bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Principles and Parameters
Authors: Culicover Peter W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Principles and Parameters is a new textbook intended for the advanced undergraduate or postgraduate student of linguistics. In this readable and authoritative survey of the theory, incorporating much of Government and Binding (GB) theory, Peter Culicover summarizes the major proposals and results of Case theory, Theta theory, X'-theory, Binding theory, the theory of A- and A'- movement, locality conditions, and the theory of Logical Form (LF). He provides an up-to-date introduction to a number of more recent proposals, including Chomsky's Minimalist Program, Larsonian shells, and Kayne's Antisymmetry theory. A major concern and organizing principle of the book is to give the student an understanding of how specific methodological assumptions underlie the core analyses that have played a central role in the development of the theory. Each chapter is followed by an extensive set of exercises which lead the student from the point of applying the mechanics of the theory to developing and organizing new data, providing analyses, and exploring alternative hypotheses. There are also graded and annotated guides to further reading for each chapter, and, as a general aid to the student, a comprehensive glossary of terms.
Language in Society
Authors: Romaine Suzanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why have 1500 separate languages developed in the Pacific region? Why do Danes understand Norwegians better than Norwegians understand Danish? Is Ebonics a language or a dialect? Linguistics tends to ignore the relationship between languages and the societies in which they are spoken, while sociology generally overlooks the role of language in the constitution of society. In this book Suzanne Romaine provides a clear, lively, and accessible introduction to the field of sociolinguistics and emphasizes the constant interaction between society and language, discussing both traditional and recent issues including: language and social class, language and gender, language and education, and pidgins and creoles. The text shows how our linguistic choices are motivated by social factors, and how certain ways of speaking come to be vested with symbolic value and includes examples drawing on studies of cultures and languages all over the world. This new edition incorporates new material on current issues in the study of gender as well as other topics such as the linguistic dimension to the ethnic conflict in the Balkans, and the controversy over Ebonics in the United States.
Introduction:Philosophy and the Physical Sciences
Authors: Sklar Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The demarcation of the natural sciences from philosophy has been a long and gradual process in Western thought. Originally, inquiry into the nature of things consisted in an amalgamation of what would now be thought of as philosophy: general considerations of the broadest sort about the nature of being and the nature of our cognitive access to it, and what would now be considered to be the specific sciences: the amassing of observational fact and the formulation of general and theoretical hypotheses to explain it. If we look at the fragmentary remains of the works of the pre-Socratic philosophers, we find not only important and ingenious attempts to apply reason to broad metaphysical and epistemological questions but also the first crude, if extraordinarily imaginative, physical theories concerning the nature of matter and its changing aspects.
The Quanturn Picture of the World
Authors: Sklar Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Quantum theory has presented scientists and philosophers of science with a series of perplexing questions. It seems to many that any attempt to comprehend a world described by quantum theory will require revision in our understanding of the nature of things far more radical than the revision in our understanding of the nature of space and time demanded by the theories of relativity. It has been claimed that to comprehend quantum theory we must revise our very understanding of such matters as the objective nature of reality and its independence from our perception of it, the nature of a complex system and its relation to its components, and the nature of causal and other kinds of determination in the world.
Locks, Schlocks, and Poisoned Peas: Boyle on Actual and Dispositive Qualities
Authors: Kaufman Dan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A piece of gold dissolves when it is immersed in aqua regis: gold is dissolvable in aqua regis; dissolvability in aqua regis is one of the qualities of gold. Now, imagine a world with the same natural laws as the actual world. In that world, a piece of gold exists, but aqua regis does not. In that world, does gold actually have the quality dissolvability in aqua regis? According to Robert Boyle, the answer to this question is ‘no’. In that world, is it true that if there were some aqua regis and a piece of gold were immersed in it, the gold would dissolve? According to Boyle, the answer is ‘yes’. This seems like a strange thing to say, given Boyle’s answer to the first question and his common-sense view that qualities (e.g. dissolvability) are not to be confused with their manifestations (e.g. dissolving). In this chapter, I hope to show why Boyle gives these answers. More importantly, I hope to show how Boyle can consistently give these answers.
Descartes, the First Cartesians, and Logic
Authors: Ariew Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Descartes wrote the Principles of Philosophy as something of a rival to scholastic textbooks, although the latter usually had quadripartite arrangements — that is, logic, ethics, physics, and metaphysics — mirroring the structure of the collegiate curriculum. But Descartes produced at best only a partial physics and what could be called a general metaphysics: he did not finish his physics and did not write a particular metaphysics; he did not produce an ethics or logic for his followers to use or to teach from. These things must have been perceived as glaring deficiencies in the Cartesian programme and in the aspiration to replace Aristotelian philosophy in the schools. So the Cartesians rushed in to fill the voids.
