bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cultural Firms’ Performance from a Regional Development Perspective
Authors: Srakar Andrej , Vecco Marilena 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is commonly recognized that although motivations by individuals drive the entrepreneurial process, the environment regulates the quality and outcomes of this process. This article focuses on the regional dimension of entrepreneurship in the cultural sector in Europe. The authors selected a large sample of cultural firms from thirteen European countries. Data was collected from the Amadeus database to study the relationship between the performance of cultural firms and regional development using hierarchical modeling. This study provides some relevant results. First, regional entrepreneurial development is related to the performance of cultural firms through the main relationships between level of capital financing and firm debt. Second, there is evidence that higher instability in firm revenues is associated with higher regional entrepreneurial development. Third, characteristics vary depending on the cultural sector under concern and the different dimensions of regional entrepreneurial development. The article concludes with some policy recommendations and reflections.
Genealogies of Transitional Justice
Authors: Priemel Kim Christian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of transitional justice has been on an upward trajectory for three decades, attesting to its broad empirical applicability, its analytical potential, and the normative attraction it holds. At the same time, conceptual confusion is widespread as “transitional justice” functions as shorthand for both a specific type of event and the research on these events. The present chapter untangles these overlapping understandings by exploring the multiple genealogies of “transitional justice” as historical event, normative project, and heuristic lens. In the first section of this chapter, a conceptual history addresses the prehistory, emergence, and evolution of “transitional justice” as an analytical category. The second section offers an inevitably incomplete survey of transitional justice as a sequence of historically discrete events. The final section tries to integrate outlying cases which run afoul of common expectations as to what constitutes transitional justice, and reconceptualizes the term as a heuristic instrument rather than an empirical phenomenon or an academic field. Avoiding linear, teleological, and normative assumptions, this chapter proposes to understand transitional justice as a question rather than an answer.
Epigraphic Networks in Cross-Cultural Perspective
Authors: Cline Diane Harris , Munson Jessica 
Published: November 2023

