bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Patients and Visitors to an Urban Emergency Department View Clinical Research
Authors: Wilets Ilene , O'Rourke Maria , Nassisi Denise 
Published: October 2003

Abstract Objectives: To assess views about clinical research, drawing current opinion from an urban, largely minority population within the authors' emergency department (ED). Methods: Two focus groups of ED patients and visitors were conducted. These data informed the development of a 27‐item interview examining views about clinical research and knowledge of human subjects protections. Results: The authors interviewed a total of 172 patients and visitors within an adult ED. Study participants reflected the diverse patient population: 38% were African American, 32% Hispanic, 25% white, and 6% other. When asked why one might choose to participate in medical research, 46% said to benefit mankind, 26% said to improve one's own health, 18% cited access to medical care, 17% said financial incentive, and 11% said curiosity. When asked why one might decline research participation, 38% cited fear, 24% cited lack of interest in research, 10% cited medical mistrust, 9% indicated not wanting to feel like a “guinea pig,” 6% indicated lack of time, and 5% suggested privacy concerns. When asked about the meaning of informed consent, 32% did not know. Many respondents (26%) were unaware that they could withdraw from a study. Although the majority (96%) endorsed a statement about the potential benefit of research for themselves or their loved ones, a sizable proportion of respondents (49%) equated research subjects to “human guinea pigs.”Conclusions: Although many individuals tend to view clinical research favorably, a level of medical mistrust exists. The concerns about human experimentation and the limited understanding of human subject protections underscore the need to improve informed consent.
Neurologic Outcome Score for Infants and Children
Authors: Okada Pamela J. , Young Kelly D. , Baren Jill M. , Raroque Soledad S. , Huff Kenneth R. , Wiebe Jacqueline B. , Stavinoha Peter L. , Lewis Roger J. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract Objectives: To develop and validate a practical outcome instrument applicable to a broad range of neurologic deficits in children. Methods: Reliability testing of a draft version of the Neurologic Outcome Scale for Infants and Children (NOSIC) in 100 children with a wide range of ages and levels of neurologic function was performed. After review of the reliability data by a panel of experts, the NOSIC was revised. Validity and reliability testing of the final NOSIC was performed in a new population of 157 children, 52 with cerebral palsy, motor delay, or language delay. Interrater reliability was assessed using Spearman rank correlation coefficients of two investigators' scores. NOSIC scores were correlated with scores on criterion‐standard neuropsychological tests to assess validity. Results: The median NOSIC score for normal children was 98, interquartile range 96–100; the median score for abnormal children was 87, interquartile range 58–96. Interrater reliability of the NOSIC scores of 84 patients rated by both raters demonstrated excellent reliability (ρ= 0.77, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.62 to 0.88). Correlation of the NOSIC scores of the 127 patients who had neuropsychological testing with applicable criterion standards was ρ= 0.63, 95% CI = 0.50 to 0.74. Conclusions: The NOSIC is a practical, reliable, valid, instrument applicable to infants and children with a broad range of neurologic deficits. It should be a useful research tool when neurologic function is an important outcome measure.
Strategies of Disaster Response in the Health Care System for Tropical Cyclones: Experience Following Typhoon Nari in Taipei City
Authors: Lai Ting‐I , Shih Fuh‐Yuan , Chiang Wen‐Chu , Shen Shih‐Tsuo , Chen Wen‐Jone 
Published: October 2003

AbstractNatural disasters present significant potential for injuries and death. Unlike the experience of Hurricane Andrew that destroyed a vast surface area in the rural countryside, Typhoon Nari in Taipei proved that significant damages from natural disasters also can happen to modern health care systems in urban areas. To ameliorate such damages, specific structural, nonstructural, and administrative issues must be taken into account. Such issues include the location of the health facility, design of the infrastructure, storage of equipment and machines, maintenance, medical, and nonmedical operations. Specific considerations, such as early evacuation and securing the safety of the patients before a disaster, should be emphasized. Recovery plans that determine how soon medical service can be restored to the community should also be established. Emphasis on emergency‐response preparedness, mitigation procedures, and recovery efforts should all be included in a comprehensive emergency plan against the destruction caused by natural hazards.
