bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Concurrent studies of the flow of digesta in the duodenum and of exocrine pancreatic secretion in calves
Authors: Ternouth J. H. , Roy J. H. B. , Stobo I. J. F. , Shotton Susan M. , Gillies Catherine M. 
Published: May 2005

1. The effects of giving milk once or twice daily (Expt 1) and of weaning (Expt 2) on the flow rate of digesta through the duodenum and on pancreatic secretion were studied in four and two Ayrshire calves respectively. The calves were prepared with duodenal re-entrant and pancreatic sac cannulas.2. In Expt 1, when whole milk was offered ad lib. once daily, the calves ingested 141 g/kg live weight (46 g dry matter (dm)/kg live weight 0.75) at a single meal. The subsequent pattern of flow and total recovery of polyethylene glycol from the duodenum suggested that none of the ingested milk passed into the rumeno-reticulum. As the total daily quantity of milk ingested when the calves were fed once and twice daily was similar, it was concluded that abomasal distension is unlikely to be the sole factor limiting milk intake in the preruminant calf.3. With twice-daily feeding, there were no differences in the pattern or total flow of fluid, electrolytes, nitrogen or fat through the duodenum of the calves following the 09.00 and 21.00 hours meals. The pattern of flow of duodenal and pancreatic fluids and the concentration of electrolytes, N and fat were markedly different when the calves were fed once or twice daily. The patterns of flow of fluid and the concentration of electrolytes in the duodenal digesta reflected the frequency of feeding and the size of the meal and the consequent balance between feed and endogenous components of the digesta. The quantity of the apparent endogenous secretion and pancreatic secretion was markedly less when the calves were fed once daily.4. In Expt 2, the two Ayshire calves were given whole milk twice daily (diet MM), whole milk once daily with concentrates (diet MC), concentrates alone (diet CC) or dried grass alone (diet DG). The calves consumed 46, 49, 45 and 51 g dm/kg live weight 0.75 when given diets MM, MC, CC and DG respectively.5. The twice-daily fluctuations in the flow and concentration of fluid, electrolytes, N and fat in the duodenal digesta and the pancreatic fluid observed when diet MM was given were replaced by relatively constant flow rates and composition when diet CC or DG was given.6. Over the 24 h experimental period 97, 70, 50 and 58% of the DM and 112, 98, 99 and 84% of the N in the feed passed through the duodenum of calves when given diets MM, MC, CC and DG respectively.7. When dry food was given, the rate of pancreatic fluid secretion was markedly lower (11.3 and 13.5 ml/kg live weight for diets CC and DG respectively) than when diet MM (19.7 ml/kg live weight) was given.
Serum and intracellular retinol transport in the equine
Authors: Sklan D. , Donoghue Susan 
Published: May 2005

1. Serum and intracellular distribution of retinol was determined in equines maintained on four levels of vitamin A intake.2. The form of retinol transported in serum was determined by gel filtration and chromatography to be a complex of retinol bound to a protein of molecular weight (MW) of approximately 20000, which was in turn complexed probably with prealbumin to yield a complex with a MW of 75000 to 80000.3. Increasing dietary vitamin A levels enhanced the concentration of lipoprotein-bound retinyl esters in the plasma.4. Vitamin A in the liver cytosol was found predominantly as retinyl esters in a lipid–protein aggregate of MW approximately 2 × 106and hydrated density of 1·063–1·111. In the kidney and adrenal gland, two Iipid–protein entitites were found with MW of approximately 1·8 × 106and 1·7 × 105respectively. These fractions contained approximately 40 and 20% lipid respectively and had densities of 1·063–1·111 and approximately 1·21.5. All lipid–protein aggregates were associated with retinyl palmitate hydrolase activity and guanidine treatment released a 15000 MW material, presumably intracellular retinol-binding protein.6. Increasing dietary vitamin A enhanced the proportion of retinol in the 1·7 × 105fraction.7. Findings in equine plasma and liver resemble previous observations in other species. The characterization of two new lipid–protein aggregates in equine kidney and adrenal glands, which have hydrolase activity, may be important in intracellular retinol transport and metabolism, especially in animals subjected to high intakes of vitamin A.
The determination of the availability to chicks of biotin in feed ingredients by a bioassay based on the response of blood pyruvate carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.1) activity
Authors: Whitehead C. C. , Armstrong J. A. , Waddington D. 
Published: May 2005

