bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Woman and her Art: An Assessment
Authors: Jay Elisabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The novel in which this remark occurs was written in I 872, before her sons were old enough to be judged to have made a lamentable failure ‘in general life’, but Mrs Oliphant was in no doubt that it was in this wider arena that they must make their mark. She was similarly aware that her other creations, her fiction and non-fiction, would achieve a valuation in the general market-place, irrespective of the special circumstances of her own life. Feminist studies have often been accused of evading critical responsibility, either in the interests of the prior task of reclaiming neglected voices, or from a desire to resist the contamination of the male values so firmly imprinted on the traditional tests of literary greatness. Unfortunately, neither of these positions do much credit to their women subjects or to literary studies: rather they imply a view that reduces literature, of whatever calibre, to the status of a useful historical source; and the refusal to engage in critical dialogue only reinforces the suspicions indulged in by those outside the ghetto thus created.
Revival, 1663–1669
Authors: Parker William Riley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THERE were relatively few published allusions to Milton during the period we have now reached. His tribute to Shakespeare was reprinted in the third folio edition of the plays (1663-4) with neither his name nor his initials attached, though his initials had appeared in the 1640 Poems. A second edition of James Heath’s A Brief Chronicle of the Late Intestine Warr (1663) made passing reference to the man (‘since stricken with blindness’) who had answered Salmasius and had written Eikonoklastes (‘since deservedly burnt’). ‘Thus’, said the historian, Salmasius ‘triumphed by the pen’. Cabala (1663), a burlesque treatment of the defeated nonconformists, glanced once at Milton and Goodwin, as did also Pierre Nicol’s The Pernicious Consequences of the New Heresie (1666). In Considerations and Proposals in Order to the Regulation of the Press (1663) Roger L’Estrange cited among ‘treasonous and seditious pamphlets’ Milton’s as yet unpunished Tenure of Kings and Magistrates but without naming its author. However, for seven consecutive years beginning in 1664, ‘Blind Milton’ was mentioned as a November joke in Poor Robin, a satiric almanac. In 1668 David Lloyd recalled in pious Memoires that ‘M.’ had questioned the royal authorship of Eikon Basilike, and the following year a reprint of John Wilkins’s Ecclesiastes may have reminded some new readers that Milton was an advocate of divorce. But that was all.
Last Days, 1669–1674
Authors: Parker William Riley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ALHOUGH Milton had printed nothing in the six years between 1660 and 1667, during the final six years of his life he published one or more books every year. But this burst of activity was not, for the most part, the product of any new urge to composition. Two factors seem to have been responsible’. First, half a dozen London booksellers were making the discovery that writings by John Milton had commercial value, and they persuaded the blind author to go through his papers with a view to their quite unsuspected needs. They were interested in the manuscripts of his Latin grammar, his little handbook of logic, his unfinished history of Britain, his short history of Russia, his official letters of state, his private letters, even his academic exercises done as a student at Cambridge. They were interested in a possible new edition of his minor poetry (that totally unsuccessful bid for recognition!), and Simmons, of course, was interested in a possible revision of the highly successful epic. Milton himself, aged sixty in 1669, evidently welcomed the inquiries of publishers as a means of setting his literary house in order.
