bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recombination and Biological Species
Authors: Hey Jody 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most DNA molecules that are the genomes of organisms include genes that permit or encourage the breaking and joining of the DNA with other DNA molecules. In other words, most genomes include genes that cause recombination. This process of recombination is often highly choreographed and occurs regularly at specific stages of an organism’s life cycle. For many eukaryote genomes it occurs at the life cycle stage of transition from diploid cells (with two copies of every chromosome) to haploid cells (with just a single copy of each chromosome). This process is called meiosis, and when recombination occurs during meiosis it involves two similar genome copies that had previously come together earlier in the life cycle at the time of transition from haploid to diploid cells (i.e., syngamy or fertilization). Many genomes have also evolved multiple disjunct DNA molecules (chromosomes) among which there is effectively free recombination at the time of meiosis. For the genomes of prokaryotes there is no meiosis and syngamy, yet the breaking and joining of DNAs may still occur with high frequency (Lenski 1993). Whether or not the shuffiing of DNA segments occurs in the course of reproduction or at some other life stage and whether or not it proceeds by swapping portions of DNA molecules or by the incorporation of one DNA by another, recombination leads to a new genome that is an admixture of two.
Phylogeny
Authors: Hey Jody 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The title of this chapter is a word that is used frequently by biologists to refer to the origin (i.e., genesis) of phyla (traditionally, kinds of organisms). On the basis of its etymology, the word could be used for any or all aspects of the origins of biological diversity, but in modern parlance, it usually refers to a branching history of evolutionarily related groups of organisms. The use of branching diagrams to represent relationships among kinds of organisms predates Darwin, but one of the greatest byproducts of Darwin’s discoveries is the theoretical support they provide for the use of tree-shaped diagrams.
What are Species? What are Taxa?
Authors: Hey Jody 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first of the two questions in the title of this chapter was set aside back in chapter 6 simply to avoid whatever existential presumptions might arise in trying to find an answer. As we return to it, we should keep in mind two things. The first is that, whatever else species are, they appear in our language as categories of organisms. The second is that, a Part from the pleasantry of a short phrase, there is no need for a terse definition of the word species. Whatever real species are we can take our time to describe the reasons they exist and those things that different species share. Biologists’ demand for a definition that cuts cleanly through species uncertainty may be understandable given the awkwardness of all that uncertainty; but as a hopeful mechanism for ridding ourselves of the species problem, it is misplaced. Quite simply, we cannot presume to describe things as having more distinction than actually occurs in nature.
The Battle of Algiers, the Battle of New York
Authors: Connelly Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Seldom does one find a statesman so self-conscious in his sense of history as John Foster Dulles on the morning of November 1, 1956, after listening to his brother Allen brief the National Security Council. The CIA director had described Hungary’s uprising and withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact as “a miracle.” Meanwhile, Britain and France were conducting air strikes in support of an Israeli invasion of the Sinai and their occupation of the Suez Canal appeared imminent. “We had almost reached the point,” the secretary announced, “of deciding today whether we think the future lies with a policy of reasserting by force colonial control over the less-developed nations, or whether we will oppose such a course of action by every appropriate means. . . . [T]his decision,” Dulles continued, “must be made in a mere matter of hours—before five o’clock this afternoon” —when he was scheduled to address the first emergency session of the U.N. General Assembly.3
Desegregating American Literary Studies
Authors: Fishkin Shelley Fisher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a survey of forty university and college literature departments conducted between 1986 and 1988, Alan Wald found that “students across the country who enroll in courses called ‘The Modem Novel’ or ‘Modem Poetry’ read and discussed works almost exclusively by elite white men that were interpreted through the prism of the British tradition” (quoted in Katterman, 14-15).
Difference and Disciplinarity
Authors: Wiegman Robyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This essay began as a deliberation on “Car1ons, Hierarchies, and the Profession of the Critic,” the opening session at the Aesthetics and Difference Conference that was the inaugural occasion for the essays collected in this volume. It focuses on issues central to contemporary academic feminism by turning to Susan Gubar’s “What Ails Feminist Criticism?,” which registers its lament over the seeming decline of feminist literary criticism by tracing the textual rhetorics and aesthetics of feminist ethnic studies and poststructuralist theory.
Conclusion: Can We Be Delivered from Extraordinary Evil?
