bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Speech, Due Process, and Political Trials
Authors: Posner Eric A , vermeule Adrian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the cold war, law enforcement was used aggressively against suspected communists and Soviet spies. Although, in those days, people were not as concerned about surveillance and searches as they are today, people were deeply concerned about the fairness of the criminal trials of the cold war defendants and about the laws under which they were prosecuted. In retrospect, it is clear that many of the criminal defendants, including Alger Hiss and Julius Rosenberg, really were Soviet spies, but civil libertarians blamed the government for fomenting an atmosphere of hysteria in which fair trials were impossible. In addition, Smith Act prosecutions virtually illegalized membership in the Communist party, even though the decision to join one party or another is now thought to be protected First Amendment activity. These prosecutions, along with the McCarthy hearings, destroyed many lives and stifled intellectual and political debate.
Implementation of the European Takeover Directive in Estonia
Authors: Prangli Toomas , Sorainen Stefano M Grace 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Directive 2004/25/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of April 21, 2004, on takeover bids (the Takeover Directive or the Directive) has been implemented into the legal system of the Republic of Estonia by adopting relevant amendments to effective legal acts.
Implementation of the European Takeover Directive in Germany
Authors: Oppenhoff Stephan F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Germany, public offers for shares in a publicly listed company are primarily governed by the German Securities Acquisition and Takeover Act (Wertpapiererwerbsund Übernahmegesetz—Takeover Act) of December 20, 2001, and several regulations promulgated thereunder. Directive 2004/25/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of April 21, 2004, on takeover bids (the Takeover Directive or the Directive) was implemented by the Takeover Directive Implementation Act which took effect on July 14, 2006 and amended the Securities Acquisition and Takeover Act and other statutes and regulations.
Implementation of the European Takeover Directive in Latvia
Authors: Puolakka Pekka , Purvinska Renate 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Directive 2004/25/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 April 2004 on takeover bids (the Takeover Directive or the Directive) has been implemented into the legal system of the Republic of Latvia by adopting relevant amendments to effective legal acts.
Implementation of the European Takeover Directive in Lithuania
Authors: Peksys Algirdas , Jonaityte Agne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Directive 2004/25/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 April 2004 on takeover bids(the Takeover Directive or the Directive) was implemented into the legal system of the Republic of Lithuania by adopting relevant amendments to effective legal acts.
Implementation of the European Takeover Directive in Portugal
Authors: Pinto Rita Oliveira 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Decree Law 219/2006 of November 2, 2006, setting out amendments to takeover bids rules as a result of the implementation of European Union (EU) Directive 2004/25/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of April 21, 2004 (Takeover Directive or the Directive) took effect on November 8. 2006. This Decree Law amends the Portuguese Securities Code which contains the rules on takeover bids.
Implementation of the European Takeover Directive in Slovenia
Authors: Petroviˇc Tomaž , Filipov Jernej Jeraj , Petrovič Petrovič 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Directive 2004/25/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of April 21, 2004, on takeover bids (the Takeover Directive or the Directive) was implemented in Slovenia by the Takeover Act (ZPre-1). The Slovene takeover law did not have to undergo such major substantial changes as takeover acts of several other European Union (EU) countries, as the former Takeover Act (ZPre) already leaned heavily on the draft of the Directive. Nevertheless, ZPre-1 introduced some important changes, which are described in more detail below. The effective date is August 11, 2006.
Implementation of the European Takeover Directive in Sweden
Authors: Johansson Svante 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Swedish government presented its proposal for the rules implementing the Directive 2004/25/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of April 21, 2004, on takeover bids (the Takeover Directive or the Directive) in March 2006. The new rules came into force on July 1, 2006.
Male Custom 1n Family Life
Authors: Wyatt-Brown Bertram 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If historians have until recently neglected the legal basis upon which family ethics and behavior functioned, they have also said too little about the customary habits of married men, particularly in traditional households, as opposed to pious ones. Here again the law favored the man no less than social convention did. At least according to their aggrieved husbands, women could be and sometimes were difficult partners. A special cause of complaint in that regard was the problem of making a smooth transition from affection for a father to that appropriate for a husband. Daughters of particularly notable men like Thomas Jefferson, for instance, sometimes idealized the parent and thereby exacerbated the ordinary tensions that arose in the early years of marriage. Speaking of Jefferson’s daughters Martha and Mary, two historians remark that “to deserve and retain their father’s love had been the aim implanted in both daughters from their early youth.” Martha, the eldest and the most intimate with her father, eventually married but did not give her husband the love that she showered upon the parent whom she almost worshiped. Jefferson, in turn, could not re strain his feelings for her.
