bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Premises, promises, and problems of primatology
Authors: Mason William A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe premises and promises of primatology stem from its focus on a unique biological group whose members are related by evolutionary descent, and from its commitment to discover all there is to know about these animals. The essential multidisciplinary character of primatology is implicit in this commitment. Evolutionary theory provides the field of primatology with its reason for being and its intellecutal coherence, and is the basis for transforming a diversity of potentially disparate and autonomous disciplines into a mutually reinforcing array of interdependent components within a common enterprise. A powerful adjunct to evolutionary theory is the comparative perspective. The distinguishing characteristic of this perspective is its concern with similarities and differences among primate species at all levels of structure and function. It aims to establish shared traits, to distinguish between homologous processes and convergent effects, to identify trends and specializations, and to understand the historical antecedents of living species. Some of the problems that primatology faces can be traced to its multidisciplinary character. The vitality of primatology depends on the continuing infusion of new methods, new findings, and new ideas. This requires an active process of interdisciplinary communication and mutual education. It is also essential to promote basic research on all aspects of primate biology and to affirm the singular importance of the nonhuman primates as a resource for understanding the natural world and the principles that govern its workings. Conservation is the most formidable and intractable problem confronted by modern primatology. Primate conservation is part of the larger problem of preserving biological diversity in the face of accelerating destruction of natural ecosystems. Primatology has made important contributions to conservation and will continue to do so. The scope and complexity of the problem, however, require the cooperative efforts of many different interest groups.
Effects of the presence of a second male on pair‐tests of captive cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis): Role of dominance
Authors: Zumpe Doris , Michael Richard P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn social macaques, sexual, aggressive and social interactions between a male and female occur in a complex setting in which the presence of other members of the group may exert powerful, long‐lasting effects. We have studied the effects of the presence of a second male, either immediately before or during pair tests, on the behavioral interactions of male cynomolgus monkeys with their female partners. Twenty‐minute tests were conducted in a large room containing a small compartment that confined a second male. Each of 8 males served in turn both as a test male and as a second male (stimulus male)(4 females, 8 male–female pairs, 480 pair‐tests). After 5 weeks of pair‐testing with a stimulus male absent to establish behavioral baselines, the test conditions were changed daily during the next 5‐week period in the following way: (1) pair‐test immediately after the test male was observed with the stimulus male (Mondays), (2) control pair‐test (Tuesdays), (3) pair‐test in the presence of the stimulus male (Wednesdays), and (4) control pair‐test (Thursdays). A final 5‐week control period of pair‐testing followed with the stimulus male absent. Stimulation of a test male by a second male either immediately before or during the pair‐test had highly significant but different effects. Ejaculatory activity increased in tests that followed stimulation, mainly in males dominant to the stimulus male, while sexual and social activity decreased in tests during stimulation, but mainly in males subordinate to the stimulus male. The findings suggested that dominance confers a mating advantage on males even when there is no opportunity for mating interference or active mate competition.
Consistency in maternal behavior within families of free‐ranging rhesus monkeys: An extension of the concept of maternal style
Authors: Berman Carol M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis paper assesses the extent to which free‐ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) on Cayo Santiago show consistent mother–infant interaction with individual infants over time and consistent maternal styles from one infant to another. Inter‐pair differences in several measures of mother–infant interaction related to proximity and contact were correlated positively and highly significantly between 6‐week age periods. Analysis of variance methods were used to show that, after the first 6 weeks, these measures of interaction were also more similar among pairs with the same mother (i.e., families) than among pairs with different mothers. Differences between families were also consistent between age periods, and appeared to be due primarily to differences between mothers rather than to differences between sets of infant siblings. The results suggest that the concept of maternal style can be used to describe variation between both individual Cayo Santiago mother–infant pairs and between individual Cayo Santiago mothers.
Reproductive performance and excretion of urinary estrogens and gonadotropins in the female pygmy marmoset (Cebuella pygmaea)
Authors: Ziegler Toni E. , Snowdon Charles T. , Bridson William E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBy retrospective review of colony records and determinations of urinary hormones we have described the reproductive profile of the female pygmy marmoset (Cebuella pygmaea). The pygmy marmoset is a nonseasonal breeder and gives birth to twins 76% of the time with single births occurring 16% and triplet births 8% of the time. Interbirth intervals ranged from 149–746 days. First births occurred to females between 24–42 months of age and 5–27 months post pairing. We measured urinary estrone, estradiol and estrone conjugates along with immunoreactive luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin (LH/CG). The postpartum LH peak occurred a mean of 15.6 days following parturition. The conception rate was 69% following the postpartum ovulation. Levels of CG rose a mean of 19 days following the LH peak in conceptive cycles and remained elevated for a mean of 76 days. Gestational length was a mean of 141.9 days from the LH peak to parturition. Only one female of the five studied displayed ovarian cycles which were a mean of 27 days in length. Estradiol was the predominant urinary estrogen, however both estrone and estradiol were excreted in extremely high concentrations. LH peaks were discrete with urinary estrogens increasing at the time of the LH peak and remaining elevated throughout the luteal phase of the cycle.