1. Experiments were carried out to establish the conditions required for the measurement of the availability to chicks of biotin in feed ingredients by a bioassay based on the response of blood pyruvate carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.1; PC) activity.2. Reference diets were formulated which gave a linear response in blood PC activity at 3 weeks of age over a wide range of supplemental dietary biotin concentrations.3. Dietary protein concentration was found to affect blood PC activity. Hence purified ingredients in the reference diets were wholly or partially replaced by the test ingredients so that all diets in each assay contained the same amounts of protein, fat and metabolizable energy. Comparison of the blood PC activities of birds$ given the test diets with those given biotin-supplemented reference diets provided a measure of the available biotin content of the test ingredient.4. Bioavailabilities of biotin were found to vary widely in the cereals and vegetable-protein sources tested.
Efficiency of utilization of essential amino acids in growing rats at different levels of intake
Authors: Heger J. , Frydrych Z. 
Published: May 2005

1. Nitrogen balance was studied in growing male SPF-rats fed on diets in which each essential amino acid was varied from zero to about 120% of optimum requirement. From the balance results, optimum and maintenance requirements were estimated as well as the efficiency of utilization of amino acids for growth and growth + maintenance.2. N balance increased with increasing dietary level of the deficient amino acid; the response gradually diminished as the content of the amino acid approached optimum. At zero level of intake, negative N balance was found for all amino acids except histidine. The highest loss of body N was found in the sulphur-amino-acid-free diet and the lowest one in the lysine-free diet.3. Maximal utilization of essential amino acids for growth was found at dietary levels corresponding to 30–60% of optimum requirement and ranged from about 0.65 to 0.85 except for S amino acids and histidine. The utilization of S amino acids was about 0.55 while that of histidine exceeded 1.0. The utilization of amino acids for growth-tmaintenance was maximal at the lowest levels of intake and gradually decreased as the dietary concentration of the limiting amino acid increased. At dietary levels near optimum the utilization was about 06–07, except for S amino acids where the utilization was less than 0.5.
Mannose-Binding Lectin in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Ip W. K. Eddie , Chan Kwok Hung , Law Helen K. W. , Tso Gloria H. W. , Kong Eric K. P. , Wong Wilfred H. S. , To Yuk Fai , Yung Raymond W. H. , Chow Eudora Y. , Au Ka Leung , Chan Eric Y. T. , Lim Wilina , Jensenius Jens C. , Turner Malcolm W. , Peiris J. S. Malik , Lau Yu Lung 
Published: May 2005

AbstractLittle is known about the innate immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (CoV) infection. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL), a key molecule in innate immunity, functions as an ante-antibody before the specific antibody response. Here, we describe a case-control study that included 569 patients with SARS and 1188 control subjects and used in vitro assays to investigate the role that MBL plays in SARS-CoV infection. The distribution of MBL gene polymorphisms was significantly different between patients with SARS and control subjects, with a higher frequency of haplotypes associated with low or deficient serum levels of MBL in patients with SARS than in control subjects. Serum levels of MBL were also significantly lower in patients with SARS than in control subjects. There was, however, no association between MBL genotypes, which are associated with low or deficient serum levels of MBL, and mortality related to SARS. MBL could bind SARS-CoV in a dose- and calcium-dependent and mannan-inhibitable fashion in vitro, suggesting that binding is through the carbohydrate recognition domains of MBL. Furthermore, deposition of complement C4 on SARS-CoV was enhanced by MBL. Inhibition of the infectivity of SARS-CoV by MBL in fetal rhesus kidney cells (FRhK-4) was also observed. These results suggest that MBL contributes to the first-line host defense against SARS-CoV and that MBL deficiency is a susceptibility factor for acquisition of SARS
Inferring protein–protein interactions through high-throughput interaction data from diverse organisms
Authors: Liu Yin , Liu Nianjun , Zhao Hongyu 
Published: May 2005

