bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, polymerization, and copolymerization of aliphatic vinyl azide
Authors: James Nirmala R. , Jayakrishnan A. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe synthesis and characterization of a fully aliphatic polymeric azide by polymerization of its vinyl monomer 1,3‐diazidoisopropyl methacrylate (DAIPM) is reported. DAIPM was prepared by azidation of epichlorohydrin followed by coupling with methacrylic acid. Homopolymer and copolymers with methyl methacrylate were prepared and characterized by IR, GPC, TGA, DTA, and elemental analyses. These polymers are freely soluble in organic solvents like dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, dimethyl formamide, acetone, and so forth and do not crosslink on storing. The polymers show decreased thermal stability with an increase in azide content and undergo exothermic decomposition on heating. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1852–1857, 2003
Synthesis and characterization of ethoxyethyl α‐cyanoacrylate and reaction intermediates
Authors: Hwang Yu‐Haur , Hwang Chi‐Ping , Tsiang Raymond Chien‐Chao , Chen Michael 
Published: January 2003

AbstractEthoxyethyl α‐cyanoacrylate was synthesized by first making oligo(ethoxyethyl α‐cyanoacrylate) through a condensation reaction of ethoxyethyl cyanoacetate with paraformaldehyde, followed by a depolymerization of the oligomer at an elevated temperature in an acidic atmosphere with a high vacuum. The ethoxyethyl cyanoacetate was in turn synthesized from an esterification of ethoxyethanol and cyanoacetic acid. The molecular structure of the target monomer and the corresponding intermediates were corroborated by IR and 1H‐NMR. Solvents having a lower polarity led to the formation of oligomers having higher molecular weights. The molecular weight distribution of the oligomer revealed that the reaction of ethoxyethyl cyanoacetate with formaldehyde followed a mechanism comprising monomer activations, anionic reactions, and chain scissions. DSC thermograms demonstrated the cured ethoxyethyl α‐cyanoacrylate was nearly amorphous, containing little or low crystallinity. Mechanical testing data indicated that the cured ethoxyethyl α‐cyanoacrylate was a hard adhesive with higher toughness than the conventional ethyl α‐cyanoacrylate. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1758–1773, 2003
Influence of urethane group on properties of crosslinked polyurethane elastomers
Authors: Ciobanu Constantin , Han Xiaozu , Cascaval Constantin N. , Guo Fengchun , Rosu Dan , Ignat Leonard , Moroi Gabriela 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThree series of weakly crosslinked polyurethanes based on a hydroxyterminated polybutadiene, hydroxyterminated butadiene–acrylonitrile copolymer, and hydroxyterminated ethylene–adipate–maleate–fumarate copolymer were prepared while varying the hard segment content between 1.72 and 2.36 mol NHCOO/1000 g polymer. Information on the microphase structure and the properties of the synthesized polyurethanes was obtained by differential scanning calorimetry, wide‐angle X‐ray scattering, and mechanical studies. Up to a urethane concentration of around 2 mol NHCOO/1000 g polymer, there is a mixture of hard–hard and hard–soft segments. Above this concentration a large part of the hard–soft segments passes into hard–hard crystallites, liberating the soft segments. The best mechanical properties of the studied polyurethanes were found for a urethane concentration of around 2 mol NHCOO/1000 g polymer. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1858–1867, 2003
Mechanical properties study of photocured paperboard surface treated with aliphatic epoxy diacrylate
Authors: Khan Mubarak A. , Rahman M. Mizanur , Gosh Manik K. , Chowdhury T. A. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractIn order to improve the quality of paperboard (a well‐known packing material) surface by photocuring method, different formulations were developed with aliphatic epoxy diacrylate (EA‐1020) oligomer along with reactive monomers of various functionalities. The reactive monomers are tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA), a difunctional monomer, and trimethylol propane triacrylate (TMPTA), a trifunctional monomer. 2‐Benzyl‐2‐dimethylamino‐1(4morpholinophenyl) butanone‐1 (Irgacure 369), a photoinitiator (2%), was incorporated into the formulations to initiate photocuring reaction. The formulated solutions were coated on clean glass plate and irradiated under UV radiation of different intensities. Different physical properties like pendulum hardness and gel content of the cured films were studied. The formulation containing TMPTA showed better properties. After characterization of the films, these formulations were applied on paperboard surfaces and cured under the same UV radiation. Various physicomechanical properties such as pendulum hardness, tensile properties, surface gloss, adhesion, abrasion, and water uptake were studied. The best performance was obtained at 12 passes of radiation with 18% TMPTA‐containing formulation. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1774–1780, 2003
Preparation and characteristics of a water‐soluble chitosan–heparin complex
Authors: Kweon Dong‐Keon , Lim Seung‐Taik 
Published: January 2003

