bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interaction between natural and synthetic fruit odor influences response of apple maggot flies to visual traps
Authors: Rull Juan , Prokopy Ronald J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn order to improve perimeter trapping for apple maggot fly behavioral control, we designed a set of experiments which aimed to reach a better understanding of the nature of the interaction between the natural host odor released by susceptible and low‐susceptibility apple cultivars, and an artificial host odor currently employed as a lure along with visual traps for apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) (Diptera: Tephritidae), perimeter trapping programs. The response of apple maggot flies to lured and unlured visual traps deployed in different rectangular arrays of susceptible and low‐susceptibility apple cultivars (two central trees of a particular cultivar surrounded by four perimeter trees of the same or a different cultivar) was evaluated over 2 years under field conditions. In uniform blocks of susceptible (Tidemann Red, Jersey Mac) or low‐susceptibility (Marshall McIntosh) cultivars, lured traps recovered a significantly greater proportion of the total capture than unlured traps, irrespective of lure position (center or perimeter trees). Unlured traps on central susceptible apple cultivars (Red Astrachan, Gala, Fuji) recovered a significantly greater proportion of the total capture than unlured traps on surrounding low‐susceptibility cultivars (Marshall McIntosh, Paula Red, Red Delicious, and Golden Delicious). Placing the lures near traps on low‐susceptibility cultivar trees surrounding unlured traps on central susceptible cultivar trees reduced apple maggot fly visits to traps on central trees, but the latter still recovered a similar proportion of the total capture as lured traps on perimeter trees. By contrast, placing the lures near traps on central susceptible cultivar trees surrounded by unlured traps on low‐susceptibility cultivar trees allowed lured central traps to receive a significantly greater proportion of the total capture than unlured perimeter traps. We conclude that the synthetic and natural host odor of susceptible cultivars interact additively in attracting apple maggot flies to visual traps, and that, when given the choice, traps and lures should be deployed on preferred rather than on less preferred cultivar trees. Implications for trap deployment strategies for tephritid monitoring and control are discussed in the light of our findings.
Cystic hypersecretory carcinoma: rare and poorly recognized variant of intraductal carcinoma of the breast. Report of five cases
Authors: Skalova A , Ryska A , Kajo K , Di Palma S , Kinkor Z , Michal M 
Published: January 2005

