bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immobilization of glucose oxidase onto electrochemically prepared poly(aniline‐co‐fluoroaniline) films
Authors: Sharma Amit L. , Singhal Rahul , Kumar Arun , Rajesh  , Pande Krishan K. , Malhotra Bansi D. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractPoly(aniline‐co‐fluoroaniline) [poly(An‐FAn)] films were electrochemically deposited on indium tin oxide glass plates. The characterization of these conducting copolymer films was carried out with ultraviolet–visible and Fourier transform infrared techniques. The enzyme glucose oxidase (GOX) was immobilized onto the conducting poly(An‐FAn) films by a physical adsorption method. Amperometric response experiments carried out with poly(An‐FAn)/GOX films revealed linearity from 0.5 to 22 mM glucose, and the Michaelis–Menten constant was found to be about 23.5 mM. The shelf life of these poly(An‐FAn)/GOX electrodes was measured to be about 15 days, and the electrodes were stable up to 45°C. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 3999–4006, 2004
Preparation and characterization of an enzyme electrode based on cholesterol esterase and cholesterol oxidase immobilized onto conducting polypyrrole films
Authors: Singh Suman , Chaubey Asha , Malhotra B. D. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractCholesterol esterase (ChEt) and cholesterol oxidase (ChOx) enzymes were entrapped within polypyrrole (PPy) films on a platinum disc electrode during electrochemical polymerization. The characteristics of the PPy/ChEt/ChOx enzyme electrode thus prepared were investigated as a function of the time, pH, temperature, and concentration of cholesteryl palmitate by a spectrophotometric method. PPy/ChEt/ChOx electrodes can be used for the estimation of cholesteryl palmitate concentrations from 1 to 8 mM, can be used least 10 times, and have a shelf life of about 1 month at 4–10°C. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 3769–3773, 2004
Effects of poly(methyl methacrylate)‐based low‐profile additives on the properties of cured unsaturated polyester resins. I. Miscibility, curing behavior, and glass‐transition temperatures
Authors: Dong Jyh‐Ping , Huang Jyh‐Gau , Lee Fuh‐Huah , Roan Jiunn‐Wei , Huang Yan‐Jyi 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe effects of three series of self‐synthesized poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)‐based low‐profile additives (LPAs), including PMMA, poly(methyl methacrylate‐co‐butyl acrylate), and poly(methyl methacrylate‐co‐butyl acrylate‐co‐maleic anhydride), with different chemical structures and MWs on the miscibility, cured‐sample morphology, curing kinetics, and glass‐transition temperatures for styrene (ST)/unsaturated polyester (UP) resin/LPA ternary systems were investigated by group contribution methods, scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and dynamic mechanical analysis, respectively. Before curing at room temperature, the degree of phase separation for the ST/UP/LPA systems was generally explainable by the calculated polarity difference per unit volume between the UP resin and LPA. During curing at 110°C, the compatibility of the ST/UP/LPA systems, as revealed by cured‐sample morphology, was judged from the relative magnitude of the DSC peak reaction rate and the broadness of the peak. On the basis of Takayanagi's mechanical models, the effects of LPA on the final cure conversion and the glass‐transition temperature in the major continuous phase of ST‐crosslinked polyester for the ST/UP/LPA systems was also examined. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 3369–3387, 2004
Effects of poly(methyl methacrylate)‐based low‐profile additives on the properties of cured unsaturated polyester resins. II. Volume shrinkage characteristics and internal pigmentability
Authors: Dong Jyh‐Ping , Huang Jyh‐Gau , Lee Fuh‐Huah , Roan Jiunn‐Wei , Huang Yan‐Jyi 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe effects of three series of self‐synthesized poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)‐based low‐profile additives (LPAs), including PMMA, poly(methyl methacrylate‐co‐butyl acrylate), and poly(methyl methacrylate‐co‐butyl acrylate‐co‐maleic anhydride) with different chemical structures and MWs on the volume shrinkage characteristics and internal pigmentability for low‐shrink unsaturated polyester (UP) resins during curing were investigated by an integrated approach of static phase characteristics of the ternary styrene (ST)/UP/LPA system, reaction kinetics, cured‐sample morphology, microvoid formation, and property measurements. The relative volume fraction of microvoids generated during the cure was controlled by the stiffness of the UP resin used, the compatibility of the uncured ST/UP/LPA systems, and the glass‐transition temperature of the LPAs used. On the basis of the Takayanagi mechanical model, the LPA mechanism on volume shrinkage control, which accounted for phase separation and microvoid formation, and factors leading to both a good volume shrinkage control and acceptable internal pigmentability for the molded parts are discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 3388–3397, 2004
