bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
368 Effects of Supplemental Methionine Or Choline on Health and Performance of High-Risk Receiving Beef Heifers
Authors: Grant Madeline S , Blasi Dale A , Titgemeyer Evan C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Methionine and choline are methyl group sources, and their supplementation improves health and immune function in transition dairy cattle. Our objective was to determine if supplemental methionine or choline could improve health and growth performance of newly received growing cattle. In a 3-year experiment, 1,440 crossbred beef heifers (480 per year; 223 ± 4.4 kg initial body weight; Tennessee origin) were received in 15 truckloads (blocks; 5 per year) in October 2020, 2021, and 2022. Individual body weights were measured at arrival. The following day (day 0) cattle were vaccinated for viral and clostridial diseases, received tulathromycin (2.5 mg/kg body weight; Draxxin, Zoetis Inc., Parsippany, NJ), and were stratified within block by arrival body weight to 1 of 8 pens containing 12 animals each. Cattle (40 pens per year; 120 pens total) were limit-fed at 2.2% of body weight daily (dry matter basis) a ration containing 39.5% dry-rolled corn, 40% Sweet Bran (Cargill Corn Milling, Blair, NE), 13% chopped prairie hay, and 7.5% supplement for 60 days; monensin was included at 25 mg/kg diet dry matter. Pens were assigned to 1 of 5 treatments: Control (nothing), 5 g/d methionine (8.33 g/day Smartamine M; Adisseo USA Inc., Alpharetta, GA), 15 g/day methionine (25 g/day Smartamine M), 1.17 g/day choline (26 g/day ReaShure; Balchem Corp., Montvale, NJ), or 3.5 g/day choline (78 g/day ReaShure); treatments were top-dressed at feeding daily. In each year, there were 8 pens per treatment, for a total of 24 pens per treatment across 3 years. Cattle were revaccinated and weighed on day 14, and pen weights were measured weekly thereafter to adjust feed offered the following week. Heifers were observed twice daily for clinical signs of respiratory illness and treated as follows: first morbidity, florfenicol; second morbidity, enrofloxacin; third morbidity, oxytetracycline. Upon third treatment, heifers were declared chronic and removed from the experiment. Performance data from chronic and dead heifers were removed before analysis. Dry matter intake was not affected by treatment (P = 0.48). There were some minor differences among treatments for final body weight, average daily gain, and gain:feed, but none of the treatments were significantly different from Control for these responses. Overall prevalence of respiratory morbidity and mortality were 29% and 0.69%, respectively. No treatment effects were detected for first, second, or third respiratory morbidity or mortality (P ≥ 0.30). Overall, supplemental methionine and choline did not affect growth performance or health of high-risk, newly received heifers.
12 Tools for Climate-Smart Decision Making for the Stocker/Feedlot Sector
Authors: Duff Glenn C , Birkenstock Bianca , Smithyman Mackenzie M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is an increased interest in the use of climate-smart practices and technologies to be more effective in climate change mitigation. These practices include grazing management, pasture management, animal and herd management, animal disease and health, animal breeding, and supplemental feeding during the stocker phase. In the feedlot sector, climate-smart practices range from supply chain challenges including climate smart adaptation by crop producers, cattle type, manure management, health management, and use of growth promoting technologies. There are certainly other technologies not mentioned and are not meant to be marginalized. During the stocker phase, grazing management is highly variable and dependent on climatic conditions and variability, plant species and plant health, water management, soil health, and cattle type. A correct balance among the different land managers, government agencies, and recommendations from university researchers and Extension personnel should optimize these practices. For instance, there is a focus on rotational grazing to increase the efficiency of grazing management. However, in the southwestern U.S. this practice may not be practical given the vast area and landscape used in production. In certain geographical areas, pasture management is becoming increasingly important as decreasing water sources (particularly aquafer levels) are apparent. Some data suggests that now is the time to change from cereal crop production to perennial forages while water is still available to establish the forages. This, in turn, may improve soil health and carbon sequestration. However, as with all mitigation strategies, this may decrease supply of cereal grains available to small feedlot producers, albeit a significant amount of cereals are transported to the cattle feeding sector. Animal breeding programs to improved production, heat tolerance, disease resistance, and improved reproduction is important. As with any production practice, supplementation programs may become necessary under certain situations. It is well known that cattle treated for respiratory disease have poorer performance and carcass characteristics than cattle not treated. Use of growth promoting technologies improve animal performance and decreases total methane produced. No doubt manure production from feeding operations produce methane. Dairy and swine operations can harvest the methane and with use of biogas collectors flare off the methane or produce energy for electric generators, however, this is not practical under feedlot situations; however, application of manure to land may improve soil organic matter. Building resilience in evaluating climate-smart practices will satisfy multiple objectives including impacting food security without many constraints to adoption.
