bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Moral Assessment of Violence and Terrorism
Authors: Held Virginia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The moral problems of violence or terrorism arise in actual contexts. Addressing them may be thought to be a task for applied ethics. However, only if we had adequate normative theories suitable for the diverse contexts of human experience would we be in a position to make valid applications of ethical theory. Along with many others, I doubt that the theories we now have are adequate, but I believe that the moral views and judgments we can come to in exploring actual problems can help us to improve our moral theories and to test them in experience.
Is Innateness a Confused Concept?
Authors: Samuels Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Innateness hypotheses have played a central role in the development of cognitive science and have been invoked to explain a broad array of psychological phenomena, including theory of mind, arithmetic, folk physics, and language acquisition. Despite the prominence of such hypotheses, however, it would be misleading to suggest that nativists have had things all their way. On the contrary, their views have been subjected to sustained criticism and, indeed, roundly rejected in many quarters of the cognitive science community.
Where Integers Come From
Authors: et.al., Alan M Leslie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the primitive preverbal symbols for numbers are noisy mental magnitudes, what is the preverbal foundation for our concept of an integer? We argue that the essential problem is to answer the question where our notion of exact equality or perfect substitutability comes from. In practice, real valued variables are never exactly equal; nor is it easy to specify an algorithm for establishing exact equality (in the limit) between two random Gaussian variables. Furthermore, because number concepts must support arithmetic inference, a necessary part of the psychological foundations is the integer concept ONE. ONE is required because it is the multiplicative identity element for which no other value, approximate or exact, can be substituted. Moreover, ONE is required by the successor function, which generates all the other positive integers. We further argue that an essential constraint on any proposal for discrete (integer-valued rather than real-valued) mental symbols is computational compatibility with the real- (or rational-) valued mental magnitudes that represent continuous quantity. These constraints rule out most current proposals that postulate systems of discrete numerons or other symbols representing only very small numbers. We consider alternative proposals.
“In the Cypher”: B-Boy Spaces
Authors: Schloss Joseph G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The phenomenon that Forman criticizes—the presentation of hip-hop arts as the mechanical result of a particular set of social or material circumstances and the resulting characterization of hip-hop’s pioneers as, at best, creative reactionaries—is sadly typical of academic hip-hop scholarship. I have discussed this issue in regards to music elsewhere (Schloss 2004:25–30). What I would like to do here is exactly what Forman suggests: to interrogate the “discursively pro-duced value systems” of b-boying by investigating the theoretical approaches that b-boys and b-girls themselves have articulated to address their relationships to the spaces within which they operate.
Syncope
Authors: Dimario Francis J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Generalized convulsions are recognizable by a sudden loss of consciousness, collapse, rhythmic motor behaviors, and gradual recovery. This sequence of clinical events may be mistakenly concluded if the additional precise details of the initiating triggers, prodromal symptoms, more gradual development of lost consciousness, and prompt recovery are not specifically sought after in order to identify syncope. The ease at which these distinct clinical entities, syncope, and epileptic seizure are inadvertently confused can be easily understood but with careful attention to the clinical history may as easily be distinguished.
Would You Marry An Atheist?
Authors: Sinnott-Armstrong Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The answer is obvious for many people: No way! Many theists would never consider marrying any atheist—no matter how beautiful, intelligent, charming, fun, funny, courageous, compassionate, and kind.
One of the main reasons is that they don’t trust atheists. They think, “If God is dead, everything is permitted; so adultery and spouse abuse are permitted, according to atheists.” Who would want to marry anyone who sees nothing wrong with spouse abuse? Or who has no morals whatsoever? Such partners would cause trouble and then get into trouble. They would infect children with depravity and could not be counted on to help with the dishes.
What’s Wrong With Atheists?
