bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethical and social issues of embryonic stem cell technology
Authors: Cregan K. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractTherapeutic cloning is debated as a cure for a host of diseases in the developed world. The likely source for the materials for therapeutic cloning, human ova, would be poor women and women from the developing world. The ethics and potential social consequences inherent in this technology are fraught and encourage the com modification and abstraction of one of the fundamental conditions of human life. (Intern Med J 2005; 35: 126–127)
Prevalence of Migraine in Latin America
Authors: Morillo Luis E. , Alarcon Fernando , Aranaga Nayesca , Aulet Sara , Chapman Evelina , Conterno Lucien , Estevez Edmundo , Garcia‐Pedroza Felipe , Garrido Juanita , Macias‐Islas Miguel , Monzillo Paulo , Nunez Lilia , Plascencia Noel , Rodriguez Carlos , Takeuchi Yuri ,   Latin American Migraine Study Group
Published: February 2005

Objective.—To determine the 1‐year point prevalence of migraine among residents ≥15 years old in 12 Latin American urban communities, and record medical consultation preferences of the identified migraineurs.Background.—Prevalence of migraine with or without aura in Latin American urban communities has not been established by large‐scale population studies.Methods.—A validated face‐to‐face interview questionnaire based on International Headache Society criteria was completed for all headache sufferers within selected households, in a cross‐sectional study. The randomly selected populations were representative of urban communities from the six participating Latin American countries. The questionnaire used was identical in each of the six participating countries.Results.—Of the 8618 people available for screening, 62% reported headache and 2637 completed interview questionnaires. Age‐adjusted 1‐year prevalence of migraine with or without aura for each country was (female/male, %): Argentina 6.1/3.8, Brazil 17.4/7.8, Colombia 13.8/4.8, Ecuador 13.5/2.9, Mexico 12.1/3.9, and Venezuela 12.2/4.7. Migraine prevalence was highest in women aged 30 to 50 years. In the year prior to the study, 42% of individuals interviewed and identified with migraine reported consulting a health professional about their headaches, most frequently (14%) a general practitioner. No previous diagnosis of migraine was reported by 65% of individuals with headache.Conclusions.—In agreement with previous epidemiologic reports, migraine is also a common disorder in Latin American urban communities and predominantly affects women aged 30 to 50 years. Consultation preferences are also similar to those of previous reports.
Use of a recombinant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strain expressing C-Raf for protection against C-Raf induced lung adenoma in mice
Authors: Gentschev Ivaylo , Fensterle Joachim , Schmidt Andreas , Potapenko Tamara , Troppmair Jakob , Goebel Werner , Rapp Ulf R 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Background
Serine-threonine kinases of the Raf family (A-Raf, B-Raf, C-Raf) are central players in cellular signal transduction, and thus often causally involved in the development of cancer when mutated or over-expressed. Therefore these proteins are potential targets for immunotherapy and a possible basis for vaccine development against tumors. In this study we analyzed the functionality of a new live C-Raf vaccine based on an attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium aroA strain in two Raf dependent lung tumor mouse models.

Methods
The antigen C-Raf has been fused to the C-terminal secretion signal of Escherichia coli α-hemolysin and expressed in secreted form by an attenuated aroA Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strain via the α-hemolysin secretion pathway. The effect of the immunization with this recombinant C-Raf strain on wild-type C57BL/6 or lung tumor bearing transgenic BxB mice was analyzed using western blot and FACS analysis as well as specific tumor growth assays.

Results
C-Raf antigen was successfully expressed in secreted form by an attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium aroA strain using the E. coli hemolysin secretion system. Immunization of wild-type C57BL/6 or tumor bearing mice provoked specific C-Raf antibody and T-cell responses. Most importantly, the vaccine strain significantly reduced tumor growth in two transgenic mouse models of Raf oncogene-induced lung adenomas.

