bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Descartes on Spontaneity, Indifference, and Alternatives
Authors: Campbell Joseph Keim 
Published: March 2005

Abstract“Descartes on Spontaneity, Indifference, and Alternatives” This essay argues for a “two‐way” compatibilist reading of Descartes on the topic of free will, i.e., Descartes holds that free will is compatible with determinism, and yet also thinks that free will requires a two‐way power to pursue or avoid, and affirm or deny.
Causation and Similarity in Descartes
Authors: Gorham Geoffrey 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Descartes believed that causation is intelligible only if the cause and effect are similar, since it is impossible to understand how the reality of an effect can owe anything to the reality of its cause if the two have nothing in common. I argue first that Descartes has a coherent and reasonably strong metaphysical justification for his condition of causal similarity. Second, I defend Descartes from the charge that his conception of similarity renders the condition trivial by making practically everything similar to everything else. Third, I discuss the familiar objection that if the similarity condition is not trivial, then it is incompatible with Cartesian mind–body interaction. I argue that the condition is consistent with, and indeed explains, Descartes's late view of interaction.
religion is for dummies and romantics
Authors: Slone D. Jason 
Published: March 2005

AbstractMost people are aware of the existence of theological incorrectness, but often dismiss it as a harmless bit of folk religion. Theological correctness, however, challenges every bit of conventional wisdom, as well as a great deal of scholarship on religion and how it works. Since theological incorrectness is natural, it can be analyzed by means of the methods employed by natural science.
Sentiment, Reason, and Motivation
Authors: Nichols Shaun 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAn adequate sentimentalist account must explain (i) how emotion plays a role in linking moral judgment to motivation, (ii) how moral judgments can be made in the absence of emotional response, and (iii) how reason can play an important role in moral judgment. This chapter argues that the account of moral judgment sketched in chapter 1 can accommodate all these features of moral judgment, and the account suggests a new distinction in debates over the relation between moral judgment and motivation. However, the chapter also acknowledges an important shortcoming in the account of moral judgment presented in the volume, namely, the account makes the relationship between emotions and norms seem surprisingly contingent.
Theories and Models of Turnout
Authors: Clarke Harold D. , Sanders David , Stewart Marianne C. , Whiteley Paul 
Published: March 2005

AbstractUses confirmatory factor analysis to locate electoral participation in a broader matrix of political activities, and presents alternative theoretical models that might be used to explain the decline in electoral turnout in Britain and other mature democracies. The relative deprivation or equity-fairness model stresses the gap between what an individual expects and what s/he gets out of life. The civic voluntarism model focuses on the resources that individuals bring to bear on the decision to vote or not and the mobilization efforts that are made by other actors. The social capital model emphasizes social trust and the individual’s involvement with social organizations. The cognitive mobilization model highlights the role of political interest, political knowledge, and media usage. Finally, the general incentives model supplements a broadly defined Downsian-style cost-benefit analysis with variables that take account of a variety of other incentives, such as ‘doing one’s democratic duty’.
3 The Supply of Esteem
Authors: Brennan Geoffrey , Pettit Philip 
Published: March 2005

AbstractFor a fully developed economy, esteem must be something that people are able to supply in response to the demands of others, not just to demand themselves; there must be a possibility of exchanging esteem, whether for reciprocal esteem or for other benefits. As with demand, there may seem to be a problem in maintaining that it is possible for people to supply esteem in this way. After all, I cannot make a gift of my esteem, nor can I offer it in a trade with another person, nor can I pass on the esteem I receive from others. But while esteem itself may not be alienable in these ways, certain ‘esteem-services’ are: I can voluntarily offer you my attention, my testimony, and my company, and do so in a way that promises to increase your positive esteem. And I can do this without self-defeat so far as I can hide my motives or, more plausibly, can do so in a virtually but not actually strategic way: I give my attention, testimony or association quite spontaneously but will be led to think again if it fails to secure suitable reciprocation.
15 Mobilising the Intangible Hand
Authors: Brennan Geoffrey , Pettit Philip 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis final chapter illustrates ways in which the intangible hand might be made to work for good, nurturing socially desirable norms and weakening socially undesirable ones. It will work for good so far as people are predisposed to be influenced by the desire for esteem; so far as the options before them are presented in a way that bends the desire for esteem in desirable directions; and so far as the regime of publicity under which they operate makes it likely that the desire will be effectively mobilized. The chapter illustrates these themes by identifying a range of cases where existing arrangements may jeopardize the potential of the intangible hand on these three fronts.
