bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Damage without Loss
Authors: Bar Christian Von 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lord Goff of Chieveley, to whom the following pages are dedicated in affection and gratitude, is among the most important of the European judges engaged in comparative law in the closing years of the twentieth century. Towards the end of his career he served, in particular, Anglo-German and Anglo-Italian relations, and it appears appropriate to treat comparatively a subject in which all three legal systems have played a prominent role. The following tour of Europe nevertheless visits other countries, and it commences in Austria.
Multi-Party Actions
Authors: Ma Christopher Hodges 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the first practitioner’s work to deal in detail with the new rule (19.III) on Group Litigation Orders under the Civil Procedure Rules. Due to come into effect in mid-2000, it introduces for the first time specific provisions dealing with the procedural aspects of managing multi-party actions. The book provides exhaustive analysis of the new rule and relates it to the extensive experience which has been gained from the major multi-party actions of recent years, such as those relating to Opren, Benzodiazepine tranquilizers, the Sellafield radiation claims, the Lloyd’s litigation, Norplant, the British Coal Vibration White Finger litigation and the British Coal respiratory disease litigation. The book includes fifteen case studies on these and other major cases, written by the practitioners involved and providing a major factual resource for all tort lawyers. The details of the matters in issue in these cases and their resolution have not previously been easily accessible, nor systematically analysed. Also included are chapters contributed by leading lawyers from the US, Canada, and Australia on their class action rules, which enables useful comparisons to be made on points both of principle and practice. Written by a leading expert in the field, the book provides a uniquely detailed analysis of multi-party actions and their management.
Introduction To Case Studies
Authors: Ma Christopher Hodges 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This Part contains case histories of many of the major multi-party actions which lawyers and the courts have had to manage since the phenomenon emerged in its modern form in the 1980s. The cases which have been included here have been chosen not only as major multi-party cases but also to represent some range of subject matter. The majority of complex cases have involved product liability claims, principally medicines (a list of those known to the editor is at Table 16.1), but there have been environmental cases (Sellafield; X Co; Docklands) and financial cases (Lockton, Lloyd’s). The total number of claimants and outcome of the case histories is at Table 16.2. Various points need to be made in order to under stand the case histories.
Opren Litigation
Authors: Ware Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This product liability litigation was the dominant multi-party action during the late 1980s and early 1990s. A number of important management issues arose and the decisions adopted were influential in later cases. First, a steering committee was formed to co-ordinate the activities of over 200 firms representing plaintiffs. Secondly, the Judge ordered a cut-off date so as to clarify the numbers involved. This was also important in relation to cost-benefit analysis under Legal Aid. Thirdly, the case throughout attracted extensive media publicity which continued to draw new claimants wishing to join. As a result, a succession of cut-off dates and groups of claimants were created, with later groups ultimately being held to be out of time on limitation grounds.
A Response to Critics
Authors: Susskind Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To my ongoing surprise, my book, The Future of Law, has generated considerable interest and commentary since its original publication in 1996. Until recently, I am pleased to say that I managed to hold fast against the almost irresistible temptation to switch on my machine and dash off a quick retort to each and every commentary that appeared. However, when I read a draft of Professor Ed Greenebaum’s review article,3 I regarded it as rather different from others that I had seen, because it gathered together in one place the most common criticisms of my book, added a few more, and did so in much more detail and with greater rigour than most others before him had attempted. Accordingly, I broke with my self-imposed tradition and put together this brief defence of my position not only as a reply to Professor Greenebaum but as a more generic retort to critics at large.
Areal Diffusion, Genetic Inheritance, and Problems of Subgrouping: A North Arawak Case Study
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To establish subgroupings within a language family one needs to recognize &lt;a set of changes common to a particular subgroup which has occurred between the period of divergences of the family as a whole and that of the subgroup in question’ (Greenberg 1953: 49). The shared changes should be significant and fairly unusual, not the sorts of changes that recur aH over the world and could well have happened independently in each of the languages (e.g. palatalizing a velar consonant next to a front vowel). Note that the criteria! features must be shared innovations. If a number of languages within a given family share retentions from the proto-language this does not require a period of shared development and does not constitute evidence for subgrouping. Shared loss (e.g. loss of a system of possession markers, pronominal suffixes, or tense inflections) is also not a good criterion for subgrouping. What may be significant is the way the loss is replaced; if each of the languages loses tense inflection on verbs but then makes reference to time through an innovated system of auxiliaries (with the auxiliaries being cognate in form) then this shared innovation does provide evidence for their constituting a subgroup.
