bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Christa Wolf,Kassandra(1983)
Authors: Haines Brigid , Littler Margaret 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is not surprising that Christa Wolfs 1983 reinterpretation of the myth of Cassandra should have resonated with feminists the world over and reached the widest international audience of all her works until then. For in the tradition which began with Homer’s Iliad and Aeschylus’ Oresteia, Cassandra’s role as a prophetess whose fate was to speak the truth but not be believed made her, in the eyes of many, iconic of the position of women in patriarchal societies. Wolf sought, however, to defy the tradition and, via the strength of her Kassandra’s voice and the power of her witness, make herself heard.1 The work’s main message -that perverted structures of thought in western culture, which lead inevitably to war, must be changed-was recognizably urgent in the early 1980s because escalating tensions in the cold war were making war on European soil seem an imminent danger.
Emine Sevgi Özdamar, ‘Mutter Zunge’ and ‘GroBvater Zunge’ (1990)
Authors: Haines Brigid , Littler Margaret 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The protagonist of the first two, interlinked stories in Emine Sevgi Özdamar’s Mutterzunge is a Turkish woman, living in East Berlin, who attends Arabic classes with a Koran scholar in order to reconnect with her Turkish heritage. This presents a dilemma for those readers for whom the abolition of the Arabic script in 1928 and the secularization of twentieth-century Turkey might seem the very conditions on which female emancipation has been founded. Indeed, as an emancipated Turkish woman intellectual, the unnamed protagonist bears some comparison with her author. Born in Malatya, Turkey, in 1946, Emine Sevgi Özdamar is the most prominent of the growing number of non-Germans writing in German. ‘Minority’ or ‘migrant’ writing is a phenomenon which has increased rapidly since the 1980s in the aftermath of the recruitment of Gastarbeiter (guest-workers) by the Federal Republic between 1955 and 1973.
D. S. Mirsky A Russian-English Life, I890-I939
Authors: Smith G S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This is the first biography in any language of 'Comrade Prince' D. S. Mirsky (1890-1939), who uniquely participated in three distinctive episodes of modern European culture. In late imperial St Petersburg he was a poet, a student of Oriental languages and ancient history, and also a Guards officer. After fighting in World War I and the Russian Civil War, Mirsky emigrated, taught at London University, and became a literary critic and historian, writing prolifically in English, and also in Russian for the Paris-centred emigration, especially as a leading member of the Eurasian movement. His closest literary relationships were with Marina Tsvetaeva and Aleksei Remizov, and later with Maksim Gorky. In 1926-7 he published A History of Russian Literature, written in English, which remains the standard introduction to the subject. While in London he lived in Bloomsbury and knew the Woolfs; he also knew T. S. Eliot, and was the first Russian critic to write about him. Mirsky became a Communist in 1931 and returned to Stalin's Moscow the following year, becoming a prominent Soviet critic, and in particular championing Boris Pasternak. In 1937 he was arrested, and died in the Gulag. This biography draws on much unpublished material, including Mirsky's NKVD files.
The Rising Line
Authors: Smith G S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There was much less of potential advantage for Mirsky to return to in the land of his birth than there had been outside it when he arrived in emigration in 1921. Everything his family owned had been confiscated, and people of his social background, often referred to as the ‘has-beens’ (kyvshie lyudi), were sys tematically reviled and persecuted. His major work had been published abroad in English, and was destined to remain unknown in Russia until long after his death-which was perhaps a good thing, because much of what he had written even after his conversion was actionable in terms of official Soviet thinking. Hardly anybody Mirsky had known before going into emigration was in a really influential position in Soviet Russia.
Introduction
Authors: Crowley Martin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Duras is not an ethical writer. She neither shows nor tells us how to lead the good life, nor does she tease out the complications of our moral decisions in such a way as to suggest their baffiing complexity. The lyrical combination of paroxysm and debris that might characterize the quintessentially Durassian is hardly the space of a meaningful discussion of right and wrong. Everything that follows here, then, is highly unlikely.
Ricardian ‘Trouthe’: A Legal Perspective
Authors: Green Richard Firth 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Returning to one of the major themes of his earlier Reading of ‘Sir Gawain and the Green Knight’, John Burrow wrote in Ricardian Poetry that ‘the pentangle on Gawain’s shield is, the poet says, a “token of trawthe” (cf. 626); and this “truth” proves to be the common and chief issue in the tests to which the hero is sub mitted’. By emphasizing that Sir Gawain is ‘about truth in the medieval sense of the word’, 2
‘Patience’ and Authority
Authors: Scattergood John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There is a large measure of uniformity in the critical and inter pretative approaches usually taken in relation to Patience, and the structure and conduct of the poem are usually thought to raise few problems. Like all the poems in London, British Library, MS Cotton Nero A.x. Art. 3, the poem presents, in formal terms, a tidy inclusiveness.
