bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reduction and Emergence in Artificial Life: A Theological Appropriation
Authors: Gregersen Niels Henrik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In discussions of emergence and reductionism, research on artificial life (A-Life) is an ambiguous case. On the one hand, A-Life is particularly concerned about the informational aspects of the material world—aspects that have often been neglected in traditional physics with its focus on the particle–energy duality of matter. On the other hand, A-Life research suggests that even complex informational patterns can be generated by simple algorithms. Proponents of A-Life are thus often sceptical about reducing information to physical entities, but happy to embrace a reduction of informational patterns to computational rules. This is particularly the case for proponents of strong A-life. Proponents of weak A-life, however, tend to see the study of the informational rules as intimations to a much more subtle and complex world.
Introduction
Authors: Stone Michael E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this edition I present English translations of Aṙak‘el Siwnec‘i’s ‘(or Aṙak‘el of Siwnik‘’s) three epic poems about Adam and Eve, written in 1401–3. I have added to them the translation of a shorter poem by Aṙak‘el on the same subject, written a year later. I am deliberately presenting Aṙak‘el’s poetry without the apparatus of commentary and footnotes, explanation and interpretation, so familiar to the scholarly reader and so convenient for the scholarly translator. It should be seen as the fine poetry it is, and all I have provided by way of notes are biblical references and other direct sources, alternative translations, occasional brief explanatory words, and in some instances—where I might have departed too far from the wording of the Armenian—the literal translation.
Astrobiology of Earth
Authors: Gale Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of life in our universe has been given the name 'astrobiology'. It is a relatively new subject, but not a new discipline since it brings together several mature fields of science including astronomy, geology, biology, and climatology. An understanding of the singular conditions that allowed the only example of life that we know exists to emerge and survive on our turbulent planet is essential if we are to seek answers to two fundamental questions facing humanity: will life (and especially human life) continue on Earth, and does life exist elsewhere in the universe? Astrobiology of Earth adopts a unique approach that differs from most texts in the field which focus on the possibility of extraterrestrial life. In contrast, the central theme of this book is the fortuitous combination of numerous cosmic factors that together produced the special environment which enabled the emergence, persistence and evolution of life on our own planet, culminating in humanity. This environment has been subject to constant and chaotic change during life's 3.6 billion year history. The geologically very recent appearance of humans and their effect on the biosphere is discussed in relation to its deterioration as well as climate change. The search for extraterrestrial life is considered with a view to the suggestion that humans may escape a depleted Earth by colonizing the universe. This book contributes to our understanding of astrobiology from the perspective of life on Earth and especially human welfare and survival. Astronomical and geological phenomena are related in turn to their biological relevance and impact. This introductory text assumes little or no prior knowledge of more specialized scientific fields and is designed for undergraduate and graduate level students taking related courses in departments of biology, earth science/geology, and environmental science. It will also serve as a useful biology primer for astronomy majors.
Joseph Scaliger
Authors: Grafton Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries technical chronology, the study of calendars and of dates in ancient and medieval history, was both a fashionable and a controversial discipline. Theologians debated the dates of the Creation, the Flood, and the Crucifixion. Astronomers and historians argued about the identity of the eclipses that could supply absolute dates for events long past. Classical scholars reconstructed the religious beliefs and political practices that had governed the Greek and Roman calendars. Clerics and consultant experts, finally, debated what was to be done to mend the obviously faulty calendar of the western Church. Poliziano and Pico, Luther and Melanchthon, Copernicus and Kepler all studied and wrote about chronology. Late in the 1570s Joseph Scaliger (1540-1609) turned his attention to this field. He had already established himself as an innovative and ingenious editor of Latin texts, as the first volume of this study showed. But he now became one of the most celebrated scholars in Europe. He synthesized the work of dozens of other scholars, many of them now forgotten. He started or took part in many technical debates. And on such central problems as the date and nature of the Last Supper, the reliability of the various Old Testament texts, and the worth of the fragmentary historians of the ancient Near East, he showed remarkable erudition and insight. This book tells the stories of chronology and of Scaliger himself. It describes the scholarly circles in which he moved - above all the University of Leiden, the most innovative in Europe, where he spent the last decade and a half of his life. And it reconstructs his relations with contemporary scholars and scientists - notably Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler - and his remarkable, if wholly unofficial, career as a teacher. It is a sequel to volume I: Textual Criticism and Exegesis, published in 1983.
