bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of the Udi Verb out of its Proto-Lezgian Sources
Authors: Harris Alice c. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter investigates how the structure of the Udi verb developed out of its Proto-Lezgian and Proto-North East Caucasian sources. In particular, I consider several hypotheses concerning the origins of endoclisis of PMs (and other clitics) in contemporary Udi. At issue are the intermorphemic position of the PM between the Inc E and light verb of a complex verbstem (the rule 4 position described in Chapter 6, e.g. aš -ne-b-esa [work-3sG-DO-PRES] ‘she works’), and the intramorphemic position, internal to the root of a simplex verb (the rule 7 position, e.g. a-t’u-k’-e [see1-1NV3sc-see2-AORII] ‘she saw him’). In Chapter 4 I showed that from a synchronic point of view, both simplex and complex verbstems are single lexical items, and in Chapter 5 I established that PMs are clitics. In Chapter 6 I showed, among other things, that PMs occur between the parts of complex verbstems and internal to simplex verbstems, making the PMs endoclitics.
Explaining the Origins of the Person Marker Positions
Authors: Harris Alice c. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In §1.1, I observed that rules for placing the PMs in various positions had not previously been stated. In Chapters 6 and 7 those rules were stated. In Chapters 9 and 10 the origins of endoclisis and focus marking were explored, both of these pertaining to the position of the PM. The goal of this chapter is to explain the origins of remaining PM positions. Schulze (1982: 168 – 9) states the positions for PMs as in Table 12.1 (repeated from Chapter 1), where V – verb root, T – TAM marker. Here I have changed Schulze’s ‘PZ’ to ‘PM’, his ‘Vn’ to ‘ComE’, and his ‘(H)V’ to ‘(L)V’.
Introduction
Authors: Obermeyer Carla Makhlouf 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The chapters in this volume explore, in various ways, the connections between reproductive health and culture. The notion of reproductive health, which gained a prominent place in discussions of population policies at the time of the 1994 Cairo International Conference on Population and Development, exemplified the shift that took place in global thinking about population, from the demographically driven provision of family planning to an expanded approach which places individual needs at the centre of an agenda concerned with the broader context of reproduction.
Money, Marriage, and Morality: Constraints on IVF Treatment-Seeking among Infertile Egyptian Couples
Authors: Inhorn Marcia C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Consider two births: one of Louise Brown, the world’s first ‘test-tube baby’, conceived and born in England in 1978, and the other of Heba Mohammed, Egypt’s first test-tube baby, born less than a decade later in 1987. The lives of these two girls, one Western and one Middle Eastern, are connected by a modern technology, in vitro fertilization (IVF), that allowed their parents to overcome otherwise intractable infertility. It is their global connection and the ways in which Western generated technologies such as IVF are received in places like Egypt that provides the major focus of this chapter.
Since Louise’s birth more than two decades ago, the new reproductive technologies (NRTs) including IVF have become widely available in the West for couples with once hopeless infertility problems. As this technology has proliferated, so have its critics, particularly bioethicists, technology assessment specialists, and feminist theorists and activists.
Reproductive Health Counselling in the Islamic Republic of Iran: The Role of Women Mullahs
Authors: Hoodfar Homa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historically, formal religious authority in Iran is dominated by men, and women’s role in the mosques is primarily as an audience. However, women, at least in urban centres, have developed their own informal religious activities with much vitality. These activities are usually home-centred and frequently exclude men. Research in this field has documented that these activities are far from peripheral to Islamic belief; rather they play significant social as well as spiritual roles in the lives of women and the community (Betteridge 1980, 1983; Torab 1996).1 In addition to religious and ethical matters, major social issues-and particularly how they relate to women and family-are frequent topics of discussion at these gatherings which represent women-centred social institutions and which, far from marginalizing women, are major channels through which women integrate themselves into the wider social and political concerns of the society (Kamalkhani 1993; Torab 1996).
Eliminating Stigmatization: Application of the New Genetics in Japan
Authors: Lock Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mapping the human genome has been likened to the Holy Grail of biology; one scientist declared in the mid-1980s that the Human Genome Project was the ultimate response to the commandment ‘Know thyself (Bishop and Waldholz 1990). While certain members of the scientific community have been actively opposed to the genome project, in large part because it consumes a vast amount of resources that would otherwise be used for other kinds of research, many scientists have been very vocal about the benefits that society will receive by completing this project. Daniel Koshland, until recently the editor of Science, states, for example, that withholding support from the Human Genome Project is to incur ‘the immorality of omission-the failure to apply a great new technology to aid the poor, the infirm, and the underprivileged’ (1989). Robert Plomin, in supporting the project, notes that, ‘Just fifteen years ago, the idea of genetic influence on complex human behavior was anathema to many behavioral scientists. Now, however, the role of inheritance in behaviour has become widely accepted, even for sensitive domains as IQ.’ (1990).
