bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Real Analysis
Authors: Johnston William , McAllister Alex M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Renaissance and Baroque periods were times of profound change in the way western Europeans chose to explore and understand the universe. The humanistic intellectual and social movement in these eras was both encouraged by and contributed to insightful shifts in developing mathematics and applying it to the physical world. The “reawakening” in classical art and literature that defined the Renaissance (originating in Italy and spreading throughout Europe during the fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries) was accompanied by a movement to return to rational scientific investigation. Mathematics formed the core of this movement. And just as art, literature, and music flourished into the elaborate expressions of the Baroque period of the seventeenth century, so too mathematics began to flourish. New foundational ideas in mathematics and the mathematical community’s increasing commitment to rigor during the seventeenth century paved the way for an “Age of Enlightenment” to follow—a time when the prevailing European culture strongly valued the rationalism that permeates Western culture to this day.
Nixon as Statesman: The Failed Campaign
Authors: Greenberg David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was n’t supposed to turn out this way, at least not as far as Richard Nixon was concerned. From his days as a precocious young California congressman through his terms as Dwight Eisenhower’s vice president to his two presidential bids, Nixon had sought to build a legacy for himself based on historic achievements in foreign policy. Over the years he built up an idealized image of himself as a Great Man of History whose command of statecraft would place him among world-straddling giants like Winston Churchill, Charles de Gaulle, and Mao Zedong. His deeds, he imagined, would shape the destiny of nations, bring about peace, and redound to his glory.
Extinction In Our Times
Authors: Collins James P , Crump Martha L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For over 350 million years, thousands of species of amphibians have lived on earth, but since the 1990s they have been disappearing at an alarming rate, in many cases quite suddenly and mysteriously. What is causing these extinctions? What role do human actions play in them? What do they tell us about the overall state of biodiversity on the planet? In Extinction in Our Times, James Collins and Martha Crump explore these pressing questions and many others as they document the first modern extinction event across an entire vertebrate class, using global examples that range from the Sierra Nevada of California to the rainforests of Costa Rica and the Mediterranean coast of North Africa. Joining scientific rigor and vivid storytelling, this book is the first to use amphibian decline as a lens through which to see more clearly the larger story of climate change, conservation of biodiversity, and a host of profoundly important ecological, evolutionary, ethical, philosophical, and sociological issues.
Contextual Variables and School Refusal Behavior
Authors: Kearney Christopher A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Joaquin is a 15-year-old boy in tenth grade who has missed several days of school this year and is considering dropping out of his large, urban high school. Joaquin says he is bored with school and that teachers are more concerned with rules than education. He has no long-term plans but has received two offers to work in his neighborhood. Joaquin seems disenchanted with school in general and figures he can drop out and complete his GED test at some future time. His parents seem relatively unconcerned about their son’s decision process in this regard.
Perception
Authors: Edelman Shimon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The way of the senses is like the way of war: it is easy to see where and how perception starts, but not where and how it ends. When I look at, say, a cat, a causal chain of events is set in motion by photons entering my eyes. Where does it lead? If I actually see the cat while looking at it, one outcome of the perceptual act is usually the activation of a concept — a bundle of information containing various generalizations about the category to which the observed object is most readily attributed. The better-entrenched categories have names, which may be concrete (“cat”) or abstract (“danger”); these names, of course, are language-dependent. Because the conceptual system is the core of the human mind (Murphy, 2002), the nature of concepts, and their involvement in perception, memory, thinking, and language, must be explained in computational terms, and the next several chapters all focus on doing so. Conceptualizing a cat cannot, however, be the main — let alone the only— outcome of an act of seeing it, for several reasons. First, I can conceptualize a cat without seeing one (that’s what I did when writing this passage, and reading it caused you to do the same).
The Challenge: Know Thyself?
Authors: Kringelbach Morten L . 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Know thyself” was inscribed on the portico of the temple at Delphi, and the apparent uncanny accuracy of the oracular utterances depended precisely on that self-understanding. Nothing has interested us more than understanding ourselves—and other people. After thousands of years of searching, we are finally coming closer to a better understanding of the brain. More refined insights into its functions were not possible until the recent invention of new brain scanning techniques that have allowed us to track brain activity. Similarly further insights have come from deep-brain stimulation techniques that have allowed us to help patients with otherwise treatment-resistant disorders.
