bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of Labrador sea‐ice extent on the North Atlantic oscillation
Authors: Kvamstø Nils Gunnar , Skeie Paul , Stephenson David B. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe wintertime atmospheric response to imposed sea‐surface temperature and sea‐ice extent changes in the Labrador Sea has been investigated by means of ensemble simulations with an atmospheric general circulation model. Low temperatures and heavy ice conditions in the Labrador Sea produce a statistically significant (at 95% confidence) negative North Atlantic oscillation–Arctic oscillation (NAO–AO) response. Conversely, reduced sea‐ice extent in the Labrador Sea produces a positive NAO–AO response. The two simulations with opposite sea‐ice conditions in the Labrador Sea exhibit a maximum mean wintertime difference of 4–5 hPa in sea‐level pressure corresponding to a substantial and statistically significant change in the NAO–AO index of 0.7 standard deviations. The large‐scale response to a local perturbation of sea‐ice conditions is associated with marked changes in the transient eddies (synoptic storms). Changes in the sea‐ice cover cause changes in low‐level baroclinicity that perturb the travelling baroclinic disturbances, which then bring the signal downstream to manifest a non‐local Atlantic‐wide response. The atmospheric response suggests that the sea ice in the Labrador Sea is able to provide an important negative feedback on long‐term NAO–AO variations. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
Differential scanning calorimetric and Raman studies of a phase transition in [C3H7NH3]2SiF6
Authors: Jeghnou H. , Ouasri A. , Elyoubi M. , Rhandour A. , Dhamelincourt M.‐C. , Dhamelincourt P. , Mazzah A. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA new structural phase transition was detected at low temperatures in [C3H7NH3]2SiF6 by means of differential scanning calorimetry; the basic thermodynamic data were determined for this transition. The Raman spectra of this compound were recorded from ambient temperature through the phase transition at 223 K. The observed phase transition may be of the order–disorder type and probably of first‐order character. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lattice dynamics of Ca4GdO(BO3)3
Authors: Ma̧czka M. , Hanuza J. , Paja̧czkowska A. , Morioka Y. , van der Maas J. H. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractPolarized Raman and IR spectra were obtained for Ca4GdO(BO3)3 crystal at ambient temperature. The assignment of the observed bands to the respective internal and external phonons is proposed on the basis of lattice dynamics calculations. This study also shows that significant LO–TO splitting exists for some internal modes. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of pigments and gemstones on the Tours Gospel: the early 9th century Carolingian palette
Authors: Clark Robin J. H. , van der Weerd Jaap 
Published: April 2004

AbstractTwelve gemstones set into the cover of an elaborately decorated leather‐bound manuscript, the Tours Gospel, ‘Evangelia Quatuor’, held in the British Library (Add. MS. 11848), were identified by Raman microscopy to be composed of silica, amethyst, emerald (probable, 3), iron garnet (3) and sapphire (3), one not being identified. The brilliant illuminations within the manuscript (ca 825 AD) were established by Raman studies at 215 locations on 13 folios to have been painted with a restricted palette, which included carbon black, indigo, lead white, minium, orpiment and vermilion, together with certain mixtures of the above pigments. Gold was also used but, notably, not lazurite. The palette was compared with those found for the earlier Lindisfarne Gospels (ca 715 AD), part of a later Anglo‐Saxon manuscript (ca 920 AD), a Paris Bible (1267 AD) and certain Gutenberg Bibles (1455 AD). Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman spectroscopic study of organo‐montmorillonites
Authors: He Hongping , Frost Ray L. , Xi Yune fi , Zhu Jianxi 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA Raman spectroscopic study on the organo‐montmorillonites prepared at different concentrations provided detailed observations about the ordering conformation of HDTMA+ ions confined within the montmorillonite interlayer. The ordering conformation shows a strong dependence on the concentration of the confined amine. Both the wavenumber and bandwidth of antisymmetric and symmetric stretching modes are sensitive to the ordering conformation of the inserted organic cation. Furthermore, the wavenumber of the antisymmetric stretching mode is more sensitive than that of the symmetric stretching mode to the mobility of the tail of the amine chain. At room temperature, the conformational ordering is more easily affected by the packing density in the lateral model than in the paraffin‐type model. However, at liquid nitrogen temperature, both the positions of antisymmetric and symmetric stretching modes are independent of the amine concentration, and the bandwidth of symmetric stretching mode is sensitive to the organic ordering conformation. Upon heating the organo‐montmorillonites, the positions of both the antisymmetric and symmetric stretching bands shift to higher wavenumbers, indicating a decrease of conformational ordering. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Laser cartilage reshaping in an in vivo rabbit model using a 1.54 μm Er:Glass laser
