bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interfacial Chemistry in Aqueous Lithium‐Ion Batteries: A Case Study of V2O5 in Dilute Aqueous Electrolytes
Authors: Hou Xu , Zhang Leiting , Gogoi Neeha , Edström Kristina , Berg Erik J. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractAqueous lithium‐ion batteries (ALIBs) are promising for large‐scale energy storage systems because of the cost‐effective, intrinsically safe, and environmentally friendly properties of aqueous electrolytes. Practical application is however impeded by interfacial side‐reactions and the narrow electrochemical stability window (ESW) of aqueous electrolytes. Even though higher electrolyte salt concentrations (e.g., water‐in‐salt electrolyte) enhance performance by widening the ESW, the nature and extent of side‐reaction processes are debated and more fundamental understanding thereof is needed. Herein, the interfacial chemistry of one of the most popular electrode materials, V2O5, for aqueous batteries is systematically explored by a unique set of operando analytical techniques. By monitoring electrode/electrolyte interphase deposition, electrolyte pH, and gas evolution, the highly dynamic formation/dissolution of V2O5/V2O4, Li2CO3 and LiF during dis‐/charge is demonstrated and shown to be coupled with electrolyte decomposition and conductive carbon oxidation, regardless of electrolyte salt concentration. The study provides deeper understanding of interfacial chemistry of active materials under variable proton activity in aqueous electrolytes, hence guiding the design of more effective electrode/electrolyte interfaces for ALIBs and beyond.
Biochar modifies soil physical properties mostly through changes in soil structure rather than through its internal porosity
Authors: Zanutel Martin , Garré Sarah , Sanglier Patrick , Bielders Charles 
Published: December 2023

AbstractBesides its carbon sequestration potential, biochar application generally improves soil physical properties, but the magnitude of its impact and the underlying mechanisms remain debated and depend on soil type, biochar application rate, and age. The objective was therefore to determine the effect of biochar application rate and age on physical properties of agricultural soils in a temperate climate. On a silt loam and a sandy loam soils, we compared the physical properties of fresh biochar (1% and 2% w/w) or century‐old biochar (0.5%–1% w/w; 19th‐century kiln sites)‐enriched soil samples with biochar‐free soil samples. Biochar pore network characteristics were determined using helium pycnometry, mercury intrusion porosimetry, scanning electron microscopy observation, and electron dispersive X‐ray spectrometry, whereas location of biochar particles within soil structure was analyzed using optical microscopy observations. Fresh biochar application decreased bulk density by 16.8% and increased saturated water content by 16.0% and macroporosity by 78.8%. These effects were attributed to soil structure improvement rather than to biochar porosity. Soil type and biochar application rate had a limited impact. In the long‐term, biochar effects were mostly nonsignificant, which might result from its fairly low content in kiln sites and from the clogging of its internal porosity by clay particles. Biochar was thus able to improve some soil physical properties in the short‐term, but these effects could no longer be detected in the very long‐term. Further investigating the time rate of change in soil physical properties over several decades following biochar additions to soil would therefore seem particularly relevant.
Lived Residential Schools in Times of Crisis and Change: Debating the School for the Deaf in Borgå Through Experience in the 1930s and 1980s
Authors: Lindberg Hanna 
Published: December 2023

AbstractIn her chapter, Hanna Lindberg studies experiences of residential schools by focusing on the school for the deaf in Borgå, Finland. The school was the only school for deaf children from Swedish-speaking homes in Finland, and children from all parts of Finland were sent there to receive their education. The residential school was also a fragile institution, and the future of the school was repeatedly discussed. The chapter focuses on two periods of crisis during the 1930s and 1980s, and it analyzes how experiences were brought to the fore in the public dissemination of these crises. By comparing experiences of residential school life during two time periods 50 years apart, the chapter exposes changing conceptions of residential schools, deaf education, and language relations in Finland.
Encountering Benefits for Families: Layers of Lived Social Citizenship in Finland in the 1930s and 1940s
Authors: Harjula Minna 
Published: December 2023

AbstractBenefits for families with children—the maternity benefit for pregnant women (1938), the family benefit for large low-income families (1943), and the child benefit for all children (1948)—were among the first reforms which broadened social legislation beyond the stigmatized poor relief in Finland. The practices of applying for and receiving the benefits open a view to the emerging institution of social benefits as lived social citizenship. In the chapter, Harjula approaches the encounters between families and local authorities asscenes of experience, which, as situational frames, set limits for the possible experience. The chapter shows how the early social benefits were characterized by many institutional and ideological continuities from poor relief, framing parallel and contradictory lived social citizenship. The chapter concludes by presenting how these competing citizenships as historicallayers of experiencehad a presence in the later practices of the Finnish welfare state.
From Humiliation to Compensation? Experiencing Poverty and Welfare Institutions Among Red Widows from the Civil War, 1918–1945
Authors: Kaarninen Mervi 
Published: December 2023

