bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Relationship between the Security Council and Regional Organizations during Enforcement Action under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter
Authors:   de Wet
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe article explores the extent to which the Security Council has the legal authority to authorize regional (defence) organizations to enforce military measures on its behalf. In the process it identifies Article 53(1) of the Charter, as well as Articles 42 and 48(2) as the clauses that could facilitate such action. Whereas the first enables enforcement action between the regional organization and its members, the latter two allow for the military utilization of regional organizations outside of their territory and/or against non-members, as well as the military utilization of other organizations such as regional defence organizations. Thereafter, it explains how the centralization of the use of force within the Charter structure requires the Security Council to remain in overall control of the authorization. This factor, in combination with the `opt-in' character of Chapter VII decisions, necessitates the explicit and prior nature of the authorization. In addition, it implies that authorizations that are not subjected to an explicit time limit and from which no functional limitation can be derived, will only remain legal as long as they are supported by all five permanent members of the Security Council. The potential implications of these principles are illustrated with reference to the practise of Security Council with respect to ECOWAS in Liberia and Sierra Leone, as well as NATO in former Yugoslavia.
International Humanitarian Law after Kosovo: Is lex lata Sufficient?
Authors:   Bring
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis article discusses the principles of international humanitarian law in relation to the armed conflict that affected Kosovo and other parts of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the spring of 1999. Since the armed action of the NATO countries exclusively existed of acts of air warfare, the discussion is focused on targeting and the interpretation of the definition of military objectives. The question is put whether lex lata proved to be satisfactory during the Kosovo crisis, or whether a de lege ferenda discussion is called for in order to achieve a better protection of the civilian population.
Chemotherapy With or Without Radiotherapy in Limited-Stage Diffuse Aggressive Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study 1484
Authors: Horning Sandra J. , Weller Edie , Kim KyungMann , Earle John D. , O'Connell Michael J. , Habermann Thomas M. , Glick John H. 
Published: June 2004

Purpose To compare low-dose (30 Gy) radiotherapy (RT) with observation (OBS) in limited-stage aggressive lymphoma patients achieving complete remission (CR) after chemotherapy, and to measure conversion from partial response (PR) to CR with high-dose (40 Gy) RT. Patients and Methods From 1984 to 1992, stage I (with risk factors) and II adults with diffuse aggressive lymphoma in CR after eight cycles of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) were randomly assigned to 30 Gy involved-field RT or OBS. PR patients received 40 Gy RT. Results Among 172 CR patients, the 6-year disease-free survival (DFS) was 73% for low-dose RT versus 56% for OBS (two-sided P = .05). Failure-free survival (two-sided P = .06), and time to progression (two-sided P = .06) also favored RT. Intent-to-treat analyses yielded similar results. No survival differences were observed. Three RT versus 15 OBS patients relapsed in initial disease sites. At 6 years, failure-free survival was 63% in PR patients; conversion to CR did not significantly influence clinical outcome. Conclusion For patients in CR after CHOP, low-dose RT prolonged DFS and provided local control, but no survival benefit was observed. The majority of PR patients were event-free at 6 years despite residual radiographic abnormalities. Future efforts should be directed toward improved imaging and more effective systemic therapies.
Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Activity of ABX-EGF, a Fully Human Anti–Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Monoclonal Antibody in Patients With Metastatic Renal Cell Cancer
Authors: Rowinsky Eric K. , Schwartz Garry H. , Gollob Jared A. , Thompson John A. , Vogelzang Nicholas J. , Figlin Robert , Bukowski Ronald , Haas Naomi , Lockbaum Pamela , Li Yu-Ping , Arends Rosalin , Foon Kenneth A. , Schwab Gisela , Dutcher Janice 
Published: June 2004

PurposeTo determine the antitumor activity of ABX-EGF, a fully human monoclonal antibody to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFr), in previously treated patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma, and to characterize its toxicity, immunogenicity, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics.Patients and MethodsThe antitumor activity, as well as the toxicity, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and immunogenicity of ABX-EGF, were assessed.ResultsEighty-eight patients were treated with ABX-EGF doses of 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, or 2.5 mg/kg weekly with no loading dose. EGFr immunostaining was performed on 76 tumor biopsy specimens (86%), and 69 (91%) scored positive. Major responses occurred in three patients, and two patients had minor responses. Forty-four patients (50%) also had stable disease at their first 8-week assessment, and the median progression-free survival (PFS) was 100 days (95% CI, 58 to 140 days). Low hemoglobin and high alkaline phosphatase predicted for short PFS. The principal toxicity, an acneiform rash, occurred in 68%, 95%, 87%, and 100% of patients who received at least three doses of ABX-EGF at 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 mg/kg/wk, respectively. A trend indicated that the severity of the rash may relate to PFS. No human antihuman antibodies were detected. ABX-EGF pharmacokinetics fit a model that incorporated both linear and saturable EGFr-mediated clearance mechanisms, and interindividual variability was low. At 2.5 mg/kg/wk, ABX-EGF concentrations throughout treatment exceeded those estimated to saturate nonlinear clearance and inhibit xenograft growth by 90%.ConclusionABX-EGF was generally well tolerated. The objective response rate was low in previously treated patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Although skin rash may be a pharmacodynamic marker of drug action, its potential as a surrogate marker of clinical benefit requires further evaluation.
Preoperative Uracil, Tegafur, and Concomitant Radiotherapy in Operable Rectal Cancer: A Phase II Multicenter Study With 3 Years' Follow-Up
Authors: Fernández-Martos Carlos , Aparicio Jorge , Bosch Carles , Torregrosa Marilo , Campos Juan Manuel , Garcera Salvador , Vicent Jose Maria , Maestu Inmaculada , Climent Miguel Angel , Mengual Jose Luis , Tormo Alejandro , Hernandez Ana , Estevan Rafael , Richart Jose Maria , Viciano Vicente , Uribe Natalia , Campos Jorge , Puchades Ramon , Arlandis Francisco , Almenar Daniel 
Published: June 2004

Purpose To assess tolerance and efficacy of preoperative treatment with uracil/tegafur and radiotherapy (RT) followed by surgery and postoperative flurouracil (FU)/leucovorin (LV) in patients with rectal cancer. Patients and Methods Patients (n = 94) with potentially resectable tumors, ultrasound at stages T2N+ (n = 4), T3 (n = 77), T4 (n = 13) were treated with UFT (400 mg/m2/d, 5 days a week for 5 weeks) and concomitant RT to the pelvis (45 Gy; 1.8 Gy/d over 5 weeks). Patients underwent surgery 5 to 6 weeks later followed by four cycles of FU/LV. Primary end points included downstaging, pathologic responses, and sphincter-preserving surgery. Secondary end points were recurrence-free survival and overall survival. Results All patients received the full RT dose. Fifteen patients (16%) needed UFT dose reduction. Preoperative G3+ toxicities included diarrhea (14%), leukopenia (1%), thrombocytopenia (1%), and nausea (4%). The downstaging rate was 54%, pathologic complete response (pCR) was 9% and, in an additional 23%, there were only residual microscopic foci. When cellular viability criteria were taken into account, the pCR was 15%. From 43 patients with abdominoperineal resection indication, 11 (25%) had sphincter-preserving surgery performed. Postoperative scheduled chemotherapy dose was not administered to 24% of patients because of G3+ toxicity (diarrhea, 8%; mucositis, 9%; and leukopenia, 7%). Patients with downstaging had significantly higher survival and recurrence-free survival rates than those without. At 3 years, actuarial patterns of failure were pelvic, 5% and distant, 11%. OS was 75%. Conclusion UFT combined with RT is safe and effective. In resectable rectal cancer, if preoperative treatment is considered, this approach can be an option.
Analysis of Friction Induced Disc Brake Noise Using Simple Mathematical Models
Authors: Shin K. 
