bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fundamental foaming mechanisms governing the volume expansion of extruded polypropylene foams
Authors: Naguib Hani E. , Park Chul B. , Reichelt N. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThis article describes the fundamental foaming mechanisms that governed the volume expansion behavior of extruded polypropylene (PP) foams. A careful analysis of extended experimental results indicated that the final volume expansion ratio of the extruded PP foams blown with butane was governed by either the loss of the blowing agent or the crystallization of the polymer matrix. A charge coupling device (CCD) camera was installed at the die exit to carefully monitor the shape of the extruded PP foams. The CCD images were analyzed to illustrate both mechanisms, gas loss and crystallization, during foaming at various temperatures, and the maximum expansion ratio was achieved when the governing mechanism was changed from one to the other. In general, the gas loss mode was dominant at high temperatures and the crystallization mode was dominant at low temperatures. When the gas loss mode was dominant, the volume expansion ratio increased with decreasing temperature because of the reduced amount of gas lost. By contrast, when the crystallization mode was dominant, the expansion ratio increased with increasing temperature because of the delayed solidification of the polymer. The processing window variation with the butane concentration, the change in the temperature ranges for the two governing modes, and the sensitivity of melt temperature variations to the volume expansion ratio are discussed in detail on the basis of the obtained experimental results for both branched and linear PP materials. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 2661–2668, 2004
Colloidal aggregation of MUF polycondensation resins: Formulation influence and storage stability
Authors: Zanetti M. , Pizzi A. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractColloidal particle formation followed by their clustering has been shown to be the normal way of ageing of aminoplastic resins, in particular melamine–urea–formaldehyde (MUF) resins. Ageing (or further advancement of the resin by other means such as longer condensation times) causes whitening of the resin. This is a macroscopic indication both of the formation of colloidal particles and of their clustering. Some clustering appears rather early in this process, even when the great majority of the resin does visually appear to be in colloidal state, being transparent. However, it eventually progresses to resins which are mostly in colloidal, clustered state, followed much later by a supercluster formation starting to involve the whole resin. There appears to be clear correspondence between molecular mass increases as obtained by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), low‐angle laser light scattering (LALLS) analysis, and observation by polarizing optical microscopy. LALLS, however, appears to indicate the dimensions of the colloidal particles themselves when the level of colloidal aggregation is rather low, but it indicates the dimensions of the clusters once these are mostly aggregated. The smaller visible colloidal particles, already aggregates, were found by polarizing optical microscopy to be of a mostly elongated, rodlike shape, the length of which was shown to grow much further than their width with resin advancement and ageing. As their dimensions indicate, these are already clusters; this implies that the mainly linear increase of the polycondensate chains influences also the simpler colloidal clusters' growth direction, possibly explaining the resins' lack of tridimensional hardening while still in storage. It also explains why molecules such as free urea and acetals, by disrupting these colloidal aggregation mechanisms, allow both a much longer shelf life of the resin and its better performance in hardening. These findings explained the considerable difference in the behavior and performance of different MUF resin formulations. The ageing of the MUF resins of different preparation procedures appeared then to proceed from (1) clear resin (molecular colloidal aggregation) to (2) superclusters of a whitened, heavily thixotropic resin, which is the beginning of physical gelation to (3) liquid/cluster separation, which is the terminal stage of physical gelation. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 2690–2699, 2004
UV spectrophotometric method for polyphenolic tannin analysis
Authors: Antoine M.‐L. , Simon C. , Pizzi A. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractA UV spectrophotometric method for the determination of the total phenolic content of both polyflavonoid and hydrolyzable tannins was presented. The method was compared with the standard method used today for the determination of tanning material in tanning extracts for leather manufacture. In narrow concentration ranges correlation between optical density and phenolic concentration was linear. In wider concentration ranges exponential correlations satisfactorily fitted the experimental data. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 2729–2732, 2004
Synthesis of dendronized poly(methacrylates) and their diblock copolymers by atom transfer radical polymerization
