bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comments on ‘A cohesion measure for object‐oriented classes’ by Heung Seok Chae, Yong Rae Kwon and Doo Hwan Bae (Softw. Pract. Exper. 2000; 30:1405–1431)
Authors: Xu Baowen , Zhou Yuming 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAlthough H. S. Chae's class cohesion measure considers not only the number of interactions, but also the patterns of the interactions among the constitute members of a class (which overcomes the limitations of previous class cohesion measures) it, however, only partly considers the patterns of interactions, and might cause the measuring results to be inconsistent with intuition in some cases. This paper discusses the demerits and proposes constructive amendments to Chae's cohesion measure. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Response to ‘Comments on: A cohesion measure for object‐oriented classes’
Authors: Chae Heung‐Seok , Kwon Yong‐Rae , Bae Doo‐Hwan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIndicating that CBMC does not satisfy the monotonic property in terms of the number of interactions, Xu and Zhou proposed an augmented definition of CBMC by adopting cut set instead of glue methods. The augmented CBMC clearly satisfies the monotonic property. However, CBMC is designed to overcome the problem with respect to the number of interactions and, therefore, focuses on the interaction pattern, especially, member connectivity. Consequently, it does not make sense to mention the monotonic property of CBMC with respect to interaction number. Moreover, the notion of glue methods allows several interpretations on the design quality of a class. However, that meaningful interpretation is not possible for the augmented definition due to the removal of the notion of glue methods. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Systems approach to knowledge development for creating new products and services
Authors: Pourdehnad John , Robinson Patrick J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractInnovative products and services were created using a combination of consumer‐idealized design (CID) and market research. CID played a significant role by providing out‐of‐box thinking, with new design concepts and ideas. Stakeholder participation and input from the first CID session and the application of field research helped with developing knowledge and understanding regarding stakeholder needs and desires. This in turn provided guidelines to perfect concepts and more advantageously to position and promote new product and service offerings. In addition, an effective validation and feedback system for the product and service designs were created using CID participants for the second time in tandem with focus groups, individual in‐depth interviews and test marketing. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cybersemiotics: a reconceptualization of the foundation for information science
Authors: Brier Søren 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn the attempt to construct foundations for information science (FIS) both pan‐informational and pan‐semiotic paradigms have been developed. In my work I have argued that neither paradigm makes sense in isolation from the other. The reductionistic and totalitarian paradigms in cybernetics, information science and semiotics are then abandoned. Instead, paradigms of second order cybernetics and autopoiesis, on the one hand, and Peirce's semiotics on the other (understood as biosemiotics) are investigated. These are non‐dualistic and have pragmatic, evolutionary, self‐organizing views on systems, including their closure and cognition. Since these views are found to be second order, the necessary work is done to unite them into the non‐reductionistic framework of cybersemiotics. This is suggested as a new FIS. Copyright © 2001 International Society for the Systems Sciences.
Comparing the epistemologies of scientific disciplines in two distinct domains: modern physics versus social sciences. I: The epistemology and knowledge characteristics of the physical sciences
Authors: van Gigch John P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPart I describes the epistemology and characteristics of knowledge of a typical physical science such as physics. Classical physics is contrasted with modern particle physics. The impact of the main scientific discoveries of contemporary physics on the development of ‘hard’ sciences domains is surveyed. The ‘hard’ sciences are engaged in an epistemological debate with the ‘soft’ sciences which reveals divergent trends concerning how the complexity–simplicity and the precision–imprecision characteristics of their respective problem domains are formalized. The outlines of this debate between ‘hard’ sciences, covered in Part I, and ‘soft’ sciences, the subject of Part II, become apparent when outlining how their respective epistemologies are evolving. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of disseminated tumor cells
Authors: Hosch Stefan B. , Braun Stephan , Pantel Klaus 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe most prominent secondary organs screened for the presence of occult disseminated tumor cells are regional lymph nodes and bone marrow. The current data suggest that micrometastatic cells represent a selected population of dormant cancer cells, which still express a considerable degree of heterogeneity. The analysis of micrometastatic cells will open a new avenue to assess the molecular determinants of both early tumor cell dissemination and subsequent outgrowth into overt metastases. Moreover, identifying therapeutic target structures (e.g., HER2), monitoring the elimination of bone marrow micrometastases, and assessing treatment‐resistant tumor cell clones may help in understanding the current limitations of adjuvant systemic therapy. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the biological characteristics of micrometastatic cancer cells in bone marrow and lymph nodes of cancer patients. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 20:265–271, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interface mutation
