bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of climatic damage predictive tool for timber façade moisture-related damage
Authors: Ostapska K , Coelho G B A , Brozovsky J , Kraniotis D , Loli A 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Development of the method for automated and adaptive assessment of mould growth in the timber frame facade is presented. A heat, air, and moisture (HAM) transport simulation using the open-source Python library HAMOPY is validated against a well-established software (WUFI Pro 1D). Climate input of the reference year in Norway, Oslo is used in validation. The material parameters of the 1D numerical model that influence mold growth conditions most are identified via a parametric study. The increased water vapor permeability and thermal conductivity of the outside envelope as well as the critical relative humidity threshold are selected as the model updating parameters to account for the risk of the thermal bridge, moisture leakage, and mold growth conditions variation in the model. The example of the automated parametric computation of the mold growth conditions in the facade is presented for a reference climate based on the developed and validated HAM model.
Energy-efficient residential building in Uzbekistan using local renewable raw materials based on the historical layout of housing
Authors: Azizova B M 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This article delves into the benefits of using low-tech, renewable, and local materials in architecture. Specifically, it compares the use of clay and straw with modern construction techniques, highlighting the significantly lower energy costs associated with the former. Through studies of thermophysical conditions, the thermal properties of walls made from these materials have been determined, which plays a crucial role in creating a comfortable microclimate inside buildings. Furthermore, research has identified buildings at risk due to their load-bearing capacity, leading to the development of construction methods for strengthening earthen walls that can be applied in building design and construction practice. Thanks to these newly developed methods and technologies, the construction of earth and straw buildings is now possible on a wider scale, including both standard and special designs.
Mapping Urban Water Balance to support the integrated design of water cycles in the peri-urban areas
Authors: Dessi V , Clementi M 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The paper tests the effectiveness of a methodology used to analyze the water element in the urban context, in supporting design choices oriented toward sustainable water management. In particular, it presents a mapping technique of the variables used for calculating the UWB (Urban Water Balance) using the open data available for Milan. The methodology is applied to a peri-urban area of the city’s southern outskirts, the Corvetto/Chiaravalle district. The availability of the data has allowed identifying the minimum spatial area on which to carry out a balance of water flows using open-source GIS in the census block (CB). The methodology’s effectiveness in supporting the design choices was verified on two specific census blocks, the first representing the diffuse residential built area, the second an existing farmhouse no longer productive with residential functions. The main design strategy’s goal was to reduce water withdrawal from the aqueduct and reuse part of the outgoing water to limit the discharge into the sewage system as much as possible.
Carbon, economics, and labor: a case study of deconstruction’s relative costs and benefits compared to demolition
Authors: Heisel F , McGranahan J , Lucas A , Cohen D , Stone G 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The authors formed a collaborative working group with the “specific aim to investigate the circular potentials of the local built environment by researching and proposing methods for material reuse and recycling, reversible construction, reactivating embodied values, creating green jobs, and reinventing the underlying business models of construction.” Seeking to demonstrate deconstruction as an alternative to demolition, the group found a collection of 11 residential structures from the year 1910 that were planned for demolition. The group was able to convince the developer to deconstruct – instead of demolish – one of the structures. Over the course of five days in January 2022, a crew of up to eight workers methodically carved the 420 square meter, 13-bedroom structure into sections from top to bottom. Data was collected during this process on material quantities successfully salvaged from the structure in relation to its total mass, the associated carbon savings the salvage of these materials indicate, their resale value, and labor time and costs required to both remove and process these materials for resale. The results of the study show an increase in carbon savings and sequestration through deconstruction and reuse when compared to demolition, but increased labor and economic costs. However, the resale of materials significantly discounts a significant portion of the cost of the deconstruction, and as capacity and knowledge is built in the local reuse ecosystem the authors believe deconstruction can reach parity with demolition in the future.
Integrating irregular inventories: Accessible technologies to design and build with nonstandard materials in architecture
Authors: Cousin T , Marshall D , Pearl N , Alkhayat L , Mueller C 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Circular principles are a promising method to reduce embodied carbon in construction. Material reuse has the potential to reduce waste and environmental impacts of the extraction, production, and transportation of new materials. However, its implementation can be limited by the challenging nature of irregular materials that do not fit traditional design approaches, fabrication tools, and standards. In response, this paper proposes a generalized, accessible framework for working with irregular material sources in architecture. This framework includes computational tools and fabrication strategies that enable, expand access to, and scale up this approach in the AEC industry. The methodology is demonstrated through four design-build examples that leverage the irregularity of different materials into new architectural assemblies.
