bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Passionate Hobby: Rudolf Frederick Haffenreffer and the King Philip Museum/The Smithsonian and the American Indian: Making a Moral Anthropology in Victorian America,
Authors: Jackins Ira 
Published: December 2004

Passionate Hobby: Rudolf Frederick Haffenreffer and the King Philip Museum. Edited by Shepard Krech III in. Studies in Anthropology and Material Culture, Vol. VI. Providence, Rl: Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology, Brown University, 1994. 191 pp., b/w and color illus., appendix, notes. $25.00 (paper).The Smithsonian and the American Indian: Making. Moral Anthropology in Victorian America, Curtis M. Hinsley. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1981. 319 pp., b/w illus., notes, bibliography, index. $17.95 (paper).
Update on the Role of Topotecan in the Treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Stewart David J. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to:
Explain the toxicity challenges that limit the use of standard platinum-based therapies in patients with NSCLC. Discuss the role of topotecan as monotherapy and in combination with other agents in the first-line and second-line treatment of patients with NSCLC and its favorable toxicity profile relative to platinum. Describe the importance of understanding resistance mechanisms to optimize the efficacy of antitumor therapies such as topotecan.
Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 hour of AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is an aggressive disease that is generally resistant to chemotherapy. As a result, the prognosis for patients with NSCLC is poor. Currently, platinum-based regimens are the standard of care for patients with advanced NSCLC. However, these regimens are associated with severe and often cumulative hematologic and nonhematologic toxicities, limiting dose intensity. Therefore, novel chemotherapeutic agents and combination regimens may improve the outcome for these patients. A variety of new agents and combinations have been investigated in the treatment of NSCLC. However, to date, no clearly superior single-agent or combination regimen has emerged. Topotecan (Hycamtin®; GlaxoSmithKline; Philadelphia, PA), a topoisomerase I inhibitor, is currently approved for the treatment of patients with relapsed small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and is associated with manageable, noncumulative, hematologic toxicities. In addition, topotecan demonstrates a favorable nonhematologic tolerability profile compared with agents currently used in the treatment of patients with NSCLC. The success of topotecan in patients with SCLC has made it an attractive option in the NSCLC setting. Topotecan-based combination regimens in the first-line treatment of NSCLC have demonstrated promising antitumor activities with favorable toxicity profiles. Many topotecan combination regimens have induced stable disease, a response that may offer meaningful clinical benefit in the palliative treatment of patients with advanced disease. Topotecan plus gemcitabine (Gemzar®; Eli Lilly and Company; Indianapolis, IN) and single-agent topotecan may be particularly appropriate for patients in the second-line setting, in which palliation of symptoms is an important outcome of chemotherapy. Herein, the future role of topotecan in the first- and second-line treatment of NSCLC and the potential role of resistance mechanisms obtained from in vivo dose-response studies in designing future combination regimens are discussed.
Mercury concentrations in king penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus) feathers at Crozet Islands (sub-Antarctic): Temporal trend between 1966–1974 and 2000–2001
Authors: Scheifler Renaud , Gauthier-Clerc Michel , Bohec Céline Le , Crini Nadia , Cœurdassier Michaël , Badot Pierre-Marie , Giraudoux Patrick , Maho Yvon Le 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Remote sub-Antarctic is lands and their wildlife may be contaminated by mercury via atmospheric and oceanic currents. Because of mercury's high toxicity and its capacity to be biomagnified in marine food chains, top predators like seabirds may be threatened by secondary poisoning. The present study provides data regarding mercury concentrations in breast feathers sampled in 2000 and 2001 on king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) living at Crozet Islands. These contemporary concentrations were compared to those measured in feathers of king penguins sampled in the same colony between 1966 and 1974 and preserved in a museum (1970s sample). The average concentration of the contemporary sample is 1.98 μg g−1 (dry mass) and is significantly different than the concentrations reported in some other penguin species. The concentration of the contemporary sample is significantly lower than the concentration of the 1970s sample (2.66 μg g−1). This suggests that mercury concentrations in southern hemisphere seabirds do not increase, which conflicts with the trends observed in the northern hemisphere. This difference in temporal trends between the northern and southern hemispheres usually is attributed mainly to a higher degree of pollutant emission in the northern hemisphere. Parameters that may explain the interspecies differences in mercury concentrations are discussed. These first results may constitute a basis for further ecotoxicological and/or biomonitoring studies of king penguins in these remote ecosystems.
