bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In the Gardens of Eternal Spring
Authors: Findly Ellison Banks 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most alluring and influential of all the arts of Nur Jahan, however, was the most ephemeral, that of gardening. Villiers Stuart has ranked Nur Jahan along with Babur as the best and most prolific of all those who inspired and designed Mughal gardens and even goes so far as to call Nur Jahan herself “the greatest garden lover of them all.”
The Rebellion of Mahabat Khan
Authors: Findly Ellison Banks 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Jahangir’s reign came to a close, one last upheaval broke out in the calm before the confusion of the succession days. Mahabat Khan, an old and trusted friend of Jahangir’s, pushed beyond restraint by the courtly infighting around him, rebelled against the emperor and held out in a “reign of a hundred days.” The rebellion of Mahabat Khan is significant not only because the story is a contained and vibrant one about an old allegiance gone awry, but because one of the principal actors was Nur Jahan. For most of her public life, Nur Jahan had maneuvered events from behind the walls of seclusion, giving directives and shaping opinion from the palaces reserved only for women. In this rebellion, however, the last of the principal events of her husband’s reign, Nur Jahan was herself a real and active participant, providing not only the motive and impetus behind major narrative turns but the visual performance so central to the story as well.
Death of Jahangir and Retirement to Lahore
Authors: Findly Ellison Banks 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nur Jahan’s heroic role in the rebellion of Mahabat Khan was short-lived. Having come out of seclusion for the climactic episode of her political life and having maneuvered her husband out from the hands of his abductor, she had proven herself capable of an exquisitely executed victory. She had not become victorious, however, by fighting in battle but by the means she had always used best: strategy measured out from behind the palace walls. Her skills at duplicity, her easy use of charm at all levels of government, and most of all her tenacious powers of endurance had proved their mettle. But with the close of the rebellion of Mahabat Khan, Nur Jahan’s role as manager of political events came to an end. She would now be forced, most reluctantly, to pass the brokering of power over to her brother, Asaf Khan, and, more particularly, to his protégé the future king, Shah Jahan.
Follow-up of Disease Occurrence
Authors: Norell Staffan E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Information on disease occurrence is obtained by follow-up during a certain period of time (in studies based on incidence), or by examining each subject at one point in time (in studies based on prevalence). As a first step, the disease or diseases (outcomes) of interest are defined. In clinical medicine, disease entities are more or less clearly separated by clinical and laboratory findings, as well as the patient’s history, with a view toward treatment and prognosis.
General Exercises
Authors: Norell Staffan E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In many countries, a substantial proportion of all women use estrogens to alleviate menopausal symptoms. A study of postmenopausal women in Framingham showed excess risks of cardiovascular diesease ( CVD) following estrogen use. But other, previous studies showed no such effect.
The Framingham Study, beginning in 1948, enrolled a probability sample of residents of Framingham, Massachusetts. All study subjects were examined with regard to cardiovascular disease and potential risk indicators for such disease, and were invited to return for routine reex amination every 2 years.
Asthma
Authors: Nolan Terry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Asthma is the most common chronic disorder in children. Despite its frequency, however, there is a long history of research and debate, not only about its causes but also, at an even more basic level, about what asthma is. One epidemiologist wrote that despite the enormous amount of information that has been amassed, “it is still impossible to construct a coherent synthesis of the epidemiology of asthma” (Gregg, 1986). The basic reason for such a pessimistic outlook is the difficulty in defining asthma with precision. In a sense, it is one of the most elusive classifications in the history of modern medicine. Its definition has changed over time, influenced by beliefs about its etiology and underlying pathophysiology.
Psychosocial Impact of Cancer Screening
Authors: Rimer Caryn Lerman Barbara k. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Basic and medical science investigations have identified a growing number of factors that predispose to cancer. Risks related to precancerous lesions (Hutchinson et al., 1980) and to occupational exposures (Mason, Prorok, Neeld, & Vogler, 1986) have been researched widely. A variety of population-based and worksite screening programs have been implemented to identify individuals at increased risk for cancer by virtue of these factors. However, such programs are not without psychological costs (Lerman, Rimer, & Engstrom, 1991). The potential psychological sequelae of cancer screening are of particular concern, as these effects can deter adherence to recommended regimens for continued surveillance (Lerman, Rimer, Trock, Balshem, & Engstrom, 1990; Kash, Holland, Halper, & Miller, 1992; Lerman et al., 1993). Despite this, there has been little attention to the psychosocial impact of cancer screening.
Screening for Disease Detection and Prevention: Some Comments and Future Perspectives
Authors: Moum Torbjorn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Testing for disease and health risk today is done on a routine basis in all industrialized nations. Tests for diabetes, hypertension, urinary tract infection, and other disorders are most commonly performed on individuals in a doctor-patient relationship. The term screening, however, usually refers to large-scale testing that is organized as a program aimed at a defined population. Quite often such programs are carried out under public auspices.
