bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decomposition of litter in a dry sclerophyll eucalypt forest and a Pinus radiata plantation in southeastern Australia
Authors: Crockford R. H. , Richardson D. P. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThis study of litter decomposition was part of an extensive project examining the partitioning of rainfall, the associated chemistry, and litterfall in a dry sclerophyll eucalypt forest and a Pinus radiata plantation in southeastern Australia. The eucalypt species studied were Eucalyptus rossii, E. mannifera and E. dives. The components tested were Pinus radiata needles, leaves of the three eucalypt species, and the bark of E. rossii and E. mannifera.During the first 16 weeks of the decomposition experiment there was a rapid decrease in the concentrations of potassium, magnesium, sodium and phosphorus; this was attributed to leaching. During this period, concentrations of nitrogen and calcium increased for most components. After this period, decomposition became the dominant process, during which the concentrations of most elements increased. By the end of the experiment there was, compared with the initial values, a marked reduction in concentrations of sodium, magnesium and potassium for all eucalypt and pine litter. Calcium concentrations increased through time, with eucalypt bark showing a mid‐period decline. Phosphorus concentrations decreased for the eucalypt leaves but increased substantially for the pine needles and the eucalypt bark. For all components of both the eucalypts and pines, total nitrogen concentrations rose consistently throughout the decomposition period. This was attributed to the formation of nitrogen‐substituted lignin, which was more resistant to decomposition than the other nitrogen‐containing compounds, as well as some nitrogen being stored in the micro‐organisms responsible for decomposition. Because of loss of fragmented litter from the litter bags after 16 weeks, the weight changes could not be confidently measured after this period. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigating contemporary and historical sediment inputs to Slapton Higher Ley: an analysis of the robustness of source ascription methods when applied to lake sediment data
Authors: Jenns N. , Heppell C. M. , Burt T. P. , Walden J. , Foster I. D. L. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThis paper reports the results of a quantitative source analysis of the contemporary and historical sediments delivered to Slapton Higher Ley (Devon, UK). Contemporary suspended and bedload sediment inputs to the Higher Ley were apportioned successfully using R‐ and Q‐mode analysis and an unmixing model. Pasture topsoil was responsible for 80% of the suspended sediment load during stormflow, but only 50% under baseflow conditions. Channel bank material dominated bedload (70–80%).Dating by 137Cs of three cores from the Higher Ley indicates that rapid sedimentation has occurred since the 1950s and that pasture topsoil has been the dominant source of sediment deposited in the Higher Ley since the early 1980s. Both the unmixing model and R‐ and Q‐mode analysis support this interpretation. However, the robustness and validity of applying such source ascription techniques to the sediment cores of the Higher Ley is debatable, as chemical and mineral magnetic signatures in the cores are ‘diluted’ in comparison with sediment sources from the Slapton catchment. Particles‐size effects, selective transport and post‐depositional physical and chemical processes are examined as possible causes of this dilution effect. Post‐depositional alteration of the sediment was identified as the most probable explanation, but further analysis of the process was not possible within the scope of this study. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Release of dissolved organic carbon from upland peat
Authors: Worrall F. , Burt T. P. , Jaeban R. Y. , Warburton J. , Shedden R. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThis study examines the release of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from upland peat during the period of the autumn flushing. Hydroclimatic conditions were monitored in conjunction with measurements of absorbance and the E4/E6 ratio of the stream draining an 11·4 km2 upland peat catchment in northern England. During two months of monitoring the effects of 67 separate rainfall events were examined showing that:

The peat behaves hydrologically as if it were a two end‐member system consisting of old, interevent, and new, event, water. Runoff is initiated by percolation excess of new water at the acrotelm–catotelm interface.
The discharge of dissolved organic matter behaves like a three end‐member system with the between‐event water being low in DOC and storm events being characterized by two types of water. Initial runoff being characterized by new water rich in DOC that gives way to new water depleted in DOC. This transition can be ascribed to the runoff progressing from throughflow within the acrotelm progressing to saturation‐excess overland flow.
Depletion of DOC during storm events is accompanied by a change in the character of the DOC as the E4/E6 ratio changes. This suggests that the decrease in DOC during events is the result of exhaustion of reserves rather than changes in the flowpaths being utilized by runoff.
