bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The study of angular distance distribution to the solar flares during different solar cycles
Authors: Mawad Ramy 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThe angular distance of the solar flares to the projective point of the center of the solar disk on the solar spherical surface has been studied by the heliographical or helioprojective coordinates, during the periods 1975–2021 for GOES events and 2002–2021 for RHESSI events, hereafter “distance.” It gives a specific distribution curvature. It has also been noted that when using the number of solar flare events in each satellite, GOES or RHESSI, or even using the sum of the flux (class) or importance parameter, it obtains the same result, which is that the shape of the distribution curve remains in its shape without any significant change. In addition, it has been shown that the distribution curve contains a specific number of peaks. These peaks have a specific distance from the center of the solar disk that is very similar to the projection of the solar interior layers on the solar disk. For this reason, the names of these four main peaks have been given as follows: (1) the core circle (0–15°): it is a projection of the solar core onto the solar disk, (2) radiative ring (15–45°), and (3) the convection ring (45–55°). The limb ring is 80–90°. This result makes us wonder why the number of events in the middle of the solar disk is few, and also small at the solar limb, while many in the other parts in the solar disk. This suggests that we need to understand the sun better than before, and it also suggests that solar flares are connected to each other through the solar interior layers, the extent of which may reach the convection zone or perhaps beyond that, or the opacity of the convection zone may be less than the currently estimated value.
Shapley value: from cooperative game to explainable artificial intelligence
Authors: Li Meng , Sun Hengyang , Huang Yanjun , Chen Hong 
Published: February 2024

AbstractWith the tremendous success of machine learning (ML), concerns about their black-box nature have grown. The issue of interpretability affects trust in ML systems and raises ethical concerns such as algorithmic bias. In recent years, the feature attribution explanation method based on Shapley value has become the mainstream explainable artificial intelligence approach for explaining ML models. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of Shapley value-based attribution methods. We begin by outlining the foundational theory of Shapley value rooted in cooperative game theory and discussing its desirable properties. To enhance comprehension and aid in identifying relevant algorithms, we propose a comprehensive classification framework for existing Shapley value-based feature attribution methods from three dimensions: Shapley value type, feature replacement method, and approximation method. Furthermore, we emphasize the practical application of the Shapley value at different stages of ML model development, encompassing pre-modeling, modeling, and post-modeling phases. Finally, this work summarizes the limitations associated with the Shapley value and discusses potential directions for future research.
Immigration, Security, and the Liberal State
Authors: Lahav Gallya , Messina Anthony M. 
Published: February 2024

Contextualizing the regulation of human mobility in a new security framework, this book offers an original perspective on the dominant mode of politics and evolving norms shaping the immigration policies of contemporary liberal states. In doing so, the authors challenge existing paradigms that privilege economic and cultural factors over new security ones in explaining the critical institutional and normative changes in migration management, from the early post-WWII through the post-Cold War era. Drawing on evidence from multiple sources, including media and elite discourse, policy tracking, party manifesto data and public opinion across Europe and the US, the book exposes the restrictive nature of immigration politics and policies when immigration is framed as a security threat, and considers its implications for civil liberties. Informed by a rich breadth of scholarly sub-disciplines, the findings contribute both empirically and theoretically to the literatures on international migration, security and public opinion.
Wideband nonuniform metasurface antenna with stable gain
Authors: Han Guorui , Zheng Zijun , Su Jinrong , Yuan Hao , Zhang Wenmei 
Published: February 2024

