bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new fluid distribution system for scale‐flexible expanded bed adsorption
Authors: Hubbuch Jürgen J. , Heebøll–Nielsen Anders , Hobley Timothy J. , Thomas Owen R. T. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA new fluid distribution system designed for expanded bed adsorption was introduced and studied in a 150‐cm diameter column. Based on fluid application through a rotating distributor, it eradicates the need for perforated plates, meshes, or local mixers. The effect of rotation rate on column performance was examined by fluidizing a 30‐cm high bed of supports with tap water and introducing pulses of dye or acetone tracer. Linear bed expansion was seen as the superficial fluid velocity was raised from 170 cm · h−1 to 450 cm · h−1 (3000 L · h−1 to 8000 L · h−1), and there was little change in expansion characteristics as distributor rotation rate was increased from 2.5 to 10 rpm. The distributor was observed to generate a flow pattern suitable for expanded bed adsorption when the supports were fluidized at a superficial fluid velocity of 283 cm · h−1 and dye pulses introduced. At a rotation rate of 2.5 rpm, no significant dead zones were observed, and a discrete band was formed that moved up through the bed. Furthermore, the pattern of dye movement could be used to calculate interstitial linear fluid velocities of 460 cm · h−1 and 572 cm · h−1 at the column wall and center, respectively, indicating a parabolic flow profile. The distributor rotation rate giving the best operating conditions was found to be 2.5 rpm when the bed was fluidized at a flow velocity of 283 cm · h−1 and the residence time distribution of acetone tracer examined. Under these conditions, the coefficient of axial dispersion was 6.1 × 10−6 m2 · s−1 and 29 theoretical plates were measured. When the rotation rate was raised to 10 rpm, the coefficient of axial dispersion increased to 8.08 × 10−6 m2 · s−1 and the number of theoretical plates decreased to 22. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 78: 35–43, 2002; DOI 10.1002/bit.10170
Oxygen transfer rate and sophorose lipid production by Candida bombicola
Authors: Guilmanov Vladimir , Ballistreri Alberto , Impallomeni Giuseppe , Gross Richard A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSophorose lipids (SLs) have applications as surfactants and are produced at high levels by several yeasts. We developed a fed‐batch shake‐flask method for the production of SLs by Candida bombicola ATCC 22214. Optimal aeration, expressed in terms of oxygen transfer rate, was between 50 and 80 mM O2/L h−1 and resulted in maximum values for both volumetric product formation (1–1.5 g/L h−1) and SL yield (350 g/L). The lowest aeration levels resulted in the enrichment in saturated fatty acid SLs at the expense of unsaturated fatty acid SLs. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 77: 489–494, 2002; DOI 10.1002/bit.10177
Avoiding acetate accumulation in Escherichia coli cultures using feedback control of glucose feeding
Authors: Åkesson M. , Hagander P. , Axelsson J. P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAn automated glucose feeding strategy that avoids acetate accumulation in cultivations of Escherichia coli is discussed. We have previously described how a probing technique makes it possible to detect and avoid overflow metabolism using a dissolved oxygen sensor. In this article these ideas are extended with a safety net that guarantees that aerobic conditions are maintained. The method is generally applicable, as no strain‐specific information is needed and the only sensor required is a standard dissolved oxygen probe. It also gives the highest feed rate possible with respect to limitations from overflow metabolism and oxygen transfer, thus maximizing bioreactor productivity. The strategy was implemented on three different laboratory‐scale platforms and fed‐batch cultivations under different operating conditions were performed with three recombinant strains, E. coli K‐12 UL635, E. coli BL21(DE3), and E. coli K‐12 UL634. In spite of disturbances from antifoam and induction of recombinant protein production, the method reproducibly gave low concentrations of acetate and glucose. The ability to obtain favorable cultivation conditions independently of strain and operating conditions makes the presented strategy a useful tool, especially in situations where it is important to get good results on the first attempt. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 73: 223–230, 2001.
Adsorption of avidin on microfabricated surfaces for protein biochip applications
Authors: Bashir R. , Gomez R. , Sarikaya A. , Ladisch M. R. , Sturgis J. , Robinson J. P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe adsorption of the protein avidin from hen egg white on patterns of silicon dioxide and platinum surfaces on a microchip and the use of fluorescent microscopy to detect binding of biotin are described. A silicon dioxide microchip was formed using plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition while platinum was deposited using radiofrequency sputtering. After cleaning using a plasma arc, the chips were placed into solutions containing avidin or bovine serum albumin. The avidin was adsorbed onto the microchips from phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) or from PBS to which ammonium sulfate had been added. Avidin was also adsorbed onto bovine serum albumin (BSA)‐coated surfaces of oxide and platinum. Fluorescence microscopy was used to confirm adsorption of labeled protein, or the binding of fluorescently labeled biotin onto previously adsorbed, unlabeled avidin. When labeled biotin in PBS was presented to avidin adsorbed onto a BSA‐coated microchip, the fluorescence signal was significantly higher than for avidin adsorbed onto the biochip alone. The results show that a simple, low‐cost adsorption process can deposit active protein onto a chip in an approach that has potential application in the development of protein biochips for the detection of biological species. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 73: 324–328, 2001.
