bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of point and nonpoint source controls on total phosphorus load trends across the Chesapeake Bay watershed, USA
Authors: Zhang Qian , Bostic Joel T , Sabo Robert D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reduction of total phosphorus (TP) loads has long been a management focus of Chesapeake Bay restoration, but riverine monitoring stations have shown mixed temporal trends. To better understand the regional patterns and drivers of TP trends across the Bay watershed, we compiled and analyzed TP load data from 90 non-tidal network stations using clustering and random forest (RF) approaches. These stations were categorized into two distinct clusters of short-term (2013–2020) TP load trends, i.e. monotonic increase (n = 35) and monotonic decline (n = 55). RF models were developed to identify likely regional drivers of TP trend clusters. Reductions in point sources and agricultural nonpoint sources (i.e. fertilizer) both contributed to water-quality improvement in our period of analysis, thereby demonstrating the effectiveness of nutrient management and the importance of continuing such efforts. In addition, declining TP trends have a larger chance to occur in carbonate areas but a smaller chance in Coastal Plain areas, with the latter likely reflecting the effect of legacy P. To provide spatially explicit information, TP trend clusters were predicted for the entire watershed at the scale of river segments, which are more directly relevant to watershed planning. Among the 975 river segments, 544 (56%) and 431 (44%) were classified as ‘monotonic increase’ and ‘monotonic decrease’, respectively. Furthermore, these predicted TP trend clusters were paired with our previously published total nitrogen (TN) trend clusters, showing that TP and TN both declined in 185 segments (19%) and neither declined in 337 segments (35%). Broadly speaking, large-scale nutrient reduction efforts are underway in many regions to curb eutrophication. Water-quality responses and drivers may differ among systems, but our work provides important new evidence on the effectiveness of management efforts toward controlling point and nonpoint sources.
Modulation instability, periodic anomalous wave recurrence, and blow up in the Ablowitz–Ladik lattices
Authors: Coppini F , Santini P M 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe Ablowitz–Ladik equations, hereafter calledAL+andAL−, are distinguished integrable discretizations of respectively the focusing and defocusing nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equations. In this paper we first study the modulation instability of the homogeneous background solutions ofAL±in the periodic setting, showing in particular that the background solution ofAL−is unstable under a monochromatic perturbation of any wave number if the amplitude of the background is greater than 1, unlike its continuous limit, the defocusing NLS. Then we use Darboux transformations to construct the exact periodic solutions ofAL±describing such instabilities, in the case of one and two unstable modes, and we show that the solutions ofAL−are always singular on curves of spacetime, if they live on a background of sufficiently large amplitude, and we construct a different continuous limit describing this regime: a NLS equation with a nonlinear and weak dispersion. At last, using matched asymptotic expansion techniques, we describe in terms of elementary functions how a generic periodic perturbation of the background solution (i) evolves according toAL+into a recurrence of the above exact solutions, in the case of one and two unstable modes, and (ii) evolves according toAL−into a singularity in finite time if the amplitude of the background is greater than 1. The quantitative agreement between the analytic formulas of this paper and numerical experiments is perfect.
Semiclassical study of single-molecule magnets and their quantum phase transitions
Authors: Lohr-Robles D S , López-Moreno E , Hess P O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We present a study on systems of single-molecule magnet systems using semiclassical analysis and catastrophe theory. Separatrices in the parameter space are constructed, which are useful for determining the structure of the Hamiltonian energy levels. In particular the Maxwell set separatrix determines the behaviour of the ground state of the system. We consider an external magnetic field with two components: one parallel to the easy magnetisation axis of the molecule and the other perpendicular to it. Using fidelity and heat capacity we were able to detect the signals of the quantum phase transitions as a function of the magnetic field components.
The scaling law of the arrival time of spin systems that present pretty good transmission
Authors: Serra Pablo , Ferrón Alejandro , Osenda Omar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The pretty good transmission (PGT) scenario implies that the probability of sending one excitation from one extreme of a spin chain to the other can reach values arbitrarily close to the unity just by waiting a time long enough. The conditions that ensure the appearance of this scenario are known for chains with different interactions and lengths. Sufficient conditions for the presence of PGT depend on the spectrum of the Hamiltonian of the spin chain. Some works suggest that the time t

