bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crafts and Commerce
Authors: Mieroop Marc Van De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The economy of the ancient Mesopotamian city was not restricted to the primary activities of food production and processing. The manufacture of goods, both common utensils and luxury items, found in abundance in the archaeological and textual records, was also a major economic enterprise. Craft production was not limited to cities: village craftsmen produced a variety of goods for the local market as well. But manufacture in cities, or administered by urban institutions, was clearly more extensive, more complex, and of greater importance to the Mesopotamian economy. In this chapter I will investigate how crafts in Mesopotamia depended on the city, and especially how they were intrinsically connected to international trade. Their reliance on cities was threefold: first, the producers could only be supported in an urban economy where a food surplus was available; second, the variety of raw materials needed for manufacture was only available in cities where both local supplies, such as reed and wool, and foreign ones, such as metal ores, were collected; third, the clientele was an urban one, which either used the finished products locally or exported them.
The Eclipse of the Ancient Mesopotamian City
Authors: Mieroop Marc Van De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What happened to the ancient Mesopotamian city? Did it die out suddenly or gradually or did it form the basis for a long evolution leading to the medieval cities of Iraq? In this book the bulk of documentation was derived from archaeological and textual sources dating to the early third millennium through the fourth century BC, the period traditionally identified as that of ancient Mesopotamian history. Scholars have rarely addressed the issue of when this period ends, and various dates seem to be tacitly accepted for different purposes. Some define the end of Mesopotamia as when it ceased to exist as an independent political entity by its integration in the Persian empire in 539; while this is seen as a convenient date, most scholars see the conquest by Alexander of Macedon and the coming of Hellenism as the decisive moment. But scholars working with sources written in cuneiform from the Persian and Seleucid periods are readily considered ancient Mesopotamian specialists and themselves often emphasize the continuity with earlier periods. Alexander has been called the last of the Achaemenids, ending a period of Persian reforms based on Assyrian antecedents, while the end of Babylonian culture has been seen as caused by Iranization under the Parthians starting in the second century BC, rather than by Hellenization under the Seleucids two centuries earlier.
The Wooden Horse
Authors: Anderson Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The tale of the wooden horse, at once one of the most renowned and most enigmatic elements of the Trojan tradition, finds remarkable narrative complements in two earlier episodes of the saga. Although insufficient for unravelling the mysteries of the cultural and poetic origins of this unusual creature, analysis of its relationship with the two correlative episodes can illuminate how the poets understood the statue and defined its function within the saga.
Daughters and Daughters-in-Law
Authors: Anderson Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of the twelve daughters and the many daughters-in-law who inhabited Priam’s palace, Ilioupersis sources focus their attention primarily on three: Kassandra, Polyxene, and Andromache. The rest, Helen excepted, seem not to have been elevated to canonical status in the tradition. Apollodoros records that a chasm opens in the earth to engulf Laodike (Epit. 5. 25), the princess accompanying Hekabe at her meeting with Hektor in Iliad 6; but, although Lykophron’s allusion to the fate of Laodike at Alexandra 316-22 would suggest an earlier, possibly Classical treatment, the episode remained on the periphery of the tradition, and no evidence associates it with the early epic. Pausanias lists the names of several other Trojan women in his commentary on Polygnotos’ Ilioupersis, but few reappear in other sources, verbal or visual.
Aineias
Authors: Anderson Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to Proklos’ summary of the Iliou Persis, Aineias departs from Troy together with a group of followers immediately after the death of Laokoon, which he perceives as a sign of approaching disaster: Set immediately prior to the attack of the Achaians, Aineias’ escape from Troy contrasts with the widespread suffering that is to follow. Aineias perceives and takes precautions against the impending danger while the rest of Troy, as Proklos and Apollodoros tell us, celeb rates the putative retreat of the Achaians. Aineias thereby avoids the destruction that catches the other Trojans by surprise. Another tradition. for which the most famous witness is Vergil’s Aeneid. places the escape not prior to, but during the attack itself and thereby allows Aineias to confront the invaders heroically before his final retreat. The result is the same, however: Aineias survives the disaster that destroys the vast majority of the remaining Trojans.