The Impact and Legacy of the Chinese Military Business Complex and the Participation of Other Armies in Commerce
Authors: Cheung Tai Ming 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The rise and of the Chinese army’s entrepreneurial endeavours has provided a fascinating and sometimes colourful perspective into the rapidly changing sources of influence and authority during China’s grand transformation from Communism to the stymie and freewheeling set of circumstances called Market Socialism. Even as the CCP and the PLA have retained a find grip on the reins of central state power, real influence and status in the reform era is increasingly measured in economic terms. Through its commercial empire building, the military was able to ensure that not only political power but also money and economic clout flowed from the barrel of the gun.
Comparative Corporate Governance and Barriers to Global Cross Reference
Authors: Bratton William W , Mccahery Joseph A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In these globalizing times corporate law’s leading question is whether oneor another national corporate governance system possesses relative competitive advantage. The question arises in the wake of stepped-up competition in international product markets. Such competition is intense enough to make it plausible to project that the different national governance systems pursuant to which firms are managed and capitalized will become factors at the margin of competitive survival. If only the fittest governance practices can survive in the global market, it also becomes plausible to project that systemic differences will disappear as national governance systems converge upon those fittest practices. Related questions about relative competitive advantage and convergence to best practice come up in domestic policy discussions in many countries.
The Value of a Vote in the Market for Corporate Control: Canadian Evidence
Authors: Robinson Chris , Rumsey John , White Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we investigate the value of a vote in the market for corporate control. The value of a vote is difficult to measure because it is impounded in the share price, which also reflects the value of claims on future cash flows that are available to all share holderst controlling or otherwise. However, by examining companies with two classes of residual equity which differ in the share of control they offer, we can estimate the value of a vote.
Cotton to Computers: From Industrial to Information Revolutions
Authors: Agar Jon , Green Sarah , Harvey Penny 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the summer of 1998, Manchester City Council coordinated a series of cele bratory events in and around the city centre, to honour (and generate) the memory of a machine: to be specific, a computer dubbed ‘the Baby’. This was the first electronic computer to be built with a working stored program, and it was fifty years since it had been persuaded finally to calculate something by its designers, who were based at the Victoria University of Manchester. The cele brations included building a precise replica of the machine, at a cost of over 1 million pounds, as well as a full programme of artistic and museum displays, theatre performances, exhibitions, conferences, and parties, all focusing on the theme of information technologies. A range of Manchester’s more established institutions—universities, museums, media organizations, and the electronics manufacturer ICL—all committed resources and organized events.
Spanish
Authors: González Félix Rodríguez 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The relatively abundant bibliography on anglicisms in European Spanish that has been mounting up over the years in the form of articles, glossaries, and dictionaries constitutes a good barometer of the growing influence of English on this language. The interest of these studies for the researcher varies according to the extent and nature of the subjects dealt with. On account of their general character, one should underline the issue of the influx of anglicisms in Spanish and their descriptive aspects, which have been brilliantly examined by Emilio Lorenzo and Chris Pratt in their classic studies. Sufficient attention has also been paid to the typology of borrowings as a whole (Gomez Capuz), the delimitation of the concept of anglicism in particular (Colin Smith), calques and translations (Garcia Yebra, Vazquez Ayora), phonological and lexical variation (Lorenzo, Rodriguez), the presence of anglicisms in the press (Marcos) and in the colloquial language (Gomez Capuz, Rodriguez), and dialectal differences in South American Spanish (Haensch, Lorenzo).
The Law of the Arbitration in National Laws
Authors: Petrochilos Georgios 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first two sections of this chapter contain a comparative analysis of state practice. They seek to show how various representative national laws, and the UNCITRAL Model Law, accommodate party autonomy in the choice of the law of the arbitration and how, in order to do that, the concept of the ‘seat’ of the arbitration was developed. The third section proposes a theory of jurisdiction to control and assist international arbitral proceedings in conformity with modern state practice.
This section contains a historical overview of Greek, German, French, and English arbitration law.
