bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ties That Would Divide: Liberal-Labor Alliances in Britain, France, and Switzerland before the War
Authors: Luebbert Gregory m. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The British experience of an alliance between workers and reforming liberals dates in a limited way from at least the 1830s, but for our purposes the most critical years were those after 1867 and the passage of the Second Reform Act. This act enfranchised about two-thirds of the urban working class. It was followed in 1874 by legislation that secured, or until the end of the century was thought to have secured, the legal rights of trade unions to picket peacefully, bargain collectively, and stand immune from suits for damages
Earth Accretion
Authors: Ahrens T J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Accretion of the Earth is described in terms of the infall of volatile-, silicate-, sulfide-, and iron-bearing planetesimals. The shock pressures induced in the constituents of the planetesimals upon impact with the Earth detennine their fate and the oxidation state associated with reaction of the coaccreting protoatmosphere. For planetesimal infall velocities of &lt;0.9 km/sec, the accreting Earth has a radius of :S1400km, and the impacting planetesimals retain their full complement of volatiles, e.g., H20, CO2, S02, NH3, CH., and noble gases. This portion of the initially accreted Earth is the present source of the mantle-derived 3He. The present rate of 3He flux from the Earth’s mantle is fully consistent with the existence of a planetesimal-derived primitive undifferentiated reservoir of an equivalent mass as a sphere of 1400 to 2000 km radius. Upon the onset of impact vaporization, at shock pressures of -19 GPa, the water driven from the planetesimals by impact is able to react with· metallic iron. This oxidation results in an increase in the iron silicate budget of the Earth. The composition of the mantle indicates that a maximum of 0.12 to 0.22 of the Earth’s mantle accreted under oxidizing conditions. As more water is released by impact, the protoatmosphere inhibited infrared radiative cooling of the surface. As a consequence, impact energy is trapped under the protoatmosphere and the surface temperature rises to the melting point of wet silicates (-1400 K); surface temperature then becomes buffered by the melting reaction. Composition of the protoatmosphere is controlled by temperature and partial solubility in molten silicate. lron silicates are reduced to metallic iron. lron, both thermally and shock heated, and iron sulfide form the Earth’s core. As accretion continues, the largest planetesimals impacting the Earth increase in diameter from several kilometers to several hundred kilometers and possibly to thousands of kilometers. We examine the constraints on impact-induced Joss of the entire protoatmosphere as a result of giant impact of large planetesimals. A -2000-km-diameter, 1037-erg impactor is found to be sufficient to completely eject into space the protoatmosphere of the Earth. impact of a larger 3000-km­ diameter object is calculated to expel the protoatmosphere to speeds of&gt; 15 km/sec.
The Evolution Of The Terrestrial Environment
Authors: Tajika E , Matsui T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The evolution of the Earth’s environment during its 4.6-b.y. history is investigated using a carbon cycle model in which the carbon is assumed to circulate among five reservoirs ( the atmosphere, ocean, continents, seafloor, and mantle). In this model, we consider continental weathering, carbonate precipitation in the ocean, carbonate accretion to the continents, metamorphism of carbonates following CO degassing through arc volcanism, carbon regassing into the mantle, and CO2 degassing from the mantle. We also take into account changes in external conditions such as an increase in the solar luminosity, continental growth, and a decrease in tectonic activity with time, which obviously affect the carbon cycle. We numerically calculate the temporal variation of the carbon content of each reservoir under varying external conditions over the entire history of the Earth. We find that continental growth is required for the terrestrial environment to evolve to the present state, and that the carbon cycle has had an important role in stabilizing the surface temperature of the Earth throughout its entire history. The distribution of carbon at the surface is mainly controlled by one parameter, an accretion ratio, which represents the fraction of the seafloor carbonates accreted to the continents. When this value is equal to 0.7, correct values for the present distribution of carbon at the surface of the Earth can be obtained from the model.
Medieval mappaemundi and the Conceptual Map of Genetics: Changing Views of Cancer Biology and Other Thoughts
Authors: Weiss Kenneth M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Science is always driven by ideas stimulated by an excess of inexplicable facts. One hallmark of an area on the frontier of knowledge is that many different explanations seem to fit the facts about as well. We try to resolve this dilemma by integrating developments, arising from different parts of our field, to form a synthetic new understanding. In this chapter I will discuss this phenomenon in the context of modern developments in genetics, and as a case in point, in regard to the genetics of cancer. To do so, I will use the metaphor of a map.
