bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stalin and the Nuclear Age
Authors: Zubok Vladislav M. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Stalin understood the military and political significance of atomic weapons and directed all available Soviet resources to obtaining this weapon. However, he remained largely a statesman operating on the premises and experience of the pre‐nuclear age. For him, the emergence of atomic weapons made the prospect of a future war more terrifying, but no less likely. America's atomic monopoly in the first phase of the Cold War did not play a substantial role in deterring Stalin. He was determined to defend his spheres of influence and to dispel any sign of possible Soviet weakness in the face of America's atomic saber rattling. Stalin, a genius of state terror, power broking, and war diplomacy, was different from statesmen in the democratic countries, but his outlook on world politics was consistent with the realpolitik of the pre‐nuclear age. He had as much inclination as some of his ’liberal’ Western counterparts to regard nuclear power as a means of augmenting military power and, in larger terms, the power of the state.
The Nuclear Education of Nikita Khrushchev
Authors: Zubok Vladislav M. , Harrison Hope M. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Khrushchev was the first Soviet leader to realize that nuclear bipolarity dictated permanent ’peaceful coexistence’ between two antagonistic social systems. Although he never abandoned the idea of the usability of nuclear weapons, he regarded them primarily as a positive force and was eager to use them in his gamble for peace – an attempt to negotiate a permanent truce with the US, which would have liberated Soviet resources for the construction of communism and the assistance of ’progressive’ movements and regimes around the world. Khrushchev had little doubt that behind the nuclear shield, the Soviet Union would win a peaceful economic competition with the capitalist camp.
LIBERAL EDUCATION: THE UNITED STATES EXAMPLE
Authors: Appiah K. Anthony 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Anthony Appiah’s essay on liberal education in the United States begins by identifying a distinctive feature of classical liberalism – namely, that the state must respect substantial limits with respect to its authority to impose restrictions on individuals, even for their own good. Nevertheless, Appiah points out, the primary aim of liberal education is to ‘maximize autonomy not to minimize government involvement’. Most of the essays in this volume, including Appiah’s, are attempts to address the question of what the liberal commitment to maximize personal autonomy means when it comes to the teaching of what Appiah refers to as ‘identity-related claims’. The aim of this chapter is to suggest how one might begin to think about some questions in the philosophy of education, guided by the liberal thought that education is a preparation for autonomy, and to show that this tradition is both powerful enough to help with this difficult question and rich enough to allow answers of some complexity.
SCHOOLING AND CULTURAL MAINTENANCE FOR RELIGIOUS MINORITIES IN THE LIBERAL STATE
Authors: Halstead J. Mark 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
This is the last of the four essays in Part II of the book on liberalism and traditionalist education; all four are by authors who would like to find ways for the liberal state to honour the self-definitions of traditional cultures and to find ways of avoiding a confrontation with differences. One of the tasks of the book is to separate out different kinds of affiliation and the extent to which the arguments made about cultural recognition can be extended to other objects of affiliation. Mark Halstead’s chapter on schooling (education) and cultural maintenance for religious minorities in the liberal state provides a catalogue of the different types of groups that are to be found in liberal societies, and the different kinds of cultural and educational claims that are typically attached to each of them. His definition of minority group is useful in conceptualizing many of the papers in the volume. The chapter falls into three sections: Section 10.1, which looks at four types of disadvantaged minorities, attempts to distinguish non-Western fundamentalist religious minorities living in the West from other minorities that may experience disadvantage of various kinds in liberal societies; Section 10.2, on religious minorities in the liberal state, explores some of the educational and other difficulties encountered by such religious minorities in more detail, and typical liberal responses; Section 10.3, on rethinking the liberal response, contains some proposals that are designed to meet the educational needs of both the liberal state and the religious minorities at the same time.
Arts and Minds
Authors: Currie Gregory 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Thirteen essays, five not previously published, on the arts. These are philosophical essays, mostly concerned with the ways in which theories about mind and language can contribute to our understanding of art. Some explore the challenges posed by art to the empirical sciences of mind – linguistics and pragmatics, psychology and anthropology. Particular problems confronted include: the nature of literary works, genres, and fictional characters; whether there is coherent and useful concept of documentary; whether fiction can tell us anything interesting about time; what pragmatics tells us about interpretation; the prospects for cognitive film theory; the role of empathy in our engagement with fiction; the role of the unreliable narrator; the relations between children's pretend play and their mind reading skills; how we should decide whether animals engage in pretence; what biological and cultural evolution can tell us about the development of art.
1Information
Authors: Bovens Luc , Hartmann Stephan 
Published: March 2005

