bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Teeming with Faith
Authors: Jenkins Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The escalating charges against religious cults make it ever more difficult to arrive at a commas about their overall impact, but at least some groups have had long-term effects that are by no means as harmful as we might imagine from all the polemic about doomsday cult . Some fringe religious movements succeed in become mainstream churches or denominations, while others diffuse their ideas through the better established churches and sometimes through society at large. In either case, cults should be seen as the laboratories or proving grounds for religious innovation, out of which can come much creativity, in addition to some harm. The religious fringe has left a heritage far more substantial-and significant-than just Shaker furniture. This diverse contribution must be taken into account when weformulate responses to emerging religious movements.
Reason, Freedom, & Democracy in Islam
Authors: Sadri Mahmoud Sadri Ahmad 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years Abdolkarim Soroush has emerged as one of the leading revisionist thinkers of the Muslim world. Translated into English for the first time, this book features a critical introduction by the editors and an original interview that reveals the intellectual biography of the author. It sets forth Soroush's views on such matters as the inevitablity of change in religion, the necessity of freedom of belief, and the compatibility of Islam with democracy.
Life and Virtue The Relationship between Socioeconomic Development and Ethics
Authors: Sadri Mahmoud Sadri Ahmad 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Values are of two kinds: those for the sake of which we live (the guiding values) and those that exist for the sake of living (the serving values.) Such guiding values as goodness, justice, generosity, and courage transcend social life, nationality, and history; they are eternal. By contrast, the serving values are life’s auxiliaries: woven into the fabric of the social life and evolving with its evolution, their function is to make life easier, more desirable and pleasant. All of the rules of etiquette, pleasantries, and moral regulations belong to this category. Examples abound: sociality, affability, frugality, fairness, visiting relatives, keeping secrets, respecting the law, and so on.
Doctrine and Justification
Authors: Sadri Mahmoud Sadri Ahmad 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The New Challenges of the Philosophy of Religion Fortunately, the philosophy of religion has received some attention since the revolution and has turned into a relatively familiar subject matter. For those who are unfamiliar with the issue, let me just state that the philosophy of religion means “religiology.” It is concerned both with the inner and the outer domains of religion. Both are likely to become problematic for a philosopher of religion: on the one hand, extrareligious schools of thought project new patterns of thought and propose new insights, questions, and doubts that guide believers and thinkers in particular directions and plant new images of religion in their minds. On the other hand, every religion has its own principles and teachings that form a constellation of methodologically and epistemologically coherent and interlocking beliefs that have practical implications. Issues such as the nature of miracles, prayers, revelation, Satan, religious values, and faith are among intrareligious issues, while the questions of free will, human rights, meaningfulness ofreligions propositions, and practical verification of religion are extrareligious problems. Thus it is not surprising that the introduction of Aristotelian philosophy to the Islamic world has presented the Islamic philosophers with certain religious problems. Nor is it unusual that the twentieth-century world and its new philosophies such as existentialism and analytic philosophy have posed new problems for the philosophers of religion.
Pausanias and His Guides
Authors: C. P. Ewen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Who was Pausanias? And what was Pausanias? The first question, concerning Pausanias as a person, has become much clearer in recent years. He was from western Asia Minor, probably from Magnesia ad Sipylum. and was not a sophist from Cappadocia or a geographical writer from Damascus; he was independent and thoughtful. a reliable witness to the objects he described. and a keen connoisseur of Archaic and Classical Greek art. What he was, as a question of social taxonomy. is not so clear. The customary epithet. “the Periegete,,, conveys little more than that he is the author of the extant work called by Stephanus of Byzantium, and perhaps by Pausanias himself, Periegesis tes Heffados (Description of Greece). In recent years, he has also been classified as a “pilgrim,” and a recent addition to the Entretiens Hardt under the title Pa11sanias historien avoids the tenn “periegete” altogether.
The Peculiar Book IV and the Problem of the Messenian Past
Authors: Alcock Susan E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most remarkable, and most remarked. teature of Book IV is its imbalance. Pausanias’s accoWlt ofthe “many sutlhings of the Messenians” is followed by a description of “the cowitry and cities” he sees as he travels from Lakonia to Elis. Pausanias’s exploration here of both logoi and theoremata is obviously not unusual, but the relative emphasis is: some 80 percent of the book recounts the history of the Messenians, in particular their struggles with Sparta in the First and Second Messenian Wars, compared to 20 percent spent on actual sites and monuments. Even when he buckles down to this final section, discussions of unusual water creatures and water bodies also engage his attention.
