bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COMPLEMENTARY POLE-PAIR FILTERS AND POLE-PARAMETER TRANSFORMATIONS
Authors: PAI K.R. , MURTHY K.V.V. , RAMACHANDRAN V. 
Published: October 2004

It is well known that the poles of a Butterworth filter (BF) are uniformly placed on the unit circle in the s-plane. If the order of the filter is a binary power (i.e., n=2k, k being an integer), then the pole-locations of such Butterworth filters exhibit very interesting symmetry properties in the s-plane. In this paper, first we point out that the pole-vectors of the Butterworth filters (of order n=2k) can be subjected to “prescribed symmetrical swinging”, such that certain symmetry properties present in the original pole-pattern can be maintained invariant. Then, we introduce a new family of filters called “Complementary Pole-Pair Filters (CPPFs)”, generated by judiciously exploiting the symmetry-invariant property referred to above. The Q-constraint can be easily incorporated into the design considerations of the new family of filters; accordingly, the CPPFs are classified as Low-Q filters (LQFs) and High-Q Filters (HQFs). Performances of LQFs and HQFs are analyzed and compared with that of the generic Butterworth filter. Also, the possibility of generating additional transitional filters is indicated. Design constraints are derived. Numerical examples are worked out for illustrations. A new transformation referred to as the “Pole-Parameter Transformation (PPT)”, which modifies the pole-parameters of a given reference filter to obtain a low-Qp filter, but with increased order of complexity, is formulated. This enables us to generate new families of Transitional Filters. The transitional nature involved between Butterworth and Chebyshev filters is brought out. The performance of new filters obtained are compared with those available in the literature. The CPP Filters coupled with the PPT provide a basis for generating a large family of transitional filters, and serves to commendably place the known classical filters as particular members of a large general family.
Selective Formation of Alkoxo-bridged Titanium(IV) Polynuclear Complexes with Polyaminopolycarboxylate: First Titanium(IV) Octanuclear Complex Containing Cubic-type {Ti4(μ-oxo)4}2(μ-alkoxo)4 Core
Authors: Miyashita Yoshitaro , Islam Md Monirul , Amir Nagina , Fujisawa Kiyoshi , Okamoto Ken-ichi 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Two kinds of alkoxo-bridged Ti(IV) polynuclear complexes were selectively obtained depending on reaction conditions. Crystal structures of the dinuclear complex [Ti2(μ-dptaO)2]2− and the novel octanuclear complex [{Ti4(μ-O)4}2(μ-dptaO)4]4− (H4dptaOH = 2-hydroxypropane-1,3-diamine-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid) were determined. The obtained complexes were spectrochemically characterized.
Non-Structural Carbohydrates and Catalytic Activities of Sucrose Metabolizing Enzymes in Trunks of Two Juglans Species and their Role in Heartwood Formation
Authors: Magel Elisabeth , Abdel-Latif Amani , Hampp Rüdiger 
Published: October 2004

