bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Alkyl Spacer in the Betaine Moiety of Polycarboxybetaines on Their Complexing With Poly(methacrylic acid) and DNA
Authors: Izumrudov Vladimir A. , Domashenko Natalya I. , Zhiryakova Marina V. , Rakhnyanskaya Anna A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSummary: The affinity of polybetaines of pyridiniocarboxylate structure that differed by the number n of methylene groups in the betaine moieties (n = 1, 2, 4, and 5) to the tagged poly(methacrylic acid) or DNA was estimated by fluorescence quenching techniques. The revealed irregular change of the affinity with increase in n and the pronounced pH‐induced stabilization of the complexes in neutral media may be particularly beneficial in the development of (bio)separation techniques.pH‐Dependence of stability of PCB‐n complexes with poly(methacrylic acid) in water‐salt solutions presented in relative units.magnified imagepH‐Dependence of stability of PCB‐n complexes with poly(methacrylic acid) in water‐salt solutions presented in relative units.
Tracking motor unit action potentials in the tibialis anterior during fatigue
Authors: Beck Rebecca B. , O'malley Mark J. , Stegeman Dick F. , Houtman Caroline J. , Connolly Sean , Zwarts Machiel J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractNew surface electromyogram (SEMG) techniques offer the potential to advance knowledge of healthy and diseased motor units. Conduction velocity (CV) estimates, obtained from indwelling electrodes, may provide diagnostic information, but the standard method of CV estimation from SEMG may be of only limited value. We developed a motor unit (MU) tracking algorithm to extract motor unit conduction velocity (MUCV) and motor unit action potential (MUAP) amplitude estimates from SEMG. The technique is designed to provide a noninvasive means of accessing fatigue and recruitment behavior of individual MUs. We have applied this MU tracking algorithm to SEMG data recorded during isometric fatiguing contractions of the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle in nine healthy subjects, at 30%–40% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC). The results reveal that MUCVs and MUAP amplitudes of individual MUs can be estimated and tracked across time. Time‐related changes in the MU population may also be monitored. Thus, the SEMG technique employed provides insight into the behavior of the underlying muscle at the MU level by noninvasive means. Muscle Nerve, 2005
Evolution of hand dysfunction and symptoms in untreated carpal tunnel syndrome
Authors: Padua L. , Mondelli M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe Italian Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) Study Group assessed the evolution of symptoms and hand dysfunction through validated, patient‐oriented measures in 264 patients with 354 hands affected by untreated idiopathic CTS (follow‐up 10–15 months). The evolution of symptoms and hand dysfunction was positively related. Only in 3% was there discordance between hand dysfunction and symptom evolution. Thus, in patients with CTS, hand dysfunction and symptoms evolve in parallel. Muscle Nerve, 2005
O(N) algorithms for disordered systems
Authors: Sacksteder V. E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe past 13 years have seen the development of many algorithms for approximating matrix functions in O(N) time, where N is the basis size. These O(N) algorithms rely on assumptions about the spatial locality of the matrix function; therefore their validity depends very much on the argument of the matrix function. In this article I carefully examine the validity of certain O(N) algorithms when applied to Hamiltonians of disordered systems. I focus on the prototypical disordered system, the Anderson model. I find that O(N) algorithms for the density matrix function can be used well below the Anderson transition (i.e. in the metallic phase;) they fail only when the coherence length becomes large. This paper also includes some experimental results about the Anderson model's behaviour across a range of disorders. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A note on the representation and definition of semiseparable matrices
Authors: Vandebril Raf , Van Barel Marc , Mastronardi Nicola 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn this paper the definition of semiseparable matrices is investigated. Properties of the frequently used definition and the corresponding representation by generators are deduced. Corresponding to the class of tridiagonal matrices another definition of semiseparable matrices is introduced preserving the nice properties dual to the class of tridiagonal matrices. Several theorems and properties are included showing the viability of this alternative definition.Because of the alternative definition, the standard representation of semiseparable matrices is not satisfying anymore. The concept of a representation is explicitly formulated and a new kind of representation corresponding to the alternative definition is given. It is proved that this representation keeps all the interesting properties of the generator representation. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rates for the job. Measures of disease frequency in palaeopathology
Authors: Waldron Tony 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMeasures of disease frequency are discussed and their use in palaeopathology illustrated with examples, both hypothetical and real. It is shown that prevalence rates are the appropriate rates to use when calculating the frequency of diseases in skeletal populations. The extent to which prevalence rates accurately reflect those in the living population from which the skeletons were derived is also considered and it is suggested that they are a reasonable approximation for diseases that do not shorten life span, but not for those that do. Finally, suggestions are made for dealing with missing data.