Tool for evaluation of energy system options for municipalities
Authors: Meyer M , Linder E , Schilt U , Schneeberger S , Melillo A , Gökgöl E Köker , Schuetz P 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
To reach the goal of net-zero emissions in 2050, posed by the Swiss energy strategy, our society faces major challenges for the integration of renewable energy generation and distribution, and changes in the energy system are inevitable. The development of decentralised renewable energy sources and the necessary extensions of the power grid are only one aspect. A high percentage of the energy consumption in the residential sector consists of space heating and cooling of buildings. Therefore, the changes will also affect the thermal energy sector, e.g. through renovations of buildings, replacements of fossil heating systems with heat pumps or connections to district heating networks. To support the planning involved in the changes of the energy system, we provide a tool for visualisations of energy system options and scenarios and recommendations for optimisations based on publicly available data, modelling demands and simulating energy systems in a mixed-integer linear programming framework. We present a first version of the recommender tool which focuses on the support of municipality representatives for drawing up their communal energy strategies.
Estimating residential space heating and domestic hot water from truncated smart heat data
Authors: Leiria D , Schaffer M , Johra H , Marzsal-Pomianowska A , Pomianowski M Z 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The EU aims to digitize the building stock across all member states to better understand energy use and achieve energy efficiency goals to address climate change. Smart heat meters are currently used for billing purposes in district heating (DH) grids. Their data is recorded as integer kWh values, which restricts usability for the modeling and analysis of DH networks. Previous research devised a methodology to estimate space heating (SH) and domestic hot water (DHW) energy from total heating data, but the data truncation process reduced accuracy. This study integrates the SPMS (Smooth–Pointwise Move–Scale) algorithm, which estimates decimal values from DH truncated measurements, to improve the accuracy of the DHW and SH disaggregation methods. The study applies these two methodologies to a dataset of 28 Danish apartments and compares the results against full-resolution and truncated data to evaluate performance. Another dataset, named “optimal dataset” is also assessed to determine overall estimation accuracy. Results show that SPMS reduces the disaggregation methodology error of SH and DHW compared to the truncated data. The optimal dataset outperforms the current methodology, indicating a potential for improving and scaling the methodology for larger datasets.
Comparison of electrical load forecast methods validated on the hourly consumption profiles of 10 heat pumps located in Switzerland
Authors: Melillo A , Linder E , Meyer M , Schilt U , Schuetz P 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The integration of variable renewable energy in the electrical grid necessitates the exploitation of load flexibility. The high contribution of space heating to the residential sector, thereby, puts the balancing of heat pumps in focus. The paper compares three different approaches to predict the heat demand of 10 Swiss residential buildings on 9 winter days. We compare two different simulation based grey-box models and an elementary statistical model approach. Unexpectedly, the statistical approach almost always performs better than the others, although the anticipated advantages of the simulation-based approaches could be seen in several cases. The comparison between the simulation-based methods shows that the one requiring more detailed, higher data quality clearly outperformed the simplified version. The work led to the conclusion that in the used setup too little system information was available to fully exploit the potential of a simulation-based approach at one hour resolution.
Construction sites’ sustainability enhancement through earthworks optimization using Building Information Modelling
Authors: Maltese S , Papa L , Re Cecconi F 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Earthworks are the very beginning of every new construction project, if not well designed and controlled, they may cause time and cost overruns and, overall affect the sustainability of the whole project. Industry 4.0 technologies like high-precision positioning GNSS/RTK and Building Information Modelling may help improving earthworks thus reducing waste, reworks, and energy demand. A novel workflow to integrate data coming from multiple sources within a reliable, BIM-based, digital terrain model is proposed. The proposed method allows professionals, as designers and managers, to receive updated and correct data, for better decision making and, thus, for more sustainable construction processes. Side benefits of the proposed process is an improvement in workers’ safety. A case study, a quarry in northern Italy, proved the usability of the method.