Published: June 2004

Two simple two-degree-of-freedom models are presented to describe the dynamical interaction between the pad and the disc of a disc brake system for in-plane and out-of-plane vibrations respectively. Although a brake pad and disc have many modes of vibration, the interaction between a single mode of each component is considered as this is thought to be crucial for brake noise. For both models, the pad and the disc are connected by a sliding friction interface having a velocity dependent friction coefficient. The results of stability analysis show that damping is the most important parameter in the in-plane vibration, whereas stiffness is the essential parameter in the out-of-plane vibration. Also, Non-linear analysis shows that the addition of damping to either the disc or the pad alone may make the system more unstable in the case of the in-plane vibration.
Effect of fluid properties on mass transfer in the gas phase
Authors: Lynch E. J. , Wilke C. R. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWater was vaporized into air, helium, and Freon‐12 in turbulent gas flow over a wet‐bulb thermometer and through a 1‐ft.‐diam. tower packed with 1‐in. Rasching rings.The wet. and dry‐bulb measurements indicate that the gas‐film mass transfer coefficient varies with the Schmidt number to the —1/2 power for flow perpendicular to single cylinders.Heights of a transfer unit, H.T.U., were measured in the packed tower for flow of the gases countercurrent to water over a range of gas and liquid rate. H.T.U. varied as the 0.9 power of the Schmidt group. When compared at equal values ofρu2(ρ = gas density,u= velocity), H.T.U. varied as the 0.47 power of the Schmidt group. With reference to the psychrometric study, the latter method of comparison of H.T.U.'s seems preferable and indicates that further study of criteria for dimensional similitude in packed columns may be needed.
A technique for contacting gases with coarse solid particles
Authors: Mathur K. B. , Gishler P. E. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAlthough coarse, uniformly sized particles are not amenable to fluidization, it has been found possible by use of either gases or liquids to impart a regular cycling motion to a bed of this type of material in which the solids are rapidly carried upward by the fluid in a central well‐defined core within the bed. The particles move uniformly downward in the annular space surrounding the core, thus providing dense‐phase countercurrent contact between the fluid and the solids. There is no wall separating the core from the annulus. This method is called the spouted‐bed technique. The effect of column diameter, fluid inlet diameter, bed depth, and physical properties of solids and fluids on spouting behavior has been investigated. The minimum fluid velocity required for spouting has been correlated, and the flow pattern of the fluid and of the solids has been stuided. The technique has been applied to the drying of wheat.
Performance of packed columns. I. Total, static, and operating holdups
Authors: Shulman H. L. , Ullrich C. F. , Wells N. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractTotal and static holdups have been measured for 1/2‐, and 1‐in. ceramic Berl saddles, 1/2‐, 1‐, and 1 1/2‐in. ceramic Raschig rings, and 1‐in. carbon Raschig rings with air rates from 100 to 1,000 1b./(hr.) (sq. ft.) and water rates from 1,000 to 10,000 1b./ (hr.) (sq. ft.).The holdup measurements and motion picture observations of the flow of dye solutions through packings provide an explanation for the great differences observed when gas‐phase mass transfer rates are measured by absorption and vaporization methods. If the effective interfacial area for vaporization is assumed to be proportional to total holdup and the area for absorption is assumed proportional to operating holdup, the raio of the two mass transfer rates should be equal to the ratio of the two holdups.The departure from equality of the two ratios can be explained by the observation that the static holdup is displaced slowly, resulting in additional effective area for absorption over that expected from the operating holdup alone.
Performance of packed columns. II. Wetted and effective‐interfacial areas, gas ‐ and liquid‐phase mass transfer rates
Authors: Shulman H. L. , Ullrich C. F. , Proulx A. Z. , Zimmerman J. O. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA study was made of separating the volumetric mass transfer coefficients, kGa and kLa, into their components kG, kL, and a so that the effects of variables might be determined separately for each component. Mass transfer rates for four packings, 1/2‐ and 1 1/2‐in. Raschig rings and 1/2‐in. and 1‐in. Berl saddles, made of naphthalene, were determined by vaporization into air at gas rates from 100 to 1,000 1b./(hr.) (sq. ft.).The correlation for kGa was used to determine the wetted areas of those packings when irrigated with water and to calculate the effective interfacial areas, a, from Fellinger's data for ammonia absorption. These effective areas were then used to evaluate kL from previously published kLa data, and a correlation was obtained for all packings.The correlations for kGa and kLand the effective‐interfacial‐area data make possible a more rigorous method for the design of packed columns than was heretofore available.
