bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON THE TWORT-D'HERELLE PHENOMENON
Authors: Ionesco-Mihaiesti C. 
Published: June 2004

1. The experiments here reported were carried out with a lytic principle isolated from the feces of normal rabbits.
2. It seems that bacteriophage is constantly present in the feces of caged laboratory rabbits.
3. A lytic filtrate active for Strain Shiga 73 (in a dilution of 1:1,000,000) and for the typhoid bacillus (in a dilution of 1:1,000), after twenty successive passages with Shiga bacillus was active, for its homologous strain, in a dilution of about 1:10,000,000,000 but no longer possessed any lytic activity for the typhoid strain. The same filtrate, after twenty successive passages with typhoid bacillus, was similarly active in a dilution of 1:10,000,000,000 for the typhoid strain but was only feebly active for the Shiga strain.
4. The passage of the lytic principle through collodion membranes was never observed.
5. No appreciable diminution in the activity of the filtrates was observed after exposure to cholesterol or lecithin. Killed bacterial suspensions, however, were found to exert a considerable neutralizing effect on the active principle.
6. Formol titrations of lysed cultures lead to the conclusion that the bacteriolysis caused by the bacteriophage is not a true proteolysis but rather a simple plasmolysis of the bacterial cell and not a splitting effect of the protein molecule.
7. We have never obtained active filtrates with the leucocytes of immune animals by the method of Lisbonne, Boulet, and Carrère (14).
8. It would appear, from the experiments, that the immunization of rabbits with the lytic principle results in the disappearance of the bacteriophage from their intestines.
9. All the sera from rabbits immunized with antityphoid or antiShiga filtrates agglutinated respectively the typhoid or Shiga bacilli.
10. Similarly, these sera fixed complement strongly in the presence of the homologous antigen. Five or six times the amount of serum was required to fix complement in the presence of heterologous antigen.
11. All of the immune sera were found to be more or less antilytic. In no case was a strictly specific antilysin obtained.
THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF RESIDUE ANTIGEN PREPARED FROM YEAST
Authors: Mueller J. Howard , Tomcsik Joseph 
Published: June 2004

Residue antigen recognizable by the precipitin test can be prepared from yeast as from bacteria.
The active material appears to be identical with a complex carbohydrate, the "yeast gum" of Salkowski.
In the purest form of it obtained small amounts of both nitrogen and phosphorus are still present, either as impurities or as part of the molecule.
The yeast gum is not antigenic in the sense of producing antibodies.
THE INFLUENCE OF THYROIDECTOMY, GONADECTOMY, SUPRARENALECTOMY, AND SPLENECTOMY ON THE THYMUS GLAND OF RABBITS
Authors: Marine David , Manley O. T. , Baumann Emil J. 
Published: June 2004

Thyroidectomy hastens, while gonadectomy delays, but does not permanently prevent, involution of the thymus.
Suprarenalectomy alone not only delays involution of the thymus and lymphoid tissue but may cause their regeneration. Thyroidectomy prevents this reaction even after combined suprarenalectomy and gonadectomy.
Suprarenalectomy plus gonadectomy is a more powerful stimulus for thymus and lymphoid regeneration than either of these influences alone.
The combined effect of these two factors results in certain lymphoid and thymus hyperplasia in rabbits which persists until regeneration of accessory interrenal tissue corrects the physiological defect. The syndrome thus experimentally produced resembles status lymphaticus and is believed to depend mainly on a partial loss of certain functions of the interrenal and sex glands rather than of the chromaffin tissue.
The normal and abnormal lymphoid and thymic hyperplasias of infancy and childhood are believed to be manifestations of a functional underdevelopment of the interrenal and sex glands of varying intensity.
The so called lymphatic constitution which underlies or accompanies exophthalmic goiter, Addison's disease, and acromegaly also appears to be dependent on a partial suppression of certain functions of the interrenal and sex glands.
STUDIES ON THE BIOLOGY OF STREPTOCOCCUS
Authors: Stevens Franklin A. , Dochez A. R. 
Published: June 2004

