bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Verification Process for Finite Element Modelling Technique Used in Biological Hard Tissue
Authors: Townsend Molly T. , Mills Matthew , Sarigul-Klijn Nesrin 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
An approach is presented for calculation verification of geometry-based and voxel-based finite element modelling techniques used for biological hard tissue. The purpose of this study is to offer a controlled comparison of geometry- and voxel-based finite element modelling in terms of the convergence (i.e., discretization based on mesh size and/or element order), accuracy, and computational speed in modelling biological hard tissues. All of the geometry-based numerical test models have hp-converged at an acceptable mesh seed length of 0.6mm, while not all voxel-based models exhibited convergence and no voxel models p-converged. Converged geometry-based meshes were found to offer accurate solutions of the deformed model shape and equivalent vertebral stiffness, while voxel-based models were 6.35%±0.84% less stiff (p &lt; 0.0001) and deformed 6.79%±0.96% more (p &lt; 0.0001). Based on the controlled verification study results, the voxel-based models must be confirmed with local values and validation of quantities of interest to ensure accurate finite element model predictions.
Control Strategy of Compressor Surge for Dual Stack Fuel Cell by Model Based Design
Authors: Choi Yoora , Han Jaesu , Yu Sangseok 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell is drawing attention as a next-generation eco-friendly system that does not emit exhaust gas. Since hydrogen vehicle requires frequent load fluctuations, the peripheral devices also require rapid response against rapid changes. The heavy dynamics of the compressor greatly result in a compressor surge that causes rapid perturbation between the discharge flow rate and pressure in the air supply system.
This study aims to design a compressor’s operation layout in a 200kW class dual-stack. To this end, a stack model that can analyze the vehicle dynamics model, including the components constituting the air supply system and thermal management system, was developed. In addition, the compressor contains a surge control loop to adjust the oxygen supply rate through a valve or motor speed control in the event of an arrest. The fuel cell and air supply system model was developed using MATLAB/Simulink®, and the output of the fuel cell and the power consumption of the air supply system were derived according to the input required power. Through this, the operation efficiency according to the operation method was analyzed, and the required power achievement level was analyzed to select the optimal operation logic.
Numerical Investigation of an Ocean Brick System
Authors: Bollineni Hari , Wang Xiuling 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
A 3-D CFD simulation of an ocean brick system situated in a wave tank is presented in this study. An ocean brick system is a type of ocean engineering structure that is designed to withstand the forces of waves and currents to reduce erosion of the shoreline in coastal areas. The study uses a Finite Volume Method (FVM) to solve Naiver-Stokes equations using a commercial CFD solver ANSYS/FLUENT. A user defined function is used to generate waves similar to that of the experiment within the simulation. The generated wave validated by a theoretical approach. The impact of ocean bricks on the tidal waves to reduce the intensity of the wave and the pressure exerted on the ocean bricks by the wave is studied. The proposed simulation is then validated using experimental data of ocean bricks in a wave tank system.
Next-Generation Automation: Development and Simulation of an Autonomous Sorting System
Authors: Koe Francisco , Guerra-Zubiaga David A. , Perry Lashaundra , Chauhan Vedang D. , Gonzalez-Badillo Germanico 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The new 4.0 industrial revolution has changed the way that products are manufactured and processed in many ways. One of these ways is using different Digital Manufacturing (DM) tools. These tools have a variety of uses and ways that they can improve manufacturing at every level; one of these tools being digital twin creation. This paper attempts to utilize key Industry 4.0 trends in optimizing a manufacturing process in which a robotic arm is in a pick-and-place operation. The goal of this research is to propose a solution by the Digital twin’s concept incorporating some industry 4.0 trends. A digital manufacturing model implemented with Tecnomatix is created to leverage digital technologies to support the manufacturing operations digital twin and to improve upon the existing system to facilitate the foundation for growth as well as cost control, scheduling, and quality management. These digital models allow the integration of intelligent sensors and a standardized IIoT framework helped to evaluate the efficiency of the system. This paper aims to implement a FANUC robot modeled in Tecnomatix incorporating an Intelligent Automation (IA) process that adheres to Industry 4.0 standards.
Study of Phase Change Materials for Heat Dissipation of Systems With Transient Heat Generation
Authors: Trulson Ethan , Carbajal Gerardo , Park Younggil , Romero-Ramirez Edwar , Nees Alexander 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
An experimental study evaluated the performance of the phase change materials (PCM) cooling method for systems with transient heat generation. A customized cylindrical heating system was implemented to vary the amount of heat generation. The study was conducted under transient and steady-state conditions for different heat generations. The experimental results indicate an improvement in the PCM cooling system compared with the traditional air-cooling system. In the present study, a cylindrical sample was placed in the cooling system, initially cooled only by air and later by PCM. A data acquisition system measured the readings from several thermocouples installed in the sample to determine the temperature response of the sample. A total of nine thermocouples were installed, three on the surface of the sample, three five millimeters inside the sample, and three in the PCM-metal foam. Temperature readings from the PCM-metal foam closely monitored the melting process. To improve the performance of the PCM, aluminum fins were installed around the PCM. The fin dissipates the energy stored by the PCM and helps to dissipate its internal energy to the surroundings. The experimental study revealed a significant increase in the PCM-air aluminum fin cooling system compared to the traditional air-cooling system.
