bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Through Thick And Thin
Authors: Kohn Marek 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The child thanks the shopkeeper and walks out of the door, his loaf under his arm. As he leaves, a man steps across the threshold. He ignores the stock and does not make his business immediately clear, but the shopkeeper has a good idea what it is. The man has a proposition to make. There are threatening characters in the area, he says, who are liable to rob or wreck business premises such as the shop in which he is standing. For a regular payment, in cash, the organization which the man represents will protect the shop against such assaults.
The Goodwill Of The People
Authors: Kohn Marek 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One morning in March 1985, a group of people assembled outside a small house in the capital city of a small European country, and began planting trees. This was a coup for the musicians’ organization that occupied the house, and a bravura display of bridging social capital, for the party included the novelist Kurt Vonnegut Jr and an entourage of diplomats from the American embassy. Vonnegut planted a tree, and a couple of months later John Updike did likewise. But this being communist Czechoslovakia, the government cut down the trees, and several of the organization’s leading figures were jailed the following year.
Leaving The Door Unlocked
Authors: Kohn Marek 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
G’ enerally speaking, would you say that most people can be trusted or that you can’t be too careful in dealing with people?’ Generally speaking, this question is the instrument that social scientists rely upon to measure what they call generalized or social trust. While other questions come and go from the US National Opinion Research Center’s General Social Survey, the trust question is a constant. But what does it mean to the people who answer it? Would they say that most people could be trusted to give them directions, or to mind their bags, or with their cash machine identification numbers? Are they thinking of most people they know, most people they pass in the street, or most people in the world? Curiously, one investigation found that they might actually be thinking of themselves.
Rebuildings
Authors: Orlin Lena Cowen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At least since 1577, when William Harrison remarked that ‘every man almost is a builder ’, Tudor England has been known to have experienced a housing revolution. Our own understanding of the nature of that revolution has taken its shape from the near-seamless merge of two different approaches to the topic. First, from the fields of social and economic history, W. G. Hoskins recognized quantitative archaeological evidence for extraordinary improvements in standards of living at the vernacular level. Hoskins documented so much new construction in the period and so many modernization projects that he termed 1570 to 1640 the years of a ‘Great Rebuilding ‘. He described medieval houses transformed by their vertical segmentation, with old, open interiors divided into two stories and with the prolific addition of stairs, chimneys, windows, and fuller fittings and furnishings.
Boundaries
Authors: Orlin Lena Cowen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1599 Thomas Towne, a Kentish weaver, was presented at the Consistory Court of Canterbury for committing adultery with his maidservant, Elizabeth Preston. Word had come to the court ’s officers that Tobias Robinson was an eyewitness to ‘the act of incontinency ‘. Towne denied the charge and then went one step further, accusing Robinson of slandering him. When called, his neighbors impugned Robinson ’s character and credibility. Robinson was ‘an alehouse haunter and an idle fellow ’, said one; ‘outrageous ’, ‘lewd ’, ‘brutish ’, ‘drunken ’, and ‘unhonest ’, according to another. John Wisdom, a husbandman, testified that he had seen Robinson ‘pull down his breeches and turn up his shirt and show his beastly parts ’ publicly. Wisdom also recalled an incident when Robinson had dropped a ‘horseturd ’ into the breeches of a stranger. Sara Tripple, who worked in a victualling house, said that twice in the past year Robinson had ‘much abused ’ her, grabbing her by ‘the privy parts ’ and ‘most beastly attempting her chastity ‘. He had suggested they play a game of ‘nimbletrick ’, allegedly adding derisively that ‘if he got her with child he would give her a halfpenny worth of pins towards the keeping of it ’. Robinson exposed himself to her, too, at which she ‘burned his breech with a firebrand ’.
