bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epistemology: Philo’s Roman Books
Authors: Brittain Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the Roman Books, I will argue, Philo sought to modify Academic scepticism by advocating a novel conception of knowledge. He argued that the Stoic definition of catalepsis, which had dominated Hellenistic (and in particular Philonian/ Metrodorian) epistemology, was mistaken: by taking cataleptic impressions to be of such a kind that they could not be false, the Stoics imposed a condition on catalepsis which could not be met. A correct understanding of the notion of catalepsis, however, would make it clear that the acquisition of knowledge was possible. The ‘fallibilist’ definition of catalepsis in the Roman Books was proposed as the correct description of such knowledge as is in fact attained in certain areas of our experience.
The Unity of the Academy: Philo’s Roman Books and Prior Academic Views
Authors: Brittain Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Philo asserted the unity of the Academy, claiming that the position he held in the Roman Books was, at least substantially, the view of all the Academics from Plato onwards (cf. Ac. i. 13). This claim was met with anger by Antiochus, and astonishment and denial by Philo’s fellow Academics (Ac. 2. 11-12). I have proposed an interpretation of the history of the Academy which is compatible with the epistemology of the Roman Books, and broadly consonant with Philo’s career as an Academic.1 On this interpretation, Philo argued that while the Academy had never accepted the Stoic conception of knowledge, it had always believed that (non-Stoic) catalepsis was attainable in restricted areas. Plato, Arcesilaos, and Carneades had accepted perception and normal cognition as fallible but reliable.
Tragedy and Collective Experience
Authors: Gould John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My subject in this paper is the tragic chorus. I shall concentrate, in particular, on the contribution that the chorus makes, through its fictive identity and the development of that identity into a dramatic role, to the construction of tragic meaning. In doing so I shall try to bring into focus an issue that I believe has been causing problems in a number of the topics discussed in these papers, namely the fictionality of tragedy and of its chorus, and to point to some important consequences of that fictionality.
The Discovery of Celtic Italy
Authors: Williams J H C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Geography and ethnography always played an important role in the historiographical traditions of the Greco-Roman world. Hecataeus and Herodotus were not just the fathers of history. Greek historians showed an abiding interest in the customs of foreign peoples and places. In the Hellenistic period, the scope and character of this interest developed in two ways through the opening up of new fields of inquiry in the wake of the conquests of Alexander and the establishment of the successor kingdoms across Asia, and with the intellectual elaboration of new theories to explain the apparent variety in human cultures. Largely because of the geographical direction of Greek conquest, scientific inquiry was also oriented primarily towards the peoples and cultures of what to Greek observers constituted the East and the South, in particular the Persians, Indians, and Egyptians. By contrast, the peoples and regions of the North and the West received less attention. Consequently, the Celts were relatively unknown when, having invaded Greece from the north in the early third century BC, they began to impinge unexpectedly and rather more immediately on the Greek consciousness than they had before. This wasa position that would change over the course of the third century.
Myth and History II: The Sack of Rome
Authors: Williams J H C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The sack of Rome by the Gauls was an event of cardinal importance in the Romans ‘ perspective on history. It orientated their relationship with their past, both chronologically and emotionally. For Polybius, it was the starting point for the Romans ‘ rise to world dominance: because, as he says, from that time on they had won a continuous succession of victories over their enemies in the Italian peninsula and the Mediterranean.1 For Livy the recovery of Rome from the disaster of the sack was like the rebirth of the city, a refoundation to a greater future of conquest and glory, and as a date it was, like the city ‘s first foundation, a milestone from which later years could be reckoned.2 In Livy the sack represents the return of Rome to its starting point, to the beginning of the city itself, from which the Romans set out once more to conquer, with the determination never to suffer the same fate again. The sack was, in a sense, the start of modern Roman history for the authors of the late Republic, for thereafter their sources were obviously fuller and more reliable.
