bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Yankeys Now
Authors: Ferrie Joseph P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The first great wave of European migration to the United States before the Civil War transformed both the migrants themselves and the country they entered. The extent of this transformation has been difficult to gauge without information on migrants before and after their departure from Europe. Yankeys Now: Immigrants in the Antebellum US 1840-1860 provides the first detailed look at how these immigrants were changed by their relocation and how the American economy responded to their arrival. The book employs unique data on more than 2,400 British, Irish, and German migrants who appeared on both passenger ship rosters and US census records to document the geographic, occupational, and financial movements of Europeans who traveled to this nation in the 1840s. Contrary to other studies of antebellum immigrants, Joseph P. Ferrie's work finds substantial mobility in all three of these contexts. The ability to follow immigrants from their arrival through several censuses makes it possible to compare the experiences of immigrants who remained in one location to those of immigrants who sought opportunity in new places throughout the 1850s. The latter group's achievements, as carefully traced in this volume, account for most of the contrast with previously published work on this topic. Using information on more than 4,000 native-born Americans followed through the 1850 and 1860 US censuses, Ferrie finds little evidence that immigrants' arrival negatively affected this country's labor force, excluding craft workers in the urban northeast. Taken as a whole, his findings demonstrate the American economy's ability to absorb additions to its workforce while also illustrating the range of opportunities available to nineteenth-century migrants drawn to the United States.
The Context of Antebellum Immigration
Authors: Ferrie Joseph P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The two decades before the Civil War witnessed the first great wave of European immigration to the United States. As Figure 3-1 shows, from 1820 (the first year for which reliable data are available) through the mid-1840s, the annual volume of immigration remained well below 100,000, which translates into an immigration rate that remained between four and five per thousand. The volume of immigration rose dramatically in 1847, in the wake of the failure of the potato crop in Ireland in 1846 and on the European continent in the following two years and Continental political turmoil in 1848. In 1850 alone, nearly 370,000 immigrants arrived in the United States, pushing the immigration rate above 15 per thousand for the first and only time in the nation’s history. Three countries (Great Britain, Ireland, and Germany) accounted for 93 percent of all arriving immigrants in 1849. The rate of immigration seen in the mid-1850s has yet to be surpassed in U.S. history.
The Intellectual World of Late Tokugawa
Authors: Gordon Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Faced with widespread symptoms of distress and decline, from chronic daimyō and samurai debt to devastating famine and increased instances of violent protests, both rulers and ruled produced vigorous critiques of their changing world. The gist of such statements often looked backward as well as forward: Reform was needed to return the world of the present to the better times of the past. Ironically, as is often the case, conservative reforms actually set in motion a chain of events that made a return to that past impossible. To understand the cultural and intellectual ferment of late Tokugawa times, one must begin by examining the ideal world that reformers wished to restore.
Empire and Domestic Order
Authors: Gordon Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Meiji revolution transformed the domestic space of Japan. Railroads linked the countryside in newly intimate fashion to ports and urban centers such as Tokyo, Yokohama, Osaka, and Kobe. The Meiji revolution also transformed the relationship between Japan and the world. By the end of the nineteenth century, Japan had shifted from a relatively marginal position to a dominant place in Asia. It was seeking control over Korea and had won colonial control over Taiwan.
Democracy and Empire between the World Wars
Authors: Gordon Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Taishō emperor, Yoshihito, took the throne in 1912 upon the death of his father, the Meiji emperor, at the age of thirty-three. He had suffered a childhood bout with meningitis. Although he recovered well enough to make numerous official tours around the country as Crown Prince, his health began to fail in 1918. By 1919 he was unable to perform his official duties. This was a time when European monarchs were falling from power one after another: the Russian czar in 1917 and the kings and emperors of Germany, Austria, and Turkey as well. This was also a time of political turbulence in Japan.
Occupied Japan: New Departures and Durable Structures
Authors: Gordon Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On August 15, 1945, the emperor of Japan announced the nation’s surrender to the Allied powers with his first radio broadcast ever. Some of his stunned listeners would later recall that August noon as an instant of “rebirth.” For these people, the surrender was a moment when past experience and values were rendered illegitimate. They decided to chart a totally new course, whether personal, on behalf of a national community, or both.
Political Struggles and Settlements of the High-Growth Era
Authors: Gordon Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The histories of politics and economy in postwar Japan offer a study in contrasts. Across three decades, the economy grew so quickly and consistently that even the United States began to study “the Japanese model” for lessons of success. The political world, in contrast, witnessed numerous sharp struggles. People argued over how to distribute the fruits of economic gain. They fought over the divisive question of Japan’s international alignment. From the 1960s into the 1970s, the intensity of political confrontation seen in the previous decade diminished somewhat.
