bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
American Exceptionalism Reaffirmed
Authors: Lipset Seymour Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The topic which concerns us, American exceptionalism (the phrase is Tocqueville’s), could only have arisen in a comparative context.1 It basically means that America is unique, is different in crucial ways from most other countries. It has been argued by many that the United States has stood out as distinct from other Western countries, in Europe and the Americas, including, as I have tried to document in detail, Canada.2 In dealing with national characteristics it is important to recognize that comparative evaluations are never absolutes, that they always are made in terms of more or less. The statement that the United States is an egalitarian society obviously does not imply that all Americans are equal in any way that can be defined. This generalization usually means, regardless of which aspect is under consideration (social relations, status, mobility, income distribution, etc.), that the United States is more egalitarian than Europe.
Interpreting Northern Ireland
Authors: Whyte John , FitzGerald Garret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Relative to its size, Northern Ireland is possibly the most heavily researched area on earth; hundreds of books and thousands of articles have been published since the current troubles began there in 1968. In Interpreting Northern Ireland John Whyte provides a badly-needed guide to the mass of literature and comment. In part I, Professor Whyte surveys the research on the nature and extent of the community divide, examining in turn the religious, economic, political, and psychological aspects of the issue. In Part II he discusses ideological interpretations of the Northern Ireland problems, from unionist and nationalist to Marxist. In the final section of the book he surveys the various solutions that have been proposed and looks critically at what the mass of research has achieved. He suggests that if it has not achieved more it may be because it has sometimes asked the wrong questions.
The Traditional Nationalist Interpretation
Authors: Whyte John , FitzGerald Garret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The traditional nationalist view of Northern Ireland can be summed up in two propositions: (1) the people of Ireland form one nation; and (2) the fault for keeping Ireland divided lies with Britain.
This view can be traced back to the foundation of Northern Ireland itself. Among early statements of it are The Handbook of the Ulster Question (1923), published by the North-Eastern Boundary Bureau, which had been set up by the Irish Free State government, and Henry Harrison’s Ulster and the British Empire: Help or Hindrance? (1939). In the late 1940s and early 1950s the pamphlets of the All-Party Anti-partition Conference gave a renewed ideological basis to the nationalist interpretation.
The Slide to War
Authors: Morris Benny 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The IDF raid on Gaza triggered a qualitative and quantitative rise in the level of Israeli-Arab, and specifically Israeli-Egyptian, hostility and violence. Egypt responded to the raid by a policy of low-level harassment along the frontiers and by the conclusion of a major weapons deal with the Soviet Union, the Czech arms deal. Israel, for its part, decided (a) also to acquire major new armaments, and (b) to confront and destroy the Egyptian army before it became too strong.
Justifying impartial justice
Authors: Barry Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I can best introduce the topic of this chapter by presenting in summary form the relevant points that have emerged from the preceding two. If we start, then, from the problem posed by the irreducible plurality of conceptions of the good, we can say that utilitarianism and justice as impartiality offer alternative solutions. Both purport to provide a generally acceptable basis for bringing diverse conceptions of the good into relation with one another by putting them on an equal footing. Utilitarianism reduces them to a lowest common denominator by treating them all as giving rise to wants, which are then given equal value qua wants regardless of their origins in different conceptions of the good. A utilitarian doctrine based on want-satisfaction as a conception of the good assesses outcomes according to their prospects of maximizing aggregate want-satisfaction. Rules of justice and constitutional arrangements are then to be assessed by asking how well their expected outcomes fare on the utilitarian criterion. Principles have a purely derivative status and are to be judged in the same way.
Levels of impartiality
Authors: Barry Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter I put forward the proposition that second-order impartialist theories do not entail universal first-order impartiality. I hope that I have succeeded in showing that this is true for justice as impartiality. I believe that the same conclusion also holds for the other main varieties of impartialist theory, the Kantian and the utilitarian. What makes the position less than completely straightforward is that there have been self-proclaimed utilitarians and Kantians who have endorsed universal first-order impartiality. Contemporary anti-impartialists have exploited the existence of such people to discredit the whole idea of impartiality. But this is a cheap victory that gains nothing because the ‘utilitarianism’ thus destroyed is not that of Bentham or Mill, and the ‘Kantianism’ would have been repudiated by Kant.
