bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Grammar as an underground process
Authors: Seuren Pieter A M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There exists, in psycholinguistics, a nagging problem of incompatibility between linguistic and psychological theories and results. Naturally, linguists should be bothered by it as much as psycholinguists. That they are not I take to be due to differences of development, scope, and emphasis in the respective disciplines. Linguists tend to concentrate on their own descriptive problems within a given framework (or ‘paradigm’). They hardly pay any attention to external evidence or considerations. Psycholinguists, on the contrary, tend to take information about grammar as one of their starting points, and see how this fits in with whatever they can find out about cognitive functions.
Quite a few authors have noted the conflict between the transformational linguists’dictations and the results of psychological research. I shall mention only a few, but many more could be quoted. Levelt (1974: iii. 141) concludes that ‘on the one hand the role of linguistic grammars in models of the language user is diminishing in a way, although it is decidedly not to disappear, and on the other hand, the theory of formal languages and grammars appears to be of increasing importance for the nonlinguistic aspects of such models’. Clearly, there is a problem here as long as we adhere to a realistic conception of scientific theories and to the minimal requirement of consistency of science. In his address on the occasion of the official inauguration of the Max Planck Projektgruppe fu r Psycholinguistik (Nijmegen, 4 May 1977), Levelt remarked that human short-term memory has far too limited a capacity to store the whole complex procedure involved in the transformational processing from semantic input to phonetic output.
Autonomous versus semantic syntax †
Authors: Seuren Pieter A M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a widely accepted view nowadays that a grammar must give an explicit account of a native speaker’s knowledge of his or her language. Anyone who knows their language knows, in some implicit, intuitive way, at least what a proper sentence in their language should sound like. They are able to separate proper from improper pronunciations. They also know, in some largely unknown sense, what the sentences of their language mean, or how to interpret them. They are able to separate possible from impossible interpretations.
How to elicit information from native speakers about their tacit knowledge of the language they speak is a different problem that I shall not go into here. Nor do I intend to discuss the well-known difficulty of doubtful or unclear evidence. Let it suffice here to point out that a grammar, in order to be an adequate account of the native speakers’ knowledge of their language, will have to specify for each sentence at least what its proper pronunciations and what its possible interpretations are. Accordingly, the descriptive linguist will have to specify for each sentence a phonetic representation (PR), containing instructions for proper pronunciation, and a semantic representation (SR), containing instructions for proper interpretation. A grammar thus establishes in some way a mapping relation for each sentence of the language between the set of its possible pronunciations and the set of its possible interpretations.
Predicate Raising and dative in French and sundry languages †
Authors: Seuren Pieter A M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The rule of Predicate Raising (PR) was first proposed by McCawley (1968b) for the prelexical syntax of English causative verbs, such as kill. Chomsky (1972a, ‘Some empirical issues in the theory of transformational grammar’) pointed out that this rule lacked syntactic support. This chapter shows that, while that may be true for English, it is not for French. French provides evidence of the strongest kind that PR is a rule of French syntax. An analysis of certain French verbs shows that the rules relating these verbs to their semantic analyses must be closely interwoven with the rules of French syntax. It also appears that, contrary to superficial evidence, the dative in French originates regularly from the subject of a transitive S which is embedded, usually, under a verb of causing or letting. Through Predicate Raising this subject is raised to the higher S to find itself as a bare NP between the higher subject and its own sister object.
Evers (1971) proposes PR for Dutch and German. Langacker (1973; circulated in 1970) provides evidence for a few Uto-Aztecan languages. Starosta (1971) gives data of morphological causative constructions in Sre and Tagalog which strongly suggest PR (which is, however, rejected by Starosta for lack of syntactic motivation). Instead, Starosta introduces a new category of non-syntactic, purely lexical ‘derivational rules’, whereby new lexical items can be morphologically derived from others. It is maintained in this chapter that lexicalist solutions such as Starosta’s leave much unexplained which is, in fact, predictable if PR is accepted as a syntactic rule. Starosta’s theory is rejected mainly because it deprives general linguistic theory of an obvious generalization and thereby of a means of further restricting the notion of ‘possible grammar of a natural language’.
