bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Redressing or Excusing the Past? The Evaluation of Sexual Child Abuse in the Swedish Redress Scheme for Historical Abuse in Out-of-Home Care
Authors: Sköld Johanna , Sandin Bengt , Schiratzki Johanna 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThis chapter addresses how adult victims of historical institutional child abuse have been treated in the Swedish state’s financial redress scheme. It demonstrates how the experiences of child abuse in welfare institutions materialize in new experiences of the welfare state when the state decides to acknowledge and offer redress to its historically abused citizens. It is shown how the Swedish state’s redress scheme shifted away from an explicit aim to acknowledge the victims’ unjustifiable suffering to the limited ways in which the state could be considered responsible for past harms. As a case, the chapter scrutinizes which details were pivotal for why victims of child sexual abuse in out-of-home care did not receive the financial redress as adjudicated by a temporary redress board. The chapter highlights how it proved difficult to combine an acknowledgement of the victims’ experiences of abuse with an assessment of the responsibility of the state. Furthermore, it demonstrates how contemporary tort law came to influence the assessment of the historical redress claims and set the standards for who received financial redress and who did not. This resulted in renewed experiences of the lived welfare institution caused by a “non-apology” from the welfare state.
The Experience of Prison in Finnish Female Inmates’ Letters from the 1880s to the 1900s
Authors: Annola Johanna 
Published: December 2023

AbstractIn this chapter, Johanna Annola explores Finnish female inmates’ experiences of prison by analyzing their letters. The letters were written in the 1880s to the early 1900s to the directress of a Christian shelter for women. Annola suggests that even though prisoners did not always describe their lives in detail, their experiences of carceral TimeSpace are embedded in their letters as choices of cultural scripts. The letters also reveal entanglements between the present institution (the prison) and the absent institution (the shelter). These entanglements hint at the accumulation of carceral layers in the minds and bodies of the writers. Annola suggests that while the carceral layers produced an institutional burden, they also carried information that could be used to develop coping methods and survival strategies.
Re-negotiating Single Motherhood Within the Helsinki Mother and Child Home in Post-War Finland
Authors: Suominen Riikka 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThis chapter studies how single motherhood was negotiated within the Helsinki Mother and Child Home in post-war Finland. The home was founded by women of the labor movement and aimed at unmarried, mainly working-class women expecting a child. The Helsinki Mother and Child Home represents an important yet seldom studied part of the history of the women’s shelter and maternity care in Finland. Suominen studies the lived institution by analyzing encounters between the institution and single mothers from three dimensions: the ideal, individual, and sociomaterial. She understands the dimensions as overlapping and intertwined, but by studying them separately, it is possible to build a bridge between the ideas, individuals, and structures of society and uncover gendered and class-based processes that were connected to the lived institution and experiences of single motherhood.
The Construction of Early Social Citizenship: The Lived Institution of Poor Relief in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Finland
Authors: Kokko Heikki 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe poor relief reform of 1852 in Finland coincided with the first rise of the Finnish national public sphere. Thus, the analysis of readers’ letters published in the nationwide Finnish-language press provides a rare history-from-below approach to the emerging social citizenship. In this chapter, Kokko argues that the poor relief institution in the 1850s Finland constructed an early social citizenship that was based on the interaction between the legislation, local experiences of civil society, and the transnational circulation of knowledge concerning the rights and responsibilities of the citizen. As a case study, the chapter indicates how early social citizenship was formulated in the modern experiential interplay between the local, societal, and transnational.
What Have We Learned from the Impact of the Pandemic on Our Relationship with Nature? The Importance of Views from Home
Authors: Garrido-Cumbrera Marco , Braçe Olta 
Published: December 2023

