bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Natural antisense transcripts with coding capacity in Arabidopsismay have a regulatory role that is not linked to double-stranded RNA degradation
Authors: Jen Chih-Hung , Michalopoulos Ioannis , Westhead David R , Meyer Peter 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Background
Overlapping transcripts in antisense orientation have the potential to form double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), a substrate for a number of different RNA-modification pathways. One prominent route for dsRNA is its breakdown by Dicer enzyme complexes into small RNAs, a pathway that is widely exploited by RNA interference technology to inactivate defined genes in transgenic lines. The significance of this pathway for endogenous gene regulation remains unclear.

Results
We have examined transcription data for overlapping gene pairs in Arabidopsis thaliana. On the basis of an analysis of transcripts with coding regions, we find the majority of overlapping gene pairs to be convergently overlapping pairs (COPs), with the potential for dsRNA formation. In all tissues, COP transcripts are present at a higher frequency compared to the overall gene pool. The probability that both the sense and antisense copy of a COP are co-transcribed matches the theoretical value for coexpression under the assumption that the expression of one partner does not affect the expression of the other. Among COPs, we observe an over-representation of spliced (intron-containing) genes (90%) and of genes with alternatively spliced transcripts. For loci where antisense transcripts overlap with sense transcript introns, we also find a significant bias in favor of alternative splicing and variation of polyadenylation.

Conclusion
The results argue against a predominant RNA degradation effect induced by dsRNA formation. Instead, our data support alternative roles for dsRNAs. They suggest that at least for a subgroup of COPs, antisense expression may induce alternative splicing or polyadenylation.
‘Goodbye and good luck’: the mental health needs and treatment experiences of British ex-service personnel
Authors: Iversen Amy , Dyson Claire , Smith Naomi , Greenberg Neil , Walwyn Rebecca , Unwin Catherine , Hull Lisa , Hotopf Matthew , Dandeker Christopher , Ross John , Wessely Simon 
Published: June 2005

BackgroundLittle is known about the psychological health or treatment experiences of those who have left the British armed forces.AimsTo describe the frequency and associations of common mental disorders and help-seeking behaviours in a representative sample of UK veterans at high risk of mental health problems.MethodA cross-sectional telephone survey of 496 ‘vulnerable’ ex-service personnel selected from an existing epidemiological military cohort.ResultsThe response rate was 64%; 44% of these had a psychiatric diagnosis, most commonly depression. Those with a diagnosis were more likely to be of lower rank and divorced or separated. Just over half of those with self-reported mental health problems were currently seeking help, most from their general practitioners. Most help-seekers received treatment, usually medication; 28% were in touch with a service charity and 4% were receiving cognitive-behavioural therapy.ConclusionsDepression is more common than post-traumatic stress disorder in UK ex-service personnel. Only about half of those who have a diagnosis are seeking help currently, and few see specialists.
Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder after non-traumatic events: evidence from an open population study
Authors: Mol Saskia S. L. , Arntz Arnoud , Metsemakers Job F. M. , Dinant Geert-Jan , Vilters-van Montfort Pauline A. P. , Knottnerus J. André 
Published: June 2005

BackgroundPost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is the only psychiatric condition that requires a specific event to have occurred for its diagnosis.AimsTo gather evidence from the adult general population on whether life events (e. g. divorce, unemployment) generate as many symptoms of post-traumatic stress as traumatic events (e. g. accidents, abuse).MethodData on demographic characteristics and history of stressful events were collected through a written questionnaire sent to a random sample of 2997 adults. Respondents also filled out a PTSD symptom checklist, keeping in mind their worst event. Mean PTSD scores were compared, controlling for differences between the two groups. Differences in item scores and in the distribution of the total PTSD scores were analysed.ResultsOf the 1498 respondents, 832 were eligible for inclusion in our analysis. For events from the past 30 years the PTSD scores were higher after life events than after traumatic events; for earlier events the scores were the same for both types of events. These findings could not be explained by differences in demographics, history of stressful events, individual item scores, or the distribution of the total PTSD scores.ConclusionsLife events can generate at least as many PTSD symptoms as traumatic events. Our findings call for further studies on the specificity of traumatic events as a cause of PTSD.
Outcome in severe irritable bowel syndrome with and without accompanying depressive, panic and neurasthenic disorders
Authors: Creed Francis , Ratcliffe Joy , Fernandes Lakshmi , Palmer Stephen , Rigby Christine , Tomenson Barbara , Guthrie Elspeth , Read Nicholas , Thompson David G. 
Published: June 2005

