bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geography and Location
Authors: Rivera-Batiz Luis A , Oliva Maria-A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The ample evidence of concentration of economic activity presents unmistakable geographical imprints. The shift from rural to industrial and subsequently service economies is mirrored by the development of large metropolitan areas and cities that attract a large proportion of countries ‘ population. London, Paris, New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, Barcelona, Buenos Aires, and other city clusters developed in locations providing access to trade routes and transportation through harbors, rivers, and channels. Canadian manufacturing is heavily concentrated in Ontario. In fact, most of Canada ‘s population and economic activity concentrates near the US border. The US concentration magnets include the East Coast, the West Coast, and the Great Lakes in the Midwest. The Ruhr region is Germany ‘s industrial backbone. The concentration of economic activity and income per capita in ‘northern ‘ countries stands in contrast with ‘southern ‘ countries development plights.
Competition and Rivalry
Authors: Rivera-Batiz Luis A , Oliva Maria-A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines competition policy and strategic policy formulation in oligopolistic world markets. Strategic trade analysis extends the basic models of inter- national trade by providing a set of tools for understanding market practices and policy formulation in the presence of a small number of interacting agents. It focuses on oligopolistic markets and governments that behave strategically vis-à-vis firms and other policymakers. Governments subject to political influence have incentives to inter- act strategically when they formulate export policies toward competitive industries such as agriculture. Therefore, the notion that strategic analysis does not apply to competitive markets is misleading.
Trade under Asymmetric Information
Authors: Rivera-Batiz Luis A , Oliva Maria-A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines trade and policy formulation when there is asymmetric information about firm costs and the level of demand. Asymmetric information raises the issue of how to convey or extract unobserved information. For instance, which mechanisms induce type revelation by a firm holding private information about whether it is a low- or a high-cost type? Types can be revealed by screening and signaling. In a screening game, the government designs a mechanism inducing firms to reveal their type. In signaling games, firms take the initiative and make a costly choice, such as increasing research spending or incurring the costs of developing an infra- structure for exporting (Shy, 2000), to signal their type to the government, rival firms or consumers.
Information and Moral Hazard
Authors: Rivera-Batiz Luis A , Oliva Maria-A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines trade and policy in the presence of informational barriers. A country ‘s exports are driven by existing exporting ventures but also by new exporters that are not well-known in foreign markets and face informational barriers already surpassed by incumbents. Roberts and Tybout (1997b) found that industrial export booms in Columbia, Mexico, and Morocco were partly accounted for by increased exports from existing exporters and partly by a greater number of new exporting firms. Successful participation in international trade hinges on the manner in which firms and policymakers address informational barriers giving rise to adverse selection and moral hazard.
Women’s Empowerment and Demographic Processes: Laying the Groundwork
Authors: Presser Harriet B , Sen Gita 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The United Nations Conference on Population and Development (ICPD), which was held in Cairo in 1994, brought to the fore of the population community the concept of women’s empowerment. Drawing on the growing use of this concept in the development field, the ICPD Programme of Action devoted a full chapter to ‘Gender Equality, Equity, and Empowerment of Women’ (United Nations, 1994). Moreover, a commitment to women’s empowerment is pervasive throughout the document. There is general consensus among the international population community that this commitment, along with the related goals of improving women’s reproductive health and securing their reproductive rights, represented a paradigm shift in the discourse about population and development, even though there are differences of opinion about whether this is a positive change or not (see Presser, Appendix to this volume).
Population Policy and Women’s Empowerment: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Barroso Carmen , Jacobson Jodi L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In recent years, ‘women’s empowerment’ has become a stated priority of governments, multilateral and bilateral institutions, and private foundations concerned with current demographic trends. For example, the Plan of Action of the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD)— agreed to by 183 countries—states: ‘the empowerment and autonomy of women and the improvement of their political, social, economic, and health status is a highly important end in itself [and] is essential for sustainable development’ (United Nations, 1994).
Ireland From Single-Party to Coalition Rule
Authors: Mitchell Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Until recently there was no real consensus that Ireland should even be included in the group of European countries labelled ‘coalition systems’. As late as 1983 Farrell noted that ‘despite the operation of STV, the typical out come has been single-party government’ (Farrell 1983: 249), while a few years later Laver and Higgins concluded that ‘until Fianna Fail shows a willingness to share power with others, or until it loses support to smaller parties, Ireland is not really a coalition system at all’ (1986: 196). Fianna Fail, for long the predominant party in the system, has now done both, gradually losing votes until finally they agreed to take part in coalition governments.
