bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Version iuxta Hebraeos and the Quaestiones Hebraicae in Genesim
Authors: Kamesar Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When did the first volumes of the translation from the I-lebre,v begin to appear? This question may be ans,vered on the basis of the following chronological data. From Ep. 48(49). 4, we learn that Jerome had already translated 16 books of the Prophets ( = 3 major Prophets, 12 minor Prophets, and Daniel), Samuel and Kings, and Job. Nautin has recently dated Ep. 48 to early 394. In De viris illustribus 134, Jerome states that his versions of the Prophets and the Psalms had already been translated into Greek by Sophronius. Vir. ill. ,vas probably ,vrittcn in the spring of 393. lt is also well known that Jerome employs his versions of the minor prophets in his commentaries on five of them. These commentaries were composed during the winter of 392-3. In short, by early 394 Jerome had completed, according to a calculation based on page numbers of modern editions of the :v1asoretic Text, roughly 55 per cent of the Hebrew Bible. On the basis of this fact and the information from Vir. ill., it must be concluded that the first translations based on the Hebrew date back to at least 392 if not 391. For as F.
Jerome and his Jewish Sources
Authors: Kamesar Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has long been recognized that rabbinic sources play a major role in QHG. As early as in 1861, Rahmer published his study of QHG, in which he collected parallels to Jerome’s comments from the rabbinic corpus. His study was supplemented by that of L. Ginzberg. However, these works remain very much collections of parallels rather than attempts to understand the function of rabbinic sources in Jerome’s philological system. Among patristic scholars it has also been acknowledged that in composing QHG Jerome had the intention of introducing the Latin world to rabbinic exegesis. However, this objective has been seen as separate from the ‘other’ objective of the work, the defence of the Hebrew text. F. Cavallera terms the work ‘hybrid’, and A. Penna regards the rabbinic material as merely ornamental. Bardy puts forward a similar view, claiming that while Jerome is quite serious about the Hebrew text, he is collecting rabbinic traditions without accepting them for himself. His motive would therefore be curiosity. Such views, in which Jerome’s presentation of rabbinic material is seen as distinct from the defence of the Hebrew text, result in an indirect deprc:ciation of the textual character of QHG. The idea that Jerome is collecting rabbinic views for the sake of curiosity or ostentation is not altogether without support.
Idea- Theory
Authors: Rutherford Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most complex of these theories is the one in Peri Ideon, and its author probably wrote it in awareness of the other two. Peri Ideon belongs to a group of five rhetorical works known as the Corpus Hermogenicum. They are Progumnasmata (Elementary Exercises), Peri Staseon (On Stases or On Argumentative Stances), Peri Heureseos (On Invention), Peri Ideon, and Peri Methodou Deinotetos (On the Technique of Power). Hermogenes claims in Peri Ideon 378. 18 ff.) to have written works with titles corresponding to the last four of these, so the first is presumably a later addition. There is no reason to think that the second and fourth are not correctly attributed, but the third and fifth are probably spurious.1
The Position of Poetry
Authors: Rutherford Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Another implication of the reading list concerns the pos1t10n Hermogenes assigns to poetry. In the earlier lists poetry always comes first, and Homer is said to be the source of all literature. There is partly no doubt a reflex of a general idea that poetry is a more important art than prose. There is also the historical view that prose develops from poetry. But it is also clear that rhetoricians believed that knowledge of poetry was of great importance in building up a stylistic facility. In transferring poetry from first position in the list to last, Hermogenes is perhaps intending to rebut this view, suggesting that poetry is only of limited value in rhetorical training. The last place is not necessarily a dishonourable one (one should perhaps bear in mind the structure of the hypothetical Hellenistic poetry list referred to earlier in which the last place seems to have been reserved for the poet whom one Hellenistic critic at least regarded as the second greatest writer of Greek literature), but it probably is meant to be here, especially since poetry is not even a major category on its own and is discussed relatively briefly in comparison with the prose genres.
Introduction
Authors: Forbes Irving P M C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Metamorphosis has always been considered one of the most fantastic of mythical motifs, and there were attempts to explain it even in ancient writers. Transformation stories figure prominently in the works of the rationalizers Palaephatus and Heraclitus, where they were seen as misunderstandings of everyday events, or as springing from metaphors or exaggerations. Sometimes the stories are taken more seriously; in particular those stories which were recounted in the Homeric poems were seen as examples of philosophical allegory. Proteus, for instance, was explained as the original undifferentiated substance which contained all the forms. For Augustine stories of metamorphosis presented special theological problems: these changes could not have been worked by a god, and yet devils have no power to change or create physical substance. Transformations are therefore illusions caused by devils.
