bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recovery and Distribution of Biosolids‐Derived Trace Metals in a Clay Loam Soil
Authors: Sukkariyah Beshr F. , Evanylo Gregory , Zelazny Lucian , Chaney Rufus L. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThe long‐term mobility of trace metals has been cited as a potential hazard by critics of EPA 503 rule governing the land application of biosolids. The objectives of this study were to assess the accumulation of Cu, Ni, Cd, and Zn within the soil profile; the distribution of exchangeable, specifically adsorbed, organic, and oxide fractions of each metal; and mass balance of Cu, Ni, and Zn 17 yr after a single biosolids application. Biosolids were applied to 1.5‐ × 2.3‐m confined plots of a Davidson clay loam (fine, kaolinitic, thermic Rhodic Kandiudult) in 1984 at 0, 42, 84, 126, 168, and 210 Mg ha−1 The highest biosolids application supplied 4.5, 750, 43, and 600 kg ha−1 of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn, respectively. Soils were sampled to a depth of 0.9 m and sectioned into 5‐cm increments after separating the Ap horizon. Total (EPA‐3050B), bioavailable (Mehlich‐I), sequential extraction, and dispersible clay analyses were performed on samples from the control, 126 Mg ha−1, and 210 Mg ha−1 treatments. Trace metals are still concentrated in the top 0.2 m with slight enrichment down to 0.3 m. More than 85% of applied Cu, Ni, and Zn are still found in the topsoil where biosolids was incorporated and 95% or more of the applied metals were accounted for with mass balance calculations. Mehlich‐I results showed a slight increase in metal concentration down to 0.35 m. Biosolids application increased the concentrations of trace metals in all the extracted fractions. The major portions of Cu, Zn, and Ni are associated with the metal‐oxides fraction. Dispersible clay content and water‐soluble metal contents were low and except for water‐soluble Zn they were not affected by biosolids application. Results from this study showed that 17 yr after biosolids application there was negligible movement of trace metals through the soil profile and consequently there is little risk of contamination of ground water at this site.
Transformation of Benzothiazole in Estuarine Sediments
Authors: Catallo W. James , Junk T. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTBenzothiazole (BT) is a natural and synthetic compound occurring in aquatic sediments and wastewater. The purpose of this work was to investigate BT biogeochemistry in controlled Eh/pH microcosms (CEPMs) containing estuarine sediments of different particle sizes (coarse, intermediate, fine) under oxidized and reduced conditions vs. killed controls, and tide simulation mesocosms (TSMs) containing plants and meiofauna under well‐drained (oxidized), consistently saturated/flooded (reduced), and tidal (alternating oxidized/reduced) conditions. Benzothiazole was transformed into complex product mixtures under all conditions. Benzothiazole transformation rates in CEPMs were slower under reduced conditions vs. oxidized conditions in the fine‐ and intermediate‐grain sediments, but the same in the coarse sediment. Quiescent (unstirred) CEPMs showed greatly reduced BT transformation rates in all sediments, with half‐lives on the order of 2200 to >4000 h (unstirred) vs. 640 to 1000 h in the continuously stirred systems. The TSM data showed that tidal and drained systems processed BT at identical rates, far exceeding those observed in statically flooded (reduced) TSMs. Mixing was found to be a more significant variable in BT transformation rate than either Eh or sediment particle size breakdown, with constant stirring increasing observed degradation appreciably. Otherwise, BT was transformed more readily on sediments of high surface area under oxidized conditions vs. coarser sediments and those under reducing electrochemical conditions.
