bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ON RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF CHORDAL RINGS
Authors: NAYAK AMIYA , SANTORO NICOLA 
Published: November 2004

A common technique to improve the reliability of loop (or ring) networks is by introducing link redundancy; that is, by providing several alternative paths for communication between pairs of nodes. With alternate paths between nodes, the network can now sustain several node and link failures by bypassing the faulty components. However, faults occurring at strategic locations in a ring can prevent the computation by disrupting I/O operations, blocking the flow of information, or even segmenting the structure into pieces which can no longer be suitable for any practical purpose. An extensive characterization of fault-tolerance in ring topologies is given in this paper. This characterization augments the results known in the literature to date. The characterization has revealed several properties which describe the problem of constructing subrings and linear arrays in the presence of node failures in the original ring for a specified link configuration. Also in this paper, bounds are established on the degree of fault tolerance achievable in a redundant loop network, with a given degree of redundancy, when performing a computation that requires a minimal number of operational nodes. Also the bounds on the size of the problems guaranteed to be solved in the presence of a given number of faults in the network are derived.
DESIGN OF A SERIES RESONANT CONVERTER WITH MULTIPLE OUTPUT LOAD
Authors: SCHLENK MANFRED 
Published: November 2004

During the last few years, a variety of circuit topologies have been developed for resonant converters. Regarding the European mains voltages push-pull converter topologies should primarily be used because of the lower blocking voltages of the switches in this type of converter. To ensure low dynamic losses of the primary switching devices at high operating voltages, ZVS-control should be adopted. This paper discusses the choice of component values for such a converter as well as the influence of the output load circuit on the behavior of the converter. Further the design of a so-called "resonant transformer" will be presented.
R&D ACTIVITIES OF NEW ZEALAND FIRMS BY SIZE
Authors: FISHER JIM , KIRK C. , TAYLOR D. 
Published: November 2004

Most companies recognise that it is essential that they engage in Research and Development activities. In 1988/89 however New Zealand stood 17 on a list of 23 OECD countries with only 0.98 percent of its GDP allocated to R&D. This article describes a recent study of the R&D activities of 89 small, medium, and large New Zealand firms, which indicated that a number of significant differences exist between the R&D policies and practices of each type of firm. It would appear that numbers of small/medium sized New Zealand firms, and even some large firms, do not recognise the importance of investing in R&D in tighter economic times as well as in times of economic expansion. If the competitive position of New Zealand industry is to be improved R&D management must become more aware of the activities of the competition, and perhaps focus on process development and the acquisition of innovative technology from abroad.
CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS FOR SINGAPORE COMPANIES OPERATING IN THE PEOPLES' REPUBLIC OF CHINA
Authors: MARSHALL ROGER , LEONG DAVID , CHOO JOELLE , KOH SHIRLEY , THAY PEGGY 
Published: November 2004

In recent years a significant number of Singapore companies have invested in the PRC, and a large number are set to follow in their path. The purpose of this research is to ascertain the Critical Success Factors (CSF) that have, in the opinion of senior executives, determined success in this market. Thus a guideline is produced to help executives of potential new entrants by indicating to them where their attention should be focused. The data is gathered in two modes: survey and interview. Initially a sample of twenty-six companies was surveyed and asked a battery of questions to establish the relevant factors. These CSFs were analyzed for different industries under the headings of entry mechanisms, human resource factors, Government incentives, infrastructure and political factors. Two companies were then interviewed in depth in order to flesh out the survey data.
COMPARISON OF PROPORTIONAL HAZARDS MODELING, ADDITIVE HAZARDS MODELING AND PROPORTIONAL INTENSITY MODELING WHEN APPLIED TO REPAIRABLE SYSTEM RELIABILITY
Authors: WIGHTMAN DAVE , BENDELL TONY 
Published: November 2004

In an Industrial Reliability setting a number of modeling techniques are available which allow the incorporation of explanatory variables; for example, Proportional Hazards Modeling, Proportional Intensity Modeling and Additive Hazards Modeling. However, in many applied settings it is unclear what the form of the underlying process is, and thus which of the above modeling structures is the most appropriate, if any. In this paper we discuss the different modeling formulations with regard to such features as their appropriateness, flexibility, robustness and ease of implementation together with the author’s experience gained from application of the models to a wide selection of reliability data sets. In particular, a comparative study of the models when applied to a software reliability data set is provided.
