bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Core and Surface Reactivity of Phosphorus‐Based Dendrons
Authors: Sebastián Rosa‐María , Griffe Laurent , Turrin Cédric‐Olivier , Donnadieu Bruno , Caminade Anne‐Marie , Majoral Jean‐Pierre 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA series of phosphorus‐containing dendrons is synthesized starting from a unique precursor (EtO)2P(O)CH=CHC6H4PPh2 (3‐G0), whose X‐ray crystal structure shows an extended planarity between both phosphorus. Staudinger reactions with functionalized azides on the phosphino group are the first step for the growth of the dendrons, which is continued using a divergent method. Several types of reactions are performed on dendrons of several sizes, either at the level of the core or of the surface. The specific addition of methyl triflate to P=S and trimethylsilyl triflate to P=O at the level of the core affords a dicationic species. A 13C NMR spectroscopic study indicates to what extent the charges are delocalized. Phosphanes are grafted on the surface of a second‐generation dendron, and used for the complexation of PdCl2. Both compounds possess five different types of phosphorus atoms, which helps in characterizing them by 31P NMR spectroscopy. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Chloride as Supramolecular Glue: Anion‐Directed Assembly of a 2D Network of MnIII Complexes
Authors: Bermejo Manuel R. , Fernández M. Isabel , González‐Noya Ana M. , Maneiro Marcelino , Pedrido Rosa , Rodríguez M. Jesús , Vázquez Miguel 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe Schiff base H4L [where H4L = N,N′‐bis(3‐hydroxysalicylidene)ethane‐1,2‐diamine], containing six potential donor atoms, is able to induce the formation of a novel [MnIII(H2L)(CH3OH)2]Cl (1) complex, which was characterized by elemental analysis, FAB mass spectrometry, IR, 1H NMR and electronic spectroscopy, magnetic measurements, X‐ray diffraction techniques and conductivity measurements. The study of its redox properties by cyclic and normal pulse voltammetry is also reported. The crystal structure of 1 is formed by monomeric cationic MnIII complexes, where the manganese ion is in an octahedral environment and is coordinated in the equatorial plane to the N2O2 donor set of the inner Schiff‐base compartment. The neutral condition of the complex is achieved with the presence of the chloride counterion, which behaves as a multiple acceptor of hydrogen bonds. The chloride is involved in four O−H···Cl bonds, connecting three neighbouring cationic complexes. To the best of our knowledge, this constitutes the first example of self‐assembly of discrete units of MnIII complexes in a 2D network in the solid state through hydrogen bonding, where the anion is acting as a supramolecular glue. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Presence of disordered eating among Mexican teenage women from a semi‐urban area: its relation to the cultural hypothesis
Authors: Bojorquez Ietza , Unikel Claudia 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe idea of culture as a risk factor for eating disorders has been supported by the higher frequencies of such disorders in the industrialized countries. In a non‐urban area of the state of Michoacan, Mexico, we found elevated frequencies of dangerous eating behaviours among teenage girls. We used a checklist, previously employed in a survey of Mexico City teenagers, with a sample of 458 girls (mean age = 16.5 yr). We found that 27.9 per cent of them were seriously concerned about weighing too much, 14.3 per cent practised dieting or fasting in order to lose weight and 2.4 per cent binged and vomited. These percentages are higher than those of a sample of Mexico City girls. Nevertheless, we suggest that culture should still be considered a risk factor, and propose that a more precise definition of the term is needed in order to understand its effects upon the presence of disordered eating. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Haplotype sharing correlation analysis using family data: A comparison with family‐based association test in the presence of allelic heterogeneity
Authors: Qian Dajun 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe haplotype‐sharing correlation (HSC) method for association analysis using family data is revisited by introducing a permutation procedure for estimating region‐wise significance at each marker on a study segment. In simulation studies, the HSC method has a correct type 1 error rate in both unstructured and structured populations. The HSC signals on disease segments occur in the vicinity of a true disease locus on a restricted region without recombination hotspots. However, the peak signal may not pinpoint the true disease location in a small region with dense markers. The HSC method is shown to have higher power than single‐ and multilocus family‐based association test (FBAT) methods when the true disease locus is unobserved among the study markers, and especially under conditions of weak linkage disequilibrium and multiple ancestral disease alleles. These simulation results suggest that the HSC method has the capacity to identify true disease‐associated segments under allelic heterogeneity that go undetected by the FBAT method that compares allelic or haplotypic frequencies. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detecting epistatic interactions contributing to quantitative traits
Authors: Culverhouse Robert , Klein Tsvika , Shannon William 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe restricted partition method (RPM) is a partitioning algorithm for examining multi‐locus genotypes as (potentially non‐additive) predictors of a quantitative trait. The motivating application was to develop a robust method to examine quantitative phenotypes for epistasis (gene–gene interactions), but the method can be applied without modification to gene–environment interactions. Simulation results indicate that the method provides an efficient way to identify loci contributing epistatically to a quantitative trait, even if the loci have no single locus effects. Statistical significance can be estimated through permutation testing. An example using real data involving the metabolism of a chemotherapy drug is included for illustration. Although the examples in this article involve 2‐locus interactions, the RPM is computationally feasible for the analysis of more than two loci or factors. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estimating penetrance from family data using a retrospective likelihood when ascertainment depends on genotype and age of onset
Authors: Carayol Jérôme , Bonaïti‐Pellié Catherine 
Published: April 2004

