bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bacillus Calmette‐Guéarin‐treated superficial bladder cancer: Correlation of morphology with immunophenotyping
Authors: Leong Anthony S.‐Y. , Wannakrairot P. , Jose J. , Milios J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThirty‐five biopsies from 19 patients with superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, treated with intravesical bacillus Calmette‐Guérin (BCG), were assessed histologically and immunohistochemically. Pretreatment biopsies were available for comparison in all cases and five cases of non‐specific cystitis were also examined. The inflammatory infiltrate was assessed with a streptavidin‐biotin‐peroxidase method using UCHL1, MT1, LN3, L26, HAM56, MAC387, Leu7 and anti‐S100 in paraffin sections, and in 18 specimens where frozen tissues were available, Leu 1,2,3,4,14, OKT10, HLA‐DR and anti‐Tac antibodies were applied. Post‐treatment bladder biopsies showed severe oedema and a variable degree of inflammation. A granulomatous inflammation was seen in 11 cases, with granulomas present in six prostatic biopsies and acid‐fast bacilli in two cases. The lymphoid infiltrate in all biopsies were largely T lymphocytes with a predominance of T helper cells present, often as a band‐like infiltrate pressing against the residual epithelium, or the denuded bladder surface, and distributed in the vicinity of the granulomas. Activated lymphocytes were prominent in seven cases, although a moderate infiltrate of such cells was seen in all instances. Tac antigen was only occasionally expressed, and in a few NK cells were present among the infiltrates. In eight cases, HLA‐DR was expressed in epithelial cells following BCG treatment, whereas all pre‐treatment epithelia were negative.
Ubiquitin conjugate immunoreactivity in the brains of scrapie infected mice
Authors: Lowe James , McDermott Helen , Kenward Nigel , Landon Michael , Mayer R. John , Bruce Moira , McBride Patricia , Somerville Robert A. , Hope James 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSections of brain from normal mice or clinically‐ill mice infected with either the 87V or the ME7 strains of sheep scrapie were immunostained to show the localization of ubiquitin‐protein conjugates or a specific marker of disease, the scrapie‐associated fibril protein (PrP). In both scrapie models immunoreactive ubiquitin‐protein conjugates were seen in thread‐like structures found throughout the neuropil, in inclusion bodies within vacuolated neurones, and in areas surrounding anti‐PrP positive amyloid plaques. The PrP protein was visualized in diffuse deposits in highly vacuolated parts of the scrapie‐affected brain, and focally in amyloid plaques, microglia and neuronal processes.The ubiquitin‐protein conjugate staining of scrapie amyloid plaques is very similar to that seen in the plaques of Alzheimer's disease. The ubiquitinated intraneuronal inclusion bodies seen in scrapie resemble the granulovacuolar lesions also seen in Alzheimer's disease, but appear much larger and possibly correspond to material in giant autophagic vacuoles. We suggest that these inclusions may be the result of ubiquitinated abnormal proteins being directed to the lysosomal system, and that scrapie and Alzheimer's disease share at least some common processes of neurodegeneration.
The polymerase chain reaction: Miracle or mirage? A critical review of its uses and limitations in diagnosis and research
Authors: Wright Pat A. , Wynford‐Thomas David 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSince publication of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique in 1985 (Saiki et al. Science 1985; 230: 1350–1354), there has been an explosion of reports on its use in medicine and science. We critically review its use both as a diagnostic technique and as a research tool, and show the pathologist how to evaluate PCR data and how to avoid the pitfalls of overinterpretation. We discuss the value of PCR in the characterization of genetic defects, prenatal diagnosis, carrier testing, H LA typing, detecting micro‐organisms, identifying activated oncogenes, and in the characterization of leukaemias and lymphomas, and summarize the main applications in biomedical research.
