bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Philosophical Ethics
Authors: Moxter Michael 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Schleiermacher’s philosophical ethics comprises the basic principles of a cultural theory, including his understanding of human sciences, which further includes the study of theology. Since it operates on a different categorial level, it must not be confused with his Christian ethics (Die christliche Sittenlehre). As a philosophical undertaking it develops an alternative to Kantian and Fichtean concepts of duty and their claims for universality and formal justification procedures. Schleiermacher conceives of an ethics of individuality, first outlined in his Soliloquies (1800), according to which humans are not just exemplars of rational beings underlying general rules, but are members of a community in which each person represents the human species in their own unique manner. In his later academic lectures, this leads him to a theory of reason embedded in nature and especially in human actions developed from a descriptive point of view. It is a theory with a tripartite framework, integrating duties, virtues, and goods. Yet its central form pursues an ethics of goods, which offers an understanding of human action organized by communication and mutual cooperation and realized by a critical theory of institutions.
Hermeneutics
Authors: Berner Christian 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Schleiermacher’s hermeneutics is the art of understanding and interpreting discourse, providing rules for methodically establishing the meaning of foreign discourse. Starting from the hypothesis of non-understanding, Schleiermacher takes seriously the author’s will to communicate and thus to be understood. Therefore, the method takes into account indications in the discourse itself and in its contexts in order to interpret it. Understanding will consist in reconstructing the discourse in its necessity, both from what is most general, such as language, and from the individual who transforms language. These interpretations proceeding alternatively by divining singular elements or by comparing them. By reconstructing meaning in this way, hermeneutics plays a fundamental role in the development of the spirit.
Philosophy of Art
Authors: Kelm Holden 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to examine Schleiermacher’s philosophy of art in light of his Lectures on Aesthetics given at the University of Berlin in 1819, 1825, and 1832/1833. Based on the preserved textual material and with a view to the aesthetic discourse of the time, this chapter develops a historically and systematically oriented interpretation of Schleiermacher’s philosophy of art with a special focus on his theory of poetry. A major goal is to show that Schleiermacher’s aesthetic theory focuses on artistic practice and the ethical and sociocultural conditions of that practice in order to demonstrate how the production of art emerges from the relationship between inwardness and the symbolizing expressivity of the individual. Schleiermacher’s productive-aesthetic approach thus implies a concept of symbolic communication and represents a distinct position within the constellation of classical German philosophy.
Theory of the State
Authors: Rose Miriam 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Schleiermacher’s lectures on the theory of the state arise from reflection on the French Revolution from a German perspective. States are thought as constantly changing because they consist of actions of persons within them. Thus there is no ideal state but individual states with their own history. Their development is not determined but tends toward growing independence of science and religion from political control. Schleiermacher presents a liberally orientated theory, but scholars have struggled to describe the political position of Schleiermacher’s theory in a precise way. Some emphasize the more liberal and democratic aspects, while others highlight more illiberal dimensions of his work, especially in legal theory. Schleiermacher himself underlines the non-programmatic, prosaic nature of his writings regarding political theory. He intends to prepare (male) students to become civil servants and educated citizens.
Schleiermacher’s Work and Influence on Classical Studies
Authors: Käppel Lutz 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Schleiermacher can be regarded as the intellectual and organizational founding father of modern German classical scholarship, as it was practiced from the nineteenth century onwards. His interpretation of Plato is still the landmark of Platonic studies for followers as well as detractors. His method of interpretation in the reconstruction of lost authors from fragments and testimonies is still the backbone of all modern editions of fragments. His theory of hermeneutics, which was systematically developed in the medium of translation and reconstruction, is still an integral standard approach to ancient texts. The concept of German “Altertumswissenschaft” goes back to his organization of scholarship in the academic environment in Berlin. One cannot overrate the contributions of this outstanding scholar in so many fields, especially for the history of classical studies. The chapter explains this relevance—both specific and fundamental—of Schleiermacher’s work for the history and current state of classical scholarship and hermeneutics.