AbstractA novel wideband nonuniform metasurface antenna with stable gain is demonstrated. The nonuniform metasurface is composed of square patches and rings and is excited by a slot antenna. Based on characteristic mode analysis, two characteristic modes with same current direction are selected to achieve stable radiation performance in a wide frequency range. The wideband operation is achieved by assembling the resonant modes of the metasurface and slot antenna. The measured results show that the −10 dB impedance bandwidth of the proposed antenna is from 4.3 to 8.4 GHz (64.57%), and the 2 dB gain bandwidth is from 4.3 to 6.2 GHz (36.2%) with a peak gain value of 9.42 dBi. Moreover, broadside radiation performance is achieved.
Hydrothermal Plume Fallout, Mass Wasting, and Volcanic Eruptions Contribute to Sediments at Loki's Castle Vent Field, Mohns Ridge
Authors: Gartman A. , Payan D. , Au M. , Reeves E. P. , Jamieson J. W. , Gini C. , Roerdink D. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractSediments surrounding hydrothermal vents are important transition spaces between hydrothermal and pelagic environments. These sediments accumulate through diverse processes that include water column plume fallout, volcanic ash deposition, and mass wasting of hydrothermal chimneys and mounds superimposed upon background sedimentation which may originate from pelagic, terrestrial, and volcanic sources. In addition to being a sink for elements discharged from hydrothermal vents, elements may also be scavenged from seawater onto oxidized hydrothermal material. Preservation of these hydrothermal sediments may occur depending on the extent of oxidative and/or reductive dissolution processes after burial. Sediments remaining adjacent to active venting may also be hydrothermally altered after emplacement. To better understand these processes, here we evaluate sediment push cores collected from the Loki's Castle vent field at the intersection of the slow‐ultraslow spreading Mohns and Knipovich mid‐ocean ridges. All samples were collected within ∼225 m of current high‐temperature (299–316°C) “black smoker” fluid discharge. These sediment cores are highly heterogeneous and lack stratigraphic correlation, even for samples taken within meters of each other. Most sediment cores are dominated by either pelagic sediments or mass wasted hydrothermal material, with hydrothermal plume fallout contributing a low proportion of material, and only a single volcanic ash layer occurring in one of the 13 cores. Dominant hydrothermal minerals found include talc, goethite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, and sphalerite. We find that even after several thousand years, most mass wasted hydrothermal material remains minimally altered, with sedimentation rates indistinguishable from background rates within several hundred meters of the hydrothermal vent source.
Uranium Redox and Deposition Transitions Embedded in Deep‐Time Geochemical Models and Mineral Chemistry Networks
Authors: Moore E. K. , Li J. , Zhang A. , Hao J. , Morrison S. M. , Hummer D. R. , Yee N. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractUranium (U) is an important global energy resource and a redox sensitive trace element that reflects changing environmental conditions and geochemical cycling. The redox evolution of U mineral chemistry can be interrogated to understand the formation and distribution of U deposits and the redox processes involved in U geochemistry throughout Earth history. In this study, geochemical modeling using thermodynamic data, and mineral chemistry network analysis are used to investigate U geochemistry and deposition through time. The number of U6+ mineral localities surpasses the number of U4+ mineral localities in the Paleoproterozoic. Moreover, the number of sedimentary U6+ mineral localities increases earlier in the Phanerozoic than the number of U4+ sedimentary mineral localities, likely due to the necessity of sufficient sedimentary organic matter to reduce U6+–U4+. Indeed, modeling calculations indicate that increased oxidative weathering due to surface oxygenation limited U4+ uraninite (UO2) formation from weathered granite and basalt. Louvain network community detection shows that U6+ forms minerals with many more shared elements and redox states than U4+. The range of weighted Mineral Element Electronegativity Coefficient of Variation (wMEECV) values of U6+ minerals increases through time, particularly during the Phanerozoic. Conversely, the range of wMEECV values of U4+ minerals is consistent through time due to the relative abundance of uraninite, coffinite, and brannerite. The late oxidation and formation of U6+ minerals compared to S6+ minerals illustrates the importance of the development of land plants, organic matter deposition, and redox‐controlled U deposition from ground water in continental sediments during this time‐period.
Degassing of Mantle‐Derived Helium From Hot Springs Along the India‐Asia Continental Collision Settings: Origins, Migration Velocity and Flux
Authors: Hao Yinlei , Gong Qinghua , Kuang Xingxing , Feng Yuqing , Zhou Hui , Zheng Chunmiao 
Published: February 2024

