bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection of Direction of Contrast
Authors: Weiskrantz Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Because D.B., when he acknowledges having some sort of impression or feeling when a stimulus is abruptly presented, fails to ascribe any sense of ‘brightness’ to the experience — in fact, on one occasion he said, ‘it is as though I imagine that I am moving my finger in front of my eyes in the dark’ — it seemed possible that he would be unable to respond to the contrast of a stimulus on the ground. That is, he might treat a black spot on a grey ground as equivalent to a white spot on the same ground. We put this to the test in February 1975. Two grey cards were prepared, 24º × 17º in size, with a small black or white square, 3.6º × 3.6º, positioned in the centre. The cards were clipped to the Aimark perimeter at an eccentricity of 45° on the horizontal meridian. They were covered by a masking card, removed for a period of two seconds during each trial. The overhead fluorescent lamps were on, giving a light level on the card of 0.70 log ft lamberts. The level of the black square was 0 log ft lamberts, and of the white square, 1.1 log ft lamberts.
Review of Other Cases
Authors: Weiskrantz Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Examples of residual vision in a field defect are not difficult to find. Clinically, all cases of ‘relative’ scotomata, as distinct from ‘absolute’ scotomata, by definition possess degraded vision rather than total and profound blindness within the field defect. These are Gordon Holmes’s cases of putatively ‘incomplete lesions’ of visual cortex causing ‘an amblyopia, colour vision being generally lost and white objects appearing indistinct, or only more potent stimuli, as abruptly moving objects, may excite sensations.’ (1918, p. 361). The degree of ‘incompleteness’ would, according to writers such as Poppelreuter, determine the amount of uncovering of hierarchical layers of visual capacity that would occur, going from amorphous light sensitivity, to size perception without definite form, to amorphous form perception, to perception of discrete objects, to mild amyblyoia, to normal vision with decreasing severity (and possibly with complete recovery). Whether this hierarchy refers to degrees of severity or ‘completeness’ of lesions, to area 17 alone, or to area 17 plus surrounding cortex of areas 18 and 19, is, as we have reviewed, still unsettled (Chapter 4).
Fisherian Optimality Models
Authors: Roff Derek A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This type of model is a development of Fisher’s original approach to the study of evolutionary questions in which he took the Malthusian parameter, r, as the measure of fitness. As noted in Chapter 1, this measure is inappropriate under conditions in which a stable age distribution cannot be assumed, density-dependence or frequency-dependence is an important factor in the evolution of the traits under study, population dynamics is chaotic or fitness depends on the social setting. Even given these restrictions this type of model has proven to be a highly productive approach to the analysis of evolutionary questions and the generation of testable predictions. We first consider, in a little more detail than in Chapter 1, the fitness metrics assumed by models dealt with in this chapter. Next, I present a general scenario for analyses followed by illustrative scenarios (summarized in Table 1), and finally exemplary papers. MATLAB code for the scenarios is given in Section 2.18.
Humoral immune response to poliovirus
Authors: Minor P D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The only natural host for poliovirus is believed to be man, although experimentally it may produce symptoms in primates, and in some cases in mice. Therefore, in so far as immunity implies protection from disease, a discussion of humoral immunity to poliovirus must deal with the situation in humans. Extensive studies in animals, especially mice, have been carried out in order to characterize the antigenic structure of the virus and the findings can be applied to some degree to the natural infection. The creation of antigenically chimaeric viruses expressing dual antigenicity by recombinant DNA technology raises the possibility of more precise dissection of the immune response to polioviruses in more appropriate species.
Immunity to respiratory syncytial virus
Authors: Stott E J , Taylor G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the last 30 years mortality from most communicable diseases has declined to less than 1% of former levels (Cockburn, 1979). However, there has been no parallel decrease in infectious respiratory diseases which remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. These account for 2.2 million deaths annually, the majority in infancy (Pringle, 1987).
Animal cell fermentation
Authors: Lavery Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years, interest in the in vitro cultivation of animal cells has increased because of the need for production of interferon, monoclonal antibodies, various hormones, vaccines, and other cell products with potential human and veterinary applications. This has prompted research into basic biology and physiology of the cell which has seen the development of a variety of systems for the in vitro growth of animal cells. Some are a result of modifications or extensions to microbial stirred tank reactors (STR). Others have seen the emergence of air-lift reactors for submerged fermentation of animal cells. Further developments have involved intensification of the process, allowing fermentations to be operated at high cell densities. Newcomers to animal cell fermentation may find it difficult to select a system from the vast range available. It is not the intention of this chapter to recommend one manufacturer’s system over another but rather to describe the operation of those that are currently available and to guide the beginner towards successful animal cell fermentation.
