bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zoogeography and relationships of Australasian skates (Chondrichthyes: Rajidae)
Authors: Last Peter R. , Yearsley Gordon K. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAim  To investigate distributional patterns and derivation of skates in the Australasian realm.Location  Australasia.Methods  Genus‐group skate taxa were defined for this region for the first time and new systematic information, as well as bathymetric and geographical data, used to identify distribution patterns.Results  The extant skate fauna of Australasia (Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia and adjacent subAntarctic dependencies) is highly diverse and endemic with sixty‐two species from twelve currently recognized, nominal genus‐group taxa. These include the hardnose skate (rajin) groups Anacanthobatis, Amblyraja, Dipturus, Okamejei, Rajella and Leucoraja, and softnose skate (arhynchobatin) genera Arhynchobatis, Bathyraja, Insentiraja, Irolita, Pavoraja and Notoraja. Additional new and currently unrecognized nominal taxa of both specific and supraspecific ranks also occur in the region. The subfamily Arhynchobatinae is particularly speciose in Australasia, and the New Zealand/New Caledonian fauna is dominated by undescribed supraspecific taxa and species. The Australian fauna, although well represented by arhynchobatins, is dominated by Dipturus‐like skates and shows little overlap in species composition with the fauna of New Zealand and New Caledonia. Similarly, these faunas exhibit no overlap with the polar faunas of the Australian subAntarctic dependencies (Heard and Macdonald Islands) to the south. Skates appear to be absent from the Macquarie Ridge at the southern margin of the New Zealand Plateau. Their absence off New Guinea probably reflects inadequate sampling and the subsequent poor knowledge of that region's deepwater fish fauna.Main conclusions  Skates appear to have existed in the eastern, Australasian sector of Gondwana before fragmentation in the late Cretaceous. The extant fauna appears to be derived from elements of Gondwanan origin, dispersal from the eastern and western Tethys Sea, and intraregional vicariance speciation.
A model for the species–area–habitat relationship
Authors: Triantis K. A. , Mylonas M. , Lika K. , Vardinoyannis K. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAim  To propose a model (the choros model) for species diversity, which embodies number of species, area and habitat diversity and mathematically unifies area per se and habitat hypotheses.Location  Species richness patterns from a broad scale of insular biotas, both from island and mainland ecosystems are analysed.Methods  Twenty‐two different data sets from seventeen studies were examined in this work. The r2 values and the Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) were used in order to compare the quality of fit of the choros model with the Arrhenius species–area model. The classic method of log‐log transformation was applied.Results  In twenty of the twenty‐two cases studied, the proposed model gave a better fit than the classic species–area model. The values of z parameter derived from choros model are generally lower than those derived from the classic species–area equation.Main conclusions  The choros model can express the effects of area and habitat diversity on species richness, unifying area per se and the habitat hypothesis, which as many authors have noticed are not mutually exclusive but mutually supplementary. The use of habitat diversity depends on the specific determination of the ‘habitat’ term, which has to be defined based on the natural history of the taxon studied. Although the values of the z parameter are reduced, they maintain their biological significance as described by many authors in the last decades. The proposed model can also be considered as a stepping‐stone in our understanding of the small island effect.
Insular radiation of the genusHydropsyche(Insecta, Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) Pictet, 1834 in the Philippines and its implications for the biogeography of Southeast Asia
Authors: Mey Wolfram 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAims To record and elucidate the phylogeny and biogeography of a species swarm of the genusHydropsyche(Insecta, Trichoptera) in the Philippines. All species belong to thehamiferagroup.Location The Philippines and neighbouring areas.Methods A phylogenetic analysis based on variation of morphological characters of the male phallic apparatus.Results The species swarm is differentiated into three clades of different age.Conclusion Alternative dispersal and vicariance hypotheses are considered in an attempt to explain the colonization of the Philippine archipelago and the subsequent ramification of the group. The vicariance hypothesis based on the late Miocene accretion of continental fragments to the Philippines appears to be the most parsimonious. The evolution of the swarm occurred on the Philippines. Later on species dispersed to Borneo, Sulawesi and the Moluccas. The species swarm has undergone an adaptive radiation which enabled the simultaneous occurrence of species in the same streams.
District nurses' perceptions of health education
Authors: Cantrell Jane 
Published: March 2003

