bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structure and stimulation in the ontogeny of spoken language
Authors: Locke John L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractLinguistic innateness is a fundamentally physical notion, which ultimately requires independent physical evidence. For spoken language, it is relevant to consider babbling, components of which are unaffected by ambient stimulation and are predicted by models of vocal tract function. Links between babbling and speech point to innate factors in the ontogeny of spoken language and invite attention to central control mechanisms. These neural capabilities enable oral language learning by providing children with control over an initial stock of speech‐like movements and by directing their attention to salient linguistic patterns. Dispositions to attend to some cues are so strong that little stimulation is required. In other cases, predispositions are weak, and acquisition requires correspondingly more experience. To understand the ontogeny of language, we need to learn which cases are which and to know how these interactions occur and change over the course of acquisition.
A cultural model for the acquisition of language: Implications for the innateness debate
Authors: Harkness Sara 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn contrast to other aspects of species‐specific development, language development represents both the universal thrust of biologically based capacities and the socially differentiated results of human experience in culturally structured worlds. This article presents a theoretical approach for understanding the ways that children's language development is channeled through the culturally constructed microenviroment, or “developmental niche.” The approach is illustrated with examples from research on mother‐child speech in a rural Africian community and American parents' discourse about their children's language development. The cultural model proposed here suggests a wider range of environmental input than has been acknowledged by innatist views, and proposes that there are cross‐cultural differences in the ways that language functions in representing experience to the self and communicating about it to others.
Weaning in the norway rat: Relation between suckling and milk, and suckling and independent ingestion
Authors: Thiels Edda , Alberts Jeffrey R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe examined in rat pups the relation between the decline of suckling and the emergence of independent ingestion, and the role of milk delivery conditional on nipple attachment in the maintenance of suckling. Fifteen‐day‐old litters were reared for either 5 or 10 days, and 20‐day‐old litters for 5 days by either a thelectomized (no nipples), ligated (nipples but no milk), or intact (nipples and milk) dam. Pups' food and water intakes were monitored daily, and their suckling, feeding, and drinking behaviors were videorecorded for 24 hr in the presence of their foster dam (Day 19 or 24) and for 24 hr in the presence of an intact, lactating dam (Day 20 or 25). There were no differences between treatment conditions with respect to either the onset or rate of increase of independent feeding or drinking. Pups reared by a thelectomized dam for 10 days displayed a pronounced, lasting depression of suckling. Twenty‐five‐day‐old pups reared by a ligated dam displayed suckling levels comparable to those of control pups; in the presence of the ligated dam, however, their tendency to attach to a nipple was notably reduced. The implications of the findings for our understanding of the weaning process are discussed.
Nonrandom sex composition of gerbil, mouse, and hamster litters before and after birth
Authors: Clark Mertice M. , Galef Bennett G. , vom Saal Frederick S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractExamining data describing the sex composition of 1074 Caesarean‐delivered litters of house mice, 253 Caesarean‐delivered and 265 vaginally delivered litters of Mongolian gerbils, and 854 vaginally delivered littes of golden hamsters, we determined whether segregation of sexes between uterine horns and correlations between litter size and litter sex ratio were present in each of the three rodent species studied. Although significant deviations from expected distributions of male and female fetuses were found, these deviations from chance were not the same in any two of the three species examined. Analyses also indicated that the correlation between litter size and litter sex ratio that Huck, Seger, and Lisk (1990) found in vaginally delivered infant hamsters is present in vaginally delivered infant Mongolian gerbils, but not in their Caesarean‐delivered colony mates. In gerbils, and perhaps hamsters as well, the correlation between litter size and litter sex ratio appears to be a result of sex‐biased perinatal mortality correlated with litter size rather than of sex‐biased conception correlated with litter size.
