bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cytology of ductal lavage fluid of the breast
Authors: Ljung Britt‐Marie , Chew Karen L. , Moore Dan H. , King Eileen B. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe cytologic evaluation of nipple aspirate fluids has been shown to identify women at increased risk for developing breast cancer. One limitation of this assay is the often scant cellularity of the specimen. An improved technique, ductal lavage, utilizes a microcatheter inserted into individual breast ducts to collect large numbers of cells for cytologic evaluation. Epithelial cells in ductal lavage fluids can be categorized as benign, malignant, or showing mildly or markedly atypical changes. The cell characteristics which were most helpful in identifying abnormal cells were related to cell arrangement, cell size, nuclear size, and size variation, nuclear membrane irregularity, chromatin granularity, and the presence of large nucleoli. Cell size, nuclear size variation, and large nucleoli were the most robust features, as determined by agreement between two pathologists. Moderate cell enlargement and the presence of large nucleoli were the features selected by structured tree analysis for classifying the specimens into the diagnostic groups. The similarity of the cytology of ductal lavage fluid to nipple aspirate fluid strongly suggests that these specimens will also be useful for predicting breast cancer risk. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;30:143–150. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Atypia in the assessment of breast cancer risk: Implications for management
Authors: Vogel Victor G. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractProliferative disease accounts for as much as one‐third of all biopsies for benign disease and 5–10% of proliferative lesions show atypia ductal or lobular hyperplasia. Nearly 40% of women with a family history of breast cancer and atypical hyperplasia subsequently develop breast cancer. A quantitative model developed by Gail and colleagues estimates the probability of developing breast cancer over time. Risk factors in the model include current age, ages at menarche and first live birth, number of previous biopsies, the presence of cellular atypia, and the number of first‐degree relatives with breast cancer. Atypical hyperplasia approximately doubles the risk of developing invasive breast cancer within any quantitative risk profile. Ductal lavage provides a minimally invasive method of collecting breast epithelial cells. The procedure opens the possibility of repeatable tracking of breast cytology over time, but its role as a risk assessment tool remains to be fully defined. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;30:151‐157. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Utility of cytologic specimens in the evaluation of prognostic and predictive factors of breast cancer: Current issues and future directions
Authors: Sneige Nour 
Published: February 2004

AbstractAlthough numerous biological and molecular markers of breast cancer have been identified over the past two decades, traditional factors such as estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and HER‐2 remain among the most useful indicators of prognosis and therapeutic response to treatment. These markers can be reliably evaluated in cytologic specimens, particularly in fine‐needle aspirates (FNA) of primary or metastatic breast cancer. Accurate assessment of ER, PR, and HER‐2 is critical in the treatment of breast cancer patients. A review of the literature, however, shows considerable interlaboratory variability in the detection of these markers and reporting of the test results. Because therapies are now being directed toward individual molecular targets, there is a need for increased standardization of such analyses. Current practices should follow consensus recommendations set by the College of American Pathologists and the American Society for Clinical Oncology, and the results should be monitored through quality‐assurance programs. The utility of cytologic specimens of breast lesions is also not limited to evaluation of individual prognostic and predictive factors. Cytologic specimens have been used successfully for genomic and proteomic studies. Such investigational studies are under way and offer great potential for revolutionizing the prediction of patient outcomes and disease response to therapy, as well as assessment of risk of developing breast cancer. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;30:158–165. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dark and pale cerebriform nuclei in FNA smears of usual papillary thyroid carcinoma and its variants
