bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Section 31 Revisited
Authors: Weiner Joan 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
In Section 31 of his Grundgesetze der Arithmetik, Frege argues that all the simple names in his logical notation have Bedeutung. Most contemporary philosophers have found Frege's argument deeply mysterious. While the argument is certainly difficult to interpret, I argue that its apparent fallaciousness and circularity are largely artifacts of the standard interpretation. On that interpretation, the early sections of Grundgesetze are meant to set out a metatheoretic (proto‐soundness) proof, and Section 31's burden is to establish the basic case of an inductive proof that all Begriffsschrift expressions have Bedeutung. But there are compelling reasons for rejecting the metatheoretic proofreading; for it conflicts with many of Frege's actual statements in these sections. I offer a reading that fits Frege's statements, and one upshot is a new understanding of Section 31 on which its argument is neither fallacious nor circular.
Wittgenstein's Understanding of Frege
Authors: Goldfarb Warren 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Frege and Russell were the most significant influences on the young Wittgenstein, but the relative weight of their impacts is less clear. Some interpreters (Geach, Diamond, Ricketts) have claimed for Frege an influence far surpassing that of Russell. I cast doubt on this claim, by reviewing the evidence we have of Wittgenstein's pre‐Tractatus understanding of Frege. Wittgenstein did eventually come to some views more like Frege's than Russell's; I suggest it was his own thinking rather than direct influence from Frege that led him in this direction.
Frege and Early Wittgenstein on Logic and Language
Authors: Macbeth Danielle 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
According to Frege, logic is a science and its laws are truths like any others. According to Wittgenstein, the laws of logic contrast with truths in being sinnlos, without sense. The Wittgensteinian conception is generally regarded as a much‐needed corrective to Frege's view, but, as I show, this assessment rests on a misunderstanding of Frege's (mature) distinction between the Sinn and the Bedeutung of an expression. Frege's mature conception of a logical language is not a confused precursor of Wittgenstein's Tractatus conception, but instead a rigorous, and deeply illuminating, alternative to that later view.
Truth Before Tarski
Authors: Diamond Cora 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
I start from Hans Sluga's paper “Truth before Tarski”, in which he argues that the establishing of Tarski's approach to truth brought loss as well as gain to analytic philosophy: what was lost was our understanding of the problem of truth. To recover what was lost, he says, we must examine the variety of pre‐Tarskian views. My paper picks up that task and focuses on Wittgenstein's Tractatus. I interweave ideas borrowed from Thomas Ricketts, P. T. Geach, Warren Goldfarb, Peter Hylton, and Juliet Floyd, and thereby try to explain the relation between Wittgenstein's conception of sense and his view of truth.
Number and Ascriptions of Number in Wittgenstein's Tractatus
Authors: Floyd Juliet 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Wittgenstein's treatment of number words and arithmetic in the Tractatus reflects central features of his early conception of philosophy. In rejecting Frege's and Russell's analyses of number, Wittgenstein rejects their respective conceptions of function, object, logical form, generality, sentence, and thought. He, thereby, surrenders their shared ideal of the clarity a Begriffsschrift could bring to philosophy. The development of early analytic philosophy thus evinces far less continuity than some readers of Wittgenstein, from Russell and the Vienna positivists to many contemporary readers of the Tractatus, have supposed.
Wittgenstein and the Liberating Word
Authors: Ostrow Matthew B. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
I argue that the Tractatus’ central distinction between what can be said and what can only be shown must be treated within the context of what I call a “dialectical” approach to the text. Rather than attempting to determine, in general, whether Wittgenstein holds that there are ineffable features of reality, or whether such a notion is to be described as nonsense, I seek to show that this issue cannot be settled apart from an understanding of the nature of the fundamental question that the Tractatus is concerned to characterize. The second half of the paper then serves to clarify that question through a detailed consideration of part of the picture theory.
