bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Applications and significance of the topic
Authors: Malinowski Grzegorz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Projections of the expected applications always constituted a distinguished motivation for many-valued logical constructions. At first, these conceptions, as with Lukasiewicz, were a philosophical revolution, but there were also much restricted ones, as with Kleene or Post. And, it is not at all easy to answer the question of whether and to what extent the expectations of the authors of several many-valued logical systems actually came to fruition. Independently of that, however, some concrete, worthy applications of many-valued logics and algebras can be indicated; for example, the use of logical matrices to demonstrate the independence of axioms, to formalize (some) intensional functions or the application of Moisil’s and Post’s algebras in electrical network theory. A little look at those uses, at the very least, gives a view of the significance of the topic. Just for this purpose we will present some examples of the applications of many-valued matrices and algebras to philosophical logic and to such practical areas as switching theory and computer science.
Church-Rosser λ-theories, Infinite λ-terms and Consistency Problems
Authors: Berarducci Alessandro , Intrigila Benedetto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We treat a general technique to obtain Church-Rosser extensions of the λβ-calculus, based on the notion of “confining class” and on an infinitary version of λ-calculus. We apply the technique to find a large class of terms which can be consistently equated to every other term, and we also show that many equations between λ-terms can be consistently added to the the λβ--calculus.
Baire Category for Monotone Sets
Authors: Blass Andreas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We study Baire category for downward-closed subsets of 2w, showing that it behaves better in this context than for general subsets of 2w. We show that, in the downward-closed context, the ideal of meager sets is prime and &-complete, while the complementary filter is g-complete. We also discuss other cardinal characteristics of this ideal and this filter, and we show that analogous results for measure in place of category are not provable in ZFC.
Atomic Lineshapes
Authors: Molisch Andreas F , Oehry Bernhard P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is already evident from the basic physical picture developed in Chapter l that mainly two parameters determine radiation trapping: the strength of the absorption and the spectral shape of the absorption. The strength of the absorption is characterized by the opacity of the atomic vapour, which is proportional to the absorption cross-section of the atoms and to the density of atoms. Hence, before we enter the mathematics of the trapping problem, we first have to determine the absorption cross-section and lineshape. We will not go into details (these are beyond the scope of this book), but only review the facts needed to approach our problem. In addition, there is another motivation for this chapter. It is not only nice but absolutely necessary to have all required formulas compiled in one consistent notation. One has to take really great care not to become completely lost by widely differing notation in the literature—the cgs-system and esu-units versus the SI-system, frequency versus angular frequency, atomic constants referenced to photon density, to energy density or to light intensity, the ubiquitous factor of two for polarization, and the like.
Fitting Equations and Physical Interpretation
Authors: Molisch Andreas F , Oehry Bernhard P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous two chapters, we have investigated various methods to solve the Holstein equation. While we have derived closed-form solutions for the high-opacity case, a general solution is possible only by the numerical methods described. The results obtained for the trapping factors and modes can be fitted by some simple expressions, which we will describe in this chapter. We will also give graphical representations of the results, and compare results obtained by the various methods of Chapters 5 and 6. Finally, we will discuss the physical interpretation of the solutions to the Holstein equation.
Non-Linear radiation trapping
Authors: Molisch Andreas F , Oehry Bernhard P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we will drop the assumption of linearity that we have kept up till now. Previously, we have always assumed that the excitation of the vapour was weak, so that the radiation had no influence on the absorption coefficient This assumption had drastically simplified the mathematics of the trapping problem. More importantly, the assumption is fulfilled very well in many practical cases. The mathematical simplifications stem from the fact that for weak excitation, the describing equations became linear. This in turn allowed the use of the very efficient mathematical techniques for solving linear problems, most of which are based on the eigenmodes. Until about ten to twenty years ago, there had been practically no laboratory problems where non linearities played a role. The advent of the laser has, however, changed that situation with a vengeance.
Discharge lamps and plasmas
Authors: Molisch Andreas F , Oehry Bernhard P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Electric discharge lamps are undoubtedly the economically most important devices where radiation trapping occurs (Waymouth 1986). Mercury discharge lamps in the form of fluorescence tubes are the most widespread source of lighting in the world, and also sodium lamps are ubiquitous. Due to this widespread use, even small improvements in lamp efficiency have tremendous effects on world-wide energy consumption. Rough estimates show that if the efficiency of discharge lamps could be increased by only 1%, this would lead to savings of 109 kWh per year! This is in strong contrast to other trapping-related applications, like e.g. atomic line filters, where I% more or less efficiency does not play a really vital role in the course of the universe.