AbstractAfter the Great War, various pension schemes were created in Europe to assist war widows and orphans. Compared with the general European response, the Finnish Civil War of 1918 resulted in two different groups of widows and orphans and divergent practices of aid. The families of the White Army soldiers were assisted by national pensions. The widows and orphans of the Reds were stigmatized as the rebellious, defeated side of the war. The chapter focuses on the Red Widows’ encounters with the Finnish social welfare institution in 1918–1945 to answer the following questions: How did these widows interpret the measures the social welfare system directed to them? What kind of experiences of society did these measures create? How did the two-way social relationship affect the dense community of these widows? The analysis uses the concepts of emotional community and collective experience. The source material consists of the letters of complaint the widows wrote to the Ministry of Social Affairs from 1919 until the middle of the 1940s. The article proceeds via the concepts of humiliation, resistance, compensation, and wounded confidence. The letters describe the process of the experience in the life course of the Red widows, and the concepts serve as tools in the analysis.
The Walled-in Illness: The Twentieth-Century Finnish Tuberculosis Sanatorium as Lived Space
Authors: Hakosalo Heini 
Published: December 2023

AbstractMedical historians have investigated the twentieth-century tuberculosis sanatorium as an idiosyncratic therapeutic tool and environment, while architectural historians have been interested in the development and prominent representatives of the building type. This chapter focuses on patients as active agents interacting with the sanatorium space. Relying on Michel de Certeau’s distinction between space (espace) and place (lieu), the chapter asks how the sanatorium space was used, modified, sensed, and remembered by (former) patients. The primary source material consists of written reminiscences, letters, diaries, and photographs related to and originating in Finnish twentieth-century sanatoria. The chapter argues that the experience of the institutional space formed a key part of the overall sanatorium and illness experience. Furthermore, it demonstrates that the interaction between the patient and the building was less one-directional and more multiform than commonly assumed. Patients described the sanatorium space frequently, and often in highly emotional and sensory terms, but the way they experienced the space was varied and individual. Although the sanatorium was a highly regulated space, patients could use it creatively. They modified the institutional space, often with the purpose of individualizing and de-institutionalizing it, and frequently used it in ways unintended and unforeseen by the medical and architectural authorities.
Managing Protected Areas: People and Places: Introduction
Authors: Finneran Niall , Hewlett Denise , Clarke Richard 
Published: December 2023