Rate of fall of single liquid droplets
Authors: Licht William , Narasimhamurty G. S. R. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA study was made of the terminal velocities of fall of liquid droplets in another phase liquid under stationary conditions. The studies include dimensional analysis, experimental work for collection of fall‐velocity data, and photographic studies of the drop behavior. Six systems were studied for organic liquids insoluble in and heavier than water. The experimental conditions and procedure have been standardized.For any given system, as the drop size was increased the fall velocities of the droplets increased gradually, reached a maximum, and then fell off asymptotically. Two mechanisms have been postulated, (1) for the range where the fall velocities increased with an increase of drop size and (2) for the range where the fall velocities decreased with an increase of drop size, with the maximum velocity region corresponding to the transition from region 1 and 2.
Transient behavior of single‐phase natural‐circulation loop systems
Authors: Alstad C. D. , Isbin H. S. , Amundson N. R. , Silvers J. P. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA useful method is reported for calculating temperatures and rates of flow in the unsteady‐state operation of natural‐circulation loops in single phase. A one‐dimensional mathematical model is used with the assumptions that (1) at any instant the volumetric rate of flow is constant around the loop and (2) steady‐state friction factors can be applied in transient operations. The loop, consisting of a heat source, heat sink, hot leg, cold leg, and connecting piping, is divided into a number of finite increments. The transient behavior is calculated by the iterative application of the finite‐difference momentum and energy balances. Numerical computations made for several cases of transient operations were carried out with the aid of the Standard Eastern Automatic Computer (SEAC).Comparisons of predicted with actual performances were checked by use of two experimental loops employing water and found satisfactory.
Chemical reactor stability and sensitivity
Authors: Bilous Olegh , Amundson Neal R. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to consider the well agitated continuous reactor from the standpoint of stability of the steady state. It has been shown in the past that chemical‐reaction systems may be unstable in the sense that on slight perturbation they tend to move to a more stable state or that they are stable in their steady states, small perturbations being self‐correcting so that the system possesses autoregulation. In this paper methods of developing criteria for the quantitative determination of stability or instability or presented and applied to some simple problems. In order that the effect of large perturbations on the system may be determined, complete solutions of the rigorous equations are obtained on the analogue computer (R.E.A.C.). A complete plot of reaction paths in the concentration‐temperature plane may be obtained in this manner. Because of the nonlinearity of the system one cannot predict with certainty what steady state will be approached after a given large perturbation, multiple steady states being assumed possible. From the phase plot of reaction paths the regions in the plane which lead to certain steady states are delineated. Also it is shown that the natural behavior of a reactor is not to approach an unstable state. So far as the reactor is concenrned, the unstable state does not exist. The stability of the system is important to the engineer, as control will be easy or difficult and product quality will be satisfactory or not depending upon the relative stability of the steady state. An unstable state would require more elaborate control than a stable state.
Equivalent isothermal temperatures for nonisothermal reactors
Authors: Malloy John B. , Seelig Herman S. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA simple procedure has been developed for evaluating the equivalent isothermal temperature for nonisothermal reactors. Reaction‐rate constants determined from a kinetic study are averaged by a simplified integration method; the average rate constant defines the equivalent isothermal temperature. Use of this equivalent temperature permits direct comparison of experiments carried out in reactors having widely different temperature profiles.
Oscillatory behavior of a two‐phase natural‐circulation loop
Authors: Wissler Eugene H. , Isbin H. S. , Amundson N. R. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA natural‐circulation loop with water as the circulating fluid was studied for a range of operation covering two‐phase flow. The work reported in this paper is concerned with the periodic oscillations of the flow rate and fluid temperature. The oscillations occurred even with constant heat input and constant cooling‐water properties for the heat exchanger. The analytical approach includes a theoretical analysis of an open‐ended system and numerical solutions obtained with an analogue computer for a simplified loop system. Also presented are the equations of motion, continuity, and energy, which were developed for a transient two‐phase flow model for adaptation to more detailed numerical evaluations.
