bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photosynthetic pigments in the Haptophyta
Authors: Jeffrey S W , Wright S W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Knowledge of pigment systems is essential to our understanding of taxonomic and biological relationships within algal groups, and is an important parameter for measuring their abundance in aquatic systems. In this paper we review the development of knowledge of haptophyte pigments from the early 1960s to the late 1980s, and then present a new HPLC analysis of 29 species (50 strains) from eight out of 16 haptophyte families. Four pigment types were recognized. All contain chlorophylls a and c1/ ‘ diatoxanthin, diadinoxanthin, and /3,{3-carotene. In addition, Type I has fucoxanthin; Type 2, chlorophyll c3 and fucoxanthin (both types similar to diatoms); Type 3, chlorophyll es and 19’-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin, and Type 4, chlorophyll es and 19’-butanoyloxfucoxanthin (plus variable amounts of 19’-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin and fucoxanthin). Seven minor carotenoids, phytylated chlorophyll c and /3,e-carotene are also present in some strains. No clear-cut pigment pattern for all haptophytes has emerged, which emphasizes the caution oceanographers must still exercise in identification of this group of planktonic algae from pigment signatures.
Haptophytes in polar waters
Authors: Marchant Harvey J , Thomsen Helge A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Haptophytes are abundant and important constituents of the plankton of polar waters. The colonial stage of Phaeocystis commonly dominates the phytoplankton of the marginal ice zone where it is a major source of particulate and dissolved organic carbon. The extent to which this species contributes to carbon flux to the deep sea is equivocal, but recent evidence indicates that, despite heavy sedimentation, much is utilized by microbial activity and grazing in the upper aphotic zone. Phaeocystis is also a major source of the precursor of dimethyl sulfide, which in air is rapidly oxidized to a number of products including sulfate. It has been proposed that sulfate particles act as cloud condensation nuclei thereby influencing global albedo and therefore climate. Lightly calcified coccolithophorids are a characteristic, but not endemic, element of polar nanoplankton. Originally considered to be autotrophic, it has recently been found that they are heterotrophic. The mixotrophic genus Chrysochromulina occurs associated with the sea ice and in the water column. Finding scales of these organisms in gut contents of Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, collected from under the ice during winter, has prompted speculation on the importance of mixotrophy in light limited polar waters.
Mixotrophy in haptophytes
Authors: Jones Harriet L J , Leadbeater B S C , Green J C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mixotrophy, the uptake of particulate and dissolved organic carbon by photosynthetic algae, is widespread in haptophyte flagellates, in particular in the genus Chrysochromulina. Some species of Chrysochromulina have been shown to discriminate between particles on the basis of particle size and composition. Relatively large prey cells are selected by several species as well as, and sometimes in preference to, bacteria-sized particles. The digestion of prey has been studied in detail in C. brevifilum using transmission electron microscopy. Ingested food particles have been shown to be digested within food vacuoles. Some experiments have shown an increase in the rate of ingestion of particles under nutrient-limiting conditions though the crucial relationship with regard to mixotrophic behaviour is that between photosynthesis and phagotrophy. It is not yet known whether mixotrophic behaviour is governed by prey density or light intensity, and how this varies between species and between classes. The importance of phagotrophy to algal nutrition has shown that algae can be consumers as well as primary producers within the microbial loop. Evidence from grazing rates has also suggested that haptophyte flagellates may have a significant impact on the occurrence and density of their prey.
Coccolithophorid biocoenosis: production and fluxes to the deep sea
Authors: Takahashi Kozo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Coccolithophorids are one of the more important pelagic autotrophic calcium carbonate-producing plankton groups involved in the global carbon cycle. Their calcitic scales are produced in the euphotic layers and eventually become incorporated into sinking particles. Practically all of the coccoliths recovered from the deep sea have been rapidly transported via aggregates, such as marine snow and faecal pellets. Since the coccoliths in the deep sea were transported within a protective organic membrane, intact coccolithophorids can be recovered from deep sediment traps deployed below the calcium carbonate compensation depth. Coccoliths represent approximately two-thirds of the pelagic calcium carbonate production, followed by planktonic foraminifera and pteropods. Coccolithophorid standing stock and production levels, as well as seasonal flux amplitude, diminish towards the northern Polar region, suggesting that there is greater production in subarctic and lower latitudes. Emiliania huxleyi, a cosmopolitan coccolithophorid species, is the dominant form in most parts of the world oceans. In the northern high latitudes in the Atlantic, however, a cold water species, Coccolithus pelagicus, becomes seasonally more important than E. huxleyi during spring and summer. This is especially evident when the average coccolith mass of each species is incorporated in an assessment of the carbonate flux contribution: a placolith of C. pelagicus weighs two orders of magnitude more than a placolith of E. huxleyi.