William Randolph Hearst
Authors: Procter Ben 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
William Randolph Hearst was a figure of Shakespearean proportions, a man of huge ambition, inflexible will, and inexhaustible energy. He revolutionized the newspaper industry in America, becoming the most powerful media mogul the world had ever seen, and in the process earned himself the title of “most hated man in America” on four different occasions. Now in the second volume of this sweeping biography, Ben Procter gives readers a vivid portrait of the final 40 years of Hearst’s life. Drawing on previously unavailable letters and manuscripts, and quoting generously from Hearst’s own editorials, Procter covers all aspects of Hearst’s career: his journalistic innovations, his impassioned patriotism, his fierce belief in “Government by Newspaper,” his frustrated political aspirations, profligate spending and voracious art collecting, the building of his castle at San Simeon, and his tumultuous Hollywood years. The book offers new insight into Hearst’s bitter and highly public quarrels with Al Smith (who referred to Hearst papers as “Mudgutter Gazettes”) and FDR (whose New Deal Hearst dubbed the “Raw Deal”); his 30-year affair with the actress Marion Davies (and her own affairs with others); his political evolution from a progressive trust-buster and “America first” isolationist to an increasingly conservative and at times hysterical anti-communist. Procter also explores Hearst’s ill-considered meeting with Hitler, his attempts to suppress “Citizen Kane,” and his relationships with Joseph Kennedy, Charles Lindbergh, Louis B. Meyer, and many other major figures of his time. As Life magazine noted, Hearst newspapers were a “one-man fireworks display”--sensational, controversial, informative, and always entertaining. In Ben Procter’s fascinating biography, Hearst shines forth in all his eccentric and egocentric glory.
Promoting the Red Scare
Authors: Procter Ben 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On November 26, 1934, approximately three weeks after the congressional elections in the United States, William Randolph Hearst alerted the editors of his various publications to a growing threat to American democracy. Without question, the Communist Party was the real menace facing the nation. “Today;’ he asserted, it “is largely composed of agitators with the greed for power, position, and property, but without the competence to acquire them except by criminal violence, and certainly without the ability or the will to exercise them for the general benefit:’ During his summer tour of Europe Hearst had noted that fascist movements in Italy and Germany, headed by Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hider, had acquired power because of their opposition to communism. “We do not want to have to resort to a Fascist movement in order to pre vent such misgovernment;’ he announced. Hence, “let us realize that there is no danger of Fascism as long as there is NO DANGER OF COMMUNISM:’
Nightmare of Insolvency in a World at War
Authors: Procter Ben 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On August 10, 1937, John Francis Neylan, who had agreed several months earlier to return as the chief financial officer and attorney of the Hearst media empire, wrote to William Randolph Hearst concerning the desperate condition of the corporation’s finances-and his struggles to right them. Somewhat bewildered and definitely perturbed, he reviewed in this letter their hectic relationship. Over “the last nineteen months I have endeavored with whatever ability and ingenuity and earnestness I had to aid you … and I was frequently rebuffed for my pains:’ Consequently, he had resigned, in frustration, late in December 1935, only to be persuaded by a submissive Hearst, almost to the point of childlike compliance, not to abandon him. Early in June 1937, Neylan agreed to come on board again and “lay the foundation to restore … (Hearst’s] current credit which had been terribly shattered:’ After skillfully obtaining assurances of cooperation from the major banking creditors, he had directed his headstrong client, who was unaccustomed to accepting supervision of any kind, to follow an effective and advantageous course of action. And for almost two months all went smoothly, that is, until Hearst had second thoughts and sought other counsel. Neylan again submitted his resignation, lamenting that the rejection of his strategy would result in financial disaster.
Last Years and Final Edition
Authors: Procter Ben 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Early on Sunday morning, December 7, 1941, the Japanese carried out a surprise attack upon the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. Against little opposition Japanese fliers bombed and strafed selected targets for several hours, inflicting more than 3,000 casualties on the surprised American military. They also destroyed or immobilized most of the American aircraft while sinking or running aground seven battleships, the backbone of the U.S. Pacific fleet. The next day President Roosevelt, in asking Congress for a declaration of war against Japan, de scribed this attack as “a day which will live in infamy: Such a devastating aerial strike did not produce the desired results, however. As early as September 1940, the commander in chief of the Japanese Combined Fleet, Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, had voiced his concern about such an assault, even if successful.”I shall run wild for the first six months or a year;’ he predicted, “but I have utterly no confidence for the second or third year:• He therefore urged the Japanese government to avoid war with the United States at all costs. Or as Hollywood writers dramatically rephrased this quotation in the 1970 movie Tora! Tora! Tora! Yamamoto solemnly announced that Japan, instead of demoralizing the United States,”had awakened a sleeping giant and filled him with a terrible resolve:• And he was right. The bombs that pulverized Pearl Harbor unified the American people-silencing immediately those advocates of the nation’s powerful isolationist movement.
