bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
(Psocoptera: Psocidae: Thyrsophorinae)
Authors: Mockford Edward L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The thyrsophorine psocids are of unusual interest because of their huge size, extremely long antennae, and the striking coloration seen in some species. These psocids are found throughout much of the American tropics. Although discovered early (Burmeister 1839), they have always been scarce in collections. The collection studied in this paper is the largest that has been reported upon. The thyrsophorine taxon has been treated as a family (Enderlein 1903; Pearman 1936; Badonnel 1951), as a subfamily of the family Psocidae (New 1978), and as a tribe of the family Psocidae, subfamily Psocinae (Roesler 1944). The taxonomic status as designated by New (1978) is followed here, but several characters suggest close proximity to the subfamily Cerastipsocinae of family Psocidae. This work is based on the examination of 118 adult specimens collected in Panama primarily by light trap. Observations for colour descriptions were made with a dissecting microscope and direct illumination of specimens in alcohol, unless otherwise indicated. Body parts were drawn with a drawing tube on a compound microscope from material mounted permanently in Hoyer’s medium. Wing drawings were made with a microprojector. Measurements were made with a filar micrometer; the micrometer unit was 2.63µm. Abbreviations used for structures measured (Table 16.1) are explained as follows: FW = forewing length, HW = hindwing length; F = hind femoral length; T = hind tibial length; t1, t2 = length of hind first and second tarsomeres (also used for these structures in the text); cten = number of ctenidia (comb-based setae) on hind t1; f1, f2 = length of first and second flagellomeres; IO/d = least distance between compound eyes in dorsal view divided by transverse diameter of compound eye in dorsal view. The nomenclature of wing veins and cells (Figs 16.1, 16.2) is standard for the order.
Catalogue of the Short-winged Mould Beetles of Panama (Coleoptera: Pselaphidae)*
Authors: Chandler Donald S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Pselaphidae, or short-winged mould beetles, are a large family whose members are small (usually less than 4mm in length), rather inconspicuously coloured, and thus not easily noticed in their cryptic habitats. Individuals may be found in leaf litter, rotten wood, or under bark, grass sod, rocks, and in ant or termite nests. Most species are associated with leaf litters, and are collected primarily by processing leaf or rotten wood samples in the laboratory with a Berlese funnel. Many tropical species may be most easily collected due to their attraction to ultraviolet light. Pselaphids are predators, and feed on the small worms and arthropods found in their environment. There are currently 173 named species of Pselaphidae known from Panama. A number of additional names are in a published letter of Motschulsky (1855), who collected at Obispo on the road traversing the isthmus. The majority of these names have been ignored by subsequent authors, with twenty of the names now considered valid. These species are impossible to recognize or place in genera due to the brevity of their descriptions and placement in genera that are not neotropical. These names are listed following the catalogue, with their probable tribal placement.
Velvet Ants of Panama: Distribution and systematics (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)
Authors: Roberto Cambra T , Arias Diomedes Quintero 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Velvet ants (Mutillidae) form a diverse, mostly Pantropical group, with some 4200 described species assigned to eight subfamilies. Mutillids were considered members of the Scolioidea by Krombein etal. (1979) and Rasnitsyn (1988) but Genise (1986), following Brothers’ (1975) revision ofthe aculeate classification, grouped the Sapygidae with the Mutillidae to form the Mutilloidea. Their striking sexual dimorphism has led to numerous descriptions of species and genera based on a single sex. We predict that the number of specific names synonymized, once the sexes are correctly associated, will about equal the number of new species that will be described, with the result that the present total number of species for the Americas will remain nearly constant. We expect a significant reduction in genera, of perhaps one-fifth, brought about by future sex associations. The situation for other continents, Africa and Australia in particular, is certainly different (Brothers, personal communication) as very few faunistic studies have been completed in those large geographic areas, and their mutillid diversity is high. Mutillid females, the sex most commonly encountered, are apterous (males are winged), have six abdominal segments (males have seven), and are brightly coloured (males are generally uniformly dark). Females are ant-like (males resemble scoliid wasps) and can inflict repeated painful stings with their strongly decurved stinger, which does not remain in the wound (males lack stingers). Females move very swiftly and hide readily at the slightest disturbance. They are parasitoids or hyperparasitoids of the pupae of some seven families of aculeate Hymenoptera, and generally place a single egg in each pupa. For example, they behave as hyperparasitoids of scoliid and tiphiid wasps, which are parasitoids of ground-dwelling scarabaeid larvae (Coleoptera). They probably do not use prepupae as hosts, but much remains to be learned of their biology. Mutillids rarely have been found as parasitoids outside of the Hymenoptera, the exceptions being a few species of Coleoptera, Diptera, and Lepidoptera.
