bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nodal signaling and the evolution of deuterostome gastrulation
Authors: Chea Helen K. , Wright Christopher V. , Swalla Billie J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractChordates, including vertebrates, evolved within a group of animals called the deuterostomes. All holoblastic deuterostomes gastrulate at the vegetal pole and the blastopore becomes the anus, while a mouth is formed at the anterior or to the oral side. Nodal is a member of the TGF‐β superfamily of signaling molecules that are important in signaling between cells during many embryonic processes in vertebrate embryos. Nodal has also been found in other invertebrate deuterostomes, such as ascidians and sea urchins, but, so far, is missing in protostomes. Nodal has been shown to be particularly important in determining left‐right asymmetries in vertebrate embryos, but less information is available for its developmental role in the invertebrate deuterostomes. We review gastrulation in the deuterostomes, then examine nodal expression early during mesoderm formation and later during the establishment of asymmetries in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Nodal is expressed asymmetrically on the left side in chordates and on the presumptive oral side of the embryo in echinoid echinoderms. The expression of nodal is in different germ layers in embryos of different phyla. Expression is in the ectoderm in most of the invertebrate deuterostomes, and in the mesoderm in vertebrates. We summarize the work that has been published to date, especially nodal expression in the invertebrate deuterostomes, and suggest future experiments to better understand the evolution of nodal signaling and deuterostome gastrulation. Developmental Dynamics 234:269–278, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Contribution of the amino and carboxyl termini for PHA‐4/FoxA function in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Kaltenbach Linda S. , Updike Dustin L. , Mango Susan E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractFoxA transcription factors are central regulators of gut development in all animals that have been studied. Here we examine the sole Caenorhabditis elegans FoxA protein, which is called pha‐4. We describe the molecular characterization of five pha‐4 mutations and characterize their associated phenotypes. Two nonsense mutations are predicted to truncate PHA‐4 after the DNA binding domain and remove the conserved carboxyl terminus. Surprisingly, animals harboring these mutations are viable, provided the mutant mRNAs are stabilized by inactivating the nonsense‐mediated decay pathway. Two additional nonsense mutations reveal that the DNA binding domain is critical for activity. A missense mutation predicted to alter the PHA‐4 amino terminus leads to a dramatic reduction in pha‐4 activity even though the protein is expressed appropriately. We suggest that the PHA‐4 amino terminus is essential for PHA‐4 function in vivo, possibly as a transactivation domain, and can compensate for loss of the carboxyl terminus. We also provide evidence for autoregulation by PHA‐4. Developmental Dynamics 234:346–354, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reliability and power quality evaluation of high‐voltage supplied customers: Estimation of outage cost by fuzzy reasoning
Authors: Yoshino Jun , Kita Hiroyuki , Tanaka Eiichi , Hasegawa Jun , Kubo Hiroshi , Yonaga Shigeru 
Published: August 2005

AbstractRecently, consumers have shown concern about the reliability of electricity to be served. For example, some consumers need electricity with a higher reliability via automation of manufacturing processes. On the other hand, some consumers need electricity at a cheaper price even if the reliability becomes a little worse. Under such circumstances, it is necessary that power suppliers evaluate the needs of every consumer precisely and propose the most desirable measures for meeting their requirements. This paper develops a tool to analyze the reliability for high‐voltage supplied consumers quantitatively. Further, this paper presents a method for evaluating the outage cost of consumers to help them choose the most appropriate measures for maintaining reliability. The proposed method applies the fuzzy reasoning approach. The validity of the proposed method is ascertained through some numerical simulations. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 153(3): 41–51, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20137
Study of asynchronizing phenomena using generator model with field mutual leakage reactance