Authors: Mallik Mrinmay K. , Das Dilip K. , Mallik Anupama A. , Madda John P. , Mirza Kahvic , Al‐Bishi Khalida Khalid , George Sarah S. , Junaid T.A. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe dark (hyperchromatic) cerebriform nucleus was recently described as a frequent finding in histopathology sections of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. In the present study, we tried to determine the frequency of dark cerebriform nuclei in the fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) smears of papillary thyroid carcinomas and compared it with those of other thyroid lesions, such as follicular neoplasms and benign hyperplastic lesions. In addition to the above‐mentioned nuclear feature, pale (hypochromatic) cerebriform nucleus and other well‐established cytomorphological criteria used in the diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinomas were analyzed. FNA smears of a total of 102 cases comprising of 61 papillary carcinomas, 10 cases of suspicious papillary carcinomas, 12 follicular neoplasms, and 19 benign hyperplastic lesions were studied. Both the dark and pale cerebriform nuclei were found in a significantly higher number of cases of papillary thyroid carcinomas compared with follicular neoplasms (P = 0.0003 and P < 0.0001, respectively) or benign hyperplastic lesions (P = 0.0004 and P < 0.0001, respectively). Review sections available in 24 cases showed agreement between the cytopathological and the histopathological diagnoses in 18 (94.7%) of 19 papillary carcinomas. Thus, the dark and pale cerebriform nuclei can be regarded as useful cytomorphological parameters in the diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;30:187–192. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The effect of familiarization time, retention interval, and context change on adults' performance in the visual paired‐comparison task
Authors: Richmond Jenny , Sowerby Paula , Colombo Michael , Hayne Harlene 
Published: February 2004

AbstractIn a series of three experiments, we examined the effects of familiarization time, retention interval, and changes in environmental context on adults' performance in the visual paired‐comparison (VPC) task. The magnitude of adults' novelty preference increased as familiarization time increased, decreased as retention interval increased, and was impaired by a change in context after a delay. These data are highly consistent with data obtained in prior studies using the VPC task with infants and suggest that the VPC task could be used to measure memory across the life span. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 44: 146–155, 2004.
Spontaneous eye blinking in human infants: A review
Authors: Bacher Leigh F. , Smotherman William P. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractSpontaneous eye blinking has been studied in clinical and neuropharmacological research in adult humans and nonhuman primates as a putative index of central dopamine system activity. One purpose of this review is to provide a general overview of the research on spontaneous eye blinking with an emphasis on the relationship between spontaneous eye blinking and central dopamine systems. We suggest that the body of research from human (adults, children, and infants) and nonhuman primates supports the continued empirical investigation of spontaneous eye blinking in human infants. A second purpose is to present approaches for empirical work to further investigate the development, correlates, and mechanisms of spontaneous eye blinking in human infants. The results of further investigation may reveal new insights into relationships between the central nervous system activity and behavior in early human development. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 44: 95–102, 2004.
Social learning about ethanol in preweanling rats: Role of endogenous opioids
Authors: Hallmark Rachel A. , Hunt Pamela S. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe role of the endogenous opioid system in social learning about ethanol was examined in three experiments using preweanling rats. Experiment 1 showed that interactions with intoxicated siblings in the home cage on postnatal Days (PD) 12, 14, and 16 results in increased voluntary intake of ethanol when subjects are tested 24 hr after the final exposure. The results also suggested that the endogenous opioid system is not involved in acquisition. Administration of naloxone during social exposure to ethanol had no effect on later ethanol intake. Experiment 2 examined the effects of receptor‐selective antagonists administered prior to test. For subjects that had social exposure to ethanol, intake of ethanol was completely suppressed by either naloxone or the δ antagonist naltrindole. For ethanol‐naïve subjects, intake also was completely suppressed by naloxone. However, intake was partially blocked by naltrindole or the μ antagonist β‐FNA. Experiment 3 confirmed the differential involvement of μ and δ receptors in ethanol intake through a more comprehensive dose–response analysis of β‐FNA and naltrindole. Collectively, these data reveal that learning about ethanol from intoxicated conspecifics not only affects voluntary intake of ethanol but also alters the opioidergic response to ethanol consumption. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 44: 132–139, 2004.