1. A group of streptococci which agglutinate with scarlatinal immune sera has been isolated from the throats of 65 per cent of cases of scarlet fever during the 1st week of the disease.
2. Strains of hemolytic streptococci belonging to this group have been isolated from the throats of patients at the termination of quarantine (30 days).
3. Hemolytic streptococci are found most frequently in the throat in convalescent patients in whom the tonsillar inflammation has not entirely subsided.
4. The complications occurring in scarlet fever may be due to the original scarlatinal strain or may be the result of a secondary infection with pyogenic strains of streptococci.
ALLERGIC IRRITABILITY
Authors: Lewis Paul A. , Loomis Dorothy 
Published: June 2004

The guinea pig infected with virulent tubercle bacilli develops much more anti-sheep amboceptor than do controls when given like amounts of sheep red blood corpuscles.
The curve of antibody production in the guinea pig when treated with sheep red blood corpuscles shows a departure from curves previously determined in other animals.
These facts were ascertained as part of an effort to learn mbre of the functional nature of the inheritable factors controlling natural resistance to disease. The nature of some of the problems involved is outlined, and the limited bearing of the experiments on these is discussed.
PRECIPITATION AND COMPLEMENT FIXATION REACTIONS WITH RESIDUE ANTIGENS IN THE NON-HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCUS GROUP
Authors: Hitchcock Charles H. 
Published: June 2004

The applicability to the non-hemolytic streptococci of the technique used for the extraction of a soluble precipitating substance from the hemolytic streptococci is demonstrated.
With this substance as antigen, it is demonstrated by means of precipitation and complement fixation that the non-hemolytic streptococci form an antigenically distinct, but entirely heterogeneous group.
Such cross-reactions as do occur within this group are not useful in the systematic classification of these organisms.
THE EFFECT OF HEAT ON FLAGELLAR AND SOMATIC AGGLUTINATION
Authors: Orcutt Marion L. 
Published: June 2004

1. Heat at 70°C. destroys the form of the flagella and their ability to combine with flagellar agglutinins but it does not destroy their antigenic nature since they can still generate flagellar agglutinins in the animal body.
2. Heat at 70°C. and even at 120°C. in the autoclave does not destroy the forms of the bacilli themselves nor their ability to become agglutinated and to absorb agglutinins.
3. Somatic agglutinins are destroyed to a considerable extent by heat at 70°C. and completely destroyed by heat at 75°C.
4. Heat at 70°C. causes little or no destruction of flagellar agglutinins but a temperature of 75°C. changes the agglutinins so that they react more slowly and produce a slightly lower reaction with a zone of inhibition in the stronger dilutions.
THE PENETRATION OF BACTERIA THROUGH CAPILLARY SPACES
Authors: Mudd Stuart , Mudd Emily B. H. 
Published: June 2004

The dark-field microscope may be used to observe directly the characteristics of composite films. The liquid phases, one or both of them containing suspended solid particles as test objects (in these experiments bacteria were used), are spread between slide and cover-glass and examined with any desired lenses. The liquid-liquid interfaces appear as bright lines and the solid particles as shining motes.
An interfacial kinetic mechanism has been observed in films of all composition studied. The bacteria are transported along the phase boundary lines in a striking and characteristic manner and quite independently of movements in the adjoining organic or aqueous phases. These movements in the interface are interpreted as essentially due, according to the composition of the films, to local inequalities in interfacial surface tension, or to minute currents from mixing of the two phases across and along their boundary line, or to both forces acting together.
The bacteria (non-motile in these experiments) reached the interface by brownian movement or currents or shifts in the position of the boundary line. Once in the interface they tended to remain, and accumulated there, in instances where the liquid-liquid interfacial tension was high at least, in higher concentration than in the contiguous phases. Bacteria could, however, escape from the interface in a variety of ways detailed above.
With liquids which differ markedly in interfacial tension and miscibility with water, these properties may be correlated with the characteristics of the preparation. With cyclohexane-water films, for instance, (immiscible, interfacial tension high), the boundary was less readily drawn out into projections, the interfacial trapping mechanism was more efficient, and brownian movement of bacteria in the interface was less free than with cyclohexanol-water films (miscible, interfacial tension low).
Analysis of the mechanism of the phenomena herein described will be given in the paper following.
CERTAIN INTERFACIAL TENSION RELATIONS AND THE BEHAVIOR OF BACTERIA IN FILMS
Authors: Mudd Stuart , Mudd Emily B. H. 
Published: June 2004

