bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improvements in micronised wheat production
Authors: South J B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The use of significant quantities of wheat as a brewing adjunct has been limited by mash filtration problems particularly in rapid brewing schedules. Studies using micronised wheat suggest that this may be due to denaturation of proteins during micronising, with the formation of large disulphide- linked aggregates, which then undergo rearrangement during mashing and impede run-off. Conditions for minimising protein denaturation have been established leading to improved performance both in laboratory scale and brewhouse mashes.
Prediction of yeast fermentation performance using the acidification power test
Authors: Mathieu Ch. , Berg L van den , Iserentant D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Acidification Power (AP) Test allows, by monitoring the acidification of the medium, to estimate the physiological condition of yeast. The AP of the yeast was measured during industrial fermentation. The AP shows a sharp decline at the beginning of the fermentation, compared to the AP of the pitching yeast.
Yeast dehydrogenase activities in relation to carbonyl compounds removal from wort and beer
Authors: Collin S , Montesinos M , Meersman E , Swinkels W , Dufour J -P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Carbonyl compounds of wort and beer are well-known off-flavours. Their removal by yeast contributes to improved beer flavour and to less susceptibility to staling. Carbonyl marker compounds have been followed simultaneously with deshydrogenase activities of yeast: acetoin/diacetyl (diacetyl pathway), hexanal/nonenal (lipid route), 3-methyl-butanal (Strecker pathway) and acetaldehyde (glycolysis). Potential use of deshydrogenase activities measurements has been investigated with regard to yeast performances for the removal of carbonyls during fermentation and for the production of non-alcoholic beer using an immobilized yeast bioreactor.
‘Head hunting’
Authors: Haugsted Carsten , Erdal Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Digital video image analysis is used in a foam quality assay which provides a consumer related, yet objective impression of the overall beer foam behaviour. The results introduce a somewhat expanded and varied foam quality concept, and thereby a reasonably sound basis for decisionmaking regarding the means by which to optimize the foam quality of the product. “Field tests” illustrate the influence of the raw materials, the production processes, and the addition of pre-isomerized hop products as questioned by the brewer.
Foam stabilizers may contribute to beer haze
Authors: Outtrup Henrik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Use of propylene glycol alginate (PGA) for foam enhancing may concomittantly imply haze problems due to decomposition of PGA molecules during beer storage. From model studies of the thermodynamics of this process it is suggested that the haze potential is predominantly introduced by free carboxylic groups which appear after deestrification of PGA molecules.
Simultaneous in-line measurement of dissolved carbon dioxide, nitrogen and oxygen using vapour pressure and mass spectrometry
Authors: Forrest LS , Cuthbertson R C , Dickson J E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Continuous and simultaneous in-line measurement of dissolved carbon dioxide, nitrogen and oxygen is desirable as each can affect the taste and appearance of beer. A system which combines the measurement of vapour pressure and molecular ratio has yielded accurate and reliable estimates of dissolved gas concentrations in plant trials. The necessary measurements were obtained by combining the phase separation properties of silicone rubber membranes with an industrial Quadropole Mass Spectrometer. The instrument can be fitted directly in the beer stream, is robust and hygienic, and thus can form the basis of a system to control the injection of carbon dioxide or nitrogen into beer.
Das Verhalten toxischer Schwermetalle im Brauprozess
Authors: Leubolt R , Urban A , Huber C , Püspok J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Heavy metals, which come into brewing process from the raw materials and from the materials of construction of the brewing plant, are precipitated with spent grains, break and yeast. Consequently neither the mashing (infusion, decoction) nor differences in raw materials (petal hops, hop pellets, hop extract) have any noticeable effect on the concentration of metals in the finished beer. Heavy metals are precipitated to a large degree as semi metals (arsenic, antimony, bismuth). The greatest amounts of heavy metals are recovered from spent grains. The elements taken up by yeast during fermentation do not have any noteworthy effect on its activity when it is reused.
Improvements in twist-off crowns applied to refillable beer bottles
Authors: Gracey D E F , Miller S , Rutledge T , Brown S , Lumsden J , Campbell G D , Bouchard G J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1984 a significant packaging initiative for the brewing industry in Canada involved twist-off crowns applied to reusable bottles. While gaining immediate acceptance by the consumer, these were not entirely satisfactory with respect to packaging quality objectives. Subsequent trials resulted in the adoption of a crown design which improved the handling qualities for the customer although other sporadic quality concerns remained.