The Economy of the Cities: Max Weber’s ‘Ideal Type’
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In all our analysis up to now we have distinguished between cities and villages, and have usually described them as settlements of a certain size surrounded by walls. But that is not enough. If one is to understand the ancient Greek city-state and put it in its worldhistorical setting, one must also describe its structure and function, and begin with the quite fundamental question: what is a city? Scholars still discuss the question of what a city is and what constitutes the deference between a city and a village; but to all intents and purposes, all of them still focus on the criteria that the Austrian sociologist Max Weber proposed in 1921 in his article ‘Die Stadt’.1 According to Max Weber, a city is a nucleated settlement in which the houses lie so close together as to be often wall-to-wall, and where the number of inhabitants is such that they can no longer all know each other as people can in a village.
Polis as State
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of polis as a political community—what we call a ‘state’—has deferent aspects, which are most clearly reflected in the deferent senses the word polis could have in a political context: polis was used occasionally to mean a city plus its hinterland, and so meant a territory; (b) it was frequently used of the citizens and meant, in that context, the people of a state; and (c) it was with equal frequency used of the political institutions, e.g. the People’s Assembly, or, more abstractly of the state itself and the way it was governed. Territory The ancient Greek polis was a Lilliput, and that goes for the size of the territory and the size of the population. Of the 1,035 Archaic and Classical poleis in the Polis Centre’s Inventory the locality of 166 is not yet known.
Army
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main duty of a citizen was to defend his polis and if necessary give his life for his fatherland (patris). Every polis had its own army; armies put in the field by federal states or leagues of states consisted of contingents supplied by each individual polis. Here, as in all respects, the polis was the basic unit in the Greek city-state culture. The principal feature of an army comprised the hoplites, the heavy-armed infantry, who fought in close formation (called a phalanx) supported by squadrons of cavalry and light-armed soldiers.4 Citizen soldiers had to pay for their own armour, and there was in that way a link between military service and the class structure: the upper class served in the cavalry or else, along with the middle class, as hoplites, whereas the lower class were light-armed troops in the army or marines or rowers in the navy.6 The backbone of the hoplite army was made up of middle-class citizens; many of them were peasants,7 but many craftsmen and tradesmen also had to serve as hoplites.
Introduction
Authors: Toulalan Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pornography may be—and do—different things at different times, but one thing it must always do is offer ways of imagining sex that find resonance with its audience. Pornography may not necessarily be reflective of a society’s actual practice, but it must be sufficiently in tune with its contemporary audience’s desires and understandings to find a market prepared to spend both time and money on its consumption. Pornography is a term that is notoriously difficult to pin down, partly because it is one that is to a large extent subjective in nature—one person’s pornography is another person’s sex education.1
‘The Naked Truth’: Images of Bodies and Sex
Authors: Toulalan Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Seventeenth-century pornographic and erotic writing, like other kinds of publication, included illustrations, either as a frontispiece alone or within the text itself. Such illustrations, like the texts themselves, were rarely explicit; we do not often find pictures that display entirely naked bodies, or bodies engaged in sexual intercourse. Rather these illustrations made use of visual metaphors and symbols that conveyed the sexual message with remarkable clarity in a similar way to the use of metaphor and simile within the text. The kinds of illustrations employed also depended upon the nature of the printed material, whether it was a cheap, single-sheet item or small pamphlet using woodcuts, or a longer, more substantial, expensively bound book containing engravings that could be selected by the individual purchaser.
George Akropolites The History
Authors: Macrides Ruth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the first English translation and study of George Akropolites' History, the main Greek source for the history of Byzantium between 1204 and 1261. Akropolites relates what happened to Byzantium after the Latin conquest of its capital, Constantinople, by the Fourth Crusade in 1204. He narrates the fragmentation of the Byzantine world, describing how the newly established 'empire' in Anatolia prevailed over its foreign and Byzantine enemies to recapture the capital in 1261. Akropolites was an eyewitness to most of the events he relates and a man close to the emperors he served, and his account has therefore influenced modern perceptions of this period. It has been an essential source for all those studying the eastern Mediterranean in the thirteenth century. However, until now historians have made use of his History without knowing anything about its author. Ruth Macrides remedies this deficiency by providing a detailed guide to Akropolites' work and an analysis of its composition, which places it in the context of medieval Greek historical writing.
Simone Weil as Apologist
Authors: Meaney Marie Cabaud 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is striking that Weil did not make use of one obvious apologetic genre at her disposal, namely a personal testimony of her encounter with Christ. As a mystic, Weil could have told her story, and might have convinced others of the existence of God and of his personal love. Yet she chose not to do so. Why?
Given Weil’s personality and her situation from her mystical experience onwards, it would, on the contrary, have been astonishing if she had made this intimate experience known to a wider public. She wrote only to Perrin and Joë Bousquet about it, when leaving France, anticipating that she would never see them again.
