bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adolescent consumers: reaching them, border crossings and pedagogical challenges
Authors: Ahava Anna‐Maija , Palojoki Päivi 
Published: December 2004

AbstractConsumerism is part of living in the contemporary post‐modern world. It is claimed that schools and consumer education have a rather marginal impact on the consumer behaviour of young people. This qualitative study explores adolescents’ ways of consuming in three different worlds: home, school and peer groups. The aim is to understand how the adolescents experience border crossings between these worlds. What do they think about consumerism and consumer education? Finally, the pedagogical challenges of consumer education are discussed. The qualitative data was collected through mind maps, written questionnaires and semi‐structured group interviews. Qualitative content analysis was used to analyse the data. The data was collected from 59 teens (between 14 and 15 years of age) from Vantaa, Finland. According to the results, the adolescents’ way of consuming in each world differs from each other. However, border crossings occur with natural strategies and smooth transitions. The adolescents feel that ‘real’ consumerism does not begin until adulthood. Then, it is time to act like responsible consumers. Their motivation to study consumer issues at school is poor, because they feel the substance of consumer education not corresponding to their lives. Because of this, consumer education needs pedagogical renovation based on the needs of the adolescents and the special features of their consumerism.
Finnish young people's narrative construction of consumer identity
Authors: Autio Minna 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis article examines how young Finns represent their consumer identity through narratives. Young consumers are easily seen as careless spenders and selfish hedonists in the contemporary consumer society. However, an empirical approach is required in order to find out whether this generation of young Finnish consumers is one of ‘raving hedonists’ or ‘ultimate materialists’, as their peers are often presented in public discussion in many western societies. The empirical data was collected in five upper secondary schools between the end of November 2001 and the beginning of January 2002. These schools are located in five different districts in Finland, varying from metropolitan to rural areas. The study focused on students aged 16–19 years and used essay writing as the method for collecting qualitative data. The data thus consists of 159 life stories as a consumer written by young Finnish people. Qualitative research methods, such as narrative analysis, were used in this study. It is argued that Finnish young people are representing their identities as consumers through a combination of various levels of consumer discourses besides hedonism and squandering: rationality and economizing are an essential part of their consumer identities. Some youngsters also present themselves as responsible consumers including ecological and ethical choices as part of their narrative. The way these youngsters combine discourses gives evidence of the various features of the present‐day young consumer. It is also suggested that their consumer identity develops and changes with age. Young people describe their identity changing through a hedonist/squanderer discourse to a rational and economical one or vice versa. They also combine hedonist, rational, economical and responsible discourses simultaneously.
METRO—the creation of a taxonomy for medical education
Authors: Haig Alex , Ellaway Rachel , Dozier Marshall , Liu Don , McKendree Jean 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAims:  There is a proven and immediate need for a shared vocabulary for medical education in the United Kingdom, both to support the practice of medical education and the research of medical education practice. It would be inefficient to create a complete and independent vocabulary from scratch, the proposed alternative being to create differential terms between the MeSH and BET vocabularies.Methods:  Existing schemas were reviewed against the needs of stakeholders. Seed terms were submitted to the METRO work environment, discussed, scoped and voted upon.Results:  A set of procedures, initial terms and recommendations for further development are the principal deliverables from METRO's first phase, while the ongoing second phase will see the creation and testing of an essential branch of descriptors for assessment.Conclusions:  Further work in a number of areas will be required and long‐term issues of resourcing and sustainability have yet to be substantially addressed to allow for full adoption by the user community.
The first record of Brown Skua Catharacta antarctica in Europe
Authors: Votier Stephen C. , Bearhop Stuart , Newell Richard G. , Orr Kate , Furness Robert W. , Kennedy Martyn 
Published: December 2004

Evidence from mtDNA suggests that two skuas, one discovered in the Scilly Islands Cornwall in October 2001, the other in Glamorgan in February 2002, belong to the Brown Skua group Catharacta antarctica– a species not previously recorded in the North Atlantic. These molecular data do not exclude the possibility of either bird being a hybrid between Brown Skua and South Polar Skua C. maccormicki, but population estimates suggest that this is unlikely. More importantly, biometrics show that the Glamorgan bird is much smaller than hybrids but matches Falkland Skua C. a. antarctica. The distributions of C. antarctica subspecies at sea are not well known, but the discovery of two of these birds in the UK suggests that they may wander more extensively than previously thought.
Temporal changes in the breeding ecology of European Turtle Doves Streptopelia turtur in Britain, and implications for conservation
Authors: Browne Stephen J. , Aebischer Nicholas J. 
Published: December 2004

