bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Trends in the Use of Transition Metal–Ligand Complexes for Applications in Electroluminescent Devices
Authors: Holder E. , Langeveld B. M. W. , Schubert U. S. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe advantage of using phosphorescent transition metal–ligand complexes in optoelectronic applications such as organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) and light‐emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) are described and evaluated. Additionally, different device constructions utilizing phosphorescent transition‐metal complexes like iridium(III) mixed‐ligand complexes and ruthenium(II) systems are reviewed and specified. Diverse host materials in which the phosphorescent emitters can be placed are discussed, such as small organic molecules and a few polymeric systems, and alternative processing technologies are briefly compared. Recent developments in the synthesis of iridium(III) triplet emitters are discussed. Different device architectures require different kinds of metal–ligand complexes. The different synthetic routes leading to charged and non‐charged complexes are briefly discussed.
Cover Picture: Nanohybrid Shish‐Kebabs: Periodically Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes (Adv. Mater. 9/2005)
Authors: Li C. Y. , Li L. , Cai W. , Kodjie S. L. , Tenneti K. K. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractCarbon nanotube (CNT)‐seeded controlled polymer crystallization provides a simple yet effective means to periodically modify CNT surfaces in work reported by Li and co‐workers on p. 1198. The cover shows CNTs periodically decorated with polyethylene single crystals, with a periodicity of ∼50–70  nm. Both single‐ and multiwalled CNTs have been successfully decorated with polyethylene and Nylon 6,6, implying that coupling crystalline polymers with functional groups might be a generic method for CNT functionalization in an ordered and controlled manner.
Inside Front Cover: Nanoparticle Self‐Assembly of Hierarchically Ordered Microcapsule Structures (Adv. Mater. 9/2005)
Authors: Rana R. K. , Murthy V. S. , Yu J. , Wong M. S. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractNanoparticle (NP)‐assembled microcapsules represent a new class of hollow‐sphere material, in which materials properties can be ‘programmed’ by way of NP and polymer compositions. Synthesis is based on a sequential self‐assembly of NPs and polymer macromolecules. Reported by Wong and co‐workers on p. 1145, this rapid, green synthesis technique applies to a wide spectrum of colloidal species and permits non‐destructive encapsulation of water‐soluble compounds. The inside cover shows a confocal microscopy image of water‐filled microcapsules composed of silica NPs and a fluorescence‐labelled polymer. The scale bar is 20  μm. The inset shows a simplified illustration of the microcapsule assembly process.
Minimum energy diagrams for multieffect distillation arrangements
Authors: Engelien Hilde K. , Skogestad Sigurd 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe minimum energy requirements of six different heat‐integrated multieffect and three nonintegrated distillation arrangements for separating a ternary mixture have been considered. The focus is on a heat‐integrated complex distillation configuration, called a multieffect prefractionator arrangement. The comparison of the different arrangements is based on the minimum vapor flow rates at infinite number of stages, which are easily visualized and compared in a Vmin diagram. This tool can be used as a basis for screening and the best arrangement(s) can be studied further using more rigorous simulation methods. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Genetic linkage of autosomal dominant progressive supranuclear palsy to 1q31.1
Authors: Ros Raquel , Gómez Garre Pilar , Hirano Michio , Tai Yen F. , Ampuero Israel , Vidal Lídice , Rojo Ana , Fontan Aurora , Vazquez Ana , Fanjul Samira , Hernandez Jaime , Cantarero Susana , Hoenicka Janet , Jones Alison , Ahsan R. Laila , Pavese Nicola , Piccini Paola , Brooks David J. , Perez‐Tur Jordi , Nyggard Torbjorn , de Yébenes Justo G. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractProgressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a disorder of unknown pathogenesis. Familial clusters of PSP have been reported related to mutations of protein tau. We report the linkage of a large Spanish family with typical autosomal dominant PSP to a new locus in chromosome 1. Four members of this family had typical PSP, confirmed by neuropathology in one case. At least five ancestors had similar disease. Other members of the family have incomplete phenotypes. The power of the linkage analysis was increased by detecting presymptomatic individuals with 18F‐fluoro‐dopa and 18F‐deoxyglucose positron emission tomography. We screened the human genome with 340 polymorphic markers and we enriched the areas of interest with additional markers. The disease status was defined according to the clinical and positron emission tomography data. We excluded linkage to the tau gene in chromosome 17. PSP was linked, in this family, to one area of 3.4cM in chromosome 1q31.1, with a maximal multipoint < OD score of +3.53. This area contains at least three genes, whose relevance in PSP is unknown. We expect to further define the gene responsible for PSP, which could help to understand the pathogenesis of this disease and to design effective treatment. Ann Neurol 2005;57:634–641
Is freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease related to asymmetric motor function?