Back to the Rough Ground: Wittgenstein and Ordinary Language
Authors: Canfield John v. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This essay is a contribution to the work of Wittgenstein exegesis, a task Peter Hacker has so insightfully pursued. My topic is ordinary language. While it goes without saying that the later Wittgenstein ‘s remarks are often directed at our day-to-day speech, several points of his relation to it need clarification. Thus my aim: to discuss a number of aspects of the connection between Wittgenstein ‘s later philosophy and the talk of Everyman. I begin with a nod toward some comments by Russell concerning philosophical elucidation. He wondered why he was being asked to care about niceties of ordinary usage. One can sympathize. Indeed, philosophical appeals to the speech habits of hoi polloi might well arouse disinterest if not distaste. There are weighty issues to be settled, and to concern ourselves with what ordinary people say in ordinary situations seems quite beside the point. I remember my own feeling as a graduate student during the heyday of ordinary language philosophy, that surely there must be more to this enterprise than wondering about our mundane employment of words.
Theories and Techniques of Crystal Structure Determination
Authors: Shmueli Uri 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This concise book is for chemists, material scientists, and physicists who deal with description of crystalline matter and the determination of its structure, and would like to gain more understanding of the principles involved. The main purpose of the book is to introduce the reader to principles of crystallographic symmetry, to discuss some traditional, as well as modern, experimental techniques, to formulate the phase problem of crystallography, and present in some detail the methods for its indirect and direct solution which are indispensable for further work. The book also contains discussions of structure-factor statistics, of value for resolving space-group ambiguities, and atomic displacement parameters which form an inseparable part of the structure. A discussion of the refinement of structural parameters, conventional, constrained and restrained, concludes the book. Derivations are, as far as possible, self contained and wherever mathematical detail might disrupt the line of reasoning the reader is referred to one of four appendices present in the book. The book is of course valuable for students of crystallography at a graduate and upper undergraduate level. No previous course on crystallography is a prerequisite for graduates in the above fields.
Wilfrid Sellars: Fusing the Images
Authors: Rosenberg Jay F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wilfrid Sellars was and remains one of the most prominent and important twentieth-century philosophers: his writings played a key role in shaping the philosophical agenda in the English-speaking world during the second half of the 20th century, and they remain an active focus of intense critical attention and lively discussion. Jay Rosenberg studied under Sellars in the early 1960s, was continuously engaged with his work for over forty years, and was widely regarded both as its foremost expositor and as one of Sellars’ truest disciples. This was the last book that Rosenberg completed before his death at the age of only sixty-five. In it he gathers previously published studies of the central elements and implications of Sellars’ philosophy, along with three new essays that further highlight and articulate the significance of his work, both historically and with respect to contemporary debates.
Perception vs. Inner Sense: A Problem about Direct Awareness
Authors: Rosenberg Jay F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the final movement of Sellars’ story of the mythical genius Jones, “Jones develops, in crude and sketchy form, of course, a theory of sense perception” (EPM, 191).¹ The model for Jones’ theory, Sellars tells us, consists of particulars, “a domain of ‘inner replicas’, which, when brought about in standard conditions, share the perceptible characteristics of their physical source” (EPM, 191). The theory itself, however, does not introduce any new particulars, but rather postulates a family of non-cognitive states of perceiving subjects, “episodes, which he calls, say, impressions, and which are the end results of the impingement of physical objects and processes on various parts of the body …”.
Interlude: Kingship and Empire
Authors: Weizheng Zhu 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chinese history a single date as significant as the Persian Wars in the West is the year 481 bc. It happened in this year—if we believe our sources—that a unicorn appeared, not at an appropriate time, since unicorns were regarded as auspicious omens of a benevolent rule under a virtuous prince—and exactly such a prince was dearly lacking in this turbulent age, at least in the view of Confucius, who, after having inspected the unicorn which had its left foreleg broken, set out to compile the Spring and Autumn Annals (Chunqiu; hereafter: Annals). Being a bizarrely terse chronicle of major events between 722 and 481 bc, centered on the court of Confucius’ native state of Lu, the Annals intend to be a chronicle of a dystopian world, absent of any ‘saint-rulers’ (sheng, shengwang), not to speak of gods and Homeric heroes. Who could imagine that the Annals were to become the basis of Chinese historiography? In fact, in 481 bc an unprecedented event took place in the state of Qi, which neighbored Lu: a ministerial family seized power from the ruling clan which had not been enfeoVed by the Zhou royal house. Hence, 481 bc, the final year of the Spring and Autumn period, may also rightly be regarded as the beginning of the Warring States period (traditionally dated 403–221 bc). Both periods, yet in particular the latter, saw the proposal and realization of various models of rulership. At various points in time throughout the Chinese history of thought, these models have been taken up again, debated, re-instated, or discarded; thereby contributing to the casting and recasting of political ethics.