Alteration of lipase chain length specificity in the hydrolysis of esters by random mutagenesis
Authors: Gaskin Duncan J. H. , Romojaro Ana , Turner Nigel A. , Jenkins John , Vulfson Evgeny N. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe feasibility of altering the chain length specificity of industrially important Rhizomucor miehei lipase was investigated by randomly mutating Phe94 in the protein groove which is responsible for accommodating the acyl chain of the substrate. The recombinant lipase was initially expressed in E. coli. Individual colonies were selected, grown, and the DNA sequence of the lipase gene determined. Fourteen of the 19 possible mutants were identified and each of these was transformed into Pichia pastoris which expresses the enzyme extracellularly. The yeast was grown and the supernatants assessed in several assays with long and short chain substrates. Based on this preliminary screen, one mutant, Phe94Gly, was selected and purified to homogeneity for further analysis. It was found that the substitution of phenylalanine 94 with glycine led to an enzyme which was about six times less active against resorufin ester but displayed 3–4 times higher activity with short chain substrates such as butyric acid esters. The observed alteration to the enzyme specificity was rationalised using the available 3D structure of the lipase. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 73: 433–441, 2001.
Drugs of abuse in a non‐conventional sample; detection of methamphetamine and its main metabolite, amphetamine in abusers' clothes by HPLC with UV and fluorescence detection
Authors: Al‐Dirbashi Osama Y. , Ikeda Kyoko , Takahashi Masakatsu , Kuroda Naotaka , Ikeda Sachiko , Nakashima Kenichiro 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper, we report the detection of methamphetamine and its major metabolite, amphetamine, in garments belong to known‐abusers. These compounds were extracted from the textile using a mixture of chloroform:propan‐2‐ol (3:1, v/v), derivatized with 4‐(4,5‐diphenyl‐1H‐imidazol‐2‐yl) benzoyl chloride and separated using a reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography. The derivatives were detected by measuring either fluorescence at 440 nm or absorbance at 330 nm. By using 1‐methyl‐3‐phenyl propylamine as an internal standard, calibration curves of spiked textile samples were linear over a wide range with correlation coefficients of 0.997 or better. Detection limits at a signal‐to‐noise ratio of 3 were less than or equal to 37.3 and 0.4 pg on column for the high‐performance liquid chromatography‐ultraviolet and ‐fluorescence detection methods, respectively. Intra‐ and inter‐day variations at high and low concentrations (n ≥ 3) were ≤12.7%. The developed methods were successfully applied to the determination of methamphetamine and amphetamine in clothes samples belong to abusers. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Abbreviations used:APamphetamineDIB‐Cl4‐(4,5‐diphenyl‐1H‐imidazol‐2‐yl)benzoyl chloridefLfluorescenceMPmethamphetamineMPA1‐methyl‐3‐phenyl propylaminep‐HMPpara‐hydroxymethamphetamine
Collective action in the face of international environmental regulation
Authors: Harrison Debbie , Easton Geoff 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMost studies of environmental impacts operate at the level of the individual firm. However, firms can act collectively in the face of threats such as that described in this paper: the banning of CFCs. A framework based upon concepts from theories of collective action is used to explain why two different forms of collective action were initiated by producers of CFCs. Economic calculation operating within the social institutions of the industry seemed to provide a plausible explanation for the occurrence of co‐operative behaviour. In particular the concepts of collective goods and free riding proved to be helpful in explicating the driving forces that led to joint action in these circumstances. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
The lacrimal fascia redefined
Authors: Shinohara Harumichi , Taniguchi Yutaka , Kominami Rieko , Yasutaka Satoru , Kawamata Sei‐Ichi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIt has been commonly accepted that the lacrimal fascia is an intact septum, composed of connective tissue, that separates the orbital cavity into a large compartment, which contains the eyeball, and a small compartment, which contains the lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct. the septum, however, is not necessarily always intact. We found a circular or oval opening in the lacrimal fascia in 37 of 52 specimens (71.2%) examined. The opening, which we shall refer to as the lacrimal fascial foramen, was located at variable levels in the lacrimal fossa. The lacrimal fascial foramen was buried in fatty tissue through which passed a branch of either the inferior palpebral artery or the infraorbital artery and a vein of the nasolacrimal duct. The clinical implications of the lacrimal fascial foramen in obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct are discussed. Clin. Anat. 6:401–405, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The problem of arteria lusoria in right transradial coronary angiography and angioplasty