Philosophy and Literature in Lucretian Intertextuality
Authors: Fowler Don 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The celebrated opposition between philosophy and poetry in the De rerum natura can to an extent be rephrased in terms of an opposition between the differing reading practices of two interpretative communities. The features that we find in the work are determined not by its supposed intrinsic nature, but by what we look for in it. The frontier between the ‘philosophical’ and ‘literary’ traditions is not itself, of course, timeless, and how close or distant they are from each other will depend on the nature of the philosophical or literary-critical positions adopted by readers as well as on the general intellectual climate.
The Ruin of Time: Monuments and Survival at Rome
Authors: Fowler Don 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN one of his epigrams, the fourth-century-CE French poet Ausonius describes an inscription which has lost some of its letters: Lucius una quidem, geminis sed dissita punctis littera: praenomen sic nota sola facit. post M incisum est: puto sic non tota videtur; dissiluit saxi fragmine laesus apex. nee quisquam, Marius, seu Marcius, anne Metellus hie iaceat, certis noverit indiciis. truncatis convulsa iacent elementa figuris, omnia confusis interiere notis. miremur periisse homines? monumenta fatiscunt, mors etiam saxis nominibusque venit. ‘Lucius’ is one letter, but it is separated by twin points: in this way a single sign indicates the (entire) praenomen. After an ‘M’ is inscribed, at least I think so-it is not all visible.
Jean Froissart and the Fabric Of History
Authors: Ainsworth Peter F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why do Froissart's Chroniques still find enthusiastic readers six hundred years after they were written? In this fresh reading Peter Ainsworth shows that their strength lies as much in their textual richness and complexity as in their appealing subject matter: the exploits of French and English noblemen during the Hundred Years War. A record of international chivalry that pretends to the title of `history', the Chroniques are in fact neither history nor romance, though they partake a little of both and are still valued by scholars as a historical source. Rather they constitute a variegated and enthralling narrative of vast proportions, veering from the historical to the outrageously fictional, from the journalistic travelogue to the moral tale, from self-effacement in the service of impartiality to unshamed self-celebration.
Introduction: The Image of the Romantic Poet
Authors: Paley Morton D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ON 10-11 May 1817 John Keats wrote to his friend the artist Benjamin Robert Haydon: When in the Isle of W &lt;h&gt;ight I met with a Shakespeare in the Passage of the House at which I lodged-it comes nearer to my idea of him than any I have seen. —1was but there a Week yet the old Woman made me take it with me though I went off in a hurry—Do you not think this is ominous of good? Keats has recontextualized and internalized the image of Shakespeare in the engraving—probably after the Chandos portrait—so that it becomes an icon of his own poetic destiny, a ‘good genius’ or ‘Presider’, as he puts it in the same letter. Here we see one of the roles the portrait of a poet can assume for the Romantic imagination. Of course it can have far more ordinary functions. ‘When you look upon a portrait,’ wrote Samuel Taylor Coleridge, ‘you must not compare it with the face when present, but with the recollection of the face. It refers not so much to the senses, as to the ideal sense of the friend not present.’ In such a role, the portrait of a poet functions for its contemporary viewers much as any other portrait of a friend or loved one.
In Praise of Scribes
Authors: Beal Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Praise of Scribes is a major contribution to the field of manuscript studies in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. This profusely illustrated book argues for the significant role played by clerks and scriveners both in contemporary society and in the transmissional history of literary texts. Specific case studies are offered of a remarkably industrious contributor to the ferment of ideas leading to the Civil War (the so-called 'Feathery Scribe'), as well as of the notorious 'Captain' Robert Julian in the Restoration period. Other case studies exemplify the wide-ranging empirical use which is to be made of material texts, and shed new light on works by Sir Philip Sidney, John Donne, and Katherine Philips, writers who flourished in a manuscript culture. The book explores questions about the nature of that culture vis à vis print culture, about constructions of authorship, and about the complex nature of texts themselves in an evolving society and changing readership.
