bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PARTIAL ALGEBRAIC CONDITIONAL SPACES
Authors: DI NOLA ANTONIO , SCOZZAFAVA ROMANO 
Published: March 2005

Conditioning plays a central role, both from a theoretical and practical point of view, in domains such as logic and probability, or rule–based expert systems. In classical approaches to probability, there is the notion of "conditional probability" P(E|H), but usually there is no meaning given to E|H itself. In 1935 de Finetti 5 was the first to mention "conditional events" outside the function P. We shall refer to a concept of conditional event extensively discussed in 4, where the idea of de Finetti of looking at E|H, with H≠∅ (the impossible event), as a three–valued logical entity (true when both E and H are true, false when H is true and E is false, "undetermined" when H is false) is generalized (or better, in a sense, is given up) by letting the third "value" t(E, H)suitably depend on the given ordered pair(E, H) and not being just an undetermined common value for all pairs. Here an axiomatic definition is given of Partial Algebraic Conditional Spaces (PACS), that is a set of conditional events endowed with two partial operations (denoted by ⊕ and ⊙): we then show that the structure discussed through a betting scheme in 4 (i.e., a class of particular random variables with suitable partial sum and product) is a "natural" model of a PCAS. Moreover, it turns out that the map t(E, H) can be looked on – with this choice of the two operations ⊕ and ⊙ – as a conditional probability (in its most general sense related to the concept of coherence) satisfying the classic de Finetti – Popper axioms.
The Ugandan Government Triggers the First Test of the Complementarity Principle: An Assessment of the First State's Party Referral to the ICC
Authors: El Zeidy Mohamed 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe Ugandan referral of its situation to the ICC raises some interesting legal issues that merit examination. As demonstrated in the current study, the acts committed during the current con flict in Uganda meet the requirements of the ICC jurisdiction ratione materiae, however, the problem remains that most of the acts were committed or were initiated before the Statute's entry into force. As the Court has a speci fied temporal jurisdiction, it is clear that the Court would lack jurisdiction over those acts committed before July 1, 2002. However, the question that remains is whether acts that commenced before the July 1, 2002 and continue after that date would be considered by the Court.Given the fact that Uganda is both the territorial state and the state of nationality (as deduced from section 1.1) – an unanticipated situation, some legal arguments come into play. The main issue that arises is that the self-referral implies a sort of waiver of the State to exercise complementarity. Would this be legally acceptable? And what are the consequences if the Court accepted this waiver? To what extent does such acceptance affect other admissibility provisions including the application of Article 17?
Regional Differences in Overland Rainfall Estimation from PR-Calibrated TMI Algorithm
Authors: Dinku Tufa , Anagnostou Emmanouil N. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite carries a combination of active [precipitation radar (PR)] and multichannel passive microwave [the TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI)] sensors, which advance our ability to estimate rainfall over land. Rain retrieval from the TRMM PR is associated with an unprecedented accuracy and resolution but is limited in terms of sampling because of the narrow PR swath width (215 km). TMI provides wider coverage (760 km), but its observations are associated with a more complex relationship to precipitation in comparison with PR (especially over land). The PR rain estimates are used here for calibrating an overland TMI rain algorithm. The algorithm consists of 1) multichannel-based rain screening and convective/stratiform (C/S) classification schemes, and 2) nonlinear (linear) regressions for the rain-rate retrieval of stratiform (convective) rain regimes. This study examines regional differences in the algorithm performance. Four geographic regions consisting of central Africa (AFC), the Amazon (AMZ), the U.S. southern Plains (USA), and the Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna River basin (GBM) in south Asia are selected. Data from three summer months of 2000 and 2001 are used for calibration; validation is done using summer 2002 data. The current algorithm is also compared with the latest [version 6 (V6)] TRMM 2A12 product in terms of rain detection, and rain-rate retrieval error statistics on the basis of PR reference rainfall. The performance of the algorithm is different for the different regions. For instance, the reduction in random error (relative to 2A12 V6) is about 24%, 36%, 57%, and 165% for USA, AFC, AMZ, and GBM, respectively. However, significant difference between global (the four regions combined) and regional calibration is observed only for the GBM region.
