bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beyond dunnocks: sexual conflict, parental care and mating systems
Authors: Davies N B , Quinn David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The three main conclusions of the book are as follows. First, the variable mating system of the dunnock reflects the various outcomes of conflicts of interest among males and females, with each individual selected to maximise its own reproductive success, often at the expense of others. Second, conflicts of interest underlie even seemingly cooperative ventures, with no visible squabbles, such as the provisioning of a brood of young by a male-female pair or a two male female trio. Third, individuals use simple rules to guide their behaviour, rules which on average promote their own reproductive success but which are far from perfect, sometimes leading to maladaptive outcomes such as the provisioning of a brood where a male has no paternity or even the provisioning of young of the wrong species. In this final chapter I shall consider the general interest of these three themes, particularly for studies of other bird species.
Introduction
Authors: Itö Yosiaki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is a development of the ideas that I first presented in Karibati no syakai-sinka (Social evolution of wasps, published by Tokai University Press, Tokyo, in 1986).The social insects represent the peak of social integration among invertebrate animals. Thus honey-bee queens cannot live alone, but must always be helped by workers. The workers do not mate, though they can lay male-destined (haploid) eggs when their queen is lost. This is however, exceptional; the workers usually devote their lives to feeding their queen’s young and defending their nest, sometimes sacrificing their own lives in the process. Such social systems, characterized by the existence of complete or incomplete division of reproductive labour (the coexistence of two or more ‘castes’) and by co-operation among colony members, are defined as ‘eusocial’ (Wilson 1975).
Multi-queen societies: swarm-founding wasps in the tropics
Authors: Itö Yosiaki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Honey-bee colonies reproduce by ‘swarming’ (colony fission). When a colony produces new queens at a certain stage of colony growth, the old queen disperses from her nest together with a group of workers and this queen-worker group builds a new nest. Stingless bees also reproduce by swarming, but in this subfamily the new queens and some of the workers disperse from their natal nests (Sakagami 1984 ).
Kin-selection and multi-queen social systems: conclusion
Authors: Itö Yosiaki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The existence of completely, or almost completely, sterile workers, as seen in honey-bees, hornets, ants, termites, and soldier-producing aphids, however, seems to be inexplicable without kin-selection. Workers which cannot leave any progeny (including male eggs), such as the soldiers of termites and aphids, are unable to gain any fitness from mutualism with unrelated colony members. Even for workers which can reproduce after the death of queens, the probability of succeeding the queen is almost zero if the colony size is more than 1000. A genetic trait which leads mothers to sterilize their first progeny by nutritional, pheromonal, or behavioural castration, and then to produce reproductives, can be selected for if the mothers can produce more reproductive progeny than mothers without this trait (parental manipulation of Alexander 1974). At least for eusocial wasps, however, the overlapping of the emergence and of the morphological structure of workers and reproductives, and the possibility of a revolt by progeny in tropical areas makes this explanation somewhat difficult.
Squirrel monkey
Authors: Kirkwood James K , Stathatos Katherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thorington (1985) classified animals in the genus Saimiri into two species; Saimiri sciureus, of which he proposed there are four subspecies: S.s. sciureus, S.s. cassiguarensis, S.s. boliviensis, and S.s. oerstedii, and S. madeirae. However, research on the taxonomy of Saimiri is continuing (for example, Van de Berg et al. 1987). These animals are found in wet and dry tropical forests (Baldwin 1985) of the Amazon Basin and surrounding lands (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Colombia, and Guyana), but there is also a population in Panama and Costa Rica (Thorington 1985). The latter, which are S.s. oerstedii, are listed as endangered (Mittermeier 1986; IUCN 1990).
Proboscis monkey
Authors: Kirkwood James K , Stathatos Katherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are no subspecies according to the ISIS classification. The species is found in Borneo (Medway 1970; Hrdy 1977) and on two small islands close to its north-eastern coast: Berhala and Sebatik (Wolfheim 1983). It is a forest species most commonly found in riverine or coastal areas (Kawabe and Mano 1972; Happel et al. 1987).
Biological structures obtained by X-ray diffraction methods
Authors: Waller David A , Dodson Guy G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1.1 Introduction
This article is aimed at biochemists and molecular biologists without crystallographic training who wish to learn about the structural determination of macromolecules by X-ray analysis. Examples are taken mainly from the crystallography of proteins. X-ray analysis has had an immense impact on biochemistry and biological science. Our knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of proteins, nucleic acids, viruses, and other macro­ molecular assemblies has come almost entirely through this technique.
