bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Einfluss der verzögerten Transportdauer bei Raumtemperatur auf die Rate der falsch negativen Blutkulturen im BACTEC™ 9000 Gerät. Impact of delayed entry at room temperature on the rate of false negative blood cultures with the BACTEC™ 9000 instrument
Authors: Fahr Anne-Marie , Eigner Ulrich , Shah Pramod M. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
One hospital-based laboratory and one laboratory serving a number of hospitals prospectively studied 3.907 blood culture bottles of the BACTEC™ 9000 System (BD Diagnostics, Heidelberg, Germany) (1.888 aerobic bottles, 1.880 anaerobic bottles and 139 pediatric bottles). Information on media type, blood volume, time of inoculation, entry into the system, anti-microbial treatment, time to detection, identification to the species level and positive rate compared to terminal subculture were recorded and analysed.
Twenty-seven bottles were classified as false negative, seven of these had a positive cohort bottle (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterococcus faecalis, Candida albicans, Burkholderia cepacia and two strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa), four out of these seven were not expected to grow in anaerobic media, five patients were under antibiotic treatment and one bottle had a transport time >48 h and is also mentioned in this group. Fifteen of the false negative bottles had a transport time of >48 h. Eleven patients underwent antibiotic therapy, six out of 27 false negative bottles had a transport time <48 h, two patients had antibiotic therapy. Out of these six isolates, one C. glabrata did not grow in the anaerobic bottle.
The rate of clinically relevant false negative blood cultures (pathogen not detected in cohort bottle) in bottles that were entered into BACTEC 9000 within 48 h after inoculation is 0,15%. All efforts need to be directed towards expediting the transportation of material to the microbiology laboratory.
Which Patients with Stage III Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Should Undergo Surgical Resection?
Authors: Patel Vivek , Shrager Joseph B. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The treatment of patients with stage III NSCLC remains controversial. Stage III NSCLC comprises a fairly heterogeneous group of tumors, and furthermore only sparse data from randomized clinical trials exist to guide therapy decisions. This review article proposes a management algorithm for patients with stage III NSCLC that is based upon the currently available data on surgical therapy, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. By necessity, given the paucity of strong data, a good deal of opinion is offered. The choice to proceed with aggressive, combined modality treatment is presented in light of extent of local disease as well as patient performance status.
HER1/EGFR Inhibitor-Associated Rash: Future Directions for Management and Investigation Outcomes from the HER1/EGFR Inhibitor Rash Management Forum
Authors: Pérez-Soler Román , Delord Jean Pierre , Halpern Allan , Kelly Karen , Krueger James , Sureda Bartomeu Massutí , von Pawel Joachim , Temel Jennifer , Siena Salvatore , Soulières Denis , Saltz Leonard , Leyden James 
Published: April 2005

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Describe the clinical and pathological characteristics of the cutaneous rash secondary to anti-EGFR therapy.Explain the prognostic implications of the cutaneous rash secondary to anti-EGFR therapy.Discuss the treatment of the cutaneous rash secondary to anti-EGFR therapy.
Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 hour of AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
Skin rash associated with HER1/epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors is common. The lack of clinical and patient guidance for this often chronic and sometimes distressing side effect makes rash management and etiology investigation high priorities. To address this, oncologists and dermatologists with experience with HER1/EGFR inhibitors attended the HER1/EGFR Inhibitor Rash Management Forum. Recommendations include continued analysis of the correlation between rash and clinical outcome and improving the accuracy and reproducibility of terminology and grading systems. Because acne vulgaris has a unique pathology, and the pathology and etiology of rash are unclear yet distinct from acne vulgaris, using such terms as acne, acne-like, or acneiform should be avoided. Until there is a specific dermatological definition, rash is best described using phenotypic terms for its appearance and location. It is currently unknown which agents are best for treating rash. Clinical trials of rash treatments are urgently required, and suggestions for agents to consider are made based on current knowledge. The effect of dose reduction or interruption on rash should also be investigated. Secondarily infected rash may be more frequent than has been previously recognized, and some investigators favor empiric use of an oral antibiotic if this appears to be the case. Suggestions for patients include makeup to camouflage the rash and an emollient to prevent and alleviate skin dryness. The increasing use of HER1/EGFR-targeted agents makes managing rash important. We hope the outcomes from this Forum provide background for future studies.
