bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Capnographic documentation of nasoesophageal and nasogastric feeding tube placement in dogs
Authors: Johnson Paula A. , Mann F. A. , Dodam John , Branson Keith , Wagner‐Mann Colette , Brady Mark A. , Dunphy Elizabeth 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjective:To evaluate the ability of capnography to document proper placement of nasoesophageal (NE) and nasogastric (NG) feeding tubes. This study was conducted in 3 phases. Phase I of this study was designed in order to test the efficacy of capnography to distinguish placement of a feeding tube in the alimentary tract versus the respiratory tract. Phase II was designed in order to document that carbon dioxide (CO2) could be measured through a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) feeding tube. Phase III was performed in order to evaluate the technique of continuous monitoring during insertion of the feeding tube into the esophagus and stomach as would be performed during a clinical‐tube placement.Design:Prospective study.Setting:Research laboratory.Animals:24 adult dogs.Interventions:In Phase I, sedated dogs were instrumented with an intratracheal catheter and an 8 French feeding tube placed nasally into the distal esophagus and later advanced into the stomach. In Phase II, dogs were anesthetized and an 8 French feeding tube was placed down the endotracheal tube, then into the esophagus and later advanced into the stomach. In Phase III, sedated dogs were instrumented with an 8 French feeding tube inserted intranasally and then advanced to the level of the nasopharynx, distal esophagus and, lastly, the stomach. Fluoroscopy was used in order to determine location of the feeding tube.Measurements and main results:Phase I measurements included respiratory rate and CO2from the trachea, esophagus, and stomach and pH of gastric fluid sample. Phase II measurements included respiratory rate and CO2from the endotracheal tube, feeding tube in the endotracheal tube, feeding tube in the distal esophagus, and feeding tube in the stomach. Phase III data collection included respiratory rate and CO2as the tube was passed through the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, esophagus and stomach. Phase I fluid samples were collected from 5 of the 9 dogs and had pH values from 1.68 to 4.20. In both phases, values for the respiratory rate and CO2from the esophagus and stomach were 0 ± 0, significantly lower (P < 0.001) than the values from the trachea. In Phase II, there was no significant difference between the respiratory rates (P = 0.886) and CO2(P = 0.705) readings obtained from the endotracheal tube compared to readings from the feeding tube in the endotracheal tube. In Phase III, there was a significant difference (P < 0.001) between the respiratory rates and CO2readings obtained from the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx when compared to those readings obtained from the esophagus and stomach. Measurement of CO2and respiratory rate resulted in a reading of 0 every time the feeding tube was in the esophagus or stomach.Conclusions:Capnography may be used in order to detect airway placement of NE and NG tubes.
Evaluating the use of plasma hematocrit samples to detect ketones utilizing urine dipstick colorimetric methodology in diabetic dogs and cats
Authors: Brady Mark A. , Dennis Jeffrey S. , Wagner‐Mann Colette 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjective: To determine whether plasma from a heparinized hematocrit tube placed on a urine dipstick would accurately reflect (positive or negative) urine ketone results in diabetic dogs and cats.Design: Prospective study, 37 dogs and 43 cats, with a known history of diabetes or hyperglycemia, glucosuria, and symptoms of undiagnosed diabetes mellitus were tested.Setting: Veterinary Referral Hospital.Animals: Client owned dogs and cats.Interventions: None.Measurement and main results: Heparinized plasma and urine ketone results were recorded using urine reagent strips. Plasma dipstick results were compared to urine dipstick results as the standard. Results were recorded based on the color chart provided by the manufacturer. Two individuals were responsible for verifying the results of the colorimetric test. Test efficiency was 97% (sensitivity = 96%, specificity = 100%) for the canine population, 93% (sensitivity = 100%, specificity = 83%) for the feline population, and 95% (sensitivity = 98%, specificity = 91%) for the total population. Four of 80 animals were found to have discordant results (1 dog and 3 cats).Conclusion: Plasma from heparinized hematocrit tubes is clinically useful for detecting the presence or absence of ketonuria, and therefore ketosis, in diabetic dogs and cats using urine dipstick colorimetric methodology.