Authors: Mordon Serge , Wang Tao , Fleurisse Laurence , Creusy Colette 
Published: April 2004

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesThe potential applications for facial laser cartilage reshaping (LCR) have generated increasing clinical interest. This study aimed to evaluate in vivo LCR of the rabbit ear using a 1.54 µm Er:Glass laser in combination with contact cooling.Study Design/Materials and MethodsLCR was performed in vivo on 12 rabbit ears using a 1.54 µm Er:Glass laser (Aramis, Quantel Medical, Clermont Ferrand, France) connected to a 4 mm chilled (+5°C) handpiece placed in contact to the skin. Ear curvature was predetermined using a perforated cylindrical guide also used to standardize laser beam delivery. The treatment consisted of 15 spots (3 millisecond, 7 pulses, 12 J/cm2, 2 Hz, 84/cm2 cumulative fluence) applied on 10 contiguous parallel rows along the ear. After irradiation, the aluminum jig was replaced by a holder (10 mm diameter plastic tube) maintaining the curvature. This holder was secured with sutures and covered by an adhesive gauze bandage dressing to keep new form during 7 days. In order to assess thermal damage, biopsies were taken on irradiated areas and 1 week, 3 weeks and 6 weeks and studied using haematoxylin‐erythrosin‐safran (HES) and orcein staining and PCNA to detect cells in cycle.ResultsUsing the laser with the parameters given above, no immediate visible effects were observed on the skin (no swelling, no bleaching). There were also no late visible side effects like crusting, or blistering. The laser treatment produced changes in the shape of every ear after the dressing was removed. A slight tendency to recover its initial shape was observed for each ear. However, the curvature was stabilized after 10 days and the average shape retention was 64±4% at 6 weeks, with a curvature radius of 7.25±0.75 mm, instead of 5 mm initially. Histological examination of the laser irradiated side at 1 week showed an intact epidermis. A reduced inflammation process was seen in the dermis. A modification of half of the layer of cartilage was observed at the opposite side where the laser irradiation was applied and proliferative cells were detected inside. At 3 weeks, an important chondroblastic proliferation was observed around the area of contracted cartilage. At 6 weeks, significant thickening of the cartilage layer was observed (from 300 to 490 µm) and new chondrocytes were clearly seen.ConclusionsRabbit ear cartilage can be reshaped with an Er:Glass laser. This technique could offer exciting possibilities that may help patients whose cartilage‐lined joints have been affected by disease or trauma. This technique could be certainly utilized to correct alar cartilage deformities and septum deviation of cleft lips. Lasers Surg. Med. 34:315–322, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Passive mass deposition control of cryogen sprays through the use of wire meshes
Authors: Vu Henry , Aguilar Guillermo , Stuart Nelson J. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesCryogen spray cooling (CSC) is used for epidermal protection during laser dermatologic surgery. However, further research is necessary to optimize the use of CSC for many applications, particularly in patients with darker skin types, and in procedures with deep‐targeted chromophores.Study Design/Materials and MethodsWith the objective to enhance cryogen spray atomization and introduce a passive mass deposition control, stainless steel wire meshes of various sizes were positioned in the spray path of two nozzles of different diameters (0.7 and 1.4 mm). A temperature sensor placed at a fixed distance below the nozzle tips measured variations in temperature as a function of time. Calculations for heat flux (q), and overall heat extraction (Q) were done through an inverse heat conduction problem (IHCP) algorithm.ResultsThe use of wire meshes reduced maximum q and thus cooling efficiency for both nozzles. However, for the larger diameter nozzle (1.4 mm), cooling duration was prolonged significantly when compared to the case without mesh, which led to an increase in Q.ConclusionsWire meshes, within the range of wire diameters used, are not desirable for use with the smaller diameter nozzle because they reduce cooling efficiency. For the larger diameter nozzle, however, the prolonged cooling duration and increase in Q may be beneficial for laser dermatological procedures directed towards deeper targeted chromophores, such as hair removal. Lasers Surg. Med. 34:329–334, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inferior turbinate reduction in children using Holmium YAG laser—a clinical and histological study
