bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geriatric Depression Scale Scores in a representative sample of 14 545 people aged 75 and over in the United Kingdom: results from the MRC Trial of Assessment and Management of Older People in the Community
Authors: Osborn David P. J. , Fletcher Astrid E. , Smeeth Liam , Stirling Susan , Nunes Maria , Breeze Elizabeth , Siu‐Woon Edmond , Bulpitt Christopher J. , Jones Dee , Tulloch Alistair 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundAn Erratum has been published for this article in International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 17(6) 2002, 592.
The 15‐item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS‐15) is recommended for screening older people, but there are no large epidemiological studies using this instrument in the UK. We describe the age and sex distribution of GDS‐15 scores in the largest ever UK sample of people aged 75 and over.MethodWe used cross‐sectional data from the MRC Trial of the Assessment and Management of Older People in the Community. The GDS‐15 was offered to a representative sample of UK people aged 75 and over. Proportions of people attaining thresholds on the GDS‐15 were calculated by age group and sex. Crude Odds ratios (ORs) for the effect of age and sex were calculated and the sex/age adjusted ORs estimated using logistic regression for surveys, at three GDS‐15 thresholds.ResultsOf 21 241 (71.2%; 95% Confidence intervals (CI): 67.9–74.3) eligible people, 15 126 received the assessment including the GDS‐15. Of these, 14 545 (96.2%; 94.7–97.2) completed ≥13 GDS‐15 answers and were included in the study. Scores showed a marked right skew, with a median of 2 (interquartile range: 1–3; range: 0–14). 34.6% (95% CI: 32.1–37.3) people scored ≥3, 8.0% (6.9–9.2) scored ≥6 and 3.1% (2.5–3.7) scored ≥8. Women were significantly more likely to score above all three thresholds than men, as were older participants.ConclusionsDepression may be common in later life. The data provide a national picture of the numbers of older people who will score positively for depression in health screens which include the GDS‐15, as recommended by the Royal College of General Practitioners. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wisconsin card sorting test synchronizes the prefrontal, temporal and posterior association cortex in different frequency ranges and extensions
Authors: González‐Hernández José Alberto , Pita‐Alcorta Concepción , Cedeño Iluminada , Bosch‐Bayard Jorge , Galán‐Garcia Lídice , Scherbaum Werner A. , Figueredo‐Rodriguez Pedro 
Published: October 2002

AbstractCurrent findings show some brain regions consistently related to performance of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). An increase of local cerebral blood flow or metabolic demands has been detected in those regions. Functional integration of the neuronal circuits that subserve the task performance, based upon the identification of the oscillations and their distributed cerebral sources, has not been accomplished previously. The event‐related tonic oscillations within a period of 2,000 msec after the stimulus onset and the probable neural substrate were evaluated in healthy volunteers by variable‐resolution brain electrical tomography (VARETA). The WCST induced a significant increase of δ, θ, β‐2, and γ oscillations, but decrease of α. Areas such as the frontal subregions, temporal, cingulate, parahippocampal, parietal, occipitotemporal cortex, and occipital poles showed modified activity during the task, with EEG spectral band selectivity as well as some overlapping among them. Frontal and temporal regions generated the δ/θ oscillations. Additionally, the occipitotemporal and parietal regions were the source of the δ activity, lacking θ activation. The parietal region also showed tonic α, β‐2 and γ changes. These data imply that different processes have been simultaneously mediated during task performance. Relationships among the individual bands, the neural substrata and the specific cognitive process that support the task were established. The selectively distributed δ, θ, α, β‐2 and γ oscillations reflect communication networks through variable populations of neurons, with functional relations to the working memory functions and the information processing that subserve the WCST performance. Hum. Brain Mapping 17:37–47, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differentiated thyroid carcinoma: Comparison between papillary and follicular carcinoma in a single institute
