bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From Turning Point to Peace Memorial: A Cultural Legacy
Authors: Kinsel Amy J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
“The great battle of the war has been fought and thanks be to God the Army of the Potomac has been victorious at last.” Elisha Hunt Rhodes of the Second Rhode Island Volunteer Infantry wrote those words in Middletown, Maryland, on July 8, 1863. His regiment, part of the Union Sixth Corps, had witnessed the climactic third day of fighting at Gettysburg from a reserve position on Cemetery Ridge. Rhodes, noting that his brigade had come under artillery fire during the two-hour barrage that preceded the Confederate army’s final infantry assault, described in his diary what he had observed: We could not see the enemy, and we could only cover ourselves the best we could behind the rocks and trees.
Introduction
Authors: Sunstein Cass R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We are in the midst of a period of mounting enthusiasm for free markets. This is of course true in many of the former Communist nations. It is true for much of the West as well, prominently including England and the United States.
Free markets are often defended as an engine of economic productivity, and properly so. But they are also said to be required for social justice, and here things become far more complex. Certainly there are connections between free markets and social justice. A system aspiring to social justice aspires to liberty, and a system of free markets seems to promise liberty, because it allows people to trade goods and services as they wish. In fact, a system of free markets seems to promise not merely liberty but equality of an important sort as well, since everyone in a free market is given an equal right to transact and participate in market arrangements. This form of equality should not be trivialized or disparaged. For example, race and sex discrimination has often consisted of exclusions of certain classes of people from the market domain. In both South Africa and the United States, discriminatory practices frequently took the form of incursions on free markets in employment.
Incommensurability and Valuation in Law
Authors: Sunstein Cass R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I make two claims and discuss their implications for law. The first claim is that human values are plural and diverse. By this I mean that we value things, events, and relationships in ways that are not reducible to some larger and more encompassing value. The second claim is that human goods are not commensurable. By this I mean that such goods are not assessed along a single metric. For reasons to be explored, the two claims, though related, are importantly different.
Paradoxes of the Regulatory State
Authors: Sunstein Cass R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
By “paradoxes of the regulatory state,” I mean self-defeating regulatory strategies—strategies that achieve an end precisely opposite to the one intended, or to the only public-regarding justification that can be brought forward in their support. An example of a regulatory paradox would be a Clean Air Act that actually made the air dirtier, or a civil rights law that increased the incidence of racial discrimination. This definition excludes a number of pathologies of the regulatory state that are clearly related to the phenomenon of regulatory paradoxes, such as strategies whose costs exceed their benefits, or that have unintended adverse consequences. I am interested only in self-defeating regulatory strategies here.
Making Capitalism in China
Authors: Hsing You-tien 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Even as relations between Taiwan and the People’s Republic of China continue to be strained, investment by Taiwanese businesses in China is growing every year. Between 1978 and 1994, Taiwan businesses invested $10 billion in China, 10% of the total foreign investment during that period. This study describes the magnitude and importance of this investment. Hsing demonstrates the role of a shared cultural heritage and language and the role of Chinese local government in building networks of firms in the two countries.
Autonomy in Local China
Authors: Hsing You-tien 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Southern China, with its outward-oriented economy and the abundant sup­ ply of labor with diversified qualifications, has been attractive to investors from abroad. However, this recipe would not have brought the rapid and concentrated growth without the help of a pool of active business-minded people in the region. In southern China, such people are the local government officials, especially those at subprovincial levels. Local Chinese officials were directly or indirectly involved in accumulation, acting as entrepreneurs. They have also been the main channel for overseas investors to establish link­ ages with local economies. The emergence of these bureaucratic entrepreneurs would not have taken place without an accommodating institutional environment. Since the early 1980s, China’s economic structure has been decentralized. The increasing economic autonomy of local authorities has provided the institutional seedbed for the synergy of rapid economic growth in China, especially in the coastal south.
