bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cerebral lateralization and theory of mind
Authors: Brownell Hiram , Griffin Richard , Winne Ellen , Friedman Ori , Happe Francesca 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Theory of mind (ToM), predicting and explaining behaviour in terms of mental states, represents a crucial human ability that is best understood from several perspectives. In this chapter, we focus on neuropsychological investigations of ToM capacities that may be lateralized to one cerebral hemisphere; however, we locate these claims for lateralized components of ToM in an overview that includes many themes and that draws on several literatures. Our goal is to integrate ToM capacity into a general framework that incorporates philosophical, neuropsychological, and cognitive principles. We start with a brief statement of how ToM fits within current views on evolutionary psychology and developmental psychology to highlight a few critical features of ToM. Next, we provide background on localization and, in particular, lateralization of function. This selective review draws on work with monkeys as well as with humans. We emphasize the importance of the right hemisphere in ToM and related domains, but also discuss the role of bilateral prefrontal regions in ToM computations. Finally, and most importantly, we outline a neuropsychological model for ToM that incorporates contributions of prefrontal and limbic regions as well as the two hemispheres. The core ideas include the maintaince ‘decoupled’ or alternative representations, selecting from among alternatives, and the relative salience of competing representations.
The physiological basis of theory of mind: functional neuroimaging studies
Authors: Frith Chris , Frith Uta 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are several chapters in this book which address theory of mind and the brain. There are other chapters which deal in depth with other topics we touch on here, especially the distinctions between behaviour which presupposes theory of mind and superficially similar behaviour which does not. Finally, elsewhere in this volume there are extensive discussions about the terms ‘theory of mind’, ‘mentalising’ and ‘mind-blindness’. We have decided to include some observations on these topics which are highly relevant to the design and interpretation of neuroimaging studies. We believe that such studies would be uninterpretable or misleading without being set in the context of the broader research questions.
Teaching theory of mind to individuals with autism
Authors: Swettenham John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I will be discussing recent studies which have assessed whether it is possible to teach a ‘theory of mind’ to individuals with autism. One reason for conducting such training studies is that they may have important clinical implications for individuals with autism. If it is the case that a deficit in theory of mind underpins the impairments in social interaction, pragmatics and pretend play in autism, as Baron-Cohen et al. (1985) have argued, then a successful method for teaching theory of mind may help to alleviate the impairments in social interaction that are so debilitating in autism (Howlin et al. 1999).
Palaeoanthropological perspectives
on the theory of mind
Authors: Mithen Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the last decade ‘theory of mind’ has emerged as a key concept in psychology. It has become a focus for research in many areas of this discipline including the study of non-human primates, cognitive pathologies, and child development. It has gained this status due to its apparently central role in human cognition: appreciating that other individuals have beliefs and desires, especially those which may contrast with one’s own, is fundamental to possessing a ‘normal’ human mind. Indeed the capacity to ‘mentalise’, in terms of interpreting behaviour by reference to mental states, appears to be as important an element of being human as it is to use language or complex material objects.
The Precautionary Principle
Authors: Pennington T Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
BSE presented a very difficult challenge for policy makers. Its novelty was extreme. There had never been a TSE in cattle before. It was not possible to predict whether it could infect other species, including humans. All that could be said at the beginning, using scrapie and CJD as comparators, was that the agent would be very heat resistant and that its incubation period would be very long; finding out rapidly how many animals (and people) had already been infected recently would probably be impossible.
BSE,vCJD,and E.coli: The Aftermath
Authors: Pennington T Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The inquiries that follow disasters in England are very English in their administrative heterogeneity. The legal structures that underpin them are labyrinthine. They proceed in many different ways, some in public, some in private, some under oath with advocates and some without lawyers at all. Traditionally, scandals and disasters were investigated by Parliamentary Committees.
Tuberculosis control
Authors: Kim Jim Yong , Shakow Aaron , Castro Arachu , Vanderwarker, Chris , Farmer Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is an airborne infectious disease caused by an organism, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and is thought to infect almost one-third of the world’s population. It commonly manifests as an infection of the lungs, usually with symptoms of coughing, weight loss and other constitutional symptoms (Iseman 2000). Known as the “white death” or “consumption” during the nineteenth century in western countries, TB was a major determinant of population health throughout the early twentieth century. The discovery of antibiotics and improvements in basic sanitation and living conditions, dramatically decreased the impact of TB in developed countries, but together with HIV/AIDS, it remains one of the two most important infectious causes of adult mortality in the world (WHO 2000a).
