bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Potential resilience treatments for orangutans (Pongo spp.): Lessons from a scoping review of interventions in humans and other animals
Authors: Bridgeland-Stephens Lelia , Thorpe Susannah KS , Chappell Jackie 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Wild orangutans (Pongo spp.) rescued from human-wildlife conflict must be adequately rehabilitated before being returned to the wild. It is essential that released orangutans are able to cope with stressful challenges such as food scarcity, navigating unfamiliar environments, and regaining independence from human support. Although practical skills are taught to orangutans in rehabilitation centres, post-release survival rates are low. Psychological resilience, or the ability to ‘bounce back’ from stress, may be a key missing piece of the puzzle. However, there is very little knowledge about species-appropriate interventions which could help captive orangutans increase resilience to stress. This scoping review summarises and critically analyses existing human and non-human animal resilience literature and provides suggestions for the development of interventions for orangutans in rehabilitation. Three scientific databases were searched in 2021 and 2023, resulting in 63 human studies and 266 non-human animal studies. The first section brings together human resilience interventions, identifying common themes and assessing the applicability of human interventions to orangutans in rehabilitation. The second section groups animal interventions into categories of direct stress, separation stress, environmental conditions, social stress, and exercise. In each category, interventions are critically analysed to evaluate their potential for orangutans in rehabilitation. The results show that mild and manageable forms of intervention have the greatest potential benefit with the least amount of risk. The study concludes by emphasising the need for further investigation and experimentation, to develop appropriate interventions and measure their effect on the post-release survival rate of orangutans.
Age Differences in Psychological Distress After Multiple Disaster Exposures: The Effect of Multidimensional Negative COVID-19 Impacts
Authors: Chen Zhirui , Cong Zhen 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Objective:
This study examined how the multidimensional negative coronavirus disease (COVID-19) impacts contextualized the age differences in psychological distress following exposures to tornadoes and the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods:
Data were from a 2-wave panel study conducted at T1 (October 2020–August 2021) and T2 (May–August 2022). Latent class analysis was conducted to explore the patterns of negative COVID-19 impacts based on a sample of 1134 at T1. Negative binomial regressions were performed to examine the age differences in psychological distress at T2, based on the working sample (N = 554), as well as the moderating effect of identified class membership, with baseline psychological distress controlled.

Results:
Three latent classes were identified: class 1 “low overall impacts,” class 2 “moderate overall impacts with high emotional distress,” and class 3 “severe overall impacts.” Individuals ages 65 and over reported lower psychological distress at T2 relative to those ages 18–34 and 35–49. However, compared to people ages 18–34, 35–49, and 50–64, those ages 65 and over reported the greatest increases in T2 psychological distress if they had experienced moderate or severe overall COVID-19 impacts at T1.

Conclusion:
There is a pressing need for mental health interventions that are tailored to multi-disaster scenarios and age-related differences in long-term disaster recovery.
The Double-Edged Sword Effect of the Presence of a Moral Star: Promotion Versus Inhibition of Nonstars' Prosocial Behavior
Authors: Ju Dong , Liu Shengming , Schminke Marshall , Huang Mingpeng , Qin Xin 
Published: December 2023