A field-based microcosm method to assess the effects of polluted urban stream sediments on aquatic macroinvertebrates
Authors: Pettigrove Vincent , Hoffmann Ary 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
A method using field-based microcosms was developed to determine the effects of contaminated sediments on aquatic macroinvertebrates. Fine sediments from nonpolluted, moderately polluted, and severely polluted bodies of water were placed in microcosms positioned within the littoral zone of a nonpolluted wetland near Melbourne (Victoria, Australia). In three experiments, 47 taxa, including 18 Chironomidae, 6 taxa from other Diptera families, and 7 Hemiptera taxa, colonized the microcosms, mostly via eggs deposited by flying adults. The effects of sediment type on the presence and abundance of common taxa were considered statistically. Pollution levels in sediments (indexed either by a principal components analysis or by the concentration of zinc, the predominant metal) resulted in reduced occurrence and abundance of eight taxa but had no effect on another five taxa. These findings were validated with an extensive field database for the distribution of macroinvertebrates and associated concentrations of zinc in sediments from streams and wetlands in the Melbourne region. The occurrence of eight taxa and the abundance of two taxa varied at similar zinc concentrations in sediments from both the microcosms and the field. Patterns for another two species did not match the microcosm results, but these groups contained multiple species with potentially diverse responses. The present results suggest that contaminant levels in sediments probably have a direct effect on the occurrence and abundance of macroinvertebrates in bodies of water in urban areas. The microcosm method can be used to gather information regarding the effects of sediment quality on macroinvertebrates in lentic habitats, particularly for indigenous species that cannot be easily reared or tested in laboratory conditions. Because almost all macroinvertebrates in microcosms develop from eggs, the most sensitive life stages (i.e., first and second instars) are exposed to polluted sediments.
Assessment of whole effluent toxicity on aquatic snails: Bioaccumulation of Cr, Zn, and Fe, and individual effects in bioassays
Authors: Cœurdassier Michaël , de Vaufleury Annette , Crini Nadia , Scheifler Renaud , Badot Pierre-Marie 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
We used a freshwater gastropod, Lymnaea palustris, in chronic bioassays to assess the toxicity of an industrial effluent containing high levels of metals, particularly Cr, Zn, and Fe. Adult snails were exposed for four weeks to different concentrations of effluent sampled at three successive treatment steps (crude effluent, effluent after physicochemical treatment, and after biological treatment). Dose-dependent responses reflecting exposure (metal bioaccumulation) and effects on survival, fecundity, and malon-dialdehyde production (a proxy for oxidative stress) were investigated. We found that Cr and Zn were accumulated in snail tissues, whereas Fe was regulated. Body concentrations of Cr and Zn decreased along the effluent-treatment gradient, particularly after the physicochemical treatment. For controls versus treatments, no effect on malondialdehyde production was detected. Significant effects were noted for fecundity. The number of eggs per individual decreased for snails exposed to 20, 30, and 40% concentrations of physicochemically treated effluent and for snails exposed to an 80% concentration of the biologically treated effluent. A hormetic effect on the number of eggs per individual was observed for snails exposed to 10 and 20% concentrations of the effluent that had been biologically treated. Deleterious effects of the effluent on L. palustris fecundity were not correlated with high internal concentrations of metals in the snails, suggesting that toxicity resulted from other factors.
