bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Principal component analysis of day‐ahead electricity price forecasting in CAISO and its implications for highly integrated renewable energy markets
Authors: Nyangon Joseph , Akintunde Ruth 
Published: November 2023

AbstractElectricity price forecasting is crucial for grid management, renewable energy integration, power system planning, and price volatility management. However, poor accuracy due to complex generation mix data and heteroskedasticity poses a challenge for utilities and grid operators. This paper evaluates advanced analytics methods that utilize principal component analysis (PCA) to improve forecasting accuracy amidst heteroskedastic noise. Drawing on the experience of the California Independent System Operator (CAISO), a leading producer of renewable electricity, the study analyzes hourly electricity prices and demand data from 2016 to 2021 to assess the impact of day‐ahead forecasting on California's evolving generation mix. To enhance data quality, traditional outlier analysis using the interquartile range (IQR) method is first applied, followed by a novel supervised PCA technique called robust PCA (RPCA) for more effective outlier detection and elimination. The combined approach significantly improves data symmetry and reduces skewness. Multiple linear regression models are then constructed to forecast electricity prices using both raw and transformed features obtained through PCA. Results demonstrate that the model utilizing transformed features, after outlier removal using the traditional method and SAS Sparse Matrix method, achieves the highest forecasting performance. Notably, the SAS Sparse Matrix outlier removal method, implemented via proc RPCA, greatly contributes to improved model accuracy. This study highlights that PCA methods enhance electricity price forecasting accuracy, facilitating the integration of renewables like solar and wind, thereby aiding grid management and promoting renewable growth in day‐ahead markets.This article is categorized under:
Energy and Power Systems > Energy Management
Energy and Power Systems > Distributed Generation
Emerging Technologies > Digitalization
Impact of thermal radiations, heat generation/absorption and porosity on MHD nanofluid flow towards an inclined stretching surface: Non‐similar analysis
Authors: Farooq Umer , Jan Ahmed , Hussain Muzamil 
Published: November 2023

