bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Normative terminology: ‘normal’ in statistics and elsewhere
Authors: Kruskal William H , Stigler Stephen M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The word ‘normal’ is ubiquitous in modern science, as it is in modern journalism, education, psychology, sports, law, indeed in all arenas where description must encompass a range, and where judgments are given verbal expression. It is a remarkably useful word; it conveys a sense of the usual, the average, while at the same time expressing the idea of a norm, or optimum goal. This ambivalence is frequently acknowledged by placing ‘normal’ in quotation marks, as in the following examples of headlines:
Efficient Parametrizations for Generalized Linear Mixed Models
Authors: Gelfand* A E , Sahu** S K , Carlin*** B P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Currently there is considerable interest in fitting what have been called structured random effects models. Here we focus on generalized mixed models as in Breslow and Clayton (1993). The associated posterior surface can be very poorly behaved due to high correlation between or weak identifiability of certain model parameters. Sampling based fitting techniques can be excruciatingly slow to converge. We propose simple hierarchical centering reparametrizations which often improve convergence, and demonstrate their effectiveness both analytically and empirically. We also discuss an alternative reparametrization scheme due to Vines, Gilks and Wild (1993) for models involving qualitative effects, and compare it to our approach.
On Bayes Factors for Nonparametric Alternatives
Authors: Carota C , Parmigiani G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper we derive global Bayes factors for the comparison of a parametric model with a nonparametric alternative. The alternative is constructed by embedding the parametric model in a mixture of Dirichlet processes. Results include a general explicit form for partially exchangeable sequences as well as closed form expressions in the context one-way analysis of variance.
Iterative Rescaling for Bayesian Quadrature
Authors: Kennedy M C , O’Hagan A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Numerical techniques for calculating integration based summaries of posterior distributions typically make use of a more tractable distribution G as a rough approximation. A problem that arises when using these techniques is the need to specify the parameters of G before any evaluations of the density function are made. There are several possible solutions to this problem, but the chosen strategy should give parameter values for G that produce accurate numerical results as well as being efficient.
Robust Bayesian Analysis: An Interactive Approach
Authors: Liseo* B , Petrella** L , Salinetti* G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a robust Bayesian analysis with a quantile class r1 one measure of the sensitivity of the answer is 6(f 1), the posterior range of the expectation of a given parametric function. A large value of 6(fi) prescribes a further elicitation effort to produce a smaller class r2 which, hopefully, will provide a smaller range. In this paper we propose a simple algorithm which can help the statistician to implement these ideas. Starting from r1, the algorithm helps to choose a new quantile at each iteration until the range on the updated class is adequately smaller. The goal of the algorithm is to guide the statistician in deciding where to refine the partition in order to obtain considerable reductions of the range.
Adaptive Bayesian Replacement Strategies
Authors: Mazzuchi T A , Soyer R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper, we present a Bayesian decision-theoretic approach for determining optimal replacement strategies under a variety of replacement and repair scenarios. This approach enables us to formally incorporate, express, and update our uncertainty when determining optimal replacement strategies. As such, the policies developed are adaptive in nature taking into account information from each replacement interval. We develop relevant expressions for the block replacement protocols with both “good as new” and “minimal repair” assumptions and illustrate the use of our approach with real data.
Hierarchical Image Reconstruction Using Markov Random Fields
Authors: Mcmillan N J , Berliner L M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At least since the seminal work of Geman and Geman (1984), Markov random fields have served as Bayesian models for images in computational reconstruction from degraded, observational data. We consider fully Bayesian hierarchical models, in which one stage of the hierarchy is a Markov random field. This field is parameterized by a scalar .&gt;. which in principle controls the degree of smoothness of random images generated by the model. We then develop a class of conjugate priors for .&gt;-. Based on data, posterior inferences are developed employing familiar versions of Gibbs’ sampling. The basic hierarchical model is extended to an exchangeable model in which several “similar” images are to be reconstructed. Artificial examples, motivated by imaging problems arising in materials science and stereology, are presented.
A Bayesian Algorithm for Image Reconstruction with Variable Hyperparameter
Authors: Núñez* J , Llacer** J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper we present a Bayesian image reconstruction algorithm with entropy prior (FMAPE) that uses a space-variant hyperparameter. The spatial variation of the hyperparameter allows different degrees of resolution in areas of different signal-to-noise ratio, thus avoiding the large residuals resulting from algorithms that use a constant hyperparameter. The space variant hyperparameter determines the relative weight between the prior information and the likelihood and it determines the degree of smoothness of the solution in a particular region of the image.
