bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Project NEMESIS: Perception of a 50 Hz electric and magnetic field at low intensities (laboratory experiment)
Authors: Mueller Christopher H. , Krueger Helmut , Schierz Christoph 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe Electrical Hypersensitivity Syndrome (EHS) is a condition where people suffer from various nonspecific health symptoms attributed to an assumed adverse effect of electric and magnetic fields (EMF). Many EHS patients report the ability to consciously perceive EMF at very low intensities. The existence of a direct EMF perception could be the key to explain at least partially the aetiology of EHS through stress mechanisms and allow the comparison with well known environmental stressors such as noise or odor. The double blind laboratory experiment tested the hypothesis that there are subjects with the ability to perceive 50 Hz EMF at 100 V/m and 6 μT (EMF sensitive) and to investigate the prevalence of EMF sensitivity in a group consisting of subjects with or without self‐reported EHS. A total of 63 volunteers, 49 with EHS and 14 controls, took part in the EMF perception experiment, where 10 sham and 10 exposed 2 min blocks had to be judged in randomized sequence (field on/field off). Seven out of 63 subjects reached a statistically significant result which points to the existence of a small EMF sensitive subgroup within the study group. There was no relevant difference between the subjects with self reported EHS and those without in terms of the success rate in the field perception experiment, as well as the number and types of symptoms encountered during the test. The results of the EMF perception experiment suggest that EHS is not a prerequisite for the ability to consciously perceive weak EMF and vice versa. Bioelectromagnetics 23:26–36, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Memory in bacteria and phage
Authors: Casadesús Josep , D'Ari Richard 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWhenever the state of a biological system is not determined solely by present conditions but depends on its past history, we can say that the system has memory. Bacteria and bacteriophage use a variety of memory mechanisms, some of which seem to convey adaptive value. A genetic type of heritable memory is the programmed inversion of specific DNA sequences, which causes switching between alternative patterns of gene expression. Heritable memory can also be based on epigenetic circuits, in which a system with two possible steady states is locked in one or the other state by a positive feedback loop. Epigenetic states have been observed in a variety of cellular processes, and are maintained by diverse mechanisms. Some of these involve alternative DNA methylation patterns that are stably transmitted to daughter molecules and can affect DNA–protein interactions (e.g., gene transcription). Other mechanisms exploit autocatalytic loops whereby proteins establish the proper conditions for their continued synthesis. Template polymers other than nucleic acids (e.g., components of the cell wall) may also propagate epigenetic states. Non‐heritable memory is exemplified by parasitic organisms that bear a signature of their previous host, such as host‐controlled modification of phage DNA or porin hitchhiking in predatory bacteria. The heterogeneous nature of the examples known may be indicative of widespread occurrence of memory mechanisms in bacteria and phage. However, the actual extent, variety and potential selective value of prokaryotic memory devices remain open questions, still to be addressed experimentally. BioEssays 24:512–518, 2002. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Steroid signaling in plants: from the cell surface to the nucleus
Authors: Friedrichsen Danielle , Chory Joanne 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSteroid hormones are signaling molecules important for normal growth, development and differentiation of multicellular organisms. Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a class of polyhydroxylated steroids that are necessary for plant development. Molecular genetic studies in Arabidopsis thaliana have led to the cloning and characterization of the BR receptor, BRI1, which is a transmembrane receptor serine/threonine kinase. The extracellular domain of BRI1, which is composed mainly of leucine‐rich repeats, can confer BR responsivity to heterologous cells and is required for BR binding. Although downstream components of BR action are mostly unknown, multiple genes whose expression are regulated by BRs have been identified and suggest mechanisms by which BRs affect cell elongation and division. BioEssays 23:1028–1036, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Stimulus fading in the treatment of adipsia