Thinking about Race
Authors: Vial Theodore 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The category of race is typically used to designate a group of people distinguished by certain heritable physical characteristics, and to associate a set of behavioral and mental characteristics with that group. Those behavioral and mental characteristics fall into the category of what we think of as “culture.” Schleiermacher is a useful thinking partner on race in our contemporary world because he plays a significant role in constructing the way we think about culture. Furthermore, Schleiermacher is an early proponent for values many of us still see as important: diversity, pluralism, the non-coercive development of one’s individuality, and of the equality and expression of different cultural groups. The fact that some of Schleiermacher’s judgments strike us as biased or racist can be an occasion to analyze the way our own values might entail social consequences that we do not affirm.
Word Classes in Quechuan Languages
Authors: Muysken Pieter 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with the Quechuan language family, spoken in the Andes of South America. After some preliminaries on how to define the parts of speech in this family, the chapter focuses on several key questions. Are adjectives a separate class in these languages? Should we distinguish a special category of postpositions as separate from case markers and spatial nouns? What do nominalizations tell us about category membership? Are phrasal enclitics a word class by themselves, or should they be considered a special type of suffix? The perspective taken in this chapter is that word class is a multidimensional concept, and that on different dimensions different distinctions may be relevant. The chapter ends with a brief consideration of the Quechuan languages in the areal perspective of the Andes and the South American continent.
Word Classes in Language Contact
Authors: Matras Yaron , Adamou Evangelia 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Word classes show different degrees of sensitivity and susceptibility both to contact-induced language change (borrowing) and to language mixing in conversation (codeswitching). This contribution addresses the hierarchical nature of word-class arrangement as manifested in language contact settings. It reviews generalizations that have addressed the question of borrowing constraints on particular categories, and examines some of the features that accompany the integration of borrowed items in particular word classes. The chapter then examine some of the insights gained from the analysis of bilingual corpora and their implications for an explanatory model of borrowing and the status of word classes in contact-induced change.
Irish–English Bilingualism
Authors: Mac Mathúna Liam 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Ireland has experienced various forms of Irish–English bilingualism since the Anglo-Norman invasion of 1169. Prior to the sixteenth century English was mostly spoken in urban areas and in the region around Dublin called the Pale. The Statutes of Kilkenny (1366) reflected the perceived need to safeguard English language, customs, and culture among those of English descent. From 1600 on, the pressure for linguistic accommodation was felt much more keenly by the native Irish than by English town-dwellers. As second-language English competence among the Irish increased, it expressed itself in Irish/English code-mixing in a variety of literary genres in Irish, spanning the functional and creative realms. This chapter engages with Irish–English linguistic interaction in a wide variety of areas, including the public and private spheres, language register and domains, and community language shift.
‘Het onbekent en wonderlijk Eyland’
Authors: van Bunge Wiep 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In 1677 the Rotterdam poet and publisher Frans van Hoogstraten produced a beautiful translation into Dutch of Utopia. Van Hoogstraten was born into a Mennonite milieu and his friends included Socinians and acquaintances of Spinoza, but during the 1660s he joined the Catholic Church. A fervent supporter of religious toleration, he was proud to be regarded an ‘Erasmian’, and it would seem that his translation of Utopia was part of a joint celebration launched by the more liberal Erasmians of Rotterdam on the occasion of the reinstalment, in 1677, of the famous statue of Erasmus, first erected in 1622. More’s friendship with Erasmus apparently turned him into a natural ally of the Rotterdam Erasmians, and to the newly converted van Hoogstraten, More’s loyalty to the Church of Rome appears to have held a special appeal.
The Cultural Politics of Translation
Authors: Stewart Janet 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter traces the genesis, production, and reception of Eduard Fuchs’s 1896 translation into German of Utopia. It shows how the text was conceived and received in line with a particular ‘translation culture’ that itself must be understood first against the backdrop of a nascent social democratic movement seeking to establish itself in the changing, and at times hostile, political environment of a relatively recently united Germany; second, in the light of a particular view of adult education emerging from social democratic circles; and third, in the context of burgeoning interest in utopian thought in the German-speaking area that developed, in part at least, in response to the major sociocultural shifts that went hand in hand with the rapid industrialization of this area in the late nineteenth century, the so-called Gründerzeit. In particular, it sets this translation in relation to Karl Kautsky’s influential socialist interpretation of Thomas More’s Utopia.
