bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leveraged Buyouts, Corporate Restructuring, and Debt in the 1980s
Authors: Yago Glenn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 2, we examined the rise of corporate leverage since 1977 and the changing role of debt in the corporate capital structure. Junk bonds played an important part in these economic trends, providing public corporations with funds that allowed them to outperform their industries in several key performance measures. As corporate debt levels rose, many companies started to view leveraged buyouts (LBOs) as an attractive way to restructure their operations and improve their competitive positioning. While the term leveraged buyout is used in a variety of ways, it generally refers to an acquisition in which the acquiror uses substantial debt (both senior and subordinated) to take a business private or to finance a change of corporate control.
LBO Companies
Authors: Yago Glenn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our statistical analysis in the last chapter provides a sound empirical basis for understanding the overall economic impact of leveraged buyout transactions. However, while market trends and aggregate data are highly instructive, they provide little insight into the specific effects of leveraged buyouts on individual companies. To place LBOs in their proper perspective, we need to remember that each transaction takes place in a specific company. While our data may reveal general patterns, the trends that emerge are the result of individual management decisions, specific corporate strategies, and competitive pressures felt at the firm level.
Wilhelm II And The Germans
Authors: Kohut Thomas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This striking biography of Kaiser Wilhelm II is the most penetrating study to date of his development and personality, as well as an important contribution to our understanding of the crucial period in history that bears his name, `Wilhelmine Germany'. A skilful, psychoanalytically informed analysis of the Kaiser's character, the book shows how the powerful leader of Germany's `Second Reich' became the slave of public opinion - restless, impulsive, and easily swayed by flattery or by those with stronger wills. It reveals a man both anxiously insecure and brashly arrogant, flamboyant and confident in public, yet vacillating and ineffective in his political decisions. Despite his political ineptitude, however, Wilhelm II was one of the most successful and beloved symbolic leaders of modern times. Professor Kohut argues that, in this nationalistic age, the new German nation wanted to see itself as it saw its Kaiser - strong, self-assured, and surrounded by pomp and splendour.
Improving the Pattern of Technology Transfers and Trade Between the United States and Japan
Authors: Gold Bela 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To analyze meaningfully past and prospective patterns of technology transfer between the United States and Japan, they must be considered within the larger framework of the international trade adjustments to which they are responsive. Substantial transfers of technology from the United States to Japan after 1950 have been largely replaced since the mid-1970s by large Japanese exports to the United States of industrial products that benefited from the previously imported technologies.
Industrial Buying Behavior in the Peoples Republic of China: The Yin and Yang of Buyer-Seller Relationships in a Centrally Planned Economy
Authors: Johnston Wesley J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since its “reopening” to trade with the West in 1979, the China market has seemed both tantalizing as the largest potential sales opportunity ever available and impenetrable as more and more industrial marketers have failed to realize any of that potential.
Technical Progress in an Input-Output Framework with Special Reference to Japan’s High-Technology Industries
Authors: Shishido Shuntaro , Harada Kiyo , Matsumura Yuji 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rapid technical progress in Japan’s manufacturing industries in recent years, especially after the oil price shock in 1973, has attracted much international concern among economists and policymakers. Although technical progress at the macroeconomic level has suffered from a deterioration since 1973, the manufacturing industries have experienced a remarkable annual increase in productivity, especially the high-technology Industries such as robotics, microelectronics, fine chemicals, fine ceramics, and biotechnology. The rise in these new sectors, which have replaced the traditional ones such as steel, petrochemicals, ship building, and heavy electrical appliances, facilitated a rapid structural change during the 1970s that was characterized by a shift from capital-intensive and energy-using sectors to knowledge-intensive and energy-saving sectors.
Explaining Cost Differences Between Germany, Japan, and the United States
Authors: Nakamura Shinichiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explains differences in the unit cost of production between the United States, Japan, and Germany for twenty-five industrial sectors for the period 19601979. My colleagues and I consider the differences in the level of total factor productivity (TFP) and in input price as two major factors generating these differences in the level of unit production costs. We thus break down inter country differences in unit production cost into the differences in TFP and in input price.
Concept Development Effort In Manufacturing
Authors: Ettlie John E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The resurgence of intense interest in managing the product development process in manufacturing is but one of many manifestations of the increasing harshness of global competitiveness. New and improved products were once considered to be central to the competitive strategy of firms in just a few, less mature industries. New products are costly to develop and risky to introduce (Wind and Mahajan, 1988). Now all manufacturing industries, as well as many segments of the service, extraction, and agriculture industries seem to be preoccupied with the hows and wherefores of getting to market sooner with products that please customers. But this does not remove the risk or expense. For example, Grabowski and Vernon (1990) found that only the top 30 drugs introduced in the recent history of the pharmaceutical industry actually made enough money to cover mean R&D costs.