Aims : To report five cases of a rare variant of intraductal carcinoma of the breast, so‐called cystic hypersecretory carcinoma. The clinical and pathological characteristics of the lesion are described, along with a review of the literature.Methods and results : The patients were females aged between 53 and 78 years (average 66.8 years). The size of the lesions ranged between 70 and 80 mm in largest dimension. In two cases, the development of high‐grade invasive ductal carcinoma was observed; in one additional case there was recurrence of high‐grade in‐situ carcinoma after 3 years. This emphasizes the importance of correct diagnosis of this potentially aggressive lesion. Strong over‐expression of HER‐2/neu protein was observed in three cases, including the two with an invasive component. Protein p53 was variably positive in all cases. Steroid receptor immunohistochemistry yielded variable results with only one case being positive for both oestrogen and progesterone receptors. Interestingly, in most cases (4/5) staining for androgen receptors was observed.Conclusions : Cystic hypersecretory ductal carcinoma of the breast is a rare distinctive variant of ductal carcinoma in situ. It has the potential for invasive growth and the development of metastases.
The ones we left behind: Comparing plot sampling and floristic habitat sampling for estimating bryophyte diversity
Authors: Newmaster Steven G. , Belland René J. , Arsenault André , Vitt Dale H. , Stephens Tara R. 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACTAn efficient method for estimating bryophyte diversity in forest stands must consider more than just the dominant forest mesohabitat. We compared two methodologies commonly used for estimating diversity in forest ecosystems. Floristic habitat sampling (FHS) utilizes stratification of all forest mesohabitats, which includes the natural diversity of microhabitats found within and stratifies a mosaic of mesohabitats (e.g. forest, streams, seeps, and cliffs) and microhabitats (e.g. rocks logs, etc.) that are often not considered in forest research projects that use plot sampling to estimate species diversity. In Canadian cedar hemlock forest, FHS methodology recorded more than twice as many bryophyte species as plot sampling (PS). A comparison of the dominant forest mesohabitat concluded that plot sampling was not as efficient as FHS in estimating bryophyte diversity and that plot sampling can result in different interpretations of species diversity. Rare species ordination of stands sampled using FHS showed strong clustering of sites with respect to biogeoclimatic zones and age since the last major disturbance (fire or logging) as compared with rare species ordinations from PS data, which showed no delineation of stands along temporal gradients. Plot sampling has many useful applications in ecology, but floristic habitat sampling is more efficient for quantifying overall bryophyte diversity. FHS provides an excellent way to record a comprehensive list of species.
Patterns of geophyte diversity and storage organ size in the winter‐rainfall region of southern Africa
Authors: Procheş Şerban , Cowling Richard M. , du Preez Derek R. 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACTThe winter‐rainfall region of southern Africa, covered largely by the fynbos and succulent karoo biomes, harbours the world's greatest concentration of geophyte species. Species diversity is greatest in the south‐west, where more than 500 species co‐occur in one quarter‐degree square; in the south‐east the values are generally around 100, and in the arid north‐west, always less than 50 (more often less than 10). In at least three species‐rich genera (Moraea,EriospermumandOxalis), the size of storage organs (bulbs, corms, tubers) varies inversely, with the largest average values occurring in the species‐poorer areas — both in the north‐western, and in the south‐eastern parts of the region. This negative correlation between average storage organ size and species diversity is, however, only observed at relatively large spatial scales, which suggests that there is no direct relationship between storage organ size and species diversity. More likely, both these measures are driven by winter rainfall amount and reliability, both of which peak in the south‐western Cape. We suggest that reliable winter rainfall makes large storage organs unnecessary and depresses extinction rates, thus leading to the accumulation of species.
Conservation Biogeography: assessment and prospect
Authors: Whittaker Robert J. , Araújo Miguel B. , Jepson Paul , Ladle Richard J. , Watson James E. M. , Willis Katherine J. 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACTThere is general agreement among scientists that biodiversity is under assault on a global basis and that species are being lost at a greatly enhanced rate. This article examines the role played by biogeographical science in the emergence of conservation guidance and makes the case for the recognition of Conservation Biogeography as a key subfield of conservation biology delimited as:the application of biogeographical principles, theories, and analyses, being those concerned with the distributional dynamics of taxa individually and collectively, to problems concerning the conservation of biodiversity.Conservation biogeography thus encompasses both a substantial body of theory and analysis, and some of the most prominent planning frameworks used in conservation. Considerable advances in conservation guidelines have been made over the last few decades by applying biogeographical methods and principles. Herein we provide a critical review focussed on the sensitivity to assumptions inherent in the applications we examine. In particular, we focus on four inter‐related factors: (i) scale dependency (both spatial and temporal); (ii) inadequacies in taxonomic and distributional data (the so‐called Linnean and Wallacean shortfalls); (iii) effects of model structure and parameterisation; and (iv) inadequacies of theory. These generic problems are illustrated by reference to studies ranging from the application of historical biogeography, through island biogeography, and complementarity analyses to bioclimatic envelope modelling. There is a great deal of uncertainty inherent in predictive analyses in conservation biogeography and this area in particular presents considerable challenges. Protected area planning frameworks and their resulting map outputs are amongst the most powerful and influential applications within conservation biogeography, and at the global scale are characterised by the production, by a small number of prominent NGOs, of bespoke schemes, which serve both to mobilise funds and channel efforts in a highly targeted fashion. We provide a simple typology of protected area planning frameworks, with particular reference to the global scale, and provide a brief critique of some of their strengths and weaknesses. Finally, we discuss the importance, especially at regional scales, of developing more responsive analyses and models that integrate pattern (the compositionalist approach) and processes (the functionalist approach) such as range collapse and climate change, again noting the sensitivity of outcomes to starting assumptions. We make the case for the greater engagement of the biogeographical community in a programme of evaluation and refinement of all such schemes to test their robustness and their sensitivity to alternative conservation priorities and goals.
Clinical, psychosocial, and treatment differences in minority patients with bipolar disorder
Authors: Kilbourne Amy M , Bauer Mark S , Pincus Harold , Williford William O , Kirk Gail F , Beresford Thomas ,   Veterans Administration (VA) Cooperative Study #430 Team
Published: January 2005