Associative processes in differentially reared rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta): Blocking
Authors: Beauchamp Alan J. , Gluck John P. , Fouty H. Edward , Lewis Mark H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractNine isolate and 6 socially reared adult rhesus monkeys were examined in a standard blocking procedure. A tone was paired with a startle stimulus (US) during Phase 1. A tone‐light compound CS was paired with a US during Phase 2. In Phase 3, the light was presented alone to test for blocking. Results showed that learning about the light was blocked in social controls, but not in isolates. These data suggest isolates processed information atypically, in that they developed an association to a redundant cue. A second group of isolates (n=3) underwent the identical procedures. However, conditioned reactions to the tone were extinguished before testing. Test responding was significantly reduced in this group, that is, blocking was obtained. These data suggest the within‐compound association developed during Phase 2 mediated the isolate blocking deficit. Together, these findings imply long‐term intellectual consequences of early social impoverishment. Such deficits may be mediated by alterations in central dopamine systems.
Ontogeny of preference and aversion to salt in Fischer 344 rats and syrian hamsters
Authors: Rowland Neil E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFischer 344 (F344) rats and Syrian hamsters, unlike rats of the Sprague‐Dawley or Wistar strains, exhibit an aversion to dilute NaCl solutions as adults. In the present studies, using the anterior intraoral infusion method, it is shown that both F344 rats and hamsters accept more dilute NaCl than either water or concentrated NaCl (i.e., show a “single bottle” preference/aversion function identical to Sprague‐Dawley rats) at both 6 and 18 days of age. At 18 days of age, they also show a preference for dilute NaCl over water in a simultaneous choice paradigm. In contrast, only 1‐3 days later when these animals are weaned, they strongly reject NaCl solutions from sipper tubes in favor of water. It is unlikely that an abrupt discontinuity in neurosensory development can fully explain this dramatic reversal in salt acceptance.
Prenatal stress effects on exploratory activity and stress‐induced analgesia in rats
Authors: Szuran T. , Zimmerman E. , Pliska V. , Pfister H. P. , Welzl H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPregnant rats were exposed three times daily to immobilization stress during gestational Days 15–19. The behavior of their offspring was compared with the behavior of offspring from unstressed control mothers. Although the stress procedure decreased the weight gain of mothers during pregnancy, it slightly but significantly increased the weight of their offspring at birth and at weaning. On postnatal Day 10, prenatally stressed pups returned to their home cage more quickly than did prenatally unstressed control pups during a nest odor discrimination task, but no differences between groups in the number of correct responses were found. On postnatal Days 70–72, prenatally stressed offspring showed increased exploratory activity in a complex tunnel maze compared with control offspring. On postnatal Day 80, analgesia induced by stress (swimming for 3 min in cold water) was determined (tail flick latency). The degree of stress‐induced analgesia was smaller in prenatally stressed rats than in control rats. These data suggest that the effects of prenatal stress on behavior are most clearly discernable when such animals are confronted with a novel or stressful situation.
Acute prenatal experience with alcohol in the amniotic fluid: Interactions with aversive and appetitive alcohol orosensory learning in the rat pup
Authors: Chotro María Gabriela , Córdoba Nancy E. , Molina Juan Carlos 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPrenatal alcohol acute contamination of the amniotic fluid and different postnatal manipulations with this drug alter subsequent responsiveness to EtOH's chemosensory cues. In this study, the interaction between prenatal and postnatal alcohol‐related experiences was examined. Alcohol administered in the amniotic fluid during gestational Day 21 potentiated subsequent alcohol‐odor conditioned preferences resulting from postnatal pairings between the odor and sucrose intraoral infusions. No interaction was attained when examining the impact of the in utero experience with postnatal aversive conditioning defined by alcohol odor‐citric acid pairings (Exps. la & lb). In Exp. 2, infantile alcohol aversions derived from a state of acute ethanol intoxication were inhibited by prior alcohol experience in utero. Examination of alcohol levels in fetal trunk blood and the amniotic fluid suggests that the antenatal experience is related to the chemosensory perception of the drug rather than its intoxicating properties (Exp. 3). These results strongly suggest that the alcohol‐related memory generated proximal to birth can modulate subsequent learning with the drug.
