bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Separation of 1‐phenyl‐3‐methyl‐5‐pyrazolone derivatives of monosaccharides by capillary electrochromatography
Authors: Suzuki Shigeo , Yamamoto Mayumi , Kuwahara Yuri , Makiura Kyoko , Honda Susumu 
Published: May 2005

Abstract1‐Phenyl‐3‐methyl‐5‐pyrazolone (PMP) derivatives of component monosaccharides in glycoproteins (fucose, galactose, mannose, N‐acetylgalactosamine and N‐acetylglucosamine) and epimeric aldopentoses (arabinose, lyxose, ribose and xylose) were well separated from each other by capillary electrochromatography on a Hypersil ODS column with a mixture of 50 mM N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)piperazine‐2′‐(2‐ethanesulfonic acid) buffer, pH 6.0 to ∼ 6.3, and acetonitrile (2.2:1 v/v) as eluent. The elution of these compounds showed relatively strong dependence on the pH and concentration of the buffer salts contained in the eluent, as compared to the elution by pressure‐driven high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on the same stationary phase, but separation of PMP‐monosaccharides was better than that by HPLC. Retention times of PMP‐monosaccharides were highly reproducible with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of ∼ 0.6%, and quantification with an RSD less than 5% could be achieved using 3‐O‐methylglucose as an internal standard.
Multiple parameter cross‐species protein identification using MultiIdent ‐ a world‐wide web accessible tool
Authors: Wilkins Marc R. , Gasteiger Elisabeth , Wheeler Colin H. , Lindskog Ingrid , Sanchez Jean‐Charles , Bairoch Amos , Appel Ron D. , Dunn Michael J. , Hochstrasser Denis F. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractRecent increases in the number of genome sequencing projects means that the amount of protein sequence in databases is increasing at an astonishing pace. In proteome studies, this is facilitating the identification of proteins from molecularly well‐defined organisms. However, in studies of proteins from the majority of organisms, proteins must be identified by comparing analytical data to sequences in databases from other species. This process is known as cross‐species protein identification. Here we present a new program, MultiIdent, which uses multiple protein parameters such as amino acid composition, peptide masses, sequence tags, estimated protein pI and mass, to achieve cross‐species protein identification. The program is structured so that protein amino acid composition, which is highly conserved across species boundaries, first generates a set of candidate proteins. These proteins are then queried with other protein parameters such as sequence tags and peptide masses. A final list of database entries which considers all analytical parameters is presented, ranked by an integrated score. We illustrate the power of the approach with the identification of a set of standard proteins, and the identification of proteins from dog heart separated by two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis. The MultiIdent program is available on the world‐wide web at: http://www.expasy.ch/sprot/multiident.html.
The use of the setchkin apparatus—mass spectrometry in the investigation of ignition and burning of flame retarded polystyrenes
Authors: Masařík I. , Ryska M. , Světlík J. , Horák Z. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA review is given of the possibilities for the use of the Setchkin apparatus combined with mass spectrometry in the investigation of the gaseous products of the thermo‐oxidative decomposition and burning of flame‐retarded polystyrenes, with simultaneous determination of the characteristics of ignition. Information on flame‐retardants in polystyrene, and their effect on the inhibition of burning in the gaseous phase were provided by mass fragmentation analysis of the main components of decomposition and burning.
Toxicity of thermal degradation products of polyethylene and polypropylene
Authors: Michal Jan , Mitera Jiřía , Tardon Stanislav 
Published: May 2005

AbstractPyrolysis, thermo‐oxidation and combustion of polyethylene and polypropylene were studied and the products of these thermal degradation processes were identified by means of gas chromatography and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. The individual products of thermal degradation were evaluated for their toxicity and a conclusion on presumed toxic effect of the combustion products of the polymers studied has been drawn.
Calculation of a toxicity index for materials, based on a biological evaluation method
Authors: Herpol Claire , Vandevelde Paul 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAn attempt has been made to present toxicological results obtained by a biological evaluation method in a simple and comprehensive way. The calculation of a toxicity index which expresses mortality rates as a function of the very important time factor is proposed. Additionally it is shown how such an index could be used to rank a series of twenty materials according to their relative toxicity.
