bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards multi‐factor models of decision making and risk
Authors: Nwogugu Michael 
Published: March 2005

PurposeTo: evaluate Prospect Theory and Cumulative Prospect Theory as functional models of decision making and risk within various contexts; compare and analyze risk models and decision‐making models; evaluate models of stock risk developed by Robert Engle and related models; establish whether the models are related and have the same foundations; relate risk, decision making and options theory; and develop the foundations for a new model of decision making and risk named “belief systems”.Design/methodology/approachCritiques existing academic work in different contexts. Analyzes the shortcomings of various measures of risk, and group decision making, which was not addressed in developing Prospect Theory and Cumulative Prospect Theory. Develops the characteristics of a mew model for decision making and risk named “belief systems”, and then differentiates it from belief networks.FindingsDecision making is a multi‐factor, multi‐dimensional process that often requires the processing of information, and thus, it is inaccurate to impose rigid models in decision making; the existing metrics for quantifying risk are inadequate; Prospect Theory and Cumulative Prospect Theory were developed using questionable methods and data, and are impractical; the analysis of probabilistic insurance and most of the theories and “effects” developed by Kahneman and Tversky's articles are invalid and impractical; Prospect Theory, Cumulative Prospect Theory, Expected Utility Theory, and market‐risk models are conceptually the same and do not account for many facets of risk and decision making; risk and decision making are better quantified and modeled using a mix of situation‐specific dynamic, quantitative and qualitative factors; belief systems can better account for the multi‐dimensional characteristics of risk and decision making.Research limitations/implicationsAreas for further research include: development of dynamic market‐risk models that incorporate asset‐market psychology, liquidity, market size, frequency of trading, knowledge differences among market participants, and trading rules in each market; and further development of concepts in belief systems.Practical implicationsDecision making and risk assessment are multi‐criteria processes that typically require some processing of information, and thus cannot be defined accurately by rigid quantitative models; Prospect Theory and Cumulative Prospect Theory are abstract, rigid, and are not practical models for decision making; and existing market‐risk models are inaccurate, and thus the international financial system may be compromised.Originality/valueThe issues discussed are relevant to government regulators, central banks, judges, risk managers, executives, derivatives regulators, stock exchange regulators, legislators, psychologists, boards of directors, finance professionals, management science/operations research professionals, health‐care‐informatics professionals, scientists, engineers, and people in any situation that requires decision making and risk assessment.
An under‐active or over‐active internal world?
Authors: Driver Christine 
Published: March 2005

Abstract:  This paper explores the dynamics brought into analytic work when there is a symmetric fusion between psyche and soma within the patient. It will consider how such a fusion may emerge from reverberations between physical constitution and a lack of maternal attunement, containment and reflective function. I will describe the work with a patient, Jane, who was diagnosed with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME) during the course of her analysis. The dynamic of her physical symptoms within the analytic work, and the impact of her internal affects and internal ‘objects’ within the transference and countertransference, indicated a difficulty in finding an homeostatic balance resulting in overactivity and underactivity at both somatic and psychological levels.Using the clinical work with Jane this paper will also examine the interrelationship between mother‐infant attachment, an inadequate internalized maternal reflective function, affect dysregulation, unconscious fusion, the lack of psyche‐soma differentiation and the impact of the latter in relation to internal regulation systems, or lack of, in patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) and Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME). I will draw on similar work carried out by Holland (1997), Simpson (1997) and Simpson et al. (1997). The paper will also employ the concept of the reflective function (Fonagy 2001; Knox 2003), and consider Matte‐Blanco's (1999) concepts of generalization and unconscious symmetry in relation to the patient's internal world. I go on to consider how analysis provides a point outside the ‘fusion’ that can enable the ‘deadlock’ to be broken.
Anti‐D immunization by DEL red blood cells
Authors: Wagner Thomas , Körmöczi Günther F. , Buchta Christoph , Vadon Maria , Lanzer Gerhard , Mayr Wolfgang R. , Legler Tobias J. 
Published: March 2005

