bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strategy, Competitiveness, and the Way Ahead
Authors: Bradley Keith , Taylor Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The requirements for competitive success in the retail sector are changing, with important consequences for company decision-makers. Recent interviews with leading managers in both food and non-food companies suggest that their strategic thinking is currently a mixture of old and new. Sites, technology, and merchandising are still considered important. For the future, however, these excutives suspect that the recruitment, training, and motivation of people will be increasingly critical to success. Advantage will lie in human resources, a development quite new in the retail sector. By competitiveness in retailing, we mean the ability to sell goods or services at prices and in quantities that permit the firm to make sufficient profit to continue activities over a sustained period. While the time horizon (a sustained period) cannot be precisely defined, one thing is clear: no firm can be sure of future success merely because its current position is strong.
A Business History of the John Lewis Partnership
Authors: Bradley Keith , Taylor Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Three features make the John Lewis Partnership interesting from the perspective of management and organizational behaviour: 1. It has been owned by its employees through a trust since 1929. 2. Its employees, or partners, receive all of the firm’s profits, after retentions, in the form of a partnership bonus. 3. The firm is organized around a constitution that specifies a particular form of employee participation, including the power (in well-defined circumstances) to remove the incumbent chairman. Although much of the traditional literature suggests that employee ownership and profit-sharing are not compatible with commercial viability, the John Lewis Partnership has survived and grown throughout this century and has a strong reputation amongst customers and competitors. Its experience suggests that some degree of power can be shared with employees without jeopardizing commercial decision-making.
Theories of Business Performance and the John Lewis Partnership
Authors: Bradley Keith , Taylor Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the 1930s, economists have developed a theory of the firm that focuses on the interactions between ownership and control. This chapter examines the implications of that theory for the performance of the John Lewis Partnership as a business. The theory of the firm has developed considerably in the last fifteen years, building on the optimization axioms of neo-classical economics, but introducing a much broader range of relationships within the firm. In effect, the theory now peers inside the black box of the organization, offering a more interesting framework for the investigation of firm behaviour. The dominant predictions of the orthodox models depend on two key issues: who has effective control of the firm, and how is their behaviour constrained?
’attā pōrartā bě‘ozkā yam(Psalm 74: 13a)
Authors: Greenfield Jonas c. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
James Barr, in an article that is interesting for its philological acumen and its interpretative thrust has successfully removed the muzzle from the Sea. The Sea has not remained free of attempts at not only muzzling it, but also of splitting it, drying it out, and destroying it by any means available. Those of us brought up on the biblical tradition have it in our bones that the Sea was parted, be it the Red Sea or the humbler Reed Sea. The qeri at yam suf at the Exodus (Exod. 14) is an archetypal miracle of mythic proportions in the Jewish tradition. It serves among the later prophets as a model for God’s returning the Jews from their Babylonian captivity, and indeed from other captivities too. The theme was popular and the phrase qaseh kiqrVat Yam Suf ‘as difficult as the Splitting of the Sea’ is well known. This popularity is reflected in the Dura-Europos synagogue.
When did Terah die (Genesis II: 32)?
Authors: Emerton J A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gen. 11: 31-2, which is usually thought to belong to the Priestly Source, tells how Terah left Ur of the Chaldees with his son Abram, Abram’s wife Sarai, and Lot, the son of Abram’s deceased brother Haran. Their intention was to go to the land of Canaan, but they stopped in the city named Haran, and there Terah died at the age of 205. According to Gen. 11: 26 (also P) Abram was born when his father was 70, and according to 12: 4b (P) Abram left Haran at the age of 75. It is thus implied that Abram left his father in Haran when Terah was 145, and that Terah continued to live there without Abram until his death 60 years later.
Arm of the Lord: Biblical Myth, Rabbinic Midrash, and the Mystery of History
Authors: Fishbane Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The matter of myth and the Bible has long been a puzzle and a paradox—a puzzle due to the many confusing or self-serving definitions of myth; and a paradox as well, due to the occurence of mythic themes in ancient Israel long after this culture’s apparent break with a mythic world-view. With his characteristic concision James Barr outlined his opinions on the matter several decades ago, in a valuable contribution on ‘The Meaning of “Mythology” in Relation to the Old Testament’. He there bypassed generalizing definitions of the term and, for purposes of cultural comparison, proposed that instances of myth in the Hebrew Bible be regarded as something like what we find in the ancient Near East.