Effect of Patient Exclusion Criteria on the Efficacy of Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents in Patients with Cancer-Related Anemia
Authors: Littlewood Timothy J. , Schenkel Brad , Liss Martin 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Comparison of the efficacies of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) between different clinical trials is becoming increasingly common, although differences in study design and populations evaluated can have a considerable effect on results. A comparison of two seemingly similar trials of ESAs, one of epoetin alfa and the other of epoetin beta, showed that only 27% of the 115 patients with hematologic malignancies who received epoetin alfa in the epoetin alfa trial met the inclusion criteria for the epoetin beta trial. The mean hemoglobin increase from baseline to week 16 of epoetin alfa therapy in the patients who met these inclusion criteria was 3.3 g/dl. This is substantially higher than the mean hemoglobin increase of 2.2 g/dl from baseline to week 16 of epoetin alfa therapy in the patients who did not meet the epoetin beta study inclusion criteria. These results demonstrate the considerable effects that exclusion criteria can have on trial results and highlight the value of scrutinizing the study design details of clinical trials before comparing outcome data between trials.
Long-term variability of zooplankton populations in aquatic mesocosms
Authors: Knauer Katja , Maise Susanne , Thoma Gaby , Hommen Udo , Gonzalez-Valero Juan 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The natural variability on a spatial and temporal scale was examined in the zooplankton community of mesocosms from Syngenta Crop Protection AG (Stein, Switzerland), with the focus on improving the experimental design and evaluation of mesocosm studies. Analysis was performed using zooplankton data collected during a three-year period in 3 (1996 and 1998) to 12 (1997) ponds. Interreplicate variability was measured as the variance among the 3 to 12 replicates at each sampling date. Temporal variation was examined as seasonal variability by comparing different sampling dates within a year and as year-to-year variation by comparing pooled data year by year. Univariate and multivariate methods were used for the evaluation of population and community data, respectively. Results from the present study indicate that because of the low interreplicate variability, only data from high-abundance species could be evaluated with a precision able to detect effects less than 20%. For the majority of the zooplankton populations, abundances were lower than 10 organisms/L, with frequent zero counts resulting in a weak evaluation of the data with a precision able to detect effects of greater than 20 and 110%. Ordination analysis of the community data from the three years revealed that approximately 29% of the total variance could be explained by year-to-year differences, whereas 11% could be attributed to seasonal variability within a year. The residual variance can be attributed to interreplicate variability and sampling error. These results were in line with findings for individual populations. The present analysis demonstrated that the inherent variability of a system should be investigated for a proper design and evaluation of mesocosm studies and promotes the use of multivariate tools for a more comprehensive interpretation of mesocosm data.
Biotic ligand model prediction of copper toxicity to daphnids in a range of natural waters in Chile
Authors: Villavicencio German , Urrestarazu Paola , Carvajal Claudia , De Schamphelaere Karel A. C. , Janssen Colin R. , Torres Juan C. , Rodriguez Patricio H. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the predictive capacity of the biotic ligand model (BLM) for acute copper toxicity to daphnids as applied to a number of freshwaters from Chile and to synthetic laboratory-prepared waters. Thirty-seven freshwater bodies were sampled, chemically characterized, and used to determine the copper concentration associated with the 50% of mortality (LC50) for Daphnia magna, Daphnia pulex, and Daphnia obtusa (native to Chile). The data were then used to run three versions of the acute copper BLM, and the predicted LC50s were compared to the observed ones. The same was done with synthetic assay media at various hardness and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) levels. The BLM versions differed in the affinity constants for some biotic ligand-ion pairs, stability constants for inorganic Cu complexes, and assumptions regarding Cu binding to DOC. All three versions showed a high degree of predictive performance, mostly within a twofold range of observed toxicity values. The D. obtusa data set was used to compare water quality criteria (WQC) derived from the observed toxicity values with those derived from either the BLM or the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) procedure. For most low DOC waters, the three procedures generated similar WQCs. For the high-DOC waters, the EPA-derived criteria were significantly lower, that is, greatly overprotective. The results are also discussed in terms of the validation of the BLM for regulatory use.
