bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Innovation in Systems of Postpartum Care
Authors: Harper Kimberly D. , Charles Nkechi U. , Gibson Amelia N. , Tully Kristin P. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on innovation in systems of postpartum care. Soon after delivery, many women struggle with multidimensional postpartum challenges, such as insurance interruptions and incomplete handoffs between obstetrician-gynecologists and other healthcare providers as well as limited monitoring and accountability for the quality of healthcare services. The chapter focuses on strategies and interventions for reclaiming and reshaping postpartum care in the United States. Selected strategies include integrating multidisciplinary teams into the perinatal care continuum, standardization of clinical processes, improvement of patient–healthcare team communication, and recognition and uplift of community leadership.
Diminishing Returns . . . Everywhere
Authors: Phelps Charles E , Lakdawalla Darius N. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Standard cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) states that people have constant returns to “health,” but the generalized risk-adjusted cost-effectiveness (GRACE) model introduces diminishing returns to health. This chapter first explores how the fundamental trade-off between consumption of market goods and services (“consumption”) and “health” arises, because all money spent on health care to improve health reduces consumption. It shows how the marginal rate of substitution between consumption and health is indeed the willingness to pay for health care and, fundamentally, how diminishing returns affects this concept. The chapter then shows why standard CEA overvalues treatments of low-severity illnesses and undervalues treatments for high-severity illnesses. It introduces the severity of illness ratio, R, which climbs exponentially with illness severity. The R measure also depends on people’s attitudes toward risk, and the chapter defines the necessary measures of risk attitudes in health. Finally, using Taylor series expansion methods, the chapter provides numerical estimates of the way R increases as illness severity increases.
Multiperiod Models
Authors: Phelps Charles E , Lakdawalla Darius N. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
With regard to health, value can be assessed in a simple two-period model. In period 0 (before any health outcomes are known), consumers, in effect, decide what health technologies they are willing to pay for in period 1, when any potential illness risks become manifest. The mechanism to do this, of course, is to buy health insurance. This chapter expands this simple two-period model to include N periods (typically thought of as “years”). In the most general approach, many of the parameters of the two-period model now are time-dependent, requiring that they be measured on a period-by-period basis. Methods to employ incremental cost-effectiveness ratios in this environment are developed. Although the math looks daunting, this chapter shows that it is really simple bookkeeping to keep track of the period-by-period activity. This N-period model is then simplified to the case in which the parameters are “stationary” and hence only need to be estimated once.
Application of Motivational Interviewing in the Rehabilitation Environment
Authors: Wright Katherine S. , Bombardier Charles H. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of motivational interviewing (MI) as applied in rehabilitation environments and discusses potential benefits, perceived myths, and barriers to using MI in rehabilitation settings. Given that rehabilitation is largely about health behavior change, using evidence-based theoretical models for health behavior change provides the “change roadmap,” and then MI strategies are a natural fit for providers to use as part of guiding their patients forward. Also discussed are strategic times to use MI in patient visits, specific co-occurring conditions regularly found in rehabilitation with which MI is effective, and guidance on MI applications outside of direct patient encounters, such as interdisciplinary consultation, navigating changes within provider teams, and supervisory relationships. MI is consistent with rehabilitation values, can help promote the behavior change goals of rehabilitation, and can be learned by any rehabilitation provider to help facilitate behavior change.
Liberal Critics of Roe
Authors: Strauss David A. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This article establishes three explanations for the views of liberal critics of Roe. First, for decades after the New Deal confrontation between President Roosevelt and the Court, many liberals believed that the courts should hesitate to resolve controversial issues of national policy unless the ordinary political processes were dysfunctional (which, regarding abortion, they were not). Second, some liberals believed that the Court’s basic error in the Lochner era was that the Court recognized unenumerated constitutional rights. Some liberals said that Roe was wrong for the same reason. Third, and most important, a commitment to women’s equality became more central to liberal constitutionalism over the last decades of the twentieth century. The more that abortion came to be seen as an issue about women’s equality, the more the existing doctrinal categories—which had been developed in the context of race discrimination but which made Roe harder to defend—came under pressure.
Dobbs’s Democratic Deficits
Authors: Murray Melissa , Shaw Katherine 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Organization makes repeated reference to democratic deliberation as the proper mechanism for resolving the abortion debate. There are, however, reasons to doubt the Dobbs Court’s genuine commitment to democracy. This chapter traces the emergence of the rhetoric of democracy in the Court’s abortion cases, explaining that the anti-abortion movement turned toward democracy-grounded arguments only after a failed attempt to pass a constitutional amendment that would have outlawed abortion nationwide. After discussing this history, the chapter turns to Dobbs itself, identifying the deep democratic myopia displayed in the opinion’s historical method and in its assessment of the current electoral landscape. A proper appreciation of the Court’s extremely limited view of American history, institutions, and democratic participation reveals that Dobbs cannot genuinely be understood to rest on or further principles of democracy.
