bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sound stimulation induces Fos‐related antigens in cells with common morphological properties throughout the auditory brainstem
Authors: Adams Joe C. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractCells within the auditory brainstem of cat that respond to sound by producing the transcription factor Fos or related proteins were identified by immunostaining with antisera against Fos and Zif/268. Within the cochlear nucleus, all antisera showed similar staining patterns, however, in the superior olive and inferior colliculus, staining patterns differed between antisera. Immunostained cells were characterized by their size, location, by the presence of perisomatic terminals that immunostained for glutamate decarboxylase or synaptophysin, or by electron microscopy. Most cell classes were not immunopositive. In the ventral cochlear nucleus, roughly 99% of Fos‐positive cells had few perisomatic terminals. Within the superior olivary complex (SOC), the majority of immunopositive cells had few perisomatic terminals. Lateral olivocochlear cells were identified as Fos positive by their size, location, lack of perisomatic terminals, and positive costaining for acetylcholinesterase as evidenced by a novel reaction product. This report appears to be the first demonstration of these cells responding to sound stimulation. Within the inferior colliculus, bands of positive cells produced by tonal stimulation extended from the central nucleus throughout the dorsal cortex and the posterior pericentral region, a finding unexpected on the basis of previous electrophysiological recordings and anatomical studies of ascending inputs to the colliculus. Approximately 35% of Fos‐positive cells in the inferior colliculus had plentiful perisomatic terminals. Results demonstrate a high degree of specificity of auditory cell types that respond to sound by producing Fos‐like proteins and show that previously intractable physiological questions can be addressed by assaying for sound‐induced production of these antigens. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential localization of NMDA and AMPA receptor subunits in the lateral and basal nuclei of the amygdala: A light and electron microscopic study
Authors: Farb C. R. , Aoki C. , Ledoux J. E. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAnatomical and physiological studies indicate that the amino acid L‐glutamate is the excitatory transmitter in sensory afferent pathways to the amygdala and in intraamygdala circuits involving the lateral and basal nuclei. The regional, cellular, and subcellular immunocytochemical localizations of N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) and L‐α‐amino‐3–hydroxy‐5–methyl‐ 4–isoxazole propionate (AMPA), two major classes of glutamate receptors, were examined in these areas of the amygdala. A monoclonal antibody and a polyclonal antiserum directed against the R1 subunit of the NMDA receptor were used. Each immunoreagent produced distinct distributions of perikaryal and neuropilar staining. Dendritic immunoreactivity was localized primarily to asymmetric (excitatory) synaptic junctions, mostly on spines, consistent with the conventional view of the organization and function of NMDA receptors. Whereas the anti‐NMDAR1 antiserum produced sparse presynaptic axon terminal labeling and extensive glial labeling, the anti‐NMDAR1 antibody labeled considerably fewer glia and many more presynaptic axon terminals. Labeled presynaptic terminals formed asymmetric and symmetric synapses, suggesting presynaptic regulation of both excitatory and inhibitory transmission. Immunoreactivity for different subunits of the AMPA receptor (GluR1, GluR2/3, and GluR4) was uniquely distributed across neuronal populations, and some receptor subunits were specific to certain cell types. Immunoreactivity for GluR1 and Glu2/3 was predominately localized to dendritic shafts and was more extensive than that of GluR4 due to heavy labeling of proximal portions of dendrites. The distribution of GluR4 immunoreactivity was similar to NMDAR1: GluR4 was seen in presynaptic terminals, glia, and dendrites and was primarily localized to spines. The presynaptic localization of GluR4 in the absence of GluR2 suggests glutamate. mediated modulation of presynaptic Ca++ concentrations. These data add to our understanding of the morphological basis of pre‐ and postsynaptic transmission mechanisms and synaptic plasticity in the amygdala. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Childhood origins of antisocial behavior
Authors: Farrington David P. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe major early risk factors for antisocial behavior include impulsiveness, low intelligence and low school achievement, poor parental supervision, child physical abuse, punitive or erratic parental dis‐cipline, cold parental attitude, parental conflict, disrupted families, antisocial parents, large family size, low family income, antisocial peers, high delinquency‐rate schools, and high crime neighborhoods. The causal mechanisms linking these risk factors with antisocial outcomes are less well established, and the ‘ICAP’ theory is proposed to explain these. The major implications for intervention are that programs targeting these key risk factors should be implemented, especially multiple‐component community‐based programs. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parental rearing styles and personality disorders in prisoners and forensic patients
