bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corporate Social Responsibility and Public Policy Making
Authors: Conrad Charles , Abbott JéAnna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A second voice simultaneously celebrates these developments but tells a more cautionary tale. It suggests that voluntary moves toward corporate social responsibility (CSR) and social democracy (SD) often seem to be fleeting (see Deetz, chapter 18; Breen, chapter 20; Peterson & Norton, chapter 24; Samkin & Lawrence, chapter 19).
Postwar
Authors: Hockenos Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Joschka Fischer entered the world in April 1948, the Federal Republic of Germany didn’t exist. In fact, at the time no German state did—nor had one since Nazi Germany�s unconditional surrender in May 1945. The territory that would become the western republic in just over a year’s time was still divided into occupation zones, controlled by French, British, and U.S. forces, and under the law of their military administrations. Three years after the defeat of the Third Reich, the inhabitants of the western zones and, in eastern Germany, the Soviet-occupied zone, were still struggling to pick up the pieces of their shattered lives and rebuild their war-ravaged towns and cities. The terms of survival for many Germans remained precarious, but if they had survived until then, they had made it through the worst.
Anti-Authoritarian Revolt
Authors: Hockenos Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On December 1, 1966, the Federal Republic took a historic step into uncharted territory, one with enormous implications for the country. For the first time in the postwar era, the Social Democrats—after seventeen years in opposition—joined the Christian Democrats in the government, in a “grand coalition.” The last time that the SPD had shared power was during the Weimar Republic, and there were many who had begun to wonder whether the storied party would ever claw its way out of the opposition, the conservative clinch on the country simply too strong to break. But with the economic miracle running out of steam andWest Germany experiencing its first taste of recession, many inside as well as outside of the political establishment had grown exasperated with Ludwig Erhard, a more able economist than chancellor.
Continental Drift
Authors: Hockenos Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even during the most placid stretches of the Bonn Republic, the U.S.– German relationship was never as smooth as it is sometimes portrayed in hindsight. The West German and American leaderships butted heads on a range of issues throughout the Cold War decades, from German participation in the VietnamWar to the treatment of Poland’s independent trade unionists in the 1980s.
Introduction
Authors: McMillen Sally G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Seneca Falls, New York, seems an unlikely site for a pivotal event in American history. Surrounded by beautiful, rolling farmland, the town sits alongside the Genesee Canal, only a few miles off the New York State Thruway. Waterloo lies three miles to the west and is about the same size as Seneca Falls. Several miles to the east sits the town of Auburn. But Seneca Falls, located in what today is called the Finger Lakes District of New York, is where in July 1848 five women initiated a social revolution and inaugurated the women’s movement. Except for tourists who visit the site today to pay homage to the origins of the women’s rights movement, the town is a quieter place now than it was in 1848. Seneca Falls underwent significant alterations in the early twentieth century with the widening of the Cayuga-Seneca Canal, which eliminated more than a hundred industrial and commercial buildings and sixty homes. A visitor may find it hard to imagine the radical movement and controversial issues that five women generated in this tranquil setting.
Variations 2 Choice of Active X
Authors: Migeon Barbara R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of random inactivation is inherent in the Lyon hypothesis [37, 47] Based on her observations of cellular mosaicism in mice, Mary Lyon assumed that “the heteropyknotic (inactive) X-chromosome can be either paternal or maternal in origin, in different cells of the same animal” [37, p. 372] .” And , because inactivation occurs early in development, she said, “in adult life this leads to patches of cells some with one and some with the other X chromosome inactivated and hence to the mottled (mosaic)appearance characteristic of female mammals heterozygous for sex-linked color genes” [47, p. 145]. Certainly, the inactivation process is random in most female cells, although the proportions of active paternal or maternal X chromosomes vary from one individual to another or from one tissue to another, as expected by chance. Yet, the inactivation patterns are extremely nonrandom in all tissues of marsupials and in placental tissues of mice where the inactive X is always the paternal one. Therefore, another major variation on the theme of X inactivation has to do with the choice of active X.
Legal Responses to the Problem of Allocating Risk
Authors: Heinzerling Lisa , Tushnet Mark V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins by presenting background material on the presence of risk in the environment and the workplace. One question you should keep in mind throughout this book is whether the “problem” of risk—whether allocated by contract or imposed without consent—is “big” or “small.” Why would answering that question—or, more precisely, developing some perspectives on how to answer it—matter? Perhaps because “doing something” about risks, in a world with limited political resources, may mean not doing something about something else. The chapter then presents two classic cases on workplace safety to con- sider the regulation of risk at common law and the constitutional restrictions on the power of legislatures to alter the allocation of risk in contracts between private parties. Those restrictions have now been abandoned, but the Supreme Court’s rationale for imposing them remains instructive.