Homer
Authors: Wright G M , Jones P V , Jones P V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book translates into English ten influential articles and extracts from books about Homer written in German over the past fifty years. The work of prestigious scholars such as Wolfgang Schadenwaldt, Karl Reinhardt, and Hermann Fraenkel are represented. These key works, which cover such topics as similes, the end of the Odyssey, the adventures of Odysseus, the meeting of Hector and Andromache, ring-composition, the Telemachy, and Homeric social life will now become easily accessible for the first time to teachers and scholars in the English-speaking world. An accompanying introduction develops the arguments in the light of contemporary scholarly concerns.
Introduction
Authors: Jones P V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Strasburger (pp. 47-70) is interested in the essentially agrarian nature of Homeric society and the way in which the military world of the hero is integrated into it (see further Redfield 1983; Griffin 1986b). But as Strasburger was well aware, the sociology of a literaryarte fact looks like a contradiction in terms: a book is not a society. At the same time, one cannot avoid the question of the extent to which the world of the poems at any moment reflects (a) society or constructs a society or is simply in the business of constructing itself (that formulation is far too neat, but we have to start somewhere) and each discipline will bring its own priorities with it (for a good survey of the archaeological problem and an attempt to correlate archaeological ‘layers ‘ with ‘layers ‘ of the Homeric epics, see Sherratt 1990). Historians will look for history, sociologists for sociology, folklorists for folklore, mythographers for myth, oralists for orality, and so on.
The Sociology of the Homeric Epics
Authors: Strasburger Hermann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The age of Homer has been called The Greek Middle Ages ‘ by several renowned interpreters of Greek culture and history. Points of comparison with the Germanic and Romance Middle Ages can indeed be found on the small and the large scale. Just consider the parallel which lies in the conquest of a high culture now past its best by the assaults of a fresh and talented immigrant nation, and the ensuing period of pacification and ethnic cleansing, fusion, and settling down. Here, as there, we find the same vigorous, non-literate perspective on life, the prerequisite soil where great heroic epic flourishes.
The Inheritance of Land
Authors: Rowlandson Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Roman Egypt, as in the rest of the ancient Mediterranean world, property was transferred from one generation to the next primarily through succession by close kin. The law of intestate inheritance prescribed general rules of succession on death; but most people, both men and women, were legally entitled to draw up a written will modifying or overriding the intestate inheritance rules. The transmission of inherited property need not take place only at the death of the previous owner. Parents could choose to divide their property among their children during their own lifetime. Again, a written document was required for such a division to have legal validity. Unlike Roman and Greek law, Egyptian law traditionally did not employ a distinct type of document for making individual inheritance provisions; instead marriage contracts often included provisions for the ultimate disposal of the couple’s property to their heirs. By the Roman period, the interaction between Egyptian and Greek custom had resulted in similar provisions being incorporated in marriage contracts written in Greek. The practice of providing daughters with a dowry also, of course, transmitted parents’ wealth to the younger generation before their own death. This chapter must therefore encompass not only succession on death, but also how this relates to the various other means, especially on the occasion of marriage, by which property was conveyed to future generations.
Miasma
Authors: Parker Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anyone who has sampled a few of the most commonly read Greek texts will have encountered pollution. In tragedy, the plague at the opening of the Oedipus Tyrannus is caused by it, it precipitates Creon’s repentance in the Antigone, while Orestes in the Oresteia, although he is driven to the matricide by the fear of one pollution, is seized by another after performing it. In history, it plays, perhaps, a larger part than any other religious motif in the austere Thucydides. A Greek state in the fifth century, we learn from him, might attribute a natural disaster to a pollution it had incurred, and he shows us the Athenians expelling the Delians from their island to ensure the purity of this religious centre. In the fourth century, Aeschines could envisage Demosthenes as the ‘demon who pollutes all Greece’, and brings it to misfortune. A glance at evidence of a different kind, inscriptions regulating cult, shows how the concern for purity affected the individual in his everyday religious practice. The threat of pollution is, it seems, the dominating concern of the Superstitious Man of Theophrastus.
The Works of Aphrodite
Authors: Parker Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Apart from Egyptians and Greeks’, says Herodotus, ‘almost the whole of the rest of mankind copulate in sacred places and go into shrines without washing after sleeping with a woman.’ In Greek ideology, therefore, sexual activity is in some sense incompatible with the sacred. Such activity is, of course, indisputably natural; for man and woman intercourse is themis, that which is natural and right. It thus joins birth and death to form a trio of inescapable human processes from which the gods require insulation. As Herodotus indicates, this takes two forms, physical separation (no intercourse in sacred precincts) and lustration (washing after intercourse before entering a shrine). Both are well attested independently. Cautionary tales describe the dramatic retribution that strikes those who copulate in shrines, while a long series of sacred laws regulates access to temples ‘from a woman’ or the like. The earliest of these permits immediate entry after intercourse during the night (passage of time here replaces washing as a mode of separation), but requires washing after intercourse by day.
