bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction: What is palliative all about?
Authors: Faull Christina , Woof Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On my very first day as a medical house officer I was faced with the care of a 56-year-old man, waking up from a temazepam overdose which he had taken because of his incurable lung cancer. He was deeply regretful, both for the hurt he had caused his family and the fact that he had failed to kill himself. He was withdrawn and chose to lie in bed with his eyes tightly closed. I, like many newly qualified doctors, felt ill-equipped to help this man and his family. I muddled through. I remember it as scary. One of those patients I’ll never forget. This man and the problems he had didn’t fit into the model I had of medicine. Taking his ‘history’ revealed the physical symptoms of the lung cancer. It all appeared miserable. I felt helpless and struggled with my agreement with his reasons for wanting to die. I wanted to do something to make things better but I couldn’t do anything about the cancer.
Physical symptom control: how to do it well
Authors: Faull Christina , Woof Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When asked about their experience in looking after patients in hospital some of your colleagues replied, ‘Most SHOs/registrars are too busy passing examinations and moving on and most consultants are inadequately concerned in terminal care ... You are out on a limb and unsupported’. The aim of this chapter is to help you feel equipped to be on the front line of managing symptoms and using controlled drugs, as you will be from day 1 as a junior doctor. Some of this will be about you learning how to approach clinical problems and some will be about gaining knowledge of what drugs and other therapies to use and how to prescribe them for best effect. However, some of it is about challenging yourself about your behaviour towards patients with pain, nausea, and distress of other sorts. In addition, providing care for patients in the very last stages of their lives has been found to be a challenge and a duty that many doctors shrink from.
The syringe driver: a useful way to deliver drugs
Authors: Faull Christina , Woof Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is quite common that patients with advanced illness cannot take their medications orally. This is always a good time to review the necessity to continue all drugs, many of which can be stopped at this time. However, maintaining good symprom management may require established medications (such as analgesics) to continue, or the addition of other medicines. An alternative co the oral route of drug delivery is needed. Some drugs can be given rectally (PR) but many require, or the patient would prefer, parenteral administration. The subcutaneous (SC) route is less painful than intramuscular (IM) and much more convenient than intravenous (IV). Many drugs can be delivered SC, but some must be given IM or IV or an alternative drug substituted.
Regulations and statutory duties: some rules
Authors: Faull Christina , Woof Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If you are reading this book cover to cover you should, by now, have a pretty good idea of how to ‘do palliative care· well. However, there a few rules you need to know, including: prescribing controlled drugs (e.g. strong opioids) and unlicensed drugs; how you can help patients get money; administrative duties after death. Familiarity with these is important. Errors made here can have a significant impact on patients or families. Others are more an inconvenience to you and others, but all are a cause for embarrassment.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy or Meryon’s disease
Authors: Emery Alan E H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This disease is eponymously associated with the name Duchenne because this French physician described the condition in detail in the 1860s (Duchenne 1861; 1868). His contributions were concerned with the clinical description of the condition and the muscle histology findings. However, several years previously an English physician, Edward Meryon, not only described the clinical features of the disease in some detail but also emphasized three very important points (Meryon 1851; 1852). Firstly, he emphasized that the disease affected males and was familial (none of Duchenne’s cases were familial).
Distal muscular dystrophy
Authors: Udd Bjarne , Somer Hannu 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Distal myopathy has prevailed as the main general term used for this group of primary myopathies. Since they are progressive and genetic disorders, the use of distal dys- trophies as the collective term is also correct. In fact, much of the pathology in affected muscles shows findings compatible with dystrophic changes, including fibre necrosis, regeneration, splitting and replacement by fat and connective tissue. During the past decade distal myopathies have entered the new field of molecular genetic clarification. All major entities previously defined on clinical grounds have proved to be distinct categories also by molecular genetic resolution.
Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy: the muscular dystrophies
Authors: Brais Bernard , Tomé Fernando M S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sweden, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Taiwan, United Kingdom, United States, Uzbekistan, Uruguay and Yugoslavia. However, OPMD is particularly prevalent in the French–Canadian population (1 1000) and in Bukhara Jews living in Israel (1: 600) (Blumen et al. 1997; Brais et al. 1995). Most North American cases of OPMD descend from three French sisters who arrived in Québec in 1648 (Brais et al. 1998a, c). Numerous other historically distinct OPMD mutations have also been introduced in North America by Louisiana Cajuns, Hispanic Americans from the Southwestern United States, Jews of Eastern European extraction, Italians, Mennonites, and descendants of British immigrants (Brais et al. 1998c; Grewal et al. 1998; 1999; Scacheri et al. 1999; Stajich et al. 1997a, b).