Operator Lowering †
Authors: Seuren Pieter A M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the history of Western linguistic analysis there are two distinct but not totally unrelated traditions, the grammatical tradition and the logical tradition. In the grammatical tradition, which originated in classical antiquity as an application for practical (normative) purposes of the existing standard system of logical analysis, quantifiers never occupied a special place: they were not recognized as a separate category. But in the logical tradition they were. In the Aristotelian system of predicate calculus (APC) the general distinction between subject and predicate was applied, and, as we shall see presently, a calculus was developed that took into account only quantified subjects, not other nominal constituents under a quantifier. Traditional grammar owes its parsing method mainly to this Aristotelian tradition of the subject-predicate distinction, but since grammar was (and remained for a long time) an applied and normative discipline, not at all concerned with the logical calculus of entailments, no need was felt to distinguish quantified subjects as a separate category. Quantified NPs were considered to have the same structure as non-quantified NPs, and quantifying determiners were not taken to differ in any essential way from definite determiners such as the definite article or demonstrative or possessive pronouns.
Semantic transparency as a factor in Creole genesis
Authors: Seuren Pieter A M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we propose to discuss the transparency principle as one of the factors that maybe said to play an important role in Creole genesis. We shall deal with the notion of semantic transparency (ST) from two very different theoretical perspectives: that of formal linguistics and that of second language acquisition (SLA) research. In recent years the transparency principle has received a great deal of attention from workers in the area of child language acquisition (e.g. Slobin 1977, 1980, 1982) and historical linguistics (e.g. Lightfoot 1979), but its relevance to the study of SLA and pidginization/creolization has hardly been explored. In a preliminary attempt, Wekker (1982) showed how in one specific grammatical area (that of the expression of counterfactualness) the notion of semantic transparency can be applied to the study of both SLA and pidginization/ creolization processes. In simple terms, his claim was this: second language learners and learners of a Pidgin/Creole language will both tend to reanalyse highly marked and opaque areas of the grammar in an attempt to make the language easier to learn, to understand, or to produce (see also Kellerman 1983). However, although the notion of transparency is by no means new (cf. Martinet t955)&gt; it has so far been insufficiently defined and constrained, and what has been lacking, in particular, is a formal unified theory of semantics, syntax, and morphology to which the notion can be explicitly related. In this chapter, given the limitation of time, we shall concentrate on only three important points. First, we propose to discuss the notion of semantic transparency, as seen against the background of Creole genesis as well as in relation to SLA.
Governing London
Authors: Pimlott Ben , Rao Nirmala 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This timely book is the first to take a close historical look at Ken Livingstone s London. It examines the development of London governance from the demise of the Greater London Council to the establishment of the Greater London Authority. The authors investigate the working of Mayor and Assembly, unravel the underlying politics of London and explore policy debates about transport, crime, and economic development. Finally they pose a question of key importance, not just to Londoners, but also to those interested in urban governance throughout the world: to what extent can the creation of new institutions and instruments of government give a major city the sense of being a political community?
The Mayor and Metropolitan Government
Authors: Pimlott Ben , Rao Nirmala 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No verdict can yet be reached on the new Greater London Authority. A body whose raison d’etre depends heavily on a strategic planning role can not be judged until its plans are further advanced. Our aim here has been to show how the GLA came into being, setting it in the context of past attempts to govern the capital, with-and without-a London-wide body, and to identify key issues for the future. The concept of London as a world city, which resonated through the decade of the interregnum, will in due time provide a good measure of achievement. A test will be the extent to which this new authority can help to sustain the prosperity of the capital in the face of inter national competition, while at the same time meeting the domestic needs of its cosmopolitan people.
Introduction, theoretical framework, and chapter contents
Authors: Gugler Klaus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Spectacular business failures, the build-up of huge excess capacities, unscrupulous managers expropriating shareholders by paying themselves fantastic salaries, and the roles played by the market for corporate control and institutional investors in generating apparently short-term investment objectives, have led to a renewed interest in corporate governance. Zingales (1997) defines a governance system in the spirit of Williamson (1985) as a ‘complex set of constraints that shape the ex post bargaining over the quasi rents generated in the course of a relationship’.
France
Authors: Kremp Elizabeth , Sevestre Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Almost 70 years ago, Berle and Means (1932) raised in their seminal book the question of the relationship between firms’ corporate governance systems and their performances. However, in France, the interest of economists, managers, and economic decision-makers in corporate governance issues has been noticeable only in the last few years. Indeed, 90 per cent of the empirical studies devoted to this question have been published in the last five years and, following the Cadbury Report, the French Employers’ Syndicates Organization (MEDEF-Movement des Entreprises de France, formerly the CNPF, Conseil National du Patronat Fran¢s), asked for two successive reports about corporate governance in France (Vienot 1995, 1999).
Spain
Authors: Crespf-Cladera Rafel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This review focuses on the recent developments of corporate governance issues in Spain. The environment of this research is a thin, though in importance increasing, equity capital market. There were around 600 listed companies in Spain in 1997, half of which operated in the financial sector. Effective market turnover is highly concentrated: nearly 70 per cent of effective market turnover is attributed to ten companies on the Electronic Market. The emphasis of this research lies on the agency relationships in large corporations where ownership and decision rights are separated.