AbstractShows how the degree of confidence that information from multiple sources is a function of the plausibility and the coherence of the information as well as of the reliability of the sources. There is a long-standing question in epistemology about how to construct a measure that yields a coherence ordering over sets of propositions and there are various proposals in the literature. Presents an impossibility result to the effect that there cannot exist such a measure. This has implications for the coherence theory of justification.
Which factors influence the number of gemeprost pessaries used in inducing second‐trimester abortions?
Authors: Kaasen Anne , NÆs Tormod , Haugen Guttorm 
Published: March 2005

Background.  The course of second‐trimester abortions with the intention to use gemeprost as the only abortifacient is described.Methods.  The report is based on 278 consecutive second‐trimester abortions, excluding missed abortions, during a 12‐year period in a tertiary referral center. The women were treated with 1 mg gemeprost pessaries every fourth hour with a maximum of five applications during 24 h. If abortion had not occurred, a new treatment of gemeprost was prescribed after an interval of 12 h.Results.  The median number of gemeprost pessaries used was 4 (range 1–16) and the mean number (±SD) 4.09 (±1.90). Abortion occurred within 24 h in 78% of the women and within 48 h in 96%. The efficiency of gemeprost was highly dependent on previous vaginal deliveries (p < 0.001), with a mean number of applications of 4.63 (±2.04), 3.93 (±1.74), and 3.13 (±1.26) in those with none, one, and two or more previous vaginal deliveries, respectively. Previous spontaneous abortions were associated with a lower number of applications. Including previous vaginal deliveries and spontaneous abortions in a two‐way analysis of variance (anova), only the number of spontaneous abortions was marginally significant (p = 0.05). After excluding four patients with three or more spontaneous abortions from the analysis, the number of previous vaginal deliveries was significant (p = 0.010) whereas that of spontaneous abortions became nonsignificant. Postprocedure complications were reported in 13% of the women.Conclusion.  The course of the abortions was dependent on previous vaginal deliveries and spontaneous abortions.
Smoking‐associated fetal morbidity among older gravidas: a population study
Authors: Salihu Hamisu M. , Shumpert M. Nicole , Aliyu Muktar H. , Kirby Russell S. , Alexander Greg R. 
Published: March 2005

Background.  We set out to assess the influence of advanced maternal age on fetal morbidity associated with smoking during pregnancy in a population‐based retrospective study of 7 792 990 singleton live births between 1995 and 1997 in the United States with documented maternal smoking habit.Methods.  The study group consisted of infants born to mothers aged ≥ 40 years (older mothers). Two maternal age categories (20–29, “younger mothers”; 30–39, “mature mothers”) were constructed as comparison groups. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) generated from logistic regression models were used to compare fetal morbidity indices associated with smoking across maternal age categories. Main outcome measures included preterm, very preterm, and small for gestational age (SGA).Results.  The prevalence of smoking was 13.1%, and decreased with increasing maternal age. Regardless of maternal age, the risk for fetal morbidity was significantly elevated if the mother smoked. The risks for preterm and SGA associated with smoking were significantly higher among older gravidas as compared to younger mothers while mature mothers had risk estimates comparable to those of older mothers. Among smoking mothers only, the risk pattern for fetal morbidity was J‐shaped, with babies of older smokers having significantly higher fetal morbidity indices, while those of mature smokers showed lower levels of risk as compared to younger mothers.Conclusion.  In an era of relatively lower prevalence of smoking during pregnancy, advanced maternal age still increases the risk of smoking‐associated fetal morbidity. Our findings reveal new information of elevated risk for very preterm births among older smoking mothers.
Fetal fibronectin as predictor of successful induction of mid‐trimester abortion
Authors: Mercorio Francesco , Mercorio Antonio , Votino Carmela , Sardo Attilio Di Spiezio , Barba Gian Vincenzo , Nappi Carmine 
Published: March 2005

Background.  Fetal fibronectin (FFN) in cervical secretion is one of the most effective markers of pre‐term and term delivery. The presence of FFN in cervicovaginal secretions has recently been shown to reflect cervical state and an uncomplicated induction of labor at term. This study was designed to determine whether FFN could be a biochemical marker to predict the response to prostaglandins in early mid‐trimester abortion.Methods.  The presence of cervical FFN was evaluated by means of qualitative rapid immunoassay in 270 patients, who required second trimester termination of pregnancy at the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Naples ‘Federico II’. According to the standard protocol of our unit, women received 1.0 mg of gemeprost intravaginally at 3‐hr intervals up to a maximum of five suppositories. The induction‐to‐abortion interval and the percentage of successful abortions within 24 hr in women in the positive FFN group (n = 19) were compared with those in the negative FFN group (n = 251).Results.  FFN in the cervical secretions was present in seven women (10.2%) at 16‐weeks gestation, in seven women (7.5%) at 17‐weeks gestation, and in five women (4.5%) at 18‐week gestation. Final termination rates were 13 (68.4%) in the fibronectin‐positive group and 177 (70.5%) in the fibronectin‐negative group. The median abortion interval was similar (14.7  versus 15.1 hr) in both groups.Conclusions.  A positive cervical fetal fibronectin test does not predict a successful medical termination of pregnancy in second trimester abortion. In this setting, the role of fetal cervical fibronectin in cervical ripening is, therefore, questionable.
Changes in attitudes, knowledge and hormone replacement therapy use: a comparative study in two random samples with 6‐year interval
Authors: Thunell Louise , Stadberg Elisabeth , Milsom Ian , Mattsson Lars‐Åke 
Published: March 2005

