bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Should the RANZCP Comment about the Political and Social Issues of the Day? The Opinions of Australian Fellows and Trainees
Authors: Rey Joseph M. , Walter Garry , Giuffrida Michael 
Published: May 2003

Objective: To establish RANZCP Fellows’ and trainees’ views about the College practice of speaking about topical sociopolitical issues. Method: A survey of Fellows and trainees residing in Australia. Results: Approximately half of both groups (1039 Fellows and 311 trainees) returned the questionnaire. The majority of Fellows who participated in the survey (64%) and trainees (76%) approve or strongly approve of the practice. A substantial minority (22%) of Fellows disapproves or disapproves strongly. The rate of disapproval for trainees is smaller (12%). Conclusions: The majority of Fellows and trainees currently approve of the College being an active participant in some societal debates.
Evaluating a GP Consultative Psychiatric Service in an Australian Metropolitan Hospital District
Authors: Emmerson Brett , Frost Aaron , Powell Jacinta , Ward Warren , Barnes Mark , Frank Rowena 
Published: May 2003

Objective: The aim was to develop a psychiatric assessment and advisory service for local general practitioners (GPs). Method: In July 2001, five full-time psychiatrists at Royal Brisbane Hospital each dedicated a 1-h appointment per week in their hospital private practice clinic to assess patients referred by local GPs. The ‘Psych Opinion’ clinic was advertised through the Division of General Practice Newsletter. After 12 months, the referrals to the clinic had been disappointing so two surveys were carried out: one to the GPs who had used the service and the other to those who had not referred. Results: Feedback from the GPs who had used the service showed a high level of satisfaction with the service. The second survey of the GPs who had not referred showed a strong endorsement of the concept but there was poor awareness of the service's existence. Conclusions: This model offers a way for public sector psychiatrists to provide timely assessments to local GPs without additional funding. There is strong support and willingness from the GPs to refer. However, the need to actively market the service both initially and on an ongoing basis is highlighted.
Faith and Hope
Authors: Clarke David 
Published: May 2003

Objective: The words ‘faith’ and ‘hope’ are generally associated with religious discourse, yet they are fundamental human concepts. In the present paper the phenomena of faith and hope and their place in the discourse of psychiatry are explored. Conclusions: The concepts of faith and hope are not explicit in the language of psychiatry. It is suggested that this is a result of the cultural gap that exists between psychiatrists and the Australian community, assisted by a clinical approach that seeks to avoid exploration of the difficult experiences of helplessness and hopelessness. Hope and faith are multilayered phenomena involving a belief about things of which we are uncertain accompanied by an expectancy and/or conviction. Many things in life are uncertain. However, the ‘reasonableness’ of a belief is an important judgement that psychiatrists make. Hopefulness (genuine hope as compared to false hope) and optimism are associated with positive health outcomes. Hopelessness is associated with poor outcomes. Psychiatrists need to be able to explore issues of hope and faith with patients at times of life crises in order to facilitate adjustment. This can be an important part of the treatment of a depressed or demoralized person.
Trainee Perceptions of Teaching of Different Psychotherapies
Authors: Foulkes Paul 
Published: May 2003

Objective: To investigate the perceptions of senior psychiatric trainees regarding the extent and satisfaction of the teaching during psychiatric training of five different psychotherapies, namely cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), dynamic therapy, family therapy, group therapy and supportive therapy. Method: A 60-item questionnaire was completed by 95 senior psychiatric trainees in Australia and New Zealand. This questionnaire used Likert scales to examine the degree of satisfaction in the quality of teaching received in the five psychotherapies. The teaching mostly consisted of seminars and supervision. Qualitative responses were also sought regarding the experience of teaching and suggestions for improvement. Results: Satisfaction rates in the quality of teaching varied from 7 to 41% and in the extent of teaching ranged from 4 to 20%. Trainees wished for more training in CBT, group, family and supportive therapies, practical seminars, and better supervision. Conclusions: Psychiatric trainees view the extent and quality of teaching in the psychotherapies as being deficient. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Place of Structured Psychotherapies in Clinical Practice
Authors: Robertson Michael 
Published: May 2003

