bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear electroelastic equations cubic in the small field variables
Authors: Tiersten H. F. 
Published: October 2005

The nonlinear differential equations and boundary conditions containing terms up to cubic in the small field variables are obtained from general rotationally invariant nonlinear electroelastic equations derived previously. The electroelastic equations cubic in the small field variables are considerably more tractable than the general electroelastic equations and are applicable in the description of such phenomena as the dependence of wave velocities on wave amplitudes and resonant frequencies on vibration amplitudes in addition to a host of other nonlinear phenomena. The nonlinear constitutive equations for an isotropic purely elastic solid containing terms up to cubic in the small mechanical displacement gradients are presented. The nonlinear equations for the extensional motion of thin isotropic plates containing terms up to cubic in the small mechanical displacement gradients in the plane of the plate are obtained and the influence of the vertical inertia is included, in addition to the extensional stiffness and inertia, when the plating is attached to an electroelastic solid.
Subject Classification: 40.24.
Dichotic masking of consonants by vowels
Authors: Repp Bruno H. 
Published: October 2005

The dichotic masking effects of a vowel (/a/) on CV syllables (stop + /a/) were investigated by comparing the effect of CV masks with (a) the effect of CV masks in which the vowel was shortened and (b) the effect of an isolated vowel mask. The vowel exerted a clear masking effect, both when isolated and when in CV context, but this effect was much less pronounced than the ’’masking’’ produced by a competing consonant. It was hypothesized that consonants exert their ’’masking’’ effect on consonant (CV) targets at a central (phonetic) level, while vowel masking is largely a ’’peripheral’’ (auditory) phenomenon. Detailed analysis of the vowel masking effect revealed several distinct components. The two most interesting effects were (a) a relationship between stimulus onset asynchrony and the probability of voiced responses, which was interpreted as masking and substitution of the cue of voice onset time, and (b) a relationship between the pitch contour of the vowel mask and the probability of a voiced response, which suggested that the pitch contour of an isolated vowel may act as a voicing cue when paired with a consonant in the other ear. While all these effects were interpreted as consequences of relatively peripheral binaural mixing, the possibility that part of the vowel masking effect occurred at a later, phonetic processing stage could not be excluded.
Subject Classification: 70.30.
Normal modes in vocal cord tissues
Authors: Titze Ingo R. , Strong William J. 
Published: October 2005

The human vocal cord is treated as an elastic material capable of propagating compressional, shear, and surface waves. A mathematical formulation for commonly observed vibrational modes is developed. This includes horizontal as well as vertical tissue displacements. Current vocal cord models are discussed and evaluated in terms of their ability to describe adequately the vibrational degrees of freedom of the cords.
Subject Classification: 70.20.
Sound production in the tsetse fly G
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Authors: Erickson I. E. Carina , Mo/ller Aage R. 
Published: October 2005

Sound production in the tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans, was studied in the frequency range from 0.5 to 100 kHz. It was found that the sound has an ultrasonic component and that this component is related to the behavior of the fly. There is a consistent difference between mating and feeding sounds in the spectrum above 15 kHz. There is also a consistent difference between the sounds produced by males and females in that the former rarely produce sounds with significant energy above 15 kHz.
Subject Classification: 80.50, 80.60.
Three-dimensional acoustic wave scattering and diffraction by an open-ended vertical soft cylinder in a half-space
Authors: Teng Y. C. , Kuo J. T. , Gong C. 
Published: October 2005

The formal solutions to the three-dimensional problem of scattering and diffraction due to an impulsive acoustic point source in a fluid half-space, in which a semiinfinite vertical soft cylinder is embedded, have been obtained in integral forms. The early time-displacement velocities have been evaluated (1) in the shadow region by the Residue–Cagniard method and (2) in the illuminated region by the saddle-point–Cagniard method. In the shadow region, there are two types of diffracted waves, i.e., the diffracted waves without and the diffracted waves with the reflection from the free surface. In the illuminated region, there are four types of waves: the direct wave, the reflected wave from the free surface, the reflected wave from the cylinder without reflection from the free surface, and the reflected wave from the cylinder with reflection from the free surface. Numerical results for the early time displacement velocities in the shadow region and in the illuminated region for the cases r = a, z = 5a, ϑ − ϑ0 = 0°, 90°, 120°, 150°, and 180°, and r0 = 5a, z0 = 10a are given.
Subject Classification: 20.30, 20.15.
New evidence of the mechanisms of noise generation and radiation of a subsonic jet
Authors: Maestrello Lucio , Pao S. Paul 
Published: October 2005

Measurements of sound-pressure gradient near a subsonic jet have shown that coherent sound is emanated from the flow in the form of narrow beams. This conclusion is drawn from a large data base using correlation techniques, and it is further confirmed by additional experiments.
Subject Classification: 28.65; 50.55.
Reverberation time of the Rotunda of Thessaloniki
Authors: Tzekakis Emmanuel G. 
Published: October 2005

