bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of concentration of hyaluronate in equine serum
Authors: Tulamo Riitta-Mari , Saari Herkko , Konttinen Yrjö T. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Concentration of hyaluronate (ha) in equine serum was determined by a recently developed specific radioassay. The mean ± SD HA concentration in equine serum was 288 ± 145 μg/L, was age dependent, and varied widely between horses (range, 190 to 760 μg/L).
Light or moderate exercise increased serum ha concentration from baseline values by 1.5- to 3-fold. In all horses, serum ha concentration returned to or below the original resting values 1 and 2 hours after exercise.
Duration of etomidate-induced adrenocortical suppression during surgery in dogs
Authors: Dodam John R. , Kruse-Elliott Kris T. , Aucoin David P. , Swanson Clifford R. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Plasma cortisol concentrations were compared in canine surgical patients given etomidate (2 mg/kg of body weight, iv) or thiopental sodium (12 mg/kg, iv) for anesthetic induction. Blood samples to determine plasma concentrations of etomidate were obtained at 0, 5, 10, 15, and 30 minutes and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours after induction. Adrenocortical function was evaluated before surgery by use of adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation tests. Dogs in both induction groups had high plasma cortisol concentrations after induction. Dogs given thiopental had a significant increase (P < 0.05) in plasma cortisol concentration from baseline at 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 12 hours after induction. Dogs given etomidate had a significant increase (P < 0.05) in plasma cortisol concentration from baseline at 5, 6, and 8 hours after induction. A comparison of plasma cortisol concentrations determined at 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 hours after induction with thiopental or etomidate revealed a higher (P < 0.05) concentration in dogs given thiopental.
The disposition of etomidate was best described by a 2-compartment model, with a redistribution half-life of 0.12 ± 0.04 minute and a terminal half-life of 1.70 ± 0.27 minute. Plasma cortisol concentrations did not correlate with plasma etomidate concentrations.
We conclude that, compared with thiopental, a single bolus injection of etomidate reduces the adrenocortical response to anesthesia and surgery from 2 to 6 hours after induction. Because cortisol concentrations were significantly higher than baseline, and because cardiopulmonary function is maintained after a single bolus injection of etomidate, it can be considered a safe induction agent in dogs.
Protein requirements of growing pups fed practical dry-type diets containing mixed-protein sources
Authors: Case Linda P. , Czarnecki-Maulden Gail L. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The protein requirement of Pointer pups fed practical diets was assessed in 3 experiments. Eight-week-old pups required 25.2% protein when fed a combination of corn gluten meal, soybean meal, and meat and bone meal for 2 weeks. However, when a poor-quality poultry by-product meal was substituted for some of the corn gluten meal and meat and bone meal, the requirement increased to 27.5%. This increased requirement was explained by decreased digestibility of the poultry by-product meal diet. Pups fed each of the diets required 18% digestible protein to maximize growth rate. Sixteen-week-old pups were more efficient at utilizing the experimental diets, requiring only 23% crude protein (17.2% digestible protein) to maximize growth rate.
Serum disposition of exogenous progesterone after intramuscular administration in bitches
Authors: Scott-Moncrieff J. C. , Nelson R. W. , Bill R. L. , Matlock C. L. , Bottoms G. D. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Progesterone was administered im to 6 adult anestrous bitches at a dosage of 2 mg/kg of body weight. Serum progesterone concentrations were measured prior to progesterone administration and for 72 hours thereafter. The serum progesterone concentration time data were analyzed by use of a pharmacokinetics modeling computer program. The mean (± sd) peak serum progesterone concentration (34.3 ± 7.8 ng/ml) was reached at 1.8 ± 0.2 hours after progesterone administration. The mean serum progesterone concentration was 6.9 ± 1.4 ng/ml at 24 hours and 2.0 ± 0.4 ng/ml at 48 hours after progesterone administration. By 72 hours after administration, mean serum progesterone concentration was 0.9 ± 0.2 ng/ml, which was comparable to serum progesterone concentrations prior to injection. The mean half-life of the absorption phase was 0.5 hours (range, 0.3 to 0.7 hours). The mean half-life of elimination was 12.1 hours (range, 9.5 to 13.8 hours). By analysis of the data, it was established that a dosage of 3 mg/kg, when the hormone was given im to dogs once a day, would maintain serum progesterone concentration > 10 ng/ml.
