bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soccer referees’ experience of threat and aggression: Effects of age, experience, and life orientation on outcome of coping strategy
Authors: Folkesson Per , Nyberg Claes , Archer Trevor , Norlander Torsten 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe present study examined the circumstances pertaining to threat and aggression during soccer matches as experienced by 107 provincial Soccer Association referees. Three sources of aggression were identified—soccer players, coaches/trainers, and spectators—and the main measures included threat and physical and verbal aggression. Several outcomes, including prematch worry and effects on concentration, performance, and motivation, were affected by the incidence of threat and aggression, and these outcomes were found to be affected by the age, degree of experience, and life orientation of the referees. Younger referees were shown to be the most prone to threat and aggression. Referees with a generally pessimistic orientation experienced less motivation, worse performance, and greater problems coping with aggressive behavior from the spectators compared with referees with a generally optimistic orientation. Aggr. Behav. 28:317–327, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rubber toughening of glass fiber reinforced nylon‐6,6 with functionalized block copolymer SEBS‐g‐MA
Authors: Karayannidis George P. , Bikiaris Demetris N. , Papageorgiou George Z. , Bakirtzis Vassilios 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe toughening of glass fiber reinforced nylon‐6,6 (PA‐6,6) by using the functionalized triblock copolymer styrene‐(ethylene‐co‐butylene)‐styrene, grafted with maleic anhydride (SEBS‐g‐MA) was examined. Blends containing 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, and 12.5 wt% copolymer were prepared by melt blending in a single‐screw extruder. Emphasis was given to the study of mechanical properties in comparison with morphology and thermal properties of the aforementioned samples. Although the amount of SEBS‐g‐MA that was added in PA‐6,6 was not enough to produce a super‐tough material, a significant increase in the resistance to crack propagation and impact strength was observed in all blends. This behavior was proportional to the amount of SEBS‐g‐MA that was added for samples having up to 10%, rubber, while additional amounts seem to have no further effect. A small decrease in tensile strength was also observed. From FTIR spectroscopy and DSC analysis it was shown that the grafting extent of SEBS‐g‐MA to PA‐6,6 was very low. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 21: 153–163, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.10023
Severe farm injuries among New York farmers
Authors: Hwang Syni‐An , Gomez Marta I. , Stark Alice D. , St. John Tonya Lowery , May John J. , Hallman Eric M. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractBackgroundData from the telephone interview portion of the New York State Farm Family Health and Hazard Surveillance were used to study the incidence and predictors of severe farm injury.MethodsOne thousand seven hundred and six participants completed two telephone interviews in which they reported all injuries over a 12‐month period.ResultsNine percent of participants reported at least one severe farm injury. Using logistic regression the significant risk factors for sustaining at least one severe farm injury are younger age, the presence of hearing loss or joint trouble, working more hours per day, being the owner/operator of the farm, and being from a farm with higher gross sales.ConclusionsThere needs to be continuing education of all farmers as to the risks of injury. However, when resources are limited, we recommend that injury education and interventions in this farming population should target younger farmers, those who work longer hours, owner/operators, farmers from higher grossing farms, with special attention to farmers who have physical impairments. Am. J. Ind. Med. 40:32–41, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Familial frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism with a novel mutation at an intron 10+11‐splice site in the tau gene
Authors: Miyamoto Katsuichi , Kowalska Anna , Hasegawa Masato , Tabira Takeshi , Takahashi Keikichi , Araki Wataru , Akiguchi Ichiro , Ikemoto Akito 
Published: September 2002

AbstractWe report a case of familial frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism characterized by early onset with mental retardation. The patient died at the age of 54; neuronal loss was severe in the frontal and temporal cortices, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, red nucleus and dentate nucleus. Anti‐tau‐positive fibrillary changes were observed in neurons and glia in these regions. Although the patient had 2 novel point mutations of the tau gene, P301P (CCG to CCA) and an intron 10+11‐splice site (T to C), exon trapping analysis indicated that the latter was pathogenic.
