bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Deterioration Risk of the Wooden Columns of Historical Buildings in Southern China Based on HAM Transfer Model
Authors: Li Z C , Xie H R , Kong Z Y , Yuan Q L , Zhang R H , Hokoi S , Li Y H 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Chinese historical buildings are mainly made of wood structure system, however, as an organic material, wood is prone to decay under the fluctuation of hygrothermal environment. This study aims to assess the risk of decay of two types of wooden columns (exposed column under eaves and semi-exposed column embedded in walls) and further propose reasonable protection measures for Nanjing area where with a hot and humid summer and cold winter and with a high groundwater level. A two-dimensional heat and moisture (HAM) transfer model is established to simulate the fluctuations of temperature and moisture content at the bottom of columns in a historical Chinese building. Then, the risk of decay of columns was evaluated. The results show that because the stone column base isolates the groundwater and the amount of air condensation is limited, the risk of decay at the bottom of the exposed column under the eaves is lower than the semi-exposed column embedded in wall which is more prone to be affected by the high level of groundwater.
Energy use patterns and renovations of Swedish second homes
Authors: Mjörnell K , Johansson D , Femenias P , Eriksson P , Donarelli A , Johansson T 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
During and post pandemic more people spent time in their second homes, which is expected to have led to higher energy use for heating. The knowledge of energy performance, heating systems, energy renovation and use patterns of second homes is still poor. The aim of the research is therefore to compile available information from building registers but also to empirically investigate user patterns, heating source and the renovation and energy efficiency measures carried out in second homes. A first step is to synthesize existing knowledge and develop a method for a broad mapping in a next step. The methods used are analysing statistics from national building registers and collecting information from owners/users through a pre-survey that is developed and tested. In this paper statistics on Swedish second homes and results from a pre-survey responded by 92 second homes owners/users are reported. From statistics, the energy performance and the main heating source for second homes with an EPC are identified. Despite the limited sample, the results from the pre-survey give an indication of user patterns, energy renovation measures carried out, and also whether the owners care about cultural values. Based on the experience from the pre-survey, a national survey has been initiated in Sweden.
Evaluation of cleaning products on the viability of mould growth on facades and decks
Authors: Johansson P , Sellén M , Bok G , Sparr M 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Microfungi, algae and cyanobacteria may cause discolouration when growing on facades and deckings. When the extent of growth is such that it is no longer aesthetically acceptable, cleaning is often performed to make the façade or deck as similar to the original as possible. Different cleaning methods may have different effects. Choosing a cleaning method is difficult because one does not always know which works best for the current conditions. Also, the best cleaning method probably cannot remove all the growth. In this study, the effect of 15 different cleaning chemical products on the viability of mould growth on painted facade boards and impregnated wood deck boards was studied in the laboratory. Results showed varying results; the best products killed or removed almost all growth, while the worst had the same effect as clean water. The results can not be used to predict the efficiency of the different products on discolouration authentic facades or wooden decks over time. It will be investigated in other studies of the same project as this study belongs.
Climate data for moisture simulations: producing a Danish moisture reference year and comparison with previously used reference year locations
Authors: Jensen Nickolaj Feldt , Hansen Tessa Kvist , Svane Anne Marie , Morelli Martin , Waagepetersen Rasmus 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Buildings comprise of complex systems, and various materials in combination. Different materials have different expected service life, and degradation processes start as soon as a building is put into operation. Degradation processes are often accelerated with the presence of moisture. To build robust and moisture safe buildings, hygrothermal simulations are used to predict hygrothermal conditions in constructions, and especially areas of risk. Simulations are useful tools for prediction of moisture accumulation, and results can further help predict the risk of moisture damage, i.e., frost damage or mould growth. The external climate can therefore have a significant impact on the service life of constructions. Due to the lack of a sufficient Danish climate reference year, including precipitation, hygrothermal simulations of Danish constructions are currently performed with either Danish climate data without precipitation (primarily for energy and indoor climate conditions), or with climate data from closest locations in either Sweden or Germany which include rain. Therefore, a complete Danish reference year, including precipitation, will inevitably enhance the value of hygrothermal simulations of buildings in Denmark. This paper presents the method used to develop full climate datasets based on Danish conditions, including precipitation. To integrate the climate datasets in the hygrothermal simulation programs, the climate datasets contain the following parameters: temperature, relative humidity, wind direction and speed, solar radiation, rain, as well as estimations for cloud cover and longwave radiation based on the other climate parameters. The climate datasets generated and presented in this paper, represent a Typical Meteorological Year (TMY), without extreme events, generated according to EN ISO 15927-4:2006. The climate datasets are based on Danish climate data from the period 2001-2019, provided by the Danish Meteorological Institute, DMI. By prioritizing climate parameters, and through statistical analysis, representative 1-year reference climate datasets were generated based on Danish climate conditions. The climate parameters of the 1-year reference climate datasets are compared with the traditionally used Swedish and German datasets, and a Danish Design Reference Year (DRY) from 1995.