BackgroundIrritable bowel syndrome often leads to impaired functioning.AimsTo assess the contribution of psychiatric disorders to impaired outcome in severe irritable bowel syndrome.MethodPatients with severe irritable bowel syndrome entering a psychological treatment trial (n=257) were interviewed using the Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry. Outcomes were number of days of restricted activity, role limitation (physical) score of the Short Form Health Survey and costs.ResultsAt baseline, depressive disorder (29% of patients), panic (12%) and neurasthenia (35%) were associated with impairment; number of psychiatric disorders was associated in a dose–response fashion (P=0. 005). At follow-up, depressive disorder and neurasthenia were associated with role limitation score. Improved depression was associated with improved role functioning.ConclusionsDepressive, panic and neurasthenic disorders contribute to poor outcomes in severe irritable bowel syndrome, and appropriate treatment should be available to these patients.
Personality subtypes in eating disorders: validation of a classification in a naturalistic sample
Authors: Thompson-Brenner Heather , Westen Drew 
Published: June 2005

BackgroundResearch has identified three personality subtypes in patients with eating disorders: emotionally dysregulated, constricted and high-functioning/perfectionistic.AimsTo see whether the subtypes are distinguished in ways indicative of valid classification, notably in patterns of adaptive functioning, comorbidity, treatment response and therapeutic interventions.MethodA random sample of experienced clinicians provided data on 145 patients with bulimic symptoms, including data on eating disorder symptoms, DSM–IV comorbidity, personality pathology, treatment response and treatment interventions.ResultsPatients categorised as dysregulated had the poorest functioning, most comorbidity and worst outcome, followed by patients in the constricted and high-functioning groups. The three subtypes elicited different therapeutic interventions and accounted for substantial incremental variance in outcome, holding constant the severity of eating disorder symptoms and presence of other Axis I disorders.ConclusionsThe data provide accumulating evidence for the validity of three personality subtypes in patients with eating disorders.
Obsessions and compulsions in Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autism
Authors: Russell Ailsa J. , Mataix-Cols David , Anson Martin , Murphy Declan G. M. 
Published: June 2005

BackgroundObsessive–compulsive behaviours are common and disabling in autistic-spectrum disorders (ASD) but little is known about how they compare with those experienced by people with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD).AimTo make such a comparison.MethodA group of adults with high-functioning ASD (n=40) were administered the Yale–Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale and Symptom Checklist and their symptoms compared with a gender-matched group of adults with a primary diagnosis of OCD (n=45). OCD symptoms were carefully distinguished from stereotypic behaviours and interests usually displayed by those with ASD.ResultsThe two groups had similar frequencies of obsessive–compulsive symptoms, with only somatic obsessions and repeating rituals being more common in the OCD group. The OCD group had higher obsessive–compulsive symptom severity ratings but up to 50% of the ASD group reported at least moderate levels of interference from their symptoms.ConclusionsObsessions and compulsions are both common in adults with high-functioning ASD and are associated with significant levels of distress.
Going to war does not have to hurt: preliminary findings from the British deployment to Iraq
Authors: Hughes Jamie Hacker , Cameron Fiona , Eldridge Rod , Devon Madeleine , Wessely Simon , Greenberg Neil 
Published: June 2005

SummaryWe carried out a brief longitudinal mental health screen of 254 members of the UK's Air Assault Brigade before and after deployment to Iraq last year. Analysis of General Health Questionnaire (GHQ–28) scores before and after deployment revealed a lower score after deployment (mean difference=0. 93, 95% CI 0. 35–1. 52). This indicated a highly significant relative improvement in mental health (P < 0. 005). Moreover, only 9 of a larger sample of 421 (2%) exceeded cut-off criteria on the Trauma Screening Questionnaire. These findings suggest that war is not necessarily bad for psychological health.
Self-harm in older people with depression
Authors: Dennis Michael , Wakefield Penny , Molloy Caroline , Andrews Harry , Friedman Trevor 
Published: June 2005