Effects of the moisture and fiber content on the mechanical properties of biodegradable polymer–sisal fiber biocomposites
Authors: Alvarez V. A. , Fraga A. N. , Vázquez A. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe matrix of the composites that were used in this work was a commercial blend based on starch and cellulose derivatives. The biodegradable polymer was reinforced by short‐sisal fibers with a range in fiber content of 5–15 wt %. The effects of humidity on the diffusion coefficients, equilibrium moisture content, and mechanical properties were studied. Equations obtained from microscopic mass balances for diffusion in solids were used to predict the absorbed humidity in both components (the sisal fibers and biodegradable polymer) and in the composites as a function of time. Different model predictions of the composite diffusion coefficients as a function of the filler concentration were also examined, and they were found to be in agreement with the experimental results. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 4007–4016, 2004
Experimental verification of failure of Amontons' law in polymeric textiles
Authors: Ramkumar S. S. , Rajanala R. , Parameswaran S. , Paige R. , Shaw A. , Shelly D. C. , Anderson T. A. , Cobb G. P. , Mahmud R. , Roedel C. , Tock R. W. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe dynamic friction of a variety of textile materials was studied and was experimentally proven that the frictional behavior of textile materials do not obey the Amontons' basic law of friction (F/N = μ). Both woven and nonwoven materials with different fiber content and constructional features were used in the study. Results show that the dynamic friction–normal load relationship is not a straight line passing through origin. A statistical approach has been followed to prove the significance of the deviation from the Amontons' law. To the authors' best knowledge, the work reported in this article has for the first time experimentally proven the failure of Amontons' basic law of friction for polymeric textiles, using a novel approach. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 3879–3885, 2004
Chemical and mechanical properties of butyl methacrylate grafted wool fiber
Authors: Meng Xiang‐Ying 
Published: January 2004

AbstractBecause polymer‐grafted wool fibers had been reported to have better functional performance, a K2S2O8–NaHSO3 redox system was used as the initiator for the grafting copolymerization of butyl methacrylate (BMA) onto wool fibers. Grafted samples of wool‐g‐BMA with different grafting percentages (5.2–25.86) were obtained through variations in the monomer concentration in the reaction system. The evidence for grafting was provided by scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy. After the grafting, the moisture retention of the wool‐g‐BMA fibers decreased slightly. Optical measurements showed that the birefringence decreased, indicating a lower degree of molecular orientation of the wool‐g‐BMA fibers. The tensile strength increased as the grafting percentage increased. Beyond an 18–25% grafting percentage, the elongation at break decreased, and this indicated a reduction of the elastic deformation, which meant that the flexibility of the modified fibers may have deteriorated. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 3813–3817, 2004
γ‐Radiation‐treated starch/poly(vinyl alcohol) composites for cotton fabric sizing
Authors: El‐Naggar Abdel‐Wahab M. , Senna Magdy M. , Khalil Salwa A. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractFilms of different composites based essentially on maize starch (MS)/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) blends were prepared by the solution‐casting technique and subjected to various doses (20–100 kGy) of γ‐radiation. The MS/PVA blends were modified by the addition of glycerol (GY) and a graft copolymer (GP) of MS with acrylamide separately or together with the polymer blend solutions before casting. The γ‐treated composites were evaluated in terms of the apparent viscosity and their suitability as sizing materials for cotton fabrics. The sizeability of these composites for cotton fabrics was assessed in terms of the size removal percentage at different temperatures and the effect on the tensile properties and water absorption. The change in the apparent viscosity with the shear rate showed that γ‐irradiation improved the behavior of MS/PVA blends and their composites with GY or GP as a sizing material for cotton fabrics. Moreover, the improvement in the tensile mechanical properties of the sized cotton fabrics with these composites gave further support to this finding. The results for the size removal percentage and water adsorption indicated that these composites could be removed by washing at 70°C for 10 min. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 3818–3826, 2004