Immunohistochemical identification of mast cells in formaldehyde‐fixed tissue using monoclonal antibodies specific for tryptase
Authors: Walls Andrew F. , Jones David B. , Williams Julie H. , Church Martin K. , Holgate Stephen T. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn avidin–biotin enhanced immunoperoxidase procedure using monoclonal antibodies (AA1, AA3, and AA5) prepared against human mast cell tryptase resulted in intense staining of mast cells in paraffin‐embedded tissue. The distribution of mast cells observed was similar to that seen when adjacent serial sections were stained using a standard procedure with toluidine blue, though the immunoperoxidase technique permitted the identification of significantly more mast cells. With monoclonal antibody AA1, immunostaining was entirely specific for mast cell granules, and there was negligible background staining in a range of tissues including lung, tonsil, colon, gastric mucosa, skin, and pituitary. There was no staining of antibody on basophils or on any other normal blood leukocyte. The technique was effective with tissue fixed in either Carnoy's or neutral buffered formalin, though the internal mast cell structure was better preserved with formaldehyde fixation. The immunoperoxidase staining procedure with monoclonal antibody AA1 is a highly specific and sensitive means for the detection of mast cells in routinely processed tissues.
Sequence analysis of amplified t(14;18) chromosomal breakpoints in B‐cell lymphomas
Authors: Eick S. , Krieger G. , Bolz I. , Kneba M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe have explored different strategies for sequencing of major breakpoint (mbr) junctional regions in t(14;18) chromosomal transiocations—the most frequent chromosomal abnormality observed in B‐cell lymphomas. We demonstrate that coupling of the preparation of single‐stranded DNA by asymmetric polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct sequencing is the method of choice for the rapid and precise determination of clone‐specific bcl‐2/JH fusion gene sequences. The rapidity, relative ease, and accuracy of the technique, described for the nucleotide sequence analysis of mbr t(14;18) breakpoints, permits the analysis of a relatively large number of samples and should be considered as part of the clinical evaluation of lymphoma patients. Furthermore, by providing sequence information of clone‐specific DNA regions, the procedure should reduce the risk of false‐positive results from PCR.
A genotypic study of low grade B‐cell lymphomas, including lymphomas of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
Authors: Wotherspoon Andrew C. , Pan Langxing , Diss Tim C. , Isaacson Peter G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractGenotypic analysis has led to the implication of certain oncogenes in the pathogenesis of specific groups of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma. Rearrangements of c‐myc are associated with Burkitt's lymphoma and of bcl‐2 with centroblastic/centrocytic lymphoma. Rearrangement of bcl‐1 has yet to be associated with a specific group of lymphoma. In this study DNA from 62 cases of low grade B‐cell lymphoma, classified using the Kiel classification, were analysed by Southern blotting and hybridization with probes to bcl‐1, bcl‐2, and c‐myc. Rearrangements of bcl‐2 were found in a proportion of centroblastic/centrocytic lymphoma comparable to other published studies. Rearrangement of c‐myc was not found in any case studied. Bcl‐1 rearrangement was found in 2/9 cases of B‐CLL, and 3/6 cases of centrocytic lymphoma. This incidence of bcl‐1 rearrangement in centrocytic lymphoma suggests that it is a characteristic change. No rearrangement of bcl‐1, bcl‐2 or c‐myc was found in any case of lymphoma of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), providing further evidence that, in spite of having a similar morphology to some other groups of low grade B‐cell lymphoma, lymphomas of MALT comprise a distinct entity.
A sensitive method of screening for dominant T cell clones by amplification of T cell gamma gene rearrangements with the polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Goudie R. B. , Karim Sabeeha N. , Mills K. , Alcorn M. , Lee F. D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA sensitive method of screening for dominant T cell clones in small samples of DNA has been developed using the polymerase chain reaction to amplify and identify T cell gamma receptor gene rearrangements. It can detect such rearrangements in nanogram quantities of DNA from cultured T cell clones, even in the presence of 20–100 parts of polyclonal lymph node DNA, and works with DNA extracted from paraffin sections of cloned T cells which have been fixed in formalin. Presumptive clonal reactions have been obtained in preliminary tests on 8 of 10 unfixed T cell lymphomas but in 0 of 10 reactive lymph nodes.