Authors: Timmerman Irma G. H. , Emmelkamp Paul M. G. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIn the present study it was hypothesized that men with a criminal status (forensic inpatients and prisoners) would report more pathological rearing styles of their parents than men from the general population, after accounting for the influence of personality pathology. The results showed that forensic inpatients reported significantly less care from their mothers and more protection from both parents. No differences on paternal care were found though. The prisoners were less clearly distinguished from normal controls with respect to parental rearing. They perceived their fathers as more protective, however, only when the influence of the personality disorder category was controlled for and not when the influence of personality disorder features was controlled for. Further, prisoners perceived their mothers as significantly more caring. The results with respect to criminal and patient status stayed the same after controlling for the influence of personality pathology. The analyses further showed that cluster B pathology when measured as one construct was significantly associated with all parental rearing variables: less care and more protection. Also, cluster A and cluster C pathology, criminal status and inpatients status did not influence these results. When the cluster B disorders were examined separately though, a less clear picture emerged. The categorical defined borderline personality disorder was significantly related to all four rearing variables: less care and more protection. For cluster C pathology the opposite was found: when measured categorically no significant relations with rearing were found and when measured dimensionally all relations were significant. When measured dimensionally, antisocial personality features were significantly associated with less care from both parents and with more protection from the mother. When measured categorically, only the relationship with care of father remained significant. Finally, cluster A pathology was related significantly only to (low) maternal care. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nootropics: Myth or reality?
Authors: Kanowski S. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractDr. Kanowski, S.: Nootropics: Myth or reality? Drug Dev. Res. 2:433–439, 1982.Through the ages there have been two strong human motivations: to remain on this earth as long as possible, and to maintain or regain one's youth and activities in one's old age. The fountain of youth is an ancient mythological version of this strong desire. The question arises, whether “nootropics” is a modern one. For a clear understanding it is necessary to distinguish between geroprophylactica and gerotherapeutica. The extent to which promising models for the development of gerotherapeutica do exist and the value of currently existing gerotherapeutica will be points of discussion. Strong emphasis will be given to the difference between statistical significance and clinical relevance in the clinical evaluation of the latter.
Attachment formation and separation in heterosexually naive preadult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Erwin J. , Brandt E. M. , Mitchell G. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractSix heterosexual pairs of 3‐yr‐old rhesus monkeys which had no previous experience with other‐sexed peers were allowed 1, 2, or 3 weeks to form social attachments. Attachment strength was evaluated by observation of the subjects' responses to seperation and reunion. Those pairs which were together for the shortest period of time exhibited the greatest amount of disturbance at separation, but they were also the most distrubed prior to separation and at reunion. The behavior of females was influenced more by length of pairing than was the behavior of males.
Morphological, biochemical, and functional changes in chick embryonic brain tissue after intracerebral administration of ouabain
Authors: Sedláček Jindřcih , Šťastný František 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe manifestations of intracerebral administration of 3.4 × 10−4 M ouabain were studied in 15‐ and 19‐day‐old chick embryos. No significant changes in the histological structure of the cerebrum were detected in 15‐day‐old embyros. The (Na+–K+)‐ATPase activity was completely suppressed, however, and the spontaneous bioelectric activity was inhibited. In 19‐day‐old embyros distinct swelling and vacuolization of the cellular elements occurred. The (Na+–K+)‐ATPase activity was inhibited to the same extent in 19‐day‐old as in 15‐day‐old cerebral tissue. Ouabain administration resulted in episodes of spike‐and‐wave paroxysmal activity in the EEG of 19‐day‐old embyros, characterized by high amplitude and low frequency discharges. Spontaneous motor activity was inhibited following an initial transient increase. In some cases short episodes of hyperactivity were registered, regularly followed by complete inactivity.