Experimental transmission of a granulocytic form of the tribe Ehrlichieae by Dermacentor variabilis and Amblyomma americanum to dogs
Authors: Anziani Oscar S. , Ewing S. A. , Barker R. W. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Transstadial transmission of granulocytic Ehrlichieae in dogs was attempted using ticks, Amblyomma americanum and Dermacentor variabilis. Ticks were exposed by feeding as nymphs on acutely infected pups; adult ticks then fed to repletion on susceptible adult dogs that were monitored daily for signs of infection. Evidence of transmission was not observed in control dogs or in those exposed to D variabilis. In contrast, dogs exposed to A americanum developed serologic or clinical evidence of infection, but organisms were not seen in blood smears until corticosteroids were administered, causing recrudescence and accompanying parasitemia. At 12 days after subinoculation of blood obtained from donor adult dogs, before corticosteroids were administered, a febrile response, thrombocytopenia, and appearance of morulae in neutrophilic granulocytes were observed in 2 susceptible recipient dogs.
Effect of age on isoproterenol-induced maximal heart rate in horses
Authors: Goetz Thomas E. , Manohar Murli 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The effect of age on maximal heart rate induced by iv infusion of isoproterenol was studied in 19 healthy, sedentary, normothermic horses ranging in age from 0.25 to 9.90 years. Isoproterenol was administered iv (1.0 μg/kg of body weight/min) for 3 minutes, and the heart rate attained during the last 30 seconds of the infusion was determined. Linear regression of the maximal heart rate on age suggested that the rate decreased with age in a trend described by the equation: maximal heart rate (beats/min) = 209.63 − 3.28 × age (years). The regression coefficient (r) for this relation was 0.769 (P < 0.001). These data indicate that as healthy horses age, their β-adrenoceptor-mediated maximal chronotropic response is diminished.
Influence of cortisol and different steroidogenic pathways on estrogen synthesis by the bovine placenta
Authors: Hoedemaker Martina , Weston Patricia G. , Wagner William C. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The influence of cortisol on estrogen synthesis by the bovine placenta and the importance of the Δ4 and Δ5 pathway for estrogen production were investigated. For experiment 1, portions of fetal villi (200 mg) were incubated for 48 hours with 0, 10, 100, and 1,000 ng of cortisol/ml with [3H]androstenedione (3H-A) or [3H]pregnenolone (3H-P5). Villi were also incubated for 4, 28, and 52 hours with or without cortisol (500 ng/ml) and with 3H-A or 3H-P5 (experiment 2). The conversion of various [3H]steroid metabolites such as A, P5, 17α-OH-pregnenolone (17α-OH-P5), progesterone (P4), 17α-OH-P4, cholesterol (chol), and chol plus lipoprotein (500 μg/ml) into estrogen was measured during a 4-hour incubation (experiment 3). In experiment 1, cortisol increased conversion of 3H-A and 3H-P5 into estrogen by 3 to 41% and 7 to 34%, respectively, in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). In experiment 2, times of incubation did not influence conversion of 3H-A into estrogen, which, however, was increased significantly (P < 0.05) over all times of incubation by administration of 500 ng of cortisol/ml. Conversion of 3H-P5 into estrogen increased over time of incubation and was stimulated by cortisol (P < 0.05). However, there was no interaction between cortisol treatment and time of incubation. In experiment 3, conversion of 3H-A, 3H-P5, and 3H-17α-OH-P5 into estrogen was greater than the conversion of the other precursors tested. Mean conversion of 3H-A, 3H-P5, 3H-17α-OH-P5, 3H-P4, 3H-17α-OH-P4, 3H-chol, and 3H-chol plus lipoprotein was 23%, 10.6%, 11.0%, 1.8%, 1.8%, 0.3% and 0.7%, respectively. Our results suggest that, in cows, the Δ5 pathway is the preferred pathway for placental estrogen synthesis and that cortisol directly stimulates estrogen production, probably by activating enzymes involved in this pathway.