Authors: Ghosh S. , Mathur A. P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractApplications that utilize a broker‐based architecture are often composed of components that need to be tested individually and in combination. Furthermore, adequacy assessment of tests of components is useful in that it assists testers in identifying weaknesses in the tests generated so far and in offering hints on what the new tests must be. Traditional test adequacy criteria have limitations for commercial use, especially when tests for large components are to be assessed for their adequacy. This paper describes a test adequacy criterion based on interface mutation and a method, based on the criterion, to test components. This method requires the mutation of elements only from within a component's interface and not from within the code that implements the interface. The adequacy criterion based on interface mutation was evaluated empirically and compared with coverage criteria based on control flow for its relative effectiveness in revealing errors and in the cost incurred in developing test sets that satisfy the criterion. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Open standards for interoperating agent‐based systems
Authors: Dale Jonathan , Mamdani Ebrahim 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper provides an overview of the Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents (FIPA) standardisation effort in the area of specifying standards for heterogeneous, interoperating agent‐based systems. JONATHAN DALE and EBRAHIM MAMDANI describe the types of software agents which are of interest to FIPA, the methods by which FIPA members collaborate and produce specifications and also descriptions of the specifications that FIPA has produced. They also list the available implementations of FIPA specifications and applications that use these implementations, as well as the current and future work of FIPA. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accumbens activity during a multiple schedule for water and sucrose reinforcement in rats
Authors: Roop Richard G. , Hollander Jonathan A. , Carelli Regina M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractElectrophysiological recording procedures were used to examine nucleus accumbens (Acb) cell firing during operant responding for water reinforcement vs. a highly palatable sweet solution (0.6 M sucrose). Rats (n = 8) were trained on a multiple schedule to press one lever for water (fixed ratio 1, FR1; 15 min) followed by a 20‐sec timeout period (chamber dark, levers retracted), and extension of a second spatially distinct lever that the animals pressed for sucrose reinforcement (FR1; 15 min). Of 84 cells, 55 neurons (65%) displayed one of three types of patterned discharges (increases or decreases in firing rate) immediately before or following the sucrose‐ or water‐reinforced response. The major finding of this report was that the majority of these neurons (36/55 cells; 65%) showed similar types of neuronal firing patterns across the two reinforcer conditions. The remaining cells (19/55; 35%) exhibited patterned activity specific to responding for one reinforcer only (water or sucrose). These findings are discussed with respect to how Acb neurons encode goal‐directed behaviors for “natural” reinforcers including food, water, and a palatable sweet solution. Synapse 43:223–226, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Member of the Ampakine class of memory enhancers prolongs the single channel open time of reconstituted AMPA receptors
Authors: Suppiramaniam Vishnu , Bahr Ben A. , Sinnarajah Srikumar , Owens Kittra , Rogers Gary , Yilma Solomon , Vodyanoy Vitaly 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAmpakines are small benzamide compounds that allosterically produce the positive modulation of AMPA receptors and improve performance on a variety of behavioral tasks. To test if the native synaptic membrane is necessary for the effects of such positive modulators, the mechanism of action of the Ampakine 1‐(1,3‐benzodioxol‐5‐ylcarbonyl)‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (CX509) was investigated in isolated rat brain AMPA receptors reconstituted in lipid bilayers. The drug increased the open time of AMPA‐induced single channel current fluctuations with an EC50 of 4 μM. The action of CX509 was highly selective since it had no effect on the amplitude or close time of channel events. The open time effect had a maximum enhancement of 70‐fold and the modulated currents were blocked by CNQX. It is concluded that the synaptic membrane environment is not necessary for Ampakine effects. In fact, CX509 was about 100 times more potent on the reconstituted AMPA receptors than on receptors in their native membrane. These findings indicate that centrally active Ampakines modulate specific kinetic properties of AMPA currents. They also raise the possibility that AMPA receptors are regulated by factors present in situ, thus explaining the more efficient modulatory effects of CX509 when acting on receptors removed from their synaptic location. Synapse 40:154–158, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sensitivity of synaptic GABAA receptors to allosteric modulators in hippocampal oriens‐alveus interneurons
Authors: Patenaude Christian , Nurse Suzanne , Lacaille Jean‐Claude 
Published: August 2002

AbstractGABAA receptors are heteropentamers that are heterogeneously distributed at different synapses in the central nervous system. Although the modulation of GABAA receptors received much attention in hippocampal pyramidal cells, information is scarce regarding the pharmacology of these receptors in inhibitory interneurons. We investigated the pharmacological properties of GABAA‐mediated miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) using whole‐cell voltage clamp recordings in two morphologically identified types of hippocampal CA1 interneurons, horizontal and vertical cells of stratum oriens‐alveus. The negative modulators zinc (200 μM) and furosemide (600 μM) significantly decreased the amplitude of mIPSCs. Benzodiazepine agonists also produced significant effects: 10 μM zolpidem increased the amplitude, rise time, and decay time constant (decay τ) of mIPSCs, whereas 10 μM flunitrazepam affected similarly the amplitude and decay τ, but not the rise time. The neurosteroid allopregnanolone (10 μM) prolonged the decay τ of mIPSCs. Since these modulators act on different GABAA receptor subunits, this pharmacological profile suggests that GABAA receptors at spontaneously active inhibitory synapses onto vertical and horizontal interneurons are heterogeneous and formed by co‐assembly of different combinations of subunits (α1–5β1–3γ1–3). Furthermore, these synaptic GABAA receptors appear in large part pharmacologically similar to those of pyramidal cells. Synapse 41:29–39, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Postsynaptic mechanism may contribute to inhibitory acetylcholine effect on GABAergic synaptic transmission in hippocampal cell cultures