The migratory European Turtle Dove Streptopelia turtur has undergone a 69% decline in population size and a 25% contraction in breeding range in Britain over the last 30 years. An investigation of the breeding ecology of this summer visitor was undertaken in 1998–2000 at two study sites in East Anglia, England. The only previous study of Turtle Dove reproduction in Britain provided pre‐decline data for comparison with the current situation in a modern agricultural environment. Territory sizes ranged from 1.91 to 3.08 ha, were established in areas with scrub, hedges and woodland and contained less cropped land than expected from its availability. The majority of nests were sited 1–3 m above ground level within thorny bushes, particularly Hawthorn Crataegus monogyna. Nests found by radiotelemetry were significantly higher above ground level and were found in greater numbers than expected in woodland and coniferous trees than those found by cold searching, which were lower and found predominantly in hedges and thorny bushes. Turtle Dove nest success rate averaged 53% during incubation and 65% during the nestling stage, so that only 35% of nests successfully produced young. A comparison with data collected during the 1960s showed that Turtle Doves today have a shorter breeding season and consequently produce about half the number of clutches and young per pair than formerly. A simple simulation model suggested that the reduction in productivity alone would lead to a population decline of 17% per annum. This study suggests that the recovery of Turtle Doves in Britain is dependent upon the provision and sympathetic management of nesting and foraging habitats. The current arrangements for set‐aside and agri‐environmental schemes provide the framework for delivering these requirements.
Breeding upwards when climate is becoming warmer: no bird response in the French Alps
Authors: Archaux Frederic 
Published: December 2004

Altitudinal shifts in distribution were investigated in forest breeding birds, along two elevational gradients in the French northern and southern Alps, from counts repeated at exactly the same locations in the 1970s and the 2000s. Significant shifts were reported for eight of 24 species in the northern alpine site (five downwards, three upwards) and for two of the 17 species in the southern site (one downwards, one upwards). Apart from the Crested Tit Parus cristatus, which shifted significantly downwards at both sites, altitudinal shifts were not significantly correlated between sites. Bird communities did not shift their distribution upwards despite a 2.3 °C increase in spring temperatures in the two study areas. These results suggest that bird distributions by altitude have not yet been affected by climatic warming, and that most specific elevational shifts are probably related to site‐specific factors.
Variation in breeding success among reintroduced island populations of South Island Saddlebacks Philesturnus carunculatus carunculatus
Authors: Hooson S. , Jamieson I. G. 
Published: December 2004

South Island Saddlebacks Philesturnus carunculatus carunculatus were once found throughout the South Island of New Zealand, but by the early 1960s were confined to the island of Big South Cape, in the extreme south of the country. All subsequent reintroduced populations of South Island Saddlebacks are derived from 36 surviving birds from this relict population. The aim of this study was to compare the breeding success of three recently reintroduced populations of Saddlebacks relative to their distance from, and habitat similarity to, the relict population. The three study islands show a latitudinal cline with Ulva, Breaksea and Motuara Islands located 60, 190 and 810 km north of Big South Cape, respectively. Saddlebacks on Ulva and Breaksea appeared to prefer to establish breeding territories in coastal scrub, the dominant habitat feature of Big South Cape. The area of coastal scrub habitat was much smaller on Motuara, where breeding territories were instead scattered through broadleaf forest habitat. Nesting success, calculated using Mayfield's method, was significantly greater on Ulva (73%) than on Breaksea (32%) or Motuara (19%) owing primarily to higher egg fertility and hatching success. Although egg failure rates were highest on Motuara, the island least similar to Big South Cape, they were also relatively high on Breaksea where the habitat was similar to Ulva and Big South Cape. Therefore, the results only partially support the hypothesis that nesting success should decrease with increasing habitat difference associated with increasing latitudinal distance from the source population. The data from this 1‐year study lay the groundwork for examining further hypotheses on the effects of reintroducing endangered species outside their contemporary range, but within their historical range.
Comparing areas of suitable habitats along travelled and possible shortest routes in migration of White‐naped Cranes Grus vipio in East Asia
Authors: Fujita Go , Hong‐Liang Guan , Ueta Mutsuyuki , Goroshko Oleg , Krever Vladimir , Ozaki Kiyoaki , Mita Nagahisa , Higuchi Hiroyoshi 
Published: December 2004