Reproductive impairment in zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata)
Authors: Hoogesteijn Almira L. , DeVoogd Timothy J. , Quimby Fred W. , De Caprio Tony , Kollias George V. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
The effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as compounds that may disrupt endocrine activity and, consequently, alter reproductive performance were investigated in altricial zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). The breeding performance and breeding cycle of zebra finches differed significantly between nonexposed birds and those experimentally pulse-exposed to Aroclor 1248, a PCB compound (40 μg/bird). Aroclor-exposed birds showed significantly increased numbers of clutches laid, nests constructed per pair, incubation time per pair, and percentage of hatchling mortality compared to controls. Not all reproductive parameters were affected. Those traditionally regarded as indicators of reproductive capacity (number of eggs laid per clutch, number of eggs laid per pair, hatchlings per clutch, and fledglings per clutch) did not differ statistically between exposed and control birds. Findings support the hypothesis that very low PCB doses may be associated with endocrine disruption. It is suggested that evaluation of reproductive parameters related to parental care is more adequate to assess endocrine disruption than is evaluation of reproductive success parameters. Given its short breeding cycle, altricial breeding behavior, and other advantages not possessed by precocial birds, we propose using the zebra finch for evaluations of chemicals with endocrine-disruptive activity.
Relationships between polychlorinated biphenyls and health status in harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) stranded in the United Kingdom
Authors: Jepson Paul D. , Bennett Peter M. , Deaville Robert , Allchin Colin R. , Baker John R. , Law Robin J. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
To investigate possible relationships between polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) exposure and infectious disease mortality in harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in United Kingdom waters, summed blubber concentrations of 25 chlorobiphenyl congeners (Σ25CB) in healthy harbor porpoises that died of acute physical trauma (mainly by-catch; n = 175) were compared with Σ25CB values in animals that died of infectious disease (n = 82). The infectious disease group had significantly greater Σ25CB values (mean, 27.6 mg/kg lipid) than the physical trauma group (mean, 13.6 mg/kg lipid;p &lt; 0.001). This association occurred independently of other potentially confounding variables, including age, sex, two indices of nutritional status, season, region, and year found. Total blubber PCB levels (as Aroclor 1254) were also calculated, enabling direct comparison with a proposed threshold for adverse health effects (including immunosuppression) in marine mammals of 17 mg/kg lipid. In porpoises with total PCB levels greater than 17 mg/kg lipid (n = 154), total PCB levels were significantly higher in the infectious disease group compared to the physical trauma group (p &lt; 0.001). This association was no longer significant in porpoises with total PCB levels of less than 17 mg/kg lipid (n = 103; p &gt; 0.55). These findings are consistent with a causal (immunotoxic) relationship between PCB exposure and infectious disease mortality, and they provide a framework for future quantitative risk-assessment analyses of porpoise populations of known size and PCB exposure.
Mobilization of pesticides on an agricultural landscape flooded by a torrential storm
Authors: Donald David B. , Hunter Fraser G. , Sverko Ed , Hill Bernard D. , Syrgiannis Jim 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Mobilization of pesticides into surface waters of flooded agricultural landscapes following extreme precipitation events has not been previously investigated. After receiving 96 mm of rain in the previous 45 d, the Vanguard area of southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada, was subjected to a torrential storm on July 3, 2000, that produced as much as 375 mm of rain in 8 h. The majority of herbicides, but no insecticides, would have been applied to crops in the Vanguard area during the four weeks preceding the storm. After the storm, 19 herbicides and insecticides were detected in flooded wetlands, with 14 of them detected in 50% or more of wetlands. Average concentrations ranged from 0.43 ng/L (endosulfan) to 362 ng/L (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacedic acid). The pesticides probably were from long-range transport, followed by deposition in rain, and from herbicides applied to crops within the area subjected to the storm (1,700 km2). In the following year, when only 62 mm of rain fell in the same 45 d, only five pesticides were detected in 50% or more of wetlands. We estimated that for the 1,700-km2 storm zone, 278 kg of herbicide were mobilized into rain and by runoff into surface waters, and 105 kg were removed from the Vanguard area by discharge into Notukeu Creek. Significant quantities of herbicides are mobilized to aquatic environments when prairie agricultural landscapes are subjected to torrential storms. In these circumstances, flooded wells and small municipal reservoirs used as sources of drinking water may be compromised by 10 or more pesticides, some at relatively high concentrations.
