bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Leng Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Though posed by a neurophysiologist, McCulloch’s question succinctly expresses the central epistemological problem of the philosophy of mathematics. Indeed, broadened slightly, the question ‘What is mathematics, that humans may know it, and what is a human, that humans may know mathematics?’ brings us straight to the main difficulty facing contemporary philosophical accounts of mathematical knowledge. There are, of course, many potential ‘problems’ of mathematical knowledge, and there is room for many fruitful approaches to these problems from a variety of perspectives and a variety of disciplines.
Conceptual structure and the lexicon
Authors: Culicover Peter W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The primary function of human language is to express meaning. A speaker of a language who intends to express a meaning knows how to make sounds that will convey this meaning to another speaker of that language through the particular form of the utterance. Syntax is the system that mediates the correspondence between form and meaning. Syntacticians study what this mapping consists of for particular languages, and what it may consist of in principle.
Who gets inflammatory bowel disease and why?
Authors: Langmead Louise , Irving Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the commonest questions we get asked by people who have recently been diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is ‘Why did I get it? ‘. However, IBD does not have a single cause. We know that there are three important components to the development of IBD. First, people who develop IBD have to have inherited the right genes. However, having these genes is not enough by itself to cause IBD. To develop the condition, people with IBD also need to encounter a trigger, or perhaps several triggers, called environmental factors (see box on p 15). Exactly what these triggers are is poorly understood and they may vary from person to person. Finally, we also know that the bacteria in our intestines play a part in causing inflammation in the bowel wall and the development of IBD.
Language, Change, and Response
Authors: Machan Tim William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 4 July 2000, I received a telephone call from a local radio station that had gotten my name from my American university’s Experts Directory, where I was listed as a resource for the history and structure of the English language. Was it true, the woman inquired, that I was a specialist in English linguistics, and would I consent to a radio interview about the English used in the blockbuster movie The Patriot, starring Mel Gibson and then just-released? What about English in The Patriot, I asked, to which she replied: ‘The Americans don’t have British accents, and we want to know whether that’s accurate or not.’ I was to be live on the air in fifteen minutes, and despite this, and despite the fact that I hadn’t seen this film about the American War of Independence (though I since have) and had never really considered the issue, I quickly agreed to participate. What makes an accent an accent, I thought—a collection of features that a speaker uses or the perception of a listener? How determinative of a dialect is an accent? How and why do we make abstractions like a British accent from the demonstrable varieties of speech at any one time, thereby suggesting that all people from Britain (or America) speak alike? For that matter, to what extent would speakers on either side of the Atlantic at the time of the film’s setting want to sound alike or unalike? How can we reconcile the various conflicting eighteenth-century comments on the consistent, regionally non-specific quality of American speech, on its inferiority to British speech, on its similarity to the language as spoken in the south and east of England, and on its status as the future of the language? There were simply too many intriguing issues to let this interview pass by, and specialists in English linguistics, after all, get precious few opportunities for radio exposure.
Aiming at Truth Over Time: Reply to Arntzenius and Swanson
Authors: Gibbard Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I want to thank both Frank Arntzenius and Eric Swanson for their fine, illuminating commentaries. Both propose that my analysis of belief should be made dynamic. In my paper I considered only a simplest possible case, the static case with a single uncertain proposition and its negation. I might have gone on to consider a more complex thinker, prone to change degrees of credence as new evidence comes in. I agree with Arntzenius and Swanson that the dynamic case needs investigating. I think, however, that for the dynamic case, most of the lessons I drew reappear in new forms.
3 [L] Truth Conditions: Reality and Modus Ponens
Authors: Lycan William G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is fair to say that the past thirty-five years of exciting research in the semantics and pragmatics of conditionals began with Adams (1965), Stalnaker ( I 968), and Lewis (1973). Those three works set the philosophical agenda that still occupies us, an agenda that has provided a highly unified vision and afforded some gratifying progress on a notoriously difficult duster of problems despite the philosophers ‘ inattention to syntax.