Black, White, And Yeller
Authors: Reid-Pharr Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I would like to pause for a moment in order to make explicit some of the concerns that have helped frame the rhetorical strategies and theoretical practices of this study. Specifically, I want to acknowledge the fact that my readings of corporeality and domesticity within the production of antebellum Black American fiction have been produced in response to long-established critical practices that emphasize the influence of sentimental and abolitionist fiction in the production of Black American literature. It is widely assumed, for example, that early Black American writers owe a great debt to Harriet Beecher Stowe and the army of “scribbling women,” many of them abolitionists, of whom she was the exemplar.
Conjugal Union
Authors: Reid-Pharr Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In each of the readings I have offered thus far I have tried to be sensitive to the manner in which the American modes of corporeality and domesticity with which I have been concerned are themselves tied to projects of bourgeois political, economic, and social hegemony. Still, I have not attempted to suggest that what we see represented in antebellum Black American literature is simply an attempt on the part of Black American writers to construct themselves and their literature as bourgeois. As Wallerstein reminds us, the bourgeois is an essentially disembodied subject, the quintessence of the modern world’s mythologies. It is, in fact, just this reality that makes practices of bourgeois figuration problematic for projects of black subject formation.
A Map of Writing in Terms of Audience and Response
Authors: Elbow Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There are many good ways to map the universe of writing: by genres (e.g., poetry, fiction, nonfiction); by modes (e.g., narration, description, argument); by elements in the writing process (e.g., generating, revising, copy-editing); by parts of rhetoric (e.g., invention, arrangement, style); by purposes (e.g., persuading, informing, entertaining); or even by topics or themes (e.g., science writing, religious writing, technical writing). Whatever the map, the same simple useful moral emerges: writing is not just one thing or activity or experience. Writing poetry does not feel like writing nonfiction prose—nor free writing like revising, nor science writing like diary writing.
Fragments
Authors: Elbow Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As I was working on Writing Without Teachers, I felt an accusation forming in the minds of intellectuals and academics who might read it:
In your book, you are jettisoning the very foundations of learning and knowing. You invite the student to get along without any teacher—without anyone who can bring to bear greater training, knowledge, wisdom, or authority. In the place of a teacher, you propose nothing but other students. You do propose a process too, but it is a process devoid of critical thinking, logic, debate, criticism, or doubting. It is a flabby, unintellectual process: trying to listen, to appreciate, to understand, and to experience—and sometimes merely to tell the writer about that experience.
Freewriting and the Problem of Wheat and Tares
Authors: Elbow Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Many people think that freewriting is only for young or unskilled writers: a babyish artificial exercise that would never benefit professionals. Freewriting is an artificial exercise—and it seems too easy—but I’ve found it continues to be of enormous help to me and to other professionals and skilled writers.
But first, what is freewriting? It is simply private, nonstop writing. Free- writing is what you get when you remove most of the constraints involved in writing.
The War Between Reading and Writing — and How to End It
Authors: Elbow Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We tend to assume that reading and writing fit naturally together: love and marriage, horse and carriage. It is a commonplace that the very best thing for writing is to read a great deal—and it seems as though those students who write best are readers. But when we see things in binary pairs, one side usually ends up on top—privileged or dominant: love and marriage, man and woman. I will argue that this is true here too and that reading has dominance over writing in the academic or school culture. But my main point in this essay is that the imbalance is unnecessary. Reading and writing can work productively together as equals to benefit each other and the profession. Both parties can be on top. We can create a better balance and relationship between reading and writing. To do so we will need to give more emphasis to writing in our teaching and our curricular structures and use writing in more imaginative ways. When we achieve this productive balance, even reading will benefit.
