bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanical Features of the Vertical-Lift Bridge
Authors: Van Cleve Horatio P. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This paper covers the important developments in the operating mechanisms of the vertical-lift bridge, beginning with the Holsted Street bridge built for the city of Chicago in 1892, and ending with the 1600-ton lift span of Bridge 458, Pennsylvania Lines West, completed in the same city in 1914. It is shown that the improvements in design made in the 22 years intervening between the erection of these bridges were due not only to the observation and correction of faults, but to the fact that great progress was made during the same period in certain manufactured articles, principally the electric motor.
The writer mentions points of special interest in the design of eight lift bridges, describing supporting, guiding, and locking details, and methods of erection, operation, and control. On a certain type of tower sheave it developed, after one of the bridges had been put in operation, that the disk plates forming the webs of the sheaves were loose and moving on the steel hubs to which they had been riveted, and a satisfactory method is illustrated of overcoming the difficulty between operations of the span.
The erection of the lift span of Bridge 458, Pennsylvania Lines West, presented some unusual problems, and this work, with the unique method of solving one of these problems, is covered in considerable detail.
Development of Scientific Methods of Management in a Manufacturing Plant
Authors: Thompson Sanford E. , Lichtner William O. , Hall Keppele , Guild Henry J. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The authors present in considerable detail the outline of the development of scientific methods as applied to the ordinary manufacturing plant. To make this a more concrete illustration the discussion is centered in the plants known as the Eastern Manufacturing Company, at Bangor and Lincoln, Maine, one of the largest concerns in the country manufacturing writing paper as its final product. The development of scientific methods at these mills, however, is not, as one might assume, descriptive of a simple and comparatively localized industry. As a matter of fact, the processes involved in pulp and paper making are similar in type, so far as management methods — not in specific technique — are concerned, to a vast number of industries.
In the paper are discussed the development of the organization, comparing the old method of control with the new method through its planning department; the progress toward standardization of the making and machining, with the results already obtained; the methods of job analysis, with illustrations describing the standardization of machine and hand processes and the introduction of bonuses; the effect of reduction in working hours; the classification of paper, with balance-of-stores inventories; the effect of standardization and bonus installation in the pulp mill; the method of handling another mill from the one planning department; and the development of the Service Department, with the effect on the personnel of the establishment.
The results secured by the scientific standardization of the various operations in combination with the routing system and bonus plan have effected an increase in production; a decrease in hours; an increase in wages; a reduction in labor cost per ton of production; a saving in materials; an effective control of production throughout the plant; and the development of a spirit of coöperation between the management and the employees.
The Design of Motor-Truck Engines for Long Life
Authors: Younger John 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The problem of long life of a motor-truck engine is not a simple one, on account of the widely varying conditions under which the engine operates.
Long life depends on three factors: Design, manufacturing excellence, and operating conditions.
Design: Under this head the paper summarizes present practice, giving particulars of recommended materials, dimensions of parts, and factors of safety for the several parts of the engine.
Manufacturing Excellence: Workmanship, tolerances, and running tests are considered. For long life the best workmanship is essential.
Operating Conditions: Recommendations for maintaining the engine in first-class condition are given. For long life particular attention should be paid to lubrication, cleaning, inspection, and regulation.
Apparatus for Cooling, Drying and Purifying Air
Authors: Baldwin W. J. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This paper describes an apparatus for purifying air and regulating its temperature and humidity by mechanical means. In principle it consists of the use of a cold spray for the purification process, after which the excess moisture, together with particles of dust, excess CO2, etc., are separated from the air by centrifugal action. In one of its original forms the device was applied to the porthole of a ship for the purpose of drawing into the cabin large quantities of air but excluding rain or spray. It has also been used to remove CO2 from vitiated air, as in the compartments of a submarine, and for removing particles of dust from the gases of combustion in a chimney.