Authors: Babbitt Roberta L. , Shore Bridget A. , Smith Marnie , Williams Keith E. , Coe David A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractStimulus fading procedures have repeatedly been demonstrated as effective in shaping a wide variety of new behaviors. Borrowing from this body of research, the behavioral treatment of feeding disorders presents a new area of application for stimulus fading. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the efficacy of stimulus fading in the treatment of adipsia. Two children who ate solids, but refused all liquids, were participants in the study. Results showed that a five step fading procedure starting with a spoon and thickened liquids, and ending with a cut‐out‐cup, was successful in establishing cup drinking skills for both children. Results of the study suggest that stimulus fading can facilitate feeding skill acquisition. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Homologs of 1,2,5‐hexahydro‐3‐one‐1H‐1,4‐diazepine (DAP) as novel dipeptidomimetics and molecular scaffolds: Efficient preparation of synthons
Authors: Han Yinglin , Mierke Dale F. , Chorev Michael 
Published: August 2002

AbstractStructurally constraint dipeptidomimetics represent an important class of conformationally rigid dipeptide surrogates and molecular scaffolds, which are frequently employed in peptide‐based structure–activity relationships (SAR) and construction of combinatorial libraries. We report on the design of an improved and general synthetic procedure to prepare synthons related to the trisubstituted 1,2,5‐hexahydro‐3‐one‐1H‐1,4‐diazepines [DAP(Xxx)α7] (DAP: 1,2,5‐hexahydro‐3‐one‐1H‐1,4‐diazepine; DAP(Xxx)α7: the homologous series of DAP in which α refers to the location of the chiral carbon in the ith amino acid, Xxx represents the three letter notation for the i−1 amino acids, and 7 denotes the number of atoms in the ring) and their higher homologs [DAP(Xxx)αN] [Xxx = Phe, Asp(β‐OcHex) (cHex: cyclohexyl), and Arg(NG‐Tos] (Tos: p‐toluenesulfonyl); N = 8–10]. These dipetidomimetic structures are generated by reductive alkylation‐mediated Cαi‐to‐Ni−1 bridging between a Cα i‐(CH2)‐COSEt (n = 1–4) and H2N‐Ci−1HR‐CO2Fm (Fm: 9‐fluorenylmethyl) followed by H2Ni‐to‐Ci−1‐CO2H lactam formation. We also describe the preparation of blocked N‐Ac‐[DAP(Phe)αN]‐CONMe2 (N = 8–10), which serve as model systems for detailed conformational analysis reported in the accompanying article. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 64: 1–15, 2002
Study of interaction between aspartic acid and silver by surface‐enhanced Raman scattering on H2O and D2O sols
Authors: Arenas J. F. , Castro J. L. , Otero J. C. , Marcos J. I. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThree different surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra are recorded for aspartic acid on H2O silver sols under different concentrations and pH values. The analysis of the results shows that it interacts with the metal surface in its dianionic form in two different ways, depending on the pH and concentration. Moreover, in some cases the fumarate anion is detected, which results from the chemical surface transformation of the aspartate. The N‐deuterated aspartic acid adsorbed on the D2O silver sols gives rise to only one SERS spectrum as a consequence of the interaction of amino and carboxylate functional groups of the dianion with the metal, independent of the concentration and pD. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopolymers (Biospectroscopy) 62: 241–248, 2001
Overexpression of alcohol dehydrogenase or pyruvate decarboxylase improves growth of hairy roots at reduced oxygen concentrations
Authors: Shiao Tien‐li , Ellis Marc H. , Dolferus Rudy , Dennis Elizabeth S , Doran Pauline M 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOverexpression of Arabidopsis thaliana genes for the fermentation enzymes, alcohol dehydrogenase and pyruvate decarboxylase, improved the tolerance of A. thaliana hairy roots to low oxygen conditions. Whereas the specific growth rate of untransformed hairy roots in shake flasks and in a multiple‐tube recirculation bioreactor declined significantly with decreasing oxygen tension down to 25% air saturation, growth of the transformant root lines was maintained at rates similar to those achieved with full aeration. This work demonstrates that altering the expression of selected genes involved in anaerobic metabolism can alleviate the problems of oxygen deficiency in hairy root cultures caused by poor mixing and mass transfer conditions. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 77: 455–461, 2002; DOI 10.1002/bit.10147
