bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development and characterization of simple sequence repeat markers in Zoysia japonica Steud.
Authors: Tsuruta Shin‐Ichi , Hashiguchi Masatsugu , Ebina Masumi , Matsuo Taiyo , Yamamoto Toshiya , Kobayashi Makoto , Takahara Manabu , Nakagawa Hitoshi , Akashi Ryo 
Published: September 2005

AbstractSimple sequence repeats (SSR) have several positive attributes as genetic markers when compared with other DNA‐based marker systems. Because of their successful use for genetic analysis in a number of plant species, they could be similarly useful tools for the genetic study of various Zoysia species. A genomic library enriched for the AG/TC motif was developed from Zoysia japonica cv. ‘Asagake’ and screened by using 5′‐biotin‐labeled oligonucleotides (AG20). As a result of sequencing analysis of 162 clones, a total of 119 clones were identified containing 8–35 SSR repeats. Thirty‐two primer pairs designed from these clones were evaluated for their ability to detect polymorphisms among six additional zoysiagrass cultivars. The average values of the observed heterozygosities and polymorphic information content for the individual loci were 0.57 and 0.69, respectively. These primers were successful in generating several informative cross‐amplification products in additional Zoysia species. The generation of informative SSR markers should be a valuable tool for identification, estimation of genetic diversity and construction of genetic linkage maps in Zoysia species.
SOFTENING KINETICS OF COOKED DRY BEANS AT TEMPERATURES BELOW 100C
Authors: DOLAN K.D. , STOECKLE A.W. , BECK M.E. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACT New value‐added dry bean products, such as sugar‐coated beans, require a shorter cooking time (15–30 min) and lower temperature (under 100C) than typical canned beans. Michigan bean classes navy, great white northern, small white, small red, dark red kidney, light red kidney, vine cranberry, bush cranberry, pinto and black beans were cooked at constant water temperatures of 90, 95 and 99C for 5–120 min. Isothermal rate constants for texture were estimated at each temperature for each bean class based on a modified first‐order model and an n

th

‐order model. Heat transfer coefficients were estimated using aluminum beans and lumped capacity analysis. Isothermal parameters (rate constant and activation energy) and a nonisothermal parameter (activation energy) were used to predict texture from dynamic‐temperature experiments. The first‐order model (isothermal) was accurate up to 30 min, but was not appropriate for time greater than 30 min. The n

th

‐order was considered superior to the modified first‐order model, because only three rather than four parameters needed to be estimated for similar accuracy. The nonisothermal method can save experimental time compared with the isothermal method, because additional experiments at different constant temperatures are unnecessary. A nomograph of equivalent heating time versus constant heating temperature was shown as a useful tool for process design.
DATA ANALYSIS OF PENETROMETRIC FORCE/DISPLACEMENT CURVES FOR THE CHARACTERIZATION OF   WHOLE APPLE FRUITS
Authors: CAMPS C. , GUILLERMIN P. , MAUGET J.C. , BERTRAND D. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACT The objective of the present study was to compare two chemometric approaches for characterizing the rheological properties of fruits from puncture test force/displacement curves. The first approach (parameter approach) computed six texture parameters from the curves, which were supposed to be representative of skin hardness, fruit deformation before skin rupture, flesh firmness and mechanical work needed to penetrate the fruit. The second approach (whole curve approach) used the whole digitized curve (300 data points) in further data processing. Two experimental studies were compared: first, the variability of the rheological parameters of five apple cultivars; second, the rheological variability that was characterized as a function of storage conditions. For both approaches, factorial discriminant analysis was applied to discriminate the fruits based on the measured rheological properties. The qualitative groups in factorial discriminant analysis were either the apple cultivar or the storage conditions (days and temperatures of storage). The tests were carried out using cross‐validation procedures, making it possible to compute the number of fruits correctly identified. Thus the percentage of correct identification was 92% and 87% for using the parameter and the whole curve approaches, respectively. The discrimination of storage duration was less accurate for both approaches giving about 50% correct identifications. Comparison of the percentage of correct classifications based on the whole curve and the parameter approaches showed that the six computed parameters gave a good summary of the information present in the curve. The whole curve approach showed that some additional information, not present in the six parameters, may be appropriate for a complete description of the fruit rheology.
