bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Perfect Babel of Confusion
Authors: Balmer Randall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Examining the interaction of the Dutch and the English in colonial New York and New Jersey, this study charts the decline of European culture in North America. Balmer argues that the combination of political intrigue, English cultural imperialism, and internal socio-economic tensions eventually drove the Dutch away from their hereditary customs, language, and culture. He shows how this process, which played itself out most visibly and poignantly in the Dutch Reformed Church between 1664 and the American Revolution, illustrates the difficulty of maintaining non-English cultures and institutions in an increasingly English world. A Perfect Babel of Confusion redresses some of the historiographical neglect of the Middle Colonies and, in the process, sheds new light on Dutch colonial culture.
Religion in Great Danger: Leisler’ s Rebellion and Its Repercussions
Authors: Balmer Randall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Early in the 1680s, the dominies enjoyed a respite from some of the contentiousness that had plagued ecclesiastical life in the period immediately following the English Conquest of 1664. “Everything goes on well in our churches,” the colonial clergy wrote in 1680. As late as 1684, Governor Thomas Doogan reported to England on the religious composition of the colony, noting that the “most prevailing opinion is that of the Dutch Calvinists.” When he returned to New York in 1682 after several years’ hiatus in the Netherlands, Dominie Henricus Selyns reported with equanimity that the colony’s churches operated with the same order of worship and church government as in Holland and that “religious services are held with quietness, and without any annoyances.” Selyns later informed the Classis of Amsterdam that former “complaints and difficulties” in the New York church had been “adjusted and removed” and that his congregation “is now engaged in building me a large house, wholly of stone and three stories high. It is built,” he said, “on the foundation of unmerited love.”
Fit for Catechizing: The Long Island Schism and the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel
Authors: Balmer Randall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the night of February 9, 1714, vandals broke into the north steeple window of Trinity (Episcopal) Church, made their way to the vestry room, and located the surplices used in Anglican worship services. They tore the sleeve off one of the surplices and ripped the other completely to pieces. They then took the shredded vestment into the churchyard, where, in the words of Trinity’s rector, “having spread the Surplice on the ground and put the common prayer books and Psalm books round it left their ordure on the Sacred Vestment as the greatest outrage and the most Villanous indignity they could offer the Church of England and Her Holy Priesthood. ”
The incident scandalized the colony’s religious leaders, who publicized their condemnations and offered rewards for the apprehension of the perpetrators. But the event underscores the resentment fueled by more than a decade of intense efforts by the English to Anglicize the colonists in politics, social customs, language, and religion. Their efforts met with varying degrees of success among the Dutch. The Leislerian party continued as a political force into the first decade of the century, until attrition by death and emigration decreased their power.
Cadmus and the Tragic Dynasty of Thebes
Authors: Fantham Elaine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last chapter our focus on the natural world rather detracted from Ovid’s lively characterization of men and gods, but toward the end of book 2 Ovid turns to the history of a human family, the Cad mean dynasty of Thebes, whose sufferings he depicts in recognizably tragic form. The story begins with another of Jupiter’s seductions, presented as a sort of mirror image of his rape of Io. This time he himself becomes a handsome young bull in order to abduct the princess Europa from the seashore of Tyre.
Aspects of Love
Authors: Fantham Elaine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some critics have argued that love is the real theme of Ovid’s great poem, and there can be no doubt that what Brooks Otis (1970) called “the pathos of love” is the heart of the central section of Metamorphoses, from the Tereus episode in book 6 to the end of book 11. By the end of book 6, however, the poet has only added one particularly cruel human counterpart to the earlier divine rapes. With the story of Medea that opens book 7, Ovid introduces his first love-struck girl and uses her confused response to this new emotion as a model for what will be a series of women in love. But by referring to “the story of Medea” I am begging the question.
Genre and Narrative: Ovid’s Polymorphous Poem
Authors: Fantham Elaine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Ovid was a young man, Rome’s dean of poets, Horace, wrote a poem that styled itself as a letter of literary advice to the young sons of the aristocrat Piso. By the time of Quintilian, around 90 C.E., this was already known as Ars poetica (Art of poetry). In it Horace sketches rapidly the origin of the classical Greek verse genres associated with different meters, from elegy, couched in the elegiac couplet of inscriptions (hexameters alternating with shorter, end-stopped pentameters), to the dialogue of comedy and tragedy set in the iambic trimeter coined for satirical invective by Archilochus.
The Rise of the Immigrant Church
Authors: Fisher James T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Coming on the harvest time of the year 1845, the crops looked splendid,” recalled an Irish American of a fateful moment in world history, “but one fine morning in July there was a cry around that some blight had struck the potato stalks.” Soon the “air was laded with a sickly odor of decay, as if the hand of death had stricken the potato field, and . . . everything growing in it was rotten.”