Gene and cell therapy for primary myopathies
Authors: Cossu Giulio , Clemens Paula R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the last 15 years, following the identification of dystrophin as the gene responsible for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (Hoffmann et al. 1987), the genes responsible for the large majority of primary myopathies have been identified. Most of these genes encode for proteins that form a supra-molecular link between the cytoskeleton and the extra-cellular matrix (Nawrotzki et al. 1996). In the absence of one of these proteins, the mechanical stress associated with contraction progressively leads to degeneration of the muscle fibre, though the molecular mechanism is not yet understood in detail.
Surgical management of muscular dystrophy
Authors: Merlini Luciano , Forst Jürgen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Proper management can only be achieved if the natural history of the disease is precisely known. This principle pertains to all diseases, particularly neuromuscular disorders. In Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), strength is near normal in the early stages; a rapid downhill progression follows with loss of the ability to walk, respiratory involvement, and eventual cardiac failure. We have subdivided orthopedic treatment in DMD according to the stage of the disease; early lower limb surgery, combined limb surgery and orthosis in the late stage of walking ability, and spinal surgery for scoliosis. In addition, two other orthopedic interventions are mentioned: scapular fixation in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSH) and neck hyperextension correction in rigid spine syndrome.
Animal models of muscular dystrophy
Authors: Noguchi Satoru , Hayashi Yukiko K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scientists have employed animal models for research into muscular dystrophy over the last two decades. These models have been used for pathophysiological analysis as well as for biochemical studies. The clinical symptoms and pathological features observed in animal models are somewhat different from those in human patients. However, they provide us with valuable information and experimental material, and contribute to our progress in understanding human diseases and help in devising possible therapies. There is no doubt about the benefits of animal models.
Mare Ouestians Answered
Authors: Higgins Peter M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In most countries of the Western world the citizens have the opportunity of playing a state-run lottery. Britain joined this game late, but since 1994 nothing has united the country like the National Lottery, and so a book such as this one is obliged to settle the next question. The lottery models are pretty similar across the globe. In Britain the basic game involves choosing a set of six numbered balls (in any order), and you win if your choice matches the machine’s random selection of six balls from a collection numbered 1 to 49.
Series
Authors: Higgins Peter M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some of the very simplest problems you first meet in mathematics involve spotting patterns in a sequence of numbers. This naturally leads to questions on series, the summing of number sequences, and one can quickly find oneself in very deep water, perhaps without realizing it. This book does not comprise a course in these matters, however, so in this chapter I am largely content with describing, rather than deriving, results on series. Where a series does none the less succumb to simple and short manipulations, a full explanation is offered.
Linguistic Practice: Defamiliarization
Authors: Fowler Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Language is one of the most important areas of knowledge that human beings possess, since, as we have seen, it is a powerful influence on the way people perceive and adjust to the world outside them. This knowledge has positive and negative aspects: ‘Language is not only a key. It can also be a fetter,’ wrote Sapir. Language is not just knowledge; it is also a skill, a practice. The practical workings of language can be seen in face-to-face conversation: people talking to one another are performing real actions through speech (asking questions, giving commands, asserting claims of truth, etc.), they are affirming and negotiating status and relationship. Even the basic process of passing meanings from one brain to another is not just an automatic, untroubled channeling of information from A to B, but a process of determining and agreeing upon meanings. Although our common code provides you and me with the core meanings of the words ‘food’, ‘beauty’, ‘progress’, our life experiences have been different, so we have to establish by implicit negotiation what each of us intends when a word is used, and to what extent our usages are divergent or compatible.
How Texts are Made
Authors: Fowler Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter, as its title suggests, is about some really basic aspects of linguistic structure: parts of language, and arrangements of language, which are in use in all our experience of language, written or spoken, in any situation from jokey conversation to high epic. The fact that they are ordinary, constant, background features of language does not mean that they are unimportant in literature. Without the basic devices for constructing texts, none of the specialiud techniques which are found in much modem literature would be possible.
Text and Context
Authors: Fowler Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In previous chapters, I have discussed aspects of the linguistic patterning of texts, including the various ‘cohesive’ constructions for tying sentences together into well-formed wholes; also the semantic implications of cohesion, and of some deviations from, and additions to, regular conventions of cohesive patterning. Textual structure is of great importance in the traditions of verse literature with which readers and teachers in our culture are mainly preoccupied, and also in rhetorical prose writing such as the Lawrence story which we discussed: such writers constantly foreground the ‘mechanics’ of their compositions, the basic constructional devices. By doing this (whether through parallelism, foregrounded collocation, or however), writers make available to readers extra levels of meaning over and above the meanings of the component sentences-often, meanings which are in ironic tension with sentence-meanings, as we have seen, and thus defamiliarizing.
