave propagation problems. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive strategy of transonic flows over vibrating blades with interblade phase angles
Authors: Yang S. Y. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractAn error indicator and a locally implicit scheme with anisotropic dissipation model on dynamic quadri‐ lateral–triangular mesh are developed to study transonic flows over vibrating blades with interblade phase angles. In the Cartesian co‐ordinate system, the unsteady Euler equations with moving domain effects are solved. The error indicator, in which unified magnitudes of dynamic grid speed, substantial derivative of pressure, and substantial derivative of vorticity magnitude are incorporated to capture the unsteady wave behaviours and vortex‐shedding phenomena due to unsteadiness. To assess the accuracy of the locally implicit scheme with anisotropic dissipation model on quadrilateral–triangular mesh, two flow calculations are performed. Based on the comparison with the related numerical and experimental data, the accuracy of the present approach is confirmed. According to the high‐resolutional result on the adaptive mesh, the unsteady pressure wave, shock and vortex‐shedding behaviours are clearly demonstrated. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of under‐relaxation factors on turbulent flow simulations
Authors: Barron R. M. , Salehi Neyshabouri Ali A. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractUnder‐relaxation factors are significant parameters affecting the convergence of a numerical scheme. Some earlier work has been done to optimize these parameters, but this was restricted to special flow domains, and the range of changes for under‐relaxation factors and convective algorithms are limited.In this paper, the effects of changing under‐relaxation factors for different variables, different convective schemes and grid sizes on the convergence of the numerical solution of three 2D turbulent flow situations are studied. These three flows are duct flow, trench flow and inclined free falling jet flow. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hygromycin B‐selected cell lines from GAL4‐regulated pUAST constructs
Authors: Makridou Panagiota , Burnett Camilla , Landy Tim , Howard Ken 
Published: June 2003

AbstractSummary: Here we report the generation of stable, selectable Drosophila S2 cell lines using the UAS‐GAL4 system. Cloning of the hygromycin resistance gene into the pUAST vector and cotransfection with other pUAST constructs in S2 cells results in coexpression of up to four different proteins under hygromycin selection. Protein expression is driven by the ubiquitous Actin5C‐GAL4 driver and cell cultures are maintained in hygromycin‐supplemented, serum‐free media to ensure constitutive protein production. Visual comparison of cells cotransfected with GFP and RFP demonstrates a uniform cell population expressing both markers simultaneously, while Western blot analysis shows concurrent expression of MYC3‐tagged proteins. In addition, fluorescent cell sorting (FACS) analysis shows that 80% of the total cell population express the GFP marker. Our data indicate that using this technique it is possible to establish stable, selectable cell lines that provide a pool of readily accessible protein. This facilitates protein‐based studies and abolishes the need to carry out time‐consuming and expensive transfections. genesis 36:83–87, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cre‐mediated recombination in the skin melanocyte lineage
Authors: Delmas Véronique , Martinozzi Silvia , Bourgeois Yveline , Holzenberger Martin , Larue Lionel 
Published: June 2003

AbstractSummary: Organ‐specific expression of a Cre recombinase allows the analysis of gene function in a particular tissue or cell type. Using a 6.1 kb promoter from the mouse tyrosinase gene, we generated and characterized two lines of transgenic mice that express Cre recombinase in melanoblasts. Utilizing a Cre‐responsive reporter mouse strain, genetic recombination was detected in the melanoblasts of the skin from embryonic day 11.5. In addition, Cre‐expression was detected in the skin and eyes of mice. Cre transgene activity was occasionally detected in the brain and peripheral nerves but not in other tissues. When Tyr::Cre mice were crossed with mice carrying a homozygous loxP conditional mutation for the insulin‐like growth factor receptor gene (Igf1r), Cre‐melanoblast‐specific recombination pattern was confirmed and no abnormal phenotype was observed. In conclusion, Tyr::Cre transgenic mice provide a valuable tool to follow the cell lineage and to examine gene function in melanocyte development and transformation. genesis 36:73–80, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Skeletal myogenesis in the mouse esophagus does not occur through transdifferentiation