AbstractTo improve the wound‐healing ability of chitosan, heparin, known to be effective in wound healing, was complexed with water‐soluble chitosan (WSC) by chemical reaction. The chemical structure of the water‐soluble chitosan–heparin (CH) complex was analyzed, and CH complex formation was confirmed with an FTIR spectrometer. The mechanical and thermal properties of the CH complex were measured by a tensile tester and thermal analyzers (DSC and TGA). Within the heparin content up to ≈470 IU/g in the aqueous CH complex solution, the intrinsic viscosity and tensile strength of the water‐soluble CH complex gradually increased, but thermal stability slightly decreased by introducing the heparin into the WSC. When the heparin content was greater than these values (470 IU/g), the water‐insoluble CH complex, which is supposed to have a multisubstituted or crosslinked structure, precipitated in the aqueous water‐soluble CH complex solution. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1784–1789, 2003
Synthesis of isopropenylbenzyl‐terminated macromonomers and preparation of polymer brushes by anionic homopolymerization
Authors: Ishizu Koji , Satoh Junichiro 
Published: January 2003

AbstractIsopropenylbenzyl‐terminated polystyrene (PS) macromonomers were synthesized by anionic addition in a two‐stage process using styrene and 1,4‐diisopropenylbenzene (DIPB) in benzene. The reaction products of polystyryl anions with DIPB provided PS macromonomer possessing less than two isopropenylbenzyl groups at the propagating end under the condition of being in hydrocarbon solvent at 25°C (ceiling temperature) because of the anionic equilibrium nature. Subsequently, anionic homopolymerization of such macromonomers was carried out in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at −78°C using anionic initiators to prepare the polymer brushes. The conversion of polymer brushes was very low (ca. 5%). Moreover, the degree of polymerization (DP) was less than 50. The low concentration of propagating chain ends seemed to affect the formation of polymer brushes. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87:1790–1793,2003
Influence of polyvinylpyrrolidone on the hydrophobic properties of partially porous poly(styrene–divinylbenzene) particles for biological applications
Authors: Kao Chen‐Yu , Lo Tzu‐Chiang , Lee Wen‐Chien 
Published: January 2003

AbstractFor the preparation of polymer particles by free radical, stabilizers are usually present in the reaction mixture to maintain the separation of particles from each other. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) is one the hydrophilic polymers that has been extensively used as the stabilizer in the polymerization system employing a polar solvent or solvent mixture as the continuous phase. As shown in the present study, the presence of PVP in the later steps could significantly influence the hydrophobic property of partially porous poly(styrene–divinylbenzene) (PS–DVB) particles, prepared by the method of multistep swelling and polymerization involving the use of polymeric porogens. The association of PVP molecules on the particle surface reduced the hydrophobicity and consequently the capability of particles for biological applications. For the reversed‐phase liquid chromatography of penicillin G and its enzymatic hydrolysis product, particles prepared without PVP led to an enhancement in both retention and resolution, compared with particles resulting from the use of PVP. Results from lipase immobilization on these particles also showed that the presence of PVP could shield the hydrophobic groups on the particle surface and then reduce the efficiency of enzyme immobilization. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1818–1824, 2003
Preparation of liquefied bark‐based resol resin and its application to particle board
Authors: Lee Wen‐Jau , Liu Cheng‐Tzu 
Published: January 2003