Sex differences and developmental effects of manipulations of oxytocin on alloparenting and anxiety in prairie voles
Authors: Bales Karen L. , Pfeifer Lisa A. , Carter C. Sue 
Published: February 2004

AbstractIn adult animals, peptide hormones, including oxytocin and arginine vasopressin, have been implicated in both parental behavior and the modulation of anxiety. The purpose of this study was to examine the consequences of developmental manipulations of oxytocin for the later expression of alloparental behavior as well as behavioral responses to a novel environment, the elevated plus maze (EPM). Prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster), a cooperatively breeding species, were selected for this study. On neonatal Day 1, pups received an ip injection of oxytocin or oxytocin antagonist, or were controls, receiving either saline or handling only. At 21 and approximately 60 days of age, each animal was tested for parental care toward novel stimulus pups. At approximately 67 days, an EPM test was administered. Control females at 60 days of age were more likely to attack pups and spent less time in the open arm of the EPM, both of which might reflect higher levels of anxiety in females than males. In males, neonatal treatment with oxytocin antagonist was associated with reductions in parental care, especially during the initial exposure to pups on Day 21. Female behavior was not significantly changed as a function of neonatal treatments. Findings to date implicate vasopressin in the behavioral changes in males, that in later life followed a single exposure to an oxytocin antagonist, and suggest caution in the clinical use of agents such as Atosiban, which may have the potential to influence infant development. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 44: 123–131, 2004.
Contribution of mesothelium‐derived cells to liver sinusoids in avian embryos
Authors: Pérez‐Pomares J.M. , Carmona R. , González‐Iriarte M. , Macías D. , Guadix J.A. , Muñoz‐Chápuli R. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe developing liver is vascularized through a complex process of vasculogenesis that leads to the differentiation of the sinusoids. The main structural elements of the sinusoidal wall are endothelial and stellate (Ito) cells. We have studied the differentiation of the hepatic sinusoids in avian embryos through confocal colocalization of differentiation markers, in ovo direct labeling of the liver mesothelium, induced invasion of the developing chick liver by quail proepicardial cells, and in vitro culture of chimeric aggregates. Our results show that liver mesothelial cells give rise to mesenchymal cells which intermingle between the growing hepatoblast cords and become incorporated to the sinusoidal wall, contributing to both endothelial and stellate cell populations. We have also shown that the proepicardium, a mesothelial tissue anatomically continuous with liver mesothelium, is able to form sinusoid‐like vessels into the hepatic primordium as well as in cultured aggregates of hepatoblasts. Thus, both intrinsic or extrinsic mesothelium‐derived cells have the developmental potential to contribute to the establishment of liver sinusoids. Developmental Dynamics 229:465–474, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Induction and patterning of the primitive streak, an organizing center of gastrulation in the amniote
Authors: Mikawa Takashi , Poh Alisa M. , Kelly Kristine A. , Ishii Yasuo , Reese David E. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe primitive streak is the organizing center for amniote gastrulation. It defines the future embryonic midline and serves as a conduit of cell migration for germ layer formation. The migration patterns of endodermal and mesodermal precursors through the streak have been studied in great detail. Additional new breakthroughs recently have revealed the cell biological and molecular mechanisms that govern streak induction and patterning. These findings include (1) identification of the ontogeny and inductive signals of streak precursors, (2) the potential cellular mechanism of streak extension, and (3) the molecular and functional diversification along the anterior–posterior and mediolateral axes within the primitive streak. These findings indicate that amniote embryos initiate gastrulation by using both evolutionarily conserved and divergent mechanisms. The data also provide a foundation for understanding how the midline axis is defined and maintained during gastrulation of the amniotes. Developmental Dynamics 229:422–432, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Folding of the tectal cortex by local remodeling of neural differentiation
