bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ritual, Risk, and Danger: Chain Prayers in Fiji
Authors: TOMLINSON MATT 
Published: November 2004

AbstractRituals that defuse immediate senses of danger can perpetuate senses of powerlessness. Ambiguous language used in defensive rituals can heighten people's senses of the risks they are confronting and also compel people to perform those rituals again in the future. In this article, I illustrate this argument by examining Fijian Methodist masu sema (chain prayers), which are conducted to defuse the dangers that beset society, including curses from demonic ancestors. I argue that Fijian cultural themes of present‐day human powerlessness are generated largely by competition between Methodist and chiefly authorities. “Chain prayers” are attempts to negate the power of dangerous ancestors, but in requesting God's help, ritual participants cast themselves as powerless. Verbal ambiguity in chain prayers gives “demons” lives of their own, compelling their future circulation.
South African Museums and the Creation of a New National Identity
Authors: NANDA SERENA 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTMuseums are important sites of national cultural production, collective memory making, and the construction of national narratives. Contemporary South Africa is a particularly interesting place to study these processes. With the demise of apartheid, South Africa faces the difficult challenge of creating a new national identity that incorporates an examination of past oppression yet leaves the way open for building a national identity that incorporates all its diverse groups. The museums reviewed below, the Robben Island Prison Museum, the District Six Museum in Capetown, and the Kwa Muhle local history museum in Durban all make important contributions to this process.
Sensuality and Consciousness V: Emergence of the "Savage Savage" The Study of Child Behavior and Human Development in Cultural Isolates
Authors: Sorenson E. Richard 
Published: November 2004

As was seen in paper IV of this series (Anthropology of Consciousness 7[4]: 9‐30), basic consciousness can differ strikingly across eras. The type detailed there belongs to a preconquest era that survives today only in isolated enclaves that have not yet been absorbed within the thrall of conquering cultures. There are very few still left. Significantly they are widely distributed across the world.The type of consciousness peculiar to that era focuses liminaly, not supraliminally (as is the norm today). It spawns mental capabilities, and a sense‐of‐truth, very different from our modern type. It generates a way‐of‐life that is simultaneously individualistic and collective—qualities immiscible in modern thought and languages. Their fusion in that earlier era is one of many indications of the profoundness of the mental gulf separating that era from our current one. This premodern type also spawns a spontaneous group rapport so alien to our 20th century that modern beings scarcely can perceive it, much less appreciate it. When seized by hostile or domineering cultures, this preconquest type of consciousness collapses.The type of consciousness typical to that era focuses on direct sensory experience. Therefore cognition is not divided into clearly separable units. Experience being continuous, not discrete, cannot therefore be managed by syntax and logic, as in modern thought. The dialectic type of inquiry underlying our modern sense‐of‐truth is but a ship passing in the deepest darkness of the distant night to such mentality. Just as invisibly their sense‐of‐truth evades Western sensibility. Such differences pose questions not only regarding the reconcilability of truth across eras but about mental evolution too. For as yet there is no way to know whether today's type of consciousness reflects a positive or negative turning in the evolution of mentality.The way‐of‐life of this earlier era coheres with accounts of "untouched" peoples made by early explorers and philosophers who admired the considerate and peaceful ways of the "Noble Savage." They speak of "generosity," "loyalty," and truthfulness." How then is it that their conquerors spoke of "bestiality," "treacherousness," and "deceit"? That question will be dealt with here.
In The Field
Authors: Anderson‐Levitt Kathryn M. 
Published: November 2004

John L. Wengle. Ethnographers in the Field: The Psychology of Research. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1988. [pp. xiv. 198]. $21.95 (cloth).Tony Larry Whitehead and Mary Ellen Conaway. eds. Self, Sex, and Gender in Cross‐Cultural Fieldwork. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1986. xvi. 312. $39.95 (cloth); $14.95 (paper).Joan Cassell. ed. Children in the Field: Anthropological Experiences. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1987. xiv. 270. $27.95 (cloth).
A Choreography of the Universe: The Afro‐Brazilian Candomble as a Microcosm of Yoruba Spiritual Geography
Authors: Walker Sheila S. 
Published: November 2004