AbstractMantle‐derived volatile degassing lacks quantitative evaluation in continental regions without active magmatism, such as the Tibetan Plateau. Ten new gas abundance and helium isotope data points combined with 286 hydrothermal volatile literature data points in India–Asia continental collision settings demonstrate widespread mantle‐derived volatiles across the thick (∼70 km) crust. The mantle‐derived 3He is best explained by direct mantle volatile input from subcontinental lithospheric mantle (1%–36.5%) or the asthenospheric wedge (1%–27.8%) instead of fossil residual magmatic fluids or Quaternary mantle‐derived melt intrusion into crustal depth. Mantle‐derived 3He is transported from the deep mantle to the surface at an upflow rate of 30–11,700 mm/year based on a newly developed steady‐state one‐dimensional flow model, corresponding to a mantle‐derived 3He flux of 17 to 1.5 × 107 atoms m−2 s−1 (81.7%–99.4% of the total 3He flux) and a mantle‐derived 4He flux from 2.0 × 106 to 1.8 × 1012 atoms m−2 s−1 (1.4%–36.5% of the total 4He flux). The mantle‐derived helium fluxes in the study area are comparable to those of other nonvolcanic hydrothermal systems in the tectonically active regions but lower than those of volcanic fields. The helium transit time ranges from 5.3 ka to 2.3 Ma, indicating that the spatial pattern of 3He/4He ratios in the India‐Asia continental collision settings can provide a snapshot of the state of the Indian mantle lithosphere between those revealed by potassic‐rich mafic rocks (25–8 Ma) and seismic methods (present).
Acid sphingomyelinase as a pathological and therapeutic target in neurological disorders: focus on Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Choi Byung Jo , Park Min Hee , Jin Hee Kyung , Bae Jae-sung 
Published: February 2024

AbstractOver the past decade, numerous studies have highlighted the importance of acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) in disease treatment in humans. This enzyme functions primarily to generate ceramide, maintain the cellular membrane, and regulate cellular function. However, in the blood and brain of patients with neurological disorders, including major depression, ischemic stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), elevated ASM levels significantly suggest disease onset or progression. In these diseases, increased ASM is profoundly involved in neuronal death, abnormal autophagy, neuroinflammation, blood–brain barrier disruption, hippocampal neurogenesis loss, and immune cell dysfunction. Moreover, genetic and pharmacological inhibition of ASM can prevent or ameliorate various diseases. The therapeutic effects of ASM inhibition have prompted the urgent need to develop ASM inhibitors, and several ASM inhibitors have been identified. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the critical roles and mechanisms of ASM in brain cells and blood that are associated with different neuropathological features, especially those observed in AD. Furthermore, we elucidate the potential possibility and limitations of existing ASM-targeting drugs according to experimental studies in neurological disorder mouse models.
Major depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment
Authors: Cui Lulu , Li Shu , Wang Siman , Wu Xiafang , Liu Yingyu , Yu Weiyang , Wang Yijun , Tang Yong , Xia Maosheng , Li Baoman 
Published: February 2024