Curing and mechanical characterization of a soy‐based epoxy resin system
Authors: Zhu Jiang , Chandrashekhara K. , Flanigan Virgil , Kapila Shubhender 
Published: January 2004

AbstractA potentially inexpensive alternative epoxy resin system based on soybean oil has been developed for polymer composite applications. Epoxidized methyl soyate (EMS) and epoxidized allyl soyate (EAS) have been synthesized at the University of Missouri–Rolla. These materials consist of mixtures of epoxidized fatty acid esters. The epoxidized soy‐based resins provide better intermolecular crosslinking and yield materials that are stronger than materials obtained with commercially available epoxidized soybean oil (ESO). The curing behavior and glass transition have been monitored with differential scanning calorimetry. Neat resin test samples have been fabricated from resin systems containing various amounts of EMS, EAS, and ESO. Standardized tests have shown that the addition of EAS enhances the tensile and flexural properties of the base epoxy resin system. Therefore, epoxidized soy ester additives hold great potential for environmentally friendly and lower cost raw materials for the fabrication of epoxy composites for structural applications. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 3513–3518, 2004
Nonlinear viscoelastic model for the prediction of double yielding in a linear low‐density polyethylene film
Authors: Spathis G. , Kontou E. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractTensile testing and tensile creep experiments for linear low‐density polyethylene in a thin‐film form were examined and analyzed in terms of a nonlinear viscoelastic model. The proposed model, based on two distinct thermally activated rate processes (Eyring models), was proved to describe the double‐yield‐point tensile behavior of the material tested. The required model parameters were evaluated from the corresponding creep‐strain curves, and this revealed the relationship between the main aspects of the inelastic behavior of polymers, that is, the monotonic loading and creep response. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 3519–3527, 2004
PMMA/silica nanocomposite studies: Synthesis and properties
Authors: Yang Feng , Nelson Gordon L. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractPolymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)/silica nanocomposites are prepared by solution polymerization in this project and the resulting materials are subjected to characterization to evaluate thermal, mechanical, and fire properties. IR results show that both (3‐acryloxypropyl)methydimethoxy‐silane (APMDMOS) and (3‐acryloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (APTMOS) can serve as reagents for the surface modification of silica, while APTMOS performed better than APMDMOS for the modification of the silica surface. Mechanical properties of PMMA/silica nanocomposites prepared by solution blending showed decreased tensile strength and elongation at break, while materials from solution polymerization performed better than PMMA itself. Moreover, all prepared samples have shown improved thermal stabilities versus PMMA. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 3844–3850, 2004
Characterization of i‐PP shear‐induced crystallization layers developed in a slit die
Authors: Farah Marcelo , Bretas Rosario E. S. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractIn this work, the shear‐induced crystalline layers of isotactic polypropylene (i‐PP), developed in a slit die, were characterized by different techniques. Rheological studies made in a strain‐controlled rheometer, at different crystallization temperatures,Tc, allowed us to observe that the induction time for the beginning of the shear‐induced crystallization,ti, decreased as the shear rate increased, whereas at a given shear rate, the higher theTc, the higher theti. The thickness of the shear‐induced crystallized layer, after extrusion through the slit die, was found to decrease with the increase of the die temperature,Td, at a given flow rate,Q, and to increase with the increase inQ, at a givenTd. Regarding the die length, it was found that only atTd= 169°C, the thickness of this layer increased with the length. By polarized light optical microscopy (PLOM), five different crystalline layers were observed along the thickness of the sample. By scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), respectively, and wide‐angle X‐rays (WAXS), it was found that layer 1, the nearest to the wall, was formed mainly by very small and oriented α‐crystallites, while layer 2 was mainly composed of β‐crystallites; also it was found that the amount of the β‐phase decreased as the shear rate decreased. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 3528–3541, 2004
