bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Origins and Evolution of Japanese Direct Investment in East Asia
Authors: Mason Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Japanese foreign direct investment (FDI) in East Asia has increased substantially in recent years.1 Japan’s FDI outflows to the region have exceeded $5 billion annually since 1987, for example, and totaled almost $10 billion during the 1994 fiscal year.2 (See fig. 2.1.) Indeed, official Japanese figures suggest that in 1994 Japan’s FDI flows to Asia as a whole exceeded such flows to Europe for the first time in more than a decade. As a result, after North America, Asia has once again become the second largest recipient of Japanese direct investment flows.
lntrafirm Technology Transfer by Japanese Multinationals in Asia
Authors: Urata Shujiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Foreign direct investment (FDI) in the world has increased rapidly in recent years. One of the main interests on the part of the countries hosting FDI is to acquire technologies that would contribute to their economic growth. Among various means of international technology transfer, including international trade in technology through patents and in capital goods embodying technology, FDI has in creased in significance as multinational enterprises (MNEs) have expanded their FDI activities rapidly. Technology transfer is also a main concern for MNEs, for its success or failure determines the outcome of their overseas operations.
The Business Strategies of Japanese Production Networks in Asia
Authors: Tachiki Dennis S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To deepen our discussion of production networks driven by foreign direct investment (FDI), I focus on the business plans of Japanese companies. A business plan is an organizational document outlining a company’s policies and goals and the means for achieving those goals. When a company moves its operations overseas, it clearly states its FDI strategy in a business plan. Specifically, a business plan reveals the transfer of a component, product, or support service to an overseas production base as the internationalization of a section, department, or division. Yet the business plans of multinational corporations do not normally fall within the purview of FDI theories.
Japanese and U.S. Subsidiaries in East Asia: Host-Economy Effects
Authors: Ravenhill John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If one lesson is to be learned from the East Asian economic miracles, it is that there is no single path to economic success. Nowhere is this more obvious than in the variety of regimes these countries have maintained for foreign direct investment (FDI). During the crucial early stages of their industrialization, East Asian countries pursued policies toward FDI that spanned a spectrum from undisguised hostility to granting more favorable treatment to transnational corporations (TNCs) than that accorded to domestically owned companies.
Capital Punishment As A Legal, Political, And Cultural Fact: An Introduction
Authors: Sarat Austin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Today Americans live in a killing state in which violence is met with violence, and the measure of our sovereignty as a people is found in our ability both to make laws carrying the penalty of death and to translate those laws into a calm, bureaucratic bloodletting.1 We live in a state in which killing increasingly is used as an important part of criminal justice policy and of the symbolization of political power. At a time when life and the sensibility necessary to a meaningful life are extremely fragile, we are told that life must be taken to preserve our lives and sensibilities. The killing state is thus a state of being as well as the state we are in.
Lexical Acculturation in Native American Languages
Authors: Brown Cecil H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lexical acculturation refers to the accommodation of languages to new objects and concepts encountered as the result of culture contact. This unique study analyzes a survey of words for 77 items of European culture (e.g. chicken, horse, apple, rice, scissors, soap, and Saturday) in the vocabularies of 292 Amerindian languages and dialects spoken from the Arctic Circle to Tierra del Fuego. The first book ever to undertake such a large and systematic cross-language investigation, Brown ‘s work provides fresh insights into general processes of lexical change and development, including those involving language universals and diffusion.
Ellipsis and Glue Languages
Authors: Crouch Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A treatment of the interactions between ellipsis, quantifiers, and anaphora is presented in Crouch (1995), which gives comparable coverage to the higher-order unification account of Dalrymple et al. (1991) but without the burden of (i) ordersensitive interleaving of scope and ellipsis resolution or (ii) the same degree of potentially undecidable higher-order unification. That paper claims that the semantic formalism in which the treatment is cast (Quasi Logical Form, QLF) represents sets of constraints on permissible semantic compositions (where composition builds up the meaning of a sentence from the meanings of its constituent parts). Ellipsis resolution is to be seen as a matter of making “minimal” changes to the composition of the antecedent in order to accommodate the (previously identified) parallel material in the ellipsis. These minimal changes can be represented by substitutions on the set of constraints determining the permissible compositions of the antecedent.
We the People: The Fourteenth Amendment and the Supreme Court
Authors: Perry Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several of the most divisive moral conflicts that have beset Americans in the period since World War II have been transmuted into constitutional conflicts and resolved as such. In his new book, eminent legal scholar Michael Perry evaluates the grave charge that the modern Supreme Court has engineered a "judicial usurpation of politics." In particular, Perry inquires which of several major Fourteenth Amendment conflicts--over race segregation, race-based affirmative action, sex-based discrimination, homosexuality, abortion, and physician-assisted suicide--have been resolved as they should have been. He lays the necessary groundwork for his inquiry by addressing questions of both constitutional theory and constitutional history. A clear-eyed examination of some of the perennial controversies in American life, We the People is a major contribution to modern constitutional studies.
