bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Embryology of the Ear
Authors: K.Sulik Kathaleen , Cotanche Douglas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Embryonic development of the internal, middle, and external ear entails well-orchestrated temporal and spatial changes. Descriptions of these developmental changes, as presented here, are derived primarily from studies of mammalian development, although some data acquired from studies of other classes of vertebrates are included. As much descriptive and illustrative material from human embryos is presented as is possible, and most of the remainder is derived from studies of rodents. Although it must be done with caution, in many cases, extrapolation between species appears to be appropriate.
Genetic Hearing Loss Associated with Metabolic Disorders
Authors: Netzloff Michael L , Elsea, sarah H , Fisher Rachel A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we have included metabolic diseases that are known to be associated with genetic hearing Joss but have omitted some extremely rare metabolic diseases that may, by chance alone, be seen with hearing loss. Because of the relative frequency of nonsyndromic hearing Joss, with an increasing number of defined genes inherited not only in a monogenic fashion but also via mitochondrial mechanisms, chance associations of these conditions with metabolic disease have likely occurred.
Knowledge and Learning, Markets and Organizations: Managing the Information Transaction Space
Authors: Huizing Ard , Bouman Wim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The field of knowledge management lacks a comprehensive analysis from the economic perspective. While numerous benefits are claimed in literature, for instance, increased productivity and the creation of innovative products and services, it is broadly acknowledged that the business or strategic value of knowledge management is hard to demonstrate (Davenport et al. 1998, Zack 1999). The aim of this chapter is to help develop an economic foundation for knowledge management. We view knowledge management as an organizational discipline bridging information demand and supply in support of learning processes within organizations. The fundamental task of organizing is generally to achieve purposeful, coordinated action from organizations that consist of many specialized individuals and other resources that can be deployed in different ways and for different purposes (Douma and Schreuder 1991, Grant 1996). To better exploit the potential productivity of these resources and to learn from the experiences, a vast network of information exchange is necessary. We call this complex and chaotic network of human interaction “the information transaction space” and see it as the object of knowledge management. It represents the set of all possible information exchanges-economists say “transactions”-available to any actor at any time.
Technological and Organizational Designs for Realizing Economies of Substitution
Authors: Garud Raghu , Kumaraswamy Arun 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Schumpeterian era during which “gales of creative destruction” brought about revolutionary changes over long periods of time (Schumpeter 1942) is past. In recent times, we have entered a neo-Schumpeterian era where technological change appears to be ceaseless. To survive in this new era, firms have to innovate continually (Klein 1977). Continual innovation, however, imposes limits on a firm’s ability to realize scale economies. Moreover, rapid change dampens the diffusion of new technologies as customers postpone purchases due to fear of obsolescence (Rosenberg 1982). Slower diffusion of technological changes creates problems for firms attempting to recoup investments made in technologies that change continually. There is another facet to this new era that renders contemporary environments different from those prevalent during Schumpeter’s time. Specifically, many of these technologies are “systemic” in nature (Winter 1987); that is, they are embodied in multicomponent products that connect to each other. The development and production of such technological systems require significant investments in several complementary technologies (Hakansson 1989, Powell and Brantley 1992, Quinn 1992, Teece 1987).
A Dynamic Theory of Organizational Knowledge Creation
Authors: Nonaka Ikujiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is widely observed that the society we live in has been gradually turning into a “knowledge society” (Drucker 1968, Bell 1973, Toffler 1990). The ever increasing importance of knowledge in contemporary society calls for a shift in our thinking concerning innovation in large business organizations-be it technical innovation, product innovation, or strategic or organizational innovation.1 It raises questions about how organizations process knowledge and, more important, how they create new knowledge. Such a shift in general orientation will involve, among other things, a reconceptualization of the organizational knowledge creation processes. The theory of organization has long been dominated by a paradigm that conceptualizes the organization as a system that “processes” information or” solves” problems. Central to this paradigm is the assumption that a fundamental task for the organization is how efficiently it can deal with information and decisions in an uncertain environment. This paradigm suggests that the solution lies in the “input-process-output” sequence of hierarchical information processing.
