bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating quality of yellow alkaline noodles made from mechanically abraded sprouted wheat
Authors: Chakraborty Monisha , Hareland Gary A , Manthey Frank A , Berglund Lois R 
Published: March 2003

AbstractFive hard red spring wheat genotypes, with initial falling numbers (FNs) ranging from 62 to 427 s, were mechanically abraded for 30, 60, and 120 s to reduce sequentially α‐amylase activity in the grain. Mechanical abrasion prior to milling significantly increased FN and reduced amylase activity in pre‐harvest sprouted wheat. The abraded grains were milled and the resultant flour samples were evaluated for starch gelatinization properties and yellow alkaline noodle (YAN) quality. Mechanical abrasion on sprouted kernels resulted in significant improvements in starch pasting properties accompanied by marginal decreases in flour ash and protein contents. Initial noodle brightness L* improved in most samples with mechanical abrasion. However, L* values dropped significantly during storage, with the greatest decline seen in the highly sprouted sample. Noodle cooking and textural qualities were relatively unaffected by sprout damage or mechanical abrasion, possibly due to amylase inhibition by the carbonate salts present in the formula. Mechanical abrasion prior to milling was found to reduce amylase activity significantly in moderately sprouted wheat. YAN, however, showed high tolerance to sprout damage, and produced noodles of acceptable texture without mechanical abrasion. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of year‐to‐year variation and genotype on trypsin inhibitor level in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) seeds
Authors: Piergiovanni Angela R , Pignone Domenico 
Published: March 2003

AbstractChanges in trypsin inhibitor (TI) level in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) seeds were investigated in relation to protein content, year‐to‐year variation and genotype. Twenty‐one local populations from the Basilicata region (southern Italy) were tested over 3 years (1995–97). The populations were cultivated in the same environment in which they were traditionally cultivated and are currently grown. A wide variation of TI content, expressed as units of inhibitor per milligram of dry matter (TIU mg−1 DM), was found within the populations of the collection (x̄ ± 2σ: 27.67 ± 2.72 in 1995, 25.31 ± 2.82 in 1996, and 23.39 ± 2.14 in 1997). It was found that 16 populations showed a decrease of TI levels from 1995 to 1997; one population showed the opposite trend, in two populations the TI level remained unchanged, and in another two it reached its maximum in the intermediate year. A t‐test showed that only the 1995–97 variation is highly significant (p < 0.02). The increase of TI expression might possibly be related to the drought stress suffered by plants during the vegetative growth stage: rainfall received in 1995 during the growing season was lower (171 mm) than in 1996 (477 mm) and 1997 (388 mm); however, other abiotic or biotic factors cannot be excluded. It is suggested that the extent of TI variation contains a genetic component. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
The influence of selenium on the antioxidant activity of green tea
Authors: Xu Juan , Zhu Shigui , Yang Fangmei , Cheng Licheng , Hu Yun , Pan Genxing , Hu Qiuhui 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis study was aimed at determining the effects of selenium on the contents of vitamin C, amino acid, total water‐soluble solids and tea polyphenol, and whether the antioxidant activity of selenium‐enriched green tea is enhanced compared with regular green tea by linoleic acid oxidation and the lard oxidation method. The contents of selenium, vitamin C and tea polyphenol in green teas were greatly increased by foliar application of selenium‐enriched fertilizer. No significant differences of the contents of vitamin C, amino acid and tea polyphenol were observed between green tea treated with sodium selenite and that without selenium. The selenium‐enriched green tea exhibited significantly higher antioxidant activity than regular green tea, both in linoleic acid oxidation and in the lard oxidation system. These results suggest that the antioxidant activity of green tea is significantly enhanced by the combination of selenium and green tea constituents compared with that of regular green tea. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Leguminous trees for the restoration of degraded sodic wasteland in eastern Uttar Pradesh, India
Authors: Mishra A. , Sharma S. D. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe study was carried out in sodic lands of Sultanpur District, Uttar Pradesh, India. The barren soils and the soils supporting 3‐, 6‐ and 9‐year‐old plantations of Prosopis juliflora (Swartz) D.C. and Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Ex. D.C. plantations were examined to assess the rate and extent of changes undergone by physical and chemical properties of the soil. The study brought out that these species indicated the process of soil rehabilitation from the early stages of growth and the extent of rehabilitation increased with the age of the plantation. P. juliflora was found to be more efficient in reclaiming the soil in comparison to D. sissoo. The decline in soil pH and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) indicates the desodification and enrichment with organic C, N, P and K indicates improvement in nutrient status of the soil. After 9 years of planting the surface soil was completely desodified as indicated by pH (<8ċ5), ESP (<15) and sodium adsorption ration (<15). A significant increase in organic C, exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+ and decrease in exchangeable Na+ reveals that the nutrient status is attaining suitable balance. The physical attributes of the soil also underwent improvement in terms of increase in porosity, water‐holding capacity, field capacity and decline in bulk density. The flocculation of dispersed soil surface and improvement in soil structure was indicated by increased infiltration rate (cm h−1) and soil permeability (cm2). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rangeland development of the Mu Us Sandy Land in semiarid China: an analysis using Landsat and NOAA remote sensing data
