bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long‐term electrical stimulation of muscles in children with duchenne and becker muscular dystrophy
Authors: Zupan Anton 
Published: January 2005

AbstractNine children suffering from progressive muscular dystrophy (7 Duchenne and 2 Becker) were included in a program of low‐frequency electrical stimulation (LFES) of the right tibialis anterior (TA) muscle. Muscle strength and muscle fatigue were estimated by measuring torques in the ankle during attempts of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) in the direction of dorsal flexion of the foot and during electrically evoked contractions (EEC). No important increase in the strength of the stimulated muscles was noticed in 4 boys whose muscles were stimulated for 3 months. The muscles of 5 boys who were subjected to electrical stimulation for 9 months showed an improvement; 6 measurements made during the stimulation program revealed that changes of torques in the ankle of the right stimulated extremity were significantly different (P < 0.001) from the changes of torques in the ankle of the left nonstimulated extremity.
A unique case of reducing body myopathy
Authors: Nomizu Simone , Person Donald A. , Saito Coswin , Lockett L. John 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe clinical, electromyographic, and histologic characteristics of a 17‐year‐old girl with reducing body myopathy are described. She is, to our knowledge, the oldest reported case and the only patient described with severe mitral valve prolapse and scoliosis. Electromyography demonstrated spontaneous positive sharp waves and fibrillation potentials with many lowamplitude, short, polyphasic motor unit potentials. The right deltoid muscle was chaacterized by focal areas with large fibers associated with increased endomysial connective tissue and “split” fibers. Purple‐gray sarcoplasmic masses stained with trichrome were PAS‐negative, appeared as “empty” spaces with both ATPase and NADH‐TR, and stained darkly with menadione NBT. The features described expand the clinical presentation of this myopathy, and may lead to a better understanding of its etiology.
Adhesion in skeletal muscle during regteneration
Authors: Hurme Timo , Kalimo Hannu 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAdhesion molecules were studied in regenerating skeletal muscle immuno‐histochemically and ultrastructurally after a standardized trauma. In normal muscle, extracellular matrix (ECM) protein tenascin was restricted to myo tendinous junctions (MTJ), while the integrin β1‐subunit was present also on the sarcolemma. After injury, tenascin increased on the outer surface of regenerating myofibers, where cellular fibronectin also accumulated. Later tenascin concentrated at the tips of regenerating myofibers, where new MTJs were formed. The β1‐subunit disappeared on necrotized myofibers aqnd reppeared on regenerating fibers in a thicker layer. The regener ating myofibers were invested by a basaql iamina, except, for the growth cones at the distal ends, which were laminin‐nehative until the formation of MTJs occured. These results indicate that regenerating muscle cells are attached to the ECM in a way that allows both growth of the muscle cells across the scar and their use before the regeneration is completed.
Changes in mast‐cell distribution in skeletal muscle after denervation
Authors: Sánchez‐Mejorada Gabriela , Alonso‐deFlorida Francisco 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMotor nerves are known to govern the structure of skeletal muscle. In the normal guniea pig diaphragmatic muscle, we found that mast cells were predominatly located in the central tendon. Following denervation, these cells became more numerous in the muscle itself than in the tendon. There fore, nervous trophic influences are exerted on other tissue elements besides those which sustain transmission and contraction. Ascertaining mastcell distribution in biopsies may help to elucidate denervation effects in motor neuron diseases.
