bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mitigation of seal-induced damage in salmon and whitefish trapnet fisheries by modification of the fish bag
Authors: Lehtonen Esa , Suuronen Petri 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
During the past decade, seal-induced gear and catch damage has increased dramatically in the Baltic Sea. The problems are most severe in the coastal trapnet fisheries for salmon (Salmo salar) and whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus), where grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) in particular frequently visit the traps. There is an acute need for gear modifications and other solutions that can prevent seals from entering the fish bag of the traps. Modifications that have been tested in Finland include a wire grid installed in the funnel of the trap and a fish bag made of extra-strong netting material. In comparative fishing experiments conducted in 2001 in the Gulf of Finland the grid was made of 2-mm steel wires with 175-mm spacing. The average undamaged salmon catch per haul in the fish bag of modified trapnets was significantly higher (70%) than that of traditional traps (Mann–Whitney, p < 0.01). In the whitefish experiments, the average undamaged catch of whitefish per haul was 16% higher in modified trapnets than in traditional traps, but the difference was not significant (Mann–Whitney, p > 0.05). These results indicate that the wire grid did not prevent fish from swimming into the fish bag. Experiments also suggest that the wire grid and the extra-strong netting prevented seals from entering the bag. However, on some occasions seals were able to tear the fish through the netting. Underwater observations confirmed that the wire grid kept adult seals outside the bag while salmon and whitefish could be seen entering through the grid into the bag.
Reaction of juvenile flounder to grid separators
Authors: Matsushita Yoshiki , Fujita Kaoru , Ikegami Naoya , Ohata Satoshi 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
The reaction behaviour of juvenile Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) to towed grids (0.5 × 0.2 m, horizontally, or vertically orientated bars at 10-mm intervals) was observed as a means of understanding fish behaviour in relation to grid selection for a beam trawl fishery in Tokyo Bay. Reaction behaviours were categorized within four patterns by grid types and illumination levels: (i) forward swimming in towed direction; (ii) swimming over the grid; (iii) sticking on the grid; and (iv) passing through the grid. The most dominant reaction pattern was forward swimming, but its ratio was higher for light than for dark conditions. Passing through the grid bars occurred most frequently with horizontal bars. Approximately 40% of tested fish passed through the grid in light conditions, approximately 30% in dark conditions. Most of these fish penetrated bar gaps head first, while a considerable proportion categorized as “forward swimming” kept swimming even though their tails or bodies had partly passed between the bars. It is concluded that penetration of flounders through bar gaps is governed by voluntary actions.
Direct measurement of the swimming speed, tailbeat, and body angle of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
Authors: Kawabe Ryo , Naito Yasuhiko , Sato Katsufumi , Miyashita Kazushi , Yamashita Nariharu 
Published: October 2004

AbstractIt is well known that flatfish species such as plaice can utilize the selective tidal stream to conduct vertical movements. However, detailed description of actual swimming behaviour is lacking, principally as a result of the difficulties encountered in monitoring the behaviour of flatfish in the open sea. The present study describes the use of a newly developed data-logger in obtaining simultaneous recordings of the swimming speed, depth, tailbeat, and body angle of free-ranging Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) in the open sea. Our data indicate that Japanese flounders adopt a tailbeat-and-glide behaviour. They are found to glide downward without tailbeats for propulsion, and only during the ascent phase are tailbeats conducted. Flounders move horizontally at speeds of 0.59–1.23 km d−1 and at a maximum speed of 0.70–0.82 km h−1 in the open sea. Modal flounder swimming speeds are 30–40 cm s−1 (0.57–0.76 and 0.58–0.77 BL s−1), i.e. sometimes lower than the threshold of the speed sensor. In most cases, however, tailbeat oscillations occur at frequencies of 1.2–1.4 Hz. Moreover, flounders travel at a significantly steeper angle during the ascent phase than during the descent phase. In both cases it is believed that flounder optimize the energetic costs of migration, as has been shown for tuna, sharks, and seals.