Malocclusion and methodology: The problem and relevance of recording dental malalignment in archaeology
Authors: Brothwell Don 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe study of incorrectly positioned teeth has a long history, especially in relation to human groups and domestic dogs. Dental and orthodontic specialists have been particularly concerned to establish ways of recording and comparing such anomalies. However, Colyer and others have established that anomalous dental positioning occurs in a wide variety of species, and might at times even have had adaptive advantage. In the case of dogs, some modern varieties clearly have severe malocclusion problems, while others are little affected. Because it has been suggested that early domesticated dogs already display some degree of dental crowding or malpositioning, it seems important to consider the methodology for recording such anomalies. It is suggested that a quick and easy method of recording and comparing tooth positioning is by angular measurements (preferably taken on standard photographs of occlusal views). In the British archaeological dog samples selected, it was found that tooth malpositioning (and thus malocclusion of upper and lower dentitions) was only slight, compared to the overall occurrence of such anomalies in modern dogs. It is suggested that this kind of simple procedure may be of value in the investigation of secular trends in the frequency of malpositioning and malocclusion of dogs, if not other species, through time.
Pre‐Columbian treponematosis in medieval Britain
Authors: Stirland Ann 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThere has been much debate regarding the origins of treponemal disease and, in particular, acquired syphilis. Greater numbers of skeletons with apparently diagnostic bone lesions in the New World than in the Old have given rise to the postulate, particularly advanced by American workers, that the disease originated there prior to AD 1492 and was carried back to the Old World by Columbus's sailors. This paper presents evidence for the presence of treponemal disease in medieval Norwich prior to AD 1492, however. The dating of the site is good and the skeleton concerned comes from a well‐sealed context. Others in the group have similar lesions and there are four individuals with evidence of leprosy. All were buried in a communal cemetery. The individual has widespread, bilateral, florid periostitis, especially of the tibiae and fibulae, and the radiographic changes support the diagnosis of treponemal disease. Differential diagnosis and geographical situation suggest that this skeleton displays evidence of syphillis.
Metastatic carcinoma in a leper skeleton from a Medieval cemetery in Chichester England
Authors: Ortner Donald J. , Manchester Keith , Lee Frances 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBoth leprosy and metastatic cancer are well documented in the literature on human skeletal palaeopathology. The manifestation of both pathological conditions in a single archaeological skeleton has not been reported. A case from a Medieval site in Chichester, England exhibits bone lesions and patterns of skeletal involvement indicative of both these diseases. Evidence of leprosy is largely restricted to the lower tibiae, fibulae and the bones of the feet. Fine destructive foci and reactive fibre bone associated with metastatic cancer are distributed in many of the remaining areas of the skeleton. There is minimal overlap in the areas of the skeleton involved in the two pathological processes.
The first osteoarchaeological evidence of leprosy in Hungary
Authors: Pálfi György 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDuring examination of skeletal remains of a tenth century Hungarian cemetery, diagnostic features suggestive of leprosy were found in one case. The pathological changes of the skeleton consisted of rhino‐maxillary changes, concentric diaphyseal remodelling of metatarsal bones and some other features characteristic of leprosy. The differential diagnosis was carried out by macroscopic morphological and radiological methods.This is the first palaeopathological description of leprosy in Hungarian historic anthropological material. The importance of the present work is underlined by the lack of data about leprosy from the period of the Hungarian Conquest in medical history.
How many bones make five? The art and science of guesstimation in archaeozoology
Authors: Winder N. P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSix faunal statistics are described and assessed by means of simulation. Of these, the ‘probable number of individuals’ (PNI) methods, which include the Lincoln and Krantz indices, are shown to perform remarkably well. The assumptions of these PNI procedures are given and circumstances under which PNI methods can be employed are described. Palaeoeconomic methods occupy a middle ground between classical statistical theory and experimental archaeology, hence the use of the term ‘guesstimation’: this ground is explored and it is shown that these methods can have a considerable bearing on the interpretation of taphonomic and ‘spatial’ (intra‐stratum) regularities. Promising avenues for future research are indicated.
Chronic ear disease as a possible reason for trephination
Authors: Mann George 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIt is rare for any reason to be deduced for the operation of trephination. A Peruvian skull is presented with three trephine holes on one side and evidence of the chronic ear infection known as cholesteatoma on the other. This infection would have produced a facial paralysis on the same side. It is suggested that there would have been an awareness of the connection between the motor area of the brain on one side and the movement of the opposite side of the body, and that a trephination might have been carried out in an attempt to relieve a supposed brain lesion, albeit on the wrong side.
Paget's disease (osteitis deformans): A classic case?
