bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solving for an Optimal Airline Yield Management Policy via Statistical Learning
Authors: Chen Victoria C. P. , Günther Dirk , Johnson Ellis L. 
Published: March 2003

Summary
The yield management (YM) problem considers the task of maximizing a company's revenue. For the competitive airline industry, profit margins depend on a good YM policy. Research on airline YM is abundant but still limited to heuristics and small cases. We address the YM problem for a major domestic airline carrier's hub-and-spoke network, involving 20 cities and 31 flight legs. This is a problem of realistic size since airline networks are usually separated by hub cities. Our method is a variant of the orthogonal array experimental designs and multivariate adaptive regression splines stochastic dynamic programming method. Our method is demonstrated to outperform state of the art YM methods.
A Generalized Estimating Equation Approach to Modelling Foetal Response in Developmental Toxicity Studies When the Number of Implants is Dose Dependent
Authors: Kuk Anthony Y. C. 
Published: March 2003

Summary
In developmental toxicity studies with exposure before implantation, the toxin that is used may interfere with the early reproductive process and prevent the implantation of some foetuses that would otherwise have been formed. A manifestation of this effect is a decreasing trend in the number of implants per dam as the dose level increases. Because unformed foetuses are not observable, Dunson proposed a multiple-imputation approach to estimate the number of missing foetuses. We propose instead to build a model for observable quantities only, namely the observed litter sizes and the observed numbers of deaths or malformations within litters. Using the probabilistic concept of thinning, we express the probability that a foetus fails to implant in terms of the parameters of the litter size distribution. Estimation is by means of generalized estimating equations and takes into account underdispersion of the observed litter sizes and overdispersion of the numbers of foetal deaths or malformations. A combined risk measure that takes into account not just post-implantation death or malformation but also the possibility of failure to implant is proposed and used to determine the virtually safe dose VSD. It is demonstrated numerically and graphically that ignoring the possibility of unformed foetuses leads to estimates of VSD that are too liberal. The proposed generalized estimating equation approach to estimating VSD and finding lower confidence limits is found to work well in a simulation study. We apply the proposed method to two data sets and compare the results that are obtained with those of existing studies.
An Experimental Design Criterion for Minimizing Meta-Model Prediction Errors Applied to Die Casting Process Design
Authors: Allen Theodore T. , Yu Liyang , Schmitz John 
Published: March 2003

Summary
We propose the expected integrated mean-squared error (EIMSE) experimental design criterion and show how we used it to design experiments to meet the needs of researchers in die casting engineering. This criterion expresses in a direct way the researchers’ goal to minimize the expected meta-model prediction errors, taking into account the effects of both random experimental errors and errors deriving from our uncertainty about the true model form. Because we needed to make assumptions about the prior distribution of model coefficients to estimate the EIMSE, we performed a sensitivity analysis to verify that the relative prediction performance of the design generated was largely insensitive to our assumptions. Also, we discuss briefly the general advantages of EIMSE optimal designs, including lower expected bias errors compared with popular response surface designs and substantially lower variance errors than certain Box–Draper all-bias designs.
A Hierarchical Modelling Approach to Analysing Longitudinal Data with Drop-Out and Non-Compliance, with Application to an Equivalence Trial in Paediatric Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
Authors: Hogan Joseph W , Daniels Michael J 
Published: March 2003

Summary
Longitudinal clinical trials with long follow-up periods almost invariably suffer from a loss to follow-up and non-compliance with the assigned therapy. An example is protocol 128 of the AIDS Clinical Trials Group, a 5-year equivalency trial comparing reduced dose zidovudine with the standard dose for treatment of paediatric acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients. This study compared responses to treatment by using both clinical and cognitive outcomes. The cognitive outcomes are of particular interest because the effects of human immunodeficiency virus infection of the central nervous system can be more acute in children than in adults. We formulate and apply a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate both the intent-to-treat effect and the average causal effect of reducing the prescribed dose of zidovudine by 50%. The intent-to-treat effect quantifies the causal effect of assigning the lower dose, whereas the average causal effect represents the causal effect of actually taking the lower dose. We adopt a potential outcomes framework where, for each individual, we assume the existence of a different potential outcomes process at each level of time spent on treatment. The joint distribution of the potential outcomes and the time spent on assigned treatment is formulated using a hierarchical model: the potential outcomes distribution is given at the first level, and dependence between the outcomes and time on treatment is specified at the second level by linking the time on treatment to subject-specific effects that characterize the potential outcomes processes. Several distributional and structural assumptions are used to identify the model from observed data, and these are described in detail. A detailed analysis of AIDS Clinical Trials Group protocol 128 is given; inference about both the intent-to-treat effect and average causal effect indicate a high probability of dose equivalence with respect to cognitive functioning.
Sample reuse Simulation in Optimal Design forTmax in Pharmacokinetic Experiments
Authors: Wang Jixian 
Published: March 2003