Journeys to the Spiritual Lands
Authors: Zane Wallace W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although much has been written on the Afro-Catholic syncretic religions of Vodou, Candomble, and Santeria, the Spiritual Baptists--an Afro-Caribbean religion based on Protestant Christianity--have received little attention. This fieldwork-based study offers the first detailed examination of the Spiritual Baptists or “Converted”. The most distinguishing characteristic of their religion is the emphasis on spiritual travel on a regular basis for all believers. On these travels, all are required to do spiritual work by ecstatic means on behalf of the community. This makes Converted religion a possibly unique form of shamanism. Their cosmology is a distinct expression of Vincentian culture, neither African nor European, Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress is a sacred text for them, serving as a guidebook to the spritual realm in which they travel. They also travel in the spirit to the Biblical lands, and to the British colonial lands of Africa, India, and China. In their dream states, the Converted learn practical skills such as cooking, sewing, and reading - a phenomenon occasionally seen elsewhere among individuals but unheard of as an enculturated trait. Yet despite all of this their beliefs are strictly based on a fundamentalist Christianity in which every action is justified by the Bible. Based on 18 months among the Converted on the island of St. Vincent (where the religion arose) and among Vincentian immigrants in Brooklyn, Zane’s spellbinding account of his experiences and his lucid analysis of the Converted religion, its origins, and development make this book an outstanding contribution to the literature on African-American and African Diaspora religion, and the anthropology of religion more generally.
Introduction
Authors: Zane Wallace W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I Was A Little Nervous At My first Converted church service. I sat on the unpainted bench trying to adjust to the humid weight of the tropical air while the congregation said the opening prayers. Presently the pastor gestured to me and invited me to introduce myself to the church. As I stood, he stopped me and said, “Would one of the sisters ... ?” A song in polyphonous harmony sprang from the congregation, “All the Way from Africaland, Coming to Hear them Singing, All the Way from Africaland, Coming to Hear them Sing.” The song continued for five minutes while two older women danced with me at the front of the church. I was later told, “That is a greeting song. We don’t have one for America. So we give you that.”
Conclusion
Authors: Zane Wallace W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When I Arrived In Brooklyn IN October 1995, I had never been there before. Although I was in my own country, Vincentians became my guide in the city nicknamed “America’s Home Town.” I began my study in one of the poorest countries in the Western Hemisphere; I ended it in the capital of the world. I went to Brooklyn thinking I would find out how the religion changed in a place that is opposite to St. Vincent in so many ways. I found out that the religion had largely stayed the same. Vincentians in New York need it to stay the same. The religion represents home. The main point of this study is that Converted religion is a part of that home; it is Vincentian culture.
Here Be Dragons
Authors: Koerner David , LeVay Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is only recently that advances in chemistry, physics, and biology and in their application to space and the space sciences, have provided scientists with the tools to make accurate and well-informed predictions about the possibility of life on other planets. In this book, the authors summarize and present the scientific search for life in the universe, and the current level of scientific understanding of how life begins, grows, and becomes intelligent in our Solar System and beyond. This engaging book promises to appeal not only to the general reader but to scientists as well, many of whom strive to acquire an informed perspective on the search for extraterrestrial life in fields not their own.
Introduction
Authors: Koerner David , LeVay Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These people have little in common, except this: Each is responding in his or her own way—with denial, with fantasy, or with scientific derring-do—to a revolution in human thought. A revolution that knocked us off our throne at the hub of a wheeling universe and exiled us to a remote and humble planet, there to lament our downfall, or perhaps to plot a comeback.
Going to Extremes
Authors: Koerner David , LeVay Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It’s an early April morning, and Death Valley has never looked better. El Nino’s battering storms brought mayhem to coastal California, but as they charged inland, a succession of mountain ranges squeezed the wrath out of them, and they had nothing but nourishing showers for the sunken valley on California’s eastern border. Desert sunflower seeds, dormant for decades, have sprouted and blossomed by the million, carpeting the valley floor with a cloth of gold.
The Planet Finders
Authors: Koerner David , LeVay Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Detecting extrasolar planets is difficult, and nowhere is that difficulty better illustrated than by the “holes” in the disks of stars like Beta Pictoris and HR 4796. Matter finely spread out, as in a disk, can radiate and reflect photons on a grand scale; but bundle that same matter into planets, as may have happened in those holes, and most of the matter is hidden from view, unable to communicate its presence by optical means. The light that planets do emit is likely to be swamped by the far more intense radiation from their parent stars. How, then, can we detect planets? The efforts devoted to doing so, which have been crowned with success only within the last 10 years, say a lot about our yearning to find Earth’s peers in the galaxy.
Many Worlds
Authors: Koerner David , LeVay Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chaotic inflation? I think that’s really neat stuff!” says Ned Wright, his eyes sparkling. The ucla astronomer is a connoisseur of cosmological theories, and this one—the brainchild of Russian-born physicist Andrei Linde—he savors especially. He thinks it could explain a lot about the universe we see around us, especially the curious ways in which it seems almost tailor-made to accommodate human beings.