Authors: Cheng C. X. , Tang R. P. , Zhao Y. L. , Xi F. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractTwo kinds of dendronized polymers [poly((4‐3,4,5)‐12G1‐CH2MA) and poly(G2‐CH2MA)] were synthesized successfully by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The polymerization carried out with CuBr/N,N,N′,N′,N′‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) as catalyst/ligand system led to the polymers with narrow polydispersity (1.14 < Mw/Mn < 1.35). The dendronized polymers obtained with retained reactivity at chain end were further utilized as macroinitiators to the chain extensive reaction of a second monomer (St) by ATRP, which resulted in the formation of a new type of linear–dendritic diblock copolymers. In addition, the polymers and their diblock copolymers were characterized by GPC and DSC. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 2733–2737, 2004
Large‐scale expansion of cytomegalovirus‐specific cytotoxic T cells in suspension culture
Authors: Foster Aaron E. , Forrester Kurt , Gottlieb David J. , Barton Geoffrey W. , Romagnoli Jose A. , Bradstock Kenneth F. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractClinical trials in recent years involving the adoptive transfer of antigen‐specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) have shown promise in restoring immunity against viral infection and reducing tumor burden in patients with solid and hematological malignancies. However, the large cell number required to achieve efficacy, 109 to 1011, makes routine application of adoptive immunotherapy impractical. Investigation into new methods of CTL expansion may be useful in addressing this problem. Use of stirred suspension bioreactors are one such method that may allow large‐scale T‐cell expansion. Suspension cultures offer advantages over conventional static culture methods, including providing a homogeneous culture environment, and the potential for optimization and control of culture conditions. We generated cytomegalovirus (CMV)‐specific CTL and investigated the potential of stirred bioreactor systems for expansion of large cell numbers. We found that CTL can be readily expanded ( > 200‐fold) from cryopreserved stocks by nonspecific stimulation in the presence of allogeneic feeder cells and interleukin‐2 (IL‐2). Activated CTL inoculated into either suspension or static cultures could be subsequently expanded tenfold, and showed similar growth kinetics and metabolism independent of the culture vessel used. Furthermore, CTL remained specific for CMVpp65 peptide through the expansion phases, as demonstrated by pp65–tetramer staining ( > 95% tetramer+) and cytotoxicity assays. This study indicates that suspension reactor systems may be useful in large‐scale expansion of antigen‐specific CTL lines or clones, and may facilitate the advancement of routine adoptive immunotherapy. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of fermentation broth and biosurfactants on mass transfer during liquid–liquid extraction
Authors: Pursell Mark R. , Mendes‐Tatsis M. Alcina , Stuckey David C. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractMass transfer rates in liquid–liquid extraction processes can be seriously affected by the presence of surface‐active contaminants. This is especially true of applications of a biotechnological origin, where the microorganism used in the process may produce the surface‐active contaminants. An investigation into the effects of soluble and insoluble fermentation broth components on mass transfer using chloramphenicol extraction into octanol as the model system was conducted. Soluble components produced during fermentation were found to adsorb to the interface, where they reduced the overall mass transfer coefficient by up to 70%. After fractionation it was found that components in the weight range from 10–30 kDa had the greatest effect on mass transfer. Protein and phospholipid compounds of similar size were found to reduce the overall mass transfer coefficient to a similar extent to the broth components at concentrations around 0.001mg/l. The biomass produced during the fermentation also reduced mass transfer substantially, and it is likely that this was due to physical blockage of the interface. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enhancement of apparent substrate selectivity of proteinase K encapsulated in liposomes through a cholate‐induced alteration of the bilayer permeability
Authors: Yoshimoto Makoto , Wang Shaoqing , Fukunaga Kimitoshi , Treyer Mike , Walde Peter , Kuboi Ryoichi , Nakao Katsumi 
Published: December 2003

AbstractProteinase K‐containing liposomes with highly selective membrane permeability properties were prepared. The selectivity obtained was with respect to the two substrate molecules added to the external aqueous phase of the liposomes: acetyl‐L‐Ala‐Ala‐Ala‐p‐nitroanilide (Ac‐AAA‐pNA) and succinyl‐L‐Ala‐Ala‐Ala‐p‐nitroanilide (Suc‐AAA‐pNA). The liposome‐forming lipid used was POPC (1‐palmitoyl‐2‐oleoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine) and modulation of the membrane permeability was achieved using the detergent cholate. Proteinase K‐containing mixed liposomes (PKCL) were prepared by adding cholate to preformed proteinase K‐containing POPC liposomes (PKL) at a defined effective cholate/POPC molar ratio in the liposomal bilayer membrane Re. Proteinase K was kept inside PKCL with a negligible amount of leakage into the bulk aqueous phase at Re ≤ 0.30. At higher Re, leakage of proteinase K was pronounced, even under conditions where POPC/cholate mixed liposomes seemed to be still intact (0.30 < Re ≤ 0.39). At Re ≤ 0.30, the reactivity of proteinase K in the PKCL measured with the externally added substrate Ac‐AAA‐pNA increased with increasing Re, while the reactivity measured with Suc‐AAA‐pNA remained low, regardless of the Re value. This showed that externally added Ac‐AAA‐pNA molecules permeated the liposomal membrane more easily than Suc‐AAA‐pNA by modulating the membrane with cholate. Consequently, Ac‐AAA‐pNA was hydrolyzed in PKCL with considerably higher apparent substrate selectivity in comparison with the cases of proteinase K in PKL and free proteinase K (without liposomal encapsulation). The results obtained clearly demonstrate that the prepared PKCL can be utilized as a kind of nano‐scaled bioreactor system which can take up a particular target substrate with high apparent substrate selectively from the external phase of the liposomes. Inside the liposomes, the target substrate is then converted into the corresponding products. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Molecular definition of predictive indicators of stable protein expression in recombinant NS0 myeloma cells