AbstractBarks of Taiwan acacia (Acacia confusa) and China fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) were liquefied in the presence of phenol with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) as catalyst. The properties of resins prepared from liquefied bark and the feasibility of liquefied bark‐based resol resins in particle board manufacturing were investigated. The viscosity and thermosetting property of liquefied bark‐based resol resins were affected by the kind of bark species and the catalyst used. Liquefied bark‐based resol resins using China fir bark as raw material had higher viscosity than the ones using Taiwan acacia bark. In the course of thermosetting, liquefied bark‐based resol resins using Taiwan acacia bark as raw material had a higher maximum temperature of exothermic peak and onset temperature as well as a larger quantity of exothermic heat than those using China fir bark. Resol resins prepared from bark liquefied with H2SO4 as catalyst had higher viscosity, while resins with HCl as catalyst had a higher maximum temperature and height of exothermic peak and a larger quantity of exothermic heat at thermosetting. Particle board made with A‐S adhesive that was prepared from liquefied Taiwan acacia bark with H2SO4 as catalyst had the best particle board properties than those made with other adhesives. For the particle board made with A‐S adhesive, its static bending strength and internal bonding strength would be increased as the hot‐pressing time extended. The particle board made with hot‐pressing temperature of 150°C and hot‐pressing time of 10 min had the maximum normal and wet static bending strength and internal bonding strength. Its normal static bending strength was 170.8 kgf/cm2 and the particle board showed satisfactory wet static bending strength and internal bonding strength. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1837–1841, 2003
Enhancement of in vitro and in vivo microdialysis recovery of SB‐265123 using Intralipid® and Encapsin® as perfusates
Authors: Ward Keith W. , Medina Sarah J. , Portelli Samm T. , Mahar Doan Kelly M. , Spengler Michael D. , Ben Michael M. , Lundberg David , Levy Mark A. , Chen Emile P. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThis study was conducted to compare the ability of two potential microdialysis perfusates to enhance the recovery of SB‐265123, a lipophilic, highly protein‐bound compound, both in vitro and in vivo. Initial in vitro experiments established that the recovery of SB‐265123 by microdialysis using normal saline as a perfusate was poor (1.7%). Different concentrations of Intralipid® and Encapsin® also were evaluated in an identical in vitro setting, to determine enhancement of recovery. In vitro recovery was enhanced to approximately 24 and 65% with 5 and 20% Intralipid®, and to approximately 59 and 62% with 5 and 20% Encapsin®, respectively. A rat in vivo study was conducted with 20% Encapsin® to confirm the in vitro observations. In the in vivo study, 75–80% recovery of free SB‐265123 was achieved using 20% Encapsin® as a perfusate. The results from this study indicate that for SB‐265123, a lipophilic, highly protein‐bound molecule, Encapsin® is an efficient recovery enhancer in vitro. The results from this investigation further demonstrate that a recovery enhancer may be useful for in vivo applications, even with a compound that is highly bound to plasma protein. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous trasemide in mutant nagase aalbuminemic rats
Authors: Kim Eun J. , Lee Myung G. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe importance of plasma protein binding of intravenous furosemide in circulating blood for its urinary excretion and hence its diuretic effects in mutant Nagase analbuminemic rats (NARs, an animal model for human familial analbuminemia) was reported. Based on the furosemide report, the diuretic effects of another loop diuretic, torasemide, could be expected in NARs if plasma protein binding of torasemide is considerable in the rats. This was proven by this study. After intravenous administration of torasemide, 10 mg/kg, to NARs, the plasma protein binding of torasemide was 23.3% in the rats due to binding to α‐ and β‐globulins (this value, 23.3%, was greater than only 12% for furosemide), and hence the percentages of intravenous dose of torasemide excreted in 8‐h urine as unchanged drug was 14.9% in the rat (this value was considerably greater than only 7% for furosemide). After intravenous administration of torasemide to NARs, the AUC (301 versus 2680 µg/min/ml) was significantly smaller [due to significantly faster both Clr (4.81 versus 0.386 ml/min/kg) and Clnr (28.3 versus 3.33 ml/min/kg)], terminal half‐life (18.3 versus 73.5 min) and mean residence time (6.97 versus 61.8 min) were significantly shorter (due to faster Cl, 33.2 versus 3.74 ml/min/kg), and amount of 8‐h urinary excretion of unchanged torasemide (446 versus 323 µg, due to increase in intrinsic renal excretion) was significantly greater than those in control rats. The 8‐h urine output and 8‐h urinary excretions of sodium and chloride were comparable between two groups of rats although the 8‐h urinary excretion of torasemide was significantly greater in NARs. This could be explained by the following. The amount of urinary excretion of torasemide was significantly greater in NARs than that in control rats only between 0 and 30 min urine collection. In both groups of rats, the urinary excretion rate of torasemide during 0–30 min reached an upper plateau with respect to urine flow rate as well urinary excretion rates of sodium and chloride. Therefore, the diuretic effects (8‐h urine output and 8‐h urinary excretions of sodium and chloride) were not significantly different between the two groups of rats. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solid‐phase micro‐extraction—comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography of ginger (Zingiber officinale) volatiles
Authors: Shao Yajing , Marriott Philip , Shellie Robert , Hügel Helmut 
Published: January 2003

