bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variation in Michif
Authors: Bakker Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One may wonder whether the description in Chapter Four of the Michif language as spoken in Turtle Mountain, North Dakota, holds true for the varieties of the language spoken in scattered locations in Canada as well. In this chapter I show that Michif as spoken in a number of Métis communities in the Canadian prairie provinces is virtually identical to the Michif of Turtle Mountain. However, there are also villages where the local mixture of Cree and French differs significantly from the Turtle Mountain dialect.
Three Philosophies That Can Make a Difference
Authors: Maxson Cheryl L , Klein Malcolm W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A wide range of behavior is included in the category of status offenses, from possession or use of alcohol on occasion-who among us was not guilty of such youthful experimentation?-to consistent truancy from school, extended serious defiance of parents, violation of evening curfews, and running away from home or placement. At the extreme, status offenders also include “street kids;’ the homeless, often delinquent and victimized flotsam of our urban streets. Our research covers all of these but places special emphasis on runaways and street kids.
Youth Service Delivery in Seven Cities
Authors: Maxson Cheryl L , Klein Malcolm W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How do communities respond to status offenders? How are these youths, in fact, “handled”? What types of services do they receive and what kind of organizations deliver these services? Who are the youth that receive these services, and how do they get connected to service providers? And most important for policymakers, do these service constellations and client characteristics mirror the intent expressed by state legislators in regard to these youths? In the previous chapter, we have shown that a handful of states communicated relatively strong and distinct ideological messages on how status offenders should be handled.
Creating Tzik Relationships
Authors: Danziger Eve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My informants’ immediate responses to my inquiries about tzik often had to do with the acquisition of tzik relations through ritual sponsorship or with the maintenance of such relations through the special speech genre called kichpan t’ an ‘beautiful speech’. As we have seen, such ritually established relationships, especially the relations of compadrazgo, remain in various ways (solemnity of everyday encounters, elaboration of the tzik greeting in the form of kichpan t’ an, and accentuation of the degree of abhotTence in contemplation of illicit sexual relations) the most tzik-like, or most highly respected, of Mopan tzik relations. That this is so highlights the tension between the ascriptive and social-interactional meaning of tzik terms in Mopan life and their alternative biological-procreative meanings that is at the heart of this book.
The Purpose of the Press Clause
Authors: Smith Jeffery A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Censorship in some form has occurred in every major war the United States has fought. Yet the constitutional questions raised by government restraints on wartime reporting remain far from settled. The absence of definitive Supreme Court decisions on battlefield press restrictions may be the result not only of general discomfort and confusion in dealing with the clash of such important values as safety and free expression, but also of the extent to which the press and the military have cooperated in the past and of the fact that neither side could be sure of court victory when the relevant precedents are so mixed. Scholarly analysis usually has been critical of official restrictions, but has been preoccupied with making analogies to the Supreme Court’s access to information precedents, which could support different positions, and with applying the justices’ equally equivocal set of rulings and dicta on prior restraint.
The Epidemiology of HIV and AIDS in Women
Authors: Saah Alfred 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
AIDS was first recognized in gay/bisexual men in 1981 and was described in a woman in the United States that same year. In 1983, a report described the first 43 women with AIDS: 30% apparently became infected through heterosexual intercourse, while injection drug use was responsible for the other 70% of cases.Injection drug use has remained a major cause of HIV infection and AIDS in women in the United States, both by needle-sharing and through sexual transmission to non-drug-using female partners of drug using men. As HIV infection has become more prevalent, women are accounting for an ever-increasing proportion of reported AIDS cases in the United States. Women made up 7% of reported AIDS cases by 1986, 10% during 1988, and 18% during the period July 1993-June 1994.
After five years of the epidemic, heterosexual transmission (for both men and women) made up I% of the 16,227 reported cases in adults, injection drug use 17%, and male homosexual transmission 73%. Pediatric cases of AIDS, important epidemiologically because they often reflect unrecognized HIV infection in women, added another 231 to the total. Ten years of the epidemic produced 202,921 total cases of AIDS, but the proportions of the various subpopulations changed dramatically.
Drug Use, HIV Status, and Reproduction
Authors: Mccaul Mary E , Lillie-Blanton Marsha , Svikis Dace S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whereas approximately 35% of all reported AIDS cases in the United States are related directly or indirectly to injection drug use, for women, these rates are even higher, with approximately 48% of cases resulting from injection drug use by the woman herself and an additional 19% from injection drug use by her sexual partner(s).