Authors: Chow Sin‐Ming , Law Stephen C. K. , Au Siu‐Kie , Leung To‐Wai , Chan Paddy T. M. , Mendenhall William M. , Lau Wai‐Hon 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPurposeTo compare and contrast the clinical presentation and treatment outcome of patients with papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma and to study the pattern of practice of treatment of differentiated thyroid carcinoma in Hong Kong.MethodThe clinical presentation and treatment outcomes were reviewed for 1057 patients with differentiated thyroid cancers who were treated at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, from 1960 to 1997. Eight hundred forty‐two patients had papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC), and 215 had follicular thyroid carcinomas (FTC). The mean follow‐up was 9.2 years.ResultsThe differences in the clinical factors of PTC to FTC were as follows: PTC had a higher incidence (3.9:1); these patients were younger at presentation (median age, 44 vs 49), showed a higher female–male ratio (4.5 vs 2.9) and smaller primary tumor size (median 2 cm vs 3.5 cm), and a higher incidence of multifocal disease (28.3% vs 18.1%), extrathyroidal extension (39.4% vs 14%), and more lymph node metastases (33.3% vs 12.1%). The incidence of distant metastases was higher for patients with FTC (28.8% vs 8.9%), and cause‐specific survival rates were lower (p= .001). The locoregional control rates were not significantly different (p= .2). The 10‐year cause‐specific survival, freedom from distant metastasis, and locoregional failure figures for PTC compared with FTC were 92.1% vs 81%, 90.8% vs 72.3%, and 78.5% vs 83%.ConclusionsAlthough patients with PTC tend to have more advanced locoregional disease compared with those with FTC, the likelihood of locoregional control is similar, and the probability of cure is better. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 670–677, 2002
Supracricoid partial laryngectomy as salvage surgery after radiation failure
Authors: Spriano Giuseppe , Pellini Raul , Romano Guglielmo , Muscatello Luca , Roselli Raffaele 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundRadiotherapy is often chosen as the definitive treatment for early stage laryngeal carcinoma. Total laryngectomy is the main procedure for failures. Endoscopic treatment of recurrences by CO2laser has found limited application. Partial laryngectomy through an external approach has been proposed as salvage surgery, and the vertical partial laryngectomy (VPL) is the most mentioned surgical technique in the literature, although there are, to date, very few reports regarding the use of the supracricoid partial laryngectomy (SCPL) as salvage surgery after radiation failure.ObjectivesThe aim of the study is to check the feasibility of SCPL with cricohyoidoepiglottopexy (CHEP) or cricohyoidopexy (CHP) in patients with laryngeal recurrence after radiation failure and to evaluate the oncologic results, morbidity, and functional outcome.MethodsFifteen consecutive patients were treated with salvage intent by SCPL from January 1992 to December 1998. CHEP and CHP were performed in 11 and 4 patients, respectively. Five patients underwent homolateral surgical neck dissection, and one underwent bilateral neck dissection. All patients had a temporary tracheostomy, and two patients required percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) to ensure feeding. Functional rehabilitation started 2 weeks after the operation.ResultsThe results have been evaluated in terms of oncologic outcome and functional preservation. Twelve patients are alive with a minimum follow‐up of 36 months and 3 patients died after 36 days, 6 and 14 months after surgery, the first and second patient from heart failure and the third from lung metastasis. Respiratory function was recovered in all cases. Oral intake began 12 days after surgery, and in 14 cases satisfactory swallowing was recovered 30 days after surgery. An acceptable quality of the voice was achieved by most patients, and a high rate of local immediate complications was solved in all cases.ConclusionsSCPL represents an effective technique as salvage treatment of laryngeal cancer after exclusive radiotherapy; there is a good functional recovery with acceptable morbidity and good oncologic long‐term control. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 759–765, 2002
A postural workload evaluation system based on a macro‐postural classification
Authors: Chung Min K. , Lee Inseok , Kee Dohyung , Kim Sang H. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMany Korean workers are exposed to repetitive or prolonged poor working postures, which are closely related with pains or symptoms of musculoskeletal disorders. Poor working postures in Korea were reviewed and an observational method to assess the postural load was developed. A computer‐based postural workload evaluation system based on a macro‐postural classification scheme was developed. The macro‐postural classification is based on the perceived discomforts for various joint motions. On the basis of the perceived discomfort, postural stress levels for the postures at each joint were also defined in a ratio scale to the standing neutral posture. A neural network approach was used to predict the whole‐body postural stresses from the body joint motions. A computer‐based postural stress evaluation system was designed to automate the procedure for analyzing postures and enhance the usability and practical applicability. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fluid flow and heat transfer of natural convection at a slightly inclined, upward‐facing, heated plate
