bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Saved from the Factory
Authors: Nackenoff Carol 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In an Alger story serialized beginning December, 89, Ben Bruce determines to leave the home of his mean stepfather. Ben meets a friend who is superintendent of a “factory for the manufacture of leather board.” The superintendent asks the boy how he would like to work there. Ben Bruce, expressing a desire to secure a better education, nonetheless answers: “If the choice lies between working on a farm and working in your factory, I will work for you if I can get the chance.” The starting wage is adequate, and the boy inquires whether he would be preparing himself for “higher” work; the superintendent answers in the affirmative. Just when they are about to strike a bargain, the dam which provides water power for the factory is blown up, apparently by two discharged workmen. Since the factory must be shut down until the dam is rebuilt, the boy s hope of employment there is ended. And so, Alger “blows up” this option rather than forsake Ben there. He is saved! This dramatic and unusual Algerevent disposes of the factory option and reveals a marked aversion to depositing boys and girls in industrial employments. The modern factory was generally absent from his panoply of dangers occasioned by economic and social transformation. What can be reasonably inferred from this silence? What did the author and his contemporaries think of the opportunities and dangers of industrial wage labor? The factory was already an inescapable presence in the northeastern antebellum landscape in which Alger frequently set his tales.
Reading Alger: Searching for Alger	s Audience in the Literary Marketplace
Authors: Nackenoff Carol 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Your kind and flattering letter reached me just as I was starting for the Geysers ... It gives me great pleasure to find that I have friends and appreciative readers among the girls, as well as among the boys, and on the shores of the Pacific, as well as the Atlantic. I hope at an early date to write a story located in California, and I shall be glad if it proves acceptable to my friends here. Alger to Miss Harriet Jackson, March 3, 877 The marked surge in the production, dissemination, and reading of literature in the Gilded Age created new readers and new reading tastes. Rising literacy, increased leisure for some, a spreading national network of reading matter available for purchase and loan, and declining price of fiction helped make readers out of new classes. Especially after 880, these factors worked in conjunction with growing family incomes to produce changes in reading propensities, buying habits, and tastes. Much of the reading was fiction.
The Mass Fiction Writer As Producer and Consumer: Power, Powerlessness, and Gender
Authors: Nackenoff Carol 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At the time Alger came out here he had published all his important books. He came out here to write a book on the gold mining days, and I cannot remember the name of it, but it never was of much importance. He was as light man with gray hair, and a gray must ache. He seemed quite elderly to me, but perhaps he was not sixty at that time. Herenteda room in a hotel on San some Street, between California and Sacramento where the Security Building now is, right across the Street from Wells-Fargo Express. It was a third class hotel as I remember, and not having to work in the Library some mornings, I would spend the mornings with him. He sat at a small marble topped table, writing on small sheets of paper. The room was terribly cold. He would write a certain length of time and complete a certain number of sheets and then we would go out to lunch. In about two weeks, he had exactly one-half of the book finished, and I remember going over to the Express office while he sent it back to the publisher. Some evenings we would walk around the lower part of town, and he would stop before some of the cheap stores and examine the goods that were on display and inquire about the prices. He had New England characteristics. He was a bachelor.
Mourning Becomes Paul de Man
Authors: Siebers Tobin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Paul de Man’s Allegories of Reading defines one of its major terms, “rhetoric,” as “a text in that it allows for two incompatible, mutually self-destructive points of view, and therefore puts an insurmountable obstacle in the way of any reading or understanding” (131).1 Language is always rhetorical in de Man’s mind; metaphor is not an aberrant form of language but “the linguistic paradigm par excellence” (105). De Man likens his theory of language to Nietzsche’s early writings on rhetoric, those writings that established Nietzsche as one of the three masters of suspicion and the progenitor of modern deconstruction, and he takes pains to exhume the most skeptical formulations from Nietzsche’s notes: “No such thing as an unrhetorical, ‘natural’ language exists that could be used as a point of reference: language is itself the result of purely rhetorical tricks and devices … “ (105). When brought into the orbit of Nietzsche’s later writings, the rhetorical nature of language becomes a symptom of the will to power, one of the many tactics of persuasion by which the will asserts itself over truth.
