bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Touring the West 3
Authors: Abel Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early and mid-1910s, longer travel films encouraged movie audiences to tour wildlands not only in Africa but also in the American West. Particularly notable was conservationist Edward A. Salisbury’s Wild Animal Life in America (1915), the result of three years of travel from Alaska to the Mexican border. Initially produced for universities and colleges, this feature-length film was acclaimed when shown in major movie theaters, sometimes with Salisbury as a lecturer. Overall, the film celebrated the “romance” of roaming the West to find unusual animals and birds. But a surviving fragment, “Hunting Wild Geese for Market,” strongly criticized the threatened extermination of American wildlife, which shortly thereafter led to a federal Game Bird Law.
Afterword: Looking Backward to Look Ahead
Authors: Abel Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Afterword sketches several pathways for pursuing further research on early American cinema, framed by the concept of settler colonialism. The first pathway analyzes genres other than the western, especially comedies. Another would explore westerns and travel films into the 1920s. A third would seek evidence of the actual exhibition and reception of westerns. An additional option could involve exploring relations between westerns and similar stories in other cultural forms. A fifth pathway might investigate the construction of white supremacy in westerns through a linkage between African Americans and Indigenous peoples, both of which had to move onto lands west of the Mississippi.
Conclusion
Authors: Hauge Jostein 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is the book’s conclusion chapter. In the chapter, I summarize the main arguments of the book through the perspective of a ‘factory in the future’ and address some key questions. Will industrialization and factory-based production keep remaking and reshaping the world? Will automation technologies make human work in factories completely redundant? Where will future factories be located, which factories will produce what, and who are the winners and losers in the age of globalized production? Can industrialization, growth, and factory-based production be compatible with ecological sustainability? I also highlight additional megatrends that the book did not cover in great detail: the rise of China and other megatrends related to digitalization. Finally, seeing that I both endorse and criticize capitalism throughout the book, I end the book with a discussion about the dynamics of capitalism.
Historical and linguistic backgrounds
Authors: Millar Robert McColl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter, unusually for a history of Scots, begins its discussion by considering the Indo-European languages and their development. Discussion of the manner in which we analyse the separation of the proto-languages is given before the history and relationships between the Germanic languages are analysed. The formation of Old English is treated: were the dialects of that language already present when their speakers came to Britain or was there a relatively uniform Old English formed after settlement, with dialect diversification taking place afterwards? Focus then turns to the languages previously spoken in Scotland before the arrival of Anglian settlers. These include the P-Celtic languages, Pictish and British, and the Q-Celtic Gaelic. Scotland was not a linguistic tabula rasa.
‘Rise’
Authors: Millar Robert McColl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins by discussing the establishment of the Bernician dialect in what is now south-eastern Scotland, as well as further west, due to the Northumbrian ‘golden age’. Economic and political change in Scotland beyond led to the movement of a considerable number of people into Scotland; many of these came from northern England and spoke a somewhat different dialect from that used in Scotland. The product of this koineization of the two varieties was Inglis, which, from the fourteenth century onwards, became the primary language of the kingdom of Scotland, leading to its use in a range of both official and literary contexts.
Scots in decline? The Modern Age
Authors: Millar Robert McColl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Due to changes in politics, culture, and economics of Scotland, Scots was replaced by English as the primary written medium in the country during the course of the seventeenth century. Almost all Scots who did not have Gaelic as their primary medium remained Scots speakers well into the eighteenth century, however. As part, to a considerable extent, of the Enlightenment experiment, the urban upper middle classes, and their imitators among the urban lower middle classes, began to abandon their native vernacular for Standard English. This change was broadcast to their imitators in other parts of Scotland but was never complete. Scottish Standard English comes into being during this period. Changes in agricultural practice and technological developments at this time led to the urbanization and industrialization of a large part of the country’s population. From early on in the nineteenth century, however, language attitudes developed among the middle classes which celebrated rural dialects while stressing the ‘slovenly’ nature of the urban. These prejudices continue to be held and have fed into education policy for the country. Increasing number of middle-class Scots abandoned their native variety in favour of English. To a considerable extent Scots became a class-based dialect. The chapter concludes with a discussion of language policy in the wake of devolution. Discussion of the plantation of Scots speakers in Ulster in the seventeenth century and later language use in those regions is also given.