Reformers and Crusaders
Authors: Fisher James T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
American society has frequently witnessed a strong impulse toward reform of its major institutions. The Progressive era (stretching roughly from the late 1890s until 1917, when the United States entered World War I) and the New Deal years of the depression-wracked 1930s were two periods marked by sustained desires to achieve greater social and economic justice in the United States. Because so much of the reform activity of the Progressive era and the New Deal focused on urban life, American Catholics found themselves closer to the center of national concerns than ever before.
The people of god divided?
Authors: Fisher James T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In October 1958 Pope Pius XII died after leading the Roman Catholic Church for two eventful decades. The College of Cardinals, the body responsible for electing a new pope, chose as his successor Angelo Roncalli, the popular bishop of Venice, Italy. The cardinals could hardly have selected a man more different from the aloof, aristocratic Pius XII. Roncalli, who reigned as John XXIII, came from a peasant family with 13 children.
Plan To Win
Authors: Koehn Cheryl , Palmer Taysha , Esdaile John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every day, people make plans-for small things like seeing a movie with a friend or running errands around town, to realizing larger life goals such as attending college or pursuing a career change. We plan vacations, finances-even our gardens are planned. Successful people everywhere take that planning one step further. They take great care in thinking through the things they most want to have or accomplish in life, then mal&lt;ing plans to accomplish those goals and “working” their plans until their dreams are realized. For you, and the nearly 2.5 million others in North America diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), developing a solid plan and seeing it through is essential to realizing one of the most valuable goals anyone can attain in life-enjoyment of optimal health. In the PLAN TO WIN, we do not propose a miracle cure or an “easy way out” of having RA. This book is about a plan to minimize, possibly even beat, the potentially devastating effects of RA in your life.
Relationships and Sexuality
Authors: Koehn Cheryl , Palmer Taysha , Esdaile John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Being in relationships is a basic part of being human-so much so, that we often take them completely for granted. Whether we’re single or married, work at home or at an outside job, are highly social or more inwardly focused, we all depend on others to help us make sense of our lives, share companionship and laughter, and give and receive much-needed love and support during times of struggle. Relationships have cycles and a rhythm of their own, ups and downs brought on by events in our own lives or those of others. These events can be internal (such as coping with depression, or dealing with the onset of RA), or external (job changes, moving, childbirth, loss of a loved one). These stressors affect many aspects of our day-to-day lives, including the way we interact with others-and, often, the way others interact with us. We might become irritable, for instance, or seem to suddenly look at the world through new eyes and emerge with a whole different set of priorities-and this can cause reactions in others. As you may have discovered already, the onset of RA can be just such a life event.
Surgery
Authors: Koehn Cheryl , Palmer Taysha , Esdaile John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since surgery is far from being a certainty for people with RA, it seemed appropriate to reserve this chapter in the Plan To Win as one of the last. In fact, if your disease is well controlled by the other components of your treatment plan (medication, exercise, physical and occupational therapy, mind-body work, among others), you may never need surgery to help manage the consequences of RA. However, for those with long-standing moderate to severe disease dealing with the hardship of daily pain or loss of joint use and disability in their life, surgery could be a saving grace. The goals of surgery in RA are threefold: to reduce pain, to prevent joint damage, and to improve one’s ability to function day to day. Coming to grips with needing surgery may actually be the most difficult part of the procedure for some people. For others, the commitment to months of postsurgical rehabilitation might seem daunting. Whichever the case, making the decision to have surgery requires careful consideration.
More Resources
Authors: Koehn Cheryl , Palmer Taysha , Esdaile John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Your Plan To Win involves learning everything you can about RA. By reading this book, you’ve taken a giant leap forward in your understanding of the disease process, and you’ve gained a vast amount of knowledge about how you, personally, can influence your symptoms and prevent joint damage. A book such as this one aims to provide information and tools in many areas: from lifestyle to medications, exercise, relationships, sex, mind-body work, nutrition, reproductive health, and surgery. As such, it can only scratch the surface of many of these topics. We have drawn on hundreds of studies, reports, books, and experts worldwide to provide you with the most reliable, up-to-date information, but there is always more to be learned. If you wish to expand your knowledge of a specific topic, seek emotional support, involve yourself in advocacy efforts, or get a referral to an RA health professional, the following credible, tried, and true resources may be of assistance.