Objective: To critically evaluate the place of structured psychotherapies in contemporary psychiatric practice. Conclusions: Structured psychotherapies are a valuable intervention in psychiatrists’ management of mental illness and psychological distress. They enjoy the support of a solid evidence base of efficacy, although the information provided by empirical research is misleading if not balanced with the wisdom of clinical experience. These treatments do not represent a cost-effective alternative to longer-term therapies. In the hands of experienced clinicians, structured psychotherapies can be highly effective in a variety of practice settings and help to deliver quality mental health care along the bio-psycho-social model.
Effect of prey quantity and temperature on nest demography of social wasps
Authors: Nadeau H. , Stamp N. 
Published: May 2003

Abstract. 1. To determine the effect of prey quantity and temperature on nest demography of social wasps (Polistes fuscatus), field experiments were conducted, in which wasps were provided with a low quantity of caterpillars (approximately nest subsistence level) or high quantity (three times as much). In addition, in the third year, the nest boxes were modified to be relatively cool (white and insulated) or warm (black).2. In 1997 and 1998, high‐food nests had a high proportion of cells containing developing offspring, produced more offspring, and had disproportionately more female offspring compared with low‐food nests.3. In 1999, the cool and warm nest boxes exhibited a daily average difference of 1.3 °C and a maximum difference of 6.9 °C. The warm high‐food nests produced more offspring than any other treatment. The cool high‐food nests produced similar numbers of offspring as the cool low‐food and warm low‐food treatments.4. As indicated by a surplus of uncapped cells, foundresses of low‐food nests, which would have had the egg‐laying potential to produce many offspring, apparently sacrificed eggs to provide a food supplement for the developing offspring. This pattern plus more time observed foraging suggests considerable expenditure of energy by foundresses, in response to the low supply of food.5. Importantly, these results indicate that an interactive effect of prey quantity and temperature on offspring production occurred, which may reflect the different effects on developmental rate and growth rate at cool versus warm nest temperatures.
Early manifestation and recognition of C2 complement deficiency in the form of pyogenic infection in infancy
Authors: Litzman J , Freiberger T , Barton̆ková D , Vlková M , Thon V , Lokaj J 
Published: May 2003

Objective:  Although frequently asymptomatic, C2 complement component deficiency may lead to severe pyogenic infections or lupus‐like illness. In the present report, we describe infectious manifestations in infancy and childhood in our C2‐deficient patients.Method:  A retrospective study of clinical manifestation in three patients was carried out. C2 deficiency was proved both by undetectable serum C2 level and typical homozygous 28 bp deletion of the C2 gene.Results:  All patients were hospitalized at least once by the age of 12 months, each had one episode of meningitis in infancy, one also had arthritis with septicaemia. Infections of the respiratory tract were the causes of other hospitalizations. Two patients also suffered from frequent mild respiratory tract infections; in both patients, decreased immunoglobulin IgA and immunoglobulin IgG2 or immunoglobulin IgG3 levels were recorded.Conclusion:  Our observations point to an early manifestation of C2 deficiency within the first year of life, with meningitis as the most severe complication. The severity of immunodeficiency may be influenced by concomitant deficiencies of immunoglobulin isotypes.
Parents’ descriptions of development and problems associated with infants with Turner syndrome: A retrospective study
Authors: Starke M , Albertsson Wikland K , Möller A 
Published: May 2003