An environmentally relevant concentration of estrogen induces arrest of male gonad development in zebrafish, Danio rerio
Authors: Fenske Martina , Maack Gerd , Schäfers Christoph , Segner Helmut 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The aim of the present study was to elucidate how full life-cycle exposure to estrogens impacts zebrafish development and reproduction, compared to partial life-cycle exposure only, and whether the estrogen-induced effects in zebrafish are reversible or irreversible. Zebrafish were exposed in a flow-through system to an environmentally relevant concentration (3 ng/L) of the synthetic estrogen 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) either from fertilization until the all-ovary stage of gonad development (i.e., 42 d postfertilization [DPF] in our experiment) or from fertilization until the reproductive stage (i.e., 118 DPF). Reversibility of the estrogen-induced effects was assessed after 58 d of depuration in EE2-free water until 176 DPF. Early life exposure led to a lasting induction of plasma vitellogenin (VTG) in adult females but altered neither the sex ratio nor the reproductive capabilities. Full life-cycle exposure resulted in elevated VTG concentrations and caused gonadal feminization in 100% of exposed fish and thus inhibited reproduction. Two types of ovaries were observed in continuously exposed adult fish, immature ovaries with primary growth stage oocytes only and mature ovaries containing the full range of all oocyte maturation stages. Fish with immature ovaries had plasma VTG levels like control males, while fish with mature ovaries had female-like VTG levels. The effects of full life cycle exposure were at least partly reversible, and 26% of fish of the previous all-female cohort developed fully differentiated testes. These findings suggest that continuous estrogen exposure had arrested the developmental transition of the gonads of genetic males from the early all-ovary stage to functional testes. After the exposure had ceased, however, these males apparently were able to accomplish testicular differentiation.
Individual and combined toxicity of nitriles and aldehydes to Raphidocelis subcapitata
Authors: Chen Chung-Yuan , Chen Shih-Lan , Christensen Erik R. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
A closed-system algal toxicity test with no headspace was applied to evaluate the toxicity of 11 aldehydes and two nitriles to Raphidocelis subcapitata. Algal growth rate and dissolved oxygen (DO) production were used as the test endpoints. Compared to literature data, our test results based on the endpoint of DO production is 2.5 to 257 times more sensitive than the conventional algal batch tests. In addition, our analyses show that different relative toxicity relationships may be observed when different test methods or different endpoints are applied. The test alga was found to be quite sensitive to aldehydes, and a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) relationship was established based on the n-octanol/water partition coefficient (log Kow). This study also evaluated the combined effects of aldehydes and nitriles. Four synergistic joint actions related to malononitrile were identified. On the other hand, most of the combined effects between aldehydes and acetonitrile were antagonistic. In general, we find that greater-than-additive effects mainly are associated with toxicants displaying flat dose-response curves, and less-than-additive effects may be related to certain steep-slope chemicals. Model analyses show that the above mixture toxicity behavior may be due to response addition or response multiplication joint action modes.
Analysis of estrogens in sediment from a sewage-impacted urban estuary using high-performance liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Reddy Sharanya , Brownawell Bruce J. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
We describe a highly selective and sensitive method for determination of estrone (E1) and β-estradiol (E2) in sediments, using high-performance liquid chromatography/time-of-flight (HPLC-ToF) mass spectrometry. The method involved sequential cleanup of sediment extracts over solid phase extraction cartridges, normal phase HPLC, and immunoaffinity extraction, which combine to remove coeluting matrix interferences. Resulting method detection limits (0.03 and 0.04 ng/g for E1 and E2, respectively) are sufficient to determine E1 and E2 in estuarine sediments collected from sewage-impacted Jamaica Bay (New York, NY, USA). The ToF analyzer has a higher resolution (&gt;6,000) than quadrupole mass analyzers and can provide accurate mass estimation to within 2 mDa, which helped in distinguishing steroids from isobaric matrix interferences. The E1 and E2 were internally mass calibrated with respect to their coeluting surrogate standards, and the mass measurement error was between 1.1 and 1.4 mDa. The levels of E1 and E2 ranged between 0.07 to 2.52 and 0.05 to 0.53 ng/g, respectively. The measured concentrations of steroids in sediments correlated closely with other wastewater tracers. Despite the low concentrations of sediment-associated estrogens, their predicted estrogenic potency exceeds that of other measured estrogenic contaminants.