Authors: Kimura Fumiyoshi , Yoshioka Tetsuji , Kitamura Kenzo , Yamaguchi Manabu , Asami Toshihiko 
Published: October 2002

AbstractNatural convective flows over upward‐facing, inclined plates were investigated experimentally, with an emphasis on the role of opposing flows that appear over the plates inclined slightly from the horizontal line. The flow fields over the plates and the surface temperatures of the heated plates were visualized with both dye and a liquid‐crystal thermometry. The results showed that both the descending and ascending flows appeared over the plates when the inclination angles of the plates were less than 15°. The two flows collided with each other at a certain distance from the plate edge, and then detached from the plate to become a thermal plume. It was found that the above distance was determined solely by the inclination angles and was independent of sizes and heat fluxes of the plates. The local heat transfer coefficients of the plates were also measured. The results showed that the heat transfer from the plate was enhanced by the occurrence of the descending flows. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 31(5): 362–375, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.10036
Psychomotor performance of psychiatric inpatients under therapy: assessment by paper and pencil tests
Authors: Agarwal A. K. , Kalra R. , Natu M. V. , Dadhich A. P. , Deswal R. S. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractFifty psychiatric inpatients included in the study were diagnosed as having substance related disorder, schozophrenia, bipolar disorder, depressive disorder or anxiety disorder based on DSM‐IV and ICD‐10. All the patients were on multiple drug therapy for a minimum of 7 days in the hospital. The psychomotor performance score assessed with the help of the six letter cancellation test and the digit letter substitution test was compared with a matched group of 50 normal volunteers. The significantly low scores for patients may be considered indicative of the fact that prolonged therapy would be required to attain normal psychomotor status. Thus, simple paper and pencil tests may provide valuable information in assessment of psychomotor and cognitive functions of psychiatric patients during recovery. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ecstasy/MDMA attributed problems reported by novice, moderate and heavy recreational users
Authors: Parrott A. C. , Buchanan T. , Scholey A. B. , Heffernan T. , Ling J. , Rodgers J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractRationaleThe recreational use of MDMA/Ecstasy (3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine) is associated with many psychobiological problems, but there is a paucity of data on how these relate to the level of past use. Objectives: to assess the incidence of Ecstasy‐attributed problems as reported by novice, moderate and heavy users. Methods: 763 unpaid volunteers took part in a WWW study of recreational drug use. This report is based on the 282 Ecstasy users from that sample, who comprised 109 novice users (1–9 occasions), 136 moderate users (10–99 occasions), and 36 heavy users (+100 occasions). Yes/no responses were automatically recorded to a series of questions covering psychobiological problems experienced when drug‐free, which were attributed by the respondents to their Ecstasy use. Results: Depression, memory problems, anxiety, mood fluctuation, poor concentration, infections, tremors/twitches and weight loss, were all significantly associated with the extent of Ecstasy use. Thus memory problems attributed to Ecstasy were reported by 19% of novice users, 52% of heavy users and 73% of heavy users (chi‐square 42.74, df=2, p<0.001); many of the other variables showed similar trends.ConclusionsThe incidence of problems attributed to Ecstasy use, is directly related to the number of occasions it has been used. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk assessment for optimal drought management of an integrated water resources system using a genetic algorithm