Incorporation of Crotalaria spectabilis Grown at a High Seeding Rate Inhibits the Growth of the Succeeding Wheat Crop
Authors: Daimon H. , Kotoura S. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe effect of the seeding rate of Crotalaria spectabilis grown as green manure on the growth and nitrogen uptake of the succeeding wheat crop was examined in a pot experiment. No significant differences in the dry weight (g m−2) or nitrogen content (mg m−2) of C. spectabilis among three seeding rates [low density (LD), 1 g m−2; medium density (MD), 5 g m−2 and high density (HD), 10 g m−2] were found at 110 days after seeding. There was no significant difference in the total carbon and nitrogen contents of the incorporated material between LD plants and MD plants, values for which were both slightly higher than those for the HD plants. The C/N ratio was 20–21 in all groups of plants. Material was incorporated at a rate of 100 g fresh weight per pot filled with virgin soil. This incorporation significantly increased wheat dry weight and nitrogen uptake. However, values for HD plant incorporation were significantly lower than those for LD and MD plant incorporation at 80 and 120 days after seeding. A reduction of the dry weight and total root length of wheat grown with aqueous extracts of HD plants was found in a growth pouch experiment.
Auswirkungen eines 10‐jährigen Miscanthusanbaus auf ausgewählte Eigenschaften eines Mineralbodens in Nordostdeutschland
Authors: Kahle P. , Belau L. , Boelcke B. 
Published: March 2003

Effects of 10 years of

Miscanthus
cultivation on different properties of mineral soil in North‐east Germany The effects of 4–10 years of Miscanthus cultivation on different soil properties was investigated at Klein Markow (Mecklenburg‐Pommerania, Germany) in variants with and without Miscanthus between 1994 and 2000. Soil containing Miscanthus showed higher concentrations of organic carbon (Corg) (+0,29 %) and total nitrogen (Nt) (+0,03 %) and consequently an increased storage of soil organic matter (SOM) (+15,5 t ha–1) as a result of high amounts of leaves, roots and rhizomes. With regard to concentrations of Corg, cation exchange capacity, porosity and water retention significantly increased, while the wet and bulk density decreased in Miscanthus variants. The concentration of Corg and storage of SOM were increased significantly during the experimental period of Miscanthus treatments. The mineralization of the organic soil compounds which developed was comparable with those of the SOM. The reintegration of the Miscanthus area into a crop rotation system was possible only after the last harvest in February and seed of winter rape in August of the same year. The application of Glyphosat and the later shading by rape stands led to failure of the Miscanthus cultivations.
Analyse der Ertrags‐ und Unkrautverteilung in Ackerschlägen mit einem Geo‐Informations‐System (GIS)
Authors: Timmermann C. , Gerhards R. , Kühbauch W. 
Published: March 2003

Analysis of the yield and weed distribution in arable fields in a Geo Information System (GIS) The variation in yield was assessed and mapped in cereals, maize, sunflower and faba beans at Dikopshof Research Station of the University of Bonn from 1998 to 2000 using a CERES 2 yield sensor (RDS® Company, Minchin‐hampton, UK). The calculated yields differed on average by 4–12 % from weighed grain yields depending on the crop and the grain moisture. The yield maps were georeferenced with a Geo Information System and compared to soil and aerial maps, field data and maps of the weed, nutrient and organic matter distributions to identify reasons for the yield variation. In two of the three fields studied, a strong correlation amongst grain yield, soil quality and relief map was found. In another field that was originally separated into two sections with different crop rotations, the distributions of grain yield, phosphorus, potassium and organic matter were still influenced by the former cropping system. On the basis of the results of this study, recommendations were made for site‐specific crop management. In addition, the results of this study contribute to elucidation of the complex influences of soil and management on the grain yield.
