bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sessions
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sessions began the first movement of his Violin Concerto in 1930 in Rome, continuing the following year at Lutjenberg, a resort on the Baltic Sea, and in Berlin and Hamburg. He wrote the second and third movements over the next two years, for the most part in Berlin, though he finished the third movement in Massachusetts. Sessions wrote the finale in San Francisco in the summer of 1935 and the score is dated “San Francisco, Calif., August 1935”; however, the orchestration was not completed until the fall of that year, in New York. When Sessions began the Violin Concerto, vague plans were made for the first performance to be given in 1931 or 1932 by Max Strub, concertmaster of the Berlin Philharmonic, with Otto Klemperer conducting (Strub also assisted Sessions with violinistic details during his stays in Berlin). The composition, however, took very much longer, and the formal premiere was scheduled for January 1937 with Albert Spalding as soloist and Serge Koussevitzky conducting the Boston Symphony.
From Text to Process Connectionism’s Contribution to the Future of Cognitive Science
Authors: Clark Andy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What’s Special About Connectionism?
Connectionist approaches have, in the space of about a decade, transformed the scope and practice of cognitive science. Yet despite this intense activity it is sometimes hard to see what truly fundamental features distinguish the connectionist approach from its rivals. In what follows I try to isolate three such fundamental features. These features together characterize the class of connectionist models of (I claim) greatest philosophical interest. The three features are: I. Superpositional Storage Intrinsic Context-sensitivity Strong Representational Change Superpositional storage and context sensitivity are treated in the first two sections. The next section addresses the question of whether a network can employ only context-sensitive representations and concludes (somewhat surprisingly) that it can. The last section addresses the remaining property of strong representational change.
Different Types of “Times” in GIS
Authors: Frank Andrew U 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is generally assumed that different types of time and space are used in geo graphic information systems (GISs), without giving precise definitions. Under standing time and space as types, in the sense often used in the discussion of computer languages, makes precise notions of differences available and relates the notion of type as a model to reality and as an algebra to mathematical theory. Differences are either in the operations applicable to two types or the outcome of the same operations applied to two different types. This can be applied to the notion of types of time, and for each type of time one has to show the applicable operations and their definitions. Different types of time are then recognized by differences in these definitions, which reflect the operations people apply to time facts and the expected outcome according to observations or conventions in different situations. This approach allows us to link models of time to people’s basic experiences.
The Need to Strike First: The Case of Beatrice Bessen
Authors: Shneidman Edwin S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I was intrigue by a colleague’s request: Would I please see and evaluate a patient of his, a young woman, even though she was almost immediately leaving the city to return to college. And so I met Beatrice Bessen—an attractive, slender, handsomely dressed young woman. A most interesting person. Not hostile, but deeply rebellious; not iconoclastic, but thoroughly unimpressed by authority; not surly, but beyond being captivated by anyone. I asked her there, in my office, to complete a Psychological Pain Questionnaire. When she handed me the completed form I saw immediately—as the reader can see in Appendix A—that here was a person who really hurt.
The Reagan About-Face
Authors: Powaski Ronald E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A number of developments in late 1983 helped break the stalemate in the nuclear arms reduction talks. Perhaps the most important was Ronald Reagan’s increasing concern that his nuclear policies might trigger a nuclear war. Historian Beth Fischer believes that a number of events came together in the fall of 1983 that repeatedly forced Reagan to confront his fears about nuclear annihilation. Reagan’s reaction to these events, she contends, was primarily responsible for the change in his administration’s policy toward the Soviet Union. The first was the KAL 007 disaster in September 1983. lt brought home to Reagan the possibility that human error could produce a nuclear holocaust. “If … the Soviet pilots simply mistook the airliner for a military plane,” he asked, “what kind of imagination did it take to think of a Soviet military man with his finger close to a nuclear button making an even more tragic mistake?”1
Bush and START II
Authors: Powaski Ronald E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Passage of the Missile Defense Act was undoubtedly helped by the unsuccessful coup against Gorbachev in August 1991. The coup was attempted by Politburo hard-liners who were particularly upset by Gorbachev’s effort to preserve the Soviet Union by increasing the powers of the republics at the expense of the central government. The new union treaty would have reduced the power (if not eliminated the jobs) of the hard-liners. Shortly before the treaty was scheduled to be signed on August 20, the hard-liners took advantage of Gorbachev’s absence from Moscow and attempted to overthrow him.
The Heirs of Jakobson
Authors: Battistella Edwin L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we turn to the work of some of Jakobson’s intellectual descendants, linguists working in the broad structuralist tradition who use the opposition between marked and unmarked to inform linguistic or semiotic analysis. In looking at approaches that have drawn on themes from Jakobson’s work on markedness, I hope to develop a clearer picture of markedness and some associated principles that have to do with the assignment and realization of values and to explore how markedness has been extended to other sign domains.