Palatogenesis: Closure of the Secondary Palate
Authors: Sperber Geoffrey H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The secondary palate, so called because it forms after the appearance of the primary palate, constitutes both the floor of the nasal cavities and the roof of the mouth. The secondary palate is comprised of the anterior hard and the posterior soft palate and is an essential component of normal respiration, mastication, deglutition, and speech. The very existence of the definitive secondary palate in humans characterizes a major mammalian evolutionary separation of the respiratory from the masticatory functions of the primitive stomodeal (oronasai) chamber of vertebrate antecedents. The transition of the single chamber of the embryonic stomodeum into the divided compartments of the two nasal cavities for respiration and the oral cavity for mastication represents a subdivision of this common chamber found in primitive crossopterygian fish, reptiles, birds, and early mammals. The separation of a continuous respiratory channel (the nostrils) from an intermittently required food-ingestion channel (the mouth) enabled the evolutionary development of leisurely mastication without respiratory interference. This separation occurs only anteriorly since the nasopharynx and oropharynx share a channel posteriorly, which accounts for momentary asphyxiation during swallowing.
Methodological Issues in Epidemiological Studies of Oral Clefts
Authors: Christensen Kaare 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At a first glance, oral clefts (OCs) seem an ideal group of congenital malformations to be studied. They are among the most common congenital malformations and, compared to most other anomalies, easily diagnosed and described. However, even such a seemingly straightforward task as estimating the frequency of OC imposes its own problems. The first part of this chapter addresses methodological issues in the assessment of OC frequency, including frequency measurements and the completeness and biases in various ascertainment sources. The second part covers some methodological issues in connection with the two major design options for assessing environmental risk factors for OC: case-control studies and follow-up studies. Although OCs are among the most frequent congenital malformations and relatively easily assessed, the statistical power of most etiological studies is low, especially because most studies subdivide OCs into cleft lip (CL) with or without cleft palate (CUP) and isolated cleft palate (CP) and, furthermore, into syndromic and nonsyndromic cases. These subdivisions are based on observations that nonsyndromic CUP and CP rarely segregate in the same family (Fogh-Andersen, 1942) and that a substantial number of syndromic cases have a strong association with specific genetic mutations. Additionally, it may be of interest to study OCs stratified by familial occurrence and severity [bilateral vs. unilateral CUP, cleft lip and palate (CLP) vs. CL] (Mitchell, 1997). Finally, some studies have suggested that the nonsyndromic CP group may consist of two etiologically different subtypes: CP affecting the soft palate only and CP affecting both the hard and soft palate (Christensen and Fogh-Andersen, 1994; Clementi et al., 1997).
Birth Defects Surveillance Systems and Oral Clefts
Authors: Correa Adolfo , Edmonds Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oral clefts are among the more frequent and readily diagnosed major congenital anomalies. Accordingly, they have been the subject of many studies that have increased our knowledge of their epidemiology. For instance, studies of the variation in prevalence by race/ethnicity have shown a high rate of oral clefts in Asians, followed by whites and African-Americans (Vanderas, 1987). Etiologic studies have identified possible increases in the risk of oral clefts with a number of factors, including maternal smoking (Khoury et al., 1989; Kallen 1997; Lieff et al., 1999), alcohol consumption (Shaw et al., 1999), use of corticosteroids (Carmichael and Shaw, 1999), and occupational factors (Bianchi et al., 1997; Lorente et al., 2000) (see Chapters 16 and 17). Data for these studies have come from population-based surveillance systems for birth defects. This chapter examines the methods of population-based birth defects surveillance systems, reviews recent prevalence data on oral clefts from state and international monitoring programs, and offers some recommendations for enhancing the use of birth defects surveillance programs for studies of oral clefts. Population-based birth defects surveillance programs aim at having a relatively complete or representative sample of affected infants in the population and, as such, can provide more accurate and reliable estimates of rates and risk factors for birth defects than birth defects registries based on a selected sample of hospitals. Therefore, after the epidemic of limb reduction defects associated with thalidomide use in the 1960s, interest was extensive in population-based surveillance systems for identifying increases in the frequency of birth defects possibly associated with maternal exposure to teratogens in the general population.