Women in Lithuanian Politics: From Nomenklatura Selection to Representation
Authors: Krupavičius Algis , Matonytė Irmina 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter examines the changes in women’s representation in Lithuania. Women are expected to make significant inroads in their quest for political power. Although the number of women in political power declined from the Soviet period, those who are active in politics have been able to carve out more authentic places for themselves, with meaningful power. Women’s representation and recruitment are increasingly included in the political agenda as the democratic system stabilizes and recovers from the chaos of regime change.
Croatia's Leap towards Political Equality: Rules and Players1
Authors: Glaurdic Josip 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter examines the increase in women’s parliamentary representation in Croatia in the 2000 elections. Three main factors contributed to the increase in representation. These are electoral rule changes provided party leaders with incentives to reach out to female candidates, the success of parties that have consistently nominated more women in gaining control of the parliament, and the fact that women became more organized and better able to pressure party gatekeepers into recruiting women.
Intergenerational Mobility in Poland: 1972–88–94
Authors: Mach Bogdan W. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractDetailed 1972–1988–1994 comparisons of intergenerational mobility in Poland reveal significant gender differences. Instances of upward movement increase over time among women, but remain stable among men. No temporal change is the general trend in male relative mobility, while a clear tendency towards increasing fluidity characterizes its female patterns. Although in terms of the core model of Erikson and Goldthorpe, Polish mobility patterns move closer and closer to the West European ‘core’ for men as well as for women, gender differences exist in the specific effects included in the model: a strengthening of hierarchy effects is more characteristic of men, whereas a decline in inheritance effects is more characteristic of women. This consistent pattern of gender differences is difficult to interpret systematically in the context of macro-structural developments taking place in Poland in the 1970s, the 1980s, and the 1990s, and invites further research on the detailed effects of educational differentials.
Inventing Systems Integration
Authors: Sapolsky Harvey M. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The US government needed more than money, a good strategy, and determination to wage the Cold War: it needed to invent the institutions that could sustain and co‐ordinate the long‐term enlistment of technology and industry for military purposes. The military structures that could command co‐ordination when most in society were ready to accept military discipline and priorities were inadequate for managing the less than total mobilization that followed. Describes the creation and institutionalisation of a variety of special organisations and skills that allowed the military to manage effectively the design and development of complex weapons systems during the Cold War.
Systems Integration and the Social Solution of Technical Problems in Complex Systems
Authors: Johnson Stephen B. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
As has been shown in well‐recognised books such as Charles Perrow's Normal Accidents, it is difficult to build reliable complex technologies. The primary reasons revolve around the communication of deep and heterogeneous information between design engineers, compounded by the difficulty of assuring foolproof manufacturing and integration of thousands of components. Shows that most technical failures ultimately result from human error or miscommunication and, furthermore, that the solutions to these problems, including systems integration, are likewise social in nature. Here, both engineering and historical analysis are used to point to the social basis of failure and dependability.
Modularization in the Car Industry
Authors: Takeishi Akira , Fujimoto Takahiro 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Analyses modularisation in the world auto industry. Modularisation has involved architectural changes in product, production, and supplier systems in the industry. As an attempt to understand such multi‐faceted, complex processes, this chapter proposes a conceptual framework that sees development/production activities as multiple hierarchies of products, processes, and inter‐firm boundaries that are interlinked. Using this framework and drawing on case studies and questionnaire survey data, the chapter examines the on‐going processes of modularisation in the industry and argues that tensions exist among the three hierarchies, and such tensions may lead to further changes in product, production, and supplier‐system architectures.
Systems Integration in the US Defence Industry
Authors: Gholz Eugene 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
A number of different kind of organizations in the US defence industry claim expertise in systems integration, including major prime contractors that build weapons systems, for‐profit and non‐profit technical advisors, and government laboratories and organizations that manage weapons acquisition. Describes the supply and demand structure for the various types of systems integration capabilities. Considers various ways of measuring the quality of systems integration capabilities, including the limits of regulatory standards enforcement and of non‐market competition among systems integration organisations. Finally, it proposes ways to preserve vital systems integration capability in a political economic environment that normally favours spending on production rather than on project management expertise.
What Kind of Europe?