Moisture localisation in unsaturated materials using nuclear magnetic resonance experiments, X-ray computed tomography and pore network modeling
Authors: Deckers Daan , Janssen Hans 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Due to the detrimental effects of moisture in the built environment, there is continuous interest in non-destructive experimental techniques that localize and/or quantify moisture in materials. To this aim, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments, X-ray computed tomography (XCT) and pore network modelling (PNM) are heavily researched. Since these techniques are all based on different physical principles and assumptions, comparing their results is not only necessary, but can provide valuable insights as well. Since most research, centered around these three approaches, solely focuses on water-saturated materials, in this study, these approaches are used to determine the size distributions of the water islands in unsaturated materials. By comparing the results of all three methods, it can be concluded that NMR mainly focuses on the biggest water islands/columns (i.e. large pore corners and filled pores) while the other techniques are capable of representing all water islands. PNM and XCT imaging provide similar results with the exception that PNM slightly overestimates both size as well as quantity of the water islands trapped in pore corners. Nevertheless, due to PNM being by far the fastest approach, it remains a valuable first estimation of the distribution of moisture in unsaturated materials.
Hygrothermal Modelling of one-dimensional Wall Assemblies: inter-model Validation between WUFI and DELPHIN
Authors: Dang Xinyuan , Janssen Hans , Roels Staf 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Various Heat-Air-and-Moisture models may give divergent results for the same case, due to differences in assumptions, simplifications, or approximations. Inter-model comparisons have been used as ‘peer review’, but common limitations and/or mistakes may remain concealed. Recent validation efforts, confronting simulations with measured datasets, use limited materials, configurations, and boundary conditions. A thorough and stepwise assessment is still lacking. In this study, dedicated hygrothermal experiments on four wall assemblies (comprising calcium silicate board, mineral wool, wood fiber board and vapor barrier in different configurations) are conducted in a hot box-cold box at KU Leuven, Belgium as a benchmark. Temperatures, relative humidity, heat fluxes and moisture mass are monitored while the thermal and hygric properties of the materials from the same batch are measured. One dimensional simulations in WUFI and DELPHIN are employed to reproduce the experiments in three stages: (1) “similar” materials (with the closest properties) from respective databases provide realistic trends but also significant deviations; (2) “same” materials (attained by mathematical translation) give better agreement but uncertainties in material properties and simplifications still have great influence; (3) monitored datasets are employed to compare with simulated results using measured material properties, based on which a collaborative inter-model blind-box validation has been initiated.
Numerical test bench to evaluate the influence of heat gains on the estimation of Heat Transfer Coefficient under occupied conditions
Authors: Pacquaut A , Rouchier S , Jay A , Challansonnex A , Juricic S , Wurtz E 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The estimation of the HTC heat transfer coefficient in real occupancy conditions has a great operational advantage contrary to the measurement in unoccupied conditions, which requires specific measurement protocols. Nevertheless, it presents additional constraints because the gains due to weather conditions and occupancy are poorly controlled. The objective of this work is therefore to quantify the impact of these different gains. A numerical test bench is set up to study the impact of the solar and internal gains by varying different parameters, such as the typology of the building, the meteorological conditions, the scenarios of occupancy. These numerical tests allow to estimate the HTC of a building by calibrating a numerical model from a virtual dataset generated by a detailed model with known and controlled meteorological conditions and usage conditions. They make it possible to determine the share of solar heat gain and internal heat gain in the energy balance of the building and their impact on the estimation of the HTC according to the studied configurations.