Authors: Stirland Ann 
Published: June 2005

AbstractOsteitis deformans, first described by Sir James Paget in 1877, is rare in the palaeopathological record. Today, it is a common disease in individuals of 50 or more years, with frequency and extent of skeletal involvement increasing with age. This predilection for the elderly is thought to be the reason why the disease is rarely found in archaeological groups; until recently, it has always been assumed that individuals in the past died relatively young. Recent excavations in Norwich on the site of the medieval church of St Margaret in combusto (terminus ante quem AD 1468), have yielded 436 inhumations. Approximately a quarter of these have been analysed so far; the analysis has demonstrated the presence of a variety of pathological lesions, some rarer than others. The subject of this paper is an older adult male who appears to have had widespread and advanced Paget's disease, with the involvement of multiple osseous sites. Macroscopic and radiological analyses of the skeleton suggest that the lesions present a classic case of this disease.
Macroscopic and microscopic evaluation of archaeological pathological bone: Backscattered electron imaging of putative pagetic bone
Authors: Bell Lynne S. , Jones Sheila J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractReports on microscopic palaeopathological material are rare and have not addressed the potentially complicating effects of diagenesis on bone. This study examined the microstructural integrity of two putative cases of Paget's disease using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) in backscattered electron (BSE) imaging mode. The results obtained show that the SEM‐BSE technique is a highly sensitive and informative microscopic method, which can be used to locate areas of morphologically intact bone within extensively altered diagenetic bone. Evidence for high bone turnover was present in both specimens and it was apparent that there was little relationship between macroscopic and microscopic preservation. The investigation also validated the use of gross X‐rays as a diagnostic tool, since diagenetic reorganization of the bone coarsely replicated the general collagenous arrangement of the pathology sufficient for the resolving power of gross radiography.
A muscular parasite in a mummified girl
Authors: Bellard F. Gomez , Cortés J. L. Abel 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn ossuary of the nineteenth Century in Toledo County, Spain, produced a spontaneously mummified young girl in a very good state of preservation. The body was studied macroscopically, radiographically and microscopically. The anathomopathological analysis showed evidence of lesions in the muscular tissue of arms and forearms. A positive identification of Trinchinella Spiralis was made.We present the lesions and we discuss the palaeopathological diagnosis and its palaeonutritional and cultural implications.
Degenerative changes in peripheral joints as indicators of mechanical stress: Opportunities and limitations
Authors: Jurmain Robert D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAlthough it commonly has been assumed that environmentally mediated stress is centrally important in initiating degenerative joint disease, it does not necessarily follow that we can make predictive statements concerning those specific stresses in the past that have led to the onset of degenerative change. Indeed, numerous examples from clinical studies of apparently clearly demarcated occupational stress have failed to show expected correlations with degenerative disease. Comparisons of laterality, age of onset, location, frequency and severity of involvement can be used to facilitate general comparisons concerning type and overall level of mechanical stress as, for example, between hunter‐gatherer and agricultural groups. As shown from statistical analysis of skeletons of American Whites, American Blacks, Alaskan Eskimos, Pueblo Indians and Californian Indians (total N > 950), the expression of degenerative lesions varies both within and between joints. The most behaviourally sensitive joint modifications are seen on articular surfaces (pitting, eburnation), but not around joint margins (osteophytes), where strong age‐related phenomena predominate.
Dental disease in a Romano‐British skeletal population from Baldock, Hertfordshire
Authors: Thornton Francis 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn the 1980s preparatory mechanical excavations for a new phase of building development at Baldock, Hertfordshire, revealed Romano‐British inhumations. Subsequent excavations recovered 122 burials, which have been attributed to the fourth century AD.The material was submitted to the Calvin Wells Laboratory, University of Bradford, for detailed skeletal examination. This paper discusses the oral pathology identified and quantified for this relatively small but discrete population sample. The analysis and recording system devised for this exercise indicate that caries was the most serious prevalent dental disease affecting the majority of the individuals of all age groups. The project attempted to integrate the dental pathological evidence with documentary and artefactual evidence for oral hygiene and dentistry in the Roman period.
Incremental banding in dental cementum: Methods of preparation for teeth from archaeological sites and for modern comparative specimens
Authors: Beasley M. J. , Brown W. A. B. , Legge A. J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAnalysis of incremental banding in dental cementum is a well‐established means of determining the age and season of death of wild mammals. The dental cementum of domesticated mammals likewise can indicate age and season of death. Methods of preparation applicable to archaeological teeth differ from those used for modern specimens, however, and this paper describes two methods that have given excellent imaging on teeth of Bos taurus; one for modern teeth and the other for teeth from archaeological sites.