Perioral reflexes in orofacial dyskinesia and spasmodic dysphonia
Authors: Topka Helge , Hallett Mark 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn order to assess the clinical utility of trigemino‐facial reflexes in lower facial muscles, we studied perioral reflexes to mechanical and electrical stimulation in 13 patients with spasmodic dysphonia and orofacial dyskinesia and in 7 healthy subjects. Mechanical stimulation of the upper lip of the all patients and electrical stimulation of the infraorbital nerve of patients with orofacial dyskinesia elicited larger perioral reflexes than in controls. In the majority of patients, hyperexcitable perioral were accompanied by increased gain of the blink reflex. In 4 patients, however, trigemino‐facial reflexes were enhanced selectively in either the perioral muscles or orbicularis oculi. Our findings suggest that the quantitive assessment of perioral reflexes may provide information about the excitability of brainstem interneurons in cranial dystonia that is complementary to blink reflex studies. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dermatomal somatosensory evoked potentials in the diagnosis of lumbosacral spinal stenosis: Comparison with imaging studies
Authors: Snowden Marion L. , Haselkorn Jodie K. , Kraft George H. , Bronstein Andrew D. , Bigos Stanley J. , Slimp Jefferson C. , Stolov Walter C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractDermatomal somatosensory evoked potentials (DSEPs) and computerized tomography/magnetic resonance (CT and/or MR) images were retrospectively analyzed to evaluate their relationship in the diagnosis of lumbosacral spinal stenosis (SS). Of 155 patients referred for DSEPs with a clinical suspicion of lumbosacral SS, 58 met the inclusion criteria. DSEP abnormality was defined as: (1) N1 latency absent or >2.5 SD; (2) side‐to‐side latency difference >2 SD; (3) amplitudes > 2 SD below the mean; or (4) amplitude ratio >2 SD. Involvement of two or more DSEP levels by any of the above criteria was labeled multiple root disease (MRD). Involvement of one level was labeled single root disease (SRD). Images were reviewed independently by a neuroradiologist. Results revealed 54 subjects with SS by imaging; 42 had MRD and 8 had SRD by DSEPs. Sensitivity for MRD and SS was 78% and for MRD plus SRD and SS was 93%. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The spectrum of concentric macro EMG correlations. Part II. Patients with diseases of muscle and nerve
Authors: Gan Richard , Jabre Joe F. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn the second part of this study we investigate the correlations between the concentric and conmac action potentials in motor units of individuals with diseases of muscle and nerve. We studied 86 myopathic and 86 neurogenic motor units and compared their concentric and conmac action potentials. In the patients with myopathy, we found that the concentric motor unit action potential's (MUAP) area correlates strongly with the conmac potential, even better than in normals, while its amplitude correlates less. In the neurogenic group, we found that both the concentric MUAP's area and amplitude correlated very well with their conmac counterpart, more so than in normals. Thus, in pathology, as in normals, measuring the concentric MUAP's area in addition to its amplitude adds to the diagnostic sensitivity of motor unit potential measurements. These findings are discussed in light of the known dynamic and architectural motor unit changes which take place in the myopathic and neurogenic motor unit. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Differential expression of muscular dystrophy in diaphragm versus hindlimb muscles of mdx mice
Authors: Dupont‐Versteegden Esther E. , McCarter Roger J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractContractile properties of diaphragm (DIA) from mdx and control mice were compared with those of hindlimb muscles [soleus (SOL) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL)] in vitro. Mice ranged in age from 2 weeks to 1.5 years. Muscles were directly stimulated and properties measured were: contraction time, half‐relaxation time, active tension per unit area, fatigue index, and maximal velocity of shortening (Vmax). Active tension decreased significantly with age in mdx DIA but not in control DIA. SOL and EDL active tensions were less in mdx than control over the whole age range and did not decrease with age. Vmax was decreased in mdx DIA, but not in mdx SOL or EDL. These results demonstrate that DIA is more affected by muscular dystrophy than hindlimb muscles. Since many Duchenne patients exhibit respiratory distress, this differential expression of dystrophy in diaphragm, as compared to limb muscles, may have important clinical implications. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Flavivirus induces MHC antigen on human myoblasts: A model of autoimmune myositis?
