bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Types of Stories about Sickness
Authors: Brody Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My inquiry in this book is a sort of dialogue across disciplines, alternately using philosophy and literature to illuminate issues in medicine and health care. In the 1980s and 1990s literary scholars did magnificent work in ad­ dressing medical and health matters, so that “literature and medicine” seems well established as a sub discipline of study,’ but a good deal of the body of work that has been identified as “literature about medicine” is not well suited for our particular inquiry, however valuable it might be for other purposes and for general study about the nature of medicine and health. Many literary works about medicine are primarily about physicians (e.g., Cousins 1982). Naturally, a description of the life and activities of a physician is bound to reveal important things about the sick people whom she treats, yet the viewpoint will be skewed. We will see events not through the eyes of the sick individual but through the eyes of someone else. For our purposes we would rather see physicians as part of the general landscape of illness—a foreign species of animal, perhaps, that sick people encounter along their journeys— than as the main characters of the narrative.
How Sickness Alters Experience
Authors: Brody Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have been exploring how sickness interrupts and changes the narrative of one’s life. A narrative of a life has some necessary features. Events within the narrative have to be located somehow within space and time, and for a narrative to flow in the expected fashion, the dimensions of time and space must re­ main reasonably constant and not undergo unexpected alterations. A narrative of a life also assumes a varied cast of characters. The central character, whose life it is, cannot be sufficient unto herself. Rather, events take on the meaning that they have in part because of the ways that others are involved.
One’s experience of one’s life is altered appreciably if sickness somehow distorts one’s sense of time or space or one’s sense of relationship to others. Here we will explore how sickness can alter experience in these ways. Later we will look at a different aspect of altered relationships—how the sick person appears to others and how the sickness affects others’ lives.
Stories of life with Disability
Authors: Brody Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In early 1991 I experienced complications of the rupture of a spinal disk. Following several months of rehabilitation, during which I needed a cane to walk, I was left with residual paralysis of some of the muscles of my calves and hips. The functional consequence was that I could comfortably walk long distances on the flat but noticed my weakness immediately upon having to walk up even a slight incline or stairs. By the summer of that year I had dispensed with the cane and felt well enough to keep an out-of-town lecture engagement.
The lecture was to take place at a golf-ski resort in southwestern Colorado. To reach the resort I had to fly a commuter plane and then rent a car to traverse the last sixty-odd miles. I drove up to the scenically situated resort, stopped at the registration building, and was directed to the detached condo in which my room was located. I drove another half mile or so through the resort grounds to the condo and unloaded my luggage. I then decided to return to the central building to check on the conference and discover where my lecture was to take place the next day. The day was brilliantly sunny, and it seemed a shame to drive the short distance, so I set out on foot.
Maladaptive Ways of Being Sick
Authors: Brody Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have argued that it may be maladaptive to belong to certain self-help groups characterized by dogmatic rigidity in the sickness narratives deemed acceptable for their members. The member may achieve a sense of peer support and belonging and yet be denied a deeper and more satisfying aspect of self-respect. This argument may be unsettling. What right do I have to label any sickness narrative or coping style maladaptive? Presumably, the whole reason to focus on narratives in the first place was to better appreciate the value of each person’s unique way of attaching meaning to the experience of sickness. What could provide a sound basis for a negative judgment about another’s chosen narrative?
Later I will address the larger question of narrative ethics and will discuss how one can engage in ethical reasoning and reflection by means of narrative. These arguments hinge upon an ability to label some narratives morally better than others and better descriptions of human behavior and thought. We have already seen the sense in which having self-respect is a social rather than an individual function and is based in part on one’s chosen peers deciding that one’s life story and life plan is a good story to be told by someone in that situation.
Rigor in Narrative Judgments
Authors: Brody Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We saw in the last chapter that doing narrative ethics usually involves giving or deriving reasons why one ought or ought not to do certain things. This is especially the case if one shifts the perspective away from ethics-as-solving- problems and toward seeing ethics as increasing our moral understanding (Johnson 1993). From this perspective there is no clear distinction between doing narrative ethics and offering justification for the conclusions that derive from narrative work. So some would see this chapter simply as providing more examples of how narrative ethics is done. I have tried nonetheless to focus here on the question of whether and why a conclusion drawn from narrative ethics is justified.
Anne Hunsaker Hawkins, outlining the ideal dialogue between literature and bioethics, mentions in passing that the Iliad is an epic poem that begins by assuming a set of warrior values such as bravery, honor, and glory in battle.