Early Modern Utopian Fiction
Authors: Houston Chloë 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter offers an overview of the development of utopian fiction in the early modern period. It begins with an examination of the meaning of ‘utopia’ during this time; as the word developed satiric connotations, the utopian form was frequently rejected as a vehicle for serious political thought, though it nonetheless proliferated in a variety of genres, including political philosophy and travel literature. Having considered how More’s Utopia (1516) questions its own capacity for truthful representation, this chapter then turns to Henry Neville’s The Isle of Pines (1668). Neville’s utopia bears little obvious relation to Utopia, but nonetheless demonstrates how deeply More’s presentation of his fictional island influenced later utopias. This overview suggests that while utopia developed into two strands, namely political and fictional, these forms are not entirely distinct, sharing an interest in critiquing the world within a mode of writing that questions its own capacity for accurate representation.
Utopia and Moral Economy
Authors: Lutz Martin 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In his book Religion and the Rise of Capitalism from 1926, R. H. Tawney made his name as one of the founding fathers of moral economy as a conceptual framework. With further refinement by Karl Polanyi and E. P. Thompson, the concept has produced a vibrant debate on the pitfalls of modern capitalism and the relationship between moral values and the economy more broadly. This chapter connects Thomas More’s economic themes in Utopia to the debate. It outlines the main characteristics of Utopia’s economy as imagined by More and then provides an overview of the concept’s history from the original moral economists to the current debate. With the Hutterite case in North America, it introduces one specific example of how a moral economy based on collective ownership of property continues to exist up to the present day. The final section assesses the potential offered by Utopia and ‘moral economy’ for further research.
Utopia’s Empire
Authors: Hower Jessica S. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Though among the most studied works in literature, Utopia has largely escaped the notice of scholars of early modern empire, artificially separated from its full Atlantic setting and treated as the purview of literary critics and domestic historians. This chapter restores that context, examining the 1510s as a watershed of imperial trial and error alongside More’s continued relevance for theorists and adventurers across the Tudor–Stuart period. Conceived amidst the Henrician occupation of Tournai, Utopia developed classical concepts of colonia and imperium, justified expansion, and fictionalized the '‘New World’. The text and conquest were intimately related, and in turn influenced further schemes, including John Rastell’s abortive venture in 1517, Humphrey Gilbert’s crossing in 1583, and Robert Cecil’s characterization of Irish demands in 1599. Privileging the critical moments in which the book was written, consumed, and deployed, this chapter demonstrates how Utopia can shed new light on sixteenth- and seventeenth-century British empire-building.
Tentative detection of cyanoformamide NCCONH2 in space
Authors: Li Juan , Quan Donghui , Wang Junzhi , Zhang Xia , Lu Xing , Gou Qian , Gao Feng , Wu Yajun , Bergin Edwin , Li Shanghuo , Shen Zhiqiang , Du Fujun , Li Meng , Zheng Siqi , Zheng Xingwu 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The peptide-like molecule cyanoformamide (NCCONH2) is the cyano (CN) derivative of formamide (NH2CHO). It is known to play a role in the synthesis of nucleic acid precursors under prebiotic conditions. In this paper, we present a tentative detection of NCCONH2 in the interstellar medium with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) archive data. 10 unblended lines of NCCONH2 were seen around 3σ noise levels toward Sagittarius B2(N1E), a position that is slightly offset from the continuum peak. The column density of NCCONH2 was estimated to be 2.4 × 1015 cm−2, and the fractional abundance of NCCONH2 toward Sgr B2(N1E) was 6.9 × 10−10. The abundance ratio between NCCONH2 and NH2CHO is estimated to be ∼0.01. We also searched for other peptide-like molecules toward Sgr B2(N1E). The abundances of NH2CHO, CH3NCO and CH3NHCHO toward Sgr B2(N1E) were about 1/10 of those toward Sgr B2(N1S), while the abundance of CH3CONH2 was only 1/20 of that toward Sgr B2(N1S).