SummaryStudying non-fatal self-harm in older adults may provide insight into suicidal behaviour in this age group. The objectives of the study were to determine clinical factors that might help to differentiate those older adults with depression who are most at risk of self-harm and suicide. We examined social factors, life events, hopelessness and other depression symptoms in a group of 48 older people with depression referred following an episode of self-harm compared with 50 similarly aged people with depression who had no history of self-harm. The groups were similar in many respects, although those in the self-harm group were more likely to have a poorly integrated social network and were more hopeless.
Physical health of patients in rehabilitation and recovery: a survey of case note records
Authors: Greening Jayne 
Published: June 2005

Aims and MethodThe aim of this survey was to determine details recorded about the physical health of patients in rehabilitation and recovery. All medical and nursing notes from January 1998 to March 2003 were reviewed. Case notes from 63 patients were studied.ResultsThere was mention in less than 13 of the patients' notes (18%) of smoking, diet, exercise or prolactin levels; weight, blood pressure, electrocardiogram, erythrocyte sedimentation rate or lipids were mentioned in less than 20 (30%). A blood sugar test was performed in only 16 patients (25%) in the past year and 38 patients (59%) had a record of a test in the past 5 years. These results suggest that there is inadequate recording of the physical health parameters in patients in rehabilitation and recovery.Clinical ImplicationsThe physical healthcare of patients with schizophrenia is prioritised in the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) clinical guidelines, which specifically mention the monitoring of endocrine disorders such as diabetes and hyperprolactinaemia, cardiovascular risk factors, such as blood pressure and lipids, and lifestyle factors such as smoking. Routine recording of physical health indices should be mandatory and staff may need further training to enable them to do this.
The Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale (FACES): an instrument worthy of rehabilitation?
Authors: Place Maurice , Hulsmeier Jessica , Brownrigg Allan , Soulsby Alison 
Published: June 2005

Aims and MethodThere have been a variety of instruments developed for evaluating family functioning, but no specific measure has emerged as appropriate for routine clinical use. The Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale (FACES) was viewed as a useful tool for a period, but has been less popular of late. This paper looks at its use in families with two very different types of problem to assess its discriminatory ability.ResultsMothers with depression whose children were not showing mental health difficulties reported a very different pattern of family functioning from those whose children were showing chronic school refusal.Clinical ImplicationsThe FACES is capable of discriminating between different patterns of family functioning. Its ease of administration, and the information it provides, should recommend it for wider use in clinical settings.
PDGFRA Mutations in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors: Frequency, Spectrum and In Vitro Sensitivity to Imatinib
Authors: Corless Christopher L. , Schroeder Arin , Griffith Diana , Town Ajia , McGreevey Laura , Harrell Patina , Shiraga Sharon , Bainbridge Troy , Morich Jason , Heinrich Michael C. 
Published: June 2005

