bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Is it you will undertake to teach the universities?’
Authors: Hettrick J. C. L. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the debate emerging around the reform of the University of Oxford in late 1649, focusing on the arguments in Thomas Hobbes’s Leviathan (1651). The first eight chapters of Leviathan set the ground and the definition of Hobbes’s proposed reform of the university: the replacement of a supposedly Aristotelean curriculum with a scientific and materialistic one. Hobbes’s entire educational practice was dedicated to developing a strategy which would allow men to read their minds, and those of their fellow men, as matter. The chapter then considers Hobbes’s optical theories of light, as well as the concepts of Hobbesian contract, Hobbesian commonwealth, and the ‘hermeneutics of the self’. In Hobbes’s imagery of state, without the universities, the great composite form of the commonwealth would collapse. Learning to read one’s self in materialistic ways and to analyse that scientifically led to a form of behaviour necessary for a Hobbesian civil society. For Hobbes, it was the development of a free and independent reason, albeit guided by materialistic science, which would persuade the populace of the solutions required for a lasting and stable peace.
The Fate of the Soul in Mid-Eighteenth-Century Oxford
Authors: Bailey Natasha 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter assesses the pedagogic shifts that occurred in the early eighteenth century and forever altered the place of theology within the universities. It studies a draft letter that an undergraduate of St John’s College, Oxford, Ralph Brockman, composed in 1744, revealing a certain tension in the teaching objectives foregrounded in mid-eighteenth-century Oxford. On the one hand, students were given considerable freedom to read what they wanted and were explicitly encouraged to think ‘outside of the box’. On the other hand, they were, by and large, only supposed to do so within and up to the sometimes porous boundaries of the dogmatic framework enshrined in the Thirty-Nine Articles, the truth of which students had to attest to upon matriculation. This tension was exacerbated by the intense, vernacular debates about Christian fundamentals that rocked England during Brockman’s youth. In this context, even young students began to be encouraged to think inventively about how best to combat novel religious heterodoxies, and some even published their retorts to dissenting voices. In undertaking the first kind of ‘liberal’ education, some students (including Brockman) found themselves approaching revelation in more creative ways than their tutors would perhaps have found palpable.
Teaching Race in the German Enlightenment
Authors: Golf-French Morgan 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter traces the development of racial thought in the German Enlightenment, looking at Christoph Meiners’s Outline of the History of Humanity, a work primarily concerned with his profoundly hierarchical theory of human racial difference. First presented in the Outline, Meiners claimed that humanity is divided into various races, each unequal in moral, physical, and intellectual characteristics. He defended racial slavery, opposed Jewish civic emancipation, and advocated unrestricted European world domination. Investigating Meiners’s position as professor at the Georgia Augusta University of Göttingen sheds important light on the complex relationships between texts, ideas, and institutions in the German Enlightenment. The chapter then draws inferences about Meiners’s expectations for the impact of his racial theory, the empirical limitations to understanding his work as a whole, and the discursive development of racial thought across the period.
The Poverty of the World
Authors: Jahanbani Sheyda F.A. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The Poverty of the World explores the origins of a conception of “global poverty” in twentieth-century American thought, politics, and culture. Following a group of American intellectuals, policymakers, and activists—John Collier, Oscar Lewis, John Kenneth Galbraith, Michael Harrington, and Sargent and Eunice Shriver, among others—who came into contact with mass poverty because of the profound reshuffling of the international system after 1945, this book argues that these liberals worked to advance a vision of American power in the world that put poverty-fighting at its center. After the war, owing to growing anxieties about the conspicuousness of American affluence and the strategic imperatives of fighting the Cold War, the US government adopted this fight against poverty in the newly independent nations of what came to be called the “Third World.” For liberals, seeing and making sense of deprivation abroad fundamentally altered the way in which they came to understand poverty as a social problem at home. By linking the histories of New Deal and Great Society domestic social programs with those of Cold War–era development programs, the book demonstrates how ideas about and policies addressing poverty in the United States and “underdevelopment” in the Third World became intertwined, fueling a global war on poverty. Their vision of empire ultimately failed, overwhelmed by the empire of force the US government deployed most aggressively in Southeast Asia. Capturing a moment in which many Americans saw poverty-fighting as their nation’s purpose, the book offers a new interpretation of postwar liberalism.
“Challenge to Affluence”
Authors: Jahanbani Sheyda F.A. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 shows how poverty-fighting liberals, struggling to determine what an anti-communist foreign policy should look like in the Cold War, trained their attention on the social costs of affluence at home. John Kenneth Galbraith and other poverty-fighting liberals worked to sharpen an argument about what The Affluent Society—as Galbraith’s bestselling 1958 book called it—owed to its most vulnerable citizens, and to the world. Galbraith, historian Arthur Schlesinger Jr., theologian Reinhold Niebuhr, and a host of young, activist liberal politicians including Hubert Humphrey and Chester Bowles spent the 1950s working to convince the Democratic Party to embrace America’s singular opportunity to build an empire of affluence. In 1960, they won a convert in an ambitious senator named John F. Kennedy, who captured the presidency and high ground of policymaking.
“The United States Contains an Underdeveloped Nation”
Authors: Jahanbani Sheyda F.A. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 explores the rise of “underdevelopment” in American social science in the postwar decades and the way it conceptually colonized long-standing liberal concerns about poverty. Revisiting socialist writer Michael Harrington’s bestselling jeremiad, The Other America (1962), this chapter shows how Harrington fused Oscar Lewis’s theory of the culture of poverty with the exsting vocabulary of development theory to articulate the problem of poverty in the United States. Even as Harrington identified structural barriers to the poor in the US, he still relied on the language of “underdevelopment” to articulate the problem. Providing a genealogy of “underdevelopment,” the chapter shows how ideas about poverty at home and “underdevelopment” abroad became synonymous among poverty-fighting liberals.
“Living Poor”
Authors: Jahanbani Sheyda F.A. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Reading images, fictional accounts, and Volunteer memoirs, Chapter 7 explores the ways in which the global war on poverty became visible to everyday Americans. Analyzing the official images that the Peace Corps and War on Poverty planners used to promote their programs, charting the advent of the “Volunteer” as a protagonist of the new genre of young adult fiction, and tracing the way that Returned Volunteers wrote about their experiences on the front lines of poverty, this chapter argues that the most enduring result of the global war on poverty was the creation of an image of a new kind of liberal citizen, one who was cosmopolitan, flexible, idealistic, and entrepreneurial.
Conclusion
Authors: Jahanbani Sheyda F.A. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter concludes the narratives of each of the major figures in the book, showing how the US war in Vietnam eclipsed the global war on poverty. Showing how each of the poverty-fighting liberals profiled in the book made sense of their own failures, this chapter concludes that the global war on poverty and the imperial formation it represented was overthrown in the 1970s partly owing to conservative backlash and national decline. But, as this chapter concludes, the demise of the global war on poverty was also rooted in the compromises that poverty-fighting liberals made to enact their vision in policy almost from the beginning of their undertaking.
Physical Therapists’ Social Responsibility in the Philippines Entails Adopting a Societal Practice Framework: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Palad Yves , Armsby Pauline , Qualter Anne 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Objective
The study’s objective was to explore Filipino physical therapists’ views on social responsibility and the competencies it entails.