The Politics of the Politics of Interpretation
Authors: Siebers Tobin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is perhaps an oddity of the current theoretical scene that the phrase “the politics of interpretation” does not refer specifically to what hap pens in the classroom when an interpretation takes place but to a general idea about the types of interests that originate the impulse to interpret. The politics of interpretation is not involved directly with world or national politics, although it does not exactly ignore them, and it has little to say about university politics. Rather, the idea of the politics of interpretation is philosophically and theoretically motivated. It tries to trace the conditions of the political as such. It assumes that all meaning is political, and it makes an effort to describe what happens in general when we interpret. Such generality merely reaffirms the theoretical dimension of the notion, and I will not do it an injustice if I claim that this theory is fairly constant across a broad diversity of schools and camps. The politics of interpretation usually describes the “political” as that realm in which competing interests struggle to gain power. Power drives interpretation, it is argued, and the will to interpret would have no will at all if it did not reach toward the possession of power. To interpret, then, is to engage in an act of empowering oneself, usually at the expense of others.
Introduction The Restraints of Language
Authors: Doreski C K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When Elizabeth Bishop exchanges looks for visions in “Poem” (“About the size of an old-style dollar bill ... “), she renews a life-long commitment to a language of seemingly transparent simplicity, one that privileges the articulation of the experience of the senses instead of the interior world of the psyche or the romantic impulse toward epiphany and the world of the spirit. The tropes of Bishop’s domestic, pastoral, or exotic landscapes serve knowledge only insofar as they cloak, while exteriorizing, the unspoken and inarticulate interior, refusing either to resolve or deconstruct the binary opposition. For some critics, this binding of experience in a restraining rhetoric, one that depersonalizes as it simplifies, has become a characteristically American manner. Certainly it distinguishes Bishop from Wordsworth, with his penchant for “spots of time,” however superficially her work suggests his.
Romantic Rhetorics
Authors: Doreski C K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Epiphany and the power of naming (which in the modern era begins by naming the writer-as-authority) are two characteristically romantic-modern rhetorical embodiments of knowledge. Bishop, who largely learned these devices from Wordsworth, manipulates their conventions for some of her richest effects, and also for some of her most intriguing complexities. As I have previously argued, resistance to language that attempts to delve into the psyche or the world of the spirit characterizes her poetry. The process of resistance itself, however, constitutes a powerful rhetorical structure that shapes much of her best work. The epiphanic mode, which this chapter will discuss first, requires the poet to transgress the text and explicitly share its self-realization, its transcendence of language into immanence. Trust in the epiphany did not come readily to Elizabeth Bishop. As her poem “Santarem” warns, there is always the chance that the auditor might misunderstand the significance of the triggering subject and query “What’s that ugly thing?”, inadvertently mocking the ideational. What some critics consider Bishop’s extreme reticence and excessive decorum may be linked to her notions of decency and communion, and to her ultimate distrust of epiphany.
Spoken to Us by His Son: A Dialogics of the New Testament
Authors: Reed Walter L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 1 we examined Erich Auerbach’s contrast between the forward-looking historical realism of the Gospel of Mark and the traditional comic realism of Petronius’s Satyricon. In the well-known scene describing Trimalchio’s nouveau riche banquet, Auerbach maintains, the lives of ordinary citizens and their common, vulgar speech, are presented as comic, placed within a frame­ work of the classical hierarchy of genres. These lives are treated neither with the seriousness nor with the awareness of revolutionary social forces that are registered for ordinary human existence in the Gospel of Mark. Although these two first-century narratives appear to be close in subject matter, Auerbach argues, they are distinctly different in style.
Law Libraries and Legal Information Places
Authors: Katsh M Ethan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The impact of LEXIS and WESTLAW is not simply a matter of a new technology simplifying or speeding up a preexisting process; it involves a change in the structure of legal literature in law,
more than any other discipline, the structure of the literature implies the structure of the enterprise itself.1
-Robert C. Berring
The earliest and perhaps the most familiar use of electronic communication by the legal community involved electronic legal research. The emergence of LEXIS in the early 1970s and of WESTLAW several years later enabled lawyers and law students to obtain legal information very quickly from the LEXIS database in Ohio or the West data base in Minnesota.2 For the past several years, every law student in the United States has had free access to these services, and their use generally in the practice of law has been increasing. These databases contain huge quantities of information. They are more up-to-date than any print library and in some areas, such as coverage of cases and judicial opinions, are more comprehensive than any print library. Each electronic service contains “unofficial” opinions that, for one reason or another, will not be published and that some courts have even said should not be relied upon.
There has been an understandable tendency to assume that LEXIS and WESTLAW are libraries.
Microbes and Virulence Factors: Bacteria
Authors: Relman David A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
An understanding of the processes by which bacteria cause disease requires an appreciation of both participants, pathogen and host, as well as the manner by which the two relate and respond to each other. Hence, a discussion of either one alone is inadequate. Nonetheless, a brief presentation of basic bacterial structure, taxonomy, and the principles of pathogenicity may be useful at the outset of this discussion.