A drug-using woman often experiences a variety of problems associated with her drug use, particularly if she is addicted. On a personal level, she is at elevated risk to develop medical complications from her drug use and to suffer from anxiety, depression, or lowered self-esteem. At an interpersonal level, she is likely to have a drug user as her sexual partner or spouseand to experience abuse or abandonment by that partner. At a societal level, she is often stigmatized and potentially threatened with prosecution because of the effects of her disorder on her family and on society.
Perinatal Drug Use: State Interventions and the Implications for HIV-Infected Women
Authors: Acuff Katherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The epidemics of HIV and drug useamong women of childbearing age have ignited a tinderbox of public sentiment favoring state interventions to monitor or constrain women’s behaviors relating to reproduction. As discussed throughout this volume, alarm about vertical transmission of HIV has prompted some to advocate the rejection of the traditional nondirective reproductive counseling paradigm (developed in the context of counseling women about genetic risks) in favor of advising HIV-infected women not to reproduce. Evidence suggests that frankly directive counseling against having children is often the case. The federal government’s only official statement on the issue sanctioned this shift in policy. In 1985, the CDC recommended that HIV-infected women “be advised to consider delaying pregnancy until more is known about the perinatal transmis sion of the virus.”
Clinical Counseling and the Problem of Autonomy-Negating Influence
Authors: Bloche M Gregg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On November 14, 1988, during her fifth month of pregnancy, 38-year-old Carol Doe was informed by a nurse at New York City’s Jamaica Hospital that she had become infected with the virus that causes AIDS. According to Ms. Doe, a patient in the hospital’s high-risk prenatal program, she was told that her chances of giving birth to an HIV-infected child were “very high” and that an abortion was desirable.
Three days later, Ms. Doe met with Dr. Maurice Abitol, chief of obstetrics and gynecology at Jamaica Hospital. By Ms. Doe’s account, Dr. Abitol advised that failure to obtain an abortion would be wrong and that having an HIV-infected child would impose a burden on society.Moreover, according to Ms. Doe, Dr. Abitol said she could no longer receive prenatal care at Jamaica Hospital’s high risk clinic. She was referred to Kings County Hospital, where 3 weeks later she had an abortion. A year later, Ms. Doe filed suit against Jamaica Hospital, Kings County Hospital, and her individual caretakers at both institutions. She alleged that their conduct constituted unlawful discrimination on the basis of physical handicap and that they had breached their duties to provide appropriate care and to obtain her informed consent.
The Moral Right to Have Children
Authors: Powers Madison 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much of the contemporary discussion of reproductive rights has occurred in the context of a pregnant woman’s decision whether or not to have an abortion. For example, although the United States Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade refers more broadly to a woman’s right to decide whether or not to have children, for many the language of reproductive rights is virtually synonymous with the right not to have children against one’s will, and this right often is identified with the particular right to have an abortion. However, another, somewhat less frequently explored dimension of reproductive rights is a right to have children. The issues raised in this chapter relate to the right to have children.
Some of the reproductive rights arguments most widely discussed are strictly legal ones. They involve questions regarding the interpretation of the U.S. Con stitution and debates about the institutional competence of judges to enumerate fundamental rights that, arguably, neither are found in the text of the Constitution nor derivable from the history of the Constitution and its amendments.
Reproductive Choices of Adolescent Females with HIV/AIDS
Authors: King Patricia A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The HIV/AIDS epidemic poses significant challenges to law and other public policies that regulate or support familial and other intimate relationships. This is especially true of laws and policies that govern reproductive decision-making for adolescents. In my view, these laws and policies must be reformed to permit adolescents to make and to carry out the decisions that govern the sexual and reproductive aspects of their lives. Otherwise, efforts to prevent further horizon tal and vertical spread of HIV/AIDS will be significantly impeded.
The prevailing liberal view in this society has been that individuals should have freedom of choice in reproductive matters. Whether and how to reproduce has been a private matter with which government and health-care providers should not interfere. A darker reality, however, has existed alongside this view. A persistent belief that in some circumstances individuals should not be permitted to reproduce or should be strongly discouraged from doing so also endures. A challenge posed by the HIV/AIDS epidemic is whether being HIV-infected is such a circumstance.
The Origins of the Current Situation
Authors: Seidman Louis Michael , Tushnet Mark V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Early in the twentieth century Virginia began to develop an apple­ growing industry. As the industry took an important place in Virginia’s economy, growers discovered that its future was threatened by a plant disease called cedar rust. Cedar rust spends its first phase on red cedar trees, which it does not harm. In a later phase, though, the cedar rust destroys the leaves and fruit on apple trees. From the apple growers’ point of view, the remedy was obvious: Cut down all the cedar trees and thereby eliminate the threat. They persuaded the Virginia legislature to enact a statute letting apple growers petition the state entomologist to inspect cedar trees growing near apple orchards. If the entomologist found cedar rust infestation, the statute said, he or she could order the cedar trees’ owners to cut them down.