AbstractGinger (Zingiber officinale) headspace has been studied by using solid‐phase microextraction (SPME), combined with comprehensive two‐dimensional (2D) gas chromatography (GC × GC). A 100 µm PDMS fibre proved to be the most useful in the present study. SPME–GC–MS analysis was also performed to identify the components extracted from the volatile fraction. The ease of SPME makes it a useful tool for qualitative comparison of samples, and here fresh ginger was contrasted with a crystallized ginger sweet. The latter sample had fewer of the more volatile components, but the heavier components appeared to compare well in the two samples. The use of SPME as a sample introduction method for GC × GC was investigated, using the two different ginger samples. The correspondence of retention times in the 2D separation space was found to be excellent, and should allow reliable identification of the compounds if adequate standards or comparative retentions of known components are available. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Essential oil composition of Acorus calamus L. from the lower region of the Himalayas
Authors: Raina V. K. , Srivastava S. K. , Syamasunder K. V. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe rhizomes and leaf oils of Acorus calamus L. were analysed by GC and GC–MS; 29 and 30 constituents were identified from the rhizome and leaf oils, respectively, comprising 99.7% of each of the oils β‐Asarone (83.2%) and α‐asarone (9.7%) were the major constituents in the rhizome oil, while β‐asarone (85.6%) and linalool (4.7%) were the major constituents in the leaf oil. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Production of rose absolute from rose concrete
Authors: Aydinli Meltem , Tutaş Mehmet 
Published: January 2003

AbstractRose absolute was produced from rose concrete at two temperatures (−25°C, −20°C) using two concentrations (96%, 80%) of ethanol as solvent. Chemical composition of the absolute was determined by GC and GC–MS and then some properties of it such as refractive index and density were examined. It was found that the absolute mainly consists of phenylethyl alcohol, citronellol, geraniol, nerol, 1‐nonadecene, methyl eugenol, eugenol, nonadecane, benzyl alcohol. The amounts of these compounds were found to depend largely upon the conditions of production of absolute and the concentration of the ethanol used. The yields of absolute were found to be in the range of 58–64%. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Composition of the steam volatiles of six Euphorbia spp. from Greece
Authors: Fokialakis N. , Melliou E. , Magiatis P. , Harvala C. , Mitaku S. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe chemical composition of the steam volatiles obtained from the inflorescences of six Euphorbia spp., E. acanthothamnos, E. apios, E. characias, E. dendroides, E. helioscopia and E. rigida, were analysed by GC and GC‐MS. Sixty‐nine components, representing 82–94% of the total composition for the six oils, were identified. The major components were found to be nonanal, germacrene, phytol, β‐caryophyllene, heneicosane and heptacosane. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Composition of the essential oil of Cotinus coggygria Scop. from Turkey
Authors: Demirci B. , Demirci F. , Başer K. H. C. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe oil from leaves of Cotinus coggygria Scop. (Anacardiaceae) obtained by hydrodistillation was analysed by GC–MS. Forty‐two components were characterized, representing 99.6% of the total components detected. The major constituents were identified as limonene (48.5%), (Z)‐β‐ocimene (27.9%) and (E)‐β‐ocimene (9.7%). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acorenone in the essential oil of flowering aerial parts of Seseli tortuosum L.
Authors: Bader Ammar , Caponi Chiara , Cioni Pier Luigi , Flamini Guido , Morelli Ivano 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe essential oil composition of a population of Seseli tortuosum, collected on the coasts of Marina di Vecchiano (Pisa) Italy, was studied for the first time. The essence, obtained from leaves and flowering tops of the plant, was characterized mainly by the presence of myrcene (29.2%), α‐pinene (18.6%), β‐pinene (13.2%) and limonene (10.6%). Among sesquiterpenes, only acorenone is quantitatively represented (6.3%). This is a rare sesquiterpene, isolated for the first time in Acorus calamus, quite uncommon in essential oils. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Components of Turnera diffusa Willd. var. afrodisiaca (Ward) Urb. Essential Oil
Authors: Bicchi Carlo , Rubiolo Patrizia , Saranz Camargo Ely Eduardo , Vilegas Wagner , de Souza Gracioso Juliano , Monteiro Souza Brito Alba Regina 
Published: January 2003