Sketches Of Life In Chile 1841-1861
Authors: “Jotabeche” José Joaquí Vallejo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Writing under the pseudonym “Jotabeche,” José Joaquín Vallejo wrote forty-one short articles on Chilean life and society in the early republic. Known for their caustic wit, his writings were an instant success when they were first published in Chilean magazines and newspapers. This volume presents these vivid essays for the first time in English. Vallejo made famous the style of writing termed “costumbrista”--sketches and vignettes of society and local customs. He focused on the Norte Chico, or the mining zone of Copiapó where he was born and where he lived most of his later life. His essays include vivid studies of mineworkers; the advancement of modernity in the steamships at Caldera; the religious, intensely cultural province of CopiapÓ; and the general atmosphere of liberalism beginning to pervade the country of Chile during that time. Considered the founder of his country's "genuinely national literature," he is the first creative writer of stature to emerge in Chile after the country's wars of independence. A provincial northerner, his writings give a sense of what these parts of Chile looked and felt like during the years of the early Chilean republic, and are consequently of ultimate value.
Eye of the Camera, Eye of the Victim: Iphigenia by Euripides and Cacoyannis
Authors: McDonald Marianne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Michael Cacoyannis has produced and directed three films based on plays by Euripides: Electra (1961), The Trojan Women (1971), and Iphigenia (1977).1 The last of these, after Euripides’ play Iphigenia in Aulis, is severe and forbidding, challenging its audience to struggle for an appreciation of ancient tragedy and the patterns of experience it represents rather than reducing its source to an easily understood story. Cacoyannis makes things strange to us, for instance in our comprehension of Clytemnestra. How, and to what extent, do we understand, imaginatively even become, Clytemnestra? Do we bring our own experience of war and human suffering to Cacoyannis’s version of Euripides’ artistic vision? Is this process itself reductive, so that all we are left with is one more depiction of how women and children suffer when men rattle their swords?
Tragic Features in John Ford’s The Searchers
Authors: Winkler Martin M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the chief reasons for the lasting appeal of Greek tragedy lies in its mythical nature. With their archetypal qualities, myths are the foundation of tragedy. In modern societies, too, myths have preserved much of their appeal, although today they often appear in a diluted or not readily apparent form. In American culture, the mythology of the West has given twentieth-century literature and art one of its enduring new archetypes: that of the westerner. In ways comparable to the Greek tragedians’ use of received mythology for social, political, and moral reflection on their day and age, the myths of the West have frequently been used for similar purposes. In the words of director Sam Peckinpah: “The Western is a universal frame within which it is possible to comment on today.”1
An American Tragedy: Chinatown
Authors: Gamel Mary-Kay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the late twentieth century, generic distinctions in the arts seem to have been rapidly breaking down, as old genres merge and new ones arise.1 Contemporary literary studies often dismiss genre criticism. In film, however, genre remains a widely used system of classification for producers, critics, and consumers. Every video store, for example, displays its wares as “drama,” “comedy,” “action,” and so on.2 For classical antiquity, the idea of genre is so central to the production, presentation, discussion, and evaluation of texts that a systematic discussion of genre in those texts and in film is appropriate.
Ancient Poetics and Eisenstein’s Films
Authors: Newman J K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The application of filmic principles to criticism of classical literature is now well established and includes interpretation drawn from the Soviet director Sergei M. Eisenstein.1 My essay has a different purpose: to link certain procedures of ancient narrative and the critical maxims they generate, notably in Aristotle, with specific aspects of Eisenstein’s writings. This approach is encouraged by Eisenstein’s habit of quoting widely from the most disparate sources, although his incidental acknowledgments of classical predecessors are never supported by sustained examination of ancient texts. In that respect, an essay such as this fills a gap in the great filmmaker’s own explication and defense of his artistic positions.
Expansion of Egon Brunswik’s Psychology,1955-1995
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the eulogy for his colleague Egon Brunswik, Edward Tolman, the famous psychologist at the University of California (Berkeley), noted that Brunswik had studied with Karl Buhler and “came under the influence of Moritz Schlick and the Vienna Circle of logical positivists.” (See Hammond, 19666, pp. 1-12). It was during his 1933-1934 sabbatical in Vienna that Tolman met Brunswik, found that they had much in common, and arranged for Brunswik to visit Berkeley and eventually to become a member of the Berkeley faculty in 1937. There, Brunswik developed and deepened his interests in Darwinism and functionalist psychology; that led to a Brunswikian psychology that was centered on uncertainty, fallibilism, and vicarious functioning.
