bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
7 Contribution of the Beef Industry to the Economy of the Great Plains and Western U.S.: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Luke Jaime R , Tonsor Glynn T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Great Plains and Western U.S. are home to over 60% of all beef cows and over 80% of all cattle on feed in the U.S. While the dynamics of the beef industry in these regions continue to evolve, the significant economic impact generated by the sector remains steadfast. The main objective of this presentation is to provide foundational information on the economic contributions of the beef industry in the Great Plains and Western U.S. to set the stage for subsequent presentations regarding climate adaptation strategies in the sector. The presentation is comprised of three key components. First, a high-level view of the historical progression of the beef industry in the Great Plains and Western U.S. is documented to provide a basis for deeper discussion surrounding the present and future state of the industry. Second, the current conditions of the beef industry in the regions are explored including existing challenges faced by industry participants. Producer profitability in 2023 and the state of the cattle cycle are briefly discussed. Drought conditions are highlighted along with their continuing effects on the industry. Third, we look to the future and dive into prospective opportunities for the sector. The dynamic nature of the beef industry lends itself to adaptation and innovation. As producers and industry participants explore climate adaptation methods going forward, a primary factor in making decisions to alter existing practices or adopt new technologies is the economic return (or lack thereof) generated by proposed strategies. Ongoing work at Kansas State University examines producer sentiment surrounding various strategies, including new technologies aimed at reducing livestock enteric methane emissions. Preliminary findings of this work are outlined along with identified areas for future research in the space. In conclusion, the beef industry significantly contributes to the economy of the Great Plains and Western U.S. This presentation explores the history of the industry in the regions, the present state of the industry and current challenges it faces, and the potential opportunities to come in the future.
PSVI-18 Effects of Sow Vocalization and Scent on Complete Blood Cell Count During Early Weaning Period
Authors: Paladino Mason A , Tsai Tsungcheng Cheng , Shelby Sarah , Still Mattie , Maxwell Charles V , Huang Yan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Piglets are deprived of the touch, sound, and smell of their sow after weaning which results in biological stress. The present study investigated continuing exposure of sow vocalization and scent during the early weaning period on complete blood cell count. A total of 12 litters, 8 piglets (4 male and 4 female) per litter were selected at weaning and assigned to 1 of 4 experimental treatments: control, O (olfactory group with scent and no vocal stimulation), V (non-olfactory with vocal stimulation), VO (vocal stimulation and olfactory stimulation) as a 2x2 factorial arrangement. Vocal stimulation was emulated by an audio recording of the sows, which was gathered between day-7 and day-14 of sow lactation. It was collected from 6 sows and compiled into a comprehensive audio file including all the vocal output of the sow. The VO group was exposed to sow vocal for 20 minutes, followed by an empty hour on loop for seven days postweaning. For olfactory stimulation, cotton fabric was rubbed on the udders of the sow and vacuum sealed. The respective scent of the sow was placed in a mesh basket outside of the pen for approximately 48 hours. Blood samples were collected on day-1, day-2, day-6, and day-28 into K2EDTA vacutainer tubes. The blood was processed within 6 hours of collection using an automatic hematological analyzer (Hemavet 950S). Data were analyzed using mixed procedure of SAS (Cary, NC) with vocal, scent and day as main effects. Interactions between day x vocal showed statistical significance (P = 0.0215) with both the vocal and non-vocal groups having a reduction on mean platelet volume (MPV) from d 0 to d 2 and while the non-vocal group continued an upward trend from d 2 to d 28, vocal group failed to restore MPV levels until d 28. As for Platelet (PLT) in the day x scent interaction, non-scent group increased PLT from d 0 to d 2 and a sharp decrease from d 2 to d 6. However, a similar level PLT from d 0 to d 2 observed in scent group (P = 0.0433). Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) decreased from d 0 to d 2 in all treatment groups. While control, V, and VO groups showed similar levels of NLR from d 2 to d 6, O group had increased NLR. This response on NLR is mainly driven by percentage of neutrophil (P = 0.0028) since no statistically significant difference on lymphocyte percentage was found. Results of this study indicated that continuing exposing scent potentially influences complete blood cell of weaning pigs, while the same effect was not found in sow vocal.
