bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ablation of Thyroid Residues with 30 mCi 131I: A Comparison in Thyroid Cancer Patients Prepared with Recombinant Human TSH or Thyroid Hormone Withdrawal
Authors: Pacini Furio , Molinaro Eleonora , Castagna Maria Grazia , Lippi Francesco , Ceccarelli Claudia , Agate Laura , Elisei Rossella , Pinchera Aldo 
Published: September 2002

The aim of the study was to assess whether stimulation by recombinant human TSH (rhTSH) may be used in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma for postsurgical ablation of thyroid remnants using a 30-mCi standard dose of 131I during thyroid hormone therapy. The rate of ablation was prospectively compared in three groups of patients consecutively assigned to one of three treatment arms: in the first arm, patients (n = 50) were treated while hypothyroid (HYPO); in the second arm, patients (n = 42) were treated while HYPO and stimulated in addition with rhTSH (HYPO + rhTSH); in the third arm, patients (n = 70) were treated while euthyroid (EU) on thyroid hormone therapy and stimulated with rhTSH (EU + rhTSH). The outcome of thyroid ablation was assessed by conventional HYPO 131I scan performed in HYPO state 6–10 months after ablation.
Basal serum TSH was elevated in the HYPO and HYPO + rhTSH groups. In the EU + rhTSH group, basal serum TSH was 1.3 ± 2.5 μU/ml (range, &lt;0.005–11.9 μU/ml). After rhTSH, serum TSH significantly increased in the HYPO + rhTSH group and the EU + rhTSH group.
Basal 24-h radioiodine thyroid bed uptake was 5.8 ± 5.7% (range, 0.2–21%) and 5.4 ± 5.7% (range, 0.2–26%) in the HYPO and HYPO + rhTSH groups, respectively. In the HYPO + rhTSH group, mean 24-h thyroid bed uptake rose to 9.4 ± 9.5% (range, 0.2–46%) after rhTSH (P &lt; 0.0001). The 24-h uptake after rhTSH in the EU + rhTSH group was 2.5 ± 4.3% (range, 0.1–32%), significantly lower (P &lt; 0.0001) than that found in the HYPO and HYPO + rhTSH groups.
The rate of successful ablation was similar in the HYPO and HYPO + rhTSH groups (84% and 78.5%, respectively). A significantly lower rate of ablation (54%) was achieved in the EU + rhTSH group.
Mean initial dose rate (the radiation dose delivered during the first hour after treatment) was significantly lower in the EU + rhTSH group (10.7 ± 12.6 Gy/h) compared with the HYPO + rhTSH group (48.5 ± 43 Gy/h) and the HYPO group (27.1 ± 42.5 Gy/h).
In conclusion, our study indicates that by using stimulation with rhTSH, a 30-mCi standard dose of radioiodine is not sufficient for a satisfactory thyroid ablation rate. Possible reasons for this failure may be the low 24-h radioiodine uptake, the low initial dose rate delivered to the residues, and the accelerated iodine clearance observed in EU patients. Possible alternatives for obtaining a satisfactory rate of thyroid ablation with rhTSH may consist of increasing the dose of radioiodine or using different protocols of rhTSH administration producing more prolonged thyroid cells stimulation.
Relationship of Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 and -2 Genotypes to Phenotypic Features of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Authors: Ehrmann David A. , Tang Xu , Yoshiuchi Issei , Cox Nancy J. , Bell Graeme I. 
Published: September 2002

Insulin resistance is a key component in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and type 2 diabetes. Polymorphisms in the genes encoding the insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins, IRS-1 (Gly972Arg) and IRS-2 (Gly1057Asp), influence susceptibility to type 2 diabetes. This study was undertaken to assess the influence of these polymorphisms on insulin resistance, glucose tolerance, and androgen levels in nondiabetic PCOS women.
