bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coda
Authors: Caplin William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the end of the recapitulation, the fundamental melodic, harmonic, and tonal processes of a movement have generally achieved closure. Indeed, many movements literally finish at this point. Frequently, however, the composer adds a coda, an optional section that follows, and is fully distinct from, the recapitulation.1 As Schoenberg notes: Because a movement ‘s structural close is fulfilled by the recapitulation, the primary function of a coda is to express the temporal quality of “after-the-end: ‘ A coda is thus analogous to a closing section-made up of codettas-that follows a perfect authentic cadence ending a theme.
Concerto Form
Authors: Caplin William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout the eighteenth century, the concerto stood alongside opera (and, later in the century, the symphony) as one of the principal “public” genres of musical composition. Whereas the high baroque cultivated various kinds of concertos, including the concerto grosso, ripieno concerto, double concerto, and solo concerto, the high classical period saw the solo concerto-for single instrument and orchestra-emerge as the preeminent concerto type. A defining feature of this classical concerto is its employment of a formal scheme derived from the baroque “ritornello form” and strongly infused with elements of the sonata. This concerto form is used in the first movement of all classical concertos.1 The form is sometimes found in slow movements, but rarely in finales.
Objects, Sense-Data, and Visual Episodes
Authors: Vision Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“When I came home to you in the evenings you would be sitting with your hands held out to the fire: you would say, ‘But these little bits and pieces you are dealing with in these experiments-atoms, nuclei, particles, whatever you do not in fact know what it is that exists.’ ”
“Exactly.”
“What you see, hear, touch, are little clicks that come out of an amplifier; lines and bumps on a screen—”
The Credulous Eye
Authors: Vision Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perception is a central mechanism of belief fixation; that is undisputed. The issue between doxasticists and their critics is not over whether perceiving is normally and systematically connected with belief, but over whether perceiving should be understood, in whole or part, in terms of perceptual belief. I take it for granted that its proficiency at fixing beliefs is one of the most interesting things about perception. Nevertheless, perhaps this remarkable capacity does not disclose very much about what it is to perceive something. That, at any rate, is the position I am defending.
Object Determination
Authors: Vision Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When S sees a vase, among the causes of S’s visual episode is the vase. But the causal factors also include the light source (say, the sun), certain photons, the transpicuous space between the vase and S’s eyes, perhaps S’s spectacles, S’s retinas, S’s optic nerve, S’s lateral geniculate nucleii, projections onto Vl, radiation of neurons in the peristriate cortex, the vase’s potter, whatever vehicle may have transported S to the scene, and even each of S’s great-grandparents. But, ex hypothesi, it is only the vase that S sees. Some of the other items might be seen via other episodes, some perhaps never. Shouldn’t a causal theory accord pride of place to the actual perceptual object? And shouldn’t it do this by way of the causal involvement of the object? If so, what is distinctive about the causation of the vase? How is it to be differentiated from the various other causal factors? (As we shall see presently, these last two questions ask for slightly different things, although their range of potential answers may overlap.) Moreover, it is not merely that we must distinguish the object’s causal role from that of other causes, but we must do so without appealing to its being the object. Its objecthood is something the causal theory is called on to explain. This, in a nutshell, is the problem of object determination. Some have even regarded a causal solution to it as essential to the aspirations of CTP. Without one, so the claim goes, nothing deserves the title ‘causal theory of perception.’
The Phenomenal Character of Seeing
Authors: Vision Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although chapter 4 addressed the question of the logical form of visual content, I have assiduously avoided, wherever possible, implicating myself in further ques tions about visual consciousness. But in earlier discussions, it was stressed that vision is phenomenal, hardly a claim to let pass without comment. Since much of what was claimed is neutral about the details, it would have been more befuddling than helpful there to go into specifics: a distraction at best, and potentially a tar baby from which we would never extricate ourselves. However, I thereby incurred a debt that could only be deferred, not canceled. Because the subject has been broached, it is time explain what is intended by ‘phenomenal’. While that notion remains highly controversial on the explanation I am about to give, the extent of the commitment to it seems simpler, perhaps more harmless, than the general run of tenets defended under this title. When the whole is before us, the customary opposition may be as disappointed as it is outraged.
Sex, Segregation, and the Origins of Cellular Death
Authors: Clark William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the descriptions in the preceeding two chapters of some of the ways in which cells die, we begin to get a sense of what death is at the cellular level. Like the death of the being of which it is a part, the death of a cell is a return to unconnectedness, to chaos, and to silence. But why do cells die in the first place? Is there something inherent in the nature of life that requires all living things to die? To get a sense of the answer to this question, we must go back in time to the first appearance of cells on earth.