PSVII-6 Effect of Summer Months on Testicular Histoarchitecture and Spermatogenesis in Dezhou Donkey: a Histological Study
Authors: Muhammad Akhtar Muhammad Faheem 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study aims to illustrate testicular histoarchitecture and progression of spermatogenesis in Dezhou donkeys during summer months. For experiment, 8 male Dezhou donkeys having body weight 260 + 20 kg and aged 2 years were analyzed using microscopy and Jonhson’s score. Based on acrosomal system, Dezhou donkey spermatogenesis comprised of XII stages. Various types of spermatogonia: A1, A2, A3, B1 and B2 were observed along with undifferentiated spermatogonia (Aund; Figure 1, 2, 3 and 4). Testicular histoarchitecture during spermatogenesis, seminiferous tubules diameter (ST), ST height (µm), Luminal tubulaR diameter (µm), Number of ST/field, Number of germ cells along with normal Jonhson’s score illustrated that stages of spermatogenesis and testicular histoarchitecture of adult Dezhou donkeys are not affected during summer months (Table 1).
PSI-1 Assessing the Impact of Hempseed Meal Supplementation on Inflammatory Cytokine Concentrations in Boer X Spanish Intact Male Goats
Authors: Ale Khim B , Abrahamsen Frank W , Gurung Reshma , Chaudharu Santosh , Gurung Nar K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of hempseed meal (HSM) supplementation on the concentrations of inflammatory cytokines in intact male goats. Effect on the concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL) 2 , IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interferon-gamma (INF-γ) and anti-inflammatory cytokines,; IL-4 and IL10, were evaluated via chicken-ovalbumin challenge. Thirty-six Boer x Spanish intact male goats, 10 to 11 months of age and bodyweights of 44.1 ± 3.8 kg, were randomly assigned to one of the four experimental diets (n = 9 goats/diet): 0% (control), 10%, 20%, and 30% HSM diets and fed ad libitum for 60 days. Experimental diets were formulated as total mixed ration (TMR), and the nutrient content of each diet was formulated to be iso-nitrogenous (18% crude protein) and to meet or exceed the nutrient requirement of breeding male goats. On day 46, goats were injected subcutaneously with chicken ovalbumin (2.5 mg) prepared in saline solution and alhydrogel as an adjuvant. On 14 days of post-injection, serum samples were collected and analyzed for cytokines concentrations using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis test using R version 4.2.1. Results show no significant difference (P &gt; 0.05) among the experimental groups in terms of studied pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, and INF-γ) as well as anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) concentrations (Table 1). Results indicate that the inclusion of HSM up to 30 % in the diet does not affect the production of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in intact male goats. This study provides valuable insights into the impact of HSM supplementation on inflammatory response in goats.