Authors: Plotnik Meir , Giladi Nir , Balash Yacov , Peretz Chava , Hausdorff Jeffrey M. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractFreezing of gait (FOG) is a disabling phenomenon common in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease (PD). The cause of FOG is unclear. The objective of this study was to explore a novel hypothesis stating that FOG is related to asymmetric motor performance. We compared PD patients that experience FOG episodes (PD+FOG) with PD patients that do not (PD−FOG) and studied the relationship of FOG to asymmetry in gait and in rhythmic hand movement performance to determine whether potential FOG‐related gait asymmetry is unique to walking or whether it is systemic. Subjects were tested in an “off” (unmedicated) and again in an “on” (medicated) state. Gait was more asymmetric in PD+FOG than in PD−FOG during “off” state (p = 0.005) and during “on” (p = 0.016). Rhythmicity of foot swing in one leg was correlated with the other leg in PD−FOG but not in PD+FOG. There was no difference in asymmetry in performance of rhythmic hand movements between the two groups. No correlation was found between asymmetry of clinical symptoms and gait asymmetry. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that bilateral uncoordinated gait and marked gait asymmetry, but not asymmetry in motor performance in general, are associated with FOG. Ann Neurol 2005;57:656–663
Virus‐delivered small RNA silencing sustains strength in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Miller Timothy M. , Kaspar Brian K. , Kops Geert J. , Yamanaka Koji , Christian Lindsey J. , Gage Fred H. , Cleveland Don W. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractMutations in superoxide dismutase cause a subset of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and provoke progressive paralysis when expressed in mice. After retrograde transport to the spinal cord following injection into muscles, an adeno‐associated virus carrying a gene that encodes a small interfering RNA was shown to target superoxide dismutase messenger RNA for degradation. The corresponding decrease in mutant superoxide dismutase in spinal motor neurons preserved grip strength. This finding provides proof of principle for the selective reduction of any neuronal protein and supports intramuscular injections of a small interfering RNA–encoding virus as a viable therapy for this type of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2005;57:773–776
Severe neuropathy with leaky connexin32 hemichannels
Authors: Liang Grace S. Lin , de Miguel Marta , Gómez‐Hernández Juan M. , Glass Jonathan D. , Scherer Steven S. , Mintz Mark , Barrio Luis C. , Fischbeck Kenneth H. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractX‐linked Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease is one of a set of diseases caused by mutations in gap junction proteins called connexins. We identified a connexin32 missense mutation (F235C) in a girl with unusually severe neuropathy. The localization and trafficking of the mutant protein in cell culture was normal, but electrophysiological studies showed that the mutation caused abnormal hemichannel opening, with excessive permeability of the plasma membrane and decreased cell survival. Abnormal leakiness of connexin hemichannels is likely a mechanism of cellular toxicity in this and perhaps other diseases caused by connexin mutations. Ann Neurol 2005;57:749–754
Neuroprotection by the PGE2 EP2 receptor in permanent focal cerebral ischemia
Authors: Liu Dong , Wu Liejun , Breyer Richard , Mattson Mark P. , Andreasson Katrin 
Published: April 2005

AbstractRecent studies suggest a neuroprotective function of the PGE2 EP2 receptor in excitotoxic neuronal injury. The function of the EP2 receptor was examined at time points after excitotoxicity in an organotypic hippocampal model of N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) challenge and in a permanent model of focal forebrain ischemia. Activation of EP2 led to significant neuroprotection in hippocampal slices up to 3 hours after a toxic NMDA stimulus. Genetic deletion of EP2 resulted in a marked increase in stroke volume in the permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion model. These findings support further investigation into therapeutic strategies targeting the EP2 receptor in stroke. Ann Neurol 2005;57:758–761
Interferon‐α/β–mediated innate immune mechanisms in dermatomyositis