PSVII-7 Genetic Evaluation of Feed and Water Intake Behavior Traits in Feedlot Cattle
Authors: Dressler Elizabeth , Shaffer Will , Ahlberg Cashley , Allwardt Kristi , Bruno Kelsey , Krehbiel Clint , Calvo-Lorenzo Michelle S , Richards Chris , Place Sara E , DeSilva Udaya , Kuehn Larry A , Weaber Robert L , Bormann Jennifer M , Rolf Megan M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Feed and water intake are two economically relevant traits of cattle production. These traits can impact producer profitability and efficiency. Feed intake and, to a lesser degree, water intake have been studied previously. However, there is limited research on the animal behaviors associated with intake and the literature lacks standardized phenotypes for these behaviors. The objective of this study was to estimate heritabilities and variance components for feed and water intake behavior traits in feedlot steers. An Insentec system (Hokofarm Group, The Netherlands) was used to obtain feed (n = 824) and water (n = 786) intakes from crossbred steers for 70 days. Daily dry matter intake (DMI) and daily water intake (DWI) records were used to compute five behaviors for both feed and water intake: number of sessions (NS), intake rate (IR), session size (SS), time per session (TS), and session interval (SI). A mixed linear model was fit for all traits to estimate variance components and heritabilities with a base model including the fixed effects group(pen) and breed composition and the random effect animal. Additional covariates were tested and added to the base model if improved model fit. Heritabilities for feed intake behaviors were 0.50 ± 0.12, 0.63 ± 0.12, 0.40 ± 0.13, 0.35 ± 0.12, and 0.60 ± 0.12 for NS, IR, SS, TS, and SI, respectively. Heritabilities for water intake behaviors were 0.56 ±0.11, 0.88 ± 0.07, 0.70 ± 0.11, 0.54 ± 0.12, and 0.80 ± 0.10 for NS, IR, SS, TS, and SI, respectively. Dry matter intake and DWI had heritabilities of 0.57 ± 0.11 and 0.44 ± 0.11, respectively. Bivariate models including feed intake behaviors and DMI as well as bivariate models including water intake behaviors and DWI were used to obtain correlations between intake and intake behaviors. Phenotypic correlations varied widely between pairs of traits for both feed and water intake behaviors (-0.83 to 0.82). Genetic correlations between DMI and feed intake behaviors were moderate to high (-0.64 ± 0.34 to 0.49 ± 0.16), while genetic correlations between DWI and water intake behaviors were low to moderate (-0.37 ± 0.14 to 0.48 ± 0.15). Significant (log10P-value ≥ 4.5) SNPs were identified for the feed and water intake behaviors. The number of significant SNPs identified for feed intake traits, NS, IR, SS, TS, SI, and DMI were 3, 10, 8, 8, 5, and 5, respectively. The number of significant SNPs identified for water intake traits, NS, IR, SS, TS, SI, and DWI were 4, 8, 3, 2, 5, and 4, respectively. Candidate genes and previously reported quantitative trait loci near significant SNPs were identified. The results indicated that feed and water intake behaviors are heritable and may be one additional route to evaluating feed and water intake.
PSXII-11 Comparison of Egg-Laying Ability Among Eight Lines Including Korean Native Chicken (KNC)
Authors: Jin DaeHyeok 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chicken egg production capacity is an important economic trait in the poultry industry. To improve the usability of Korean Native chicken (KNC), we measured the egg traits [age of first egg (AFE), first egg weight (FEW), egg number (EN), egg weight (EW)] and performed a comparative analysis. Age of first egg is the number of days an individual starts producing eggs. FEW is the weight of the first egg produced. EN and EW are the number of eggs produced between 20 and 40 weeks old and the weight of the eggs. The chicken breeds we used in our study were KNC (GBY, GWY, CNB, CNW, CNY, CNK), Ameraucana (AMR) and Leghorn (LEG). The CNK line started laying eggs at 140.75 ± 6.23 days. The AFE of CNK was faster than LEG (142.35 ± 7.20, P &lt; 0.05). The weight of the first egg after starting egg production AMR line (44.1 ± 5.20g) produced the heaviest egg among the investigative groups (P &lt; 0.05). The CNY line laid the lightest egg (31.9 ± 3.80g). FEW of KNC was less than that of both LEG and AMR breeds (P &lt; 0.05). The AFE was late and FEW was the greatest in the AMR breed. The LEG which is a representative laying hen laid the most EN between 20 and 40 weeks of age (118.35 ± 10.07). LEG was greater than the CNK (106.85 ± 14.66), which laid the second most (P &lt; 0.05). The CNB (82.45 ± 20.68) showed the least EN. The EW of the AMR (54.20 ± 4.30) was the heaviest (P &lt; 0.05). On the contrary, Six KNC (CNK: 45.70 ± 3.00, GBY: 45.20 ± 3.10, GWY: 45.20 ± 2.20, CNB: 44.60 ± 3.20, CNY: 43.70 ± 3.90, CNW: 43.50 ± 3.40) lines produced lighter eggs than LEG (51.50 ± 3.50) and AMR (P &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, the average egg production performance of the KNC six lines was generally less than that of the LEG and AMR breeds. However, some lines of KNC confirmed that the start date of egg production was faster than other breeds. These results will be used to investigate the genomic pattern of egg production in KNC population and provide fundamental data for gene-based selection to improve egg production.
