bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Positive Psychology Traditions in Classical European Psychology
Authors: PlÉH Csaba 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to show the insights of 19thand 20thcentury European psychology that can be regarded as predecessors of present-day positive psychology. To see this in context, I will present an overview of some modern European epistemological predecessors of positive psychology. Basically there are four topics to be highlighted: I will anchor my points around speciflc heroes, such as John Stuart Mill, William Stern, and Karl Bühler. Yet these persons should be understood as representatives of entire streams of thought. During the long prehistory of positive psychology, many central issues emerged at various times. We can consider the tradition of positive psychology as one whose roots are based in an opposition to a passive, hedonistic, and at the same time helpless image of man.
Strategies for Achieving Well-Being
Authors: Henry Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers a variety of strategies people use to improve their well-being over the long term. It begins by examining the main strategies found in psychotherapy and contrasting these with approaches advocated in self-help and spiritual practice. The chapter goes on to compare the approaches adopted by mental health professionals with strategies derived from studies of people who exhibit well-being and strategies people judge to have helped them personally. Perhaps the dominant method currently used by professionals to help people develop more constructive thoughts and behaviors is some kind of talking therapy. This holds for consultations with clinical psychologists, psychotherapists, counselors, and a variety of other mental health and development professionals, including nurses, social workers, organizational trainers, life coaches, and educational psychologists.
Adaptive Resources in Later Life Tenacious Goal Pursuit and Flexible Goal Adjustment
Authors: BrandtstÄDter Jochen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The question of what conditions promote desirable forms of development over a lifespan has often been approached by listing criteria such as inner harmony, meaningful activity, personal fulfillment, accomplishment, agency, belongingness, leading a life of purpose, and the like. “Happiness” and “satisfaction” are often considered to be the consequence or quintessence of such conditions. Serious theoretical work, however, begins with asking what personal and contextual conditions can promote or impede such desired states.
Afterword Breaking the 65 Percent Barrier
Authors: Seligman Martin E P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
First, I want to assert clearly that positive psychology is not remotely intended as a replacement for or competitor to clinical psychology. It is intended as a supplement, another arrow in the quiver of those who treat patients in the clinic. But I have come to have more and more reservations about clinical psychology as it is now practiced. I will contrast the future of positive psychology to the history of clinical psychology to illuminate why I believe that clinical psychology is reaching a dead end—the 65% barrier.
Representational Foundations of Intentional Action
Authors: Prinz Wolfgang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We speak of intentions from both a first- and a third-person perspective. From the external, third-person perspective, we speak of somebody (or perhaps an animal) entertaining a certain intention (1) when we believe that she is pursuing a certain goal, and (2) when we perceive him/her trying to perform certain actions suited to attain that goal. The same applies to the internal, first-person perspective. We speak of ourselves as entertaining an intention when we want to attain a particular goal (say, eat a hamburger) and, at the same time, plan for certain actions to reach this goal (say, head toward a McDonald’s restaurant). An important difference is that, when described from a first-person perspective, intentions always go along with conscious awareness (e.g., awareness of the goal being pursued and/or the action to be planned), whereas when ascribed to other persons, they may or may not be considered to imply conscious awareness. Often, when we speak of some other person entertaining an intention, we think of that intention in terms of both a functional and a phenomenal state. Yet, we may also think of others’ (or animals’) intentions in purely functional terms, that is, without any implications regarding phenomenal awareness.
Introduction
Authors: Suh Nam P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The New York Times on May 6, 1997, carried an article entitled “Researchers on Complexity Ponder What It’s All About.” The appearance of such an article in a daily newspaper indicates that the issue of complexity is moving toward center stage in science and technology. The article stated that Some of the grandest phenomena, like the coursing of comets around the sun, are marvelously predictable. But some of the most mundane, like weather, are so convoluted that they continue to elude the most diligent forecasters. They are what scientists call complex systems. Though made up of relatively simple units-like the molecules in the atmosphere-the pieces interact to yield behavior that is full of surprise[s]. We must ask: “Is the weather really convoluted and complex?” If so, why?
Complexity Theory Based on Axiomatic Design
Authors: Suh Nam P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is a treatise on the fundamental principles of the complexity theory presented in this book. The concepts and theory presented in this chapter form the foundation for the subsequent chapters. In chapters 4 through 10, the basic ideas presented in this chapter are illustrated, amplified, and applied to a variety of different problems, ranging from engineering and biology to socioeconomic-political issues.
