bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The “Jungli Rani” and Other Troubled Wives in Rajasthani Oral Traditions
Authors: Gold Ann Grodzins 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Women’s oral traditions often express immediate, daily concerns that are both practical and moral. Those stories that women tell as an integral part of domestic rituals, although filled with unlikely events and supernatural interventions, realistically portray household roles and relationships. They also articulate the conflicts and anxieties entailed by those roles and relationships. The persons, both male and female, who populate these stories are almost never named but rather are referred to by kin categories (“there were seven sons’ wives”; “there was a sister’s brother”; “there was a Brahman’s daughter”). Some stories focus on relationships in a woman’s natal home, where she is daughter or sister, others on her married roles, most often as a brother’s or son’s wife. In several stories a transition from one setting to the other is central; these begin with a daughter and end with a wife. Although the new bride arrives in her husband’s home as a distrusted stranger, she will eventually-especially with the onset of motherhood-come to feel and act as an integral family member. However, this personal passage and transformation is not always a smooth one.
Heavenly Ascent and Priestly Investiture
Authors: Himmelfarb Martha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the centuries that followed its composition, the Book of the Watchers was among the most influential works outside the canon for both Jews and Christians. Several of the later ascent apocalypses are deeply indebted to it. Even those that show no clear signs of dependence take over a central aspect of its legacy, the depiction of the visionary’s ascent to heaven in terms drawn from the understanding of heaven as a temple. This is not to suggest that the picture of heaven as temple was restricted to the Book of the Watchers; on the contrary, it is clear that the picture was widely held in early Judaism. But the Book of the Watchers is the first Jewish work to depict an ascent to heaven, and it sets the tone for the entire body of later apocalyptic literature.
In the Book of the Watchers, Enoch is overcome by fear at the awesome majesty of the heavenly temple, yet God welcomes him and speaks to him without requiring any purification or change in his physical being. In most of the later apocalypses the visionary undergoes some kind of physical transformation in order to stand before God, a transformation that is shaped by the understanding of heaven as temple. This chapter examines such transformation in works explicitly indebted to the Enochic tradition, 2 Enoch and 3 Enoch (Sepher Hekhalot). Chapter 3 treats transformation in works that are not directly dependent on this tradition, the Apocalypse of Zephaniah, the Ascension of Isaiah, and the Apocalypse of Abraham, as well as the Similitudes of Enoch (1 Enoch 37-71), which, despite its debt to the Book of the Watchers, is better treated with those works for reasons to be discussed there.
The Secrets of Nature, Primeval History, and the Order of the Cosmos
Authors: Himmelfarb Martha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One important aspect of the content of the ascent apocalypses remains to be discussed, their interest in nature. Nature is in fact one of the most ancient subjects of preserved apocalyptic speculation, for the Astronomical Book of Enoch is devoted almost entirely to the paths of the sun and moon and their implications for the calendar. The interest in nature takes a different form in the works with which we are concerned. In the Book of the Watchers, earthly geography is given more attention than heavenly, and nature serves as testimony to God’s greatness and to the order of the universe. In the three later apocalypses to be discussed in this chapter (the Similitudes of Enoch, 2 Enoch, and 3 Baruch), earth has disappeared from the picture and heaven alone is the object of cosmological concern. Nature plays a central role in all three, in rather different ways. In the Similitudes of Enoch, God’s ordering of nature is a model for his ordering of the fate of human beings. In 2 Enoch God’s revelation about the creation of the world is the culmination of Enoch’s ascent. In 3 Baruch certain natural phenomena are personified to dramatize their importance as testimony to the glory of God.
