bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Uacaries, new world monkeys of the genusCacajao(Cebidae, Platyrrhini): A preliminary taxonomic review with the description of a new subspecies
Authors: Hershkovitz Philip 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe two known species of uacaries, inhabitants of the upper Amazonian region, are the black headCacajao melanocephaluswith subspeciesC. m. melanocephalusHumboldt andC. m. ouakarySpix, and the larger bald head uacariC. calvuswith subspeciesC. c. ucayaliiThomas,C. c. rubicundusI. Geoffroy and Deville,C. c. calvusI. Geoffroy, andC. c. novaesidescribed as new. The diagnostic generic characters described are the external, cranial, dental, some postcranial, and cytogenetic. The species are described and compared and their geographic distribution plotted with those of their subspecies delimited. Sexual differences are outlined. Apart from size‐related characters, the species and subspecies are distinguished by pelage pattern of head and coloration in general. It is shown that both species could have diverged from a hairy‐headed melanistic ancestral form. Pelage divergence in the descendants was expressed by the more pilose head ofC. melanocephalus, and less pilose ofC. calvus. Coloration differentiation was geographic and followed metachromic lines with mutation from eumelanism to partial pheomelanism (reddish or golden) inC. melanocephalusand to virtually complete pheomelanism inC. calvus. The subspecies of each species are distinguished by color patterns resulting from selective bleaching or dilution of the pheomelanin fields. The most saturate pheomelanic subspecies ofC. calvusisC. c. ucayaliiand the most dilute is the albinoticC. c. calvus. Correlation between coloration and environment is not evident. A gazetteer identifies all locality records plotted by numbers on the geographic distribution maps.
Variability and stability in the rank relations of nonhuman primate females: Analysis by computer simulation
Authors: Hausfater Glenn , Cairns Sara J. , Levin Rachel N. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis paper summarizes results of simulation analyses aimed at elucidating the way in which two important dimensions of female rank orders—nepotism and age‐gradedness—are affected by variation in individual strategies of rank acquisition on the one hand and by variation in population‐wide demographic parameters (eg, birth rate, death rate, etc) on the other. Female rank orders in simulated primate groups were characterized by substantial variability on a year‐to‐year basis in both nepotism and age‐gradedness owing to stochastic processes alone. Although, in general, groups characterized by strongly nepotistic rank orders were not also strongly age‐graded, quantitative measures of these two rank‐order dimensions for individual groups showed little stability over intervals of time exceeding 3 years. Surprisingly, changes in birth and death rates did not strongly affect either nepotism or age‐gradedness so long as average group size remained constant. However, in populations characterized by expanding or declining group size, variation in demographic parameters did indeed exert a powerful influence on the structure of female rank orders. Both nepotism and age‐gradedness were also strongly affected, and in quite different ways, by changes in the rules of rank acquisition by females. In sum, the present analyses suggest that differences between species in the degree of nepotism and age‐gradedness characteristic of their female rank orders does not in and of itself constitute evidence that the females of those species use markedly different strategies of rank acquisition.
The socioecology of the black mangabey (Cercocebus aterrimus) near Lake Tumba, Zaire
Authors: Horn Arthur D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSocioecological data were gathered in a two‐year study of black mangabey monkeys in a secondary forest on the west bank of Lake Tumba, Zaire. The mangabeys of the study area lived in multi‐male, multi‐female groups numbering between 14 and 19 individuals. They were completely arboreal, fed mostly on fruit and nuts, and frequently were associated with other species of arboreal monkeys. Their predators were human hunters and the crowned hawk‐eagle. The primary vocalizations of black mangabeys were analyzed and their social contexts compared with those of closely related gray‐cheeked mangabeys, to which they were found to be very similar.