Chomsky on Markedness
Authors: Battistella Edwin L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Theories of markedness in the Jakobsonian semantic tradition seem quite different from those of Chomskyan syntax. Yet markedness in generative phonology and in Principles and Parameters syntax share the main theme of Jakobson’s Child Language, Aphasia, and Phonological Universals and Fundamentals of Language, that is, language is treated as manifesting an inherent hierarchy that systematically and predictably unfolds in the course of acquisition. To explore this parallel, I begin by recounting the initial introduction of markedness into generative grammar.
Primitivist Modernism
Authors: Lemke Sieglinde 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book offers a bold new account of modernism. By focusing on cubism, primitivist-modernism, jazz, and Josephine Baker’s performance, Lemke demonstrates that black art exerted a crucial if masked presence in both Euro-American high art and popular culture. American and European modernism owe much of their symbolic capital to the black cultural other. Black American artists, for their part, also relied on Euro-American American models. By reappropriating European primitivist-modernism, they invented a sui generis black modernism.
Introduction: Was Modernism Passing?
Authors: Lemke Sieglinde 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is concerned with exploring the formal connections between “white” and “black” cultures in early-twentieth-century art and literature. Instead of juxtaposing white modernism with a “black counter-modernism;’ as Houston Baker does in his important study, Modernism and the Harlem Renaissance, I have sought to trace how both are inextricably interrelated. Nor is this book an attempt to define a pure, black aesthetics, as is Richard J. Powell’s book Blues Aesthetics, Black Culture, and Modernism. Rather than talking about interracial friendships, moments of political cooperation, or an historically ignored black modernism, my focus will be aesthetic collaboration.
Japanese and American Infants’ Responses to Arm Restraint
Authors: Camras Linda A , Oster Harriet , Campos Joseph J , Miyake Kazuo , Bradshaw Donna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To a considerable degree, the recent resurgence of interest in emotion within developmental psychology rests on the striking evidence produced almost a quarter of a century ago which demonstrated that certain basic emotions have universally recognized facial expressions (Ekman & Friesen, 1971; Ekman, Sorenson, & Friesen, 1969; Izard, 1971). The data on recognition are often assumed to entail corresponding universality in the production of these prototypic expressions. However, recent research on concept formation (Strauss, 1979) has shown that prototype recognition may be based on abstraction from exemplars that never exactly correspond to the target itself. Furthermore, evidence for the universality of adult facial expressions does not necessarily imply developmental fixity (Oster & Ekman, 1978; Oster, Hegley, & Nagel, in press). Therefore, despite universality in recognition, individual, cultural, and age differences may exist in the spontaneous production of emotional facial expressions. Direct examination of spontaneous facial behavior is necessary both to confirm the universality of adult expressions of emotion and to explicate their origins and development.
Interaction Regulations Used by Schizophrenic and Psychosomatic Patients: Studies on Facial Behavior in Dyadic Interactions
Authors: Steimer-Krause Evelyne , Krause Rainer , Wagner Gunter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hypotheses were elaborated on the basis of the therapeutic experience of one author (R.K.) as well as the clinical psychiatric and experimental empirical findings on the patient groups examined. Our approach was guided by statements found in the psychoanalytic literature on conflicts, defense and forms of transference associated with each group of illnesses, and on the corresponding manifestations of countertransference.
Performance
Authors: Toff Nancy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The satisfaction of playing chamber music with friends, and for one’s own pleasure, is undeniable. Ultimately, however, you will want to perform in public, for music is also a spectator (or auditor) activity. The opportunites are many and varied. As a soloist, the first step is to participate in a joint recital. Most music schools and many private teachers hold these regularly. They help students gain confidence and experience in performing for an audience, and they provide experience in playing with accompaniment. They also serve as a reward for a semester or year of hard work, and they enable the participants to judge their progress against that of their peers. For this last reason, larger schools or studios often group students by age or level of ability in order not to discourage or embarrass the less advanced players.
Patterns of Coherence
Authors: Enk Gerrit J Van , Vries Lourens De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To facilitate understanding of the texts of chapter 6, some of their major morphosyntactic patterns of coherence are discussed in this chapter.
The texts have as their basic unit single-verb clauses. These are combined into chains of clauses. The clause chains in their tum are connected by devices like tail-head and generic ‘do/be’ verb linkage to form larger stretches of discourse. Although chaining is the dominant type of clause linkage in the texts, there are also other ways to combine clauses, such as subordinate linkage with the connective -kha.