ɛ
at which the PGT takes place scales as

1

/

(

|

ε

|

)

f
(
N
)

, where ɛ is the difference between the probability that a single excitation propagates from one extreme of the chain to the other and the unity, while f(N) is an unknown function of the chain length. In this paper, we show that the exponent is not a simple function of the chain length but a power law of the number of linearly independent irrational eigenvalues of the one-excitation block of the Hamiltonian that enter into the expression of the probability of transmission of one excitation. We explicitly provide examples of a chain showing that the exponent changes when the couplings between the spins change while the length remains fixed. For centrosymmetric spin chains the exponent is at most

N

/

2

.
Folic acid-decorated vitamin E Poly(ethylene glycol) monoplatinum ester with disulfide bond as theranostic nanoparticle for drug resistant tumor diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Li Zhuoran , Yang Huikang , Xu Fan , Zeng Xuwen , Huang Haowei , Jiang Xinqing 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vitamin E Poly(ethylene glycol) monoplatinum ester (TPGS) nanoparticles have attracted much attention in recent years for overcome multidrug resistance. Herein, a well-defined folic acid (FA)-conjugated and disulfide bond-linked polymer (FA-SS-TPGS) was synthesized. These polymer nanoparticles were utilized as theranostic agents for tumor-targeted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and chemotherapy. By loading doxorubicin (DOX) and superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) particles into TPGS nanoparticles, FA-SS-TPGS@DOX/SPIO nanoparticles are obtained. In vitro drug release studies revealed that under a reducing environment in the presence of glutathione (GSH), approximately 100% of the doxorubicin (DOX) was released from the disulfide bond-linked theranostic nanoparticles within 24 h. DOX and SPIO were efficiently delivered into HepG2-ADM cells due to the folate receptor-mediated endocytosis process of the nanoparticles. Additionally, the presence of glutathione (GSH) triggered the cleaving of the disulfide bonds, further facilitating the delivery of DOX and SPIO into the cells. Furthermore, the FA-SS-TPGS @DOX-SPIO nanoparticles exhibited strong MRI contrast enhancement properties. In conclusion, FA-SS-TPGS@DOX/SPIO are potential nanoparticles for tumor-targeted MRI and chemotherapy, which can also overcome multidrug resistance.
Laboratory observation of electron energy distribution near three-dimensional magnetic nulls
Authors: HE 何 Renchuan 任川 , XU 徐 Tianchao 田超 , YANG 杨 Xiaoyi 肖易 , XIAO 肖 Chijie 池阶 , ZHANG 张 Zuyu 祖煜 , YUAN 袁 Ruixin 瑞鑫 , WANG 王 Xiaogang 晓钢 , GUO 郭 Zhibin 志彬 , YU 余 Xiuming 修铭 , GE 盖 Yue 跃 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The acceleration of electrons near three-dimensional (3D) magnetic nulls is crucial to the energy conversion mechanism in the 3D magnetic reconnection process. To explore electron acceleration in a 3D magnetic null topology, we constructed a pair of 3D magnetic nulls in the PKU Plasma Test (PPT) device and observed acceleration of electrons near magnetic nulls. This study measured the plasma floating potential and ion density profiles around the 3D magnetic null. The potential wells near nulls may be related to the energy variations of electrons, so we measured the electron distribution functions (EDFs) at different spatial positions. The axial variation of EDF shows that the electrons deviate from the Maxwell distribution near magnetic nulls. With scanning probes that can directionally measure and theoretically analyze based on curve fitting, the variations of EDFs are linked to the changes of plasma potential under 3D magnetic null topology. The kinetic energy of electrons accelerated by the electric field is 6 eV (

