bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Porphyric Neuropathy
Authors: Albers James W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The porphyrias represent a group of metabolic disorders caused by enzymatic defects in the biosynthesis of heme. As a group they include inherited and acquired disorders in which activities of enzymes of the heme biosynthetic pathway are partially deficient. The porphyrias are classified as either hepatic or erythroid, depending on the principal site of expression of the enzymatic defect. The four hepatic porphyrias [acute intermittent porphyria, hereditary coproporphyria,variegate porphyria, and 8-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) dehydratase deficiency] associated with neuropathy, referred to as the porphyric neuropathies, are the focus of this chapter (Table 17-1). These disorders have been poorly understood by most clinicians, and often go unrecognized until recurrent attacks or involvement of other organ systems suggest the diagnosis. The severity of neurologic involvement, and the availability of potential treatments or avoidance of provocative factors, makes identification important.
Focal Brain Disorders In Moderately Advanced HIV Disease: Tuberculosis And Multiple Sclerosis-Like Illness
Authors: Brew Bruce James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Focal brain lesions in advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease are commonly the result of toxoplasmosis or primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma. In patients with less advanced HIV disease, the causes of focal brain lesions are no different from those of lesions occurring in the non-HIV–infected population. There are, however, two exceptions. Tuberculosis (TB) in the form of tuberculoma or tuberculous brain abscess is an important cause of focal brain lesions in patients who come from areas where TB is endemic or from risk groups such as intravenous drug users among whom it is relatively common. A multiple sclerosis-like illness may also occur at this stage of HIV disease, causing focal or multifocal brain lesions. This illness is included here for completeness even though it is rare. Knowledge of this complication is important, as it may lead to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of demyelinating diseases in general.
Common Spinal Cord Diseases
Authors: Brew Bruce James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Spinal cord involvement by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is unusual in early HIV disease, but it is relatively common in advanced HIV disease. It is usually related to HIV infection per se leading to vacuolar myelopathy and HIV myelitis, both of which are usually intertwined with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) dementia complex (ADC). An appreciation of the nature of HIV spinal cord disease and its relationship to AIDS dementia complex can lead to appropriate therapy and clinical improvement in some patients. Moreover, development of myelopathy early in the course of HIV disease should suggest that the patient may be co-infected with human T-lymphotropic virus type I. Dually infected patients are more likely to develop spinal cord disease.
Style and Presentation in the 19th Century
Authors: Bruce Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the founding of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1831, William Whewell suggested that membership be restricted to those “who have published written papers in the memoirs of any learned society” (quoted in Stimson 1968, p. 215). He wanted to exclude as members those who were not, as one critic of the Royal Society put it, “labourers in the vineyard” of science. This linking of journal publication with the scientific profession led to an influx of individual articles primarily aimed at subject-matter experts. It also spawned the first specialty journals in natural history and physical science from Germany, France, and England, including Archiv fur Mikroskopische Anatomic (Archive for Microscopic Anatomy), Journal de Pharmacy et de Chimie (Journal of Pharmacy and Chemistry), and Transactions of the Entomological Society of London. In addition, during the 19th century, the number of scientific journals rose, not just steadily, but very steeply (Houghton 1975, p. 101). In de Solla Price’s (1986) well-known plot of total number of scientific journals (p. 8), there are fewer than 10 journals by 1700, about 100 by 1800, and 10,000 by 1900.’1
Argument in the 19th Century
Authors: Bruce Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Concluding his article on European bats. Lord Lilford asked the readers of The Zoologist for more research on the subject, not because of any particular problem, but because of its past neglect: In conclusion, I may mention that, besides the species mentioned above as occurring on our islands, I find that Lord Clermont (on the authority, as I suppose, of Thomas Bell, “Brit. Quad.”) admits six other species, viz. V. Bechsteinii, Desm., V. Leisleri, Desm., V. discolor, Desm., V. Daubentonii, Desm., V. emarginatus, Desm., and Plecotus brevimanus, Bonap.*; but the simple truth is that few English zoologists have studied, or al. all events published I he results of I heir studies on our Bals, and if my meagre remarks should induce any of your readers Io turn their attention to I his subject, I will hope that we may shortly have the benefit of “more light.” (1892-11095)
Explaining the Development of the Scientific Article
Authors: Bruce Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 1 we compare two scientific articles published three centuries apart as a means of representing, in dramatic form, the scientific article as a developing textual entity, characterized by changes in style, presentation, and argument. Chapters 2-9 describe these changes century by century, drawing upon our analysis of a large and diverse sample covering three languages and many scientific disciplines. We have now reached the point where it is time to attempt to explain what we have described. This is a more perilous venture, and what we will offer is more an explanatory sketch than an explanation per se.