John Williamson Nevin
Authors: Wentz Richard E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study of the life and thought of John Williamson Nevin (1803-1886) offers a revised interpretation of an important nineteenth-century religious thinker. Along with the historian, Phillip Schaff, Nevin was a leading exponent of what became known as the Mercersburg Movement, named for the college and theological seminary of the German Reformed Church located in Mercersburg, Pennsylvania. The story is a neglected aspect of American studies. Wentz provides a kind of post-modern perspective on Nevin, presenting him as a distinctively American thinker, rather than as a reactionary romantic. Although influenced by German philosophy, historical studies, and theology, Nevin’s thought was a profound response to the American public context of his day. He was, in many respects, a public theologian, judging the prevailing development of American Christianity as a new religion that was fashioning its own disintegration and that of American culture at large. Nevin’s reinterpretation of catholicity in the American context opened the way for a radical understanding of religion and of American public life.
Toward A Theology Of History
Authors: Wentz Richard E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The rationality of history is a postulate of our reason and of our religious reason in particular. . . . [I]t has not been proved that we are capable of determining the life of the world by simply studying the life of man. . . . It has been supposed that [the] key is to be found in the political and scientific life of man, but it has proved to be unsatisfactory; and we are therefore compelled to admit that man’s chief end lies beyond the present life and order of things.
Beyond Sectarian Missions
Authors: Wentz Richard E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At this very time it is of more account, that the power of Christianity should be wrought intensively into the whole civilization of this country (the weight of which prospectively no one can fully estimate); that it should have in it not merely an outward and nominal sovereignty, but be brought also fully to actuate and inform its interior collective life . . . for the bringing in of the millenium [sic], than the conversion of all India or China. The life of the Church is the salvation of the world.
Preface
Authors: Takaki Ronald T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the crucial moments of the civil rights movement occurred when hundreds of thousands of people gathered at the 1963 March on Washington. “Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand, signed the Emancipation Proclamation,” Martin Luther King, Jr., reminded them. Now, a hundred years later, blacks were still not free. King described his vision of a brighter future for America: “I say to you today, my friends, that in spite of the difficulties and frustrations of the moment I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream. I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: ‘We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men are created equal.’ “1 “Black and white together,” the marchers sang, “we shall overcome someday.” The way to overcome, King had been insisting, was through nonviolence. Eight years before the March on Washington, King had been catapulted into the leadership of the Montgomery bus boycott. In the crucible of that struggle, he had forged his philosophy and strategy of nonviolence. King told the boycotters: ‘‘There comes a time when people get tired. We are here this evening to say to those who have mistreated us so long that we are tired-tired of being segregated and humiliated; tired of being kicked about by the brutal feet of oppression.” What should be the course of resistance? ‘‘Our actions must be guided by the deepest principles of our Christian faith,” King declared. “Love must be our regulating ideal.
Fapanese New Religions: Profiles in Gender
Authors: Hardacre Helen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a Yokohama branch church of a Japanese Buddhist New Religion, a small, elderly man stands in his stocking feet at the head of a large meeting room. Tensely resting his right hand upon the doilied lectern before him, he taps with his thumb on the larger beads of his tasseled wooden rosary. He is not pleased; he is not sure his message is getting through. He pauses to survey his audience. About 150 in all, every one is a member of his church, and virtually all are women. They are sitting formally on their knees upon the straw-matted floor, listening to this monthly sermon by the head of their church, the kyōkaichō. The leaders among them are dressed in black, as befits a Buddhist gathering in Japan. Some are taking notes.
Freud as Leonardo
Authors: Elms Alan C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In One Of My first public appearances as a psychobiographer, I filled in for Erik Erikson. A Freud scholar named Herbert Lehmann was scheduled to speak at the San Francisco Psychoanalytic Institute on one of Freud’s dreams. Erikson had reanalyzed Freud’s most thoroughly analyzed dream in a classic paper,1 so he had been asked to serve as the official discussant following Lehmann’s talk. When Erikson canceled because of illness, the search began for a substitute. I wasn’t an analyst and had visited the Institute only once or twice, but I had written about the same Freud dream that Erikson had reanalyzed. A friend who’s a training analyst at the Institute proposed that I take Erikson’s place. I felt like a member of the chorus who goes on for the ailing diva.
