bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prospects of edible insects as sustainable protein for food and feed – a review
Authors: Siddiqui S.A. , Osei-Owusu J. , Yunusa B.M. , Rahayu T. , Fernando I. , Shah M.A. , Centoducati G. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The residual population growth imposes an increase in food demand, driving humans to practice agricultural intensification on a large scale. Paradoxically, food and feed production may end up causing various environmental problems. At the same time, about 2.37 billion people in the World currently lack basic food security insurance. As a consequence, alternative sources that can substantially address the demand for food and feed sustainably are needed. Insect farming may offer an environmentally friendly solution for mitigating global food and feed challenges. The article aims to explore the potential of insects as sustainable food and feed sources while assessing their environmental impact, offering innovative solutions for global food security challenges. By highlighting the benefits of edible insects, the article supports informed decision-making and promotes sustainable practices. Mass production of edible insects has seen record growth over the decade, and their demand as future proteins is projected to reach up to 3 million tons in 2030. Additionally, insect farming is evidenced to be economically viable. To meet the demand for edible insects, a breakthrough such as the internet of things can be used to scale up production and processing. However, detailed environmental impact assessments are needed to predict scenarios of large-scale insect farming. Life cycle assessments of some edible insect production systems have validated that insect farming has various beneficial environmental impacts. The utilization of edible insects as food and feed is promising for significantly improving food security and the environmental sustainability of food.
Sesame cake diet enhances the nutritional value of Tenebrio molitor (mealworm)
Authors: Park J.-S. , Yun H. , Park C.H. , Kim D.W. , Kim H.J. , Kim Y.W. , Shin W.S. , Kim S.W. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mealworms (MWs) are a potentially environment-friendly, nutrient-rich, alternative food source. MWs can be fed various food by-products, including sesame cakes, a by-product of sesame oil. We studied the impact of a sesame cake diet on the nutritional value of MWs, specifically to determine the possibility of the transfer of nutritional value through feed sources. MWs were fed diets containing wheat bran-based substrates with different percentages of sesame cake (0, 10, 30, and 50%). A correlation between the nutrient composition of MWs and concentration of sesame cakes in their diets was observed. In addition, the ferric reducing antioxidant power and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl radical scavenging activity increased by 53% and 29%, respectively, in MWs fed a 50% sesame cake diet compared with those in MWs not fed with sesame cakes. Furthermore, an increase in sesame cake concentration enhanced the biological activity of MWs fed with sesame cake, such as the inhibition of lipolysis and α-glucosidase; particularly in MWs fed with a 50% sesame cake diet, the efficacy of these processes increased by 1.2- and 1.3-fold, respectively, compared with those in MWs not fed a sesame cake diet. To assess these changes, the profiles of MW compounds were analysed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, where MWs fed with 50% sesame cake diets and those not fed sesame cake diets were compared. Choline content in MWs fed sesame cakes was high. Our results indicate that a sesame cake diet enhances the nutritional and economic values of MWs, validating their use as an alternative food source.
Edible Lepidoptera as human foods – a comprehensive review
Authors: Siddiqui S.A. , Ngah N. , Eddy-Doh A.M. , Ucak I. , Afreen M. , Fernando I. , Singh S. , Shah M.A. , Povetkin S.N. , Castro-Muñoz R. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the global population continues to grow, traditional protein sources like meat and fish are becoming increasingly unsustainable due to their environmental impact. Edible insects, on the other hand, are highly nutritious, require minimal resources to produce, and emit significantly fewer greenhouse gases than traditional livestock. Lepidoptera, one of the most diverse insect orders, contains some popular edible species that have been consumed traditionally for centuries across the globe. Based on this review, about 24 families with a total of about 350 edible lepidopteran species were recorded. They are often praised for their excellent nutritional value, such as having high protein and healthy fat content. Edible lepidopterans also contain minerals, essential amino acids, and vitamins, making them a nutritious addition to a balanced diet. They also contain bioactive compounds which have various nutraceutical and pharmaceutical properties. Furthermore, some edible lepidopterans can be farmed and require minimal space and resources. However, there are significant challenges associated with their use as food. One of the primary challenges is the lack of regulations governing their production and distribution, which creates uncertainty for consumers and businesses alike. Consumer acceptance is also a significant barrier to the widespread adoption of insects as food. To overcome these challenges, there is a need for clear regulations that ensure the safety and quality of insect-based products. Furthermore, it is important to raise awareness about the nutritional and environmental benefits of edible insects as sustainable food for the future to promote their acceptance among consumers.