A comprehensive classification system for lipids
Authors: Fahy Eoin , Subramaniam Shankar , Brown H. Alex , Glass Christopher K. , Merrill Alfred H. , Murphy Robert C. , Raetz Christian R. H. , Russell David W. , Seyama Yousuke , Shaw Walter , Shimizu Takao , Spener Friedrich , van Meer Gerrit , VanNieuwenhze Michael S. , White Stephen H. , Witztum Joseph L. , Dennis Edward A. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractLipids are produced, transported, and recognized by the concerted actions of numerous enzymes, binding proteins, and receptors. A comprehensive analysis of lipid molecules, “lipidomics,” in the context of genomics and proteomics is crucial to understanding cellular physiology and pathology; consequently, lipid biology has become a major research target of the postgenomic revolution and systems biology. To facilitate international communication about lipids, a comprehensive classification of lipids with a common platform that is compatible with informatics requirements has been developed to deal with the massive amounts of data that will be generated by our lipid community. As an initial step in this development, we divide lipids into eight categories (fatty acyls, glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, sterol lipids, prenol lipids, saccharolipids, and polyketides) containing distinct classes and subclasses of molecules, devise a common manner of representing the chemical structures of individual lipids and their derivatives, and provide a 12 digit identifier for each unique lipid molecule. The lipid classification scheme is chemically based and driven by the distinct hydrophobic and hydrophilic elements that compose the lipid. This structured vocabulary will facilitate the systematization of lipid biology and enable the cataloging of lipids and their properties in a way that is compatible with other macromolecular databases.[Reprinted with copyright permission from the Journal of Lipid Research. 2005. 46: 839–861.]
First Lewis Acid Catalyzed Generation and Reaction of α‐Organylsulfanyl and α‐Organylselanyl Carbenium Ions Using Ethyl α‐Fluoroacetate Derivatives
Authors: Yoshimatsu Mitsuhiro , Kawamoto Masayo , Gotoh Kohei 
Published: May 2005

AbstractLewis acid catalyzed generation and reactions of α‐organylsulfanyl and α‐organylselanyl carbenium ions with nucleophiles proceeded in high yields using α‐fluoro‐α‐organylsulfanyl‐ and α‐fluoro‐α‐organylselanylacetate and 5 mol‐% scandium triflate. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Cholesterol biosensors prepared by electropolymerization of pyrrole
Authors: Trettnak Wolfgang , Lionti Ilaria , Mascini Marco 
Published: May 2005

AbstractBiosensors for cholesterol were prepared by electropolymerization of pyrrole in solutions of 0.1 M phosphate buffer containing 10 mM NaClO4 and 15 to 55 IU/mL of cholesterol oxidase at a potential of 800 mV versus a calomel reference electrode (3 M KCl). The sensors were tested for their response toward cholesterol in batch, flow‐through, and flow‐injection systems by detection of the hydrogen peroxide formed in the enzymatic reaction. Flow‐injection analysis (FIA) measurements with an injection loop of 50 μL were performed with a high reproducibility in the range of 0 to 250 μM cholesterol with solutions of constant detergent concentration (1% Triton X‐100 in 0.1 M phosphate buffer of pH 7.0) and at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. At this flow rate, the detection limit was approximately 5 μM cholesterol and the sample throughput was 25 injections per hour. The response of the sensors toward ascorbic and uric acid was investigated.
Gold ultramicroelectrodes for on‐site monitoring of trace lead
Authors: Wang Joseph , Tian Baomin 
Published: May 2005

AbstractGold and gold‐coated cylinder microelectrodes are used as stripping‐based microsensors for trace lead. These gold ultramicroelectrodes exhibit a favorable stripping performance, similar to that observed at common mercury ultramicroelectrodes. Such use of “mercury‐free” electrodes greatly facilitates the development of disposable sensors for lead blood screening programs. Potentiometric stripping analysis at these gold ultramicroelectrodes yields reproducible results for parts per billion (μg/L) concentrations of lead, following short preconcentration periods and using static, nondeaerated solutions. Numerous experimental variables have been characterized and optimized. Repetitive assays of 200‐μl sample drops yield a relative standard deviation of 2.2% (n = 20). The application of the gold ultramicroelectrodes for assays of various real samples is demonstrated, and prospects for their use in decentralized testings are discussed.