Objectives:  The clinical profile of minorities with bipolar disorder has been largely unexplored. We compared the clinical (e.g. psychiatric and substance use comorbidity), psychosocial, and treatment characteristics between white and minority patients with bipolar disorder (minorities were defined as black or other minority, which included Hispanic, Asian‐American, or Native‐Americans).Methods:  We collected demographic, diagnosis, and treatment information using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV (SCID) from 330 inpatients with a current major affective episode across 11 Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Centers enrolled in the VA Cooperative Study (Reducing the Efficacy–Effectiveness Gap in Bipolar Disorder).Results:  Twenty‐four percent (n = 80) were minority; 9% (n = 30) were women, 4% (n = 20) were ≥65 years old; and the majority (87%, n = 286) had bipolar type I. Minorities compared with whites were no more likely to have a current episode of psychosis (30% versus 37%, respectively; p = 0.28). However, minorities were more likely than whites to have a cocaine use disorder (adjusted odd's ratio, OR = 2.2; 95% CI: 1.4–3.5; p < 0.01) or current alcohol abuse disorder (adjusted OR = 1.8; 95% CI: 1.1–3.9;p < 0.05). Further breakdown by race/ethnicity revealed that cocaine use disorder was most prevalent among blacks (n = 14, 29%), compared with all other minorities (n = 2, 6%) or whites (n = 10, 4%; p < 0.001). Other minorities compared with blacks or whites were more likely involuntarily committed during some part of their index hospitalization (adjusted OR = 2.47; 95% CI: 1.1–5.7; p = 0.04).Conclusions:  Minorities with bipolar disorder may be a more vulnerable population because of higher rates of substance use disorder and higher rates of involuntary psychiatric commitment. Moreover, the specific profile of vulnerability may differ across minority groups.
African‐American participants in a bipolar disorder registry: clinical and treatment characteristics
Authors: Kupfer David J , Frank Ellen , Grochocinski Victoria J , Houck Patricia R , Brown Charlotte 
Published: January 2005

Objectives:  The goal of this paper was to compare clinical characteristics and treatment history of African‐American and Caucasian participants in a bipolar disorder registry.Methods:  The Western Pennsylvania Bipolar Disorder Registry used several recruitment methods to reach individuals self‐identified as having bipolar disorder. Individuals who contacted and joined the registry completed an interviewer‐administered questionnaire on clinical characteristics and treatment history. A sample of 2,718 registry participants was analyzed in order to compare these characteristics and history by race.Results:  African‐Americans in the registry reported a greater number of inpatient hospitalizations (9.8 versus 4.4) than Caucasians, as well as a higher suicide attempt rate (64% versus 49%). African‐American participants were more likely to report a family member with schizophrenia. With respect to psychotropic medication, African‐Americans were less likely to report taking antimanic medication or benzodiazepines, but more likely to report taking antipsychotics than Caucasians.Conclusions:  The present findings reinforce previous reports regarding the chronicity and severity of bipolar disorder among African‐Americans. They also support previous studies that found high rates of attempted suicide among African‐Americans with bipolar disorder. These findings provide further impetus for specific community and mental health services delivery efforts to reduce barriers to early accurate diagnosis and to appropriate ambulatory treatment for bipolar disorder.
Influence of Sperm Cell Dose and Post‐insemination Backflow on Reproductive Performance of Intrauterine Inseminated Sows
Authors: Mezalira A , Dallanora D , Bernardi ML , Wentz I , Bortolozzo FP 
Published: January 2005