Fungi and Fungal Diseases
Authors: Edwards John E , Pappas Peter G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter is divided into two main sections, “Opportunistic Mycoses” and “Endemic Mycoses.” Because of the evolution of the fungal pathogens, this division has become imperfect in contemporary times. Many fungal pathogens that were previously classified as endemic have become opportunistic in severely immunocompromised hosts. For instance, Histoplasma frequently infects patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Clinical Bacteriology
Authors: Plorde James J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The definitive diagnosis of bacterial infections is most commonly accomplished by the cultural recovery of the causative agent(s) from body surfaces, fluids, tissues or excreta of the affected patient. The reliability of this approach is dependent on (1) the collection of clinical specimens free of colonizing, but potentially pathogenic, bacteria, and (2) the transportation of these specimens to the laboratory in a manner that ensures the survival of fastidious pathogens.
Clinical Virology
Authors: Ashley Rhoda L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Laboratory tests for viral diagnosis include cell culture methods for viral isolation, rapid assays that detect viral macromolecules, molecular techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that amplify and identify viral nucleic acids, and serologic tests that detect serum antibody responses to viral infections (Fig. 17.1). With the advent of molecular techniques and availability of reagents to detect viral antigens and nucleic acids, the spectrum of tests offered and the complexity of specimen requirements has increased dramatically. Communication between health care providers and the laboratory is essential to assure that the most effective tests are used for each situation.
Cephalosporins
Authors: Malow James B , Sheagren John N 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming in 1929 and the eventual clinical use of the purified product in the 1940s led to the search for other antibacterial agents produced by naturally occurring fungi. Giuseppi Brotzu was the first to isolate a cephalosporin from Cephalosporium acremonium in 1945. This substance was subsequently further fractionated and found to be made up of several active components. The most active, Cephalosporin C, became the parent compound for the first cephalosporin, used in clinical practice.
Fluoroquinolones
Authors: Stahlmann Ralf , Lode Hartmut 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Quinolones have been used therapeutically for more than 30 years, predominantly for treatment of urinary tract infections. As the antimicrobial and pharrnacokinetic characteristics of the older quinolones, such as nalidixic acid or oxolinic acid, were far from optimal, they have been considered second-line therapeutics. The synthesis of a new series of drugs with a fluorine atom at position 6 of the molecule led to derivatives with markedly enhanced antibacterial activity. This group is referred to as fluoroquinolones.
Miscellaneous Antibacterial Drugs
Authors: Dow Gordon , Ronald Allan R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Antimicrobial agents included in this category are not expected to achieve therapeutic concentrations outside the urinary tract. This unique drug disposition has advantages including reduced suppression of normal bacterial flora, decreased emergence of resistance, low rates of yeast overgrowth syndromes, and minimization of teratogenic risk and fetal toxicity. These agents are generally contraindicated for use in infections involving sites other then the urinary tract.
Antiviral Drugs and Therapy
Authors: Diamond Catherine , Corey Lawrence 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Of the many drugs now available for the treatment of viral infections, several have only recently come into general clinical use. By clarifying the unique pharmacology of and indications for each antiviral drug, this chapter is intended as a guide to the appropriate use of these drugs. We will begin by reviewing drugs used for herpes simplex I (HSV-1) and II (HSV-2) and varicella zoster (VZV) viruses: acyclovir, valacyclovir, and famciclovir.
Cellulitis and Abscesses
Authors: Stevens Dennis L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Infections in the skin and subcutaneous tissue may be caused by viruses, fungi, bacteria, rickettsia, and parasites. Literally hundreds of different etiologies have been described in normal individuals, and more recently in compromised patients such as bone marrow transplant recipients and patients with AIDS. Thus, the clinician is faced with the formidable task of establishing a specific diagnosis and prescribing a definitive treatment.
Infectious Complications of Pancreatitis
Authors: Dellinger E Patchen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Acute pancreatitis frequently presents a diagnostic dilemma to the treating physician. The underlying pathophysiology of the disease is not infectious, but involves the activation of pancreatic enzymes in and around the pancreas itself with secondary inflammation and tissue destruction. The precise pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this inappropriate enzyme activation are not known; however, the clinical settings in which it occurs are well documented.
Peritonitis and Intraabdominal Abscesses
Authors: Dellinger E Patchen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Bacterial peritonitis and intraabdominal abscess are most conveniently discussed together, since one is frequently the cause of the other. They share a similar microbiological etiology, usually derived from the gastrointestinal tract, they are treated with the same selection of antibiotics, and they both usually have underlying causes that require surgical intervention.