Ethics and the Life–Span Narrative
Authors: Brody Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Narratives have to do with actions and events unfolding over time. If we re­ move the temporal element, we no longer have a narrative (Ricouer 1984), al­ though there are ways of simply listing events in a chronological series that retain the passage of time without assuming a narrative form (White 1981). In this and the next chapter I will explore in more detail two aspects of the time dimension of narratives that have particular implications for ethical under­ standing and decisions in health care. First, I will consider the temporal dimensions of the narrative of a complete life. Then, following from Walker’s notion of the “narrative of relationships,” I will consider the long-term relationship between the patient and the physician (or other health care professional) as itself an unfolding narrative (Walker 1998).
Bodies, Words, and Images
Authors: Martensen Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nowadays religion and science exist in separate domains for most people. Most of us assume that they speak to different aspects of the human condition. But this was not the case during the early modem period or before, at least in the Christian West. Indeed, it is impossible to understand science from an historical perspective without analyzing shifts and tensions between theology and natural philosophy, which was the antecedent in some ways of modem science, concerning relationships between matter and spirit in the macrocosm of the universe and in the microcosm of man, to use an early modem trope. Most of this book deals with these shifts and tensions as matters came to a head during the heyday of the Scientific Revolution of mid-seventeenth-century Europe. A century earlier, however, an historical moment occurred that set the stage for those debates.
Meaning in Narrative
Authors: Scholes Robert , Phelan James , Kellogg Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Meaning, in a work of narrative art, is a function of the relation ship between two worlds: the fictional world created by the author and the “real” world, the apprehendable universe. When we say we “understand” a narrative we mean that we have found a satisfactory relationship or set of relationships between these two worlds. In some narratives the author tries to control the reader’s response more fully than in others. The most extreme attempts at this sort of control we recognize as allegory and satire, and because of the special problems raised by them, we have devoted the second part of this chapter to a discussion of the nature and history of attempts to control meaning. But for the moment we are concerned with more fundamental problems, the first of which must be the relationship between the actual worlds of the author and the reader.
The Evolution of Human Altruism (1993)
Authors: Kitcher Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The problem of altruism has loomed large in evolutionary biology ever since Charles Darwin. How do tendencies to kindly, even self-sacrificial, behavior evolve in an unkind, Darwinian world? More exactly, conceiving altruistic behavior, as biologists do, as behavior that promotes the fitness of another organism at costs in fitness to the agent, how can propensities to engage in such behavior originate and be maintained under natural selection? There are, of course, two problems here: we must not only explain how altruistic tendencies are sustained once they are prevalent but also how they spread when they are rare.
Infectious Ideas Some Preliminary Explorations (2001)
Authors: Kitcher Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Efforts to use concepts from contemporary biology in understanding the dissemination of culture have been inspired by two main analogies. One of these supposes that there are cultural units-memes-that share important similarities with genes, and a number of authors have attempted to exploit this analogy to develop precise theories of cultural transmission. According to a second analogy, the spread of culture is like the infection of a population by a virus (or a bacterium or a parasite). Very often, the two analogies are developed in tandem: Dawkins’s introduction of the meme contains both his own assimilation of memes to genes and explicit approval of an elegant formulation of the view of memes as parasites by his then colleague Nicholas Humphrey; similarly, Daniel Dennett’s influential presentation of cultural transmission as the spread of memes appeals to one or other analogy indifferently as if they were equivalent. My aim in what follows is to take a hard look at the second analogy (culture as infection), treating it with a bit more precision than is customary. We’ll find that the formal details of transmission processes are by no means equivalent, and that even the kinematics is more complicated than seems to have been appreciated.
The Changing World Population
Authors: Segal Sheldon J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We see the world in terms of the human experience. It is always changing. Neither the quality nor the quantity of human life is a constant.
In the fourteenth century, when the world had about 450 million in-habitants, a quarter of the people of Europe were wiped out by the bubonic plague. The future must have seemed bleak to survivors. Two hundred years later, Elizabethan literature flourished, European explorers had discovered the New World, and population had inched up to 550 million. Until the advent of disease prevention, high death rates kept the population growth rate in check. Over the centuries, smallpox alone took hundreds of millions of lives, but by the eighteenth century, with the emergence of science during the Enlightment, medical advances such as Jenner’s vaccine and the germ theory of disease led to lower death rates and faster growth of population numbers.