AbstractInscriptions are a rich and complementary source of information for archaeologists studying ancient societies that developed a system of writing. This chapter addresses some of the ways that social network analysis (SNA) techniques and concepts can be used to analyze ancient inscriptions in order to address wide-ranging topics of interest to archaeologists and historians. By considering the dual nature of texts as artifacts as well as the content of the inscriptions themselves, we discuss how the multi-layered nature of information on text-bearing objects enables innovative network analyses that produce complementary lines of research. Although there is but a handful of case studies that have employed these analytical techniques using epigraphic data, we highlight a few examples to illustrate this approach and outline some directions for future research that will hopefully inspire additional studies. As scholars trained in the classical and anthropological traditions studying ancient Greek and prehispanic Maya societies respectively, we further advocate for increased interdisciplinary dialogue and comparative approaches centered on the application of these and related techniques for studying the growing corpora of digitized texts from all corners of the ancient world.
The Role of Natural Law in the Rise and Decline of European International Law
Authors: O’Connell Mary Ellen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Legal theorists in the 19th century attempted to create European international law in place of universal international law in order to serve imperial ambitions. Their goal required a radical transformation, excising the natural law component of international law to leave only positive law. Positive law can be changed at will and was therefore used to eliminate hurdles to imperialism found in natural law, including precepts and principles of equality, universality, human dignity, and peace. Positive law was used to construct a concept of ‘civilizational hierarchy’, a two-tiered system in which the privileged class makes the law and imposes it on others. This truncated version of international law, however, is inauthentic and has finally given way in the 21st century to renewed interest in natural law as part of a complete explanation of law for a global community.
Germany
Authors: von Arnauld Andreas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyses the Federal Republic of Germany’s (FRG) stance towards international law. In reaction to a violent recent past, the Basic Law and the Federal Constitutional Court (FCC) have shaped the FRG as a State open for international integration (offener Verfassungsstaat), relying on a principle of openness towards international law (Völkerrechtsfreundlichkeit). As constitutional principles, however, both have to yield to the ‘last word’ of the Basic Law. This accounts for ambivalences which will be further scrutinized. Ambivalences will also be more closely analysed with view to the role of international law in German foreign policy. While being in general a promoter of the international rule of law and multilateralism, the FRG will rarely openly criticize States with which it has special relations and in matters of economy is often guided by national interest. These basic coordinates of (Western) German foreign policy are challenged by the ongoing search for a more visible international role after reunification in 1990. Finally, this chapter will have a look at scholarship and ask whether there is a ‘typically German’ approach to international law.
The Nordic States
Authors: Wrange Pål , Kjeldgaard-Pedersen Astrid 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The chapter on the Nordic States—Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden—begins by outlining key aspects of domestic as well as international history that have had significant impact on the region’s predominantly positive attitude towards international law. Despite certain differences among them—due in part to geopolitical interests—the Nordics have a long-standing tradition of extensive cooperation on important questions of international law, including the nomination of common candidates to positions in core international institutions like the ICJ, the ICC, and the ILC. With the examples of international security law and human rights, the chapter illustrates the active approach of the Nordic States in international law-making when it comes to legal regimes of general importance from a governmental perspective. The chapter then discusses historic and current Nordic trends in international legal scholarship, including Scandinavian legal realism. By way of conclusion, the authors reflect on the notion of ‘a Nordic approach to international law’.
Mass Medicine, Disease Control, and Conflict
Authors: Havik Philip J. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractFollowing the outbreak of armed conflict in Algeria, Kenya, Rhodesia/Zimbabwe, Angola, Portuguese Guinea, and Mozambique in the 1950s and 1960s, health services and disease control programmes were confronted with significant challenges. These were acutely felt by vulnerable populations in rural areas which became the targets of ethnic and nationalist insurgency as well as counter-insurgency operations. The shift in focus of colonial policies to the contested terrain of community welfare and the militarization of colonial space turned villages into laboratories for the implementation of new forms of collective (health) security. ‘Mass medicine’, which was developed from the early 1900s with planned, top-down operations, mapping, large scale screening, curative and preventive interventions, and surveillance techniques to control and eradicate diseases, showed marked similarities with securitarian COIN-related interventions in conflict zones. This chapter analyses the entanglements of mass medicine, collective health security, and COIN strategies, as the developmentalist colonial state undertook the securitization and scientization of bio-social population management during late colonialism. In the process, it explores cognitive and behavioural aspects of coercive and persuasive strategies and interventions, showing how they evolved during protracted armed conflict in former Portuguese colonies—Angola and Portuguese Guinea—until the end of empire.