Performance Comparison of Indoor Humidity Modeling: A Novel Hybrid Model vs. the Simplified Calculation Model by EN ISO 13788
Authors: Lu Tao , Lü Xaoshu , Salonen Heidi 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Ventilation is essential for maintaining indoor air quality and human comfort, particularly in buildings with mechanical ventilation systems. However, modeling the complex relationship between ventilation rate and measurable indoor environmental parameters, such as humidity, poses significant challenges. Current methods for modeling this relationship are often inefficient. For example, data-driven models frequently require sufficient information on ventilation, which may not be available for constant air volume (CAV) systems. On the other hand, simulation programs can be time-consuming and require expert engagement. In this study, we present two simplified calculation models, including a hybrid model developed by the authors, and a well-known model introduced by EN ISO 13788. We compare their performance in evaluating the impact of ventilation rate on indoor humidity. The hybrid model uses a novel analytical method to upgrade a single-input regression model (which considers only outdoor humidity as input) to enable the evaluation of indoor humidity based on both outdoor humidity and ventilation rate. We used the commercial TRNSYS program to model two scenarios: increasing the reference ventilation rate and decreasing the reference ventilation rate. The results showed that both models matched TRNSYS simulations with satisfactory accuracies, but the hybrid model demonstrated superior performance to the EN ISO 13788 model in both scenarios. The hybrid model’s higher accuracy and hybrid features make it better suited for big data analysis and field studies.
Experimental study of micro-encapsulated phase change materials’ influence on indoor temperature
Authors: Zhou Hongxia , Puttige Anjan Rao , Nair Gireesh , Olofsson Thomas 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The energy use of buildings is almost one-third of the global final energy use. Phase change Materials (PCMs) are substances that undergo phase transition when the surrounding temperature reaches their phase transition temperature. PCMs are reported to be a good candidate as a thermal storage buffer in building systems. Accordingly, PCMs may be able to regulate the indoor temperature while using less energy and thereby contributing in improving the energy performance of the building. In this project a trail to analyse the effect of PCMs in indoor temperature was carried out, in an experimental set-up, using a climate chamber. The chamber temperature is regulated as a sinusoidal profile with a cycle of 24 hours, with a maximum of 40 °C and a minimum of -10 °C. A cubic-box, is placed at the centre of the chamber, and is used as a representation of “building”. A board was made by encapsulating PCMs, with a melting temperature of 24 °C, to gypsum with a fraction of 20 wt%. The influence of PCM added gypsum board on inside temperature of the box is studied. Temperatures at different locations have been measured by thermocouples. The results indicated that the presence of PCM resulted in less temperature variation inside the box with the temperature holding close to the PCM transition temperature for a long period. Also, the PCM boards shifted the temperature profile. Further results are expected to determine the location of the PCM board that is most suitable to reduce the temperature variation inside the building.
Preliminary Studies on a Lightweight Porous Cement-Based Composite – Gel Concrete
Authors: Strzałkowski Jarosław , Stolarska Agata 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This paper presents some preliminary results of research on light, highly porous cement composites – gel concretes. A material based on Portland cement was tested, the very high porosity of which (over 60%) was obtained by direct gelatinization of starch in a liquid cement slurry. A composite based solely on cement and concretes produced with the addition of metakaolin or zeolite was tested. The basic properties of the concretes obtained in this way were determined, i.e., the volume density in a dry state, the thermal properties, and the compressive strength. In the case of the thermal properties, tests were performed on specimens dried to constant mass, while the test itself was carried out at an average temperature of 10°C. The tests employed an Isomet 2114 apparatus, which uses a non-stationary heat flow technique. The thermal conductivity coefficients and the volumetric specific heat were determined. The compressive strength tests were carried out on cubic specimens with a side of 4 cm after 28 days of curing by air-drying. Four specimens of each type of composite were tested. For composites based solely on Portland cement, the sorption properties of the material were also tested. For this purpose, the method of dynamic water vapor sorption (DVS) was used. As a result, graphs of the sorption and desorption of individual composites of different densities were obtained. Preliminary qualitative tests were also carried out using an electron microscope. The use of the starch gelatinization process directly in the cement slurry made it possible to obtain a very homogeneous material, in which the initial, temporary structure was starch gel, around which, after exceeding the setting time of the cement, the target cement-based structure was formed – gel concrete. The tested materials are innovative, having excellent thermal properties, comparable mechanical properties to lightweight concretes of the same densities, and is formed using an easily available, relatively cheap admixture in the form of starch. They can be used to produce small masonry elements, such as blocks for external walls or other typical prefabricated lightweight concrete elements.
An innovative forced convection method for drying geosourced and biosourced construction materials at wall scale
Authors: Hamieh N , Collet F , Meslem A 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
As global temperatures continue to rise, climate change impacts are now being observed in all aspects of life, driving the need to transition to a low-carbon economy. In the building sector and as a construction material, Earth-Hemp composites present a sustainable solution due to their low embodied energy and low environmental impact. However, at the construction site, and as with any other material, the drying process of Earth-Hemp can be very slow, which can lead to costly delays for building work and even serious problems in term of mold growth affecting their durability. The objective of this work is to develop an innovative drying method to reduce drying time of construction materials and speed up the completion of a project. In this paper, a comparative study of natural convection drying with innovative forced convection drying is carried out on sprayed Earth-Hemp-Lime "ELH" prototypes. The results show that the innovative forced convection method is very effective for drying ELH materials at an accelerated rate, where the drying period has been reduced by a factor of 2, compared to the drying time required when using the natural convection method.
