bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ACTIVATION OF PROFIBRINOLYSIN BY ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY REACTION AND BY ANAPHYLACTOID AGENTS; ITS RELATION TO COMPLEMENT
Authors: Ungar Georges , Damgaard Evelyn , Hummel Fred P. 
Published: June 2004

The activation of profibrinolysin in sensitized guinea pig serum when mixed in vitro with the homologous antigen was confirmed with a more accurate and more reliable method than the one previously used. A study was made of some of the conditions required for obtaining maximum activation.
Profibrinolysin activation was also induced in normal guinea pig serum by addition of certain "anaphylactoid" agents such as peptone, tween 20, morphine, octylamine, octadecylamine, and 48/80.
The specific antigen and the anaphylactoid agents produce activation only when added to whole, fresh, unheated serum. Profibrinolysin activation by these agents, as opposed to activation by streptokinase, seems to require the intervention of a kinase system (serofibrinokinase) inactivated by fractionation of serum and by heating to 56°C.
Whenever serum was submitted to treatments which caused fractionation, fixation or inhibition of complement, serofibrinokinase was also inactivated. Under the conditions investigated the behavior of this kinase was indistinguishable from that of complement.
THE ESTIMATION OF CIRCULATING ANTIBODY-ANTIGEN COMPLEX
Authors: Sternberger L. A. , Maltaner Frank , DeWeerdt Jacob 
Published: June 2004

Immune sera were subjected to treatment with alkali in the cold to cause dissociation of antigen-antibody complexes. Precipitates and a capacity to fix complement developed in some of these sera subsequent to such treatment.
The specific immunologic nature of these phenomena and their observation in relation to disappearance of free antigen and appearance of free antibody in circulation are discussed. The phenomena observed appear to be consistent with the assumption that a circulating antibody-antigen complex is revealed as a result of treatment.
STUDIES OF HYPERSENSITIVITY TO LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT SUBSTANCES
Authors: Eisen Herman N. , Belman Sidney 
Published: June 2004

2,4-dinitrophenylsulfenyl chloride (DSCl) and 2,4-dinitrophenylthiocyanate (DSCN) elicited allergic reactions of the delayed type when applied to the skin of guinea pigs and of human beings who had been sensitized by prior exposure to 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DF). DSCl and DSCN, together with 2,4-dinitrobenzene sulfonate (DSO3), constitute a clearly defined group of allergenic dinitrophenyl compounds in that they all combined with skin protein in vivo through reaction with cysteine or cystine. In vitro, these compounds combine with free SH groups, and with —S—S— groups of hair and epidermis, but not with —S—S— groups of oxidized glutathione or of bovine gamma globulins. DSO3, DSCl, and DSCN did not react with amino groups in vivo, but did react with protein amino groups in vitro at pH values of about 10.
Another group of dinitrophenyl compounds (DF, DCl, and DBr) previously had been shown to combine with lysine ϵ-NH2 groups of epidermal proteins. In the present work it was found that these compounds do not react with the disulfide groups of these proteins, either in vivo or in vitro. Moreover, they did not seem to react with SH groups of viable skin, although they are highly reactive with sulfhydryl in vitro. This apparent discrepancy between reactivity with SH groups in vitro and in vivo may be due to the fact that the chromatographic technique employed was relatively insensitive for the sulfhydryl derivative.
When a compound of either group was applied to the skin surface, dinitrophenyl-amino acids were recovered from the epidermis but not from the dermis.
The results are discussed from the viewpoint of the epidermal localization of dinitrophenyl-protein conjugates.
THE ERGASTOPLASM
Authors: Weiss Jules M. 
Published: June 2004

The fine structure of the ergastoplasm of the pancreatic exocrine cell of Swiss albino mice has been studied with the electron microscope. It was found that this material consists of sac-like structures, which may be called ergastoplasmic sacs, embedded in an amorphous granular ground substance, the cytoplasmic matrix. The membranous wall of the ergastoplasmic sac is a structure approximately 250 A wide. Except for its greater electron density and granular structure, the ergastoplasmic membrane is similar in appearance to the nuclear, plasma, and mitochondrial membranes. From data available in the literature, and from our own evidence, the conclusion can be drawn that the ergastoplasmic membrane contains ribonucleic acid.
The mode of formation of the ergastoplasm and secretory granules was studied in animals which were first fasted and subsequently fed. It was found that ergastoplasm is formed within the cytoplasm, near the nuclear membrane, and possibly from the plasma membrane. The secretory granules were observed to arise by accumulation of materials within small ergastoplasmic sacs.
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF GRAVID MICE TO COXSACKIE VIRUS INFECTION
Authors: Dalldorf Gilbert , Gifford Rebecca 
Published: June 2004

