bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Problem of Land Use and Land Prices*
Authors: Yonosuke Inamoto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until the present, the land problem’ has been distinguished from other social and economic problems by the relatively clear definition of its essential framework. It is characterized by a sharp distinction between agricultural use and urban use, and with respect to both, there can be little doubt that the core of the problem is in the social system or structures surrounding each type of use. In recent years, concerns have arisen over the conditions which underpin land use, with effects on the environment and upon conservation of national land. The rising prominence of such concerns in debates over the land problem marks a shift in the focus of the debate, but the essence of the land problem as one of centring on land use has not changed.
Explaining the End of the Post-War Party System
Authors: Nobuhiro Hiwatari 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Murayama Socialist-led cabinet of 1994 marked the end of the post-war party system. Except for a brief interlude in 1947-8, this was only the second time, in nearly half a decade after the war, that the Socialist party’ had been in power. Moreover, this time the Socialists were aligned in a three-party coalition with their rivals the Liberal Democratic party (LOP), who had been ousted only a year earlier after thirty-eight years of single-party rule. The post-war party system, in place since 1955, was characterized by one-party dominance by the LOP and enduring opposition by the Socialists.
Vicarious Memory 2: The Churchgoers
Authors: Davie Grace 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IF the previous chapter was primarily concerned with the relocation of Europe’s state churches within the voluntary or non-governmental sector, the first two sections of this one have as their principal focus the people or populations that inhabit these changing organizations. Conversely they are also concerned with those people or groups of people who are now out of touch with institutional religion (whatever form this might take) and why such choices have been made. In order to understand the complex nature of what is happening in this respect, it is necessary to take into account not only the changing nature of European religion but the shifting nature of Europe’s demography as a whole. This, moreover, is the context in which to consider the complex relationships between religion and family life. The family is indeed a crucial place of religious socialization, but is itself changingresponding necessarily to profound economic, social, and demographic transformations.
Precarious Memory: Religion in the Education Systems of Europe
Authors: Davie Grace 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE education systems of all European societies—as indeed of all Western societies—are under considerable strain as the demands of an industrial economy give way to a post-industrial one. In the former, large numbers of workers, particularly male ones, were able to gain employment in industries where manual labour was in demand (indeed in the early post-war decades it was often in short supply) and where educational qualifications were of less significance than good health and strong shoulders. It is, however, precisely these sections of the economy which have found themselves at the sharp end of economic change and giving way to an entirely different sort of activity—forms of employment which not only give preference to the more highly educated, but also treat men and women alike.
Corporate Business and Capitalist Classes
Authors: Scott John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Large multinational corporations shape our lives to an enormous extent. How is the growth, power, and significance of big business to be explained and understood? Focusing on the issues of ownership, control, and class formation, Corporate Business and Capitalist Classes explores the implications of changes in the nature of big business, which affect both the businesses themselves, and the economic and political milieu in which these multinationals operate. Up-to-date empirical evidence is reviewed in a wide-ranging comparative framework that covers Britain and the United States, Germany, France, Japan, and many other societies, including emerging forms of capitalism in China and Russia. Unlike other specialist texts in the area, Corporate Business and Capitalist Classes relates its concerns to issues of social stratification and class structure. The first and second editions of the book (under the title Corportations, Classes and Capitalism) were enthusiastically received, and the present edition reviews new theoretical ideas and empirical evidence that has emerged in the ten years since the second edition appeared. The text has been completely re-written and re-structured, and it relates its concerns to contemporary debates over `disorganized capitalism' and post-industrialism.
A Sociological Perspective on Part-Time Work
Authors: Hakim Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout Europe, and in most OECD countries, part-time work has been expanding, along with other types of non-standard employment. There are large differences between countries in national levels of part-time work at the start of the increase, and in the size and longevity of the increase. In Sweden and Denmark, where high female economic activity rates have reached saturation levels, there is little or no further growth in part-time work and even some switching back to full-time jobs instead. In Greece, Italy, and Spain, women’s employment remains at relatively low levels, irrespective of hours worked, as shown in Table 1.1. But in most countries the common experience is of growth in what has until recently been regarded as a somewhat uninteresting or irrelevant labour-market minority group.