Scottish Contempt from 1998: Brave New World?
Authors: Bonnington Alistair , Mcinnes* Rosalind 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There has not been a prosecution for publication contempt in Scotland since the coming into force on 2 October 2000 of the Human Rights Act (HRA) 1998, as at the time of writing. In that sense, the effect of the Human Rights Act remains to be directly confronted in the future. In another sense, however, the Scottish judiciary have been sharply conscious of the Act’s waiting in the wings ever since 1998—a year that also saw the passing of the Scotland Act.
Trade Mark and Passing Off Cases
Authors: Maniatis Spyros M , Wilson* Caroline l. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Blackburne J in BBC v. Talksport 1 reconfirmed that the tort of passing off requires three elements: a misrepresentation; goodwill, communicated to the consumer through protectable indicia; and damage. Misrepresentations on their own do not fall within the ambit of passing off. The BBC, the only UK broadcaster entitled to broadcast live Euro 2000 football matches, objected to Talksport’s advertising claim that its Euro 2000 coverage was ‘live’. Talksport was covering the matches as they happened but the broadcast was ‘off-tube’, its commentator was not sitting in the stadium but viewed and described the match from a television screen outside the stadium. To make the broadcast more attractive the defendant added pre-recorded sound effects, conveying to the listener the false impression that crowd reactions were directly broadcasted.
EC and UK Competition Law Developments
Authors: Szlezinger* Sam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the last year, the European Commission and UK Competition Commission have not prohibited any mergers or joint ventures in the media sector (though one merger, EMI/Time Warner would probably have been prohibited had it not been withdrawn). That fact belies the significance of the mergers, acquisitions and joint ventures that have been examined by the authorities, both in terms of their number and their effect on the market. Many of these arrangements have been designed to bring together the content of traditional media businesses with the distribution businesses of Internet companies and have created vertical concerns that either content or access would be foreclosed to competitors..
Michael Henry (ed.), International Privacy, Publicity and Personality Laws , London: Butterworths, 2001, xxiii + 506 pp. (£175).
Authors: Gibbons Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is very timely publication and of particular interest to readers in the United Kingdom. They will know that, quite recently, the courts have started to develop a common law remedy for invasions of privacy, a response to the absence of legislative enthusiasm to adopt any reform proposals that have been advanced over the past 30 years. Implementation of the European Convention on Human Rights, through the Human Rights Act 1998, increases the prospect of a full judicial remedy emerging soon. However, the Convention jurisprudence is not well developed on interference with personal privacy and the courts will have to look to other jurisdictions to examine suitable models and principles to adopt. At the same time, concerns over privacy are only one part of a wider interest in personality rights. Such rights embrace intrusions into personal space by journalists or the state, together with data protection. But they also include the rights of individuals to exploit their name, likeness or other attributes in a commercial manner, and therefore control the way that others may want to do the same. The latter rights are especially significant in a global communications market, where the wide range of different approaches across so many jurisdictions can create considerable practical problems.
Pierre Larouche, Competition Law and Regulation in European Telecommunications , Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2000, xxxvii + 466 pp. (£45).
Authors: Reville Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Debate about the value of radio communications spectrum has intensified since the Government raised £22.5 billion at the beginning of the new millennium by auctioning five third-generation mobile phone licences. In June 2001 Professor Martin Cave’s government-commissioned consultation paper into such spectrum management suggested that telecommunication regulators should proceed with plans to create a secondary market for trading spare spectrum in order to encourage the efficient use of Britain’s scarce radio frequencies.
Constructing Global Corporations: Contrasting National Legacies in the Nordic Forest Industry
Authors: moen eli , lilja kari 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The strong drive towards forming Euro corporations and even corporations that are claimed to have a global presence (Bartlett and Ghoshal 1989; Ohmae 1987) has led scholars to suggest that firms are becoming similar with respect to their operations, managerial styles, and work systems. Such a thesis has support from various sources. One obvious source of evidence is the car industry, which has entered into cross-continental mergers and transformed its ways of operations at the global level (Womack et al. 1990). Another source of evidence towards homogenization is derived from the increasing importance of new managerial techniques designed and diffused by the international management consultant firms, business media, and business schools (Abrahamson 1996).