Methods
This study employed a constructivism-based qualitative design to inquire into the perspectives of physical therapist leaders and practitioners in the Philippines on Filipino physical therapists’ social responsibility. Leaders were invited for their macro perspectives and influence on the profession; practitioners were invited to provide more practical viewpoints. Participants were interviewed one-on-one online. Interviews were transcribed, translated to English, and subjected to thematic analysis.

Results
Sixteen participants agreed to share their perspectives. Six themes were generated. Participants viewed the social responsibility of physical therapists in the Philippines as a professional duty that requires altruistic and social justice motivations. Socially responsible actions should address pressing issues affecting Filipino people’s access to physical therapy and experience of health.

Conclusion
The social responsibility of physical therapists in the Philippines entails engaging in roles aside from clinical practice to contribute to Filipino people’s attainment of health. This calls for the expansion of their ethical and practice frameworks to include addressing not only client issues, but also the wider societal barriers to equitable access to physical therapy and better experiences of health.

Impact
This study contributes to professional discourse on the increasing importance of social responsibility in the physical therapist profession amidst increasing rehabilitation needs and growing concerns on health inequity locally and globally, especially as worsened by the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. It informs the development of a societal practice framework for physical therapists in the Philippines and the desired changes in physical therapist policies and education to facilitate fulfillment of their societal obligations.
ESG shareholder engagement and downside risk
Authors: Hoepner Andreas G F , Oikonomou Ioannis , Sautner Zacharias , Starks Laura T , Zhou Xiao Y 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
We show that engagement on environmental, social, and governance issues can benefit shareholders by reducing firms’ downside risks. We find that the risk reductions (measured using value at risk [VaR] and lower partial moments) vary across engagement types and success rates. Engagement is most effective in lowering downside risk when addressing environmental topics (primarily climate change). Further, targets with large downside risk reductions exhibit a decrease in environmental incidents after the engagement. We estimate that the VaR of engagement targets decreases by 9 percent of the standard deviation after successful engagements, relative to control firms.
Comparing a Computerized Digit Symbol Test to a Pen-and-Paper Classic
Authors: Pratt Danielle N , Luther Lauren , Kinney Kyle S , Osborne Kenneth Juston , Corlett Philip R , Powers Albert R , Woods Scott W , Gold James M , Schiffman Jason , Ellman Lauren M , Strauss Gregory P , Walker Elaine F , Zinbarg Richard , Waltz James A , Silverstein Steven M , Mittal Vijay A 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Background and Hypothesis
Processing speed dysfunction is a core feature of psychosis and predictive of conversion in individuals at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis. Although traditionally measured with pen-and-paper tasks, computerized digit symbol tasks are needed to meet the increasing demand for remote assessments. Therefore we: (1) assessed the relationship between traditional and computerized processing speed measurements; (2) compared effect sizes of impairment for progressive and persistent subgroups of CHR individuals on these tasks; and (3) explored causes contributing to task performance differences.