Single versus multiple occupancy—effects on toxcityp parameters measured on Eisenia fetida in lead nitrate–treated soil
Authors: Currie Mark , Hodson Mark E. , Arnold Rebecca E. , Langdon Caroline J. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
The mortality (7 and 14 d), weight change (7 and 14 d), and metal uptake of Eisenia fetida (Savigny, 1826) kept in Pb(NO3)2-treated Kettering loam soil in single- and multiple-occupancy (10 earthworms) test containers were determined. The number of earthworms to dry mass (g) ratio of soil was 1:50 in both sets of test containers. Lead concentrations were in the nominal range of 0 to 10,000 mg Pb/kg soil (mg/kg hereafter). Levels of mortality at a given concentration were statistically identical between the single- and multiple-occupancy tests, except at 1,800 mg/kg, at which significantly (p ≤ 0.05) more mortality occurred in the multiple-occupancy tests. Death of individual earthworms in the multiple-occupancy tests did not trigger death of the other earthworms in that soil. The LC50 values (concentration statistically likely to kill 50% of the population) were identical between the multiple- and single-occupancy soils: 2,662 mg/kg (2,598–2,984, 7 d) and 2,589 mg/kg (2,251–3,013, 14 d) for the multiple-occupancy soils and 2,827 mg/kg (2,443–3,168, both 7 and 14 d) for the single-occupancy soils (values in brackets represent the 95% confidence intervals). Data were insufficient to calculate the concentration statistically likely to reduce individual earthworm mass by 50% (EC50), but after 14 d, the decrease in earthworm weight in the 1,800 and 3,000 mg/kg tests was significantly greater in the multiple- than in the single-occupancy soils. At 1,000, 1,800, and 3,000 mg/kg tests, earthworm Pb tissue concentration was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) greater in earthworms from the multiple-occupancy soils. The presence of earthworms increased the NH3 content of the soil; earthworm mortality increased NH3 concentrations further but not to toxic levels.
Effect of coexisting compounds on the sorption and reduction of trichloroethylene with iron
Authors: Cho Hyun-Hee , Park Jae-Woo 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Batch experiments were performed to study the effect of coexisting compounds on trichloroethylene (TCE) dechlorination and sorption in the presence of iron. Competitive sorption of TCE was observed with naphthalene as a coexisting contaminant, but the TCE reduction rate slightly increased with naphthalene, which is hardly subject to reduction. With carbon tetrachloride, nitrate, and chromate as reducible cocontaminants, the competitive reduction of TCE was observed in binary-contaminant systems. The reduction rate constant of TCE by iron filings decreased 1.5 times with carbon tetrachloride because of the competition for electrons. The TCE reduction rate with nitrate decreased five times because of the competition for electrons and the enhanced passivation. The sorbed mass of TCE on iron surface with chromate increased more than that without chromate because of the formation of (Cr, Fe)(OH)3 precipitations.