American Commercial Interests in the Heritage Film
Authors: Higson Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The American market was vital for quality ‘British’ costume dramas in the 1980s and 1990s. Box-office success in that market, and the links with American distributors that made such box-office results possible, have probably been as important as anything else in ensuring the relative longevity of this particular production trend. Two questions immediately arise. First, why has the American market been so important for the producers of quality ‘British’ costume dramas? And, secondly, why should American companies have been interested in investing in or buying the rights for what often seem small-scale, specialized films with a markedly indigenous flavour-films usually made in Britain with self consciously British subject-matter? The key to answering the first question, as we’ve seen, is the size of the American market and the potential box-office revenue that it offers-especially when compared to the far smaller UK market. In 1980, the American trade paper Hollywood Reporter declared that it was ‘virtually impossible for a film to make its money back at the UK box-office alone, unless it was made for less than million:On the one hand, that explains why so much British film-making falls into the low-budget category, since that is all that the domestic market can support. On the other hand, it indicates why anyone wanting to make a more ambitious film has to look to overseas markets, and especially the American market.
Modernity and its Discontents: Flaubert, Manet, Zola, Cezanne, Maupassant
Authors: Trotter David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1861, a painting in a London gallery provoked a sharp dis agreement between two visitors. The visitors were George Eliot and the writer and political economist Harriet Martineau. The painting depicted a stork killing a toad. Martineau attacked it on the grounds of coarseness and amorality. Eliot defended it, on the grounds that art must show the world as it is, rather than as it ought to be. No one, I imagine, is going to argue that English and Russian fiction of the 1860s and 1870s put this theory comprehensively into practice: in Dostoevsky as in Dickens, in Turgenev as in Trollope, life as it ought to be casts a long shadow over life as it is. In France, however, they do things differently. Toad-killings of one kind or another play a large part in the new methods and subject matters developed, often on the pattern of Flaubert’s Sentimental Education, by Emile Zola and his followers. Naturalism’s subject matter was modern life figured as cesspool or isolation ward; its literary method was toxicity. It articulated, and took care to provoke in its readers, both horror and disgust.
Degas’s Studio
Authors: Trotter David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The previous two chapters have examined the social, political, and even sexual uses both of mess and of an aversion to mess. In Gissing’s The Nether World, a working-class man discovers (his own need for) self-respect through a hatred of greasiness and bad smells, and a working-class woman resolves to remain wholly within the identity already attributed to her by the further enthusiastic production of the same obtrusive phenomena. In Grand’s The Beth Book, a husband bullies a wife by foul behaviour; she leaves him, finally, as the Divorce Court might well have permitted her to do, on account of his foulness. We have to do here as much with the politics as with the poetics of mess.
Claire and Byron (1814—1816)
Authors: Gittings Robert , Manton Jo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The first question was how the Godwins would receive the returned runaways. Their attitude obviously meant a great deal to Jane. Many years later, when she and Mary were both middle-aged, and the Godwins both dead, Jane wrote to Mary recalling their rejection. ‘You must recollect what a coldness Papa and Mama took to Shelley … they fell into a most violent state of disapproval of him.’ Even after that space of time, she remembered the distinct attitudes of Godwin and Mrs Godwin: ‘Papa took to being very chilling, haughty and stern, and Mama to being lively and furibonde,’ that is, in an animated state of fury. It is typical of Jane to find a French expression for her mother’s anger. She added, ‘They quite overawed me.’ The return was also dominated by what had brought the runaways back so ignominiously from their impulsive adventure and its joys: lack of money.
Imprinting Johnson
Authors: Redford Bruce 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
James Boswell’s publisher, Edward Dilly, was hot off the mark: the day after news of Johnson’s death reached Boswell in December 1784, he received ‘a letter from Mr. Dilly mentioning it, and in the true spirit of the trade wanting to know if I could have an octavo volume of 400 pages of [Johnson’s] conversations ready’ within two months.1 In his reply to Dilly, Boswell insisted that he would write the biography ‘deliberately’, but that in the meantime he could offer ‘my tour with Dr. Johnson, a good Prelude to my large Work his Life’.2 Boswell did indeed proceed ‘deliberately’: not until the summer of 1786 did he sit down to write; not until the winter of 1790 did printing begin; not until the spring of 1791 did the Life appear.