Theoretical Concepts
Authors: Milner Murray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Humans are different from rocks. People are affected not only by material forces, but also by symbolic communication.1 The most eloquent speech will leave a rock unaffected, whereas even children are influenced primarily by talk, rituals, and other forms of symbolic communication. Furthermore, people, but not rocks, attempt to influence their environment. They are not simply objects affected by external forces; humans are also subjects who have agency. They have power to affect their environment in a conscious and intentional way.2 Of course, in some respects humans are objects affected by forces outside of themselves.3 Often these forces are unpredictable, mysterious, and beyond control. Stated another way, humans are susceptible to considerable contingency.4
A Theory of Status Relationships: Key Elements
Authors: Milner Murray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two characteristics typically receive special attention when any resource is analyzed: amount and distribution. For example, in the modem world two of our most crucial concerns are economic growth and the distribution of income and wealth. Underlying the ideas of amount and distribution are several related notions that are taken for granted. Implicit in the concept of amount is the notion of what I call expansibility: Can the amount be increased or decreased?1 The preoccupation with economic growth only developed after people began to perceive that wealth could be systematically expanded rather than simply shifted from one individual or group to another.2 Implicit in the concept of distribution is some notion of movability or alienability: for distribution to be a relevant concern, it must be possible to transfer resources from one social location to another. Until recently, no one was concerned with the distribution of human organs because they were an inalienable resource; they could not be transferred from one person to another.3
The Social Categories of Traditional India
Authors: Milner Murray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 5, explanations for some of the key structural features of the caste system were sketched out. These features are closely associated with a set of interrelated indigenous social categories that also require analysis and explanation. These categories (introduced in Chapter 4) have been used by Hindus to describe and understand their society. For example, the varna scheme (Brahman, Kshatriya, Vaisya, and Sudra) has been an especially important model for the appropriate relationship between caste groups. Why are these categories more salient to the actors than other distinctions? And why does the importance of particular subcategories vary? Certainly the particular historical experiences and cultural traditions of India have played a crucial role in forming these categories, but that is only part of the story.
New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin
Authors: Sihler Andrew L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like Carl Darling Buck’s Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin (1933), this book is an explanation of the similarities and differences between Greek and Latin morphology and lexicon through an account of their prehistory. It also aims to discuss the principal features of Indo-European linguistics. Greek and Latin are studied as a pair for cultural reasons only; as languages, they have little in common apart from their Indo-European heritage. Thus the only way to treat the historical bases for their development is to begin with Proto-Indo-European. The only way to make a reconstructed language like Proto-Indo-European intelligible and intellectually defensible is to present at least some of the basis for reconstructing its features and, in the process, to discuss reasoning and methodology of reconstruction (including a weighing of alternative reconstructions). The result is a compendious handbook of Indo-European phonology and morphology, and a vade mecum of Indo-European linguistics--the focus always remaining on Greek and Latin. The non-classical sources for historical discussion are mainly Vedic Sanskrit, Hittite, and Germanic, with occasional but crucial contributions from Old Irish, Avestan, Baltic, and Slavic.
The Indo-European Family of Languages.
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Similarities will always be found between any two languages. Some of these similarities are due to pure chance, such as the resemblance between L deus, G 0e6c;, and Aztecteotl all ‘god’, or between NE whole and G o&gt;..oc;, or between Fr. le and Sa­ moan le both ‘the’, or between G &lt;Trv&gt;..oc; ‘pillar’ and L stilus ‘stake’.’ And of course human languages are generally similar by virtue of being human languages. Two remaining kinds of similarity, however, are the direct result of the histories of the languages in question. One of these is diffusion, that is, a language takes over traits (vocabulary or other details of structure) from another language. The familiar term for this phenomenon is borrowing. By far, the most frequently borrowed elements are words, but in fact any component of linguistic structure might be borrowed. The other kind of similarity with historical significance is a pervasive PATTERN of similarities (and differences) in the most BASIC VOCABULARY. Since basic vocabulary is largely immune to changes of fashion, it is highly persistent through time; that means it is least likely to be replaced as time passes, either by borrowing or by disuse. And where PATTERNS are noted, the odds against chance resemblance, as an explanation for the similarity, increase exponentially. Recurring correspondences in basic vocabulary are best explained by assuming that the languages showing such patterns are descended from a common ancestor; less figuratively, THEY WERE ONCE THE SAME LANGUAGE. This ancestor is called a proto-language.
