bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plant Nutrition
Authors: Scherer Heinrich W. , Mengel Konrad , Dittmar Heinrich , Drach Manfred , Vosskamp Ralf , Trenkel Martin E. , Gutser Reinhold , Steffens Günter , Czikkely Vilmos , Niedermaier Titus , Hähndel Reinhardt , Prün Hans , Ullrich Karl‐Heinz , Mühlfeld Hermann , Werner Wilfried , Kluge Günter , Kuhlmann Friedrich , Steinhauser Hugo , Brändlein Walter , Kummer Karl‐Friedrich 
Published: November 2003

AbstractFertilizers in the broadest sense are products that improve the levels of available plant nutrients and/or the chemical and physical properties of soil, thereby directly or indirectly enhancing plant growth, yield, and quality. Fertilizers are classified in terms of their chemical compounds. Straight fertilizers generally contain only one primary nutrient. Compound fertilizers contain several primary nutrients and sometimes micronutrients as well. Micronutrient fertilizers contain nutrients required in small quantities by plants, as opposed to macronutrients. They are also classified as solid or liquid fertilizers and as soil or foliar fertilizers, the latter being applied exclusively by spraying on an existing plant population.
Biological Control
Authors: Lewis Leslie C. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractBiological control is the action of natural enemies in maintaining another organism's population density at a lower level than would otherwise occur. In this article, however, the traditional definition has been expanded to include chemicals that duplicate or mimic natural ones. The major effort in biological control has been focused on the suppression of populations of pest insects. However, biological control of weeds and plant pathogens is a very active area of research.
Biodegradability: Methods for Assessing Biodegradability Under Laboratory and Field Conditions
Authors: Madsen Eugene L. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract“Biodegradation” of organic compounds is the partial simplification or complete destruction of their molecular structure by physiological reactions catalyzed by microorganisms. Understanding and proving biodegradation processes under laboratory and field conditions is a science of ongoing discovery. This discovery requires a close dialog among many disciplines. It must be recognized that only under relatively rare circumstances is a proof of field bioremediation unequivocal when a single piece of evidence is relied on. In the majority of cases, the complexities of contaminant mixtures, their hydrogeochemical settings, and accounting for competing abiotic mechanisms of contaminant loss make it a challenge to document biodegradation processes.
Subsurface Microbial Communities: Diversity Of Culturable Microorganisms
Authors: Balkwill David L. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractInterest in the microbiology of the terrestrial subsurface has increased steadily since the early 1980s, when it was discovered that several comparatively shallow aquifers contained sizable populations of culturable microorganisms. During the past two decades, culturable microorganisms, especially bacteria, have been detected in saturated and vadose‐zone subsurface environments that ranged in depth from near‐surface to 2.7 km below land surface, and in ambient temperature from 8°C to 65°C. Moreover, bacteria have been cultured from a geologically diverse range of unconsolidated and consolidated subsurface materials. The objective of this article is to review and summarize the characterization studies that provide much information on the diversity and composition of the culturable microbial communities in certain types of subsurface, focusing primarily on the phylogenetic characterization of culturable subsurface bacteria by analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence.
Flooded Soils
Authors: Conrad Ralf , Frenzel Peter 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe microbiology of flooded soils is characterized by a large functional diversity that is seen in the numerous microbial phenotypes that occur in this ecosystem. This functional diversity is mainly due to the many different ecological niches created by gradients between oxic‐anoxic and substrate‐rich—substrate‐poor zones in the soil. These gradients are created by the limitation of the O2transport from the atmosphere into the soil because of slow diffusion and microbial respiration and by the deposition of organic matter into the soil by root exudation and decay of plant debris.
Genetically Engineered Microorganisms for Biodegradation of Recalcitrant Compounds
Authors: Duque Estrella , Esteve‐núñez Abraham , Michán Carmen , Abril María Angeles , Ronchel M. Carmen , Segura Ana , Ramos‐González María‐Isabel , Ramos Jua. L. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe mineralization of organic molecules by microbes is essential for the carbone cycle to operate. The massive mobilization of compounds stored in natural resources or the introduction of xenobiotics into the biosphere produces unidirectional fluxes that result in the persistence of many chemicals in the biosphere, where they are a source of pollution. Molecular biology offers the tools to optimize the biodegradative capacities of microorganisms, accelerate the evolution of new metabolic activities, and construct totally new pathways through the assemblage of catabolic segments from different microbes.