Part-Time Work in the United States of America
Authors: Drobnic Sonja , Wittig Immo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is commonly assumed that women pursue part-time jobs because they are relatively easy to combine with household responsibilities. At various stages of family formation, part-time work may offer the flexibility required to meet family obligations, and at the same time allow women to maintain ties to paid employment. Therefore, part-time work is often seen as a means of integrating women into the labour market. Indeed, in a num¬ ber of Western European countries, part-time work has been responsible for most of the growth in women’s employment, and the increase in part¬ time work represents one of the most striking changes in the structure of the labour market since the 1950s. This increase has been especially dra¬ matic during the 1960s and 1970s, with some variations between countries, as illustrated by developments in Great Britain (Beechey and Perkins, 1987; Hakim, 1993), Sweden (Sundstrom, 1991), and West Germany (Quack, 1993).
Some Glosses on ‘Greek and Roman Accounting’
Authors: Macve R H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Geoffrey de Ste. Croix’s paper on ‘Greek and Roman Accounting’ (hencefor- ward GRA) was published nearly thirty years ago. It remains the classic treatment of this subject. Its main (‘very low key’) theme is a démonstration, by detailed examination of the extant evidence, that there is no support for the frequently held belief that the technique of ‘double-entry bookkeeping’ was in use in the ancient Greek and Roman world. This conclusion has been of great importance for the history of accounting and there has been no subséquent successful contradiction of it? The earliest documented use of ‘double entry’ is still believed to be in the thirteenth century AD. From the point of view of the ancient historian, one might suppose that the last word had been said on this matter.
Early Canal Company Accounts: Financial And Accounting Aspects Of The Forth And Clyde Navigation, 1768-1816
Authors: Forrester D A R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Economic and accounting historians have tended to study railway developments, and companies incorporated under the British 1856 and 1862 Acts, rather than the earlier experience of parliamentary or statutory companies out of which general, consolidating legislation, and limited liability for companies evolved.
The Ministry Of Munitions 1915-19 And Government Accounting Procedures
Authors: Marriner S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘An extraordinary improvisation beyond precedent without parallel in any country in the world took place in our industrial system. Thousands of persons who knew nothing at all about public business or public departments, thousands of firms which had never been used for warlike manufacture were amalgamated together ‘1 -this was a description of operations by the Ministry of Munitions in April 1918 by its minister, Mr Winston Churchill. At the same time the Financial Secretary, Sir Worthington Evans, claimed that the Ministry itself was ‘the biggest buying, importing, selling, manufacturing and distributing business in the world ‘ dwarfing its nearest rival the United States Steel Trust.2 He produced comparative statistics.3
Introduction
Authors: Mansell Robin , Silverstone Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The information and communication technologies of the 1990s enable the electronic production and consumption of increasingly vast quantities of information. These technologies are becoming central to the production and use of information relevant to all aspects of business and consumer, educational, and leisure activity. These changes are not inconsequential. Their effects are likely to be both unpredictable and contradictory. They raise profound concerns about the way advanced information and communication technologies influence industry, government policy, and our everyday lives. They raise profound concerns about access and accessibility, and about their capacity to contribute to a more equitable and democratic society. No longer approachable through the uniform visions of singular disciplines, this complex of technological and social interdependencies requires a multidisciplinary perspective. Such a perspective, grounded in the study of the politics, economics, and sociology of information and communication technologies, is developed in the pages that follow. Within it we hope to offer insights into the ways in which the legacies of the history of technical and institutional innovation and the creative capabilities of human agents structure the trajectories of the information and communication technologies that are being developed and used in the late twentieth century.
Contracting For Change
Authors: Walsh Kieron , Deakin Nicholas , Smith Paula , Spurgeon Peter , Thomas Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There has been much speculation about the introduction of the contract culture in the public services and its consequences for those involved (including service users). This book, which is based on original research, sets out to examine the impact of contracts in three areas of the public service: health, social services, and other government activities. These findings are set in the context of policy development for the public sector as a whole. Detailed case studies in selected areas reveal the varying different patterns that have emerged. A study of the attitudes of those involved illuminates the different perspectives of participants. In the concluding chapters the authors review the policy implications of the study and identify likely future developments.
Introduction: The Corporate Governance ProblemCompeting Diagnoses And Solutions
Authors: Keasey Kevin , Thompson Steve , Wright Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The owner of a business, when contemplating any change, is led by his own interest to weigh the whole gain that it would probably bring to the business, against the whole loss. But the private interest of the salaried manager, or offi-cial, often draws him in another direction: the path of least resistance, of greatest comfort and least risk to himself, is generally that of not striving very energetically for improvement; and of finding plausible excuses for not trying an improvement suggested by others, until its success is established beyond question.