The Prophets (I): Moses to Huldah
Authors: Sawyer John F A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From a thematic survey of prophecy we move on to examine the prophets themselves. Generalizations are valuable, but biblical tradition has preserved stories about named prophets, together with a few unnamed ‘men of God’, sufficiently different from one another to be examined as individuals. In some instances, place and date of birth, parentage, and other biographical details are given. In others almost nothing is known of them apart from a name and what they are reported to have said. Our task is to collect what material there is on each one of them, set it against what we know of social, political, and religious conditions in ancient Israel, and hopefully reconstruct a convincing and consistent story of each individual’s prophetic achievements. We shall not be concerned exclusively with what the prophets actually did or suffered, however, or with what they actually said. We must also take seriously how tradition represents them, fact or fiction; and we cannot always distinguish the one from the other since it is in that form that they have influenced believing communities, Jewish, Christian, and Muslim, long after their actual achievements and original audiences had been forgotten.
The Prophets(II): Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Ezekiel
Authors: Sawyer John F A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our task in this section is a rather different one. In addition to a survey of the scanty biographical material recorded in the biblical and apocryphal stories about the prophets, we have literary questions to tackle concerning the date and authorship of the books that bear their names. The author of the book of Isaiah, for example, and his portrayal of the prophet will have to be discussed as well as what we know of the original eighth-century BC figure.
The Making of the Book
Authors: O’Daly Gerard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the meantime, Rome was overwhelmed by an invasion of the Goths under their king Alaric and by the force of a great disaster. The worshippers of the many false gods, whom we call by the well-established name of ‘pagans’, attempting to attribute Rome’s troubles to the Christian religion, began more sharply and bitterly than usual to blaspheme the true God. (Retractations 2. 43. 1)’ Alaric had been in Italy since 401, and Romans had long been nervous about the Goths.
The Theme of the Two Cities
Authors: O’Daly Gerard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The theme of the two cities is implicit in Scripture. In the apocalyptic Book of Revelation the new Jerusalem symbolizes the city of God:and I will write on him the name of my God, and the name of the city of my God, the new, which comes down from my God out of heaven. (Rev. 3: 12) And I saw the holy city, new Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven from God, prepared as a bride adorned for her husband. (Rev. 21: 2)
Creation, the Fall, and the Regime of the Passions: Books 11-14
Authors: O’Daly Gerard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Theend of Book 10 marks the conclusion of what Augustine often refers to as the part of the work devoted to refutation (‘we have replied to the enemies of this holy city in the previous ten books’, rr. r). According to his plan, he can now, in Books rr-14, proceed to discuss the origin of the two cities.1 In fact, the continuity between this new section of the work and what went before is greater than Augustine’s scheme suggests.
Christ and the Law
Authors: Ziesler J A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have several times been brought up against the problem of the Law, which is both something from whose sway Christians are delivered, and also something that remains ‘holy and just and good’ (Rom. 7: 12, cf. v. 4). As a Jew, Paul read the Old Testament and could hardly ignore the Law’s central place in the life of Israel, yet his theological scheme of things appears to leave it almost no place. His concern was far from arising only from theoretical factors. The confrontation at Antioch (see on Justification in Chap. 6) exposes practical problems, and the issue of the relation of the church to Israel (see Chap. 4) was made concrete in the problem of relating Christians to the neighbouring synagogue. Yet Paul’s attempts to deal with the problem were grounded in theology, and we now try to draw together what he says about it.
The Pioneers
Authors: Badawi M M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of the literary forms which were borrowed from the West, the novel proved to be, despite the great technical difficulties it presented, or perhaps because of them, at once the most alluring and the most important in modern Arabic literature. Although initially regarded as morally suspect, to the extent that as late as the second decade of the twentieth century in Egypt a lawyer who was also a writer might prefer not to admit his authorship of a novel lest this should jeopardize his career in the legal profession, the novel, conceived as a pure work of the imagination with no explicit didactic end in view, is now considered a highly serious and respectable art, and successful novels and novelists are awarded the highest State prizes. In 1952 we find the distinguished Lebanese critic Mārūn ‘Abbūd writing in Ruwwād al-Nahqa al-Hadītha (Pioneers of the Modern Arabic Renaissance) that, whereas in the past to be a poet used to be the greatest ambition of a literary man, nowadays the highest thing he aspires to is to be counted among novelists. Few writers today receive the universal respect accorded the great Egyptian novelist Najib Mahfuz throughout the Arab world. It is no accident that he is the first Arab author to be awarded the Nobel Prize for literature (in 1988).
Early Developments
Authors: Badawi M M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The birth of modern Arabic drama is well documented both in the Lebanon and in Egypt. Unlike other literary forms in modern Arabic literature, drama did not develop gradually under the impact of the West, but was consciously and deliberately imported from it wholesale by Mārūn al-Naqqāsh in Beirut in 1847 and Ya’qub Sannu’ in Cairo in 1870. This is not surprising since in spite of a growing number of highly speculative attempts to prove the opposite, classical Arabic literature did not know drama in the sense of an established art form which provides an imitation of an action on a stage through dialogue in verse or prose by human actors. This, of course, docs not mean that the medieval Arabic literary tradition was devoid of all dramatic elements both on the level of highbrow culture and of popular entertainment, elements which, as we shall see in the course of this chapter, went some way in determining how the imported form was initially conceived and in affecting its subsequent development, whether in structure, theme, or language.