The Shedding of Blood
Authors: Parker Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
That the blood of his victim clings to the hand of a murderer, and, until cleansed, demands his seclusion from society, is a belief attested in a bewildering variety of literary, oratorical, historical, mythographical, and pictorial sources - although other sources preserve a stolid and no less perplexing silence on the same subject. Two texts illustrate the matter in some detail, Book 9 of Plato’s Laws, and the Tetralogies ascribed to Antiphon. The Tetralogies are an obvious starting-point for a discussion, although not an ideal one. Their sophistical author, whether Antiphon or another, is perhaps not himself committed to the doctrines he manipulates, and may not know where to draw the line in his imitation of belief; and the relation of these hypothetical cases to actual legal process is a long-standing difficulty. On the other hand, it is now generally agreed that the audience to which they are addressed is Athenian, which means that they can be confronted with the one body of homicide law that is well known to us; and the very form of the tetralogy, designed to show how the same topic of argument can be exploited and re-exploited by both parties, means that the full potential of the argument from pollution is here displayed as in no other text.
Disease, Bewitchment and Purifiers
Authors: Parker Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What do I suggest you do? If there had really been anything wrong with you, then you’d have had to look for a real cure. But there isn’t. Find an imaginary cure for your imaginary disease and persuade yourself that it’s doing you some good. Get the women to wipe you round in a circle and fumigate you. Sprinkle yourself with water drawn from three springs, with salt and lentils added.
Divine Vengeance and Disease
Authors: Parker Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A claim such as ‘You’ll go mad if you enter that precinct’ has two levels of significance. It is on the one hand a way of insisting on the sanctity of the gods’ property, a threat in support of a value rather than a hypothesis about the causes of disease. The system of taboo is not, as it has seemed to some observers, the product of a cultural neurosis, but a way in which ‘attitudes to values are expressed in terms of danger’.sOn the other hand, it is natural that, if a case of madness occurs in a society where such threats are rife, breach of the rule should be suspected as its cause. In the previous chapters, we have surveyed a large number of religious dangers, but primarily in their role as sanctions. It remains to consider to what extent they were appealed to in explanation of actual afflictions. Where they were not applied, it will obviously be necessary to pay attention to the alternative explanations that supplanted them.
Purity and Salvation
Authors: Parker Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Socrates in the Phaedo is made; to uphold a radical dualism of mind and body. The philosopher cannot but welcome death, because then he will be able to achieve that spiritual contemplation of spiritual reality which he has, indeed, always aspired to, but which the body with its incessant demands and deceptions has barred him from attaining. The separation of body and soul in death does not in itself lead to such a vision. Reality is pure and unadulterated, but during its sojourn in the body the soul may acquire a taint of corporeality that is not dissolved even in death. If he is to enjoy the heavenly vision, the philosopher, while still alive, must seek to escape this taint by resisting the intellectual and emotional demands of life in the body. This purposeful asceticism is repeatedly expressed in the language of purification. The soul that has shunned the body and turned in upon itself escapes ‘pure’ at death, dragging nothing corporeal with it; but the soul that has been a slave of sensation departs ‘polluted’, so enmeshed in the physical that it can still be seen as it flits, a spectre, around the place where its body lies buried. Again and again Socrates speaks in the same way of the need to approach death with a soul ‘purified’ from bodily desire. Such language is by no means unknown elsewhere in Plato, but in its concentration here is a distinctive feature of the Phaedo.
Some Scenes From Tragedy
Authors: Parker Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the historian of religious beliefs tragedy provides, as was noted in the introduction, elusive evidence. In one sense, its value is unique, since, read aright, it offers insight into the minds and feelings, at a level of intense seriousness, of actual Athenians, the tragic poets themselves. The mind of Aeschylus is a much solider historical reality than any synthetic hypothesis about the Athenian mind; and fundamental beliefs that, for various reasons, lie well below the surface of everyday life may find expression through literature. The concerns of the tragedians are sometimes consigned to the melancholy category of religious philosophy, but that is justified only in so far as every believer is also a philosopher of religion; there is no reason to think that the ordinary Athenian’s relations with the gods were merely magical, and that the justice of Zeus was a problem left to theologians. On this other hand, when tragedy is asked to provide historical information on lower levels than this, its answers become ambiguous and hard to interpret, largely because of its setting in the mythical past. Several instances of this lack of realism have already been encountered. The situation of Oedipus, the incestuous parricide, belongs to the world of nightmare, not everyday experience. Though Orestes’ dilemma had once been a real one, the emergence of homicide courts had removed it from the level of literal plausibility long before the first tragedy about him was written. Even an Oedipus left destitute by his sons could, in fifth-century Athens, have sought redress from a magistrate. The plague at the start of the Oedipus Tyrannus leads to a hunt for the polluter of the city, but historical parallels for such a man-hunt are hard to find. Even the family curse of the tragedians is a metaphor as much as a dogma with fixed practical implications.