Epilogue
Authors: Parker William Riley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
LOHN MILTON’s posthumous life-his early crowning as an English classic, his lighthouse stature amidst storms and shifting tides of taste, his powerful literary influence and the influence of some of his ideas-could well be the subject of another book, and, indeed, books and doctoral dissertations have been written on some of these matters. The story of his after-fame can be told bibliographically (a book yet to be written), or as chapters in histories of literature, or criticism, or thought, or pedagogy, or scholarship. It can be told almost dispassionately now, after three hundred years, though perhaps the most conspicuous fact to be reported is that the character and personality of this man have aroused deep admiration and intense dislike in many people from the time of his death to the present day. In 1687 William Winstanley growled, ‘His fame is gone out like a candle in a snuff and his memory will always stink’- and then proceeded to include him in his collection of 147 Most Famous English Poets. Nearly a hundred years later, Dr. Johnson felt, spoke, and acted the same way. The paradox has proved timeless; noisy partisanship is still awed by Paradise Lost. In our own century, while some have been concerned to ‘de-Massonize’ Milton (a Smart expression) and still others have been concerned to dethrone him as a tyrannical influence on poetry, a vigorous, expanding literary scholarship in America has found him an increasingly attractive subject for research and criticism. I have had the strange experience of trying to dissuade one of my own students from praying to Milton every night. She was a Roman Catholic nun, and she had found him a saint, despite his harsh pronouncements on her religion. She was less like Hilaire Belloc, who saw him as a great poet with unfortunate convictions, than like Carlyle, who called him ‘the moral King of authors’. It would seem that both Paradise Lost and Milton the man still have power to move us.
Hellenistic Fortifications From the Aegean to the Euphrates
Authors: McNicoll A W , Milner N P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fortifications built around Greek cities for their defence and protection are among the most impressive of ancient remains. In breadth and detail Anthony McNicoll analysed and illustrated over a score of fortified sites on the basis of personal knowledge and inspection, ranging from Ephesus and Assos on the Aegean to Dura Europus on the Euphrates, and spanning the development from the fourth-century Mausolean great circuit of Halicarnassus to the first-century cross-wall at Miletus. The individual studies provide a valuable publication of some little known material and support not only a technical and architectural history, but an explanation of what was built in broader terms. Anthony McNicoll's Oxford doctoral thesis `Hellenistic Fortifications from Aegean to the Euphrates' was much acknowledged by A. W. Lawrence (the author of Greek Aims in Fortification, OUP 1979), and has been highly praised by a number of scholars who have consulted it. Revised here for publication, it has been updated in the light of recent scholarship in a final chapter by N. P. Milner.
The Attalids And Southern Asia Minor
Authors: McNicoll A W , Milner N P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In autumn 190 BC Roman and allied forces defeated the army of Antiochus the Great at the Battle of Magnesia. The initial peace terms laid down by the Scipios involved Seleucid withdrawal from cis-Tauric Asia. This principle was agreed upon by the senate,2 and finally included in the treaty drawn up by the decemvirs in 188 BC.
Boats Of The World
Authors: McGrail Seán 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Maritime archaeology, the study of man's early encounter with the rivers and seas of the world, only came to the fore in the last decades of the twentieth century, long after its parent discipline, terrestrial archaeology, had been established. Yet there were seamen long before there were farmers, navigators before there were potters, and boat builders before there were wainwrights. In this book Professor McGrail attempts to correct some of the imbalance in our knowledge of the past by presenting the evidence for the building and use of early water transport: rafts, boats, and ships. Professor McGrail presents a history of water transport as it has developed over millennia, from before 40,000 BC to the mid-second millennium AD. The coverage is world-wide: from the Baltic and North Seas to the Bay of Bengal and the Tasman Sea; and from the Gulf of Mexico to the China Seas and the Baring Strait.
Egypt
Authors: McGrail Seán 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is no single agreed chronology for Ancient Egypt. Three authors who have recently written about the nautical aspects of Egypt each use a different chronology: Vinson (1994: s) bases his account on one published by Murnane in 1983; D. Jones (1995: 7) uses dates published by Baines and Malik in 1980; whilst Wachsmann (1998: 345) uses a chronology published by Kitchen in 1987. I have chosen to use the chronology published by James (1983) in a widely available text. For the non-specialist there are only minor differences between these four chronologies.
The Mediterranean
Authors: McGrail Seán 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Mediterranean probably has a wider range of evidence for early vessels than any other region. It may not have the volume of representational evidence known from Egypt; nor the number of medieval wrecks documented in Atlantic Europe: but it does have extensive documentary and iconographic evidence, which both precedes and is contemporary with an impressive array of excavated material. On the other hand, with some outstanding exceptions, Mediterranean underwater wreck sites (of which there are, at present, nearly 1,200 dating from before AD 1500-Parker, 1992) have, until recently, been primarily investigated for information about the cargo rather than ship’s structure: in this field the full archaeological potential of these sites is not yet being realized.