AbstractObjective of this investigation is to provide a novel study of the flow of a magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) nanofluid over an inclined stretching surface in a permeable medium in a 2‐dimensional boundary layer. The convection model further incorporates heat radiation and heat sources/sinks. Nanomaterials include magnesium oxide and copper oxide . Using non‐similarity transformations, the set of governing equations is transformed into a set of dimensionless partial differential equations (PDEs). Using the local non‐similarity technique, the resulting system of dimensionless PDEs is treated as a set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs), and then solved with the help of the bvp4c MATLAB tools. This comprehensive research involves a thorough investigation of the significant starting physical characteristics and their impacts on the velocity and nanofluid temperature profiles. These profiles are shown using a set of graphical representations and numerical tables. It is worth noting that changes in the magnetic and porosity parameters result in a decrease in the velocity profile, but the Grashof number exhibits a reciprocal correlation. When we account for the effects of the Eckert number and the radiation parameters in a given flow regime, we also see an increase in the nanofluid's temperature profile. It has been shown that when the magnetic number and the Eckert number are augmented, the heat transmission rate decreases. The skin friction coefficient grows on a logarithmic scale when magnetic parameters and nanoparticle concentration are increased in estimation. The numerical calculations are checked for accuracy by comparing them to previously published findings, which guarantees an exact match in a constrained setting. Scientists investigating nanomaterials and their applications in manufacturing and thermal engineering may find this research instructive.
Conclusion
Authors: Hirsch Dennis , Bartley Timothy , Chandrasekaran Aravind , Norris Davon , Parthasarathy Srinivasan , Turner Piers Norris 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThis book began with a description of an ethical dilemma: whether an issuer of subprime credit cards should cut in half the credit limits of customers who use their card to pay for marital counseling. This Conclusion illustrates how an organization could use the data ethics management strategies described in the prior chapters to arrive at a responsible answer to this question.
What is Business Data Ethics Management?
Authors: Hirsch Dennis , Bartley Timothy , Chandrasekaran Aravind , Norris Davon , Parthasarathy Srinivasan , Turner Piers Norris 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe law, including privacy law, lags the rapid development of advanced analytics and AI. As a result, compliance with the law is not sufficient to protect individuals or society from the threats that corporate use of these technologies can create. To protect people against these risks, and so to safeguard their own reputations and live by their values, companies need to do more than the law requires. As the interviewees described it, business “data ethics” management consists of the ways in which a company determines how far it wants to go beyond legal minimums, and how it seeks to achieve this goal. As a result, data ethics in the current period is largely a question of beyond compliance principles and assessments, even as legal norms continue to evolve. The literature has described such beyond compliance behavior with respect to corporate environmental performance. This Book documents beyond compliance behavior with respect to business governance of advanced analytics and AI.
Drawing Substantive Lines
Authors: Hirsch Dennis , Bartley Timothy , Chandrasekaran Aravind , Norris Davon , Parthasarathy Srinivasan , Turner Piers Norris 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThis chapter discusses the benchmarks and standards companies use to distinguish between ethical and unethical uses of advanced analytics and AI. In recent years scholars, governmental bodies, multi-stakeholder groups, industry think tanks, and even individual companies have issued model sets of data ethics and AI ethics principles. These model principles provide an initial reference point for setting substantive standards. However, the breath and ambiguity of these principles, and the conflicts among them, make it difficult for companies to operationalize them in all-things-considered decisions. In our study, most companies accordingly grounded their data ethics decisions, not on abstract ethical principles, but on intuitive benchmarks such as the Golden Rule or what “feels right.” Such gut-level standards, while potentially useful for approximating public expectations, are difficult to teach or apply consistently. Companies need substantive standards that are more actionable than high-level principles, and more standardized than intuitive judgment calls. They need generalizable policies that draw the line between ethical and unethical applications of advanced analytics and AI. How best to generate such company-specific policies remains an open question. One company said they did this by capturing past data ethics decisions and using them as “precedents” to guide future such decisions.
Complexities of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contaminated Sites
Authors: Alden David F. , García-Rincón Jonás , Rivett Michael O. , Wealthall Gary P. , Thomson Neil R. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThis introductory chapter provides an overview of some challenges encountered during assessment and remediation of sites contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs), especially due to the presence of petroleum non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL). PHC contamination of soil and groundwater has become recognized globally as an environmental concern. NAPL releases may go unnoticed for years and can be costly, time-consuming, and challenging to cleanup. Environmental investigations are required to assess the subsurface conditions, and, when necessary, appropriate remedial strategies are implemented. Remediation success depends on the development of a living conceptual site model, evaluation, and selection of potential treatment technologies followed by technology implementation and performance monitoring. This chapter outlines various challenges commonly found at PHC-contaminated sites associated to regulatory issues, multiphase flow mechanics, NAPL partitioning and biodegradation, and hydrogeological controls.
Incorporating Natural Source Zone Depletion (NSZD) into the Site Management Strategy
Authors: Palaia Tom , Park Sid 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThis chapter summarizes three petroleum remediation case study sites that incorporated natural source zone depletion (NSZD) into their site management strategy. The sites include: a light petroleum non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) pipeline release in an arid climate that transitioned to an NSZD-based monitored natural attenuation (MNA) remedy after several traditional remedial actions; a former refinery in a temperate climate that incorporated NSZD with phytoremediation; and a former industrial petrochemical facility in a tropical climate with waste dense petroleum hydrocarbon NAPL that transitioned to NSZD after several decades of groundwater extraction and treatment. The narratives provide examples of how NSZD was used as an effective and sustainable/resilient management option. Key points related to the use of NSZD on a broader range of site conditions are highlighted. The importance of acknowledging, accounting, and incorporating NSZD into remedies is emphasized because significant depletion rates are frequently observed to occur at petroleum NAPL release sites. The chapter demonstrates how NSZD can be incorporated into a conceptual site model and the implemented remedy. It provides details on the importance of site risk profile and regulatory framework as well as lines of evidence to support transition to a MNA remedy inclusive of NSZD.
In Situ Chemical Oxidation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Authors: Thomson Neil R. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractIn situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) is a mature treatment technology that involves the delivery of a chemical oxidant into a target treatment zone (TTZ) to destroy petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) compounds, and thereby reduce risk to human health and the environment. Commonly used chemical oxidants include hydrogen peroxide, sodium percarbonate, ozone, sodium or potassium permanganate, and sodium or potassium persulfate. All these oxidants can degrade environmentally relevant PHCs except that permanganate is non-reactive toward benzene. Ozone is delivered into the TTZ as a gas while the other oxidants are typically delivered as a concentrated liquid. ISCO should be considered part of integrated remediation strategy and not used in isolation. This chapter provides a reader with an introduction to key aspects of ISCO that are relevant to applications at sites contaminated with PHCs. Following a discussion of the TTZ, it then examines the fundamentals of the common oxidants used. Next the interaction of chemical oxidants with aquifer materials is explored, and a description of relevant transport considerations is provided. This is followed with an overview of methods that can be used to deliver an oxidant to treat PHCs in a TTZ. This chapter closes with a summary of the important takeaway messages.
Application of Foams as a Remediation and Blocking Agent
Authors: Atteia Olivier , Bertin Henri , Fatin-Rouge Nicolas , Fitzhenry Emily , Martel Richard , Portois Clément , Robert Thomas , Vicard Alexandre 
Published: November 2023