Where History Fails
Authors: Cott Nancy F. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Supreme Court opinions can make history in more than one way. First, obviously, the Court’s power to declare what the law is and how it should be applied can make dramatic changes in national policies and in everyday life. Second, and less noticed, the Court’s opinions can include assertions about history. Judge-made law is a historical practice. Relying on previous cases and precedents, it looks to the past, as history does. Historical claims made in Supreme Court cases are taken as accurate, enshrined and quoted in subsequent cases—even if the Court’s claims rest on faulty grounds—until and unless countermanded by a subsequent holding. This essay traces the uses of history in the series of twentieth-century Court opinions leading to and including Roe v. Wade, focusing on the development of the concept of privacy as a dimension of Fourteenth Amendment liberty, and contrasts the alternative history asserted in Dobbs.
The Death of Expertise
Authors: Nichols Tom 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In The Death of Expertise: The Campaign against Established Knowledge and Why It Matters, Tom Nichols explores the rejection of experts and the ongoing assaults against knowledge and critical thinking. He notes several influences, including the ubiquity of the Internet, the emergence of a customer satisfaction model in higher education, and the transformation of the news industry into a continual entertainment machine, among others. In this updated and expanded edition, Nichols returns to these themes and he is more alarmed than ever, especially in the aftermath of a pandemic and the outbreak of war in Europe. The rejection of expertise—in which people are hobbled by narcissism and reliant on an overestimation of their own knowledge—is now the foundation for populist political movements. The attacks on science and knowledge have become attacks on democracy itself by an army of ill-informed and angry citizens who are lost in a maze of misinformation, conspiracy theories—and even paranoia.
Judicial Elections and Judicial Behaviour
Authors: Nelson Michael J. , Burnham Michael 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews the evidence about how electing judges, rather than appointing them, affects judicial behaviour. It argues that judicial elections direct judges to respond to public preferences just as elite re-appointment mechanisms lead judges to pay increased attention to the desires of legislators and executives. Thus, there is no ‘perfect’ way to select or retain judges. Instead, reformers must decide to whom they want courts to respond and design the judiciary accordingly. Judicial elections present important (and underused) inferential opportunities for those seeking to understand judicial behaviour. Studies of elite behaviour in other institutions, the role of interest groups in elections, partisanship and the policy-making process, and the dynamics of candidate emergence in legislative elections all have obvious implications for studies of judicial elections. But this potential can only be realized if researchers are willing to abandon disciplinary silos and use judicial elections to test general theories that these institutional arrangements have the potential to be.
Models of Constitutional Review
Authors: Ginsburg Tom , Versteeg Mila 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Constitutional review is the power of a body, usually a court, to assess whether a law or government action complies with the constitution. Constitutional review has spread around the globe in recent decades, leading to a rise in scholarly work trying to understand the various institutional designs that have been deployed and utilized. The existing literature is largely focused on legal tradition, with France, Germany, and the United States providing a canonical triad of models. This chapter describes these models and their historical development. It then proposes new institutional dimensions to offer a typology of systems of constitutional review. The dimensions of focus include access, finality, and centralization. Using these institutional dimensions rather than legal tradition produces a distinct set of categorizations, destabilizing the classical paradigms of analysis. The chapter also notes how the development of supranational review has affected models of constitutional review, integrating national and supra-national levels into the institutional analysis.
Courts and Transitional Justice
Authors: Skaar Elin 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Transitional justice—i.e., how societies respond to the legacies of massive and systematic human rights violations—has become an important scholarly field as well as a political and legal terrain of concern and contestation. The role of courts in the larger picture of transitional justice is particularly contentious and judicial behaviour in these contexts is under-explored. The aim of this chapter is twofold. First, it maps out some of the historical developments in the field of transitional justice since the Second World War, focusing specifically on courts. It shows that although the ‘toolbox’ of transitional justice has been vastly expanded over the last few decades to include a wide range of institutional and non-institutional measures, claims for criminal accountability continue to constitute one of the core pillars of transitional justice when the most atrocious human rights violations are being committed. Second, the chapter offers a tentative explanation for how and why claims for criminal justice for past wrongs rarely translate into successful trials, despite the general consensus that trials are considered vital to reestablishing the rule of law, and hence contribute to transitions to peace and democracy after violent conflict. Specifically, the chapter identifies some of the obstacles that constrain judges from keeping alleged human rights perpetrators to account.