Breathing Life into the Text
Authors: Elbow Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For a long time after college, I thought that “holding a discussion” was the most noble and useful way to deal with a literary text. I got this attitude, I think, from attending an “excellent,” high-toned college, Williams College, where discussions were taken with enormous seriousness. They were powerfully conducted, led, induced, orchestrated by dedicated and often brilliant teachers. These teachers usually had a plan for their discussions, but they didn’t bulldoze; they worked with subtle finesse so that these discussions often led to lively eruptions of energy and interesting, surprising insights. (One other thing: I’ve been left with a kind of subliminal sense that a good discussion always starts with a particular word, intoned either with gravity or irony: “Gentlemen,…”)
Prelude: The Dark Angel
Authors: Schuchard Ronald 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
T.S. Eliot inherited the dark angel that tormented Lionel Johnson’s spiritual life. Its visitations began early in Eliot’s manhood, and it stayed long to terrorize a creative sensibility rich in sensual and spiritual antinornies. The outwardly happy Harvard undergraduate, who loved philosophy and art, poetry and drama, minstrel shows and melodramas, college songs and bawdy ballads, gradually gained a malicious companion. Hovering and whispering, Eliot’s dark angel descended as an agent of temptation and messenger of damnation. Under the shadow of its wings, the poet’s spiritual impulses were desecrated by sexual fantasies, while his sexual desires were short-circuited by the chatter of madness or chuckle of death. Turning desire itself into a psychological mechanism of spiritual terror and bodily disgust, the dark angel dislocated the poet’s consciousness from ordinary reality, took him to the edge of the abyss, and led him to phantasmal planes. Under its louring presence, the suffering poet conceived of himself as Arnaut, his lustful soul wrapped in purgatorial flames; as Sebastian, his spiritual love wracked by bodily arrows; as Hamlet, his rational will locked in spiritual paralysis; as Faust, his self-inverted rnind on the brink of dissolution. The dark angel would appear again in the consciousness of the London bridegroom and banker who loved teaching and reviewing, music halls and the Russian ballet, ragtime and jazz, the Chicken Strut and the Grizzly Bear. Eliot’s dark angel was at once his fury and his muse, causing and conducting the internal drama of shadows and voices that inhabit his acutely personal poems and plays.
The Horrific Moment
Authors: Schuchard Ronald 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Recollections?” mused Pound in his brief eulogy to Eliot, “let some thesis writer have the satisfaction of’ discovering’ whether it was in 1920 or ‘21 that I went from Excideuil to meet a rucksacked Eliot. Days of walking-conversation? . . . Who is there now for me to share a joke with?” How curious that their brief walking tour of southern France should surface as Pound’s choice recollection after fifty years of friendship. Did he know that the trip was no joking matter, that Eliot had undergone a horrifying emotional experience that triggered the composition of The Waste Land? It was Eliot’s first holiday from London since the previous summer at Marlow, where he drafted “Whispers of Immortality,” and the thesis-writers have now discovered that the two set foot from Excideuil on their tour of the Dordogne on 15 August 1919. In Canto 29 Pound recalls their visit to the castle ruins in Excideuil, where Eliot (“Arnaut”), observing “the wave pattern cut in the stone” of the spire of St.Thomas, deliberately “shocked” Pound by exclaiming, “I am afraid of the life after death.’’ The next day Eliot sent a postcard to Lytton Strachey, writing that though London was extraordinarily difficult, in his wandering of the Correze he was happy-it provided “a complete relief from London” (LJ 327). Shortly thereafter they wandered into the town of Perigueux to visit the famous Basilique Saint-Front.
First-Rate Blasphemy
Authors: Schuchard Ronald 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When T. S. Eliot first discovered Baudelaire and the Symbolists in 1907-8, he found assurance that in French symbolist poetry there existed a truly “modern” poetic language and that there were similar unexplored possibilities of language and imagery in English poetry. The aesthetic presence of Baudelaire is evident throughout Eliot’s early poetry, but when he returned to a fuller study of Baudelaire’s poetry and prose in 1919 his interest had clearly shifted to the moral and spiritual plane. Underlying the Baudelairean imagery and allusions in The waste Land is Eliot’s deeper and more pervasive interest in Baudelaire as a wasteland “saint,” as the first desert father of the reaction against romanticism, and in the early 1920s Baudelaire succeeded even Dante as the central figure through whom Eliot defined the spiritual difficulties and moral responsibilities of the modern poet.
