bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From Leesylrania to • 1754-1794
Authors: Nagel Paul C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Back in 1754, Alice’s cousin Henry Lee II had left Lee Hall for Prince William County, where he established a new home he called Leesylvania. Like Stratford, it sat majestically on the Potomac and was surrounded by 2000 acres. This property had come into the family when Richard the Scholar married Laetitia Corbin. Henry’s legacy also included twenty slaves, much livestock, and nearly 3500 acres in Fairfax County, situated near where the District of Columbia would be established.
“My Country”: 1846-1861
Authors: Nagel Paul C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
By serving in the Mexican War, Robert E. Lee was parted from his family for two years, 1846 to 1848, an interval that affected him more than any other experience before 1861. He did not approve of the war, confiding to Mary his belief that America’s incitement of hostilities “dis graced” their country. As a staunch Whig, he shared the partisan view that the war with Mexico was a Democratic scheme.
The Image of Peter the Great in the Russian Enlightenment, 1700-1826
Authors: Riasanovsky Nicholas V 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Images have lives of their own, sometimes over centuries and even millennia of human history. Remembrance and praise of the hero have functioned as a secular surrogate for immortality in many societies and civilizations, including our Western civilization at least from the time of the Iliad. Not all images are positive. Destroyers have stayed in man’s memory along with creators, scourges with saints; Attila probably left a greater resonance in the world than Louis IX. Moreover, in spite of the human preference for black and white, images have come down also in other colors; in fact, they seem to reflect the totality of human experience. I remember the shudder of recognition when introduced to a person whose last name was Pilate. Disturbingly for the historian, images do not have to correspond to reality: witness Horst Wessel as the incarnation of a regenerated Germany or the unbelievable content and career of Stalin’s “cult of personality.” Yet even these wayward examples were by no means merely exercises in abstract imagination. Although Horst Wessel himself apparently was not at all what Nazis wanted Germans to be, he came much nearer to representing faithfully many of the Nazis and, on the whole, was not such an inappropriate symbol for the total catastrophe of 1945.
The Image of Peter the Great in Russia in the Age of Idealistic Philosophy and Romanticism, 1826-1860
Authors: Riasanovsky Nicholas V 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Russian Enlightenment image of Peter the Great had a remarkable unity and clarity. For 125 years it was painted, explicated, and defended according to the canon of the Age of Reason. Even when it was under at­ tack, its proponents knew how to respond and exactly what was at issue. Only toward the end of the period Shcherbatov’s and Karamzin’s strange nostalgia for prePetrine morals and their praise of “natural”-organic, so to speak, although they did not use the word-patriotism seemed to carry the discussion beyond the accepted frame of reference. And Shcherbatov and Karamzin, too, as we know, paid a heavy and fundamental debt to the Enlightenment, indeed to the Russian Enlightenment image of Peter the Great. The image and the arguments changed with the transformation of the intellectual climate. In effect, one can speak of more than a single shift. Opposition to the French Revolution and Napoleon and the ensuing period of Restoration and Reaction led in Europe in general, Russia included, to a questioning of some of the cherished ideals of the Age of Reason and of its overall optimism and belief in human progress. More important still-and going quite beyond any mere moderation of Enlightenment enthusiasms-German idealistic philosophy and romanticism as a whole produced a new vision of the world and of human history, no longer subservient to the principles of utility, of practicability, or of enlightened eighteenth-century reason itself. Peter the Great’s image changed with everything else.
Brain and Behavior: A Brief History of Ideas
Authors: Stein Donald G , Brailowsky Simon , Will Bruno 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If someone were to ask you what organ in the body controls blood circulation, you would immediately say, “The heart does that.” In the same way, most of us have pretty fixed ideas about what structure in the body controls behavior-the brain. Indeed, we certainly take it for granted that the brain is the “organ of the mind,” and we know, for example, that when people have brain damage, their behavior is often affected. So, there is apparently good reason to believe strongly that the brain is the seat of behavior. How we think about the brain and what it does will certainly have an impact on the kinds of medicine we would apply to the treatment of head injury and brain damage. Thus, to treat mental illness, we must have a working concept of what mental illness is and how it is caused. For example, it wouldn’t make much sense to give drugs to change the specific chemistry of nerve cells if we believed that hallucinations were really due to evil spirits invading the body. How we treat disease is very much influenced by what we believe about causality and what we take to be “good” scientific data. But what is good at one time may be considered laughable or even dangerous at another period in history. It wasn’t all that long ago that patients had holes drilled in their heads to relieve headache or to release evil spirits thought to have been causing their problems.