Historical phonology of Scots
Authors: Millar Robert McColl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the historical phonology of the Scots language as a system, relating it to specific and thoroughgoing changes, such as the Great Vowel Shit and the Scottish Vowel Length Rule. The concept of lexical sets is introduced and comparisons are made between the sets for (Scottish) Standard English, Received Pronunciation and Scots (the latter being taken in a broad sense, despite the very real distinctions between the different dialects. The advantages (and disadvantages) of both the Aitken and Johnson-Millar analyses are discussed, the compromise being a method which employs Johnson-Millar while cross-referencing to Aitken. Vowels are discussed according to lexical sets, while the rather less complex situation of the Scots consonants is described in a purely diachronic manner.
Historical morphosyntax of Scots
Authors: Millar Robert McColl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is intended to provide an analysis of the morphosyntactic nature of Scots across time. From the beginning, however, awareness that more research is needed to give a full sense of all phenomena. At the same time, discussion of the many similarities and marked dissimilarities between English and Scots in relation to this field is ongoing. Recent changes, such as the spread of second person plural youse, are considered sociolinguistically. The ‘hiatus’ in the use of written Scots from the middle of the seventeenth to the middle of the eighteenth centuries is brought into focus in relation to the Middle Scots use of plural-marked adjectives and the means of demonstrating verb–subject concord.
Security Detention
Authors: McGregor Lorna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the adequacy and effectiveness of international law on security detention during public emergencies, international and non-international armed conflicts, and ‘ordinary’ times. It argues that in all four contexts, the international law on the substantive necessity and proportionality of detention is significantly underdeveloped with supranational bodies focusing more on states’ adherence to treatment standards in detention and the availability and effectiveness of procedural safeguards. While not suggesting that the interpretation of the necessity and proportionality of security detention should be the same in all four areas, it identifies common questions which require fuller articulation in both international human rights and humanitarian law, such as the nature of the security risk capable of justifying security detention; the methodologies that states rely on to predict risk, including through algorithmic risk assessments; consideration of less invasive means within the necessity and proportionality test; and the international legal standards attaching to the necessity and proportionality of certain alternatives to detention, such as assigned residence and control orders.
Getting volatility right
Authors: Sikk Allan , Köker Philipp 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The electoral volatility index is a workhorse in studies of party system change, yet volatility scores for individual elections vary widely across existing data sets. This chapter shows how candidate data can improve the calculation of the index. Most traditional approaches to volatility require that electoral slates (i.e. electoral formations in one election) are linked to a single successor or predecessor and entering and exiting parties are strictly defined. However, slates with partial novelty or significant links to more than one successor or predecessor are very common. Building on the concepts and measures introduced in the previous chapters, this chapter presents a novel approach to electoral volatility that fully accounts for these issues. The proposed split-by-congruence index allows for an orderly linkage of slates to multiple predecessors or successors, distinguishes genuinely novel parties from seemingly novel ones, and accounts for party change reflected in high candidate turnover among continuing parties. The case studies of individual elections demonstrate how the new volatility index provides reliable measures based on a set of clearly defined and standardized rules. The index is tested with an analysis of the effect of economic growth that confirms the presence of an effect that has been reported for other regions but has, so far, been elusive in Central and Eastern Europe.
Conclusion
Authors: Sikk Allan , Köker Philipp 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the main findings and contributions of the book. It also discusses the implications of the ‘genetic’ approach for the notions of new and continuing parties, for measures of party system stability such as electoral volatility, and for the study of party and party system institutionalization. Given the rising levels of party instability across the democratic world, researchers should acknowledge and engage with the complexity of party novelty and continuity to embrace the ‘soggy world’ of contemporary party politics fully. The final section highlights the potential for applying the approach proposed in this book to other regions of the world and for using ‘big but thin’ data more extensively in party research and beyond.
Democracy, Elections, and Electoral Geography in Zambia
Authors: Wahman Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the case of Zambia. It mainly focuses on the origin and effect of electoral institutions, the general cleavage structure, and the emergence of the geographically polarized electoral system. The chapter discusses how regional politics and territoriality have characterized Zambian campaigns since independence and how such dynamics may shape the use of violence during campaigns. Empirically, the chapter uses constituency-level presidential election data since the introduction of multipartyism in the early 1990s. The chapter corrects two common misunderstandings about electoral competition in Zambia. First, clustering of vote choice solely reflects co-ethnic voting. Second, national majorities are primarily won by winning swing-districts in a handful of nonaligned areas.