Effect of Ethephon Spraying at Three Developmental Stages of Barley Planted in Arid and Semiarid Mediterranean Locations
Authors: Al‐Jamali A. F. , Turk M. A. , Tawaha A. R. M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractTo determine the effects of ethephon [(2‐chloroethyl) phosphonic acid] on yield and yield components of rainfed barley in arid (150 mm rainfall) and semiarid (346 mm) regions, the present study was conducted during the growing seasons of 1999–2001. Ethephon was applied at the tillering, stem elongation and flowering stages. Acomparison of the effect of ethephon on rainfed and irrigated barley performed at the semiarid location in the following season confirmed the results. Ethephon decreased grain yield when sprayed at tillering and stem elongation compared with the later flowering stage for both the arid and semiarid locations. All arid‐location barley plants had lower grain yields than the semiarid‐location plants. There was a reduction in spikes m−2 in the tillering and stem elongation stage sprayings compared to the control for both locations. In the semiarid and arid locations no difference in earliness (50 % heading) was observed between spraying times but ethephon always delayed heading. All arid‐location plants were earlier than semiarid‐location plants. However, when ethephon was used with supplementary irrigation it was found to increase grain yield, spikes m−2 and earliness.
Effects of Row Spacing, Support Plant Species and Support Plant Mixture Ratio on Seed Yield and Yield Characteristics of Hungarian Vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz)
Authors: Iptas S. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe effects of row spacing (17.5 or 35.0 cm), support plant species (barley or triticale) and the proportion of crops in mixtures (no support plant or support plant 20, 40 or 60 %, respectively) on the seed yield and yield characteristics of Hungarian vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz) were investigated. Increasing the row spacing increased the seed yield of V. pannonica from 881.0 to 1248.0 kg ha−1. On average, in a pure stand the seed yield of V. pannonica was 1141.0 kg ha−1. In mixtures with barley and triticale, the seed yield of V. pannonica averaged 986.0 and 1143.0 kg ha−1, respectively. In single mixed stands the seed yield of V. pannonica varied between 551.0 kg ha−1 (60 % support plant barley) and 1603.0 kg ha−1 (20 % support plant triticale). The yield advantage of V. pannonica in this triticale mixture was 40 % compared to the V. pannonica pure stand. With respect to the total yield in the mixture with 20 % triticale (1902.0 kg ha−1) the yield advantage over the V. pannonica pure stand was as high as 65.1 %. In the mixed stands the number of seeds per pod and the thousand‐seed weight of V. pannonica were higher than in V. pannonica pure stands.
Effects of Fertilizer Phosphorus on Yield Traits of Dekoko (Pisum sativum var. abyssinicum) Under Field Conditions
Authors: Yemane A. , Skjelvåg A. O. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractCool‐season food legumes (CSFLs) are important supplementary protein sources and soil fertility restorers for subsistence farmers in Ethiopia. Yields of CSFLs, however, are limited by low soil fertility, as they are grown in poor soils, often without fertilizer. Dekoko (Pisum sativum var. abyssinicum) is one of the CSFLs cultivated in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. It is highly appreciated by the local people for its taste. This paper reports on the effect of phosphorus (P) on the yield and nutrition value of Dekoko under field conditions, and compares the results with those obtained for Ater (Pisum sativum var. sativum). The experiment was conducted in the 1998 and 1999 growing seasons. Three rates of P equivalent to zero, 30, and 60 kg ha−1 P2O5 were tested. Biomass, leaf area index, branches/plant, pods/m2 and yield responded positively while seeds/pod and seed weight were not significantly affected by P. Tissue P contents in shoots and roots increased with an increase in P application rate, while P in the nodules was not affected. Crude protein (CP) content increased from 24.9 % of dry matter (DM) at P0 to 26.2 % at P2, and from 24.3 % at P0 to 25.2 % at P2, in Dekoko and Ater seeds, respectively, while total sugars decreased with an increase in P application rate. Cysteine in Dekoko and asparagine and threonine in both varieties decreased, while lysine and other amino acids were not significantly affected by P. P improved seed yield and CP content without greatly affecting the amino acid profile of Dekoko, when compared with that of the FAO/WHO (1991, Protein Quality Evaluation. Food and Nutrition, Paper 51. FAO/WHO, Rome) standard pattern of amino acid for children 2–5 years of age. Thus, improving yield through fertilization may help to improve nutritional quality and household food security for subsistence farmers.