AbstractAlthough a growing body of literature on star employees has focused on top performers, the influence of moral stars has been neglected, an unfortunate situation given that employees’ moral behavior has prolonged impacts on organizations and society as a whole. In this case, we propose the concept of the moral star, defined as the employee (not the team leader) who exhibits disproportionately high and prolonged morality relative to others and has a reputation of being moral on his or her team. We further draw upon self-categorization theory and investigate the double-edged sword effect of the presence of a moral star on the prosocial behavior of other team members. Specifically, we propose that for nonstar employees who have high levels of moral identity, the presence of a moral star is positively related to their felt moral responsibility and prosocial behavior. In contrast, for nonstar employees with low levels of moral identity, the presence of a moral star is negatively related to their felt moral responsibility and prosocial behavior. We found support for our hypotheses across an experiment and a multi-wave and multi-source field study. Taken together, our findings call for closer attention to the recognition of moral stars, as well as their potential unintended negative impact on teams and organizations.
Ontogenetic mechanisms of size change: implications for the Lilliput effect and beyond
Authors: Abbott Caroline P. , Webster Mark , Angielczyk Kenneth D. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractBody size has a long history of study in paleobiology and underlies many important phenomena in macroevolution. Body-size patterns in the fossil record are often examined by utilizing size data alone, which hinders our ability to describe the biological meaning behind size change on macroevolutionary timescales. Without data reflecting the biological and geologic factors that drive size change, we cannot assess its mechanistic underpinnings.Existing frameworks for studying ontogeny and phylogeny can remedy this problem, particularly the classic age–size–“shape” space originally developed for studies of heterochrony. When evaluated based on metrics for age, size, and phenotype in populations, proposed mechanisms for size change can be outlined theoretically and tested empirically in the record. Using this framework, we can compare ontogenetic trajectories within and between species and determine how changes in size emerge. Here, we outline ontogenetic mechanisms for evolutionary size change, such as heterochrony, as well as how geologic factors can drive apparent, non-biological size change (e.g., taphonomic size sorting).To demonstrate the utility of this framework in actual paleobiological problems, we apply it to the Lilliput effect, a compelling and widely documented pattern of size decrease during extinction events. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying this pattern. We provide a brief history of the Lilliput effect and refine its definition in a framework that can be mechanistically tested. Processes that likely produce Lilliput effects include allometric and sequence repatterning (including heterochrony) and evolutionary size-selective sorting. We describe these mechanisms and highlight relevant examples of the Lilliput effect for which feasible empirical tests are possible.
Support for Deliberative mini-Publics among the Losers of Representative Democracy
Authors: Pilet Jean-Benoit , Bedock Camille , Talukder David , Rangoni Sacha 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe literature on deliberative mini-publics (DMPs) establishes a link between political dissatisfaction and support for DMPs. However, little is known about the sources of political dissatisfaction that trigger this support. Our research tackles this specific question and claims that citizen dissatisfaction is rooted in a position of ‘losers of representative democracy’, which leads citizens to be more open to reforms that move away from the representative model. Building on the literature on loser's consent, we focus on the effect of voting for a party not associated with the government and of descriptive and substantive (under)-representation in support of DMPs. We rely on a comparative survey conducted across fifteen Western European countries. Supporters of opposition parties and those who are badly represented, both descriptively and substantively, are more supportive of DMPs. These findings have important implications for understanding the public appeal for deliberative democracy instruments.
The Two Revolutions of Israel's National Identity
Authors: Medina Barak , Bloch Ofra 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe judicial overhaul, designed to weaken the judiciary and unleash governmental power from its structural checks, should be understood, we argue, as part of a deeper transformation of Israel's constitutional identity. At its core, this transformation is not about ‘empowering the people’ but rather about questioning Israel's commitment to the fundamental principle of equal citizenship, mainly regarding the permissibility of preferring the interests of Jews over those of non-Jews. Understanding the judicial overhaul as part of this larger transformation of the state's identity, towards more Jewish and less democratic, carries normative implications regarding its legitimacy.The judicial overhaul is often presented by the Israeli government as an attempt to undo the 1992 so-called ‘constitutional revolution’, questioning its legitimacy and asserting that a counter-revolution would be permissible, aligning with the current will of the people. An examination of Israel's constitutional history refutes this argument. We show that while the 1992 revolution enjoyed both normative and, at least, partial social legitimacy, current attempts do not.
Israel's Constitutional Moment
Authors: Dotan Yoav 
Published: December 2023

AbstractAs the result of the initiation of the ‘judicial reform’ in January 2023, and the huge wave of public protest, Israel is currently undergoing a political turmoil which may develop into a fully fledged constitutional crisis. In this article I provide an account of the roots and causes of the present crisis from a public law theory perspective. In particular, I discuss the relationship between constitutional and administrative law in Israeli law. I argue that the core of Israel's constitutional structure has always been the institutions of administrative law as created and developed during the ‘administrative revolution’ of the 1980s. In contrast, Israel's constitutional law has always been a peripheral in the core structure of judicial review over the political branches. Contrary to common wisdom, I argue that the ‘constitutional revolution’ of the mid-1990s has not changed this core structure, but rather provided an external belt of normative barricades for this core structure. Accordingly, and despite the pretentious constitutional discourse developed in the 1990s by the Court, Israel was and still is a monistic democracy with no true constitutional layer of norms that enjoys higher status vis-à-vis regular legislation.
The 2003 Intangible Cultural Heritage Convention in Armed Conflict: An integrated reading of obligations towards culture in conflict
Authors: Rai Ashrutha 
Published: December 2023