Summary
In trunks of Juglans nigra and the hybrid J. major × J. regia, the presence of non-structural carbohydrates, sucrose synthesizing and degrading enzymes, and their correlation with heartwood formation was investigated. Contents of starch and sucrose were highest in the youngest sapwood, decreased with increasing age of the tissue, and were absent in the heartwood. Pools of the monosaccharides glucose and fructose were low in the sapwood, and fructose was absent from the heartwood. Glucose transiently increased at the sapwood heartwood boundary in trunks of the hybrid. In black walnut stems, however, glucose started to accumulate within the transition zone and reached considerable amounts in the heartwood. Cold-adaptation in walnut wood was characterized by accumulation of soluble sugars. Sucrose formation was enabled by enhanced rates of sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS, EC 2.4.1.14). Mid-winter starch-sugar interconversion was accompanied by increases in the activity of sucrose synthase (SuSy, EC 2.4.1.13; black walnut), or acid invertases (EC 3.2.1.26; hybrid). In the tissues undergoing heartwood formation, sucrose breakdown was enhanced from late summer until early winter. Sucrolysis was dominated by acid invertases with minor contribution of sucrose synthase. The catalytic activity of UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (EC 2.7.7.9), involved in the metabolization of the sucrose cleavage products, followed this seasonal trend and showed elevated activities from late summer until early winter. These data are further proof for the earlier made hypothesis (Hauch and Magel 1998) that the in situ synthesis of heartwood flavonoids relies on an interaction between primary (sucrose) and secondary metabolism. Flavonoids, however, constitute only a minor fraction in the heartwood of walnut and the bulk of heartwood phenolics seem to derive from transformation of phenolic precursors. Therefore, these recent findings together with earlier data are taken as evidence that more than one type of heartwood formation exists.
Annual Rhythm of Xylem Growth in Rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis) Trees Grown in Malaysia
Authors: Ohashi Yoji , Sahri Mohd Hamami , Yoshizawa Nobuo , Itoh Takao 
Published: October 2004

Summary
The periodicity of the growth increment in six rubber wood (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) trees grown in Peninsula Malaysia was investigated continuously throughout three years using the pinning and the band-dendrometer method. The pinning and dendrometer data were analyzed for obtaining the correlation with the seasonal rhythm of radial growth and circumferential increments.
The data of growth increments measured with the dendrometer continuously for three years indicated growth dormancy during the first three to five months (from January to March or May) each year in all the sample trees, in which annual ring-like features were observed. This means that rubber wood trees have an annual rhythm in the xylem growth. The boundary zone consisted of flattened wood fibers with thin walls, axial parenchyma cells, and small vessels. On the other hand, those obtained from the pinning method showed a vague growth dormancy around March every year. It seemed that growth measurement in tropical trees using the dendrometer is useful for detecting the growth rhythm of cambium.
The Condition, after 31 Years Exposure, of Pine Stakes Treated with Ammoniacal Copper-Based Preservatives
Authors: Häger Bror , Johnson Gary C. , Thornton John D. , Gardner W. David 
Published: October 2004

Summary

Pinus sylvestris sapwood stakes were treated with various copper–containing waterborne and oilborne preservatives and exposed in ground for 31 years at Walpeup, Australia. Most of the waterborne preservative treatments contained basic copper carbonate and one or more of the following additives: arsenic pentoxide, pyridine, sodium pentachlorophenate, tannin and benzoic, boric, chromic, salicylic and sorbic acids. Basic copper carbonate and sulphate, at 0.95 kg m−3 of copper, protected the stakes from significant subterranean termite attack at a site in Australia providing a moderate termite hazard. Three additives (arsenic pentoxide at 0.95 kg m−3, sodium pentachlorophenate at 0.93 kg m−3 and fluoride at 0.9 kg m−3) significantly improved the efficacy of basic copper carbonate when used at retentions of 1.7 to 2.0 kg m−3 of copper. The six waterborne preservative combinations that performed best (i.e. rating greater than 6.5 out of 8) against both the termite and decay hazards over the 31 year period contained basic copper carbonate (at least 1.79 kg m−3 of copper) plus arsenic pentoxide (at least 0.92 kg m−3). Three of the six combinations also contained chromic acid. The oilborne preservative combination performing best contained basic copper carbonate (1.33 kg m−3) and pentachlorophenol (6.64 kg m−3) in tall oil. A treatment containing a similar amount of pentachlorophenol in tall oil, but no basic copper carbonate was significantly less effective. Other treatments containing basic copper carbonate and pentachlorophenol in tall oil or the copper compound with sodium pentachlorophenate in oil emulsion performed well. The implications of these results for the current generation of copper-based preservatives are discussed.
Thermomechanical (TMP) and Chemo-Thermomechanical Pulps (CTMP) for Medium Density Fibreboards (MDF)
Authors: Roffael Edmone , Dix Brigitte , Schneider Thomas 
Published: October 2004