Correlative Episodes before the Achaian War against Troy
Authors: Anderson Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two final examples of epic incidents correlative with the Ilioupersis, Herakles’ campaign against Troy and Theseus’ abduction of Helen. lie on the chronological periphery of the Trojan legend. Both events take place well before the outbreak of the Achaian war against Troy and belong primarily to antecedent generations of heroes, no longer active in the age of Agamemnon. A mythographic handbook like that of Apollodoros would prefer to catalogue Herakles’ expedition against Troy not with the later campaign against the city, but among the hero’s other contemporary adventures. And because the stories of the Dioskouroi are best represented in the work of poets affiliated with Sparta, we might, if categorizing the myth, group it more readily with Spartan legend than with Helen’s later abduction. Yet, despite the narrative distance separating Herakles and Theseus from their Achaian and Trojan successors, a surprising degree of affiliation can be traced between the traditions. The creative activity of the poets was not restricted by mythological categories or geographical guidelines, and the extensive narrative interaction among these stories is evidence of wide migration of the epic tradition and mingling of diverse currents of myth.
Closing Remarks
Authors: Anderson Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Beyond the one-dimensional plot sequence in which elements of the saga lock into place one after another, a network of resonating themes, motifs, and allusions winds the saga together into a complex and dynamic work of art. The preceding exploration of narrative correlations demonstrates that the cluster of Ilioupersis elements exerts a centripetal gravitational force within this galaxy of interconnected stories, its grip extending deep into episodes at both ends of the saga and beyond: Herakles’ campaign against Laomedon; the invasion of the Dioskouroi into Attika; Paris’ voyage to Sparta; the sacrifice of Iphigeneia; the capture of Thebe; Aineias’ escape from Lyrnessos and the subsequent death of Troilos; the string of events in Iliad 20 to 24, including the escape of Aineias, the death of Hektor, and the ransoming of his corpse; the theft of the Palladion; the deaths of Aias and Neoptolemos: and the homecoming of Odysseus.
The Lost Ilioupersis Dramas of Sophokles
Authors: Anderson Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In addition to Euripides’ Hekabe and monumental Troades, several other dramas incorporating Ilioupersis material were composed for the Athenian stage. No record of such plays survives for Aischylos, who was perhaps dissuaded by the composite nature and unwieldy magnitude of the myth. Sophokles, however, managed to extract at least three dramas from the Ilioupersis tradition: Laokoon, Aias Lokros, and Polyxene. Evidence exists also for an anonymous Ilioupersis drama which treated the Trojan captives and was perhaps centred upon the fate of Andromache.
Further Directions
Authors: Anderson Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fact that many of the Ilioupersis combinations on vase-paintings display deliberate and logical organization and interaction among scenes suggests that these features were to be found also on monumental representations. One tantalizing example is the series of Ilioupersis metopes on the north side of the Parthenon. Although the linear alignment of temple metopes does not facilitate the complexity of associations observed in Onesimos’ octagonal arrangement, the Kleophrades Painter provides a sophisticated precedent for inter active adjacent scenes, and some comparable system of connections is likely to have governed the choice and structure of the adjacent temple metopes.
The Letters and Literature
Authors: Hutchinson G O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cicero’s correspondence forms one of the most remarkable collections of texts in Latin. Not only do these letters throw a uniquely penetrating light on the social and political world of the late Republican elite, and the events of a momentous period; not only are they vital to understanding one of the most central figures in Latin literature, and fundamental to our knowledge of many contemporary authors; they also contain a great quantity and variety of powerful and vivacious writing. One hears many scholars and students speak of them with delight. And yet in some ways they have been curiously neglected.