AbstractInternational law today recognizes that cultural heritage includes not only tangible but also intangible cultural heritage, encompassing traditions, customs, practices, and beliefs. While protections for tangible cultural heritage have existed since at least the nineteenth century, only relatively recently has the law gone beyond piecemeal human rights protections and extended direct and specific treaty protections to intangible cultural heritage through the 2003 UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. The push for this Convention was linked with broader discontent within the Global south at the prioritization of Eurocentric ‘monumentalism’ in international cultural heritage law. Nevertheless, in situations of armed conflict, the emphasis reverts to protection of tangible cultural heritage as international humanitarian law does not go beyond general civilian protections to directly address the protection of intangible cultural heritage in conflict. While the 2003 Convention provides for emergency assistance, its broadly-worded terms do not indicate the shape its other obligations would take in armed conflict or the manner in which they would interact with rules governing the conduct of hostilities. This article examines, first, the degree and extent to which the 2003 Convention’s various obligations in relation to safeguarding intangible cultural heritage circumvent de-prioritization and continue to apply in conflict; and second, the manner in which they can be integrated with rules of international humanitarian law to better protect intangible cultural heritage during active hostilities.
A Novel Algorithm for Improving the Prehospital Diagnostic Accuracy of ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Goebel Mat , Westafer Lauren M. , Ayala Stephanie A. , Ragone El , Chapman Scott J. , Mohammed Masood R. , Cohen Marc R. , Niemann James T. , Eckstein Marc , Sanko Stephen , Bosson Nichole 
Published: December 2023

AbstractIntroduction:Early detection of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) on the prehospital electrocardiogram (ECG) improves patient outcomes. Current software algorithms optimize sensitivity but have a high false-positive rate. The authors propose an algorithm to improve the specificity of STEMI diagnosis in the prehospital setting.Methods:A dataset of prehospital ECGs with verified outcomes was used to validate an algorithm to identify true and false-positive software interpretations of STEMI. Four criteria implicated in prior research to differentiate STEMI true positives were applied: heart rate <130, QRS <100, verification of ST-segment elevation, and absence of artifact. The test characteristics were calculated and regression analysis was used to examine the association between the number of criteria included and test characteristics.Results:There were 44,611 cases available. Of these, 1,193 were identified as STEMI by the software interpretation. Applying all four criteria had the highest positive likelihood ratio of 353 (95% CI, 201-595) and specificity of 99.96% (95% CI, 99.93-99.98), but the lowest sensitivity (14%; 95% CI, 11-17) and worst negative likelihood ratio (0.86; 95% CI, 0.84-0.89). There was a strong correlation between increased positive likelihood ratio (r2 = 0.90) and specificity (r2 = 0.85) with increasing number of criteria.Conclusions:Prehospital ECGs with a high probability of true STEMI can be accurately identified using these four criteria: heart rate <130, QRS <100, verification of ST-segment elevation, and absence of artifact. Applying these criteria to prehospital ECGs with software interpretations of STEMI could decrease false-positive field activations, while also reducing the need to rely on transmission for physician over-read. This can have significant clinical and quality implications for Emergency Medical Services (EMS) systems.
“Smart Emergency Call Point” Enhancing Emergency Medical Services on University Campuses
Authors: Apiratwarakul Korakot , Cheung Lap Woon , Pearkao Chatkhane , Gaysonsiri Dhanu , Ienghong Kamonwon 
Published: December 2023

AbstractIntroduction:The “Smart Emergency Call Point” is a device designed for requesting assistance and facilitating rapid responses to emergencies. The functionality of smart emergency call points has evolved to include features as real-time photo transmission and communication capabilities for both staff and emergency personnel. These devices are being used to request Emergency Medical Services (EMS) on university campuses. Despite these developments, there has been a lack of previous studies demonstrating significant advantages of integrating smart emergency call points into EMS systems.Study Objective:The primary goal of this study was to compare the response times of EMS between traditional phone calls and the utilization of smart emergency call points located on university campuses. Additionally, the study aimed to provide insights into the characteristics of smart emergency call points as a secondary objective.Methods:This retrospective database analysis made use of information acquired from Thailand’s EMS at Srinagarind Hospital. The data were gathered over a period of four years, specifically from January 2019 through January 2022. The study included two groups: the first group used the phone number 1669 to request EMS assistance, while the second group utilized the smart emergency call point. The primary focus was on the response times. Additionally, the study documented the characteristics of the smart emergency call points that were used in the study.Results:Among the 184 EMS operations included in this study, 60.9% (N = 56) involved females in the smart emergency call point group. Notably, the smart emergency call point group showed a higher frequency of operations between the hours of 6:00am and 6:00pm when compared to the 1669 call group (P = .020). In dispatch triage, the majority of emergency call points were categorized as non-urgent, in contrast to the phone group for 1669 which were primarily cases categorized as urgent (P = .010). The average response time for the smart emergency call point group was significantly shorter, at 6.01 minutes, compared to the phone number 1669 group, which had an average response time of 9.14 minutes (P <.001).Conclusion:In the context of calling for EMS on a university campus, the smart emergency call points demonstrate a significantly faster response time than phone number 1669 in Thailand. Furthermore, the system also offers the capability to request emergency assistance.
ON LARGE EXTERNALLY DEFINABLE SETS IN NIP
Authors: Bays Martin , Ben-Neria Omer , Kaplan Itay , Simon Pierre 
Published: December 2023