AbstractUrban residents commonly spend a considerable proportion of their time indoors, and it is, therefore, important to pay particular attention to the characteristics of their home. During the time that humans remain indoors, the only bridge connecting them with the natural environment was through the views from their windows. Studies on the effect of these views have highlighted the restorative effects that nature views can provide, including feelings of calmness and relaxation. Likewise, such views can help better manage stress, anxiety and scape from loneliness, because they make a connection between indoor and outdoor spaces. At a time of lockdown and isolation following the COVID-19 pandemic, window views were for many the only option for contact with the natural environment, which provided significant positive effects. With the aim of assessing the benefits that views can bring to humans, we set out to study the role of views of nature from windows by analysing the GreenCOVID survey, conducted during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain, England and Ireland.
Landscapes of the Romantic Sublime: The Legacy of Nineteenth-Century Artistic Visions and Contributions to the Development of the Management of Natural Heritage
Authors: Finneran Niall 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThis chapter considers the influences of the nineteenth-century artistic Romantic movement towards the development of management strategies for natural heritage sites and how the legacy of this perspective pervades into the present day. The author takes primarily a British perspective, analysing the role played by poets, artists and writers in provoking a wider interest in engaging with natural heritage, but with a nod towards developments in the United States and Northern Europe at this time. It is argued that this is an overlooked contribution, and that nineteenth-century artistic attitudes to the natural world in the nineteenth century as well as its accessibility, played an important role in the emergence of the National Trust in 1895, as well as later popular perceptions of natural heritage in the UK. It is further argued that these intellectual currents underpin modern approaches to sense of place and the phenomenology of landscape.
Managing Heritage Landscapes of Cultural Value: A View from the National Trust Portfolio in Purbeck, Southern England
Authors: Churcher Tracey , Finneran Niall 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThis chapter will explore themes and issues in the management of landscapes of cultural value using as a core case study the National Trust portfolio on the Isle of Purbeck, Dorset (UK). Key ideas and issues to be drawn out include: an assessment of the challenges faced by the National Trust in a post-COVID-19 environment in managing and interpreting portfolios based on natural landscapes, coastal sites, prehistoric and later archaeological sites and post-industrial and military training spaces, and above all, how the Trust engages with local stakeholders and navigates issues around climate change and tourist pressure. Recent political interest in the work and outreach of the National Trust will also be considered within this context.
Sustainable Project Management of Green Spaces, Protected and Conserved Areas: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Radomska Malgorzata , Clarke Richard , Hewlett Denise 
Published: December 2023

AbstractWorldwide, the dynamics in which protected areas and in urban contexts, public parks and other forms of greenspaces have survived, is challenging. For example, impacts of climate change, seemingly endless political instabilities, decreased funding opportunities, increased numbers of tourists, notably so since the pandemic, a need to manage often conflicting purposes of conservation and use, all draw upon, managing agencies’ increasingly limited funds, staff capacities, their skills, knowledge, expertise and resources often simultaneously. Such events can have deep-seated impacts of change on environments and in turn on their management. Their effects can be of a temporary nature, invariably will warrant adaptive management actions to maintain an area’s purposes and many activities will engage with project and/or programme management principles of working. This chapter provides a review of project management in environmental contexts and identifies key challenges. We draw upon literature in the field of protected area, landscape and greenspace management. In this context, we discuss key principles of project management, with supporting theories and concepts from a generic perspective of the discipline of project management. Despite many managing agencies presenting themselves as able project-oriented organisations, key challenges that appear to be common amongst all projects are highlighted in protected area contexts and examples are provided within the text and through case studies provided.
Liability for AI Driven Systems
Authors: da Fonseca Ana Taveira , Vaz de Sequeira Elsa , Barreto Xavier Luís 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThis article tries to assess if the current civil liability regimes provide a sound framework to tackle damages when AI systems—especially those based on machine-learning—are involved. We try to find answers for three questions: is there a place for fault-based liability, when it is impossible to ascertain, among multiple actors, whose action caused the damage? Are current strict liability regimes appropriate to address no-fault damages caused by the functioning of AI-systems or a new system is needed? When should an agent be exempted from liability? This analysis takes into consideration the important work produced within the European Union, especially the 2019 Report on “Liability for AI and Other Emerging Digital Technologies” (by the Expert Group set up by the European Commission), the European the Parliament 2020 Resolution on Civil Liability for AI, the 2021 Draft AI Act, the 2022 Draft AI Liability Directive and the 2022 Draft Product Liability Directive.
The European Union’s Approach to Artificial Intelligence and the Challenge of Financial Systemic Risk
Authors: Keller Anat , Martins Pereira Clara , Pires Martinho Lucas 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThis piece examines the EU’s ‘Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Laying Down Harmonised Rules on Artificial Intelligence’ (‘AI Act’) with a view to determining the extent to which it addresses the systemic risk created by AI FinTech. Ultimately, it is argued that the notion of ‘high risk’ at the centre of the AI Act leaves out financial systemic risk. This exclusion can neither be justified by reasons of technology neutrality, nor by reasons of proportionality: neither is AI-driven financial systemic risk already covered by existing (or proposed) macroprudential frameworks and tools, nor can its omission from the AI Act be justified by the prioritisation of other types of risk. Moving forward, it is suggested that the EU’s AI Act would have benefited from a broader definition of ‘high risk’. It is also hoped that EU policy makers will soon begin to strengthen existing macroprudential toolkits to address the financial systemic risk created by AI.
Societal Implications of Recommendation Systems: A Technical Perspective
Authors: Gonçalves-Sá Joana , Pinheiro Flávio 
Published: December 2023

