bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Ideology of Inferiority (1662–1830)
Authors: Higginbotham A Leon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prior to the 1660s, the Virginia legal process vacillated between implicit recognition of the relative equality of the new Africans and explicit determination of their irredeemable inferiority, as evidenced by Re Sweat in 1640. The implicit recognition of equality was exemplified by Re Tuchinge in 16242 and Re Graweere in 1641. The ambivalence of Virginia law at that time was reflected not only in the substance of its norms concerning African Americans, but also in the way Virginia legal principles developed. Most of the early legal principles espousing black inferiority were contained in isolated judicial opinions, rather than the later, more comprehensive legislative enactments.4 That the law took root in this manner is significant because the process of judicial decision-making does not lend itself particularly well to the development of the precept of black inferiority.
Too Inferior To Be Their Neighbor
Authors: Higginbotham A Leon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the earliest times slavery advocates have justified its cruelty by way of the Bible and reliance on religious doctrine. So too the City of Louisville, Kentucky—fifty-four years after the Emancipation Proclamation and fifty-two years after the Thirteenth Amendment—justified its residential segregation ordinance by calling on Divine Writ and various racist legal precepts.
One could write volumes on the housing issues. Just as in other fields, such as in education and employment, the Ten Precepts of Slavery Jurisprudence in the housing context have particular relevance. The precept of inferiority was used in the housing area for the exclusion of, and or the substantial segregation, of African Americans. Many books or chapters have been written about the re-incorporation of slavery jurisprudence concepts—through the manipulation of the law—into residential legislation and court decisions.
Voting Rights, Pluralism, and Political Power
Authors: Higginbotham A Leon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Voting rishts are probably the fundamental rights of citizenship. Three of the most heroic and articulate men in history have deemed voting rights essential. Frederick Douglass proclaimed that the “possession of [the right to vote] is the keystone to the arch of human liberty; and, without that, the whole may at any moment fall to the ground; while, with it, that liberty may stand forever.” Justice Thurgood Marshall asserted that voting was “preservative of all rights.” Nelson Mandela identified “the right to participate in the making of the laws by which one.is governed,” as a fundamental principle of “equality before the law.”
The precept of black inferiority has guided almost every effort in the last two centuries to deny or hinder African Americans’ equal access to the ballot box. The precept drove the efforts to restrict access to voting, and the denial of voting reinforced the precept of inferiority.
“Physiological and Functional Differences”: Sam Ervin on Classification by Sex
Authors: Mathews Donald G , Hart Jane Sherron De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After winning the vote, women activists were confronted by an uneasy choice not entirely of their own making. Should they seek equality or special treatment? Lobbying for suffrage, they had emphasized equality; justifying themselves, they had argued that the polity needed a woman’ s touch. The touch was ambiguous: it could imply that as women entered the work force and appeared before the law they could rely on traditional gender values to protect them. This reliance meant asking for special treatment.
“We Don’ t Want To Be Men!”: Women against the Women’ s Movement
Authors: Mathews Donald G , Hart Jane Sherron De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Antiratificationists skillfully wove the symbols of ERA, “women’ s lib,” and “family” into a web of apprehension, defensiveness, and anger. The result was to enmesh ERA in a psychic trap that separated liberation from obligation: wanting to be free meant no longer wanting to be female. To those who had used the “privileges” of womanhood as a protective shield against the consequences of their weakness, ratificationists seemed to be saying that women must become men. Feminists’ attempt to strip away the protective coloration of exploitation, especially that in marriage and family life, was particularly troubling to women who saw solutions to the problems they conceded in male female relationships to reside in reinforcing traditional patterns of behavior rather than in abandoning them.
ERA and the Politics of Gender
Authors: Mathews Donald G , Hart Jane Sherron De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment was not like other political issues-all participants in the conflict could agree on that. The emotion, commitment, and apocalyptic confrontation it elicited endangered the political affability of the General Assembly. Gender differences gave the issue its texture and meaning. North Carolinians, like citizens throughout the country, had been at this point before. To be sure, the constitutional amendments for woman suffrage and equal rights differed. The former granted a specific right; the latter might have allowed broader implications by making classification by sex in law suspect.
The Epidemiology of Homelessness
Authors: Caton Carol L M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A central issue in the public concern for the homeless has been estimating the size of the homeless population. A national census to determine this population in the United States has not yet been carried out. At present, there is little information on the incidence of new cases of homelessness in a given time, nor are there accurate statistics on the total number of Americans who have ever experienced an episode of homelessness. Because homelessness is often intermittent, interspersed with episodes of living in low-cost transient, institutional, or family settings, the number of people homeless on a single night will be considerably lower than the number of people who experience homelessness at some time over an entire year.
