bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the long‐term and short‐term protection in mouse model of Leishmania major infection following vaccination with Live Iranian Lizard Leishmania mixed with chitin microparticles
Authors: Noroozbeygi Mina , Keshavarzian Nafiseh , Haji Molla Hoseini Mostafa , Haghdoust Sepideh , Yeganeh Farshid 
Published: November 2023

AbstractInducing long‐term immunity is the primary goal of vaccination. Leishmanisation using non‐pathogenic to human Leishmania spp. could be considered a reliable approach to immunising subjects against Leishmania infection. Here, we evaluated the long‐term immune responses (14 weeks) after immunisation with either live‐ or killed‐Iranian Lizard Leishmania (ILL) mixed with chitin microparticles (CMPs) against L. major infection in BALB/c mice. In total, nine groups of mice were included in the study. To evaluate short‐term immunity, mice were immunised with live‐ILL and CMPs and 3 weeks later were challenged with L. majorEGFP. To evaluate the long‐term immunity, mice were immunised with either live‐ or killed‐ILL both mixed with CMPs, and 14 weeks after immunisation, mice were challenged with L. majorEGFP. A group of healthy mice who received no injection was also included in the study. Eight weeks after the challenge with L. majorEGFP, all subjects were sacrificed and the parasite burden (quantitative real‐time PCR and in vivo imaging), cytokines levels (IFN‐γ, IL‐4 and IL‐10), Leishmania‐specific antibody concentration, and total levels of IgG1 and IgG2a were measured. In addition, nitric oxide concentration and arginase activity were evaluated. Results showed that in mice that were immunised using live‐ILL+CMP, the induced protective immune response lasted at least 14 weeks; since they were challenged with L. majorEGFP at the 14th‐week post‐immunisation, no open lesion was formed during the 8‐week follow‐up, and the footpad swelling was significantly lower than controls. They also showed a significant reduction in the parasite burden in splenocytes, compared to the control groups including the group that received killed‐ILL+CMP. The observed protection was associated with a higher IFN‐γ and a lower IL‐10 production by splenocytes. Additionally, the results demonstrated that arginase activity was decreased in the ILL+CMP group compared to other groups. Immunisation with ILL alone reduced the parasite burden compared to non‐immunised control; however, it was still significantly higher than the parasite burden in the ILL+CMP groups. In conclusion, the long‐term immune response against L. major infection induced by Live‐ILL+CMP was more competent than the response elicited by killed‐ILL+CMP to protect mice against infection with L. majorEGFP.
Virtual care in the health care system: A concept analysis
Authors: Babaei Nasib , Zamanzadeh Vahid , Valizadeh Leila , Lotfi Mojgan , Kousha Ahmad , Samad‐Soltani Taha , Avazeh Marziyeh 
Published: November 2023

AbstractBackgroundHealth care providers need a better understanding of virtual care to recognise and use it for service delivery.AimTo provide a more comprehensive definition of the concept of virtual care.MethodThis study was conducted based on Walker and Avant's concept analysis method. A comprehensive review of the published texts in English from 2012 to 2022 was performed using the PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, ProQuest, Science Direct, Ovid, CINAHL and Google Scholar databases.ResultsThe main aspects and attributes of virtual care, including the use of any information and communication technology in various formats such as platforms, telephone calls, messages, email consultation, remote monitoring, secure and two‐way digital communication between health care providers and patients, the possibility of providing remote care synchronously or asynchronously, more interaction between patients and caregivers, the possibility of transferring information between patients and health care providers and within the teams themselves, symptom management, sending diagnostic results in the form of video visits, and providing follow‐up care, are attributes that distinguish virtual care from telehealth, telemedicine and other methods of providing remote healthcare services.ConclusionConsidering the positive and negative consequences of implementing virtual care, the findings of this study developed a basis for an operational definition of the concept so that providers can understand the meaning of virtual care and consider it when providing virtual care to patients. The findings of this study can be used in many international and national contexts in the health care system and in future studies on interventions to increase the use of virtual care.
Ambiguity in Language and Logic
Authors: Wurm Christian 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThis article gives an explanation of how recent results on ambiguity logics are relevant to the linguistic and philosophical theory of ambiguity. To this aim, some fundamental definitions and results are explained. We formulate and provide evidence for three main hypotheses: Firstly, ambiguity is not a vague notion. Secondly, in (explicit) reasoning with ambiguity, we always have to consider the parameter trust. Thirdly, ambiguous propositions exist, but they cannot have the same rights and properties as unambiguous propositions; rather they should be considered “second class”.