Authors: Runnström M. C. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractDegradation of the dry semiarid ecosystems in the Mu Us Sandy Land of north central China was explored using high‐resolution satellite images from 1978, 1987 and 1996. This study monitored both changes in grassland biomass production and reclamation activities to detect the nature and scale of land degradation since major economic reforms were introduced in 1978. The position of the high‐resolution images within the vegetation cycles was inspected from National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) NDVI images at 10‐day repetition and seasonal precipitation patterns. A model was developed to categorize changes in the vegetation signal activity from 30 × 30 m pixels into vegetation cover development and land‐use changes between 1987 and 1996. A general increase of biomass production was evident despite the rapid increase in numbers of grazing animals. This increase in biomass was confirmed by the NOAA time series, which also revealed annual variability related to the amount and pattern of the seasonal rains. Rangeland conversion to farmland was detected, and this process has increased the area of cultivation almost fivefold. The classified area of cultivation corresponds with reported statistical records, also showing that irrigation features in virtually 100 per cent of the sown area. Signs of declining biological production, indicating land degradation processes, are few. Biomass production has increased, with a gain in the economic output from both crop and animal production. The early start of active measures to halt desertification has increased vegetation cover and lowered wind erosion potential and grasslands seems to be managing the high levels of grazing pressure. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Potentials and constraints of the farmer‐to‐farmer programme for environmental protection in Nicaragua
Authors: Hawkesworth S. , García Pérez J. D. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe natural environment in Nicaragua has been damaged by rural development policies geared for the export of cash crops, by uneven land distribution and the near absence of concerns about the environmental effects of the prevailing model of development. The demands made by market forces for the export of primary materials have been reasons for land degradation in the big farms, and the need to survive a poverty stricken existence has forced the peasantry to damage the marginal and fragile land they worked. Successive governments did not address these underlying causes of environmental degradation, and even the opportunities afforded by the environment programme that resulted from the 1979 Sandinista revolution, did not result in significant environmental improvements. The paper briefly considers the constraints faced by the Sandinista administration and how the farmer‐to‐farmer programme (Campesino‐a‐Campesino) was brought about as a result of the impacts of the Sandinista era. The substantive part of the paper considers PCAC's significance as an agroecological programme and its advantages and limitations for improving peasants' livelihoods via dissemination of land‐protective measures. The viability of the programme is assessed by field work carried out examining in detail the case of three communities, and the paper concludes that the gains made in environmental protection and conservation are in jeopardy without structural policy changes. The paper proposes that for the programme to improve its potential, adequate political will, power and organization are necessary to facilitate greater access to secure land tenure among the peasantry. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trends in relief design and construction in opencast mining reclamation
Authors: Nicolau J.‐M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis paper examines trends in topography design and construction in opencast mining restoration. The greatest geomorphological focus is the protection of aquatic ecosystems downstream of reclaimed sites through the construction of topographies and structures that not only reduce sediments and contaminants to a minimum, but which soften the impact of maximum water flows. From the ecological point of view, the most important focus is the integration of the geomorphological component with those of the soil and vegetation, and the formation of a functional ecosystem with the capacity to maintain itself. The conceptual models of relief that have been used in practice are discussed and criticized: these include the platform‐bank model (geotechnically but not ecologically stable), faithful reproduction of the original topography (inadequate in steep areas), and understanding the hydrological basin as a restoration unit (now considered the most appropriate). Finally, erosion models are reviewed as tools for relief design. The practicality of ‘RUSLE 1.06 for Mined Lands, Construction Sites and Reclaimed Lands’ is underlined owing to its ease of use. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tackling degradation of a seminatural landscape: options and evaluations
Authors: Boothby J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractDegradation of a seminatural pond landscape in North West England has been occurring for at least 150 years. The remaining resource of 35 000 ponds is being reduced by natural succession, but is also being anthropogenically modified, by land development, neglect and from poorly considered management regimes. This paper defines degradation for the individual pond and for the pond landscape. Implications of degradation are drawn. Four existing approaches developed to combat degradation (including legal strictures, planning rules and voluntary conservation schemes) are evaluated with reference to both ecological and socio‐economic principles. Finally, a new planning philosophy and structure in the United Kingdom is assessed for its ability to combat degradation; particular emphasis is placed upon an ecological networks approach which offers new hope for conservation of both pond habitats and for their distinctive fauna and flora. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oxidation behaviour of a PVD processed Mg‐14Ti alloy
Authors: Pérez P. , Garcés G. , Adeva P. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe oxidation behaviour in air of a physical vapour deposited (PVD) Mg‐14Ti (wt. %) alloy was studied in the 325–450°C temperature range. The 2–3 mm thick deposit was grown in two stages. The first half of the deposit was mechanically worked during the process and then, deposition went on without this flailing period. The microstructure of the deposit can be divided into two parts, each one involving half of the total thickness. The oxidation resistance is strongly affected by the microstructure of the deposit, flailed or unflailed. Unflailed part of the deposit presents open boundaries with a high density of defects. Internal oxidation can proceed through this kind of boundaries. This is the reason of anomalous behaviour during the initial stages of oxidation, with maximum mass gain at 350°C. The flailed part shows a few cracks but the grain boundaries are practically free of defects. Flaws and cracks act as the starting point for the development of large intrusions, which contribute substantially to the total mass gain of the alloy, especially with increasing the temperature.