‘It shall not therefore kill itself; that is, not bury itself’:Donne’s Biathanatos and its text
Authors: Beal Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN a well-known, often-quoted letter of 1619, John Donne entrusted a manuscript to Sir Robert Ker, later Earl of Ancrum (1578-1654). He declared: ‘I only forbid it the Presse, and the Fire: publish it not, but yet burn it not; and between those, do what you will with it.’1 This has been regarded as one of Donne’s key statements about his own texts. Indeed it has been seen as encapsulating Donne’s whole attitude towards his unpublished works in general-as showing, in effect, his wholehearted support of the coterie manuscript culture to which they belonged.2 This may be so. Nevertheless, I think we must also recognize that Donne is applying very specific instructions to one very specific work: Biathanatos, his huge, elaborately argued, copiously documented treatise on suicide, or self-homicide, as he calls it. This is his first major prose discourse, so far as we know, and, with the sole exception of the 430-page Pseudo-Martyr which followed shortly afterwards (1610), it is by far the longest single work in the Donne canon.
‘Hoping they shall only come to your merciful eyes’: Sidney’s Letter to Queen Elizabeth and its transmission
Authors: Beal Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the course of the year 1579 one of the crucial episodes in the life of Queen Elizabeth I came to a head. This was the proposal that she should marry Frarn;:ois, Due d’ Alern;:on (who was by now also Due d’ Anjou), brother of Henri III of France. He was the Frenchman she affectionately called her ‘little frog’, and who may be the one immortalized in the nursery rhyme ‘A frog he would a-wooing go’.1 The proposal, first mooted in 1572, had been rumbling along for seven years; but negotiations took a significant new turn in 1579 when Alern;:on’s agent, Jean de Simier, was sent over to plead his cause to the Queen with more than customary ardour and eloquence; when the 46-year-old Virgin Queen gave unexpected indications that she was at last taking him seriously, even consulting physicians for advice on whether a woman of her age could still safely bear children; and when her Council realized, with alarm, if not horror, that the next heir to the English throne might well be a Frenchman and a Papist.2 As we know., the scheme eventually evaporated.
‘The virtuous Mrs Philips’ and ‘that whore Castlemaine’: Orinda and her apotheosis, 1664-1668
Authors: Beal Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I mean Katherine Philips, the ‘Matchless Orinda’, who, in the 1650s and 1660s, occupied the centre of a genteel literary coterie of both women and men, her so-called ‘Society of Friendship’, and who engaged in the writing, copying, and disseminating of manuscripts of her own works, in England, Wales, and Ireland, during the greater part of her short life. A ‘scribe’ in the narrow sense she may not have been, but a ‘maker of manuscripts’ she certainly was.
States of Siege.” Violence, Place, Gender: Paris around r400
Authors: Solterer Helen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By turning in circles the displaced preserve their identity and improvise a shelter. Built of what? Of habits, of the raw material of repetition. Home is no longer a dwelling but the untold story of a life being lived ... To begin: two commonplaces about late medieval European culture, or two scenes exemplifying what one Parisian writer called ‘the exercise of living’.
The Trouble with Harold: The Ideological Context of the Vita Haroldi
Authors: Stein Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The death of Harold Godwinson, the famously last Anglo-Saxon king defeated by William the Conqueror at the Battle of Hastings, was the subject of a very wide variety of contemporary representations. Best known, of course, is the illustration in the Bayeux Tapestry showing Harold killed by an arrow to the eye. As historical pictures tend to do, whatever their actual degree of visual representational skills, the Bayeux Tapestry presents itself as a simple and unmediated representation of reality: Harold is depicted with an arrow in his eye because, the tapestry seems to say to us, he was shot in the eye by an arrow. Let us, however, remind ourselves, as a way of beginning, that modes of representation, including conscious and unconscious decisions about what to represent and what to gloss over, are always driven by a variety of considerations and that blinding, for example, was a frequent punishment for a variety of crimes from theft to multiple arrest. Harold may well be depicted in the Bayeux Tapestry with an arrow in his eye because it is a legible sign of the justice of his defeat at Hastings rather than because it is what ‘actually happened to him’ on the battlefield.
