bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Complaints Against The Media
Authors: Michael* James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Broadcasting Act 1996 has diminished the number of complaints bodies by one in merging the Broadcasting Complaints Commission and the Broadcasting Standards Council to form a new Broadcasting Standards Commission (BSC), although this did not go into effect until 1 April 1997. During 1996 the four bodies (the Broadcasting Complaints Commission, Broadcasting Standards Council, Independent Television Commission, and BBC Programme Complaints Unit) continued to have jurisdiction to receive complaints about different, but sometimes overlapping, aspects of broadcast programme standards, while the Press Complaints Commission continued to monitor the PCC Code.
The new Broadcasting Standards Commission is required by the 1996 Act to draft a code of conduct regarding ‘unjust or unfair treatment ... or unwarranted infringement of privacy ‘. The permissive ‘may ‘ draw up such a code in the Bill, commented on in last year ‘s survey,2 was amended in the House of Lords, although attempts to introduce a requirement regarding impartiality were rejected.
More than a trace of the old philosophy
Authors: Hackney Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The location of fiduciary obligations is not just a classroom exercise. No doubt every generation feels that it stands at a crossroads, but it is true of ours that as a result of recent developments in the law of restitution and of trusts, a number of paths are open to us, including a return down the path we are already on. Other Commonwealth jurisdictions have already set off on quite different paths, with Canada in particular striking out boldly into new territory.1 The issue is in the first instance analytical-’what is the nature of fiduciary obligations?’-and in particular ‘how do we analyse these obliga tions consistently with the way we analyse other categories like property, contract, tort, trust?’.
Introduction: The Human Rights Imperative
Authors: Koh Harold Hongju , Gostin Lawrence O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the first book comprehensively to address the rights of persons with intellectual disabilities from the perspectives of comparative and international human rights law.
We dedicate it to our late co-author, Professor Stanley Sholom Herr, who was both an American and a global pioneer in framing the concerns of persons with intellectual disabilities as a human rights imperative. This book grew out of a conference held in March 1995 in connection with the Special Olympics World Games in New Haven, Connecticut, which Stan Herr and Harold Hongju Koh co-sponsored at Yale Law School’s Orville Schell, Jr. Center for International Human Rights, and at which Larry Gostin was a principal speaker. Although sadly, Stan did not live to see the final publication of this volume, his spirit moves throughout these pages. This book brings together two great social movements of the past half century: the international human rights movement and the disability rights movement. Since the Second World War, international human rights have been defined as embracing those universally recognized inalienable rights to whose enjoyment all persons are entitled solely by virtue of being born human.
From Adversarialism to Partnership: Track Two Regulation
Authors: Gunningham Neil , Johnstone Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have argued that the best strategy is to reward the efforts of good OHS performers, and that negative strategies such as deterrence should be confined to those situations where rewards are unlikely to be effective. The evidence suggests that the best results are likely to be achieved by those who adopt a SMS. By implication, those doing so commit themselves to continuous improvement, to going beyond compliance with existing regulation, and to establishing a safety culture within the enterprise. Such an approach, in its present form, is intended to achieve a partnership between business and government. We will argue that this partnership should be extended to workers as well.
Conclusion: Recommendations for Reform
Authors: Gunningham Neil , Johnstone Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main purpose of this book has been to argue the case for redesigning OHS regulation and its enforcement, so as to make it both more effective and efficient in addressing the OHS problems confronting advanced industrial nations. In doing so, it has identified a range of ‘next generation’ regulatory and enforcement instruments which, we believe, should be central to any future policy reform agenda.
The Uk Systems: From Administration To Prohibition
Authors: Jones Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A survey of British anti-monopoly law could begin at least as early as Dyer’s Case1 in 1415, but this would render little assistance to the exploration of private antitrust litigation under present UK or EC law. This brief discussion will concentrate on current UK legislation enacted since 1945. However, it is worth briefly mentioning the now repealed English Statute of Monopolies of 1623.
Aspects Of Private Antitrust Enforcement
Authors: Jones Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The system of private antitrust enforcement in the USA is sometimes perceived1 as having immediately sprung full-blown into existence upon the passage of the Sherman Act in 1890. However, during the first 50 years of the Sherman Act only 175 private actions were brought and only 13 of those were recorded as successful for the plaintiff. From 1941 to 1985, there were 29,588 private actions commenced, with the most in any one year consisting of 2,005 filed in 1962. Since 1985, the number of new private actions has remained in the range of 600 to 1,000 annually. Even the government’s early enforcement efforts were scant. In the first 13 years of the Sherman Act (to 1903), a grand total of 23 government actions of all types were brought. The Justice Department received no funds at all for antitrust enforcement for that first 13 years.4 It seems the Commission received more resources and more quickly than did the Justice Department.