Summary
Thermomechanical (TMP) and chemo-thermomechanical pulps (CTMP) were prepared from spruce under different pulping conditions. The fibres were dried at 70 °C and medium density fibreboards (MDF) were made therefrom in pilot plant scale using urea-formaldehyde resins as a binder. The results of testing the physical-mechanical properties reveal that the pulping temperature has a significant influence on the thickness swelling and water absorption of the boards. MDF prepared from fibres produced at high pulping temperature (180 °C) generally show lower thickness swelling and water absorption than MDF made from fibres produced at low pulping temperature (140°C and 160 °C). However, high pulping temperature may have a negative effect on the internal bond strength of the boards. In general, CTMP leads to MDF with higher internal bonding strength compared to those derived from TMP. In addition, the influence of different drying conditions (150 °C and 170 °C) of TMP and CTMP on the physical-mechanical properties of MDF was assessed. MDF made from CTMP showed lower thickness swelling when dried under high temperature.
Characterisation of Fungal Degraded Birch Wood by FTIR and Py-GC
Authors: Backa Stefan , Brolin Anders , Nilsson Thomas 
Published: October 2004

Summary
Rot fungi Fomitopsis pinicola and Sterum hirsutum were employed in preparing decayed birch wood
samples. The degree of decay was determined as weight loss. The samples were analysed by analytical
pyrolysis (PY) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and correlated to weight loss by means of multivariate
calibration.
The above techniques provided both quantitative assessments and qualitative interpretations. The PY
technique can distinguish between the fungi at all degrees of decay while FTIR failed at low weight losses.
This may be due to fungal biomass, the amount of which is difficult to determine in the decayed sample.
Both analytical techniques can be calibrated to predict weight losses from 0 to 45%. Different fungal
degradation patterns could also be identified, especially when pyrolysis was used. F. pinicola degraded
lignin to a lesser extent at the same weight loss than did S. hirsutum. General degradation mechanisms
could be confirmed for the fungi studied.
The Effects of Specific Volatile Organic Compounds Produced by Trichoderma Spp. on the Growth of Wood Decay Basidiomycetes
Authors: Humphris Sonia N. , Wheatley Ron E. , Bruce Alan 
Published: October 2004

Summary
Previous work by Srinivasan et al. (1992) and Bruce et al. (1996) has shown that inhibition of wood
decay fungi by volatile organic compounds produced by Trichoderma spp. is dependent on the type of
growth media and age of the Trichoderma colony. Wheatley et al. (1997) identified five volatile organic
compounds produced by Trichoderma spp. that may be inhibitory to wood decay fungi. The effects of
four of these compounds (Acetone, 2-methyl-1-butanol, heptanal and octanal) were tested over a range
of concentrations against four selected wood decay fungi. Fungi were incubated in malt extract broth
under appropriate conditions and growth was estimated by biomass production and respiration rates.
Growth of all four fungi was affected by at least one of the compounds, usually by inhibition but occasionally
stimulation. All but two of the fungus/chemical combinations showed significant effects on biomass
development (P < 0.05) and fifteen of the sixteen combinations produced a significant concentration
effect on respiration rates (P < 0.05). The aldehydes, heptanal and octanal, were very effective
against all four wood decay fungi. All four fungi were inhibited by more than 80% at 25 μg ml−1 by
heptanal and three of the four fungi were totally inhibited at 250 μg ml−1. Acetone did not inhibit the
four wood decay fungi and even stimulated fungal growth at some concentrations. 2-methyl-1-butanol
was only effective at the highest concentration of 2500 μg ml−1. The implications of these results for the
biological control of wood decay fungi and future studies are discussed.
Laboratory Evaluation of Natural Decay Resistance and Efficacy of CCA-Treated Rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.)
Authors: Jusoh Ismail , Kamdem D. Pascal 
Published: October 2004