Introduction
Authors: Humphrey Caroline , Onon Urgunge 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IT was when he had become an elder, mettlesome and with every shining black hair in place but approaching the age of seventy, that Urgunge Onon suggested we explore his memories. He wanted a book to be written about the shamanism of his youth, a book which would explain shamanism both as an anthropological subject and ‘from inside’. Urgunge is a Daur Mongol who was born in Manchuria in far Northern China and now lives in England. Our book is based largely on his recollections of his youth, up to the time when he left China in 1948. It therefore grounds the magical and difficult-to-grasp topic of shamanism in a specific region, period, and set of historical circumstances. But we hope also to explain shamanism in a more general sense, in particular to explain the holding of the practical understandings, the metaphorical ideas, the fears, and the defiance that give rise to it. Existing studies of North Asian shamanism are virtually all written in the unsatisfactory idiom of general cultural models, neglecting history, singular views, contexts, and disagreements, and above all ignoring how people hold religious ideas, their salience, and the extent to which people really hold to them in particular situations.
Shamans and Shamanship
Authors: Humphrey Caroline , Onon Urgunge 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite all the complexities of gender just described, we have a strong sense of the separateness of men’s and women’s lives. Shamans created a way to merge them again. Whether they were male or female, yadgans’ identity came from spirits and these represented human predicaments in a way that deliberately overrode gender. I propose to show this using the example of a woman yadgan, Huangge. While I was in China I discovered that Huangge was not only the sister of the revolutionary Merse, but was herself a brilliant and famous woman, and I resolved to search for whatever information I could find about her.
Aerospace Companies and the State in Europe
Authors: Muller Pierre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the course of the last decade the aeronautical manufacturing sector in Europe has undergone a series of fundamental transformations. The ‘explosion’ of the civilian market and the rise of Airbus, the end of the cold war, and the search for the resulting peace dividend, the emergence of new political, economic, and industrial strategies, have completely modified the environment in which European aerospace manufacturers operate. Indeed, in this sector—as in others—we are in the process of experiencing the end of the post-war period. In such a context of change, it is hardly surprising that the position of publicly-owned industries should be completely altered. In reality, in this key sector we are witnessing nothing less than a genuine revolution in the very idea of nationalized industries.
Introduction
Authors: Barnes R H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lamalera represents an historically important variety of society in South-East Asia, one which by analogy with a usage introduced by Pigeaud and drawing on Malay for ‘coastal regions’ might be called pesisir societies. These societies are characterized by their links both to the interior and to the outer world. They are frequently at once isolated and involved in contacts far beyond their region. They are often remote communities, far from the centres of commerce and culture. At the same time they are in local perspective sophisticated mediators of external influences who maintain far-flung and even international contacts and commitments. This paradox has caused difficulties in understanding their characteristic place in South-East Asian life. Nevertheless every shore of every island and of every part of the mainland of Asia is lined with smaller or larger exemplars of this pattern, appreciation of which is essential for understanding both the past and the present in South-East Asian economy and society.
Descent Groups
Authors: Barnes R H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The sociological make-up of descent groups, both unilineal and non-unilineal, in Nusa Tenggara Timur is extraordinarily various, ranging from fairly straightforward patrilineal or matrilineal air angements, through a combination of patrilineal and matrilineal clans and lineages in a configuration of so-called double descent, toward more complex mixtures of unilineal principles and cognatic practices in places on Timor and the islands to the east of Timor. Scattered here and there are communities lacking unilineal descent groups of any kind (for a survey see R. H. Barnes 1980a).
Marriage Alliance
Authors: Barnes R H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Marriage alliance is now recognized in anthropology to constitute not only a potentially coherent set of practices relating groupings of people in a series of mutual obligations lasting longer than a lifetime and occasioned by exogamous marriages, but also in some societies a principle of social organization on a scale comparable to that of unilineal descent. The literature on the subject is huge, and the topic has a long and varied history.
Seasons, Winds, Tides, Currents, Celestial Objects, and Directions
Authors: Barnes R H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Local seasons are determined by the two great monsoons and the transition periods between them. A season is mūsi, from Malay musim and Arabic mausin (Wilkinson 1932: 2: 157), or naung (Arndt 1937: 93; Gregorius Keraf 1978: 242). The monsoons affect not only temperatures, rainfall, and the growth of vegetation, but also of course productive activities. As is characteristic of rural communities, the local calendar is comprised of a sequence of time marks referring both to recurring events in nature and to characteristic human activities.