PSI-19 Neonatal Lamb Growth and Thermoregulation After Nutrient Specific Restriction in Gestation
Authors: Stucke Rachael M , Kuderka Alison M , Gabel Sarah L , Roberts Ellen , Archibeque Shawn L , Engle Terry E , Cadaret Caitlin N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Depending on seasonal availability and quality of range forage, extensively managed ewes can experience nutrient restriction during any point of gestation. Neonatal lamb performance after severe experimental nutrient restriction during gestation has been well studied; however, there is a gap in understanding of how practical nutrient restriction experienced over the course of a production cycle impacts lamb success. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the first week fetal growth and development, and thermoregulation biomarkers in neonatal lambs from ewes fed a diet that simulates winter forage. Time-mated and confirmed pregnant Rambouillet x Merino ewes were blocked by body weight and allocated to one of two dietary treatments. Treatments consisted of 1) Control diet (CONT) formulated to meet or exceed the National Research Council (NRC) nutrient requirements for gestating ewes fed throughout gestation; 2) Nutrient restricted diet (NR) formulated to meet 70% of total digestible nutrient (TDN) and 50% of protein requirements from 30 to 125 d of gestation (dGA) and then re-alimented with the CONT diet for the remainder of gestation. Ewes were individually fed from 25 dGA to 137 dGA, then group fed through lambing. From 30 dGA to lambing, weekly body weights, bimonthly body condition scores (BCS), and monthly blood glucose concentrations were recorded for all ewes. A treatment by time interaction was observed where NR ewes weighed less (P &lt; 0.05) starting at week 8 of the treatment period through lambing. There were effects of treatment and time on BCS, as ewes receiving the NR diet had lesser (P &lt; 0.05) BCS compared with CONT ewes regardless of time in gestation. There were no observed differences in blood glucose concentrations between groups. At lambing, rectal temperature, birth weight and morphometrics (crown-rump length, abdominal circumference, head circumference, and cannon bone length) were collected on all lambs. Collection of rectal temperature and bodyweight continued daily for the first week of life. There were no differences in birthweight or birth morphometrics; however, growth by body weight in the first week of life was greater (P &lt; 0.05) in NR (n = 10) compared with CONT lambs (n = 12), with an effect of progeny number. Additionally, treatment by day interactions were observed with NR lambs having lower (P &lt; 0.05) body temperatures on days one, four, and five compared with CONT lambs. These data suggest that sustained nutrient challenge during gestation, even when re-alimented in late gestation, may produce lambs that are at increased risk of hypothermia. While maternal nutrient supplementation in late gestation is a common practice, it is crucial for producers to consider nutritional supplementation strategies throughout gestation to limit the number of lambs that require increased intervention after birth.