Long Lasting Nitrate Leaching after Bark Beetle Attack in the Highlands of the Bavarian Forest National Park
Authors: Huber Christian 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTDuring the past decade bark beetle (Ips typographus) attacks killed nearly all of the Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] stands in the unmanaged zone in the highlands of the Bavarian Forest National Park. This study was conducted to predict if and how long the catastrophic event might cause elevated nitrate NO3− concentration in seepage water, and if the presence of ground vegetation may reduce NO3− leaching. A chronosequence approach was used to investigate NO3− leaching before and after the death of trees. Additionally, the impact of ground vegetation coverage on NO3− leaching was determined. Flux weighted yearly NO3− concentrations were significantly elevated in the first 5 yr after the dieback compared with intact stands (27 μmolc L−1), with highest concentrations in the fifth year after the dieback (579 μmolc L−1). Lowest NO3− concentrations were observed 17 yr after the dieback (10 μmolc L−1). Suction cups in places without ground vegetation showed significantly higher NO3− concentrations of 163 to 727 μmolc L−1 (Year 2–5 after the dieback) than suction cups without vegetation. However, net uptake of N by ground vegetation observed during the first 7 yr after the dieback was low on a plot scale. Compared with other severe disturbances in forests, NO3− concentrations were elevated for a longer period. Due to high rates of precipitation, NO3− dilution occurred and concentrations remained mostly below the European critical level for drinking water. Part of the observed heterogeneity in NO3− concentrations could be attributed to different patterns of ground vegetation coverage.
Surface Runoff Water Quality in a Managed Three Zone Riparian Buffer
Authors: Lowrance Richard , Sheridan Joseph M. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTManaged riparian forest buffers are an important conservation practice but there are little data on the water quality effects of buffer management. We measured surface runoff volumes and nutrient concentrations and loads in a riparian buffer system consisting of (moving down slope from the field) a grass strip, a managed forest, and an unmanaged forest. The managed forest consisted of sections of clear‐cut, thinned, and mature forest. The mature forest had significantly lower flow‐weighted concentrations of nitrate, ammonium, total Kjeldahl N (TKN), sediment TKN, total N (nitrate + TKN), dissolved molybdate reactive P (DMRP), total P, and chloride. The average buffer represented the conditions along a stream reach with a buffer system in different stages of growth. Compared with the field output, flow‐weighted concentrations of nitrate, ammonium, DMRP, and total P decreased significantly within the buffer and flow‐weighted concentrations of TKN, total N, and chloride increased significantly within the buffer. All loads decreased significantly from the field to the middle of the buffer, but most loads increased from the middle of the buffer to the sampling point nearest the stream because surface runoff volume increased near the stream. The largest percentage reduction of the incoming nutrient load (at least 65% for all nutrient forms) took place in the grass buffer zone because of the large decrease (68%) in flow. The average buffer reduced loadings for all nutrient species, from 27% for TKN to 63% for sediment P. The managed forest and grass buffer combined was an effective buffer system.
Herbaceous Vegetation Productivity, Persistence, and Metals Uptake on a Biosolids‐Amended Mine Soil
Authors: Evanylo G. K. , Abaye A. O. , Dundas C. , Zipper C. E. , Lemus R. , Sukkariyah B. , Rockett J. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThe selection of plant species is critical for the successful establishment and long‐term maintenance of vegetation on reclaimed surface mined soils. A study was conducted to assess the capability of 16 forage grass and legume species in monocultures and mixes to establish and thrive on a reclaimed Appalachian surface mine amended with biosolids. The 0.15‐ha coarse‐textured, rocky, non‐acid forming mined site was prepared for planting by grading to a 2% slope and amending sandstone overburden materials with a mixture of composted and dewatered, anaerobically digested biosolids at a rate of 368 Mg ha−1(dry weight). Tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceaSchreb.), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerataL.), switchgrass (Panicum virgatumL.), caucasian bluestem (Bothriochloa caucasiaL.), reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinaceaL.), ladino clover (Trifolium repensL.), birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatusL.), crownvetch (Coronilla variaL.), alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.), common sericea lespedeza and AULotan sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneataL.), tall fescue–ladino clover, tall fescue–alfalfa, orchardgrass–birdsfoot trefoil, switchgrass–AULotan, and an herbaceous species mix intended for planting on reforested sites consisting of foxtail millet [Setaria italica(L.) Beauv.], perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL.), redtop (Agrostis albaL.), kobe lespedeza (Kummerowia striataL.), appalow lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneataL.), and birdsfoot trefoil were established between spring 1990 and 1991. Vegetative biomass and/or persistence were assessed in 1996, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2001, and 2002. The high rate of biosolids applied provided favorable soil chemical properties but could not overcome physical property limitations due to shallow undeveloped soil perched atop a compacted soil layer at 25 cm depth. The plant species whose persistence and biomass production were the greatest after a decade or more of establishment (i.e., switchgrass, sericea lespedeza, reed canarygrass, tall fescue, and crownvetch) shared the physiological and reproductive characteristics of low fertility requirements, drought and moisture tolerance, and propagation by rhizome and/or stolons. Of these five species, two (tall fescue and sericea lespedeza) are or have been seeded commonly on Appalachian coal surface mines, and often dominate abandoned pasture sites. Despite the high rates of heavy metal–bearing biosolids applied to the soil, plant uptake of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn were well within critical concentrations more than a decade after establishment of the vegetation.