To account for the behavior of a solid particle in the interface between two fluids it is necessary to consider, as indicated by Clark Maxwell, three surface tensions: Tso, the tension in the interface between the solid particle and the organic phase; Tsw, the tension in the interface between solid particle and aqueous phase; and Tow, the organic phase-water interfacial tension.
If Tso &gt; Tsw + Tow, (2), the stronger solid-organic phase tension should pull the line of intersection of the three phases around the periphery of the solid particle until the particle is completely enveloped in the water phase.
If Tsw &gt; Tow + Tow (3), the solid-water tension should pull the line of meeting of the phases about the particle until it is enveloped in the organic phase.
If
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the particle should be stable in the interface, only leaving it when mechanical work overcomes the equilibrium due to the balance of interfacial tensions.
The ordinary bacteria used have been stable in the interfaces between water or aqueous solutions and all organic liquids tested; i.e., condition (4) obtains. In preparations in which Tow is large, stability has been found by experiment to be greater than when Tow is small, as follows from condition (4).
The force, dependent upon condition (4), which holds bacteria in the liquid-liquid interface, and the force, dependent upon unequal distribution of tension in the liquid-liquid interface, which causes bacteria to glide along the interface, prove to be of the same order of magnitude as the force due to bacterial flagella. Interfacial tensions or its own motility may dominate the movement of the bacterium, according to circumstances. When bacteria thresh their way out of the interface, escape is into the aqueous phase.
Acid-fast bacteria possess very low or, in some cases, no stability in the interface, passing easily or even spontaneously into the organic phase.
Good evidence has been advanced by other workers to indicate that the surfaces of ordinary bacteria contain many polar radicals; on the other hand, the acid-fast microorganisms are coated with predominantly non-polar substances. It follows from known principles, therefore, that Tsw should be greater than Tsw with ordinary bacteria, and Tsw should be greater than Tso with acid-fast bacteria. Consideration of relations (2) and (3) above will show that these conditions should result in the differences in behavior of acid-fast and ordinary bacteria actually found by experiment.
The theoretical and experimental data here developed contradict the theoretical formulations of the surface tension factor in phagocytosis advanced by Rhumbler and by Tait and substantiate those of Fenn.
PATHOLOGY OF EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMOCOCCUS PNEUMONIA IN MICE
Authors: Branch Arnold , Stillman Ernest G. 
Published: June 2004

1. The administration of alcohol produces no evident histological changes in the lungs of mice.
2. Following inhalations of pneumococci the organisms are not visible histologically in the lungs of mice either in the bronchi or alveoli.
3. In partially immunized mice which have been exposed to a pneumococcus spray while alcoholized, true lobar pneumonia not infrequently develops.
4. The primary lesion of such lobar pneumonia in mice is an interstitial inflammation of the alveolar wall and the infection spreads in the interstitial tissue like a cellulitis.
5. A tentative explanation of the "lobar" distribution of pneumococcus pneumonia is offered.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE SUPRARENAL GLAND ON THE THYMUS
Authors: Jaffe Henry L. 
Published: June 2004

1. Double suprarenalectomy in growing rats is an additional stimulus for thymic growth and brings about marked prepubertal hyperplasia of this gland.
2. Our results on young rats suggest that the suprarenal cortex may be a factor in the excessive thymic hyperplasias seen in infants and children.
A FILTERABLE VIRUS INFECTION OF RABBITS
Authors: Miller C. Philip , Andrewes C. H. , Swift Homer F. 
Published: June 2004