Problems and Pitfalls in Linkage Mapping of Human Genetic Diseases: Illustrations from Autosomal Dominant Retinitis Pigmentosa (ADRP)
Authors: Daiger Stephen P , Blanton Susan H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the past four decades, linkage mapping in humans has become one of the most effective methods for establishing the molecular basis of genetic diseases. By linkage mapping we mean linkage testing in families with the related goals of assigning genetic loci both to linkage groups and to chromosome regions. The first autosomal linkage in humans, between the Lutheran blood group and the ABO secretor locus, was reported in 1954 by J. Mohr. Shortly thereafter, linkage between Rh and elliptocytosis was reported and the first instance of genetic heterogeneity was demonstrated (Morton, 1956). Since then the power oflinkage mapping in humans has expanded profoundly and the utility of linkage as a first step toward identification of disease loci and the cloning of mutant genes has been demonstrated repeatedly.
Restless Genius
Authors: Drake Ellen Tan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Robert Hooke's hypotheses concerning the origin of terrestrial features were of major importance to the development of geology. This book interprets Hooke's Lectures and Discourses of Earthquakes, and Subterraneous Eruptions (1667-1694). The volume consists of the original text of the Discourses transposed into modern type and paired with explanatory annotations; a brief up-to-date biography of Hooke, with emphasis on his geological contributions; and a comparison of selected passages from James Hutton, to show the transmission of ideas and Hooke's influence on later geologists. It will attract Earth scientists and science historians, along with general readers interested in the history of geology.
Discriminating Between Phylogenetic Signal and Random Noise in DNA Sequences
Authors: Hillis David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most parsimonious trees are really neat. I am all for them, but have you any idea about the distribution of all the trees in the universe that you might have sampled? Fitch (1984)Nucleic acid sequences have become a major source of phylogenetic information. In order to use these data appropriately, it is critical to distinguish sequences that are saturated by change from those that are phylogenetically informative. In this chapter, I will call variation that is potentially informative about phylogenetic history “signal,” and use “noise” to describe variation that is not informative.
When are Phylogeny Estimates From Molecular and Morphological Data Incongruent?
Authors: Swofford David L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many sources of information may be available for use in inferring phylogenetic relationships among a group of taxa. Because different character sets share a common evolutionary history, we expect reliable methods of phylogenetic analysis to recover the correct evolutionary tree regardless of the kind of data employed. To the extent that character sets “tell the truth” about their past, phylogenies inferred from different character sets should be congruent with the true tree and therefore with each other.
Introduction: Integration of Individual, Social, and Institutional Processes in Accounts of Children’s Learning and Development
Authors: Minick Norris , Stone C Addison , Forman Ellice A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past 10 to 20 years, scholars concerned with human development have shown increasing interest in the social and cultural foundation of developmental processes. A recognizable piece of this complex fabric of theory and research consists in attempts to apply, extend, and develop the work of what is now widely known as the Soviet sociohistorical school-the work of L. S. Vygotsky, A. N. Leont’ev, A. R. Luria, and their colleagues and students. This volume continues the tradition by offering examples of theoretical and empirical attempts to extend and enrich the evolving framework. Though their ideas differ in many ways, the authors of the chapters included in this book share the view that early attempts to apply the Soviet sociohistorical framework to issues of development and learning had serious limitations. These limitations represent in part failure to capitalize on existing aspects of the framework and in part failure to integrate other frameworks into a more inclusive sociocultural theory of human development.
Discourse, Mathematical Thinking, and Classroom Practice
Authors: Cobb Paul , Wood Terry , Yackel Erna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aspects of an on-going research and development project in elementary school mathematics that has as an overriding goal the development of a framework within which to coordinate sociological and psychological analyses of classroom life are discussed in this chapter. We must state at the out set that neither the theoretical nor the pragmatic aspects of our work were initially derived from neo-Vygotskian theory. Informed by an almost exclusively cognitive constructivist perspective, we initially intended to analyze individual children’s learning as they participated in classroom mathematical activity. Our interest in symbolic interactionism and ethnomethodology developed in concert with our growing awareness of the insufficiency of this initial theoretical orientation. It subsequently became apparent that the way in which we were attempting to make sense of classroom life was, in many respects, compatible with certain of Vygotsky’s theoretical notions, particularly his work in what Minick (1987) has identified as the last of the three phases of his in tell actual development(i.e., 1933-1934). We use sample episodes repeatedly in the main body of this chapter to illustrate our current view of classroom life and to highlight similarities and differences with Vygotskian theory. First, however, we give a brief overview of the project.