Manchester and London
Authors: Williams Trevor I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Robinson returned to Manchester he was just thirty-six years old, yet he already had three major academic appointments behind him, plus a senior—if short—lived-one in the chemical industry. By any standards this can fairly be described as a meteoric rise, but the more so when it is recalled that before the Second World War professors were commonly appointed much older than they are now. It is, therefore, timely to pause for a moment, and consider the qualities that had so firmly established his reputation that he was actively, and exclusively, sought for perhaps the most prestigious chair of organic chemistry in Britain.
The electronic theory of reaction: the Ingold controversy
Authors: Williams Trevor I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘The development of these ideas constituted, in the writer’s opinion, his most important contribution to knowledge.’ So wrote Robinson, at the very end of his long life, but it is doubtful if many modern organic chemists would agree with his self-evaluation: he is much better known for his work on natural products. His electronic theory of organic reactions was undoubtedly important in its day, as providing some logical explanation of hitherto largely empirical observations, but he did not adequately publicize his ideas nor update them to match advances on other fronts, and they are now largely of historical interest.
The last years of academe
Authors: Williams Trevor I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As every soldier carries a Field Marshal’s baton in his knapsack, so ambitious professionals of every kind look to achieving some ultimate pinnacle which demonstably stamps them with the approbation of their peers. In politics it is to be Prime Minister; in the Church, Archbishop of Canterbury; in the judiciary, Lord Chancellor; and so on. In British science, it is to be President of the Royal Society. It was to this high office that Robinson was elected in 1945; but to understand how this came about, and its significance, something must be said about the nature of the Society and its organization.
An active retirement
Authors: Williams Trevor I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After Gertrude’s death circumstances were such that Robinson could have no direct support from his two children. Michael—mentally handicapped from birth—was a permanent and worrying liability and Marion’s career had followed a course very different from anything her parents had imagined, and one to which he was not, indeed, particularly sympathetic. The general ethos of Headington School helped to develop strong religions convictions, and as a girl she decided to dedicate her life to furthering Christian ideals. After graduating at Oxford from Lady Margaret Hall in 1943, she qualified in medicine at University College Hospital.
Ethnic origins of the people and population trends
Authors: Wahba M M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Egypt is, after Nigeria, the most heavily populated state in Africa. Within the group known as the Arab World, Egypt is by far the most populated of the states, with double the population of the second most populated Arab nation, Morocco. In addition, Egypt has the dubious distinction of having the largest city in Africa and the Arab World. The importance of the population of Egypt is reinforced by a paradoxical land situation, where of the one million km2 forming Egypt only some 55 039 km2are inhabited, i.e. around 5.5 per cent of the total area (CAPMAS 1985a, p. 5). Some 99 per cent of the population live in the inhabited area, while the remainder are scattered among the oases of the Western Desert, the Mediterranean coastal regions where rainfall allows for agriculture, the Sinai, and the Red Sea littoral. As a consequence of the crowding of the quasi-totality of the population in the Nile Valley and Delta, population densities in Egypt are among the highest in the world, rivalling the most crowded of the Asian states.
Marketing channels and price determination for agricultural commodities
Authors: Rowntree J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Egypt was essentially food self-sufficient 30 years ago, whereas today it imports more than one-half of its food requirements. This declining food self-sufficiency can be attributed to several factors, notably: the rapidly growing population, increasing demands for food associated with rising per caput income and an extensive food subsidy system, slow growth in agricultural productivity associated in part with government production and marketing policies which have repressed the agricultural sector, and extensive food wastes in a ‘backward and inefficient’ marketing system (Wally et al. 1983). The inadequacies of the agricultural marketing and distribution system have been repeatedly indentified as being a significant constraint on increasing agricultural production and food self-sufficiency (USDA 1976; USAID 1982; IADS 1984; NCBA 1986).
Development programmes in non-irrigated rainland areas
Authors: Davies H R J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the Sudan 80 per cent of the population depend on agriculture and related activities for their subsistence. Agriculture contributes some 40 per cent of GDP and accounts for some 90 per cent of the country’s earnings from foreign export trade. The first comprehensive attempt at national planning, the Ten Year Plan of Economics and Social Development, 1961162-1970171 (Ministry of Finance and Economics 1961) states ‘As agriculture is the mainstay of the country’s economy, considerable emphasis has been placed on its development’. Direct public sector investment in agriculture was to account for 41 per cent of the total, whilst investment in public health, roads, railways, and education would also have an influence on the agricultural sector. The same view is stated constantly in the planning documents. In the Six Year Plan of Economic and Social Development 1977178-1982183 (MNP 1977) agriculture was allocated 32 per cent of total public sector investment (£S425m.). The private sector was expected to invest a further £S290m. giving an overall total of £S715m., but this target was beyond the indigenous sources of funding.