The effect of pyrolysis and combustion temperatures on smoke density
Authors: Edgerley P. G. , Pettett K. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe small‐scale smoke testing apparatus now proposed as a standard in France under the designation NF–T51–073 measures the total obscuration from a stream of smoke generated from a small sample. Although like other small‐scale fire tests, it is not claimed to be of relevance to real fire situations, it is possible by varying the temperature over a wide range (200–900°C) to obtain a plot of specific optical density for various materials which broadly corresponds with general experience and certain other smoke tests. The plots show that nearly all flammable substances give a rapid rise in smoke opacity in the 350–500°C region above which there is always a steep drop sometimes to smoke densities of virtually zero. Apart from one or two synthetic materials which show a very low smoke density through‐out, there is no general trend as between natural and synthetic substances. Oxygen depletion which often occurs in a real fire situation has some effect on the smoke density but it is not a major one. On the other hand, in some cases reheating the smoke can have quite a dramatic effect, due very probably to further pyrolysis and combustion.
Visualization of room fire induced smoke movement and flow in a corridor
Authors: Quintiere J. G. , McCaffrey B. J. , Rinkinen W. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA study was conducted of the smoke and flow field in a corridor subject to a room fire. The study was conducted using a scale model of roughly 0.35 m in height. The effect of corridor‐exit doorway width was recorded while the room doorway and fire‐room temperature were maintained constant. Smoke was generated from cotton wads soaked with titanium tetrachloride which produces white particles of titanium dioxide. By this means, the smoke layer resulting from the room fire and the corridor flow characteristics were visualized. The results show the lowering interface of the corridor smoke layer with decreasing corridor‐exit door width. Also a four‐layer horizontal counter‐current flow pattern was displayed and shown to result from a restriction (e.g. soffit) at the corridor exit. The mixing of the incoming cold flow and exiting hot flow at the corridor exit was observed to be shedding vortices swept into the cold floor jet. Results based on velocity measurements and smoke observations are presented for the corridor smoke layer height and doorway neutral‐plane heights. The limitations of current predictive models are demonstrated for layer‐heights and flow rates for the room and corridor experiments.
Interactions between flame retardants and stabilizers in polyethylene systems
Authors: Nagy P. , Szöllösi I. , Pál G. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe influence of flame retardants and stabilizers on the thermooxidative and thermal stability of polyethylene systems has been investigated. In the present study 18 polymeric composites were prepared and their stabilities investigated by static and dynamic methods; their flammability parameters were also determined.
Relative toxicity of pyrolysis gases from materials: Specific toxicants and special studies
Authors: Hilado Carlos J. , Cumming Heather J. , Machado Anne M. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractVarious aspects of Pyrolysis gas toxicity studies at the University of San Francisco are discussed. Animal response data can be used to establish patterns which would help identify specific toxicants by their mode of action. Reference time‐concentration curves for individual gaseous toxicants can be used to permit deduction of importance of these toxicants in complex mixtures of toxic gases. These techniques can be used to identify cause and mechanisms of toxicity without significant additional cost. The versatility and economy of the basic test permits rapid survey of test variables to identify potential problem situations.
Standards for the fire hazard of clothing: The Australian experience
Authors: Gordon Peter G. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe Australian Children's Nightwear Standards have been accepted as the basis of legislation in all States of Australia and by the Commonwealth Government. The standards are based on the philosophy that garment design as well as combustion characteristics of the material is an important consideration in assessing the fire hazard of nightwear. Using this approach a classification system has been devised which place children's nightwear into three categories of potential fire hazard. If a garment cannot be classified then it cannot be legally sold in Australia. The combustion characteristics tested are ease of ignition, rate of flame propagation and surface burn properties. For classification all materials used for children's nightwear must pass the latter test. The design of the standard test methods, criteria for classification and the concepts of safe design were developed by collection data from burns accidents and burnt clothing from accident victims from the burns research unit of a large children's hospital and by the study of the burning behavior of clothing on a manikin. The combustion criteria are not so stringent as to require the use of inherently flame resist materials or the use of flame retardant finishes. This approach in combination with safe design criterial enable commercially available textiles to meet the legislative requirements for children's nightwear. This mean that the nightwear standards are inexpensive to attain and do not require a sophisticated textile technology. A consumer labeling system has been designed to describe the three categories but yet there is no evidence to suggest that this had had any effect in reducing the number of burns accidents—consumers apparently regrading safe nightwear as a low priority. An inconsistent aspect of the calssification system is the incorporation into the standards in 1977 of criteria to prevent the classification of cotton flannelette nightdresses and the incorporation of arbitrary requirements for other nightdress containing cotton. These inconsistencies have been caused fundamentally by a problem which continues to bedevil the writing of good standards in Australia—that is, the lack of nationwide statistics on burns accidents.
