bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Constitution of the Fourth Republic
Authors: Larkin Maurice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
AFTER the social ‘New Deal’ of the CNR charter, there still remained the fundamental matter of the constitutional framework for post-war France. The charter was understandably imprecise in its constitutional demands, given the need for relative unity and the genuine uncertainty as to what type of constitution would gain acceptance at the Liberation. But it emphasized the need for a ‘democracy combining effective control exercised by popular representatives with continuity of action in government’. In other words, there was to be no sinking back into the old habits of the Third Republic with its unstable ministries and inability to pursue vigorous policies. And it was assumed that the constitution of the Third Republic would have to be changed accordingly. Unfortunately, the suppression of democratic liberties and institutions during the Occupation intensified traditional suspicions of anything suggesting a strong executive; and the desire to safeguard democracy was to blind many politicians to the equal need for effective government. There was consequently little enthusiasm on the Left for the semi-presidential schemes favoured by a sizeable section of the Gaullists.
Italy and the world since 1945
Authors: Harper John L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Italy did not cease to have a foreign policy after 1945, as is sometimes claimed. Indeed post-war foreign policy contains striking continuities with the past: the search for security and independence through a friendly connection with the dominant Mediterranean power (call it ‘realism’); the impulse to go it alone in pursuit of national interests narrowly defined, and of an autonomous mission (call it ‘particularism’); above all, the desire to take part in a larger political and economic project (call it ‘Europeanism’ or ‘universalism’).
A Box with No Sides?
Authors: Le Poidevin Robin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In May 1643, the French philosopher and one-time soldier Rene Descartes (1596-1650) began a long correspondence with Princess Elizabeth of Bohemia. In her first letter, of 6 May, Elizabeth asked him how, if the soul and the body were so different in their natures, the soul could influence the actions of the body.
Does Time Pass?
Authors: Le Poidevin Robin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If one had to pick out the two most characteristic features of time, features which clearly mark its distinctness from space, one would probably cite, first, the fact that time passes, and secondly, the fact that the present is in some sense unique. These two features are closely related. For one indication of time’s passing, indeed what perhaps it means to say that time passes, is that what time it is now is constantly changing. Watching the second hand flying around the dock face, one is acutely aware of successive times becoming present.
Other Times and Spaces
Authors: Le Poidevin Robin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You are presented with a large urn containing, you are told, 100 table tennis balls. Removing one of these balls you discover, much to your surprise, that one of them has your name on it. Can you conclude anything about the rest of the balls in the urn? Precisely 100 hypo theses fit the rather limited data, ranging from the hypothesis that only one ball has your name on it (this being the one you happened to pick out) to the hypothesis that all the balls have your name on them. Clearly, you would be unwise to come to any fixed conclusion at this stage, for any of these hypotheses could be true. But are they equally likely? The probability of your picking out a ball with your name on it depends on the proportion of such balls in the um. So, were there just one ball with your name on it, the probability of your.
Introduction
Authors: Swinburne Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Are there good reasons for believing that there is a God? I have argued elsewhere, and especially in my book Is There a God? , that the general character of the natural world (and in particular the fact that it is governed by laws of nature which lead to the evolution of human beings) makes it probable that there is a God. But why should we suppose that God (if there is a God) is the Christian God? I plan to answer that question in this book and to show that, if there is a God, then the main doctrines which the Christian Church teaches about God, the doctrines which are special to Christianity and distinguish it from other religions which also claim that there is a God, are very probably true.
The Life and Death of Jesus
Authors: Swinburne Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It follows from the arguments of Part I that, if there is a God, we would find among us at some stage of history a prophet who lives a life in which there is much suffering, who would claim to be God incarnate, and would found a Church to continue to proclaim that message. It would also be quite probable that the prophet ‘s life would be a perfect life, he would claim to be making available atonement for our sins, and give us plausible teaching (as a revelation from God) about the nature of God, how we should live our lives, and God ‘s plans for our future; and if he did all this, the Church would give us plausible interpretations of that teaching.
The Resurrection of Jesus
Authors: Swinburne Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I argued in the previous chapter that our evidence about the life and teaching of Jesus is such as it is probable we would find if his life were the sort of life and teaching that God Incarnate would live and teach, and very improbable we would find otherwise. But that is not enough to show that Jesus was God Incarnate. For it is not very improbable that in the course of human history given the large number of different kinds of humans there might have appeared by chance just once a prophet who lived the requisite sort of life and gave the requisite sort of teaching, but who was nevertheless just an ordinary human. As I argued in Chapter 6, to establish that a prophet was God Incarnate we need also God’s signature on the prophet’s work. Someone’s signature on a work is an event which can (with high probability) only be brought about by that person, and occurs in connection with the work in a way which the culture in which it occurs would recognize as an endorsement of that work.