Computed tomographic, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasonographic characteristics of retrobulbar meningiomas in 15 dogs
Authors: Sidhu Amit , DeJesus Antonia A 
Published: November 2023

AbstractMeningioma is the most common tumor of the cranium in dogs and an important differential diagnosis for a potentially treatable disease that can be found in the periorbital tissues. The objective of this retrospective, case series study was to describe the CT, MRI, and US characteristics of confirmed retrobulbar meningiomas in a group of dogs. Medical records from multiple institutions were searched for canine patients with CT, MRI, and/or US imaging of a cytologically or histologically confirmed retrobulbar meningioma. Fifteen dogs met the inclusion criteria. Retrobulbar meningiomas typically appeared as a relatively well‐defined conical to ovoid mass within the retrobulbar space, most often along the optic nerve and expanding the extraocular muscle cone. On CT, masses were predominantly soft tissue attenuating and variably heterogeneously contrast enhancing. While MRI features were variable, moderate to marked contrast enhancement was seen in all cases. Many of the tumors had evidence of partial mineralization, best appreciated on CT in nine patients, but also suspected based on susceptibility artifacts in three MRI cases, one of which was confirmed on CT. Regional osteolysis was a rare finding, noted in three cases, but was often accompanied by cranial cavity extension (2/3). Cranial cavity extension was also seen in the absence of regional osteolysis, identified in a total of six patients. On US, masses were echogenic and compressed the globe. The findings were consistent with previous gross and histologic descriptions and supported prioritizing retrobulbar meningioma as a differential diagnosis for dogs with the described imaging characteristics.
The Relative Importance of Destructive Analyses for Radiological Characterization With Geostatistics
Authors: Desnoyers Yvon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Geostatistics provides innovative tools for the radiological characterization of nuclear facilities under decommissioning as well as contaminated sites for remediation. The relevance of this approach relies on the presence of a spatial continuity for radiological contamination. In this case, geostatistics provides reliable activity estimates, uncertainty quantification and risk analysis, which are essential decision-making tools for decommissioning and dismantling projects of nuclear installations.
The experimental variogram γ(h) is calculated by averaging, within classes of distance h, the variability contribution of each couple of data; this contribution is usually quantified by the half-squared difference of the measured values. In this paper, a parallel is drawn with an alternative formula of the statistical variance to be able to break down the different variance contribution (sampling duplicates, measurement replicates, spatial variability). The application on one chemical case and one radiological case demonstrates that, the relative uncertainty on the laboratory results (analyses on destructive samples) can be seen as negligible in comparison to the sampling uncertainty on the one hand and the spatial variability on the other hand.
In addition, classification of volumes according to a threshold seems to be quite robust in comparison to the relative accuracy of the lab results. The artificial introduction of a systematic bias (± 50% for instance) leads to a corresponding limited impact on contaminated volumes (only ± 10% or ±20%).
Comparison Between Different Source Reconstruction Methods of Atmospheric Leakages
Authors: Xu Yuhan , Fang Sheng 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When a severe nuclear accident occurs, the diffusion and transportation of airborne radioactive materials can cause harmful effects on the public. An accurate source release rate assessment is necessary to evaluate the consequence of the accident. Provided the leakage source location is known, the source inversion method can inversely estimate the release rate by coupling environmental measurements and the atmospheric dispersion model. Since the Fukushima nuclear accident, source inversion has significantly progressed over the past decade. However, the recent accidental radionuclide leakages are characterized by unknown source locations, causing difficulties in source inversion. Consequently, source reconstruction that simultaneously localizes the atmospheric leakage source and retrieves the release rate has become a highly prevailing and challenging topic.
In this study, we introduce and compare three source reconstruction schemes: the cost function method, the source-receptor sensitivity (SRS) statistical method, and the Bayes method. The benchmark SRS data are generated by the backward mode of the FLEXPART model. All methods are validated by the European Tracer Experiment-the first release (ETEX-I). The results indicate the respective advantages and disadvantages in source reconstruction, among which the Bayes method achieves the highest accuracy whereas the cost function method achieves the lowest computational cost. In addition, we compare the source reconstruction performance between the two Bayes methods with the assumption of constant release and time-varying release, respectively. The source release rates in all schemes (if needed) are estimated using the traditional Tikhonov regularization method. The results demonstrate that the Bayes method with constant release may contribute to the best source reconstruction performance. In summary, the above source reconstruction methods are suitable for different emergency response scenarios or stages, thus having the potential to be integrated into the nuclear emergency and response system.
