bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Security Council And The Administration Of War-Torn And Contested Territories
Authors: Caplan Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The end of the Cold War has witnessed the re-emergence of international territorial administration as an instrument of conflict management. In a manner reminiscent of such bygone institutions as the International Control Commission for Albania (1913–14) and the League of Nations administrations of the Saar Basin (1920–35), the Free City of Danzig (1920–39) and the Colombian town and district of Leticia (1933–4), international organizations have assumed extensive administrative control over wartorn and contested territories during the past fifteen years.
Introduction
Authors: Hale Mark , Reiss Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chomsky, inspired by Russell, often makes reference to Plato ‘s Problem, roughly: “How is it that we come to know so much (as humans) given the limited and unstructured nature of experience?” In this book we are concerned instead with what we dub Socrates ‘ Problem, in recognition of our own uncertainty about the most fundamental issues in phonology: “How is it that we are sure of so little (as scientists), given the fact that we spend so much time (and, unlike Socrates, make so much money) trying to figure things out?” Socrates was considered wise precisely because he recognized the extent of his ignorance. In emulation of Socrates, we will perhaps mistakenly (in the opinion of some, clearly so) adopt the position that we are not alone in the unfathomable depths of ignorance, and that the field as a whole can only benefit from the re-examination of fundamental issues that we invite the reader to undertake with us.
Isolability and idealization
Authors: Hale Mark , Reiss Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before proceeding to the remaining issues to be treated in this book, it will be useful to establish some terminological and conceptual clarity regarding the range of phenomena for which the theory of phonology we are attempting to construct is going to be responsible. We hope to have shown in the last chapter how a failure to address fundamental questions in this domain has led to a great deal of confusion respecting the nature of first language acquisition. In this chapter we extend that discussion to the domain of “adult” phonology (a.k.a. “phonology”). As in the case of any attempt to comprehend some aspect of the world scientifically, a primary diﬃculty arises in deciding which of the myriad apparent facts which can be established by an examination of the world should actually be construed as relevant to the task at hand. The challenges which confront one in pursuit of this task lead, understandably, to a high likelihood that scholars will differ in their resolution of the definitional problems which arise. In this chapter we survey some approaches to the “grammar” which differ from our own, in the hopes thata contrastive sketch ofa variety of positions will make it clear to the reader where exactly we stand on these matters.
Introduction
Authors: Kahn Charles H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The papers reprinted here, published over a stretch of forty years, reflect my continuing concern with two distinct but intimately related problems, one linguistic and one historical and philosophical. The linguistic problem concerns the theory of the Greek verb to be: how to replace the conventional but misleading distinction between copula and existential verb with a more adequate theoretical account. The philosophical problem is in principle quite distinct: to understand how the concept of Being became the central topic in Greek philosophy from Parmenides to Aristotle.
On the Terminology for Copula and Existence
Authors: Kahn Charles H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dear Richard, Here is my birthday offering: a note on two problems in the history of philosophical terminology, one of which we have often discussed. Since the history of both terms involves Islamic philosophy as well as the ancient and medieval material considered here, the Arabic texts will have to be discussed for any complete study of either problem. What I offer here is something more modest, only a preliminary gathering of data for the history of the terms copula and existence together with some remarks on the decisive contribution of Abelard to the classical theory of the copula.
Why Existence Does Not Emerge as a Distinct Concept in Greek Philosophy*
Authors: Kahn Charles H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the extended discussion of the concept (or concepts) of Being in Greek philosophy from Parmenides to Aristotle, the theme of existence does not figure as a distinct topic for philosophical reflection. My aim here is to defend and illustrate this claim, and at the same time to suggest some of the reasons why it is that the concept of existence does not get singled out as a topic in its own right. Finally, I shall raise in a tentative way the question whether or not the neglect of this topic was necessarily a philosophical disadvantage.
The Manambu Language of East Sepik, Papua New Guinea
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y , Ala Jacklyn Yuamali , Agnes Pauline , Laki Yuaneng Luma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book presents the first comprehensive description of the Manambu language of Papua New Guinea. Manambu belongs to the Ndu language family, and is spoken by about 2,500 people in five villages: Avatip, Yawabak, Malu, Apa:n, and Yambon (Yuanab) in East Sepik Province, Ambunti district. About 200-400 speakers live in the cities of Port Moresby, Wewak, Lae, and Madang; and a few live in Kokopo and Mount Hagen. The book is based entirely on the author’s fieldwork. After an introductory account of the language and its speakers, Professor Aikhenvald devotes chapters to phonology, grammatical relations, word classes, gender, semantics, number, case, possession, derivation and compounding, pronouns, morphology, verbs, mood and modality, negation, clauses, pragmatics, discourse, semantics, the lexicon, current directions of change, and genetic relationship to other languages. The description is presented in a clear style in a framework that will be comprehensible to all linguists and linguistic anthropologists.