Authors: Merabtene Tarek , Kawamura Akira , Jinno Kenji , Olsson Jonas 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA decision support system (DSS) is developed and applied to assess the susceptibility of water supply systems to droughts, and to aid decision‐makers in determining optimal supply strategies. The DSS integrates three fundamental modules for water resources management: (1) a real time rainfall‐runoff forecasting model enhanced by Kalman filtering; (2) a water demand forecast model; and (3) a reservoir operation model. Simulation and optimization procedures for the reservoir operation model are based on risk analysis to evaluate the system performance and to derive the most appropriate supply strategy of minimum risk, for the designed operating conditions. The optimization technique, based on genetic algorithms, introduces two new and distinct features, with the aim of minimizing the risks of drought damage and improving the convergence of the model toward practical solutions. Firstly, risk‐based measures of system performance, termed reliability, resiliency and vulnerability, are combined into a global risk index, referred to as the drought risk index (DRI). The DRI, formulated as a weighted function of the risk measures, serves as the objective function to be minimized during the search for the optimal operation. Secondly, in the genetic algorithm search, each new generation of water supply solutions is created from solutions with risk levels clustered inside a defined ‘acceptable risk space’. In other words, the convergence of the algorithm is improved by retaining only those solutions with DRI values smaller than the maximum acceptable risk. As a case study, the DSS is applied to the water resources system in Fukuoka City, western Japan. The DSS is believed to be an efficient tool for the assessment of a sequence of water supply scenarios, leading to the improved utilization of existing water resources during drought. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of the duration and direction of storm movement on infiltrating planar flow with full areal coverage
Authors: Singh V. P. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractUsing kinematic wave equations, analytical solutions are derived for flow due to a storm moving up or down an infiltrating plane and covering it completely. The storm duration is assumed in two ways. First, the plane is covered everywhere for the same duration by the storm. Second, the plane is covered in a linearly decreasing manner from the beginning of its coverage of the plane to the other end of the plane. By comparing the flow due to this storm with that due to a stationary storm of the same duration, the influence of storm duration, direction and velocity on flow hydrograph is investigated. It is found that storm movement has a pronounced effect on runoff hydrograph. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cigarette smoking and breast cancer risk: A long latency period?
Authors: Terry Paul D. , Miller Anthony B. , Rohan Thomas E. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe association between cigarette smoking and breast cancer risk remains unclear. Few studies have examined cigarette smoking of very long duration as there may not have been a sufficient number of long‐term smokers in studies conducted before the 1980s. Therefore, we examined the association between smoking and breast cancer risk using data from participants in a randomized controlled trial of screening for breast cancer involving 89,835 women aged 40–59 years at recruitment and with up to 40 years of smoking duration at that time. Women with breast cancer diagnosed through 31 December 1993 were identified by linkage to the Canadian Cancer Database. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate rate ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). During an average of 10.6 years of follow‐up, we observed 2,552 incident cases of breast cancer. We found a positive association between cigarette smoking and breast cancer risk, driven mainly by women who had smoked for several decades and who, therefore, had commenced smoking many years earlier. Relative to never‐smokers, women who had smoked 40 years or more and 20 cigarettes/day or more were at the highest risk (RR = 1.83, 95% CI 1.29–2.61); for women who had commenced smoking 40 years or more before assessment (a measure of smoking latency rather than duration and intensity), the RR was 1.22 (95% CI 0.99–1.59). Our findings suggest that smoking of very long duration and high intensity may be associated with increased risk of breast cancer. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The chick chorioallantoic membrane as a novel in vivo model for the testing of biomaterials