CODEHOP-mediated PCR – A powerful technique for the identification and characterization of viral genomes
Authors: Rose Timothy M 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Consensus-Degenerate Hybrid Oligonucleotide Primer (CODEHOP) PCR primers derived from amino acid sequence motifs which are highly conserved between members of a protein family have proven to be highly effective in the identification and characterization of distantly related family members. Here, the use of the CODEHOP strategy to identify novel viruses and obtain sequence information for phylogenetic characterization, gene structure determination and genome analysis is reviewed. While this review describes techniques for the identification of members of the herpesvirus family of DNA viruses, the same methodology and approach is applicable to other virus families.
Role of Inhaled Nitric Oxide in Adult Heart or Lung Transplant Recipients
Authors: Rea Rhonda S , Ansani Nicole T , Seybert Amy L 
Published: March 2005

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) in adult heart or lung transplant recipients. DATA SOURCES: Pertinent literature was identified via a MEDLINE search (1966–July 2004). DATA SYNTHESIS: Pulmonary hypertension leading to right ventricular failure and ischemic reperfusion injury are complications following heart or lung transplant, respectively. A study of 16 heart transplant patients showed improvement in hemodynamic parameters and preservation of right ventricular function, but no improvement in mortality using iNO. Studies of lung transplant patients showed no benefit of iNO on mechanical ventilation duration, hospital length of stay, or mortality, but some studies indicate an improvement in hemodynamic parameters. CONCLUSIONS: iNO shows hemodynamic benefits in early postoperative heart transplant patients with preexisting pulmonary hypertension, and variable hemodynamic benefits in lung transplant recipients. Currently, morbidity and mortality data are not favorable for either indication; use of iNO is supportive and requires further study.
Analysis of Roughness-Induced Crack-Tip Shielding in Terms of Size Ratio Effect
Authors: Pokluda J , Šandera P , Horniková J 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
A new theoretical concept is introduced to describe the roughness-induced shielding effects in metallic materials. It is based on the statistics of the local ratio between the characteristic microstructure distance and the plastic zone size. Both the crack branching and the crack closure phenomena are generally described in the frame of linear elastic fracture mechanics under the assumption of the remote Mode I loading. Using this approach, intrinsic values of fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth threshold can be determined, and the roughness-induced component can be separated from other closure components, such as plasticity or oxide induced closure. In order to estimate the total RIS effect, standard material data as the yield stress, the mean grain size, the surface roughness, and the fracture mode are only necessary. Application examples concerning static fracture and fatigue are presented for UHSLA steels, ARMCO iron, aluminum, and titanium alloys.
Influence of Crack-Surface Oxidation on Creep-Fatigue Crack Behavior of 1Cr- and 10Cr-Steels
Authors: Mueller F , Scholz A , Berger C 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
High temperature components with notches, defects, and flaws can introduce crack initiation and crack propagation under service conditions. Fracture mechanics procedures are needed to study crack problems and to support an advanced remnant life evaluation. Since a more flexible service mode of steam power plants causes a higher number of start-up and shut-down events, creep-fatigue crack behavior is decisive for life assessment and integrity of components. Usually, fracture mechanics experiments are carried out under air conditions, although in cases of internal cracks they are not in contact with air. Therefore, it is of interest to realize the degree to which environmental conditions, e.g., crack-tip oxidation, can influence crack initiation and crack growth behavior.
In order to reveal problems related to high temperature components, the crack initiation time and crack growth rate were determined in air environment and in a gas with controlled atmosphere on 1CrMo(Ni)V- and 10CrMoWVNbN-steels. Crack initiation and propagation under creep-fatigue conditions have been described with the fracture mechanics parameters C*, KI, and ΔKI and C*. A modified “Two-Criteria-Diagram” was used to describe creep-fatigue crack initiation.
Improvements in the Measurement of Cut Protection Performance: Revisions to ASTM F 1790
Authors: Yarborough P , Schiffelbein P 
Published: March 2005

AbstractWorkers exposed to mechanical hazards that could cause cuts or lacerations to the hands and arms have a need to understand the cut protection performance of protective apparel. Cut protection performance of clothing can be measured using CEN 388, ASTM International standard F 1790-97, and ISO 13997. The ASTM and ISO test methods employ force-distance testers to determine the cut resistance of a material when exposed to a cutting edge under specified loads. The latter two test methods provide a process for differentiating the cut protection performance of various materials such as cotton, leather, and high performance fibers.ASTM task group F23.20.02 sought to improve the reliability and reproducibility of the F 1790-97 standard in a way that creates a global standard for measuring cut performance, demonstrates equivalence of results between different test equipment, and reduces variability in the test method. The revised test method has been balloted by the main and sub-committees for adoption.This paper will outline the results of extensive interlaboratory studies on the test equipment, calibration method, and calibration materials. The implications of other testing aspects on the harmonization of the standards will be described. This information will be useful for end users, distributors, and manufacturers interested in measuring the cut performance of clothing.