Fundamental Physics for Probing and Imaging
Authors: Allison Wade 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Physics has reduced fear and increased safety for society, largely by extending the power to see. The methods used are magnetic resonance, ionising radiation and sound, with their extensions. This textbook expounds the fundamental physics of these. It follows how they are applied by modern technology to #x201C;seeing#x201D; in clinical medicine including therapy and in other spheres of human activity such as archaeology, geophysics, security and navigation. By taking a broad view over the whole field, the book encourages comparisons, underlines the importance of public education and reaches fresh conclusions of some political importance concerning safety. This textbook has developed from a course given to third year students at Oxford and is written so that it can be used coherently as a basis for shorter courses by omitting certain chapters.
Rediscovering Ancient Magic
Authors: Davies Owen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the nineteenth century archaeological revelations about the world of ancient Egypt reinvigorated old conceptions of the country’s place in the history of the occult and inspired new magical traditions. But it is important to acknowledge that ancient Egyptian culture was not as remote to the people of early modern Europe as one might think. In learned medical practice pieces of Egyptian mummies were prized for their potent blend of resins, gums, oils, and decayed bodily Xuids. The Medici popes and prosperous merchants of early sixteenth- century Italy generated an enthusiasm for Egyptian monumental architecture and antiquities as part of a renewed respect for the military achievements of their pagan ancestors, giving pride of place to the obelisks that had been brought back in the heyday of the Empire. In intellectual circles hieroglyphs fascinated the Renaissance occult philosophers and alchemists. As with the Jewish Kabbalah, hieroglyphs represented both the key to and substance of ancient wisdom, and their meaning could only be revealed through divine communication or by intuitive inspiration.
Early and present Earth and its circumnavigation of the Sun
Authors: Gale Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Solar System came into being from the remnants of a supernova event around 4.55 billion years ago. As discussed in Chapter 2, this supernova origin was important for life as it ensured the presence of the essential heavier than helium elements, such as carbon, iron, and phosphorus. The first period of Earth’s formation, from 4.55 to ∼4.0 Gy BP is called, appropriately enough, the Hadean aeon (from Hades, the Greek god of the underworld). Life probably first appeared at the end of this aeon in a period called the Archaean (see Table 8.1 for the dating and characteristics of the different geological periods). It is conceptually of the greatest importance to remember that, however exceptional, Earth is just one of eight planets in the Solar System. Earth began to form from the swirling maelstrom of the rocks and dust surrounding the Sun (the solar nebula) only a short time after the Sun itself coalesced into a mass with a density sufficient to drive fission activity, thus becoming a star. In relation to potentially life-supporting conditions, Earth’s first 0.5-1 Gy are well expressed in the words from the Hebrew bible’s story of the creation ‘Tohu V’Vohu’-complete chaos. This was a time during which there were frequent collisions with bodies varying in size from rocks to planetisimals measured in kilometres; the ‘bombardment phase’. These impactors originated from the same solar nebula and accreted to form planet Earth. As it formed, Earth acquired the physical characteristics described in Chapter 4. This period probably looked much like the artist’s impression shown in Fig. 5.1. The final form of Earth included oceans, an early land mass, and a swirling atmosphere.
Beyond Moralism: God is Love
Authors: Rowland Tracey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a series of sermons preached at the Cathedral of Münster to members of the student chaplaincy in 1964 Ratzinger posed the question: ‘What actually is the real substance of Christianity that goes beyond mere moralism?’ The term moralism generally refers to the Kantian rationalist tendency to reduce Christianity to the dimensions of an ethical framework, or to equate faith with obeying a law. Lorenzo Albacete has described it as a modern form of Pelagianism, a belief in salvation through good works and obedience which he suggests can only be overcome by a ‘proper theology of grace in which grace is not presented as something added to and external to the natural law itself [as some Neo-Scholastics would have it], but rather as the possibility of a personal encounter with Jesus Christ’. In such a theology of grace ‘it is not life according to the natural law or to ethics that saves and fulfils us: more radically, it involves a relationship of Communion with the Person of Jesus Christ’. This is essentially the response which the young Ratzinger gave to his own question in the third of his Münster sermons. Ratzinger proposed that the antidote to moralism is the theology of the First Letter of St John: God is love, and he who abides in love abides in God and God abides in him.
