bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
REVIEW: LAPISAN SUPERHIDROFOBIK BERBASIS SILIKA SEBAGAI APLIKASI SELF-CLEANING
Authors: Putri Ariyanti Rasiana , MUNASIR Munasir 
Published: October 2023

Teknologi self-cleaning sangat popular di kalangan para peneliti dan telah banyak diterapkan dalam berbagai aplikasi permukaan. Lapisan self-cleaning dengan sifat superhidrofobik banyak dikembangkan dan diteliti lebih lanjut karena kemampuannya dalam melakukan pembersihan yang sangat baik. Kemampuan self-cleaning lapisan superhidrofobik berbasis silika (SiO2) banyak diteliti. SiO2 dianggap dapat meningkatkan kekasaran suatu permukaan karena memiliki energi permukaaannya yang rendah dan menunjukkan sifat hidrofobik, hidrofilik, dan kestabilan termal. Lapisan superhidrofobik berbasis silika telah disintesis melalui berbagai metode fisik dan kimia. Metode sol-gel menjadi utama dengan ciri khas kemudahannya dalam sintesis melalui pencampuran beberapa material dan lebih hemat biaya. Selain itu, metode sol-gel telah banyak digunakan dalam sintesis material berbasis silika. Pada review ini, membahas mengenai fenomena self-cleaning di alam yang menjadi acuan peneliti, karakteristik lapisan superhidrofobik dalam kemampuan self-cleaning, metode sol-gel dan teknik coating dalam pembuatan lapisan superhidrofobik, dan material silika yang dimodifikasi dengan material lain untuk meningkatkan kemampuan self-cleaning.
Kata Kunci: Superhidrofobik; Self-cleaning; Silika; Sol-gel
Abstract
Self-cleaning technology is very popular among researchers and has been widely applied in various surface applications. Self-cleaning coatings with superhydrophobic properties have been developed and further researched because of their ability to perform excellent cleaning. The self-cleaning ability of silica-based superhydrophobic coatings (SiO2) has been extensively studied. SiO2 considered to be able to increase the roughness of a surface because it has a low surface energy and exhibits hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and thermal stability properties. Silica-based superhydrophobic coatings have been synthesized by various physical and chemical methods. The sol-gel method is the main feature of its ease of synthesis through mixing several materials and is more cost-effective. In addition, the sol-gel method has been widely used in the synthesis of silica-based materials. This review discusses the phenomenon of self-cleaning in nature which is the reference for researchers, the characteristics of the superhydrophobic coating in terms of self-cleaning ability, the sol-gel method and coating techniques in the manufacture of superhydrophobic coatings, and silica material modified with other materials to increase self-cleaning ability.
Keywords: Superhydrophobicity; Self-cleaning; Silica; Sol-gel
Pengaruh Limbah Batu Bata Terhadap Kuat Tekan Beton
Authors: Yulian Hanifah , Carlo Nasfryzal , Khaidir Indra 
Published: October 2023

Batu bata merupakan bahan bangunan yang umum yang dipakai oleh masyarakat untuk membuat suatu bangunan. Namun tidak semua batu bata tersebut dapat dimanfaatkan apabila tidak sesuai ukuran atau mengalami retak atau pecah sehingga menjadi limbah dan tidak dapat didaur ulang. Hal ini sering terjadi dan dibiarkan saja oleh masyarakat sehingga kadang kala menumpuk atau dijadikan bahan timbunan saja. Dilakukan penelitian bagaimana batu bata yang sudah menjadi limbah tersebut dapat dimanfaatkan kembali untuk menjadi substitusi agregat halus pada beton normal dengan mutu beton fc’20 dikarenakan dalam kandungan batu bata terdapat kandungan silika berkisar antara 55%-65%. Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Teknik Sipil Universitas Bung Hatta, metodeaeksperimen rancangan campuran beton fc’20 dengan standar yang berlaku. Variasi rancangan campuran limbah batu bata adalah 0%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16% dan 17% dengan mengacu pada penelitian terdahulu. Pengujian kuat tekan untuk mutu fc’20 dilakukan umur 7, 14, dan 28 hari. Hasil penelitian yang didapatkan pada umur 7 dan 14 hari dengan substitusi batu bata 0% menghasilkan kuat tekan beton 13,16 MPa dan 13,59 MPa. Pada umura28 hari kuatatekan berturut-turut dengan komposisi campuran batu bata pada 13%, 14%, 15 %, 16% dan 17% pada menghasilkan kuat tekan 20,24 MPa, 22,22 MPa, 22,79 MPa, 20,24 MPa, 18,54 MPa, dan 17,13 MPa. Berdasarkan temuan ini disimpulkan bahwa limbah batu bata dapat digunakan sebagai pengganti agregat halus dalam pembuatanabeton dengan komposisi optimum pada 14%. Campuran limbah batu bata yang masih layak untuk menghasilkan mutu beton fc’ 20 pada komposisi 13%, 14%, dan 15%.
Spectroscopic Study of Copper Plasma Produced by Fundamental Nd: YAG Laser by LIBS
Authors: Raheem Safa Abdul Kareem , Hatif Sami Abd Al-Hussein , Ali Alaa Hussein 
Published: October 2023