The Candomble, the basis of Bahian spiritual and cultural life, is based on Yoruba religion recreated in Brazil. Nineteenth‐century civil wars made the Yoruba in West Africa especially vulnerable to enslavement, and the particularisms of the Yoruba religious presence reflects the results. The Orishas, the spiritual beings of the Yoruba, were associated with natural features and localized human groups in Africa. In Brazil they were grouped together in religious institutions based on new organizational principles created in the alien context of slavery.The Catholic church unwittingly contributed to the perpetuation of Yoruba religion. In attempting to Christianize the Africans, the church provided them with the camouflage of the saints for the continuation of the worship of the Orishas. This practice continues in the form of public festivities for the saints, the real meanings of which are based on the Candomble.
Light, Culture, and Humanism
Authors: Hopgood James F. 
Published: November 2004

Harold B. Barclay. Culture: The Human Way. Calgary, Alberta: Western Publishers, 1986. 130 pp. n.p. (paper).Dennison Nash. A Little Anthropology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1989. vi. 202 pp. $22.00 (paper).James L. Peacock. The Anthropological Lens: Harsh Light, Soft Focus. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986. xii. 124 pp. $24.95 (cloth); $6.95 (paper).
The Gift of an Anthropologist A‐Juma‐Wi/Atsuge‐Wi Lessons and Legends
Authors: Wilson Darryl Babe 
Published: November 2004

I have implied that Susan Brandenstein Park has returned a “gift” to me and to my people, but it is much more than that to me. She could not have known that whenever I study her notes I remember being a small child sitting in the dust at the feet of my elders, listening to their thoughts that spilled over into a narration—of the creation, of Silver Grey Fox, of Coyote, of the coming of the first white people.My father always moved me closer toward them, gently nudging me in the back. After I put my fingers into their huge, soft hands, they usually patted me on the head, then continued their conversations. An unexplainable feeling wrapped itself around me, and I listened.As an adult that same feeling consumes me whenever I am greeted by an old person who is genuinely happy to see me. It is almost like having a surprise for a birthday that I forgot, or like looking into the eyes of my children when they were first born. I cry. Not of pain, but of completeness.To explain a fragment of this emotional encounter is one of the purposes of my present effort. Should the greater public look upon my people as a very necessary part of the puzzle of life and understand that we have been systematically and unnecessarily dehumanized by the thrust of Manifest Destiny and progress, then I will consider both Susan's and my efforts as partially satisfied.Consulting with my elders and poring over Susan's original field notes with her, I have attempted to present the voice of my people. Should academics receive these narratives with enthusiasm, then both Susan and I shall consider ourselves as a team that began mending a basket, abandoned as the cavalry rode into our nation and a careless horse crushed its design.That we alone can re‐create that design is doubtful, but with the combined efforts of my concerned people, we can. And we cannot begin that re‐creation without the assistance of sincerely committed individuals of our society and concerned academics who, with the power of words and language, have the capacity to move the most stubborn event to action.
Studying Those Who Study Us: An Anthropologist in the World of Artificial Intelligence/ Weaving Work and Motherhood/ Who Supports the Family? Gender and Breadwinning in Dual–Earner Marriages/ Learning from Saturn: Possibilities for Corporate Governance and Employee Relations.
Authors: Hakken David , Marquez Patricia , DeRoche Constance P. 
Published: November 2004

Studying Those Who Study Us: An Anthropologist in the World of Artificial Intelligence. Diana E. Forsythe. Edited with an Introduction by David Hess. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press,2001.Weaving Work and Motherhood. Anita Ilta Garey. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1999.Who Supports the Family? Gender and Breadwinning in Dual–Earner Marriages. Jean L. Potuchek. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1997.Learning from Saturn: Possibilities for Corporate Governance and Employee Relations. Saul A. Rubenstein and Thomas A. Kochan. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2001.
Victimizing Whistleblowers
Authors: Johnson Leslie 
Published: November 2004

The Killing of Karen Silkwood: The Story Behind the Kerr‐McGee Plutonium Case. Richard Rashke. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2000.Whistleblowers: Broken Lives and Organizational Power. C. Fred Alford. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001.
ANTHROPOLOGISTS AND THE “CRAZIES”
Authors: Scheper‐Hughes Nancy 
Published: November 2004

