bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corporations in Private International Law
Authors: Rammeloo Stephan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book provides a much-needed analysis of this very important subject for company lawyers, including discussion of the principle of freedom of establishment, and focusing upon the key issue of determining where a corporation has its “seat” for legal purposes. A survey is given of current EC law and of private international law developments in three 'incorporation' countries (Netherlands, England and Switzerland) and three 'real seat' countries (Germany, France and Italy). Following on from entry into force of the Treaty of Amsterdam, an integrated approach of EC law and private international law is advocated in order to develop instruments to facilitate cross-border company migration. Special attention is given to the 1998 EC Draft Proposal for a Fourteenth Company Law Directive on Cross-border Company Transfers.
Theory and method in the study of social representations
Authors: Farr Rob 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It would be truly surprising, especially to a community of social scientists, if culture were not to emerge as an important variable in scientific research. There are many important components of culture, of which science is only one. I believe it is a singular achievement, on the part of Moscovici, that he has identified ‘science’ as a worthy object of research in social psychology (Moscovici 1987). The sciences that he has studied, to date, include psycho analysis (Moscovici 1961, 1976), mass psychology (Moscovici 1985) and sociology (Moscovici 1988). Not only has Moscovici placed culture (including science) back on the agenda of social psychology, but his theory of social representations enables us to see the culture of science in a new light. The techniques of research that have been devised by the practitioners of any particular science constitute important elements within the culture of that science. I shall focus on this aspect of the theory in the present chapter.
Debating social representations
Authors: Daise Willem 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several ways of commenting on the foregoing chapters are possible, and I have chosen to comment on them one by one. But, when l started writing my comments, I very rapidly realized that a more general approach was necessary. After all, most of the chapters brought me back to the basic question I have already tried to answer several times (Daise 1985, 1988, 1989a, b): what is meant by social representations? I concluded that it was necessary first to present my answer to this question before taking issue with the single chapters.
The descriptive analyses of shared representations
Authors: Hammond Sean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is not intended as a didactic account of a particular procedure, although it may well be read as such, but rather as a series of observations of a plausible set of procedures for the empirical exploration of social representations. I would emphasize the exploratory component and state at the outset that they are not intended to give unequivocal answers to our questions but, rather, to provide a descriptive framework from which we can develop relevant questions.
The Lattice of Polemic Social Representations: A comparison of the social representations of occupations in favelas, public housing, and middle-class neighbourhoods of Brazil
Authors: Canter David V , Monteiro Circe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Moscovici (1983, p. 15) emphasizes that a major function of social representations is to facilitate communication among members of a community by providing them with a code for naming and classifying the various aspects of their world and their individual and group history. In the process of classification, meaning is assigned to some aspects of the world and other aspects are rendered invisible. The processes of anchoring, whereby aspects of the world are integrated into familiar categorization schemes, and objectification, whereby ‘the iconic quality of an imprecise idea’ (Moscovici 1984, p. 38) is discovered, are both processes related to the harnessing of linguistic mechanisms in order to create systems of codification. It is these systems that provide individuals with a stable enough social and cultural milieu in which to act.
Thalamocingulate Connections in the Monkey
Authors: Shibata Hideshi , Yukie Masao 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All cortical areas make massive reciprocal connections with the dorsal thalamic nuclei and because the great majority of subcortical inputs to the cortex originate from the dorsal thalamic nuclei, many believe that these thalamocortical inputs are essential for normal cortical functions. Although it remains unclear how they specifically contribute to cortical function, it has been suggested that they operate both as a way station for transmitting information from subcortical regions to the cortex (Sherman and Guillery, 2001) and as an “indirect relay” station for communicating information between different cortical regions (Rouiller and Welker, 2000). Regardless of which of these two modes is operative, the dorsal thalamic nuclei do not merely transfer information to the cortex, but they are an active integrator or modulator of information that is essential for normal cortical function. To this end, it is an essential prerequisite to know the details of the underlying connectivity between the dorsal thalamus and cortex.The cingulate cortex consists of four major regions (ordered posterior to anterior): posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), retrosplenial cortex (RSC), midcingulate cortex (MCC), and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC; Chapters 1, 3, 13; Vogt, 1993: Vogt et al., 2004, 2005). These four divisions are comprised of more than 20 different cortical areas that lie within the cingulate gyrus and the banks of the adjoining cingulate and callosal sulci in monkeys and humans. Recent anatomical studies using axonal transport methods in monkeys have uncovered a rough picture of thalamocingulate connectivity—each cingulate area has connections with a different set of thalamic nuclei as discussed in this chapter. These thalamic nuclei represent not only associational and midline/intralaminar thalamic nuclei but also parts of the motor and sensory thalamic nuclei. We must bear in mind that many more connections remain to be elucidated for most cingulate areas. For detailed cytoarchitecture and nomenclature of the monkey dorsal thalamus, the reader should consult the textbooks of Jones (1985, 1998) and Steriade et al. (1997).
