bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk assessment of gallstone among indoor patients of chronic liver diseases secondary to Hepatitis C.
Authors: Sanaullah Kalwar  , Kailash Raj Makhejani  , Soomro Jamil Ahmed , Hafeezullah Shaikh  
Published: January 2024

Introduction: Gallstones (GS) are widely reported as the major cause of mortality and morbidity globally.1 The frequency of GS in patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) is considerably higher than in the general population.1-7 Moreover, prevailing risk of gallstone is associated with disease frequency and severity in advance stages of CLD.1,3 The predictable local incidence of gallstones in CLD patients is approximately 24-31%.6-7 HCV is presumed to be the major cause of CLD in the local settings6-7. Despite high prevalence of GS and HCV CLD in our population, the occurrence of GS in HCV CLD cases has not been assessed so far. Objective: To assess gallstone disease in indoor patients of chronic liver diseases secondary to Hepatitis-C.Methodology: This cross-sectional study was carried out at Department of Gastroenterology, Liaquat National Hospital (LNH), Institute for postgraduate medical studies and health sciences, Karachi from January 2013 to July 2013. Totalof145 patients of chronic liver disease (CLD) secondary to Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) of either gender, regardless of duration of disease, having age more than 30 years were selected purposively. Structured questionnaire used for data collection. Ultrasonography was done to diagnose gallstones. The routine investigations such as platelet count, anti HCV antibodies, and prothrombin time (PT) were performed. SPSS version 20 was used to analyze data. Variables like gallstone was presented through percentages and frequencies, age as mean and SD. After stratification of age, gender and severity of liver disease, chi-square test was applied and p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: The mean age of patients (n=145) was 54.8±9.4 years, whereas mean of males was 53.9±9.3 years and females were 56.2±9.5years. Among total cases86(59.3%) were males and59(40.7%) were females. The gallstones in male patients (n= 30, 58.8%) was higher than female patients (n=21, 41.2%). However, this difference with regards to gender, was not statistically significant (p-value=0.9). The Child-Pugh score with gallstones patients was (10.0±2.1) slightly higher than patients without gallstone (10.7±2.1). In patients with gallstone, Child’sPughclass-Cwasfoundin51(54.3%) patients, class-Bin37(39.4, %) and class-A in 6 (6.3%) patients.
Conclusion: HCV infection is independent risk factor for gallstones in cirrhotic patients. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in Child-Pugh A and B patients with symptomatic gallstone disease is a safe procedure.
Keywords: Gallstones, HCVCLD, Child-Turcotte-Pugh, Cholecystectomy
Two testicles in left inguinal region: An unusual presentation of Polyorchidism.
Authors: Muhammad Rahim Bhurgri  , Mehtab Rahim Bhurgri  , Fareed Ahmed Bhurgri  , Noaman Ali Bagrani  
Published: January 2024

We present a case of 1-year old boy who presented with left undescended testis and hernia. The testis on right side was normally placed. During surgery 2 testicle each with separate epididymis and vasa deferentia.

Keywords: Undescended double testes, Orchidopexy, Herniotomy.
TIME MANAGEMENT AND PRIORITY SCALE AS STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE LEARNING MOTIVATION AND SELF-LEADERSHIP AT SMP MA'ARIF, BATU CITY
Authors: Maulida Adiska Rahma , Yulyantika Nadya Rindy , Sabrina Alifah Tesha Nur , Fadilla Asylia Rahma , Romadlona Nohan Arum 
Published: January 2024

According to the World Health Organization, junior high school students have an age of 10-19 years which is a transition period from childhood to adolescence which has a leadership spirit. The target of this service activity is class 8C students as many as 28 people at SMP Ma'Arif, Batu City. Time management and prioritization play an important role in leadership because it helps to increase effectiveness, efficiency and productivity so as to get the goals achieved. This community service activity aims to increase knowledge about time management and priority scale so as to increase learning motivation and self-leadership of students in class 8C of SMP Ma'Arif, Batu City. The method used is the lecture method through Power Point media. The implementation of the activity began through the preparation stage, pre-test, presentation of leadership materials on time management and prioritization, and post-test. The pre-test results showed a high knowledge category of 39% and a post-test of 68% so that there was an increase of 27% in terms of knowledge. The results of the service show that there is an increase in knowledge about time management and priority scale so that it can increase learning motivation and self-leadership. The conclusion of this service activity is that through socialization by providing leadership material regarding time management and priority scale, it can increase learning motivation and self-leadership of students in class 8C of SMP Ma’Arif, Batu City.
Depth Perception
Authors: Howard Ian P. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis chapter contains a review of information that we use to perceive the three‐dimensional structure of the visual world. To a limited extent for near viewing we can use nonvisual signals from the accommodative state of the lens or the state of convergence of the eyes. Visual information available to one eye included image blur arising from out‐of‐focus images; overlap between images of objects at different distances serves as a cue to relative depth. Shading and shadows provide a rich source of information about relative depth, although the sign of depth relations can be ambiguous. When we move past a stationary scene, the relative motion of images of objects at different distances indicates very small differences in depth. Image expansion of an approaching object indicates time to impact and the symmetry of image motion indicates whether the approaching object will hit us. Binocular information available when only both eyes are open includes differences between the images in the two eyes. These binocular disparities provide information about the distances of objects, and the inclination and curvature of surfaces. The chapter ends with a discussion of how different depth cues interact to produce a unified percept of the three‐dimensional structure of the world.
Motion Perception
Authors: Sekuler Robert , Watamaniuk Scott N. J. , Blake Randolph 
Published: November 2003