International health regulations and epidemic control
Authors: Giesecke Johan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The international spread of epidemics has been a constant companion of the movement of people, animals, and goods across borders, and control measures have mostly consisted in trying to close these borders to infection. However, in addition to responding to a real health threat, presumed risk of contagion has often served to justify barriers to traffic as a means of trade restriction, thus compromising epidemic control through fear of disproportionate economic losses due to other countries’ protective measures.
Models Of Speech Motor Control: Implications From Recent Developments In Neurophysiological And Neurobehavioral Science
Authors: Kent Ray D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of motor control is entering a new phase of integration that carries important implications for the study of communication and its disorders. An intriguing part of this integration is the synthesis of motor control and cognition. Historically, the theoretical understanding of motor control, including the motor control of speech, was dominated by generalized motor programs (GMP), or the idea that movement is guided by a mental representation of some kind (Kent et al. 1996). But within the past 25 years, the hegemony of GMP was seriously challenged by the theory of coordination dynamics (or dynamic systems), which, in the minds of many, displaced GMP as the predominant view of motor control. Coordination dynamics offered many advantages, including a formal mathematical structure, an appealing parsimony, and a widespread scientific and clinical application.
Dynamical Systems Theory And Its Application In Speech
Authors: Van Lieshout Pascal H H M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In our daily activities, we accomplish a great number of different, often complex tasks without giving them much thought, while we execute them in a seemingly effortless way. We walk, we pick up objects, we write or type, we chew and swallow, and, unlike other animals, we speak. Speech is probably the most complex motor behaviour humans can perform. This complexity alone is a formidable challenge to any theoretical approach to motor control, but in addition, speech lends itself less to the specific type of manipulations that are commonly used to study underlying control mechanisms in other motor tasks. Other complicating issues for speech research are potential influences of cognitive/linguistic processes on motor control in using real words or longer utterances (e.g. van Lieshout et al. 1995; Maner et al. 2000).
Linguistic Processes And Childhood Stuttering: Many's a Slip Between Intention And Lip
Authors: Conture Edward G , Zackheim Courtney T , Anderson Julie D , Pellowski Mark W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to present the theoretical base for a programmatic study of linguistic processes in children who stutter ( CWS). This theoretical position is based on our own empirical studies of childhood stuttering (e.g. Logan and Conture 1997; Anderson and Conture 2000; Pellowski et al. 2001; Pellowski 2002; Zackheim et al. 2002; Melnick et al. 2003; Zackheim and Conture 2003; Anderson, unpublished) and speculations (e.g. Conture 2001a, pp. 27-50) as well as that of others (e.g. Bernstein Ratner 1997; Kolk and Postma 1997; Tetnowski 1998). This chapter, therefore, while attempting to review all pertinent literature, will focus on the rationale for our study of linguistic processes in relationship to childhood stuttering.
Non interacting Electrons
Authors: Barford William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We start our investigation of the electronic states of conjugated polymers by solving the simplest possible model, the no interacting (or Hu¨ckel) model. We apply this to both uniform and dimerized, cyclic and linear polymers. In all cases the polymers have rigid geometries. This procedure naturally introduces the concepts of Bloch and molecular-orbital states, from which the many-body eigenstates are derived. We conclude this chapter by discussing the importance of symmetries on the properties of the particle-hole excitations from the ground state.
Dealing with health fears: Cigarette advertising in the United States in the twentieth century
Authors: Kozlowski Lynn T , O’Connor Richard J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the beginning of the twentieth century, cigarette advertising in the United States has been largely an effort to deal with the health fears related to smoking. Three main techniques have been used: reassurance, misdirection of attention, and inducements to be brave in the face of fear. Others have also considered the history of cigarette advertising and carried out content analyses (Warner 1985; McCaullife 1988; Pollay 1989; Ringold and Calfee 1989; Cohen 1992). This chapter depends on this earlier work and is an extension of an earlier paper on the topic (Kozlowski 2000). Note that we focus on advertising in the United States-similar themes have been examined in Canadian advertising (see Pollay 2002).
