bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Holocene Glacier Variations of Blåisen, Hardangerjøkulen, Central Southern Norway
Authors: Neshe Atle , Dahl Svein Olaf 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA 1-m-deep gully section 460 m beyond the maximum Little Ice Age marginal moraines of Blåisen, Hardangerjøkulen, central southern Norway, revealed alternations of minerogenic and organic sediments. The geographical/geological settings of the dated section provides a unique on/off signal of Holocene glacier fluctuations of Blåisen. Lithostratigraphy, sediment characteristics, and radiocarbon dates from the study section indicate one period of glacier (re)advance between the late Preboreal deglaciation of the inland ice sheet and 8660 ± 100 yr B.P. A grey sand layer 56–57 cm below the surface is interpreted to be of fluvial/colluvial origin and is radiocarbon dated to about 7700 yr B.P. At 48 cm below the surface, a bluish-grey sand/silt layer is radiocarbon dated to 7590 ± 12 yr B.P. (6560–6240 B.C.) and interpreted to be glaciofluvial origin. A minor glacier oscillation postdates 1130 ± 70 yr B.P. (810–990 A.D.). The Medieval/Little Ice Age glacier advance of Blåisen beyond its modern extent occurred after 1040 ± 60 yr B.P. (960–1030 A.D.). Calculations of the modern and Little Ice Age equilibrium-line altitudes (ELAs) on Hardangerjøkulen suggest an ELA depression of ca. 130 m during the Little Ice Age maximum.
Late Quaternary Evolution of a Fjord Environment in Preservation Inlet, New Zealand
Authors: Pickrill Richard A. , Fenner Julianne M. , McGlone Mathew S. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractHigh-resolution seismic profiles, as well as sedimentological and micropaleontological analyses of three cores, are used to reconstruct the environmental and sedimentological evolution of Preservation Inlet, the southernmost New Zealand fjord. Toward the end of the last glaciation, a series of deep oligotrophic lakes, impounded by shallow sills, occupied Preservation Inlet. Glaciers filled the headwater valleys and the vegetation consisted of a sparse cover of grass, scrub, and shrubs. The principal rivers discharged into the head of these lakes forming large sandy deltas, while finely laminated clays were deposited in the distal basins. As the climate started warming ca. 18,000 yr B.P., the snowline rose and glaciers retreated. Developing forests were dominated by Metrosideros and Cyathea fringed by coastal shrubland. In the now more productive lakes, a rich freshwater fauna developed, sedimentation rates increased, and organic mud accumulated. Under rapidly rising sea level, between 9500 and ca. 8000 yr B.P., the sills enclosing the lakes were successively overtopped. Marine water intruded into the fjord basins and flooded the deltas at the head of the lakes. By 6500 yr B.P. sea level had stabilized and the fjord assumed its present condition. Shrubs decreased in abundance and forests dominated by Weinmannia and Dacrydium cupressinum then developed. A forest dominated by Nothofagus fusca spread between 2000 and 1500 yr B.P., indicating a cooler climate. In Preservation Inlet and other New Zealand fjords, eustatic sea-level rise has been greater than isostatic rebound or tectonic uplift. Coastal inundation has resulted in a transgressional sequence from a limnic to marine environment. This contrasts with fjord coasts of the northern hemisphere where isostatic rebound has produced coastal emergence, or coastal emergence followed by submergence.
Component community dynamics of larval trematodes in the freshwater snail Semisulcospira nakasekoae in the Uji River, central Japan
Authors: Urabe M. , Hinoue M 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe component community of larval trematodes in the freshwater snail Semisulcospira nakasekoae (Caenogastropoda: Sorbeoconcha: Pleuroceridae) was surveyed over 13 months from April 1996 to April 1997 inclusive. Temporal and spatial fluctuation of trematode prevalence, the frequency of multiple infections, and the duration of cercarial shedding were examined as factors that might affect trematode community structure. The spatial prevalence of some species varied significantly, but the dynamics were too small to allow an explanation of the overall pattern. The prevalence of sanguinicolids fluctuated temporally, despite a stable size distribution in the host populations (> 6.0 mm shell width), suggesting the life-cycle phenology of this species. Some pairs of species had statistically positive associations, but no pairs had negative associations. This shows the importance of positive association possibly as a result of suppression of the host defensive response on trematode community structures in molluscan hosts. The length of the patent period, which is part of the persistent period, varied among trematode species, suggesting it to be one of the factors determining prevalence in the host population.
