bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards prescriptive analytics of self‐regulated learning strategies: A reinforcement learning approach
Authors: Osakwe Ikenna , Chen Guanliang , Fan Yizhou , Rakovic Mladen , Singh Shaveen , Lim Lyn , van der Graaf Joep , Moore Johanna , Molenaar Inge , Bannert Maria , Whitelock‐Wainwright Alex , Gašević Dragan 
Published: January 2024

AbstractSelf‐regulated learning (SRL) is an essential skill to achieve one's learning goals. This is particularly true for online learning environments (OLEs) where the support system is often limited compared to a traditional classroom setting. Likewise, existing research has found that learners often struggle to adapt their behaviour to the self‐regulatory demands of OLEs. Even so, existing SRL analysis tools have limited utility for real‐time or individualised support of a learner's SRL strategy during a study session. Accordingly, we explore a reinforcement learning based approach to learning optimal SRL strategies for a specific learning task. Specifically, we utilise the sequences of SRL processes acted by 44 participants, and their assessment scores for a prescribed learning task, in a purpose‐built OLE to develop a long short‐term memory (LSTM) network based reward function. This is used to train a reinforcement learning agent to find the optimal sequence of SRL processes for the learning task. Our findings indicate that the developed agents were able to effectively select SRL processes so as to maximise a prescribed learning goal as measured by predicted assessment score and predicted knowledge gains. The contributions of this work will facilitate the development of a tool which can detect sub‐optimal SRL strategy in real‐time and enable individualised SRL focused scaffolding.
Practitioner notesWhat is already known about this topic

Learners often fail to adequately adapt their behavior to the self‐regulatory demands of e‐Learning environments.
In order to promote effective Self‐regulated learning (SRL) capabilities, researchers and educators need tools that are able to analyze and diagnose a learner's SRL strategy use.
Current methods for SRL analysis are more often descriptive as opposed to prescriptive and have limited utility for real‐time analysis or support of a learner's SRL behavior.
What this paper adds

This paper proposes the use of Reinforcement Learning for prescriptive analytics of SRL. We train a Reinforcement Learning agent on sequences of SRL processes acted by learners in order to learn the optimal SRL strategy for a given learning task.
Implications for practice and/or policy

