bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Guilt
Authors: Fletcher George P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Old English word gilt has bequeathed to us one of the pivotal words of our criminal jurisprudence. We do not completely know what it is, but our system cannot do without it. Our pleading and our jury verdicts revolve around the distinction between being guilty and not guilty. Yet the word has no cognates in other languages and no associations with other terms in English. It stands by itself, an outlier in the languages of the world, and yet it commands the entire field of law that surrounds it.
The Economics of Litigation and Settlement
Authors: Miceli Thomas J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter and the next examine the decision by the parties to a legal dispute as to whether to settle out of court or go to trial. For the purposes of the analysis, the specific nature of the dispute is not relevant; all that matters is that one party—the plaintiff—is seeking some amount of money from the other party—the defendant—as compensation for damages the latter imposed on the former. Economists are interested in the resolution of legal disputes for at least three reasons. First, the manner in which they are resolved has an important effect on the cost of operating the legal system. Second, economic theory is useful in explaining and predicting how rational litigants will resolve disputes and can therefore offer suggestions for lowering the cost of litigation. Finally, the manner in which parties resolve disputes has implications for the structure of legal rules, which in turn affects investments in the future by individuals to avoid disputes in the first place.
Prepositions and Variation
Authors: Klipple Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The question of how language variation may arise is central to the theory of grammar. Recent proposals by Chomsky (1993) and Di Sciullo (1993) suggest that cross-linguistic differences do not arise from changes in parameter settings, but that variation arises principally from differences in the morphological properties of the languages. This paper supports these proposals. We examine the category preposition cross-linguistically. A close comparison is made of the behavior of prepositions in English and French. It is shown that prepositions serve several different functions, which may be divided up differently on a language-particular basis. We argue that a difference in the representation of the “direction/aspect” (D/A) function found in English prepositions but not in French prepositions accounts for several differences between the two languages.
On the Modularity of Case Theory: A Case against the Visibility Hypothesis
Authors: Tremblay Mireille 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The system of grammar put forth in Chomsky (1981, 1986, 1993) is modular in the sense that “the full complexity of observed phenomena is traced to the interaction of partially independent subtheories, each with its own abstract structure” (Chomsky 1981:135). Within such a framework, we expect subtheories to interact at specific levels of representation (or at interfaces in the Minimalist Program [Chomsky 1993] ). Any principle or well-formedness condition making reference to more than one subtheory is highly suspicious. This chapter is concerned with two questions: To what extent are subtheories independent modules and should the interaction between those modules be allowed to be encoded formally in the theory of grammar, or should it be restricted to interaction on linguistic expressions, as has been proposed for the passive construction (see Chomsky 1981)? We argue in favor of a theory of grammar in which subtheories are completely independent and interact only at the interface. These issues are addressed with respect to Case and Theta theory.
Modularity in a Configurational Theta Theory
Authors: Gruber Jeffrey S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The event structures expressed by sentences consist of relations among subevents and their participant roles, called thematic roles or relations. We will say that a theory of the thematic structure of sentences is strictly configurational if every thematic role distinction is represented by a configurationally distinct position in this structure. Strict Thematic Configurationality therefore implies an isomorphism between thematic relations and equivalence classes of positions in syntactic structures. Thus, given this principle, thematic or event-structural aspects of semantics must be purely syntactic. More specifically, meaning or interpretation in respect to these aspects must be a function of category type (functional properties) and configuration (purely formal structural/syntactic relations) only. There can be no representation of thematic relations as substantive categories or features. The syntactic forms representing thematic structure may or may not be identified with those of a component of grammatical syntax. However, a minimalist conception of Strict Thematic Configurationality would seem to require that they are: that there is no autonomous system of thematic relations apart from grammatical syntax.
Consequentialists, Retributivists, and Abolitionists
Authors: Duff R A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The philosophy of punishment has long been a battleground for various versions of consequentialism (whose central slogan is that punishment can be justified only if it brings some consequential good) and retributivism (whose central slogan is that punishment can be justified only as being deserved). In this chapter, I sketch some recent trends in that debate and some attempts to undercut or dissolve it.
Que(e)ryng Friendship Discourses of Resistance and the Construction of Gendered Subjectivity
Authors: Coates Jennifer , Jordan Mary Ellen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper is a decade old. I have gone somewhere else in my work on lesbian language use, but one thing I like about this conference paper is that in it I observe that lesbian practice is regarded as marked behavior but goes unremarked much more than is true Of gay male practice, even in this era of both friendly and hostile societal discourses on queers. Lesbian language behavior in particular goes unremarked. I ask why the dominant society ‘s negative sanction on lesbian revelation and its general refusal to ac­ knowledge lesbian existence, a state of affeirs referred to as “enforced invisibility,” manifests especially as, in fact, “inaudibility.” Why are we not heard as lesbians, apparently even by ourselves?
