bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fungal Biotrophic Parasites of Insects and Other Arthropods
Authors: Weir Alex , Blackwell Meredith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Necrotrophic fungal parasites proliferate on the dead cells and tissues of the hosts they kill, a trait that suggests great potential for biological control. By comparison, biotrophic parasites require living hosts, and the most successful among them do not kill their hosts outright (Benjamin et al. 2004). For this reason there has been less interest in these rather obscure fungal parasites of insects and arthropods, including certain mites and millipedes. Biotrophic fungi seldom cause disease symptoms, and, moreover, they are so small that mycologists and entomologists rarely notice them. There has, however, been practical interest in some of these fungi because with increasing use of coccinellids in biological control, the beetles sometimes are discovered to be infected with biotrophic parasites. For this reason their distribution may be prohibited (Blackwell and Weir, unpublished obs.).
Reciprocal Illumination A Comparison of Agriculture in Humans and in Fungus-growing Ants
Authors: Schultz Ted R , Mueller Ulrich G , Currie Cameron R , Rehner Stephen A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fungus-growing ants of the tribe Attini (subfamily Myrmicinae) rely on the cultivation of fungi for food. The cultivated fungi are the sole source of nutrition for the larvae and the principal source of nutrition for the adults. All of the approximately 210 described attine ant species occur exclusively in the New World. Because the Attini are monophyletic and because no other ants are known to cultivate fungi, fungiculture is thought to have arisen a single time in ants. Attine ant fungi­ culture is perhaps the most unusual example of the more general phenomenon of ant agriculture, which has originated many times. Diverse ant species and clades cultivate mutualistic plants by removing weeds, eliminating pests, planting seeds, and providing soil and manure; other ant species herd, protect, and even breed mutualistic aphids and other homopterans (Holldobler and Wilson 1990; Schultz andMcGlynn 2000). No doubt many general ecological patterns and principles could be elucidated by comparing the full range of ant and human agriculture. This chap­ ter provides the first step in such an exercise by focusing on the much more limited comparison of the agricultural systems of fungus-growing ants and humans.
Ecology and Evolution of Mycophagous Bark Beetles and Their Fungal Partners
Authors: Harrington Thomas C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Associations between bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae, or family Scolytidae, depending on the classification used; Bright 1993; Farrell et al. 2001; Marvaldi et al. 2002) and fungi are varied and well known, but mycophagy (fungal feeding) by bark beetles has received relatively little attention. This may be due to the rarity or relative unimportance of fungal feeding by bark beetles, which feed in a nutrient-rich substrate, the inner bark of trees, or it may be due to a bias in research toward the possible importance of plant pathogenic fungi carried by a few coniferous bark beetles. The best studied of the more than 3500 species of bark beetles (Wood 1982; Farrell et al. 2001) construct their egg galleries in the inner bark (secondary phloem) of living trees, especially conifers in the family Pinaceae (Raffa et al. 1993).
From Mendel to Molecules: A Brief History of Evolutionary Genetics
Authors: Dietrich Michael R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Biologists have been grappling with selection ever since Darwin. Historians also face a problem of selection-not natural selection, but the selection of which events to include in their narratives. No historical narrative can be complete in the sense of including every event, actor, and idea. Historians must choose which events they will include and which they will not. Writing a survey of the history of evolutionary genetics in such a short space makes this problem of selection especially acute. A number of different approaches have been taken to the history of evolutionary genetics. Will Provine has suggested that the history of evolutionary biology is one of persistent controversy (Provine 1989; see also Lewontin 1974). Certainly one could write a history of evolutionary genetics in terms of the disputes between, for instance, the Mendelians and Biometricians, Sewall Wright and R. A. Fisher, saltationists and gradualists, the classical and balance approaches, and neutralists and selectionists (Provine 1986, 1990; Beatty 1987b; Dietrich 1994, 1995, 1998; Smocovitis 1996; Skipper 2002). Such an antagonistic view of evolutionary genetics complements histories emphasizing the great collaborations that have also characterized the history of the subject, such as those between Theodosius Dobzhansky and Sewall Wright, E. B. Ford and R. A. Fisher, or indeed those within any of the many laboratory groups working in the twentieth century (Provine 1986). More institutionally minded historians have emphasized the rise of societies, journals, and funding sources (Smocovitis 1996; Cain 1993).
