bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of joint attention in the development of infants’ play with objects
Authors: Bigelow Ann E. , MacLean Kim , Proctor Jane 
Published: October 2004

AbstractYear‐old infants’ play was scored within and outside joint attention with mother and when alone for four levels of maturity: stereotypical, inappropriate relational, appropriate relational, functional. Maternal sensitivity within joint attention was rated on two measures: following infants’ interests and scaffolding infants’ activities. Infants’ play was more advanced with mother than when alone. With mother, infants had more functional and appropriate relational play within joint attention and more stereotypical play outside joint attention, indicating more advanced play within joint attention and more immature play outside joint attention. Functional play within joint attention, but not outside joint attention, correlated with functional play when alone. Mothers’ ability to scaffold infants’ activities within joint attention may be particularly facilitative to infants’ advanced play.
Outsourcing under Imperfect Protection of Intellectual Property
Authors: Glass Amy Jocelyn 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe paper examines possible reasons behind expanded outsourcing by modeling outsourcing decisions when intellectual property rights are imperfectly protected. Firms in the North develop higher quality levels of existing products and then decide whether to shift some stages of production to the South. Production in the South lowers costs but entails risk of imitation by Southern firms. In this setting, a lower risk of imitation or larger labor supplies can cause increased outsourcing, a higher rate of innovation, and a lower Northern relative wage. Damage due to lower incomes can be offset by gains in terms of better quality products.
Structural controls on hydrothermal flow in a segmented rift system, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand
Authors: Rowland J. V. , Sibson R. H. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractVigorous hydrothermal convection transfers 10 times the average continental heat flow through the central Taupo Volcanic Zone (TVZ), a region of active extension (approximately 8 mm year−1) and productive rhyolitic volcanism. Over 20 high‐temperature (>250°C) geothermal fields occur within Quaternary pyroclastic basins, with convective circulation to depths of 7–8 km presumably extending through basement rocks. Parallel‐striking normal faults, fractures and dikes dissect the convective regime, interacting with fluids to either enhance or restrict flow according to the relative permeability of structure and host rock. In the basement, high bulk permeability is maintained by focussed flow through faults and associated fractures well oriented for reactivation in the prevailing stress field. In contrast, distributed flow through fault‐bounded compartments prevails within Quaternary basins, masking any signal of deeper structural control. Exceptions occur where more competent rocks are exposed at the surface. As in narrow magmatic rifts elsewhere, the extensional fabric is partitioned into discrete rift segments linked along strike by accommodation zones. Eighty per cent of TVZ geothermal fields correlate spatially with rift architecture, with 60% located in accommodation zones. We suggest that segmented rift fabrics generate bulk permeability anisotropy that is to some extent predictable, with rift segments characterized by enhanced axial flow, and accommodation zones characterized by locally enhanced vertical permeability that is tectonically maintained. This provides a plausible explanation for the common occurrence of geothermal fields within accommodation zones and their notable absence within densely faulted rift segments. Maintenance of structural permeability in zones of active hydrothermal precipitation necessarily requires repeated brittle failure. Geothermal plumes therefore exploit tectonically maintained permeability within accommodation zones, with rift segments functioning mostly as drawdown regions. The influence of rift architecture on flow paths has important implications for geothermal extraction and epithermal mineral exploration within the TVZ and other structurally segmented hydrothermal systems, both active and extinct.
Investigating the need for consumer education among Turkish secondary school students
Authors: Purutcuoglu Eda , Bayraktar Meltem 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThis study has been planned to determine the need for consumer education by secondary school students. A total of 300 secondary school students (150 female, 150 male) living in central Ankara in different regions with respect to socio‐economic status participated in the study. Consumer education is defined as the management of economic resources, consumer behaviour concepts, relating to consumption, level of knowledge about consumer rights and responsibilities and environmental sensitivity. On the basis of this study, almost half the adolescents draw up a budget plan and carry out market research before shopping. Also, almost half of them put quality first when choosing goods and cost is of secondary importance. More than half of the students save money for unexpected outlay. Nonetheless, adolescents do not know about consumer rights and responsibilities, nor do they have sufficient information about consumer law and the concept of protecting the environment. More than half of the students stated that they need consumer education courses as part of their curriculum.
Impact of directed‐to‐consumers marketing strategies on firm market value
Authors: Ortega Raquel 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe objective of this paper is to analyse the impact of different directed‐to‐consumers marketing strategies on firm market value. To that end, we follow a microeconometric approach that consists of formulating a model whose dependent variable is an indicator of market value, that is to say, Tobin's Q, whilst the independent variables take the form of a number of different marketing strategies. This model is estimated by using an unbiased survey carried out in the year 2000 to executives working in 405 North‐American firms. The empirical results indicate that the most effective marketing strategies are, in this order, the ability to rapidly develop new products and services, the importance of both providing customized products and goods of high quality and finally, customer loyalty.