Authors: Hiramatsu Daisuke , Koyanagi Kaoru , Hirayama Kaiichirou , Uemura Yoichi , Kakiuchi Mikio , Satoh Toshiyuki , Ara Akahiro 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis paper describes the effect of mutual leakage reactance in the rotor circuit on the analysis of generator transient characteristics. The authors derive a detailed equivalent circuit model for a 48P‐15,750‐kVA generator, analyze sudden short circuits and asynchronization phenomena of the generator by simulations with an electromagnetic transients program (ATP‐EMTP), and compare the results with experimental data. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 153(3): 31–40, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20147
Characteristics of mesospheric sprites in the Hokuriku area and their causative lightning discharges
Authors: Nakamura Takahiro , Hayakawa Masashi 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMesospheric optical phenomena (including sprites) are becoming an interesting subject from the standpoint of atmosphere–ionosphere coupling. This paper deals with our observation of sprites associated with winter thunderstorms in the Hokuriku area and we show the characteristics of those sprites and their parent lightning discharges. Although the scale of Japanese lightning in winter is very small compared with the MCS (Mesoscale Convective System) for the summer continental lightning, the essential quantities (polarity, charge transfer, and so on) are found to be nearly the same as those for the MCS. However, an additional factor might be required, such as the self‐organization of the lightning. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 153(3): 9–17, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20178
The role of Fas ligand as an effector molecule in corneal graft rejection
Authors: Stuart Patrick M. , Yin Xiatang , Plambeck Stacey , Pan Fan , Ferguson Thomas A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractPrevious studies have shown that the expression of Fas ligand (FasL; CD95L) by donor corneas is critical to their survival when placed on allogeneic recipients. Since there have been reports that the cornea expresses Fas, we tested the idea that FasL on lymphoid cells could be an effector molecule during rejection episodes. When FasL defective BALB/c‐gld mice were engrafted with allogeneic corneas, significantly more of these corneas were accepted than by normal BALB/c mice. However, this was not due to impaired FasL‐mediated effector function in these mice as the allogeneic corneas did not express detectable Fas by Western blot or RT‐PCR analysis. Furthermore, donor corneas without Fas were given no survival advantage, but were rejected similar to wild‐type donor allogeneic corneas. Examination of the T cell compartment in gld mice revealed that these cells express higher levels of Fas and are more susceptible to Fas‐mediated death than wild‐type cells. These results indicate that FasL is not an effector molecule in corneal graft rejection and that gld mice show reduced graft rejection due to greater susceptibility of their T cells to Fas‐mediated apoptosis.
DNA‐Based Assembly of Metal Nanoparticles
Authors: Niemeyer Christof M. , Simon Ulrich 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIn this microreview we describe the principles of DNA‐based assembly of metal nanoparticles in one, two and three dimensions. Different methods of liquid‐phase synthesis of metal nanoparticles as well as their functionalisation with DNA are introduced. The concepts developed up to now for the assembly are explained, with selected examples to illustrate the properties of these assemblies as well as emerging applications. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Linking Giant Molybdenum Oxide Based Nano‐Objects Based on Well‐Defined Surfaces in Different Phases
Authors: Müller Achim , Roy Soumyajit 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe linking of nanosized clusters is especially interesting if the following conditions are fulfilled: The nano‐objects, as in the present case, have interesting properties likewell‐definedfunctionalized external and internal surfaces, linking processes followwell‐definedrules and occur with respect to formation of discrete as well as extended structures under mild conditions in different phases, i.e. in the gas, solution and solid phase. In the present microreview it is shown that the wheel‐ and sphere‐shaped nanosized molybdenum‐oxide based clusters fulfil these conditions while extensive linking is observed even under one‐pot conditions, which means that the clusters primarily formed by self‐assembly can become further linked in the same phase. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Magnetic Nanoparticle Superstructures