SummaryT max and Cmax are important pharmacokinetic parameters in drug development processes. Often a nonparametric procedure is needed to estimate them when model independence is required. This paper proposes a simulation-based optimal design procedure for finding optimal sampling times for nonparametric estimates of Tmax and Cmax for each subject, assuming that the drug concentration follows a non-linear mixed model. The main difficulty of using standard optimal design procedures is that the property of the nonparametric estimate is very complicated. This procedure uses a sample reuse simulation to calculate the design criterion, which is an integral of multiple dimension, so that effective optimization procedures such as Newton-type procedures can be used directly to find optimal designs. This procedure is used to construct optimal designs for an open one-compartment model. An approximation based on the Taylor expansion is also derived and showed results that were consistent with those based on the sample reuse simulation.
Moving Averages of Random Vectors with Regularly Varying Tails
Authors: Meerschaert Mark M. , Scheffler Hans‐Peter 
Published: March 2003

Regular variation is an analytic condition on the tails of a probability distribution which is necessary for an extended central limit theorem to hold, when the tails are too heavy to allow attraction to a normal limit. The limiting distributions which can occur are called operator stable. In this paper we show that moving averages of random vectors with regularly varying tails are in the generalized domain of attraction of an operator stable law. We also prove that the sample autocovariance matrix of these moving averages is in the generalized domain of attraction of an operator stable law on the vector space of symmetric matrices.AMS 1990 subject classification. Primary 62M10, secondary 62E20, 62F12, 60F05.
Predicting Bureaucratic Control: Evidence from the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments
Authors: Drotning Lucy , Rothenberg Lawrence 
Published: March 2003

The extent to which politicians control bureaucracies that are delegated authority over public policy involves fundamental positive and normative issues for the study of politics. Considerations related to such issues have stimulated a great deal of debate about whether the legislature exercises control over bureaucratic performance. However, establishing the measurable empirical conditions under which elected officials do and do not assure agency responsiveness remains unsettled.In light of this state of affairs, we try to determine whether it is possible to develop a general means of predicting control, or at least of predicting what we term “intent to control,” based on the assumption that legislators’ preferences toward agency responsiveness reflect the nature of the policy environment. Our application to the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 finds strong empirical evidence that statutory provisions vary predictably, depending upon whether legislators possess the requisite technical ability and are likely, or wish, to be held politically accountable. Our results indicate that control varies for reasons that fit well with our understanding of how elected officials deal with complexity and their own political situations. Our findings also imply that subtle, but measurable, differences in the specific policy environment are crucial for understanding control.
The Fortified Site of Leceia (Oeiras) in the Context of the Chalcolithic in Portuguese Estramadura
Authors: Cardoso JoÃo Luís 
Published: March 2003

Research into the Chalcolithic period in the region of Lower Estremadura, south of Torres Vedras, western Portugal, has generated much new data from fortified sites and cemeteries. The lack, so far, of a thorough overview of this diverse body of information has hindered the definition of the Chalcolithic culture of the region. The economic, social and cultural transformation observed at sites with a long sequence beginning with the Late Neolithic, has never been analysed.The results obtained by the author in one of the most notable sites of the region, the fortified site of Leceia, near the town of Oeiras, are of particular interest. Seventeen excavation campaigns carried out since 1983 have provided a remarkable body of information. The characterization of other previously identified Chalcolithic groups in Portugal allow us to see how the Chalcolithic of Estremadura relates, at a regional level, with the cultural development to the north, the south, the hinterland and the coast.Of major importance to this discussion are the chronometric results obtained in Leceia. For the first time, the 36 radiocarbon dates and their subsequent statistical treatment have allowed us to establish absolute boundaries for the existing successive cultural phases of the Late Neolithic and the Early, Middle and Late Chalcolithic.
The Bible, Knowledge of God and Dei Verbum
Authors: Baxter Anthony 
Published: March 2003