Effective management of anaesthetic crises
Authors: Weller Jennifer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Establishing a new course within an existing curriculum or training programme can be challenging. Implementing a programme on a national or international level, while maintaining and controlling course standards and uniformity presents specific advantages and particular challenges. This chapter describes the development, design and implementation of a course in crisis management and its incorporation into the anaesthesia training programme across three countries. Our experiences in this course may assist others considering similar initiatives.
Maintaining well-being
Authors: Talbot Kevin , Marsden Rachael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The effects on quality of life of a debilitating and complex disease such as MND vary greatly from one individual to another. Clearly one factor is the pattern of progression and pace of change of the disease itself. Another important factor is variation in individual personality, and we all respond to adversity with different degrees of resilience. Our ability to control these two aspects of the disease is limited. However, access to the wide range of skills in the multidisciplinary care team can be a major determinant of well-being for people living with MND.
Decision–making and remaining in control
Authors: Talbot Kevin , Marsden Rachael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most challenging aspects of living with MND is coping with a sense of loss of control. This arises from a combination of awareness that something serious is happening, that doctors do not know the cause, seem to have a limited ability to predict the course of the disease and offer no immediate prospect of a cure. This may produce a feeling akin to being on a ship without the ability to steer. Most patients feel that they wish to do something active and may feel frustrated by the lack of clear advice from health care professionals about how to ‘fight’ the disease. We have tried to emphasize in this book the importance of an active approach to nutrition, respiratory function and the management of disability. A crucial part of regaining some sense of control in the midst of a difficult situation is to plan for change by facing some key decisions head on. While this can naturally appear threatening at first, our experience is that most people find this process helpful because it allows an open discussion of the effects of MND on the individual, which can have the effect of reducing fear, both of the unknown and of aspects of the disease which are not relevant to an individual situation.
Phylogenetic Diversity: From Combinatorics to Ecology
Authors: Hartmann Klaas , Steel Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Phylogenetic diversity (PD) is a measure of the evolutionary history spanned by a set of taxa within a larger phylogenetic tree. Briefly, the PD score of a subset of taxa, S, is the sum of the lengths of those edges of the tree that span S (a more precise definition follows later). It has been used as a comparative measure in biodiversity conservation, following its introduction by Dan Faith in 1992 [14]. Subsequent authors (see, for example [2, 10, 29, 36, 52] and the references therein) have further explored its application to biodiversity assessment and conservation. Properties of phylogenetic diversity have also been applied recently by Pardi and Goldman [34] to shed light on the relative merits of cooperative versus greedy strategies for taxa sampling for genomic sequencing.
Fragmentation of Large Data Sets in Phylogenetic Analyses
Authors: Sanderson Michael J , Ané Cécile , Eulenstein Oliver , Fernández-Baca David , Kim Junhyong , McMahon Michelle M , Piaggio-Talice Raul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Data sets for phylogenetic analysis of species relationships are becoming increasingly large. Genomic data ranging from whole genome sequences to EST libraries are increasing the number of loci that can be included in one analysis: many studies in the last several years have inferred trees based on 100-500 genes [12, 13, 25, 26, 36]. At the same time, easy access to GenBank and other sequence databases, which (as of March 2006) contain data on 150,000 species, or approximately 9% of all described species on Earth, coupled with development of tools to automate data mining [10, 19] has prompted increasingly broad taxonomic sampling. Phylogenies with several thousand species have now been reconstructed [19, 21, 23]. Typical ‘large scale’ phylogenetic analyses of the past few years have entailed data combination in some form or other: either combining information from many loci for relatively few taxa, or a few loci for many taxa.
Expression in Music
Authors: Matravers Derek 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Progress in enquiry depends as much on getting the right questions as it does on getting the right answers. This is nowhere better illustrated in recent philosophy than in the discussion of the expression of emotion by instrumental music. What I hope to do in this paper is to argue for framing the question in one particular way, and, having done so, evaluate the answers that have been given to that question (even if the answers were not originally given in answer to that question).
The Structure of Irony and How it Functions in Music
Authors: Zemach Eddy , Balter Tamara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Irony is an aesthetic property, that is, a feature of objects that is necessarily relevant to their aesthetic evaluation. Musicologists hold that many works of music have that property, and we agree. However, contemporary studies of irony in music tend to focus on one kind of irony or on a single composer. Usually, they offer no general semantic theory of irony, showing how music can be ironic. In this paper we present a general theory that shows why there are many kinds of irony and how music displays them, analyzing one example of each musically realizable kind of irony.