1. Blood and joint fluid of patients suffering from rheumatic fever were inoculated into the testicles of rabbits, and transfers were made from testicle to testicle at varying intervals. In three series, in none of which were the periods between the transfers longer than 4 days, a virus was recovered which produced acute orchitis in rabbits. The virus could be indefinitely propagated from rabbit to rabbit.
2. Intradermal inoculation of the virus led to the appearance of raised erythematous lesions in 3 to 6 days.
3. Intrathoracic inoculations near the heart led to a fibrinous pericarditis in three out of five rabbits, and to a myocarditis in one.
4. Nuclear inclusion bodies staining pink with eosin were found in the lesions in the testis, skin, pericardium, and heart muscle.
5. Rabbits inoculated into skin or testes were refractory, 2 weeks later, to further intradermal inoculations; after this interval their serum had developed the power to neutralize the virus in vitro.
6. The virus can be preserved in 50 per cent glycerol for at least 18 days. It can be preserved after freezing and drying for at least 8 days and probably for 10 weeks.
7. Cross-immunity tests point to the identity of the virus with that described by Rivers and Tillett in their studies on chicken-pox as Virus III.
8. These facts together with the failure of rheumatic fever sera to neutralize the virus indicate that it bears no etiologic relationship to rheumatic fever.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF CHLORIDES IN THE BLOOD OF THE DOG AFTER EXPERIMENTAL INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION
Authors: Haden Russell L. , Orr Thomas G. 
Published: June 2004

The results of simultaneous chloride determinations in whole blood, in plasma, and in cells of the dog after experimental intestinal obstruction are presented, and the chloride content of whole blood and of plasma is compared by two methods of estimation: the iodometric titration on protein-free filtrate, and the digestion technique of Van Slyke.
The chloride as determined on protein-free filtrate checks closely with that as determined by the digestion procedure. The iodometric determination shows accurately the level of chlorides in the blood. The total change in the chloride store of the body is best reflected in determinations on whole blood.
In intestinal obstruction the retained chloride is not present in the blood in some undetermined form.
SEROLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS AMONG AND BETWEEN THE STREPTOCOCCI AND PNEUMOCOCCI
Authors: Hitchcock Charles H. 
Published: June 2004

Using the complement fixation reaction with whole bacterial solutions as antigens, it has been possible to confirm the existence, within the non-hemolytic streptococcus family, of two great groups.
One of these groups, that which may be designated as of the left side, is related in an orderly way to the hemolytic streptococci; the other of the right side, is similarly related to the entire pneumococcus family.
In addition, the hemolytic streptococcus family shows a reactive range which relates it, though less closely, to the non-hemolytic streptococci of the right side, and to the pneumococci.
The existence of these cross-relationships is not associated with the precipitable substance of either family, but may tentatively be presumed to be dependent upon the properties of the protein or lipoid-protein fraction of the bacterial cell.
ENCEPHALITOZOON CUNICULI AS A KIDNEY PARASITE IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Smith Theobald , Florence Laura 
Published: June 2004

A spontaneous epidemic of nephritis among young rabbits associated with a protozoan parasite has been observed in a certain breeding stock since 1918. It is regarded as a nest infection. The parasite is tentatively classed among the microsporidia and the stages encountered are regarded as vegetative which may perhaps pass through several generations in the same host. It is a parasite of the epithelial cell, provoking no immediate host reactions. These are supposed to follow injury such as destruction of the epithelium and denudation and plugging of the tubules. The localizations in the brain are also without cell reaction, except under special conditions, and the many cell foci present are attributed to coccidia and perhaps bacteria and other intestinal parasites. The kidneys are looked upon as the normal habitat and the brain parasites as aberrant and outside the normal cycle unless it can be shown that the spores discharged into the circulation may again multiply in some organ like the kidneys in direct communication with the exterior.
It is highly probable that many reported cases of nephritis among older rabbits used in experiments had their origin in an early invasion of the parasite described.
THE PRODUCTION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF CUTANEOUS ALLERGY TO PNEUMOCOCCUS PROTEIN
Authors: Mackenzie George M. , Woo Shutai T. 
Published: June 2004

1. Intracutaneous injection of guinea pigs with an alkaline extract of pneumococcus produces in about two-thirds of the animals an allergy with a skin reaction similar to the allergic skin response of tuberculosis.
2. Continuance of the intracutaneous injections after the appearance of allergy results in its disappearance. The skin ceases to react.
3. Neither the animals manifesting skin allergy nor those which fail to develop it show any significant alteration in susceptibility to pneumococcus infection by intraperitoneal inoculation. Similarly, animals desensitized by continuing the intracutaneous injections after the appearance of allergy show an unaltered susceptibility.
THE BACTERIOLOGY OF THE INTESTINAL TRACT OF YOUNG CALVES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE EARLY DIARRHEA ("SCOURS")
Authors: Smith Theobald , Orcutt Marion L. 
Published: June 2004

