bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Formation of Isoxazole Derivatives via Nitrile Oxide Using Ammonium Cerium Nitrate (CAN): A Novel One‐Pot Synthesis of 3‐Acetyl‐ and 3‐Benzoylisoxazole Derivatives.
Authors: Itoh Ken‐ichi , Horiuchi C. Akira 
Published: May 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Biological Activity of Some 3‐Methyl/ethoxycarbonyl‐6‐arylimidazo[2,1‐b]thiazoles and Their 5‐Bromo/5‐Formyl Derivatives.
Authors: Khazi I. M. , Koti R. S. , Gadad A. K. , Mahajanshetti C. S. , Shivakumar Y. B. , Akki M. V. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Structural Studies of 3‐Acylamino‐4‐amino‐2,3‐dihydro‐2‐iminothiazole‐5‐carboxylates and 4‐Acylhydrazino‐2‐aminothiazole‐5‐carboxylates.
Authors: Cocco Maria Teresa , Congiu Cenzo , Onnis Valentina , Ianelli Sandra 
Published: May 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Convenient Synthesis of Some 3‐Alkylamino‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐5‐ones.
Authors: Kahveci Bahittin , Bekircan Olcay , Serdar Mevluet , Ikizler Aykut A. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Diethoxyphosphinyl Acetic Acid Hydrazide: A Uniquely Versatile Reagent for the Preparation of Fused [5,5]‐, [5,6]‐, and [5,7]‐3‐[(E)‐2‐(Arylvinyl)]‐1,2,4‐triazoles.
Authors: Liu Fuqiang , Palmer David C. , Sorgi Kirk L. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chiral Copper Complexes of Phosphino Sulfenyl Ferrocenes as Efficient Catalysts for Enantioselective Formal Aza Diels—Alder Reactions of N‐Sulfonyl Imines.
Authors: Mancheno Olga Garcia , Arrayas Ramon Gomez , Carretero Juan C. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
2‐Phenyl‐3‐(quinolizidin‐1‐yl)‐5‐substituted Indoles as Platelet Antiaggregating Agents.
Authors: Ercoli Marcella , Mina Lorenzo , Canu Boido Caterina , Boido Vito , Sparatore Fabio , Armani Ugo , Piana Antonietta 
Published: May 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Green Protocol for the Biginelli Three‐Component Reaction: Ag3PW12O40 as a Novel, Water‐Tolerant Heteropolyacid for the Synthesis of 3,4‐Dihydropyrimidinones.
Authors: Yadav Jhillu S. , Reddy Basi V. Subba , Sridhar Pamu , Reddy Joolakanti S. S. , Nagaiah Kommu , Lingaiah Nakka , Saiprasad Potharaja S. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Reactions of N′‐Acyl‐ and N′‐Tosyl‐Substituted Hydrazides of 2‐Aminobenzoic Acid with Carbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Smirnov G. A. , Sizova E. P. , Luk'yanov O. A. , Fedyanin I. V. , Antipin M. Y. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Bisheterocyclic Synthesis and Antimicrobial Studies on Some Biologically Significant 2‐[N‐(3′‐Chloro‐4′‐substituted Azetidinone‐2)]amino‐4‐hydroxypurines.
Authors: Sharma Pratibha , Kumar Ashok , Sharma Shikha 
Published: May 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
DNA‐Directed Alkylating Agents: Synthesis, Antitumor Activity and DNA Affinity of Bis‐N,N′‐Trisubstituted 1,2,4‐Triazolo‐piperazines.
Authors: Al‐Soud Yaseen A. , Al‐Masoudi Najim A. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
1,2,4‐Triazolo[1,5‐a]quinoxaline Derivatives: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation as Adenosine Receptor Antagonists.
