bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Living Well with Osteoarthritis
Authors: Lane Nancy E , Wallace Daniel J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter, we learned how to help deal with osteoarthritis from an emotional standpoint and become educated about the disease. But before we talk about arthritis medications, we must turn to our environment. How do we get through the day? What should we eat? Is there a role for physical or occupational therapy? How does the weather affect arthritis? How can we make our home friendlier and enjoy our vacations? Exercises that allow improved functioning will be discussed in the next chapter. Is there a special diet for arthritis? After all, arthritis diets are a multimillion-dollar-a-year industry. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis are told to eat fish; those with gout are directed to avoid organ meats, rich meat gravies, and alcohol; and people with lupus should not eat alfalfa sprouts. Does any of this apply to osteoarthritis? Not really. Many patients with osteoarthritis of the lower extremity are overweight.
How Osteoarthritis Medications Are Tested
Authors: Lane Nancy E , Wallace Daniel J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Unlike over-the-counter drugs alternative remedies, medications approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for osteoarthritis have undergone rigorous testing in order to obtain this specific indication. Because a significant amount of irreversible joint destruction has already occurred before joint pain develops and medical attention is sought, the medications used to treat osteoarthritis today are directed towards reducing joint pain and improving joint function. Hopefully, future medications will slow or reverse the disease. Medications developed to reduce pain and inflammation and improve function are tested in very specific ways. The FDA has guidelines that pharmaceutical companies must follow during the clinical development of osteoarthritis medications. This chapter reviews the process that candidate drugs undergo in order to receive FDA approval.
The Human Genome Project
Authors: Waes Janee Gelineau-Van , Finnell Richard H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Technical advances in molecular genetics that were being developed in the 1970s led to the initiation of the Human Genome Project (HGP), a long-term international research effort to completely map and sequence the human genome. In 1988, U.S. Congress appropriated funds to the Department of Energy (DOE) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to begin the planning stages of this vast endeavor (Collins, 1999). The HGP objectives included construction of a detailed genetic and physical map of the human genome, determination of the complete nucleotide sequence of human DNA, and localization of the currently estimated 30,000 genes within the human genome. The completed HGP therefore comprises a resource of detailed information about the structure, organization, and function of human DNA. Similar analyses of the genomes of other model organisms used extensively in research laboratories are also being performed. This information will change the way medical services are provided in the future, including the treatment of individuals with oral-facial clefting disorders. In addition to promoting the development of improved technologies for biomedical research and genomic analysis, project goals included training scientists to utilize tools and resources developed through the HGP to pursue biological studies that would ultimately improve human health. Specific additional benefits include an enhanced understanding of the genetic contributions to human disease and the development of rational strategies for minimizing or preventing disease phenotypes. Sequencing the human genome greatly improves our understanding of the genetic and molecular basis of disease mechanisms and suggests new therapeutic regimens for disease prevention or, at the very least, the targeting of specific treatment modalities to the individual patient on the basis of their genotype.
Bedside Examination of the Vestibular System
Authors: Baloh Robert W , Honrubia Vicente 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As noted earlier, the vestibular system works in conjunction with the visual and somatosensory systems to achieve ocular and postural stability. To examine the vestibular system adequately, one must isolate it from these other sensory systems. This is a difficult task at the bedside. Vision can be removed with eye closure, but there is no simple way to eliminate somatosensation. Furthermore, if the eyes are closed, the vestibulocular reflex cannot be observed. Unlike the visual system, in which the optic nerve can be directly visualized and acuity accurately measured, the inner ear is located deep within the temporal bone, and the subjective sensation to vestibular stimulation is ill defined. One can visualize the tympanic membrane and structures within the middle ear, but this provides onlyindirect information about the status of the inner ear.
Health Policy, vulnerability, and vulnerable populations
Authors: Danis Marion , Patrick Donald L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Health policy consists of a diverse set of legal, legislative, administrative, and social decisions that are enforced to different degrees and operate in different sectors. These decisions shape, intentionally or unintentionally, the ways in which resources are distributed to competing programs and therefore to competing populations (Patrick and Erickson, 1993, 12). In so doing, these decisions reflect how communities make social choices among their members about who receives particular types and quantities of benefits or services. An examination of resource distribution necessarily involves attention both to where the monetary and nonmonetary resources come from, the actors and processes involved in deciding who and which programs receive the resources, and the outcomes of these distribution processes.