A Study on the Puncture Resistance of Rubber Materials Used in Protective Clothing
Authors: Thang Nguyen C , Vu-Khanh T , Lara J 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The aim of this work is to investigate the intrinsic parameters that control the puncture resistance of materials used in protective clothing. The effect of various probe geometries and sample holder sizes on puncture tests results were investigated. Medical needles of different diameters and tip angles were also used as puncture probes. Various available commercial rubbers used in protective gloves were characterized. The findings of this study will be useful for recommendations for standard test method protocols to characterize the puncture resistance of protective clothing materials. When cylindrical probes with flat and rounded tip geometries are used, material puncture occurs when the strain reaches one material failure value independent of tip geometry. The failure strain is also independent of sample thickness, probe tip diameter, and the sample holder size. The results demonstrated that the tip angle of conical probes has a dramatic effect on puncture test results. The material puncture resistance obtained with conical probes with different tip angles having a tip diameter d1 and a rod diameter d2 can be interpolated from the corresponding values obtained with cylindrical probes having the same d1 and d2 diameters. On the other hand, cylindrical probes provide a more straightforward characterization of puncture and also eliminate the complex effect of conical probe-tip geometry. Test results with medical needles showed that the puncturing mechanism is different from that of conical and cylindrical probes. Puncture by medical needles involves cutting and fracture energy, whereas puncture by conical and cylindrical probes relates to failure strain.
Effect of Adjuvant on the Efficacy of Glyphosate Applied at Different Times of Day
Authors: Young BG , Young JM 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Glyphosate was applied alone and with either ammonium sulfate (AMS) or RUSA 703 (a premix of hydroxypropyl guar and AMS). Herbicide treatments were applied at 3-h intervals starting at 6:00 am and ending at 9:00 pm. The efficacy of glyphosate was dependent on the application time of day for all weed species tested, except for common waterhemp in the greenhouse. In general, applications at 6:00 am and 9:00 pm resulted in the least control of all weed species. The efficacy of glyphosate was often improved with the addition of AMS when glyphosate was applied at a suboptimal time of day. RUSA 703 did not result in any benefit in glyphosate efficacy beyond AMS. The addition of RUSA 703 to glyphosate improved the efficacy of glyphosate as often as AMS in greenhouse studies, but not in field studies.
Infrared Analysis of Respirable Coal Mine Dust for Quartz: Thirty-Five Years
Authors: Ainsworth SM 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) analyzes respirable coal mine dust samples for quartz content using infrared spectrometry. Samples are low-temperature ashed in an oxygen plasma, suspended in isopropanol, and redeposited onto a vinyl/acrylic copolymer filter for analysis using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. The on-filter infrared method was developed by the United States Bureau of Mines and collaboratively tested by Stanford Research Institute (SRI) under contract to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and the Bureau of Mines. The results of the collaborative study were published in 1983. Although much work has been performed since then to improve the precision of the method, details of those improvements have not always been published. Standard methods often do not discuss analytical theory and the preliminary steps necessary to achieve precise results. This paper gives a brief background of the changes that have been made in the procedures used for the analysis of respirable coal mine dust samples for quartz and discusses the current procedures used by MSHA to analyze such samples. Factors affecting the analysis such as optimization of the deposit size of the ashed sample, the importance of centering the sample in the infrared beam, baseline selection points, and peak measurement techniques, as well as the quality assurance procedure and the precision of the analysis, are discussed.
Utilization of an Asphalt Pavement Analyzer for Hot Mix Asphalt Laboratory Mix Design
Authors: Williams RC , Hill DW , Rottermond MP 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The Superpave volumetric mix design system, developed by SHRP in the 1990s, has continued to gain widespread acceptance across the United States. Although it is widely believed to be an improvement over past mix design systems, it does have an inherent flaw. It does not include a performance test to assess HMA's resistance to rutting, fatigue, or low temperature cracking. With the development and implementation of newer performance test specifications, it is an appropriate time to work on integrating a performance based test for construction specifications. Rather than being based on material properties or construction practices, the payment for an HMA pavement could then be based primarily on the performance based specification. The results of this study indicate that although the APA works well as the pass/fail criterion used by state agencies, the variability of APA cycles to failure make it impractical to base a rut prediction model on data obtained from it.
