bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Classical Utilitarianism in a Limited World
Authors: Dasgupta Partha 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe main part of this chapter discusses normative considerations on population and savings. It has five sections. The first discusses parental concerns on the well‐being of their children in relation to savings. The second discusses the Genesis Problem (which in its purest form asks how many lives there should be, enjoying what standards), and the Repugnant Conclusion (which, in Parfit's formulation states that ‘For any population of at least ten billion people, all with a very high quality of life, there must be some larger imaginable population whose existence,if other things are equal, would be better, even though its members have lives that are barely worth living). Section (3) questions whether the Repugnant Conclusion is repugnant when applied to comparisons of well‐being in the Genesis Problem, and section 4 argues that the Genesis Problem is irrelevant in real life, which addresses actual problems. Section (5) looks at population ethics. An extra and separate section (designated Chapter *13) gives theoretical presentations on classical utilitarianism in a limited world.
Adaptation to Undernourishment
Authors: Dasgupta Partha 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAdaptation to undernourishment is discussed in eight sections: (1) the international incidence of calorie deficiency; (2) genetic, physiological, and behavioural adaptation to undernourishment; (3) short‐term adjustment, or homeostasis; (4) homeostasis and the magnitude of undernourishment; (5) long‐term adaptation; (6) metabolic disequilibrium; (7) food intake, efficient productivity, and stature; and (8) physical activity possibility sets.
Inequality, Malnutrition, and the Disfranchised
Authors: Dasgupta Partha 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe main part of this chapter addresses different aspects of inequality, malnutrition, and the disfranchised. It has ten sections: (1) asset ownership, maintenance costs, and labour power; (2) the labour market and involuntary unemployment; (3) efficiency wages and piece‐rates; (4) competitive market allocations; (5) development regimes; (6) growth with redistribution; (7) robustness and extensions; (8) involuntary unemployment and surplus labour; (9) resistance to wage cuts; and (10) the appeal of nutrition‐based theories of the labour market. An extra and separate section (designated Chapter *16) gives theoretical presentations on various aspects of the analysis of allocation mechanisms when nutrition affects productivity. These include: the characteristics of equilibrium allocations in the timeless world; the rate of ’trickle‐down’ of aggregate wealth to the poorest of the poor; the coexistence of casual and permanent labour; and food distribution within poor households.
Analysis of Allocation Mechanisms When Nutrition Affects Productivity
Authors: Dasgupta Partha 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe main part of this chapter addresses different aspects of inequality, malnutrition, and the disfranchised. It has ten sections; (1) asset ownership, maintenance costs, and labour power; (2) the labour market and involuntary unemployment; (3) efficiency wages and piece‐rates; (4) competitive market allocations; (5) development regimes; (6) growth with redistribution; (7) robustness and extensions; (8) involuntary unemployment and surplus labour; (9) resistance to wage cuts; and (10) the appeal of nutrition‐based theories of the labour market. An extra and separate section (designated Chapter *16) gives theoretical presentations on various aspects of the analysis of allocation mechanisms when nutrition affects productivity. These include: the characteristics of equilibrium allocations in the timeless world; the rate of ’trickle‐down’ of aggregate wealth to the poorest of the poor; the coexistence of casual and permanent labour; and food distribution within poor households.
Established Theories of the Firm
Authors: Hart Oliver 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Discusses why neither neoclassical nor principal‐agent theories can satisfactorily explain a long‐standing issue in organization theory: the determinants of the boundaries of the firm. The final section of the chapter discusses transaction costs theories. The transaction costs approach points out the importance of incomplete contracting, hold‐up problems and opportunistic behaviour in shaping the incentives of two parties to undertake relationship‐specific investments. However, the author argues that, as its stands, transaction costs theory cannot pin down firm boundaries since it does not provide us with a precise mechanism that explains what changes when a merger takes place.
Further Issues Arising from the Property Rights Approach
Authors: Hart Oliver 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDiscusses further issues regarding the property rights approach. It is argued that control over non‐human assets leads to control over human assets, defining authority within the firm. The author also illustrates the idea that changes in control affect not only the incentives of top managers but also those of workers who do not have control rights either before or after the change. The chapter also touches on issues such as the delegation of control within firms, the distinction between residual control and residual income, the role of reputation, investment in physical capital, and the effect that changes in control may have on the incentives of parties to reveal information and cooperate.