Galleries
Authors: Orlin Lena Cowen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Privacy was a scarce commodity in Tudor England. First, the built environment was inhospitable. Even the Rebuilt environment of conscious design and high investment made fewer advances than has often been thought. To the contrary, old barriers between the principal family and service workers — represented in tall halls, courtyard lodgings, and occasional stairs— were dissolved in new building. The motives for reinventing housing arrangements may more often have been accumulation and display than withdrawal and solitude. Second, most private homes were centers of production and consumption, harboring populations with diverse and sometimes conflicting needs and objectives. They were explosively uncontainable by the strictures of abstract ideology; in everyday life, political hierarchy was rarely as sustained a concern as was economic purpose. Third, social density was a convention of long standing. The universal practice of shared beds and bedchambers alone created a vast store of shared knowledge, and there was resistance to any impeachment of the traditional circulations of personal information. Fourth, mutual surveillance was a public mandate.
Beginnings
Authors: Stedall Jacqueline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
New mathematics rarely emerges out of the blue. Mathematicians always work within a framework of existing ideas, their own or other people’s, sometimes worked out a few days or a few years earlier, sometimes inherited from the far distant past. To under stand the development of mathematics at any period of history we need to know what was already alive and stirring in the contemporary mathematical culture, and in European mathematics this becomes particularly important for the crucial time around the later sixteenth and early seventeenth century. From the Renaissance onwards mathematics, like every other aspect of intellectual life in western Europe, had been invigorated by the rediscovery and translation of Greek texts, by ideas stemming from Islamic sources, and by new technical challenges.
Foreshadowings Of Calculus
Authors: Stedall Jacqueline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The emergence of the differential and integral calculus in the seventeenth century increased the scope and power of mathematics dramatically. We will be concerned with the calculus in one way or another for much of the rest of this book but first, in this chapter, we examine some of the ideas that lay behind it. As with any major breakthrough, these can be traced back for some time and to a variety of sources. Early hints of later methods are (with the benefit of hindsight) already discernible in the 1620s in the work of de Saint Vincent in the low countries, Fermat in France, and Cavalieri in Italy.
Early Probability
Authors: Stedall Jacqueline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Combinatorial problems have appeared for centuries in many different guises: from Indian texts as early as the sixth century bc that posed and answered questions about combinations of tastes, or perfumes, or precious stones, to discussions by medieval Hebrew writers about combinations of letters of the alphabet. Lists of the possible numbers on the faces of two or three dice appeared in medieval European texts, but the first writer known to have offered a systematic calculation of probabilities was Girolamo Cardano. His treatise Liber de ludo aleae (A book on the game of dice) was written around 1526, though it was not published until 1663. By that time, the calculation of odds in gambling was becoming the foundation of the modern theory of probability.
Solving Equations
Authors: Stedall Jacqueline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this Chapter we take up once again the story of solving equations (see 1.4), and follow it through two further centuries, from Cardano in 1545 to Lagrange in 1771. By the early sixteenth century, quadratic equations in a variety of manifestations were well understood. Attempts to find the right recipe for cubic equations, however, met with rather less success. The breakthrough came in northern Italy around 1520 when Scipione Ferreo in Bologna discovered a method for cubic equations without a square term (in modern notation, x 3 + px = q).
Foundations
Authors: Stedall Jacqueline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It should give some pause for thought that a Chapter entitled ‘Foundations’ comes so long after a Chapter entitled ‘Beginnings’. The first Chapter of this book and the last, however, are in several ways closely related. Here at the end we will encounter once again the same topics that we met at the start: geometry, arithmetic, and the natural numbers, and again reduced to their most elementary forms. ‘Elementary’ is used here not in its colloquial sense of ‘simple’ or ‘easy’, but in a more literal sense (as in Euclid’s Elements) of basic or fundamental, for in this present Chapter we will see a renewed interest in the building blocks of mathematics: numbers, points, lines, and surfaces.