Economics
Authors: Grin Francois 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although there are distinct schools in economic theory, it is certainly one of the most integrated of the social sciences, and the overwhelming majority of researchers in the discipline operate within the framework of mainstream, also called orthodox or neoclassical, economics. In what follows, economics will there fore refer to this numerically and ideologically dominant school and the paradigm it adheres to-not out of ideological preference or oversight of other streams but simply because alternative paradigms (for example, Marxian economics) have never paid much attention to these dimensions of human experience.
The United States and Canada
Authors: Bourhis Richard Y , Marshall David F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The United States and Canada have many similarities: Both were the products of British Empire expansion; both contain conquered language minorities (Spanish and French, respectively) that seek maintenance of their languages and cultures as “national minorities”; both are known as “immigrant countries” of the New World that have depended on international immigration to build their respective multiethnic and multicultural societies; and, continentally, both developed westward, displacing aboriginal peoples (First Nations) who were conquered militarily and marginalized in their respective cultures and governments. English is used as the majority language in both countries, a language that symbolizes the powerful hegemony of two consecutive capitalist world empires: the British and then the American. Despite the unrelenting spread of English world wide, internally both Canada and the United States face political turmoil that surrounds issues of language choice, ethnic identity, equality, and justice, and both are experiencing crises of national identity and the process of “renationalization” through the changing of their respective concepts of who they are and what they are about as nation states.
Some General Aspects of Hematopoietic Cell Development
Authors: Metcalf Donald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This introductory chapter will discuss what can be deduced about the general nature and regulation of hematopoietic (blood cell-forming) populations from an analysis of clonal cultures of adult murine hematopoietic cells. There are two general premises involved in this approach: ( 1) that the biology of murine and human hematopoietic populations is essentially identical, and ( 2) that the cellular behavior observable in reductionist in vitro cultures is likely to portray, with some degree of accuracy, major aspects of the cellular events that occur during hematopoiesis in vivo.
Regulation of Myelopoiesis as Assessed by Gene Deletion and Gene Transduction
Authors: Broxmeyer Hal E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Similar to other cellular systems, the production of blood cells (hematopoiesis) is a tightly regulated system that is responsive to cytokine-mediated cell survival, growth, and differentiation. Cytokines act as ligands for specific receptors found on the cell surface. Binding of a cytokine to its receptor initiates a series of cascading events that translate intracellular signals from the cell membrane, through the cytoplasm, and into the nucleus.
Word Order And Discourse-Configurationality in European Portuguese
Authors: Costa João 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to look at the properties of the subjects in each order and try to find out which position each type of subject occupies and why. I will try to account for the optionality explaining what is the source for each order and, ultimately, to capture the basic intuition that EP is an SVO language (cf. Ambar 1992).
CNS Tumors (Excluding Pituitary, PNET, and Embryonal Tumors)
Authors: Parisi Joseph E , Mena Hernando , Scheithauer Bernd W , Rorke Lucy B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gliomas, principally astrocytomas, account for the majority of brain tumors. These intrinsic tumors are derived from neuroectoderm and are classified on the basis of the predominant cell type (astrocyte, oligodendrocyte, or ependymal cell). Although the term glioma applies to all tumors of this group, in practice, glioma usually refers to an infiltrative glial tumor, generally a diffuse astrocytoma or oligodendroglioma. Less commonly, the term glioma has been applied to all tumors of neuroepithelial origin, including those composed of undifferentiated cells, of neuronal elements, and of mixed cell populations. Incidence figures vary widely depending upon the patients studied. Most neurosurgical and neuropathological series report an incidence of gliomas as 40%–45% of all intracranial tumors (Zulch, 1986; Burger and Scheithauer, 1994). Glial tumors are somewhat more common in men (male:female ratio of 3:2), although as a group these are the most common intracranial neoplasms in both sexes. The incidence of gliomas is higher in children than in adults, accounting for about threequarters of all primary intracranial neoplasms in subjects under the age of 15. Childhood gliomas are more likely to be infratentorial in location, primarily involving cerebellum and brain stem, whereas adult examples are more likely to be supratentorial. Although some reports have suggested an increasing incidence of primary brain tumors in recent years, particularly malignant gliomas, careful population-based studies have indicated that this “apparent” increase actually is a reflection of improvements in diagnosis (Radharkrishnan et al., 1995).
