bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Spirituality
Authors: Kreitzer Mary Jo , Dose Ann Marie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Spirituality: Spirituality has been defined in a multitude of ways and is generally understood to be related to but distinct from religiosity. In the broadest sense, spirituality is focused on purpose, meaning and connectedness with self, others and a higher power. Spirituality is recognized as an integral part of being human that is interconnected with health and well-being. Spiritual Assessment: A spiritual assessment or screening can be conducted by a physician, nurse, spiritual care provider, or other health professional as a routine part of providing care. It is common for screening questions to be incorporated into standard health history interviews and forms.
Snopes And Beyond: The Hamlet
Authors: Porter Carolyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After Completing The Wild Palms But Before Beginning Go Down, Moses, Faulkner returned to material he had been developing from the outset of his career as a novelist-the tales of Snopeses. Headed by Flem, a sinister and sociopathic entrepreneur who rises from dirt farmer to bank president in the course of the three novels devoted to the family, the Snopeses are more a tribe than a family. They spread their prolific offspring across the county steadily as Flem brings in one cousin and then another to work at the enterprises he just as steadily takes over, from the store, the schoolhouse, and the blacksmith shop in Frenchman’s Bend to the restaurant and finally the bank in Jefferson.
Why Physicians Get It Wrong and the Alternatives to Consent: Patient Choice and Deep Value Pairing
Authors: Veatch Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It should now be clear why it makes no sense to continue to rely on consent as the mode of transaction between professionals and their clients. In order for a physician to estimate which treatment best serves the patient’s interest, he or she first would have to develop a definitive theory of the relationship among various medical goods and pick the course that best serves the patient’s medical good. Next, the clinician would have to estimate correctly the proper relationship between the patient’s medical good and all other components of the good, so that the patient’s overall well-being is served.
Disinterring Darwin
Authors: Kitcher Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1882, when Charles Darwin died, his family planned to bury him in the churchyard of the village of Down in Kent, where, in his retreat from the bustle of scientific debate, he had spent the last 40 years of his life. Their private plans were overridden by a public campaign, orchestrated by those who had championed Darwin’s ideas, and it was decided quickly that he should be interred in Westminster Abbey, among the other luminaries of British science. Whatever doubts they may have harbored, leading figures of the church declared their satisfaction that “properly understood,” the evolutionary ideas that had seemed so inflammatory in the 1860s, were perfectly compatible with Christian doctrine. Darwin’s own agnosticism, well concealed by his cautious attempts to avoid alienating potential readers–as well as to ensure that the religious sensibilities of his wife Emma (née Wedgwood ) were not offended by his expression of his ideas–went unmentioned. Instead, the many tributes from the pulpit heralded him as an old-fashioned Deist, perhaps even as an interpreter of God’s
Goodbye to Genesis
Authors: Kitcher Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like several other texts from the ancient Near East, the Bible recalls a great flood, in which virtually all of the living creatures of the earth were destroyed. In chapters 7 and 8 of Genesis, we are told that it rained for 40 days and 40 nights, that the fountains of the deep were opened, that the waters covered the tops of the mountains, that every living thing upon the face of the ground, “man and animals and creeping things,” perished in the deluge, and that the only survivors were the inhabitants of the ark that Noah had built and stocked. After 150 days the waters subsided, and, some months later, when the summit of Mount Ararat was uncovered, the ark finally came to rest upon it. Eventually the land became dry again, and Noah, his family, and his company of animals were able to emerge from their refuge.
FITTING IN
Authors: Adams Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two friends stand in front of a mountainside inn holding between them a prize-winning fish. They went to the same prep school; they were fraternity brothers at the same university; they live in the same type of suburban neighborhood, one of them in Indianapolis, and the other in Cincinnati. Every year they pack their rods and flies and fish some river somewhere between the shining seas. They wear plaid shirts, khaki trousers, and barn jackets ordered from L. L. Bean; they endure frigid mountain streams in waders purchased from Lunkers. They have knives and needle-nose pliers in leather holders at their belts. As they grin their success at the camera, their teeth brightly reflect the advantages of dental insurance and orthodontia.