Introducing Psychobiography
Authors: Schultz William Todd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of psychobiography is simply stated, though immensely difficult to achieve: the understanding of persons. This is what psycho-biographers spend their hours thinking and writing about: complex, creative, inevitably contradictory individual lives, many of them also at their end. If, to most research psycholo-gists—those valuing above all else the examination of single variables and part processes in contexts of careful experimental control—psychobiographers are felt to be chasing the wrong rainbows, that says more about psychology than it does psychobiography. After all, if psychology ought to strive for anything, if it hoped one sunny day to step away from its labs, one-way mirrors, instruments, and apparatuses into the uncontrolled world of life, then saying something vital about people—not single-file nameless mobs, but actual individuals with ahistory—should be job one. When I first started doing psychobiography under the guidance of Alan Elms at the University of California at Davis—indeed when I first heard the term even used—I quickly grasped its antidotal nature (it was a partial “cure “ for psychology ‘s “sicknesses “ of reductionism, scientism, trivialness, and irrelevance), and also its radicalism. It was not quite permissible. Its subjects weren ‘t anonymous. It had nothing to do with groups. It did not require statistics. It made little effort to discover general principles applicable either to everyone or to subsets of subjects.
The Psychobiographical Study of Psychologists
Authors: Anderson James William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perceptive observers have long noticed that there is an intimate connection between the personal life of psychologists—their experiences, troubles, preoccupations, and conflicts—and the psychological ideas and theories they create. Often this connection is spoken of as surprising or humorous. Henry A. Murray (personal communication, 1975), himself an influential psychological theorist, was talking with me once about Erik Erikson, whom he had known for many years. He pointed out that Erikson ‘s theory of human development did not fit everyone but applied to Erikson and people like him very well. Then he chuckled and, referring to theories of human development in general, said, “They ‘reall autobiographies, every one of them. “
Regulation of l Gene Expression by Transcription Termination and Antitermination
Authors: Court David I Friedman donald L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Regulatory effects on gene expression at the level of transcription elongation are now recognized to be widely operative in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes (23, 97, 117, 123). Recognition of this mode of regulation can be dated to the 1969 Nature paper by Jeff Roberts (138). Not only did this work identify the Escherichia coli Rho termination protein and propose that there are specific transcription termination sites in the phage l genome, but it led to the proposal that the l N transcription regulation protein promotes gene expression by allowing RNA polymerase (RNA Pol) to transcend transcription terminators.
Phage Lysis
Authors: Wang Ry Young Ing-Nang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In general, bacteriophages must lyse their host cells to liberate the progeny virions. The most common misconception about host lysis is that it is simply the inevitable outcome of phage infection, a kind of sad denouement that follows after the elegant processes defining successive waves of gene expression and the intricate and coordinated pathways leading to virion morphogenesis. For example, in the otherwise captivating description of the molecular processes of phage life cycles in The Molecular Biology of the Gene (112), it is explained that some phage proteins are needed early, ‘‘while others, such as the viral coat proteins or the lysozyme for bacterial cell lysis, must only appear later,’’ leading to the end of the infective cycle of phage T7. ‘‘Finally, T7 lysozyme destroys the bacterial cell wall and allows newly formed phage particles to escape and renew their growth cycle in other bacteria.’’ The impression given is that lysis is caused by the late appearance of lysozyme activity, despite the fact that T7 lysozyme is an early gene.
Bacteriophage T5
Authors: Sayers Jon R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several features of phage type 5 make this a very interesting and rather unusual lytic bacteriophage. Phage T5 does not encode an RNA polymerase, unlike the T7 phage, nor does it contain unusual DNA modifications such as the 5-hydroxymethyl deoxycytidine present in phage T4. T5 DNA carries some of the strongest known prokaryotic promoters but they are regulated in a strictly controlled temporal sequence. Perhaps the most unusual feature is that the phage’s DNA enters the host in a two-step transfer mechanism. Transfer of the viral genome from the virion to host pauses after injection of the first 10 kb of the 120 kbp linear genome, until the pre-early phage-encoded proteins have been produced. The DNA itself is unusual in that it contains a number of cryptic nicks in one strand of its double-stranded genome. The phage is able to destroy host cell DNA rapidly, yet can quickly inactivate the nuclease responsible for this degradation.
Bacteriophage l and its Genetic Neighborhood
Authors: casjens Roger W Hendrix sherwood 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bacteriophage l (lambda) was discovered at the dawn of molecular biology as an inadvertent byproduct of studies of the genetics of Escherichia coli K-12, where l resides as a prophage (221). Lambda has never been independently isolated from nature a second time, but because of its particularly fortuitous choice of time and place to make its appearance, it became one of the very small number of experimental systems that were used in elucidating our most basic understanding of biological organisms at the molecular level. It has been said for many years, and may still be true, that more scientist-years per base pair have been devoted to understanding the biology of phage than is the case for any other organism, and this is due only in part to the modest size of its genome (48,503 bp).
