bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Capillary electrophoretic analysis of proteins and peptides of biomedical and pharmacological interest
Authors: Righetti Pier Giorgio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCapillary electrophoresis (CE) is an automated approach to electrokinetic separations that has had a deep impact in all fields of life sciences, including biomedical and biotechnological research and clinical and forensic practice. The present review highlights aspects of peptides and proteins separations, with particular emphasis on macromolecular analytes of biomedical interest. Among the various CE techniques available, a novel methodology is here illustrated consisting in separations in acidic, isoelectric buffers, which have the advantage of protonating the silica wall, thus minimizing interactions of proteinaceous material with the siliceous surface, while allowing delivery of high voltage gradients, due to their low conductivities. The review ends with applications of CE to the analysis of folding/unfolding/refolding/misfolding of proteins, a field which has deep implications in the biomedical arena, since it is connected to a host of disorders, such as prion protein diseases. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Amlodipine bioequivalence study: quantification by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Carvalho M. , Oliveira C.H. , Mendes G.D. , Sucupira M. , Moraes M.E.A. , De Nucci G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjective—To assess the bioequivalence of two amlodipine tablet formulations (Amlodipine® 5 mg tablet from Merck S.A. Indústrias Químicas, Brazil as test formulation and Norvasc® 5 mg tablet from Laboratórios Pfizer Ltd., Brazil as reference formulation) in 24 healthy volunteers of both sexes.Methods—The study was conducted using an open, randomized two‐period crossover design with a 4‐week washout interval. Plasma samples were obtained over a 144 h period. Plasma amlodipine concentrations were analyzed by combined liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS‐MS) with positive ion electrospray ionization using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). From the amlodipine plasma concentration vs time curves, the following pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained: AUClast, AUC0–inf and Cmax. The statistical interval proposed was 80–125% according to the US Food and Drug Administration Agency.Results—The limit of quantification was 0.1 ng/ml for plasma amlodipine analysis. The geometric mean and the 90% confidence interval (CI) test/reference ratios were 101.2 (92.9–110.2%) for AUClast, 99.6 (91.5–108.4%) for AUC0–inf and 98.5 (89.0–109.1%) for Cmax.Conclusion—Since the 90% CI for AUClast, AUC0–inf and Cmax ratios were within in the 80–125% interval proposed by the US FDA, it was concluded that Amlodipine® 5 mg tablet (test formulation) was bioequivalent to Norvasc® 5 mg tablet, in terms of both rate and extent of absorption. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Induced current measurements in whole body exposure condition to radio frequency electric fields
Authors: Wilén Jonna , Mild Kjell Hansson , Paulsson Lars‐Erik , Anger Gert 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe current induced in a human exposed to radio frequency electric fields has been studied by the use of a stripline, in which whole body exposure to vertical electric fields (3–27 MHz) can be produced. We have examined two different techniques to measure the induced current; parallel plate meters and current probes. When the subject has good connection to the ground, the choice of measurement technique is not crucial, since there are only minor differences in readings between the instruments. But when the subject is wearing shoes and/or standing on a wooden plate, the difference between the instruments increases considerably. The difference can mainly be explained by the capacitive coupling between the parallel plate meters and the ground; therefore, the current probes are preferred when the subject does not have perfect contact with the ground. Since the International Commission on Non‐Ionizing Radiation Protection guidelines demand measurements of induced current in humans exposed to radio frequency fields in the range of 10–110 MHz, the importance of finding an appropriate measurement procedure becomes apparent. Bioelectromagnetics 22:560–567, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
When Ets transcription factors meet their partners
Authors: Verger Alexis , Duterque‐Coquillaud Martine 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEts proteins are a family of transcription factors that regulate the expression of a myriad of genes in a variety of tissues and cell types. This functional versatility emerges from their interactions with other structurally unrelated transcription factors. Indeed, combinatorial control is a characteristic property of Ets family members, involving interactions between Ets and other key transcriptional factors such as AP1, SRF, and Pax family members. Intriguingly, recent molecular modeling and crystallographic data suggest that not only the ETS DNA‐binding domain, but also the DNA recognition helix α3, are often directly required for Ets partner's selection. Indeed, while most DNA‐binding proteins appear to exploit differences within their DNA recognition helices for sites selection, the Ets proteins exploit differences in their surfaces that interact with other transcription factors, which in turn may modify their DNA‐binding properties in a promoter‐specific fashion. Taken together, the gene‐specific architecture of these unique complexes can mediate the selective control of transcriptional activity. BioEssays 24:362–370, 2002. ©2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Human infertility, reproductive cloning and nuclear transfer: a confusion of meanings