• This paper presents a small qualitative study examining district nurses' perceptions of health education in one community trust.• District nurses perceive health education to be an important part of the role.• There are various factors that both facilitate and constrain the district nurses' health education role.• District nurses feel that it is essential that their health education role is valued by other health care professionals; therefore evaluation of this function is seen as significant.
A comparative study of the attitudes of users and non‐users towards computerized care planning
Authors: GETTY MARION , RYAN ASSUMPTA A. , EKINS BA MATTHEW L. C. 
Published: March 2003

• The aim of this study was to compare the attitudes of nurses who had little or no experience of computerized care planning (non‐users) with those who had at least two years' experience (users).• The study also assessed levels of computer literacy among both cohorts and the training methods that were considered most appropriate to meet their needs.• The approach was quantitative, using a questionnaire to collect data from 15 non‐users and 14 users.• The overall results suggest that both non‐users and users had favourable attitudes towards the use of computerized care plans. However, non‐users with previous computer experience had more favourable attitudes towards the introduction of computerized care planning than those with no previous experience.• The preferred teaching method identified by both groups was training by technical staff in the clinical area.
Identifying strategies for managing urinary incontinence with women who have multiple sclerosis
Authors: Koch Tina , Kelly Shayne 
Published: March 2003

• The aim of this pilot project was to identify strategies for managing incontinence with women who have multiple sclerosis (MS).• The project used the formation of a group in which eight women with MS and four Continence Nurse Advisers (CNAs) and the first author were brought together.• In the course of the research process, the women found a voice on a topic previously thought of as taboo. When they realized that they had suffered alone and in silence they felt empowered to act.• In this way, the methodology evolved from group work into a participatory action research process (PAR), as the group initiated action.• Participants formed a self‐help group, and continued to meet with each other after the research had run its course.
Quality of nursing care perceived by patients and their nurses: an application of the critical incident technique. Part 2
Authors: REDFERN SALLY , NORMAN IAN 
Published: March 2003

• The aims of the study were to identify indicators of quality of nursing care from the perceptions of patients and nurses, and to determine the congruence between patients' and nurses' perceptions.• The paper is presented in two parts. Part 1 included the background and methods to the study and the findings from the comparison of patients' and nurses' perceptions. Part 2 describes the perceptions of patients and nurses, and draws conclusions drawn from the study as a whole.• Patients and nurses in hospital wards were interviewed using the critical incident technique.• We grouped 4546 indicators of high and low quality nursing care generated from the interview transcripts into 316 subcategories, 68 categories and 31 themes.• The themes were grouped into eight clusters: therapeutic context for care, attitudes and sensitivity, teaching and leadership, motivation to nurse, monitoring and informing, high‐dependency care, efficiency and thoroughness, reflection and anticipation.• As shown in Part 1 of the paper, congruence between patients' and nurses' perceptions of quality was high and significant, although there was some difference of emphasis.• The findings support an emerging theory of interpersonal competence and quality in nursing care.
Patients with implantable cardioverter‐defibrillators and their conceptions of the life situation: a qualitative analysis
Authors: Fridlund  , Lindgren  , Ivarsson  , Jinhage  , Bolse  , Flemme  , Sandstedt  , Mårtensson  
Published: March 2003

• The implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (ICD) is today widely used for the treatment of sudden cardiac near‐death episodes as a result of malignant ventricular dysrhythmia.• After examining the literature, only four descriptive studies, all carried out in the USA, with a qualitative analysis based on ICD‐patients’ own perspectives on their life situation have been found.• The aim of this study was to describe how patients living with an ICD‐device in south‐western Sweden conceive their life situation.• As the focus was on patients’ conceptions seen from a holistic perspective, an analysis inspired by phenomenography was employed on a strategic sample of 15 ICD‐patients.• Six categories emerged: a feeling of safety, a feeling of gratitude, a feeling of being, having a network, having a belief in the future, and gaining awareness.• Although the findings cannot be generalized because of the descriptive research design, they illuminate the beneficial as well as intrusive effects of such a device, and emphasize the need for support groups for patients and families as well as further education for personnel in hospital and primary health care.
Paying Peter and Paul: reconciling concepts of expertise with competency for a clinical career structure
Authors: Manley Kim , Garbett Rob 
Published: March 2003