Authors: Abhaichand Rajpal K. , Louvard Yves , Gobeil Jean‐François , Loubeyre Christophe , Lefèvre Thierry , Morice Marie‐Claude 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe retroesophageal right subclavian artery (arteria lusoria) is one of the anatomical abnormalities encountered by interventional cardiologists who perform right transradial procedures. We report on 11 patients with arteria lusoria in whom 14 right transradial coronary angiography or angioplasty procedures were attempted among a series of 3,730 consecutive right transradial attempts. This abnormality can be easily detected by angiographic visualization, in the anteroposterior projection, of the angle of the catheter when it engages the ascending aorta, and by manual angiography at the ostium of the right subclavian artery. In such a case, catheterization of the ascending aorta may be difficult or even impossible (7.1%). Selective catheterization of both coronary arteries is more difficult, takes longer, and requires more catheters. The Judkins catheters are recommended, although they are seldom used for the left coronary artery via the right radial approach, for both arteries. All catheter exchanges should be performed on long guidewires. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;54:196–201. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Absolute configuration at C14 and C85 in prymnesin‐2, a potent hemolytic and ichthyotoxic glycoside isolated from the red tide alga Prymnesium parvum
Authors: Morohashi Akio , Satake Masayuki , Oshima Yasukatsu , Igarashi Tomoji , Yasumoto Takeshi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPrymnesin‐2 is a potent red tide toxin characterized by a highly oxidized C90 carbon chain and multiple functional groups. Succeeding the assignment of the relative stereochemistry in the polycyclic‐ether segment, the absolute configurations of two chiral centers in linear chain parts were elucidated. The configuration at C14 bearing an amino group was determined to be S by using a chiral anisotropic reagent and that at chlorinated C85 to be S by fluorimetric chiral HPLC comparison between a degradation product and synthetic references. Chirality 13:601–605, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Organizational competence analysis: Experience of a Japanese multinational
Authors: Wang Clement K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAs global competition intensifies rather than abates, firms must develop skills in scanning and monitoring other firms' competencies and assess their future focus and paths relative to their own. I propose a competence‐based approach to competitive analysis for understanding how rival firms in technology‐based industries may compete into the future. I propose an organizational competence analysis (OCA) framework that links the strategic component of competitive analysis to decision making by emphasizing the identification and interpretation of a competitor's organizational competencies (both technical and nontechnical). I apply the OCA framework by analyzing a large Japanese multinational (Firm X) in a technology‐based industry. The results obtained from open source materials are assessed and evaluated by Firm X's technical staff members for validity. Based on the feedback, we conclude that a firm could benefit, as a result of using the OCA framework, from increased understanding of a competing firm's source of competitiveness in the form of its organizational competencies, substantiated by ongoing monitoring of relevant competitive information from both the firm and industry levels. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The myosin power stroke
Authors: Tyska Matthew J. , Warshaw David M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOptical trapping technology now allows investigators in the motility field to measure the forces generated by single motor molecules. A handful of research groups have exploited this approach to further develop our understanding of the actin‐based motor, myosin, an ATPase that is capable of converting chemical energy into mechanical work during a cyclical interaction with filamentous actin. In this regard, myosin‐II from muscle is the most well‐characterized myosin superfamily member. By combining the data obtained from optical trap assays with that from ensemble biochemical and mechanical assays, this review discusses the fundamental properties of the myosin‐II power stroke and, perhaps more significantly, how these properties are governed by this molecule's atomic structure and the biochemical transitions that define its catalytic cycle. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 51:1–15, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Introduction to Floquet theory: The calculation of spinning sideband intensities in magic‐angle spinning NMR
Authors: Bain Alex D. , Dumont R. S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn magic‐angle spinning, the Hamiltonian of the system changes periodically with time, so the spectrum shows sidebands at multiples of the rotor frequency. This changing Hamiltonian (and hence, the changing Liouvillian) complicates the simulation of the line shape considerably. A simple case is that of a spin‐½ with an anisotropic chemical shift, spinning at the magic angle. Perhaps the most famous solutions to this problem of calculating spinning sideband intensities are those of Herzfeld and Berger and Maricq and Waugh, but there are many alternatives. Floquet theory is a very powerful approach, which we describe here. We illustrate the theory by explicit calculation of the sideband patterns. Floquet theory works by expanding the periodic (due to sample spinning) Hamiltonian into a Fourier series. The time‐independent Fourier components become the blocks in a much larger, time‐independent, effective Hamiltonian. The same can be done with the Liouvillian superoperator. The effective Hamiltonian (or Liouvillian) can then be treated using familiar methods used for time‐independent problems. The considerable increase in size of the problem is normally anathema, and it offers no particular benefit in the specific case treated here. The power of the method is its generality. Regardless of the complexity of the time dependence of the Hamiltonian, the Floquet approach is the same. Therefore, learning how to calculate sideband intensities in this way gives us the tools to solve much more difficult problems. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson 13: 159–170, 2001