The first high-resolution protein structure determined by X-ray crystallography, myoglobin (Kendrew et al. 1960), gave an initial impression of great complexity. On further study it was revealed that the structure was composed of eight helices arranged around the haem group. The conformation of the a-helices agreed with the predictions of Pauling and Corey (1951). This first protein structure was found to contain a core of predominantly non-polar residues with polar residues distributed over its surface. The separation of non-polar side-chains into the interior and polar side-chains onto the exterior of the protein explained many of its physical and chemical properties and gave a reliable structural basis to direct future chemical and biochemical research.
Biopolymers: an NMR survey
Authors: Wuthrich Kurt 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the last decade a method for the determination of the complete three­dimensional structure of proteins was developed, which uses nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for the data collection and distance geometry, or possibly other mathematical techniques, for the structural interpretation of the NMR data (W üthrich et al. 1982; W üthrich 1986). NMR is the only approach, in addition to diffraction techniques with single crystals, that is available for protein structure determination at atomic resolution. The structural information obtained by NMR is in many ways complementary to that from X-ray crystallography, thus widening our view of protein molecules with regard to a better grasp of the relations between structure and function. The NMR method can be applied with closely similar strategies to other biopolymers, such as DNA, RNA, and polysaccharides. However, since the potentialities of the method are intimately linked with the intrinsic structural properties of the molecules studied, the information on the molecular conformation obtainable with these other classes of com­ pounds may be more limited than with proteins. Much interest of the NMR approach is also focused on studies of intermolecular aggregates between proteins and other small or large molecules.
Evolution of the Genetic Code
Authors: Osawa Syozo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The genetic code was deciphered experimentally around 1966 and for a number of years scientists considered it to be "universal" for all forms of life. In 1981 researchers shocked the scientific community with the discovery that the code differed in mitochondria and certain other organisms, evidence that the genetic code was still evolving. This book discusses the distribution and origin of the non-universal codes and examines the possible mechanisms of code changes, making it essential reading for all those interested in evolutionary genetics.
Catalytic Additions of Carbon Dioxide Adducts to Alkynes: Selective Synthesis of Carbamates, Ureas, and Carbonates
Authors: Bruneau Christian , Dixneuf Pierre H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
CO2 is the meeting point of several idealistic criteria for the functionalization of organic substrates: abundance, low cost, nontoxicity, and reusable carboxylation carbon unit. Its potential wide-range utilization is actually limited by its high stability, but motivates the search for general activation processes. One of the best uses of CO2 is the carboxylation of organic halides via Grignard reagents. However, the overall reaction cost implies loss of the halide and oxidation of magnesium (eqn (1)). In contrast, new generation carboxylation processes should involve the direct coupling with hydrocarbons and the use of a more easily reducible metal catalyst.
Carbon Dioxide as an Organic Building Block. Mechanisms of its Activation by Electron Transfer and Transition-Metal Complexes
Authors: Amatore Christian , Jutand Anny , Nielsen Merete F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A large amount of work has been devoted to the reductive activation of carbon dioxide (for earlier reviews see Darensbourg and Kudarovski 1983; Silvestri 1987; Behr 1988; Braustein et al.1988; Silvestri et al.1990), since this molecule represents an abundant and low-cost potential source of carbon for the production of organic chemicals. Under its natural form, viz.CO2, this is a rather stable molecule, inert to most organic reagents except strong nucleophiles. Conversely, its reductive activation, either by direct electron transfer (outer sphere activation) or by ligation to an electron-rich metal centre (inner-sphere activation) considerably increases its reactivity, especially in view of allowing a facile creation of carbon-carbon bonds. Since several other chapters of this book (see for example Chapters 7-9, 13) are already devoted to the discussion of several of these synthetic perspectives, here the focus is on some mechanistic aspects relevant to the reductive activation of carbon dioxide, in view of its use as a Cl building block in organic chemistry. The first section of this chapter is devoted to the mechanism of electron-transfer activation of CO2, as it occurs upon its electrochemical reduction at inert electrodes. In the second section we will discuss some of the mechanistic subtleties introduced by the combined use of electrochemical and transition metal activation of carbon dioxide, with respect to the formation of carbon-carbon bonds with organic substrates.