Gravid mice become progressively more susceptible to infection with the pancreatic line of Group B-1 Coxsackie virus during the last week of pregnancy. A Group A-8 strain did not have such an effect.
The young that survive despite the fact that their mothers are infected with a B-1 strain appear to be normal in the gross and microscopically, to grow at the usual rate, to be free of demonstrable virus, and to be susceptible on challenge with a homologous strain.
MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THE ANTIMYCOBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF CERTAIN BASIC PEPTIDES
Authors: Hirsch James G. 
Published: June 2004

The antimycobacterial activity of thymus peptide under certain conditions in vitro can be partially neutralized by increasing the concentration of sulfate ions in the medium, and to a lesser extent by the addition of certain organic compounds which contain sulfur. It is suggested that thymus peptide suppresses the growth of tubercle bacilli by interfering with the normal sulfur metabolism of these microorganisms.
Polylysine peptide and pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone, other basic peptides derived from animal tissues, also inhibit the multiplication of tubercle bacilli in vitro, and their antimycobacterial activity is also antagonized by sulfate ions. Basic peptide hormones prepared from the posterior pituitary gland do not affect the growth of acid-fast bacteria under the conditions of the test.
ONE-STEP GROWTH CURVE OF WESTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS ON CHICKEN EMBRYO CELLS GROWN IN VITRO AND ANALYSIS OF VIRUS YIELDS FROM SINGLE CELLS
Authors: Dulbecco R. , Vogt Marguerite 
Published: June 2004

The rate of adsorption of WEE virus onto chicken embryo cells in vitro was determined both on a cell layer and on a cell suspension.
One-step growth curves were determined in cell suspensions and on cell layers. The latent period varied between 2 and 3½ hours; it was shorter on cell layers and decreased with higher multiplicity of infection. The shortest period is probably the real latent period.
The growth curves of the virus showed an initial exponential rise and reached a maximal constant value after 6 to 8 hours. The maximum virus yield per cell varied between 200 and 1000 on the cell layer, and between 100 and 200 in suspended cells.
The yield of single infected cells was determined. An analysis of the distributions of the individual yields obtained after various periods of virus growth led to two main conclusions: (1) that virus is released from the same cell over a long period of time; (2) that one phase of the intracellular virus growth is exponential.
INHIBITION OF INFLUENZA VIRUS MULTIPLICATION BY N-GLYCOSIDES OF BENZIMIDAZOLES
Authors: Tamm Igor , Folkers Karl , Shunk Clifford H. , Horsfall Frank L. 
Published: June 2004

Chloro derivatives of benzimidazole were found to be 2 to 3 times more active than corresponding methyl derivatives in causing inhibition of Lee virus multiplication in chorioallantoic membrane cultures in vitro. The most active benzimidazole derivative thus far tested is 5,6-dichloro-1-ß-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB); it caused 75 per cent inhibition of Lee virus multiplication in membrane cultures at a concentration of 0.38 x 10–4 M. On the other hand, 5,6-dimethyl-1-alpha;-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole, the moiety present in vitamin B12, failed to inhibit Lee virus multiplication at a concentration of 35 x 10–4 M. Other N-glycosides of 5,6-dichlorobenzimidazole were considerably less active than DRB.
In single cycle experiments, the degree of inhibition of Lee virus multiplication by DRB in membrane cultures was not dependent on the amount of virus in the inoculum. This compound did not inactivate the infectivity of extracellular Lee virus, had no effect on virus-erythrocyte interaction, did not interfere with the adsorption of the virus by the host tissue, nor affect the release of newly formed virus from the membrane. The inhibitory effect of DRB on Lee virus multiplication, in contrast to that of 2,5-dimethylbenzimidazole, persisted after transfer of infected membranes into fresh culture medium not containing the compound. Both DRB and the 2,5-dimethyl compound caused 99 per cent inhibition of Lee virus multiplication without affecting oxygen uptake of the membrane. Tissue proliferation of membrane pieces in roller tube culture was not significantly affected by DRB at inhibitory concentration, whereas at equivalent concentration the 2,5-dimethyl compound did restrict cellular growth. At higher concentrations, both compounds caused retardation of cell proliferation. This effect was reversible on removal of either compound from the medium. The multiplication of several strains of influenza A and B viruses, i.e. Lee, MB, PR8, and FM1, was inhibited to the same degree by each of the two compounds; DRB was 35 times more active than the 2,5-dimethyl compound relative to each of the strains.
DRB caused inhibition of Lee virus multiplication in intact embryonated chicken eggs and in mice without causing significant signs of toxicity in either host. Some of the implications of these findings are discussed in relation to the mechanism of the inhibition of influenza virus multiplication.
THE EFFECT OF CORTISONE ON THE SERUM LIPIDS AND ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL CHOLESTEROL ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Gordon Dina , Kobernick Sidney D. , McMillan Gardner C. , Duff G. Lyman 
Published: June 2004