Burdens, Benefits, and Baselines
Authors: Seidman Louis Michael , Tushnet Mark V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Michael T. McSpadden, 209th district judge of Harris County, Texas, doesn’t mince words. In a 1992 speech he urged Texans to lobby for passage of laws that would allow castration of sex offenders “before every woman and child” is raped. If all 9,000 sex offenders currently jailed in Texas were castrated, he said, there would be only 450 repeat offenders. Allen Butler, a twenty-eight-year-old defendant awaiting trial for rape, had more than an academic interest in Judge McSpadden’s pro­ posal. While on probation for performing an indecent act with a seven­ year-old girl, Butler was accused of repeatedly raping another girl, aged thirteen. If convicted, he was likely to be sentenced to thirty-five years in prison.
Racial Equality and the Rhetoric of Nondiscrimination
Authors: Seidman Louis Michael , Tushnet Mark V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Racial discrimination is irrational, unfair, and inherently wrong. People should be judged on the basis of their individual merit rather than on the basis of racial stereotypes. The government should never allocate benefits or burdens on the assumption that individuals are likely to act in a particular way just because of the color of their skin. For most of this country’s history, most of its people denied the truth of these propositions. They were soundly rejected by the framers who wrote our founding document in 1787.
Careers in Project Networks: The Case of the Film Industry
Authors: Jones Candace 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Faced with the demise of traditional careers, individuals are increasingly engaged in jobs comprised of short-term projects, rather than in permanent employment arrangements (Bridges, 1994; Huey, 1994; O’Reilly, 1994; Richman, 1994a, 19946). This radical shift in responsibility and action in work life is transforming our notion of careers and work organization. Understanding what these changes mean and how they are being played out is a critical issue for practitioners and organizational scholars.
Subjectivism, Discovery, and Boundary less Careers: An Austrian Perspective
Authors: Ellig Jerry , That chenkery Tojo Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A recent Fortune cover story featured the new antiorganization person: a young, intelligent, hotshot MBA from a top-rated school, who doesn’t want to work for a company. Instead, at age 31, he runs his own interactive-software company. “Kissing Off Corporate America,” the title of the cover story, is a trend sweeping elite American business schools: An Opinion Research Corp. survey recently found that just 1 % of the 1,000 adult respondents would freely choose to be corporate managers. In 1989, nearly 70% of Stanford’s MBAs joined big companies. In 1994, only about half did so.
Hair Cells Of The Mammalian Cochlea
Authors: Geisler C Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although hair cells of the mammalian cochlea share the general character­ istics of all hair cells, they have some unique properties. Alone among hair cells, their apical surfaces are subjected to large positive extracellular po­ tentials. M_oreover, neither type of hair cell has a kinocilium, but a basal body is found in the usual location of the kinociliary insertion into the cuticular plate. Most unusual is the ability of the outer hair cells to modulate their shapes when stimulated electrically.
Afferent Innervation
Authors: Geisler C Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On their way into the brain, acoustic signals must be translated from the hydromechanical world of cochlear vibrations into the electrochemical world of neural processing. The inner hair cells are the cochlea’s chief agents for such translations. As discussed in Chapter 8, currents flowing through the apical ends of these hair cells owing to ciliary movements produce receptor potentials. Once established, these voltages serve as generator potentials that initiate a chain of events eventually resulting in a barrage of action potentials simultaneously coursing toward the central nervous system on thousands of parallel axons. As we shall see in Chapters 11-14, the characteristics of these two worlds are in a sense complementary to each other. Whereas the cochlea’s hydromechanical mechanisms divide the incoming acoustic signals into overlapping frequency bands (see Chapter 5), its neural innervation seems designed for rapid, accurate encoding of temporal events. Both capabilities are of course important, as time and frequency are complementary dimensions of acoustic signals (see Chapter 13).
Young America in Literature Duyckinck, Melville, and the Mutual Admiration Society
Authors: Widmer Edward L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In personality the shy, retiring Evert Duyckinck was about as far from O’Sullivan’s grandstanding as it was possible to be. Yet the bookworm and the firebrand forged a meaningful partnership in the mid-184os, bringing their version of American culture to the New York masses and beyond. Duyckinck was no “Sub-Sub Librarian” either, but O’Sullivan’s most trusted lieutenant in the heady days of the Polk campaign and its aftermath. His literary acumen combined with O’Sullivan’s rabid political energy to briefly dominate the American book and magazine trade, before both turned to other projects. In his quiet way, he advanced O’Sullivan’s “democratic principle” just as piously, and perhaps secured more lasting results than his easily distracted employer.
