bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physicochemical characterization of coke-plant soil for the assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon availability and the feasibility of phytoremediation
Authors: Ahn Sungwoo , Werner David , Luthy Richard G. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Coke oven site soil was characterized to assess the particle association and availability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). We identified various carbonaceous materials including coal, coke, pitch, and tar decanter sludge. Most of the PAHs were associated with the polymeric matrix of tar sludge or hard pitch as discrete particles, coatings on soil mineral particles, or complex aggregates. The PAH availability from these particles was very low due to hindered diffusive release from solid tar or pitch with apparent diffusivities of 6 × 10−15 for phenanthrene, 3 × 10−15 for pyrene, and 1 × 10−15 cm2/s for benzo[a]pyrene. Significant concentrations of PAHs were observed in the interior of solid tar aggregates with up to 40,000 mg/kg total PAHs. The release of PAHs from the interior of such particles requires diffusion over a substantial distance, and semipermeable membrane device tests confirmed a very limited availability of PAHs. These findings explain the results from three years of phytoremediation of the site soil, for which no significant changes in the total PAH concentrations were observed in the test plot samples. The observed low bioavailability of PAHs probably inhibited PAH phytoremediation, as diffusion-limited mass transfer would limit the release of PAHs to the aqueous phase.
Modeling of cadmium bioaccumulation in two populations of the green mussel Perna viridis
Authors: Ng Tania Y.-T. , Wang Wen-Xiong 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
This study attempted to quantify differences in Cd biokinetics from two populations of green mussels (Perna viridis) from two sites (eastern and western) in Hong Kong with contrasting hydrological conditions. Body Cd concentrations were modeled using a simple biokinetic model coupled with measurements of dissolved Cd concentrations at each site. Mussels collected from the western site had three to six times higher Cd tissue concentration than the eastern population collected during two seasons (summer wet and winter dry), but the salinity was only lower in the western site during the summer. More Cd was distributed in the metallothionein-like and heat-sensitive proteins in the western population than the eastern population, and Cd predominantly was distributed in the insoluble fraction during summer. The Cd uptake rate constant from the dissolved phase was higher in the western population during summer due to a much lower salinity, but was comparable during winter. Dietary uptake of Cd was similar in both populations, and assimilation was lower from ingested radiolabeled seston than from diatoms. Efflux of Cd remained comparable between the two populations from two seasons (0.02–0.03/d). Kinetic modeling demonstrates that the faster influx of Cd from aqueous phase caused the higher body Cd concentrations in the western population. The predicted Cd concentrations in mussels were comparable to those observed in the field. Our study highlights differences in Cd accumulation kinetics in different populations of mussels likely caused by the different physical environments.
Reproductive and developmental toxicity and bioconcentration of perfluorooctanesulfonate in a partial life-cycle test with the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas)
Authors: Ankley Gerald T. , Kuehl Douglas W. , Kahl Michael D. , Jensen Kathleen M. , Linnum Ann , Leino Richard L. , Villeneuve Dan A. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) is a widespread environmental contaminant emanating from the production and/or metabolism of fluorinated chemicals with a variety of applications. The goal of this work was to assess the toxicity and bioconcentration of PFOS in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). Sexually mature fish were exposed via the water for 21 d to 0 (control), 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, or 1 mg PFOS/L, and effects on reproductive capacity and endocrinology were assessed. To determine possible developmental effects, a subset of embryos from parental exposures at each test concentration were held for an additional 24 d in the same PFOS treatments. A concentration of 1 mg PFOS/L was lethal to adults within two weeks. The 21-d 50% effect concentration (95% confidence interval) for effects on fecundity of the fish was 0.23 (0.19–0.25) mg PFOS/L. Exposure to PFOS caused various histopathological alterations, most prominently in ovaries of adult females. Adult males exposed to 0.3 mg PFOS/L for 21 d exhibited decreased aromatase activity and elevated concentrations of plasma 11-ketotestosterone and testosterone. No significant adverse effects on survival or growth were observed in developing fathead minnows held for 24 d at PFOS concentrations up to 0.3 mg/L. Adult fathead minnows readily accumulated PFOS from the water. The largest concentrations of PFOS were in blood, followed by liver and then gonad; for all tissues, females accumulated higher concentrations than males. Water and tissue concentrations of PFOS associated with effects in this study exceeded those reported for samples collected from the field by two to three orders of magnitude, suggesting that the current risk of PFOS on aspects offish reproduction and development assessed in this study would be small.
