bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE FRACTIONAL PRECIPITATION OF THE GLOBULIN AND ALBUMIN OF NORMAL HORSE'S SERUM AND DIPHTHERIA ANTITOXIC SERUM, AND THE ANTITOXIC STRENGTH OF THE PRECIPITATES
Authors: Atkinson James P. 
Published: June 2004

1. The globulins of both normal and diphtheria antitoxic serum exhibit chemically toward reagents the same reactions, being precipitated by magnesium sulphate and split up into fractions in precisely the same way.
2. All of the diphtheric antitoxic power of both normal and immunized serum is always carried by the globulin and its fractional precipitates.
3. During the fractional precipitation of the serum globulin of horses immunized from diphtheria toxin and horses not immunized from diphtheria toxin, some of the globulin is lost, likewise at the same time some of the antitoxic power of the globulin of the immunized serum is lost.
4. These reactions, considered in connection with the fact that different observers as well as we ourselves have found diphtheric antitoxic power in normal horse's serum and that this antitoxin separates with the globulin, strongly incline us to consider "diphtheria antitoxin" a form of globulin.
5. The reactions of globulin, previously separated from the serum by magnesium sulphate, with sodium chloride lead one to think that there is a formation of globulin salts.
6. Since serum albumin in a magnesium sulphate solution gives fractional precipitates at definite temperatures, it seems not improbable that the albumin is precipitated in the form of albumin salts.
A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON ACID-RESISTING BACILLI, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THEIR OCCURRENCE IN THE LOWER ANIMALS
Authors: Cowie D. Murray 
Published: June 2004

The results obtained in this study may be briefly summarized:
1. Acid-resisting bacilli are found in many of the lower animals, more especially the horse, cow, dog, guinea-pig and white rat. In the case of the rabbit and cat no such organisms were detected.
2. Many of these acid-resisting bacilli resemble the tubercle bacillus and the smegma bacillus of man.
3. The acid-resisting organisms are undoubtedly of different species and there is good reason to believe that the term smegma bacillus denotes not a definite species but rather a group of bacilli having common staining properties.
THE NERVES OF THE CAPILLARIES, WITH REMARKS ON NERVE-ENDINGS IN MUSCLE
Authors: Sihler Chr. 
Published: June 2004

1. The endings of the motor nerves in striped muscle remain on the outside of the sarcolemma. Aside from the surfaces of contact of muscle and nerve fibre, the end fibres are covered down to their tips with the sheath of Schwann and are provided with nuclei. The precise condition of things at the places of contact of muscle and nerve is an unsolved problem of histology.
2. The ivy-like or festooned arrangement of motor nerves in the frog's muscle has been misinterpreted. Properly interpreted it demonstrates that the nerve fibres that are to influence the muscle fibre are not naked and that they need not be end fibres. It shows that mere contact between muscle fibre and nerve fibre is all that is necessary.
3. The sheath of Henle in the frog and in the smaller muscle fibres of the snake is open, thus permitting escape of the cerebrospinal fluid.
4. In other animals Henle's sheath extends over the end fibres of the motor nerve and the cells lining it envelop the end fibrils. I find that the so-called "Sohlensubstanz" of Kühne is derived from the cells of Henle's sheath.
5. The terminal nerves in smooth muscle form a network entwining the bundles of muscle fibres. I consider it improbable that each plain muscle fibre has a special terminal nerve fibril.
6. In muscular tissue fine non-medullated nerves, probably belonging to the centrifugal, vasomotor system, proceed from the fasciculi of motor nerves. These nerves can be traced directly to a network of nerves surrounding the capillaries. From this network fine, nucleated, nerve fibres pass to the walls of the capillaries, with which they are very closely united.
7. The nerves supplying the capillaries connect also with sensory nerves and with nerves surrounding the larger blood-vessels, both arteries and veins.
8. The branches of the chorda tympani in the submaxillary gland do not pass to the gland cells, but they terminate on the capillaries.
9. In muscular and glandular tissues—and perhaps throughout the body—there is a vast peripheral nervous plexus belonging to the capillary blood-vessels. These nerves of the capillaries, which may perhaps be regarded as nutritive nerves, regulate the production and transudation of lymph, and are concerned in the mechanism of glandular secretion. They may be called into activity both by peripheral influences and by impulses received from the central nervous system and the sympathetic ganglia. They may influence, through their connections with the vasomotor nerves on the arteries and veins, the blood supply to a part.
A CONTRIBUTION TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE ACTION OF SAPONIN ON THE BLOOD CORPUSCLES AND PUS CORPUSCLES
Authors: Stewart G. N. 
Published: June 2004