High-Resolution k-Space Imaging
Authors: Callaghan Paul T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The oscillating e.m.f. induced in a receiver coil by precessing magnetization is superposed on the noise e.m.f. arising from random thermal motion of electrons in the receiver coil wire and the comparative size of the signal and noise e.m.f.s is known as the signal-to-noise ratio (or just plain signal- to-noise). As we have seen in Chapter 2, this ratio may be improved by co-adding signals from successive experiments, a technique known as signal averaging. However, the repetition rate is limited by the time required for spin relaxation.
The Harmonic Oscillator
Authors: De Lange O L , Raab R E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In both classical and quantum physics the harmonic oscillator is one of the most important physical systems [1–4]. Furthermore, because of the simplicity and symmetry of the Hamiltonian operator, the quantum mechanical oscillator is particularly suited to analysis by abstract operator methods. For this reason the study of the one dimensional oscillator is a useful introduction to the application of operator methods in quantum mechanics. In Sections 2.1–2.4 we use these methods to determine energy eigenvalues and eigenkets, and matrix elements; the analysis is extended to isotropic multidimensional oscillators in Section 2.10. Quasiclassical states of the oscillator are discussed in Section 2.5. In Section 2.6 shift operators are used to calculate wave functions. In Sections 2.7–2.11 we discuss some applications of the theory of the oscillator.
Other One-dimensional Systems
Authors: De Lange O L , Raab R E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We discuss the application of operator methods to one-dimensional systems other than the harmonic oscillator. In Section 3.1 the method of ‘oneway factorization’ is used to obtain generalized quantum harmonic potentials. In Section 3.2 factorization and shift operators for an arbitrary one-dimensional potential are considered, and a classification is presented of the problems that can be treated by this method [1]. The use of the hypervirial theorem in the calculation of expectation values for one-dimensional systems is discussed in Section 3.3. In Sections 3.4–3.7 four examples are used to illustrate the applications of the preceding material. In these examples we consider in some detail how shift operators for energy can be derived and we also use these shift operators to calculate wavefunctions. Supersymmetric quantum mechanics and shape invariance are discussed in Sections 3.8 and 3.9.
Applications
Authors: De Lange O L , Raab R E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We consider some applications of results obtained in the previous chapter. In Sections 6.1–6.3 operator methods are used to calculate matrix elements for the three-dimensional isotropic harmonic oscillator and the Coulomb potential. The shift operators also provide a simple method of constructing normalized coordinate space wavefunctions and some examples are given in Section 6.4. In Sections 6.5–6.8 we discuss applications to constant and sectionally constant potentials.
The chaos of disease response and competition
Authors: Holton David , May Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Leon Glass and Michael Mackey at McGill University in Montreal were among the first to explore the possibility that many medical problems may have their roots in some underlying dynamical effect: the so-called dynamical diseases. Mathematical models suggest that, when physiological parameters (such as CO2 transport rates in the blood stream) are changed, processes that normally are rhythmical may be replaced by erratic or chaotic fluctuations. For instance, in some blood diseases the numbers of blood cells show large oscillations that are not normally present. Glass and Mackey demonstrated that simple, but realistic, mathematical models for controlling blood cell production display similar periodic and chaotic oscillations as a particular parameter is varied. The changes in the parameters have themselves a physiological interpretation. Clifford Gurney of the University of Chicago has performed successful experiments, based on Mackey and Glass’s models, which produce oscillations in the numbers of blood cells.
The quantum mechanics of chaotic systems or ‘Can one hear the chaology of a drum?’
Authors: Keating Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter has two titles. The first one is ‘The quantum mechanics of chaotic systems’, and this is indeed the general subject to be discussed. However, we mainly intend to focus on one particular aspect of what is becoming a very broad subject. This concerns the question raised in the subtitle, which is, with obvious influence from Kac (1), ‘Can one hear the chaology of a drum?’ Our aims are: first to explain what is meant by this question, second to give what appears to be an answer, and finally to describe how we are beginning to develop theories which explain to what extent this answer is, in fact, correct. On the way we shall also describe several interesting connections which have emerged between this relatively young area of physics and one of the longest-running pursuits of pure mathematics—the distribution of the prime numbers (2).
Introduction
Authors: Ghosh Pradip K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1936 in Eindhoven, Francis Michel Penning added an axial magnetic field to an electric discharge in order to increase the path length of discharge electrons; this contraption later found a range of applications in applied physics. In 1953 in Bonn, Wolfgang Paul invented the non-magnetic quadrupole mass filter, which revolutionized mass spectrometry. Both these innovations, in retrospect, were the seeds of the latter-day ion traps, yet these pioneers could scarcely have anticipated the subsequent import of their innovation. Perhaps this is not so surprising; the path along which science progresses is uncertain; even recently, several decades after Penning in 1936 or Paul in 1953, an elite group of physicists failed* to predict that the ion trap† would occupy part of the central stage in fundamental atomic physics experiments throughout the 1980s.