How may an inquiring person fittingly look upon the Bible? In what manner can a person's attention to the Bible assist them to knowledge? For a Catholic Christian analysis, what ideas are suitable about the place of the Bible in relations between God and humans, and in appropriation by a person today of whatever divine disclosure or revelation is at hand? This article outlines reflections on these matters. Links are apparent with key points in Vatican II’s Dei Verbum.The first of four sections concerns a fundamentalist outlook. Section II has to do with certain limited but significant ways in which a person may look on the Bible: ways similar to ways in which a person may look on other texts.Section III pauses on inquiries into ‘deep, inner’ matters of life where the person inquiring does not proceed from a perspective of Catholic Christian faith.Section IV surveys a broad range of thoughts that may aptly be endorsed from within a perspective of Catholic Christian faith. The thoughts concern the nature of the situation by which a Catholic Christian person today can advance in knowledge of God: in appropriation of divine disclosure. Ways in which a person may look on the Bible that go beyond those exhibited earlier are now made explicit. (The article fully allows that numerous views held by one or another follower of Jesus who does not adhere to Roman Catholicism may, in respects at stake, harmonize with a Catholic Christian faith‐perspective.)
Eschatological Images of Prophet and Priest in Edward Schillebeeckx’s Theology of suffering for Others
Authors: Tillar Elizabeth K. 
Published: March 2003

Eschatological images of Jesus as found in Jewish and Christian texts constitute the foundation of Edward Schillebeeckx’s positive orientation to suffering for others. Jewish prototypes provided the early Christians with an understanding of Jesus’ suffering, death, and resurrection as the advent of the eschaton. The pre‐existing biblical figures, which early Jewish Christians appropriated in the aftermath of the devastating crucifixion, provided traditional categories through which the life and death of Jesus could be meaningfully interpreted. Jesus as the eschatological prophet‐martyr and Jesus as the suffering, eschatological high priest of the Epistle to the Hebrews are the most prominent and complex of the ancient figures. In Schillebeeckx’s analysis, each of the two composite titles ascribed to Jesus is an amplification of a prophetic or priestly prototype. The use of both models is predicted on Jesus’ compassionate and redemptive response to suffering – healing the sick, comforting the bereaved, giving hope to the oppressed, and proclaiming eschatological salvation.Schillebeeckx’s historical‐critical investigation of Jesus’ perception of his anticipated death, as revealed in the Last supper narrative, and his analysis of the meaning ascribed to the crucifixion in primitive Christianity establish the basis for a theology of redemptive suffering in the early church. Schillebeeckx has critically examined three pre‐New Testament interpretations applied to Jesus’ crucifixion: (1) the death of the eschatological prophet‐martyr in the Deuteronomic tradition of the prophets whose proclamations were typically misjudged by Israel; (2) the fulfilment of the divine scheme of salvation through the suffering of the ‘righteous one’, who is ultimately exonerated by God; and (3) a vicarious, atoning sacrifice (the Jewish prototype that later influenced Anselm’s substitution theory). The interpretative categories examined by Schillebeeckx with respect to the crucifixion are closely related to the biblical images upon which his theology of suffering is based.
Whig history and Puritan politics: the Memoirs of Edmund Ludlow revisited
Authors: Worden Blair 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
This article extends arguments that were advanced in a work of 1978 by the same author, which showed that the Memoirs of the regicide Edmund Ludlow, a major source for the English civil wars, were a semi-forgery, based on, but transforming, an autobiographical manuscript by Ludlow. In the light of new evidence and of reassessment of the old, two claims made in 1978 are developed: that the reviser of the manuscript is likely to have been the deist and republican John Toland; and that the Memoirs were prepared, and need to be read, with an eye to the political circumstances of the later sixteen-nineties.
The arrest of William Thorpe in Shrewsbury and the anti–Lollard statute of 1406*
Authors: Jurkowski Maureen 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
This article publishes a Public Record Office document giving new insight into the arrest and trial of the Lollard chaplain William Thorpe, for which the only previously known source was the narrative account written by Thorpe himself. It reveals also that Thorpe was detained under authority of the 1406 anti–Lollard statute. Drawing on various archival sources, the article examines both the circumstances of Thorpe's arrest and the 1406 legislation. It concludes that the statute was an initiative of Archbishop Arundel which attempted to exploit his tenure of the chancellor's office for ecclesiastical purposes. This secular context explains the irregular nature of Thorpe's ‘trial’.
Lincoln’s World: Virtues, Values and Violence in the Civil War Era
Authors: Grant Susan‐Mary 
Published: March 2003

Book reviewed;Timothy R. Mahoney, Provincial Lives: Middle‐class Experience in the Antebellum Middle WestAmy Dru Stanley, From Bondage to Contract: Wage Labor, Marriage, and the Market in the Age of Slave EmancipationDuaneSchultz, The Dahlgren Affair: Terror and Conspiracy in the Civil WarWalter B. Stevens, A Reporter's Lincoln
Tracking the Euro's Progress
Authors: Chinn Menzie D. , Alquist Ron 
Published: March 2003

