bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transnational Gangs?
Authors: Cruz José Miguel , Rosen Jonathan D. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the role of migration in the emergence of transnational gangs. It highlights the prominence of human mobility across borders in the global expansion of certain groups. Migration contributes to the spread of group identities and street cultures. The transnational character of some gangs means that their identities and symbols were created elsewhere, but they are re-signified locally. This chapter focuses on how migration operates in circular and symbolic ways in shaping some street gangs. Hence, gang identities are recycled in communities where migration is experienced not only as events of arrival but also as dislodgement. The chapter first reviews the reports about the historical role of immigration in the emergence of gangs, especially in the United States. Then it discusses the use of the term “transnational gang” in the literature while proposing a definition. Third, the chapter addresses the different theories seeking to explain the rise and development of transnational gangs. Finally, this work discusses the relationship between migration, globalization, and territoriality. The chapter pays special attention to Central American gangs, considered the prototypical transnational groups.
On Gangs and Family
Authors: Cesar Gabriel T. , Walker D’Andre , Fernandez Tiffany 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Research rarely explores the link between family and the gang directly. This is an important oversight, because family plays important and dynamic roles in the development of gangs, gang members, and gang careers. Marginalized or otherwise troubled primary families (i.e., families of origin) tend to push youth toward gangs. Later in life, the responsibilities of secondary families (i.e., created families) tend to pull young adults out of or away from gangs. However, how the gang functions as a replacement source of attachment (e.g., surrogate family) over the life course is not well understood. This chapter advances the discussion of gangs and families by integrating the life-course perspective of gang involvement with attachment theory to generate a more functional and inclusive framework through which to analyze family and the gang as group processes.
Linking Education and Criminology Research to Understand the Schooling Experiences of Gang Youth and Adults
Authors: Huerta Adrian H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter centers on the influence of schools and schooling practices related to gang-associated populations in primary, secondary, and postsecondary education. Drawing from scholarship in education, criminology, and related fields helps to illuminate how school-based practices are informed by the school-to-prison pipelines that negatively impact gang-involved youth. Harmful school practices contribute to the social and educational marginalization of young people affected and involved in gangs and help to explain the significant educational disparities in high school completion and college enrollment for gang-associated populations. Throughout the chapter quotes are embedded from former gang members to show how they overcame mistreatment throughout the educational pipeline, reframing gang-associated youth to being at-promise rather than at-risk.
Storming the Capital
Authors: Harding Simon , Deuchar Ross 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the essential internal dynamics of urban street gangs by bringing together discussions on the dual concepts of social capital and “street capital.” The chapter presents an overview of the multifaceted perspectives on social capital theory and how it has been drawn on to explore and understand what may lead the most disadvantaged and vulnerable to join street gangs, before exploring the newer theory of “street capital” and how its accumulation can help gang members climb the social hierarchical ladder. The theories are drawn on as a means to develop a deeper understanding of why some young men may engage in street gang violence, progress to organized crime, and, increasingly, participate in extreme forms of criminality. The chapter concludes by suggesting the reasons why policymakers and practitioners may find these theoretical perspectives helpful in developing and delivering evidence-based public health–focused gang intervention initiatives.
The Social Construction of the American Street Gang
Authors: Lopez-Aguado Patrick 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the social construction of street gangs in the United States by considering how such groups are institutionally or legally created, as well as how social meanings are ascribed to gangs as a stigmatized type of social group. Gang members build social meanings for their own groups that are often contextualized by the communities and social orders that structure their everyday lives. However, these nuanced self-definitions are often overshadowed by media depictions and legal definitions that reduce gangs to purely criminal groups. The United States’ history of using gangs as racialized folk devils have also directly shaped the heavily lopsided identification of people of color as criminal gang members. The chapter argues that, consistent with its historical use legitimizing colonial expansion and racial domination, the constructed image of the criminal gang member primarily functions as a punishable status that facilitates the conviction and mass imprisonment of poor communities of color.
Religion and Gangs
Authors: Lauger Timothy R. , Kubiniec Haleigh 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter develops Lauger and Rivera’s (2022) isolated and integrated affiliation models to explore how gang membership may intersect with religion to influence behavior. The isolated affiliation model posits that gang members will be exposed to religion, but tension between the gang and religious life undermines their interaction. When gang members do embrace religion, it creates a conflict that forces individuals to choose either gang or religious life. Choosing religion is a step toward gang disengagement and reductions in criminal behavior. The integrated affiliation model posits that some gang members will engage with religious groups or institutions and embrace beliefs even when they contradict gang ideals. Yet it also recognizes that some gangs may be openly religious or include elements of religion. The influence of religion on gang member behavior under the integrated affiliation model is uncertain, and this chapter concludes by exploring possible ways religion may impact criminal behavior.