We studied 227 PCOS subjects including 126 and 48 nondiabetic white and African-American subjects, respectively. The IRS-1 Gly972Arg allele frequencies were identical in whites and African-Americans [0.95 (Gly) and 0.05 (Arg)]. The IRS-2 Gly1057Asp allele frequencies were 0.85 (Gly) and 0.15 (Asp) in African-Americans and 0.59 (Gly) and 0.41 (Asp) in whites. There was no association of IRS-1 genotype with any clinical or hormonal measure in nondiabetic white or African-American PCOS subjects. However, nondiabetic subjects with the IRS-2 Gly/Gly genotype had significantly higher 2-h oral glucose tolerance test glucose levels compared with those with Gly/Asp and Asp/Asp genotypes in whites or Gly/Asp genotype in African-Americans (there were no Asp/Asp subjects in our modest size African-American sample). These results suggest that the IRS-2 Gly1057Asp polymorphism influences blood glucose levels in nondiabetic white and African-American women with PCOS. Thus, individuals with the common IRS-2 Gly/Gly genotype may be at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
Self‐perception of cognitive changes during pregnancy and the early postpartum: salience and attentional effects
Authors: Crawley Ros 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe reports from 198 pregnant women of changes experienced during pregnancy suggested that cognitive changes are not salient since only 2% of women spontaneously mentioned such changes. When asked specifically about cognitive changes, the majority reported no change although most who reported a change indicated it was for the worse. In this respect they differed from a group of 132 students who had recently left home. In a second study, 13 women were asked to rate a range of cognitive functions during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Their ratings for certain aspects of cognition were lower than those of a group of non‐pregnant women. They also reported more cognitive failures and readily provided examples of perceived impairments in cognition. It would appear that cognitive deficits are of low salience to pregnant women but, if prompted, impairments in memory, concentration, clarity of thought and attention will be reported by women both during pregnancy and the first‐year postpartum. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of verbalization on face recognition in young and older adults
Authors: Memon Amina , Bartlett James 
Published: September 2002

AbstractTo explore the forensic implications of ‘verbal overshadowing’ in young and older eyewitnesses, we examined the effects of providing a verbal face description on subsequent performance in a lineup task. Young (18–30 years) and older (60–80 years) adults viewed a videotaped crime and performed some unrelated cognitive tasks. Participants in the experimental condition were then asked to supply a description of the target person in the event or to perform a control task. Upon completing the description/control task participants attempted to identify the target person from a target present photo‐lineup presented in a sequential or simultaneous mode. Older participants made more false choices and sequential testing reduced correct choices. There was a weak trend consistent with verbal overshadowing that was unrelated to age as well as measures of verbal and face‐matching expertise. Although overshadowing reduced performance only slightly, it appeared to affect the self‐reported use of a feature‐matching strategy linked to accurate decisions by young adults and inaccurate decisions by senior adults. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Visuospatial memory and phonological loop in learning from multimedia
Authors: Gyselinck Valérie , Cornoldi Cesare , Dubois Véronique , De Beni Rossana , Ehrlich Marie‐France 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe dual‐task paradigm was used to show how visuospatial working memory and the phonological loop are involved in processing scientific texts and illustrations presented via computer. In experiment 1, two presentation formats were compared: text‐only and text‐with‐illustrations. With a concurrent tapping task, the beneficial effect of illustrations disappeared, while a concurrent articulatory task impaired performance similarly in both presentation formats. An analysis of individual differences revealed that this pattern of results was present in high, but not low spatial span subjects. These results support the selective involvement of visuospatial working memory in processing illustrated texts. In Experiment 2, the text‐only presentation format was compared to an illustrations‐only format. The concurrent articulatory task selectively impaired text‐only processing, compared with processing illustrations‐only. In addition, this pattern of results was found for high, but not low digit span subjects. These results suggest that individual differences define the extent to which the two subsystems of working memory are involved in learning from multimedia. These two subsystems would be mainly involved in the maintenance of a visual trace of illustrations and of a verbatim representation of linguistic information respectively, these representations being the basis for higher‐level comprehension processes. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Irrelevant speech and indoor lighting: effects on cognitive performance and self‐reported affect
Authors: Knez Igor , Hygge Staffan 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis study examined the disruption of cognitive performance by ecologically valid, office and school like settings with warm‐ or cool‐white lighting and silence or meaningful, irrelevant, conversational speech, and whether any such susceptibility was attributable to the changes in affective states. The study aims to address the lack of data on combined impact of noise and light on humans in previous research and to complement findings of irrelevant sound effect in list memory studies. No interactions between noise and light were shown, but there were main effects of noise and light on long‐term memory recall and of noise on self‐reported affect. Cool‐white compared to warm‐white lighting impaired the long‐term memory recall of a novel text. Learning from this text was, in addition, disrupted by meaningful, irrelevant, conversational speech: an impact that was not mediated by affect. The obtained noise effect suggests that the meaning in irrelevant sound was processed, to some extent, semantically by the subjects, which disrupted their performance in a cognitive task that also involved processing of meaning. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Energetic consequences of being a Homo erectus female