AbstractOne of the most popular applications of artificial intelligence algorithms is in recommendation systems (RS). These take advantage of large amounts of user data to learn from the past to help us identify patterns, segment user profiles, predict users’ behaviors and preferences. The algorithmic architecture of RS has been so successful that it has been co-opted in many contexts, from human resources teams, trying to select top candidates, to medical researchers, wanting to identify drug targets. Although the increasing use of AI can provide great benefits, it represents a shift in our interaction with data and machines that also entails fundamental social threats. These can derive from technological or implementation mistakes but also from profound changes in decision-making.Here, we overview some of those risks including ethical and privacy challenges from a technical perspective. We discuss two particularly relevant cases: (1) RS that fail to work as intended and its possible unwanted consequences; (2) RS that work but at the possible expense of threats to individuals and even to democratic societies. Finally, we propose a way forward through a simple checklist that can be used to improve the transparency and accountability of AI algorithms.
Data-Driven Approaches in Healthcare: Challenges and Emerging Trends
Authors: Freitas Ana Teresa 
Published: December 2023

AbstractData is dominating and revolutionizing the healthcare industry in unprecedented ways. Associated with the new technologies of artificial intelligence, they promise to create the foundations for a new paradigm of medicine focused on the individuality of each person. This chapter is divided into four sections that aim to introduce the reader to the topic of data-driven approaches in the health sector. In section one, three ideologies are presented that, despite having some overlaps, present different views on how data should be used in order to guarantee a health service centered on each individual. In section two, the data-driven concept is explored. The emerging challenges of processing large volumes of data and their impacts on individuals, institutions, and society are associated with innovation in other disciplines such as artificial intelligence and personalized medicine. Since artificial intelligence is becoming a disruptive technology in the health sector, section three is dedicated to addressing the ethics and legal challenges posed by this new technological advance. To conclude, section four describes how the healthcare industry has become a major proving ground for artificial intelligence applications, with both startups and venture capital investors recognizing the enormous potential this technology can offer.
Conclusion: Inside and Outside the Contact Zones of Transnational Women’s Movements of the West
Authors: Gehmacher Johanna 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThis concluding chapter uses a short text by Rosika Schwimmer, reflecting on the question of languages in transnational activism on the occasion of the tenth anniversary of the founding of the IWSA, as a starting point to provide insights into the way Käthe Schirmacher ended her practices of translating and transferring between women’s movements shortly before the outbreak of the First World War. Following on from this, the chapter revisits the various forms of transnational mediation discussed in this book and formulates some concluding arguments on their dynamics and relevance. The chapter ends with brief methodological remarks on the question of language in the context of a history of transnational social movements.
Men, Women and Progress. Literary Translation
Authors: Gehmacher Johanna 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThis chapter analyses translations as cultural objects that circulate between languages and movement cultures. It takes the case of an English novel of the 1880s and its (partial) translation into German as a starting point to explore the milieus, dynamics, and practices of transcultural mediation between European women’s movements of the late nineteenth century. Tying in with the concept of ‘activist translation’, it compares translation as a form of political intervention with translating as a professional practice. It submits that to analyse the political and social contexts in which a text is translated as well as its relation to other, accompanying forms of transfer is a prerequisite to understanding the character and the rationale of a specific translation.
To America! Transatlantic Mediation
Authors: Gehmacher Johanna 
Published: December 2023

AbstractUsing the example of Käthe Schirmacher’s travel to the Chicago World’s Fair in 1893, this chapter explores the transatlantic networks and the internationalisation strategies of women’s movements in the late nineteenth century. It discusses the role of multilingual mediators in the building of transnational networks of activism and the opportunities this role offered to young, well-educated women like Schirmacher who were looking for both an income and a political mission. The chapter also analyses the concept of the ‘new woman’ Schirmacher propagated in her speech at the congress and argues that in so doing she contributed to shaping a new persona that opened up professional identities for women and thus chances to earn an independent income.
OSCE Securitization and De-securitization-The Kosovo-Serbia Dialogue
Authors: Lamçe Eni 
Published: December 2023