The Ignatian Interlude
Authors: Schuchard Ronald 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Eliot and Ignatius? Most students of Eliot would be at a loss to describe any familiar relationship. Though Eliot found his way to Ignatius through John Donne, there is no mention of Ignatius in Eliot’s prose before he wrote his Clark Lectures on metaphysical poetry in 1925-26. He knew from Isaak Walton’s Life that Donne was brought up an English Catholic under Jesuit influence (two uncles were eminent Jesuits)) and that his mother was a recusant until her death. “I had my first breeding and conversation,” wrote Donne, “with men of a suppressed and affiicted religion, accustomed to the despite of death and hungry of an imagined martyrdom.” Though Eliot began studying Donne in 1906, and writing on him in 1917, he seems not to have explored Donne’s Jesuit background or picked up a copy of Ignatius’s Spiritual Exercises (1548) until he began preparing his Clark Lectures. Eliot knew, of course, that after Donne passed from the Roman to the Anglican church, he attacked the Jesuits generally in PseudoMartyr (16ro) and satirized Ignatius particularly in Ignatius His Conclave (16rr). In his lectures Eliot was himself a severe critic of Ignatius and the Spiritual Exercises, but when a Jesuit in the audience reproved him for his incautious remarks, Eliot was embarrassed into a serious study of the Exercises. It was one of the most unsettling checkings in his intellectual life: over the next seven years he would work through a cycle of visions and revisions of Ignatius as a mystic, and he would become absorbed in working out the effect of Ignatius’s method on seventeenthcentury mysticism, particularly on Donne.
“If I Think, Again, Of This Place” The Way to Little Gidding
Authors: Schuchard Ronald 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Eliot did not just happen upon Little Gidding; it was a symbolic place of mind long before his pilgrimage to the chapel in 1936, well before he began to write the poem in 1941. Even as he wrote the renunciatory fragments of Ash-Wednesday in the aftermath of his conversion, his mind was fixed on the Anglican example of Nicholas Ferrar, whose stark renunciation of worldly preferments and whose friendships with George Herbert and Richard Crashaw had struck Eliot’s imagination. Early in the 1920s he was familiar with Walton’s portrayal of the devotional community in his Life ef Herbert.When he read Mario Praz’s account in Secentismoe Marinismo in Inghilterra (1925) of Crashaw’s relation to Ferrar and his remarkable niece Mary Collett, he was moved to write: “The section of Signor Praz’s book which deals with . . . Crashaw’s connexion with the retreat of Little Gidding and with the misfortunes of Peterhouse makes extremely good reading.” If he was not as yet familiar with J. H. Shorthouse’s detailed description of religious life at Little Gidding in john Inglesant (1881), he was soon to be so, for he added the 1927 edition to his library. By the time of his baptism and confirmation in that year, Eliot already saw Little Gidding as a distant paradigm of the contemplative life, founded as it was on a mystical devotional spirit that he would embrace with increasing intensity. During the next decade, as he prepared for his fated visit, he did indeed think again and again of “this place” and its people.
Ziguinchor, Senegal
Authors: Tinker Irene 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Much recent economic development, controlled by a centralized administration, has largely bypassed Ziguinchor, which is isolated from Dakar by the tiny state of Gambia. The resultant feeling of neglect and a prolonged drought that severely affected the rice production in this semitropical region has led to sporadic civil unrest. The EPOC study was carried out in a quiescent period, as the urbanized sections of the town were expanding into the still-cultivated fields enclosed within the municipal boundaries. The seasonality of agriculture was matched in the street food sector, as many women who perform most of the agricultural labor sold peanuts and other crops on the street. As in Nigeria, separate budgets mean that women must contribute food or money to the household. Household surveys reveal the differential spending patterns of women and men in their predominantly polygynous living arrangements. Ethnic differences in women’s work and in products sold on the street document the importance of culture in everyday life. As we are unable to revisit Ziguinchor, the focus on current trends examines street foods in Dakar, where many people from Ziguinchor have migrated; their remittances are essential to maintaining families at home.
