bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusions
Authors: Brennan T Corey 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Its story begins with a woman’s jealousy of her sister, married to a patrician who had reached the top of the Roman political pyramid. It involves a struggle so bitter that for five years the Romans descended into anarchy. It owes its genesis to an old war hero who quelled civil strife by suddenly hammering out a brilliant compromise: “The nobility yielded to the Plebs in the matter of the plebeian consul, the Plebs conceded to the nobility a single praetor, elected from the patricians, to administer law in the city.” Sad for the historian to say, that is the gist of our fullest account of the creation of the praetorship, that of Livy Book 6. And for the office’s subsequent development, we are left on our own.
Introduction
Authors: Kinney Katherine 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At the end of Oliver Stone’s 1986 film, Platoon, the protagonist, Chris Taylor (Charlie Sheen), offers the quintessential statement of what I call the trope of friendly fire. In a voiceover Taylor tells us, “I think now looking back that we did not fight the enemy, we fought ourselves and the enemy was within us.” In Platoon, this story of Americans killing Americans in Vietnam is both literal and allegorical. At the heart of the film is the epic struggle between the evil sergeant Barnes, the figure of the war’s self-consuming violence, and the regenerative promise of Elias, the Christ-like figure of goodness sacrificed on the battlefields of Vietnam. The plot demands that Barnes kill Elias and that Chris Taylor, in turn, kill Barnes. Platoon is quite simply the story of the Manichaean struggle for a young man’s soul. Despite this overtly symbolic structure, the film has been often praised for its realistic depiction of the war. Tellingly, not only is Platoon’s allegorical structure defined by this trope of friendly fire, but its most realistic gesture is shaped by it as well.
Indian Country Revisited, The Persistence of John Wayne
Authors: Kinney Katherine 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Rhetorically in this passage the Vietnam War is the question and John Wayne (along with Ronald Reagan) is the answer. The passage is particularly illustrative because this rhetorical structure holds even when Vietnam is characterized as something less than Ronald Reagan’s noble cause and the ironic distance between John Wayne as man and as image is foregrounded. The often bitterly ironic invocation of John Wayne has been one of the most prominent, persistent, and analyzed images in representations of the Vietnam War. Yet his image has survived this continual discrediting —so much so that at the end of the Gulf War, the site of a conspicuous recirculation of his patriotic image, the Los Angeles Times could report that President Bush was being “spoken of as something like John Wayne with an Ivy League education.” The irony this time is meant to be more admiring than critical.
The Work
Authors: Coles Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The noun document goes back centuries in time. It is derived from the Latin docere, to teach, and was originally, of course, used to describe something that offered clues, or, better, proof, a piece of paper with words that attested evidence. In our time, a photograph or a recording or a film have also qualified as documents. In the early eighteenth century (1711), the word document became more active—a verb, whose meaning conveyed the act of furnishing such evidence; and eventually, as with the noun, the range of such activity expanded: first one documented with words on paper; later, one documented with photographs and a film crew. Interestingly, the verb would get used this way, too: “to construct or produce (as a movie or a novel) with authentic situations or events,” and “to portray realistically.”
The Person As Documentarian
Authors: Coles Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Some of the upbraiding Dr. Williams directed at himself, including his confessional moments in Paterson and in his some-what autobiographical short fiction, was not only meant to serve an intellectual purpose—that of an anti-intellectualism, a broader adversarial position to stake out than one of skepticism with respect to theory. When this writing doctor tells us that he could be self-absorbed, all too indifferent to others even while treating them as a doctor and, later, writing about them in poems and stories, he is asking us to consider the vocational hazards of a certain kind of work—the moral and psychological questions that confront us explicitly or by implication as we who take stock of others also try to live our own lives with some self-respect.
The Tradition
Authors: Coles Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The heart of the matter for someone doing documentary work is the pursuit of what James Agee called “human actuality”—rendering and representing for others what has been witnessed, heard, overheard, or sensed. Fact is “the quality of being actual,” hence Agee’s concern with actuality. All documentation, however, is put together by a particular mind whose capacities, interests, values, conjectures, suppositions and presuppositions, whose memories, and, not least, whose talents will come to bear directly or indirectly on what is, finally a presented to the world in the form of words, pictures, or even music or artifacts of one kind or another. In shaping an article or a book, the writer can add factors and variables in two directions: social and cultural and historical on the one hand, individual or idiosyncratic on the other.
A Range of Documentary Inquiry
Authors: Coles Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I would like to return to the efforts of Dorothea Lange and her husband, Paul Taylor, for the larger questions their explorative studies pose with respect to documentary work. Lange, especially, was a feisty soul, determined to establish the camera as a means of systematic social, cultural, and psychological investigation; so in a sense, her photographs lend themselves to a kind of argument, even as they can be regarded with a skepticism that shadows all photography meant to render the world’s reality.
