bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of predictive modeling to evaluate the manipulation of milking frequency, temperature, and oxygen tension on growth of Escherichia coli in an artificial intramammary environment
Authors: Goldberg John J. , Bramley A. John , Chen Hongda , Pankey J. Woodrow 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
A method was developed to evaluate frequent milking as a means of controlling intramammary infection. An artificial intramammary environment was used to determine growth responses of Escherichia coli (P4) to natural changes in the mammary gland resulting from bacterial invasion. Physical conditions manipulated in this model were growth medium, temperature, and oxygen tension. Mathematical modeling was then incorporated to generate predictions concerning growth dynamics of the organism when milking frequency was changed. To test accuracy of the model, initial predictions were derived from bacterial growth data in which E coli was incubated in tryptose soy broth for 12 hours at 37 C and Po2 equal to 23.3 mm of Hg. These predictions matched closely with experimental data in which 12-, 4-, and 2-hour milking intervals were simulated in the artificial intramammary environment. The mathematical model was then used to characterize growth rate data from in vitro experiments in ultra-high temperature- treated milk and in vivo experimental infection data generated with E coli (P4). Predictions generated from this model suggested that increasing milking frequency to 4 or 6 times daily controls growth of E coli for a prolonged period and that 12 times daily milking may lead to elimination of the bacterium.
High-performance liquid chromatography method for determination of fhinixin in bovine plasma and pharmacokinetics after single and repeated doses of the drug
Authors: Odensvik Kristina , Johansson I. Monika 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
A high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed for determination of flunixin in bovine plasma. The extraction procedure was easily performed and made it possible to detect low concentrations of flunixin with high accuracy. The limit of quantitation was 7 ng/ml (relative standard deviation = 18%, n = 10). The analytic method permits processing of 60 samples/d. Flunixin, as well as the internal standard (diclofenac sodium), belong to the group of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, which are known to have a high degree of binding to plasma proteins. Therefore, an evaluation of several buffer systems was undertaken to optimize analytic conditions.
Cattle were given 2.2 mg of flunixin meglumine/kg of body weight. In experiment 1, single injections were administered IV to 1 cow and IV and IM to 1 heifer (7 days apart), and pharmacokinetic variables were calculated. The IV data were best described by a two-compartment model. The half-life after single IV or IM administration was around 4.0 hours. In experiment 2, the decreasing flunixin concentration was determined after the last of either 4 IM injections daily (n = 3 cows) or 2 IM injections daily (n = 3 cows) administered during a 14-day postpartum period. The half-life, determined between 48 and 96 hours after the last dose, was approximately 26 hours in both groups, and flunixin could be detected in plasma up to 8 days, on average.
The protein binding of flunixin was studied, using the method of equilibrium dialysis. Flunixin was found to have a high degree of protein binding (ie, 99.4 ± 0.2%) at a flunixin concentration in plasma of 3 to 24 μg/ml. Differences in protein binding between cattle were not found.
Cardiovascular effects of epidurally administered morphine and a xylazine-morphine combination in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs
Authors: Keegan Robert D. , Greene Stephen A. , Weil Ann B. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Cardiovascular effects of epidurally administered morphine, a morphine-xylazine combination, and saline solution (control) during isoflurane-maintained anesthesia were assessed in 6 healthy dogs. Anesthesia was induced with isoflurane in O2 and was maintained at 2.0% end-tidal isoflurane concentration. Ventilation was controlled to maintain PaCO2 at 35 to 45 mm of Hg. The dorsal pedal artery was cannulated for measurement of systolic, mean, and diastolic pressures, and for blood sample collection. Arterial blood pH and gas tensions were determined every 30 minutes. Cardiac output was determined by thermodilution. The ecg, heart rate, body temperature, central venous pressure, mean pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, end-tidal isoflurane concentration, and CO2 tension were monitored. Systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance, arterial HCO3- concentration, base excess, and cardiac index were calculated. After baseline measurements were taken, morphine (0.1 mg/kg of body weight) in 5 ml of isotonic saline solution, morphine and xylazine (0.1 mg of morphine and 0.02 mg of xylazine/kg) in 5 ml of isotonic saline solution, or 5 ml of isotonic saline solution was injected into the lumbosacral epidural space. Data were recorded at 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, and 120 minutes after epidural injection. Statistical analysis included anova for repeated measures. Significance was set at P < 0.05. None of the measured variables was significantly different among the 3 treatments at any time. Results of the study indicated that epidural administration of morphine or morphine and xylazine is not associated with significant cardiovascular side effects during isoflurane-maintained anesthesia in dogs.