Authors: Storozhuk Maksim V. , Melnick Igor V. , Kostyuk Platon G. , Belan Pavel V. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe effect of acetylcholine (ACh) on evoked GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) was studied in cell cultures of dissociated hippocampal neurons with established synaptic connections. Spontaneous IPSCs and IPSCs evoked by extracellular stimulation of a single presynaptic neuron were recorded. ACh inhibited the evoked IPSCs in most of the connections, although facilitation was also observed. Regardless of inhibitory or facilitatory effects on the evoked IPSCs, an enhanced spontaneous synaptic input to the postsynaptic neurons was usually observed. ACh‐induced changes in the evoked IPSCs were usually accompanied by changes in paired pulse depression (PPD), which are thought to reflect presynaptic mechanisms of modulation. However, the time course of PPD changes did not always match that of the IPSC changes, suggesting a contribution of other, possibly postsynaptic, mechanism(s). To analyze this possibility, effects of ACh on responses to direct application of exogenous GABA were studied. In a proportion of the neurons (40%) ACh reversibly decreased GABA responses, indicating that postsynaptic mechanisms may also contribute to the inhibitory ACh effect on GABAergic transmission. We conclude that several different modulatory mechanisms of ACh action participate in the regulation of GABAergic transmission at the level of synaptic connection of a single GABAergic neuron. Synapse 41:65–70, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Non‐amines, drugs without an amine nitrogen, potently block serotonin transport: Novel antidepressant candidates?
Authors: Goulet Martin , Miller Gregory M. , Bendor Jacob , Liu Shanghao , Meltzer Peter C. , Madras Bertha K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe serotonin transporter (SERT) is a principal site of action of therapeutic antidepressants in the brain. Without exception, these inhibitors of serotonin transport contain an amine nitrogen in their structure. We previously demonstrated that novel compounds without an amine nitrogen in their structure (non‐amines), blocked dopamine transport in cells transfected with the human dopamine transporter. The present study investigated whether, in the absence of an amine nitrogen, certain non‐amines bind selectively to the SERT and block the transport of serotonin. At 10 μM concentration, select non‐amines displayed no, or little, affinity for 9 serotonin, 5 dopamine, 7 adrenergic, 5 muscarinic cholinergic, 3 opiate and histamine receptors. The affinities of non‐amines for [3H]citalopram binding sites on the SERT and their potencies for blocking [3H]serotonin transport were measured in cloned human SERT stably or transiently expressed in HEK‐293. Whether oxa‐ or carba‐based, non‐amines bound to [3H]citalopram‐labeled sites and blocked [3H]serotonin transport in the low nanomolar range, at values equal to or higher than those of some conventional antidepressants. A non‐amine, O‐1809, was 99‐fold more selective for the serotonin over the dopamine transporter. As substituents on the aromatic ring of non‐amines confer high affinity for the SERT, we investigated the hypothesis that aromatic–aromatic interactions may contribute significantly to non‐amine/transporter association. A SERT mutant was produced in which a highly conserved aromatic amino acid, phenylalanine 548, was replaced by an alanine (F548A). Although the affinities of several non‐amines were unchanged in the mutant SERT, the affinity of imipramine was decreased, revealing possible differences in amine and non‐amine binding domains on the SERT. The similar affinities of non‐amines and conventional antidepressant drugs for the SERT support the view that an amine nitrogen is not essential for drugs to block serotonin transport with high affinity. Non‐amines open avenues for developing a new generation of antidepressants. Synapse 42:129–140, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transitioning to the CMMISM‐SE/SW—An evolutionary process
Authors: Menezes Winifred 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMany organizations have used the Software‐CMM® (Capability Maturity Model®) to improve their ability to produce better quality software on time and within budget. The Software‐CMM has mainly been adopted by companies marketing products or solutions that are software intensive, i.e., products or solutions where software is but one component, albeit an important one. Although there is empirical evidence that software process improvement has had a positive effect on the bottom line, there is a growing realization that software development needs to be coordinated with development of the total product. For this reason these organizations have eagerly followed the progress of the CMMI Project. With the release of the version 1.0 of the CMMISM‐SE/SW in August 2000, the focus has been on attempts to understand the new model and its implications for the organization. One road to understanding has been to organize training and to run pilot assessments. The biggest transition has been for those companies that choose the continuous representation of the CMMIM. This article will describe the history behind one company's decision to adopt the CMMIM, as well as their experiences of transitioning from the Software‐CMM to the continuous representation of the CMMIM. Three different assessment classes have been described for the CMMIM. This article will also discuss the experiences from pilot assessments in all three classes. Note: This paper is based on experiences with one organization. Because of business restriction the organization is called X. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 5: 32–40, 2002; DOI 10.1002/sys.10004
CMMISM—The evolution continues!