Using Electrical Resistance As a Diagnostic During Process-Structure-Property Investigation of CNT Forests
Authors: Surya Ramakrishna , Maschmann Matthew R. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Controlling the self-assembly of carbon nanotube (CNT) forests is important for tailoring their ensemble properties for specific applications. In this study, real-time electrical resistance measurements of in-situ CNT forest syntheses was established as a method to interrogate the evolution of CNT forest morphology. The method employs in-situ scanning electron microscopy (SEM) synthesis techniques to correlate observed morphological changes to electrical resistance. A finite-element simulation was used to simulate CNT forest synthesis and the evolution of electrical resistance in a configuration like that used experimentally. The simulation considers the contribution of CNT electrical resistance, CNT-CNT junction resistance, and CNT-electrode contact resistance. Simulation results indicate that an increased number of CNT-CNT junctions with time have a diminishing effect on increasing electrical conductance. Experimentally observed increases in electrical resistance are attributed to increasing CNT delamination from the electrical contacts.
Deterministic Methods for Verification, Validation, and Uncertainty Quantification in Engineering Code Applications
Authors: Kemper Bart , Williams Kaylie 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Simulation credibility relies upon Verification, Validation, and Uncertainty Quantification (VVUQ) techniques. VVUQ methods check the simulation code, the modeling system, the assumptions used and examines how much uncertainty is associated with various stages of the development. This, in turn, gives the program managers and design leaders the information needed to make informed, ethical decisions on how to carry out the design and testing. Arguably, this should be used with any engineering simulation. The challenge is the various VVUQ methods are rooted in engineering domains of high uncertainty and high risk, such as space flight, medical devices, and nuclear power. These designs are “nondeterministic,” or have no design codes that establishes safe limits in design by analysis. In traditional engineering, VVUQ is not needed because the work is done in a well understood area. Uncertainty has been addressed with the use of well-known practices and established design margins. This paper offers a “deterministic VVUQ” method intended for situations where simulation methods like Finite Element Method are used within the bounds of an overarching design code. This will provide a measure of quality control to the simulations without the expense and time of a full nondeterministic VVUQ process.
A Unified Process Damping Model in Cutting With Velocity and Ploughing Effects
Authors: Jiang Yan-Ru , Zhang Xiao-Jian 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The process damping is the theoretical explanation for the stability improvement at low spindle speed cutting. The two main sources of the process damping are velocity-dependent effect and ploughing-indentation effect. In most existing studies, only ploughing-indentation effect is considered to establish a process damping model for simplified calculation. The influence of velocity-dependent effect on stability is less studied. Therefore, this study aims to establish a unified process damping model in milling considering both velocity-dependent effect and ploughing-indentation effect to predict the stability. The velocity-dependent effects in up milling and down milling are investigated by the energy dissipation. Results show that this effect provides a negative process damping in up milling at low-speed and low radial immersion, but improves the stability in down milling. However, the ploughing-indentation effect always damps chatter and improves stability regardless of milling form. To further research the weight of two effects, the ratio of velocity-dependent to ploughing-indentation effects is proposed. When the ratio is larger than 1, the velocity-dependent effect plays a more significant role in stability improvement than the ploughing-indentation effect. The predicted stability lobe diagram based on the unified model is verified by previous experiments.
Assessing the Lubrication Performance of Sunflower Oil Modified With Montmorillonite Clay (MMT) Nanoparticles for Industrial Applications
Authors: Rahman Md Mashfiqur , Biswas Md Abu Sayeed , Peña-Parás Laura , Maldonado-Cortés Demófilo , Ortega Javier A. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Because of the environmental impact and price volatility, there has been a growing concern about using petroleum-based lubricants. This issue has encouraged research into the development of biodegradable lubricants like vegetable oils. This study assessed the tribological behavior of sunflower oil modified with Montmorillonite nanoclay (MMT) as lubricant additives. A block-on-ring tribometer was used to assess the wear and friction characteristics of the nano-lubricants. A custom-made tapping torque tester was used to evaluate the nano-lubricants in a real-world application. It was found that the volumetric wear, Coefficient of Friction, and torque of the system decreased when MMT nanoparticles were added. The experimental results indicated that sunflower oil modified with 2.0 wt.% MMT exhibited the best tribological behavior, reducing COF and wear volume loss by 88% and 63%, respectively. Based on the results, the newly developed sunflower oil-based nano-lubricants, with the addition of MMT nanoclay, could be a promising environmentally friendly solution to compete with petroleum-based lubricants.
