bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acetylcholine Biosensor Based on Dendrimer Layers for Pesticides Detection
Authors: Snejdarkova Maja , Svobodova Lenka , Nikolelis Dimitrios P. , Wang Joseph , Hianik Tibor 
Published: September 2003

AbstractWe tested a new design of an enzyme biosensor based on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and choline oxidase (ChO) immobilized on the supported monomolecular layer composed of poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers of the fourth generation (G4) mixed with 1‐hexadecanethiol (HDT). The resulting enzymatic activity, measured amperometrically, was substantially depressed in the presence of the organophosphate pesticide dimethyl‐2,2‐dichlorovinylphosphate (DDVP, Dichlorvos), carbamate pesticides carbofuran and carbamate drug eserine. The detection limits (1.3×10−3 ppb for DDVP, 0.01 ppb for carbofuran and 0.03 for eserine) were considerably lower than so far reported for AChE based amperometric and potentiometric sensors. The relative simple protocol of biosensor preparation, high sensitivity and stability is very promising for determination of environmental pollutants in field conditions.
Electrochemical Behavior of Diphenyl Disulfide and Thiophenol on Glassy Carbon and Gold Electrodes in Aprotic Media
Authors: Borsari Marco , Cannio Maria , Gavioli Giovanna 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe investigation of the electrochemical reduction processes of C6H5SSC6H5 and C6H5SH in CH3CN using cyclic voltammetry indicates a different behavior on GC and Au electrodes. On GC surface adsorption phenomena are absent, the electrochemical reduction process is irreversible and diffusion controlled. For both the starting molecules the same species, C6H5S−, is formed upon reduction. The E° values of the reduction processes were determined by convolution method and the standard free energy of the SS bond of C6H5SSC6H5 estimated. On Au surface instead, a self‐assembled monolayer of C6H5SAuads originated after the SS or SH bond breaking can be observed by simply dipping the electrode in solution of C6H5SSC6H5 and C6H5SH, respectively. The properties of the SAM were investigated by electrochemical reduction of the adsorbed thiolates. On Au electrode the reduction processes involve C6H5SAuads and give rise to desorbed C6H5S−. A neutral radical is obtained by electrochemical oxidation of thiolate anion. It reacts rapidly with the electrode surface to give the S‐Au bond again.
Spectroelectrochemical Sensing Based on Multimode Selectivity Simultaneously Achievable in a Single Device. 15. Development of Portable Spectroelectrochemical Instrumentation
Authors: Monk David J. , Ridgway Thomas H. , Heineman William R. , Seliskar Carl J. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractA portable spectroelectrochemical instrument capable of performing in situ sensing has been developed, extending the applicability of spectroelectrochemistry for chemical sensing. All components of the instrument were designed to facilitate real‐time simultaneous display of optical and electrochemical data for remote spectroelectrochemical measurements. Prior to this point in time, spectroelectrochemical measurements were confined to a laboratory setting, and remote analysis was not possible using custom or commercially available instrumentation. The novel instrumentation includes a software package for a portable computer, a small (paperback book sized) optical and electrochemical control unit, and an even smaller remote potentiostat. When the remote potentiostat is operated using fiber optic communication coupled with nine volt battery operation, the unit may operate for finite amounts of time at distances limited only by the attenuation of light in the optical fiber. Comparative studies of the custom instrument with commercially available electrochemical instrumentation were performed and showed excellent agreement. This unit was also tested using the ferricyanide/ferrocyanide reversible electrochemical couple by comparing it to bench top spectroelectrochemical instrumentation previously developed by our group.