Cytologie evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained from Standardbred racehorses with inflammatory airway disease
Authors: Moore Bonnie Rush , Krakowka Steven , Robertson James T. , Cummins Joseph M. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Cytologic examination of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (balf), including phenotypic analysis of lymphocytes, was performed on 32 Standardbreds with poor race performance and endoscopic examination findings characteristic of inflammatory airway disease (iad). Nucleated cell counts in balf from iad-affected horses were higher than those in control horses; the cytologic profile of balf in affected horses included mixed inflammation, characterized by mild neutrophilia, lymphocytosis, and monocytosis. Eosinophil and mast cell counts were not higher in the iad-affected group, compared with those in the control group; however, 4 iad-affected horses had marked eosinophilia (24.7 ± 4.8% SEM) in balf. Phenotypic analysis of lymphocytes in balf obtained from IAD-affected horses revealed a low proportion of CD4-positive cells and B cells, compared with those in the control group; these findings may have been representative of a greater proportion of non-B, non-T cells (null cells) in horses with iad. The cytologic profile of balf obtained from horses with iad differed from that in horses affected with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, suggesting that the pathogenesis of inflammation in horses with iad may differ from that of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Use of technetium-99m sulfur colloid to evaluate changes in reticuloendothelial function in dogs with experimentally induced chronic biliary cirrhosis and portosystemic shunting
Authors: Koblik Philip D. , Homof William J. , Yen Chi-Kwan , Fisher Paul E. , Komtebedde Jan 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Technetium-99m sulfur colloid scintigraphy was used to study alterations of reticuloendothelial function in 7 dogs with experimentally induced biliary cirrhosis and portosystemic shunting. Scintigraphic studies were performed before and 6 weeks after common bile duct ligation. Radiocolloid plasma clearance rate was determined by measuring activity in plasma samples and by analyzing the rate of liver uptake on dynamic scintigraphic image sequences. Percentage of uptake in the liver, spleen, and lungs, as well as the ratio of hepatic-to-extrahepatic uptake, was determined from static equilibrium images. Relative to preoperative values, there were significant decreases in plasma clearance rate, percentage of fiver uptake, and ratio of hepatic-to-extrahepatic uptake and significant increases in percentage of spleen and lung uptake on postoperative studies.
The mechanism of technetium-99m-labeled sulfur colloid extraction by the liver is different from that of other radiocolloids; it does not require active phagocytosis or pinocytosis. Thus, fiver uptake of this tracer principally reflects effective liver blood flow. Portosystemic shunting was documented in these dogs at the time of the postoperative radiocolloid scans, and we believed was responsible for the decrease in liver reticuloendothelial activity. Possible mechanisms for the increased splenic and pulmonary reticuloendothelial activities are discussed.
Detection of Toxoplasma gondii-specific IgA in the serum of cats
Authors: Burney Derek P. , Lappin Michael R. , Cooper Christi , Spilker Melissa M. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
An elisa for detection of Toxoplasma gondii-specific IgA in feline serum was developed. A group of cats (n = 7) was inoculated orally with T gondii bradyzoites. Toxoplasma gondii-specific serum IgM, IgG, and IgA responses were followed sequentially by use of the ELISA for 34 weeks. Serum IgA was detected later than IgM or IgG, and was detected in most cats on week 34 after inoculation. None of the cats was seropositive for IgA during the oocyst-shedding period. A group of client-owned cats with suspected clinical toxoplasmosis and a group of healthy cats were tested for Toxoplasma gondii-specific IgA in serum. A trend toward association of T gondii-specific IgA in serum of cats with ocular disease was observed.