The Emerging Frontier
Authors: Covey Herbert C. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThis chapter proposes that gang research in developing countries should expand. Over the next decades, developing countries will experience demographic changes that will provide fertile grounds for the formation and expansion of gangs, such as population growth, urbanization, and migration. In addition, cultural and historical contexts and processes in developing countries, such as colonization and civil conflicts, differ from the developed world, where most gang research has been conducted. This chapter encourages an assessment of the applicability of existing concepts to gangs in developing countries. Undoubtedly, some current concepts and approaches are directly applicable to understanding gangs in developing countries, but others may need modification. Given the wide variety of cultures, ethnicities, and contexts in the developing world, the definition of “gang” needs to be at the forefront of discussion. Other subjects, such as the drug trade, migration of populations, marginalization, and gang evolution, need to be assessed for applicability.
Studying Gangs in Central and South America
Authors: Méndez María José , Van Damme Ellen 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
By accounting for the perspectives of gang members, qualitative studies in Central and South America have challenged the heavy reliance on secondary material that characterizes literature in the region, including moralized preconceptions of gangs. This chapter acknowledges this important contribution but argues that qualitative gang researchers must be more attuned to methodological reflections on their positionality, particularly how their gendered status informs every aspect of the research process and requires grappling consciously with gendered power relations. How researchers navigate gender dynamics influences the narratives shared by their interlocutors, as well as their research outcomes and the way they present their results. Drawing on insights gleaned from our respective studies on gangs in Central America, the chapter contends that failure to engage with questions of positionality will only reify the marginalization of women’s perspectives, the privileging of a male gaze, and the reinforcement of gender stereotypes on gangs.
Women in Gang Research
Authors: Urbanik Marta-Marika , Bucerius Sandra M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter is multipronged, broadly evaluating women in gang ethnography. First, the chapter provides an overview of the women who have produced notable works in this area and documents the contributions of female gang ethnographers across disciplines to the growing field of gang studies. It highlights how female scholars have extended the field, especially pertaining to unmasking the roles of girls and women in gangs, gender theory, feminist and queer methodology in gang research, as well as other methodological innovations. Second, the chapter critically evaluates the process of conducting gang ethnography as a woman, unmasking the unique and complex fieldwork realities women must often navigate. In this respect, this chapter explores the challenges and benefits of this type of research. It then outlines directions for future research with respect to encouraging and expanding both the topics of inquiry and the scholars who undertake this work.
The Legacy of Finn-Aage Esbensen
Authors: Carson Dena C. , Freng Adrienne , Melde Chris , Peterson Dana 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Finn-Aage Esbensen’s contribution to research and practice in the areas of gangs, youth violence, juvenile delinquency, school-based prevention, and evaluation research is extensive. His published and highly cited work includes over 80 articles, 30 book chapters, 5 books, and a plethora of presentations and government reports. To support this work, Finn was successful in securing grant funding primarily from the National Institute of Justice totaling nearly $8 million. Additionally, he has been integral in bringing together individuals from various countries to examine gangs from an international perspective. This record ensued from his perpetual passion for answering novel questions, ensuring the practical utility of research findings, and training the next generation of scholars. As a result, his work has become nationally and internationally known and has led to Finn being identified as one of the premier gang and juvenile violence researchers.
The Legacy of John M. Hagedorn
Authors: Aspholm Roberto R. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractJohn M. Hagedorn has left an indelible legacy in the field of gang research. His first book, People and Folks: Gangs, Crime and the Underclass in a Rustbelt City, published in 1988, is arguably the founding document in the domain of critical gang studies. In the decades that followed, his research exploded in manifold directions, illuminating empirically and theoretically neglected dimensions of street gangs as a social phenomenon and their connections to the broader contexts in which they are embedded. Each epoch of Hagedorn’s work has been characterized by a steadfast commitment to inductive discovery and a willingness to question not only received criminological wisdom, but his own earlier conclusions as well. Hagedorn’s oeuvre stands as a remarkable testament to his personal motto, “research, not stereotypes,” and to the capacity of committed researchers to render gang members as human beings no less complex than those who might study them.
Making Sense of the Models
Authors: Jannetta Jesse , Thompson Paige S. , Robin Lily 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter draws out points of comparison and contrast among the three most prominent models addressing youth gun violence connected to gangs and groups: focused deterrence, public health, and the Comprehensive Gang Model. There is considerable overlap in intervention components across them, including being driven by analysis that combines data and ground-level knowledge of local dynamics, meeting young people and others at high risk with trust-building engagement and positive supports, working proactively to interrupt conflicts and other violence transmission vectors, and building broad partnerships to mobilize the community and government support necessary to mitigate gun violence. Despite these continuities, there are important differences, particularly around their relationship to enforcement and suppression. The extant research base provides promising evidence about what these models can achieve in reducing gun violence, but concerns about shortcomings in that research base must be addressed if the research community is to consider any of them “proven.”