Interactions between fish and fisher's spatial distribution and behaviour: an empirical study of the anchovy (Engraulis ringens) fishery of Peru
Authors: Bertrand Sophie , Díaz Erich , Ñiquen Miguel 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Fishing data provide, with wide spatio-temporal coverage, inexpensive information about exploited species, but a precondition for their interpretation is a good comprehension of fish and fisher spatial dynamics and interactions. In Peru, anchovy (Engraulis ringens) is exploited by an industrial fleet of about 800 purse-seiners operating all along the coast. Using simultaneous acoustic survey and commercial fishing data for the 1998–2001 time period, we present a preliminary, exploratory, and empirical approach to identify the nature of potential interactions between Peruvian anchovy and fisher behaviour. We show that (i) Peruvian anchovy exhibited a composite spatial strategy for the study period, i.e. a change in biomass was associated with both change in geographical extension and density; (ii) fishing behaviour significantly varied within and among vessels in terms of travel duration, searching duration, and number of fishing sets; and (iii) interactions between fish and fisher behaviours differed according to the spatial scale. At a fish stock scale (the scale of fishing ground selection for fishers), fishing was more efficient with low biomass and high spatial concentration (low stock range and high biomass); at a local fish spatial scale (the scale of searching for a school inside the fishing ground), fishing performance was favoured by high mean local abundances and low spatial concentration (the way fish is distributed inside its stock range); finally, at the school scale (the scale of the fishing set), both high abundance and high spatial concentration were favourable to fishing success.
Developmental profile of NTPDase activity in synaptic plasma membranes isolated from rat cerebral cortex
Authors: Nedeljkovic N. , Banjac A. , Horvat A. , Stojiljkovic M. , Nikezic G. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractIn the present study the developmental profile of ATP‐hydrolyzing activity promoted by NTPDase 1, its kinetic properties and the enzyme protein abundance associated with synaptic plasma membrane from rat cerebral cortex were characterized. NTPDase 1 activity increased from birth to day 30; afterwards it decreased and remained unchanged from adulthood (90 days) to senescence (365 days). Kinetic analysis revealed that enzyme exhibited the highest specific activity at day 30 and highest apparent affinity for ATP at day 365; however,Vmax/Kmvalues remained unchanged for each age studied. Immunoblot analysis demonstrated that relative abundance of NTPDase 1 is highest at day 15 during ontogeny. The discrepancy between maximum enzyme activity and maximum enzyme protein abundance indicates that NTPDase 1 may have an additional role during development.
Hypothyroidism changes adenine nucleotide hydrolysis in synaptosomes from hippocampus and cerebral cortex of rats in different phases of development
Authors: Bruno Alessandra Nejar , Ricachenevsky Felipe Klein , Pochmann Daniela , Bonan Carla Denise , Battastini Ana Maria Oliveira , Barreto‐Chaves Maria Luiza M. , Sarkis João José Freitas 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe influence of the thyroid hormones on the normal function of the mammalian central nervous system depends on the brain region and on the developmental stage. Adenine nucleotides and their products also affect the brain function; ATP is an excitatory neurotransmitter, and adenosine has inhibitory effects on neurotransmission. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of hypothyroidism on the hydrolysis of ATP to adenosine in hippocampal and cortical synaptosomes and blood serum of rats during different phases of development. Rats aged 60 and 420 days old were divided into three groups: control, sham‐operated and hypothyroid. Hypothyroidism was induced in these rats by thyroidectomy and methimazole (0.05%) added to their drinking water for 14 days. Neonatal hypothyroidism was induced by adding 0.02% methimazole in the drinking water from day 9 of gestation, and continually until 14 days old. Hypothyroidism increased the AMP hydrolysis in both hippocampus and cerebral cortex synaptosomes of rats in all aged tested. In blood serum, thyroid hormones deficiency increased the AMP hydrolysis in 14‐day‐old rats and the hydrolysis of ATP, ADP and AMP in 60‐day‐old rats; however, no alteration was observed in 420‐day‐old rats. Thus, our results suggest the involvement of the 5′‐nucleotidase in synaptic function control in hypothyroidism throughout brain development.