Perhaps embarrassing my claim of unification, the corpus consisting of those three essays offers not one but two paradigms for the semantic evaluation of conditionals. Adams offered an epistemic assertibility semantics for indicative conditionals, according to which a
Lexical Anomalies in the Introduction to the Posterior Analytics, Part 1
Authors: Gifford Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The opening chapter to the Posterior Analytics is troublesome, far more so than scholars have realized; so troublesome is it, in fact, that close inspection will reveal a text which unquestionably underwent considerable alteration early on in the course of its transmission. So numerous and severe are the problems confronting us in Posterior Analytics I. I-particularly in its central section, 71817-30, which boasts, among other things, the only explicit attempt in the corpus to solve the notorious ‘paradox of enquiry’ from Plato’s Meno-that the text which has reached us simply cannot have come from Aristotle without having suffered significant editorial modification at some point early in its career. On its first announcement, this novel and radical contention is bound to induce a most assured state of disbelief; and unfortunately, that initial condition in the reader is one that can only be ameliorated but not completely relieved within the limits of the present undertaking. Nevertheless, no matter what sort of immediate reaction it may provoke, the claim that for the past two millennia students of Aristotle have unwittingly been reading a badly tainted version of the introduction to the Posterior Analytics represents a conclusion we shall eventually be driven to acknowledge by the cumulative force of the many disturbing philosophical and linguistic aberrations to be found in the received text.
Did epicurus discover the free will problem?
Authors: Bobzien Susanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1967 Epicurus was credited with the discovery of the problem of free will and determinism.1 Among the contestants were Aristotle and the early Stoics. Epicurus emerged victorious, because—so the argument went—Aristotle did not yet have the problem, and the Stoics inherited it from Epicurus. In the same year David Furley published his essay Aristotle and Epicurus on Voluntary Action’, in which he argued that Epicurus’ problem was not the free will problem.2 In the thirty-odd years since then, a lot has been published about Epicurus on freedom and determinism.
Normativity and Judgement
Authors: Papineau David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is widely assumed that the normativity of conceptual judgement poses problems for naturalism. Thus John McDowell urges that ‘The structure of the space of reasons stubbornly resists being appropriated within a naturalism that conceives nature as the realm of law’ (1994 73). Similar sentiments have been expressed by many other writers, for example Robert Brandom (1994: p. xiii) and Paul Boghossian (1989: 548).
Inquiry in the Meno
Authors: Fine Gail 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In most of the Socratic dialogues, Socrates professes to inquire into some virtue.1 At the same time, he professes not to know what the virtue in question is. How, then, can he inquire into it? Doesn’t he need some knowledge to guide his inquiry? Socrates’ disclaimer of knowledge seems to preclude Socratic inquiry.2 This difficulty must confront any reader of the Socratic dialogues; but one searches them in vain for any explicit statement of the problem or for any explicit solution to it. The Meno, by contrast, both raises it explicitly and proposes a solution.
Knowledge and Belief in Republic V
Authors: Fine Gail 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is often said that Plato distinguishes knowledge and belief by reference to their objects, so that one can have knowledge, but not beliefs, about forms, and beliefs, but not knowledge, about sensibles. If I know, I can know only a form; and if I have a belief, it must be directed to sensibles. Call this the Two Worlds Theory (TW).1
Knowledge and Logos in the Theaetetus
Authors: Fine Gail 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At least as early as the Meno, Plato is aware that true belief, though necessary for knowledge, is not sufficient. In addition, he claims, true belief must be ‘fastened with an explanatory account [aitias logismos]’ (98 a). Plato’s claim has often been linked to modern accounts of knowledge, according to which S knows that p if and only if p is true, S believes that p, and S has adequate justification or grounds for believing that p.2 In the end I believe this linkage is correct, but it is as well to issue a caveat at the outset. In the modern account, the definiendum concerns one’s knowledge that a particular proposition is true.
Philosophical Introduction
Authors: Fine Kit 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An abstraction principle associates objects with the items from a given domain, the objects associated with two items being the same when the items are suitably related and the objects being distinct when the items are not so related. For example: we may abstract on concepts in accordance with the principle that concepts between which there exists a one-one correspondence are to be associated with the same number; or we may abstract on lines in accordance with the principle that parallel lines are to be associated with the same direction.
We shall follow Frege (1892) in taking there to be a basic distinc tion between objects and concepts. Objects are referred to by means of singular terms and concepts by means of predicates; and variables for objects and concepts are respectively taken to occupy either a nominal or a predicative position. Although concepts may correspond to objects, no concept can sensibly be said to be an object, since this would involve a grammatical confusion between a singular term and a predicate.
The Analysis of Acceptability
Authors: Fine Kit 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The present part centres on several questions concerning the accept ability of a theory of abstraction. Sections 1-3 are devoted to prelim inaries: sect. 1 describes the basic languages and systems of interest to us; sect. 2 specifies the semantics for the languages; and sect. 3 establishes some basic proof- and model-theoretic results. Sections 4-6 deal with various requirements for acceptability: sect. 4 contains some preliminary results on tenability&gt; which will later be refined in the section on invariance; sect. 5 introduces the notion of a generated model; and sect. 6 shows how an abstraction theory may be categor ical with respect to its generated models. Sections 7-9 are devoted to the topic of invariance: sect. 7 provides an intrinsic analysis of those criteria of identity that are invariant and non-inflationary; sect. 8 builds on these results to determine when the class of all invariant methods of abstraction will not ‘hyperflate ‘ over a given domain; and sect 9 shows how the results on invariance may be internalized to a theory of abstraction and limits thereby set on which abstraction principles can consistently be assumed.
