bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parent Guidance I: Promoting Emotional Health and Resilience
Authors: Barish Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In previous chapters, I have presented a malignancy model of child psychopathology and a resilience model of children’s emotional health. This perspective on emotional development has important implications for parent guidance—how we can best help parents help their children. With some important exceptions, advice to parents offered by psychologists, in both the popular and professional literature, remains largely behavioral, focused on methods of discipline—”shaping” pro-social behavior and teaching parents how to impose effective sanctions when children misbehave—with the goal of achieving improved “compliance” with parental demands.
Further Topics Related to Elliptic Curves
Authors: Reilly Norman R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we consider several topics relating to elliptic curves. We begin with two important areas of applications: cryptography and prime factorization. The next three sections consider ideas about elliptic curves and about curves related to elliptic curves. We consider curves of the form y 2 x 3 ax b that are not elliptic curves, then we look at the concept of birational equivalence in the light of which we see that elliptic curves are not as special as they might at first appear. Next we consider the genus of a curve that places elliptic curves in a hierarchy of curves. In the very last section, we consider the solutions to a well-known family of Diophantine equations.
Ancestral Monty
Authors: Rosenhouse Jason 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like all professional mathematicians, I take it for granted that most people will be bored and intimidated by what I do for a living. Math, after all, is the sole academic subject about which people brag of their ineptitude. “Oh,” says the typical well-meaning fellow making idle chitchat at some social gathering, “I was never any good at math.” Then he smiles sheepishly, secure in the knowledge that his innumeracy in some way reflects well on him. I have my world-weary stock answers to such statements. Usually I say, “Well, maybe you just never had the right teacher.” That defuses the situation nicely.
Classical Monty
Authors: Rosenhouse Jason 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We begin with some terminological ground rules. The host of our hypothetical game show shall always be referred to as “Monty.” We will use the second person in describing the game-show contestant. That is, we will phrase things as if you, the reader, are playing the game. A door will be said to be “correct” if it conceals the car and “incorrect” or “empty” if it conceals a goat. When we speak of being presented with identical doors, you should interpret that to mean that each of the doors has an equal probability of being correct. Your goal in every case is to maximize your chances of winning the car. If it is said that Monty makes a decision at random, that means he chooses from among his possibilities with equal probability.
Some Techniques for Solving Sudoku Puzzles
Authors: Block Seymour S , Tavares Santiago A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Sudoku or Number Place, is a Latin square divided into subsquares (boxes) as shown in Figure 4.1. Figure 4.2 shows the playing field for the Sudoku. It is a 9 × 9 square with nine rows marked A, B,C, . . . , I; nine columns marked a, b, c, . . . , i; and nine boxes marked 1 to 9 (Figure 4.3). Figure 4.4 is a sample puzzle. Observe that some of the cells have numbers and some do not. The numbers that are given will be different in every puzzle. Like in a crossword puzzle, you must fill in the empty cells with the correct numbers. How do you find the correct numbers? You will know you have the correct numbers when each box, each row, and each column is filled with numbers 1 to 9 (Figure 2.3 or Figure 4.1).
The Fourth Dimension
Authors: Block Seymour S , Tavares Santiago A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Figure 11.1 shows a magic square in three dimensions, a sculpture by Patric Ireland in Eaton Fine Art Gallery, West Palm Beach, Florida [100]. It is a 3 × 3 square. The numbers are indicated by counting the numbers of blocks in each column and dividing by two. Hold your breath! Here we go, leaping into the fourth and higher dimensions of space. But don’t worry, we will approach them gradually, one dimension at a time. In early times, artists showed three-dimensional space in two dimensions, but their paintings looked ﬂat. Following the invention of perspective by Brunelleschi and its publication in the book On Painting by Alberti in 1435, the technique was acquired by artists and allowed them to give their work the appearance of depth while still painting on ﬂat, two-dimensional surfaces (Figure 11.2). Although we cannot visualize in our minds anything beyond three dimensions, mathematicians have been able to work in higher dimensions, and Einstein in his theory of relativity, referred to time as the fourth dimension.
Practical Applications of Magic Squares
Authors: Block Seymour S , Tavares Santiago A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A practical use of magic squares is in statistics. Statistics is a technical, mathematical subject practiced by specialists but is very important to everyone. Thanks to statistics, we have an estimate of how long we will live, the chance of being struck by lightning or a comet, and whether our favorite horse will win the Kentucky Derby. Nothing in life is certain, but with statistical methods developed in the last century, we can make useful estimates of the possibilities of these occurrences. These methods have become important in the insurance business, finance, agriculture, weather forecasting, sports and gambling, and scientific and social research.