Recombinant factor VIIa after amniotic fluid embolism and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy
Authors: Lim Y. , Loo C.C. , Chia V. , Fun W. 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTThis case report illustrates the successful use of activated recombinant factor VIIa in the management of severe postpartum hemorrhage secondary to amniotic fluid embolism.
Metformin therapy in women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Aruna J. , Mittal S. , Kumar S. , Misra R. , Dadhwal V. , Vimala N. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the clinical, biochemical, hormonal, and ultrasonographic effects of 6 months of metformin therapy in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and compare with pretherapy parameters.Method50 Indian women with PCOS, 25 unmarried and 25 married, infertile women, were enrolled in this prospective clinical study. After a baseline workup, including body mass index (BMI), waist hip ratio (WHR), Ferriman Gallwey hirsutism scoring, menstrual pattern, levels of fasting insulin, lipids, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), serum gonadotropins, estradiol (E2), testosterone, androstenedione, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS), patients were given 1000 gm of metformin for 6 months and then reevaluated.ResultIn 41 of 50 women who completed treatment, significant improvement in BMI, WHR, menstrual cyclicity (80.5%), ovulation rate (66%), and pregnancy rate (28%) was noted. Statistically significant decrease in lutenising hormone (LH) and LH/FSH ratio with an increase in follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were seen. Levels of high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (Chol) increased along with a decrease in total cholesterol. Improvement was noted in ovarian volume, stromal thickness, and number of follicles. There was no change in hirsutism, acne, levels of other sex steroid hormones, and lipids.ConclusionA 6‐month course of metformin therapy may improve menstrual cyclicity and fertility in women with PCOS.
Linking publicness to operations management practices: a study of quality management practices in hospitals
Authors: Goldstein Susan Meyer , Naor Michael 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe goal of this study is to serve as a foundation to establish a link between the theory of organizational publicness and operations management practices. Quality management practices provide the unit of analysis for studying this linkage. The theory of organizational publicness is used to establish that organizations can be defined on a continuum of publicness rather than as purely public or purely private. Particular cultural factors, political influences, and organizational characteristics define this publicness. The study investigates the linkage between four publicness dimensions (ownership, goal setting, funding, and control) and operations‐related quality practices (information and analysis, staff focus, and process management) in U.S. hospitals. The results of regression analysis show that the publicness dimensions of ownership and control are related to some quality management practices, with control (i.e. public responsibility and compliance) having a significant effect throughout the studied models. Hospital goal setting and funding, two additional publicness dimensions, are not significantly related to quality management practices. The results of this study build our understanding of how operations practices are used in public organizations and help to define the extent to which publicness matters.
A theory of formal conceptual definitions: developing theory‐building measurement instruments
Authors: Wacker John G. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThis study develops the need for formal conceptual definitions (sometimes called nominal definitions) and how to develop better measurement instruments for theory‐building. It develops the underlying theory for ‘good’ formal conceptual definitions by defining terms, demonstrating that formal conceptual definitions are needed for all theory‐building empirical research, explains how and why ‘good’ formal conceptual definitions are used to develop properties and their measures, and last, it logically explains that good formal conceptual definitions are necessary conditions for construct validity (content validity, criterion validity, convergent validity, and discriminant validity) while statistical tests are sufficient conditions for validity. This theory development explains why formal conceptual definitions are necessary before any traditional statistical empirical validity tests are performed. This study suggests that any statistical validity tests are not meaningful if the concept is not formally defined.In short, the theory of formal conceptual definitions provides a structure to develop ‘good’ measures of the formal theory that leads to ‘good’ empirical theory‐building.