Authors: Mima Tatsuo , Mikawa Takashi 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe folding pattern of the brain cortex is a precisely regulated process, but the mechanism involved during development remains unclear. A proposed theory predicts that the initiation of cortical folding depends, at least partly, on nonuniform distribution of neuronal differentiation and neurite growth. We tested this theory experimentally, by remodeling the normal pattern of neuronal cell differentiation within the embryonic optic tectum. Multiple foci of activated fibroblast growth factor signaling were created in the tectal cortex to locally change the neural differentiation and axonal growth patterns. At these foci, tectal cells remained undifferentiated and their radial and tangential migration was suppressed. These local changes in the neuronal cell differentiation resulted in a conversion of the tectal cortex from smoothly extended into precociously folded. The results provide in vivo experimental evidence that microscopic changes in the neuronal cell differentiation pattern can induce or remodel the folding pattern of the brain cortex. Developmental Dynamics 229:475–479, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Status of transgenic chicken models for developmental biology
Authors: Mozdziak Paul E. , Petitte James N. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe chick embryo is a classic model that has been used to gain insight into developmental processes and cell fate within the embryo for over a century. For the most part, investigators have implanted quail cells into a chicken embryo. A more powerful tool for developmental biology research than the quail:chick chimera system would be to have lines of transgenic chickens expressing reporter genes that are readily available to the research community. However, avian transgenic technology has been fraught with technical difficulties, and transgenic chickens expressing reporter genes have only recently been developed. The goal of this review is to report the technologies that have been used to generate transgenic chickens and to discuss the challenges in generating avian transgenics for developmental biology research. Developmental Dynamics 229:414–421, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Patterns of gene expression in the developing chick thymus
Authors: Cui Jing , Sofer Luc , Cloud Sandra S. , Burnside Joan 
Published: February 2004

AbstractGene expression in thymic T cells during late embryogenesis and early growth in chicks was examined using cDNA microarrays. Gene expression patterns were profiled into nine clusters by using self‐organizing maps (SOM) clustering analysis. The expression patterns for a set of genes confirmed current information on the development of immune response. Expression of cell surface markers (MHC class I α chain, MHC class II associated invariant chain, CD8 β chain, CD18, and β2‐microglobulin), and genes involved in the innate immune response (NK lysin‐like) increased with age, and these patterns were consistent with an increase in the immune responsiveness of the young chick. The expression of cytokine receptor common gamma chain (γc), death receptor‐3 (DR3), and TCR α chain increased up to 1 day of age and then decreased. DR3 could play a role in the apoptosis during T‐cell maturation, while the differential expression of TCR genes could reflect regulation of the rearrangement of TCR genes and TCR‐mediated signal transduction during T cell development. Three genes coding for previously uncharacterized proteins are included in the clusters. These gene expression profiling studies provide background information on the developing chick immune system and provide preliminary functional information on unknown proteins. Developmental Dynamics 229:480–488, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Roles of maf family proteins in lens development
Authors: Reza Hasan Mahmud , Yasuda Kunio 
Published: February 2004

AbstractLens provides a good model for studying developmental cues relevant to cellular and molecular interactions. Basic region/leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors have been found to play key roles during eye formation in various species, including human, mouse, rat, Xenopus, zebrafish, chick, and quail. Different ocular developmental anomalies associated with MAF mutation in human implicate its active role during eye development. Several members of the maf gene family with this bZIP motif participate directly in lens morphogenesis. One vital Maf protein, L‐Maf, is expressed in developing lens cells of chick embryos. Its homolog recently has been detected in lens placode of Xenopus embryos and regulates expression of lens fiber‐specific genes in this species. Ectopic expression of L‐Maf can induce lens‐specific genes in cultured retina cells and embryonic ectoderm. The dominant‐negative form of L‐Maf causes the suppression of crystallin expression and subsequently inhibits lens formation, indicating that L‐Maf plays a central role in chick lens development. Developmental Dynamics 229:440–448, © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Angiopoietin 1 expression levels in the myocardium direct coronary vessel development