Reproduction and Forest Decline of Chamaecyparis Nootkatensis (Yellow-Cedar) in Southeast Alaska, USA
Authors: Hennon Paul E , Shaw Charles G , Hansen Everett M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach (yellow-cedar, Alaska yellow-cedar) is an ecologically important and extremely valuable tree species in coastal Alaska. Its ecology, silvics, and methods of management, however, are poorly understood (Harris 1990, Hennon 1995). Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, which is now dying on more than 200,000 hectares (ha) of unmanaged forest in southeast Alaska, is suffering from the most severe forest decline in western North America (Fig. 3.1). In addition, this species has limited successful reproduction in many declining and healthy unmanaged forests in Alaska; numerous searches have failed to locate seedlings (Harris 1990). Forest managers are particularly concerned because C. nootkatensis is not frequently regenerating on sites harvested by logging.
Managing Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana (Port-Orford-Cedar) to Control the Root Disease Caused by Phytophthora Lateralis in the Pacific Northwest, USA
Authors: Greenup Mel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A. Murr.) Parl. (Port-Orford-cedar) ranges along the Pacific Coast from Coos Bay, Oregon to Eureka, California, and eastward to the vicinity of Grants Pass, Oregon, and Redding, California (Figs. 6.1 and 6.2). The species is highly adaptable and thrives on diverse soil types and sites in coastal and inland regions of the Coast Ranges and Klamath Mountains of both southwest Oregon and northwest California. Within these forest regions, C. lawsoniana grows extensively on state, county, and private lands as well as on federal lands managed by the Bureau of Land Management and the Siskiyou National Forest of Oregon and Six Rivers, Klamath, and Shasta-Trinity National Forests of California.
Impact of Hurricanes on Forests of the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts, USA
Authors: Conner William H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hurricanes are common, but unpredictable, occurrences on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the southeastern United States. There is evidence that 160,000 to 320,000 hurricanes have occurred in the area of the Florida keys during the past two million years (Ball et al. 1967). They occur about once every 20 years in south Florida (Lugo et al. 1976) and are even more common on the Gulf coast (Conner et al. 1989). South Carolina experienced 38 hurricanes between 1700 and 1983, or approximately one every seven years (Dukes 1984). Hurricane paths have been plotted for several time periods. Figure 18.1 shows hurricanes plotted for the years 1886-1963. As can be seen in the figure, the Gulf coast has been hit by more hurricanes than the Atlantic coast.
Chapter 06
Authors: Stannard David E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Christopher Columbuss VIEWED himself as a man of divine destiny in an age of apocalyptic promise. He was unequivocally sure of himself. And one thing of which he was especially certain was that the world was going to end in 150 years. He had made the calculations himself, but they were based on his careful reading of a work entitled Imago Mundi, by the Catholic Cardinal and late Chancellor of the Univar City of Paris-and high priest at the Inquisition and execution of John Huss for heresy-Pierre daily. Written in 1410, though Columbus’s copy was printed in Louvain around 1480, Imago Mundi was an encyclopaedia of sorts for the instruction of lay people in the fields of Christianity-infused geography and cosmology.
Social Types in City Streets
Authors: Allen Irving Lewis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1856 Whitman also wrote his newspaper essay, “Broadway,” which opens: “The chief street of a great city is a curious epitome of the life of the city; and when that street, like Broadway, is a thoroughfare, a mart, and a promenade altogether, its representative character is yet more striking.”1 In the 1850s, Broadway proper was the two miles between the Bowling Green and 14th Street and traversed most of the “walking city,” as historians now call the old compact cities. Whitman recounted the temporal rhythm of the street around the clock and the synchronized parade of its social types.
Escapes from the Ghetto
Authors: Tec Nechama 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
True to its policy, the leaders of the Bielski otriad soon invited another group from Nowogr6dek ghetto. This group was to join relatives and friends already in the forest. Among the invited was Sonia Boldo, an outgoing and attractive young girl, who had an uncle, an aunt, two cousins, and a close friend, Chaja Bielski, in the otriad.
The Partisan Network
Authors: Tec Nechama 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After being exposed to German terror, the Jews in Western Belorussia remembered the Soviet occupation as being the “good old days.” They would ask, “Since the Russians were good to us in the past why should the Soviet partisans not be good to us now? Now that we have a common enemy, the USSR has even more reason to protect us.” Jews expected the Russians to help.
The “Big Hunt”
Authors: Tec Nechama 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the Bielski otriad reached the Nalibocka forest in summer 1943, the Russian partisan movement had already granted it some legitimacy. Tuvia and his people had come to a place more fully controlled by the Soviets. Here many guerilla detachments had already established their bases, including the headquarters of General Platon, head of the Russian partisans for the Baranowicze region.