Helminth parasites of the Eurasian otterLutra lutrain southwest Europe
Authors: Torres J. , Feliu C. , Fernández-Morán J. , Ruíz-Olmo J. , Rosoux R. , Santos-Reis M. , Miquel J. , Fons R. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe helminth fauna in 109 Eurasian otters (Lutra lutraL.) from France, Portugal and Spain was analysed, together with 56 faecal samples collected in Portugal and 23 fresh stools from otters included in a reintroduction programme. Seven helminth species were found inL. lutrain southwest Europe:Phagicolasp. (Trematoda),Aonchotheca putorii,Eucoleus schvalovoj,Strongyloides lutrae,Anisakis(third stage larvae) andDirofilaria immitis(Nematoda), andGigantorhynchussp. (Acanthocephala).Eucoleus schvalovojwas the dominant species throughout southwest Europe.Strongyloides lutraewas significantly more prevalent in the Iberian Peninsula than in France. Apart from these two dominant nematodes andA. putorii, the other helminth species were incidental parasites ofL. lutrain southwest Europe. The helminth fauna ofL. lutrain southwest Europe is, in general, poorer than that reported in eastern Europe and in all other aquatic mustelids in southwest Europe.Phagicolaspecimens are reported for the first time in a non-marine wild carnivore in Europe. The prevalences ofE. schvalovojandS. lutraeobtained by necropsy were higher than those observed by coprological analysis using a formalin-ether concentration method (Ritchie). Nevertheless, the culture of fresh faeces appears to be the best method to study infection ofL. lutrabyStrongyloides.
Adult 175 kDa collagenase antigen of Setaria cervi in immunoprophylaxis against Brugia malayi in jirds
Authors: Srivastava Y. , Rathaur S. , Bhandari Y.P. , Reddy M.V.R. , Harinath B.C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA 175 kDa antigen fraction with collagenase activity was isolated and purified from somatic extracts of adult Setaria cervi females using column chromatography involving consecutive steps of DEAE-Sepharose CL6B and Sephadex G-100. The optimum pH for 175 kDa collagenase was found to be pH 7.0. Sensitivities to a variety of inhibitors and activators indicated that the 175 kDa coIlagenolytic enzyme was metalloserine in nature. The enzyme hydrolysed a variety of protein substrates such as haemoglobin, casein, azocasein (general substrates) and collagen, FALGPA (furanoyl-acryloyl-leu-gly-pro-ala), the specific substrate of collagenase. The enzyme showed 57% inhibition by jird anti-somatic collagenase antibodies and reacted insignificantly with normal jird sera. Further analysis was undertaken on the immunoprophylactic potential of 175 kDa collagenase in inducing immunity against Brugia malayi (a human filarial parasite) in jirds (Meriones unguiculatus) in vitro and in situ. Immune sera of jirds raised against this antigen promoted partial adherence of peritoneal exudate cells to B. malayi microfilariae (mf) and infective larvae (L3) in vitro and induced partial cytotoxicity to the parasites within 48 h. The anti-S. cervi 175 kDa antigen serum was more effective in inducing cytotoxicity to B. malayi L3, than mf. In the microchambers implanted inside immune jirds, host cells could migrate and adhere to the mf and infective larvae thereby killing them partially within 48 h.
