bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel receptor‐like protein kinases induced by Erwinia carotovora and short oligogalacturonides in potato
Authors: Montesano Marcos , Kõiv Viia , Mäe Andres , Palva E. Tapio 
Published: March 2003

summaryIdentification of potato genes responsive to cell wall‐degrading enzymes of Erwinia carotovora resulted in the isolation of cDNA clones for four related receptor‐like protein kinases. One of the putative serine‐threonine protein kinases might have arisen through alternative splicing. These potato receptor‐like kinases (PRK1‐4) were highly equivalent (91–99%), most likely constituting a family of related receptors. All PRKs and four other plant RLKs share in their extracellular domain a conserved bi‐modular pattern of cysteine repeats distinct from that in previously characterized plant RLKs, suggesting that they represent a new class of receptors. The corresponding genes were rapidly induced by E. carotovora culture filtrate (CF), both in the leaves and tubers of potato. Furthermore, the genes were transiently induced by short oligogalacturonides. The structural identity of PRKs and their induction pattern suggested that they constitute part of the early response of potato to E. carotovora infection.
Pay equity and nursing in Ontario: ten years later
Authors: Schreiber R. S. , Nemetz E. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract ‘Nurses have never been compensated in accordance with their central role in health care’ ( Schreiber 1994), reflecting the generalized and well‐documented under‐valuing of the work of women (
Schreiber 1993). Pay equity legislation, passed in Ontario, Canada in 1987, designed to correct gender wage discrimination, created great optimism that the under‐valuing of nurses’ work might be ending. Nonetheless, this has not been the case, as the social, political, and economic climate has not kept pace with the speed and enormity of social change necessary to enact the intent of the legislation. Indeed, gains in nurses’ wages have been directly offset by significant lay‐offs. In this paper, we examine the issues surrounding the implementation of pay equity legislation in Ontario, Canada, along with analysis and implications of these issues, drawn from 10 years of experience. In addition, we highlight lessons that can be learned from the Ontario experience.
Domestic violence and women’s mental health in Japan
Authors: Weingourt R. , Maruyama T. , Sawada I. , Yoshino J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThere are positive changes in both the social and legal understanding of domestic violence in Japan. However, the scope of the problem has not been investigated in depth and described in the Japanese nursing literature. This descriptive study of a random sample of 177 women investigated domestic violence and the relationship between domestic violence and the mental health of the victims. Sixty‐seven per cent of the female respondents reported having experiences of physical, psychological and/or sexual abuse. Forty‐seven per cent of the abused women achieved statistically significant General Health Questionnaire scores that indicated clinical depression or anxiety. The findings of this study will enable Japanese nurses to better assess and intervene on behalf of their patients. In addition, avenues for further nursing research are suggested.
Evaluating the Beta version of the International Classification for Nursing Practice® for domain completeness, applicability of its axial structure and utility in clinical practice: a Norwegian project
Authors: Ruland C. M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe purpose of this Norwegian project was to evaluate the International Classification for Nursing Practice® (ICNP®) Beta version for domain completeness, applicability of its axial structure and utility in clinical practice. A subset of terms addressing the areas of circulation and elimination were abstracted from the nursing records of a cardiac intensive care unit and a nursing home. Abstracted terms were mapped to terms in the ICNP®. In the ICNP®, the same or similar terms were found for 47% of the documented circulation terms and 69% of the documented elimination terms that addressed nursing phenomena. For nursing interventions, 27% of the documented circulation terms and 35% of the documented elimination terms mapped to the ICNP®. The research team encountered difficulty in coding terms with the ICNP® that expressed patients' perspectives, preferences, behaviours and experiences, and terms that represented signs‐and‐symptoms. Recommendations for further development of the ICNP® include improvement in granularity, precision and conceptual definitions of terms; inclusion of time‐related terms for representing nursing phenomena; and an easier method for navigating around the ICNP®.
The role of the clinical nurse specialist
Authors: Hürlimann B. , Hofer S. , Hirter K. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn this article, the role of the clinical nurse specialist (CNS) at the University Hospital Insel in Bern, Switzerland, is described using four examples from daily practice. The first describes how the CNS may influence patient care by direct care, bedside teaching, or case reviews. Therefore, this form of co‐operation with the nursing teams is a very important factor for improving nursing care. The second example is about wound care. Although the CNS work as generalists on the wards, they also have their specialist fields, where they have in‐depth knowledge, skills and expertise. The third example describes how a CNS initiated an interprofessional working group with the aim of improving palliative care and palliative medicine throughout the hospital. Although such knowledge already existed in the hospital, it was not easily accessible to all the health care professionals. The fourth example is about project management. A CNS acted as a project leader of a multiprofessional group for pain assessment and management in babies, children and adolescents. This example also shows how a problem occurring in daily practice can be worked out and resolved.
Latvian community nurses practising in a time of turmoil: a thin line of defence for children at risk
Authors: Kalnins I. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractRecent World Health Organization (WHO) statistics rank Latvia below average on a number of health indicators, compared to other European Union (EU) candidate countries. Nurses who visit children in the home see a close‐up view of the decline in health. This exploratory study was designed to understand the day‐to‐day experience of a representative sample of 17 Latvian nurses visiting infants and children in 1999, almost 10 years after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Analysis of practice reports from group and individual interviews, using interpretive phenomenologic methods, revealed three consistently emerging themes: the negative impact of societal change and dislocation on clients and nurses; clinical reasoning concerning degree of risk to children and priorities for intervention; and the physical and emotional burden of caring for increasingly vulnerable children. Risk assessment was expressed in the classification of families as ‘good little family’, a family that was ‘simply poor’, or a family that was a ‘social risk’. With the first two types of families, concern about children was balanced with concern about the family as a whole. With ‘social risk’ families, the primary concern of the nurses was safeguarding the child. The findings cannot be generalized, but may imbue family health and welfare statistics with a human face, and suggest directions for education, practice and further research.
Evolution and nursing1
Authors: Hussey Trevor 
Published: March 2003