Tumors of the Peripheral Nervous System (Including the Craniospinal Nerve Roots)
Authors: Giannini Caterina , Scheithauer Bernd W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The pathologic spectrum of tumors of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is broad, despite their derivation from a rather limited repertoire of nerve sheath cells. Putative precursor cells subject to neoplastic transformation reside in all three nerve compartments (endo-, peri-, and epineurium). These include: (1) Schwann cells, which ensheath myelinated and unmyelinated axons, (2) perineurial cells that comprise the perineurium and are an integral part of the blood–nerve barrier, and (3) fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and pericytes, as well as adipose cells. Tumors of peripheral nerves occur in benign and malignant form and show a variable association with neurofibromatosis of types 1 (von Recklinghausen’s disease, peripheral NF, NF1) and 2 (central NF, NF2). A discussion of the genetic basis and clinical spectrum of these disorders appears in Chapter 20. The currently accepted classification of peripheral nerve tumors includes: (1) neoplasms showing differentiation along neurogenic lines, these being the most numerous, (2) tumors with mesenchymal or other lines of differentiation, but primary in nerve, and (3) tumors secondarily involving the PNS. The classification of principal peripheral nerve tumors is summarized in Table 19.1. It follows the general guidelines of the World Health Organization (Kleihues et al., 1993), and of the recently published AFIP fascicle, Tumors of the Peripheral Nervous System (Scheithauer et al., 1999). The PNS also gives rise to a variety of non neoplastic lesions that clinically mimic peripheral nerve neoplasms. These include reactive, inflammatory, hyperplastic, and malformative processes (see Table 19.4). A working knowledge of normal PNS anatomy, as well as of the basic responses to injury exhibited by this highly specialized tissue, provides insight into the broad spectrum of lesions discussed herein. For a more exhaustive overview, the reader is directed to recent review (Scheithauer et al., 1999). Lastly, it goes without saying that careful correlation of morphologic data with clinical and surgical descriptions is essential to arriving at a correct diagnosis.
Pathology of Non-Neoplastic, Regional Disorders of the Spinal Cord
Authors: Kim Ronald C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This brief overview will deal with disorders that affect the spinal cord primarily or in a particularly distinctive manner. The more generalized pathological processes in which there is secondary or incidental spinal cord involvement will not be addressed, as they are discussed elsewhere in this volume. SPINAL VASCULAR DISEASE Anatomical Considerations Before entering into a discussion of spinal vascular disease, it is useful to review briefly what is known anatomically of the patterns of arterial supply and venous drainage of the spinal cord. The discussion that follows is based on the observations of many investigators (Adamkiewicz, 1882; Kadyi, 1889; Tureen, 1938; Suh and Alexander, 1939; Gillilan, 1958, 1970, 1978; Corbin, 1960; Lazorthes, 1972; Rodríguez-Baeza et al., 1989, 1991; Sliwa and Maclean, 1992; Alleyne et al., 1998; Fehlings and Skaf, 1998). The anterior spinal artery is formed rostrally from solitary branches of the intracranial portions of the vertebral arteries, and, as it descends in the midline along the ventral surface of the medulla and spinal cord, it receives major contributions from seven to eight penetrating radiculomedullary (radiculospinal) arteries. Since the anterior spinal arterial network, which is not necessarily continuous throughout its extent, is the major source of blood supply to the spinal cord, it is important to be aware of the limited number of vessels that contribute to its formation. Although radicular arteries accompany each of the ventral spinal roots, most of them provide blood to the nerve roots or the leptomeninges rather than to the spinal cord itself. The range of anatomical variations within this system is considerable and, in any given instance, may be clinically relevant. There is, in addition, some disagreement with regard to both the nature and the significance of findings based on postmortem injection studies. The conclusions drawn by Lazorthes and his colleagues on the basis of their studies (Lazorthes et al., 1966a,b; Lazorthes, 1972) seem to be in close accordance with what is known clinically and pathologically of spinal vascular insufficiency.
Language, Socialization, and Silence in Gay Adolescence
Authors: Leap William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores a component of the “coming-out” experience that remains largely overlooked in the literature on gay adolescence: How do gay teenagers go about acquiring the language of gay culture?1 My discussion of this question builds on three assumptions: (1) that something called “gay culture” (as distinct from gay “lifestyle” or erotic interests) really exists; (2) that “gay culture” includes distinctive “ways of talking” within its inventory of symbolics and semiotics; and (3) that these “ways of talking” are sufficiently rich and complex to justify being termed gay language, rather than an argot, “secret code,” or rhetorical style.
Making a Personal Relationship with Death
Authors: Levy Mitchell M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Given how frequently patients die in the ICU, one would think that talking with patients and families about death would come easily for critical care clinicians. Unfortunately for our patients, the irony is that just because we see death all the time we are not necessarily comfortable with it. Death, grief, and the prospect of loss remain issues that raise the same anxiety and discomfort for caregivers as for patients and their families. Why is it that every time we sit down to speak with a patient or family about death and that moment of silence starts, we panic? Why do we think that we have to fill the space as soon as someone exhibits grief, or rage, or simply discomfort? Why does that silence seem so interminable that we feel compelled to have something technical or wise to say? We see people die all the time, and yet at times we act as if we were strangers to the process of dealing directly with death and loss.