Association between milk breeding values and phenotypic conformation traits in pure‐dairy and dual‐purpose cows
Authors: Detilleux By J. C. , Leroy P. L. 
Published: March 2003

IntroductionMany studies (N orman et al. 1988; M
eyer et al. 1987; H
arris et al. 1992; M
iztal et al. 1992) have examined the relationship between conformation and yield traits in term of genetic correlation. Traits describing the shape of the udder are highly to moderately correlated with milk yield. However, results obtained with correlation analyses do not account properly for the ordinal nature of conformation traits. With the exception of stature, conformation scores are usually subjective, non‐numeric qualitative variables and an increase from score 1–2 does not necessarily correspond to an increase from score 7–8. Theoretically, every score should be compared with another only in terms of a ‘greater than’ or ‘less than’ relationship. Correlation expresses the strength of the linear relationship between milk and type traits, assuming that differences between two adjacent points on any part of the scale are equal.In Belgium, dairy breeds are exploited mainly for two purposes, either for milk production only (mainly Holstein cows) or for milk and meat production (mainly Red and White, West Flemish Red, East Flemish Red Pied and Meuse Rhine Ysel). The authors are unaware of any description of the relationship between yield traits and conformation traits for those breeds in Belgium. If several conformation phenotypes are identified as important predictors of milk estimated breeding values, if they are measured early in life before milk estimated breeding values are computed, and if these predictors have no known negative side‐effects on cows’ profitability, then those conformation traits could be used for mating decision‐making. Indeed, dairy producers are usually able to evaluate their cows’ conformation. This information could then be used before milk estimated breeding values are available, or when they are not available, as is the case for non‐registered cows. In the Southern part of the country, only 25% of all cows are registered (D etilleux et al. 1997).The objectives of this study were (1) to determine whether phenotypic values for conformation traits are related to milk breeding values in pure‐dairy and dual‐purpose breeds; (2) if so, to find type scores predicting best high breeding values for milk; and (3) to validate type scores obtained in (2).
Acute immobilization stress in prone position in susceptible Pietrain and resistant Duroc pigs. II. Glycolytic metabolism in Piettrain and Duroc skeletal muscle and liver
Authors: Rosochacki S.J. , Konecka A. M. , Piekarzewska A. B. , Poloszynowicz J. P , Kleweic J. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryDuroc (D) and Pietrain (P) pigs were used to study the effect of acute immobilization stress on carbohydrate metabolism. Changes in the activities of several glycolytic enzymes and the content of glycogen in longissimus dorsi muscle (LDM), glycogen content in the liver and glucose level in plasma were observed. The glycogen level in LDM of pigs was about five times higher in P pigs compared with D ones. The immobilization stress of 15 min caused a decrease of glycogen LDM content by 27% in D and by 44% in P pigs. In the liver, these changes were 75% in P pigs, but in D pigs the glycogen content was lowered during the time of experiment by 37% (control versus 60 min stress). Plasma glucose level was elevated by 118% in D and by 50.5% in P pigs after 15 min of immobilization stress. The activities of the glycolytic enzymes investigated changed in different way in LDM: the PGluM decreased by 20% in D and by 19% in P pigs; the GPI by 8.5% in both strains of pigs; the PFK and PK were higher in D than in P pigs (some statistically significant differences between PK activities of control and 15‐, 30‐ and 60‐min‐stressed animals); the ALD activity was similar in both investigated strains of pigs and LDH was lower in D than in P pigs. It can be assumed that the changes led to the new homeostasis connected with the stress to which the pigs were subjected.