Authors: Sinnott-Armstrong Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Atheists are sinners—no doubt about it. They deny the existence of God as well as the Holy Spirit. That denial is blasphemy, so it is enough to make all atheists sinners. Indeed, this sin is unforgivable forever:
every sin and blasphemy will be forgiven men, but the blasphemy against the Spirit will not be forgiven. Anyone who speaks a word against the Son of Man will be forgiven, but anyone who speaks against the Holy Spirit will not be forgiven, either in this age or in the age to come. (Matthew 12:31; compare Mark 3:28– 29, Luke 12:10, Hebrews 10: 26–27, 2 Thessalonians 1:8–9)
Why Be Moral?
Authors: Sinnott-Armstrong Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ouch! Burning sulfur! That sounds horrible, and it lasts forever, reportedly. All who are faced with a threat like that have very strong reasons to be moral—or, at least, to do as they are told. What reason to be moral could a secular morality possibly propose that could be as strong as a threat of eternal torment? And if a moral theory cannot provide an adequate reason to be moral, isn’t that a serious deficiency?
Even without Hell, secular moralists can still give a variety of reasons to be moral.
Melancholy: History of a Concept
Authors: Radden Jennifer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Melancholy, Melancholia, and Depression as Affective States and Kraepelinian Diseases Whatever their other association, melancholy and depression are today viewed as states suffered, not sought—conditions beyond voluntary control. The contrast between active and passive states, however, reflects a relatively recent emphasis.
Our mental categories are the product of faculty psychology. (In faculty psychology separable mental functions such as thinking, imagining, feeling, and willing were thought to be usefully conceptualized, if not explained, by positing mental faculties corresponding to each.) These faculty psychological divisions only solidified in psychology and philosophy since the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Other cultures and traditions and our own culture at earlier times can be shown to have employed different ways of dividing the person. It thus behooves us to examine premodern writing about melancholy attentive to the “modernist” framing by which depression is today a mood or feeling and beyond the power of the will. By comparing earlier with later writing we may identify the influence of these ways of constructing and dividing mental states and abilities.
The Psychiatry of Cross-Cultural Suffering
Authors: Radden Jennifer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jennifer Hansen’s subtle interpretation of Kleinman’s writing provides me a welcome opportunity to clarify my own interest in Kleinman’s wonderfully rich and provocative claims. As Hansen interprets Kleinman, all human beings are capable of falling into “illness of distress,” which have a common source although they exhibit culturally varied (sign and) symptom expression.
Melancholy, Mood, and Landscape
Authors: Radden Jennifer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A wintry, northern landscape stretches before us in monochromatic tones, with few or no signs of habitation, and overcast skies. Such a scene is gloomy, and mournful, we say, or melancholy. My question is why we say “melancholy”; my challenge is to identify and explain the way in which the bleak landscape is related to the state or condition of melancholy.
The Evolution of Women’s Permanent Ornaments
Authors: Thornhill Randy , Gangestad Steven W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Particular female features arouse the sexual attraction of men. Wherever around the globe researchers have looked, men are attracted to hyperfeminine facial features and dimensions. Men are sexually attracted to young women’s breasts. In most geographic locations, they prefer women who possess a small waist relative to hips. Smooth feminine skin in general can attract men, as can feminine voice qualities. (See reviews in Feinberg, Jones, B. C., DeBruine et al., 2005; Fink, Grammer, & Thornhill, 2001; Grammer, Fink, Juette, Ronzal, & Thornhill, 2002; Schaefer et al., 2006; Scheyd, Garver- Apgar, & Gangestad, 2007; Singh, 2002b; Symons, 1995; Thornhill & Gangestad, 1999a; Thornhill & Grammer, 1999.)
Good Genes and Mate Choice
Authors: Thornhill Randy , Gangestad Steven W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In several chapters to this point, we have referred to “good genes” and “genetic quality.” These topics play more important roles in chapters to come. This chapter explains the nature of good genes, considers the evolutionary processes that give rise to and maintain variation in genetic quality in natural populations, and discusses literature on potential markers of quality. In chapter 6, we argued that women’s ornaments have evolved, through sexual selection, as signals of superior quality and condition, which, in part, may reflect genetic quality. We elaborate that argument here. We also discuss potential signals of genetic quality that men possess by virtue of evolution via sexual selection.