AbstractEvolutionary theory has been a very popular topic in recent years and it has been claimed that it can make a major contribution to the advance of several sciences such as medicine, psychology, psychopathology and sociology: even providing them with new paradigms. This paper explores the possibility that nursing could benefit similarly by adopting an evolutionary perspective. After sketching the scientific and philosophical background to the recent developments concerning evolution, and briefly mentioning the chief features of evolutionary theory, the paper discusses whether it makes sense to talk of ‘evolutionary nursing’, and whether there are any benefits in doing so. It uses a comparison with Darwinian medicine and evolutionary psychology. Several problems and objections are considered. The modest conclusion is reached that nurses need to adopt an evolutionary perspective to serve as a guide for some of their research and a source for research hypotheses. They also need to be informed about evolutionary ideas so as to be aware of the developments in the disciplines with which they work, and this understanding will assist them in maintaining vigilance against the misuse of science, religion and politics on behalf of their patients.
Beyond polarities of knowledge: the pragmatics of faith
Authors: Hartrick Gweneth A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe dissociation between the domains of knowledge continues to perpetuate the fragmentation of people’s health and healing experiences. Of particular significance are the polarities that have been created between the objective, subjective and spiritual dimensions of knowledge and human experience. This paper offers a consideration of how faith might serve as a pragmatic avenue towards assuaging the polarities between knowledges and enhancing nurses’ ability to attend to the complex and mulitdimensional nature of health and healing processes.
Determination of Panthenol, Cholecalciferol and Tocopherol in Cosmetic Products by Gas Chromatography‐Mass Spectrometry in SIM Mode
Authors: Jeong H.‐J. , Lee M.‐H. , Ro K.‐W. , Hur C.‐W. , Kim J.‐W. 
Published: March 2003

SynopsisA novel simple method to detect vitamins in cosmetic products by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) has been developed. Three vitamins (panthenol, cholecalciferol and tocopherol) were used for this study. Vitamins were prepared by dissolving in tetrahydrofuran (ThF), and silylated with bis‐trimethylsilyltri‐fluoroacetamide‐ trichloromethylsilane (BSTFA). Silylated vitamins were separated on a fused‐silica capillary column coated with DB‐5. The identification of each vitamin was accomplished by retention time and mass spectrum library search with a computer, and the quantitation was made in the selected‐ion monitoring (SIM) mode of GC‐MS. SIM mode had given sensitivity to determine 50 pg of panthenol, 285 pg of cholecalciferol and 130 pg of tocopherol. Linearity was maintained over the range 0.005–0.20% for each vitamin. Each cosmetic product (i.e. hair tonic and lotion) was found to contain amounts of the vitamins. This method was sensitive and gave 77.5–99.9% recovery of each vitamin from these cosmetic products. From these results, we concluded that silylation with BSTFA followed by GC‐MS analysis allows the simple, convenient and exact determination of panthenol, cholecalciferol and tocopherol.
Histopathological, morphometric and stereological studies of ascorbic acid and magnesium ascorbyl phosphate in a skin care formulation
Authors: Silva  , Maia Campos  
Published: March 2003