Phonology
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y , Ala Jacklyn Yuamali , Agnes Pauline , Laki Yuaneng Luma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Manambu is more complex in its phonology than most other Ndu languages. It has a large inventory of phonemes (twenty-one consonants and nine vowels), contrastive stress, and an array of phonological processes. Most loans are assimilated to the Manambu phonology. Morphophonological processes relevant for nouns are discussed in §4.1.1, and those relevant for verbs in §11.3. Examples throughout the grammar are given in their phonological representation. The phonological sequences y@ and w@ are rendered as yi and wu, to reflect their most frequent surface realization.
Gender Marking, Semantics, and Agreement
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y , Ala Jacklyn Yuamali , Agnes Pauline , Laki Yuaneng Luma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Manambu is among the few languages of the world where the gender assignment involves animacy and sex, and also correlates with the shape and size of the referent. ‘Shape-based’ gender assignment appears to be an areal feature of the Sepik area (a somewhat similar system has been described for Alamblak by Bruce 1984; also see Aikhenvald 2000: 276–8 for a discussion of Manambu in a typological perspective). Manambu gender is, by and large, ‘covert’: that is, it is not marked on the noun itself. Two genders, masculine and feminine, are distinguished in singular. They are realized through agreement within a noun phrase and on the predicate.
Directionals and Valency-Changing Devices
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y , Ala Jacklyn Yuamali , Agnes Pauline , Laki Yuaneng Luma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Manambu verbs fall into four categories depending on which directional markers they take, if any. We distinguish four classes of verbs, two closed and two open. The forms and the meanings of the inherently directional verbs, the directional markers with intrinsically directional verbs, and bound directional forms with optionally directional verbs (I–III below) are given in Table 16.1. This table also contains directional forms used with demonstratives (see Table 10.5, which includes some verbal directionals). An etymological connection between the roots of inherently directional verbs, the directional suffixes on intrinsically directional verbs, and bound directionals is apparent. The shared morphemes are in bold. Table 16.2 features the directional suffixes used with intrinsically directional verbs.
Clause Linking and Dependent Clauses
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y , Ala Jacklyn Yuamali , Agnes Pauline , Laki Yuaneng Luma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Clause linking in Manambu is achieved using a variety of means. The major strategy is ‘clause chaining’ via medial dependent clauses which in most cases involves switch-reference marking. Other clause-linking devices are considered in Chapter 19. Further issues of semantics of clause linking are addressed in Aikhenvald (forthcoming g). Neither dependent medial clauses nor dependent clauses of any other sort can be considered core arguments, or complements, of the main clause. They are akin to peripheral arguments in that they provide temporal, conditional, locative, and manner specification to the main clause. That is, they cannot be considered embedded clauses in the way complement clauses would be. Their further affinity with peripheral arguments is corroborated by the fact that their marking may involve one case and the suffix ‘like’ also used on nouns and noun phrases (§19.3).
Other Dependent Clauses and Further Features of Clause Linking
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y , Ala Jacklyn Yuamali , Agnes Pauline , Laki Yuaneng Luma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We will now discuss clause-linking devices other than clause chaining via medial dependent clauses (see Aikhenvald forthcoming g, on their semantics). These include: juxtaposition of a dependent clause and a main clause (§19.1); relative clauses (§19.2); clause linking via a case marker ‘instead’ and a suffix ‘like’ (§19.3); purposive and desiderative clauses (§19.4); speech reports (§19.5); clause linking involving connectives (§19.6); and juxtaposition of main clauses (§19.7). Manambu does not have complement clauses as a type on their own. Some types of medial dependent clauses, juxtaposed clauses, purposives, desideratives, speech reports, and nominalizations can be used as complementation strategies—see §19.8. Dependent clauses can be used as main clauses. This phenomenon, known as desubordination, is addressed in §19.9, together with grammaticalization and reinterpretation of ‘medial’ verbal forms.
Falling Back Together in the 1980s: The Continuing Voyage of the Mary Rose
Authors: Wright Patrick , Krauze Andrzej 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Poor old Mary Rose has had quite a bit to contend with these last five centuries. When she went down, on a sparkling summer’s morning in 1545, she was the jewel in the crown of Henry VIII’s Navy. But her 91 guns were no match for the ruthless onslaught of the murderous currents that flow beneath the Solent. A deep scourpit was eroded on the port side of the hull. The currents then relentlessly shrouded her in a thick layer of silt. By the early eighteenth century a hard layer of shelly clay had sealed the once proud warship in her watery grave. On October 11th 1982, a salvage operation on a scale never before attempted brought the forlorn remains of the Mary Rose to the surface.
