bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subcortical projections to the centromedian and parafascicular thalamic nuclei in the cat
Authors: Royce G. James , Bromley S. , Gracco C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe primary objective of this study is to identify the totality of input to the centromedian and parafascicular (CM‐Pf) thalamic nuclear complex. The subcortical projections upon the CM‐Pf complex were studied in the cat with three different retrograde tracers. The tracers used were unconjugated horseradish peroxidase (HRP), horseradish peroxidase conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA‐HRP), and rhodamine‐labeled fluorescent latex microspheres (RFM).Numerous subcortical structures or substructures contained labeled neurons with all three tracing techniques. These labeled structures included the central nucleus of the amygdala; the entopeduncular nucleus; the globus pallidus; the reticular and ventral lateral geniculate nuclei of the thalamus; parts of the hypothalamus including the dorsal, lateral, and posterior hypothalamic areas and the ventromedial and parvicellular nuclei; the zona incerta and fields of Forel; parts of the substantia nigra including the pars reticularis and pars lateralis, and the retrorubral area; the pretectum; the intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus; the periaqueductal gray; the dorsal nucleus of the raphe; portions of the reticular formation, including the mesencephalic, pontis oralis, pontis caudalis, gigantocellularis, ventralis, and lateralis reticular nuclei; the nucleus cuneiformis; the marginal nucleus of the brachium conjunctivum; the locus coeruleus; portions of the trigeminal complex, including the principal sensory and spinal nuclei; portions of the vestibular complex, including the lateral division of the superior nucleus and the medial nucleus; deep cerebellar nuclei, including the medial and lateral cerebellar nuclei; and lamina VII of the cervical spinal cord.Moreover, the WGA‐HRP and rhodamine methods (known to be more sensitive than the HRP method) revealed several afferent sources not shown by HRP: the anterior hypothalamic area, ventral tegmental area, lateral division of the superior vestibular nucleus, nucleus interpositus, and the nucleus praepositus hypoglossi. Also, the rhodamine method revealed labeled neurons in laminae V and VI of the cervical spinal cord.
Organization of the cerebellum in the pigeon (Columba livia): II. Projections of the cerebellar nuclei
Authors: Arends J. J. A. , Zeigler H. Philip 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe projections of the deep cerebellar nuclei in the pigeon have been delineated using autoradiographic and histochemical (WGA‐HRP) tracing techniques. A medial (CbM) and lateral (CbL) cerebellar nucleus are recognized and CbM may be further partitioned into internal, intermediate, and intercalate divisions. As in mammals, most extracerebellar projections of CbM travel in the fasciculus uncinatus (FU); the rest travel with those of CbL in the brachium conjunctivum (BC). In the pigeon, both of these pathways are bilaterally but primarily contralaterally projecting systems.FU is a predominantly descending tract, with terminations within (1) the vestibular complex, (2) a column of contiguous medial reticular nuclei from pontine to caudal medullary levels; (3) the plexus of Horsley portion of the parvicellular reticular formation, continuing through the nucleus centralis medullae oblongatae, pars dorsalis, into intermediate layer VII of the cervical spinal cord, down to cervical segment 8–9; (4) the lateral reticular nucleus and the paragigantocellular reticular nucleus; (5) the dorsal lamella of the inferior olive. Rostrally FU terminals are found in the locus ceruleus and dorsal subcerulean nucleus. Minimal FU projections are also seen to the motor trigeminal nucleus and the subnucleus oralis of the descending trigeminal system. A small projection from the intercalate division of CbM travels in BC and projects upon the midbrain central grey, the intercollicular nucleus, the lateral tectal periventricular grey, the stratum cellulare externum and, sparsely, upon the dorsolateral thalamus.The bulk of BC originates from the lateral cerebellar nucleus and consists of a massive ascending and a small descending branch. The ascending system projects upon the red nucleus and the dorsally adjacent interstitial nucleus of Cajal and midbrain central grey, the prerubral fields continuing into the stratum cellulare externum, the nucleus intercalatus thalami, the ventrolateral thalamic nucleus, the medial spiriform nucleus, the nucleus principalis precommissuralis, the nucleus of the basal optic root, the nucleus geniculatus lateralis pars ventralis, the dorsolateral thalamus, including the dorsal intermediate posterior, and the dorsolateral intermediate and anterior nuclei. BC also contains axons from the infracerebellar nucleus, which projects upon the trochlear and the oculomotor nuclei. The descending branch of BC distributes to the papilioform nucleus, the medial pontine nucleus, the gigantocellular and paramedian reticular nuclei, and, minimally, the rostral portions of the medial column and ventral lamella of the inferior olive.Taken in conjunction with data on amphibia and reptiles the present findings suggest that the fundamental ground plan of vertebrate cerebellar organization involves a medial and lateral cerebellar nucleus. We conclude that, in the pigeon, these nuclei are homologous with the fastigial and interposed nuclei of mammals.