Protein Kinase C Pathway Is Involved in Transcriptional Regulation of C-Reactive Protein Synthesis in Human Hepatocytes
Authors: Ivashchenko Yuri , Kramer Frank , Schäfer Stefan , Bucher Andrea , Veit Kerstin , Hombach Vinzenz , Busch Andreas , Ritzeler Olaf , Dedio Jürgen , Torzewski Jan 
Published: November 2004

Objective—C-Reactive protein (CRP) is the prototype acute phase protein and a cardiovascular risk factor. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-6 stimulate CRP synthesis in hepatocytes. We searched for additional pathways regulating CRP expression.Methods and Results—Primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) were treated with IL-1β, IL-6, and protein kinase C (PKC) activator phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu). CRP was analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR and ELISA. PDBu significantly induced CRP transcription by 21.0±9.24-fold and protein release by 2.9±0.5-fold. Transcriptional regulation was studied in detail in hepatoma G2 (HepG2) cells stably transfected with the 1-kb CRP promoter (HepG2–ABEK14 cells). In these cells, PDBu significantly induced CRP transcription by 5.39±0.66-fold. Competetive inhibition with bisindolylmaleimide derivative LY333531 abolished PDBu-mediated promoter activation. Competetive inhibition with IκB kinase inhibitor I229 also inhibited PDBu effects. Importantly, IL-8 significantly induced CRP release in PHHs by 58.675±19.1-fold, which was blockable by LY333531.Conclusions—This study describes a novel PKC-dependent transcriptional regulation of CRP gene expression, which, in analogy to the classical IL-1β and IL-6 pathways, is operational in hepatocytes only. It also identifies IL-8 as a potential physiological PKC activator. HepG2–ABEK14 cells may be useful for high throughput screening to identify inhibitors of CRP synthesis for the prevention of cardiovascular disease.
Rain Enhancement and Fog Elimination by Seeding with Charged Droplets. Part I: Theory and Numerical Simulations
Authors: Khain A. , Arkhipov V. , Pinsky M. , Feldman Y. , Ryabov Ya 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
A new method of droplet collision acceleration, with the purpose of rain enhancement and fog elimination, is proposed. According to the method, some fraction of the droplets is taken from clouds (or fog) themselves, charged, and then injected back into clouds (or fog). To verify the efficiency of the method, a novel model has been developed, allowing simulation of droplet spectrum evolution by collision in case a certain fraction of the droplets in a droplet spectrum is charged. Simulations of droplet spectra evolution include several steps: (a) The forces arising between charged and neutral droplets, as well as between charged droplets, are calculated as the function of the value of the charges, droplet size, and distance between droplets. It is shown that because of the induction effect, significant attraction forces arise between charged and neutral droplets. (b) The results obtained have been used to calculate the collision efficiencies between charged and neutral, as well between charged droplets. As a result, a “four dimensional” table of the collision efficiencies (the collision efficiency is the function of the droplet size and charge) was calculated. The collision efficiencies between charged and neutral droplets turn out to be significantly higher than the pure gravity-induced values. (c) To accomplish these simulations, a novel numerical method of solving the stochastic collision equation has been developed. Cloud droplets are described by a two-dimensional size distribution function in which droplets are characterized by both their mass and charge. (d) This model, with the implemented table of the collision efficiencies, has been used to simulate droplet spectra evolution in clouds and fog in case some fraction of these droplets was charged. Simulations of the effects of seeding by charged droplets have been performed. Evolution of initially narrow droplet size spectra (typical of extremely continental clouds in highly smoky air), in the case of seeding and under natural conditions, has been simulated. It was shown that although a natural droplet spectrum does not develop and no raindrops are formed, the injection of just a small fraction of charged particles rapidly triggered the collision process and lead to raindrop formation a few minutes after the injection. Significant acceleration of raindrop formation has been found in the case of a maritime wide-droplet spectrum. Simulations of fog seeding were conducted using droplet spectra distributions of typical fog. Seeding by charged fog droplets of one or both polarities was simulated. In both cases a significant increase in fog visibility was found. The advantages of the seeding method proposed are discussed.
Turbulent Transfer Coefficients and Calculation of Air Temperature inside Tall Grass Canopies in Land–Atmosphere Schemes for Environmental Modeling
Authors: Mihailovic D. T. , Alapaty K. , Lalic B. , Arsenic I. , Rajkovic B. , Malinovic S. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA method for estimating profiles of turbulent transfer coefficients inside a vegetation canopy and their use in calculating the air temperature inside tall grass canopies in land surface schemes for environmental modeling is presented. The proposed method, based on K theory, is assessed using data measured in a maize canopy. The air temperature inside the canopy is determined diagnostically by a method based on detailed consideration of 1) calculations of turbulent fluxes, 2) the shape of the wind and turbulent transfer coefficient profiles, and 3) calculation of the aerodynamic resistances inside tall grass canopies. An expression for calculating the turbulent transfer coefficient inside sparse tall grass canopies is also suggested, including modification of the corresponding equation for the wind profile inside the canopy. The proposed calculations of K-theory parameters are tested using the Land–Air Parameterization Scheme (LAPS). Model outputs of air temperature inside the canopy for 8–17 July 2002 are compared with micrometeorological measurements inside a sunflower field at the Rimski Sancevi experimental site (Serbia). To demonstrate how changes in the specification of canopy density affect the simulation of air temperature inside tall grass canopies and, thus, alter the growth of PBL height, numerical experiments are performed with LAPS coupled with a one-dimensional PBL model over a sunflower field. To examine how the turbulent transfer coefficient inside tall grass canopies over a large domain represents the influence of the underlying surface on the air layer above, sensitivity tests are performed using a coupled system consisting of the NCEP Nonhydrostatic Mesoscale Model and LAPS.