The Learning Brain
Authors: Aite Ania , Altarelli Irene , Borst Grégoire , Knops André 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, the authors first present the latest findings regarding the developing and the learning brain, and in particular that such development is nonlinear and dynamic and more affected by the environment than originally conceived. The authors then provide a comprehensive review of the latest findings on the domain-specific and domain-general neurocognitive processes involved in learning to read and learning mathematics in typically developing children and children with learning disabilities. In the fourth part of the chapter, the authors focus on the role of executive functions and inhibitory control more specifically, in school learning, such as arithmetic word problem and deductive reasoning. In addition, the authors present evidence that pedagogical interventions based on teaching to inhibit a given misleading strategy can be effective in helping students overcome systematic errors in different school learning. The authors conclude this chapter by providing a note of caution and a framework to bridge the gap between educational neuroscience in the lab and pedagogical practice in the classroom. More specifically, the authors argue that translating findings from cognitive neuroscience into intervention is a complex and arduous process that takes time but is worth a try given the importance of reading, mathematical, and reasoning skills in industrialized societies and the struggles that many students experience in learning these cultural tools.
A Novel Soybean Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase 1b Variant with Three Amino Acid Substitutions Increases Seed Oil Content
Authors: Flyckt Kayla S , Roesler Keith , Haug Collet Kristin , Jaureguy Luciano , Booth Russ , Thatcher Shawn R , Everard John D , Ripp Kevin G , Liu Zhan-Bin , Shen Bo , Wayne Laura L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Improving soybean (Glycine max) seed composition by increasing the protein and oil components will add significant value to the crop and enhance environmental sustainability. Diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) catalyzes the final rate-limiting step in triacylglycerol biosynthesis and has a major impact on seed oil accumulation. We previously identified a soybean DGAT1b variant modified with 14 amino acid substitutions (GmDGAT1b-MOD) that increases total oil content by 3 percentage points when overexpressed in soybean seeds. In the present study, additional GmDGAT1b variants were generated to further increase oil with a reduced number of substitutions. Variants with one to four amino acid substitutions were screened in the model systems Saccharomyces cerevisiae and transient Nicotiana benthamiana leaf. Promising GmDGAT1b variants resulting in high oil accumulation in the model systems were selected for overexpression in soybeans. One GmDGAT1b variant with three novel amino acid substitutions (GmDGAT1b-3aa) increased total soybean oil to levels near the previously discovered GmDGAT1b-MOD variant. In a multiple location field trial, GmDGAT1b-3aa transgenic events had significantly increased oil and protein by up to 2.3 and 0.6 percentage points, respectively. The modeling of the GmDGAT1b-3aa protein structure provided insights into the potential function of the three substitutions. These findings will guide efforts to improve soybean oil content and overall seed composition by CRISPR editing.
Phytoplankton metabolism in a stratified nearshore ecosystem with recurrent harmful algal blooms (HABs)
Authors: Regaudie-de-Gioux A , Latorre L , Basterretxea G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The coastal ocean is experiencing changes in its physical and chemical properties that strongly affect planktonic metabolism assemblages and, in some cases, favor the occurrence of harmful algal blooms (HABs). Here we analyze the variations in phytoplankton biomass, gross and net primary production (NCP) as well as community respiration (CR) at two nearshore sampling sites (P1 and P2) located at a Mediterranean beach where high biomass HABs are recurrent. At P1, the most exposed site, phytoplankton chlorophyll was generally low, whereas dinoflagellates outbreaks of the genus Gymnodinium and Alexandrium were recurrent during summer at P2 spanning for 10–20 days. During bloom episodes, NCP increased up to 10-fold (&gt;80 mmol O2 m−3 day−1). Contrastingly, variation in CR only reached an average of 1.8-fold the rates of non-bloom conditions. Remarkably, although the enhanced NCP:CR ratio suggests net autotrophic population growth, production per unit biomass at P1 and P2 was not significantly different. Our results indicate that although summer conditions favor the necessary primary production enhancement leading to HAB occurrences, the short-term dynamics driving high biomass episodes are not driven by metabolic variations but instead are governed by subtle accumulative processes of some flagellate species in the nutrient-rich nearshore environment.
Athrodesis of the lateral atlanto-axial joint for the relief of neck pain and cervicogenic headache
Authors: Ferch Richard D , Zhang Tyson , Bogduk Nikolai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Background
Osteoarthrosis of the lateral atlanto-axial joint (LAAJ) may be a cause of upper neck pain and headache. Intra-articular injection of steroids may provide only short-lasting relief. For intractable pain, arthrodesis of the joint might be considered.

