bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enzyme immobilization utilizing a porous ceramics support for chiral synthesis
Authors: Kamori Masanobu , Yamashita Yoshitaka , Naoshima Yoshinobu 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA novel porous ceramics support, named “Toyonite,” for the immobilization of enzymes was prepared from the minerals of kaolinite under acidic conditions. Modification of the porous surface of Toyonite with two different organic coating agents gave Toyonite 200‐M (TN‐M), and Toyonite 200‐A (TN‐A), possessing methacryloyloxy and amino groups on the respective surfaces. Compared with other solid supports, TN‐M and TN‐A supports exhibited high selectivity for lipase PS (Pseudomonas cepacia, Amano) and glucoamylase (Gluczyme AF 6, Amano) proteins, respectively. The activities of both the transesterification of rac‐1 with TN‐M PS lipase and the hydrolysis of starch with TN‐A glucoamylase were greater than those of similar reactions with these two enzymes immobilized on other solid supports. Further, TN‐M PS lipase showed higher reactivity toward synthetic substrates, including aromatic and aliphatic secondary alcohols, than the free enzyme powder. Chirality 14:558–561, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enantioselective chromatography of alkyl derivatives of 5‐ethyl‐5‐phenyl‐2‐thiobarbituric acid studied by semiempirical AM1 method
Authors: Zborowski Krzysztof , Żuchowski Grzegorz 
Published: October 2002

AbstractComplexation of alkyl derivatives of 5‐ethyl‐5‐phenyl‐2‐thiobarbituric acid (2‐thiophenobarbital) enantiomers by β‐cyclodextrin was investigated by the AM1 method. The inclusion complexes of β‐cyclodextrin with neutral and anionic forms of these enantiomers have been modeled and energetically optimized. The chiral discrimination of enantiomers was analyzed in terms of differences in the interaction energies. The calculated interaction energies between each enantiomer of the investigated 2‐thiobarbiturates and β‐cyclodextrin confirm the ability of β‐cyclodextrin to act as a mobile phase additive in reversed‐phase HPLC to separate enantiomers by liquid chromatography and rationalize their order of elution. Chirality 14:632–637, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Redox‐based control of the γ heavy chain ATPase from Chlamydomonas outer arm dynein
Authors: Harrison Alistair , Sakato Miho , Tedford Hugo W. , Benashski Sharon E. , Patel‐King Ramila S. , King Stephen M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe outer dynein arm from Chlamydomonas flagella contains two redox‐active thioredoxin‐related light chains associated with the α and β heavy chains; these proteins belong to a distinct subgroup within the thioredoxin family. This observation suggested that some aspect of dynein activity might be modulated through redox poise. To test this, we have examined the effect of sulfhydryl oxidation on the ATPase activity of isolated dynein and axonemes from wildtype and mutant strains lacking various heavy chain combinations. The outer, but not inner, dynein arm ATPase was stimulated significantly following treatment with low concentrations of dithionitrobenzoic acid; this effect was readily reversible by dithiol, and to a lesser extent, monothiol reductants. Mutational and biochemical dissection of the outer arm revealed that ATPase activation in response to DTNB was an exclusive property of the γ heavy chain, and that enzymatic enhancement was modulated by the presence of other dynein components. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the LC5 thioredoxin‐like light chain binds to the N‐terminal stem domain of the α heavy chain and that the β heavy chain‐associated LC3 protein also interacts with the γ heavy chain. These data suggest the possibility of a dynein‐associated redox cascade and further support the idea that the γ heavy chain plays a key regulatory role within the outer arm. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 52:131–143, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
International prognostic index‐based outcomes for diffuse large B‐cell lymphomas
Authors: Wilder Richard B. , Rodriguez Maria A. , Medeiros L. Jeffrey , Tucker Susan L. , Ha Chul S. , Romaguera Jorge E. , Pro Barbara , Hess Mark A. , Cabanillas Fernando , Cox James D. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDWe present the results of doxorubicin‐based chemotherapy with or without involved‐field radiotherapy for patients with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) according to the international prognostic index (IPI).METHODSFrom September 1988 through December 1996, 294 patients with Stage I–IV Working Formulation large B‐cell or T‐cell lymphomas were treated prospectively on two protocols at our center. Diagnoses were reclassified subsequently according to the new World Health Organization classification. Two‐hundred and twenty‐four patients had DLBCL, including 24 patients with primary mediastinal large B‐cell lymphoma. Treatment consisted of a median of six cycles of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) chemotherapy with or without involved‐field radiotherapy (median dose, 39.6 Gy).RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS.The median length of follow‐up among surviving patients was 5.0 years. Patient subgroups differed from each other in terms of progression‐free (P = 0.003), cause‐specific (P = 0.003), and overall (P = 0.001) survival rates when analyzed by IPI. Five‐year progression‐free, cause‐specific, and overall survival rates for 212 patients with an IPI of 0–2 were 73%, 84%, and 82%, respectively, versus only 37%, 33%, and 32% for 12 patients with an IPI of 3–4. To improve our results, we are conducting clinical trials with young DLBCL patients and with patients who are older than 60 years. The young DLBCL patients, who have more than two adverse prognostic features, are receiving high‐dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell rescue. The patients who are older than 60 years, regardless of IPI, are receiving rituximab immunotherapy and liposomal CHOP chemotherapy with or without involved‐field radiotherapy. Cancer 2002;94:3083–8. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10583
Evaluation of the efficiency of chemotherapy in in vivo orthotopic models of human glioma cells with and without 1p19q deletions and in C6 rat orthotopic allografts serving for the evaluation of surgery combined with chemotherapy
Authors: Branle Fabrice , Lefranc Florence , Camby Isabelle , Jeuken Judith , Geurts‐Moespot Anneke , Sprenger Sandra , Sweep Fred , Kiss Robert , Salmon Isabelle 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDMalignant gliomas of the central nervous system remain associated with dismal prognoses because of their diffuse invasion of the brain parenchyma. Very few experimental models that mimic clinical reality are available today to test potentially new therapies. The authors set up experimental in vivo glioma models of anaplastic astrocytomas of human and rat origins and anaplastic oligodendroglioma of human origin. Standard hospital chemotherapies were employed to test the validity of these models.METHODSThree glioma cells lines obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (i.e., human Hs683 and U373 cells and rat C6 cells) were implanted into nude mouse brains (Hs683 and U373 cells) and rat brains (C6 cells). The astrocytic nature, as opposed to the oligodendrocytic nature, of the Hs683 and U373 models was investigated by using quantitative (computer‐assisted microscopy) immunohistochemical characterizations of nestin, vimentin, glutathione‐S‐transferase α (GSTα), GSTμ, GSTπ, and p53 expression. Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) was employed to investigate 1p19q losses. Chronic administrations of carmustine (BCNU), fotemustin, or temozolomide were assayed in the xenografted U373 and Hs683 models. Both BCNU‐related chemotherapy and surgery were assayed in the C6 model.RESULTSThe quantitative phenotypic analyses pointed to the oligodendroglial nature of the Hs683 cell line and the astrocytic nature of the U373 cell line. The Hs683 cells exhibited 1p19q losses, whereas the U373 cells did not. BCNU, fotemustin, and temozolomide dramatically increased the time of survival of the Hs683 oligodendroglioma‐bearing mice, whereas temozolomide only induced a weak but nevertheless statistically significant increase in the U373 glioma‐bearing mice. In the C6 rat glioma model, surgery and BCNU chemotherapy were more efficient than either treatment alone.CONCLUSIONSThe in vivo models of gliomas of the central nervous system developed in the current work best mimicked clinical reality. They can be used either to identify new therapies against human gliomas or to optimize existing therapies. Cancer 2002;95:641–55. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10710
Prognostic significance of grading and staging systems using MIB‐1 score in adult patients with soft tissue sarcoma of the extremities and trunk
Authors: Hasegawa Tadashi , Yamamoto Seiichiro , Yokoyama Ryohei , Umeda Toru , Matsuno Yoshihiro , Hirohashi Setsuo 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe predictive value of histologic grading and staging systems for overall survival in different types of adult soft tissue sarcoma of the extremities and trunk is unclear.METHODSHistologic slides from 193 patients with primary tumors were reviewed for diagnosis, and Ki‐67 (MIB‐1) immunostaining was performed for grading in all patients. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to analyze the results from patients with soft tissue sarcomas as a group and among the six main histologic categories: malignant fibrous histiocytoma (n = 49 patients), liposarcoma (n = 48 patients), synovial sarcoma (n = 30 patients), spindle cell sarcoma (n = 24 patients), small round cell sarcoma (n = 15 patients), and others (n = 27 patients). The median follow‐up was 50 months.RESULTSUnivariate analysis of soft tissue sarcomas showed that tumor size and depth, histologic type, MIB‐1 score, grades based on three criteria (tumor differentiation/histologic type, necrosis, and either mitosis or MIB‐1 score) and disease stage, as assessed by tumor size, depth, and grade, were associated with overall survival. Among these variables, grading and staging systems using the MIB‐1 score had better predictive value compared with the MIB‐1 score and standard grading and staging models in the main histologic categories. Because survival curves for the different tumor grades and stages showed similar trends between the different histologic types, multivariate analysis was conducted adjusting for age, gender, disease site, surgical margin, tumor size and depth, grade, stage, and histologic type. Consequently, Grade 3 emerged as the most significant adverse prognostic factor. Additional adverse prognostic factors were Stage III, Grade 2, a histologic type of spindle cell sarcoma, and patient age > 50 years at the time of presentation. The histologic type liposarcoma was identified as a favorable prognostic factor.CONCLUSIONSThe current results indicate that grading and staging systems using the MIB‐1 score are very strong prognostic factors in patients with the main histologic types of soft tissue sarcoma. Specific assessment of histologic type should be carried out before deciding on treatment strategies. Cancer 2002;95:843–51. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10728
Embryonic ventral mesencephalic grafts to the substantia nigra of MPTP‐treated monkeys: Feasibility relevant to multiple‐target grafting as a therapy for Parkinson's disease
Authors: Collier Timothy J. , Sortwell Caryl E. , Elsworth John D. , Taylor Jane R. , Roth Robert H. , Sladek John R. , Redmond D. Eugene 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTransplantation of embryonic dopamine (DA) neurons is being studied as an experimental replacement therapy for the DA‐deficiency characteristic of Parkinson's disease. Some studies suggest that one of the limitations of this approach is that intrastriatal placement of implants fails to consistently restore completely normal movement. One potential cause of this suboptimal therapeutic outcome is that changes in the neural activity of several structures in the basal ganglia circuitry resulting from striatal DA depletion is not adequately normalized by graft‐derived DA replacement in striatum alone. In the present study, we assessed the feasibility of grafting embryonic DA neurons into the substantia nigra (SN) of adult parkinsonian monkeys as an approach to restoration of the DA modulation of striatal‐nigral afferents that is lost after degeneration of SN neurons. Sixteen St. Kitts African green monkeys treated with 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) received implants of embryonic monkey ventral mesencephalon (VM), or sham implants, aimed at the rostral SN. At 6 months after grafting, staining for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) indicated that grafted DA neurons survived at this site, albeit often in reduced numbers compared with VM grafts to striatum. Grafted neurons extended neurites into the parenchyma of the SN, but there was no evidence of lengthy extension of graft‐derived neurites rostrally along the trajectory of the mesostriatal fiber system. A region‐specific, modest increase in DA levels and TH‐positive fiber density in the ventral‐medial putamen was detected, accompanied by modest but significant decreases in parkinsonian behaviors at 5–6 months after grafting. Our findings support the view that grafting embryonic tissue to the SN is a feasible procedure in nonhuman primates that provides a modest but detectable benefit of its own. These results encourage the further development of multiple‐target grafting strategies as a means of restoring modulation of anatomically widespread basal ganglia structures relevant to treatment of Parkinson's disease. J. Comp. Neurol. 442:320–330, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
HRP injection in lobule VI‐VII of the cerebellar cortex reveals a bilateral inferior olive projection in granuloprival rats