Belgium On Government Agreements, Evangelists, Followers and Heretics
Authors: Winter Lieven De , Timmermans Arco , Dumont Patrick 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Belgium undoubtedly has the most complex coalition bargaining system in Western Europe. Its party system is the most fragmented, with the highest average number of parties in government (De Winter, Della Porta, and Deschouwer 1996), and an extremely long government formation process. Electoral responsiveness is very low, with parties taking office more often after electoral losses than after electoral success. In order to reduce the high potential of uncertainty and shirking, political parties have developed a multifaceted and sophisticated set of coalition maintenance mechanisms.
Italy From ‘Constrained’ Coalitions to Alternating Governments?
Authors: Verzichelli Luca , Cotta Maurizio 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The making of governments in Italy after World War II, which has ordinarily meant coalition governments, has been very visibly affected by the durable features of ‘polarised multipartism’ (Sartori 1976). Only recently has the breakdown of that system opened the door to new and unexplored territory (Cotta and Isernia 1996; Bartolini and D’Alimonte 1998).
Governing the Global Environmental Commons: The Political Economy of International Environmental Treaties and Institutions
Authors: Congleton Roger 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The literature reviewed in this chapter analyzes political aspects of negotiating and implementing environmental treaties, and develops empirical evidence on the kinds of treaties most likely to be signed, the types of countries that are most likely to sign them, and the extent to which environmental treaties tend to affect environmental quality. Although the literature that simultaneously addresses political and economic aspects of international environmental agreements is not very large, the problems addressed are very important, complex and multifaceted. The aim of the present chapter is to provide the reader with a sense of the main issues addressed, the strengths and weaknesses of the analyses, and the problems that remain.
Deciding whether the European Union should Adopt Formula Apportionment of Company Income
Authors: Mclure Charles E , Weiner Joann M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter raises issues that the European Union [EU) should consider in deciding whether formula apportionment [FA) should replace separate accounting [SA) based on the arm’s-length system [ALS) as the primary method of determining the geographic source of income of companies operating in more than one Member State of the EU. It begins ‘[in Section 1) with a brief description of the two methods of income attribution, the problems that will increasingly plague reliance on SA as the economic integration of Europe proceeds, and the advantages of FA in addressing those problems. Section 2 describes some conceptual weaknesses of FA and various transitory, technical, and political issues that the EU would face in shifting to FA. Section 3 examines previous company tax reform efforts by the European Commission and the impact of European integration on possible reform. Section 4 appraises FA in the light of some important tax policy objectives and constraints of the EU.
Government Formation and Cabinet Type
Authors: Mitchell Paul , Nyblade Benjamin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
While political scientists over the last few decades have studied many features of coalition politics, the most sustained focus has been given to government formation. In most parliamentary democracies, government formation is not a trivial matter. Only in the few countries where plurality electoral systems (almost) invariably manufacture a majority for a single party is government formation a somewhat less interesting arena. Most elections in Western Europe result in legislatures in which no single party controls a majority of seats, typically leading to periods of coalition negotiations, which may involve multiple inconclusive bargaining rounds, as was discussed in the prior chapter by De Winter and Dumont. However, whether coalition bargaining takes less than a week, or several months, ultimately a government is formed, and the focus of this chapter is on explaining ‘the type’ of that government.
Institutions, Chance, and Choices: The Dynamics of Cabinet Survival
Authors: Saalfeld Thomas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
‘Chance ends some governments. . . . The electoral calendar terminates other executives. . . . Still other governments collapse as a result of deliberate party choice’ (Mershon 2002: 143). Understanding the sources of cabinet durability1 and the dynamics of cabinet termination in parliamentary systems of government is ‘a very important substantive concern for political science’ (Laver 2003: 23). After all, low levels of cabinet duration may have implications for the extent to which executives are able to dominate legislatures (Lijphart 1999: 129); for ministerial efficiency vis-à-vis the bureaucracy (Huber and Lupia 2000); for a political system’s and government’s policy performance (Huber 1998); and for democratic regime legitimacy (Linz 1978: 66–9; Warwick 1994: 5). In post-war Western Europe, cabinet durations have varied considerably within and across countries (see Table 10.1). There is a prolific tradition of empirical and theoretical work in comparative political science seeking to explain such variations (see the survey in Laver 2003). Nevertheless, progress has been hampered, firstly, by a lack of integration of theoretical and empirical work (Mershon 2002: 187; Laver 2003: 38–9).
International jurisdiction over international capital flows and the role of the IMF: plus Ça change ..