Dialysis and National Priorities
Authors: Rothman David J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The history of kidney dialysis starkly exemplifies the increasing strains between the two fundamental tenets of the American credo in health care: unfettered middle-class access to technology in a system that relies essentially on the marketplace to provide health care coverage. Medicare made manifest one fissure: the private sector was not capable of meeting the overall needs of the elderly. The dialysis experience exposed a second. Like the iron lung, the dialysis machine was able to compensate for the failure of a vital organ, enabling patients with end-stage renal disease to survive. But the technology was so expensive and scarce as to stand beyond the reach of the middle classes and their philanthropic organizations. To ameliorate this desperate situation, in effect to satisfy what was perceived to be middle-class needs, the federal government intervened. In 1972, Congress agreed to underwrite all the costs of treating end-stage kidney disease and to this day kidney failure is the only ailment with its own guaranteed funding stream.
The glaring inconsistency in policy-why single out end-stage kidney disease for preferential treatment?-was even more difficult to justify than the passage of Medicare. The elderly, at least, were a more broadly based group than those suffering from kidney disease. Proponents tried a variety of strategies, including one that defended the special program as a step toward national health insurance. But again the expectation proved fanciful, and the dialysis precedent, like Medicare, turned into a negative reference point for health policy. For the first time, a number of critics began to tally up the costs, economic and social, of the ardent American romance with medical machines. Their calculations suggested that government could not satisfy demands in health care. Americans were going to have to change their attitudes and practices in fundamental ways.
Latin America on the Rise
Authors: Roberts Paul Craig , Araujo Karen Lafollette 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Any lingering doubt after the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) about Mexico’s importance to the United States was dispelled by the unprecedented $50 billion U.S. bailout of Mexico in January 1995. The bailout, intended to rescue Mexico from an economic crisis set off by the decision to devalue the Mexican peso in December 1994, was organized by the Clinton Administration with support from Republican leaders in Congress. There were arguments for and against bailing out Mexico, but the fact that the money was spent on Mexico and not on the simultaneous bankruptcies of Orange County, California, and Washington, D.C., is testimony to the stake that the United States has in Mexico.
Mexico is a large country with a population approaching 100 million that is embarked on a process of marketization and democratization. As a result of NAFTA and GATT, the United States has expanded trade and investment ties with Mexico. Moreover, Mexico is a gateway on our border to Central and South America with a combined population of 460 million, a potential market larger than the United States and Canada or the European Community. As modernization takes root in Latin America, economic opportunities abound.
Development Planners in Their Heyday
Authors: Roberts Paul Craig , Araujo Karen Lafollette 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Five-year plans are the invention of, and were once the exclusive possession of, the Soviet Union. Now Americans and Western Europeans assemble without thought to consider how they may help finance the five-year plans of India or Pakistan. The country which does not have goals, and a program for reaching these goals, is commonly assumed to be going nowhere.
Future historians are sure to wonder about the countries composing the Western Alliance in the second half of the twentieth century-the most economically successful countries in history-that had so little confidence in capitalism that they recommended socialism to poor countries already burdened with too much government. Historians will certainly notice the irony of the economically developed West recommending institutions that were the antithesis of the ones undergirding their own economic success. Radicals among them will interpret development planning as a form of neocolonial exploitation through which rich countries maintained hegemony over poor ones.
In the postwar period, “development economics,” a discipline that found inspiration in Soviet central planning, stepped onto the international . scene promising to make things better for the poor of the Third World. Planners armed with “shadow prices” and “input-output analysis” were believed capable of outperforming markets with real prices. Development economists were confident of the powers of their conceits.
Latin America’s Statist Tradition
Authors: Roberts Paul Craig , Araujo Karen Lafollette 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In making the transition to capitalism, Latin Americans are escaping from their history as well as from development planning. Things went wrong in the very beginning when public offices were privatized and the private economy was brought under the government’s sway through heavy regulation.
Imagine the United States without a stock market in which to buy and sell companies but with an organized market in which mayoralties, the state treasurer’s job, government procurement positions, and the like could be bought and sold and you have a picture of colonial Latin America. A person could buy and sell government jobs, and heirs could inherit them. On the other hand, a person who wanted to sell sugarcane had to do it in the Caribbean. If he wanted to produce cacao, Venezuela was the permissible site. Planters in Chile could cultivate wheat but were denied the right to produce tobacco.
