bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polymer Vesicles
Authors: Förster Stephan , Borchert Kwe 
Published: April 2005

AbstractVesicles are self‐supported closed bilayer assemblies of amphiphiles that enclose an aqueous interior volume. The most important vesicle‐forming amphiphiles are phospholipids formingliposomes, as well as amphiphilic block copolymers formingpolymersomes. Vesicles are investigated with respect to biomedical and cosmetic applications. The article covers energy and kinetic aspects of bilayer and vesicle formation, vesicle preparation methods, classification of vesicle shapes and shape transitions, mechanical properties of vesicle membranes, methods to improve vesicle stability, and biomedical aspects such as loading and sustained or triggered release of encapsulants, reconstitution of membrane proteins, and cell adhesion. An overview of all vesicle‐forming polymers is given. Theoretical concepts such as curvature and elasticity energy are introduced and their consequence for vesicle formation, size, and shape are discussed.
Ionic Liquids, Polymerization in
Authors: Zhang Hongwei , Mays Jimmy W. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractRoom temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) are also call molten salts because they exist in the liquid state at or around room temperature. They are nonvolatile and chemically, thermally, air and moisture stable. They are also noncoordinating and highly polar solvents and have been used extensively as alternative reaction media for various chemical reactions. Reactions in RTILs are often characterized by faster reaction rates and higher selectivities, as compared to those in common organic solvents. Polymerizations in RTILs were not widely investigated until the introduction of the 2nd generation of RTILs. Conventional free radical polymerization and living/controlled radical polymerization in RTILs have both demonstrated the advantages of using RTILs as reaction media in place of common solvents: faster propagation rates, diminished termination, easy product separation, and reduced side reactions. Other types of polymerizations have also been successfully carried out in RTILs. This review summarizes the current status of this rapidly evolving field of research.
Clinical report of a pure subtelomeric 1qter deletion in a boy with mental retardation and multiple anomalies adds further evidence for a specific phenotype
Authors: van Bever Yolande , Rooms Liesbeth , Laridon Annick , Reyniers Edwin , van Luijk Rob , Scheers Stefaan , Wauters Jan , Kooy R. Frank 
Published: April 2005

AbstractDeletions of the 1q telomere have been reported in several studies screening for subtelomeric rearrangements. However, an adequate clinical description is available from only a few patients. We provide a clinical description of a patient with a subtelomeric deletion of chromosome 1q, previously detected by us in a screening study. Comparison of the clinical presentation of our patient with rare cases reported previously provides further evidence for a specific phenotype of 1q patients, including mental retardation, growth retardation, sometimes with prenatal onset, progressive microcephaly, seizures, hand and foot abnormalities and a variety of midline defects, including corpus callosum, cardiac, genital and gastro–esophageal abnormalities. This clinical presentation is remniscent of that of patients with larger, microscopically visible deletions of chromosome 1q (>3 Mb) characterized by growth and mental retardation, coarse faces with thin upper lip, epilepsy, and variable other anomalies. In addition, the breakpoint region was mapped to a 26 kb region within the RGS7 gene. Among the 17 known genes in the candidate region, are zinc‐finger genes. Other members of this gene family have been implicated in different forms of mental retardation. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and Structure‐Activity Relationship of 4‐Substituted Benzoic Acids and their Inhibitory Effect on the Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids and Sterols
Authors: Ohno Tomoyasu , Ogawa Kazuo , Yano Shingo , Fukushima Masakazu , Suzuki Norihiko , Asao Tetsuji 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe synthesis of 4‐[3‐(substituted phenyl)‐2‐oxo‐5‐oxazolidinyl]methoxybenzoic acids and their inhibitory effects on the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols is described. IC50 values in vitro were 10−6 and 10−5 M, respectively. Though the in vitro inhibitory activity of all these compounds toward sterol biosynthesis was inferior to that of pravastatin, several compounds had a stronger reducing effect in Sprague‐Dawley (SD) rat on both, cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG), than pravastatin and bezafibrate. The potent compounds were present at high concentrations in rat liver. The enantiomers of the potent racemic compounds (4‐[3‐(4‐bromo‐2‐fluorophenyl)‐2‐oxo‐5‐oxazolidinyl]methoxybenzoic acid) were prepared and their activity was examined in vivo and in vitro. In vivo, each enantiomer possessed more activity than the racemic compound. Further, in Watanabe hereditable hyperlipidemic (WHHL) rabbit, optically active (R)‐4‐[3‐(4‐bromo‐2‐fluorophenyl)‐2‐oxo‐5‐oxazolidinyl]methoxybenzoic acid also potently reduced the effect of both TC and TG on serum levels, compared with pravastatin and bezafibrate.