Synthesis of nanophase‐separated poly(urethane‐co‐acrylic acid) network films and their application for magnetic nanoparticle synthesis
Authors: Kim Ju‐Young , Shin Dong‐Hyun , Ryu Jee‐Hyun , Choi Gyung‐Hyun , Suh Kyung‐Do 
Published: January 2004

AbstractPoly(urethane‐co‐acrylic acid) films were synthesized by the copolymerization of urethane acrylate nonionomer (UAN) and acrylic acid (AA) under different conditions. Poly(urethane‐co‐acrylic acid) films exhibited very different mechanical properties, attributed to the microstructural difference with the type of solvents used in the film preparation. The film synthesized using UAN/AA/water mixture had a relatively highly nanophase separated structure compared to that of the other films prepared using UAN/AA/dioxane mixture, resulting in higher mechanical property and glass‐transition temperature. The nanostructural differences could be also confirmed by atomic force microscopy measurements. Magnetic nanocomposite films synthesized based on UAN/AA/water and UAN/AA/dioxane mixtures showed different sizes of magnetic nanoparticles, attributed to the differences of size of hydrophilic nanodomains. The higher the degree of nanophase separation within poly(urethane‐co‐acrylic acid) films, the larger the size of hydrophilic nanodomains, resulting in formation of larger nanoparticles. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 3549–3556, 2004
Microscopic analysis of aroma chemical distribution on fibers. I. cis‐3‐hexenyl salicylate
Authors: Liu Haiqing , Obendorf S. Kay , Young Timothy J. , Incorvia Michael J. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe distribution of aroma chemical cis‐3‐hexenyl salicylate, on both longitudinal and cross‐sectional fiber directions, was identified through backscattered electron microscopy and X‐ray microanalysis including X‐ray spectrum and X‐ray map. Three fibers—cotton, lyocell, and polyester [poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)]—were used as substrates to evaluate the influence of fiber physical/chemical nature on the distribution of cis‐3‐hexenyl salicylate. It was found that the distribution of cis‐3‐hexenyl salicylate on the external and internal fiber surfaces correlated strongly with the chemical structure, roughness, and both pore and capillary structure of the textiles. cis‐3‐Hexenyl salicylate distributed through the whole cotton fiber cross section with higher concentrations in lumen and crenulations, whereas it distributed relatively uniformly in the surface and cross section of lyocell fiber. This is believed to relate to the macro‐ and micropores, macroscopic roughness, and the presence of a larger number of polar groups for these cellulose fibers. In contrast, cis‐3‐hexenyl salicylate accumulated at a few spots on the fiber surfaces of PET and in interfiber spaces of closely packed fibers, attributed to lower polarity, round cross‐sectional shape, smooth surfaces, and fewer voids of the PET fiber structure. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 3557–3564, 2004
Effect of polyethylene glycol molecular weights and concentrations on polyethersulfone hollow fiber ultrafiltration membranes
Authors: Xu Zhen‐Liang , Qusay F. Alsalhy 
Published: January 2004

AbstractPolyethersulfone (PES) hollow‐fiber membranes were fabricated using poly(ethyleneglycol) (PEG) with different molecular weights (MW = PEG200, PEG600, PEG2000, PEG6000, and PEG10000) and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) PVP40000 as additives and N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP) as a solvent. Asymmetric hollow‐fiber membranes were spun by a wet phase‐inversion method from 25 wt % solids of 20 : 5 : 75 (weight ratio) PES/PEG/NMP or 18 : 7 : 75 of PES/(PEG600 + PVP40000)/NMP solutions, whereas both the bore fluid and the external coagulant were water. Effects of PEG molecular weights and PEG600 concentrations in the dope solution on separation properties, morphology, and mechanical properties of PES hollow‐fiber membranes were investigated. The