Conclusions
The combination of the C-Raf antigen, hemolysin secretion system and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium could form the basis for a new generation of live bacterial vaccines for the treatment of Raf dependent human malignancies.
Shield formation at the onset of zebrafish gastrulation
Authors: Montero Juan-Antonio , Carvalho Lara , Wilsch-Bräuninger Michaela , Kilian Beate , Mustafa Chigdem , Heisenberg Carl-Philipp 
Published: February 2005

During vertebrate gastrulation, the three germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm are formed, and the resulting progenitor cells are brought into the positions from which they will later contribute more complex tissues and organs. A core element in this process is the internalization of mesodermal and endodermal progenitors at the onset of gastrulation. Although many of the molecules that induce mesendoderm have been identified, much less is known about the cellular mechanisms underlying mesendodermal cell internalization and germ layer formation.Here we show that at the onset of zebrafish gastrulation, mesendodermal progenitors in dorsal/axial regions of the germ ring internalize by single cell delamination. Once internalized, mesendodermal progenitors upregulate E-Cadherin (Cadherin 1) expression, become increasingly motile and eventually migrate along the overlying epiblast (ectodermal) cell layer towards the animal pole of the gastrula. When E-Cadherin function is compromised,mesendodermal progenitors still internalize, but, with gastrulation proceeding, fail to elongate and efficiently migrate along the epiblast,whereas epiblast cells themselves exhibit reduced radial cell intercalation movements. This indicates that cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion is needed within the forming shield for both epiblast cell intercalation, and mesendodermal progenitor cell elongation and migration during zebrafish gastrulation.Our data provide insight into the cellular mechanisms underlying mesendodermal progenitor cell internalization and subsequent migration during zebrafish gastrulation, and the role of cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion in these processes.
Combining a Fatigue Model With a Shock Response Spectrum Algorithm
Authors: Daum MP 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Product fragility assessment in packaging is described using a Damage Boundary Curve (DBC), which evaluates the velocity change and deceleration of an input shock for its damage potential to a product. The DBC assumes a brittle characteristic of components. A more realistic model is to assume ductility of components, resulting in something called Fatigue Damage Boundary (FDB) curves, which incorporate not only velocity change and deceleration, but also number of cycles to failure. The purpose of this study was to incorporate a mathematical model that accounts for the ductile nature of many products into a Shock Response Spectrum (SRS) algorithm. The advantage of incorporating SRS with a fatigue model is the ability to use any shock pulse shape to generate FDB curves and to use any shock pulse shape for finding material properties of a component in question. Using any shape shock pulse eliminates the dependency on traditional shock tables (half-sine and trapezoidal shock pulse shapes). Software was developed to demonstrate the new SRS-fatigue algorithm and to verify its applicability.
Generating neuronal diversity in the Drosophila central nervous system: A view from the ganglion mother cells
Authors: Karcavich Rachel E. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe generation of cellular diversity in the developing embryonic central nervous system of Drosophila melanogaster requires the precise orchestration of several convergent molecular and cellular mechanisms. Most reviews have focused on the formation and specification of neuroblasts (NBs), the putative neural stem cell in the Drosophila central nervous system. NBs divide asymmetrically to regenerate themselves and produce a secondary precursor cell called a ganglion mother cell (GMC), which divides to produce neurons and glia. Historically, our understanding of GMC specification has arisen from work involving asymmetric localization of intrinsic factors in the NB and GMC. However, recent information on NB lineages has revealed additional intrinsic factors that specify general and specific GMC fates. This review addresses what has been revealed about these intrinsic cues with regard to GMC specification. For example, Prospero, an asymmetrically localized determinant, plays a general role to enable GMC development and to distinguish GMCs from NBs. In contrast, the temporal gene cascade functions within NB lineages to ensure that each GMC in a lineage acquires a different fate. Two different mechanisms used to make the progeny of GMCs different will also be discussed. One is a generic mechanism, regulated by Notch and Numb, that allows sibling cells to adopt different fates. The other mechanism involves genes, such as even‐skipped and klumpfuss that specify the fate of individual GMCs. All of these mechanisms converge within a GMC to bestow upon it a unique fate. Developmental Dynamics 232:609–616, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Subcellular imaging mass spectrometry of brain tissue