Genetic and maternal influences in rat models of spontaneous and salt‐induced hypertension
Authors: Adams Nelson , Blizard David A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractGenetic and maternal influences on hypertension were studied by comparing the SHR and SS/Jr inbred rat strains and their reciprocal F1 hybrids under identical conditions. When raised on a low salt (LS) diet (0.3% NaCl), SHR rats had higher systolic blood pressure (SBP) than SS/Jr rats by 9 weeks of age. Direct recordings from freely moving rats at 18–24 weeks confirmed this difference. Placement on a high salt (HS) diet (8% NaCl) at 5 weeks of age significantly increased SBP within 3 weeks in all groups, although the degree of increment was significantly smaller in SHR females. Inbred strains had higher SBP than their F1 hybrids when measured indirectly and directly from arterial cannulae. After exposure to HS diet, F1 females reared by SHR dams exhibited larger increments in SBP, greater weight loss, and greater debilitation and associated mortality than F1 females reared by SS/Jr dams. Differences between inbred strains and F1s maintained on LS diet were consistent with dominance for low BP, and differential genetic control of hypertension in each inbred strain. F1 differences demonstrated that maternal factors affected body weight in weanlings, pressor response to HS diet, and associated debilitation.
Allomaternal vocal behavior in squirrel monkeys
Authors: Biben Maxeen 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThree groups of squirrel monkeys, containing 1–3 infants (N = 7) and 4 adult females each, were observed weekly for the first 12 weeks of the infants' lives. Infants received approximately 100 vocalizations, mostly “caregiver” calls, per waking hour from their mothers and the other adult females with whom they were housed (allomothers). Mothers vocalized very little to their own infants during the first few weeks of life, when infants remain on the mother's back full‐time. Instead, allomothers (who were often carrying their own dependent infants) vocalized copiously to others' very young infants. Infants responded vocally to these allomaternal caregiver calls as early as Day 1 but were less responsive to mothers. When infants began leaving the mothers' backs, mothers' rates of calling increased five‐fold as they used caregiver calls to retrieve separated infants. Early vocalizing to infants involves them in their first social exchanges and is probably performed by allomothers rather than mothers because the infant rides dorsally in this genus. © 1992 Wiley & sons. Inc.
The energetic costs of rough‐and‐tumble play in the juvenile rat
Authors: Siviy Stephen M. , Atrens Dale M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe metabolic costs of rough‐and‐tumble play behavior were studied in juvenile rats. Using indirect calorimetry, it was determined that enrgy expenditure during play is increased by 66–104% over the resting metabolic rate, indicating that play accounts for between 2% and 3% of the total daily energy budget of the rat. In a subsequent experiment, food intake and body weight were monitored for 3 weeks in rats allowed to play for 1 hr/day and in rats not allowed to play. While the body weights of the two groups did not differ significantly from each other, those rats allowed to play ate 7% more over the 3‐week period than did those rats not given an opportunity to play. These data are consistent with previous reports describing the energetic costs of mammalian play, with play accounting for less than 10% of the daily energy budget in three species tested so far. These data are also consistent with viewing play as a type of excercise and lead to a better understanding of putative benefits of this behavior. © 1992 Wiley & sons. Inc.
Variation in maternal care and individual differences in play, exploration, and grooming of juvenile Norway rat offspring
Authors: Moore Celia L. , Power Karen L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIndividual differences in two different forms of maternal licking, time in nest and nursing, were measured during the first 2 weeks after birth. Two treatments were imposed to reduce maternal anogenital licking (AGL): peripheral zinc sulfate to interfere with reception of pup chemosignals, and dietary saline to reduce appetite for pup urine. Both treatments reduced AGL but did not affect other maternal licking. Zinc sulfate was more effective than saline during the first week, but was somewhat less selective as it also increased time in nest. Selected behavioral patterns were measured in male and female juveniles and related by multiple regression to the behavior of their mothers. Independent of the method of manipulation, maternal AGL was a significant predictor of play and open‐field defecation males and of some forms of activity in the open field in both sexes. The relationships between other maternal variables and juvenile behavior were more modest. These data demonstrate that intervening in the sensory regulation of maternal behavior can produce predictable changes in stimulation provided by the dam, thereby providing a useful means for investigating the effects of protracted differences in early stimulation in otherwise normal developmental contexts. © 1992 Wiley & sons. Inc.
