bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insect‐plant interactions on a planet of weeds
Authors: McEvoy Peter B. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractTwo conflicting views confront ecologists and evolutionary biologists on the degree of symmetry in interactions between plants and phytophagous insects. The symmetrical view holds that insects and plants have strong effects on one another's evolutionary and ecological dynamics. Thus, herbivores are regarded as a major influence on plant distribution and abundance in contemporary ecosystems, and coevolution is commonly invoked to explain adaptive radiation in plants and insects, host specialization in insects, as well as much of the morphological and chemical variety observed in plants. The asymmetrical view acknowledges that plants have major effects on insects, but claims that insects seldom impose significant effects on plants. Proponents of the asymmetric view tend to ignore or discount insect‐plant interactions in communities and ecosystems altered by human impacts. If we recognize the scope and scale of human impacts, and ways in which these impacts change insect‐plant interactions, then our views about symmetry or asymmetry in insect‐plant interactions will change. To understand, predict, and manage insect herbivory we need to study it in all its manifestations. In particular, the study of interactions involving alien species is both an urgent priority for environmental management and potentially a source of ecological insights on the role of herbivores in plant population and community dynamics. A complete theory of insect/host plant interactions must explain and predict interactions both within and beyond the native range. Such a theory might guide efforts to deal with environmental problems stemming from rapid rates of extinction and homogenization of the world's biota.
Induction of plant responses to oviposition and feeding by herbivorous arthropods: a comparison
Authors: Hilker Monika , Meiners Torsten 
Published: October 2003

AbstractPlants may respond both to feeding and oviposition by herbivorous insects. While responses of plants to feeding damage by herbivores have been studied intensively during the past decades, only a few, but growing number of studies consider the reactions of plants towards egg deposition by herbivorous insects. Plants showing defensive response to oviposition by herbivores do not ‘wait’ until being damaged by feeding, but may instead react towards one of the initial steps of herbivore attack, the egg deposition. Direct plant defensive responses to feeding act directly against the feeding stages of the herbivores. However, a plant may also show direct defensive responses to egg deposition by (a) formation of neoplasms, (b) formation of necrotic tissue (= hypersensitive response), and (c) production of oviposition deterrents. All these plant reactions have directly negative effects on the eggs, hatching larvae, or on the ovipositing females. Indirect plant defensive responses to feeding result in the emission of volatiles (= synomones) that attract predators or parasitoids of the feeding stages. A few recent studies have shown that plants are able to emit volatiles also in response to egg deposition and that these volatiles attract egg parasitoids. Studies on the mechanisms of induction of synomones by egg deposition show several parallels to the mechanisms of induction of plant responses by feeding damage. When considering induced plant defence against herbivores from an evolutionary point of view, the question arises whether herbivores evolved the ability to circumvent or even to exploit the plant's defensive responses. The reactions of herbivores to oviposition induced plant responses are compared with their reactions to feeding induced plant responses.
Evolution of insect‐plant relationships: chemical constraints, coadaptation, and concordance of insect/plant traits
Authors: Scriber J. Mark 
Published: October 2003

AbstractCo‐adaptations, co‐evolution, and co‐speciation between herbivores and their host plants have been topics of interest for several decades. Difficulties in deciphering these relationships as well as physiological, biochemical, and ecological adaptations of herbivorous insects themselves are discussed here in relation to biotic and abiotic environmental factors that create temporal as well as spatial mosaics of genetic variation. Hybridization was shown in swallowtail butterflies (Papilio) (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) to produce some trait concordance, but mostly independent geographic trait clines (physiological, biochemical, and morphological). Strong and extensive genetic introgression of Liriodendron tulipifera detoxification abilities was documented northward across the hybrid zone, presumably as a result of regional climate warming only during the last 3–4 years. These and other genetic novelties produced by hybridization may be important in speciation processes, and they also emphasize the difficulties identifying appropriate taxonomic classifications for discussing any species concept. Host plant detoxification abilities (as ‘key innovations’) are shown capable of rapid movement between different polyphagous herbivore species independently of the host plant availability and well beyond the insect species geographical range distribution. Part of the difficulty associated with ecologically categorizing herbivore species and identifying affiliated adaptations for host plant use may be related to independent movement of various ‘species‐diagnostic’ traits. Climate‐driven local selection regimes could help generate the dynamic variation observed for co‐adapted, co‐evolved, or non‐adapted genotypes, and may produce the confusing and changing patterns of geographic mosaics seen within and among closely related herbivores. Experimental analyses of several factors that could explain the asymmetrical shapes of trait clines across the hybrid zone for tiger swallowtail butterflies are discussed.