Zonal distribution of immunoglobulin‐synthesizing cells within the germinal centre: An in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical study
Authors: Close Pauline M. , Pringle James H. , Ruprai Anita K. , West Kevin P. , Lauder Ian 
Published: June 2005

AbstractImmunohistologic studies have shown that synthesis of cytoplasmic immunoglobulin (cIg) is a normal function of some follicle centre cells (FCCs). The mechanisms regulating this synthesis of immunoglobulin and its function within the germinal centre are still poorly understood. In this study we applied a recently developed in situ hybridization method for the detection of kappa and lambda light chain mRNA to reactive lymph nodes and tonsils in order to investigate further the immunoglobulin‐synthesizing cells of the germinal centre.FCCs containing detectable levels of light chain mRNA corresponded closely to cells containing cIg. The detection of light chain mRNA rather than its immunoglobulin product was found to be an advantage in that problems associated with the detection of extracellular immunoglobulin were eliminated. This was most apparent in germinal centres where the absence of ‘network’ immunoglobulin led to the observations that immunoglobulin‐synthesizing FCCs are predominantly small centrocytes and that in a proportion of germinal centres they localize in that part of the light zone closest to the dark zone. This zonal distribution of immunoglobulin‐synthesizing FCCs raises the possibility of further functional and micro‐environmental subcompartments within the light zone.
Growth fraction in lung tumours determined by Ki67 immunostaining and comparison with agnor scores
Authors: Soomro Irshad Nabi , Whimster William F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractEstimation of the growth fraction with the use of monoclonal antibody Ki67, which recognizes a nuclear antigen in proliferating cells, was compared with the nucleolar organizer region staining in 95 lung tumours. There was nuclear staining in most tumours; 12 tumours were negative. Cytoplasmic staining was observed in another seven tumours. The small cell carcinoma group had the highest mean Ki67 index (23·75); squamous carcinomas had a mean value of 15·71, adenocarcinomas 10·99, and large cell anaplastic 20·76. Carcinoids had few stained cells. Nucleolar organizer regions were demonstrated by the argyrophilic method (AgNOR). No correlation was found between Ki67 indices and AgNOR scores. Kinetic data obtained by the AgNOR technique were less discriminating in view of the overlap between scores of various groups including carcinoids. We conclude that use of the monoclonal antibody Ki67 is a more reliable method of assessing proliferative activity in lung tumours. This antibody may be effective in identifying slowly proliferating tumours which are less sensitive to chemotherapeutic agents.
The glomerular changes in children with reflux nephropathy
Authors: Morita Miyako , Yoshiara Shoichi , White Richard H. R. , Raafat Faro 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWhile heavy proteinuria and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) are well‐recognized features of progressive reflux nephropathy in adults, little is known of their early evolution. We have studied the glomerular changes in renal biopsy specimens obtained from 24 patients aged 5·2–18·8 years, in whom urinary protein excretion was measured as early morning urine protein/creatinine ratios, using the Coomassie blue dye‐binding method.Segmental sclerotic lesions were found in eight biopsies and traced through serial sections to a hilar origin in every instance. There was a strong positive correlation between the extent of glomerular involvement and the amount of proteinuria (P<0·0001). Parahilar hyaline deposits were observed in 16 biopsies, including five of the eight showing FSGS. All unsclerosed glomeruli were enlarged, and the hilar arterioles showed both enlargement and thickening, their walls frequently containing subendothelial hyaline deposits.Since in most patients renal function was comparatively well preserved, despite extensive loss of renal substances, we believe that these glomerular and vascular changes represent the stages in the evolution of hyperfiltration. Microproteinuria is the earliest clinical manifestation of FSGS, and should be sought routinely in all patients with reflux nephropathy.
Biliary epithelial cells from the liver of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis: Isolation, characterization, and short‐term culture
Authors: Joplin Ruth , Strain A. J. , Neuberger J. M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSince biliary epithelial cells of the middle‐sized interlobular bile ducts are targets for lymphocyte‐mediated damage in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), we have developed a method for isolating and maintaining these cells in short‐term tissue culture. Intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells were isolated from small segments of liver removed at the time of transplantation. Cells were separated from a collagenase digest by immunomagnetic separation using Dynabeads coupled to a monoclonal antibody (HEA125) specific for a biliary epithelial cell surface antigen. The yield was approximately 3 x 105 cells/g of liver. The isolated cells were characterized morphologically and ultrastructurally using light and electron microscopy, and immunocytochemically using HEA125 and anti‐cytokeratin, anti‐vimentin and anti‐asialoglycoprotein receptor antibodies. By these criteria cells were judged to be identical to biliary epithelial cells from normal liver. The cells could be maintained in short‐term tissue culture for up to 4 weeks without loss of biliary epithelial cell markers. Availability of interlobular biliary epithelial cells will be of value in future investigations of the pathogenetic mechanisms of PBC.