Background:
The effect of laser wavelength on the analytical results obtained from LIBS by Nd: YAG laser diagnostics to copper element is experimentally investigated by Nd: YAG laser at 1064 nm wavelength. The temperature and density of electrons in copper plasma are calculated under (LTE) conditions.
Materials and Methods:
Various copper transitions were obtained. Identification of transition lines from the spectrum is carried out by comparing spectral lines with NIST atomic database. The results after performing the analysis were compared with (NIST) database.
Results:
The result showed that the various wavelengths obtained from the copper target tare with significant compatibility with the same wavelengths from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
Conclusion:
LIBS technique proved to be a precise and accurate tool for calculating electron temperature and electron number density, the presence of different elements with very low tolerance, and diagnosing their concentrations.
Radiation Pollution Hazard Indices in Hospitals of Hilla City/Iraq
Authors: Laken H. A. 
Published: October 2023

Background
High radiation is a double-edged sword, may be a treatment for some diseases also it may be dangerous when exposed to it in large doses for long periods of time, hospitals are a good example of this, hospitals are cure for patients and at the same time its considered a disease for their workers.
Materials and Methods:
Giger-Muller instrument counter was used to calculate the level of radioactivity emanating from three hospitals in Babel / Al-Hillah. Radioactivity was measured in different areas of each hospital, especially the X-ray departments, accelerators and CT-scan room.
Results:
The result is that the data we obtained were within the permissible exposure levels. Determine the most radioactive areas in the study area, the highest value was recorded in (0.90 mSv) in X-ray device in Hilla Surgical Hospital and the lowest dose was (0.015 mSv) in the X-ray device in Imam Al-Sadiq Hospital.
Conclusion:
Several samples investigated were less than the safe limits recommended by WHO in some respects.
Assessment of Soil to Cassava Transfer Factor of Radionuclides in Ughelli North Local Government Area, Delta State, Nigeria
Authors: Ejoh Ejiro Francess , Essiett Aniesua A. , Atat Joseph Gordian , Inam Edu J. , Essien Imeh E. , Bede Mfon Celestine , Benjamin Emem Uduak 
Published: October 2023

Background:
This research was conducted to estimate the activity concentration level of 40K, 238U and 232Th in soil and cassava and determine the transfer factor from soil to cassava in Ughelli North, Delta State, Nigeria.
Materials and Methods:
These were examined using gamma spectrometry and considering a lead-shielded 3 x 3inch coaxial type Sodium Iodide Thallium doped detector.
Results:
The mean activity concentrations of 40K, 238U and 232Th are 45.49 ± 4.28 BqKg−1, 3.15 ± 0.77 BqKg−1 and 0.56 ± 0.06 BqKg−1 respectively in soil samples and 134.08 ± 11.59 BqKg−1, 3.89 ± 0.93 BqKg−1 and 0.81 ± 0.09 BqKg−1 correspondingly in cassava samples. The mean transfer factor of 40K, 238U and 232Th from soil to cassava are 3.44 ± 0.75, 1.94 ± 0.32 and 1.34 ± 0.54 respectively. Peak values of the TF were noted as 8.52 for 40K at U18, D18, 25.58 for 238U at U12, D12 and 5.71 for 232Th at U11, D11.
Conclusion:
The activity concentration of 40K, 238U and 232Th in the area are lower than the world average values. Consequently, it will not pose any radiological hazard if consumed. The high value of Transfer factor is attributed to the richness of the organic matter in the soil and may indicate high ability to transfer radionuclides in the soil to food crops but from the concentration information, these radionuclides present in the soil are low as well as annual effective doses. There is no radiological risk of ingestion.
Concept ДЕНЬГИ/MONEY in different conceptual categories (based on the associative dictionaries)
Authors:   Chelyabinsk State University, Borisenko Tatiana V. , Pitina Svetlana A. ,   Chelyabinsk State University
Published: October 2023