Authors: Greenberg Steven A. , Pinkus Jack L. , Pinkus Geraldine S. , Burleson Travis , Sanoudou Despina , Tawil Rabi , Barohn Richard J. , Saperstein David S. , Briemberg Hannah R. , Ericsson Maria , Park Peter , Amato Anthony A. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractDermatomyositis has been modeled as an autoimmune disease largely mediated by the adaptive immune system, including a local humorally mediated response with B and T helper cell muscle infiltration, antibody and complement‐mediated injury of capillaries, and perifascicular atrophy of muscle fibers caused by ischemia. To further understand the pathophysiology of dermatomyositis, we used microarrays, computational methods, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy to study muscle specimens from 67 patients, 54 with inflammatory myopathies, 14 with dermatomyositis. In dermatomyositis, genes induced by interferon‐α/β were highly overexpressed, and immunohistochemistry for the interferon‐α/β inducible protein MxA showed dense staining of perifascicular, and, sometimes all myofibers in 8/14 patients and on capillaries in 13/14 patients. Of 36 patients with other inflammatory myopathies, 1 patient had faint MxA staining of myofibers and 3 of capillaries. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells, potent CD4+ cellular sources of interferon‐α, are present in substantial numbers in dermatomyositis and may account for most of the cells previously identified as T helper cells. In addition to an adaptive immune response, an innate immune response characterized by plasmacytoid dendritic cell infiltration and interferon‐α/β inducible gene and protein expression may be an important part of the pathogenesis of dermatomyositis, as it appears to be in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Neurol 2005;57:664–678
Transient ischemic attack with infarction: A unique syndrome?
Authors: Ay Hakan , Koroshetz Walter J. , Benner Thomas , Vangel Mark G. , Wu Ona , Schwamm Lee H. , Sorensen A. Gregory 
Published: April 2005

AbstractIt is debated whether transient symptoms associated with infarction (TSI) are best considered a minor ischemic stroke, a subtype of transient ischemic attack (TIA), or a separate ischemic brain syndrome. We studied clinical and imaging features to establish similarities and differences among ischemic stroke, TIA without infarction, and TSI. Eighty‐seven consecutive patients with TIA and 74 patients with ischemic stroke were studied. All underwent diffusion‐weighted imaging on admission. Symptom duration and infarct volume were determined in each group. Thirty‐six patients (41.3%) with TIA had acute infarct(s). Although TIA‐related infarcts were smaller than those associated with ischemic stroke (mean, 0.7 vs 27.3ml; p < 0.001), there was no lesion size threshold that distinguished ischemic stroke from TSI. In contrast, the symptom duration probability density curve was not broad, but instead peaked early with only a few patients having symptoms for longer than 200 minutes. The probability density function for symptom duration was similar between TIA with or without infarction. The in‐hospital recurrent ischemic stroke and TIA rate was 19.4% in patients with TSI and 1.3% in those with ischemic stroke. TIA with infarction appears to have unique features separate from TIA without infarction and ischemic stroke. We propose identifying TSI as a separate clinical syndrome with distinct prognostic features. Ann Neurol 2005;57:679–686
Highly active antiretroviral therapy and human immunodeficiency virus encephalitis
Authors: Cook Jennifer E. , Dasgupta Somsankar , Middaugh Lawrence D. , Terry Elaine C. , Gorry Paul R. , Wesselingh Steven L. , Tyor William R. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe ability of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) to prevent the onset of HIV‐associated dementia and to prevent or reduce the neuropathological features of HIV encephalitis (HIVE) remains unclear. Using a severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mouse model of HIVE, we determined the effects of regular HAART treatment on HIVE. Before studying HAART in infected SCID mice, nonmanipulated SCID mice were treated with a single injection of the HAART cocktail (consisting of zidovudine, lamivudine, and indinavir) to determine optimum dosage and sampling time and to measure antiretroviral levels in the brain. After these preliminary studies, SCID mice that were inoculated with either HIV‐infected or uninfected human monocytes were given intraperitoneal (IP) injections of HAART three times daily over a 1‐ and 2‐week period. All three drugs were detected in the brain using a novel drug extraction technique and a modified high‐performance liquid chromatography method. HAART significantly decreased the amount of astrogliosis and viral load in treated mice compared with mice that received vehicle injections. These studies offer insight into the ability of HAART to treat HIV infection of the brain. Ann Neurol 2005