Environmental Risk Factors and Oral Clefts
Authors: Hayes Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the literature regarding the etiology of oral clefts is extensive, unique causal factors remain unknown. The widely held belief is that oral clefts are of multifactorial etiology, with both genetic predisposition and environmental influence playing a role. In this chapter, the term environmental is used in its broadest sense to include characteristics of the individual, such as age, sex, and race; behaviors, such as smoking and alcohol use; as well as other exposures, such as occupational or environmental ones. While no strong risk factors for oral clefts have been identified, several potential environmental risk factors have been investigated, including smoking, alcohol, caffeine, benzodi azepines, and corticosteroids. In evaluating the role of specific risk factors or a category of risk factors in epidemiology, several criteria are examined for causality. These include consistency, strength of association, biologic plausibility, temporal sequence, and dose-response relationship. Often, there is a remarkable lack of consistency for several of the risk factors discussed in this chapter. Also, many of the measures of association are not strong. In addition, usually there is little information regarding the temporal sequence between exposure and outcome. A dose-response relationship can seldom be demonstrated. Therefore, making inferences about the causality of oral clefts is largely an inconclusive task. In this chapter, the current evidence regarding the role of environmental risk factors in the etiology of oral clefts is discussed.
Developing a Cleft Palate or Craniofacial Team
Authors: Strauss Ronald P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cleft palate and other craniofacial conditions are widely cared for in the context of a multi-specialty healthcare team (Strauss, 1999). Various types of healthcare team organization exist, and effective teambased healthcare delivery has the ability to address the fragmentation and dehumanization that can result when a spectrum of specialists and disciplines are needed to provide assessment and technical care. The organization and delivery of cleft palate and craniofacial health services vary according to national and health system characteristics. Economic development and sociopolitical structures define the resources and health delivery system within which craniofacial care is rendered. In developed nations, organized healthcare teams largely deliver craniofacial care, although individual specialists outside of the team context render some care. In some nations, regional or national centers of clinical care have been organized to aggregate clinical service delivery and facilitate regionalization.In recent years, efforts such as the “Eurocleft” study have resulted in more regionalized care delivery. In many nations, such as the United States, a competitive market system exists that allows as many teams to develop as the market for services will bear. Reimbursement mechanisms, cultural factors, and health system characteristics define the craniofacial health delivery system.
Clean Indoor Air Restrictions: Progress and Promise
Authors: Jacobson Peter D , Zapawa Lisa M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the past 25 years, the enactment of strong clean indoor air laws has been a primary goal of the tobacco control movement. From a legislative perspective, the issue has been how to translate increasingly broad public support for clean indoor air restrictions into laws that protect the public from the harms of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS, also known as passive or secondhand smoke) without unduly burdening individual rights to consume a legal product.
Even today, when smoking in public places is highly regulated in many states, the debate over the scope of that regulation is far from settled. That the state has the right to regulate smoking to secure the public’s health is beyond question. The policy debate is about when, how, and under what circumstances the state should exercise that power Qacobson, Wasserman, and Raube 1993).
Utilitarian Approaches to Justice in Health Care
Authors: Hayry Matti 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Utilitarianism, as an ethical tradition, insists first, “that action is best which procures the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers” (Hutcheson, 1725) and, second, that “justice is a principle which proposes to itself the production of the greatest sum of pleasure or happiness” (Godwin, 1793). When these principles are applied to the problems of justice in health care, the self-evident norm seems to be that all traditional and common-sense accounts of equity, fairness, and deserts should be overridden by straightforward calculations of utility, or the net good produced by medical decisions and public policies. My purpose in this chapter, however, is to show that there is more than meets the eye in utilitarian responses to health care provision. Although the idea of adding and subtracting utilities and disutilities has been popular in health administration, this is by no means all there is to “procuring the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers.” In one sense, all approaches to justice in health-care provision are utilitarian. The primary problem is that resources are limited, and that all possible life-saving and health-enhancing treatments cannot be extended to everyone. Because difficult choices between individuals and groups must be made, no one can, knowingly and seriously, propose policies that would be inefficient, that is, which would simply throw away scarce resources to no one’s benefit.
The Medical, the Mental, and the Dental: Vicissitudes of Stigma and Compassion
Authors: Teitleman Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In late 1999, the Surgeon General of the United States issued Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General (hereafter MHR). The report is a comprehensive survey of current scientific understanding of the major mental disorders, the therapeutic tools available to help affected individuals, and the clinical services that are needed by each age group across the life span. The report also articulates a vision of a system of mental health care with a broad range of programs to meet the needs of children, adolescents, adults, and elders through schools, nursing homes, prisons, residential programs, shelters, home-visit agencies, and community centers as well the usual hospital, clinic, and office sites. The outlook of the Surgeon General’s report is generally rosy. It touts the growth in knowledge and the clinical advances of the last three decades. The picture is less rosy when it turns to the gap between the mental health needs of the population and the delivery of mental health services. The gist of the Surgeon General’s outlook 1s that more is known about mental disorder than ever before, more effective treatment is available than ever before, but most of those who need help do not receive it.