The effect of environmental temperature upon the physical characteristics of the smoke produced by burning wood and PVC samples
Authors: Powell E. A. , Bankston C. P. , Cassanova R. A. , Zinn B. T. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractData are presented which show the effect of elevated environmental temperature upon smoke particle characteristics of wood (Douglas fir) and a rigid PVC, under both flaming and nonflaming combustion in air. The physical data obtainbed include the smoke particle average diameter, the smoke optical densities in red and blue light, and the weight loss of the sample. The average particle dimeter, the smoke optical densities in red and blue light, and the weight loss of the sample. The average particle diameter and optical densities in red and blue light, and the weight loss of the sample. The average particle dimater and optical densities were obtained uwing in in situ optical system which measures forward scattered light at two angles and transmitte light at two wavelengths. Data were taken for vertically mounted samples exposed to a radiant flux of 5 W cm−2 in environments at a room temperatures, 100°C, 200°C and 300°C. The result indicate that in flaming test higher environmental temperatures general result in greater smoke optical densities and larger smoke particles, while in nonflaming tests higherl temperatures in lower smoke densities and smaller smoke particles, for wood. These results may explain why small‐scale test data (room temperature environment) do not often correlate well with full‐scale data (often at elevated environmental temperatures).
Fire safety analysis for public mass transit trains
Authors: Allender P. J. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractWith increasing use of electric trains carrying very high passenger loads it is important to assess the risks involved in using combustible materials. An approach using decision tree methods to analyse the resulting fire growth and passenger action combinations has been developed. Clear statement of objectives, mainly preservation of life and property, is essential. Systems analysis models can then be used to define the nature of quantitative information needed to assess probabilities of the lines of action shown by the decision tree. The current situation is not fully defined since there isdifficulty in using test report and behavioural information in the on‐off mode needed for Boolean logic which is required by decision tree methods. Some preliminary probabilities are given for state transitions, such as ignition to flame spread, based on reported data. A basis for a possible approach to human behaviour variables and the effect of combustion products is given.
Textiles, fire and test standards—a polemic
Authors: Clegg D. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractTextiles usually form the exterior surface of an item which they cover. They are usually organic and therefore may be readily burned. Some actively spread flame. Thus, they are vunerable to fire and to controls designed to promote fire safety. This paper is essentially a personal view of the diversity of test methods, standards and controls concerned with textile flammability which have emerged or are emerging internationally. It suggests the need for collaboration in assessing fire hazards rationally, to counter emotive pressures for controls for controls and to promote their harmonization worldwide.
A method for measuring combustion intermittency in fires
Authors: Chitty R. , Cox G. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThis note describes a digital circuit for the measurement of combustion intermittency in fire gases. The measurement has been achieved by analyzing the positive ion current drawn by an electrostatic probe immersed in the flow. The circuits used are modular in design so that signals from different types of sensor may be presented for intermittency analysis. Some results obtained in an unbounded diffusion flame are reported.
Two‐layer modeling of smoke movement in building fires
Authors: Zukoski E. E. , Kubota Toshi 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA description is given of a model which predicts the motion of combustion products and fresh air caused by a fire located in one room of a two‐room structure. The gas in each room is assumed to be divided into two homogeneous layers, a layer next to the ceiling which contains hot combustion products and one next to the floor which contains fresh air. The model predicts the motion of the interface separating these layers and the density of the hot layers as a function of time and an arbitrarily specified fire heat release rate.
Effect of diammonium phosphate on the flammability of wood and wood–polymethylmethacrylate composites
Authors: Kishore K. , Mohandas K. , Sagar D. Karuna 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe effect of diammonium phosphate has been examined on sawdust–polymethylmethacrylate composites. It has been observed that the char formation depends on the distribution of DAP in sawdust and polymethylmethacrylate. An interesting correlation was found between the mass burning rates of the composites and the extent of char formation during thermal degradation.
Flame lengths under ceilings
Authors: Babrauskas Vytenis 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe evaluation of hazards from developing room fires often requires a knowledge of flame lengths developed by burning objects. Procedures for estimating flame lengths have been available only for vertical plume fires, where there is no flame impingement on the room ceiling. Calculational procedures are developed for approximate calculation of flame lengths when part of the flame flow is along the ceiling. Four common geometries are treated: unbounded ceiling, plume near corner, plume in corner and one‐directional corridor spread. Ceiling flame lengths are calculated by use of the assumption that the total air entrained up to the flame tip is the same for ceiling flow as for the free fire. Comparison with limited experimental data suggests potential for prediction in full‐scale room fires.
