bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simulations of single and two-phase flows through helical tubes with different geometries and mass flow rates
Authors: Giardina M , Buffa P 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Predictions of pressure drops in helical pipes using the Relap5/mod3.3 code are explored, despite the code’s limitations in modeling such geometries. To address this, the code was modified to incorporate helical tube geometries and correlations for frictional pressure drops under both single-phase and two-phase flow conditions. Comparisons with experimental data on pressure drops across test sections with varying curvature ratios, operational pressures, and mass flow rates were made. The study demonstrates that the modified Relap5 code significantly improves the accuracy of frictional pressure drop predictions for the examined experimental data.
Assessing RELAP5 performances for the simulation of Containment Wall Condenser
Authors: Grippo G. , Polidori M. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The new designs of Nuclear Power Plants are increasingly emphasizing the implementation of passive systems to fulfill several safety functions. Such systems operate with low driving forces, and often employ components that require a “change state” signal for actuation. These features may lead to complete or partial actuation failures, altering the driving force conditions and consequently reducing the operational ranges and reliability of the systems themselves. However, even though the operational modes differ from those of active systems, the safety standards remain equivalent. To study these possible situations, the computer system codes must be able to simulate the phenomena related to the specific system, and they should be assessed using data both from separate and integral experimental facilities.
Within the framework of the EU2020 PASTELS (Passive Systems: Simulating the Thermal hydraulics with Experimental Studies) project, a series of natural circulation experiments have been conducted in the PASI facility, an open loop Containment Wall Condenser (CWC), varying initial and boundary conditions to support the validation of system codes. As project partner, ENEA developed the PASI input deck for RELAP5/mod3.3 to assess the code’s capability in simulating complex loop components, such as the sparger, and related thermohydraulic phenomena like water flashing and geysering within the open loop. This paper presents the post-test calculations conducted with RELAP5 for test 2 (quasi-static test) and test 6 (replicating the drain phase of the water storage tank).
Quantifying the acceleration of multidecadal global sea surface warming driven by Earth’s energy imbalance
Authors: Merchant Christopher J , Allan Richard P , Embury Owen 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Global mean sea surface temperature (GMSST) is a fundamental diagnostic of ongoing climate change, yet there is incomplete understanding of multi-decadal changes in warming rate and year-to-year variability. Exploiting satellite observations since 1985 and a statistical model incorporating drivers of variability and change, we identify an increasing rate of rise in GMSST. This accelerating ocean surface warming is physically linked to an upward trend in Earth’s energy imbalance (EEI). We quantify that GMSST has increased by 0.54

±

0.07 K for each GJ m–2 of accumulated energy, equivalent to 0.17 ± 0.02 K decade‒1 (W m‒2)‒1. Using the statistical model to isolate the trend from interannual variability, the underlying rate of change of GMSST rises in proportion with Earth’s energy accumulation from 0.06 K decade–1 during 1985–89 to 0.27 K decade–1 for 2019–23. While variability associated with the El Niño Southern Oscillation triggered the exceptionally high GMSSTs of 2023 and early 2024, 44% (90% confidence interval: 35%–52%) of the +0.22 K difference in GMSST between the peak of the 2023/24 event and that of the 2015/16 event is unexplained unless the acceleration of the GMSST trend is accounted for. Applying indicative future scenarios of EEI based on recent trends, GMSST increases are likely to be faster than would be expected from linear extrapolation of the past four decades. Our results provide observational evidence that the GMSST increase inferred over the past 40 years will likely be exceeded within the next 20 years. Policy makers and wider society should be aware that the rate of global warming over recent decades is a poor guide to the faster change that is likely over the decades to come, underscoring the urgency of deep reductions in fossil-fuel burning.