Women’s Estrus
Authors: Thornhill Randy , Gangestad Steven W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we noted in our introductory chapter, over four decades ago researchers offered a de0nitive conclusion about women’s sexuality: Over the course of the last several mil- lion years, women had lost estrous sexuality. Modern women possess no distinct fertile sexuality within their cycles. The theoretical perspective we presented in chapter 8 casts serious doubt on this conclusion. Nearly all vertebrates, we suggest, possess estrous sexuality. Many researchers, however, have misunderstood estrus. Estrous sexuality does not function to obtain sperm or ensure fertilization; these effects are by-products of estrus’s function. Female reproduction is only very rarely limited by the availability of male sperm; typically, the abundant male willingness and ability to deliver sperm that sexual selection yields ensures that females have no trouble obtaining sperm. Rather, estrus functions to lead females to target as sires males who offer genetic benefits for offspring, relative to other males. Females in estrus should not be indiscriminate in their mate choices. Indeed, they may be even choosier during estrus than outside of it. In species with extended sexuality, what should distinguish estrous sexuality from extended sexuality are mate preferences: the features that females 0nd most sexually attractive.
Reactions of Alkanes with the Hydroxyl Radical (OH)
Authors: Calvert Jack G , Derwent Richard G , Orlando John J , Tyndall Geoffrey S , Wallington Timothy J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter contains a review of the kinetics and mechanisms of the reactions of alkanes with the hydroxyl radical. Reaction with OH is the major atmospheric fate of all alkanes. Since the alkanes are fully saturated, the reaction invariably involves abstraction of a hydrogen atom to form an alkyl radical, which adds molecular oxygen to form an alkyl peroxy radical.
Hans von Bülow
Authors: Walker Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hans von Bülow is a key figure in 19th century music whose career path was as broad as it was successful. Music history's first virtuoso orchestral conductor, Bülow created the model for the profession-both in musical brilliance and in domineering personality-which still holds forth today. He was an eminent and renowned concert pianist, a respected (and often feared) teacher and music critic, an influential editor of works by Bach, Mendelssohn, Chopin, and Beethoven, and a composer in a variety of musical genres. As a student and son-in-law of Franz Liszt, and estranged friend of Richard Wagner (for whom his wife Cosima famously left him), Bülow is intricately connected with the canonical greats of the period. Yet despite his critical and lasting importance for orchestral music, Bülow's life and significant achievements have yet to be heralded in biographical form. In Hans von Bülow: A Life and Times, Alan Walker, the acclaimed author of numerous award-winning books on the era's iconic composers, provides the first full-length English biography of this remarkable musical figure. Walker traces Bülow's life in illuminating and engaging detail, from the first piano lessons of his boyhood days, to his first American tour, to his last days as conductor of the Berlin Philharmonic. Unearthing Bülow's extensive and previously unavailable correspondence and writings, Walker conveys amusing and informative anecdotes about this unique musical legend- from his sardonic and clever personality to his meticulous devotion to his work-and reveals enlightening insights on the still-contested sensibilities of musical-compositional style and "idea" at play in the vibrant musical world of which Bülow was a part.
Bülow’s Family Background
Authors: Walker Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the morning of August 17, 1812, Napoleon’s Grande Armée paused on its long march towards Moscow, and began a terrifying barrage o artillery against the Russians defending the old city of Smolensk. The battle continued all day, and part of the next, and involved more than 110,000 soldiers. By nightfall the ‘holy city’, with its historic spires and golden domes, was on fire. Napoleon roused his exhausted equerry General Caulaincourt from his slumbers in order to admire the spectacle through his spy-glass. ‘It’s an eruption of Vesuvius!’, exclaimed Napoleon. ‘Is it not a fine sight?’ ‘It is horrible, sire’, replied the general.
