bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of concentrated electrolytes administered via a paste on fluid, electrolyte, and acid base balance in horses
Authors: León L. A. Sosa , Hodgson D. R. , Carlson G. P. , Rose R. J. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objectives
To test effectiveness of an electrolyte paste in correcting fluid, electrolyte and acid base alterations in response to furosemide administration.

Animals
6 Standardbreds.

Procedures
Horses received electrolyte paste or water only (control). The paste was given orally 3 hours after furosemide administration (1 mg/kg of body weight, IM). Water was given ad libitum soon after the paste and 3 hours after furosemide administration to treated and control groups, respectively. Paste Na+, K+, and Cl− composition was approximately 2,220, 620, and 2,840 mmol, respectively. The PCV and plasma concentrations of total protein ([TP]), [Na+], [K+], [Cl−]), and bicarbonate ([HCO3−]) were determined, and urinary fluid and electrolyte excretion, fecal water, and body weight changes were measured.

Results
At the end of a 6-hour period, the paste-treated group had higher water consumption, which resulted in lower plasma [TP]; net electrolyte losses also were substantially less. With paste administration, [Na+] was approximately 2 mmol/L above a prefurosemide value of 137.3 mmol/L; control horses had values similar to the prefurosemide value. Plasma [Cl−] remained at the prefurosemide value, but values in control horses decreased by 7 mmol/L with water consumption. Plasma [K+] remained approximately 0.8 mmol/L below prefurosemide values in both groups. Venous [HCO3−] returned to prefurosemide values after paste administration, but alkalosis persisted in control horses after consumption of water only. Body weight loss was less after paste administration.

Conclusions
Administration of electrolyte paste is advantageous over water alone in restoring fluid, electrolyte, and acid base balance after fluid and electrolyte loss attributable to furosemide administration. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:898–903)
Use of laser flare-cell photometry to count anterior chamber canine leukocytes and latex beads in vitro
Authors: Krohne Sheryl G. , Reagan William J. , Welch Patrick M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether the cell measuring function of a laser flare-cell photometer is accurate and reproducible, using an in vitro model.

Sample Population
Leukocytes from 8 clinically normal Beagles.

Procedure
Latex beads 11.9 and 6.4 μm in diameter were used to simulate canine WBC and RBC, respectively. Beads were diluted to known concentrations, placed in a model eye, and counted by use of the laser flare-cell photometer. A range of protein diluents from 0 to 2,000 mg/dl was used to suspend beads and simulate anterior uveitis, when cells and protein would be in the aqueous humor. A similar series of experiments were repeated, using leukocytes isolated from the blood of Beagles.

Results
The laser flare-cell photometer can count 6.4-μm beads reproducibly and linearly up to a total of 510 cells/mm3, and 11.9-μm beads up to 1,300 cells/mm3 over a protein range of 0 to 2,000 mg/dl. The instrument can also count canine leukocytes reproducibly and linearly up to 1,300 cells/mm3 over that protein range.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Cell and bead sizes and concentrations and protein concentrations were chosen to mimic the range observed in dogs with uveitis. Because the laser flare-cell photometer accurately counted these cells in a range of protein concentrations in the model eye, it has the potential for use in noninvasive quantitative evaluation and monitoring of uveitis in dogs. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1221–1226)
Morphologic and cytochemical characteristics of blood cells from Hawaiian green turtles
Authors: Work Thierry M. , Raskin Rose E. , Balazs George H. , Whittaker Scott D. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To identify and characterize blood cells from free-ranging Hawaiian green turtles, Chelonia mydas.

Sample Population
26 green turtles from Puako on the island of Hawaii and Kaneohe Bay on the island of Oahu.

Procedure
Blood was examined, using light and electron microscopy and cytochemical stains that included benzidine peroxidase, chloroacetate esterase, alpha naphthyl butyrate esterase, acid phosphatase, Sudan black B, periodic acid-Schiff, and toluidine blue.

Results
6 types of WBC were identified: lymphocytes, monocytes, thrombocytes, heterophils, basophils, and eosinophils (small and large). Morphologic characteristics of mononuclear cells and most granulocytes were similar to those of cells from other reptiles except that green turtles have both large and small eosinophils.