Coming to Closure
Authors: Clark William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
And so we turn once again to our patient, the man whose myocardial cell we watched die at the very beginning of this story, and whose heart nearly stopped beating as a result. That he did not die within minutes of the onset of his heart attack is a tribute to his wife’s prompt intervention, her knowledge of CPR, and the swift and effective follow-up by the first-response and advanced life-support teams. But what is his status now? Have these interventions prolonged his life, or have they simply prolonged his death?
The Counterattack Begins
Authors: Popkin Richard H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this critical situation, the scientists, the philosophers, and the theologians would either have to fight for survival or abandon the quest for certainty. Gradually, first in the area of religion and then in science and philosophy, the menace of Pyrrhonism was recognized, and a counterattack was begun. Out of this struggle, the modern philosophers emerged as so many Saint Georges, prepared to slay the sceptical dragon; only in this case the dragon was never really slain and, in fact, managed within a century to consume the various knights who tried to rescue human knowledge.
Involved in this battle was the paradox that no matter how much the sceptics sneered and argued, and pushed one into doubt, not all matters happened to be dubious. In spite of the sceptic’s criticisms, the sciences, new or old, seemed to contain some real knowledge about the world. As a result, the struggle, in part, was an attempt to reconcile the force of the doubts of the Pyrrhonists with the rapidly expanding knowledge that human beings possessed. For some thinkers, the battle was not so much a quest for certainty as a quest for intellectual stability in which doubt and knowledge could both be accepted. For others, it was a holy war to overcome doubt so that man could be secure in his religious and scientific knowledge.
Bulls, Musth, and Cows The Elephantine Mating Game
Authors: Sukumar Raman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The breeding system of a species has important ecological and evolutionary consequences. Among the mammals, differences between the sexes in body size and the intensity of secondary sexual characters such as coat color or ornamentation (antlers, for instance) in males are significantly correlated with reproduc tive strategies. Charles Darwin (1871, Vol. II) noted that, among monogamous seals, the sexes were approximately equal in body size, while in polygynous seals, the males were up to six times larger than the females. The males of polygynous species are also more likely to sport elaborate ornamentation, such as large antlers or horns, which in Darwin’s words are “singularly ill-fitted for fighting” (p. 251) but are “used chiefly or exclusively for pushing and fencing” (p. 253).
Mothers, Children, and Aunts The Social Life of Elephant Families
Authors: Sukumar Raman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After a gestation period of nearly 2 years, an elephant calf is born into a typi cally stable family of closely related individuals. Within this social group, the young elephant will spend long years in physical and behavioral development. The eminent sociobiologist Edward Wilson considers social behavior as a set of devices for tracking changes in the environment, and socialization as the sum of social experiences that alter the development of an individual. He empha sizes the potential of species for rapid evolution of social traits as a means of adapting to changing environments.
Birth, Death, and Chance The Dynamics of Elephant Populations
Authors: Sukumar Raman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The dynamics of elephant populations hold great theoretical and practical interest. The elephant shares many demographic traits with humans-age of sexual maturity, long gestation, single offspring, low death date, and high longevity. It is not only the statistical details of elephant demography, but also the evolution of life history traits and population regulation in this large mammal that are of considerable interest. From a practical viewpoint, an adequate understanding of demographic processes in elephant populations is essential to making sound conservation judgments. Whether it is comprehending how density influences demography or how populations respond to the pressures of poaching, a fundamental consideration in conservation is the trajectory of animal numbers.
Coconuts, Corn, and Carvings The Conflict between Elephants and People
Authors: Sukumar Raman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The relationship between elephants and humans, which was earlier examined largely in the historical sociocultural context, can now be extended into the more contemporary ecological domain. Over the past 100,000 years or more, both elephants and humans have been important forces of transformation of the natural landscape, the elephant through its direct impact on the vegetation and early humans through the use of fire (which actually goes back nearly half a million years). For most of this period, the basic human-elephant relationship was that of predator and prey, with humans also falling victim to the elephant on occasion. The advent of agriculture, about 10,000 years ago, in the Old World introduced a new dimension to the interaction between elephants and people. Cultivated crops attracted the elephant’s attention as sources of food, and elephant-human conflicts intensified over this resource and over space as permanent settlement and agriculture gradually spread through the elephant’s habitat. At the same time, increased human use of the natural landscape for a variety of products such as wood, fruits, fodder for livestock, and so on had significant impact on the vegetation and consequently on the elephant populations. In addition, there was direct human impact on elephants-hunting for ivory and other products, such as hide and meat.