Chemical speciation of inorganic and methylarsenic(III) compounds in aqueous solutions
Authors: Hasegawa Hiroshi , Sohrin Yoshiki , Matsui Masakazu , Takeda Noriko , Ueda Kazumasa 
Published: September 2002

AbstractSpeciation of inorganic and methylarsenic(III) species in aqueous hydrochloric acid solutions has been studied by the solvent extraction method. In a hydrochloric acid–carbon tetrachloride system, inorganic and methylarsenic(III) species formed the corresponding chlorides and were extracted into the organic phase. The extractability of inorganic and methylarsenic(III) species increased as the number of methyl groups attached to the arsenic atom increased. In addition, dimerization of dimethylarsinous acid occurred with decreasing acidity in the aqueous phase. On the basis of the data obtained, we determined the stability constants for the proposed species, and evaluated the effect of methyl groups on the speciation and the reactivity of inorganic and methylarsenic(III) species in aqueous solutions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, characterization, and properties of a selective adsorbent to mercury(II) ions
Authors: Rivas Bernabé L. , Pooley S. Amalia , Aceitón Evelyn , Geckeler Kurt E. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA resin containing 3‐(dimethylamine)propyl acrylate and 4‐vinylpyridine was synthesized by radical polymerization (in 1:1 mole ratio). Ammonium persulfate (0.5 mol %) and N,N′‐methylene‐bis‐acrylamide (2 mol %) were used as initiator and crosslinking reagents, respectively. The resin was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and ultraviolet‐visible (UV‐Vis) spectroscopy. The ability to bind Hg(II), Cd(II), Zn(II), Pb(II), Cu(II), and Cr(III) as well as the maximum adsorption capacity and elution of Hg(II) ions from the loaded resin was studied. Sorption selectivity from ternary mixture Hg(II), Cd(II), and Zn(II) was studied at the optimum sorption pH value. At pH 2 the adsorbent retained 98% of Hg(II); the retention of the other metal ions was lower than 20%. The elution assay was made in HClO4 solutions. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 2559–2563, 2002
Study of compatibilization of HDPE–PET blends by adding grafted or statistical copolymers
Authors: Torres N. , Robin J. J. , Boutevin B. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe reactive compatibilization of blends of HDPE–PET [high‐density polyethylene–poly(ethylene terephthalate)] was investigated in this study. The compatibilizers used were two grafted copolymers prepared by reactive extrusion containing 1.20–2.30 wt % GMA such as HDPE‐g‐GMA and one statistical copolymer containing 1 wt % GMA such as Lotader AX8920. HDPE was successfully functionalized using a melt free‐radical grafting technique. Grafting was initiated in two ways: adding an initiator in the polymer–monomer mixture or activation by ozone of polymer. Ozonization of HDPE by the introduction of a peroxide lead to a better grafting yield and to better grafting efficiency of the samples. The effects of the three compatibilizers were evaluated by studying the morphology and the thermal and mechanical properties of HDPE–PET (70/30 wt %) blends. Significant improvements were observed, especially in morphology, elongation at break, and Charpy impact strength of the compatibilized blends. A more pronounced compatibilizing effect was obtained with the statistical copolymer, for which the elongation at break and the impact strength were increased by 100%, while the uncompatibilized blends showed a 60% decrease in the Young's modulus and the strength at break. We also were able to show that the grafting yield increase of 1.20–2.30 wt % of GMA did not affect the properties of the blends because the grafted copolymers possess very similar chemical structures. However, compatibilization of blends with grafted copolymers is an interesting method, particularly for recycled blends, because the synthesis of these compatibilizers is easy and cheap in comparison to statistical copolymer. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 2377–2386, 2001
Molecular weight and distribution of copolymer of lignin‐phenol in copolymerization catalyzed by peroxidase
Authors: Liu Junhong , Li Liangzhi , Cheng Jiangfeng , Wang Lixin , Ye Lin 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe molecular weight and distribution of lignin‐cresol polymer in peroxidase‐catalyzed copolymerization of lignin with cresol in the reversed micellar system can be controlled by adjusting the surfactant concentration and other factors. The maximal mean molecular weight of copolymer obtained is 1890 kDa. The surfactant sustains chain growth. The cresol and/or polycresol is incorporated into the copolymer, and the thermal property of the copolymer is improved. A correlation for copolymer mean molecular weight is developed. The synthesized copolymer drops out of solution and can be easily recovered. The materials appear to act as thermosets and may have applications as replacements of conventional phenolic resins. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 2408–2418, 2001
Synthesis and thermal analysis of emulsion terpolymers of N‐phenylmaleimide, methyl methacrylate, and acrylonitrile
Authors: Yang Liting , Zhang Liucheng , Liu Guodong , Gao Jungang , Yang Mingshan , Jin Riguang 
Published: September 2002