Doctrinal Limits
Authors: Heinzerling Lisa , Tushnet Mark V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far we have examined aspects of contract law that may be used to manage risk. We considered parts of contract doctrine —for example, ideas associated with “informed choice” as a predicate for imposing contractual liability—that affect the normative case for and against using contract law to allocate risk. In this chapter, we will examine other common law doctrines of criminal law and tort law that do so as well.
From Statutes to Rules
Authors: Heinzerling Lisa , Tushnet Mark V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Administrative agencies operate pursuant to, and sometimes interpret, their organic statutes. Chapter 7 examined how administrative agencies interpret their organic statutes in the course of adjudicating claims arising under such statutes, including claims of statutory violations. It also presented the test for determining how much deference such agency interpretations should receive when the agency brings a civil enforcement action (as occurs with respect to some environmental regulations) or when an individual seeks some benefits administered by the agency (as occurs in most workers’ compensation systems). In this chapter, we consider another purpose for which agencies interpret statutes—rule making—and examine the procedures by which agencies translate the substantive directives in their organic statutes into rules to govern conduct within the agency’s orbit of responsibility. We begin by providing you with some background on the development of modern administrative law.
Standard Setting: Feasibility, Health, Technology, and Trading
Authors: Heinzerling Lisa , Tushnet Mark V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The preceding chapter introduced a “market-based” regulatory technique— information provision—designed to increase the likelihood that consumers and other affected persons will know enough to demand a “price” for being subjected to risk that maximizes their self-designated welfare. This chapter turns to another regulatory technique—mandatory performance standards that re- quire risk producers to stay below specfied levels. It examines several different performance measures that are found in contemporary law and their respective advantages and disadvantages. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how regulated entities can implement and achieve performance standards.
Introduction
Authors: Tannen Deborah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a book about conversational style. I use this term to refer to aspects of talk that have been examined and analyzed by scholars who study the language of everyday interaction, but that are also apparent to many nonscholars who are people watchers by nature. As Erving Goffman (1959, 1967) amply documented, when people talk they communicate not only information but also images of themselves. Furthermore, as demonstrated by the work of John Gumperz (1982b) and others, many of the elements of how people talk, which seem self- evidently appropriate to the speaker, in fact differ from one person to the next and from one group to the next.
Irony and Joking
Authors: Tannen Deborah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most distinctive aspects of any person’s style is the use of humor. Through intonation, pace, voice quality, and nonverbal signals, a speaker can frame an utterance or string of utterances as “not meant literally.” Such stylized usage can range from sarcasm (in which the intent is not humorous, and often hostile), to irony (which might elicit a smile or chuckle), to a joke, in which the main purpose is to entertain. Close examination of the use of irony and joking by members of the Thanksgiving group (there were few instances of sarcasm) contributes further insights into their styles.
Dual Inheritance TheoryThe Evolution of Cultural Capacities and Cultural Evolution
Authors: Henrich Natalie , Henrich Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the rise of human sociobiology in the 1970s, culture and biology or cultural explanations and evolutionary explanations have often been opposed, and the seeming opposition between the categories has led to a great deal of unnecessary dispute and debate. This dichotomy and its associated debates are now outmoded and unproductive. A wide range of human behaviors that most people would think of as purely cultural (dress, greetings, food taboos, etc.) are actually 100 percent cultural and 100 percent genetic. Many behaviors are cultural in that they are socially learned by observation and interaction in a social group—social learning can then be understood as the foundational capacity that underpins what is typically glossed as “Culture”. All culturally acquired behaviors, beliefs, preferences, strategies, and practices (hereafter, we refer to all these collectively as “cultural traits”) are also genetic in the sense that their acquisition requires brain machinery that allows for substantial amounts of complex, high-fidelity social learning. We know that there must be “human genes ” that somehow allow for culturally acquired behavior, as chimpanzees reared (enculturated) alongside human children do not acquire anything approaching adult human behavioral patterns or social norms. Interestingly, although human-reared chimpanzees seem to acquire little from their human
Reparations Future, Realistic Reparations, and Models of Reparations
Authors: Brophy Alfred L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
American democracy is a most dramatic form of social organization, and in that drama each of us enacts his role by asserting his own and his group’s values and traditions against those of his fellow citizens. Indeed, a battle-royal conflict of interests appears to be basic to our conception of freedom, and the drama of democracy proceeds through a warfare of words and symbolic actions by which we seek to advance our private interests while resolving our political differences.