Transmitting Johnson
Authors: Redford Bruce 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the autumn of 1790, Frances Burney, then serving as second keeper of the robes to Queen Charlotte, finds herself re-enacting the role of one of her fictional heroines. Like the well-named Evelina Anville, upon whom shamelessly aggressive males are forever hammering, Burney is trapped in a crowded public space by an importunate suitor. In this instance the setting is Windsor Castle and the suitor is James Boswell, who is seeking not sexual but literary favours. First Boswell embarrasses Burney by declaring, in the midst of ‘a multitude’, that she must resign her position at Court.
‘Bastard Feudalism’ and the Lancastrian Affinity
Authors: Walker Simon 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
‘BUT the duke of Lancaster does what he likes without check’ complained one bitter chronicler. The most important conclusion to have emerged from each of these county studies is that, in fact, he did not. The limitations on what a magnate, even a magnate as powerful as John of Gaunt, could and could not do at the local level were very considerable. In the palatinate of Lancaster, where the duke was at his most powerful, some prudential limitations were nevertheless placed upon his lordship by the proportion of the county community that remained outside the Lancastrian affinity and, when he tried to enforce a decision given in his own palatinate court, the duke’s authority could still be flouted by a determined gentry opponent who was prepared to resort to violence. There were similar constraints on Gaunt’s freedom of action in the northern Midlands, where the king and the earls of Stafford presented attractive alternatives to his lordship and the duke had difficulty in restraining the unruly violence of his own retainers. If this was the case in areas where he held a clear landed pre-eminence, it is no surprise that John of Gaunt was unable to make much impact on the prosperous and cohesive county community in Norfolk or many inroads into the traditional loyalties of the Sussex gentry. Instead, the duke’s lordship was too often appropriated by the host of minor officials on whom he relied for the administration of his estates and then abused for their personal advantage. Unjust disseisin, petty extortion, and the deliberate obstruction of administrative process were their stock-in-trade, practices that the duke might seek to restrain by the dismissal of delinquent officials, but that he could hardly hope to eradicate.
Metropolitan crises
Authors: Slack Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The writings of Samuel Pepys and Daniel Defoe have made the ‘Great Plague’ of London of 1665 so much a part of the common currency of historical knowledge that it has obscured earlier epidemics. That outbreak was simply the last of a series of metropolitan crises which shaped the consciousness of the literate and governing classes with regard to plague. For more than a century epidemics in London had prompted medical and religious tracts, been the subject of macabre stories by writers such as Thomas Dekker, and finally, in 1662, produced the first serious work on English demography, by John Graunt. They also forced the government to develop those policies for public health which will be considered in later chapters. As in other spheres of English life, events in the capital played a large part in determining national attitudes and actions. The definitive account of plague in London has still to be written, and it cannot be attempted in the space available here.
Ekaru Apumpum: ‘The Time of Gunfire’
Authors: Lamphear John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
While Kokoi and the northern Turkana were buying guns in the north, a new British district commissioner arrived in the south: in December 1913 Dudley Russell Crampton relieved Alexander Bruce at Marich Post. He was a corpulent man, known affectionately to his colleagues as ‘our heavy-weight CPO’ and to the Turkana as the ‘great fat red bull’. Meticulous to the point of being fussy he affected a monocle and dined on spotless white linen even when out on patrol.
The First World War and International Politics
Authors: Stevenson David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The First World War was a disaster whose repercussions are still felt. This book goes behind the battlefronts to focus on the politics of the war. David Stevenson explains why the governments of the day turned to violence in pursuit of their aims; why the resulting conflict expanded to global dimensions; why it could not be ended by compromise; the international significance of the Russian revolution and the entry into the war of the USA; and why the eventual peace settlement took the form it did. The First World War and International Politics sets the events of 1914-18 in the context of twentieth-century world history; it also illuminates the political background of wars in general, and illustrates Clausewitz’s dictum that `war...is a true political instrument, a continuation of political activity by other means.’
The Outbreak of the Conflict July-August 1914
Authors: Stevenson David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the gentlemanly statecraft of 1914, the resort to force was still preceded by a declaration of war. Among the avalanche of declarations between 28 July and 12 August four stand out. That of Austria-Hungary on Serbia on 28July initiated a local, Balkan conflict; those of Germany on France and Russia on 1 and 3 August a continental European one; and that of Britain on Germany on 4 August brought into the European balance the resources of a global Power. At stake in both the Balkan and the European conflicts was whether Austria-Hungary’s internal divisions and external isolation would allow it to survive. And ostensibly Vienna gave the impetus to local war. On 28 June the heir to the Austrian throne, Franz Ferdinand, was assassinated with his wife at Sarajevo, the capital of the Habsburg province of Bosnia. On 23July an Austro-Hungarian ultimatum accused the neighbouring kingdom of Serbia of having sheltered organizations aiming to deprive the Habsburg Monarchy of territory (and of Bosnia in particular) by terrorism and subversion. Serbian officials, it alleged, had helped the Sarajevo conspirators cross the frontier, and had provided them with weapons. The subversive organizations must be suppressed, and the conniving officials punished. Two days later a Serbian reply accepted almost all the Austrian demands. But for Habsburg representatives to participate in a judicial inquiry into those implicated in the conspiracy, it protested, would violate the Serbian constitution and criminal law. Nominally on this ground Austria-Hungary declared war on 28 July, and on the following day bombarded the Serbian capital, Belgrade.