BACKGROUND: No data are available on the immunogenicity of extremely weak D variants called DEL. Evaluation of alloanti‐D formation in a D– female patient after transfusion of apparently D– blood from an Austrian donor led to discovery of a so far unknown DEL type.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Standard blood group serologic methods were applied. Molecular typing, RHD sequencing, and D epitope mapping was performed and the absolute D antigen density determined.RESULTS: After transfusion of RBCs typed D– by routine serology, the recipient developed alloanti‐D. Further evaluation with an indirect antiglobulin test confirmed donor RBCs to be D–. Molecular typing, however, demonstrated the presence of the RHD gene in one donor, and RHD sequencing revealed a deletion of four nucleotides in RHD intron 5 (RHD IVS5‐38del4) as the only difference compared to the normal RHD gene. Adsorption‐elution techniques demonstrated a DEL phenotype without apparent loss of D epitopes.CONCLUSION: This study documents the clinical significance of the DEL phenotype in blood units that was capable of inducing anti‐D in a recipient. Qualitative data are provided on D epitope expression in DEL RBCs.
Fetal‐neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia and unexpected Glanzmann thrombasthenia carrier: report of two cases
Authors: Jallu Vincent , Bianchi Frédéric , Kaplan Cécile 
Published: March 2005

BACKGROUND: Discrepancy between phenotyping and genotyping during the investigation of maternofetal alloimmunization leads to the identification of defects on genes encoding membrane glycoproteins (GPs) IIb and IIIa.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Human platelet (PLT) alloantigen (HPA)‐1 and ‐3 PLT phenotypes and genotypes were performed by use of, respectively, the monoclonal antibody‐specific immobilization of PLT antigens and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)–sequence‐specific priming techniques for up to 2400 families with thrombocytopenic newborn. When a discrepancy was detected, genomic DNA from the mother was amplified for coding sequences of either the GPIIb or GPIIIa genes. The genetic abnormality responsible for the discrepancy was determined by direct sequencing of the PCR products.RESULTS: Two cases of discrepancy were identified among 2400 families tested. In the first case, Mother L, serologically assigned as HPA‐1b‐homozygous, was genotyped HPA‐1a/1b. In the second case, Mother S, serogically defined HPA‐3b‐homozygous, was genotyped HPA‐3a/3b. DNA sequence analysis revealed for Mother L a T1447→C a point mutation within exon 10 of the GPIIIa gene and for Mother S a C480→G point mutation within exon 4 of the GPIIb gene. These mutations reported in Glanzmann thrombasthenia (GT) patients account for nonexpression of the implicated allele on the PLT surface. Thus, the mothers are GT carriers. Alloantibodies, hallmarks of immunization, were not detected in the maternal serum samples.CONCLUSION: Although this situation is rarely encountered, it is important to combine phenotyping and genotyping to avoid false PLT typing assignation and erroneous diagnosis when alloimmunization might occur.
Development and validation of a mathematical algorithm for quantifying preoperative blood volume by means of the decrease in hematocrit resulting from acute normovolemic hemodilution
Authors: Jacob Matthias , Bruegger Dirk , Conzen Peter , Becker Bernhard Friedrich , Finsterer Udilo , Rehm Markus 
Published: March 2005