AbstractWorldwide, the incidence of major depressive disorder (MDD) is increasing annually, resulting in greater economic and social burdens. Moreover, the pathological mechanisms of MDD and the mechanisms underlying the effects of pharmacological treatments for MDD are complex and unclear, and additional diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for MDD still are needed. The currently widely accepted theories of MDD pathogenesis include the neurotransmitter and receptor hypothesis, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis hypothesis, cytokine hypothesis, neuroplasticity hypothesis and systemic influence hypothesis, but these hypothesis cannot completely explain the pathological mechanism of MDD. Even it is still hard to adopt only one hypothesis to completely reveal the pathogenesis of MDD, thus in recent years, great progress has been made in elucidating the roles of multiple organ interactions in the pathogenesis MDD and identifying novel therapeutic approaches and multitarget modulatory strategies, further revealing the disease features of MDD. Furthermore, some newly discovered potential pharmacological targets and newly studied antidepressants have attracted widespread attention, some reagents have even been approved for clinical treatment and some novel therapeutic methods such as phototherapy and acupuncture have been discovered to have effective improvement for the depressive symptoms. In this work, we comprehensively summarize the latest research on the pathogenesis and diagnosis of MDD, preventive approaches and therapeutic medicines, as well as the related clinical trials.
Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and all-cause mortality with and without myeloproliferative neoplasms—a Danish longitudinal study
Authors: Larsen Morten Kranker , Skov Vibe , Kjær Lasse , Eickhardt-Dalbøge Christina Schjellerup , Knudsen Trine Alma , Kristiansen Marie Hvelplund , Sørensen Anders Lindholm , Wienecke Troels , Andersen Morten , Ottesen Johnny T. , Gudmand-Høyer Johanne , Snyder Jordan Andrew , Andersen Mikkel Porsborg , Torp-Pedersen Christian , Poulsen Henrik Enghusen , Stiehl Thomas , Hasselbalch Hans Carl , Ellervik Christina 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThe neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio(NLR) is increased in chronic inflammation and myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). We hypothesize that NLR is associated with all-cause mortality and mortality by comorbidity burden in the general population and individuals with MPN. We included 835,430 individuals from The Danish General Suburban Population Study, general practitioners, and outpatient clinics. We investigated NLR on mortality stratified by prevalent and incident MPN, essential thrombocythemia (ET), polycythemia vera (PV), myelofibrosis (MF), comorbidity burden (CCI-score), and the Triple-A risk score using hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI). NLR 1–1.9 was the reference level. During a median follow-up of 11.2 years, 197,802 deaths were recorded. All-cause mortality increased for a stepwise increasing NLR with a HR (95%CI) for NLR ≥ 6 of 2.06(2.03–2.09) for the whole population and 2.93(2.44–3.50) in prevalent MPN. ET, PV, and MF had a HR (95%CI) for NLR ≥ 2 of 2.14(1.71–2.69), 2.19(1.89–2.54), and 2.31(1.91–2.80). Results were similar for incident MPN. Mortality was higher for stepwise increasing NLR and CCI-score(pinteraction < 2×10–16), with a HR for NLR ≥ 6 of 2.23(2.17–2.29), 4.10(4.01–4.20), and 7.69(7.50–7.89), for CCI-score 0, 1–2, or ≥3. The Triple-A risk score demonstrated alignment with NLR. Increasing NLR and comorbidity burden were associated with lower survival in individuals without MPN but were even worse in prevalent and incident MPN, ET, PV, and MF.
Dental trainee motivations for the acquisition and use of postgraduate qualifications in medical education
Authors: Atkin Philip A. , Saini Kiran K. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractIntroduction Medical and dental education is increasingly professionalised. The expectation is that educators have appropriate training and qualifications. Entry to dental speciality training is highly competitive and applications are scored using defined criteria, including experience in education.Material and methods We surveyed a group of junior trainees who had enrolled on postgraduate medical education courses to find out more about their motivations and use of their knowledge and qualifications. An online survey tool was used with anonymous participants who had been in junior training jobs in a university dental school, with 117 possible participants.Results In total, 61% of respondents were enrolled in or had completed a postgraduate qualification in medical education, with 85% on a postgraduate certificate programme. Additionally, 77% were in the earliest part of general dental training, and 88% of programmes were distance-learning and cost £2,000 to £4,000. Motivations for enrolling included to ‘improve knowledge in medical education' and ‘increase my chances of progression through training'.Discussion and conclusions We found the most common intrinsic reason to gain a qualification was to improve knowledge in medical education and the most common extrinsic reason was career progression. Scoring of applications into dental speciality training has changed, with points no longer awarded for completing a postgraduate qualification in medical education.
A 3D printable tissue adhesive
Authors: Wu Sarah J. , Wu Jingjing , Kaser Samuel J. , Roh Heejung , Shiferaw Ruth D. , Yuk Hyunwoo , Zhao Xuanhe 
Published: February 2024

AbstractTissue adhesives are promising alternatives to sutures and staples for joining tissues, sealing defects, and immobilizing devices. However, existing adhesives mostly take the forms of glues or hydrogels, which offer limited versatility. We report a direct-ink-write 3D printable tissue adhesive which can be used to fabricate bioadhesive patches and devices with programmable architectures, unlocking new potential for application-specific designs. The adhesive is conformable and stretchable, achieves robust adhesion with wet tissues within seconds, and exhibits favorable biocompatibility. In vivo rat trachea and colon defect models demonstrate the fluid-tight tissue sealing capability of the printed patches, which maintained adhesion over 4 weeks. Moreover, incorporation of a blood-repelling hydrophobic matrix enables the printed patches to seal actively bleeding tissues. Beyond wound closure, the 3D printable adhesive has broad applicability across various tissue-interfacing devices, highlighted through representative proof-of-concept designs. Together, this platform offers a promising strategy toward developing advanced tissue adhesive technologies.
Endogenous cannabinoids in the piriform cortex tune olfactory perception
Authors: Terral Geoffrey , Harrell Evan , Lepousez Gabriel , Wards Yohan , Huang Dinghuang , Dolique Tiphaine , Casali Giulio , Nissant Antoine , Lledo Pierre-Marie , Ferreira Guillaume , Marsicano Giovanni , Roux Lisa 
Published: February 2024