Ion pairing and acid dissociation constants in poly(vinyl chloride)‐based ion‐selective electrode membranes
Authors: Verpoorte Elisabeth M. J. , Chan Andy D. C. , Harrison D. Jed 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIon pairing and acid dissociation constants, as well as limiting conductances, have been estimated in ion‐selective electrode membranes based on a 33 wt% poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), 66 wt% dioctyladipate matrix using the Fuoss equation of conductance for weakly dissociable species. Dissociation constants of 1.66, 3.51, and 0.69 × 10−5 were determined for NaClO4, C6H5COOK (KBz), and benzoic acid (HBz), respectively, in a membrane matrix with 1% valinomycin and 0.01% KB(C6H5)4 present as additives. The first two values are consistent with tight ion pairing in a low dielectric solvent and indicate no special role for PVC in ion solvation. The weak acid dissociation is 4 to 5 orders of magnitude higher than expected; HBz also shows unusual interactions with the membrane matrix at low added concentrations. The effect of HBz and methylbenzoate (MeBz) on surface charge transfer resistance and membrane bulk resistance shows that HBz is dissociating to form ions, and a possible mechanism for the unusual interactions has been deduced. MeBz caused a significant increase in surface charge transfer resistance, indicating a mechanism by which membrane permeation by lipophilic, neutral components of biological samples could degrade sensor performance.
Rare earth ion selective electrodes
Authors: Zhang Yonghua , Wu Jinlan , Wang Erkang 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIn this article, we report the rare earth ion selective electrodes developed in our laboratory. Rare earth containing functional copolymers, rare earth oxides, and chelates have been used as active materials. Methods for preparing raw materials, behavior of electrodes, and application of rare earth ion selective electrodes in flow injection analysis have been discussed as well.
Evidence for the functional mechanism of a polypyrrole glucose oxidase electrode
Authors: Cooper Jonathan M. , Bloor David 
Published: May 2005

AbstractOne attractive prospect for the use of conducting polymers in the design of amperometric biosensors is that it has been thought possible to arrange for direct electron transfer between entrapped enzymes and “molecular wires” within the polymer. In this article, we investigate the mechanism of an amperometric enzyme electrode based upon the immobilization of the redox enzyme glucose oxidase (GOD) within the conducting polymer, polypyrrole (Ppy). We present evidence that electron transport between GOD and the electrode surface is due to the electrocatalytical oxidation of hydrogen peroxide, which suggests that if direct electron transfer between the enzyme and Ppy does occur, it is, at best, very inefficient.
Simultaneous determination of phosphate and pyrophosphate by an amperometric flow‐injection system with immobilized enzyme reactors
Authors: Yao Toshio , Wasa Tamotsu 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA bioamperometric flow‐injection system is proposed for the simultaneous determination of phosphate and pyrophosphate. The injected sample is split so that part passes through an immobilized inorganic pyrophosphatase reactor before passing through a coimmobilized nucleoside phosphorylase‐xanthine oxidase reactor. The other portion passes only through the latter reactor. Because each channel has a different residence time, two peaks are obtained. The first peak corresponds to phosphate and the second peak to the total phosphate (phosphate plus pyrophosphate). The maximum currents of both peaks are linearly related to the concentration of phosphate and total phosphate, respectively; 20 samples per hour can be processed with an RSD < 1.5%.
Batch injection analysis with adsorptive stripping voltammetry for the determination of traces of nickel and cobalt
Authors: Brett Christopher M. A. , Brett Ana Maria Oliveira , Tugulea Laura 
Published: May 2005

AbstractSquare wave adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSV) in conjunction with the batch injection analysis technique has been investigated at mercury thin‐film electrodes, using analysis of nickel and cobalt ions with nioxime ligand as example, and injection of sample volumes of ≤100μL. Experiments were conducted in a HEPES neutral buffered medium, suitable for analysis of biological fluids. Sensitivity is maximized by continuing the adsorptive accumulation after the end of the injection period, and employing the lowest possible injection rate from the electronic micropipette of 24.5μLs−1. The practical detection limit is 5 nM for nickel and 2 nM for cobalt. Comparison is made with batch injection analysis with anodic stripping voltammetry and the merits of the technique relative to continuous flow‐through methods are assessed.
