bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Osteopathological findings in mummified baboons from ancient Egypt
Authors: Nerlich Andreas G. , Parsche Franz , Von Den Driesch Angela , Löhrs Udo 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe present the pathological findings in a historic population of 82 baboon mummies recovered from the animal sanctuary of Tuna‐el‐Gebel in Egypt, in which we were able to demonstrate a high prevalence of disease. In almost 20 per cent of the baboons, signs were present of chronic malnutrition causing bowing and shortening of the long bones. A further 15 per cent of the animals revealed features of chronic joint or vertebral deformities suggesting poor living conditions in their cages. There were three cases of post‐traumatic fractures, three of haematogenous osteomyelitis, one individual showed osteoporosis and one hyperostosis of the scapula of uncertain origin. Additionally, we found one tumour of the pelvic bones with features, which might be attributable to an aggressive osteoblastoma or an osteosarcoma. Our findings clearly demonstrate the high rate of bone abnormalities and the wide spectrum of diseases encountered in Egyptian baboon mummies. These observations contribute significantly to our understanding of the life of ancient Egyptian baboons and particularly to their living conditions.
Metrical discrimination between mandibular first and second molars in domestic cattle
Authors: Beasley M. J. , Brown W. A. B. , Legge A. J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe difficulty of distinguishing between loose first and second mandibular molars of domestic cattle (BOS taurus) from archaeological sites is well known. This paper proposes cervical length as a discriminatory measurement. The possibility that cervical measurements of first and second mandibular molars may be sexually dimorphic is also explored.
Microradiographs of leprosy from an osteoarchaeological context
Authors: Blondiaux Joël , Duvette Jean‐Francois , Vatteoni Sophie , Eisenberg Leslie 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMicroradiographs of early French medieval skeletal material diagnosed with leprosy show specific microscopic alterations, including isolated destruction, isolated bone formation and a combination of both processes, generally referred to as concentric remodelling. New bone deposition on the tibial diaphysis appears to follow the same processes. These observations parallel Coutelier's descriptions of bone remodelling observed in cases of amputated bones from leprous patients.
Growth curves of immature bones from a Scottish island population of sixteenth to mid‐nineteenth century: Limb‐bone diaphyses and some bones of the hand and foot
Authors: Miles A. E. W. , Bulman J. S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractGrowth curves were prepared for length of the diaphyses of the six major long bones of the limbs and for length of the calcaneus, talus, cuboid and the first metacarpals and metatarsals, of ages up to 20 years including several immature and many full‐term fetuses.Most curves showed what appears to be a consistent adolescent growth spurt at about 17 years, but the number of specimens supporting these parts of the curves is too small for the validity of this spurt to be beyond doubt.The fetal diaphysis lengths were similar to those of Fazekas and Kósa and other recent populations but, compared with curves prepared from the Maresh radiographic data for recent caucasoids, the island diaphyseal growth rate, starting at about 4 months after birth, fell progressively behind so that, by 18 years for example, the femur was 90 mm shorter and the humerus 60 mm shorter than the Maresh equivalents. These findings accord with the short stature of the island adults (male mean 166.2 cm).The growth curves were closer to those of some ancient peoples, Amerindian, caucasoid and negroid, than to contemporary caucasoid.There is evidence of a secular change in growth in this island region because the calculated mean height at 18 years of this earlier island population is at the present time achieved by boys by about 14 years of age. Thus it is argued that the earlier population was affected by stunting factors. Although there is no skeletal evidence of malnutrition, there is plenty of evidence that the way of life was full of hardship in which the children shared. They took a full part in the arduous work involved in farming marginal‐quality land; the houses were damp, cold, smoky and dark; they were overcrowded although, mainly because of the high infant‐mortality rate, families were not large.
Radiographic analysis of dental development used in age determination of infant and juvenile skulls from a medieval archaeological site in Norway
Authors: Beyer‐Olsen Eva Margrete Stermer , Risnes Steinar 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAge determination based on radiographic examination of teeth and tooth development stages was performed on the infant and juvenile skeletons from St Olav's churchyard in Trondheim. All the 248 skulls with jaws and teeth were radiographed. Based on the apical closure of the second molar, 198 skulls were determined to be older than 15 years. In 38 of the remaining skulls the age could be determined radiographically based on tooth development stages. The age was below 8 years in 25 individuals (66 per cent). The correlation between the radiographic and a direct inspection age determination method was 0.969. The greatest discrepancies between the two methods were found in the age group 12–15 years.