Enforcement Pluralism In The Community System
Authors: Jones Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The result of the direct effect of Article 81(1)–(2) (formerly 85) and the Commission’s duty to enforce the competition rules of the Treaty is that the national courts and the Commission have concurrent jurisdiction over the enforcement of Article 81(1) – (2). ‘The Commission does not have exclusive competence to apply Articles 85(1) and 86 [now 81 and 82]. It shares that competence with the national courts’.
Challenging the Regulators: Strategies for Resisting Control
Authors: Mcbarnet Doreen , Whelan Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Regulators face many challenges. This paper focuses on the challenge posed by the regulated, and particularly by the regulated “playing the sys tem “, exploiting both regulatory practice and law to resist control. We demonstrate this by drawing on our research on corporate governance, and particularly on “creative accounting “ and recent regulatory attempts to capture it.
Transparency: of Business or Process?
Authors: Holding Gillian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the last decade, “transparency “ has become an increasingly sensitive issue throughout the public sector - and within those organisations having their roots in the public sector such as the privatised utility industries. However, the meaning of “transparency “ is not always clear. We commonly talk in terms of the principle of transparency, but all principles are capable of being manipulated to serve and justify particular courses of action and there is a danger that transparency can be, and in fact may increasingly be, used to justify demands and actions where it could be inappropriate, and at worse, counterproductive.
A Model of Financial Regulation
Authors: Quinn Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The debate on the case for deregulation swings back and forth. After decades when a silent consensus existed that certain activities, including financial services, could not simply be left to the forces of the market, the 1980s and early 1990s saw a fairly serious challenge to that consensus. Led by academic opinion, notably in the USA, but also in the UK and continental Europe, the inefficiencies and failures of regulation were regarded as prime evidence that the distortions it brought were much too great in relation to the protection it provided. Regulators were under fire and obliged to defend their raison d ‘etre.More recently, the debate seems to have swung back. Whether because of individual scandals, particular country problems or global disturbance actual or potential - the issue is now more about what kind of regulation is desirable rather than whether there is a need for regulation - a more realistic but altogether more taxing question.
Electronic Commerce: American and International Proposals for Legal Structures
Authors: Tang David K Y , Weinstein Christopher G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Industry analysts predict that revenues from business-to-business electronic commerce will explode from $2.6 billion in 1996 to almost $220 billion in 2001. Key to this trend is the increasing internationalisation of the online world which by the year 2001 is anticipated to consist of at least 50% non-US residents. With just three years remaining until this anticipated explosion of electronic commerce, many are asking how we will reach the numbers in an uncertain and inconsistent legal environment.
Defeating The Tenant’S Claim: The Mandatory Grounds
Authors: Haley Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As evident from the preceding chapter, three further grounds for possession exist 8.01 and these are neither dependant upon the tenant being in default nor do they invoke the discretion of the court. Ground (d) (suitable alternative accommoda-tion) is, however, attractive only where the landlord is both able and prepared to offer the tenant other premises from which to conduct business. Due to the restrictions upon what is suitable, many landlords will not be in a position to sat-isfy the necessary requirements and, even if they can, the temptation may exist (although compensation for disturbance will then become payable) to rely instead upon one of the other non-discretionary grounds. Conversely, grounds (f)-(g) (demolition/reconstruction and owner occupation) constitute the most popular avenues through which landlords attempt to regain possession of the tenant’s holding.
Marxism and Rational Choice
Authors: Przeworski Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Social sciences are beleaguered today by an offensive not seen since the 1890s: a deliberate thrust to impose the monopoly of the economic method over all study of society. According to neo-classical economists, everything that happens falls into two categories: economic phenomena and seemingly non-economic phenomena. The challenge of methodological individualism is not directed specifically to Marxism; it defies equally all that used to be called political science, sociology, anthropology, or social psychology. Karl Marx’s concept ‘relations of production’ is exposed to the same challenge as Georg Simmel’s ‘shared social a priori’, Emile Durkheim’s ‘collective consciousness’,
Individualism, Mobilization, and Collective Action
Authors: Chazel Françcois 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Because of its polysemic nature, the coherence of the notion of individualism in the domains of ethics, politics, and the social sciences generally is questionable. In sociology, the notion of individualism denotes both a particular social phenomenon and a methodological approach. On the one hand, we understand by individualism a welldefined system of values which confers full autonomy on the actor and, by the same token, allows for the development of ‘possessive egoism’, and the modes of conduct which apply to such criteria. In this sense, individualism is a major component of modernity and, as such, is often taken as an essential characteristic of modern Western societies, as opposed to traditional societies which are depicted as ‘ho list’. On the other hand, individualism also indicates a way of approaching problems, that is to say, in the most general sense of the term, a method. This is why one speaks generally of ‘methodological individualism’.