Individual-Level Fear, Electoral Geography, and Political Participation in Zambia
Authors: Wahman Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The chapter studies individual-level variations in fear of election violence in Zambia. It concentrates on two particular questions. First, are Zambians living in competitive or noncompetitive constituencies more fearful of violence? Second, what electoral activities are associated with most fear among Zambian voters? Building on the electoral geography theory of election violence, I show that minority voters living in rival parties’ strongholds are particularly fearful of violence, and while fear of election violence in Zambia is high, this fear is not particularly associated with the act of voting. Instead, voters are much more fearful of activities such as attending rallies, discussing politics in public, or wearing party regalia. Such activities do not directly affect election outcomes, but voters’ reluctance to engage in such activities severely affect local electoral environments.
Extending the Argument
Authors: Wahman Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The chapter introduces further evidence to suggest the plausibility of the argument beyond the book’s main cases. First, it will offer descriptive statistics on the relationship between national and local- level competition and aggregate levels of election violence across the continent. It shows that geographically polarized electoral systems, on average, have higher levels of election violence than more subnationally competitive electoral systems. Second, the chapter uses secondary accounts of electoral geography and patterns of election violence in two further cases, Kenya and Zimbabwe, to illustrate how election violence has been used as a territorial tool in these two additional cases. Lastly, the chapter summarizes and contrasts the two main cases, Malawi and Zambia, with the two reference cases, Kenya and Zimbabwe.
Structural Chemistry of Alkali and Alkaline-Earth Metals
Authors: Chung Wai Mak Thomas , Cheung Yu-San , Zhou Gong-Du , Wang Ying-Xia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers the following topics: survey of the alkali metals, structure and bonding in inorganic alkali metal compounds, structure and bonding in organic alkali metal compounds, alkalides and electrides, survey of the alkaline-earth metals, structure of compounds of alkaline-earth metals, organometallic compounds of Group 2 elements, alkali and alkaline-earth metal complexes with inverse crown structures, as well as alkaline-earth metal hydrides.
Structural Chemistry of Group 17 and Group 18 Elements
Authors: Chung Wai Mak Thomas , Cheung Yu-San , Zhou Gong-Du , Wang Ying-Xia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers the topics for chemistry of Group 17 and Group 18 elements, polyhalogen ions, interhalogen compounds and ions, charge-transfer complexes of halogens, halogen oxides and oxo compounds, halogen bonding, halogen-halogen interaction, non-covalent interactions, aerogen bonding, and directional bonding interactions.
Structural Chemistry of Rare-Earth and Actinide Elements
Authors: Chung Wai Mak Thomas , Cheung Yu-San , Zhou Gong-Du , Wang Ying-Xia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers the topics for chemistry of rare-earth metals, structure of oxides and halides of rare-earth elements, coordination geometry of rare-earth cations, organometallic compounds of rare-earth elements, structural chemistry of actinide compounds, new types of metal-ligand δ and φ, bonding in actinide complexes.
Metal-Metal Bonds and Transition-Metal Clusters
Authors: Chung Wai Mak Thomas , Cheung Yu-San , Zhou Gong-Du , Wang Ying-Xia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers the topics for bond valence and bond number of transition-metal clusters, dinuclear complexes containing metal-metal bonds, clusters with more than two transition metal atoms, so-bond valence and iso-structural series, metal-metal interactions, comproportionation reactions, disproportationation reactions.
The Form of Book I Chapter 5, “On the Son of God”
Authors: Kerr Jason A. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Debate about the authorship of De Doctrina Christiana has often involved the question of when Milton departed from the Trinitarian views expressed earlier in his career. This chapter argues that his anti-trinitarianism emerged in the course of work on the treatise, prompted by his usual method of reading scripture alongside Wolleb and Ames and aided by a particular Latin rendering of Psalm 2:7 that emphasizes divine decree. This theological shift coincides with a generic one in which a rhetorical argumentative structure reduces the earlier Ramist structure of I.5 to a vestige, signaling a radical departure from the treatise’s stated methodology.
Conclusion
Authors: Kerr Jason A. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why read De Doctrina Christiana if it does not straightforwardly gloss Paradise Lost? This question bears on what it means to read literature theologically, and it invites attention to the literary and creative dimensions of theological writing as such; that is, theological writings, as writing, engage in representation and do not merely record theological views. In this sense, De Doctrina Christiana is worth reading precisely because it unsettles Paradise Lost by revealing a Milton whose theological views were not settled and whose theological thinking resists easy assimilation into whatever larger picture of his life, work, and thought one might wish to assemble.