The Rotunda of Thessaloniki is a unique 4th century monument of romanesque art, with an octagonal floor plan and a volume of 15 645 n3. Today it is used as a hall for orchestral and choral presentations. The reverberation time of the Rotunda has been measured on three different occasions, and the obtained data, together with the listeners absorption calculations, are presented. Further, the hall’s total absorption is given and the problem of the higher than expected absorption values is shortly discussed.
Subject Classification: 55.45.
Normal-mode theory of underwater sound propagation from stationary multipole sources: results for a realistic sound-speed profile
Authors: Haug Anton J. , Graves Ronald D. , Überall H. 
Published: October 2005

A normal-mode approach that solves the wave equation governing underwater sound propagation from a point source with directivity expressible as an expansion in spherical multipoles is summarized. The theory is extended by the development of a general theory of propagation loss for multipole sources of arbitrary order. Exact long-range pressure field and propagation loss expressions are developed and presented for the first three multipole orders. Numerical results of the pressure fields and the propagation loss for monopole, dipole, and quadrupole sources are presented for the case of a realistic sound-speed profile.
Subject Classification: 30.20; 20.15, 20.40.
Pulse-echo method of investigating the properties of mechanical resonators
Authors: Bell J. F. W. , Johnson A. C. , Sharp J. C. K. 
Published: October 2005

Vibrational sensors can be designed in such a way that the frequency of one of their modes of vibration is a function of temperature, pressure, density, or other parameter, making them the basis of various instrumentation transducers. These can be driven remotely by means of a line carrying bursts of plane waves of stress analogous to sonar or radar. The simple analysis of such a system, where only one mode at a time is considered, is unsatisfactory, and a complete general theory has been developed. This applies to an extended object with an arbitrary pattern of resonant frequencies, internal energy losses, and mechanical couplings to the line. The basic Navier–Stokes equation of motion was solved for this boundary-value problem to give a pole-zero diagram for the system. Computer programs were used to invert the function into the time domain and plot the echo-return traces. The theory has been used to relate experimental observations of the spectra of isotropic disks of a variety of materials to recent theoretical studies. Accurate values of elastic constants and their temperature coefficients have been obtained. The special case of a line resonator, which has a harmonic spectrum, enables the internal friction losses to be evaluated absolutely. To make an automatic system where the drive frequency follows the resonant frequency, a number of control signals are possible. A computer program was prepared to determine the parameters of the various phase control loops available.
Subject Classification: 40.24.
Identification of structural parameters using low-amplitude impulsive loading
Authors: Sweet Arnold L. , Schiff Anshel J. , Kelley John W. 
Published: October 2005

A parameter-estimation procedure is developed using the average of the response of a structure to a sequence of impulsive force loadings. The finite Fourier sine and cosine transforms of the averaged response are computed. using a mathematical model of a linear one-degree-of-freedom system, whose acceleration response has normal uncorrelated noise added to it, the joint probability density function of the Fourier coefficients is found. Applying the principle of maximum likelihood, estimates for the percent of critical damping, the natural frequency, and the magnitude of the impulse are computed using Marquardt’s method. Data were generated by digital simulation, analog simulation, and by exciting an experimental model. The resulting estimates and their confidence intervals are shown in tabular form. Error analysis due to random impulsive forces, finite pulse width of the force loading, and correlation of the noise are performed. The technique can be used in estimating the damping of systems in which the response to impulsive loading can be measured but is small relative to the ambient response.
Subject Classification: 45.40; 40.35.
Effects of flanking and test environment on lab–field correlations of airborne sound insulation
Authors: Jones Robert E. 
Published: October 2005

Previous attempts to correlate lab and field sound-insulation performance have been based on a comparison of the lab sound-transmission class (STC) and the field sound-transmission class (FSTC). In this study comparisons of the 1/3-octave-bandwidth transmission loss (TL) values are made taking into account partition transmission, flanking transmission, and test-environment factors. An experimentally determined flanking TL is obtained through a quantitative relationship between the partition, flanking, and field TL. This determination allows separation of test environment factors related to diffuseness and modal distribution from flanking transmission. Also noted under field conditions are interactions between the coincidence phenomena and the sound field under absorptive room conditions (reverberation time = 0.5 sec), demonstrating that the properties of a partition depend in part on the dwelling-unit furnishings. Because all the test-environment effects observed resulted in TL values higher than those of a properly adjusted classical lab, the conclusion is drawn that for replicate partitions field TL data may under certain conditions exceed lab TL data by as much as 5 dB when no flanking exists. Specific field TL values are likely to be lower than lab TL values owing to the accumulated effects of flanking, leaks, and assembly differences.
Subject Classification: 55.75.
Long-aperture parametric receiving arrays
Authors: McDonough R. N. 
Published: October 2005