Degradation and Movement in Soil of the Herbicide Isoproturon Analyzed by a Photosystem II–Based Biosensor
Authors: Malý J. , Klem K. , Lukavská A. , Masojídek J. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTWe have examined the persistence and movement of a urea‐type herbicide, isoproturon [IPU; 3‐(4‐isopropylphenyl)‐1,1′‐dimethylurea], in soil using a novel herbicide‐detection device, the prototype of a portable electrochemical biosensor based on Photosystem II particles immobilized on printed electrodes, and evaluated its results against two other methods: (i) chlorophyll‐fluorescence bioassay based on polyphasic induction curves, and (ii) standard analysis represented by liquid chromatography. The data of the herbicide's content determined in soil extracts from field experiments correlated in all three methods. The biosensor assay was effective in determining the herbicide's concentration to as low as 10−7 M The results of our experiments also showed the kinetics of movement, degradation, and persistence of isoproturon in various depths of soil. After 6 to 9 wk, almost half of the isoproturon was still actively present in the upper soil layers (0–10 and 10–20 cm) and only 5 to 10% of biological activity was inhibited in the deeper soil layer tested (20–30 cm). Thus, inhibition within the limit of detection of both bioassays could be observed up to 9 wk after application in all profiles (0–30 cm), whereas inhibition persisted for up to 11 wk in the upper soil profile (0–10 cm). The use of the biosensor demonstrated its possibility for making rapid and cheap phytotoxicity tests. Our biosensor can give preliminary information about the biological activity of isoproturon in hours—much faster than growth biotests that may take several days or more.
Phytoremediation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Manufactured Gas Plant–Impacted Soil
Authors: Spriggs Thomas , Banks M. Katherine , Schwab Paul 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTContamination of soil by hazardous substances poses a significant threat to human, environmental, and ecological health. Cleanup of the contaminants using destructive, invasive technologies has proven to be expensive and more importantly, often damaging to the natural resource properties of the soil, sediment, or aquifer. Phytoremediation is defined as the cleanup of contaminated sites using plants. There has been evidence of enhanced polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) degradation in rhizosphere soils for a limited number of plants. However, research focusing on the degradation of PAHs in the rhizosphere of trees is lacking. The objective of this study was to assess the potential use of trees to enhance degradation of PAHs located in manufactured gas plant–impacted soils. In greenhouse studies with intact soil cores, acenaphthene, anthracene, fluoranthene, naphthalene, and phenanthrene decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall) and hybrid poplar (Populus deltoides × P. nigra DN 34) phytoremediation treatments when compared to the unplanted soil control. Increases in PAH microbial degraders in rhizosphere soil were observed when compared to unvegetated soil controls. In addition, the rate of degradation or biotransformation of PAHs was greatest for soils with black willow (Salix nigra Marshall), followed by poplar, ash, and the unvegetated controls. These results support the hypothesis that a variety of plants can enhance the degradation of target PAHs in soil.