AbstractUsing Regional Security Complex Theory, this paper examines the role of the OSCE in securitizing and de-securitizing actors in developing Kosovo-Serbia relations. The research is based on an analysis of official documents collected at the archives of the OSCE Documentation Center in Prague. In this regard, the contribution provides an in-depth analysis of developments in Kosovo within the OSCE context starting from 1995, when the OSCE was established, until 2001, when the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was welcomed once again as an OSCE participating State. This period is contrasted against that of more recent positive developments in Kosovo starting from 2015, when Serbia was the first Western Balkan country to Chair the OSCE, until 2020, and the Albanian OSCE Chairmanship. This research investigates the role that the regional actors, namely the USA, the EU and the Russian Federation, played in enhancing or not Kosovo’s domestic developments. This study intends to bring to light the progress made on Kosovo’s path to democratization by highlighting the controversy in relation to its ongoing struggle to have a seat at the table of the OSCE and a voice on important issues concerning its domestic security.
Ukraine’s European Integration in the Context of Russian Aggression
Authors: Reznichuk Maryna 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe full-scale invasion of Russia into the sovereign territory of Ukraine on 24 February 2022 marks the most significant armed conflict within the European continent since the end of the Second World War. In a paradoxical but perhaps foreseeable way, Russia’s military aggression against Ukraine has not only initiated a process of rethinking the European Union’s standard foreign and security policy towards Russia but has also led to an irreversible push for the integration of Ukraine into the legal order of the EU. As a result, Ukraine has received its long-awaited candidate status for EU membership. This article investigates the aspects of Ukraine’s search for geostrategic cooperation alternatives and the country’s determination of geopolitical priorities in light of the current military situation. The study is focused on the analysis of the legal framework of cooperation between Ukraine and the EU, as well as a review of the possible opportunities opened up for Ukraine through its status of a candidate for EU membership in the context of further reformation of the Ukrainian legal system and its harmonization with the EU acquis communautaire. This chapter also examines the legal characteristics of the current Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU and the specifics of its application in the temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine. Particular attention is paid to possible options for the legal transformation of the Association Agreement, which include both the revision of the provisions and annexes to the current Agreement and the conclusion of a new agreement that would regulate Ukrainian-European relations because Ukraine has become an EU candidate country.
Shaping German Feminist Foreign Policy in Times of Conflict in Ukraine
Authors: Pierobon Chiara 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe current conflict in Ukraine has caused European political leaders to question existing European security architecture. In his address to the Bundestag on 27 February 2022, German Chancellor Olaf Scholz from the Social Democratic Party (SPD) referred to this time as a Zeitenwende (historic turning point) for the European continent, leading Germany to reinvent itself as a European security actor. This paradigm shift needs to be contextualized in the framework of an overall reshaping of Germany’s security and foreign policy already promoted by the new Social Democrats/Greens/Free Democrats’ government coalition in December 2021, including developing a Feminist Foreign Policy (FFP) for Germany. With the conflict in Ukraine, the discussion about a German FFP has become even more relevant, bringing to light a tension between more pragmatic and normative interpretations. This chapter focuses on processes through which the FFP was conceptualized in Germany, looking at discourses and narratives produced and circulated by the German Federal Office and, in particular, by German Foreign Minister Annalena Baerbock. The chapter reveals that the current armed conflict in Ukraine has affected the very essence of a German FFP that justifies military assistance as a necessary instrument to protect the rights of women and more marginalized groups.
Polish Reactions to Russian Aggression Against Ukraine
Authors: Dyduch Joanna , Góra Magdalena 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe Russian war of aggression against Ukraine shattered the post-Cold War security architecture and destroyed the sense of security of the entire continent. Poland responded immediately with political and military support for Ukraine as well as with efforts to provide a safe shelter for millions of Ukrainian civilians fleeing the country. Our analysis focuses on how the established features of Polish foreign policy guided the responses and what frames were employed in reaction to the war by governing and opposition actors in Poland. We demonstrate that Polish reaction resulted from Warsaw’s established role as an advocate for Ukraine’s integration with Western structures, especially the EU. In addition to that, the key long-standing elements of Polish foreign policy, such as strong Atlanticism, proved stable and served as a stabilizing factor in responding to the heightened threat to the continental security. We highlight strategic choices to strengthen allied response within NATO and the EU and mobilize international public opinion to help Ukraine. Furthermore, we demonstrate how the internal, highly politicized debate on European integration was silenced and domestic political conflict mitigated.
German, French, and Polish Perspectives on the War in Ukraine
Authors: Kapp Caroline L. , Fix Liana 
Published: December 2023

AbstractIn 2022, Russia’s invasion of Ukraine came as a shock to European countries, who unanimously condemned it as a war of aggression and acted to bolster Ukraine’s defense. Europeans have different understandings of the endgame in Ukraine and the risk of escalation. Three of the European Union’s (EU) key member states, Germany, France, and Poland, have taken varied approaches to this question. This diversity is reflected in the deliverance of military support to Ukraine and the history of the country's relations with Russia. Understanding these divergences will play an essential role in determining the war's outcome and shaping the future of European security.