Conclusions
Our classification of green turtle blood cells clarifies improper nomenclature reported previously and provides a reference for future hematologic studies in this species. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1252–1257)
Evaluation of physiologic indices in mice vaccinated with protein-ergotamine conjugates and fed an endophyte-infected fescue diet
Authors: Rice R. L. , Schurig G. G. , Blodgett D. J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To assess effects of vaccination against fescue toxicosis on weight gain, serum prolactin and cholesterol concentrations, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in mice fed an endophyte-infected (EI) or endophyte-free (EF) fescue diet.

Animals
50 six-week-old male BALB/c mice.

Procedure
Mice were randomly allocated to the following 5 groups: 1, vaccinated intraperitoneally with a bovine serum albumin-ergotamine (EG) conjugate and fed an EI fescue diet; 2, orally vaccinated with cholera toxin (CT) subunit B-EG conjugate mixed with free CT and fed an EI fescue diet; 3, not vaccinated and fed an EI fescue diet; 4, passively vaccinated with monoclonal antibodies specific for ergovaline (EV) and fed an EI fescue diet; and 5, not vaccinated and fed an EF fescue diet.

Results
Antibodies against EG and EV were in serum of mice of groups 1 and 4, respectively. Secretory IgA and IgG coproantibodies against EG were induced in mice of group 2. Weight increased in groups 1 and 2 and tended to be increased in group 4 versus group 3. Prolactin concentration was similar in all groups; cholesterol concentration was decreased in groups 1, 3, and 4, compared with group 5. Compared with that in group 5, serum ALP activity decreased in groups 1 and 4 and was further decreased in group 1, compared with that in groups 2 and 3; it was negatively correlated with anti-EG titer.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Induction of anti-EG antibodies and administration of EV monoclonal antibodies tended to increase short-term weight gain in this murine model of fescue toxicosis. However, systemic IgG antibodies against EG or EV antibodies were not protective against decreases in serum ALP activity and cholesterol concentrations. Clinical significance of decreased ALP activity associated with vaccination is unknown, but represents a worsening of a response often associated with fescue toxicosis in cattle. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1258–1262)
Effect of irradiation with a low-intensity diode laser on the metabolism of equine articular cartilage in vitro
Authors: Ebert Daniel W. , Bertone Alicia L. , Roberts Cynthia 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether irradiation with a low-intensity diode laser, which produces radiation at a wavelength of 810 nm, will induce nonthermal enhancement of chondrocyte metabolism.

Sample Population
144 grossly normal articular cartilage expiants aseptically harvested from the femoral condyles of 6 adult horses.

Procedure
Treated cartilage expiants were irradiated with a diode laser at 1 of 7 fluence levels that ranged from 8 to 1,600 J/cm2. Expiants were incubated for 24 or 72 hours, labeled for 24 hours with [35S]Na2SO4, and assayed for newly synthesized sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG; measured incorporation of 35SO4) and endogenous GAG, chondroitin 6-sulfate (CS), and keratan sulfate (KS) content, using a dimethylmethylene blue assay. Laser-induced temperature changes were measured during irradiation with a diode laser and a neodymiumyttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser, which produces radiation at a wavelength of 1,064 nm, using conditions that were reported in previous studies to increase explant metabolism.

Results
After incubation for 24 or 72 hours, rate of 35SO4 uptake or endogenous GAG, CS, or KS content in irradiated expiants was not significantly different than in nonirradiated expiants. Cartilage temperature increased < 4.75 C during diode laser application. Cartilage temperature increased 5 to 12 C during Nd:YAG laser application.

Conclusions
Minimal thermal increases in cartilage expiants with use of a low-intensity diode laser resulted in no change in proteoglycan metabolism of chondrocytes. An increase in tissue temperature over a narrow range with use of a Nd:YAG laser may have contributed to the metabolic alteration of chondrocytes reported in previous studies. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1613-1618)
Changes in rectal temperature and hematologic, biochemical, blood gas, and acid-base values in healthy Labrador Retrievers before and after strenuous exercise
Authors: Matwichuk Cary L. , Taylor Susan M. , Shmon Cindy L. , Kass Philip H. , Shelton G. Diane 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To measure changes in rectal temperature and hematologic, biochemical, blood gas, and acid-base values before and after exercise.

