bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Change and Continuity in the Governance of Nonprofit Organizations in the United Kingdom: The Impact of Organizational Size
Authors: Cornforth Chris , Simpson Claire 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThis article reports on the results of a survey of charities in England and Wales, which examined how their boards are changing and whether various external initiatives to improve board performance are having an effect. In particular, the research explored the impact of organizational size. The findings suggest that the size of the organization does matter, as a variety of board characteristics and changes vary with size. The article concludes by examining some of the implications of these findings for theory and practice.
Reframing Board‐Staff Relations: Exploring the Governance Function Using a Storytelling Metaphor
Authors: Bradshaw Patricia 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThis article attempts to reframe board‐staff relations by presenting an alternative perspective on governance, management, and leadership functions within nonprofit organizations. It draws on an interpretative view of organizations and suggests that we can understand nonprofits as socially constructed entities by using the metaphor of storytelling. Seeing the role of board and staff through this theoretical lens allows us to reconceptualize them. This in turn enables us to enhance the creative potential of the governance function and allows governance to support the goal of creating resilient, adaptive, learning organizations.
Should We Have Faith in Faith‐Based Social Services? Rhetoric Versus Realistic Expectations
Authors: Gibelman Margaret , Gelman Sheldon R. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractEarly in his administration, President George W. Bush set forth his Faith‐Based Initiative, which would authorize and encourage religious groups to compete for and provide publicly funded social services. This article analyzes the arguments made by supporters of faith‐based social services in regard to their underlying values and premises. This analysis forms the basis for examining the managerial track record of faith‐based organizations in the delivery of social services. To identify issues and trends within this category of service providers, the authors analyzed press reports of instances of wrong doing in faith‐based groups from 1995 to 2001. Findings reveal that faith‐based groups appear to be as susceptible to managerial and accountability inadequacies, if not outright wrongdoing, as are nonsectarian service providers. The authors identify implications regarding the credibility of faith‐based groups and public trust as they pertain to an enhanced role in the less regulated service system that the president envisions.
Organization and Management in the Third Sector: Toward a Cross‐Cultural Research Agenda
Authors: Lewis David 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThird sector organizations in the industrialized and the developing world—and particularly the subset of third sector organizations known as development nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)—are becoming more culturally diverse in internal staff composition, management styles, and working environments. Although cultural issues have been largely absent from the nonprofit and the NGO research literatures, the organizational implications of societal culture and organizational culture are widely debated within other research fields. This article proposes a closer engagement between third sector management research and the wider study of cross‐cultural organizational issues within anthropology, development studies, and management theory. It argues that such an exchange is necessary if third sector organizational research agendas are to include changing organizational landscapes effectively, and the article concludes with some ideas for future research.
The role of county‐based funders in sustaining nonprofits within rural and urbanized counties
Authors: Besel Karl , Andreescu Viviana 
Published: May 2004

AbstractSocial service nonprofit organizations in the United States originally relied on private donations and
charitable events to sustain their operations. Using case studies, this article examines the role played by
local officials in the thirty‐year survival of certain Indiana Youth Services Bureaus (YSBs)
and highlights the salient factors that influenced the viability of some nonprofit organizations over the
others.
Resource Centers: A Foundation's Strategy to Support Nonprofit Grantees
Authors: Netting F. Ellen , Williams Frank G. , Hyer Kathryn 
Published: May 2004

AbstractResource centers (RCs) are one strategy used by foundations to provide technical assistance to, and to help disseminate the efforts of, multisite demonstration projects. Foundation goals must fit with RC purposes. Establishing the RC early in project development, carefully defining the scope of responsibilities, and locating leaders who can solve problems are critical considerations for foundation officers considering this strategy.
Governance in Public‐Private Community Health Partnerships: A Survey of the Community Care Network SM Demonstration Sites
Authors: Alexander Jeffrey A. , Comfort Maureen E. , Weiner Bryan J. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThis review of the governance practices of twenty‐five public‐private partnerships involved in addressing a broad range of community health needs shows that governance in public‐private community partnerships departs significantly from traditional notions of institutional governance. Governance structures and degrees of progress toward governance goals vary widely and appear to be systematically related to the organization, composition, location, and activity of each partnership.
Do Intentional Efforts to Improve Boards Really Work? The Views of Nonprofit CEOs
Authors: Brudney Jeffrey L. , Murray Vic 
Published: May 2004

AbstractCommentators on the effectiveness of nonprofit boards of directors usually find them wanting in a number of ways and urge that they reform themselves. A study to ascertain how many boards actually accept this advice and intentionally attempt to change the way they operate also examines what changes boards attempt to make, what provokes their efforts, and what outcomes result.