Molecular tnechanistns of antigen processing
Authors: Monaco John J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The mammalian immune system has developed methods for the surveillance of both extracellular and intracellular compartments for 'non-self'. This surveillance is effected by antigen-specific receptors on T lymphocytes, whose natural ligands are short peptides complexed with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) encoded class I or class II molecules. MHC molecules are integral membrane proteins, specifically designed-to bind a diverse set of peptides and to deliver them to the cell surface for recognition by T cells. The structural features of MHC molecules and their peptide binding specificities are discussed in Chapter 4 and in recent reviews (1-4). Here I will focus on the molecular mechanisms used to generate MHC-binding peptides and to deliver them to the appropriate MHC molecules.
Early experiments based on the ability to differentially induce or inhibit antigen presentation by MHC class I versus MHC class II molecules suggested that differ ent mechanisms were utilized for the loading of these two classes of molecules with peptides (reviewed in refs 5-7). More recently, it has become possible to isolate and characterize the peptides found naturally associated with MHC molecules; the data derived from such studies are generally consistent with the notion of separate pathways for the derivation of class I- and class II-associated peptides. In general, MHC class I-associated peptides are derived from proteins that are either synthesized on the host cell's own ribosomes (3, 4), or which are artificially introduced into the cytoplasm of living cells (8, 9). In contrast, peptides found naturally associated with MHC class II molecules are derived predominantly from the extracellular portions of cell surface proteins, or from proteins endocytosed from the extracellular medium (10-14).
The complement systent
Authors: Reid Kenneth B M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Complement can be activated by two main routes, the classical and alternative pathways (Fig. 1). The major complement component C3 (present at 1.3 mg/ml plasma) is common to both pathways. C3 plus the other 12 glycoproteins shown in Fig. 1 and Table 1 constitute the 13 components of the pathways. A recently described third route, the lectin pathway, bypasses the Cl stage of the classical pathway but utilizes all the other components of the classical pathway (Fig. 1). Control of the activated components is mediated partly via at least eight control proteins present in plasma (Table 1) and partly by a variety of membrane-bound control proteins and receptors (Table 2). These membrane proteins bind activated components or fragments of the activated components generated by further limited proteolysis. Many of the activation and control steps in the system involve the splitting of only one or two specific peptide bonds, and therefore it is useful to identify, at an early stage, which components and control proteins are enzymes.
In situ hybridization histochemistry with radioactive and nonradioactive cRNA and DNA probes
Authors: Lewis, Michaele. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In situ hybridization histochemistry has been established as a uniquely powerful tool for the study of gene expression at the level of the single neurone. Although this technique has also frequently been used to confirm immunoreactive neurones as the actual site of biosynthesis of a specific peptide or protein, the greatest utility is apparent in studies of altered gene expression in development, pathology, or due to physiological or pharmacological manipulations. The purpose of this chapter is to provide the reader with established protocols for carrying out in situ hybridization histochemistry with either chemically synthesized DNA probes or biosynthesized cRNA probes, using either autoradiographic or enzyme histochemical methods for detecting hybridized neurones.
|Retrons in bacteria
Authors: Lim Dongbin , Lima Tania M O , Maas Werner K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many genetic elements whose life-cycle depends on a reverse transcriptase (RT). These elements are generally called retro-elements and they are found among viruses, transposons, and plasmids. Such genetic elements are widely distributed in eukaryotes. Although there had been sporadic reports on the existence of RT in bacteria, it was not clear until recently that a similar element was present in prokaryotic organisms. A few years ago the production of an RT was clearly shown in two different kinds of bacteria, Escherichia coli and Myxococcus xanthus. Since then, it has been shown that there are RTs in several genera of bacteria.
Pulsed field gel electrophoresis
Authors: Johnston John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pulsed field (gradient) gel electrophoresis (here abbreviated to PFGE) (1, 2) allows separation of large DNA molecules, typically ranging in size from 50 to 10 000 kb (10 Mb). Pulsed electric fields in different directions are applied to agarose gels. Since the DNA molecules of the 16 (haploid) chromosomes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae range in size from approximately 200 kb to 3 Mb, they are eminently suitable for separation by this technique. This provides definition of ‘electrophoretic karyotypes’ (3) of strains by sizing chromosomes according to how far they migrate in the gel, after staining of DNA bands with ethidium bromide (EthBr).
Use of blotted proteins as immunogens
Authors: Szewczyk Boguslaw , Harper David R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the past a considerable amount of effort has been directed at recovering proteins resolved by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electro phoresis (SDS-PAGE) and using them as immunogens. Typically, proteins have been recovered from polyacrylamide gels by either diffusion or electroelution procedures. However, in spite of the numerous variations in these procedures, none of the available methods is entirely satisfactory. Some of the methods require complicated manipulations or specialized equipment, while others lead to poor recovery. To overcome the limitations of elution of proteins from polyacrylamide gels, Parekh et al.