Authors: Valdes T.I. , Kreutzer D. , Moussy F. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractCurrent in vivo models for testing biomaterials are time and labor intensive as well as expensive. This article describes a new approach for testing biomaterials in vivo using the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of the developing chicken embryo, as an alternative to the traditional mammalian models. Fertilized chicken eggs were incubated for 4 days, at which time a small window was cut in the shell of the egg. After 1 week of incubation, the CAM received several test materials, including the endotoxin LPS, a cotton thread and a Silastic tubing. One day and 1 week later, the tissue response to the test materials was assessed using gross, histological, and scanning electron microscope evaluations. The inflammatory response of the chorioallantoic membrane to biomaterials was fully characterized and found to be similar to that of the mammalian response and was also seen to vary according to test materials. We also found that the structure and geometry of the test materials greatly influenced the incorporation of the samples in the CAM. The similarity of the tissue response of the CAM with the mammalian models, plus the low cost, simplicity, and possibility to continuously visualize the test site through the shell window make this animal model particularly attractive for the rapid in vivo screening of biomaterials. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 62: 273–282, 2002
Effects of substratum surface topography on the organization of cells and collagen fibers in collagen gel cultures
Authors: Glass‐Brudzinski J. , Perizzolo D. , Brunette D. M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis study investigated the orientation of fibroblasts and collagen cultured on microfabricated grooved or smooth titanium surfaces, as well as on tissue culture polystyrene, in the presence or absence of collagen gels. The gels were first added either to the confluent fibroblast culture on the surface (cell–gel condition) or to the fibroblasts were suspended within the collagen gel and then placed onto the surface (gel condition). Cells and collagen were observed with differential interference, polarization, and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Although the smooth surfaces had no effect on cell orientation in the gel for the first 2 weeks of culture, cells did orient with grooves regardless of the culture conditions. There was evidence for orthogonal multilayering of cells under the cell–gel condition at 4 weeks, and collagen alignment reflected cell alignment. The interaction of the collagen gel with the surface depended on whether the cell–gel or the gel condition was employed. In the former condition, the gel contracted toward the substratum, whereas the gel condition resulted in the formation of a ring of collagen loosely attached to the substratum. These results suggest that the order in which fibroblasts encounter substratum and extracellular matrix can influence the eventual matrix–cell interactions, and that substratum topography can influence matrix and cell orientation in zones not immediately in contact with the surface. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 61: 608–618, 2002
In vivo drug distribution dynamics in thermoablated and normal rabbit livers from biodegradable polymers
Authors: Gao Jinming , Qian Feng , Szymanski‐Exner Agata , Stowe Nicholas , Haaga John 
Published: October 2002

AbstractImage‐guided radiofrequency ablation combined with intratumoral drug delivery provides a novel and minimally invasive treatment of liver cancers. In this study, the in vivo transport properties of doxorubicin in thermoablated and nonablated rabbit livers were characterized and compared. Doxorubicin was released from polymer implants (millirods) to the ablated and nonablated liver tissue. At different time points, the 2D distribution profiles were quantitatively determined by a fluorescence imaging method. Analysis of the doxorubicin concentration at the ablation boundary showed that it reached a maximum of 49.8 μg/g at 24 h after implantation, which was higher than the reported cytotoxic concentration of doxorubicin (6.4 μg/g) for liver VX‐2 cancer cells. This value dropped to 0.4 μg/g at 48 h after implantation due to the depletion of doxorubicin from the polymer millirod. Results also showed that the area of drug distribution was significantly larger in ablated tissue than nonablated tissue. The therapeutic penetration distance was found to be 5.2 mm in thermoablated livers, compared to 1.2 mm in nonablated livers at 24 h. This difference in drug transport properties is attributed to destruction of the vasculature network in the ablated tissue as supported by histological analysis. Consequently, drug washout by blood perfusion is hampered while drug diffusion becomes the dominant process of transport in the ablated tissue. Results from this study provide insightful information on the rational design and development of polymer millirods for intratumoral drug delivery applications. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 62: 308–314, 2002