Bone survival: The effects of sedimentary abrasion and trampling on fresh and cooked bone
Authors: Nicholson Rebecca A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIt is commonly assumed that, at least when considering similar sized animals, the bones from all taxa stand an equal chance of preservation. This paper summarizes one aspect of a larger study undertaken in order to assess whether this assumption is true, based on the results of experiments and observations into the effects of a range of pre‐depositional processes. The rates of bone destruction by sedimentary abrasion and by trampling are determined for small mammal, fish and frog bones. Patterns of bone loss and fragmentation are examined both between species and within the skeleton, for fresh and boiled bone. It is shown that there is considerable interspecies variation in the ability of bones to withstand these physical forces. Frog bone proved particularly resistant, while within the fish, bone from the Gadidae was less resilient than might be expected, given its predominance in British Medieval archaeological sites and coastal sites of all periods. Within the skeleton, bone shape appears to be a very important determinant of relative survival. Boiling dramatically reduces bone's resistence to destruction. The physical properties of fresh, boiled and burnt bone are compared mechanically, and the dramatic loss of strength induced by heating is demonstrated. The often voiced assumption that fish bone is more prone to destruction than mammal bone is shown to have some validity. The results add more evidence to support the view that comparison of species abundance by fragment counts may not always be appropriate, and that interpretation of skeletal element frequencies should be approached with caution.
Burial of an early 19th century suicide in the crypt of St Bride's church, fleet street
Authors: Bowman J. E. , MacLaughlin S. M. , Scheuer J. L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA skull from the St Bride's collection showing evidence of gunshot wounds is described. The position of the wounds suggests that they were self‐inflicted. Examination of historical records confirms that the individual committed suicide by shooting himself in the mouth. The fact that this individual was buried in the crypt of St Bride's church in 1821 is discussed in relation to early 19th century attitudes to suicide.
The rhinomaxillary syndrome in leprosy: A clinical, radiological and palaeopathological study
Authors: Andersen Johs G. , Manchester Keith 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe rhinomaxillary syndrome consists of a group of maxillary bone changes, which may be present in part or in total, in lepromatous and near‐lepromatous leprosy. The changes are a composite mixture of erosive, absorptive and proliferative bone reactions. The anatomical zones involved are the alveolar process of the maxilla, the anterior nasal spine, the palatine process of the maxilla, intranasal osseous structures, and the margins of the nasal aperture.
Life tables in palaeodemography: A methodological note
Authors: Williams Jeff T. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSeveral errors in the early literature discussing life‐table analysis of skeletal populations are potentially misleading to the researcher unacquainted with the mathematical methods of palaeodemography. Additional errors document the hazards of borrowing life‐table methods and equations from other applications without fully realizing their context, interpretation, and the potential restrictions on their use. A simple generalization of the life‐table equations explicitly to reveal their dependence on the entry age and width of the age intervals used will facilitate the correct computation of life tables and readily accommodate the use of unconventional or otherwise non‐standard cohorts. A general procedure for computing a life table for a skeletal population is presented, and a numerical example is included to illustrate the method.
Bone ultrastructure in the antler of the extinct Giant Irish Deer (Megaceros)
Authors: Dickson Glenn R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe skull and antlers of an extinct Giant Irish deer (Megaceros) were retrieved from a bog in central Ireland. Cancellous bone from the antlers was examined ultrastructurally by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The ultrastructural integrity of bone cells (osteocytes) was remarkable with features such as mitochondria and Golgi elements being clearly demonstrated. Radiocarbon dating indicated that the specimen was around 11 000 years BP. The demonstration of ultrastructure in bone cells of this extinct deer suggests that palaeontological specimens found in bog environments are potentially useful for the ultrastructural investigation of not only the extracellular matrix but, significantly, of the cell itself.
Skeletal markers of occupational stress in the Fur Trade: A case study from a Hudson's Bay Company Fur Trade post
Authors: Lai Ping , Lovell Nancy C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe Seafort Burial Site (FcPr100) is a Fur Trade Period cemetery located near the town of Rocky Mountain House, Alberta. The results of recent analysis of skeletons recovered during salvage excavations between 1969 and 1971 suggest that three males in this sample were voyageurs in the employ of the Hudson's Bay Company. Vertebral osteophytosis and osteoarthritis, Schmorl's nodes, muscle origin robusticity and new bone formation at entheses and syndesmoses, and osteoarthritis at the elbow and shoulder joints provide evidence for carrying, lifting, and paddling or rowing. The presence of accessory sacral facets also may be stress‐related. In addition, the development of accessory articular facets on the metatarsals and proximal pedal phalanges may indicate activity‐induced stress from hyperdorsiflexion of the toes in habitual kneeling, such as when river canoeing.
Trace elements in palaeopathology: Quantitative analysis of a case of hypertrophic osteoarthropathy by instrumental neutron activation analysis
Authors: Blondiaux J. , Baud C. A. , Boscher‐barré N. , Dardenne C. , Deschamps N. , Trocellier P. , Buchet L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractInstrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) of the bones of a 6th century case (AD) of hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (HOA) showed high levels of Zn, Mn and K in the periosteal new bone. The concentration of Zn in the periosteal new bone appeared to be biogenetic in origin and connected with active mineralization processes in the abnormal bone tissue. Manganese and potassium concentrations were, at least partly, related to diagenetic processes.