Synopsis Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) has been widely used in cosmetics and dermatological formulations due to its inhibitory effect on melanogenesis by affecting collagen synthesis and scavenger properties. However, ascorbic acid (AA) is quickly oxidized and decomposes in aqueous solution and to solve this problem, vitamin C derivatives were synthesized.In the present investigation, histopathological, morphometric and stereological studies were carried out to investigate the possible alterations caused by formulations containing AA or magnesium ascorbyl phosphate (MAP) in the epidermis.Gel creams either with or without 2% AA or its derivative were selected for investigation. Guinea‐pigs were shaved on the back, and four areas of 1.5 cm2 each were used for the experiments. One untreated area was used for control and the others for the application of gel cream formulations either with or without AA or its derivatives. The formulations were applied daily for 2, 4 and 8 weeks and biopsies were then obtained from each area using a dermatological punch. The material collected was analysed by histopathological, morphometric and stereological techniques.We observed that, under the present experimental conditions, whole formulations acted on the epidermis causing a thickening of the epithelium, with cells of larger volume in the granulose and spinous layers. Résumé En raison de son effet inhibiteur sur la melanogènese, sur la synthèse du collagène et de ses propriétés régénérantes, l’acide ascorbique (vitamine C) est depuis longtemps largement utilisé en Cosmétique et en Dermatologie. Cependant, l’acide ascorbique, en solution aqueuse, est très vite oxydé et décomposé. Dans le but de trouver une solution à ce problème, des dérivés de la vitamine C ont été synthétisés.Nous avons procédéà des études histopathologiques, morphométriques et stéréologiques pour analyser les altérations provoquées sur l’epiderme par des formules contenant de l’acide l‐ascorbique ou du phosphate de magnésium
l‐ascorbyl.Des gels contenant 2% d’acide ascorbique ou ses dérivés, et les autres ne le contenant pas (contrôle), ont été sélectionnés pour tests. Quatre segments de 1,5 cm2 chacun ont été rasés sur le dos de cobayes pour des études plus approfondies. Un site non traité a été désigné comme groupe témoin alors que les autres ont été traités par des formules de gel contenant soit 2% d’acide ascorbique ou ses dérivés ou le véhicule. Les formules ont été appliquées une fois par jour pendant 15, 30 ou 60 jours suivis d’un prélèvement, avec une pince dermatologique, en vue d’obtention de biopsies. Le matériel prélevé a été analysé par des techniques histopathologiques, morphométriques et stéréologiques.Nous avons pu observer, dans les conditions des essais, que les formules agissaient sur l’épiderme en provoquant un épaississement de l’épithélium, formant une membrane cellulaire plus volumineuse disposée en plusieurs couches granuleuses et spineuses.
Circadian rhythms in axillary skin surface pH
Authors: Burry J. , Coulson H. F. , Roberts G. 
Published: March 2003

SynopsisSweat and skin surface pH are critical parameters in determining the performance of antiperspirants. The mechanism of action, the so‐called ‘plug theory’ first proposed by Reller and Luedders, involves the expression of eccrine sweat onto the surface of the skin into which the solid antiperspirant salts, typically an aluminium chlorohydrate or zirconium aluminium glycine, dissolve. The resultant acidic ‘solution’ then diffuses with time into the sweat glands, where it hydrolyses in more alkaline sweat and forms an amorphous metal hydroxide agglomerate that physically plugs the ducts some 20–100 μm into the glands. It is therefore important to understand whether diurnal variations in skin surface pH exist in the axilla, as these may influence strongly the time of day at which antiperspirant should be applied in order to yield maximal protection.Clinical studies demonstrate a significant fall in axillary skin surface pH between the morning (pH = 5.87 ± 0.23) and the evening (pH = 5.49 ± 0.23). This diurnal variation in skin surface pH suggests that antiperspirant efficacy will be optimal when products are applied in the morning. In addition, the data suggest a circadian rhythm in axillary skin barrier function, indicating that chronopharmacology, the timing of administration of medication, could be used to optimize treatment of axillary hyperhidrotics using topical administration of anticholinergic drugs.
What are meters measuring?
Authors: Dykes P. J. 
Published: March 2003