What Went Wrong?
Authors: Lewis Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For a long time, people in the Midlle East have been asking themselves and each other this agonizing question - what went wrong? How did the most advanced, creative, flourishing, enlightened, and also the richest and most powerful civilization in the world lose both its strength and leadership and become - in various perspectives - the victim, the prey, the war, the pupil of the West. This book examines the different aspects of the encounter with the West - guns, factories, parliament, monogamy, technology, the sciences and the arts, and the Middle Eastern response to them. Finally, it reviews the different ways in which this question has been formulated, the various diagnoses of what ails the Middle East, and the prescriptions for its cure.
Trading and Exchanges
Authors: Harris Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is about trading, the people who trade securities and contracts, the marketplaces where they trade, and the rules that govern it. Readers will learn about investors, brokers, dealers, arbitrageurs, retail traders, day traders, rogue traders, and gamblers; exchanges, boards of trade, dealer networks, ECNs (electronic communications networks), crossing markets, and pink sheets. Also covered in this text are single price auctions, open outcry auctions, and brokered markets limit orders, market orders, and stop orders. Finally, the author covers the areas of program trades, block trades, and short trades, price priority, time precedence, public order precedence, and display precedence, insider trading, scalping, and bluffing, and investing, speculating, and gambling.
Start-Up Factories
Authors: Doeringer Peter B , Evans-Klock Christine , Terkla David G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book gives the findings of a concise study of start-up factories in the United States by Japanese companies. This in-depth look at this increased phenomenon discusses not only the quality of jobs these factories produce, but it also expands to reveal their keys to success in achieving a strong competitive advantage. Finally, this volume gives the four inter-related strategies ( high performance management strategy, the economics of efficient wages, the quality of technology plants and regional economic development) that make for successful, high performance factories.
Mapping Functional Structure: A Project
Authors: Cinque Guglielmo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This volume presents the first results of a long-term research project aiming at the discovery and mapping out of the functional structure of natural language sentences. The impetus of the study of functional structure, after Chomsky (1986, 3) first suggested extending the X-bar format to the nonlexical categories of Inflection and Complementizer, can be traced back to some fifteen years ago, with Abney (1987) for the DP, and Pollock (1989) for the sentence, with subsequent modifications by Belletti (1990), Ouhalla (1991), and Chomsky (1993), among others.
Since then, the amount of work produced in the study of functional structure on a variety of languages, has grown to such an extent that a systematic mapping of the various functional heads found in the sentence and other phrases of the languages of the world has become appropriate, if not imperative. The idea is that we are at a point when it is finally possible to set the question in a systematic and empirical fashion, by having the various types of evidence considered in the literature interact and converge onto distinct functional hierarchies for each phrase.
Irreversible Hypoxic (Ischemic) Neuron Injury
Authors: Somjen George G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cerebral stroke is a devasting condition. The distinguished neuroanatomist Alf Brodal (1973) wrote a restrained yet gripping first-hand account of a stroke he suffered. He self-diagnosed the anatomical extent of the lesion, and recounted the struggle to re-learn with the remaining parts of his brain the skills that were lost in the affected parts. As he wrote, “even if the patient seems to be as he was ... he is painfully aware himself that this is not so.”
The Neuroendocrinology Of Aging
Authors: Seidman Stuart N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A primary postulate of senescence is that the ability to regulate the internal environment in response to changes in the internal or external milieu is reduced (Hazzard, 1997). Age-related endocrinological changes are generally seen in this context. Although there develops with age a progressive reduction in homeostatic regulation of endocrine function, such changes are generally not apparent under normal circumstances. Indeed, most basal plasma hormone concentrations do not change with age. When the systems are stressed, however, as in a glucose challenge, impaired function becomes evident. The potential of such normative endocrine changes to have a negative impact on central nervous system (CNS) functioning would appear to be great. However, although data are limited, the evidence that does exist does not support any such age-related neuroendocrine effects. In this chapter, we will first consider the role of hormones in neuropsychiatry, review general age-related changes in endocrine systems, and describe the implications of these changes for late-life depressive illness. Then we will focus on the example of age-related testosterone decline in men in order to examine specific depression-related issues raised by this hormonal dysregulation.