) and the scale of the region where accelerating electrons exist is in the order of serval electron skin depths.
A synthetic diagnostics platform for microwave imaging diagnostics in tokamaks
Authors: LI 李 Zihan 子涵 , YANG 杨 Shangchuan 尚川 , XU 徐 Xinhang 新航 , ZHANG 张 Lifu 立夫 , QU 渠 Chengming 承明 , LI 李 Chengpu 诚普 , ZHUANG 庄 Ge 革 , XIE 谢 Jinlin 锦林 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Interpreting experimental diagnostics data in tokamaks, while considering non-ideal effects, is challenging due to the complexity of plasmas. To address this challenge, a general synthetic diagnostics (GSD) platform has been established that facilitates microwave imaging reflectometry and electron cyclotron emission imaging. This platform utilizes plasma profiles as input and incorporates the finite-difference time domain, ray tracing and the radiative transfer equation to calculate the propagation of plasma spontaneous radiation and the external electromagnetic field in plasmas. Benchmark tests for classical cases have been conducted to verify the accuracy of every core module in the GSD platform. Finally, 2D imaging of a typical electron temperature distribution is reproduced by this platform and the results are consistent with the given real experimental data. This platform also has the potential to be extended to 3D electromagnetic field simulations and other microwave diagnostics such as cross-polarization scattering.
Effect of ion stress on properties of magnetized plasma sheath
Authors: CHEN 陈 Long 龙 , CUI 崔 Zuojun 作君 , GAO 高 Weifu 维富 , DUAN 段 Ping 萍 , KAN 阚 Zichen 子晨 , TAN 檀 Congqi 聪琦 , (陈俊宇) Junyu CHEN 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the plasma sheath, there is a significant gradient in ion velocity, resulting in strong stress on ions treated as a fluid. This aspect has often been neglected in previous sheath studies. This study is based on the Braginskii plasma transport theory and establishes a 1D3V sheath fluid model that takes into account the ion stress effect. Under the assumption that ions undergo both electric and diamagnetic drift in the presheath region, self-consistent boundary conditions, including the ion Bohm velocity, are derived based on the property of the Sagdeev pseudopotential. Furthermore, assuming that the electron velocity at the wall follows a truncated Maxwell distribution, the wall floating potential is calculated, leading to a more accurate sheath thickness estimation. The results show that ion stress significantly reduces the sheath thickness, enhances ion Bohm velocity, wall floating potential, and ion flux at the wall. It hinders the acceleration of ions within the sheath, leading to notable alterations in the particle density profiles within the sheath. Further research indicates that in ion stress, bulk viscous stress has the greatest impact on sheath properties.
Simulation of ion cyclotron wave heating in the EXL-50U spherical tokamak based on dispersion relations
Authors: MA 马 Haojie 好杰 , XIE 谢 Huasheng 华生 , LI 李 Bo 博 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study investigates the single-pass absorption (SPA) of ion cyclotron range of frequency (ICRF) heating in hydrogen plasma of the EXL-50U spherical tokamak, which is an upgraded EXL-50 device with a central solenoid and a stronger magnetic field. The reliability of the kinetic dispersion equation is confirmed by the one-dimensional full-wave code, and the applicability of Porkolab's simplified theoretical SPA model is discussed based on the kinetic dispersion equation. Simulations are conducted to investigate the heating effects of the fundamental and second harmonic frequencies. The results indicate that with the design parameters of the EXL-50U device, the SPA for second harmonic heating is 63%, while the SPA for fundamental heating is 13%. Additionally, the optimal injection frequencies are 23 MHz at 0.9 T and 31 MHz at 1.2 T. The wave vector of the antenna parallel to the magnetic field, with a value of