Development of Bacteria and Benthic Total Maximum Daily Loads
Authors: Benham Brian L. , Brannan Kevin M. , Yagow Gene , Zeckoski Rebecca W. , Dillaha Theo A. , Mostaghimi Saied , Wynn Jeff W. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTTwo total maximum daily load (TMDL) studies were performed for Linville Creek in Rockingham County, Virginia, to address bacterial and benthic impairments. The TMDL program is an integrated watershed management approach required by the Clean Water Act. This paper describes the procedures used by the Center for TMDL and Watershed Studies at Virginia Tech to develop the Linville Creek TMDLs and discusses the key lessons learned from and the ramifications of the procedures used in these and other similar TMDL studies. The bacterial impairment TMDL was developed using the Hydrological Simulation Program—Fortran (HSPF). Fecal coliform loads were estimated through an intensive source characterization process. The benthic impairment TMDL was developed using the Generalized Watershed Loading Function (GWLF) model and the reference watershed approach. The bacterial TMDL allocation scenario requires a 100% reduction in cattle manure direct‐deposits to the stream, a 96% reduction in nonpoint‐source loadings to the land surface, and a 95% reduction in wildlife direct‐deposits to the stream. Sediment was identified as the primary benthic stressor. The TMDL allocation scenario for the benthic impairment requires an overall reduction of 12.3% of the existing sediment loads. Despite the many drawbacks associated with using watershed‐scale models like HSPF and GWLF to develop TMDLs, the detailed watershed and pollutant‐source characterization required to use these and similar models creates information that stakeholders need to select appropriate corrective measures to address the cause of the water quality impairment when implementing the TMDL.
Microbial Response to Heavy Metal–Polluted Soils
Authors: Hinojosa M. Belén , Carreira José A. , García‐Ruíz Roberto , Dick Richard P. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTHeavy metal pollution of soil is of concern for human health and ecosystem function. The soil microbial community should be a sensitive indicator of metal contamination effects on bioavailability and biogeochemical processes. Simple methods are needed to determine the degree of in situ pollution and effectiveness of remediating metal‐contaminated soils. Currently, phospholipid‐linked fatty acids (PLFAs) are preferred for microbial profiling but this method is time consuming, whereas direct soil extraction and transesterification of total ester‐linked fatty acids (ELFAs) is attractive because of its simplicity. The 1998 mining acid–metal spill of >4000 ha in the Guadiamar watershed (southwestern Spain) provided a unique opportunity to study these two microbial lipid profiling methods. Replicated treatments were set up as nonpolluted, heavy metal polluted and reclaimed, and polluted soils. Inferences from whole community–diversity analysis and correlations of individual fatty acids with metals suggested Cu, Cd, and Zn were the most important in affecting microbial community structure, along with pH. The microbial stress marker, monounsaturated fatty acids, was significantly lower for reclaimed and polluted soil over nonpolluted soils for both PLFA and ELFA extraction. Another stress marker, the monounsaturated to saturated fatty acids ratio, only showed this for the PLFA. The general fungal marker (18:2ω6c), the arbuscule mycorrhizae marker (16:1ω5c), and iso‐ and anteiso‐branched PLFAs (Gram positive bacteria) were suppressed with increasing pollution whereas 17:0cy (Gram negative bacteria) increased with metal pollution. For both extraction methods, richness and diversity were greater in nonpolluted soils and lowest in polluted soils. The ELFA method was sensitive for reflecting metal pollution on microbial communities and could be suitable for routine use in ecological monitoring and risk assessment programs because of its simplicity and reproducibility.