Authors: Barnes Louise M. , Bentley Catherine M. , Dickson Alan J. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractWe have generated a molecular description of the loci at which stability/instability of expression of a monoclonal antibody (MAb) (anti‐CD38) occurs within the GS‐NS0 expression system. Critically, these data show that, in the absence of changes to copy number for the recombinant gene sequences, all cell lines examined exhibit a progressive loss (instability) in expression of mRNA during prolonged culture. However, not all cell lines express instability at the level of MAb protein production. The molecular distinction between stable and unstable production at the protein level is a reflection of the cellular amount of recombinant mRNA encoding MAb. Our data indicate a threshold level, a putative saturation point for utilisation of mRNA in translational/secretory events, that defines stability or instability of protein production. Above this level of recombinant mRNA expression, cell lines are stable, whereas below this level cell lines will show instability of protein production. Our studies indicate that absolute levels of expression of recombinant mRNA encoding for MAb in the GS‐NS0 expression system offer a potential predictive indicator for the selection of stable cell lines for scale‐up. These studies identify molecular facets of host cell biology of generic interest for gene regulation and expression and define techniques and approaches for enhancement of recombinant protein expression and process development. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Formalization of the MESF unit of fluorescence intensity
Authors: Schwartz Abe , Gaigalas Adolfas K. , Wang Lili , Marti Gerald E. , Vogt Robert F. , Fernandez‐Repollet E. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThis report summarizes the work performed during the past two years at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in the refinement and formal definition of the MESF unit of fluorescence intensity. In addition to the theory underlying the MESF unit, considerations of error analysis are also presented. The details of this work may be found in the three publications of the NIST Journal of Research (www.nist.gov) listed as the references 2–4. The use of the fluorescence intensity unit provides a tool to compare quantitative fluorescence intensity measurements over time and across platforms. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The recognition of emotion in the faces and voice of anorexia nervosa
Authors: Kucharska‐Pietura Katarzyna , Nikolaou Vasilis , Masiak Marek , Treasure Janet 
Published: December 2003

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to examine emotional recognition (prosodic and visual) in anorexia nervosa.MethodsThirty people with anorexia nervosa and a comparison group of 30 healthy women were tested with facial and vocal stimuli that expressed specific emotions and they were given a neutral task.ResultsThe group of women with anorexia nervosa was poor at emotional recognition. This was most marked for negative emotions in faces and for both positive and negative emotions in voices. This decreased ability to recognize negative affect in faces remained even after adjustment for confounding variables such as age, education, and depression.DiscussionPeople with anorexia nervosa have difficulty recognizing emotions from facial expression and vocal tone. This may contribute to poor interpersonal communication and a lack of empathy, both of which are associated with anorexia nervosa patients. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 35: 42–47, 2004.
Body checking and its avoidance in eating disorders
Authors: Shafran Roz , Fairburn Christopher G. , Robinson Paul , Lask Bryan 
Published: December 2003

AbstractObjectiveOne expression of the core psychopathology of eating disorders is the repeated checking and avoidance of shape or weight. Two studies are reported. The primary purpose of the first was to describe the phenomenology of such body checking and avoidance. The aim of the second was to compare body checking and avoidance in women with and without a clinical eating disorder.MethodIn Study 1, 64 female patients with clinical eating disorders participated in a semistructured interview assessing the features of body checking and avoidance. In the second study, a self‐report questionnaire was used to compare body checking and avoidance in women with and without a clinical eating disorder (n = 110).ResultsThe majority (92%) of the patients in Study 1 checked their bodies to assess their shape or weight and this was associated significantly with eating disorder symptoms. In Study 2, the clinical group had significantly more body checking and avoidance than the comparison group, and there was a strong association between eating disorder psychopathology and body checking and avoidance.ConclusionsThese findings support the view that body checking and avoidance are direct expressions of the overevaluation of shape and weight. Further work is needed to determine whether these expressions contribute to the maintenance of eating disorders. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 35: 93–101, 2004.