Evaluation of marking materials for cutaneous surgical margins
Authors: Seitz Susan E. , Foley George L. , Marretta Sandra Manfra 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Microscopic evaluation of the margins of excised cutaneous neoplasms is of paramount importance for determining that neoplastic tissue does not extend to the excision borders. Dyes or pigments that indelibly mark the tissue should be more reliable than sectioning techniques or suture markers for identifying the surgical margins before and after tissue processing. We evaluated 5 pigments to select a material that could be rapidly applied by surgeons, and readily identified on histologic section by the pathologists.
Twenty normal canine skin specimens were assigned to each of 5 groups. Each group was treated with artists’ pigments in acetone, India ink in acetone, alcian blue, typists’ correction fluid, or a commercially available marking kit. Ten specimens within each group were marked before formalin fixation, and 10 were marked after fixation. Application properties, fixation and processing properties, and microscopic characteristics were evaluated for each material.
Application properties were acceptable for all marking materials on unfixed specimens, and for alcian blue, India ink in acetone, and correction fluid on fixed specimens. Fixation and processing properties were acceptable for all materials except correction fluid. All marking materials survived fixation and processing, and colors were readily visualized under the microscope. Microscopic characteristics were acceptable for alcian blue, India ink in acetone, and the commercial kit.
Overall, alcian blue was the best marking material, with India ink in acetone and the commercial kit also acceptable. Correction fluid and artist’ pigments in acetone were not acceptable because pigment fragmentation and incomplete tissue coverage hindered microscopic evaluation of resection margins.
Bacterial expression of the caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus gag and env proteins and their use in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Authors: Clavijo Alfonso , Thorsen Jan 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The core protein and the transmembrane protein, encoded for the structural genes gag and env, respectively, of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus were amplified by use of polymerase chain reaction, cloned into a pGEX-2T vector, and expressed in Escherichia coli as fusion proteins with the glutathione S-transferase at their C-terminus. The recombinant proteins were purified and evaluated by use of an elisa. Sera from 269 goats were tested, and the results were compared with those obtained by use of immunoblot analysis. When results from both recombinant elisa (r-elisa) were compared, it appeared that the transmembrane glycoprotein was more immunoreactive than the core protein, because it was recognized by a higher percentage of sera from infected goats. When results of the 2 elisa (p28 r-elisa and p40 r-elisa) were combined in parallel, they were comparable to those of the immunoblot test, with sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 98.3%. It was also found that use of both r-elisa makes it possible to compare the variable immunoreactivity against gag and env viral antigens, which may be correlated with the disease state. The r-elisa, using core and transmembrane proteins, appears to be highly sensitive and specific for detection of antibodies against caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus.
Urethral pressure response to smooth and skeletal muscle relaxants in anesthetized, adult male cats with naturally acquired urethral obstruction
Authors: Straeter-Knowlen Ingrid M. , Marks Steven L. , Rishniw Mark , Speth Robert C. , Wirth W. , Knowlen Grant G. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The effects of the skeletal muscle-relaxing drug dantrolene sodium alone, and in combination with the α1-adrenergic antagonist prazosin, on the urethral pressure profile were investigated in male cats with obstructive lower urinary tract disease. Decreases in mean segmental intraurethral pressure induced by dantrolene (n = 3) or dantrolene in combination with prazosin (n = 3) were evaluated statistically, using a paired design. Statistical analysis was applied to absolute (mm of Hg) pressure values. Intravenous administration of dantrolene alone (1 mg/ kg of body weight, n = 3) significantly decreased pressure in the postprostatic/penile urethral segment, but did not decrease prostatic urethral pressures. Dantrolene in combination with prazosin (0.03 mg/kg, iv) caused a 20% pressure decrease in the prostatic segment (P = 0.060). Preprostatic urethral pressure was not significantly affected by either treatment regimen in the small pool of cats studied. There was no difference in baseline pressures (mm of Hg) in the 3 intraurethral segments of these 6 recently obstructed male cats, compared with historic baseline pressures (mm of Hg) in the 3 intraurethral segments of 28 healthy male cats.