Rastafari
Authors: Edmonds Ennis Barrington 
Published: October 2003

AbstractSince its emergence in the margins of 1930s Jamaican society, Rastafari has moved to the forefront of Jamaican popular culture. This transition has been occasioned by Rastafari's own internal dynamics, by the gradual shift from a more conflict‐ridden relationship to rapprochement between the movement and the wider society, and by the ability of the movement to insert itself in the cultural life of the society. With regard to its internal development, Rastas have evolved a dynamic social ethos with informal social relationships facilitated through a network of “houses” and “mansions,” a highly developed view of the world expressed in a variety of symbols, and period ritual activities that initiate and confirm individuals in the principles and ethos of Rastafari. The relationship between Rastafari and the wider society has evolved from outright confrontation in the early years of the movement, to a more accommodating posture in the 1960s, to a more aggressive cooptation and use of Rastafarian symbols in the 1970s, and finally, to a positive embrace of Rastafarian contribution to the indigenous culture and the commodification of the Rastafarian image and symbols for “culture tourism” since the 1980s. Rastafarian influence on Jamaica's indigenous culture is quite pervasive, but the most celebrated influence has been on reggae, Jamaican popular music, made famous around the world by Bob Marley and the Wailers, Jimmy Cliff, Third World, and others. Though Rastafari does not have the centralized institutions that Max Weber regarded as necessary for routinization, the factors outlined above have contributed to its entrenchment in the fabric of Jamaica's cultural life.
Boethius
Authors: Marenbon John 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis book provides, for the first time, a philosophical study of the whole range of Boethius's writings (except his textbooks on music and arithmetic): the commentaries and monographs on logic, the Opuscula sacra (short treatises on theology) and the Consolation of Philosophy. It also offers a reassessment of Boethius as a philosopher. Boethius, Marenbon argues, was not merely of importance in transmitting ancient Platonism and Aristotelian logical doctrines of the late ancient Platonic schools to the Latin Middle Ages, but was also a subtle and interesting original thinker. In his Opuscula sacra, he makes innovations in the theological method that would mould medieval thinking. The Consolation both directly tackles problems such as the compatibility of human free will and divine prescience and providence, and through its complex use of the dialog form, probes the relation between philosophy and religious belief, Christian and pagan.
Boethius's Project
Authors: Marenbon John 
Published: October 2003

AbstractExamines Boethius's translations of logical texts by Aristotle and Porphyry, and his commentaries on them. It sets out Boethius's interpretation of the Aristotelian Categories, his response to the Problem of Universals, his semantics, and his first answer to the problem of free will and divine prescience. It argues that Boethius made an important decision to go against the trend of logical commentary in his period and return to Porphyry's strongly Aristotelian approach.
The Logical Textbooks and Topical Reasoning
Authors: Marenbon John 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Discusses Boethius's logical monographs: his treatises on division, on categorical syllogisms, and most importantly, his works on the theory of topical argument and on hypothetical syllogisms. The theory of topics, as developed in late antiquity and known almost entirely through Boethius, concerns the devising of arguments that rest on obvious general principles but are not, in their basic formulation, formally valid deductions. In his work on hypothetical syllogisms, Boethius seems to take account of Stoic propositional logic, but in fact, he does not properly grasp its principles. This chapter shows how Boethius's logical mongraphs fit with the Aristotelianizing approach of his commentaries.
The Opuscula Sacra
Authors: Marenbon John 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Gives detailed analyzes of Boethius’ five short theological treatises. In particular, it examines the use of Aristotelian physics in the treatise written against the Nestorian and Monophysite views on Christology, the discussion of how far Aristotle's Categories can be used in talking about God and in analyzing the Trinity, and the ontological scheme, and argument about abstraction set out in Treatise III. Boethius is presented as an important innovator in theological method.