AbstractTerpolymers of N‐phenylmaleimide (PMI), methyl methacrylate (MMA), and acrylonitrile (AN) were synthesized by emulsion polymerization. The thermal properties of the terpolymers, at different PMI and AN feed contents, were investigated by TBA, TGA, and the Vicat softening point test. The results show that the glass transition temperature (Tg) and decomposition temperature of the terpolymers increase with increasing PMI feed content. Furthermore, the Vicat softening points of the terpolymers increase with the PMI feed content. The M̄w and M̄n of the terpolymers were also determined by GPC. The results show that the M̄w and M̄n of the terpolymers have a maximum value in the range of 0–30% PMI feed content and decrease with an increasing AN feed content. The mechanical properties (tensile strength and impact strength) of the terpolymers decrease with an increasing PMI feed content and increase with an increasing AN feed content. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 2455–2462, 2001
Study of the thermal properties and relaxation transitions in tetrafluoroethene‐ethene copolymers
Authors: Kostov G. , Nikolov Al. , Atanassov At. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractCopolymerization of tetrafluoroethene (TFE) with ethene (E) in water‐alcohol medium initiated by 2,2′‐azo‐bis‐izobutyronitrile (AIBN) at 338 K and 4.2 MPa was conducted in an autoclave by employing a semiflow procedure to feed the comonomers. The thermal properties of the copolymers under both the static and dynamic conditions of thermal treatment in air (ageing) were studied. The most pronounced changes in the initial temperature of destruction were observed for the compositions containing more than 42 mol % TFE, which corresponded to the formation of alternating copolymers. The reaction of thermal degradation was found to follow the first order kinetic equation, with the activation energy 174 kJ · mol−1. The higher thermal stability of the alternating TFE‐E copolymers was proved by IR spectroscopy and DTA analysis. Both the melting and crystallization DSC scans of copolymers of various compositions were analyzed. Monomodal peak of melting (and respectively, crystallization) was observed in both scans for the alternating copolymer, whereas the second peak appeared for the copolymer fractions with the higher content of ethylene block fragments and 30–40 mol % TFE units. The dynamic‐mechanical analysis showed three relaxation transitions (γ, β1 and β2, α) in the temperature interval from 173–433 K, related to the mobility of structural units of different type in the copolymers prepared. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 2626–2632, 2001
Electro‐optic properties of CO2 fixed‐polymer/nematic LC composite films
Authors: Cho Yeong Hee , Kim Byung Kyu 
Published: September 2002

AbstractBis(cyclic carbonate) was obtained from the epoxide and CO2 reaction with a quaternary ammonium halide salt catalyst. Cyclic carbonate derivatives were then reacted with amine to obtain quantitatively poly(hydroxy)urethanes that were reacted with isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and end capped with acrylate to form prepolymers. These prepolymers were mixed with reactive diluents and nematic LCs, and subjected to UV cure to form polymer/LC composite films in a transparent cell. Three types of diglycidyl ether [poly(propyleneglycol), cyclohexane, bisphenol A], three types of end‐capping acrylates [2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA), 2‐hydroxypropyl acrylate (HPA), and 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA)], three types of multyfunctional diluents [tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA), trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA), dipentaerythritol hydroxy penta/hexa acrylate (DPHPA)], and three types of photoinitiators (Irgacure‐651, Irgacure‐184, Darocure‐1173) were incorporated to control the morphology, and hence, the electro‐optic properties of the polymer/nematic LC composite films. Poly(propylene glycol) diglycidyl ether segment of polyurethane acrylate (PUA) showed lower viscosity and gave larger domain size resulting in lower threshold (V10) and driving (V90) voltages, together with larger nematic–isotropic transition temperature depression. HEA end‐capped PUA gave larger polymer–LC phase separation and smaller V10 as well as V90. TPGDA‐based PUA showed the lowest V10 and V90 and the shortest response time. Among the three types of photoinitiators used Irgacure‐651 showed the larger LC domain, and smaller V10 and V90. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 2744–2753, 2001
Novel copolyesters containing naphthalene structure III. Copolyesters prepared from 2,6‐dimethyl naphthalate, ethylene glycol, and 2,2‐dialkyl‐1,3‐propanediols
Authors: Sun Yih‐Min , Liu Hung‐Hsin 
Published: September 2002

AbstractPoly(ethylene naphthalate) (PEN) copolymers were prepared by melt polycondensation of dimethyl naphthalate and excess ethylene glycol with 5–40 mol % (in feed) of 1,3‐propanediol or 2,2‐dialkyl‐1,3‐propanediols, where the dialkyl groups are dimethyl, diethyl, and butyl‐ethyl. No significant depression of reduced specific viscosity was observed. The comonomer contents in the copolymers are considerably higher than those in the feed. The effects of the copolymer composition on the structures of the films were investigated using thermal analyses, density measurements, X‐ray diffraction methods, and other physical tests. The crystallinities and densities of heat‐treated films decreased with increasing content of comonomer and length of alkyl side chain in the comonomer. The glass transition temperature (Tg) and melting temperature (Tm) were decreased by the copolymerization, while an increase in the length of the alkyl side chain hardly affected Tms of the heat‐treated films. Alkali resistance, moisture resistance, dye ability, and thermal shrinkage were increased by the incorporation of comonomer having an alkyl side chain. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 2754–2763, 2001
Rigid amorphous phase and low temperature melting endotherm of poly(ethylene terephthalate) studied by modulated differential scanning calorimetry