Computed femur and tibia volumes and cranial capacity under near‐optimal conditions of skeletal growth: Relation to geomagnetic dipole field intensity and other latitude‐dependent climatic variables in archaeological North America and North Africa
Authors: Ivanhoe Francis 
Published: June 2005

AbstractUsing computed femur (F) and tibia (T) volumes and cranial capacity (CC), the Pleistocene geomagnetic acromegalosis (PGMA) model of human evolution is tested in eight series of male skeleton sets (n = 123) from aboriginal North America and North Africa, the majority dated to the Holocene. The material was selected from the extensive multiracial osteometric data base previously assembled in the course of adult residual rickets (RR) skeletal plasticity research in archaeological populations of the Northern Hemisphere, controlling for optimal bone eutrophism, that is, for the absence of sunshine and calcium deficits and demographic stress. Six of the eight series are of hunter‐gatherers, including a terminal Pleistocene mesolithic sample from the Maghreb. As predicted by PGMA, a clear osteotrophic response is observed between the F, T, and CC of these populations and their geomagnetic dipole field intensity (GMFI) backgrounds, here expressed in microteslas (μT); along with evidence that the GMFI‐dependent osteotrophism is stronger near the sagittal plane. Slightly higher bioenvironmental correlations, also compatible with PGMA, are obtained with a composite environmental osteotrophism parameter (CEOT.J), which incorporates the reciprocal of the archaeological site's reconstructed mean July temperature as a synergizer of GMFI. In a final demonstration of the utility of the new computed osteovolumetrics, it is shown that Skhul IV, to judge from its size and proportions, is a hyperrobust pre‐neanderthal male skeleton of early Late Pleistocene interglacial age, and belongs to the North African geographical race.
Palaeopathology at the Khan‐el‐Ahmar site: Health and disease in a Byzantine monastery in the Judean Desert, Israel
Authors: Hershkovitz I. , Yakar R. , Taitz C. , Eshed V. , Wish‐Baratz S. , Pinhasov A. , Ring B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe present study describes the skeletal material that was uncovered at the crypt of the monastery of St Euthymius at Khan‐el‐Ahmar, in the Judean Desert, near Jerusalem. Comparative morphometric analysis with contemporaneous populations and the palaeodemographic and palaeopathological data disprove many historians' well accepted notions regarding early Christians in the Judean Desert. In the present paper we suggest that the majority of people who were buried at the Khan‐el‐Ahmar monastery derived mainly from the autochthonous population of the region and were not migrants or fugitives from surrounding countries. It appears that this community of monks lived in a rather protected environment despite their desert surroundings. In the monastery, they maintained a high level of personal hygiene, had adequate food supplies and were not subjected to repeated acts of violence from their neighbours.
Trephination as a possible treatment for scurvy in a middle bronze age (ca. 2200 BC) skeleton
Authors: Mogle Paul , Zias Joe 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAlthough trephination of sub‐adults in antiquity is rare, scurvy both infantile and adult, is even more rare in the archaeological record. Pathological changes appearing in the maxilla, mandible and orbits of a child of 8–9 years of age are highly suggestive of infantile scurvy. Advanced forms of this metabolic disturbance lead to severe subperiosteal haemorrhaging, at times turning the skin of the face and skull black. This condition may have led to the trephination along the sagittal suture as a form of blood letting in hopes of draining the subperiosteal haemorrhage in the cranium. Although cause and effect are often confusing in antiquity, the surgical intervention presented here led to the ultimate death of the child.
Analysis of faunal remains from the Kretuonas lake settlement
Authors: Daugnora L. , Girininkas A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe Middle (Kretuonas 1B), Late Neolithic (Zemaitiške 1 and Zemaitiške 2) and Old Bronze Age (Kretuonas 1C) settlements near Kretuonas Lake (Svencioneliai district, Reskutenai village) yielded many artefacts of bone, antler, horn and teeth (750 in total). In the Kretuonas 1B assemblage, deer bones accounted for 50.5 per cent, elk bones 19.7 per cent and boar bones for 27.7 per cent of the total. In the Zemaitiške 1 and 2 settlements the respective portions were 27.7 and 62.0 per cent deer, 6.8 and 20.0 per cent elk and 10.1 per cent boar. In Kretuonas 1C the proportions were 10.9, 36.0 and 7.5 per cent respectively.In the Kretuonas 1B settlement 32 artefacts were identified, 16 from deer bone, four from elk and four from boar. In the Zemaitiške 2 settlement there were 114 artefacts of which 57 were identified to species. Of these, 39 were from deer, eight from elk and four from boar. Finally, in the Kretuonas 1C settlement, of the 531 artefacts found, 120 were identified to species and of these 49 were from deer, 44 from elk, nine from boar and nine from bear.
Signs of meningiomas in a skull of the Mexican colonial period
Authors: Campillo Domingo , Salas‐Cuesta María‐Elena 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe skull of a native Mexican from the colonial period is studied. The skull has a nasal trauma, dental pathology and two osteogenic lesions, one situated at the left wing of the sphenoid bone and the other in the infrainion occipital squamous bone, between the left mastoid process and the left occipital condyle. That involving the sphenoid occludes the optic nerve foramen and is evident through the orbit and at pterion. These osteogenic lesions are considered to be secondary to the soft tissue tumour mass, which, at the level of its implantation area, is usually present in meningiomas.