The Failure to Compromise March-November 1917
Authors: Stevenson David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1917 the earth trembled under the belligerents’ feet. Thus far the pre-existing balance of power and the European social and political order had withstood the strains of conflict with remarkable resilience. The battles on the Western Front grew in length and cost and scale, but the geography of the Front stayed virtually unchanged. The German Socialists continued to vote war credits; the French Socialists and the British Labour Party remained in the Paris and London Cabinets. Britain and Germany remained divided over Belgium, the German navy, and rival colonial claims; France and Germany over the Rhineland and Alsace-Lorraine; Russia and the Central Powers over Poland; Austria-Hungary and Italy over the Adriatic and the Tyrol. Germany sought victory through a separate peace that would shatter its encirclement; its opponents were unanimous at least in their determination not to be divided by the Central Powers. As a result of this multiple impasse the haemorrhage of European manpower at a previously unimaginable rate went on.
Introduction 1832 and All That
Authors: Phillips John A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Historians hold few things sacred, least of all the work of their predecessors. As revisionists scurry about wreaking havoc on a once well-ordered historical landscape, very few judgements of previous generations of scholars have proven impervious to assault. Attributions of significance to a specific year (or years) have been particularly susceptible to revision. Few years once identified as ‘watersheds’ have retained the global significance accorded them in the past. Years for which far less grandiose claims have been made have usually succumbed even more quickly to historiographical affrays.
Reform Retardant: Parliamentary and Municipal Reform in Beverley
Authors: Phillips John A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Analyses of boroughs such as Bristol, Northampton, and Shrewsbury have pointed to the powerful effects of Reform. Paradoxically, the indifference to Reform shown by some voters in Lewes and Great Yarmouth revealed deep partisan divisions in some constituencies well in advance of 1832. Thus the evidence of electoral behaviour in all seven boroughs examined so far suggests a very Whiggish interpretation of popular politics in English boroughs in the early nineteenth century. Partisan politics, or something very much like it, already dominated some constituencies, but Reform helped push others into a decidedly more partisan Would. Beverley might be seen as the exception that proves the rule; Reform failed to alter traditional non-partisan voting habits there. Though Beverley was referred to as early as 1818 as ‘an open borough and generally contested’, its popular politics cannot withstand comparisons to towns such as Bristol, much less Lewes and Yarmouth. Neither the Act nor the era could overcome Beverley’s resistance to new modes of thought and behaviour. Other than reducing their numbers by disfranchising non-resident freemen, Reform had no measurable impact on the town’s electors. They continued after 1832 to be dominated by considerations that had very little, perhaps nothing, to do with the parliamentary parties, specific issues, or political principles.
States and their Business
Authors: Doyle William 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Before 1789 the idea of the state, as we understand it now, was only half formulated. If, for instance, we define a state as an autonomous political unit recognizing no sovereign power over itself outside itself, then Europe had few indeed. Only non-Catholic countries were free of the jurisdictional claims of the pope. There were over 300 autonomous territories in Germany, far more than in the rest of Europe put together, but all technically subordinate parts of the Holy Roman Empire. Yet that shadowy structure in itself was not a state at all, since it had no real control over its hundreds of constituent parts. How, too, should we classify Hungary, Scotland before 1707, or Lorraine before 1768, where dynastic accidents had reduced their nominal independence to almost nothing? Rigorous modern definitions are seldom flexible enough to comprehend the diversity and complexity of old-regime political institutions.
The English Nobility under Edward the Confessor
Authors: Clarke Peter A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This is a study of the major landholders of England and their estates during the reign of Edward the Confessor. It is the first comprehensive analysis of the lay landholders recorded in Domesday Book. Peter A. Clarke examines not only the great earls but also lesser lords with significant holdings, and the complex network of relationships based on land. As well as Domesday, Dr Clarke makes full use of all other available evidence, such as chronicles and charters, and skilfully builds a detailed and convincing picture of landholding and lordship in eleventh-century England. He assesses the impact of the Norman Conquest, contrasting conditions under Edward the Confessor with those of the Norman regime. Dr Clarke’s work marks a significant advance in knowledge and understanding of medieval England, and its extensive and detailed appendices of landholders and their estates will form an invaluable reference resource.