Analysis of bacterial diversity in acidic pond water and compost after treatment of artificial acid mine drainage for metal removal
Authors: Morales Teresita A. , Dopson Mark , Athar Rana , Herbert Roger B. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe microbial population of a sludge amended leaf compost material utilized for treatment of artificial acid mine drainage was studied by culture‐independent molecular methods. Iron‐rich and sulfurous wastewater (artificial acid mine drainage) was circulated through a column bioreactor for 16 months. After 12 months the column was inoculated with a mixed culture from an acidic pond receiving acid mine drainage from a tailings impoundment at a decommissioned site in Kristineberg, North Sweden. Hydrogen sulfide odor and the formation of black precipitates indicated that sulfate‐reduction occurred in the column. 16S rDNA gene analysis by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, cloning, and sequencing as well as fluorescent in situ hybridization confirmed the presence of microorganisms closely related to sulfate‐reducing bacteria and microorganisms from the genera Pseudoxanthmonas, Dechlorosoma, Desulfovibrio, Agrobacterium, Methylocapsa, Rhodococcus, Sulfobacillus, and some unidentified bacteria. Sulfate‐reducing bacteria were found in the column bioreactor 2 weeks after inoculation, but not thereafter. This suggests they were in low abundance, even though sulfate remediation rates were significant. Instead, the population contained species similar to those previously found to utilize humic substances released from the compost material. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gene‐expression profiles for five key glycosylation genes for galactose‐fed CHO cells expressing recombinant IL‐4/13 cytokine trap
Authors: Clark Kevin J.‐R. , Griffiths Jennifer , Bailey Kevin M. , Harcum Sarah W. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractRecombinant protein glycosylation profiles have been shown to affect the in‐vivo half‐life, and therefore the efficacy and economics, for many therapeutics. While much research has been conducted correlating the effects of various stimuli on recombinant protein glycosylation characteristics, relatively little work has examined glycosylation‐related gene‐expression profiles. In this study, the effects of galactose feeding on the gene‐expression profiles for five key glycosylation‐related genes were determined for Chinese hamster ovary cells producing a recombinant IL‐4/13 cytokine trap fusion. The genes investigated were sialidase, a putative α2,3‐sialyltransferase, CMP‐sialic acid transporter, β1,4‐galactosyltransferase, and UDP‐galactosyltransferase. Additionally, the sialic acid content (sialylation) of the recombinant protein was examined. The peak sialic acid content of the IL‐4/13 cytokine trap fusion protein was observed to be similar for the control and galactose‐fed cultures. The gene‐expression profiles for four of the glycosylation genes were observed to be sensitive to the glucose concentration and not significantly different for the control and galactose‐fed cultures prior to glucose depletion. However, the sialidase gene‐expression profiles were different for the control and galactose‐fed cultures. The sialidase gene‐expression profile increased significantly for the galactose‐fed cultures prior to glucose depletion, whereas for the control cultures, the sialidase gene‐expression profiles did not increase until the late stationary phase. The intracellular sialidase enzyme activity decreased exponentially with time for the control cultures; however, for the galactose‐fed cultures, the intracellular sialidase enzyme activity decreased initially and then remained relatively high compared to the control cultures. These results indicate that the galactose feeding may increase the potential for desialylation, which offsets any improvements in the sialylation rate due to increased substrate levels. Thus, galactose feeding is an unnecessary expense for the production of the IL‐4/13 cytokine trap fusion protein in a batch process. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
High‐efficiency protein expression mediated by enterovirus 71 internal ribosome entry site
Authors: Lee Jin‐Ching , Wu Tzong‐Yuan , Huang Chien‐Fu , Yang Feng‐Mine , Shih Shin‐Ru , Hsu John T.A. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAn internal ribosome entry site (IRES) has been used to facilitate the expression of more than one protein in a single transcript. In this study, we examined the translational activities of several IRES elements derived from different RNA viruses. The protein expression of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) IRES is similar to that of hepatitis C virus (HCV) IRES in mammalian cells. Notably, the protein expression of enterovirus 71 (EV71) IRES was 23‐fold higher than the efficiency of EMCV IRES following normalization of mRNA transcriptional level. Thus, expression of the secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) reporter protein in mammalian cells may be controlled at desirable levels by using appropriate IRES in the expression vector. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Production of recombinant plant gum with tobacco cell culture in bioreactor and gum characterization