Epilogue
Authors: Susman Gerald I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book suggests that companies that depend on superior product development capability for competitive advantage require an exceptional ability to organize, process, and learn from information that is related to product development. Most of the authors in this book argued or implied that the product development process is information intensive; that is, project personnel need to exchange a significant amount of information during the product development process. Several authors relied heavily on information-processing concepts in their analyses.
A Functional Approach to Choosing Remedies
Authors: Laycock Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of these statements comes from Pomeroy’s Equity Jurisprudence, a leading nineteenth-century treatise. The other comes from the United States Reports for June of 1988. Which is which? And which better describes the current state of the law? The first statement is the recent one, from a dissent by Justice Scalia. Two other justices joined him. But it is not the law. It is not even close to the law. It is merely a spectacular example of the confusion created by one of our archaic “rules” for choosing among remedies. It states an extreme but recognizable version of the traditional understanding, even though it is wildly wrong as a description of what courts do.
The Decline of Logical Positivism
Authors: Redman Deborah A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modern philosophy of science grew out of a movement called logical positivism, which emerged in the early twentieth century. The movement was highly complex; it should be cautioned that any brief attempt to characterize the movement, such as what follows, cannot do it justice. Logical positivism, a term coined by A. E. Blumberg and Herbert Feigl in 1931, is the name given to the philosophical ideas put forth by a mixed group of academicians who referred to themselves as members of the Vienna Circle, the Wiener Kreis. Logical positivism is not to be confused with the positivism of August Comte (1798–1857) or with logical empiricism, the more mature form of logical positivism that evolved after the Vienna Circle dissolved with the Nazi AnschluB in 1938. Logical empiricism as a school of philosophical thought continues today. The clear distinction made here is not always observed in discussions on logical positivism and empiricism.
Technological Change and the Management of Architectural Knowledge
Authors: Henderson Rebecca M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most difficult and important challenges facing many modem organizations is the need to respond to seemingly ceaseless rapid technological change. Developments in computing technology, in new materials, in medicine, biotechnology, and a wide variety of other fields present firms in industries as diverse as banking, food, capital equipment, and packaged consumer goods with both major opportunities and significant threats.
A Labor Leader’s Perspective
Authors: Ephlin Donald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Leadership in today’s environment is a very important topic for discussion. Years ago when I served on an air force bomber, I was introduced to the team concept in the truest sense. The pilot had power not because he was the highest ranking person on the plane, but because of his knowledge. But even if the lowest ranking person on the plane had looked out his window, seen one of the engines was on fire, and yelled “Hey, the engines on fire, bail out,” no one would have questioned his rank and waited for someone of higher rank to verify what he had seen. Everyone would simply have bailed out. That is teamwork.
The First Intercollegiate Sport: Crew and the Commercial Spirit
Authors: Smith Ronald A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
More Than A Decade after Oxford and Cambridge engaged in their first intercollegiate crew meet, seven members of the junior class at Yale purchased a four-oared boat in New York City. That 1843 purchase established a tradition in rowing. There was no hint of the commercial spirit which was soon to grip college crew. The expense for the year ‘s rowing was $7.19 for each rower.1 In reality it was more a social activity than a competitive one. Even after three additional boats were purchased by Yale students, a four-oared, an eight-oared, and a log canoe, the first challenge race did not occur until the summer of 1844. The dug-out canoe owners challenged the students with the eight-oared, lapstreak gig to a four-mile race to a lighthouse.
The Americanization of Rugby Football: Mass Plays, Brutality, and Masculinity
Authors: Smith Ronald A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The rugby game, first introduced by McGill to Harvard, became the dominant American college sport by the 1890s. The vast benefits which were believed to accrue to colleges from the growth of foot ball were not without cost. The positive values of developing an image of virility in what was often looked upon as effete college education and increasing the visibility of collegiate life had a re verse side. The negative involved the whole question of academic integrity and the place of organized sport in institutions which were formed to further moral and intellectual qualities. Football, more than any other sport, received the credit and took the brunt of criticism given to college sport. To many it was a cancer because of its brutal side and unethical play; to others it was valued for its promotion of character, virility, and esprit de corps. Football began to represent college sport, and no individual came to represent college sport more than Walter Camp.