The Trumble Refining Process
Authors: Thompson N. W. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Disadvantages of the method of distilling oils by filling a cylindrical still with the crude oil and boiling off the lighter distillates, then the next heavier, and so on, are: an expensive installation to build and maintain, low heat transfer, considerable radiation losses, etc.
The Trumble distilling apparatus is a departure from this method. The essential part of the apparatus is a vertical evaporating chamber, in which are arranged a number of umbrella-shaped “spreader hoods.” Heat is applied to the chamber from the outside by any convenient method, and oil fed into the top of the chamber flows down over the hoods in a thin film, strikes against the interior wall of the chamber and flows down. The vapor evolved passes up through a centrally disposed take-off pipe into a separator.
The paper embodies a description of an actual plant employing the system.
The chief advantage claimed for the system is the conservation of heat. It is stated that the plant described is doing on 1.1 per cent of the crude oil run through as fuel more work than large oil refineries operating today using as fuel 4 per cent of the crude oil.
Influence of Disk Friction on Turbine Pump Design
Authors: zur Nedden F. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The mathematical survey of the problem leads to these conditions for a minimum loss through disk friction:
a Smoothness (polish) of both disk and casing. Roughness of either is equally detrimental.
b Smallest possible surface of both. Excessive extension of surface is equally detrimental whether it is the surface of the disk or of the casing.
c Outward indication of attainment of minimum is the fact that the waste-water rotates half as fast as impeller.
A gyrostatic pressure is generated by the rotation of the waste-water and added to static pressure prevailing at the center of the impeller.
From the influence of the width of the impeller it follows that it is important to keep the thickness of metal at the periphery as small as possible. Protruding rims are objectionable.
The influence of the ordinary roughness of non-machined castings has no perceptible effect on the efficiency except with high lift pumps. Painting or japanning the surfaces generally seems less desirable than machining them with a medium heavy cut. High polish seems wasted. The experiments verify conclusions of mathematical survey.
The influence of viscosity is proportional to its fifth root; yet, it is responsible for an improvement in the efficiency of hot-water turbine pumps. The effect of pumping heavy oil and tarry liquid is estimated. The influence of fluid density is almost exactly proportional to the specific gravity.
The loss through disk friction constitutes a constant percentage of the normal useful power at all speeds in one and the same pump. Generally its percentic value grows with the value of head per stagecapacity at constant speed, and diminishes with increasing speed and constant ratio head per stagecapacity. High heads are more economically produced by high speeds or a greater number of stages than by increasing the diameter of the impellers, but the number of stages should be left to the discretion of the makers, not fixed by specifications. A steep angle between impeller blades and the tangent at the periphery serves very considerably to improve the efficiency owing to indirect reduction in disk friction losses, especially in high lift pumps.
The disk friction reaches a minimum for a certain width of the waste water chamber, which is about ⅜ in. for disks of 12 in. diameter. The increase with increasing width is due
a To the increase in retarding surface.
b To the induction of secondary or induced hydraulic currents.
Concentric ribs are advantageous; radial ribs are detrimental.
In single-stage pumps the rotation of the waste-water reduces the tendency for leakage by about 20 to 35 per cent. In multi-stage pumps the same influence may even increase the leakage.
Inequality in shape or roughness of the waste-water chambers on both sides of the impellers produces a gyrostatic axial thrust due to disk friction which can assume very considerable values. The direction of this thrust is indicated by the rule: “The impeller is drawn to the side where the waste-water rotates fastest.”
Novel insights into the effects of 5-hydroxymethfurural on genomic instability and phenotypic evolution using a yeast model
Authors: Zhu Ying-Xuan , He Min , Li Ke-Jing , Wang Ye-Ke , Qian Ning , Wang Ze-Fei , Sheng Huan , Sui Yang , Zhang Dong-Dong , Zhang Ke , Qi Lei , Zheng Dao-Qiong 
Published: December 2023