Commentary Time to Merge Vygotskian and Constructivist Conceptions of Knowledge Acquisition
Authors: Hatano Giyoo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The five chapters in this section made an agreeable impression on me, a sympathetic outsider of the North American Vygotskian school. All are based on the authors’ long-standing research on knowledge acquisition in the classroom, and they propose some extension or revision of the Vygotskian conception of learning by instruction. More precisely, their proposed extension has been motivated by the need to understand and develop further their target instructional practice. As Moll and his associates (this volume) put it, ‘practice can exceed as well as inform and elaborate‘ theoretical notion.
Toddlers’ Guided Participation with Their Caregivers in Cultural Activity
Authors: Rogoff Barbara , Mosier Christine , Mistry Jayanthi , Goncu Artin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on cult similarities and variations in the guided participation of children in sociocultural activities. Children around the world, including middle-class U.S. children, learn and develop in situations of joint involvement with other people in culturally important activities. Caregivers and companions collaborate with children in deciding the nature of children’s activities and their responsibilities for participation. In the process of collaboration children adapt their knowledge to new situations, structure problem-solving attempts, and regulate their responsibility for managing the process. This guidance and participation includes tacit forms of communication and distal arrangements of children’s activities, as well as explicit verbal interaction. The mutual roles played by children and their caregivers rely on both the interest of caregivers in fostering mature roles and skills and children’s own eagerness to participate in adult activities and to push their development.
Institutional and Social Context of Educational Practice and Reform
Authors: Tharp Roland 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The conservatism, not to say fierce resistance, of schools when faced with forces of change has been both puzzle and consternation for educational reformers. Every reform theorist, regardless of the particular focus or prescription, bemoans this apparent impermeability to reason, common sense, political forces, or even budgetary variation-and it is despite a clear hunger felt by teachers for new and useful ideas. Thus schools in North America embrace wave after wave of fads; enthuse, co-opt, and trivialize them; sweep on in an inexhaustible appetite for stimulation; and-as regards fundamentals-change not at all. The most profound calls for reform appear not even to be heard, for example that of Sarason, made 20 years ago, which sadly remains as apt today as then:
Optical Imaging of Architecture and Function in the :Living Brain
Authors: Grinvald Amiram , Bonhoeffer Tobias , Malonek Dov , Shoham Doron , Bartfeld Eyal , Arieli A , Hildesheim Rina , Ratzlaff Eugene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two optical imaging techniques offer unique advantages that may be particularly suitable to explore higher cognitive brain functions in experimental animals and in the human, including the neuronal basis of learning and memory. In this chapter we briefly review our recent work regarding the development and applications of these novel techniques to explore simpler information processing systems, mostly the visual system. It appears that these two optical imaging techniques begin to shed more light on the organization and function of the cortex, because activity of millions of neurons is imaged simultaneously, rather than activity of a single neuron at a time. The first method uses voltage sensitive dyes to image the flow of neuronal activity from one cortical site to the next in real time. In cortical tissue, optical imaging based on voltage-sensitive dyes reflects mostly the inputs impinging on the fine dendrites of cortical cells, rather than the spike activity in the cell somata. It therefore often yields pictures very different from those obtained with conventional techniques.
Does Synaptic Selection Explain Auditory Imprinting?
Authors: Scheich Henning , Wallhausser-Franke E , Braun K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ever since it was recognized that synaptic plasticity could be a basic correlate of learning and memory, “growth theories” have dominated this field of research (see McGeer, Eccles, & McGeer, 1978, chapter 15; Rosenzweig, M0llgaard, Diamond & Bennet, 1972). It appears to be common intuition that storage of new information in the brain should correspond to some “additive process” at the substrate level, anything from synaptic strengthening to formation of new synapses. Seminal theories like Hebb’s (1949) favored this view.
Emotions and Health
Authors: Lazarus Richard S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In previous chapters I treated emotion mainly as a dependent variable, focusing on the conditions that affect the emotion process and how it is generated and unfolds. There is no doubt, for example, that being ill is a powerful negative life condition affecting our emotions. Nevertheless, an overriding reason for our interest is the conviction that, when generated, emotion has profound consequences for health and functioning. When we ask whether and how emotions influence being well or ill, in the short or long term, the order of things is reversed and emotion - that is, the whole cognitive-motivational-relational configuration - becomes an independent variable.
Counterexamples in Probability and Real Analysis
Authors: Wise Gary L , Hall Eric B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ideas in mathematical sciences that might seem intuitively obvious may be proved incorrect with the use of their counterexamples. This monograph concentrates on counterexamples for use at the intersection of probability and real analysis, which makes it unique among treatments of counterexamples. The authors maintain that, in fact, if taught correctly, probability theory cannot be separated from real analysis.