AbstractFoam consists of a mixture of water loaded with surfactant and gas. Injected into the porous medium, foam has many useful properties for soil remediation. The properties of surfactants facilitate the mobilization of pollutants, and the presence of gas greatly reduces the consumption of reagents but also makes it possible to block the passage of water. The foam rheology also leads to specific effects such as the stabilization of the front. This chapter first describes the characteristics of the foam in air and then in the porous medium. Subsequently, a review of the literature on the experiments carried out in the laboratory makes it possible to highlight all the effects of the foam. The following section is devoted to rare foam injection experiments carried out in a real environment. Finally, a section is devoted to the modeling of foam displacement in a porous medium.
Advances in Low-Temperature Thermal Remediation
Authors: Munholland Jonah , Rosso Derek , Randhawa Davinder , Divine Craig , Pennington Andy 
Published: November 2023

AbstractRemediation through traditional high-temperature thermal techniques (over 100 °C) are designed to remove contaminants like petroleum hydrocarbons via enhanced mobilization and volatilization. However, remedies of this nature can require significant infrastructure, capital, operational and maintenance costs, along with high energy demands and carbon footprints. Conversely, low-temperature thermal approaches (in the mesophilic range of ~15–40 °C) are an inexpensive and more sustainable method that can enhance the physical, biological, and chemical processes to remove contaminants. Heat transfer properties of subsurface sediments and other geological materials do not vary considerably and are relatively independent of grain size, unlike hydraulic properties that can vary several orders of magnitude within a site and often limit the pace of remediation of many in-situ technologies. Therefore, low-temperature thermal remediation is a promising alternative that can remediate contaminant mass present in both high- and low-permeability settings, including fractured rock. Emergence of risk-based non-aqueous phase liquid management approaches and sustainable best management practices further offer a platform for low-temperature thermal remedies to advance petroleum hydrocarbon remediation with lower capital and operational costs. Case studies demonstrating this approach along with preliminary sustainability comparisons of the associated reduced energy use and carbon footprint are described in this chapter.
Natural Source Zone Depletion of Petroleum Hydrocarbon NAPL
Authors: Karimi Askarani Kayvan , Sale Tom , Palaia Tom 
Published: November 2023

