bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Conflict Renewed: The Question of Investiture (1099–1122)
Authors: Morris Colin 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The conflict continued, but narrowed to a more specific issue over the lay investiture of bishops. Compromise was negotiated in the Concordat of Worms. The period saw a transformation in the administrative structure of the Roman church, with an organized body of cardinals, a chamberlain with financial authority and a chancery within the newly named ‘curia’. The whole period since 1050 had created a heritage of hostility between empire and papacy in place of ancient ideals of co‐operation.
The Roman Church and the Empire in the Twelfth Century
Authors: Morris Colin 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Worms made possible a period of relative harmony, but the design of the Hohenstaufen, Frederick Barbarossa to restore the dignity of the so‐called Roman Empire (sacrum imperium) led to renewed conflict and schism, in which the question of imperial rights in Italy was of fundamental importance. From 1194 onwards, the union of Sicily and the emperor under the Henry VI created intense political pressure on the papacy.
The Christian Frontier
Authors: Morris Colin 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The purpose of mission was seen as the extension of Christian worship and ‘the Christian name’. Scandinavia offers a picture of (relatively) peaceful evangelism, with the protection of the rulers. The same is true of Poland and Hungary, but in the Slavonic lands along the Baltic, a long process of military conquest was initiated to overcome the Wends and Prussians. In Palestine, the main purpose of warfare was to defend the Holy Sepulchre from increasing Muslim pressure.
The Message of the Churches
Authors: Morris Colin 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Liturgical worship was seen as the predominant purpose of the church, and lies behind the creation of great cathedrals. At the same time there was an attempt to provide every locality with a parish church, although it is questionable how far this succeeded in educating the laity in the content of the Christian religion. Preaching became more significant, and so was the participation of the faithful in processions and pilgrimages.
The Formulation of the Faith
Authors: Morris Colin 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Serious theological thinking still tended to be monastic, but cathedral schools were increasingly applying methods derived from logic to theology: an approach in which Abelard was famous. Some of these thinkers were notable for the value, which they ascribed to human relationships, in particular, to ‘friendship’. Such concerns lay behind the growing devotion to the crucified humanity of Christ and the doctrine of purgatory.
The Structure of Government
Authors: Morris Colin 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The episcopal office was revivified by new ideas; greater independence in election gave the bishops more freedom of action as ‘ordinaries’, and (especially in France and England) made it possible for them to act as agents for the reforms decreed by fourth Lateran. These efforts were supported by the diocesan synods and bishops and strengthened by the maintenance of registers and the creation of official principal. Efforts were made to protect the financial position of vicars in parishes. Cathedral canonries were the target of papal provisions.
The Roman Church and the Lay Power in the Thirteenth Century
Authors: Morris Colin 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Governments became more active, and there was more awareness of rights as vested in one single authority. They were formalized in established institutions, and two coherent jurisdictions, of church and state, were in confrontation especially over the development of the new phenomenon of papal taxation,. Frederick II renewed the intense hostility between papacy and Hohenstaufen over the control of Italy. Vigorous discussions continued over the nature of papal authority and the rights of the cardinals. The papacy became the victim of its own success: the exploitation of the church as a whole for revenue alienated sympathy and stifled its initiative for reform.
The Early Development of Canon Law and the Council of Serdica
Authors: Hess Hamilton 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
An augmented second edition of The Canons of the Council of Sardica, ad 343: A Landmark in the Early Development of Canon Law (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1958). The earlier historical and exegetical study of the Serdican canons has been updated from that of the first edition in the light of more recent scholarly treatment of the period and of topics relating to early conciliar legislation and the Serdican canons themselves. The first three chapters—constituting Part I—are completely new, covering successively the beginnings of the conciliar movement in the second century as an inter‐congregational medium for decision‐making, the development of the conciliar system (‘councils’ in the West and ‘synods’ in the East) in the third and early fourth centuries into an exclusively episcopal forum employing the consensus process of the Roman senate and other civil deliberative bodies, the fourth‐century emergence of conciliar legislation in the form that came to be known as ‘canons’, and the final development of conciliar legislative acts from consensual agreements to ecclesiastical law during the fifth and sixth centuries. The Serdican canons are presented and studied both as a series of episcopal enactments that shed light in uniquely important ways on fourth‐century developments of conciliar legislation and as a centrepiece for a study of fourth‐ and fifth‐century church legislation in general. Solutions are presented for problems regarding the form of publication of the Serdican canons, the literary priority between the Greek and Latin texts, and their variant readings. In content, the canons are concerned almost exclusively with questions concerning the episcopate: the appointment of bishops, their working relationships with one another, the provision for appeal to the bishop of Rome for retrial in cases of unjust judgements against them by their peers, the prohibition of uninvited episcopal visits to the imperial court, and the prevention of unjust treatment of the clergy by their bishops. The main conclusion reached in this study is that decision‐making in the early Christian Church followed a significant path of development, following Roman cultural and governmental models, as it moved from congregational self‐rule to a system of ecclesiastical law parallel to and interrelated with the Roman civil code.
