bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of neonatal handling and maternal separation on rough‐and‐tumble play in the rat
Authors: Arnold Jennifer L. , Siviy Stephen M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe extent to which brief daily handling and longer periods of separation from the mother during the first 2 weeks of life can affect play behavior in juvenile rats was assessed. Rat pups were separated from the mother for either 15 min daily (handling) or for 3 hr daily (maternal separation), and play was observed as juveniles. Overall levels of playfulness were not affected by either manipulation, although certain aspects of playful responsiveness were affected in males, but not females. In particular, the pattern of responsiveness to playful contacts was feminized in both handled and separated male rats. Activity in a novel open field at 15 days of age was increased in both males and females from the separated group, but not in the handled animals, as were the number of rears exhibited during the play bouts. These data suggest that early rearing experiences can have subtle gender‐dependent effects on some aspects of play in juvenile rats and that the underlying mechanism(s) responsible for these effects may differ from those associated with other effects reported for handling and maternal separation. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 41: 205–215, 2002. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/dev.10069
Visual search for high‐level configural differences as well as low‐level critical features is highly efficient early in childhood
Authors: Gerhardstein Peter , Kraebel Kimberly S. , Gillis Jennifer , Lassiter Shana 
Published: October 2002

AbstractVisual search, or the ability to locate a single target from a field of distractors, is used as a means of assessing the capacity of the visual system with regard to the detection of low‐level stimulus dimensions such as color, line orientation, and other specific perceptual features and higher level characteristics such as three‐dimensional (3‐D) orientation implied by pictorial cues to depth or occlusion. Target‐distractor differences of importance to the visual system result in rapid (and possibly preattentive) target location while differences of lesser importance (or differences that are less salient) tend to elicit slower, less efficient search performance (search in this latter case may require attentional resources.) Adult abilities in this type of task have been tested extensively, but comparatively little is known about the development of these abilities. The present investigation was conducted to test, across a range of ages in childhood, the ability to detect visual search targets defined by a low‐level critical feature (a texton; B. Julesz, 1981) and by static (pictorial) cues to depth. Children 2 to 9 years of age and adults were tested with each type of target. Previous data from infant studies predicted that the texton‐defined differences would elicit highly efficient search performance, and this proved to be the case. When no texton difference was present, however, children's search was highly inefficient. Children between 4 to 9 years of age also proved to be quite efficient at locating a target, differing only by a pictorially rendered 3‐D orientation from the distractors, but were much less efficient when the static cues to 3‐D orientation were removed. These findings confirm previous reports that the basic processes underlying visual search are functional early in development, but suggest that children's search is less efficient than adult search when attention is required for object localization. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 41: 241–252, 2002. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/dev.10074
Expression of Peg1 (Mest) in the developing mouse heart: Involvement in trabeculation
Authors: King Tim , Bland Yvette , Webb Sandra , Barton Sheila , Brown Nigel A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPeg1 (Mest) is an imprinted gene of unknown function widely expressed in the mouse embryo, predominantly in cells of the mesodermal lineage. We have revealed a restricted expression pattern within the developing heart. Initial uniform expression throughout the linear heart tube subsequently becomes restricted, primarily to the developing myocardial trabeculae of both the atria and ventricles, where it persists into late development. Expression in the atrial appendage myocardium precedes the emergence of trabeculae (pectinate muscles), and occurs earlier and to a greater extent on the right than on the left, reflecting the spatial and temporal pattern of trabeculation. Analysis of myocardial morphology in mice lacking the Peg1 gene, which are viable and appear grossly normal, reveals a subtle alteration in the pattern of trabeculation: an increase in thickness and reduction in density of the compact myocardium, similar to that seen in the human cardiomyopathy ventricular noncompaction. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Video scalability rate control method by dynamic controlling of hierarchical bit allocation ratio
Authors: Kasai Hiroyuki , Kodama Mei , Tominaga Hideyoshi 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis paper considers the hierarchical video coding system, and proposes a bit allocation rate control method by dynamic control of the hierarchical bit allocation ratio. As the first step, the MPEG‐2 SNR scalability method is considered as the hierarchical video coding, and the relation between the hierarchical bit allocation and the basic/enhancement layer quality is analyzed. It is shown that the intermediate bit allocation ratio may degrade greatly the quality in the enhancement layer. The dependency of the image quality on the hierarchical bit allocation is noted, and video coding bit allocation control is proposed, where the hierarchical loss can be suppressed by dynamically controlling the bit allocation ratio for each picture. A control method is proposed particularly, where the optimal bit allocation ratio is calculated so that the characteristic function is maximized under the constraint that the bit allocation ratio for each GOP is kept constant. Lastly, a simulation experiment is presented. It is shown that the hierarchical loss, which is generated in the conventional bit allocation control, can be suppressed by the proposed control method, and the effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 86(1): 83–96, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.1149
A trainable freehand curve identifier using a fuzzy neural network
Authors: Mori Saori , Saga Sato 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe authors have proposed the Fuzzy Spline Curve Identification (FSCI) method, which is a basic technology of general‐purpose freehand‐curve input for a CAD system. FSCI identifies seven curve primitives which are basic elements of CAD patterns from freehand drawings by assuming the simplest curve primitives in ambiguous freehand curves. However, this method requires considerable user training in drawing due to the fixed fuzzy rules used in FSCI.This paper proposes a new learning‐type FSCI in which the rules are flexible so that user training can be reduced. The method is a combination of fuzzy theory and the learning capability of a neural network. It realizes a learning‐type FSCI which matches the type of each user drawing without losing the features of conventional FSCI. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(10): 51–59, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10089