Embryonic development of choline acetyltransferase in thoracic spinal motor neurons: Somatic and autonomic neurons may be derived from a common cellular group
Authors: Phelps Patricia E. , Barber Robert P. , Vaughn James E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis investigation focused on the relationship between neurotransmitter phenotype expression and rat motor neuron development, as studied with choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunocytochemical techniques. The development of two subclasses of motor neurons, somatic and autonomic efferents, was examined in the upper thoracic spinal cord. ChAT was first detected in a few neurons on embryonic day 121/2 (E121/2), and in numerous cells located in a single, ventrolaterally located column in the intermediate zone on E13. By E14, this group‐ of ChAT‐positive neurons was more intensely immunoreactive, and their axons could be traced to appropriate targets in developing somatic muscle and paravertebral sympathetic ganglia. During the E15–16 period, somatic and autonomic motor neurons separated into two distinct subgroups, with the latter cells being observed to translocate dorsally. By E17, these autonomic motor neurons reached their final positions in the midportion of the intermediate zone. The autonomic motor neurons were observed to extend transverse dendritic bundles across the spinal cord between E15–16, but evidence of the longitudinal bundles of sympathetic preganglionic dendrites was not observed until after birth.A recent study of cholinergic thoracic motor neurons found that both somatic and autonomic cells were generated synchronously during the Ell‐12 period (Barber et al., Soc Neurosci Abstr 15:588, 1989). In combination with the present results, these data indicate that no more than V‐A days are necessary after motor neuron genesis before a few cells begin to express detectable levels of ChAT, and that no more than 2 days are required before large numbers express this marker of the cholinergic phenotype. Further comparisons of the present findings with those of previous investigations of the development of both somatic and autonomic motor neurons (Dennis et al., Dev Biol 81:266, 1981; Rubin, J Neurosci 5:685, 697, 1985) indicate that these cells contain ChAT at the time their axons are growing toward their respective peripheral targets 1 day before the time when physiological evidence of function is manifest. Furthermore, the present results suggest that both subclasses of motor neurons initially migrate together from the ventricular zone into a single motor column within the ventral intermediate zone, and that the autonomic neurons subsequently translocate dorsally. Thus, autonomic motor neurons appear to be an exception to the generalization that postmitotic neurons migrate directly from the germinal zone to their final positions within the central nervous system.
Birthdates of trigeminal ganglion cells contributing axons to the infraorbital nerve and specific vibrissal follicles in the rat
Authors: Rhoades Robert W. , Enfiejian Howard L. , Chiaia Nicolas L. , Macdonald Gordon J. , Miller Michael W. , McCann Patricia , Goddard Charles M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPrenatal labelling with [3H]‐thymidine was combined with retrograde tracing techniques in adult rats to determine the birthdates of the trigeminal (V) ganglion cells that contributed axons to the infraorbital nerve (ION) and the generation of the subsets of ION cells that innervated specific vibrissae follicles (C‐1 and C‐5). The V ganglion cells contributing axons to the ION are born between embryonic (E‐, E‐0 = the day of conception) days 9.5 and 14.5. The percentages (normalized so that they total 100%) of the total V ganglion population born on E‐9.5 through E‐14.5 were 5.8, 25.7, 19.8, 23.4, 21.0, and 4.4%, respectively. The distribution of birthdates for the V ganglion cells that were retrogradely labelled from the ION closely matched that for the ganglion as a whole. All of these neurons were also born on E‐9.5 through E‐14.5, and the percentages born on each day were 6.3, 23.6, 18.1, 24.0, 23.6, and 4.4%. Finally, a similar distribution of birthdates was obtained for the V ganglion cells that were retrogradely labelled after injection of retrograde tracers into either the C‐1 or C‐5 vibrissae follicles. We were unable to detect any distinctive spatial distributions for either all V ganglion or ION cells born on a specific embryonic day. Furthermore, neurons with a given birthdate and that innervated a given follicle were distributed throughout the entire region containing all of the ganglion cells supplying the follicle in question. Therefore, it appears that the V ganglion cells contributing axons to the ION are born over the entire period of ganglion neurogenesis and further that the organization of the ION's innervation of the periphery is not a function of cell birthdate.