First time experiences in infancy: When they appear to be pleasant, Do they activate the adrenocortical stress response?
Authors: Hertsgaard Louise , Gunnar Megan , Larson Mary , Brodersen Laurie , Lehman Heather 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe effect of a positive first‐time experience on adrenocortical activity was examined in 48 6‐ to 13‐month‐old infants who took part in two sessions of a YMCA‐like mother–infant swim class. Experience was manipulated by comparing Novice swimmers with infants who previously had taken a swim class, and by examining responses to first versus second class session. In addition, the effects of temperamental fear of novelty were examined by maternal report prior to the first session. Preswim and Postswim cortisol levels were compared to measures obtained at the same time of day in two comparison groups, one tested at home and one tested in a playroom at the University. The results yielded no evidence of an adrenocortical stress response (elevated cortisol) to the swim sessions for either the Novice or Experienced swimmers. Infant temperamental fearfulness predicted behavioral but not adrenocortical responses during swimming. Postswim cortisol levels were significantly lower than posttest levels in the two baseline comparison groups, and lower postswim cortisol levels were associated with less negative and more positive emotional behavior and engagement of the swimming experience. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that emotions serve as a major pathway influencing adrenocortical activity, and provide no support for the uncertainty hypothesis of adrenocortical activation © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Development of open‐field and social behavior of the paradise fish (Macropodus opercularisL.)
Authors: Miklósi Adam , Topál J. , Csányi V. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn a series of experiments, we examined the development of some characteristic behavior elements in the paradise fish. It was shown that the behavior in the open field was dependent on the age of the fish. The attraction of fries of paradise fish toward conspecifics undergo some changes between 12 and 25 days of age: Larger groups become more attractive. Social orientation toward individual conspecifics develops by 24 days of age.
Operant and pavlovian contributions to the ontogeny of pecking in ring doves
Authors: Balsam Peter D. , Graf Joan Stephenson , Silver Rae 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis series of experiments analyzes the role of learning in the development of pecking in ring dove squab. Experiment 1 showed that there is a high probability that parents will feed squab after a period of separation (Experiment 1). Such feedings may have been essential for producing the previous observation (Graf, Balsam, & Silver, 1985) that pecking develops normally if squab which have been separated from their parents are given a daily 20‐min interaction with seed followed by an immediate return to their parents. Experiment 2 showed that exposure to seed followed by experimenter‐provided feedings were sufficient for inducing adult pecking levels. Experiment 3 showed that general experience with conspecifics was not necessary for the development of pecking and that maturation alone could not account for the pecking observed in previous experiments. Experiment 4 showed that Pavlovian contingencies consisting of visual exposure to seed followed by feeding was sufficient to induce high levels of pecking. There did not appear to be an additional contribution of an operant contingency present when squab were allowed to both see and peck at seed prior to feedings in Experiment 5. However, squab must actually be given experience in handling and ingesting seeds before adult levels of pecking can be obtained. These results are discussed in terms of the developmental pathways whereby experience leads to adult behavior. © 1992 Wiley & sons. Inc.
Ultrasonic vocalization by rat pups during recovery from deep hypothermia
Authors: Hofer Myron A. , Shair Harry N. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractVocalization in the ultrasonic range (USV) has been reported to occur in young rodents in response to isolation, novelty, handling, and cold. Heretofore these calls have been known to occur only in alert, attentive, or emotionally aroused animals. These studies describe the emission of USV by comatose 9‐ to 10‐day‐old rat pups during recovery from deep hypothermia. Calling began at 15–18°C core temperature while pups were virtually unresponsive to stimulation. Experimental results describe the patterns of call production in relation to respiration, cardiac function, colonic temperature, and brown adipose tissue thermogenesis. These vocalizations were 32–42 kHz in frequency, reached peak rates of 50/min at 23°C, and were eliminated by laryngeal denervation, thus resembling isolation‐induced vocalizations. However, contact with their dams failed to reduce call rates until pups had warmed above 25°C. Newborn and weanling pups also emitted USV in deep hypothermia, but no USV were observed in pups recovering from general anesthesia. The possible functions and evolution of this behavior are discussed. © 1992 Wiley & sons. Inc.