Why Phi?
Authors: Adger David , Harbour Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Phi-features present a rare opportunity for syntacticians, morphologists, and semanticists to collaborate on a research enterprise in which all have an equal stake and which all approach with proprietary data and insights: syntacticians with intervention effects and the theory of Agree, morphologists with patterns of syncretism and hierarchies of person, definiteness, and so on, and semanticists with theories of binding and anaphora and theoretical approaches to the presuppositions and entailments that qi-features engender.
Features on Bound Pronouns
Authors: Heim Irene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Are person, number, and gender features on bound-variable pronouns semantically interpreted, or are they just a superficial reflex of agreement between the pronoun and its antecedent? Some have argued that at least some pronouns have the semantics of featureless, unrestricted, variables. Others have pointed out good predictions from the assumption that features on bound pronouns restrict the range of the relevant variable. It has also been suggested in recent work that simple deletion or copying rules such as those proposed in the literature do not quite succeed in predicting the distribution of features on bound pronouns. I will review the case for uninterpreted features and explore some of the challenges involved in improving on existing accounts. Data about plural pronouns with split antecedents will play an important role.
Conditions on Phi-Agree
Authors: Bejar Susana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper examines conditions on agreement, more specifically, restrictions on the φ -feature structures that enter into verb-argument agreement relations. Agreement restrictions are typically inferred on the basis of contexts where agreement seems to fail. The cases investigated here involve failure of particular ,p-feature values to agree, precisely in the context where others succeed: for example, third person objects that fail to agree in languages that clearly have object person agreement when the object is something other than third person; or singular arguments that fail to agree, though the language clearly has number agreement when the same argument is plural. Curiously, an argument that fails to agree for one portion of its φ set may yet agree for another portion, thus giving rise to partial agreement, instances of subject or object agreement for person, but not number, and vice versa.
Phi-Feature Competition in Morphology and Syntax
Authors: Mcginnis Martha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A long-standing problem in morphosyntax concerns the analysis of what I will call dependent agreement. Dependent agreement arises when a single position can show agreement with either of two arguments, depending on their relative properties.’ Such cases can be divided into two classes. In position based dependent agreement, the choice of which argument triggers agreement depends primarily on the relative syntactic positions of the arguments. This type of agreement is illustrated in the Yucatec Mayan perfect (1).2 A suffix on the main verb preferentially indexes the internal argument, while the external argument triggers agreement on an aspectual auxiliary (1a). However, if there is no internal argument, the verb suffix instead indexes the external argument (1b-c), which in turn triggers no agreement on the auxiliary.
Representing Time: An Essay on Temporality as Modality
Authors: Jaszczolt K M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thinking and speaking about time is ridden with puzzles and paradoxes. How do human beings conceptualize time? Why, for example, does the availability of tense vary in different languages? How do the lines of information from tense, aspect, temporal adverbs, and context interact in the mind? Does time describe events? If real time does not flow, where do the concepts of the past, present and future come from? Are they basic concepts or are they composed out of more primitive constituents? And, finally, what is the semantics of expressions with temporal reference? This book offers a new approach to the representation of meaning of temporally-located utterances and discourses. Temporality, the author suggests, should be taken to mean degrees of certainty, understood in turn as degrees of acceptability concerning the eventuality referred to in the speaker’s utterance. She presents theoretical arguments and empirical evidence from Indo-European and non-Indo-European languages to show that speakers represent the past, present, and future as degrees of epistemic modality. She argues that temporality can be subsumed under the general label of acceptability or attitude and, rather like the semantic category of evidentiality, founded on the strength of evidence. In the approach she develops, modality provides basic conceptual building blocks for the concept of time and at the same time semantic building blocks for representing temporal expressions in her framework of Default Semantics. Dr Jaszczolt sets the results of her research in the context of linguistic and philosophical work in semantics and pragmatics.
Osteoporosis
Authors: Black Alison J , Sandison Rena , Reid David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Osteoporosis affects an estimated 3 million people in the UK. The condition causes the bones to become more fragile and therefore more prone to fractures, along with pain, a loss of movement and an inability to perform daily tasks. One in two women and one in five men in the UK will suffer a fracture after the age of 50. Aimed at patients and carers, this book covers topics such as who is affected, what the risk factors are, and how patients can prevent or lessen the effects. The book looks forward to advances in diagnosis and treatment and how they have improved health outcomes of patients. Written by a leading osteoporosis specialist and Scientific Advisory Committee Member of the National Osteoporosis Society, this addition to the Facts series is a comprehensive guide to understanding and coping with this debilitating disease.