The osteoclast, which derives from a haemopoietic stem cell, is not depleted in aplastic anaemia
Authors: Flanagan Adrienne M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe osteoclast derives from the haemopoietic stem cell but its relationship with the other progeny of the haemopoietic system is unknown. Osteoclast numbers were assessed in patients with aplastic anaemia and were found not to be depleted compared with a control population. This suggests that the osteoclast may develop along a separate lineage which is independent of the colony forming unit granulocyte, erythroid cell, monocyte, and megakaryocyte (CFU GEMM).
Epidermal growth factor (EGF/URO) induces expression of regulatory peptides in damaged human gastrointestinal tissues
Authors: Wright Nicholas A. , Poulsom Richard , Stamp Gordon W. H. , Hall Peter A. , Jeffery Rosemary E. , Longcroft Janet M. , Rio Marie‐Christine , Tomasetto Catherine , Chambon Pierre 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe pS2 gene encodes for a small cysteine‐rich protein, and was originally found by differential screening of a cDNA library from the human breast carcinoma cell line, MCF‐7. The presence of pS2 is closely correlated with oestrogen dependence in breast carcinomas. While the function of pS2 is unknown, pS2 protein has been shown to be homologous with the gastrointestinal peptide hormone pancreatic spasmolytic polypeptide (PSP) and its human counterpart hSP, in which a 5‐cysteine domain is tandemly repeated. The 5′ flanking region of the pS2 gene contains an enhancer region responsive to oestrogens and to epidermal growth factor (EGF/URO). We now report that pS2 and hSP expression occurs in a wide range of endodermally‐derived tissues, including the duodenum, the pancreas, and in a recently defined cell lineage associated with chronic gastrointestinal ulceration. In each case, this expression was associated with secretion of immunoreactive EGF/URO. We further show that the co‐expression of pS2 and hSP in gastric surface epithelial cells is also associated with the secretion of EGF/URO in the subjacent mucous neck cells. Our results indicate that local EGF/URO secretion induces pS2 and hSP in adjacent cells, and that these molecules are then available to participate in pathophysiological responses. The finding of similar patterns of EGF/URO, hSP and pS2 expression in association with chronic damage suggests that this is a fundamental response in the healing of these tissues.
Steroid receptors and Ki‐67 reactivity in ovarian cancer and in normal ovary: Correlation with dna flow cytometry, biochemical receptor assay, and patient survival
Authors: Isola J. , Kallioniemi O.‐P. , Korte J.‐M. , Wahlström T. , Aine R. , Helle M. , Helin H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSteroid hormone receptors and reactivity for Ki‐67 proliferation antigen were studied immunohistochemically in non‐neoplastic post‐menopausal human ovary and in 29 ovarian cancers. In the normal ovary, oestrogen (OR) and progesterone receptors (PR) were found in the surface epithelium and PR also in the ovarian stroma. Of the ovarian carcinomas 38 per cent (11/29) contained OR and 69 per cent (20/29) PR. Oestrogen receptor expression was confined to malignant cells, whereas PR was present occasionally also in the tumour stroma. In most cases, ORs and PRs were found only in a small population of cancer cells. The growth fractions assessed by the percentage of Ki‐67‐positive cells ranged from 1 to 59 per cent (mean 19·7 per cent) with a significant correlation (r = 0·74, P < 0·0001) to S‐phase values (mean 12·9 per cent, range 1·2–25·9 per cent) determined by DNA flow cytometry. High Ki‐67 (≥ 15 per cent) and S‐phase levels (≥ 7·5 per cent) correlated with advanced disease stage and patient survival but not with OR or PR status, suggesting that hormone‐receptor pathways and proliferative activity are not related in ovarian cancer. Positive OR status, however, identified patients with a better prognosis (P = 0·02), suggesting a correlation with tumour differentiation. The independent prognostic value of oestrogen receptor status and Ki‐67 remains to be determined, but the prognostic impact of Ki‐67 was comparable to that of S‐phase values.
Loss of alkaline phosphatase activity in duodenal mucosa: A marker for precursors of gastric metaplasia?