Behavioral and population consequences of acarodomatia in grapes on phytoseiid mites (Mesostigmata) and implications for plant breeding
Authors: English‐Loeb Greg , Norton Andrew P. , Walker M. Andrew 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWe examined the influence of acarodomatia in the riverbank grape Vitis riparia Michaux (Vitaceae) on the distribution and abundance of predatory mites (Phytoseiidae) and their interactions with herbivorous mites. Acarodomatia are tufts of nonglandular trichomes or pits located in major leaf vein axes of many species of woody perennial plants and are often occupied by predatory and mycophagous mites. In common garden plantings of different accessions of V. riparia we found a significant positive relationship between size of domatia and the abundance of naturally occurring predatory mites. Behavior of adult predatory mites may explain this positive association, in part. In separate laboratory experiments, gravid females of Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten and Amblyseius andersoni Chant spent more time and deposited more eggs on half of a V. riparia leaf with accessible domatia versus the other half in which access to domatia was blocked with pruning tar. Domatia also had population consequences. In an outdoor experiment using potted grapevines, population size of T. pyri and A. andersoni mites was greater on V. riparia with open domatia compared to V. riparia in which domatia were blocked with pruning tar. Population size of predatory mites was also greater on V. riparia with domatia than on Vitis vinifera L., whether their axils were blocked or not. Since V. vinifera have very small domatia, these results indicate that the presence of domatia is important, not just access to vein axils. Elevated predatory mite populations in response to domatia, however, did not translate into differences in the abundance of European red mite Panonychus ulmi (Koch), an important pest of grapes.Overall, these results indicate that domatia in uncultivated V. riparia promote higher densities of some species of generalist phytoseiid mites. However, domatia are small in most cultivated grapes. We crossed females and males of V. riparia that varied in domatia size and reared their offspring and found that average domatia size in the parents was highly correlated (r2= 0.77, slope = 0.55) with average domatia size in offspring (high narrow‐sense heritability). Given that V. riparia possesses many other desirable agronomic traits, this result suggests it should be practical to breed for well‐developed domatia in cultivated accessions.
Philosophical Papers
Authors: Austin J. L. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This text collects all Austin’s published articles plus a new one, ch. 13, hitherto unpublished. The analysis of the ordinary language to clarify philosophical questions is the common element of the 13 papers. Chapters 2 and 4 discuss the nature of knowledge, focusing on ‘performative utterances’. The doctrine of ‘speech acts’, i.e. a statement may be the pragmatic use of language, is discussed in Chs 6 and 10. Chapters 8, 9, and 12 reflect on the problems the language encounters in discussing actions and consider the cases of excuses, accusations, and freedom. The ‘correspondence theory’, i.e. a statement is truth when it corresponds to a fact, is presented in Chs 5 and 6. Finally, Chs 1 and 3 study how a word may have different but related senses considering Aristotle’s view. Chapters 11 and 13 illustrate the meaning of ‘pretending’ and a Plato’s text respectively.
Aγαθόν and Eὐδαιμονία In the Ethics of Aristotle
Authors: Austin J. L. , Urmson J. O. , Warnock G. J. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
‘Agathon and Eudaimonia in the Ethics of Aristotle’ is a response to an article on the meaning of Agathon in the Ethics of Aristotle, published by H. A. Pritchard in 1935. In this paper, Pritchard argued that Aristotle regarded Agathon to mean ‘conducive to our happiness’ and, consequently, that he maintained that every deliberate action stems, ultimately, from the desire to become happy. Austin finds fault with this view: first, Agathon in Aristotle does not have a single meaning, and a fortiori not the one Pritchard suggested; secondly, if one had to summarise the meaning of ‘being agathon’ in one phrase, then ‘being desired’ cannot fulfil this function, for there are other objects of desire besides τό άγαθόν (the good).