Living in Translation
Authors: Lerner Gerda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When I came to the United States in 1939 as a refugee from Hitler fascism, I had, like all refugees, a very problematic relationship with the English language. On the one hand, I wanted desperately to learn English and to speak it well. This was my meal ticket, absolutely essential if I was to get work. On the other hand I felt a responsibility to uphold, treasure and keep intact the integrity of the German language which fascism had stolen from me, as it had stolen all my worldly possessions. The Nazis spoke a language of their own—first a jargon of slogans and buzz words; later the language o force and tyranny. Words no longer meant what they said; they meant what the Nazis intended them to mean, and so, gradually, they became empty of meaning. Like banners flapping forever in the wind, they flapped around the skeleton of German speech until all that could be heard was the clattering words pretending to meaning they could not encompass. Seen in that light, it was the obligation of every antifascist German-speaking refugee to uphold the old language, so that some day it might be restored.
The 20th Century: A Watershed Jor Women
Authors: Lerner Gerda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To help us visualize the significance of the 20th century, let us fix a number of images in our minds: First, the modern airport-a cultural product so homogenized around the world that were it not for the signs and advertisements the traveler would not know which country’s airport he had. reached. Then, the shopping mall-the emblem of consumerism, appearing in various cultural guises in different parts of the world, but in most of its manifestations, selling goods produced and marketed for international consumption. Whatever local products the mall may feature, there will also be blue jeans, batteries, portable radios and music on cassettes. Then, another image-the Bedouin on his camel in the middle of the desert, listening to a transistor radio. The final image is that of an African woman, barefoot, her infant strapped to her back, a twenty-pound can of water on her head, walking down a dusty road. She is bringing this water to her hut, walking-on the averagetwelve to fifteen miles a day. She passes the village bar, or she been, where the men of her tribe sit on plastic chairs, drinking Coca-Cola or canned beer, watching TV or listening to music on the radio. Progress has been monumental, but it also has been uneven.
Rethinking the Paradigm
Authors: Lerner Gerda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the past ten years, the new and often still embattled field of Women’s Studies has made an enormous intellectual contribution to transforming thought and reconfiguring curricula by making the question of power and “differences” among women the focus of serious debate. Because it has been cross-disciplinary and has mostly taken the form of articles in specialized scholarly journals, the broader significance of this debate has not always been visible. When looked at from the vantage point of a single academic discipline, the debate has seemed disjointed, divisive and fragmented. In fact, the debate on “differences” represents the most serious challenge to traditional thought and traditional ways of organizing knowledge so far. A tentative consensus is emerging on a number of issues, as new definitions and holistic modes of thinking are being applied to centuries-old problems.
Threshold
Authors: Niven John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At a few minutes before one o’clock on March 5, 1868, Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase and senior associate Justice Nelson, in their black judicial robes, met the deputation that would escort them to the Senate Chamber. The trial of Andrew Johnson, seventeenth President of the United States, for high crimes and misdemeanors, was about to begin. As the group moved out, Chase and Senator Samuel Pomeroy were in the lead, followed by Nelson and Senators Henry Wilson and Charles R. Buckalew, the lone Democrat. They walked the 100 feet or so from the Supreme Court chambers to the south central doors of the Senate. As soon as they appeared, the senators rose as a body, not out of any respect for Chase and Nelson, but because the Republican majority and the Democratic minority had agreed, for their own particular reasons, to clothe the proceedings with dignity, emulating the great Anglo-American state trials of the past. Chase himself was equally eager to dramatize the event because he was conscious of his own singular importance in presiding over a trial of obvious historic importance. The contrast between him and his escort, Samuel Pomeroy, could not have been more sharply defined.
Trials and Triumphs
Authors: Niven John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The New Hampshire Salmon Chase returned to in 1823 shocked the sensitive adolescent who had grown accustomed to the more exuberant life-style of the new west. In contrast to the booming, speculative economy of Cincinnati or the expansive settlements along the turnpike that connected Ashtabula with Steubenville, Chase’s native state seemed to have gone backward in time. The depression that followed the panic of 1819 had, it is true, put a damper on western development but it had not checked perceptibly the influx of immigrants into Ohio from New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Kentucky. During their return trip east, the Chases encountered a constant procession of farm families heading west, their few belongings packed on their wagons. In contrast New Hampshire had none of this fluidity, this intermixture of transplanted New Englanders, their crisp accents contrasting with the slow-speaking southerners that provided interest and variety for the observant youth. In his passage over the Green Mountains to his home in Keene, he noticed that that section of New England seemed to have suffered more from the depression than had the west. Everywhere along the way, young Chase saw evidence of abandoned farmsteads and an occasional empty, silent mill along a watercourse.