Institutional Centralization/Decentralization in International Regime Complexes
Authors: Daßler Benjamin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This introductory chapter presents the phenomenon of institutional topologies and motivates the book’s underlying research questions. It points to the conceptual and theoretical gaps in the literature on regime complexity and lays out the importance of structured comparisons of institutional topologies across issue areas. How can we grasp and explain the diverse evolution of structures among international institutions governing the same issue area? The chapter clarifies how the book contributes to the literatures on regime complexity, institutional competition, and contested multilateralism by proposing a new lens to examine international regime complexes from a comparative perspective. It provides a summary overview of the main arguments advanced in the book and discusses the methodological approach of the study. Finally, it sketches the outline of the book, briefly summarizing the content of the subsequent chapters.
Theorizing Institutional Topologies in International Regime Complexes
Authors: Daßler Benjamin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This theory chapter draws on economic, and rational-institutionalist arguments to develop the book’s core arguments for the emergence of strongly varying inter—institutional structures across issue areas of global governance. Complementing and refining theories of policy area competition and intra-institutional change, this chapter suggests that there are three policy-specific conditions that exert a long-term effect on institutionalization processes in regime complexes: The (non-) excludability of institutional benefits, network effects, and barriers to entry. Building on these indicators of institutional competition, the chapter argues that, depending on their individual configuration in relation to specific policy issues, they exert long-term centrifugal or centripetal effects on institutional topologies.
Diminishing Barriers to Entry and the Gradual Decentralization of Institutional Topologies in the Energy Regime Complex
Authors: Daßler Benjamin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a longitudinal analysis of the institutional topology underlying the energy governance regime complex. It shows how barriers to entry institutionalized forms of cooperation in the issue area have been successively reduced over the last decades. While at the beginning of the 1990s, institutionalized forms of cooperation on the issue of energy governance were an exclusive option for a small group of powerful states, the chapter demonstrates that over time, the liberalization of the energy market following the end of the Cold War, the potential to exploit new energy forms in many regions, and the exponential rise of the availability of renewable energy technologies incentivized several new states to create energy governance institutions. As the longitudinal analyses of the institutional networks underlying the energy governance complex reveal, it has, over time, indeed become more decentralized and contested, particularly at the expense of the International Energy Agency (IEA).
Introduction
Authors: Stennett Tom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the pennames of Portuguese painter and poet António Quadros, who published poetry and prose in Mozambique under the names João Pedro Grabato Dias, Frey Ioannes Garabatus, and Mutimati Barnabé João. The author frames his analysis of Quadros’s engagement with the question of Mozambican authorship with an interrogation of the theories of Roland Barthes and Michel Foucault. He makes the case for studying authorship and readership, in the Mozambican context, as indissociable questions. The author sets out the key features of Quadros’s literary production and situates his use of pennames in the context of colonial censorship. Identify some of the key difficulties with approaching Quadros’s cryptic and inaccessible texts.
The Idiosyncratic Anti-colonial Poetics of João Pedro Grabato Dias’s A Arca (1971)
Authors: Stennett Tom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 analyses the cryptic anti-colonial ode A Arca (1971), in which António Quadros’s penname João Pedro Grabato Dias raises questions over the role and function of writers in contexts of collective political struggle. In the ode, published under colonial rule in Mozambique, Grabato Dias rewrites the story of Noah’s flood and imagines what would have happened had Noah managed to persuade God, using duplicitous flattery, to spare the whole of creation. Grabato Dias’s idiosyncratic, pacifist anti-colonial politics stand as a counterpoint to the militarized political stance of the Mozambican nationalist party, Frelimo, and to the party’s position on the role of literature in the anti-colonial struggle. The author interrogates Grabato Dias’s proposal of a pacifist revolutionary politics using Frantz Fanon’s defence of anti-colonial violence.
Western Mediterranean attitudes
Authors: Malcolm Noel 
Published: November 2023

AbstractGeneral attitudes to sodomy in these societies are hard to judge. Fierce disapproval coexisted with some apparent tolerance. The idea that this sin could blight a whole community, thereby provoking divine judgement, persisted. Attitudes to sodomy also interacted with assumptions about social hierarchy, though the modern idea that the desire for boys as well as women was dictated by a simple principle of domination is dubious. Cultural evidence suggests that the desire for good-looking boys was essentially an extension of the desire for women. One factor which may have helped to normalize male–male sodomy was the practice, widespread in Italy, of men sodomizing women. A common popular belief held that since physical pleasure was a natural phenomenon, the sexual acts that caused it could not be ‘against nature’. This fortified a reaction against official religious norms which could extend to the blasphemy that Jesus himself was a sodomite.