bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON THE CELLULAR IMMUNOLOGY OF ACUTE BACTERIEMIA
Authors: Wood W. Barry , Smith Mary Ruth , Perry William D. , Berry John W. 
Published: June 2004

Evidence has been presented that the introduction of large numbers of bacteria into the blood stream causes a widespread intravascular reaction, characterized by the sticking of leucocytes to the endothelium of capillaries, arterioles, and venules. The adherent granulocytes promptly become motile and thus potentially phagocytic. This intravascular leucocytic response affords a rapid and efficient mobilization of a vast number of active phagocytes within the blood stream. In some of the smaller vessels of both the systemic and pulmonary circulation the reaction is accompanied by the deposition of what appears to be intravascular fibrin.
Direct observation by the rabbit ear chamber technique has revealed that leucocytes thus mobilized in small peripheral vessels are capable of phagocyting fully encapsulated Friedländer’s bacilli in the absence of antibody. Ingestion of the encapsulated blood-borne bacteria results from surface phagocytosis and occurs primarily in those vessels in which the flow of blood is either slowed or has temporarily stopped altogether. Leucocytes can be seen to phagocyte the organisms by first trapping them against the walls of the vessels or against adjacent leucocytes. Bacteria caught in the interstices of the intravascular "fibrin" may likewise be immobilized and readily phagocyted. Thus granulocytes, without the aid of opsonins, are able to ingest and destroy encapsulated blood-borne bacteria by the same mechanisms that operate in extravascular tissues.
It is concluded from these studies that intravascular surface phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leucocytes supplements the well known phagocytic activities of the reticulo-endothelial cells and therefore serves as an important defense of the host in acute infections caused by encapsulated bacteria and complicated by bacteriemia.
INTRACELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF ACID PHOSPHATASE
Authors: Palade G. E. 
Published: June 2004

The acid phosphatase activity of rat liver homogenates and of nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions isolated therefrom (by differential centrifugation) was determined biochemically in a series of experiments. For each liver, Gomori's histochemical test for acid phosphatase was run in parallel.
No correlation was found between the biochemical and the histochemical results. According to the former, the enzyme appears to be almost entirely (95 per cent) located in the cytoplasm, while according to the latter, the acid phosphatase is predominantly concentrated in the nuclei and in some peribiliary polymorphic structures identified as myelin figures.
It was found that the precipitaion pattern obtained in the histochemical test does not reveal, as generally assumed, differences in enzyme concentration among the various cell structures, but actually reveals differences in their lead phosphatase affinity. The usefulnes of the histochemical test for intracellular localization studies was found to be further limited by considerable fixation damage and formation of myelin figure artifacts.
The biochemical approach is to be preferred because of better preservation of the material and direct and more reliable methods for the demonstraton of enzyme activity.
THE ANTISTREPTOCOCCAL PROPERTY OF MILK
Authors: Wilson Armine T. , Rosenblum Herman 
Published: June 2004

The measurement in vitro of lactenin, the antistreptococcal substance of milk, is affected by the size of the inoculum, the temperature of incubation, and the type of medium employed.
Hemolytic streptococci belonging to the several serological groups vary in susceptibility to lactenin. All group A streptococci, regardless of type, are highly sensitive to it, and milk receiving a small inoculum sterilizes itself within 48 hours or less. By contrast, most strains of groups B, C, D, and E, although they may temporarily be inhibited, ultimately achieve full growth. Strains belonging to groups F, G, H, K, and L vary in sensitivity, some being fully inhibited and others achieving full growth. When streaked on the surface of milk-agar plates and examined at the end of 24 hours the streptococci fall into two classes: sensitive strains which do not produce visible colonies on the plate, and resistant strains which grow excellently. Very few strains show an intermediate degree of sensitivity.
Human and goat milk contain an antistreptococcal principle which appears to be the same as the lactenin of cow milk, since streptococci which are inhibited by milk from one species are inhibited by milk from the others, and vice versa.
THE ANTISTREPTOCOCCAL PROPERTY OF MILK
Authors: Wilson Armine T. , Rosenblum Herman 
Published: June 2004