Disloyal to Masculinity: Linguistic Gender and Liminal Identity in French
Authors: Livia Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the second wave of feminism began in the late 1960s, linguistic issues have been subject to intense scrutiny by feminist theorists. Participating in the discussion of language and gender, and of the relationship between language and world­ view, a discussion that crosses national and linguistic boundaries to span Western Europe and North America, feminist writers have experimented with innovative solutions to the problem of creating a feminine subject position in languages that encode the masculine as the unmarked, the generic, the universal. This debate has been complicated by an examination of the language used by and about communities whose gender is not stable, or who use the linguistic gender system to different ends at different times.
Architecture and the Business Corporation
Authors: Harris Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the modem era, four great categories of clients have divided support for architecture among themselves: churches; rulers and governments; private builders erecting domestic structures; and corporate enterprises, seeking places within which to train, produce, store, display, sell, or manage. For one reason or another, each of these customer groups has dominated specific moments of architectural invention. A stroll through the highlights of post-Renaissance architecture in Europe quickly reveals their shifting status, as sources of both wealth and professional honor.
Brain and Behavior
Authors: Swanson Larry W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
General theories about relationships between the nervous system and behavior have a long, and often amusing, history that goes back well before the discovery of electrical impulses and neurotransmitters. Perhaps the first theory of any real merit was elaborated by Plato in his cosmology, Timaeus. He divided the mental and behavioral faculties (referred to as the soul) into three categories, each associated with a different level of the central nervous system and corresponding level of the body. The divine part concerned with intellect, reason, sensation, and voluntary movement was placed highest, in the brain, within the head. The mortal part dealing with the emotions came next, in upper regions of the spinal cord associated with the thorax, especially the heart. And the baser part subserving the appetites was lowest, in regions of the spinal cord associated with the abdomen and pelvis. Because it is desirable that these functions be partly shielded from one another, the neck forms an isthmus separating the intellect from the emotions, and the diaphragm separates the emotions from the appetites. Furthermore, this was a hierarchi­cally organized functional model: the intellect influences the emo­tions, which in turn influence the appetites.
Religious Arguments in Public Political Debate
Authors: Perry Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The proper role of religious arguments in politics is the subject of intense controversy in the United States. The controversy comprises two inquiries: a debate about the constitutionally proper role of such arguments in politics and a related but distinct debate about their morally proper role. In the preceding chapter, I addressed the question of the constitutionally proper (permissible) role of religious arguments in American politics; in this and the next chapter, I address the question of the morally proper role of such arguments in politics. Because it focused on the constitutional law of the United States, the preceding chapter was relevant to questions about “religion in politics” as they arise in the United States.
Listening In Matlab: Where Troubles Talk Led Me
Authors: Wilce James M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fashions of speaking and thresholds of tolerance change with social conditions. For example, Fatima and Yasmin, whose diffuse (less assertive, less confrontational) somatic complaints and their indexicality are explored in chapter 4, are past childbearing, members of a generation in which schooling was unavailable to rural women. By contrast, Latifa’ s relatively assertive protest against her brothers’ behavior, embedded in a 1992 lament, is that of an educated young woman (chapter 4). And Rehana, who attained an M.A. from Dhaka University in 1991, is one of two Bengali persons who ever complained to me spontaneously of depression; this psychological idiom reflects her engagement with modernity.
Signs And Selfhood
Authors: Wilce James M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The South Asia reflected in the anthropological literature until recently was trapped at either of two extremes between which this book steers. I avoid the homogenizing tendency of Indological literature on selfhood that eschews variation at the individual level, 1 but I also eschew the tendency on the part of psychoanalytic ethnographers of India to reduce emergent social interaction to individual psychology. Focusing on transcribed interaction discourages psychological reductionism, while also calling more attention to interpersonal variability than is possible within structuralist and ethnosociological accounts of India. The linguistic constitution of both intersubjectivity and individually variable participant strategies becomes visible to us through careful analysis of the transcripts. As we familiarize ourselves with those transcripts we thus discover what I call the dialogical self.