Authors: Lichtenstein Cynthia Crawford 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the international law applicable to governmental controls 2.01 over the movement of money, in particular when the movement involves the exchange of the currency of one country for the currency of another. The primary source of this law is an international treaty, Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund,1 signed in 1944 at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, which entered into effect on 27 December 1945 and has been amended three times (‘the Fund Agreement’). The chapter looks first at the inter¬ national law created in 1945 by the Fund Agreement and goes into the Fund Agreement’s original resolution of what has been termed ‘the long-running debate about the desirability of unrestrained capital movements’.
The Changing Roles Of The Bretton Woods Institutions: Evolving Concepts Of Conditionality
Authors: Newburg* Andre 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The global financial crisis that began in the summer of 1997 has focused public 3.01 attention on the adequacy of the international ‘financial architecture’ and stimulated examination of the need for reform of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank). Questions have been raised in respect of the roles of these inter¬ national financial institutions (IFis) and there have been calls to go ‘back to basics’.
On the Threshold of the Modern Era
Authors: Israel Jonathan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The political, economic, and cultural core of the Dutch Republic after 1572 was the province of Holland, and it is logical that our story should begin with the rise of Holland to prominence in the Low Countries during the thirteenth century. The thirteenth century was indeed a crucial period in the shaping of the Dutch context. Much of the foundation for the later emergence of the north Netherlands in ways which were to astound Europe, and the wider world, was laid at that time. Earlier there had been some primitive construction of dikes and dams to control the movement of water and some digging of drainage channels. But, until around I 200, such work had been on a limited scale and insufflcient to allow regular cultivation of the low-lying western regions of the Netherlands. For even much of the area which was not normally under water remained subject to frequent flooding. Twelfth-century Holland, like Zeeland, much of Friesland, Groningen, and Utrecht, and the part of Flanders adjoining the Scheidt estuary, was a waterlogged marshy land, dangerous, thinly populated, and marginal to the life of the Low Countries as a whole. Most agricultural and commercial activity was carried out on the higher ground, safe from flooding, to the south and also to the east. At that time, north of the great rivers,
Feminism and Science
Authors: Keller Evelyn Fox 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In recent years, a new critique of science has begun to emerge from a number of feminist writings. The lens of feminist politics brings into focus certain masculinist distortions of the scientific enterprise, creating, for those of us who are scientists, a potential dilemma. Is there a conflict between our commitment to feminism and our commitment to science? As both a feminist and a scientist, I am more familiar than I might wish with the nervousness and defensiveness that such a potential conflict evokes. As scientists, we have very real difficulties in thinking about the kinds of issues that, as feminists, we have been raising. These difficulties may, however, ultimately be productive. My purpose in the present essay is to explore the implications of recent feminist criticism of science for the relationship between science and feminism. Do these criticisms imply conflict? If they do, how necessary is that conflict? I will argue that those elements of feminist criticism that seem to conflict most with at least conventional conceptions of science may, in fact, carry a liberating potential for science. It could therefore benefit scientists to attend closely to feminist criticism.
Introduction
Authors: Joan B. Landes 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Claiming that ‘the personal is political‘, second-wave feminists boldly challenged the myths supporting conventional notions of the family and personal life. Far from being a platform for personal fulfilment, in feminist writings the private sphere first figured as a site of sexual inequality, unremunerated work, and seething discontent. In Betty Friedan’s evocative formulation, the housewife—the ideal woman of the post-Second World War years in the United States and other advanced industrial societies—suffered silently from a ‘problem that has no name’.
Citizenship with a Feminist Face: The Problem with Maternal Thinking
Authors: Dietz Mary G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the past twenty years, perhaps no other theoretical issue has created as much controversy within the feminist movement as the role of women in the family. First-wave feminists as varied as Kate Millett, Betty Friedan, Juliet Mitchell, and Shulamith Firestone all shared at least one common task: to desanctify the family and demystify motherhood. These first-wave thinkers considered the bureaucratic state, capitalism, and the patriarchal family to be three sides of an iron triangle of women’s oppression. By the mid-1970s, later feminists were deepening first-wave criticism by further examining the relations between capitalism and patriarchy, the family and the capitalist mode of production, housework and surplus labour, motherhood and oppression.