Harpoons, Ropes, and Other Gear in the Boats
Authors: Barnes R H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When a boat first puts to sea, it is this harpoon which is put at readiness, by being attached to its pole and rope and propped up on the harpooning platform and the fore part of the harpoon pole rack on the right side of the boat. The harpoon is suitable for moderate- and small-sized game, and it can quickly be replaced by a heavier harpoon and rope if large game looms into sight. Because it is always at the ready, its rope is coiled in the first unobstructed section of the boat behind the bow, namely the fourth section, which is called the place of the léo rope. In general the ropes increase in weight and thickness moving from the bow to the stern; and they are arranged so that they can be fastened to each other in that order.
Output And Price Policy In Public Enterprise
Authors: Little I M D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THIs Chapter is an essay in applied welfare economics. We propose to review and discuss some of the contributions to the marginal-cost controversy. The suggestion of marginal-cost pricing in public utilities in a mixed economy appears to have been first made by Professor Hotelling in his article ‘ The General Welfare in relation to problems of Taxation and of Railway and Utility Rates’.1 Professor Lerner, in his Economics of Control,also considers a mixed economy, but assumes that pure, or nearly pure, competition prevails in the private sector. Apparently inspired by these contributions, there was, in the post war years, an extensive discussion of the problem.2
Conclusions
Authors: Little I M D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THIS book might, in part, be described as a study of the usage of influential and persuasive language in economics. Wherever it has been found that the terminology of economics is, in this sense, normative, we have suggested that the ethical issues involved should be brought right into the open. Unless this is done, it is often not at all clear whether a dispute is one of fact, or one of value. A discussion, which is superficially objective and factual (because frankly ethical expressions are not used), but which is really about values, though the contestants may not realize it, is usually unhelpful, and may tend to create ill feeling.
Introduction
Authors: Scazzieri Roberto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this study is to consider the structure of productive processes within a general description of human, technical, and environmental capabilities and their utilization in ‘supporting’ networks of productive tasks. As a result of this investigation, the view will emerge of the overall economic system as a set of interdependent funds (such as workers, machinery, natural resources) executing, according to a co-ordinated pattern, a certain transformation or set of transformations. Such patterns will affect the physical characteristics of the material environment and/or the capabilities of the funds involved in productive activity.
The Analytical Representation of Productive Activity
Authors: Scazzieri Roberto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any given type of productive activity may lead to a number of distinct patterns of description. First, it may be considered as a combination of goal-oriented operations by means of which material objects take a particular shape according to given specifications, or immaterial services are supplied. Second, productive activity may be described as a combination of ‘transformation stages’ (usually a sequence), which leads material objects or human capabilities from a state of nature that is conventionally considered as original to a different state of nature that is conventionally considered as final. Last, productive activity may be identified with those human and non-human factors that must be available within each productive unit if some process of ‘technical transformation, or production’ (Hicks, 1939: 78) has to take place.
Conclusion: Tasks, Processes, and the Economic System
Authors: Scazzieri Roberto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The foregoing analysis derives from a particular description of the production process. This process has been described as a network of tasks rather than as a combination of inputs. Tasks are performed in real time, and their repeated performance leads to certain productive procedures. This approach has a number of distinctive features which may be summarized as follows. First, the ‘arrangement’ of tasks is independent of the inputs used in these tasks. A given task is often feasibile with alternative input combinations, and a given input combination generally permits more than one pattern of task co-ordination (see Chapter 5). Second, technical ‘adoption’ is a two-dimensional process: (a) a certain combination of inputs must be assembled and (b) a certain procedure must be followed. This dual and often sequential character of technical adoption leaves room for bottle-necks and disequilibria within each technical practice, for the input set and the pattern of task coordination may not match, if the former or the latter reflects past choices and procedures and cannot be instantaneously adjusted.
The Progression to the Third Birth in Sweden
Authors: Murphy Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with the patterns of progression from second to third birth in Sweden during the period 1960 to 1980 from analysis of data from the 1981 Statistics Sweden (formerly Central Bureau of Statistics) survey Women in Sweden (Statistics Sweden 1981; WFS 1984), which is also described as the Swedish Fertility Survey. The approach adopted is the widely used one of hazard regression, which attempts to explain (at least in a statistical sense) patterns of differential progression to the third birth. Within this framework, a number of social, demographic, and economic factors that obtained prior to the third conception are included in a formal regression-type model that quantifies their relative and joint importance. Such techniques are both powerful and appropriate for fitting models to survival processes such as this one. However, they are not without their problems, and some of these will be brought out and illustrated in areas relating to the form of data source employed, the variables used in the analysis, and the transformation and interpretation of results.