The Views of Nonprofit Executives on Educating Nonprofit Managers
Authors: Haas Peter J. , Robinson Maynard G. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractExtraordinary nonprofit‐sector expansion has produced organizations with complex missions and operations, and the managers responsible for their effectiveness require adequate preparation. Although no single degree program stands out as the clear preference of nonprofit executives, we propose that certain organizational characteristics are associated with the preference for specific degrees.
Youth Development: On the Path Toward Professionalization
Authors: Hahn Andrew B. , Raley Gordon A. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractYouth development in the United States is making a transition from social movement to emerging profession. This article marks the path of this transition; charts achievements in developing core competencies and skill standards, training and education programs, career ladders, evaluations, and public awareness; and suggests the next steps in staff development that managers of nonprofit youth and human service organizations should consider.
Altruists or Egoists? Retention in Stipended Service
Authors: Mesch Debra J. , Tschirhart Mary , Perry James L. , Lee Geunjoo 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThis study examines stipended volunteers—those volunteers who engage freely in a helping activity within a formal organizational structure but receive some type of remuneration for their services. Based on a sample of AmeriCorps members from three states, we identify several motivational, demographic, and individual factors that affect retention of stipended volunteers. We conclude that retention depends more on instrumental career‐related factors than on altruistic motivation or meaningfulness of the service.
The Decision‐Making Context and Its Impact on Local Human Service Nonprofits
Authors: Bielefeld Wolfgang , Scotch Richard K. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractOne significant factor affecting an organization's functioning is the decisions made by other organizations that are important to it. We examine decision‐making in three local human service delivery nonprofits, focusing on the level (local versus national) of the actors making decisions as well as the degree of horizontal or vertical coordination among decision makers. The findings show that the decision‐making context affects nonprofit structure and operations and suggest that providers may have to make significant trade‐offs as they seek to restructure in response to policy changes such as devolution.
Strengthening Board Performance
Authors: Holland Thomas P. , Jackson Douglas K. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractMany nonprofit boards have undertaken board development activities, yet there has been little empirical evidence of the impact on board performance. This article reports findings from organizations: ten participated in developmental interventions, and fourteen received no interventions but served as matched comparisons. The experimental group showed significant improvements in board performance, and the comparison group did not. Lessons from the study include a number of practical steps boards can take to reorganize governance procedures and structures to enhance board effectiveness.
Nongovernmental Organizations, Business, and the Management of Ambiguity
Authors: Lewis David 
Published: May 2004

AbstractPartnerships between business and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) that seek to promote fair trade between small scale producers in poor countries and Western consumers are opening up new and potentially challenging approaches to development in terms of income generation, local capacity building, and alternative sources of NGO funding. However, such ventures face a distinctive set of problems, many of which arise because these ventures are located uncomfortably on the boudary between the nonprofit and the business sectors. The concept of sectoral ambiguity helps to explain observed problems with confused expectations, management tensions, and lack of sustainability. Strengthening these partnerships will require greater transparency, market diversification, long‐range planning, and the building of a set of more realistic expectations.
How Pervasive Are Abuses in Fundraising Among Nonprofits?
Authors: Tuckman Howard P. , Chang Cyril F. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThis article explores selected fundraising information for charitable
nonprofits, asking whether widespread abuses might exist
in this sector. After examining the pervasiveness of fundraising
and its relation to mission, we show that a few nonprofits raise
a majority of sector charitable revenues, and we present the
ratio of funds raised to funds spent on fundraising by mission
categories. We find that 72 percent of charitable nonprofits do
not report direct fundraising expenditures, 5 percent of the active
fundraising nonprofits obtain 90 percent of total funds raised,
mission is related to a nonprofit's ability to raise funds, the
median nonprofit spends about 9.6 percent of total raised funds
for fundraising, and only one in five nonprofits hires a professional
fundraiser. At least in terms of the measures used in this
report, widespread abuses are not obvious.
Reforming Property Tax Exemption Policy in the Nonprofit Sector: Commercialism, Collective Goods, and the Donative Theory
Authors: Grimm Jr. Robert T. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThis article develops, critiques, and tests the donative theory, which bases the tax treatment of nonprofits on their production of collective or public goods, through twelve variations for determining property‐tax‐exempt organizations in five nonprofit industry groups. Using a case study of Indianapolis nonprofits, the results reveal that a significant number of organizations in the nonprofit sector and most industry groups would experience the loss of their property tax exemption. The author calls for nonprofit managers and scholars to give greater future attention to property tax exemption policy in the nonprofit sector.
Neighborhood‐Based Services: Organizational Change and Integration Prospects
Authors: Rapp Cynthia A. , Whitfield Carolyn M. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractProspects for service integration between settlement houses, or traditional neighborhood centers that offer services for individuals ranging from preschool children to the elderly, and family resource centers, agencies that provide support for families and early childhood education programs, are explored in this Rochester, New York, case study. Although the target populations of these two types of organizations overlap, service integration is not likely in the short run due to differing organizational philosophies and the adaptation of each organization to unique funding sources. Increased funding pressures and demands for greater efficiency in service delivery may make collaboration more attractive in the future.