Conditioned Disgust, but Not Conditioned Taste Avoidance, May Reflect Conditioned Nausea in Rats
Authors: Parker Linda A , Limebeer Cheryl L , Rana Shadna A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Garcia and colleagues (e.g., Garcia, Hankins, & Rusiniak, 1974) pioneered the study of conditioned taste aversion learning; in fact, taste aversion learning is often called the Garcia effect. These early investigations were specifically directed toward understanding the nature of associations formed between flavors and toxic compounds with known emetic properties. According to Garcia (1989), a conditioned taste aversion resulted when a novel flavored food or fluid was paired with nausea produced by activation of the emetic system of the gut and the brainstem. Typically, rats served as subjects in these experiments. Although rats are incapable of vomiting, they were observed to display conditioned disgust reactions (i.e., gaping, chin rubbing) when exposed to a taste previously paired with drug-induced nausea. Garcia and colleagues (1974) argued that conditioned disgust resulted in subsequent avoidance of the taste and that these disgust reactions were established by the association between the taste and activation of the emetic neural circuitry.
Ethical and Legal Resources
Authors: Bush Shane S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Clinical neuropsychologists establish confidence in their conclusions because such conclusions are based, in large part, on objective data and are empirically derived. All necessary resources, including normative data, test manuals, and relevant research, are consulted. In the case of a patient presenting for evaluation with complex neurocognitive and emotional symptoms, it would be unusual to have a neuropsychologist arrive at a diagnostic conclusion without obtaining the necessary information and data and considering the professional literature. However, when considering ethical issues, it is not uncommon for the same data-driven clinicians to begin their conclusions with the words ‘‘I think.’’ They might say, ‘‘I think the problem is .. .’’ or ‘‘I think you should .. .’’ Although little empirical information is available to facilitate ethical decision making, many professional resources exist to inform and assist neuropsychologists with the ethical decision-making process.
An Ethical Decision-Making Model
Authors: Bush Shane S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ethical issues become dilemmas for the following reasons: (1) they pit ethical, legal, or organizational requirements against each other; (2) the Ethics Code or laws are silent on the issue; or (3) they require the professional to use judgment. Because ethical dilemmas are complex, the preferred solutions are often difficult to discern. In addition, given the number and variety of resources that are available to assist neuropsychologists with ethical decision making, finding occasional inconsistencies among resources is understandable. To determine a preferred course of action from among conflicting directives and guidelines, practitioners benefit from use of a decision-making model that allows them to weigh the relative importance of the information obtained.
Human Relations
Authors: Bush Shane S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If professional competence is the foundation of ethical practice, human relations are the cornerstone. Interactions with referral sources, recipients of neuropsychological services, payors, institutions, and others determine whether services are provided and their nature. Professional interactions should be based on appreciation of the interests and obligations of the other parties; respect for individual autonomy, dignity, and differences; and a commitment to one’s professional ethics. Professional relationships should be free of unfair discrimination and harassment based on age, gender, gender identity, race, ethnicity, culture, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, disability, socioeconomic status, or any other basis proscribed by law (Ethical Standards 3.01, Unfair Discrimination, and 3.03, Other Harassment). Establishing the boundaries of professional relationships allows neuropsychologists to provide structure and set limits, which are needed to benefit others and minimize the potential for harm.
Addressing Ethical Misconduct
Authors: Bush Shane S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All neuropsychologists who engage in forensic activities and many whose practices are strictly clinical are aware of colleagues who appear to be incompetent, biased, incompetent and biased, or in some other way unethical some if not most of the time. Of course, those colleagues may think the same things about us. Shakespeare’s Autolycus at least acknowledges his moral flaws, if only to himself. Although few of us likely see ourselves as generally unethical, no one is immune from behavior that others may find ethically questionable. Dr. A is retained by a no-fault insurance carrier to review Dr. B’s neuropsychological report and bill for the purpose of determining whether the evaluation was medically necessary and the bill appropriate. Dr. B’s patient was involved in a relatively minor motor vehicle accident, with no apparent loss of consciousness or posttraumatic amnesia, and is involved in litigation. The information obtained by Dr. A indicates that Dr. B performed 12 hours.
An End and a Beginning:
Authors: Goldberg Elkhonon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Petty gripes aside, we live in a forgiving world, where the margin of error is usually quite generous. I have always suspected that even in the highest reaches of power, decision making is a pretty sloppy process. Once in a while, however, situations arise in the life of a human being, and in a society, which allow no margin of error. These critical situations tax the decision maker’s executive abilities to their utmost. At the age of 62, I can think of only one such situation in my life. For me, a student of executive functions, the experience had the dual significance of a personal drama and a practical study in the workings of the frontal lobes—my own.