Authors: Bao Shisan , King Nicholas J. C. , Dos Remedios Cristobal G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractInfection of human embryonic myoblasts by West Nile virus (WNV), a flavivirus, caused significant upregulation of class I and II MHC expression as determined by flow cytometry. After 48 hours at a multiplicity of infection of 5 pfu/cell, a sixfold increase in MHC class I expression was induced from initially low levels of expression. In contrast, MHC class II was induced de novo to five times the control fluorescence level. At least 70% of the cells were infected as determined using fluorescence microscopy and anti‐WNV antibody labeling. Myoblasts were > 90% pure as shown by anti–Leu‐19 labeling. MHC class I (but not class II) was increased threefold after exposure to virus‐inactivated supernatant from 48‐hour–infected cells, indicating the presence of factor(s) contributing to the MHC class I increase. These findings may be important in establishing a link between viral infection of human cells and induction of inflammatory autoimmune disease. We discuss the possibility of using WNV as an in vivo model. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sensory testing versus nerve conduction velocity in diabetic polyneuropathy
Authors: Redmond Janice M. T. , McKenna Malachi J. , Feingold Marcia , Ahmad B. K. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe sought to evaluate the utility of quantitative sensory testing (QST) and nerve conduction velocity (NCV) studies as measures of distal symmetric polyneuropathy (DSP). We studied 36 diabetic patients divided into four clinical categories of increasing severity. QST included thermal testing and vibration thresholds. NCV studies included median, peroneal, and sural nerves. Results of QST and NCV were compared among clinical groups using survival methodology. The log‐rank statistic showed significant differences among the groups; the direction of the differences were consonant with clinical severity. For each diabetic patient, the result of each measurement was classified as normal or abnormal; more diabetic patients had abnormal NCV than either vibration tests or thermal tests. In conclusion, findings of QST and NCV are in keeping with clinical categorization of patients, QST and NCV are complementary tests, and the sural sensory study is the best single predictor of DSP. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Recurrent potentials in human peripheral sensory nerve: Possible evidence of primary afferent depolarization of the spinal cord
Authors: Shefner Jeremy M. , Buchthal Fritz , Krarup Christian 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTo study slowly conducted components of the orthodromic compound sensory action potential (CSAP), the response evoked at the lateral malleolus in the sural nerve was recorded through near‐nerve needles at two to four sites along the nerve at midcalf. When 500 to 2000 responses were averaged at high gain, components with latencies of 30 to 80 ms were often recorded. In contrast to the main component and late components with latencies of less than 15 to 20 ms, the latencies of these extremely late components diminished the closer to the spinal cord that they were recorded. This suggested that the components were conducted antidromically from proximal to distal. This assumption was supported by abolishing the components by local anesthesia of the nerve proximal to the recording electrodes. These antidromic potentials therefore appear to be due to recurrent discharges in the sural nerve. Recurrent discharges were recorded from 65% of 60 subjects (18 normal subjects and 42 patients with peripheral or central nervous system disorders). The latencies of the recurrent discharges allowed conduction to and back from the spinal cord. Although the origin of these potentials remains unknown, we suggest that they are due to dorsal root reflexes within the spinal cord. In this case, the responses may be a direct expression of primary afferent depolarization (PAD) seen in pre‐synaptic inhibition, and may be of value in further studies on the physiology and pathophysiology of presynaptic inhibition of cutaneous fibers in man. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A case of myopathy associated with a dystrophin gene deletion and abnormal glycogen storage
Authors: Rose Michael R. , Howard Robin S. , Genet Sally A. , McMahon Catherine J. , Whitfield A. , Morgan‐Hughes John A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA 30‐year‐old man with no family history of muscle disease presented with a progressive proxirnal myopathy and calf hypertrophy characteristic of Becker muscular dystrophy. A deletion of exons 45 to 48 in the dystrophin gene was confirmed by Southern blotting and multiplex polymerase chain reaction. However, muscle biopsy showed massive accumulation of glycogen, although no significant abnormality of glycolytic pathway enzymes could be demonstrated. This patient therefore has a previously undescribed myopathy associated with both Becker muscular dystrophy and a glycogen storage disorder of unknown aetiology. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
AAEM minimonograph #2: Important anomalous innervations of the extremities
Authors: Gutmann Ludwig 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAnomalous innervations of the extremities are common and influence the interpretation of electrophysiologic studies in normal patients and those with peripheral nerve lesions. The following anomalous innervations are reviewed: median to ulnar nerve communication; ulnar to median nerve communication; variations in the innervation of intrinsic muscles of the hand; accessory deep peroneal nerve; and tibial to peroneal nerve communication. The electrophysiologic recognition of these anomalies and the manner in which they affect the interpretation of electrodiagnostic studies in various conditions is emphasized.