An experimental investigation on the workability of eco-friendly self-compacting concrete using bamboo leaf ash as a partial cement replacement
Authors: Tushar Fazlul Hoque , Manjur Kazi Abu , Hasan Kamrul , Khan Asif , Hossain Md. Amzad , Alakhali Ahmed K. , Yahaya Fadzil Mat 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This study investigates the use of bamboo leaf ash (BLA) as a partial replacement for cement in the development of self-compacting concrete (SCC) for sustainable development and construction practice. This study was conducted in Bangladesh, a country with vast bamboo resources. The study focuses on the assessment of the chemical properties of BLA, workability, environmental impact, and cost-effectiveness. The chemical analysis showed that BLA has a high silicon content of 84.81%, making it an excellent pozzolanic material. Concrete mixtures with BLA replacing cement at 0%, 2.5%, 5%, and 10% by weight were tested. The results showed that all mixes maintained acceptable workability within the EFNARC and ASTM recommended limits. Also, the environmental impact assessment demonstrated a 9.30% decrease in carbon dioxide (CO
2) emissions and a 4.95% cost reduction in concrete production with a 10% BLA replacement, highlighting significant ecological and economic benefits. These results depict the viability of BLA as a sustainable building material and suggest its potential practical applications in the construction industry.
Innovations in recycled materials for sustainable construction project: A systematic literature review
Authors: Rani H A , Syammaun T , Rachman F , Aqsha M S 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The construction industry is a major contributor to global resource consumption and environmental degradation, highlighting an urgent need for sustainable alternatives. One promising approach involves integrating recycled materials into construction projects, offering both environmental and economic benefits. This systematic literature review investigates recent innovations in the use of recycled materials, focusing on recycled concrete aggregate (RCA), reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), and recycled plastics within sustainable construction contexts. Findings reveal that RCA serves as an effective substitute for virgin aggregates in concrete applications, maintaining structural integrity with minimal compromise. Similarly, RAP provides a cost-effective option in road construction, while recycled plastics are increasingly used in non-structural applications, such as insulation and other building materials. However, broader use in load-bearing structures requires further research and innovation. Key challenges to the widespread adoption of recycled materials include ensuring durability and long-term performance, alongside navigating regulatory and market obstacles. This review emphasizes the critical role of continued innovation in recycled material processing and application, with substantial potential to reduce the carbon footprint of construction projects and advance the principles of the circular economy. Future research should prioritize enhancing material performance and scalability to support broader industry adoption.
Effect of Using Types and Concentrations of Ureolytic Bacteria on Flexural Capacity of High-Strength Concrete with Self-Healing Concrete Capabilities
Authors: Putra Andri Prima , Aulia Teuku Budi , Idris Yunita , Handoko Erfan 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Concrete’s deflection and cracking are influenced by flexural capacity. High-strength concrete tends to have high hydration rate, making it susceptible to microcracks, thus, early maintenance is required. The weak nature of concrete against tensile forces allows microcracks to occur and can propagate into macrocracks if the cracks are not detected. Therefore, an innovation emerged called self-healing concrete enabling concrete to cover microcracks independently. This method can be used to heal concrete cracks, involving bacteria in concrete mixture that are active when cracks occur by producing calcite (CaCO3) to close the cracks. In this study, ureolytic bacteria of genus Bacillus sp., Staphylococcus sp., and Solibacillus sp. were used. Specimen used was beam with dimensions of 400mmx100mmx100mm, which was strengthened with 1D10 mm tensile reinforcement to prevent brittle collapse of beam. Variations in bacterial mixture used were 0%; 0.5%; 0.6%; and 0.7% of the cement weight which encapsulated in diatomaceous earth altogether with urea and Ca2+ as precursors and nutrient broth as bacterial nutrients. Encapsulation pellet dosage was 10% from fine aggregate weight. At initial testing stage, cracking load amounting 70% of 7 days non-bacterial concrete flexural tensile strength was imposed to give initial cracks to concrete, then, treatment was conducted for 28 days by immersion in water to visually observe the self-healing process of calcite growth (CaCO3) for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. After accomplishing crack healing process, ultimate flexural tensile strength testing was performed. The highest average flexural capacity results were obtained in high-strength concrete with 0.6% Bacillus sp. bacteria of 6.34 ton with an average calcite length of 41.00 mm. To analyse atomic structure characteristics of bacterial concrete, XRD testing was carried out and the results showed that bacterial concrete of Bacillus sp. had the highest percentage of amorphous phase, i.e., 82.63%, and contained 33.66% calcite compounds.