In-Situ Studies of the Oxide Film Properties on BWR Fuel Cladding Materials
Authors: Bojinov M , Hansson-Lyyra L , Kinnunen P , Saario T , Sirkiä P 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The pre-transition oxides formed on five different types of Zircaloy-2 alloys have been characterized in-situ using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in high-temperature water simulating BWR conditions at 300°C. The contribution of the oxide film properties to the impedance spectra has been distinguished from the contribution of the corrosion reaction by performing additional EIS measurements in a gas atmosphere. To obtain a correlation between the oxide film thickness, the oxide growth rate, and the impedance parameters, the EIS data have been fitted to the transfer functions derived from the Mixed Conduction Model for oxide films. As a result, the oxide growth rate of each alloy has been calculated assuming that the growth rate is proportional to the flux of oxygen vacancies through the film. The values of the oxide film thickness based on the model calculations have proved to be in good agreement with the values measured from the cross-section micrographs of the specimens using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The measured corrosion properties have been qualitatively correlated to the secondary phase particle distributions of the five fuel cladding materials. However, to establish a quantitative correlation between the corrosion rates and the second phase particle distributions of these alloys, more data on the microstructure of the metal-oxide interface are needed.
The Effect of Aluminum Content Variation on Burning Rate, Pressure-Propellant Area Ratio Relationship, and Other Properties of Hydroxyl Terminated Polybutadiene Based Composite Propellants
Authors: Nihal Tüzün F 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
In this study, three different HTPB (hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene) based composite propellants were developed by varying the aluminium (Al) content 16, 18, and 20 %; and the effect of aluminium content variation on burning rate, P-K relationship, viscosity, heat of explosion, density, and hardness of the propellants developed were investigated. Propellants were cured at 65°C for 7 days, and then applied to the small test motors and kept at three different temperatures (−42, −15, and 50°C) for a night (8 h) before testing. Tests on the small motors were performed with three different K values (200, 250, and 300) statically. As a result of this, two relationships were determined, and the coefficients of those relationships are also given in Table 1.
First relationship: P = d Ky (1), where P = pressure; y = K index; d = P-K relationship constant; and K = Propellant-area ratio. This relationship shows that pressure is highly affected by K values at 50°C in each of three compositions.
Second relationship: r = a Pn (2), where P = pressure; r = burning rate; a = burning rate constant; and n = combustion index.
This relationship also shows that burning rate has the lowest value in the propellant containing 20 % Al. Therefore; it was observed that the burning rate exponent (n) was below the safety limit value of 0.4 in three compositions, which shows that Al content should not exceed 18 %. These results also indicate that viscosity and hardness remain constant, density increases, and heat of explosion decreases with increasing Al content in the three compositions.
Rhythmic Activity in a Forebrain Vocal Control NucleusIn Vitro
Authors: Solis Michele M. , Perkel David J. 
Published: March 2005

The learned vocalizations of songbirds constitute a rhythmic behavior that is thought to be governed by a central pattern generator and that is accompanied by highly patterned neural activity. Phasic premotor activity is observed during singing in HVC [used as a proper name following the nomenclature of Reiner et al. (2004)], a telencephalic song system nucleus that is essential for song production. Moreover, HVC neurons display phasic patterns of auditory activity in response to song stimulation. To address the cellular basis of pattern generation in HVC, we investigated its rhythm-generating abilities.We report here the induction of sustained, rhythmic activity patterns in HVC when isolatedin vitro. Brief, high-frequency stimulation evoked repetitive postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) and local field potentials (LFPs) from HVC neurons recorded in a brain slice preparation made from adult male zebra finches. These rhythmic events were sustained for seconds in the absence of ongoing, phasic stimulation, and they had temporal properties similar to those of syllable occurrence within zebra finch song. Paired recordings revealed synchrony between repetitive PSP and LFP occurrence, indicating that a population of cells participates in this patterned activity. The PSPs resulted from multiple, coordinated, fast-glutamatergic, synaptic inputs. Moreover, their occurrence and timing relied on inhibitory synaptic transmission. Thus, HVC itself has rhythmic abilities that could influence the timing of neural activity over relatively long time windows. These rhythmic properties may contribute to song production or perceptionin vivo.