Objective:  To describe parents’ experiences of having an infant diagnosed with Turner syndrome and to determine whether receiving the diagnosis influenced the parents’ perceptions of their child's development and/or problems during infancy. In addition, we set out to determine whether the late development of the infant and the perceived problems were related to genotype.Methods:  In this retrospective study, 54 parents (39 mothers and 15 fathers) from different families, each containing a girl with Turner syndrome, were interviewed in order to describe the development, feeding and overall well‐being of their daughter during infancy (defined as being before the age of 2 years).Results:  Late development was reported to occur in the areas of motor activity (39%), fine motor control (59%), speech (37%) and language (37%). Feeding problems were frequent (74%) and screaming periods occurred in 41%. No differences were found between the responses of the parents whose children were diagnosed before 2 years of age and the responses of those whose children were diagnosed after 2 years of age. No differences were found concerning development and/or problems between the genotypes.Conclusions:  Parents reported delayed development and problems to do with feeding and crying during infancy. These problems had an effect on their everyday life and that of their families, especially the problems relating to feeding. Parents reported that support and advice would have been of significant benefit in coping with the feeding difficulties. Parents were particularly concerned that the personnel at well‐baby clinics should be more knowledgeable about the difficulties that can occur in families with an infant with Turner syndrome.
Unethical practices in authorship of scientific papers
Authors: Bennett Dianne M , Taylor David McD 
Published: May 2003

AbstractOver the past few decades, there has been an increase in the number of multi‐author papers within scientific journals. This increase, in combination with the pressure to publish within academia, has precipitated various unethical authorship practices within biomedical research. These include dilution of authorship responsibility, ‘guest’, ‘pressured’ and ‘ghost’ authorship, and obfuscation of authorship credit within by‐lines. Other authorship irregularities include divided and duplicate publication. This article discusses these problems and why the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors guidelines are failing to control them.
Reduced access block causes shorter emergency department waiting times: An historical control observational study
Authors: Dunn Robert 
Published: May 2003

AbstractObjective:To study the effect of changes in hospital occupancy and ED occupancy on ED waiting times during a 13‐day period of improved bed access.Methods:A comparative, observational study of 1133 ED attendances in the study period and 2332 attendances in a historical control period.Results:During the study period, mean hospital occupancy decreased from 94.9% to 89.0% (P < 0.001), mean ED occupancy decreased from 19.1 to 14.8 patients (P < 0.001) and the mean ED waiting time decreased from 58.5 to 37.1 min (P < 0.001). There were statistically significant reductions in waiting times for patients in Australasian triage scale (ATS) categories 2–5. Departmental staffing levels, attendances and patient acuity were not significantly different during the study and control periods.Conclusions:Modest decreases in hospital occupancy resulted in highly significant reductions in ED waiting times. Emergency department overcrowding due to large numbers of admitted patients awaiting hospital admission is a major cause of ED dysfunction.
Implications for urgent transfusion of uncrossmatched blood in the emergency department: The prevalence of clinically significant red cell antibodies within different patient groups
Authors: Saverimuttu Josobel , Greenfield Tony , Rotenko Irene , Crozier John , Jalaludin Bin , Harvey Michael 
Published: May 2003

AbstractObjective: To define the prevalence of alloantibodies as a factor of age and underlying clinical disease, with particular relevance to the prediction of the safety of uncrossmatched blood in different demographic groups.Methods: A retrospective review was conducted of all immunohaematological studies on blood samples submitted to the blood bank of a tertiary referral hospital between January 1998 and December 1999.Results: A total of 27 968 antibody screens in 15 966 patients were analysed. When only clinically significant antibodies were considered, the total alloimmunization prevalence was 1.9% and the prevalence of antibodies capable of causing an immediate transfusion reaction was 0.6%. The prevalence of antibodies capable of causing an immediate transfusion reaction was 0.1% in the under 30 years of age group. Clinically significant antibodies were found in 5.1% in the haematology and oncology unit patients. The risk rises with age and female sex.Conclusion: We conclude that uncrossmatched blood is associated with low risk in patients < 30 years of age. The knowledge that patients have not been exposed to previous transfusion or pregnancy will reduce the risk even further.
A qualitative evaluation of the ‘Trailblazers’ teaching the teachers programme in mental health
Authors: Brown Celia A. , Wakefield Sarah E. , Bullock Alison D. , Field Steve J. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThis article aims to provide an evaluation of the ‘Trailblazers’ programme, and seeks to identify the factors affecting the impact of the programme. ‘Trailblazers’ is a learner‐centred ‘Teaching the Teachers’ programme in primary care mental health. In the first programme to be run in the West Midlands, seven pairs of participants attended three residential modules and developed an action plan that was cascaded to local colleagues. A primarily qualitative investigation, exploring the experiences of the first cohort of 14 Trailblazers in the West Midlands, demonstrated that the modules were well received and over 200 other professionals benefited from education sessions delivered by the participants. Most delegates were keen to be involved in future programmes and regional policy‐making. The Trailblazers programme demonstrated short‐term effectiveness in terms of participant reaction, knowledge and changes in professional practice.
Clinical learning environments: an evaluation of an innovative role to support preregistration nursing placements
Authors: Clarke Charlotte L. , Gibb Catherine E. , Ramprogus Vince 
Published: May 2003