Summary
Information on the natural decay resistance and efficacy of CCA-treated rubberwood is important for the
development rubberwood industry. The purpose of this study was to determine the natural decay resistance
of rubberwood and the efficacy of CCA-pressure treatment in order to explore a new opportunity
for this abundant raw material. Natural decay resistance and efficacy of CCA was estimated using soil-block
test according to AWPA E10-91. Cubes were exposed to six wood-decay fungi: two each from
white, brown, and soft rot. The moisture content of test cubes exposed to Irpex lacteus and Trametes versicolor
increased with weight loss increase, while that exposed to Gloeophyllum trabeum and Postia placenta
decreased. After a 12-week incubation period the average weight loss by white rot and brown rot
fungi was about 1.5 times higher than that of soft rot fungi. CCA retention of 4.1 kg/m3 reduced weight
loss to between 8% and 10%, retention of 14.5 kg/m3 protected weight loss by all test fungi from exceeding 2%.
19F NMR Spectroscopy for the Quantitative Analysis of Carbonyl Groups in Lignins
Authors: Sevillano R.M. , Mortha G. , Barrelle M. , Lachenal D. 
Published: October 2004

Summary
The amount of carbonyl groups in an organosolv lignin was determined by 19F NMR spectroscopy after
different derivatizations: derivatization with trifluoromethylphenylhydrazine, fluorobenzoylation of
alcohol groups formed after NaBH4 reduction of lignin, fluorobenzoylation of phenolic hydroxyl groups
after catalytic hydrogenation of lignin. Oximation was also used for comparison. Carbonyl group contents
determined by 19F NMR after trifluoromethylphenylhydrazine derivatization were in good correlation
with results from other methods. Trifluoromethylphenylhydrazine derivatization is a fast and easy
technique, which provides a distinct quantification of aldehyde, ketone and quinone groups. Some round
robin lignins (Milne et al. 1992), using trifluoromethylphenylhydrazine derivatization and modified oximation
(Zakis 1994) provided significantly higher carbonyl group contents than the round robin test data,
which had been measured either by classical oximation or by reduction-UV methods. Other recently
reported carbonyl group estimations on round robin lignins (Faix et al. 1998; Ahvazi et al. 1999) were
either in agreement or in disagreement with the herein-presented results. This indicates that carbonyl
group analysis in lignins is difficult and that care must be taken when selecting an appropriate method.
An Investigation of Selected Factors that Influence Hardwood Wettability
Authors: Shupe Todd F. , Hse Chung Y. , Wang Wan H. 
Published: October 2004

Summary
Wettability of sanded and non-sanded transverse and tangential sections of 22 southern hardwoods
species was judged by measurement of contact angles using phenol formaldehyde resins. As expected,
contact angle values on transverse sections were higher than those on tangential sections for both sanded
and non-sanded surfaces. On sanded surfaces, hackberry had the highest mean contact angle (64.7°),
and black oak had the lowest mean contact angle (50.1°). On non-sanded surfaces, winged elm had the
highest mean contact angle (59.1°), and sweetgum had the lowest mean contact angle (45.9°). In addition,
4 of the 22 species (southern red oak, sweetgum, white oak, and post oak) were selected to investigate
the effect of oven-drying, air-drying, and free-drying on wettability. The mean transverse contact
was 2.1°–29.0° and 5.1°–31.5° higher than radial and tangential values, respectively. The contact angle
pattern typically displayed for a given species and plane was generally oven-dry > air-dry > freeze-dry.
The species pattern for most methods and planes was: sweetgum > white oak > post oak > southern red
oak. White oak and post oak gave similar contact angle values.
Application of Scanning UV Microspectrophotometry to Localise Lignins and Phenolic Extractives in Plant Cell Walls
Authors: Koch G. , Kleist G. 
Published: October 2004

