bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vitro isoflavone supplementation reduces hydrogen peroxide‐induced DNA damage in sperm
Authors: Sierens J. , Hartley J.A. , Campbell M.J. , Leathem A.J.C. , Woodside J.V. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIsoflavones are plant compounds, proposed to have health benefits in a variety of human diseases, including coronary heart disease and endocrine‐responsive cancers. Their physiological effects include possible antioxidant activity, therefore suggesting a role for isoflavones in the prevention of male infertility. The aim of this study was to test the antioxidant effects of the isoflavones genistein and equol on sperm DNA integrity, assessed in vitro after hydrogen peroxide‐mediated damage, using the comet assay. Pre‐treatment with genistein or equol at doses of 0.01–100 μmol/l significantly protected sperm DNA against oxidative damage. Both ascorbic acid (10–600 μmol/l) and α‐tocopherol (1–100 μmol/l) also protected. Compared with ascorbic acid and α‐tocopherol, added at physiological concentrations, genistein was the most potent antioxidant, followed by equol, ascorbic acid, and α‐tocopherol. Genistein and equol added in combination were more protective than when added singly. Based on these preliminary data, which are similar to those observed previously in lymphocytes, these compounds may have a role to play in antioxidant protection against male infertility. Teratogenesis Carcinog. Mutagen. 22:227–234, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Promotion of chemically induced rat esophageal tumorigenesis with post‐initiation ethanol modification
Authors: Morimura K. , Hori T. , Kaneko M. , Nishikawa T. , Nishikawa A. , Wanibuchi H. , Takada N. , Osugi H. , Fukushima S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPost‐initiation ethanol modification on N‐nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBA)‐induced rat esophageal carcinogenesis model was investigated in male, 6‐week‐old, F344 rats that received s.c. injections, 3 times per week, of 0.5 mg/kg NMBA for the first 5 weeks and then were treated with 0% (Group1), 3.3% (Group2), and 10% (Group3) ethanol in the drinking water for up to 20 weeks. Group 4 received 10% ethanol without NMBA administration and Group 5 was maintained without any chemical treatment. There were no statistical differences in the incidence and multiplicity of esophageal tumors among Groups 1 to 3. However, the multiplicity of hyperplasias was statistically greater in Group 3 than in Groups1 or 2. Esophageal epithelia of all rats in Groups 4 and 5 demonstrated a normal histology. BrdU labelling indices of tumors and hyperplasias in NMBA‐treated groups were essentially similar, although cycline D1 was overexpressed to a greater extent in tumors and also hyperplasias of Group 3 than in Groups 1 or 2. The results indicated ethanol to exert weak promotion effects through cycline D1 overexpression on rat esophageal tumorigenesis initiated with NMBA. Teratogenesis Carcinog. Mutagen. 21:295–301, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ethical framework for observational studies of medicinal drug exposure in pregnancy
Authors: Koren Gideon 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundThe conduct of human research in the teratogenicity of drugs, chemicals, radiation and infections is needed in order to close critical gaps in knowledge.MethodsWe reviewed the various aspects of the ethics of conducting prospective human research in teratogenicity.ResultsSuch research should respect the confidentiality of pregnant women and their families. Because this research is observational, interpretation of results is difficult, and the study design should strive to meet the highest possible scientific standards attainable in the particular research conditions. It should also be acknowledged that confidentiality cannot be always adhered to (e.g., if the interview reveals risks to minors).ConclusionsIn general, the benefit risk ratio in this type of research is very favorable, although in specific cases the research follow‐up may induce fears (e.g., drugs of abuse) in the woman being interviewed. Teratology 65:191–195, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of base excision, mismatch, and recombination repair genes in the organogenesis‐stage rat conceptus and effects of exposure to a genotoxic teratogen, 4‐hydroperoxycyclophosphamide