Temporolimbic Epilepsy and Behavior
Authors: Schomer Donald L , o’connor margaret , spiers paul , seeck margitta , mesulam, M -marsel , bear david 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The word “epilepsy” almost invariably conjures up dramatic images of tonic-clonic convulsions, incontinence, and tongue biting with a postseizure period of confusion. However, there is a large group of patients with epilepsy lacking these features who in contrast have seizures that are associated with subtle alterations of mood, perception, cognition, comportment, endocrine balance, and autonomic function without any necessary loss of consciousness. This type of epilepsy, usually emanating from the temporal lobe and related components of the limbic system, is of great interest to behavioral neurology and neuropsychiatry.
Dynamics of Change in Organizational Fields
Authors: Hinings C R (Bob) , Greenwood Royston , Reay Trish , Suddaby Roy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter proposes a process model for understanding institutional change at the organizational field level of analysis. This process model consists of five overlapping stages of institutional change: (1) pressures for change; (2) the sources of new practices from institutional entrepreneurs; (3) the processes of deinstitutionalization and reinstitutionalization; (4) the dynamics of deinstitutionalization and reinstitutionalization; and (5) reinstitutionalization and stability. We see this process model as useful for integrating much of the literature on institutional change. While this literature has been criticized for its static focus on convergence toward similar and stable states, it has always included an interest in change, and we use the process model to indicate the specific contributions of existing studies.
The Nation-State and Culture as Influences on Organizational Change and Innovation
Authors: Lewin Arie Y , Kim Jisung 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Social science disciplines have explored or implied the thesis that cultural, historical, political, social, and economic dimensions of a nation-state influence managerial practices and organizational strategic adaptation (Adler, Doktor and Redding, 1986; Badie and Birnbaum, 1983; Chandler, 1990; Clegg and Reddings, 1990; Djelic, 1998; Fligstein, 1996; Hickson and McMillan, 1981; Lammers, 1978; Lange and Regini, 1989; Meyer, 1994; Nelson, 1993; Putnam, 1993; Skocpol, 1985; Stinchcombe, 1965; Warner, 1997; Weber, Hsee, and Sokolowska, 1998; Whitley, 1999). However, much of the research centers on partial relationships reflecting disciplinary orientations and often involves historical accounts without theoretical underpinnings of explored events. The result is a fragmented literature on comparative management (Redding, 1997).
Employee Relations
Authors: Hall Robert T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Employment opportunities in the hospital sector increased in the 1990s: by 2.7% for full-time employees and 5.2% for part-time employees between 1992 and 1996 (AHA, 1998). This does not mean that employees’ jobs are secure, however. The rise in outpatient services and home health care during this period must be considered in light of layoffs due to the decline in inpatient utilization. While registered nurse employment increased over this period, licensed practical nurse employment decreased. Recent cuts in federal programs, furthermore, may lead to continued downsizing of staff in certain sectors. In health care, as in other sectors of the economy, employees are nervous about job security (Caudron, 1996).
The shift of power from hospitals to managed care plans and insurance companies has exacerbated the problem. Middle-level administrators fear that they may be laid off, and direct care givers worry that they will be short-staffed and overloaded with duties beyond their professional capabilities. Reorganization often moves administrative decision making further away from caregivers and imposes a less personal regime on employees. The more distant management becomes, the more employees feel that decisions are made on the basis of some hidden agenda or that the administration’s agenda is no longer in touch with the daily problems of direct care. All of this results in considerable stress on employee relations.
The Position of the Clitic Cluster
Authors: Franks Steven , King Tracy Holloway 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with specific problems associated with locating the clitic cluster properly within the sentence. Most systems are seen as variations on two basic themes: Slavic clitics can be either clause second or verb-adjacent. SC, Cz, Slk, and Sln belong to the first category, which are often referred to as having Wackernagel position clitics (section 6.1), while Bg and Mac belong to the second category (section 6.2).
Examples (1) and (2) illustrate the basic contrast between Wackernagel second-position clitics and verb-adjacent clitics. In the SC example in (la) the clitic ga is in second position following the adverb sutra and is not adjacent to the verb. If it is not in second position, as in (lb), then the sentence is ungrammatical. In contrast, in the Bg example in (2a) the clitics mu gi are adjacent to the verb dade but are not in second position because they follow two adverbial phrases, as well as the subject. If the clitics are not adjacent to the verb, as in (2b), then the structure is ungrammatical. Note that there is no difference in behavior whether the clitic cluster contains an auxiliary clitic, a pronominal clitic, or some combination thereof.