Point of View
Authors: Fowler Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In traditional discussions of novels, short stories, epic, and other forms of narrative writing, it is usual to draw a distinction between the story and the point of view from which the story is narrated. For instance, the events of George Eliot’s Middlemarch or The Mill on the Floss would be said to be narrated from the point of view of an ‘omniscient’ narrator who has privileged access to the thoughts and feelings of the characters in a way that an ordinary external observer does not; and who can foresee how events are going to tum out in the future. By contrast, the narrators in Hemingway’s novels and stories say little about the characters’· thoughts and feelings: from a psychological point of view, the telling is ‘objective’ or ‘external’. A third type of point of view is represented in Virginia Woolf’s novels: the events of the narrative are viewed from the perspective of one or more of the characters, with great emphasis on the characters’ private responses to people and events: this is ‘subjective’ narration from a character’s point of view. These three examples are merely illustrations from some familiar authors, and they by no means complete the range of types of point of view. In this chapter I have space to analyse only some of the more striking variations in point of view, with particular attention to defamiliarized perspectives; some other relevant materials are discussed in the following chapters.
Meaning and World-View
Authors: Fowler Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 2, I argued that language is of great importance in shaping speakers’ classification of experience: as Halliday puts it, language has an experiential or ideational function. Applying this notion to a whole language, one might claim that English as a whole, or French, or Arabic, encodes two sorts of meanings which are accessible to speakers: on the one hand, natural meanings such as ‘red’, ‘greater than’, ‘square’, ‘up/down’ which are necessarily coded because all human beings are biologically equipped to make such discriminations; and on the other hand, social meanings which reflect the organization of a society and its relationship with its environment: ‘Prime Minister’, ‘son’, ‘doctor’, ‘democracy’, ‘landscape’, ‘Spring’, etc. It is obviously in the-vast-area of social meanings that differences between languages are greatest; and, if the ideational theory is correct, speakers’ world-views differ most in this socially constructed field of significances.
Concert Life in Eighteenth-Century Oxford
Authors: Wollenberg Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oxford’s concert life received its greatest impetus from the establishing of the Holywell Music Room (opened 1748). The opening of the Music Room marked not so much a new beginning, as a significant stage in a process of development that can be traced back to the seventeenth century. It was in the eighteenth century that a remarkably rich flowering occurred of a tradition based on various performing elements and con­ texts, including regular music meetings (documented from the time of the Civil War), special and commemorative ceremonial music, and the periodic injection of distinguished visiting talent into the local musical scene.
Music in the University and City, II
Authors: Wollenberg Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Accounts of the Oxford Professors of Music in the first half of the nineteenth century-from Crotch’s move to London in 1806 to Ouseley’s election in 1855-tend to stress the absentee character of their tenure.’ Ouseley and Corfe in 1877 described ‘the present endowment of the professorship’ as ‘little more than nominal’. To found a ‘complete school of music’ would in their opinion require ‘the endowment of a first-class professorship’.
Wendell and Walter Go to Hollywood
Authors: Cripps Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The world’s war came home to America on December 7, 1941, years after it had been set alight in Asia and Europe. Typically, Americans responded slowly, even fitfully, to war. Yet the conscience-liberalism that had already begun to tinge popular culture leapt as though from a crouch into a position of almost organic ideological leadership far beyond the modest measures urged by government.
As we have seen, Walter White, by then not only a ranking figure in the NAACP but a syndicated columnist, and a hero among blacks for his reportage of lynching, had begun to regard Hollywood as a target of opportunity. Already he had cultivated the producer Walter Wanger and Wendell Willkie, the defeated Republican presidential candidate in 1940 who had taken on two key posts: special counsel to the NAACP and chairman of the board of 20th Century-Fox. As he told Wanger, he had been “overwhelmed at your not only being willing to give me advice but to give a luncheon for me in Hollywood.” They soon began to exchange pamphlets and lists of likeminded friends: Melvyn Douglas, who had taken up the cause of black children, Selznick, Sidney Buchman, who had White to a tea for the Hollywood Anti-Nazi League, Bette Davis, who seemed “very militant,” James Cagney, and others who seemed “interested in” the cause or simply had appeared in social problem movies.
The Making of a Genre: The Integration of Colin Kelly, Meyer Levin, and Dorie Miller
Authors: Cripps Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Metro’s Liberty Ship had been written to persuade white America of the loyalty of black America, so almost every movie that stemmed from White’s work spoke to white people as much as to black. It was as though together the OWI-NAACP-Hollywood axis was an organic embodiment of the notion that crisis bred reassertions and enactments of the common core of values that the need for unity had called attention to. At the same time, the actual situation as old segregation barriers cracked under the stress of overcrowding, overburdened public amenities, and crumbling urban transport led to civil strife.