Determination of a sedative dose and influence of midazolam on cardiopulmonary function in Canada geese
Authors: Valverde Alexander , Honeyman Virginia L. , Dyson Doris H. , Valliant Anne E. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Midazolam HCl (1.0 or 2.0 mg/kg of body weight) was administered im to 6 Canada geese to determine a sedative dose that would allow positioning for radiologic examination. The effects of both test doses on cardiopulmonary function were evaluated at 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, and 40 minutes after drug administration and were compared with 2 end-tidal isoflurane concentrations (1.5 and 2.5%). The 2.0 mg/kg dosage induced moderate sedation at 15 and 20 minutes; sedation was adequate for positioning the geese. Sedation induced by the 1.0 mg/kg dosage was inadequate. The effects of both test doses on blood pressure, heart rate, and temperature were not significantly different from each other and from baseline data. Respiratory rate increased significantly (P < 0.05) at 10, 15, 20, and 30 minutes with the 2.0 mg/kg dosage, and at 15 and 20 minutes with the 1.0 mg/kg dosage. Blood pressure and respiratory rate were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased with isoflurane when compared with baseline data and the midazolam test doses. The results of this study indicate that midazolam at a dosage of 2.0 mg/kg induces adequate sedation with minimal cardiopulmonary changes, and, as an alternative to general anesthesia with isoflurane, provides a satisfactory level of restraint for radiography.
Morphologic measurements of the external horizontal ear canal of dogs
Authors: Stout-Graham Michele , Kainer Robert A. , Whalen L. Ray , Macy Dennis W. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Microscopic anatomy of the horizontal part of the external ear canal was evaluated in 24 dogs. Sixteen dogs were from breeds known to have a predisposition to otitis externa. The remaining 8 dogs were from breeds that do not have a predisposition to otitis externa. Dogs were separated into groups according to predisposition to otitis externa: group 1—predisposed dogs without otic inflammation, group 2—predisposed dogs with otic inflammation, and group 3—nonpredisposed dogs without otic inflammation.
Qualitative microscopic evaluation of distribution of hair follicles revealed hair within proximal, middle, and distal regions of the horizontal ear canal in all breeds. The degree of keratinization was directly proportional to the presence of otic inflammation and was excessive in group-2 dogs.
Quality of sebaceous glands within the horizontal ear canal was similar among dogs with and without otitis externa, whereas the quantity of apocrine tubular glands was significantly increased (P < 0.05) in dogs with otitis. Quantity of apocrine tubular glands was also greater in group-1 dogs than in group-3 dogs.
Thickness of the soft tissue in the external ear canal increased in direct proportion to the progression of disease and was greatest in the proximal region of the affected ear canal. Soft tissue located caudally between nonopposing ends of the annular cartilage, within the proximal region of the horizontal ear canal, contained few glands and hair follicles in dogs without otitis externa. In dogs with otitis externa, this region was infiltrated by distended apocrine tubular glands.
Effect of hypertonic vs isotonic saline solution on responses to sublethal Escherichia coli endotoxemia in horses
Authors: Bertone Joseph J. , Gossett Kent A. , Shoemaker Katherine E. , Bertone Alicia L. , Schneiter Harvey L. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Cardiovascular responses to sublethal endotoxin infusion (Escherichia coli, 50 μg/ml in lactated Ringer solution at 100 ml/h until pulmonary arterial pressure increased by 10 mm of Hg) were measured 2 times in 5 standing horses. In a 2-period crossover experimental design, horses were either administered hypertonic (2,400 mosm/kg of body weight, iv) or isotonic (300 mosm/kg, iv) NaCl solution after endotoxin challenges. Each solution was administered at a dose of 5 ml/kg (infusion rate, 80 ml/min). Complete data sets (mean arterial, central venous, and pulmonary arterial pressures, pulmonary arterial blood temperature, cardiac output, total peripheral vascular resistance, heart rate, plasma osmolality, plasma concentration of Na, K, Cl, and total protein, blood lactate concentration, and pcv) were collected at 0 (baseline, before endotoxin infusion), 0.25, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, and 4.5 hours after initiation of the endotoxin infusion. Blood constituents alone were measured at 0.5 hour and cardiovascular variables alone were evaluated at 0.75 hour. By 0.25 hour, endotoxin infusion was completed, a data set was collected, and saline infusion was initiated. By 0.75 hour, saline solutions had been completely administered.
Mean (± sem) cardiac output decreased (99.76 ± 3.66 to 72.7 ± 2.35 ml/min/kg) and total peripheral resistance (1.0 ± 0.047 to 1.37 ± 0.049 mm of Hg/ml/min/kg) and pulmonary arterial pressure (33.4 ± 0.86 to 58.3 ± 1.18 mm of Hg) increased for both trials by 0.25 hour after initiation of the endotoxin infusion and prior to fluid administration. For the remainder of the protocol, cardiac output was increased and total peripheral resistance was decreased during the hypertonic, compared with the isotonic, saline trial. Cardiac output was decreased and total peripheral resistance was increased during the isotonic saline trial, compared with baseline values. Both trials were associated with increased blood lactate concentration, but lactate values during the isotonic saline trial were greater and remained increased above baseline values for a longer period (4 hours) than during the hypertonic saline trial (2.5 hours). It was concluded for this model of endotoxemia, that iv administered hypertonic saline solution was associated with more-desirable cardiovascular and metabolic responses than was an equal volume of isotonic saline solution.