Governance By Exit: An Analysis Of The Market For Corporate Control
Authors: ‘Sullivan Pauline O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The market for corporate control is frequently advocated as an important mechanism of governance in public companies. Takeovers may contribute to governance in a number of ways. The threat of takeover provides an incentive for managers to administer the company in the interests of shareholders. The occurrence of a takeover provides an opportunity for a potential acquiror to scrutinize the performance of the incumbent management team, and replace them if appropriate. In addition, the takeover market may function as an external governance of last resort, utilized only when internal control mechanisms have failed. However, the disciplinary effects of the takeover market may be circumvented when target managers adopt defence tactics to thwart an unwanted bid. Moreover, the available empirical evidence concerning takeover gains is unclear, and at the very least only provides equivocal support for the governance role of corporate takeovers.
Market (United States) Versus Managed (Japanese) Governance
Authors: Kim Hicheon , Hoskisson Robert E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In extending Chandler ‘s (1962) work, Williamson (1985: 279) hails the multidivisional (M-form) structure as ‘the most significant organizational innovation of the twentieth century ‘. Chandler described how the M-form structure was first adopted by early diversified firms such as Du Pont and General Motors in the 1920s. According to Williamson, the M-form structure was implemented to manage and allocate resources better among various lines of business through the creation of an internal capital market. Put differently, the M-form replaced the functional form (U-form) as a structure for large diversified firms because the former was more efficient at allocating resources. Although Williamson ‘s theoretical arguments are compelling, scholars who have examined this issue have not fully corroborated his assertion (see Hoskisson et al. 1993 for a review). Some research finds a positive association between M-form adoption (e.g. Teece 1981), while others find a contingency effect with diversification strategy (e.g. Hoskisson 1987). M-form adoption facilitates performance for highly diversified firms but has less effect for firms that have interdependence between divisions (Hoskisson et al.1991). Still other scholars point out unintended negative effects of shortened time horizons (Hill 1985) and lower R & D expenses (Hoskisson and Hitt 1988) associated with the M-form adoption. Another significant criticism is that the Mform can facilitate over-diversified firms (Hoskisson and Turk 1990; Hoskisson et al. 1994) when internal governance is lacking. Diversification can improve firm performance if it is expanded up to a certain level in a discriminatory manner, but excessive diversification creates performance problems. In fact, during the 1960s and 1970s, many M-form firms actively pursued diversification, but its result were disappointing, as Shleifer and Vishny (1991) indicate.
Corporate Governance In Central And Eastern Europe
Authors: Wright Mike , Filatotchev, Igor , Buck Trevor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Extensive privatization has now been undertaken across many countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). Political factors have often played a major role in both the pace and the form of privatization adopted in a particular country. These political influences have meant that the importance attached to the establishment of corporate governance mechanisms in privatized enterprises has varied considerably. The need for political acceptability of privatization has often meant that greater emphasis has been placed on the need for accountability and/or speed in the sale process. In Hungary, for example, the so-called self-privatization process was introduced as a means of achieving rapid but regulated privatization after the political problems raised by abuses seen in earlier programmes (Karsai and Wright 1994). In Russia, the voucher privatization programme was introduced as means of effecting rapid privatization which would involve widely based individual ownership of firms (Boycko et al. 1993).
Contractual Changes In Schools And General Practices: Professional Resistance And The Role Of Absorption And Absorbing Groups
Authors: Broadbent Jane , Laughlin Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ‘new public management’ (Hood 1991, 1995) in the public sector is now well established in the UK. The central features of this revolution are thoughtfully captured by Hood (1995: 94): ‘lessening or removing differences between the public and the private sector and shifting the emphasis from process accountability towards a greater element of accountability in terms of results’. It is this programming of tasks through changes in contractual relationships, in which accounting and accountability systems are inextricably linked, which is at the heart of the ‘new public management’ reforms with consequent ramifications for the role of professionals. The nature of these contractual changes and their effects is the core concern of this chapter.
Quasi-Markets And Quasi-Trust: The Social Construction Of Contracts For Community Health Services
Authors: Flynn Rob , Williams Gareth , Pickard Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much of the debate about the emergence and impact of the NHS internal market has focused on acute hospital services and the effects of GP fundholding (see Chapters 2 and 6, this volume). However, as this chapter, and those by Lapsley and Llewellyn (Chapter 5) and Spurgeon et al. (Chapter 9) show, there are other components of health and social care which are increasingly important, and in which the experience of contracting may be different. This chapter examines the particular features of community health services (CHS), and argues that their attributes render contracting highly problematic. After a brief definitional and methodological introduction, the significance of relational contracting, networks, and trust in community health services is outlined. Next, qualitative evidence from case studies is reviewed about the process of conceptualizing and specifying CHS; health authority and Trust contract negotiations; and attitudes of GP fundholders. Finally, we conclude by arguing that the contingencies and contradictions of contracting in the NHS quasimarket—and the elusive and contested nature of trust-are displayed very clearly in community health services.