Cell migration in the rat embryonic neocortex
Authors: Bayer Shirley A. , Altman Joseph , Russo Raymond J. , Dai Xiaofeng , Simmons James A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThree‐dimensional reconstructions of the normal rat embryonic (E) neocortex on days E15, E17, E19, and E21, using Skandha (software designed by J. Prothero, University of Washington, Seattle), show that the neocortical ventricular zone shrinks rapidly in the medial direction during cortical morphogenesis. [3H]thymidine autoradiography indicates that the shrinkage of the ventricular zone occurs before neurons in lateral and ventrolateral parts of layers IV‐II are generated. Consequently, most of these neurons originate 400–1000 μm medial to their settling sites in the cortical plate. Embryos killed at daily intervals up to E21 after a single injection of [3H]thymidine on either E17 or E18 revealed the presence of a prominent migratory path, the lateral cortical stream, used by neurons migrating to the lateral and ventrolateral cortical plate; neurons migrating to the dorsal cortical plate follow a direct radial path. Arrival times of neurons in the cortical plate depend on the migratory path and are proportional to the overall distance travelled. Neurons that migrate only radially arrive in the dorsal cortical plate in two days (shortest route). Neurons that migrate laterally arrive in the lateral cortical plate in 3 days (longer route) and in the ventrolateral cortical plate in 4 days (longest route). [3H]thymidine autoradiography also shows that cells generated in the neocortical ventricular zone migrate in the lateral cortical stream for 5 or more days and accumulate in a reservoir. Cells leave the reservoir to enter the piriform cortex and destinations (as yet undetermined) in the basal telencephalon. The lateral cortical stream is found wherever the neocortical primordium surrounds the basal ganglia and is absent behind the basal ganglia, A computer analysis of nuclear orientation in anterior and posterior parts of the intermediate zone in the dorsal neocortex between days E17 and E22 shows that horizontally oriented nuclei are more common anteriorly where many cells are migrating laterally than posteriorly where most cells are migrating radially.
Histamine‐immunoreactive neurons in the midbrain and suboesophageal ganglion of the sphinx moth Manduca sexta
Authors: Homberg U. , Hildebrand J. G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis paper describes the distribution of histamine‐like immunoreactivity in the midbrain and suboesophageal ganglion of the sphinx moth Manduca sexta. Intense immunocytochemical staining was detected in ten bilateral pairs of neurons in the median protocerebrum and in one pair of neurons in the suboesophageal ganglion. Whereas most areas of the brain and suboesophageal ganglion are innervated by one or more of these neurons, typically no immunoreactive fibers were found in the mushroom bodies, the protocerebral bridge, and the lateral horn of the protocerebrum. The 11 histamine‐immunoreactive neurons were reconstructed from serial sections. Ten neurons have bilateral arborizations, often with axonal projections in symmetric areas of both hemispheres. One neuron, whose soma resides in the lateral protocerebrum, has only unilateral projections. Of the 11 neurons, 6 occur in pairs with similar morphological features. In addition to these neurons, weak histamine‐like immunoreactivity was detected in 7–13 interneurons that were not reconstructed individually. The central projections of the ocellar nerves from the intracranial ocelli also exhibit histamine‐like immunoreactivity. The single‐cell reconstructions reveal similarities between the organization of histamine‐ and serotonin‐immunoreactive neurons in the brain and suboesophageal ganglion of this insect.
