bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
N-glycans show distinct spatial distribution in mouse brain
Authors: Noel Maxence , Cummings Richard D , Mealer Robert G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The development and function of the brain requires N-linked glycosylation of proteins, which is a ubiquitous modification in the secretory pathway. N-glycans have a distinct composition and undergo tight regulation in the brain, but the spatial distribution of these structures remains relatively unexplored. Here, we systematically employed carbohydrate binding lectins with differing specificities to various classes of N-glycans and appropriate controls to identify glycan expression in multiple regions of the mouse brain. Lectins binding high-mannose-type N-glycans, the most abundant class of brain N-glycans, showed diffuse staining with some punctate structures observed on high magnification. Lectins binding specific motifs of complex N-glycans, including fucose and bisecting GlcNAc, showed more partitioned labeling, including to the synapse-rich molecular layer of the cerebellum. Understanding the spatial distribution of N-glycans across the brain will aid future studies of these critical protein modifications in development and disease of the brain.
How can UK public health initiatives support each other to improve the maintenance of physical activity? Evidence from a cross-sectional survey of runners who move from Couch-to-5k to parkrun
Authors: Relph Nicola , Owen Michael , Moinuddin Mohammed , Noonan Rob , Dey Paola , Bullas Alice , Quirk Helen , Haake Steve 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Physical activity improves physical and mental well-being and reduces mortality risk. However, only a quarter of adults globally meet recommended physical activity levels for health. Two common initiatives in the UK are Couch-to-5k (an app-assisted 9-week walk/run programme) and parkrun (a free, weekly, timed 5-km walk/run). It is not known how these initiatives are linked, how Couch-to-5k parkrunners compare to parkrunners, and the extent to which this influences their parkrun performance. The aims were to compare the characteristics and motives and to compare physical activity levels, parkrun performance and the impact of parkrun between Couch-to-5k parkrunners and parkrunners. Three thousand two hundred and ninety six Couch-to-5k parkrunners were compared to 55,923 parkrunners to explore age, sex, ethnicity, employment status, neighbourhood deprivation, motives, physical activity levels, parkrun performance and the impact of parkrun. Couch-to-5k parkrunners were slightly older, more likely to be female and work part-time, but similar in ethnicity, and neighbourhood deprivation compared with other parkrunners. Couch-to-5k parkrunners had different motives for participation and reported high levels of physical activity at registration, which remained to the point of survey completion. This group had slower parkrun times but, when registered for a year, completed a similar number of runs (11) per year. Larger proportions of Couch-to-5k parkrunners perceived positive impacts compared with other parkrunners and 65% of Couch-to-5k parkrunners reported improvements to their lifestyle. parkrun appears to be an effective pathway for those on the Couch-to-5k programme, and the promising positive association between the two initiatives may be effective in assisting previously inactive participants to take part in weekly physical activity.
A novel strategy for therapeutic drug monitoring: application of biosensors to quantify antimicrobials in biological matrices
Authors: Wang Quanfang , Li Sihan , Chen Jiaojiao , Yang Luting , Qiu Yulan , Du Qian , Wang Chuhui , Teng Mengmeng , Wang Taotao , Dong Yalin 
Published: October 2023

AbstractOver the past few years, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) has gained practical significance in antimicrobial precision therapy. Yet two categories of mainstream TDM techniques (chromatographic analysis and immunoassays) that are widely adopted nowadays retain certain inherent limitations. The use of biosensors, an innovative strategy for rapid evaluation of antimicrobial concentrations in biological samples, enables the implementation of point-of-care testing (POCT) and continuous monitoring, which may circumvent the constraints of conventional TDM and provide strong technological support for individualized antimicrobial treatment. This comprehensive review summarizes the investigations that have harnessed biosensors to detect antimicrobial drugs in biological matrices, provides insights into the performance and characteristics of each sensing form, and explores the feasibility of translating them into clinical practice. Furthermore, the future trends and obstacles to achieving POCT and continuous monitoring are discussed. More efforts are necessary to address the four key ‘appropriateness’ challenges to deploy biosensors in clinical practice, paving the way for personalized antimicrobial stewardship.