AbstractWe study cofinal systems of finite subsets of
$\omega _1$
. We show that while such systems can be NIP, they cannot be defined in an NIP structure. We deduce a positive answer to a question of Chernikov and Simon from 2013: In an NIP theory, any uncountable externally definable set contains an infinite definable subset. A similar result holds for larger cardinals.
Processes Controlling Formation of Salt Efflorescence in Coastal Salt Flats
Authors: Liu Xiaocheng , Zhang Chenming , Liu Yue , Li Congrui , Shen Chengji , Xin Pei , Li Ling , Lockington David A. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractSalt flats are bare soil surfaces with elevated salinity levels which inhibit vegetation. They are commonly found in areas of coastal wetlands where salt in surface soil accumulates due to evaporation from the shallow saline water table. The expansion of these vegetation‐free zones may severely affect the bio‐ecological function of these coastal wetland systems. In this study, sand flume experiments and numerical modeling were carried out to investigate the mechanisms underpinning the development of salt flats in the elevated areas of coastal wetlands. We found that salt precipitation occurred on the soil surface where water content is low, but the hydraulic connection to the saline groundwater table is maintained. This connection is required for evaporation to promote upward porewater flow and bring salt to the surface. However, the surface salinity level decreases with increasing surface saturation due to the density‐driven removal of salt. As a result, salt efflorescence is absent on the surface with higher water saturations, despite strong evaporation. Density‐driven flows can be triggered by the evaporation‐induced upward salinity gradient and transfer salt from the surface back to the water table. Numerical simulations confirmed this salt removal process and suggested the intensity of the density‐driven flow is mainly dictated by the soil permeability in the unsaturated zone. The findings from this study increase understanding of the processes involved in the formation and evolution of salt flats.
Rigorous Regional Air Quality Standards for Substantial Health Benefits
Authors: Zhang Wenxiao , Xu Haoran , Yu Xinyuan , Li Jin , Zhang Yuanzheng , Dai Rong , Zheng Shuxiu , Meng Wenjun , Shen Huizhong , Chen Yilin , Shen Guofeng , Ma Jianmin , Li Bengang , Liu Junfeng , Wang Xuejun , Tao Shu 
Published: December 2023

AbstractFollowing a series of actions in China, the annual mean fine particle (PM2.5) concentrations have considerably reduced since 2013. However, in some cities, the PM2.5 concentrations exceed the national ambient air quality standard of 35 μg/m3. Herein, we evaluated the historical trends of PM2.5 from 2014 to 2022 in mainland China and found continuously declining trends. However, the annual decline rates decreased despite increasing investments on pollution control, showing considerably diminishing marginal effects of these investments. Accumulative reduction in PM2.5 concentrations is linearly dependent on the log‐transformed accumulative investment in air pollution control. The standard of 35 μg/m3 can be achieved by 2035 if the current efforts continue at the same pace. However, the standard of 35 μg/m3 can weaken the momentum of future actions in cities where the standard has already been implemented. We proposed and tested two tiers with four or six levels of specific regional standards based on the regression model predictions from the historical data and demonstrated that more rigorous standards for regions where the current standard is already attained could provide more momentum for strengthening abatement efforts. The results show that both tiers are feasible if the level of abatement endeavor is maintained even with marginal effects. We also demonstrate that additional 135,000 or 384,000 deaths can be avoided by applying the regional standards. Health benefits are monetized and compared with the control costs, suggesting that compared to Tier‐2, Tier‐1 is more cost‐effective and balanced across the mainland China.
Multi‐Objective Ensemble‐Processing Strategies to Optimize the Simulation of the Western North Pacific Subtropical High in Boreal Summer
Authors: Sun Cenxiao , Jiang Zhihong , Tang Zhenfei , Li Laurent 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe western North Pacific Subtropical High (WNPSH) in boreal summer is a major atmospheric player affecting East Asian climate, but its simulation in state‐of‐the‐art climate models is still largely biased. Here we use a multi‐objective optimization strategy, the Pareto optimality, to incorporate multiple physical constraints in processing multi‐model simulations provided by the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6. We aim to improve the simulation of WNPSH by this practice. Sea surface temperatures from three tropical oceanic basins are found highly related to WNPSH, and thus used as constraints. We also present an ameliorated strategy, which takes a subset of the raw Pareto optimality by imposing conditions of smallest errors. Results show that the overestimate of WNPSH is effectively corrected. The two multi‐objective optimization schemes both perform better than the traditional approach, revealing the importance of implementing physically based links in processing multi‐model ensemble simulations.