On an early spring afternoon, my mentor, Alexandr Romanovich Luria, and I were immersed in a conversation that we had had a dozen times before. We were strolling away from Luria’s Moscow apartment, up Frunze Street and on toward the Old Arbat.1 We proceeded cautiously, because Luria had broken his leg and had developed a limp, slowing his usually brisk walking pace. Moscow was thawing after a frigid winter, and the plaza was getting crowded. But Luria was so imposingly professorial in his heavy, almost floor-length, navy cashmere coat with astrakhan collar and matching hat that the crowd gave way.
The Conductor:
Authors: Goldberg Elkhonon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The repertoire of every orchestra or troupe consists of pieces that have been its mainstay for years as well as relatively new additions. Likewise, the products manufactured by a company consist of older lines of products and relatively new ones. Which pieces (or products) require closer ongoing attention by the conductor/director (or the CEO)? Common sense suggests that the less streamlined or rehearsed the activities, the less likely they are to be successfully accomplished “on autopilot.” Therefore, the less rehearsed, more novel activities require closer direction from the leader.
Functional neuroimaging experiments by Raichle and his colleagues highlight the relationship between the frontal lobes and novelty quite dramatically. These researchers used positron emission tomography (PET) to study the relationship between regional cerebral blood flow levels and task novelty. When the task (saying an appropriate verb to a visually presented noun) was first introduced, the blood flow level in the frontal lobes reached its highest level. As the subjects’ familiarization with the task increased, frontal lobe involvement all but disappeared.
Emotion and Cognition
Authors: Goldberg Elkhonon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rigorous neuroscientific exploration of emotions was slow in coming, but owing to the work by Joseph LeDoux and others we now know that the amygdala plays a critical role in how with think and what we feel. From the work of LeDoux and colleagues we also know that a direct pathway exists between the thalamus and the amygdala, ensuring a preconscious, very rapid, and very coarse emotional appraisal of the environment. Presumably, this phylogenetically old mechanism of emotional appraisal is not just subcortical but also precortical. The thalamoamygdaloid interface is often thought of as the most rudimentary mechanism of emotions, even though in evolutionary terms it makes sense to think of it as a middling one, the tectal–tegmental interface of the midbrain being the truly most ancient precursor of emotional regulation.
For years, a misconception was prominent, particularly in popular science and among the general public, that rational thought processes are controlled exclusively by the neocortex and emotions, by subcortical structures. But just as the thalamus can be thought of as the evolutionarily early functional antecedent of the posterior cortex, the basal ganglia and the amygdala can be viewed as the functional antecedent of the frontal lobes.
Importance of Psychological Assessment in Treatment Planning
Authors: Butcher James N , Perry Julia N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Psychological treatment whether psychodynamic, behavioral, or based on some other theoretical viewpoint proceeds best when both the therapist and the client understand the client’s problems and weaknesses, resources, and strengths. The task of assessment may precede the initiation of treatment or it may be ongoing throughout therapy. Therapists of different theoretical views approach the task of assessing and evaluating the client from different avenues. Assessment can involve providing a “normative framework” within which the therapist can compare the patient’s problems with others, or it may be more “idiographic,” with the therapist seeking to understand the patient on his or her own terms through interview, observations, and information from others such as a spouse.
Beyond Statecraft
Authors: Maier Charles S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are moments in history when foreign policy—the strategies by which any nation seeks to regulate its relations with other countries—surges beyond its usual routines, recognizes historical actors outside the nation-state framework, and seeks to address new agents of world politics. The founders of the American Republic addressed an implicit Enlightenment global public and invoked “a decent respect for the opinions of mankind” when they declared independence. Although they negotiated very traditionally with the established states of Europe, their claim to nationhood envisaged a broader concept of foreign relations. The French revolutionaries of 1792 addressed a community of would-be revolutionary supporters abroad (as would the Bolsheviks of 1917). Looking at the terrible stalemate of World War I from the standpoint of a neutral United States, Woodrow Wilson hypothesized a democratic public opinion that would cast aside an old diplomacy and create a global community guaranteeing peace and self-determination.