Authors: Giersig Michael , Hilgendorff Michael 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe aim of this microreview is to present recent advances in the preparation of magnetic nanoparticle superstructures from ferrofluids and by nanosphere lithography. Different successes of methods presented in this article to create magnetic nanoparticles will be discussed in view of different requirements of available assembling techniques. Theoretical aspects of nanoparticle assemblies and their assembled layer magnetic properties are not reviewed here. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
New Diacylamino Protecting Groups for Glucosamine
Authors: Aly Mohamed R. E. , Schmidt Richard R. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractGlucosamine was transformed into N‐diphenylmaleoyl (DPM), N‐(3,3‐dimethylglutaryl) (DMG), and N‐diglycolyl (DG) derivatives which furnished O‐acetyl‐protected O‐glycosyl trichloroacetimidates 3, 12, and 20, respectively, as glycosyl donors. Their reactions with various acceptors 4 in the presence of TMSOTf as catalyst afforded the corresponding β‐glycosides 5a–c, 13a–e, and 21a,d,f,g generally in high yields. Investigations into the cleavage of the N‐protecting groups led to good results for the DPM and DG groups. 3‐O‐Unprotected glucosamine derivative 24 with N‐DG protection also served well as an acceptor, as shown in its reaction with galactosyl donor 25 which led to disaccharide 26 in very high yield. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Synthesis of 2‐Methyl and Ethyl‐Substituted 19‐nor‐1α,25‐Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Analogues via the Cyclovitamin Strategy
Authors: Zhao Yu‐Rui , Guang Bing , Bouillon Roger , Verstuyf Annemieke , De Clercq Pierre , Vandewalle Maurits 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe synthesis of several 19‐nor‐2‐alkyl‐1α,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 analogues (5–14) is described following the cyclovitamin strategy. Starting from all‐cis methyl 3,5‐dihydroxy‐4‐alkyl‐1‐cyclohexanecarboxylate (29), the eight stereoisomeric A‐ring‐precursor 2‐tert‐butyldiphenylsilyloxy‐3α‐formyl‐1‐alkylbicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes (39, 44, 46, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71) were prepared in two series: a (R = methyl) and b (R = ethyl). In particular, from the coupling of 39 and the lithiated compounds derived from the CD‐ring bromides 20 and 21 possessing the natural or the 23‐yne side chain, the title derivatives 5–14 were synthesized. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
The Effect of Chloride Ions on the Mechanism of the Oxidative Addition of Cyclic Allylic Carbonates to Pd0 Complexes by Formation of Neutral[(η1‐allyl)PdClL2] Complexes
Authors: Cantat Thibault , Agenet Nicolas , Jutand Anny , Pleixats Roser , Moreno‐Mañas Marcial 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe reversible oxidative addition of a cyclic allylic carbonate cis‐1 to palladium(0) complexes ligated by PPh3 is affected by chloride ions in DMF or chloroform. In the presence of chloride ions, the oxidative addition may become irreversible and the rate of isomerization of cis‐1 to trans‐1 is slowed down. This is a consequence of a slower isomerization of the cationic complex [(η3‐allyl)Pd(PPh3)2]+ (cis‐2+) to trans‐2+ due to the formation of neutral [(η1‐allyl)PdCl(PPh3)2] (cis‐3/trans‐3) complexes. Such complexes are formed instead of the cationic cis‐2+ and trans‐2+ whatever the source of chloride ions, i.e., whether voluntarily added to the cationic complexes cis‐2+ and trans‐2+, voluntarily added in the oxidative addition of cis‐1 with Pd0 complexes ligated to PPh3, or introduced in the dimeric complexes [(η3‐allyl)Pd(μ‐Cl)]2 (cis‐5/trans‐5). (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
The Asymmetric Suzuki Coupling Route to Axially Chiral Biaryls
Authors: Baudoin Olivier 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAxially chiral biaryls are ubiquitous structural motifs in biologically active natural products or ligands for homogeneous catalysis. Their properties relate to the particular spatial arrangement of the two aromatic residues and therefore the control of their absolute configuration constitutes an issue of major importance. The asymmetric Suzuki–Miyaura coupling has recently emerged as an attractive alternative to standard methods for the control of biaryl axial chirality. Recent diastereo‐ and enantioselective approaches, as well as some applications in target‐oriented synthesis, are commented on in this microreview. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Synthesis and Structure of Macrolactams of 3α‐Aminodeoxycholanic Acid