Irreversibility in nuclear arms control and disarmament law?
Authors: Fleck Dieter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
While irreversibility of nuclear arms control and disarmament measures can be supported by compliance with applicable legal norms, the existing treaty regulation has serious gaps: pertinent treaties are not universally applicable; limitations on missiles as important carriers of nuclear warheads have been abrogated; the strategic doctrines of nuclear weapons powers are not fully transparent, and while the latter may strengthen the effectiveness of nuclear deterrence, it also raises questions as to compliance with fundamental obligations to refrain from a threat or use of force and to settle international disputes by peaceful means. There are certain principles of general international law that can and should be used in international cooperation to overcome nuclear crisis situations and strengthen international security: fundamental norms regarding the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons and nuclear disarmament under strict and effective international control have an erga omnes character and are accepted and recognized by the international community of States as a whole. Furthermore, general rules of international responsibility are fully applicable in the law of nuclear arms control and disarmament. It is in this sense that irreversibility in nuclear arms control and disarmament is served by legal principles and rules, which require States to comply with existing obligations and to cooperate for the maintenance of peace and security.
Patterns of reproduction and autozygosity distinguish the breeding from nonbreeding gray wolves of Yellowstone National Park
Authors: vonHoldt Bridgett M , DeCandia Alexandra L , Cassidy Kira A , Stahler Erin E , Sinsheimer Janet S , Smith Douglas W , Stahler Daniel R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For species of management concern, accurate estimates of inbreeding and associated consequences on reproduction are crucial for predicting their future viability. However, few studies have partitioned this aspect of genetic viability with respect to reproduction in a group-living social mammal. We investigated the contributions of foundation stock lineages, putative fitness consequences of inbreeding, and genetic diversity of the breeding versus nonreproductive segment of the Yellowstone National Park gray wolf population. Our dataset spans 25 years and seven generations since reintroduction, encompassing 152 nuclear families and 329 litters. We found more than 87% of the pedigree foundation genomes persisted and report influxes of allelic diversity from two translocated wolves from a divergent source in Montana. As expected for group-living species, mean kinship significantly increased over time but with minimal loss of observed heterozygosity. Strikingly, the reproductive portion of the population carried a significantly lower genome-wide inbreeding coefficients, autozygosity, and more rapid decay for linkage disequilibrium relative to the nonbreeding population. Breeding wolves had significantly longer lifespans and lower inbreeding coefficients than nonbreeding wolves. Our model revealed that the number of litters was negatively significantly associated with heterozygosity (R = −0.11). Our findings highlight genetic contributions to fitness, and the importance of the reproductively active individuals in a population to counteract loss of genetic variation in a wild, free-ranging social carnivore. It is crucial for managers to mitigate factors that significantly reduce effective population size and genetic connectivity, which supports the dispersion of genetic variation that aids in rapid evolutionary responses to environmental challenges.
A Mixture Model Approach to Assessing Measurement Error in Surveys Using Reinterviews
Authors: Hoellerbauer Simon 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Researchers are often unsure about the quality of the data collected by third-party actors, such as survey firms. This may be because of the inability to measure data quality effectively at scale and the difficulty with communicating which observations may be the source of measurement error. Researchers rely on survey firms to provide them with estimates of data quality and to identify observations that are problematic, potentially because they have been falsified or poorly collected. To address these issues, I propose the QualMix model, a mixture modeling approach to deriving estimates of survey data quality in situations in which two sets of responses exist for all or certain subsets of respondents. I apply this model to the context of survey reinterviews, a common form of data quality assessment used to detect falsification and data collection problems during enumeration. Through simulation based on real-world data, I demonstrate that the model successfully identifies incorrect observations and recovers latent enumerator and survey data quality. I further demonstrate the model’s utility by applying it to reinterview data from a large survey fielded in Malawi, using it to identify significant variation in data quality across observations generated by different enumerators.