Introduction
Authors: Helmholz R H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The amalgam of Roman and canon law now generally known as the ius commune, sometimes also referred to as the utrumqueius, has undoubtedly played a role in the history of England and in the development of Anglo-American law.2 In fact, it has played several different roles. Before the time of William Blackstone (d. 1780), it was the Roman law rather than the common law that was taught in the English universities. It had a long innings; only in the twenty-first century does the teaching of the civil law stand in some danger of being lost. Moreover, its influence was not simply academic. It was the ius commune that long governed practice in the courts of the church, the Admiralty, the universities, and (to some extent) the courts of equity. Chancery procedure, for example, drew heavily upon it. On that account, it was an important source of English legal practice in its own right. These The medieval law of sanctuary permitted any person who had committed a serious crime to take refuge in a church, churchyard, or other designated place of asylum. It was a valuable privilege. In theory, and normally in practice as well, anyone who reached a place of asylum escaped vengeance at the hands of his enemies and punishment at the hands of his rulers. Sanctuary meant everything the term implied—a refuge where a person in real danger would be safe from harm.
Intrathoracic Neuronal Regulation of Cardiac Function
Authors: Ardell Jeffrey L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Regional control of cardiac function depends on the coordination of activity generated by neurons within intrathoracic autonomic ganglia and the central nervous system. The hierarchy of nested feedback loops there provides precise beat-to-beat control of regional cardiac function. Contrary to classical teaching, work from our laboratory and a number of others using electrophysiological and neuro pharmacological techniques applied from the level of whole organ to that of neurons recorded in vitro, indicates that intrathoracic autonomic ganglia act as more than simple relay stations for autonomic efferent neuronal control of the heart. Within the hierarchy of intrathoracic ganglia and nerve interconnections, complex processing of information depends on the spatial and temporal summation of varied sensory inputs (Chapter 3) and on inputs from central neurons (Chapters 5-7). Neurons within intrathoracic autonomic ganglia are likewise modulated by circulating hormones, chief among them being circulating epinephrine and angiotensin II (Chapters 2 and 12).
Forebrain Control of Healthy and Diseased Hearts
Authors: Cechetto David f. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A number of parallels can be drawn between the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the visceral and somatic nervous systems. They both have ascending sensory pathways that terminate in either the marginal layers of the spinal cord or the caudal medulla.59 Their sensory information is relayed to the cortex, primarily via a crossed pathway from a lower brain stem site to the thalamus. Each has a topographically organized afferent pathway throughout the neuraxis such that much of this ascending sensory information has collateral pathways to other limbic or basal ganglia sites that participate in the integration of responses to peripheral stimuli. Furthermore, the descending pathways for visceral and somatic system control are similar in that there is a primary region in the frontal cortex of the brain with direct connections to the spinal cord, with multiple subcortical sites exerting very strong tonic control over the final common pathway. However, these two major brain systems diverge in one very important aspect. Perturbations in the autonomic control regions of the brain can, and often do, lead to death due to cardiac, gastric, vascular, or renal complications. Disruptions in specific regions of the somatic nervous system, by contrast, usually result in less life-threatening complications, such as paralysis.
Sympathetic Nervous System in the Evolution of Heart Failure
Authors: Dell’italia Lours J , Ardell Jeffrey L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In response to a variety of stresses, including exercise, traumatic injury, and blood loss, the need for increased cardiac output is met by a commensurate increase in adrenergic drive. As a result, norepinephrine (NE), the primary neurotransmitter of the adrenergic system, is released from sympathetic nerve endings in the heart. Myocardial adrenergic receptor signaling path­ ways are activated, resulting in increases in heart rate, rate of electrical conduction, and force of contraction. Early sympathetic neuronal activation in cardiac injury and/or hemodynamic overload increases ventricular inotropy and systemic resistance, thereby maintaining cardiac output and blood pressure. Sustained activation of sympathetic efferent neurons, however, can have several adverse consequences, including increased ventricular wall stress, direct myocyte toxicity, myocardial fibrosis, and lowering of the ventricular fibrillation threshold. Furthermore, there is mounting evidence that multiple intracardiac neurohormonal systems and the adrenergic system are activated simultaneously and cross-regulate each other, even in the absence of elevations in plasma neurohormonal levels as heart failure progresses. The purpose of this chapter is to not only underscore the central role of sympathetic overdrive in early left ventricular dysfunction but also to emphasize its interaction with key neurohormonal systems, in particular the renin-angiotensin system, kallikrein kinin system, and inflammatory cytokines, in the progression of adverse structural and functional left ventricular remodeling associated with the cardiac pathology.