A vocal taxonomy of the callitrichids
Authors: Snowdon Charles T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vocal characters have been used to clarify taxonomy in several cases with birds and primates. One of the major sources of vocal characters have been calls used in mate attraction and intergroup dispersal. In birds, song is used for mate attraction and dispersal and can differentiate species that are otherwise difficult to discriminate on the basis of morphological characters (see for example Smith 1966). In primates, the long or loud call serves a similar function (Gautier and Gautier 1977). These calls are quite stereotyped in form, have species-specific structure, and may play a role in reproductive isolation.
Interindividual differences in behaviour and organization of avian mixed-species flocks
Authors: Hino Teruaki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Avian flocks often consist not of a single species but of several species. Such flocks are known as mixed-species flocks. The mixed flocks have been studied from two different aspects: that of community ecology and that of behavioural ecology. The community ecological studies have focused on interspecific differences in resource use as a mechanism of coexistence in mixed flocks (Morse 1970, 1978; Nakamura 1970; Alatalo et al, 1985). On the other hand, behavioural ecological studies have tried to show an adaptive significance of mixed flocking from the point of view of the individual (Krebs 1973; Barnard and Thompson 1985). These two types of studies have mainly emphasized two opposite aspects of mixed flocking. The community studies have emphasized a repulsion (competition and/or aggression) among flock members, while the behavioural studies have emphasized an attraction (co-operation and/or cohesion) among flock members. However, these two aspects of interactions are essential components of flocking and, if the organization of mixed-species flocks is to be understood, they cannot be treated separately (Slobodchikoff and Schulz 1988).
Mode of competition and interspecific competitive outcomes
Authors: Fujii Koichi , Toquenaga Yukihiko 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Competition (both intra- and interspecific) has been one of the most intensively studied subjects in ecological research (Connell 1983; Schoener 1983; Abrams 1988). This is the first and most important step in bridging the gap between community ecology and lower levels of ecological phenomena at the population and individual levels. Several important concepts have led to a better understanding of competition. Nicholson’s dichotomy of contest v. scramble competition (Nicholson 1954) is one of them. It has been used to interpret patterns of intraspecific competition in many areas of ecology. Two kinds of tools have been used to classify populations undergoing either contest or scramble competition. One is the competition curve, in which the number of survivors after competition is plotted as a function of the initial density of competitors. In contest-type competition, the number of survivors rises until competition starts and then it reaches a plateau.
Discussion: understanding indirect effects: is it possible?
Authors: Pimm Stuart L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is little wonder that ecologists find competition fascinating. Rival competitors mutually reduce each other’s growth rates either by direct interference or indirectly via some shared resource. The indirect pathway leads to familiar exploitive competition and immediately to extraordinary potential complexities and subtleties. For example, if two species share one or more predators, there is so-called apparent competition between them (Holt 1977). The growth of one prey species causes an increase in the numbers of predators and so a decrease in the numbers of the other prey species and vice versa (Schoener, this volume, Fig. 23.2). Further complications arise when two putative competitors exploit prey species which themselves compete. The putative competitors may turn out to be indirect mutualists rather than competitors (Schoener, Chapter 23 this volume, Fig. 23.3).The three chapters in this section show how complexities arise from all levels of organization. Real species are embedded in communities more complex and much more structured than the simple examples of my previous paragraph. ltioka (Chapter 10 this volume) investigates a community where scale insects at least potentially compete for resources on the same host plant. Some scales have unique predators, others share predators.
Cost-benefit model for the evolution of symbiosis
Authors: Matsuda Hiroyuki , Shimada Masakazu 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If two individuals of different species live closely together, such interspecific interaction is called symbiosis. Symbiotic relationships are widely observed and there are a variety of forms of symbiosis (Table 14.1). Symbiotic interactions include parasitic, commensalistic, and mutualistic relationships. Generally, interspecific interactions are divided into four categories.
Species abundances
Authors: Nee Sean , Harvey Paul H , Cotgreave Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How many individuals of each species are there in a given community, and why? These questions, which lie at the heart of ecology, continue to motivate much ecological research. In this chapter one approach to answering these questions will be considered, i.e. the detection and interpretation of patterns of species abundance that are common to different communities. If the same patterns are found in different communities, it is likely that similar processes are involved. For some years, species abundance data was represented as in Fig. 22.1, plotting the number of species in a sample represented by I, 2, 3, etc. individuals (Williams 1964). These plots typically look like ski slopes, with the number in each abundance class declining precipitously from the class of minimum abundance (one, of course). Then Preston (l 948) had the innovative idea of plotting frequency histograms of the numbers of species in logarithmic abundance classes. In many cases, this transforms the ski slope into a humped distribution, truncated on the left at what Preston called the ‘veil line’ (see Fig. 22.2).