An experiment was performed to determine the effect of cortisone on the serum lipids and on the development of experimental cholesterol atherosclerosis in the rabbit. Litter mate rabbits of the same sex were employed; both sexes were represented in the experiment. The report is based upon four experimental groups comprising (1) 12 rabbits fed cholesterol and treated with cortisone vehicle; (2) 12 rabbits fed cholesterol and treated daily with cortisone; (3) 11 rabbits treated with cortisone; and (4) 7 rabbits that received cortisone vehicle.
It was observed that: (1) There was less aortic atherosclerosis in the cholesterol-fed cortisone-treated rabbits as judged by both morphological and chemical means than in the rabbits fed cholesterol without cortisone treatment. (2) Cortisone depressed appreciably the hypercholesterolemia resulting from the feeding of cholesterol to rabbits. (3) Cortisone treatment caused a moderate hypercholesterolemia in normal rabbits. (4) Cortisone caused a moderate increase in serum lipid phosphorus equal to that produced by cholesterol feeding alone. (5) The combination of cholesterol feeding and cortisone did not result in a higher phospholipidemia than either one of these agents alone. (6) Cortisone caused a great increase in serum-neutral fat; it was not apparent whether cholesterol feeding affected the neutral fat lipemia due to cortisone treatment alone. (7) The total cholesterol to lipid phosphorus ratio was about normal in the rabbits that received cortisone only. It was doubled in the animals receiving both cholesterol and cortisone, and it was increased about four times in those that received only cholesterol.
The significance of the alterations in the serum lipids induced by cortisone is discussed in relation to the inhibition of the development of aortic atherosclerosis that occurred in the cholesterol-fed rabbits treated with cortisone.
THE ANTIGENICITY OF RAT COLLAGEN
Authors: Watson Robert F. , Rothbard Sidney , Vanamee Parker 
Published: June 2004

A method is described for preparing purified collagen from the tail tendons of rats with minimal alteration from its native state.
This purified collagen is soluble in dilute acetic acid and when injected intraperitoneally into rabbits induces complement-fixing antibodies in low titer.
It has been demonstrated by the use of certain immunological tests, enzymatic analyses, and electron microscopy that these antibodies are probably directed specifically toward collagen rather than toward accompanying impurities such as tissue proteins or polysaccharides.
Evidence is presented suggesting that collagen exhibits species specificity.
Autonomic Nervous System Response to Epidural Analgesia in Laboring Patients by Wavelet Transform of Heart Rate and Blood Pressure Variability
Authors: Deschamps Alain , Kaufman Ian , Backman Steven B. , Plourde Gilles 
Published: June 2004

Background
Epidurals are effective in relieving labor pain but result in a sympathectomy that may compromise maternal hemodynamic stability and fetal perfusion. Decreases in blood pressure and heart rate can be corrected, but markers of autonomic activity would be useful to predict and prevent such changes. The goal of this study was to find markers describing the changes in autonomic nervous system activity with epidural anesthesia in laboring patients.

Methods
The authors analyzed heart rate variability and blood pressure variability in 13 laboring patients using wavelet transform, a time-frequency analysis that accommodates rapid changes in autonomic activity. Heart rate and blood pressure variability were obtained 5 min before and 10 min after injection of 20 ml bupivacaine, 0.125%, and 50 microg fentanyl in the epidural space.