The Criterion
Authors: Harding Jason 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this detailed study of literary culture in the inter-war period, Jason Harding examines the standing of T. S. Eliot’s journal the Criterion in relation to other literary periodicals and, beyond that, to the larger cultural networks of the time. The Criterion may at first sight seem a well-studied publication, often dismissed as predictably conservative, even proto-Fascist. However, through his examination of insufficiently known archive material and interviews with living witnesses to the period, Harding significantly alters our understanding of the journal and of Eliot’s role as editor. More than that, by carefully resituating the journal in its relations of both competition and co-operation with a range of other literary periodicals (for the most part little-studied themselves), he shows himself an authoritative and discriminating guide to the often complex networks within which Eliot worked. The Criterion: Cultural Politics and Periodical Networks in Inter-War Britain defends the journal against charges of Fascism and anti-Semitism: it is an invaluable book for scholars of Eliot and an original and incisive exploration of difficult areas of literary-cultural exchange.
Projection and Objectification
Authors: Langton Rae 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is hard to say anything uncontroversial about present feminist work in philosophy, let alone about prospects for the future. All the same, I shall begin by picking up two ideas, and saying something about why they have mattered, and will continue to matter. They are the ideas of autonomy and of projection. These two have mattered to different camps within feminist philosophy, camps that have sometimes disagreed in ways that roughly, though not exactly, mirror an older division between analytic and continental philosophers. I shall be wanting to see how the two ideas unite in a phenomenon of wider interest: that of sexual objectification. Pioneer feminists viewed women’s oppression in terms of women’s autonomy and its thwarting, and this concern has remained central to the work of many liberal feminists, and those working in analytic philosophy.
On the Senses of ‘Symbebekos’ in Aristotle
Authors: Tierney Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Posterior Analytics I. 4 Aristotle draws what appears to be a sharp distinction between what belongs to something in itself (rn0’ mh6) and what belongs to it intidentally (KaTa avµ,/3e/317K6s), or its incidentally (avµ,/3e/JTJK6ra). In the process of doing so he describes two different ways of belonging in itself-which I shall refer to as in itself1 and in itself-2-and he indicates that whatever belongs to something incidentally is to be distinguished from what belongs to it in itself, in either of these two ways.
Negation
Authors: Brook Clodagh J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Figurative language is a powerfi1] tool for expression in Montage’s poetry, but even the evident care with which he selects metaphors, similes, and other tropes cannot conceal his underlying distrust of the expressive capacities of his medium. Following his realization of the unattainability of a total language, he resigns himself to the ‘elegiac’ and the ‘start syllabi’ which later evolve into the ‘balbuzie’ and the ‘mezzo parlor’ of Saturn. Such an abdication of belief is illustrative of his deep-seated distrust in the ability of language to express reality. Although critics such as Carbon and Jacuzzi have tended to emphasize the role of negative modes of expression in the later Montale, negation has an important, if less conspicuous, part to play in the earlier poetry, with de-attribution, contradiction (including paradoxes and oxymora), and the via negative all instrumental in the bringing into language of the inexpressible.
Philosophy of Mind
Authors: Campbell John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last fifty years has seen intense and broad development in philosophy of mind, unprecedented in the whole history of the subject. In this essay I will try to convey something of the broad sweep of developments, but I may as well say now that (a) it would have been possible, even for this author, let alone someone with a quite different approach to the subject, to write a review of the period that focused mostly on material I have either not mentioned or mentioned only in passing, and (b) it is not possible within the scope of a single essay to convey the depth with which every single topic in the area has been dis¬ cussed. It would, for example, be quite possible to write a long and interesting book that simply reviewed all that has been said about the inverted spectrum during the last fifty years. I have kept references to a minimum.
Interpreting Theories: The Case of Statistical Mechanics
Authors: Sklar Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If we take a comparative look at what goes on when a fundamental theory is said to be interpreted, I think there is little doubt that we will agree that ‘interpretation’ is a family-resemblance term. There may be some chain of relevant pairwise similarities that connect all the standard cases of interpretation into a chain, but there are plainly pairs of interpretations of theories that have few interesting common elements. A very wide range of theories have been subjected to interpretive programs. But in order to focus our attention it will be best to look just at those interpretations directed toward foundational theories in physics. Even with this restriction, we shall see, there is quite a diversity of things that goes on when one is said to be offering an interpretation of one of these fundamental physical theories.