Intravenous Catheter-Related Infections, Suppurative Thrombophlebitis, and Mycotic Aneurysms
Authors: Lew Daniel P , Schrenzel Jacques 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is estimated that more than half of the patients admitted to hospitals, both in the United States and in Europe, require, at one time or another, intravenous infusions. The rates of use of intravenous devices increase up to 100% in critically ill patients, in particular when admitted to intensive care units. Although very useful for the therapy of hospitalized patients, intravenous catheters are associated with a significant risk for developing infectious and noninfectious complications.
Vulvovaginitis, Cervicitis, and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Authors: Embree Joanne E , Brunham Robert C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Vulvovaginitis, cervicitis, and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) are generally caused by infections of the lower and upper female genital tract. Although the etiological agents of vulvovaginitis generally differ from those of cervicitis and PID, these syndromes frequently occur concurrently. Together, these infections are of major public health concern because of the frequency of doctor visits associated with vulvovaginitis and cervicitis and due to the impact that PID exerts on the reproductive health of women.
Endemic and Traveler’s Diarrhea in Tropical Countries
Authors: Dupont Herbert L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the developing tropical and semitropical world, microbial contamination of the environment and malnutrition among the local population commonly coexist, resulting in frequent enteric infection, diarrhea, and retarded growth of infants. The general microbial contamination also explains the common occurrence of diarrhea among persons traveling into these areas from industrialized countries such as the United States. In this chapter we will consider the enteric disease complications in the two population groups-local inhabitants and travelers to the region. Treatment of endemic and travelers’ diarrhea will be considered in this chapter. Chapter 61 deals with gastroenteritis and diarrhea in developed countries.
AIDS Immunology
Authors: Stranford Sharon A , Levy Jay A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) results in severe disruptions to the homeostasis of the host immune system. Some of these disruptions, such as enhanced antibody production and a decrease in the CD4+/CDS+ cell ratio, are universal features of this infection. Other immune alterations, such as lymph node architecture damage and the magnitude of CD4+ cell depletion, are more variable (see Table 99.1 for a list of immunologic abnormalities associated with HIV infection).
Clinical Manifestations of HIV Infection and AIDS
Authors: Collier Ann C , Marra, Christina M , Sacks Lili A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 infection have a broad spectrum of clinical conditions, which range from asymptomatic to life-threatening. Some clinical symptoms and signs are attributable to HIV infection, whereas others are due to infectious or malignant complications. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) refers to a state of severe in Immunodeficiency caused by HIV infection, which is characterized by specific opportunistic diseases. More recently, the term immunologic AIDS has been used to refer to persons with HIV who have not had an opportunistic disease, but who have severe depletion of CD4+ cells (&lt;200/µL).
Decommunization after the “Velvet Revolutions” in East Central Europe
Authors: Smith Kathleen E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Perhaps the most surprising feature of the dramatic demise of communism in Eastern Europe was its form—pacts between reform Communists and democratic movements in Poland and Hungary and swift, civic-led peaceful revolutions in Czechoslovakia and East Germany. In the aftermath of communism’s collapse, demands have been raised in every post-Communist state for identification and disenfranchisement, if not prosecution, of those who thwarted earlier reforms, violated human rights, collaborated with the secret police, or abused their official positions under the old regime. The pervasiveness of such demands can be traced in part to the fact that, unlike violent and protracted conflicts, the “velvet revolutions” left the “vanquished” Communists alive and well, with their privileges virtually intact. A thorough settling of accounts with the old regime, however, has proved not only complex but potentially dangerous. For example, calls for prosecution of the old guard have jeopardized coalition rule in Poland and Hungary. Meanwhile, velvet revolutionaries in Germany and Czechoslovakia have grappled with contradictions between rule of law and purge. Vaclav Havel, the first post-Communist President of Czechoslovakia, described his nation’s law on screening state institutions for former secret police collaborators as “a somewhat revolutionary law, a law that is attempting to do something from above that our society failed to do and did not have the strength to do from below.” This problem of carrying out a second, democratic revolution against entrenched remnants of Communist rule in Central Europe is examined in this chapter.
Zimbabwe: Drawing a Line Through the Past
Authors: Carver Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The issue of the accountability of security force personnel for human rights violations is seldom debated in Africa. In Latin America and, more recently, in Eastern Europe, the issue of whether to bring to justice officials who violated human rights under past regimes has been a subject of national debate. But in most African countries the choice has been scarcely considered and has tended to be decided by default. South Africa is clearly an exception. Already embarked on a process of constitutional transformation after decades of gross human rights violations, the new government and the leading political parties must consider what attitude to take toward the members of the security forces and others responsible for these abuses. Will their crimes be investigated? Will they be brought to justice? Will there be a blanket amnesty for human rights violators? Will they be allowed to continue to hold positions of responsibility in the security forces?