Oncogenes and tumour-suppressor genes
Authors: Piris M A , Sanchez-Beato M , Villuendas R , Martinez J C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The process of oncogenesis at the cellular level appears to be related to disorders in the control of cell proliferation, differentiation, and programmed cell death. These processes in higher organisms are regulated by multiple mechanisms involving intracellular and extracellular loops of control. Most, if not all, cancer cells contain multiple genetic aberrations that appear to contribute to tumorigenesis by perturbing these pathways. Two basic types of genetic damage are encountered frequently in cancer cells, dominant with targets known as proto-oncogenes, and recessive with targets known as tumour-suppressor genes. The genetic events affecting proto-oncogenes often result in a gain of stimulatory function, whilst that affecting tumour-suppressor genes may cause loss of inhibitory function. Early insights into the molecular control of tumour formation came from studies on RNA tumour retroviruses which lead to the discovery of viral oncogenes. These are segments of the viral genome which induce neoplastic cell transformation in vitro (characterized by loss of adhesion to surfaces, anchorage independent growth, lowered requirement for growth factors, and tumorigenity in nude mice), and contribute to the pathogenesis of virus-induced tumours in vivo. Similar sequences were identified in the genome of most eukaryotic cells displaying remarkable evolutionary conservation between the various species suggesting that they were essential for basic cellular functions. It has also been demonstrated that DNA extracted from tumour cells and introduced into normal cells in culture may induce neoplastic transformation. The genes responsible for this effect have been identified. The homologues of all these viral and cellular transforming genes present in normal cells are called proto-oncogenes, implying that they are potentially oncogenic. Most of these encode proteins involved in the transmission of external growth and differentiation signals from the cell surface to the cytoplasm and nucleus. They modulate multiple biochemical pathways which control gene expression, cytoskeletal architecture, and cellular metabolism, which in turn regulate the progression of the cell cycle and the unfolding of cellular differentiation programmes (1). This implies that the effect of any particular oncogene on cell proliferation may not be independent of, and separable from, its effect on differentiation. Indeed, in general, the proliferative capacity decreases as cells differentiate (2). In other words, increased cell proliferation induced by any particular oncogene may not represent a direct effect on cell cycle regulation, but may be consequential to a decrease in the differentiation potential of the cell.
Oncogenes and tumoursuppressor genes as prognostic indicators in the development of human tumours
Authors: Field J K , Spandidos D A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The advent of the development molecular techniques has expanded the field of new prognostic indicators in cancer research. The discovery of oncogenes during the 1980s and tumour-suppressor genes in the early 1990s has provided new data for scientists and clinicians to determine the molecular development and progression of cancer. However, the clinical correlations with the molecular progression of the disease has relied on clinical and histological staging systems that have been used for many years and which have many limitations. The reliance on these staging systems, for example, clinical staging (TNM size of tumour, nodes and metastasis based on the UICC system) and histological (level of differentiation), will in time be replaced by the introduction of molecular staging systems for each cancer. This era has arrived in so far as it is now possible to identify a predisposing genetic aberration in certain familial cancers and identify individuals at risk. Within the next IO years it can be envisaged that molecular markers, such as oncogenes and tumour-suppressor genes, may be used to identify potentially malignant lesions and progressive and terminal stages of neo plasia. As this ideal situation has not yet been attained, this chapter provides an overview of the current state of the art and highlights achievements and limitations of our present understanding of oncogenes and tumour-suppressor genes as being useful prognostic markers in human cancers. The current concept of normal cell proliferation involves the counterbalance of growth-promoting proto-oncogene regulation with the growth-constraining regulations of tumour-suppressor genes. Amplification, translocation mutations, and overexpression of oncogenes have all been implicated in aberrant cell control, resulting in malignant transformation and tumour development. The constraining effects of tumour-suppressor genes are inactivated by gene mutation, deletions, and allele loss, resulting in loss of control and thus unrestrained growth of cancer cells (1).
Epidemic models and propagation of infectious diseases
Authors: Shigesada Nanako , Kawasaki Kohkichi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Infectious diseases have had major impacts on human society throughout its history. Many medieval European cities are known to have declined in the end because of infectious diseases. The number of deaths caused by infectious diseases far exceeds that of all wars in the past. For instance, bubonic plague that swept over Europe in the 14th century took the lives of a quarter of the total population of 100 million. In the Aztec Empire of Central America, smallpox which was brought over by the Europeans reduced the population by half from about 3.5 million originally present in 1520. In this century, a strain of influenza known as Spanish flu broke out at the end of the First World War and caused the death of 20 million people around the world in 1919 (Anderson and May, 1991).
Discovery of the birds of paradise and history of their study
Authors: Frith Clifford B , Beehler Bruce M , Cooper William T , Mcguire Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of the discovery and study of birds of paradise is as colourful as the birds themselves. It has included the lives (and sometimes the deaths) of monarchs and other eminent persons, famous and infamous explorers, traders and collectors, and some of the great evolutionists, zoologists, and ornithologists. Recent decades have seen all manner of people spend significant parts of their lives involved with these magnificent birds. American, Australian, and British self-made, and some knighted, millionaires, academics interested in the theoretical potential of the birds, and enthusiastic but near penniless young birdwatchers have suffered the extreme discomforts of New Guinea for a glimpse of avian paradise. Errol Flynn, before gaining Hollywood fame, had an eye to the bird of paradise plume trade as a possible back-up venture when in New Guinea in search of gold (Flynn 1960; Fuller 1995).