‘Country-States’ versus City-State Cultures
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the perspective of world history we can see that the mutual interreaction between the creation of cities and the creation of states brought to the fore two different types of state: macro-states, which each had a great number of cities spread out over the territory, and regions whose population had, indeed, the same culture, language, religion and traditions but were nevertheless divided into a large number of little states, each consisting of a city and its hinterland, often of under 100 and, at most, 1,000 or so km2. It is usual to call the macro-states ‘territorial states’ and to treat territorial states and city-states as antonyms.1 But that is misleading, because every city-state had a territory, even if of modest size.
The Polis as City and State
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have argued above that the polis was both a nucleated settlement and a self-governing polity, and from page 1 I have cast this view in modern terms and spoken of the polis as both ‘city’ and ‘state’. Are these two terms and the concepts behind them well chosen in a description of the Greek polis? Even if we accept that the polis ideally was both a city and a state, i.e. a city-state, what happens if, combining the two aspects, we apply them to individual poleis? Athens was both a city and a state, and that goes for many other poleis too: Corinth, Megara, Syracuse.
Polis as City
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All our written sources show that socially and economically a polis was a city plus its hinterland, and that politically it was a kind of state. Each of these aspects must be treated now in greater detail. We begin with polis as city. An important difference between polis as city and polis as state can be clearly seen if we attempt to answer the questions: Who lived in a polis? And who were members of a polis? Although the Greeks had a tendency to settle in cities, it is a fact that in ancient Greek there is no word that means the people living in a city as against the people living in the countryside. The word polites meant a ‘citizen’ in the political sense of the word, and signified the adult male citizen irrespective of where he lived.1 The word asty (city) was used as a synonym of polis in the sense of a place,2 but its derivation astos (man from the asty) is never used to mean ‘city-dweller’. Like polites, astos is used of a citizen only in the political meaning. The adjective agroikos often means someone who lives in the country, and then can have the derivative meaning of ‘simple, uneducated person’.
The Size and Population of the Cities
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The areas of cities are not a thing in which historians show much interest. They prefer to estimate the size of cities by the number of inhabitants. There can, indeed, be no doubt that knowledge of population size is much more important than knowledge of how large an area the city covered: the problem is only that in the case of ancient cities we have next to no knowledge of their population size and are consequently reduced to making guesses about a city’s population size from what we know about its area. In the Classical period almost all poleis had walls, and of many of the walls enough survives for us to be able to calculate with complete or fair certainty the area enclosed by them. For 232 of the 1,035 poleis in the Polis Centre’s Inventory we can calculate the city’s area, and the figures work out as shown in table 2.1 These figures must, of course, be read with caution, for the area of the city walls is not always an adequate criterion of the size of the city. Many cities had a large open area within the walls, where the population from the countryside could take refuge in case of war.
Polis as City in the Archaic Period
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In describing the polis in its ‘city’ meaning I have so far focused on the Classical period. I want now to return to the question how far back polis as ‘city’ can be traced, to set beside what we know of the origin of polis as ‘state’. I begin with the written sources and consider the earliest evidence we have for the concept of polis as city. In the Homeric poems all cities are provided with high walls and impressive towers, and inside the walls they have broad streets.1 That picture may be a reminiscence of the cities of the Bronze Age, or be based on a vague knowledge of the big cities of the Near East; but it may reflect the cities of Greece proper that Homer’s hearers lived in, say, in the seventh century bc; and that possibility is confirmed by other sources. In a lost—though much-cited—poem Alkaios of Lesbos says that a polis is not just a walled city but rather a community of men ready to defend their society: the antithetical way of putting it implies that other people did describe the polis as a walled city; and polis in that sense turns up in Archilochos of Paros.
Religion
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ever since the ground-breaking book of Fustel de Coulanges, La Cite‹ antique, of 1864, many ancient historians have declared that religion was the most important aspect of the society of the ancient Greek polis: (1) the institutions of the polis were the framework of Greek religion; (2) in the polis there was no distinction between the sacred and the profane; and (3) religion was at the centre of everything with which the polis concerned itself. I believe that this holistic conception of the polis is skewed, and it is the second and third points with which I disagree. With one small addition I can accept the first point: the polis came to be the framework of Greek religion. The Greek pantheon and the temples and worship of the gods were not invented by the polis; they were much older and were adopted by the polis, but not at one go. It is often alleged that the polis arose in the early Archaic Age as a result of the communal co-operation that was required to build the monumental temples and organise the great religious festivals.
The Polis Compared with Other City-State Cultures
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What remains is to put the Greek city-state culture into perspective by comparing some essential aspects of the polis with what we know about similar characteristics in other city-state cultures. Emergence Unlike many other city-state cultures, the Greek poleis did not come into existence by the disintegration of a macro-state.1 The polis belonged in the other category: it was a demographic and economic upsurge in the Geometric period that resulted in the simultaneous rise of cities and states and led to the formation of the polis as the specific Greek form of city-state and city-state culture.2 In Greece the interval between the demise of the Mycenean civilisation and the emergence of the polis in the late Geometric period spans more than three centuries. Accordingly, it is unlikely that the polis should be seen as a direct continuation of Mycenean civilisation.