Documentary Film Culture and Postwar Liberal Momentum
Authors: Cripps Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No one dared guess the postwar future of American racial custom. Despite the fissures that had opened in the system as a result of the crisis of war, the black penetration into previously inaccessible seats of power, the signs that race had again become a national point at issue, there were conservatives afoot who expected a return to antebellum ways. Parallel to this line of political change, American filmmakers faced an equally uncertain future. On its face, the situation promised only a thermidorean reaction, a return to a familiar equilibrium after the dislocations of war. But at the same time, new conditions also invited a search for means of extending wartime alliances. Such a strategy seemed compelling because formerly stable Hollywood was so unsettled by soaring labor costs, the threat of war-deferred strikes, the buffeting of inflation, a baffling suburban migration by an audience seemingly bent on trying every new leisure-time activity that drew them away from the movie houses they formerly had attended twice each week, and a Supreme Court that threatened to make up for years of wartime judicial peace by inquiring into antitrust violations.
Nouns: The Realm Of Things
Authors: Scarry Elaine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter, like many writings about Beckett before it, will attempt to describe the negation and the affirmation, the nothing and the something, of his works. Although the discussion will not be restricted to any one corner of his canon, it will focus on the short stories in No’s Knife; for these pieces, often ignored by readers, exist as distillations of the author’s thought. In their brevity and coherence, they represent what the narrator of Murphy would have called “Beckett’s account, expurgated, accelerated, improved, and reduced.” Any description of Beckett’s works must begin by acknowledging what he himself has named the critical factor in his vision: “The key word in my plays is ‘perhaps.’”1 His works are ambivalent in subject and interrogatory in mood.
Four More Years
Authors: Boyle Deirdre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thrilled with their sudden prestige among the press corps, TVTV returned to Miami in August to cover the Republican Convention. The group quickly discovered the Republicans were as controlled as the Democrats were disorganized. This made the job much easier, especially since the media inadvertently had been handed the Republicans’ minute-by-minute script of the Convention, including all the “spontaneous demonstrations” held by the Young Republicans.
Impeaching Evidence
Authors: Boyle Deirdre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Following the success of Lord of the Universe, David Loxton offered TVTV an unprecedented year-long contract for almost a quarter of a million dollars to create five hours of programming for public television. The initial money came from the Rockefeller Foundation’s grant to the TV Lab; later, the Lab’s discretionary money from the Ford Foundation figured into the total sum. TVTV’s overall budget was $230,000; of that amount $138,000 went directly to TVTV for their production costs and the balance went to the TV Lab to cover postproduction expenses. Loxton had taken a huge risk with Lord of the Universe, and now he was going even further out on a limb by committing such an enormous sum of money (for public television) to produce TVTV’s nonfiction television.
Furor Over Fugitive
Authors: Boyle Deirdre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
TVTV moved from San Francisco to Los Angeles shortly after “Gerald Ford’s America” was broadcast, ostensibly because the group was going to work on “Prime Time,” an 18-part series for KCET, the Los Angeles public TV station. The series, “a fictionalized account of the history of television,” would be used as fillers at the end of a series of original TV dramas. TVTV was restless to move on to new and different challenges, and Los Angeles and Hollywood represented a test of their professionalism.
Hooray for Hollywood?
Authors: Boyle Deirdre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
TVTV’s acceptance was due largely to their ability to “polish the rough but vital ethos of ‘ guerrilla video’ to a marketable gloss.” But despite a track record that included more boosts than knocks, TVTV still waited for a firm commitment for future work. Independent producers were all clamoring for a bigger presence in public television, having formed a Coalition for New Public Affairs Programming in February 1976, and competition among filmmakers and videomakers to get their work aired on PBS threatened to become livelier and tougher. Larry Grossman, new head of PBS, had promised to introduce innovative projects like a weekly news show with input from independent producers as well as a weekly evening of independently produced documentaries, but nothing as yet had come of it.
Epilogue
Authors: Boyle Deirdre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Guerrilla television’s failure to create a viable alternative to commercial television was not due merely to the shortcomings of individuals. Larger forces operating in society influenced and ultimately prevented the dream from becoming reality. Born out of the counterculture’s clash with establishment values and institutions, guerrilla television was subject to the counterculture’s disillusionment and disintegration. Guerrilla television’s future was also conditioned by its technology, by rapid developments in the recording and broadcast transmission of video that transformed the medium from an oddity to a novelty to a banality, altering its power to challenge the status quo almost overnight.