Personhood: The “I” In The Complaint
Authors: Wilce James M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How do narratized experiences of being a person vary cross-culturally, and what relation do those experiences have to cultural models of the self (Hollan 1992; Spiro 1993)? Comparing the way that various Bangla speakers deploy literal tokens of “I” in discourse points us to the referents of “I” projected and constituted by language.
Learning To Tell Troubles: Socialization Of Crying And Troubles Telling
Authors: Wilce James M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every society seems to have a model, an ideal trajectory, of human development. A culturally ideologized and idealized locus of control-internal, external, or fluid-helps constitute developmental goals. The troubles telling “I” of Bangladeshi men emerges over developmental time, first socialized in the relatively special attention received hy little boys; the narrative “I” of women as lamenters grows from a different developmental path. As is true of all such cultural models, the relationship between model and behavior seems natural to insiders, while outsiders who glimpse the model view it as constructed or imposed upon reality. A vision of how children acquire communicative competence is part of such models.
Icons And Iconic Indexes: Complaint Practices And Local Views
Authors: Wilce James M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Peircean semiotics entails a set of tools quite useful in understanding phenomena of interest not only to medical anthropologists but also, more importantly, to the actors engaged in the situations reflected in my transcripts. For, using the vocal qualities they use means not only manipulating symbols in Peirce’s sense of the term but also physically engaging listeners and forming a vocal icon of a nonvocal state, such as misery. The creaky voice (described and graphically depicted later in this chapter) may be a sign conventionally understood to resemble a particular sort of low-energy state (Brown and Levinson 1986: 119, 267, 268). But to understand its use in troubles talk, we must also see it as a sort of vocal gesture indexically linked with other gestures, some visible, some audible. The sum of these gestures seems to represent a category like suffering, physical depression, or weakness. Put simply, using the creaky voice or the other sign-vehicles I highlight later may be a familiar signal. Still, conventions do not abstractly govern behavior (Bourdieu 1977b). Hence, over and above the conventionality of the vocal gestures described later, their availability and local social history condition the significance of their use. This semiotic fact potentiates something even more interesting-the ability of actors to invoke, play with, and deviate from convention.
Troubles Talk And Social Conflict
Authors: Wilce James M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Troubles talk is scmiotically structured, but semiotic processes are always social processes. The means by which signs (e.g., troubles talk and its particulars) are construed is not immanent in the signs themselves, nor even in histories of how such signs have been construed, but rather, are emergent in performance. To use the rubric of “performance” in relation to troubles telling is to acknowledge, with Good (1994), Desjarlais (] 992), and others, that illness narratives, laments, and other forms of troubles telling should be approached as aesthetic objects no less controversial than the objects of art funded by the National Endowment for the Arts over which recent American culture wars have been fought.
Troubles Talk And Its Troubling (And Troubled) Eloquence
Authors: Wilce James M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book has explored two sides of “eloquence in trouble”-first, the eloquence people seem to discover in producing troubles talk; and second, the degree to which genres like lament are themselves in trouble. (Both sides of the picture are represented in Table 13-1, which summarizes the discursive features and ideological links manifested in selected examples from earlier chapters.) Why should they be in trouble? We should hesitate before ascribing “genre troubles” to fundamentalism simplistically conceived. Islamic prohibitions on women speaking loudly can only be invoked indirectly as motivations for Latifa’s cousins’ violent efforts to stop her performances, to finally remove her and her weeping from their compound. But, whatever the motivation, kin closed ranks in 1992 to impose a particular interpretation of Latifa, her speech, and her self-projections. The framing of speech, like the labeling of illness and disease, affects illness careers but also rhetorical careers. To frame is to exercise power, mediated by linguistic ideologies; such exercises of power are never unilateral. Latifa and others do not passively accept labels like “mad” but, rather, actively participate in the discourses in which labels are negotiated. What the preceding chapters have documented, therefore, are manifestations of performativity as discursive power ascribable to Latifa in her resistance, but particularly to the more dominant authors of her life story.
Introduction
Authors: Truesdell Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the Revolution of 1848 and the broadening of the suffrage to include all adult men, France entered the world of democratic politics. But democracy, as the French quickly discovered, did not guarantee tranquillity. Indeed, it seemed to bring ever more complicated problems as the different politicians and divergent political visions of the age clashed, sometimes violently, in their competition for popular approval. Out of this, however, emerged one undisputed master of the new political game: Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte. This book examines how Louis-Napoleon, first as president of the Second Republic and then as Emperor Napoleon III, developed and refined the use of public spectacle as a powerful instrument for dealing with a political system based on universal male suffrage and a society that put ever more trust in the value of popular opinion.