BACKGROUND: The interindividual variability of blood volume (BV) is high. The aim of this work was to use the decrease in large‐vessel hematocrit (HKLV) during acute normovolemic hemodilution (ANH) as an instrument for estimating preoperative BV.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: In 39 patients, (Group 1) preoperative ANH was performed. Plasma volume, red cell volume, and HKLV were measured before and 30 minutes after ANH, respectively. In a retrospective analysis, a mathematical algorithm was developed for estimating BV before ANH by means of the measured changes in HKLV and the amount of blood removed during ANH. To validate the method prospectively, ANH was performed in an additional 10 patients (Group 2). Preoperative BV was estimated and measured in the same way as in Group 1.RESULTS: In Group 1, the mean difference between estimated and measured BV before ANH was 200 ± 403 mL (5.14 ± 10.12%; p > 0.05; r = 0.8). In Group 2, the estimated BV before ANH was 41 ± 348 mL (−0.53 ± 7.84%) lower than the measured BV (p > 0.05; r = 0.94). In this group, however, two patients with an extraordinarily small (2691 mL) and large (6172 mL) preoperative BV, respectively, were identified correctly by means of the algorithm.CONCLUSIONS: The changes in HKLV determined during ANH provide a good “bedside” estimation of preoperative BV.
The 2003 West Nile virus United States epidemic: the America's Blood Centers experience
Authors: Kleinman Steven , Glynn Simone A. , Busch Michael , Todd Deborah , Powell Laurie , Pietrelli Larry , Nemo George , Schreiber George , Bianco Celso , Katz Louis 
Published: March 2005

BACKGROUND: A detailed assessment of West Nile virus (WNV) yield is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of the WNV nucleic acid amplification technology (NAT) screening implemented in 2003.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: WNV NAT screening and donation data were compiled from members of America's Blood Centers, which collect nearly 50 percent of the US blood supply. WNV RNA screening was performed with either the Gen‐Probe/Chiron Procleix transcription‐mediated amplification assay or the Roche TaqScreen polymerase chain reaction. Results of alternate NAT and WNV immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody assays conducted on index and follow‐up samples were obtained from test manufacturers. Presumed WNV positivity was based on NAT repeat reactivity of the individual index donation whereas confirmatory status was based on additional IgM testing of the index donation and NAT and serology testing of follow‐up samples.RESULTS: From July through October 2003, 2.5 million donations were screened for WNV RNA. Of 877 NAT‐reactive donations (screening positivity rate of 3.5 per 10,000 units), 430 (49%) were confirmed positive, whereas 68 (8%) lacking follow‐up data remained presumed positive. The sensitivity and positive predictive value of a presumed viremic result relative to final confirmatory status were 92 and 99 percent, respectively. WNV activity was highest in the central plains with prevalence per 10,000 peaking August 1 to 15 in Colorado (67.7) and South Dakota (77.5) and August 16 to 31 in Wyoming (74.1) and North Dakota (102.0).CONCLUSIONS: WNV screening interdicted many viremic units, thereby reducing transfusion‐transmitted infections. This study demonstrates that a national collaborative effort facilitates timely surveillance of blood donor infectious disease prevalence rates.
Variation in concentration of prion protein in the peripheral blood of patients with variant and sporadic Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease detected by dissociation enhanced lanthanide fluoroimmunoassay and flow cytometry
Authors: Fagge Tim , Barclay G. Robin , MacGregor Ian , Head Mark , Ironside James , Turner Marc 
Published: March 2005

BACKGROUND: A highly sensitive dissociation‐enhanced lanthanide fluoroimmunoassay (DELFIA) and flow cytometry techniques have previously been developed and employed to characterize soluble cellular prion protein (PrPc) expression in whole blood and separated components from healthy adult blood donors. No previous studies with these techniques have evaluated the concentration and expression of PrP in the blood of patients with variant Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease (vCJD).STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: For blood from vCJD patients, sporadic CJD (sCJD) patients, non‐CJD neurological controls, and healthy adults, PrPc was measured by DELFIA and cell‐associated PrP was measured by flow cytometry.RESULTS: DELFIA analysis identified a significant reduction in the concentration of PrPc in the whole blood of vCJD (p = 0.012) and non‐CJD neurological patients (p = 0.0004) compared with healthy adults. A significant elevation was found in plasma PrPc in sCJD patients compared with healthy adult (p = 0.022) and neurological controls (p = 0.050). Flow cytometry found no significant differences between groups in expression of PrP on platelets and lymphocytes, nor in sensitivity of cellular PrP to proteinase K. Neurological controls show significantly less PrP on red cells than healthy adults.CONCLUSION: There are differences in free and cell‐associated PrP found in blood of CJD patients and control groups, some of which might be useful with other tests in disease profiling as an aid to diagnoses.
Analytical and clinical sensitivity of West Nile virus RNA screening and supplemental assays available in 2003
Authors: Busch M.P. , Tobler L.H. , Saldanha J. , Caglioti S. , Shyamala V. , Linnen J.M. , Gallarda J. , Phelps B. , Smith R.I.F. , Drebot M. , Kleinman S.H. 
Published: March 2005

