bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of the Hippocampal Formation
Authors: Lavenex Pierre , Amaral David G. , Banta Lavenex Pamela , Guillemot François , Insausti Ricardo , Urban Noelia 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter describes the developmental periods and processes that contribute to the structural maturation of hippocampal circuits. It establishes a comparative timeline describing specific developmental processes occurring in mice, rats, monkeys, and humans in order to summarize the general principles of the development of the hippocampal formation that are valid across species, and to point out important species differences. It considers specific genes and regulatory pathways controlling the early patterning of the hippocampal primordium, the migration of progenitor cells and neurons, and the establishment of connections of hippocampal neurons leading to the formation of functioning circuits. Finally, it discusses recent studies on the postnatal development of the hippocampal formation, ranging from structural MRI studies in humans, to structural and molecular studies in nonhuman primates, to functional studies in rodents, which collectively provide a coherent framework to understand the emergence of hippocampus-dependent memory during early childhood.
Synaptic Function
Authors: Kullmann Dimitri M. , Volynski Kirill E. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter examines the fundamental operation of synaptic transmission. It describes how individual synapses in the hippocampus are specialized to transmit and process signals and encode a history of their recent activity. It provides an overview of the mechanisms of presynaptic release of neurotransmitters, outlines the diversity of glutamatergic GABAergic synapses, considers other neurotransmitters and receptor systems, and highlights some of the unresolved issues surrounding synaptic function.
Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Authors: Walker Matthew C. , Thom Maria , Vivekananda Umesh 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Seizures commonly arise from the mesial temporal lobe, and “scarring” of the hippocampus, hippocampal sclerosis, is the commonest cause of drug-resistant epilepsy. Hippocampal sclerosis stems from genetic and environmental factors, including traumatic brain injury, prolonged seizures, or inflammation. The hippocampus is not only the origin of seizures but also susceptible to damage from them, which can result in disease progression. Epilepsy, the occurrence of spontaneous seizures, results from structural and functional changes in hippocampal networks. A host of different processes, including inflammation, neuronal death, and changes in gene expression, drive the network changes that eventually result in epilepsy. Targeting these processes may prevent epilepsy or its progression. While many of these changes may be compensatory in reducing seizure frequency, they can impact cognition and mental health. Indeed, there is growing evidence that the pathophysiology of epilepsy-related hippocampal sclerosis overlaps with other conditions such as Alzheimer’s and neuropsychiatric disease.
Seeing Depression Through A Cultural Lens
Authors: Fogel Barry S. , Jiang Xiaoling 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Seeing Depression through a Cultural Lens, the collaborative work of a clinical neuroscientist and a scholar of comparative culture, examines the effects of cultural identity on the epidemiology, phenomenology, and narratives of depression, the bipolar spectrum, and suicide. Culture is associated with emotional communication style, “idioms of distress,” the conception of depression and of bipolar disorders, and how people with mood disorders might be stigmatized. It is linked to structural factors—environmental, social, and economic circumstances—that create or mitigate the risk of depression, sometimes precipitate episodes of illness, and facilitate or impede treatment. Culture shapes depressed people’s willingness to disclose or acknowledge their condition and to seek care, their relationships with clinicians, and their acceptance or rejection of specific treatments. Cultural context is essential to understanding suicide. It underlies people’s motives for suicide, facilitating and inhibiting factors, the social acceptability of death by suicide, and the availability of lethal means of self-harm. Cultural identity is always intersectional—comprising elements related to race and ethnicity; gender; age, generation, and life stage; education; social class; occupation; migrant or minority status; region of residence; and religious belief and practice. Seeing Depression through a Cultural Lens explores the implications of each of these dimensions using salient concepts form the social sciences; memorable narratives from literature, film, and the clinic; and quantitative findings from epidemiology and psychometrics. It offers readers a framework for culturally aware assessment and management of depression, bipolarity, and suicidal risk in individuals and in populations.
Preoperative Process
Authors: Keshock Maureen , Cummings Kenneth 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Significant changes have occurred in the design and setup of preoperative evaluation clinics as more patients plan elective surgery. These clinics improve rates of surgical delays, complications, hospital length of stay, cost, and day-of-surgery cancellations. The preoperative clinic is associated with the institution’s surgical site (hospital or ambulatory surgical center) and depends on the organization’s culture, goals, and existing resources. In all cases, the preoperative process ensures chart compilation, risk stratification, and compliance with regulatory bodies, although not all patients undergo the same process, varying based on surgical case risk and patient risk. The authors review various pre-anesthesia clinic models and the preoperative screening process. Technological advances and telemedicine in the form of virtual visits are explored, along with a screening algorithm embedded in the electronic medical record.