Development of Behavior
Authors: Dilttmann Heinz , Bergmann Hans-Heiner , Englander Wiltraud 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main characteristic of behavioral development is change. Changes may be found (a) in the form of a behavioral trait; (b) in the repertoire: new patterns occur, others disappear; (c) in the frequency of a pattern; in the proximate causes that elicit a behavior; and in the functional organization of a behavioral trait. These changes may be affected by genes, the physiological design of the developing bird, and the environment, generally summarized as”differentiation and integration.” Differentiation emphasizes the idea that adult behaviors derive from primitive and crude motor patterns. Integration refers to the development of new central connections between existing preformed parts, such as the coordination of separate motor elements into complex behavior pattern (Coghill 1929; Berridge 1994; Bekoff 1992; Rogers 1995). Few studies have been concerned with information about behavioral differentiation and integration in postnatal development of precocial and altricial birds (Kruijt 1964; Groothuis 1989a, 1994; Dilttmann 1992b; Rogers 1995). It is evident from these studies, however, that differentiation and integration of behaviors can be accompanied by the loss of other behaviors (Thaler 1979; EnggistDilblin 1988; Redondo 1991). Thus, behavioral ontogeny includes progressive and regressive development of behavioral patterns. To give an impression about the contrast between altricial and precocial behavior, we analyze the time of occurrence of a limited number of mainly noncommunicative motor patterns in 13 species distributed broadly across the altricial-precocial spectru_m. This comparison takes into account the fact that maturation plays an important role in the development of motor patterns (Grohmann 1939; Hess 1956; Bentley and Hoy 1970). However, the neuronal maturation of a behavioral trait and its first occurrence in natural performance do not necessarily coincide in time. Smotherman and Robinson (1989) showed that some motor patterns (e.g., facial wiping) are fully developed (hard-wired) in neonatal rats but usually are not performed earlier than the second postnatal week, probably because of a lack of the proper age-specific stimuli.
Whiteboys, nibbonmen, and Molly Maguires
Authors: Kenny Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Contrary to the nineteenth-century conspiracy theorists, it is highly unlikely that an organization called the “Molly Maguires” was imported directly from Ireland to the United States. Nonetheless, the social structure and cultural practices in the parts of Ireland where the American Mollys originated offer some important clues about the nature of Molly Maguireism in Pennsylvania. In the first half of the nineteenth century, the Irish countryside was infamous for its violence. At the heart of the violence was a mysterious, secret-society tradition that had emerged with the Whiteboy movement of the 1760s. In time, the term Whiteboyism came to be used generically, describing agrarian violence as a whole. So, too, did the term Ribbonism, though there was also a distinct Society of Ribbonmen active in the 1820s and 1830s. The Molly Maguires, who emerged in Ireland in the 1840s, were the last of the long line of rural secret societies that began with the Whiteboys. The American Molly Maguires were a rare transatlantic example of this Irish rural tradition. Without an understanding of Irish rural history, the eventual outbreak of Molly Maguire violence in Pennsylvania makes little sense. A detailed examination is needed, first, of the general pattern of protest and violence in the Irish countryside; and second, of the highly distinctive history and culture of north-central and northwestern Ireland. For it was in this part of Ireland, and the single county of Donegal in particular, that most of the American Molly Maguires originated.
Che World of Anthracite
Authors: Kenny Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The hard coal district of eastern Pennsylvania was an important industrial center in the nineteenth century. But it was far from the urban paradigm often associated with the industrial revolution. Its cities and towns were separated by long stretches of rural and semirural landscape, much of it mountainous and heavily wooded. Molly Maguireism could never have taken hold in cities like New York or Philadelphia; but the unique geography and topography of the anthracite region were ideally suited to the adaptation to American soil of violent practices derived from the Irish countryside.
The Molly Maguires on Triol
Authors: Kenny Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The trials of the Molly Maguires began in January 1876 and ended in August 1878. They bordered on a travesty of justice. The trials were conducted under conditions of enormously hostile publicity. The defendants were arrested by private policemen and convicted on the evidence of a detective who was accused of being an agent provocateur. The detective’s evidence was supplemented by a series of informers who turned state’s evidence. Irish Catholics were excluded from the juries as a matter of course. Most of the prosecuting attorneys worked for railroads and mining companies; the star prosecutor at the great showcase trials in Pottsville was none other than Franklin B. Gowen. As one historian has aptly put it: “The Molly Maguire investigation and trials marked one of the most astounding surrenders of sovereignty in American history. A private corporation initiated the investigation through a private detective agency, a private police force arrested the supposed offenders, and coal company attorneys prosecuted-the state provided only the courtroom and hangman.” Some of the men convicted in the Molly Maguire trials were probably innocent of the crimes they were charged with, though there is no way of knowing for certain at this point.Thomas Duffy,James Roarity, and Jack Kehoe, for example, surely ought not to have been convicted as charged.