Interactive system of real‐world video based on self‐organized data structure
Authors: Kawasaki Hiroshi , Yatabe Tomoyuki , lkeuchi Katsushi , Sakauchi Masao 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWith recent development of digital broadcasting and networks, the volume of image data to be handled has rapidly increased. To handle massive amounts of image data on a network, the authors have proposed “advanced database TV” (ADTV) in which image data on the network can be shared. This paper proposes a real‐world video system which is a realization of ADTV, with examples. In this paper, a method of a self‐organized data structure based on image objects is proposed, since the structural elements of images (e.g., scenes, cuts, and objects) are essential elements. The method can be realized by matching a real‐world video of a city and its map. It is shown that a significant improvement of the matching accuracy can be achieved by obtaining three‐dimensional information from the images. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(10): 60–70, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10090
Breakdown characteristics of oil and paper insulation for a very fast transient voltage
Authors: Ikeda Masami , Fukumoto Susumu , Takao Hiroshi , Ohtsuka Shinya , Haginomori Eiichi , Hikita Masayuki 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis paper describes the dielectric breakdown characteristics of oil and oil‐impregnated paper for very fast transient (VFT) voltages. Blumlein circuits generate VFT voltages of 60 and 300 ns in a pulse width that simulates disconnecting switching surges in gas‐insulated switch gears. We measured the breakdown voltages of needle‐to‐plane, plane‐to‐plane oil gaps and several pieces of paper between plane electrodes for VFT and lightning impulse voltages. The measured data were formulated inV‐tcharacteristics and Weibull probability distributions. The inclinationnofV‐tcharacteristics of insulating paper is 150, which is less thann= 13.7 of the plane‐to‐plane oil gap in the VFT time range. The shape parameters of Weibull distribution obtained in this study show that the scattering of breakdown voltages of paper is much less than that of oil. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 141(4): 16–24, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10043
Generating single‐unit residue concentration distributions based on maximum likelihood estimation from composite data
Authors: Valdez‐Flores Ciriaco , Holden Larry R. , Sielken Robert L. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe USDA and FDA databases on pesticide residues in foods contain the residue concentrations in composites (e.g. 5 pounds of apples) as opposed to the value in a single unit (e.g. an apple). However, for assessments of acute dietary intake of pesticides it is more helpful to know the residue concentrations in units that more closely correspond to what is eaten on a single occasion. Rather than assuming that all of the pesticide detected in a composite is concentrated in one single unit or making some other worst‐case assumption, a new statistical procedure based on maximum likelihood estimation and Monte Carlo simulation has been developed to impute the frequency distribution of the single‐unit residue concentration of a chemical from composite residue concentration data. This maximum likelihood imputation procedure (or MaxLIP) incorporates censored observations (e.g. below different limits of detection), mixtures of single‐unit residue concentration distributions, correlations of single‐unit values within a composite, different numbers of units in different composites, mixtures of treated and untreated single units in the same composite, and mixtures of treated and untreated composites in the database.In several examples with simulated data and in a validation field study, MaxLIP predicts the single‐unit residue concentration distribution well and is quite robust.MaxLIP provides a practical example of a potentially widely applicable approach in which Monte Carlo simulation makes maximum likelihood estimation possible when the probability density and cumulative distribution functions in the likelihood are not analytically tractable. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Data analysis and entropy steered discrete filtering for the numerical treatment of conservation laws
Authors: Grahs Thorsten , Sonar Thomas 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis paper describes the construction of a discrete filter algorithm for second‐order oscillatory schemes applied to scalar conservation laws in two space dimensions. Starting from a modification of the Lax–Wendroff scheme proposed by LeVeque (Numer. Meth. Fluids 1993; 4: 175; SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 1996; 33(2): 627) we extend this algorithm with an anisotropic diffusion procedure in order to smooth the spurious oscillations in the vicinity of a shock. To locate the regions identified with the discontinuity we analyse the discrete data with the help of an indicator for entropy production origin from a discrete entropy inequality. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel multigrid orientated solution adaptive time‐step approaches
Authors: Tucker P. G. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractNew performance‐improving natural compatabilities between multigrid convergence acceleration and adapted time‐step solution procedures are discussed. Echoing the multigrid‐coarsened space‐steps and interpolations, a novel adaptive temporal ‘subcycling’ strategy is presented. Tests show, saving storage by basing time‐steps on a focused relatively high unsteadiness region, a focused range of variables or multigrid restricted/injected variables can be effective. A novel strategy of advancing comparative solution elements on coarser multigrid levels is found to give time savings. Higher frequency spatial components are accounted for on coarse levels through the multigrid forcing function. Copyright 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A study of flow arising from insect wing flapping motion
Authors: Szmelter J. , Żbikowski R. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe have modelled the aerodynamics of the flapping insect wing to provide insight into the aerodynamics of flapping wing micro air vehicles. The complexities of the physics of the flow have been highlighted and methodologies which could be used to explore it have been defined. Initial solutions have been obtained which qualitatively agree with experiments. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive mesh refinement for three‐dimensional off‐line tracer advection over the sphere
Authors: Hubbard M. E. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis paper describes briefly the application of a WAF‐type finite volume scheme and a standard Cartesian adaptive mesh refinement algorithm to three‐dimensional tracer advection over the sphere. Some preliminary results are shown for standard, simple test cases in two and three dimensions which illustrate the effectiveness of the WAF scheme and the improvement in efficiency obtained by the adaptive meshing. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive grid generation by minimizing residuals
