bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Boltzmann’s Kinetic Equation
Authors: Woods L C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we shall present and apply Boltzmann’s fundamental equation for the evolution of the velocity distribution function f. He derived it in order to explain how f approached the equilibrium distribution Jo discovered by Maxwell a few years earlier. His principal objective was to deduce the second law of thermodynamics by a purely mechanical argument. He managed this—at least for the case of a dilute gas—by proving a remarkable theorem, now known as the ‘H-theorem’. What is surprising about this theorem is that it establishes irreversibility analytically, using what seems to be a very innoxious (statistical) assumption about the behaviour of colliding molecules. Yet Newton’s laws of motion are reversible and the molecules in a tenuous gas of elastic spheres obey these laws. This apparent conflict was the cause of considerable scepticism amongst Boltzmann’s peers about the merit of his theorem, some of whom even questioned the reality of atoms.
Transport Across Strong Magnetic Fields
Authors: Woods L C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first requirement in calculating the heat and momentum transport across strong magnetic fields is a kinetic equation accurate to second-order in the Knudsen number ∈. By a ‘strong’ magnetic field is meant one for which ω = ωτ ≫ 1. The product WE is an important parameter in the theory. We shall show that if ω∈ ≫ 1, second order transport dominates the process. This case, commonly obtaining in laboratory plasmas, yields some surprising results, including the possibility of (transient) heat flux up temperature gradients.
Multi-Tube arrays
Authors: Zdravkovich M M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has been discussed in Vol. 1 that a most prominent feature of flow past circular cylinders and tubes is that the transition from laminar to turbulent flow takes place through a succession of transition states over a large range of Re. Each transition state is sensitive to disturbances such as free stream turbulence, proximity to other tubes or walls, wake interference, surface roughness, and tube oscillation, to mention only those relevant to tube arrays. The complexity of interstitial flow in closely spaced tube arrays stems from the fact that the flow is in the transition states and most of the aforementioned disturbances are present.
Phylogenetic Networks
Authors: Huber Katharina T , Moulton Vincent 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Phylogenetic networks a.re a. generalization of phylogenetic trees that permit the representation of conflicting signal or alternative phylogenetic histories. Networks are clearly useful when the underlying evolutionary history is nontreelike. Recombination, hybridization, lateral gene transfer can all lead to histories that are not adequately modelled by a single tree. Moreover, even in case the underlying history is treelike, phenomena such as parallel evolution, model heterogeneity, and sampling error can make it difficult to represent the history by a single tree. In such situations networks can provide a useful tool for representing ambiguity or for simultaneously visualizing a collection of feasible trees. In this chapter, we will review some methods for network reconstruction that are based on the representation of bipartitions or splits of the data set in question. As we shall see, these methods are based on a theoretical foundation that naturally generalizes the theory of phylogenetic trees.
Introduction
Authors: Ferreirós J , Gray J J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this book of essays is to advance contemporary work in creating stronger links between the history and philosophy of mathematics. It has become clear through several conferences and publications that the present situation at the beginning of the twenty-first century is congenial to this kind of historico-philosophical enterprise. The editors have brought together an important international group of scholars whose contributions focus on the history and philosophy of modern mathematics, roughly from 1800 to 1970.
Processes of change in brain and cognitive development: The final word
Authors: Aslin Richard N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this discussion, many of the key issues that emerged during the conference are critically evaluated. These include the correlational vs. causal nature of behavioral and neural data, the utility of animal models of development, the homogeneity assumption in models of brain activity, the value of computational models, of lesion studies, and of atypical populations, the mechanisms of brain plasticity, reorganization, and recovery, what is meant by the terms representation and generalization, the mechanisms of learning, and the ways in which these learning mechanisms are constrained.