Authors: Kubiak Jacek Z. , Johnson Martin H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe Chief Medical Officer of Health of the United Kingdom has recommended that the 1990 Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act should be amended to allow cloning in humans for research purposes only. He also recommended that: “The transfer of an embryo created by cell nuclear replacement into the uterus of a woman (so called ‘reproductive cloning’) should remain a criminal offence” (recommendation 7, Ref. 1). This recommendation implies that nuclear replacement and cloning are the same. They are not. Nuclear transfer constitutes reproductive cloning only when the individual created is genetically identical to the nuclear donor. In this paper, we describe a possible future use of nuclear transfer for the treatment of infertile individuals. The treatment yields an individual that receives approximately equal genetic contributions from each parent. We use this example to illustrate how semantic confusion might lead to plausibly moral and justifiable treatments being legally banned. In doing so, we hope to encourage a more accurate and informed use of language in science, law and politics, so that legislation is properly informed by science and achieves what it intends. BioEssays 23:359–364, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Steroid‐triggered death by autophagy
Authors: Thummel Carl S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractProgrammed cell death is a critical part of normal development, removing obsolete tissues or cells and sculpting body parts to assume their appropriate form and function. Most programmed cell death occurs by apoptosis of individual cells or autophagy of groups of cells. Although these pathways have distinct morphological characteristics, they also have a number of features in common, suggesting some overlap in their regulation. A recent paper by Lee and Baehrecke provides further support for this proposal.(1) These authors present, for the first time, a genetic analysis of autophagy, using the steroid‐triggered metamorphosis of Drosophila as a model system. They demonstrate a remarkable degree of overlap between the control of apoptosis and autophagy as well as a key role for the steroid‐inducible gene E93 in directing the autophagic death response. This paper also shows that E93 can direct cell death independently from the known death‐inducer genes, defining a novel death pathway in Drosophila. BioEssays 23:677–682, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Increasing the specificity of the forensic luminol test for blood
Authors: Quickenden Terence I. , Cooper Paul D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIt is shown that the presumptive luminol chemiluminescence test for the presence of traces of blood can be made more determinative by measuring the peak emission wavelength of the luminol chemiluminescence. When sprayed onto a surface containing traces of human haemoglobin, a 1 g/L solution of aqueous luminol containing 7 g/L sodium perborate gives an emission peak at 455 ± 2 nm, whereas the same mixture gives an emission peak at 430 ± 3 nm when sprayed onto a surface containing traces of sodium hypochlorite (household bleach). This spectral difference can readily be determined using spectroscopic equipment that either scans the spectrum before significant luminescence decay occurs or corrects the spectrum for the effects of any decay. It was found that bovine haemoglobin and human haemoglobin showed no significant spectral differences. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solid‐state NMR relaxation studies of Australian spider silks
Authors: Kishore A. I. , Herberstein M. E. , Craig C. L. , Separovic F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSolid‐state NMR techniques were used to study two different types of spider silk from two Australian orb‐web spider species, Nephila edulis and Argiope keyserlingi. A comparison of 13C‐T1 and 1H‐T1ρ solid‐state NMR relaxation data of the Ala Cα, Ala Cβ, Gly Cα, and carbonyl resonances revealed subtle differences between dragline and cocoon silk. 13C‐T1ρ and 1H‐T1 relaxation experiments showed significant differences between silks of the two species with possible structural variations. Comparison of our data to previous 13C‐T1 relaxation studies of silk from Nephila clavipes (A. Simmons et al., Macromolecules, 1994, Vol. 27, pp. 5235–5237) also supports the finding that differences in molecular mobility of dragline silk exist between species. Interspecies differences in silk structure may be due to different functional properties. Relaxation studies performed on wet (supercontracted) and dry silks showed that the degree of hydration affects relaxation properties, and hence changes in molecular mobility are correlated with functional properties of silk. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 61: 287–297, 2002
Surface immobilization of galactose onto aliphatic biodegradable polymers for hepatocyte culture