Mechanoreceptors in human myotendinous junction
Authors: Jozsa Laszlo , Balint Jozsef , Kannus Pekka , Järvinen Markku , Lehto Matti 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe sensory‐nerve‐ending system of 40 myotendinous junctions of human palmaris longus and plantaris muscles was studied histologically. All the known four types of nerve endings were identified. The Ruffini corpuscles could be found in equally small numbers (one to five) in both the muscular and tendineal sites of the junction. Also the free nerve endings were distributed equally on both sites. The Pacini corpuscles were frequent in the tendineal site (six to 14), but rare in the muscular site (one to three). The Golgi tendon organs were, in turn, frequent in the muscular site (nine to 12) but rare in the tendineal site (one to four), respectively. Within the muscle and tendon parts of the junction, the distance between two mechanoreceptors was always more than 250 m̈m and the receptor distribution was homogeneous. Further studies are needed to give functional explanation for these anatomic findings. © 1993 John Wiley & Soncs, Inc.
Immunohistochemical characteristics of polymyositis in patients with HTLV‐1–associated myelopathy and HTLV‐I carriers
Authors: Higuchi Itsuro , Montemayor Elizabeth S. , Izumo Syuji , Inose Masaru , Osame Mitsuhiro 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe immunohistochemical characteristics of polymyositis in patients with HTLV‐I‐associated myelopathy (HAM) and HTLV‐I carriers were studied. Infiltrating cells were predominantly T cells and were not different from in the control group. All specimens contained positively staining muscle fibers for MHC class I antigens, but class II antigens were also expressed in some muscle fibers in 1 patient with HTLV‐I‐negative polymyositis, 3 patients with HTLV‐I‐positive polymyositis, and all 5 HAM patients with polymyositis. Expression of the neural cell adhesion molecule was lowest in the HAM patients. These findings may suggest a different immune environment in polymyositis with HAM. © 1993 John Wiley & Soncs, Inc.
Association of IgG anti‐GD1a antibody with severe Guillain–Barré syndrome
Authors: Yuki Nobuhiro , Yamada Mitsunori , Sato Shuzo , Ohama Eisaku , Kawase Yasuhiro , Ikuta Fusahiro , Miyatake Tadashi 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe earlier reported cases of 2 patients with severe acute Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) associated with high‐IgG anti‐GD1a antibody titer. We now have investigated the autoantibody against GD1a or GM1 in 37 GBS patients using the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and have found a statistically significant association between IgG anti‐GD1a antibody and the severity of the disease (need of a respiratory for more than 1 month and a poor functional prognosis 3 months after neurologic onset). An autopsy which showed severe GBS associated with IgG anti‐GD1a antibody produced the following findings: (1) severe axonal degeneration and segmental demyelination of peripheral nerves; (2) lymphocytic infiltration; and (3) marked central chromatolysis of the lower motoneurons. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effect of denervation on overdevelopment of chloroquine‐induced autophagic vacuoles in skeletal muscles
Authors: Kumamoto Toshihide , Ueyama Hidetsugu , Watanabe Susumu , Murakami Tatsufumi , Araki Shukuro 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe studied how denervation affects the overdevelopment of autophagic vacuoles in muscles of chloroquine‐treated rats. The number of autophagic vacuoles increased significantly in the chloroquine‐treated soleus muscles after denervation as compared to similarly treated contralateral, innervated muscles. No vacuoles were present in the denervated and innervated muscles of saline‐treated rats. After denervation, the autophagic vacuoles in chloroquine‐treated muscle contained numerous glycogen particles and various heterogeneous materials. A biochemical study showed no significant difference in the activities of lysosomal proteases and hydrolases in the chloroquine‐ and salinetreated muscles after denervation, although these activities were markedly increased in comparison to the same activities in the contralateral, innervated muscles. Chloroquine treatment by itself did not, but denervation with or without chloroquine treatment did enhance the biochemical activities of lysosomal enzymes in the animals. We speculate that denervation induces the marked accumulation of autophagic vacuoles in chloroquine‐incuced myopathy.