• This paper identifies current UK policy for exploring both competence and expertise.• It is argued that the purpose of assessing competence and expertise is relevant in deciding the approaches used.• Different perspectives about competence, specifically those that have arisen in the United States and the United Kingdom, are considered in relation to how competencies may be developed and assessed. The different terms used in discussion about competency are also discussed.• From the literature, criteria for selecting experts in nursing, the attributes of expertise and enabling factors are presented in relation to how expertise in practice may be judged.• The pilot recognition process and development of evidence for the Royal College of Nursing’s Expert Practice Project, together with its facilitation through critical companionship, are described.• It is concluded that the processes necessary for demonstrating expertise in practice are consistent with the recognition that the attributes of expertise are interdependent, complex and situational. Critical companionship provides a mechanism which is primarily developmental and supportive, but focuses on practice development and practitioners’ effectiveness and can result in the development of evidence for a range of different purposes such as demonstrating expertise, as well as practice development, service development and career progression.
Attitudes of paediatric medical ward staff to a dog visitation programme
Authors: MOODY WENDY J. , KING ROBERT , O'ROURKE SUZANNE 
Published: March 2003

• No previous studies regarding either structured, strictly controlled pet visitation programmes in paediatric hospital wards or hospital staff attitudes towards them have been conducted in Australia. Information regarding these is essential in order to minimize problems during implementation of such programmes.• The aim of the study was to analyse hospital staff perceptions regarding the introduction of a pet visitation programme in an acute paediatric medical ward prior to and following implementation of the programme and to compare attitudes between the various professional groups.• The study consisted of two cross‐sectional surveys. A total of 224 anonymous questionnaires were distributed to administrators, doctors, nursing staff and therapists 6 weeks before and 195 were distributed 12 weeks after the introduction of a pet visitation programme. Responses were received from 115 respondents (before the programme introduction) and 45 respondents (after the programme introduction).• Prior to the introduction of the dog visitation programme, there were high staff expectations that the programme would distract children from their illness, relax children and that it was a worthwhile project for the hospital to undertake.• Following implementation of the programme these expectations were strongly endorsed, in addition to the perception that the ward was a happier place, the work environment was more interesting and that nurses accepted the dogs. After implementation staff were less concerned about the possibility of dog bites and dogs doing damage to equipment.• Allied health staff and non‐clinical staff were more positive about the programme with respect to ward climate and acceptance than were doctors and nurses.• We conclude that well‐planned dog visitation programmes result in positive anticipation among staff and high levels of satisfaction following programme impact.
Intermittent versus indwelling catheters for older patients with hip fractures
Authors: JOHANSSON INGER , ATHLIN ELSY , FRYKHOLM LILLEMOR , BOLINDER HELEN , LARSSON GERRY 
Published: March 2003

• Nursing staff identified postoperative urinary tract infection (UTI) in patients with hip fracture as an increasing problem. A quality improvement project was carried out to investigate the problem and to reduce the incidence.• The aim of the study was to describe the occurrence of UTI among patients with hip fracture before and after surgery, to assess whether the decision to use intermittent catheters instead of indwelling catheters was adopted and to test the hypothesis that hospital stay is significantly longer for patients with UTI than for those without infection.• One hundred and forty‐four patients were investigated for bacteriuria before the first catheterization and 1 week after the last catheterization.• Positive urine cultures on admission to hospital were found in 38% of patients. Among those free from bacteria on admission, 61% had a positive urine culture after indwelling catheterization compared with 32% in the group treated with intermittent catetherization.• A significantly longer hospital stay (P ≤ 0.05) was found among patients with UTI. The reason for using an indwelling catheter was not found in any medical or nursing documentation for 29% of the patients.• The study points to the necessity for systematic assessment to detect and prevent UTI among older patients with hip fracture.
Differences and similarities in the perception of caring between Spanish and UK nurses
Authors: Watson Roger , Hoogbruin Amandah Lea , Rumeu Carmen , Beunza Maribel , Barbarin Beatriz , Macdonald Julie , Mccready Tracey 
Published: March 2003

Summary• The aim of the present paper was to compare and contrast perceptions of caring in nursing between Spanish and UK nurses.• There are no previous studies comparing directly the perceptions of caring across cultures in nursing.• A survey method was used employing the 25‐item Caring Dimensions Inventory. Data were Mokken scaled for comparison with data from a previous study and scores for common items on the 25‐item Caring Dimension Inventory for Spanish and UK nurses were correlated.• There were similarities and differences between Spanish and UK nurses' perceptions of caring: many similar items were incorporated into Mokken scales but the endorsement of items did not correlate.• The present work demonstrates that it is possible to measure differences and similarities in perceptions of caring. The study design could be improved and such work could be valuable in cross‐cultural work with nurses.
Referrals from home care to emergency hospital care: basis for decisions
Authors: Kihlgren Annica Larsson , Fagerberg Ingegerd , Skovdahl Kirsti , Kihlgren Mona 
Published: March 2003