Lots of Fun at Finnegans Wake
Authors: Fordham Finn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is a critical introduction to Finnegans Wake and its genesis. Finn Fordham provides a survey of critical, scholarly, and theoretical approaches to Joyce's iconic masterpiece. He also analyses in detail the compositional development of certain key passages which describe the artist (Shem) and his project; the river-mother (ALP) and her 'first kiss'; the Oedipal shooting of the universal father (HCE) by the priestly son (Shaun); and the bewitching and curious daughter (Issy). His analyses demonstrate 'genetic' ways of reading the text which illustrate its immense range and playfulness and how these qualities were generated in composition. As well as opening up the densely detailed textuality of the Wake in all its multiplicity, Fordham argues for a relation between the way the text was formed and key aspects of its thematic content: an uprising of particularity and detail against universality, absolutes, and generality. He shows that the proliferation of individuated textual details overwhelms any unitary concept to the text. And this reflects an idealized and utopian uprising as it overcomes centralizing singularity: Finnegans do wake up. As part of this argument he proposes a qualified return to a notion of character - qualified in that characters can be understood in part as reflecting the character of compositional techniques: self-criticism and concealment, expansion and growth, flow and reflection, transferral and transformation. The character of the text's composition as a whole can be, paradoxically, summed up in the force of individuated multitudes: in the people, male and female, young and old, combining to overwhelm syntactic uniformity and singular signification. Quotations from the works of James Joyce reproduced with permission of the Estate of James Joyce, © Estate of James Joyce. We regret that acknowledgement to the James Joyce Estate for permission to include material by James Joyce was not included in the first printing of this book.
‘Nircississies’ (526.20– 528.24)
Authors: Fordham Finn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The character known as Issy has her source in the story of Tristan and Isolde. As we know, Isolde and Tristan had formed one of the early sketches Joyce made in 1923. He then developed her as Izzy, late in 1924, one of the audience being subjected to the ‘long Lentern sermon’ delivered by her brother Shaun prior to his setting out to ‘post the post’. Izzy, also called Tizzy, attempts to tempt her brother with a funny long sibilant speech (457 – 60) that begins: ‘Listen, drawher nearest . I know But listen. I want to whisper my wish.’ The next episode Joyce drafted opens with Shaun, having failed to deliver the mail, turned into Yawn, lying asleep on a hill.
Theatre
Authors: Jowett John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Early modern playwrights were working in a commercial situation that accorded no intellectual prestige and no proprietary rights over the texts they delivered to the company. To judge by the records kept by Philip Henslowe, the financial manager of the Admiral’s Men, the turnover of plays was astonishingly high. As Tiffany Stern relates: In January 1596, the same [Admiral’s] Company played on every day except Sunday and presented fourteen different plays. Of these, six were only ever given one performance. The next month their new play, Chapman’s The Blind Beggar of Alexandria, first performed on 12 February, was followed by a play they had not performed for 140days, Marlowe’s Dr Faustus. During the 140 days that intervened between one Faustus and the next, the Admiral’s Company had played 107 performances of twenty-one other works.
The First Folio
Authors: Jowett John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1623, is one of the most famous and most studied books in the world. The first collected edition of Shakespeare’s plays, it claims to offer a defining, complete, and authentic text. As its common appellation suggests, the book was printed in a folio format, meaning that it consists of paper sheets folded just once, to give a substantial book. The page was large enough to allow two columns and so about 130 lines of text on a single page. The folio format was more usually regarded as suitable for law books, bibles, and works of learning. The only precedent for stage plays to be issued in folio format was the Folio of Ben Jonson’s works published under his personal supervision in
James Joyce
Authors: Stewart Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Definitive, concise, and very interesting From William Shakespeare to Winston Churchill, the Very Interesting People series provides authoritative bite-sized biographies of Britain’s most fascinating historical figures—people whose influence and importance have stood the test of time. Each book in the series is based upon the biographical entry from the world-famous Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. The Very Interesting People series includes the following titles: 1.William Shakespeare by Peter Holland 2. George Eliot by Rosemary Ashton 3. Charles Dickens by Michael Slater 4. Charles Darwin by Adrian Desmond, James Moore, and Janet Browne 5. Isaac Newton by Richard S.Westfall 6. Elizabeth I by Patrick Collinson 7. George III by John Cannon 8. Benjamin Disraeli by Jonathan Parry 9. Christopher Wren by Kerry Downes 10. John Ruskin by Robert Hewison 11. James Joyce by Bruce Stewart 12. John Milton by Gordon Campbell 13. Jane Austen by Marilyn Butler 14. Henry VIII by Eric Ives 15. Queen Victoria by K. D. Reynolds and H. C. G. Matthew 16. Winston Churchill by Paul Addison 17. Oliver Cromwell by John Morrill 18. Thomas Paine by Mark Philp 19. J. M. W. Turner by Luke Herrmann .