Objectives.  To study changes in: (i) the prevalence of hormone‐replacement therapy (HRT) and (ii) women's attitudes and knowledge about the climacteric.Design.  Cross‐sectional comparison was performed on two populations of women both aged 46–62 years and resident in the same urban Swedish population over a period of 6 years.Material and methods.  In 1992, a random sample of 5990 women, from five birth cohorts, 46, 50, 54, 58, and 62 years in the city of Göteborg, were assessed using a postal questionnaire technique. In 1998, the same technique was used and a similar questionnaire was sent to another cohort of women (n = 5411) of the same ages, resident in the city of Göteborg. The overall response rate was 76%. Information was obtained regarding climacteric symptoms, HRT use, and attitudes and knowledge.Results.  The prevalence of HRT use with medium‐potency estrogens had increased from 13% (1992) to 31% (1998). The highest prevalence was reported in women 54 years of age (46%). The most common reasons why women started HRT were: hot flushes and sweats, depression/irritability, sleeping disturbances, and vaginal dryness. Forty‐four percent of the women in this study were prepared to consider extended HRT if the treatment was free from withdrawal bleedings (35%, 1992). Eighty percent believed that the risk of osteoporosis decreased during HRT use (61%, 1992) and 68% thought that the risk of breast cancer increased (58%, 1992).Conclusions.  A marked increase in the use of HRT was reported between 1992 and 1998. Women's attitudes to HRT were more positive in 1998 compared to 1992. Knowledge about HRT among women had increased during the same 6‐year period.
Children visiting adults in ITU – what support is available? A descriptive survey
Authors: Vint Pauline E 
Published: March 2005

AbstractTraditionally, children appear to have been discouraged from visiting in adult intensive therapy units. Various reasons have been given, mostly unsubstantiated by research. There is minimal information specifically related to this topic, but all studies (and related studies) reviewed propose visiting as a method to help children cope with critical illness in an adult family member. This postal survey offers a general perspective of how units have responded to the nursing literature and previous recommendations to date. This appears to have been the first national study specifically exploring the support for children visiting (or who may wish to visit) a critically ill adult in an intensive therapy unit. This study highlights (perhaps for the first time) not only the lack of policy and staff education but also the lack of available information for visitors, regarding visits by children so that they can make informed choices together.
Regulation of dendritic cell interleukin-12 secretion by tumour cell necrosis
Authors: Kandil H , Bachy V , Williams D J , Helmi R , Gotch F M , Ibrahim M A A 
Published: March 2005

SummaryDendritic cells (DCs) play a key role in the induction and regulation of antigen-specific immunity. Studies have shown that, similar to infection, cellular necrosis can stimulate DC maturation. However, the ability of necrotic cell death to modulate DC cytokine secretion has yet to be explored. We investigated the regulation of interleukin (IL)-12 secretion by human DCs in response to tumour cell necrosis in an in vitro culture model. Two human tumour cell lines (K562 and JAr) were induced to undergo necrosis using heat injury and repeated cycles of freezing and thawing. Both types of tumour cells tested in this study, when injured, induced secretion of monomeric IL-12p40 by monocyte-derived DCs. Furthermore, priming DCs with necrotic cells augmented IL-12p70 secretion significantly in conjunction with CD40 cross-linking. This was physiologically relevant because cell death-pulsed DCs were more potent than non-pulsed DCs at stimulating T cells to proliferate and secrete interferon (IFN)-γ. The Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) played a role in mediating the DC response to heat-killed, but not freeze/thaw-killed necrotic cells. For both methods of injury, proteins contributed to the effect of necrosis on dendritic cells, whereas DNA was involved in the effect of freeze/thawed cells only. These findings indicate that necrotic tumour cell death is not sufficient to induce bioactive IL-12p70, the Th1 promoting cytokine, but acts to augment its secretion via the CD40/CD40L pathway. The results also highlight that the mode of cell death may determine the mechanism of dendritic cell stimulation.
Generation of cytotoxic T cell responses directed to human leucocyte antigen Class I restricted epitopes from theAspergillusf16 allergen
Authors: Ramadan G , Davies B , Kurup V P , Keever-Taylor C A 
Published: March 2005