Sometimes we can’t afford to do it
Authors: Harel David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fact that some tasks cannot be computerized is bad enough already. But we are not done yet. Let us now concentrate on the ones that can. Say we are asked to construct a bridge over a river. The bridge could be ‘incorrect’; it might not be wide enough for the required lanes, it might not be strong enough to carry rush- hour trafﬁc, or it might not reach the other side at all! However, even a ‘correct’ design may be unacceptable. It might call for too large a workforce, or too many materials or components. It might also require far too much time to bring to completion. In other words, although it will result in a good bridge, a design might be too expensive.
How Does DNA Keep its Secrets
Authors: Wilkins Maurice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of DNA research certainly had its up and downs. Barber’s ambition to bring Sepia sperm to Randall, Schrödinger’s quantum mechanics gene, Mirsky fighting Avery, Signer’s DNA crystallizing, and Randall writing his secret letter to Rosalind – all this drama led to our quiet, steady colloquium and Bruce Fraser’s very noteworthy ball-and-stick model of DNA, which had several important features of the Double Helix. But X-ray diffraction ruled out Fraser’s arrangement of three chains – Rosalind quickly pointed out that the diffraction showed that three was not possible. I do not think that was why Bruce would follow Barber to Australia few months later. Bruce had married Mary Nicholls, who had made us herring DNA (Mary had dinner with me, but Bruce’s Scottish moustache won the day). The loss of Bruce and Mary was to break the very valuable link we had with Bill Price’s group at King’s, which specialized in infra-red spectroscopic and physical-chemistry approaches to the structure of nucleic acids and proteins.
Language Typology and Linguistic Reconstruction
Authors: Fox Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we have seen, a major task of historical linguistics is the grouping of languages into families on a genetic basis. Genetic affiliation is not, however, the only criterion for relating languages to one another; other approaches to language classification are also possible, using different criteria, and producing different results. One of these is AREAL classification, the grouping of languages on a geographical basis, for example as Balkan languages, African languages, and so on, irrespective of any genetic relationships between them. Such a classification is of limited value, since the geographical location of a language as such may clearly be of little or no relevance to any other of its features. Nevertheless, the physical juxtaposition of languages is often of importance for their historical development, since it facilitates language contact, which in turn may lead to borrowing and mutual influence. In time, therefore, languages in the same geographical area may come to resemble one another, forming what is known as a SPRACHBUND,1 and allowing a certain amount of predictability in the characteristics of the languages concerned.
Introduction
Authors: Lennard John , Luckhurst Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is born of frustration. For full-time students of drama there are many books on text and elements of performance; but for students of English Literature, who may in their studies at school or university encounter one classical Greek, one mediaeval, several Renaissance, and a variety of later plays, and for the general reader or playgoer, there is no good, short guide to all the basics. Our remit therefore is what all such readers need to know to avoid misunderstanding drama, and to develop their reading in ways that promote better connections with their experiences of spectating and auditing. Those familiar with John Lennard’s Poetry Handbook (OUP, 1996) might expect something closely similar, but with drama it is not possible to select a single work for exemplary analysis nor to treat technical elements abstractly.
Performance: process and the ephemeral
Authors: Lennard John , Luckhurst Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Drama is not like poetry or prose, though it contains both. If you read a poem or passage of prose silently to yourself your reading is not necessarily incomplete. With drama it will be, for plays and other dramatic texts do not simply exist on paper to be read but are written to be performed, and for most dramatists written text is a by-product, necessary for production and a vital means of disseminating work and generating income but secondary to what happens in rehearsal and on stage.
The spaces of the book trade: the scriptorium, printshop, publishing house, bookshop, and library
Authors: Lennard John , Luckhurst Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Behind every performance are the spaces of study, rehearsal, and stage, and behind every book are one or more spaces of the book trade. Before printing texts were hand-copied, and hands had to be trained. Scriptoria, usually in monasteries, copied sacred or approved texts-the basis of church control over what people read; reading was itself a restricted skill. The growth of international commerce extended literacy and guilds probably helped prepare scripts for actors in medieval play-cycles, but had no interest in producing multiple copies for wider distribution.
Actors
Authors: Lennard John , Luckhurst Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Acting is an ancient art, but the skills attributed to its craft are culturally and historically specific. Over the centuries there have been many notable actors in the West: we select a few as stars of their times to emphasize the importance of thinking about and (if possible) researching an actor’s conditions of work, personality, particular skills, reputation for certain kinds of roles or forms of audience interaction, and responsibility for creating particular roles.