The article is devoted to the study of the connections that occur between conceptual categories and between elements of such categories. The authors show the way one concept can be included into several conceptual categories on the basis of similar, identical, or inverse features of a category element and a categorical concept. Russian concept ДЕНЬГИ and American concept MONEY are analyzed with the use of definition and associative dictionaries. That gives the opportunity to trace conceptual features and establish differences in the perception of the two concepts in Russian and American linguocultures. The methods of conceptual and linguocultural analysis are used as well as the methods for studying associative-verbal networks suggested by Yu.N. Karaulov. It was found that such features as is evil, something that is missing, something that is in a large number are specific to the concept ДЕНЬГИ in Russian linguoculture, while bring social and material wellness, kept in bank, can be increased are characteristic of the concept MONEY in American linguoculture. These features help to relate the concepts under study to corresponding conceptual categories. It was proved that the Russian concept is connected to the following categorical concepts: МНОЖЕСТВО (a lot of), ЗЛО (evil), ТРАТА (expenditure), НЕДОСТАТОК (lack of), РАБОТА (work), ЧЕЛОВЕК (human), while American concept is connected to SALARY, JOB, WEALTH, GOLD, PEOPLE. It is also stated that one concept can belong to different conceptual categories, and this unites different categories in native speakers’ consciousness. The study is performed at the intersection of psycholinguistics, cognitive linguistics, and language and cultural studies.
THE EFFECT OF HORMONES ON PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS DURING PREGNANCY
Authors: Harja Evelyn , T Ria Yulianti , Ai'sah  , Azzahra Akmevi Carissa , Merlinda Euis , Fadia Putri , Wahyuni Rinda Tri , Dewi Vanesa Fitriana 
Published: October 2023

In this study the authors raised the title of "Changes in Hormone Physiology and Psychology during Pregnancy". This study aims to review the journals that the authors have chosen. The method used in this study was a literature review of the 9,810 results that appeared, then a review was carried out on the 31 selected journals. The results of this study are that the hormonal changes that occur during pregnancy are very complex and correlate with each other to support the growth and development of the fetus as well as the body's preparation for childbirth and breastfeeding. Understanding the physical and emotional changes experienced by women during pregnancy is essential to support proper pregnancy care and management.
THE EFFECT OF PSYCHOEDUCATION ON THE INCIDENT OF POSTPARTUM BLUES IN BANJARSARI VILLAGE, BANJARSARI DISTRICT, SURAKARTA
Authors: Yunanto Enyk , Yunia Renny Andhikatyas  , Migita Vidia Amita  
Published: October 2023

Background: Postpartum blues affect many mothers in Asia, 15-85%. This study will explore the impact of psychoeducation on postpartum blues in women after giving birth
Methods: This study was a quasi-experimental design with a pre-and post-test approach for a group of postpartum mothers selected through purposive sampling. To measure the incidence of postpartum blues using EPDS questionnaire and the Wilcoxon test were used for data analysis.
Result: The average pre-test score was 9.92, which categorized at risk for postpartum blues, the post-test score was 7.28, categorized as not at risk for postpartum blues.
Analysis: Wilcoxon test results obtained z value = -4.449 and p-value = 0.000 this means that there is an effect of providing psychoeducation on the incidence of postpartum blues
Conclusion: Providing therapy in the form of psychoeducation has been proven to be effective in reducing the risk of postpartum blues.
Capitalism and Marriage Practices- A case study of Pokhara Metropolitan City
Authors: Pokhrel Shreedhar 
Published: October 2023