PSI-18 Vaginal Microbiome of Bos Indicus Cattle in Relation to Fertility
Authors: Smith Molly S , Soffa Dallas R , McAnally Brooke E , Hickman-Brown Kyle J , Stockland Erin , Poole Rebecca K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shifts in commensal bacteria (e.g., Firmicutes) in the human vaginal microbiome are associated with compromised fertility. The objective of this study was to characterize the reproductive microbiome in the vagina of Bos indicus females prior to fixed-timed artificial insemination (FTAI). Bos indicus females on operations within a 20-mile radius (RANCH 1, RANCH 2, RANCH 3, RANCH 4) were subjected to the 7-day CO-Synch + CIDR protocol on day (d)-9 and FTAI on d0. Sterile vaginal swabs were collected on d-9 (CIDR IN), d-2 (CIDR OUT), and d0 (AI). Cattle were body condition scored (BCS) on d 0. Pregnancy status was determined by transrectal ultrasonography (Non-pregnant, n = 44 and Pregnant, n = 34). Bacterial community analyses were conducted targeting the V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene. Data were analyzed using PROC GLM in SAS 9.4. Body condition scores did not differ by pregnancy status or ranch. Additionally, there was no difference in bacterial relative abundance between pregnant or non-pregnant (P &gt; 0.10). The vaginal relative abundance of Firmicutes differed between CIDR IN, CIDR OUT, and AI days (63.54% vs. 28.11% vs. 60.66% ± 1.96%; P &lt; 0.0001). Pregnancy rate did differ by ranch (RANCH 1 63.6% ± 14.7%, RANCH 2 60.0% ± 10.9%, RANCH 3 28.0% ± 9.7%, RANCH 4 36.4% ± 10.4%; P = 0.074). There was a difference observed between ranches with RANCH 4 having the greatest relative abundance of Firmicutes and RANCH 1 having the least (58.84% ± 2.12% vs. 45.12% ± 3.17%; P = 0.0001). A tendency for increased relative abundance of Firmicutes was noted in cows compared with heifers (53.03% ± 1.71% vs. 48.51% ± 1.89%; P = 0.099). Under the phylum of Firmicutes, the genera of Ruminococcus, Clostridium, Blautia, Butyrivibrio, and Mogibacterium followed a similar trend with a shift in relative abundance between CIDR IN, CIDR OUT, and AI days (Table 1). RANCH 1 had the lowest relative abundance of Ruminococcus and Clostridium and the greatest relative abundance of Blautia compared with other ranches (P &lt; 0.05). A shift in relative abundance between CIDR IN, CIDR OUT, and AI days was observed for the phylum of Proteobacteria (7.84% vs. 26.44% vs. 9.69% ± 1.82%; P &lt; 0.0001) and Bacteroidetes (12.19% ± vs. 15.62% vs. 12.67% ± 1.07%; P = 0.046). A tendency for differences in the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes between ranch were observed with RANCH 2 having the greatest relative abundance and RANCH 3 having the least (15.36% ± 1.29% vs. 11.73% ± 1.21%, respectively; P = 0.066). These results suggest a distinct difference in the vaginal microbiome before FTAI. In addition, microbial relative abundances within the vagina also differ between ranches of similar genetics and region.
PSI-16 Intestinal Porcine Enterocyte Cell (Ipec-J2) as an In-Vitro Model for Investigating the Mechanisms of Ferroptosis
Authors: Liu Ching-Hsuan , Lin Yuan-Yu 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ferroptosis is a newly identified form of regulated cell death that has been implicated in various intestinal diseases. However, there is limited research on ferroptosis in porcine models. The aim of this study was to establish an in vitro model of ferroptosis in the IPEC-J2 cell line. Ferroptosis is a form of regulated cell death that was first identified in 2012 and is characterized by unique morphological and physiological features that distinguish it from other types of cell death. This process is triggered by a complex interplay of multiple factors, including excess ferrous iron accumulation, oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, and dysregulation of redox reactions. These events ultimately lead to the accumulation of lipid peroxides and subsequent membrane damage, resulting in ferroptosis. In pig production, weaning piglets often experience significant stress that can cause damage to the intestinal barrier due to changes in diet and environment, leading to diarrhea and growth retardation. Whether ferroptosis is involved in the development of intestinal diseases in pigs is still unclear, this study will establish a ferroptosis model using porcine intestinal epithelial cells. To induce ferroptosis in the IPEC-J2 cells, we applied hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), ferrous sulfate (FeSO4), and erastin, a ferroptosis inducer. The concentration of each treatment was determined by analyzing cell viability using the CCK-8 assay. Lipid peroxidation was evaluated using the TBARS assay, and the data indicated that compared with the control samples, IPEC-J2 cells treated with H2O2, FeSO4 and erastin had greater malondialdehyde levels (fold of control; CON = 1, H2O2 = 1.70, FeSO4 = 2.32, erastin = 1.68; P &lt;0.05). Iron concentrations were measured using the Iron Assay kit (cat. no. ab83366; Abcam). Greater total iron concentrations were observed in IPEC-J2 cells treated with FeSO4 and erastin (fold of control; CON = 1, FeSO4 = 14.91, erastin = 1.10; P &lt;0.05), and higher ferrous iron level on IPEC-J2 cells treated with erastin (fold of control; CON = 1, erastin = 1.17; P &lt;0.05). In conclusion, the above results suggest that treatment with H2O2, FeSO4 and erastin is likely to lead to ferroptosis. However, further investigation is needed to confirm these findings. A ferroptosis model on intestinal porcine epithelial cells will be established in this study.