Wind Tunnel Validation Study of Joint Estimation Source Term Inversion Method
Authors: Hu Hao , Dong Xinwen , Li Xinpeng , Xu Yuhan , Zhuang Shuhan , Fang Sheng 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Radioactive emissions caused by severe accidents pose a great threat to the environment and creatures along the spread. The source inversion technique is designed to retrieve the corresponding release rate based on environmental monitoring data and has been widely integrated into the nuclear accident consequence assessment. The Model error and its propagation in the inversion cause the estimate unrealistic and confuse the real releases. Several self-correcting source inversion methods have been proposed to handle it, for instance, the joint estimation method that simultaneously retrieves the estimate and corrects the model bias by introducing a correction coefficient matrix. In this study, the joint estimation method has been investigated against a wind tunnel experiment with the incoming airflow from the southeast direction (SSE). Three nuclear power plants were located in the scenario, surrounded by mountains and sea. The Risø Mesoscale Lagrangian PUFF model (RIMPUFF) was used for atmospheric diffusion predictions and the transport matrix construction. The fine wind tunnel experimental data was used as the observations to drive the standard (Tikhonov) inversion method and the joint estimation method. The results show that the release rate estimated by the Tikhonov method was four times higher than the ground truth on the representative SSE direction. In comparison, the self-correcting joint estimation method reduces the error to only 4%.
Survivability and Reliability Testing and Modeling of Printed Hybrid Electronic (PHE) Assemblies Subject to Extreme Acceleration Levels
Authors: Richards Hayden , Abusalma Hisham , Dasgupta Abhijit , Yu Jian , Bujanda Andres , Tsang Harvey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Drop testing performance of Printed Hybrid Electronic (PHE) assemblies is reported in this paper. These studies assessed PHE assembly mechanical and electronic survivability and durability in a high-shock acceleration environment using accelerated drop towers equipped with dual-mass shock amplifiers (DMSAs). Testing was completed at accelerations from 10,000 G up to 100,000 G with pulse durations of ∼0.05–0.1 ms and impact velocities of 6.5–20.5 m/s.
The test samples were hemispherical domes fabricated using: (a) additive manufacturing with several different ABS compounds, and (b) injection molding with various EXL9330 and EXL1414 polycarbonates. Different combinations of embedded electronic components ranging from passive components to integrated circuit (IC) packages were subsequently embedded into or surface-mounted onto the exterior face of the dome and interconnected with printed silver traces. Dome modifications were completed using 5-axis CNC machining, silver traces were printed using nScrypt and other extrusion 3D printers, and other IC packages were mounted and connected manually.
Specimens were installed on the drop tower by direct threading into custom aluminum fixtures and instrumented with strain gauges and in-situ resistance measurement cabling. Impacts were characterized with multiple accelerometers mounted to the test fixture and high-speed video controlled by digital acquisition systems at sampling rates up to 1 MHz.
This study considered degradation mechanisms for the substrate material, the electronic component assembly, and the printed silver interconnects. Catastrophic failures of compliant additively manufactured ABS domes at relatively low acceleration levels (10,000–30,000 G) motivated the use of molded polycarbonates, which withstood hundreds of drops at over 100,000 G. Printed electrical trace performance was assessed through 4-point resistance measurements and both pretest and post-test optical microscopy. Trace degradation from as-printed condition to open-circuit failure took as few as 1–2 drops at 100,000 G to hundreds at 10,000–40,000 G. Observed failure modes for traces included 1) failure at locations previously determined during pre-testing microscopy to be ‘at-risk’ sites due to printing issues, 2) delamination of the trace from the substrate material, and 3) cracking across the trace due to dynamic flexural response of the substrate. Prior to failure, resistance measurements for traces progressively increased with number of drops, at rates proportional to acceleration magnitude.