BACKGROUND:Transfusion‐transmitted West Nile virus (WNV) infections were first reported in 2002, which led to rapid development of investigational nucleic acid amplification tests (NAT). A study was conducted to evaluate sensitivities of WNV screening and supplemental NAT assays first employed in 2003.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:Twenty‐five member‐coded panels were distributed to NAT assay manufacturers. Panels included five pedigreed WNV standards (1, 3, 10, 30, and 100 copies/mL), 15 or 16 donor units with very‐low‐level viremia identified through 2003 screening, and four or five negative control samples. Samples were tested neat in 10 replicates by all assays; for NAT screening assays, 10 replicates were also performed on dilutions consistent with minipool (MP)‐NAT. The viral load distribution for 142 MP‐NAT yield donations was characterized, relative to the analytical sensitivity of MP‐NAT systems.RESULTS:Analytical sensitivities (50% limits of detection [LoD] based on Poisson model of detection of WNV standards) for screening NAT assays ranged from 3.4 to 29 copies per mL; when diluted consistent with MP pool sizes, the 50 percent LoD of screening NAT assays was reduced to 43 to 309 copies per mL. Analytical sensitivity of supplemental assays ranged from 1.5 to 7.7 copies per mL (50% LoD). Detection of RNA in donor units varied consistent with analytical LoD of assays. Detection of low‐level viremia after MP dilutions was particularly compromised for seropositive units, probably reflecting lower viral loads in the postseroconversion phase. Based on the viral load distribution of MP‐NAT yield donations (median, 3519 copies/mL; range, < 50‐690,000), 13 to 24 percent of units had viral loads below the 50 percent LoD of screening NAT assays run in MP‐NAT format.CONCLUSION:WNV screening and supplemental assays had generally excellent analytical sensitivity, comparable to human immunodeficiency virus‐1 and hepatitis C virus NAT assays. The presence of low‐level viremic units during epidemic periods and the impact of MP dilutions on sensitivity, however, suggest the need for further improvements in sensitivity as well as a role for targeted individual‐donation NAT in epidemic regions.
Reconsidering the evaluation of addiction treatment: from retrospective follow‐up to concurrent recovery monitoring
Authors: McLellan A. Thomas , McKay James R. , Forman Robert , Cacciola John , Kemp Jack 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACTHistorically, addiction treatments have been delivered and evaluated under an acute‐care format. Fixed amounts or durations of treatment have been provided and their effects evaluated 6–12 months after completion of care. The explicit expectation of treatment has been enduring reductions in substance use, improved personal health and social function, generally referred to as ‘recovery’. In contrast, treatments for chronic illnesses such as diabetes, hypertension and asthma have been provided for indeterminate periods and their effects evaluated during the course of those treatments. Here the expectations are for most of the same results, but only during the course of continuing care and monitoring. The many similarities between addiction and mainstream chronic illnesses stand in contrast to the differences in the ways addiction is conceptualized, treated and evaluated. This paper builds upon established methods of during‐treatment evaluation developed for the treatment of other chronic illnesses and suggests a parallel evaluation system for out‐patient, continuing‐care forms of addiction treatment. The suggested system retains traditional patient‐level, behavioral outcome measures of recovery, but suggests that these outcomes should be collected and reported immediately and regularly by clinicians at the beginning of addiction treatment sessions, as a way of evaluating recovery progress and making decisions about continuing care. We refer to this paradigm as ‘concurrent recovery monitoring’ and discuss its potential for producing more timely, efficient, clinically relevant and accountable evaluations.
Tobacco abstinence symptom suppression: the role played by the smoking‐related stimuli that are delivered by denicotinized cigarettes
Authors: Buchhalter August R. , Acosta Michelle C. , Evans Sarah E. , Breland Alison B. , Eissenberg Thomas 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACTAims  Cigarette smoking causes cancer and disease, yet people find quitting difficult due to aversive symptoms that accompany tobacco abstinence. Understanding how to suppress these symptoms is critical in developing effective smoking cessation treatments. Pharmacologically, pure nicotine suppresses tobacco abstinence symptoms partially, and non‐nicotine, smoking‐related stimuli suppress these abstinence symptoms fully, at least for 24 hours. The current study was designed to clarify the impact of smoking‐related stimuli on tobacco withdrawal, and to explore the duration of their ability to suppress withdrawal in smokers.Design  Three double‐blind, within‐subjects, Latin square‐ordered, 5‐day conditions in which participants smoked nicotinized, denicotinized or no cigarettes.Setting  Out‐patient laboratory at Virginia Commonwealth University.Participants  Thirteen women and 19 men.Measurements  Subjective, physiological and performance measures were collected daily and compliance with study conditions was verified objectively.Findings  Smoking‐related stimuli are sufficient for suppressing some symptoms of tobacco abstinence over a 5‐day period [i.e. Questionnaire of Smoking Urges (QSU) factor 1, ‘Desire for sweets’, ‘Hunger’ and ‘Urges to smoke’], while in this study a combination of nicotine and smoking‐related stimuli suppressed other symptoms (i.e. ‘Difficulty concentrating’, ‘Increased eating’, ‘Restlessness’ and ‘Impatient’).Conclusions  These results indicate that, while some tobacco abstinence symptoms may be suppressed with nicotine, suppressing others may also require strategies that address the absence of smoking‐related stimuli.
Biology and management of relapsed acute myeloid leukaemia
Authors: Craddock Charles , Tauro Sudhir , Moss Paul , Grimwade David 
Published: March 2005