Safety of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae reared on waste streams of animal and vegetal origin and manure
Authors: Hoek-van den Hil E.F. , Meijer N.P. , Van Rozen K. , Elissen H. , van Wikselaar P.G. , Brust H. , Te Loeke N.A.J.M. , de Rijk T. , Tienstra M. , van de Schans M.G.M. , Wanrooij J. , Van der Weide R. , Veldkamp T. , van der Fels-Klerx H.J. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Europe, commercial and scientific interest in black soldier fly larvae (BSFL, Hermetia illucens) as a new feed source has grown substantially, primarily because this species can be reared on waste-streams which are otherwise unsuitable. However, before BSFL may legally be reared on such materials, and subsequently fed to livestock animals, safety must be guaranteed. Many hazards could be relevant, depending on the origin of the waste stream. Small- and large-scale experiments were performed in which BSFL were reared on the organic wet fraction of municipal household waste (OWF), kitchen/fast food waste (FFW), mushroom feet stems (MF), pig manure liquid slurry mixed with roadside silage grass (PMLSG), pig manure solids (PMS), and secondary sludge from slaughter waste (SW). Larval yields were highest on the control (chicken feed + water) and the FFW. Substrates and larvae were analysed to determine the presence of heavy metals, acrylamide, pesticides, veterinary drugs, and pathogenic bacteria. Cadmium (Cd) bioaccumulated in larvae reared on all substrates, in line with previous research. Some pesticides and veterinary drugs were found in the substrates: concentrations in the larvae were low, but potential formation of metabolites could be studied further. Acrylamide was present in the FFW, but not in the larvae reared on it: more research is needed to determine the (metabolic) fate. Bacillus cereus and traces of Salmonella spp. were found on some larval samples, but appropriate processing is anticipated to minimize potential risks. Based on these results, we conclude that most tested substrates are suitable for rearing BSFL, and do not appear to present major safety concerns, aside from the need for monitoring Cd concentrations in the substrates, and control measures for pathogenic bacteria. Further verification to account for variance in contamination of substrates is needed for definitive conclusions on the safety.
Utilisation of mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) oil in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) diet
Authors: Eom G. , Shin J. , Lee K.J. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) and their derivatives are sustainable ingredients in aquaculture feeds. This study evaluated the effect of fish oil (FO) replacement with mealworm oil (MO) on growth performance, non-specific immune responses and disease resistance against Vibrio parahaemolyticus for Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). FO in a control diet (Con) was replaced with MO at levels of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% (designated as MO25, MO50, MO75 and MO100, respectively). A total of 480 shrimp (initial mean body weight, 0.884 ± 0.004 g) were randomly distributed into 20 acrylic tanks (240 L) in quadruplicates groups and fed the experimental diets for 58 days. Growth performance was significantly higher in all MO groups than in Con group. Shrimp fed MO50 and MO75 diets showed significantly improved feed utilisation efficiency than shrimp fed Con diet. Lipid metabolism related-gene expressions of fatty acid binding protein and triacylglycerol lipase in hepatopancreas were significantly downregulated by increment of MO in the diets. Digestibility of protein, lipid, energy and dry matter were not significantly affected by the dietary treatments, while digestibility of poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were significantly decreased by dietary MO supplementation. The levels of n-3 PUFA in muscle and hepatopancreas were significantly decreased with increasing MO levels in the diets. Cumulative survival of shrimp in a challenge test against V. parahaemolyticus was higher in all MO groups and significantly higher in MO25 group than in Con group. Non-specific immune responses were significantly enhanced in all MO groups than in Con group. Replacement of FO with MO in the diets significantly increased haemolymph cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Our findings suggest that MO could be utilised as a promising substitute for FO in the diets of L. vannamei and optimal FO replacement level would be 50% for growth and 25% for disease resistance against V. parahaemolyticus.