Authors: McDonnell Liam A. , Piersma Sander R. , Altelaar A. F. Maarten , Mize Todd H. , Luxembourg Stefan L. , Verhaert Peter D. E. M. , van Minnen Jan , Heeren Ron M. A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractImaging mass spectrometry provides both chemical information and the spatial distribution of each analyte detected. Here it is demonstrated how imaging mass spectrometry of tissue at subcellular resolution can be achieved by combining the high spatial resolution of secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) with the sample preparation protocols of matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI). Despite mechanistic differences and sampling 105 times less material, matrix‐enhanced (ME)‐SIMS of tissue samples yields similar results to MALDI (up to m/z 2500), in agreement with previous studies on standard compounds. In this regard ME‐SIMS represents an attractive alternative to polyatomic primary ions for increasing the molecular ion yield. ME‐SIMS of whole organs and thin sections of the cerebral ganglia of Lymnaea stagnalis demonstrate the advantages of ME‐SIMS for chemical imaging mass spectrometry. Subcellular distributions of cellular analytes are clearly obtained, and the matrix provides an in situ height map of the tissue, allowing the user to identify rapidly regions prone to topographical artifacts and to deconvolute topographical losses in mass resolution and signal‐to‐noise ratio. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phase Behavior and Mechanical Properties of Mixed Poly(ethylene glycol) Mono‐Dodecyl Ether Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Yamazaki Ritsuko , Iizuka Kenichi , Hiraoka Kazuyuki , Nose Takuhei 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSummary: The phase behavior and mechanical properties of mixed aqueous solutions of poly(ethylene glycol) mono‐dodecyl ether (C12E25) (the number of ethylene glycol units is about 25) and octa‐(ethylene glycol) mono‐dodecyl ether (C12E8) at 50 wt.‐% of the total concentration (C12E25 + C12E8) have been investigated by means of viscoelastic and thermal measurements and small‐angle X‐ray scattering. The phase behavior as a function of C12E25 composition (ϕC12E25) was divided into three regions. The C12E8‐rich gel region (0 < ϕC12E25 < 0.4) showed a hexagonal liquid crystalline phase of cylindrical micelles. The C12E25‐rich gel region (0.8 < ϕC12E25 < 1) included a body‐centered cubic phase of spherical micelles and the intermediate region (0.4 < ϕC12E25 < 0.8) with fluidity included disordered one‐phase and two‐phase regions. The cylindrical hexagonal ordered structure was maintained against the incorporation of C12E25 over a wide range of ϕC12E25, while the cubic lattice structure easily became unstable on addition of C12E25.The C12E8‐rich gel solution had a lower elastic modulus with a relatively high loss modulus, while the gel in the C12E25‐rich region had a higher modulus and was more elastic with low values of the loss tangent. The stress‐strain curves observed showed that the C12E8 gel had no yield point but demonstrated a very broad peak with no steady flow in the experimental time range, while the C12E25 gel showed a yield point, followed by a steady plastic flow. The C12E25‐rich solution recovered its rheological properties which were distorted by pre‐shear deformation faster than the C12E8‐rich gel did.These findings are discussed in terms of differences in the ordered structure between the cylindrical and spherical micellar gels with mixed shorter and longer corona chains.SAXS profiles of C12E25‐C12E8 aqueous solutions.magnified imageSAXS profiles of C12E25‐C12E8 aqueous solutions.
Recent developments in the ion/ion chemistry of high‐mass multiply charged ions
Authors: Pitteri Sharon J. , McLuckey Scott A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe ability to form multiply charged high‐mass ions in the gas‐phase, most notably via electrospray ionization (ESI), has allowed the study of many different combinations of positively and negatively charged ions. The charged products are directly amenable to study with mass spectrometry. Ion/ion reactions have proved to be “universal” in the sense that the high exothermicities and large rate constants associated with essentially any combination of oppositely charged ions lead to reaction regardless of the chemical functionalities associated with the ions. These characteristics make ion/ion reactions potentially analytically useful provided reagent ion densities and spatial overlap of the oppositely charged ions are high. These conditions can be readily met by several instrumental configurations. The focus of this review is to highlight developments in this field since 1998. Novel instrumentation has been developed to study ion/ion reactions, such as atmospheric pressure ion/ion reactors followed by mass analysis, or electrodynamic ion trap mass spectrometers, which are used as reaction vessels at sub‐atmospheric pressures. A wide variety of reaction phenomenologies have been observed in various ion/ion reactions, with proton transfer being the most common. New phenomenologies have been observed in the reactions of multiply charged positive ions with singly charged negative ions, including cation transfer and cation exchange. A new series of reactions between multiply charged positive ions and multiply charged negative ions have been made possible by recent instrumentation developments. These reactions have led to the observation of proton transfer and complex formation. These observations have provided new insights into ion/ion reaction dynamics and a bound orbit model appears to best account for experimental results. New applications are also discussed for a several ion/ion reaction. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 24:931–958, 2005
Study of high‐efficiency corrugated hard‐horn antennas using classical approaches: Hard circular waveguide mode, phase factor, and aperture integration
Authors: Sotoudeh Omid , Kildal Per‐Simon , Sipus Zvonimir 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn this paper, a classical‐type approach is used to analyze the hard horn antenna. The quasi‐TEM mode in the longitudinally corrugated cylindrical waveguide is found by using the homogenized asymptotic boundary conditions. The finite horn length is accounted for by including a phase factor in the waveguide‐aperture fields, and the radiation patterns are finally obtained by aperture integration. The bandwidth is found to be much wider than previously anticipated with respect to low cross‐polarization. Also, an advanced mode‐matching code has been used for verification of the aperture field and the radiation patterns obtained with the much faster classical model. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 44: 516–523, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20684
β‐endorphin decreases fatigue and increases glucose uptake independently in normal and dystrophic mice
Authors: Khan Salim , Evans Anthony A. L. , Hughes Sharon , Smith Margaret E. 
Published: February 2005