Electroanalytical Study of Prussian Blue Modified Glassy Carbon Paste Electrodes
Authors: Ricci Francesco , Gonçalves Carla , Amine Aziz , Gorton Lo , Palleschi Giuseppe , Moscone Danila 
Published: September 2003

AbstractTwo types of glassy carbon (GC) powder (i.e., Sigradur K and Sigradur G) have been mixed with mineral oil to obtain glassy carbon paste electrodes (GCPE's). The electrochemical behavior of such electrodes at different percentages of glassy carbon has been evaluated with respect to the electrochemistry of ferricyanide as revealed with cyclic voltammetry and the best paste composition was chosen. GC was then modified with Prussian Blue (PB), mixed at different percentages with unmodified GC and with a fixed amount of mineral oil in order to obtain PB modified glassy carbon paste electrodes (PB‐GCPE's). PB‐GCPE's with different percentages of GC modified with PB (PB‐GC) were compared and the dependence on the amount of PB on their performances was evaluated by studying the parameters of cyclic voltammetry (i.e., current peak, ΔEp, anodic and cathodic current ratio, charge density) and the amperometric response to H2O2. Data interpretation based on the GC surface area is presented. GCPE's with a selected amount of PB‐GC were then tested as H2O2 probes and all the analytical parameters together with the dependence on pH were evaluated. Some preliminary experiments with these electrodes assembled as glucose, lysine and lactate biosensors are also reported.
Application of Polymer‐Modified Hanging Mercury Drop Electrode in the Indirect Determination of Certain β‐Lactam Antibiotics by Differential Pulse, Ion‐Exchange Voltammetry
Authors: Prasad Bhim Bali , Arora Bhavana 
Published: September 2003

AbstractA selective and sensitive polymer‐modified electrode was developed for β‐lactam antibiotics (cefaclor, amoxycillin and ampicillin) present in formulated and blood plasma samples for the quantitative analysis in aqueous environment. The detection was made using an ion‐exchange voltammetric technique, in differential pulse mode, on poly(N‐chloranil N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylethylene diammonium dichloride)‐modified hanging mercury drop electrode of a three‐electrode system (PAR Model 303A) attached with a Polarographic Analyzer/Stripping Voltammeter (PAR Model 264A). Antibiotics, which are electroinactive compounds, were essentially converted to their electroactive oxazolone analogues through acid treatment under drastic conditions (0.1 mol L−1 HCl, ∼85 °C, 2 h). These analytes in the form of their respective oxazolones were indirectly analyzed by oxazolone entrapment in the polymeric film through ion‐exchange process at modified electrode surface (accumulation potential −0.20 V (vs. Ag/AgCl), accumulation time 120 s, pH 7.4, KH2PO4‐NaOH buffer (ionic strength 0.1 mol L−1), scan rate 10 mV s−1, pulse amplitude 25 mV). The limit of detection of cefaclor‐derived oxazolone was found to be 2.12 nmol L−1 (0.82 ppb, S/N 3, RSD 3.21%) in terms of cefaclor (a representative β‐lactam) concentration.
Size really doesn't matter
Authors: Lawrence Bethan , Campbell Mari , Neiderman Marc , Serpell Lucy 
Published: September 2003

AbstractObjective:The judgement of what constitutes a large amount of food is one part of determining a binge and is therefore crucial for the diagnosis of BN. This study aimed to determine whether eating disorder professionals agree on what constitutes a large amount of food and the criterion they use to make the decision.Method:147 eating disorder professionals completed a short questionnaire, that involved rating five food vignettes according to whether they believed them to consist of a large amount of food.Results:There was general consensus among eating disorder professionals as to what constituted a large amount of food. The results also suggested that many participants based their judgement on how dissimilar the vignette was to a normal meal.Discussion:The finding that the judgement of whether an amount of food is large can be made with high reliability but low validity should be the subject of further research due to its importance in the diagnosis of bulimia nervosa. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Media exposure, body dissatisfaction and disordered eating: television and magazines are not the same!