‘Consilio hominum nostrorum’: A Comparative Study of Royal Responses to Crisis at the University of Paris, 1200–1231
Authors: Young Spencer E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The emergence of the University of Paris has attracted considerable scholarly attention and the lineaments of its development are widely known. Not least among the factors that encouraged the expansion of the schools into a studium generale was its benign location. Paris, according to Guillaume le Breton, offered an ‘admirable pleasantness of place, [a] superabundance of all goods, [and] freedom and special rights of defense’. The singular excellence of the Parisian university, especially in arts and theology, also quickly became a symbol for advertising French royal ascendancy – the translatio studii – and became a source of prestige for the entire realm. By the latter half of the thirteenth century, the chronicler Guillaume de Nangis would claim that learning, along with chivalry and faith, constituted one of the three parts of the fleur-de-lis.
The 1970s and Beyond: The Emergence of the ‘New’ Pacific Literatures in English
Authors: Keown Michelle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Self-expression is a prerequisite of self-respect.’ So argued Albert Wendt in ‘Towards a New Oceania’ (1976a), one of the first critical analyses of the emerging field of Indigenous Pacific literatures in English. Wendt’s statement encapsulated the counterdiscursive objectives of many ‘first-generation’ Pacific writers of the 1970s, whose work was centrally concerned with developing an Indigenous literary aesthetic and debunking Western ‘myths’ about Pacific peoples. This chapter explores the work of many of these early Pacific writers, but also looks beyond the 1970s in order to investigate the stylistic and conceptual shifts that have taken place in the decades following the polemical ‘first wave’ of Indigenous writing.
Eliot’s Seneca, Ted Hughes’s Oedipus
Authors: Talbot John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ted Hughes set about translating Oedipus, he claims, by returning ‘to the original Seneca, eking out my Latin with a Victorian crib’, but did he really lay eyes on the Latin?1 He was no Latinist. ‘I had set myself against Latin’, he claimed of his schoolboy self, and had scraped by with just enough Latin to qualify for admission to Cambridge.2 There is no evidence that Seneca’s Latin played a direct role in shaping the English of his translation.
Introduction: Paradox and the Marvellous in Augustan Literature and Culture
Authors: Hardie Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
He surpassed all his predecessors in the frequency, variety, and splendour of his shows ... If anything strange and worth seeing was brought to Rome, it was his habit to make a special exhibition of it, even before the dates for the shows, in some location, for example a rhinoceros in the Saepta, a tiger on the stage, a snake of fifty cubits in front of the Comitium … He reformed and regulated the disorderly and undisciplined fashion of spectating, prompted by the insult to a senator to whom no one had offered a place in a crowded house during some very popular games at Puteoli.
Encountering the Fantastic: Expectations, Forms of Communication, Reactions
Authors: Fucecchi Marco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the beginning of the second book of Apuleius’ The Golden Ass, Lucius recounts his first morning walk through the streets of Hypata: his innate curiosity, fed by stories heard the day before, has sparked off an impatient desire for extraordinary experiences (2.1.1–2 . . . anxius alioquin et nimis cupidus cognoscendi quae rara miraque sunt … suspensus alioquin et uoto simul et studio ‘ with my anxiety and my excessive passion to learn the rare and the marvellous …I was on tenterhooks of desire and impatience alike’).
Ovid, Metamorphoses 1.416–51: noua monstra and the foedera naturae1
Authors: Nelis Damien 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘The Metamorphoses has a subject-matter of inherent paradox …’.2 The very idea on which the whole extravagant project is based questions at every turn the dividing line between the possible and the impossible, belief and disbelief. In the final book of the poem, Pythagoras offers a remarkable list of mirabilia, which, whatever the nature of the relationship between his speech and the poem as a whole, suggests the importance of this theme for the rest of the work.
Greek Middlebrow Drama (Something to do with Aphrodite?)