The Council at Serdica
Authors: Hess Hamilton 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The failure of the attempted settlement of the dispute over the teachings of Arius by the Council of Nicaea in 325 resulted in intense turmoil within the Church during the decades to follow, and this was greatly exacerbated by the division of the Empire after the death of Constantine and the differing ecclesiastical policies of his heirs. Following the deposition of Athanasius and other bishops by the partisans of Arius and their restoration by a council at Rome in 341, a council to resolve the doctrinal differences and personal grievances was convened by permission of the emperors to meet at Serdica in 343. Upon arrival at Serdica, the Eastern bishops, largely sympathetic with the anti‐Nicene party, refused to meet with the Westerns, and two rival councils were held. The Western council confirmed the restoration of Athanasius and his companions at Rome in 341, considered but rejected a new creed, wrote an encyclical and other letters, resolved a dispute over the dating of Easter, and enacted the canons that we are here considering; the Eastern council reapproved the Fourth Creed of Antioch, drafted a paschal cycle, wrote an encyclical condemning Athanasius and his associates and all who had entered into communion with them. The chapter ends with a brief discussion of the life of Ossius of Cordova, who presided over the Western council and was also the leading figure in the framing of the Serdican canons.
The Appointment of Bishops
Authors: Hess Hamilton 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Canon 5 in the Latin text describes a situation in which only one bishop remains in a province, who is unwilling to ordain others to fill the vacancies, so that bishops must be summoned from a neighbouring province to do this. The Latin also presupposes the popular election of bishops, as was still generally observed in the West. This seems also to have been the original sense of the corresponding canon VIa in the Greek text, although the received reading alters the situation described in the Latin, and also reflects the developing Eastern practice of episcopal appointment, as well as ordination, by the bishops of the province. Canon 6 (Greek VIb) reflects a current movement in both the East and the West to control an increase in the numbers of bishops during a period of rapid growth in the number of Christian congregations. Canon 13 (Greek X) provides the earliest known stipulation that no one should be ordained bishop until he has held the offices of reader, deacon, and presbyter, as a series of steps, so that he may be proven worthy of the episcopate.
Episcopal Visits to the Imperial Court
Authors: Hess Hamilton 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
In response to a general problem in the fourth‐century Church arising from ambitious or unworthy petitions submitted to the imperial court by individual bishops, seven of the Serdican canons are devoted to specifying appropriate causes for petition and for regulating the ways in which they should be presented. Canons 8 (Greek VII) and 10b draw a distinction between self‐seeking petitions, which are condemned, and petitions concerning widows, orphans, those who suffer injustice, and exiles, and stipulates that no bishop shall go to the court unless he is summoned or invited by the emperor. Canon 9a (Greek VIII) directs that the petitions should be delivered to the court by the petitioning bishop's deacon, and canon 9b (Greek IXa) adds that the petitions should first be approved by the metropolitan bishop of the province. Canon 10a (Greek IXb) makes a provision for bishops who have petitions and who are going to Rome that the Roman bishop may examine and send approved petitions to the court. This chapter also considers the development of the office of the metropolitan bishop in the East in the light of the evidence provided by Canon 9b (Greek IXa).
Resurrection and the New Jerusalem
Authors: Soskice Janet Martin 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Important though the empty tomb is, full‐flooded resurrection faith (such as we find in Paul) involves much more than the ‘etiolated orthodoxy’—Christ is risen—God does miracles—we shall rise. The resurrection faith of Paul and the Gospels can only be understood in terms of the Jewish restoration eschatology of their day. What the resurrection might mean for Paul is explained through his image of the body (both Christ's and our own) as temple. This is connected with Jesus’ ‘temple destruction’ saying in the Gospel. Belief in the resurrection for Paul has implications not only for a corporeality (bodiliness) but also for our belonging together in one body corporateness, and is thus profoundly moral. Christ's risen body is the new Temple, in a profound theology of divine presence—the place where God dwells with women and men.
Resurrection as Glory: Divine Presence and Christian Origins
Authors: Newman Carey C. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Christianity's break with Judaism—the mutual ‘parting of the ways’—still baffles those who study it. Was the rupture early and driven by a ‘high’ Christology or was the split late and to be explained sociologically (e.g. differences over temple and law)? This paper makes a contribution to this large and vexing question by investigating the narrative, historical, and theological logic standing behind the NT's (New Testament) identification of Jesus as ‘Glory’.