Introduction
Authors: Shefrin Hersh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wall Street Week with Louis Rukeyser panelist Frank Cappiello once explained that because of a "change in psychology," but "no change in fundamentals," he altered his stance on the market from positive to neutral. Cappiello has plenty of company. The popular financial press regularly quotes experts and gurus on market psychology. But what do these experts and gurus mean? The stock answer is, "greed and fear." Well, is that it? Is that all there is to market psychology? Hardly. Our knowledge of market psychology now extends well beyond greed and fear. Over the last twenty-five years, psychologists have discovered two important facts. First, the primary emotions that determine risk-taking behavior are not greed and fear, but hope and fear, as psychologist Lola Lopes pointed out in 1987. Second, although to err is indeed human, financial practitioners of all types, from portfolio managers to corporate executives, make the same mistakes repeatedly. The cause of these errors is documented in an important collection edited by psychologists Daniel Kahneman, Paul Slovic, and the late Amos Tversky that was published in 1982.
Heuristic-Driven Bias: The First Theme
Authors: Shefrin Hersh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The dictionary definition for the word heuristic refers to the process by which people find things out for themselves, usually by trial and error. Trial and error often leads people to develop rules of thumb, but this process often leads to other errors. One of the great advances of behavioral psychology is the identification of the principles underlying these rules of thumb and the systematic errors associated with them. In tum, these rules of thumb have themselves come to be called heuristics.
Picking Stocks to Beat the Market
Authors: Shefrin Hersh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Either market efficiency is an illusion or mispricing is an illusion. In a landmark article, Eugene Fama (1970) argued that financial markets are efficient. Market efficiency holds that unexploited profit opportunities do not lie around for very long, just as a S20 bill does not lie for long on a crowded sidewalk.
The Money Management Industry: Framing Effects, Style "Diversification," and Regret
Authors: Shefrin Hersh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Racing funds with an active money manager is typically a bad bet. Yet institutions continue to hire active money managers. Why? The short answer is that the individuals who serve on institutional investment committees exhibit frame dependence and heuristic-driven bias. When it comes to framing, committee members tend to think of portfolios as a series of mental accounts, with associated reference points known as benchmarks. Therefore, committee members tend to mistake variety in manager "styles" for true diversification. In addition, reference-point thinking leads people to give opportunity costs less weight than out-of-pocket costs of the same magnitude.
IPOs: Initial Underpricing, Long-term Underperformance, and "Hot-Issue" Markets
Authors: Shefrin Hersh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many investors have experienced an !PO-adrenaline rush on the first trading day as they search for the "next Microsoft." In the case of Internet stocks, the editor of one IPO newsletter has described investor activity as "insanity.com trading." There are three behavioral phenomena associated with initial pub lic offerings (IPOs). These have been termed (1) initial underpricing, (2) long-term underperformance,and (3) "hot-issue" market. Before explaining what each of these terms means, let me note that there are three main parties to IPOs: the issuing firm, the underwriter, and investors. Al though the role of all parties in the three phenomena is discussed, the emphasis is on the role of investors.
The Standard Model and the Original Understanding
Authors: Tushnet Mark V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
George W. Bush’s victory in 2000 was also a victory for gun-rights proponents and for originalists. Bush’s attorney general John Ashcroft took office with an agenda that included changing the Department of Justice’s position on the Second Amendment. To this end, Ashcroft charged the Office of Legal Counsel (OLC), which acts as the attorney general’s lawyer, with the task of producing a comprehensive analysis of the Second Amendment. Stephen Bradbury, formerly a law clerk to Justice Clarence Thomas and later nominated to head OLC after the turmoil occasioned by the release of the so-called Torture Memos, took on the job of producing the memorandum. The 106-page document stated its conclusion on its cover: ‘‘The Second Amendment secures a right of individuals generally, not a right of State or a right restricted to persons serving in militias.’’ The OLC memorandum on the Second Amendment, which helps shape the government’s position in gun cases, can serve as our guide to the Second Amend- ment’s meaning.
The African Roots of Colonial America
Authors: Horton James Oliver , Horton Lois E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Just before dawn on a spring morning in 1806, thirteen-year-old Anta Majigeen Njaay was asleep when men on horseback, their long, braided hair flying out behind them, charged into her prosperous West African village in Senegambia, just south of the Sahara Desert. Anta awoke to the terrifying sounds of battle, and by the end of the morning, these frightening men had killed her father, several of her uncles, and many of the village’s other men. The invaders were warrior slaves, the special armed force of Amari Ngoone Ndella Kumba, king of Kajor, a coastal kingdom that had risen to power in Senegambia during the eighteenth century, carved out of the old Wolof empire of Jolof. Their job protecting Kajor and its ruler extended to raiding enemy villages and delivering valuable goods to the king. They also took prisoners to be traded to European slave dealers in return for fine fabrics, wines, and weapons. Occasionally, when too few enemies were available for slaves, they raided villages like Anta’s, villages supposedly under the king’s protection. By noon on the day of the raid, the soldiers had packed up looted goods and rounded up captives, including Anta, her mother, many of her other relatives, and the family servants. Slave traders cared little whether the captives were slaves, free artisans, or nobility like Anta, who was descended from the founder of the Jolof Empire and whose large Njaay family had provided generations of rulers.