Perspective on Bedouin Poetry: A Cultural Document for the Ages
Authors: Bailey Clinton 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the art of the bedouin poet is ‘the manipulation of the long familiar’, he has much to manipulate. An illiterate bedouin who sets out to compose a poem unwittingly calls upon a cultural heritage thousands of years old—not a forgotten heritage that has survived in the fabric of the present as a barely perceptible thread; but one that lives much as it always has, with the same surroundings, artefacts, technology, economics, and social and political conditions.
Introduction
Authors: Prevost Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IT is recognized generally that traditional deductive arguments for the existence of God are fallacious or at best inconclusive. However, the recognition of this inadequacy does not constitute an admission that religious belief is thereby unjustified. A number of philosophers, while admitting of no compelling deductive argument for God’s existence, consider religious belief to be justified on the basis of its power to explain some phenomenon or phenomena. Theism, on this account, is an explanatory theory, or hypothesis, whose acceptability is measured by its explanatory power.
Necessity And Explanation
Authors: Prevost Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have examined the integrative capacity of the concept of God as a person. A further feature of the concept of God which contributes to its integrative power is the idea that God is a necessary being. Theists frequently describe God in terms of necessity, but they have conflicting views on just what God’s necessity amounts to. The sense of necessity which I think is important for the integrative explanatory power of theism is logical necessity. Thus, when I say that God is a necessary being, I mean to say that God exists by logical necessity. That is to say, any logically possible world includes God.
Butler on Conscience and Virtue
Authors: Hebblethwaite Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Butler exalts conscience, but appears ignorant that a man’s conscience may tell him to do the vilest things.’ So writes Elizabeth Anscombe in a much discussed paper on ’Modern Moral Philosophy’. This scathing observation about Butler’s ethical theory is intended to support a case for locating authority in morals in the divine law over against us rather than in some principle of our own human nature. It is part of Anscombe’s argument for holding that without a religious foundation morality loses its obligatory claim and, indeed, should be replaced by sociology. Sociologists, the implication is, are well aware how fallible the psychologically and socially reinforced human mechanism of conscience is. It is a dangerous illusion to exalt conscience. From a religious perspective, it is to put something human and fallible in the place of the divine law. From a non-religious perspective, it is to risk exalting prejudice or some ideo-logically blinkered judgement or reaction.
Gregory's Life
Authors: Heine Ronald E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gregory of Nyssa was born between 335 and 340, and died sometime after 394. He was born into a wealthy, large, and important Christian family in Cappadocia. His older brother Basil and his older sister Macrina were significant leaders in Cappadocian Christianity. His grandmother Macrina had been taught by the famous Gregory Thaumaturgus, bishop of Pontus. The latter had been a student of Origen in Caesarea in Palestine. Gregory seems to have been educated primarily by his brother Basil. In a letter to the rhetorician Libanius, he states that Basil had been Libanius' student, and that he had, in turn, been Basil's student (Ep. 10).
Prolegomena
Authors: James Frank A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much ink has been spilt on the question of the intellectual origins of the sixteenth-century Protestant reformation. Most of the scholarly effort discharged in this quest has concentrated on Martin Luther and the influence of late medieval scholasticism. On a smaller scale, scholars have also inquired into the intellectual origins of the other main branch of the sixteenth-century reformation, the Reformed branch—more popularly but inaccurately designated Calvinism. When seeking the intellectual origins of the Reformed Church, scholars have primarily concentrated on Calvin and to a lesser extent Zwingli. However, it has been increasingly recognized that Reformed theology does not derive exclusively or even primarily from John Calvin, but rather from a coterie of theologians who were associated with Swiss reform, including besides Calvin, Heinrich Bullinger, Peter Martyr Vermigli, and Wolfgang Musculus. Calvin may appear to tower over other theologians, but the intervening centuries have a way of distorting the reality. Unlike the theology of the Lutheran Church, where the initia Lutheri and the initia Reformationis are intimately interconnected, the theology of the Reformed branch belongs to the second wave of reform.
Medieval Intensification: Thomas Aquinas and Gregory of Rimini
Authors: James Frank A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In our quest for the intellectual origins of Vermigli’s doctrine of gemina praedestinatio, we must examine the intellectual context of the University of Padua where his theological development began. At Padua there were only two possible candidates for formative theological influence on Vermigli’s doctrine of gemina praedestinatio—Gregory of Rimini and Thomas Aquinas. These are the two theologians specifically cited by Simler as having held particular interest for the young Vermigli.