Other Minds
Authors: Austin J. L. , Urmson J. O. , Warnock G. J. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Austin takes on the problem of other minds, of how to respond to the question ‘how do you know?’, if this question is raised with regard to the thoughts, feelings, sensations, minds of other creatures. This problem has traditionally been understood as the problem of justifying our belief in the existence of other minds. Austin argues that believing in other persons, in authority and testimony, is an essential part of the act of communicating, and as such is an irreducible part of our experience. While we can state certain advantages of communicative performances, there is no justification for our doing them as such.
Pretending
Authors: Austin J. L. , Urmson J. O. , Warnock G. J. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Addresses Bedford’s attack on appeals to introspection in the identification of emotions, which lead him to raise the question of how to draw the line between genuine and pretended anger. Austin demonstrates, through a close examination of the speech acts of ‘pretending’ and ‘really being’, that none of the supposed conditional relations (e.g. not really being  pretending; really being  not pretending etc.) between these two notions actually holds. The essay further introduces Austin’s distinction between ‘pretending to do’ and ‘pretending to be’ and emphasises the complex and diverse forms speech acts involving ‘pretending’ can take.,
Approaches to studying and perceptions of academic quality in electronically delivered courses
Authors: Richardson John T. E. , Price Linda 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe Course Experience Questionnaire (CEQ) and a short form of the Approaches to Studying Inventory (ASI) were administered to students who were taking electronically delivered courses in computer science. The constituent structure of the CEQ was preserved in this distinctive context, and a second‐order factor analysis confirmed its role as an index of perceived academic quality. The students' scores on the individual scales of the CEQ and the ASI shared nearly two‐thirds of their variance. In short, approaches to studying in electronically delivered courses are strongly associated with students' perceptions of the academic quality of those courses.
Speaking versus typing: a case‐study of the effects of using voice‐recognition software on academic correspondence
Authors: Hartley James , Sotto Eric , Pennebaker James 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis paper contributes to the discussion about the effects of new technology on writing by assessing whether or not an experienced writer's style of writing changes when a new technology is introduced. 14 typed word‐processed letters from ES to JH were compared with 14 dictated word‐processed letters from ES after he had changed to using a voice‐recognition system (Dragon Naturally Speaking). The results showed that, although there were large differences between the methods and experience of writing with the two technologies, there were no significant differences between the average letter lengths, numbers of paragraphs written and number of sentences used in each group of letters. Nor were there any significant differences in terms of readability, or typographical and grammatical errors. However, the dictated letters did have significantly shorter sentences, significantly fewer particularly long sentences (ie, those containing more than 50 words), and used the first‐person pronoun more frequently. The overall results thus indicate that using the voice‐recognition software had only marginal effects upon the written products, despite the fact that it had a strong effect on ES's experience of the writing process.
Time‐Driven Development of Software in Manufactured Goods
Authors: Rauscher Tomlinson G. , Smith Preston G. 
Published: October 2003

Microprocessors are being incorporated into an increasingly wide range of products. However, many of the companies that manufacture such products are not effectively managing software development for these embedded systems. Despite the current focus on concurrent engineering and cross‐functional teams, software engineering is often poorly integrated with the rest of the product development effort. The result is usually a costly delay in the product's introduction to the market.Tomlinson G. Rauscher and Preston G. Smith describe several practices that have proved helpful for accelerating the development of products that incorporate embedded software. Managerial and economic opportunities for accelerating development of hardware‐software systems involve planning for dramatic growth in products that include embedded software, cultivating in‐house software knowledge, recognizing the financial effects of project decisions, and measuring project progress. Improving time to market requires hiring and developing software engineering staff and managers with the requisite knowledge of the application, ensuring that they understand the techniques for specifying requirements and design, and providing them with clear guidelines for evaluating the trade‐offs between project duration, project cost, and product performance. Progress should be measured in terms of the number of components completed, rather than the number of lines of code that are written.During the development process, emphasis should be placed on managing the scheduling links between hardware and software development, obtaining user feedback about the system as early as possible, and using a flexible, ongoing review process. Development groups should establish software requirements and design parameters before they start coding, and testing should commence early in the system design process. By creating a working prototype of the user interface, developers can obtain user feedback and thereby sharpen the design specification.Effective, timely software development requires focusing greater energy and resources on development of the requirements specification. By expending this effort in the first phase of a project, the development team can minimize its use of the time‐consuming code‐and‐debug approach to software development. In addition to breaking down a complex system into understandable pieces, a modular design supports efforts to accelerate product development. With a modular design, work on various modules can be assigned concurrently to relatively independent teams. A modular design facilitates testing of the product as well as reuse of software that was developed and deployed in previous projects.