Study Design
Participants included 92 CHR individuals and 60 healthy controls who completed clinical interviews, the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia Symbol Coding test, the computerized TestMyBrain Digit Symbol Matching Test, a finger-tapping task, and a self-reported motor abilities measure. Correlations, Hedges’ g, and linear models were utilized, respectively, to achieve the above aims.

Study Results
Task performance was strongly correlated (r = 0.505). A similar degree of impairment was seen between progressive (g = −0.541) and persistent (g = −0.417) groups on the paper version. The computerized task uniquely identified impairment for progressive individuals (g = −477), as the persistent group performed similarly to controls (g = −0.184). Motor abilities were related to the computerized version, but the paper version was more related to symptoms and psychosis risk level.

Conclusions
The paper symbol coding task measures impairment throughout the CHR state, while the computerized version only identifies impairment in those with worsening symptomatology. These results may be reflective of sensitivity differences, an artifact of existing subgroups, or evidence of mechanistic differences.
Aerobic exercise mitigates hippocampal neuronal apoptosis by regulating DAPK1/CDKN2A/REDD1/FoXO1/FasL signaling pathway in D‐galactose‐induced aging mice
Authors: Liu Yang , Guo Wen , Hong Si‐Lu 
Published: September 2023

AbstractBrain aging is the most important risk factor for neurodegenerative disorders, and abnormal apoptosis is linked to neuronal dysfunction. Specifically, studies have found that exercise effectively inhibits hippocampal neuronal apoptosis, while the molecular mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the impact of aerobic exercise on hippocampal neuronal apoptosis in aging mice and the potential involvement of DAPK1 and its downstream pathways based on recent data that DAPK1 may be associated with neuronal death in neurodegenerative diseases. Senescent mice were subjected to 8 weeks of Aerobic training. Following behavioral testing, hippocampal samples were examined histologically and biochemically to detect pathological changes, neuronal apoptosis, and mRNA and protein levels. We found that the exercise intervention improved spatial memory and alleviated neuronal apoptosis in the brain. Notably, exercise down‐regulated DAPK1 expression and inhibited Fas death receptor transactivation and the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in the hippocampus. These results shed new light on the protective effect of regular exercise against brain aging though modulating the DAPK1 pathway.
Can we nudge to reduce the perioperative low value care? Decision making factors influencing safe practice implementation
Authors: Paz-Martin Daniel , Arnal-Velasco Daniel 
Published: September 2023

Purpose of the review
Highlight sources of low-value care (LVC) during the perioperative period help understanding the decision making behind its persistence, the barriers for change, and the potential implementation strategies to reduce it.

Recent findings
The behavioural economics science spread of use through aligned strategies or nudge units offer an opportunity to improve success in the LVC reduction.

Summary
LVC, such as unneeded surgeries, or preanaesthesia tests for low-risk surgeries in low-risk patients, is a relevant source of waste and preventable harm, most especially in the perioperative period. Despite the international focus on it, initial efforts to reduce it in the last decade have not clearly shown a sustainable improvement. Understanding the shared decision-making process and the barriers to be expected when tackling LVC is the first step to build the change. Applying a structured strategy based on the behavioural science principles may be the path to increasing high value care in an effective an efficient way. It is time to foster nudge units at different healthcare system levels.
Risk Factors of Screw Malposition in Robot-Assisted Cortical Bone Trajectory
Authors: Nagata Kosei , Glassman Steven D. , Brown Morgan E. , Daniels Christy L. , Schmidt Grant O. , Carreon Leah Y. , Hines Bren , Gum Jeffrey L. 
Published: September 2023

Study Design.
Retrospective single-center study using prospectively collected data.