Human Rights Law Requirements in International Arbitration
Authors: Petrochilos Georgios 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The discussion will focus on treaty law, and particularly the European Convention on Human Rights (the ECHR). However, and as will be seen immediately below (in section I), the provisions on the right to a ‘fair hearing’ in the various regional and universal human rights instruments are in substance identical. This broad consensus, at least so far as certain fundamental rules are concerned, suggests that the human rights law requirements discussed in this chapter are part of customary international law. This consensus further suggests that the rules discussed below are part of ‘truly international public policy’, that is, a public policy purified of national particularities and essential to the world community as a whole. This is a public policy that encompasses the principles on which consensus has emerged in the international community.
A Nexus between an Award and Municipal Law? International and A-National Awards in the New York Convention
Authors: Petrochilos Georgios 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is still a matter of some controversy more than 40 years after its conclusion whether the New York Convention requires that each award brought for enforcement under it, be made under a system of national law; and whether, conversely, it does not apply to awards made under no national law. Attempts to answer the question have often been based on the concept of ‘nationality’ of arbitral awards, but this only obfuscates the issue further, and unnecessarily steers it towards more general questions of legal theory.
Relationship Banking and Transaction Banking: Conceptual Issues
Authors: Collins Michael , Baker Mae 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What do banks do? At this juncture in our discourse, a considered answer to this basic question is important in two regards. First, identifying the function of banks with regard to the provision of finance to the business sector provides a realistic touchstone against which to evaluate the many sweeping assertions made in the wider debates on the socio-political role of financiers and on the importance of institutional constraints in the provision of industrial funds. A definition of the role of banks will also provide a set of criteria against which to assess our empirical findings on the historical practices of English banks (to be presented in the rest of the book).
Bank Mergers and the Impact on Asset Structures, 1860–1913
Authors: Collins Michael , Baker Mae 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines a new aspect of the long-term rise in English commercial bank liquidity that we have already established took place in the period, 1860–1913. We now analyse sectoral differences in the asset holdings of different categories of commercial bank. In particular, we test the suggestion that the absorption of numerous provincial banks by larger London-based banks was an important part of the process by which there occurred a general increase in the liquidity of the asset structure of the banking sector. The chapter is organized into five sections. First, an account is given of the large-scale merger movement in which English banks engaged in the period. Second, the experience of individual banks is examined.
Contribution Between Tortfeasors
Authors: Weir Tony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapter featured the victim who could sue not only the tort-feasor but also, under certain conditions, his employer as well. Employee and employer in such circumstances, like conspirators, are called ‘joint tort-feasors’: there is only one tort but two persons liable. But there may be several different torts contributing to the same harm and several persons liable for what they have independently done, since in principle, as we have seen, everyone whose tortious conduct has contributed to the occurrence of harm is liable to be sued for the full amount of that harm, provided it is indivisible and not too remote. This ‘joint and several liability’, as it is unattractively called, is rational, because if two people by independent torts kill a third, each of them has killed the victim, and it is also fair, in that the victim will be paid in full even if one of the tort-feasors is insolvent, untraceable, or in gaol. Even the Law Commission has decided that no major reform of this rule is required; the attack on it is coming, as we have seen, from judges seeking to reduce its incidence by claiming to divide the indivisible (as if physical damage were just money) and thereby introduce proportionate liability.
Other Systems
Authors: Weir Tony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The law of tort is by no means the only source of alleviation for harm suffered by individuals. We have already glanced at private insurance and social security, and their interaction with the law of tort, and we should briefly note that a criminal court, on convicting the perpetrator of a crime other than a motoring offence or one resulting in death, is required by law to order him to pay a sum by way of compensation to his victim. The crime need not be a tort, though it usually is, and the sum will not be the equivalent of damages in tort, since it takes account of the convict’s resources. The civil courts are antipathetic to this jurisdiction, established by statute though it is. And of course the victim may never get the compensation ordered. There are, however, two other schemes which are designed precisely to ensure that a victim of a wrong actually receives compensation. The wrongs in question are, respectively, negligent driving and criminal assault.