The Nonprofit Sector and State Governments: Public Policy Issues Facing Nonprofits in North Carolina and Other States
Authors: Coble Ran 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe challenges facing nonprofits in North Carolina and most states include devolution and ripple effects at the state level from federal budget cutbacks, government efforts to tax or further regulate nonprofits, scandals involving a few organizations or their leaders, and efforts to limit nonprofits' right to lobby and advocate for their causes. But the future also holds a number of opportunities for nonprofits, including the increased clout of nonprofits acting together as a sector; partnership initiatives with nonprofits by North Carolina's governor and chief executives in other states, legislative measures to increase charitable giving and reduce red tape, state‐level summits following up on the president's push for increased volunteerism, and a reservoir of public trust in nonprofits. North Carolina's experience may predict the future dangers and opportunities in other states.
Nonprofit and Social Marketing
Authors: Nitterhouse Denise 
Published: May 2004

AbstractMarketing Social Change: Changing Behavior to Promote
Health, Social Development, and the Environment, by Alan R.
Andreasen. San Francisco: Jossey‐Bass, 1995. 367 pp.,
$30.95 cloth.
Marketing Strategies for Nonprofit Organizations, by Siri Espy.
Chicago, Ill.: Lyceum Books, 1993. 165 pp., $19.95 paper.
Marketing Nonprofit Programs and Services: Proven and Practical
Strategies to Get More Customers, Members, and Donors,
by Douglas B. Herron. San Francisco: Jossey‐Bass, 1997. 282
pp., $32.95 cloth.
Volunteer Participation and Withdrawal
Authors: Farmer Steven M. , Fedor Donald B. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractVolunteer behavior is often difficult to manage or control since control systems of the sort that direct behavior in most for‐profit organizations are usually not available. This study introduces a tool—the psychological contract—that can give voluntary‐agency administrators a powerful way to help them understand and manage volunteers' contributions to their organizations. The study finds that elements of this approach, especially the level of support the volunteer believes he or she is receiving from the organization, are especially important tools that can both increase participation in various events and reduce withdrawal or turnover intentions.
Variation of the essential oil content and composition in leaves from cultivated plants of Hypericum androsaemum L.
Authors: Guedes Ana P. , Amorim Lúcia R. , Vicente Ana , Fernandes‐Ferreira M. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe amount and composition of the essential oil from leaves of Hypericum androsaemum L. cultivated in Arouca (Portugal) were determined in six samples harvested during 1 year at intervals of 2 months. The seasonally dependent essential oil content ranged from 0.7 mg/g biomass dry weight in September to 3.4 mg/g in February. The oil contained more than 80 compounds, 70 of which (constituting 88–93% of the total oil) were identiﬁed by GC and GC‐MS. An approximation of the absolute quantiﬁcation of each compound and compound class was performed using a GC method with an internal standard. The relative and the absolute content of each compound and compound class changed during the year. At the end of the winter and in the spring, the essential oil was dominated by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and accumulated a high number of intermediate to long chain n‐alkanes and 1‐alkenes. In September, the essential oil contained the lowest levels of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (43%) and the highest levels of 1‐octene and 2‐hexenal (38%). In February, the essential oil had the highest level of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (73%) and the highest diversity of intermediate to long chain n‐alkanes and 1‐alkenes. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assay of quadranguloside, the major saponin of leaves of Passiﬂora alata, by HPLC‐UV
Authors: Reginatto Flávio H. , Gosmann Grace , Schripsema Jan , Schenkel Eloir P. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractAn HPLC method with UV detection has been developed and validated in order to quantify quadranguloside, the main saponin of the leaves of Passiﬂora alata. The analysis was achieved by simple isocratic elution (with acetonitrile:aqueous phosphoric acid) using a Nova‐Pak® phenyl column. The amount of quadranguloside present in aqueous extracts from leaves of P. alata was estimated to be 22.2% (w/w), corresponding to 0.8% (w/w) in relation to dried leaves. The assay method described is simple, rapid, accurate and sensitive, and may form part of future drug authentication protocols. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐molecular‐weight side‐chain liquid‐crystalline polyethers based on 4′‐cyanobiphenyl‐4‐oxy mesogenic groups