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing
Authors: Dove Paris , Traer Emily , Ismail Hilmy , Riedel Bernhard 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Perioperative cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is a validated objective method of providing individualized and stratified preoperative risk assessments. Using gas-exchange analysis during a symptom-limited exercise ramp protocol, typically conducted on a cycle ergometer, dynamic oxygen utility and pulmonary carbon dioxide transport are measured. While functional capacity is not accurately predicted at rest, CPET offers an objective dynamic assessment of exercise tolerance, cardiopulmonary health, and specific cardiopulmonary limitations. Each test is a point of care, where perioperative education is provided and potential perioperative complications are elucidated. Complications may then be mitigated through patient-specific prehabilitation, optimization of modifiable risk factors, improved multidisciplinary communication, and planned postoperative care.
Does Your Cataract Surgeon Know You Were Admitted for Heart Failure Last Week?
Authors: Curtis Michael , Weitzel Nathaen , Kertai Miklos D. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Heart failure is a broad diagnosis encompassing a wide variety of etiologies, all generally manifesting as an inability for either the heart to meet the output required by the rest of the body or an inability to handle the systemic venous return. Given the significant stress placed on the cardiovascular system by anesthetics and surgery, patients with heart failure (who already have a borderline cardiac function) are at increased risk of perioperative adverse events, especially if not medically optimized. The preoperative evaluation can play a significant role in both devising a safe anesthetic plan for a patient and determining appropriate timing for procedures with respect to a patient’s current function.
Difficult Conversations
Authors: Ostapenko Laura J. , Hill Katherine A. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Healthcare clinicians have difficult conversations daily. In fact, these conversations are so ubiquitous that clinicians often do not realize the cognitive and emotional stress that these conversations cause—for patients, other care providers, and even the clinicians themselves. Research-validated tools exist to help clinicians have difficult conversations with less stress. Certain specialties within medicine, such as oncology and palliative care, have developed strategies for success in difficult conversations, where success is defined as a partnership between participants who work together to construct a shared medical context that is then used to make decisions about medical care based on a patient’s goals and values. Such strategies for having a successful difficult conversation share an underlying framework including agreeing on the medical context, responding to emotion, clarifying values in the setting of that medical context, and making a recommendation.
This Patient Has 17 Allergies: Including “General Anesthesia”
Authors: Pulley Debra D. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Medical care exposes patients to numerous chemical compounds that have the potential to cause hypersensitivity reactions. This is especially true at the time of surgery, when it may be difficult to discern what caused the reaction since there can be multiple simultaneous exposures. Many times, clinicians will simply avoid the causative agent; however, this is not always possible because alternative drugs may be inferior or simply not available. Accurate documentation of the reaction is vital. Relying on patient-provided information may not be reliable. Referral to an allergist can be useful. Thyroid disease is prevalent. Symptoms/signs suggestive of either hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism should be assessed and elective surgery postponed if optimization is needed. Patients with goiter need preoperative airway assessment to identify potential airway compression.
Somatization in children and adolescents across cultures
Authors: Velusamy Arul , Sravanti Lakshmi 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Somatization is ‘a tendency to experience and communicate somatic distress and symptoms unaccounted for by pathological findings, to attribute them to physical illness, and to seek medical help for them’. Somatization in children, as in adults, describes the presence of a range of physical symptoms not accounted for by physical pathology, which have an emotional or a communicative function, but could be attributed by the child, family, or both to an undiagnosed physical illness. Cultural factors play a significant role in somatization, influencing symptom expression, health-seeking patterns, and family and societal beliefs. This chapter conceptualizes somatization in children and adolescents through the lens of developmental psychopathology incorporating biopsychosocial and ecological systems frameworks, and discusses the impact of culture on somatization in children and adolescents and culture-bound syndromes in adolescents.