Block Thursdoy
Authors: Kenny Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The executions of the Molly Maguires consisted of powerful intimidatory rituals. The heyday of public executions had ended before the Molly Maguires were hanged, but the hangings were public spectacles nonetheless. The Pennsylvania legislature had abolished public executions in 1834 and required that capital punishment be inflicted within the walls or yard of the jail in the county where the criminal was convicted. But the new privacy did not mean that executions ceased to be occasions of ritual and spectacle. “In principle,” as one historian has observed, “private executions were supposed to protect the sensibilities of all citizens, eliminate a scene of public chaos and confusion, and permit the prisoner to die quietly penitent.” In practice, “they became a theatrical event for an assembly of elite men who attended the executions by invitation while the community at large was excluded.” This was certainly the case in the lower anthracite region of Pennsylvania, where a few hundred citizens were granted the privilege of attending the executions of the Molly Maguires, while thousands of their fellow-citizens congregated outside the prison walls. Armed troops and policemen kept guard and ostentatiously paraded the streets of Pottsville and Mauch Chunk. Each of the participants in the rituals of execution had a carefully orchestrated role to play: the condemned men, the Catholic priests, the sheriff and the hangman, the jurors and the doctors, and the privileged observers. Once the hanging was done, the prison gates were thrown open and hundreds of men and women rushed in to inspect the gallows. Moreover, the privatization of hanging in the United States had coincided with the rise of an inexpensive popular press, so these ostensibly private events were portrayed in vivid colors for a wider audience than ever before. In the case of the Molly Maguires, the preparations, procedures, and aftermath of the executions were exhaustively reported in the press and in popular pamphlets and histories, not only in the anthracite region but throughout the United States. Most of this discourse was celebratory and some of it verged on the obscene.
Introduction
Authors: Ehring Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Causal judgments are pervasive and apparently ineliminable in the sciences as well as in everyday life. We are almost never free of the task of making causal judgments in our practical lives, and in scientific settings, a high priority is assigned to determining the causal relations that structure our world. Nevertheless, there remains an air of philosophical mystery around this relation. What is the nature of this special tie that concerns us so greatly? What is the nature of the processes that connect causes with their effects? That is the main topic of my study—how causes bring about their effects. Traditionally, an approximate consensus held that causation consisted of a “generalist” component (for example, causal sequences falling under general laws) and a “singularist” component (intrinsic relations that do not depend upon what happens elsewhere or elsewhen). I am interested in the latter component of causation—the singularist tie, if any, that exists between particular causes and their particular effects. Received opinion reduces these singularist connections to certain unremarkable relations, like temporal proximity, and assumes that most of the interesting work is done by the generalist component. In this study, I question this assumption. I argue that cause and effect are locally tied together by more than spatio-temporal relations. In­ deed, the central thesis of this work is that cause and effect are connected by way of a mechanism that is best characterized by reference to qualitative constancy and persistence or, more precisely, the persistence of individual properties or “tropes.”
A Lapful of Apples
Authors: Lankton Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Horace Greeley, remembering the 1840s, recalled that Lake Superior was not “calculated to attract a ... gourmand.” Food was frequently scarce, sometimes rotten, and often monotonous and boring. Pioneers could not eat a year-round diet of nourishing, varied, and appetizing food. But two or three decades of occupation brought a great deal of change to the Keweenaw diet. In the mid- 184os, a hungry man with a shotgun might walk into the forest, ready to target as food virtually anything that moved; by 1870, he could stroll into a church social and sit down to a dish of strawberries and ice cream.
Local forests, meadows, lakes, and streams continued to offer up food. Gardens and farms cultivated by settlers yielded a modest amount of fruits and vegetables, and some meat and dairy production was undertaken. More and larger supply ships plying the waters of Superior delivered not only a wider array of fresh and preserved foodstuffs to Keweenaw stores but also the cookstoves, kitchenware, and tableware used to prepare and eat meals. Importantly, as more women settled on the Keweenaw, they assumed the lion’s share of the essential task of feeding the population.
Keeping House
Authors: Lankton Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the beginning, it was a man’s world. The explorers and geologists were men. The voyageurs were men. Those who cut and burned off the forest and sank the exploratory shafts were men. But where explorations uncovered rich deposits of copper, and where good natural harbors spawned commercial establishments, tent cities and mine camps evolved into communities where men shared the northern frontier with women and children.
When twenty-four-year-old Mary Ann Mulock arrived on the Keweenaw in the early 1850s, she discovered that it was still pretty much a man’s world. The copper industry absolutely depended on the strong arms and backs of vigorous men, and in 1854 men aged twenty-one to forty-five comprised a full 55 percent of the Keweenaw’s total population. That year, adult males out numbered females by a ratio of 3.5 to 1. Right at the mines, women sometimes proved even scarcer. In 1857, men outnumbered women by about 6 to 1 at the Minesota and Rockland mine locations.