Selection of secondary growth areas by vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops)
Authors: Chapman Colin A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractHabitat selection by a group of vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) living on the savanna peninsula of St. Kitts was investigated by the intensive sampling of 12 transects. The vervets exhibited nonrandom use of habitats. Examination of 20 ecological variables in each of the habitat types revealed that the vervets preferentially used areas of secondary growth characterized by high density and diversity of tall food plants. It is suggested that the preferential use of secondary growth habitat can be attributed to the fact that these areas have high levels of plant productivity and that they have a large proportion of their productivity available for consumption.
Direct measurements of urinary estrone conjugates during the normal menstrual cycle of the gorilla (Gorilla gorilla)
Authors: Czekala N. M. , Mitchell W. R. , Lasley B. L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA direct immunoassay for urinary estrone conjugates (estrone sulfate and estrone glucuronide) was used to assess the preovulatory estrogen rise in normal gorilla menstrual cycles. Immunoreactive estrone conjugates in samples concomitantly assessed for total estrogen immunoreactivity reflected similar profiles throughout the cycle; however, the speed and resolution of the direct assay for conjugates indicate this method to be more accurate in monitoring ovulation than the measurement of total immunoreactive estrogens. In a single conceptive ovarian cycle, urinary estrone conjugate continued to rise in the luteal phase, indicating that this test may also be useful for detecting early pregnancy. The application of this technique provides clear profile of ovarian function in gorillas as well as in other primate species.
Experimental rank reversals among peers in Macaca fuscata: Rank is maintained after the removal of kin support
Authors: Chapais Bernard , Larose Francois 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn many species of cercopithecines female rank is inherited matrilineally so that maternal kin occupy adjacent ranks. A female is said to have acquired her matrilineal rank in relation to a given subordinate female when the submission she receives from that female and the aggression she directs to her are both unidirectional. Kin support appears to be important in that process (rank acquisition). Matrilineally dominant females also appear to need kin support for maintaining their rank once they have acquired it. This is inferred from observations indicating that subordinates can form kin‐based coalitions and outrank single dominant females. Therefore, if subordinates did not, or could not, form coalitions, the maintenance of rank among similar‐sized females might be independent of kin support. One test of this hypothesis would be to remove all kin support shortly after rank acquisition has taken place. We report such a test performed in a group of captive Macaca fuscata composed of three families with similar age‐sex compositions. Experimental subgroups were formed by placing together peers from different families and a single kin (ally) of one subordinate peer (mother or older sister). These experiments induced a series of rank reversals whereby the subordinate peer, whose ally was present, outranked the dominant peers. Following the rank reversals, the ally of the newly dominant peer was removed and the peers left together. All five experimentally inverted rank orders of peers remained stable. The finding that experimentally subordinate individuals abstained from challenging experimentally dominant peers despite their long ontogenetic experience of reversed dominance roles suggests (1) that matrilineal rank acquisition is a punctuate (versus ontogenetically cumulative) process, (2) that the maintenance of rank among peers does not necessitate kin support if subordinates cannot form coalitions, and (3) that the “minimal risk constraint on competition” helps account for the stability of matrilineal hierarchies.
Chromosomal evolution in Malagasy lemurs: X. chromosomal banding studies of Propithecus diadema edwardsi and Indri indri and phylogenic relationships between all the species of the Indriidae
Authors: Rumpler Y. , Warter S. , Ishak B. , Dutrillaux B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe R‐banded karyotypes of two Indriidae, Propithecus diadema and Indri indri, are described and compared with each other and with those of the other species of this family, previously reported, Avahi laniger and Propithecus verreauxi. These comparisons show that 30 chromosomal rearrangements, including 21 Robertsonian translocations and eight pericentric inversions, differentiate these karyotypes. A phylogenic diagram is proposed, showing the early separation of Avahi and the relatively late divergence of the three other species. A populational evolution has occurred between the three other species, but Indri is clearly separated from the two other species by at least five complex rearrangements, although it shares four Robertsonian translocations with P. verreauxi but not P. diadema.