Objective
To determine the success rates of arthrodesis of the lateral atlanto-axial joint for relieving neck pain and disability.

Design
Practice audit.

Setting
Private practice of senior author.

Subjects
Prospective series of 23 consecutive patients.

Methods
Outcomes were measured using a numerical rating scale for neck pain, and the Neck Disability Index for disability. Success rates were calculated for various degrees of improvement of neck pain at long-term follow-up (8–40 months), and for achieving various combinations of improvement of both neck pain and disability.

Results
Complete relief of pain was achieved in 40% of patients, with a further 40% achieving at least 50% relief. At long-term follow-up, 30% of patients had no neck pain and no disability, and a further 25% had only minimal pain, minimal disability, or both.

Conclusions
The present study did not corroborate earlier studies that claimed outstanding outcomes for arthrodesis of the LAAJ, but its outcomes are consonant with more recent studies that provided transparent outcome data. These studies provide Pain Physicians with empirical data on success rates and outcomes, upon which they can base their consideration of referral for arthrodesis.
Civil-Military Relations in the Age of Populist Nationalism: The Case of Israel
Authors: Ziv Guy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One underplayed aspect of the current populist zeitgeist is the politicization of the military, adding to the growing list of dangers that democracies face today. Israel, which has experienced its own nationalistic populism since 2010, represents a deviant case with regard to the civil–military dimension. In contrast to the typical pattern of populist leaders enhancing the military's influence to bolster their own power, in Israel, populist politicians have sought to restrain the military top brass from the decision-making process, going as far as delegitimizing them by portraying them as part of the “leftist” out-of-touch elite. In a country in which the lines between the military and civilian spheres have traditionally been blurred and where security officials have played a significant role in decision-making, this has been a noteworthy development in the era of Benjamin Netanyahu. This article advances two causal claims pertaining to the Israeli case. First, perceived military setbacks and political-diplomatic moves associated with the military have diminished the once-hallowed reputation of the Israel Defense Forces. Second, right-wing politicians often view the military top brass as potential political rivals, given the standard practice in Israel of high-ranking generals entering politics upon retirement. The generals’ declining status in Israeli society has opened up the political space for populist nationalists to assault both active and retired security officials whose assessments often clash with the worldview of right-wing politicians.
Chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy: a new emerging landscape in autoimmune rheumatic diseases
Authors: Lyu Xia , Gupta Latika , Tholouli Eleni , Chinoy Hector 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy, an innovative immune cell therapy, has revolutionized the treatment landscape of haematological malignancies. The past 2 years has witnessed the successful application of CD19-targeting CAR constructs in refractory cases of autoimmune rheumatic diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis and anti-synthetase syndrome. In comparison with existing B cell depletion therapies, targeting CD19 has demonstrated a more rapid and profound therapeutic effect, enabling drug-free remission with manageable adverse events. These promising results necessitate validation through long-term, large-sample randomized controlled studies. Corroborating the role of CAR-T therapy in refractory rheumatological disorders and affirming safety, efficacy and durability of responses are the aims of future clinical studies. Optimizing the engineering strategies and better patient selection are also critical to further refining the successful clinical implementation of CAR-T therapy.
Contexts of Contestation: How Competing Logics of the State Enable and Constrain Immigrant Civic and Political Participation
Authors: Vo Austin Hoang-Nam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Immigrants face substantial barriers to civic and political participation, but many nonetheless remain highly engaged. This study examines this tension by developing and applying a framework for analyzing how state policies both integrate immigrants and enforce immigration to shape participation. I find that states (1) differ in their adoption and implementation of federal immigration policy and (2) pass inclusive and exclusive legislation in cross-cutting ways, which together (3) shape group differences in immigrant engagement along race-ethnicity and citizenship. Immigrant participation is examined using multilevel data that combine individual-level characteristics with state policy and implementation measures. Models show that inclusionary public benefits policy bolsters participation and exclusionary law enforcement policy reduces participation. However, these policy effects are shown to attenuate each other in asymmetric ways. The bolstering effect of inclusionary policy is sensitive to and rendered statistically nonsignificant by exclusionary policy, but the reverse is not true. I conclude with a discussion on the implications of these results for research on civic inequality along race-ethnicity and citizenship.
Attestation and revocation: the curious world of Sangha v Sangha [2023] EWCA Civ 660
Authors: Learmonth Alexander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Sangha, the Court of Appeal lays down some salutary lessons, not only about the risks of unthinkingly including revocation clauses in wills for testators with assets in more than one jurisdiction, but also about the importance of complying with the proper steps for due execution of a will.
Functional Walker Boots are Preferred to Synthetic Casts by Patients and Carers in the Management of Pediatric Stable Ankle Injuries
Authors: Hampton Matthew James , Hilton Camila , Nicolaou Nicolas , Flowers Mark J. 
Published: November 2023

Introduction:
Traditionally children who presented with a stable ankle injury have been managed in a below-knee synthetic cast. No previous study has investigated patient and parents/carer preference between synthetic casts and walker boots.

Methods:
Children aged between 6 and 16 years who presented with stable ankle injuries (ankle sprains, small fragment avulsions, and fibular Salter-Harris 1 injuries) were randomized to receive treatment with either a synthetic cast or a walker boot. A tailored, study-specific questionnaire was designed and completed at 4 weeks from injury to evaluate both patient and parents/carer preference. An analysis of costs associated with both treatments was performed.

Results:
Ninety-one patients were available for final analysis. Forty-seven received synthetic cast treatment and 44 walker boot treatment. Patient demographics and injury types were matched between groups.
Statistical significance was found in favor of the walker boot with regard to comfort, reduction in activity during treatment, and patient-reported problems at the end of treatment. There was a strong and significant preference toward treatment with the walker boot, both from patients and parents/carers. There was no difference between groups with regard to walking ability, analgesia requirement, and patient-reported pain scores.
Unplanned attendances to the hospital during the treatment period were higher in the synthetic cast group. The overall treatment cost per patient was lower with the walker boot.

Conclusions:
In children who present with stable ankle injuries, treatment in a walker boot is preferred by both patients and parents/carers. It results in fewer unplanned attendances to the hospital, is less expensive, and we recommend it as the treatment of choice in stable pediatric ankle injuries.

Level of Evidence:
Level II.