Paul Trap Confinement
Authors: Ghosh Pradip K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In order to understand the operation of the Paul trap, it is convenient to start by considering the ion motion in a two-dimensional quadrupole field, examine its implications, and then extend the consideration to a threedimensional quadrupole field which is the basic configuration for the Paul trap. The two-dimensional quadrupole field is basic to the quadrupole mass spectrometer which, since its invention2153 in the mid-1950’s by Paul and his associates, has had such extensive applications that it has practically revolutionized mass spectrometry.
Biogeography
Authors: Kimsey Lynn S , Bohart Richard M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fossil history of the Chrysididae is scant. The only specimens are from upper Cretaceous and lower Tertiary shale and amber, and belong to the Cleptinae, Amiseginae, and Chrysidinae (Elampini) (Table 2). The oldest of these are cleptines. Despite the paucity of fossil information, the data we have supports observations on the biogeography of chrysidids based on extant forms (Table 3), and allows certain generalizations and speculations to be made.
Subfamily Cleptinae
Authors: Kimsey Lynn S , Bohart Richard M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cleptines are generally medium-sized (usually 4–6 mm long) chrysidids. They can be immediately recognized by the convex face, robust mandibles with two or more teeth, and pronotum medially narrowed with a transverse sulcus. The abdomen has a convex venter and five visible segments in males, four in females. These wasps are generally rare but may be locally abundant due to outbreaks of their hosts. They are parasitic on the prepupal larvae of tenthredinid sawflies.
MHC polymorphisms and the conservation of endangered species
Authors: Schreiber Arnd , Tichy Herbert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Southern blot analysis using cloned sequences from the major histocompatibility genes of the human and the chimpanzee revealed extensive MHC polymorphisms in several mammals of conservation interest. Hybridization patterns were obtained with class I and class II probes in all 27 ungulate and primate species tested. Despite their high variability, a partial conservation of MHC restriction fragment patterns suggests a trans-specific mode of evolution of this polymorphism in ruminants, which might permit the differentiation of taxa that are little differentiated at isozyme level and the detection of cases of genetic introgression. The main value of MHC typing rests with the provision of identifying markers in populations that have lost most isozyme variation, or in species containing little molecular variability. The documented over dominance of the MHC polymorphism may be relevant for species conservation concepts if several current uncertainties about the role of MHC variation in stimulating the immune response can be resolved.
Genetic management strategies for endangered captive populations: the role of genetic and reproductive technology
Authors: Ballou Jonathan d. , Cooper kathleen a. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fundamental contribution of captive propagation to species conservation is to use captive populations to re-establish and/or reinforce, not replace, wild populations. Captive propagation programmes focus on maintaining demographically stable and co-operatively managed populations of sufficient size to minimize the risks of extinction and maximize the retention of the population’s genetic diversity. Genetic and reproductive technology can play an important role in achieving these objectives.
Community ecology and the interactions between bats and other organisms
Authors: Altringham John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Patterns in the global distribution of animals and plants have been recognised for a long time, and research aimed at explaining these patterns has been fascinating and rewarding. Until recently, bats had rarely been studied in this context, but Findley’s recent review (l 993) may act as a stimulus to research. What patterns do we see in the distribution of bats? The most obvious pattern is the decrease in species richness with increasing latitude, clearly seen in Fig. 7.1a which shows the decrease in the number of species in 500 x 500 km quadrats at each latitude in the New World (Willig and Selcer, 1989). The pattern is also obvious for the whole world in Fig. 7.1b (Findley, 1993) and Fig. 1.11. This increase in species richness with proximity to the equator is common to much of our flora and fauna. The simple explanation rests on the increase in primary biological productivity as light intensity, temperature, and growing season increase. The increased productivity leads to an increased range of resources, and this supports more species.
Eucalyptus camaldulensis
Authors: Eldridge Ken , Davidson John , Harwood Chris , Wyk Gerrit Van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most widely distributed of all the eucalypts, E. camaldulensis (river red gum) is also one of the most variable. Its range of latitude is from 12° 48'S on the Mary River in the Northern Territory to 38° 15'S in south-western Victoria (Fig. 6.1, Table 6.1 ). In the hot, dry inland it is confined to watercourses where the trees rely on ground water stored from infrequent flooding (Fig. 6.2). In some less arid areas E. camaldulensis occurs away from its typical riverine habitat on plains and hill slopes. It can be found on the margins of salt lakes and on a variety of soil types. Soils are typically alluvial silts and sands. Except for a few populations in South Australia and Western Australia that occur on shallow soils over limestone, the species is not adapted to calcareous soils.