Is National Technology Policy Obsolete in a Globalised World?: The Japanese Vision
Authors: Fransman Martin 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The chapter begins with a brief discussion of the convergence hypothesis, which argues that there has been a convergence in the economies of the major industrialized countries in the post‐World War II period. It then goes on to examine a corollary that has been derived from this hypothesis: that national technology policy has become obsolete. The globalization of the Japanese economy and science and technology system is then documented on the basis of several selected indicators, including international imitation, international strategic technology alliances, the international movement of researchers and engineers, direct foreign investment, foreign research laboratories in Japan, technology trade, and internationally co‐authored science and technology papers. The role of the Japanese government in science and technology is then considered, beginning with an account of the rationale given by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) for its involvement in the science and technology area; this is followed by a detailed account of MITI's response to globalization, which reveals the vision that guides MITI's policy‐makers in their interventions in the field of science and technology within the context of the globalizing Japanese and world economies. The implications of the Japanese response to globalization for other large Western countries are then examined and, finally, the sources of MITI's influence in the Japanese economy are analysed.
Human Capabilities, Female Human Beings
Authors: Nussbaum Martha C. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Nussbaum argues that the best way to tackle the issue of women's equality in developing countries is to begin with a conception of the human being and human functioning. By seeing certain capabilities and functions as more central to human life than others, Nussbaum anticipates feminist and cultural relativistic challenges and defends her particular brand of universalism and essentialism. This paper provides a self‐consciously normative conception of what it is to be human and to live a good life, as well as a proposal for a culturally sensitive development ethic.
Functioning and Capability: The Foundations of Sen's and Nussbaum's Development Ethic, Part 2
Authors: Crocker David A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Crocker presents an exposition of the thinking underlying the capabilities approach as developed by Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum, detailing the ethic's foundational concepts of functioning and capability, its structure, and its relevance for a reconstruction of freedom, rights, and justice.
Pragmatism and Moral Objectivity
Authors: Putnam Hilary 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Putnam engages with moral objectivity and the question of ethical truth in this paper, in which he combats the idea that there is no intellectual structure worth taking seriously to the arguments of American pragmatists such as Charles Peirce, William James, and John Dewey. As a countercurrent to contemporary analytic philosophy, Putnam interprets and builds on the work of Dewey so as to yield the conclusion that there can be a rational basis for adopting ethical positions and that democratic processes are necessary constituents of social rationality.
Gender Inequality and Theories of Justice
Authors: Sen Amartya 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Turning to concrete questions of justice for women, Sen introduces the issue of ‘co‐operative conflicts’ and argues that these conflicts are often rooted in traditional conceptions of women's role, which are internalized as ‘natural’ by the women themselves. Sen's contention is that the capabilities approach can handle these conflicts better than Rawlsian liberalism and economic utilitarianism. To Sen, the central problem is to confront the underlying prejudice directly and to outline the need for and scope of reducing inequalities in capabilities without accepting that this project necessarily causes great inefficiency.
Inequalities Between the Sexes in Different Cultural Contexts
Authors: Okin Susan Moller 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Okin argues that what is unjust in the situation of women in developing countries is not different in kind from the injustices that unequal family structures produce in developed countries. In both cases, the family, which claims to be a source of love and a school for ethical virtue, often manifests and perpetuates injustice. Contending against feminists opposed to generalizing about the context of women, Okin maintains that generalizing with proper caution and sensitivity can be a valuable and crucial part of good feminist argument, bringing to light what is salient and pervasive in unjust laws and practices.
Gender Inequality in China and Cultural Relativism
Authors: Li Xiaorong 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Li provides an account of women's inequality in China and its relation to traditional norms. Contending against cultural relativist approaches to China and in favour of a more internationalist and critical framework, Li concludes that the capabilities ethic as developed by Sen and Nussbaum can diagnose what is wrong in the situation and promote women's equality with neither patriarchal imposition nor historical insensitivity.
Inequality in Capabilities Between Men and Women in Mexico
Authors: Valdés Margarita M. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Valdés analyses the situation of women's inequality in Mexico, identifying traditional obstacles to women's full access to constitutionally guaranteed equality of opportunity. Making subtle comparisons between the Mexican situation and the situation in India, Valdés argues that traditional Mexican conceptions of the family afford more advantages than Indian conceptions do to women who seek equal participation in the labour force.