Bayesian inference strategies for the prediction of genetic merit using threshold models with an application to calving ease scores in Italian Piemontese cattle
Authors: Kizilkaya K. , Banks B. D. , Carnier P. , Albera A. , Bittante G. , Tempelman R. J. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryFirst parity calving difficulty scores from Italian Piemontese cattle were analysed using a threshold mixed effects model. The model included the fixed effects of age of dam and sex of calf and their interaction and the random effects of sire, maternal grandsire, and herd‐year‐season. Covariances between sire and maternal grandsire effects were modelled using a numerator relationship matrix based on male ancestors. Field data consisted of 23 953 records collected between 1989 and 1998 from 4741 herd‐year‐seasons. Variance and covariance components were estimated using two alternative approximate marginal maximum likelihood (MML) methods, one based on expectation‐maximization (EM) and the other based on Laplacian integration. Inferences were compared to those based on three separate runs or sequences of Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling in order to assess the validity of approximate MML estimates derived from data with similar size and design structure. Point estimates of direct heritability were 0.24, 0.25 and 0.26 for EM, Laplacian and MCMC (posterior mean), respectively, whereas corresponding maternal heritability estimates were 0.10, 0.11 and 0.12, respectively. The covariance between additive direct and maternal effects was found to be not different from zero based on MCMC‐derived confidence sets. The conventional joint modal estimates of sire effects and associated standard errors based on MML estimates of variance and covariance components differed little from the respective posterior means and standard deviations derived from MCMC. Therefore, there may be little need to pursue computation‐intensive MCMC methods for inference on genetic parameters and genetic merits using conventional threshold sire and maternal grandsire models for large datasets on calving ease.
Effect of acute deficiency of dietary proline on proline balance in the rat small intestine and liver
Authors: Watanabe M. , Sugimura K. , Yamanoha B. 
Published: March 2003

Introduction  Proline is widely found in all types of mammalian tissue, and accounts for about 20% of the amino acids that constitute collagen (A
dams 1970). Proline is nutritionally nonessential but biologically it is an important amino acid and consequently mammalian organisms synthesize the required amounts of proline even in the absence of sufficient proline consumption via food.The metabolism of higher animals is unique, and amino acid metabolism differs from one tissue to the next. Some organs are capable of synthesizing nonessential amino acids for use throughout the body. For example, arginine is primarily synthesized in the kidney and then released and distributed throughout the body.Pyrroline‐5‐carboxylate reductase is the enzyme responsible for the final stage of proline synthesis, and its activity has been confirmed in many important organs and tissue such as the cartilage, liver, small intestine, kidney and thymus gland (H erzfeld et al. 1977; S
mith and P
hang 1978). However, the different levels of pyrroline‐5‐carboxylate reductase activity among these organs has led to the belief that different amounts of proline are synthesized in these organs.In order to ascertain biological responses to dietary proline deficiency, it is important to identify the organs that release and distribute proline throughout the body when insufficient proline is consumed through the diet, thus reducing the blood proline concentration. Few studies have investigated this issue, but when ascertaining biological responses to dietary proline deficiency, it is more important to elucidate the effect of dietary proline deficiency on the metabolism of proline and other amino acids that are closely related metabolically to proline, in proline synthesizing organs.One of the most effective ways to assess amino acid metabolism in a target tissue of higher animals is to measure the difference between the arterial and venous concentrations of amino acids. I shikawa (1974) measured arteriovenous differences in order to examine the release of proline from the kidney and small intestine of fasted rats and the uptake of proline by the liver. In a previous study, it was found that when the plasma proline concentration was reduced to the fasting level by the consumption of a proline‐deficient diet, proline was released from the kidney (W
atanabe et al. 1995, 1997).In the present study, to ensure the induction of dietary proline deficiency, a completely purified diet containing all amino acids except for proline was prepared and fed to rats under experimental conditions. To investigate the role of the small intestine and liver in supplying and ingesting proline when the uptake of proline through food is restricted, the release and uptake of amino acids in the small intestine and liver were assessed by measuring carotid artery–portal vein and portal–hepatic vein differences in proline in rats.