Summation and Historiographical Implications
Authors: James Frank A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
More than twenty-five years ago, Philip McNair described Peter Martyr Vermigli as having sprung ‘ready-made out of the Alps one September day in 1542 like Minerva from the head of Jupiter’. The extraordinary welcome that Vermigli received from the Zurich and Strasbourg divines provides ample justification for McNair’s assessment. Bucer’s description of Vermigli as being ‘quite learned’, ‘well skilled’, and a ‘serious’ scholar of ‘keen intelligence’ suggests that, upon his arrival in Strasbourg, Vermigli was already a theologian of considerable maturity. Bucer’s words were followed with swift action. One month later, he arranged for Vermigli to succeed the late Wolfgang Capito at the Strasbourg Academy. The enthusiasm and speed with which Vermigli was welcomed into the higher echelons of Reformed Protestantism is striking, especially when he had been so recently a prominent theologian in the Roman Catholic Church. This study has explored the intellectual forces which came to bear upon Vermigli and which warranted his being portrayed as ‘ready-made’. In particular, we have concentrated on the question of the intellectual origins of Vermigli’s doctrine of gemina praedestinatio.
Talking at Trypho: Christian Apologetic as Anti-Judaism 1n Justin’sDialogue with Trypho the Jew
Authors: Rajak Tessa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is not easy to define a work which evokes at its opening the honeyed charm of the first pages of Plato’sRepublic, on which it is loosely modelled, or perhaps of a Ciceronian dialogue; but which, by its sixteenth chapter, is hurling a fully-formed charge of deicide at Trypho, the author’s partner in the dialogue, and at his people, the Jews. Justin opens thus:As I was walking about one morning in the porticoes of the covered colonnade, a certain man, who was together with some others, met me, and said ‘hail philosopher’. And, saying this, he turned round, and came with me.
The Constantinian Circle and theOration to the Saints
Authors: Edwards Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The editors have chosen to end this volume with theOration to the Saints ascribed to Constantine, because the reign of that emperor (306-37 CE) produced a decisive change in the situation of the Christian apologist and the character of his audience, whether real or nominal. It could no longer be pretended that the first aim of the writer was to defend the legal status or the morals of Christians; it was now his expressed intention to convert the pagan world, though it could hardly be supposed that this con version depended chiefly on his literary success. Constantine declared himself a Christian in 312, denouncing the persecutors and expressing a private wish that Christianity would become the common faith of all his subjects. His successors maintained his policy with more zeal, and by 400 it was pagans who were obliged to be discreet in the exercise of their religion. If we can speak of apologetic writings after Constantine, we can only mean that such writings offer an intellectual defence of Christianity, not that they were written to obtain relief from jeopardy or distress.
Towards Joint Central Regulation in Britain
Authors: Fulcher James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The increasing organization of the labour market and the development of the state combined to generate pressures for the central regulation of industrial relations. As industrial conflict led to an ever wider organization of both sides of industry, mutual regulation through collective agreement moved upwards from local through industrial towards, possibly, national level. On the other hand, conflicts became larger in scale and more disruptive, putting pressure on governments to maintain order and protect essential services through a more regulated system of industrial relations.
How Sects Evolve: Issues and Inferences
Authors: Wilson Bryan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sociologists, by the principled assumptions of their discipline, are disposed to seek general laws to explain the forms and processes of social phenomena. The value of such endeavour—for enlarging our understanding, producing analytical insights, and, as a hopeful prospect, for generating predictive propositions—cannot be gainsaid. The stimulus to comparative method on which such generalizations should rest, must in itself be salutary in producing improved explanations of social phenomena otherwise explained in only narrow reference to specific data and without awareness of the probability of the occurrence of particular patterns and sequences. Yet, this search for general propositions has its dangers: it can lead to over-hasty conclusions and to formulations that carry all the apparent authority of general laws when in fact they are merely accounts of particular cases that have been unwarrantably generalized to all associated phenomena and dignified in abstract terminology.
Jehovah’s Witnesses in a Catholic Country: A Survey of Nine Belgian Congregations
Authors: Wilson Bryan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the Second World War, three sectarian movements have achieved considerable growth in continental Europe. of these, Jehovah’s Witnesses have received perhaps most attention from scholars, and it has become apparent that this movement has acquired a following even in countries in which Protestantism has never been particularly successful. In Belgium, a country with a population that is about 85 to 90 per cent Catholic, the Witnesses today number about 20,000 people. of this number about 14 per cent have been recruited from among immigrants to Belgium, the majority of these converts being Italians. Our enquiry sought to identify Witnesses in conventional sociological terms, and paid particular attention to the participation in the movement of immigrants. This chapter is divided into a short section on the history of the Witnesses in Belgium; an indication of research procedures; a subdivided presentation of the principal findings from analysis of questionnaires; and concluding comments on the recruitment, involvement, and social integration of Jehovah’s Witnesses.