AbstractDetection and discrimination, including discrimination of changes in direction and speed, are among the basic aspects of motion perception. Ideal observer models afford theoretical benchmarks for the performance of human observers. Such comparisons make it possible to identify processing stages at which human vision loses potential information.The chapter provides an overview of motion processing stages in the mammalian visual system. We show that contemporary research on visual motion perception exploits theoretically‐motivated special‐purpose stimulus probes.We also consideroptic flow, which supports observers' heading judgments during locomotion, as well as the perception of objects' 3D structure. The chapter shows that the visual system has a number of ways of responding to stimulus ambiguity, as it must in dealing with the correspondence andaperture problems. After treating motion after‐effects, the chapter concludes with a discussion of cognitive influences on motion perception, such as memory and learning effects, as well as visual motion's role in segmenting and recognizing continuous everyday actions.
Neural Basis of Audition
Authors: Carney Laurel H. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis chapter reviews the neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of the auditory system. A brief introduction to the key acoustical parameters that are important for understanding the physiological literature is included. Responses to simple tonal stimuli and to some morecomplex soundsare described for several levels of the auditory pathway, from theauditory nerveto theauditory cortex. Responses of central neurons to binaural stimuli are described in the context of spatial localization. A brief description of the descending pathways is also included. Where applicable, neural responses are described in terms of both average discharge rates and temporal response properties. The influence of the nonlinear, or level‐dependent, properties of thecochleaon average‐rate and temporal responses of auditory neurons are described; these nonlinearities are an important property of the healthy inner ear and have been a major focus of recent research on the auditory system.
Auditory Perception and Cognition
Authors: McAdams Stephen , Drake Carolyn 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe sound environment in which we live is extraordinarily rich. How do we extract and make use of the information available in this highly structured acoustic array? A number of perceptual mechanisms are involved in the processing of acoustic information to disentangle the many sources present and to evaluate the properties of individual events or sequences of events arising from a given source. At a more cognitive level, the temporal relations among events in longer sequences must be processed to understand the nature of actions on objects that are extended in time. These temporally extended actions may carry important cultural messages, such as in speech and music for humans. In many cases, with so much going on, listening must be focused on a given source of sound. This focusing process must possess dynamic characteristics that are tuned to the temporal evolution of the source that is being tracked in order to understand its message. Aspects of these complex problem areas are addressed in this chapter to give a flavor for current work in auditory perception and cognition. This chapter focuses onauditory scene analysis, timbre andsound source perception, temporal pattern processing and attentional processes in hearing, and finishes with a consideration of relevant developmental issues.
Temperature and Pain Perception
Authors: Gracely Richard H. , Farrell Mickael J. , Grant Masilo A. B. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe sensory modalities of temperature and pain share a common homeostatic thread and a similar afferent neural organization. Sensory precision can be demonstrated under controlled laboratory conditions, but ultimately such precision is secondary to hedonic feelings of pleasantness and unpleasantness that motivate behaviors necessary to maintain the integrity of the organism. Thermal sensations of warmth and coolness are mediated by independent neural systems with differences in sensitivity, spatial summation, intensity, and spatial discrimination. Thermal adaptation is common to both systems. Within a restricted temperature range, feelings of coolness or warmth wane over a period of minutes (e.g. entering a hot bath) and may disappear, replaced by a state of neither warmth nor cold termed thermal neutrality. The hedonic feeling state is determined by a thermoregulatory system that maintains internal temperature. This system receives inputs from the body core and from the skin. If core temperature is disturbed, these inputs result in appropriate autonomic responses, in subjective feelings of unpleasantness (e.g., warm) and in feelings associated with a specific skin temperature (e.g., room temperature is unpleasant, cold air or water is pleasant).
Varieties of Memory
Authors: Roediger Henry L. , Marsh Elizabeth J. , Lee Stephanie C. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractIn this chapter we list and discuss the primary distinctions among types of memory. We first identify four possible bases for distinguishing types of memory: introspective evidence, various types of memory tests, dissociations among memory measures, and neural differences underlying kinds of memory. Several useful broad distinctions between classes of memory or tests of memory are also discussed, including those between declarative and procedural memory, episodic and semantic memory, explicit and implicit memory, conscious and unconscious memory, voluntary and involuntary recollection, and retrospective and prospective memory.We provide an overview of memory research using one possible categorization system based loosely on persistence of memories and their temporal course. First, we discuss brief sensory memories; then short‐term or working memory; and finally, we describe some of the many different types of long‐term memory. Topics covered include iconic and echoic memories; Baddeley's model of working memory; as well as phenomena of episodic, autobiographical, and semantic memory. We discuss the concepts of implicit memory and procedural memory. We conclude by discussing the usefulness of this and other categorization schemes for the study of memory.
Learning Mutants
Authors: Matzel Louis D. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractGenetic strategies to elucidate the substrates for memory induction, maintenance, and retrieval have evolved rapidly during the previous decade. Here we review the wealth of information that has been derived from work with “transgenic” mammals, and attempt to establish a framework from which we might better appreciate the genetic and molecular constituents of “normal” learning and memory, as well as of common dementias (e.g., Alzheimer's disease) that impinge on these processes. From this body of work, we are poised to construct comprehensive descriptions of the mechanisms that subserve memory storage in the brain, and moreover, to envisage practical strategies to overcome certain learning deficits and to modulate learning in otherwise normal individuals.
Emotional Plasticity
Authors: Schafe Glenn E. , Ledoux Joseph E. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractPavlovian fear conditioning has emerged as a leading behavioral paradigm to study emotion systems in the brain. In this chapter, we first provide a brief historical survey of efforts to pinpoint emotional circuits in the brain. We then review what has been learned about fear conditioning circuitry at the systems, cellular, and biochemical/molecular levels, primarily in rodents. We then discuss how this knowledge has been applied to the fear system of the human brain.
Cognitive Neuropsychology
Authors: Coltheart Max 
Published: November 2003