Population-level effects of male-biased broods in eelpout (Zoarces viviparus)
Authors: Hanson Niklas , Åberg Per , Sundelöf Andreas 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Effects of environmental pollutants are most obvious when mortality is increased. However, there are other nonlethal factors that may affect population size significantly. Endocrine disruption as a mechanism of action for pollutants recently has received much attention. Observations of effects likely caused by endocrine disruptors in pulp mill effluents have been made on several fish species, e.g., male-biased broods in eelpout (Zoarces viviparus). Fewer females represent a lower fecundity and could have dramatic effects on the population. In this study, a population viability analysis of the effects of skewed primary sex ratios in the eelpout was conducted using a female-based matrix population model. The model is age-structured with one deterministic version and another that incorporates environmental stochasticity. The model showed that the deterministic and stochastic growth rates in an undisturbed population (50% female fry) were 1.172 and 1.075, respectively, compared to 1.097 and 1.007 using the lowest proportion of female fry observed (38.7%). When primary sex ratios were more male-biased, the probability of pseudoextinction increased. Model simulations showed that the probability of a decreased population size to 5% of the initial within a 100-year time horizon was 44.7% with 38.7% female fry compared to only 7.7% for an undisturbed population.
Influences of maternal exposure on the tolerance and physiological performance of Daphnia magna under mercury stress
Authors: Tsui Martin T.K. , Wang Wen-Xiong 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
We examined the tolerance development to mercury (Hg) by a population of freshwater zooplankton (Daphnia magna) with different pre-exposure histories to Hg. The growth and reproductive performance of the F1 offspring as affected by the maternal (F0) and offspring (F1) exposures was quantified. The Fo daphnids exposed to 2.5 and 25 nM of Hg for 4 d and followed by 4 d of depuration had elevated levels of Hg and metallothionein-like proteins (MTLPs), as well as higher tolerance to Hg toxicity than the control daphnids. The higher Hg tolerance may be attributed to the higher proportion of Hg partitioned to the MTLPs. Moreover, significant enhancement of Hg tolerance also was found in the F1 offspring originating from the F0 mothers exposed to 25 nM of Hg, but there was no significant induction of MTLPs in these F1 offspring when compared to the offspring from the control mothers. The Hg tissue concentrations in the F1 neonates were approximately 25% of those in the F0 adults. However, there was similar Hg tolerance in the F2 offspring originating from both the control and Hg-exposed F0 mothers, indicating that the Hg tolerance in the daphnids disappeared two generations after Hg contamination. Further exposure of the F1 offspring to different Hg concentrations (1.5 and 15 nM for 28 d) indicated that maternal exposure history did not affect their growth and reproductive performance, which solely were influenced by the offspring exposure. Unexpectedly, the F1 offspring exposed to Hg had significantly higher final wet weights and reproductive rates than the control groups, suggesting the possibility of Hg hormesis. Furthermore, the maternal exposure had no effect on the Hg accumulation and the MTLP concentrations in the F1 offspring. Therefore, we concluded that the Hg tolerance might disappear quickly once the Hg contamination was removed and the maternal exposure history was not important in determining the physiological performance and Hg accumulation of the subsequent generations.