Rational design of 3D-printed scaffolds for breast tissue engineering using structural analysis
Authors: Kracoff-Sella Sharon , Goldfracht Idit , Silverstein Asaf , Landau Shira , Debbi Lior , Beckerman Rita , Shoyhat Hagit , Herman-Bachinsky Yifat , Guterman-Ram Gali , Michael Inbal , Shuhmaher Rita , Zavin Janette , Ben Horin Ronen , Egozi Dana , Levenberg Shulamit 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Best cosmetic outcomes of breast reconstruction using tissue engineering techniques rely on the scaffold architecture and material, which are currently both to be determined. This study suggests an approach for a rational design of breast-shaped scaffold architecture, in which structural analysis is implemented to predict its stiffness and adjust it to that of the native tissue. This approach can help achieve the goal of optimal scaffold architecture for breast tissue engineering. Based on specifications defined in a preliminary implantation study of a non-rationally designed scaffold, and using analytical modeling and finite element analysis, we rationally designed a polycaprolactone made, 3D-printed, highly porous, breast-shaped scaffold with a stiffness similar to the breast adipose tissue. This scaffold had an architecture of a double-shelled dome connected by pillars, with no bottom to allow direct contact of its fat graft with the host’s blood vessels (shelled hemisphere adaptive design (SHAD)). To demonstrate the potential of the SHAD scaffold in breast tissue engineering, a proof-of-concept study was performed, in which SHAD scaffolds were embedded with human adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells, isolated from lipoaspirates, and implanted in nod-scid-gamma mouse model with a delayed fat graft injection. After 4 weeks of implantation, the SHAD implants were vascularized with a viable fat graft, indicating the suitability of the SHAD scaffold for breast tissue engineering.
Inverse design of waveguide grating mode converters using artificial neural networks
Authors: Mohajer Hejazi Ali , Ginis Vincent 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Machine learning techniques, notably various deep neural network methods, are instrumental in processing extensive and intricate data sets in engineering and scientific fields. This paper shows how deep neural networks can inversely design cascaded-mode converting systems, particularly waveguide gratings that implement selective mode conversion upon reflection. Neural networks can map the grating’s physical features to the scattering parameters of the modes reflected from the grating. The trained networks can then be utilized to inversely design waveguide grating mode converters based on the desired values of the scattering parameters. The process of the inverse design involves using the technique of gradient descent of a defined loss function. Minimizing this loss function leads to calculating more accurate features fulfilling the desired scattering parameters.
Lavender-mediated solvent-free biomechanochemical synthesis of antibacterially active Ag/AgCl nanoparticles using a Taguchi design*
Authors: Bedlovičová Zdenka , Siksa Patrik , Kováčová Mária , Bureš Radovan , Tkáčiková Ľudmila , Džunda Róbert , Tampubolon Imelda Octa , Balážová Ľudmila , Baláž Matej 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
A bionanocomposite containing Ag/AgCl nanoparticles and plant biomass was prepared via solvent-free biomechanochemical synthesis utilizing planetary ball milling of lavender plant and silver nitrate powders in this work. The impact of four input parameters, namely milling speed, milling time sample mass and plant-to-AgNO3 mass ratio was assessed via a ‘Design of Experiments methodology’, namely Taguchi orthogonal array. In this way, optimum conditions were identified and analysis of variance and regression analysis was performed. The obtained Ag and AgCl were nanocrystalline, their content varying depending on the milling conditions. Agar well diffusion assay has shown the antibacterial action in all the analyzed samples, being slightly higher for Staphylococcus aureus than Escherichia coli. The regression analysis has shown that the crystallite size of Ag nanoparticles is the most important parameter influencing the antibacterial action. In the end, the sample under optimum conditions was prepared and the values predicted with Taguchi methodology were compared with those obtained experimentally, showing a decent match in parameters calculated from XD-ray diffraction and antibacterial action.