Designers
Authors: Lennard John , Luckhurst Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Restoration theatres influenced by Jones perspectival scenery mounted on wings and shutters was normal, but scene-painters could not achieve good perspectival effects from every angle (the best was from the Royal Box), scenery was expensive, and the choice of scenes in a new play or opera could be governed by the scenery available. Restoration playwrights nevertheless provided far more stage directions about scenes than their predecessors, incorporating scenery into composition by using tensions and contrasts manifested by locale to parallel or clash with dramatic action. Of Etherege’s She Would If She Could (1668) Peter Holland argues:
Personal Identity: Hume’s Solution and his Later Recantation
Authors: Pears David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hume’s views about the unity and structure of an individual mind are set forth in two chapters near the end of Book I, ‘Of the Immateriality of the Soul’ and ‘Of Personal Identity’. He starts with this bold claim: The intellectual world, tho’ involv’d in infinite obscurities, is not perplex’d with any such contradictions, as those we have discover’d in the natural. What is known concerning it, agrees with itself; and what is unknown, we must be contented to leave so.
Semantic Tableaux
Authors: Bostock David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A tableau proof is a proof by reductio ad absurdum. One begins with an assumption, and one develops the consequences of that assumption, seeking to derive an impossible consequence. If the proof succeeds, and an impossible consequence is discovered, then, of course, we conclude that the original assumption was impossible. If the proof does not succeed, and no impossible consequence comes to light, then in some cases we can conclude that there is nothing wrong with the opening assumption. These are the cases where it can be shown that the search for an impossible consequence has been exhaustive, and would have found such a consequence if one existed. But not all cases are like this. Sometimes all that can be said is that the proof has not yet succeeded, and we do not know whether it would succeed if carried further.
Natural Deduction
Authors: Bostock David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Axiomatic proofs are hard to construct, and often very lengthy. So in practice one does not actually construct such proofs; rather, one proves that there is a proof, as originally defined. One way in which we make use of this technique is when we allow ourselves to use, in a proof, any theorem that has been proved already. For officially this is short for writing out once more, as part of the new proof, the whole of the original proof of that theorem. Another way is when we are explicitly relying on the deduction theorem, and so are actually concerned with a proof from assumptions, and not an axiomatic proof as first defined. Proofs from assumptions are much easier to find, and much shorter. A third way is when we introduce new symbols by definition, for in practice one will go on at once to derive new rules for the new symbols, and these will usually be rules for use in proofs from assumptions. So it comes about that, after a few initial moves, the development of an axiomatic system will scarcely ever involve writing out real axiomatic proofs, but will rely on a number of short cuts.
Hume versus Price on Miracles and Prior Probabilities: Testimony and the Bayesian Calculation
Authors: Owen David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hume’s essay on miracles is one of his most celebrated arguments. It is also, perhaps, the second most discussed and argued-over of his sceptical positions. Reading it in the light of a recent controversy over Bayesianism and the appropriateness of taking prior probabilities into account when judging the likelihood of an event’s occurrence on the basis of reliable testimony, I have been struck by the thought that Hume can best be seen as applying a proto- Bayesian argument to a celebrated eighteenth-century controversy.
Ethics
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Histories of ethics often skim swiftly over the sixteenth century. In the high Middle Ages moral philosophy was presented in commentaries on Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics and in treatises on the natural or revealed law of God. In Aquinas’ Summa Theologiae both elements are combined, but the system is structured around the concept of virtue rather than around the concept of law. It was Aquinas’ successors, from Duns Scotus onward, who gave the theory of divine law the central place in presentations of Christian morality. But the medieval tradition in ethics suVered a shock, from which it never recovered, under the impact of the Reformation and the Counter-Reformation.
Hobbesian Mechanics
Authors: Jesseph doug 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of motion lies at the very centre of Hobbes’s philosophical system. In his scheme of things motion is the only cause, and because all of philosophy involves reasoning about causes, he is committed to the thesis that motion is the ultimate explanatory concept. Indeed, Frithiof Brandt noted that ‘Whenever we sift the subject to the bottom we come across motion in Hobbes,’ and he concluded that instead of being characterized as a materialist ‘Hobbes should more properly be called a motionalist, if we may be permitted to coin such a word.’
Speaking With The Same Voice As Reason: Personification In Plato’ S Psychology
Authors: Kamtekar Rachana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Contemporary readers of Greek ethics tend to favour those accounts of the virtuous ideal according to which virtue involves the development of our non-rational—appetitive and emotional— motivations as well as of our rational motivations. So our contemporaries find much of interest and sympathy in Aristotle’s conception of virtue as a condition in which reason does not simply override our appetites and emotions, but these non-rational motivations themselves ‘speak with the same voice as reason’.