Keeping Order
Authors: Tec Nechama 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Put a partisan’s jacket on the ground and it will begin to walk.” Lice, the permanent inhabitants of partisan garments, were credited with this unexpected motion. Overcrowding, no change of clothes, and limited washing-all acted as an invitation to these insidious pests. Lice are stubborn. Once they establish residence they are difficult to dislodge. Inevitably, filth and lice lead to disease. Aware of this connection, Tuvia supported those who could improve the otriad’s cleanliness. Because Riva Reich qualified for such work he assigned her to double duty: nursing and sanitary inspection of the camp. Every morning she walked through the otriad checking its hygiene. When she finished this overall survey, she stepped inside the kitchen and into several ziemlankas. But Riva was only one of several women who took turns watching over the camp’s cleanliness.
Extra Points
Authors: Peterson Robert W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Professional football has climbed swiftly and quite steadily in the affections of sports fans since the 1958 NFL championship game. There have been a few bumps along the way, but by and large the NFL’s saga has been one of spectacular success. Roughly 40 percent of American adults described themselves as NFL fans in a 1991 survey for the Sports Marketing Group. Only 31 percent said they were baseball fans and, ominously for major league baseball’s future, twice as many in the eighteen to twenty-four-year age group preferred pro football to baseball.
The Incubation Period Distribution
Authors: Brookmeyer Ron , Gail Mitchell H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The incubation period is the time between infection and the diagnosis of AIDS. Infected individuals remain seronegative until they develop detectable HIV antibodies, usually within several months (Figure I.4). This event is called seroconversion. Although we define the incubation period as the time from infection to AIDS diagnosis, many studies cannot identify the dates of infection and only provide information about the time from seroconversion to AIDS. However, the time between infection and seroconversion is relatively short (approximate median is 2 months; see Section 4.7) compared to the median of the time from seroconversion to AIDS (approximate median is IO years). Accordingly, we also use incubation period to refer to the time from seroconversion to AIDS. In fact, many published studies on the incubation distribution implicitly use this latter operational definition. Incubation periods are extremely variable and some are very long.
Synthesizing Data Sources and Methods for Assessing the Scope of the Epidemic
Authors: Brookmeyer Ron , Gail Mitchell H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceeding chapters, we reviewed four methodological approaches for assessing the scope of the epidemic: surveys of HIV prevalence (Chapter 3); extrapolations of the AIDS incidence curve (Chapter 7); back-calculation methods (Chapter 8); and epidemic models of HIV transmission (Chapter 9). The objective of this chapter is to briefly review the strengths and limitations of these methodologies and to consider hybrid approaches that combine information from various sources. In particular, we review hybrid approaches that have been proposed for studying pediatric AIDS, for forecasting AIDS incidence in developing countries, and for forecasting in small geographic areas.
Developing and Evaluating New Therapies and Vaccines
Authors: Brookmeyer Ron , Gail Mitchell H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In March of 1987, only 6 years after AIDS was defined, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the use of 3’-azido-2’-3’ dideoxythymidine (AZT), now called zidovudine, for the treatment of severe HIV infection. This remarkable progress was based on the isolation of HIV in 1983 and 1984 and its characterization as a lymphotropic retrovirus (Chapter l).
After the Diagnosis: Coping with a Sense of Loss
Authors: Siegel Bryna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When a couple plan to have a baby, the one thing they hope will not happen to them is having a child with a disability. If a couple is particularly worried, the mother undergoes amniocentesis; if the results are normal, parents are generally reassured. When the baby is born, if the delivery has gone well and the baby comes out healthy, everyone is joyous. A large percentage of physical and developmental anomalies are detected around the time of birth, so if the baby appears normal then, everyone stops worrying about having a baby with a disability. Almost always, at birth, the autistic baby is believed to be normal. Although a very small number of mothers felt there was something odd about their autistic baby from birth, most feel that there was nothing wrong.
Family Issues
Authors: Siegel Bryna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before parents of an autistic child were parents of an autistic child, they were a couple. Before they met, they were individuals with their own separate identities. In the process of meeting the extraordinary demands of raising an autistic child, it is very possible for the husband and wife to lose each other, and for each parent to begin to lose his or her identity separate from the child. In this chapter we’ll discuss family issues. This will include how feelings and expectations about parenting are different when the child is autistic, and how having an autistic child in the family can affect siblings. Families have available to them various types of social support, and in this chapter we’ll discuss the roles of relatives and friends. Finally, we’ll discuss what is often the most difficult issue for families with an autistic child—deciding when and why a residential placement might provide better care than keeping a child at home.