Authors: Aiello Leslie C. , Key Cathy 
Published: September 2002

AbstractBody size is one of the most important characteristics of any animal because it affects a range of behavioral, ecological, and physiological traits including energy requirements, choice of food, reproductive strategies, predation risk, range size, and locomotor style. This article focuses on the implications of being large bodied for Homo erectus females, estimated to have been over 50% heavier than average australopithecine females. The energy requirements of these hominins are modeled using data on activity patterns, body mass, and life history from living primates. Particular attention is given to the inferred energetic costs of reproduction for Homo erectus females based on chimpanzee and human reproductive scheduling. Daily energy requirements during gestation and lactation would have been significantly higher for Homo erectus females, as would total energetic cost per offspring if the australopithecines and Homo erectus had similar reproductive schedules (gestation and lactation lengths and interbirth intervals). Shortening the interbirth interval could considerably reduce the costs per offspring to Homo erectus and have the added advantage of increasing reproductive output. The mother would, however, incur additional daily costs of caring for the dependent offspring. If Homo erectus females adopted this reproductive strategy, it would necessarily imply a revolution in the way in which females obtained and utilized energy to support their increased energetic requirements. This transformation is likely to have occurred on several levels involving cooperative economic division of labor, locomotor energetics, menopause, organ size, and other physiological mechanisms for reducing the energetic load on females. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 14:551–565, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative and evolutionary dimensions of the energetics of human pregnancy and lactation
Authors: Dufour D.L. , Sauther M.L. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to compare the energetics of reproduction for human and other primates in order to evaluate the extent to which human reproductive energetics are distinct from other primates and other large‐bodied placental mammals. The article also evaluates the energetics of human and primate gestation and lactation using data from a variety of different populations living under different environmental circumstances. Energetics refers to energy intake and expenditure, and changes in body fat stores. Human and nonhuman primates have longer periods of gestation and lactation and slower prenatal and postnatal growth than other mammals of similar size. This reduces daily maternal energy costs. The development of sizable fat stores is not unique to humans, but fat stores are typically greater in human females and may play a greater role in reproduction. The strategies used to meet the energy costs of pregnancy vary among populations of humans and nonhuman primates and among humans interindividual variability is high. In pregnancy, some increase energy intake but others apparently do not. Increases in metabolic efficiency are evident in some human populations, whereas decreases in physical activity occur, but are not seen in all human or primate populations. Lactation is more energetically costly on a daily basis among humans and nonhuman primates, but has not been as well studied. It appears that both nonhuman and human primates tend to increase energy intake to meet in part the cost of lactation. They also use other strategies such as relying on body tissue stores, reductions in physical activity, and/or increases in metabolic efficiency to meet the remainder of the cost. It is also clear that human females in different populations and different women in the same population use a different combination of strategies to meet the cost of lactation. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 14:584–602, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Climatic influences on basal metabolic rates among circumpolar populations
Authors: Leonard William R. , Sorensen Mark V. , Galloway Victoria A. , Spencer Gary J. , Mosher M.J. , Osipova Ludmilla , Spitsyn Victor A. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis article examines evidence for elevations in basal metabolic rate (BMR) among indigenous Northern (circumpolar) populations and considers potential mechanisms and the adaptive basis for such elevations. Data on BMR among indigenous (n = 109 males; 122 females) and nonindigenous (n = 15 males; 22 females) circumpolar groups of North America and Siberia are compiled and compared to predicted BMRs based on three different references: body surface area (Consolazio et al., 1963), body mass (Schofield, 1985), and fat‐free mass (Poehlman and Toth, 1995). Regardless of which reference is used, indigenous circumpolar groups show systematic and statistically significant elevations in BMR ranging from +7% to +19% above predicted values for indigenous men and from +3 to +17% for indigenous women. Nonindigenous males also show elevations in BMR, although not to the same extent as in indigenous men (deviations = +3 to +14%), whereas nonindigenous females show no clear evidence of elevated BMRs (deviations = −7 to +5%). This pattern of variation between indigenous and nonindigenous groups suggests that both functional and genetic factors play a role in metabolic adaptation to northern climes. Recent studies on the ecology and genetics of thyroid function offer insights into the mechanisms through which indigenous circumpolar populations may regulate metabolic rates. Studies of seasonal variation in thyroid hormone levels suggest that indigenous circumpolar populations may have a greater capacity to elevate BMR during severe cold than nonindigenous groups. Recent twin studies indicate a significant genetic component of thyroid responses to environmental stressors. Further research exploring the genetics of seasonal variation in thyroid function and BMR among circumpolar groups would advance understanding of the role that selection may have played in shaping metabolic variation. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 14:609–620, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Somatic versus reproductive energy allocation in Papua New Guinea: Life history theory and public health policy