Induced eosinophilia and proliferation in Angiostrongylus cantonensis-infected mouse brain are associated with the induction of JAK/STAT1, IAP/NF-κB and MEKK1/JNK signals
Authors: Lan K.P. , Wang C.J. , Hsu J.D. , Chen K.M. , Lai S.C. , Lee H.H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractEosinophilic meningitis or meningoencephalitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis is endemic to the Pacific area of Asia, especially Taiwan, Thailand, and Japan. Although eosinophilia is an important clinical manifestation of A. cantonensis infection, the role of eosinophils in the progress of the infection remains to be elucidated. In this experiment, we show that A. cantonensis-induced eosinophilia and inflammation might lead to the induction of IAP/NF-κB, JAK/STAT1 and MEKK1/JNK signals. The phosphorylation levels of JAK and JNK, STAT1, IAP, NF-κB and MEKK1 protein products were significantly increased after 12 days or 15 days of A. cantonensis infection. However, no significant differences in MAPKs such as Raf, MEK-1, ERK1/2 and p38 expression were found between control and infected mice. The activation potency of JAK/STAT1, IAP/NF-κB and MEKK1/JNK started increasing on day 3, with significant induction on day 12 or day 15 after A. cantonensis infection. Consistent results were noted in the pathological observations, including eosinophilia, leukocyte infiltration, granulomatous reactions, and time responses in the brain tissues of infected mice. These data suggest that the development of brain injury by eosinophilia of A. cantonensis infection is associated with activation of JAK/STAT1 signals by cytokines, and/or activation of MEKK1/JNK by oxidant stress, and/or activation of NF-κB by increasing IAP expression.
Buridan's Ass, Risk, Uncertainty, and Self‐Competition: A Theory of Entrepreneurship
Authors: Khalil Elias L. 
Published: December 2004

SUMMARYThe paper defines entrepreneurship as about ‘self‐competition’, the quest to test self‐ability: Can a future self achieve greater goals than what has been so far achieved? Self‐competition involves the development of ability and, hence, ex post assessment of ability is uncertain. Such uncertainty occasions either immobilizing anxiety (Buridan's ass) or entrepreneurial action. No such uncertainty surrounds the assessment of risk probability characterizing events such as floods and stock market crashes. An observable prediction of the proposed uncertainty/risk dichotomy is that insurance, which concerns risk, cannot crowd out religion and other belief systems which appeal to uncertainty.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGIn diesem Papier wird Unternehmertum im Sinne von ‘Selbst‐Konkurrenz’ deftniert, als Streben, die eigenen Fähigkeiten unter Beweis zu stellen: Kann das zukünftige Ich höhere Ziele als bisher erreichen?Selbst‐Konkurrenz beinhaltet die Entwicklung von Fähigkeiten, und daher ist deren ex post Einschätzung unsicher. Diese Unsicherheit führt entweder zu einer lähmenden Angst (Burdians Esel) oder zu unternehmerischer Aktivität. Im Gegensatz dazu ist die Einschätzung der Risikowahrscheinlichkeit von Überschwemmungen oder Kursschwankungen an der Börse nicht von einer solchen Unsicherheit geprägt. Als beobachtbare Voraussage aus der vorgeschlagenen Unsicher‐heit/Risiko‐Dichotomie heraus ergibt sich, dass eine dieses Risiko betreffende Versicherung nicht in der Lage ist, Religion und andere Glaubenssysteme, die sich auf Unsicherheit bezichen, zu verdrängen.RÉSUMÉCe papier définit ľesprit entrepreneur comrne ‘une concurrence de soi’, la quete d'éprouver la capacityé de soi: Est‐ce possible qu'un futur‐soi puisse achever de plus grands buts qu'il a déjà accomplis? Une concurrence de soi consiste du développcinent de sa capacityé, done, ľévaluation ex past de cette capacityé n'est pas certaine.Une telle incertitude mène à une anxiété paralysante (ľa&#x030c;ne de Buridan) ou àľ action entreprenante. Une incertitude de la sorte n'entoure pas ľévaluation de la probabilityé de risque qui caractérisent les événements tels comme ľ inondation ou la chute de la Bourse. Une prédiction qu'on petit observer de la dichotomie proposée incertitude/risque, c'est que ľ assurance, qui concerne le risque, doit laisser de place aux réligions et aux autres systèmes de croyance qui invoquent ľ incertitude.