Polybius and the Constitution
Authors: Lintott Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Polybius’ analysis of the Roman constitution is an excursus, placed in his sixth book as an explanation of why the Romans did not collapse after their series of devastating defeats at the hands of Hannibal at the beginning of the Second Punic War. He remarks that there had been some changes between then and his time of writing but they were not significant (6. n. 13). My present chapter has more than one purpose. Polybius provides a theoretical schema, a map of the constitution, which may be criticized in the light of facts otherwise known to us, and thus help us to construct our own map.
The Mixed Constitution and Republican Ideology
Authors: Lintott Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The varying beliefs of those who participated in Republican politics have already become apparent in the foregoing chapters. From the third century onwards at least, perhaps the majority of the elite supported senatorial authority in the interests of maintaining the status quo, others believed in the superiority of the elected magistrate, while plebeian leaders laid stress on the rights of the plebs-provocatio, the inviolability of tribunes, and the freedom of the plebeian assembly.1
The Early Rhetorical Tradi’tion
Authors: Usher Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oratory became a more or less distinct genre of Greek prose literature some time around the middle of the fifth century nc. The uncertainties surrounding its beginnings do not allow a more precise dating. On one important aspect of its early development, however, confident assertion is possible: unlike other genres, oratory evolved under the stimulus of two agencies, that of the preceptor and that of the practitioner. From the start there were teachers instructing would-be orators in what to say, how and in what order to say it. By the time of Antiphon, the first Greek orator whose speeches have survived, the work and influence of the teachers had crystallized into a body of topics and types of argument which only the most talented (or foolhardy) might ignore. An attempt, such as is envisaged in the present enquiry, to assess the literary achievement of each of the Attic orators, must logically approach their texts with the initial intention of trying to identify what they received from the first teachers, before examining the merit of what may seem idiosyncratic and original. The tradition begins with these early teachers, and it is necessary to clarify the form in which their instruction was transmitted.
Antiphon
Authors: Usher Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Antiphon is the earliest of the Attic orators by a generation (born 6.480 BC). Dearth of biographical detail is unsurprising in his case, since he shunned public attention throughout a career which combined rhetorical writing with political conspiracy. Thucydides, his admirer, credited him with masterminding the oligarchic revolution of 411–410 after years of clandestine preparation (8. 68). Its failure led to his trial and death. His literary legacy, by contrast, was permanent. He comes down as the first man to publish speeches written for others.1 Some of the surviving titles of lost or fragmentary speeches suggest a political programme or affinity,2 and a less clearly definable political background may be discerned in the extant full speeches. All concern homicide. They contain few indications as to their date, though they are probably all products of his later years. There has been little scholarly opposition to the tentatively expressed opinion of Blass (AB i. 192–3) that the speech Against the Stepmother is the earliest, but there is less agreement over the dates of the other two speeches. Without a high degree of conviction, I accept the arguments which assign Death of a Chorus-Boy to 419/18 and Murder of Herodes to 417/16.
Demosthenes Logographos (Part II)
Authors: Usher Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Discussion now turns to the remaining speeches. These are all concerned with private lawsuits, except the De Corona, his masterpiece, which will be treated last. Some sixty speeches and other works are preserved under Demosthenes’ name, but critical examination of them over many years, using various means, has reduced the number of those accepted as authentic. Dionysius of Halicarnassus (Dem. r3) considered that there were ‘not many more than twenty’ private speeches in addition to the six he had mentioned. This provides a rough guide to the number of private Demosthenic speeches known and recognized in the Augustan period; and there is the further fact that he accepts as genuine two speeches (43 Ag. Macartatus and 48 Ag. Olympiodorus) which modern critics have tended to reject. When these two facts are applied to the modern list of ‘authentic’ speeches, which is substantially that of Blass, the fourteen titles which it contains must seem conservative, and consequently the seventeen speeches rejected as spurious may seem excessive. In the present early stage of Demosthenic authenticity-studies, my own observations lead me to include in the twenty speeches examined below some which others have rejected.