The Satans
Authors: Takeyh Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the second decade of the revolution, the united States remained a looming presence for Iran, and its policies were debated in the parliament, presidential office, universities, and the streets. On the surface, policymakers in both Tehran and Washington seemed to recognize that the prevailing acrimony was not serving their mutual inter-ests. Rafsanjani was not beyond reevaluating U.S.-Iran relations and explor-ing the possibility of some type of accommodation. However, ideological pressures and disagreements on regional developments prevented the emer-gence of a more rational relationship between the two states.
The Odyssey of the Reform Movement
Authors: Takeyh Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The islamic republic is often depicted as a typical authoritarian regime with a rigid political order and a militant for-eign policy. A state ruled by reactionary clerics who had scant respect for either the people’s aspirations or global public opinion was destined to remain in the clutches of clerical despotism. Yet Iran gave birth to one of the most intellectually vibrant democratic movements in the contempo-rary Middle East. A land of perennial surprises would defy the cynicism of its detractors, as Iran would be the only place in the region where elections did not follow a preordained script.
The Ahmadinejad Era
Authors: Takeyh Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The rise of the new right portended important changes in Iran’s foreign policy. A mixture of Islamist ideology and ultranationalism would condition the new rulers’ perspective. As with all of their predecessors, the conservatives believed that Iran had a right to emerge as the preeminent power of the region. Such nationalistic claims, however, were complemented by an Islamist outlook that closely identified with Palestinian and Arab opposition forces struggling against both the United States and Israel.
Dealing with Uncertainty
Authors: Bremmer Ian , Keat Preston 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Today, the palm-fringed beaches of Yucatán and Cozumel are known mainly as a holiday getaway spot for raucous college students. But in 1519, the Yucatán coast saw the beginning of what perhaps comes closest in human history to an alien invasion. Hernán Cortés and 600 Spaniards sailing from Cuba landed there and set in motion a remarkable chain of events that would culminate in the Spanish conquest of the Americas. Cortés, like many adventurers of the time, came in search of great riches and new lands for himself and his king. Once ashore, he eventually made contact with the Aztecs, who then controlled a powerful empire of city-states extending across much of today’s Mexico. As the Aztecs and their emperor, Montezuma, struggled to understand the sudden appearance of fair skinned, bearded, armed, and armored men on horseback, Cortés forged alliances with rival city-states and prepared his battalion-sized warband to conquer a civilization of as many as 30 million people. Within two years, Cortés had crushed the Aztec Empire, killed a succession of its emperors, and laid the foundation for 300 years of Spanish colonial rule in Mexico.
Terrorism
Authors: Bremmer Ian , Keat Preston 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Each November 5, in England and in former British colonies, celebrants light bonfires and launch fireworks to mark Guy Fawkes Night, a commemoration of the failure of the Gunpowder Plot in 1605. The plot was an attempt by a group of English Roman Catholics to kill the Protestant king of England, James I, together with the English Protestant nobles and elites, by using barrels of gunpowder hidden in the cellars of the Houses of Parliament. Terrorism, even in 1605, was not a new phenomenon. Assassinations, kidnappings, and murders are as old as history itself. In fact, the word “assassin” comes from what might have been one of the earliest known terrorist groups. “Assassin” is the Europeanized version of “Hashishin,” a name (used by the enemies) of the Persia-based, mystical Ismaili Shia sect of Muslims. During the 11th and 12th centuries, the Hashishin used assassinations as a weapon against their religious (both Christian and Sunni Muslim) and political enemies. Their assassins would infiltrate royal courts and palaces under different pretences, but they always killed their high-ranking victims in the same way, using daggers.
Introduction: The Story so Far
Authors: Stiglitz Joseph E , Charlton Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In November of 2001, trade ministers from 140 nations gathered in Doha, Qatar, to seek to give the World Trade Organization (WTO) a historic new mandate. The WTO’s previous ministerial meeting in Seattle, USA, in 1999 had ended in failure and brought protests and violence to the city. Now they were meeting in the midst of a global recession, just two months after the shocking attacks on the United States of rr September 2001. On the evening of 14 November, after several days of negotiations, and more than 18 hours after their original deadline, the ministers announced that they had reached a landmark agreement to launch a new round of trade talks. The agreement-the Doha Declaration-outlined a framework for a wide-ranging new round of multilateral negotiations.
What has Doha Achieved?