Actin filament organization in aligned prefusion myoblasts
Authors: Swailes Nathan T. , Knight Peter J. , Peckham Michelle 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe organization of the actin cytoskeleton in prefusion aligning myoblasts is likely to be important for their shape and interaction. We investigated actin filament organization and polarity by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in these cells. About 84% of the filaments counted were either found in a subplasmalemma sheet up to 0.5 µm thick that was aligned with the long axis of the cell, or in protrusions. The remaining filaments were found in the cytoplasm, where they were randomly orientated and not organized into bundles. The polarity of the subplasmalemma filaments changed progressively from one end of the cell to the other. At the ends of the cells and in protrusions, the majority of filaments were organized such that their barbed ends faced the tip of the protrusion. We did not find any actin filament bundles or stress fibres in these cells. Time‐lapse phase microscopy demonstrated that aligned cells were still actively migrating at the time of our TEM observations, and their direction of movement was restricted to the long axis of the cell group. The ability of these cells to locomote actively in the absence of actin filament bundles suggests that in these cells the subplasmalemma actin sheet contributes not only to cell shape but also to cell locomotion.
THE RE‐SCALING OF UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT IN GHANA AND INDIA
Authors: GRANT RICHARD , NIJMAN JAN 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACT Over the past couple of decades, policies of liberalisation and deregulation have exposed formerly protected regional markets to the powerful forces of global capital. A comparative study of Ghana and India suggests that the gateway cities of Accra and Mumbai serve as the primary theatres of accumulation and as key regional engines of growth in their wider territorial economies. The regional push emanating from these urban centres entails a re‐scaling of economic growth and of uneven development at the urban, regional, and national levels. Government policies in Ghana and India emphasise the virtues of growth and largely ignore, at a risk, the accompanying spatial inequalities.
Addiction, a condition of compulsive behaviour? Neuroimaging and neuropsychological evidence of inhibitory dysregulation
Authors: Lubman Dan I. , Yücel Murat , Pantelis Christos 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTAims  Addiction has been conceptualized as a shift from controlled experimentation to uncontrolled, compulsive patterns of use. Current neurobiological models of addiction emphasize changes within the brain's reward system, such that drugs of abuse ‘hijack’ this system and bias behaviour towards further drug use. While this model explains the involuntary nature of craving and the motivational drive to continue drug use, it does not explain fully why some addicted individuals are unable to control their drug use when faced with potentially disastrous consequences. In this review, we argue that such maladaptive and uncontrolled behaviour is underpinned by a failure of the brain's inhibitory control mechanisms.Design  Relevant neuroimaging, neuropsychological and clinical studies are reviewed, along with data from our own research.Findings  The current literature suggests that in addition to the brain's reward system, two frontal cortical regions (anterior cingulate and orbitofrontal cortices), critical in inhibitory control over reward‐related behaviour, are dysfunctional in addicted individuals. These same regions have been implicated in other compulsive conditions characterized by deficits in inhibitory control over maladaptive behaviours, such as obsessive‐compulsive disorder.Conclusions  We propose that in chronically addicted individuals, maladaptive behaviours and high relapse rates may be better conceptualized as being ‘compulsive’ in nature as a result of dysfunction within inhibitory brain circuitry, particularly during symptomatic states. This model may help to explain why some addicts lose control over their drug use, and engage in repetitive self‐destructive patterns of drug‐seeking and drug‐taking that takes place at the expense of other important activities. This model may also have clinical utility, as it allows for the adoption of treatments effective in other disorders of inhibitory dysregulation.
Teenage drinking and the onset of alcohol dependence: a cohort study over seven years
Authors: Bonomo Yvonne A. , Bowes Glenn , Coffey Carolyn , Carlin John B. , Patton George C. 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTAim  To determine whether adolescent alcohol use and/or other adolescent health risk behaviour predisposes to alcohol dependence in young adulthood.Design  Seven‐wave cohort study over 6 years.Participant  A community sample of almost two thousand individuals followed from ages 14–15 to 20–21 years.Outcome measure  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual volume IV (DSM‐IV) alcohol dependence in participants aged 20–21 years and drinking three or more times a week.Findings  Approximately 90% of participants consumed alcohol by age 20 years, 4.7% fulfilling DSM‐IV alcohol dependence criteria. Alcohol dependence in young adults was preceded by higher persisting teenage rates of frequent drinking [odds ratio (OR) 8.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.2, 16], binge drinking (OR 6.7, 95% CI 3.6, 12), alcohol‐related injuries (OR 4.5 95% CI 1.9, 11), intense drinking (OR 4.8, 95% CI 2.6, 8.7), high dose tobacco use (OR 5.5, 95% CI 2.3, 13) and antisocial behaviour (OR 5.9, 95% CI 3.3, 11). After adjustment for other teenage predictors frequent drinking (OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.2, 7.7) and antisocial behaviour (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.2, 5.1) held persisting independent associations with later alcohol dependence. There were no prospective associations found with emotional disturbance in adolescence.Conclusion  Teenage drinking patterns and other health risk behaviours in adolescence predicted alcohol dependence in adulthood. Prevention and early intervention initiatives to reduce longer‐term alcohol‐related harm therefore need to address the factors, including alcohol supply, that influence teenage consumption and in particular high‐risk drinking patterns.