Gang Identity Across the Life Course
Authors: Lee Sou , Bubolz Bryan F. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
While identity—the social meanings attached to a role—has been documented across various aspects of gang life, examinations of identity have rarely extended beyond “being” a gang member. Exacerbating this is the relative absence of symbolic interactionism in the study of gangs. Thus, a more useful approach is to view gang identity as a situational resource for performance. Conceptualized in this way, the chapter encourages scholars to reimagine how gang identity is managed and what factors facilitate and discourage the “doing” of gang identity. Advancing a “soft” or dynamic version of gang identity presents new avenues for future research and provides practical considerations for understanding gang membership among scholars and practitioners alike. As such, this chapter reviews the importance of gang identity across the life course and concludes with suggestions for future research and practice.
Rational Choice, Gang Membership, and Crime
Authors: Thomas Kyle J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Rational choice perspectives derive from the standard economic idea that individuals choose to engage in actions when the marginal benefits exceed the marginal risks and costs. Although there is considerable support for rational choice predictions across a range of outcomes related to crime, scholars have rarely invoked choice ideas when explaining issues related to gang involvement. The chapter discusses the foundations of a rational choice model of gang involvement, gang offending and gang disengagement. This perspective differs from traditional sociological views which focus on “causal” factors that are external to the individual, and instead recognizes individuals as agents who play an active role in their own social lives. This approach further allows for macro-sociological characteristics to be linked to a micro-level theory of action that can improve our understanding of gang-related issues. Throughout, the chapter offers tractable models of rational choice explanations to account for selection into gangs, offending and gang disengagement.
Trigonometric parallax and proper motion of Sagittarius A* measured by VERA using the new broad-band back-end system OCTAVE-DAS
Authors: Oyama Tomoaki , Nagayama Takumi , Yamauchi Aya , Sakai Daisuke , Imai Hiroshi , Honma Mareki , Asakura Yu , Hada Kazuhiro , Hagiwara Yoshiaki , Hirota Tomoya , Jike Takaaki , Kono Yusuke , Suzuki Syunsaku , Kobayashi Hideyuki , Kawaguchi Noriyuki 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
We successfully measured the trigonometric parallax of Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*) to be 117 ± 17 micro-arcseconds ($\, \mu \mbox{as}$) using the VLBI Exploration of Radio Astrometry (VERA) with the newly developed broad-band signal-processing system named “OCTAVE-DAS.” The measured parallax corresponds to a Galactocentric distance at the Sun of $R_0 = 8.5^{+1.5}_{-1.1}\:$kpc. By combining the astrometric results with VERA and the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) over a monitoring period of 25 yr, the proper motion of Sgr A* is obtained to be (μα, μδ) = (−3.133 ± 0.003, −5.575 ± 0.005) mas yr−1 in equatorial coordinates, corresponding to (μl, μb) = (−6.391 ± 0.005, −0.230 ± 0.004) mas yr−1 in Galactic coordinates. This gives an angular orbital velocity of the Sun of Ω⊙ = 30.30 ± 0.02 km s−1 kpc−1. We find upper limits to the core wander, Δθ &lt; 0.20 mas (1.6 au), peculiar motion, Δμ &lt; 0.10 mas yr−1 (3.7 km s−1), and acceleration, a &lt; 2.6 $\, \mu \mbox{as} \:$yr−2 (0.10 km s−1 yr−1) for Sgr A*. Thus, we obtained upper mass limits of $\approx 3 \times 10^{4}\, M_{\odot }$ and $\approx 3 \times 10^{3}\, M_{\odot }$ for the supposed intermediate-mass black holes at 0.1 and 0.01 pc from the Galactic center, respectively.
What Drives Ultra-Orthodox Jewish Men to Go to Work in Israel?
Authors: Perelman Yossi , Goldberg Chen , Yaish Meir 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Only about half of the ultra-Orthodox men in Israel dedicate their lives mainly to religious studies, while the rest participate in the labor market. Utilizing siblings with different labor market outcomes sampling, we collected retrospective data on ultra-Orthodox men who earn a living (N = 107), matched to their brothers (N = 103) who study in yeshiva as a way of life. Our logit model indicates that aspirations for upward mobility are positively associated with the likelihood of an ultra-Orthodox man entering the labor market, whereas the preference for religious studies and economic support of wives are associated with a decrease in an ultra-Orthodox man’s chances to join the labor market. Just as important, our findings show that among the group of men who study in yeshiva as a way of life, there is a subgroup that leads a less conservative lifestyle than is customary in ultra-Orthodox society and has relatively high personal aspirations.
Fructose Potentiates Bone Loss and Marrow Adipose Tissue Accumulation by Inhibiting Adenosine 5ʹ-Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase in Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Yan Ziqi , Du Juan , Zhao Rui , Liu Xu , Xu Junji , Guo Lijia , Liu Yi 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Increased fructose consumption has been elucidated to contribute to metabolic diseases. Bone is a dynamic organ that undergoes constant remodeling. However, the effects of fructose on bone health are still in dispute. Here, we identified fructose deteriorated bone mineral density while promoting the abundance of bone marrow adipose tissue. Fructose remarkably promoted the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells’ (BMMSCs) adipogenic commitment at the expense of osteogenic commitment. Fructose boosted the glycolysis of BMMSCs and inhibited phosphorylation of adenosine 5ʹ-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which played a crucial role in bone-fat alteration. Our results suggested that fructose potentiated bone loss and marrow adipose tissue accumulation by suppressing AMPK activation in BMMSCs. Understanding fructose which affected bone metabolism was thus of primary importance in order to establish preventative measures or treatments for this condition.
Risk Factors for Hypoglycemia Among Neonates
Authors: Zhang Xiaoyan , Rehemutula Rehemayi , Jin Hongmei , Teng Yaoyao , Ma Jun , Mei Shanshan , Long Yan , Zhao Xueqin , Zeng Fangling , Huang Yaogang , Liu Fei , Gao Xiaoli , Zhu Chunyan 
Published: January 2024