Results
Blood pressure and heart rate were not affected by epidural analgesia. However, high-frequency power of heart rate variability increased after epidural (increase in parasympathetic drive). The ratio of low-frequency:high-frequency power of heart rate variability decreased. High- and low-frequency power of blood pressure variability decreased (decrease in sympathetic outflow).

Conclusions
Indices of parasympathetic and sympathetic activity after neuraxial blockade in laboring patients can be obtained by analysis of both heart rate variability and blood pressure variability. The analysis by wavelet transform can discern changes in autonomic activity when values of blood pressure and heart rate do not vary significantly. Whether this technique could be used to predict and prevent hemodynamic compromise after neuraxial blockade merits further studies.
Evidence That Intravenous Vasopressors Can Affect Rostral Spread of Spinal Anesthesia in Pregnancy
Authors: Cooper David W. , Jeyaraj Leo , Hynd Ryan , Thompson Rebekah , Meek Tim , Ryall David M. , Kokri Manmohan S. 
Published: June 2004

Background
The authors have previously observed an apparent association between rostral spread of spinal anesthesia and choice of intravenous vasopressor given to maintain maternal systolic arterial pressure during cesarean delivery. This study tested the hypothesis that an intravenous infusion of phenylephrine can reduce rostral spread of spinal anesthesia in pregnancy, compared with ephedrine.

Methods
The study was randomized and double blind. It compared phenylephrine 100 microg/ml (phenylephrine group, n = 30), and ephedrine 3 mg/ml (ephedrine group, n = 30), given by infusion, to prevent maternal hypotension during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Two ml intrathecal plain levobupivacaine, 0.5%, combined with 0.4 ml intrathecal fentanyl, 50 microg/ml, and 10 ml epidural saline was given with the patient in the sitting position. The upper level of neural blockade to cold and light touch sensation was recorded at 10 and 20 min postspinal. Epidural space pressure was recorded at 5, 10, 15, and 20 min.

Results
At 20 min, the upper dermatome blocked to cold sensation was median T3 (interquartile range, T2-T4) for the phenylephrine group, compared with T1 (T1-T2) for the ephedrine group (P = 0.001). At 20 min, the upper dermatome blocked to light touch sensation was median T5 (T4-T8) for the phenylephrine group, compared with T3 (T2-T6) for the ephedrine group (P = 0.009). The mean epidural space pressure in the phenylephrine group was 16 (13-19) mmHg, compared with 16 (13-18) mmHg in the ephedrine group (P = 0.63).

Conclusions
This study provides evidence that intravenous phenylephrine can decrease rostral spread of spinal anesthesia in pregnancy, compared with intravenous ephedrine. Further work is required to investigate possible mechanisms and to assess its clinical significance.
Effect of ONO1714, a Specific Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitor, on Lung Lymph Filtration and Gas Exchange during Endotoxemia in Unanesthetized Sheep
Authors: Koizumi Tomonobu , Ogasawara Hitoshi , Yamamato Hiroshi , Tsushima Kenji , Ruan Zonghai , Jian Mingyuan , Fujimoto Keisaku , Kubo Keishi 
Published: June 2004

Background
The effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor on acute lung injury remains controversial. The current study was designed to examine effects of a newly synthesized and selective inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, ONO1714, on endotoxin-induced lung injury in unanesthetized sheep.

Methods
Thirteen unanesthetized sheep chronically instrumented with a lung lymph fistula and vascular catheters for monitoring were prepared. Animals were randomly allocated into two experimental groups. In experiment 1, sheep (n = 6) were infused only with endotoxin (1 microg/kg) for 30 min. In experiment 2, sheep (n = 7) were pretreated with ONO1714 (0.1 mg/kg) before 30 min of endotoxin administration, and the endotoxin was infused in the same manner as in experiment 1. Mean pulmonary arterial pressure, left atrial pressure, systemic arterial pressure, and lung lymph flow were measured. Observation was continued over 5 h after endotoxin administration.

Results
ONO1714 did not cause any pulmonary hemodynamic changes at baseline or exert any influences on transient pulmonary hypertension and increased pulmonary vascular resistance during endotoxemia. However, inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibition with ONO1714 significantly reduced lung lymph filtration and improved abnormal oxygenation during endotoxemia. In addition, increased nitrate-nitrite in plasma and lung lymph in response to endotoxin was prevented by treatment with ONO1714.