Development of brachytherapy technique for nasal tumors in dogs
Authors: White Richard , Walker Michael , Legendre Alfred M. , Hoopes Jack , Smith Joey , Horton Sandra B. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Two groups of 4 dogs underwent nasal and ethmoidal turbinectomies followed by irradiation (mean minimal doses of 5,390 and 6,550 cGy of radiation, respectively) from implanted intracavitary sources of iridium 192. Two dogs from each group were euthanatized for histologic evaluation at 3 months after irradiation. The remaining 2 dogs from each group were euthanatized for similar evaluation at 6 months after irradiation. During the course of the study, few clinical complications were encountered. Histologic evaluation of the tissues forming the nasal passages revealed loss of epithelial lining and fibrous tissue replacement of surrounding bone. A direct correlation of pathologic changes could not be associated with the amount of radiation received, but there seemed to be a tendency for greater change in those dogs given higher doses and those kept alive for 6 months.
Effect of acute acidemia on blood biochemical variables in healthy ponies
Authors: Gossett K. A. , French D. D. , Cleghorn B. , Church G. E. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
l-Lactic acid and d, l-lactic acid infusion in ponies resulted in metabolic acidosis with high anion gap (ag). Increased ag was explained entirely by increased blood l- and d-lactate concentrations. Hydrochloric acid infusion caused metabolic acidosis with decreased ag. Saline (NaCl) infusion caused mild metabolic acidosis, with no significant change in ag.
Plasma K+ concentration was decreased by all types of infusions, with a maximum of 0.50, 0.25, 0.40, 0.50 mmol/L below baseline at the end of infusion in the l-lactic acid-, d,l-lactic acid-, HC1-, and NaCl-infused ponies, respectively. Only hydrochloric acid had a tendency to increase plasma K+ concentration.
Hypophosphatemia developed in NaCl- and HCl-infused ponies, but not in the d, l-lactic acid-infused ponies. Serum inorganic phosphate concentration in l-lactic acid-infused ponies increased initially, but was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than values in the other ponies at 4 hours after onset of infusion.
In ponies, the effect of acidemia on plasma K+ and serum inorganic phosphate concentrations was similar to that reported for other species. Changes were small in magnitude and depended on the nature of the acid anion. Results indicate that large changes in plasma K+ and serum inorganic phosphate concentrations during acidosis are probably not a direct result of acidemia.
Characterization of a panel of monoclonal antibodies and their use in the study of the antigenic diversity of bovine viral diarrhea virus
Authors: Corapi Wayne V. , Donis Ruben O. , Dubovi Edward J. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
A panel of 40 monoclonal antibodies (MAb) specific for bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) was produced, and each MAb was characterized and grouped according to its viral protein specificity, immunoglobulin subclass, virus-neutralizing activity, and immunoreactivity with a large collection of bvdv isolates. The MAb were found to be specific for 1 of 3 sets of related viral-induced proteins found in cells infected with the Singer strain of bvdv. Group-1 MAb were specific for the 80- and 118-kilodalton (kD) proteins of bvdv. Group-2 MAb recognized 3 proteins with molecular sizes of 54, 56, and 58 kD. Group-3 MAb recognized a 43- and a 65-kD protein. The MAb belonged to either the IgGl, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3 subclasses or the IgE class of mouse immunoglobulin. All MAb in group 2 were able to neutralize bvdv and had neutralization titers that ranged from 24 to 1,600,000. The reactivity of the MAb with numerous field isolates of bvdv was highly variable. Both cytopathic and noncytopathic biotypes of bvdv were examined and had the same degree of antigenic variation. The greatest degree of variation was detected with group-2 MAb. The data demonstrate that bvdv isolates have a high degree of antigenic variation that is largely confined to the envelope glycoproteins associated with virus neutralization. The results also suggest that antigenic variability of this virus is important in the development and severity of the disease it causes.