USING VANE GEOMETRY FOR MEASURING THE TEXTURE OF STIRRED YOGURT
Authors: MARTIN FIONA L. , PARKER ALAN , HORT JOANNE , HOLLOWOOD TRACEY A. , TAYLOR ANDREW J. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACT The relationship between vane geometry measurements and sensory perceptions of stirred yogurt texture was investigated. Descriptive profiling showed that the main perceptible textural difference between six commercial stirred yogurts was thickness (both visual and in‐mouth). The yogurts were analyzed using the vane with a low constant rotation rate (generation of overshoot curves). Correlations with parameters extracted from the overshoot curves were significant for both visual and in‐mouth thickness, but were higher for visual thickness. Visual thickness correlated highest with the maximum apparent stress. The maximum stress in an overshoot curve is often quoted to be equal to the material's yield stress. This was not found to be the case as the overshoot maximum decreased when the rotation rate was lowered. The physical nature of the visual thickness test was investigated to further aid interpretation of the results.
MEALINESS DETECTION IN APPLES USING TIME RESOLVED REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY
Authors: VALERO C. , BARREIRO P. , RUIZ‐ALTISENT M. , CUBEDDU R. , PIFFERI A. , TARONI P. , TORRICELLI A. , VALENTINI G. , JOHNSON D. , DOVER C. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACT Mealiness is a textural attribute related to internal fruit disorder that is characterized by the combination of abnormal softness of the fruit and absence of free juiciness in the mouth when eaten by the consumer. Time‐resolved laser reflectance spectroscopy was used as a tool to determine mealiness. This new technique in agrofood research may provide physical and chemical information independently and simultaneously, which is relevant to characterize mealiness. Using visible and near infrared lasers as light sources, time‐resolved laser reflectance spectroscopy was applied to Golden Delicious and Cox apples (n = 90), to characterize batches of untreated samples and samples that were stored under conditions that promote the development of mealiness (20C & 95% RH). The collected database was clustered into different groups according to their instrumental test values. The optical coefficients were used as explanatory variables to build discriminant functions for mealiness. The performance of the classification models created ranged from 47 to 100% of correctly identified mealy versus nonmealy apples.
Epidemiology of injuries in English professional rugby union: part 1 match injuries
Authors: Brooks J H M , Fuller C W , Kemp S P T , Reddin D B 
Published: September 2005

Objectives:To undertake a detailed, large scale epidemiological study of match injuries sustained by professional rugby union players in order to define their incidence, nature, severity, and causes.Methods:A two season prospective design was used to study match injuries associated with 546 rugby union players at 12 English Premiership clubs. Team clinicians reported all match injuries on a weekly basis and provided details of the location, diagnosis, severity, and mechanism of each injury. Match exposures for individual players were recorded on a weekly basis. Loss of time from training and match play was used as the definition of an injury.Results:The overall incidence of injury was 91 injuries/1000 player-hours, and each injury resulted on average in 18 days lost time. Recurrences, which accounted for 18% of injuries, were significantly more severe (27 days) than new injuries (16 days). Thigh haematomas were the most common injury for forwards and backs, but anterior cruciate ligament injuries for forwards and hamstring injuries for backs caused the greatest number of days absence. Contact mechanisms accounted for 72% of injuries, but foul play was only implicated in 6% of injuries. The ruck and maul elements of the game caused most injuries to forwards, and being tackled caused most injuries to backs. The hooker and outside centre were the playing positions at greatest risk of injury.Conclusions:On average, a club will have 18% of their players unavailable for selection as a consequence of match injuries.
