bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of anemia is significantly higher in six month old infants than in their mothers in southern Ethiopia
Authors: Gebreeziabher Tafere , Stoecker Barbara J 
Published: November 2023

Anemia, defined as hemoglobin (Hgb) < 12 g/dL for non‐pregnant women and Hgb < 11 g/dL for infants is one of the major nutritional problems in the world. Although there are multiple causes of anemia, in young children iron deficiency anemia is a major concern. There are currently very limited data in Ethiopia on the prevalence of anemia in infants at six months of age. In this study we assessed iron deficiency, iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and anemia in 150 mothers and anemia in their six month old infants. In our sample, 19.1% of the mothers and 41.7% of the infants were anemic. The mean (SD) Hgb in mothers was 13.5 (1.2) g/dL and in infants was 11.6 (1.2) g/dL. Mothers had significantly higher Hgb than their infants (p = 0.001) and more infants were anemic (p < 0.001); maternal Hgb correlated with infant Hgb (r = 0.16, p < 0.047). Maternal Hgb also was correlated with TfR (r = −0.49, p = 0.001), plasma iron (r = 0.26, p = 0.001), alpha‐1‐acid glycoprotein (AGP) (r = −0.243, p = 0.003), and C‐reactive protein (CRP) (r = −0.178, p = 0.028) but not with ferritin. Of the women 14.5% were iron deficient (ferritin < 15 mg/L) and 4.7% had IDA (anemia with ferritin < 15 mg/L). However measurement of TfR indicated that 10% of women had low functional iron status (TfR > 8.3 μg/mL). In conclusion, maternal anemia would be defined as a mild and infant anemia as a severe public health problem. These results emphasize the need for timely introduction of complementary foods containing bioavailable iron to supplement the limited iron in breast milk.Support or Funding InformationThis study was funded by Nestlé Foundation and Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.
Screening of Dried Matrix Spot Collection Devices to be Used for Nutritional Biomarker Analysis
Authors: Arredondo Francisco X , Craft Neal E 
Published: November 2023

Dry Matrix Spots (DMS) are dried spots of body fluids, including blood, serum, urine, saliva and breast milk. DMS have been employed as a convenient sample matrix to collect in non‐clinical and remote settings. DMS can be collected by staff with minimal training, and for a limited time, they can be stored and transported without a cold‐chain. Historically, nutritional biomarkers (NB) were collected using S&S (now Whatman) 903 cards in the form of dried blood spots (DBS). This form of blood collection provided multiple benefits, but limitations existed related to volume estimates, chromatographic affects, and storage stability. Using this type of sample collection, the separation of erythrocytes (RBCs) from serum does not occur. Aging of the blood, exposure to elevated humidity and temperature can alter the concentrations of most analytes.ObjectiveTo evaluate blood collection devices to identify ones best suited to obtain DMS for measurement of NBs.MethodsWe obtained samples of 10 commercial blood collection devices. Criteria were established to identify successful collection devices. Ideally, devices should separate RBCs from serum without gradient or chromatographic effects, provide adequate and quantifiable volume, reproducibility, moderate stability with minimal refrigeration, and simple collection. NBs were chosen from those identified by BOND working groups1. The analytical methods to evaluate the NBs must be sensitive (≥ppb), affordable, reproducible (±15%), accurate (±15%) and rugged.ResultsEssentially all commercial products did not meet the criteria. Many do not separate RBCs from serum, do exhibit chromatographic effects, or provide too little serum for analytical testing. We have identified a device (Vive‐Bio, Atlanta, GA) that allows the separation of RBCs in a vertical fashion with the concurrent separation and collection of a hemoglobin‐free serum sample into a highly absorbent collection pad. The transfer efficiency is high providing adequate volume to perform analytical tests (~60%, ~10uL). We have conducted preliminary short‐term stability studies on several NBs.ConclusionsA blood collection device has been identified which achieves the verticle separation of RBCs from serum. Advantages of this device over traditional DBS include: availability of RBCs for quantification of RBC folate, better serum volume estimation, direct serum measures of zinc, ferritin, RBP, AGP, CRP, thyroglobulin, homocysteine, methylmalonic acid, vitamins B12 and D.Support or Funding InformationFunding provided by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
Blood Lead Toxicity is not Associated with Anemia and Iron Deficiency in Children from Bhaktapur, Nepal
Authors: Chandyo Ram K , Shrestha Binob , Zhao Beibo , Ulak Manjeswori , Shrestha Prakash S , Shrestha Rita , Bodhidatta Ladaporn , Mason Carl , Shrestha Laxman , Strand Tor , Shrestha Sanjaya 
Published: November 2023