Australian fire tests in standards and regulations
Authors: Martin K. G. , Dowling V. P. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractFire test methods cited in Australian regulations codes and specifications and the authorities promulgating them are reviewed. The pertinent regulations are generally drafted and administered by departments of the seven State governments, in some cases in reference to model codes developed by committees supported by the federal government to promote uniformity. The test methods, specifications and codes of practice are standardized by the Standards Association of Australia, an independent body with no statutory powers: the standards become mandatory when called up in legislation. Building materials and structures, consumer products, certain electrical components and children's nightwear are the main areas concerned with regulations that invoke fire test methods. The intent of the regulations and the test methods are discussed with particular emphasis on matters unique to Australia.
Testing products and materials for their contribution to flashover in rooms
Authors: Thomas P. H. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe first part of the paper describes briefly the calculation of the rate of heat release required to cause flashover in a compartment. It is possible from theory to suggest that the thermal feedback which controls the supply of gaseous fuel from a given area of combustibles may be generally less important than that which controls the extension of the area, although eigher can cause the rapid transition of flashover in the absence of the other. In the second part of the paper some implications for the testing of products and linings are explored and some suggestions are made for the way in which test data can be used to predict the behaviour of fires in rooms. Suggestions are made for the way in which test data can be used to predict the behaviour of fires in rooms. Suggestions are made for the development of test having a more direct meaning, in terms of both hazard and quantitative theory.
The thermal decomposition of polyurethanes and polyisocyanurates
Authors: Chambers John , Jiricny Josef , Reese Colin B. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe thermal decomposition of a number of TDI‐ and MDI‐based biscarbamates (model compounds for polyurethane foams) between 200°C and 1000°C showed that the urethane linkage undergoes an O‐acyl fission at about 300°C to generate the free isocyanate and alcohol. In the case of the flexible foam analogues, the newly generated TDI reacts further to generate volatile polyureas, termed ‘yellow smoke’. The MDI residues generated in the decomposition of a rigid foams react to yield non‐volatile polycarbodiimides. Both the yellow smokes and the polycarbodiimides decompose above 600°C to give a mixture of nitriles (including HCN) as well as a number of olefinic and aromatic compounds. The use of 13C labeling indicated that HCN and all the other nitriles generated during the high temperature decompositions originate in the thermal fission of the aromatic ring, the nitrile carbon being the 2‐, 4‐ or 6‐ carbon of MDI.
Determination of carbon monoxide in thermal degradation products of polymeric materials
Authors: Michal Jan 
Published: May 2005

AbstractGas chromatography using a column with a molecular sieve was applied to the determination of carbon monoxide in thermal degradation of polymeric materials. Attention was paid to the variance of individual determinations and conclusions were drawn regarding reproducibility of the processes studies. The carbon monoxide content in pyrolysis and thermooxidation products of the commonest polymeric materials and the effect of temperature on the amount of carbon monoxide formed were determined.
Estimation of the magnitude and spatial distribution of combustible materials in urban areas. A case study of the San Jose area, California
Authors: Simonett David S. , Barrett Thomas N. , Gopal Sucharita , Holsmuller Frank J. , Veregin Howard 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThis paper describes a methodology for estimating the magnitude and spatial distribution of urban fuel loadings using San Jose, California, as a case study. The study was undertaken to provide basic inputs into the modeling of large urban fires ignited by nuclear explosions, which has important implications for studies of the global climatic effects of nuclear war, or the so‐called ‘nuclear winter’ phenomenon. The methodology is based on the measurement of the numbers and sizes of different building occupancy types from aerial photographs for approximately 6000 1000‐ft (304.8‐m) grid cells covering the study area. These measurements were combined with literature‐derived average fuel loadings for each building type to yield the total fuel loading per cell. The total fuel loading thus calculated is approximately 4558.56 × 106 kg, yielding an average of 8.4 kg m−2 (1.7 lb ft−2) for the built‐up area of the city and 9.4 kg m−2 (1.9 lb ft−2) if unoccupied cells (i.e. cells containing no fuel) within the built‐up area are excluded. These figures are lower than previously published average values, due to the low‐density character of San Jose and the exclusion of certain components of total fuel loading by the methodology.
Iron‐containing compounds as flame retarding/smoke‐suppressing additives for PVC
Authors: Carty P. , Docherty A. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe incorporation of a range of iron‐containing inorganic and organometallic compounds into a semi‐rigid PVC formulation has been investigated. Limiting Oxygen Index and Smoke Density data were obtained across a wide range of formulations and the effects of the compounds on flammability and smoke generation are discussed. Iron‐containing inorganic compounds appear to have little effect on the flammability of semi‐rigid PVC but several of the organoiron compounds and iron oxides markedly reduce smoke formation.