Authors: Roe Philip , Nishikawa Hiroaki 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe describe recent developments in the method of fluctuation splitting, in particular the minimization of residuals with respect to both the nodal values of the solution and also the nodal co‐ordinates. For elliptic problems, including external (lifting) flows, obtaining good results requires that the residuals be evaluated to third order. Solutions to typical airfoil problems can then be obtained with very economical grids. For hyperbolic problems, only a second‐order evaluation of the residual is needed. Shocks can be incorporated with arbitrarily high resolution by allowing elements to shrink to zero area, but to exclude the possibility of rarefaction shocks an adaptive quadrature must be employed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lateralized activation in the inferior frontal cortex during syntactic processing: Event‐related optical topography study
Authors: Noguchi Yasuki , Takeuchi Tatsuya , Sakai Kuniyoshi L. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractFunctional imaging with near‐infrared light has the potential to provide novel information that cannot be obtained with other imaging techniques. An event‐related paradigm has not been fully established for studying human cognitive functions with near‐infrared optical imaging. We conducted language experiments to develop an event‐related paradigm with optical topography (OT). We directly compared cortical activation during syntactic and semantic decision tasks, both of which involved error detection in a sentence stimulus that consisted of a noun phrase and a verb. In the syntactic decision task, subjects judged whether the presented sentence is syntactically correct, where the syntactic knowledge about the distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs was required. In the semantic decision task, subjects judged whether the presented sentence is semantically correct, where the lexico‐semantic knowledge about selectional restrictions was indispensable. We found local increases in oxyhemoglobin concentration, which were selectively associated with the syntactic decision task. Activation in the left inferior frontal gyrus was detected when syntactically anomalous sentences were presented, whereas there was no significant activation in this region when semantically anomalous sentences were presented. Moreover, identical stimuli of normal sentences elicited activation in the left inferior frontal gyrus, only when the employment of syntactic knowledge was required. This task‐selective activation was not observed in any other measured regions, including the right homologous region. These results demonstrate that OT techniques, when coupled with the event‐related paradigm, are useful for studying the higher cognitive functions of the human cerebral cortex. Hum. Brain Mapping 17:89–99, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase for human buccal squamous‐cell carcinomas: Immunohistochemical, reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and in situ RT‐PCR studies
Authors: Chen Yuk‐Kwan , Hsue Shui‐Sang , Lin Li‐Min 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundThe inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is involved primarily in inflammatory and carcinogenesis processes. An enhanced expression of iNOS at the protein level has been reported previously for human oral squamous cell carcinoma; however, the expression of iNOS at the mRNA level has not yet been demonstrated. Furthermore, no studies have addressed whether iNOS expression at mRNA level correlates with cervical lymph node metastasis.MethodsSpecimens of the squamous cell carcinoma of the buccal mucosa obtained from tissue samples of surgically resected tumors from 25 male patients were evaluated with immunohistochemical assessment of iNOS protein and IS‐RT‐PCR, as well as RT‐PCR for iNOS mRNA. We also analyzed the iNOS expression status with clinical parameters to determine whether it had any prognostic significance in this homogenous population.ResultsInducible NOS protein (16 of 25, 64%) and mRNA (13 of 25, 53%) activities were detected for the oral carcinoma specimens examined in this study. Cytoplasmic and/or nuclear stainings were observed in the specimens of both well‐differentiated SCC (10 of 15, 67%), and moderately to poorly differentiated SCC (6 of 10, 60%). The cellular location of iNOS mRNA was noted to be consistent with the finding using immunohistochemical technique (cytoplasm and/or nuclei stainings of the tumor islands). Using in situ RT‐PCR, iNOS mRNA activity was detected in nine specimens of well‐differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (9 of 15, 60%) and four specimens of moderately to poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (4 of 10, 40%). With RT‐PCR, an electrophoretic band corresponding to a 907‐bp PCR product was observed for nine specimens of well‐differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (9 of 15, 60%) and four specimens of moderately to poorly differentiated squamous‐cell carcinoma (4 of 10, 40%). Neither iNOS protein nor mRNA was noticed in the samples of normal buccal mucosa or in the negative control samples. There was a significant relationship between iNOS expression (at both protein and mRNA levels) and whether patients had nodal disease.ConclusionsWe have demonstrated an enhanced expression of iNOS protein and mRNA in a number of human buccal carcinomas compared with normal buccal mucosa. Such an observation suggests that the iNOS protein and mRNA expression is chiefly derived from a subset of oral cancerous tissues. Our observation also indicates that iNOS expression correlates with cervical lymph node metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinomas. Therefore, it may also indicate that a subset of oral cancers with greater metastatic potential, as evidenced by increased expression iNOS protein and mRNA, is identified. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Accident risks in disturbance recovery in an automated batch‐production system
Authors: Toulouse G. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAccident risks in automated production systems occur mainly during system disturbance. However, few studies have dealt with this issue. We were able to investigate it by studying accident risks during the recovery of incidents occurring in the running of an automated bread production system in an industrial bakery. This problem was examined through worker interviews. The main results indicate that the accident risks associated with system disturbance are due to accessibility problems and the need to operate quickly to avoid production shutdowns or material damage. Different solutions have been implemented to reduce the disturbances and accident risks. The development of these solutions seems related to the managers' and operators' concepts of what constitutes a disturbance. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Invited reaction: Cultivating problem‐solving skills through problem‐based approaches to professional development
Authors: Mayer Richard E. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn her article in this issue, Margaret Lohman distinguishes among four problem‐based approaches to