The invention of Infinity
Authors: Field J V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Renaissance craftsmen, such as painters, were educated in `practical mathematics'. This book tells us the fascintating story of how the artisan tradition made important contributions not only to art but also to `proper' mathematics. Beautiful works of art and famous theorems are linked together in a way that leads to a clearer understanding and greater enjoyment of both. Covering roughly the period from 1300 to 1650, the author shows how, during this time, a new form of geometry - projective geometry - emerged in the context of the artists' mathematics of perspective. Stories of taking measurements while balanced on scaffolding are interspersed with delightful scholarly analyses of the mathematics of great works of art. The text is beautifully illustrated throughout with both photographs and drawings.
Traffic characterisation and effective bandwidths for broadband network traces
Authors: Gibbens R J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The trend of current developments in telecommunication networks is towards systems which will allow a number of widely disparate traffic streams to share common resources through statistical sharing. How efficiently this can be managed depends critically upon the statistical characteristics of the traffic. Our aim in this paper is to investigate the application of a simple and robust graphical descriptor of a given traffic stream, designed to emphasise those aspects of the data that are important for the statistical sharing of common resources. Two examples considered in detail are an MPEG-1 video encoding of the Star Wars movie and traces of ethernet traffic taken at Bellcore.
Approximate solutions for open networks with breakdowns and repairs
Authors: Chakka Ram , Mitrani Isi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Network models whose nodes are subject to interruptions of service are notoriously difficult to solve. There are no exact results for systems with more than two nodes, and even the approximations that have been proposed turn out to be rather unsatisfactory. We assess the existing approaches and develop new approximation methods. The latter’s accuracy is evaluated by comparisons with simulations and is shown to be acceptable over a large range of parameter values.
The Poisson-independence hypothesis for infinitely-growing fully-connected packet-switching networks
Authors: Suhov Yu. M , Rose D M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We analyse a packet-switching network modelled by a complete graph with nodes 0, 1, ... , N. For each pair of nodes, (i,j), there is a rate- λ Poisson flow αi,j of messages generated at i and destined for j. The numbers of packets in the message (the message lengths) are IID variables with distribution μ. With probability p, a packet is directly transmitted from i to j on link (i,j), and with probability qN = (1 - p)/(N - 1), on any of the two-link paths joining i and j. The queueing discipline at each node is FCFS, and the end-to-end delay is the time of delivery of the last packet of a message. Under certain conditions on λ, μ and p, we prove that as N → ∞, the probability distribution of the end-to-end delay is deduced from the so-called Poisson-independence hypothesis, which is shown to be valid. The main requirement is that most packets should be routed directly to their destinations, i.e., the network is a small perturbation of the ‘ideal’ one in which the links act as independent entities.
The parallels in beauty’s brow: time-accuracy functions and their implications for cognitive aging theories
Authors: Verhaeghen Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cognitive aging is not a field lacking in theoretical efforts. On the contrary, we may be suffering from too many theories. In his 1992 review of the field, Salthouse concluded, in what perhaps was a slight overstatement, that ‘there appear to be nearly as many explanations or interpretations of [age-related] deficits as there are published articles’ (p. 323). Most of these theories operate on a micro-level, that is, they pertain to only a small range of phenomena. It seems that what we need is not more theories, but a more integrated theory, that is, a set of propositions that explains more than a narrow collection of data through a limited set of mechanisms. Some such grand theories of aging have been proposed in the past (e.g. Cerella et al. 1980; Hasher and Zacks 1988; Myerson et al. 1990; Salthouse 1996), but these remain largely controversial (see, for instance, recent controversies in the Journals of Gerontology regarding generalized-slowing theories of aging; Cerella 1994; Fisk and Fisher 1994; Myerson et al. 1994; Perfect 1994; or regarding the inhibition account of aging; Burke 1997; McDowd 1997; Zacks and Hasher 1997).
Measurement indices, functional characteristics and psychometric constructs in cognitive aging
Authors: Rabbitt Patrick M A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses confusions about the nature of the performance indices that we measure in simple laboratory tasks and by means of which we test functional models for individual differences in performance. Measurements such as decision times, obtained from simple tasks, have been taken as irreducible ‘primitives’ which must correspond to objective, and primitive characteristics of the central nervous system (CNS). In fact while the process of measurement is objective, the indices derived from these measurements are not, since they are determined by the functional models that we use as frameworks to analyse our data.