Family Bonds
Authors: Feder Ellen K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Feminist and critical race theorists alike have long acknowledged the "intersection" of gender and race difference; it is by now a truism that the ways we become boys and girls, men and women, cannot be disentangled from the ways we become white or Black men and women, Asian or Latino boys and girls. And yet, even as many have sought to attend to this intersection of difference, most critical treatments focus finally either on the production of gender or the production of race. Family Bonds proposes a new way to think about the categories of gender and race together. It first explicates and then puts to work Foucault's archaeological and genealogical methods to advance the main argument of the book: Gender is best understood primarily as a function of "disciplinary" power operating within the family, while race is primarily a function of a "regulatory" power acting upon the family. Each of the book's central chapters is an individual story, or history--the founding of Levittown, the definitive suburb after the Second World War (1950s and 60s); the development of the diagnosis of Gender Identity Disorder (1970s and 1980s); and the federal coordination of scientific research on violence (1980s and 1990s). Together they make up a larger story about the construction of race and gender in the U.S. in the second half of the twentieth century and demonstrate the centrality of the family in these constructions. Rather than a formal study of Foucault's own work, Family Bonds is an effort to produce genealogies of the sort that Foucault himself hoped his work would prompt.
Introduction: A Primer on Surgical Ethics
Authors: Jones James W , McCullough Laurence B , Richman Bruce W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ethics is now recognized as an essential supporting discipline in the practice of surgery. Surgical ethics is the application of ethics to situations specific to surgical practice. We do not pretend that surgical ethics are of such specialized precision that they are completely unlike ethical situations and decisions found in other medical specialties. But surgery’s mainstay is the operative experience, and that kind of work requires a unique frame of mind. Some of the ethical principles you’ll read about in this book, such as avoidance of conflicts of interest, honesty with patients, and research integrity, can be easily extrapolated to any of the medical specialties. Other issues, such as suspension of do not resuscitate (DNR) orders, innovation versus controlled trials, ghost surgery, sham-controlled studies, and high-tech robotics, are largely specific to the surgeon’s work, and their ethical implications must be individually considered. Best ethical practices are now an essential component of best surgical practices. As a result, rigorous ethical practices have become critical to the success of even the most technically skillful surgery.
Informed Consent and Disclosure
Authors: Jones James W , McCullough Laurence B , Richman Bruce W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We begin our inquiries into the conundrums of surgical ethics with a series of explorations into the process of informed consent. Informed consent is the practical beginning of the surgeon’s clinical relationship with the patient and continues to be a vital influence throughout the episode of care. Informed consent is of further primary interest in any study of surgical ethics because it is a major manifestation of the bedrock ethical principle of respect for patient autonomy.
Chemists at War: Haber, Nernst, Langmuir, and Lewis
Authors: Coffey Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 22 April 1915, Fritz Haber, now a captain in the German army, looked out from the German trenches at Ypres and watched as his Pioneer regiment opened the valves on 6,000 cylinders of chlorine gas. The gas fed through manifolds to nozzles pointed toward 7,000 meters of the Allied lines. As it was released, the chlorine formed a cloud 10–30 meters high, white at 0rst from the water that condensed as the cold gas escaped, but then yellow-green. The cloud advanced with the wind at the pace of a slow walk. The soldiers in the French trenches were Algerians. They were used to artillery, to machine guns, to mortars, and even to the tear gas that the Germans called T-Stoff, but this was something new. Fritz Haber had organized the 0rst attack with lethal gas.
An Experimental Philosophy Manifesto
Authors: Knobe Joshua , Nichols Shaun 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It used to be a commonplace that the discipline of philosophy was deeply concerned with questions about the human condition. Philosophers thought about human beings and how their minds worked. They took an interest in reason and passion, culture and innate ideas, the origins of people’s moral and religious beliefs. On this traditional conception, it wasn’t particularly important to keep philosophy clearly distinct from psychology, history, or political science. Philosophers were concerned, in a very general way, with questions about how everything fit together.
Taste–Immune Associative Learning
Authors: Pacheco-López Gustavo , Engler Harald , Niemi Maj-Britt , Schedlowski Manfred 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neuroimmune interactions appear to bring several adaptive advantages to those organisms that acquired and developed them further during phylogeny and ontogeny (Ottaviani, Valensin, & Franceschi, 1998; Schedlowski, 2006; Tada, 1997). This complex repertoire of immune, endocrine, neural, and behavioral responses may be orchestrated to achieve better adaptation of the organism to a constantly challenging environment. In vertebrates, it is well established that there are many intricate interactions between the immune and nervous systems and vice versa (Ottaviani & Franceschi, 1996; Salzet, Vieau, & Day, 2000; Straub & Besedovsky, 2003; Vishwanath, 1996). It was recently shown that invertebrate biology also evolved around acquiring and developing complex neuroimmune communication. For example, interaction between neurons and immune cells has been demonstrated in the mollusk Aplysia californica (Clatworthy, 1998). Furthermore, invertebrates also express neuropeptides (e.g., opioids) in the neural and immune tissues and these played a key role as neuroimmune messengers during their evolution (Salzet et al., 2000). Neuroimmune interactions affect the behavior of insects as well, as demonstrated in bees andhumblebees. Noninfected honeybees whose immune systems were challenged by a non-pathogenic immunogenic elicitor (lipopolysaccharide) displayed a reduced ability to associate an odor with sugar reward in a classical conditioning paradigm (Mallon, Brockmann, & Schmid-Hempel, 2003; Riddell & Mallon, 2006).