On Genetic and Areal Linguistics in Mainland South-East Asia: Parallel Polyfunctionality of ‘acquire’
Authors: Enfield N J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter raises questions concerning genetic and areal relatedness among languages of Mainland South-east Asia (hereafter MSEA),1 mainly with reference to a widespread pattern of grammatical polyfunctionality involving a verb ACQlHRE. Although data are mostly from Sinitic and Tai, the issues of genetic versus areal relatedness arise across and throughout the five or more language families in the region.
Where is the wisdom? Professional education and the realization of healthcare
Authors: Coles Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I examine the recent literature on professional development, and consider the implications both for the education of the healthcare professions and for the realisation of healthcare services. I describe how professionals are asked to engage in complex and unpredictable tasks on society’s behalf, and in doing so must exercise their discretion in situations of uncertainty, that is they must make judgements—decide what is ‘best’ in the particular situation rather than what is ‘right’ in some absolute sense. Inevitably some of these judgements will lead to ‘error’, which is endemic to professional practice.
Young people with troublesome behaviour
Authors: Maughan Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many children show troublesome behaviours at some point in their development. For a minority, defiance, disruptiveness, and aggression become so severe that they impair other aspects of functioning, compromise relationships, and risk conflict with parents, teachers, and peers. Disruptive behaviours of this kind are among the most common reasons for referral to child mental health services; they are also some of the most challenging to treat. The psychiatric classification systems define two categories of antisocial disorders in childhood: oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), marked by irritability, temper outbursts, disobedience, and negativity; and conduct disorder (CD), characterized by rule-breaking, verbal and physical aggression, lying and stealing, and violation of others’ rights. Both categories are recognized to be heterogenous, and also to shade into one another; especially among boys, the oppositional young child often develops more severe conduct problems or delinquent behaviours as time goes on.
Forensic mental health services for children and adolescents
Authors: Bailey Susan , Williams Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter primarily refers to legislation, service development, and policy in England and Wales but, in so doing, provides core underpinning principles for delivering services through-out the developed world. Together, children and teenagers make up a quarter of the total population in the UK and this is broadly similar in other European countries. Of the 7.5 million adolescents in the UK, 3.9 million are between the ages of 10 and 14, and a further 3.6 million are between the ages of 15 and 19 (Coleman and Schofield 2003). Of all offenders, 50% are under the age of 21, and between one-quarter and one-third of all those in custody under 21, are on remand (Bailey and Dolan 2004).
Services for children who are hearing or visually impaired
Authors: Hindley Peter , Williams Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The terms hearing impairment and visual impairment cover large groups of children, from children with intermittent hearing impairments due to glue ear or well-managed severe myopia, to deaf children who use sign language or blind children. This section of the chapter on disability is concerned with children who have severe to profound, bilateral, and permanent sensory impairments. In addition, this chapter considers children with combined visual and hearing impairment. It touches briefly on services for hearing children of deaf adults (or CODAs) who often present challenges to generic services.
Teams, team-working, and clinical leadership
Authors: Kerfoot Michael , Pottage Dave 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we believe it is important to help commissioners to gain a clear picture of the service’s personnel operating within a CAMHS structure and of the configurations of staff that are likely to produce the most effective and efficient models of working. Historically, the CAMHS team comprised a psychiatrist (who was normally the team leader), a psychiatric social worker, and a psychologist. In LEA child guidance clinics this would normally be an educational psychologist and in NHS settings, a clinical psychologist.
Rationale for hip reconstructive CAOS
Authors: Blendea Sorin , III Anthony M DiGioia , Jaramaz Branislav 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent advances in hip arthroplasty, including minimally invasive techniques, partial resurfacing, robotics and surgical navigation, need a rigorous and continuous evaluation. The increased accuracy and safety and reduced soft tissue trauma should improve the wear, stability, and functional results. To study the possible benefits of these new technologies, it is important to identify the existing challenges for total hip arthroplasty (THA).
Clinical boundaries
Authors: Krawitz Roy , Watson Christine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The histrionic, narcissistic and borderline diagnoses have a lot in common, with the borderline diagnosis being the most frequently made. The histrionic and narcissistic diagnoses are used much Jess now, in part because of pejorative, derogatory and, in the case of histrionic personality disorder, sexist associations. A person meeting diagnostic criteria for narcissistic personality disorder is generally more functional, less fragmented and more likely to be accessing private mental health services. There is considerable overlap between borderline personality disorder and antisocial personality disorder. A pervasive failure of empathy is not a criteria in the DSM-IV diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder, but it was a clinically meaningful part of the old diagnostic terminology of psychopathy.
