bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Asymmetric Heck Reaction
Authors: Shibasaki Masakatsu , Vogl Erasmus M. , Ohshima Takashi 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe asymmetric Heck reaction is a powerful method for the synthesis of both tertiary and quaternary chiral carbon centers, with an enantiomeric excess often greater than 80%, and in some cases much higher (up to 99% ee). A variety of carbocyclic and heterocyclic systems can be constructed, including spirocyclic systems. The scope of the reaction with respect to the product alkene isomerization is somewhat limited by problems of regioselectivity, however, these problems are surmountable, and a new generation of ligands that dissociate more rapidly from the products, might improve both enantio‐ and regiocontrol. A variety of chiral compounds prepared by the asymmetric Heck reaction were successfully utilized in the enantioselective syntheses of complex natural products.
Use of “Homeopathic” Ligand‐Free Palladium as Catalyst for Aryl‐Aryl Coupling Reactions
Authors: Alimardanov Asaf , Schmieder‐van de Vondervoort Lizette , de Vries André H. M. , de Vries Johannes G. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe have previously shown that the use of ligand‐free palladium employing Pd(OAc)2 as catalyst precursor in the Heck reaction of aryl bromides is possible if low catalyst loadings, typically between 0.01–0.1 mol % are used. We have now tested this phenomenon, which we have dubbed “homeopathic” palladium, in biaryl formation using the Suzuki, the Negishi and the Kumada cross‐coupling reactions. The Suzuki reaction of aryl bromides, both activated and deactivated, is possible using 0.02–0.05 mol % of Pd(OAc)2. In this reaction turnover frequencies up to 30,000 have been reached with activated substrates. Even aryl chlorides could be reacted if strongly electron‐withdrawing substituents were present. The Negishi coupling with a variety of arylzinc halides was possible on aryl bromides containing electron‐withdrawing substituents. The Kumada reaction only gave low yields of products under “homeopathic' conditions.
Enzymatic tailor‐made proteolysis of whey in a vortex flow reactor
Authors: Resende Miriam M. , Sousa Ruy , Tardioli Paulo W. , Giordano Raquel L. C. , Giordano Roberto C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractEnzymatic hydrolysis of cheese whey proteins with immobilized enzymes, providing a tailor‐made pool of peptides, within narrow ranges of molecular weight, might be an advantageous alternative for this by‐product of the dairy industry. In this work, Alcalase® was immobilized in agarose–glyoxyl gel beads and the proteolysis reaction was run in a continuous Taylor–Couette–Poiseuille reactor [or vortex flow reactor (VFR)], which presented efficient stirring without damaging the fragile beads. VFR mass transfer parameters were estimated after residence time distribution assays. Artificial neural networks were used to predict reaction rates of five ranges of peptide molecular weights. Using this hybrid model, a detailed description of the system was achieved. A bench‐scale VFR (radius ratio η = 0.48 and aspect ratio Γ = 11.9) was used to validate the model. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 21: 314–322, 2005
Modeling Al3+/H+ ion transport in Donnan membrane process for coagulant recovery
Authors: Prakash Prakhar , SenGupta Arup K. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA single‐step Donnan Membrane Process (DMP) has recently been investigated for selective recovery of Al3+ from water treatment plant residuals using cation exchange membranes. The DMP works on an electrochemical potential gradient and is not susceptible to fouling even in the presence of high concentration of particulates and natural organic matter (NOM). A step‐wise algorithm is presented to predict the kinetics of Al3+  H+ coupled transport using the Nernst‐Planck equation. The model includes the effect of solvent osmosis. Two characteristically different cation exchange membranes, namely the homogeneous Nafion 117 and the heterogeneous Ionac MC 3470, were included in the study. Both the membranes have hydrophilic properties when compared with recognized hydrophobic material, such as the polytetrafluoroethlylene (PTFE) surface. The average Al3+H+ interdiffusion coefficient (¯DAlH) value determined under nearly identical experimental conditions was an order of magnitude greater for the Nafion 117 membrane (10−10 m2/s) in comparison with Ionac MC 3470 membrane (10−11 m2/s). The lower diffusion coefficient values for Ionac MC 3470 membrane was attributed to the presence of nonionogenic pockets in the membrane phase that offer greater diffusional resistance to ion transport. A step‐wise protocol for the coupled transport of Al3+ and H+ during DMP successfully predicted the Al3+ recovery profile for both homogeneous and heterogeneous membranes. The Nafion 117 membrane could selectively recover Al3+ from water treatment plant residuals and could exclude dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the recovered solution through Donnan co‐ion exclusion. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 51: 333–344, 2005
Molecular simulation of adsorption of HCFC‐22 in pillared clays