TheConsolation
Authors: Marenbon John 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAddresses the argument of Boethius's masterpiece, the Consolation of Philosophy. It shows that Boethius, the author, juxtaposes a complex view of happiness in which it is vulnerable to fortune, with a monolithic view in which it is identified with the highest good – God. It also considers the treatment of divine providence and how it can be reconciled with the existence of chance and with human freedom.
Boethius's Influence in the Middle Ages
Authors: Marenbon John 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Examines the vast influence of Boethius in the Middle Ages, in logic, theology, and through the Consolation of Philosophy – in philosophy more broadly – and in literature. Among the authors discussed are Abelard, William of Conches, Gilbert of Poitiers, Alan of Lille, Aquinas, Jean de Meun, and Chaucer.
Singing to the Goddess
Authors: McDermott Rachel Fell 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This collection presents 145 brief Bengali lyric poems dedicated to the Hindu goddesses Kālī and Umā. The poems — many of which are presented here for the first time in English translation — were written from the early eighteenth century up to the contemporary period. They represent the unique Bengali tradition of goddess worship (Śāktism) as it developed over this period. The author's lucid introduction places these works in their historical context and shows how images of the goddesses evolved over the centuries. The lively translations of these poetic lyrics evoke the passion and devotion of the followers of Kālī and Umā and shed light on the history and practice of goddess worship.
Introduction
Authors: McDermott Rachel Fell 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This introduction to the book has five sections. These cover discussion of: the pathways to Bengali Hindu Śākta poetry (sources, precedents, and influences); the 164 compositions by 37 representative poets for the goddesses Kālī and Umā that are included in the book; family resemblances — the Śākta Padavali (collected poems to the goddess — a genre of poetry focussed on Kālī and Umā) as bhakti (devotional attitude) poetry; the challenges and choices in designing an anthology; and notes on transliteration, translation, and word definition.
The Poems
Authors: McDermott Rachel Fell 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Translations of ten Bengali Hindu Śākta poems are presented, each prefaced by an explanatory introduction. The poems are: Kālī among the corpses: poems of battle; The cosmic goddess of transformation; The magician's daughter and her playful deceptions; “What kind of mother are you?” Cries of complaint; Petitioning the compassionate; “Oh my mind!”: instructing the self; Prioritizing paths: Tantra, devotion, and ritual; The experience of Kuṇḍalinī yoga; In defiance of death; and Adoring the daughter: Āgamanī and Vijayā poems for Umā.
Mother of My Heart, Daughter of My Dreams
Authors: McDermott Rachel Fell 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis book chronicles the rise and subsequent fortunes of Hindu goddess worship, or Śāktism, in the region of Bengal from the middle of the eighteenth century to the present. The primary documents are lyrics directed to the goddesses Kālī and Umā, beginning with those of the first of the Śākta lyricist devotees, Rāmprasād Sen (ca. 1718–1775) and Kamalākānta Bhaṭṭācārya (ca. 1769–1821), and continuing up through those of the gifted poet Kājī Najrul Islām (1899–1976). The author has used extensive research from primary historical texts as well as from secondary Bengali and English source materials. She places the advent of the Śākta lyric in its historical context and charts the vicissitudes over time of this form of goddess worship, including the nineteenth‐century resurgence of Śāktism in the cause of nationalist politics. The main theme of the book is the way in which the images of the two goddesses evolved over the centuries. Kālī is sweetened and democratized over time, and much of her fierce, wild, dangerous, and bloody character disappears as she is increasingly seen as a compassionate and loving divine mother to her children. Umā, for her part, is gradually transformed from the gentle and remote wife of Śhiva to the adored daughter of Bengali parents, increasingly humanized and colored with regional Bengali characteristics. The book is arranged in two main parts: I, The lives and contexts of Śākta poets; and II, The changing genre of Śākta poetry. The author's translations of the poems on which this book is based appear in Singing to the Goddess: Poems to Kālī and Umā from Bengal (OUP, 2000).