Is induced abortion a contributing factor to tubal infertility in Mexico? Evidence from a case–control study
Authors: Torres‐Sánchez Luisa , López‐Carrillo Lizbeth , Espinoza Henry , Langer Ana 
Published: October 2004

Objective  To determine the contribution of induced abortion to tubal infertility in Mexico.Design  Population‐ and hospital‐based case‐control study.Setting  Tertiary hospitals in Mexico City.Sample  Women between 20 and 40 years with infertility and controls of the same age: 251 cases, 502 hospital controls, 502 neighbourhood controls.Methods  A case–control study was conducted in four tertiary hospitals in Mexico City with 251 cases and 1004 controls (two hospital and two neighbourhood controls per case, matched by age [±2 years]). Cases were infertile women, aged 20–40, with tubal occlusion confirmed by laparoscopy. Controls were fertile women, who had carried a pregnancy to term within the last two years. Participants completed a previously validated questionnaire asking about reproductive history and induced abortion.Results  Our study did not show an association between induced abortion and tubal infertility among women that did not relate both events (cases vs hospital controls: OR = 1.57, 95% CI: 0.29–8.65; cases vs neighbourhood controls: OR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.07–8.99) using conditional logistic models adjusting by marital status, number of pregnancies, age at first sexual intercourse and history of pelvic inflammatory disease. In contrast, early age at sexual debut and history of pelvic inflammatory disease significantly increased the risk of tubal infertility.Conclusions  In Mexico, the lack of association between induced abortion and tubal damage causing infertility observed in this population might be explained by a shift toward ‘safer’ abortion practices.
The predictive value of the ‘Hull & Rutherford’ classification for tubal damage
Authors: Akande Valentine A. , Cahill David J. , Wardle Peter G. , Rutherford Anthony J. , Jenkins Julian M. 
Published: October 2004

Objective  This study explores the predictive value for live birth following tubal reconstructive surgery of the ‘Hull and Rutherford’ (H&R) classification system.Design  Retrospective cohort study.Setting  Tertiary infertility referral service, University of Bristol.Population  Infertile women younger than 40 years with tubal damage undergoing tubal surgery.Methods  Women (n= 192) were grouped according to three severity grades of disease based on the H&R classification. Essentially, the main features of grade I tubal damage were filmy adhesions, whereas grades II and III referred to unilateral severe damage and bilateral severe damage, respectively. Standard surgical techniques were employed. Pregnancy and live birth rates were calculated and compared using time‐specific univariate Kaplan–Maier curves and multivariate Cox's regression analysis.Main outcome measures  Pregnancy, ectopic and live birth within three years of surgery.Results  A significant trend towards higher ectopic pregnancy rates (P < 0.001) with increasing severity of tubal damage was noted, but not miscarriage rates. Univariate analysis revealed significant differences in the live birth rates of 69%, 48% and 9% for grades I, II and III, respectively. Multivariate analysis (controlling for age, duration of and primary infertility) confirmed these differences to be significant with risk ratios of 13.7 (95% CI: 4.49–41.9) and 6.54 (95% CI: 2.48–17.24) for grades I and II disease, respectively, compared with grade III disease, used as the reference.Conclusions  The H&R classification is a simple classification system that is able to distinguish women into three distinct groups giving a favourable, fair and poor prognosis for live birth following tubal surgery.
Inhibin B and anti‐Mullerian hormone: markers of ovarian response in IVF/ICSI patients?
Authors: Muttukrishna Shanthi , Suharjono Harris , McGarrigle Hugh , Sathanandan Muttukrishna 
Published: October 2004

Objective  The objective of this study was to investigate whether follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), anti‐Mullerian hormone (AMH) and inhibin B could be useful in predicting the ovarian response to gonadotrophin stimulation in assisted reproduction patients who are considered to be poor responders.Design  Prospective study.Setting  Fertility unit.Sample  Blood samples were collected on day five or six in the early follicular phase of an untreated menstrual cycle. Samples were collected from 69 patients.Methods  Serum samples were assayed for FSH, AMH and inhibin B using commercial immunoassay kits.Main outcome measures  Response to gonadotrophin stimulation and number of eggs collected.Results  Among the 69 patients, 52 patients completed an IVF cycle and 17 patients had to cancel the cycle because of poor ovarian response to gonadotrophin stimulation. Mean FSH levels were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the cancelled group (10.69 ± 2.27 mIU/mL) compared with the cycle‐completed group (7.89 ± 0.78 mIU/mL). Mean AMH levels were significantly lower (P < 0.01) in the cancelled group (0.175 ± 0.04 ng/mL) compared with the cycle‐completed group (1.13 ± 0.2 ng/mL). Mean inhibin B levels were significantly lower (P < 0.001) in the cancelled group (70 ± 12.79 pg/mL) compared with the completed group (126.9 ± 8.8 pg/mL). Predictive statistics show that AMH is the best single marker and that the combination of FSH, AMH and inhibin B is modestly better than the single marker. Linear regression analysis in the cycle completed patients shows that although FSH (r= 0.25, P < 0.05) and inhibin B (r= 0.35, P < 0.05) have a significant linear association with the number of eggs collected, AMH has the greatest association (r= 0.69, P < 0.001) with the number of eggs collected among the parameters measured.Conclusion  In this particular group of IVF patients, AMH is the best single marker of ovarian response to gonadotrophin stimulation. The combined markers modestly improved the prediction.