Abstractβ‐Endorphin and a C‐terminal analogue have been shown to decrease muscle fatigue and increase glucose uptake in muscles of normal mice. In order to provide evidence whether these peptides might be useful in muscle‐wasting conditions and whether the two actions of the peptides are interdependent, the effect of β‐endorphin on muscle fatigue and glucose uptake was studied using isolated hemidiaphragm preparations of dystrophic mice as well as normal mice. Muscle contractions were elicited by high‐frequency stimulation of the phrenic nerve. Glucose uptake was measured using (nonmetabolizable) 2‐deoxy‐D‐[1‐3H]glucose. β‐Endorphin and the C‐terminal analogue reduced fatigue in normal muscles of males but not females. Insulin had no effect in either sex. The peptides increased 2‐deoxyglucose uptake in contracting and noncontracting muscles of normal males and females. β‐Endorphin reduced fatigue and increased deoxyglucose uptake in dystrophic muscles. The effect on fatigue was not due to increased glucose uptake, as the energy substrate present was pyruvate. Nerve stimulation released β‐endorphin immunoreactivity from intramuscular nerves of dystrophic mice. It is hypothesized that β‐endorphin released from motor nerves as well as from the pituitary could be responsible for improving muscle function during exercise. β‐Endorphin or analogues could have therapeutic use in muscle‐wasting disease. Muscle Nerve, 2005
Simultaneous detection of Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus and extra small virus by a single tube, one‐step multiplex RT‐PCR assay
Authors: Yoganandhan K , Sri Widada J , Bonami J R , Sahul Hameed A S 
Published: February 2005