From Markers To Mechanisms: Using Psychophysiological Measures To Elucidate Basic Processes Underlying Aggressive Externalizing Behaviour
Authors: Patrick Christopher J , Bernat Edward M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The brain is the essential common pathway through which heredity and experience operate to shape core psychological processes that determine behaviour. Understanding the behaviour of persistently violent individuals thus requires consideration of phenomena at varying levels of analysis: genes and environments; nervous system anatomy and physiology; neural representations and networks; perceptual, cognitive, and affective functions; and overt action and its regulation. Psychophysiological approaches to the study of aggression fill a crucial niche in this analytic hierarchy by providing information about brain and bodily responses associated with ongoing psychological and behavioural processes in time. The aim of this chapter is to provide a framework for thinking about findings from existing published studies of this kind, and to highlight in particular the unique contribution that advanced electrocortical (EEG/ERP) measurement techniques can make to our understanding of neuropsychological processing dynamics underlying impulsive aggressive behaviour.
Introduction: perspectives on the evolution of language in Africa
Authors: Knight Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Africa was the cradle of language, mind, and culture. Until recently, the evidence for this remained little known. The prevailing ‘‘human revolution’’ theory saw modern language and cognition emerging suddenly and nearly simultaneously throughout the Old World some 40 to 50 thousand years ago. This ‘‘Great Leap Forward’’ for humanity (Diamond 1992) was depicted as a cognitive transition based on a neural mutation yielding syntax and hence true language (Klein 1995, 2000; Tattersall 1995). When modern Homo sapiens evolved in Africa some 200,000–150,000 years ago, according to this theory, our ancestors were modern only ‘‘anatomically’’; mentally and behaviorally, they remained archaic. Only when such humans began migrating out of Africa—triggering the Middle-to-Upper Paleolithic transition in Europe—did the ‘‘leap’’ to cognitive and behavioral modernity occur.
The ideal of my heart
Authors: Larson Frances 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 25 June 1901 Henry Wellcome married Syrie Barnardo, daughter of Dr Thomas Barnardo, the great Victorian philanthropist and founder of the Barnardo homes for disadvantaged children. News of the marriage delighted Wellcome’s friends, but most expressed their surprise at his decision to marry after so many years alone. Wellcome was two months shy of his 48th birthday when he wed; his new wife was just two weeks short of her 22nd. They had known each other for four years, during which time Wellcome had become friends with Syrie’s father, but nonetheless, their courtship was short and their marriage rushed. Many of Wellcome’s friends had never met his future wife when they found themselves writing congratulatory letters at the news of their engagement. Only a few days later the same friends were reading announcements of the Wellcomes’ small, family wedding at St. Mark’s Church, Surbiton, in their morning papers.
Excuse me Mr Treve
Authors: Larson Frances 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 26 January 1899, Thompson attended a sale at the prestigious auction rooms of Sotheby’s in Covent Garden. It was one of the first auction sales he attended as Wellcome’s agent. He was armed with a list of early medical manuscripts to bid for, and the price limits that Wellcome had agreed for each lot. His visit was a success and he managed to buy nearly everything Wellcome wanted. The only item he missed was a fifteenth-century manuscript, which was bought by the son of a well-known book dealer whom Thompson recognized at the sale. In a calculated act of revenge, once bidding had exceeded the £5 Thompson was willing to spend on the manuscript he continued to bid, driving the price upwards, merely for the satisfaction of knowing that Mr Quaritch would have to pay more for his prize. Thompson’s presence at the sale had caused a stir among London’s established book dealers, particularly as he had successfully outbid them a number of times during the sale, ‘much to their annoyance’. As he was a relatively new player on the London auction circuit, no one recognized Thompson, but the considerable amount of money he was spending was enough to convince Sotheby’s regular clientele that they needed to find out who he was.
The finest historical medical museum in the world
Authors: Larson Frances 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Wellcome Historical Medical Exhibition—later Museum—opened in the summer of 1913. Wellcome, who had already postponed the opening for eight years, later said that he had not meant to open his Exhibition for a further ten years, but various ‘eminent medical men insisted’ that he make his collections ‘the centre’ of the historical section of the International Medical Congress that year. Wellcome’s claim that he had been persuaded to exhibit only by his peers was not entirely true: Thompson had suggested synchronizing the Exhibition with the Congress, and had been lobbying the organizers for their support since early 1910. Wellcome liked to think his collection had been propelled into the limelight, against his better instincts, by the medical establishment, because it was the medical establishment that he wanted to impress with his efforts as a collector. The International Medical Congress was held every four years and had not visited London since 1881. In 1913 it attracted around 5,000 delegates from twenty-eight countries, ‘the most remarkable gathering of the world’s doctors that has ever assembled’.