The evolution of the euro since its inception has appeared inexplicable. This paper develops a monetary model of the euro/US dollar exchange rate to track the progress of the currency, both before and after Stage 3 EMU. The relationship between the exchange rate, money stocks, GDP, interest and inflation rates, and prices is identified. The observed patterns of behaviour during the 1990s are used to predict the euro's value up to mid‐2000; a consistent finding is that the euro is over‐predicted by 23–30%. This finding is robust to the use of alternative sample periods and alternative estimation methodologies, as long as each of the variables is treated as endogenous.This monetary model does not give much weight to factors such as productivity. However, the past evolution of European exchange rates suggests that productivity trends are indeed important. Some estimates suggest that an annual one percentage point in the intercountry differential in tradable‐nontradable productivity causes a 0.85'1.7% real appreciation of a currency.
Reminiscences of the relief of Leiden: a total ritual event
Authors: Nas Peter J.M. , Roymans Anja 
Published: March 2003

This article examines the Third of October festivities in the city of Leiden, The Netherlands, held in commemoration of its relief from the Spanish siege in 1574. These festivities are defined as a total urban ritual event and put in a historical perspective. They include all sorts of activities such as the handing out of herring and white bread, the eating of a beef stew, reveille, choral singing, a solemn church service of thanksgiving, and the funfair and market selling a variety of wares. The meaning of the core rituals is analysed at three levels. At its most profound level, this total urban ritual event is conceived in relation to the basic value dichotomy of life and death, which is expressed in the use of space during the festivities. At the level of intergroup relations, the exchange of food is seen as an important form of gift exchange which defines the relationships. At the institutional level, the interplay of city, state and church is shown to be crucial to the understanding of the main ritual activities. The Leiden Third of October festivities, analysed as a total urban ritual event, unveil the inversion of power relations and the celebration of common social interaction.—Cet article examine les festivités du Trois Octobre dans la ville de Leiden aux Pays‐Bas qui commémorent sa délivrance du siège espagnol en 1574. Ces festivités sont définies comme un événement rituel urbain total et présentées dans une perspective historique. Elles comprennent toutes sortes d’activités comme la remise de hareng et de pain blanc, le manger du ragoût de boeuf, le réveil, des choeurs, l’office solennel du jour d’action de grâce, la foire et le marché où l’on vend une variété d’articles. La signification de ces rituels centraux est analysée sur trois niveaux. Au niveau le plus profond, ce rituel urbain total est conçu par rapport a la valeur de base de la dichotomie vie‐mort qui est exprimée dans l’utilisation de l’espace pendant les festivités. Au niveau des relations entre groupes, l’échange de nourriture est vu comme une forme importante de l’échange du don qui définit les relations. Au niveau institutionnel, il est démontré que l’interaction de la ville, de l’état, et de l’église est cruciale pour comprendre les activités rituelles principales. Les festivités du Trois Octobre à Leiden, analysées en tant qu’événement rituel urbain total, révèlent l’inversion des relations de pouvoir et la célébration de l’interaction sociale commune.
Sport as a cultural system: sports policies and (new) ethnicities in Lyon and Birmingham
Authors: Arnaud Lionel 
Published: March 2003

‘Sport promotes integration’: this idea seems to be commonly accepted both in France and in the UK, even though the authorities in each country see the issue of ‘ethnic minorities’ very differently. This article draws on research based on interviews with the main actors of ‘socio–sports’ policies in the cities of Lyon and Birmingham and on analysis of consultation procedures and official documents, to show that sport provides a set of symbolic markers that helps the authorities, professionals and ‘ethnic minorities’ to get their bearings in an uncertain multicultural situation. Although ‘ethnic minorities’ try to control the direction of sports policies in pursuit of their own objectives, their strategies tend to be ‘routinized’ around markers legitimized by the authorities in response to the success of certain sporting practices. Sports policies, therefore, promote ‘security’ of identity for these ‘minorities’ by ‘mapping’ their environment using the values and principles of sport.‘Le sport favorise l’int´gration’: cette idée semble communément admise en France et en Grande–Bretagne alors même que leurs autorités respectives envisagent de manière très différente la question des ‘minorités ethniques’. À partir d’une recherche fondée sur des entretiens avec les principaux acteurs des politiques ‘socio–sportives‘ des villes de Lyon et de Birmingham, et sur l’analyse des procédures de concertation et des documents officiels, l’analyse montre que le sport trace des repères symboliques qui permettent aux pouvoirs publics, aux professionnels et aux ‘minorités ethniques’ de s’orienter dans une réalité multiculturelle incertaine. Mais si ces dernières tentent de contrôler l’orientation des politiques sportives de manière à poursuivre leurs propres objectifs, leurs stratégies tendent également à se ‘routiniser’ autour des repères que les pouvoirs publics ont légitimé pour répondre au succès des pratiques sportives. Les politiques sportives favorisent dès lors la ‘sécurisation’ identitaire de ces ‘minorités’ en ‘cartographiant’ leur environnement à l’aide des valeurs et des principes du sport.