Summary• The Swedish government implemented a reform, the Adel reform, in the care of older citizens in 1992, so that the communities where older people live became responsible for their care and housing. Nurses were appointed to make sure that older people were given accurate care and to act as supervisors for nurses' aides.• In this study, 10 Registered Nurses from community home care services and four consultant head physicians in primary care were interviewed in order to illuminate what they thought influenced nurses' decisions to refer patients for emergency treatment and what support they requested to facilitate the decision.• Content analysis showed the necessity of feeling secure in one's role as a community nurse. The categories that developed were: own competence, knowledge about the patient and a supportive working environment. The main theme was To feel safe in one's role – a basis for decision‐making. High demands were put on the nurses' competence and their burden of responsibility became too great. This influenced decision‐making negatively, if nurses felt that they were lacking in their own personal competence.• Training in documentation for the nurses was required, as well as the need for organizations to provide staff with sufficient time for accurate documentation. A greater input of nursing and medical care was required to make it possible for patients to be cared for at home if they so wished.• Respondents described considerable deficiencies in their working environment and in co‐workers' competence, and nurses' professional roles within the community were not made clear.• If these problems were remedied, this would improve working conditions, increase understanding, and reduce feelings of uncertainty among decision‐makers.
Liberty, equality and consumerism in state education: exploring liberal angst under New Labour
Authors: Webster David , Parsons Ken 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis paper aims to explore aspects of consumerism in state secondary education in England, the dilemmas posed by the educational market‐place for a category we describe as the ‘resourced liberal egalitarians’ and the resolution of these dilemmas offered by the actions of prominent Labour Party parents‐as‐consumers. Having outlined the individual and societal significance of education, the ideological and ‘economic’ dimensions of educational consumption are explored in order to locate the category ‘resourced liberal egalitarians’. This group's dilemmas are then explained in the context of the strengthening of the market principle and the polarizing of the market‐place within education. These together increase the stakes of protecting their own children's interests while simultaneously exacerbating the inegalitarian character of the education system, a situation which they find distasteful. The final section looks at how the actions of prominent Labour Party figures address this angst through their own actions as parent‐consumers of state education.
Juvenile shrubs show differences in stress tolerance, but no competition or facilitation, along a stress gradient
Authors: Donovan Lisa A. , Richards James H. 
Published: March 2003

Summary 1 We investigated experimentally differences in abiotic stress tolerance and the effects of plant–plant interactions for two desert shrubs, Chrysothamnus nauseosus and Sarcobatus vermiculatus, along a soil salinity (NaCl) and boron (B) gradient at Mono Lake, California, USA. Based on differences in natural distribution, and the classical expectation of a trade‐off between competitive ability and stress tolerance, we hypothesized that (i) Chrysothamnus would have greater competitive ability than Sarcobatus at the low salinity end of the gradient, and that (ii) Sarcobatus would be more stress tolerant than Chrysothamnus. 2 Juvenile target plants of Chrysothamnus and Sarcobatus were planted into four sites along the gradient. Biomass was determined by destructive harvests over two growing seasons. At each site, interspecific relative competitive ability was assessed as the effect of Sarcobatus neighbours on Chrysothamnus targets compared to the effect of Chrysothamnus neighbours on Sarcobatus targets. Stress tolerance was assessed as the ability of each species to survive and grow, in the absence of neighbours, at different sites along the gradient. 3 The two species did not differ in the relative strength of plant–plant interactions, providing no support for the expectation that Chrysothamnus had greater competitive ability than Sarcobatus. Furthermore, there was no evidence for competition or facilitation, either interspecific or intraspecific, at any site in either year of the study. However, fertilization treatments demonstrated nutrient limitations, soil water reached limiting levels and root systems of targets and neighbours overlapped substantially. It is therefore surprising that plant–plant interactions among juveniles apparently play little role in the growth and survival of shrubs in this saline desert habitat. 4 Sarcobatus was more stress tolerant than Chrysothamnus and the two species performed optimally at different sites along the gradient. Sarcobatus juveniles grew best at the two most saline sites and survived at all sites, whereas Chrysothamnus juveniles grew best at a low‐salinity site and did not survive at the most saline site. The difference in site of optimal performance may be due to differences in nutrient limitations or to interactions between nutrient availability and sodium (Na) and B tolerance.