1. The increase of conductivity produced by saponin in formaldehyde-hardened blood is due to an increase in the conductivity of the corpuscles (increased permeability of the corpuscles to ions) and not, mainly at any rate, to the liberation of electrolytes from the corpuscles and a consequent increase in the conductivity of the serum. The increase in the permeability of the corpuscles is probably caused by a "corrosive," dissolving, or emulsifying action of the saponin on some non-proteid constituent of the envelope or stroma.
2. In the first stage of the action of saponin on blood (not fixed by formaldehyde) there seems also to be an increase in the permeability of the corpuscles for ions, even before any hæmoglobin has been liberated. The liberation of the hæmoglobin may be secondary to this, owing to the entrance, of water consequent on the disturbance of osmotic equilibrium.
3. Heating the blood to 40° to 45° C. intensifies the laking action of saponin, so that a dose insufficient to cause laking at ordinary temperature may do so when the blood is heated to the temperature mentioned.
4. Pus corpuscles, like red blood corpuscles, are worse conductors than the serum in which they are suspended. Unlike blood corpuscles, they show no preference for NH4Cl as compared with NaCl. On the other hand, the conductivity of pus is increased by the action of saponin, just as is the case with blood, and apparently very much in the same way, that is to say, by an action on the corpuscles and not on the serum. The fixing of the pus corpuscles by formaldehyde does not hinder this action of saponin.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON A PATHOGENIC MOULD FORMERLY DESCRIBED AS A PROTOZOON (COCCIDIOIDES IMMITIS, COCCIDIOIDES PYOGENES)
Authors: Ophüls W. 
Published: June 2004

From the preceding I derive the following conclusions:
1. The disease which formerly has been described as a form of protozoon-infection is due to an infection with a pathogenic fungus.
2. The infection may primarily be either a cutaneous or a pulmonary one.
3. The lesions produced by this fungus fall under the general head of infectious granulomata and consist partly in nodules resembling altogether those produced by the tubercle bacilli and partly in chronic abscesses.
4. The adult forms of the parasite are more apt to produce nodules, the sporulating forms abscesses.
5. The fungus is pathogenic for dogs, rabbits and guinea-pigs probably other animals also, and in them produces lesions very similar to those which we encounter in the human being in this disease.
6. Supurative periorchitis in guinea-pigs is not pathognomonic for glanders.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PNEUMOCOCCI AND ALLIED ORGANISMS
Authors: Hiss Philip Hanson ,   Assisted By John Harvey Borden, M.D., Alonzo Clark Scholarand Clinton Beecham Knapp, M.D., Assistant in Bacteriology and Hygiene,
Published: June 2004