Authors: Rishniw Mark , Xin Hong‐Bo , Deng Ke‐Yu , Kotlikoff Michael I. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractSummary: To determine the developmental history of murine esophageal skeletal muscle, smooth muscle cells were fate mapped by lineage‐specific recombination and phenotypically marked by eGFP. Examination of embryonic and postnatal tissues revealed that esophageal skeletal muscle does not arise from transdifferentiation of committed smooth muscle cells. genesis 36:81–82, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
DSP1 interacts with bicoid for knirps enhancement
Authors: Daulny A. , Rappailles A. , Landemarre L. , Locker D. , Decoville M. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractSummary: DSP1 is an HMG‐box protein which has been implicated in the regulation of homeotic genes in Drosophila melanogaster. Here we report that DSP1 is also involved in the regulation of the kni gap gene. Analysis of the phenotype of a null mutation of dsp1 (dsp11) reveals that the absence of maternal DSP1 results in A4 segmentation defects that are correlated with a diminution of the kni expression domain. Genetic interaction studies demonstrate that a bcd mutation enhances the A4 defect of dsp11. We present in vitro and in vivo evidences for a direct interaction between DSP1 and Bicoid, mediated by the BCD homeodomain and the HMG box of DSP1. Finally, we show by immunoprecipitation of cross‐linked chromatin the association of DSP1 with the kni‐regulating region and discuss the potential mechanism of DSP1‐mediated activation of kni. genesis 36:104–113, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of histone deacetylase inhibitors on heat shock protein gene expression during Xenopus development
Authors: Ovakim Daniel H. , Heikkila John J. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractSummary: We examined the effect of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDIs), trichostatin A (TSA), valproic acid (VPA), and sodium butyrate (NaB) on heat shock protein (hsp) gene expression during early Xenopus laevis development. HDIs enhance histone acetylation and result in the relief of repressed chromatin domains and ultimately increase the accessibility of transcription factors to target cis‐acting regulatory sites. Treatment of embryos with HDIs enhanced the heat shock‐induced accumulation of hsp70 mRNA in post‐midblastula stage embryos. No effect was observed with actin mRNA or other hsp70 family members including heat shock cognate 70 and immunoglobulin binding protein. Normally, hsp30 genes are not heat‐inducible until the late neurula or early tailbud stage of development. Treatment with HDIs resulted in heat‐induced expression of hsp30 genes at the gastrula stage with enhanced heat‐induced accumulation in neurula and tailbud stages. HDI treatment alone did not induce the accumulation of hsp70 or hsp30 mRNA. Whole‐mount in situ hybridization verified the RNA blot analyses and additionally revealed that TSA treatment did not result in any major alterations in the spatial pattern of stress‐induced hsp70 or hsp30 mRNA accumulation in early embryos. This study suggests that the states of Xenopus hsp70 and 30 chromatin are subject to repression beyond the midblastula transition. genesis 36:88–96, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cerebellar granule cell Cre recombinase expression
Authors: Aller M.I. , Jones A. , Merlo D. , Paterlini M. , Meyer A.H. , Amtmann U. , Brickley S. , Jolin H.E. , McKenzie A.N.J. , Monyer H. , Farrant M. , Wisden W. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractSummary: The cerebellum maintains balance and orientation, refines motor action, stores motor memories, and contributes to the timing aspects of cognition. We generated two mouse lines for making Cre recombinase‐mediated gene disruptions largely confined to adult cerebellar granule cells. For this purpose we chose the GABAA receptor α6 subunit gene, whose expression marks this cell type. Here we describe mouse lines expressing Cre recombinase generated by 1) Cre knocked into the native α6 subunit gene by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells; and 2) Cre recombined into an α6 subunit gene carried on a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) genomic clone. The fidelity of Cre expression was tested by crossing the mouse lines with the ROSA26 reporter mice. The particular α6BAC clone we identified will be valuable for delivering other gene products to cerebellar granule cells. genesis 36:97–103, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.