Introduction Interests, Holism, and Environmental Ethics
Authors: Varner Gary E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As I conceive Of It, ethical behavior produces and preserves value in the world. A morally good person knows what has value and acts to produce and preserve it. This book articulates and defends a particular vision of what has value and therefore of the morally good life: the view that the satisfaction of interests is of primary and overriding moral value. In the 1990s, it has become common to make appeals to what is in nature’s interests. In 1990, the editors of Audubon magazine began describing it on its masthead as “Speaking for Nature.” On the twentieth anniversary of the original Earth Day, David Brower’s autobiography was published with the title For Earth’s Sake. A book called Fifty Simple Things You Can Do to Save the Earth went to the top of the nonfiction bestseller list. And in the wake of Earth Day 1990, a surprising range of companies began describing themselves or their products as “Environment Friendly” (President’s Choice), “Kind to the Earth” (K-Mart), or “Taking Bold Steps for Earth” (Turner Broadcasting System). The language of both environmentalists and businesses in the 1990s suggests that both human beings and nature have interests in some literal sense, interests that can come to loggerheads.
Localizing Desire
Authors: Varner Gary E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What Things do have interests? The paradigm case of an interested being is a desiring creature. Not everything that is in one’s interests is something one desires. A smoker may recognize that quitting is ultimately in his best interests and yet desire another cigarette more strongly than anything else. But it is at least true that, as William James puts it, any “demand” ought, “for its own sole sake, to be satisfied,” that a desire “makes itself valid by the fact that it exists at all” (1948, p. 73). Taken in isolation, every desire defines an interest of the creature with that desire.1 And so it is important to ask, “Which creatures have desires?” The scope of interests in nonhuman nature will be at least as large as the scope of desire.
Important Modeling Assumptions
Authors: Griffith Daniel A , Layne Larry J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Popular conventional statistical assumptions invoked to guard against misleading or incorrect conclusions (from other than random error) include one positing independent and identically distributed (iid) values, one positing normality, and one positing linearity. Statistical inference can be either sampling design based or model based (de Gruijter and ter Braak 1990; Hahn and Meeker 1993). Sampling design-based inference exploits central limit theorems and considers the only marked source of variation to result from the sampling process employed. Given a large enough sample, then, a central limit theorem guarantees iid and normality; some researchers questionably argue that a sufficiently large sample will circumvent many nonlinearity complications, too. Model-based inference exploits the notion of random variables, treating a set of georeferenced values as just one realization of an underlying spatial process constituting a conceptual population. It requires the critical postulate that the process under study is statistically identical to that from which data have been collected. Attribute value locations need not be selected at random; rather, inference is based upon some specified model, with the soundness of inferences being dictated by the validity of model assumptions or the robustness of model results.
Popular Spatial Autoregressive And Geostatistical Models
Authors: Griffith Daniel A , Layne Larry J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Parallels between spatial autoregression and geostatistics are outlined in §1.2. To recapitulate, discussions of spatial series tend to focus on either spatial autocorrelation (geostatistics) or partial spatial autocorrelation (spatial autoregression). Although these two subfields have been evolving autonomously and in parallel, they are closely linked. Recalling Figure 1.1, both spatial statistics and geostatistics fall under the heading of multivariate analysis. The former frequently is concerned with aggregations of phenomena into discrete regions, while the latter principally is concerned with more or less continuously occurring attributes. By exploiting latent spatial autocorrelation in georeferenced data, spatial autoregression usually seeks to enhance statistical description and increase statistical precision, whereas geostatistics often seeks to generate spatial predictions. The prediction focus of the latter provides a link between these two subdisciplines through the missing data problem. The exact algebraic correspondence established with this spatial prediction/missing data linkage emphasizes that spatial autoregression directly deals with the inverse-variance covariance matrix while geostatistics directly deals with the variance-covariance matrix itself(§1.1).
Analysis Of Georeferenced Pollution Variables
Authors: Griffith Daniel A , Layne Larry J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Geography often is defined in terms of human-land relationships and as such is concerned with the surroundings of human beings, namely, the natural environment. Part of this concern pertains to the manner in which humans alter their surroundings, either directly or indirectly adding substances or energy forms to the natural environment in such a way that higher concentration levels occur at specific locations than otherwise would be found there (background noise), resulting in environmental pollution. Data collected about these interactions and relationships often are spatial in nature-arguing for them to be georeferenced and making their analysis amenable to geostatistical and spatial autoregressive techniques. Cressie and ver Hoef (1993) provide an historical overview of the use of statistics for spatial data within the context of environmental and ecological modeling.