Introduction
Authors: Courgeau Daniel , Éva Leliévre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Up to the present, longitudinal analysis has basically been developed through an approach that takes each demographic phenomenon into consideration separately. Its main objective has been to isolate each phenomenon in its ‘pure state’. In particular, it was considered necessary to separate the effects of each demographic variable from those of the others, such as mortality and migrations. To this end, a certain number of hypotheses were required, but they could not be tested against existing sources (Henry, 1959, 1966). Longitudinal analysis was developed on the basis of aggregate data such as registration statistics, or, whenever possible, data from population registers. Even though these sources allow each event to be dealt with separately, since they eliminate disturbing effects, they hardly make it possible to analyse interactions between different phenomena.
Methods of Estimation using Censored Observations
Authors: Courgeau Daniel , Éva Leliévre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we shall present the principle of non-parametric estimation methods of hazard rates using various types of survey data, which can be either right-censored or left-censored. There are different types of ‘gaps’ in retrospective or prospective longitudinal data, depending on the collect.
Statistical Formalization of Parametric Analysis
Authors: Courgeau Daniel , Éva Leliévre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The models presented in the first part of this work do not impose a priori any specific form on the hazard rates being estimated. Thus, they are non-parametric. However, it may be useful to summarize this information using a small number of parameters which make it possible to find the correct overall distribution. Apart from the saving thus made, these parameters can provide us with a simple demo graphic interpretation clarifying the processes observed.
Conclusion
Authors: Courgeau Daniel , Éva Leliévre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the Introduction to this book we presented its two main objectives: on the one hand, to develop methods that make it possible to analyse the interactions between demographic phenomena; on the other hand, to examine and deal with the heterogeneity of observed populations. While both these problems had already been raised some time ago (Henry, 1959; Pressat, 1966), no satisfactory solution has thus far been found. ‘ Most often, the option was taken to eliminate the modifying effect that one phenomenon had on another, without analysing the more complex interactions between phenomena. Similarly, populations were considered to be homogeneous or, at best, were broken down on the basis of simple criteria into sub-populations which were dealt with separately.
Conclusion
Authors: Papandreou Andreas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There has always been a strong sense that no good characterization of externality exists. I suggested in the conclusion of Chapter 2 that a temptation to avoid the problem of characterizing externality should be resisted because of the important insights a better understanding of the notion would provide for the appraisal of an economy and its institutions. In this book I have tried to show why characterizing externality has been such an intractable task. This has entailed a critical examination of many of the existing characterizations, and an attempt to understand and evaluate the many concepts, distinctions and motivations latent in the apparently homogeneous notion of externality.
Introduction
Authors: Kueh Y Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For a country the size of China, which accounts for around a quarter of the world population and some 20 per cent of the world total of cereals output, fluctuations in agricultural production pose serious economic policy problems for the political leadership. Grain output in China per head is still comparatively low and the country still ranks as one of the largest net grain importers in the world. A minor shortfall in production may translate itself into sizeable demands for grain imports.1 Inter national market repercussions aside, this may result in competitive claims for foreign exchange resources against the planners’ programme of machine and equipment imports which are so instrumental in the pursuit of the ‘four modernizations’.
Measures of and Factors in Agricultural Instability
Authors: Kueh Y Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Agricultural instability can be measured in terms of farm output and farm income. It can also be estimated in terms of the fluctuations in such farm input variables as land, labour, farm machines, diesel oil, chemical fertilizers, etc. Through a comparison of total farm output (income) and inputs, it is possible to estimate fluctuations in agricultural productivity (output/income per hectare or per agricultural worker). Farm instability measures may be extended to cover farm-related non-farm economic activities in order to give a broad measurement of rural economic instability. In China, for example, such a comprehensive measure is the gross value of agricultural output (GVAO). This comprises, besides the farming sector proper, forestry, husbandry, fishery, and cottage-type industries which use agricultural raw materials such as cotton, tobacco, and sugar-cane as inputs. Another measure with a scope even broader than that of the GVAO is the so-called gross value of social output (GVSO) introduced in the mid-1980s. This embraces, in addition to the GVAO, building construction, transportation, and trade sectors. Within the rural context, the volume of undertakings in all these sectors fluctuates with the performance of the agricultural sector.