SynopsisThere is increasing pressure on manufacturers of cosmetic products to provide data to support claims. Data are available from many sources including historical (published literature), laboratory data, cell culture experiments and human studies. Undoubtedly, human studies are the most reliable, and there are a wide range of tests available. Many meters have been developed for measuring different aspects of skin physiology but an understanding of these devices is essential, otherwise the data generated is of little value. There is some confusion as to what exactly some meters measure, an example of which is transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and water content (hydration) of the stratum corneum. Measurement of TEWL is used mainly to support claims that a product may, in the short or long term, improve or repair the barrier function of skin. It is not an indicator of hydration of the stratum corneum. One way to measure hydration is to look for the changes in electrical properties of the stratum corneum that the increased water content produces, i.e. measure capacitance or conductance. It is important that we do not loose sight of the fact that meters may measure something that is imperceptible to the consumer or has no meaning to them. Reliance only on devices that give numbers may lead to problems. An example of a study where three facial cosmetic products were subjected to perceptual tests and to a standard volunteer test for moisturization will be discussed. The relationship between any measured parameter, and what it means to the consumer, needs to be understood. A moisturization claim may be technically supported by a study using a device such as the Corneometer. However, a 20% increase in water content almost certainly does not represent a 20% better moisturization as far as the consumer is concerned. The way forward is to relate the two approaches to product testing during product development. Hopefully, this will allow the product development process to be more systematic.
An update on folates and folic acid: contribution of MAFF‐funded research
Authors: Hughes Joyce , Buttriss Judy 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAFF) recently commissioned the British Nutrition Foundation to review critically its Optimal Nutrition Status programme and identify future research requirements. MAFF describes two main scientific objectives for this programme: (a) to understand the links between optimal nutrition status and the maintenance of good health, and (b) to develop accurate measures of bioavailability of micronutrients from foods. Five projects funded under this programme have been concerned with folates and folic acid.The B vitamin folate/folic acid occurs in food as folic acid (the synthetic form used for fortification and dietary supplements) and a range of naturally occurring folate vitamers (folates). Measurement of folates in foods and biological samples has been difficult because of the different natural forms of folate. Several MAFF‐funded projects have addressed this difficulty and new assays for food folates and folates in biological samples have been developed.There is good evidence that the synthetic form of the vitamin, folic acid, in its free form as in supplements, is stable and more bioavailable than the naturally occurring folates at typical intake levels, but its bioavailability from fortified foods is less well established. Understanding of the bioavailability of endogenous food folates is also incomplete, and it is not possible at this time to predict the bioavailability for a given diet. Stable isotopic methods, as used in some of the MAFF‐funded projects, show great promise for the determination of folate bioavailability in whole diets, fortified foods and dietary supplements.An understanding of the function and metabolism of folates/folic acid is critical in identifying indicators of status. Recent and current research (some funded by MAFF), especially that relating to plasma homocysteine as a functional marker, is described in this paper. Human intervention studies that are being used to determine dose response of both natural food folates, and folic acid in fortified foods and supplements are also described.As yet there is insufficient evidence to determine functional markers of optimal nutrition status of folates/folic acid in population groups and hence to be in a position to review the Dietary Reference Values. Further research requirements were identified in the review and refined at a workshop of experts. These are set out under individual MAFF programme objectives in a table at the end of the paper.
Enhanced photosynthesis and growth of transgenic plants that express ictB, a gene involved in HCO3− accumulation in cyanobacteria
Authors: Lieman‐Hurwitz Judy , Rachmilevitch Shimon , Mittler Ron , Marcus Yehouda , Kaplan Aaron 
Published: March 2003

SummaryTransgenic Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana tabacum plants that express ictB, a gene involved in HCO3− accumulation within the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942, exhibited significantly faster photosynthetic rates than the wild‐types under limiting but not under saturating CO2 concentrations. Under conditions of low relative humidity, growth of the transgenic A. thaliana plants was considerably faster than the wild‐type. This enhancement of growth was not observed under humid conditions. There was no difference in the amount of ribulose 1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO) detected in the wild‐types and their respective transgenic plants. Following activation in vitro, the activities of RubisCO from either low‐ or high‐humidity‐grown transgenic plants were similar to those observed in the wild‐types. In contrast, the in vivo RubisCO activity, i.e. without prior activation, in plants grown under low humidity was considerably higher in ictB‐expressing plants than in their wild‐types. The CO2 compensation point in the transgenic plants that express ictB was lower than in the wild‐types, suggesting that the concentration of CO2 in close proximity to RubisCO was higher. This may explain the higher activation level of RubisCO and enhanced photosynthetic activities and growth in the transgenic plants. These data indicated a potential use of ictB for the stimulation of crop yield.
T‐cell telomere length maintained in HIV‐infected long‐term survivors
Authors: Tucker V. , Jenkins J. , Gilmour J. , Savoie H. , Easterbrook P. , Gotch F. , Browning M.J. 
Published: March 2003

Background and methods We have used the erosion of telomeric DNA as a measure of cellular division to study the replicative history of isolated T‐lymphocyte subpopulations from a group of HIV‐infected long‐term survivors and age‐matched healthy controls. Results In keeping with previous studies, we found that CD45RO+ (memory) T‐cells showed greater telomere erosion than CD45RA+ (naive) T‐cells. We did not, however, find any significant differences in the telomere lengths of isolated CD4+, CD8+, CD45RA+ or CD45RO+ T‐cells between HIV‐infected long‐term survivors and age‐matched controls. Further, we found no evidence of telomerase activation inT‐cells from the HIV‐infected groups to account for the lack of telomere erosion. Conclusions Our data show no evidence, through telomere shortening, of clonal exhaustion or replicative senescence due to an increased rate of immune cell turnover in HIV‐infected long‐term survivors.