SummaryDisease relapse remains the major cause of treatment failure in adults with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). This reflects both the failure of current salvage regimens and the absence of effective strategies to secure long‐term disease‐free survival in those patients who achieve a second remission. Recent progress in understanding the pathogenesis of relapsed disease has enabled the identification of a variety of dysregulated molecular pathways and these now provide a rational basis for the design of novel targeted therapies. At the same time, advances in allogeneic stem‐cell transplantation have permitted the extension of the curative potential of allografting to patients in whom it was previously contraindicated. As a result, a range of novel drug and transplant therapies has become available in patients with relapsed AML, and it is realistic to anticipate that a co‐ordinated assessment of their clinical and biological impact will provide the basis for the design of future, more effective treatments in relapsed disease.
Gains on 9p are common genomic aberrations in idiopathic myelofibrosis: a comparative genomic hybridization study
Authors: Al‐Assar O. , Ul‐Hassan A. , Brown R. , Wilson G. A. , Hammond D. W. , Reilly J. T. 
Published: March 2005

SummaryIdeopathic myelofibrosis (IMF) is a chronic myeloproliferative disorder resulting in bone marrow fibrosis as a consequence of growth factor release from clonal haematopoiesis. Conventional cytogenetic analysis identifies abnormalities in approximately a third of cases at diagnosis, although rarely uncovers unique, primary genetic events. We have used comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) to study 25 IMF cases and have compared the results with conventional cytogenetics. Metaphase cells were available for analysis in 13 cases, of which seven showed an abnormal karyotype. CGH chromosomal profiles showed imbalances in 21 of 25 cases. The most frequent aberrations were gains of 9p (12 cases), 2q (seven cases), 3p (seven cases), chromosome 4 (seven cases), 12q (seven cases), 13q (eight cases). The main losses were at 17q and occurred in six cases. The results for CGH and cytogenetics were matched for one case only. Investigation of IMF by CGH suggests that genomic aberrations are much more common than has been previously indicated by conventional cytogenetic analysis and occur in the majority of cases. Gains of 9p were the most frequent finding, occurring in 50% of patients and suggests that genes on 9p may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of IMF.