Faculty Development: Academic Opportunities for Emergency Medicine Faculty on Education Career Tracks
Authors: Coates Wendy C. , Hobgood Cherri D. , Birnbaum Adrienne , Farrell Susan E. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractMedical school faculty members who specialize in the scholarship of teaching have unique requirements for academic advancement in universities with clinician‐educator series. While excellence in teaching is the cornerstone of achievement, attention to traditional academic pursuits improves the likelihood of a favorable review by the institution's promotion and tenure committee. The teaching portfolio is an effective means to document performance. Ongoing faculty development and sound mentoring relationships facilitate the academic advancement of clinician‐educators.
Preventive Care in the Emergency Department: Screening for Domestic Violence in the Emergency Department
Authors: Anglin Deirdre , Sachs Carolyn 
Published: October 2003

Abstract Objectives: The most effective methods for identification and management of domestic violence (DV) victims in health care settings are unknown. The objective of this study was to systematically review screening for DV in the emergency department (ED) to identify victims and decrease morbidity and mortality from DV. Methods: Using the terms “domestic violence” or “partner violence,” and “identification” or “screening,” and “emergency,” the authors searched MEDLINE, the Cochrane Database, and Emergency Medical Abstracts from 1980–2002. They selected articles studying screening tools, interventions, or determining the incidence or prevalence of DV among ED patients. The studies were analyzed using evidence‐based methodology. Results: Three hundred thirty‐nine articles resulted from the literature search. Based on selection criteria, 45 were reviewed in detail and 17 pertained to the ED. From references of these 17 articles, three additional articles were added. Screening can be conducted using a brief verbal screen and existing ED personnel. A randomized, controlled trial did not demonstrate a difference in screening rates between experimental and control hospitals. No studies assessed the effect of ED screening for DV on morbidity or mortality of domestic violence. An ED‐based advocacy program resulted in increased use of shelters and counseling. Conclusions: Because of the paucity of outcomes research evaluating ED screening and interventions, there is insufficient evidence for or against DV screening in the ED. However, because of the high burden of suffering caused by DV, health care providers should strongly consider routinely inquiring about DV as part of the history, at a minimum for all female adolescent and adult patients.
Clinically Important Change in the Visual Analog Scale after Adequate Pain Control
Authors: Lee Jacques Simon , Hobden Elisabeth , Stiell Ian G. , Wells George A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract Objectives: To define the minimum clinically important difference (MCID) for the visual analog scale (VAS) of pain severity by measuring the change in VAS associated with adequate pain control. Methods: The authors conducted a prospective, observational study. Adult emergency department (ED) patients with acute pain (<72 hours) were eligible. Patients rated their pain severity on a 100‐mm VAS on presentation and at discharge. Patients were asked if they would accept any analgesic, then if they would accept a parenteral analgesic before treatment. At discharge, they were asked whether they had received adequate pain control. Results: The authors enrolled 143 patients (mean age, 36 years; 54% female). The mean decrease in VAS was −30.0 mm (95% confidence interval [CI] =−36.4 to −23.6) for the 116 of 143 (81%) patients with adequate pain control at discharge vs. −5.7 (95% CI =−11.2 to −0.3) for the 27 with inadequate pain control (p < 0.001). At discharge, the mean VAS was 31.3 mm for those with adequate pain control vs. 55.1 for those without. Mean VAS for the 114 of 143 patients who would accept any analgesics initially was 64.7 vs. 47.1 for the 29 reporting no analgesic need. Initially, 77 patients would accept parenteral analgesics (mean VAS = 72.5 mm). Conclusions: A mean reduction in VAS of 30.0 mm represents a clinically important difference in pain severity that corresponds to patients' perception of adequate pain control. Defining MCID based on adequate analgesic control rather than minimal detectable change may be more appropriate for future analgesic trials, when effective treatments for acute pain exist.
Usefulness of Computerized Pediatric Motor Vehicle Safety Discharge Instructions
Authors: Zonfrillo Mark R. , Mello Michael J. , Palmisciano Lynne M. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract Objectives: To determine whether providing child motor vehicle safety recommendations on computerized discharge instructions (CDIs) were useful to parents and modified their use of child‐restraint devices (CRDs). Methods: The subjects were guardians of children seen in an urban pediatric emergency department (ED). An intervention group was given computerized ED discharge instructions that included the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration recommendations for motor vehicle CRDs. A control group was given CDIs without the recommendations. All subjects were subsequently called within four days of the ED visit and asked questions about their knowledge and use of CRDs. They also were queried if the recommendations affected their knowledge or changed their behavior. Results: There were 52 subjects in the control group and 58 in the intervention group. Fifty‐seven percent of the intervention group remembered reading a safety tip (p < 0.001, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.32 to 0.62), and 82% of that subset correctly identified it pertaining to motor vehicle safety. Forty‐five percent (n= 33) of those who remembered the safety recommendation in the intervention group supported it being educational (p = 0.067, 95% CI = 0.28 to 0.64). Ten percent of the subjects in the intervention group said the CDIs changed their behavior regarding buckling‐up their child, compared with 0% of the control group (p = 0.473, 95% CI = 0.05 to 0.32). Conclusions: Including CRD information on CDIs is a convenient method of educating guardians of patients about motor vehicle safety in a pediatric ED setting. The data suggest that parents find it educational and a smaller subgroup change their behaviors after receiving them.