Introduction
Authors: Teitel Ruti G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent decades, societies all over the world—throughout Latin America, East Europe, the former Soviet Union, Africa—have overthrown military dictatorships and totalitarian regimes for freedom and democracy. In these times of massive political movement from illiberal rule, one burning question recurs. How should societies deal with their evil pasts? This question leads to others that explore the question of the relation of the treatment of the state’s past to its future. How is the social understanding behind a new regime committed to the rule of law created? Which legal acts have transformative significance? What, if any, is the relation between a state’s response to its repressive past and its prospects for creating a liberal order? What is law’s potential for ushering in liberalization?1
Introduction: Dreamers or Realists?
Authors: Neglect Scholarly 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historians of Japan lavish attention on labor organizers, Communists, and their sympathizers in literature and the arts who were crushed by the military regime that led Japan into World War II. Script reform in general, and romanization in particular, simply do not qualify as social or political programs worthy of sustained study because it is “clear” (in hindsight) that thorough-going script reform was not a necessary condition for postwar economic success. Leaving aside for the moment a precise definition of “success” (upon which much obviously hinges), it is at least worth remembering that, for the first half of the century, script reform was a social policy issue that held the attention of Japanese leaders across a wide spectrum of political and cultural views. Looking back, we see it was not the would-be reformers who had their heads in the clouds so much as those who believed that all change could be resisted indefinitely. An impressively large and diverse group of distinguished Japanese understood that some sort of reform was inevitable, so obvious were the superfluities and anachronisms of the existing writing system; the question of the day was what specific shape the reform would take, not whether it would take place at all. There were a large number of possibilities, ranging from limitation on the number of Chinese characters in general use at one extreme to romanization on the other; none was dismissed out of hand.
Evidence from Trainor and the GHQ! SCAP Archives
Authors: Experiment The Romaji.Education 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the results of the romaji education experiment have remained largely a mystery, the experiment itself was no secret at the time. Walter C. Eells, who had served as an advisor on higher education in the CI&E section of GHQ/SCAP mentioned it in passing in an article he published shortly after returning to the United States. In addition to introducing Romaji instruction in the regular school system, the Ministry (of Education] has developed a program of experimental Romaji education under the administration of the National Institute for Educational Research. Extending over the school years 1948-49, 1949-50, and 1950-51 this program is seeking to compare the effectiveness of the use of Romaji with that of the combined use of Kanji and Kana as instruments of reading and learning ability, and also to measure the relative effectiveness of the three systems of Romaji. The program included 89 experimental classes the first year, 120 the second, and 101 in the final years of 1950-51. The results of this three year experiment are being awaited with interest. (Eells 1952, 212) In fact, some data from the experiment were published on 1 March 1951 by the Japanese Ministry of Education, but the report was not widely circulated and lay virtually unknown until 1991, when Banno Yuichiro and I independently found copies of it in the National Diet Library and the National Institute for Educational Research, respectively. Furthermore, the report was neither the only nor the most revealing document about the experiment.
“Tradition Informs Us”: African Americans’ Construction of Memory in the Antebellum North
Authors: Hancock Scott 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sometime after the American Revolution, John Hancock presented a silk flag to a unique company of soldiers in recognition of their service. Like other soldiers, they had risked their lives. Their uniqueness stemmed not from the nature of their service but from the nature of their being. These soldiers were black. Some were likely former slaves, representing the hopes of thousands and crowning the ideals of the country—or at least, decades later, that is how they would be remembered, as this cherished flag and the stories it represented passed down to succeeding generations. In the antebellum United States, free black Northerners responded to challenges to their citizenship by arguing that they belonged in and to the United States. African Americans evoked their ancestors’ service to the country as soldiers and sailors during war, and as diligent, law-abiding workers during peace.
Spatial Orientation
Authors: Heine Bernd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Lugbara, a language spoken in northeastern Zaire and northwestern Uganda, the traditional terms for spatial orientation are as shown in table 3-1. These Lugbara terms differ from corresponding terms in European languages in that they are all transparent (see section 2.4)—that is, in all cases, the motivation of the terms is still fully recoverable, as suggested by the literal meanings provided. At the same time, the motivation is similar to that found in many other languages. For example, quite a number of languages worldwide have derived their terms for ‘east’ and ‘west’ (if such terms exist at all) from expressions that relate to the rising and the setting sun, respectively (see section 3.2). Moreover, a common source of terms for ‘right hand’ is provided by such concepts as ‘the male/strong hand’, ‘the eating hand’, but also by ‘the real/true hand’ (see, e.g., Werner 1904). Thus, while Lugbara differs from English and other European languages, it has much in common with many languages elsewhere in the world.