Pharmacology of nicotine addiction
Authors: Henningfield Jack E , Benowitz Neal L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the 1980s, it has become recognized by clinicians, researchers, and public health experts that tobacco products are among the most addictive and deadly of all dependence producing substances (Royal College of Physicians 2000; WHO 2001). Nicotine meets all of the standard criteria for a dependence-producing drug and all types of tobacco products are capable of delivering dependence-producing levels of nicotine (US DHHS 1988; Royal Society of Canada 1989; Royal College of Physicians 2000). These conclusions are consistent with the neuropharmacology of nicotine (Henningfield et al. 1996), with clinical studies of nicotine dependence and withdrawal (e.g. Hughes et al. 1990; Henningfield et al. 1995a), and with the epidemiology of tobacco use and dependence (Giovino et al. 1995). In fact, if evaluated against the criteria used to determine the level of psychoactive scheduling set by the U.S. Controlled Substance Act or the World Health Organization’s Convention on Psychotropic Substances (described by McClain and Sapienza 1989; Vocci 1989), nicotine could be appropriately categorized as a controlled substance (Food and Drug Administration 1995, 1996).
Nicotine dosing characteristics across tobacco products
Authors: Djordjevic Mirjana V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nicotiana tabacum L., the most commonly cultivated tobacco worldwide, is a hybrid between two species, N. sylvestris and N. tomentosiforemis or octophora (Tso 1990). Nicotiana rustica, another N. species used in tobacco products, is primarily grown in Russia, the Ukraine, and other Eastern European countries, including Georgia, Moldavia, and Poland. It is also grown in South America and, to a limited extent, in India. In the US, there is a collection of 1500 tobacco germplasms. They represent a wide range of variations of chemical constituents, including nicotine, and smoke deliveries despite plants being grown at the same location under similar treatment. Tobacco usage is primarily due to the stimulant effect of nicotine. Through tobacco smoke inhalation, it takes 10-19 seconds for nicotine to pass from the cigarette to the brain (Benowitz 1999).
Passive smoking and health
Authors: Samet Jonathan M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Evidence on the health effects of tobacco smoking, both active and passive, and of using smokeless tobacco has been central in driving initiatives to control tobacco use. In some countries, the evidence on passive smoking has had particularly powerful consequences in shaping public policy in recent decades, as strategies have been implemented to protect non smokers from involuntarily inhaling tobacco smoke in public places, workplaces, and their homes. This chapter provides an overview and introduction to the now-vast data on the adverse health consequences of passive smoking, covering the risks to passive smokers, including the fetus, infants and children, and adults.
Adolescent smoking
Authors: Pierce John P , Distefan, Janet M , Hill David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is over forty years since the public health community came to the consensus that smoking tobacco, particularly cigarettes, caused lung cancer. Despite widespread dissemination of the likely health consequences, cigarette smoking is still a prevalent behavior in all developed countries and is a rapidly increasing behavior in developing countries. There is an extensive literature on quitting studies indicating that, for many smokers, successful quitting is one of the hardest lifestyle changes to achieve. Given this, many argue that the majority of the emphasis should be on preventing initiation of smoking in the first place. This chapter focuses on influences encouraging young people to become smokers.
Smoking and stomach cancer
Authors: ridze David Za 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Incidence and mortality from stomach cancer is declining practically in all countries. Nevertheless stomach cancer remains the second most common cause of death from cancer in the world, accounting for about one million cases annually (Parkin et al. 1999). Incidence and mortality from stomach cancer are high in Japan, Korea, China, Russia, in Columbia, and other countries of South America, and are low in North America and western Europe (Pisani and Pisani 1999). Decline in the incidence of stomach cancer is accompanied by increase in cancer of the gastric cardia (Devesa et al. 1998; Botterweck et al. 2000).
Regulation of the cigarette: Controlling cigarette emissions
Authors: Gray Nigel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Remarkably, the cigarette has escaped orthodox regulation of content and emissions in all countries, although there are some regulations capping such measures as ‘tar’, nicotine, and carbon monoxide. These have been measured by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) method (United States Public Health Service 1996) or slight variants thereof. In a few countries additives must be notified, but are not controlled. The reasons for this strange arrangement in a world where consumer products as simple as the humble sausage are routinely regulated, are difficult to define.
Structured Fluids
Authors: Witten T , Pincus P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the last thirty years, the study of liquids containing polymers, surfactants, or colloidal particles has developed from a loose assembly of facts into a coherent discipline with substantial predictive power. These liquids expand our conception of what condensed matter can do. Such structured-fluid phenomena dominate the physical environment within living cells. This book teaches how to think of these fluids from a unified point of view, showing the far-reaching effects of thermal fluctuations in producing forces and motions. Keeping mathematics to a minimum, the book seeks the simplest explanations that account for the distinctive scaling properties of these fluids. An example is the growth of viscosity of a polymer solution as the cube of the molecular weight of the constituent polymers. Another is the hydrodynamic radius of a colloidal aggregate, which remains comparable to its geometrical radius even though the density of particles in the aggregate becomes arbitrarily small. The book aims for a simplicity, unity and depth not found in previous treatments. The text is supplemented by numerous figures, tables and problems to aid the student.