Some Puzzles for You
Authors: Block Seymour S , Tavares Santiago A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Magic square with odd numbers. Make a perfect magic square of order 3, with magic constant 27, made up of only consecutive odd numbers beginning with 1 in any cell. That is, the magic square is made using the numbers 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17 (Peterson [54]). Magic square with even numbers. Construct a perfect magic square of order 3, with magic constant 30, composed of only consecutive even numbers beginning with 2 in any cell. That is, the magic square is made using the numbers 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 (Peterson [54]). Magic square with prime numbers. Prime numbers are numbers that are divisible only by themselves and Make a magic square of order 3, having a magic constant 177, with prime numbers 5, 17, 29, 47, 59, 71, 89, 101, and 113. Start with 5 in any cell (Pickover [56]).
The Walls Go Up
Authors: Revesz Richard l. , Livermore Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conservative think tanks, academics, and policy makers have taken an entirely different approach to cost-benefit analysis. Unlike proregulatory groups, conservatives have embraced this tool wholeheartedly—pushing to expand its use, and combing for ways to reform it to their liking. At every stage in the development of cost-benefit analysis, commentators and decisionmakers committed to deregulation have faithfully pursued the goals of placing cost-benefit analysis at the center of the administrative state and shaping it towards their agenda. When the political climate was in their favor, they quickly moved to implement their vision of cost-benefit analysis. When they faced opposition in the White House, they used whatever levers they had at their disposal in Congress, and bided their time until better conditions arose.
Winning the Good Fight (Sometimes)
Authors: Revesz Richard l. , Livermore Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although proregulatory interests outside the government have largely abandoned the task of shaping cost-benefit analysis, certain actors within government have taken steps to remove the antiregulatory bias from cost-benefit analysis. One of the most important of these efforts was undertaken by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) during the Clinton administration, with the development of its own in-house cost-benefit analysis capability, in response to the traditional antagonism between the EPA and the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA). With its own cost-benefit tools, the EPA had the analytic firepower needed to struggle effectively with OIRA over environmental regulations. The efforts culminated in the EPA Cost-Benefit Guidelines, which provide the EPA with an independent source of justification for its cost-benefit decisions. One of the most important of those decisions was the value placed on a human life, and the methodology for arriving at that value.
Fallacy 4: People Cannot Adapt
Authors: Revesz Richard l. , Livermore Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fourth fallacy of cost-benefit analysis is that people cannot adapt. This fallacy underlies a relatively new technique for valuing regulation that has been gathering steam over the past decade, and may soon become a prominent fixture of cost-benefit analysis—quality adjusted life-years (QALYs). QALYs are used as an alternative to statistical lives saved. However, QALYs systematically overestimate the quality of life losses from less-than-perfect health because they fail to account for how people adapt to health setbacks. In addition, there is a conceptual flaw that limits the usefulness of QALYs: They cannot be incorporated into cost-benefit analysis because a constant dollar-per-QALY exchange rate does not exist.
Issues In Media And Social Learning: Rap Music, Beauty And Domestic Violence
Authors: Dill Karen E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We humans are like no other species. We are highly skilled creatures who adapt to physical and social environments and who survive and thrive despite our physical vulnerabilities. We accomplish these feats largely due to outstanding mental abilities. I know, sitting around the Christmas tree watching as someone tries to assemble a toy or even get the toy out of the box, “outstanding mental abilities” isn’t the first phrase that comes to mind, but it’s true. Our intelligence allows us to make complex judgments and choices, many of which are social—for example, attributions about the intentions of people from outside our social group or skills that help us gain power and control over others. All of this used to be accomplished through face-to-face interactions within communities.
The Social Psychology Of Political Coverage
Authors: Dill Karen E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On Friday June 13, 2008, I walked into a restaurant to eat dinner with my family. Glancing up at the plasma TV on the wall, I couldn’t quite take in what I was seeing. Tim Russert, NBC News’ Washington bureau chief and long-time moderator of Meet the Press, had collapsed at work and, at the age of fifty-eight and in the prime of his career, had died from a heart attack. What I felt was a visceral sense of loss, sadness, and the kind of wish to make it not true one feels upon learning of the sudden death of a friend or a cherished uncle.
Introduction
Authors: Davis Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was a time of intense partisanship across the nation. The United States was divided between two political parties with sharply divergent ideologies. The closeness of elections meant that the outcomes sometimes remained inconclusive for a long time after the people had voted. Essayists spent much of their time reviewing media accounts and then writing polemics attacking their opponents, including launching personal attacks on presidential candidates and other politicians in the opposition. Many of them did so under pseudonyms to hide their identity. Their essays circulated widely among the political elite of the day.