The ability of lactenin to prevent the multiplication of group A streptococci when milk becomes contaminated with that organism accounts in part at least, for the infrequency of milk-borne streptococcal epidemics. From epidemiological studies it has been shown that most such epidemics arise from the consumption of raw milk in which streptococci occur as a result of bovine mastitis due to group A streptococcus. Lactenin fails to prevent the establishment of mastitis due to the group A streptococcus because the milk in the cow's udder is at a low oxidation-reduction potential and the lactenin is inactive.
Lactenin, being destroyed by temperatures of 80°C. or above, is absent from canned and powdered milk. When the latter have been diluted or reconstituted, they can serve as excellent growth media for group A streptococci, and epidemics have occurred as a result of contamination of milk supplies of those types.
The administration of lactenin by mouth or intraperitoneal injection failed to protect mice from peritonitis or subcutaneous infection due to group A streptococcus.
QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS OF THE MULTIPLICATION OF INFLUENZA A VIRUS IN THE MOUSE LUNG
Authors: Ginsberg Harold S. , Horsfall Frank L. 
Published: June 2004

Influenza A virus, PR8 strain, increases in amount in the infected mouse lung at a relatively constant rate. When more than 25 M.S.50 doses of virus is inoculated, the rate of multiplication appears to be independent of the amount of virus introduced; has a value of 1,100-fold increase per day. The rate of increase in the pulmonary lesions induced by infection of the mouse lung with PR8 also appears to be relatively constant and independent of the amount of virus inoculated; has a value of 8.5-fold increase per day.
The essential variables in the PR8-mouse lung system appear to be equated satisfactorily by functions which were derived previously (4) during a similar quantitative investigation on pneumonia virus of mice (PVM). Evidence in support of the hypothesis that the processes of multiplication of PR8 and PVM are different in the mouse lung is presented.
THE EFFECT OF SPERMINE ON TUBERCLE BACILLI
Authors: Hirsch James G. , Dubos René J. 
Published: June 2004

A crystalline substance capable of suppressing the growth of a variety of mycobacteria in vitro has been isolated from extracts of tissue in acidified dilute ethanol. This inhibitory material was found to be equally active against virulent, attenuated, and avirulent variants of human and bovine tubercle bacilli, but had little or no effect on saprophytic mycobacteria and on several non-acid-fast microorganisms under the conditions of the test. Its inhibitory activity on the growth of tubercle bacilli was essentially independent of the size of the inoculum within the limits studied.
The crystalline material appeared to exert a bactericidal action on the susceptible organisms. Tubercle bacilli maintained in the presence of the agent for 4 days failed to grow when transferred to inhibitor-free media.
The findings were not appreciably altered by minor variations in the composition of the medium or by shift in its reaction. When certain preparations of whole serum were used in the medium in place of albumin, no antimycobacterial activity was observed; however, this activity was restored by adding bovine albumin (fraction V) to the media containing whole serum.
By chemical purification and analysis, the inhibitory material was identified as spermine, an organic base widely distributed in animal tissues.
A STUDY OF FIXATION FOR ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
Authors: Palade G. E. 
Published: June 2004

Osmium tetroxide fixation of tissue blocks, as usually effected, is preceded by an acidification of the tissue. This acidification is probably responsible for morphological alterations which are notably disturbing in electron microscopy. The acidification and the resulting morphological alterations cannot be prevented by homogenizing the tissue directly in OsO4 solutions or by adding enzyme inhibitors (fluoride, iodoscetamide) to the fixative.
Fixation experiments with buffered OsO4 solutions have shown that the appearance of the fixed cells is conditioned by the pH of the fixative. The quality of fixation can be materially improved by buffering the OsO4 solutions at pH 7.3-7.5, The acetate-veronal buffer appeared to be the most favorable of the buffers tested, Because of these findings, 1 per cent OsO4 buffered at pH 7.3-7.5 with acetate-veronal buffer is recommended as an appropriate fixative for electron microscopy.
EXPERIMENTS ON THE CAUSE OF THE RABBIT CARCINOMAS DERIVED FROM VIRUS-INDUCED PAPILLOMAS
Authors: Smith William E. , Kidd John G. , Rous Peyton 
Published: June 2004