BackgroundAnemia, particularly iron deficiency anemia, is still common among children from resource poor settings. Besides inadequate intake of iron rich foods, lead toxicity may be an important underlying cause for anemia and iron deficiency. However, there are lack of data on lead toxicity and its relation with anemia and iron deficiency.MethodsBlood samples were collected from 225 healthy children at 15 months of age who were participating in a cohort study on malnutrition and interaction with enteric infection (MAL‐ED). Blood was analyzed for leads hemoglobin, plasma ferritin, and transferrin receptor concentrations.ResultsThe prevalence of anemia (Hb <11 g/dl) was 51% and 54% of children were iron deficient as indicated by low ferritin and/or high transferrin receptor concentrations. The mean (SD) blood lead concentration was 12.8 μg/dl (7.6) and 60% of children were having high lead concentrations (>10 μg/dl). Sixty‐three percent of the anemic children had high blood lead concentrations compared with 56% among the non‐anemic children (p=0.2). Similarly, high lead concentration was found among 61% children with iron deficiency and in 54% of the non‐deficient (p=0.2).ConclusionAnemia, iron deficiency and high blood lead concentration was common among healthy infants in Bhaktapur. However, higher lead concentration was not associated with anemia and iron deficiency.Support or Funding InformationThe Etiology, Risk Factors and Interactions of Enteric Infections and Malnutrition and the Consequences for Child Health and Development Project (MAL‐ED) is carried out as a collaborative project supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, The Foundations for the NIH and the National Institute of Health/ Fogarty International Center. The authors thank the staff and participants of the MAL‐ED Network Project for their important contributions.
Micronutrient Deficiencies in Ghanaian Women before Pregnancy
Authors: Gernand Alison D , Aguree Sixtus , Pobee Ruth , Murray‐Kolb Laura E 
Published: November 2023

Micronutrient deficiencies have received little attention compared to other global health issues, in spite of their extreme importance for reproductive outcomes. Pregnancy increases nutritional demands due to rapid physiological changes and requirements by the growing placenta and fetus. Inadequate stores or intake of micronutrients during pregnancy can have adverse effects on maternal and child health. Except for folate, little is known about the effects of deficiencies existing before pregnancy. Women in low‐ and middle‐income countries may enter pregnancy with multiple micronutrient deficiencies which could have irreversible effects on pregnancy outcomes by affecting critical developmental processes that begin very early in gestation.We aimed to examine micronutrient status and overall health in 100 prepregnant women living in Asesewa, Ghana (a semi‐rural area). Women were eligible if they reported an expectation to become pregnant within the next 6 months. Enrolled women participated in one visit at the regional hospital where they self‐reported health history and socio‐demographic characteristics and we measured blood pressure, height, weight, and hemoglobin. We collected an 8 mL venous blood sample. Serum and plasma were shipped to Penn State for analysis. Markers of iron status (iron, ferritin, total iron‐binding capacity) were measured in serum by ELISA and transferrin saturation (TSAT) was calculated. Zinc and copper were measured in plasma by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Retinol was measured in serum by ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography.Women had a mean (SD) age of 26.5 (5.1) years, 10.2 (2.8) years of school, and BMI of 25.4 (5.3) kg/m2. Almost all women reported being in a committed relationship (96%) and 40% of women reported no previous pregnancies. Fifty‐four percent had a history of malaria, 15% reported previous night blindness, and only 2 women reported taking micronutrient supplements. Most women reported use of a latrine shared among more than one household and, over 90% of women had electricity and a mobile phone in their household. Twenty percent of households had food insecurity in the past month. For nutritional status, 39% of women were overweight or obese and 34% were anemic. Iron deficiency was seen in 10% (ferritin <12 μg/L and TSAT<16%) of the women, zinc deficiency in 15% (<70 μg/dL), copper deficiency in 9% (<80 μg/dL), and vitamin A deficiency in 7% (retinol <20 μg/dL). Forty‐one percent of women had one deficiency and 10% of women had two deficiencies.In a population of prepregnant women in Ghana, anemia was common and most women were deficient in one or more micronutrients. Micronutrient status should be given more attention among women who expect to become pregnant and future research should examine the impact on subsequent pregnancy outcomes for the mother and her offspring.Support or Funding InformationPenn State Africana Research Center and other internal Penn State funding
Risk factors for M. tuberculosis infection in vitamin D deficient Mongolian school children
Authors: Ganmaa Davaasambuu , Khudyakov Polyna , Munkhjargal Oyunsuren , Jargalsaikhan Badamtsetseg , Baigal Delgereh , Ochirbat Batbayar , Buyanjargal Uyanga , Martineau Adrian 
Published: November 2023