The work carried on under the auspices of the Medical Commission for the Investigation of Acute Respiratory Diseases, at the Bacteriological Laboratory of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, has consisted principally of a comparative study of the morphology, growth characters, fermentative activities, and agglutination reactions of pneumococci and allied organisms isolated by ourselves and the various workers under the Commission.
These organisms were from two chief sources: (a) from the mouth and naso-pharynx of supposedly normal persons and persons suffering from minor inflammations of the naso-pharynx, and (b) from definitely pathologic sources, such as pneumonic sputum, pneumonic lungs, empyæma, the circulating blood of pneumonia patients, septicaemias, meningitis, and various minor lesions, usually due to infection with pneumococci.
One of the principal objects of the study was to make a careful comparison, in the light of the most recent knowledge of the biology of the pneumococcus and by the aid of the latest biological and technical methods, of the series of organisms from these two sources, and thus to determine definitely the true nature of pneumococcus-like organisms occurring in the mouths of normal persons.
The second and equally important object, ultimately dependent, however, upon the solution of the first, was the determination of the frequency of occurrence of typical pneumococci in the mouths of healthy individuals.
The investigations detailed in the present paper have dealt chiefly with the first problem and incidentally with the second, and lead to the following conclusions:
(a) That organisms, not to be distinguished by morphological characters or by any physiological peculiarities from true pneumococci derived from pathologic sources, occur with frequency in the mouths of healthy persons and those suffering from slight inflammations of the naso pharynx, and that the only permissible and legitimate conclusion is that these organisms are true pneumococci.
(b) That there are other organisms in normal mouths and from pathologic sources that morphologically or by staining reactions are not definitely to be distinguished from pneumococci, and can only be recognized by a careful study of their fermentative activities and agglutination reactions. These organisms are non-inulin fermenters.
(c) That the organism known as Streptococcus mucosus is at times found in cultivations from the mouths of apparently healthy individuals, and that, although it shows certain peculiarities distinguishing it from the typical pneumococcus, it is probably very closely related to, and a variety of, this species.
ON THE PHYSIOLOGY OF HEART-BLOCK IN MAMMALS, WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE CAUSATION OF STOKES-ADAMS DISEASE
Authors: Erlanger Joseph 
Published: June 2004

The facts collected in the third part of this paper justify the following conclusions:
(1) All of the cardinal symptoms of Stokes-Adams disease may be duplicated by heart-block resulting from a lesion in or near the auriculo-ventricular bundle of His, and by this alone.
(2) No typical case of Stokes-Adams disease has been described in which heart-block might not have been the cause of the trouble.
(3) It can be shown that all cases of Stokes-Adams disease which have been studied by sufficiently accurate methods were cases of heart-block.
(4) It would appear that heart-block without and with syncopal attacks are two stages of the same disease process.
THE TOXICOLOGICAL CONSTITUTION OF AMANITA PHALLOIDES
Authors: Ford William W. 
Published: June 2004

From the experiments detailed in this paper it may be concluded that Amanita phalloides contains besides phallin, or the hæmolytic principle of Kobert, another body of toxic nature. Phallin is thermolabile, and is destroyed by the action of pepsin and pancreatin. The other toxic body is thermostable and is resistant to pepsin and pancreatin. The two substances, moreover, possess different toxophoric and haptophoric groups, since an antiserum produced by the immunization of animals to the thermostable body has no neutralizing effects upon phallin.
The thermolable body, phallin, produces the subcutaneous œdema and hæmoglobinuria, and, in virtue of its blood-laking properties, the pigmentation of the spleen. The thermostable body produces hæmorrhage and necrosis, and the fatty degeneration of the parenchymatous organs. The two bodies exist side by side in watery extracts of the fungus, but they cannot be considered as two constituents of a single poison exerting a variety of effects. To the hæmolysin the name phallin has already been given by its discoverer, Kobert. For the thermostable substance described now for the first time, the name Amanito-toxin is proposed provisionally.
A STUDY OF EPIDERMAL FIBRILS
Authors: Thompson R. L. 
Published: June 2004

In certain animals, in addition to the protoplasmic fibrils of the stratum filamentosum that are present normally in human epidermis, there are well developed fibrils in the cells of the stratum germinativum. These fibrils are present in the human epidermis only under conditions of increased cell activity.
These fibrils, that are prominent in the stratum germinativum of human epidermis under conditions of increased cell activity, seem to increase in direct ratio to rapidity of cell production.
The differentiation of these fibrils of the stratum germinativum into the finer fibrils which connect the cells of the stratum filamentosum can be observed under proper conditions of growth and therefore there should be no separation of the fibrils into different groups with various names.
This process of fibre production by the cells of the human epidermis is analogous to increased fibre production by various other cells under similar conditions, and may be of importance in identifying or classifying new growths of epithelial origin.
THE PATHOGENESIS OF EXPERIMENTAL COLITIS, AND THE RELATION OF COLITIS IN ANIMALS AND MAN
Authors: Flexner Simon , Sweet J. Edwin 
Published: June 2004