PSI-3 Effects of Strategic Blending of Food Industry By-Products with Canola Meal on in Vitro and in Situ Fermentation and Nutrient Degradation
Authors: Bien Richard A , Kaplan Daisy , Embaby Mohammed , Pillai Prasanth S , Kumar Manoj , AbuGhazaleh Amer , Jones Karen , Sadeghpour Amir , Nair Jayakrishnan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Canola meal (CM) has become an increasingly available high protein feed source for beef cattle in North America, thanks to the expansion of the canola crushing industry in Western Canada and the United States. The inclusion of CM in diets has been reported to improve nutrient utilization and the performance of growing beef cattle. However, the energy value of CM was not as high as barley grain finishing diets, resulting in poorer performance of finishing feedlot steers. Pea starch and pea molasses are available as food industry by-products of industrial pea protein extraction. However, the utilization of these food industry by-products as a component of livestock feed has not been well evaluated. The strategic blending of food industry by-products, such as pea starch and pea molasses, with canola meal (CM) is a novel approach to improving the energy density of CM as animal feed. Nutrient synchrony, where the energy and protein availability in the rumen is synchronized to maximize the ruminal microbial fermentation, has been proposed to improve animal performance. The objectives of our study were to evaluate the in vitro and in situ fermentation and nutrient degradability of novel blended CM. Pea starch and pea molasses were added at 5% (CM5) and 10% (CM10) levels in CM (DM basis), with regular CM serving as control (CON). The in vitro study consisted of two runs of 24 h incubations with three replicates per treatment. The in situ study utilized three cannulated beef heifers and used the same number of replicates of samples and time periods as for the in vitro study. Results indicated a numerical improvement in DM degradation for CM5 and CM10 than CON both in vitro and in situ incubations. Total gas production (mmol) was numerically greater, while the proportion of methane (mmol and g/DM) was less for CM5 than CON. Results indicated that in vitro fermentation of CM5 was enhanced, while greater propionate production from CM5 likely reduced methane production. Further evaluation of these food industry by-products for beef cattle growth performance studies could provide valuable information about rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility, and energy value of these novel blended CM.
PSI-20 Trans Vaccenic Acid Does Not Improve Insulin Resistance in Diet Induced Obese Mice
Authors: Xu Yanqing , Haj Fawaz , Hsu Ming-Fo , Vahmani Payam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Trans vaccenic acid (TVA, trans11-18:1) is a natural trans fatty acid that is exclusively found in ruminant fats such as dairy, beef, and lamb. Increased circulating concentrations of TVA and its metabolites are epidemiologically related to a reduced risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, direct causative evidence is lacking, and the mechanisms are poorly understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether TVA can alleviate insulin resistance in diet-induced obese mice when compared with oleic acid (OA, cis9-18:1, the major dietary cis 18:1 isomer) or trans10-18:1 (a major industrial trans fatty acid isomer). Forty-eight male C57BL/6J mice (7 weeks old) were fed either a low-fat diet (LFD,10% kcal total fat), a high-fat diet (HFD) enriched with OA (HFD-OA; 45% kcal total fat, 6% kcal from pure OA), an HFD enriched with TVA (HFD-TVA; 45% kcal total fat, 6% kcal from pure TVA), or an HFD enriched with trans-10 18:1 (HFD-T10; 45% kcal total fat, 6% kcal from pure trans-10 18:1) for 19 weeks. The metabolic phenotype was characterized using a glucose tolerance test (GTT) and insulin tolerance test (ITT). Insulin-sensitive tissues (muscle, liver, and adipose) were harvested and extracted for protein, which was analyzed for protein kinase B (Akt) and phosphorylated Akt (pAKT) by western blot using Vinculin as a loading control. The resulting band intensities were quantitated using the FluorChem 9900 program (Alpha Innotech). pAkt expression was normalized to Akt. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s test. Our GTT results suggested a greater (P &lt; 0.05) glucose intolerance in both HFD-TVA and HFD-T10 groups compared with the LFD group. Whereas HFD-OA-fed mice maintained their glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity despite greater body weight and adiposity. In agreement with GTT and ITT results, we found reduced (P &lt; 0.05) Akt phosphorylation in the muscle of both HFD-TVA and HFD-T10 groups compared with LFD while there was no difference in phosphorylation level in the liver and adipose. In conclusion, this work demonstrates that contrary to our initial hypothesis, a large dose of TVA (6% of calorie intake) promotes glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in HFD-fed mice. Further studies using the typical intake of TVA in humans (0.5 to 1% of calorie intake) are required to better understand the effects of TVA on glucose homeostasis.