Preliminary study of the application of thermal mortar in 3D printed concrete walls
Authors: Pessoa S , Jesus M , Rangel C , Guimarães A S , Lucas S S , Simões N 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
3D printing (3DP), as an emerging technology in the construction industry, has the potential to solve the sector’s labour shortages and low efficiency, as well as helping to reduce its negative environmental impact. On the investigative path towards new construction solutions, the thermal performance of buildings must not be compromised. In additively manufactured buildings to date, walls have been printed with cavities that are subsequently manually filled or projected with conventional thermal insulation materials, such as polyurethane and vermiculite. To bridge the gap between conventional building construction and 3DP, it is important to present feasible and effective thermal solutions that can be applied using an automatic mode. This paper explores the viability of applying a commercial thermal mortar as an insulation in 3D printed concrete walls. Therefore, a preliminary experimental campaign was carried out to assess the behaviour of the thermal mortar during and after its application. It was found that concrete walls constrain the drying process of the thermal mortar, generating stresses that lead to the occurrence of cracks. To avoid their formation, some strategies were tested, namely by adding superplasticizer to the mixture, opening joints, drilling holes or opting for an incomplete filling of the cavities.
Hygrothermal Performance of Lime-Based Thermal Insulation Mortars: Water Absorption, Hygroscopic Sorption, and Water Vapour Permeability
Authors: Ruus A , Kaeramaa A-L , Kirtsi K , Mihkelsoo M , Kiviste M , Raamets J 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Lightweight mortars, which are able to capture carbon, offer moisture buffering and increase the thermal resistance of building elements could be useful for both new and renovated buildings. The hygrothermal properties of lime-based renovation and insulation mortars were studied and the possibilities of reducing water absorption was the main focus of the study. Water absorption coefficient, hygroscopic sorption, and water vapour transmission properties were studied according to EN 1015-18, ISO 12571 and ISO 12572. Hydrated lime was used as the main binder and volcanic sand as an aggregate, white cement and silane in two different concentrations acted as additives. Half of the specimens were kept in forced carbonation conditions (CO2 was added regularly). Drying and carbonation processes were monitored by weighing the specimens regularly. Silane had the ability to reduce water absorption and sorption. Forcing carbonation reduced water absorption and sorption and slightly increased water vapour permeability.
Laser-Doppler Anemometry for detection of the velocity field in the ventilated, asymmetrically heated channel - a case study
Authors: Larsen O K , Zhang C , Melgaard S P , Nikolaisson I T , Liu L , Larsen T S 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The topic of double-skin façades (DSFs) is re-emerging in the research environment, with studies ranging from architectural design concepts to specific investigations of heat and mass transfer in a vertical channel. These studies reflect a lack of comprehension of the phenomena taking place within the DSF cavities. This work presents a case study, where the Laser-Doppler Anemometry principle, combined with video registration of smoke movement, is used to establish the velocity and flow patterns in an asymmetrically heated ventilated channel in a controlled environment. The authors of this work contribute to the research field by addressing the pros and cons of the Laser-Doppler Anemometry approach for the measurement of the vertical velocity component in a DSF and presenting an example of obtained experimental results for the validation of CFD models. The results of this work address the velocity distribution for the vertical 2D cross plane of the DSF cavity. The analysis of the measurement data includes an assessment of the stability of the flow and fluctuations throughout the measurement period.
Validating a Building Performance Simulation Model of a naturally ventilated Double Skin Facade
Authors: Schaffer M , Bugenings L A , Larsen O K 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Double Skin Facades (DSF) are regaining popularity as a way to increase the climate resilience of buildings. Building Performance Simulation (BPS) is commonly used for their assessment, but modelling DSFs with BPS is challenging due to their complex thermophysical behaviour. Several research works have evaluated the capabilities and limitations of BPS for modelling specific DSF configurations. This work presents a validation study based on experimental data from a full-scale naturally ventilated double-skin façade, compared against results from the BPS software IDA-ICE. The study found that in periods with low solar irradiation, the different modelling strategies had a minor influence on the results, with a high agreement between measurements and simulation. In contrast, periods with solar irradiation showed a higher sensitivity to the modelling strategy, with more significant deviations from the measurement results.