AbstractSensory perception depends on interactions between external inputs transduced by peripheral sensory organs and internal network dynamics generated by central neuronal circuits. In the sensory cortex, desynchronized network states associate with high signal-to-noise ratio stimulus-evoked responses and heightened perception. Cannabinoid-type-1-receptors (CB1Rs) - which influence network coordination in the hippocampus - are present in anterior piriform cortex (aPC), a sensory paleocortex supporting olfactory perception. Yet, how CB1Rs shape aPC network activity and affect odor perception is unknown. Using pharmacological manipulations coupled with multi-electrode recordings or fiber photometry in the aPC of freely moving male mice, we show that systemic CB1R blockade as well as local drug infusion increases the amplitude of gamma oscillations in aPC, while simultaneously reducing the occurrence of synchronized population events involving aPC excitatory neurons. In animals exposed to odor sources, blockade of CB1Rs reduces correlation among aPC excitatory units and lowers behavioral olfactory detection thresholds. These results suggest that endogenous endocannabinoid signaling promotes synchronized population events and dampen gamma oscillations in the aPC which results in a reduced sensitivity to external sensory inputs.
Comparative effectiveness of alternative intervals between first and second doses of the mRNA COVID-19 vaccines
Authors: Shioda Kayoko , Breskin Alexander , Harati Pravara , Chamberlain Allison T. , Komura Toshiaki , Lopman Benjamin A. , Rogawski McQuade Elizabeth T. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThe optimal interval between the first and second doses of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines has not been thoroughly evaluated. Employing a target trial emulation approach, we compared the effectiveness of different interdose intervals among >6 million mRNA vaccine recipients in Georgia, USA, from December 2020 to March 2022. We compared three protocols defined by interdose interval: recommended by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (17-25 days for Pfizer-BioNTech; 24-32 days for Moderna), late-but-allowable (26-42 days for Pfizer-BioNTech; 33-49 days for Moderna), and late ( ≥ 43 days for Pfizer-BioNTech; ≥50 days for Moderna). In the short-term, the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection was lowest under the FDA-recommended protocol. Longer-term, the late-but-allowable protocol resulted in the lowest risk (risk ratio on Day 120 after the first dose administration compared to the FDA-recommended protocol: 0.83 [95% confidence interval: 0.82-0.84]). Here, we showed that delaying the second dose by 1-2 weeks may provide stronger long-term protection.
Children born after assisted reproduction more commonly carry a mitochondrial genotype associating with low birthweight
Authors: Mertens Joke , Belva Florence , van Montfoort Aafke P. A. , Regin Marius , Zambelli Filippo , Seneca Sara , Couvreu de Deckersberg Edouard , Bonduelle Maryse , Tournaye Herman , Stouffs Katrien , Barbé Kurt , Smeets Hubert J. M. , Van de Velde Hilde , Sermon Karen , Blockeel Christophe , Spits Claudia 
Published: February 2024

AbstractChildren conceived through assisted reproductive technologies (ART) have an elevated risk of lower birthweight, yet the underlying cause remains unclear. Our study explores mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variants as contributors to birthweight differences by impacting mitochondrial function during prenatal development. We deep-sequenced the mtDNA of 451 ART and spontaneously conceived (SC) individuals, 157 mother-child pairs and 113 individual oocytes from either natural menstrual cycles or after ovarian stimulation (OS) and find that ART individuals carried a different mtDNA genotype than SC individuals, with more de novo non-synonymous variants. These variants, along with rRNA variants, correlate with lower birthweight percentiles, independent of conception mode. Their higher occurrence in ART individuals stems from de novo mutagenesis associated with maternal aging and OS-induced oocyte cohort size. Future research will establish the long-term health consequences of these changes and how these findings will impact the clinical practice and patient counselling in the future.