Strength training and detraining effects on muscular strength, anaerobic power, and mobility of inactive older men are intensity dependent
Authors: Fatouros I G , Kambas A , Katrabasas I , Nikolaidis K , Chatzinikolaou A , Leontsini D , Taxildaris K 
Published: September 2005

Background:Although strength training (ST) enhances physical function in the elderly, little is known about the effect of training intensity on training and detraining adaptations in musculoskeletal fitness.Objective:To determine the effect of exercise intensity on strength, anaerobic power, and mobility of older men subjected to a 24 week ST protocol followed by prolonged detraining.Methods:Fifty two healthy but inactive older men (mean (SD) age 71.2 (4.1) years) were assigned to a control (n  =  14), low intensity training (LIST; n  =  18; 55% 1RM), or high intensity training (HIST; n  =  20; 82% 1RM) group. They carried out a 24 week, whole body (10 exercises, two to three sets/exercise) ST programme followed by a 48 week detraining period. Upper and lower body strength, anaerobic power (Wingate testing), and mobility (timed up and go, walking, climbing stairs) were measured at baseline and immediately after training and during detraining.Results:Although low intensity training improved (p<0.05) strength (42–66%), anaerobic power (10%), and mobility (5–7%), high intensity training elicited greater (p<0.05) gains (63–91% in strength, 17–25% in anaerobic power, 9–14% in mobility). All training induced gains in the LIST group had been abolished after four to eight months of detraining, whereas in the HIST group strength and mobility gains were maintained throughout detraining. However, anaerobic power had returned to baseline levels after four months of detraining in both groups.Conclusions:Higher intensity training protocols induce greater gains in strength, anaerobic power, and whole body physical function of older men. Moreover, higher intensity training may maintain the gains for more prolonged periods after training ceases.
AN ASSESSMENT OF A METRIC SPACE DATABASE INDEX TO SUPPORT SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY
Authors: MAO RUI , XU WEIJIA , SINGH NEHA , MIRANKER DANIEL P. 
Published: September 2005

Hierarchical metric-space clustering methods have been commonly used to organize proteomes into taxonomies. Consequently, it is often anticipated that hierarchical clustering can be leveraged as a basis for scalable database index structures capable of managing the hyper-exponential growth of sequence data. M-tree is one such data structure specialized for the management of large data sets on disk. We explore the application of M-trees to the storage and retrieval of peptide sequence data. Exploiting a technique first suggested by Myers, we organize the database as records of fixed length substrings. Empirical results are promising. However, metric-space indexes are subject to "the curse of dimensionality" and the ultimate performance of an index is sensitive to the quality of the initial construction of the index. We introduce new hierarchical bulk-load algorithm that alternates between top-down and bottom-up clustering to initialize the index. Using the Yeast Proteomes, the bi-directional bulk load produces a more effective index than the existing M-tree initialization algorithms.
An Introduction to the Near–Real–Time QuikSCAT Data
Authors: Hoffman Ross N. , Leidner S. Mark 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe NASA Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) satellite carries the SeaWinds instrument, the first satellite-borne scanning radar scatterometer. QuikSCAT, which was launched on 19 June 1999, is designed to provide accurate ocean surface winds in all conditions except for moderate to heavy rain (i.e., except for vertically integrated rain rate &gt;2.0 km mm h−1, the value used to tune the SeaWinds rain flag). QuikSCAT data are invaluable in providing high-quality, high-resolution winds to detect and locate precisely significant meteorological features and to produce accurate ocean surface wind analyses. QuikSCAT has an 1800-km-wide swath. A representative swath of data in the North Atlantic at 2200 UTC 28 September 2000, which contains several interesting features, reveals some of the capabilities of QuikSCAT. Careful quality control is vital for flagging data that are affected by rain and for flagging errors during ambiguity removal. In addition, an understanding of the instrument and algorithm characteristics provides insights into the factors controlling data quality for QuikSCAT. For example data quality is reduced for low wind speeds, and for locations either close to nadir or to the swath edges. The special data characteristics of the QuikSCAT scatterometer are revealed by examining the likelihood or objective function. The objective function is equal to the sum of squared scaled differences between observed and simulated normalized reflected radar power. The authors present typical examples and discuss the associated data quality concerns for different parts of the swath, for different wind speeds, and for rain versus no rain.