PSI-13 Effects of a Postbiotic Program Consisting of Liquid and Solid Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Fermentation Products on Ruminal Microbiome Composition and Microbial Functions of Finishing Beef Steers
Authors: Odunfa Oluwaseun , Dhungana Anjan , Golinski Alex , Sardi Maria I , Naqvi S Ali , Yoon Ilkyu , Bebe Fredrick , Khafipour Ehsan , Jiang Yun 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We assessed the effects of a postbiotic program consisting of liquid and solid Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products (SCFP) on the ruminal microbiome and fermentation characteristics of beef steers. Eight Holstein steers (BW 467 ± 13.9 kg) with rumen cannulas were used in a crossover design study with 21-d per period and 7-d washout in between periods. Steers were blocked based on initial BW and assigned to one of two treatments: 1) Control, basal diet, or 2) SCFP, basal diet plus one day feeding of LiquiCare RTU (Diamond V, Cedar Rapids, IA; dosed via rumen cannula at 11 mL/100 kg BW), followed by daily feeding of 12 g/d NaturSafe (Diamond V, top-dressed). Rumen fluid samples were collected on d 0, 1, 2, 3, 5 and 21 at 0, 4, 8, or 12 h post morning feeding via rumen cannula for pH, VFA and NH3-N analyses. Samples collected at 4 h post morning feeding on d 0, 2 and 21 were subjected to DNA extraction and shotgun Nanopore sequencing to determine microbiome composition and carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZy) functional potential. Statistical model included the fixed effects of treatment, period, day and their interactions and random effect of animal. Feeding SCFP tended to reduce ruminal lactate (0.09 vs. 0.02 mM, P = 0.10), and reduced ruminal NH3-N (4.86 vs. 6.83 mg/dL, P = 0.04) on d 21. Ruminal total VFA concentration was increased (P = 0.01) by feeding SCFP 4-h post-feeding on d 5 and numerically increased 4-h post-feeding on day 21 (133.3 vs. 151.2 mM, P = 0.12). Treatments did not affect species or CAZy alpha- and beta-diversity. Steers received liquid postbiotic on d 2 exhibited a positive correlation (P &lt; 0.05) between propionate molar proportion and glycosyl transferases (GT), glycoside hydrolases (GH), carbohydrate esterases, and carbohydrate binding modules (CBM); and a negative correlation (P &lt; 0.05) between acetate molar proportion and polysaccharide lyases, GT, GH, and CBM, which was not observed in Control. Additionally, SCFP steers had higher (P = 0.05) CBM functional potential on d 21 than on d 0, while CAZy class abundances did not change over time in Control steers. Differential network analysis indicated a greater normalized degree for GT in the SCFP steers compared with Control on d 21. There were 2, 6 and 12 differently abundant species (P &lt; 0.01) between SCFP and Control on d 0, 2 and 21, respectively, suggesting supplementing SCFP altered the abundances of more species over time. Our results showed that the postbiotic program altered the metabolic pathways of ruminal microbes toward greater propionate production, and improved abundance of carbohydrate binding modules. Our results also showed that glycosyl transferases had a greater promotive role in the ruminal enzymatic network of SCFP steers.