Eucalyptus nitens
Authors: Eldridge Ken , Davidson John , Harwood Chris , Wyk Gerrit Van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This fast-growing and relatively uncommon species of the higher parts of the mountains of south-ea tern Australia is remarkable for extreme provenance variations over a limited environmental range. Its disjunct distribution is in a large number of small populations from 38°S in central and eastern Victoria to 30°S in northern New South Wales (Fig. 12.1). The range of altitude of E. nitens is 670 to 1280 m in Victoria in the two main regions of occurrence, and up to almost 1600 m in northern New South Wales where the species is found near Ebor and Barrington Tops. In southern New South Wales there are three small stands along the Great Dividing Range. The largest single stand is on the Errinundra Plateau in eastern Victoria close to the New South Wales border. The largest total area of the species is the sum of many small stands in three areas in the eastern part of the Central Highlands of Victoria, designated by Pederick (1979) as the Toorongo, Rubicon, and Macalister provenances (Fig. 12.2, Table 12.1).
Looking ahead
Authors: Eldridge Ken , Davidson John , Harwood Chris , Wyk Gerrit Van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Continued expansion of the planting of fast-growing eucalypts seems inevitable because of their ability to help meet the world-wide demand for wood. Equally inevitable are disputes about the suitability of eucalypts for particular areas, and their banning in some places, in spite of improvements in land-use planning. What is the place of eucalypt breeding in these moral and political dilemmas? There seems no point in inhibiting eucalypt breeding activities because some, or even many, plantations have been badly sited. Eucalypt breeding can be justified by its contribution to greater production in quantity and value in well-planned plantations. One aspect, agroforestry, deserves much more attention than it has received in the past. We agree with White (1990) that the concept of co-existence of food and wood production as part of ecologically sustainable agriculture should be included in eucalypt breeding objectives and the policy for genetic research on eucalypts. Eucalypt plantations are not only grown as extensive industrial monocultures. Small woodlots and windbreaks produce a large proportion of the world’s eucalypt harvest, and, increasingly, eucalypts are grown with compatible intercrops.
Survey and monitoring of aquatic weed problems and control operations
Authors: Murphy K J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Proper understanding of the scale and distribution of an aquatic weed infestation is an obvious prerequisite to effective management of the problem. Information on how long the problem has lasted, or how weed distribution changes with time may also be vital in developing an effective control regime. All too often, however, surveys are inadequately carried out. There is a tendency to attempt weed control on the basis of insufficient survey data. This may, in turn, contribute directly to the lack of success of many control programmes (Mitchell 1979a, b). On a worldwide basis, data on the scale and distribution of aquatic weed problems are highly variable, largely due to the relatively low priority given to weed survey, in comparison with active weed control measures. To a great extent this situation has arisen because of the difficulties and costs of effective surveying of aquatic weed problems, in general, but particularly so for submerged weeds. Recent advances in the fields of information technology and survey methodology hold out the prospect of major improvements in our overall understanding of aquatic weed distribution.
Introduction
Authors: Gregory M , Cutler D F , Keating Richard C , Keating Richard C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Araceae occupy a relatively isolated position among flowering plants due to their possession of a number of distinguishing vegetative and reproductive characters (MBB). Within the family a number of distinctive character states occur, especially in the larger or more basal genera, but few are diagnostic in themselves. It remains best to combine as many characters as possible when making determinations. Particularly in the more derived genera, anatomical characters are diminished in variety and must be combined with other morphological and reproductive characters for this purpose.
Study species and study area
Authors: Davies N B , Quinn David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Old English, ‘dun’ means dull brown and ‘ock’ signifies little. True to its name, the dunnock is the archetypal little brown bird. Although sparrow-sized and commonly called the hedge sparrow, it has a thin bill and is not a true sparrow, but rather one of 13 species of accentors of the family Prunellidae (Table 2.1), mostly montane birds which occur throughout the Palearctic. It would be most logical to change the common name of Prunella modularis to ‘hedge accentor’ but I shall use the more familiar ‘dunnock’, the name used in previous publications and in the most recent handbook (Cramp 1988).
Owl monkey (night monkey or douroucouli)
Authors: Kirkwood James K , Stathatos Katherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The geographical range of the owl monkey extends from northern Argentina, through the countries of central South America: Venezuela, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Peru, Equador, and Colombia to Panama (Wolfheim 1983). It is a nocturnal primate which inhabits many types of forest (Wolfheim 1983; Wright 1981; Meritt 1980). There are some morphological differences between races from various parts of the range, but the owl monkey is considered to be one species. However, karyotyping has revealed wide variation in the composition of the chromosomes from individuals from different geographical areas (Ma et al. 1976). Offspring resulting from mating between individuals of different karyomorphs are likely to be infertile (de Boer 1982).