AbstractFor decades, literature on the management of green and blue spaces and their uses has been founded in two distinctive sources. The academic repository, comprised of primarily peer-reviewed journal papers, has tended to detract practitioners for their very nature of academic design, composition, debate and discourse traditionally deployed. Yet within these works, a critical voice on both practice and theory is developed contributing to enhancements in the management of natural spaces.
Significant Spaces: Exploring the Health and Wellbeing Impacts of Natural Environments
Authors: Hewlett Denise , Gray Debra , Gunton Richard , Munro Tom , Agarwal Sheela , Breed Martin , Skelly Chris , Weinstein Philip , Terradillos Ainara , Lavrushkina Natalia , Byrne Danny 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThere is now considerable evidence that access to good quality green and/or blue spaces is good for peoples’ health and wellbeing. Concomitantly, there has been increasing emphasis, in national policies, on finding ways to use the natural environment as a key resource to support people’s health: all of which has been accelerated since the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Yet, key research gaps remain. This chapter reviews what we do and don’t know about the impact of nature on people’s health. We argue that the integration of research with planning tools is key to achieving environmental planning and development that is beneficial to health. We consider the challenges of conducting evidence-based research that involves people and natural environments and provide directions for future research that can support policies that have the potential to make full use of green and blue spaces to enhance people’s health and wellbeing.
Islam and Engagements with Nature; Theology and Practice
Authors: Welch Christina , Rahman Fahima B. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThis chapter explores Islamic engagements with nature both in theology and in lived practice. The lived practice section focusses on the experiences of Fahima (F), an observant Muslim woman living in an urban part of North England. Her reflections on being a Muslim experiencing first-hand National Parks and other nature-based spaces in Britain are put into a broader Islamic focus by considering Islamic ecology more widely by Christina (C), a Religious Studies scholar. Starting by an overview of relevant Islamic theology, this chapter grounds Fahima’s praxis in sacred text and spiritual ritual, before examining in brief the wealth of global Islamic interactions in and with natural spaces.
Impacts and Lessons Learned from the COVID-19 Pandemic for Protected and Conserved Area Management
Authors: Sharma Mitali , Ferreira Mariana Napolitano , Golden Kroner Rachel , Pasha Mohammad K. S. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has taken millions of lives and has had a significant impact on societal norms. It has also affected nature and wildlife in numerous ways. Protected and Conserved Areas (PCAs), key interventions to safeguard nature, have only recently started to be discussed in the context of the pandemic even though natural spaces provide substantial ecological, social and economic value. PCAs are also important for reducing the risk of future pandemics as they can reduce land-use change—the main driver of emerging zoonotic diseases. This chapter aims to highlight the ecological, social and economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on PCAs and lessons learned for PCA management to strengthen their ecological and societal values. The ecological impacts of the pandemic on PCAs included increased illegal logging and poaching, and increased risks to species such as bats and apes. The social impacts included reduced ranger welfare from overworking and staff cuts, and increased risks for local communities and Indigenous peoples who rely on PCAs. Lastly, the economic impacts included reduced funding for PCAs, which threatens livelihoods and increases conservation threats. Based on these impacts, key recommendations include strengthening regulations and protection measures, increasing benefit sharing and increasing diverse sources of funding, particularly in more affected regions, such as Latin America and Africa. Additionally, the IUCN Green List and a One Health approach can be used for improved PCA management and recovery.
Climate Change—Protected Areas as a Tool to Address a Global Crisis
Authors: Cannizzo Zachary J. , Belle Elise M. S. , Smith Risa B. , Mommsen Tom P. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractClimate change is a pervasive and ongoing threat to natural and human communities around the globe, and protected areas are not exempt from its impacts. However, protected areas are also a powerful and increasingly utilised tool to enhance climate mitigation and increase the adaptation of human and natural communities alike. From the protection of ecosystems that draw carbon out of the atmosphere and protect human communities, to the ability to help species move to more favourable conditions and adapt to a changing environment, protected areas have the potential to aid the global fight to address the climate crisis while reinforcing their ‘traditional’ role to protect biodiversity.
Artificial Intelligence and Decision Making in Health: Risks and Opportunities
Authors: Fernandes Márcia Santana , Goldim José Roberto 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe use of systems that include Artificial Intelligence (AI) imposes an assessment of the risks and opportunities associated with their incorporation in the health area. Different types of AI present multiple ethical, legal and social challenges. AI systems involved incorporated with new imaging and signal processing technologies. AI systems in the area of communication have made it possible to carry out previously non-existent interactions and facilitate access to data and information. The greatest concern involves the areas of planning, knowledge and reasoning, as AI systems are directly associated with the decision-making process. So, the central objective of this chapter is to reflect and suggest recommendations, with the foundation of the Complex Bioethics Model, about the decision-making process in health with AI support, considering risks and opportunities. The chapter is organized in two parts: (1) The decision-making processes in health and AI; (1.1) The health area the use of AI and decision-making processes: opportunities and risks to treat electronic health records (EHR) and (2) Complex Bioethics Model (CBM) and AI.
AI Instruments for Risk of Recidivism Prediction and the Possibility of Criminal Adjudication Deprived of Personal Moral Recognition Standards: Sparse Notes from a Layman
Authors: Marques Pedro Garcia 
Published: December 2023

AbstractIn what follows lies a recount of a concerned criminal lawyer, a layman, as he observes the change foreshadowed by AI in the field of individual risk recidivism assessment for the purposes of criminal penalty imposition on convicted felons. The text will therefore reflect upon the nature of that assessment when promoted by new AI programs based on actuarial-meaning statistically derived-information. It then proceeds to compare that risk recidivism assessment with the one undertaken within the current traditional human paradigm. Identifying the ensuing challenges set by the technological alternatives on the very survival of criminal law’s principiological mainstays. A final note will be drawn on what is lacking in the technological proposal, for all its technical upsides and perceived advantages. The approach here changes. From literature one will bring to the fore the very human account that lies at the center of anything resembling judgment. Both the judgment of the individual being assessed and the one of the court doing the assessment. Human as they both are, one heeds the kind of humanity an entire science—that of law—and its specific approach must acknowledge. Exactly that humanity that seems to be lacking in the technological AI proposals.
The Relevance of Deepfakes in the Administration of Criminal Justice
Authors: Durães Dalila , Freitas Pedro Miguel , Novais Paulo 
Published: December 2023