An Operational System for Predicting Hurricane-Generated Wind Waves in the North Atlantic Ocean*
Authors: Chao Yung Y. , Alves Jose-Henrique G. M. , Tolman Hendrik L. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractA new wind–wave prediction model, referred to as the North Atlantic hurricane (NAH) wave model, has been developed at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) to produce forecasts of hurricane-generated waves during the Atlantic hurricane season. A detailed description of this model and a comparison of its performance against the operational western North Atlantic (WNA) wave model during Hurricanes Isidore and Lili, in 2002, are presented. The NAH and WNA models are identical in their physics and numerics. The NAH model uses a wind field obtained by blending data from NCEP’s operational Global Forecast System (GFS) with those from a higher-resolution hurricane prediction model, whereas the WNA wave model uses winds provided exclusively by the GFS. Relative biases of the order of 10% in the prediction of maximum wave heights up to 48 h in advance, indicate that the use of higher-resolution winds in the NAH model provides a successful framework for predicting extreme sea states generated by a hurricane. Consequently, the NAH model has been made operational at NCEP for use during the Atlantic hurricane season.
Operational Forecasting of Wind-Generated Waves by Hurricane Isabel at NCEP*
Authors: Tolman Hendrik L. , Alves Jose-Henrique G. M. , Chao Yung Y. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The accuracy of the operational wave models at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) for sea states generated by Hurricane Isabel is assessed. The western North Atlantic (WNA) and the North Atlantic hurricane (NAH) wave models are validated using analyzed wind fields, and wave observations from the Jason-1 altimeter and from 15 moored buoys. Both models provided excellent guidance for Isabel in the days preceding landfall of the hurricane along the east coast of the United States. However, the NAH model outperforms the WNA model in the initial stages of Isabel, when she was a category 5 hurricane. The NAH model was also more accurate in providing guidance for the swell systems arriving at the U.S. coast well before landfall of Isabel. Although major model deficiencies can be attributed to shortcomings in the driving wind fields, several areas of potential wave model improvement have been identified.
The Tropical Rainfall Potential (TRaP) Technique. Part I: Description and Examples
Authors: Kidder Stanley Q. , Knaff John A. , Kusselson Sheldon J. , Turk Michael , Ferraro Ralph R. , Kuligowski Robert J. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Inland flooding caused by heavy rainfall from landfalling tropical cyclones is a significant threat to life and property. The tropical rainfall potential (TRaP) technique, which couples satellite estimates of rain rate in tropical cyclones with track forecasts to produce a forecast of 24-h rainfall from a storm, was developed to better estimate the magnitude of this threat. This paper outlines the history of the TRaP technique, details its current algorithms, and offers examples of its use in forecasting. Part II of this paper covers verification of the technique.
The Tropical Rainfall Potential (TRaP) Technique. Part II: Validation
Authors: Ferraro Ralph , Pellegrino Paul , Turk Michael , Chen Wanchun , Qiu Shuang , Kuligowski Robert , Kusselson Sheldon , Irving Antonio , Kidder Stan , Knaff John 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Satellite analysts at the Satellite Services Division (SSD) of the National Environmental, Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS) routinely generate 24-h rainfall potential for all tropical systems that are expected to make landfall within 24 to at most 36 h and are of tropical storm or greater strength (&gt;65 km h−1). These estimates, known as the tropical rainfall potential (TRaP), are generated in an objective manner by taking instantaneous rainfall estimates from passive microwave sensors, advecting this rainfall pattern along the predicted storm track, and accumulating rainfall over the next 24 h.