Our work will facilitate the development of a tool which can detect sub‐optimal SRL strategy in real‐time and enable individualized SRL focused scaffolding.
The implications of our work can aid in course design by predicting the self‐regulatory load imposed by a given task.
The ability to model SRL strategies using Reinforcement Learning can be extended to simulate or test SRL theories.
Morphology‐based molecular classification of spinal cord ependymomas using deep neural networks
Authors: Schumann Yannis , Dottermusch Matthias , Schweizer Leonille , Krech Maja , Lempertz Tasja , Schüller Ulrich , Neumann Philipp , Neumann Julia E. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractBased on DNA‐methylation, ependymomas growing in the spinal cord comprise two major molecular types termed spinal (SP‐EPN) and myxopapillary ependymomas (MPE(‐A/B)), which differ with respect to their clinical features and prognosis. Due to the existing discrepancy between histomorphogical diagnoses and classification using methylation data, we asked whether deep neural networks can predict the DNA methylation class of spinal cord ependymomas from hematoxylin and eosin stained whole‐slide images. Using explainable AI, we further aimed to prospectively improve the consistency of histology‐based diagnoses with DNA methylation profiling by identifying and quantifying distinct morphological patterns of these molecular ependymoma types. We assembled a case series of 139 molecularly characterized spinal cord ependymomas (nMPE = 84, nSP‐EPN = 55). Self‐supervised and weakly‐supervised neural networks were used for classification. We employed attention analysis and supervised machine‐learning methods for the discovery and quantification of morphological features and their correlation to the diagnoses of experienced neuropathologists. Our best performing model predicted the DNA methylation class with 98% test accuracy and used self‐supervised learning to outperform pretrained encoder‐networks (86% test accuracy). In contrast, the diagnoses of neuropathologists matched the DNA methylation class in only 83% of cases. Domain‐adaptation techniques improved model generalization to an external validation cohort by up to 22%. Statistically significant morphological features were identified per molecular type and quantitatively correlated to human diagnoses. The approach was extended to recently defined subtypes of myxopapillary ependymomas (MPE‐(A/B), 80% test accuracy). In summary, we demonstrated the accurate prediction of the DNA methylation class of spinal cord ependymomas (SP‐EPN, MPE(‐A/B)) using hematoxylin and eosin stained whole‐slide images. Our approach may prospectively serve as a supplementary resource for integrated diagnostics and may even help to establish a standardized, high‐quality level of histology‐based diagnostics across institutions—in particular in low‐income countries, where expensive DNA‐methylation analyses may not be readily available.
An exploratory evaluation of a model of care for youth who are at risk of sexual exploitation and human trafficking
Authors: McDonald Kyla P. , Fisher Riana , Connolly Jennifer 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe sexual exploitation of children and youth remains a critical issue within the child welfare system, despite the limited availability of models of care to support these vulnerable individuals. The START with the YOUTH (STAR‐Y) program adopts a preventative approach, offering personalized care and wraparound support to youth exhibiting at‐risk behaviours. This paper employs a case study methodology using both thematic and content analyses to longitudinally assess the effectiveness of this exploratory program. This evaluation encompasses a comprehensive assessment of various factors associated with the risk of sexual exploitation among program participants. Throughout the program's extended duration (originally planned for one year), predefined risk factors, including concerning Internet behaviours, were monitored and analysed. Qualitative data were gathered through interviews and observations, focusing on the experiences of both the youth and their foster parents. The results highlight the program's successful implementation, with youth enrollment (N = 3) demonstrating a reduction in sexual exploitation risk factors over time, including a decrease in behaviours such as concerning Internet usage. The importance of wraparound support and the foster parent‐youth relationship in mitigating risk and nurturing resilience became evident. This exploratory evaluation serves as the initial phase of a comprehensive assessment aimed at understanding how to effectively support youth within this population, including those at higher risk, such as those possibly involved in sex trafficking. The study's findings provide valuable insights into strategies for mitigating the risk of sexual exploitation among vulnerable youth, informing future endeavours to develop and implement similar programs within the child welfare system.
Signalling interaction between β‐catenin and other signalling molecules during osteoarthritis development
Authors: Feng Jing , Zhang Qing , Pu Feifei , Zhu Zhenglin , Lu Ke , Lu William W. , Tong Liping , Yu Huan , Chen Di 
Published: January 2024

AbstractOsteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent disorder of synovial joint affecting multiple joints. In the past decade, we have witnessed conceptual switch of OA pathogenesis from a ‘wear and tear’ disease to a disease affecting entire joint. Extensive studies have been conducted to understand the underlying mechanisms of OA using genetic mouse models and ex vivo joint tissues derived from individuals with OA. These studies revealed that multiple signalling pathways are involved in OA development, including the canonical Wnt/β‐catenin signalling and its interaction with other signalling pathways, such as transforming growth factor β (TGF‐β), bone morphogenic protein (BMP), Indian Hedgehog (Ihh), nuclear factor κB (NF‐κB), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and Notch. The identification of signalling interaction and underlying mechanisms are currently underway and the specific molecule(s) and key signalling pathway(s) playing a decisive role in OA development need to be evaluated. This review will focus on recent progresses in understanding of the critical role of Wnt/β‐catenin signalling in OA pathogenesis and interaction of β‐catenin with other pathways, such as TGF‐β, BMP, Notch, Ihh, NF‐κB, and FGF. Understanding of these novel insights into the interaction of β‐catenin with other pathways and its integration into a complex gene regulatory network during OA development will help us identify the key signalling pathway of OA pathogenesis leading to the discovery of novel therapeutic strategies for OA intervention.
The discriminative role of PROX‐1 immunohistochemistry between venous malformation and lymphatic malformation of the deep type with no visible diagnostic surface skin lesion
Authors: Lee Seok‐Jong , Ha Nam Gyoung , Kim Ho Youn , Lee Jong Min , Lee Sang Yub , Huh Seung , Kim Ji Yoon , Chung Ho Yun 
Published: January 2024