Teichmuoller spaces
Authors: Fletcher A , Markovic V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the idea of Teichmuoller spaces as equivalence classes of quasiconformal maps. We show how this is defined for the universal Teichmuoller space T (H), and then how this can be generalized for Teichmuoller spaces of Riemann surfaces. We define the Teichmu¨ller metric on Teichmuoller space. As an extended example, the Teichmu¨ller space of the torus is computed. We show how the Bers embedding can embed Teichmuoller space T (M ) into Q(M ), the Banach space of quadratic diﬀerentials on M , and how to use this embedding to view T (M ) as a complex Banach manifold modelled on Q(M ).
Local rigidity of Teichmuoller spaces
Authors: Fletcher A , Markovic V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter, we saw that a surjective linear isometry between the Bergman spaces of two Riemann surfaces implies that the two Riemann surfaces are conformally equivalent. In this chapter, we will show that when two Riemann surfaces M and N have infinite dimensional Teichmuoller spaces, their Bergman spaces will always be isomorphic. This then implies, via the Bers embedding, that their Teichmuoller spaces will be locally bi-Lipschitz equivalent. We follow the presentation in [20].
Spatial models for the distribution of extremes
Authors: Gilleland Eric , Nychka Douglas , Schneider Uli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Statistical models for the occurrence of extreme or rare events has been applied in a variety of areas, but little work has been done in extending these ideas to spatial data sets. Here, a brief introduction to the theory of extreme-value statistics is given, and a hierarchical Bayesian framework is used to incorporate a spatial component into the model. Two examples are used to motivate the applications of statistics for extremes: high values of ozone pollution and high rates of daily rainfall.
Slitherings and Other Foliations
Authors: Calegari Danny 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The construction of transverse laminations from a universal circle in the previous chapter relied fundamentally on the structure of the branching of L. But for many important special classes of taut foliations, L does not branch, or branches in only one direction. In this case one can trade topology for geometry, and construct transverse laminations which detect not the branching of the leaf space, but the bending of individual leaves.
Law, evolution and the brain: applications and open questions
Authors: Jones Owen D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The odds seem stacked against the Saharan desert ant Cataglyphis. It must forage alone in scorching temperatures. It must travel vast distances. It must loop and zigzag in constant pursuit of the heat-stressed prey that it must somehow locate, overcome, and then carry. Perhaps most dauntingly, with prey or without, each ant must make its way back to a small and far-distant nest entrance, out there—somewhere—in a numbingly monotonous landscape.
A cognitive neurobiological account of deception: evidence from functional neuroimaging
Authors: Spence Sean A , Hunter Mike D , Farrow Tom F D , Green Russell D , Leung David H , Hughes Catherine J , Ganesan Venkatasubramanian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An organism may use misinformation, knowingly (through deception) or unknowingly (as in the case of camouflage), to gain advantage in a competitive environment. From an evolutionary perspective, greater tactical deception occurs among primates closer to humans, with larger neocortices. In humans, the onset of deceptive behaviours in childhood exhibits a developmental trajectory, which may be regarded as ‘normal’ in the majority and deficient among a minority with certain neurodevelopmental disorders (e.g. autism). In the human adult, deception and lying exhibit features consistent with their use of ‘higher’ or ‘executive’ brain systems. Accurate detection of deception in humans may be of particular importance in forensic practice, while an understanding of its cognitive neurobiology may have implications for models of ‘theory of mind’ and social cognition, and societal notions of responsibility, guilt and mitigation.