Authors: Catarzi Daniela , Colotta Vittoria , Varano Flavia , Filacchioni Guido , Martini Claudia , Trincavelli Letizia , Lucacchini Antonio 
Published: May 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Synthesis of Novel β‐Lactam‐Containing 1,4‐Benzodiazepines Through a Ketene—Imine Cycloaddition Reaction.
Authors: del Pozo Carlos , Macias Alberto , Lopez‐Ortiz Fernando , Maestro Miguel Angel , Alonso Eduardo , Gonzalez Javier 
Published: May 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of New Fluorescent Derivatives of 1,7,10,16‐Tetraoxa‐4,13‐diazacyclooctadecane (Kryptofix K22).
Authors: Bem Marioara , Caproiu Miron T. , Vasilesco Marilena , Tudose Madalina , Socoteanu Radu , Nicolae Anca , Constantinescu Titus , Banciu Mircea D. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Regio‐ and Stereospecific Alkyl and Alkynyl Substitution Reactions of Epoxy Selenides with Organoaluminums via Episelenonium Ions.
Authors: Sasaki Minoru , Hatta Mitsuru , Tanino Keiji , Miyashita Masaaki 
Published: May 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Palladium Pincer Complex‐Catalyzed Trimethyltin Substitution of Functionalized Propargylic Substrates. An Efficient Route to Propargyl‐ and Allenyl‐Stannanes.
Authors: Kjellgren Johan , Sunden Henrik , Szabo Kalman J. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Antifeedant Properties of N‐Acylphenylisoserinates of Lactarius Sesquiterpenoid Alcohols.
Authors: Kopczacki P. , Gumulka M. , Masnyk M. , Sarosiek A. , Barycki R. , Ignacak W. , Zochowski S. , Grabarczyk H. , Nowak G. , Daniewski W. M. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Taxane Diterpene Synthesis Studies. Part 2. Towards Taxinine—Enantiospecific Construction of an AB‐Ring Substructure Incorporating Both Quaternary Carbon Centers and Attempts to Annulate the C‐Ring.
Authors: Banwell Martin G. , McLeod Malcolm D. , Riches Andrew G. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Stereoselective Synthesis and Preliminary Evaluation of (+)‐ and (‐)‐3‐Methyl‐5‐carboxy‐thien‐2‐yl‐glycine (3‐MATIDA): Identification of (+)‐3‐MATIDA as a Novel mGluR1 Competitive Antagonist.
Authors: Pellicciari Roberto , et al. et al. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Copper(II)salen Catalyzed, Asymmetric Synthesis of α,α‐Disubstituted Amino Acids.
Authors: Belokon Yuri N. , Bhave Devayani , D'Addario Daniela , Groaz Elisabetta , North Michael , Tagliazucca Valeria 
Published: May 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Fragmentation of Carbohydrate Anomeric Alkoxyl Radicals: Synthesis of Chiral 1‐Bromo‐1‐fluoro‐1‐iodo‐alditols.
Authors: Francisco Cosme G. , Gonzalez Concepcion C. , Kennedy Alan R. , Paz Nieves R. , Suarez Ernesto 
Published: May 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Towards Conformationally‐Locked Difluorosugar Analogues: An Unexpected Sense of Dihydroxylation.
Authors: Fawcett John , Griffiths Gerry A. , Percy Jonathan M. , Pintat Stephane , Smith Clive A. , Spencer Neil S. , Uneyama Emi 
Published: May 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A New Approach to Stereospecific Synthesis of P‐Chiral Phosphorothioates. Preparation of Diastereomeric Dithymidyl‐(3′‐5′)phosphorothioates.
Authors: Almer Helena , Szabo Tomas , Stawinski Jacek 
Published: May 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Antiinflammatory Flavonoids and Pterocarpanoid from Crotalaria pallida and C. assamica.