AbstractIn diseases caused by deleterious gene mutations, knowledge of age‐specific cumulative risks is necessary for medical management of mutation carriers. When pedigrees are ascertained through several affected persons, ascertainment bias can be corrected by using a retrospective likelihood. This likelihood is a function of the genotypes of pedigree members given their phenotypes and provides unbiased estimates of penetrance without modeling the selection process, provided that selection is independent of genotypes. However, since mutation testing is offered only to relatives of mutation carriers, the genotypes of family members are available only in mutated families and selection does depend on genotype. In the present study, we quantified the bias due to selection on genotype using simulations. We found that this bias depended on the true penetrance value: the lower the penetrance, the higher the bias (risk by age 80 estimated to be 46% for a true penetrance value of 20%). When age of onset is added to the selection criteria, as usually done, we showed that the bias was even higher. We modified the conditioning in the retrospective likelihood, what we call “genotype restricted likelihood” (GRL). Using simulations, we show that this method provided unbiased parameter estimates under all the selection designs considered. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Treatment of the pruritus of cholestasis: From unbearable lightness to substance
Authors: Bergasa Nora V. , Jaeschke Hartmut , Mullen Kevin , Moradpour Darius 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

Background & Aims:
To assess the efficacy and safety of naltrexone for the short and long term treatment of pruritus of cholestasis.

Methods:
Twenty patients with pruritus and cholestasis were included. A baseline pruritus score was obtained over 1 week. Patients were then randomized to receive 50 mg/day of naltrexone or placebo for 2 weeks. Subsequently, a 1-week washout period ensued and patients were crossed over to the other therapy for 2 additional weeks. Pruritus was assessed daily with a visual analogue scale (VAS) from 0 to 10. Patients whose pruritus decreased >50% of basal with naltrexone received naltrexone 50 mg/day for 2 additional months.

Results:
Mean basal VAS was similar in both groups. VAS showed greater and more significant changes with naltrexone than with placebo (P < .0003). In nine out of 20 patients (45%) receiving naltrexone, pruritus decreased >50% compared to basal value, including five whose pruritus disappeared completely. No significant changes were observed in serum biochemistry. Most of the adverse events that occurred during the first 48 h of naltrexone therapy were consistent with opioid withdrawal-like phenomena and spontaneously disappeared 2 days after starting treatment.