The amount of carbon released in any event is critically dependent upon the time between events during which oxidation processes generate a reservoir of available carbon. Production of available carbon in the catchment is as high as 4·5 g C per day per m3 of peat, suggesting a turnover rate of peat of the order of 42 years. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Smoke exposure, histologic type and geography‐related differences in the methylation profiles of non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Toyooka Shinichi , Maruyama Riichiroh , Toyooka Kiyomi O. , McLerran Dale , Feng Ziding , Fukuyama Yasuro , Virmani Arvind K. , Zochbauer‐Muller Sabine , Tsukuda Kazunori , Sugio Kenji , Shimizu Nobuyoshi , Shimizu Kenji , Lee Huei , Chen Chih‐Yi , Fong Kwun M. , Gilcrease Michael , Roth Jack A. , Minna John D. , Gazdar Adi F. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractAberrant methylation of several known or putative tumor suppressor genes occurs frequently during the pathogenesis of lung cancers. There are major smoke exposure, histology, geography and gender‐related changes in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We investigated smoking‐related, histologic, geographic and gender differences in the methylation profiles of resected NSCLCs. We examined 514 cases of NSCLC and 84 corresponding nonmalignant lung tissues from 4 countries (USA, Australia, Japan and Taiwan) for the methylation status of 7 genes known to be frequently methylated in lung cancers [p16, RASSF1A (RAS association domain family 1), APC, RARβ, CDH13, MGMT and GSTP1]. Multivariate analyses were used for data analysis. Adenocarcinoma was the major histologic type in women and never smokers; analyses that involved smoke exposure and gender were limited to this histology. Our major findings are a) methylation status of any single gene was largely independent of methylation status of other genes; b) the rates of methylation of p16 and APC and the mean Methylation Index (MI), a reflection of the overall methylation status, were significantly higher in ever smokers than in never smokers; c) the mean MI of tumors arising in former smokers was significantly lower than the mean of current smokers; d) the methylation rates of APC, CDH13 and RARβ were significantly higher in adenocarcinomas than in squamous cell carcinomas; e) methylation rates of MGMT and GSTP1 were significantly higher in the USA and Australian cases than in those from Japan and Taiwan; and (f) no significant gender‐related differences in methylation patterns were noted. Our findings demonstrate important smoke exposure, histologic type and geography‐related differences in the methylation profiles of NSCLC tumors. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reg IV, a new member of the regenerating gene family, is overexpressed in colorectal carcinomas
Authors: Violette Sabine , Festor Estelle , Pandrea‐Vasile Ivona , Mitchell Valérie , Adida Colette , Dussaulx Elisabeth , Lacorte Jean‐Marc , Chambaz Jean , Lacasa Michel , Lesuffleur Thécla 
Published: December 2002

AbstractA better understanding of the mechanisms by which colon tumor cells are able to survive exposure to drugs would be valuable for the development of new therapeutic strategies. We used differential display‐PCR to compare gene expression in the drug‐sensitive HT‐29 colon cancer cell line and 3 drug‐resistant subpopulations derived from this parental cell line. One of the genes identified is a new gene, Regenerating IV gene (Reg IV), and was strongly overexpressed in HT‐29 drug‐resistant cells. Other drug‐resistant cell lines expressed Reg IV at a high level, whereas a low expression was noted in sensitive cell lines. Northern blot and real‐time PCR analysis showed that Reg IV is more strongly expressed in 71% of colorectal tumors (in particular in mucinous carcinomas) than in normal colon tissues. The comparison of Reg IV expression with that of other REG genes, Regenerating Iα or (Reg Iα), Regenerating Iβ (Reg Iβ) and Pancreatitis‐associated protein (PAP), highlights its predominant expression in colorectal tumors. Reg IV mRNA‐positive tumor cells display different phenotypes: mucus‐secreting, enterocyte‐like or undifferentiated. Interestingly, whereas Reg IV expression is low in normal colon, its level in normal small intestine is similar to that in some colorectal tumors. In normal tissue, Reg IV mRNA‐positive cells are mostly enteroendocrine cells and goblet cells. Our results point out the potential role of Reg IV in colorectal tumors and its subsequent interest as a pronostic indicator of tumor survival. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synergistic antineoplastic action of DNA methylation inhibitor 5‐AZA‐2′‐deoxycytidine and histone deacetylase inhibitor depsipeptide on human breast carcinoma cells
