bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Taiwan: survey of mortality (1986-88) and of biochemistry, diet and lifestyle (1989)
Authors: Chen Junshi , Peto Richard , Pan Wenharn , Liu Boqi , Campbell T Colin , Boreham Jillian , Parpia Banoo , Cassano Patricia , Chen Zhengming , Feng Zulin , Gelband Hellen , Li Junyao , Pan Hongchao , Root Martin , Wu Yanping , Youngman Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To compare mainland China with Taiwan, 16 areas in Taiwan were selected for study. Mortality rates during 1986-88 were calculated from review of death certificates, and a survey of biochemistry, diet and lifestyle similar to that in mainland China was undertaken in 1989. The three-day weighed household dietary survey was not conducted in Taiwan.
METHODS: Selection of study sites and participants in mainland China
Authors: Chen Junshi , Peto Richard , Pan Wenharn , Liu Boqi , Campbell T Colin , Boreham Jillian , Parpia Banoo , Cassano Patricia , Chen Zhengming , Feng Zulin , Gelband Hellen , Li Junyao , Pan Hongchao , Root Martin , Wu Yanping , Youngman Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early 1980s, 69 counties were randomly chosen from the total of about 2400 largely rural counties in China to represent the full range of mortality rates (in the previous 1973-75 nationwide survey) for seven major types of cancer: nasopharynx, oesophagus, stomach, liver, lung, colorectal and leukaemia. These counties are distributed throughout China and are, in aggregate, reasonably representative of rural mainland China as a whole.
Selection of study sites and participants in Taiwan
Authors: Chen Junshi , Peto Richard , Pan Wenharn , Liu Boqi , Campbell T Colin , Boreham Jillian , Parpia Banoo , Cassano Patricia , Chen Zhengming , Feng Zulin , Gelband Hellen , Li Junyao , Pan Hongchao , Root Martin , Wu Yanping , Youngman Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Taiwan was not included in the 1983 study, but the 1989 study included 16 sites in Taiwan, ranging from highly urban to rural (unlike the exclusively rural sites in mainland China). The method used to select the sites was also different from that used in mainland China. In Taiwan, 16 types of area were defined (by 3- digit postal codes):
Mortality rates (1973-75 and 1986-88)
Authors: Chen Junshi , Peto Richard , Pan Wenharn , Liu Boqi , Campbell T Colin , Boreham Jillian , Parpia Banoo , Cassano Patricia , Chen Zhengming , Feng Zulin , Gelband Hellen , Li Junyao , Pan Hongchao , Root Martin , Wu Yanping , Youngman Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mortality rates for 1973-75 were taken from the nationwide survey that had been done during the mid-1970s for other purposes, and mortality rates for 1986-88 were from a special survey carried out in 1989-90 as part of the present study. Many of the causes assigned in the 1973-75 survey are less specific than those assigned in the later survey, although overall mortality and, in most counties, mortality rates from the main causes of death are reasonably reliable from both periods. Age-standardised mortality rates for particular age ranges were always calculated as the unweighted average of the component five-year mortality rates (e.g., 35-39, 40- 44,…,65-69 for the age range 35-69).
Blood samples (plasma and red blood cells)
Authors: Chen Junshi , Peto Richard , Pan Wenharn , Liu Boqi , Campbell T Colin , Boreham Jillian , Parpia Banoo , Cassano Patricia , Chen Zhengming , Feng Zulin , Gelband Hellen , Li Junyao , Pan Hongchao , Root Martin , Wu Yanping , Youngman Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fasting 10 ml venous blood samples were collected from 8,280 individuals in mainland China in trace-mineral-free heparinized vacutainers, which were placed on ice in light-free vacuum jars. Samples were transported to the county laboratory within about four hours of the last blood draw of the day. Upon arrival at the county laboratory, blood samples were immediately separated into three fractions: 1.3 ml of packed red blood cells (RBCs), washed three times with saline, haemolyzed with 3 ml preservative buffer, then mixed and frozen.