PSIII-19 Effect of Hemp (Cannabis sativa) Supplementation on Vital and Behavioral Responses of Weaned Beef Cattle
Authors: Simpson Monya D , AbdelRahim Gamal Eden , Herring Josh , Verghese Martha , Samuel Felix U , Ogunkunle Nathaniel , Cebert Ernst , Kuan Xianyan , Jones Kendra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Weaning induces stress to both cows and calves and hence, reduces growth performance and behavioral characteristics. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of industrial hemp supplementation on the vital and behavioral parameters on calves. Twelve (12) apparently healthy calves, with average body weight of 600 lb and ages 6 months were used for this study. These calves were randomly divided into four (4) groups of three calves per group and hemp was supplemented. Group 1 (20/200 mg normal concentrate for 4 weeks, CC), group 2 (14 days feeding normal concentrate pre-weaning and 14 days of feeding 20/200 mg industrial hemp CH), group 3 (14 days of industrial hemp supplementation pre-weaning and 14 days of normal concentrate HC) and group 4 (4 weeks of hemp supplemented feed). Vital and behavioral vparameters were measured once per week, for two weeks pre-weaning and two weeks post-weaning. Temperature was measured using thermometer, pulse rate was measured using stethoscope and respiratory rate by costo-abdominal movement. The chute score, exit score and vocalization were observed scored and recorded. The rectal temperature decreased from week 1 to week 2 and thereafter increased significantly but where higher in the hemp supplemented groups. The respiratory rate decreased in all the groups from week 1 to week two and there after increased significantly in all the groups but least in the (HH and HC) hemp supplemented groups. The heart rate also increased steadily across the hemp supplemented group with the normal range. The chute score elaborated a greater percentage of calmness, greater percentage of walking proportion and greater percentage of non-vocalizers in the hemp supplemented groups compared with the non-hemp supplemented group. It was concluded that hemp supplementation at pre- and post-weaning could improve the thermoregulation, respiratory efficiency and cardiac function as well as improving the behavior of the calves at weaning.
PSIX-5 Spray Dried Plasma Increases Protein and Meat Inclusion in Extruded Dog Kibbles
Authors: Campbell Joy , Polo Javier 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A common goal for pet food manufacturers extruding dry kibbles is to increase meat inclusion and protein content in both grain and grain free formulas. When extruding high meat formulas, variation of moisture and fat of the incoming raw meat ingredients adds to the complexity of producing consistent quality kibbles meeting all specifications. Spray dried plasma (SDP) is a consistent high protein ingredient commonly utilized in wet pet food for water binding and fat emulsification characteristics and in dry kibble extrusion with meat meals and other dry ingredients to produce quality kibbles. Thus, the objective of two studies was to evaluate if meat inclusion levels could be increased in extruded formulas with the use of SDP. Tests were done at the Wenger technology testing center to evaluate combinations of SDP levels ranging from 2.5 to 20% with meat level feed rates ranging from 25 to 50%. The ability to produce kibbles was conducted utilizing both grain free and grain formulations. Processing conditions were monitored on the various formulations during production along with kibble outcome measurements such as ability to extrude, solids, protein, and durability. In the first study, extrusion of grain free formulations with 0% SDP resulted in meat inclusion limit at 35% feed rate. Addition of 5, 10, and 15% SDP in grain free formulas increased protein content of the extruded kibble but meat inclusion was limited at 35% feed rate. However, use of 20% SDP in grain free formulas allowed for greater inclusion of meat from 35% and up to 45% feed rate while maintaining kibble quality and increasing protein. Extrusion of a grain formulation with 0% SDP also resulted in limits of 35% feed rate of meat inclusion. Addition of 2.5, 5, 10, or 20% SDP to grain formulations allowed for meat inclusion feed rate to be increased up to 50% depending on levels of SDP used, and protein was increased in all combinations. The second study was completed to evaluate a longer run extrusion measuring ability to extrude, cook, and durability. Grain free formulas were run at 35% feed rate of meat with 5, 10, or 20% SDP and maintained cook and durability. Grain formulas were run at 45% feed rate of meat with 2.5, 5, and 10% SDP and maintained durability with further optimization of cook needed. Overall, SDP included in the formulation allows for greater feed rate of meat inclusion and maintain or increase protein and durability in the dry kibble. Thus, depending on target meat inclusion feed rates or protein levels, SDP may be used during the extrusion process to produce dry kibbles with high meat inclusion.