Authors: Rejali S.D. , Upile T. , McLellan D. , Bingham B.J.G. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesTo compare the efficacy and safety of inferior turbinate reduction in children using Holmium:YAG (Ho:Yag) laser and diathermy. Histological effects of these treatments on turbinate tissue are also studied.Study Design/Materials and MethodsA retrospective review and structured telephone interview of paediatric cases treated with Ho:Yag laser and diathermy to inferior turbinates. The complications, morbidity and efficacy were quantified. Histological sections of inferior turbinates treated with diathermy (surface and submucosal) and laser were compared.ResultsEfficacy in the laser (n = 8) and diathermy group (n = 11) was similar. The complication/morbidity score was lower in the laser group, 1.92 versus 3.48, (P = 0.04, CI: 0.01, 2). Long‐term benefit was 50 and 36% in the laser and diathermy group respectively. Histology showed very limited tissue damage in all methods of treatment.ConclusionsHo:Yag laser treatment is equally efficacious, but causes less complications and morbidity compared to surface diathermy. Both treatment methods have poor long‐term efficacy, which may be related to limited tissue damage. Lasers Surg. Med. 34:310–314, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Synthetic Approach to Star‐Like Polymers of Styrene and Butyl Acrylate by Linking Reactions using Functionalized Methacrylates
Authors: Böhme Karsten , Schmidt‐Naake Gudrun 
Published: April 2004

AbstractSummary: Coupling reactions between terminal functionalized polymer chains were chosen for the synthesis of star‐like polymers consisting of polystyrene and polystyrene‐block‐poly[styrene‐co‐(butyl acrylate)] arms. For the preparation of terminal functionalized polymer chains a side reaction of the 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐N‐oxyl (TEMPO) mediated free radical polymerization of methacrylates could be used successfully to convert TEMPO terminated polymers into end functionalized polymers. The number of functionalized monomer units attached to the polymer chain is directly related to the TEMPO concentration during this reaction. Different polystyrenes and polystyrene‐block‐poly[styrene‐co‐(butyl acrylate)] block copolymers were functionalized with a variable number of epoxide and alcohol groups at the chain end. For the determination of the optimal reaction parameters for the coupling reactions between these polymer chains, epoxy functionalized polystyrenes were converted with hydroxy functionalized polystyrenes under basic and acidic conditions. By activation with sodium hydride or boron trifluoride star‐like polymers were synthesized under mild conditions. The transfer of the reaction conditions to coupling reactions between end functionalized polystyrene‐block‐poly[styrene‐co‐(butyl acrylate)] copolymers showed that star‐like polymers with more than 12 arms were formed using boron trifluoride as activating agent.image
EVA‐Montmorillonite Nanocomposites: Effect of Processing Conditions
Authors: Gianelli Walter , Camino Giovanni , Dintcheva Nadka Tzankova , Verso Stella Lo , Mantia Francesco Paolo La 
Published: April 2004

AbstractSummary: The aim of this study is to examine the effect of the compounding apparatus and of processing conditions on the properties of an organoclay‐poly[ethylene‐co‐(vinyl acetate)] (EVA) nanocomposite. The filled materials were prepared using either a discontinuous batch mixer, a single screw extruder, a counter rotating intermeshing twin‐screw compounder or a corotating intermeshing twin‐screw extruder. The characterization of the obtained nanocomposites was performed by XRD, thermogravimetry, mechanical and rheological measurements. The study has shown the possibility of producing nanocomposites based on EVA and a commercial organoclay (Cloisite 15A) by several mixing equipments. In fact all the prepared composite materials exhibit a larger interlayer clay spacing in comparison with the pristine organoclay. Moreover their elastic modulus is significantly increased from 50 to 100% depending on the processing conditions.X‐ray diffraction of the master (Sample A) and the clay used for its preparation (Cloisite 15A).imageX‐ray diffraction of the master (Sample A) and the clay used for its preparation (Cloisite 15A).