Authors: Fournier Betty , Rovira Catherine , Mailly Philippe , Fuhrman Yves , Mariani Jean 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn immature rats, Purkinje cells receive synapses from multiple climbing fibers. During development, this multi‐innervation regresses and only one climbing fiber innervates each Purkinje cell in the adult. The multi‐innervation of immature rats is maintained in the adult if the precursors of the cerebellar granule cells are destroyed by early postnatal X‐irradiation. The present study was undertaken to determine the origin of climbing fibers projecting to lobule VI‐VII of the cerebellum in X‐irradiated granuloprival rats. Olivary neurons were labelled by retrograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase, which was injected by iontophoresis in the right vermis of lobule VI‐VII. Three‐dimensional reconstructions of the inferior olive were made for granuloprival and control rats. No significant variation in the shape and dimension of the olive was observed between the two groups. Labeled cells were found in the middle part of the median accessory olive (MAO). In control rats, stained cells were found only in the contralateral MAO, whereas in the granuloprival rats they were located in both the contralateral and the ipsilateral MAO. Homologous zones were marked in control and granuloprival rats in the middle part of MAO. In granuloprival rats, there was a symmetry in the distribution of the stained cells in the ipsi‐ and contralateral MAO along the three axes. Therefore, polyinnervation involves homologous regions of both inferior olivary nuclei. J. Comp. Neurol. 449:65–75, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Similarities and differences in the innervation of mystacial vibrissal follicle–sinus complexes in the rat and cat: A confocal microscopic study
Authors: Ebara Satomi , Kumamoto Kenzo , Matsuura Tadao , Mazurkiewicz Joseph E. , Rice Frank L. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractOur confocal three‐dimensional analyses revealed substantial differences in the innervation to vibrissal follicle‐sinus complexes (FSCs) in the rat and cat. This is the first study using anti‐protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5) immunolabeling and confocal microscopy on thick sections to examine systematically the terminal arborizations of the various FSC endings and to compare them between two species, the rat and the cat, that have similar‐appearing FSCs but different exploratory behaviors, such as existence or absence of whisking. At least eight distinct endings were clearly discriminated three dimensionally in this study: 1) Merkel endings at the rete ridge collar, 2) circumferentially oriented lanceolate endings, 3) Merkel endings at the level of the ring sinus, 4) longitudinally oriented lanceolate endings, 5) club‐like ringwulst endings, 6) reticular endings, 7) spiny endings, and 8) encapsulated endings. Of particular contrast, each nerve fiber that innervates Merkel cells at the level of the ring sinus in the rat usually terminates as a single, relatively small cluster of endings, whereas in the cat they terminate en passant as several large clusters of endings. Also, individual arbors of reticular endings in the rat ramify parallel to the vibrissae and distribute over wide, overlapping territories, whereas those in the cat ramify perpendicular and terminate in tightly circumscribed territories. Otherwise, the inner conical body of rat FSCs contains en passant, circumferentially oriented lanceolate endings that are lacking in the cat, whereas the cavernous sinus of the cat has en passant corpuscular endings that are lacking in the rat. Surprisingly, the one type of innervation that is the most similar in both species is a major set of simple, club‐like endings, located at the attachment of the ringwulst, that had not previously been recognized as a morphologically unique type of innervation. Although the basic structure of the FSCs is similar in the rat and cat, the numerous differences in innervation suggest that these species would have different tactile capabilities and perceptions possibly related to their different vibrissa‐related exploratory behaviors. J. Comp. Neurol. 449:103–119, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cell‐specific expression of plasma membrane calcium ATPase isoforms in retinal neurons
Authors: Krizaj David , Demarco Steven J. , Johnson Juliette , Strehler Emanuel E. , Copenhagen David R. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractCa2+ extrusion by high‐affinity plasma membrane calcium ATPases (PMCAs) is a principal mechanism for the clearance of Ca2+ from the cytosol. The PMCA family consists of four isoforms (PMCA1–4). Little is known about the selective expression of these isoforms in brain tissues or about the physiological function conferred upon neurons by any given isoform. We investigated the cellular and subcellular distribution of PMCA isoforms in a mammalian retina. Mouse photoreceptors, cone bipolar cells and horizontal cells, which respond to light with a graded polarization, express isoform 1 (PMCA1) of the PMCA family. PMCA2 is localized to rod bipolar cells, horizontal cells, amacrine cells, and ganglion cells, and PMCA3 is predominantly expressed in spiking neurons, including both amacrine and ganglion cells but is also found in horizontal cells. PMCA4 was found to be selectively expressed in both synaptic layers. Optical measurements of Ca2+ clearance showed that PMCAs mediate Ca2+ extrusion in both rod and cone bipolar cells. In addition, we found that rod bipolar cells, but not cone bipolar cells possess a prominent Na+/Ca2+ exchange mechanism. We conclude that PMCA isoforms are selectively expressed in retinal neurons and that processes of Ca2+ clearance are different in rod and cone bipolar cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 451:1–21, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Retinal characteristics of the ornate dragon lizard, Ctenophorus ornatus