Electron paramagnetic resonance investigation of in vivo free radical formation and oxidative stress induced by 2,4-dichlorophenol in the freshwater fish Carassius auratus
Authors: Luo Yi , Wang Xiao-Rong , Shi Hua-Hong , Mao Da-qing , Sui Yun-Xia , Ji Liang-Liang 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
In the present study, electron paramagnetic resonance coupled with spin-trapping technique was used, with α-phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone (PBN) as a spin-trapping agent, to investigate free radical generation in freshwater fish with acute 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) poisoning. The PBN-radical adducts were detected in fish liver samples following treatments of 2,4-DCP (0.025, 0.05, 0.5, 5, or 25 mg/kg) 24 h after intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection and 2,4-DCP (0.5 mg/kg) at 2, 4, 8, 24, or 72 h after i.p. injection in Carassius auratus. The hyperfine splitting constants for the PBN-radical adducts are aN = 13.7 G, aH = 1.8 G, and g = 2.0058, which is consistent with those of PBN/hydroxyl radical (·OH). The results indicate that the hydroxyl radical is probably produced during acute intoxication of 2,4-DCP. The relative similarity in the kinetics (from 2 to 72 h) of superoxide dismutase activity induction and ·OH generation implies that the generation of ·OH possibly depends on the superoxide anion (O.−2). Superoxide anion (O.−2) might be the precursor radical undergoing the Haber-Weiss reaction to form ·OH. Possible pathways for radical chain reactions in the formation of the hydroxyl radical in vivo after 2,4-DCP administration are proposed. Other parameters with respect to antioxidant defense (e.g., superoxide dismutase and catalase) and oxidative damage (lipid peroxidation level) indicate that the fish were subjected to oxidative stress induced by 2,4-DCP and that the mechanisms of oxidative stress possibly involve the in vivo stimulation of hydroxyl radical formation.
Microbial responses to zinc in soil microcosms with and without a natural assemblage of enchytraeids
Authors: Kools Stefan A. E. , Ferwerda Bart , van Gestel Cornelis A. M. , van Straalen Nico M. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The presence of higher trophic levels in studies on the toxicity on soil contaminants to microbial processes increases ecological realism. This study assessed the toxicity of zinc to soil microbial processes in the presence and absence of enchytraeids (Oligochaeta, Annelida). We incubated microcosms under standard conditions without or inoculated with a natural assemblage of enchytraeid species. Total zinc concentrations of 365 to 1,360 mg/kg caused no mortality of enchytraeids during six weeks' incubation. Soil nitrate concentrations showed a negative trend under zinc addition and soil ammonium concentrations were the highest at zinc concentrations of 1,360 mg/kg, indicating impairment of ammonium oxidation. Zinc decreased bacterial carbon biomass and caused a dose-response decrease of the respiration, but this was not observed in the presence of enchytraeids. Respiration, ammonium concentrations, and soil moisture contents were increased by enchytraeids. We observed no interaction between the addition of zinc and the presence of enchytraeids. The effect of enchytraeids on soil-moisture contents and microbial processes, and the importance of enchytraeid-microbial interactions are discussed.
Promotion of Physical Activity Among High-School Girls: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Pate Russell R. , Ward Dianne S. , Saunders Ruth P. , Felton Gwen , Dishman Rod K. , Dowda Marsha 
Published: August 2005

Objectives. Many adolescent girls fail to meet national guidelines for physical activity, and the prevalence of obesity is increasing among this group. Our study examined the effects of a comprehensive school-based intervention on physical activity among high-school girls. Methods. A group-randomized controlled field trial was conducted at 24 high schools. A school-based sample of 2744 girls (48.7% African American, 46.7% White) participated in a measurement protocol when they were in eighth and then ninth grade. A comprehensive physical activity intervention was designed to change the instructional program and the school environment to increase support for physical activity among girls. Results. At follow-up, 45% of girls in the intervention schools and 36% of girls in the control schools reported vigorous physical activity during an average of 1 or more 30-minute time blocks per day over a 3-day period. Conclusions. A comprehensive school-based intervention can increase regular participation in vigorous physical activity among high-school girls.
Clustering of Fast-Food Restaurants Around Schools: A Novel Application of Spatial Statistics to the Study of Food Environments
Authors: Austin S. Bryn , Melly Steven J. , Sanchez Brisa N. , Patel Aarti , Buka Stephen , Gortmaker Steven L. 
Published: August 2005

Objectives. We examined the concentration of fast food restaurants in areas proximal to schools to characterize school neighborhood food environments. Methods. We used geocoded databases of restaurant and school addresses to examine locational patterns of fast‐food restaurants and kindergartens and primary and secondary schools in Chicago. We used the bivariate K function statistical method to quantify the degree of clustering (spatial dependence) of fast-food restaurants around school locations. Results. The median distance from any school in Chicago to the nearest fast-food restaurant was 0.52 km, a distance that an adult can walk in little more than 5 minutes, and 78% of schools had at least 1 fast-food restaurant within 800 m. Fast-food restaurants were statistically significantly clustered in areas within a short walking distance from schools, with an estimated 3 to 4 times as many fast-food restaurants within 1.5 km from schools than would be expected if the restaurants were distributed throughout the city in a way unrelated to school locations. Conclusions. Fast-food restaurants are concentrated within a short walking distance from schools, exposing children to poor-quality food environments in their school neighborhoods.