Conclusions
These findings suggest that nitric oxide release by the inducible nitric oxide synthase pathway partially contributes to the increased permeability of pulmonary edema and decreased oxygenation during endotoxemia in sheep.
A Novel Liposomal Bupivacaine Formulation to Produce Ultralong-Acting Analgesia
Authors: Grant Gilbert J. , Barenholz Yechezkel , Bolotin Elijah M. , Bansinath Mylarrao , Turndorf Herman , Piskoun Boris , Davidson Elyad M. 
Published: June 2004

Background
Currently available local anesthetics have relatively brief durations of action. An ultralong-acting local anesthetic would benefit patients with acute and chronic pain. The authors prepared and characterized a novel liposomal bupivacaine formulation using remote loading of bupivacaine along an ammonium sulfate gradient and assessed its efficacy in humans.

Methods
A large multivesicular liposomal bupivacaine formulation was prepared by subjecting small unilamellar vesicles to successive freeze-and-thaw cycles. Bupivacaine hydrochloride was then remotely loaded into the liposomes along an ammonium sulfate gradient ([(NH4)2SO4)]intraliposome/[(NH4)2SO4)]medium > 1000). The liposomes were then characterized for size distribution; drug-to-phospholipid ratio; in vitro release profile at 4 degree, 21 degree C, and 37 degree C; sterility; and pyrogenicity. Six subjects each received six intradermal injections in the lower back with 0.5 ml of 0.5, 1.0, and 2% liposomal bupivacaine; 0.5% standard bupivacaine; saline; and "empty" liposomes. Duration of analgesia was assessed using pinprick testing of the skin directly over the injection sites. Results were compared using the log-rank test.

Results
The mean large multivesicular vesicle size was 2439 +/- 544 nm, with a drug-to-phospholipid ratio of 1.8, fivefold greater than results previously reported. In vitro release was slowest at 4 degree C. The median duration of analgesia with 0.5% standard bupivacaine was 1 h. The median durations of analgesia after 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0% liposomal bupivacaine were 19, 38, and 48 h, respectively. Neither saline nor "empty" liposomes produced analgesia.

Conclusions
This novel liposomal formulation had a favorable drug-to-phospholipid ratio and prolonged the duration of bupivacaine analgesia in a dose-dependent manner. If these results in healthy volunteers can be duplicated in the clinical setting, this formulation has the potential to significantly impact the management of pain.
Injuries Associated with Regional Anesthesia in the 1980s and 1990s
Authors: Lee Lorri A. , Posner Karen L. , Domino Karen B. , Caplan Robert A. , Cheney Frederick W. 
Published: June 2004

Background
The authors used the American Society of Anesthesiologists Closed Claims Project database to identify specific patterns of injury and legal liability associated with regional anesthesia. Because obstetrics represents a unique subset of patients, claims with neuraxial blockade were divided into obstetric and nonobstetric groups for comparison.

Methods
The American Society of Anesthesiologists Closed Claims Project is a structured evaluation of adverse anesthetic outcomes collected from closed anesthesia malpractice insurance claims of professional liability companies. An in-depth analysis of 1980-1999 regional anesthesia claims was performed with a subset comparison between obstetric and nonobstetric neuraxial anesthesia claims.

Results
Of the total 1,005 regional anesthesia claims, neuraxial blockade was used in 368 obstetric claims and 453 of 637 nonobstetric claims (71%). Damaging events in 51% of obstetric and 41% of nonobstetric neuraxial anesthesia claims were block related. Obstetrics had a higher proportion of neuraxial anesthesia claims with temporary and low-severity injuries (71%) compared with the nonobstetric group (38%; P <or=0.01) and a lower proportion of claims with death or brain damage and permanent nerve injury compared with the nonobstetric group (P <or= 0.01). Cardiac arrest associated with neuraxial block was the primary damaging event in 32% of obstetric and 38% of nonobstetric neuraxial anesthesia claims involving death or brain damage. Eye blocks accounted for 5% of regional anesthesia claims.

Conclusion
Obstetric claims were predominately associated with minor injuries. Permanent injury from eye blocks increased in the 1990s. Neuraxial cardiac arrest and neuraxial hematomas associated with coagulopathy remain sources of high-severity injury.