Conclusions:
Naltrexone can be considered as an alternative option to treat pruritus of cholestasis. In the current study, side effects were transient and did not require specific medication.
Controlled trials have suggested that opiate antagonist therapy may be effective for the treatment of the symptoms of cholestasis. The oral opiate antagonist naltrexone in particular has started to enter into routine clinical use for amelioration of cholestatic itch. Attention regarding the side effects of opiate antagonist therapy has, to date, largely focused on an opiate withdrawal-type reaction (which can be controlled effectively by titrated therapy introduction regimens). Here we describe three cases of a further clinically important side effect: loss of control of pain resulting from other pathologies, which in each case necessitated the withdrawal of hitherto clinically effective opiate antagonist therapy. Of the 14 patients treated by our unit with opiate antagonist agents for the control of cholestatic symptoms, 13 (93%) showed resolution of or significant improvement in symptoms. Of the 13 patients showing a clinical response, seven (54%) subsequently had to discontinue therapy because of side effects (including the three patients with uncontrolled pain). It is our experience that in the routine clinical setting, opiate antagonists are highly effective for the treatment of cholestatic symptoms. In practice, however, their usefulness is limited by their side effect profile.
Nigricanin, the First Ellagic Acid Derived Metabolite from the Basidiomycete Russula nigricans
Authors: Tan Jian‐Wen , Xu Ji‐Bin , Dong Ze‐Jun , Luo Du‐Qiang , Liu Ji‐Kai 
Published: April 2004

AbstractNigricanin (1), the first ellagic acid related derivative from higher fungi, has been isolated from the fruiting bodies of the Basidiomycetes Russula nigricans. The structure of the novel compound was established by spectroscopic and chemical methods.
Syntheses and Glycosidase Inhibitory Activities of 2‐(Aminomethyl)‐5‐(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidine‐3,4‐diol Derivatives
Authors: Popowycz Florence , Gerber‐Lemaire Sandrine , Schütz Catherine , Vogel Pierre 
Published: April 2004

AbstractNew 2‐(aminomethyl)‐5‐(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidine‐3,4‐diol derivatives were synthesized from (5S)‐5‐[(trityloxy)methyl]pyrrolidin‐2‐one (6) (Schemes 1 and 2) and their inhibitory activities toward 25 glycosidases assayed (Table). The influence of the configuration of the pyrrolidine ring on glycosidase inhibition was evaluated. (2R,3R,4S,5R)‐2‐[(benzylamino)methyl]‐5‐(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidine‐3,4‐diol ((+)‐21) was found to be a good and selective inhibitor of α‐mannosidase from jack bean (Ki=1.2 μM) and from almond (Ki=1.0 μM). Selectivity was lost for the non‐benzylated derivative (2R,3R,4S,5R)‐2‐(aminomethyl)‐5‐(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidine‐3,4‐diol ((+)‐22) which inhibited α‐galactosidases, β‐galactosidases, β‐glucosidases, and α‐N‐acetylgalactosaminidase as well.
Tetrakis(diethyl‐phosphonat)‐, Tetrakis(ethyl‐phenylphosphinat)‐ und Tetrakis(diphenylphosphin‐oxid)‐substituierte Phthalocyanine
Authors: Märkl Gottfried , Gschwendner Karl , Rötzer Ingrid , Kreitmeier Peter 
Published: April 2004

AbstractTetrakis(diethyl phosphonate), Tetrakis(ethyl phenylphosphinate)‐, and Tetrakis(diphenylphosphine oxide)‐Substituted PhthalocyaninesThe title compounds 7, 9, and 11 are obtained by tetramerization of diethyl (3,4‐dicyanophenyl)phosphonate (5), ethyl (3,4‐dicyanophenyl)phenylphosphinate (8), and 4‐(diphenylphosphinyl)benzene‐1,2‐dicarbonitrile (10). The 31P‐NMR spectra of the phthalocyanines 7, 9, and 11 and of their metal complexes present five to eight signals confirming the formation of four constitutional isomers with the expected C4h, D2h, C2v, and Cs symmetry. In the FAB‐MS of the Zn, Cu, and Ni complexes of 7 and 9, the peaks of dimeric phthalocyanines are observed. By gel‐permeation chromatography, the monomeric complex [Ni(7)] and a dimer [Ni(7)]2 can be separated. These dimers differ from the known phthalocyanine dimers, i.e., possibly the P(O)(OEt)2 and P(O)(Ph)(OEt) substituents in 7 and 9 are involved in complexation. The free phosphonic acid complex [Zn(12)] and [Cu(12)] are H2O‐soluble. In the FAB‐MS of [Zn(12)], only the peaks of the dimer are present; the ESI‐MS confirms the existence of the dimer and the metal‐free dimer. In the UV/VIS spectrum of [Zn(12)], the hypsochromic shift characteristic for the known type of dimers from 660–700 nm to 620–640 nm is observed. As in the FAB‐MS of [Zn(12)], the free phosphinic acid complex [Zn(13)] shows only the monomer, an ESI‐MS cannot be obtained for solubility problems. The UV/VIS spectrum of [Zn(13)] demonstrates the existence of the monomer as well as of the dimer.
Contortisiliosides A–G: Isolation of Seven New Triterpene Bisdesmosides from Enterolobium contortisiliquum and Their Cytotoxic Activity
Authors: Mimaki Yoshihiro , Harada Hiroshi , Sakuma Chiseko , Haraguchi Mitsue , Yui Satoru , Kudo Tomoya , Yamazaki Masatoshi , Sashida Yutaka 
Published: April 2004