The Injured Brain
Authors: Stein Donald G , Brailowsky Simon , Will Bruno 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When an injury or disease of the brain begins to kill neurons, a cascade of events takes place, disturbing the fine balance of neuronal functioning. Although the damage may be limited to only a small region of brain tissue, the effects are quite widespread, so that, eventually, the whole brain participates in the repair processes that, in turn, may continue for months or even years after the initial injury.
Introduction
Authors: Ball Howard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Jacob Landynski, among scores of scholars, observed that Hugo L. Black was “one of a half dozen of the greatest Justices in the history of the U.S. Supreme Court in terms of the influence he exerted on the shaping of our law.”The challenge for any author writing about Hugo Black is to place him in a context, in a time and in a place. Further, the task is to try to capture all of him; to paint a portrait of an exceedingly complex man and his times, his family, his contemporaries, both friends and enemies, and to assess his impact on the republic he loved.
Hugo Black thought that such a task would be a difficult one, in part because, as will be shown, he was a very private, very self-disciplined person. When, less than a year before he died, Hugo wrote to his sister-in-law, telling her that, “as a matter of fact I think that [my biographers] are terribly over-estimating the possibility of the success of a biography about me,” it was his acknowledgment of the reality of his largely self-contained, lonely life.
Hugo L. Black: Cold Steel Warrior
Authors: Ball Howard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
How does one begin the story of a great man, someone whose life was full of ironies and paradox? Hugo Black’s eighty-five years were eminently successful ones, although just about each year evidenced discord of some kind for him. Black, however, overcame every crisis in his life in a masterful way. Indeed, Black was outstanding in every role he played–with one exception. He was a harsh, at times cruel, father to his two sons, especially his oldest child, and namesake, Hugo Jr.
To understand Hugo Black is to come to grips with his unique and resolute personality. Almost always, he was in absolute control of his physical, intellectual, social, and emotional self. As a compulsive, driven, singularly focused man, he never lost sight of the particular goal he had set for himself, and more often than not he achieved his objective. Perhaps the best way to understand Black’s temperament is to examine one important incident in his life.
Montage, Collage, and Broken Narrative
Authors: Israel Frank 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Some Writers have described my work as quintessential southern California, although I have little idea of what that adjective implies. However, it is true that much of my work is influenced by the place where I work and where the particular work is located. Other factors of course influence the work, often to a greater extent. Before preparing this presentation, I anticipated discussing a series of projects that I had done prior to moving to California, in relation to the projects I have been working on since I moved here a dozen years ago. However, preparing for this seminar helped me clarify my thoughts on the various projects, and I decided in the end not to discuss my earlier work, which I now find inappropriate to this discussion. I now feel that while there can be important relationships between the place where one works and the projects themselves, often there are more underlying features that serve to unite different projects in different locations.
Keynote Address
Authors: Gehry Frank 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I FOUND OUT EARLIER [from David Neuman] that this was to be a keynote address, and I thought, God, I would be the last guy in the world who anybody would pick to give a keynote address, especially one on linguistic architecture: I dropped out of linguistics back with “language in-action.” Anyway, my wife studies it, and so we talk. I was at Peter Eisenman’ s office in New York a few years ago, and he and Jacques Derrida were in intense conversation for three or four hours. I sat very obediently and listened to both of them, and then Derrida and I walked out together and got in the elevator. I said, “Mr. Derrida, do you understand what Peter Eisenman was talking about?” He said, “Not really.” And I said, “God, that makes me feel good, ‘ cause I didn’ t either.”
Transaction Cost Economics and the Carnegie Connection
Authors: Williamson Oliver E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Thus whereas the other social sciences-political science, organization theory, aspects of sociology and social psychology, parts of the law-have regularly availed themselves of economics, economics was always special: It was self-contained; it was the queen of the social sciences; it played hardball. Dick Cyert did not think that any of the social sciences (economics included) were self-contained, and he and others at Carnegie were determined to correct this misconception. The Cyert and March book, A Behavioral Theory of the Firm (1963), joined economics and organization theory to pry open what had been a black box, in order to examine the business firm in more operationally engaging ways.
Chester Barnard and the Incipient Science of Organization
Authors: Williamson Oliver E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that an incipient science of organization has been taking shape over the past ten and fifteen years and that it is inspired, directly and indirectly, by Chester Barnard’s classic book, The Functions of the Executive. Interestingly, Barnard observed in the last chapter of that book that there was a need for, but that we did not have, a “science of organization” (1938, p. 290). Although that unrealized need remains today, we have nonetheless made recent progress.