Root responses to abiotic stress: a comparative look at root system architecture in maize and sorghum
Authors: Hostetler Ashley N , Morais de Sousa Tinoco Sylvia , Sparks Erin E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Under all environments, roots are important for plant anchorage and acquiring water and nutrients. However, there is a knowledge gap regarding how root architecture contributes to stress tolerance in a changing climate. Two closely related plant species, maize and sorghum, have distinct root system architectures and different levels of stress tolerance, making comparative analysis between these two species an ideal approach to resolve this knowledge gap. However, current research has focused on shared aspects of the root system that are advantageous under abiotic stress conditions rather than on differences. Here we summarize the current state of knowledge comparing the root system architecture relative to plant performance under water deficit, salt stress, and low phosphorus in maize and sorghum. Under water deficit, steeper root angles and deeper root systems are proposed to be advantageous for both species. In saline soils, a reduction in root length and root number has been described as advantageous, but this work is limited. Under low phosphorus, root systems that are shallow and wider are beneficial for topsoil foraging. Future work investigating the differences between these species will be critical for understanding the role of root system architecture in optimizing plant production for a changing global climate.
The complex stellar system M 22: constraining the chemical enrichment from AGB stars using magnesium isotope ratios
Authors: McKenzie M , Yong D , Karakas A I , Wang E , Monty S , Marino A F , Milone A P , Nordlander T , Mura-Guzmán A , Martell S , Carlos M 
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT
The complex star cluster M 22 (NGC 6656) provides a unique opportunity for studying the slow neutron capture (s-)process nucleosynthesis at low metallicity due to its two stellar groups with distinct iron-peak and neutron capture element abundances. Previous studies attribute these abundance differences to pollution from $3-6 \ \rm {M}_{\odot }$ asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars which produce significant quantities of the neutron-rich Mg isotopes 25Mg and 26Mg. We report the first-ever measurements of Mg isotopic abundance ratios at $\rm {[Fe/H]} \ \sim -2$ in a globular cluster-like system using very high-resolution and signal-to-noise spectra (R = 110 000, S/N = 300 per pixel at 514 nm) from the VLT/UVES spectrograph for six stars; three in each s-process group. Despite the presence of star-to-star variations in 24Mg, 25Mg, and 26Mg, we find no correlation with heavy element abundances, implying that the nucleosynthetic source of s-process enrichment must not influence Mg isotope ratios. Instead, a key result of this work is that we identify correlations between 26Mg/24Mg and some light elements. Using a custom suite of AGB nucleosynthesis yields tailored to the metallicity of M 22, we find that low mass ($\sim 1 \rm {-} 3 \ \rm {M}_{\odot }$) AGB stars are capable of reproducing the observed s-process abundances of M 22 and that the absence of any difference in Mg isotope ratios between the two s-process groups precludes AGBs with masses above $\sim 3 \ \rm {M}_{\odot }$. This places tighter constraints on possible formation scenarios and suggests an age difference of at least $\sim 280 \rm {-} 480 \ \rm {Myr}$ between the two populations which is independent of isochrone fitting.