Authors: Feigel Martin , Ladberg Rüdiger , Winter Manuela , Bläser Dieter , Boese Roland 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe macrolactams cyclo(3α‐aminodeoxycholic amide)2 (1) and cyclo(3α‐aminodeoxycholic amide)3 (2) were prepared in high yields (1: 32 %; 2: 41 %) from the pentafluorophenyl esters of the linear precursors. The solid‐state structures of both macrocycles were determined by X‐ray diffraction. Compound 1 forms a cleft of C2 symmetry which holds two methanol and two water molecules fixed by hydrogen bonds. The crystals of compound 2 contain two slightly different macrolactam rings of 7–8 Å diameter. The polar α‐surface of the deoxycholanic parts and the amide NH groups are oriented into the center of the rings. The cavity formed by the ring system and the void volume between the macrocycles is filled by disordered solvent molecules. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
A Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of the Indolo[2,3‐a]quinolizine Ring System and Application to Natural Product Synthesis
Authors: Allin Steven M. , Thomas Christopher I. , Allard James E. , Doyle Kevin , Elsegood Mark R. J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWe present a facile and highly stereoselective approach to the indolo[2,3‐a]quinolizine ring system from a readily available, non‐racemic chiral template. We demonstrate the potential for application of this methodology to natural product synthesis through conversion of the template to some representative indole alkaloids with high enantiomeric purity in both enantiomeric series. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Efficient Acetylation of Carbohydrates Promoted by Imidazole
Authors: Tiwari Pallavi , Kumar Rishi , Maulik Prakas R. , Misra Anup Kumar 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAn efficient per‐O‐acetylation of carbohydrate derivatives and unprotected reducing sugars promoted by imidazole is reported. The reaction conditions have been successfully employed to acetylate carbohydrate derivatives containing acid‐susceptible functional groups. In most of the cases the yields obtained were excellent. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Morphological effects of local scouring in step–pool streams
Authors: Comiti Francesco , Andreoli Andrea , Lenzi Mario A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractStep–pool morphology characterizes many high‐gradient streams in a variety of natural settings, but formative processes and evolutionary dynamics are still poorly understood. In this paper, natural step–pool geometry is compared with steep alluvial channels where grade‐control structures such as check‐dams and bed sills make the stream profile resemble a natural stepped stream. Along these channels, local scouring due to falling jets forms plunge pools under each structure, analogous to natural steps determining the formation of pools. In order to test the hypothesis that natural pools are analogous to pools formed below grade‐control works with respect to their dimensions, shape and formative dynamics, 37 natural pools and 73 artificial pools were surveyed in 10 mountain streams of the eastern Italian Alps. Pools below grade‐control works featured a transitional zone between the scour hole and the downstream sloping bed, marked by a depositional berm. When geometric parameters such as maximum pool depth, length and step–berm distances are normalized to the jet virtual energy, no statistically significant differences were detected between natural and artificial systems. These results lend support to an upstream‐forced cascade model for step–pool formation, where the energy of falling jets controls the geometry of the pools, and is therefore regarded as the most important scaling‐independent variable. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Homozygous germ line mutation in exon 27 of murine Brca2 disrupts the Fancd2–Brca2 pathway in the homologous recombination‐mediated DNA interstrand cross‐links' repair but does not affect meiosis
Authors: Atanassov Boyko S. , Barrett J. Carl , Davis Barbara J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe role of the region encoded by exon 27 of the Brca2 gene in DNA repair was studied in cells and tissues from Brca2Δ27/Δ27 mice. The COOH‐terminal truncated Brca2 localized to the nucleus in primary mouse embryo fibroblasts from Brca2Δ27/Δ27 mice. Fluorescence‐activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis demonstrated that these fibroblasts were hypersensitive to mitomycin C‐induced cross‐links, but not to double‐strand breaks (DSBs) induced by irradiation. The γH2AX appearance kinetics and comet assay showed that DSBs were repaired through non‐homologous end joining pathways, while interstrand cross‐links were not repaired due to deficient homologous recombination pathways. Immunoprecipitation experiments showed that Fancd2 did not coprecipitate with the mutated Brca2. There were also no detectable Rad51‐positive foci formed in these cells after damage. On the other hand, we did not find any difference during gametogenesis in mice harboring exon 27 truncating mutation of the Brca2 gene and control mice, and in both cases, Rad51 localized to the recombination foci. Our results suggest that exon 27 of murine Brca2 is crucial for the interaction of Brca2 and Fancd2 in Rad51‐mediated recombination in response to DNA damage, but that this interaction is not taking place in the homologous recombination during meiosis. Published 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estimating the price elasticity of expenditure for prescription drugs in the presence of non‐linear price schedules: an illustration from Quebec, Canada