Kinetics of Microbial Processes and Population Growth in Soil
Authors: Lipson David A. , Schmidt Steven K. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe kinetics of microbial growth and substrate utilization in liquid culture have been worked out in great detail. However, it has become acknowledged that kinetics in soil are greatly affected by the complex physical environment of soils. Much progress has been made toward incorporating soil physical effects into the current understanding of the kinetics of microbial processes in soil. The review synthesizes new and classic work on the physical and biological factors that affect kinetics in soil.
Metabolism of Mixtures of Organic Pollutants
Authors: Egli Thomas 
Published: November 2003

AbstractRecently, considerable information has been collected as to how microorganisms handle the biodegradation of mixtures of organic compounds, including pollutants. In this article, the most important phenomena and emerging principles with respect to utilization patterns growth (degradation) kinetics reported for growth of microbial cultures in the presence of mixtures of carbon substrates will be presented. There is now much evidence that especially under conditions as they pertain in most ecosystems, that is, at low concentrations, microbes utilize mixtures of substrates of natural origin simultaneously with pollutants. Cells benefit from mixed substrate utilization in several ways, such as from improved growth rates, competitive advantage at low nutrient concentrations, and a better dynamic metabolic flexibility to temporary fluctuations in the spectrum of available nutrients.
Quantification of Microbial Biomass
Authors: Sutton Susan D. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractDuring the last two decades, there has been a rapid development of new techniques for in situ detection of microorganisms. Our increased ability to detect and identify these organisms has led to a new understanding of the vital role they play in the biosphere. This discussion focuses on evaluating the appropriateness of current detection methods for determining the quantitative importance of microorganisms in the environment. Several of the techniques described here may be useful for detecting organisms that are of quantitative significance.
Regulation of The Commercial Uses of Microorganisms
Authors: Glass David J. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
A large variety of microorganisms, including many genetically engineered microorganisms (GEMs), are used commercially because of advances in modern biology. However, many of these commercial applications, particularly those intended for use in the environment, are subject to governmental health and safety regulations. These regulations have largely been established in response to the scientific debate that followed the first proposals to use engineered microorganisms in open field‐testing.
Biodegradation: Reductive Dehalogenation And Metabolism Of Chlorinated Organics By Anaerobes
Authors: Zinder Stephen H. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractOf the enormous number of different halogenated organic compounds that have been chemically synthesized, several have found widespread use, particularly as solvents and biocides. This use has led to their being accidentally or intentionally released into the environment, mainly to groundwater. Although there is good evidence for natural production of chlorinated organic compounds, many of the anthropogenic organic halogen compounds appear to be resistant to chemical and biological degradation and therefore persist in the environment. This chapter discusses the roels of anaerobic microorganism in the biodegradation of these compounds and focuses mainly on chlorinated compounds.
Soil Bacteria
Authors: Alexander David B. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractBacteria are among the most numerous and ubiquitous of all soil organisms. They are single‐celled, prokaryotic microbes whose small size and simple cell structure enable them to grow and adapt rapidly to changing environmental conditions. Bacterial cells consist of a cytoplasmic membrane, nucleoid, ribosomes, and a cell envelope that usually includes a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan. No other group of soil organisms has a greater impact on soil fertility, water and air quality, and on the quality of plant, animal, and human life.
Soil Distribution Of Microorganisms
Authors: Moorman Thomas B. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractMicroorganisms have significant roles in the processes of biodegradation and nutrient transformation in terrestrial ecosystems. Microorganisms are abundant in soil and sediments, and active populations are even found in geologic materials far below the earth's surface. In general, population distributions are controlled by substrate inputs. Thus, substrate‐rich environments such as the plant rhizosphere or the forest‐litter layer have higher population densities than do root‐free surface soil. Surface soil have far larger populations of microorganisms than deeper sediments, which receive organic substrates only through leaching of materials from the surface.
Soil Enzymes
Authors: Tabatabai M. Ali 
Published: November 2003

AbstractSoil may be looked upon as a biological entity. Soils contain free enzymes; immobilized extracellular enzymes stabilized by a three‐dimensional network of macromolecules and enzyme proteins within microbial cells. Each of the organic and mineral fractions in both bulk soil and rhizosphere has a special influence on the total enzymatic activity of that soil. The study of enzymes, in general, is a subject of interest to many disciplines in science ranging from biology to physical sciences.