, falls within the optimal heating region. Simulations reveal that the ICRF heating system can play an important role in the ion heating of the EXL-50U.
Novel method for identifying the stages of discharge underwater based on impedance change characteristic
Authors: GAO 高 Chong 崇 , KANG 康 Zhongjian 忠健 , GONG 龚 Dajian 大建 , ZHANG 张 Yang 扬 , WANG 王 Yufang 玉芳 , SUN 孙 Yiming 一鸣 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is difficult to determine the discharge stages in a fixed time of repetitive discharge underwater due to the arc formation process being susceptible to external environmental influences. This paper proposes a novel underwater discharge stage identification method based on the Strong Tracking Filter (STF) and impedance change characteristics. The time-varying equivalent circuit model of the discharge underwater is established based on the plasma theory analysis of the impedance change characteristics and mechanism of the discharge process. The STF is used to reduce the randomness of the impedance of repeated discharges underwater, and then the universal identification resistance data is obtained. Based on the resistance variation characteristics of the discriminating resistance of the pre-breakdown, main, and oscillatory discharge stages, the threshold values for determining the discharge stage are obtained. These include the threshold values for the resistance variation rate (K) and the moment (t). Experimental and error analysis results demonstrate the efficacy of this innovative method in discharge stage determination, with a maximum mean square deviation of S
cr less than 1.761.
The influence of boundary conditions on the distribution of energetic electrons during collisionless magnetic reconnection
Authors: WANG 王 Lei 磊 , HUANG 黄 Can 灿 , CHEN 陈 Dongke 冬可 , YANG 杨 Zhongwei 忠炜 , DU 杜 Aimin 爱民 , GE 葛 Yasong 亚松 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We conducted 2-D particle-in-cell simulations to investigate the impact of boundary conditions on the evolution of magnetic reconnection. The results demonstrate that the boundary conditions are crucial to this evolution. Specifically, in the cases of traditional periodic boundary (PB) and fully-opened boundary (OB) conditions, the evolutions are quite similar before the system achieves the fastest reconnection rate. However, differences emerge between the two cases afterward. In the PB case, the reconnection electric field experiences a rapid decline and even becomes negative, indicating a reversal of the reconnection process. In contrast, the system maintains a fast reconnection stage in the OB case. Suprathermal electrons are generated near the separatrix and in the exhaust region of both simulation cases. In the electron density depletion layer and the dipolarization front region, a larger proportion of suprathermal electrons are produced in the OB case. Medium-energy electrons are mainly located in the vicinity of the X-line and downstream of the reconnection site in both cases. However, in the OB case, they can also be generated in the electron holes along the separatrix. Before the reverse reconnection stage, no high-energy electrons are present in the PB case. In contrast, about 20% of the electrons in the thin and elongated electron current layer are high-energy in the OB case.
A bibliometric and visualized analysis of research on air pollution and cardiovascular diseases
Authors: Yang Shuran , Li Qianyuan , Xiao Sheng , Cheng Jie , He Quan , Zhang Hongfei , Shao Yujun , He Jirui , Hu Min , Yao Chenjiao 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A large number of studies have shown that air pollution has a great impact on cardiovascular diseases (CVD). However, there are few bibliometric studies or visual analyses in this field. The objective of this study was to research trends and hotspots of air pollution and CVD. We used CiteSpace and VOSviewer software to retrieve relevant studies from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) over the past decade. Amount to 4284 documents on air pollution and CVD were included in this study. The past decade saw an upward trend in the number of studies. The analysis of national publications showed that the United States had the highest academic contribution in this field. Peking University, the University of Washington and Harvard University were the main institutions studying the effect of air pollution on CVD. The cooperation among institutions with high publications was very close. Cluster analysis of the keywords listed four categories as follow: (1) oxidative stress and the cardiovascular effects of air pollution; (2) the cardiovascular effects of pollution exposure sources; (3) the relationship between environmental stressors and CVD; (4) personal-level interventions. This study puts forward a comprehensive summary of the trends and development of air pollution and CVD, confirms the research frontier and hotspot direction and could give a meaningful reference for researchers in this field.
On (not) deriving the entropy of barocaloric phase transitions from crystallography and neutron spectroscopy
Authors: Phillips Anthony E , Walker Helen C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We consider well-known signatures of disorder in crystallographic and inelastic neutron scattering data. We show that these can arise from different types of disorder, corresponding to different values of the system entropy. Correlating the entropy of a material with its atomistic structure and dynamics is in general a difficult problem that requires correlating information between multiple experimental techniques including crystallography, spectroscopy, and calorimetry. These comments are illustrated with particular reference to barocalorics, but are relevant to a broad range of calorics and other disordered crystalline materials.