Grazing on sediment shores
Authors: Reise Karsten 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In intertidal mud and sand, diatoms are the dominant microalgae, with about 10 cells cm-2 andanannual net production of roughly 100 g C m-2. One-third may be consumed by the zoobenthos. Large deposit feeders ingest microalgae together with sediment particles. Smaller ones scrape algal cells from sand grains or capture mobile diatoms. These are either ingested intact or are punctured and sucked out. Bulk measurements on primary production and on consumption provide little insight into plant-animal interactions in shallow sediments. Analyses should differentiate between type of algae and mode of feeding. Large epipelic diatoms are occasionally subject to overgrazing, while the small epipsammic diatoms are utilized to a lesser extent. At moderate density some grazers stimulate algal growth. Gardening is achieved by excretion of ammonia and secretion of mucus. The extracellular mucopolysaccharides produced by diatoms increase the surface stability of sediments and enhance the accretion of organic deposits. This is beneficial to deposit feeders. Heavy grazing on mud-flats reduces diatom density, and the habitat may become more sandy because of interference with the accretion of mud. In sand, bioturbating macrofauna depresses microalgal growth by frequent burial. Large burrowers occasionally anchor strings of green macroalgae, which subsequently grow into coherent algal mats, changing the entire habitat profoundly.
Interaction of low-level combined static and extremely low-frequency magnetic fields with calcium ion transport in normal and transformed human lymphocytes and rat thymic cells
Authors: Persson Bertil R R , Lindvall Magnus , Malmgren, Lars , Salford Leif G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The alteration of release of calcium ions from biological tissue by electromagnetic stimulation has been reported by several authors (Kaczmarec and Adey 1974; Bawin etal. 1975, 1978; Bawin and Adey 1976; Blackman etal. 1979, 1980a,b; Joines and Blackman 1980, 1981; Joines etal. 1980). Bawin et al. (1975) reported that 147 MHz radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic radiation altered the release of calcium ions from chicken brains in vitro only at specific modulation frequencies between 6 and 20 Hz, with a peak at 16 Hz. Similar findings have also been reported for human and other neuroblastoma cells (Dutta et al. 1984, 1989). Further examination of this phenomenon demonstrated the presence of power-density windows at different carrier frequencies (Blackman et al. 1979, 1980a, l 985a,b; Sheppard et al. 1979).
Regulation of leaf mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity by reversible phosphorylation
Authors: Randall D D , Miernyk J A , David N R , Gemel J , Luethy M H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes (PDCs) are large multi-enzyme complexes which catalyse the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to yield acetyl-CoA, CO, and NADH. Component enzymes of all PDCs are pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH, El), dihydrolipoyl transacetylase (E2), and dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (E3). Plants are unique in having discrete PDCs in two organelles, mitochondria and plastids (Randall et al. 1989). Most mitochondrial complexes are regulated by reversible phosphorylation and also have two associated regulatory enzymes, PDH kinase and PDH-P phosphatase (Reed 1981). The regulatory enzymes are not associated with yeast mitochondrial PDCs (mtPDCs) or with the higher plant plastid form of PDC. The primary function of plant mtPDC is to provide acetylCoA for the Krebs cycle and NADH for oxidative phosphorylation, while the plastid PDC is a primary source of acetyl-CoA and NADH for fatty acid and isoprenoid biosynthesis. Our investigations of the mtPDC in plants are centred on establishing the regulatory mechanisms that control its activity, particularly during photosynthesis and photorespiration. These efforts have provided the first proof that activity of a plant enzyme could be regulated by reversible phosphorylation (Randall and Rubin 1977; Randall et al. 1981; Rao and Randall 1980). Phosphorylation inactivates mtPDC, which can then be reactivated by dephosphorylation (Randall et al. 1989). Thus, reversible phosphorylation is an off-on switch for the plant mtPDC as it is in most higher eukaryotes.
An abundance of cheap eggs, fish, and meat: The consequences
Authors: Lacey Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The populations of the developed world have become accustomed to a plentiful supply of meat and eggs, and also often fish. The real cost of these foods to the consumer has fallen typically by two-to fourfold over the last three decades. Despite the continued migration of people from rural communities to the cities, the availability of these foods, either whole or processed, has been maintained through bulk transport, now often refrigerated, and large holding stores and supermarkets on the periphery of towns and cities.