Soil Quality: The Role of Microorganisms
Authors: Smith Jeffrey L. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractSoil quality is important because of the unique role soil plays in the human environment. From foundations for buildings to contamination buffers and a water regulator to a medium for the production of food and fiber; soils are important in everyday life. Soil quality of the capacity of the soil to function is dependent on its intended use, its inherent properties, and its current condition. Society should equate soil quality with air and water quality for sustainability. Thus, the concern is not only the state or conditions of soil quality but also its direction and rate of change as measured by sensitive soil indicators with quantifiable limits and interpretations.
Toxicity Testing in Soil, Use of Microbial and Enzymatic Tests
Authors: Pell Mikael , Torstensson Lennart 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe vast number of chemicals used in society today urge for simple and rapid tests to assess toxic effects on the soil ecosystem. Several microbial methods for soil toxicity testing and soil quality testing exist today. Surprisingly, few of these tests have, though, reached the level of becoming international standards. By using such tests for screening purposes and dose‐response testing, it is possible to identify chemicals, and concentrations of these chemicals, that could be allowed without seriously threatening the productivity and sustainable use of soils.
Dibenzo‐p‐Dioxins: 2,3,7,8‐Tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐Dioxin
Authors: Reid Jon B. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractDibenzo‐p‐dioxins are a class of compounds of which there are 75 possible isomers as shown. A recent IARC Monograph summarizes much of the information on these compounds. By far, the majority of the information is for 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD), the most toxic of the isomers. Most of the material in this chapter relates to this compound.
Soil Nitrogen Cycle
Authors: Myrold David D. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractNitrogen is an essential element for life. Microorganisms and their activities are crucial to supplying biologically available nitrogen; in fact, only certain prokaryotes can produce such nitrogen. In general, microorganisms play a key role in the transformation of nitrogen into its many available forms and thereby influence primary productivity in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. An understanding of nitrogen cycling in soils is critical to sustain the productivity of natural and managed ecosystems without environmental degradation.
Insect Pheromones
Authors: Plimmer Jack R. , Gammon Derek 
Published: November 2003

AbstractInsect pheromones are classified as “semiochemicals” and affect the behavior of other insects. Semiochemicals include pheromones, kairomones, feeding stimulants, synthetic attractants, and so on, and they are useful components of pest management systems. Sex attractant pheromones released by femaleLepidopterato attract the male for mating purposes have been identified from several hundred insect species. A major practical application is the use of attractant pheromones in traps as baits to monitor and detect the presence of a pest species or to reduce its population. Also, to reduce insect population, mating may be disrupted by permeating the air with pheromones during infestations. Lepidopteran sex attractant pheromones are mainly mono‐ or di‐unsaturated esters, aldehydes, or alcohols derived from unbranched long chain alkanes ranging from C8to C16. Although the amount of pheromone present in the female moths is only a few nanograms per insect, the structures of pheromones of more than 1600 species have now been identified.Major forest pests, including the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar), the eastern spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana), the western pine shoot borer moth (Eucosma sonomana), and the Douglas‐fir tussock moth (Orygia pseudotsugata), have been the target of large‐scale pest management programs involving pheromones. Pheromone formulations have been registered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for a number of agriculturally important pests, including the boll weevil (Anthonomus grandisBoheman), the pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiellaSaunders), the artichoke plume moth (Platypilia carduidactyla), the tomato pinworm (Keiferia lycopersicellaWalsingham), and the tobacco budworm (Helicoverpa virescens). Pheromone blends are produced by species of bark beetles, and these complex aggregation pheromones have been used extensively in mass trapping programs, capturing millions of bark beetles and protecting valuable forest resources.Experience showed that successful application depends on understanding insect behavior, particularly in the field, where competing stimuli exist. Formulation and deployment of pheromones are critical factors. Release rates of pheromones from controlled‐release formulations should correspond to biologically effective rates.