Authors: Waller James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Is there any hope that the twentieth-century’s “Age of Genocide” will be supplanted by an increase in cooperative, caring, nonviolent relations between countries and the people in them? Unfortunately, most futurists and scholars in genocide studies think not. Current trends suggest that there will be escalating conditions of extreme hardship, even disaster, in many parts of the world throughout the twenty-first century. These trends include a combination of environmental damage, loss of agricultural lands, dwindling of food and fuel resources, and a doubling of population to between 8.5 and 9.5 billion by 2025. Disconcertingly, the most volatile areas of social instability, mainly in the Third World, are the very places where much of the genocide since 1945 already has taken place.
Identifying and Understanding the Narcissistic Personality
Authors: Ronningstam Elsa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Narcissists have been much maligned, but according to clinicians who study personality, there are many productive narcissists who succeed spectacularly well in life because they can articulate a vision and make others follow. Elsa Ronningstam, who has been studying and treating narcissists for 29 years, presents a balanced, comprehensive, and up-to-date review of our understanding of narcissistic personality disorder, explaining the range from personality trait, which can be productive, to full-blown disorder, which can be highly destructive. Through fascinating case histories, Ronningstam shows us the inner life of narcissists, the tug of war that exists within them between self-confidence and arrogance on the one hand and painful shame and insecurity on the other. It is the first integrated clinical and empirical guide to assist clinicians in their work with narcissistic patients.
Dispersal and the Population Genetics of Primate Species
Authors: Hoelzer Guy A , Morales Juan Carlos , Melnick Don j. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Patterns of genetic diversity within species mark both familial relationships and subpopulation membership. They can also influence ongoing evolutionary processes. For these reasons, data on intraspecific genetic diversity are important to the study of primate social structure and historical biogeography, as well as to the design of management plans for species conservation (see many chapters in Clobert et al. 200 I).
Patrilineal Kinship and Primate Behavior
Authors: Strier Karen B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Understanding the impact of patrilineal kinship on behavior in primates is complicated by a variety of factors, beginning with the limited abilities of primates-and their human observers-to recognize patrilineal kin when they occur. Few primates mate monogamously when other potential partners are available, and inferring paternity from observed copulations is difficult, even when the timing of fertilizations can be estimated from physical, hormonal, or behavioral cues (e.g., de Ruiter et al. 1994). The challenges of identifying patrilineal kinship relationships beyond those involving paternity are further compounded by incomplete genealogies and imperfect observation conditions, especially but not exclusively in the wild.
Kinship Structure and Its Impact on Behavior in Multilevel Societies
Authors: Colmenares Fernando 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The link between kinship structure and social behavior in primate societies has been fairly well documented in several species of Old World monkeys with multimale/multifemale social systems (e.g., macaques [Macaca spp.], savanna baboons [Papio spp.] and vervets [Cercopithecus aethiops]). In these species, dispersal is male biased, and females tend to establish strong and enduring bonds and alliances with maternal kin (Gouzoules & Gouzoules 1987). In contrast, much less is known about the impact of kinship structure on the behavior and decision-making processes of individuals in monkey species with one-male/multifemale social systems, in which the species’ typical dispersal pattern can be more variable. For example, both sexes may transfer or female resident patterns may prevail. To complicate matters further, some of these species may form fusionfission, multilayered societies, in which individuals establish and maintain relationships with others at various levels of nested groupings. For example, hamadryas (Papio hamadryas) and geladas (Theropithecus gelada) are known to organize themselves into one-male units, clans or teams, bands, and troops or herds (harnadryas: Sigg et al. 1982; Abegglen 1984; Kummer 1968a, 1984; gelada: Dunbar & Dunbar 1975; Kawai 1979; Kawai et al. 1983; Dunbar 1984, 1986, 1988a).
John Winthrop
Authors: Bremer Francis J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The preeminent figure of early New England, John Winthrop was the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. More than anyone else, he shaped the culture of New England and his effort to create a Puritan “City on a Hill” has had a lasting effect on American values. In John Winthrop, Francis J. Bremer draws on over a decade of research in England, Ireland, and the United States to offer a superb biography of Winthrop, one rooted in a detailed understanding of his first forty years in England. Indeed, Bremer provides an extensive, path-breaking treatment of Winthrop's family background, youthful development, and English career. His dissatisfaction with the decline of the “godly kingdom of the Stour Valley” in which he had been raised led him on his errand to rebuild such a society in a New England. In America, Winthrop would use the skills he had developed in England as he struggled with challenges from Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson, among others, and defended the colony from English interference. We also see the personal side of Winthrop--the doubts and concerns of the spiritual pilgrim, his everyday labors and pleasures, his feelings for family and friends. And Bremer also sheds much light on important historical moments in England and America, such as the Reformation and the rise of Puritanism, the rise of the middling class, the colonization movement, and colonial relations with Native Americans. Incorporating previously unexplored archival materials from both sides of the Atlantic, here is the definitive portrait of one of the giants of our history.