An Uncertain Future
Authors: Niven John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sunday morning, March 25, 1855, was a busy one for ex-Senator Chase. Over breakfast at the Burnet House in Cincinnati, he discussed a fugitive slave case with a fellow lawyer, Judge Key. After that he read Thomas Hart Benton’s speech on the government’s policy toward the Indians. Ever seeking some issue that would identify him with man’s inhumanity to man and thus solidify further his place in progressive politics, Chase made notes on what he called “horrible injustice” done the Indians. Later that day he would compose an editorial on this subject for the Columbian, the reform weekly in Columbus that Hamlin was now editing and he was helping to support. But the highlight of the day was the Reverend Doctor Boynton’s sermon on “the necessity of death in the Christian economy” at the Second Congregational Orthodox church that the now ecumenical Episcopalian Chase attended frequently. The idea of supply and demand regulating one’s tenure on earth appealed to Chase’s notions of laissez-faire economy, even in spiritual matters. In the evening he again attended church, this time Christ Church and again liked the Reverend Clement Moore Butler’s theme which utilized a turnpike metaphor to travel the “highway to redemption.”
Military Moves and Missions
Authors: Niven John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the evening of January 6, an unusual meeting took place in the Cabinet room at the White House. A tense Lincoln and equally tense members of his Cabinet listened to a heated denunciation of General McClellan from members of the newly created Congressional Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War. The most outspoken were Ben Wade, chairman of the committee and Zachariah Chandler, the bibulous coarse-grained senator from Michigan. Much discussion ensued with Cabinet members and the committee participating. Seward supported McClellan with brief remarks. But Wade pressed on. He turned his deep-set eyes under shaggy brows on Lincoln. “What were McClellan’s plans?” he demanded.
High Stakes
Authors: Niven John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The presidential party returned to Washington on May 12, 1862. Chase found his desk at the Treasury piled with documents requiring his immediate attention. More individuals than usual were crowded into the anterooms. Congress was in session. The financial committees of both Houses were considering comprehensive legislation to deal with what seemed to be the neverending fiscal crisis. Despite these demands on his time and energy, Chase continued to involve himself with Stanton and Lincoln in military affairs. When Stonewall Jackson struck at the divided Union armies in the Shenandoah Valley, defeating Banks and moving on Harpers Ferry, whose fall could well open up Washington to attack, Lincoln halted the move of McDowell’s corps to reinforce McClellan and ordered him to support the beleaguered Banks. Buoyed up by the Norfolk adventure the President had decided to coordinate the Union armies in the Valley by telegraphing specific orders to their commanders. His objective was to cut off Jackson and force his surrender. Chase participated in these strategic and tactical discussions. He was just as enthusiastic as Lincoln on a plan of action, which looked good on the maps and charts and estimates of troop strength that were available at the War Department.
“It Is a Big Fish”
Authors: Niven John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If Chase was responsible for the actions of his agents in the Mississippi Valley and thus vulnerable to political attack, he was also guilty of that cardinal political sin of not looking after his home base. With the exception of his brief barnstorming tour of Ohio and Indiana in October 1863 Chase had counted on his handful of trusted associates-the Cookes, his son-in-law Sprague, a half-dozen or so newspapers, some tottering like the Ohio State Journal (whose management was part of the corrupt army quartermaster ring), and the gifted Whitelaw Reid, nominally Washington correspondent of the Cincinnati Gazette-to support his candidacy.
The “Overworked Wife”: Making a Working-Class Home and Negotiating Status, Autonomy, and the Family Economy
Authors: Deutsch Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
0n August 21, 1893, a visitor from the Denison House settlement reported that Mrs. Scanlon’s husband was to be buried the next day. Mrs. Scanlon had three children, all of them small. She had received help from Berkeley Temple and was now cared for by Rev. Mr. Dickinson and his people. Five days later, on Saturday, the visitor returned to 65 Chapman Street and found Mrs. Scanlon braiding her daughter’s hair, hoping to find a small tenement near a day nursery and work enough to keep her three children with her.
We are Going to Stand by One Another: Shifting Alliances in Women’s Labor Organizing
Authors: Deutsch Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In December 1891, a future Denison House resident received a letter from Jane Addams, founder of Chicago’s Hull House. Hull House had just hosted a meeting of shirtwaist makers who had formed a union. “We and ourselves almost forced into the trades unions,” Addams confessed, “there are very few for women in Chicago and we hope to help form them on a conservative basis.”1
“A Debut or a Fight?”: Class, Race, and Party in Boston Women’s Politics, 1920–1940
Authors: Deutsch Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In March 1913, at the same time the garment workers and telephone operators took to the streets, the Boston Herald reported yet another successful female invasion: “Woman suffragists came away from the State House yesterday afternoon victorious in the first manoeuvre of their campaign to obtain the submission of a constitutional amendment permitting women to vote.”1
The Role of Compensation in the Human Resource Management Strategies of High Technology Firms
Authors: Gomez-Mejia Luis R , Welbourne Theresa M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
High technology firms have created some of the most desirable jobs in the economy, expanded the demand for highly skilled employees, and created millionaires and heroes overnight. For example, Apple’ s 1981 public offering resulted in 100 individuals becoming millionaires. Curiosity about how these high tech firms tick has prompted a flurry of research in recent years. This was vividly demonstrated in a recent academic conference on “Managing the High Technology Firm” (1988) sponsored by the University of Colorado-Boulder. While original plans called for 60 participants and 25 paper presentations, the total attendee count exceeded 350 and many more were turned away because of capacity constraints.