Authors: Primeau Mélanie , Gagnon Jacynthe , Momparler Richard L. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractDuring tumorigenesis, cancer‐related genes can be silenced by aberrant DNA methylation and by changes in chromatin structure. It has been reported that 5‐aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine, a potent inhibitor of DNA methylation, in combination with histone deacetylase inhibitors, can produce a synergistic reactivation of these genes. The aim of our study was to investigate the in vitro antineoplastic activity of 5‐aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine in combination with depsipeptide, a potent histone deacetylase inhibitor, against MDA‐MB‐231 and MDA‐MB‐435 human breast carcinoma cell lines. We observed that the combination of 5‐aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine and depsipeptide produced a synergistic antineoplastic effect against these tumor cells as compared to either agent administered alone. We also investigated the effect of this drug combination on the activation of maspin and gelsolin expression. These 2 genes whose function is to suppress tumor metastasis have been reported to be silenced by epigenetic events in breast cancer. Using semi‐quantitative RT‐PCR, we observed that 5‐aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine in combination with depsipeptide produced a greater reactivation of both maspin and gelsolin as compared to each agent alone. The synergistic interaction between 5‐aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine and depsipeptide on breast carcinoma cell lines provides a rationale to investigate this interesting drug combination in future clinical trials on patients with advanced breast cancer. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Suppression of lung metastasis of mouse Lewis lung cancer P29 with transfection of the ganglioside GM2/GD2 synthase gene
Authors: Chen Ho‐Hsiang , Fukumoto Satoshi , Furukawa Keiko , Nakao Akimasa , Akiyama Seiji , Urano Takeshi , Furukawa Koichi 
Published: December 2002

AbstractGanglioside functions in tumor metastasis were analyzed by carbohydrate remodeling of a mouse Lewis lung cancer (subline P29) by introducing β1,4GalNAc‐T cDNA. Although P29 was originally a low‐metastatic subline in the s.c. injection system, it showed high potential in lung metastasis when i.v.‐injected via the tail vein. Two lines of GM2+ transfectants showed markedly reduced metastatic potential to the lung compared to 2 control lines. However, cell proliferation rates and expression levels of various cell adhesion molecules, e.g., integrin family members, SLex and CD44, were essentially unchanged after transfection of the cDNA. Then, cell adhesion to fibronectin‐coated dishes was examined, showing that GM2+ transfectants attached to the plates much more slowly than controls, suggesting functional modulation of integrins with newly expressed GM2. Phosphorylation of the FAK located at downstream of integrin molecules was markedly reduced in GM2+ transfectants, suggesting that GM2 suppressed cell adhesion signals via fibronectin–integrin interaction. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A prospective study of adiposity and postmenopausal breast cancer risk: The Malmö diet and cancer study
Authors: Lahmann Petra H. , Lissner Lauren , Gullberg Bo , Olsson Håkan , Berglund Göran 
Published: December 2002

AbstractHigh BMI is a well‐known risk factor for postmenopausal breast cancer. There have been some reports of excess risk in association with weight gain and WHR, but little is known about the influence of body fatness per se. Using data from the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study, a prospective cohort study, 12,159 postmenopausal women (59.9 ± 7.7 years) were categorized by quintiles of baseline anthropometric and impedance measures and reported weight change since age 20. RRs from multivariate Cox regression models were calculated. All analyses were adjusted for age, height, smoking, alcohol consumption, occupation, marital status, parity, age at first pregnancy, age at menarche and current hormone use. During the 5.7 years of follow‐up, there were 246 incident breast cancer cases. Weight, height, BMI and %BF were positively associated with risk of breast cancer (ptrend ≤ 0.02). %BF showed the strongest association, with an RR of 2.01 (95% CI 1.26–3.21) in the highest vs. lowest quintile. There was significant modification of this association by hormone use, suggesting a greater impact of body fatness among nonusers. Fat distribution was not independently associated with breast cancer risk. Women with weight gain >21 kg (top quintile) had an RR of 1.75 (95% CI 1.11–2.77) compared to women with low weight gain. Breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women is predicted by increased body fat and weight gain. %BF is a more discriminating risk factor for breast cancer incidence than the commonly used BMI. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of treatment sequence with radiotherapy and the antiestrogen EM 800 on the growth of ZR 75 1 human mammary carcinoma in nude mice
Authors: Gutman Mathieu , Couillard Steeve , Labrie Fernand , Candas Bernard , Labrie Claude 
Published: December 2002