Isocrates Sophistes
Authors: Usher Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first pupils at Isocrates’ Athenian school probably began their four-year courses in 388 or a little later. In his tract Against the Sophists, he inveighs against his pedagogical rivals, criticizing the narrowness and impracticality of their teaching, with its concentration on dialectic (‘eristic’), and the excessive claims they made for it. It is a bid for pupils in a small market; but the text breaks off abruptly before revealing his own educational programme. We find elsewhere3 that it is directed towards contemporary political studies, including issues of domestic, inter-state, and international importance. His stance gives rise to a number of contradictions: here is a man who sold practical knowledge, thereby meeting the definition of ‘sophist’, but who railed against that class; who wrote disparagingly about forensic oratory after himself earning his living, however briefly, by writing it; and whose chosen medium was, in its popular and published form, one of mass communication, yet he himself was forced, because of vocal weakness and a nervous temperament, to ply his trade behind the closed doors of his exclusive school.
The Hellenization of Jerusalem and Shechem
Authors: Schwartz Seth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Everyone knows that an important category of Greek city in the Hellenistic period was the Hellenized native city—a phenomenon especially common in Asia Minor (where Sardis is the best-known example) and in Syria-Palestine. This type of city is of particular interest because it illustrates in the most critical way possible the changing character of ethnicity in the Hellenistic period, for it seems likely that apart from those who, wherever they lived, could plausibly claim Greek ancestry, the prevailing definition of ‘Greek’ now became formal: a citizen of a city with a Greek constitution was Greek. Everyone also knows, though Jewish historians tend not to think of it in precisely these terms, that the loci classici for the Hellenization of native cities are the cases of Jerusalem and Shechem under Antiochus IV. Only here do we have information, however tendentious and incomplete, about the process by which communities actually became Greek.
The Gifts of God at Sardis
Authors: Rajak Tessa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The great late antique Sardis synagogue is often taken as a proof and a symbol of the integration of a major, long-standing Jewish community into its environment. A community of standing is conjured up, allocated a former basilica in the heart of the city as its synagogue, as early as the second century; a community, whose worship in this edifice of marble and rich mosaic was, famously, conducted hard up against the civic baths-gymnasium; a community which contributed to the city, producing, in the surviving inscriptions alone, nine Sardian councillors among some thirty donors. Among its humbler members, this community could number a maker of marble menoroth tellingly called Socrates. God-fearers, to be understood as sympathizers with Judaism or as affiliates, emerge as an active part of the community, at least in their operation as benefactors recorded on equal terms with others, just as we find them in the comparable milieu of Aphrodisias.
Introduction
Authors: Lendon J E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On what was to be the last day of his life, the emperor Nero awoke to find that the palace sentries had abandoned their posts. His friends did not respond to his summons. He rushed around to their rooms with a handful of servants, and pounded on the doors. If they were within, they did not answer. Returning to his own chamber he found that his very bodyguards had slipped away, taking with them the bedclothes and his box of poison. To the empty halls of his vast palace he cried, ‘Have I neither friend nor foe?’ Here was an emperor who no longer commanded obedience, an emperor at last bereft of his power. And the last hours of Vitellius were eerily similar: he wandered an empty palace, tried locked doors, and shuddered at vacant rooms until he was finally discovered and dragged away to his death.
Notes And Discussions The Comic Encomium And Aristophanes Clouds 1201-1211
Authors: Macleod C W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Arecurrent Feature of Aristophanic comedy is what may be labelled the encomium. In the latter part of the play the hero regularly achieves some kind of success or happiness; and this is saluted, often in a separate ode by the chorus. Such congratulations may be, as well as a natural outgrowth of the plot, a designed contrast to the chorus ‘ mockery of individuals which is also typical of the latter part of an Aristophanic comedy.