membrane structures of PES hollow‐fiber membranes including cross section, external surface, and internal surface were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and the mechanical properties of PES hollow‐fiber membranes were discussed. Bovine serum albumin (BSA, MW 67,000), chicken egg albumin (CEA, MW 45,000), and lysozyme (MW 14,400) were used for the measurement of rejection. It was found that with an increase of PEG molecular weights from 200 to 10,000 in the dope solution, membrane structures were changed from double‐layer fingerlike structure to voids in the shape of spheres or ellipsoids; moreover, there were crack phenomena on the internal surfaces and external surfaces of PES hollow‐fiber membranes, pure water permeation fluxes increased from 22.0 to 64.0 L m−2 h−1 bar−1, rejections of three protein for PES/PEG hollow‐fiber membranes were not significant, and changes in mechanical properties were decreased. Besides, with a decrease of PEG600 concentrations in the dope solution, permeation flux and elongation at break decreased, whereas the addition of PVP40000 in the dope solution resulted in more smooth surfaces (internal or external) of PES/(PEG600 + PVP40000) hollow‐fiber membranes than those of PES/PEG hollow‐fiber membranes. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 3398–3407, 2004
Influence of urea on the coloring ability of a low‐temperature coloring method of keratin fibers using polyethyleneimine
Authors: Kuzuhara A. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractFor the purpose of improving the coloring ability of keratin fibers at a lower temperature, we investigated the influence of urea on the coloring ability of a low‐temperature coloring method using polyethyleneimine (PEI) as a counter ion reagent (the human hair was previously treated with a PEI solution, and then was colored with acid dye). The coloring and color fastness to shampooing of the hair pretreated with a PEI solution containing urea clearly improved compared with those pretreated with a PEI solution not containing urea. Also, we prepared cross‐sectional samples of the treated hair and investigated the penetration of PEI and Orange II into human hair by optical microscopy. The results showed that the penetration of PEI and Orange II into human hair pretreated with a PEI solution that contained urea clearly increased compared with those pretreated with a PEI solution that did not contain urea. From these experiments, we concluded that urea acts as a penetration accelerator for PEI; and PEI, which penetrates deeper into human hair by adding urea, exerts counter ionization on Orange II, thus increasing the penetration of Orange II into human hair and thereby improving the coloring ability. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 3827–3834, 2004
Friction and scratch resistance of polyamide 6 modified with ionomeric ethylene/methacrylic acid copolymer
Authors: Jaklewicz Magdalena , Litak Antoni , Ostoja‐Starzewski Martin 
Published: January 2004

AbstractEthylene/methacrylic acid copolymer Surlyn® 9020 (SU) was used to reduce the crystallinity of polyamide 6 (PA6). Differential scanning calorimetry was used to calculate the change in crystallinity of a modified polymer: four cases of SU weight fractions (5, 15, 20, and 30%) were considered. The fracture morphology was studied by use of scanning electron microscopy. With the increasing fraction of SU the structure transformed into a fine crystalline one. The effect of reduction in crystalline fraction on friction and scratch resistance of PA6 was investigated. The static and dynamic coefficients of friction decreased with respect to the increase in weight fraction of SU. With the addition of SU, the scratch resistance was found to decrease as well, whereas the healing (i.e., recovery of material after a scratch was made) of the material was found to increase. SU hindered crystallization of PA6, and with higher content of SU plastification of material occurred. Results from thermomechanical tests confirmed that conclusion: the Young's modulus E decreases and the thermal expansion coefficient αL increases with the addition of SU. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 3866–3870, 2004
Effect of acetonitrile pretreatment on the physicochemical behavior of 100% polyester fabric
Authors: Muralidharan B. , Mathanmohan T. , Ethiraj J. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractAcetonitrile pretreatment of 100% poly(ethylene terephthalate) fabric was performed over different lengths of time. The influence of solvent treatment on the dyeing behavior and some of the physicochemical properties were investigated. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 3871–3878, 2004