Authors: Stiglitz Joseph E , Charlton Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
US Trade Representative Robert Zoellick’s statements after the Doha Ministerial Conference reflected the prevailing positive mood and the hope for a successful round of negotiations: Doha lays the groundwork for a trade liberalization agenda that will be a starting point for greater development, growth, opportunity and openness around the world ... we’ve settled on a program that lays out ambitious objectives for future negotiations on the liberalization of the agriculture market. These objectives represent a cornerstone of our market access priorities for trade and they will create a framework that will help the United States and others to advance a fundamental agricultural reform agenda. On a range of issues, such as agricultural liberalization and reduction of tariffs on non-agricultural goods, we’ve shown how our interests can con­ verge with the developing world. I believe that we in the United States have an enhanced appreciation for the interests of developing nations in trade.
Special Treatment for Developing Countries
Authors: Stiglitz Joseph E , Charlton Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is considerable dissatisfaction with the treatment given by the World Trade Organization to its poorest members. The development of an appropriate framework which maintains the ‘rules-based’ trading system but differentiates between rich and poor countries is one of the most important issues facing the Doha Round. WTO members include 32 of the 50 least developed countries (LDCs) recognized by the UN.1 The economic and social development of these countries, in particular the eradication of extreme poverty, is a major challenge for LDCs themselves, as well as for the international community. Least developed countries are characterized by their exposure to a series of vulnerabilities and constraints, such as limited human capital and productive capacity; weak institutions; geographical handicaps including poor soils, vulnerability to natural disasters, and communicable diseases; poorly diversified industries and underdeveloped markets for many goods and services; limited access to education, health, and other social services; poor infrastructure; and lack of access to information and communication technologies.
How to Open up Markets
Authors: Stiglitz Joseph E , Charlton Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The general argument in favor of trade liberalization is that it allows the expansion of the size of markets, allowing the global economy to take further advantage of the economies of scale (the argument Adam Smith put forward more than two-hundred years ago), and it enhances global efficiency in production and exchange. Thus trade liberalization must be managed carefully to ensure that developing countries benefit from it and are not left worse off. In this chapter, we discuss the most important market access issues in the Doha Round and we show what must be done to promote development. As noted earlier, the standard argument that trade liberalization necessarily makes all countries better off (though not necessarily all individuals within each country) is predicated on a set of assumptions that is not satisfied in most developing countries: full employment, perfect competition, and perfect capital and risk markets.
What should not be on the Agenda?
Authors: Stiglitz Joseph E , Charlton Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The preceding is a partial list of the items that should have a high priority in any round of trade negotiations that pretends to call itself a development round. Many of the items listed have received little or no attention. Equally remarkable are several of the items (especially within the so-called Singapore Issues) that were put on the table. Some of these would almost surely impede development. The fact that the United States and Europe put such items on the agenda and continued to push them for so long within the so-called Development Round is of concern: were they merely bargaining chips? Was there no real comprehension about what should be meant by a Development Round?
Joining the Trading System
Authors: Stiglitz Joseph E , Charlton Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Twenty countries have been added to the WTO since its creation in r 995 .1 Another 24 countries are negotiating membership, 2 of which eight are least developed countries (LDCs). Most of this book has been concerned with ensuring that the rules and procedures of the WTO deliver benefits to the developing countries within the WTO system. For the (equally needy) developing countries who are not yet members, the benefits of multilateral trade reform in the Doha Round are dependent on the speed and ease with which they are able to join the WTO, and the terms of their accession. The recent experiences of several acceding developing countries are reviewed below.3 It shows that the WTO’s accession process requires reform in several respects. In particular, there are no good arguments for maintaining the double standard which treats countries differently depending on whether they are existing members of the WTO or not. There is a need for transparent and objective rules and procedures for accession negotiations which ensure that the accession process is not unduly
Institutional Reforms
Authors: Stiglitz Joseph E , Charlton Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is widespread dissatisfaction with the way that trade agreements are made, partly stemming from a belief that current procedures put developing countries at a marked disadvantage. This is particularly important, given the increasing role that such trade agreements play in our societies. They define a broad set of rights and obligations, yet they are arrived at in a manner that is distinctly different from the way that other kinds of legislation are adopted. The terms are often negotiated behind closed doors, with little public debate about specific provisions. The legislative process is often truncated. The result is agreements, like Chapter r r of the NAFTA agreement or the TRIPS Agreement, which contain provisions that would probably never have been accepted by a democratic parliament with open discussion in a deliberative process.
Trade Liberalization and the Costs of Adjustment
Authors: Stiglitz Joseph E , Charlton Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Trade liberalization creates adjustment costs as resources are moved from one sector to another in the process of reform. When tariffs are reduced, import-competing firms may reduce their production in the face of new competition, causing some of their workers and capital to lie idle for a period. The firm’s laid-off workers will incur costs while searching for new jobs and may need to invest in retraining. Governments will be called upon to provide assistance to the unemployed, while also incurring costs associated with implementing the new systems for managing reform.