The nonlinear interaction of a strong high-frequency local sound source with a weak low-frequency sound signal can be used to construct a system (’’parametric receiving array’’) for passive reception of the signal. Analytic formulas exist which describe the behavior of such a system. In this note, we develop a design procedure using these formulas, which leads to optimal system parameters. The procedure is illustrated by the design of parametric arrays for the reception of underwater sound signals in the 25–100-Hz band. Beamwidths of the order of 15 ° seem feasible, while beamwidths as narrow as 5 ° are probably not feasible. Such an array could be deployed in water without the necessity of phasing sensors along the (necessarily long) aperture.
Subject Classification: 25.35; 30.82; 60.10.
Sound radiated by low-frequency vibrations of slender bodies
Authors: Chertock George 
Published: October 2005

Simple and practical formulas are derived for computing the near or far sound-pressure field radiated by a slender body which vibrates in a low-frequency whipping mode, or a low-frequency accordion mode in water. The calculations can be made by simple quadratures, and require a specification of the modal vibration pattern along the length, the cross-section area along the length, and a mean radiation impedance coefficient which can be estimated from independent data or calculated from an explicit formula derived here. Comparison is made with several other methods used to analyze these sound-pressure fields. The analyses are specific examples of a general technique for transforming a solution for the incompressive field of a body in low-frequency vibration to a solution that is valid in the near- or farfield of an acoustic compressible medium.
Subject Classification: 20.55; 40.20.
Acoustic response in a liquid overlying a homogeneous viscoelastic half-space
Authors: Magnuson Allen H. 
Published: October 2005

An analytical model is developed for use in marine sediment identification on the Continental Shelf. The effects of rigidity and internal energy dissipation are taken into account by treating the subbottom as a viscoelastic solid. The acoustic response due to a harmonic point source is computed using a Green function formalism. Expressions are given for the frequency-domain Green function for subcritical and supercritical incidence angles. The response is interpreted as the sum of direct, reflected, and refracted waves.
Subject Classification: 20.30; 20.15.
Perturbation theory for scattering of sound from a point source by a moving rough surface in the presence of refraction
Authors: Harper E. Y. , Labianca F. M. 
Published: October 2005

A general perturbation theory is presented which is valid for small surface waveheights and for acoustic wavelengths of the order of the ocean-surface correlation length. Formal solutions for the perturbed field are given and are specialized, to the second order of approximation, for the case of a random ocean surface. The scattering reduces the intensity of the carrier (source) signal and creates signal sidebands that are not in general symmetric in amplitude about the carrier. A pair of system functions for the signal sidebands is defined.
Subject Classification: 30.40, 30.30, 30.25; 20.15.
Two-channel listening to musical scales
Authors: Deutsch Diana 
Published: October 2005

Ss listened to a dichotic tonal sequence consisting of the repetitive presentation of the C major scale with successive tones alternating from ear to ear. The scale was presented simultaneously in both ascending and descending form, such that when a component of the ascending scale was in one ear, a component of the descending scale was in the other, and vice versa. All Ss channeled this sequence by frequency range: no S channeled by ear of input, and none reported a full ascending or descending scale. Various illusory percepts were obtained, which varied in correlation with the handedness of the listener. Right-handers tended to perceive the upper tones of the dichotic sequence as emanating from the right earphone and the lower tones from the left, and to maintain this percept when the earphones were places in reverse position. Left-handers as a group did not display the same localization tendency.
Subject Classification: 65.22, 65.54, 65.62; 75.10.
Decision processes in frequency discrimination
Authors: Jesteadt Walt , Sims Sandra L. 
Published: October 2005

The ability to discriminate a change in frequency was measured in 2IFC, same-different, and yes–no paradigms using two tasks commom in the literature—discrimination of two pure tones differing only in frequency and detection of frequency modulation (FM). In the pure-tone task, differences in the level of frequency-discrimination performance as a function of paradigm were similar to those previously observed for both frequency and intensity discrimination. The level of performance in 2IFC and same–different exceeded the level of performance in yes–no by more than the theory of signal detection would predict. For the FM detection data, differences in the level of performance between paradigms were less than the theory of signal detection would predict. These differences increased, however, when the same subjects were tested in a task requiring discrimination of two FM tones. These results suggest that a memory factor is operating in discrimination tasks to a greater degree than in detection tasks. The memory factor is interpreted in terms of criterion variance.
Subject Classification: 65.54, 65.35, 65.75.
Scattering from a sinusoid: derivation of linear equations for the field amplitudes
Authors: DeSanto John A. 
Published: October 2005