Femininity, Equality, and Personhood
Authors: Verma Roop Rekha 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Verma argues that the Hindu traditions of India have been hostile to women's demands for equality and that a critical position should be sought from the Western Enlightenment and its ideas of rights and personhood, rather than from within those traditions. Verma further posits that since such traditions reduce men's personhood as well as women's, the feminist struggle ought to be viewed as a struggle for humanity in general. Verma thus presents an androgynous concept of personhood and favours retaining equality on the feminist agenda.
The Productive Opportunity of The Firm and The ‘Entrepreneur’
Authors: Penrose Edith 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter examines the nature of ‘enterprise’ and indicates its significance and role in the analysis. Enterprise or ‘entrepreneurship’ is a difficult concept to work into formal economic analysis, given its close association with the temperament or personal qualities of individuals. This personal aspect of the growth of individual firms is considered one of the obstacles to developing a general theory on the growth of firms.
Expansion Without Merger: The Receding Managerial Limit
Authors: Penrose Edith 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter examines the fundamental and inescapable limits to the amount of expansion a firm can undertake at given time, when there is no rigid barrier to its expansion. It discusses the nature of the managerial limit, and the effects of uncertainly and risk. It shows that the firm cannot and will not extend its expansion plans, and with them its ‘management team’ in an effort to take advantage of all available market opportunities.
The Economies of Size and The Economies of Growth
Authors: Penrose Edith 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter examines whether there are economics of growth and size to be had from the expansion of firms, within the context of the efficient utilisation of the resources of society. It is shown that the growth of firms may be consistent with the efficient use of society’s resources. The result of past growth — the size attained at any time — may have no corresponding advantages.
Theoretical Framework
Authors: Wood Adrian 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The labour market effects of North–South trade in manufactures are analysed in a simple Heckscher–Ohlin (H–O) model, with North and South as the two countries, and skilled and unskilled labour as the two factors. Land is omitted from the model for simplicity, but capital is deliberately excluded because of its mobility. The assumptions of H–O theory about technology are defended. Trade causes convergence of Northern and Southern skilled–unskilled wage ratios, because labour supply is imperfectly elastic. Rigid wage differentials may cause the effect in the North to emerge as a rise in the equilibrium rate of unemployment.
Trade Shifts and Sectoral Side‐Effects
Authors: Wood Adrian 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe main cause of the recent changes in the pattern of North–South trade seems to have been reductions in protection and in natural barriers to trade, making it possible to argue that these changes were an exogenous cause of shifts in the skill structure of the demand for labour in both country groups. These changes also raised the demand for labour in manufacturing in the South, and reduced it in the North, causing alterations in manufacturing's share of total employment. More than 20 million extra jobs in manufacturing were created in a few Southern countries. In the North, the immediate effect was to reduce the profitability of manufacturing, and subsequently to reduce the share of manufacturing in employment by around four percentage points—and by more in countries, which experienced greater increases in Southern import penetration.
Skill Differentials and Inequality in the South
Authors: Wood Adrian 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
In the South, theory suggests that expansion of trade in manufactures with the North tends to raise the demand for—and hence the wages of—workers with a basic general education, relative to workers who have more education and training, and hence to make the distribution of income less unequal. This theoretical prediction is supported, though not strongly, by cross‐country statistical comparisons. It is also supported by simulations using structural models of particular developing countries, and by case study evidence from Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore. None of these types of evidence is satisfactory on its own, but in combination they are convincing.
Skill Differentials and Inequality in the North
Authors: Wood Adrian 
Published: October 2003

AbstractTheory suggests that trade with the South increases the demand for skilled labour, relative to less‐skilled labour, in the North. Skill differentials in both wages and unemployment rates widened in most Northern countries during the 1980s, and in ways that could not have been generated by supply shifts. Closer examination of timing, magnitude, and variation among Northern countries tends to confirm the impression of consistency with the expected effects of expansion of trade with the South. Of the alternative possible explanations of the rising relative demand for skilled labour, by far the most plausible is autonomous technical progress with an unskilled‐labour‐saving bias. The limited evidence available is consistent with the view that trade played the larger role, but does not rule out the possibility that new technology was more important.