Living in the Past: Some Revisionist Thoughts on the Historiography of Art and Design Education
Authors: Romans Mervyn 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThere is a ‘dominant’ history of art and design education in Britain. This has been established by five books published in the 1960s and 1970s. They are Quentin Bell's The Schools of Design (1963), Gordon Sutton's Artisan or Artist?(1967), Richard Carline's Draw They Must(1968), Stuart Macdonald's The History and Philosophy of Art Education (1970), and Clive Ashwin's Art Education: Documents and Policies 1768–1975 (1975). They all offer a substantially corroborative account of the history of art and design education based on their predecessor. This is particularly evident in their explanation of the origin of public art and design education in Britain in the early nineteenth century. After a gap of thirty years Stuart Macdonald's book is to be republished. The news is a cause for celebration but also for concern, in that its reappearance may well further entrench the dominance of the collective voice of these five books. In an attempt to keep historical research alive and kicking in the field of art and design education, this article challenges the explanation offered by these authors for the introduction of public art and design education in the 1830s.
The many faces of helping: possible costs and benefits of infant carrying and food transfer in wild moustached tamarins (Saguinus mystax)
Authors: Löttker Petra , Huck Maren , Heymann Eckhard 
Published: October 2004

AbstractVarious hypotheses about adaptive and non-adaptive mechanisms of non-parental infant care have been put forward for different taxa (Emlen et al., 1991). The Neotropical callitrichid primates are renowned for their cooperative care of the twin litters. None of the studies conducted in the wild included information on genetic relationships within groups. This, however, is indispensable to evaluate the relevance of competing hypotheses concerning direct or indirect fitness gains. We studied two groups of wild moustached tamarins with known genetic relationships over a one-year period to examine individual time-budgets and contributions to infant carrying and food-transfer. With these data we tested whether helping behaviour might be a non-adaptive trait and, if not, whether indirect benefits via kin-selection could be excluded as an evolutionary force maintaining it. Other hypotheses on direct fitness benefits were discussed as far as (anecdotal) data permitted. Changes in time-budgets suggest costs, thus clearly refuting hypotheses assuming non-adaptivity. High within-group relatedness suggests kin-selection to be one driving force of maintaining the trait. However, non-parental individuals may help despite low relatedness. Data were not sufficient to decide which possible direct benefits most likely play a role in inducing non-relatives to help. Yet, two (non-exclusive) explanations seem to be the most probable ones: The chance to inherit the main-breeding position, and a certain chance of own direct reproductive success (the latter only for male helpers) due to polyandrous mating by the female. Other adaptive mechanisms may enhance benefits but are unlikely to be major selective forces since fitness gains are presumably rather small or uncertain.
Pair identity — An important factor concerning variation in extra-pair paternity in the coal tit (Parus ater)
Authors: Lubjuhn Thomas , Schmoll Tim , Winkel Wolfgang , Dietrich Verena , Epplen Jörg 
Published: October 2004

AbstractIn the majority of socially monogamous bird species, extra-pair paternity (EPP) has been shown to be common, while its frequency varies considerably among as well as within species. Our knowledge of factors affecting this variation, however, still remains comparatively poor. A thorough analysis of EPP patterns on an individual level may lead to a better understanding of the general diversity in EPP. Here, we analyse intra- and inter-annual as well as individual variation in the occurrence of EPP in first and second broods of coal tits (Parus ater) in three successive years. Based on a sample of 483 broods with 3559 offspring genotyped, we show that EPP was extraordinarily frequent in the study population, surpassing the values observed in other species of the genus Parus by far. On the population level, the rates of EPP were found to be remarkably similar between years, while there was pronounced intra-annual variation such that EPP rates increased significantly from first to second broods. Considering consecutive broods of individual females and males, the general occurrence of EPP was 'inconsistent' (i.e. EPP often affected only one of two broods), but the proportion of extra-pair young (EPY) per brood showed significant repeatability for both sexes in case of mate retention. When mate change occurred, repeatability collapsed, indicating that pair identity was more important in determining the repeatability of EPP than female or male identity alone. This was further supported by the fact that, besides female and male age, also their interaction (reflecting pair age combination) significantly predicted the proportion of EPY, though not in all breeding periods surveyed. Hence, the identity of the breeding pair (reflecting possible interactions of male and female characteristics) should be explicitly considered and accounted for in future studies investigating patterns of EPP on an individual level. Finally, we show that, depending on the boundary conditions, in principle, all coal tits experience EPP: When analysing three or more broods of the same individual, there were no completely 'faithful' females and also nearly no males, which were not cuckolded at least once.