Authors: Vinson Robert K. , Hales Barbara F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundDNA repair capability may influence the outcome of genotoxic teratogen exposure. The goals of this study were to assess the expression of base excision repair (BER), mismatch repair (MMR), and recombination repair (RCR) genes in the mid‐organogenesis rat conceptus and to determine the effects on expression of exposure to the genotoxic teratogen, 4‐hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4‐OOHCPA).MethodsThe expression of 17 BER, MMR, and RCR genes was examined in gestational day (GD) 10–12 rat conceptuses using the antisense RNA (aRNA) technique. Embryos were cultured with 10 μM 4‐OOHCPA to examine effects on gene expression.ResultsYolk sacs and embryos had similar gene expression patterns for all three DNA repair pathways from GD10‐12. Transcripts for APNG, PMS1, and RAD54 were present at high concentrations in both tissues. The remainder of the genes were expressed at low levels in yolk sac, with a few not detected on GD10 and 11. In the embryo, transcripts for most genes were low on GD10 and 11; several increased by GD12. After exposure to 4‐OOHCPA for 24 hr, XRCC1 and RAD57 expression decreased in yolk sac, whereas only RAD51 transcripts decreased in the embryo. By 44 hr, transcripts for all BER genes decreased in yolk sac; in the embryo, most BER, MMR, and RCR genes decreased, many below the level of detection.ConclusionsThe expression of DNA repair genes in the mid‐organogenesis rat conceptus is varied and subject to down‐regulation by 4‐OOHCPA. DNA repair gene expression may determine the consequences of genotoxicant exposure during development. Teratology 64:283–291, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of Cu+2 and pH on the fitness of Ceriodaphnia dubia (Richard 1894) (Crustacea, Cladocera) in microcosm experiments
Authors: Gagneten A. M. , Vila I. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAn important disturbance of anthropogenic origin frequently occurring in freshwater ecosystems is a rise in the concentration of heavy metals in solution, among which copper stands out due to its known toxicity. However, the study of the chemical behavior of copper in solution is highly dependent on pH. In this study, the effect of ionic copper on the fitness of Ceriodaphnia dubia was assessed in microcosm experiments under different conditions of Cu+2 and pH.Two groups of experiments were conducted: effects on survival and fecundity, and effects on population dynamics. In the former, both pH and copper concentrations were manipulated. On the other hand, only the concentration of biologically available ionic copper was manipulated whereas pH was maintained constant in the population dynamics experiments. There was an agreement between both sets of experiments in terms of their results, showing important toxic effects of copper as evidenced through significant differences between controls and treatments in survival and fecundity. Mean age of first reproduction was delayed, and both the number of neonates produced per female and number of broods decreased with the increase in the concentration of copper. R0 was always lower at pH 6 than at pH 8 and was negatively related to the increment in the concentration of copper under either pH. A significant effect on population dynamics at 5 μg l−1 of copper sulfate was found and the extinction of the population at 20 μg l−1 of copper sulfate. New values of toxicity from copper are proposed, and the potential effects that an increment in copper could have on the communities that occupy a central position in aquatic food webs are discussed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Environ Toxicol 16: 428–438, 2001
Determining the mechanisms of toxic action of phenols to Tetrahymena pyriformis
Authors: Ren S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPhenols are environmentally important compounds that are widely used in agriculture and industry. Thus, phenols are of interest to environmental toxicologists, which has led to the development of several quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) models. The most successful QSARs have been established for compounds having a common mechanism of toxic action (MOA). However, correctly determining the MOA of a compound is not easy. Discriminant analysis was used in this study to separate phenols by their MOAs. The working hypothesis of this study was that phenols with different MOAs lie in different regions in the response surface described by the ionization‐corrected hydrophobicity descriptor, log D, the electrophilicity descriptor, ELUMO, and the interaction between hydrophobicity and electrophilicity, D ∗︁ ELUMO. Results of discriminant analysis showed a total error rate of 15%. In addition, it was difficult to separate phenols that had a polar narcosis MOA from phenols that had a proelectrophile MOA. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 17: 119–127, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/tox.10040