The Divided Republic
Authors: Truesdell Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In several days of rioting in February 1848, the people of Paris overthrew the July Monarchy of King Louis-Philippe and began an experiment with democracy called the Second Republic. The months that followed the February riots were a strange and uncertain period. The volatile new Republic, although decidedly a creature of the left in origin, soon veered decisively to the right. April elections for the Constituent Assembly resulted in a stunning victory for the moderate republicans over their more radical rivals. In June, three days of lethal street fighting in Paris decimated the left and brought on a political reaction that included restrictions on freedom of the press and the suppression of secret societies. Then, in December, in the Second Republic’s first presidential election, voters chose a man whose sole credible claim to their attention was his very unrepublican name: Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte.
Celebrating the Past
Authors: Truesdell Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the afternoon of 14 August 1857, the emperor, the empress, several members of the imperial family, and a clutch of notables left the Tuileries Palace and boarded six ornate court carriages to go a distance they might easily have walked in less than five minutes without leaving the building. In other circumstances, this would have been ludicrously excessive, even at court, but ceremony has its own logic, a logic that places display above simplicity, and the procession was making its way to ceremonially inaugurate one of the regime’s proudest achievements: the newly completed Louvre.
French sovereigns had been tinkering with the Louvre from the time of Philip Augustus on, but it was Napoleon III who brought the work to its fullest state of completion. In 1848, the complex had included the Louvre itself, the Tuileries Palace, and the long wing along the Seine connecting those two buildings. Each of the individual pieces was aesthetically satisfactory, but as a whole they lacked the unity and coherence of a fully realized palace. In addition, much of the existing structure was in a dilapidated state.
Sex Chromosome and Autosome Contributions to Normal Gonadal Development
Authors: Pinsky Leonard , Erickson Robert P , Schimke R Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Research on the genetics of sexual determination and differentiation has resulted in many recent advances. These include the cloning of the testis-determining factor (SRY), identification of candidate downstream genes for its action, and localization of genes whose role in sexual differentiation is not fully understood. This chapter attempts to review the current status of this fast moving field without ignoring the unanswered questions.
X Chromosome Aberrations
Authors: Pinsky Leonard , Erickson Robert P , Schimke R Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we consider gonadal maldevelopment caused by X-chromosome aberrations. As in Chapter 5, “gonadal maldevelopment” is defined broadly so that it includes defective spermatogenesis due to an extra X chromosome in XXY males and gonadal dysgenesis due to accelerated oocyte attrition in XO females. These two conditions, and XX/XY mosaics, are discussed under the heading, “Genomic Mutations”-an abnormal number of whole X chromosomes. This is followed by a section on gonadal maldevelopment due to abnormality in parts of an X chromosome, under the heading “Chromosomal Mutations.” Next we discuss the consequences of X chromosomes that bear a SRY-containing portion of the Y chromosome. Finally, we treat a prototypic example of gonadal maldevelopment due to mutation of a single X-linked gene.
Autosomal Disorders
Authors: Pinsky Leonard , Erickson Robert P , Schimke R Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several cases of 46,XY sexual reversal associated with deletions of the distal region of chromosome 9p have been reported. As discussed in Chapter 2, the possible localization of an autosomal copy of ZFY in this region of 9p suggests one candidate gene that might be involved; a very conserved gene involved in male sex differentiation in Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila suggests another. Although the number of cases is small, one can expect that rapid progress will be made in delimiting a gene, or genes, on 9p involved in testis differentiation.
Jails
Authors: Frase Richards. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hans Mattick once described American jails as “an unknown and neglected area of justice” (1974, p. 777). This statement remains true, although much has been learned in the past twenty-five years about the nation’s jails and jail inmates. The available data suggest that most jails are better today than they were in the pastnewer, more fully staffed, better equipped, and safer. Yet serious problems remain, reflecting persistent patterns of jail organization and function that have existed for centuries: too many jails today are still locally run institutions that are uneconomically small, poorly financed, overwhelmed by the diversity and transience of their inmate populations, and insufficiently attuned to the correctional and personal needs of these inmates.
The Juvenile Court
Authors: Feld Barry C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ideological changes in the cultural conceptions of children and in strategies of social control during the nineteenth century led to the creation of the first juvenile court in Cook County, Illinois, in 1899. Culminating a century-long process of differentiating youths from adult offenders, Progressive Era reformers combined new theories of social control with new ideas about childhood and created the juvenile court as a social welfare alternative to criminal courts to respond to criminal and noncriminal misconduct by youths (Fox 1970; Platt 1977).