Recent Works in Cultural Psychiatry: Making it Crazy: An Ethnography of Psychiatric Clients in an American Community. Sue E. Estroff.Recent Works in Cultural Psychiatry: The Family Shadow: Sources of Suicide and Schizophrenia. David Reynolds and Norman Farberow.Recent Works in Cultural Psychiatry: Mental Patients in Town Life: Geel—Europe's First Therapeutic Community. Eugeen Roosens.Recent Works in Cultural Psychiatry: Cultural Conceptions of Mental Illness: A Comparison of Germany and America. John Marshall Townsend.
The Last Neanderthal: The Rise, Success, and Mysterious Extinction of our Closest Human Relatives
Authors: McHenry Henry M. 
Published: November 2004

The Last Neanderthal: The Rise, Success, and Mysterious Extinction of our Closest Human Relatives. REVISED EDITION BY Ian Tattersall. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1999.Extinct Humans, Ian Tattersall and Jeffrey Schwartz. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 2000.
Prognostic and Predictive Factors in Early-Stage Breast Cancer
Authors: Cianfrocca Mary , Goldstein Lori J. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to:
Differentiate between prognostic and predictive factors in early-stage breast cancer. Identify prognostic factors used to determine the risk of recurrence and death for a patient with early-stage breast cancer. Identify predictive factors used to determine the optimal therapy for a patient with early-stage breast cancer.
Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 hour of AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among American women. Due to increased screening, the majority of patients present with early-stage breast cancer. The Oxford Overview Analysis demonstrates that adjuvant hormonal therapy and polychemotherapy reduce the risk of recurrence and death from breast cancer. Adjuvant systemic therapy, however, has associated risks and it would be useful to be able to optimally select patients most likely to benefit. The purpose of adjuvant systemic therapy is to eradicate distant micrometastatic deposits. It is essential therefore to be able to estimate an individual patient's risk of harboring clinically silent micrometastatic disease using established prognostic factors. It is also beneficial to be able to select the optimal adjuvant therapy for an individual patient based on established predictive factors. It is standard practice to administer systemic therapy to all patients with lymph node-positive disease. However, there are clearly differences among node-positive women that may warrant a more aggressive therapeutic approach. Furthermore, there are many node-negative women who would also benefit from adjuvant systemic therapy. Prognostic factors therefore must be differentiated from predictive factors. A prognostic factor is any measurement available at the time of surgery that correlates with disease-free or overall survival in the absence of systemic adjuvant therapy and, as a result, is able to correlate with the natural history of the disease. In contrast, a predictive factor is any measurement associated with response to a given therapy. Some factors, such as hormone receptors and HER2/neu overexpression, are both prognostic and predictive.
Astrocyte specific viral strains in HIV dementia
Authors: Thompson Katherine A. , Churchill Melissa J. , Gorry Paul R. , Sterjovski Jasminka , Oelrichs Robert B. , Wesselingh Steven L. , McLean Catriona A. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractWe molecularly characterized human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) present in pure populations of astrocytes, macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells isolated using laser capture microdissection from brain tissue of two patients who died with HIV‐associated dementia. The V3 region of the HIV‐1 envelope (env) gene was amplified from the pure‐cell populations, and multiple clones were sequenced. In both patients, the V3 env sequences were distinct in astrocytes compared with neighboring macrophages or multinucleated giant cells and were characteristic of CCR5‐using (R5) HIV‐1. These results demonstrate cell‐specific compartmentalization of distinct R5‐like viral strains in the central nervous system microenvironment. Ann Neurol 2004
Friedreich ataxia in carriers of unstable borderline GAA triplet‐repeat alleles
Authors: Sharma Rajesh , De Biase Irene , Gómez Mariluz , Delatycki Martin B. , Ashizawa Tetsuo , Bidichandani Sanjay I. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractFriedreich ataxia patients are homozygous for expanded GAA triplet‐repeats containing 66 to 1,700 triplets. We report two patients with delayed‐onset, hyperreflexia and gradually progressive disease. Both were heterozygous for large expansions and also carried alleles with 44 and 66 triplet‐repeats, respectively. Due to somatic instability, 15% (GAA‐44) and 75% (GAA‐66) of cells contained alleles with ≥66 triplet‐repeats, constituting a plausible mechanism for their mild phenotype. A sibling with a stable GAA‐37 allele and a large expansion was clinically normal. Instability of borderline alleles confers a risk for Friedreich ataxia, and the range of pathogenic alleles is broader than previously recognized. Ann Neurol 2004;56:898–901
Mobilization of exogenous and endogenous selenium to bile after the intravenous administration of environmentally relevant doses of arsenite to rabbits
Authors: Gailer Jürgen , Ruprecht Lutz , Reitmeir Peter , Benker Bärbel , Schramel Peter 
Published: November 2004