A computationally efficient piled-foundation model for studying the effects of ground-borne vibration on buildings
Authors: Talbot J P , Hunt H E M 
Published: October 2003

Understanding the effects of ground-borne vibration on buildings is becoming increasingly important as pressure grows to construct high-quality buildings on existing urban sites, which are often close to busy roads or railways. The motivation behind the work presented here is the development of a computational model that enables engineers to evaluate the effectiveness of isolating buildings. This paper presents one component of such a model, namely a new three-dimensional model for modelling the propagation of ground-borne vibration through a piled foundation. A row of piles is considered, with the piles modelled using the solutions for an elastic bar and Euler beam, and the soil represented by an elastic half-space. The model is comprehensive in that it accounts for the longitudinal and transverse motion of the piles due to both external pile-head loads and interaction between neighbouring piles through wave propagation in the surrounding soil. Computational efficiency is achieved by assuming that the row comprises an infinite number of identical piles and using a combination of the boundary element method and periodic structure theory.
Automated error analysis of serial manipulators and servo heads
Authors: Freeman J M , Ford D G 
Published: October 2003

This paper presents a general mathematical treatment of serial manipulators, an important example of which is the servo head. The paper includes validation by application to the angle head via comparison with the previously known transformations and a new application to the error analysis of the angle head. The usual approach to the error analysis of a servo head is to develop a geometrical model by elementary geometrical considerations using trigonometric relationships and various simplifying assumptions. This approach is very error prone, difficult to verify and extremely time consuming. The techniques described here constitute matrix methods that have been programmed in a general way to derive automatically the analytical equations relating the angles of rotation of the head and alignment errors in the head to the position of the tool and errors in that position. The approach is to use rotation and transformation matrices to evaluate the influence of the various errors such as offsets and angular errors. A general approach to the sign convention and notation for angular errors is presented in an attempt to reduce the possibility of errors of definition.
On the Preparation of Bimetallic Rh–Co Hydroformylation Catalysts from [Rh(CO)2Cl]2 and Cobalt Carbonyls on the Surface of SiO2
Authors: Huang Lin , Xu Yide 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The preparation of bimetallic Rh–Co catalysts from [Rh(CO)2Cl]2 and cobalt carbonyls (Co2(CO)8 and Co4(CO)12) on the surface of SiO2 has been investigated by IR spectroscopy and the ethylene hydroformylation reaction. The reaction of Co2(CO)8 with [Rh(CO)2Cl]2 (Rh : Co = 1 : 3.5 atomic ratio) yields spontaneously and promptly RhCo3(CO)12 on the surface. The RhCo3(CO)12 thus synthesized is characterized by in situ IR monitoring and extraction from the surface into n-hexane. This chemistry parallels that in solution. In n-hexane solution, the reaction proceeds very slowly and is complete after approximately 1 d. The results show that the surface of SiO2 exerts an unusual promoting effect on this organometallic synthesis. When Co2(CO)8 is replaced by Co4(CO)12, no reaction takes place either in solution or on the surface. However, a bimetallic Rh–Co catalyst may efficiently result from ([Rh(CO)2Cl]2 + Co4(CO)12)/SiO2 (Rh : Co = 1 : 3 atomic ratio) by thermal treatment under a reducing atmosphere. In particular, (Rh+ + Co2+)/SiO2 (Rh : Co = 1 : 3 atomic ratio) derived from [Rh(CO)2Cl]2 and Co4(CO)12 likewise may be efficiently transformed to bimetallic Rh–Co clusters or particles under an ethylene hydroformylation atmosphere at 423 K. All the catalysts derived from [Rh(CO)2Cl]2 and cobalt carbonyls in this work have catalytic performances close to those of RhCo3(CO)12/SiO2 in ethylene hydroformylation.