Towards emission free construction sites in Northern Norway: Results from a regional survey
Authors: Høyli Randulf , Wiik Marianne Kjendseth , Homaei Shabnam , Fufa Selamawit Mamo 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The concept of emission free construction sites (EFCS) has emerged as a prioritised measure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from Norwegian construction activities. EFCS have been evaluated through several pilot projects in Southern Norway, whilst none are found in Northern Norway. This study aims to investigate the major barriers and success factors for developing EFCS-projects in Northern Norway through a digital survey amongst construction industry representatives. The results indicate that major barriers for EFCS implementation are related to limited access and capacity of electricity and power supply, and limited availability and high costs of emission free technologies. Similar challenges are identified from EFCS projects in Southern Norway, making the cold climate, poor infrastructure, and remote conditions in Northern Norway an amplifier of these challenges. The identified success factors are to a large extent aligned with the major barriers, emphasizing improved power supply and charging infrastructure, as well as increased availability of emission free technologies. Predictable and equal requirement specifications in public tenders that reward those who invest in emission free technology are requested, emphasizing the importance of implementing requirements. Further work is needed to gather experience from EFCS pilots in cold and remote areas.
Gothenburg Digital Twin. Modelling and communicating the effect of temperature change scenarios on building demand
Authors: Maiullari D , Nageli Claudio , Rudena Andreas , Thuvander Liane 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The article presents the first prototype of a web-based City Digital Twin (CDT) viewer developed for the city of Gothenburg to promote the understanding of the interrelation between the spatial, energy and climate change domain related to building stocks and to support stakeholders’ collaboration. The focus is on the development process of the viewer and decisions taken to target the users. 3d spatial data about the current city combined with building energy demand modelling following the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change scenarios provide the basis that potentially allows local actors to take informed decisions about decarbonization measures in a long-term perspective. First, future climate conditions are modelled for Gothenburg following the IPCC pathways 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5 for the year 2050. Second, a Building Stock Model is employed to simulate the energy use of buildings by using the climate scenarios as climate boundary conditions. Finally, results are visualized in the CDT viewer showing that future climate conditions contribute to an overall decrease in final energy demand up to 18% in spring and autumn months and an increase up to 1.5% in summer months.
Parametric Integration of CFD-based Wind Pressure Coefficients into Building Energy Models: A Novel Workflow
Authors: Manapragada Naga Venkata Sai Kumar , Natanian Jonathan 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
By integrating computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-generated wind pressure coefficients (WPCs) into building energy models, recent workflows enable the evaluation of the impacts of local wind on the energy performance of buildings. With the current workflows, however, only manual integration of WPCs into building energy models is possible. This study provides a workflow for the parametric integration of CFD-based WPCs, sampled for each window in the model, into building energy models using the Rhino-GH platform. Using this workflow, this study performed a parametric block-scale energy evaluation of 324 iterations for courtyard and high-rise layouts in various urban and building design configurations in the climate of Tel Aviv to compare the cooling load deviations between CFD-based and default WPCs. The results reveal a significant cooling load deviation between default and CFD-based WPCs, particularly in compact configurations (courtyard typology, higher FAR, and narrower street widths), indicating that default wind pressure coefficients overestimate the natural cooling potential. Further investigation of the balance between solar gains and convective heat losses reveals a surge in the impact of solar gains on cooling loads when accounting for CFD-based WPCs in the climate of Tel Aviv. This workflow can assist designers and analysts in accounting for local wind patterns in energy-driven urban design workflows.
Development of an energy digital twin from a hotel supervision system using building energy modelling
Authors: Libralato Michele , D’Agaro Paola , Cortella Giovanni 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In this work, the utilization of the supervision system of a five-story hotel located in Northern Italy as tool to calibrate and validate a building energy model (BEM) is evaluated. The BEM is created using the TRNSYS simulation environment with the aim to develop a digital twin, to study the energy consumption of the building-HVAC system. The procedure for the supervision system preparation and the data analysis procedure is presented. The digital twin is then used to compare two control strategies for the thermostats’ control during summer to increase the energy efficiency of the building-HVAC system, and to use the heat storage properties of the building envelope to shift and shave the peaks of power demands. Control rules that allow a better match between electrical energy demand and availability, developed, and tested using the BEM, are pursued with the final goal to prepare the inclusion of the hotel in a smart grid. The building is modelled using TRNSYS Type 56 as a multi-zone building, with 96 thermal zones while the building monitoring is performed during the summer season from June to October 2022.