The elements of relativistic mechanics
Authors: d’Invemo Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before discussing relativistic mechanics, we shall review some basic ideas of Newtonian theory. We have met Newton’s first law in §2.4, and it states that a body not acted upon by a force moves in a straight line with uniform velocity. The second law describes what happens if an object changes its velocity. In this case, something is causing it to change its velocity and this something is called a force. For the moment, let us think of a force as something tangible like a push or a pull. Now, we know from experience that it is more difficult to push a more massive body and get it moving than it is to push a less massive body. This resistance of a body to motion, or rather change in motion, is called its inertia. To every body, we can ascribe, at least at one particular time, a number measuring its inertia, which (again for the moment) we shall call its mass m.If a body is moving with velocity v,we define its linear momentum pto be the product of its mass and velocity. Then Newton’s second law (N2) states that the force acting on a body is equal to the rate of change oflinear momentum. The third law (N3) is less general and talks about a restricted class of forces called internal forces, namely, forces acting on a body due to the influence of other bodies in a system. The third law states that the force acting on a body due to the influence of the other bodies, the so-called action, is equal and opposite to the force acting on these other bodies due to the influence of the first body, the so-called reaction. We state the two laws below.
Maximal extension and conformal compactification
Authors: d’Invemo Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We need to make this question more precise, which we do by introducing a couple of definitions. A manifold endowed with an affine or metric geometry is said to be maximal if every geodesic emanating from an arbitrary point of the manifold either can be extended to infinite values of the affine parameter along the geodesic in both directions or terminates on an intrinsic singularity. If, in particular, all geodesics emanating from any point can be extended to infinite values of the affine parameters in both directions, the manifold is said to be geodesically complete. Clearly, a geodesically complete manifold is maximal, but the converse is not true in general. Minkowski space-time provides a trivial example of a geodesically complete manifold. Neither the Schwarzschild nor the Eddington-Finkelstein advanced or retarded extensions is in fact maximal. However, Kruskal has found the maximal analytic extension of the Schwarzschild solution and, moreover, this extension is unique. The Kruskal solution, although maximal, is again not complete because of the existence of intrinsic singularities. The Kruskal solution can be obtained by simultaneously straightening out both incoming and outgoing radial null geodesics. We shall sketch the original procedure of Kruskal in the next section.
Relativistic cosmology
Authors: d’Invemo Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cosmology is the study of the dynamical structure of the universe as a whole. As in most modelling exercises, we shall start by trying to find a very simple model of the universe. This is done by smoothing out all the irregularities in space and in time and concentrating simply on the gross features of the universe. So, to start with, we ignore all details such as the solar system, our own galaxy (the Milky Way), the local cluster of galaxies and so on; the consideration of these details can then hopefully be introduced at a later stage to yield a more complete or better theory. We shall be concerning ourselves only with the very basics of cosmology, that is, the overall dynamics of the system. We shall see in this chapter that this is governed by a first-order ordinary differential equation called Friedmann’s equation. The resulting solutions are the standard solutions of relativistic cosmology and are called the Friedmann models. We shall investigate some of these in the next chapter.
Waves
Authors: Acheson D J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When a group of waves moves across the surface of a pond, each particular wavecrest travels faster than the group as a whole, and eventually passes through it. Thus new crests are continually being created at the back of the group while old crests are continually disappearing at the front. Suppose, for instance, that a snapshot of the wavetrain reveals ten crests, as in Fig. 3.1. A stationary observer at some fixed x will count substantially more than ten crests as the whole wavetrain passes by.
Classical aerofoil theory
Authors: Acheson D J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let us begin by noting some of the key events in the early days of aerodynamics.
1894 F. W. Lanchester presents a paper, ‘The soaring of birds and the possibilities of mechanical flight’, to a meeting of the Birmingham Natural History and Philosophical Society. It contains the elements of the circulation theory of lift, but not in conventional terms.