Participant recruitment for an anorexia nervosa treatment study
Authors: McDermott Christa , Agras W. Stewart , Crow Scott J. , Halmi Katherine , Mitchell James E. , Bryson Susan 
Published: December 2003

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the nature of differing recruitment rates for clinical treatment trials for anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.MethodsRecruitment rates from a study recruiting women partially recovered from anorexia nervosa were compared with the rates from two studies conducted at the same sites recruiting women with bulimia nervosa.ResultsAt all sites in the anorexia study, the total number of contacts per month rose steadily over the first 2 years of the recruitment phase then decreased to near zero with the number of participants randomized to the study practically evaporating. In contrast, the bulimia studies screened a larger group of contacts and met monthly randomization goals in the time allotted for recruitment. Participants eligible for a study but with a barrier to participation occurred at a much higher rate in the anorexia study than in the bulimia studies.DiscussionThese results reveal a difficulty in planning recruitment from a small population such as partially recovered anorexics. A small population's total pool size diminishes faster than it is replenished, suggesting that future studies of anorexia nervosa may recruit more successfully from many sites in a short period rather than at a few sites over a long period. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 35: 33–41, 2004.
Reliability of the Eating Disorder Examination in patients with binge eating disorder
Authors: Grilo Carlos M. , Masheb Robin M. , Lozano‐Blanco Christine , Barry Declan T. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractObjectiveThis study examined the interrater and test‐retest reliabilities of the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) in patients with binge eating disorder (BED).MethodInterrater reliability and short‐term (6–14 days) test‐retest reliability of the EDE were examined in two study groups of 18 patients with BED.ResultsInterrater reliability was excellent for objective bulimic episodes and days (correlations above .98) and very good for the EDE scales, albeit somewhat variable (correlations range from .65 to .96). Test‐retest reliabilities were very good for objective bulimic episodes (.70) and days (.71) and were good (significant) for the EDE scales, albeit somewhat variable (correlations range from .50 to .88). Interrater reliability was excellent for subjective bulimic episodes and days but test‐retest reliabilities were unacceptable.ConclusionsThese findings support the reliability of the EDE for patients with BED. The EDE has utility for assessing the number of large binge episodes (objective bulimic episodes), as well as the number of days during which large binge episodes occurred. The EDE also demonstrates very good interrater and test‐retest reliabilities for assessing the associated features of eating disorders in patients with BED. The results for subjective bulimic episodes are consistent with previous studies, suggesting that these eating behaviors may not be reliable indicators of eating disorders. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 35: 80–85, 2004.
Reference curve estimation via alternating sliced inverse regression
Authors: Gannoun Ali , Guinot Christiane , Saracco Jérôme 
Published: December 2003

AbstractIn order to obtain reference curves for data sets when the variable of interest and the covariate are multidimensional, we propose a new methodology in this article based on a dimension‐reduction approach and non‐parametric estimation of conditional quantiles. This approach is semiparametric and combines Alternating Sliced Inverse Regression and a kernel estimation of conditional quantiles. The usefulness of this estimation procedure is illustrated with a real data set collected for the purpose of establishing reference curves for the biophysical properties of the skin of healthy French women. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variety and complexity of chromosome 17 translocations in neuroblastoma
Authors: Schleiermacher Gudrun , Raynal Virginie , Janoueix‐Lerosey Isabelle , Combaret Valérie , Aurias Alain , Delattre Olivier 
Published: December 2003

AbstractIn neuroblastoma, the most frequent genetic alteration is gain of chromosome arm 17q, which arises from unbalanced translocations. To document these genetic events more precisely, we performed an extensive study of chromosome 17 breakpoints in 27 neuroblastoma cell lines by using a combination of fluorescence in situ hybridization mapping with BAC/PAC clones and allele analysis with polymorphic markers. All cases exhibited one or more unbalanced chromosome 17 translocations, and 15 distinct breakpoint regions could be mapped. This high variability indicates that gene fusion or disruption events are extremely unlikely to account for the underlying oncogenic role of these translocations. However, breakpoints were not randomly distributed, most of them mapping to the proximal part of 17q. As a result of translocations, all cell lines but one exhibited gain of the 53.5 Mb→qter fragment, bordered proximally by the clone CTC‐462L7. The most telomeric breakpoint, flanked by the clone RP11‐443M10, defined the 70.9 Mb→qter fragment as a region of additional gain. In addition to chromosome gains, loss of heterozygosity for the short arm of chromosome 17 was observed in close to half the cases. It was either related to a chromosome 17 monosomy or to a uniparental isodisomy. Finally, in cases with a single normal chromosome 17, we show that the parental origin of the translocated chromosome 17 can be either distinct or identical to that of the normal chromosome. Similarly, multiple translocations within the same cell line can either involve the same or different chromosome 17 homologues, indicating the likely absence of parental origin bias in the generation of these alterations. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.