This was the state of American politics and media just over 200 years ago, when Republicans and Federalists dominated the political scene and partisan newspaper editors supported or attacked them. But it could just as easily describe our own age. Today those essayists are called “bloggers,” short for “webloggers.” They are people who maintain online journals that discuss politics. Like their early counterparts, they spend many hours each day collecting information and writing commentary; instead of publishing their essays in broadsheets circulated in taverns and other public places, though, they post them on their Web sites. Bloggers thrive on commentary, rumor, gossip, and satire. And, similar to the partisan press of that earlier day, they also collaborate with politicians who know their writing can be instrumental in reaching a politically interested and potentially active audience.
Personality and Its Disorders Structural Models, Mathematical Methods, and Theoretical Conceptions
Authors: Millon Theodore 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Eating disorders (EDs) are polysymptomatic syndromes, defi ned by maladaptive attitudes and behaviors around eating, weight, and body image but typically accompanied by disturbances of selfimage, mood, impulse regulation, and interpersonal functioning. In this chapter, we outline the defi ning features of the EDs, provide a brief historical perspective, and review fi ndings on ED epidemiology and comorbid psychopathology. We also provide an overview on factors thought to act in ED etiology. We then elaborate a multidimensional (biopsychosocial) perspective on ED causality that attempts to account for some of the more salient aspects of ED phenomenology.
Schizoid and Avoidant Personality Disorders
Authors: Bernstein David P , Arntz Arnoud , Travaglini Laura 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Clinicians frequently fail to distinguish schizoid and avoidant personality disorders owing to the fact that they are behaviorally similar diagnostic entities characterized by interpersonal detachment. Both types of personalities may appear socially isolated, having few or no close friendships, engage primarily in solitary as opposed to social activities, and remain aloof or inhibited in social situations.
Dependent and Histrionic Personality Disorders
Authors: Bornstein Robert F , Malka Iris L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Observant clinicians and empirical researchers have long recognized that dependent personality disorder (DPD) and histrionic personality disorder (HPD) share at least one important feature: both are rooted in exaggerated, infl exible dependency needs. Dependency-related behaviors are present in both sets of diagnostic critera as described in the DSM–IV–TR.
Sadistic Personality Disorder
Authors: Stone Michael H , Butler Jeremy R , Young Kathleen M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the nineteenth century Krafft-Ebing (1965) introduced the terms sadism and masochism to describe the sexual gratifi cation derived either from cruelty (sadism) or from bodily punishment infl icted on oneself or witnessed by others (masochism). Inspired by the novels of the Marquis de Sade (1740–1814) depicting pain, sexual dominance, and the cruelty and humiliation with certain sexual pleasures of a “perverse” kind, Krafft-Ebing defi ned sadism as the infliction of pain upon a sexual object; masochism as the desire to have pain infl icted upon oneself by the sexual object.
Schizotypic Psychopathology Theory, Evidence, and Future Directions
Authors: Lenzenweger Mark F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Schizotypic psychopathology has long intrigued researchers and clinicians and continues to do so over 100 years later. In short, schizotypic psychopathology represents a unique and rich window on schizophrenia liability; therein lies the heuristic basis for much of the scientific activity in this area of psychopathology.
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Authors: Ronningstam Elsa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The clinical concept of a narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) and the notion of pathological narcissism were based until recently on psychoanalytic theory. Recent observations of such patients have contributed to a growing database recognizing the complexity of narcissistic pathology and its various characterological and symptomatic expressions. The inclusion of NPD in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed.) (DSM–III; American Psychiatric Association [APA], 1980) established its status as an offi cial diagnostic category, with overt and identifi able criteria amenable to more rigorous empirical study.
Fatalism
Authors: Irvine William B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One way to preserve our tranquility, the Stoics thought, is to take a fatalistic attitude toward the things that happen to us. According to Seneca, we should offer ourselves to fate, inasmuch as “it is a great consolation that it is together with the universe we are swept along.” According to Epictetus, we should keep firmly in mind that we are merely actors in a play written by someone else—more precisely, the Fates. We cannot choose our role in this play, but regardless of the role we are assigned, we must play it to the best of our ability. If we are assigned by the Fates to play the role of beggar, we should play the role well; likewise if we are assigned to play the role of king. If we want our life to go well, Epictetus says, we should, rather than wanting events to conform to our desires, make our desires conform to events; we should, in other words, want events “to happen as they do happen.”