A Hard-Won Freedom: From Civil War Contraband to Emancipation
Authors: Horton James Oliver , Horton Lois E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At 7:05 in the morning on October 17, 1859, an emergency message flashed over the telegraph lines. The passenger train traveling east out of Virginia toward Baltimore had made an unscheduled stop at Monocacy, Maryland, across the river from Harpers Ferry. The conductor sent an alarm: “My train eastbound was stopped at Harpers Ferry this morning about 1:30 by armed abolitionists—They say they have come to free the slaves.” John Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia, was under way. Harpers Ferry, a village of three thousand people situated at the confluence of the Potomac and Shenandoah rivers, had been home to one of two national armories since George Washington’s presidency. Brown and his raiders had come for the guns and ammunition produced and stored in this arsenal. They planned to free slaves in the area, arm them with pikes and guns, then march their gathered army toward the mountains, liberating slaves as they went. This action, Brown believed, would spearhead a general slave uprising.
Prologue
Authors: White G Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ninetieth-birthday address the old man sat in his favorite chair in his study. he had a shock of white hair, a long white mustache that flared up at the ends, and piercing eyes that gave him a fierce expression. The year was 1931, and most men favored collars with the ends folded down, hut he wore an old-fashioned type with the ends turned up and the tie visible, wrapped around his neck. He also wore an outmoded long coat with a vest. He had gotten dressed up to speak on the radio.
The of Practical Struggle Life: Becoming a Lawyer and a Judge
Authors: White G Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“If i survive the war,” holmes had written in his autobio graphical sketch for the 1861 Harvard class album, “I expect to study law as my profession or at least for a starting point.”1 The phrase reflected more than a young person’s uncertainty about the future. In 1861 many of Holmes’s contemporaries simply studied law as “a starting point” to something else. It was common in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries for men-not womento study law as part of their general education. Law was an established profession by the time Wendell Holmes entered Harvard Law School in 1864, hut it was also a gentlemanly pursuit.
A More More Important and Visible Court
Authors: White G Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1901, as holmes turned sixty and anticipated his third year as chief justice of the SupremeJudicial Court of Massachusetts, a series of events began to unfold that resulted in his appointment to the Supreme Court of the United States. During the previous year Justice Horace Gray of the Supreme Court, the half-brother of Holmes’s friend]ohn Gray, had developed an illness that made his retirement from the Court at the end of its term that June a possibility. For most of the years of the Supreme Court’s existence, geography has played an important part in appointments. For the first two-thirds of the nineteenth century the Court met only briefly in Washington, D.C., and for the rest of the year the justices traveled on “circuits” around the country-each circuit consisting of several states-and decided appeals from the federal district courts that were assigned to their circuit.
The Yan Kee From Olympus
Authors: White G Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When felix frankfurter first made contact with holmes, he had been living in Washington for a year. His residence was a large house on 19th Street owned by Robert Grosvenor Valentine, the commissioner oflndian affairs during the presidency of William Howard Taft. Valentine’s house, known as the House of Truth by its residents, became a political and intellectual gathering place for progressive thinkers in the years before and during World War I. Frankfurter and his associates were involved in and keenly concerned with Washington politics and larger issues of policymaking, and they thought of themselves as political reformers. They invited public officials and other dignitaries, including Holmes, to the House of Truth. Holmes, in turn, invited Frankfurter to visit him at his home, and the two began to correspond. On March 8, 1912, Holmes turned seventy-one, and Frankfurter wrote him a birthday note.
Introduction
Authors: Novak Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Ciaran Benson has observed, the idea of self is of course an artificial construct, and definitions of self, however sophisticated, are varied, depending on the perimeters of the disciplines that seek to engage them, be they philosophy, psychology, sociology, religion, anthropology, or areas of literary or visual history. Just as I would hesitate to attempt a single paragraph defining art, I am reluctant to attempt a single definition of self, which clearly also involves matters of identity and consciousness. Yet the word is common enough even in everyday usage for a cultural community to agree, to some extent, on a kind of consensus. There is something within every human being that we commonly call a “self.” Loss of that self is generally considered a grievous wound. Its willing surrender, on the other hand, can be considered, in religious and philosophical terms, a blessed arrival at another state of being. In some instances the idea of self is conflated with the idea of soul.