Part I of this study briefly outlines the different ways the Glory tradition signs the visible, movable divine presence within the Hebrew Bible. Part II plots how Glory came to define the age of eschatological blessing in (1) the prophets, (2) the writings of second temple Judaism, and (3) within Jesus’ own vision for the future. Part III isolates the resurrection as the narrative, historical, and theological trigger for the equation Jesus = Glory. Part IV sketches the profound sociological implications of such an equation.
On the basis of this study, three major conclusions are reached. (1) Christians’ use of Glory language signals that the eschatological age of blessing—the events hoped for by prophets—had broken‐in upon this world in the resurrection of Jesus. (2) The NT's provocative use of Glory language clearly opened a theological breach in the wall of Jewish monotheism by scandalously identifying Jesus as the divine presence. (3) The sociological implications of (1) and (2) as stated above were twofold: Glory language created internal cohesiveness and growth within the Christian community and at the same time clearly marked the boundary lines between Christianity and Judaism. In short, the NT's use of Glory language as a sign of God's power and presence in the resurrection of Jesus indicates that the parting of ways between Christianity and Judaism occurred quite early and did so because of a high Christology.
Evidence for the Resurrection
Authors: Swinburne Richard 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
In assessing what happened on some particular past occasion we have to take into account both detailed historical evidence (memories, testimony, and physical traces) and general background evidence. In the case of the Resurrection, we must take into account the normal detailed historical evidence (e.g. that contained in the NT) and balance it against our background evidence. The latter will include both evidence of what normally happens (e.g. that humans do not rise from death), but also the evidence of natural theology—that there is a God who may be expected on occasion to set aside the laws of nature. An Appendix to this philosophical discussion argues that the widespread early Christian practice of celebrating the Eucharist on Sundays provides strong detailed historical evidence, additional to that normally considered, in favour of the Resurrection.
The Resurrection of Jesus and Roman Catholic Fundamental Theology
Authors: Schüssler Fiorenza Francis 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Francis Schüssler Fiorenza develops a fundamental theological approach to Jesus’ resurrection that takes seriously the contemporary critique of foundationalism. He first discusses two different contemporary approaches within fundamental theology to the resurrection of Jesus: one emphasizing probability and combining internal and external reasons, the other focusing on the life of Jesus. After analysing two distinct genre of New Testament testimonies, hymnic material, and appearances narratives, he treats the importance and function of the testimony not only as an avenue of openness to transcendence, but also as a key for the interpretation of the New Testament texts. He concludes with reflections on the nature of metaphor, historical reconstruction, hermeneutical interpretation, and the relations between the object and ground of faith.
The Old Latin Gospels
Authors: Burton Philip 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The term ’Old Latin’ (Vetus Latina) is conventionally applied to those forms of the Latin Bible that predate in origin the Vulgate of Jerome. They are preserved in two forms: in citations in the early Christian writers, and in various manuscripts dating over some 1000 years, from late antiquity to the high Middle Ages. This study particularly addresses the manuscript traditions of the four canonical Gospels, and seeks to answer three questions: How did the extant traditions come into being? What distinct techniques of translation can be identified? What is their relationship to the sort of language traditionally described as ’Late Latin’ or ’Vulgar Latin’? The work concludes with a comparison of the Old Latin translation techniques and those employed by Jerome in his revision.
Derived Forms
Authors: Burton Philip 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
An analysis of the use of derivational morphology and of so‐called ’abstract nouns’ as a translation feature of the Old Latin Gospels. It is suggested that these are due in part to a desire for formal correspondence between Greek and Latin, in part to the general rise of such forms in late Latin and Romance, and in part to the tendency of translators to use high‐level (superordinate) terms in their target‐language.
Rare, Literary, and Technical Terms
Authors: Burton Philip 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
An analysis of the use of rare, obscure, and technical terms as a translation feature in the Old Latin Gospels. It is suggested that these forms need not be ’archaisms’ or ’vulgarisms’ (as is often suggested); the use of inappropriately precise and technical terms is a wider feature of translationese in general, and Biblical translation in particular.
Morphology and Syntax
Authors: Burton Philip 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
An analysis of the morphology and syntax of the Old Latin Gospels, and the extent to which they represent patterns characteristic of later and sub‐literary Latinm, and of the Romance languages. Particular consideration is given to the reorganization of the classical case‐ and gender‐systems, to the phenomena of defective and suppletive forms, and to the replacement of synthetic by periphrastic forms.