The Influence of Vibrational Excitation of NO+(X1Σ+ : v″) on the Formation of NO* by the NO+ + C6F6− Neutralization Reaction at Thermal Energy
Authors: Tsuji Masaharu , Ishimi Hiroaki , Oota Hidefumi , Hisano Masahiro , Nishimura Yukio 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The NO(A2Σ+-X2Πr, C2Πr-X2Πr, D2Σ+-X2Πr) emissions resulting from the mutual ion–ion neutralization reaction between NO+(X1Σ+) and C6F6− have been measured at various source gas pressures of NO+ in a flowing afterglow in order to examine the influence of vibrational excitation in NO+(X : v″). N2O was used as a source gas of NO+(X). The NO(A-X, C-X, D-X) emissions from only the v′ = 0 level were observed at high N2O pressures above ca. 60 mTorr (1 Torr = 133.322 Pa), where only NO+(X : v″ = 0) was present. On the other hand, the NO(A-X) emission from v′ = 1, 2 and the NO(D-X) emission from v′ = 1 appeared at low N2O pressures below ca. 60 mTorr, where NO+(X : v″ &gt; 0) was present. It was found that vibrational excitation in NO+(X : v″) results in vibrational excitation of the product NO(A, D : v′ = v″) molecule because of favorable Franck–Condon factors for the NO+(X : v″) → NO(A, D : v′ = v″) neutralization. The fact that the vibrational excitation of NO(D) is slightly higher than that of NO(A) indicated that the relative coupling strength between NO+(X : v″ &gt; 0) + C6F6− and NO(D : v′ = v″) + C6F6 to that between NO+(X : v″ = 0) + C6F6− and NO(D : v′ = 0) + C6F6 is larger than that in the corresponding processes leading to NO(A : v′ = v″). The lack of vibrational excitation of NO(C) was explained by the predissociation of NO(C : v′ &gt; 0).
Fourteen Chamigrane Derivatives from a Red Alga, Laurencia nidifica
Authors: Kimura Junji , Kamada Noboru , Tsujimoto Yoshikazu 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The red algae genus Laurencia is well known as a source of halogenated sesquiterpenes. From Laurencia nidifica, we isolated fourteen chamigrane derivatives: Two of them are new, accompanied by ten known compounds, and two artifacts.
The structures were confirmed by NMR and mass spectroscopy, and compared with spectral data in the literature.
Long Range Attraction between Glass Surfaces in Cyclohexane-Ethanol Binary Liquids
Authors: Mizukami Masashi , Kurihara Kazue 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Interaction forces between glass surfaces in cyclohexane-ethanol binary mixtures were investigated using colloidal probe atomic force microscopy. An unusually long range attraction was found in the presence of ethanol in the concentration range of 0.1 ∼ 1.4 mol%. At 0.1 mol% ethanol, the attraction appeared at a distance of 35 ± 3 nm and turned into a repulsive force below 3.5 ± 1.5 nm upon compression. A possible explanation accounting for this long range attraction is the bridging of opposed adsorption layers of ethanol on the glass surfaces.
Improvement of Discharge Capacity of β-Fe2(SO4)3-Type Li3V2(PO4)3 by Stabilizing High Temperature Orthorhombic Phase at Room Temperature
Authors: Ohkawa Hirokazu , Yoshida Kenji , Saito Mai , Uematsu Kazuyoshi , Toda Kenji , Sato Mineo 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The cathode performance of a lithium ion battery was investigated for β-Fe2(SO4)3-type Li3V2(PO4)3 and Li3(V1−xZrx)2(PO4)3 (x = 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2). On TG-DTA measurements, Li3V2(PO4)3 exhibited two types of phase transition, while Li3(V1−xZrx)2(PO4)3 exhibited no phase transition. Powder X-ray diffraction analysis and conductivity measurements confirmed an evidence for the stabilization of the high temperature phase at room temperature. The discharge capacity of the Zr-substituted Li3(V1−xZrx)2(PO4)3 samples became much larger than that of the pure Li3V2(PO4)3 sample.