ABSTRACT

5-Hydroxymethfurural (5-HMF) is naturally found in a variety of foods and beverages and represents a main inhibitor in the lignocellulosic hydrolysates used for fermentation. This study investigated the impact of 5-HMF on the genomic stability and phenotypic plasticity of the yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
. Using next-generation sequencing technology, we examined the genomic alterations of diploid
S. cerevisiae
isolates that were subcultured on a medium containing 1.2 g/L 5-HMF. We found that in 5-HMF-treated cells, the rates of chromosome aneuploidy, large deletions/duplications, and loss of heterozygosity were elevated compared with that in untreated cells. 5-HMF exposure had a mild impact on the rate of point mutations but altered the mutation spectrum. Contrary to what was observed in untreated cells, more monosomy than trisomy occurred in 5-HMF-treated cells. The aneuploidy mutant with monosomic chromosome IX was more resistant to 5-HMF than the diploid parent strain because of the enhanced activity of alcohol dehydrogenase. Finally, we found that overexpression of
ADH6
and
ZWF1
effectively stabilized the yeast genome under 5-HMF stress. Our findings not only elucidated the global effect of 5-HMF on the genomic integrity of yeast but also provided novel insights into how chromosomal instability drives the environmental adaptability of eukaryotic cells.

IMPORTANCE
Single-cell microorganisms are exposed to a range of stressors in both natural and industrial settings. This study investigated the effects of 5-hydroxymethfurural (5-HMF), a major inhibitor found in baked foods and lignocellulosic hydrolysates, on the chromosomal instability of yeast. We examined the mechanisms leading to the distinct patterns of 5-HMF-induced genomic alterations and discovered that chromosomal loss, typically viewed as detrimental to cell growth under most conditions, can contribute to yeast tolerance to 5-HMF. Our results increased the understanding of how specific stressors stimulate genomic plasticity and environmental adaptation in yeast.
The Sivers asymmetry in charged Kaon and $$\Lambda $$ hyperon produced SIDIS process at electron ion colliders
Authors: Yang Shuailiang , Song Jianxi , Wang Xiaoyu , Li De-Min , Lu Zhun 
Published: December 2023

AbstractWe investigate the single transverse-spin asymmetry with a $$\sin (\phi _h-\phi _S)$$

sin
(

ϕ
h

-

ϕ
S

)

modulation in the charged Kaon produced and in $$\Lambda $$
Λ
hyperon produced SIDIS process within the theoretical framework of transverse momentum dependent (TMD) factorization at the next-to-leading-logarithmic order. The asymmetry is contributed by the convolution of Sivers function and the unpolarized fragmentation function $$D_1$$

D
1

for the produced hadron. The parametrization for the proton Qiu–Sterman function, which is closely related to the Sivers function, is adopted to numerically estimate the Sivers asymmetry at the kinematical region of Electron Ion Collider (EIC) and Electron Ion Collider in China (EicC). The TMD evolution of the TMD parton distribution functions are considered by employing the non-perturbative Sudakov form factor. It is found that the predicted Sivers asymmetries $$A_{UT}^{\sin (\phi _h-\phi _S)}$$

A

UT

sin
(

ϕ
h

-

ϕ
S

)