SummaryInvasive aspergillosis (IA) is a major cause of infection-related mortality in patients with haematological malignancies, especially in recipients of haematopoietic stem cell transplants. We have prepared overlapping pentadecapeptides (11-aa overlap with previous peptide) spanning the entire 427-aa coding region of the Aspergillus allergen, Asp f16 shown previously in mice to induce Th1-type cell responses in vivo and in humans to induce proliferative and cytotoxic CD4+ T cell responses. Mature dendritic cells (DC) pulsed with a complete pool of peptides were used to generate T cell lines. Two lines from HLA-B*3501+ donors were found to be strongly cytotoxic to autologous Asp f16-peptide pool- and Aspergillus culture extract-pulsed targets after 4–5 weekly primings. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) culture supernatant killed Aspergillus conidia, and cells directly killed Aspergillus hyphae. Cytotoxic activity and interferon (IFN)-γ production were mediated exclusively by CD8+ T cells in response to pool-pulsed targets. Interleukin (IL)-4 production was not detected. CTL activity was restricted by HLA-B*3501 and based on peptide prediction programmes was most probably directed to YFKYTAAAL (YFK), LPLCSAQTW (LPL) and GTRFPQTPM (GTR) in one donor, while only LPL was recognized by CTL from the second donor. Pool-pulsed B*3503+ BLCL but not B*3502+ or B*3508+ BLCL presented peptide to donor no. 1. B*3503+ BLCL presented YFK and to a lesser extent GTR, but not peptide LPL. Our data show that in addition to our previously identified Class II restricted peptide response, DC pulsed with a pentadecapeptide pool from Asp f16 are capable of inducing polyclonal, HLA-Class I-restricted, Aspergillus-specific T cells that may be capable of conferring immunity to IA.
Effect of patch occupancy on immigration in the common lizard
Authors: LE GALLIARD JEAN‐FRANÇOIS , FERRIÈRE RÉGIS , CLOBERT JEAN 
Published: March 2005

SummaryColonization is critical to invasion propensity and the viability of fragmented populations. This study evaluates the behavioural and demographic effects of patch occupancy on immigration in the common lizard (Lacerta vivipara).We manipulated connected two‐patch systems during one year. Two treatments were contrasted: both patches initially occupied vs. one occupied patch connected to one empty patch. Effects of manipulation were measured on emigration from occupied patches, on settlement in arrival patches and on demographic parameters in residents and immigrants.Settlement probability was not influenced by the presence of conspecifics, but unsettled lizards stayed longer in initially empty than in occupied patches. The relationship between yearlings’ body condition and emigration probability was affected by the manipulation, indicating that different yearlings disperse depending upon metapopulation structure.Growth and maturation rate were influenced positively in juveniles colonizing empty patches, whereas there was no difference between immigrants to occupied patches and residents. Faster growth allowed female juvenile immigrants to reproduce earlier during colonization. No effect on growth or reproduction was detected in yearlings and adults. Selective benefits of colonization at the juvenile stage may provide an ultimate explanation for why natal dispersal prevails over breeding dispersal in this species.At the population level, immigration and increased reproductive recruitment led to higher population growth in colonized patches. This may contribute to the species’ capacity to develop and maintain a wide geographical distribution.
Age at first breeding and fitness in goshawk Accipiter gentilis
Authors: KRÜGER OLIVER 
Published: March 2005

Summary

Age at first breeding has a large influence on fitness and hence is crucial to the evolution of life‐history strategies. Goshawks Accipiter gentilis start breeding aged 1–4 years. Using 30 years of data and both lifetime reproductive success (LRS) and lind as a fitness estimate for 74 female goshawks, I showed that the optimal age at first reproduction was 3 years in this population.
Females that started to breed earlier had lower LRS and lind, not because of reduced life span, but because of lower reproduction at early ages.
The constraint hypothesis, which states that foraging or other skills improve with age was the most likely explanation for the higher reproduction with increasing age.
Incorporating habitat heterogeneity provided the mechanism that explained not only the fitness cost to early maturity, but also why this cost was heterogeneous. Females starting to breed aged 1 suffered a very high fitness cost if they were in a bad‐quality territory, but fitness costs were small when they were in a good‐quality territory. This explains why I found evidence for a nonlinear selection pressure on age at first breeding.
Population density also affected whether a female started to breed early or not: over the study period, population density increased and the percentage of females starting to breed aged 1 decreased.
The optimal age at first breeding seems to be a trait affected by a complex interplay between cost and benefits of early reproduction mediated by habitat heterogeneity and population density.