Selecting a Classroom: Assessing Teachers, Aides, and Student Composition
Authors: Siegel Bryna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In working with the school system to find an appropriate educational program for a child, parents and their consultants can have the opportunity to visit existing classrooms to determine whether the staff and the curriculum of a particular class will meet the educational needs of their child. In this chapter, we’ll discuss what kind of classroom may be best for a particular child, what to look for as you observe staff, and the necessary preconditions there should be before agreeing to have a child placed in a particular class. The qualities of every class change with the addition of each new student. Therefore, observations need to focus on how the available resources could be applied to the specific needs of the child you are planning to place in a given classroom. As each new year of special education is planned, parents should take the opportunity to consider their child’s educational alternatives before sitting down to the next (or first) IEP meeting where the agreement for the next year’s education plan will be written down, agreed to, and signed.
The Vanguard of Reform
Authors: Bell David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If Pierre-Louis Lacretelle was “hardly a barrister except in name” in the waning years of the Old Regime, he was in good company. While the majority of Parisian lawyers continued to go about routine business, the elite of the profession concerned themselves with what can only be called politics. Every case they fought had two audiences, the judges and “public opinion,” and two purposes, the vindication of their clients and the implementation of enlightened reform. In some respects, these goals were not materially different from Elie de Beaumont’s at the time of the Calas affair. The idea was still to join “philosophic,” in the eighteenth century sense of the word, to jurisprudence. The context, however, had changed drastically. For one thing, following the Maupeou crisis and the fiasco of Linguet’s disbarment, barristers no longer had to fear the censorial disapproval of the Order. Furthermore, the broader political realm itself had grown more sympathetic.
Mirrors of Destruction
Authors: Bartov Omer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book examines the relationship between total war, state-organized genocide, and the emergence of modern identity. Omer Bartov demonstrates that, in the twentieth century, there have been intimate links between military conflict, mass murder of civilian populations, and the definition and categorization of groups and individuals. The Holocaust, he argues, can only be understood within the context of the century’s predilection to apply systematic and destructive methods to resolve conflicts over identity. His study follows the changing relationships between Jews and non-Jews in France and Germany from the outbreak of World War I to the present. He takes a close look at the glorification of war between 1914–18 and examines the pacifist reaction in interwar France to show how it contributed to a climate of collaboration with dictatorship and mass murder. He also provides detailed analyses of modern apocalyptic visions and pursuits for internal enemies. The book is an important new perspective on some of the most crucial issues of our time.
Contexts to the Conflict
Authors: Pernick Martin S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When he refused to operate on the Bollinger baby, Harry Haiselden became the first Western physician in modern times to publicly permit the death of a potentially savable newborn. But he was neither the first to openly advocate such a policy nor the first to implement it in private.
Infanticide had been practiced in much of the ancient world. Greek and Roman fathers legally could kill their babies for any reason at all. Common motives ranged from domestic economics to religious ritual, but selective destruction of the unhealthy was among the most widely-approved. In classical Greece, exposure was used both to dispose of visibly impaired newborns and to weed out those with invisible weaknesses. Both Plato and Aristotle recommended legally requiring the death of clearly deformed infants. Such a compulsory system existed in Sparta and under the Laws of the Twelve Tables in Rome. But exposing apparently healthy babies in order to detect hidden defects was officially discouraged as too unselective.
There Have Been Frequent Flooding and Sea-Level Change Events on Earth
Authors: Officer Charles , Page Jake 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Someone once said that there is nothing like a waiting noose to focus the mind. It is possible to argue that the mind is equally focused by waters rising above one’s feet of clay. Most of the people in the world still live along watercourses or near seacoasts, as water is a life-sustaining element. But water, impelled by planetary forces and following its own agenda, often rises up and destroys. Floods are so common, in fact, that we tend to lose track of them as a matter of importance in a catalog of natural disasters. Few floods cause great, concentrated losses of life, except the ones that-remote from our lives--carry off tens of thousands of citizens in places like Bangladesh. We are more apt to think of floods as photographs of people making do, sloshing around in a few feet of water in the aftermath of a hurricane or surprisingly heavy rainstorm, their houses full of muck, their tax and other records, perhaps, a soggy mass of useless pulp.
Then Along Came Man and Man Has Effected Vast Environmental Changes on a Local and Regional Scale
Authors: Officer Charles , Page Jake 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Up to this point we have been looking at the Earth’s activities and their effects on climate, on life in general, and more recently on mankind itself. But now, when we look at mankind’s effects on the natural environment, we have hit the fast-forward button. We are dealing with a far different time scale. The historical record goes back only around 7,000 years, and even human prehistory-perhaps some 50,000 years-is but an instant in geologic time. Humans have always had some effect on their environment-for example, by the time of the Romans, water pollution was a moderate problem-but only locally, here and there. By 1800, water pollution had become a regional problem in numerous areas around the world. But the most noticeable environmental changes have come about since then, essentially with the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. It is not just the total effects that are of interest; far more important are the rates of change. For if continued indefinitely at increasing rates, the Earth would become largely uninhabitable.