Globalization and Change: Organizational Continuity and Change within a Japanese Multinational in the UK
Authors: sharpe diana rosemary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent debates on changing forms of managerial control and work organization have often neglected the ways in which management systems and work practices are implemented and sustained in different contexts. This chapter presents a contribution based on an in-depth comparative study of how one internationalizing manufacturing organization from Japan has sought to introduce management systems and work organization at two UK sites. This provides an interesting context in which to examine if, and how, parent company systems are transferred, adapted, and sustained in an overseas subsidiary and to examine multinational organizations as potential sites of negotiation and conflict within which the influence of different business systems and actors is confronted and contested in the dayto-day management practices and processes of the foreign subsidiary.
Putting Britain on the Roe Map: The Emergence of the Berle-Means Corporation in the United Kingdom
Authors: Cheffins Brian R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Almost all of America’s largest business enterprises have their shares traded on the stock market, which means publicly quoted corporations play a dominant role in the country’s economy (Moerland 1995: 19). Such firms are typically run by professionally trained managers and owned by widely dispersed shareholders who buy and sell stock freely in well-developed securities markets. A central feature of American corporate governance therefore is the separation of ownership and control (Gilson 1996: 330). Various leading corporate law scholars have sought over the past few years to explain why capitalism in the USA has evolved in accordance with the foregoing pattern (e.g. Gilson 1996; Easterbrook 1997; Coffee 1999). Work done by Mark Roe, a law professor at Harvard, has helped to trigger this research activity.
Convergence or Divergence in Corporate Governance Patterns in Western Europe?
Authors: Wymeersch Eddy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Are there signs that corporate governance patterns are converging? What factors indicate convergence or divergence? What are the forces underpinning this evolution? In which direction are the new patterns evolving? These are but a few of the fundamental questions that require answers. Before commencing this essentially descriptive analysis, a few provisos are required. There have been previous attempts to measure convergence of governance patterns, but no convincing yardstick has emerged. The subject should therefore be put in perspective: do governance structures matter? This question has received many different answers (Baysinger and Buder 1985; Lin 1996: 98; Bhagat and Black 1998: 81; Black 1998). Convergence as such is not important.
Reorganization Law and Dilution Threats in Different Financial Systems
Authors: Hege Ulrich , Mella-Barral Pierre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In many European countries, there is an ongoing process and debate about bankruptcy law reform, stimulated by what is perceived as the success of Chapter 11 of the US Bankruptcy Code of 1978. The French bankruptcy laws of 1985 and 1995 and the new German insolvency code enacted in 1999 have accordingly weakened creditor rights and facilitated court-supervised reorganization (Kaiser 1996; White 1996). In Britain, where the Insolvency Code gives a clear advantage to senior creditors, there is an active debate about reforming the bankruptcy legislation (Franks and Nyborg 1996), as for example in the Netherlands and Italy. The discussion is not confined to Western Europe: Transition economies in East and Central Europe have faced the need for a massive and parallel financial restructuring of firms, and recent financial crises in debt-laden emerging markets have underscored the potentially high cost of insufficient bankruptcy laws and lacking re organization procedures. In a historical perspective, there is a striking coincidence between major reforms of bankruptcy laws and of banking laws in the USA and in Germany (Hauswald 1996).
Visualization Needs Vision: The Pre-Paradigmatic Character of Virtual Reality
Authors: Peter Swann G M , Watts Tim P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many have been captivated by the potential of virtual reality (VR)—or inter active 3D visualization as it is sometimes called. The rationale seems compel ling. Moore’s law2 offers the prospect of unlimited computing power if only we can solve the interface problem. But that cannot happen if we continue to use primitive forms of human–computer interface.
Allegories of Creative Destruction: Technology and Organization in Narratives of thee-Economy
Authors: Knights David , Noble Faith , Vurdubakis Theo , Willmott Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To what extent, if at all, can the careers and trajectories of particular techno logies be separated from the various discourses used to promote or undermine them? The massive growth in information and communications technologies (ICTs) has been closely shadowed by a proliferation of interpretative struggles over the nature, capacities, and likely effects of each new technological appli cation. In this respect, managers, consultants, journalists, academics, politi cians, and would-be gurus could all be described as professional producers and consumers of stories ‘about’ technology, its role and consequences.
German
Authors: Gör6;rlach Manfred , Busse Ulrich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The articles concentrate on various problems linked with the foreign principles of spelling and pronunciation of anglicisms and their effects upon the German system, e.g. vowel quantity, single vs. double consonants, the spelling of compounds and multiword units, etc. This thesis summarizes the English influence on German in the first half of the nineteenth century, based on the entries in the Deutsches Fremdwörterbuch (Berlin: de Gruyter) of the Institut für deutsche Sprache, Mannheim.