Comparative thresholds for acetylcholinesterase inhibition and behavioral impairment in coho salmon exposed to chlorpyrifos
Authors: Sandahl Jason F. , Baldwin David H. , Jenkins Jeffrey J. , Scholz Nathaniel L. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Chlorpyrifos is a common organophosphate insecticide that has been widely detected in surface waters that provide habitat for Pacific salmon in the western United States. Although chlorpyrifos is known to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the brain and muscle of salmonids, the relationship between sublethal AChE inhibition and more integrative indicators of neuro-behavioral impairment are poorly understood. This is particularly true for exposures that reflect the typical range of pesticide concentrations in the aquatic environment. To directly compare the effects of chlorpyrifos on AChE activity and salmon behavior, we exposed juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) to chlorpyrifos (0–2.5 μg/L) for 96 h. A computer-assisted, three-dimensional video imaging system was used to measure spontaneous swimming and feeding behaviors in control and chlorpyrifos-exposed fish. After the behavioral trials, brain and muscle tissues were collected and analyzed for AChE activity. Chlorpyrifos inhibited tissue AChE activity and all behaviors in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, brain AChE inhibition and reductions in spontaneous swimming and feeding activity were significantly correlated. Benchmark concentrations for sublethal neurotoxicity (statistical departure values) were &lt;0.5 μg/L and were similar for both neurochemical and behavioral endpoints. Collectively, these results indicate a close relationship between brain AChE inhibition and behavioral impairment in juvenile coho exposed to chlorpyrifos at environmentally realistic concentrations.
No association of the GABAA receptor genes on chromosome 5 with alcoholism in the collaborative study on the genetics of alcoholism sample
Authors: Dick Danielle M. , Edenberg Howard J. , Xuei Xiaoling , Goate Alison , Hesselbrock Victor , Schuckit Marc , Crowe Raymond , Foroud Tatiana 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA substantial body of literature suggests that γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) may be involved in the neurochemical pathways contributing to alcohol use and related disorders. Chromosome 5 contains a cluster of GABAA receptor genes, GABRA1, GABRA6, GABRB2, and GABRG2, which have been among the most extensively studied in relation to alcohol use. These studies have yielded mixed results. Using data from large, multiplex alcoholic families collected as part of the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA), we sought to provide more conclusive evidence regarding the role of the GABAA receptor genes on chromosome 5. Multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were tested in each of the four chromosome 5q GABAA receptor genes, and we conducted both classic trio‐based association analyzes and extended pedigree analyzes. We found no consistent evidence of association with alcohol dependence or alcohol dependence comorbid with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) for any of the regions tested in the chromosome 5 GABAA receptor genes. These analyses suggest that the GABAA receptor genes on chromosome 5 do not play a strong role in alcohol dependence. Future studies are planned to test whether these genes are more important in influencing behavioral endophenotypes related to the risk of alcohol dependence. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Use of the l1 and l∞ Norms in Fitting Parametric Curves and Surfaces to Data
Authors: Al‐Subaihi I. , Watson G. A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractGiven a family of curves or surfaces in Rs, an important problem is that of finding a member of the family which gives a “best” fit to m given data points. There are many application areas, for example metrology, computer graphics, pattern recognition, and the most commonly used criterion is the least squares norm. However, there may be wild points in the data, and a more robust estimator such as the l1 norm may be more appropriate. On the other hand, the object of modelling the data may be to assess the quality of a manufactured part, so that accept/reject decisions may be required, and this suggests the use of the Chebyshev norm.We consider here the use of the l1 and l∞ norms in the context of fitting to data curves and surfaces defined parametrically. There are different ways to formulate the problems, and we review here formulations, theory and methods which generalize in a natural way those available for least squares. As well as considering methods which apply in general, some attention is given to a fundamental fitting problem, that of lines in three dimensions. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Approximating Solutions of Equations Using Two‐Point Newton Methods
Authors: Argyros Ioannis K. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe provide a local as well as a semilocal convergence analysis for two‐point Newton methods under very general conditions. Our equation contains a Fréchet differentiable operator F and another operator G whose differentiability is not assumed. Using more precise majorizing sequences than before we provide sufficient convergence conditions for Newton methods to a locally unique solution of equation F (x) + G(x) = 0. In the semilocal case we show under weaker conditions that our error estimates on the distances involved are finer and the information on the location of the solution at least as precise as in earlier results [17]. In the local case a larger radius of convergence is obtained [21]. Several applications are provided to show that our results compare favorably with earlier ones [11]–[14], [17], [21], [23], [25]. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)