Authors: Ko Horng‐Huey , Weng Jing‐Ru , Tsao Lo‐Ti , Yen Ming‐Hong , Wang Jih‐Pyang , Lin Chun‐Nan 
Published: May 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Antibiotics from Gliding Bacteria. Part 97. Tuscolid (I) and Tuscoron A (II) and B (III): Isolation, Structural Elucidation and Studies on the Biosynthesis of Novel Furan‐3(2H)‐one‐Containing Metabolites from the Myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum.
Authors: Niggemann Jutta , Herrmann Martina , Gerth Klaus , Irschik Herbert , Reichenbach Hans , Hoefle Gerhard 
Published: May 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Structure of Diastereomers of Pentenocin B Produced by Trichoderma hamatum FO‐6903.
Authors: Ohira Susumu , Fujiwara Hiroyuki , Maeda Kiyomi , Habara Masaharu , Sakaedani Naomi , Akiyama Megumi , Kuboki Atsuhito 
Published: May 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Analgesic and Antiinflammatory Activities Evaluation of (‐)‐O‐Acetyl, (‐)‐O‐Methyl, (‐)‐O‐Dimethylethylamine Cubebin and Their Preparation from (‐)‐Cubebin.
Authors: Souza G. H. B. , da Silva Filho A. A. , de Souza V. A. , Pereira A. C. , de A. Royo V. , e Silva M. L. A. , da Silva R. , Donate P. M. , Carvalho J. C. T. , Bastos J. K. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Discovery, Characterization and SAR of Gambogic Acid as a Potent Apoptosis Inducer by a HTS Assay.
Authors: Zhang Han‐Zhong , Kasibhatla Shailaja , Wang Yan , Herich John , Guastella John , Tseng Ben , Drewe John , Cai Sui Xiong 
Published: May 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Anticonvulsant Properties of Tetrahydroisoquinoline Derivatives.
Authors: Gitto Rosaria , Caruso Roberta , Orlando Valerie , Quartarone Silvana , Barreca Maria Letizia , Ferreri Guido , Russo Emilio , De Sarro Giovambattista , Chimirri Alba 
Published: May 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Pyrazino[1,2‐a]indoles as Novel High‐Affinity and Selective Imidazoline I2 Receptor Ligands.
Authors: Chang‐Fong Jean , Tyacke Robin J. , Lau Alice , Westaway Julie , Hudson Alan L. , Glennon Richard A. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Dome‐Shaped Magnetic Phase Diagram of Thermoelectric Layered Cobaltites
Authors: Sugiyama J. , Brewer J. H. , Ansaldo E. J. , Itahara H. , Tani T. , Mikami M. , Mori Y. , Sasaki T. , Hebert S. , Maignan A. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Azomethine, Carbonyl and Thiocarbonyl Ylides — Generation and Reaction of Mesoionic Anhydro‐4‐hydroxy‐1,3‐oxazolium Hydroxide (Isomunchnone) and Anhydro‐4‐hydroxy‐1,3‐dioxolium Hydroxide
Authors: Ibata Toshikazu , Fukushima Kazuaki 
Published: May 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Azomethine, Carbonyl and Thiocarbonyl Ylides — Generation of Non‐Stabilized Azomethine Ylides by Sequential Two‐Electron Oxidative Double Desilylation of α,α′‐ Bis(trimetylsilymethyl)alkylamines
Authors: Pandey Ganesh , Gadre Smita R. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Multicomponent Approach for the Synthesis of Non‐Natural Tryptophan, Tryptamine and β‐Carboline Derivatives
Authors: Jeannin Laurent , Boisbrun Michel , Nemes Csaba , Cochard Fabien , Laronze Marie , Dardennes Emmanuel , Kovacs‐Kulyassa Arpad , Sapi Janos , Laronze Jean‐Yves 
Published: May 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Mechanism of Heterogeneous “Self‐Cleaning” of the Coastal Troposphere: May This Phenomenon Have “Explosion‐like” Autocatalytic Character?