Surfactants
Authors: Witten T , Pincus P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter we saw that the boundary of a liquid is responsible for significant, controllable forces—capillary forces. In this chapter we encounter an enormous expansion of that control through the use of “amphiphilic” molecules. An amphiphilic molecule contains a part that by itself would be soluble in the liquid and another part that would be insoluble in it. The insoluble parts have a more favorable free energy when they are away from the liquid; thus these molecules tend to concentrate at the liquid boundary. Because they influence surfaces and other boundaries, these molecules are called surfactants.
New Visions on Form and Growth
Authors: Pelcé Pierre , Brujić Jasna , Costier Laurent 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There exists a wide variety of patterns in nature, from inert matter such as crystalline dendrites and flames, to filamentous fungi and neurones in the living world. Their structural evolution during growth can be theoretically modelled in order to predict the shape of their forms, their dimensions and their growth rate. 'New Visions on Growth and Form' aims at answering such questions by employing different theoretical approaches and providing a critical appraisal. The book belongs to the wide field of non-equilibrium statistical physics, and explores different mechanisms such as transport, interfacial tension, and chemical reactions, which govern the growth of a material. It explains the fundamental equations relating different morphological quantities, as well as the relevant experimental control parameters. From the unifying concepts arising in the theoretical approach the author proposes a tentative description of cell morphogenesis as a further application of the theory.
Data Analysis
Authors: Sheppard Lianne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Data analysis is the process of summarizing data and using it to gain insight or draw conclusions from a study. The goal of data analysis is to reveal the patterns of interest in the data, ideally without these patterns being clouded by bias or random error. There are multiple steps to data analyses, including data cleaning, descriptive analyses, inferential analyses, and sensitivity analyses. While every data analysis process should include some description, inferential analyses are typically the primary goal. Inferential analyses relate the sample (study population) to a source population. For many environmental epidemiological studies, this involves quantifying the size of the effect in the presence of random error.
Practical Issues In Study Implementation
Authors: Baker Dean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The implementation of epidemiological studies can be quite different depending on whether the investigators plan to use existing data sources, or whether they will collect new exposure or health outcome data specifically for the investigation. However the same principles of study design and quality assurance apply to both types of studies. Furthermore, all studies require the development of a study protocol, consideration of the ethical implications, and similar approaches to data management, data analysis, and reporting.
Biases in responding
Authors: Streiner David L , Norman Geoffrey R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some scale developers bypass the entire problem of responder bias by asserting that their instruments are designed merely to differentiate between groups. In this situation, the truth or falsity of the answer is irrelevant, as long as one group responds in one direction more often than does another group. According to this position, responding ‘yes’ to an item such as ‘I like sports magazines’ would not be interpreted as accurately reflecting the person’s reading preferences. The item’s inclusion in the test is predicated solely on the fact that one group of people says it likes these magazines more often than do other groups. This purely empirical approach to scale development reached its zenith in the late 1940s and 1950s, but may still be found underlying the construction of some measures.
From items to scales
Authors: Streiner David L , Norman Geoffrey R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since this approach is so simple, there must be something wrong with it. Actually, there are two potential problems. We say ‘potential’ because, as will be seen later, they may not be problems in certain situations. First, some items may be more important than others, and perhaps should make a larger contribution to the total score. Second, unlike the situation in measuring blood pressure, for example, where it is expected that each of the different methods should yield exactly the same answer, no one presumes that all scales tapping activities of daily living should give the same number at the end. Under these circumstances, it is difficult, if not impossible, to compare scores on different scales, since each uses a different metric. We shall examine both of these points in some more detail.
Mathematical modelling of animate and intentional motion
Authors: Rittscher Jens , Blake Andrew , Hoogs, Anthony , Stein Gees 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our aim is to enable a machine to observe and interpret the behaviour of others. Mathematical models are employed to describe certain biological motions. The main challenge is to design models that are both tractable and meaningful. In the first part we will describe how computer vision techniques, in particular visual tracking, can be applied to recognize a small vocabulary of human actions in a constrained scenario. Mainly the problems of viewpoint and scale invariance need to be overcome to formalize a general framework. Hence the second part of the article is devoted to the question whether a particular human action should be captured in a single complex model or whether it is more promising to make extensive use of semantic knowledge and a collection of low-level models that encode certain motion primitives.