Authors: Tracer David P. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA fundamental evolutionary problem faced by organisms is how to allocate energy to somatic and reproductive functions in ways that optimize fitness. Given that energy is limited in all environments, energy allocation necessarily involves physiological tradeoffs between such factors as growth and reproduction, reproduction and condition, and current reproduction and future survival. Ultimately, the “decisions” that are made about energy allocation among growth, survival, and reproduction determine life history patterns and trajectories of organisms. For humans, knowing how energy allocation to reproduction will likely impact other aspects of the somatic well‐being of individuals may also have practical implications for public health policy. This article reviews the evidence for energy tradeoffs between somatic and reproductive functioning in a range of human societies. It also seeks to corroborate the results of earlier work in Papua New Guinea on lactation‐related maternal energy depletion using an independent measure of maternal energy reserves, tetrapolar bioelectrical impedance analysis. The current analysis shows that maternal energy reserves decline over the course of lactation and that a cumulative parity‐specific decline in maternal energy reserves also exists. A longitudinal follow‐up of five women over 11 years shows the decline to amount to about 3 mm of subcutaneous fat per round of pregnancy and lactation. The results corroborate predictions from life history theory and have applied public health implications. In particular, It is suggested that policies such as lactation advocacy that encourage enhanced energy allocation to reproduction in order to promote child health may have the unintended result of compromising maternal well‐being, particularly in nations of the developing world. Consequently, it is recommended that nutritional support of mothers be implemented in concert with lactation promotion. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 14:621–626, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sexual division of labor: Energetic and evolutionary scenarios
Authors: Panter‐Brick Catherine 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis article examines comparative energetic data on hunter–gatherers in the context of evolutionary scenarios of the sexual division of labor, with respect to both specific task allocation and overall levels of daily physical activity. The division of labor between men and women, well marked in contemporary foraging societies, was once posited as the “true watershed” for the evolution of the genus Homo. Some research on brain‐wiring even links sex differences in cognitive and spatial abilities to sex‐specific foraging activities. Most recent evolutionary arguments posit that men focus on hunting and women on gathering activities to realize potentially conflicting mating and parenting goals. A range of cooperative strategies (male/female and female/female) for child provisioning is also under investigation. Attention to energetic and reproductive trade‐offs has usefully challenged the proposition that women are excluded from big‐game hunting due to constraints of foraging ecology and reproduction. Simplistic assumptions about gender roles are thus increasingly questioned in anthropology, as well as in archaeology. Current models in behavioral ecology explore ways in which foraging practices vary with ecological circumstances, aiming to derive testable hypotheses from fine‐grained data on the behavior of contemporary hunter–gatherers. Data on overall physical activity levels (PAL) can also serve to evaluate relative male/female workloads in modern groups, reconstruct hominid energy requirements and activity profiles, and examine changes with subsistence intensification. Male/female PAL ratios show that a task‐specific division of labor does not readily extrapolate to 24‐hour energy expenditure and that male/female differences in workloads were not necessarily reduced with the transition to agriculture. With respect to gender roles and PAL, a shift away from facile stereotypes of human behavior is evident. The challenge is to incorporate a range of behavioral responses to ecological circumstances in reconstructions of our evolutionary past. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 14:627–640, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Factor analysis of ethnic variation in the multiple metabolic (insulin resistance) syndrome in three Canadian populations
Authors: Kue Young T. , Chateau Daniel , Zhang Min 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis study describes and compares the pattern of risk factor clustering in multiple metabolic (insulin resistance) syndrome (MMS) in three Canadian ethnic groups (Indians, Inuit, non‐Aboriginal Canadians). Three cross‐sectional, population‐based sample surveys in three contiguous regions of Canada were conducted during the late 1980s and early 1990s (Ontario, Manitoba, Northwest Territories). The combined dataset consists of 873 Cree‐Ojibwa Indians from northern Ontario and Manitoba, 387 Inuit from the Northwest Territories, and 2,670 non‐Aboriginal Canadians (predominantly of European origin) in the province of Manitoba. The samples are representative of the noninstitutionalized, adult population of their respective catchment areas. Factor analysis transformed 10 anthropometric and metabolic variables into three uncorrelated factors. Three factors, which together account for 64.3% of the variance, can be identified: an “obesity factor” (factor loadings for weight, height, waist and hip girth, and HDL‐cholesterol); a “blood pressure factor” (factor loadings for mean systolic and diastolic BP and total cholesterol); and a “lipid/glucose factor” (factor loadings for triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL, and fasting plasma glucose). Fasting insulin is available for only a subset of the data and separate analysis shows that it groups with glucose. Factor scores generated by the factor analysis differ according to ethnic group, diabetes status, and sex on multivariate analysis of variance. Indians have the highest scores for all three factors. Inuit have the lowest obesity scores and are not significantly different from non‐Aboriginal people with regard to the other two factors. MMS is prevalent in diverse ethnic groups but varies in the pattern of phenotypic expression, with some components more prominent in some groups. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 14:649–658, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.