Objective.
To describe the incidence of and identify risk factors for intraoperative screw malposition secondary to skive or shift during robot-assisted cortical bone trajectory (RA-CBT) insertion.

Summary of Background Data.
RA-CBT screw malposition occurs through 2 distinct modes, skive or shift. Skive occurs when a downward force applied to the cannula, drill, tap, or screw, causes the instrument to deflect relative to its bony landmark. Shift is a change in the position of the RA system relative to the patient after registration.

Patients and Methods.
A consecutive series of patients older than 18 years who underwent RA-CBT screw placement between January 2019 and July 2022 were enrolled. Baseline demographic and surgical data, Hounsfield Units (HUs) at L1, and vertebral shape related to screw planning were collected. Skive or shift was recorded in the operating room on a data collection form.

Results.
Of 1344 CBT screws in 256 patients, malposition was recognized intraoperatively in 33 screws (2.4%) in 27 patients (10.5%); 19 through skive in 17 and 14 through shift in 10 patients. These patients had higher body mass index than patients without malposition (33.0 vs. 30.5 kg/m2, P = 0.037). Patients with skive had higher HU (178.2 vs. 145.2, P = 0.035), compared with patients with shift (139.2 vs. 145.2, P = 0.935) and patients without screw malposition. More than half of the screw malposition was observed at the upper instrumented vertebra. At the upper instrumented vertebra, if the screw’s overlap to the bone surface at the insertion point was decreased, skive was more likely (57% vs. 87%, P < 0.001). No patients were returned to the operating room for screw revision.

Conclusions.
Intraoperative screw malposition occurred in 2.4% of RA-CBT. High body mass index was associated with screw malposition, regardless of etiology. Skive was associated with high HU and decreased screw overlap to the bone surface at the insertion point.
The Application of High-frequency Ultrasonic Imaging in Identifying Fillers in the Temporal Region
Authors: Jiang Liya , Yuan Li , Su Xueshang , Zhen Qiaoyuan , Jia Ying , Hu Jintian , Chai Hongli 
Published: September 2023

Background:
This study aimed to evaluate the ultrasonic manifestations of diversified corium fillers in the temporal region and to provide clinicians with suggestions for diagnosis and treatment.

Methods:
The facial ultrasound images of 116 patients, including 110 women and six men, 20–61years of age, were analyzed at the Chinese Academy Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College from November 2014 to November 2021.

Results:
We identified 48 cases of polyacrylamide, 31 cases of fat, 27 cases of hyaluronic acid, seven cases of hydroxyapatite, two cases of silicone oil, and one case of prosthesis. Polyacrylamide mainly showed irregular flocculent hypoechoic or fine punctate hypoechoic in ultrasound; it could be aggregated as a cystic hypoechoic area or diffused in the tissue space, and the probe could be pressurized to see the echo floating or dislocation flow. Fat mainly showed lobulated hypoechoic deposition with some hyperechoic linear intervals. Hyaluronic acid mainly showed an anechoic structure with a clear boundary, uniform internal echo, and no obvious blood flow signal. If diffused in the surrounding tissues, it was mainly characterized by anechoic or low-echo areas in the stratified tissues. Hydroxyapatite mainly showed strongly hyperechoic patch areas with posterior acoustic shadowing artifacts. Silicone oil was mostly found under the epidermis, showing a high echo in the form of clouds and causing unclear displays of deep tissue. Prosthesis showed hypoechoic prosthesis structure.

Conclusion:
High-frequency ultrasound had a certain significance in the identification of the fillers of the temporal region.
RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIAL DETACHMENTS DEVOID OF RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM
Authors: Salcedo-Ledesma Alfredo , Ledesma-Gil Gerardo , Keshet Yariv , Spaide Richard F. 
Published: September 2023

Purpose:
To describe two patients with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy showing what appeared to be retinal pigment epithelium detachments lacking imaging findings consistent with retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) over the elevation.

Methods:
The patients underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examination, including multicolor fundus photography, fundus autofluorescence, and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography.

Results:
A 70-year-old man and a 58-year-old man, diagnosed with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy, showed pigment epithelium detachment-like lesions that were hypoautofluorescent, suggesting an absence of RPE. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography B scans showed serous, dome-shaped elevations composed of a narrow, mildly hyperreflective band (9–10-µm thick) that demonstrated hypertransmission of light. The material that constituted the elevation was contiguous with the outer portion of the RPE band at the lesion borders.

Conclusion:
Based on the multimodal imaging findings, we hypothesize that these pigment epithelial detachments have lost the RPE. A thin layer of material that could represent a residual layer of basal laminar deposit produced by the RPE remains overlying the detachments, possibly accounting for their dome shape and structural stability.