Policy Options for the North
Authors: Wood Adrian 
Published: October 2003

AbstractExpansion of trade with the South has, on average, benefited people in the North, but has hurt unskilled workers, who should be assisted by government action. Protection against Southern imports would be the most costly solution, for both North and South. In principle, the best policy is to expand the skilled labour supply by improvements in education and training, but there is less scope for doing so than is usually recognized, and the benefits would emerge only slowly. Action is thus needed also on the demand side, but in different ways in different countries. In America, the best approach would be to combine better education, greater public employment of unskilled workers, and income supplements for low‐wage workers. In Europe, to better education should be added policies to raise the relative demand for unskilled workers, for example, through the introduction of a progressive payroll tax.
Introduction
Authors: Joshi Vijay , Little I. M. D. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Here the aims of the book are presented. There is a brief discussion of the economy of India up to 1991 alongside the political developments that brought about economic reforms. The authors also present their views on what they believe would constitute an ideal‐type economy. This, at a basic level, is a market economy in which private enterprise is supported by the state. The authors conclude with an overview of the rest of the book.
Stabilization Policy
Authors: Joshi Vijay , Little I. M. D. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Deals with the process of stabilization after the economic crisis suffered by India in 1991. It presents a mixture of evidence and theory to examine the success of various stabilization methods attempted. It shows how stabilization was achieved for the medium term through successful reorientation of the balance of payments. This was a success, but inflation remains higher than would be ideal and has yet to be properly managed. For long‐term stabilization, public‐sector debt must be cut to help boost private‐sector investment.
Industrial Policy and Factor Markets
Authors: Joshi Vijay , Little I. M. D. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Here, the focus is on the industrial sector of the economy. It examines India's trade regulations that inhibited foreign trade in the 1980s and the attempts to deregulate the economy. It details the large public sector and the inefficacies within its operational structure. It examines the problem of sick companies unable to close because of state intervention and their takeover by the state. The limits imposed on privatization are also discussed.
Constitutionalism: Contract or Coordination?
Authors: Hardin Russell 
Published: October 2003

AbstractConstitutionalism requires merely coordination on big issues of general structure and protections; coordination on any detailed program is virtually out of the question. It works at all only if there is relatively wide agreement on core issues, such as the agreement of the American political elite on the need for something like the Commerce Clause to enable the growth of an American economy through the creation of an open American market under the US Constitution. In polities in which there is no such general agreement, constitutionalism cannot work well. Indeed, it is plausible that the only government that can “work” in many contexts is authoritarian government.
Democracy: Agreement or Acquiescence?
Authors: Hardin Russell 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWe can divide consent theory into two branches: constitutional and post‐constitutional. Popular sovereignty and social contract theories fit largely into the first branch; democracy fits in the second. One might appeal to popular sovereignty or contractarian consent in proposing to change a constitution, although in actual practice even constitutional design must be done by some kind of procedure that would hardly fit a full consent account. Constitutions typically restrict the scope of democracy—otherwise there would be little need for creating the many blocking institutions that constitutions typically mandate.
Constitutional Economic Transition
Authors: Hardin Russell 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe US Constitution embodied a limited degree of laissez faire, enough to give capitalism at least an advantage over any other economic organization of the society if Adam Smith's theory is roughly right. What capitalism mainly needed was free markets, and the US Constitution went very far toward providing that interstate commerce would not be trammeled by the states acting for narrow interests against farmers and producers in other states. In the conflicts between commerce, small farming, and plantation agrarianism, nearly neutral government was good for the longer‐run workability of the constitution and its government. The fundamentally important issue in the design of constitutions is to enable rather than hinder economic transitions that are not well understood in advance. When the economies of eastern socialist regimes ceased to benefit from centrally controlled mobilization to do what was already well done elsewhere, their Communist governments were an obstacle to developing in other ways and, in particular, to making the transition to market economies.
Democracy on the Margin
Authors: Hardin Russell 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe division of decisions into constitutional moments and post‐constitutional moments, with broad coordination on vague general issues in the former and often substantially more conflict over lesser issues in the latter, fits successful constitutional regimes. But in moments of crisis in a previously stable society or in a society in which the initial coordination is contrived or false, there maybe acute moments under the constitution that have the character of constitutional moments. Inability to coordinate then on broad general principles of order can mean the failure of constitutionalism and of democracy. Because it faces severe limits on its workability, democracy is not a panacea for politics. It works only on the margins of great issues on which there is broad consensus.