Dimensions of depression, mania and psychosis in the general population
Authors: KRABBENDAM L. , MYIN-GERMEYS I. , DE GRAAF R. , VOLLEBERGH W. , NOLEN W. A. , IEDEMA J. , VAN OS J. 
Published: October 2004

Background. In order to investigate whether correlated but separable symptom dimensions that have been identified in clinical samples also have a distribution in the general population, the underlying structure of symptoms of depression, mania and psychosis was studied in a general population sample of 7072 individuals.Method. Data were obtained from the three measurements of the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS). Symptoms of depression, mania and the positive symptoms of psychosis were assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Confirmatory factor-analysis was used to test statistically the fit of hypothesized models of one, two, three or seven dimensions.Results. The seven-dimensional model comprising core depression, sleep problems, suicidal thoughts, mania, paranoid delusions, first-rank delusions and hallucinations fitted the data best, whereas the unidimensional model obtained the poorest fit. This pattern of results could be replicated at both follow-up measurements. The results were similar for the subsamples with and without a lifetime DSM-III-R diagnosis. The seven dimensions were moderately to strongly correlated, with correlations ranging from 0·18 to 0·73 (mean 0·45).Conclusions. In the general population, seven correlated but separable dimensions of experiences exist that resemble dimensions of psychopathology seen in clinical samples with severe mental illness. The substantial correlations between these dimensions in clinical and non-clinical samples may suggest that there is aetiological overlap between the different dimensions regardless of level of severity and diagnosable disorder.
What might not have been: an investigation of the nature of counterfactual thinking in survivors of trauma
Authors: DALGLEISH T. 
Published: October 2004

Background. Counterfactual thinking (CFT) refers to the process of reflecting on an event and changing aspects of it so as to alter the eventual outcome. Such thinking appears frequent in survivors of trauma (e.g. ‘If only I had stayed at home then I wouldn't have had the accident’), but has received little systematic empirical investigation. Four studies examined the nature of CFT in both trauma survivors and non-traumatized controls.Method. Participants generated CFT to their own trauma or to written scenarios.Results. Three key findings emerged. Firstly, trauma survivors overwhelmingly produced CFT that mutated aspects of their own behaviour during the traumatic event (self-referent CFT) and that improved the event's outcome (upward CFT; Studies 1 and 2). Secondly, self-referent CFT style in trauma survivors was generalized to non-autobiographical scenarios and was independent of how much control the protagonist in the scenarios had over the outcome. In contrast, never-traumatized controls tended to generate more self-referent CFT to scenarios where the protagonists had some control than to scenarios where the protagonist had little control (Study 3). Thirdly, this self-referent, upward CFT style of trauma survivors was not related to frequency of post-traumatic stress symptoms (Studies 1 and 3) or Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) caseness (Study 2).Conclusions. These results are interpreted in terms of a self-referent, upward CFT style that is normative following trauma for all survivors, regardless of levels of trauma-related distress, and that is applied to any negative events that are encountered.
Capacity of adults with intellectual disabilities to consent to sexual relationships
Authors: MURPHY GLYNIS H. , O'CALLAGHAN ALI 
Published: October 2004

Background. For people with intellectual disabilities there is a difficult balance to be struck between empowering people to claim their sexual rights and protecting them from abuse. Hypothetically, services should be guided by whether a particular person with intellectual disabilities has the capacity to consent to sexual relationships. However, there has been little agreement on how to define such capacity. This study examines the issue of capacity to consent to sexual relationships using a functional approach.Method. Adults with intellectual disabilities (n=60) and young people presumed in law able to consent (n=60) were assessed for their sexual knowledge and vulnerability to abuse.Results. Adults with intellectual disabilities were significantly less knowledgeable about almost all aspects of sex and appeared significantly more vulnerable to abuse, having difficulty at times distinguishing abusive from consenting relationships. Nevertheless, some adults with intellectual disabilities scored highly on all measures, especially if they had relatively high IQs and had had sex education.Conclusions. The reasons for the poorer knowledge and increased vulnerability of people with intellectual disabilities are discussed and it is recommended that they should have on-going access to sex education. Implications of the findings for definitions of capacity to consent to sexual relationships are considered.