AbstractBackgroundVenous malformations (VMs) are distinguished from lymphatic malformations (LMs) when specific diagnostic skin lesions are present. In the deep type, this is difficult by clinico‐radiologic evaluation alone. We aimed to investigate the usefulness of lymphatic vessel endothelial cell (LEC) markers for the differential diagnosis of the deep VMs and LMs.MethodsA retrospective study was conducted based on the medical records of patients with VMs and LMs who underwent biopsy with both D2‐40 and PROX‐1 immunohistochemistry. We compared the initial clinico‐radiological diagnosis with the final pathological diagnosis and identified which ones showed a difference.ResultsFrom 261 patients who had VMs and LMs, 111 remained after the exclusion of those who showed definite surface diagnostic features. After pathological diagnosis with the expressions of D2‐40 and PROX‐1, 38 of 111 (34.2%) patients' final diagnoses were changed. Among these 38 cases, diagnosis was not changed by D2‐40 positivity alone, but changed by PROX‐1 positivity alone (52.6%) or by both (47.4%). The diagnostic changes were more frequent in the deep category (43.7%) than in the superficial category.ConclusionsIdentifying the expression of D2‐40, and especially PROX‐1, in the differential diagnosis of VMs and LMs may provide important treatment guidelines and understanding their natural course.
Nectin‐4 expression in a subset of cutaneous adnexal carcinomas: A potential target for therapy with enfortumab vedotin
Authors: Cho Woo Cheal , Saade Rayan , Nagarajan Priyadharsini , Aung Phyu P. , Milton Denái R. , Marques‐Piubelli Mario L. , Hudgens Courtney , Ledesma Debora , Nelson Kelly , Ivan Doina , Zhang Miao , Torres‐Cabala Carlos A. , Campbell Matthew , Alhalabi Omar , Prieto Victor G. , Wistuba Ignacio I. , Esmaeli Bita , Curry Jonathan L. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractBackgroundEnfortumab vedotin (EV) is an antibody‐drug conjugate directed against Nectin‐4 that is used to treat urothelial carcinoma. Nectin‐4 is inherently expressed in the skin and adnexal structures. Since therapeutic options for cutaneous adnexal carcinomas are limited, we sought to evaluate Nectin‐4 expression in adnexal carcinomas and benign adnexal neoplasms to identify tumors that are potentially targetable with EV.MethodsEight sebaceous carcinomas (seven periocular and one lymph node metastasis), eight digital papillary adenocarcinomas, seven squamoid eccrine ductal carcinomas, eight poromas, eight trichilemmomas, and seven sebaceous adenomas were subjected to immunohistochemical staining for anti‐Nectin‐4 antibody. H‐scores for Nectin‐4 expression were calculated.ResultsBenign adnexal neoplasms had a significantly lower mean (±SD) Nectin‐4 H‐score (142.6 ± 39.1) than did the adnexal carcinomas (198 ± 90.8; p = 0.006). Nectin‐4 was expressed in 91% (21/23) of adnexal carcinomas. Sebaceous carcinomas frequently exhibited high expression of Nectin‐4 (88% [7/8]), with a mean (±SD) H‐score (258.1 ± 58.4) significantly higher than those for digital papillary adenocarcinomas (197.5 ± 52.5; p = 0.035) and squamoid eccrine ductal carcinomas (131.4 ± 114.1; p = 0.031). Sebaceous carcinomas also had significantly higher H‐scores than did sebaceous adenomas (186.4 ± 25.0; p = 0.013).ConclusionsIncreased Nectin‐4 expression in a subset of cutaneous adnexal carcinomas, particularly sebaceous carcinomas, reveals that EV is a potential therapeutic option for these tumors.
Antenatal diagnosis, neonatal brain volumes, and neurodevelopment in transposition of the great arteries
Authors: Selvanathan Thiviya , Mabbott Connor , Au‐Young Stephanie H. , Seed Mike , Miller Steven P. , Chau Vann ,   the PCNR Study Group
Published: January 2024