Reduction of Complexity by Means of Geometric Functional Periodicity
Authors: Suh Nam P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The subject of this chapter is the use of geometry as the basis for creating functional periodicity. We will use geometry to transform a system with time-dependent combinatorial complexity to a system with periodic complexity. Based on this basic concept, we can reduce the complexity of the following systems that depend on geometry: The following case studies will be presented in this chapter: the use of undulated surfaces for reduction of friction, the Tribotek electric connectors, seals for long life, and a pin-joint. In chapter 5, the process of transforming a system with time-dependent combinatorial complexity to one with periodic complexity was stated as: Determine a set of functions that repeat on a periodic (or cyclic) basis. Identify the design parameter of a system that may make the system range of the FR undergo a combinatorial process.
Reduction of Complexity in Materials through Functional Periodicity
Authors: Suh Nam P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 3, it was stated that functional periodicity is a requirement for long-term stability of systems that are not at an equilibrium state and that many materials found in nature have functional periodicity as shown in table 3.1. Atomic elements follow a periodic structure as given by the periodic table of the chemical elements, crystalline materials have ordered structures, even some biological molecules have repeating structures, and biological cells divide on a periodic basis. The functional periodicity makes these natural materials stable. However, at a macrocontinuum scale, these materials have defects that may lead to unstable behavior and ultimate failure. This is an example of a system with time-dependent combinatorial complexity.
Complexity of Sociopolitical-Economic Issues
Authors: Suh Nam P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Washington, Nov. 22-A fiercely polarized House approved legislation on Saturday that would add prescription drug benefits to Medicare, after an all-night session and an extraordinary bout of Republican arm-twisting to muster a majority. The Senate opened its debate under threat of a filibuster. Within hours of the House vote, the Senate began considering the Medicare legislation, aiming toward a final vote on Monday. Republican strategists had expected passage to be easier in the Senate.
Macromechanical Behavior of Unidirectional Composites
Authors: Lee Dai Gil , Suh Nam Pyo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Composite materials can be viewed and analyzed at different levels and on different scales, depending on the particular characteristics and behavior under consideration. The discipline that investigates the behavior and interactions of materials at the atomic or molecular scale is called nanomechanics. If the scale of observation is on the order of the fiber diameter, particle size, or matrix interstices between reinforcements, we call the discipline micromechanics. It deals with the state of deformation and stress in the constituents and local failures, such as fiber and matrix failures and interface failure (debonding).
Behavior of Composite Laminated Plates and Beams
Authors: Lee Dai Gil , Suh Nam Pyo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The drastic increase in the use of composite materials in all types of engineering structures such as aircraft, spacecraft, automobiles, robots, machine tools, sports goods, underwater structures, medical prosthetic devices, electronic circuit boards, and infrastructures makes it necessary to design and analyze composite structures or structural components made from composite materials. Since many machine structures are composed of plates and beams, a clear foundation for the theory of laminated anisotropic plates and beams, including the problems of bending under transverse load, stability or buckling, and vibration is indispensable for the application of composite structures to these machines. Therefore, in this chapter, the governing differential equations of composite laminate plates are derived using the definitions of chapters 3 and 4 for a variety of loadings and boundary conditions. Plates and beams are treated under static and dynamic loads including bending, buckling, vibration, and impact loads. Shear deformation effects for the bending and buckling of composite plates are briefly discussed, which is necessary to assess the natural frequency and damping of composite structures. The vibration of beams is solved both by the analytic method and superposition method.
Transport Phenomena in Composite Materials
Authors: Lee Dai Gil , Suh Nam Pyo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea that materials can be designed to satisfy specific performance requirements is relatively new. Historically, materials were first produced by adding various alloying elements to a pool of molten materials based on phase diagrams, which were then cast and cooled at varying solidification rates to obtain desired microstructures. Next, the material was hotand cold-worked to refine the microstructure. It was then tested to determine its properties. After the properties were determined, it was made available to customers whose need matched the properties of the material. With the accumulation of materials data and advances in materials science and engineering, the process of developing new materials has become more sophisticated. However, the old paradigm of repetitive trial-and-error is still used in the field of materials development. Therefore, it may take a long time—more than a decade—to develop a new material and have it adopted by industry.