Authors: Kühl Philippa , Baczako Karl , Stanescu Adrian , Malfertheiner Peter 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBiopsy specimens from duodenal mucosa in 34 patients with upper gastrointestinal symptoms and endoscopically abnormal mucosa (including duodenitis, active duodenal ulcer, and healed duodenal ulcer) and in 9 patients with histologically normal mucosa were examined histologically for gastric metaplasia and endogenous alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity.Using haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and periodic acid‐Schiff (PAS), we found gastric metaplasia in 91‐2 per cent (31 out of 34) of patients with altered duodenal mucosa and in 33·3 per cent (3 out of 9) of patients with histologically normal, non‐inflamed duodenal mucosa (P < 0·001). To characterize gastric metaplasia further, histochemical methods for AP activity were applied to duodenal mucosa specimens. No AP activity was detected in complete metaplastic cells, but focal or diffuse loss of AP activity was frequently shown in otherwise normal appearing enterocytes next to metaplastic cell groups. Focal loss of AP activity was also detected in seven out of nine healthy controls ( = 77·8 per cent) which appeared normal when stained with H&E.Our results suggest that the loss of AP activity in enterocytes may be an early marker of developing gastric metaplasia or at least a morphological manifestation of cell damage.
CD 1a and S100 antigen expression in skin Langerhans cells in patients with breast cancer
Authors: Wilson Alan J. , Maddox Peter H. , Jenkins David 
Published: June 2005

AbstractLangerhans cells (LCs) are dendritic, antigen‐presenting cells found in the epidermis. This study investigates the effect of early breast cancer on the expression of CD1a and S100 antigens by these cells. LCs were counted and expressed as cells/mm of epithelial basement membrane on biopsies from the skin overlying the tumour and from biopsies distant from the tumour. A control study was performed on normal breast skin, not adjacent to a lesion, from women with benign breast disease.The LC count of 18 patients undergoing biopsy for benign breast disease indicated a mean of 26 cells mm [95 percent confidence interval (CI) 23–29] and a S100/CD1a ratio of 70 percent.In 35 cases of early breast cancer, the CD1a‐positive LC count in the epidermis overlying the carcinoma (mean 26/mm; 95 per cent CI 23–29) was similar, but the count made on biopsies distant from the tumour (mean 21/mm; 95 per cent CI 19–23) was significantly smaller. The percentage ratio of S100/CD1a LCs was 71 per cent over the carcinoma and 84 per cent in the distant biopsies.The changes were not associated with the presence of nodal metastases or the oestrogen and progesterone status of the primary tumour.The reduction in LC numbers provides a link between decreased monocyte function and the decreased skin hypersensitivity responses found in patients with breast cancer.
The histopathology of the testis and epididymis in AIDS—a post‐mortem study
Authors: Dalton A. D. A. , Harcourt‐Webster J. N. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe right testis and epididymis were removed at necropsy from 31 patients who had died with AIDS and examined microscopically. The testes showed interstitial fibrosis in 22 cases, thickening of seminiferous tubule basement membranes in an overlapping 21, and varying degrees of maturation impairment in all. Arrest of spermatogenesis usually occurred at the spermatocyte or spermatid stage. Five epididymides showed an obstructive picture, two with an associated epididymal cytomegalovirus infection. We discuss the possible pathogenesis of the changes in the HIV‐infected male genital system and briefly comment on the clinical implications of our findings.
NB84: A new monoclonal antibody for the recognition of neuroblastoma in routinely processed material
Authors: Thomas Jaiye O. , Nijjar Jaspal , Turley Helen , Micklem Kingsley , Gatter Kevin C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA new monoclonal antibody NB84 recognizing an uncharacterized molecule of 57 kD was produced using human neuroblastoma tumour tissue as a source of antigen. The antibody was selected for its ability to give reliable staining on conventional formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded material. In the present study, NB84 was assessed for its usefulness in the differential diagnosis of paediatric small cell tumours. It gave reliable staining of 17/19 (90 per cent) neuroblastomas and was negative on all other tumours apart from Ewing's sarcomas, of which 9/14 (64 per cent) showed mainly focal positivity. It is concluded that in association with a panel of markers against leucocyte, muscle, epithelial, and neural markers NB84 provides considerable assistance in the recognition of neuroblastoma and thus is important in enabling the most appropriate therapy to be given.