In this study, the TRaPs generated by SSD during the 2002 Atlantic hurricane season have been validated using National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) stage IV hourly rainfall estimates. An objective validation package was used to generate common statistics such as correlation, bias, root-mean-square error, etc. It was found that by changing the minimum rain-rate threshold, the results could be drastically different. It was determined that a minimum threshold of 25.4 mm day−1 was appropriate for use with TRaP. By stratifying the data by different criteria, it was discovered that the TRaPs generated using Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) rain rates, with its optimal set of measurement frequencies, improved spatial resolution, and advanced retrieval algorithm, produced the best results. In addition, the best results were found for TRaPs generated for storms that were between 12 and 18 h from landfall. Since the TRaP is highly dependent on the forecast track of the storm, selected TRaPs were rerun using the observed track contained in the NOAA/Tropical Prediction Center (TPC) “best track.” Although some TRaPs were not significantly improved by using this best track, significant improvements were realized in some instances. Finally, as a benchmark for the usefulness of TRaP, comparisons were made to Eta Model 24-h precipitation forecasts as well as three climatological maximum rainfall methods. It was apparent that the satellite-based TRaP outperforms the Eta Model in virtually every statistical category, while the climatological methods produced maximum rainfall totals closer to the stage IV maximum amounts when compared with TRaP, although these methods are for storm totals while TRaP is for a 24-h period.
Further Improvements to the Statistical Hurricane Intensity Prediction Scheme (SHIPS)
Authors: DeMaria Mark , Mainelli Michelle , Shay Lynn K. , Knaff John A. , Kaplan John 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Modifications to the Atlantic and east Pacific versions of the operational Statistical Hurricane Intensity Prediction Scheme (SHIPS) for each year from 1997 to 2003 are described. Major changes include the addition of a method to account for the storm decay over land in 2000, the extension of the forecasts from 3 to 5 days in 2001, and the use of an operational global model for the evaluation of the atmospheric predictors instead of a simple dry-adiabatic model beginning in 2001.
A verification of the SHIPS operational intensity forecasts is presented. Results show that the 1997–2003 SHIPS forecasts had statistically significant skill (relative to climatology and persistence) out to 72 h in the Atlantic, and at 48 and 72 h in the east Pacific. The inclusion of the land effects reduced the intensity errors by up to 15% in the Atlantic, and up to 3% in the east Pacific, primarily for the shorter-range forecasts. The inclusion of land effects did not significantly degrade the forecasts at any time period. Results also showed that the 4–5-day forecasts that began in 2001 did not have skill in the Atlantic, but had some skill in the east Pacific.
An experimental version of SHIPS that included satellite observations was tested during the 2002 and 2003 seasons. New predictors included brightness temperature information from Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) channel 4 (10.7 μm) imagery, and oceanic heat content (OHC) estimates inferred from satellite altimetry observations. The OHC estimates were only available for the Atlantic basin. The GOES data significantly improved the east Pacific forecasts by up to 7% at 12–72 h. The combination of GOES and satellite altimetry improved the Atlantic forecasts by up to 3.5% through 72 h for those storms west of 50°W.
A Reassessment of the Percentage of Tornadic Mesocyclones
Authors: Trapp Robert J. , Stumpf Gregory J. , Manross Kevin L. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
A large set of data collected by numerous Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) units around the United States was analyzed to reassess the percentage of tornadic mesocyclones. Out of the 5322 individual mesocyclone detections that satisfied the relatively stringent WSR-88D Mesocyclone Detection Algorithm objective criteria, only 26% were associated with tornadoes. In terms of height or altitude of mesocyclone base, 15% of midaltitude mesocyclone detections were tornadic, and more than 40% of low-altitude mesocyclone detections (e.g., those with bases ≤ 1000 m above radar level) were tornadic. These results confirm that a low-altitude mesocyclone is much more likely to be associated with a tornado than is a midaltitude mesocyclone, and more generally, that the percentage of tornadic mesocyclones is indeed lower than previously thought.