The Medieval Era
Authors: ShrockP Dennis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Medieval era spans the time from approximately 900 to 1500, or from the beginning of musical notation in a format that indicated pitches and rhythms on a sta to the end of poly- phonic music treated as a series of unrelated or nonintegrated separate voice parts. Before 900 musical notation was limited to neumes and other symbols that indicated only general pitch and rhythm; there were no means to convey the essential components of music so that it could be re- liably transmitted from written characters to aural sounds or from composer to performer. But during the early part of the tenth century treatises such as Musica enchiriadis and manuscripts such as the St Gall cantatorium and St Martial troper indicated either syllables of text or neumatic sym- bols on staves to fix pitches relative to each other, and during the latter part of the tenth century treatises and manuscripts indicated both pitches and rhythms. By the eleventh century a relatively standardized system of notation had been developed, and at the beginning of the twelfth century distinct genres and individual composers began to emerge and be identified.
The Renaissance Era
Authors: ShrockP Dennis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For convenience, historians generally list the beginning and ending dates of the Renaissance era at century markers—1500 and 1600, respectively. More accurately, the era began during the final decades of the fifteenth century and ended, for the most part, by the third decade of the seventeenth century. The attributes that would define and generally characterize the ini- tial years of the Renaissance—single texts, standard scoring for SATB ensembles, integrated musical material (i.e., motivic material distributed throughout all voice parts), and imitative tex- tures—began appearing as early as the 1470s in the music of such composers as Guillaume Dufay and Jean de Ockeghem. These composers also wrote in Medieval styles (e.g., isorhythmic configurations in sacred music and formes fixes structures in secular music), and thus the end of the fifteenth century was transitional, with relatively consistent application of Renaissance styles not being evidenced until the beginning of the sixteenth century in the music of Loyset Compère, Alexander Agricola, and Josquin Desprez. The change to new styles was not complete during the early years of the sixteenth century, however. A few Medieval compositional styles continued to be found—such as the combination of original Gregorian cantus firmus textual phrases along with other texts and long and prolix poems or prose narratives. Similarly, the styles of the Renaissance existed side by side with the new styles of the Baroque era during the first two decades of the seventeenth century. Fixing one date for both the ending of the Renais- sance and the beginning of the Baroque is particularly troublesome, for the Baroque began in 1600 but the Renaissance did not end until the deaths of Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck in 1621 and William Byrd in 1623. A few composers even carried the Renaissance style much later (e.g., Mel- chior Franck, who died in 1639, and Gregorio Allegri, who died in 1652).
I Think, Therefore I Err
Authors: Gigerenzer Gerd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why do we make errors? Are they blunders caused by the limitations of our cognitive system? Or are errors an indispensable property of every intelligent system? From the first perspective, all errors are at best unnecessary and at worst harmful. Consider an error commonly made by children. When asked to find the sum of one-half and one-third, the answer is often two-fifths. This is called the freshman error of adding numerators and adding denominators (Silver, 1986). But such errors are not limited to children.
In the Year 2054 Innumeracy Defeated
Authors: Gigerenzer Gerd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is the year 2054. The Great Hall at the Sorbonne is packed with flowers and guests to celebrate the final victory over an intellectual disability that has plagued humankind for centuries: statistical innumeracy, the inability to think with numbers that represent risks and uncertainties. The celebration coincides with a triple anniversary: the 400th anniversary of the mathematical theory of probability, the 200th of George Boole’s The Laws of Thought, and the 100th of the publication of Leonard Savage’s Foundations of Statistics.
How Terrorism is Wrong
Authors: Held Virginia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is terrorism? How is it different from other kinds of political violence? Why exactly is it wrong? Why is war often thought capable of being justified? On what grounds should we judge when the use of violence to be morally acceptable? It is often thought that using violence to uphold and enforce the rule of law can be justified, that violence used in self-defense is acceptable, and that some liberation movements can be excused for using violence—but that terrorism is always wrong. How persuasive are these arguments, and on what bases should we judge them? How Terrorism is Wrong collects articles by Virginia Held that offer a moral assessment of various forms of political violence, with terrorism the focus of much of the discussion. Here and throughout, Held examines possible causes discussed, including the connection between terrorism and humiliation. Held also considers military intervention, conventional war, intervention to protect human rights, violence to prevent political change, and the status and requirements of international law. She looks at the cases of Rwanda, Kosovo, Iraq, and the Israeli/Palestinian conflict. Finally, she explores questions of who has legitimate authority to engage in justifiable uses of violence, whether groups can be responsible for ethnic violence, and how the media should cover terrorism. Held discusses appropriate ways of engaging in moral evaluation and improving our moral recommendations concerning the uses of violence. Just war theory has been developed for violence between the military forces of conflicting states, but much contemporary political violence is not of this kind. Held considers the guidance offered by such traditional moral theories as Kantian ethics and utilitarianism, and also examines what the newer approach of the ethics of care can contribute to our evaluations of violence. Care is obviously antithetical to violence since violence destroys what care takes pains to build; but the ethics of care recognizes that violence is not likely to disappear from human affairs, and can offer realistic understandings of how best to reduce it.