Other Clausal Domain Clitics
Authors: Franks Steven , King Tracy Holloway 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter treats clausal domain clitics other than the personal pronouns and verbal auxiliaries. It presents data about a variety of such elements, including the interrogative clitic li (section 8.1.2), which is a complementizer clitic in all the languages in which it occurs, the modal by-/bi- (section 8.2), which has varying status as either a clitic or fully conjugated verb, and clausal negation (section 8.3), which is proclitic on the verb. Section 12.1 further discusses relevant theoretical analyses of li.
Survey of Recent Analyses
Authors: Franks Steven , King Tracy Holloway 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the major theoretical approaches to Slavic clitic clusters. All these approaches combine both prosodic and syntactic information to explain the distribution of clitic clusters. However, some approaches rely primarily on prosodic requirements of the clitics, whereas others rely primarily on syntactic factors. Section 10.1 focuses on purely prosodic accounts and discusses some problems with these accounts. Then section 10.2 briefly outlines some nonderivational approaches to clitic placement. Section 10.3 presents the purely syntactic accounts, followed by some problems with these approaches. Finally, section 10.4 presents two approaches which involve both syntactic and prosodic factors in clitic placement.
The Fall and Rise of Restorative Justice
Authors: Braithwaite John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book conceives of restorative justice as a major development in human thought grounded in traditions of justice from the ancient Arab, Greek, and Roman civilizations that accepted a restorative approach even to homicide (Van Ness 1986, pp. 64- 68); the restorative approach of the public assemblies (moots) of the Germanic peoples who swept across Europe after the fall of Rome (Berman 1983, pp. 53-56); Indian Hindus as ancient as the Vedic civilization (6000-2000 b.c.; Beck 1997, p. 77) for whom “he who atones is forgiven” (Weitekamp 1989); and ancient Buddhist, Taoist, and Confucian traditions that one sees blended with Western influences today in North Asia (Haley 1996). Contemporary Nobel Peace Prize-winning Buddhists Aug San Suu Kyi of Burma and the Dalai Lama are reteaching the West that the more evil the crime, the greater the opportunity for grace to inspire a transformative will to resist tyranny with com passion. They follow in the footsteps of Hindus like Ghandi and Christians like Tutu. In the words of the Dalai Lama: “Learning to forgive is much more useful than merely picking up a stone and throwing it at the object of one’s anger, the more so when the provocation is extreme. For it is under the greatest adversity that there exists the greatest potential for doing good, both for oneself and for others” (Eckel 1997, p. 135).
New Theory of Web-based Chinese Management
Authors: Schlevogt Kai-Alexander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main objective of this study is to analyze the nature, causes, and outcomes of the organizational structure and management practices in mainland Chinese companies, including both private and state enterprises. In particular, I will test whether the dynamic, newly established private enterprises have adopted a distinctive web-based Chinese management model. As a first step, it is necessary to introduce the reader to the basic concepts and principles of Chinese management. This discussion provides a basis for the full theoretical research model, since it helps to (a) identify the need for further research, (b) decide which variables to include in the research model, and (c) deduce detailed theoretical hypotheses to be tested. It will thus prepare the ground for chapter 3.
Distinctive Characteristics of Chinese Management
Authors: Schlevogt Kai-Alexander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The three findings chapters in part II concentrate mainly on the important evidence and facts related to the research hypotheses. A broader discussion of their applications will be presented in part III. Details on sample characteristics are presented in appendix C. The general objective of this chapter is to answer the first research question, “Is there a distinctive Chinese management model in private enterprises in mainland China?” To answer the question, I will test the first hypothesis related to the distinctive nature of organizational structure and management practices in Chinese private firms, comparing the structural and managerial profiles of private enterprises with those of state enterprises.
Organization of the Future: Chinese Management as a Model for the Twenty-first Century and Beyond
Authors: Schlevogt Kai-Alexander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An organization is the leader’s vehicle and catalyst for implementing strategies but also constrains strategic options. Because of its importance, for thousands of years, leaders have been searching for better organizational ways of coordinating and motivating human endeavors toward the achievement of lofty visions. The dominant organizational model perfectioned in the twentieth century, bureaucracy, proved effective under classical conditions of certainty, when past experience is highly relevant for the present and future. However, because of its rigidity, bureaucracy turned out to be inadequate to deal with the high uncertainty and complexity that result from rapid change and multiplying interdependencies.
