bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Smaller than predicted increase in aboveground net primary production and yield of field‐grown soybean under fully open‐air [CO2] elevation
Authors: Morgan Patrick B. , Bollero Germán A. , Nelson Randall L. , Dohleman Frank G. , Long Stephen P. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change projects that atmospheric [CO2] will reach 550 ppm by 2050. Numerous assessments of plant response to elevated [CO2] have been conducted in chambers and enclosures, with only a few studies reporting responses in fully open‐air, field conditions. Reported yields for the world's two major grain crops, wheat and rice, are substantially lower in free‐air CO2 enrichment (FACE) than predicted from similar elevated [CO2] experiments within chambers. This discrepancy has major implications for forecasting future global food supply. Globally, the leguminous‐crop soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is planted on more land than any other dicotyledonous crop. Previous studies have shown that total dry mass production increased on average 37% in response to increasing [CO2] to approximately 700 ppm, but harvestable yield will increase only 24%. Is this representative of soybean responses under open‐air field conditions? The effects of elevation of [CO2] to 550 ppm on total production, partitioning and yield of soybean over 3 years are reported. This is the first FACE study of soybean (http://www.soyface.uiuc.edu) and the first on crops in the Midwest of North America, one of the major food production regions of the globe. Although increases in both aboveground net primary production (17–18%) and yield (15%) were consistent across three growing seasons and two cultivars, the relative stimulation was less than projected from previous chamber experiments. As in previous studies, partitioning to seed dry mass decreased; however, net production during vegetative growth did not increase and crop maturation was delayed, not accelerated as previously reported. These results suggest that chamber studies may have over‐estimated the stimulatory effect of rising [CO2], with important implications on global food supply forecasts.
Effects of a short‐term climate change experiment on a sub‐Antarctic keystone plant species
Authors: Le Roux Peter C. , McGeoch Melodie A. , Nyakatya Mawethu J. , Chown Steven L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe cushion plantAzorella selagois widespread across the sub‐Antarctic, and is considered a keystone species in the dominant fellfield vegetation. However, the impact of current changes in climate in the region (increasing temperature and declining rainfall) on this species is unknown. Here, the response ofA. selagoto reduced rainfall (a direct effect of climate change) and increased shading (a predicted indirect effect of increasing temperatures, via enhanced growth and wider distribution of more responsive competitors and epiphytes) was experimentally determined. Reduced rainfall increased stem mortality and accelerated autumnal senescence. Furthermore, under this treatment senescence was unequally distributed across individual plants, hypothesized to be a consequence of an interactive effect between rainfall and wind patterns. Shaded stems grew more, and carried larger leaves with lower trichome densities, than their exposed equivalents. As a result, shaded plants were less compact and their surface integrity reduced. The species' response to combined drying and shading was generally similar to its response to shading alone, suggesting that, at least over the short term, the indirect effects of climate change could be more severe than the direct effects. Thus, despite the species' slow growth rate and the short duration of the experiment, persistent direct and indirect effects were observed, both with potential longer‐term consequences forA. selagopopulations. Climate change is, therefore, likely to impact negatively on this long‐lived keystone species, with significant implications for the structure and functioning of fellfield systems.
Seasonal patterns in biomass burning emissions from southern African vegetation fires for the year 2000
Authors: Korontzi Stefania 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA modeling framework has been developed to examine the spatial and temporal aspects of biomass burning emissions from southern African savanna fires. The complexity of the fire emissions processes is described using a spatially and temporally explicit model that integrates recently published satellite‐driven fuel load amounts, the GBA‐2000 satellite burned area time series and empirically derived parameterizations of combustion completeness and emission factors (EFs). To represent fire behavior characteristics, land cover is classified into grasslands and woodlands using the MODIS percent tree cover product. The combustion completeness is modeled as a function of grass fuel moisture and the EFs as a function of grass fuel moisture in grasslands and fuel mixture in woodlands. Fuel moisture is derived from satellite vegetation index time series. The analysis at the regional scale shows that early burning in grasslands may lead to higher amounts of products of incomplete combustion, despite the lower amounts of fuel consumed, compared with late dry season burning. In contrast, early burning in woodlands results in lower emissions, in both products of complete and incomplete combustion, because less fuel is consumed than in the late dry season when the fuels are drier. Overall, burning in woodlands dominates the regional emission budgets. Emissions estimates for various atmospheric species, many of which are modeled for the first time, are reported. The modeled estimates for 2000 are (in Tg) 296 CO2, 11.7 CO, 0.350 CH4, 0.348 NMHC and 1.1 particulates (<2.5 μm). Especially high is the previously undetermined contribution of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (0.915 Tg). A sensitivity analysis of fixed vs. seasonally variable EFs and combustion completeness demonstrates the importance of accounting for the seasonal variations of these two variables in emissions modeling.
Multicomponent intervention strategies for managing delirium in hospitalized older people: systematic review
Authors: Milisen Koen , Lemiengre Joke , Braes Tom , Foreman Marquis D. 
Published: August 2005