The New Middle Class: I
Authors: Mills C Wright 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN the early nineteenth century, although there are no exact figures, probably four-fifths of the occupied population were self-employed enterprisers; by 1870, only about one-third, and in 1940, only about one-fifth, were still in this old middle class. Many of the remaining four-fifths of the people who now earn a living do so by working for the 2 or 3 per cent of the population who now own 40 or 50 per cent of the private property in the United States. Among these workers are the members of the new middle class, white-collar people on salary. For them, as for wage-workers, America has become a nation of employees for whom independent property is out of range. Labor markets, not control of property, determine their chances to receive income, exercise power, enjoy prestige, learn and use skills. Of the three broad strata composing modem society, only the new middle class has steadily grown in proportion to the whole.
The Enormous File
Authors: Mills C Wright 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As skyscrapers replace rows of small shops, so offices replace free markets. Each office within the skyscraper is a segment of the enormous file, a part of the symbol factory that produces the billion slips of paper that gear modem society into its daily shape. From the executive’s suite to the factory yard, the paper webwork is spun; a thousand rules you never made and don’t know about are applied to you by a thousand people you have not met and never will. The office is the Unseen Hand become visible as a row of clerks and a set of IBM equipment, a pool of dictaphone transcribers, and sixty receptionists confronting the elevators, one above the other, on each floor. The office is also a place of work. In the morning irregular rows of people enter the skyscraper monument to the office culture. During the day they do their little part of the business system, the government system, the war-system, the money-system, co-ordinating the machinery, commanding each other, persuading the people of other worlds, recording the activities that make up the nation’s day of work. They transmit the printed culture to the next day’s generation. And at night, after the people leave the skyscrapers, the streets are empty and inert, and the hand is unseen again.
The Politics of the Rearguard
Authors: Mills C Wright 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The political psychology of any social stratum is influenced by every relation its members have, or fail to have, with other strata; all the objective and subjective factors to which they are exposed play into their political psychology. Composed as they are of a wide range of in-between occupational groups, the new middle classes are especially open to many cross-pressures, as well as to all those larger forces that more or less define the structure and atmosphere of modern society. To understand the political form and content of white-collar mentality, we must first understand what political consciousness, as well as lack of it, means; to understand how it has been shaped, we must explore the effects on it of the mass media of communication, of the social-historical structure, and of the political institutions and traditions that have prevailed in the United States. Our most familiar model of political consciousness is liberalism, which in focusing upon the individual citizen has tried to enlarge his political rights, his formal opportunities to act politically and to be political. It has assumed that once given the rights, the individual citizen would naturally become politically alerted and act on his political interests. It might be that he would require more education, but education was one of the rights that liberalism sought to make universal.
Introduction: Talking About Religious Outsiders
Authors: Stein Stephen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How do you respond to people who are different? What is your reaction when you meet individuals who belong to religious communities whose beliefs you do not understand? Why do we often feel uncomfortable when we encounter belief systems that we do not share or religiously motivated behavior that is unusual? Is there a way to talk about such groups that is both accurate and fair? These are questions we will explore in this book as we focus on the lesser-known, and sometimes controversial, religious traditions of the United States.
Peace Movements in Colonial America
Authors: Stein Stephen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Quakers were the largest and most successful group of religious outsiders in colonial America. Formally identified today as the Religious Society of Friends, these followers of the seventeeth-century Englishman George Fox-known for their commitment to peace and pacifism became a dominant religious and cultural force in the colony of Pennsylvania and a significant presence in the adjacent colonies of New Jersey and Delaware. Their experiences as outsiders-turned-insiders who became outsiders again demonstrates the dramatic difference between the situation of outsiders and insiders.
Sectarians in the City
Authors: Stein Stephen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to the Pentecost experience of the first Christians recorded in the biblical book of Acts, chapter 2, miraculous events occurred when the first disciples of Christ were infused with God’s Spirit. Tongues of fire appeared on their heads, and a rushing wind filled the building. In America Pentecostalism emerged on the national scene in a depressed industrial area of Los Angeles in early 1906. The site was 312 Azusa Street, where a dilapidated building that once housed a Methodist mission stood. The revival that took place, the Azusa Street revival, has been called the birth of modern Pentecostalism.
First Journeys: 1654–1820
Authors: Diner Hasia R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In late August or early September of 1654, a total of twenty-three Jews stepped from a ship onto the soil of what would one day be New York City, the largest Jewish community in the world. But in 1654 it was the Dutch city of New Amsterdam, and the twenty-three new arrivals were the first Jews there. Many of them scattered to other places soon thereafter, and all but one of them have disappeared from history. We know, however, that they had been traveling for a long time.