1. The facts described in this paper are intended to bear upon the pathogenesis of colitis in man and animals.
2. The toxin of the Shiga dysentery bacillus is liberated from the bacillus through the process of autolysis.
3. In rabbits the toxin is not absorbed directly in an active form by the gastro-intestinal tract; in man, however, absorption of an active poison does take place from the intestine.
4. The toxin is excreted in rabbits, and probably in man as well by the intestine, chiefly probably by the large intestine, which being injured by the act of elimination, reacts by the development of inflammation, etc.
5. In rabbits the characteristic action of the toxin depends upon the integrity of the biliary secretion into the intestine. When the bile is prevented from entering the intestine, either by ligature and section of the duct or by establishment of a biliary fistula, no lesions whatever of the large intestine appear, or they are inconsiderable in extent.
6. The loss of toxin through a biliary fistula does not prevent in rabbits the lethal effects which are caused, apparently, by a nervous poison. The tying off of the bile duct seems to prevent the passage of the toxin, in amounts sufficient to cause the large intestinal lesions, into the blood. The liver, therefore, in this condition tends to hold back the toxin from the general circulation.
7. The peculiar effects of the toxin on the large intestine in rabbits is not produced at once, but would appear to depend upon successive acts of excretion of the poison by the bowel.
8. The establishment of biliary fistula reduces the intensity of action of corrosive sublimate upon the large intestine in rabbits; and the lesions of ricin poisoning in these animals are also modified by this operation.
9. Dysentery toxin is destroyed by peptic digestion, and also, though probably more slowly, by tryptic digestion. The absence of power of the toxin to cause poisoning in rabbits when it is brought directly into the lumen of the intestine, is not explained by the destructive action of trypsin.
10. The character of the histological changes in the cæcum of rabbits caused by the dysentery toxin points to an action upon the substance and not primarily upon the surface of the intestine.
THERAPEUTIC EXPERIMENTS WITH ANTICROTALUS AND ANTIMOCCASIN SERA
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo 
Published: June 2004

1. The action of different antivenins is highly, although not absolutely, specific for the venoms for which they are prepared. The antivenomous effect is demonstrable by experiments on toxicity (in vivo) and on hæmolysis (in vitro).
2. Anticrotalus and antimoccasin sera possess therapeutic properties of high degree. By their employment before the stage of extreme prostration has been reached, poisoned guinea-pigs can be saved.
3. The standardization of antivenins must be made separately for the antitoxic and antihæmolytic actions, since these do not bear a constant and invariable relation to each other.
THE EFFECTS OF INTRASPINAL INJECTION OF MAGNESIUM SALTS UPON TETANUS
Authors: Meltzer S. J. , Auer John 
Published: June 2004

Intraspinal injections of magnesium sulphate, in doses which do not affect the respiratory centre or other vital function, are capable of abolishing completely all clonic convulsions and tonic contractions in cases of human tetanus, and experimental tetanus in monkeys. The relaxing effects of the injections may last twenty-four hours or longer.
In experimental tetanus in monkeys early intraspinal injections of magnesium salts are capable of retarding the progress and development of the tetanic symptoms.
THE THERMOSTABILE ANTICOMPLEMENTARY CONSTITUENTS OF THE BLOOD
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo 
Published: June 2004