Authors: Xu Jianfeng , Shpak Elena , Gu Tingyue , Moo‐Young Murray , Kieliszewski Marcia 
Published: April 2005

AbstractMany plant gums, such as gum arabic, contain hydroxyproline‐rich glycoproteins (HRGPs), which are also abundant components of the plant cell extracellular matrix. Here we expressed in transgenic BY2 Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) cells, a synthetic gene encoding a novel HRGP‐based gum, designated gum arabic‐8 or (GA)8. (GA)8 encoded eight repeats of the consensus polypeptide sequence of gum arabic glycoprotein (GAGP): Gly‐Pro‐His‐Ser‐Pro‐Pro‐Pro‐Pro‐Leu‐Ser‐Pro‐Ser‐Pro‐Thr‐Pro‐Thr‐Pro‐Pro‐Leu, in which most of the Pro residues were posttranslationally modified to hydroxyproline (Hyp). (GA)8 was expressed as a green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein targeted to the culture medium, (GA)8GFP. The culture of the transgenic cells in a 5‐L bioreactor showed that the production of (GA)8GFP was cell growth‐associated. The extracellular yield of (GA)8GFP was 116.8 mg/L after 14 days of culture and accounted for 87% of the total fusion protein expressed. (GA)8GFP was purified from the culture medium by a combination of hydrophobic interaction, gel permeation, and reversed phase chromatography. Biochemical characterization indicated that the amino acid composition of the (GA)8 module, after removal of GFP by proteolysis, was virtually identical to that of predicted by the GAGP consensus sequence and that carbohydrate, which occurred as arabinogalactan polysaccharides and small oligoarabinosides O‐linked through the Hyp residues, accounted for 84% of the molecules' dry weight. Functional assays showed that (GA)8 exhibited low viscosity in aqueous solution similar to native GAGP. However, neither GFP alone nor the (GA)8 module could emulsify orange oil. However, the fusion protein (GA)8GFP possessed 1.28‐fold better emulsification properties than native GAGP. This work demonstrates the feasibility and potential of a synthetic gene approach to the de novo design of novel glycoprotein‐based gums and emulsifiers. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mechanistic studies on aggregation of polyethylenimine‐DNA complexes and its prevention
Authors: Sharma Vikas K. , Thomas Mini , Klibanov Alexander M. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAggregation of polyethylenimine (PEI)‐DNA complexes severely undermines their utility for gene delivery into mammalian cells. Herein we undertook to elucidate the mechanism of this deleterious phenomenon and to develop rational strategies for its prevention. The effect of temperature, surfactants, complex concentration, ionic strength, viscosity, and pH on the time course of this aggregation was systematically examined. The aggregation process was completely inhibited by 2.5% polyoxyethylene (100) stearate (POES) and to a lesser degree by other nonionic surfactants. Importantly, POES preserved the transfection efficiency of the complexes without inducing toxicity. The aggregation was also reduced by lowering the temperature and pH, diluting the complexes, and increasing the solution viscosity. It is concluded that PEI‐DNA complexes aggregate primarily due to hydrophobic interactions, while electrostatic attractions play little role. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reduction of Cr(VI) by immobilized cells of Desulfovibrio vulgaris NCIMB 8303 and Microbacterium sp. NCIMB 13776
Authors: Humphries A.C. , Nott K.P. , Hall L.D. , Macaskie L.E. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractHexavalent chromium, a carcinogen and mutagen, can be reduced to Cr(III) by Desulfovibrio vulgaris NCIMB 8303 and Microbacterium sp. NCIMB 13776. This study examined Cr(VI) reduction by immobilized cells of the two strains in a common solution matrix using various entrapment matrices. Chitosan and PVA‐borate beads did not retain integrity and supported low or no reduction of Cr(VI) by the cells. A commercial preparation (Lentikats) was stable but also did not support Cr(VI) reduction. K‐carrageenan beads were stable in batch suspensions but gel integrity was lost after only 5 h in a flow‐through system in the presence of 100 μM Cr(VI). The best immobilization matrices were agar and agarose, where the initial rates of reduction of Cr(VI) (from 500 μM solution) for D. vulgaris NCIMB 8303 and Microbacterium sp. NCIMB 13776 were 127 (agar) and 130 (agarose), and 15 (agar) and 12 (agarose) nmol h−1 mg dry cell wt−1, respectively. The higher removal of Cr(VI) by D. vulgaris was also seen in 14‐mL packed‐bed flow‐through columns, where, at a flow rate of 2.4 mL h−1, the percentage removal of Cr(VI) was ∼95% and 60% for D. vulgaris and Microbacterium sp., respectively (agar‐immobilized cells). The Cr(VI) reducing activities of D. vulgaris and Microbacterium sp. were lost after 159 and 140 h, respectively. Examination of the beads for structural integrity within the columns in situ using magnetic resonance imaging after 24 and 100 h of continuous operation against Cr(VI) (with negligible Cr retained within the columns) showed that agar beads were more stable with time. The most appropriate system for development of a continuous bioprocess is thus the use of D. vulgaris NCIMB 8303 immobilized in an agar gel matrix. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stabilization of enzymes by multipoint immobilization of thiolated proteins on new epoxy‐thiol supports