Insecticides: Overview and Introduction
Authors: Plimmer Jack R. , Gammon Derek W. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractInsects constitute an immense drain on food resources worldwide, as well as being serious disease vectors. Insecticide applications are made directly to raw agricultural commodities to protect plants and animals from insect attacks. Official national and international bodies regulate pesticide use and set permitted maximum residue levels or MRLs/tolerances for residues of insecticides and degradation products. Insect vectors spread many human and animal diseases. It was estimated in 2000 by the World Health Organization (WHO) that malaria caused close to 3 milllion deaths annually. Major health and economic benefits are associated with the continued use of insecticides, and the combination of newly introduced chemical classes with improved understanding of pest management has done much to reduce both the amounts used and the risks to nontarget species and the environment. Historically, many insecticidal preparations were derived from plant species. Synthetic organic chemicals were introduced in the 1930s, but the scale of their use increased during the immediate postwar years, with the introduction of the chlorinated insecticides, the carbamates and the organophosphates. Chlorinated organic insecticides were used in quantity, particularly for control of disease vectors, but they became recognized as ubiquitous environmental pollutants. Their effectiveness fell as insect resistance became widespread. Newer insecticides based on substantially different modes of action and of greater environmental acceptability are replacing older compounds. Newer types include growth regulators, juvenile hormone analogs, compounds affecting other metabolic pathways, such as chitin synthesis, and compounds affecting insect behavior. Investigations of insect physiology revealed more details of the insect nervous system and identified new targets. Newer screening and synthesis techniques aided developmental work and resulted in newer insecticides effective at extremely low application rates. These include the synthetic pyrethroids, fermentation products such as the spinosads, that act at the nicotinic acetycholine receptor, as do the nitromethylenes compounds acting on the GABA receptor/chloride ionophore complex, voltage‐gated sodium channel effectors, and compounds acting on mitochondrial respiration, among others. Regulatory policy favors the development of new compounds that are compatible with integrated pest management (IPM) systems. Major considerations in selection of the proper insecticide for the IPM program include mode of action, timing, dosage of application, and problems of resistance and resurgence, possible effects of insecticide residues on food crops, and in the environment, and the impact of these on humans, domestic animals, and wildlife.
Diffusion in Liquid Associating Systems
Authors: Bosse D. , Bart H.‐J. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractA recently developed model for the prediction of pseudo‐binary Maxwell‐Stefan diffusion coefficients on the basis of a multicomponent approach applicable to binary associating and/or solvating systems is further examined. For this purpose two example calculations are added to illustrate and to answer the following questions: What are the capabilities and limits of the new model? How does the model actually compute binary diffusivities from a multicomponent approach? What information must be supplied by the user? How does the model perform on example calculations?
Nanofiltration for the Separation of Nonvolatile Products from Solutions Containing Ionic Liquids
Authors: Kröckel J. , Kragl U. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractNanofiltration (NF) can be used to isolate nonvolatile compounds from solutions containing ionic liquids (IL). This was shown for the mixtures bromophenol blue/IL and lactose/IL. In both cases the product was rejected while the ionic liquid permeated. Alternatively, the rejection of the ionic liquid is possible as well. Such separations are possible because nanofiltration membranes are selective towards size and charge of the components.
The influence of climatic change and human activity on erosion processes in sub‐arid watersheds in southern East Siberia
Authors: Korytny Leonid M. , Bazhenova Olga I. , Martianova Galina N. , Ilyicheva Elena A. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractA LUCIFS model variant is presented that represents the influence of climate and land use change on fluvial systems. The study considers trends of climatic characteristics (air temperature, annual precipitation totals, rainfall erosion index, aridity and continentality coefficients) for the steppe and partially wooded steppe watersheds of the south of East Siberia (the Yenisey River macro‐watershed). It also describes the influence of these characteristics on erosion processes, one indicator of which is the suspended sediment yield. Changes in the river network structure (the order of rivers, lengths, etc.) as a result of agricultural activity during the 20th century are investigated by means of analysis of maps of different dates for one of the watersheds, that of the Selenga River, the biggest tributary of Lake Baikal. The study reveals an increase of erosion process intensity in the first two‐thirds of the century in the Selenga River watershed and a reduction of this intensity in the last third of the century, both in the Selenga River watershed and in most of the other watersheds of the study area. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of changes in climate and land use on soil erosion, transport and deposition of suspended sediment in the River Rhine
Authors: Asselman Nathalie E. M. , Middelkoop Hans , van Dijk Paul M. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe objective of this study was to estimate the potential effects of changes in climate and land use on the mobilization of fine sediment and the net transport of wash load from the upstream basin to the lower Rhine delta. For this purpose, a suite of geographical information system‐embedded models was developed that simulates the production, and transport of wash load through the drainage network and deposition on floodplains along the lower river reaches. The model results indicate that if climate changes in accordance with the UKHI climate‐change scenario, in combination with land use changes, erosion rates will increase in the Alps and decrease in the German part of the basin. Averaged over the entire basin, erosion will increase by about 12%. However, due to inefficient sediment delivery, increasing erosion in the Alps will have little effect on the sediment load further downstream. In the delta area, sediment loads are expected to decrease by 13%. When changes in river discharge are accounted for, it appears that, although very high discharges are expected to occur more frequently, sedimentation on floodplains tends to decrease. This is caused mainly by reduced sediment loads at discharges during which the floodplains are just inundated and trapping efficiencies are high. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.