Three out of four carcinomas arising from rims-induced, rabbit papillomas have grown well after transplantation to sucklings. Two were propagated serially, and it seems likely that all could have been maintained indefinitely had litters been available of newborn animals of the sort in which they arose. These successes are the more worthy of note because of the well-nigh uniform failure of similar growths on transfer to adults. The tumors enlarged with great rapidity in the sucklings, were extraordinarily destructive, and two of them metastaslzed within a few weeks.
Many efforts were made to extract causative agents from the three carcinomas, on the assumption that these might be due to variants of the Shope virus. Highly favorable conditions for the demonstration of this latter were provided in the tests; yet their outcome was wholly negative although all of the cancers derived from papillomas caused by "recoverable" strains of virus, and although one of them appeared to be consequent upon only the slightest of alterations toward malignancy on the part of the papilloma from which it came. Extracts of another of the cancers, an anaplastic, squamous-cell carcinoma devoid of any morphological sign of the influence of the Shope virus, yielded typical virus papillomas on several occasions. The wholly negative results with the third cancer must be considered in the light of the fact that the "recoverable" strain of virus causing the papilloma from which it originated could no longer be recovered from such growths on collateral test.
THE EMERGENCE OF PSEUDOTUBERCULOSIS IN RATS GIVEN CORTISONE
Authors: LeMaistre Charles , Tompsett Ralph ,   With the Technical Assistance of Kurt Stern
Published: June 2004

The emergence of a severe infection in albino rats during cortisone administration is reported. Evidence is present that the causative agent of the disease was Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis murium, a microbial species not demonstrably a part of the usual bacterial flora of the host. It has been possible to reproduce the disease in rats by a relatively large infecting inoculum of this strain of Corynebacterium, but the susceptibility of normal rats to infection has been found to be low.
The disease occurred in 41 of 50 rats given cortisone and in 28 of 30 instances in which isolation of the etiologic agent was attempted, this strain of Corynebacterium was recovered. The disease was characterized by widespread necrotizing lesions, with multiple coalescent lesions occurring in the lungs, and similar, though smaller lesions of the pericardium, pleurae, liver, and kidneys. In its gross appearance the pulmonary disease was similar to that of a disseminated, far advanced tuberculous process. The histologic appearance of the lesions, however, was sufficiently distinctive so that they could be readily differentiated from the lesions characteristically produced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Moreover, the host-parasite relationship established by the experimental infection with avian tubercle bacilli, was not markedly altered by the factors which led to the emergence of the pseudotuberculosis.
In contrast to the high frequency of pseudotuberculosis in rats given cortisone, no instance of this disease has been encountered in a similar group of animals given large quantities of corticotropin.
THE EFFECT OF DYES ON THE CALCIFICATION OF HYPERTROPHIC RACHITIC CARTILAGE IN VITRO
Authors: Miller Zelma B. , Waldman Jerome , McLean Franklin C. 
Published: June 2004

The calcification of rat hypertrophic cartilage slices in vitro is markedly inhibited by preliminary exposure to metachromatic and other basic dyes. The dyes are effective at 10–3 to 10–4 M in the absence of calcium and phosphate. This inhibition does not occur at the same low dye concentration if calcium and phosphate are present. Neither ion alone is effective in preventing the inhibition.
The inhibitory action can be removed by placing slices which have been treated with basic dye in a solution which contains calcium and phosphate ions, plus an acid dye, Orange G.
Most acid dyes do not inhibit calcification, except at very high concentrations. Alizarin and quinalizarin are exceptional, and produce marked inhibition at 10–3 M, an effect which is perhaps attributable to the tendency of these dyes to form lakes with calcium.
Rachitic cartilage slices which no longer calcify in inorganic phosphate as a result of treatment with basic dyes show normal calcification in the presence of organic phosphate esters.
These results are discussed in terms of the possibility that chondroitin sulfate ester participates in normal calcification.
STUDIES ON THE INHIBITION OF PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES BY SERUM
Authors: Shulman N. Raphael 
Published: June 2004