Rank, non-unique solution of equations, and applications
Authors: Barnett Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Apart from an informal discussion in Section 3.1 for the case of two equations and unknowns, we have until now assumed that in the equations A is square and the solution is unique. However, in many practical applications A may be rectangular-for example, in linear programming problems (Chapter 1) there are usually fewer equations than unknowns. In this chapter we develop the theory necessary to deal with the situation where the solution of (5.1) is not unique, including the case when A is rectangular. There are two problems-first, to determine whether the equations do indeed have a solution (i.e. whether they are consistent); and then, if so, to calculate this solution in its most general form. These problems will be solved completely in Section 5.4.
Quadratic and hermitian forms
Authors: Barnett Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
where a, b, c are real constants, is called a quadratic form in the two variables x1 and x2, since each term has total degree two in the x’s. We can write (7.1) as The 2 x 2 matrix A in (7.2) is called the matrix of the form q; notice that it is symmetric.
Canonical forms
Authors: Barnett Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A canonical form is a standard form to which a certain class of matrices can be reduced by a defined set of operations. We have already encountered some simple canonical forms in earlier chapters, and it is useful to recall these: In Section 5.3.3 we noted that any m x n matrix A having rank r can be reduced by elementary row and column operations to the normal form N, where N is the m x n matrix having l’s in positions (1, 1), (2, 2), ... , (r, r) and zeros elsewhere. This is the canonical form of A under an equivalence transformation, as in (5.12).
Patterned matrices
Authors: Barnett Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Matrices in which the elements exhibit a recognizable pattern are legion, and we have already encountered quite a few in this book. The simplest of all such special forms is the diagonal matrix, first defined in (2.36); next came the bidiagonal and tridiagonal forms, introduced in Problem 3.2; and upper and lower triangular matrices, used in Sections 3.3 and 8.3. We dealt extensively with symmetric and hermitian matrices in Chapter 7, these having been defined together with their skew counterparts in Section 2.3.2. Other special forms which we have introduced include circulants (Problem 6.24), companion matrices (Sections 6.3.4, 11.2.1), Jordan forms (Section 8.1), Heisenberg forms (Section 8.4), striped matrices (see (11.5)), the Sylvester matrix (Section 11.2.2) and the Vandermonde matrix (Problem 4.16).
Invertible and irreducible elements
Authors: Pretzel Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are two special classes of elements in a Euclidean domain D that are in a sense diametrical opposites. The first class consists of those elements that have inverses in D. These elements, called invertible, are too nice for division with remainder to be of any use. They also have a way of slipping in and out of expressions involving products, because if a is invertible and ab = I, then for any elements x and y, xy = (xa)(by). For this reason highest common factors and prime factorization are unique only up to multiplication by invertible elements.
BCH error correction: (1) the fundamental equation
Authors: Pretzel Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We now come to the major problem that has to be solved before BCH codes can be used in practice, namely that of error processing. In this chapter we shall analyse the problem and produce the ‘fundamental equation’ that has to be solved in order to find the error pattern of a received word. In the next chapter we shall then show how to solve this equation by an efficient method.
Classical Goppa codes: error processing
Authors: Pretzel Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we shall describe how the error-processing algorithm of Part 3 can be adapted to classical Goppa codes. We shall define error locator and evaluator polynomials in the same way as we did for BCH codes, though the definitions have to be slightly modified to take account of the fact that the places corresponding to the entries of a code word need not be consecutive powers of a primitive element, and indeed can include the zero element. At the end of the chapter we shall prove that classical Goppa codes are a theoretically good family.
Arp1 (centractin)
Authors: Holleran Elizabeth A , Holzbaur Erika L F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vertebrate members of the Arp1 class have been named centractin4 and actin-RPV.5 The Saccahromyces cerevisiae Arp1 polypeptide was originally identified both as Act5p, and as Act3p; however, a distinct actin-related protein in yeast was also named Act3p by another CJ group. Arp1 genes have been identified in Drosophila melanogaster as Arp87C, and in Neurospora crassa as ro-4.1