Authors: Gershenzon M. Yu. , Grigorieva V. M. , Shestakov D. V. , Zelenov V. V. , Gershenzon Yu. M. , Zellner R. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Enantioselective transport and liquid–liquid extraction of amino acids as their potassium and sodium salts by optically active diaza‐18‐crown‐6 ethers
Authors: Demirel Nadir , Bulut Yasemin , Hoşgören Halil 
Published: May 2004

AbstractComplexation of amino acids as their sodium and potassium salts by optically active diaza crown ethers has been investigated in transport across bulk liquid membranes containing the carriers and in extraction experiments. The observed enantioselectivity was achieved by (noncovalent) steric and repulsive interactions between the side arm of the crown ether and functional group(s) of the amino acids. The highest enantioselectivity was observed in the case of tryptophan. Chirality 16: 347–350, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enantioselective recognition of ammonium perchlorate salts by optically active monoaza‐15‐crown‐5 ethers
Authors: Togrul Mahmut , Turgut Yilmaz , Hoşgören Halil 
Published: May 2004

AbstractChiral monoaza‐15‐crown‐5 ethers (1, 2) were prepared from (R)‐(−)‐2‐amino‐1‐butanol in high yield. The chiral monoaza‐15‐crown‐5 ethers were purified directly as NaClO4 complexes. Molecular recognition by these chiral monoaza‐crown ethers of (R)‐ and (S)‐PhEtHClO4 and (R)‐ and (S)‐NapEtHClO4 as characterized by UV–vis spectroscopy. The order of enantiomeric selectivity is (R)‐ > (S)‐ PhEtHClO4 and (S)‐ > (R)‐NapEtHClO4 for 1. In the case of 2 it was (R)‐ > (S)‐PhEtHClO4 and (R)‐ > (S)‐ NapEtHClO4. The cavity of macrocycle and steric hindrance of the benzene units appears to play an important role in recognition. Chirality 16:351–355, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preparation of highly optically pure homochiral sulfide‐containing alcohols via oxazaborolidine‐catalyzed asymmetric borane reduction of ketones
Authors: Xu Jiaxi , Wei Tiezheng , Xia Jiakun , Zhang Qihan , Wu Hesong 
Published: May 2004

AbstractHighly optically pure homochiral 1‐(4‐alkylthiophenyl) alcohols were prepared efficiently and practically via the oxazaborolidine‐catalyzed asymmetric borane reduction of prochiral ketones in toluene at 25°C. The coordination of the sulfur atom in the ketones to the boron atom in the catalyst and borane can be inhibited under these reduction conditions. Chirality 16:341–346, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Wände als Wärmespeicher — Modellversuche zu neuen Baustoffen
Authors: Sgoff Dieter , Bader Hans Joachim 
Published: May 2004

AbstractIM SINNE EINES NACHHALTIGEN Wirtschaftens ist der sparsame Umgang mit Energie ein äußerst wichtiger Gesichtspunkt. Erreicht werden kann dies einmal durch die Vermeidung von Verlusten bei Energieumwandlungsprozessen. Hier ist etwa die Steigerung der Wirkungsgrade von Verbrennungs‐ und Elektromotoren zu nennen. Zum anderen spielt die Verbesserung bekannter Systeme zur Energiespeicherung und die Entwicklung neuer Möglichkeiten eine große Rolle, da Energieproduktion und ‐bedarf besonders bei der Nutzung regenerativer Energien oft nicht parallel laufen. Aber auch die Verringerung des Energieaufwandes durch bessere Wärmedämmung etwa von Gebäuden — streng genommen ebenfalls die Optimierung von Energiespeichern — spielt eine große Rolle.Im Zusammenhang mit der Erschließung der umrissenen Thematik für den naturwissenschaftlichen Unterricht haben Huntemann et al. kürzlich die Möglichkeiten von Latentwärmespeichern ausführlich dargestellt [1], weshalb hier auf eine allgemeine Übersicht und die Darstellung der Theorie verzichtet werden kann. Die vorliegende Arbeit erweitert und vertieft die Thematik aus schulexperimenteller und anwendungsbezogener Sicht.