Authors: Contoyannis Paul , Hurley Jeremiah , Grootendorst Paul , Jeon Sung‐Hee , Tamblyn Robyn 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe price elasticity of demand for prescription drugs is a crucial parameter of interest in designing pharmaceutical benefit plans. Estimating the elasticity using micro‐data, however, is challenging because insurance coverage that includes deductibles, co‐insurance provisions and maximum expenditure limits create a non‐linear price schedule, making price endogenous (a function of drug consumption). In this paper we exploit an exogenous change in cost‐sharing within the Quebec (Canada) public Pharmacare program to estimate the price elasticity of expenditure for drugs using IV methods. This approach corrects for the endogeneity of price and incorporates the concept of a ‘rational’ consumer who factors into consumption decisions the price they expect to face at the margin given their expected needs. The IV method is adapted from an approach developed in the public finance literature used to estimate income responses to changes in tax schedules. The instrument is based on the price an individual would face under the new cost‐sharing policy if their consumption remained at the pre‐policy level. Our preferred specification leads to expenditure elasticities that are in the low range of previous estimates (between −0.12 and −0.16). Naïve OLS estimates are between 1 and 4 times these magnitudes. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Waiting lists, waiting times and admissions: an empirical analysis at hospital and general practice level
Authors: Windmeijer Frank , Gravelle Hugh , Hoonhout Pierre 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWe report an empirical analysis of the responses of the supply and demand for secondary care to waiting list size and waiting times. Whereas previous empirical analyses have used data aggregated to area level, our analysis focuses on the supply responses of a single hospital and the demand responses of the GP practices it serves, and distinguishes between first outpatient visits, inpatient admissions, day‐case treatment and emergency admissions. The results are plausible and in line with the theoretical model. For example: the demand from practices for first outpatient visits is negatively affected by waiting times and distance to the hospital. Increases in waiting times and waiting lists lead to increases in supply; the supply of elective inpatient admissions is affected negatively by current emergency admissions and positively by lagged waiting list and waiting time. We use the empirical results to investigate the dynamic responses to one off policy measures to reduce waiting times and lists by increasing supply. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Road injuries and long‐run effects on income and employment
Authors: Dano Anne Moller 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis paper investigates whether unexpected shocks in terms of road injuries ‘cause’ a permanent change in disposable income, earnings, employment, and public transfer income. We use ‘propensity score matching’ and apply a difference‐in‐difference matching method to estimate the counterfactual of what the disposable income, earnings, employment, and the amount of public transfer income would have been of a particular group of persons injured by road accidents if they had not in fact been injured. We find that road injuries have important consequences. Older injured persons and injured persons in the lower part of the income distribution have significantly lower disposable incomes than older and low‐income non‐injured persons. In both the short and the long run the employment rates for the injured men are significantly lower than for non‐injured persons. No effects on the employment rate are found for women. Besides, earnings are reduced in the long run for men where significant effects are only found for older women. The analysis shows that both injured men and women are compensated in terms of a significant increase in public transfer incomes in both the short and the long run. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.