A Scene From Chinatown
Authors: Yu Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1947, Beulah Ong Kwoh wrote her master’s thesis at the University of Chicago on the career prospects of Chinese American college students. In justifying her study, Kwoh wrote: “The assumption that a higher education brings a better job is probably most crucially tested when applied to minority groups.” This was especially true of Chinese Americans and other Orientals who were “often not differentiated from their immigrant parents, are sometimes regarded as aliens, and to whom the expected privileges of citizenship are at times limited and denied.” Kwoh studied Chinese Americans who had graduated from Berkeley between 1920 and 1942, sending out questionnaires and conducting personal inter, views. Kwoh found that college degrees had helped the status mobility of the graduates, though many of those who had done well came from families with professional backgrounds. Few were from families working in laun, dries or chop suey restaurants.1
Social Diversity and State Public Policies Education, Health, and Welfare
Authors: Hero Rodney E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Thus far, social diversity has been shown to influence an array of state political phenomena. Especially apparent is the relationship with various political processes (chapter 3), and descriptive representation in govern mental institutions (chapter 4). The focus now turns to public policies, an area where diversity is expected and, indeed, has been previously shown to have important and intriguing implications.1 A number of policies and/or dimensions of policies are examined in this and the next chapter. The policies considered include those commonly viewed as central in state politics, such as education, health, welfare, and criminal justice. Related issues having to do with particular or differential dimensions of the policies are also considered because social diversity’s impact may also be manifested there.
Social Diversity at the Substate Level
Authors: Hero Rodney E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chapters 3-6 examined the relationship of social diversity to a variety of state political phenomena, including political processes, institutions, and public policies. This chapter extends the argument to another level, examining social diversity at the substate level and addressing several sets of issues. If there is further evidence to support the diversity interpretation below the state level, the interpretation gains greater credibility and potential significance. First, I draw evidence from and summarize several studies that indicate the impact of the social diversity context on individual-level attitudes. The studies suggest considerable support for the importance of social diversity. Second, social diversity within several states, at the county level, is used to examine extensively adoption of public policies through the initiative process. Third, the formal structures of urban governmental institutions are discussed. Historical and contemporary commentary again suggests links to ethnicity and race. Collectively, the evidence from these several levels and types of analyses significantly supports the social diversity perspective.
Confining Dissent: The Political Prison
Authors: Neier Aryeh 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In January 1638, English dissenter and leader of the “Levelers” John Lilburne was ar raigned in the Star Chamber before the archbishop of Canterbury and other judges and charged with distributing “factious and scandalous” books promoting Puritan ideas. It was said he had violated the licensing system that had been decreed by the Star Chamber more than a half century earlier, on June 23, 1585. Under this system, books could not be published or distributed in England unless they had first been cleared by, among others, the bishop of the appropriate diocese, so as to make certain that they did not contain anything that might impugn either the monarch or the state. Lilburne was convicted and sentenced to pay a fine and to be whipped, pilloried, and imprisoned. Even as he was being punished, however, Lilburne continued to speak out, using the pillory as a platform until Archbishop William Laud had him gagged.
Introduction
Authors: Cornog Evan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The success of DeWitt’s father and uncle had paved the way for this charmed as cent. His upbringing instilled in him a set of qualities that help account for both his triumphs as an architect of innovative government policies and his failures as a politician. Raised in comfort, educated at the best schools, welcome in the most exclusive homes in New York, the young politician had many advantages. Growing up amid the ferment of revolution and nation-building, he had a sense of fitness to command that was wedded to a seriousness of purpose, a cognizance of the high stakes involved in the nation’s early politics. But along with these good qualities he possessed a self importance, haughty bearing, and hostility to criticism that eventually alienated many of his closest allies. As his friend James Renwick put it, ‘There was hardly any distinguished individual of our state who has not at one time been opposed to Clinton, and at another united with him in pursuit of the same political object.
New York And The Nation
Authors: Cornog Evan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For his part, DeWitt Clinton appears to have been undercutting Jefferson in private for at least a year. In March 1806, Morgan Lewis wrote to John Smith, then a United States senator from New York, to report that he had been present at a dinner where DeWitt Clinton had attacked Jefferson’s policy concerning the acquisition of East Florida and had advocated a more aggressive stand on that issue. (At about the same time, James Fairlie was writing to Clinton-perhaps in reply to a request for suggestions-that the behavior of HMS Leander off New York might offer good material with which to ‘traduce’ Jefferson.) Lewis told Smith he feared that ‘too many Eyes are cast towards the Presidency, and too many wish to supplant the Man whose guidance has conducted us to a state of unexampled Prosperity.