Aetiology
Authors: Krawitz Roy , Watson Christine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are a number of factors correlated with borderline personality disorder. Zanarini et al. (1997) document 59% of clients retrospectively reporting childhood physical abuse, 92% childhood neglect and 29% prolonged childhood separation. Retrospective histories of sexual abuse are reported by about 70% of clients (Herman, Perry and van der Kolk 1989; Laporte and Guttman 1996; Ogata et al. 1990; Wideger and Francis 1989; Zanarini et al. 1997). Whilst sexual abuse is correlated with a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder, it is neither necessary (30% have no abuse history) nor sufficient (the vast majority of people who are sexually abused do not develop borderline personality disorder).
Drug Addiction and its Treatment
Authors: Gossop Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Few problems are as complicated as drug misuse. Drug addiction is a major public health issue with implications for healthcare systems and society at large. As well as expenditure on prevention, treatment and rehabilitation, costs are also incurred by the welfare, social service and the criminal justice systems. In addition, there are further human costs associated with impaired health, damaged relationships and lowered productivity. This book is about treatment options. The history of addiction treatment has been characterised by fads and fashions. Some of the treatments used have been, at best ineffective, at worst harmful, and occasionally even dangerous. However, in the past two decades, many promising treatment interventions and procedures, and new therapeutic agents have been developed. Different forms of psychological treatments have been tested and provided in a systematic manner. There are a range of pharmacological options where once there were very few. Most importantly, there is increasing evidence about the effectiveness of many of these treatments, and there is a clearer understanding of the importance of the social, environmental, behavioural and cognitive processes involved, as well as the use of active coping strategies during recovery. Addiction treatment involves a variety of different practices and procedures used with different populations and which are designed to achieve different goals. Drug Addiction and its Treatment explains why no single treatment is effective for everyone with a drug addiction problem. Treatment is provided by a range of personnel from differing backgrounds and in a range of settings. This book should be read by psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, social workers, nurses, policy makers, service managers, and researchers with an interest in addiction.
Human disease
Authors: Fortune Farida 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the context of undergraduate dental education, the study of human disease encompasses the aspects of medicine and surgery as they pertain to the practice of dentistry. The GDC document The First Five Years(GDC 2002) states that: The practice of dentistry has always been characterised both by its closeness to the practice of medicine and its distinctiveness from it. Thus, whilst it is universally acknowledged that those dentists subscribe to the core values of a doctor, certain features of the practice of dentistry ensured that the identity of a separate profession has maintained. The focus of teaching and learning in this subject area is evolving as the curriculum content becomes focused on those aspects of human disease that impact on the provision of dental care and not just general medicine and surgery courses lacking appropriate emphasis on the applicability of content to the needs of future dentists.
The identification and behavioural management of the dentally anxious adult and child patient
Authors: Freeman Ruth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The General Dental Council’s document The First Five Years(GDC 2002) describes the management of dental anxiety within an interlinking rubric of behavioural sciences, pain and anxiety control. The document stresses the importance of patient-centred care, implying that it is the behavioural management of the patient which is the cornerstone of pain and anxiety control. The requirements for behavioural management of the dentally anxious adult and child patient are outlined in The First Five Years: and professionalism) Students should understand the importance of communication between practitioner and patient. This helps to develop attitudes of empathy and insight in the student and provides the opportunity for discussion of contemporary ethical issues. Students should also be encouraged to understand their own responses to work pressures and their management. There may be opportunities for integrated or complementary teaching with other basic sciences on topics such as pain, stress and anxiety and with clinical specialties on topics such as social class, poverty and the needs of children and the elderly.