Dental amalgam – the effect of the technology of alloy powder preparation on the corrosion behaviour and the release of mercury
Authors: Joska L. , Bystrianský J. , Novák P. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractDental amalgams are based on a broad spectrum of materials differing in their chemical composition, metallurgical treatment, and in the way the initial alloys powders are prepared. In addition to their chemical composition, amalgams based on various powders differ in both their microstructure and the amount of mercury needed for preparation. All these facts may affect electrochemical processes occurring during their interaction with oral fluids, and also mercury release. While verifying the effect of the technology used for the preparation of the high‐copper ternary alloy powder on the properties of resulting amalgams, this study aimed at the mechanism of their interaction with a model saliva solution as well as mercury release was included. Measurements were done in a model saliva solution using standard electrochemical methods and exposition measurements. The interaction of individual types of amalgams with artificial saliva did not reveal any significant differences. The free corrosion potential of all these amalgams in an aerated solution settled in the range of values in which tin oxidation, resulting in a layer of insoluble corrosion producsts, turned out to be the dominant anodic process. The rate of mercury release was the lowest for amalgams based on a gas‐atomized alloy. The highest rate of mercury release, and also its dependence on time, was exhibited by lathe‐cut powder based amalgam. In addition to different volume fraction of the Ag‐Hg phase and the level of its tin alloying, this different behaviour may be explained by differences in the rate at which a layer of tin corrosion products acting as a barrier to mercury release is formed.
Anion effects on the stress corrosion cracking behaviour of aluminium alloys
Authors: Braun R. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe stress corrosion cracking behaviour of plate material of the aluminium alloys 2024‐T351, 8090‐T8171, 7475‐T651, and 7075‐T7351 was investigated performing constant load tests. Short transverse tensile specimens were permanently immersed in aerated aqueous 0.6 M Na2Cl solutions with additions of Na2SO4, NaNO3, NaHCO3, NH4HCO3, Na2HPO4, Na2SO3 or Na2CO3. The concentration of the added salts was 0.06 M. The applied stress was 100 MPa, except with 7075‐T7351 specimens, which were loaded at 300 MPa. Environment induced failure was not observed in neutral 0.6 M NaCl solution. The various salts added promoted intergranular stress corrosion cracking with the alloys 2024‐T351, 8090‐T8171, and 7475‐T651. Threshold stresses were generally below 100 MPa. For 8090‐T8171 exposed to chloride containing electrolytes with additions of sulfate, hydrogen phosphate, or sulfite, threshold stresses were approximately 100 MPa or higher. Similar results were obtained for 7475‐T651 plate when immersed in chloride‐hydrogen phosphate and chloride‐carbonate solutions. Alloy 7075‐T7351 was resistant against intergranular stress corrosion cracking. Specimens suffered pitting corrosion during immersion in the corrosive environments. Failure observed with 7075‐T7351, in particular when exposed to the chloride‐nitrate solution, was associated with reduction of cross‐sectional area due to pitting and transgranular stress corrosion cracking.
Untersuchungen zum Einfluss des Stickstoffs auf das Lochkorrosionsverhalten hochlegierter austenitischer Cr‐Ni‐Mo‐Stähle
Authors: Eckstein Ch. , Spies H.‐J. , Zimdars H. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAustenitische Stähle mit 18% Chrom und 12% Nickel sowie abgestuften Molybdängehalten von 0.5 bis 3.6% wurden einer Aufstickung in der Gasphase unterzogen. Durch einen gezielten Abtrag der behandelten Proben konnten Korrosionsuntersuchungen an Oberflächen mit Stickstoffgehalten bis 0,45% durchgeführt werden. Als Bewertungskriterien für die Beständigkeit gegen Lochkorrosion wurden das chronopotentiostatisch bei 25°C in 0,5 M NaCl ermittelte Lochkorrosionspotential ULstat und die in künstlichem Meerwasser [DIN 81249‐4] bestimmte Lochkorrosionstemperatur (critical pitting temperature CPT) verwendet. Es zeigte sich, dass der Einfluss des Stickstoffs auf beide Größen sehr gut durch den Faktor 25 in der Wirksumme PRE = Cr + 3.3 · Mo + 25 · N beschrieben werden kann. Eine unterschiedliche Wirksamkeit des Stickstoffs in Abhängigkeit vom Molybdängehalt der Grundlegierung war im verwendeten Zusammensetzungsbereich und den eingesetzten Korrosionssystemen nicht zu erkennen.