With Liszt in Weimar
Authors: Walker Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the spring of 1850 Franziska and Isidora departed from Berlin and re- turned to Dresden, leaving Bülow to continue his law studies in the Prus- sian capital. He applied himself diligently to jurisprudence, but the topic brought him little pleasure. It was music, and the memory of his recent encounter with Liszt in Weimar, that held him in thrall. In August 1850, Bülow persuaded his mother to meet him in Weimar in order to attend the Herder Festival. There he witnessed Liszt conducting the world pre- mier of Wagner’s Lohengrin, a major turning point for him. He knew that he must abandon law in favour of music. Since he lacked the means to support himself, his first priority was to come to an understanding with his father. He travelled down to Ötlishausen on September 10 in order to begin the difficult process of converting Eduard to his point of view. His sister Isidora happened to be there on a family visit, and he shared his hopes and aspirations with her as well. He also spent time in the company of his new stepmother, Louise, who later recalled these days of agitation. ‘We often went for walks in the beautiful neighborhood’, she reminisced, ‘but the pleasant time in Ötlishausen did not last long. One morning Hans had vanished. He was absent from breakfast, dinner, and supper. All in- quiries were unsuccessful’.
First Tours of Britain—and Beyond, 1873–1875
Authors: Walker Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Bülow first crossed Albion’s shores, in April 1873, the country was still widely regarded as ‘Das Land ohne Musik’. The profession itself was generally held in low esteem, particularly by the upper classes which had never regarded music as a fitting occupation for an English gentleman. During one of Liszt’s appearances in London, in 1840, Lady Blessington had inspected him through her lorgnette and had famously exclaimed, ‘What a pity to put such a man to the piano!’Amateurism was rife. The country had not produced a composer of major importance since Purcell. Despite the presence of the Royal Academy of Music, which had opened its doors in 1822, English musicians who wished to succeed usually went to the Continent to be ‘finished’, two of the favoured destinations being Paris or Leipzig, and when they returned home they often adopted for- eign names in order to enjoy a better career. The Industrial Revolution had created great wealth among the middle classes, however, and foreign musicians flocked to Britain because that is where the money was to be made; they ensured that the standard of orchestral music making, espe- cially in London, was relatively high. England’s great choral tradition was different. The rest of Europe had nothing to compare with it. The orato- rios of Handel and Mendelssohn, to say nothing of lesser composers, did not receive finer performances anywhere, even in Germany.
At Hanover, 1877–1879
Authors: Walker Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bülow had never sought an appointment in Hanover, but in the summer of 1877 the musical establishment there had been visited by a double misfortune. On May 20 the assistant conductor Jean-Joseph Bott had fallen from the podium in a state of intoxication and had crashed onto the front row of the stalls during the middle of a performance of Liszt’s oratorio Saint Elisabeth. The work was stopped in its tracks and the in- sensible Bott was carried into the wings, with an injured right leg. Liszt himself was in the audience, quickly mounted the platform, and directed the rest of the performance.Bott was forced to resign, his reputation tar- nished, and not long afterwards he sank into obscurity as the director of a local music conservatory in Magdeburg. A few weeks later, fate struck the small opera house again. On August 15, the principal conductor Karl Fischer, who had been the Court Kapellmeister since 1852, was felled by a massive heart attack as he was dining at the Union Hotel, and the opera house was left in disarray. Within hours of hearing of Fischer’s death, Bronsart wrote to Bülow offering him the conductorship. ‘Would you be willing, hand in hand with me, to lead the opera here to a higher level of artistic significance?’As we have seen, Bülow was in Baden-Baden at that moment, taking a water cure, and it was from this unlikely location that he had given his cautious assent.