IntroductionMongolia has one of the highest TB incidence rates in the Asia Pacific Region (170 per 100,000 population per year estimated in 2014). Schoolchildren are at high risk of acquiring M. tuberculosis infection. However, the prevalence of M. tuberculosis infection and risk factors for acquiring it have not previously been investigated in this setting.MethodsWe screened children aged 6–13 years attending 15 public schools in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, for M. tuberculosis infection using a commercial Interferon‐Gamma Release Assay (QuantiFERON‐TB Gold in‐tube assay, QFT‐G). Information on risk factors for acquisition of Mtb infection was collected from study participants. Regression analysis was conducted to identify independent risk factors for QFT‐G positivity.ResultsThe QFT‐G test was performed on a total of 9,137 participants from September 2015 to May 2016: of these, 908 (9.9%) had a positive result, 8,225 (90.0%) had a negative result and 4 (<0.1%) had an indeterminate result. QFT‐positivity was independently associated with increasing age [relative risk (RR) associated with each additional year of age, 1.15, 95% confidence interval (CI)1.11 to 1.29)], exposure to cigarette smoke in the home [RR=1.21, 95% CI1.07 to 1.36], presence of a case of active TB in the home [RR=4.01, 95% CI 3.45–4.67] and season of enrolment (Winter vs. Autumn, RR 1.19, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.41; Spring vs. Autumn, RR=1.30, 95% CI 1.10–1.55]. Among the sub‐set of 327 children with a history of household exposure to a case of active TB, QFT‐G positivity was independently associated with increasing age (RR associated with each additional year of age 1.10, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.19) and number of index cases to whom they had been exposed (RR 1.72, 95% CI 1.37 to 2.17).ConclusionsThe prevalence of M. tuberculosis infection was 10%. Risk of infection was independently associated with household exposure to an infectious index case, increasing age, passive smoking and sampling in Winter or SpringSupport or Funding InformationNIH/NHLBI 1R01HL122624‐01
Variation in Nutritional Quality of School Lunches with Implementation of National School Lunch Program Guidelines
Authors: Joyce Jillian , Rosenkranz Sara 
Published: November 2023

BACKGROUNDIn order to receive reimbursement, schools must meet nutrition standards that are based on the most recent Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA). Nutrition standards for the National School Lunch Program (NSLP) are improving, however they leave open the possibility for significant variation in overall nutrition.OBJECTIVEThus, the objective of this study was to determine whether there are significant differences in nutrient content and nutritional quality between a typical school lunch menu (TM) and a nutritionally focused school lunch menu (NFM).METHODSUsing a cross‐sectional content analysis, we compared a typical school lunch menu (TM) from an actual school district to a nutritionally focused school lunch menu (NFM) created by a Registered Dietitian with the goal of optimizing nutrition regardless of feasibility. The NFM was based on best practices from the Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP) and recommendations for a healthy meal pattern from the 2015 DGA. Menus were chosen from the fall season and portioned for analysis for the sixth to eighth grade NSLP requirements. Daily nutrient content of all macro‐ and micronutrients was determined for each portioned menu system using Nutritionist Pro ™ Diet Analysis Software. Nutritional quality was computed for each day of each menu system using the Healthy Eating Index 2010 (HEI). Independent t‐tests of mean differences were used to determine differences between menu conditions for macro‐ and micronutrient content as well as HEI scores.RESULTSFor NSLP nutrients required for analysis, the NFM were lower in calories (mean±SD, NFM=637.6±31.1kcals, TM=733.7±154.3kcals, p=0.001), saturated fat (NFM=6.6±3.1g, TM=11.3±6.0g, p<0.001), and sodium (NFM=562.8±139.6mg, TM=1223.1±519.6mg, p<0.001) and higher in fiber (NFM=16.0±11.7, TM=7.4±2.8g, p<0.001). For other nutrients of concern, the NFM were lower in total fat (NFM=18.4±5.6g, TM=26.9±14.0g, p=0.003) and higher for vitamin A (NFM=6674.7±6867.8IU, TM=2305.9±2236.8IU, p<0.001) and magnesium (NFM=154.4±32.2mg, TM=100.8±24.7mg, p<0.001). The NFM had higher overall nutritional quality according to the HEI scores (NFM=91.8±5.1, TM=75.1±5.8, p<0.001).CONCLUSIONSBased on the significant differences in nutrient content and overall nutritional quality, it is possible for significant variation in nutrition provided by school lunches meeting NSLP requirements. Using best practices from the CACFP and recommendations for a healthy meal pattern from the 2015 DGA may have a significant impact on the overall dietary quality of school lunches meeting NSLP requirements.
Association of Self‐Reported Oat and Milk Consumption with Markers of Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Olson Audrey , Frankenfeld Cara L , Wallace Taylor C , Johnson Jodee 
Published: November 2023