Corrosion‐erosion damage of heat exchanger tubes by desalted crude oil flowing at shell side
Authors: Klenowicz Z. , Darowicki K. , Krakowiak S. , Krakowiak A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractHeat exchanger tubes were locally heavily damaged by desalted crude forming a shell side stream under the pressure of 2.6 MPa and at the temperature of 385–395 K. Boiler steel tube temperature was 97 K higher compared to that of the crude oil at its inlet to the exchanger. Two types of segmental baffles effected cross vortex type flow that was lowered nearly to a standstill at locations where the highest damage occurred. Close to the baffles where the damage was the highest the flow was completely different from that of the window flow. These were found from analyses of the flow and of locations of perforations. Most of the tube surface was with no damage and was covered with protective organic‐inorganic deposit. Electrochemical investigation proved a cathodic character of the deposited film against bare steel. Metallography examination of the steel showed typical structures that could not affect much the damage. The crude with low water content was not found aggressive when a corrosion test was performed at elevated temperature. The tests excluded the possibility for high rate of electrochemical corrosion at the surfaces with removed protective layers. The only reason of the damage may be cavitation corrosion at the ways of crude slow vortex flow at which temperature was high enough to allow explosions of low volatile components [1].
Predicting the Molecular Arrangements in Polymer‐Based Nanocomposites
Authors: Vacatello Michele 
Published: March 2003

AbstractMonte Carlo computer simulations have been performed for model polymers containing randomly distributed spherical filler particles (20% in volume) with diameter between 4 times and 28 times the transverse diameter of the chains. By analyzing the results in conjunction with those of previous simulations, a few simple rules are deduced allowing to predict approximately the molecular arrangements in these complex systems.Schematic two‐dimensional picture of the mutual arrangements of filler particles and chains predicted for system M12.imageSchematic two‐dimensional picture of the mutual arrangements of filler particles and chains predicted for system M12.
Application of the Christensen‐Lo Model to the Reinforcement of Elastomers by Fractal Fillers
Authors: Raos Guido 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis paper is concerned with the development of a hydrodynamic model for the reinforcement of rubber by colloidal fillers such as silica and carbon black. Each fractal aggregate is replaced by an equivalent effective sphere, and the reinforcing ability of the latter is estimated using the Christensen‐Lo solution of the “three‐phase composite sphere model”. With a single adjustable parameter, the model allows a quantitative interpretation of the small‐strain modulus of rubber loaded with up to 50 PHR of N234 carbon black, which falls just below the filler overlap concentration. No additional contributions to the small‐strain modulus by filler–filler “interactions” are needed to interpret the data.A branched filler aggregate made up of spherical primary particles (black) and the effective sphere replacing it (gray).imageA branched filler aggregate made up of spherical primary particles (black) and the effective sphere replacing it (gray).
Size‐Dependent Melting Temperature of Polymers
Authors: Jiang Qing , Yang Chun Cheng , Li Jian Chen 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA general model for all kinds of size‐dependent melting points, free of any adjustable parameter, is extended to illustrate the size‐dependence of the melting temperature of polyethylene (PE). The model prediction for the depression of the melting temperature of PE is consistent with the calorimetric experimental results as shown in the Figure where the melting temperature of lamellae PE crystals as a function of the thickness of the crystals is presented.
The Tm(D) function of PE shown as a solid line in terms of Equation (4). The necessary parameters for use of Equation (4) are shown in Table 1. The symbols ○ and • denote the experimental evidence of Tm(D) of linear alkanes14b and cyclic alkanes,14c respectively. The values of D are determined by D = 0.1273n6 with 0.1273 nm being the orthorhombic CC lattice distance in the c‐direction.5 The symbol □ denotes the experimental evidence of chain‐extended PE.6imageThe Tm(D) function of PE shown as a solid line in terms of Equation (4). The necessary parameters for use of Equation (4) are shown in Table 1. The symbols ○ and • denote the experimental evidence of Tm(D) of linear alkanes14b and cyclic alkanes,14c respectively. The values of D are determined by D = 0.1273n6 with 0.1273 nm being the orthorhombic CC lattice distance in the c‐direction.5 The symbol □ denotes the experimental evidence of chain‐extended PE.6