AbstractAimTo examine whether antenatal diagnosis modifies relationships between neonatal brain volumes and 18‐month neurodevelopmental outcomes in children with transposition of the great arteries (TGA).MethodIn a retrospective cohort of 139 children with TGA (77 antenatally diagnosed), we obtained total brain volumes (TBVs) on pre‐ (n = 102) and postoperative (n = 112) magnetic resonance imaging. Eighteen‐month neurodevelopmental outcomes were assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition. Generalized estimating equations with interaction terms were used to determine whether antenatal diagnosis modified associations between TBVs and neurodevelopmental outcomes accounting for postmenstrual age at scan, brain injury, and ventricular septal defect.ResultsInfants with postnatal diagnosis had more preoperative hypotension (35% vs 14%, p = 0.004). The interactions between antenatal diagnosis and TBVs were significantly related to cognitive (p = 0.003) outcomes. Specifically, smaller TBVs were associated with lower cognitive scores in infants diagnosed postnatally; this association was attenuated in those diagnosed antenatally.InterpretationAntenatal diagnosis modifies associations between neonatal brain volume and 18‐month cognitive outcome in infants with TGA. These findings suggest that antenatal diagnosis may be neuroprotective, possibly through improved preoperative clinical status. These data highlight the need to improve antenatal diagnosis rates.What this paper adds

Antenatal diagnosis of transposition of the great arteries modified relationships between neonatal brain volume and neurodevelopment.
Smaller brain volumes related to poorer cognitive scores with postnatal diagnosis only.
There was more preoperative hypotension in the postnatal diagnosis group.
The welfare effects of time reallocation: evidence from Daylight Saving Time
Authors: Costa‐Font Joan , Fleche Sarah , Pagan Ricardo 
Published: January 2024

AbstractDaylight Saving Time (DST) is a widely adopted practice implemented by over 70 countries to align sunlight with day‐to‐day activities and reduce energy demands. However, we do not have a clear knowledge of how it affects individuals' welfare. Using a regression discontinuity combined with a difference‐in‐differences design, we find that the Spring DST transition causes a significant decline in life satisfaction. By inducing a reallocation of time, the transition into DST deteriorates sleep quality and increases time stress, which in turn affects physical and emotional health. Using an event study approach, we find that such effects persist for about six days after the DST transition. Conversely, we provide evidence that the Autumn DST transition gives rise to a significant increase in life satisfaction. Finally, using a simple cost‐benefit analysis, we discuss the potential benefits of ending DST.
Educational status affects prognosis of patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: A post‐hoc analysis from the WARCEF trial
Authors: Corica Bernadette , Romiti Giulio Francesco , Simoni Amalie Helme , Mei Davide Antonio , Bucci Tommaso , Thompson John L. P. , Qian Min , Homma Shunichi , Proietti Marco , Lip Gregory Y. H. ,   the WARCEF Investigators
Published: January 2024