Principles and Practice of Withdrawing Life-Sustaining Treatment in the ICU
Authors: Rubenfeld Gordon D , Crawford stephen W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
problems may exist in providing palliative care in the ICU, has attention been directed to the practical aspects of withdrawing life support. Many practical questions about withdrawal of life support are perplexing and controversial. Should the endotracheal tube be left in place? Should interventions be weaned slowly or quickly? When should sedation be increased? How can concerns about relieving suffering be reconciled with fears of killing the patient? Should neuromuscular blockade be discontinued? These questions are important be cause clinicians face them frequently and yet are still confused by the goals and process of withdrawing life support, and because patients who die after withdrawal of life support may receive inadequate pain relief.
Head-to-Head Merge in Balkan Subjunctives and Locality
Authors: Dobrovie-Sorin Carmen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The data to be analyzed below belong to three types of constructions, which are held to be syntactically distinct in GB analyses: control, raising to subject, and obviation. Extending Dobrovie-Sorin’s (1994. chap. 4) analysis of Romanian to the other Balkan languages, I will argue that the data support a unified analysis along the lines of Koster (1978, 1984, 1987), who proposes that the same syntactic configuration, namely anaphoric binding, underlies both control and subject raising. The phenomenon referred to as obviation can also be restated in terms of anaphoric binding.
Subjunctives in Bulgarian and Modern Greek
Authors: Krapova Iliyana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alongwith other common properties, Bulgarian (Big) and Modern Greek (MGrk) exhibit strikingly similar patterns of subjunctive1 complementation, in terms of both structure and interpretation. Unlike the rest of the Balkan languages which possess special subjunctive morphology and/or subjunctive complementizers,2 Big and MGrk have finite complements with null complementizers that may function either as subjunctives, or as infinitives, depending on the lexical properties of the matrix verb.
Last Resort and V Movement in Balkan Languages
Authors: Rivero María Luisa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This essay deals with language typology and comparative syntax within the Minimalist program of Chomsky ( 1995). Taking both a synchronic and a diachronic perspective, it examines aspects of the syntax of verbs in two Balkan languages with close syntactic ties, Bulgarian (Big) and Greek (Ork). For Rivero (1994a), Big and standard Modern Greek (MGrk) display similar clause structures. The two languages, however, differ considerably as to verb position, with citation forms for Perfect Tenses already showing a clear contrast.
Electrodiagnosis Of Endplate Disease
Authors: Harper C Michel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Diagnosis of myasthenic disorders is based on clinical evaluation, clinical electromyography (EMG), serologic studies, and, in some instances, in vitro microelectrode and detailed morphologic studies. Failure of a careful EMG study to demonstrate a defect of neuromuscular transmission excludes such a defect as the cause of the patient’s symptoms. The EMG findings in patients with myasthenic disorders are not disease-specific, but often point to the correct diagnosis when interpreted in the context of the clinical information. Three major tools can identify a defect of neuromuscular transmission: repetitive stimulation studies, needle electromyography, and single fiber EMG. A complete evaluation would also include standard nerve conduction and F-wave studies, as they may reveal a peripheral neuropathy rather than a defect of neuromuscular transmission.
The immunopathogenesis of Myasthenia gravis
Authors: Hohlfeld Reinhard , Wekerle Hartmut 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The discovery of the autoimmune origin of myasthenia gravis (MG) in the 1970s and the realization that the disease represents an autoimmune response to a well-characterized autoantigen, the acetylcholine receptor (AChR), had two major consequences. First, it paved the way for dissecting the mechanism of the autoimmune response in MG, and second, it es-tablished MG as a disease of humans in which the general principles of autoimmunity can be investigated. Central to the autoimmune response in MG are the roles played by the thymus gland and by B cells and T cells.
The Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome
Authors: Newsom-Davis John , Lang Bethan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first clinical description of the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS), in its paraneoplastic form, appeared in 1953 in a paper by Anderson and associates,2 who, in their brief introduction, write as follows: “the presence of severe muscle weakness in a case of bronchial neoplasm seen in this hospital in 1951, and its almost immediate disappearance after removal of the tumor, suggested that such neoplasms might give rise to an unusual form of peripheral neuropathy, possibly similar to myasthenia gravis.” As we shall see, this was a highly percipient observation. Studies over the next 40 years were to establish the peripheral nerve as the site of involvement, the similarity between LEMS and myasthenia gravis (MG) both with respect to the site of the abnormality (neuromuscular junction) and the nature of the disorder (autoantibody mediated), and the role of the cancer in triggering and sustaining the disorder.