The Directed Facial Action Task:Emotional Responses Without Appraisal
Authors: Ekman Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I first describe how my colleagues and I came up with the idea that voluntary facial actions could generate other emotional responses. Then I discuss the experiments we performed and how we attempted to rule out artifacts that might have been responsible for the phenomena. In a set of studies we showed the generality of our findings over age, sex, and culture. Next I discuss two theoretical issues: (1) whether voluntarily moving our facial muscles actually generates emotion and (2) three alternative explanations of the way voluntary actions generate emotional responses. Last, for those who might want to use the Directed Facial Action Task (DFA), I include the nuts-and-bolts information about how to administer it.
Emotional Behaviors as Emotional Stimuli
Authors: Laird James D , Strout Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Smile at the approaching friend and feel happy. Scowl into the blinding, setting sun, and rage at the drivers ahead. Race up the stairs and fear the impending meeting. When we think about the elicitors of emotion, we think immediately of events in our lives—the arrival of our friend, the tedious crawl of traffic, the threatening boss—and we imagine that the causes of our emotions are events that preceded them. Sometimes, though, the emotional feelings may arise by a different route. In this chapter we describe a family of techniques for eliciting emotional reactions, techniques that arise from a particular theoretical understanding of emotional processes. This theory suggests that often the smile is the proximal cause of happiness, the scowl causes the anger, and the pounding heart of the stair climber causes anxiety. The techniques we describe in this chapter all involve manipulating the target person’s behavior, or his or her understanding of that behavior, in order to change his or her feelings. As one might expect, these different techniques have both advantages and disadvantages in comparison with the techniques that focus on eliciting circumstances. We begin with a brief description of the background theory that is just sufficient to provide an explanation of the reasons this family of elicitation techniques can be successful. Then we discuss some of the advantages and disadvantages of these techniques relative to others, so that readers can get some idea of how useful those techniques might be for their purposes. After a fuller description of these techniques, we return to the question of advantages and disadvantages in more detail.
Considerations in Studying Emotion in Infants and Children
Authors: Henderson Heather A , Fox Nathan A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many of the concerns about eliciting emotion in infants and young children are quite similar to those with adults. Developmental psychologists, like other emotion researchers, are often challenged to identify the specific responses that determine whether a particular stimulus condition has elicited emotion. Must an infant or young child display a particular facial expression in order for the researcher to state that emotion has been elicited? Can other behavioral responses, such as motor behavior (withdrawal or approach), vocal expression, or body posture, be utilized to identify the expression of emotion? The same questions may be raised with regard to physiological measures in the measurement of emotion. Is the presence of a change in physiology sufficient to determine the presence of emotion? For example, if heart rate increases or cortisol rises in response to an elicitor, does that signify the presence of emotion? In the absence of facial expression, how can we identify discrete emotion states? Or are physiological responses non-emotion-specific and thus useful only as corollaries of more specific behavioral signs of emotion? These questions are pertinent across the life span when assessing emotion.
Investigating Human Emotion With Lesions and Intracranial Recording
Authors: Adolphs Ralph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
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It is somewhat ironic that the classic and dramatic studies of emotion in the early twentieth century all used methods that are rarely or never applicable in humans. Kluver and Bucy, and before them Bard, Cannon, and others, gained insights into the regions of the brain important for the elicitation of emotional responses by experimentally introducing large lesions in animals. Olds, Milner, and Hess, in their classic studies, used another invasive method, direct electrical stimulation of the brain, to evoke emotional behaviors. And a third, more modern, common method for investigating emotion in animals is intracranial recordings. All of these methods are commonly used in animals; the reasons none is in common usage for the investigation of human emotions is obvious. Instead, modern cognitive neuroscience approaches to investigating emotion draw on a different set of techniques, notably functional imaging and scalp-evoked potential studies, among others.
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Study of Emotion
Authors: Norris Catherine J , Coan James A , Johnstone Tom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technology has had both intentional and unintentional influences on the study of emotion. Brain imaging techniques have on one hand provided psychologists and neuroscientists access to brain-behavior relationships undreamed of only 20 years ago. On the other hand, the striking images produced by fMRI can convey a sense of “objectivity” that is unwarranted by the method (Olson, 2005), and critics have expressed concerns about the risk (and tendency) of too readily inferring the isolation of specific causal brain mechanisms that underlie extremely complex psychological phenomena (cf. Cacioppo, et al., 2003; Kahn, 2004).