Objective:
Neonatal hypoglycemia (NH) is the most frequent complication in neonates born to pregnant people with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and an important cause of brain damage and death of neonates. We explored the risk factors for NH in neonates of pregnant people with GDM.

Methods:
A prospective cohort study was conducted involving 322 pregnant people with GDM at the Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre. Maternal sociodemographic, clinical, and biochemical data, as well as general characteristics of neonates, were collected to analyze their associations with NH in neonates of pregnant people with GDM.

Results:
The incidence of NH among neonates of pregnant people with GDM was 19.57% (63/322). After adjustment for confounders, the factors significantly associated with an increased risk of NH were cesarean delivery (relative risk [RR] = 3.44; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.83-6.45), red blood cell (RBC) count (RR = 2.19; 95% CI, 1.22-3.96), and 1-hour postprandial glucose (RR = 2.35; 95% CI, 1.23-4.46) during pregnancy, whereas later gestational age (RR = 0.58; 95% CI, 0.42-0.80) and multiparity (RR = 0.32; 95% CI, 0.16-0.66) were associated with a reduced risk of NH.

Conclusion:
Cesarean delivery, maternal 1-hour glucose of the oral glucose tolerance test, and increased RBC count of pregnant people with GDM are independent risk factors for NH, while later gestational age and multiparity are protective factors.
Navigating Nutrition Inequities
Authors: Scott Monique , Qamar Zubaida 
Published: January 2024

Introduction:
The proposal to administer cuts for the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) could create deficiencies in nutrition for already food insecure, low-income Black, Indigenous, and Persons of Color (BIPOC) pregnant, postpartum women, and children. WIC is a US Department of Agriculturefunded nutritional program for women, infants, and children. The current proposal is to cut the funding by $800 million for the 2024 fiscal year, affecting 75% of its low-income recipients and predominantly BIPOC.

Methods:
Relevant websites and journal articles were analyzed to determine how the proposed cuts would create barriers within the social determinants of health that contribute to disparities in health outcomes of WIC recipients.

Results:
Many studies have demonstrated that nutrition in the first 1000 days is critical for the healthy development of newborns. Prior research suggests that maternal health outcomes for BIPOC populations are contingent upon the increased allocation of nutritional support programs such as WIC and SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program). Nutrients provided by the cash benefit voucher have been proven to contribute to participants' health outcomes, and allotment increases can benefit maternal and infant health outcomes.

Conclusion and future directions:
Neonatal nurses can help advocate for more robust policies that support the health of their patients. Future directions call for systematic changes in policies and legislation that directly affect maternal health outcomes, supportive breastfeeding policies, and applied research on solutions to improve maternal health outcomes of BIPOC populations in addition to increased awareness, education, and implementation of VeggieRx programs, investment in affordable, sustainable grassroots urban agriculture solutions.