Many migratory species take detours when migrating from their breeding to wintering grounds rather than following the shortest route available. To test whether the distribution of potentially suitable habitats might be a factor causing the use of less direct detours during migration, we analysed the migratory routes of five White‐naped Cranes Grus vipio satellite‐tracked from central–east Russia, and compared the total area of wetlands and grasslands along the migratory routes travelled by the Cranes with that along the shortest possible routes to the Cranes’ wintering grounds. All five Cranes made an easterly detour, and the distance ratio of the routes used by Cranes to the shortest possible route was 1.13 ± 0.03 sd. Based on National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration satellite images, we demonstrate that the area of wetlands and grasslands along the migration routes travelled by Cranes was greater than along the shortest possible routes.
Survival estimates of adult Sooty Terns Sterna fuscata from Bird Island, Seychelles
Authors: Feare Chris J. , Doherty Paul F. 
Published: December 2004

Sooty Tern Sterna fuscata populations on the Seychelles Islands have been exploited for human consumption of their eggs for at least the last 75 years. This has led to concern about possible declines in these populations. To address these concerns, the Seychelles Government has instituted a research and management plan to ensure the sustainability of the egg harvest. The harvest model, upon which current harvest regulations are based, was constructed with an assumed adult survival rate because there are no published Sooty Tern survival rate estimates. We fill this knowledge gap and address this assumption. We estimated adult Sooty Tern survival to be 0.91 (SÊ = 0.01), which was close to the estimate used in the model. This estimate is also comparable with other seabird survival estimates. In the future this estimate could be improved with higher recapture rates. In addition, further advances in models for estimating probabilities of age at first breeding, prebreeder survival and population growth should be used to best effect, by making appropriate improvements to the ring search protocol, to provide further feedback to the management programme.
Eine Geisterbeschwörung
Authors: Krätz Otto 
Published: December 2004

AbstractSchon immer haben Nahrungsmittelskandale die Aufmerksamkeit des Publikums gefesselt. So auch der sogenannte Strychnin‐Skandal im vorigen Jahrhundert. Damals tauchte der Verdacht auf – woher ist nicht genau bekannt ‐, daß englische Brauereien ihrem berühmten Pale Ale zur Abrundung des bitteren Geschmacks Strychnin zusetzten. A. W. Hofmann und Justus von Liebig halfen den Brauern mit Gutachten bei der Auseinandersetzung mit dem “Strychnin‐Gespenst” ‐ nicht ganz ohne Belohnung, wie der folgende Bericht zeigt.
Chirale Arzneimittel. Scale‐up, Kontrolle und deren Bedeutung für die pharmazeutische Forschung
Authors: Federsel Hans‐Jürgen 
Published: December 2004