Summary
The localisation of lignin and phenolic extractives in woody tissue was determined using scanning UV
microspectrophotometry. This improved cellular analytical technique enabled direct imaging of the topochemical
lignin distribution within individual cell wall layers with a resolution of 0.25 μm2. Selected
softwood (Picea abies), hardwood (Fagus sylvatica, Entandrophragma cylindricum, Prunus serotina)
and monocotyledon (Phyllostachys edulis) sections of 1 μm thickness were scanned at a fixed wavelength
and evaluated with the “APAMOS” software. This approach allowed the distribution pattern of
lignins and aromatic extractives within the cell wall to be visualised simultaneously. The method was
found to be ideally suited to the study of their subcellular distribution in plant cell walls.
Fungicidal Activity of 3'-Substituted-3-Stilbenols
Authors: Fisher T.H. , Jin Y. , Schultz T.P. 
Published: October 2004

Summary
Twenty 3′-substituted-3-stilbenols were synthesized and tested for fungicidal activity (agar plate IC50
values) against two brown-rot fungi rot Gloeophyllum trabeum and Postia placenta and one white-rot
fungus Trametes versicolor. Compounds synthesized were eight trans-3-X-3′-stilbenols (X = OMe, Me,
Cl, OH, OPr, OBu, OOct, and O-p-Tol), three cis-3-X-3′-stilbenols (X = OMe, Me, Cl), three 3-hydroxy-α-(3-X-phenyl)cinnamic acids (X = OMe, Me, Cl), and six multisubstituted-3′-substituted-3-stilbenols (3′,4-diOMe, 3′-Me-4-OMe, 3′-Cl-4-OMe, 3′-OH-4-OMe, 3′-Cl-4-OMe-4′-OH, and 3′-Cl-4′-OH). The three cinnamic acids and 3′-OOct showed low to no activity against all three fungi. Most
of these 3′-substituted-3-stilbenols (15 of 20) had fungicidal activity against the white-rot fungus T. versicolor,
in contrast to earlier studies on 3′-substituted-4-stilbenols which were inactive against T. versicolor.
These 3′-substituted-3-stilbenols also had fungicidal activity against G. trabeum and P. placenta,
with the latter fungus having a parabolic lipophilic Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR).
3′-O-p-Tol-3-stilbenol was the most active against T. versicolor and fifth most active against P. placenta
of the twenty 3′-substituted-3-stilbenols examined here.
The crystal structures of Hg7Se3O13H2 and Hg8Se4O17H2 — two mixed-valent mercury oxoselenium compounds with a multifarious crystal chemistry
Authors: Weil Matthias 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Single crystals of the mixed-valent compounds Hg7Se3O13H2 (I) and Hg8Se4O17H2 (II) were grown under hydrothermal conditions. The crystal structures were solved and refined from single crystal X-ray data collected at room temperature (I: R3, Z = 3, a = 5.9239(3), c = 37.096(3) Å, 1465 structure factors, 60 parameters, R[F
2 > 2σ(F
2)] = 0.0383, wR(F
2 all) = 0.0970, Goof = 1.047; II: P31c, Z = 2, a = 5.8908(6), c = 31.048(3) Å, 1889 structure factors, 69 parameters, R[F
2 > 2σ(F
2)] = 0.0662, wR(F
2 all) = 0.1626, Goof = 1.088). Both compounds show a multifarious crystal chemistry and contain triangular Hg3
4+ cluster cations, Hg2
2+ dumbbells, Hg2+ cations, HgO2
2– mercurate groups, and trigonal-pyramidal SeO3
2– as well as tetrahedral SeO4
2– anions and water molecules as simple building units. The description in terms of crystal chemistry leads to the more detailed formulae (HgIV/3
3) (HgI
2)(HgII)(HgIIO2)(SeIVO3)2(SeVIO4)(H2O) for I and (HgIV/3
3)(HgI
2)(HgII)2(HgIIO2)(SeIVO3)2(SeVIO4)2(H2O) for II, respectively. Characteristic features of the closely related structures are building blocks formed by parallel layers of Hg3
4+ triangles, layers of disordered Hg2
2+ dumbbells, layers of SeO4
2– and HgO2
2– groups, and layers of SeO3
2– groups which are all stacked along [001]. The layers are linked into a complex three-dimensional framework via common O atoms and H2O molecules. In comparison with Hg7Se3O13H2, the structure of Hg8Se4O17H2 contains an additional and disordered HgSeO4 layer which leads to a significant distortion of parts of the resulting structure.