AbstractAimsThe influence of social determinants of health (SDOH) on the prognosis of Heart Failure and reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF) is increasingly reported. We aim to evaluate the contribution of educational status on outcomes in patients with HFrEF.MethodsWe used data from the WARCEF trial, which randomized HFrEF patients with sinus rhythm to receive Warfarin or Aspirin; educational status of patients enrolled was collected at baseline. We defined three levels of education: low, medium and high level, according to the highest qualification achieved or highest school grade attended. We analysed the impact of the educational status on the risk of the primary composite outcome of all‐cause death, ischemic stroke (IS) and intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH); components of the primary outcome were also analysed as secondary outcomes.Results2295 patients were included in this analysis; of these, 992 (43.2%) had a low educational level, 947 (41.3%) had a medium education level and the remaining 356 (15.5%) showed a high educational level. Compared to patients with high educational level, those with low educational status showed a high risk of the primary composite outcome (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]: 1.31, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.02–1.69); a non‐statistically significant association was observed in those with medium educational level (aHR: 1.20, 95%CI: .93–1.55). Similar results were observed for all‐cause death, while no statistically significant differences were observed for IS or ICH.ConclusionCompared to patients with high educational levels, those with low educational status had worse prognosis. SDOH should be considered in patients with HFrEF.Clinical Trial RegistrationNCT00041938.
Do natural disasters affect local elections? An empirical examination using subnational electoral data
Authors: Kondoh Haruo , Miyazaki Takeshi 
Published: January 2024

AbstractDo natural disasters affect election results? Some studies have shown that natural disasters negatively impact subsequent elections, while others do not. This study investigated the link between natural disasters and local elections using data from the Japanese prefectural governor elections for the years 1985–2015. A rich data set is available for prefectural governor elections in Japan that includes information on who won, the vote shares of all candidates, and when the election was held, among others. We found empirical evidence that the number of days between an election and most recent disaster before election positively impacted the vote share of the incumbent/successor. In other words, an incumbent/successor is likely to have less support in the election immediately following a disaster by the constituencies, but can get more support as time passes after the disaster. Moreover, political alignment with the central ruling parties positively affects the vote share of an incumbent/successor over time between an election and the most recent disaster. These results suggest a possibility that politicians seek popularity not through the implementation of proper disaster recovery policies but by taking advantage of their connection with central ruling parties, which may harm citizens' welfare in the long run.
Against theological readings of Sartre
Authors: Eshleman Matthew 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThis essay addresses ‘the God‐haunted Atheist paradox’ in Sartre's early philosophy and argues against a series of efforts to show that Sartre maintains a ‘secular theology’. It shows that if Sartre's ontology is correct, the God of ‘classic theism’ cannot possibly exist. It argues against two sophisticated efforts to show that theological influences infiltrate Sartre's early ontology and permeate his moral psychology. It also rejects the claim that Sartre's (Existentialism is a Humanism, 1946/2007, Yale University Press) distinction between secular and religious existentialism ‘has no basis in fact’. It shows that Sartre appropriates religious language in order to give debunking secular explanations for religious phenomena and that he inverts traditional Christian values. It concludes that Sartre is an anti‐theologian.
Willful testimonial injustice as a form of epistemic injustice
Authors: Hänel Hilkje C. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractIn the debate on epistemic injustice, it is generally assumed that testimonial injustice as one form of epistemic injustice cannot be committed (fully) deliberately or intentionally because it involves unconscious identity prejudices. Drawing on the case of sexual violence against refugees in European refugee camps, this paper argues that there is a form of testimonial injustice—willful testimonial injustice—that is deliberate. To do so, the paper argues (a) that the hearer intentionally utilizes negative identity prejudices for a particular purpose and (b) that the hearer is aware of the fact that the intentionally used prejudices are in fact prejudices. Furthermore, the paper shows how testimonial injustice relates to recognition failures both in terms of a causal as well as a constitutive claim. In fact, introducing willful testimonial injustice can support the constitutive claim of such a relation that has so far received little attention. Besides arguing for a novel form of testimonial injustice and contributing to the recent debate on the relation between epistemic injustice and recognition failures, this paper is also motivated by the attempt to draw attention to the inhumane conditions for refugees at the border of Europe as well as elsewhere.