Explicature and Semantics
Authors: Carston Robyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A standard view of the semantics of natural language sentences or utterances is that a sentence has a particular logical structure and is assigned truth-conditional content on the basis of that structure. Such a semantics is assumed to be able to capture the logical properties of sentences, including necessary truth, contradiction, and valid inference; our knowledge of these properties is taken to be part of our semantic competence as native speakers of the language.
Quantifier Phrases, Meaningfulness “in Isolation,” and Ellipsis
Authors: Stainton Robert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Semanticists and philosophers of language have traditionally divided expressions into two classes: those that do, and those that do not, have meaning “in isolation.” Among expressions which are commonly said to lack meaning in isolation are particles in natural language (e.g., ‘up’ in ‘shoot up’, ‘on’ in ‘catch on’, etc.) and the logical vocabulary of both natural and artificial languages (e.g., the sentential connectives ‘and’, ‘if’, etc.).
Leveraging Knowledge through Leadership of Organizational Learning
Authors: Crossan Mary , Hulland John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The field of strategic management has offered a variety of perspectives on the key considerations in managing the success of the enterprise. Mintzberg et al. (1998) identify organizational learning as one of the many perspectives. Within the organizational learning school, Mintzberg et al. cite the 41 organizational learning framework developed by Crossan et al. (1997) as particularly insightful. This chapter extends the 41 framework to examine how leadership affects knowledge management, organizational learning, strategy, and ultimately the performance of the enterprise. The chapter begins with a brief discussion of the critical connections between the various fields. We then use the 41 framework to anchor the discussion and demonstrate how learning, knowledge, and strategy relate. Next, the role of leadership is incorporated into the model. The methodology for testing the model is then presented and the results discussed. Finally, we address directions for future research. It is a lofty goal to both develop and test theory linking strategy, knowledge, learning, leadership, and performance. We see our efforts as only a preliminary thrust to connect several fields of inquiry that have much to offer one another. Our efforts are aided by the advanced state of development of the research within each field.
Craniofacial Morphology and Growth in Infants and Young Children with Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Kreiborg Sven , Hermann Nuno V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cleft lip and palate (CLP) may have severe consequences for affected individuals because oral clefts interfere with two of the most important means of communication: facial expression and speech. Individuals with either unoperated or operated clefts usually have a face which differs from that of unaffected individuals. Studies including both unoperated and operated individuals have shown that some deviations are directly caused by the primary anomaly, while others are caused by the surgical interventions and the subsequent dys plastic and compensatory growth of the facial bones (Dahl, 1970; Ehmann, 1989; Mars and Houston, 1990; Dahl and Kreiborg, 1995; Sandham and Foong, 1997). Severe surgical iatrogenesis to maxillary development in individuals with clefts has been documented repeatedly (Graber, 1949, 1954; Slaughter and Brodie, 1949; Bishara and Olin, 1972; Friede and Pruzansky, 1972a,b; Friede and Johanson, 1974; Tomanova and Miillerova, 1994). Attention has been drawn to the harmful interference with the maxillary growth zones (Friede, 1998), including the premaxillary-vomerine complex (Pruzansky, 1971; Friede and Morgan, 1976; Friede, 1977, 1978). As a consequence of these studies, certain surgical procedures, such as premaxillary setback and primary bone grafting, have been largely abandoned because they were shown to lead to disturbed maxillary growth and facial concavity. However, even more cautious surgical procedures are claimed to interfere with maxillary growth. Maxillary retrognathia is a good example.
Epidemiology of Oral Clefts: An International Perspective
Authors: Mossey Peter A , Little Julian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CUP) and isolated cleft palate (CP) are serious birth defects, which on a worldwide level affect approximately 1 in every 600 newborn babies. This means that assuming a global birth rate of 15,000 children per hour (United States Bureau of the Census, new.html, 2001), a child with a cleft is born somewhere in the world every 2.5 min. From birth to maturity, children with oral clefts (OCs) undergo multidisciplinary surgical and nonsurgical treatment with considerable disruption to their lives and often adverse psychological consequences to themselves and their families. Efforts over the years have been made to record the frequency of birth defects, and accurate data on epidemiology are important for documenting the burden in relation to the planning of public health services. They also form the basis for research into causes. The eventual objective must be, from both scientific and humanitarian viewpoints, to advance the knowledge and understanding of causative factors and to institute primary preventive measures. Among the barriers to achieving this objective are (1) the heterogeneity of OCs, (2) the lack of standard criteria for the collection of data, and (3) the lack of and/or failure to apply an internationally comparable OC classification.