Before the Storm: European Banks in the 1950s
Authors: Cassis Youssef 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this brief chapter is to assess the state of European banks on the eve of the American ‘invasion’. How well prepared were they to face the challenge? The conventional wisdom is that they were rather unprepared. Until the 1960s at the very least, European banks have often been described, in a somewhat caricatural way, as sleepy and risk-averse giants, encumbered with state regulation, cosy cartels, and outdated management, in sharp contrast to their lean, fast expanding, and highly innovative American competitors. Is this just a ciche—but all cliches contain a grain of truth—or a fairly accurate picture of the reality? Answering this question should help to understand both the con text of the American challenge and the nature of the European response, which will be discussed in the following chapters. But answering this question is no easy task. The history of European banks in the post-Second World War period is still in its infancy; and the issue of competitiveness, which is at the heart of the matter, has not been on top of banking historians’ research agendas.
Repair or Revenge
Authors: Strang Heather 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book addresses the role of victims in our criminal justice system and the shortcomings they perceive in the way they are treated. It examines whether restorative justice can offer them more justice than they receive from the formal court-based system. Research into the shortcomings of the court-based system has identified a number of issues that victims want to address. In brief, they want a less formal process where their views count, more information about both the processing and the outcome of their case, a greater opportunity for participation in the way their case is dealt with, fairer and more respectful treatment, and emotional as well as material restoration as an outcome. Over the past three decades, the victim movement worldwide has agitated for an enhanced role for victims in criminal justice. Despite some successes, it appears that structural as well as political factors may mean that victims have won as much as they are likely to gain from formal justice. A series of randomized controlled trials in Canberra, known as the Reintegrative Shaming Experiments (RISE), has provided an opportunity to compare rigorously the impact on victims of court-based justice with a restorative justice program known as conferencing. In these experiments, middle-range property and violent offences committed by young offenders were assigned either to court (as they would normally have been treated) or to a conference. Empirical evidence from RISE examined in this book suggests that the restorative alternative of conferencing more often than court has the capacity to give victims what they say they want in achieving meaningful victim participation and restoration, especially emotional restoration.
Victims and offenders:A Relational Analysis by Heather Strang and Daniel J. Woods*
Authors: Strang Heather 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past thirty years or so, there have been challenges in Western criminal justice to traditional views about both the victims of crime and their offenders. Chapter 2 described the rise of the victim movement world-wide, which led to increasing attention being given to fairness and justice for these forgotten third parties in the contest between the offender and the state. At the same time, issues relating to increased protection of offenders’ rights and the ‘due process’ model of criminal justice (Packer 1968) have been just as much a matter for debate. Both of these well-justified concerns were soured, however, almost from the outset, by conservatives on both sides who characterized them as moves in a zero sum game, where any enhancement in the rights of one was assumed to be at the expense of the other (Elias 1986).
Both Sides, Now: Culture Contact, Hybridization, and Cosmopolitanism
Authors: Kwok-Bun Chan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ssu-ma Niu grieved, saying, everyone else has brothers; I alone have none. Tsuhsia said, I have heard this saying, ‘. . . if [a gentleman] behaves with courtesy to others and observes the rules of ritual, then all within the Four Seas are his brothers.’ How can any true gentleman grieve that he is without brothers? Jan Jung asked about goodness. The Master said ‘Behave when away from home as though you were in the presence of an important guest. Deal with the common people as though you were officiating at an important sacrifice. Do not do to others what you would not like yourself.’
Judging success and failure
Authors: Seybolt Taylor B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The central premise of this book is that humanitarian military intervention can be justified as a policy option only if decision makers can be reasonably sure that intervention will do more good than harm. To estimate future prospects past experience must be drawn on. The book asks, ‘Have past humanitarian military interventions been successful?’ To answer the question, this chapter begins by defining success as saving lives. Whatever criteria is used, relative effectiveness can be determined only by comparison with what might have happened had intervention not occurred or occurred in a different way. Often referred to as ‘the dog that didn’t bark’ approach, this process invites examination. For readers who are sceptical about the possibility of determining the number of lives saved, an extended discussion of the methodology follows.
Humanitarian military interventions in the 1990s
Authors: Seybolt Taylor B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The interventions in northern Iraq, Somalia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Rwanda, Kosovo and East Timor were the landmark cases of humanitarian military intervention in the formative decade after the end of the cold war. The characteristics they share make them comparable. The humanitarian crises in all six countries or territories were caused by political conflicts. Ultimately each required a political solution to reconcile the competing objectives of the local parties to the conflict and to satisfy international actors. In the short term, foreign governments and the UN Secretariat felt compelled, for political and moral reasons, to join relief organizations in addressing the truly desperate plight of civilians who not only were caught in the crossfire of a war zone but in every case except Somalia were deliberately targeted for violence. In a number of instances humanitarian action was taken instead of, rather than in addition to, political action.