Diet survey: household three-day weighed food intake
Authors: Chen Junshi , Peto Richard , Pan Wenharn , Liu Boqi , Campbell T Colin , Boreham Jillian , Parpia Banoo , Cassano Patricia , Chen Zhengming , Feng Zulin , Gelband Hellen , Li Junyao , Pan Hongchao , Root Martin , Wu Yanping , Youngman Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A three-day household dietary survey was carried out in 60 households per county in mainland China (a total of 60 x 69 = 4140 households), split roughly equally between the two study xiangs in that county. These included the same households surveyed in 1983, to the extent possible, with replacements to compensate for attrition due to death or migration.
How the brain talks to the spinal cord
Authors: Donovan-Rodriguez Tansy , Suzuki Rie , Dickenson Anthony H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Descending pathways from the brain to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord are important in the modulation of nociceptive information, and have been demonstrated to have key roles in chronic pain states. Study of these facilitator and inhibitory pathways has not only improved our understanding of the mechanisms underlying these states, but also afforded new approaches to pharmacotherapy in these clinically important areas (see references in Millan 2002).
Functional neuroimaging of primary headaches
Authors: Rio Margarita Sánchez del 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Functional imaging of a paroxysmal disorder is challenging, more so if spontaneous attacks are to be captured. These factors determine the selection of the imaging technique and study design. The goal is to provide information pertaining to the pathophysiology of primary headache disorders. Functional activation of brain regions is thought to be reflected by increases in the regional cerebral blood flow (CBF), a useful surrogate to detect synaptic activity. This increase in CBF does not differentiate whether the underlying physiological event is excitation or inhibition or any other energy-consuming process.
Posterior cerebral hypoperfusion in migraine without aura
Authors: Denuelle Marie , Fabre Nelly , Payoux Pierre , Chollet François , Geraud Gilles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cerebral blood flow (CBF) studies in migraine have introduced the concept of a pattern different in migraine with aura and migraine without aura. The migraine aura is characterized by a focal reduction of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in the posterior part of one hemisphere. The hypoperfusion is followed by a phase of long-lasting hyperperfusion temporally dissociated from the headache. In contrast most of Xenon 133, CBF studies in migraine without aura demonstrated only rare and mild changes in brain perfusion.
Porifera
Authors: Banner F T , Dyrynda E P E J , Dyrynda E A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Porifera or Sponges are sedentary, aquatic, fundamentally radially symmetrical invertebrates. They possess a minimal diversity of cells and the simplest grade of metazoan organization (Hyman 1940; Brien 1973; Bergquist 1978). They are filter feeders characterized by an internal monolayer of flagellated choanocytes collectively circulating one or more unidirectional water streams through the aquiferous system, a network of pores, canals, and chambers perforating the body.
Cnidaria
Authors: Cornelius P F S , Manuel, R L , Ryland J S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Cnidaria (formerly known as Coelenterata) are most obviously characterized by their radial, or sometimes more strictly biradial, symmetry (p. 101). The basic structure is saclike with a single terminal opening, the mouth, which also functions as an anus. The internal space is the coelenteron or gastrovascular cavity, which may be subdivided by radially arranged partitions, the mesenteries or septa. The mouth is surrounded by a circle or circles of tentacles. The body wall consists of only two layers of cells, ectoderm and endoderm, between which is the mesogloea. The mesogloea ranges from a non-cellular membrane in hydroids, to a thick fibrous layer in anemones, and a jelly-like filling in medusae. The musculature, formed from epithelio-muscular cells, may be well-developed. All cnidarians are characterized by the presence, especially on the tentacles, of stinging capsules, cnidae or nematocysts, of various types. These capsules are unique to the phylum. Nematocysts consist basically of a capsule with an armed or naked thread coiled inside it. When stimulated the thread is fired by eversion.
Crustacea I Entomostraca
Authors: Isaac M J , Moyse J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Crustacea exhibit a great diversity of structure, adaptation, and development. Freshwater and terrestrial species are common, but the greater majority of species are marine. Crustaceans occur in all marine habitats, from the supralittoral zone to the abyss; additionally, most holoplanktonic animals belong to the Crustacea, and the meroplankton largely consists of the larval stages of benthic Crustacea. The phylum comprises more than 30 000 species worldwide.