These results indicate that dantrolene and prazosin may be effective in relaxing intraurethral skeletal and smooth musculature in male cats clinically afflicted with obstructive lower urinary tract disease. However, it is not certain that administration of muscle relaxants would facilitate urethral catheterization and removal of the obstruction in male cats with blockage of the lower urinary tract. Strikingly, results of this study suggest that urethral muscle spasm had a minor role in these cats.
Sensitivity and specificity of various serologic tests for detection of Toxoplasma gondii infection in naturally infected sows
Authors: Dubey J. P. , Thulliez P. , Weigel R. M. , Andrews C. D. , Lind P. , Powell E. C. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The sensitivity and specificity of various serologic tests for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii were compared in 1,000 naturally exposed sows, using isolation of viable T gondii as the definitive test. Serum samples obtained from heart blood of 1,000 sows from Iowa were examined for T gondii antibodies by use of the modified agglutination test (mat), latex agglutination test (lat), indirect hemagglutination test (ihat), and elisa. Toxoplasma gondii was isolated from 170 hearts of 1,000 sows by bioassays in mice and cats. The percentage of samples diagnosed as positive for each of the serologic tests was: mat = 22.2% (titer ≥ 1:20), ihat = 6.4% (titer ≥ 1:64), lat = 10.4% (titer ≥ 1: 64), and elisa = 24.1% (OD > 0.360). The sensitivity and specificity of these tests were calculated respectively to be: 82.9 and 90.29% for mat, 29.4 and 98.3% for ihat, 45.9 and 96.9% for lat, and 72.9 and 85.9% for elisa. The dye test was run at 1:20 dilution on only 893 sera because of bacterial contamination and presence of anticomplement substances. Dye test antibodies were found in 17.8% of the sera, and sensitivity and specificity were 54.4 and 90.8%, respectively. Thus, the mat had the highest sensitivity among all serologic tests used.
Passive immune status at postpartum hour 24 and long-term health and performance of calves
Authors: Wittum Thomas E. , Perino Louis J. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
We quantified the effect of passive immune status on pre- and postweaning health and growth performance of calves raised in a beef production environment. Blood samples were collected at postpartum hour 24 from 263 crossbred calves for determination of plasma protein (pp) and serum IgG concentrations. Serum IgG concentration was classified as adequate (> 1,600 mg/dl), marginal (800 to 1,600 mg/dl), or inadequate (< 800 mg/dl). Plasma protein concentration was classified as adequate (≥ 4.8 g/dl) or inadequate (< 4.8 g/dl). Morbidity and mortality events in the study population were monitored from birth to weaning, and after weaning throughout the feeding period. The lowest concentrations of serum IgG and pp were observed among calves that experienced morbidity or mortality prior to weaning. Calves that experienced morbidity in the feedlot had lower 24-hour pp values, but had IgG concentration similar to that in calves that were not observed to be ill during the feeding period. Calves classified as having inadequate IgG concentration were at greater risk of preweaning mortality (odds ratio [or] = 5.4), neonatal morbidity (or = 6.4), and preweaning morbidity (or = 3.2), compared with calves classified as having adequate IgG concentration at 24 hours. Calves classified as having inadequate pp concentration at 24 hours had a greater risk of morbidity (or = 3.0) and respiratory tract morbidity (or = 3.1) while in the feedlot, compared with calves classified as having adequate pp concentration. The effects of 24-hour passive immune status on calf growth were indirect through effects on morbidity outcomes. Morbidity during the first 28 days of life was associated with a 16-kg lower expected weaning weight. Respiratory morbidity in the feedlot resulted in a 0.04-kg lower expected mean daily gain. Thus, passive immune status at postpartum hour 24 was an important determinant of health before and after weaning, and was indirectly associated with calf growth during the same periods.