Authors: Grazú Valeria , Abian Olga , Mateo Cesar , Batista‐Viera Franciso , Fernández‐Lafuente Roberto , Guisán José Manuel 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe controlled and partial modification of epoxy groups of Eupergit C and EP‐Sepabeads with sodium sulfide has permitted the preparation of thiol‐epoxy supports. Their use allowed not only the specific immobilization of enzymes through their thiol groups via thiol–disulfide interchange, but also enzyme stabilization via multipoint covalent attachment. Penicillin G acylase (PGA) from Escherichia coli and lipase from Rhizomucor miehei were used as model enzymes. Both enzymes lacked exposed cysteine residues, but were introduced via chemical modification under very mild conditions. In the first moments of the immobilization, a certain percentage of immobilized protein could be released from the support by incubation with DTT; this confirms that the first step was via a thiol–disulfide interchange. Moreover, the promotion of some further epoxy‐enzyme bonds was confirmed because no enzyme release was detected after some immobilization time by incubation with DTT. In the case of the heterodimeric PGA, it was possible to demonstrate the formation of at least one epoxy bond per enzyme subunit by analyzing with SDS‐PAGE the supernatants obtained after boiling the enzyme derivatives in the presence of mercaptoethanol and SDS. Thermal inactivation studies showed that these multipoint enzyme‐support attachments promoted an increase in the stability of the immobilized enzymes. In both cases, the stabilization factor was around 12–15‐fold comparing optimal derivatives with their just‐thiol immobilized counterparts. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
eGaLab: a new dimension for artists
Authors: Masa Michal , Zara Jiri , Smetana Pavel 
Published: April 2005

AbstractPresenting art in the age of the Internet brings along several misunderstandings: there occurs, for instance, a profound difference between online galleries or museums providing a simple point and click navigation in multimedia documents on the one hand, and some of the newly emerging presentation platforms that reflect contemporary artistic creation in its essential dependence on electronic media (e.g. net.art or virtual sculpture), on the other. The eGaLab (Electronic Gallery and Laboratory) project advances possibilities to create and present artworks on the Internet. It introduces an intuitive approach in the field of virtual environments as well as communities oriented towards visual art and shared artistic collaboration. eGaLab combines and transforms the advantages of collaborative virtual environments with the traditional aspects of artistic creation and presentation. In this paper we describe the architecture of the eGaLab platform. We describe its networking part based on a concept of General Variables and discuss several implementation issues related to its specific character. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photoinduced Processes within Compact Dyads Based on Triphenylpyridinium‐Functionalized Bipyridyl Complexes of Ruthenium(II)
Authors: Lainé Philippe P. , Ciofini Ilaria , Ochsenbein Philippe , Amouyal Edmond , Adamo Carlo , Bedioui Fethi 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAs an alternative to conventional charge‐separation functional molecular models based on long‐range ET within redox cascades, a “compact approach” has been examined. To this end, spacer elements usually inserted between main redox‐active units within polyad systems have been removed, allowing extended rigidity but at the expense of enhanced intercomponent electronic communication. The molecular assemblies investigated here are of the P‐(θ 1)‐A type, where the θ 1 twist angle is related to the degree of conjugation between the photosensitizer (P, of {Ru(bpy)3}2+ type) and the electron‐acceptor (A). 4‐N‐ and 4‐N‐,4′‐N‐(2,4,6‐triphenylpyridinio)‐2,2′‐bipyridine ligands (A1‐bpy and A2‐bpy, respectively) have been synthesized to give complexes with RuII, 1‐bpy and 2‐bpy, respectively. Combined solid‐state analysis (X‐ray crystallography), solution studies (1H NMR, cyclic voltammetry) and computational structural optimization allowed verifying that θ 1 angle approaches 90° within 1‐bpy and 2‐bpy in solution. Also, anticipated existence of strong intercomponent electronic coupling has been confirmed by investigating electronic absorption properties and electrochemical behavior of the compounds. The capability of 1‐bpy and 2‐bpy to undergo PET process was evaluated by carrying out their photophysical study (steady state emission and time‐resolved spectroscopy at both 293 and 77 K). The conformational dependence of photoinduced processes within P‐(θ 1)‐A systems has been established by comparing the photophysical properties of 1‐bpy (and 2‐bpy) with those of an affiliated species reported in the literature, 1‐phen. A complementary theoretical analysis (DFT) of the change of spin density distribution within model [1‐bpy(θ 1)]− mono‐reduced species as a function of θ 1 has been undertaken and the possibility of conformationally switching emission properties of P was derived.