professional development: case study, goal‐based scenario, problem‐based learning, and action

learning. Based on a review of more than a hundred articles, Lohman compares the four approaches in terms of the

degree to which the problems used in the training are ill‐ versus well‐defined and are either

routine or nonroutine, the degree to which the training provides low versus high guidance, the degree to which the

learning outcomes support near versus far transfer, and the relative costs of the approaches in terms of

development and implementation. Future work is needed to (1) more sharply distinguish among the kinds of

problem‐based approaches to professional development, (2) relate problem‐based training

methods to cognitive theories of learning and problem solving, and (3) build a solid empirical research

base for evaluating the cognitive outcomes of participation in various kinds of problem‐based training. In

particular, research is needed to determine which features of problem‐based training promote which kinds of

learning outcomes for which kinds of learners.
A study of the influence of promotions on promotion satisfaction and expectations of future promotions among managers
Authors: De Souza Gita 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe influence of past promotions on the promotion outcomes of satisfaction with promotion magnitude,

opportunity, policies and practices, and expectations of future promotions are studied for managers. Data

collected from and analyzed for 183 male and female managers in organizations across the United States reveal a

significant positive relationship between the number of previous promotions awarded to managers by the

employing organization and the satisfaction with promotion magnitude, opportunity, and policies and practices.

The data further reveal a significant positive relationship between the number of prior promotions received

within management and the manager's expectations of future promotions from the employing organization. The

findings are discussed in terms of their theoretical and practical significance for the field of human resource

development.