H i content of selected mid-infrared bright, starburst blue compact dwarf galaxies
Authors: Chandola Yogesh , Li Di , Tsai Chao-Wei , Li Guodong , Peng Yingjie , Zuo Pei , McIntyre Travis , Ma Yin-Zhe , Stern Daniel , Griffith Roger , Jarrett Thomas , Eisenhardt Peter , Balkowski Chantal 
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT
We report measurements of H i content in 11 nearby, actively star-forming, blue compact dwarf galaxies (BCDs) from 21 cm observations with the Arecibo telescope. These BCDs, selected by their red (W2[4.6 $\mu$m]−W3[12 $\mu$m]&gt;3.8 mag) and bright mid-infrared (MIR) emission (W4[22 $\mu$m]&lt;7.6 mag), have high specific star formation rates (median sSFR ∼10−7.8 yr−1), similar to high redshift galaxies. H i emission was detected in six sources. We analyse our new detections in the context of previous H i observations of 218 dwarf irregulars (dIs) and BCDs in the literature. The MH i–M* relation resulting from our observations confirms the dominating fraction of H i gas among baryons in galaxies with lower stellar masses. This Arecibo BCD sample has significantly lower median H i depletion time-scales (τH i ∼ 0.3 Gyr) than other dIs/BCDs (∼ 6.3 Gyr) in the literature. The majority of the sources (10/11) in the Arecibo sample are very red in W1[3.4 $\mu$m]−W2[4.6 $\mu$m] colour (&gt;0.8 mag) implying the presence of warm dust. We investigate the relation of τHI with stellar mass (M*) and sSFR. We find that τH i is significantly anticorrelated with M* for higher sSFR (&gt;10−8.5 yr−1) and with sSFR for higher stellar mass ($\gt 10^{7.5}\, {\rm M}_{\odot }$) dwarf galaxies. The high sSFR for the BCDs in the Arecibo observed sample is mainly due to their high atomic gas star formation efficiency (SFE) or low τH i. The low τH i or high SFE in these sources is possibly due to runaway star formation in compact and dense super star clusters.
A detailed numerical study of field line random walk in magnetic turbulence
Authors: Shalchi A 
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT
A fundamental problem in space plasma physics and astrophysics is to understand the behaviour of magnetic field lines in turbulence. In the past it was controversial what aspects of turbulence are most important in field line random walk theory. In the current paper we employ numerical tools, commonly referred to as simulations, to gain more insight. In particular, we explore the importance of the energy range of the turbulence spectrum, spectral anisotropy, as well the existence of a component of the turbulent magnetic field parallel with respect to the mean magnetic field. The latter point is directly related to the question whether field line random walk in compressible turbulence behaves differently compared to random walk in incompressible turbulence.
Identifying the possible ex-situ origin of the globular clusters of the Milky Way: a kinematic study
Authors: Rostami Shirazi Ali , Khalaj Pouria , Haghi Hosein 
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT
This is the second paper in a series, which studies the likelihood that some globular clusters (GCs) of the Milky Way (MW) could have originated from a dwarf satellite galaxy (DSG). Using a large suite of three-body simulations we determine the present-day orbital properties of 154 GCs that could have escaped from 41 MW DSGs over the past $8\ \mathrm{Gyr}$. For the MW we considered two sets of static and dynamic models which account for the sustained growth of the MW since its birth. We focus on the Magellanic clouds and Sagittarius. We compare the apogalactic distance, eccentricity, and orbital inclination of the MW GCs with those of runaway GCs from DSGs, to constrain their possible ex-situ origin. We observe a positive correlation between a DSG mass and the dispersion of its runaway GCs in the orbital parameter space of (Rap, e). We provide tables of the identified MW GCs and their likely associated progenitors. In total, we find 29 (19 per cent) MW GCs which could be kinematically associated with MW DSGs. We report, for the first time, 6 and 10 new associations with the Large Magellanic Cloud and the Sagittarius, respectively. For the Sagittarius we predict a concentration of runaway GCs at large apogalactic distances of $R_\mathrm{ap}\approx 275-375 \ \mathrm{kpc}$, e ≈ 0.8, and a relative inclination of Δθ ≈ 20°. So far, there has not been any observed GCs with such orbital elements. Complemented with photometric and spectroscopic observations, and cosmological simulations, the findings from the present study could conclusively settle the debate over the in-situ versus ex-situ origin of the MW GCs.