Personal Values
Authors: Irvine William B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Besides valuing fame, people typically value wealth. These two values may seem independent, but a case can be made that the primary reason we seek wealth is that we seek fame. More precisely, we seek wealth because we realize that the material goods our wealth can buy us will win the admiration of other people and thereby confer on us a degree of fame. But if fame isn’t worth pursuing, and if our primary reason for seeking wealth is so we can gain fame, then wealth shouldn’t be worth pursuing either. And according to the Stoics, it isn’t.
The Decline of Stoicism
Authors: Irvine William B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Marcus Aurelius was simultaneously a Stoic philosopher and, as Roman emperor, the most powerful man in the Western world. This confluence of philosophy and politics could have been quite beneficial to Stoicism, but as we have seen, he did not try to convert his fellow Romans to the philosophy. As a result, Marcus became, in the words of the nineteenth-century historian W. E. H. Lecky, “the last and most perfect representative of Roman Stoicism.”1 After his death, Stoicism fell into a slump from which it has yet to recover.
The Motivated Consumer
Authors: Sperling Daniel , Gordon Deborah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two strategies dominate discussions about curbing greenhouse gas emissions and oil use: vehicle efficiency and low-carbon fuels. But there’s a third strategy that’s also very important: motivating better behavior. People, acting as consumers, travelers, voters, and investors, are central to all strategies to reduce oil use and carbon footprints. With the rest of the world following America’s lead in mobility matters, it’s especially important for Americans to adjust their behavior. The primary challenge is to awaken an American public largely ignorant of the energy and climate implications of their decisions, and to motivate American consumers to align their choices with the greater public good—what U.S. Senator John McCain has repeatedly called “a cause greater than self-interest.”
Consumers have a lot of say about the future of global mobility. If consumers demand more socially and environmentally responsible products, manufacturers must respond to these demands or risk market loss. Changes in consumers’ purchasing preferences can fundamentally alter the market-place, as demonstrated recently by the shrinking market share of big SUVs and the growing market share of hybrid vehicles. Consumers have the power to motivate market shifts and technological innovation.
Pillars of Humanity: Hope Across Time
Authors: Scioli Anthony , Biller Henry B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Arguably, the greatest sources of human joy and suffering are rooted in the three motives that underlie hope: mastery, attachment, and survival. More time and energy goes into understanding, controlling, satisfying, sustaining, repairing, and honoring these motivational vital signs than any others. Indeed, we have a natural inclination to gravitate toward moving accounts of these very forces.
Five of the top-rated films of all time, for example, are Citizen Kane, The Godfather, Lawrence of Arabia, Casablanca, and Gone with the Wind, each in their own way a compelling story of one or more of the vital motives, whether thwarted or triumphant. Consider Citizen Kane: Beneath the obvious power imagery is a story of frustrated attachment and longing. In one scene an old man reflects on a beautiful girl he glimpsed only fleetingly as a youth, realizing he has thought of her every day for more than 50 years.
Faith: The Assurance of Things Hoped For
Authors: Scioli Anthony , Biller Henry B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we explore the diverse ways that human beings have expressed their deepest beliefs and highest values. We identify some of the biases about faith and show how true faith differs from blind devotion and can be distinguished from unhealthy forms of impoverished spirituality.
“Faith,” according to the New Testament, “is the assurance of things hoped for, a belief in things unseen.” Without faith in karma, what hope sustains the Hindu? If Buddhists abandon faith in the eight-fold path, what will guarantee their hoped-for release from suffering? Without faith in the dreamtime, what hope is there for the aborigine of Western Australia?
Spiritual Growth: The Life Cycle of Hope
Authors: Scioli Anthony , Biller Henry B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we trace the development of spiritual beliefs across the life span, utilizing a comprehensive, four-stage model in which we combine our integrative framework with concepts from developmental and clinical psychology, psychiatry, and theology. This in-depth analysis is designed to help you to better understand the importance of the attachment, mastery, and survival motives at different points in the life span. In addition, you should come away with a deeper appreciation of the hope–spirituality connection, including both the transpersonal and personal experiences that can affect the development of various forms of faith and spirituality.
Clearly, hope and spirituality converge in important ways. It is a convergence that begins early in life through the attachment drive and then develops through personally and socially derived modes of self-protection to shape one’s spiritual beliefs. At the heart of those beliefs for most individuals is a God or higher power representation inherited from the religion of their culture. Indeed, all of the world’s major religions appear to recognize some form of supreme transcendent being (see Table 7.1). Even the polytheistic systems of the Native American Indian tribes have a concept of a higher power that reigns above all others.