Production of pro-inflammatory cytokines correlates with the symptoms of acute sickness behaviour in humans
Authors: VOLLMER-CONNA U. , FAZOU C. , CAMERON B. , LI H. , BRENNAN C. , LUCK L. , DAVENPORT T. , WAKEFIELD D. , HICKIE I. , LLOYD A. 
Published: October 2004

Background. Elaboration of the concept of cytokine-induced sickness behaviour in recent years has opened new avenues for understanding brain involvement in sickness and recovery processes. Additionally, this has led to much speculation about the role of the immune system in neuropsychiatric syndromes, including depression and chronic fatigue. However, few studies have examined this phenomenon as it naturally occurs in sick humans, and none has attempted to document the quantitative relationships between cytokine levels and non-specific symptoms. The aim of this research was to examine human sickness behaviour and its immunological correlates in documented Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), Q fever or Ross River virus (RRV) infections.Method. We studied two separate samples. The first consisted of 21 patients with acute Q fever. The second included 48 patients with acute RRV or EBV infection. Psychological and somatic symptom profiles were derived from self-report measures completed at enrolment. Quantification of pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6] in sera and supernatants of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cultures was undertaken by specific ELISAs.Results. Levels of IL-1β and IL-6 spontaneously released from PBMC cultures were consistently correlated with reported manifestations of acute sickness behaviour including fever, malaise, pain, fatigue, mood and poor concentration.Conclusions. IL-1β and IL-6 produced as part of the host response represent sensitive markers of sickness behaviour in humans with acute infection. Further work is needed to systematically characterize the spectrum and natural history of sickness behaviour in humans and to elucidate its biological basis.
The impact of beliefs about mental health problems and coping on outcome in schizophrenia
Authors: LOBBAN F. , BARROWCLOUGH C. , JONES S. 
Published: October 2004

Background. Using the theoretical framework of the Self Regulation Model (SRM), many studies have demonstrated that beliefs individuals hold about their physical health problems are important in predicting health outcomes. This study tested the SRM in the context of a mental health problem, schizophrenia.Method. One hundred and twenty-four people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia were assessed on measures of symptom severity, beliefs about their mental health problems, coping and appraisal of outcome at two time points, 6 months apart.Results. Using multivariate analyses and controlling for severity of symptoms, beliefs about mental health were found to be significant predictors of outcome. Beliefs about greater negative consequences were the strongest and most consistent predictors of a poorer outcome in both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses.Conclusions. These results suggest that the SRM is a promising model for mental health problems and may highlight important areas for development in clinical, and especially psychosocial interventions.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Hong Kong in 2003: stress and psychological impact among frontline healthcare workers
Authors: TAM CINDY W. C. , PANG EDWIN P. F. , LAM LINDA C. W. , CHIU HELEN F. K. 
Published: October 2004

Background. The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) posed an unprecedented threat and a great challenge to health professionals in Hong Kong. The study reported here aimed at investigating the origin of stress and psychological morbidity among frontline healthcare workers in response to this catastrophe.Method. Self-administered questionnaires were sent to frontline healthcare workers in three hospitals. The General Health Questionnaire was used to identify psychological distress. Sociodemographic and stress variables were entered into a logistic regression analysis to find out the variables associated with psychological morbidity.Results. The response rate was 40%. Sixty-eight per cent of participants reported a high level of stress. About 57% were found to have experienced psychological distress. The healthcare workers' psychological morbidity was best understood by the perceptions of personal vulnerability, stress and support in the workplace.Conclusion. These findings shed light on the need for hospital administrators to be aware of the extent and sources of stress and psychological distress among frontline healthcare workers during disease outbreak.