AbstractMotivation: Identifying protein–protein interactions is critical for understanding cellular processes. Because protein domains represent binding modules and are responsible for the interactions between proteins, computational approaches have been proposed to predict protein interactions at the domain level. The fact that protein domains are likely evolutionarily conserved allows us to pool information from data across multiple organisms for the inference of domain–domain and protein–protein interaction probabilities.Results: We use a likelihood approach to estimating domain–domain interaction probabilities by integrating large-scale protein interaction data from three organisms, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster. The estimated domain–domain interaction probabilities are then used to predict protein–protein interactions in S.cerevisiae. Based on a thorough comparison of sensitivity and specificity, Gene Ontology term enrichment and gene expression profiles, we have demonstrated that it may be far more informative to predict protein–protein interactions from diverse organisms than from a single organism.Availability: The program for computing the protein–protein interaction probabilities and supplementary material are available at http://bioinformatics.med.yale.edu/interactionContact: hongyu.zhao@yale.edu
Semi-supervised protein classification using cluster kernels
Authors: Weston Jason , Leslie Christina , Ie Eugene , Zhou Dengyong , Elisseeff Andre , Noble William Stafford 
Published: May 2005

AbstractMotivation: Building an accurate protein classification system depends critically upon choosing a good representation of the input sequences of amino acids. Recent work using string kernels for protein data has achieved state-of-the-art classification performance. However, such representations are based only on labeled data—examples with known 3D structures, organized into structural classes—whereas in practice, unlabeled data are far more plentiful.Results: In this work, we develop simple and scalable cluster kernel techniques for incorporating unlabeled data into the representation of protein sequences. We show that our methods greatly improve the classification performance of string kernels and outperform standard approaches for using unlabeled data, such as adding close homologs of the positive examples to the training data. We achieve equal or superior performance to previously presented cluster kernel methods and at the same time achieving far greater computationalefficiency.Availability: Source code is available at www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/bs/people/weston/semiprot. The Spider matlab package is available at www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/bs/people/spiderContact: jasonw@nec-labs.comSupplementary information: www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/bs/people/weston/semiprot
Prediction error estimation: a comparison of resampling methods
Authors: Molinaro Annette M. , Simon Richard , Pfeiffer Ruth M. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Motivation: In genomic studies, thousands of features are collected on relatively few samples. One of the goals of these studies is to build classifiers to predict the outcome of future observations. There are three inherent steps to this process: feature selection, model selection and prediction assessment. With a focus on prediction assessment, we compare several methods for estimating the ‘true’ prediction error of a prediction model in the presence of feature selection.
Results: For small studies where features are selected from thousands of candidates, the resubstitution and simple split-sample estimates are seriously biased. In these small samples, leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV), 10-fold cross-validation (CV) and the .632+ bootstrap have the smallest bias for diagonal discriminant analysis, nearest neighbor and classification trees. LOOCV and 10-fold CV have the smallest bias for linear discriminant analysis. Additionally, LOOCV, 5- and 10-fold CV, and the .632+ bootstrap have the lowest mean square error. The .632+ bootstrap is quite biased in small sample sizes with strong signal-to-noise ratios. Differences in performance among resampling methods are reduced as the number of specimens available increase.
Contact: annette.molinaro@yale.edu
Supplementary Information: A complete compilation of results and R code for simulations and analyses are available in Molinaro et al. (2005) (http://linus.nci.nih.gov/brb/TechReport.htm).
CGHAnalyzer: a stand-alone software package for cancer genome analysis using array-based DNA copy number data