Transaction Cost Economics Its Influence on Organizational Theory, Strategic Management, and Political Economy
Authors: Carroll Glenn R , Spiller Pablo T , Teece David J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The social sciences develop over time in a variety of ways. Core theoretical areas in each of the disciplines progress as scientists pick up and work on established and well-defined research problems. New areas of inquiry emerge and become increasingly important as discoveries are made. Often, these new areas are not so new at all but are instead fields rejuvenated by different ways of defining research problems, theorizing about existing problems, or collecting and examining empirical evidence. When such rejuvenation occurs, there is a collective sense of excitement in the discipline and development often proceeds rapidly.
Empirical Research in Transaction Cost Economics A Review and Assessment
Authors: Helanski Howard A S , Klein Peter G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Transaction cost economics studies how trading partners protect themselves from the hazards associated with exchange relationships. As developed by Williamson (1975; 1985; 1995), Klein, Crawford, and Alchian (1978), and more formally by Grossman and Hart (1986 ) and Hart and Moore (1990), TCE maintains that in a complex world, contracts are typically incomplete.2 Because of this incompleteness, parties who invest in relationship-specific assets expose themselves to a hazard: If circumstances change, their trading partners may try to expropriate the rents accruing to the specific assets.
Markets and Hierarchies and (Mathematical) Economic Theory
Authors: Kreps David M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Consider the following bit of recent history of economic thought: When it appeared in 1975, Oliver Williamson’s Markets and Hierarchies stood some what outside the flow of mainstream economic theory. Initial developments in information economics were around five years old, the revelation principle was nearly contemporaneous, and the widespread embrace of the language of game theory for dealing with dynamics, small numbers, and incomplete information was about five years in the future. Without these tools to work with, it was perhaps inevitable that Williamson’s theory would be rendered without the mathematical apparatus of mainstream theory.
The Avant-Garde in Interwar England, Medieval Modernism And The London Underground
Authors: Saler Michael T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book addresses modernism's ties to tradition, commerce, nationalism, and spirituality through an analysis of the assimilation of visual modernism in England between 1910 and 1939. Specifically, The Avant-Garde in Interwar England explores the life of Frank Pick, managing director of the London Underground, whose patronage of modern artists, architects, and designers was guided by a desire to unite nineteenth-century arts and crafts with twentieth-century industry and mass culture. Saler demonstrates that modernism was widely associated in England with medievalism, and was also thought to have direct social, economic, and spiritual benefits for the nation.
Design and Analysis of Group-Randomized Trials
Authors: Murray David M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This is the first comprehensive text on the design and analysis of group-randomized trials. It It collects information previously scattered among journals and texts in a variety of disciplines, and, in addition, presents much new material not available elsewhere. The book has been written to help those involved in these trials improve their ability to plan, fund, conduct, analyse, and interpret them, and to give students a detailed understanding of the field. Group-randomized trials are comparative studies in which the units of assignment are identifiable groups and the units of observation are members of those groups. The positive intraclass correlation expected among the members of each group poses unique and challenging issues for the design and analysis of these trials and separates them from the traditional clinical trial. After reviewing the underlying issues, Murray presents the research designs that are most widely used in group-randomized trials, together with their strengths, weaknesses, and appropriate applications. He describes the many approaches to analysis that are now available, presents mixed-model regression analyses appropriate to each design, and illustrates them using data from the Minnesota Heart Health Program. He also covers methods for estimating sample size, detectable difference, and power. This volume is not limited only to a conceptual treatment of the issues and solutions. It offers a review of the practical applications in a series of case studies, examples, and problems.
Analyses for Nested Cohort Designs
Authors: Murray David M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents analyses appropriate for data from nested cohort designs. As with nested cross-sectional designs, it is impossible to cover all the designs and analyses within this class of designs in a single chapter, but the major variations can be shown. These analyses are based on the General Linear Mixed Model or the Generalized Linear Mixed Model (see Chapter 4).
Political Ideas In Twentieth-Century America
Authors: Kloppenberg James T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In His Inaugural Address on January 20, 1993, William Jefferson Clinton declared categorically, “our greatest strength is the power of our ideas.” But what are our ideas? Clinton himself identified democracy, freedom, responsibility, sacrifice, and religious conviction-the same themes he invoked throughout his campaign for the presidency. But the pundits were not impressed. Calls for sacrifice and responsibility, they assured savvy listeners and readers, mean only higher taxes and increased government spending.