Visceral Circuits and Cingulate-Mediated Autonomic Functions
Authors: Vogt Brent A , Derbyshire Stuart W G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Involvement of cingulate cortex in visceral function has been long known. The classical electrical stimulation studies of Smith (1945), Pool and Ransohoff (1949), and Kaada (1951) provided a rich substrate of information showing that anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) was part of a broad swath of orbitofrontal, insular, and temporal pole cortex that regulates visceral functions. In spite of technical issues relating to the intensity and duration of stimulation, these investigators showed that autonomic responses were not the result of current spread from the cingulate gyrus because electrical stimulation in adjacent cortex did not produce such changes and ablation outcomes were as predicted. Most importantly, subsequent studies such as those of MacLean (1990) and Talairach et al. (1973) confirmed autonomic and skeletomotor responses and circuitry studies showing cingulate projections to visceral autonomic nuclei, the lateral hypothalamus (LH), periaqueductal gray (PAG), and intermediolateral nucleus of the spinal cord (IML) provided mechanisms to support the conclusion that evoked responses originated in cingulate cortex and were not due to current spread. A new generation of mechanistic studies in rodents emerged in the 1980s and 1990s in conjunction with very precise connection studies and validated the concept that autonomic activity could be generated by electrical stimulation of the subgenual ACC (sACC) and some of the subcortical intermediates to autonomic motor centers.
Dorsal Anterior Midcingulate Cortex: Roles in Normal Cognition and Disruption in Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Bush George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Elucidating how cingulate cortex subdivisions contribute to normal cognitive, motor and emotional processes requires continuing review and integration of emerging data from anatomical, cytoarchitectural, connection, behavioral, psychophysical, functional neuroimaging, electrophysiologic, and lesion studies that are performed not only in humans, but also in other primates, and rodents. Nowhere is this integrative approach more important than in our quest to characterize the contributions of cingulate cortex to cognitive processing. While human cognitive processing far exceeds that of other mammalian species, and human medial wall structures are not identical to those seen even in higher primates, it is essential to understand from whence human brain structures and cognitive abilities developed, and to appreciate the interspecies similarities and differences, in order to accurately comprehend the neural substrate of human cognition. This is indeed a tall order, for as it is detailed elsewhere in this volume, over the past few centuries many paradigmatic shifts have occurred in our conceptualizations of cingulate cortex. Moreover, the emergence of functional imaging over the past two decades has brought with it an explosion of new data and a plethora of theories to explain the observed activity patterns within cingulate cortex. Indeed, perusal of the functional imaging literature indicates that cingulate cortex is one of the most often studied and activated brain regions. The question of how to organize and interpret the relevant data is obviously of enormous significance.
Brain Imaging in Prodromal and Probable Alzheimer’s Disease. A Focus on the Cingulate Gyrus
Authors: Salmon Eric , Laureys Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Brain imaging in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has greatly benefited from technological advances. Shifting from computed tomography (CT) to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allowed progress from linear to volumetric measurements of brain atrophy (Frisoni et al., 2003). Pioneer functional imaging work with low-resolution positron emission tomography (PET) machines and a method using a prioriselected regions-of-interest (ROI) almost anecdotally reported posterior cingulate cortex involvement in AD, among several other associative cortices (Cutler et al., 1985). However, voxel-based analyses of the entire brain metabolism much more convincingly demonstrated a wide metabolic impairment in the posteromedial cortex, comprising posterior cingulate and medial parietal (precuneus) cortices (Minoshima et al., 1994). Voxel-based analyses allowed the comparison of cerebral images between populations and the search for clinico-metabolic comparisons without any a priorianatomical hypothesis. Emerging techniques offer the possibility to measure decreased posterior cingulate biological brain components in AD with proton MR spectroscopy (Hattori et al., 2002; Mielke et al., 2001), but we lack correlations with neuropathology to correctly interpret the data. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) provides a technique for the assessment of the integrity or disorganization of white matter tracts, in the temporal subcortical white matter, the cingulum bundle, and the corpus callosum, for example (Takahashi et al., 2002).
Nonstationary Flows and Shock Waves
Authors: Glass Irvine I , Sislian J P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nonstationary flows of gases (and liquids under high pressure) are of interest in many engineering problems. These include the study of shock waves arising from a very sudden release (explosion) of chemical, nuclear, electrical, or mechanical energy in a limited space, the study of the behaviour of media through which the shock propagate, and the investigation of the nonstationary motion of a mixture of gases in energy-producing devices and engines. Nonstationary flows are also relevant to modern physics and cosmology. In this book the reader will find all the important aspects of shock-tube and shock-wave research in pure and dusty gases, as well as dissociated and ionized boundary layers, spherical and cylindrical explosion and implosion phenomena, hypervelocity launchers, and shock-wave reflections, diffractions, and refractions. It is a unique book combining analytical numerical and experimental work, covering 40 years of continuous research in the area.