Authors: Yoon Jun Jin , Nam Yoon Sung , Kim Jung Hoe , Park Tae Gwan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA novel surface modification method of biodegradable polymers was investigated for inducing the attachment of specific cells onto the polymer surface via ligand‐receptor interactions. Galactose, a targeting ligand specific to asialoglycoprotein receptors present on cell membrane of hepatocytes, was introduced on the surface of poly(D,L‐lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) films. A terminal end group of carboxylic acid in PLGA was activated by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and N‐hydroxysuccinimide for the direct conjugation of lactose by reductive amination reaction. Di‐block copolymers of PLGA‐b‐poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) having a free terminal amine group were also synthesized and used for the conjugation of galactose for the introduction of a PEG spacer between PLGA and galactose. The presence of galactose moieties on the blend film surface was characterized by measuring water contact angle and X‐ray photon spectroscopy, and the amount of galactose was indirectly determined by a specific lectin‐binding assay. With increasing the galactose concentration on the blend film surface, the initial attachment as well as the cell viability of hepatocyates concomitantly increased. The introduction of PEG spacer reduced the cell attachment and viability. Albumin secretion rate from hepatocytes was enhanced for galactose modified surfaces, whereas it was reduced for the surfaces not having galactose moieties. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 78: 1–10, 2002; DOI 10.1002/bit.10239
Mass‐transfer limitations for immobilized enzyme‐catalyzed kinetic resolution of racemate in a fixed‐bed reactor
Authors: Xiu Guo‐Hua , Jiang Lei , Li Ping 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA mathematical model has been developed for immobilized enzyme‐catalyzed kinetic resolution of racemate in a fixed‐bed reactor in which the enzyme‐catalyzed reaction (the irreversible uni–uni competitive Michaelis–Menten kinetics is chosen as an example) was coupled with intraparticle diffusion, external mass transfer, and axial dispersion. The effects of mass‐transfer limitations, competitive inhibition of substrates, deactivation on the enzyme effective enantioselectivity, and the optical purity and yield of the desired product are examined quantitatively over a wide range of parameters using the orthogonal collocation method. For a first‐order reaction, an analytical solution is derived from the mathematical model for slab‐, cylindrical‐, and spherical‐enzyme supports. Based on the analytical solution for the steady‐state resolution process, a new concise formulation is presented to predict quantitatively the mass‐transfer limitations on enzyme effective enantioselectivity and optical purity and yield of the desired product for a continuous steady‐state kinetic resolution process in a fixed‐bed reactor. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 74: 29–39, 2001.
Rapid high‐performance liquid chromatographic assay of dorzolamide in rabbit aqueous humor
Authors: Maltese Adriana , Bucolo Claudio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA rapid high‐performance liquid chromatographic method using a C18 reversed‐phase column (Hypersil ODS) with UV detection at 254 nm and a simple pre‐treatment of samples is presented for the analysis of dorzolamide, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, in rabbit aqueous humor. A water solution containing 2% ZnSO4·7H2O was used to deproteinize aqueous humor samples. The mobile phase consisted of 7% CH3CN and 93% of a solution containing 1% TEA adjusted to pH = 3.5 with H3PO4. Paracetamol was found to be a suitable internal standard. The standard curves were linear in the detection range. The precision and the accuracy were <5% for both intra‐ and inter‐day assays. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measurement and pharmacokinetic analysis of unbound cephaloridine in rat blood by on‐line microdialysis and microbore liquid chromatography
Authors: Tsai T.H. , Kao H.Y. , Chen C.F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA technique involving rapid sampling of cephaloridine in rat blood was achieved using a combination of microdialysis and sensitive microbore liquid chromatography. A microdialysis probe was inserted into the jugular vein/right atrium of a Sprague–Dawley rat. Then after a real‐time collection of the analyte by microdialysis, the dialysate was automatically injected into a liquid chromatographic system via an on‐line injector. Following a 2 h stabilization period after the surgical procedure, cephaloridine (20 mg/kg, i.v.) was then administered via the femoral vein. Isocratic elution of cephaloridine was carried out with a mobile phase containing methanol–20 mM monosodium phosphate (25:75, v/v, pH 5.5), and the flow rate of the mobile phase was 0.05 mL/min within 10 min. Intra‐ and inter‐assay accuracy and precision of the assay were each less than 10%. The in vivo recovery of the cephaloridine from the microdialysate was 49.7 ± 8.0% and 42.4 ± 8.4% for 0.5 and 1 µg/mL standards (n = 6), respectively. Based on the pharmacokinetic analysis, the elimination half‐life was 32.2 ± 8.6 min by cephaloridine administration (20 mg/kg, i.v., n = 6). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Abbreviations used:

ACD

acid citrate dextrose

AUC

area under the curve

AUMC

area under the moment vs time curve

MRT

mean residence time
Determination of amphetamine in dog plasma by gas chromatography with mass selective detection
Authors: March C. , Karnes H. T. , McLean A. , Mukherjee P. S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper describes the validation of an analytical method for the determination of amphetamine in beagle dog plasma by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). d‐Amphetamine‐d6 was used as the internal standard. The method consisted of a rapid single‐step liquid–liquid extraction and derivatization of amphetamine with 2,2,2‐trichloroethyl chloroformate, followed by sensitive GC‐MS detection. This is the first report utilizing the combination of trichloroethyl chloroformate as a derivatization reagent and a deuterated amphetamine analog as an IS for the quantification of amphetamine in plasma. The method was validated in terms of specificity, curve fit, precision, accuracy, recovery and stability, and was acceptable according to FDA draft guidelines for validation of bioanalytical methods. The limit of detection was 0.65 ng/mL. The calibration range was 5–150 ng/mL. The validated method was successfully employed for the quantitation of amphetamine in dog plasma samples for pharmacokinetic profiling. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Abbreviations used:

% DFN

percentage difference from nominal

QC

quality control
Anatomical study to investigate the feasibility of pedicled nerve, free vessel gastrocnemius muscle transfer for restoration of biceps function
Authors: Cogswell Lucy Katharine , Giele Henk 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA challenging problem is the patient with a total brachial plexus injury with nerve root avulsions. In these patients nerve repair is not possible and no local functioning muscles are available for transfer. Current techniques involve either nerve repair using donor nerves from the contralateral limb or free muscle transfer neurotized by intercostal nerves. The problem with both these techniques is that they are dependent on neural regeneration, which is imperfect.To overcome the problem we propose a technique of transferring a distant muscle whilst retaining its neural supply. Gastrocnemius is a strong muscle and one suitable for free tissue transfer. This study assessed the possibility of transferring gastrocnemius on its neural supply by determining the length of nerve available and whether it was possible to dissect the nerve to gastrocnemius from the main body of the sciatic nerve. We found that the latter was possible, and that the length of dissected nerve would allow transfer of the innervated muscle from the calf to the axilla. Clin. Anat. 14:242–245, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reconstruction of the articular facets of the subtalar and talonavicular joints from volumetric magnetic resonance data
Authors: Ward Kathryn Anna , Willott Jake , Paxton Stephen , Soames Roger William 
Published: August 2002