Beryllium
Authors: Mroz Margaret M. , Balkissoon Ronald , Newman Lee S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBeryllium, found in a variety of different forms, has become indispensable in modern high‐technology industries, especially aerospace. It has many attractive properties, including light weight, high strength, and heat resistance. Unfortunately, beryllium is associated with a number of toxic effects. Even under controlled conditions, beryllium metal, oxide, and alloys can cause chronic lung disease among individuals exposed to dust or fume.Identifying properties of different forms of beryllium are listed in Sections the first followed by sections, which describe the properties and characteristics of beryllium per se. These include production and use, toxic effects, standard and exposure assessment.
Aluminum
Authors: Dinman Bertram D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBecause of this element's electrochemical properties, its positvely charged ions form very tight chemical bonds with other anions such that dissociation is minimal in neutral or near‐neutral‐pH environments. Since most living organizations operate at or about such pH levels, by implication most naturally occurring aluminum compounds would display minimal potentials for cellular or subcellular interactions. Its binding forces, in addition to making this element available only recently (at the time of writing), has also meant that aluminum was relatively unavailable to the milieu intériur. However, since progressively more of the metal and its compounds came into common human use and commerce, ultimately its wide usage could be expected to eventually result in the possibility intimate human contact and finally, human health and hazard concerns.These events have indeed occurred so that aluminum and its possible association with neurological disorders became a prominent health issue of the late twentieth century. Because of the foregoing electrochemical physical realities, concerns have focused on theelement'shealth effects per se, with little or attention directed at effects of aluminum compounds, such as chloride, phosphate, and sulfates. This should also not be unexpected, given theirrelativebiological inavailability. Obviously, some aluminum compounds do ionize sufficient to lower pH in aqueous environments (e.g., aluminum chloride or phosphate) and act as simple irritants. However, most other aluminum compounds, as expected have had very littleapparentbiologic availability or effects, and thus are accorded little scientific attention as compounds per se.These facts are reflected in the content of contemporary biomedical literature. Although multiple aluminum compounds have been studied, few, if any, are studied except as they serve to “transport” aluminum into the body. The overwhelming majority represent interest in aluminum's effects alone rather than an individual compound's possible bioimpact.For these reasons, this chapter deals mainly with aluminum as an element and the most common prevalent form: the oxides. Since its other compounds as such are the subject of so little current investigation, these other compounds are considered separately later in this chapter.
Aliphatic and Alicyclic Amines
Authors: Cavender Finis L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAliphatic and alicyclic amines are nonaromatic amines that have a straight chain, a branched chain, or a cyclic alkyl moiety attached to the nitrogen atom.Aliphatic amines are highly alkaline and tend to be fat soluble. As such, they have the potential to produce severe irritation to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Corrosive burns as well as marked allergic sensitization may also occur. Volatile amines, which are characterized by boiling points lower than 100°C, are highly irritating and include methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, ethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine,n‐propylamine, isopropylamine, diisopropylamine, allylamine,n‐butylamine, isobutylamine,sec‐butylamine,tert‐butylamine, and dimethylbutylamine. Workplace practice must consider these properties in developing strategies to protect workers. Toxicity information in humans continues to be limited. Although great strides in understanding the process of carcinogenicity have been made in recent years, controversies regarding potential aliphatic amine carcinogenicity are far from being resolved. Of considerable interest is the possibility of nitrosamine formation, which is both compound specific and pH dependent.
Acetone
Authors: Morgott David A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAcetone is a clear, colorless liquid that is highly flammable and infinitely soluble in water. Years of clinical study, laboratory testing, and practical experience have shown that acetone can be used safely and without harm in many industrial and commercial applications. The long‐standing interest in the biochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological properties of acetone can be traced to three important characteristics of the chemical:Acetone is a normal by‐product of mammalian metabolism; levels within the body can, however, be altered by changes in nutrition or energy balance.Acetone is a highly volatile organic solvent that is miscible with water; thus large amounts of the vapor can be absorbed through the lungs and quickly distributed throughout the body.Acetone is manufactured and used in large amounts in a variety of commercial and industrial applications; thus the potential for exogenous human exposure is widespread.