Association between lymphocyte proliferation and polychlorinated biphenyls in free-ranging harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) pups from British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Levin Milton , De Guise Sylvain , Ross Peter S. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Recent pinniped die-offs have led to the speculation that persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are immunomodulatory, making individuals more susceptible to viral infections. Eighteen healthy harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) pups (aged 3–4 weeks) were live-captured from southern British Columbia, Canada, and maintained temporarily in captivity for an immunotoxicological assessment. The relationships between mitogen-induced peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation and blubber concentrations of three major immunotoxic POP classes (the polychlorinated biphenyls [PCBs], polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins [PCDDs], and the polychlorinated dibenzofurans [PCDFs]) were evaluated. A significant body weight-independent positive correlation was observed between both T-cell mitogen (phytohemagglutinin [PHA])- and B-cell mitogen (lipopolysaccharide [LPS])-induced lymphocyte proliferation and the blubber concentrations of total PCB. Best subset regression analysis revealed that total PCBs, and not total PCDD or total PCDF, explained 24 and 29% of the changes in both T-cell mitogen-and B-cell mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation, respectively. Further regression analysis performed on the PCB classes measured in this study showed that di-ortho PCBs accounted for 25 and 30% of the changes in both T-cell and B-cell lymphocyte proliferation, respectively. Results suggest that POPs, and PCBs in particular, are associated with changes in lymphocyte proliferation, something that could result in increased susceptibility to infections in harbor seal pups. Further research is needed to evaluate the relative roles of natural and contaminant-related influences on the immune system of marine mammals.
Influence of sediment quality on the responses of benthic invertebrates after treatment with the fungicide triphenyltin acetate
Authors: De Haas Elske M. , Roessink Ivo , Verbree Bets , Koelmans Albert A. , Kraak Michiel H.S. , Admiraal Wim 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
After decades of pollution, benthic communities in floodplain lake ecosystems are likely to be exposed to a diverse assortment of sediment-bound historical toxicants and nutrients as well as pulses of newly discharged or deposited toxicants. The aim of this study was therefore to analyze the effects of background sediment pollution on the responses of benthic invertebrates to an experimental toxic shock in a laboratory setting. Sediment from a relatively clean and a historically polluted floodplain lake located along the River Waal, a branch of the River Rhine, The Netherlands, was selected, and the fungicide triphenyltin acetate (TPT) was used as the acute stressor. Juvenile stages of the mayfly Ephoron virgo and the midge Chironomus riparius were chosen as test organisms because of their different response to sediment-bound toxicants and food quantity and quality. Our results demonstrated that the type of sediment had no effect on survival and growth of C. riparius when exposed to sediment-associated TPT and that E. virgo was more affected by sediment-associated TPT on clean sediment than on polluted sediment. For the mayfly, no cumulative response of the historical pollution and the recent toxic shock was observed. This observation is discussed in view of the variable content of organic matter, acting both as food and as sorbent, and leads to the hypothesis that a very strong sequestering of TPT in historically polluted sediment prevents expression of toxic effects.
Influence of duration of exposure to the pyrethroid fenvalerate on sublethal responses and recovery of Daphnia magna straus
Authors: Reynaldi Sebastián , Liess Matthias 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This study compares lethal and sublethal responses of Daphnia magna Straus exposed to fenvalerate continuously (21 d) and as a pulse (24 h). Survival was reduced more severely in the continuous- than in the pulse-exposure regime. Complete mortality occurred at 1 μg/L for continuous exposure and at 3.2 μg/L for pulse exposure. Regarding reproductive endpoints, fenvalerate delayed the age at first reproduction. At the beginning of the reproductive phase (day 10), this delay resulted in a reduction of the neonates per living female at similar concentrations in both exposure regimes (0.3 and 0.1 μg/L for continuous and pulse exposure, respectively). The population growth rate was inhibited in continuous and pulse exposure at 0.3 and 0.6 μg/L, respectively. However, the effects of fenvalerate in the pulse exposure were transient. After 21 d, a recovery to values close to the controls occurred with respect to the total neonates per female and the population growth rate over a broad range of concentrations from 0.1 up to 1 μg/L. In contrast, no substantial recovery occurred in the continuous-exposure regime.