Media, Millennium, Nationhood
Authors: Morgan David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There were many aspects to the complex social phenomenon of the Second Great Awakening, a period of revivals that enlisted rural and urban Americans in the cause and practices of evangelical Protestantism during the opening decades of the nineteenth century. The cause was to convert a young nation of postrevolutionary Americans and immigrants in search of a new life. The practices ranged from camp meetings, domestic devotion, mission work, Sabbath worship, and the religious instruction of children to various social and moral reform agendas embraced by the country’s broad range of conservative and liberal Protestants. The significance of two interrelated strands concerns us here, whether the discussion refers to Methodists, Baptists, Congregationalists, or Adventists. On the one hand, the revival of evangelical Protestantism meant for its participants the return to the primitive truth of Christianity as experienced in the press and duress of camp-meeting conversion or congregational renewal. On the other hand, the success of the revival, its staying power, depended on subsequent application of the new vision of purpose through the convert’s involvement in such voluntary efforts as tract distribution and the formation of sabbath societies or through the consumption of tracts, the practice of temperance or abstinence, and the attendance of church or associational meetings. The benevolent work of the voluntary organizations such as the American Bible Society (ABS), the American Sunday School Union (ASSU), and the American Tract Society (ATS) provided the activity to which converted or rededicated Christians applied their commitment.
The Visual Rhetoric of Northern Evangelicalism
Authors: Morgan David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
iewed as a single iconographical system, the images illustrating the tracts, almanacs, books, and periodicals of the ATS form a pattern of messages that circulated a distinct ideology about Protestantism and the new American republic. The argument of this chapter is that images distributed by the Tract Society articulated a more or less uniform rhetoric and propagated a national mythology that consisted of expanding boundaries emanating from an inner heartland. In the introduction to their important study of sacred space, David Chidester and Edward Linenthal have argued quite cogently that a boundary or frontier is not a line but “a zone of intercultural contact and interchange.”1 Living as a native on the border of an expansive society means living in a situation that places the heartland to one’s back and the land of others before one’s face. The mass-mediated images produced by the ATS envisioned a national ideology that configured a border advancing against aliens in order to expand the heartland. The two-border and heartland-were constructed as parts of a single cultural system, positing one another in the politics of representation. The border was coded male and consisted of the conquest of such others as Mexicans, Indians, and Catholic immigrants; whereas the heartland was female, the domestic domain of the interior that generated the nation from within. While male colporteurs and missionaries engaged ethnic and racial others on the advancing borders of the American republic, the heartland was visualized in Tract Society publications as the sphere of the nurturing mother, ensconced in her domestic space caring for children. The two iconographies were part of a single ideology and intermingled on occasion, as I will show.
Rhetoric and Poetics In Antiquity
Authors: Walker Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the leading poets and cultural icons of the 20th century, Stephen Spender was a prominent writer, literary critic, and social commentator--and close friend of some of the best-know creative talents of his day. Now, in this penetrating biography, John Sutherland paints a vivid portrait of Spender and of the glittering literary world of which he was a part, drawing on exclusive access to Spender’s private papers. This briskly paced, compelling narrative illuminates the vast range of Spender’s literary, political, and artistic interests. We follow Spender from childhood to his days at Oxford (where he first became friends with W.H. Auden, Christopher Isherwood, and Isaiah Berlin); to his meteoric rise as poet in the 1930s, while still in his twenties; to his later years as cultural statesman, at home in both Britain and America. We witness many of the century’s defining moments through Spender’s eyes: the Spanish Civil War, World War II, the Cold War, the 1960s sexual revolution, and the rise of America as a cultural force. And along the way, we are introduced to many of Spender’s accomplished friends, including Dylan Thomas, Sylvia Plath, Cecil Day-Lewis, Joseph Brodsky, Lucian Freud, George Orwell, Virginia Woolf, and T.S. Eliot. Perhaps most important, Sutherland has been granted exclusive access to Spender’s private papers by his wife Natasha Spender. Thus he is able to provide a far more intimate look at the poet’s personal life than has appeared in previous biographies. Featuring 36 unpublished photographs, Stephen Spender: A Literary Life throws light not only on this supremely gifted writer, but also on the literary and social history of the twentieth century.
Theognis’ Octopus
Authors: Walker Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Theognis, as it happens, is one of the “poets of previous generations” whom lsocrates recommends to Nicocles as offering “suggestions that are needful for living” (To Nicocles 3, 43). Here, however, we might consider these verses from Theognis and Evenus as an embodiment, on one hand, of a fundamentally rhetorical understanding of the poetic that persisted and generally prevailed from early to late antiquity and, indeed, into the early modern period. On the other hand, these verses embody not only a recognition of the cultural place of poetry as an instrument of paideia, but also an intimation of the potential for a rhetorically diminished poetics, and hence for a rhetorically limited poetic practice, which this placement has at times entailed, and not least in the century that now has run its course.