Religion And Community
Authors: Ward Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Religion is an important social force, both for good and evil, in the modern world. In the final volume of his comparative theology, Keith Ward considers the main ways in which religion and society interact, and the ways in which the major world religions need to adapt themselves in the modern world. These religions are examined as forms of social life, ranging from communities which seek to renounce the world, to those which seek to embody the laws of God in society, those which see religions in critical dialogue with social structures, and those which see religion as a primarily individual matter. The ideas of eretz Yisrael, the umma of Islam, the Buddhist sangha, the Christian church, and the Hindu sampradaya are critically analysed. Ward also considers the doctrine of the church in Aquinas, Calvin, Schleiermacher, and Tillich, and develops a view of the church in a global perspective by means of both a historical and thematic approach. He proposes a radical vision of the church as a person-affirming, world-transforming society in the emerging global community of many faiths and cultures. The relation of religious belief and morality, and the ambiguous role of religion in society, is investigated, and the need for a new religious paradigm is defended, expressing a global perspective without insistence on uniformity.
The New New Unionism
Authors: Heery Edmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Twenty years ago Coates and Topham published The New Unionism (1974). They argued in the book that the established forms and policies of trade unions were increasingly irrelevant to the needs of British workers and that, in consequence, a new unionism was emerging. This, they claimed, was based on the mobilization and direct participation of rank and file union members and was oriented towards challenging management control, both in the work-place and beyond. Coates and Topham’s book was openly prescriptive in intent and was subtitled The Case for Workers’ Control. Other, less didactic analyses of trade unions in the 1970s, however, shared their view that the labour movement was shedding old baggage and changing rapidly both in terms of its internal structures and relationships and in the face it showed to other actors on the industrial relations stage (cf. Crouch 1979; Hyman 1983; Terry 1983; Undy et al. 1981).
Militarism and radical nationalism
Authors: Chickering Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In October 1906 Wilhelm Voigt, a petty criminal who had recently been released from prison, visited several used-clothes stores in Berlin in order to piece together the uniform of a captain in the Prussian army. Attired in it, he commandeered a squad of soldiers off the street and led them into the town hall of Köpenick, a suburban district of the capital, where he placed the mayor under military arrest and ordered the cashier to hand over nearly 4,000 Marks. Then he fled with the loot. The incident created a worldwide sensation. It subsequently provided the material for a famous play — and a movie adaptation — from the pen of Carl Zuckmayer; and to this day, the adventures of this ‘Captain of Köpenick’ stand as a symbol of the slavish deference to the military uniform that reigned in Imperial Germany.
Humanist Chronology (II): Towards the History of Calendars
Authors: Grafton Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In August 1573 Scaliger set out to edit the Saturnalia of Macrobius, the Noctes Atticae of Aulus Gellius, and the De die natali of Censorinus. These three texts differed considerably in content and form. But they summarized the researches of late Republican and Augustan scholars on the technical terminology, early history, and astronomical basis of the Roman calendar. Censorinus and Macrobius sketched the development of the calendar from its crudest, early form and compared it with what they called the ‘Greek’—i.e. Attic—lunar calendar on which Numa modelled his own.
Dates, Dynasties, and Chronicles: Scaliger and the World Historians
Authors: Grafton Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chronological problems of another kind crop up in Scaliger’s early work, and reveal his acquaintance with another tradition of chronological scholarship—perhaps the oldest, and certainly the most widely practised, of all. In his Ausonianae lectiones of 1573 Scaliger discussed Baptista Pio’s view that Ausonius had written that late antique and medieval best seller, the Disticha Catonis. He dismissed Pio’s work as worthy only of use in the privy, arguing on stylistic grounds that the Disticha, though elegant, were quite unlike Ausonius’ verse, and on substantive grounds that the Christian Ausonius could not have written this obviously pagan text.
The Chronologer and Ancient History
Authors: Grafton Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scaliger was in no better position to overthrow the standard chronology for Greece and Rome than he was for the Bible. The basic epochs used by ancient scholars and astronomers—the era of the Olympics, the era of the Foundation of Rome, era Nabonassar, era Alexander, the Seleucid era—were established facts by the 1570s, and the only room for major innovation was that soon to be occupied by learned madmen like Johann Herwart von Hohenburg and Thomas Lydiat, who would rewrite all of ancient history to fit purely hypothetical astronomical chronologies.