Authors: Margolin Adam A. , Greshock Joel , Naylor Tara L. , Mosse Yael , Maris John M. , Bignell Graham , Saeed Alexander I. , Quackenbush John , Weber Barbara L. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractSummary: This synopsis provides an overview of array-based comparative genomic hybridization data display, abstraction and analysis using CGHAnalyzer, a software suite, designed specifically for this purpose. CGHAnalyzer can be used to simultaneously load copy number data from multiple platforms, query and describe large, heterogeneous datasets and export results. Additionally, CGHAnalyzer employs a host of algorithms for microarray analysis that include hierarchical clustering and class differentiation.Availability: CGHAnalyzer, the accompanying manual, documentation and sample data are available for download at http://acgh.afcri.upenn.edu. This is a Java-based application built in the framework of the TIGR MeV that can run on Microsoft Windows, Macintosh OSX and a variety of Unix-based platforms. It requires the installation of the free Java Runtime Environment 1.4.1 (or more recent) (http://www.java.sun.com).Contact: weberb@mail.med.upenn.edu
MFAML: a standard data structure for representing and exchanging metabolic flux models
Authors: Yun Hongseok , Lee Dong-Yup , Jeong Joonwoo , Lee Seunghyun , Lee Sang Yup 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Summary: MFAML is a standard data structure designed for the formal representation and effective exchange of metabolic flux models. It allows for the explicit description of stationary states of a metabolic system by defining environmental/genetic conditions of the system, e.g. flux measurements, balancing constraints and physiological objectives as well as basic information on metabolites and reactions. In addition, a library of MFAML comprising a model parser and a converter provides an open framework for establishing the pipeline from metabolic modeling to metabolic flux analysis.
Availability: MFAML (version 1) is fully described and available at http://mbel.kaist.ac.kr/mfaml/
Contact: leesy@kaist.ac.kr
Sequence to Structure (S2S): display, manipulate and interconnect RNA data from sequence to structure
Authors: Jossinet Fabrice , Westhof Eric 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Summary: Efficient RNA sequence manipulations (such as multiple alignments) need to be constrained by rules of RNA structure folding. The structural knowledge has increased dramatically in the last years with the accumulation of several large RNA structures similar to those of the bacterial ribosome subunits. However, no tool in the RNA community provides an easy way to link and integrate progress made at the sequence level using the available three-dimensional information. Sequence to Structure (S2S) proposes a framework in which an user can easily display, manipulate and interconnect heterogeneous RNA data, such as multiple sequence alignments, secondary and tertiary structures. S2S has been implemented using the Java language and has been developed and tested under UNIX systems, such as Linux and MacOSX.
Availability: S2S is available at http://bioinformatics.org/S2S/
Contact: f.jossinet@ibmc.u-strasbg.fr
A new approach to enhance the anticorrosive properties of treated Egyptian kaolin
Authors: Ahmed Nivin M. 
Published: May 2005

PurposeKaolin (hydrated aluminum silicate) is one of few minerals that are found in nature in a relatively pure state which is abundant in many places of the world. In this research, a simple chemical treatment using traces of ammonium molybdate was carried out to enhance the anticorrosive properties of kaolin.Design/methodology/approachThe steps of treatment of kaolin at 1,000°C were estimated. Characterization of three different combinations of aluminum oxide with iron oxide were studied using spectroscopic methods of analysis via X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission and scanning electron microscopy (TEM and SEM). Also, evaluation of the prepared pigments using (oil absorption, specific gravity, water‐soluble matter, and pH) international standard testing methods were estimated. Then these prepared pigments were incorporated in anticorrosive paint formulations based on medium oil alkyd resin as a binder, the physico‐mechanical and anticorrosive properties of paint films were detected by testing them in 3.5 percent NaCl solution for 28 days.FindingsIntroduction of small amounts of ammonium molybdate in kaolin promoted its physico‐mechanical and anticorrosive properties. Although, this process of treatment is economically feasible, treated kaolin can replace expensive commercial pigments found in markets with an almost near quality to their performance.Originality/valueTreated kaolin can be applied in many industries beside pigment manufacture, and paint formulations, it can be applied as reinforcing filler in rubber, plastics, and ceramic composites. Also it is applied in paper filling, paper coatings, and electrical insulation.
Investigation of the performance of linings
Authors: Kalaoglu Fatma , Meric Binnaz 
Published: May 2005