Determination of trace europium by adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry after complexation with cupferron
Authors: Abollino Ornella , Aceto Maurizio , Mentasti Edoardo , Sarzanini Corrado , van den Berg Constant M. G. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThis article describes the determination of Eu by adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry after complexation with N‐nitroso‐N‐phenylhydroxylamine (cupferron). The accumulation of the complex at the HMDE was performed at 0.0 V and the subsequent potential scan was made in the square wave mode. The analyte signal occurred at −0.88 V. The detection limit is 0.06 nmol dm−3. The effect of instrumental and chemical parameters on the peak height and potential was investigated. The same technique can be used for the determination of ytterbium and of the other rare earth elements (REEs) after separation.
Voltammetric determination of ubiquinone adsorption at mercury electrodes
Authors: Wittstock Gunther , Emons Hendrik 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAdsorption isotherms of the ubiquinones UQ4, UQ6, UQ9 and UQ10 have been determined by two independent voltammetric techniques at the stationary mercury/solution interface. While the redox behavior is essentially the same for all homologues investigated, the molar free enthalpy of adsorption ΔAG increases steadily with the number of isoprenic units from UQ4 to UQ10. In case of UQ10, the experiments have been carried out with three different potentiostatic systems. This allows one to estimate the accuracy of the methods which are direct ones and do not require calibration.
Amperometric detection of electroinactive anions using conducting polymer electrodes subsequent to chromatographic separation
Authors: Barisci J. N. , Wallace G. G. , Clarke A. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe use of a chloride‐containing polypyrrole electrode for the amperometric detection of electroinactive anions subsequent to separation by ion chromatography in suppressed, low conductivity eluent is described. It is demonstrated that changes in selectivity can be obtained by the application of different potential waveforms and current sampling protocols. The approach described is based on the anion dependence of the oxidation/reduction kinetics of the conducting polymer film induced by the applied potential.
Electrochemical behavior of the C60–γ‐cyclodextrin inclusion complex (1:1) on HMDE in an aqueous solution
Authors: Li Mei‐Xian , Li Nan‐Qiang , Gu Zhen‐Nan , Zhou Xi‐Huang , Sun Yi‐Liang , Wu Yong‐Qing 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe electrochemical behavior of the water‐soluble C60–γ‐CD (1:1) inclusion complex has been studied on the hanging mercury drop electrode. A one‐electron reversible adsorptive electroreduction and three irreversible adsorptive electroreductions were detected by cyclic voltammetry. The amount of C60–γ‐CD adsorbed at saturation is 1.73 × 10−11 mol/cm2, the diffusion coefficient is 5.81 × 10−6 cm2/s, and the standard rate constant of the surface reaction ks are 0.888 s−1, 0.853 s−1 and 1.032 s−1, respectively.
Application of the immunoblotting technique to the study of single protein species in complex biological fluids: A model study with alpha‐2‐macroglobulin
Authors: Folkersen Jørgen , Sim Robert B. , Sottrup‐Jensen Lars , Svehag Sven‐Erik 
Published: May 2005

AbstractSodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the immunoblotting technique, were applied to structural analysis of a single protein (alpha‐2‐macroglobulin, α‐2‐M) in human serum or plasma without prior purification of this protein. The use of immunoglobulin fractions of four monospecific polyclonal antibody preparations to α‐2‐M in the immunoblotting step showed marked unspecific binding to the proteins fixed onto nitrocellulose. Immunospecific purification of the antibodies by two different methods, and the introduction of biotinylated antibodies and avidin‐peroxidase, removed the background binding. When reduced proteins were fixed onto nitrocellulose a quantitative loss of α‐2‐M antigen reactivity was observed, compared to identical nonreduced samples. The degradation pattern of α‐2‐M in serum or plasma corresponded to the pattern observed with purified α‐2‐M. Thus, the described immunoblotting technique, applied directly to serum or plasma, could detect all not heat‐denaturated α‐2‐M products as seen on Coomassie‐stained polyacrylamide gels when analyzing purified α‐2‐M.