Comparative analysis of two C‐terminal kinesin motor proteins: KIFC1 and KIFC5A
Authors: Zhang Yuguo , Sperry Ann O. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractWe have taken advantage of the close structural relationship between two C‐terminal motors, KIFC5A and KIFC1, to examine the sequence requirements for targeting of these two motors within the cell. Although KIFC5A and KIFC1 are almost identical in their motor and stalk domains, they differ in well‐defined regions of their tail domains. Specific antisera to these motors were used to determine their localization to distinct subcellular compartments, the spindle for KIFC5A or membranous organelles for KIFC1. In addition to defining the intracellular localization of KIFC1, the reactivity of the KIFC1 antibody demonstrates that this motor contains a frame shift with respect to KIFC5A and is likely the product of a separate gene. The divergent tail domains of these motors are predicted to harbor specific information that directs them to their correct intracellular targets. In order to define the sequences responsible for the differential localization of these two motors, GFP was fused to motors with various tail deletions and their localization visualized after transfection. We were able to identify distinct sequences in each motor responsible for its unique cellular localization. The KIFC5A tail contains a 43 amino acid sequence with both nuclear localization and microtubule binding activity while KIFC1 contains a 19 amino acid sequence sufficient to target this motor to membrane‐bounded organelles. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 58:213–230, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Midkine protects hepatocellular carcinoma cells against TRAIL‐mediated apoptosis through down‐regulation of caspase‐3 activity
Authors: Ohuchida Tomoko , Okamoto Kohji , Akahane Kazuhisa , Higure Aiichiro , Todoroki Hidekazu , Abe Yukio , Kikuchi Makoto , Ikematsu Shinya , Muramatsu Takashi , Itoh Hideaki 
Published: May 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDIt is believed that midkine (MK), a heparin‐binding growth factor, plays an important role in carcinogenesis. However, the biologic mechanism of MK in hepatocellular carcinoma has not been clarified to date. The objective of the current study was to investigate the antiapoptotic role of MK in a human hepatoma cell line.METHODSThe human hepatoma cell line HepG2 was used to study the antiapoptotic effect of MK. Tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL)/actinomycin D (ActD)–induced apoptosis was detected using a 2‐(2‐methoxy‐4‐nitrophenyl)‐3‐(4‐nitrophenyl)‐5‐(2,4‐disulphophenyl)‐2H‐tetrazolium monosodium salt (WST‐8) assay, a caspase‐3 activity assay, a caspase‐8 activity assay, and flow cytometric analysis.RESULTSTRAIL had a potent, dose‐dependent inductive effect on cell death in HepG2 cells, for which viable cell counts decreased to 6.3% of the control count at a TRAIL concentration of 100 ng/mL in the presence of 500 ng/mL ActD. Flow cytometry was used to demonstrate that apoptosis induced by TRAIL/ActD was in fact the cause of cell death. According to the WST‐8 assay, MK pretreatment resulted in the suppression of TRAIL/ActD‐mediated apoptosis in HepG2 cells, although cell viability did not increase when HepG2 cells were treated with MK alone. Caspase‐3 activity was down‐regulated when MK was added, but caspase‐8 activity was high in both the absence and presence of MK.CONCLUSIONSThe results of the current study indicate that MK acts as an antiapoptotic factor in HepG2 cells through the down‐regulation of caspase‐3 activity. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Severe hypoglycaemia in 1076 adult patients with type 1 diabetes: influence of risk markers and selection
Authors: Pedersen‐Bjergaard Ulrik , Pramming Stig , Heller Simon R , Wallace Tara M , Rasmussen Åse K , Jørgensen Hanne V , Matthews David R , Hougaard Philip , Thorsteinsson Birger 
Published: May 2004