Attitudes to consumption of edible insects by indigenous Māori in Aotearoa New Zealand: future commercial opportunities
Authors: O’Connor C.T. , Gathercole J. , Finlay-Smits S. , McNeill M.R. , Bowie M. , van Koten C. , Morton J.D. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Entomophagy (eating insects) can be a sustainable and efficient source of protein, prevalent in many cultures worldwide. However, there is limited research on the perceptions of entomophagy in Aotearoa New Zealand, particularly indigenous Māori perceptions. This work explores Māori perspectives on entomophagy, gaining understanding of the history of entomophagy in Māori culture, how entomophagy is currently perceived, and the potential of edible insect-derived products amongst Māori. An online survey was conducted via Qualtrics™ in 2021 recruiting via close contacts and social media platforms. Within the sample (n = 172), 42% of participants indicated insects play a significant role in Māori culture as food, and 10% as rongoā (traditional Māori medicine). Additionally, insects were described as part of cultural narratives. For insects as food, 47% of participants have eaten or know of their whānau (family) eating insects, with the huhu grub (larvae of a large wood-eating beetle) being the most consumed. We also found that 87% of participants were willing to consume insects in some form. Age had little effect on the likelihood of participants eating insects, except for those aged over 55 who were less likely to consume them. Participants with a flexitarian diet were significantly more willing to consume insects than those with a meat-eating or pescatarian diet. Conversely, participants with a vegetarian diet were more likely to say they would not eat insects. Participants were significantly more likely to consume insects if they were native to Aotearoa New Zealand or fed rongoā rākau (medicinal plants) and farmed sustainably, or if they knew that the type of insect was once eaten by Māori. Our findings show that indigenous Māori already recognise insects as being culturally significant and are relatively open to consuming insects. This presents an opportunity for Māori-led businesses or collaborations with Māori to revitalise insects as a food source.
Evaluation of the ultrafiltration method to obtain a high-value protein concentrate from the edible insect Tenebrio molitor
Authors: Ribeiro J.C. , Coscueta E.R. , Cunha L.M. , Pintado M.E. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fractionation of edible insects is one of the major topics related to using insects as food. Developing adequate protein recovery methods is essential to guarantee acceptable incorporation of insect protein fractions into functional food products, which in turn is essential to the development of insect-based products with higher consumer acceptance. This research aimed to produce high-purity protein concentrates from Tenebrio molitor larvae with favourable techno-functional properties, through membrane ultrafiltration with a 50 kDa cut-off, while also comparing with protein concentrates obtained through isoelectric point precipitation (IP). The protein fractions were evaluated for extraction efficiency (protein content, yield, and recovery rate), protein profile (size exclusion chromatography), and techno-functional properties (colour, foaming, and emulsifying properties, and water/oil absorption capacities). The >50 kDa fraction had a protein content above 80% (although lower than the IP fraction), while the <50 kDa fraction only had a protein content of 44.2%. Despite its high protein content, the >50 kDa fraction only attained a protein recovery rate of 27.9%, comparable to the IP fraction recovery rate. The >50 kDa fraction had higher (lightness) and (yellowness) colour than the IP, defatted fraction and powder samples (dried and ground T. molitor). However, all the obtained protein fractions presented a higher Browning Index than the defatted fraction. Additionally, the protein fractions presented better techno-functional properties than the powder or defatted samples, with the >50 kDa fraction presenting better properties than commercial protein concentrates (whey or pea protein). The protein isolation method based on ultrafiltration led to a protein concentrate with high purity and acceptable techno-functional properties, presenting itself as an alternative to the more common method based on isoelectric point precipitation.
Effects of post-harvesting practices on heavy metal levels of mopane caterpillar (Gonimbrasia belina) products and associated risk assessment
Authors: Murefu T.R. , Muriithi A.N. , Musundire R. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mopane caterpillars (Gonimbrasia belina) are one of the most consumed edible insects in Southern Africa, and they contribute nutritional benefits to human health. However, their contribution to the food and nutritional security can be hindered by food safety concerns due to heavy metal contamination associated with harvesting, processing and poor post-harvest practices. This study investigated the effectiveness of post-harvest practices (degutting, charcoal roasting and sun drying, boiling, frying and open pan roasting) in reducing the heavy metal contaminants (cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), aluminium (Al), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and iron (Fe)) in mopane caterpillar sourced from Gwanda district in Zimbabwe. The post-harvest practice categories used in this study included: unprocessed (ungutted and naturally degutted samples), processed (manually degutted, and charcoal roasted and sun-dried), and cooked (boiled and salted; boiled, salted and roasted, and boiled, salted and fried) samples. An atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) was used for quantification of metals and the values detected were used to assess health risks to consumers using a quantitative risk assessment calculation method. The unprocessed and manually degutted samples showed higher levels Cd and traces of Pb, while charcoal roasting and sun drying resulted in elevated levels of Al, Zn, Cu and Fe. Hg and Ni were not detected in any of the unprocessed, processed or cooked samples. Cooking processes resulted in reduction of the concentrations of detected metals to levels within the permissible values. The health risk assessment disclosed noncarcinogenic risks based on the high hazard index (HI) values (HI > 1) in unprocessed, processed, boiled and salted, and boiled, salted and roasted samples, indicating that caution should be taken. The overall findings from the study shows that by cooking mopane caterpillars through boiling and frying, health risks associated with heavy metal contamination can be reduced.