Authors: Tsoukalis Loukas 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
This book examines the issues associated with the future of economic and political integration in Europe. It seeks answers to the question, “What kind of Europe do we want to build?”, with emphasis on the policy choices involved. The book is divided into two parts. Part I highlights the achievements of European integration to date, and the outstanding issues inherited from the past. Part 2 provides in-depth discussions of the main challenges facing the enlarged EU.
The Implications of Third Way Social Policy for Inequality, Social Cohesion, and Citizenship
Authors: Dean Hartley 
Published: March 2005

AbstractFocuses on the UK and argues that the Labour Government has had firm ideas about both how social provision should look, and what the state can and cannot do about it. It suggests further that there is a serious tension between ideas and principles informing policies and ideas about the role of the state, and that this tension signals a more fundamental conflict–present at the EU level also–between welfare ends and market means. The chapter illustrates these arguments with reference to the development of childcare policy in the UK.
The Midwife of Platonism
Authors: Sedley David 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Plato’s Theaetetus is thought to have been written after his main middle-period dialogues, in which he expounded his celebrated metaphysical doctrine of Forms. Yet, it is an open-ended Socratic dialogue and investigates the question ‘What is knowledge?’ without positive result, and with an unexpected restraint about invoking the metaphysical theory. Why? This book develops a new solution to the old question. Plato wants to demonstrate the continuity of his mature work with that of his master Socrates and does so by invoking the now famous image, unique to this dialogue, of Socrates as the barren midwife of others’ brainchildren. The message is that Socrates, although not himself a Platonist, was the midwife of Platonism. This is brought out by portraying a Socrates who, rather than Plato’s current spokesman, is a throwback to the semi-historical figure immortalized in the early dialogues. We see this Socrates, in the course of his characteristic dialectical investigations, pointing us to recognizably Platonic solutions, but himself unable to articulate them that way because of his lack of a Platonic metaphysics. In addition to linking Plato’s Socratic past to his Platonic present, the same device also points forward to Plato’s future work in such dialogues as Sophist and Timaeus.
Tissue-Specific Localization of Pea Root Infection by Nectria haematococca. Mechanisms and Consequences
Authors: Gunawardena Uvini , Rodriguez Marianela , Straney David , Romeo John T. , VanEtten Hans D. , Hawes Martha C. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Root infection in susceptible host species is initiated predominantly in the zone of elongation, whereas the remainder of the root is resistant. Nectria haematococca infection of pea (Pisum sativum) was used as a model to explore possible mechanisms influencing the localization of root infection. The failure to infect the root tip was not due to a failure to induce spore germination at this site, suppression of pathogenicity genes in the fungus, or increased expression of plant defense genes. Instead, exudates from the root tip induce rapid spore germination by a pathway that is independent of nutrient-induced germination. Subsequently, a factor produced during fungal infection and death of border cells at the root apex appears to selectively suppress fungal growth and prevent sporulation. Host-specific mantle formation in response to border cells appears to represent a previously unrecognized form of host-parasite relationship common to diverse species. The dynamics of signal exchange leading to mantle development may play a key role in fostering plant health, by protecting root meristems from pathogenic invasion.
Cultural capital in an understated nation: the case of Scotland
Authors: McCrone David 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe concept of cultural capital is rarely used to explore specifically national cultural formations. This paper explores how Scotland, with its distinctive national identity, yet its constitutionally subordinate position within the UK offers an interesting case to explore the relationship between nationality and cultural capital. It examines how the concept can be used to unpick collective national identities, and how devolution might have changed its relationship to matters of identity and culture. It is especially concerned to show how Scotland's position within the UK leads to a form of cultural formation caught between two contradictory assumptions: that Scotland is ‘culture‐lite’– insufficiently different from the rest of the UK in terms of cultural markers such as language religion etc to be ‘national’; and on the other hand that Scotland is ‘culture‐heavy’ in so far as its cultural iconography is so hegemonic and distorted that it generates deformed narratives and discourses.