Do we need a saw? Carbon-based analysis of facade BIPV performance under partial shading from nearby trees
Authors: McCarty Justin , Waibel Christoph , Galimshina Alina , Hollberg Alexander , Schlueter Arno 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) are becoming more common in urban spaces. The impact of shading from nearby trees on BIPV performance and the potential conflict between the carbon sequestration benefits of trees and the carbon mitigation benefits of BIPV is not well documented in research. Therefore, this paper investigates the cost-benefit relationship of the carbon storage potential of trees vs. their shading effects on a nearby BIPV facade from the perspective of a life cycle assessment (LCA) using a high-resolution BIPV model and temporally sensitive tree growth model. The study is based on a typical Swiss residential building with adjacent vegetation and includes various BIPV facade permutations with different cell types, module orientations, inverter types, facade azimuths, grid emissions profiles, and tree planting scenarios. The results indicate that the removal of trees does not necessarily influence the overall carbon balance when considering LCA to the same degree as other features of the model space such as the grid carbon intensity or the configuration of the BIPV array. Furthermore the parametric-based analysis enables reporting on which BIPV configurations operate with the highest system efficiency under partial shading.
Predictive model of solar potential on building façades with the sky view factor as shading indicator
Authors: Altieri Domenico , Saretta Erika , Mauring Tõnu , Boutaleb Mohamed , Branca Giovanni 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Building façades represent a considerable part of the urban surface and the solar energy they receive can significantly contribute to the whole urban solar potential. Extending the use of building facades to produce more renewable energy can help address the challenges of climate change, promote energy independence, and create economic benefits.
A major challenge in harnessing solar energy from vertical surfaces is the variation of solar availability on urban facades, which can be affected by orientation, neighboring buildings or vegetation. An easy, reliable and robust method for evaluating the solar potential of facades since the strategical stage of the building development can assist experts in designing façades where building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) can be efficiently implemented.
This study aims to identify a relationship between the variation of the sky view factor (SVF), a measure of the amount of sky that is visible from a given position, and the corresponding reduction of solar irradiation due to shading. This can then be used to predict the solar potential at each point on the façade on a monthly basis only depending on orientation, SVF value and geographical coordinates, drastically reducing the complexity of analysis and without requiring time-consuming tools.
Modeling reflection by structured building-integrated photovoltaics
Authors: Grobe L O , Wasilewski S , Ploerer D , Roeske C 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Evaluating the reflection of solar radiation by Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) with structured front-glass is challenging for two reasons. First, the resulting irregular scattering of light cannot be accounted for by simple reflection models. Second, the locations where the evaluation needs to take place cannot be predicted by simple geometric considerations, as in the case of mirror-like reflection. The detailed modelling of a BIPV module featuring a periodical, linear structure based on the scanning of its surface is described. The application of the model is demonstrated in the assessment of solar reflection by a concave array of the modules. The stochastic sampling of the BIPV modules from each location in a dense sensor grid, that is required to ensure that no local concentration of reflected solar radiation is missed, is supported by re-orienting the sensors. Rather than relying on a data-driven Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) model of limited directional resolution, the geometric structure of the front-glass is modelled by modulating the normal of a mirror-like surface. The method allows an accurate and dense simulation with moderate computational demand.
Upscaling potential of BIPV for public housing typologies in Singapore
Authors: Gester Maximilian , Waibel Christoph , Grammatas Argyrios , Sing Tien Foo , Schlueter Arno 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This paper assesses the upscaling potential of Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) in the public housing stock of Singapore. While the installation of rooftop PV is gaining rapid traction in the city-state, there are still only few existing projects with façade PV. Considering the large share of façade areas available, this paper aims to identify the most suitable building typology for BIPV integration. The research methodologies include a city-wide analysis of solar potentials, photogrammetry-based solar assessments of the four most common housing typologies, and a load-matching analysis of a typical contemporary apartment unit. Furthermore, we conduct a qualitative analysis through interviews with public and private stakeholders, to understand the drivers and barriers of BIPV in Singapore. Our results reveal districts with the the highest total electricity generation potential such as “Bedok”, or others with larger façade than roof PV-potential such as “Bukit Merah”, where buildings often feature eastwards-oriented façades with low window-to-wall ratio, making them ideal for electricity production in the morning hours. Due to higher cloud coverage in the afternoon, Westward-oriented façades have an overall lower potential. The load-matching analysis shows, however, that peak demand in the morning and evening can generally not be met by BIPV only. The analysis of building typologies reveals that geometrically simpler linear buildings built in the 70’s and 80’s have higher total PV generation potential due to larger roof areas and less obstructed façades. The contemporary point towers with irregular façade surfaces show a larger fraction of façade BIPV electricity generation per floor area, exceeding the share of electricity produced on rooftops. A customized BIPV system will be promising for these newer building typologies, supported by soft factors identified in the interviews.