Such a system developed perverse property rights. Markets were created for public offices, but were stifled for commodities and manufactures. A system that encouraged people to compete to buy the equivalent of the New York mayor’s office, but did not allow free enterprise, could not develop the capital markets and other institutions of a free society.
Overview
Authors: Kaul Inge , Grunberg Isabelle , Haq Mahbub Ul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Most good ideas take years, sometimes centuries to be recognized. The future of the Tobin tax may be larger than its modest beginnings. It was in 1972 in his Jane way Lectures at Princeton that James Tobin, the 1981 Nobel prize winner for economics, submitted a proposal for a levy on international currency transactions. His argument then:It is clearly desirable to preserve some possibilities of autonomy in national or continental monetary policies and to defend them against the growing internationalization of money markets. Our economies and governments are not sufficiently unified in other respects-goods, labour and capital markets, taxes and fiscal policies-to live with a single area-wide monetary policy.
Native Peoples And Native Histories
Authors: Iverson Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Perhaps thirty thousand years ago, the first settlers arrived in the land that would come to be known as North America. These pioneers did not travel by ship, nor did they claim territory for any monarch, but they did discover America. Migrating on foot across a land bridge that spanned the narrow Bering Strait during the Ice Age, they gradually made their way throughout the continent and down into South America, all the way to the tip of presentday Argentina. They sought not empires to swell national treasuries but new hunting grounds to feed growing populations. Of course, it took generations for these first explorers to become well established in specific locations. By A.D. 1000, or even before then, some groups occupied the territory they still claim today. Others continued to migrate, to create new homes and new customs for themselves. Even after the first Europeans made it to American shores, obviously uncertain of where they were or what the land might hold, many of the people they labeled “Indians” remained in motion. Both for relative newcomers and for more established Indian settlers in any region, the process of building communities and traditions was essentially the same. Around winter fires or on the hunt, while working in the fields or participating in religious rites, the younger members of each group learned from the older members. Their elders taught them about the creatures who shared the earth and sky with them and about the origins of their people. Through this instruction, they understood from an early age that their people belonged to the land they occupied. Creation stories often contained accounts of migration, but these stories also reassured people that the place where they lived was meant to be their home.
Entering The Global Economy
Authors: L.Bryant Keith 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
James W. Marshall walked along the American River inspecting John A. Sutter’s millrace on a cold January morning in 1848. As he tried to determine the water pressure needed to turn the wheel of Sutter’s sawmill, Marshall’s eyes detected the glint of metal in the stream, yellow metal, and he collected samples. The nuggets he found that morning produced the California gold rush. Some fiftythree years later, Captain Anthony F. Lucas pushed more drill stem into a saltdome at Spindletop, Texas, near Port Arthur. A rumbling noise, a sharp vibration, and the Lucas gusher blew in on 10 January 1901, oil shooting two hundred feet in the air for nine days. Within four years, twelve hundred nearby wells produced over thirty million barrels of petroleum. Between the discovery of gold in California and the coming of “black gold” in Texas, the economy of the trans-Mississippi West was transformed from subsistence agriculture and herding into a modernized and urbanized capitalistic economy integrated into a worldwide structure.
The Literary West
Authors: Lyon Thomas J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Mapping the western literary range might seem to be a simple job: draw a line down the Mississippi River, and everything west of that is “western.” But start talking with critics of western literature, and soon the good feeling of geographical neatness dwindles. Questions arise. Are the elegant detective novels of Ross Macdonald and Raymond Chandler, set mostly in Santa Barbara and Los Angeles, properly western? (Some critics rule out cities-perhaps on the idea that they are not open, western space.) When Henry Miller of Brooklyn and Paris, the author of Tropic of Cancer, moved to Big Sur in 1944, did he become a western writer? (Do we go by an author’s geographical residence, or is the determinant something more complicated?) Some students of the West, Walter Prescott Webb and Wallace Stegner among them, have refined the map by describing areas oflow rainfall as diagnostically western. Aridity means space: the space between trees and shrubs, struggling to survive in marginal conditions, and also the space between human settlements, ground that is difficult to exploit or settle, thus remaining mostly wild and open. Relatively few people, living in small settlements within an extensive wilderness, comes close to defining the classic western situation.