Animals
14 healthy adult Labrador Retrievers.

Procedure
Dogs exercised continuously for 10 minutes by repeatedly retrieving a dummy thrown approximately 40 to 50 yards on land. The ambient temperature during each exercise period was recorded. Rectal temperature, pulse, and respiratory rate were measured; CBC and serum biochemical profile were determined; and arterial blood gas tensions, acid-base status, and plasma lactate and pyruvate concentrations were measured at rest and immediately after exercise. Rectal temperature, pulse, respiratory rate, and lactate and pyruvate concentrations were evaluated at intervals up to 120 minutes after exercise.

Results
Immediately after exercise, rectal temperature increased markedly; ambient temperature did not affect rectal temperature. Arterial blood pH and Pao2 were significantly increased after exercise, and Paco2 and bicarbonate concentration were significantly decreased after exercise. Also, statistically, but not clinically, significant increases were observed in RBC, WBC, and segmented neutrophil counts; hemoglobin, total protein, and serum sodium and potassium concentrations; PCV; anion gap; and creatine kinase activity. Plasma lactate and pyruvate concentrations increased significantly after exercise, but there was no change in the lactate-to-pyruvate ratio.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance
Reference values for healthy Laborador Retrievers during a standardized exercise protocol were established to compare data obtained from Laborador Retrievers with exercise intolerance and collapse. Important characteristics of lactate and pyruvate metabolism were documented that will enable more precise evaluation of exercise intolerance in this breed. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:88–92)
Evidence for divergence of restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns following in vivo replication of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
Authors: Wesley Ronald D. , Mengeling William L. , Lager Kelly M. , Vorwald Ann C. , Roof Michael B. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine stability of the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) pattern of a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome vaccine virus and patterns of other viral strains as they replicate in pigs.

Sample Population
Field samples of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and samples from 2 weaned pigs, 2 nursery-age pigs, and 5 gilts experimentally infected with PRRSV.

Procedure
PRRSV was isolated from field samples, experimentally infected pigs, or pigs that were in contact with experimentally infected pigs. For each virus, RNA was isolated from infected cells, and RFLP patterns were determined.

Results
61 % of field samples had 2-5-2 RFLP patterns characteristic of the vaccine virus, 32% had field virus RFLP patterns, and 7% had intermediate RFLP patterns that indicated a virus with a close relationship to the vaccine virus. Viruses isolated from experimentally infected pigs had no change in RFLP patterns after up to 13 weeks of in vivo replication and transmission to contact pigs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
RFLP patterns distinguish the vaccine and field strains of PRRSV; however, as the vaccine virus spreads among a swine population, the RFLP pattern can change to a related intermediate pattern. A glycine at residue 151 of open reading frame 5 is another marker for the vaccine virus; this glycine is rapidly lost and eventually replaced with arginine as the vaccine virus replicates in pigs. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:463-467)
Evaluation of protective immunity in gilts inoculated with the NADC-8 isolate of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and challenge-exposed with an antigenically distinct PRRSV isolate
Authors: Lager Kelly M. , Mengeling William L. , Brockmeier Susan L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To determine whether intrauterine inoculation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) interferes with conception and whether exposure to one strain of PRRSV provides protection against challenge-exposure (CE) with homologous or heterologous strains of PRRSV.

Animals
40 gilts.

Procedure
Gilts were inoculated by intrauterine administration of a PRRSV isolate (nadc-8) at breeding. Inoculated and noninoculated gilts were exposed oronasally to homologous (nadc-8) or heterologous (European isolate) PRRSV during late gestation. Specimens from gilts and fetuses were tested against CE virus. Lack of virus in gilts indicated protective immunity for the dam, in fetuses indicated protection of gilt from reproductive losses, and in both groups indicated complete protection.