Lipid-related second messengers
Authors: Farese Robert V , Cooper Denise R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The realization that many, if not all, peptide hormones rapidly stimulate changes in phospholipid metabolism has led to exponential advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms whereby these hormones regulate metabolic processes in their target tissues. Although most interest has focused upon hormones and other agonists which mobilize intracellular Ca++ by activating a specific phospholipase C that hydrolyses phosphatidylinositol-4´, 5´-bisphosphate (PIP2) (1, 2), it is clear that this hydrolysis is only one of several mechanisms which results in the generation of diacylglycerol, and activation of protein kinase C. The subject of PIP2 hydrolysis, and release of inositol-phosphate headgroups and their subsequent effects on Ca++ mobilization, will be reviewed in other chapters of this book. The present review will focus upon intracellular signalling substances which are contained in the diacylglycerol domain of phospholipids, including both the entire diacylglycerol molecule itself, and constituent fatty acids (in particular, arachidonic acid), and their subsequent activation of certain enzyme systems. To the greatest extent, this review will emphasize practical issues that investigators must face in exploring relevant areas experimentally, and the reader is referred to other recent reviews for more background information (3, 4).
Introduction
Authors: New Denis A T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Viviparity confers many advantages on the mammalian embryo but few on the mammalian embryologist. The inaccessibility of the embryo in the uterus has always been the main barrier to its study. For centuries the ‘dark recesses of the womb’ nmtured much mystery and speculation but gave birth to only the most bizarre theories of embryonic development (1). The advent of microscopy and histological sectioning techniques greatly increased the amount of accurate information available about embryo structure at different stages of gestation, but progress in understanding deveiopmental mechanisms was still severely hampered by the extreme difficulties of experimentation in utero. Fortunately, in recent times embryologists have been able to devise a variety of ways for bringing living embryos out into the light of day for manipulation and continuous observation. Gradually, reverence for the obscure is being replaced by wonder at the revealed.
Transn1ission electron microscopy and immunolabelling for light and electron microscopy
Authors: Martins-green Manuela m. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To understand cellular functions a detailed knowledge of the structural components involved is frequently necessary. Because cellular organelles generally are below the resolution of the optical microscope (OM), imaging of these structures must be accomplished by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In addition, recent years have seen the advent of labelling techniques that allow delineation of the spatial distribution of specific molecules. Their gross distribution in tissues can be viewed in the OM, but the detailed molecular arrangements and interactions can only be obtained using TEM. During embryonic development and, in particular, during the early postimplantation stages, a number of rapid morphogenetic events take place, many of which occur in limited areas. To understand these events, it. is important to follow the processes involved in an accurate way, both structurally and chemically.
Extraction of macromolecules from embryonic material
Authors: Estibeiro J Peter , Copp Andrew j. , Cockroft david l. , Brown, Nigel A , Clarke David O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we describe methods for the extraction and quantitation of nucleic acids (RNA and DNA), proteins, and lipids from postimplantation mammalian embryos. Many of the protocols presented are used routinely by the authors and have been modified for use with the very limited amounts of material which are characteristic of mammalian embryos.
Mass spectrometry of lipids
Authors: Evershed Richard P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mass spectrometry is used for the structure elucidation of lipids, and their detection and quantification at trace levels. Through recent advances in sample introduction and ionization techniques probably all lipid classes can now be investigated using mass spectrometry. The coupling of chromatographic techniques (such as GC, HPLC, and SFC), to mass spectrometers allows separation of the individual molecular species with on-line mass spectrometric analysis of the eluting components. Accounts of gas chromatography (GC), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of lipids appear in Chapters 4, and 5 so will not be discussed at length here. The reader is directed to refs 1-7 for accounts of the theory of mass spectrometry and ancillary techniques and reviews of the mass spectrometric analysis of lipids.
Analysis of defence gene transcriptional regulation
Authors: Harrison Maria J , Choudhary Ar Vind D , Lawton Michael A , Lamb, Christopher J , Dixon Richard A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A major question in molecular plant pathology is how exposure of plant cells to elicitors, or infection with micro-organisms, induces the appearance of defence gene transcripts leading to the accumulation of antimicrobial barriers. A number of defence response genes have now been cloned (see Appendix Al), and this has facilitated the analysis of transcriptional activation in response to microbial stimuli. Standard techniques of in vitro translation, Northern blotting, and RNAase- or S1 nuclease- protection can be used for the measurement of translatable mRNA activities and steady-state mRNA levels in relation to expression of plant defence and are described elsewhere (1, 2). This chapter deals, rather selectively, with direct analysis of transcriptional events and the factors which may interact with the promoters of plant defence genes in order to regulate their expression.