The Tempest, The Sea Voyage, and the Pocahontas Myth
Authors: Hutner Heidi 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The multiple revisions of Shakespeare’s Tempest in the seventeenth century demonstrate the cultural desire for a reconciliation of the ambivalent discourse of English colonization in its early phases, as Paul Brown suggests.’ But perhaps more significantly, these redactions of The Tempest suggest also how English political discourse attempts to unravel its own complex ideological contradictions through the fictional encounters of the white man and the other. The New World, as it is recreated and represented on the English stage, functions as a testing ground for resolving the rifts and discontinuities in English politics and culture. The ideological appropriation of the other culture by seventeenth-century authors takes place for self-serving purposes: to establish the difference between a supposedly savage people and a civilized English nation and to reinforce conservative theories of government, such as those of Filmer and James I. In chapters I and 2, I will argue that the female body, both native and European, is figured as the image over which the testing of conservative theories of government and the attempted reconciliation of disparate seventeenth-century English ideologies occur.2 These plays use the conventions of upper-class courtship to attempt to justify the subjection or eradication of the New World Native American population.’ But the conquest of the native in and by the conventions of the courtly romance mystifies, and hence justifies, the politics of the imperial project.
Restoration Revisions of The Tempest
Authors: Hutner Heidi 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The adaptations of The Tempest that follow Fletcher’s Sea Voyage were written and performed after the Interregnum. In these plays, the echoes of the sociopolitics of The Tempest and the political events of the seventeenth century are obvious-usurped kingdoms, rebellious lower classes, and restored thrones.’ As George Guffey notes, “Shakespeare’s play was itself a ‘restoration’ comedy. That is, it centered on the restoration of the rightful Duke of Milan to the throne that had earlier been wrested illegally from him. “2 The adaptations of The Tempest after 1660 explore the cultural anxiety concerning the overthrow of Charles I in the 1640s and the uncertainties of Restoration politics. With the exception of Thomas Durfey’s A Common-Wealth of Women, patriarchal authority is never fully restored in any of these adaptations. Katherine Eisaman Maus suggests that although the idea of the family and patriarchy as the origin of the state was a significant political weapon for the Stuarts and their allies in the early seventeenth century, “as the century wore on, patriarchalism seemed increasingly nostalgic-an attempt to recover the lost monarchical privilege enjoyed by the early Stuarts. “ Hence, in Restoration adaptations of The Tempest, the figure of the “father-king “ becomes “anachronistic. “3 Michael Neill argues similarly that monarchs of Restoration drama oftentimes “prove as corrupt and self-seeking as the revolutionaries who oppose them. “ The heroic ethos of the pre-civil war Stuarts had faded for royalists, because “it was a past ... of incompetence, failure, and ultimate defeat, ... [and for those] whose family allegiances had lain with the Good Old Cause the ignominious collapse of Republican hopes in 1660 rendered any alternative mythology of heroic success equally suspect.
Uncivil Wars
Authors: Milder Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As Melville’s first published book of poetry and first published book of any kind since The Confidence-Mannine years earlier, Battle-Pieces and Aspects of the War(1866) marks a watershed in his career, much as the Civil War itself marks a watershed in American experience. Henry James invoked the terms in which antebellum Americans liked to think of the nation when he referred to “the broad morning sunshine” in which “the immense, uninterrupted material development of the young Republic” took place and to the “kind of superstitious faith” this progress engendered “in the grandeur of the country, its duration, its immunity from the usual troubles of earthly empires.” Among writers and intellectuals of the period, the faith James describes as “simple and uncritical” was in truth neither; yet writers critical of the actualities of national life seldom doubted the ideal, and in taxing their countrymen with unworthiness or apostasy, they commonly bore witness to their own version of the popular belief “that the great American state,” as James said, “was not as other human institutions are, that a special Providence watched over it.” The Civil War, James added, put an end to American exceptionalism: “It introduced into the national consciousness a certain sense of proportion and relation, of the world being a more complicated place than it had hitherto seemed, the future more treacherous, success more difficult The good American, in days to come, will be a more critical person than his complacent and confident grandfather.
Inhabiting The Metropolis Gendered Space And Colonialism
Authors: Woollacott Angela 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Mack’s rendering of her fears and fantasies about London suggests historically specific gendered aspects of Australian women’s attraction to the imperial metropolis. This chapter explores spatial and geographic dimensions of that attraction and how Australian women’s negotiation of London’s public spaces was part of this period of modernity. White colonial women appropriated new possibilities for physical and social mobility, including new professional and career opportunities, as they remade their subjectivities, lives, and spaces in the city. Unlike Indians and other nonwhite colonial subjects, white colonial women were not treated as spectacles on the streets of London and could travel about free of race-based ogling, harassment, and prejudiced resentments. At the same time, colonial status and, often, the consequent lack of powerful or useful connections constituted obstacles that women pursuing education or professional paths had to overcome. White colonials in Britain encountered a far less vicious and more nebulous set of barriers than racism. They faced resistance to their claims to Europeanness or Britishness, a constellation of attitudes that saw them instead, as the anthropologist Ann Laura Stoler has put it, “as parvenus, cultural incompetents, morally suspect, and indeed ‘fictive’ Europeans, somehow distinct from the real thing.”