Aim.  The aim of this systematic review was to determine the characteristics and efficacy of various multicomponent intervention strategies for delirium in hospitalized older people.Background.  Delirium is a common accompaniment to acute illness in hospitalized older people and has greater costs of care concurrent as well as greater morbidity and mortality.Methods.  A comprehensive search was undertaken involving all major databases (including the Cochrane Library, Medline, Cumulative Index for Nursing and Allied Health Literature and Invert) and reference lists of all relevant papers. Selection criteria were: evaluation of a multicomponent intervention for delirium, inclusion of an operational definition for delirium consistent with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders‐criteria, randomized controlled trials, studies with a quasi‐experimental design and reporting on primary data. To generate a description of the characteristics of these multicomponent strategies, the components of these programmes were identified and categorized. Effects on incidence of delirium, cognitive functioning, duration and severity of delirium, functional status, hospital length of stay, and mortality were analysed.Findings.  Three randomized controlled trials, three controlled studies and one before–after study were identified. Intervention strategies to prevent delirium proved to be the most efficacious in reducing its incidence, both with surgical and medical patients. Some additional positive effects of preventive strategies were found on the duration and severity of delirium, and functional status. Conversely, strategies to treat delirium were rather ineffective in older people admitted to medical services. In a population of older people admitted for surgery, however, a shorter duration and a diminished severity of delirium were demonstrated. None of intervention strategies produced beneficial effects on length of stay or mortality.Conclusion.  Multicomponent interventions to prevent delirium are the most effective and should be implemented through synergistic cooperation between the various healthcare disciplines. Nurses should play a pivotal role in prevention, early recognition and treatment.
Overweight and obese children: mothers’ strategies
Authors: Jackson Debra , Mannix Judy , Faga Pat , McDonald Glenda 
Published: August 2005

Aim.  This paper reports a study exploring the strategies a group of mothers of overweight and obese children were using and planned to use in the future to assist their children to achieve a healthy weight.Background.  Over the past two decades, the prevalence of childhood obesity has grown exponentially to become a major public health concern. Extant literature suggests that childhood obesity is associated with a range of physical, social and psychological effects, including poor self‐esteem, depression, social isolation, and cardio‐vascular and other morbidity. Parents are known to be important in determining early eating and exercise habits, and their involvement is crucial to achieving positive child health outcomes.Methods.  An exploratory‐descriptive design informed by feminist research principles shaped the study, which was carried out in 2003–2004. Eleven mothers meeting the inclusion criteria took part in in‐depth interviews. These were transcribed, and qualitatively analysed.Findings.  Participants revealed sound understandings of the concept and ramifications of obesity. They had initiated a range of strategies including role modelling, developing opportunities for increased physical activity, reducing the use of junk food, and heightened awareness of how they used food. Participants viewed the problem as a family rather than an individual problem, and aimed many of the interventions at the entire family to avoid targeting the focus child.Conclusions.  Further research into how childhood obesity is managed within the context of family life is needed. Specifically, additional perspectives on how mothers from various socio‐cultural groups address childhood obesity within family life, and longitudinal studies to explore the efficacy and sustainability of family‐based lifestyle changes that are made in response to concerns about child weight issues. Additional research to explore the type and nature of family support that can best assist families to achieve sustainable lifestyle improvements is needed.
In‐hospital care pathway delays: gender and myocardial infarction
Authors: O'Donnell Sharon , Condell Sarah , Begley Cecily , Fitzgerald Tony 
Published: August 2005

Aim.  This paper reports the in‐hospital findings of a study identifying gender specific care pathway delays or treatment opportunities amongst Irish women and men hospitalized with myocardial infarction.Background.  Reperfusion therapy is of optimum benefit when administered early, yet research shows that women continue to experience greater in‐hospital delays to treatment than men.Method.  A 1‐year prospective census was carried out from December 2001 to November 2002 with 277 (31%) female and 613 (69%) male patients with myocardial infarction who were consecutively admitted to the six major teaching hospitals in Dublin, Ireland.Results.  Women experienced greater ‘Triage to first medical assessment’ delays than men (P = 0·001), and waited a median of 30 minutes for their first medical contact, compared with 20 minutes for men (P < 0·0001). The median ‘door to needle’ time for women was 70 minutes in comparison with 52 minutes for men (P = 0·02). Women waited longer than men for aspirin (P = 0·02), whilst men received a bed in the coronary care unit almost 1 hour sooner than women (P < 0·0001). Despite these delays to treatment, women and men experienced similar rates of reperfusion treatment.Conclusions.  In‐hospital treatment delays experienced by women may limit their potential to achieve the maximum benefits from reperfusion therapies. Triage nursing provides the first entry point to hospital care for the majority of female patients with myocardial infarction, and therefore Accident and Emergency Department nurses are in an optimum position to influence positively the pathway of care for this group.
A survey of patient satisfaction with and subjective experiences of treatment with antipsychotic medication
Authors: Gray Richard , Rofail Diana , Allen Jon , Newey Tim 
Published: August 2005