Comparison of Atrazine Losses in Three Small Headwater Catchments
Authors: Leu Christian , Singer Heinz , Müller Stephan R. , Schwarzenbach René P. , Stamm Christian 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTUnderstanding the processes causing herbicide transport to surface waters is crucial to determine mitigation options to reduce these losses. To this end, we investigated the atrazine (2‐chloro‐4‐ethylamino‐6‐isopropylamino‐1,3,5‐triazine) transport in three agricultural catchments (1.1–2.1 km2) in the watershed of Lake “Greifensee” (Switzerland). In 1999, atrazine application data were recorded for all three catchments. Time proportional samples were taken at a high temporal resolution at the catchment outlets. Extremely wet conditions caused large relative losses from the catchments, ranging between 0.6 and 3.5% of the amount applied. Most of the atrazine load was due to event‐driven diffuse losses from the fields. Farmyard runoff contributed less but caused the highest concentrations (up to 31 μg L−1) in the brooks. The maximum concentrations due to diffuse losses varied between 1.2 and 8.2 μg L−1 among the catchments. Despite different absolute concentration levels, the concentration time‐series were very similar. It seems that the travel‐times within the catchments were mainly controlled by the rainfall pattern with little influence of the catchment properties. These properties, however, caused the relative losses to vary by a factor of 6 between the catchments. This variability could be partly explained by differences in the connectivity of the fields to the brooks and by their hydrological soil properties. A comparison of the losses from the three catchments with those from the entire watershed of Lake Greifensee demonstrated that they were representative for the larger area. Hence, the study results provide a good data set to evaluate distributed models predicting herbicide losses.
Oxidative Remobilization of Biogenic Uranium(IV) Precipitates
Authors: Zhong Lirong , Liu Chongxuan , Zachara John M. , Kennedy Dave W. , Szecsody James E. , Wood Brian 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThe oxidative remobilization of uranium from biogenic U(IV) precipitates was investigated in bioreduced sediment suspensions in contact with atmospheric O2 with an emphasis on the influence of Fe(II) and pH on the rate and extent of U release from the solid to the aqueous phase. The sediment was collected from the U.S. Department of Energy Field Research Center (FRC) site at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Biogenic U(IV) precipitates and bioreduced sediment were generated through anaerobic incubation with a dissimilatory metal reducing bacterium Shewanella putrefaciens strain CN32. The oxidative remobilization of freshly prepared and 1‐yr aged biogenic U(IV) was conducted in 0.1 mol/L NaNO3 electrolyte with variable pH and Fe(II) concentrations. Biogenic U(IV)O2(s) was released into the aqueous phase with the highest rate and extent at pH 4 and 9, while the U remobilization was the lowest at circumneutral pH. Increasing Fe(II) significantly decreased U remobilization to the aqueous phase. From 70 to 100% of the U in the sediments used in all the tests was extractable at the experiment termination (41 d) with a bicarbonate solution (0.2 mol/L), indicating that biogenic U(IV) was oxidized regardless of Fe(II) concentration and pH. Sorption experiments and modeling calculations indicated that the inhibitive effect of Fe(II) on U(IV) oxidative remobilization was consistent with the Fe(III) oxide precipitation and U(VI) sorption to this secondary phase.
History of Dermatology
Authors: Levell Nick J. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Dermatology history teaches us about success, failure, mistakes, innovation and triumphs: how to achieve and how to avoid disaster. It is about the growth of ideas and how changes in medicine mirrored changes in society. Failure to understand the errors of history dooms us to repeat these. Understanding historical triumphs helps us to achieve these in the future. This short chapter discusses key themes of importance in dermatology history.
Structure and Function of the Skin
Authors: McGrath John A. , Uitto Jouni 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Knowledge of the structure and function of skin is an essential prerequisite to understanding the aetiology and manifestations of skin diseases and their treatment. This chapter provides an outline of skin development and the formation and maintenance of its key structures integrated within the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous fat. The text also describes the multiplicity and complexity of all cellular and structural components of skin and their roles in homeostasis and the origins of skin diseases, as well as describing the key functions of healthy skin.
Principles of Evidence‐Based Dermatology
Authors: Bigby Michael , Williams Hywel C. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Evidence‐based dermatology simply refers to the integration of the best external evidence to the care of individual patients. Learning to appraise relevant evidence critically is a skill that has to be learnt, as are the principles of applying such filtered evidence to your patient. This chapter covers the rationale and limitations of evidence‐based dermatology and provides practical guidance on how to formulate clinically focused questions, how to search for relevant evidence and how to appraise evidence critically from systematic reviews, clinical trials, diagnostic tests and studies about adverse events. We also cover how to apply evidence to individual patients. We close with short cut methods to help the busy dermatologist to assess clinical research along with a list of recommended further reading.