Neurocognitive complications after coronary artery bypass surgery
Authors: Selnes Ola A. , McKhann Guy M. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractBoth short‐ and long‐term cognitive changes continue to occur after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), but the pathophysiology of these neurobehavioral changes remains incompletely understood. The persistence of mild postoperative neurocognitive changes despite multiple improvements in the cardiopulmonary bypass procedure may be partially because of surgical populations being older and having more prevalent comorbid disease. The cause of the early postoperative changes is most likely multifactorial and may include ischemic injury from microemboli, hypoperfusion, and other factors resulting from major surgery. Several lines of evidence suggest that the late cognitive decline between 1 and 5 years after surgery may be secondary to high rates of cerebrovascular disease among candidates for CABG. A history of hypertension and other risk factors for vascular disease is known to be associated with increased risk for long‐term cognitive decline in community‐dwelling elderly individuals. Cerebrovascular risk factors are also associated with silent magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities in patients undergoing CABG. Thus, whereas both short‐ and long‐term postoperative cognitive changes have been associated with CABG, only the short‐term, transient changes appear to be directly related to the use of cardiopulmonary bypass.Ann Neurol 2005;57:615–621
Neue Wege in der Einzelmolekül‐Fluoreszenzspektroskopie: Herausforderungen für die Chemie und Einfluss auf die Biologie
Authors: Tinnefeld Philip , Sauer Markus 
Published: April 2005

AbstractIm vergangenen Jahrzehnt wurde eine Reihe von fluoreszenzspektroskopischen Messverfahren entwickelt, um einzelne Moleküle unter verschiedenen Bedingungen zu untersuchen. Mittlerweile helfen etablierte einzelmolekülempfindliche Fluoreszenztechniken bei der Aufklärung komplexer Zusammenhänge in unterschiedlichen Gebieten, von der Materialforschung bis hin zur Zellbiologie. Was früher visionär erschien, etwa die Messung von Beweglichkeit oder strukturellen Veränderungen einzelner Motorproteine, oder der Nachweis von “Single‐Copy”‐Genen und die Bestimmung ihres Abstands zu Polymerase‐Molekülen in den Transkriptionszentren lebender Zellen, gilt nicht länger als unlösbare Aufgabe. In diesem Aufsatz zeigen wir das Potenzial der Einzelmolekül‐Fluoreszenzspektroskopie bei der Lösung molekularbiologischer Probleme und diskutieren die Chancen der optischen Einzelmolekültechniken in Verbindung mit intelligenten Markierungsstrategien, um quantitative dreidimensionale Informationen über die dynamische Organisation in lebenden Zellen zu erhalten.
Branching Out of Single‐Molecule Fluorescence Spectroscopy: Challenges for Chemistry and Influence on Biology
Authors: Tinnefeld Philip , Sauer Markus 
Published: April 2005

AbstractIn the last decade emerging single‐molecule fluorescence‐spectroscopy tools have been developed and adapted to analyze individual molecules under various conditions. Single‐molecule‐sensitive optical techniques are now well established and help to increase our understanding of complex problems in different disciplines ranging from materials science to cell biology. Previous dreams, such as the monitoring of the motility and structural changes of single motor proteins in living cells or the detection of single‐copy genes and the determination of their distance from polymerase molecules in transcription factories in the nucleus of a living cell, no longer constitute unsolvable problems. In this Review we demonstrate that single‐molecule fluorescence spectroscopy has become an independent discipline capable of solving problems in molecular biology. We outline the challenges and future prospects for optical single‐molecule techniques which can be used in combination with smart labeling strategies to yield quantitative three‐dimensional information about the dynamic organization of living cells.