Dual-process theories of memory in old age
Authors: Light Leah L , Prull Matthew W , Lavoie Donna J , Healy Michael R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Contemporary theories of memory often posit two processes, recollection and familiarity, that subserve recall and recognition (Atkinson and Juola 1974; Hintzman 1986; Humphreys et al. 1989; Jacoby and Dallas 1981; Mandler 1980; Raaijmakers and Shiffrin 1992). Recollection (or in some models, recall) is typically characterized as conscious or intentional and as attention demanding, whereas familiarity is thought to be unconscious and to have relatively low attentional requirements. In most two-process models, recol1ective processes involve conscious remembering of particular aspects of a prior episode, such as perceptual details, spatial or temporal information, the source of information, or thoughts and feelings that accompanied the episode. Even single-process theories of recognition (e.g. Hintzman 1988; Ratcliff.et al. 1995) acknowledge the crucial role played by contextual information in determining the similarity between current experiences and memories of earlier events. Moreover, reality monitoring, separating, fact from fantasy, requires memory for contextual details as wen as thoughts and feelings accompanying particular experiences (Johnson et al. 1993).
Introduction: between revolution and conservatism
Authors: Mazzarello Paolo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What a fantastic sight! On a yellow, completely transparent background, there appear sparsely scattered black fibres, smooth and small or thick and prickly, as well as black, triangular, star- or rod-shaped bodies! Just like fine India ink drawings on transparent Japanese paper. The scientist gazes upon it in astonishment. He is more accustomed to the chaotic images produced by carminic acid and haematoxylin, which yield one dubious interpretation after another. Here, on the other hand, everything is absolutely clear, without any possibility of confusion. There is nothing more to interpret; one need only observe and note these cells, with their different, ramified extensions, like plants in the morning frost, covering an astonishingly large space in wavy lines; these smooth and uniform extensions which, springing from the cell, cover great distances, before suddenly splitting up into a bunch of innumerable fibres. . . The delighted and astonished gaze cannot tear itself away from this fantastic sight. Methodic wishful thinking has become reality. Metal impregnation has produced a magnificent and unexpected slide.’
The morphological choice
Authors: Mazzarello Paolo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the beginning of 1860 the idea of national unification permeated Italian intellectual circles. It was as if history, long compressed, was expanding under irresistible pressure and all watched in astonishment the precipitous unfolding of events. In March, plebiscites in Parma, Modena, and Tuscany approved annexation to the Kingdom of Sardinia, which until then consisted of Piedmont, Liguria, and Sardinia. In May, Garibaldi’s ‘Thousand’ sailed toward Sicily, and in September they entered Naples. At the end of the year the parliament of the Kingdom of Sardinia was dissolved to allow for the election of a national parliament.
a neuropsychological perspective
Authors: Vallar Giuseppe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One basic difference between elementary sensory and motor processes and higher-order mental functions concerns the hemispheric lateralization of their neural basis. The cerebral correlates of language and visuospatial processing are largely asymmetric, with the well-known specialization of the left hemisphere for many linguistic processes, and of the right hemisphere for a variety of spatial processes. By contrast, the neurological organization of sensory motor systems has a ‘ contralateral’ architecture, so that each hemisphere is primarily concerned with the opposite side of personal (i.e. the body) and extrapersonal space (for example, visual or auditory objects). This state of affairs has implications in the domain of clinical neurology. It is a current view that damage to the specifically committed regions of each cerebral hemisphere brings about somatosensory (hemianaesthesia), visual (hemianopia), and motor (hemiplegia) deficits, contralateral to the side of the lesion (contralesional) with no relevant left-right asymmetries (Rowland 1995; Adams et al. 1997).
A new view of hemineglect based on the response properties of parietal neurones
Authors: Pouget Alexandre , Sejnowski Terrence J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The representation of space in the brain is thought to involve the parietal lobes, in part because large lesions of the parietal cortex lead to hemineglect, a syndrome characterized by a lack of response to sensory stimuli that appear in the hemispace contralateral to the lesion (Heilman et al. 1985). In what coordinate system are objects represented in the parietal cortex? The answer to this question is not straightforward because neglect appears to affect multiple frames of reference simultaneously, and, to a first approximation, independently of the task. Here, a recent model of the response properties of neurones in the parietal cortex that can account for this observation is presented.
Robotic and neuronal simulation of the hippocampus and rat navigation
Authors: Burgess Neil , Donnett James G , Jeffery Kathryn J , Keefe John O’ 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The hippocampus has been implicated as the neural basis of mammalian navigation ever since the discovery of spatially tuned neurons (place cells) in the hippocampus of freely moving rats (O’ Keefe & Dostrovsky 1971). The fact that each place cell (PC) tends to fire at a high rate only when the rat is in a particular portion of its environment, independently of local sensory cues such as the odour of the floor covering, prompted the idea that they provide the neural representation of the location of the rat within its environment (O’ Keefe & Nadel 1978). It has recently been shown that the firing of PCs does indeed contain sufficient information to localize the rat (Wilson & McNaughton 1993). Lesions of the rat’ s hippocampus impair its navigational ability, specifically in tasks requiring an internal representation of space such as returning to an unmarked goal location from novel starting positions (see, for example, Morris et al. 1982; Jarrard 1993).