Efferent projections of the infralimbic cortex of the rat
Authors: Hurley Karen M. , Herbert Horst , Moga Margaret M. , Saper Clifford B. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractOn the basis of stimulation studies, it has been proposed that the infralimbic cortex (ILC), Brodmann area 25, may serve as an autonomic motor cortex. To explore this hypothesis, we have combined anterograde tracing with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA‐L) and retrograde tracing with wheat germ aggutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA‐HRP) to determine the efferent projections from the ILC.Axons exit the ILC in one of three efferent pathways. The dorsal pathway ascends through layers III and V to innervate the prelimbic and anterior cingulate cortices. The lateral pathway courses through the nucleus accumbens to innervate the insular cortex, the perirhinal cortex, and parts of the piriform cortex. In addition, some fibers from the lateral pathway enter the corticospinal tract. The ventral pathway is by far the largest and innervates the thalamus (including the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus, the border zone between the paraventricular and medial dorsal nuclei, and the paratenial, reuniens, ventromedial, parafasicular, and subparafasicular nuclei), the hypothalamus (including the lateral hypothalamic and medial preoptic areas, and the suprachiasmatic, dorsomedial, and supramammillary nuclei), the amygdala (including the central, medial, and basomedial nuclei, and the periamygdaloid cortex) and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. The ventral efferent pathway also provides descending projections to autonomic cell groups of the brainstem and spinal cord including the periaqueductal gray matter, the parabrachial nucleus, the nucleus of the solitary tract, the dorsal motor vagal nucleus, the nucleus ambiguus, and the ventrolateral medulla, as well as lamina I and the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord.The ILC has extensive projections to central autonomic nuclei that may subserve a role in modulating visceral responses to emotional stimuli, such as stress.
Rod and cone specific domains in the interphotoreceptor matrix
Authors: Mieziewska Kristina E. , van Veen Theo , Murray John M. , Aguirre Gustavo D. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe insoluble matrix domain of the interphotoreceptor matrix (IPM) from normal dog, cat, and mouse retinae were characterized using lectin cytochemistry. The lectins WGA (wheat germ agglutinin) and PNA (peanut agglutinin) were used to label interphotoreceptor matrix microdomains in cryosections of retinal tissue and in extracted insoluble matrix. Retinal cryosections and extracted matrix were examined by epifluorescence microscopy and scanning confocal laser microscopy, the latter allowed for the removal of all background fluorescence and gave increased resolution. The insoluble matrix was extracted as a continuous sheet that was comprised of two photoreceptor‐specific matrix domains distinguished both by the size of the domains, and by differential binding of WGA and PNA lectins. Each domain encloses a photoreceptor inner and outer segment. Individual rod‐associated domains were connected into a hexagonal lattice and this pattern was regularly interrupted by the larger cone‐associated domains which have 8–10 surrounding rod domains. The PNA lectin primarily labeled the cone‐associated matrix with faint binding to the rod matrix; the WGA lectin labeled both the rod‐ and cone‐associated matrix.
Anatomic evidence of nociceptive inputs to primary somatosensory cortex: Relationship between spinothalamic terminals and thalamocortical cells in squirrel monkeys
Authors: Gingold Scott I. , Greenspan Joel D. , Apkarian A. Vania 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis study examined anatomic pathways that are likely to transmit noxious and thermal cutaneous information to the primary somatosensory cortex. Anterograde and retrograde labeling techniques were combined to investigate the relationship between spinothalamic (STT) projections and thalamocortical neurons in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). Large injections of diamidino yellow (DY) were placed in the physiologically defined hand region of primary somatosensory cortex (hSI), and wheat germ agglutinin‐horseradish peroxidase (WGA‐HRP) was injected in the contralateral cervical enlargement (C5T1). Both DY‐labeled neuronal cell bodies and HRP‐labeled STT terminal‐like structures were visualized within single thalamic sections in each animal. Quantitative analysis of the positions and numbers of retrogradely labeled neurons and anterogradely labeled terminal fields reveal that: (1) ventral posterior lateral (VPL), ventral posterior inferior (VPI), and central lateral (CL), combined, receive 87% of spinothalamic inputs originating from the cervical enlargement; (2) these three nuclei contain over 91% of all thalamocortical neurons projecting to hSI that are likely to receive STT input; and (3) these putatively contacted neurons account for less than 24% of all thalamic projections to hSI. These results suggest that three distinct spinothalamocortical pathways are capable of relaying nociceptive information to the hand somatosensory cortex. Moreover, only a small portion of thalamocortical neurons are capable of relaying STT‐derived nociceptive and thermal information to the primary somatosensory cortex.