Quantitative microanalysis of equine synovial fluid glycosaminoglycan concentration
Authors: Little C. B. , Hilbert B. J. , Wickstrom S. , Hedlund B. E. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
An alcian blue precipitation method for quantifying the hyaluronic acid (ha) and sulphated glycosaminoglycan concentration (sgag) in solutions containing both compounds was assessed. The assay was found to be rapid and reliable in solutions containing 0 to 200 mg of ha/dl and 50 to 1,000 μg of sgag/dl, and was not affected by the presence of protein, hemoglobin, or methemoglobin in concentrations normally found in synovial fluid. The ha and sgag concentrations in intercarpal synovial fluid from 13 clinically normal and 11 arthritic horses were evaluated. A relationship was not found between the concentration of ha and sgag and any other synovial fluid variable. The sgag concentration was found to be markedly high in several of the synovial fluid samples from arthritic horses, but did not correlate with the degree of articular cartilage erosion.
Systemic and secretory antibody responses to sequential bovine respiratory syncytial virus infections in vaccinated and nonvaccinated calves
Authors: Stewart R. S. , Gershwin L. J. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
To investigate the influence of humoral immunity on the severity of disease caused by infection with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv), an experimentally induced infection study was performed on vaccinated and nonvaccinated calves. Fifteen weanling calves were allotted to 3 groups: 1 group of 6 calves was exposed to 2 live virus aerosols, 35 days apart; another group of 6 calves was vaccinated prior to the same aerosol exposures; and the remaining 3 calves served as controls. Clinical signs of infection were converted to a numerical score for evaluating disease severity. For 14 days after each virus exposure, brsv-specific IgG and IgM concentrations in serum and BRSV-specific IgA concentration in nasopharyngeal exudate and lung lavage fluid were measured by elisa. Serum brsv-specific IgG and IgM and secretory brsv- specific IgA concentrations did not correlate with disease sign expression. There was a strong correlation between viral isolation and disease scores. Vaccination prior to virus exposure appeared to have little or no effect on severity of the disease, but it did appear to affect disease persistence. Findings indicate that the immunoglobulins evaluated may be primarily protective in nature and do not contribute to disease severity.
Effectiveness of arprinocid in the reduction of cryptosporidial activity in immunosuppressed rats
Authors: Rehg Jerold E. , Hancock Michael L. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Immunosuppressed rats inoculated with Cryptosporidium oocysts isolated from calves' feces were treated with arprinocid, 50 mg/kg of body weight/d. As determined from differences in the mean number of cryptosporidial developmental stages per villus in treated vs control rats, arprinocid had a substantial effect on cryptosporidial activity, which was parasitistatic instead of parasiticidal. Drug-ranging experiments indicated that arprinocid was effective at 50 and 25 mg/kg/d, but not at 12.5 mg/kg/d. These results suggest that further testing of arprinocid in different animal models, or in phase-I clinical trials, is warranted.
Pharmacokinetics of single doses of digoxin administered intravenously to ducks, roosters, and turkeys
Authors: Pedersoli W. M. , Ravis W. R. , Lee H. S. , Krista L. M. , Spano J. S. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
A single dose of digoxin was injected, iv, into 5 mature male turkeys (0.066 mg/kg of body weight), 8 male ducks (0.066 mg/kg), and 6 roosters (0.33 mg/kg). Twenty-three serial venous blood samples were collected before (baseline) and after the administration of digoxin to turkeys, ducks, and roosters. Plasma concentrations of digoxin were determined in duplicate by a radioimmunoassay that was validated for avian species. The plasma concentrations were best fitted by a 3 (turkeys, ducks)- and 2 (roosters)- compartment open model, with first-order elimination from the central compartment. Significant (P < 0.05) kinetic differences were determined among species. Mean half-life (t½) for ducks, roosters, and turkeys were 8.30 ± 2.70 (mean ± SD), 6.67 ± 3.50, and 23.7 ± 4.8 hours, respectively. The volume of distribution at steady state (Vss) was 14.7 ± 2.9, 3.13 ± 0.49, and 2.27 ± 0.36 L/kg, and total body clearance (cl) of drug was 1.54 ± 0.43, 0.461 ± 0.187, and 0.136 ± 0.022 L/h/kg for ducks, roosters, and turkeys, respectively. The mean residence time was 10.3 ± 3.9, 8.37 ± 4.97, and 16.8 ± 2.2 hours, respectively. Volume of distribution at steady state and cl in ducks were several fold higher than that in turkeys. The terminal half-life of digoxin determined for ducks and roosters in this study was considerably shorter than those previously reported for several mammalian species.