Results
In the homologous CE group, interval from inoculation to CE ranged from 90 to 205 days, and protection was complete. In the heterologous CE group, interval from inoculation to CE ranged from 90 to 170 days, and protection was incomplete. The CE virus was detected in gilts necropsied 134 to 170 days after CE and in a litter necropsied 170 days after CE.

Conclusions
Homologous protection can be induced in gilts by exposure to live PRRSV. Heterologous protection from reproductive losses can be induced in gilts by exposure to live PRRSV; however, this protection is incomplete and may have a shorter duration than homologous protection.

Clinical Relevance
Exposure of swine to enzootic PRRSV will provide protection against homologous PRRSV-induced reproductive losses. Extent and duration of protection against heterologous PRRSV may be variable and dependent on antigenic relatedness of the virus strains used for inoculation and CE. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1022-1027)
Changes in concentrations of biochemical markers of osteoarthritis following surgical repair of ruptured cranial cruciate ligaments in dogs
Authors: Innes John F. , Sharif Mohammed , Barr Alistair R. S. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To investigate longitudinal changes in concentrations of the 1/20/5D4 epitope (5D4) of keratan sulfate and total sulfated glycosaminoglycans (S-GAG) in synovial fluid and serum of dogs with cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture that was repaired via intra-articular surgery.

Animals
58 dogs with a ruptured CCL and osteoarthritis of the affected (index) joint.

Procedure
Prior to surgical repair of the ruptured CCL, 5D4 concentration was measured in serum and synovial fluid samples by use of an inhibition ELISA, and total S-GAG concentration was measured in synovial fluid samples by use of a direct dye-binding assay. Ruptured CCL were repaired surgically, using an intra-articular fascial graft. Dogs were reexamined 1.5, 7, and 13 months after surgery, and 5D4 and S-GAG concentrations in synovial fluid and serum were measured again.

Results
Serum 5D4 concentrations did not change significantly during the study. Concentrations of 5D4 in synovial fluid (expressed as a ratio of S-GAG concentration) did change significantly with time. In the index joint, the 5D4:S-GAG decreased from 0.19 at the beginning of the study to 0.09 1.5 months after surgery, but 7 months after surgery, the ratio increased again to 0.20.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Results support the hypothesis that serum concentration of 5D4 is not a useful marker of osteoarthritis in dogs. Surgical intervention transiently reduced the concentration of 5D4 in synovial fluid but had no effect on S-GAG concentration. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1164-1168)
Methicillin resistance among staphylococci isolated from dogs
Authors: Gortel Kinga , Campbell Karen L. , Kakoma Ibulaimu , Whittem Ted , Schaeffer David J. , Weisiger Rita M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether methicillin-resistant staphylococci from dogs expressed the mecA gene and to determine what proportion of canine staphylococcal isolates positive for the mecA gene were resistant to oxacillin and other antibiotics.

Sample Population
25 methicillin-resistant (10 coagulase-positive and 15 coagulase-negative) and 15 methicillin-susceptible (8 coagulase-positive and 7 coagulase-negative) staphylococci isolated from dogs.

Procedure
All strains were tested for methicillin resistance by use of oxacillin agar screening and identified by use of standard techniques. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of 16 antibiotics were determined for all 40 isolates. A polymerase chain reaction method targeting a 533-basepair fragment of the mecA gene was used to detect mecA gene expression.

Results
23 of the 25 methicillin-resistant isolates and none of the methicillin-susceptible isolates possessed the mecA gene. For 10 of 16 antibiotics, the proportion of mecA-positive isolates that were resistant or of intermediate susceptibility was significantly higher than the proportion of mecA-negative isolates that were resistant or of intermediate susceptibility. Only 1 methicillin-resistant coagulase-positive isolate was identified as Staphylococcus intermedius; the other 9 were identified as S aureus.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Results confirm that staphylococci isolated from dogs may have methicillin resistance mediated by the mecA gene. Isolates positive for the mecA gene were more likely to be resistant to various antibiotics than were isolates negative for the mecA gene. Results suggest that in dogs, infections caused by staphylococci that have the mecA gene may be difficult to treat because of resistance to antibiotics. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1526–1530)
Comparison of measurements of dorsolateral subluxation of the femoral head and maximal passive laxity for evaluation of the coxofemoral joint in dogs
Authors: Farese James P. , Lust George , Williams Alma J. , Dykes Nathan L. , Todhunter Rory J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether dorsolateral subluxation (DLS) of the femoral head reflects osseous conformation of the coxofemoral (hip) joint and represents a property distinct from maximum passive laxity of the hip joint in dogs.