Somatization disorders in central and western Asia
Authors: Anuk Dilek 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Somatization is one of the psychiatric disorders that is the most influenced by culture, occurring more commonly in more traditional societies in central and western Asia than in Europe. To understand the reasons behind such high somatization prevalence rate in this part of the world, factors such as the meaning of disease symptoms, upbringing styles, gender roles, divorce, stigma associated with psychiatric disorders, symbolic language, trauma, and migration that affect somatization in the culture in which patients are raised need to be taken into consideration. It is likely that the physical complaints in somatization have a communicative function peculiar to particular societies that goes beyond the standard meanings attributable to body language. They may also be a silent cry for help, a reflection of traumas, a sign of a need for support, and sometimes an expression of difficulty in adapting to a new environment.
Somatization disorders in South America
Authors: Ramalho Rodrigo , Berrio Cuartas Diana M. , Libuy Javiera , Parodi Claudia , Argomedo-Ramos Gianfranco , Vicente Spadini Alex , Gonzalez-Diaz Jairo M. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Somatization disorders in South America explores the influence of culture on somatization. Focusing on Latin America and the Latin American diaspora, the chapter examines how culture impacts the experience of somatization, its associated help-seeking behaviors, and the ways in which this help is received, while paying attention to how culture equally shapes psychiatric nosology and mental health-related clinical and research practices. It also critically reviews the literature, exploring the prevalence of somatization in this population. The chapter also discusses somatization, anxiety, and depression in primary care, as well as susto and nervios, two cultural concepts or idioms of distress. It also offers recommendations for clinical assessment, healthcare support, and research, emphasizing the importance of cultural safety and promoting diversity, inclusion, and health equity outcomes.
Understanding the reasons for self-harm
Authors: Quarshie Emmanuel Nii-Boye , House Allan 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In this chapter we start with a review of the risk factors for self-harm, which can be summarized as: membership in a vulnerable group; problematic current circumstances; individual characteristics and recent stressful experiences. We discuss the individual reasons for which people self-harm—as a way of responding to or managing unpleasant emotions, communicating with others, or generating positive feelings. Putting information about these factors together into a formulation allows for a fuller understanding of the reasons for an episode of self-harm. Many of the same considerations are important in estimating the likelihood of repetition of self-harm or of subsequent suicide.
Neurology
Authors: Raine Tim , Collins George , Brown Fraser , Howarth Sophie 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter discusses the diagnosis and treatment of neurological conditions. It covers emergency treatment of coma and reduced GCS, adult seizures, paediatric seizures, and stroke/CVA/TIA. The chapter also includes discussion of focal neurology, functional neurological disorder, seizures, neurodegenerative disorders, stroke, back pain, headache, and dizziness.
Considering and responding to risk when working with people living with mental health problems
Authors: Warrender Dan , Young Chris 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Risk is one of the most complex and anxiety-provoking issues faced by mental health nurses, with huge potential for not only helping but also significantly harming service users. Often considered narrowly in terms of violence and suicide, risk is best thought of more broadly as the potential of losing something of value. ‘How-to’ guides to risk may be fruitless when human beings are so complex, thus this chapter defines risk, identifies core foundational principles and relational practice required when working with service users, and presents models and discussion to aid critical thinking and reflection. The action/consequences model offers a thinking aid for decision making, considering how containing risk and tolerating risk can have a variety of outcomes, each of which can help or harm.
Skills to improve care continuity: Working in interagency and interprofessional teams
Authors: Weaver Nick , Hannigan Ben 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Care for people with mental health difficulties is provided by practitioners often working in different teams and organizations. This makes the system of mental health a complex one and places a premium on continuity of care. Care continuity is a cornerstone of modern mental healthcare and one of the principal aims of care coordination. Mental health nurses have important parts to play in these areas. This chapter explores interprofessional and interagency working and introduces evidence and skills useful to nurses in their roles as care coordinators. Key skills must be developed and applied in working across multiple service interfaces with the aim of promoting care continuity. These include facilitating better continuity and connectivity across service boundaries, developing better therapeutic relationships, providing greater flexibility for service users, and supporting better communication and information transfer. The policy context is also important for developing interagency and interprofessional skills to promote better care continuity.
How Do I Manage My Adult Patient in the Hospital in a Vaso-occlusive Crisis?
Authors: Smith Wally R. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter recommends pain management for hospitalized patients with a sickle cell disease (SCD) vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC). This chapter explains that hospitalization for a VOC is actually rare, compared to the number of days patients with SCD spend in pain. It recommends guideline-backed pain management practices, along with specific management tips that will likely shorten the time to discharge and eliminate unnecessary pain and suffering. It notes routes of administration with techniques for handling administration of parenteral opioids. It discusses repeated pain assessment with strengths and weaknesses of pain measures. The chapter recommends assessment variables for determining appropriateness of discharge.