Aim.  This paper reports a study examining patients’ satisfaction with and subjective experiences of taking antipsychotic medication.Background.  Treatment satisfaction is increasingly recognized as an important indication of the quality of health care, providing a reference point against which clinicians can gauge their practice. To date the published literature has been limited, with no clear indication of whether patients are indeed satisfied with their antipsychotic regimens, and what their subjective experiences with treatment are.Method.  A cross‐sectional survey was carried out with patients receiving secondary care about their satisfaction with and subjective experiences of treatment with antipsychotic medication. The data were collected in 2000.Results.  One‐hundred and seventy‐five questionnaires were given to patients diagnosed with schizophrenia; 69 were returned, giving a response rate of 39%. Patients reported that they were satisfied with their medication and that they found it to be helpful. They also reported that they were satisfied with the communication they had with mental health professionals. However, they did not feel involved in treatment decisions and stated that they took medication because they were told to. Additionally, they reported that they had not been given written information about their treatment or warned about side effects, and stated that alternative non‐pharmacological interventions had not been offered.Conclusions.  The results were consistent with previous studies. Patients were satisfied with their medication and reported that it was helpful. However, closer examination of the data revealed that they were experiencing side effects from medication that they felt were not effectively managed by mental health professionals. The clinical implications inferred from the findings provide an indication of best practice, and could be a point of reference for future research and development into clinical practice. Further research is warranted into understanding and measuring patients’ subjective experiences and satisfaction with antipsychotic medication.
The effect of music on preoperative anxiety in day surgery
Authors: Cooke Marie , Chaboyer Wendy , Schluter Philip , Hiratos Maryanne 
Published: August 2005

Aim. This paper reports a study to test the hypothesis that day surgery patients who listen to music during their preoperative wait will have statistically significantly lower levels of anxiety than patients who receive routine care.Background. Although previous day surgery research suggests that music effectively reduces preoperative anxiety, methodological issues limit the generalizability of results.Methods. In early 2004, a randomized controlled trial design was conducted to assess anxiety before and after listening to patient preferred music. Participants were allocated to an intervention (n = 60), placebo (n = 60) or control group (n = 60). Pre‐ and post‐test measures of anxiety were carried out using the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory.Results. Music statistically significantly reduced the state anxiety level of the music (intervention) group. No relationships were found between socio‐demographic or clinical variables such as gender or type of surgery.Conclusion. The findings support the use of music as an independent nursing intervention for preoperative anxiety in patients having day surgery.
Nurse–child interaction on an inpatient paediatric unit
Authors: Shin Hyunsook , White‐Traut Rosemary 
Published: August 2005

Aim.  This paper reports a study to evaluate patterns of nurse–child–parent interaction and identify the characteristics nurse–child and nurse–parent interactions in an inpatient paediatric unit.Background.  Positive nurse–patient interaction is a critical component of effective nursing care. The ability to interact positively with patients and their families who are facing crisis during illness and hospitalization is essential for professional nursing care. However, little is known about the patterns of interaction between nurses, hospitalized children and their parents.Methods.  Eight triads of nurses, patients and their mothers were videotaped. The triads were videotaped for 4 hours each day over a 2‐day period as they interacted with each other on the inpatient unit. Both verbalizations and descriptions of nonverbal behaviour were recorded from the videotapes. The data were coded and analysed using Bales’ Interaction Process Analysis. The interactions were evaluated for frequency, time, purpose of interaction and interaction dynamics. The data were collected between December 2001 and February 2002.Results.  The total amount of interaction over the 2‐day period (8 hours) was 39·75 minutes and the average per interaction was 4·24 minutes. Interaction episodes consisted of nursing activities, which included nurses making patient rounds to monitoring their patient as well as providing patient care. Nurses initiated the majority of interactions between child and nurse. Affective (both positive and negative) behaviours were more frequent between nurses and children, whereas neutral behaviours were more common between nurses and mothers.Conclusion.  Children remained passive participants in the interactions. Interaction strategies are needed to help children to learn how they can actively interact with their nurses. These strategies may contribute to the children feeling more in control in these interactions and in their care.
Phlebotomine sand flies from Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso: first record of Phlebotomus (Larroussius) longicuspis south of the Sahara
Authors: Depaquit J. , Muller F. , Gantier J.‐C. , Leger N. , Ferte H. , Ready P. , Niang A.‐A. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract.During a brief entomological survey carried out in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, in March 2002, 178 phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera, Psychodidae) were caught using CDC miniature light traps. They were identified as Phlebotomus duboscqi Neveu‐Lemaire, P. longicuspis Nitzulescu, Sergentomyia adleri (Theodor), S. affinis vorax (Parrot), S. antennata (Newstead), S. bedfordi (Newstead), S. christophersi (Sinton), S. fallax (Parrot), S. magna (Sinton) and S. schwetzi (Adler, Theodor & Parrot). This is the first record south of the Sahara of P. longicuspis sensu lato. This proven vector of Leishmania infantum Nicolle is a species closely related to P. perniciosus. It was identified by morphology and by the sequencing of a fragment of mitochondrial cytochrome b. There was 100% sequence homology with typical Tunisian specimens, and all characters identified the specimen as P. longicuspis sensu stricto. Epidemiological and biogeographical consequences are discussed.
Cellular efflux of auxin catalyzed by the Arabidopsis MDR/PGP transporter AtPGP1
Authors: Geisler Markus , Blakeslee Joshua J. , Bouchard Rodolphe , Lee Ok Ran , Vincenzetti Vincent , Bandyopadhyay Anindita , Titapiwatanakun Boosaree , Peer Wendy Ann , Bailly Aurèlien , Richards Elizabeth L. , Ejendal Karin F. K. , Smith Aaron P. , Baroux Célia , Grossniklaus Ueli , Müller Axel , Hrycyna Christine A. , Dudler Robert , Murphy Angus S. , Martinoia Enrico 
Published: August 2005