The Pill and IUD Modernized Contraception
Authors: Segal Sheldon J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Human reproduction is regulated by a synchronized chain of events, each link dependent on the successful completion of the preceding one. We are constantly gaining a more detailed understanding of the process as scientists probe at more sophisticated levels of inquiry. A new generation of molecular biologists is unraveling the reproductive process, gene by gene, in order to improve diagnosis and treatment of reproductive disorders. Genes have been discovered that enable the egg to orchestrate the early events of sperm–egg interaction. Modern science has already improved the treatment of infertility, menopause-associated symptoms, and life-threatening diseases including breast cancer and osteoporosis. As we understand more about links in the reproductive chain of events, opportunities to advance contraceptive technology have also increased.
Globalization, Population, and the Changing Environment
Authors: Segal Sheldon J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every species changes the environment in which it lives. That is part of nature. Tropical ants can build mounds of sand higher than a man. Burrowing ferrets can dig extensive underground tunnel systems, elephants can strip the bark off large trees or snap strong saplings, and the gentle panda can eat its weight in delicate bamboo shoots every day. A dominant species can destroy the very ecosystem on which its future depends. But only one species has found the power to change the environment of the entire earth and its atmosphere. I once heard Australian anthropologist Valerie Brown make this point in a Bellagio seminar by saying, “There’s no place on earth that has been left un-affected by man.” I thought she was exaggerating as I remembered pristine places I have seen all over the world. I recalled the beautiful golden sands of a hidden cove on a small Greek island that seemed as if no one had ever set eyes on it before. But as I listened, I realized that her point was more profound.
Conclusions and Recommendations
Authors: Segal Sheldon J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have written this book in the hope of rekindling dialogue on scientific issues related to population. My odyssey through the world of population sciences has led me to key recommendations that I present here in abbreviated form and in greater detail throughout the preceding chapters.
The gap between rich and poor is widening. Economically privileged countries must increase their commitment and accelerate their efforts to achieve greater international equity in education, health, economic opportunity, and other conditions that influence people’s lives.
We have a responsibility to elevate the conditions of life for the world’s underprivileged people and to preserve the earth for future generations, leaving it in at least as good shape as we found it. For impoverished, powerless people in economically deprived countries, preserving the earth may be the least of their everyday worries.
Remarks on Absalom, Absalom!
Authors: Faulkner William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The following remarks by Faulkner came in response to questions from students at the University of Virginia in April 1957 and at Washington and Lee University in May 1958. They are included in Faulkner in the University: Class Conferences at the University of Virginia 1957–1958, ed. Frederick L. Gwynn and Joseph L. Blotner (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1959). These remarks constitute the closest thing to an interview Faulkner ever gave concerning Absalom, Absalom! Q. Who is the central character of Absalom, Absalom!? It seems so obviously to be Sutpen, yet it’s been said that it’s also the story of Quentin, and I was wondering just who is the central character? A. The central character is Sutpen, yes. The story of a man who wanted a son and got too many, got so many that they destroyed him. It’s incidentally the story of Quentin Compson’s hatred of the bad qualities in the country he loves. But the central character is Sutpen, the story of a man who wanted sons.
Phototoxic And Irritant Plants
Authors: Crosby Donald G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although many plant constituents are allergenic, others require sunlight for dermatotoxic action and so are said to be phototoxic (or photodynamic if visible light and oxygen are involved). When such substances contact skin that later is exposed to sunlight, the result can be anything from mild sunburn to large, painful blisters. Some phototoxic agents are absorbed into the blood stream, so eating a plant such as celery can produce the same result as skin contact. Although the effects usually last only a few days, some lesions may persist for years (Benezra et al., 1985). The disease is termed phytophotodermatitis (dermatitis due to plants and light).
Prometheus in the Pinelands
Authors: Rosenzweig Michael L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before Prometheus gave fire to Homo sapiens, he had already given it to a very long list of other species. You see, fire destroys habitats, true. But it also creates them. A roaring fire transforms the land so completely that the survivors might as well be on another planet. Shade vanishes and light streams in. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium-the basic nutrients on which life depends-flood the landscape in abundance; the fire sets them free from their organic prisons in wood, in stems, and in leaves. Fire yields mass death, and mass death yields opportunity.
Clearing Hurdles
Authors: Rosenzweig Michael L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The science of the previous few chapters may make it seem that reconciliation ecology is inevitable. The examples of the first seven chapters may make it seem that reconciliation ecology has arrived. You may now believe that all a concerned citizen needs to do is applaud and participate. Not quite. Reconciliation ecology lacks recognition and organization. We must discover how to integrate it with other conservation efforts. And it needs far more support. One person, most certainly including yours truly, cannot alone supply the necessary support.