Quantum algorithm for polaritonic chemistry based on an exact ansatz
Authors: Warren Samuel , Wang Yuchen , Benavides-Riveros Carlos L , Mazziotti David A 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Cavity-modified chemistry uses strong light-matter interactions to modify the electronic properties of molecules in order to enable new physical phenomena such as novel reaction pathways. As cavity chemistry often involves critical regions where configurations become nearly degenerate, the ability to treat multireference problems is crucial to understanding polaritonic systems. In this Letter, we show through the use of a unitary ansatz derived from the anti-Hermitian contracted Schrödinger equation that cavity-modified systems with strong correlation, such as the deformation of rectangular H4 coupled to a cavity mode, can be solved efficiently and accurately on a quantum device. In contrast, while our quantum algorithm can be made formally exact, classical-computing methods as well as other quantum-computing algorithms often yield answers that are both quantitatively and qualitatively incorrect. Additionally, we demonstrate the current feasibility of the algorithm on near intermediate-scale quantum hardware by computing the dissociation curve of H2 strongly coupled to a bosonic bath.
Asymmetric secure multi-party quantum computation with weak clients against dishonest majority
Authors: Kapourniotis Theodoros , Kashefi Elham , Leichtle Dominik , Music Luka , Ollivier Harold 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Secure multi-party computation (SMPC) protocols allow several parties distrusting each other to collectively compute a function on their inputs, without revealing the input values. In this paper, we introduce a protocol that lifts SMPC to its quantum counterpart—secure multi-party quantum computation (SMPQC) for classical inputs and outputs—in a composable and statistically secure way, even for a single honest party. The soundness error—the maximum cheating probability of malicious parties—is shown to be proportional to the inverse of a polynomial with respect to the number of rounds in the protocol, and can be further decreased to a negligible quantity for bounded-error quantum-polynomial-time computations. Unlike previous SMPQC protocols, our proposal only requires very limited quantum resources from all but one party. In addition, the protocol exhibits some noise robustness that can facilitate small-scale implementations with near-future technologies. The protocol is based on a new technique for quantum verification that requires only the collective remote preparation of quantum states in a single plane of the Bloch sphere. To demonstrate the ability of verifying the computation with such limited clients, we uncover and use a fundamental invariance that is inherent to measurement-based quantum computing.
Enhanced thermal dissipation for BCB-bonded 3D integrated membrane photonic circuits
Authors: Abdi Salim , Williams Kevin , Jiao Yuqing 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Indium–phosphide membrane on silicon is a nanophotonics platform which allows for monolithic integration of sub-micron nanophotonic waveguide circuits with native and efficient amplifiers and lasers. Active devices such as amplifiers have a high topography that requires a thick dielectric layer for planarization and wafer bonding, which poses challenges in thermal dissipation. Herein, we comprehensively analyzed the performance of distributed feedback lasers (DFBs) bonded on Si using a 2 µm-thick benzocyclobutene (BCB) layer, and with and without a 5 µm-thick gold thermal shunt to the substrate for efficient thermal dissipation. The thermal resistance of shunted devices is 176 and 115 K W−1 for 0.5 mm and 0.75 mm lengths, respectively, which is a 2× improvement compared to reference membrane devices with no thermal shunt. This thermal resistance is maintained across various BCB thicknesses up to 30 µm, ensuring the possibility of using such devices for scalable 3D integration on other platforms or with electronics. Moreover, we showed that the thermal resistance value is around 110–120 K W−1 for 0.75 mm-long shunted DFBs having array density values in the range of 40–200 µm, and that the temperature rise at the end of the DFB contact is as low as 1.3 °C at 8 kA cm−2 driving current. Both of these characteristics demonstrate the density scaling potential of these nanophotonic devices.