Legitimate Authority in Nonstate Groups Using Violence
Authors: Held Virginia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Can groups using violence we judge to be terrorism ever legitimately represent oppressed people? If terrorism can never be justified, those groups who use or condone it can perhaps never become the legitimate authorities of the people they claim to represent. But if struggles to attain independence can sometimes be otherwise justifiable and if terrorism is sometimes used in those that are, can this use be justifiable and its users the legitimate representatives of their groups?
Terrorism, Rights, and Political Goals
Authors: Held Virginia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An examination of usage is particularly unhelpful in deciding what terrorism is and whether it can be justified. Usage characteristically applies the term to violent acts performed by those whose positions and goals the speaker disapproves of and fails to apply it to similar acts by those whose positions and goals the speaker identi?es with. In addition, the term is much more frequently applied to those who threaten established conditions and governments than to those using similar kinds of violence to uphold them. There is a tendency to equate terrorism with the illegal use of violence, but of course the questions of who decides what is illegal and on what grounds they do so are often precisely those at issue.
Innateness and Genetic Information
Authors: Godfrey-Smith Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea that innateness can be understood in terms of genetic coding or genetic programming is discussed in this chapter. I argue that biology does not provide any support for the view that the whole-organism features of interest to nativists in psychology and linguistics are genetically coded for. This provides some support for recent critical and deflationary treatments of the concept of innateness.
Genes and Human Psychological Traits
Authors: Bouchard Thomas J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to illustrate the fact that genetic variation is an important feature of virtually every human psychological trait and must be taken into account in any comprehensive explanation (theory) of human behavior. First, however, I will discuss the mistaken but widely held belief that “genetic variance” is an indicator of the biological or evolutionary unimportance of a trait. I will then turn to the role of quantitative genetic methods in modern biology. Such methods are impartial with regard to estimating genetic and environmental influences, are flexible, and provide for the simultaneous estimation of multiple influences on a character. They allow us to formally test competing theories regarding sources of human individual differences. Application of these methods across a very large number of quantitative characteristics of an equally large number of species leads to the conclusion that almost all quantitative characters are heritable (the first law of quantitative genetics). I will illustrate this truism for the major domains of normal human individual differences-mental ability, personality, psychological interests, and social attitudes. I will show that in comparison with effects in social psychology, ecology, and evolution, as well as psychological assessment and treatment, known quantitative genetic influence on human psychological traits should be considered large in magnitude. I will refute the argument that “there are no genes for behavior,” using “clockwork” genes as an example. I will also illustrate, using the example of corn oil, the fact that finding genes for a quantitative character can be very difficult.
Space and the Language¬ Cognition Interface
Authors: Papafragou Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Languages clearly differ in the ways in which they describe spatial location and motion. These cross-linguistic differences have given rise to the question of whether the corresponding nonlinguistic systems that process motion and location are affected by linguistic variation. We discuss a series of experimental findings addressing this question. Our findings mostly demonstrate independence of nonlinguistic spatial cognition from linguistic encoding preferences. We conclude by considering implications for models of the relationship between language and thought.
Adaptationism, Culture, and the Malleability of Human Nature
Authors: Sripada Chandra Sekhar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is often thought that if an adaptationist explanation of some behavioral phenomenon is true, then this fact shows that a culturist explanation of the very same phenomenon is false, or else the adaptationist explanation preempts or crowds out the culturist explanation in some way. In this chapter, I show why this so-called competition thesis is misguided. I identify two evolutionary models, which I call the Information Learning Model and the Strategic Learning Model, which show that adaptationist reasoning can help explain why cultural learning evolved. These models suggest that there will typically be a division of labor between adaptationist and culturist explanations. I then show that the Strategic Learning Model, which has been widely neglected by adaptationist thinkers, has important and underappreciated implications for a question that has long been contentious in the behavioral sciences-the question of the malleability of human nature.