Simulation of the degradation of starch and -glucans during mashing
Authors: Koljonen Tatu , Hämäläinen Jari J , Sjöholm Katharinia , Kettunen Anu , Pietilä Kirsti 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A simulation program for predicting the hydrolysis of starch and B-glucans during mashing was developed. Given the malt characteristics the program helps in the planning of an appropriate mashing temperature profile for specific wort properties. The simulation model consists of 15 ordinary differential equations. Malt enzyme activities, the carbohydrate concentrations, malt-water ratio, and the mashing temperature profile are given as inputs to the model. Activities of a- and B-amylase, B-glucanase and the concentrations of fermentable sugars, dextrins, starch, and B-glucans in wort are predicted. The model predictions were in accordance with the measurements from laboratory and industrial scale mashings.
Development of a novel control system for solids removal by centrifuge
Authors: Platt David W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Centrifuges have been used in the green beer and from beer pre-filter. now also recover rest beer from past to remove solids from wort, from The new generation of centrifuges can tank bottoms and waste yeast. All centrifuges suffer in efficiency if loading. Work, initially on hot wort centrifugation and subsequently on rest beer recovery, has developed a novel system for controlling the feed to the centrifuge to optimise its throughput without overloading.
Purified embryonic motoneurons
Authors: Henderson Christopher E , Bloch-Gallego Evelyne , Camu William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Spinal motoneurons have been the object of much study using in vivo models, but their detailed study in vitro has been hindered by the cellular complexity of the spinal cord and the consequent difficulties in reproducibly obtaining pure motoneurons in culture. Since the 1970s different methods have been developed for their enrichment, identification, and/or purification. These methods are based on three major properties of the motoneuron: its localization in the ventral spinal cord, its relatively large size, and the fact that its axon projects to the limb bud from early stages (for a more complete review, see ref. 1). Each method has its special advantages and drawbacks: in general, those methods that give a high degree of purification have relatively low yields. Depending on the experiments to be performed, one method may be preferred to another.
Brain endothelium
Authors: Male David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The endothelium of the CNS, including that of the retina is quite distinct from endothelium in other tissues. It has continuous tight junctions, low numbers of vesicles, and a variety of characteristic surface molecules (1). In addition, it lacks many of the molecules found on large vessel or microvessel endothelia from outside the brain. In vivo the electrical resistance across CNS endothelium is in excess of 2000 Ohms/cm2, although the best in vitro cultures only approach 500 Ohms/cm2 (2). The factors which control the expression of this distinctive phenotype are not known, but there may be an astrocytic influence via cytokines (3). In vitro, primary cultures of brain endothelium have been obtained from rat, mouse, bovine, chick, and human brain. Some of the primary cultures have been propagated for extended periods (4), however we have found that many of the distinctive features of rat CNS endothelium are lost after a number of passages.
The study of platelet function in other species
Authors: Poole Alastair W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Research into platelet function has largely concentrated upon human platelets for readily apparent reasons. There are however special reasons for the study of platelet function in other species. In particular ex vivo pharmacological and toxicological studies are undertaken in experimental animals, in addition to work involving animal models of human platelet-derived disease or work of primary veterinary interest. This chapter will deal mainly with techniques used to obtain platelet preparations from the various domesticated and laboratory species. In addition information is given about species variation in surface receptor populations. This will enable the researcher to better choose the appropriate animal model for their area of research. Useful further reading for information about laboratory animal handling, including bleeding techniques, includes the recent report of a joint working group on refinement in laboratory animal techniques (1), and a newly published handbook of laboratory animal management (2).
Free Radicals
Authors: Punchard Neville A , Kelly Frank J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Free radicals are recognized as being of increasing importance in many aspects of normal cell metabolism and pathological processes. Studies in this area depend critically on techniques that allow detection and measurement of free radicals which have lifetimes in the order of microseconds. This book describes the latest methods for quantifying radicals and their effects, providing detailed protocols, hints and tips for success, troubleshooting comments, illustrative data, and key literature citations. Topics covered include: physico-chemical methods of free radical detection, such as ESR and NMR spectroscopy and pulse radiolysis; biochemical methods, such as intrinsic chemiluminescence, multi-functional digital microfluorography, and salicylic acid and phenylalanine probes; measurement of free radical products, including peroxides, oxidized proteins and products of attack on nucleic acids; and measurement of antioxidants such as glutathione and superoxide dismutase. This book is a unique laboratory manual of techniques for the direct and indirect measurement of both free radicals and the antioxidants that protect against them. All researchers who study free radicals will find this volume invaluable.