The ‘caries correction factor’: A new method of calibrating dental caries rates to compensate for antemortem loss of teeth
Authors: Lukacs John R 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDental caries rates are frequently based exclusively upon the number of carious teeth observed in a human skeletal series. However, a portion of the teeth lost antemortem will be lost because of severe carious decay, a factor not considered by many investigators. This paper reviews and critiques earlier attempts to adjust dental caries rates to account for antemortem loss of teeth, and proposes a new ‘caries correction factor’ that is population specific, requires no assumptions, and is sensitive to the temporal and ecogeographical context of a skeletal series.An example of how to apply this caries correction factor is provided using new data from the Bronze Age site of Harappa in northern Pakistan. Its value in dental palaeopathology is reviewed with two recent studies of dental caries in the Arabian Gulf, and concludes with a consideration of its possible application to non‐human primates.
DNA in cremated bones from an early bronze age cemetery cairn
Authors: Brown Keri A. , O'Donoghue Kerry , Brown Terence A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe discovery of polymeric DNA in charred wheat grains and other burnt plant remains prompted us to examine a set of cremated bones for the presence of ancient DNA. Extracts of cremated bones from an early Bronze Age cemetery cairn were analysed by hybridization probing and the polymerase chain reaction. Hybridization with two probes targeting human DNA resulted in strong positive signals. Polymerase chain reactions directed at a multicopy sequence in human nuclear DNA were successful, extracts of five burials giving amplification products of the expected size. Exploitation of ancient DNA in cremated bones could be of great value in archaeology as it may enable information pertaining to sex and kinship to be obtained from fragmented material.
Immunolocalization of prealbumin: Distribution in normal human tissue
Authors: Liddle Christine N. , Reid W. A. , Kennedy J. S. , Miller I. D. , Horne C. H. W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractUsing an indirect immunoperoxidase staining technique we have demonstrated the plasma protein, prealbumin, in the cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. Serial sections stained with antisera to glucagon, insulin and somatostatin revealed that the distribution of the prealbumin stained cells matched that of the glucagon A‐cells. Absorption and cross‐absorption experiments with prealbumin and glucagon showed that the staining was specific. We also found positive staining for prealbumin in single cells in the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract, mainly stomach and colon, and kidney tubules.
Immunohistochemical demonstration of S‐100 protein in salivary gland neoplasms
Authors: Crocker J. , Jenkins Rachel , Campbell J. , Fuggle W. J. , Shah Varsha M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA peroxidase—antiperoxidase technique for S‐100 protein has been applied to 68 salivary glands. These included 17 pleomorphic adenomas, seven adenoid cystic carcinomas, 23 adenolymphomas and a number of other neoplasms. In addition, five specimens of myoepithelial sialadenitis (‘benign lymphoepithelial lesion’) and five normal parotid glands were included. Consistent results were obtained, myoepithelial cells and cells in myxoid and chondroid areas in pleomorphic adenomas staining intensely. In adenoid cystic carcinoma, on the other hand, there was no staining. The adenolymphomas possessed intensely S‐100 protein‐positive cells in the interfollicular lymphoid areas: these were probably interdigitating reticulum cells. In addition, branching structures, probably corresponding to Langerhans' cells, were observed in the epithelium of adenolymphomas.
Population and ultrastructural changes in murine alveolar cells following 239PuO2 inhalation
Authors: Heppleston A. G. , Young A. E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractEarly changes affecting the principal cellular components of pulmonary alveoli after inhaling 239plutonium dioxide were followed by quantitative and qualitative electron microscopy in mice and rats. Different accumulated doses of a irradiation were achieved. The numbers of alveolar macrophages and interstitial mononuclear cells rose in mice especially after a higher dose of radiation, whilst in rats interstitial fibroblasts were increased. The evidence from mice suggested pronounced secretory activity of type II epithelial cells with subsequent uptake of phospholipid by alveolar macrophages, which developed large cytoplasmic inclusions, but rats were much less severely affected. Pneumonitis was not a feature and with the dosage of radiation employed endothelium escaped structural damage. Sensitivity between species differed, both according to cell type and to intensity of exposure, so demanding caution in the application of experimental findings to man.
Sialic acid moieties on surface glycoproteins protect endothelial cells from proteolytic damage
Authors: Göröug P. , Pearson J. D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe importance of the glycocalyx in controlling responses to proteinases was studied by enzymic removal of sialic acids from the luminal surface of arterial endothelium. In the perfused rat aorta collagenase induced cell detachment in greater numbers from the desialylated than from the untreated endothelium. Neuraminidase treatment increased by three‐fold prostacyclin synthesis by the vessel wall in respons to thrombin. The supernatant from activated human neutrophils, containing elastolytic activity, when perfused together with neuraminidase enhanced and prolonged sialic acid release induced by neuraminidase alone. Thus the effects of different proteinases on various endothelial cell functions are potentiated by removal of surface sialic acid residues.