Strategizing, Economizing, and Economic Organization
Authors: Williamson Oliver E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Business strategy is a complex subject. It not only spans the functional areas in business-marketing, finance, manufacturing, international business, etc. but it is genuinely interdisciplinary-involving, as it does, economics, politics, organization theory, and aspects of the law. Business strategy has become increasingly important with the growth of the multinational enterprise and of international trade and competition.
The Institutions and Governance of Economic Development and Reform
Authors: Williamson Oliver E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Complex economic organization in general, and such ambitious undertakings as economic development and reform in particular, are usefully informed from several perspectives. The New Institutional Economics (NIE) has recently been invited to speak to the issues of development and reform. What does the NIE have to offer? The first and most candid response is that the NIE provides few answers. Partly, however, that is because the NIE is still young and has only recently entered the development arena. As discussed later (see especially Sections 5 and 6), recent efforts to apply the NIE to privatization and to development and reform have made real headway, and more is expected. At best, however, the NIE is but one useful perspective among many.
The United States and the Bolshevik Revolution, 1917-1933
Authors: Powaski Ronald E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
World War I was the catalyst of the Russian Revolution. Repeated mobilizations of some 15 million men during the war contributed to the disruption of industrial and agricultural production, the breakdown of the transportation network, and severe shortages of food and fuel, especially in the cities. All of these problems were aggravated by the ineptitude and corruption of Czar Nicholas II’s regime, which rendered it incapable of solving them.
Truman and Containment, 1945-1953
Authors: Powaski Ronald E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Harry S. Truman entered the White House in April 1945 expecting to continue Roosevelt’s effort to build a collaborative relationship with the Soviet Union. Yet, within a year, the Grand Alliance was in shreds and the United States and the Soviet Union had again become enemies. Primarily because of a drastic intensification of the Cold War during Truman’s presidency, the United States would abandon its prewar isolationism once and for all and adopt a policy of containing the expansion of communism in Europe and the Far East. Historians have argued about the reasons for the breakdown of the Grand Alliance ever since.
The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly: 1960-1988 and Beyond
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Claims that campaigns aren’t doing what they ought are often mistaken for dissatisfaction with the person elected. If voters ultimately do vote in what they and political scientists perceive as their best interest, what difference does the process that got them to that point make? When the structural theories of political scientists are borne out year after year in the vote-with peace and prosperity, for example, producing a majority for the incumbent-why worry about the process? An alternative position holds that how we elect is as important as who we elect. The process of election, goes this line of reasoning, either provides or denies citizens the opportunity to ratify their own futures by participating in a discussion of the challenges facing the country and the ways and means of addressing them. Out of open discussion of the ends and means of national policy, a campaign can forge a consensus. In the clash of alternatives will emerge a stronger final plan and a better president. And one to whom even those who voted for the loser can pledge allegiance.
Images at Work
Authors: brio allegro con 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Robert J. Flaherty, in his early years, had no thought but to follow in the footsteps of his father, a mining engineer. The boy grew up around mining camps of northern Michigan and Canada, with miners and Indians as companions. Later the father became a prospector searching the Canadian wilderness for mineral resources-for United States Steel and other corporations. Sometimes he took young Bob with him on these explorations, traveling many weeks by canoe in summer and on snowshoes in winter, meeting Eskimos, mapping the country, learning arts of frontier survival. In 1910, at the age of twenty-six, young Robert Flaherty embarked on his own career as explorer and prospector. He was hired by Sir William Mackenzie, builder of Canadian railroads. Canada had decided on a railroad to carry wheat from its western lands to Hudson Bay, for shipment to Europe. Wheat-carrying trains and ships could also carry iron and other ores. What deposits were there in the Hudson Bay area? Young Flaherty was sent to prospect. Within a few short years, in four expeditions for Sir William Mackenzie, he won fame as an explorer, showed astounding resourcefulness and stamina, mapped unknown country, and brought back reports on mineral and pulpwood resources, as well as deposits of gypsum and lignite.
Radical Lockeanism
Authors: Ellis Richard J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
American political culture is commonly portrayed, to borrow a phrase from Emerson, as the lengthened shadow of John Locke. This view of American his tory has been advanced not only by political scientists influenced by Louis Hartz1 but by generations of frustrated radicals who have tried to explain why socialism failed to take root in the United States.2 Marxist ideas, these observers maintain, could never flourish in a nation wedded to the Lockean justification of property as a “natural right.”