Authors: Song M. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe rigid amorphous phase, the low temperature melting endotherm, and their development with thermal treatment in poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) were investigated by means of modulated differential scanning calorimetry. The differential of the reversing heat capacity and nonreversing heat flow signals were used to analyze the behavior of the glass transition and the low temperature melting endotherm. With increasing annealing time, the increment of the heat capacity at the glass‐transition temperature decreased and the increment of heat capacity at the annealing temperature increased. It was suggested that the origin of the low temperature melting endotherm mainly resulted from the transition of the rigid amorphous fraction for the PET used. The glasslike transition of the rigid amorphous fraction occurred between the glass transition and melting. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 2779–2785, 2001
Development of novel elastomeric blends containing natural rubber and ultra‐low‐density polyethylene
Authors: Tanrattanakul V. , Udomkichdecha W. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis study sought to develop novel elastomeric compounds using natural rubber (NR) and ultra‐low‐density polyethylene (ULDPE). Blends were prepared by means of a two‐roll mill for three ratios (70/30, 60/40, and 50/50 NR/ULDPE). Conventional vulcanization was performed in a compression mold. The physical and mechanical properties of the blend were determined according to ASTM standards. The results were compared with those obtained from NR blended with styrene‐butadiene rubber (SBR). The morphological examinations with scanning electron microscopy indicated that ULDPE was compatible with NR; thus, the addition of a compatibilizer was not necessary. The cocontinuous phase was dominant in the NR/ULDPE blend containing 50 and 60 wt % NR. The tensile properties, tear resistance, and aging resistance of the NR/ULDPE blends were found to be superior to those of NR/SBR blends. On the other hand, the abrasion and flex cracking resistances of the NR/ULDPE blend were inferior to those exhibited by SBR blends but the Mooney viscosity and resilience of both blends fell in the same range. However, the addition of dicumyl peroxide appeared to have caused crosslinking of the ULDPE phase in the blend, which in turn increased the tensile properties and abrasion and aging resistance. The properties of the tertiary NR/SBR/ULDPE blend were investigated as well. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 650–660, 2001
Determination of bone volume by osteocyte population
Authors: Vashishth D. , Gibson G. , Kimura J. , Schaffler M.B. , Fyhrie D.P. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractDuring development and growth, biological tissues and organisms can control their size and mass by regulating cell number (Raff, 1992; Conlon and Raff, 1999). Later in life both cell number and organ mass decrease (Buetow, 1985). We demonstrate that the number density of bone cells buried in the calcified matrix (osteocyte lacunar density) predicts extracellular matrix volume for both cancellous and cortical bone in a broad cross‐section of the population (males and females, age range 23–91 years, r2 = 0.98). Our hypothesis is that bone mass is determined by the control of osteocyte number, and that this is a particular instance of the control of organ size through the social controls on cell survival and death (Raff, 1992; Conlon and Raff, 1999). Anat Rec 267:292–295, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Very low prevalence of hip osteoarthritis among Chinese elderly in Beijing, China, compared with whites in the United States: The Beijing osteoarthritis study
Authors: Nevitt Michael C. , Xu Ling , Zhang Yuqing , Lui Li‐Yung , Yu Wei , Lane Nancy E. , Qin Mingwei , Hochberg Marc C. , Cummings Steven R. , Felson David T. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the prevalence of osteoarthritis (OA) of the hip among elderly persons in China and the US.MethodsWe recruited a population‐based sample of 1,506 persons (82% of those enumerated) ages ≥60 years living in Beijing, China. Subjects answered questions about joint symptoms and underwent radiography of the pelvis. Radiographs of the Beijing subjects were intermingled with hip radiographs of white women ages ≥65 years from the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF) and white men and women ages 60–74 years from the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES‐I) and were then interpreted. Radiographic hip OA was defined as the presence of 1 of the following 3 findings in either hip: minimum joint space of ≤1.5 mm, definite osteophytes and joint space narrowing, or ≥3 radiographic features of OA. Symptomatic hip OA was defined as both radiographic OA and hip pain.ResultsThe crude prevalence of radiographic hip OA in Chinese ages 60–89 years was 0.9% in women and 1.1% in men; it did not increase with age. Chinese women had a lower age‐standardized prevalence of radiographic hip OA compared with white women in the SOF (age‐standardized prevalence ratio 0.07) and the NHANES‐I (prevalence ratio 0.22). Chinese men had a lower prevalence of radiographic hip OA compared with white men of the same age in the NHANES‐I (prevalence ratio 0.19). There were no cases of symptomatic hip OA in the Chinese men and only 1 case in the Chinese women; 35 cases were expected in both sexes.ConclusionThis is the first population‐based study of hip OA in China to use standardized radiographic methods and definitions. We found that hip OA was 80–90% less frequent than in white persons in the US. Identification of the genetic and environmental factors that underlie these differences may help elucidate the etiology and prevention of hip OA.