Prosthodontics
Authors: Walmsley Damien , Drummond John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1968 over one third of the total adult population of the UK had no natural teeth, and only a small number of people of pensionable age had any teeth at all. The 1998 Adult Dental Health Survey(ADHS 1998) shows that a major change has occurred in the past thirty years – currently only 13 per cent of adults have no teeth and, even more impressively, over half those of pensionable age have some of their natural teeth. The ADHS 1998 also shows that older people now are much more concerned with preserving their natural teeth than was the case before. Over the last decade a growing proportion of dentate 65–74 year olds would consider having a tooth crowned; in addition, a growing proportion of those aged over 55 expect to keep some of their natural teeth for life. Predictions from the ADHS 98 indicate that the proportion of UK adults with no natural teeth will fall to 8 per cent in 2008 and 5 per cent in 2018. The proportion of adults of pensionable age with some natural teeth will increase dramatically over the next two decades: for example by 2018, 56 per cent of people aged 85 and over will have some natural teeth, compared with a figure of 19 per cent in 1998. These statistics by no means suggest that there will be little requirement for removable appliance therapy in the medium term future. Rather, we have moved from a situation where edentulous levels were of epidemic proportions to a less extreme situation. The demand for partial and complete dentures will, however, still be relatively high and patient’s expectations, in terms of function and aesthetics, will without doubt be greater. Regional variations in edentulous levels suggest too that there will be significant areas of the UK where denture wearing will remain common, particularly in the older age groups.
Assessment
Authors: Holsgrove Gareth , Mossey Peter , Davenport Elizabeth , Stirrups David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In setting out the requirements of assessment, both the General Dental Council in The First Five Years(2002) and the Quality Assurance Agency (QAA) Benchmarking Statement for Dentistry (2002) independently produced their recommendations. Combining both sources enables consensus on the aims and objectives of assessments that should be adopted in dental schools. Assessment should enable students to demonstrate their understanding, level of attainment and to demonstrate a full range of clinical and other abilities. Methods of assessment should encourage integration of knowledge, understanding, clinical and communication skills and attitudes, and should encourage reflection and self-assessment.Assessment should be appropriately documented and should not only reflect student progression through the programme, but also lead to accurate, constructive feedback to students on their performance.
Teamwork
Authors: Davenport Elizabeth , Holsgrove Gareth , Mossey Peter , Stirrups David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The dental team has evolved over many years, in response to many influences such as the growing complexity in terms of techniques and technical aids and public demand. Legislation, four-handed dentistry, infection control, clinical governance, management of practices, and professionals complementary to dentistry have also influenced the demand and need for an effective and efficient dental team working together. Hence the need for undergraduate students to be fully conversant with the demands of leadership and team work. The General Dental Council has outlined its expectations (GDC 2002, paragraph 14). These are that ‘the dentist has a role as a team leader and is responsible for diagnosis, treatment planning and the quality control of the treatment provided’, and that ‘dental students and professionals complementary to dentistry should have the opportunity to learn and work together’. An important first step in understanding the weight the GDC gives to inter professional education in dentistry.
Reporting Analyses From Clinical Trials
Authors: Revicki Dennis A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The methods and findings of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) outcomes from clinical trials have been reported over the past 50 years. Well-designed and implemented studies, with relevant, psychometrically sound and sensitive measures and appropriate statistical analyses are important for understanding the effectiveness of health care interventions on patient functioning and well-being. Equally important are well written reports and articles that provide sufficient information so that readers understand the rationale for and objectives of the study, the research design and methods, HRQoL measures, and the results and interpretation of these results. Several authors have provided guidelines for preparing articles summarizing the methods and findings of HRQoL studies (Staquet et al. 1996; Fayers and Machin 2000).
Interpreting Qol In Individuals And Groups
Authors: ‘Boyle Ciaran A O , Höfer Stefan , Ring Lena 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the burgeoning use of quality of life (QoL) as an outcome in health care, there is still little agreement on the definition of the construct or on the most appropriate ways to measure it (Joyce et al. 2003). Most instruments that purport to measure QoL adopt an operational definition and many, measuring as they do symptoms and functioning, would be better described as health status measures. One problem is that what is measured is predetermined and therefore cannot represent the free choice of the individual. Also, implicit in measures of health-related quality of life is the assumption that a specific subset of domains, usually chosen by the investigator, accounts for most of the variance (Gill and Feinstein 1994).
The ethics of communication
Authors: Parker Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is widely recognized that effective communication skills are essential to good medical practice and that communication skills training is a crucial aspect of the training of good doctors. This chapter points out that in addition to being effective, communication must also be ethical. It introduces doctors to core ethical concepts and to the main approaches in medical ethics and shows how these relate to communication in the consultation and to the nature of the doctor–patient relationship. The chapter aims to give doctors a framework for thinking about ethics in communication that will enable them to feel more confident in their consideration of the ethical aspects of their practice.