A Note on P. Oxy. 3010. 29
Authors: Macleod Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In BICS 18 (1971), 53-68 Mr Peter Parsons published with a commentary a new fragment of a Greek satirical novel, which will now appear as P. Oxy. 30m; further valuable work on the papyrus by Professor Merkel bach came out in ,?,PE 11 (1973), 81-rno. From these discussions the following plot emerges. At the beginning someone learns arcane knowledge from a gallus, which he is to teach in his turn to a certain Iolaus. He then does so. His teaching is a catalogue of what he knows, which seems to comprise both information about what Iola us has done or intends to do and revelations granted to the speaker as an initiate. _In this catalogue are found (line 29) the word ava-\vow q,aa,v, followed by the letters Ka1ToK01TTJP,, which, as Mr Parsons suggests (art. cit. 60), may refer to the a1ToK01T or self-mutilation of the galli. This note concerns the interpretation of ava-\va,v &lt;f,aa,v.
BathosIn ‘Longinus ‘ And Methodius
Authors: Macleod Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN ch. 2. I of On the Sublime the author raises the question El la-r,v vif,ovs ‘TIS ij f3a0ovs ‘TE ‘)(V ‘TJ. Russell in his edition ad loc. suggests that {3a0ov, is a complementary, not a contrary, term to vif,ovs, i.e. ‘depth ‘, which can merely be ‘sublimity ‘ seen from another viewpoint. He admits, however, that this leaves a difficulty: ‘the trouble is that, despite L ‘s rich vocabulary for this sort of thing, f3a.Bos does not appear again in the extant parts of the book, and therefore strikes a somewhat alien note ‘; and he considers that there may be textual corruption. This short paper is designed to give some support to the view that {3a0ovs is the genuine reading and the opposite to vif,ov,.
Reading the Laws ‘Written in Blood’
Authors: Carawan Edwin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Draco’s laws of bloodshed occupied a singular place of reverence among the laws of the ancient democracy at Athens–‘the noblest and most hallowed of all … forever unaltered’ (Ant. 5. 14=6. 2). Enacted in the seventh century BC (c.622) to resolve conflict among the ruling families, they were retained virtually intact as the democracy emerged and evolved, down to the end of the democratic regime some three hundred years later. Against other offences the law of Athens underwent prodigious changes beginning with Solon (c.594): the second lawgiver recognized the right of any concerned citizen to prosecute for a multitude of misdeeds, and this involvement awakened a sense of wrong to the community. But against homicide the burden of prosecution continued to rest almost exclusively with the aggrieved parties themselves, the victim’s kinsmen. In this respect Draco’s law was a legacy of the archaic polis where noble families held sway. Yet it became an icon of the democratic ideology in which loyalty and legitimate authority belonged to the dēmos. This paradoxical conception had a profound and still unfathomed effect upon the early development of rhetoric at Athens.
Antiphon I and the Concept of Malice
Authors: Carawan Edwin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first speech in the corpus was once judged the best of Antiphon’s work for its portrayal of character. It is now generally regarded the worst of his efforts for the failings of its argument. It presents us with a set of problems not unlike the puzzle of the Tetralogies. The case involves a plot so convoluted that it was once thought to be an artificial scenario for demonstration: the plaintiff, having recently come of age, prosecutes a woman for the murder of her husband, the plaintiff’s father; the death occurred some years earlier when the young man was too young to prosecute; the wife allegedly brought about the victim’s death by poisoning at the hands of an unwitting accomplice—a concubine who belonged to a friend of the victim and administered the drug to both men. Antiphon’s authorship is again in question—though not, in this instance, on grounds of language or law. There are dramatic flourishes that seem out of character with Antiphon’s austere style: the plaintiff refers to his ‘stepmother’ as Clytemnestra and casts himself in the role of a latter-day Orestes. The arrangement of the speech is peculiarly disjointed: the proof (5-13) comes before the narrative (14-20); and after what appears to be the proper epilogue, there is yet a second, rather disconnected, closing statement (28-31).