Cerebellar Purkinje cell markers are expressed in retinal bipolar neurons
Authors: Berrebi Albert S. , Oberdick John , Sangameswaran Lakshmi , Christakos Sylvia , Morgan James I. , Mugnaini Enrico 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPrevious studies have been directed at the elucidation of neuron‐specific gene expression in the mammalian central nervous system. In particular, we have identified a series of marker molecules that are expressed in cerebellar Purkinje cells with varying degrees of specificity. Here, we show by light microscopic immunocytochemistry and Northern transfer and hybridization that two of these markers, namely, L7 and PEP19, are expressed in the retina of mouse and rabbit, while a third marker, cerebellin, is absent. Light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry proves that L7‐like immunoreactivity is restricted to rod bipolar cells, while PEP19‐like immunoreactivity is distributed in both rod and cone bipolars. PEP19 is also expressed by subsets of amacrine and ganglion cells. The density of PEP19‐positive bipolar cells is greater than that of L7‐positive bipolar cells, although the density of each is approximately equal in central and peripheral portions of the retina. An antiserum to a fourth Purkinje cell marker, vitamin D‐dependent calcium‐binding protein‐28 kD (CaBP), reveals primarily axon‐less horizontal cells, but also subsets of rod bipolar, amacrine, and, in the mouse but not in the rabbit, ganglion cells. The processes of immunoreactive cell bodies form discrete bands in the internal plexiform layer, and mixtures of the antisera help distinguish their identity. Thus, these Purkinje cell markers can be used at the electron microscopic level to unravel the extremely complex neuropil of this retinal layer. Furthermore, knowledge of the retinal distribution of this panel of molecules is of general value for future studies of retinal neuronal typology and can serve to map the densities of subsets of bipolar cells throughout the retina. The expression of L7 and PEP19 in bipolar cells and in Purkinje cells suggests a biochemical relationship between these two spatially distant neuronal populations.
The relationship between reproductive state and “sexually” dimorphic brain areas in sexually reproducing and parthenogenetic whiptail lizards
Authors: Wade Juli , Crews David 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe anterior hypothalamus‐preoptic area and ventromedial hypothalamus are sexually dimorphic in the reproductively active whiptail lizard Cnemidophorus inornatus. The anterior hypothalamus‐preoptic area, which is involved in the control of male‐typical copulatory behaviors, is larger in males, whereas the ventromedial hypothalamus, which is involved in the control of female‐typical receptivity, is larger in females. In the parthenogenetic whiptail lizard C. uniparens, which is a direct descendant of C. inornatus and exhibits both male‐like and female‐like pseudosexual behaviors, both brain areas are comparable in size to those of female C. inornatus. This study was conducted to determine whether these brain areas change in size in either species or sex during a time of year when these animals are reproductively inactive, or after removal of the gonads. In male C. inornatus both brain areas changed during reproductive inactivity (either seasonally or surgically induced) and became equivalent to the size characteristic of reproductively active female C. inornatus. When corrected for brain size, the anterior hypothalamus‐preoptic area was significantly smaller in intact hibernating and castrated males than in intact males from the summer breeding season. Conversely, the ventromedial hypothalamus was significantly larger in intact hibernating and castrated males than in intact males from the summer breeding season. The two brain areas were not significantly different among the groups of female C. inornatus or parthenogenetic C. uniparens. These results suggest that (1) the brain of whiptail lizards may differentiate seasonally and (2) the female state may be a neutral one to which the male brain reverts during reproductive inactivity.