Oblique, Stratified Winds about a Shelter Fence. Part II: Comparison of Measurements with Numerical Models
Authors: Wilson John D. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractTo evaluate Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) models of disturbed micrometeorological winds, steady-state computations using a second-order closure are compared with observations (see Part I) in which the surface layer wind was disturbed by a long, thin porous fence (height h = 1.25 m; thickness dx ≈ 1 mm). Starting with the case of neutral stratification and normal incidence, it is shown that low-resolution RANS simulations (streamwise grid interval Δx/h = 1) produce reasonably good transects of mean wind speed, though with an ambiguity (or nonuniqueness) of at least 10%–15% of the amplitude of the relative wind curve, mainly arising from sensitivity to the choice of the solution mesh. For nearly perpendicular flows, the measured influence of stratification (stable or unstable) is to diminish the amplitude of the relative wind curve (i.e., windbreak is less effective), an effect that is replicated very well by the simulations. Obliquity of the incident wind, like stratification, also correlates with poorer shelter, but the computed response of the relative wind curve to obliquity is excessive. As for higher-order wind statistics, computed transects of velocity standard deviations compare poorly to those observed. Therefore, if this disturbed flow may be taken as representative, then caution must be recommended should it be thought that RANS-type models might be suitable (i.e., accurate, as well as convenient) for computing the disturbed wind statistics (typically mean velocity, shear stress tensor, and turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate) that are needed to “drive” modern dispersion models in the complex wind regimes that must be confronted in such contexts as urban dispersion, or the wind migration of pollen.
Results of Sun Photometer–Derived Precipitable Water Content over a Tropical Indian Station
Authors: Ernest Raj P. , Devara P. C. S. , Maheskumar R. S. , Pandithurai G. , Dani K. K. , Saha S. K. , Sonbawne S. M. , Tiwari Y. K. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
A compact, hand-held multiband sun photometer (ozone monitor) has been used to measure total precipitable water content (PWC) at the low-latitude tropical station in Pune, India (18°32′N, 73°51′E). Data collected in the daytime (0730–1800 LT) during the period from May 1998 to September 2001 have been used here. The daytime average PWC value at this station is 1.13 cm, and the average for only the clear-sky days is 0.75 cm. PWC values between 0.75 and 1.0 cm have the maximum frequency of occurrence. There is a large day-to-day variability due to varied sky and meteorological conditions. Mainly two types of diurnal variations in PWC are observed. The one occurs in the premonsoon summer months of April and May and shows that forenoon values are smaller than afternoon values. The other type occurs in November and December and shows a minimum around noontime. There is a diurnal asymmetry in PWC in which, on the majority of the days, the mean afternoon value is greater than the forenoon value. This asymmetry is more pronounced in the summer and southwest monsoon months (i.e., March–June). Monthly mean PWC is highest in September and lowest in December. The increase in PWC from the winter (December–February) to summer (March–May) seasons is about 50% and from the summer to southwest monsoon seasons (June–September) is almost 98%. Sun photometer–derived PWC shows a fairly good relationship with surface relative humidity and radiosonde-derived PWC, with a correlation coefficient as high as 0.80.
The Diurnal Cycle of Convection and Atmospheric Tides in an Aquaplanet GCM
Authors: Woolnough S. J. , Slingo J. M. , Hoskins B. J. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
The diurnal cycle of tropical convection and its relationship to the atmospheric tides is investigated using an aquaplanet GCM.
The diurnal and semidiurnal harmonics of precipitation are both found to contribute significantly to the total diurnal variability of precipitation in the model, which is broadly consistent with observations of the diurnal cycle of convection over the open ocean. The semidiurnal tide is found to be the dominant forcing for the semidiurnal harmonic of precipitation. In contrast the diurnal tide plays only a small role in forcing the diurnal harmonic of precipitation, which is dominated by the variations in shortwave and longwave heating. In both the diurnal and semidiurnal harmonics, the feedback onto the convection by the humidity tendencies due to the convection is found to be important in determining the phase of the harmonics. Further experiments show that the diurnal cycle of precipitation is sensitive to the choice of closure in the convection scheme.