Public Opinion, Foreign Policy, and Democracy: How Presidents Use Public Opinion
Authors: Shapiro Robert Y , Jacobs Lawrence R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The relationship between public opinion and government policymaking is fundamental to understanding how democracy works in the United States and in liberal democracies generally. Some theorists argue that the existence of free and periodic elections of leaders in government is all that (procedural) “democracy” requires to assure citizens’ control of public policy (from the American founders to Schumpeter [1950] and Zaller [1992]), others maintain that there should also be identifiable influences of public opinion on some important portion of government policies (e.g., the “substantive democracy” of Key 1961; Page and Shapiro 1983, 1992; Stimson, MacKuen, and Erikson 1995; Jacobs and Shapiro 1994d, 2000 ), not only on a country’s domestic policies but also on a nation’s foreign and defense policies.
How Policymakers Misperceive U.S. Public Opinion on Foreign Policy
Authors: Kull Steven , Ramsay Clay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A substantial amount of polling data has shown a widespread feeling among the American public that the U.S. government has a poor understanding of majority preferences and that its decisions are out of step with the wishes of the majority. In this chapter, we examine evidence that in the realm of U.S. foreign policy in the post-Cold War era, members of the foreign policy elite have misperceived public attitudes-which may indeed be a key factor in creating a disjunction between U.S. foreign policy and majority preferences.
The Future of Polling: Relational Inference and the Development of Internet Survey Instruments
Authors: Witte James , Howard Philip E N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
New media technologies have generated much excitement about ways of improving communication between leaders and citizens. During the last election cycle, pundits announced the arrival of electronic democracy-a political environment in which public deliberation and the measurement of public opinion would be facilitated by multimedia technologies like the Internet. Along with electronic town halls and e-mail listservs, Internet surveys and polls have been hailed as new ways of conducting and measuring public deliberation. For many practitioners, these innovations are akin to those that replaced the magnifying glass with the microscope in the biologist’s lab. Most of the major survey houses have recast themselves as interactive, multimedia polling agents with the ability to employ a widening range of stimuli to help elicit responses from subjects.
Diabetes
Authors: Nutting Russell E Glasgow Paul A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to describe diabe-tes and the primary care–based management of diabetes, with emphasis on the role that psychol-ogists can play. We summarize current evidence on behavioral interventions for this complex and challenging condition and make recommenda-tions for practical strategies and ways to integrate behavioral and psychological interventions into primary care. These issues are important because diabetes is increasing markedly in prevalence and will continue to do so and because it is a proto-typical chronic illness. Clinicians able to deal suc-cessfully with diabetes should also be well pre-pared to assist with other chronic illnesses.
Moral Sensibility and Social Cohesion
Authors: Schulkin Jay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I watch a stranger cringe in pain, and I react to help. The cognitive/behavioral mechanisms are built into the brain. The origins are ancient. Underlying the response are rules for detection, detecting discomfort in another. The bodily sensibility is not on one side and the rules of engagement on the other.1 Fast appraisal of these events generates approach or avoidance. The representations in the brain are rich in information processing and reflect bodily engagement. Bodily representations are inherent in what has been traditionally called the “moral sentiments” (A. Smith, 1759/1976; table 4.1). Darwin (1871/1982) repeatedly referred to the “moral sense.” He asserted, “Any animal whatever, endowed with a well-marked social instinct, the parental and filial affections being here included, would inevitably acquire a moral sense of conscience, as soon as its intellectual power had become as well or nearly as well developed as in man” (p. 95). The use of such social abilities is not necessarily solely oriented toward doing no harm or helping conspecifics.
Interpreting Age Effects in Second Language Acquisition
Authors: Birdsong David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Age effects in second language acquisition (SLA) are often construed as evidence for a maturationally based critical period. However, an analysis of end-state SLA research reveals little congruence with geometric and temporal features of critical periods. In particular, there is no apparent period within which age effects are observed; rather, they persist indefinitely. We see that not only are maturation and aging distinct biological processes, but also their behavioral effects are not realized in comparable ways. Our understanding of age effects in SLA must also take into account the significant incidence of native like attainment among late learners.