BackgroundConsumption of oats has been shown to reduce cardiovascular disease risk. Milk consumption is also associated with certain health benefits and these may also include reduction of risk for cardiovascular disease.ObjectiveTo evaluate the association of oat consumption, with or without concurrent milk consumption on the same day, with cardiovascular disease risk factors.MethodsNational Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data (1999–2014) was used. Oat and milk consumption was identified from 24‐hour recall data and intakes were classified as (1) no oat, no milk, (2) yes oat, no milk, (3) no oat, yes milk, or (4) yes oat, yes milk. Linear regression was used to evaluate relationship of intake categories with CVD risk factors. Regression analyses were adjusted for demographics, smoking, saturated fat, fiber, and fruit and vegetable intake. We used no oat/no milk as a reference interval to assess the effects of oat, milk and oat with milk consumption on markers of CVD. The oat/no milk group was then used as the reference standard to further determine if a synergistic relationship between concurrent oat and milk consumption existed past that of regular oat consumption alone.ResultsSelf‐reported oat intake was associated with improvements in some biomarkers of CVD risk. A statistically significant decrease in the incidence of abdominal obesity measured as waist circumference [OR, 0.57 (95% CI, 0.44 – 0.75)] and 3+ risk factors of metabolic syndrome [OR, 0.69 (95% CI, 0.55 – 0.87)] was observed in the yes oat/yes milk group as compared to non‐consumers (no oat/no milk). Similar effects were also found in the yes oat/no milk group. When the yes oat/no milk group was used as the reference standard we did not find any additional synergistic effects of concurrent consumption of oats with milk (yes oat/yes milk) on markers of CVD.ConclusionThese results are consistent with clinical data that show oat consumption to be associated with improvements in some biomarkers of CVD risk, however the addition of milk to a diet that already contains oats does not appear to be beneficially or adversely associated with CVD risk factors in this self‐reported dataset.Support or Funding InformationFunding for this research was provided by PepsiCo Global R&D.
A randomized clinical trial for the effects of rice‐based Korean diet on Cardiovascular risk factors in Korean adults
Authors: Kim Seong‐Ah , Ha Kyungho , Ahn Seoeun , Ham Dongwoo , Kim Subeen , Joung Hyojee 
Published: November 2023