AbstractBackgroundDifferences between studies in rates of severe hypoglycaemia in type 1 diabetic cohorts are common and poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to assess the frequency of severe hypoglycaemia in unselected patients treated in different secondary care centres and to evaluate the influence of risk markers, clinical setting and selection.MethodsCross‐sectional Danish–British multicentre survey of 1076 consecutive adult patients with clinical type 1 diabetes who completed a detailed questionnaire on hypoglycaemia and related issues. Key variable was the self‐reported rate of severe hypoglycaemia during the preceding year.ResultsThe overall rate of severe hypoglycaemia in the preceding year was 1.3 episodes/patient‐year and episodes were reported by 36.7% of subjects. The distribution was highly skewed with 5% of subjects accounting for 54% of all episodes. There were no significant differences between countries or centres. Reduced hypoglycaemia awareness, peripheral neuropathy and smoking were the only significant risk markers of severe hypoglycaemia in a stepwise multivariate analysis. In a subgroup selected to be similar to the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) cohort, the rate of severe hypoglycaemia was 0.35 episodes/patient‐year and only retinopathy was a significant risk marker together with state of awareness.ConclusionSevere hypoglycaemia remains a significant clinical problem in type 1 diabetes. The rate of severe hypoglycaemia and the influence of risk markers are very sensitive to selection and differences in rates between centres or studies seem to disappear after correction for differences in clinical characteristics. Smoking is a novel overall risk marker of severe hypoglycaemia. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regional distribution of α9β1 integrin within the limbus of the mouse ocular surface
Authors: Pajoohesh‐Ganji Ahdeah , Ghosh Sonali Pal , Stepp Mary Ann 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe epithelial basal cells of the corneal limbus are known to contain adult corneal epithelial stem cells, but the properties of these cells are not well understood. In addition, how and when the limbal epithelium forms during postnatal development in mammals is not clear. To better understand the anatomy and cell biology of the limbus, a whole‐mount procedure was used to show that the nasal, inferior, temporal, and superior regions of the mouse limbus contain different numbers of α9 integrin–positive cells most of which are observed in the nasal region. We also show that this pattern develops progressively over time from 1 to 8 weeks after birth. High magnification image projections and three‐dimensional reconstructions of the limbal region were generated from confocal images obtained after tissues were dual stained with α9 integrin and propidium iodide (PI) or triple stained with α9 integrin, E‐cadherin, and PI. Data show that α9 integrin is present on the adult mouse cornea in the limbal basal cells and is more abundant in the apical‐most cytoplasm of the limbal basal cells, where it can be found colocalized within the plasma membrane with E‐cadherin. These studies are an important step toward improving our understanding of the development and cell biology of limbal basal cells. Developmental Dynamics 230:518–528, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two Frodo/Dapper homologs are expressed in the developing brain and mesoderm of zebrafish
Authors: Gillhouse Matthew , Wagner Nyholm Molly , Hikasa Hiroki , Sokol Sergei Y. , Grinblat Yevgenya 
Published: May 2004

AbstractMembers of the Wnt family of extracellular proteins play essential roles during many phases of vertebrate embryonic development. The molecular mechanism of their action involves a complex cascade of intracellular signaling events, which remains to be understood completely. Recently, two novel cytoplasmic modulators of Wnt signaling, Frodo and Dapper, were identified in Xenopus. We report isolation of their homologs in zebrafish, and show that these genes, frd1 and frd2, are expressed in restricted domains during embryogenesis. Both genes are expressed during early gastrulation in the future mesendoderm, and continue to be expressed in distinct patterns in the forming neurectoderm and mesoderm. Comparative sequence analysis and similar expression patterns argue that frd1 is the zebrafish ortholog of Frodo and Dapper, whereas frd2 is a more divergent member of the same family. Our data suggest important roles for zebrafish frd1 and frd2 in patterning the neural plate and several mesodermal derivatives. Developmental Dynamics 230:403–409, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.