AbstractNowadays, it is challenging to distinguish between genuine content created by humans or deepfake created by deepfakes algorithms. Therefore, it is in the interests of society and nations to have systems that can notice and evaluate the content without human intervention. This paper presents the challenges of artificial intelligence, specifically machine learning and deep learning, in the fight against deepfake. In addition, it presents the relevance that deepfakes may have in the administration of criminal justice.
Antitrust Law and Coordination Through Al-Based Pricing Technologies
Authors: Schmidt-Kessen Maria José , Huffman Max 
Published: December 2023

AbstractPrice is the core element of commercial transactions and an important parameter of competition. One of antitrust law’s aims is to ensure that market prices form under the laws of supply and demand, and not after the whims of monopolists or cartelists. Innovations in computer and data science have brought about pricing technologies that rely on advanced analytics or machine learning (ML) techniques, which could strengthen existing bargaining power disparities in part by supporting price coordination among competitors.Existing research establishes a theoretical framework for competitive harm through coordination, showing that pricing technologies can lead to near-cartel price levels while avoiding anti-cartel prohibitions. This contribution builds on that framework, taking into account up to date empirical, game-theoretic, and computer science literature on pricing technologies to produce a taxonomy of those technologies. We then employ a comparative approach to identify the legal effects of various pricing technologies at a more granular level under EU and US antitrust law. The contribution supports greater understanding between economists and policy-makers regarding the analysis and treatment of AI-based pricing technologies.
Security and Privacy
Authors: Correia Miguel , Rodrigues Luís 
Published: December 2023

AbstractComputer security or cybersecurity is concerned with the proper functioning of computer systems despite the actions of adversaries. Privacy is about a person or group ability to control how, when, and to what extent their personally identifiable information is shared. The chapter starts by defining security and privacy and explaining why they are problems. Then, it presents some of the scientific and technological achievements in the two areas, highlighting some research trends. Afterwards, the chapter relates security and privacy to the main topics of the book: machine learning as part of artificial intelligence. Finally, the chapter illustrates the relevance of ML in the area using censorship resistance as an example.
Féminisme: Translations, Transfers, and Transformations
Authors: Gehmacher Johanna 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThis chapter examines Käthe Schirmacher’s most successful book, Die moderne Frauenbewegung (1905, 2nd edition 1909), and compares it with its less comprehensive precursor, Le féminisme aux États-Unis, en France, dans la Grande-Bretagne, en Suède, et en Russie (1898), and the German book’s English translation The Modern Woman’s Rights Movement. A Historical Survey (1912). Drawing on a conceptual history approach, it analyses strategies of transfer, self-translation, and translation between these books; the chapter also discusses the transfers and transformations of the French key term ‘féminisme’ in a broader context and traces the translations of the term in German and English and of the German term ‘Frauenbewegung’ in English and French. In so doing it complicates the history of the term ‘feminism’ and argues that it changed its meaning more than once between languages and over time before becoming a clearly defined and established concept.
Interpreting and Translating Transnational Activism
Authors: Gehmacher Johanna 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThis chapter takes the case of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance (IWSA) to discuss the relevance of translation and interpretation for transnational political movements. It asks how the IWSA dealt with the diversity of languages among their delegates and analyses the (at times entangled) roles of the interpreters and journalists in the context of the regular transnational conferences and on the board of the organisation. The chapter gauges how translation was used to facilitate the transfer of political arguments, but also helped to reinforce hierarchies of cultures and languages.
‘Suffragettes’ in Germany: Translating Militancy
Authors: Gehmacher Johanna 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThis chapter examines Schirmacher’s 160-page history of the suffragette movement (which was to remain the only German book on the subject for several decades), its contexts and receptions in the German-speaking countries and beyond. I begin by exploring Schirmacher’s first references to the British militants and briefly outline the events and political stances on which she reported. I then discuss her decision to write a favourable book on the suffragettes in the context of her personal situation as well as the various controversies she was involved in at the time. Examining Schirmacher’s account of the movement and the arguments she used to explain militant strategies to a German audience, I analyse the ways in which she used and rendered the material available to her and how she transformed their messages according to her agenda. The last two parts of the chapter give insights into the book’s considerable impact in various arenas, its contemporary reception, its translation into Polish, and its re-publications in the 1970s and 1980s.