AbstractExtending our studies of the effect of arsenite on the metabolism of inorganic selenium (selenite and selenate) to lower doses, we intravenously injected New Zealand white rabbits with aqueous solutions of arsenite, selenite, arsenite + selenite, selenate and selenate + arsenite at 50 µg and 5 µg metalloid per kilogram body weight. Bile samples were collected for 25 min, acid‐digested and analyzed for total arsenic and selenium by double focusing magnetic sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. At both dose levels, and in accord with previous observations, an increased mutual biliary excretion of arsenic and selenium was observed regardless of whether selenium was coadministered with arsenite in the form of selenite or selenate. Based on our previous investigations into the in vivo interaction between arsenite and selenite (or selenate), these findings can be rationalized in terms of the biliary excretion of the seleno‐bis(S‐glutathionyl) arsinium ion, [(GS)2AsSe]−. In addition, the treatment of rabbits with 50 µg arsenic per kilogram body weight in form of arsenite alone also resulted in a significantly increased bile selenium concentration compared with bile from untreated animals (p < 0.05), which implies a mobilization of endogenous selenium to bile. Combined, these results establish a causal relationship between the exposure of mammals to arsenite and selenium deficiency. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of methylmercury and inorganic mercury in shark fillets
Authors: Krystek Petra , Ritsema Rob 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThree samples of deep‐frozen shark fillets were analysed according to the following procedure: dissolution in tetramethylammonium hydroxide, derivatization/ethylation with sodium tetraethylborate, extraction into iso‐octane and measurement with gas chromatography hyphenated to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (GC–ICPMS) for the identification and quantification of methylmercury (MeHg+) and inorganic mercury (Hg2+). For the correction of procedural errors, two internal standards were used. The sample pretreatment was corrected by spiking with dibutyl‐dipentyltin (DBT‐pe), and the GC–ICPMS measurements were controlled by the signal stability of xenon which was added to the GC carrier gas.Furthermore, for comparisons, the total amount of mercury was determined by an independent technique, i.e. atomic fluorescence spectroscopy. Standard reference materials, which are only available in the form of lyophilisates and not as fresh fish materials, were also analysed to ensure the procedural quality control. The concentration range of total mercury measured in the shark fillets was between 0.9 and 3.6 µg mercury per gram thawed‐out shark fillet. Two samples contained higher concentrations than the European legislation. Speciation analysis leads to ≥94% mercury bound as MeHg+. Since MeHg+ is known as one of the most toxic compounds, this conclusion is of importance with respect to bioaccumulation of mercury species via fish into the human food chain. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanocomposites based on poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) and montmorillonite
Authors: Someya Yoshihiro , Sugahara Yuichi , Shibata Mitsuhiro 
Published: November 2004