AbstractSeven new bisdesmosidic triterpene saponins, with up to eight monosaccharides, which were given the trivial names contortisiliosides A–G (1–7), were isolated from Enterolobium contortisiliquum. The structures of the new saponins were determined on the basis of extensive spectroscopic and chromatographic analyses of both intact and acid‐hydrolyzed compounds. The isolated saponins were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities against BAC1.2F5 mouse macrophages, EL‐4 mouse lymphoma cells, and L‐929 mouse fibroblasts. Whereas contortisiliosides A (1) and C (3) were moderately cytotoxic to both BAC1.2F5 macrophages and EL‐4 cells, and contortisiliosides D–G (4–7) did not show any apparent cytotoxic activities against the three cell lines, contortisilioside B (2) exhibited selective cytotoxic activity against BAC1.2F5 mouse macrophages, with an IC50 value of 3.4 μM. The macrophage death caused by 2 was shown to be neither necrotic nor apoptosis‐inducing based on the unique morphological change of the killed cells, whose cytosols were transformed into large vacuoles, and according to the TUNEL assay.
A Novel 19,21‐Secohetisan Diterpenoid Alkaloid from Aconitum tanguticum
Authors: Li Liang , Zhao Jingfeng , Wang Yu Bo , Zhang Hong Bin 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA novel 19,21‐secohetisan diterpenoid alkaloid, tangutisine A (1), was isolated from Aconitum tanguticum (Maxim.) Stapf. Its structure was determined by HR‐EI‐MS and 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR spectroscopy and by comparison with the data of known 19,21‐secohetisan derivatives.
Diagnosis of infection after total hip replacement
Authors: Savarino L. , Baldini N. , Tarabusi C. , Pellacani A. , Giunti A. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractSubclinical infection in patients with pain following total hip replacement (THR) is an underestimated condition that needs consideration because it mimics aseptic loosening, contributes to periprosthetic osteolysis, and necessitates proper treatment. We aimed to define the reliability of diagnostic parameters that are routinely used before revision surgery for the assessment of infection. A continuous series of 26 subjects who underwent THR revision surgery was considered, including 21 cases diagnosed as aseptic loosening (group A) and 5 hip revisions with a clinical diagnosis for infection (group B). Seven subjects at the time of the primary arthroplasty were used as negative controls (group C). Technetium‐99m labeled hydroxymethylene diphosphonate [(99m)Tc‐HDP]‐ and technetium‐99m hexamethylpropyleneamine oxide [(99m)Tc‐HMPAO)]‐labeled granulocyte scintigraphy, histology of peri‐implant tissues, laboratory tests for inflammation, and microbiology were performed. Scintigraphy was positive for loosening [positive (99m)Tc‐HDP scan] but negative for infection [negative (99m)Tc‐HMPAO‐labeled granulocyte scan] in all group A patients, whereas in 11 cases (52%) a positive culture was unexpectedly obtained. Histology showed conflicting results: Polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) were found only in 5 of 11 culture‐positive patients, whereas in 2 cases the presence of PMNs did not correspond to a positive culture. In group B patients, both isotope scans and microbiology were found to be positive. All control subjects (group C) had negative cultures. In our opinion, smoldering infection could be present in a significant proportion of cases of failed hip implants currently diagnosed as “nonseptic.” The inflammatory response to wear debris and the presence of superimposed, slowly growing bacteria could act synergically, both contributing to the pathogenesis of periprosthetic osteolysis. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 70B: 139–145, 2004
Combined alpha tumor necrosis factor gene therapy and engineered dendritic cell vaccine in combating well‐established tumors
Authors: Liu Yongqing , Saxena Anurag , Zheng Changyu , Carlsen Svein , Xiang Jim 
Published: April 2004