Linear ion traps in mass spectrometry
Authors: Douglas Donald J. , Frank Aaron J. , Mao Dunmin 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

I.
Introduction
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II.
Linear Multipoles
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A.  Multipole Fields
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1.  Multipole Potentials
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2.  Ion Motion in 2D Multipole Fields
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3.  Ion Motion in Quadrupole Fields
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4.  Ion Motion in Higher Multipole Fields
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5.  Linear Ion Guides, Collision Cells, and Traps
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6.  Collisional Cooling
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7.  Ion Excitation in the Presence of a Collision Gas
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8.  Ion Isolation
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9.  Trap Capacity
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A.  Mass Discrimination Effects
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III.
Linear Traps Combined with Other Mass Analyzers
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A.  Linear Traps Combined with 3D Paul Traps
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B.  Linear Ion Traps Combined with TOF Mass Analyzers
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C.  Linear Traps Combined with FTICR
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IV.
Linear Traps as Mass Spectrometers
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A.  Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry in a Linear Quadrupole Ion Trap
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B.  Linear Quadrupole Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer with Radial Ion Ejection
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C.  Linear Quadrupole Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer with Axial Ejection
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V.
Summary and Outlook
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Acknowledgments
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List of Symbols
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References
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Linear ion traps are finding new applications in many areas of mass spectrometry. In a linear ion trap, ions are confined radially by a two‐dimensional (2D) radio frequency (RF) field, and axially by stopping potentials applied to end electrodes. This review focuses on linear ion trap instrumentation. Potentials and ion motion in linear multipole fields and methods of ion trapping, cooling, excitation, and isolation are described. This is followed by a description of various mass discrimination effects that have been reported with linear ion traps. Linear ion traps combined in various ways with three‐dimensional (3D) traps, time‐of‐flight (TOF) mass analyzers, and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometers are then given. Linear ion traps can be used as stand alone mass analyzers, and their use for mass analysis by Fourier transforming image currents, by mass selective radial ejection, and by mass selective axial ejection are reviewed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev
Multi‐criteria decision support in the liberalized energy market
Authors: Makkonen Simo , Lahdelma Risto , Asell Anna‐Maria , Jokinen Antti 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe European energy market has faced a radical change during the last 10 years and the evolution will probably continue for several years. Liberalization of the electricity market, unbundling of vertically integrated businesses, scarcity of natural resources, and increasing emphasis on the environmental effects of the energy sector have created a new business environment, where complex, interacting decision problems must be solved in co‐ordination. These decision problems involve a large number of variables, multiple criteria, and they are stochastic by nature. Efficient simulation and optimization methods are required to solve these problems. It is also important that the results on the different analyses can be presented to the decision‐makers in a format that they can understand. In this paper, we focus on the strategic decision making of an electricity retailer operating in the liberalized market. We develop a decision support system based on stochastic simulation, optimization and multi‐criteria analysis. We demonstrate the use of the system through a realistic case. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of water supply augmentation and water demand management options for the City of Cape Town