AbstractContemporary nurse education places a high value on learning in the clinical environment. Combined with increasing numbers of students there are unprecedented demands on clinical areas and staff. One response to this problem has been the development of the practice placement facilitator (PPF) role. This study aimed to evaluate, over 12 months, the impact of the PPF role on the provision of practice placements, student support during placement and professional development needs of staff as clinical supervisors/assessors. The evaluation focused on three areas: capacity to accommodate students; quality of placements in relation to the role of the PPF; and the evolution of the role of the PPF. Data‐collection methods included interviews, focus groups, questionnaires and secondary data analysis. The findings of the study demonstrated that: many different groups of learners are present in clinical environments; students need to have continuity of support; clinical staff derive benefits from an enhanced understanding of the needs of learners through the work of the PPF; and that if the role and function of the PPF post is unclear and/or poorly maintained there will be detrimental effects.
Do Italian Mothers Prefer Cesarean Delivery?
Authors: Donati Serena , Grandolfo Michele E. , Andreozzi Silvia 
Published: May 2003

ABSTRACT: Background: In Italy the proportion of births by cesarean section rose from 11.2 percent in 1980 to 27.9 percent in 1996 and 33.2 percent in 2000. The aim of this study was to identify factors, other than medical and obstetrical risk, that may influence the method of delivery and to analyze mother's preference for vaginal versus cesarean delivery among women after the birth of their first baby in university hospitals in Italy.Methods: Primiparous women were selected from 100 consecutive deliveries in 23 university hospitals in 1999. To determine antenatal, delivery, and postnatal history, and women's preference for method of delivery, trained health personnel interviewed 1986 women.Results: Of the 1986 women who were interviewed (response rate 95%), 1023 primiparas comprised the study sample. The cesarean section rate was 36 percent. Ninety‐one percent of the women who delivered spontaneously and 73 percent of those who underwent a cesarean section would have preferred a vaginal delivery.Conclusions: Most of the interviewed women in this study preferred, or were satisfied with, vaginal birth. (BIRTH 30:2 June 2003)
Taking Antenatal Group B Streptococcus Seriously: Women's Experiences of Screening and Perceptions of Risk
Authors: Darbyshire Philip , Collins Carmel , McDonald Helen M. , Hiller Janet E. 
Published: May 2003

ABSTRACT: Background: Early‐onset group B streptococcal disease is a serious cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Although screening protocols for group B streptococcus are common, little is known of women's perceptions of this screening and the disease itself. The purpose of this study was to gain an understanding of women's experiences, knowledge, and perceptions about this bacteria and its screening.Methods: Nine focus group interviews with 35 women explored their experiences and understanding of group B streptococcus screening. Transcribed interview data were interpreted to identify and articulate the women's experiences.Results: Most women had little knowledge or understanding of group B streptococcus, obtaining their information largely from the stories or experiences of friends or family. Women struggled to understand the meaning and implications, both physical and ‘‘moral,’’ of the disease for their baby and for themselves, clearly indicating both the subjective and statistical importance of the concept of risk for pregnant women.Conclusions: Group B streptococcus continues to be poorly understood by pregnant women who try to understand and weigh up its risks and implications so as to make the best decisions about screening. The women participated in screening ultimately, however, since it was seen to be patently ‘‘best for baby,’’ relatively easy for them to undergo, and part of routine antenatal care. (BIRTH 30:2 June 2003)
Role of the Human Cytomegalovirus Major Immediate-Early Promoter's 19-Base-Pair-Repeat Cyclic AMP-Response Element in Acutely Infected Cells
Authors: Keller M. J. , Wheeler D. G. , Cooper E. , Meier J. L. 
Published: May 2003