The Jews who arrived in New Amsterdam came from the Dutch colony of Recife in northeastern Brazil. A few generations earlier, however, their families had lived in Spain and Portugal on Europe’s Iberian peninsula. These Iberian Jews were known as Sephardim (Sepharad is Hebrew for “Spain”). Under Muslim rule, the large and prosperous community of Spanish Jews created a rich culture in which tight-knit, all-Jewish communities enjoyed good relations with their Spanish neighbors.
Across America: 1820–1880
Authors: Diner Hasia R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On June 15, 1842, Abraham Kohn left his home village in Bavaria, southern Germany. He confessed to his diary, “I wept bitterly as I kissed my dear mother, perhaps for the last time, in Wittelshofen, pressing her hand and commending her to the protection of the Eternal, the Father of all widows and orphans.” Kohn was not alone. A childhood friend and his brother Moses accompanied him. They were just three of the thousands of young Jewish women and men who left their European homes in the mid-nineteenth century. Small groups of siblings and friends, mostly young unmarried people, abandoned the villages of southern and western Germany, Alsace, Bohemia, Hungary, Posen, Lithuania, and western Russia to seek opportunities in America.
On the Move: 1945–1967
Authors: Diner Hasia R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Abraham Levitt and his sons William and Alfred had been in the business of building houses since 1929. Even during the desperation of the depression and the short-ages of the war years, Levitt and Sons managed to build massive tracts of new housing at relatively low cost in a kind of assembly-line style.
For the Levitt family—and for tens of thousands of young American families eager to own their own houses—the good times began when World War II ended. In 1946 Levitt and Sons began plans for the biggest private housing project in American history. Set on an undeveloped stretch of land near the town of Hempstead on New York’s Long Island, the project was called Island of Trees. Eventually, however, it took the name of Levittown.
Market Efficiency and Anomalies
Authors: Singal Vijay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses common questions related to market efficiency and anomalies. If prices properly reflect available information, then markets are said to be efficient. Although markets are known to be broadly efficient, there may be pockets of inefficiency that lead to mispricings or anomalies.
In general, claims of anomalous pricing must be viewed with skepticism. The discussion describes reasons for skepticism as well as causes for persistence of some anomalies. Moreover, even when profits can’t be made by trading on anomalous prices, it may be possible to alter trading behavior to avoid losses due to these anomalies.
Market efficiency in this book refers to the informational efficiency of markets as opposed to structural efficiency, administrative efficiency, or operational efficiency. That is, this chapter focuses on the efficiency with which information is reflected in prices. If new information becomes available about a stock (change in earnings), an industry (change in demand), or the economy (change in expected growth), an efficient market will reflect that information in a few minutes, even a few seconds. However, if only half of that information is reflected in the stock price immediately and the remaining half takes several days, then the market is less than fully efficient. Markets that are less than fully efficient open an opportunity for making profits because the inefficiency causes a mispricing in stocks.
The January Effect and the New December Effect
Authors: Singal Vijay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Small loser stocks are known to appreciate considerably in January, giving rise to the so-called January effect. The primary explanation for the January effect is tax-loss selling by investors in December to realize capital losses that are used to offset capital gains. When the selling pressure abates in January, the loser stocks appreciate. Unfortunately, it is not possible to arbitrage the January effect, though investors can gain by changing their trading patterns.
The December effect is similar in spirit to the January effect. Stocks that have done well in the January-November period are not sold by investors in December because selling those stocks will result in taxable capital gains. By waiting a few days, investors can postpone payment of capital gains taxes by almost one year. It is relatively easy to gain from the December effect, as popularly available indexes can be used for trading.
Academics, practitioners, and investors have known about the January effect for decades. It is generally accepted that the January effect is a consequence of tax-loss selling. Since investors must pay taxes on net capital gains, investors sell losers toward year-end to realize capital losses that can offset capital gains. Thus, past losers experience abnormal selling pressure in December. In January the selling pressure is relieved, resulting in large gains for loser stocks. Evidence of large January returns for loser stocks is dubbed the January effect.
Changes to the S&P 500 Index
Authors: Singal Vijay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Firms in the S&P 500 are occasionally replaced by new firms because the existing firm is no longer representative of the economy or the firm ceases to exist (goes bankrupt or is acquired by another firm). In general, the changes are announced about a week before they become effective.
Evidence indicates that a firm added to the index typically rises in value, while a firm dropped from the index falls in value. Not all of this change takes place on the announcement date; rather, it continues to occur until the effective date. However, after the effective date, the price change reverses itself. The added firms give up some value, and the deleted firms regain nearly all of their lost value. There are several explanations for these price movements.
Investors and arbitrageurs can earn abnormal returns by buying (short-selling) the added firm (deleted firm) upon announcement and reversing the positions on the effective date. The new positions are held for about a month and then liquidated.