AbstractNanocomposites based on biodegradable poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PBAT) and layered silicates were prepared by the melt intercalation method. Nonmodified montmorillonite (MMT) and organo‐modified MMTs (DA‐M, ODA‐M, and LEA‐M) by the protonated ammonium cations of dodecylamine, octadecylamine, and N‐lauryldiethanolamine, respectively, were used as the layered silicates. The comparison of interlayer spacing between clay and PBAT composites with inorganic content 3 wt % measured by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) revealed the formation of intercalated nanocomposites in DA‐M and LEA‐M. In case of PBAT/ODA‐M (3 wt %), no clear peak related to interlayer spacing was observed. From morphological studies using transmission electron microscopy, the ODA‐M was found to be finely and homogeneously dispersed in the matrix polymer, indicating the formation of exfoliated nanocomposite. When ODA‐M content was increased, the XRD peak related to intercalated clay increased. Although the exfoliated ODA‐M (3 wt %) nanocomposite showed a lower tensile modulus than the intercalated DA‐M and LEA‐M (3 wt %) composites, the PBAT/ODA‐M composite with inorganic content 5 wt % showed the highest tensile modulus, strength, and elongation at break among the PBAT composites with inorganic content 5 wt %. Their tensile properties are discussed in relation to the degree of crystallinity of the injection molded samples. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 386–392, 2005
Chemiluminescent analysis of the antioxidant and immunomodulation effects of several psychotropic drugs on peritoneal macrophages
Authors: Hadjimitova V. , Traykov T. , Bakalova R. , Petrova V. , Lambev I. , Ohba H. , Ishikawa M. , Baba Y. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe present study describes the application of several chemiluminescent (CL) methods for evaluation of antioxidant and immunomodulation effects of psychotropic drugs upon phagocytes: KO2‐induced luminal‐dependent CL for detection of superoxide anion radicals in a pure chemical system; PMA‐ and A23187‐induced CL of peritoneal macrophages for detection of free radicals in cell suspension; and CL, produced by the luciferase‐catalyzed luciferin + ATP reaction, for evaluation of cell viability before and after drug application. These methods provide also a way to investigate the location of drug action. It was found that the psychotropic drugs inﬂuence the ‘oxidative burst’ of macrophages through two mechanisms: by expression of drug antioxidant properties and/or by a direct immunomodulation effect. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study on the interaction between protein and Eu(III)–chlorotetracycline complex and the determination of protein using the ﬂuorimetric method
Authors: Liu Shufang , Yang Jinghe , Wu Xia , Wang Fei , Wang Feng , Jia Zhen , Mao Lijuan 
Published: November 2004

AbstractChlorotetracycline (CTC) can react with europium ions Eu3+, and the complex emits the intrinsic ﬂuorescence of Eu3+. The intensity is greatly enhanced by proteins and this forms the basis of a new ﬂuorimetric method for determination of protein. Further research indicates that under optimum conditions, the enhanced intensity of ﬂuorescence is in proportion to the concentration of proteins, in the range 2.0 × 10−7–1.0 × 10−5 g/mL for bovine serum albumin (BSA) (linear equation, If = 34.35933 + 11.54467 × 106C)(r = 0.99895) and 8.0 × 10−7–1.0 × 10−5 g/mL for human serum albumin (HSA) (linear equation, If = 76.58881 + 5.3569 × 106C) (r = 0.99283). Detection limits (S/N = 3) were 8.9 × 10−9 g/mL for BSA and 3.3 × 10−8 g/mL for HSA. In an assay for BSA in calf serum, this method gave a value close to that determined by the UV spectrophotometric method. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of a New Oxysulfide Gd6+xTi4‐xS10‐yO6+y (Where x ≈ 0.04 and y ≈ 0.27).
Authors: Meignen Vincent , Meerschaut Alain , Cario Laurent , Lafond Alain 
Published: November 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Surface Acidity and Basicity of La2O3, LaOCl, and LaCl3 Characterized by IR Spectroscopy, TPD, and DFT Calculations.
Authors: Manoilova Olga V. , Podkolzin Simon G. , Tope Balarishna , Lercher Johannes , Stangland Eric E. , Goupil Jean‐Michel , Weckhuysen Bert M. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Catalytic Behavior of Rare‐Earth Sulfates: Applications in Organic Hydrogenation and Oxidation Reactions.
Authors: Cascales Concepcion , Gomez Lor Berta , Gutierrez Puebla Enrique , Iglesias Marta , Monge M. Angeles , Ruiz Valero Caridad , Snejko Natalia 
Published: November 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
X‐Ray Diffraction, Topographical Studies, and Thermal Behavior of Layer‐Type CdIn2S4‐xSex (1.75 ≤ x ≤ 2.75) and Its Lithium Intercalation Compounds.
Authors: Srivastava S. K. , Pramanik M. , Palit D. , Haeuseler H. , Ochel M. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Low Dimensional Materials: Syntheses, Structures, and Optical Properties of Rb2CuTaS4, Rb2CuTaSe4, RbCu2TaSe4, K3Ag3Ta2Se8, and Rb3AgTa2Se12.
Authors: Wu Yuandong , Naether Christian , Bensch Wolfgang 
Published: November 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Manganese‐Catalyzed Oxidative Transformation of Silyl Ethers to Ketones: Enantioselective Synthesis of Optically Active β‐ and γ‐Siloxyketones.
Authors: Murahashi Shun‐Ichi , Noji Satoru , Hirabayashi Tatsuo , Komiya Naruyoshi 
Published: November 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.