An “Indulgent” Father, A Loyal Son
Authors: Skemp Sheila L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Every one, that knows me, thinks I am too indulgent a parent, as well as master.”-Benjamin Franklin to Jane Mecom, 1748.”My son waits upon you with this, whom I heartily recommend to your motherly care and advice. He is indeed a sober and discreet lad of his years, but he is young and unacquainted with the ways of your place.”Benjamin Franklin to Jane Mecom, 1751.William Franklin was the illegitimate son of a self-made man. He was raised above his father’s printer’s shop on lower Market Street in the heart of Philadelphia, but from the beginning his expectations rose far above those of any ordinary artisan.
Walking a Tightrope
Authors: Skemp Sheila L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“The Governor has had a very critical Part to act during all these Turmoils; and what is very extraordinary, and very much to his Honour, I never heard his Conduct arraigned in any one Instance.”-William Strahan to David Hall,1770. “My sentiments are really in many respects different from those which have yet been published on either side of the question; but as I could not expect the voice of an individual be attended to in the temper both parties were in, I for the most part kept my sentiments to myself, and only endeavored to steer my little bark quietly through all the storms of political contest with which I was everywhere surrounded.
Seeds of Controversy
Authors: Skemp Sheila L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Controversy is, however, really disagreeable to me; and tho’ I never seek it, yet I never avoid it where it is necessary to my Character, let the Consequences be what they may. And I now think it proper to tell you, Gentlemen, once for all, that you will ever find me ready to oblige you and serve the Province, as far as it may be in my Power; but that as I never have, so I never will suffer any Man, or Body of Men, in Stations so respectable as yours, to pass an unmerited Censure on my Public Conduct, without endeavouring to do myself Justice.”
“Two Roads”
Authors: Skemp Sheila L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“You have now pointed out to you, Gentlemen, two Roads-one evidently leading to Peace, Happiness and a Restoration of the publick Tranquility-the other inevitably conducting you to Anarchy, Misery, and all the Horrors of a Civil War.”-William Franklin to the New Jersey Assembly, January, 1775. “My Sentiments respecting the present publick Transactions I have no Scruple to declare do not entirely coincide with those of either Party.
An “Appearance of Government”
Authors: Skemp Sheila L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“I am loth to desert my Station, as my Continuance in it is a Means of Keeping up some Appearance of Government.... let the Event be what it may, I shall not attempt to quit the Province as long as I have any Chance of continuing in it in Safety.”-William Franklin to Lord Dartmouth, 1775. “My Situation is, indeed, somewhat particular, and not a little difficult, having no more than one or two among the Principal Officers of Government to whom I can now speak confidentially on public Affairs.”-William Franklin to Lord Dartmouth,1776.
“An Unwillingness to it the Scene of Action”
Authors: Skemp Sheila L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“But an unwillingness to quit the scene of action where I think I might be of some service, if anything is intended to be done, has induced me to remain till I can discover what turn affairs are likely to take.”William Franklin to Joseph Galloway, 1778. “Will the day never again dawn? Shall the tide always run Ebb? Shall the poor Tories after being so long in Purgatory, not see better days?”-David Sproat to Joseph Galloway, 1779.
War of Another Kind
Authors: Durrill Wayne K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book describes in graphic detail the disintegration of southern plantation society in a coastal county in North Carolina during the Civil War. It involves the struggles among planters, slaves, yeoman farmers, landless white labourers, and two armies that produced in the end a major battle and massacre that destroyed all that remained of the county’s social structure. By 1865 the society had been drastically transformed by war.
The Emancipation Proclamation: Beginnings of a Property War
Authors: Durrill Wayne K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In mid-1862, slaves remaining in Washington County saw little chance of freeing themselves soon. True, local unionists had promised them “absolute freedom” and “equality with white men” if they joined in an effort to dislodge local planters from their land. A few white men had actively aided Washington County slaves in their efforts to escape. In early March 1862, for example, three unionists arranged for several boats to be left at the mouth of the Scuppemong River for slaves wishing to flee to Roanoke. But local slaves still faced an official federal policy that defined them as property. Captain Hammill had helped planters retain their slaves, and even the abolitionist-minded New York Volunteers in Plymouth divided among themselves.