AbstractCognitive neuropsychology is the branch of cognitive psychology which uses data from people with acquired or developmental disorders of cognition to learn more about the processes involved in normal cognition. In cognitive neuropsychology, models of these processes are typically modular in character, and any cognitive disorder is typically interpreted as the result of abnormality of one or more modules or one or more of the pathways of communication between modules. The primary data consist of patterns of association, dissociation or double dissociation of impairments of specific cognitive abilities obtained from single‐case studies of individuals with disorders of cognition. The means by which inferences about the modular structure of some mental information‐processing system are made from such data are illustrated by a worked example involving impairments in the recognition of faces, objects and printed words. Relationships between cognitive neuropsychology and cognitive neuroimaging are discussed, as are new developments such as cognitive neuropsychiatry (the application of cognitive‐neuropsychological methods to higher‐order aspects of cognition such as belief formation or reasoning) and computational cognitive neuropsychology (simulating disordered cognition by artificially lesioning computational models of cognition).
Testing and Measurement
Authors: Hambleton Ronald K. , Pitoniak Mary J. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis chapter addresses many of the changes that are taking place in the educational and psychological measurement field today. First, different types of educational and psychological tests are described, and examples are provided of the variety of venues in which they are administered. Next, some major changes that have taken place in the field of psychometrics in the past 30 years are introduced; most prominent among them is the shift from classical test theory to item response theory (IRT). Following a comparison of classical test theory to IRT, and a discussion of the former's shortcomings, main IRT concepts and several widely used IRT models are presented in more detail. IRT model applications to test development and computer‐adaptive testing are described. An introduction to different types of computer‐based testing that vary along the adaptive continuum is also provided. Next, a number of other prominent changes that are taking place in the testing field that have methodological implications for the practice of measurement—new item types, cognitive‐based models for assessment, setting standards on tests, new conceptions of validity, and testing of candidates with disabilities—are outlined.
Solid‐Liquid Biphasic Hydroformylation of Olefins Catalyzed by Rhodium Carbonyl Complexes
Authors: Marchetti M. , Botteghi C. , Paganelli S. , Taddei M. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractSome polymer‐anchored alkenes have been hydroformylated by carrying out the reaction in a high‐pressure reactor equipped with a suitably designed vial. The solid substrates are converted to the corresponding oxo‐aldehydes in high yields. In all cases the regioselectivity was strongly shifted towards the linear aldehyde when the rhodium carbonyl complex was modified with xantphos (3 : 1 or 4 : 1 P/Rh molar ratio). Treatment with 5% of trifluoroacetic acid in dichloromethane at room temperature removed quantitatively the oxo‐product from the polymer support, which can be purified and reused.
Chiral Tetraaza Ligands in Asymmetric Catalysis: Recent Progress
Authors: Hechavarría Fonseca María , König Burkhard 
Published: November 2003