Ketones of Six To Thirteen Carbons
Authors: Topping Douglas C. , Morgott David A. , O'Donoghue John L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractKetones of carbon number 6–13 are important commercial and industrial materials. Their primary use is as solvents that find use in numerous products and industrial applications. Due to their volatility, environmental regulations have been directed at restricting emissions, particularly to the atmosphere. A number of the ketones discussed in this chapter can undergo photochemical transformations that contribute to their abiotic degradation but may also contribute to the formation of smog. Regulations limiting or prohibiting release of materials that may contribute to smog formation are leading to reductions in the use of some of these materials.As for the short‐chain ketones discussed in Chapter 75, the ketones covered in this chapter are mainly of concern due to inhalation and dermal exposure routes. Acute exposure to high vapor concentrations of these materials may result in narcosis; however, such exposures are rare except in cases of accidents.Low levels of exposure to many of these ketones can be expected in the environment and through endogenous exposure because ketones are common substrates for many of the enzymes associated with intermediary metabolism in organisms from bacteria to man.
Esters of Carbonic and Orthocarbonic Acid, Organic Phosphorous, Monocarboxylic Halogenated Acids, Haloalcohols, and Organic Silicon
Authors: Bisesi Michael S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis chapter covers (1) esters of carbonic and orthocarbonic acid, (2) esters of organic phosphorous compounds, (3) esters of monocarboxylic halogenated acids, alkanols, or haloalcohols, and (4) organic silicon esters. Other classes of esters are summarized in Chapters 79 and 80. Refer to the Introduction in Chapter 79 for a more detailed overview of general properties of esters.Unfortunately, as shown in the two prior chapters, mainly fragmented toxicological evaluations are available for esters. Most of these esters are characterized by low toxicity. Indeed, as expressed in Chapter 79, lethal dose (e.g., LD50) values are frequently difficult or impractical to measure. Localized dermal irritation is one common effect characteristic of exposures to most organic solvents. Few esters are readily absorbed, but there are exceptions, such as tri‐o‐cresyl phosphate (TOCP). Several of the halogenated derivatives, such as ethylchloro‐ and ethylbromo‐, are potent lacrimators. Ethyl fluoroacetate and fluoroacetic acid exhibit about the same mode of action, which may indicate that the acetate is rapidly hydrolyzed and metabolized in the mammalian system. The unsaturated carbonates are also associated with high lacrimatory activity.TOCP is an example of an ester that can cause neuropathy in a variety of animal species. The initial weakness and paralysis are normally reversible in early stages, but repeated or massive assaults result in demyelination of the nerve fibers. The mechanism of action is not yet certain, but it appears to involve phosphorylation of proteins. Only selected phosphates exhibit neuropathic effects, including diisopropyl fluorophosphorate andN,N′‐diisopropyl phosphorodiamidic fluoride.As was expressed in Chapter 79, industrial hygiene evaluation of esters involves collecting and analyzing air samples to determine their airborne concentrations. Published industrial hygiene air sampling and analytical methods, however, are unavailable for most esters. In relation, there are few occupational exposure and biological limits. A list of ester compounds covered in this chapter that have industrial hygiene sampling and analytical methods are presented here along with their respective occupational exposure limits, established by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). As stated in Chapter 79, since sampling and analytical methods and occupational exposure limits are subject to periodic revision, the reader is encouraged to refer to current publications of ACGIH, OSHA, and NIOSH.
Noise and Ultrasound
Authors: Clark William W. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractNoise is America's most widespread nuisance. But excessive noise is more than just a nuisance. Day and night, at home or at work or play, excessive noise exposure annoys individuals, produces stress, impairs the ability to communicate, interferes with work and play activities, and, in high enough doses, produces permanent damage to the auditory system that can lead to significant hearing loss.Although annoyance caused by noise affects all of us to some degree, this chapter describes the effects of excessive noise on hearing, and on the effects of ultrasonic stimulation on tissue. The chapter is organized in four sections. In the first, consideration is given to the physical characteristics of sound and the measurement of noise exposure. The second section considers the effects of excessive noise exposure within the range of human hearing, approximately 20 hertz (Hz) to 20 kilohertz (kHz). In the third section, a review of the effects of infrasonic exposure (<20 Hz) is provided. Finally, the last section reviews the effects of exposure to ultrasound (20 kHz to 20 MHz) on humans.Engineers and scientists are concerned with sound as an energy that can be measured and quantified; no consideration is usually given to whether the sound can be perceived by humans or not. However, hearing health professionals are usually concerned about theeffectsof sound on humans: what and how we hear, what sounds please us, what sounds annoy us, what sounds interfere with our ability to communicate with each other, and what sounds can be damaging to our hearing. These definitions are necessarily more complex than “simple” quantitative descriptions of acoustic energy, and often are expressed in perceptual terms, like “loudness” or “pitch.”