South-East Asia
Authors: McGrail Seán 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Away from the Equator, the region has a tropical cli mate, with clearly defined wet and dry seasons, and north-north-east monsoon winds during October April, when it is relatively dry and cool; and south south-west winds during the northern summer months of May-September, when it is hot and wet. Within 5° of the Equator there is an equatorial climate, with a number of prevailing winds: in the Celebes Sea, north-north-west in October-April, and south-south east in May-September; and from the Java Seas to the Banda Seas, from the west in October-April, and from the east in May-September (Bellwood, 1985: 9--15). These seasonal winds, equatorial and tropical, have strongly influenced trading patterns throughout south-east Asia.
Oceania
Authors: McGrail Seán 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oceania is defined here as the islands of the southern Pacific Ocean and of the adjacent seas to the west; in cultural/linguistic terms these are the islands of Polynesia, Micronesia, and eastern Melanesia (Fig. 9.1). The Polynesian islands lie within a vast triangle with sides 3,500-4,000 nautical miles in length, and with apexes in New Zealand, Hawaii, and Easter island. The east Melanesian islands lie to the west of Polynesia and east south-east of island south-east Asia; whilst Micronesia, with its nearly 3,000 islands, is to the north of Melanesia and east of the Philippines. These islands can be divided into two physical groups by reference to the Jndesite Line’ which runs northwards to the east of New Zealand and Tonga; generally north-westwards between Melanesia and Micronesia, passing to the north of Fiji, the Solomons, and the Bismarck archipelago; then northwards to the west of most of Micronesia (R. Green, 1991: fig. 1, 495; Irwin, 1992: fig. 1).
The North-Western Greek System
Authors: Winter Nancy A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two important sanctuaries at Thermon and Calydon in Aetolia gave birth to a local school of architectural terracottas in north-western Greece during the second half of the seventh century BC, initially influencing also the island of Corfu (Map 3) before that island evolved its own style based on the Western Greek system (see Chapter 12).1The north-western Greek system combines elements which are traditionally separate and distinctive features of the Corinthian and Laconian systems: Corinthian-style flat pan tiles with upward-curving side borders, and pitched cover tiles; Laconian-style semicircular ridge tiles, geison tiles, antefix plaques which overhang below the bottom of the cover tile backer, and tiles which are often painted black or red. Some of these features could have evolved from Protocorinthian roofs (see Chapter 3; Fig. 1a-b). Unique to this system at this time, and possibly of local invention-unless the idea was brought from Sikyon-is the predilection for human heads decorating antefixes, often alternating with waterspouts in the form of lion heads, male heads, or Silen heads, creating the effect of an almost continuous lateral sima along the eaves, set above projecting geison tiles with a painted tongue pattern on the soffit.
Body Culture:]. P. Muller’s Gymnastic System and the Ascetic Ideal
Authors: Siècle Fin de , Anderson Mark M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ]ugendstil impulse to aestheticize the body was intricately related to another movement, at once complementary and antagonistic to this aestheticization, that sought to vitalize, harden, cleanse, and ‘modernize’ the body. In the Kunstwart’s issue of August 1904, under the title ‘Body Culture’, a certain Heberlin objects to fin-de-siecle ‘decadence’, to the woman ‘who can neither stretch upwards nor bend to the floor’, to the dandy ‘who uses only cars and lifts rather than his legs’, to all creatures physically debilitated by modern forms of urban life (410). He also rails against the deformation of the body brought about by clothing, against the ‘stiffening and crippling of[women’s] hips and feet’, which is only part of a more general, physically inhibiting process of socialization (411). To counteract these symptoms of decadence he recommends to his readers an American exercise manual that sets forth a ‘complete system’ of ‘psychic, aesthetic and physical culture’.