AbstractWe demonstrated previously that continuous administration of EM‐800, a SERM having pure antiestrogenic activity in the mammary gland and endometrium in combination with monthly radiotherapy caused a greater inhibition of human ZR 75 1 tumor growth in nude mice than either therapy used alone. To further optimize therapy, we have now examined the effect of various treatment sequences to determine the optimal treatment regimen in the same model. EM 800 was given at the maximally effective oral dose of 300 μg daily. External beam radiation therapy (RTX) was carried out (2 Gy/tumor/day, 5 days per week for 3 weeks) for a total of 30 Gy/tumor delivered directly to the tumor while shielding the rest of the animal body. There was no evidence of RTX‐related morbidity. Continuous treatment with EM 800 was initiated either 3 weeks before or at the same time as RTX, immediately after RTX, or 3 weeks before and immediately after RTX. After 156 days of treatment, EM 800 alone caused a 75% decrease in average tumor area, an effect equivalent to that achieved by ovariectomy. RTX alone, on the other hand, caused a transient 30% decrease in tumor area regardless of treatment sequence, whereas combined treatment with EM 800 and RTX was superior to either treatment alone. Combined treatment with EM 800 and RTX both started on Day 1 caused the greatest (88%), most rapid (50% in 2 weeks) and sustained decrease in tumor size. The present data indicate that optimal reduction in breast tumor size is achieved by continuous administration of EM 800 and RTX started simultaneously on Day 1. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The sero‐epidemiology of Kaposi's sarcoma‐associated herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV‐8) in adults with cancer in Uganda
Authors: Newton Robert , Ziegler John , Bourboulia Dimitra , Casabonne Delphine , Beral Valerie , Mbidde Edward , Carpenter Lucy , Reeves Gillian , Parkin D. Maxwell , Wabinga Henry , Mbulaiteye Sam , Jaffe Harold ,   the Uganda Kaposi's Sarcoma Study Group, Weiss Robin , Boshoff Chris 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThe association between the prevalence of antibodies against Kaposi's sarcoma‐associated herpesvirus (KSHV or human herpesvirus 8 [HHV‐8]) and sociodemographic, sexual, reproductive and lifestyle factors was investigated in a study of adults presenting with cancer at hospitals in Kampala, Uganda. Patients were interviewed and tested for antibodies against KSHV (using an indirect immunofluorescent assay). Data are presented for 607 patients who were not infected with the human immunodeficiency virus‐1 (HIV) and who did not have Kaposi's sarcoma (these included people with cancers of the uterine cervix [140], breast [58], liver [41], oesophagus [36], lymphoma [47], other cancers [285] and benign tumours [63]). The prevalence of anti‐KSHV antibodies was 50% overall (302/607) and did not differ significantly by cancer site (p = 0.4) or sex (p = 0.2), but increased linearly with age from 35% in those under 25 years to 55% in those 45 years and over (χ2 trend [1 df] = 9.1; p < 0.001). After adjusting for age and sex, anti‐KSHV antibodies were more common in tribal groups other than the Baganda tribe (54% vs. 45% among Baganda; p = 0.02), but there was no significant (p > 0.05) variation in seroprevalence by district of birth, region of residence prior to becoming ill or various measures of wealth. The prevalence of anti‐KSHV antibodies decreased with increasing number of older siblings, although this may be due to chance (p = 0.05) and was higher among people who had ever been married (p = 0.03). There was no significant association (p > 0.05) between the presence of antibodies against KSHV and other sexual and reproductive factors. Among the 302 patients with anti‐KSHV antibodies, the proportion with high titres increased linearly with increasing age (p = 0.03) and was higher among those reporting having had a blood transfusion (p = 0.03). In conclusion, in this population in Uganda, where KSHV is relatively common, the prevalence of anti‐KSHV antibodies increased with age but showed little association with nearly 50 other factors studied. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A cluster analysis of symptom patterns and adjustment in Vietnam combat veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder
Authors: Mazzeo Suzanne E. , Beckham Jean C. , Witvliet Charlotte vanOyen , Feldman Michelle E. , Shivy Victoria A. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThis study investigated whether a subgroup of veterans with malignant posttraumatic stress syndrome, as described by Rosenheck (1985) and Lambert et al. (1996), could be identified via cluster analysis within two samples of Vietnam veterans with combat‐related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In the initial subsample (n = 157), four clusters were identified, including a subgroup that scored consistently higher on measures
of interpersonal violence and current physical problems. Similar results were found in the cross‐validation subsample (n = 156). These results provide support for the theoretical concept of malignant PTSD and suggest that veterans with chronic PTSD are not homogenous. Whereas some manifest extreme levels of both functional impairment and PTSD symptomatology, others exhibit markedly less functional impairment despite manifesting clinically significant levels of PTSD. Clinicians can consider this heterogeneity in their treatment decisions. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 1555–1571, 2002.
Efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of specific phobias: Four single‐case studies on dental phobia
Authors: De Jongh A. , van den Oord H.J.M. , ten Broeke E. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractA series of single‐case experiments was used to evaluate the application of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) to traumatically induced dental phobia. Following two to three sessions of EMDR treatment, three of the four patients demonstrated substantially reduced self‐reported and observer‐rated anxiety, reduced credibility of dysfunctional beliefs concerning dental treatment, and significant behavior changes. These gains were maintained at six weeks follow‐up. In all four cases, the clinical diagnosis present at pretreatment was not present at posttreatment at a clinical level. All patients actually underwent the dental treatment they feared most within three weeks following EMDR treatment. The findings support the notion that EMDR can be an effective treatment alternative for phobic conditions with a trauma‐related etiology. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 1489–1503, 2002.
Bioflavours and fragrances via fermentation and biocatalysis
Authors: Vandamme Erick J , Soetaert Wim 
Published: December 2002

AbstractA condensed overview is given of the potential offered by bacteria, fungi and yeasts to produce a wide range of bioflavours and fragrances. A few commercialised processes are also discussed. The advantages of microbial processes versus chemical synthesis or extraction are outlined. Both de novo fermentation processes as well as bioconversions based on adding specific precursors/intermediates to microbial cells or enzymes are illustrated via typical examples. Bottlenecks, which currently hinder a wider introduction of this flavour biotechnology, are indicated and some solutions are proposed.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Removal of trivalent chromium(III) from solution by biosorption in cork powder
Authors: Machado Remígio , Carvalho Jorge R , Joana Neiva Correia M 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThe removal of trivalent chromium from solutions using biosorption in cork powder is described. The adsorption isotherm was determined, along with the effect of different variables, such as biomass particle size, solid–liquid ratio, reaction time, metal concentration and pH, on the efficiency of chromium removal. It was concluded that the adsorption is slow and favoured by an increase in pH. Therefore, using a solid–liquid ratio of 4 g dm−3 it is possible to reduce the chromium concentration in the solution from 10 mg dm−3 to less than 1.5 mg dm−3 in 2 h at 22 °C. The kinetic studies verified that the sorption of chromium by cork was described by a second‐order model. The elution results showed that 50% of the chromium bound to the cork was eluted using 0.5 mol dm−3 H2SO4 and that cork maintains its binding capacity over four cycles of biosorption/elution.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Delegation and strategic incentives for managers in contests
Authors: Kräkel Matthias 
Published: December 2002

AbstractOwners usually want their managers to maximize profits. As the literature on strategic delegation has shown it may be beneficial to owners to put a positive weight on sales in the optimal linear incentive scheme for managers to make them behave more aggressively in the market. This paper shows that if the competition between the managers can be characterized as a contest, owners may induce their managers to maximize sales. Moreover, there is a first‐mover advantage for owners when choosing their incentive schemes. If delegation is endogenous the type of contest will determine whether all owners delegate their decisions to managers or not. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.