Animals
14 Labrador Retrievers, 16 Greyhounds, 58 Greyhound-Labrador Retriever mixed-breed dogs, and 1 Rottweiler.

Procedures
DLS of the femoral head (DLS score) and passive laxity of the hip joint (distraction index) were determined radiographically in 3 groups of dogs: not treated (167 joints of 84 dogs); before and after injecting 2 ml of hyaluronan into 25 hip joints of 13 dogs; and before and after unilateral triple pelvic osteotomy in 5 dogs. Results of the 2 methods were compared for each group.

Results
In untreated dogs, the correlation coefficient (r) of DLS score versus distraction index was −0.73 and −0.69 for 84 left and 83 right hip joints, respectively. Mean coefficient of determination (r2) for both hips was 0.5. Mean DLS score did not differ before and after intra-articular injection of hyaluronan into either hip joint, whereas mean distraction index increased significantly after intra-articular injection. Unilateral triple pelvic osteotomy resulted in a significant increase in DLS score, compared with values obtained before surgery. However, distraction index before and after surgery did not differ significantly.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
The DLS test assesses the congruity of the acetabulum and the femoral head in a canine hip joint and thus represents a characteristic distinct from maximum passive laxity. The DLS score and the distraction index evaluate different components of hip joint stability. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1571–1576)
A reappraisal of the problem of submerged deciduous teeth
Authors: Freer T.J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The etiology of submersence remains unconfirmed although various reasons have been advanced. The condition is generally more prevalent in older children but may be detected as early as 3 years. Treatment has invariably involved extraction. The natural history of the condition involves periods of remission. These remissions and the fact that extractions are not always desirable, led to the treatment of several cases by traction to the affected teeth.
Near-alpha titanium — a potentially new orthodontic archwire material
Authors: Hazel Roger J. , Sokefil Bruce N. , West Victor C. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
High tensile stainless steels and Elgiloy (a) have been until recently the dominant orthodontic archwire materials. The introduction of Nitinol (b) and T.M.A. (c) has extended the choice. In the present work a new wire near-alpha titanium has been studied. Its tensile properties have been found to be similar to gold, whilst its elastic deflection (springback) is comparable to high tensile stainless steel. It has been shaped into representative Edgewise and Begg archwires to which tipback bends were added, and in so doing has brought “Variable Modulus Orthodontics” much closer to practical reality.
Orthodontic treatment for Class III malocclusions
Authors: Cheng Peter C.K. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Orthodontic treatment of Class III malocclusions has not always been very successful in the past. The use of chin cap and fixed appliances for younger patients, or a combined surgical-orthodontic procedure for older patients, has been the general approach to the treatment of these malocclusions. These methods of treatment often encounter problems during treatment or during the retention period. This paper presents practical guidelines for the orthodontic treatment of Class III malocclusions. The key to success is to expand the maxillary dental arch to compensate for its deficiency. Correction of the anterior crossbite can be achieved rather efficiently by expanding the maxillary dental arch and retroclining the mandibular incisors. The suggested treatment principles are illustrated by the records of four patients with Class III malocclusion of various degrees of severity together with other orthodontic problems.
Quo vadis, Schuldenbremse? Über Sinn und Unsinn detaillierter Defizit- und Schuldenregelungen im Grundgesetz
Authors: Ehnts Dirk 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The German debt brake forces the German government to target a very specific public deficit to GDP ratio. A ruling of the German constitutional court has drawn attention to the debt brake, as it is to be enforced more tightly than the federal German government previously thought. In this article, the author argues that the debt brake should be abolished. It does not do what it is supposed to do – the sustainability of public debt depends on the European Central Bank’s Dealer of Last Resort function and nothing else. As a side effect, the debt brake curtails government spending at a time of close to zero net public investment and huge requirements for more public spending.