Halakhic Responses to Modernity
Authors: Tucker Ethan M. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Classical halakhah contains a variety of rules that grant privileges and protections to Jews over non-Jews—a fact that at one point was used to justify excluding Jews from mainstream society. While some of these rules remain theoretically applicable in the contemporary world, halakhic authorities have devised workarounds for some of them. Some of these workarounds include invoking alternative considerations, such as the imperative to avoid potential danger caused by antagonistic relationships with non-Jewish neighbors, or the desire to avoid the defamation of Jewish communities and the desecration of God’s name. Alternatively, some halakhic thinkers attempted to redefine certain Biblical and Rabbinic categories of “gentiles” or “idolaters” in order to include or exclude contemporary groups of non-Jews. This chapter will catalog these laws and legal approaches as a case study for how halakhah responds to modernity.
How Does the Talmud Read the Mishnah?
Authors: Moscovitz Leib 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Mishnah interpretation played a significant role in the formation of Talmudic halakhah. Various types of Mishnah interpretation are found in Talmudic literature: philological interpretation (including lexical interpretation and textual emendation), legal interpretation, and stylistic interpretation. Talmudic approaches to Mishnah interpretation were diverse; thus, individual Mishnaic passages were often interpreted in different ways by different rabbis, and diverse approaches to Mishnah interpretation were frequently adopted by different sages, in different geographical centers and chronological periods. One of the hallmarks of Talmudic Mishnah exegesis is its intertextual and often harmonistic character: the Mishnah is read and interpreted—or, more accurately, reinterpreted—in light of parallel texts and a priori considerations of various sorts. Talmudic interpretations of the Mishnah often reflect its plain, presumably original meaning, but elsewhere the Talmuds’ interpretations are forced and textually difficult to justify, even if the motivation behind such exegesis—usually, resolving real or artificial difficulties with the Mishnaic text— is apparent.
Illiberalism and Authoritarianism
Authors: Waller Julian G. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Illiberalism is often associated with the concept of “authoritarianism,” but their relation can be underspecified, confused, contradictory, or overlapping. This is in no small part due to the tricky conceptualization of authoritarianism itself, which holds to surprisingly different definitions across several social-scientific disciplines and deals with the same common problems of usage imprecision. This chapter conceptualizes the relationship between illiberalism and the several understandings of authoritarianism current in the mainstream academic literature. In doing so, it shows how the concept of authoritarianism understood as a form of political regime is the most useful for most scholars working on the subject of illiberalism, although in some ways also the most difficult to adhere. In support of this conclusion, the chapter reviews several prominent and influential alternative definitions of authoritarianism, including psychological-dispositional, psychological-behavioral, policy-ideological, and practice-process conceptualizations. It notes that these other variants of authoritarianism suffer from diverse, internal problems with conceptual coherency, parsimony, bias, rigor, and empirical replicability. Furthermore, they are particularly susceptible to obscuring or even hindering the empirical and theoretical application of illiberalism in scholarly study, although important exceptions and further avenues of exploration are noted as well. Familiarity with definitional problems associated with non-regime conceptualizations of authoritarianism will ultimately facilitate a more precise and nuanced scholarly research approach on illiberalism.
Illiberalism and Islam
Authors: Sibgatullina Gulnaz 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The evolution and spread of illiberalism occurs against the backdrop of increased contact between Muslim-majority countries and Western democracies. This chapter examines two ways in which non-Muslim illiberal movements engage with Islam to define themselves and their agendas. On the one hand, the growing visibility of Muslim groups in the Global North has led to the rise of illiberal discourse that seeks to exclude Muslims by portraying them as a threat. Nevertheless, some illiberal actors instead endorse certain Islamic principles, seek cooperation with Muslim groups, or even convert to Islam. The instrumental use of Islam by illiberal actors relies on images of the religion as a homogeneous, conservative, and male-centered system of faith. The discussion shows that the convergence between illiberal and Muslim elements primarily occurs as a critique of cultural liberalism, and it tends to be driven by expediency, is temporary in nature, and does not challenge existing power relations.
Consuming the State
Authors: Kudaibergen Diana T. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the phenomenon of spontaneous rallies and contentions organized by groups united by demands for additional and often unsanctioned welfare, namely mothers with multiple children who unite sporadically to seek material gains from the Kazakhstani state. Other groups, especially nationalist and populist groups, are similarly demanding that the state write off certain citizens’ consumer debts on the grounds of these citizens’ rights to share the country’s resources. What unites them is how they justify their demands, even though the protesters are aware that their claims bypass the legal structures already in place. The demands for additional assistance—in the form of housing or of canceling one’s debts—are essentially calls for redistribution, even at the price of discriminating against other groups. These protesters’ claims emanate from the illiberal values these citizens have developed over the years spent living under an illiberal regime with endemic mass-scale corruption.