Increases in serum proteolytic inhibition with disease were found to be specific either for plasmin or for trypsin and chymotrypsin.
In normal serum, the plasmin inhibitor could be differentiated from the trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor by various physical and chemical means.
There was no apparent difference between the trypsin inhibitor and the chymotrypsin inhibitor in serum.
No qualitative differences were found between the inhibitors of normal sera and the inhibitors of sera showing elevated inhibition.
STUDIES ON HEMAGGLUTINATION AND HEMOLYSIS BY ESCHERICHIA COLI ANTISERA
Authors: Neter Erwin , Bertram Lee F. , Zak Dorothy A. , Murdock Miriam R. , Arbesman Carl E. 
Published: June 2004

A study on hemagglutination and hemolysis by Escherichia coli O111 and O55 (rabbit) antisera and on hemagglutination and hemolysis inhibition by E. coli O111 and O55 antigens revealed the following facts.
1. Red blood cells of man, dog, rabbit, guinea pig, sheep, rat, and chicken adsorb E. coli O111 and O55 antigens and thus become specifically agglutinable by the homologous E. coli antisera.
2. The adsorption of these E. coli antigens is a function of the concentration of the antigen, the time (from 5 minutes to 2 hours) of treatment of the red blood cells with the antigen, and the concentration of the red blood cells used.
3. Red blood cells of man and sheep adsorb simultaneously both antigens, as indicated by the fact that both antisera give agglutination of all red blood cells. Complete agglutination does not occur when a mixture of red blood cells treated separately with the two antigens is added to one or the other of the two antisera.
4. Treatment of red blood cells of man with one of the antigens does not block the adsorption of the second antigen. Human cells treated with either or both antigens are still agglutinated by the homologous blood group (A, B, and Rh)-specific antibodies.
5. In the presence of guinea pig complement, E. coli O111 and O55 antisera produce hemolysis of modified human red blood cells in titers of the same order of magnitude as those giving hemagglutination and bacterial agglutination. The same antisera produce hemolysis of sheep cells treated with the identical antigens in titers exceeding by far those giving agglutination of modified human or sheep red blood cells.
6. Both sediment and supernate of a boiled E. coli suspension are capable of modifying red blood cells for E. coli hemagglutination; in contrast, the supernate obtained from an unboiled suspension and then heated does not modify red blood cells for hemagglutination, although it contains the antigen which can specifically adsorb E. coli antibodies, as shown by means of the hemagglutination and hemolysis inhibition tests.
7. Both the unheated and the boiled suspensions of E. coli O111 and O55 inhibit hemagglutination and hemolysis specifically.
8. Rabbit red blood cells modified by either E. coli O111 or 055 antigens, upon intravenous injection into rabbits, engender specific E. coli antibodies.
The significance of the results is discussed.
THE EFFECTS OF CHOLESTEROL DOSAGE, CORTISONE, AND DCA ON TOTAL SERUM CHOLESTEROL, LIPOPROTEINS, AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Cook Donald L. , Ray Roger , Davisson Edwin , Feldstein Lois M. , Calvin Lyle D. , Green D. M. 
Published: June 2004

The effects of cholesterol dosage, cortisone, and desoxycorticosterone acetate on total serum cholesterol, lipoproteins, and atherosclerosis were studied over a period of 112 days in thirty-two rabbits. Cholesterol was administered by feeding the rabbits diets containing 0.063, 0.25, and 1.0 per cent cholesterol At intervals measurements were made of total serum cholesterol and of low density lipid and lipoprotein components of three classes, Sf, 5–9, Sf 10–15, and Sf 16–30.
All three classes of lipoproteins increased with cholesterol feeding. The total serum cholesterol concentration was linearly related to both the quantity of cholesterol consumed and its concentration in the diet. Lipoprotein and total serum cholesterol concentrations were significantly and equally well correlated with the severity of atherosclerosis.
Cortisone administration in the normal rabbit increased the concentrations of total cholesterol and of lipoprotein components of the Sf 10–15 and Sf 16–30 classes, but did not produce atherosclerosis. Cortisone treatment in cholesterol-fed rabbits did not significantly affect the levels of serum lipoproteins, cholesterol concentration, or atherosclerosis produced by a 1.0 per cent cholesterol diet alone.
Values for total cholesterol and Sf 5–9 class of lipoproteins in DCA-treated animals were lower than those in controls but the degree of atherosclerosis was not significantly less.
PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF TYPE-SPECIFIC M ANTIGEN ISOLATED FROM A GROUP A, TYPE 1 HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCUS
Authors: Lancefield Rebecca C. , Perlmann Gertrude E. 
Published: June 2004