ContentsThis study was carried out to evaluate the effects of the sperm cell dose and semen backflow on the pregnancy rate and number of embryos of sows inseminated once at 0–24 h before ovulation, using an intrauterine technique. The results were analysed from a total of 211 sows assigned to three groups inseminated with doses of 0.25 × 109 (T1), 0.5 × 109 (T2) and 1.0 × 109 (T3) spermatozoa. Semen backflow was observed in 95% of the females (143/151) evaluated for this purpose. The percentage of semen backflow is close to two‐third of the volume and the percentage of sperm is around 15% of the infused sperm dose. Intrauterine insemination can be successfully performed provided that at least 0.5 billion of sperm cell dose is infused at an interval of 0–24 h before ovulation.
Developmental Changes of Bull (Bos taurus) Genitalia as Evaluated by Caliper and Ultrasonography
Authors: Kh Abdel‐Razek A , Ali A 
Published: January 2005

ContentsThe objective of the present study is to follow the growth of the testes and the pelvic genitalia in cattle bulls, using ultrasonographic examination and measurements of external genitalia by caliper. Six Friesian bulls were examined periodically from 3 to 24 months of age with 3‐month interval. Scrotum circumference (SC) and length were measured by tape. Testicular length, width and depth were measured by caliper. Scrotal contents including testes and epididymis, and the pelvic genitalia including bulbourethral gland (BUG), prostate and seminal glands (SG) were examined using transrectal ultrasonography. Scrotal circumference, length and the three dimensions of the testes showed significant increase with the advancement of age. Significant correlation was present between SC and testes breadth. At the same time, testis breadth as estimated by sonar showed positive correlation with that estimated by caliper. A positive correlation was also found between testicular breadth with each of the BUG and SG. Finally, it was concluded that ultrasonography gave appreciable benefits in studying the developmental changes of the testes and accessory glands of growing bulls. The obtained data could provide a useful tool for predicting bull puberty and fertility.
High Porcine Parvovirus Antibodies in Sow Herds: Prevalence and Associated Factors
Authors: Oravainen J , Heinonen M , Tast A , Virolainen JV , Peltoniemi OAT 
Published: January 2005

ContentsPorcine parvovirus (PPV) is widespread among swine. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of loosely housed sow herds in Finland with at least one animal with high (infection level) PPV antibodies and to gather basic knowledge about vaccination practices. In addition, selected factors associated with high antibody levels found in sows were examined. Altogether, 247 animals were sampled in 21 randomly chosen loosely housed sow herds. Samples were analysed with the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. PPV proved to be common; in 17 farms (81%) at least one animal had a high titre (>1 : 512), and 44% of all animals sampled had a high titre. The vaccination programmes had many shortcomings. In the generalised estimation equations (GEE) population‐averaged model developed, the factors found to have a significant (p ≤ 0.05) effect on HI titres were herd size, parity of two or greater and storage of the vaccine vial after use. Non‐returning rate, re‐breeding interval and litter size did not differ between herds with no high HI titres (n = 4) and those with at least one high HI titre (n = 17).
Predicting vascular risk in Type 1 diabetes: stratification in a hospital based population in Scotland
Authors:   Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh Diabetes Register Group
Published: January 2005