The powered parachute as an archaeological aerial reconnaissance vehicle
Authors: Hailey Tommy Ike 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe need for a cost‐effective method of aerial archaeology that could combine the ability to acquire large‐scale, low‐altitude photographs of archaeological sites with the capacity for surveying large geographical areas led to an evaluation of the powered parachute (PPC), a type of ultralight aircraft, as an archaeological aerial reconnaissance vehicle. The suitable performance of the aircraft during flight was the first consideration, and an assessment of drift, in‐flight stability and altitude stability of the PPC proved satisfactory. Next, characteristics required of an aerial camera platform, such as slow speed, low vibration, the ability to capture images at low altitudes, portability, low cost, safety and others were considered. The PPC easily fulfilled each of the requirements. Limitations on the use of the PPC include obscuring vegetation, inclement weather and government regulations. Despite the limitations, the PPC serves as an invaluable addition to the choice of options available for aerial archaeologists. The PPC has experienced success in acquiring digital still images, digital video and thermal images at sites in Louisiana, Mississippi and North Dakota, and these promising results have led to an increased interest in this approach from archaeologists, land managers and others working in the USA and in Europe. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification and removal of above‐ground spurious signals in GPR archaeological prospecting
Authors: Nuzzo Luigia 
Published: April 2005

AbstractGround‐penetrating radar (GPR) is a shallow geophysical method increasingly used in archaeological prospecting to detect buried remains and to map the stratigraphy of the uppermost earth layers embodying the archaeological features. The GPR sections, however, can be contaminated by spurious correlated signals caused by above‐ground obstacles (buildings, trees, fences, power lines) placed either in‐line or off‐line with respect to the profile (surface scattering). In the case study presented this problem is analysed for a 35 MHz GPR survey carried out for stratigraphical purposes in the archaeological site of the Roman Ships near Pisa (Italy). The investigation inside the archaeological excavation, when the level was about 5 m below the ground surface, produced a severe surface scattering problem caused by the iron sheet‐piling protecting the excavation walls and bordering some of the partly excavated boats. An attempt to interpret the profiles was carried out in a zone where the relatively simple geometry of the metallic enclosure allowed understanding of the possible origin of spurious events, also thanks to the high density of profiles acquired along two orthogonal directions. Migration at the air velocity and geometrical considerations helped the identification of hyperbolic and slightly slanted features as surface scattering phenomena from different sides of the iron sheet‐piling. A simple but original subtraction procedure was successful for the attenuation of some of the spurious reflections. After this partial removal, other spurious signals could be recognized more easily as well as two weak subhorizontal reflections of probable stratigraphical meaning. Subsequently, filtering procedures based on f‐k and Radon transform methods were tried to further reduce the spurious signals, thus enhancing the visibility of the interesting reflections. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fluxgate gradiometry and square array resistance survey at Drumlanrig, Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland
Authors: Walker R. , Gaffney C. , Gater J. , Wood E. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis report details fieldwork on a suspected Roman fort in the grounds of Drumlanrig Castle. Geophysical survey was undertaken in the first instance using a 1.0 m separation fluxgate gradiometer system and the base plan of the fort was confirmed. Additionally a prototype wheeled square array was used to collect earth resistance values in order to investigate further the findings of the magnetic survey. The short report discusses some of the technical issues involved with the wheeled array and identifies technical improvements that have been implemented since the trial. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Folding of a misfolding‐prone β‐galactosidase in absence of DnaK
Authors: García‐Fruitós Elena , Carrió M. Mar , Arís Anna , Villaverde Antonio 
Published: April 2005

AbstractIn absence of chaperone DnaK, bacterially produced misfolding‐prone proteins aggregate into large inclusion bodies, but still a significant part of these polypeptides remains in the soluble cell fraction. The functional analysis of the model β‐galactosidase fusion protein VP1LAC produced in DnaK− cells has revealed that the soluble version exhibits important folding defects and that it is less stable and less active than when produced in wild‐type DnaK+ cells. In addition, we have observed that the induction of gene expression at the very late exponential phase enhances twofold the stability of VP1LAC, a fact that in DnaK− background results in a dramatic increase of its specific activity up to phenotypically detectable levels. These results indicate that the chaperone DnaK is critical for the folding of misfolding‐prone proteins and also that the soluble form reached in its absence by a fraction of polypeptides is not necessarily supportive of biological activity. In the case of E. coli β‐galactosidase, the catalytic activity requires assembling into tetramers and the fine organization of the activating interfaces holding the active sites, what might not be properly reached in absence of DnaK. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.