C‐Linked Disaccharide Analogue of the Thomsen–Friedenreich (T)‐Epitope α‐O‐Conjugated to L‐Serine
Authors: Awad Loay , Riedner Jens , Vogel Pierre 
Published: April 2005

AbstractCondensation of a silylated β‐D‐galactopyranosylaldehyde (3) with isolevoglucosenone (4) in the presence of Et2AlI provided bicyclic enone 5. Subsequent addition of BnNHOMe gave adduct 6, which was converted into 4‐O‐acetyl‐1,6‐anhydro‐3‐C‐[(1 R)‐1,3,4,5,7‐penta‐O‐acetyl‐2,6‐anhydro‐D‐glycero‐L‐manno‐heptitol‐1‐C‐yl]‐2‐azido‐2,3‐dideoxy‐β‐D‐galacto‐hexopyranose after liberation of the 2‐amino group, its transformation into a 2‐azido moiety, desilylation, and peracetylation. Ring‐opening of the 1,6‐anhydro galactopyranosyl unit and O‐glycosidation with Fmoc‐Ser‐O‐tBu afforded a 5:1 mixture of α‐ and β‐galactosides. Treatment with CH3COSH gave pure N‐[(9H‐fluoren‐9‐ylmethoxy)carbonyl]‐{4,6‐di‐O‐acetyl‐3‐C‐[(1 R)‐2,6‐anhydro 1,3,4,5,7‐penta‐O‐acetyl‐D‐glycero‐L‐manno‐heptitol‐1‐C‐yl]‐2‐[(N‐acetyl)amino]‐2,3‐dideoxy‐α‐D‐galactopyranosyl}‐l‐serine tert‐butyl ester (2), a protected form of a C‐disaccharide analogue of the Thomsen–Friedenreich (or T) epitope (β‐D‐Galp‐(1→3)‐α‐D‐GalNAcp) α‐O‐conjugated to L‐serine.
Symptomatic local recurrence of prostate carcinoma after radiation therapy
Authors: Leibovici Dan , Lee Andrew K. , Cheung Rex M. , Spiess Philippe E. , Kuban Deborah A. , Rosser Charles J. , Shen Yu , Yang Ying , Chichakli Ramsey , Pisters Louis L. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDSymptomatic local recurrence of prostate carcinoma (SLRPC) after radiation therapy (RT) is associated with morbidity and debilitating symptoms that have a substantial impact on the patient's quality of life. Most reports on the results of RT for localized prostate carcinoma (PC) do not address this endpoint. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of SLRPC and to identify the risk factors for this endpoint.METHODSThe medical charts of 1006 patients who received RT for localized PC at the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center between 1987 and 1997 were reviewed. Local symptoms were defined as hematuria, voiding symptoms, urinary obstruction, and pelvic pain. Progressive symptoms accompanied by either confirmatory histology or cystoscopic findings were attributed to PC. Univariate and multivariate analyses using Cox proportional hazards models were applied to identify risk predictors.RESULTSAmong 964 patients for whom follow‐up data were available, 277 patients had prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) progression, and 45 patients died of PC during a median follow‐up of 9.4 years. In total, 33 patients (3.4%) developed SLRPC. In patients who experienced biochemical progression, the actuarial 5‐year incidence of SLRPC was 8.3%. Among the patients who had developed SLRPC, 23 patients (69.7%) died of PC at a median of 25.3 months from the onset of local symptoms. Adverse histologic tumor subtypes (ductal, small cell, and sarcomatoid) were associated significantly with SLRPC (hazard ratio, 8.4; 95% confidence interval, 2.99–23.63). Clinical T classification at diagnosis, Gleason score, and initial PSA level showed a trend toward an increased hazard ratio.CONCLUSIONSSLRPC after radiotherapy therapy was an uncommon but clinically significant event. Aggressive histologic subtypes were predictive of this endpoint. Clinical T classification, Gleason score, and initial prostate‐specific antigen levels also may have predictive value. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.