For the most of human history, the family was primarily concerned with producing economic output. Families were built around production, thus choosing a spouse depended on how effectively one could both produce, including having more kids to supply the labor for farm or small business needed. Women and men were "yoke mates," as Stephanie Coontz, the family historian, put it. Marriages were about the ties of what economists call “complementary productive human capital.” The rise of industrial system led to an increase in the amount of work performed outside of the home where people made bundle of social relationships. This all phenomenon results changes in marriage practice and love marriage becomes dominant features of capitalism where husband-wife relationship resolved around similar interests and consumption habits for rising the prosperity and easiness of life.
This paper examines the changing trends of marriage in capitalistic society and the factors affecting the selection of mate by arguing that selecting mate is not a personal decision but its outcome of particular form of society type and nature. The evidences presented here use data from both secondary literature and primary sources. The primary data have been purposively selected using case study methods on Pokhara Metropolitan city. Particular attention is paid to the transformation of marriage practices in city area with the rise of capitalism. The results indicate that the marriage institution have been changing rapidly than ever before with the rapid expansion of market economy, migration, education and communication which is directly or indirectly related to the personal decision of individuals mate selection process. The study also provides a more nuanced understanding of the involvement of men and women in decision making process for the selection of mate despite their caste and class.
Tourist Satisfaction in the Homestay of Nepal: Case Study of Namje Community Homestay
Authors: Bastola Animesh 
Published: October 2023

Purpose: This paper aims to examine the impact of service quality towards tourist satisfaction and analyses the impact of tourist satisfaction on re-visit intention. This article focuses on the area of Namje, Dhankuta.
Methods: It is based on descriptive and exploratory research design following the methods of qualitative and quantitative techniques. To build a reach understanding of the phenomenon, different theories, and data collection procedures: preliminary interviews, structural interviews, Google surveys etc. have been used.
Originality: This study is based on the SERVQUAL theory through which HOLSERV was developed for the proper evaluation of the tangibles, reliability and employees of the homestay.
Findings: The results obtained through the data collection from 384 respondents shows that Tangibles, Reliability and Employees are a significantly strong predictor of Customer satisfaction. Customer Satisfaction is also a strong predictor of Repurchase Intention. The main conclusion drawn from this study is that Tangibles, Reliability and Employees in a homestay lead toward customer satisfaction and customer satisfaction result the repurchase intention. This article recommends that the homestay should focus on accurate service time as promised and should satisfy their employees for better service.
Effects of Age, Gender, and Education on Income of Petty Traders in Dharan During COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Khatiwada Sita Kumari 
Published: October 2023

Petty trade refers to small-scale businesses operated by individual sellers on bicycles, carts, sheds, and small unorganized spaces. The epidemic of COVID-19 has had a great impact on the economy of Nepal like other countries. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to find out the effect of small businesses on household income due to COVID-19 in Dharan sub-metropolitan city. Data was collected through direct personal interviews with 48 people using a simple random sampling method. Collected data were analyzed through descriptive statistics using SPSS. The Pearson correlation test explains the relationship between different variables, the independent sample t-test-, and the ANOVA test for the hypothesis test. There is no significant relationship between household income and with age, gender, and education of petty traders. Similarly, this study concludes that the planners and policymakers of the Dharan sub-metropolitan city need to formulate appropriate policies and manage the business of the informal sector including small traders. The government should encourage programs that protect the economic rights of small traders and reduce various taxes imposed on them.
PERCEPATAN PERTUMBUHAN BIBIT MAHONI (Swietenia macrophylla King.) DENGAN PEMBERIAN DOSIS AZOLLA DAN SKARIFIKASI BIJI
Authors: Sulistiyowati Retno , Zuhroh Mimik Umi , Febrianti Ratna Dwi 
Published: October 2023