Drying without dying: A genome database for desiccation-tolerant plants and evolution of desiccation tolerance
Authors: Gao Bei , Li Xiaoshuang , Liang Yuqing , Chen Moxian , Liu Huiliang , Liu Yinggao , Wang Jiancheng , Zhang Jianhua , Zhang Yuanming , Oliver Melvin J , Zhang Daoyuan 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Desiccation is typically fatal, but a small number of land plants have evolved vegetative desiccation tolerance (VDT), allowing them to dry without dying through a process called anhydrobiosis. Advances in sequencing technologies have enabled the investigation of genomes for desiccation-tolerant plants over the past decade. However, a dedicated and integrated database for these valuable genomic resources has been lacking. Our prolonged interest in VDT plant genomes motivated us to create the “Drying without Dying” database, which contains a total of 16 VDT-related plant genomes (including 10 mosses) and incorporates 10 genomes that are closely related to VDT plants. The database features bioinformatic tools, such as blast and homologous cluster search, sequence retrieval, Gene Ontology term and metabolic pathway enrichment statistics, expression profiling, co-expression network extraction, and JBrowser exploration for each genome. To demonstrate its utility, we conducted tailored PFAM family statistical analyses, and we discovered that the drought-responsive ABA transporter AWPM-19 family is significantly tandemly duplicated in all bryophytes but rarely so in tracheophytes. Transcriptomic investigations also revealed that response patterns following desiccation diverged between bryophytes and angiosperms. Combined, the analyses provided genomic and transcriptomic evidence supporting a possible divergence and lineage-specific evolution of VDT in plants. The database can be accessed at http://desiccation.novogene.com. We expect this initial release of the “Drying without Dying” plant genome database will facilitate future discovery of VDT genetic resources.
A high-fat eucaloric diet induces reprometabolic syndrome of obesity in normal weight women
Authors: Santoro Nanette , Kuhn Katherine , Pretzel Shannon , Schauer Irene E , Fought Angela , D’Alessandro Angelo , Stephenson Daniel , Bradford Andrew P 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
We examined the effects of 1 month of a eucaloric, high-fat (48% of calories) diet (HFD) on gonadotropin secretion in normal-weight women to interrogate the role of free fatty acids and insulin in mediating the relative hypogonadotropic hypogonadism of obesity. Eighteen eumenorrheic women (body mass index [BMI] 18–25 kg/m2) were studied in the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle before and after exposure to an HFD with frequent blood sampling for luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), followed by an assessment of pituitary sensitivity to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Mass spectrometry-based plasma metabolomic analysis was also performed. Paired testing and time-series analysis were performed as appropriate. Mean endogenous LH (unstimulated) was significantly decreased after the HFD (4.3 ± 1.0 vs. 3.8 ± 1.0, P &lt; 0.01); mean unstimulated FSH was not changed. Both LH (10.1 ± 1.0 vs. 7.2 ± 1.0, P &lt; 0.01) and FSH (9.5 ± 1.0 vs. 8.8 ± 1.0, P &lt; 0.01) responses to 75 ng/kg of GnRH were reduced after the HFD. Mean LH pulse amplitude and LH interpulse interval were unaffected by the dietary exposure. Eucaloric HFD exposure did not cause weight change. Plasma metabolomics confirmed adherence with elevation of fasting free fatty acids (especially long-chain mono-, poly-, and highly unsaturated fatty acids) by the last day of the HFD. One-month exposure to an HFD successfully induced key reproductive and metabolic features of reprometabolic syndrome in normal-weight women. These data suggest that dietary factors may underlie the gonadotrope compromise seen in obesity-related subfertility and therapeutic dietary interventions, independent of weight loss, may be possible.