Rapamycin reduces hybridoma cell death and enhances monoclonal antibody production
Authors: Balcarcel R. Robert , Stephanopoulos Gregory 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRapamycin was used as a medium additive to slow the progression of CRL 1606 hybridomas through the cell cycle, under the hypothesis that such a modulation might reduce cell death. Cell cycle distributions for CRL hybridomas in the G1 phase of the cell cycle ranged from 20% to 35% during batch, fed‐batch, and continuous culture experiments, independent of culture time, dilution rate, growth rates, or death rates. Rapamycin, an mTOR signaling inhibitor, immunosuppressant, and G1‐phase arresting agent, was identified and tested for efficacy in restraining cell cycle progression in CRL 1606 hybridoma cultures. However, in the presence of 100 nM rapamycin, the percentage of cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle during fed‐batch cultures was only increased from 28% to 31% in control cultures to 37% to 48% for those with rapamycin. Accordingly, rapamycin only slightly reduced culture growth rate. Instead, the use of rapamycin more notably kept viability higher than that of control cultures by delaying cell death for 48 h, thereby enabling viable proliferation to higher maximum viable cell densities. Furthermore, rapamycin enhanced specific monoclonal antibody production by up to 100% during high‐viability growth. Thus, over the course of 6‐day fed‐batch cultivations, the beneficial effects of rapamycin on viable cell density and specific productivity resulted in an increase in final monoclonal antibody titer from 0.25 to 0.56 g/L (124%). As rapamycin is reported to influence a much broader range of cellular functions than cell cycle alone, these findings are more illustrative of the influence that signal transduction pathways related to mTOR can have on overall cell physiology and culture productivity. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 76: 1–10, 2001.
Pilot‐scale process sensitivity studies for the scaleup of a fungal fermentation for the production of pneumocandins
Authors: Pollard D. J. , Kirschner T. F. , Hernandez D. , Hunt G. , Olewinski R. , Salmon P. M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe filamentous fungus Glarea lozoyensis produces a novel, pharmaceutically important pneumocandin (B0) that is used to synthesize a lipopeptide which demonstrates cidal activity against clinically relevant pathogens. A range of unwanted pneumocandin analogs are also produced by the organism. To maintain the unwanted impurities to acceptable levels upon scaleup, a good understanding of the impact of chemical and physical environment on the cell physiology is required, which benefits downstream processing. Pilot‐scale studies were performed to determine the impact of dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH, and carbon dioxide on the process. Experiments included multiple fermenters (up to seven) at 0.07 and 0.8 m3 scale using single source medium sterilization and inoculum. Gas blending was used to separate effects of dissolved oxygen from agitation. The process was significantly influenced by dissolved oxygen level. The critical dissolved oxygen tension (Ccrit) for growth was below 2% air saturation. The Ccrit for production of pneumocandin B0 was 20% air saturation, with a significant reduction of the specific production rate below this value. In contrast, low dissolved oxygen levels produced a substantial increase of pneumocandins B1, B5, and E0, while high dissolved oxygen levels produced a disproportionate increase of D5. This sensivity to dissolved oxygen was independent of agitation within a power range of 2–15 kW/m3. Broth viscosity was impacted below 10% dissolved oxygen, suggesting an effect on morphology. The process was shown to be sensitive to temperature but relatively insensitive to pH and carbon dioxide (in the exhaust gas) within the ranges studied. This scaledown analysis explained phenomena seen at pilot scale and helped define operating boundary conditions for successful scale up to 19 m3. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 78: 270–279, 2002.