The Politics of an Idea
Authors: Ayres Ian , Braithwaite John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is about the need to transcend the intellectual stalemate between those who favor strong state regulation of business and those who advocate deregulation. It is a debate that has been rerun so many times that to open it up in an audience of regulatory policy makers today is to put them immediately to sleep. The practitioners yawn because they know that in reality regulation occurs in “many rooms” (Galanter, 1981; Nader and Nader, 1985). A free market can mean that private regulation by cartels will defeat competition; detailed state regulation can be a symbolic exercise that is readily side-stepped by minor realignment of the market.
Enforced Self-Regulation
Authors: Ayres Ian , Braithwaite John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this book we have attempted to make the case that a requirement for breaking out of the sterile contest between deregulation and stronger regulation is innovation in regulatory design. Perhaps the greatest challenge facing regulatory design is not at the apex of the pyramid of regulatory strategies discussed in Chapter 2 (see Fig. 2.3), where a variety of well-tested punitive strategies exist.1 Nor is it at the base of the pyramid, where there is experience of the successes and failures of the free market and of self-regulation in protecting consumers. The need for innovation is at the intermediate levels of the pyramid of regulatory strategies.
The Rewards of Success
Authors: Holmes Frederic Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The solution to the ornithine problem was the most important, but not the only scientific success that Hans Krebs enjoyed during April 1932. Within a few days of reaching that solution be also overcame the most prominent experimental obstacle be bad been facing in his investigation of deamination. When Krebs resumed his research on deamination, on April 21, be carried out one set of experiments using HCN, as usual. On April 23, however, he again began searching for other agents that might block more fully the disappearance of the pyruvate formed in the tissue slices from alanine.
Groups in Society: Danger and Deliverance
Authors: Mott Stephen Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Understanding human nature requires more than treating the individual. We must also understand the human groups in which individuals exist. The attention given to group life in biblical thought and the inseparability of group life from human existence stand in contrast to many Western political points of view, which treat individuals as by nature separate from groups; groups are formed secondarily and provisionally to meet individual needs and wants. A major weakness in the social thought of individualistically oriented forms of Christianity-whether liberal, existential, or Evangelical-is neglect of the importance of groups and their potential for both good and evil.
The Challenge of Biblical Justice
Authors: Mott Stephen Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People who discuss justice do agree that justice obliges us to do something that is good and that it is something which concerns other persons. Justice is a social norm, regulating the conduct of people in association with one another. The disagreement among students of justice is over what good justice obliges us to do. There are three basic approaches to justice reflecting broad differences in Weltanschauung. The first approach is that of positive law. Justice is conformity to law. It equals legality. The second approach is social good. Justice is what is useful for the good of the particular society. Finally, there is the natural right approach to justice. Justice is what is due by a transcending principle of right.
Participatory Ideals Encountering Human Nature: Socialism
Authors: Mott Stephen Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Socialism has other faces besides Marxism, which has provided the dominant form of the vision. Socialism is indeed difficult to separate from Marx. Marx’s own original ideas and effective articulation have had great influence upon later socialists, and many of the ideas of the socialists who influenced him have been best known through his writings.
Bell, Edison, and the Telephone
Authors: Carlson W Bernard , Gorman Michael E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While most scholars and laypersons would agree with Whitehead, it has been much more difficult to agree on what constitutes a method of invention. For some, “method of invention” is an oxymoron, for invention (and creativity generally) is the result of mystery, genius, and passion, all of which cannot be neatly analyzed as method. Others would agree with Whitehead that invention became methodical when ‘inventors and engineers applied scientific theories and the experimental method to technology (Constant, 1980, 1983; Layton, 1989). Still other scholars have emphasized that inventors do have a methodology or a style that is not entirely based on science (Hindle, 1983; Hughes, 1971, 1977, 1989; Lubar, 1987). And some sociologists have proposed that invention is not an individualistic but a social process in which negotiations and conflict replace methodology (Gilfillan, 1935; Bjiker, Hughes, & Pinch, 1987; Latour, 1987).
Why Wilbur and Orville? Some Thoughts on the Wright Brothers and the Process of Invention
Authors: Crouch Tom D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why Wilbur and Orville? That, it seems to me, is the single most interesting and important question we can ask relating to the invention of the airplane. How did these two obscure bicycle makers and mechanics succeed, when some of the world’s best-trained and most experienced engineers and scientists had failed? It was a question the Wrights themselves found difficult to answer. They had kept a meticulous record of the evolution of their technology in diaries, letters, note books, and photographs. They knew precisely what they had done, and when. As to why they had done it, and how they had succeeded where so many others had failed, they were far less certain.