Conversion of raltegravir carrying a 1,3,4-oxadiazole ring to a hydrolysis product upon pH changes decreases its antiviral activity
Authors: Nakamura Tomofumi , Okumura Mayu , Takamune Nobutoki , Hirotsu Tatsunori , Sugiura Masaharu , Yasunaga Junichiro , Nakata Hirotomo 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Raltegravir (RAL), a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 integrase inhibitor, has been administered as part of antiretroviral therapy. Studies in patients with HIV-1 have shown high variability in the pharmacokinetics of RAL, and in healthy volunteers, coadministration of proton-pump inhibitors has been shown to increase the plasma RAL concentrations. Here, we found that RAL containing a 1,3,4-oxadiazole ring is converted to a hydrolysis product (H-RAL) with a cleaved 1,3,4-oxadiazole ring at pH 1.0 and 13.0 conditions in vitro, thereby reducing the anti-HIV activity of the drug. The inclusion of cyclodextrins (beta-cyclodextrin [βCD], random methyl-βCD [RAM-βCD], and hydroxypropyl-βCD [HP-βCD]) can protect RAL from pH-induced changes. The conversion of RAL to H-RAL was detected by using various mass spectrometry analyses. The chromatogram of H-RAL increased in a time-dependent manner similar to another 1,3,4-oxadiazole-containing drug, zibotentan, using high-performance liquid chromatography. Oral bioavailability and target protein interactions of H-RAL were predicted to be lower than those of RAL. Moreover, H-RAL exhibited significantly reduced anti-HIV-1 activity, whereas combinations with βCD, RAM-βCD, and HP-βCD attenuated this effect in cell-based assays. These findings suggest that βCDs can potentially protect against the conversion of RAL to H-RAL under acidic conditions in the stomach, thereby preserving the anti-HIV-1 effect of RAL. Although clinical trials are needed for evaluation, we anticipate that protective devices such as βCDs may improve the pharmacokinetics of RAL, leading to better treatment outcomes, including reduced dosing, long-term anti-HIV-1 activity, and deeper HIV-1 suppression.
Reevaluating Rehabilitation Practice for Patients Who Were Critically Ill After COVID-19 Infection: An Administrative Case Report
Authors: Clancy Malachy J , Tevald Michael A , Adler Joe , Butler Kelly , Courtwright Andrew M , Diamond Joshua M , Crespo Maria M , Bermudez Christian A 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Objective
The goal of this case report is to describe the process, challenges, and opportunities of implementing rehabilitation for individuals who were critically ill and required both mechanical ventilation (MV) and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support following a coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) infection in an academic medical center.

Methods
This administrative case report is set in a heart and vascular intensive care unit, a 35-bed critical care unit that provides services for patients with various complex cardiovascular surgical interventions, including transplantation. Patients were admitted to the heart and vascular intensive care unit with either COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome or pulmonary fibrosis for consideration of bilateral orthotropic lung transplantation. The authors describe the process of establishing rehabilitation criteria for patients who, by previously established guidelines, would be considered too ill to engage in rehabilitation.

Results
The rehabilitation team, in coordination with an interprofessional team of critical care providers including physicians, respiratory care providers, perfusionists, and registered nurses, collaborated to implement a rehabilitation program for patients with critical COVID-19 being considered for bilateral orthotropic lung transplantation. This was accomplished by (1) reviewing previously published guidelines and practices; (2) developing an interdisciplinary framework for the consideration of rehabilitation treatment; and (3) implementing the framework for patients in our heart and vascular intensive care unit.

Conclusion
In response to the growing volume of patients admitted with critical COVID-19, the team initiated and developed an interprofessional framework and successfully provided rehabilitation services to patients who were critically ill. While resource-intensive, the process demonstrates that rehabilitation can be implemented on a case-by-case basis for select patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and MV, who would previously have been considered too critically ill for rehabilitation services.

Impact
Rehabilitating patients with end-stage pulmonary disease on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and MV support is challenging but feasible with appropriate interprofessional collaboration and knowledge sharing.