Autocratization—Not an “Illiberal Turn”
Authors: Wilson Matthew C. , Edgell Amanda B. , Sato Yuko , Boese-Schlosser Vanessa , Lindberg Staffan I. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that the concept of autocratization is preferable to alternatives such as democratic backsliding, regression, or illiberal turn. By capturing gradual movements away from democracy across a spectrum of institutions and practices, autocratization is a more encompassing and neutral concept. To that end, the chapter provides an operationalization and an overview of the extent of autocratization in the world over the last century, using the new Episodes of Regime Transformation (ERT) dataset, which draws on original data from the Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. We show the extent to which democratization has slowed down and autocratization has intensified during the most recent wave of autocratization. The number of countries in an episode of democratization peaked in 1991 at seventy-nine countries, but has since plummeted to sixteen in 2021. Meanwhile, the number of autocratizing countries increased steadily from five in 1990 to thirty-two. Notably, the third wave of autocratization has involved more democracies than autocracies. In 2019, roughly 74 percent of autocratization episodes (twenty-three of thirty-one) were occurring in countries that began as democracies. According to this analysis, the number of countries experiencing autocratization is at an all-time high, despite a slight decline in recent years. While most episodes of autocratization since the early 1900s occurred in countries already scoring low on democracy, suggesting a tendency for instability in autocracies, recent episodes tend to affect more democratic countries, illustrating the fragility of many third-wave democracies.
The Role of Éric Zemmour in the “Right-Wingization” of France
Authors: Schir Périne 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
France is currently experiencing a “right-wingization” of its public debate, as far-right ideas become largely detached from politics and are being spread among the academia, journalism, or the literary milieu. Éric Zemmour, a famous French journalist who became a far-right candidate for president in 2022, seems to represent a new stage in this process. His hitherto marginal ideas, with xenophobic, misogynistic, and homophobic themes, are now prospering in the public debate without serious counterweight. While his mediocre electoral results in 2022 may suggest that he has lost a battle, his ability to impose his pet themes—like nativism and traditional gender norms—in the political debate seems to suggest that he is winning the war. In this chapter, we offer a detailed textual study of the content and discursive techniques of Zemmour’s best-selling 2014 political essay, Suicide français, in which he opposes liberal ideology as cultural hegemony. Our hypothesis is that Zemmour is the French version of a transnational trend that has been rising for several decades, in which illiberal thinkers have been able to position themselves at the forefront of the current “culture war”.
Illiberal Peace?
Authors: Lewis David 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Since the early 1990s, international responses to civil wars and conflicts have been dominated by a set of liberal discourses and practices that are often labeled “liberal peacebuilding.” But in the last decade, liberal peacebuilding has faced a growing range of challenges. In a series of recent conflicts, many states have rejected liberal ideas of peaceful negotiation to resolve conflicts. These policy responses have been described as forms of “illiberal peacebuilding,” a form of conflict management designed to end violent conflict through illiberal mechanisms. The terms “illiberal peace,” “illiberal peacebuilding,” “authoritarian peace,” and “authoritarian conflict management” all describe a form of conflict management that seeks to establish political order through top-down, state-centric methods, including the use of violence, while tactics of co-optation, corruption, and patronage are used to encourage compliance. This chapter explores the emergence of this phenomenon and the challenge it poses to existing ideas and practices of international peacebuilding.
Contending Illiberalisms in the People’s Republic of China
Authors: Pils Eva 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
After 1976, the autocratic Chinese party-state introduced economic reforms and mechanisms of “ruling the country in accordance with law” (yi fa zhi guo) that reflected the limited official recognition of liberal legal principles and prompted limited toleration of some freedoms. However, the Chinese leadership has since attempted autocratic reclosure, characterized by intensified domestic and transnational repression. This paper argues that the sovereigntist and anti-pluralist justification narratives advanced by China’s “New Left” (xin zuo pai) in support of changes to the Chinese party-state system under Xi Jinping are a form of droitisation “in the mirror.” These narratives echo and amplify illiberal and anti-globalist discourses directed against a world order supposedly dominated by “the West.” However, some of the views of a global populist and libertarian right wing are also being absorbed by persecuted oppositional groups within China. Together, these shifts weaken liberalism in China and strengthen illiberalism at a global level.