Authors: Tiggemann Marika 
Published: September 2003

AbstractObjective:This study aimed to investigate the relationship between media exposure and body dissatisfaction and disordered eating in a more finely grained way than in previous studies.Method:A sample of 104 female undergraduate students completed measures of both magazine and television exposure, as well as measures of body dissatisfaction, disordered eating, awareness and internalization of societal ideals.Results:While both media exposure variables were correlated with body dissatisfaction, the pattern of correlations was very different with the other variables. In particular, the amount of magazine reading, but not television watching, was positively correlated with internalization of thin ideals. On the other hand, time spent watching television was negatively correlated with awareness of sociocultural ideals and self‐esteem.Discussion:It was concluded that the processes through which television and magazines impact on body dissatisfaction are different. The relationship between magazine exposure and body dissatisfaction is mediated by internalization of thin ideals, which is not the case for television exposure. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Eating‐disordered patients with and without self‐injurious behaviours: a comparison of psychopathological features
Authors: Claes Laurence , Vandereycken Walter , Vertommen Hans 
Published: September 2003

AbstractObjective:A considerable number of eating‐disordered patients also display all kinds of self‐injurious behaviours (SIB), which might be viewed as an indicator of psychopathological severity.Method:To test this hypothesis in 70 females admitted to a specialized treatment programme for eating disorders, a wide spectrum of psychopathological features was studied by means of self‐reporting questionnaires: clinical symptomatology, personality disorders, aggression regulation, trauma history, dissociation and body experience. A comparison was made between patients with (n = 27) and without SIB (n = 43), as well as between patients with one (n = 13) versus more types (n = 14) of SIB.Results:In general, patients with SIB reported significantly more complaints or signs of anxiety, depression, hostility, cluster B personality disorders, feelings of anger, traumatic experiences, dissociation and negative appreciation of body size. The presence of more than one type of SIB was linked to a more pronounced clinical symptomatology and trauma history. . Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Dyadic adjustment in parents of daughters with an eating disorder
Authors: Espina Alberto , de Alda Iñigo Ochoa , Ortego Asunción 
Published: September 2003

AbstractObjective:To study the dyadic adjustment in parents of daughters with an eating disorder (ED).Method:147 couples, 74 with a daughter with an ED: 20 with anorexia nervosa, restricting subtype (ANR), 23 with anorexia nervosa, bulimic subtype (ANB), and 31 with bulimia nervosa purging subtype (BN), and two control groups: 41 couples without pathology (CN group) and 32 couples with pathology (CNP group), evaluated with the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ‐28), were assessed with the Dyadic Adjustment Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory and the Self‐Rating Anxiety Scale.Results:The parents of daughters with an ED evidenced significantly worse dyadic adjustment than did the normal controls. When controlling for anxiety and depression, the dyadic satisfaction was lower in the mothers of daughters with ANR and BN, when compared to controls without pathology. The dyadic cohesion was lower in mothers of daughters with ANB, and the total adjustment was lower in the mothers of the ANB and BN groups versus CN group.Conclusion:These findings do not permit the attribution of the ED to the parents, because the poor dyadic adjustment could be an effect of the family burden. However, these findings suggest that treatment on ED should be supplemented by interventions aimed at the parents' dyadic adjustment. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Cognitive and behavioural characteristics are associated with personality dimensions in patients with eating disorders
Authors: Vervaet M. , Audenaert K. , van Heeringen C. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractDSM‐IV categorizes eating disorders according to behavioural and cognitive characteristics. Based on personality‐related and biological research, hypotheses have been formulated to explain differences in the symptomatology between the various types of eating disorders. Therefore, the study of the association between personality‐related characteristics and behavioural and cognitive characteristics may contribute to our understanding of the causes and course of eating disorders. This study aimed, first, at describing personality characteristics (using Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory) in a group of eating disordered patients (n = 272) according to the type of eating disorder. Three groups were compared: restricting anorexics (n = 71), purging anorexics (n = 84) and bulimics (n = 118). Secondly, the association between personality characteristics and cognitive and behavioural aspects, using the Eating Disorders Inventory and the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire, was measured. In bulimics, positive correlations were found between novelty seeking on the one hand and external and emotional eating and bulimia on the other. Contrary to expectation, there was no significant correlation between novelty seeking and body dissatisfaction in bulimics. The significant difference between the restricting and purging type of anorexics regarding self‐directedness, and restrained and emotional eating and drive for thinness corresponded with the significant negative correlation between these characteristics. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Short‐term follow‐up of severe bulimia nervosa after inpatient treatment
Authors: Rø Øyvind , Martinsen Egil W. , Hoffart Asle , Rosenvinge Jan H. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractObjective:There are few follow‐up studies on outcome for treatment‐resistant bulimics with comorbid personality disorders. Inpatient treatment may be one option for patients who have not responded to outpatient therapy. The aim of this prospective study was to report on the 1‐year follow‐up of long‐term severe bulimic patients treated in an inpatient eating disorder unit.Method:Fifty‐four patients were treated in a 4‐month specialized group treatment programme for bulimia nervosa. Patients were assessed using the Eating Disorder Examination interview (EDE), the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) and the Symptom Check List (SCL‐90‐R) at pre‐treatment, post‐treatment and at 1 year after the start of treatment. Fifty patients with a mean age of 31 years were available for the follow‐up assessment. On admission 72 per cent of the patients had bulimia nervosa, 26 per cent had unspecified eating disorder (EDNOS) and 2 per cent had the bulimic subtype of anorexia nervosa.Results:Twenty‐two (44 per cent) patients had good outcome at follow‐up (i.e. reduction of binges and/or purging by more than 75 per cent). Fourteen (28 per cent) had intermediate outcome (i.e. 25–74 per cent reduction of binges and/or purging) and 14 (28 per cent) had poor outcome (i.e. less than 25 per cent reduction in binging and/or purging or a symptom increase). There were significant reductions in most EDE, EDI and SCL‐90‐R subscale scores from pre‐treatment to follow‐up. The improvement on all of these subscales occurred during inpatient treatment and there were no significant changes from post‐treatment to follow‐up.Conclusion:Bulimic symptoms and general psychiatric symptoms were substantially reduced during the 4‐month inpatient treatment and these improvements were sustained at the follow‐up. Inpatient treatment may thus be an option for treatment‐resistant bulimia nervosa. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Lysophosphatidic acid regulates the proliferation and migration of olfactory ensheathing cells in vitro
Authors: Yan Henglin , Lu Dongchen , Rivkees Scott A. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractOlfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are a unique type of macroglia with axonal growth‐promoting properties. However, our understanding of the factors that regulate OECs is at early stages. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a lipid that influences diverse functions in the nervous system. Recent studies suggest that glial cells, including astrocytes and Schwann cells, are important targets of LPA. However, the influences of LPA on OECs are not known. To address if LPA can influence OECs, we examined effects of LPA on the proliferation and migration of OECs and intracellular effector events. Initially, we observed that OECs expressed the genes for LPA1, LPA2, and LPA3 receptors. When OECs were treated with LPA, we observed stimulated proliferation and migration of OECs. Treatment of OECs with LPA also induced actin cytoskeleton reorganization and focal adhesion assembly. These effects of LPA were blocked by treatment with C3 exoenzyme or Y‐27632, which inhibit Rho‐GTPase and Rho‐associated kinase, respectively. Effects of LPA on OEC proliferation were blocked by the MEK inhibitors PD098059 and U0126 and by the phosphotidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI 3‐K) inhibitors LY0294002 and wortmannin. These results show that LPA acts via Rho‐GTPase, MAPK, and PI 3‐K signaling cascades to influence OEC proliferation, migration, and cytoskeleton assembly. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regulation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase‐1 by astrocytes: Links to HIV‐1 dementia