Calibration of the K-ω SST Turbulence Model for Backward Facing Step Problem Using Multi-Objective Optimization
Authors: Yildizeli Alperen , Cadirci Sertac 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Flow over a Backward Facing Step (BFS) is a classic fluid dynamics problem that has received considerable attention in the research community. In this study, the k-ω SST turbulence model is calibrated using ANSYS Fluent flow solver based on the comparison with Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) data of a flow over a BFS which is available in the literature. On at a time (OAT) sensitivity analysis is conducted to determine six most dominant turbulence closure coefficients. Skin friction coefficient distribution is examined as quantity of interest. After determining the six most effective parameters, a deep neural network is trained with 500 CFD simulations; and multi-objective genetic algorithm is applied to reduce both RMSE and maximum absolute error of the skin friction coefficient distribution. The results of the study demonstrate that the model coefficients were successfully calibrated using multi-objective optimization. Improvements of the velocity profiles and skin friction coefficient are addressed to the optimization of closure coefficients which are related to the diffusion and production terms of turbulence model of interest. Optimum values of α∞*, β∞*, βi,1, βi,2, a1, and σω,2 were found 13.5% higher, 25% lower, 6.5 % lower, 6.5% higher, 14.5% higher and 3% higher than their original values, respectively.
Characterizing the Effect of Post Weld Heat Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of Laser Beam Welded Additive Manufactured Ti6Al4V
Authors: Akinlabi Esther T. , Omoniyi Peter , Jen Tien-Chien , Mahamood Rasheedat M. , Mwema Frederick , Akinlabi Stephen A. , Abima Cynthia S. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The Ti6Al4V alloys are finding various industrial applications due to their attractive attributes, which can be enhanced via heat-treatment processes. In this study, titanium sheets (Ti6Al4V) were manufactured through laser metal deposition (LMD) using Ti6Al4V powder of particle sizes between 45–90 μm. The build parameters used are optimized at a laser power of 400 W, powder feed rate of 2.4 g/min, hatch spacing of 0.9652 mm, and scanning rotated at 90° between successive layers. The built block is sliced using a wire-electric discharge machine (EDM) into sheets of 2 mm thickness. The resulting blocks were joined using the butt configuration through laser beam welding technology. Post-weld heat treatments were conducted on the welds above the β transus temperature of 995°C. Material characterizations of the evolving properties were conducted using Optical Microscopy, Vickers microhardness, and tensile testing. The investigations show that the heat-treated samples have enhanced properties and can be recommended. The outcome of this research is significant as it gives insight into the optimization of laser welding and post-weld heat treatment parameters of Titanium Alloy Grade 5 for industrial applications.
Solving Flows Across Rotor and Stator Cascades With Local Neural Operator for Computational Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Ye Ximeng , Li Hongyu , Qin Guoliang 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This work presents a practical application of local neural operator (LNO) in computational fluid dynamics (CFD), which is a promising newly proposed deep learning based numerical solver for transient partial differential equations. Here, LNO is trained to learn the intrinsic law behind compressible Navier-Stokes equations and then solve arbitrary unseen flows by collaborating with specifically designed boundary treatment. With LNO as a CFD method, we investigate the unsteady flow across cascades of airfoils in turbomachinery. According to the results, LNO correctly and efficiently captures the fluctuations of velocity fields due to the interaction between the rotor and stator. The mean square error for velocity is below 0.082 and the computation is ×169 faster than conventional finite element method. We further conduct a brief investigation on several cases with different arrangements of cascades. These practices show great flexibility of LNO in tasks with complex geometries, diverse boundaries, and delicate flow patterns, indicating great potential for applications in various scientific research and engineering.