The Search for Prolongevity: A Contentious Pursuit
Authors: Binstock Robert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nearly 40 years ago, historian Gerald Gruman (1966) created the term prolongevity to encompass the multiple goals of antiaging interventions over the years, defining it as significant extension of the human life span and/or average life expectancy with¬ out suffering and infirmity. In doing so, however, he observed that the idea of prolongevity and those who pursue it have tended to be relegated to a limbo reserved for impractical projects or eccentric whims not quite worthy of serious scientific or philosophic consideration. One reason for this neglect is that there is, in philosophy, science, and religion, a long tradition of apologism, the belief that the prolongation of life is neither possible nor desirable. . .. Another reason is the fact that there are few subjects which have been more misleading to the uncritical and more profitable to the unscrupulous; the exploitation of this topic by the sensational press and by medical quacks and charlatans is well known.
The Quest for Immortality: Visions and Presentiments in Science and Literature
Authors: Adams Mark B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The spectacular developments in current biotechnology have sprung from recent theoretical and experimental breakthroughs, and they have raised a range of issues relating to ethics, human destiny, and the relationship between science and religion. Yet, although many may be unaware of it, these developments have been historically shaped by a tradition of thought that arose roughly a century ago, at the birth of what was then called the new biology. The turn of the twentieth century witnessed the birth of various new and exciting forms of experimental biology.
The Prolonged Old, the Long-Lived Society, and the Politics of Age
Authors: Binstock Robert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For several decades gerontologists have been writing about the agi,ng society (e.g., Neugarten, 1978/1996; Pifer and Bronte, 1986), well aware from demographic analyses that the numbers and proportions of older persons in industrialized societies would swell substantially in the early decades of the twenty-first century. In the United States, for example, it has long been clear that the aging of the baby boomers-an exceptionally large birth cohort of 76 million persons born between 1946 and 1964-would result in one in five Americans being aged 65 and older by the year 2030 (Hobbs, 1996).
The Path of Understanding —A Century of Exploration
Authors: Simeon Daphne , Abugel Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People suffering with depersonalization disorder and their families face a difficult task when trying to learn more about the condition. Someone dealing with cancer, diabetes, depression, or bipolar disorder can find many sources of information readily available. Libraries, bookstores, the Internet, and even newsstands provide venues for research material. But this is still not the case when it comes to depersonalization.
Tomorrow Is Another Day Living With Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Ogden Jenni A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In my early years as a neuropsychologist, I had very little contact with people who had multiple sclerosis (MS), and my general impression was that this demyelinating disease resulted in a range of symptoms that came and went, but that almost inevitably the sufferer became severely disabled and probably ended up wheelchair-bound. I suppose I gained this rather dismal impression of the prognosis for MS sufferers because the few cases I saw were hospitalized in the neurology ward for some sort of treatment or assessment. I gradually built up a more accurate picture of MS as I came into contact with more people with the disease, many of whom remained very capable both physically and mentally, with little or no deterioration over all the years I knew them.
A Whole Life With Half A Brain
Authors: Ogden Jenni A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If I were asked to describe Kate’s most obvious characteristics, I would say she is assertive, witty, and verbally “quick.” She is also a middle-aged woman who works full-time in a large city library, has been married and divorced, and enjoys an active social life. Kate, however, is different in one important way from the innumerable other women who would fit a similar description: She has only half a brain.
Fitting Models to Biological Data Using Linear and Nonlinear Regression
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most biologists use nonlinear regression more than any other statistical technique, but there are very few places to learn about curve-fitting. This book, by the author of the very successful Intuitive Biostatistics, addresses this relatively focused need of an extraordinarily broad range of scientists. The book will likely be purchased by a high proportion of biological laboratories, for frequent reference. The author gets about 3000 visits per month to his curvefit website, with the average visitor viewing 9 pages.
The results of nonlinear regression
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapter discussed the five most important questions to ask when reviewing results of nonlinear regression. This chapter explains the rest of the results. The plot of the best-fit curve can include the 95% confidence band of the best-fit curve, or the 95% prediction band. The two are very different. The confidence band tells you how well you know the curve. You can be 95% sure that the true best-fit curve (which you could only know if you had an infinite number of data points) lies within the confidence band.
Generating confidence intervals via model comparison
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we’ll develop a third method to obtain the confidence interval of a best-fit parameter (to complement the asymptotic and Monte Carlo methods described in the previous two chapters). It is based on the method to be discussed below in Chapter 22. That chapter explains how to compare two related fits to a set of data. This method generates an F ratio, from which you can determine a P value. If the P value is less than 0.05, we say that the fit of the two models differs significantly.
Analyzing saturation radioligand binding data
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Saturation radioligand binding experiments measure specific radioligand binding at equilibrium at various concentrations of the radioligand. Nonlinear regression analysis of saturation binding data allows you to determine receptor number and affinity. Because this kind of experiment used to be analyzed with linear Scatchard plots (more accurately attributed to Rosenthal), they are sometimes called “Scatchard experiments”.