The Ancient Near East from Nabonassar to Jesus
Authors: Grafton Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Book iv of the De emendatione, as Scaliger readily admitted, dealt with topics completely traditional in Christian chronology: the life of Jesus and the prophecy of Daniel. Yet like book v—which Scaliger had treated, not quite accurately, as a new departure in the field—it began with a radical attack on past authority and a striking assertion of Scaliger’s own originality. The ecclesiastical writers who had dealt with the Weeks of Daniel, he declared, left the reader feeling like Terence’s Phormio, more uncertain when he had finished them than when he began.
Scaliger and the Tropical Year: The Earthly Basis of the annus caelestis
Authors: Grafton Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In books iv and viii Scaliger set out his own proposal for a calendar which would—unlike the Julian—exactly match the motions of the sun and moon, so far as a civil calendar could. In book iv he discussed some of the best evidence known to him about the length of the year—chiefly the equinox observations by Hipparchus and Ptolemy himself recorded in Almagest 3. 1. He criticized the ancients’ results as unsatisfactory and offered as his own a value for the tropical year and a 648-year cycle based on this.
Reticences and Silences
Authors: Grafton Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scaliger’s chronology covered a vast range of subjects: dates from the Creation to his own time, calendars from Cuba to Japan, and many, many technical details in history, astronomy, and other fields. Even the foregoing survey, broad though it may seem, touches only a limited number of Scaliger’s bases. Yet his interests, though wide, were not universal.
Texts, Tests, and Authenticity: Berosus, Manetho, and Ptolemy
Authors: Grafton Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Syncellus confronted Scaliger with a number of texts far stranger than ordinary Christian chroniclers and Greek historians. Near the outset of the work, Scaliger’s dragoman introduced him to a strange storyteller from the ancient Near East: Berosus, priest of Bel, who described Babylonian religion and antiquities to Scaliger as he had in the third century bc to Antiochus Soter.
Missing Foundation: The Bible as History and as Mystery
Authors: Grafton Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If Scaliger showed stout confidence in his pagan witnesses, he seemed sometimes diffident and sometimes critical about what one might have expected to be his firmest resource in times of chronological trouble: the Bible. Since his thirties, he had argued that the Old and New Testaments could not stand on their own as complete records of human history. And he had insisted in both editions of the De emendatione that, just as he told the Vassani, only ‘Cathars and prophets’ would deny the utility of pagan sources or try to correct the pagan histories to make them match the Bible.
A Science for Polite Society: British Dissent and the Teaching of Natural Philosophy in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
Authors: Reid David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With these words Joseph Priestley, English chemist, Unitarian minister, political philosopher. public intellectual, and educator reemphasized an intellectual attitude that had become fundamental for Rational Dissenters and by extension. their academies of collegiate education.3 Arguably the foremost promoters of Enlightenment ideals of rationalism and religious tolerance in eighteenth-century England, Rational Dissenters had done much to encourage reform in higher education.
Finnegans Wake
Authors: Stewart Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most conspicuous innovation of Finnegans Wake is its use of ‘dream-language’. After Ulysses Joyce believed that he had ‘come to the end of English’, and his last novel is a pervasive layering of multilingual puns in successive drafts which produces a fabric rich in semantic possibilities but almost impenetrable to the general reader. Joyce’s method is demonstrably modern, having more to do with philology and psychoanalysis than with symbolism and magic, but it is none the less informed by a sacral relation to language as a kind of ‘broken heaventalk’ in which truth subsists in a dismembered way.
The world as word
Authors: Stewart Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In view of the uniquely complex development of James Joyce’s literary texts in notebooks, manuscripts, and typescripts, along with the author’s practice of composing extensively on the printers’ galleys, the study and appreciation of his art calls for an exacting examination of the written and printed materials involved at every stage. Voluminous materials of this kind have been dispersed throughout libraries and collections in Ireland, Britain, and the USA. Many of Joyce’s papers are now held at the Lockwood Memorial Library of the State University of New York at Buffalo, together with the Joyce family portraits.
Unfairness and the Consumer Contract Regulations
Authors: Bright Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations have now been in force for more than a decade and have had considerable impact on the content of consumer contracts. The focus of this chapter will be on the meaning of unfairness and its inter-relationship with the chosen method of implementation and enforcement of the Regulations. Crucial to the success of the Regulations has been the adoption of an administrative model of enforcement, giving the Office of Fair Trading (OFT) and certain other consumer bodies the power to investigate complaints about unfair terms drawn up for general use. The OFT has seized upon this as an opportunity to conduct a pro-active campaign against the use of unfair terms in consumer contracts. Following complaints about individual contract terms, the OFT has not limited its response to a review of the offending terms but has undertaken reviews of entire contracts, even negotiating industry-wide changes with trade associations.