Simple solid phase assays of avidity
Authors: Goldblatt David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In contrast to affinity, avidity or functional affinity (1) is defined as the interaction between a complex antigen and bivalent antibody. Bivalent binding increases the avidity of any given interaction because it represents a summation of individual monovalent affinities. A variety of biological functions may be mediated by antibodies on the basis of their functional affinity/avidity (2). When investigating the interaction between large, complex antigens, such as bacteria or whole viruses, and complementary antibody, binding is likely to be complex hence measures of avidity may be relevant. This chapter will focus on techniques that measure the relative avidity of such antibody-antigen interactions.
Capillary electrophoresis of peptides and proteins
Authors: Hu Bi-Huang , Martin Lenore M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The goal of this chapter is to describe a variety of approaches that may be adopted by the biomedical researcher or bioanalytical chemist to achieve successful separations of peptides and proteins. The list of modes commonly used for the analysis and separation of peptides and proteins by capillary electrophoresis (CE) includes: capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC), capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF), and capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE). This list is constantly growing and appears unlimited. The application of CE to answer specific questions which commonly occur in peptide and protein research will also be discussed in this chapter.
Introduction to confocal microscopy
Authors: Shaw P J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Optical microscopy is inherently limited in resolution by the wavelength of the light used in the technique; in practice this resolution limit is generally about 0.25 µm. However, there are several factors which make optical methods very powerful. One major advantage comes from the combination of microscopy with fluorescent probes. Almost any biological component can be specifically labelled with a fluorescent tag, sometimes called a fluorochrome, and then imaged by virtue of its fluorescent light emission. The available fluorescent probes include dyes for specific components, such as nucleic acids, reporters for particular ions such as calcium, modified DNA and RNA sequences, which are used for fluorescent in situ hybridization, and antibodies raised against almost any biological component imaginable. Fluorescent detection has the advantage of great specificity and sensitivity.
Targeted integrations
Authors: Torres Raul M , Kühn Ralf 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Apart from generating deletions, are recombinase also mediates the reverse, integrative reaction by recombining loxP-containing, incoming vectors with a transgene or endogenous sequences harboring loxP sites in the genome. Thus, the capacity of the Cre/loxP system for site specific integration could be used as an alternative for homologous recombination to generate secondary modifications in loxP containing loci in cultured cells. Possible applications of loxP-mediated integration could include, for example, the analysis of different promoter regions into the same genomic site for gene expression studies or the replacement of different mutated exons in structure/function studies. For targeted integration, the loxP containing integration vector must be introduced together with a vector for transient Cre expression, ensuring only limited recombinase activity, to avoid the subsequent excision of the integrated, loxP-flanked DNA segment. In plant cells it has been shown that the equilibrium of Cre¬ mediated inversion can be shifted to one side by using a pair of two different mutant lox sites (42). Certainly this technique will be also used in future to stabilize the products of Cre-mediated integration in ES cells by preventing reexcision. A circular vector containing a single loxP site will be integrated completely (Figure 8), whereas from a linear vector with two loxP sites in the same orientation only the loxP-flanked region will be inserted, probably after extrachromosomal resolution of the floxed segment into a circle with a single loxP site (Figure 8).
Freezing ES cell clones
Authors: Torres Raul M , Kühn Ralf 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the biggest advantages to screening your colonies by PCR is that you can immediately focus on a smaller, more manageable number of colonies. This is because potential homologous recombinants are identified essentially the same day as the colonies are picked. In practical terms this abrogates the need to freeze all of your picked colonies (often 300 colonies) which is a large task. Nevertheless, even with PCR screening the time comes when you (may) need to freeze down ES clones to verify the targeting event by Southern analysis. Depending on the number of potential colonies you need to freeze down (and when screening by Southern analysis, all the colonies are potential recombinants) it is often convenient to freeze down these colonies in 48 well plates. There are different methods to accomplish this which depend on whether you freeze down trypsinized cells or whether you trypsinize after thawing. The former method is given here.
Preparation of rodent monoclonal antibodies by in vitro somatic hybridization
Authors: Dean* Christopher , Shepherdt† Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like all great discoveries the development of hybridoma technology by Cesar Milstein and Georges Kohler was essentially a simple procedure namely, fuse an antibody-producing B cell with a myeloma cell line lacking the DNA salvage pathway to generate a continuously growing hybridoma producing a single anti body specificity. In this way the genes coding for the specific heavy and light chains are captured from the B cell and expressed by the hybridoma. The ability to generate monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with precise antigenic specificities from the spleens or lymph nodes of immune rodents has revolutionized our approaches to biomedical science. Not only have these antibodies opened the doors behind which many gene products would have lain hidden but also they have provided us with exciting new approaches for the diagnosis and treatment of disease.