Dark Transformations
Authors: Shadoian Jack 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The thirties was a period in which tragedy, and its pleasures, could prosper. Audiences needed to encounter the truth of hard times, but also needed psychological support, to be reminded of the value of human endeavor. Tragedy, a harsh but not hopeless mode, was a suitable approach for the genre. Tragedy is not truly disturbing, because human error is justified and ennobled, because feelings are focused on and honored, and because it drains us of our difficulties instead of clarifying them by analysis or repleting them by further complications. The appearance of tragedy is a sign of the culture’s faith, innocence, and idealism. Early gangster narratives, whether they related specifically to the rapacity of American capitalism or not, were resonant myths of defeat that echoed with heroic, positive reverberations. The gangster was uplifting, aweinspiring, and grand, even in death. Movies created dreams and fantasies that made a hard life bearable. By 1939, the depression was over and Raoul Walsh’s The Roaring Twenties put the turmoil of the recent past into an ambiguously elegiac perspective. It felt like the gangster’s swan song, but it wasn’t. In 1941, during a period when America was energetically involved in the war, High Sierra (also Walsh) was released.
I I
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As Cupid’s sweetheart since the evening before, out of shyness fearing to meet her accomplice face to face in the clear light of day, Rosa Ilincheta delayed leaving her dressing room as long as she could. Isabel, however, had duties to fulfill and appeared very early on the south porch of her house with her parasol in her right hand, a little basket suspended by the handle from her left arm, and as her only wrap her large silk scarf embroidered with raised work.The sun then appeared around a corner of the house, shedding light on part of the garden and projecting its shadow and that of the trees across a long stretch of the plantation’s spacious batey. There had been a heavy morning dew. The lawn was soaked, the red dust of the roads wet down, and the leaves of the plants and the corollas of the flowers covered with tiny dewdrops, prisms breaking down the light of the life-giving sun as its rays struck them obliquely.
V I I
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The afternoon was swiftly drawing to a close. There, off in the most remote corner of the batey, the crude drumming with which the blacks accompanied the melancholy singing and wild dancing of their native land could still be heard.Here, around the sugar mill, there was a great deal of activity and noise. The towers or chimneys of the furnaces for making steam and heating the evaporators of the Jamaican train sent columns of thick blackish smoke into the air.The black newcomer from Africa, the helper of the mechanic who had recently arrived from Maine, the state of the country to the north known for its granite, went back and forth between the horizontal mill and the steam engine with his oil can with a long curved spout in his hand, lubricating the joints and axles so as to cut down the friction, an inevitable cause of losses of motive force.
A Conversation with Gabriel García Márquez
Authors: Bell-Villada Gene H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The following chat with García Márquez took place in his home on Calle Fuego, in the Pedregal section of Mexico City. It was June 1982. His wife, Mercedes--as beautiful and as warmly engaging as rumors say-had opened the front door for me, smiled, and then pointed toward the inside driveway.
Did He Dream of a Lily-White America? The Voyage to Linconia
Authors: Boritt Gabor 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The men sitting around in the room must have felt uneasy—however memorable the occasion. August, 1862. For the first time in the history of the great Republic, the prejudiced Republic, a group of black people was being entertained in the White House by the president of the United States. Lincoln’s patronizing tone would have revolted a Frederick Douglass, and many African American leaders, had any of them been invited; the chief practical thrust of Lincoln’s message would have divided them.
Anxiety Disorders The Stress Regulator Goes Wild
Authors: Andreasen Nancy C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I’ll never get caught up. I need a break! I feel so overwhelmed. I just can’t cope with it all. I need a chance to kick back, but I’ll never find the time. I’m so stressed out! Those are the refrains of the twenty-first century.
As we look back to the world of one hundred years ago, we see a time of innocence and simplicity that we view with nostalgia. Traveling by horse and buggy and communicating by written letters has a quaint appeal. Would we trade what we have now for what we had then? Maybe yes, or maybe no, depending on how much we value “modern conveniences” in comparison with the complexity, confusion, and pressures of modern life. But anyway we don’t have a choice. The twenty-first century has already happened. We can’t turn back the clock.
Alcoholism in Ernest Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises: A Wine and Roses Perspective on the Lost Generation
Authors: Djos Matts 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The novel describes how Jake Barnes and his expatriate friends spend a good deal of time in Paris drinking and talking about drinking, how some of them make a hectic trip over the Pyrennees to Pamplona to go fishing and watch the bullfights, and how, after an astonishing series of affairs, foul-ups, and misunderstandings, they straggle back to Paris to talk some more and do some more drinking.