Primate origins: Lessons from a neotropical marsupial
Authors: Rasmussen D. Tab 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe didelphid Caluromys shows evolutionary convergence towards prosimians in having a relatively large brain, large eyes, small litters, slow development, and agile locomotion. The selection pressures that favored the emergence of primate‐like traits in Caluromys from a generalized didelphid ancestor may be analogous to the selection pressures favoring the initial divergence of primates from a primitive nonprimate ancestor, and thus Caluromys provides an independent test of the arboreal hypothesis (Smith: Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution 1912:553–572, 1913), the visual predation hypothesis (Cartmill: The Functional and Evolutionary Biology of Primates, pp. 97–122, 1972), and the angiosperm exploitation hypothesis (Sussman: American Journal of Primatology, in press) of primate origins. Quantitative data on free‐ranging C. derbianus in Costa Rica demonstrate that it is highly arboreal, uses visually directed predation to capture arthropod prey, and makes extensive use of terminal branch foraging, where it feeds on small angiosperm products. These observations are consistent with predictions from each model of primate origins, thus suggesting that the hypotheses are not mutually exclusive but are interdependent. The initial divergence of primates probably involved exploitation of the rich angiosperm products and associated insects found in fine terminal branches; visually directed predation may have evolved as an efficient method of insect capture in the terminal branch milieu.
Reassessment of age of sexual maturity in gibbons (hylobates spp.)
Authors: Geissmann Thomas 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFrom studies of both wild and captive animals, gibbons are thought to reach sexual maturity at about 6 to 8 years of age, and the siamang (Hylobates syndactylus) at about 8 to 9 years. However, a review of the literature reveals that in most cases the exact age of the maturing animals was not known and had to be estimated. This study presents seven case reports on captive gibbons of known age. Captive males of the white‐cheeked crested gibbon (H. leucogenys leucogenys) and of the siamang (H. syndactylus) can breed at the age of 4 and 4.3 years, respectively. Similarly, hybrid females (H. lar × H. moloch) and siamang females can breed at 5.1 and 5.2 years, respectively. This finding may help to improve the breeding success of captive gibbon populations. It is not clear whether gibbons reach sexual maturity earlier in captivity or whether sexual maturity is also reached by 5 years of age in the wild. Possible implications for the interpretation of group size regulation and of reproductive strategies of wild gibbons are discussed.
Proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus) social organization: Intergroup patterns of association
Authors: Yeager Carey P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractProboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus) social organization was studied at the Natai Lengkuas station, Tanjung Puting National Park in Kalimantan Tengah, Indonesia. Data were collected on ten one‐male groups and two all‐male groups using scan sampling and event sampling during follows, and through evening census surveys. Proboscis monkeys were found to form stable one‐male groups. Specific groups associated at their sleeping sites, in a manner similar to the fission‐fusion pattern described for hamadryas and gelada baboons. Analyses performed on these associations indicated that the groups formed two separate bands. These separate bands appear to be a secondary level of organization, distinct from the primary level of organization, the one‐male and all‐male groups. This is the first evidence for such a two‐tiered system of organization in an arboreal colobine species. Proboscis monkeys closely resemble gelada baboons in their organizational pattern. In both species, adult females direct the majority of their affiliative behavior towards their offspring and other adult females, males do not engage in active herding, all‐male groups are present, and one‐male groups do spend time apart from other groups. Home ranges of both groups and of bands of proboscis monkeys overlapped extensively; temporal avoidance between bands may have been mediated by early morning vocalizations and branch shaking displays.
Effects of woodchips and buried food on behavior patterns and psychological well‐being of captive rhesus monkeys
Authors: Byrne Gayle DiGregorio , Suomi Stephen J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe effects of adding woodchip litter to bare‐floored pens, burying monkey chow in the woodchips, and scattering sunflower seeds in woodchips was studied in 2 stable social groups of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) to ascertain the effects of these manipulations on levels of foraging, exploration, abnormal behavior, social interactions, and urinary cortisol levels. The addition of woodchips increased exploration and feeding levels and decreased social interactions. Burial of regular monkey chow in woodchips had little effect on behavior beyond that of the woodchips alone, increasing exploration and decreasing passivity. The addition of sunflower seeds to the woodchips encouraged increased feeding and exploration and led to decreases in passivity and social interaction. There was little discernible effect of woodchip enrichment on urinary cortisol values. In contrast to some previous studies, there was no effect of wood chips or sunflower seeds on the occurrence of agonistic interactions, play, or abnormal behavior patterns.