Bill-Casting and Political Discourse in Late Medieval England
Authors: Sease Wendy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the course of an account of Jack Cade’s rebellion of 1450, a contemporary London chronicler (probably William Gregory, mayor of London) recorded that certain mysterious writings had been posted up on doors around the city: Gregory’s account does not, unfortunately, tell us what seemed so ‘strange and wonderfol’ about the bills, but it does indicate very clearly that the fact that they were displayed on city doors was at least as remarkable as their content. That Gregory thought fit to notice them in his chronicle is one small register of their success.
Analytical Survey 2: We are Not Alone: Psychoanalytic Medievalism
Authors: Fradenburg Louise O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IT is no easy matter to decide which medievalist works are ‘psycho analytic’ and which are not. The terms and figures of psychoanalysis have profoundly penetrated contemporary thought and practice; psycho analysis is ‘in session’ in contemporary culture, as Laurence Rickels has put it; and as Foucault’s The Hiswry of Sexuality proposes, psycho analysis is part of a long history of ‘subjectivation’, a history which Eugene Vance has noted includes the ‘theological discourse that emerged in the fourth century’. In a paper delivered at the Medieval Institute Conference at Kalamazoo in 1994, Elizabeth Scala argued that the work of Lee Patterson is saturated with conceptions of the subject and of repetition that owe much of their current resonance to the psychoanalytic methods he explicitly repudiates.
The Bible And Its Rewritings
Authors: Boitani Piero 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Piero Boitani discusses how some of the most fascinating scenes of Old and New Testament -- Genesis, Exodus, Job, the Susanna story, the Gospel of John -- are directly or indirectly rewritten in works ranging from the medieval period to the late twentieth-century: by Milton and Mann; by Chaucer, Dryden, La Fontaine, Orwell, and Kafka; by Faulkner and Tournier; by Shakespeare, T. S. Eliot, and Joseph Roth. Literature resonates with the mystery of recognition between human beings, and between God and humankind. The opening and closing chapters of the book examine this theme: from Abraham and Yahweh at Mamre to Joseph and his brothers, from Helen and Menelaus to Jesus and Mary Magdalene, from Pericles and Marina to Mendel Singer and his son Menuchim. The three central sections of the book discuss the means by which re-scripturing interprets the Scriptures: through truth or fiction; through letter or allegory; through liturgy, exegesis, catacomb frescoes, even churches themselves. This is an illuminating look at the Bible and its medieval and modern rewritings.
From J to M Recognizing and Rewriting God
Authors: Boitani Piero 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Abraham is sitting in the plains at Mamre, at the entrance to his tent, in the heat of the day, God appears. This is not the first time it has happened to him: God has always appeared directly on the scene, from the very beginning of his vicissitudes, when he was commanded to leave his home in Ur of the Chaldees for an unknown land, and his words later come to him ‘in a vision’ to confirm his promise, covenant, and blessing.
Only a Foreigner Would Do: Leopold Bloom, Ireland, and Jews
Authors: Gibson Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Critical accounts of the Jewish theme in Ulysses have often not been sufficiently historically specific. Alternatively, they have been so in one way but not another: precise about Jews and anti-Semitism in the modern Europe in which Joyce composed his novel, much less exact about the same subjects in the Ireland in which Joyce grew up, the Ireland of Ulysses. Neil Davison and, above all, Dermot Keogh have recently started to redress the balance.1 But even Keogh’s reading of Ulysses veers away from the implications of the historical material he provides.
Pope, Print and Meaning
Authors: McLaverty James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout his life, Pope was fascinated by print. He loved its elements: dropped heads, italics, small capitals; fine paper and good ink; headpieces, tailpieces, initials, and plates. And he loved playing games with publication: anonymity, pseudonymity, false imprints, fake title-pages, advertisements, special editions, and variant texts. This is the first study to take Pope's experiments in print as a guide to interpretation. Each chapter is devoted to a particular book or text and focuses on how Pope expresses meaning through print. The Rape of the Lock, Dunciad Variorum, Essay on Man, early imitations of Horace, and Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot are read through their illustrations, annotations, parallel texts, title-pages, and revisions. Independent chapters are devoted to Pope's Works of 1717 and 1735-6, discussing his self-presentation and his relation to his readers. He emerges from the study as a figure marginalized socially, politically, and sexually, an author who gambles with his private life in confronting his opponents.