High-resolution structure of stem-loop 4 from the 5′-UTR of SARS-CoV-2 solved by solution state NMR
Authors: Vögele Jennifer , Hymon Daniel , Martins Jason , Ferner Jan , Jonker Hendrik R A , Hargrove Amanda E , Weigand Julia E , Wacker Anna , Schwalbe Harald , Wöhnert Jens , Duchardt-Ferner Elke 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We present the high-resolution structure of stem-loop 4 of the 5′-untranslated region (5_SL4) of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) genome solved by solution state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. 5_SL4 adopts an extended rod-like structure with a single flexible looped-out nucleotide and two mixed tandem mismatches, each composed of a G•U wobble base pair and a pyrimidine•pyrimidine mismatch, which are incorporated into the stem-loop structure. Both the tandem mismatches and the looped-out residue destabilize the stem-loop structure locally. Their distribution along the 5_SL4 stem-loop suggests a role of these non-canonical elements in retaining functionally important structural plasticity in particular with regard to the accessibility of the start codon of an upstream open reading frame located in the RNA's apical loop. The apical loop—although mostly flexible—harbors residual structural features suggesting an additional role in molecular recognition processes. 5_SL4 is highly conserved among the different variants of SARS-CoV-2 and can be targeted by small molecule ligands, which it binds with intermediate affinity in the vicinity of the non-canonical elements within the stem-loop structure.
MiST 4.0: a new release of the microbial signal transduction database, now with a metagenomic component
Authors: Gumerov Vadim M , Ulrich Luke E , Zhulin Igor B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Signal transduction systems in bacteria and archaea link environmental stimuli to specific adaptive cellular responses. They control gene expression, motility, biofilm formation, development and other processes that are vital to survival. The microbial signal transduction (MiST) database is an online resource that stores tens of thousands of genomes and allows users to explore their signal transduction profiles, analyze genomes in bulk using the database application programming interface (API) and make testable hypotheses about the functions of newly identified signaling systems. However, signal transduction in metagenomes remained completely unexplored. To lay the foundation for research in metagenomic signal transduction, we have prepared a new release of the MiST database, MiST 4.0, which features over 10 000 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs), a scaled representation of proteins and detailed BioSample information. In addition, several thousands of new genomes have been processed and stored in the database. A new interface has been developed that allows users to seamlessly switch between genomes and MAGs. MiST 4.0 is freely available at https://mistdb.com; metagenomes and MAGs can also be explored using the API available on the same page.
Social media trust predicts lower COVID-19 vaccination rates and higher excess mortality over 2 years
Authors: Chen Sylvia Xiaohua , Ye Frank Tian-fang , Cheng Kai Lam , Ng Jacky C K , Lam Ben C P , Hui Bryant P H , Au Algae K Y , Wu Wesley C H , Gu Danan , Zeng Yi 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Trust plays a crucial role in implementing public health interventions against the COVID-19 pandemic. We examined the prospective associations of interpersonal, institutional, and media trust with vaccination rates and excess mortality over time in two multinational studies. In study 1, we investigated the country-level relationships between interpersonal trust, vaccination rates, and excess mortality across 54 countries. Interpersonal trust at the country level was calculated by aggregating data of 80,317 participants from the World Values Survey in 2017–20. Data on vaccination rates and excess mortality were obtained from the World Health Organization. Our findings indicated that higher levels of interpersonal trust were linked to higher vaccination rates and lower excess mortality rates in both 2020 and 2021. In study 2, we collected data from 18,171 adults in 35 countries/societies, stratified by age, gender, and region of residence. At the country/society level, interpersonal trust and trust in local healthcare facilities, local healthcare services, and healthcare professionals were associated with higher vaccination rates and lower excess mortality, whereas social media trust was associated with lower vaccination rates and higher excess mortality across three time points over 2 years. Our findings are robust when controlling for country-level covariates of the government stringency index, population density, and medical resources (i.e. critical care beds) in both studies.