Contingent Product Design and Marketing Strategies Influencing New Product Success and Failure in U.S. and Japanese Electronics Firms
Authors: Souder Wm. E. , Song X. Michael 
Published: October 2003

The commercial success or failure of a product doesn't rest solely on the whims of the marketplace. The myriad, often interdependent, strategic trade‐offs made throughout the product development process go a long way toward determining whether a product succeeds or fails. The key to success often rests in finding the right combination of product design and market choice decisions.Toward that end, William E. Souder and X. Michael Song examine the relationship between product success and several product design and market choice strategies. In particular, they explore the possibility that the correct strategy combination differs depending on a firm's perception of market uncertainty, which they measure in terms of the respondents' perceived familiarity with the market for a product, perceived understanding of customer needs, and perceived capability to translate those needs into product performance specifications. Recognizing that the correct combination of strategic choices may also depend on firm size, industry, and culture, the study focuses on small U.S. suppliers of electronics components. Fortune 500 producers of electronics final products, and Japanese producers of electronics final products.For the small U.S. firms in the study, an emphasis on performance superiority, technical superiority, or radically new products provides a recipe for failure under low market uncertainty. Even under high market uncertainty, these characteristics do not equate to success for the small U.S. firms in this study. The findings suggest that these firms should focus on design compatibility with a purchaser's installed base. The responses from Fortune 500 firms and Japanese companies indicate that under low market uncertainty these larger organizations should consider emphasizing compatibility and avoiding radical designs. For markets that the larger firms perceive to be highly uncertain, the results suggest that these companies should emphasize performance superiority, technical superiority, and radical designs.The findings related to market choice strategies also support the notion that the correct combination of strategic decisions depends on firm size, culture, and the perceived level of market uncertainty. However, the guidelines presented in this study should not be construed as hard‐and‐fast rules for formulating product strategy. Instead, the results presented here will be helpful for challenging assumptions and guiding actions, as one element in the effort to shape an effective product strategy.
Industrial New Product Launch Strategies and Product Development Performance
Authors: Hultink Erik Jan , Griffin Abbie , Hart Susan , Robben Henry S. J. 
Published: October 2003

Just as reporters must answer a few fundamental questions in every story they write, decision‐makers in the new product development (NPD) process must address five key issues: what to launch, where to launch, when to launch, why to launch, and how to launch. These decisions involve significant commitments of time, money, and resources. They also go a long way toward determining the success or failure of any new product. Deeper insight into the tradeoffs these decisions involve may help to increase the likelihood of success for product launch efforts.Erik Jan Hultink, Abbie Griffin, Susan Hart, and Henry Robben present the results of a study that examines the interplay between these product launch decisions and NPD performance. Noting that previous launch studies focus primarily on the tactical decisions (that is, how to launch) rather than on the strategic decisions (what, where, when, and why to launch), they explore not only which decisions are important to success, but also the associations between the two sets of decisions. Because the strategic launch decisions made early in the NPD process affect the tactical decisions made later in the process, their study emphasizes the importance of launch consistency—that is, the alignment of the strategic and tactical decisions made throughout the process. The survey respondents—managers from marketing, product development, or general management in U.K. firms—provided information about 221 industrial new products launched during the previous five years.The responses identify associations between various sets of strategic and tactical decisions. That is, the responses suggest that the strategic decisions managers make regarding product innovativeness, market targeting, the number of competitors, and whether the product is marketing‐ or technology‐driven are associated with subsequent tactical decisions regarding branding, distribution expenditure and intensity, and pricing.The study also suggests that different sets of launch decisions have differing effects on performance of industrial new products. In this study, the greatest success was enjoyed by a small group of respondents categorized as Niche Innovators. Their launch strategy involves a niche focus, targeting innovative products into markets with few competitors. Tactical decisions made by this group include exclusive distribution, a skimming pricing strategy, and a broad product assortment.