Enhancing Manual Visual Inspection Process by Using OpenCV AI and Anomalib for Defect Detection in Automotive Assembly and Manufacturing Process
Authors: Christie Stewart , Prakash Anna , Ashton Elaina , Tanner Veronica 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Manual visual inspection process is the most used method for performing visual inspection in the manufacturing of semiconductors electronics. It is a critical quality management procedure that all leading automotive manufacturers continue to perform for defect detection. However, manual inspections can be a slow process and increases the chances for error. Striving for lower error rates requires investment in skilled, experienced, and well-trained inspectors. Adding automation and AI (Artificial Intelligence) capabilities to the manual visual inspection process can help reduce human visual perception errors, reduce defects, and improve process efficiency. In this literature review, we attempt to gain an understanding of existing research on anomaly detection using open-source tools for detecting very small visual defects on thermal Integrated Heat Spreaders (IHS) lids, document challenges related to real world dataset, key learnings, and explore future opportunities in this growing field.
Evolution of Thermal Interface Material-to-Copper Interfacial Fracture Toughness Subjected to Monotonic and Fatigue Loading After Thermal Cycling
Authors: Lall Pradeep , Kasturi Madhu 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Automotive electronics increasingly use high-performance semiconductors to enable a number of advanced driver assistance systems. Thermal management in chip-based electronic systems is quickly becoming one of the most significant impediments to enhanced performance and integration density. The ongoing downsizing and integration of semiconductor devices have increased by heat generated per unit volume of the chip. Thermal interface material (TIM) facilitates heat dissipation from chip to package and from package to heat sink. Exposure to the wide temperature ranges typical in automotive conditions may result in the early propagation of fractures at the TIM-to-Copper contact, leading to high thermal resistance and device thermal runaway. In this paper, bimaterial samples have been created by dispensing TIM materials onto the copper surface and curing them based on the specified conditions. A total of three different TIM materials are used in this study. Two types of samples are prepared, namely with and without pre-crack. The samples are tested in four-point bend monotonic and fatigue loading conditions. The pre-cracked samples are used for fatigue four-point bend loading, and the no-pre-crack samples are used for monotonic four-point bend loading. Before testing, to calculate the bi-material samples’ KIC and KIIC fracture toughness values, they are subjected to automotive-grade thermal cycling from −40°C to +125°C for up to 1000 cycles. Interfacial crack initiation, propagation, and failure mechanisms are investigated. The interfaces’ strain-energy release rate and fracture toughness are assessed.
A Numerical Study on the Influence of Mixed Convection Heat Transfer in Single-Phase Immersion Cooling
Authors: Saini Satyam , Gupta Gautam , Bansode Pratik , Shahi Pardeep , Simon Vibin Shalom , Modi Himanshu , Agonafer Dereje , Shah Jimil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Data centers are critical to the functioning of modern society as they host digital infrastructure. However, data centers can consume significant amounts of energy, and a substantial amount of this energy goes to cooling systems. Efficient thermal management of information technology equipment is therefore essential and allows the user to obtain peak performance from a system and enables higher equipment reliability. Thermal management of data center electronics is becoming more challenging due to rising power densities at the chip level. Cooling technologies like single-phase immersion cooling allow overcoming many such challenges owing to their higher thermal mass, lower fluid pumping powers, and potential component reliability enhancements. It is known that immersion cooling deployments require extremely low coolant flow rates, and, in many cases, natural convection can also be used to sufficiently dissipate the heat from the hot server components. It, therefore, becomes difficult to ascertain whether the rate of heat transfer is being dominated by forced or natural convection. This may lead to ambiguity in choosing an optimal heat sink solution and a suitable system mechanical design due to unknown flow regimes, further leading to sub-optimal system performance. Mixed convection can be used to enhance heat transfer in immersion cooling systems. The present investigation quantifies the contribution of mixed convection using numerical methods in an immersion-cooled server.
An open compute server with dual CPU sockets is modeled on Ansys Icepak with varying power loads of 115W, 160W and 200W. The chosen dielectric fluid for this single-phase immersion-cooled setup is EC-100. Steady-state Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations are conducted for forced, natural, and mixed convection heat transfer in a thermally shadowed server configuration at varying inlet flow rates. A baseline heat sink and an optimized heat sink with an increased fin thickness and reduced fin count are utilized for performance comparison. The effect of varying Reynolds number and Richardson number on the heat transfer rate from the heat sink is discussed to assess the flow regime, stability of the flow around the submerged components which depends on the geometry, orientation, fluid properties, flow rate and direction of the flow. The dimensionless numbers’ influence on heat transfer rate from a conventional air-cooled heat sink in immersion versus an immersion-optimized heat sink is also compared. The impact of server orientation on heat transfer behavior for the immersion optimized heat sink is also studied on heat transfer behavior for the immersion optimized heat sink.