Review article: prevalence and epidemiology of gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease
Authors: Delaney B. C. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryThere are considerable uncertainties around the definition and the appropriate clinical diagnostic criteria for gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease (GERD), a common condition that appears to be increasing in prevalence in the Western world. Prevalence studies of GERD are hampered by whether any heartburn symptom is included, or just predominant or even ‘sole’ heartburn, and also by the time frame over which the symptoms have been evaluated. A systematic search of Medline using the keywords ‘GERD’‘prevalence’ and ‘community’ yielded three papers, two original articles and one systematic review of studies that surveyed symptoms in unselected subjects. Heartburn is a common symptom in Europe ranging from a prevalence of 38% in Northern Europe to 9% in Italy. Comparable 6‐month data from the USA suggest an even higher prevalence with a rate of 42%. GERD is also a long‐term, relapsing disorder. A population survey in Sweden found GERD symptoms over time at 18% of the population surveyed. In summary, although symptoms and quality of life improve with acid suppression therapy, costs are high and the potential benefit of long‐term treatment is rare, but serious complications of GERD are unknown.
Review article: prevalence and epidemiology of gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease in Japan
Authors: Fujimoto K. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryThe prevalence of gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in Asian populations is reported to be lower than that in Western populations. However, recent epidemiological studies suggest that the incidence of the disease is increasing, especially in Japan. Endoscopic studies show that the overall prevalence of reflux oesophagitis among the adult population in Japan is in the region of 14–16%. This is similar to the figure reported in Western countries. The increasing prevalence in Japan may be due to a number of factors including increasing awareness of the condition and improved diagnostic techniques. The majority of the diagnosed cases in Japan are mild and these account for the increase in prevalence of the condition. In contrast to the West, where the condition is more prevalent in male members of the population, there is a high incidence of GERD in elderly females in Japan. The increased incidence of kyphosis and osteoporosis in this population may lead to the development of hiatus hernia, a condition known to exacerbate the development of reflux disease. Furthermore, Japanese patients with endoscopically diagnosed GERD appear to be less likely to complain of typical reflux symptoms, such as heartburn and acid reflux than their Western counterparts. In view of the known relationship between asymptomatic GERD and the development of oesophageal cancers there is a strong case for increased vigilance in the detection of GERD in the Japanese population.
Review article: diagnosis and clinical investigation of gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease: a European view
Authors: Heading R. C. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryIn Western populations, many individuals with symptoms of gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) do not bother to seek medical attention because their symptoms are mild and acceptably controlled by self‐medication. Among those who do consult physicians, only a minority present with the classical clinical symptoms of heartburn and regurgitation: more often the pattern is a nonspecific combination of upper gastrointestinal complaints that do not permit confident clinical diagnosis. Oesophagitis is now found in less than 50% of GERD patients and those without oesophagitis are sometimes said to have ‘non‐erosive reflux disease’. If a patient's clinical history is inadequate for diagnosis and the oesophageal endoscopic appearances are normal, ambulatory pH monitoring may be required if the diagnostic uncertainty is to be resolved. Despite initial enthusiasm, the ‘Proton Pump test’ for GERD has proved unreliable and has fallen from favour. Intraluminal impedence measurement is currently considered a research tool only. Most European gastroenterologists acknowledge the occurrence of ‘atypical’ presentations of GERD, including noncardiac chest pain, asthma and hoarseness (laryngitis), though confirmation of GERD as the cause of such symptoms in individual patients is often difficult.