The Photoproduction of O2 from a Suspension Containing CeO2 and Ce4+ Cations as an Electron Acceptor
Authors: Bamwenda Gratian R , Sayama Kazuhiro , Arakawa Hironori 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Herein we report the first finding on the photocatalytic production of oxygen from the irradiation of a CeO2-H2O-Ce4+aq aqueous suspension. The O2 yield strongly depended on the duration of irradiation, CeO2 concentration, concentration of Ce4+aq cations, and pH of the suspension. The optimum photoproduction for O2 was obtained under the following operating conditions: Illumination time &gt; 15 h, CeO2 concentration: 2.5-5 g dm−3, [Ce4+]: 4-5 mM, pH &lt; 2, and illumination wavelength &lt; 450 nm. The studied system utilizes CeO2 to accomplish the initial light absorption, charge separation, and O2 evolution from the interaction of H2O molecules with holes in the CeO2 valence band, in the presence of Ce4+aq species as an acceptor of conduction band electrons.
A Novel Macrocyclic Tetranuclear Copper(II)-Copper(I) Mixed-Valence Complex
Authors: Liu Ze-Hua , Yang Shao-Yong , Duan Chun-Ying , You Xiao-Zeng 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
A novel macrocyclic tetranuclear copper(II)-copper(I) mixed-valence complex was prepared and characterized by spectroscropic and crystallography structure analysis. Each tetranuclear unit connected to the neighbor one by one using the Cu···S bond with the type of apical Cu(1)···S(3B) bond forming an infinite step chain.
Preparation of TiO2 Fiber in a Sol-Gel System Containing Organogelator
Authors: Kobayashi Satoshi , Hanabusa Kenji , Suzuki Masahiro , Kimura Mutsumi , Shirai Hirofusa 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Porous titania with fibrous structure has been prepared, via sol-gel method, from a physical gel of titanium tetraisopropxide by a low molecular weight organogelator.
Enhanced De-NOx Performance of Ag-Al2O3 Catalyst by Increasing Carbon Number of Hydrocarbon Reductants
Authors: Shimizu Ken-ichi , Shibata Junji , Satsuma Atsushi , Hattori Tadashi 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
A significant effect of carbon number on the catalytic property was observed for the selective reduction of NO by n-alkanes over Ag-Al2O3 catalyst; the higher alkanes as the reductant resulted in the higher activity and the higher water-tolerance.
Synthesis, Crystal Structures and Luminescent Properties of a New Family of Cubane Complexes Self-Assembled by Metal Carboxylates and Di-2-pyridyl Ketone in Gem-Diol Form
Authors: Tong Ming-Liang , Lee Hung Kay , Zheng Shao-Liang , Chen Xiao-Ming 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Five cubane-type complexes comprising similar [M4O4]n+ cores (M = Zn(II), Cd(II), Mn(II), Co(II) or Ni(II)) synthesised in a facile route utilizing the gem-diol form of di-2-pyridyl ketone have been characterised by X-ray structural analysis. Both Zn(II) and Cd(II) complexes show room-temperature emission upon photo-excitation at 300 nm.
Syntheses of Both Diastereoisomers of 2,8-Dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane Derivatives: Degradation Products of Daphniphyllum Alkaloids
Authors: Kongkathip Boonsong , Sookkho Rongsan , Kongkathip Ngampong , Taylor Walter C 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Both diastereoisomers of 1,4-dimethyl-2,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-4-caboxylic acid ester (3, 4) and the 4-hydroxy methyl analogues (5, 6) were synthesised from ethyl acetoacetate and diethyl malonate respectively. The key step of these process involved intramolecular cyclisation using palladium chloride as catalyst.
H2 or O2 Evolution from Aqueous Solutions on Layered Oxide Photocatalysts Consisting of Bi3+ with 6s2 Configuration and d0 Transition Metal Ions
Authors: Kudo Akihiko , Hijii Satoshi 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Bi2W2O9, Bi2WO6, and Bi3TiNbO9 consisting of layered structure with perovskite slabs interleaved with Bi2O2 layers showed photocatalytic activities for H2 evolution from an aqueous methanol solution and O2 evolution from an aqueous silver nitrate solution. Bi2WO6 with the Aurivillius structure and a 2.8 eV band gap was active for the O2 evolution reaction under visible light irradiation (λ &gt; 420 nm).
Fast Nitroaldol Reaction Using Powdered KOH in Dry Media
Authors: Ballini Roberto , Bosica Giovanna , Parrini Mauro 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
β-Nitroalkanols are easily obtained within a few minutes, through the nitroaldol (Henry) reaction, catalyzed by a stoichiometric amount of powdered potassium hydroxide, in dry media. Satisfactory to excellent yields are obtained both with primary and secondary nitrocompounds, either with aromatic or aliphatic aldehydes.