Truncated thioredoxin (Trx80) induces differentiation of human CD14+ monocytes into a novel cell type (TAMs) via activation of the MAP kinases p38, ERK, and JNK
Authors: Pekkari Klas , Goodarzi Mohammad Taghi , Scheynius Annika , Holmgren Arne , Avila-Cariño Javier 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThioredoxin truncated at its carboxy terminal (Trx80) acts as a cytokine that stimulates monocytes and eosinophils. In the present study, Trx80 was shown to induce differentiation of human CD14+ monocytes into a cell type not described previously, which we designate as Trx80-activated monocytes (TAMs). TAMs resemble immature dendritic cells (iDCs) generated in the presence of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin 4 (IL-4) in that both these cell populations exhibit increased proportions of CD1a+ and mannose receptor (MR)+ cells. However, in contrast to iDCs, TAMs express high proportion of CD14 and lower proportion of CD83 and HLA-DR. Functional assays revealed that, in comparison to iDCs, TAMs 1) exhibit a higher pinocytic capacity; 2) release significantly higher amounts of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), IL-1β, and IL-6 and of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10; and 3) induce a significantly lower proliferative response in allogeneic peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Indeed, Trx80 appears to be the first endogenous substance shown to have the capacity on its own to induce IL-10 production by monocytes. Analysis of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling pathway revealed that Trx80 induces phosphorylation of p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). We propose that Trx80 is an early signal in response to danger, and that TAMs may play a major role in triggering innate immune responses.
Oncogenic events regulate tissue factor expression in colorectal cancer cells: implications for tumor progression and angiogenesis
Authors: Yu Joanne L. , May Linda , Lhotak Vladimir , Shahrzad Siranoush , Shirasawa Senji , Weitz Jeffrey I. , Coomber Brenda L. , Mackman Nigel , Rak Janusz W. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractTissue factor (TF) is the primary cellular initiator of blood coagulation and a modulator of angiogenesis and metastasis in cancer. Indeed, systemic hypercoagulability in patients with cancer and TF overexpression by cancer cells are both closely associated with tumor progression, but their causes have been elusive. We now report that in human colorectal cancer cells, TF expression is under control of 2 major transforming events driving disease progression (activation of K-ras oncogene and inactivation of the p53 tumor suppressor), in a manner dependent on MEK/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase (PI3K). Furthermore, the levels of cell-associated as well as circulating (microvesicle-associated) TF activity are linked to the genetic status of cancer cells. Finally, RNA interference experiments suggest that TF expression is an important effector of the K-ras-dependent tumorigenic and angiogenic phenotype in vivo. Thus, this study establishes a causal link between cancer coagulopathy, angiogenesis, and genetic tumor progression. (Blood. 2005;105:1734-1741)
High telomerase activity in granulocytes from clonal polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia
Authors: Ferraris Anna Maria , Mangerini Rosa , Pujic Natalija , Racchi Omar , Rapezzi Davide , Gallamini Andrea , Casciaro Salvatore , Gaetani Gian Franco 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Essential thrombocythemia (ET) and polycythemia vera (PV) are chronic myeloproliferative disorders that share the involvement of a multipotent progenitor cell and dominance of the transformed clone over normal hematopoiesis. On the other hand, the heterogeneity of these diseases with respect to clonal development from a common progenitor has been well established. To identify useful prognostic indicators, we analyzed telomerase activity (TA), a known marker of neoplastic proliferation, in granulocytes (PMNs) and mononuclear cells (MNCs) from 22 female patients with ET and PV. Clonality status was determined by investigation of X chromosome inactivation patterns (XCIPs). We found a statistically significant positive correlation between high TA and monoclonal pattern of XCIP. Therefore, our data suggest that the use of multiple tumor markers may contribute to a better understanding of the deregulated physiology of these disorders and provide useful prognostic factors.