Britannia Scorned, 1878–1879: Encounters and Skirmishes in ‘The Land without Music’
Authors: Walker Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Bülow left Britain, in January 1878, in order to resume his duties in Hanover, his reputation throughout the country stood at its zenith. Had he never gone back, he would have continued to carry the admira- tion of the nation with him. He did go back, however, and built up re- sentment among the English because of his sharp tongue and abrasive comments. Undoubtedly his nerves were fretted by the ongoing tensions in the Hanover theatre; and his tribulations could hardly have been eased by the arrival of a dismal English winter, making travel through the prov- inces, much of it at night, a difficult business. For whatever reason, the moment he set foot in Britain again, in November 1878, he began to hold forth in a series of musical ‘Travelogues’ for publication in the Leipzig Sig- nale, which were critical of musical life in this country. They appeared under the general title of ‘Autocritical Notes of a Journey in a Fog’, and were translated into English and reprinted in British journals.
The Berlin Philharmonic, 1887–1892 I: The Eagle’s Wings
Authors: Walker Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Hermann Wolff took over the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, it consisted of little more than fifty disillusioned players who had recently broken away from the popular Benjamin Bilse Orchestra and were strug- gling to arrange concerts on their own. Bilse had been the conductor, manager, and owner of the orchestra since its inception in 1868, and he was now putting on three or four popular concerts a week in the old Berlin Concerthaus on Leipzigerstrasse. Some of the concerts were de- voted to classical music, others to light entertainment. At Bilse’s concerts one sat at tables and drank beer with one’s friends while listening to whatever the orchestra was playing that evening. Once a week the Bilse Orchestra even played dance music, the Berlin Concerthaus having been turned into a dance hall for the occasion.
The Berlin Philharmonic, 1887–1892 II: ‘Glory, Honour, and Good Fortune’
Authors: Walker Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much of what Bülow was doing after his return from America was men- aced by the uncertain state of his health. Sometimes his neuralgic pains caused him little more than a minor inconvenience; but at others his symptoms broke out with ferocity and his headaches and sinus pains (‘like gout in the head’) forced him to seek urgent treatments at various spas, where he consulted a multitude of doctors and subjected himself to a variety of water cures, massages, and mineral baths. He also underwent ‘galvanic’ therapy—the application of mild electric shocks to stimulate the muscles and the nervous system. In July 1890, for instance, he trav- elled to Heidelberg for a course of galvanic treatment administered by Professor Wilhelm Erb, the celebrated neurologist and professor of inter- nal medicine at Heidelberg University.
Building blocks and glue
Authors: Cordes Eugene H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter we established that the molecule methane is assembled from one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms, arranged in a specific, precise way in space. The idea here is quite general: choose a collection of atoms of various types, connect them in a unique way and you have a new molecule. That is one of the things that chemists do, generally, in a search for molecules having useful properties, a novel drug for an important medical need for example. What follows in this chapter will establish some principles based on molecules containing only a single carbon atom that, like methane, have important meaning for us moving forward.
Now for the rest of the elements in vitamin pills
Authors: Cordes Eugene H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of the 92 elements that occur in nature, 28 are found in living organisms. Most of these are trace elements: that is, they occur in small or very small amounts. The major elements in living organisms are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. One criterion for the existence of life as we know it is a source of these elements. These derive ultimately from nuclear reactions in stars. Together, these six elements account for about 92% of the dry weight of living organisms: of these six, we have so far discussed carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. We begin this chapter by examining some of the roles of phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S) in living organisms. Having disposed of six elements, that leaves 22 to go: of these, four seem not to be essential for human life—aluminum, arsenic, boron, and bromine—and I will have nothing more to say about them except to note that boron is essential for some plants and that arsenic is essential for some animals and possibly for humans. Bromine occurs in a number of marine natural products. That leaves us with 18 more trace elements to worry about: sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, fluorine, chlorine, iodine, silicon, selenium, molybdenum, manganese, iron, chromium, cobalt, nickel, copper, vanadium, and zinc. I will have something to say about some of these.