A survey of extant vertebrates
Authors: Janvier Philippe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most extant relatives of the early vertebrates, such as teleosts or tetrapods, have evolved in their own way and are now quite different from their Silurian and Devonian relatives. Recent fishes and amphibians are often referred to as ‘lower vertebrates’, a term inherited from gradistic representation of the history of life. In fact, these ‘lower vertebrates’ branch off in the ‘lower’ part of the cladogram of the vertebrates, but most of them display unique characters that may be extremely complex and ‘advanced’ in evolutionary terms. The ‘tongue’ of lampreys, for example (see p. 49), is certainly more complex than the jaw mechanism of sharks, and many extant teleosts are perhaps much more derived, in terms of number of transformation steps, in relation to the earliest actinopterygians than we are in relation to the earliest amniotes.
Epilogue
Authors: Janvier Philippe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Writing a book, in which statements should be as unambiguous as possible, always imposes some self-censorship. I have pointed out, here and there, various facts that may contradict the apparently harmonious hierarchy of characters supporting phylogenies and classifications. These are assessed as homoplasies or simply overlooked, but some of them may be the threads that lead us to challenge current phylogenies. The aim of this epilogue is to point out briefly these inconsistencies and suggest new paths. I am aware that many authors in the past tried to orient research in what they believed to be promising directions, but most of them failed to predict major theoretical changes. Novelties generally come from fields in which they are not expected. In the 1960s, palaeontologists believed that the major theoretical advances in palaeontology would come from evolutionary models based on ammonites or mammals, for example, but it was systematic studies of insects and teleost fishes that prompted the rise of cladistics, and thereby deeply modified the way in which palaeontologists as a whole look at fossils. In some instances, however, it is possible to point out unanswered questions and contradictions that may generate profound changes, at least at the level of phylogeny and systematics. It is also possible simply to indicate where data are lacking and how or where they might be sought.
Volcanic rocks and exhalative ores: the general nature of the ores and their environments
Authors: Stanton R L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first clear recognition that at least some porphyry copper deposits were of a sub-volcanic nature came in 1964 with the discovery of the large Panguna deposit on Bougainville Island, in the south-west Pacific. That many such deposits in older terrains occurred in intrusions of distinctly volcanic context had been known for at least thirty years prior to that, but the now-recognized common close genetic tie between intrusion and intruded volcanic rocks was not widely perceived until the 1970s. The discovery of large numbers of porphyry copper deposits in the western Americas, the western Pacific, and elsewhere since 1970 has, however, revealed a clear tie with young volcanic-arc structures and this, together with an increasing understanding of geochemical and petrological relations between mineralized intrusions and associated volcanic lavas and pyroclastic rocks, has led to the recognition of the comparatively shallow, intrinsically volcanic nature of most porphyry copper deposits and the closely related porphyry gold and molybdenum deposits.
Hydroids, Sea Anemones, Jellyfish, and Comb Jellies
Authors: Cornelius P F S , Manuel, R L , Ryland J S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Cnidaria, formerly combined with the Ctenophora (p. 133) and known as Coelenterata, are most obviously characterized by their radial, or sometimes more strictly biradial, symmetry. The basic structure is sac-like with a single terminal opening, the mouth, which also functions as an anus. The internal space is the coelenteron or gastrovascular cavity, which may be subdivided by radially arranged partitions, the mesenteries or septa. The mouth is surrounded by a circle or circles of tentacles. The body wall consists of only two layers of cells, ectoderm and endoderm, between which is the mesogloea. The mesogloea forms a non-cellular membrane in hydroids, a thick fibrous layer in anemones, and a jelly-like filling in medusae. The musculature, formed from epitheliomuscular cells, may be well developed. All cnidarians are characterized by the presence, especially on the tentacles, of stinging capsules, cnidae or nematocysts, of various types. These capsules are unique to the phylum. Nematocysts consist basically of a capsule with an armed or naked thread coiled inside it. When stimulated the thread is fired by eversion.
Parasitoid communities associated with west African seed-feeding beetles
Authors: Rasp/us Jean-Yves 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the last decades a large amount of biological and taxonomical research has been done on seed-feeding beetles, and especially on bruchids (reviewed by Southgate 1979; Janzen 1980, 1981; Johnson 1981; Borowiec 1987). Studies of the seed predators have been mainly centred on the importance of their impact on the dynamics of the host plant and on the role of secondary compounds (toxins and repellents) concentrated in the seeds. Comparatively little is known about the Hymenoptera parasitizing these beetles, and most of the data are encountered in descriptive catalogues (Cushman 1911; Leonide 1962; DeLuca 1965, 1970, 1977, 1980; Whitehead 1975; Center and Johnson 1976; Steffan 1981; Hetz and Johnson 1988). Little attention has been given to parasitoids other than recording their breeding on a particular host (Southgate 1979). The intensive sampling carried out by Janzen (1980) in Costa Rica strongly suggests that most (59%) of the seed predators within a locality are not parasitized and that parasitoids are rare and mostly polyphagous. Most of the studies on their biology (development, host preferences, etc.) have been conducted under laboratory conditions.