AbstractNitrogen‐containing ligands have become very popular in asymmetric catalysis, due to their robustness and availability in comparison to phosphines. Nitrogen‐containing ligands are used in homogeneous catalysis, but they are suitable for heterogeneous processes, too. In this article we focus on chiral ligands with four nitrogen atoms and summarize recent progress achieved with these compounds in asymmetric catalysis.
Selective Removal of N‐Boc Protecting Group from Aromatic Amines Using Silica Gel‐Supported Sodium Hydrogen Sulfate and HY‐Zeolite as Heterogeneous Catalysts[1]
Authors: Ravindranath N. , Ramesh C. , Ravinder Reddy M. , Das Biswanath 
Published: November 2003

AbstractSilica gel‐supported sodium hydrogen sulfate and HY‐zeolite were found to be efficient catalysts for the selective removal of the N‐Boc protecting group from aromatic amines keeping intact the aliphatic N‐Boc amines. HY‐zeolite was used as a reusable catalyst.
Continuous Flow Enzymatic Kinetic Resolution and Enantiomer Separation using Ionic Liquid/Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Media
Authors: Reetz Manfred T. , Wiesenhöfer Wolfgang , Franciò Giancarlo , Leitner Walter 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe combination of kinetic resolution in ionic liquids (IL) and selective extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) provides a new approach for the separation of enantiomers as exemplified by the lipase‐catalyzed esterification of chiral secondary alcohols. Excellent enantioselectivities are achieved upon conversion of alcohols 1a–e to the corresponding acetates 4a–e or laureates 5a–e using various modifications of the lipase from Candida antarctica (CaL‐B) in imidazolium‐based ionic liquids. The anion of the ionic liquid has a significant influence on the performance of the bio‐catalyst with bis(trifluoromethanesulfonamide) [BTA] giving the best results. The acetates 4a–e can be extracted from the reaction mixture preferentially over the alcohols 1a–e with scCO2 under certain conditions, but preparatively useful selectivities would require advanced multi‐step extraction procedures. In contrast, efficient separation is possible with relatively simple equipment if alcohols 1a–e are extracted preferentially from their corresponding laureates 5a–e. A “green” continuous process for the resolution of racemic alcohols without the use of organic solvents was devised on the basis of these findings.
Novaluron (Rimon), a novel IGR: Potency and cross‐resistance
Authors: Ishaaya Isaac , Kontsedalov Svetlana , Horowitz A. Rami 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe potency of novaluron on laboratory susceptible and field strains of S. littoralis resembles that of chlorfluazuron and both compounds are about 20‐fold more potent than teflubenzuron. No appreciable resistance to novaluron or chlorfluazuron was observed in a field strain of Spodoptera littoralis collected from cucumber field in the central part of Israel. On the other hand, the field strain showed a mild resistance of about 4‐fold to teflubenzuron as compared to the laboratory susceptible strain. A very resistant colony of Bemisia tabaci to pyriproxyfen (1,200‐ to 2,000‐fold) showed no appreciable cross‐resistance to novaluron. Two field colonies of B. tabaci pressurized with acetamiprid or thiamethoxam for 22 generations, resulting in a 30‐ to 50‐fold resistance to acetamiprid and thiamethoxam, has no cross‐resistance to novaluron. The above results are of special interest, indicating a possible alternation between novaluron, pyriproxyfen, and neonicotinoids in insecticide‐resistance management programs aiming at preventing resistance development to these novel groups of insecticides against important pests such as whitefly and lepidopteran species. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 54:157–164, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of 1β‐Methyl‐2‐(5‐substituted Imidazolino Pyrrolidin‐3‐ylthio)carbapenem Derivatives
Authors: Oh Chang‐Hyun , Lee Chang‐Sik , Lee Jong‐Sun , Cho Jung‐Hyuck 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe synthesis of a new series of 1β‐methylcarbapenems containing a substituted imidazolino pyrrolidine moiety is described. Their in vitro antibacterial activities against both Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria were tested and the effect of the substituent on the imidazoline ring was investigated. Compound 13 g which has a N‐sulfonylmethyl substituted imidazoline moiety showed the most potent antibacterial activity.