Latin and the Italic Languages
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE LANGUAGES OF ITALY. In contrast to Greece, which in the historical period was a country of one language though many dialects, Italy was a land of many languages: non-IE, IE but not of the Italic branch, and those that were sister languages to Latin but not in any sense dialects of it. Etruscan, the language of that people which had the most profound influence upon early Roman civilization, is not obviously IE, though there may be some remote connection. The tradition of the Anatolian (specifically Lydian) origin of the Etruscans (Hdt. r.94) may be substantially true. In fact, a recent idea takes Etruscan to be a close relative of Hittite, but there are difficulties with this as with all other Etruscan theories. Epigraphic evidence for the ancient languages of Italy (Old Latin included) is very scanty; and, worse, in the 19th century forgeries of archaic Italic materials were produced in abundance. The consequences of this are still being sorted out. Ligurian, once spoken along the Gulf of Genoa, is believed by some to be an IE language intermediate between Italic and Celtic. However, the linguistic material is very scanty-local and tribal names. The ‘Lepontic’ inscriptions, from the region of the North Italian lakes, are better regarded as Celtic in fact-an archaic form of Gaulish (appropriately so for 550-150 BC) and more or less dating from the Celtic invasion, vid.inf.
The Greek and Latin Signaries
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of writing systems in general, and of the histories of the Greek and Latin alphabets in particular, are matters for specialists. And although certain facts are pretty solidly established, for example that the ultimate origin of these alphabets is the Phoenician signary, there continues to be much discussion of the details. The dating of many inscriptions crucial to the debate is uncertain. Indeed, some long-standing views about relative dates are being questioned, such as the too-ready assumption that inscriptions using simpler signaries (lacking the supplementary characters, for example) are primitive prima facie, and therefore necessarily earlier than inscriptions in more elaborate signaries. Newly-discovered inscriptions have been challenging settled opinion about the age or route of diffusion of this or that detail. Those interested in a proper discussion of the histories of the amphimediterranean signaries should consult specialized treatments of these matters. THE PHOENICIAN-BASED ALPHABETS. The Greek alphabet is in reality a collection of similar signaries differing in such matters as their inventories of signs, the shapes of the letters, and even in the values of the letters. These differences are partly regional and partly chronological. The Latin alphabet-technically rather the Latin ABC, but the term alphabet is too well established to be dislodged by puristic qualms-belongs to a family of signaries known as Italic, which include the alphabets used to write Oscan, Umbrian, Etruscan, and most other Italic languages (17-8).
Notes on Citation and on the Transcription of Words in IE Languages.