Feudal Links and the Role of Arthur and His Court
Authors: Kennedy Elspeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is thematic coherence throughout the work, as we have seen, but other means are also used to weave the individual threads of knights’ adventures into a firm texture. At the centre of the web are Arthur and his court, as the examination of the thematic structure in Chapters II and III has already shown. No knight can truly be said to have made his name until he has won a reputation at Arthur’s court and a seat at the Round Table; the inspiration which enables Lancelot to perform the feats which gain him this reputation is also to be found at Arthur’s court in the person of the Queen. Lancelot has lost his father, his land, and his identity because of Arthur’s failure to protect his vassal Ban, but he establishes his identity and re-establishes that of Guinevere through saving Arthur’s person, his kingdom, his Queen, and his Round Table. It is Arthur’s nephew Gauvain, acknowledged leader of the Knights of the Round Table, who sets out to uncover the identity of the Unknown Knight, who provides a measuring-rod for Lancelot’s achievement, and who eventually presents him at court as the greatest knight of all. It is this unifying function of Arthur’s court which we will examine further here.
The Lake and Arthurian magic
Authors: Kennedy Elspeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A certain marvellous element, suggesting a world in which events occur mysteriously, is a necessary part of Arthurian romance even in a work like the PL which, as we have seen, gives particular emphasis to a feudal framework characteristic of human society and tends to keep magic in its place. As one might well expect in a romance in which Lancelot of the Lake is the main hero, this marvellous element is centred in the Lake, and, although by definition it implies mysterious happenings rather than a natural sequence of events, it nevertheless helps to give a certain cohesion to the work.
The Drifter Narratives OF Emergence
Authors: Brown Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Barthes’s drift is a response to the violence inscribed within meaning: violence and meaning are for him inseparable because of his model of language, in which meaning is generated by binary opposites which function in an apparently value-free way, but which on a deeper level divide up the world in an imperious and surreptitiously evaluative fashion. These were the themes I examined in my last chapter, and I now want to broaden the argument to look at other aspects of drift, notably those that are susceptible to narrativization—how Barthes goes about putting his drift into practice.
Frames And Names
Authors: Brown Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is the effect of a frame? The frame opens up and controls a space of representation, positioning the spectator as looking into a field of vision. According to Barthes, representation is defined by its reliance on a geometrical figure rather than by its attempt to copy the real. In ‘Diderot, Brecht, Eisenstein’, he notes: ‘il restera toujours de la “représentation”, tant qu’un sujet (auteur, lecteur, spectateur ou voyeur) portera son regard vers un horizon et y découpera la base d’un triangle dont son reil (ou son esprit) sera le sommet’. This applies to classical painting, theatre, cinema, but also to ‘le di.scours litteraire classique (lisible)’, which, ‘abandonnant depuis longtemps la prosodic, la musique, est un discours représentatif, géométrique, en tant qu’il découpe des morceaux pour les peindre’.
The Scribbler
Authors: Brown Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Toscribble: to write or draw in a hasty or illegible manner; to make meaningless or illegible marks; and, in derogatory or facetious con¬ texts, to write in general—novels, poems, plays. The etymology of ‘scribble’ is from the medieval Latin scribillare, meaning to write hastily, from Latin scribere, to write. But there is another meaning too: to scribble can be to card (wool, for example). Its etymology in this case is probably from a Low German cognate of schrubben, which gives us the verb to scrub—to rub a surface hard in order to clean it; to remove dirt; and, in informal contexts, to delete or cancel. These etymological notes introduce the theme of this chapter: is writing addition or subtraction, scribbling or scrubbing—or, indeed, the other form of scraping known as sculpting? Barthes’s work plays off these figures of writing against each other.
Excursus Contra Vocem
Authors: Brown Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The opposition between ‘speech’ and ‘writing’ has been a theme running throughout my discussion. Barthes shares this interest with Derrida. But whereas the latter examines it from a predominantly philosophical point of view, Barthes invests it with a certain existential passion of his own. For he actively dislikes the voice—dislikes it in so far as it says something. Where his theories touch on the voice, he will almost always attempt to free the voice from what it says in order to tum it into yet another organ of writing.