AbstractMan weiß heute, daß optische Isomere pharmakologisch aktiver Verbindungen sehr unterschiedliche Eigenschaften z. B. in Bezug auf ihre physiologische Aktivität, ihren Wirkungsmechanismus, ihre Toxizität und Nebenwirkungen haben können. Deshalb wird vom Produzenten mehr und mehr verlangt, daß die Konzentrationen der optischen Isomere mit unerwünschten Nebenwirkungen in Arzneimitteln einen festgelegten und oft sehr niedrigen Wert nicht überschreiten dürfen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden die Methoden zur Herstellung optisch aktiver Zielmoleküle nach folgender Einteilung beschrieben: 1. Seperationsverfahren, z. B. Racemattrennungen durch Kristallisation, Chromatographie oder mit Hilfe von Enzymen, 2. Synthesen ausgehend von Verbindungen aus dem „chiral pool”︁, 3. Synthesen mit synthetisch hergestellten chiralen Bausteinen, 4. asymmetrische Synthesen. Natürlich ist die Herstellung stereochemisch definierter Verbindungen immer mit einem zusätzlichen Aufwand bei der Entwicklung effizienter Prokutionsprozesse verbunden. Doch das immer breitere Angebot an optisch reinen Synthesebausteinen sowie die Entwicklung asymmetrischer Synthesen, die sich auch für industrielle Maßstäbe eigen und klassische Verfahren ergänzen, versprechen die auftretenden Probleme erheblich zu reduzieren.
Präparative Verwendung von Mannich‐Basen von Hydroxy‐indolen als Alkylierungsmittel. 4. Mitteilung über synthetische Indol‐Verbindungen [1]
Authors: Troxler Franz 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe MANNICH bases 4‐dimethylaminomethyl‐5‐hydroxy‐indole and 7‐dimethylaminomethyl‐6‐hydroxy‐indole are suitable agents for alkylating C‐acidic compounds such as nitroalkanes and ethyl formamido‐malonate. The products obtained have been transformed into (substit.) aminoethyl derivatives or amino‐acids containing the basic side‐chain in the benzene nucleus and which are, therefore, isomeric to tryptamines and tryptophans.
Über die Hemmung der Leber‐ und der Muskelaldolase durch Glycerinaldehyd‐3‐phosphat. 15. Mitteilung über Aldolasen [1]
Authors: Hotz R. , Leuthardt F. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
The kinetics of the inhibition of rabbit muscle and liver aldolase by DL‐glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate have been studied.
The inhibition is of the non‐competitive type.
The ternary enzyme‐substrate‐GAP‐complex shows a residual enzyme activity, muscle aldolase‐FDP showing the highest and liver aldolase‐F‐1‐P the lowest activity.
The dissociation constant K0′ (ESI ⇄ ES+I) has been determined on the assumption of quasi‐equilibrium kinetics.
Säurekatalysierte Isomerisierung von α,β‐Cyclopropyl‐oxiranen
Authors: Ohloff G. , Giersch W. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractUsing the epoxycarane derivatives 3 and 6, the behaviour of α,β‐epoxycyclopropy. compounds in the presence of acids has been examined and the main reaction products elucidated Proposals for the reaction mechanism are made.
Echange d'oxygène entre des p‐benzoquinones substituées et l'eau
Authors: Dahn H. , Aubort J.‐D. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe velocity of oxygen exchange between several substituted p‐benzoquinones and H218O has been measured at 25°C in neutral tetrahydrofuran containing 2 to 5% water. Halogen substituents accelerate the exchange (Cl > Br), methyl groups slow it down. The reaction was found to be second or third order in [H2O].
Pyridinderivate als Komplexbildner IX Die Stabilitätskonstanten von Komplexen mit (a) 2‐aminomethyl‐pyridin, (b) 6‐methyl‐2‐aminomethyl‐pyridin, (c) 2‐pyridylhydrazin, (d) 2,2′‐dipyridylamin und (e) 1‐(α‐pyridylmethylen)‐2‐(α′‐pyridyl)‐hydrazin
Authors: Anderegg G. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe complex formation of the ligands given in the title has been investigated using potentiometric measurements at ionic strength 0,1 and 20°C. The results are discussed in comparison with the known values and with those of similar ligands.
The Total Synthesis of Ipalbidine and Ipalbine
Authors: Wick A. E. , Bartlett P. A. , Dolphin D. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractEine Totalsynthese des Hexahydroindolizin‐Alkaloids Ipalbidin (7) und seines β‐D‐Glucosids Ipalbin (1) wird beschrieben. Der zentrale Syntheseschritt besteht aus einer N‐Acylierung des vinylogen Amidsystems 3, gefolgt von einer internen Kondensation zum pentasubstituierten Pyridon 4. Die spektralen Daten von synthetischem Ipalbidin bzw. Ipalbin sind identisch mit denjenigen der entsprechenden natürlichen Verbindungen. Auf Grund des Vergleichs von optischen Drehugen wird ermittelt, dass Ipalbidin in der Natur in racemischer Form vorliegt.
Oxidation and Reduction of 8,9‐Anhydroerythronolide B 6,9‐Hemiacetal
Authors: Kurath P. , Egan R. S. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDie Reaktion von Erythronolid B mit Säure lieferte das bisher unbekannte 8, 9‐Anhydroerythronolid‐B‐6, 9‐hemiacetal. Diese Verbindung wurde oxydativ in (8S, 9S)‐8, 9‐Anhydroerythronolid‐B‐6, 9‐hemiacetal 8,9‐epoxid und (8S)‐8‐Hydroxyerythronolid B umgewandelt. Durch Reduktion der Doppelbindung im Enoläther wurde das (9S)‐9‐Dihydro‐6, 9‐O‐anhydro‐erythronolid B erhalten.