Selling The Popular Myth
Authors: Butler Anne M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Wall Drugstore, once a shabby soda fountain shop tucked deep into the South Dakota Badlands, exudes the rugged ambience of a popular culture chat embraces the American West. An out-of-theway pharmacy on the verge of collapse in 1936, the store rocketed into economic vitality when its shopkeepers, Dorothy and Ted Hustead, tied their advertising to the environmental factor that threatened to destroy them-western aridity. During the viciously dry summer of 1936, a promotional gimmick-offering travelers a free drink of ice water-struck Dorothy Hustead. In a burst of old-time frontier ingenuity, the Husteads used their surrounding regional drabness to capture the attention and money of passersby. A few quaintly lettered road signs, patterned after the famous Burma Shave advertisements, helped the moribund drugstore change into a merchandising bonanza. Hundreds of people, drawn by the refreshing thought of cold water, stopped for a thirst-quenching drink and stayed to purchase western wares from an ever-growing selection.
Angiogenesis in Atherosclerosis and Restenosis
Authors: post Mark , ware J Anthony 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Small arteries and arterioles that penetrate the adventitia and the media provide the blood supply of the wall of medium and large-size arteries. The intima and the lumenal part of the media are usually avascular; the thickness of this avascular layer is surprisingly constant (approximately 0.5 mm) even when the arterial wall thickens with age and seems to be determined by the diffusion coefficient of oxygen (Wolinsky and Glagov, 1967). Thus, the thickened arterial wall seen during adulthood is supported by new blood vessels that grow into the media.
Slavery
Authors: Davis David Brion 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Of all American institutions, Negro slavery has probably been the one most frequently compared with historical antecedents and foreign counterparts, and with the least benefit to systematic knowledge. Quite understandably, modern scholars have been so impressed by the long submission and degradation of southern Negroes, as well as by the extraordinary prevalence of racial prejudice in the United States, that they have often pictured American slavery as a system of unique and unmitigated severity that stands in marked contrast to other forms of servitude. Yet Thomas Jefferson could confidently assert that in Augustan Rome the condition of slaves was “much more deplorable than that of the blacks on the continent of America,” and list bar­barities and cruelties which were commonplace in Rome but presumably unknown in Virginia.
Civil War
Authors: Potter David M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It has been the curious fate of the United States to exert immense influence in the modem world, without itself quite understanding the nature of this influence. Major trends of the modem world-both constructive trends and socially injurious ones-have repeatedly become apparent in the United States before they became evident elsewhere. But though the United States has often been a step ahead in the process of social change, it has frequently been a step behind in its awareness of the meaning of new developments. The shape of things to come often became visible in America earlier than it did elsewhere, but American preconceptions about the frontier, the classless society, and the agrarian basis of democracy prevented Americans from perceiving this shape as realistically as it was perceived by social thinkers in other countries.
Imperialism
Authors: Winks Robin W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The depositary of power is always unpopular.” Benjamin Disraeli knew this, and so did Theodore Roosevelt. Both contributed to their nation’s power. Disraeli made Queen Victoria the Empress of India, while Roosevelt took Panama and built a canal there, by his own testimony. Both were imperialists. But imperialism has proved to be an infinitely elastic term, one to be employed against all men who used power for expansion, consolidation, and conquest. Caesar, Alexander the Great, Genghis Khan, Suleiman the First at the walls of Malta, the Abraham Lincoln who crushed the drive for Southern independence (but not the Lincoln who freed the slaves), Dingaan and Shakar of the Zulu nation, even-according to English historian Christopher Hill-Oliver Cromwell, all were imperialists. As a result of such elasticity, the word is one which now carries almost exclusively a pejorative meaning, and since it has come to cover all those sins for which Western man is thought to be responsible, it is a particularly convenient form of verbal shorthand to demonstrate the gulf that separates the two worlds, the world of those who took and have and the world of those who lack and want.
Building as a Unified Social Process
Authors: Davis Howard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At its root, a building culture may be characterized by fundamental human relationships and social habits, and not all building cultures require large and formal institutions. In this chapter, we will deal with two generic building cultures: the traditional village, which has been the subject of much study in vernacular architecture, and the informal settlements that characterize cities in many Third World countries. Although formal institutions do not play a major role in these building cultures, both of them work as complex and integrated human systems.
Builders, Architects, and Their Institutions
Authors: Davis Howard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The institutions and people of the building culture are ultimately responsible for the form of the built world. They act in predictable ways with respect to design, construction, the financing of buildings, the provision of materials, and the regulation of land and building. By doing these things, they are not only applying the knowledge contained in the building culture to current projects; they are also reproducing and perpetuating the culture itself.