Processing Constraints on L1 Transfer
Authors: Pienemann Manfred , Biase Bruno Di , Kawaguchi Satomi , Ha°kansson Gisela 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the interplay between first language (L1) transfer and psycholinguistic constraints on second language (L2) processability. The theoretical assumptions underlying this chapter are those made in processability theory (PT) (Pienemann, 1998), which include, in particular, the following two hypotheses: (a) that L1 transfer is constrained by the processability of the given structure, and (b) that the initial state of the L2 does not necessarily equal the final state of the L1 because there is no guarantee that the given L1 structure is processable by the underdeveloped L2 parser.
The Contradictions of American Capital Punishment
Authors: Zimring Franklin E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why does the United States continue to employ the death penalty when fifty other developed democracies have abolished it? Why does capital punishment become more problematic each year? How can the death penalty conflict be resolved? In Contradictions in American Capital Punishment, Frank Zimring reveals that the seemingly insoluble turmoil surrounding the death penalty reflects a deep and long-standing division in American values, a division that he predicts will soon bring about the end of capital punishment in our country. On the one hand, execution would seem to violate our nation’s highest legal principles of fairness and due process. It sets us increasingly apart from our allies and indeed is regarded by European nations as a barbaric and particularly egregious form of American exceptionalism. On the other hand, the death penalty represents a deeply held American belief in violent social justice that sees the hangman as an agent of local control and safeguard of community values. Zimring uncovers the most troubling symptom of this attraction to vigilante justice in the lynch mob. He shows that the great majority of executions in recent decades have occurred in precisely those Southern states where lynchings were most common a hundred years ago. It is this legacy, Zimring suggests, that constitutes both the distinctive appeal of the death penalty in the United States and one of the most compelling reasons for abolishing it. Impeccably researched and engagingly written, Contradictions in American Capital Punishment casts a clear new light on America’s long and troubled embrace of the death penalty.
F. Scott Fitzgerald 1896-1940 A Brief Biography
Authors: Bryer Jackson R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps the silliest but nonetheless most persistent question fiction writers is whether their work is autobiographical is a foolish query because, on the one hand, no novelist or short-story author writes directly about his life, but just as surely no author fails to incorporate his own experiences into his work. Knowledge of a writer’s biography, then, can be very useful in analyzing his writing, although seeking one-to-one connections between real-life persons and events and fictional characters and situations is often less fruitful than finding the bases for themes and emphases in an author’s life story. So it is that, in the case of F. Scott Fitzgerald, many of his fictional concerns and motifs can be illuminated by a knowledge of his biography.
Fitzgerald’s Flappers and Flapper Films of the Jazz Age Behind the Morality
Authors: Prigozy Ruth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
F. Scott Fitzgerald was born just one year after Auguste and Louis Lumiere projected moving pictures onto a screen, forever changing the world of popular entertainment. The achievements Of Georges Melies, Thomas Edison, Sergei Eisenstein, and the master silent-film director D. W Griffith were milestones in the history of the medium and profoundly affected the aspirations, habits, and even economic conditions of those who came of age in the early decades of the twentieth century.
Functionaland Evolutionary Ecology of Bats
Authors: Zubaid Akbar , McCracken Gary F , Kunz Thomas H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every three years a major international conference on bats draws the leading workers in the field to a carefully orchestrated presentation of the research and advances and current state of understanding of bat biology. Bats are the second most populous group of mammalia species, after rodents, and they are probably the most intensively studied group of mammals. Virtually all mammologists and a large proportion of organismic biologists are interested in bats. The earlier two edited books deriving from previous bat research conferences, as well as this one, have been rigorously edited by Tom Kunz and others, with all chapters subjected to peer review. The resulting volumes, published first by Academic Press and most recently by Smithsonian, have sold widely as the definitive synthetic treatments of current scientific understanding of bats.
Quantifying Relationships between Form and Function and the Geometry of the Wear Process in Bat Molars
Authors: Evans Alistair R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite many important predictive features of bat dentition having been described in the literature, a number of these have not been given sufficient attention or measured on actual teeth. I aim to address this by establishing criteria for the choice of useful functional parameters of chiropteran dentition. These are: (1) they apply to tooth components rather than an entire tooth, where the three main tooth components are cusps, crests, and basins; and (2) they have a predictive element, so that changes in the parameter are readily interpretable in terms of changes in function, such as increased force or energy required for the component to function. Parameters that influence the function of cusps and crests, in forced crack propagation of tough foods are described in detail: tip and cusp sharpness, cusp occlusion relief, rake angle, crest relief, approach angle, food capture, edge sharpness, and fragment clearance. All the parameters were measured for the upper molars of the microchiropteran Chalinolobus gouldii. Many of the parameters did not change significantly with heavy wear, pointing to geometrical and design characteristics for the maintenance of shape with wear in the dilambdodont tooth form.