Gene expression using baculoviruses
Authors: Cameron Iain R , Bishop David H L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Baculoviridae are a large family of viruses with over 1000 members. The majority have been isolated from insects, predominantly the Lepidoptera but also from Hymenoptera (e.g. sawflies), Diptera (e.g. craneflies), and Coleoptera (e.g. rhinoceros beetle), although examples have also been found in the Crustacea (e.g. shrimps). Baculoviruses have a natural role as regulators of insect populations in the wild, thus their greatest use, until recently, has been as biological control agents for a number of lepidopteran and hymenopteran species which are important pests in agricultural and forestry. Since they are not infectious to vertebrate species or plants they are thought to pose few safety problems. Several reviews are available in which the biology of baculoviruses is comprehensively described (1-3).
Progress in instrumentation technology for recording from single channels and small cells
Authors: Finkel Alan S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The development of the single-channel patch clamp marked a stunning evolution in our capacity to observe and understand membrane conductance processes. For the first time, the dynamic activity of individual membrane molecules could be observed. This was rare luck: there are very few disciplines in which this is possible. From the beginning, there have been arguments about the physiological significance of currents recorded from membranes that have been stretched across the mouth of the recording pipette and whose inner surfaces have been dialysed, but notwithstanding, an enormous amount of valuable data has been gathered using this technique.
Identification of G-protein-medicated processes
Authors: Dolphin A C , Scott R H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
G proteins have the ability to bind guanosine triphosphate (GTP) and hydrolyse it to guanosine diphosphate (GDP). Many classes of protein possess this ability, including tubulin and the ribosomal elongation factor EF-Tu. However, in the context of signal transduction, G proteins also have recognition sites for receptors and for effectors, which may be enzymes or ion channels. Receptor activation by agonists enhances GTP binding to the G protein, and the activated G protein then selectively modifies the activity of the effector. Several recent reviews cover different aspects of G protein function (1, 2, 3).
The Use of Theoretical Methods in Protein Engineering
Authors: Daggett Valerie , Kollman Peter A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1. Introduction The ability to modify selectively proteins has increased our understanding of a variety of important, biologically relevant processes, including protein stability, catalysis, and substrate binding. These processes often defy experimental characterization at the molecular level; hence, there is a need for theoretical approaches to better understand these properties. With the advent of fast and affordable computers, it is now feasible to study complex macromolecular systems with computer simulation methods.
Principles of Protein Stability. Part 1—Reversible Unfolding of Proteins: Kinetic and Thermodynamic Analysis
Authors: Finn Bryan E , Chen Xiaowu , Jennings Patricia A , Saalau-Bethell, Susanne M , Matthews C Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1. Introduction Over 30 years ago Anfinsen and his colleagues demonstrated that the amino acid sequence is the primary determinant of the three-dimensional structure of a folded protein (1). This seminal observation stimulated numerous efforts to define the rules that govern the folding reaction (2–6). Unfortunately, little progress on solving the folding code has been made until recently. The main obstacle has been the high co-operativity of the unfolding transition. Only the native and unfolded forms are highly populated under equilibrium conditions; stable, partially folded forms are generally not detected. Transient intermediates, when they do appear, typically have lifetimes in the millisecond range, making it difficult to characterize their structures.
The 32P-postlabelling assay for DNA adducts: current status and applications to human samples
Authors: Randerath Kurt , Randerath Erika 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Humans are exposed to a wide variety of genotoxic and tumour-promoting agents in their environment. While the important role of the tumour promoters in multistage carcinogenesis of experimental animals and humans is documented by many lines of evidence, no practical end-point has been developed for the biomonitoring of human exposure to tumour promoters. On the other hand, most known human carcinogens are tumour initiators, and fortunately a number of sensitive assays have been developed over the past 10 to 15 years to measure the formation of covalent addition products (adducts) of DNA, a key event in tumour initiation. Some of the assays, such as P-postlabelling, allow one to monitor activities of unidentified carcinogens and carcinogen mixtures at the target site (DNA), a feature that is particularly important for assessing human carcinogen exposure. Assays for DNA adducts are expected to acquire an increasingly significant role in the estimation of the role played by environmental carcinogens in the causation of human cancer. In this article we shall discuss the current status of the P-postlabelling assay and its application to human exposures.
Molecular and clonal analysis of in vivo hprt mutations in human cells
Authors: Albertini Richard J , O’Neill J Patrick , Nicklas Janice A , Allegretta Mark , Recio Leslie , Skopek Thomas R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is no longer doubt that gene mutations occur in vivo in human somatic cells, and that methods can be developed to detect, quantify and study them. Four assays are now available for such purposes; two detecting mutations that a rise in bone marrow erythroid stem cells and two defining mutations that occur in T-lymphocytes. The red cell assays measure changes in mature red blood cells that involve either the blood group glycophorin-A locus or the haemoglobin loci; 6 the lymphocyte assays score for genetic events at either the X-chromosomal hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (hprt) locus, u.