Rhetoric And Reality In Contracting: Research In And On The National Health Service
Authors: Checkland Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The rhetoric of ‘contracting’ between ‘purchasers’ and ‘providers’ was strong when it was introduced into the NHS as part of government reforms. It was to be a feature of an ‘internal market’ that would lead to ‘competition’ which would drive up standards. From the start, the rhetoric was stronger than the reality. In view of the fact that the ‘contracts’ were not legally binding, the force of the notion of a ‘contract’ was considerably diminished. In fact the reality of contracting has been that the word is shorthand for a complex social process which has been evolving steadily since the reforms were introduced.
Diversification Process and the Ownership Structure of Samsung Chaebol
Authors: Kang Chul-Kyu 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Korean economy has grown rapidly during the last three decades. The annual GNP growth rate from 1963 to 1993 was 9.4 per cent on average, which was the fastest in the world compared with either the developing countries in the same period or the developed countries in the nineteenth century (their early developing period).
The leading type of business group in this rapid economic growth was the chaebol, which can be defined as ‘a business group which is owned and controlled by a person and that person ‘s family ‘. This definition coincides for the most part with Morikawa ‘s definition of a zaibatsu, as ‘ exclusively owned and controlled by the family ‘, and probably also fits the rest of the definition, ‘diversified industrial firms ‘, since it is a business group. In Korea thirty chaebol are famous; their names are announced officially as ‘the thirty largest business groups ‘ every year on the first day of April. They account for 35.7 per cent of total shipments in the mineral and man ufacturing sector, 31.6 per cent of value-added, and 15.9 per cent of employment in the same sector. More than one-half of this share falls to the five largest chaebol.
From Zaibatsu to Corporate Complexes
Authors: Suzuki Kunio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until the end of the Second World War, the zaibatsu wielded enormous economic power within the Japanese economy. The ‘Big Three ‘ zaibatsu in particular, Mitsui, Mitsubishi, and Sumitomo, had assembled powerful firms in wide-ranging areas such as finance (banking, insurance, and trust operations), mining, machinery manufacture, and chemicals, with the Mitsui and Mitsubishi zaibatsu each including a global trading company (Mitsui Bussan Kaisha and Mitsubishi Shoji Kaisha, respectively). These zaibatsu were broken up in the economic reforms that followed the war, only to re-emerge later as corporate complexes in the form of the Mitsui group, the Mitsubishi group, and the Sumitomo group. Further, these corporate complexes became major components of the Japanese economy, just as their zaibatsu predecessors had been.
A Path to the Corporate Group in Japan:Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and its Group Formation
Authors: Shiba Takao 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In academic discussion of Japanese business groups, the companies most often used as cases are those in mass-production, assembly-type industries, such as motor vehicles or electronics. This is no doubt due to the fact that companies in these industries tend to have large numbers of subsidiaries, but there are many companies with substantial business groups that are situated in other industries. One such industry is heavy equipment (i.e. shipbuilding and custom machinery), in which participants also tend to be surrounded by groups of subsidiaries. The formation processes of these groups, however, along with their essential character, are rather different from those of the mass-production assemblers ‘ groups. This chapter will illustrate the case of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Co., Ltd. (MHI hereafter) in order to provide a reference for comparison.
The Subcontracting System and Business Groups: The Case of the Japanese Automotive Industry
Authors: Ueda Hirofumi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will examine the formation of the subcontracting production system and the development of business groups within the Japanese auto motive industry. In the current context, however, the term ‘business group ‘ is distinct both from horizontal-type agglomerations of companies with cross-shareholdings and from vertical-type corporate groups consisting of a central parent company accompanied by diversified subsidiaries. Rather, what is meant is an organization resulting from a collection of parts suppliers surrounding an automotive assembler. There is typically a very large number of suppliers providing parts to a given assembler, and so the designation ‘group member ‘ is applied only to those companies that have either received capital investment from the assembler or maintain unusually strong business ties. Accordingly, those independent parts suppliers that do not have a particularly close affiliation with the assembler are not considered to be members of that assembler ‘s group.