bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nigeria
Authors: Bendel Petra 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter on elections and electoral systems in Nigeria follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions (the Constitution was abolished and elections annulled in 1993, although state legislature elections took place in 1997 and national parliament elections in 1998; no information was available for these) and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat (there have been no referendums); 2.2 Electoral Body 1959–1993 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1959–1993 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendums (none held); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly 1977 and 1994 (no data available); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1959–1962 (details of registered voters and votes cast nationally and regionally); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1959–1992 (nationally and regionally); 2.9 Presidential Elections 1979–1993 (details of registered voters and votes cast nationally and regionally); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1960–1998.
Rwanda
Authors: Stolz Tilo 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter on elections and electoral systems in Rwanda follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics (the only detailed figures available are those for the 1961 election). The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat; 2.2 Electoral Body 1961–1988 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1961–1988 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendum 1961 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly (none held); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1961–1988 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1961–1988; 2.9 Presidential Elections 1965–1988 (details of registered voters and votes cast); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1961–1998.
Senegal
Authors: Bendel Petra 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter on elections and electoral systems in Senegal follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat (there have been no coups d’état); 2.2 Electoral Body 1958–1998 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1959–1998 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendums 1958–1970 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly (none held); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1959–1998 (details of registered voters and votes cast, nationally and regionally); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1963–1998; 2.9 Presidential Elections 1963–1993 (details of registered voters and votes cast, nationally and regionally); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1960–1998.
Seychelles
Authors: Thibaut Bernhard 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter on elections and electoral systems in Seychelles follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat; 2.2 Electoral Body 1974–1998 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1974–1998 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendums 1992 and 1993 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly 1992 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1974–1998 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1974–1998; 2.9 Presidential Elections 1979–1998 (details of registered voters and votes cast); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1976–1998.
Somalia
Authors: Krennerich Michael 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter on elections and electoral systems in Somalia follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions (none), and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat; 2.2 Electoral Body 1959–1986 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1959–1986 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendums 1961 and 1979 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly 1962 (none held); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1959–1985 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1959–1985; 2.9 Presidential Elections 1986 (details of registered voters and votes cast); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1960–1998.
South Africa
Authors: Engel Ulf 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter on elections and electoral systems in South Africa follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat (there have been no coups d’état); 2.2 Electoral Body 1910–1994 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1910–1994 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendums 1960–1992 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly 1994 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1910–1989 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1910–1989; 2.9 Presidential Elections (none held); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1910–1994.
Swaziland
Authors: Basedau Matthias 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter on elections and electoral systems in Swaziland follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat (there have been no referendums); 2.2 Electoral Body 1967–1998 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1967–1972 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendums (none held); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly (none held); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1967–1972 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1964–1997; 2.9 Presidential Elections (none held); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1968–1998.
Tunisia
Authors: Montabes Pereira Juan 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter on elections and electoral systems in Tunisia follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat (there have been no referendums or coups d’état); 2.2 Electoral Body 1956–1994 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1956–1994 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendums (none held); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly 1956 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1959–1994 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1959–1994; 2.9 Presidential Elections 1959–1994 (details of registered voters and votes cast); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1956–1998.
Zambia
Authors: Krennerich Michael 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter on elections and electoral systems in Zambia follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat (there have been no coups d’état); 2.2 Electoral Body 1964–1996 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1964–1996 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendum 1969 (details of registered voters and votes cast, nationally and provincially); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly (none held); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1964–1996 (details of registered voters and votes cast, nationally and provincially); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1964–1996; 2.9 Presidential Elections 1968–1996 (details of registered voters and votes cast, nationally and provincially); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1964–1998.
Zimbabwe
Authors: Baumhögger Goswin 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter on elections and electoral systems in Zimbabwe follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat (there have been no referendums or coups d’état); 2.2 Electoral Body 1980–1996 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1980–1996 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendums (none held); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly (none held); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1980–1995 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1980–1995; 2.9 Presidential Elections 1990–1996 (details of registered voters and votes cast); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1980–1998.
Representation, the Locus of Democratic Legitimation and the Role of the National Parliaments in the European Union
Authors: Katz Richard S. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The democratic legitimation of national governments involves conformity to two generally accepted principles: that legitimation takes place with reference to a national demos, and that both governors and government policy derive transparently from direct elections among coherent political parties. The manifest failure of the EU to satisfy these principles has given rise to the idea of a ‘democratic deficit’. This chapter discusses alternatives to direct legitimation through top‐tier institutions of party government, in particular, through focusing on the role of national parliaments in European governance and on liberal models of democracy. The differences and the more important similarities between the attitudes of survey respondents from national parliaments and the EP are explored in this context.
Making Europeans? the Socializing Power of the European Parliament
Authors: Franklin Mark N. , Scarrow Susan E. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractContrary to the conclusions of the previous chapter, the authors only find small differences between members of national parliaments and of the EP in terms of their attitude towards Europe. Nevertheless, alternative explanations for the existence of such differences are tested, and the European Parliament is found to exercise a rapid, though gentle, socializing effect on its new members. The near‐identical political processes under examination apparently lead to near‐identical representation, and this is taken to be an indication of the health of EU democracy.
Role Orientations in Parliaments
Authors: Katz Richard S. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The mix of role orientations present in the membership of a parliament has a significant impact on the way in which that parliament meshes with the other institutions of the political system. The limitations of the survey data used are emphasized, given the complexity of the process by which an individual comes to hold a particular role orientation. This kept in mind, the analysis reveals that the MEPs who are the most ‘partisan’ in their orientation are the ones less supportive on increasing the intensity of the powers of the EU institutions. Conversely, the most European MEPs tend to hold technocratic role orientations. Therefore, the democratic deficit cannot be addressed simply by getting more ‘partisan’ legislators.