Is the Voter an Individualist?
Authors: Lavau Georges 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the stockmarket of ideas in France certain values have for some years been quoted very highly: liberalism, deregulation, the market (for its gentle and precise adjustments), and a certain inequality (the indispensable motor of innovation). In this basket of highly quoted stock, we should include another value which, in the 1940s and r95os, was the most derided there was (in both ‘Vichyite’ and socialist/communist thought): individualism.
Unfortunately, those who today celebrate and welcome the ‘return of individualism’ are actually referring to a wide and not very homogeneous range of attitudes and behaviour subsumed under the term ‘individualism’. It should be stated, however, that this individualism has little in common with other ‘individualisms’ whose meanings are established and relatively precise (the philosophical individualism of the Enlightenment, the individualism of classical economic theory, methodological individualism, and so on).
Images of Party and Society
Authors: Seyd Patrick , Whiteley Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The analysis in Chapter 6 focused on most of the major, and some minor issues, which have been debated in British politics over the years. The discussion suggested that education plays an important role in influencing the responses of individual party members to new issues which arise on the political agenda. We also suggested that the electoral pragmatism which is one important aspect of the modernization strategy associated with Neil Kinnock’s leadership, may have influenced perceptions of issues, particularly attitudes to nationalization among the educated members of the party. The modernization strategy is a key issue facing the contemporary Labour party, so that the principal focus of this chapter is to examine the attitudes of party members to the strategy in the light of their perceptions of the nature and character of the Labour party. Electoral pragmatism about issues such as nationalization is an important aspect of the modernization strategy, but it goes beyond just rethinking the policy positions which the party takes up on any particular issue.
The Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Michelmann Hans J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The West German pattern of component unit-central government interaction in international relations is among the most complex of those considered in this volume. The FRG, like the United States and the UK, is a major international actor. With most of the countries we have chosen to study, West Germany shares the need to trade and has historically been one of the great trading nations. The German role in the Second World War resulted in a very low international political profile for the young Federal Republic following the return to quasi-self-determination with the founding of the new state in 1949; this low profile in matters of high politics was partly offset by a very active cultural presence abroad, a presence that has remained as the memories of the Nazi period receded and the FRG took on a political role more in keeping with its size and its status as an economic superpower ranking behind only the United States and Japan in the Western international economic league. Its precarious position at the heart of Europe where the two major power blocs of the post-Second World War era meet, and its reliance on alliance partners, particularly the United States, to help guarantee its security, make international issues matters of day-to-day concern.
Resolved, that Individualism and Egalitarianism be made Compatible in America: Political-Cultural Roots of Exceptionalism
Authors: Wildavsky Aaron 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Only in America. Everyone who studies American politics (at least everyone I know) comes away feeling that it is special in some significant way without quite being able to specify precisely what that is. Me too. All who wander through American political history share the disconcerting feeling that there is a common, unifying but mysterious element that would make sense of what happens or, at least, of what does not. Many reach for the brass ring only to find themselves clutching at thin air. Many theories are called forth, as we know, but few, to our dismay, are chosen. Here is another hostage to fortune.
Some Religious Aspects
Authors: Whyte John , FitzGerald Garret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My purpose in this chapter is to examine how far Northern Ireland is segregated by religion into two communities. I shall do this by examining in turn a number of social institutions which have been singled out—by some writers at least—as linked with religion. To begin with, rather obviously, come the Churches themselves. Then will come the Orange Order, residential segregation, segregation at work, voluntary social activities, endogamy, and segregated education.
Arab Attitudes and Policies towards Infiltration, 1949-1955
Authors: Morris Benny 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Infiltration from Arab territory into Israel posed a serious dilemma for the Arab governments, armies, and local authorities. Border-crossings were provoking Israeli countermeasures which might lead to full-scale clashes resulting in disproportionate Arab casualties and, conceivably, further territorial losses. On the other hand, popular Arab feeling, including among local officials and military and paramilitary commanders, was sympathetic to the border-crossers. They, too, saw the fields and houses across the border-the objects of infiltrator sorties-as Arab property stolen by the Jews, and regarded Israelis who were robbed, injured, and, occasionally, murdered by infiltrators as brutal usurpers deserving their fate.