PSIV-12 Monitoring Ewe Forage Selectivity and Consumption of Tall Larkspur (Delphinium Spp.) in Southern Utah Via Visual Observation and Fecal Metabarcoding
Authors: Petty Dillon , Spurling Ryan A , Gasser Chad , Violett Randall , Christensen Morgan , Heaton Andrew , Thacker Eric , Sweat Alexis , Rood Kerry , Thornton Kara J , Page Chad 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Southern Utah, sheep are utilized to a greater extent to graze rangeland due to the presence of Tall Larkspur (Delphinium spp.), which is known to be toxic to cattle. The objectives of this study are to quantify to what degree sheep consume Tall Larkspur and identify forage preferences on a diverse rangeland. We hypothesize that ewes consume tall larkspur based off preferences applied to other forages across range. In this study, ewes (n = 400) were grazed across four summer pastures on Cedar Mountain near Cedar City, Utah. Ewe breed types consisted of Suffolk, Targhee, Rambouillet, and their crosses. During the 116-day trial plant consumption type, time of day, forage availability, weather, range utilization, and apparent weight of sheep were monitored and recorded. Data were collected via a 5-minute bite count procedure, noting all variables above, for each observed ewe. Fecal samples were collected and used for fecal metabarcoding (fDNA) at approximately 30% pasture utilization, which measures the proportion of plant DNA in the feces to determine forage species consumed. Plant species were sorted into functional groups (forbs, grass likes, grasses, shrubs, and trees). Data were evaluated through a CART analysis in R v4.1.2 and stratified using the GLM procedure in SAS v9.4. There was an increase in consumption of forbs, shrubs, and grasses over time, (P &lt; 0.001), (P = 0.01), and (P &lt; 0.001), respectively. For the grass-like and lichen plant types, there is little evidence of forage preference, (P = 0.7) and (P = 1.00) respectively. Fecal metabarcoding analysis indicates that protein content of diet originated from forbs, grass likes, grasses, shrubs, and trees by approximately 57%, 1%, 5%, 6%, and 31%, respectively. Tall Larkspur appeared in fDNA samples, but did not represent a significant portion of the diet. Our findings indicate that sheep in Southern Utah utilize tall larkspur on range to a small extent in their diet, but do not preferentially graze it over other forb species.
PSIV-1 Effects of Poor Maternal Nutrition During Gestation on F0 and F1 Ewe Colostrum and Milk Composition and Colostrum Igg
Authors: Bosco Julianna , Tillquist Nicole M , Kawaida Mia Y , Reiter Amanda S , Bettencourt Alexandra , Gifford Ryan J , Engle Terry E , Reed Sarah A , Zinn Steven A , Govoni Kristen E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
High-quality colostrum and milk are critical for proper neonatal growth and immune system development. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is the predominant antibody class in colostrum and is vital for passive immune transfer in sheep. There is limited understanding of how poor maternal nutrition during gestation (restricted- and over-feeding) might influence colostrum and milk composition and colostrum IgG concentrations and how F1 offspring colostrum and milk are impacted as a result of F0 maternal diet. The objective of this experiment was to determine if poor maternal nutrition during gestation impacts F0 and F1 colostrum and milk composition, including IgG concentrations. We hypothesized that maternal restricted-feeding would decrease, and maternal over-feeding would increase total solids, fat, and protein during early and transitional lactation and that restricted-feeding would increase IgG concentrations and over-feeding would decrease IgG concentrations in F0 and F1 ewe colostrum. Multiparous Dorset ewes pregnant (n = 46) with twins were fed 100% (control; n = 13), 60% (restricted; n = 17) or 140% (over; n = 16) of National Research Council (NRC) requirements. After birth and during lactation, dams were fed 100% NRC for lactating ewes, so the nutritional insult only occurred during gestation. Resulting ewe offspring (n = 32) were raised on control diets and were bred between 16 and 19 mo of age. Colostrum samples were collected within 24 h of parturition and milk samples were collected at d 3 and d 21 postpartum. Colostrum and milk composition were evaluated using Brix Refractometry (total solids, g/dL) and spectrophotometry (crude fat, %; crude protein, %). Additionally, a radial immunodiffusion assay was used to determine IgG concentrations (mg/dL) in colostrum. A treatment by time interaction was observed for F0 colostrum crude fat where restricted-fed ewes had less fat than control-fed ewes (P ≤ 0.024). No interaction was detected for all other F0 and F1 composition variables (P ≥ 0.16). We did not detect a main effect of diet on F0 or F1 total solids, crude fat, and crude protein of colostrum nor milk (P ≥ 0.24). A main effect of time was observed for all variables where colostrum had greater total solids, crude fat, and crude protein compared with milk at d 3 and d 21 (P ≤ 0.0001). No effect of maternal diet on IgG concentrations were detected in F0 or F1 ewe colostrum (P ≥ 0.46). These data indicate that poor maternal diet has minimal effects on F0 and F1 ewe colostrum composition and IgG concentrations, and d 3 and d 21 milk composition. In addition, the impact of F0 diet on colostrum fat composition did not persist into the F1 generation.