The Survival Signal
Authors: Black Ira B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tuesday Morning Enoch Wallace found his way to the bathroom without event. He showered, shaved, dressed, and rushed to meet his driver, who navigated through granite canyons to the Wall Street area. Racing from conference room to boardroom to conference room, the parties parried, thrusted, stormed, and reconciliated through the human ritual of negotiation. By 10 P.M., the rough outlines of the corporate acquisition had taken shape, and the engagement broke for the day. The confusion of Monday morning was not even a distant memory, and Enoch was driven to his East Side apartment with the exhausted satisfaction that follows bloody skirmishes that precede victory.
How to Live in the Brain
Authors: Black Ira B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Enoch Wallace, in desperation, discovered the value of index cards and familiar surroundings. He now depends on cues and context. With index cards, he can retrieve a colleague’s name, delineate the parameters of a new merger, outline the keys to balance sheets, list cash flow, revenue, profit, debt, book value, receivables. Two years ago it was a trivial matter to carry it all in his head. Now he jokes about needing a “peripheral brain.” But, even with the cards, the facts simply do not flow as fluently. And certainly new facts, new balance sheets, new company structures are simply not assimilated, as before. Often, in a new situation, Enoch is momentarily confused. But he knows how to stall, ask questions, recover his bearings, and take notes on the cards. If only he could concentrate again. What with his mother’s fractured hip, his daughter’s impending wedding, and all the dinner parties, he doesn’t pay attention at briefings; his mind is elsewhere.
Brain Glue
Authors: Black Ira B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Enoch and Charlie Bachrach had been buddies since college, living in adjacent dormitory rooms, joining the same drama club, dating the same group of women, and, incidentally, majoring in economics and political science before the requisite tour of duty in law school. Since they both topped off at an even 6 feet with slim, if not willowy, frames, they could share shirts, trousers, belts, and ties, a convenient way to expand their wardrobe to enviable proportions.
The Brain Captures Time
Authors: Black Ira B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Enoch and Sally returned to the neurologist for a follow-up examination. At first Enoch could barely remember the initial interview and physical exam, but the office and its unique paraphernalia jogged his memory. The odd juxtaposition of reflex hammers, tuning forks, ophthalmoscopes, eye charts, visual field screens, pins for sensory testing, and brain models scattered about the office brought fragments of his experience back into consciousness. The memories were accompanied by a vague, attendant anxiety. Addressing Sally and Enoch, the doctor reported that the CAT scan and MRI were normal, though he did not seem to attach much significance to the results. Enoch carried his sense of unease into the examining room.
Admission Criteria
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By its nature, the NICU is utilized for medical and surgical management of critical neurologic disorders and postoperative care of neurosurgical patients, but it may also be used for patients with extensive spinal operations performed by orthopedic surgeons and neurosurgeons and for monitoring patients after epilepsy surgery. Characteristically, severe physiologic derangements, increased intracranial pressure, neuromuscular respiratory failure, refractory seizures, and any rapid neurologic deterioration without identified cause are admission criteria. Uniform criteria for admission are difficult to identify, and some ambiguity remains.
Intracranial Pressure
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The physiologic principles of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) in patients with acute brain injury are known, but many of the feedbacks and couplings remain unexplored. Studies have begun to clarify the ways in which modulating therapies act on ICP and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP). With the introduction of fiber-optic probes (Chapter 10), the monitoring of ICP has improved technically. The availability of reliable ICP monitoring devices has facilitated management and often dictates therapies that may become potentially harmful if used indiscriminately and not directed by measurements.
Brain Abscess
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The number of patients with brain abscess in the NICU is not significant, and most of the time the diagnosis becomes apparent after elective biopsy for a solitary mass. Admission is mostly dictated by the complexity of management, such as fractionated drainage of the abscess, or by a complication, such as ventriculitis or cerebral edema. When a brain abscess is located in the brain stem, it may cause impaired swallowing, difficulty with clearing of secretions, and respiratory problems. In some instances, merely the anticipation of clinical deterioration in a patient with a moderate-sized brain abscess qualifies admission to the NICU.
Acute Spinal Cord Disorders
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The management of patients with a rapid development of quadriplegia or paraplegia is frustratingly complicated because the handicap may be permanent. The spectrum of causes is wide, and there are glaring regional differences in the cause of spinal cord injury in recently published series. In a study from France of 79 patients with acute myelopathy, the most common causes were multiple sclerosis, systemic disease such as cancer, and spinal cord infarction. In contrast, tuberculosis of the spine, acute transverse myelitis, and primary cord tumor were common in a series of patients with paraplegia from India.