SummaryDirectional transport of the phytohormone auxin is required for the establishment and maintenance of plant polarity, but the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Plant homologs of human multiple drug resistance/P‐glycoproteins (MDR/PGPs) have been implicated in auxin transport, as defects in MDR1 (AtPGP19) and AtPGP1 result in reductions of growth and auxin transport in Arabidopsis (atpgp1, atpgp19), maize (brachytic2) and sorghum (dwarf3). Here we examine the localization, activity, substrate specificity and inhibitor sensitivity of AtPGP1. AtPGP1 exhibits non‐polar plasma membrane localization at the shoot and root apices, as well as polar localization above the root apex. Protoplasts from Arabidopsis pgp1 leaf mesophyll cells exhibit reduced efflux of natural and synthetic auxins with reduced sensitivity to auxin efflux inhibitors. Expression of AtPGP1 in yeast and in the standard mammalian expression system used to analyze human MDR‐type proteins results in enhanced efflux of indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) and the synthetic auxin 1‐naphthalene acetic acid (1‐NAA), but not the inactive auxin 2‐NAA. AtPGP1‐mediated efflux is sensitive to auxin efflux and ABC transporter inhibitors. As is seen in planta, AtPGP1 also appears to mediate some efflux of IAA oxidative breakdown products associated with apical sites of high auxin accumulation. However, unlike what is seen in planta, some additional transport of the benzoic acid is observed in yeast and mammalian cells expressing AtPGP1, suggesting that other factors present in plant tissues confer enhanced auxin specificity to PGP‐mediated transport.
Nod factors and a diffusible factor from arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi stimulate lateral root formation in Medicago truncatula via the DMI1/DMI2 signalling pathway
Authors: Oláh Boglárka , Brière Christian , Bécard Guillaume , Dénarié Jean , Gough Clare 
Published: August 2005

SummaryLegumes form two different types of intracellular root symbioses, with fungi and bacteria, resulting in arbuscular mycorrhiza and nitrogen‐fixing nodules, respectively. Rhizobial signalling molecules, called Nod factors, play a key role in establishing the rhizobium–legume association and genes have been identified in Medicago truncatula that control a Nod factor signalling pathway leading to nodulation. Three of these genes, the so‐called DMI1, DMI2 and DMI3 genes, are also required for formation of mycorrhiza, indicating that the symbiotic pathways activated by both the bacterial and the fungal symbionts share common steps. To analyse possible cross‐talk between these pathways we have studied the effect of treatment with Nod factors on mycorrhization in M. truncatula. We show that Nod factors increase mycorrhizal colonization and stimulate lateral root formation. The stimulation of lateral root formation by Nod factors requires both the same structural features of Nod factors and the same plant genes (NFP, DMI1, DMI2, DMI3 and NSP1) that are required for other Nod factor‐induced symbiotic responses such as early nodulin gene induction and cortical cell division. A diffusible factor from arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was also found to stimulate lateral root formation, while three root pathogens did not have the same effect. Lateral root formation induced by fungal signal(s) was found to require the DMI1 and DMI2 genes, but not DMI3. The idea that this diffusible fungal factor might correspond to a previously hypothesized mycorrhizal signal, the ‘Myc factor’, is discussed.