Machine Tool Structures
Authors: Lee Dai Gil , Suh Nam Pyo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The basic function of a machine tool is to produce a workpiece of the required geometric form with an acceptable surface finish and accuracy at as high a production rate as is economically possible (Lee, 1985; Lee et al., 1985; Choi and Lee, 1997). Recently, in the manufacturing field, high-precision products, as well as diversified small-quantity products have been demanded, and more advanced production technologies have constantly been developed for low production cost. Therefore, there has been a growing interest in shorter machining time with increased cutting speed (Weck and Koch, 1993). However, the increase of speed in the spindle and moving parts of machine tools for productivity improvement has also increased the self-excited vibration, noise, and heat generation of spindle bearing systems.
Ethics in Mental Health Research
Authors: DuBois James M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Research holds a key to preventing and effectively treating mental disorders, including ADHD, depression, schizophrenia, and substance abuse. Yet even as research holds out promise, mental health researchers face numerous ethical challenges. Responsible for ensuring participants are able and willing to grant consent, researchers must also constantly protect privacy and confidentiality. But for so many situations, the appropriate decisions are not so clear. An individual with cognitive deficits may have difficulty understanding a research study and granting informed consent, but nevertheless wants to participate. Many studies gather private information about medical records or illegal behaviour that could lead to emotional, social, or legal harm if shared, yet state laws and institutional review boards may require researchers to breach confidentiality in specific situations. Moreover, mental health consumers and other vulnerable research participants are frequently familiar with historical cases of abuse of human subjects, and may be mistrustful of researchers or fear exploitation. At the same time, researchers are often frustrated when they feel that advocates or institutional review boards erect barriers to research, even while failing to enhance the ethical treatment of participants. Ethical research is rarely simply about avoiding bad activities, and more frequently about how to pursue good research when multiple values and commitments conflict. Ethics in Mental Health Research explores how ethical issues arise in mental health research, and offers guidance to researchers who seek to comply with regulations while conducting research that is at once ethical and scientifically credible. Case studies used throughout illustrate a variety of situations and effective problem-solving strategies. This book is essential reading for mental health researchers, IRB members, and research advocates.
Women in Congress Do They Act as Advocates for Women’s Issues?
Authors: Swers Michele L , Larson Carin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A central question about women officeholders is whether they make a policy difference in office. Michele L. Swers and Carin Larson offer compelling evidence that female members of Congress have been more likely than men to advocate for women’s issues bills, particularly feminist bills, throughout the legislative process. It is true that the prevailing political environment, such as the Democratic-controlled 103rd Congress and the Republican-controlled 104th, affects the extent to which women demonstrate their support. In particular, women’s commitment to women’s issues is mediated by both the party in power and their position in the institution, such as their status as members of the majority or minority party and their committee positions, but changing political winds have not eradicated their commitment. Whether it is bill introduction, committee markup. floor scheduling, or floor action, women are instrumental at all stages of the process, and their energy, effort, and effectiveness is demonstrable.
Indelible Effects: The Impact of Women of Color in the U.S. Congress
Authors: Bedolla Lisa Garcia , Tate Katherine , Wong Janelle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the most important recent research in women and politics focuses on diversity among women, not just differences between women and men. Despite much discussion in the popular media about women candidates, women officeholders, and the women’s vote, large differences exist among women that are based on race, ethnicity, employment status, marital status, age, educational attainment, number of children, and more. In this chapter, Gara’a Bedolla, Tate, and Wong illuminate the experiences of women of color in the U.S. Congress. Their in-depth focus on the backgrounds and challenges of African American, Latina, and Asian American women explores both their shared experiences as women of color and the distinctiveness that each group brings to policy and politics. Perhaps most interesting, they show that women of color are more represented within their respective racial group than are white women, even though each of the four groups is significantly underrepresented in Congress itself.
Introduction
Authors: Weiss David J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
analysis of variance. The phrase sounds ominous. The word “analysis” suggests perhaps unfortunate associations with test tubes. Variance is a somewhat formal term, one whose sound is familiar from previous adventures in the world of statistics. But whether or not previous statistical experiences were painful, analysis of variance (ANOVA) can be learned. And if one postpones (perhaps indefinitely) the proofs and algebraic derivations, it can be learned relatively painlessly. ANOVA (I pronounce this acronym with the second syllable stressed) has an odd resemblance to driving; it is easier to do than to describe, and the skill is more readily acquired through practice than through an understanding of theory. This presentation presumes knowledge of basic statistics. A course in which elements of probability and hypothesis-testing logic were presented should suffice. If you have had that experience but memory has faded somewhat, a review of the Terms from Introductory Statistics (see p. 247) may be helpful. Terms included in that glossary appear in boldface type when they first occur in the text. The vocabulary of ANOVA will be further emphasized by the use of small capitals as important terms are introduced.