Purpose Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) commonly harbor oncogenic mutations of the KIT tyrosine kinase, which is a target for the kinase inhibitor imatinib. A subset of GISTs, however, contains mutations in the homologous kinase platelet derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA), and the most common of these mutations is resistant to imatinib in vitro. Little is known of the other types of PDGFRA mutations that occur in GISTs. Materials and Methods We determined the KIT and PDGFRA mutation status of 1,105 unique GISTs using a combination of denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography and direct sequencing. Results There were 80 tumors (7.2%) with a PDGFRA mutation: 66 in exon 18, 11 in exon 12, and three in exon 14. Transient expression of representative PDGFRA isoforms in CHO cells revealed imatinib sensitivity of exon 12 mutations (SPDHE566-571R and insertion ER561-562) and an exon 14 substitution (N659K). However, most isoforms with a substitution involving codon D842 in exon 18 (D842V, RD841-842KI, DI842-843IM) were resistant to the drug, with the exception of D842Y. Interestingly, other mutations in exon 18 (D846Y, N848K, Y849K and HDSN845-848P) were all imatinib sensitive. Proliferation studies with BA/F3 cell lines stably expressing selected PDGFRA mutant isoforms supported these findings. Conclusion Including our cases, there are 289 reported PDGFRA-mutant GISTs, of which 181 (62.6%) had the imatinib-resistant substitution D842V. However, our findings suggest that more than one third of GISTs with PDGFRA mutations may respond to imatinib and that mutation screening may be helpful in the management of these tumors.
A Point Mutation in the Human Melanin Concentrating Hormone Receptor 1 Reveals an Important Domain for Cellular Trafficking
Authors: Fan Jun , Perry Stephen J. , Gao Yinghong , Schwarz David A. , Maki Richard A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractG protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are heptahelical integral membrane proteins that require cell surface expression to elicit their effects. The lack of appropriate expression of GPCRs may be the underlying cause of a number of inherited disorders. There is evidence that newly synthesized GPCRs must attain a specific conformation for their correct trafficking to the cell surface. In this study, we show that a single point mutation in human melanin-concentrating hormone receptor (hMCHR1) at position 255 (T255A), which is located at the junction of intracellular loop 3 and transmembrane domain 6, reduces the hMCHR1 cell surface expression level to 20% of that observed for the wild-type receptor. Most of these mutant receptors are located intracellularly, as opposed to the wild-type receptor, which is located primarily on the cell surface. Immunoprecipitation experiments show that hMCHR1-T255A has reduced glycosylation compared with the wild-type receptor and is associated with the chaperone protein, calnexin, and it colocalizes in the endoplasmic reticulum with KDEL-containing proteins. We also demonstrate that a cell-permeable small molecule antagonist of hMCHR1 can function as a pharmacological chaperone to restore cell surface expression of this and other MCHR1 mutants to wild-type levels. Once rescued, the T255A mutant couples to Gq proteins as efficiently as the wild-type receptor. These data suggest that this single mutation produces an hMCHR1 that folds incorrectly, resulting in its retention in the endoplasmic reticulum, but once rescued to the cell surface can still function normally.
Formation of E-Cadherin-Mediated Cell-Cell Adhesion Activates Akt and Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase via Phosphatidylinositol 3 Kinase and Ligand-Independent Activation of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Ovarian Cancer Cells
Authors: Reddy Pradeep , Liu Lian , Ren Chong , Lindgren Peter , Boman Karin , Shen Yan , Lundin Eva , Ottander Ulrika , Rytinki Miia , Liu Kui 
Published: June 2005