Rival Visions of Equality: Process Versus Results
Authors: Ellis Richard J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In a letter to a young friend, Tocqueville counseled the need for “taking pains to use words in their true sense, and so far as possible in their most limited and certain meaning, so that the reader is always sure what object or image you want to offer him.”1 Precision in the use of words is, as Tocqueville suggests, essential to good scholarship. In politics, as in life, however, the premium is on ambiguity. Avoiding spelling out precisely what one has in mind by a word or phrase enables one to reach agreements and make alliances that might not be possible were everyone to define precisely his or her terms.
Competing Conceptions of Democracy
Authors: Ellis Richard J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A central contention of the consensus interpretation of American history is that broad and deep agreement has existed in the United States on the form of government, namely, popular, representative government. As a corrective to the Progressive tendency to counterpoise democrats and aristocrats, the point is well-taken. But as a statement of the political cultural makeup of the United States it misleads by understating the different meanings that Americans have attached to terms such as “democracy” or “republic.” This chapter illustrates this point by contrasting the different meanings that Anti-Federalists and Federalists, as well as antebellum Democrats and Whigs, attached to the notions of representation and democracy. Far from being a peculiar feature of our distant past, disagreements over the meaning of democracy remain an integral part of contemporary American political life.
Hierarchy in America
Authors: Ellis Richard J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter takes issue with the Hartzian thesis that there has never been a significant hierarchical political culture in the United States. My argument, it is worth stressing at the outset, is not that hierarchy is powerful in the United States. Nothing so perverse is intended. Relative to other nations of the world, America is distinguished by the weakness of hierarchy. But relative weakness is not the same thing as nonexistence. Skipping the feudal stage, as Hartz suggests, did weaken the social basis for hierarchical values. But hierarchy as a way of life is not limited to feudal social relations. Hierarchy finds support wherever social relations are highly stratified and the group has sanctions over the individual, whether this be in the army, the patriarchal family, the modem corporation, or on a large plantation.’ If such hierarchical values as deference, authority, noblesse oblige, obedience, and sacrifice of the parts for the whole have never had the same level of appeal in the United States that they have had in India, Japan, Great Britain, and other countries, neither have they been wholly without advocates.
Introduction—Phasing In
Authors: Tichi Cecelia 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In a few strokes, a young writer graphs the evolution of television in the United States. His parents’ generation, the post-World War II counterparts of 1920s Flappers, confronted the exotic new TV as a novelty or curiosity, something like a gift or present that finally made them feel debauched. Their children, all the while, experienced it quite differently. The young, born into a world of ubiquitous TV sets, have understood television from the first as an unremarkable part of the natural order of things, “something to be lived with, not just looked at” (Wallace, “Fictional Futures,” 38).
Certification-As Seen on 1V
Authors: Tichi Cecelia 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
An extraordinary cognitive change has occurred in the TV era, as this moment from a recent novel indicates. Stylistically unremarkable, it seems at first simply to show one character, an aspirant television child actress, describing a boy TV actor she sees in an airport lobby. This girl’s world, we understand at once, divides into two categories, the ordinary (“just like any other kid”) and the televised, and it is remarkable first because of the traditional categories that do not come into play. Recognizing the boy TV actor, the girl does not begin to distinguish his image from his reality. She offers no observation on what the “boy from on television” really looks like off-screen playing checkers in street clothes, how different (or similar) he is “in person” from his TV image.
Allegory of the Republic: On Interpretation and vethod
Authors: Nackenoff Carol 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
More than a century after Horatio Alger, Jr. achieved his greatest fame with Ragged Dick, the author s name stands as a symbol that has become associated with central values in the American political creed. Alger, author of over a hundred juvenile novels and stories (plus a few adult romances), which appeared from the late 850s until roughly the tum of the new century, has become a household name unlike almost any other. It is not because his works are still widely read or known, but because the name itself is a stand-in for ideas supposedly derived from his fiction that “Horatio Alger” has entered the language and discourse of daily life.
Guidebooks for Survival in an Industrializing Economy
Authors: Nackenoff Carol 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The times were hard. There were thousands out of employment, and fifty applications where there was one vacancy. Day after day he answered advertisements without effect. Alger, Adrift in the City Alger characters have long been seen as symbols of success, but that success is much misunderstood. What has escaped recognition is the rootedness of Alger s discourse in the economic transformations of the second half of the nineteenth century and the extent to which his texts engage these massive changes. This context is central to the very definition of success. Alger wrote in-and for-a rapidly changing economic and social universe. The author was well-attuned to the destruction of the old order and established a correspondence to the economic environment of the reader at this level. Tales describe a world full of cares, economicpit falls, and anxieties.Hardship, disruption, and uncertainty are central to understanding the Alger formula. Alger has painted a grim world that is only too real.