New-born calves receiving no colostrum, or else receiving it after some delay, may die of Bacillus coli septicemia, of which scours is a local manifestation.
Calves receiving an insufficiently protective dose of colostrum may become victims of various bacterial diseases such as arthritis, nephritis, omphalitis, and possibly pneumonia.
Calves receiving a sufficient dose of colostrum may still develop scours of various degrees of severity due to the local multiplication of various types of Bacillus coli in the small intestine.
There exists in the young calf a delicate balance between certain strains of Bacillus coli and the mucous membrane and digestive ferments, which, upset in favor of Bacillus coli, produces scours. The necessary conditions for such attacks are in part inherited defects of the digestive tract, both morphological and functional, and special types of Bacillus coli, resident in the herd and environment.
The immediate indications are a great increase in the number of Bacillus coli in the lowest third of the small intestine with a spreading of the invasion towards the duodenum as the disease gains headway. Under these conditions a general intoxication results. The bacilli form layers or films attached to the top plates of the epithelial cells. At this time morphological changes in the cells are not yet recognizable. The vacuolar or hydropic condition frequently found antedates the bacterial invasion and may be present in the absence of bacteria. In mild or recovered cases, during the 1st week a fatty infiltration of the epithelium is not infrequently present.
In a large number of clinically normal calves, from 1 day to 3 months of age, Gram-negative bacilli were not present in sufficient numbers to be detected in sections, although enriched cultures, when attempted, revealed them.
LOCAL PASSIVE IMMUNITY IN THE SKIN OF RABBITS TO INFECTION WITH (1) A FILTERABLE VIRUS, AND (2) HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Rivers Thomas M. , Tillett William S. 
Published: June 2004

Small areas of skin infiltrated with immune serum proved refractory to the injurious action of a filterable rabbit virus inoculated 24 to 48 hours later. Infiltrations of normal serum did not appreciably protect the skin against the virus. The local protection afforded by the infiltrations of immune serum appears to constitute an example of local passive immunity.
Small areas of skin infiltrated with either normal serum or meat infusion broth proved more refractory than normal skin to infection with hemolytic streptococci inoculated 24 hours later. The refractory state induced in the tissues was non-specific in character. A greater amount of local protection against hemolytic streptococci was afforded by infiltrations with a homologous immune serum than by infiltrations with normal serum. The difference in the amount of protection afforded by immune serum over that induced by normal serum may be thought of as representative of the degree of local passive immunity conferred.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Smith David T. , Webster Leslie T. 
Published: June 2004

A common form of otitis media occurring in rabbits is described. The condition in the great majority of instances is associated with the inflammation of the upper respiratory tract known as snuffles and with the presence of Bacterium lepisepticum. This organism, when introduced into the external nares of rabbits hitherto protected from infection with it, is capable of inducing a purulent otitis media indistinguishable from the natural one.
In the rabbit the connection between the nasal passages and the middle ear is such that a pathogenic agent introduced into the nose may readily invade the entire group of cavities connected with the upper respiratory tract.
RESISTANCE TO SPONTANEOUS MOUSE CANCER INDUCED BY INJECTIONS OF OLEIC ACID
Authors: Nakahara Waro 
Published: June 2004

The experiments reported here show that the resistance of mice to spontaneous neoplastic diseases can be increased by means of oleic acid injections. This is demonstrated (1) by the greatly reduced incidence of local recurrences at the site of operation, and the lessened incidence (2) of primary tumors developing at other locations, (3) of metastases as encountered at autopsy, and (4) of takes of autoplastic tumor grafts, while finally, (5) there is an appreciable increase of the average postoperative longevity.
Supplementary to the above results is the finding that in the treated mice the reaction about the implanted cancer graft differs from that encountered in untreated animals.
STUDIES IN EXPERIMENTAL SYPHILIS
Authors: Chesney Alan M. , Kemp Jarold E. 
Published: June 2004

1. The size of the dose of the infecting material exerts an appreciable effect upon the duration of the incubation period in experimental syphilis of the rabbit. Other things being equal, the larger the dose the shorter is the incubation period.
2. The size of the inoculum was not found to exercise any marked effect upon the course of the disease as a whole.
3. In individual rabbits inoculated with minimal amounts of virus the disease may run a malignant course.