Liberal Order Building
Authors: Ikenberry G John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the twenty-first century, America confronts a complex array of security challenges—diffuse, shifting, and uncertain. But it does not face the sort of singular geopolitical threat that it did with the Fascist and Communist powers of the last century. Indeed, compared with the dark days of the 1930s or the cold war, America lives in an extraordinarily benign security environment, and it possesses an extraordinary opportunity to shape its security environment for the long term. It is the dominant global power, unchecked by a coalition of balancing states or a superpower wielding a rival universalistic ideology. Most of the great powers are democracies and tied to the United States through formal alliances and informal partnerships. State power is ultimately based on sustained economic growth—and no major state today can modernize without integrating into the globalized capitalist system; that is, if you want to be a world power, you will need to join the World Trade Organization (WTO). What made the Fascist and Communist threats of the twentieth century so profound was not only the danger of territorial aggression but also the fact that these great power challengers embodied rival political-economic systems that could generate growth, attract global allies, and create counterbalancing geopolitical blocs. America has no such global challengers today.
Soft Talk, Big Stick
Authors: Fukuyama Francis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are four broad approaches that U.S. foreign policy can take in the post-Bush era. America can talk loudly and carry a big stick (the policy of Bush’s first term); talk loudly and carry a small stick (where Bush’s second term has ended up); talk softly and carry a big stick; or talk softly and carry a small stick. Some observers from diverse points in the ideological spectrum, from Pat Buchanan to Barry Posen and John Mearsheimer, have argued for the latter, whereby the United States largely retreats from the Middle East and takes a much narrower view of its national interests.
The Neurobiology of Desire: Dopamine and the Regulation of Mood and Motivational States in Humans
Authors: Leyton Marco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In most contemporary theories of emotion, the processes of desire, happiness, and pleasure are separable yet affect each other (Lazarus, 1991; Rolls, 2005) (see also Bindra, 1969, 1978; LeDoux, 1989, 2000; Toates, 1986). Desire reflects the focused interest in a goal object and the drive to obtain it. Happiness is an affective state linked to the appraisal that progress is being made. Pleasure, in comparison, is a positive response to obtaining the goal.
To Be Happy and to Know It: The Experience and Meta-Awareness of Pleasure
Authors: Schooler Jonathan W , Mauss Iris B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The refrain of an old favorite children’s song goes “if you’re happy and you know it, clap your hands.” Implicit in this popular lyric is the curious observation that at least in principle one might be happy but not know it. Although embedded in the folk wisdom of popular culture, the possibility that people might not necessarily know whether or not they are happy is often overlooked in scientific discussions of happiness and pleasure. While researchers who study subjective well-being acknowledge that there are limitations to self-report measures, they generally take individuals’ assessments of their happiness at face value.
Introduction
Authors: Hirschland Deborah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nothing matches the energy and enthusiasm of three-to seven-year-old children who are thriving. Full of curiosity about themselves and the world, eager to play and quick to laugh, kids this age can bring indescribable pleasure to the adults who spend time with them. When things aren’t going so well, however, young children may leave parents and teachers feeling concerned and discouraged, even incompetent. The behaviors that cause such distress cross class and culture. An easily frustrated youngster can’t keep her emotional thermostat regulated, while a nonstop wiggler zooms impulsively from kitchen to bedroom and back again. An intensely shy child holds back from talking to his friendly teacher or beloved uncle, while one with a particularly strong will refuses to bend even an inch with her peers. A dreamy scientist-in-the-making recites detailed information about dinosaur species, yet can’t focus on the simplest requests for attention.
Conclusion
Authors: King Desmond 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What I hope the preceding chapters have demonstrated is how the Federal government, in a range of areas, colluded in the maintenance of segregated race relations in the half-century before the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Federal authority was used either to impose or to accommodate segregated race relations in government departments and public policies. In Chapter 2, the transformation of the US Civil Service Commission from an agent of meritocratic appointment at its establishment in 1883, to a discriminating barrier from 1914, was explained and the consequences for Black Americans investigated.
A Guide To Oral History And The Law
Authors: Neuenschwander John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Here is the bible for oral history practitioners on all the legal aspects of their field, an essential volume for students, amateur historians, genealogists, and professionals alike, written by a leading authority. A Guide to Oral History and the Law not only presents and discusses all of the areas of law that are relevant to oral history, from copyright through defamation, but emphasizes how and when these areas intersect and overlap. It also explains how and why the Oral History Association's code of ethics provides the best foundation for the legally sound practice of oral history. Because the book is designed for non-lawyers, special effort has been taken to avoid overly legalistic discussions of important legal concepts. The cases used to illustrate key legal issues were also chosen primarily because they were most likely to foster the greatest understanding among the uninitiated. Readers are also provided with many examples of procedures, policies, and forms that are currently being utilized by oral history programs that may provide helpful guidance.