Effect of temperature on the oviposition and egg hatching performance of Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)
Authors: Ormanoğlu N. , Baliota G.V. , Rumbos C.I. , Athanassiou C.G. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The commercial accessibility of insect biomass for food and feed necessitates a systematic examination of the various factors that can potentially hinder the efficiency of insect farming. This study focuses on identifying the optimal thermal requirements for the lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer), an edible insect species of particular interest due to its significant potential as a food and feed source. Adults of the species were left to oviposit continuously for 45 days, under controlled laboratory conditions at 20, 25, 30 and 32 °C. The number of eggs laid by the adults, as well as the larval emergence was recorded during this period. Based on the findings, the reproduction output, expressed as the cumulative number of eggs per adult and the cumulative larval hatching rate, was affected by the temperature levels tested here. It has been determined that the optimal reproductive output of A. diaperinus can be attained by maintaining newly emerged adults within a temperature range of 25 to 30 °C for a period of 42 days. During this period, it is anticipated that each adult will yield an average of 73 eggs, while an estimated hatchability rate of 69 and 58% at 25 and 30 °C, respectively. Our study is one of the few that evaluate the efficacy of retaining parental adults of A. diaperinus for oviposition under commercial mass-rearing conditions, taking into account egg and larval production.
Cyber Slavery, Port Cities and Systemic Cruelty
Authors: Liu Joyce C.H. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This article presents a theoretical analysis of the logistics of neoliberal slavery in the 21st century, focusing on the role of the port cities as the hinge in the supply chain through the case of the cyber scam industry of the Sihanoukville Special Economic Zone. The hinge, in a metonymic and metaphorical way, connects a complex mobile networking system with a multi-dimensional and topological dynamism. The overlaid networks consist of a tripartite operation—the production, the market, and the law—and explains the persistence of human interest in profiting from surplus values through human labor extraction, and the violence and cruelty inherent in this. The logic of circulation no longer follows Marx’s analysis of M-C-M or M-M+, but the formula of V-M+. Through void with no cost, and violence with no law, there is no limit to the multiplication of capital.
Improving the Forecasting of El Niño Amplitude Based on an Ensemble Forecast Strategy for Westerly Wind Bursts
Authors: Ji Chaopeng , Mu Mu , Fang Xianghui , Tao Lingjiang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The forecasting of El Niño amplitude remains uncertain, with false alarms or underestimations often occurring. It has been suggested that westerly wind bursts (WWBs) are crucial atmospheric stochastic forcing that affects the development, amplitude, and predictability of El Niño. Effectively capturing the influence of WWBs in El Niño forecasting systems to mitigate El Niño forecast uncertainties continues to be a widely discussed topic. In this work, two El Niño ensemble forecast scenarios incorporating WWBs were devised utilizing an intermediate coupled model capable of simulating the rational features of El Niño–Southern Oscillation and a refined WWB parameterization scheme. To start with, both the seasonal variations and the dependence on the oceanic background state were considered to improve the parameterization of WWBs. Furthermore, considering the short intrinsic predictability limit of WWBs with respect to the interannual scale of El Niño evolution, a WWB ensemble forecast strategy was designed to obtain their occurrence probability and the statistical features of their magnitude and central location. With this in mind, an ensemble forecast of El Niño events occurring during 1979–2021 based on a WWB ensemble forecast was established (termed WWB-based). For comparison, a conventional El Niño ensemble forecast based on initial condition (IC) perturbations was also conducted (termed IC-based). Results indicated that the WWB-based approach shows better performance in forecasting the El Niño amplitude than the IC-based one. The present approach suggests that an ensemble forecast with proper consideration of the scale interaction between the fast WWBs and interannual variations is more physically consistent.

Significance Statement
Westerly wind bursts (WWBs) are believed to influence the growth and amplitude of El Niño events. Unfortunately, the short intrinsic predictability limit of WWBs brings considerable uncertainty to the forecasting of El Niño amplitude. In this study, a refined parameterization scheme for WWBs, along with an ensemble forecast strategy designed to obtain the occurrence probability of WWBs and the statistical features of their magnitude and central location, was employed in an intermediate coupled model to produce an ensemble forecast for the El Niño events occurring during 1979–2021. The results showed that an ensemble forecast of El Niño based on WWB ensemble forecast can fully consider WWBs’ potential impact on the El Niño system and improve El Niño forecasts.