Afterword Putting It All Together
Authors: Tinker Irene 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Weaving together the individual reports of these seven diverse cities, each using the basic design of the Street Foods Project to produce distinct patterns, has been a daunting task. Each study expanded into new areas propelled by the demands of the local situation and the curiosity of its staff. The focus and success of interventions to improve the trade in both its economic and food service aspects varied even more, dependent on the local political as well as cultural climate.
Intoduction
Authors: Zook Kristal Brent 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I began this project ten years ago. It was a time when most anyone with a bit of melanin (and some without) found themselves caught up in a rising tide of neonationalism-the era of early Spike Lee films, Public Enemy’s “Fight the Power,” and other such revolutionary expressive forms. It seemed that everyone wanted to be black-at least in theory, if not in practice .Just as an Afro had defined “downness” in the social parlance of the 1960s and 70s, so too did a red, black, and green Africa medallion or a “40 Acres and a Mule” T-shirt now signify racial authenticity.1
Boricna Power in the Boogie-Down Bronx: Puerto Rican Nationalism on New York Undercover
Authors: Zook Kristal Brent 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
New York Undercover was the number one show among African Americans from 1994 to 1996.1 Why? Or perhaps a better question is: What happened from 1996 to 1998? Why did it change? In its first season, mainstream television critics pointed to the macho good looks of actors Malik Yoba and Michael DeLorenzo as the key to Undercover’s success. Some noted that the funky beats inspired by former producer and music executive Andre Harrell also played a part in attracting young viewers. These factors, while important, provided only a superficial analysis of the show’s appeal. It was, in fact, the dynamic interplay of drama, collective autobiography, improvisation, and aesthetics that made this show a hit. New York Undercover was the first prime-time dramatic series to star both an African American and a Latino as lead characters. If we consider it a “black” drama, it was also the first ever to succeed past season one. The show has its origins in the research of African American writer-producer Kevin Arcadie, who modeled Undercover’s twenty-something detectives, J. C. Williams (Yoba) and Eduardo Torres (DeLorenzo) after three real-life rapping cops from Chicago known as the “Slick Boys.”
The Test of Strength June 1950–January 1951
Authors: Mastny Vojtech 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The outbreak of hostilities in Korea injected a measure of unpredictability into the Cold War that had not been there before. The surprise attack was to make the war short; its prolongation required improvisation from both sides, for which neither had been adequately prepared. The waxing and waning of military fortunes amid fast-moving developments and abrupt changes on the battlefield added to the difficulty of predicting what was going to happen next. Assessing the likely course of the war, and adapting the policies accordingly, was a major Soviet preoccupation from its beginning.
The initial Soviet response to the North Korean attack on June 25 was dilatory and noncommittal. For thirty-six hours, Moscow offered no public support to the announcement on the Pyongyang radio that had tried to justify the aggression by accusing the victim of starting the war. Even after it endorsed the fiction, factual reporting by the Soviet media remained notable for its scarcity. No responsible official could be found in Moscow to act on Washington’s frantic attempts to contact the Soviet government in hopes of persuading it to intercede to stop the fighting. Letting events take their course, Vyshinskii absented himself from his office while his deputy Gromyko evaded a meeting urgently requested by the U.S. ambassador on June 27.
A Fundamental Right
Authors: Dagger Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
To believe in natural rights is to believe in nonsense, according to Jeremy Bentham. Belief in human rights “is one with belief in witches and unicorns,” according to Alasdair Maclntyre. Yet each in his own way is an egalitarian, Bentham as a utilitarian and MacIntyre as a professed “Augustinian Christian.”2 Can they have it both ways? Can they maintain that every person is in some sense morally equal to every other yet deny that people have natural or human rights?