AbstractTurnera diffusa Willd. var. afrodisiaca (Ward) Urb. (syn. T. aphrodisiaca) (Turneraceae) is a common aromatic plant growing wild in the subtropical regions of America and Africa. Its essential oil was studied by GC and GC–MS. Fifty‐four components were characterized and identified, the most abundant being 1,8‐cineol (11.4%), opoplenone (10.3%) cadalene (5.1%) and epi‐cubenol (4.1%). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Studies on essential oils. Part 35: chemical and biocidal investigations on Tagetes erecta leaf volatile oil
Authors: Singh Gurdip , Singh Om Prakash , De Lampasona M. P. , Catalán César A. N. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractChemical investigations on the leaf essential oil of Tagetes erecta, performed by HPLC, GC and GC–MS techniques, showed the presence of 26 components, accounting for 89% of the total oil. The major constituents were (Z)‐β‐ocimene (42.2%), dihydrotagetone (14.3%), (Z)‐tagetone (8.3%), limonene (7.3%), (E)‐ocimenone (6.1%) and (Z)‐ocimenone (5.3%). The biocidal investigations showed that the oil possessed a significant but limited and dose‐related antifungal and insecticidal activity. The oil showed 100% mortality of white termite (Odontotermes obesus Rhamb.) at a dose of 6 µl/Petri‐plate after 24 h of exposure, while at lower doses and shorter exposures it showed diminished mortality rates. The oil only partially affected the mycelial growth of any of the tested fungi. Thus, the leaf oil of this plant, which is rich in (Z)‐β‐ocimene, has a statistically significant antifungal and insecticidal activity. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analyses of orange spirit flavour by direct‐injection gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and headspace solid‐phase microextraction/GC–MC
Authors: Da Porto Carla , Pizzale Lorena , Bravin Michela , Conte Lanfranco S. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractOrange spirit, a novel fruit distillate, was analysed by direct injection gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and headspace solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) coupled to GC–MS. Different commercial SPME fibre types have been tested for the analysis of orange spirit. The divinylbenzene/carboxen on poly(dimethylsiloxane) fibre was chosen because it gave the best repeatability of the method. Headspace SPME–GC–MS selectivity was found to be comparable to GC direct injection for most orange spirit volatile compounds. The divinylbenzene/carboxen/poly(dimethylsiloxane) fibre had very high affinity for non‐polar and less polar compounds, especially for some components of orange peel oil, which could be considered the impact compounds of orange spirit. In this way, good sensitiveness was ensured for these compounds. Conversely, the GC analysis was more sensitive for polar compounds, especially for molecules such as methanol, isobutanol, n‐butanol and iso‐amyl alcohols. SPME was a useful tool for quickly screening orange flavour compounds and can be considered as complementary to GC direct injection analysis, which should be used when an accurate quantitative determination of analytes is required. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new second‐moment closure approach for turbulent swirling confined flows
Authors: Lu Pisi , Semião Viriato 
Published: January 2003

AbstractAn improved anisotropic model for the dissipation rate—ε—of the turbulent kinetic energy (k), to be used together with a non‐linear pressure‐strain correlations model, is proposed. Experimental data from the open literature for two confined turbulent swirling flows are used to assess the performance of the proposed model in comparison to the standard ε transport equation and to a linear approach to model the pressure‐strain term that appears in the exact equations for the Reynolds‐stress tensor. For the less strongly swirling flow the predictions show much more sensitivity to the εtransport equation than to the pressure‐strain model. In opposition, for the more strongly swirling flow, the results show that the predictions are much sensitive to the pressure‐strain model. Nevertheless, the improved εtransport equation together with the non‐linear pressure strain model yield predictions in good agreement with experiments in both studied cases. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.