AbstractBackgroundAlthough current immunotherapeutic strategies including adenovirus (AdV)‐mediated gene therapy and dendritic cell (DC) vaccine can all stimulate antitumor cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CLT) responses, their therapeutic efficiency has still been limited to generation of prophylactic antitumor immunity against re‐challenge with the parental tumor cells or growth inhibition of small tumors in vivo. However, it is the well‐established tumors in animal models that mimic clinical patients with existing tumor burdens. Alpha tumor necrosis factor (TNF‐α) is a multifunctional and immunoregulatory cytokine that induces antitumor activity and activates immune cells such as DCs and T cells. We hypothesized that a combined immunotherapy including gene therapy and DC vaccine would have some advantages over each modality administered as a monotherapy.MethodsWe investigated the antitumor immunotherapeutic efficiency of gene therapy by intratumoral injection of AdVTNF‐α and DC vaccine using subcutaneous injection of TNF‐α‐gene‐engineered DCTNF‐α cells, and further developed a combined AdV‐mediated TNF‐α‐gene therapy and TNF‐α‐gene‐engineered DCTNF‐α vaccine in combating well‐established MO4 tumors expressing the ovalbumin (OVA) gene in an animal model.ResultsOur data show that vaccination of DCTNF‐α cells pulsed with the OVA I peptide can (i) stimulate type 1 immune response with enhanced antitumor CTL activities, (ii) induce protective immunity against challenge of 5 × 105 MO4 tumor cells, and (iii) reduce growth of the small (3–4 mm in diameter), but not large, established MO4 tumors (6–8 mm in diameter). Our data also show that AdVTNF‐α‐mediated gene therapy can completely eradicate small tumors in 6 out of 8 (75%) mice due to the extensive tumor necrosis formation, but not the large tumors (0%). Interestingly, a combined AdVTNF‐α‐mediated gene therapy and TNF‐α‐gene‐engineered DCTNF‐α vaccine is able to cure 3 out of 8 (38%) mice bearing large MO4 tumors, indicating that the combined immunotherapy strategy is much more efficient in combating well‐established tumors than monotherapy of either gene therapy or DC vaccine alone.ConclusionsThis novel combined immunotherapy may become a tool of considerable conceptual interest in the implementation of future clinical objectives. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stability number and [a,b]‐factors in graphs
Authors: Kouider Mekkia , Lonc Zbigniew 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA spanning subgraph whose vertices have degrees belonging to the interval [a,b], where a and b are positive integers, such that a ≤ b, is called an [a,b]‐factor. In this paper, we prove sufficient conditions for existence of an [a,b]‐factor, a connected [a,b]‐factor, and a 2‐connected [a,b]‐factor. The conditions involve the minimum degree, the stability number, and the connectivity of a graph. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 46: 254–264, 2004
Personality correlates of offence style
Authors: Youngs Donna 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe relationship between style of offending, recorded with a 45‐item self‐report inventory (the D45), and personality, as assessed by the Element B measure of FIRO theory (Schutz, 1958, 1992, 1994) was examined for 207 young offenders. Different styles of offending behaviour were identified with a Smallest Space Analysis (SSA‐I) of co‐occurrence among the 45 criminal and deviant behaviours in the D45. This revealed differentiation between Person and Property offences and between Expressive and Instrumental aspects of these styles. Examination of the Element B measures as external variables on the SSA‐I plot revealed a number of relationships between interpersonal personality and offence style. Overall variations in offence style related more clearly to aspects of Control than to interpersonal elements of Inclusion. Property offences, especially acts of vandalism, tended to be committed by individuals who reported higher levels of control from others (Received Control) than did Person offences. Expressive Person style crimes, typically behaviours incorporating violence, or threats thereof, especially where a weapon was involved, reported higher levels of the need for power and dominance (Expressed Control) in their interpersonal relationships. Offenders involved in Expressive Property crimes tended to be individuals for whom other people were felt to be more emotionally open and intimate (Received Openness) than other offenders. The conceptual and theoretical ramifications of this evidence for a differential relationship between personality and style of offending are explored as they relate to Investigative Psychology and ‘Offender Profiling’. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.