Mahoni ialah tumbuhan yang banyak ditanam sebagai tumbuhan penjaga karena sifatnya yang tahan panas serta mempunyai energi menyesuaikan diri yang baik. Tanaman mahoni mudah dibudidayakan hanya saja perkecambahannya yang lambat karena tanaman mahoni memiliki masa dormansi yang panjang.Penelitian yang dilaksanakan bertujuan untuk: 1) Untuk mengetahui apakah takaran Azolla mempengaruhi perkembangan benih tumbuhan mahoni (Swietenia macrophylla King.) 2) untuk mengetahui apakah skarifikasi mempengaruhi perkembangan benih tumbuhan mahoni (Swietenia macrophylla King.), 3) Untuk mengetahui apakah terjadi interaksi antara dosis Azolla dan perlakuan skarifikasi terhadap pertumbuhan bibit tanaman mahoni (Swietenia macrophylla King.)Penelitian ini dilakasanakan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) Faktorial dengan 2 aspek. Aspek awal merupakan takaran azolla (4,5 g polybag-1, 9 g polybag-1, 13,5 g polybag-1) dan faktor kedua adalah macam skarifikasi biji (tanpa di ampelas, di ampelas 1 sisi, di ampelas 2 sisi, di ampelas 3 sisi) serta diulang sebesar 3 kali.Hasil penelitian menujukkan bahwa : 1) Perlakuan macam dosis azolla 13,5 g polybag-1 (D3) memberikan pengaruh paling baik untuk parameter tumbuh tunas, tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, dan panjang akar. 2) Perlakuan skarifikasi biji dengan diamplas satu sisi (S1) memberikan pengaruh tumbuh tunas dan jumlah daun paling baik.3) Interaksi antara dosis azolla dan skarifikasi biji memberikan pengaruh jelas kepada patokan jauh pangkal.
Sarvodaya Activities of North Gujarat: Regarding Azadi Ka Amrit Mohotsav
Authors: Chaudhari Bharatkumar Virsangbhai 
Published: October 2023

If we look into history, the words 'Sarvodaya' have had a very interesting history in the 20th century. The thing is, in AD of 1904. On his way to Christmas from Johnsburg this year, his friend Mr. Pollack gave Gandhiji a reading of John Ruskin's book "Unto This Last". It had a deep impact on Gandhiji's heart and mind. At the end of Manomanthan in AD 1908, taking inspiration from this book, Gandhi gave the resolution of 'Sarvodaya'. From 1915 to 1948, Gandhi ji echoed the slogan of many constructive Sarvodaya activities like Satya, Ahimsa, Gramswaraj, Ratio, Khadiwanat, Swavalamban etc. throughout the country. After the death of Gandhiji, Vinoba Bhave came forward to carry forward his work and many creative activities and many Sarvodaya Ashrams came into existence under the name of 'Sarvodaya'. Sarvodaya Ashrams were established especially in North Gujarat. These organizations carried out various creative activities based on Gandhiji's ideology. In the present research, the creative activities of the organizations are shown in brief.

Abstract in Gujarati Language:
ઇતિહાસમાં ડોકિયું કરીએ તો, ૨૦મી સદીમાં ‘સર્વોદય’ શબ્દનો ખૂબ જ રસપ્રદ ઈતિહાસ રહ્યો છે. વાત છે, ઈ.સ. ૧૯૦૪ની. આ વર્ષે જ્હોનીસબર્ગથી નાતાલ જતા ગાંધીજીને તેમના મિત્ર મિ.પોલાકે જ્હોન રસ્કિનનું “અનટુ ધિસ લાસ્ટ” પુસ્તક વાંચવા આપેલું. તેની ગાંધીજીના હદય અને માનસ પર ઊંડી અસર થઈ. મનોમંથનના અંતે ઈ.સ.૧૯૦૮માં આ પુસ્તકમાંથી પ્રેરણા લઈ ગાંધીજીએ ‘સર્વોદય’ની સંકલ્પના ભેટ ધરી. ૧૯૧૫ થી ૧૯૪૮ સુધી ગાંધીજીએ સત્ય, અહિંસા, ગ્રામસ્વરાજ ,રેટિયો, ખાદીવણાટ, સ્વાવલંબન વગેરે જેવી અનેક રચનાત્મક સર્વોદયની પ્રવૃત્તિઓનો નારો સમગ્ર દેશમાં ગુંજતો કર્યો. ગાંધીજીના અવસાન પછી તેઓના કાર્યને આગળ વધારવા વિનોબા ભાવે આગળ આવ્યા અને ‘સર્વોદય’ નામથી અનેક રચનાત્મક પ્રવૃત્તિઓ અને અનેક સર્વોદય આશ્રમોનો ઉદય થયો. ખાસ કરીને ઉત્તર ગુજરાતમાં સર્વોદય આશ્રમોની સ્થાપના થઇ. આ સંસ્થાઓએ ગાંધીજીની વિચારધારા આધારિત અનેકવિધ રચનાત્મક પ્રવૃત્તિઓ કરી. પ્રસ્તુત રીસર્ચમાં સંસ્થાઓની રચનાત્મક પ્રવૃત્તિઓ ટૂંકમાં દર્શાવવામાં આવી છે.
Keywords: સર્વોદય, રચનાત્મક પ્રવૃત્તિ, ગ્રામોદ્યોગ, ખાદી
Arnold Toynbee's Contribution to Historiography
Authors: Rahevar Tejalba Takhatsinh 
Published: October 2023