The histopathology of the larynx in the neonate following endotracheal intubation
Authors: Gould Howard Stephen J. Susan 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSubglottic stenosis is the most common serious complication of endotracheal intubation in the neonate with an incidence of between 1–8 per cent. While considered a complication of traumatic injury to the larynx and possibly associated with prolonged intubation, the pathogenesis is poorly understood and the pathology has not been described in detail. The nature of intubation induced injury has been investigated by examining step‐sections of 43 larynges removed from neonates post‐mortem who had been intubated for periods ranging from 10 min to 12 weeks. Focal ulceration was identified in the supraglottis and the anterior glottis. Similar injury was seen in the posterior glottis and subglottis but with more prolonged intubation there was full thickness mucosal necrosis, perichondritis and partial destruction of the arytenoid and cricoid cartilages. Although the severity of the injury progressed with time and many of the most severe injuries occurred early, in the second and third weeks of intubation, the larynx usually healed despite the continued presence of the endotracheal tube. Prolonged intubation on its own does not appear to be an important factor in the production of severe laryngeal injury nor, therefore, the subsequent complications such as subglottic stenosis.
Distribution of dense core granules in normal, benign and malignant breast tissue
Authors: Ferguson D. J. P. , Anderson T. J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn this study breast tissue from 114 patients has been examined ultrastructurally for dense core granules (DCG). The tissue included examples of normal ‘resting’, pregnant and lactating breast plus various benign and malignant lesions. DCG were observed in low numbers in the apical cytoplasm in a proportion of the examples of ‘resting’ and pregnant breast tissue but were absent in the lactating patients. The incidence appeared to relate to hormonal changes. They were present in 50 percent of the benign lesions examined. DCG were also observed in a high proportion of the ductal, lobular and tubular carcinomas examined and were associated with luminal differentiation. In the mucoid carcinomas over half the tumours possessed some DCG with large numbers of DCG present within certain of the malignant cells in two cases. It is possible that the granules could be related to mucin secretion. Therefore, in normal, benign and malignant (with the exception of mucoid carcinoma) breast tissue the presence of DCG would appear to be related to hormonal changes and represent prelactational differentiation rather than providing evidence of neuroendocrine differentiation. We emphasize the need for a comprehensive knowledge of the normal morphological variations within a tissue before attempting to interpret its tumours.
Hepatic sinusoidal macrophages in alcoholic liver disease
Authors: Mills Luther R. , Scheuer Peter J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractLysozyme is a bacteriocidal enzyme which is a major stable secretory product of mononuclear phagocytes, including hepatic sinusoidal macrophages (HSM), and serves as a good marker for these cells. Patients with alcoholic liver disease (ALD) have decreased HSM function which is reflected in reduced clearance of microorganisms and endotoxin derived from the gut. The HSM population in 54 liver blopsies from patients with ALD was studied using immunoperoxidase staining of lysozyme and was compared with 15 histologically normal controls. In both groups lysozyme positive HSM were more numerous in periportal than perivenous parenchyma. In each zone there were significantly fewer positive HSM in cases of ALD than in controls, in alcoholic hepatitis than in ALD without hepatitis, and in cirrhosis than in ALD without cirrhosis. These findings suggest a decreased population of functionally active HSM in ALD which correlates with severity of liver damage. This might be due to decreased lysozyme content of the entire HSM population or to the existence of two populations, one positive and one negative for lysozyme. The observed decrease in HSM function explains many of the phenomena observed in ALD.
Immunohistochemical localization of basement membrane type IV collagen in invasive and metastatic squamous carcinomas of the head and neck
Authors: Carter R. L. , Burman J. F. , Barr L. , Gusterson B. A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe immunohistochemical localization of basement membrane type IV collagen was investigated with a mouse monoclonal antibody in major surgical resections from 25 patients with invasive squamous carcinomas of the head and neck. Irrespective of site, size or stage of the disease, the 16 primary invasive tumours were almost completely surrounded by a layer of type IV collagen. Focal abnormalities were regularly present, consisting of thickening and aggregation of type IV collagen together with attenuation and segmental loss. Similar changes were seen in metastatic squamous carcinomas in 36 cervical lymph nodes. It is suggested that the probable formation of a normal basement membrane protein by these squamous carcinomas indicates the preservation of a normal function of differentiating squamous epithelia. The results indicate that a major basement membrane component, type IV collagen, continues to co‐exist with invasive and metastatic squamous carcinomas.