Eligibility Rules in a Laissez-Faire Collegiate Scene
Authors: Smith Ronald A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The development of the professional model and its emphasis upon excellence and winning had a dramatic impact upon the recruitment of athletes and the need for eligibility rules. From an early period in American intercollegiate athletic history, there was pressure to bring in athletes with little regard for academic considerations. This, like nearly all other aspects of intercollegiate sport, began un der student control. Recruiting expanded under the professional coach, and as the twentieth century progressed, recruiting and keeping athletes scholastically eligible for athletic competition became a full-time job.
Notes on the lnterlanguage of Comity
Authors: Aston Guy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I take it that interlanguage pragmatics is concerned with the means by which goals are (or are not) achieved in contexts of spoken or written discourse where one or more of the participants is a nonnative speaker-what I shall term, for ease of reference, NNS discourse. As well as having descriptive and explanatory objectives-attempting to categorize and account for uses of discourse strategies that contrast qualitatively or quantitatively with those employed in contexts with exclusively native speaker participants (NS discourse)-it may also have pedagogic ones, aiming to facilitate learners’ achievement of their goals in interaction. Whichever objective is primary, we must ask what kinds of goals need to be achieved, and what constraints on their achievement distinguish NNS from NS discourse. In so doing it seems important to consider not just the constraints relevant to the achievement of goals of communicating information but also those relevant to achieving those social goals of interpersonal rapport that dominate much of our everyday talk.
Electronic Markets and Electronic Hierarchies
Authors: Malone Thomas W , Yates Joanne , Benjamin Robert I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The innovations in information technologies of the past two decades have radically reduced the time and cost of processing and communicating information. These reductions have in turn brought many changes in the ways that tasks are accomplished in firms. Data-processing systems have transformed the ways in which accounting data are gathered and processed, for example, and CAD/CAM (computer-aided design and manufacture) has transformed the ways in which complex machinery is designed. Underlying (and often obscured by) these changes in how business tasks are performed may be more fundamental changes in how firms and markets organize the flow of goods and services through their value-added chains (e.g., see Porter & Millar, 1985). This chapter addresses this more basic issue of how advances in information technology are affecting firm and market structures and discusses the options that these changes present for corporate strategies.
Building a Competitor Intelligence Organization: Adding Value in an Information Function
Authors: Westney D Eleanor , Ghoshal Sumantra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over a decade ago, Pfeffer and Salancik (1978) lamented that although organization theory had increasingly emphasized the importance of the environment in explaining the behavior of organizations, empirical studies of how organizations gathered and used information about their environment were surprisingly scarce. Since then, a small but growing body of work on environmental analysis units has emerged in the strategy field (Dieffenbach, 1983; Engledow & Lenz, 1985; Fahey & King, 1979; Fahey, King, & Narayan, 1981; Fuld, 1985; Ghoshal & Kim, 1986; Jain, 1984; Lenz & Engledow, 1986; Montgomery & Weinberg, 1979; Narchal, Kittapa, & Bhattacharya, 1987; Post et al., 1982; Prescott & Smith, 1987; Sammon, Kurland, & Spitalnic, 1984; Stubbart, 1982; Thomas, 1980). However, the findings have been contradictory and inconclusive. Despite the widespread assumption that business environments are becoming increasingly volatile and that therefore companies should want to set up formal systems to monitor and analyze those environments, studies to date have found no clear patterns of evolution and institutionalization. As one summary of the literature put it: “In practice, firms are experiencing difficulties in implementing and effectively conducting environmental analysis it is apparent that there is still considerable uncertainty about viable structures for environmental analysis units and significant administrative problems accompanying their use” (Lenz & Engledow, 1986, pp. 71, 83).
Collectivization
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the beginning of 1930, in the winter months that were usually times of inertia and isolation in the village, the storm that had been building for almost two years broke with a vengeance. Stimulated by Stalin’s announcement in December that it was time to move towards “liquidation of the kulaks as a class,” Communists and Komsomols descended on the country-side en masse to get rid of the kulaks, collectivize the village, dose the churches, and generally kick the backward peasantry into the socialist twentieth century. Haranguing, browbeating, threatening, and arresting, the militant modernizers’ approach had a basic underlying simplicity: Either you join the kolkhoz, they were in effect telling the peasants, or you risk joining the kulaks and going to Solovki or Siberia. The peasants, for their part, responded with wailing and lamentations and all manner of passive and furtive resistance, but on the whole they bore it fatalistically, signed up for the kolkhoz when they saw no other choice, and did not erupt into outright rebellion. Of course many saw it as a return to serfdom, but that at least was an evil they knew, and one that the village suffered together, communally, not as individual lost souls like the unfortunate kulaks.