The diagnosis of osteoporosis
Authors: Black Alison J , Sandison Rena , Reid David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will discuss the techniques available for the diagnosis and assessment of the extent of bone thinning and its response to treatment. The WHO definition of osteoporosis was formulated in 1994 and is based on bone mineral density (BMD) as measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scanning. The term osteoporosis is applied when the individualߣs BMD, at either hip or spine site, is less than 2.5 standard deviations (SDs) below the sex-specific young adult mean BMD. These SDs are termed T scores (Table 3.1).
Diet, exercise, smoking, alcohol, and prevention of falls
Authors: Black Alison J , Sandison Rena , Reid David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will deal with general lifestyle factors that can improve our bone health and also look at mechanisms to reduce the incidence of falls Most of us feel we would like to do all we can do for ourselves to keep healthy generally and with our bones this is no exception. Lifestyle advice for bone health is also advice for healthy living. Research regarding the impact of lifestyle factors on bone health is sometimes inconclusive but many studies do show that nutrition, exercise, not smoking, and having no more than a moderate intake of alcohol does have a positive impact on bone health.
Belief De Re
Authors: Burge Tyler 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Interest in de re belief during this half-century was kindled by W. V. Quine, who focused inquiry on the problem of quantification into belief contexts.1 In some respects this focus was unfortunate, in that the difficulties, real and imagined, that arose in interpreting quantification tended to suggest that de re belief needs to be explained in terms of what came to seem the clearer and more basic notion—de dicto belief. The imposition of the methods of modal logic on belief sentences abetted the suggestion by embroiling them in disputes over transworld identity. In fact, de re belief is in important ways more fundamental than the de dicto variety; and this can be seen if one attends to its role in basic cognitive activities.
Wherein is Language Social?
Authors: Burge Tyler 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper I will develop two limited senses in which the study of language, specifically semantics, is the study of a partly social phenomenon. These senses are compatible with the idea that the study of language is a part of individual psychology. I will argue for this standpoint from some obvious facts about human interaction together with elements from a view, which I have supported elsewhere, that the semantics of a language is partly dependent on relations between individual speakers and their physical environments. Most of what I say about language will apply to individual psychology.
Preparing for pregnancy
Authors: Davies Melanie , Webber Lisa , Overton Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Looking after your general health is important, especially if you are planning a pregnancy. A healthy balanced diet will nourish you and a developing baby. Eat five portions of fruit and vegetables per day and drink plenty of water. Do this by increasing the amount of exercise you do, as well as cutting down on the calories. Small regular meals are recommended. There are treatments available to assist you if you have already been trying to lose weight. Many primary care trusts do not fund NHS fertility treatment for women who are overweight, and this makes weight loss even more vital.
How to choose your clinic
Authors: Davies Melanie , Webber Lisa , Overton Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For most couples wanting to embark on fertility investigations and treatment, the first place to start is with your general practitioner (GP). Assuming that you are eligible for NHS treatment, it is worth having the initial investigations in your local NHS fertility clinic, especially since not all primary care trusts (PCTs) will fund all forms of fertility treatment and you may have to consider funding your own treatment at some stage. Your GP will be able to refer you to the appropriate specialist and will be able to advise you on how long you can expect to wait for that appointment. You should ensure that you have been referred to a specialist who has a particular interest in fertility problems and their treatment. Do make sure that both of you are registered with a GP and take the details of your GP(s) (i.e. name, address, telephone number) to your first appointment.
The law and fertility treatment (regulation)
Authors: Davies Melanie , Webber Lisa , Overton Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fertility treatment in the UK is regulated by the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) which is a statutory body created by the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990. No other branch of medicine in any country in the world is controlled to such an extent by a governing body or, indeed, by a specific Act of Parliament. If you have a consultation in an HFEA licensed clinic (see below) some of the forms you will be asked to complete will be at the requirement of the HFEA. Certain treatments (currently those related to IVF) carry a fee levied by the HFEA which you will have to pay in addition to your treatment costs if you are having private care.
Why aren’t I getting pregnant? Fertility tests
Authors: Davies Melanie , Webber Lisa , Overton Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Couples are usually advised to have tests after a year of trying for a baby. After a year, most healthy couples will have conceived (see Chapter 1 for an overview of fertility). The tests may well show an unexpected problem which explains the delay in getting pregnant. Once you know what the problem is, you can then move on to treatment and hopefully a successful pregnancy.