Examination of the responses of slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus) and white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) collected on the Saint John River (Canada) downstream of pulp mill, paper mill, and sewage discharges
Authors: Galloway Brendan J. , Munkittrick Kelly R. , Currie Steve , Gray Michelle A. , Curry R. Allen , Wood Craig S. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
As part of a larger survey on cumulative effects within the Saint John River basin (Canada), a fish survey was conducted near Edmundston (NB, Canada) in the fall of 1999 using slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus) and white sucker (Catostomus commersoni). The discharge environment receives effluent from the pulp mill, a paper mill, three sewage discharges, and tributaries receiving agricultural runoff. Sculpin collected downstream of the sewage discharges and pulp mill effluent had greater growth, condition, and liver size but no significant differences in gonad size. Stable isotope data indicated slimy sculpin did not move between sites. Female sculpin collected downstream of the paper mill showed no significant differences in length, body weight, age, condition factor, liver size, and gonad size compared to fish from reference sites. Female white sucker collected downstream of the pulp mill did not differ significantly in any measured parameter compared to reference fish. Liver sizes of white sucker from the Saint John River were outside the range considered to be indicative of uncontaminated riverine sites. In 2000, sculpin collected downstream from a poultry-processing facility had larger livers and lower condition factors, suggesting that the site is contaminated. We found no significant differences in sculpin length, weight, condition (except for males), and liver size in sculpin collected downstream from the pulp mill in October 2001. The responses of slimy sculpin and white sucker differed, perhaps in relation to differences in life history characteristics. Results from this study indicate the slimy sculpin is a suitable fish species for monitoring rivers that receive multiple industrial and municipal effluents.
The spatial extent of contaminants and the landscape scale: An analysis of the wildlife, conservation biology, and population modeling literature
Authors: Carlsen Tina M. , Coty Jessie D. , Kercher James R. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Many contaminant releases to the terrestrial environment are of small areal extent. Thus, rather than evaluating the ecological impact on species in the immediate vicinity of the release, it may be more ecologically meaningful to determine if population impacts occur at the landscape level. In order to do this, the cumulative impact of all releases in the landscape under consideration must be evaluated. If the release sites are viewed as localized areas that are no longer available for use by ecological receptors (i.e., no longer part of the habitat), this can be thought of as a form of habitat fragmentation. Habitat fragmentation is typically viewed as the loss of large areas of habitat within a landscape, leaving small isolated patches of intact habitat within a hostile matrix. Small-scale contaminant releases, on the other hand, result in small uninhabitable areas within a primarily intact habitat. With this consideration in mind, we analyzed the wildlife and conservation biology literature to determine if information on habitat size requirements such as home-range or critical patch size could inform us about the potential for impact at the landscape level from release sites based on the size of the release alone. We determined that evaluating the impact of release size had to be conducted within a contextual basis (considering the existing state of the landscape). Therefore, we also reviewed the population modeling literature to determine if models could be developed to further evaluate the impact of the spatial extent of chemical releases on the landscape. We identified individual-based models linked to geographic information systems to have the greatest potential in investigating the role of release size with respect to population impacts at the landscape level.
A comparison of the sensitivity of stream benthic community indices to effects associated with mines, pulp and paper mills, and urbanization
Authors: Kilgour Bruce W. , Somers Keith M. , Barton David R. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
This study examined the relative sensitivities of seven commonly used indices of stream benthic community composition and three multivariate indices to effects associated with mines, pulp and paper mills, and urbanization. The indices included total abundance, number of taxa, diversity (H′), evenness, Hilsenhoff's biotic index (HBI), the BioMAP water quality index (WQI), the percent model affinity (PMA), and the first three ordination axes from a correspondence analysis. The second objective of the study was to determine the degree of redundancy among these indices. Six data sets (two from each of the three types of development) were used to address the objectives. In each data set, replicate benthic samples were collected from reference areas as well as one or more downstream areas exposed to a point-source or non-point-source discharge. The PMA approach and the ordination axes indicated significant differences between the reference and downstream communities for all six data sets (p &lt; 0.05). With the exception of H′, each of the other metrics revealed significant effects associated with one or two, but not all three, types of development. For example, the HBI and WQI indicated significant effects associated with pulp and paper mills and urbanization, but not mining. In all studies, effect sizes (i.e., the standardized difference between means for the reference and exposed areas expressed in units of standard deviations [SDs]) exceeded 2 SDs. However, effect sizes for the PMA and the first or second ordination axis scores were generally larger than effect sizes for the other metrics, indicating that these indices were often the most sensitive indicators of development. In addition, a high degree of redundancy was found among the various metrics, perhaps because the effects were large (i.e., &gt;2 SDs). The greater sensitivity of the ordination axes and the PMA approach emphasizes their value as indices of benthic community composition. As a result, we recommend that any suite of indices used for assessing benthic communities should include these types of multivariate metrics.