The Historical Background in Bengal
Authors: McDermott Rachel Fell 
Published: October 2003

AbstractA detailed look is taken at the historical context of eighteenth‐century to nineteenth‐century Bengal (India) as background to the following study of the Hindu Śākta poets. Its various sections cover: the rise of the zamindaris (wealthy landowner estates) in late Mughal Bengal; the Mārāṭhā raids (the Mārāṭhās were the princely and military classes of the former Hindu kingdom of Maharashtra); the expansion of British power; the famine of 1770; zamindaris and British policies in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries; zamindari patronage of the arts; why Śākta poetry now?; and the nouveaux riches of Calcutta and the place of Śākta poetry.
“Born in Rāmprasād's Line to Revive Bhakti”: Sādhaka Kamalākānta
Authors: McDermott Rachel Fell 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This is a study of the Bengali Hindu Śākta poet Kamalākānta Bhaṭṭācārya (ca. 1769–1821), a sādhaka (one who engages in spiritual austerities, often Tantric). He is regarded as the second‐ranking figure (in chronology as well as talent) of the Śākta Padāvalī (a collection of short sung verses or padas of the Śākta persuasion) genre, and most of his biographers depict him as following the example of Rāmprasād Sen both poetically and in lifestyle. The three stages in the progression of ideas and modes of presentation in the Bengali biographical literature on Kamalākānta are examined, with quotations from his poetry. An account is also given of efforts to commemorate his life through buildings and monuments in the Burdwan area, and of another site associated with him at Baj Baj (south of Calcutta). Three case studies are then presented that chart changes in the depiction of Kamalākānta over time, and finally some historical judgments made of him are revisited.
Inheritors of Tradition: Floating in the Śākta Stream
Authors: McDermott Rachel Fell 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter is mainly a study of the literary heirs of the Hindu Śākta poets Rāmprasād Sen and Kamalākānta Bhaṭṭācārya in Bengal. These are divided into two groups — Śākta poets before 1857, those from the mid‐nineteenth century to the present. There are only a few of these whose biographies are full enough to afford a comparison with Rāmprasād and Kamalākānta, but a common theme of the biographies is indifference to the world. The next part of the chapter addresses recent biographies of certain Bengali Śākta sādhakas (those who engage in spiritual austerities, often Tantric) whose life stories resemble those of Rāmprasād and Kamalākānta more clearly than those of most of the poets already examined. Following on from this, an examination is made of women poets in the Śākta tradition, and finally the best representatives of Śākta “pastness” are examined.
Conclusion: Bhakti's Balm in Bengal
Authors: McDermott Rachel Fell 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This concluding chapter has three aims. These are: to recapitulate and comment upon the nuances of the relationship between bhakti (or the devotional attitude) and Tantra as it is expressed in Bengal; to offer some conceptual and theoretical models that may help to explain the rise of this poetry tradition and its (at least partial) success in taming, humanizing, and universalizing Kālī and Umā; and finally to place these softened goddesses of the Bengali Śākta poets in an all‐India context by highlighting similarities and differences between their travels and those of other Hindu and Buddhist deities.
Agency and Deontic Logic
Authors: Horty John F. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Develops deontic logic against the background of a rigorous theory of agency in branching, or indeterministic, time. It is often assumed that the notion of what an agent ought to do can be identified with that of what it ought to be that the agent does. The book provides a framework in which this assumption can be formulated precisely and shown to be mistaken. In its place, it offers an alternative account of what agents ought to do that relies on an analogy between action in indeterministic time and choice under uncertainty, as it is studied in decision theory. This alternative account is then related to issues involving conditional obligation, group obligation, act utilitarianism, and rule utilitarianism.
Strategic Oughts
Authors: Horty John F. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The notion of what an agent ought to do at a moment is generalized to yield a notion of what the agent ought to do over extended periods of time. This requires us to develop the notion of a strategy as a function from moments to actions available at those moments and appropriate notions of strategic dominance. A strategic ought operator is introduced and used to analyze the debate between actualists and possibilists concerning the ways in which an agent's obligations depend on his or her future actions.