Development of a field bioassay for the side‐effects of herbicides on vascular plants using Brassica napus and Poa annua
Authors: De Jong Frank M. W. , Udo de Haes Helias A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA field bioassay method has been developed for assessing side‐effects of herbicides on Brassica napus and Poa annua. The test method aims at effects outside the target area, up to 20 m from the treated parcel. Experiments were conducted in the field and in a glasshouse with the herbicides atrazin, bentazone, diquat, glyphosate, and r(4‐chloro‐2‐methylphenoxyacetic acid) MCPA. An iterative procedure was used with the aim of developing a sound test procedure. The resulting method appeared to be very sensitive. Pesticide drift was measured using water‐sensitive paper. Effects were sometimes found below the detection limit of this method (at 8 m from the treated parcel with moderate wind speeds of 3–5 m/s). The sensitivity of the test and the test conditions are discussed and an optimized method is presented. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Environ Toxicol 16: 397–407, 2001
Pink snapper (Pagrus auratus) as a bioindicator of aquatic environmental health in Western Australia
Authors: Tugiyono  , Gagnon Marthe Monique 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPink snapper (Pagrus auratus), an endemic Western Australian fish species, was tested for its potential as a bioindicator of aquatic environmental health. Mixed function oxygenase (MFO) induction (as a biomarker of exposure), and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) activity (as a biomarker of liver damage) were of special interest to the study as these biochemical tools have not been validated for any Western Australian fish species. Juvenile pink snapper were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 0, 10, 100, 500, and 1000 μg PCB‐126 per kilogram. Fish were sacrificed 10 days postinjection, and livers and blood samples were collected for MFO and SDH analysis, respectively. Doses of 10 and 100 μg PCB‐126 per kilogram caused the highest MFO induction, while doses of 0 and 1000 μg PCB‐126 per kilogram did not result in higher MFO activity relative to carrier‐injected control fish. SDH activities were not significantly different among treatments indicating that hepatocellular damage was not responsible for the reduced MFO activity at the highest dose. The result of the study demonstrates that pink snapper may potentially be used as a bioindicator species in Western Australia when MFO is used as a biomarker. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Environ Toxicol 16: 449–454, 2001
Outsourcing: A Growing Trend in EHS Management
Authors: Martin Bruce A. , McDermott Ellen I. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis article explores the recent growth and current trends in outsourcing EHS services. More and more
organizations are recognizing that outsourcing can cut costs, save time, improve staffing flexibility, and enhance
the overall quality of EHS programs. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Practical Minimum Energy Requirements for Chemical Product Manufacturing: A Management Decision Tool for Achieving Sustainable Products
Authors: Schwarz Jeanette M. , Beloff Beth R. , Beaver Earl R. , Tanzil Dicksen 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPractical Minimum Energy requirements comprise a management decision tool designed to assist companies in
adopting strategies for more sustainable products through improved energy efficiency. This tool allows managers
to gauge the potential for reducing the energy intensity of chemical processes as well as the environmental
impacts associated with energy consumption, such as greenhouse gas emissions. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons,
Inc.