AbstractIn the last decade, it has become widely recognized that petroleum found in soil and groundwater in the form of non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) is depleted by naturally occurring microbial communities. Losses of petroleum NAPL via natural processes are referred to as natural source zone depletion (NSZD). The natural loss rates of petroleum NAPL are large enough that they can often be the primary component of a site management strategy. Losses of NAPL through NSZD processes provide by-products such as CO2, CH4, and heat. As such, based on consumption of O2, production of CO2 and CH4, generation of heat, or changes in petroleum NAPL chemical composition over time, a variety of methods have been developed to measure NSZD rates. Each method has advantages and limitations. Therefore, care is needed to select the method that best fits site conditions and site- and project-specific data quality objectives.
Biogeophysics for Optimized Characterization of Petroleum-Contaminated Sites
Authors: Atekwana Estella A. , Atekwana Eliot A. , Ohenhen Leonard O. , Rossbach Silvia 
Published: November 2023

AbstractOil spills are common occurrences on land and in coastal environments. To remediate oil spills, the contaminated volume has to be defined, appropriate remedial measures should be undertaken, and evidence must be provided for the successful remediation. Geophysical techniques can aid site investigation and remediation efforts. The insulating properties of hydrocarbons make them ideal targets for employing a variety of geophysical techniques for their characterization. Nonetheless, the geophysical response of hydrocarbon-contaminated sites is non-unique and depends on factors such as: (1) the release history, (2) hydrocarbon distribution and partitioning into different phases (vapor, free, dissolved, entrapped, and residual phases) in the unsaturated and saturated zones, (3) seasonal hydrologic processes, (4) extent of biodegradation and (5) aquifer salinity and host lithology. Where the contaminants have been biodegraded, the geophysical response depends on the by-products of different terminal electron acceptor processes (TEAPs). In this chapter, we review the different pathways by which TEAPs mediate geophysical property changes. We provide select field case studies from hydrocarbon-contaminated sites across the globe, including different climatic regimes and water salinity conditions. We show that the geophysical response can be transient, hence, data interpretation should be guided by an understanding of the hydrobiogeochemical processes at each site.
Scale dependence of non-factorizable virtual corrections to Higgs boson production in weak boson fusion
Authors: Brønnum-Hansen Christian , Long Ming-Ming , Melnikov Kirill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The renormalization-scale dependence of the non-factorizable virtual corrections to Higgs boson production in weak boson fusion at next-to-next-to-leading order in perturbative QCD is unusually strong, due to the peculiar nature of these corrections. To address this problem, we compute the three-loop non-factorizable contribution to this process which accounts for the running of the strong coupling constant, and show that it stabilizes the theoretical prediction.
Torus shadow formalism and exact global conformal blocks
Authors: Alkalaev Konstantin , Mandrygin Semyon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Using the shadow formalism we find global conformal blocks of torus CFT2. It is shown that n-point torus blocks in the “necklace” channel (a loop with n legs) are expressed in terms of a hypergeometric-type function which we refer to as the necklace function.
Non-trivial Bundles and Algebraic Classical Field Theory
Authors: Brunetti Romeo , Moro Andrea 
Published: November 2023

AbstractInspired by the recent algebraic approach to classical field theory, we propose a more general setting based on the manifold of smooth sections of a non-trivial fiber bundle. Central is the notion of observables over such sections, i.e., appropriate smooth functions on them. The kinematics will be further specified by means of the Peierls brackets, which in turn are defined via the causal propagators of linearized field equations. We shall compare the formalism we use with the more traditional ones.
Abgrenzung der Totgeburt von der Fehlgeburt – Auswirkungen auf die ärztliche Leichenschau
Authors: Gehrels Doreen , Ramsthaler Frank , Kettner Mattias , Kölzer Sarah C. , Chabiera Peter Jan , Verhoff Marcel A. 
Published: November 2023

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Nach dem Grundgesetz der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (GG) liegt die Gesetzgebungsbefugnis für Todesfeststellung und Leichenschau bei den Ländern, während das Personenstandswesen in die Bundesgesetzgebungsbefugnis fällt. Das Personenstandsrecht ist im Personenstandsgesetz (PStG) und der Personenstandsverordnung (PStV) geregelt.