The ‘rad-equivalence approach’ for assessment and evaluation of cancer risks, exemplified by studies of ethylene oxide and ethene
Authors: Tornqvist Margareta , Segerback D , Ehrenberg L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tumorigenesis comprises a series of consecutive steps, starting with initiation of a single cell, followed by promotion and progression. Necessary events are initiation and promotion and, for the development of malignancy, one or several genetic changes in addition to the initiating one.
Studies to probe the mechanisms involved in the genotoxic action of chemicals
Authors: Bleasdale Christine , Ellwood Simon B , Golding Bernard T , Kennedy Gordon , Slaich Pritpal K , Taylor Oonah J , Watson William P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As part of a programme investigating the mechanisms of interaction of electrophilic reagents with nucleic acids we are studying reactions of oligonucleotides with selected genotoxic chemicals (formaldehyde, chloroacetaldehyde, glycidaldehyde, malonaldehyde, etc.) with the aim of providing a better understanding of the molecular basis of mutagenesis and carcinogenesis elicited by these chemicals. The key features of this research are:
Biomarkers of exposure to tobacco products
Authors: Hoffmann D , Hayley N J , Djordjevic M , Brunnemann K D , Hecht S S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cigarette smoking increases overall mortality in men and women. It causes cancer of the lung, larynx, pharynx, upper digestive tract, pancreas, renal pelvis and bladder and is associated with an increased risk for cancer of the nasal cavity, cervix and, most likely, for leukemia.1--4 Smoking of cigars and pipes is also causally related to cancer of the respiratory tract, oral cavity, and esophagus, although in the case of lung cancer the association is not as extensive as with cigarette smoking.4 In addition to active smoking, involuntary smoking has been incriminated as a risk factor for cancer of the lung in non-smokers. Furthermore, use of chewing tobacco, and especially the oral use of snuff, are associated with cancer of the oral cavity.
Mutational diversity at the human hprt locus
Authors: Lambert B , Andersson B , He S -M , Hellgren D , Marcus S , Steen A -M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Humans are exposed to a variety of environmental agents which may give rise to mutation in somatic and germ-line cells. The identification of these agents and the study of their effects on human health are major problems in biomonitoring and genetic risk assessment. Characterization of mutagens with respect to the types of mutation they induce, and classification of mutations with regard to the mechanism by which they arise are important steps in this research. It is anticipated that such information will identify agents involved in germ call mutagenesis, and further elucidate the role of somatic mutation in carcinogenesis.
Exposure to styrene: comparison of DNA and haemoglobin adducts as biomarkers
Authors: Latriano L , Wazneh L , Dong Z , Lu S -J , Snyder C , Jeffrey A M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Styrene and styrene oxide are both widely used industrial chemicals. Styrene is used in the production of plastic and resins as well as styrenebutadiene rubber. It is also used to a small extent in various food products as a synthetic flavouring substance and adjuvantu. Styrene oxide is used as a raw material for the production of phenylstearyl alcochol used in perfume and an intermediate in the preparation of agricultural and biological chemicals, cosmetics, surface coatings, and in the treatment of textiles.
DNA adducts in white blood cells versus other human tissues
Authors: Phillips D H , Schoket B , Hewer A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years, sensitive techniques have been developed which make it possible to monitor humans for prior exposure to chemical carcinogens by examining their DNA for the presence of covalently bound carcinogens (termed ‘DNA adducts’). Because of the direct involvement of DNA adduct formation in the carcinogenic process, such techniques may provide a more reliable means of assessing biologically-significant exposure to carcinogens than previous methods, and may contribute to prospective risk assessment in areas pertaining to occupational health and human population monitoring. One of the DNA adduct determination methods, P-postlabelling analysis, is particularly suited to monitoring exposure to complex mixtures of carcinogens.
Indicators of aromatic adducts in human DNA
Authors: Weston A , Bowman E D , Povey A C , Manchester D K , Newman M J , Beland G E Trivers. F A , Farmer P B , Poirier, M C , Harris C C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Human cancer risk assessment (biochemical and molecular epidemiology) seeks to identify those individuals at risk of cancer by virtue of their lifestyle, occupation, or inherited host factors. The genotoxic dose of a carcinogen (biologically effective dose) is related to the amount of the xenobiotic reaching the target tissue, competing metabolic pathways of activation of detoxification, and DNA repair. Therefore, the development of highly sensitive methods for the detection of carcinogen-DNA adducts is an important facet in molecular epidemiology.