Flow distribution among parallel heated channels
Authors: Gruber Alan R. , Hyman Seymour C. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe coolant flow distribution among parallel tubes in a nuclear reactor (or boiler or heat exchanger) can be very sensitive to variations in heat input, dimensions, etc. Analytical expressions are given for partial derivatives which measure flow variations for several situations. The utility of orifices and valves in reducing flow sensitivity is discussed. Numerical results are reported for a system using water at supercritical pressurs with an eightfold expansion from inlet to outlet.
A system for counting variables in separation processes
Authors: Kwauk Mooson 
Published: June 2004

AbstractIn the proposed system for counting variables in separation processes the processes are resolved into their simpler component classes, e.g., theoretical plates, heat exchangers, reboilers, distillation columns, etc., and a distinction is made between those variables which are inherent in the systems and those which may be specified for design. Results are presented for the most commonly occurring component classes, and all possible process relations existing among these classes are expressed by a set of generalized equations [(16) to (19)]. The procedure of counting variables is therefore reduced to compositon from variables for the component classes by use of the generalized equations.
Role of eddy conductivity in thermal transport
Authors: Corcoran W. H. , Sage B. H. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractInterest in the course of chemical reactions in turbulent flow has made desirable detailed knowledge of the temperature distribution in flowing streams. One method of predicting the temperature distribution under a variety of conditions is reviewed here, the approach being limited to conditions of local uniform transport of momentum. A discussion of some of the aspects of eddy conductivity is included along with a brief review of the velocity distribution in uniform flow.The results serve to illustrate the relation of microscopic conditions of flow to the temperature distribution in a turbulently flowing stream. The importance of the molecular Prandtl number upon the transfer process is stressed.
Structure and performance of filter media. I. The internal structure of filter media
Authors: Grace H. P. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe internal structure of various types of filter media and the nature of fluid flow through them are examined. Methods of characterizing the internal pore structure of filter media are reviewed, and the permeability, bubble‐pressure, and mercury‐intrusion methods are applied to ten typical media, with resulting values of average and maximum pore radius and pore‐size distribution being reported. These data on internal pore structure are related to the construction variables characteristic of the media examined, in particular the effect of yarn construction, yarn twist, fabric weave, and fabric finish on textile‐type filter media.
Effect of wall proximity on the rate of rise of single air bubbles in a quiescent liquid
Authors: Uno Seiji , Kintner R. C. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe terminal velocity of air bubbles rising through distilled water, 61% glycerine, diethylene glycol, and a solution of a surface‐active agent was measured in vertical cylindrical tubes of 2.09, 3.64, 4.91, 6.90, 9.50, and 15.25 cm. avg. I.D. An equation was developed to express a velocity‐correction factor in terms of the ratio of bubble diameter to tube diameter and an empirical constant. The constant was a function of tube diameter and of the surface tension of the liquid. It seemed to be independent of liquid viscosity.
Heat transfer to non‐newtonian fluids
Authors: Metzner A. B. , Vaughn R. D. , Houghton G. L. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis paper presents the first theoretical analyses combined with an experimental study of the variables controlling heat transfer rates to non‐Newtonian fluids in the streamline‐flow region. The theoretical analyses, for the limiting types of non‐Newtonian materials, were related to the intermediate case of Newtonian behavior to form a coherent theory applicable to Newtonian and non‐Newtonian fluids alike.The experimental data covered Graetz numbers between 100 and 2,000 and were correlated with a mean deviation of 13.5%. The flow‐behavior indexes of the three non‐Newtonian fluids used varied form 0.18 to 0.70.Some preliminary non‐Newtonian results are presented on the problems of nonisothermal fluid‐flow pressure losses and heat transfer outside the laminar‐flow region. Further theoretical work is recommended in both these areas. Additional experimental data would be of value in all of the problems discussed.