The Costs of Infiltration
Authors: Morris Benny 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Arab infiltration into Israel produced 'the same effects as irregular [i.e. guerrilla] warfare', stated an Israeli report in 1953. 'It disturbs the peace; engenders an atmosphere of war; harms the economy of the country, both directly and by necessitating extensive security measures.' It had a particularly deleterious effect on the country's border areas, placing 'a very serious strain on Israel agricultural [frontier] settlements' .
The Israeli Defensive Responses to Infiltration
Authors: Morris Benny 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the first, Israel clearly appreciated the hazards mass infiltration posed for the new state. As Israeli intelligence put it in June 1948: ‘The infiltration of individual Arabs, ostensibly for reaping and threshing, alone, could in time bring with it the re-establishment [of the refugees] in the villages, something which could seriously endanger many of our achievements during the six months of the war.’ On 11 June, the day the First Truce started, Yosef Weitz, of the JNF, called Ben-Gurion’s aide, Levi Eshkol (then Shkolnik), and asked: ‘“What’s going to be our position on Arabs who infiltrate back ... They may return in multitudes to their conquered villages, and we’re forbidden to shoot [by the truce]?” He [Eshkol] said that this was indeed a poser, and he would bring it before Ben-Gurion this morning.’
Israel, the Arab States, and the Great Powers, 1952-1956
Authors: Morris Benny 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we have seen, the United States and Britain both hoped to see an Israel Arab settlement. The conflict tended to undermine Arab-Western relations and, at least theoretically, opened the door to Soviet penetration. Dulles and British officials like Shuckburgh were ‘convinced that the USSR was plotting and planning to gain control of the Middle East’. Israeli-Arab hostilities might result in East-West confrontation. Similarly, there existed a danger that, in line with the provisions of the Tripartite Declaration and the Anglo-Jordanian defence pact, such hostilities could suck Britain (and perhaps the United States) into armed conflict with one or other of the local parties. The increase in frequency and size of Israeli-Jordanian and Israeli¬ Egyptian border clashes during 1953-6 correspondingly increased the danger. Both British and Israeli leaders acknowledged, and were at times deterred by, this threat.
Sketches of the World of Youth
Authors: Humphrey Caroline , Onon Urgunge 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Urgunge1 felt his recollections were not just memories of his own, but that they encapsulated a view on life that all the world, particularly the contemporary Western world, should share. He urged me to imagine myself into the archaic images of those long past times, so that they could become no longer simply his memories but exemplars of a vigorous way of life, which only chanced to have occurred when they did in history. My assumption of the irrevocable pastness of Daur shamanism was thus abruptly faced with this living person, this friend with me in the room, who through our conversations was expressing the continuous vitality of something that happened long ago.
The European Electricity Industry and EC Regulatory Reform
Authors: McGowan Francis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The transition from national to international champion has proved to be a particularly difficult process for the electricity supply industry (ESI). Not only has the industry been organized as a natural monopoly with associated rights and duties but it has also been treated as a national (if not a local) monopoly, conceived very much as operating within, rather than across, frontiers. The need to meet all a country’s power requirements, to offer a universal service, and to serve as a basic infrastructure have reinforced the national focus.
Air Transport Champions: Still Carrying the Flag
Authors: Kassim Hussein 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The support and promotion of national champions or ‘flag carriers’ in the air transport industry has been a key element of national aviation policies of patriotic interventionism throughout the post-war period. Under the state-centred international regime, founded on the principle of absolute national sovereignty, which has governed the industry since 1944, governments have used their powers to promote the interests of their national industries in general and those of the flag carrier in particular. At the centre of the national aviation system, the national champions of the air transport sector have been largely state-owned, protected by extensive and detailed regulations, and have derived their funds exclusively from the public purse.
Boat Construction Ceremonies
Authors: Barnes R H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One man explained to me that although he is not a boat builder, his ancestor was. Therefore, when another master builder builds a boat and invites the master builders to a feast, he must also be invited, because he continues the line of his ancestor. He went on to say that another master in his clan tells all the other builders where to sit and divides chicken meat among them.
The Analysis Of Consumers’ Behaviour
Authors: Little I M D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a result of abandoning the idea that satisfactions can be added, the ‘ indifference-curve’ analysis of the rational consumer’s behaviour has largely taken the place of the Marshallian type of analysis. The assumption that the individual tries to maximize his satisfaction is retained. But ‘ maximizing satisfaction’ no longer means ‘ achieving the largest sum total of satisfaction’ but rather ‘reaching the highest level of satisfaction’.