Authors: Yang Qingyuan , Bu Xinping , Zhong Chongli , Li Yi‐gui 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAn extensive grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulation combined with quantum mechanics calculations has been conducted to investigate the dependency of the adsorption isotherms, local density profiles, and orientational behaviors of HCFC‐22 confined in pillared clays on pore width, porosity, pressure, and the density of the activated sites at 300 K. The calculated results suggest that there are optimal pore width and pressure for adsorption, and the effects of porosity and the activated sites on adsorption are significant at low pressure and become weaker with increasing pressure. A combination of the GCMC simulation and the quantum mechanics calculation results shows that hydrogen atom is the adsorption site of an HCFC‐22 molecule adsorbed on the pillared clay walls and most of the molecules in the contact layers orient perpendicularly to the walls in the direction of C → H when physical adsorption is predominant, and the orientation changes with increasing pressure. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 51: 281–291, 2005
Extremely low frequency magnetic fields originating from equipment used for assisted reproduction, umbilical cord and peripheral blood stem cell transplantation, transfusion, and hemodialysis
Authors: Moriyama Kosei , Sato Hiroyuki , Tanaka Kenji , Nakashima Yoshiyuki , Yoshitomi Kuniaki 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe extremely low‐frequency (ELF) magnetic fields (MFs) originating from equipment used for assisted reproduction, umbilical cord‐blood and peripheral‐blood stem cell transplantation, transfusion, and hemodialysis were measured. The ELF‐MF values were 0.1–1.2 μT on clean benches, <0.1–8.0 μT on inverted microscopes, <0.1–13.6 μT in CO2 incubators, 4.3–11.5 μT in centrifuges, 0.4–18.8 μT in programmed freezers, <0.1–0.3 μT in deep freezers, 0.3–3.1 μT on cell separators, and 0.2–0.9 μT in hemodialysers. Frequencies of MFs were nominally 60 Hz, but some devices showed non‐sinusoidal 120 Hz. Such MFs can be reduced by shielding the sources or altering the protocols employed. Bioelectromagnetics 26:69–73, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Main accessory sulcus of the liver
Authors: Macchi Veronica , Porzionato Andrea , Parenti Anna , Macchi Carlo , Newell Richard , De Caro Raffaele 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIt has been proposed that the superficial part of the portal fissures weakens the surface hepatic parenchyma, allowing the development of accessory sulci caused by diaphragmatic pressure. To evaluate the relationship of the sulci in the antero‐superior surface of the right liver with the right portal fissure, macroscopic post mortem examination of 85 livers was carried out and radio‐opaque resins were injected into the portal and hepatic venous systems to obtain vascular casts. After formalin fixation, the 85 livers also underwent CT and MR scans and 3D image elaboration. Diaphragmatic sulci were found in 32 cases. We studied the sulci located in the right liver, i.e., those that lay to the right of the line of Cantlie. They were found in 28 instances and in 16 cases they were multiple. In the livers with a single sulcus, it extended between the anterior and right surfaces of the right liver and showed a curved course downward and forward, toward the inferior margin. In the cases with multiple sulci, one sulcus always showed a course similar to that of the single sulci. The 28 sulci, with similar position and course, showed variable characteristics (mean length = 7.6 ± 2.7 cm, mean width = 0.8 ± 0.7 cm, mean depth = 1.4 ± 0.8 cm). Both radiological images and corrosion casts showed a correspondence between these sulci and the right hepatic vein and the right portal fissure in 71% of cases. These sulci may represent the variable expression (cranial, intermediate, or caudal portions) of a potential sulcus, the main accessory sulcus (MAS), that develops along a theoretically predictable course corresponding to the superficial part of the right portal fissure. The high prevalence of location of the MAS at the level of the upper part of the right portal fissure can be ascribed to the presence at this level of the watershed between the roots of the tributaries of the hepatic veins coming from segments VIII and VII, draining respectively into the middle and right hepatic veins. Thus, the coexistence of the two portal and hepatic venous boundaries may represent a further predisposition to the effects of diaphragmatic pressure. The MAS may represent a marking for the right portal fissure, and hence a superficial reference for the deep course of the right hepatic vein. Clin. Anat. 18:39–45, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Using computer‐based interactive imagery strategies for designing instructional anatomy programs
Authors: Khalil M.K. , Lamar C.H. , Johnson T.E. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn an effort to design and implement effective anatomy educational programs, this study was conducted to evaluate students' perceptions toward using two computer‐based self‐directed instructional modules (e.g., digestive system and canine skull) that were designed utilizing interactive imagery strategy for teaching and learning veterinary anatomy. Sixty‐eight freshmen veterinary students and one graduate student participated in this study. Open‐ended and close‐ended questionnaires were administered to evaluate the utilization of computer‐based interactive imagery strategy in developing anatomy instructional programs, and to collect data about the students' perceptions toward the use of interactive images in teaching and learning of anatomy. Means and standard deviations were calculated and analyzed for close‐ended items. The open‐ended questionnaire items were analyzed to identify shared patterns or themes in the students' experience after using the two instructional anatomy modules. Students reported positive attitudes toward the interactive imagery strategy used in the development of computer‐based anatomy modules. Based on our findings, this study outlines the characteristics of effective instructional images that will serve as guidelines for the preparation and selection of anatomical images, as well as, how to utilize these images to develop computer‐based instructional anatomy programs. Students perceived interactive imagery as an effective design strategy that helped them learn anatomical concepts. Clin. Anat. 18:68–76, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Validity and reliability of existing and modified clinical methods of measuring femoral and tibiofibular torsion in healthy subjects: Use of different reference axes may improve reliability