Evolution and biogeography of the birds of paradise
Authors: Frith Clifford B , Beehler Bruce M , Cooper William T , Mcguire Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As have most traditional treatments (Mayr 1941a; Bock 1963; Gilliard 1969; Diamond 1972; Cooper and Forshaw 1977), we consider the birds of paradise monophylctic-a single evolutionary lineage constituting the family Paradisaeidae. As may become clear from our systematic analysis that appears later in this chapter, proof of the evolutionary cohesiveness (e.g. monophyly) of the various genera here treated as birds of paradise is built on a rather slim dataset, and yet it remains the most parsimonious treatment of this assemblage of genera. Resolution of some of the thornier questions related to the systematics of the group may come once molecular analyses (see, for example, Christidis and Schodde 1992; Nunn and Cracraft 1996) are performed on a complete range of the species in the family.
Conservation
Authors: Frith Clifford B , Beehler Bruce M , Cooper William T , Mcguire Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the first decade of the twentieth century, hundreds of thousands of skins of adult male birds of paradise were exported from the island of New Guinea. They were destined to adorn the hats of European and American women and head-dresses of sultans and other Asian aristocracy (Gilliard 1969; Swadling 1996). The millinery trade was booming, no respectable person appeared in public without a hat, and no fashionable woman wished to be seen on the street without a hat sporting aigrettes, plumes, or even whole birds (especially the brilliantly-metallic male hummingbirds of the neotropics).
Family PARADISAEIDAE: the birds of paradise
Authors: Frith Clifford B , Beehler Bruce M , Cooper William T , Mcguire Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The family Paradisaeidae comprises 42 species of oscinine songbirds with a global distribution restricted to the forests of eastern Australia, New Guinea and its satellite islands, and the north Moluccas (Fig. 1. I, Plates 4-12). All spp. inhabit humid (mostly tropical) forest. A few spp. also range into woodland savanna, and one ranges southward into the Australian subtropics. New Guinea is the centre of generic diversity and sp. richness, and this may be where the group evolved.
Evolution of adaptive polymorphism in spatially heterogeneous environments
Authors: Beaumont Mark A , Meeûs Thierry de , Renaud François 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The genesis and maintenance of biological diversity can be studied at many levels from molecular biology to community ecology. One of these different, but complementary, levels is genetic diversity. Genetic polymorphism for protein structure has been found to be more extensive than previously thought (e.g. Lewontin and Hubby 1966) and, as a consequence, evolutionary biologists have debated several important questions concerning the maintenance of genetic polymorphism:
(1) How can selection maintain polymorphism?
(2) What is the role played by environmental heterogeneity?
(3) What role can habitat selection play?
(4) What can we infer from polymorphism to understand the process of speciation?
The population dynamics of single host-multiparasitoid interactions
Authors: Jones T Hefin , Hassell Michael P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Insect parasitoids and their hosts are an integral part of the complex web of multispecies interactions in which insects exist. Although some insect species are host to a complex of 20 or more parasitoid species, a large number are attacked by only one or two species (Askew and Shaw 1986; Hawkins and Lawton 1987, 1988). Many parasitoid species are polyphagous to some degree, and their populations are thus buffered from fluctuations in abundance of any one of their host species (Southwood and Comins 1976).
A detailed quantitative understanding of the dynamics of species within such complex communities is rarely feasible. Instead, in an attempt to determine what factors are promoting the persistence of interacting species, the search has been more for broad patterns of community organisation (May 1981). This has frequently involved developing models that are either tailored to specific questions, or attempt to describe particular systems (Kareiva 1989; Jones et al. 1994). It is possible ‘that interactions between relatively few keystone members of complex communities determine the overall state of the system, with the dynamics of many of the other species influenced by, but not influencing the keystone species’ (Memmott and Godfray 1994).
The Antarctic Cheilostomatida
Authors: Hayward P J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Cheilostomatida comprises the majority of living species of marine bryozoans. With the exception of certain estuarine habitats, and Northern Hemisphere intertidal seaweed habitats, where species of Ctenostomatida may predominate, the cheilostomates everywhere outnumber the heavily calcified Cyclostomatida and the non-calcified ctenostomates. Cheilostomate colonies exhibit an immensely wide diversity of form, and, while colony form may be characteristic for a family or genus, it is only rarely so at the species level. The taxonomy of the group is largely founded on the characters of the constituent zooids of the colony.