Crustacea II Malacostraca Peracarida
Authors: Isaac M J , Makings P , Naylor E , Smaldon, G , Withers R G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Malacostraca is the largest class of the Crustacea, with more than 19 000 species known from marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats. It is also the most familiar crustacean group, including the edible and economically important, crabs, lobsters, shrimps, and prawns, as well as a number of significant wood-destroying pests. The Malacostraca as a whole encompasses the broadest range of morphological and functional diversity, and displays a wealth of adaptive features. The largest crustaceans are the malacostracan spider crabs.
Family Hippopotamidae
Authors: Harris J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Family Hippopotamidae is presently restricted in distribution to sub-Saharan Africa, where it is represented by two monospecific genera. Hippopotamus amphibius Linn. 1758, the common large hippo, was distributed in historic times throughout much of the continent. The pygmy hippo, Hexaprotodon liberiensis (Morton, 1844), is today found only in parts of West Africa. Both species are grazers. The large hippo is gregarious and amphibious, spending much of its day submerged in water but emerging to feed at night; the forest-dwelling pygmy hippo occurs singly or in pairs and appears to be less aquatically inclined. Undoubted representatives of the family are first known from Middle and Late Miocene sites in East Africa (Pickford 1983). Hippopotamids were first known from outside Africa during the Late Miocene, persisting into the Pleistocene in Eurasia, but did not extend into the New World.
Family Camelidae
Authors: Harris J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Camels and llamas, which originated in the New World, form part of the artiodactyl suborder Tylopoda The composition of the Tylopoda has been debated (Romer 1966; Webb and Taylor 1980) but the family Camelidae is evidently most closely related to the Oromerycidae (Gentry and Hooker 1988).
Family Giraffidae
Authors: Harris J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Family Giraffidae comprises medium to largesized ruminant artiodactyls of the Infraorder Pecora. Like other pecorans, giraffids possess paired cornual protuberances on the cranium which are diagnostic at the family level. In giraffids such structures have been called ossicones (e.g. Arambourg 1960), horns (e.g. Singer and Bone 1960), and vellericorns (Lankester 1902). The term horn is inappropriate and ossicone is the most widely accepted term. Giraffid paired ossicones are epiphyseal structures (Solounias 1988) and differ from bovid horns by lacking a keratinous sheath, from tragulid horns by being unbranched, and from cervid antlers by being permanently retained on the cranium. In the extant representatives — the giraffe, Giraffa camelopardalis (Linnaeus, 1758), and okapi, Okapia johnstoni (Sclater, 1901)—the paired ossicones are covered with skin throughout life and, at least in Giraffa, are present as cartilaginous precursors in the fetus (Spinage 1968). One or more median ossicones, which constitute secondary bone growth over a frontonasal boss (Solounias and Tang in press), occur in extant representatives of Giraffa.
Family Bovidae
Authors: Harris J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Family Bovidae (antelopes and cattle) is today represented by 123 species, 68 of which are endemic to sub-Saharan Africa (Honacki et al. 1982). It is not clear whether bovids originated in Eurasia or Africa; the earliest occurrences are nearly simultaneous in both regions (early Miocene) and subsequently there were repeated migrations between them (Vrba 1985b). According to Janis and Scott (1987), the presence of horn cores is the sole apomorphic character that can be used to characterize the Family Bovidae and thus it would be impossible to recognize a hornless bovid ancestor with any degree of certainty.
Mollusca I Polyplacophora,Scaphopoda,and Gastropoda
Authors: Hayward P J , Wigham, G D , Yonow N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The molluscs constitute one of the largest groups of marine organisms and, with the exception of the Monoplacophora, representatives of all classes may be found in British waters. The basic molluscan body plan has responded adaptively to environmental pressures and opportunities, perhaps more so than any other phylum of marine organisms, and has been profoundly modified in many different ways. Living molluscs occur in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine ecosystems, and in the latter case have become adapted to almost every kind of habitat from abyssal oozes to oceanic surface currents. Nevertheless, the distinctive molluscan morphology is recognizable in each of the many disparate living orders.