Gender and Public Access: Women’s Politics in Nineteenth-Century America
Authors: Ryan Mary P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the twenty-five years since The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere was written, public life has shifted, convulsed, and been transformed anew. With those changes the political and intellectual project that the book inaugurated has become more crucial than ever. The word ‘public’ has long served as the place marker for the political ideal of open, inclusive, and effective deliberation about matters of common and critical concern. Early in the 1960s such a public discourse was hardly audible in the United States amid the manipulative communications of consumer culture and consensus politics. Before that decade ended, however, the staid surfaces of welfare-state mass democracy had been fractured. The civil rights and anti-war movements disturbed the equanimity and passivity of public discourse, shattered consensus, and revitalized a conception of politics based on participatory democracy. Those movements and student activism around the globe opened a narrow wedge in entrenched political structures and permitted their participants to experience, however briefly, a more commodious public space.
Celebrity Material: Materialist Feminism and the Culture of Celebrity
Authors: Wicke Jennifer 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A materialist feminism could be defined, provisionally, as a feminism that insists on examining the material conditions under which social arrangements, including those of gender hierarchy, develop. While fully acknowledging that the gender hierarchy pervasively maintains ‘men on top’, materialist feminism avoids seeing this as the effect of a singular, persistent patriarchy and instead gauges the web of social and psychic relations that make up a material, historical moment, when the women in question may be situated in a variety of positions that defy a horizontal reading. The women of the Bloomsbury Group, for example-Virginia Woolf, Vanessa Bell, Dora Carrington, and others-are materially constellated differently than nineteenth-century Flemish female coal miners, or Georges Sand, or the Saudi Arabian women who boldly staged a ‘drive-in’ a few years ago.
Democracy
Authors: Marks Susan , Clapham Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
That human rights and democracy belong together is today a widely accepted axiom of international affairs. The tacit premise of claims, initiatives and programmes, it is also the explicit message of countless government statements and international declarations. But what precisely is the relation between these two phenomena, the one concerned with basic entitlements and the legal guarantees put in place to protect them, the other focused on political processes and on the allocation and organisation of public power? Is it that, as is sometimes said, democracy provides a congenial environment for the protection of human rights? Is it that the protection of human rights provides a safeguard for democracy? Or are human rights a necessary corrective to democracy?
The Structure and Membership of the Courts
Authors: Brown L Neville , Bell John S , Galabert Jean-Michel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of the most curious features of the Conseil d’Etat for the British administrative lawyer is its double role as both adviser and judge of the administration. To a much lesser extent, the position is replicated in the Tribunaux Administratifs which occasionally are invited to give legal advice to the prefect.1 144 such avis were requested in 1996 by prefects in metropolitan France and 20 by prefects overseas.2 But, as we have seen, while the functions of the Tribunaux Administratifs have become increasingly judicial, the Conseil has retained its dual activity. By contrast, the Cours Administratives d’ Appel have exclusively judicial functions. For these reasons, and because of its seniority in the hierarchy, chief attention will be given to the Conseil d’Etat. Historically too the Conseil d’Etat, as the previous chapter demonstrated, has enjoyed unbroken continuity from its creation by Napoleon, whereas the Tribunaux Administratifs and the Cours Administratives d’ Appel only date from 19533 and 1987 respectively.
Seasonality and the Order of Integration for Consumption*
Authors: Osborn Denise R , Chui A P L , Smith, Jeremy P , Birchenhall C R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Cointegration has aroused considerable interest in the recent literature of dynamic modelling for economic time series. Nevertheless, despite the importance of seasonal movements as a feature of economic data, seasonality has received relatively little attention in the cointegration analysis. A notable exception to this lack of attention, however, is the paper by Engle et al. (1987).
In a companion paper, Birchenhall et al. (1989), we use cointegration as the bases for a dynamic analysis of non-durable consumption in the UK. There we take the view that consumer preferences are seasonal, which implies the equilibrium relationship between consumption and its explanatory variables has a seasonal structure.
Periodicity and Stochastic Trends In Economic Time Series
Authors: Franses Philip Hans 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book provides a self-contained account of periodic models for seasonally observed economic time series with stochastic trends. Two key concepts are periodic integration and periodic cointegration. Periodic integration implies that a seasonally varying differencing filter is required to remove a stochastic trend. Periodic cointegration amounts to allowing cointegration part-term adjustment parameters to vary with the season. The emphasis is on econometric models that explicitly describe seasonal variation and can reasonably be interpreted in terms of economic behaviour. The analysis considers econometric theory, Monte Carlo simulation, and forecasting, and it is illustrated with numerous empirical time series. A key feature of the proposed models is that changing seasonal fluctuations depend on the trend and business cycle fluctuations. In the case of such dependence, it is shown that seasonal adjustment leads to inappropriate results.