Narrative and Enlightenment: The Challenge of Postmodernism
Authors: Brown David 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Examines the current debate between modernism and postmodernism in theology, and argues for a position between the two. In much contemporary theology, the modernism of the Enlightenment is given summary dismissal. That, it is argued, is wrong, not least because the Enlightenment insisted on openness and it is change and development that are integral to a tradition's life. Nonetheless, postmodernism also has its merits, though writers often fail to give the term clear conceptual definition, and so a particular version must first be identified before its merits can be assessed.
The Hermeneutics of Pentecost and Crib
Authors: Brown David 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The Latin of John 19.30 (tradidit) is used to introduce the question of how the Spirit continues its work through a developing tradition. This is then explored at length in some of the reasons behind changing ways in which the nativity have been related in story and depicted in art. The claim is made that so deeply ingrained are these changes that few readers are now aware of how very differently the evangelists intended their narratives, but these changes can be defended.
Continuing Revelation: Learning from Judaism and Islam
Authors: Brown David 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The first part of the chapter offers three arguments for insisting that any approach that automatically condemns post‐biblical developments will inevitably result in the condemnation of Scripture as well. The second part then suggests that Christianity should learn from Orthodox Judaism's and Islam's implicit acceptance of continuing revelation. In the case of the former, the role of haggadah and kabbalah is noted; in the case of the latter, the role of naskh, hadith, ijma, and qiyas.
Art as Revelation
Authors: Brown David 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Explains how art can sometimes function as a stimulus towards changes in understanding of the nature of revelation. In the iconoclastic controversy, the incarnation was used to give a legitimacy to art that it had lacked within Scripture, while Romanesque sculpture has an openness that canonical writings lack in general. Most attention, though, is given to Gothic art's stress on the incarnation as identification with humanity, an emphasis conspicuous by its absence in the biblical canon.
German and Scandinavian Protestantism 1700-1918
Authors: Hope Nicholas 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This book is the first history in English of the Lutheran Church in Germany and Scandinavia in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Beginning and ending in war, this period was of particular unease and upheaval for the Church. Attempts to emulate the spiritual community of the early Church, reform of the Church establishment and steps taken to enlighten parishioners were almost always held back by the anomalous structural legacy of the Reformation, tradition and parish habit, sacred and profane. The birth of the modern nation state and its market economy posed a fundamental challenge to the structure and ethos of the Reformation churches, as it did to the Catholic Church. The First World War deepened the crisis further.
Parish Crisis in a Credulous World
Authors: Hope Nicholas 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Looks at the way parishes and pastoral care coped in hard times (Ch. 1) in the interdependent German and Scandinavian churchscape of the Baltic region. Belief in divine intervention and superstition was commonplace. Propagation of the Gospel and teaching the catechism, also as a way of raising standards of literacy, attempted to stamp out parochial ignorance.
The Political Parish and 1648
Authors: Hope Nicholas 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Deals with attempts to impose religious uniformity on the bizarre parish order created by historical accident and custom since the Reformation. This was frozen by the Westphalian peace, and its ethos lasted until 1918. The largest religious denomination in the home parish was favoured, since it owned the parish church. Specific to Germany was the simultaneous usage of a parish church by Lutheran and Catholic and Lutheran and Reformed parishioners.
Government of the Church‐State
Authors: Hope Nicholas 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Examines authority in the interdependent church state conditioned by the customary arrangements described previously. Professionalization of government carried out by ‘new monarchy’ (1650–1750) moved from the Reformation custodianship towards modern state sovereignty. New too was the consolidation of a modern public law and a new Protestant canon law based on ‘collegialism’.
Cura Animarum Specialis: The Pastoral Office
Authors: Hope Nicholas 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Addresses the reform of the rural and urban pastoral office in the context of the ‘practice of piety’, meaning individual spiritual renewal and better standards of pastoral care in parishes. Special attention is paid to Anglican, Puritan and Dutch Reformed influence. Lutheran ‘Pietism’ associated with the urban clergymen, Spener and Francke, and their disciples, follows as a movement of pastoral reform.
Reform
Authors: Hope Nicholas 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Takes up the second theme of part I. Reform is put in the context of diocesan and parish visitation, land and people, propagation of the Gospel and a reformation of manners. Pietism is discussed as a post‐war official programme. The Christian Year in church and home, a new interest in the shape of the liturgy, a development in church architecture from Latin choir to congregational nave, and church music are major topics.
Herrnhut
Authors: Hope Nicholas 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Looks at Herrnhut, ‘the Lord's keeping’, count Zinzendorf's first settlement (in English, ‘Moravians’), as a cheerful Protestant religion of the heart. It gave ordinary people in the town and the country a sense of dignity and purpose in life. Much was about etiquette and experiment. After the 1750 Moravian mission, using native languages was very successful in Scandinavia and in Estonia and Livonia, in defining ethnic identity.