Authors: Barbour Helen R. , Archer Michael A. , Hart Nathan S. , Thomas Nicole , Dunlop Sarah A. , Beazley Lyn D. , Shand Julia 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe retina of a diurnal insectivorous lizard, Ctenophorus ornatus (Agamidae) was investigated using microspectrophotometry and light and electron microscopy. A prominent broad yellow band was observed that extended across the mid‐retina. The yellow coloration was found to originate from both oil droplets and diffuse pigmentation within cone inner segments. Microspectrophotometric analysis revealed yellow oil droplets with variable absorption of wavelengths below 520 nm and transparent oil droplets with no detectable absorptance between 350 and 750 nm. Cones with transparent oil droplets lacked the diffuse yellow pigmentation. The mean wavelengths of maximum absorbance of visual pigments in the isolated cone outer segments were at 440, 493, and 571 nm. The retina was found to possess a deep convexiclivate fovea located within the yellow band, slightly dorsotemporal of the retinal midpoint. The topography of the retinal ganglion cells revealed that the fovea was contained within an area centralis. Photoreceptors were either single (80%) or unequal double (20%) cones. Within the region of the fovea, the cones were approximately 20% the diameter of those in the peripheral retina. Colored oil droplets and yellow pigment may increase visual acuity by absorbing short wavelength light scattered either by the atmosphere or the optical structures of the eye. The presence of a fovea containing slender cone photoreceptors and three visual pigments suggests that the lizard has high acuity and the potential for color vision. J. Comp. Neurol. 450:334–344, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Changes in MAP2 and tyrosinated α‐tubulin expression in cochlear inner hair cells after amikacin treatment in the rat
Authors: Ladrech Sabine , Lenoir Marc 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe expression of MAP2 (microtubule‐associated protein 2) and of tyrosinated α‐tubulin was investigated immunocytochemically in the cochleas of normal and amikacin‐treated rats. For MAP2, two different antibodies were used: anti‐MAP2ab, against the high molecular weight forms, and anti‐MAP2abc, additionally against the embryonic form c. In the cochlea of the normal rat, the outer (OHCs) and inner (IHCs) hair cells were labeled for MAP2abc. The labeling was weaker in IHCs than in OHCs. The hair cells were rarely labeled for MAPab. Both OHCs and IHCs were labeled for tyrosinated α‐tubulin. In the cochlea of the amikacin‐treated rat, aggregates of anti‐MAP2abc and anti‐tyrosinated α‐tubulin antibodies were seen in the apical region of the IHCs as early as the end of the antibiotic treatment. In rats investigated during the following week, the cell body of most of the surviving IHCs were not labeled for MAP2abc and tyrosinated α‐tubulin. Then, labeling for these two antibodies reappeared in the surviving IHCs, including their giant stereocilia. Fewer surviving IHCs were labeled for tyrosinated α‐tubulin than for MAP2abc. The amikacin‐poisoned IHCs were rarely labeled for MAP2ab. These results suggest that cochlear hair cells essentially express form c of MAP2. In the amikacin‐damaged cochlea, the apical aggregation of MAP2c and tyrosinated α‐tubulin within the poisoned IHCs could be implicated in a cell degenerative process. By contrast, the extinction and recovery of MAP2c and tyrosinated α‐tubulin labeling in the remaining IHCs suggest the occurrence of a limited repair process. A possible role of MAP2 and tubulin in hair cell survival is discussed. J. Comp. Neurol. 451:70–78, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Examples of interference and the color pigment mixtures green with red and red with green
Authors: Cramer Werner Rudolf 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn industrial paint formulations, interference pigments are usually mixed with color pigments. Transparent interference pigments mix together according to the laws of additive mixing and color pigments to the laws of subtractive mixing. The behavior of both types differs depending on whether similar colors such as pearl green and green or contrasting colors such as pearl green and red are mixed. In this article examples of these differences for color measurement are discussed, along with showing the resulting charts. © 2001 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 27, 276–281, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10063