PurposeTo investigate the performance of linings in clothing.Design/methodology/approachA total of 24 lining fabrics were produced in different constructions. 150 denier 350 twist/cm filament polyester warp yarn was used for all of the fabrics. Two different weft yarns (textured, filament) were used to produce lining fabrics in three different densities.FindingsIn the garment sector, lining performance is highly important for the manufacture of proper quality garments. The main problem of linings during usage is seam slippage for some constructions.Research limitations/implicationsFabric constructions were chosen as warp rips, weft rips, ripstop (rips both in warp and weft direction) and plain weave. Seam slippage, bending behaviour, crease recovery angle and comfort properties of the linings were measured and the results evaluated.Originality/valueThe paper contributes to understanding the performance of linings.
Uniformity and differentiation in fashion
Authors: Priest Ann 
Published: May 2005

PurposeThe paper offers a general outline of four broad consumer categories or groups, in part distilled from the range of detailed and colourfully named descriptors used to differentiate fashion and clothing consumer groups, identify and recognize trends. The paper will offer the opportunity to look at the long‐term impact of external forces on fashion and clothing purchasing decisions.Design/methodology/approachThe method of research was diverse, but largely drawn from observation; media analysis and industry intelligence. In the course of the work, it was possible to draw on a varied range of sources to categorize purchasing decisions (illustrating consumer categories) into four main drivers.FindingsThus to highlight some of the major forces that might drive the consumer.Practical implicationsIn reducing the detailed forecasts usually prepared for fashion and related products, the paper might be of interest to those considering the long term impacts of society, culture and politics on the purchasing decisions of fashion and clothing customers.Originality/valueAn insight into the medium term future of fashion taking into consideration the consumer.
Clinical efficacy of the gonadotropin‐releasing hormone antagonist, ganirelix, in Korean women undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer with recombinant follicle‐stimulating hormone
Authors: Moon Shin Yong , Ku Seung‐Yup , Kim Sun Mie , Jee Byung Chul , Suh Chang Suk , Choi Young Min , Kim Jung Gu , Kim Seok Hyun 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAim: To assess the clinical efficacy and safety of the gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist, ganirelix (Orgalutran), treatment in women undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) for in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF‐ET) in Korean women.Methods: This was a non‐comparative, open‐label, single‐center trial carried out on 31 infertile Korean women. A daily dose of 0.25 mg of the GnRH antagonist, ganirelix, was given, beginning on the sixth day of recombinant follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) treatment. If the ovarian response was low, ganirelix treatment was delayed until the leading follicle reached a mean diameter of 14 mm. The ganirelix treatment was continued until the day of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) injection. Descriptive statistics were recorded for all parameters.Results: The median duration of ganirelix treatment was 4 days (range: 2–6 days) and the median total recombinant FSH dose was 1350 IU (900–2350 IU). During ganirelix treatment, the incidence of luteinizing hormone (LH) rises (LH = 10 IU/L) was 3.2% (one of 31 cases). On the day ovulation was triggered by hCG, the mean number of follicles ≥11 mm in diameter was 12.4 ± 4.5, and the median of serum estradiol concentration was 4289.9 (1893.7–8268.5) pmol/L. The mean number of oocytes per retrieval was 10.9 ± 6.1. The fertilization rate was 61.5%, and the mean number of replaced embryos was 2.8 ± 0.6. The mean implantation rate was 10.0%, and the clinical pregnancy rate per transfer was 23.3% (seven of 30 cases) and the ongoing pregnancy rate per transfer was 20.0% (six of 30 cases).Conclusion: The results of the present study support ganirelix as a safe, short, convenient and effective treatment for patients undergoing COH for IVF in Korean women.