Methoxokomplexe drei‐, vier‐ und fünfwertiger Zentralatome
Authors: Gut R. , Schmid Eduard , Serrallach Jorge 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe complex formation with CH3O− of AsIII, SbIII, GeIV, NbIV, SeIV, TeIV, TiIV, SnIV and MoV has been investigated in absolute methanolic solutions containing (CH3)4NCl, LiCl, or Lithiumtosylate (μ = 1; 20.0°) by means of pH‐titrations. The relations between the stoichiometry of the reactions and the shape of the buffer regions, as well as the concentration‐dependance of these buffer regions are discussed.
Utilisation d'ylides du phosphore en chimie des sucres VII. Synthèse de sucres ramifiés des types «streptose» et «apiose». Communication préliminaire
Authors: Tronchet J. M. J. , Bourgeois J.‐M. , Chalet J.‐M. , Graf R. , Gurny R. , Tronchet Mme J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA new high‐yielding route to branched‐chain sugars of the streptose or the apiose type having at the branching point a configuration epimeric with that which would be obtained by the classical synthesis using Grignard reagents is described. The main steps are the preparation of branched‐chain unsaturated cyano sugars by reaction of cyanomethylene triphenylphosphorane with keto sugars and the cis‐dihydroxylation (KMnO4) of the so obtained cyano sugars. The cis and the trans isomers of a series of cyanovinylidenic sugars have been separated and the stereodependence of the long‐range coupling constants in this class of compounds has been examined.
Darstellung und Eigenschaften von 1,2,3,4,5,6‐Hexahydro‐8‐hydroxy‐3‐methyl‐3‐benzazocin
Authors: Pecherer B. , Humiec F. , Brossi A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn continuation of our search for new analgesics, 1,2,3,4,5,6‐hexahydro‐8‐hydroxy‐3‐methyl‐3‐benzazocine has been prepared.
Anmerkung der Redaktion. Die Bezeichnung des Grundskeletts der Verbindungen 2, 14, 15, 16 und 17 als 3‐Benzazocin entspricht den I.U.P.A.C.‐Nomenklaturregeln nicht; sie sollte lauten: Benz[d]azocin. Auf Wunsch der Verfasser, welche eine Abweichung von der in früheren Veröffentlichungen verwendeten Nomenklatur (vgl. [1]) vermeiden möchten, ist die Redaktion jedoch bereit, die beanstandete Bezeichnung beizubehalten.
23S state of helium
Authors: Ermolaev A. M. , Sochilin G. B. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA rapidly convergent method, which has previously been applied to the ground state of the helium atom, has been extended to excited S states. This method is based on an expansion of the wave function in powers of \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \sqrt {r_1^2 + r_2^2} $\end{document}, ln (r + r), \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ w = r_{12} /\sqrt {r_1^2 + r_2^2} $\end{document}. Different effective nuclear charges are used for the inner and the outer electrons. Very satisfactory results are obtained for expectation values of various operators.
Cluster expansion analysis for delocalized systems
Authors: Čížek J. , Paldus J. , Šroubková L. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe general formulas which are convenient for cluster analysis of a configuration interaction wave function are presented. These formulas are then used for cluster analysis of the “complete” configuration interaction wave functions of the π‐electronic models of benzene and butadiene obtained with a semiempirical method of the Pariser–Parr–Pople type using three different parameterizations. For butadiene the calculations are carried out with Hückel, Hartree–Fock, and Brueckner molecular orbitals. The results clearly indicate that Sinanoǧlu's statement [1, 2], concerning the relative unimportance of the linked parts of the tetraexcited state coefficients in the ci expansion, is justified for these delocalized systems.
Polarization contribution to the dipole moment and infrared spectrum intensity of the benzene–iodine complex
Authors: Mantione Marie‐José 
Published: December 2004

AbstractPolarization is shown to play a non‐negligible role in two properties of the ground state of benzene–iodine type complexes: their dipole moment, and the halogen infrared spectrum. These results, compared with preceding results concerning π–π complexes, suggest that the ground‐state properties of charge‐transfer complexes should not be interpreted exclusively by the usual resonance mode.
Zero‐field splitting in phosphorescent triplet states of aromatic hydrocarbons IV. Phenyl naphthalenes
Authors: Orloff M. K. , Brinen J. S. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe zero‐field splitting parameters D, E, and D* are calculated theoretically for four phenyl naphthalenes. Esr measurements show that the theoretical calculations are in good agreement with experiment. Comparison of the theoretical and experimental results gives some insight into the geometry of these molecules in their lowest triplet state.