Homosexual incest avoidance among females in captive Japanese macaques
Authors: Chapais Bernard , Mignault Christiane 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis paper reports a systematic pattern of homosexual incest avoidance among females in a captive group of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) culled from the Arashiyama‐West troop known for its high rates of female homosexuality. The study group included three matrilines and two generations. Between eight and 11 females were sexually active over four consecutive mating seasons, and all engaged in both heterosexual and homosexual activity. While all females performed homosexual acts with almost all possible non‐kin partners, they systematically avoided homosexual interactions with their mother, daughters, and sisters. This pattern could not be explained either in terms of kin not being simultaneously in estrus, kin avoiding affiliative interactions in general, or non‐kin utilizing the tension‐reducing effect of estrus to affiliate exclusively with each other. In contrast to homosexual females, heterosexual pairs of relatives (brother‐sister, mother‐son) were sometimes incestuous. Assuming that female homosexuality expresses the reproductive strategy of females unconstrained by male influence, the present results point to the strong tendency of females to avoid incest and suggest that males are primarily responsible for the reported exceptions to incest avoidance.
Breech delivery and birth‐related behaviors in wild mantled howling monkeys
Authors: Moreno Luisa I. , Salas Isabel C. , Glander Kenneth E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe breech birth of an infant mantled howling monkey was observed on February 12, 1990. The mother assisted the successful delivery by pulling on the infant's tail and hindleg. No other members of the social group attended the mother or demonstrated any interest in the birth process.
Primate origins and the evolution of angiosperms
Authors: Sussman Robert W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTraditionally, the morphological traits of primates were assumed to be adaptations to an arboreal way of life. However, Cartmill [1972] pointed out that a number of morphological traits characteristic of primates are not found in many other arboreal mammals. He contends that orbital convergence and grasping extremities indicate that the initial divergence of primates involved visual predation on insects in the lower canopy and undergrowth of the tropical forest. However, recent research on nocturnal primates does not support the visually‐oriented predation theory. Although insects were most likely important components of the diets of the earliest euprimates, it is argued here that visual predation was not the major impetus for the evolution of the adaptive traits of primates. Recent paleobotanical research has yielded evidence that a major evolutionary event occurred during the Eocene, involving the angiosperms and their dispersal agents. As a result of long‐term diffuse coevolutionary interactions with flowering plants, modern primates, bats, and plant‐feeding birds all first arose around the Paleocene‐Eocene boundary and became the major seed dispersers of modern tropical flora during the Eocene. Thus, it is suggested here that the multitude of resources available on the terminal branches of the newly evolved angiosperm, rain forest trees led to the morphological adaptations of primates of modern aspect.
Assessing the effects of social environment on blood pressure and heart rates of baboons
Authors: Coelho Anthony M. , Carey K. Dee , Shade Robert E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe objective of this publication is to report on the feasibility of using a tether system for obtaining data on blood pressure and heart rates of socially housed primates and to evaluate the extent to which housing environment alters cardiovascular responses (mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate). Blood pressure and heart rates of adult male baboons (Papio cynocephalus hamadryas) were evaluated over a 6 week period under three different housing conditions: social companion, individual, and socially unfamiliar. Social environment was manipulated in a specially designed cage that incorporated removable panels of either woven wire or solid sheet metal. The design of the cage permitted nonhuman primates to engage in species‐typical social behaviors such as grooming and aggression. Using a tether and catheter system, we monitored cardiovascular physiology. We tested the hypothesis that individual housing, housing with social companions, and housing with social strangers would produce different mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate responses. Individual housing and housing with strangers produced resting mean arterial blood pressures that were elevated relative to blood pressure responses with social companions. Individual housing and housing with social strangers produced different patterns of cardiovascular response. Individual housing resulted in lowered heart rates and elevated blood pressures relative to the social companion condition. Housing with social strangers resulted in both elevated blood pressure and elevated heart rate, relative to the social companion condition. Responses observed during this study demonstrated the sensitivity of blood pressure and heart rates to differences in social environment.