Research Methodology
Authors: O’shaughnessy John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 11 we reviewed the objections to methodological monism’s assertion that any discipline aspiring to be a science must follow the scientific method employed in the mature sciences. Opponents, though, encompass a wide spectrum. In the broadest terms there are those who do not deny the applicability of the methods of science to the study of human action but claim such methods do not exhaust the realm of useful methods and techniques. This is the position of those who proclaim the virtues of methodological pluralism. But there is a second category of critics: those who do not deny that the methods of the natural sciences apply to the study of human physiology and involuntary behaviour but deny their appropriateness for understanding human action. This chapter considers the methodology to which this group of ant positivists typically object. This is the methodology that is commonly regarded as positivist in 01ientation. But it is positivist only in terms of today’s common usage of the term positivism. It is not the pure logical positivism of the Vienna Circle. It is perhaps in recognition of this that many writers prefer to use the term the “received view,” although this alternative label may be considered pejorative.
The World of the Store
Authors: Abelson Elaine S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Women were at the forefront of the gradual shift of middle-class values from prudent economy to guarded extravagance. But the stores played a large and hardly benign role in this process. In the closing decades of the century, as the department store emerged from the dry-goods bazaar, the experience of shopping changed considerably. Deploring what she called the “Napoleonic cam paign against the middle-class pocket-book,” English visitor Kath erine Busbey charged that, beyond the profusion of consumer goods, the interior of the American department store furthered the campaign. The “amazing luxury” of decor, the important openings and promotions, the special holiday and seasonal attrac tions, the profuse displays of out-of-season flowers, the colorful caged live birds, the splashing electric fountains, and even the free samples of food provided an “unnatural tantalization” as they lent the stores a perennial air of festival and excitement. “What chance has … the call of thrift and a commonplace little home against such allurement?” Busbey wondered.
Apatheia, Smirenie, Humility
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The philosophical literature on ethical concepts is so old and so extensive that its size has to be counted not in pages but in yardage of bookshelves, and in age, not in decades or in centuries but in millennia. For a linguist, this literature constitutes an inexhaustible source of delight, enlightenment, inspiration—and frustration.
The frustration is due to the profound ethnocentrism of much of this literature. In particular, what most Anglo-Saxon ethical works tend to do is to discuss ethical concepts embodied in certain English words as if they were language-independent moral ideas, culture-free and fully transferrable from one language to another. For example, concepts such as ‘justice’, ‘honesty’, ‘hypocrisy’, or ‘greed’ are discussed as if they stood for some universally valid categories, rooted in human nature and human reason rather than in the English language and in the broad cultural tradition which has given the English lexicon its present shape.
Lexical Universals and Psychological Reality
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For a semanticist, there can hardly be a question more vital and more disturbing than the one raised in a memorable article by Robbins Burling (1969:427): “When an anthropologist undertakes a semantic analysis, is he discovering some ‘psychological reality’ which speakers are presumed to have or is he simply working out a system of rules which somehow take account of the observed phenomena?”
Burling followed this question with an ironic remark: “It certainly sounds more exciting to say we are ‘discovering the cognitive system of the people’ than to admit that we are just fiddling with a set of rules which allow us to use the terms the way others do.” He concluded, “Nevertheless, I think the latter is a realistic goal, while the former is not.”
‘Alternate Generations’ in Australian Aboriginal Languages
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two decades ago Rodney Needham (1971a:xxviii) issued a challenge to linguists and mathematicians: “If a mathematician or a linguist thinks that he can see how to extend into the elucidation of social classification and corporate institutions certain methods which have proved revealing in his own subject, it is entirely to the good that he should try his hand at it and show the anthropologists what his method is. The decisive point, though, is whether the formal analyses really do provide students of society with advantageous methods of understanding what they are trying to understand”. (Cf. also Leach 1971.)
Australian English
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To many, it is axiomatic that language is a mirror of culture, as well as being a part of culture. To others, however, the question is much more problematic, as I found out when I gave a paper to the Sydney Linguistic Circle on linguistic differences between English and Polish, which, I argued, reflected differences between Anglo Saxon culture and Polish culture.’ (For a published version of the paper in question, see Wierzbicka 1985b and 1991a.)
My claims were challenged by Michael Halliday—not on empirical grounds but from a methodological standpoint. Is it justified, he asked, to link individual linguistic phenomena with non-linguistic aspects of culture directly? He acknowledged that in some cases direct links do seem to exist, but he was inclined to confine such cases to the lexicon.