The problem of constructing the scattered field for plane-wave incidence on a sinusoidal surface is considered. Above the highest excursion of the surface, the scattered field is written in the usual way as a superposition of upgoing and decaying waves. Linear equations are derived for the coefficients of these waves. Both soft and hard boundaries are considered, as well as arbitrary incidence angle. The equations for the soft boundary condition are similar to those of Uretsky, but the derivation is simpler. The full results for the hard boundary condition are apparently new.
Subject Classification: 20.30.
Nomogram for estimating noise propagation in urban areas
Authors: Lee K. P. , Davies H. G. 
Published: October 2005

A nomogram, generated numerically, is presented for estimating sound levels generated by point noise sources in urban street complexes. The nomogram accounts for street width, distance of the receiver from the source, reflection coefficient of the building walls, and includes cases where the receiver is across one or more street intersections or is around a street corner from the source. The effect of ground reflection is included.
Subject Classification: 50.80; 20.20; 28.40.
Effects of diffusion on gaseous cavitation bubbles
Authors: Eller Anthony I. 
Published: October 2005

Rectified diffusion is a mechanism whereby a gas bubble, set into pulsation by a sound field, grows in size because of an effective gating action by the bubble surface area. Bubbles that might otherwise dissolve will grow instead if the sound pressure amplitude exceeds a threshold that depends on the bubble size. A theory of rectified diffusion is used to determine the threshold conditions for bubble growth and to calculate the rates of growth for conditions above threshold. Implications of the results are then examined with regard to the problems of the nucleation of gaseous cavitation and the shifting size distribution of a bubble population. Although calculated thresholds for growth have been found to agree with observed thresholds, calculated growth rates are often much lower than the observed rates. Reasons for the partial failure of the theory are suggested, and recent attemps to improve the theory are indicated.
Subject Classification: 25.60.
Cavitation dynamics. I. A mathematical formulation
Authors: Flynn H. G. 
Published: October 2005

A set of equations has been derived to describe the dynamical motions of small cavitation bubbles in liquids set into motion by an acoustic pressure field. The mathematical formulation takes into account heat conduction inside a bubble and in the surrounding liquid, and the viscosity, compressibility, and surface tension of the liquid. The effect of vapor pressure may be determined as a function of the interfacial temperature. The formulation consists of nonlinear ordinary differential, integral, and algebraic equations, and has been programmed for solution on a digital computer.
Subject Classification: 25.60; 35.68.
Finite-amplitude plane waves in ducts with varying properties
Authors: Nayfeh Ali Hasan 
Published: October 2005

The method of multiple scales is used to determine a first-order uniform expansion for finite-amplitude plane waves of continuous waveforms propagating in a duct having a slowly varying cross section and filled with an inhomogeneous fluid. Losses due to the acoustic boundary layer or a slight wall admittance can be accounted for by decomposing the continuous waveform into its Fourier components and correcting the amplitude and phase of each component independently. Losses at shocks can be accounted for by using weak-shock theory. The results show that the shock formation distance tends to be shortened in a converging section and tends to be lengthened in a diverging section of the duct.
Subject Classification: 25.20; 20.45.
Noise radiated by internal-combustion engines
Authors: Brammer A. J. , Muster D. 
Published: October 2005

The surfaces of an internal-combustion engine can be expected to radiate sound resulting from time-varying gas and mechanical forces developed during the operating cycle. The rapid pressure rise accompanying spontaneous ignition of the fuel within the combustion chamber leads to the characteristic ’’knocking’’ noise of diesel engines. In contrast, the rate of change of pressure within the cylinders of spark-ignition engines is comparatively slower, which results in less intense gas forces. Further, impacts between the piston and cylinder walls, or deformation of the crank mechanism, may be responsible for the noise of some engines. In both cases vibrational energy is radiated primarily by the crankcase and by nonstructural parts, such as the oil pan and valve covers. For air-cooled engines there is significant radiation from the cylinder-cooling fins. Engine-radiated noise may dominate the overall noise spectrum of diesel-powered trucks at speeds near 30 mph.
Subject Classification: 10.60; 50.30, 50.50.
Community noise survey of Cincinnati, Ohio
Authors: Malchaire Jacques B. , Horstman Sanford W. 
Published: October 2005

In a field investigation of noise levels in Cincinnati, Ohio, 20-min noise recordings were made at 19 sites during 19 weekdays, at ten different times, according to an incomplete Latin-square statistical plan. L10, L50, and L90 values were determined for each sample. An analysis of variance was carried out separately for each of the three parameters and the significance of sampling hours and days analyzed. L10 and L90 values were found highly correlated to L50 values (r = 0.96 and 0.93). However, the L10 − L90 difference which is the basis of the Traffic Noise Index was found to be poorly correlated to L50 levels (r = 0.44).
Subject Classification: 50.70; 50.75.