Type-specific M antigen was extracted by heating type 1 group A streptococci at pH 2 in a boiling water bath. The protein was then purified by digestion with a preparation of crystalline ribonuclease which was free of proteolytic activity. It was further purified by fractional precipitation with (NH4)2SO4.
Elementary chemical analysis of the preparation thus obtained showed an absence of phosphorus and a sulfur content of 2.46 per cent. In the ultraviolet the maximum absorption was at a wave length of 276 mµ and the minimum at 255 mµ.
In electrophoresis experiments the preparation showed a single peak in the pH range of 3 to 9, but considerable boundary spreading was observed. The type 1 M antigen was isoelectric at pH 5.3 in sodium acetate buffer of ionic strength 0.1.
The serological reactivity of the protein isolated was typical of type 1 M antigen. This protein induced the formation in rabbits of type-specific precipitins and protective antibodies. The absorption of type 1 antibacterial serum with the purified M antigen removed both the protective antibodies and the type-specific precipitins from the serum.
THE FORMATION OF COLLAGEN FIBERS BY THE ACTION OF HEPARIN ON SOLUBLE COLLAGEN: AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDY
Authors: Morrione Thomas G. 
Published: June 2004

Collagen fibers have been formed in vitro by the action of heparm on solutions of collagen.
Heparin was found to be effective in inducing collagen fiber formation when present in concentrations as low as 1–80,000.
It is postulated that mast cells, by virtue of the heparin which they produce, may play a role in the formation of collagen.
THE MULTIPLICATION OF TUBERCLE BACILLI WITHIN NORMAL PHAGOCYTES IN TISSUE CULTURE
Authors: Suter Emanuel 
Published: June 2004

A technique has been described for the cultivation in vitro of normal mononuclear cells on glass slides in a liquid medium. Under these conditions the monocytes transformed into macrophages which proliferated as in ordinary tissue culture.
These cultures of monocytes could be infected with tubercle bacilli. The numbers of stainable tubercle bacilli within the monocytes increased steadily in cultures infected with virulent or attenuated strains. Evidence is given to support the view that this increase in numbers of bacilli was due to intracellular multiplication. There was no evidence of intracellular bacillary multiplication in cultures infected with an avirulent strain.
Tubercle bacilli multiplying within phagocytes in vitro exert a damaging effect upon the host cells. The damage was most obvious in cells infected with a virulent strain.
Tubercle bacilli within phagocytes were protected against the bacteriostatic effect of streptomycin added in a concentration of 5 γ per ml. of culture medium. This permitted the use of streptomycin in infected cultures to prevent extracellular multiplication of the bacilli.
GROWTH REQUIREMENTS OF DYSGONIC AND EUGONIC STRAINS OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS VAR. BOVIS
Authors: Schaefer Werner B. 
Published: June 2004

The nutritional requirements of dysgonic and eugonic bovine tubercle bacilli were investigated in liquid Tween-albumin medium. The following conclusions were reached:—
Dysgonic bovine tubercle bacilli require for multiplication long chain fatty acids which can be supplied as oleic, palmitic, or stearic acid whereas eugonic bovine strains can grow in the absence of fatty acid and can utilize glucose as a sufficient source of carbon.
In the presence of fatty acids, the growth of dysgonic strains is increased by the addition of small amounts of glucose or glycerol, whereas large amounts of glucose or glycerol decrease the total growth and inhibit or retard the growth of small inocula.
In glucose-fatty acid media, the growth of dysgonic strains is further stimulated by the addition of sodium glutamate, succinate, malate, or acetate.
Sodium pyruvate enables dysgonic strains to grow rapidly in liquid media containing glucose or glycerol even in the absence of fatty acid.
The significance of these findings for the mechanism of the variation from "dysgonic" to "eugonic" is discussed.
The use of oleic acid-albumin agar without glucose permits the rapid isolation of bovine tubercle bacilli from natural sources.