AbstractE-cadherin is a well characterized adhesion molecule that plays a major role in epithelial cell adhesion. Based on findings that expression of E-cadherin is frequently lost in human epithelial cancers, it has been implicated as a tumor suppressor in carcinogenesis of most human epithelial cancers. However, in ovarian cancer development, our data from the current study showed that E-cadherin expression is uniquely elevated in 86.5% of benign, borderline, and malignant ovarian carcinomas irrespective of the degree of differentiation, whereas normal ovarian samples do not express E-cadherin. Thus, we hypothesize that E-cadherin may play a distinct role in the development of ovarian epithelial cancers. Using an E-cadherin-expressing ovarian cancer cell line OVCAR-3, we have demonstrated for the first time that the establishment of E-cadherin mediated cell-cell adhesions leads to the activation of Akt and MAPK. Akt activation is mediated through the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase, and both Akt and MAPK activation are mediated by an E-cadherin adhesion-induced ligand-independent activation of epidermal growth factor receptor. We have also demonstrated that suppression of E-cadherin function leads to retarded cell proliferation and reduced viability. We therefore suggest that the concurrent formation of E-cadherin adhesion and activation of downstream proliferation signals may enhance the proliferation and survival of ovarian cancer cells. Our data partly explain why E-cadherin is always expressed during ovarian tumor development and progression.
Positive Feedback Mechanism, Autocatalysis Mechanism, and Dependence on Atomic-Level Surface Structures in Electrochemical Oscillations for H2O2 Reduction on Pt Electrodes
Authors: Mukouyama Yoshiharu , Nakanishi Shuji , Nakato Yoshihiro 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Electrochemical reduction of H2O2 on Pt electrodes shows a variety of oscillations, depending on the electrode potential, electrode illumination, the atomic-level flatness of the electrode surface, and the presence or absence of metal atoms and halogen atoms adsorbed to submonolayer amounts on the electrode surface. This is a unique feature of this oscillating system, helpful for deeper understanding of oscillation phenomena. In this article, the fundamental behavior and mechanism of oscillations, named oscillations A and B, for polycrystalline Pt electrodes are first described. A mathematical simulation for oscillation A shows clearly the presence of a positive feedback mechanism and an important role of adsorbed hydrogen atoms, called upd-H. The behavior of oscillation A, especially the oscillation period, is changed by electrode illumination, application of weak external potential pulses, and coupling with other oscillation systems. The oscillation period is also altered by adsorption of foreign metal atoms such as Cu, Ag, Au, and Ru on Pt to sub-monolayer amounts. New-type oscillations called oscillations C and D appear when small amounts of halide ions are added to the solution. The appearance of oscillations C and D is explained by assuming a catalytic effect of adsorbed halogen atoms and an autocatalytic effect of adsorbed OH group on the H2O2 reduction. Another new-type oscillation is observed when an atomically-flat single-crystal Pt(111) electrode is used. These results clearly show an important role of atomic-level structures of the electrode surface in electrochemical oscillations.
Numerical Study on the Chaotic Response of the Minimal Chemical Oscillator to a Sinusoidal Perturbation
Authors: Sasaki Yoshihiro 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
The chaotic response of the minimal chemical oscillator stimulated by a sinusoidal perturbation was studied by a computer-simulation method. Chaotic phase diagrams were obtained and two types of chaos were estimated. One was neighbored by fundamental 1/2 and fundamental 1/3 entrainment regions, and was followed by a quasiperiodic region. It contained two chaotic modes (relatively large-amplitude mode and relatively small-amplitude one on the Poincaré section (cos ωpt = 1)) and coexisted with the fundamental 1/3 harmonic mode. Other chaotic regions appeared when fundamental 1/1 and fundamental 1/2 entrainment regions came into contact with each other, and these were not in contact with any quasiperiodic regions. In this case Hopf bifurcations from the fundamental 1/1 harmonic mode to the 1/n (n/n) (n: integer) harmonic modes occurred first, and were followed by chaotic modes between the harmonic modes and the 1/n ((n−1)/n) harmonic ones. The coexistence of the chaotic mode and the 1/3 harmonic mode and the existence of two chaotic modes were compared with the behaviors of a one-dimensional dynamical system having a piecewise linear map.
Electrochemical Luminescence of ZnGa2O4 and ZnGa2O4 : Mn Semiconductor Electrodes. —Emission Mechanism under Cathodic and Anodic Polarization—
Authors: Ohtake Toshihito , Sonoyama Noriyuki , Sakata Tadayoshi 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Electrochemical luminescence properties and mechanism of ZnGa2O4 and ZnGa2O4 : Mn (ZnGa2O4 doped with Mn) were studied. ZnGa2O4 disk showed an n-type semiconductor property after reduction in H2 atmosphere. Under cathodic polarization, the emission in a ZnGa2O4 electrode showed a broad peak at 485 nm in Na2S2O8 electrolyte solution. ZnGa2O4 : Mn exhibited a sharp emission peak at about 500 nm based on Mn2+, and a broad peak of ZnGa2O4 was also observed with increasing the cathodic bias. Under anodic polarization in Na2SO4 electrolyte, electrochemical luminescence was observed from the ZnGa2O4 electrode surface at +12.5 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) with two emission peaks at about 500 and 700 nm. The emission mechanism based on avalanche breakdown and impact excitation of emission centers by injected electrons is proposed. By adding K4[Fe(CN)6], KI, and KBr as reducing agents to the Na2SO4 electrolyte, the emission intensity was increased in the order KBr &lt; KI &lt; K4[Fe(CN)6]. Temperature dependence of the emission intensity suggests that electron transfer at the ZnGa2O4/electrolyte interface occurs equi-energetically from the occupied energy level of each reducing agent to the conduction band of ZnGa2O4.