ABSTRACT
Prior studies have suggested a role of the five copies of the 19-bp-repeat cyclic AMP (cAMP)-response element (CRE) in major immediate-early (MIE) promoter activation, the rate-limiting step in human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) replication. We used two different HCMV genome modification strategies to test this hypothesis in acutely infected cells. We report the following: (i) the CREs do not govern basal levels of MIE promoter activity at a high or low multiplicity of infection (MOI) in human foreskin fibroblast (HFF)- or NTera2-derived neuronal cells; (ii) serum and virion components markedly increase MIE promoter-dependent transcription at a low multiplicity of infection (MOI), but this increase is not mediated by the CREs; (iii) forskolin stimulation of the cAMP signaling pathway induces a two- to threefold increase in MIE RNA levels in a CRE-specific manner at a low MOI in both HFF- and NTera2-derived neuronal cells; and (iv) the CREs do not regulate basal levels of HCMV DNA replication at a high or low MOI in HFF. Their presence does impart a forskolin-induced increase in viral DNA replication at a low MOI but only when basal levels of MIE promoter activity are experimentally diminished. In conclusion, the 19-bp-repeat CREs add to the robust MIE promoter activity that occurs in the acutely infected stimulated cells, although the CREs' greater role may be in other settings.
Lectin-Mediated Retention of p62 Facilitates p62-E1 Heterodimerization in Endoplasmic Reticulum of Semliki Forest Virus-Infected Cells
Authors: Andersson Helena , Garoff Henrik 
Published: May 2003

ABSTRACT

The Semliki Forest virus (SFV) spike subunits p62 and E1 are made from a common coding unit in the order p62-E1. The proteins are separated by the host signal peptidase upon translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Shortly thereafter, p62 and E1 form heterodimers. Heterodimerization preferentially occurs between subunits derived from the same translation product, so-called
cis
heterodimerization. As the p62 protein has the capacity to leave the ER in the absence of E1, it has been postulated that there exists a retention mechanism for the p62 protein, putatively at or near the translocon, in the ER in order to promote
cis
heterodimerization (B. U. Barth and H. Garoff, J. Virol.
71:
7857-7865, 1997). Here we show that there exists such a mechanism, that it is at least in part mediated by the ER chaperones calnexin and calreticulin, and that the retention is important for efficient
cis
heterodimerization.
Specific Inhibition of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Replicase
Authors: Sun Jin-Hua , Lemm Julie A. , O'Boyle Donald R. , Racela Jason , Colonno Richard , Gao Min 
Published: May 2003

ABSTRACT
Compound-1453 was identified and characterized as a specific inhibitor of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). The concentration of compound-1453 which results in 50% protection from virus-induced cytopathic effect is ∼2.2 μM, with a therapeutic index of 60, and it is not active against a panel of RNA and DNA viruses. A time-of-addition experiment suggested that compound-1453 targets a stage of the viral life cycle after viral entry. To determine the target of compound-1453, resistant virus was generated. Resistant variants grew efficiently in the presence or absence of 33 μM compound-1453 and exhibited replication efficiency in the presence of compound-1453 approximately 1,000-fold higher than that of the wild-type (wt) virus. Functional mapping and sequence analysis of resistant cDNAs revealed a single amino acid substitution (Glu to Gly) at residue 291 in the NS5B polymerase in all eight independently generated cDNA clones. Recombinant virus containing this single mutation retained the resistance phenotype and a replication efficiency similar to that of the original isolated resistant virus. Since compound-1453 did not inhibit BVDV polymerase activity in vitro (50% inhibitory concentration > 300 μM), we developed a membrane-based assay that consisted of a BVDV RNA replicase complex isolated from virus-infected cells. Compound-1453 inhibited the activity of the wt, but not the drug-resistant, replicase in the membrane assay at concentrations similar to those observed in the viral infection assay. This work presents a novel inhibitor of a viral RNA-dependent RNA replicase.