Global Environmental Justice
Authors: Jamieson Dale 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Philosophers, like generals, tend to fight the last war. While activists and policy-makers are in the trenches fighting the problems of today, intellectuals are typically studying the problems of yesterday. There are some good reasons for this. It is more difficult to assess and interpret present events than those which are behind us. Time is needed for reflection and to gather reliable information about what has occurred. The desire to understand leads to a style of life that is primarily contemplative and retrospective.
Sustainability and Beyond
Authors: Jamieson Dale 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the decade of the 1980s the phrase “sustainable development” migrated from an obscure report produced by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources in 1980, through several popular “green” books, to become the central organizing concept of the Brundtland Commission report. Convened by the General Assembly of the United Nations and known officially as the World Commission on Environment and Development, the Brundtland Commission identified sustainable development as the criterion against which human changes of the environment should be assessed, and defined it as development that “meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” (The World Commission on Environment and Development 1987: 43).
Brandom’s Burdens: Compositionality and lnferentialism
Authors: Fodor Jerry , Lepore Ernest 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ROBERT BRANDOM has it in mind to run a ‘pragmatist’ theory of content(/concept possession/linguistic competence). That is, he wants to reconstruct notions like saying such and such or believing such and such (and, eventually, notions like knowing what a word means and having a concept) in terms of a distinctive kind of knowing how or being able to do something (2000: 17).‘So what? ‘, you might reasonably inquire. ‘Isn ‘t practically everybody a pragmatist these days by that criterion?’ Well, it ‘s true that lots of people think that ‘knowing how’ is at the bottom of the heap when questions about content arise. But, not every pragmatist is also what Brandom calls an inferentialist. Most semantic pragmatists hold one or another kind of ‘dual aspect’ theory about the kind of know-how that content supervenes on. Roughly, they think that grasping content is both a matter of knowing how a word/concept behaves in inferences, and also a matter of knowing how to apply the concept to things in its extension. Having the concept DOG is being able (and disposed) to do a little inferring (e.g., from DOG to ANIMAL); and it ‘s also being able to do a little applying (e.g., of DOG to dogs in conditions that are favorable for dog-spotting). What ‘s striking about Brandom ‘s inferentialist pragmatism is that the applying part more or less drops out in favor of the inferring part.
Kant and Strawson on the First Person
Authors: Gaynesford Maximilian De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Peter Strawson thinks it the ‘veriest truism ‘ and an answer to a question that no one with ‘ordinary linguistic competence ‘ and ordinary philosophical innocence would even think of asking, that the very understanding of I requires the understanding of it as referring to a subject which is also a corporeal being among others in an objective world, namely, a human being.
A Problem for Expressivism
Authors: Jackson Frank , Pettit Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Language, Truth and Logic added expressivism to the inventory of substantive positions in meta-ethics, and the recent defences of versions of it by Simon Blackburn and Allan Gibbard have enhanced its status as a major position.1 Ayer presented the doctrine as an improvement on subjectivism-that is, on the doctrine that ethical sentences serve to report attitudes of approval and disapproval-and it is widely supposed to be an internally coherent and interesting position. We argue, however, that there is a serious problem that expressivists, unlike subjectivists, have to face which has not been adequately addressed in the development of the doctrine.
Brandt on Self-Control
Authors: Pettit Philip , Smith Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are three questions about self00ADcontrol that we discuss in this essay. The first is, what occasions self00ADcontrol: what circumstances call for the exercise of the virtue? The second is, what constitutes self00ADcontrol: what sort of psychological traits can realize it? And the third is, what recommends self00ADcontrol: what is there to be said in favour of the virtue? Richard Brandt has put forward views, explicitly and implicitly, on all of these questions and the aim of the essay is to examine his views critically. We are in sympathy with many aspects of his approach but, as will appear, we defend a picture that differs significantly from that which we find in his works.
Evolutionary Biology and Teleological Thinking
Authors: Ruse Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is something distinctive about biological language, particularly evolutionary biological language. There one finds talk of ‘purposes’ or ‘functions’ or ‘ends’ in a way missing from the physical sciences. In biology, it makes perfectly good sense to ask a question like: ‘What function does the sail on the back of Dimetrodon serve?’ Or: ‘What is the purpose of the appendix in the human being?’ Or: ‘Do vertebrates have sex in order to spread new mutations?’ None of this forward-looking language, commonly known as ‘teleological’ language—language where one is trying to understand the present or the past in terms of the future—seems generally appropriate in the physico-chemical sci-ences.