Investigating the Material Flow and Thermal Distribution in a Hybrid Additive Manufacturing Incremental Forming (HAMIF) Technology
Authors: Tiwari Mithilesh Kumar , Gupta Ankit Kumar , Shahare Harshal Y. , Ponappa K. , Tandon Puneet 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The combination of Additive Manufacturing (AM) and Incremental Forming (IF) technologies has numerous advantages, including the ability to manufacture intricate components, reduce production complexity, enable customization, improve resource efficiency, and reduce material waste. Hybrid manufacturing processes that integrate both technologies can address many of the disadvantages of each technology, leading to higher productivity and sustainability. The coalescence of metal additive manufacturing and incremental forming involves the deposition of subsequent layers of raw material on a platform through additive manufacturing, followed by forming these deposited layers through incremental forming. This paper investigates the design and fine-tuning of this innovative approach. Furthermore, the numerical simulations are shown whose results suggest that Hybrid Additive Manufacturing Incremental Forming (HAMIF) has the potential to revolutionize the advanced manufacturing industry. The HAMIF setup includes supporting plates, fastening devices, a hopper-barrel assembly, band heaters, a nozzle, and a spindle for incremental forming. The hybrid extrusion forming unit involves a screw with varying pitch and a detachable forming tip, and a solenoid setup regulates the up and down movement of the hopper-barrel assembly for the simultaneous operation of AM and IF processes. The paper discusses key aspects related to the hybrid extrusion forming unit, including the material flow inside the hopper barrel assembly, thermal distribution, and forming forces. Numerical simulations using COMSOL Multiphysics are used to model the flow of material within the extrusion forming unit and determine the proper choice of material for the hybrid extrusion forming unit. The HAMIF technology can lead to greater efficiency, sustainability, and flexibility in the manufacturing industry.
Input-Output Linearization Control of 1 DOF Electromagnetic Transducer
Authors: Tsakyridis Georgios , Xiros Nikolaos I. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The non-linear dynamics of a linear mechanical oscillator coupled with an electromagnet and its driving circuit through a magnetic field are investigated. Input-Output Feedback Linearization is a used to transform the non-linear system into a linear system that is easier to control. The approach involves canceling out the non-linear terms in the system equations by introducing an appropriate input-output mapping. This mapping transforms the system into a set of linear equations, which can then be controlled using traditional linear control methods. A controller using a pole placement is implemented to stabilize the electromechanical oscillator and track a reference trajectory. This way we can demonstrate that the electro-magneto-mechanical transducer is suitable for sensor applications by enabling precise and rapid tracking of state variables. Moreover, the potential to drive multiple modules from a single source using modulation further highlights the applicability of this technology in various engineering applications, including robotics, aerospace, and power systems.
Research on Health Monitoring and Prediction Technology for Civil Aircraft Environmental Control Systems: A Review
Authors: Zhao Jin , Ma Cunbao , She Zhiyu 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The Aircraft Environmental Control System (AECS) provides a safe and comfortable environment for passengers by adjusting environmental parameters such as temperature and humidity in the cabin. It also provides cooling air to the aircraft electronic equipment compartment to prevent the electronic devices from overheating. AECS failures can lead to passenger discomfort and even trigger serious flight accidents such as emergency descent. Therefore, the aviation industry is currently actively conducting research on AECS health monitoring and predictive technologies to assist with AECS maintenance. This article reviews the methods of AECS health monitoring and prediction. First, various health monitoring and prediction methods are classified based on existing literature, and the research progress of model-based and data-driven methods are respectively described. Secondly, the advantages and disadvantages of various methods are compared and analyzed. The research results show that: (1) compared with data-driven methods, model-based methods can obtain more accurate monitoring and prediction results, but due to the difficulty in modeling, researchers often only conduct relevant research on AECS subsystems or individual components; (2) data-driven methods are more popular among researchers because of their simplicity. With the continuous development of artificial intelligence technology, data-driven methods have also shown more robust development potential. Finally, combined with the design of multi-electric AECS, the future development direction of AECS health monitoring and prediction technology is discussed, and suggestions are proposed.
Modernizing Engineering Education in 2023: Minimizing Academic Honesty Policies, Treating Grades As Measurements, Individualizing Educational Experiences and Incorporating More Project-Based Learning to Better Bridge the Gap Between High School and Career
Authors: Nedyalkov Ivaylo 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In 2023, engineering education is facing a wide range of challenges, and yet multiple opportunities are underutilized. Students often use online resources, including YouTube videos, and sites like Chegg. Academic honesty policies are not strictly enforced, and even when enforced, they are successfully implemented only for a fraction of the students who violate those policies. The advancement of AI tools like ChatGPT is making it even more challenging to detect if a student has used such tools or other resources that are not typically allowed in classes. Grade inflation, inaccuracy, and inconsistency are another concern. Some engineering education experiences are becoming outdated. COVID-19 and its aftermath are posing additional challenges. Student and faculty fatigue and burnout have a negative impact on learning outcomes and mental health.
The author proposes a few major changes in engineering education in an attempt to address these challenges and bring the focus back to bridging the gap between high school and career. The changes include minimizing the use of academic honesty policies; integrating contemporary tools like AI; modifying grading to focus on evaluating understanding and treating grades as measurements with uncertainties; and implementing a more holistic approach to engineering education by better incorporating student group experiences, hands-on engineering activities in maker spaces, better use of curated video/online resources, and optional assignments.
With the proposed changes, the author hopes that engineering education in this decade will re-focus on student success and well-being and decrease the workload for both students and faculty, while improving the learning outcomes.