Abnormal behaviors, with a special focus on rocking, and reproductive competence in a large sample of captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Fritz J. , Nash L. T. , Alford P. L. , Bowen J. A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractChimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) are endangered in the wild and may no longer be imported into the United States. Of those animals presently in captivity, candidates for breeding programs must be identified to insure a self‐sustaining captive population. Some have suggested that poor reproductive performance might be linked to the performance of abnormal behaviors. In Study 1, three institutions housing breeding colonies of chimpanzees (86 males, 103 females) surveyed their animals for abnormal behaviors, copulatory performance, and, for females, maternal competence. In neither sex was there a positive association between absence of copulation and the presence of any of 18 forms of abnormal behavior. No one abnormal behavior was positively associated with inadequate maternal performance. Contrary to expectations, in both sexes (significantly for females), copulators exhibited more forms of abnormal behaviors than did noncopulators. In contrast, good mothers did show slightly fewer different forms of abnormal behaviors than did inadequate mothers. No specific combination of abnormal behaviors was associated with lack of copulatory performance in either sex or with inadequacy of maternal behavior. Significant sex differences occurred only in 2 of the 18 abnormal behaviors (coprophagy and self‐clinging), both with females showing the higher prevalence. In Study 2, the rate of rocking in 5 male and 14 female chimpanzees at the Primate Foundation of Arizona was found to be relatively high among some reproductively competent subjects. Some rocking had forms and contexts indicative of aggressive displays. We conclude that chimpanzees should not be disregarded as potential breeders or as candidates for resocialization and breeding programs solely because they exhibit abnormal behaviors. Anyone involved in assessing well‐being needs to be aware of individual differences among animals in the stimuli that may elicit rocking behavior. If they are strangers, they may elicit display rocking which does not indicate a lack of well‐being. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Survey of parasites of rhesus monkeys housed in small social groups
Authors: Phillippi Kathrine M. , Clarke Margaret R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA survey of specific parasites in fecal samples randomly collected from socially housed rhesus monkeys was done over a 1‐year period. Differences in frequency of samples with parasites, and number of different species per sample, were assessed by social group composition, social group size, female reproductive status, and season of the year. Common parasites were Entamoeba coli, Iodamoeba bütschlii, Balantidium coli, Strongyloides fülleborni, and Trichuris trichiura. Samples from juvenile/subadult groups had more species of potentially pathogenic parasites per sample but fewer species of nonpathogenic parasites per sample than samples from adult groups. When group size reached 12 to 16 animals, the number of samples with helminths doubled. Samples collected from groups with gestating/ lactating females had more species of nonpathogenic parasites than samples collected from groups with cycling or noncycling females. Fewer samples collected in the spring had helminths than samples collected during the fall, winter, and summer. The number of potentially pathogenic species present per sample was highest during the summer. Following anthelminthic treatment, the number of helminthic species present per sample and the number of samples with helminths remained low, then began increasing after 2 to 3 months. The number of potentially pathogenic species per sample decreased while animals were fed an inadvertently vitamin C deficient chow. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chimpanzee genital swelling and its role in the pattern of sociosexual behavior
Authors: Wallis Janette 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBehavioral observations were made on thirteen female and seven male adult group‐living chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). The behavioral data were analyzed as a function of the day of the females' menstrual cycles to explore the possible interrelationship between genital swelling and sociosexual behavior of female chimpanzees.Copulatory behavior was confined almost entirely to the period of genital swelling and the occurrence of male‐to‐female genital inspection (both female‐ and male‐initiated) was negatively correlated with the days from swelling onset, i.e., as the presumed day of ovulation approached, genital inspection decreased, while copulatory behavior increased. In addition, more females groomed their male cagemates during the luteal phase than in the follicular phase of their cycles, whereas male‐to‐female grooming was positively correlated with the progress of the cycle, with peaks during the time of swelling onset and menstruation.The profile of sociosexual behavior observed throughout the menstrual cycle suggested that, although chimpanzees exhibit an extended period of sexual receptivity and genital swelling, the presumed fertile period is not concealed. The role of genital swelling in chimpanzees is discussed in relation to the possible hormonal effect on female sexuality and the evolution of chimpanzee mating strategies. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of ultraviolet B radiation on vitamin D3 metabolism in vitamin D3‐resistant New World primates