Realization of a compact slotted triangular patch antenna for 5G applications in 28 GHz band
Authors: Hannan Mohammad , Kouser Kahkashan , Shafi Faizan , Aknan Mohammad 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
A compact slotted triangular patch antenna has been proposed in this work for 5G applications, demonstrating efficient operation in the 28 GHz band. The design offers high-frequency performance, making it well-suited for next-generation wireless communication systems. The antenna is designed to overcome the difficulties of attaining resonance at higher frequencies without sacrificing compactness. Additionally, the study presents a triangular patch antenna with a rectangular slit on its upper layer, emphasizing the significance of introducing a curved slot to ensure the antenna’s compactness within the patch. A comparative analysis with previous research highlights the advantages of the design. The methodology was validated using the high-frequency structural simulator Ansys HFSS, demonstrating a reflection coefficient (S11) of −17.4 dB at 28 GHz, a gain of 8.35 dB, and a VSWR of 1.28. These metrics outperform many existing designs in the 28 GHz band. Moreover, the design combines simplicity in geometry with high electromagnetic efficiency, ensuring its suitability for real-world 5G millimeter-wave applications.
Reinforcement learning-based architecture search for quantum machine learning
Authors: Rapp Frederic , Kreplin David A , Huber Marco F , Roth Marco 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Quantum machine learning (QML) models use encoding circuits to map data into a quantum Hilbert space. While it is well known that the architecture of these circuits significantly influences core properties of the resulting model, they are often chosen heuristically. In this work, we present a approach using reinforcement learning techniques to generate problem-specific encoding circuits to improve the performance of QML models. By specifically using a model-based reinforcement learning algorithm, we reduce the number of necessary circuit evaluations during the search, providing a sample-efficient framework. In contrast to previous search algorithms, our method uses a layered circuit structure that significantly reduces the search space. Additionally, our approach can account for multiple objectives such as solution quality and circuit depth. We benchmark our tailored circuits against various reference models, including models with problem-agnostic circuits and classical models. Our results highlight the effectiveness of problem-specific encoding circuits in enhancing QML model performance.
Unearthing the reality of ‘Zombie energy systems’ in Africa’s energy transition
Authors: Dioha Michael O , Abraham-Dukuma Magnus C , Dato Prudence 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Africa’s energy transition is unique and complicated by—among other things—the pervasive presence of ‘Zombie Energy Systems’ (ZES). These are outdated, inefficient, and environmentally harmful energy systems that persist despite being obsolete (e.g. old and mismanaged electrical grid systems and obsolete electrical appliances). These ZES hinder Africa’s energy transition, yet they receive limited attention in the international energy development arena. Rooted in colonial-era legacies, economic constraints, and policy shortcomings, these energy systems have led to a persistent misalignment between energy supply and development goals, perpetuating energy poverty and limiting economic growth. In this piece, we identify ZES as a critical barrier to Africa’s energy transition, arguing that addressing it requires more than just infrastructure replacement. A holistic approach is needed—one that includes decommissioning outdated assets, modernizing grids, promoting energy efficiency, improving regulatory environment and fostering local expertise in modern energy systems. We advocate for a comprehensive reevaluation of energy policies and investment strategies across Africa, emphasizing the importance of balancing the development of new energy systems with the critical need to upgrade and enhance existing inefficient energy systems. Neglecting the improvement of current energy systems risks undermining the effectiveness of Africa’s energy transition. Furthermore, we highlight the necessity of implementing tailored solutions that address the distinctive energy challenges faced by each country on the continent.