Using particles for 3D texture sculpting
Authors: Beneš Bedřich , Espinosa Enrique 
Published: August 2002

AbstractParticle systems have been used in computer graphics for many different purposes, including visual simulation of fur, grass, hair, and similar fuzzy textures and shapes. The underlying theories used in these algorithms are usually quite complex and are mostly based on simulation of diffuse‐limited aggregation, cellular development, reaction‐diffusion models, etc. This leads to high time complexity of these algorithms. The purpose of this paper is to show that collision detection and distance keeping among moving particles can generate similar realistic textures efficiently. This approach is easy to implement, sufficiently fast allowing for interactive modeling, and inherits the major features from the previously published techniques. We first construct a scene consisting of generators of particles, attractors, and cutters. The generators generate oriented particles, and the attractors attract or repulse them. When collision with the cutter is detected, the particle performs an action according to its state and position in the 3D space. Every particle has assigned a table of possible actions that is used for solving these critical states. Trajectories of the particles are then used as a resulting shape of the texture. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrating wind output with bulk power operations and wholesale electricity markets
Authors: Hirst Eric 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWind farms have three characteristics that complicate their widespread application as an electricity resource: limited control, unpredictability and variability. Therefore the integration of wind output into bulk power electric systems is qualitatively different from that of other types of generators. The electric system operator must move other generators up or down to offset the time‐varying wind fluctuations. Such movements raise the costs of fuel and maintenance for these other generators. Not only is wind power different, it is new. The operators of bulk power systems have limited experience in integrating wind output into the larger system. As a consequence, market rules that treat wind fairly—neither subsidizing nor penalizing its operation—have not yet been developed. The lack of data and analytical methods encourages wind advocates and sceptics to rely primarily on their biases and beliefs in suggesting how wind should be integrated into bulk power systems. This project helps fill this data and analysis gap. Specifically, it develops and applies a quantitative method for the integration of a wind resource into a large electric system. The method permits wind to bid its output into a short‐term forward market (specifically, an hour‐ahead energy market) or to appear in real time and accept only intrahour and hourly imbalance payments for the unscheduled energy it delivers to the system. Finally, the method analyses the short‐term (minute‐to‐minute) variation in wind output to determine the regulation requirement the wind resource imposes on the electrical system. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distribution and chemical states of iron and chromium released from orthopedic implants into human tissues
Authors: Ektessabi Ali , Shikine Shunsuke , Kitamura Norio , Rokkum Magne , Johansson Carina 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe aim of this study was to measure the distribution and chemical states of the trace metal elements incorporated into a matrix of human tissues by using a focused beam from a synchrotron radiation source. The specimens were from human tissues around a total hip replacement that had been inserted in a patient's body for more than 5 years. The implant was made of stainless steel (SUS316L) and titanium alloy (Ti‐6Al‐4V), and coated with hydroxyapatite (HAp). Images of the distribution of metal elements obtained by x‐ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis showed constituents of the implant (titanium, iron, and chromium) distributed around the total hip replacement prosthesis. The results from x‐ray absorption near‐edge structure (XANES) analysis showed that the iron and chromium from the stainless steel that were diffused in the tissues had undergone chemical changes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of portable gas proportional scintillation counters for x‐ray spectrometry
Authors: dos Santos J. M. F. , Lopes J. A. M. , Veloso J. F. C. A. , Simões P. C. P. S. , Dias T. H. V. T. , Santos F. P. , Rachinhas P. J. B. M. , Requicha Ferreira L. F. , Conde C. A. N. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA review on gas proportional scintillation counters (GPSCs) is presented. Recent achievements towards the portability of simple, inexpensive and compact GPSCs are discussed. Compensation of solid angle effects with the curved grid technique can be used to produce non‐focused GPSCs with medium‐sized radiation windows, at least up to 80% of the photosensor active diameter, without degradation of detector performance. Low power‐consuming and compact vacuum UV photosensors that can operate in direct contact with the scintillation gas, as an alternative to photomultiplier tubes, are now available. Small gettering devices with a low‐power built‐in heating elements have been shown to be sufficient for the required gas purification in GPSCs assembled with simple and inexpensive techniques, such as the use of epoxies for ceramic‐to‐metal joints. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The transistor and energy‐dispersive x‐ray spectrometry: roots and milestones in x‐ray analysis