European Parliament and Interest Groups
Authors: Wessels Bernhard 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The sheer number of people represented by a single member of the EP means that a larger variety of interests and a higher complexity of problems need to be represented than in national governments. Interest groups might therefore prove to be the only means of compensating for the lack of direct contacts between EU institutions and citizens, in the framework of a two‐tier system of territorial and functional representation. The structure and channels of functional representatives is therefore explored, with the data suggesting that while interest groups and lobbying is very structured, a European corporatist system of interest intermediation is not yet emerging.
Partisan Structures in the European Parliament
Authors: Thomassen Jacques , Schmitt Hermann 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Addresses the question of the extent to which there is a party system at the European level capable of expressing the political will of the citizens of the Union. This constitutional principle of the EU is put into the perspective of the role of political parties in a system of democratic government. The EP is found to fare surprisingly well under the criteria of the existence of a competitive party system and cohesive political parties. The general pro‐Europe consensus across the major party groups may give cause for concern, but the authors argue that agreement on the future of Europe may equally be considered as a condition for effective European policy‐making.
What Kind of Future; Why?1
Authors: Esaiasson Peter 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe long‐term policy priorities of European representatives is analysed. Not only is this an important dimension of politics in itself, reflected in the continuous struggle over the agenda‐building process but also—following in the footsteps of Cultural Theory—probing individuals about their perceptions about future risks is an efficient way to understand their portrayal of the current situation. The integrated elite model and the agents of national interests model are evaluated against the data. This paints a complex, but structured picture of the European Parliament, which helps evaluate the seemingly contradictory findings about the nature of the institution in previous studies.
A Political Community?
Authors: Scheuer Angelika 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter is the first of four on the question of legitimacy in the EU, and deals with the core question of whether and to what extent the citizens of the EU have grown together into a political community. The first section discusses the common European heritage, and sources of conflicts and diversity, and then introduces the concept of sense of political community, in which two dimensions are distinguished: identification (which refers to the citizens themselves) and ‘we‐feeling’ (which refers to fellow citizens). These two dimensions are compatible with modern theories of intergroup relations, and are discussed further in the next two sections of the chapter. The first of these monitors the evolution of European identifications from 1982 to 1995, and compares the pride of EU citizens and political elites in being European. The second investigates whether EU citizens trust their fellow Europeans, and where the geographical borderline is drawn between ingroup and outgroup.
The Scope of EU Government
Authors: De Winter Lieven , Swyngedouw Marc 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter is the second of four on the question of legitimacy in the EU, and deals with the scope of government in the EU. The first part of the chapter examines to what extent and for which policy sectors European citizens allocate decision‐making responsibilities to the different levels of government—the EU, the national state, and regional authorities. The second part tests a set of hypotheses concerning the structural and attitudinal characteristics that affect differences in preferences for levels of government. The last part of the chapter examines to what extent citizens’ preferences on decision‐making levels are congruent with those of their elected representatives who can (co‐)decide on potential future shifts of competencies between the national states and the EU.
The Political Regime
Authors: Norris Pippa 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter is the third of four on the question of legitimacy in the EU, and deals with the political institutions of the EU and its policy processes. The first section elaborates on these aspects of legitimacy or regime support, and presents a conceptual framework. The second examines cross‐national variations and variations over time in regime support, including public satisfaction with the basic principles, decision‐making processes, and institutional arrangements of the EU. The third section analyses alternative explanations for these variations in regime support, including the role of (political) cultural legacies, social background, and policy performance‐ and leadership‐based factors. The conclusion considers the implications of this analysis for understanding the future of the EU.
Policy Performance
Authors: Marsh Michael 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter is the last of four on the question of legitimacy in the EU, and deals with policy performance, which has already been shown to be important for the legitimacy of EU institutions. The theme is expanded here, examining evidence on how citizens judge the impact of the EU (i.e. the public perceptions of the benefits of EU policy outputs), and asking how these evaluations can be explained. Simple models of EU policy satisfaction, which include both ‘direct’ and ‘indirect’ objective economic effects and perceptions of improvements in national economies, are presented. The overall findings are that national differences in satisfaction are strong and enduring although fluctuating, and that much of this variation can be explained by economic factors, most notably unemployment. The concluding section of the chapter considers the implications of the findings for the legitimacy of the EU.
The Cognitive Basis of Voting
Authors: van der Brug Wouter , van der Eijk Cees 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter is the second of six on the question of political representation in the EU, and the second of four that put the five requirements of the Responsible Party Model (outlined in Ch. 6) to an empirical test. The question investigated here is whether voters adequately perceive the substantive political differences between the parties. Specifically, the chapter sets out to assess to what extent European electorates met this requirement at the time of the 1994 elections for the European Parliament, using data from the European Election Study 1994 and the European Candidates Study 1994. Three types of such policy differences are distinguished: differences between party positions on three specific dimensions of EU policy (the position issues of the common European currency, border control, and unemployment); differences in the priorities parties wish to give to solving various problems (valence issues); and ideological differences in terms of left–right. The analyses showed that in 1994 voters in most European countries were not well aware either of the positions that political parties take on the three EU policy dimensions, nor did they have an adequate perception of the parties’ competence to handle political problems; however, they did perceive parties accurately in terms of left–right ideology.