Vocal cord paralysis: Clinical and electrophysiologic features
Authors: Simpson David M. , Sternman David , Graves‐Wright Janet , Sanders Ira 
Published: January 2005

AbstractVocal cord paralysis may occur in isolation or as part of a constellation of findings in neurological disease. We investigated the pathophysiology of these disorders with laryngeal electromyography (LEMG). We studied 44 patients with idiopathic vocal cord paralysis, confirmed by laryngoscopy. The major LEMG finding, present in 29 vocal cords, was evidence of active or chronic denervation in the thyroarytenoid (TA), indicating recurrent laryngeal neuropathy. Denervation of the cricothyroid (CT) in 5 patients indicated superior laryngeal neuropathy. TA and CT involvement in 1 patient indicated proximal laryngeal or vagus nerve damage. LEMG was performed in 48 patients with other laryngeal disorders. LEMG proved to be a safe and effective procedure in the diagnosis of laryngeal neuropathy as distinguished from supranuclear and mechanical disorders of the larynx. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Motor unit number estimation, isometric strength, and electromyographic measures in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Bromberg M. B. , Forshew D. A. , Nau K. L. , Bromberg J. , Simmons Z. , Fries T. J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPathologic progression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) results from motor neuron death, while the clinical expression also reflects the compensatory effects of collateral reinnervation consequent to lower motor neuron loss. In a cross‐sectional study of ALS subjects, we made comparisons between motor unit number estimation (MUNE) values and several measures reflecting collateral reinnervation, including isometric strength, compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitude, surface motor unit action potential (S‐MUAP) amplitude, fiber density (FD), macro‐EMG potential amplitude, turns‐to‐amplitude (T/A) ratio, and amplitude and recruitment pattern of low threshold voluntary motor units in elbow flexor muscles. Before comparisons were made, testretest reproducibility of these measures was assessed in ALS subjects, and is highest for isometric strength, and lower but similar for EMG measures. When the effects of multiple comparisons are considered, borderline significant correlations are found between MUNE values and isometric strength. Neither MUNE values nor isometric strength are significantly correlated with macro‐EMG amplitude, FD, T/A ratio, or amplitude and recruitment rate of low threshold voluntary motor units. There are significant correlations of CMAP and S‐MUAP with MUNE values, but these are statistical artifacts with no independent interpretation. We conclude that collateral reinnervation prevents isometric strength and EMG measures from accurately reflecting lower motor neuron death in ALS. MUNE measurements are better suited to provide insight into the true natural history of the disease process and may be clinically useful to follow progression and response in drug trials. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Somatosensory evoked potentials induced by stimulating a variable number of nerve fibers in rat
Authors: Zhao Shurun , Kim Daniel H. , Kline David G. , Beuerman Roger W. , Thompson Hilary W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSomatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) were recorded from rat spinal cord (sSEPs) and cerebral cortex (cSEPs). Stimulus sites included either one or both sural nerve branches having different fiber populations (group A), or distal to a lesion of controlled size of the sural nerve made 1 week earlier (group B). In the two groups of animals, amplitudes of SEPs correlated with the quantity of large myelinated nerve fibers. Peak latencies of sSEPs in group A related to the ratio of sizes of transmitting fibers. sSEPs and cSEPs in both groups A and B could be recorded in a reproducible fashion by stimulating sural nerve branches or lesioned nerve trunks containing only 100 or less nerve fibers greater than 4 m̈m in size. Thus, presence of sSEPs or cSEPs after stimulation distal to a lesion site does not insure that many nerve fibers have continuity with the central nervous system (CNS). © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Predictive value of nerve conduction measurements at the carpal tunnel
Authors: Nathan Peter A. , Keniston Richard C. , Meadows Kenneth D. , Lockwood Richard S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe compared the predictive values of three measurements of sensory conduction of the median nerve at the carpal tunnel (maximum latency difference [MLD], 8‐cm latency [S8], and 14‐cm latency [S14]) in 2334 hands of industrial workers, workers' compensation patients, and students, The MLD was determined by the centimetric technique. The MLD was the most sensitive and efficient measurement for predicting carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). An MLD ≥ 0.40 ms correctly identified 86.3% of 753 hands with CTS. The MLD correlated best with CTS and with the primary diagnostic category (CAT). MLD was the second factor selected in stepwise regression analysis for CAT (numbness was first and S8 was third). The MLD was the most important factor for predicting persistent or de novo CTS in a 5‐year follow‐up of 630 hands. Thus, the MLD was the most reliable nerve conduction study measurement for predicting current or future CTS in these subjects' hands.