Authors: Curtis Pamela , Michael Phillips David , Weszka Joan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWith Capability Maturity Model® IntegrationSM (CMMISM), we have a new era of process improvement products that enable us to produce complex, software‐intensive systems of higher quality, in less time, and within expected costs—repeatably. You have likely had the opportunity to work with one of the predecessor models used to construct the CMMI framework. You may have experience with INCOSE's Systems Engineering Capability and Assessment Method (SECAM), or the follow‐on Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) Interim Standard (EIA/IS) 731, or the Capability Maturity Model® (CMM®) for Software (SW − CMM®) if your products required extensive software development. Or you may be new to the use of these models and simply considering how the CMMISMProduct Suite can best be positioned to aid your organization in achieving world‐class quality and reduced cost and time to market for your engineering products and services. The purpose of this paper is to describe the evolution and emergence of the CMMISMProduct Suite. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 5: 7–18, 2002; DOI 10.1002/sys.10014
Efficiency concept for upgrading the lateral stiffness of reinforced concrete wall systems
Authors: Nollet M.‐J. , Chaallal O. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper presents a new concept, the efficiency concept, for upgrading the lateral stiffness of reinforced concrete walls connected by a coupling system that is partially or not effective in flexure. The efficiency concept is based on the capacity of the connecting medium to reduce the overall drift. By definition a system of uncoupled walls has an efficiency of 0, whereas a system of fully coupled walls has a maximum efficiency of 1. Based on this concept, it is proposed to upgrade the wall systems with adequate beams, which are capable of transferring the additional forces between the walls. The stiffness, the number and the location of these added beams are optimized using the efficiency concept by which the overall drift is controlled. Results of the study are presented as easy‐to‐use charts for the practising engineer. These charts allow a rapid choice of an efficient structure, which can then be refined using any discrete structural analysis method. The method is efficient, convenient and cost‐effective as it minimizes the number of coupling beams to be added to the system to achieve a targeted drift. It also maximizes the clearance along corridors, particularly in buildings with low interstorey height. A practical example, following a step‐by‐step procedure, is provided to demonstrate the applicability of the concept. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alcohol induction of liver nuclear ethanol and N‐nitrosodimethylamine metabolism to reactive metabolites
Authors: Gómez M.I. Díaz , Valles E. , Fanelli S.L. , de Layño A.M.A. Delgado , Castro G.D. , Castro J.A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn previous studies from our laboratory we reported the presence in highly purified liver nuclei, free of contamination with other organelles, of an ethanol metabolizing system (NEMS) able to lead to acetaldehyde and 1‐hydroxyethyl free radicals (1HEt). In the present study we tested whether this NEMS is inducible by chronic alcohol administration to rats and whether these nuclei also have increased ability to bioactivate N‐nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). Sprague Dawley male rats (125‐150g) were fed with a nutritionally adequate liquid diet containing alcohol to provide 36% of total energy (standard Lieber‐De Carli rat diet), for 28 days. Controls received an isocaloric diet without alcohol. Animals were sacrificed, livers were excised and microsomes and purified nuclear fractions were prepared. Both microsomes and nuclei from treated animals had significantly increased ability compared to controls, to biotransform ethanol to acetaldehyde using NADPH as cofactor under an air atmosphere. Both organelles also exhibited significantly increased capacity compared to controls, to bioactivate NDMA to formaldehyde and to reactive metabolites that bind covalently to proteins. Nuclear preparations from control animals were also able to metabolize NDMA to formaldehyde and reactive metabolites. Results indicate that liver nuclei may have a CYP2E1 able to bioactivate both NDMA and EtOH and that these processes are being induced by chronic alcohol drinking. The bioactivation of these xenobiotics to reactive metabolites in the neighborhood of nuclear proteins and DNA might have significant toxicological implications. Teratogenesis Carcinog. Mutagen. 22:139–145, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.