In-situ pressure crystallization and X-ray diffraction study of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane at 0.5 GPa
Authors: Bujak Maciej , Katrusiak Andrzej 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane, C2H2Cl4 (denoted TCE, m.p. 230 K) has been in-situ pressure crystallized in a Merrill-Bassett diamond-anvil cell, and its structure has been determined at 0.5 GPa and 295 K from the single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. TCE crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21
/c with the molecules located at the inversion centers. The molecules are in the s-trans conformation, while they assume the gauche conformation in the crystal obtained by cooling. This implies that a phase transition may exist between the low-temperature and high-pressure phases of TCE. In the high-pressure phase the HC–CH moiety of the C2H2Cl4 molecule is disordered in two sites, one related to the other by the non-crystallographic mirror plane approximately through the four Cl atoms of one molecule. The refined occupancy factors for the disordered sites are 0.77 and 0.23. The role played by the Cl…Cl intermolecular interactions for the disorder, and the phase transition between TCE phases built of s-trans (high-pressure) and gauche (low-temperature) molecules have been discussed.
Homogeneous Ice Nucleation in Water and Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Koop Thomas 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
This review provides an introduction to ice nucleation processes in supercooled water and aqueous solutions. Concepts for experimental techniques suitable to study homogeneous ice nucleation are addressed, in particular differential scanning calorimetry of inverse emulsions. Ice nucleation data from aqueous solutions have been analyzed using two approaches, and the interrelations between those are examined. It is argued that the ice nucleation process is driven entirely by thermodynamic quantities and how this can be understood in the context of three proposed theories for supercooled liquid water. Ice nucleation data for pure water droplets surrounded by a gas have been compiled and evaluated; within experimental uncertainty neither a volume dependent nucleation process nor a surface dependent nucleation process is convincingly supported by the analysis. Finally, open questions in the area of supercooled aqueous solutions and ice nucleation are discussed.
Voltammetric Behaviour of Pentoxifylline at Mercury Electrode
Authors: Biçer Ender , Çınar Elif 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
The voltammetric behaviour of pentoxifylline (1-(5′-oxohexyl)-3,7-dimethylxanthine, PTX) was studied in several supporting electrolytes (Britton–Robinson buffer of pH 2–12, 0.1 M NH3/NH4Cl buffer (pH 9.08), 0.1 M Na2B4O7 (pH 9.30), 0.1 M KCl (pH 6.22). At 0.1 M Britton–Robinson buffer (pH 7.46) PTX gives two peaks at −0.150 V and −1.524 V, respectively. At low pH values (pH < 5.50), the second peak was obscured by the hydrogen evolution while the first peak is well defined at 0.1 M KNO3 supporting electrolyte (pH 6.22). The potential of the second peak is practically pH-independent in the pH range of 6.50–11.00. The peaks (at −0.150 V and −1.524 V) are attributed to the reduction of Hg(I)-PTX complex and carbonyl group at 5′-oxohexyl moiety of the molecule, respectively. The relationship between peak current of carbonyl group and concentration of PTX is linear in 1.48 × 10−5 − 1.34 × 10−4 M concentration range in 0.1 M KCl (pH 6.22). It was observed that PTX has adsorption/desorption characteristics. A plausible mechanism is proposed for the electrode reaction of PTX on the mercury electrode.