Authors: Tamari Kotaro , Tinley Paul , Briffa Kathy , Breidahl William 
Published: December 2004

AbstractPrevious studies have evaluated reliability and validity of clinical measurements of femoral and tibiofibular torsion, however, the results are conflicting, warranting an alternative method. The authors developed modified methods of measuring femoral and tibiofibular torsion using different reference axes, and validity and reliability of the modified and existing methods were examined in healthy subjects. Reference values were established using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the validity study. There were significant differences between all clinical methods and corresponding MRI outcomes (P < 0.05), whereas Pearson's correlation coefficients between the clinical methods and MRI ranged from 0.67–0.92. For modified methods, intraclass correlation coefficients were 0.89–0.97, whereas those of existing methods were 0.75–0.81. Modified methods were more precise, with standard error of measurements (SEM) of 1.5–2.9°, compared to existing methods (SEM = 4.0–5.1°). These results indicate that clinical methods available currently do not accurately measure true torsion of the femur and tibia. Nevertheless, the clinical methods may be useful for screening and descriptive purposes as indices of true torsion, and use of different reference axes could improve their reliability. Clin. Anat. 18:46–55, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relationship between sex, age, and the minimum thickness of the roof of the glenoid fossa in normal temporomandibular joints
Authors: Honda Kazuya , Kawashima Shoji , Kashima Masahiro , Sawada Kunihiko , Shinoda Koji , Sugisaki Masashi 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis autopsy study investigates the minimum thickness of the roof of the glenoid fossa of grossly normal temporomandibular joints (TMJ) and correlates this to gender and age. This study was based on 49 TMJ specimens collected from 26 male and 23 female cadavers whose mean age at death was 73.8 years (range = 50–96). No information was available about TMJ symptoms before death. A digital micrometer was used to measure the minimum thickness of the glenoid fossae. Comparisons were made based on gender and age. The mean value for the minimum roof thickness of all joint specimens examined was 0.8 mm. Mean values for male and female specimens were 0.8 and 0.7 mm, respectively, which were not significantly different. In addition, no age‐related differences were observed. The average thickness was 0.7 mm for individuals in their fifties, 0.8 mm for those in their sixties and seventies, 0.6 mm for those in their eighties, and 0.8 mm for individuals in their nineties. Although these data indicate that the minimum thickness of the glenoid fossa of the TMJ is not significantly correlated with sex or age in patients 50 years of age and older, they nonetheless provide additional information about normal TMJ anatomy, particularly with regard to our knowledge of joint remodeling and function in the disease and non‐disease states. Thickness of the glenoid fossa has also been implicated as a factor in facial trauma involving superior displacement of the mandibular condyle into the middle cranial fossa. The thickness of the glenoid fossa is also of potential interest during surgeries involving the glenoid fossa, such as TMJ arthroplasty or joint reconstruction. Clin. Anat. 18:23–26, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A predictive model for psychological reactions to crime in Italy: an analysis of fear of crime and concern about crime as a social problem
Authors: Amerio Piero , Roccato Michele 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn this study a model for predicting fear of crime (FC) and concern about crime as a social problem (CC) in Italy has been built, using three sets of independent variables concerning: (a) the sociodemographic and criminal victimization domain; (b) the psychosocial domain; and (c) the mass media. A secondary analysis on data gathered by the Observatory of the North‐West (N = 3262, a mail panel that is representative of the Italian population over 18) has been performed. Results showed that FC and CC are related yet distinct constructs: FC is less widespread than CC, and has different predictors. FC predictors are sociodemographic, psychosocial and, above all, victimization variables; whereas mass media and psychosocial variables predict CC. Results were compared with the literature on the topic. Implications, limitations, and future directions are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Women's experiences of workplace bullying: changes in social relationships