Authors: Gacad Mercedes A. , Deseran Mark W. , Adams John S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe investigated the occurrence of rickets in adolescent tamarins (Saguinus imperator) residing at the Los Angeles Zoo. Compared to tamarins in the same colony without clinical evidence of bone disease (N = 6), rachitic platyrrhines (N = 3) had a decrease in their serum calcium concentration (P < .05). The affected tamarins also had lower serum 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25‐(OH)2D3) levels than did nonaffected colony mates, but 2–10‐fold higher concentrations than in Old World primates of a comparable developmental stage. New World primates in many different genera are known to exhibit target organ resistance to the active vitamin D3 metabolite, 1,25‐(OH)2D3, compensated by maintenance of high circulating concentrations of 1,25‐(OH)2D3. The relatively low serum 1,25‐(OH)2D3 concentration in rachitic tamarins and ultraviolet B radiation deficient environment of these primates suggested that bone disease may be linked to a deficiency in substrate for 1,25‐(OH)2D3, 25 hydroxyvtamin D3 (25‐OHD3). Chronic exposure of platyrrhines in three different vitamin D resistant genera to an artificial UVB source resulted in 1) a significant increase in the mean serum 25‐OHD3 (P < .001) and 1,25‐(OH)2D3 (P < .02) level over that encountered in platyrrhines not exposed to UVB; and 2) prevention of rachitic bone disease in irradiated individuals. These data further show that the serum 25‐OHD3 and 1,25‐OH2D3 levels are positively correlated in vitamin D‐resistant platyrrhines (r = 0.64; P= .0014) and suggest that a compromise in cutaneous vitamin D3 production by means of UVB deprivation may limit necessary 1,25‐(OH)2D3 production. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Location‐restricted dyadic interactions and maternal patterns
Authors: Andrews Michael W. , Rosenblum Leonard A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine the impact of infant restraint on dyadic interactions and maternal foraging patterns. Five bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata) mother‐infant dyads were observed under three conditions: high foraging demand for the mothers with nonrestrained contact between mothers and infants (HFD‐NRC), high foraging demand with restrained contact (HFD‐RC), and low foraging demand with restrained contact (LFD‐RC). In the restrained contact conditions the infants lived in a nursery within the group pen that allowed dyadic nursing, contact, proximity, and grooming, but prevented the infants from being with their mothers in the remaining portions of the pen, including the foraging area. Observations began when the infants were a mean of 5.4 months old. HFD‐RC resulted in decreased dyadic contact relative to HFD‐NRC, but did not significantly affect foraging task engagement; there were, however, marked individual differences in the response patterns of the mothers. Dyadic contact was also decreased during the LFD‐RC condition, but maternal patterns under low demand resulted in lower levels of infant contact initiation. This study demonstrated the feasibility of a nursery‐restrained rearing paradigm in exploring the strategic patterns of coping with conflicting environmental and maternal demands in bonnet macaque mothers. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Non‐surgical uterine flushing for the recovery of preimplantation embryos in rhesus monkeys: Lack of seasonal infertility
Authors: Seshagiri Polani B. , Bridson William E. , Dierschke Donald J. , Eisele Stephen G. , Hearn John P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA non‐surgical uterine flushing technique was employed to recover rhesus monkey preimplantation embryos during April–‐September, a period thought to be associated with reduced fertility. A total of 22 females of proven fertility, maintained indoors under strict light and temperature control, were employed for the study in which 72 menstrual cycles were monitored. The average length of their menstrual cycle was 27.9 ± 3.8 days. The percentages of cycles that showed normal cyclic patterns of estrogen, LH, and sex‐skin color were 84.7%, 91.7%, and 90.3%, respectively. Following natural mating, uterine flushing was performed on days 4–7 of pregnancy. Of 58 attempts, 27 (46.6%) resulted in the recovery of embryonic materials. Two recoveries produced unfertilized oocytes; 20 yielded embryos which were morphologically normal, and 7 yielded damaged and/or degenerate embryos. Luteal function in cycles involving uterine flushings was evaluated by examining ovaries by laparoscopy, ovulation being confirmed in 34 of 35 examinations. Serum progesterone was > 2 ng/ml in 39 of 45 cycles. The conception rate of 46.6% noted in this study was similar (P > 0.4) to those observed from other natural matings in our colony, either during the same period (49.3%; n = 67) or during October–‐March (46.9%; n = 113). These results show that rhesus monkeys, maintained under appropriate environmental conditions, can experience normal fertile menstrual cycles throughout the summer months, and extend previous observations to demonstrate, for the first time, that preimplantation embryos can be recovered from this species year‐round. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estimation of density of gibbon groups by use of loud songs
Authors: Brockelman Warren Y. , Srikosamatara Sompoad 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe density of gibbon populations may be estimated by listening for the loud duetted songs of monogamous territorial groups. This method requires a correction factor which must be estimated from the frequency of singing of an adequate number of known study groups. The correction factor and its error were estimated for pileated gibbons (Hylobates pileatus) in Khao Soi Dao Wildlife Sanctuary in southeastern Thailand. Among 30 groups studied, 47% sang per day, on average, but the variation between days and the variation in singing frequency between groups were large. Weather conditions, especially windiness, explained some variation in singing. During an area‐wide survey of groups in the sanctuary, unexplained variation in singing from day to day accounted for approximately half of the sample error of group density estimated from 1‐day listening samples. Error due to day‐to‐day variability can be reduced by listening for more than one day at each site. Correction factors based on the cumulative proportion of groups heard during longer (2–5‐day) sample periods of listening were closer to 1.0, therefore leaving less room for error and bias of the correction factor. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recognition of order effects in squirrel monkey antiphonal call sequences
Authors: Biben Maxeen 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSquirrel monkeys exchange chuck vocalizations in antiphonal sequences that suggest a request for information, and a response to that request. Chucks are characterized by measurable acoustic differences, notably in peak frequency, related to their position in a sequence. To determine the cues by which animals might identify a chuck that is a request for information from one that is a response, first‐in‐sequence (α) and second‐in‐sequence (β) chucks, differing in peak frequency, were recorded from familiar individuals and strangers. These chucks, and a sham control, were played back, in the temporal context of a first‐in‐sequence call, to a target group of socially housed captive squirrel monkeys.Animals responded more strongly to α chucks than to β chucks for calls originating from familiar individuals. No distinction was made between the α and β chucks of strangers, and all strangers' chucks got a weaker response than did familiar α chucks. Squirrel monkeys probably use acoustic differences, rather than context, to discriminate the ordinal significance of a chuck, but cannot do so unless they are familiar with the caller. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Population genetics of crab‐eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis) on the island of mauritius
Authors: Kondo Mikiko , Kawamoto Yoshi , Nozawa Ken , Matsubayashi Kiyoaki , Watanabe Tsuyoshi , Griffiths Owen , Stanley Marys‐Ann 
Published: June 2005

AbstractProtein polymorphisms of the crab‐eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis) on the island of Mauritius in the southwest Indian Ocean were examined electrophoretically for 201 blood samples. All of the variant types detected were those found previously in the Asian populations. Genetic variability of the island population was estimated to be Ppoly = 16% and H = 6.5%, which was lower than that of the Asian populations. A tendency that a small number of loci were highly polymorphic was observed. These results may reflect the establishment of the island population from a small number of introduced ancestors, or the existence of the bottleneck effect. For the origin of the Mauritian monkeys, comparison of electrophoretic variants suggested that they originated from the Malay Peninsula or the Greater Sunda Islands, especially from Java. Though the homozygous individuals exceeded in number as a whole, a significant subdivision was not detected in the population. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.