as functions of x, z and $$P_{hT}$$

P

hT

are sizable at the kinematical configurations of both EIC and EicC. The strange constituent of the produced charged Kaon and $$\Lambda $$
Λ
hyperon in the final state can be a promising probe of the sea quark Sivers function as well as the flavor dependence in the proton target. Therefore, it is important to utilize the future EIC facilities to constrain the sea quark distribution functions as well as the validity of the generalized universality of the Sivers function.
Pain and Its Association with Survival for Black and White Individuals with Advanced Prostate Cancer in the United States
Authors: Rencsok Emily M. , Slopen Natalie , McManus Hannah D. , Autio Karen A. , Morgans Alicia K. , McSwain Lawrence , Barata Pedro , Cheng Heather H. , Dreicer Robert , Gerke Travis , Green Rebecca , Heath Elisabeth I. , Howard Lauren E. , McKay Rana R. , Nowak Joel , Pileggi Shannon , Pomerantz Mark M. , Rathkopf Dana E. , Tagawa Scott T. , Whang Young E. , Ragin Camille , Odedina Folakemi T. , Kantoff Philip W. , Vinson Jake , Villanti Paul , Haneuse Sebastien , Mucci Lorelei A. , George Daniel J. ,   for the IRONMAN Registry
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Bone pain is a well-known quality-of-life detriment for individuals with prostate cancer and is associated with survival. This study expands previous work into racial differences in multiple patient-reported dimensions of pain and the association between baseline and longitudinal pain and mortality. This is a prospective cohort study of individuals with newly diagnosed advanced prostate cancer enrolled in the International Registry for Men with Advanced Prostate Cancer (IRONMAN) from 2017 to 2023 at U.S. sites. Differences in four pain scores at study enrollment by race were investigated. Cox proportional hazards models and joint longitudinal survival models were fit for each of the scale scores to estimate HRs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association with all-cause mortality. The cohort included 879 individuals (20% self-identifying as Black) enrolled at 38 U.S. sites. Black participants had worse pain at baseline compared with White participants, most notably a higher average pain rating (mean 3.1 vs. 2.2 on a 10-point scale). For each pain scale, higher pain was associated with higher mortality after adjusting for measures of disease burden, particularly for severe bone pain compared with no pain (HR, 2.47; 95% CI: 1.44–4.22). The association between pain and all-cause mortality was stronger for participants with castration-resistant prostate cancer compared with those with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer and was similar among Black and White participants. Overall, Black participants reported worse pain than White participants, and more severe pain was associated with higher mortality independent of clinical covariates for all pain scales.

Significance:
Black participants with advanced prostate cancer reported worse pain than White participants, and more pain was associated with worse survival. More holistic clinical assessments of pain in this population are needed to determine the factors upon which to intervene to improve quality of life and survivorship, particularly for Black individuals.
Atrial Fibrillation and Clinical Outcomes of Endovascular Thrombectomy for Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Meta‐Analysis of Adjusted Effect Estimates
Authors: Zheng Wei , Tang Yi , Lin Huajing , Huang Huapin , Lei Hanhan , Lin Huiying , Huang Ying , Lin Xiaojuan , Liu Nan , Du Houwei 
Published: December 2023

Background
The impact of atrial fibrillation (AF) on the clinical outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) who received endovascular thrombectomy remains unclear. We aimed to perform a meta‐analysis of adjusted effect estimates to examine the association between the presence of AF and the clinical outcomes in patients with AIS who received endovascular thrombectomy.

Methods and Results
We searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane database between January 1, 2013 and July 10, 2023. Data were meta‐analyzed to compare the outcomes among patients with AIS with and without AF who received endovascular thrombectomy. Our primary outcome was 90‐day functional independence defined as a modified Rankin Scale score of 0 to 2. Secondary outcomes included excellent independence (90‐day modified Rankin Scale score of 0–1), 90‐day mortality, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage, and any intracranial hemorrhage. Eighteen observational studies comprising 16 096 patients with AIS (mean age, 70.1 years; women, 48.2%; 6862 with AF versus 9234 without AF) were included. There were no statistically significant differences for modified Rankin Scale score of 0 to 2 (pooled odds ratio [OR], 1.14 [95% CI, 0.95–1.37]; [95% prediction interval [PI], 0.72–1.80]), mortality (OR, 0.92 [95% CI, 0.79–1.08]; [95% PI, 0.77–1.11]), symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (OR, 0.97 [95% CI, 0.71–1.32]; [95% PI, 0.43–2.17]), and any intracranial hemorrhage (OR, 1.08 [95% CI, 0.91–1.28]; [95% PI, 0.74–1.58]) among patients with AIS with and without AF.