Arnold Toynbee was born in England in 1889. He was a leading historian of the 20th century. From his childhood he received the rites of history. His mother was a specialist in Greek and ancient history. And it would have been of great interest to Toynbee, who called it the story of the origin, growth and decline of civilizations. Thus, Toynbee's first formation as a historian took place in childhood. Also, mother was a staunch Christian. So, she used to tell Toynbee the story of the Bible and sometimes read some parts of the Bible to him. Thus, Toynbee also received historical and religious rites from his mother. Thus, mother's historical knowledge and religious rites put Toynbee in the prime of being a great historian. His reading of the works of Gibbon and other historians broadened him, and he was greatly enriched by travel, study and experience. As a result, the world received ten unique volumes of Toynbee's 'The Study of History'. In which the emergence, development, merger and modernization of world cultures are discussed.
Abstract in Gujarati Language:
આર્નોલ્ડ ટોયન્બીનો જન્મ ઇંગ્લેડમાં ઇ.સ.૧૮૮૯માં થયો હતો. તેઓ ૨૦મા સૈકાના અગ્રગણ્ય ઇતિહાસકાર હતા. બાલ્યવયથી તેને ઇતિહાસના સંસ્કાર મળ્યા હતા. તેની માતા ગ્રીસ અને પ્રાચીન યુગના ઇતિહાસની ખાસ અભ્યાસી હતી. વળી તે તેને સંસ્કૃતિઓના ઉદ્ભવ, વિકાસ અને પતનની કથા કહેતી ટોયન્બીને આમાં ખૂબ રસ પડતો. આમ ઇતિહાસકાર તરીકેનું ટોયન્બીનું પ્રથમ ઘડતર બાલ્યાવયમાં થયું. વળી માતા ચુસ્ત ખ્રિસ્તી હતી. એટલે ટોયન્બીને તે બાઇબલની વાર્તા પણ કહેતી તથા તેની સમક્ષ તે બાઇબલના અમુક ભાગો ક્યારેક વાંચતી. આમ ટોયન્બીને માતા તરફથી ઐતિહાસિક અને ધાર્મિક સંસ્કાર પણ મળ્યા. આમ, માતાના ઐતિહાસિક જ્ઞાન અને ધાર્મિક સંસ્કારે ટોયન્બીમાં મહાન ઇતિહાસકાર તરીકેના પ્રાથમિક સંસ્કાર મૂક્યા. ગીબન અને અન્ય ઇતિહાસકારોની કૃતિઓના વાંચને તેને વિસ્તૃત બનાવ્યા, પ્રવાસ, અધ્યયન અને અનુભવને લીધે તે ખૂબ સમૃધ્ધ બન્યા. પરિણામે ટોયન્બી કૃત ‘ઇતિહાસનો અભ્યાસ’ - ‘The Study of History’ ના દશ અજોડ ગ્રંથો વિશ્વને મળ્યા. જેમાં વિશ્વની સંસ્કૃતિઓના ઉદ્ભવ, વિકાસ, વિલીનીકરણ અને આધુનિકરણની ચર્ચા કરવામાં આવી છે.
Keywords: સંસ્કૃતિ, ઉદ્ભવ, વિકાસ, આધુનિકરણ