AbstractImage processing methods have been used to visualize the articular surfaces of an intact foot from an MR scan and to allow the relationship between the joint surfaces to be studied. The MR protocol employed would be applicable in the living foot. Several standard image‐processing methods have been used to develop protocols for manual and automated editing of a volumetric MR scan. The result is a volume‐rendered foot, displaying the articular surfaces of the tarsal and metatarsal joints. The methods employed are discussed and reconstructions of the subtalar and talonavicular joints presented, thereby enabling a qualitative analysis of the facets on the talus, calcaneus and navicular. Clin. Anat. 14:272–277, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of pentoxifylline on the different steps during adhesion and transendothelial migration of flowing neutrophils
Authors: Bahra P.S. , Rainger G.E. , Wautier J.‐L. , Nash G.B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe used a flow system to observe the stepwise adhesion and migration of neutrophils on cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) stimulated with tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF) for 4 h, and to evaluate the effects of pentoxifylline (PTX) at each step. When HUVEC had been stimulated with 100 U ml−1 TNF, treatment of neutrophils with PTX did not reduce the number captured from flow but did cause nearly all adherent cells ( > 90%) to roll, whereas most untreated cells became immobilized and ∼30% transmigrated within minutes. On washout of the PTX, many rolling cells halted and started to migrate. Treatment of the HUVEC with PTX at the same time as 100 U ml−1 TNF did not affect the number of neutrophils adhering, but there was a significant increase in the percentage of cells rolling even though PTX was no longer present. Thus PTX reduced presentation of activating agents by HUVEC, as well as inhibiting the response by neutrophils to surface‐presented activating agent(s). If HUVEC were stimulated with 10 U ml−1 TNF with PTX, the adhesion of flowing neutrophils was greatly inhibited compared to TNF alone. Surface ELISA indicated that PTX reduced TNF‐induced upregulation of E‐selectin. This reduction was only sufficient to reduce capture of neutrophils at the low dose of TNF. Thus, by using a flow‐based model, we have been able to separate the effects of a multipotent agent such as pentoxifylline, which acts on leucocytes and endothelial cells, at each stage of migration. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of cerebrocrast on the function of human platelets and release of the arachidonic acid from plasma membrane
Authors: Briede Janīna , Heidemanis Kārlis , Dabina Inese , Duburs Gunārs 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDiabetes mellitus (DM) is accompanied by several cardiovascular complications such as coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis, hypertension, cerebral and myocardial infarction, etc. DM induces the alteration of platelet functions including activation, hyperaggregation, adhesiveness, and formation of thrombi. Release of AA from phospholipids of the PM, synthesis of TxA2,PGE2, activity of PLA2, and PLC are increased in the platelets of the DM patients. Stimulation of PLA2 activity and accumulation of bioactive metabolites such as AA, its oxygenated derivatives, prostaglandins and PAF can evoke glucose production, also. In this study we explored the effect of the 1,4‐dihydropyridine compound cerebrocrast at a low concentration (10−6–10−8M) on the level of intracellular calcium in unstimulated human platelets and those stimulated with thrombin as well as release of [3H] AA from phospholipids of platelet PM. Cerebrocrast at a concentration of 10−6 M decreased the basal level of intracellular calcium concentration (platelets were loaded with Fura‐2) in unstimulated as well as in thrombin stimulated platelets. Cerebrocrast at concentrations of 10−6, 10−7, 10−8 M inhibited release of [3H] AA from phospholipids of platelet PM. We conclude that blockade of human platelet activation with cerebrocrast can prevent aggregation, adhesion and formation of thrombi. The inhibition of [3H] AA release from phospholipids of platelet PM can prevent formation of eicosanoids such as TxA2, PGG2, and PGH2 plus AA oxygenated derivatives. These effects of cerebrocrast are very significant in the treatment of DM‐evoked cardiovascular complications. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.