Introduction
Authors: McLaverty James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pope was fascinated by print throughout his life. In his youth he penned manuscript pages that looked like print; in early manhood he designed elaborate editions of the Iliad and Odyssey; and in middle age he ran his own printing and publishing business by proxy. Print was for him both a serious vocation and an elaborate game. This study approaches Pope’s major poems through their printing and publication, each chapter being stimulated by some new edition, elaboration of apparatus, or detail of typography. Although interpretation sometimes ranges widely in search of an explanation that will satisfy an initial curiosity, the materiality of the texts is always kept in mind and the discussion informed by Pope’s printing practice. The thesis of this book is that, in reading Pope, print matters.
The Works of 1717: Building a Monument
Authors: McLaverty James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In many ways the Works of Mr Alexander Pope, published on 3June 1717, dignified, decorated, and expensive, is the boldest as well as the most beautiful of Pope’s books, proclaiming both the poet’s youth and his achievement with a confident flourish. The Works gave Pope the status of a classic author, opened up new opportunities for authorial control and self-definition, and set a pattern of publication that persisted until his death. But in June 1717 Pope had only just passed his twenty-ninth birthday, and in publishing a volume of Works he was engaging in an act of self-promotion that any celebrated 79-year-old contemporary would have blenched at. It is true that his action was not altogether unprecedented. In 1616 Ben Jonson had taken a similar step, publishing The Workes of Beniamin Jonson in folio, with a monumental title page and with his plays presented in the manner of the ‘earliest editions of Plautus, Terence, and Aristophanes’.
The Dunciad Variorum: The Limits of Dialogue
Authors: McLaverty James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Dunciad Variorum, first published in early April 1729, has self-evident claims to be a great polyphonic text. The title itself proclaims a plurality: ‘The Dunciad, Variorum. With the Prolegomena of Scriblerus.’ Variorum abbreviates ‘editio cum notis variorum’, an edition with the notes of various commentators, and the name of the chief commentator, Martinus Scriblerus, appears on the title page, whereas that of the author does not. The book is so complex and various that it contains not one list of contents but two. An idea of its scope, but not of its appearance, with each page accompanied by a great crypt of footnotes (see Fig. 6), is conveyed by reprinting the contents lists.
Other Dickens
Authors: Bowen John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the first half of his career, Dickens wrote some of the most important novels of the nineteenth century, including The Pickwick Papers, Oliver Twist, and Martin Chuzzlewit. They are exorbitant and transgressive books, with an inventive comic force unprecedented in the English novel. In this, the first full-length study for thirty years, John Bowen blends contemporary theory and historical awareness to argue that they are radical in both political and fictional terms. With a tactful use of contemporary critical theory, he shows how their often uncanny power disturbs and transforms our ways of understanding Dickens's work and his place in the history of the novel.
Adjestin’ the Differences:
Authors: Bowen John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Flaubert’s remarks show what a trouble Pickwick Papers can be to readers and critics, and to both formally and historically oriented methods of analysis. It seems hard to think of a method or theory that could do justice both to the novel’s success and to the apparent ‘incoherences’ and ‘improvisations’ that are such a marked feature of the text. Take for example the incident in the first chapter of the book in which Mr Blotton calls
Performing Business, Training Ghosts: Nicholas Nickleby
Authors: Bowen John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My mother, who was also left to me when my father died (I never had anything left to me but relations), is in the strangest state of mind from senile decay: and the impossibility of getting her to understand what is the matter, combined with her desire to be got up in sables like a female Hamlet, illumines the dreary scene with a ghastly absurdity that is the chief relief I can find in it.