BackgroundKorean dietary pattern rich in vegetables, fish, and whole grains is considered healthy diet. However, few clinical studies examined the effect of Korean diet on human health such as cardiovascular diseases.ObjectiveThis study was performed to assess the effects of rice‐based Korean diet on cardiovascular risk factors in overweight Korean adults, compared to typical American diet and diet recommended by dietary guidelines for Americans.MethodsThe study was a randomized controlled crossover feeding study conducted in twice from November 2015 to March 2016 and from October 2016 to January 2017. Total 60 subjects aged over 25 years old were randomly assigned one of six sequences for consuming the three kinds of diet. The subjects consumed each the Korean diet, diet recommended by dietary guidelines for Americans, and typical American diet for 4 weeks, and the period was separated by 2 weeks for wash‐off. Body weight was maintained at constant levels. Anthropometric data such as waist circumference and body fat percent, blood pressure, blood lipid profile, fasting blood glucose, and insulin were measured at the baseline and the end of each diet period.ResultsIn first trial conducted between November 2015 and March 2016, among 29 individuals who enrolled in the study, 25 subjects completed the study. After 4 weeks of feeding, body fat percent and total cholesterol significantly decreased in the Korean diet (p <0.05). Whereas triglycerides significantly decreased on DGA diet and TA diet (p <0.05). No diet had significant effect on fasting glucose and insulin. In second trial started in October 2016, 32 subjects have participated in the trial.ConclusionsThe results of this study will provide important evidence concerning the effect of rice‐based Korean diet on cardiovascular risk factors.Support or Funding InformationThis work is carried out with the support of ‘Research Program for Agricultural Science and Technology Development’, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea (Project No. PJ011637022017).
Dietary diversity in Mexican adults from the 2016 National Nutrition Survey.
Authors: Rodríguez‐Ramírez Sonia , Martínez‐Tapia Brenda , Gaona‐Pineda Elsa Berenice , Arango‐Angarita Andrea , Shamah‐Levy Teresa 
Published: November 2023

ObjectiveTo estimate the dietary diversity in Mexican adults from the 2016 National Health and Nutrition Survey.MethodsWe analyzed information from adults ≥20 y (n=7690) from a probabilistic, multi‐stage and representative sample. Dietary data were collected using a 7‐day Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) of 140 food items. Foods were classified into 12 groups. These food groups were: six recommended groups because of their health benefits (fruits and vegetables, legumes, non‐processed meat, dairy products, eggs, and water), and six non‐recommended group because of their content of sugar and fat (processed meat, fast food, salty and sweetened snacks, sweetened cereals, sweetened dairy and non‐dairy beverage). Dietary diversity was estimated as a continuous variable of number of food groups. Also, we calculated the percentage of consumers of each food group. The analysis are presented at national level, by residence area (urban/rural), and region of the country (North, Center, Mexico City and South). Estimations were weighted according to the survey design.ResultsThe percentage of consumers of fruits and vegetables was higher in urban area and center and Mexico City regions. Legumes were consumed by more adults in rural area. More than 80% of the adults consumed sweetened non‐dairy beverage. The mean of dietary diversity was 6.5 food groups at national level, and the dietary diversity was lower in rural area and South region.ConclusionAlthough the dietary diversity is not low, high percentage of adults consumes non‐recommended food groups.
Role of Nutrients in Metabolic Health: Updates in 2016
Authors: Kern Hua Jing , Mitmesser Susan Hazels 
Published: November 2023

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its associated chronic disorders including cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) are public health concerns in the U.S. and worldwide. The annual combined cost (direct and indirect expenditures) of cardiovascular diseases (hypertension, heart disease, and stroke) and diabetes in US amounted to $650 million in 2003 and is projected to be 1.96 trillion by 2023. “Good health is an investment in economic growth” and nutrition is one of the recommended preventive measures to manage these chronic diseases. However, it is unclear whether and to what extent nutrients could be beneficial to the improvement of these complicated conditions. To help answer this question, we performed a systematic literature search of the emerging human data on individual nutrients & MetS/CVD/T2DM: PubMed was searched from 1 January 2005 to 13 June 2016 using combination of the following keywords: “nutrient” OR “vitamin” OR “mineral” OR “nutraceutical” AND “metabolic syndrome”. The summary of literature comprises proteins, fatty acids, dietary fiber, sugar‐sweetened beverages, dietary antioxidants, vitamin D, folate, biotin, magnesium, chromium, nutraceuticals, gut microbiota, circadian rhythm, and nutrition in early life. Observational studies have shown positive evidence on the beneficial role of a number of nutrients in metabolic health. Although results of some clinical trials are consistent with the observational data, causality remains inconclusive due to either an overall contradicting data or sparsity of well‐designed relevant interventional studies. Instead of the traditional “single‐nutrient” concept, a holistic and interdisciplinary approach to integrate nutrients, lifestyle influencers (i.e. diet, physical activity, and sleep), early risk exposure (i.e. in‐utero, infancy), and population relevance (i.e. healthy, at‐risk, or diseased) may be worth considering in designing confirmatory intervention trials on nutrients and metabolic health.Support or Funding InformationNA