Authors: Griffith Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Aristotle remarks early in the Poetics (4, 1449a15), tragedy found ‘its own true nature’ in the plays of Sophocles and Euripides, i.e. in Athens during the mid fifth century bce. He insists too that there has always been a sharp and inescapable distinction between tragedy and comedy, between ‘good, serious, high’ subjects and objects of representation and ‘bad, shameful, low’ ones
Initiation
Authors: Paley Morton D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In ‘My First Acquaintance with Poets,’ William Hazlitt wrote of Coleridge and himself in 1798: ‘He had no idea of pictures, of Claude or Raphael, and at this time I had as little as he.’ That was to change for both of them. Hazlitt, after a serious attempt to become a professional artist, became Britain’s foremost art critic instead. Coleridge’s initiation into art took a little longer, but by the time he returned from the Continent in 1806 he felt ready to deliver a series of lectures on ‘the Principles common to the Fine Arts’ at the Royal Institution, and was distressed by the lack of ‘a collection of Prints from the Fresco Works of Raphael,’ which, he declared, ‘I shall want instantly.’ How such a dramatic change came about for Coleridge, and what it entailed, will be our subject in this and the following chapter.
Coleridge On The Fine Arts
Authors: Paley Morton D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After having had his interest in the arts awakened by Beaumont and deepened by Allston, Coleridge had confidence in his autonomous judgment when he returned to England in 1806. With one exception his basic views of the fine arts did not change after that point, although his knowledge of them continued to expand. The exception resulted from his introduction to Northern art in the collection of Carl and Eliza Aders, to be discussed later in this chapter. Having established to the best of our knowledge what Coleridge saw, we now go on to discuss his views of art both as a whole and with reference to specific works.
The Principles Common To The Fine Arts
Authors: Paley Morton D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘I no sooner felt,’ Coleridge once wrote, ‘than I sought to understand.’ Coleridge needed to proceed from his responses to and statements about works of art to the general principles that govern, or should govern, them. As we have seen, ‘Principles common to all the Fine Arts,’ was to be the title of his 1807 lectures at the Royal Institution, as stated in Coleridge’s correspondence and as advertised in The Times and elsewhere. In virtually all his important statements about the arts, Coleridge emphasized their unity and declared that they had common principles.
Weeping for Hecuba1
Authors: Harrison Tony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Though no doubt the original Athenian audiences wept for Hecuba in the two plays in which she is the principal figure—Hecuba of about 423 bc and The Trojan Women of 415 bc—the first named person we know to have done so was a notoriously cruel tyrant, Alexander of Pherae, in the fourth century bc, and he was ashamed of it. Plutarch tells his story in two versions, and in one it seems that the monster shed tears at a performance of The Trojan Women and in the other at a performance of Hecuba. The tyrant was so moved to pity by the spectacle of the Queen of Troy reduced to slavery—without husband, sons, or city—that he jumped up and ran from the theatre as fast as he could. He said it would be terrible if, when he was killing so many of his own subjects, he should be seen to be shedding tears over the sufferings of Hecuba and Polyxena, the daughter of Hecuba sacrificed after the Trojan War was over to appease the ghost of Achilles. Alexander almost had the actor who played Hecuba severely punished for having softened his heart ‘like iron in the furnace’.
The Browne Family’s Culture of Curiosity
Authors: Nelson Brent 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thomas Browne spent almost all of his professional life in Norwich, a major regional centre but far enough from London to prevent his active member- ship in the major learned societies of the time; but his intellectual reach extended well beyond his geographical limits. He corresponded widely with learned men both in England and abroad, contributed to the researches of such early modern luminaries as William Dugdale and John Evelyn, and made contributions of naturalia to the Royal Society’s museum; and as a published author his reputation extended as far as the court of Emperor Leopold I, and into Italy.
‘A Likely Story’: Plato’s Timaeus in the Garden of Cyrus
Authors: Murphy Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thomas Browne’s The Garden of Cyrus struck its readers as strange from the first. Samuel Hartlib inscrutably remarked to Robert Boyle on 13 May 1658, the month of publication, that the Garden ‘seems to be no ordinary book’.1 Subsequent judgements agree on the Garden’s peculiarity, though varying widely in their attempts to justify it. A consistent response has been negative: critics otherwise sympathetic to Browne have called it ‘a radically bad book’, ‘a tiresome game’, ‘the least important of the works published in Browne’s lifetime’.