Necropsy survey of metacarpal fusion in the horse
Authors: Les C. M. , Stover S. M. , Willits N. H. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Paired metacarpi obtained at necropsy from 100 horses ranging in age from term fetus to 35 years were examined to estimate the prevalence and sites of metacarpal fusion. Metacarpal fusion was seen in 192 of 200 metacarpi, and 78% of all horses 2 years or older had 2 or more fusions. Fusion of the second metacarpal bone to the third metacarpal bone was significantly (P < 0.001) more common than was fusion of the fourth to the third metacarpal bone. Fusions appeared for the most part in pairs and were bilaterally symmetric. Rooney-Prickett type-A carpometacarpal joint configurations (in which there is no measurable articulation between the third carpal and second metacarpal bones) were rare in this population, and Rooney-Prickett type-B configurations (in which there is a measurable articulation between the third carpal and second metacarpal bones) were observed in 98.5% of metacarpi. Medial metacarpal fusion was positively correlated with age, occupation, and proportion of the proximal projection of the carpometacarpal distal joint surface that was taken by the second metacarpal bone. Lateral metacarpal fusion was positively correlated with age and the proportion of the proximal projection of the carpometacarpal distal joint surface taken by the fourth metacarpal bone.
Horses in performance careers (racing, race training, or show ring occupations) had an earlier development of the first 2 fusions than did horses in other or unknown occupations; development of the third and fourth fusions were not significantly different between occupation groups. The rate of metacarpal fusion per horse-year appeared to be at least 10 times higher than a clinically evident rate.
A variety of gross morphologic features was observed in the fusions from this sample, some of which were small, subtle, and possibly difficult to detect in vivo. It is hypothesized that many instances of metacarpal fusion may be a result of functional adaptation of the metacarpus to increased or changed loading conditions, rather than a response to isolated traumatic events.
Evaluation of a porous bovine collagen membrane bandage for management of wounds in horses
Authors: Yvorchuk-St. Jean Kathleen , Gaughan Earl , St. Jean Guy , Frank Rodney 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate the effect of a porous bovine-derived collagen membrane (pbcm) on the rates of wound healing, cellular events, presence of granulation tissue, and appearance at termination of the study in surgically created full-thickness cutaneous wounds of the distal portion of the extremities of horses.

Design
Treated wounds (n = 12) received a pbcm dressing and control wounds were covered with a nonadherent dressing. Forelimbs and hind limbs were cross paired; the right forelimb and left hind limb always received the same dressing application, as did the left forelimb and right hind limb. Limbs pairs were then randomly assigned to 1 of the 2 dressings.

Animals
Six healthy male horses (3 sexually intact, 3 geldings) ranging from 2 to 10 (mean, 6.5) years and weighing between 278 and 568 (mean, 408.5) kg were studied.

Procedure
Full-thickness skin wounds (6.25 cm2) were created on the dorsal metatarsi and metacarpi of the experimental animals. A preformed pbcm dressing was evaluated in half the wounds (n = 12). Control wounds (n = 12) were dressed with a nonadherent gauze dressing. At each bandage change, wounds were subjectively assessed and were photographed, and measurements of horizontal and vertical wound dimensions were documented. Wound biopsy specimens obtained on days 2, 5, 7, 10, 21, and 31 were evaluated for presence of collagen, fibrin, inflammation, epithelium, and cellular elements of healing. Planar morphometry was used to determine total wound area and granulation area from the wound photographs. Percentage of contraction and epithelialization were calculated from these values. Linear regression analysis of the square root of the total wound area and the granulation area was performed. Wound area measurements were analyzed, using anova for repeated measures. Regressions were compared, using covariance analysis and anova. Significance was considered at P < 0.05.

Results
Fibrin score, neutrophil score, and degree of inflammation were significantly greater in the pbcm-treated wounds. No significant differences in the total wound, epithelialized, or contraction areas were detected between the pbcm-treated and control (nonadherent-treated) wounds. Rates of wound healing were not statistically different between the 2 treatment groups, though they were significantly slower in the hind limbs, compared with the forelimbs. Scabs were formed more frequently in the pbcm-treated wounds.

Conclusions
Application of a porous collagen bandage was not detrimental to full-thickness cutaneous wound healing in horses.