Mollusca II Bival Via And Cephalopoda
Authors: Hayward P J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The bivalve molluscs are largely sedentary animals. They may be firmly attached to fixed substrata, or hidden in cracks and crevices, and some are found as borers in a variety of rocks, wood, or organic carbonates. Many simply burrow into fine or coarse bottom deposits, some lying unattached in the very top layers, others inhabiting more permanent burrows. With a few exceptions, such as the scallops and the file shells, mobility is limited to movement within the burrow or the immediate environment. Most bivalves are microphagous feeders although two small groups, the Protobranchia and the Septibranchia, are specialized, respectively, as particulate deposit feeders and carnivores. Adaptive radiation of this homogenous group is thus expressed largely in shell form.
Hemichordata And Urochordata
Authors: Knight-Jones E W , Ryland J S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hemichordates comprise worm-like Enteropneusta ( = Balanoglossida) and tentaculate Pterobranchia. Enter-opneusts have gill slits very like those of Amphioxus (Ch. 17) so are linked with chordates, particularly because they also have a dorsal, sometimes tubular, nerve cord in the collar (a short region just behind the mouth). They lack a notochord, however, so are placed in a phylum separate from the Chordata. The ‘tornaria’ larvae of one family are like some echinoderm larvae. Pterobranchia are closely related to enteropneusts (see e.g. Horst 1927—39), but the only pterobranchs known from Britain belong to a minute colonial genus, atypical of hemichordates.
General introduction
Authors: Hopkin Stephen p. , Read Helen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Millipedes do not as their name suggests have a thousand legs. Indeed the ‘world champion’ Illacme plenipes has only(!) 375 pairs (Enghoff 1990), and most have fewer than fifty pairs. Nevertheless, it is the presence of so many legs arranged in two pairs per body segment which is their most characteristic feature. The presence of these diplosegments separates the Class Diplopoda (millipedes-sometimes millepedes or millipeds) from the three other classes of Myriapoda, the Chilopoda (centipedes), Symphyla, and Pauropoda, all of which have only one pair of legs per segment (Fig. 1.1.). It has been estimated that there are approximately 10,000 described species of millipedes in the world (Hoffman 1979; IUCN 1983). These range in size from as little as 2 mm to 30 cm in length.
Taxonomy, evolution, and zoogeography
Authors: Hopkin Stephen p. , Read Helen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The following descriptions are intended to illustrate the range of forms found in the Class Diplopoda and to provide an introduction to the main groups referred to in the text. More detailed descriptions of each family can be found in Hoffman’s (1982) very useful guide. Classification is based on Enghoff (1984a) which is reproduced in Table 2.1 The polyxenid or 'bristly' millipedes are rather different from all other millipedes.
Basic anatomy, locomotion, and ecomorphology
Authors: Hopkin Stephen p. , Read Helen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Millipedes consist of three main parts—the head, body, and telson. The head bears the mouthparts and a number of sensory structures including the antennae, Tömösvary organs, and eyes (if present) (Fig. 3.1). The structure and function of the sense organs are covered in detail in Section 6.2. The head capsule is usually heavily calcified to facilitate burrowing between soil particles, fragments of leaf litter, or rotting wood. The body is generally long and cylindrical although in some groups there are prominent lateral projections (Fig. 3.13a).
Feeding and digestion
Authors: Hopkin Stephen p. , Read Helen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the great majority of millipedes, dead plant material is chewed by the mandibles into small pieces (Enghoff 1979a, 1990; Manton 1964) and passed into the lumen of the foregut where it receives secretions from the salivary glands (Nunez and Crawford 1977). The distal segment of the mandible, the gnathal lobe (Fig. 3.8), is the most complex structure of the mouthparts. The biting and crushing parts of the mandibles are based on the same general scheme but modifications exist which are taxon-specific. Exceptions to this general rule include the siphonophorids that have a long tubular beak which they may insert into plant roots (Johns 1962), and Polyzonium which has specialized mouthparts consisting of brush-like structures, the function of which is obscure (Kuhnelt 1976). Some platydes-mids may feed on fungus using sucking mouthparts (Lewis 1984). There are even carnivorous millipedes (Hoffman and Payne 1969), and a cave dwelling species that filter feeds (Enghoff 1985). As far as we are aware, no one has studied the internal anatomy of the these atypical species.
Ecology
Authors: Hopkin Stephen p. , Read Helen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many of the earlier workers, such as Schubart and Verhoeff, included valuable ecological details in their treatises on identification. However, many of their comments were inferred from preserved millipedes. More recent identification guides (e.g. Blower 1985; Demange 1981) have included ecological information based on field and laboratory studies of living animals.