Long‐evans and sprague‐dawley rats differ in their spatial navigation performance during ontogeny and at maturity
Authors: Tonkiss John , Shultz Penny , Galler Janina R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe Morris maze has become a popular method for the assessment of spatial navigation. However, its use to study the development of spatial abilities has been limited to pigmented rats. Thus, the aim of the present study was to compare albino Sprague‐Dawley and pigmented Long‐Evans rats using this test during postnatal Days 20 through 27, and Day 90. It was found that Long‐Evans rats showed significantly shorter escape latencies and swim distances than the Sprague‐Dawley rats on Days 20–25 but not on Days 26–27. However, when tested at Day 90, the Long‐Evans rats again showed more rapid location of the escape platform and shorter swim distances than the Sprague‐Dawley rats. Probe trial analysis (platform removed) indicated that Long‐Evans rats were generally more accurate in their localization of the former platform location than Sprague‐Dawley rats. In a second experiment in which 21‐day‐old rats of both strains were tested in a proximal‐cue version of the maze, the question of whether this performance difference might have related to visuo‐perceptual differences was considered. Since no dissimilarity in performance was observed, a spatial‐learning difference between the two strains would seem best able to explain the preceding data. © 1992 Wiley & sons. Inc.
Androgen mediated effects of male fetuses on the behavior of dams late in pregnancy
Authors: Clark Mertice M. , Crews David , Galef Bennett G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTwo correlational studies were undertaken to expolre the relationship between the sex ratio of the pups that a female Mongolian gerbil gestated and her behavior, morphology, and hormone levels late in pregnancy. In the first study, we found that the change in sex ratio between the first and second litters that a female gerbil delivered and the change in her frequency of scent marking late in her first and second pregnancies were significantly correlated. In the second study, we found significant positive correlations between both the percentage and the number of males in the litter a female delivered and (1) her plasma testosterone levels, (2) the size of her ventral gland, and (3) her frequency of scent marking, all measured late in pregnancy. Our data were entirely consistent with the hypothesis that fetal males excrete biologically significant quantities of testosterone into their dam's bloodstream and that this testosterone masculinizes both the behavior and morphology of dams late in pregnancy. © 1993 Johan Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effects of dopamine and kappa opioid receptors on fetal responsiveness to perioral stimuli
Authors: Robinson Scott R. , Moody Carole A. , Spear Linda P. , Smotherman William P. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractOpioid ligands or drugs that act on dopaminergic pathways effect changes in the motor behavior of near‐term rat fetuses. In this study, selective manipulation of kappa opioid and D1 DA receptors was used to investigate opioid and dopamine involvement in mediating the behavioral effects of milk infusion. Milk reduced expression of the fetal facial wiping response to a tactile probe, and this effect was blocked by the kappa antagonist nor‐binaltorphimine as well as the D1 antagonist SCH‐23390. Administration of either the kappa agonist U50,488 or the D1 agonist SKF‐38393 mimicked the effects of milk and reduced fetal responsiveness to the probe in the absence of milk infusion. Administration of nor‐binaltorphimine reversed the effects of SKF‐38393 and resulted in a high incidence of the wiping response. However, administration of SCH‐23390 did not reverse the low incidence of facial wiping induced by U50,488. These findings suggest that milk modulates activity at dopamine receptors, which in turn promotes activity at kappa receptors of the opioid system to bring about changes in cutaneous responsiveness in the fetal rat. © 1993 Johan Wiley & Sons, Inc.