Authors: Lewis Sian E. , Orford Jim 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis article reports a qualitative study, which investigated social processes in workplace bullying, based on in‐depth interviews with ten British women professionals who were targets of workplace bullying. Data were analysed using grounded theory methods. The resulting analysis showed links between disclosures of bullying, reactions of others, and some impacts on targets' psychological health. Key themes which emerged from the data included ‘being heard’ which describes how others reacted to disclosures of bullying behaviours, and the ‘ripple effect’ which describes how bullying impacted upon targets' significant others; these predominantly describe relationships with others outside the workplace. The theme of ‘withdrawal’ describes how targets and others managed relationships within the workplace, and ‘denial’ and ‘personalizing problems’ describe how others within the workplace responded to knowledge of bullying behaviours. The theme ‘maintaining self’ describes how participants responded to changed relationships and struggled to maintain a coherent sense of self during and subsequent to bullying. This research emphasizes the role of social processes and social environments, rather than individual or personality characteristics, in explaining the development of workplace bullying and its impacts on targets. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of radial basis meshless methods to direct and inverse biharmonic boundary value problems
Authors: Li Jichun 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn this paper, we develop a non‐iterative way to solve biharmonic boundary value problems by using a radial basis meshless method. This is an original application of meshless method to solving inverse problems without any iteration, since traditional numerical methods for inverse boundary value problems mainly are iterative and hence very time‐consuming. Numerical examples are presented for inverse biharmonic boundary value problems and corresponding direct problems, since solving direct problems is a preliminary step for inverse problems. All our examples of direct and inverse problems are solved within seconds in CPU time on a standard PC, which makes our proposed technique a great potential candidate for wide‐spread applications to other inverse problems. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Construction and application of a full‐coverage, high‐resolution, human chromosome 8q genomic microarray for comparative genomic hybridization
Authors: van Duin Mark , van Marion Ronald , Watson J. E. Vivienne , Paris Pamela L. , Lapuk Anna , Brown Nils , Oseroff Vanessa V. , Albertson Donna G. , Pinkel Daniel , de Jong Pieter , Nacheva Elizabeth P. , Dinjens Winand , van Dekken Herman , Collins Colin 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBackgroundArray‐based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) enables genome‐wide quantitative delineation of genomic imbalances. A high‐resolution contig array was developed specifically for chromosome 8q because this chromosome arm is frequently altered in many human cancers.MethodsA minimal tiling path contig of 702 8q‐specific bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones was generated with a novel computational tool (BAC Contig Assembler). BAC clones were amplified by degenerative oligonucleotide primer (DOP) polymerase chain reaction and subsequently printed onto glass slides. For validation of the array DNA samples of gastroesophageal and prostate cancer cell lines, and chronic myeloid leukemia specimens were used, which were previously characterized by multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization and conventional CGH.ResultsSingle and double copy gains were confidently demonstrated with the 8q array. Single copy loss and high‐level amplifications were accurately detected and confirmed by bicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization experiments. The 8q array was further tested with paraffin‐embedded prostate cancer specimens. In these archival specimens, the copy number changes were confirmed. In fresh and archival samples, additional alterations were disclosed. In comparison with conventional CGH, the resolution of the detected changes was much improved, which was demonstrated by an amplicon of 0.7 Mb and a deletion of 0.6 Mb, both spanned by only six BAC clones.ConclusionsA comprehensive array is presented, which provides a high‐resolution method for mapping copy number alterations on chromosome 8q. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On the way to the future: The knowledge‐based enterprise
Authors: Hejduk Irena K. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe knowledge employees, who constitute intellectual capital of contemporary organizations, are the essence of 21st century enterprises. Utilization of such intellectual capital requires making changes in the enterprise's organizational culture to implement efficient and effective knowledge management processes. The concept of knowledge management as a business tool is discussed, and definitions and classification of contemporary knowledge management strategies and techniques are provided herein. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Hum Factors Man 15: 5–14, 2005.
Flexibility‐based competition: Skills and competencies in the new Europe
Authors: Kozminski Andrzej K. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn this paper the competitive strength and weaknesses of unifying and enlarging Europe in the global economy are examined. The focus is on people at work, their skills, and competencies. The idea of flexibility‐based competition is developed implicating product and services portfolios, technologies, volumes, quality standards, distribution networks, and development cycles. Flexibility calls for speed maximizing management and special work force and labor markets characteristics. A new employment policy should change European labor markets making them more flexible and enabling “high‐speed management.” People able to adjust to flexible labor markets are described as “niche finders.” Those who are equipped to excel in such markets and to win the competition game are presented in this paper as “top performers.” Educational systems and particularly management education and development have to undergo deep restructuring to meet the challenge. An outline of new management education is provided. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Hum Factors Man 15: 35–47, 2005.