While the surface pressure signal of the simulated atmospheric tides in the model agree well with both theory and observations in their magnitude and phase, sensitivity experiments suggest that the role of the stratospheric ozone in forcing the semidiurnal tide is much reduced compared to theoretical predictions. Furthermore, the influence of the cloud radiative effects seems small. It is suggested that the radiative heating profile in the troposphere, associated primarily with the water vapor distribution, is more important than previously thought for driving the semidiurnal tide. However, this result may be sensitive to the vertical resolution and extent of the model.
Dryline Bulge Evolution in a Two-Dimensional Mixed-Layer Model
Authors: Auslander Glenn M. , Bannon Peter R. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
This study examines the diurnal response of a mixed-layer model of the dryline system to localized anomalies of surface heat flux, topography, mixed-layer depth, and inversion strength. The two-dimensional, mixed-layer model is used to simulate the dynamics of a cool, moist layer east of the dryline capped by an inversion under synoptically quiescent conditions. The modeled domain simulates the sloping topography of the U.S. Great Plains. The importance of this study can be related to dryline bulges that are areas with enhanced convergence that may trigger convection in suitable environmental conditions.
All anomalies are represented by a Gaussian function in the horizontal whose amplitude, size, and orientation can be altered. A positive, surface-heat-flux anomaly produces increased mixing that creates a bulge toward the east, while a negative anomaly produces a westward bulge. Anomalies in topography show a similar trend in bulge direction with a peak giving an eastward bulge, and a valley giving a westward bulge. Anomalies in the initial mixed-layer depth yield an eastward bulge in the presence of a minimum and a westward bulge for a maximum. An anomaly in the initial inversion strength results in a westward bulge when the inversion is stronger, and an eastward bulge when the inversion is weak. The bulges observed in this study at 1800 LT ranged from 400 to 600 km along the dryline and from 25 to 80 km across the dryline.
When the heating ceases at night, the entrainment and eastward movement of the line stops, and the line surges westward. This westward surge at night has little dependence on the type of anomaly applied. Whether a westward or eastward bulge was present at 1800 LT, the surge travels an equal distance toward the west. However, the inclusion of weak nocturnal friction reduces the westward surge by 100 to 200 km due to mechanical mixing of the very shallow leading edge of the surge.
All model runs exhibit peaks in the mixed-layer depth along the dryline at 1800 LT caused by enhanced boundary layer convergence and entrainment of elevated mixed-layer air into the mixed layer. These peaks appear along the section of the dryline that is least parallel to the southerly flow. They vary in amplitude from 4 to 9 km depending on the amplitude of the anomaly. However, the surface-heat-flux anomalies generally result in peaks at the higher end of this interval. It is hypothesized that the formation of these peaks may be the trigger for deep convection along the dryline in the late afternoon.
Are the Northern Hemisphere Winter Storm Tracks Significantly Correlated?
Authors: Chang Edmund K. M. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
In this study, the correlation between the Northern Hemisphere winter Pacific and Atlantic storm tracks is examined using the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis and the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40), as well as unassimilated aircraft observations. By examining month-to-month variability in the 250-hPa meridional velocity variance, the correlation between the two storm track peaks is found to be as high as 0.5 during the winters between 1975/76 and 1998/99. Here, it is shown that the correlation between the two storm tracks can be clearly detected from the aircraft data. Further analyses of the reanalysis data show that the correlation can also be seen in other eddy variance and covariance statistics, including the poleward heat flux at the 700-hPa level.
The correlation between the two storm tracks, as seen in both reanalysis datasets, is shown to be much weaker during the period 1957/58–1971/72, suggesting a possible regime transition from largely uncorrelated storm tracks to highly correlated storm tracks during the 1970s. However, during this earlier period, the number of aircraft observations is insufficient to verify the low correlation seen in the reanalyses. Thus, low biases in the reanalyses during the earlier period cannot be ruled out.
An ensemble of four GCM simulations performed using the GFDL GCM forced by global observed SST variations between 1950 and 1995 has also been examined. The correlation between the two storm tracks in the GCM simulations is much lower (0.18) than that observed, even if the analysis is restricted to the GCM simulations from the period 1975/76–1994/95. A Monte Carlo test shows that the observed correlation and the GCM correlation are statistically distinct at the 1% level.
Correlations between the Southern Hemisphere summer Pacific and Atlantic storm tracks have also been examined based on the reanalyses datasets. The results suggest that the amplitude of the SH summer Pacific and Atlantic storm tracks are not significantly correlated, showing that seeding of the Atlantic storm track by the Pacific storm track does not necessarily lead to significant correlations between the two storm tracks.