Immunological response and ovarian histology of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) immunized with porcine zona pellucida ZP3 (Mr = 55,000) macromolecules
Authors: Sacco A. G. , Yurewicz E. C. , Subramanian M. G. , Lian Ye , Dukelow W. R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractZP3 (M, = 55,000) is the major electrophoretic component of the porcine zona pellucida (ZP). In a continuing assessment of ZP3 as a candidate antigen for contraceptive vaccine development, female squirrel monkeys were immunized with 200 μg ZP3 using either Freund's adjuvant (FA) or muramyl dipeptide (MDP) and the effect of such immunization on ovarian histology examined. Two experimental and three control groups were immunized: Group 1 (n = 4), ZP3 plus FA; Group 2 (n = 4),ZP3 plus MDP; and controls—Group 3 (n = 2), ZP3 alone; Group 4 (n = 4), FA alone; and Group 5 (n = 4), saline. High antibody response to ZP3 was detected in the ZP3/FA and ZP3/MDP groups, and a very low response, in the ZP3‐alone group. Immune profiles for the ZP3iFA and ZP3/MDP groups were comparable, but titers in the MDP group were consistently lower and decreased more rapidly after 300 days post‐immunization (PI) than in the FA group. At 6 months PI, all ovaries from the ZP3/FA group revealed a deficiency of zona‐encased oocytes and a reduction in secondary and tertiary follicles compared to controls. At 18–24 months PI, normal ovarian histology in one ZP3/FA injected monkey and the presence of zona‐encased oocytes in a second monkey suggested ovarian recovery. Normal ovarian histology was present in all monkeys in the ZP3/MDP group as well as in all controls. These findings indicate that while immunization with ZP3/FA does initially perturb normal ovarian histology, such adverse effects appear to be reversible. Furthermore, immunization using ZP3 with MDP has no adverse effect on the ovary, indicating the importance of proper adjuvant selection in immunocontraceptive (IC) studies. These data encourage continued investigation of the zona IC approach using well‐characterized zona immunogens with non‐Freund's adjuvants.
Monitoring the ovarian cycles of Pan troglodytes and P. paniscus: A comparative approach
Authors: Dahl Jeremy F. , Nadler Ronald D. , Collins Delwood C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFemales of both species of chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes and P. paniscus, exhibit conspicuous anogenital sex swellings that are useful external markers for assessing ovarian cyclicity. A new, quantitative method for describing these swelling cycles was refined during laboratory studies of four P. paniscus and nine P. troglodytes and was used to analyze variability in swelling patterns. Clear‐cut anatomical changes of the perineum were found to have both interindividual and interspecific reliability. The swollen phase of the cycle was defined as the period when the medial surfaces of the labia minora are pressed against each other so the aperture leading to the vagina appears as a slit (labial occlusion). When defined with this precision, comparisons within and between the species revealed two types of cycle for both species; swollen phases of P. paniscus were about 24 or 39 days in duration, on average, whereas those of P. troglodytes were about 14 or 18 days. Urine samples from the P. troglodytes were collected and analyzed for luteinizing hormone (LH) (34 cycles), estrone glucuronide (E1G), and pregnanediol‐3‐glucuronide (PdG) (18 cycles). When the two types of cycle were separated in analysis, it was found that the day when labial occlusion occurred served as a predictor of the preovulatory LH peak in the cycles with a long swollen phase. Levels of E1G correlated closely with swelling scores in multiparous females regardless of phase lengths, suggesting that the new swelling scores are a reliable indicator of E1G excretion in multipara. Cycles with long swollen phases had relatively high levels of PdG during the luteal phase, whereas cycles with short swollen phases had relatively low levels of PdG and a shorter luteal phase. The marker of labial occlusion and the duration of the preswollen phase defined by the marker appear to be potentially useful in studies of reproduction in Pan, for monitoring female fertility, and in artificial insemination procedures. If it is confirmed that swelling pattern predicts progesterone levels during the luteal phase, it would make interventions possible in the case of low levels so that a potential pregnancy could be maintained to term.
Improved sperm collection from the lowland gorilla: Recovery of sperm from bladder and urethra following electroejaculation
Authors: Schaffer Nan , Jeyendran R. S. , Beehler Bruce 
Published: June 2005

AbstractRectal probe electroejaculation of lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) consistently yields poor quality semen. To improve the semen parameters of these specimens, changes in the methodology of electroejaculation were studied. Retrograde ejaculation during electro‐stimulation may contribute to poor semen quality. It was found that: (1) large numbers of sperm were retroejaculated during electroejaculation and (2) that these sperm could be recovered from the bladder. The retrieval of residual semen present in the posterior urethra by massaging per rectum following electroejaculation was also examined. Massaging the posterior urethra post‐electroejaculation: (1) reduced the number of stimulations needed to obtain the first ejaculation, (2) decreased the current density needed to retrieve the first ejaculate, and (3) produced ejaculate that was comparable to the ejaculate of standard procedures. Thus, the changes in the methodology improved the overall seminal parameters of electroejaculated semen.
Reactive erosive arthritis in chimpanzees
Authors: Rothschild Bruce M. , Woods Robert J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDiagnosis of diseases of bone, without benefit of soft tissue, in vivo observation, or blood component analysis requires the development of new criteria for diagnosis. Analyzing chimpanzee skeletal populations, applying such criteria (e.g., lesion character, distribution, radiologic appearance, and sex ratios), revealed a picture indistinguishable from human spondyloarthropathy. As Africa has been shown to manifest this condition in indigenous human, chimpanzee, and lowland gorilla populations, the possibility of a non‐species specific etiology is suggested.