The Trauma
Authors: Brown Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jouissance is thus something of a stumbling—block-Barthes attempts to talk about it in a variety of ways in Le Plaisir du texte and elsewhere, but it does not stay conceptually or even metaphorically still. It is an ambiguous phenomenon—sometimes an experience of intense subjective pleasure, sometimes closer to fear; at times immediate and almost mystical, at others quite susceptible to historical and cmi’sal analysis. This ambiguity places jouissance in a strange space—beyond pleasure and pain. And Barthes’s hesitations (or subtleties) in seeing it as historical or (more often) transhistorical, suggests that there may be a link between its wounding and seductive force and a reality that is both historical (timebound) and ecstatic (cutting through time). As Barthes’s texts return again and again to this question of the seductive wound. I have subsumed this theme under the general rubric of what is, for psychoanalysis, the seductive wound par excellence: the trauma. My discussion therefore requires a short presentation of some of the main features of this theory of the trauma.
Poetry And Painting: Baudelaire, Mallarmé, Apollinaire, And Their Painter Friends
Authors: Bowness Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a striking fact that the three men who successively did so much to create modern French poetry—Baudelaire, Mallarme, and Apollinaire—were all deeply responsive to the visual art of their contemporaries, and had many painter friends. There is no precedent for this in any earlier phase of French literature, nor do we find any thing that is comparable in the parallel literary cultures of Germany or England. In England, it is true, one notices another strange particularity, not found elsewhere, that of the painter-poet, equally at home in two arts.
Sālim and Kitāb Al-Irjā
Authors: Crone Patricia , Zimmermann Fritz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kitāb al-irjā’ is a short tract divided by van Ess into nine paragraphs. The first four paragraphs consist of a wafiyya bi’ l-taqwā and mission topos: the fifth presents the author’s doctrinal stance, while the sixth briefly defends it; the seventh and eighth contain polemics against the Saba‘iyya; and the ninth reiterates that ‘this is our stance’. The component parts, then, are similar to Salim’s.
Pottier and the Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum
Authors: Rouet Philippe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This alone would be enough to show that the CVA was produced in response to a real need, although it has of course evolved since its beginnings. In terms of its content the change is quite appreciable, since its creator originally intended that it should publish all the vases of the Mediterranean world and the Near and Far East, the pottery of prehistoric Europe, undecorated vases, and so on.
The Transmission of Truth: The theme of translatio in the later Chroniques
Authors: Ainsworth Peter F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The later books of the Chroniques do not cast aside the staple of combat, tournaments, embassies, diplomacy, and royal marriages or ceremonial entries, but the overall topical balance does appear gradually to shift, particularly towards the end of Book III, to allow for a greater prominence to be given to a small number of themes more narrowly related to the issues of kingship and governance. In one sense, this is simply a reflection of the chronicler’s sensitivity to changes in political atmosphere. Events themselves determine, to a greater or lesser extent, what is there to be written about. In the context adopted in this study, however, what should preoccupy us is the manner in which the text articulates or depicts these events. By dint of its unique selection, deletion, and combination of themes or situations, Froissart’s writing presents us with a vision of late medieval aristocratic society in which strong emphasis is given to the tensions prevailing between sovereign and vassal, marmouset, and apanaged prince, all in a generalized context of political danger, intrigue, and turbulence.
The Body Hispanic
Authors: Smith Paul Julian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the first book to analyse Spanish and Spanish American literature in the light of modern theories of sexuality. Its aim is twofold: to provide a readable introduction to the varied and complex treatments of sexuality since Freud; and to read, in this context, a representative selection of major texts from different areas of Hispanic studies - Renaissance, modern peninsular, and Spanish American. The writers discussed include Fuentes, Neruda, Lorca, and Galdós.