The Hieroglyphics of Skin
Authors: Barbour Reid 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the medical syllabus which he recommended to Henry Power in 1646, Thomas Browne celebrated the renaissance of anatomy and its direct experience of the inner workings of the body as the ‘foundation’ of all further study. According to Religio Medici, physiology advanced not only medical learning but also divinity, with Galen’s De Usu Partium offering a stronger apology for providence than the metaphysical systems from Aristotle to Sua´rez ( RM 1.14).
Browne, Borges, and Back: Phantasmagories of Imaginative Learning1
Authors: Rosenstein Roy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like many other readers of Sir Thomas Browne, the polymorphic, polymathic, Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges (1899–1986) juxtaposed Browne to his predecessors and contemporaries.2 This essay will propose a different exercise in intertextuality: not in the retrospective sense of Browne’s reading3 but in the prospective sense of his fortunes. Borges himself is the primary exemplar of this forward-facing Brownean movement. From his youth, the Argentine writer was expressly a self-styled, would-be Browne.
Introduction
Authors: Evans T V , Obbink D D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the Greek and Latin languages have been studied since antiquity, their analysis was for many centuries based on a limited range of linguistic material. Up until the late nineteenth century scholars were dealing essentially with classical literature, as preserved in late antique and medieval manuscripts, and with the formal language found in most kinds of inscriptions. The modern rediscovery of the papyri and related sources is therefore a highly significant development. The new texts have not only supplemented powerfully our knowledge within that relatively narrow range of long-known linguistic types and contexts, but have also greatly expanded upon it. We now have a vast and diverse body of evidence capable of providing fresh insights into the nature of the Greek language in the post-classical period (approximately 300 bc–ad 600) and the Latin of the imperial and late periods (approximately 30 bc–ad 600), as well as a number of other languages in the Mediterranean and related regions, and also into contact between these various languages. The linguistic significance of the papyri was recognized as soon as they became available in large quantities. Pioneers like G. N. Hatzidakis, W. Cro¨nert, K. Dieterich, A. Deissmann, and A. Thumb quickly began to exploit the new material.
Geographical and Historiographical Traditions
Authors: Clarke Katherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Where are you going from here?’ Gilles asked. ‘South, to Sartene and Bonifacio.’ ‘Bonifacio is a very pretty place. You know Homer’s Odyssey? Bonifacio is where the Laestrygonians live.’That was beautiful, that he referred to the distant little port, not for a good restaurant or a luxury hotel or its fortress or a trivial event, but as the place where a group of savage giants had interfered with Ulysses. When it comes to literary allusions you can’t do much better than use the authority of the Odyssey to prove that your home town was once important. In Gibraltar Sir Joshua Hassan had jerked his thumb sideways towards the Rock and said to me ‘That’s one of the Pillars of Hercules’ .
Posidonius: Geography, History, and Stoicism
Authors: Clarke Katherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Posidonius of Apamea and of Rhodes earns his place in this study on several counts. In his own right, he was one of the most important intellectual figures of the early part of the first century BC. He was the leading Stoic of his day, and an expert in a vast range of fields —mathematics, physics, philosophy, history, and geography. In addition to this, he forms a neat chronological and textual link between Polybius and Strabo. Posidonius, like Strabo, wrote a continuation of Polybius’ History, and he was a major source for Strabo in his Geography . Posidonius held a high political profile in Rhodes, a crucial point in the network of communications across the Mediterranean world. He had held the prytany in Rhodes and was sent on an embassy to Marius (Str. 7. 5. 8; Plut. Mar. 45. 7). Like Polybius, and to a lesser extent, Strabo, he had connections with the highest level of the Roman elite, which gave him a complex viewpoint on the development and consolidation of the Roman world. His travels took him to Spain, Italy, Liguria, and Gaul in the West, to add to his personal experience of the eastern Mediterranean world.