Equilibrium modeling of extractive enzymatic hydrolysis of penicillin G with concomitant 6‐aminopenicillanic acid crystallization
Authors: Diender M. B. , Straathof A. J. J. , van der Does T. , Ras C. , Heijnen J. J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn the present downstream processing of penicillin G, penicillin G is extracted from the fermentation broth with an organic solvent and purified as a potassium salt via a number of back‐extraction and crystallization steps. After purification, penicillin G is hydrolyzed to 6‐aminopenicillanic acid, a precursor for many semisynthetic β‐lactam antibiotics. We are studying a reduction in the number of pH shifts involved and hence a large reduction in the waste salt production. To this end, the organic penicillin G extract is directly to be added to an aqueous immobilized enzyme suspension reactor and hydrolyzed by extractive catalysis.We found that this conversion can exceed 90% because crystallization of 6‐aminopenicillanic acid shifts the equilibrium to the product side. A model was developed for predicting the equilibrium conversion in batch systems containing both a water and a butyl acetate phase, with either potassium or D‐p‐hydroxyphenylglycine methyl ester as counter‐ion of penicillin G. The model incorporates the partitioning equilibrium of the reactants, the enzymatic reaction equilibrium, and the crystallization equilibrium of 6‐aminopenicillanic acid. The model predicted the equilibrium conversion of Pen G quite reasonably for different values of pH, initial penicillin G concentration and phase volume ratio. The model can be used as a tool for optimizing the enzymatic hydrolysis. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 78: 395–402, 2002.
Chiral liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry in the determination of the configuration of glyceric acid in urine of patients with D‐glyceric and L‐glyceric acidurias
Authors: Rashed Mohamed S. , Aboul‐Enein Hassan Y. , AlAmoudi Mohamed , Jakob Minnie , Al‐Ahaideb Lujaine Y. , Abbad Abbas , Shabib Suhail , Al‐Jishi Emtethal 
Published: August 2002

AbstractGlyceric acid is a highly polar chiral carboxylic acid that is usually not detected during routine organic acid analysis. Increased excretion is observed in two phenotypically distinct and rare inherited metabolic diseases, D‐glyceric aciduria, and L‐glyceric aciduria (also known as primary hyperoxaluria type 2). The determination of the exact configuration of the excreted glyceric acid is necessary for the accurate diagnosis of D‐glyceric aciduria and for the differentiation between type 1 and type 2 primary hyperoxaluria. The separation of the two stereoisomers was achieved using a narrow‐bore ristocetin A glycopeptide antibiotic silica gel bonded column. Triethylamine acetate at pH 4.1 with 10% methanol was used as mobile phase. The column was directly interfaced to a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer and the electrospray ion source was operated in the negative ion mode. Three parent‐to‐daughter transitions were employed to specifically detect eluting glyceric enantiomers from essentially untreated urine samples. The two forms of glyceric acid were satisfactorily separated at 3.6 and 4.5 min. Application of the method led to the confirmation of three cases of D‐glyceric aciduria from three different families. Two other cases are suspected to be L‐glyceric aciduria but further confirmation is needed. The method allowed the detection of the glyceric acid stereoisomers in control urine where it was found without exception that L‐glyceric was the predominate metabolite. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Constraints to organizational change processes regarding the introduction of organic products: case findings from the Swiss food industry
Authors: Maier Simone , Finger Matthias 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe combination of the power dimension with the cognitive dimension on the basis of Giddens' theory of structuration provides a powerful concept for analysing constraints to organizational change. In the case of the introduction of organic products to Swiss food processing companies, four interacting and mutually re‐enforcing factors could be identified to constrain organizational change for a successful introduction of organic products: the organic products' low share of overall turnover (resources), missing top management support (power), missing adjustment of the collaborators' performance assessment criteria (norms) and missing collaborators' acceptance for the organic ideology (interpretative schemes). The strategies to overcome these constraints must be designed carefully according to the specific situation of the organization. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
The role of accounting and the accountant in the environmental management system