Molecular Aspects And Phylogenetic Implications Of Plastid Genomes Of Certain Chromophytes
Authors: Kowallik Klaus V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The participation of both nuclear and organellar genes in the formation of multifunctional protein complexes of mitochondria and plastids presupposes a co-evolution of nuclear and organellar genomes. The molecular organization of plastid genomes may thus reflect, to a certain extent, the phylogenetic relationships between species. It may also elucidate trends in the evolution of the plastid genomes themselves. In this article we discuss investigations of plastid genomes of the heterokont algae Odontella sinensis, Coscinodiscus granii (Bacillariophyceae), Dictyota dichotoma (Phaeophyceae), and several Vaucheria species (Xanthophyceae) following restriction and gene mapping experiments.
The Origins Of The Diatom And Its Life Cycle
Authors: Mann David G , Marchant Harvey J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The vegetative cell of diatoms is suggested to have evolved from the diploid zygotic cyst of a haplontic pre-diatom with a flagellate vegetative phase. The cyst wall contained many similar siliceous plates, each of which developed centrifugally, as in diatom valves and scales. Growth of the pre-diatom in marginal habitats may have selected for mechanisms allowing mitotic division of the cyst, rather than meiotic germination to produce zoids, and this in turn could have brought about a change from multipolarity to bipolarity in cyst wall architecture. The structure of the recently described chrysophyte order, the Parmales, lends some support to this proposed phylogeny. The siliceous components of the walls of both the diatoms and Parmales are similar in several respects, suggesting that the Parmales may be the closest extant relatives of the diatoms and an offshoot from the pre-diatom stock.
The Tetrodotoxin Venom Of Chaetognaths
Authors: Thuesen Erik V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For many years it was suggested that chaetognaths paralysed their prey with a toxin before ingesting them. These suggestions were based on light microscopy observations (Burfield 1927; Kuhl 1938), observations of chaetognaths feeding in the laboratory (Parry 1944; Feigenbaum and Maris 1984; Nagasawa 1985c) and observations of the microstructure of chaetognath buccal morphology made by scanning electron microscopy (Bieri et al. 1983; Thuesen and Bieri 1987).
Deep Sea Chaetognaths
Authors: Terazaki Makato 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All depths of the oceans below 1000 m are considered here as deep sea. There are relatively few samples from this region, and even fewer from more precisely defined depths, so that knowledge of deep sea chaetognaths is incomplete and fragmentary and only single individuals or a few specimens have been caught so far for a number of species. The distribution and way of life of many of the deep sea species is thus very incompletely known. As several new species have been found recently, many more presumably remain to be collected and described.
The tropical Pacific species of Usnea and Ramalina and their relationship to species in other parts of the world
Authors: Stevens G N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many of the species of Usnea and Ramalina which occur in tropical Australia and the western Pacific region have been found to extend much farther afield in their distribution. These taxa can be divided into maritime species (occurring on mangroves or lowland forest trees) and montane forest species (occurring in upland open-forest and rainforests). Species of Ramalina are mostly in the former category, whereas species of Usnea mainly occupy montane forests. The altitude of tablelands in the tropics of Australia and the high mountains of the Pacific islands tends to nullify the effects of high temperatures found at sea level in lower latitudes, so that species found in elevated tropical regions are not necessarily of tropical origin. Several species of Usnea which occur in montane rainforests at high elevations appear to be temperate taxa which tolerate tropical conditions at the elevation at which they grow. By tracing the palaeobiogeography of the phorophytes for both maritime and montane species of Usnea and Ramalina, the tropical or temperate origins of the lichens can be hypothesized.
Lichens of Papua New Guinea
Authors: Lambley P W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An attempt is made to provide an overview of the macrolichen flora of Papua New Guinea and to relate this to the island’s complex geological history and to the range of habitats now present. The lichen flora is shown to be composed of a number of different elements, including an interesting Gondwanaland clement. The mountainous nature of the island provides opportunities for studying the altitudinal zonation of lichen species and their communities. The conservation of the flora is discussed in relation to the increasing destruction of the forests through logging, mining developments, and agricultural activities.