Authors: Ryon Richard W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe story of energy‐dispersive x‐ray spectrometry was preceded by a long evolutionary history of solid‐state physics and semiconductor electronics. The beginning may be said to have been with the recognition of the special properties of rectifying crystals. We follow this story from its roots through recent innovations that point the way to the future of this method of chemical analysis. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid calculation of x‐ray absorption near edge structure using parallel computation
Authors: Bouldin C. , Sims J. , Hung H. , Rehr J. J. , Ankudinov A. L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractModeling x‐ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) requires computationally intensive calculations. We show that parallel processing can reduce the time required for XANES calculations by a factor of up to 50 over standard desktop computers. Parallel processing is implemented in our codes using the Message Passing Interface (MPI) and is portable across most hardware and operating systems. We demonstrate the inverse scaling of the parallel algorithm with the number of processors, and discuss how this approach to parallel processing could be implemented in other multiple‐scattering calculations. Faster calculations should improve the applicability of ab initio XANES studies to many materials science problems. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isolation of GCR1, a major transcription factor of glycolytic genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, from Kluyveromyces lactis
Authors: Haw Robin , Devi Yarragudi Aruna , Uemura Hiroshi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTo study the function of GCR1, a gene involved in the expression of glycolytic genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a Kluyveromyces lactis gene that complements the growth defect of a S. cerevisiae Δgcr1 mutant was isolated. Introduction of this gene into the Δgcr1 mutant also restored the activities of glycolytic enzymes. DNA sequencing of KlGCR1 predicted an open reading frame of a 767 amino acid protein with an overall identity of 33% and similarity of 48% to Gcr1p from S. cerevisiae. Its DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank Accession No. is AB046391. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expression of the yeast glycogen phosphorylase gene is regulated by stress‐response elements and by the HOG MAP kinase pathway
Authors: Wohler Sunnarborg Susan , Miller Stephen P. , Unnikrishnan Indira , LaPorte David C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractYeast glycogen metabolism responds to environmental stressors such as nutrient limitation and heat shock. This response is mediated, in part, by the regulation of the glycogen metabolic genes. Environmental stressors induce a number of glycogen metabolic genes, including GPH1, which encodes glycogen phosphorylase. Primer extension analysis detected two start sites for GPH1, one of which predominated. Sequences upstream of these sites included a possible TATA element. Mutation of this sequence reduced GPH1 expression by a factor of 10 but did not affect start site selection. This mutation also did not affect the relative induction of GPH1 upon entry into stationary phase. Three candidates for stress response elements (STREs) were found upstream of the TATA sequence. Mutation of the STREs showed that they were required for regulation of GPH1 expression in early stationary phase, and in response to osmotic shock and heat shock. These elements appeared to act synergistically, since the intact promoter exhibited 30‐fold more expression in stationary phase than the sum of that observed for each element acting independently. HOG1, which encodes a MAP kinase, has been implicated in control mediated by STREs. For GPH1, induction by osmotic shock depended on a functional HOG1 allele. In contrast, induction upon entry into stationary phase was only partially dependent on HOG1. Furthermore, the heat shock response, which can also be mediated by STREs, was independent of HOG1. These observations suggest that the GPH1 STREs respond to more than one pathway, only one of which requires HOG1. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Disruption of six Saccharomyces cerevisiae ORFs on chromosome XII results in three lethal disruptants
Authors: Alloush Habib M. , Edwards Thomas A. , Valle‐Lisboa Virginia , Wheals Alan E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSix ORFs of unknown function from the left arm of chromosome XII of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were chosen for a reverse genetic approach to provide materials to assist in assignment of function. A two‐step PCR using long‐flanking homology was employed to amplify disruption cassettes consisting of a kanMX gene as selectable marker flanked by 250–350 bp long regions homologous to the target gene. The diploid strains FY1679 and CEN.PK2 were transformed with the replacement cassettes and transformants were selected for geneticin (G418) resistance. Correct targeting of the replacement cassettes at the genomic locus was verified by Southern blot analysis with the kanMX gene as a probe. Disruption cassettes were cloned in pUG7 plasmid for systematic gene inactivation in other yeast strains and the cognate genes were cloned in pRS416 plasmid for gene complementation studies. Sporulation and tetrad analysis of heterozygous disruptants showed that three of the six ORFs [YLR141w (RRN5), YLR145w and YLR147c (SMD3)] were essential genes that were complemented by their cognate genes. ylr146cΔ (spe4) homozygous diploids showed enhanced sporulation efficiency, whereas ylr147cΔ heterozygous diploids failed to sporulate in the FY1679 but not in the CEN.PK2 genetic background. The other two disruptants [ylr143w and ylr144c (acf2)] gave no phenotype. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.