SummaryAims  To estimate the absolute cardiovascular risk of patients with Type 1 diabetes attending hospital diabetes clinics in Scotland and to develop a method for identifying those at highest risk, thus enabling therapy to be targeted.Methods  Baseline information was collected for 2136 patients with Type 1 diabetes using the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh Diabetes Register. These records were then linked to diagnoses of macrovascular disease in databases of the Information Statistics Division of the Common Services Agency.Results  During six to nine years of follow up 110 patients (5%) developed macrovascular disease. There were significant associations between baseline age (P < 0.00001), blood pressure (P < 0.00001), albuminuria (P < 0.0002), HbA1c (P < 0.001), cholesterol (P < 0.00001) and smoking status (P < 0.00001) with the development of macrovascular disease. A scoring system for future macrovascular risk was developed from a multivariate analysis of this data.Conclusions  The data confirm the high vascular risk of patients with Type 1 diabetes. The relationship with age is such that those patients above 50 years require only one additional risk factor to reach such a high vascular risk that intervention is indicated. Using these data many patients between the age of 40 and 49 years are also likely to be identified to be at high risk.
Optimization of process parameters for the development of a cheese analogue from pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) and soy milk using response surface methodology
Authors: VERMA P , AGRAWAL U S , SHARMA A K , SARKAR B C , SHARMA H K 
Published: January 2005

Response surface methodology was used to optimize starter culture concentration (3–7%), pigeon pea–soy solids ratio (1 : 0.3–1 : 1.1), pigeon pea–water ratio (1 : 12–1 : 9), incubation temperature (37–45C) and coagulation temperature (75–95C) in the development of a cheese analogue from pigeon pea and soy milk. Pigeon pea milk and soy milk were prepared by a hot water grinding method, followed by filtration and inoculation. Cheese analogue was obtained through coagulation of the fermented milk by boiling for 15 min, followed by filtration using double‐layered muslin cloth and pressing at 1 kg/cm

2

pressure for 1 h. The results showed that the total solids recovery (TSR), protein content, fat content and pH varied from 51.09–62.61%, 40.04–55.93%, 9.35–15.36% and 4.48–4.9, respectively, depending on the experimental conditions. The optimum conditions of process parameters for maximum total solids recovery were 6.0% starter culture concentration, 1 : 0.4 pigeon pea–soy solids ratio, 1 : 11 pigeon pea–water ratio, 40.5C incubation temperature and 88.5C coagulation temperature.
Outcome of term breech births: 10‐year experience at a district general hospital
Authors: Pradhan Poonam , Mohajer Michele , Deshpande Sanjeev 
Published: January 2005

Objective  To review the short and long term outcomes among singleton infants with breech presentation at term delivered in a geographically defined population over a 10‐year period.Design  Retrospective, cohort study.Setting  District General Hospital.Population  1433 term breech infants alive at the onset of labour and born between January 1991 and December 2000.Methods  Data abstracted from birth registers, neonatal discharge summaries and the child health database system were used to compare the short and long term outcomes of singleton term breech infants born by two different modes of delivery (prelabour caesarean section and vaginal or caesarean section in labour). Fisher's exact test was used to compare the categorical variables.Main outcome measures  Short term outcomes: perinatal mortality, Apgar scores, admission to the neonatal unit, birth trauma and neonatal convulsions. Long term outcomes: deaths during infancy, cerebral palsy, long term morbidity (development of special needs and special educational needs).Results  Of 1433 singleton term infants in breech presentation at onset of labour, 881 (61.5%) were delivered vaginally or by caesarean section in labour and 552 (38.5%) were born by prelabour caesarean section. There were three (0.3%) non‐malformed perinatal deaths among infants born by vaginal delivery or caesarean section in labour compared with none in the prelabour caesarean section cohort. Compared with infants born by prelabour caesarean section, those delivered vaginally or by caesarean section in labour were significantly more likely to have low 5‐minute Apgar scores (0.9%vs 5.9%, P < 0.0001) and require admission to the neonatal unit (1.6%vs 4%, P= 0.0119). However, there was no significant difference in the long term morbidity between the two groups (5.3% in the vaginal/caesarean section in labour group vs 3.8% in the prelabour caesarean group, P= 0.26); no difference in rates of cerebral palsy; and none of the eight infant deaths were related to the mode of delivery.Conclusions  Vaginal breech delivery or caesarean section in labour was associated with a small but unequivocal increase in the short term mortality and morbidity. However, the long term outcome was not influenced by the mode of delivery.