Spirituality as Passion
Authors: Solomon Robert C. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Spirituality requires passion and engages the emotions. However, emotions are not dumb feelings. They are or can be insightful, caring engagements with the world. Love, erotic love, lies at the heart of spirituality and serves as a secular model. Reverence, which is more than respect but less than worship, is an ancient virtue that brings together many of the passions of spirituality.
Spirituality, Fate, and Fatalism
Authors: Solomon Robert C. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
For millennia, and in many cultures, spirituality has been bound up with fatalism, the powerful sense that our lives are not in our own control and that whatever happens must happen. Fate and fatalism are distinct notions. Fatalism need not require agency or attach responsibility. Fate and fatalism are attempts to give meaning to the world, to see the world in a certain kind of order. Luck is not the same thing. Luck is a denial of any such order. Gratitude is the proper response to good luck as well as to fate.
Looking Forward to Death?1
Authors: Solomon Robert C. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Death has always been an obvious part of life, but we find it easy to deny death because it touches most of us so rarely. But there are many ways of denying death, including philosophical postures that evade the real issues in favor of logical puzzles. Epicurus introduced one such puzzle many years ago when he declared “death is nothing.” But death is also fetishized in contemporary culture. What is missing from most philosophical accounts is a sense of the social dimension of death.
The Self in Transformation: Self, Soul, and Spirit
Authors: Solomon Robert C. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The self or soul has always been one of the central concerns of both philosophy and religion, but self and soul have always been evasive. Descartes defines the modern dilemma of selfhood and raised “the mind–body problem,” but there are alternative perspectives on the self or soul that do not raise any such problem. The self or soul is ultimately social, and spirituality, in part, consists of embracing this larger sense of soul.
Introduction
Authors: Smith Mark S. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The first part of this introduction discusses the scope of the study presented in the book, starting by examining the different approaches to divinity that may be taken--regarding it as distinct from human, looking at it etymologically, listing and studying individual deities, and taking a large-scale comparative approach that ventures a typology. The book attempts to combine all four of these approaches in examining the major indigenous conceptual structures that ancient Ugaritic and Israelite societies used to construct their religious reality. An outline is given of the contents of the ten chapters before going on to address various issues in discussing monotheism and polytheism, problems with the use of the term “Canaanite” (which is used widely in scholarly studies but largely avoided in this book as it is thought to be misleading), and the cautions that are needed when considering highly specific historical statements concerning what deities were and did and what ancient peoples believed and acted upon.
Anthropomorphic Deities and Divine Monsters
Authors: Smith Mark S. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This first chapter diagrams the basic contrast between anthropomorphic deities and monstrous divine creatures. Here the Assyriologist F. A. M. Wiggermann has provided a very helpful typology, which, modified for Ugaritic literature, helps to sketch the religious mapping of the cosmos; based on this typology, three zones are proposed--centwe, periphery, and beyond the periphery, which are primarily expressed in terms of space and place. These correspond, respectively, to home and foreign, what is experienced by humans and what is beyond human experience; in accordance with this scheme, deities inhabit “near” places whereas monsters and demonic forces do not. There is also a division between home (and foreign) deities who meet human need and functions, and divinities or monstrous forces on the periphery, who pose a threat or destruction. Further, benevolent deities are often rendered anthropomorphically or as domesticated animals, whereas destructive divinities appear as monstrous or as undomesticated species.
Pluralities, Pairings, and Other Divine Relations
Authors: Smith Mark S. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Chapter 4 discusses different sorts of divine intersections or interrelations, including pluralities and pairings of deities within the divine household, where there are additional relationships centered on one or two figures. These relationships are explored to illustrate further the root metaphor of the family for Ugaritic divinity. After this survey of relations among the Ugaritic deities, the final section of the chapter explores alterations of divine relations within the presentation of divinity in ancient Israel.