This is the History of Medicine
Authors: Larson Frances 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wellcome insisted that his Museum was for research, but very little research went on there. He spoke of his aim to create a museum ‘as an institution for post-graduate study’, with workrooms and laboratories and lecture halls, but he never opened its doors to the researchers that could bring such a place to life. The Historical Medical Museum was nominally part of the Wellcome Bureau of Scientific Research, which had been established in 1914 as an umbrella organization for the Wellcome Research Laboratories and the Museum of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. The latter was a specialized teaching collection established in London that year in the wake of Wellcome’s successful research programme in Sudan. The Museum of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene was part of the Bureau, both physically and administratively, and was used by army officers, missionaries, and educationalists preparing to work abroad. But the Wigmore Street museum remained independent and selfcontained, and no formal teaching programme was developed there. Moreover, publishing was discouraged, staff were not allowed to discuss Wellcome’s historical collections with anyone outside the institution, and only a few papers were given at conferences. Thompson had drafted one or two booklets each year between 1905 and 1914, but they were designed primarily as promotional literature for the firm and were published anonymously under the Burroughs Wellcome name. After the First World War, these dried up.
Why do the Laws Explain Why?
Authors: Lange Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What exactly is this criterion, that laws must explain the phenomena? ... What makes laws so well suited to secure us this good? When laws give us ‘satisfying’ explanations, in what does this warm feeling of satisfaction consist? There are indeed philosophical accounts of explanation, and some mention laws very prominently; but they disagree with one another, and in any case I have not found that they go very far toward answering these questions.
The Petrine Era and After 1689–1740
Authors: Alexander John T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Peter I is associated with many ‘firsts’ in Russian history. He was the first legitimate Muscovite ruler to have that name in Russian and European languages (Piter in Dutch), the first to use a Roman numeral after his name, the first to travel incessantly by land and water and to venture abroad, the first to be titled emperor and ‘the Great, Most Wise Father of the Father-land’, the first to inspire radical change in diverse spheres of activity, the first to found urban sites sharing his name, the first to be buried in St Petersburg, and the first to imprint his name on an entire era encompassing the birth of modern Russia in an expanded, European context.
Revolutionary Russia 1890–1914
Authors: Zelnik Reginald E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any analysis of imperial Russia at the end of the nineteenth century and beginning of the twentieth must include the obvious but essential reminder that Russia was still an autocracy (samo- derzhavie). This was not simply a garden-variety old regime, with a divinely anointed absolute monarch at the top and a system of legally defined social estates (sosloviia= Stände), headed by the nobility defining its social hierarchy. It was also an old regime whose sovereigns, even the most ‘liberal’ (Alexander II), self-consciously resisted the dilution of their sovereign power, the delegation of that power to intermediary institutions, and its limitation by any constitutional mechanism.
Russia in War and Revolution 1914–1921
Authors: Orlovsky Daniel T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The years separating the outbreak of war in 1914 and the announcement of the ‘New Economic Policy’ in 1921 form a critical watershed in modern Russian history. The revolutions of 1917, while not an unbridgeable caesura, fundamentally transformed the polity and social order. This era also had a profound impact on the ‘bourgeois’ West, which in the coming decades had to contend with the spectre of a socialist Prometheus in the East.
In a memorandum of February 1914 P. N. Durnovo, a former Minister of Internal Affairs, implored the emperor to avoid war with Germany.
Urban Trends 400 – 1500
Authors: Clark Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of the foundations of the European urban order were laid in the medieval period, but the process was difficult and uneven, characterized by surges of growth (as between the eleventh and thirteenth centuries) and contraction (such as the late fourteenth and fifteenth centuries), by variations between different European regions, and by the instability of individual cities and towns.
Culture And Landscape 400 – 1500
Authors: Clark Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Church was central to the urban identity and to the cultural world of the medieval town. That identity was also shaped by public buildings, especially, in the case of bigger cities, by town walls and gates. However, as towns expanded after the eleventh and twelfth centuries and faced growing pressures from high mobility, social tension, party factionalism, and spatial sprawl, communities (or at least their elites) sought to reinforce their sense of urban identity in further ways— through new patrician houses, new religious institutions, and new civic buildings.
Social Life 1500 – 1800
Authors: Clark Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Living in the parish of St Michael, Cornhill, in the heart of London as the young servant of a wealthy fishmonger John Bathurst, Robert Smith was infected with the smallpox virus towards the middle of May 1655, probably after talking with a sick neighbour or selling fish to a customer. Not immediately affected, he carried on work but ten days later he showed the classic symptoms of fever, backache, and vomiting, and soon after tiny red spots spread over his body.
Culture and Landscape 1500 – 1800
Authors: Clark Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the eve of the Reformation, the iconic image of the European city, portrayed in early maps and landscapes, on civic seals, and as the backcloth in religious paintings or patrician portraits, was that of a Christian community defined by its town walls and gates, and embellished with a spiky coronet of church spires. This urban representation followed a tradition dating back to the early Middle Ages.