Histopathology and MIB‐1 labeling index predicted recurrence of meningiomas
Authors: Ho Donald Ming‐Tak , Hsu Chih‐Yi , Ting Ling‐Tan , Chiang Hung 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDAlthough various histopathologic features have been associated with aggressive behavior or recurrence of meningiomas, there is little agreement about which features are the most important and in what combination. The objective of this study was to formulate diagnostic criteria for atypical meningioma.METHODSEighty‐three patients with meningiomas who underwent macroscopic total resection and had been followed until they developed recurrent disease or for at least 10 years were studied. Thirteen histopathologic parameters that related to recurrence of the tumor were evaluated in each patient. All possible combinations of histologic parameters that were related significantly to recurrence were used to formulate scoring models. The model that included the fewest parameters and that could distinguish tumor recurrence best within 10 years was chosen as the final model.RESULTSThe final model included three parameters: loss of architecture, mitoses ≥ 1.5/mm2, and necrosis. Of the 52 tumors with a score < 2 (0 or 1 of the 3 parameters), all except 1 tumor did not recur within 10 years, and they were all considered benign meningiomas. Of the 31 tumors with a score ≥ 2 (2 or 3 of the 3 parameters), 94% recurred within 10 years (76% recurred within 5 years), and they were considered atypical meningiomas. The estimated 5‐year and 10‐year recurrence rates for the benign meningiomas were 0.0% and 1.9%, respectively, for benign meningiomas and 71.0% and 93.5%, respectively, for atypical meningiomas (P < 0.001). The estimated 5‐year and 10‐year mortality rates also were significantly different (0.0% and 0.0% vs. 22.1% and 26.7%, respectively; P < 0.001). The MIB‐1 labeling index (LI) for the entire group studied ranged from 0.4 to 33.5 (mean LI, 8.4). Fifty‐two tumors with an LI of < 10 did not recur within 10 years. Of the 31 tumors with an LI ≥ 10, 97% recurred (71% within 5 years).CONCLUSIONSHistopathology and MIB‐1 LI were able to predict clinical outcomes of patients with meningioma. The authors propose that atypical meningioma may be diagnosed when two of the following three criteria are present: loss of architecture, mitoses ≥ 1.5/mm2, and necrosis. Cancer 2002;94:1538–47. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10351
HER‐2/neuoverexpression in patients with radically resected nonsmall cell lung carcinoma
Authors: Selvaggi Giovanni , Scagliotti Giorgio V. , Torri Valter , Novello Silvia , Leonardo Eugenio , Cappia Susanna , Mossetti Claudio , Ardissone Francesco , Lausi Paolo , Borasio Piero 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDUsing immunohistochemistry, the authors prospectively investigated the expression of HER‐2/neuprotein in radically resected specimens of nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and evaluated its impact on long‐term prognosis.METHODSBetween January 1991 and February 1992, surgical specimens from 130 consecutive patients who underwent radical resection for NSCLC (60 squamous cell carcinoma, 48 adenocarcinoma cases, and 22 large cell carcinomas) and that were staged (according to the TNM staging system) pathologically as Stage I (41 cases [ 32%]), Stage II (37 cases [28%]), and Stage IIIA (52 cases [40%]) were investigated for the expression of HER‐2/neuusing an avidin‐biotin complex immunohistochemical technique. A semiquantitative four‐stage grading system was used (0%, 1–5%, 6–20%, and > 20% positive cells) and an average number of 1500 cells/section was considered. Data were correlated with clinical and pathologic variables.RESULTSNormal bronchial tissue was found to be completely negative for HER‐2/neuexpression whereas 21 of the 130 tumor specimens (16%) were positive (range 1–> 20%). HER‐2/neupositivity did not appear to differ significantly among pathologic stages and histotypes. Using a predetermined cutoff value of 5% positive cells, 15 tumor specimens (12%) were found to be above this value. The median survival time (85 weeks vs. 179 weeks) and overall survival rate were significantly lower in patients with > 5% HER‐2/neu‐positive tumors (hazard ratio for the group with > 5% positive cells: 2.94, 95% confidence interval, 1.62–5.34;P< 0.0004). On multivariate analysis, HER‐2/neuand extent of tumor emerged as independent factors for disease‐related mortality.CONCLUSIONSIn NSCLC, the negative impact of HER‐2/neuoverexpression on survival was maintained in the long‐term follow‐up of radically resected patients. HER‐2/neuoverexpression may be a valuable prognostic factor as well as a potential target for biologic therapies. Cancer 2002;94:2669–74. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10531