Authors: Montornés J. M. , Reina J. A. , Ronda J. C. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractA set of poly[ω‐(4′‐cyano‐4‐biphenyloxy)alkyl‐1‐glycidylether]s were synthesized by the chemical modification of the corresponding poly(ω‐bromoalkyl‐1‐glycidylether)s with the sodium salt of 4‐cyano‐4′‐hydroxybiphenyl. New high‐molecular‐weight side‐chain liquid‐crystalline polymers were obtained with excellent yield and almost quantitative degree of modification. All side‐chain liquid‐crystalline polymers were rubbers soluble in tetrahydrofuran. The characterization by 1H and 13C NMR revealed no changes in the regioregular isotactic microstructure of the starting polymer and the absence of undesirable side reactions such as deshydrobromination. The liquid crystalline behavior was analyzed by DSC and polarized optical microscopy, and mesophase assignments were confirmed by X‐ray diffraction. Polymers that had alkyl spacers with n = 2 and 4 were nematic, those that had spacers with n = 6 and 8 were nematic cybotactic, and those that had longer spacers (n = 10 and 12) were smectic C and showed some crystallization of the side alkyl chains. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 3002–3012, 2004
Effect of cocatalyst on the chain microstructure of polyethylene made with CGC‐Ti/MAO/B(C6F5)3
Authors: Beigzadeh Daryoosh , Soares João B.P. , Duever Thomas A. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThis investigation studied the solution polymerization of ethylene in Isopar E in a semibatch reactor using CGC‐Ti as catalyst and methylalumoxane (MAO) and tris(pentaflourophenyl)borane [B(C6F5)3] as cocatalysts. The effects of cocatalyst type and amount on the chain microstructure were investigated. 13C NMR and gel permeation chromatography were used to determine the long‐chain branching (LCB) content and molecular weight distribution (MWD), respectively, of the samples. It was observed that higher concentrations of MAO increased the LCB content and decreased the molecular weight of the polymer. On the other hand, increasing the amount of B(C6F5)3 lowered the LCB content, increased the molecular weight, and broadened MWD significantly. We believe that this approach can be used as an efficient way to control the microstructure of polyolefins made with these catalytic systems. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 3055–3061, 2004
Factors affecting the phase‐out of pesticide use in public areas in Denmark
Authors: Kristoffersen Palle , Larsen Søren U , Møller Jacob , Hels Tove 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThat pesticide use in public areas in Denmark has been significantly reduced during the period 1995 to 2002 is shown when comparing three surveys carried out by the Danish Forest and Landscape Research Institute (DFLRI) with funding from the Danish Environmental Protection Agency. During that period, the total registered public use of pesticides was reduced from 28.8 tonnes active ingredients to 6.3 tonnes, corresponding to a 78% reduction. In 2002, the Danish counties and state institutions had reduced their total pesticide use by 80% and 73%, respectively, compared to 1995 figures. Similarly, the Danish municipalities reduced their use by 83% from 1995 to 2002. Surveys of municipal pesticide use carried out in 1995, 2000 and 2002 have been used as the basis for determining the factors that have influenced municipal reductions of pesticide use. The 2000 and 2002 trends can be explained partly on the basis of the figures for 1995 use. The trend for 2002 can also be partially explained by the political parties in power in the municipalities during the phase‐out period. The models used account for up to 30% of the total variations, meaning that the pesticide use of individual municipalities is very much influenced by other, non‐definable factors such as tradition. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Mechanism of resistance to carpropamid in Magnaporthe grisea
Authors: Takagaki Makiichi , Kaku Koichiro , Watanabe Satoshi , Kawai Kiyoshi , Shimizu Tsutomu , Sawada Haruko , Kumakura Kazuo , Nagayama Kozo 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe inhibitory activity of carpropamid on scytalone dehydratase (SDH) extracted from a carpropamid‐resistant strain of Magnaporthe grisea (Hebert) Barr was dramatically reduced in comparison with that on SDH extracted from the sensitive strain. A single‐point mutation (G to A) located at the upstream region (233 bp downstream from the ATG codon) resulting in a one‐amino‐acid substitution (valine [GTG] 75 to methionine [ATG]: V75M) was found in the resistant strain. To examine whether the V75M mutation is the primary reason for decreasing the sensitivity of SDH to carpropamid, the SDH cDNAs of both the sensitive and the resistant strain were cloned into a GST‐fused protein expression vector‐system. The recombinant SDHs of both strains exhibited the same sensitivities to carpropamid as those extracted from the mycelia of the respective strains. These data clearly revealed that the V75M mutation causes the low sensitivities of the SDHs of the carpropamid‐resistant strains, and strongly suggests that the V75M mutation confers resistance of these strains to carpropamid. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Linewidth for interconduction subband transition in Si/Si1−xGex quantum wells
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Bratati , Basu P. K. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe intersubband absorption linewidth has much importance in the operation of quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs) and quantum cascade lasers (QCLs). Here we calculate the intersubband absorption linewidth due to interface roughness scattering, deformation potential acoustic phonon scattering, and optical (intervalley) phonon scattering via the deformation potential, i.e. g phonon. We consider the n‐type Si/Si1−xGex structure. The linewidths are studied for various well widths and different in‐plane kinetic energy. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)