How Do I Respond When My Patient Comes to the Clinic Asking for More Opioids Than Usual?
Authors: Carroll C. Patrick 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter guides clinicians through a set of simple questions they may use in their clinical strategy for managing seemingly worsened outpatient sickle cell disease (SCD) pain, whether or not it is called a vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC) by the patient. The pain experience of people with SCD varies over time. Often, pain evolves from episodic VOCs in early life to chronic pain with superimposed VOCs later. Complications that are independently painful can also accumulate. Thus, deciding when and whether to apply an acute pain treatment paradigm versus a chronic pain treatment paradigm can be difficult. Treatment is even more fraught with difficulty by the neuropharmacological complexity and risks of opioids. This chapter suggests how to deliberately choose a specific treatment paradigm based on answers to the above simple questions; how to assess whether that paradigm worked, including when to declare failure of opioids; and how to manage treatment and other risks in this subset of patients.
Optogenetics and Related Technologies for Psychiatric Disease Research
Authors: Fenno Lief E. , Deisseroth Karl 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Causal study of brain function in model organisms is a central goal of neuroscience, and this work is critical to opening new frontiers in the management of psychiatric disease. Optogenetics—the use of light-activated proteins to directly control the activity of defined populations of neurons in awake, behaving animals—has revolutionized neuroscience and is being investigated for clinical use for the direct treatment of human neurological disease. This chapter serves as an introduction to the development of optogenetics, describes the use of this tool class in modern systems neuroscience and applications to understanding mental illness, and outlines current efforts to further develop this technology. Readers can expect to gain a sufficient mechanistic understanding of optogenetics to understand current primary neuroscience research, become familiar with this class of molecular techniques, and to be able to use the text as a reference for further reading.
Genetics of Schizophrenia
Authors: Legge Sophie E. , Pardiñas Antonio F. , O’Donovan Michael C. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Schizophrenia is a highly heritable, multifactorial disorder, the genetic component of which involves thousands of risk alleles. Risk loci identified include approximately 287 single nucleotide polymorphisms of very small effect with allele frequencies greater than 5%, up to 11 copy number variants of large effect with frequencies lower than 0.1%, and 10 genes containing ultra-rare damaging coding variants of large effect with frequencies of 0.01% or less. No known single allele accounts for an appreciable amount of population variance in risk or is alone sufficient to cause the disorder. Schizophrenia risk alleles are often pleiotropic, affecting cognitive traits and other psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. Convergent evidence from risk alleles of all types suggests that central nervous system neurons are the most important site of pathophysiology. There is particularly strong evidence pointing to synaptic processes involving glutamatergic and GABAergic transmission, but other aspects of neuronal function are almost certainly involved.
Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Bipolar Disorder
Authors: McClung Colleen A. , Blumberg Hilary P. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter describes findings from cell culture, animal, and human studies that have shed light on the molecular and cellular basis of bipolar disorder. It summarizes the most replicated genetic findings and the contribution of environmental influences. It also details the various cellular and brain circuit abnormalities that are thought to play a role in the development of this disorder. Sleep–wake and other circadian rhythm disruptions are central to the disorder; thus, a good portion of the chapter details how disruptions to normal 24-hr rhythms in a variety of cellular processes could contribute to bipolar disorder pathophysiology and treatment. In addition, the chapter discusses ways in which mood-stabilizing medications are thought to work therapeutically and how this has enhanced knowledge of the causes of this disease and how it may vary from individual to individual.
Neuroimaging and Circuit Mechanisms of Depression
Authors: Romer Adrienne L. , Bertocci Michele A. , Phillips Mary L. , Pizzagalli Diego A. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the leading cause of mental and behavioral disorder disability in the United States. MDD is characterized by dysfunctions in three primary processes: (a) emotion processing and regulation, (b) reward processing and learning, and (c) executive functioning (cognitive control). Neuroimaging research has identified neural alterations in MDD in frontolimbic, frontostriatal, and frontocingulate neural circuitries that support these three processes. This chapter details the neural circuit mechanisms underlying depression by reporting findings from studies using a variety of neuroimaging techniques, including functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, single-photon emission computed tomography, arterial spin labeling, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The chapter concludes with discussions of promising new areas of neuroimaging research in depression, and it outlines important future directions for identification of robust biomarkers of depression that can increase diagnostic precision and guide personalized treatments.