Authors: Joubert Alison , Stewart Theodor J. , Eberhard Rolfe 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis paper discusses an application of MCDA to integrated water resource planning for the City of Cape Town. As a result of rapid growth in recent years, there has been increasing pressures on limited water resources, leading by the end of 2000 to severe restrictions having to be imposed on consumers. Planners needed thus to develop and to evaluate options both for water supply augmentation and for water demand management. The role of structuring these problems in MCDA terms, in order to facilitate a common understanding between a number of interest groups, is first discussed. Thereafter, the use of simple multiattribute value functions to score the various supply and demand management options in a group setting is described. One advantage of this approach was that when additional alternatives were proposed at a later date, their evaluation could easily be incorporated with the earlier results. The intention during this study was to identify high priority interventions (which may need to be implemented quickly), as well as options that are probably not worth implementing in the short term. It is recognized that at a later stage, the high priority items may need to be ‘packaged’ into a number of alternative policy scenarios, which will be evaluated in more holistic terms. At the time of writing, the results of the analysis described here had been presented as a single proposal to the city council, and have led to more detailed design studies for implementation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measurements of transcallosally mediated cortical inhibition for differentiating parkinsonian syndromes
Authors: Wolters Alexander , Classen Joseph , Kunesch Erwin , Grossmann Annette , Benecke Reiner 
Published: April 2004

AbstractClinicopathologic evidence suggests differential involvement of cortex and corpus callosum (CC) in various disorders presenting with a parkinsonian syndrome. We tested the hypothesis of whether neurophysiologic and morphometric assessments of CC as surrogate parameters of cortical involvement could be helpful in differential diagnosis of parkinsonian disorders. The integrity of CC was assessed neurophysiologically by measuring the ipsilateral silent period (iSP) evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in a total of 25 patients with idiopathic parkinsonian syndromes (IPS), corticobasal ganglionic degeneration (CBD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), or multiple system atrophy (MSA). Additionally, morphometric analyses of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurements of CC was carried out in all patients. iSP was abnormal in all 5 CBD and all 5 PSP patients, whereas it was intact in all 10 IPS patients and all 5 MSA patients. Among various MRI parameters of CC, testing between different groups revealed a significant difference only for measurements of the middle part of the truncus. CBD and PSP patients exhibited a significant atrophy as compared with control subjects. These data suggest impairment of callosal integrity in patients with CBD and PSP. iSP measurements may be a useful clinical neurophysiologic test in differential diagnosis of patients with parkinsonian syndromes. © 2004 Movement Disorder Society
Modulation of two oscillatory networks in the peripheral olfactory system by γ‐aminobutyric acid, glutamate, and acetylcholine in the terrestrial slug Limax marginatus
Authors: Ito Iori , Kimura Tetsuya , Watanabe Satoshi , Kirino Yutaka , Ito Etsuro 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe digit‐like extensions (the digits) of the tentacular ganglion of the terrestrial slug Limax marginatus are the cell body rich region in the primary olfactory system, and they contain primary olfactory neurons and projection neurons that send their axons to the olfactory center via the tentacular nerves. Two cell clusters (the cell masses) at the bases of the digits form the other cell body rich regions. Although the spontaneous slow oscillations and odor responses in the tentacular nerve have been studied, the origin of the oscillatory activity is unknown. In the present study, we examined the contribution of the neurons in the digits and cell masses to generation of the tentacular nerve oscillations by surgical removal from the whole tentacle preparations. Both structures contributed to the tentacular oscillations, and surgical isolation of the digits from the whole tentacle preparations still showed spontaneous oscillations. To analyze the dynamics of odor‐processing circuits in the digits and tentacular ganglia, we studied the effects of γ‐aminobutyric acid, glutamate, and acetylcholine on the circuit dynamics of the oscillatory network(s) in the peripheral olfactory system. Bath or local puff application of γ‐aminobutyric acid to the cell masses decreased the tentacular nerve oscillations, whereas the bath or local puff application of glutamate and acetylcholine to the digits increased the digits' oscillations. Our results suggest the existence of two intrinsic oscillatory circuits that respond differentially to endogenous neurotransmitters in the primary olfactory system of slugs. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 59: 304–318, 2004