Authors: Wilmshurst Trevor D. , Frost Geoffrey R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper explores the role of accounting and the accountant in the Environmental Management System (EMS). This study was founded on a postal survey of chief executive officers (CEOs) and chief financial officers (CFOs) from the top 500 listed Australian companies. From responses to the surveys, this paper firstly documents the adoption of environmental accounting processes by respondent companies and secondly management attitudes as to the role of environmental accounting in these companies. The senior executives responding to the survey suggest that they believe the environment is an important issue, and recognize the need for a business response. However, there appeared to be limited participation of the accountant in the EMS, which suggests there is a gap between the aggregate observations of this sample and literature support with respect to the role of environmental accounting. It is suggested that this might reflect a lack of understanding of the potential role accounting and the accountant could (and arguably should) play as a member of the EMS team. It is the intention of this paper to provide some input to enhance an understanding of the potential and important role accounting and the accountant could play in the EMS. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Predicting the home location of serial offenders: a preliminary comparison of the accuracy of human judges with a geographic profiling system
Authors: Snook Brent , Canter David , Bennell Craig 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe accuracy with which human judges, before and after ‘training’, could predict the likely home location of serial offenders was compared with predictions produced by a geographic profiling system known as Dragnet. All predictions were derived from ten spatial displays, one for each of ten different U.S. serial murderers, indicating five crime locations. In all conditions participants were asked to place an ‘X’ on each spatial display corresponding to where they thought the offender lived. In the control condition, a comparison was made between the accuracy of these predictions for 21 participants on two separate occasions a few minutes apart. In the experimental condition, between their first and second predictions the 21 participants were given two heuristics to follow—distance‐decay and circle hypothesis. Results showed that participants with no previous knowledge of geographic profiling were able to use the two heuristics to improve the accuracy of their predictions. The overall accuracy of the second set of predictions for the experimental group was also not significantly different from the accuracy of predictions generated by Dragnet. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dissection: A positive experience
Authors: Mc Garvey M.A. , Farrell T. , Conroy R.M. , Kandiah S. , Monkhouse W.S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFirst‐year medical students were surveyed by questionnaire to assess levels of stress and physical symptoms resulting from their experience of the anatomy room. There was a 100% response rate from the 188 students. Most students (95%) found the prospect of their first visit to the anatomy room exciting. A small number initially experienced physical symptoms, but these had improved significantly 10 weeks later. Most students suffered very little or no stress (80%) on their first visit with only 2% of respondents rating their stress levels as high. Ten weeks later, 87% experienced little or no stress with only 1% stating that they had high stress levels. The anatomy room was rated to be less stressful than workload and assessments. Students reported that the anatomy room provoked thoughts of mortality, and 27% suggested that there should be more preparation before the first visit to the anatomy room. Our findings support previous studies suggesting that American/Canadian students in particular find anatomy stressful. However, the wisdom of interpreting adverse reactions as symptomatic of post‐traumatic stress disorder is questioned. This study shows the anatomy room to be a positive learning experience for the students of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland. Clin. Anat. 14:227–230, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Representations of ethnicity in people's accounts of local community participation in a multi‐ethnic community in England
Authors: Campbell Catherine , McLean Carl 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper we examine the impact of the social construction of ethnic identities on the likelihood of local community participation. We do so in the context of an applied interest in the current policy emphasis on partnerships between government and local communities in initiatives to reduce health inequalities, and a conceptual interest in the role of social representations in perpetuating unequal power hierarchies. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 75 residents of a deprived multi‐ethnic area in south England. Informants described themselves as African‐Caribbean, Pakistani and White English; half men and half women, aged 15–75. We draw attention to the way in which ethnic identities may be constructed in ways that undermine the likelihood of local community participation. Stereotypical representations of ethnically defined ingroups and outgroups (the ethnic ‘other’) constituted key symbolic resources used by our informants in accounting for their low levels of engagement with local community networks. We examine the content of these stereotypes, and highlight how their construction is shaped by historical, economic and social forces, within the context of the ‘institutional racism’ that exists in England. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.