Exploding Georeferenced Data When Maps Have Holes Or Gaps: Estimating Missing Data Values And Kriging
Authors: Griffith Daniel A , Layne Larry J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the pivotal links between geostatistical and spatial autoregressive analyses is the missing data problem (see §1.1). This is the prediction focus of geostatistics, falling under the heading of kriging, that deals with the interpolation problem of estimating attribute values at unsampled locations by exploiting the spatial autocorrelation detected in attribute values at sampled locations. By doing so, generalized isopleth maps can be constructed. It also is the parameter estimation focus of spatial autoregression when georeferenced data are lost in space, creating maps with holes in them, that addresses the interpolation problem of estimating the conditional mean for attribute values at data-absent locations. By doing so, spatial analysis that transcends spatial statistics, such as computing spatial operations research solutions (e.g., Griffith 1997), is unhampered by incomplete georeferenced data.
Concluding Comments
Authors: Griffith Daniel A , Layne Larry J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much of the emphasis in this book is on commonalities shared by geostatistical and spatial autoregressive methodologies: the pivotal concept of spatial autocorrelation, a principal linkage provided by the missing data problem, the dual relationship between spatial correlograms and partial correlograms, and the MC (Moran Coefficient) scatterplot and the semivariogram plot visualization tools. This is a theme that other spatial scientists are beginning to address, too (see Cressie, et al., 1999). One salient feature differentiating geostatistics from spatial autoregression is that the former deals with a punctiform sampling usually of more or less continuously distributed geographic phenomena, whereas the latter deals with a discretization of some geographic surface and hence an aggregation of geographic phenomena. Consequently, mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive surface partitionings tend to render semivariogram plots that are more similar to those that would result from the superimposition of an essentially uniform (systematic) sampling network (demonstrated repeatedly with the various data sets analyzed in this book). Although a representative spatial sample requires a markedly uniform network, measures of spatial autocorrelation require at least a reasonable number of clustered sample georeferenced coordinates to cover adequately the entire range of interpoint distances.
The Causes of Excessive Habitat Destruction
Authors: Southgate Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There seems to be no end in sight to tropical deforestation, and the resulting environmental impacts are generally viewed with grave concern. Accordingly, quite a lot is being written about factors contributing to land use change. Pearce and Brown (1994), who have compiled a comprehensive review of the existing literature, have identified several lines of inquiry into the causes of deforestation in the developing world. Several investigators have examined the impacts of the macroeconomic turmoil that beset nearly every Latin American nation, and several countries in Africa and Asia, during the 1980s and early 1990s. Other research has to do with what Pearce and Brown (1994) refer to as competition for space. The excessive land use change that has resulted because farmers, ranchers, and other individual agents do not internalize deforestation’s environmental costs, and because of inappropriate government policies, has been studied as well.
Paying for Habitat Conservation and Investing in Human and Social Capital
Authors: Southgate Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An important merit of increased agricultural productivity is that it facilitates other habitat protection measures. Insofar as technological change causes commodity prices to decline more than farming and ranching expenses along the extensive margins of crop and livestock production (see Figure 8.1), real estate values fall. Accordingly, it is cheaper to set aside forested hinterlands to sequester carbon, to harbor threatened species, or for any other purpose.
1
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Smiling happily on that cloudless morning, Nature offered her hymn of adoration to the Creator of her beauty; and the heart, peaceful as the nest of the dove, was rapt in contemplation of the magnificent scene. The single square of the village of Killac covers less than a tenth of an acre, and around it roofs of red terracotta tiles are scattered among plain thatched ones with eaves of rough timber. These different roofs serve to classify the inhabitants and to distinguish the houses of the gentry from the huts of the Indians. On the left side of the square, within a stone enclosure, stands the common home of all Christians, the church; and its old adobe tower, where the bronze of the bells weeps for the dead and laughs with joy for the newly born, is also the nesting place of those little gray doves with ruby eyes known by the pretty name cul/cu. On Sundays you can meet all the inhabitants of the village in the church cemetery after their faithful attendance at mass, while they gossip and tell tales about the lives of their neighbors just as they do in their little shops or on the threshing floor, where the work of the harvest proceeds amidst shouts and an occasional drink.