Authors: Ward Nicole L. , Van Slyke Paul , Sturk Celina , Cruz Maribelle , Dumont Daniel J. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractMutational studies in genetically engineered mice have shown that the angiopoietin/Tie2(Tek) signaling pathway is indispensable for vascular development. To further investigate the role of Angiopoietin 1 in heart development, we developed transgenic mice that express Angiopoietin 1 under control of doxycycline in cardiac myocytes. Ninety percent of all transgenic mice die between embryonic day 12.5 and 15.5. Beginning at embryonic day 12.5, transgenic mice exhibit dilated atria, a significant thinning of the myocardial wall, and eventual outflow tract collapse. In addition, hearts of the most severely affected transgenic embryos have no coronary arteries as a result of the defective development and maintenance of the epicardium. The subsequent lack of blood and nutrient delivery to the developing heart may account for decreases in N‐cadherin expression and subsequent loss of cell–cell contact leading to cell death, and ultimately the collapse and hemorrhage of the heart. These results suggest a pivotal role for Angiopoietin 1 in cardiovascular development, specifically the development of the epicardium and coronary vasculature. Developmental Dynamics 229:500–509, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Signals regulating tendon formation during chick embryonic development
Authors: Edom‐Vovard Frédérique , Duprez Delphine 
Published: February 2004

AbstractTendons are collagen‐rich structures that link muscle to cartilage. By using quail–chick chimeras, it has been shown that tendon and cartilage cells originate from the same mesodermic compartment, which is distinct from that giving rise to muscle cells. Axial tendons originate from the sclerotomal compartment, and limb tendons originate from the lateral plate, whereas axial and limb muscles derive from dermomyotomes. Despite these different embryologic origins, muscle and tendon morphogenesis occurs in close spatial and temporal association. Facilitated by the distinct embryologic origin of myogenic and tendon cells, surgical studies in the avian embryo have highlighted interactions between tendons and muscles, during embryonic development. However, these interactions seem to differ between axial and limb levels. The molecular mechanisms underlying muscle and tendon interactions have been shown recently to involve different members of the fibroblast growth factor family. This review covers the available data on the early steps of tendon formation in the limb and along the primary axis. The relationship with muscle morphogenesis will be highlighted. Developmental Dynamics 229:449–457, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Somatic transgenesis using retroviral vectors in the chicken embryo
Authors: Ishii Yasuo , Reese David E. , Mikawa Takashi 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe avian embryo is an excellent model system for experimental studies because of its accessibility and ease of microsurgical manipulations. While the complete chicken genome sequence will soon be determined, a comprehensive germ cell transmission‐based genetic approach is not available for this animal model. Several techniques of somatic cell transgenesis have been developed in the lpast decade. Of these, the retroviral shuttle vector system provides both (1) stable integration of exogenous genes into the host cell genome, and (2) constant expression levels in a target cell population over the course of development. This review summarizes retroviral vectors available for the avian model and outlines the uses of retroviral‐mediated gene transfer for cell lineage analysis as well as functional studies of genes and proteins in the chick embryo. Developmental Dynamics 229:630–642, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bves expression during avian embryogenesis
Authors: Osler Megan E. , Bader David M. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractBves (blood vessel/epicardial substance) is a transmembrane protein postulated to play a role in cell adhesion. While it is clear that Bves and gene products of the same family are expressed in adult striated muscle cells, the distribution of these proteins during development has not been critically examined. An understanding of the expression pattern of Bves is essential for a determination of protein function and its role in embryogenesis. In this study, we present an expression analysis of Bves during chick gastrulation and germ layer formation. Our data show that Bves is expressed in epithelia of all three germ layers early in development. Furthermore, Bves protein is observed in epithelial tissues during organogenesis, specifically the developing epidermis, the gut endoderm, and the epicardium of the heart. These data support the hypothesis that Bves may play a role in cell adhesion and movement of epithelia during early embryogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 229:658–667, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.