Natural and Human-Made Disasters
Authors: Giel Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Reflecting on her experience some seven months after the earthquake of December 1988, an Armenian psychiatrist in the town of Leninakan summed it up in a few terse sentences: “At the time I did not even know what I was doing, looking down and seeing that I was running barefooted on broken glass. I felt nothing, we were totally unprepared.” Next, she started to cry, explaining: When I talk again about what happened that day, I see once more that young man holding desperately onto something while the house around him collapsed. I still see the fires, the vacant eyes, the staring faces. You could not reach them. Of course, people did what you required them to do, but you could not get through to them. Since that day we have worked continuously to forget, but now we are simply exhausted.
Homelessness, Stress, and Psychopathology
Authors: Herman Daniel B , Susser Ezra S , Struening Elmer L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Homelessness continues to be among the most visible and troubling social problems confronting the United States. The size of the homeless population is uncertain; estimates have ranged from about 200,000 to roughly 600,000 (Burt & Cohen, 1989; Dennis, 1991; Jahiel, 1992). The most recent research suggests however, that homelessness is not a rare experience (Culhane et al., 1994; Link et al., 1994). For example, using a telephone survey of a nationally representative probability sample of U.S. households, Link and associates estimated the 5 year prevalence (1985-1990) of literal homelessness at 3.1%, indicating that over 5 million Americans had experienced a homeless episode during this period.
Psychiatric Disorder in the Context of Physical Illness
Authors: Dew Mary Amanda 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The experience of serious physical illness is one from which few of us escape. However, the rapid development and growing success of high-technology biomedical procedures and treatments enable increasing numbers of persons to recover from serious illness. The availability of these procedures also guarantees that more persons will live for longer periods-perhaps the remainder of their lives-with physical illness and its chronic effects. These effects often extend well beyond the boundaries of physical capabilities and functioning, as is shown in the proliferation of studies documenting broad quality-of-life effects of physical illness in emotional, social role functioning, and occupational domains (Canadian Erythropoietin Study Group, 1990; Croog et al., 1986; Dew & Simmons, 1990; Dew et al., 1997; Israel et al., 1996; Kaplan et al., 1989; Stewart et al., 1989; Wilson & Cleary, 1995).
Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, and Psychiatric Disorders: A Test of the Social Causation-Social Selection Issue
Authors: Dohrenwend Bruce P , Levav ltzhak , Shrout Patrick E , Schwartz Sharon , Naveh Guedalia , Link Bruce G , Skodol Andrew E , Stueve Ann 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Since the turn of the century, no results from epidemiological research on psychiatric disorders have been more challenging than those centering on socioeconomic status (SES). Despite changes in concepts and measures of both psychiatric disorders and SES over the years, the highest overall prevalence rates of psychiatric disorders consistently have been found among persons of the lowest SES (see Dohrenwend et al., 1980a; Chapter 13, this volume). Our best evidence is that this relationship holds for a number of important subtypes of psychopathology: schizophrenia; major depression (at least in women); antisocial personality, alcoholism, and substance use disorders (at least in men) (Dohrenwend, 1990b; see also Chapter 13, this volume); and nonspecific distress or “demoralization” (Frank, 1973) as measured by self-report symptom scales with items on depressed mood, anxiety, and psychophysiological disturbance (Link & Dohrenwend, 1980; see also Chapter 13, this volume).
Epidemiological Findings on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Co-morbid Disorders in the General Population
Authors: Breslau Naomi , Davis Glenn , Andreski Patricia , Federman Belle , Anthony James C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Although there are numerous studies of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in special populations-primarily combat veterans but also rape victims and victims of other types of criminal violence and natural disasters (e.g., Alexander & Wells, 1991; Egendorf et al., 1981; Frank & Anderson 1987; Kilpatrick & Resnick, 1992; Shore et al., 1989) there are few studies on the PTSD sequelae of traumatic events in the general population. The prevalence of PTSD in the general population was estimated in two Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) sites, one in St. Louis (Helzer et al., 1987) and the other in North Carolina (Davidson et al., 1991). The lifetime prevalence of PTSD as diagnosed by the criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Third Edition) (DSM-Ill; American Psychiatric Association, 1980), as measured by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS), was approximately the same in these studies (1% and 1.3%, respectively) and was higher in women than in men.
Loss and Depressive Disorders
Authors: Brown George W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on one issue-the degree to which life events provoking depressive disorders do so because of loss. This narrow focus perhaps needs no apology, because effective conceptualization of this proximal link undoubtedly enables broader questions to be tackled more effectivelycross-cultural comparisons, macro level social inruences, life-span processes, vulnerability, biological contributions, and so on.