Electronic properties of two dimensional PtSSe/SrTiO3 Janus Van der Waals heterostructures
Authors: Albar Arwa , Sudheer Anjana E , Murali D , Assa Aravindh S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The structural stability and electronic properties of two dimensional PtSSe/SrTiO3 Janus heterostructures were investigated using density functional theory calculations, considering both S and Se terminations into account. Ab-initio thermodynamics simulations revealed that the heterostructure formed with Se/Ti interface termination is more stable with an energy difference of 1.53 eV than the S/Ti termination. In contrast to the semiconducting nature of the free standing monolayers, electronic structure analysis revealed metallic behavior for the PtSSe/SrTiO3 heterostructures. Possible charge transfer scenario is envisaged from SrTiO3 to PtSSe, and type III (broken gap) band alignment is obtained for the heterostructure which is desirable for tunneling applications. The favorable energetic stability of these heterostructures indicate the possibility of realizing them in real-time experimental fabrication, and PtSSe/SrTiO3 heterostructures can be promising for energy-efficient future-generation electronics.
How can we be moved by magic?
Authors: Grassi Pablo R , Plikat Vincent , Wong Hong Yu 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When engaging with magic, we are moved by seemingly impossible events that contradict what we believe to be possible in the real world. We are surprised, curious, and baffled when we cannot explain how the magic we are witnessing is possible. We generally understand the events to be illusions. But how is it possible to be moved by something we know to be unreal? This problem is related to the paradox of fiction in aesthetics. Here, we introduce the problem in the domain of theatrical magic, discuss possible solutions, and present a tentative account that allows us to accommodate inconsistent, seemingly incompatible beliefs at different representational levels in the viewers’ mind.
Functional heterogeneity facilitates effectual collective task performance in a worker-polymorphic ant
Authors: Sakai Takuto , Planas-Sitjà Isaac , Cronin Adam L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Effective coordination of group actions underlies the success of group-living organisms. Recent studies of animal personality have shown that groups composed of individuals with different behavioral propensities can outperform uniform groups in a range of different tasks, but we have only a rudimentary understanding of how differences in individual behavior influence the behavior of the group as a whole. In this study, we use natural variation in behavioral propensity among morphologically distinct worker castes of the small carpenter ant Camponotus yamaokai to shed new light on this. Iterative testing indicated that ants displayed consistent behavioral differences among individuals and between castes, with major workers exhibiting a lower exploratory tendency than minors. By constructing groups of different caste composition and quantifying their performance in the task of colony emigration, we show that group performance is an asymmetric humped function of caste ratio, with optimal performance achieved by groups with natural caste ratios. Using a simulation model based on our empirical data, we demonstrate that interindividual differences in social attraction and exploratory tendency are sufficient to explain the observed patterns. Our results provide new insights into how group performance in collective tasks can vary with group composition.
Predator selection on multicomponent warning signals in an aposematic moth
Authors: Hämäläinen Liisa , Binns Georgina E , Hart Nathan S , Mappes Johanna , McDonald Paul G , O’Neill Louis G , Rowland Hannah M , Umbers Kate D L , Herberstein Marie E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aposematic prey advertise their unprofitability with conspicuous warning signals that are often composed of multiple color patterns. Many species show intraspecific variation in these patterns even though selection is expected to favor invariable warning signals that enhance predator learning. However, if predators acquire avoidance to specific signal components, this might relax selection on other aposematic traits and explain variability. Here, we investigated this idea in the aposematic moth Amata nigriceps that has conspicuous black and orange coloration. The size of the orange spots in the wings is highly variable between individuals, whereas the number and width of orange abdominal stripes remains consistent. We produced artificial moths that varied in the proportion of orange in the wings or the presence of abdominal stripes. We presented these to a natural avian predator, the noisy miner (Manorina melanocephala), and recorded how different warning signal components influenced their attack decisions. When moth models had orange stripes on the abdomen, birds did not discriminate between different wing signals. However, when the stripes on the abdomen were removed, birds chose the model with smaller wing spots. In addition, we found that birds were more likely to attack moths with a smaller number of abdominal stripes. Together, our results suggest that bird predators primarily pay attention to the abdominal stripes of A. nigriceps, and this could relax selection on wing coloration. Our study highlights the importance of considering individual warning signal components if we are to understand how predation shapes selection on prey warning coloration.