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sanskrit. Various transcription systems have been used to romanize Skt.; the system used here is in accord with current practice. The Skt. short vowels are a (pronounced [J ]), i, and u; the long counterparts are ii, T, and ii, respectively. The symbols r and ! (the latter only occurring in a few forms from a single root) are syllabic liquids, and are short vowels in the Skt. grammatical tradition; f, which is of secondary origin in Indic, is to r as ii is to a. The letters e and o stand for syllabics which the native grammarians call diphthongs; they reflect Pinlr. * ay and * aw, respectively, and although not marked as such they are always LONG as to literal duration (but they are nevertheless at the same time ‘short diphthongs’). In Ved. devf nom.sg. ‘goddess’ &lt; Pinlr. * daywi &lt; PIE * deyw-iH2 both syllabics are long, even though only one letter carries a macron. The ‘long diphthongs’ (63-4) corresponding to e and o are are written iii and iiu, respectively. Many of the letters used in transcribing consonants are self-explanatory, such as m, r, p. The sound system of Indic, though complex, is highly patterned; the following is the scheme of the native grammarians, and is incidentally the order of the letters of the Devanagari’ writing system (read across):
Diphthongs
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1. In G, as early as the 5th century BC, the diphthong had become a monophthong [e:], that is, a long higher-mid vowel in contrast to the lower ‘Y/ [e:] (76). But the SPELLING t:i was unchanged, and EL thus came also to be used to write the [e:] which had never been a diphthong (76). Thus &lt;/&gt;EPEL ‘carries’ &lt; &lt;pEp-t:-i next to &lt;/&gt;Ept:iP infin. &lt; 2. L ei was a real diphthong in the earliest period. In Plautus and Terence it reflects Pltal. “ey, and also was the sound resulting from “ay in medial syllables (70.2) and “oy in final syllables (75.2). The spelling for all three was ei, occasionally e, as in the SC de Bacch. DEICERENT, INCEIDERETIS, nom.pl. FOIDERATEI (never i in such forms, and conversely never ei for original f, as later). Also during this period, ei is occasionally used for proper e and even for e. By the middle of the 2nd century BC, however, the sound had become identical with f, the spelling for which fluctuated between ei and i; and the former, being now merely a sign for f, was also used for L f which had never been a diphthong (AVDEIRE). This spelling ei is frequent in inscriptions down to the time of Cicero, and even in the Augustan period was not wholly obsolete.
Vowel Assimilation in Greek
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stable as the vowels of G are by comparison with those of L, the short vowels of G are subject to assimilation to the phonetics of SHORT vowels in adjacent syllables. A resonant (p, “‘r.., µ, v) is almost invariably the intervening consonant, but there are secure instances of assimilation across obstruents. There are two kinds of evidence for assuming assimilation in a given word. First, the word may be attested in two forms, one with matching vowels and one with different ones; these are sometimes found in different dialects, but occasionally are different chronologically. In these cases, it is generally prudent to assume that the form showing a sequence of different vowels is more original. The second kind of argument rests upon our understanding of the distribution of ablaut grades in PIE (and hence G) morphology. Both kinds of argument are demonstrated by Att. µE”(E0o&lt;;, Ion. µE”(a.0o&lt;; ‘magnitude’. The certain etymology of the first part of the formation is “mei,IJ2- (cf. Ved. complexes like mahitvd- and mahimdn- ‘greatness’, mahiid- ‘great’, all from “mei,IJ2-, with -h- &lt; “-i,HF just as in duhitdr­ ‘daughter’ &lt; “dhuglj2ter-) which would give G µeya-. -G mvao&lt;; ‘thin’ is a case where only ablaut patterns point to assimilation. The form is manifestly a thematization of PIE “f1Jnu- (100; cf. G mvv-, combining form), built to a full grade of the stem.
Groups Containing *s
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An s is lost before most voiced consonants (in compounds before all such); and a preceding vowel, if short, is lengthened (see also L fdem nom.sg.m. ‘the same’ &lt; “is-dem. L iiidex ‘judge’ &lt; “ymvos-dik- (72 fn.). L nfdus ‘nest’&lt; PIE “ni-sd-o- (“sed- ‘sit’ and “ni- ‘down’): Go. nists, OE nest, Ved. nft/d- ‘resting-place, nest’. L bfnf ‘two each’ &lt; “dwisnoy (bis, duo). L aenus (often spelled ahenus, cf. U ahesnes) &lt; “ayesnos ‘brazen’ (L aes ‘bronze’ : Ved. dyas- n. ‘metal’, Go. aiza-smipa ‘smith’);