Using the Computer
Authors: Weiss David J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The computer is dangerously seductive for a student. The temptation is to use the machine to do the computational work, saving the conceptual components of an analysis for the human member of the team. That’s certainly not a poor general strategy, and researchers routinely follow it. I believe, though, that the manual part of the learning process is crucial, and that if one skips it, understanding will always remain at a superficial level. The machine will take on magical properties, and an analysis for which there seems to be no appropriate program will be an analysis that does not get done. Even worse, an experiment’s feasibility may be determined by the availability of a program that can analyze the data. Just as it was good for Mr. Lincoln and me to walk twenty miles in the snow to get to school, it is good for a student to do problems by hand first.
Error-Purifying Designs
Authors: Weiss David J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A repeated-measures design is one in which each of several subjects serves in more than one of the experimental conditions. In the simplest case, each subject gets all of the treatment combinations once. This new structure brings about two situations we have not encountered before. First, “subjects” comprises one of the factors in the design. Second, because there is only one score per cell, no within-cells term is available. (If each subject is in some but not all of the conditions, a repeated-measures nested design is being used—see chapter 11.) The repeated-measures design has two important advantages for the researcher. One is that the design is economical. Once an experimental participant has been prepared or trained, it is obviously efficient to get more than one score from him. With human subjects, just getting them to the laboratory can be expensive. On the other hand, sometimes it is not feasible to get multiple observations from a subject because performance in one condition may affect performance in another condition. But when lack of independence between conditions is not a problem, the repeated-measures design can dramatically reduce the effort required of the experimenter.
Ending in Ice
Authors: McCoy Roger M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An old truism holds that a scientific discovery has three stages: first, people deny it is true; then they deny it is important; finally, they credit the wrong person. Alfred Wegener’s “discovery” of continental drift went through each stage with unusual drama. In 1912, when he published his theory that the world’s continents had once come together in a single landmass before splitting apart and floating to their current positions, the world’s geologists denied and scorned it. The scientific establishment’s rejection of continental drift and plate tectonic theory is a story told often and well. Yet, there is an untold side to Wegener’s life: he and his famous father-in-law, Waldimir Koppen (climatologist whose classification of climates is still in use), became fascinated with ice ages and conducted four expeditions in the 1920s to the then--uncharted Greenland icecap to gather data about climate variations (Greenland ice-core sampling continues to this day). Ending in Ice is about Wegener’s explorations of Greenland, blending the science of ice ages and Wegener’s continental drift measurements with the story of Wegener’s fatal final expedition trying to rescue starving workers at the central Greenland ice station of Esmitte in 1930. Arctic exploration books with tragic endings have become all too common, but this book combines the relevant science--now more important than ever as sudden temperature swings become movie-worthy (“The Day After Tomorrow”)--with Wegener’s fatal adventures in Greenland.
The End of Alliances
Authors: Menon Rajan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why should the United States cling to military alliances established during the Cold War when the circumstances are now fundamentally different? In The End of Alliances Rajan Menon makes the bold claim that our alliances in Europe and Asia have become irrelevant to the challenges the United States faces today and are slowly dissolving as a result. The dissolution of our alliances will not, Menon emphasizes, culminate in isolationism. The United States will, and must, be actively involved beyond its borders, but by relying on contingent alignments and on coalitions whose membership will vary depending on the issue at hand. America, he reminds us, engaged the world in a variety of ways for more than 150 years before entering into formal military alliances after World War II. While a strategy that ceases to rely on alliances will mark a dramatic shift in American foreign policy, states routinely reassess and reorient their strategies. The United States, which studiously avoided alliances for much of its history only to embrace them during the Cold War, is no exception. The End of Alliances predicts that the coming change in American strategy will force our traditional allies to rethink their choices and create new patterns in world politics. The controversial argument advanced by Menon will provoke debate among foreign policy specialists and the general public.