Conclusions
This meta‐analysis detected no significant differences in 90‐day functional outcomes, mortality, and intracerebral hemorrhage risk after endovascular thrombectomy in patients with AIS with and without AF.

Registration

URL:
https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero
; Unique identifier: CRD 42021293511.
Characteristics of smoke movement in subway evacuation corridor under different blockage ratios
Authors: Wu Jing , Lin Lingmin , Li Dan 
Published: December 2023

This study employed FLUENT to analyse smoke movement and temperature distribution in an evacuation corridor with varying blockage ratios, focusing on the subway tunnel section of Fuzhou Metro Line 4. The simulation results revealed that under natural ventilation condition, the smoke spread area in the evacuation corridor is significantly greater for the high blockage ratio tunnel than for the low blockage ratio tunnel in the tunnel’s length direction, and the entire temperature distribution in the tunnel’s height direction is also high. Following the introduction of longitudinal ventilation, smoke spread in the evacuation corridor and the tunnel ceiling upstream of the fire source are effectively controlled, with smoke suppression movement in the evacuation corridor being significantly faster than that near the tunnel ceiling. As ventilation time increases, the back-layering length of smoke in the evacuation corridor gradually shortens. Within 150 s of ventilation, the critical safety distance below the safety temperature for a low blockage ratio is shorter than that for a high blockage ratio tunnel. In conclusion, longitudinal ventilation increases the cooling rate of high-temperature smoke in a high blockage ratio tunnel, but the influence of high ventilation velocity on evacuation cannot be ignored.Practical applicationThis study provides recommendations for the evacuation plan and procedures under longitudinal ventilation. It is advisable to consider lowering the height of the evacuation corridor in the tunnel from the rail surface, thereby creating a more extensive safety space for personnel evacuation. Additionally, the implementation of prominent marks and voice prompts in the upstream area of the fire outbreak is crucial. This ensures that personnel are directed to evacuate from the upstream section during emergency situations.
Prehospitalization Trauma and Physiologic Factors Associated with the Presence of Post-traumatic Stress 3 Months After PICU Discharge
Authors: Chau Ariya N. , Eckberg Ryan A. , Laksana Eugene , Ehrlich Lili , Ledbetter David R. , Aczon Melissa D. , Gold Jeffrey I. , Wetzel Randall C. , Nelson Lara P. 
Published: December 2023

Background Children admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) have post-traumatic stress (PTS) rates up to 64%, and up to 28% of them meet criteria for PTS disorder (PTSD). We aim to examine whether a prior trauma history and increased physiologic parameters due to a heightened sympathetic response are associated with later PTS. Our hypothesis was children with history of prehospitalization trauma, higher heart rates, blood pressures, cortisol, and extrinsic catecholamine administration during PICU admission are more likely to have PTS after discharge. Methods This is a prospective, observational study of children admitted to the PICU at an urban, quaternary, academic children's hospital. Children aged 8 to 17 years old without developmental delay, severe psychiatric disorder, or traumatic brain injury were included. Children's prehospitalization trauma history was assessed with a semistructured interview. All in-hospital variables were from the electronic medical record. PTS was present if children had 4 of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV criteria for PTSD. Student's t- and chi-squared tests were used to compare the presence or absence of prior trauma and all of the PICU-associated variables. Results Of the 110 children at baseline, 67 had 3-month follow-up. In the latter group, 46% met the criteria for PTS, mean age of 13 years (SD 3), 57% male, a mean PRISM III score of 4.9 (SD 4.3), and intensive care unit length of stay 6.5 days (SD 7.8). There were no statistically significant differences in the demographics of the children with and without PTS. The only variable to show significance was trauma history; children with prehospitalization trauma were more likely to have PTS at 3-month follow-up ( P = .02). Conclusions Prehospitalization trauma history was associated with the presence of PTS after admission to the PICU. This study suggests future studies should shift to the potential predictive benefit of screening children for trauma history upon PICU admission.