Blood serum contains normally certain principles which inhibit serum hæmolysis by interfering with the action of complement. In the case of most sera the anticomplementary action appears only after heating to 56° C. or higher.
The inhibiting action of this principle is directed against alien as well as native complements, and is non-specific in character.
It would appear as if the inactivation of serum at 50° C. or thereabouts were due to a partial liberation of the antilytic principle which just about suffices to neutralize the action of the native complement. As the temperature of the serum is raised, up to a certain point, more and more of the antilysin is set free until the serum comes to contain an overplus, in excess of the quantity neutralizing its own complement, which is capable of interfering with the action of additional native or alien complements.
Serum heated to 90° C. is less antilytic than serum heated to 70° C., either because the antilysin has entered into new, more stable compounds which prevent its action, or, as is more probable, because of the liberation from the serum of a second group of principles in themselves hæmolytic directly, or indirectly by increasing the power of serum hæmolysins (auxilysins). This latter action tends to mask and to suppress the inhibitory influences of the antilysin.
The antilysin is removed from serum by digestion with many kinds of blood corpuscles which, apparently, absorb the principle. While, by reason of this treatment, the serum is deprived of its inhibitory power, the corpuscles have acquired greater resistance to serum hæmolysins.
By treating blood serum and corpuscles with ether the antilysin can be extracted. The ethereal extract, freed from lecithin and certain related bodies, contains the antilysin in a concentrated but not in a pure form, which can now be taken up in saline solution in which it dissolves.
The saline solution of the antilysin, which for convenience has been denominated "protectin," behaves in all respects like the native antilytic sera except that it is uninfluenced by temperatures of 90°C. or even higher temperatures. Protectin inhibits serum hæmolysis directly by neutralizing complement and indirectly after absorption by corpuscles by increasing their resistance. Hence it is highly probable that the antilytic principle of heated serum and protectin extracted from serum and corpuscles are the same substance.
Thermostability is one of the characteristic properties of protectin. Serum and corpuscles, first dried, may be heated to 150°C. without losing the protecting principle, and the principle persists in such heated products for at least two years. Protectin in solution is unaffected by a temperature of 100° C. maintained for one hour, and suffers only slight reduction in activity at the expiration of two hours; while temperatures ranging from 135° to 150°C. bring about marked reduction in protective power. As these alterations are produced by high temperatures the reaction of the solution changes from acid, through neutral, to alkaline.
CALCIFICATION OF THE BREAST FOLLOWING A TYPHOID ABSCESS
Authors: Thayer W. S. , Hazen H. H. 
Published: June 2004

1. In a patient with typhoid fever, who had taken, during eleven days, 132 grammes of lactate of calcium by the mouth, as well as 5 grammes of chloride of calcium subcutaneously, there developed, eleven days after the subcutaneous infusion, a large abscess of the breast from which Bacillus typhosus and Staphylococcus aureus were obtained on culture. The abscess was opened and the wound packed with iodoform gauze. Eleven days later a deposit of calcium appeared in the granulation tissue bordering the wound. This rapidly increased until the rim of the opening and the lining granulation tissue were converted into a hard, calcareous mass. A number of nodules of an apparently similar character appeared in other parts of the breast.
2. A month later the iodoform packing was removed and the patient was put on a carbohydrate free diet. This was continued for twenty-four of the next thirty-six days. Under this treatment the abscess almost entirely healed with complete disappearance of the deposit of calcium.
3. Studies of the intake and output of calcium showed that, during three days under a diet of milk and eggs there was a material calcium retention (I.346 grammes) : (b) That during two periods amounting to three weeks in all, under a carbohydrate free diet, there was an excess of Ca elimination over the intake of 3.672 grammes, (c) That during ten days following the last carbohydrate free period, under a normal diet, there was a retention of calcium amounting to 0.602 gramme.
4. The disappearance of calcium from the breast was associated in time with the carbohydrate free diet and the excessive elimination of calcium.
3. Under the carbohydrate free diet acetone and diacetic acid appeared on two occasions in the urine, but were not accompanied by any increase in the elimination of calcium.
6. With regard to the cause of the calcification, we cannot speak with certainty. The remarkable association of the deposition of calcium at the seat of an injection of calcium chloride in an individual who had been receiving large quantities of lactate of calcium by the mouth—a deposition occurring in tissues which were in direct connection with or in the immediate neighborhood of a dressing containing iodoform, a poison which in certain animals produces degenerative changes in the kidneys and liver which are peculiarly prone to calcification, is striking and worthy of note.
7. In how far the decalcification of the affected area may have been due to the carbohydrate free regime with the consequent excess in calcium elimination, it is impossible, on the basis of a single case, to say. The coincidence in time of the disappearance of calcium from the breast with this treatment is, however, remarkable and extremely suggestive.
THE ELECTRICAL CHARGE OF TOXIN AND ANTITOXIN
Authors: Field Cyrus W. , Teague Oscar 
Published: June 2004

1. Both diphtheria and tetanus toxin and their antitoxins arc electro-positive, that is, they pass to the cathode under the influence of an electric current.
2. The character of the charge is not altered by a change in the reaction of the solvent.
3. The combination of toxin and antitoxin would seem to represent not a true chemical reaction but the adsorption of one colloid by another.