Translation and Commentary
Authors: Macrides Ruth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The usefulness of history has already been defined by our predecessors and we must repeat much of what they had to say. For how could we find a newer insight than those many historians who have revealed the general value of history in their own works? But perhaps we should present in the preface to our composition that which is worth saying on the task that lies before us that is supplementary to them; that is, we have new subject matter which no one has yet committed to writing; novelty also has some usefulness when people gain knowledge of the things which the indiscriminate flow of vulgar speech does not reveal truthfully.
Simone Weil and the Classics
Authors: Meaney Marie Cabaud 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Simone Weil (1909–43) is mainly identified as a political thinker and a religious author. Her interpretations of ancient Greek texts are less well known except for her article on the Iliad which has elicited some recognition among classicists. Her readings of the Sophoclean Antigone and Electra, of Aeschylus’ Prometheus Bound, of Plato and of the Pythagoreans are not usually included in the bibliographies of secondary works on the Greek classics. The reason is obvious: her anachronistic and Christological readings are shocking to those who wish to analyse texts with a critical-historical approach. Antigone, in her eyes, is a Christ-figure, giving her life out of a folly of love, adopting a supernatural perspective while Creon has embraced worldly reasoning. The recognition scene between Electra and her brother Orestes symbolizes for her a mystical encounter between the soul and God. Prometheus, on the other hand, is not really punished by Zeus, she believes, but simply experiences the same abandonment as Christ on the Cross.
Tableau de l’absence de Dieu—AModern Interpretation of the Iliad
Authors: Meaney Marie Cabaud 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To answer one of the most pertinent questions of her time, namely the reasons for war, Weil turns again to the classics, this time to the Iliad.² In the face of destruction and battle, Weil looks at their ancient poetic depiction. Though many know the epic, ‘une sorte de fatalité nous fait lire sans comprendre’ (OC ii/3. 50). This may be the time when its true meaning can be understood anew, since the French are about to experience a fate similar to that of the Trojans. In spite of Weil’s fear of the suffering that awaits her countrymen, she also sees the possibilities of awakening and conversion that war offers. War reveals certain truths concerning evil that need to be grasped, as she writes in La Connaissance surnaturelle: ‘Dans la guerre, il faut lire les vérités surnaturelles qui concernent le mal’ (CS 126). These truths concern the nature of force, destiny, the perception of one’s enemy, the dynamic of war and its causes. These themes will be examined in detail in this chapter, as well as the reason why Weil calls them supernatural.
Prometheus Bound — An Apologetics of the Cross
Authors: Meaney Marie Cabaud 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How a good and omnipotent God can allow evil and suffering is a question which has haunted humanity at all times. But during World War II it was a particularly pertinent problem. It led some to atheism and others— such as Weil— to develop a theodicy which usually belongs to every apologetic endeavour. The malheur of her contemporaries obsessed Weil. She was tempted ‘de pleurer des larmes de sang’, when thinking of those who are unable bear their suffering (PSO 130).
Wittgenstein ‘s Knight Move: Hacker on Wittgenstein ‘s Influence on Analytic Philosophy
Authors: Margalit Avishai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My title is based on the knight ‘s move in chess, a metaphor that Victor Shklovsky, the illustrious literary scholar, made famous. Philosophical influence moves the way the knight moves in chess, partly forward and partly sideways. Wittgenstein ‘s influence in philosophy is rarely straight-forward— hence my title. In my essay, I would like to reflect on the notion of philosophical influence by viewing and reviewing Peter Hacker ‘s account of Wittgenstein ‘s influence on twentieth-century analytic philosophy. My suspicion is that Wittgenstein had more presence in philosophy than influence on philosophy. There are those who put Wittgenstein in the Pantheon, and those who put him in the Pandemonium. But he leaves no one indifferent: all find him impressive. Yet being impressive is not the same as having influence. Peter Hacker served successfully as apprentice to the master-craftsman Wittgenstein, as attested by his book Insight and Illusion. He then spent many years as a journeyman, at the end of which he submitted to the guild a masterpiece in four volumes dedicated to the work of the master. For Hacker, Wittgenstein is the Hans Sachs of the philosophical guild who discovered, when he was about to join the great masters, that not much of the guild was left from the golden days at Oxford. To commemorate the guild and its great master from Cambridge, Hacker wrote a book that sings the praises of the great guild and highlights the great role his master played in shaping it.