Population dynamics of host-parasitoid interactions
Authors: Jones T H , Hassell M P , May R M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Insects exist within a complex web of multispecies interactions of which hosts and their parasitoids are often an integral part. Although some insect species are host to a complex of 20 or more parasitoid species, a large number are attacked by just one or two species (Askew and Shaw 1986; Hawkins and Lawton 1987, 1988). Many parasitoid species are polyphagous to some degree, and their populations are thus buffered from fluctuations in abundance of any one of their host species (Southwood and Comins 1976). In general, it is endophytic hosts that primarily support such generalist parasitoid communities; the parasitoid communities of exophytic hosts tend to be relatively more specialized (Hawkins et al. 1990).
Influence of maternal characteristics and environmental variation on reproduction in Antarctic fur seals
Authors: Lunn N J , Boyd I L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Antarctic fur seals breed synchronously in a highly seasonal environment. There is considerable inter-annual variation in food supply, which affects breeding performance. However, food supply may also influence future performance through effects on female ovulation, implantation and/or pregnancy. We used foraging trip duration, pup growth rate and weaning mass as indicators of the food available to females during the pup-rearing period (December-April) and examined relationships between these and pup production and timing of breeding in the following year. Productivity (pup production) was positively correlated with growth rate and weaning mass of both male and female pups in the previous season (P &lt; 0.05) and negatively correlated with the variation around the mean birth mass of males (P &lt; 0.05), suggesting that poor feeding conditions one season led to lower production the next. The timing of birth was positively correlated with foraging trip duration (P &lt; 0.05) and negatively correlated with the birth and weaning masses of male and female pups, the duration of the perinatal period, growth of male pups, and the variation in the late-season growth (last two months) of male and female pups (P &lt; 0.05 in all cases). This indicates that females give birth later in the season following a year when food resources were scarce.
Introduction: invariants imply deeper symmetries
Authors: Charnov Eric L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is about invariants, characteristics that do not change, in the life histories of plants and animals. When (population) biologists think of invariance or symmetry, they often think of geometric symmetry such as right-left or radial, the symmetry of repeating units such as coiling in snails or the modular construction of many plants and sessile animals, or the symmetry in gaits of running animals (Stewart and Golubitsky 1992). But symmetry is a much more general concept, meaning that some attributes of an object of interest remain unchanged under specified transformations. Symmetry can have deep mathematical and physical underpinnings, and has proved to be an immensely fruitful approach in physical science (see Pais (1986) for a popular overview of particles and forces).
Population dynamics
Authors: Charnov Eric L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we consider some general patterns in the dynamics of populations and ask what symmetry or invariance for population size and body size transitions can tell us about them, particularly for organisms with determinate growth. The population size invariants examined are the age at first reproduction α and the adult instantaneous mortality rate M. Of course, a body size invariant is something that does not change with body size (α Wº);the one examined here is the relationship between the net reproductive rate Rº and the relative population size.
Senescence (ageing)
Authors: Charnov Eric L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Medawar-Williams evolutionary theory of senescence (or ageing) (Medawar 1952; Williams 1957) is based on the fundamental observation that an individual’s future reproduction is worth less than its present reproduction simply because the individual is less likely to be alive to receive the future benefits (reviewed by Kirkwood and Rose (1991), Rose (1991), and Stearns (1992)). Of course, this is an asymmetry with respect to time. A useful definition of ageing is ‘a persistent decline in the age specific fitness components of an organism due to internal physiological deterioration’ (Rose 1991). The force of natural selection declines with age (formal arguments are given by Hamilton (1966), Emlen (1970), and Charlesworth (1980).
Reproductive Biology of Conus
Authors: Kohn Alan J , Perron Frank E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we describe reproductive biology from mating through oviposition, embryonic and larval development, and metamorphosis, with emphasis on generalities applicable to the entire genus. In the course of this discussion, we also introduce questions and hypotheses on which we present relevant evidence in the accounts of particular species in Chapter 3 and a synthesis in Chapter 4.
Relationships Among Aspects of Reproduction and Life History
Authors: Kohn Alan J , Perron Frank E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses the questions of how the important parameters of reproduction and early life history are interrelated, both within and between species of Conus. They include adult body size, egg size, egg capsule size and number of eggs per capsule, fecundity, developmental mode, and dispersal ability. Here we synthesize and interpret the basic data presented in Chapter 3 and summarized in tabular form in the Appendix.