Cicero’s Definition of Res Publica
Authors: Schofield Malcolm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his Politics in the Ancient World Moses Finley had this to say of Cicero’s Republic (p. 128): ‘Like Mommsen, I find the central idea of the Republic "as unphilosophical as unhistorical" and I am not persuaded otherwise by the unending flood of adulatory commentaries.’ In a footnote he added (p. 128 n. 17): ‘As an extreme illustration of the nonsense Cicero continues to evoke, I submit the still regularly cited book by V. Pöschl, Römischer Staat und griechisches Staatsdenken bei Cicero (Berlin, 19 36), which concludes (p. 173) that the Republic "fused into one the Roman empire, perhaps the greatest creation of that world, and the philosophy of Plato, the most sublime spiritual creation of antiquity".’ Cicero’s attempt to represent Scipio’s Rome as the ideal city annoys most historians and leaves philosophers cold. So when Finley went on to dub as ‘mere rhetoric’ what Mommsen had called ‘a singular mongrel compound of history and philosophy’ he was preaching to the converted, at any rate so far as an English-speaking readership was concerned.
Silencing the Troublemaker: De Legibus r. 39 and the Continuity of Cicero’s Scepticism
Authors: Gorler Woldemar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until recently it was a near to unanimous assumption that Cicero was an unswerving adherent of the sceptical Academy throughout his life: from his early youth, when he followed Philo’s lectures in Rome (88-84 BC), up to his latest period. This view was questioned now and then, e.g. by Rudolf Hirzel, who argued that Cicero from 79 onwards was not a sceptic but adhered to the dogmatic views of Antiochus of Ascalon. Hirzel’s suggestion, however, was partly ignored, partly rejected for more than a century.
Cicero and the Therapists
Authors: White Stephen A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Alcibiades, flush from carousing in the streets, bursts in on Agathon’s symposium and launches his exuberant eulogy of Socrates, he begins by likening his friend the philosopher to the satyr Marsyas whose looks repelled but whose piping enchanted. Whenever I listen to him, my heart pounds more than a Corybant’s and his words move me to tears; and I see many others affected in the same way. When I listened to Pericles and other good speakers, I thought their speeches were good, but I wasn’t affected like that at all. My soul wasn’t in turmoil and I wasn’t upset at myself for behaving like a slave. But this Marsyas here has often moved me to judge life not worth living in my present condition.
Causes and Necessary Conditions in the Topica and De Fato
Authors: Sharples R W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cicero’s treatise De Fato (On Fate) was written in some haste1 in late May or early June of 44 Bc.2 His Topica (Topics) were written on board ship while he was sailing between Velia and Rhegium, with the intention, which he finally abandoned, of leaving Italy for Greece, in July of the same year.3 It is hardly surprising, given the closeness of date and the circumstances of composition, that Cicero utilizes some apparently similar material; in both works the prologue of Ennius’ Medea, based on that of Euripides, is used to illustrate the distinction between a necessary condition for an event’s coming about and what actually brings it about, and in both works the discussion of necessary conditions is connected with the Stoic doctrine of fate. But whereas in the Topica we are told that necessary conditions are causes, in the De Fato Cicero attacks the Stoic doctrine of fate by arguing that they are not. There is thus an apparent contradiction. On the other hand, the two works have different concerns; the Topica is concerned to distinguish between different types of cause with a view to their treatment in rhetorical argument, while De Fato exploits, in the interests of its own antideterminist argument, a limitation of what is to count as a ‘cause’.
‘A self-indulgent misuse of leisure and writing’? How Not to Write Philosophy: Did Cicero Get it Right?
Authors: Smith Philippa R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
(... there are said to be many books in Latin now, written injudiciously by men of the finest character indeed, but without the right breadth of accomplishment; for it can happen that a man has the right ideas and yet cannot put what he thinks into words in a polished fashion. To commit one’s thoughts to writing, however, without being able to give them a proper arrangement or exposition or to win the reader over with any charm is the behaviour of someone who makes a self-indulgent misuse of leisure and writing.)
Philosophical Badinage in Cicero’s Letters to his Friends
Authors: Griffin Miriam T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this discussion is to focus on a problem that is more historical than philosophical, but which may suggest to philosophers the use of valuable material which they have not previously explored. The problem is how to gauge the extent, the depth, and the nature of philosophical knowledge and interest at Rome. To do this we need to extend our reach beyond those few figures to whom no one would deny some degree of expertise. For the Late Republic, that would mean looking beyond Cicero, Brutus, Cato, and Varro, three of whom were authors of philosophical works while one, Cato, was a well-known purveyor of Stoic arguments, as Cicero attests in Pro Murena and the Paradoxa Stoicorum.