Dissociation of exteroceptive and idiothetic orientation cues: effect on hippocampal place cells and place navigation
Authors: Bures Jan , Fenton Andre A , Kaminsky Yulii , Rossier Jerome , Sacchetti Benedetto , Zinyuk Larissa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The discovery of hippocampal place cells (PCs) by O’ Keefe & Dostrovsky (1971) and the ensuing systematic study of their properties (McNaughton et al. 1983; Muller et al. 1987; Sharp et al. 1990; Bostock et al. 1991; O’ Keefe & Reece 1993; O’ Keefe & Burgess 1996) created an extremely fruitful approach to the study of the cellular substrate of cognition. The idea that a PC firing in a specific region of a familiar environment participates in the neural processes that enable an animal to recognize its position in the charted world has inspired a deluge of ingenious experiments, high-lighted by the papers in this volume.
Variable place-cell coupling to a continuously viewed stimulus: evidence that the hippocampus acts as a perceptual system
Authors: Rotenberg Alexander , Muller Robert U 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although place-cell discharge is reliably affected in a variety of ways by the configuration of external (‘ allothetic’ ) and internal (‘ idiothetic’ ) cues available to a freely moving rat, a great deal of work has consistently shown that place cells do not behave as if they are sensory units. Place cells do not act as if they are triggered by specific stimulus conditions; they are neither pattern-recognition units nor path integrators. Instead, place cells have been interpreted as components of neural representations of space or ‘ cognitive maps’ since their discovery (O’ Keefe & Dostrovsky 1971; O’ Keefe 1976; O’ Keefe & Nadel 1978; Muller et al. 1991), a view that is assumed in this paper.
The hippocampus and spatial memory in humans
Authors: Robin G Morris , Julia A Nunn , Sharon Abrahamsn , Janet D Feigenbaum , Michael Recce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In common with many other species, human subjects determine their spatial orientation in novel environments and are able to do this using a combination of directional cues and establishing a cognitive representation of their spatial domain (Gallistel 1990). It is fair to say that the neuronal structures or mechanisms that support these processes have not been investigated extensively in humans to date; the main developments in this area relate to studies of rodents and non-human primates. The purpose of this chapter is to review a series of recent investigations that we have conducted into spatial memory in humans with focal temporal lobe lesions, all involving the hippocampus. Such studies have had the primary aim of elucidating the pattern of memory function through the development of novel paradigms and relating spatial memory impairment to structural brain lesions.
Representation of allocentric space in the monkey frontal lobe
Authors: Olson Carl R , Gettner Sonya N , Tremblay Leon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In discussions of how the brain represents space, it is common to make a contrast between environment-centred spatial information (encoded in the hippocampal system to be used in the service of spatial orientation) and body-centred spatial information (encoded in the parietal cortex to be used in the service of action and attention). However, this distinction, while fundamental, is not exhaustive. There is a third form of spatial information of great importance for cognition and behaviour in humans, namely, information about the locations of things relative to other things: of parts relative to an object and of objects relative to each other. Object-centred spatial information is allocentric in that it concerns locations defined relative to an external reference frame, but this reference frame, rather than encompassing the environment at large, is confined to the micro¬ environment of a particular object. Object-centred spatial judgments come into play in numerous situations including: when we direct actions to a particular location, as defined relative to an object; when we make judgments about topology, as in characterizing a closed curve as a knot; and when, in reading a word, we take into account the relative locations of the letters.
A computational theory of visual attention
Authors: Bundesen Claus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A computational theory of visual attention is presented. The basic theory (TVA) combines the biased-choice model for single-stimulus recognition with the fixed-capacity independent race model (FIRM) for selection from multi-element displays. TVA organizes a large body of experimental findings on performance in visual recognition and attention tasks. A recent development (CTVA) combines TVA with a theory of perceptual grouping by proximity. CTVA explains effects of perceptual grouping and spatial distance between items in multi-element displays. A new account of spatial focusing is proposed in this article. The account provides a framework for understanding visual search as an interplay between serial and parallel processes.
Human cortical mechanisms of visual attention during orienting and search
Authors: Corbetta Maurizio , Shulman Gordon L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Functional anatomical studies indicate that a set of neural signals in parietal and frontal cortex mediates the covert allocation of attention to visual locations across a wide variety of visual tasks. This fronto-parietal network includes areas, such as the frontal eye field and supplementary eye field. This anatomical overlap suggests that shifts of attention to visual locations or objects recruit areas involved in oculomotor programming and execution. Finally, the fronto-parietal network may be the source of spatial attentional modulations in the ventral visual system during object recognition or discrimination.