Authors: Suryadevara Radhika , Holter Spring , Borgmann Kathleen , Persidsky Raisa , Labenz‐Zink Christine , Persidsky Yuri , Gendelman Howard E. , Wu Li , Ghorpade Anuja 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe neuropathogenesis of HIV‐1‐associated dementia (HAD) revolves around the secretion of toxic molecules from infected and immune‐competent mononuclear phagocytes. Astrocyte activation occurs in parallel but limited insights are available for its role in neurotoxicity and cognitive dysfunction. One means in which astrocytes may affect disease is through their production of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). TIMPs are regulators of matrix metalloproteinases, enzymes that affect blood‐brain barrier integrity through altering the extracellular matrix. We hypothesized that in response to injury and inflammation in HAD, astrocytes regulate the production of TIMP‐1, the inducible type of TIMP that is important in inflammation. To address astrocyte‐mediated TIMP‐1 regulation in HAD, we evaluated the responses of primary human to IL‐1β and HIV‐1. TIMP‐1 levels in plasma, CSF, and brain tissue of control, HIV‐1 infected patients without cognitive impairment, and HAD patients were also studied. Our data show that an upregulation of TIMP‐1 results from astrocytes acutely activated with IL‐1β. In contrast, CSF and brain tissue samples from HAD patients showed reduced TIMP‐1 levels compared to seronegative controls. MMP‐2 levels in brains showed the opposite. Consistent with this, prolonged activation of astrocytes led to a reduction in TIMP‐1 and MMP‐2, but a sustained elevation in MMP‐1. Our data suggest that in diseased brain tissue, the ability of astrocytes to counteract the destructive effects of MMP through expression of TIMP‐1 is diminished by chronic activation. Our studies reveal new opportunities for repair‐based therapeutic strategies in HAD. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microtubules are critical for radial glial morphology: Possible regulation by MAPs and MARKs
Authors: Li Hedong , Berlin Yana , Hart Ronald P. , Grumet Martin 
Published: September 2003

AbstractRadial glia are a polarized cell type that in most neural regions appear only transiently during development. They have long been recognized as glia or glial progenitors that support neuronal migration. Recent evidence indicates that radial glia also give rise to neurons and appear to be a major population of dividing precursor cells in the embryonic cortical ventricular zone. Radial glia extend long processes from the ventricular zone to the pial surface that provide guides for neuronal migration. We reasoned that the unique morphology of radial glia is due to the composition and organization of their cytoskeleton. In this present study, we have used C6‐R, a radial glial‐like cell line and isolated perinatal cerebellar radial glia to ask what are the critical cytoskeletal elements in radial glial cells and how they are regulated. Treatments with nocodazole and cytochalasin D showed that microtubules, but not microfilaments, are critical for the polarized morphology of radial glia. In addition, quantitative real‐time PCR indicated that certain mRNAs specific for microtubule‐associated proteins (MAPs) are selectively expressed in radial glia. These results together with the known ability of microtubule affinity‐regulating kinases to regulate microtubule organization suggest that microtubules and MAPs are critical for the morphology of radial glia. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuronal glutamate transporter EAAT4 is expressed in astrocytes
Authors: Hu Wen‐Hui , Walters Winston M. , Xia Xiao‐Mei , Karmally Shaffiat A. , Bethea John R. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractHigh‐affinity excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) are essential to terminate glutamatergic neurotransmission and to prevent excitotoxicity. To date, five distinct EAATs have been cloned from animal and human tissues: GLAST (EAAT1), GLT‐1 (EAAT2), EAAC1 (EAAT3), EAAT4, and EAAT5. EAAT1 and EAAT2 are commonly known as glial glutamate transporters, whereas EAAT3, EAAT4, and EAAT5 are neuronal. EAAT4 is largely expressed in cerebellar Purkinje cells. In this study, using immunohistochemistry and Western blotting, we found that EAAT4‐like immunoreactivity (ir) is enriched in the spinal cord and forebrain. Double‐labeled fluorescent immunostaining and confocal image analysis indicated that EAAT4‐like ir colocalizes with an astrocytic marker, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). The astrocytic localization of EAAT4 was further confirmed in astrocyte cultures by double‐labeled fluorescent immunocytochemistry and Western blotting. Reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated mRNA expression of EAAT4 in astrocyte cultures. Sequencing confirmed the specificity of the amplified fragment. These results demonstrate that EAAT4 is expressed in astrocytes. This astrocytic localization of neuronal EAAT4 may reveal a new function of EAAT4 in the central nervous system. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.