Ziel der Arbeit
Untersucht werden sollten evtl. Auswirkungen der Änderung des § 31 PStV vom 01.11.2018 auf die ärztliche Leichenschau. Konkret ging es um die Abgrenzung der Tot- von der Fehlgeburt und damit der Pflicht zur ärztlichen Leichenschau unter Berücksichtigung der Bundes- und Landesgesetzgebung.

Methodik
Die „Bestattungsgesetze“ der 16 Bundesländer sowie dazugehörige Verordnungen und das PStG und die PStV wurden systematisch analysiert.

Ergebnisse
In 12 der 16 Ländergesetze wird das Totgeborene bzw. tot geborene Kind – in Abgrenzung zur Fehlgeburt (Fehlgeborenes) – über das Geburtsgewicht von mindestens 500 g definiert. In Hessen, Bremen und im Saarland wird zusätzlich als alternatives Kriterium die 24. Schwangerschaftswoche (SSW) genannt. Das Kriterium „Erreichen der 24. SSW“ kam im bremischen und saarländischen Bestattungsrecht nach der Änderung des § 31 PStV hinzu. Im hessischen Friedhofs- und Bestattungsgesetz ist alternativ „nach der 24. SSW geboren“ verwendet.

Diskussion
Unabhängig von der nicht abschließend geklärten Frage, ob es sich bei einer Totgeburt um einen personenstandsrechtlichen „Sterbefall“ handelt, lässt sich eine von den „Bestattungsgesetzen“ der Länder unabhängige Leichenschaupflicht ableiten: bei der Annahme eines Sterbefalls unmittelbar aus § 38 Nr. 4 PStV, bei Ablehnung mittelbar aus § 33 S. 3 PStV i. V. m. § 5 PStV. Für diese Leichenschaupflicht müssten bezüglich der Leichendefinition die Kriterien des Personenstandsrechts gelten. Demnach wäre in allen Bundesländern – unabhängig von den Kriterien in den jeweiligen „Bestattungsgesetzen“ – zur Differenzierung zwischen Totgeburt und Fehlgeburt das alternative Merkmal „Erreichen der 24. Schwangerschaftswoche“ zu überprüfen, falls die tote Leibesfrucht, die keine Zeichen des Gelebthabens außerhalb des Mutterleibs aufweist, unter 500 g wiegt.
Hourly rainfall-runoff modelling by combining the conceptual model with machine learning models in mostly karst Ljubljanica River catchment in Slovenia
Authors: Sezen Cenk , Šraj Mojca 
Published: November 2023

AbstractHydrological modelling, essential for water resources management, can be very complex in karst catchments with different climatic and geologic characteristics. In this study, three combined conceptual models incorporating the snow module with machine learning models were used for hourly rainfall-runoff modelling in the mostly karst Ljubljanica River catchment, Slovenia. Wavelet-based Extreme Learning Machine (WELM) and Wavelet-based Regression Tree (WRT) machine learning models were integrated into the conceptual CemaNeige Génie Rural à 4 paramètres Horaires (CemaNeige GR4H). In this regard, the performance of the hybrid models was compared with stand-alone conceptual and machine learning models. The stand-alone WELM and WRT models using only meteorological variables performed poorly for hourly runoff forecasting. The CemaNeige GR4H model as stand-alone model yielded good performance; however, it overestimated low flows. The hybrid CemaNeige GR4H-WELM and CemaNeige-WRT models provided better simulation results than the stand-alone models, especially regarding the extreme flows. The results of the study demonstrated that using different variables from the conceptual model, including the snow module, in the machine learning models as input data can significantly affect the performance of rainfall-runoff modelling. The hybrid modelling approach can potentially improve runoff simulation performance in karst catchments with diversified geological formations where the rainfall-runoff process is more complex.