AbstractPost‐larvae of Macrobrachium rosenbergii infected with white tail disease were collected from hatcheries and nursery ponds in India. The causative organisms have been identified as Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV) and extra small virus (XSV). A one‐step multiplex reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) has been developed to detect these viruses simultaneously in naturally and experimentally infected prawns. Several parameters were assayed in order to optimize the protocol for simultaneous detection. Naturally and experimentally infected prawns showed two prominent bands of 681 and 500 bp for MrNV and XSV, respectively, as in separate RT‐PCR assays. Experimentally infected adult prawns showed two bands for these two viruses in all the organs, except hepatopancreas and eyestalk, as seen in normal RT‐PCR. The sensitivity test carried out on the primer sets of MrNV and XSV revealed that these primers could simultaneously detect the two viruses at a level of 25 fg of total RNA prepared from infected samples using this multiplex RT‐PCR protocol.
Transcatheter closure of a complex postmyocardial infarction ventricular septal defect after surgical patch dehiscence
Authors: Cutfield N. J. , Ruygrok P. N. , Wilson N. J. , Raudkivi P. J. , Greaves S. C. , Gentles T. L. , Kerr A. J. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract Ventricular septal defect (VSD) complicating acute myocardial infarction is a rare but serious event carrying a high mortality. Residual shunting after emergency surgical repair is common, adversely affects prognosis and can necessitate reoperation. We describe the successful transcatheter VSD closure with the Amplatzer occluder in a 75‐year old man after earlier emergency surgical repair of a VSD complicating an acute myocardial infarction. The technique and positioning of the device in a tortuous infero‐apical VSD are described. (Intern Med J 2005; 35: 128–130)
Organizational Attributes Valued by Hospital, Home Care, and District Nurses in the United States and New Zealand
Authors: Flynn Linda , Carryer Jenny , Budge Claire 
Published: February 2005

Purpose:

To determine whether hospital‐based, home care, and district nurses identify a core set of organizational attributes in the nursing work environment that they value as important to the support of professional practice.
Design:

Survey data, collected in 2002–2003 from 403 home care nurses in the United States (US) and 320 district nurses in New Zealand (NZ), were pooled with an existing data set of 669 hospital‐based nurses to conduct this descriptive, nonexperimental study.
Methods:

The importance of organizational attributes in the nursing work environment was measured using the Nursing Work Index‐Revised (NWI‐R). Frequency distributions and analysis of variance were used to analyze the data.
Findings:

At least 80% of hospital‐based, home care, and district nurses either agreed or strongly agreed that 47 of the 49 items comprising the NWI‐R represented organizational attributes they considered important to the support of their professional nursing practice. Mean importance scores among home care nurses, however, were significantly lower than were those of the other two groups.
Conclusions:

Overall, hospital‐based, home care, and district nurses had a high level of agreement regarding the importance of organizational traits to the support of their professional practice. The intensity of the attributes' importance was less among home care nurses. Further research is needed to determine whether this set of organizational traits, measured using the NWI‐R, is associated with positive nurse and patient outcomes in home care and district nursing practice, as has been shown in acute care settings.
"ProC Global": A functional screening test that predicts recurrent venous thromboembolism
Authors: Bates Shannon , Johnston Marilyn , McRae Simon , Ginsberg Jeffrey , Grand’Maison Anne 
Published: February 2005

SummaryAbnormalities of the Protein C (PC) pathway are found in the majority of patients with thrombophilia. ProC Global is a coagulation assay that reflects the net effect of the PC pathway by measuring the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) of patient and control plasma, before and after activation of endogenous PC by Protac, a snake venom. Previous studies have suggested that abnormalities in this test are associated with an increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). A retrospective analysis was performed using frozen plasma samples from 140 patients with confirmed VTE to determine whether an abnormal ProC Global result (in the presence and in the absence of known abnormalities in the PC pathway) is a predictor of initial and recurrent VTE. Patients were tested for the presence of activated protein C resistance, Factor V Leiden, PC and protein S (PS) deficiency, and non-specific inhibitor positivity. Mean ProC Global results were significantly lower in patients with recurrent VTE than in patients without recurrent VTE. The association between abnormal ProC Global result and recurrent VTE showed a strong trend, before (odds ratio, OR 3.6) and after (OR 3.1) exclusion of known thrombophilic abnormalities. Patients with a first episode of idiopathic VTE also expressed significant lower ProC Global results than those with secondary VTE. After exclusion of known PC pathway abnormalities, there was a statistically significant association between abnormal ProC Global and initial idiopathic VTE (p=0.04). These results suggest that ProC Global may serve as a predictor of recurrent VTE and potentially for first episode of idiopathic VTE. ProC Global may help identify patients at increased risk of initial and recurrent VTE.