bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lymphedema: Current Treatments and Controversies
Authors: Tunkel Richard S , Rampulla Phyllis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lymphedema is characterized by the regional accumulation of large amounts of interstitial fluid, especially in the subcutaneous tissues of the affected area. Primary lymphedema or lymphedema praecox is an uncommon form usually affecting the lower limbs. Hereditary lymphedema, which can first be seen at birth or puberty, is rare. In the palliative care setting, secondary lymphedema is the form most frequently encountered. It usually arises from focal lymphatic obstruction caused by neoplastic infiltration, en bloc resection, or irradiation of regional lymph nodes.
So, what did the doctor say?
Authors: Korsch Barbara M , Harding Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Have you ever walked out of the doctor’s office and realized that you did n’t really know what happened? Many of us have experienced visits when, from the moment the doctor enters the room, nothing seems to go as we had planned. Why is it that we often leave the doctor’s office feeling that we did n’t have the opportunity to ask all the questions we had been thinking about before the appointment? How many times have you almost been home before realizing.
Why don’t i follow my doctor’s advice?
Authors: Korsch Barbara M , Harding Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Do you always do what your doctor tells you? If you do, you’re the exception to the rule. Do you have any idea how often people go to the doctor and then don’t do anything they were told to do? It may seem surprising how frequently this happens in light of the fact that going to the doctor takes courage and is also inconvenient and expensive. Why, then, do so many patients fail to follow medical advice after taking the trouble to make an appointment, rearrange their schedules, and actually drive somewhere out of the way? Some make appointments and then don’t keep them. As many as 40 percent who make appointments because they are sick never show up.
Does Your Doctor Seem unfeeling?
Authors: Korsch Barbara M , Harding Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Have you ever visited a doctor, talked about something that was really bothering you, and ended up feeling dissatisfied because your physician did not seem to react to your concerns? Perhaps your doctor was listening, standing up, with no facial expression, and made only matter-of-fact recommendations. Or concentrated on writing notes on a clipboard, never making eye contact with you. Maybe the doctor shrugged off your concerns by saying, ‘‘Relax, don’t worry about it,” treating them as if you were overreacting.
How do doctors get that way?: The Conspiracy of Silence
Authors: Korsch Barbara M , Harding Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This statement was made by a physician who felt that, during his education and early professional career, he had had insufficient help in dealing with his own suffering and vulnerability. This is not a unique experience; most students, young physicians, and practicing physicians have had little help with these problems. Feelings are not acknowledged in the course of traditional medical education. The reluctance on the part of practitioners and medical educators to discuss patients’ feelings and especially their own feelings has been referred to as a “conspiracy of silence.”
Do I Have to Go to the Doctor?
Authors: Korsch Barbara M , Harding Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“That’s easy,” one person responded, “either you are sick or you are well.” But that’s not necessarily true. Everyone reacts differently, and there are no standards as to where the dividing line is. What about you? Are you healthy? Do you get sick a lot? The definition depends on the person who is experiencing the symptoms and what his or her perceptions are. There are young people just bristling with good health who exercise hours every day, eat what they consider a healthy diet, and haven’t missed a day of work for a year or two. At the other end of the spectrum are those who consider themselves healthy, but who have learned to modify their levels of aspiration.
Baden’s Middle Way Viable or Not?
Authors: Feldman Carol Fleisher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Boden’s paper, and its important predecessors-including the books Artificial Intelligence and Natural Man, 1977 (A/NM hereafter), Computer Models of Mind, 1988 (CMM), and The Creative Mind, 1990 (CM)-have staked a claim to a distinctive territory in an embattled field. She calls for a psychology that is at once computational and humanistic. Many AI hardliners share her view that a scientific psychology must be computational. And they believe that they can model human minds insofar as they are real within such a science. But, in many ways, the hardliners make strange bedfellows for Boden, who cares principally about such essentially human (and most unmachinelike) expressions of mind as creativity. She is surely the most original thinker in cognitive science today.
A Generic Model for Spatio-Bitemporal Geographic Information
Authors: Worboys Michael F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes work in progress on the construction of a generic object model for a geographic information system that handles objects with both refer ences to embeddings in two orthogonal spatial dimensions’ and two orthogonal temporal dimensions. Geographic space may be viewed as being populated with objects that have spatio-temporal references. Regarding the purely spatial references, we assume an embedding in 2-D Euclidean space. As for time, it is widely understood (see, e.g., Al-Taha, 1992; Snodgrass, 1992) that a temporal information system needs the capacity for handling at least two orthogonal temporal dimensions, corresponding to the handling of real-world events (so-called real time or event time or valid time), but also handling interactions with the information system (transaction time or database time).
Psychological Time and the Processing of Spatial Information
Authors: Block Richard A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A static “snapshot” of the world contains abundant information that allows the brain to automatically generate a reasonably accurate representation of geo graphic space in the area proximate to the observer. The sensory-perceptual systems of the brain automatically extract information that serves as raw material for psychological representations of geographic space. The classic view of visual perception holds that changes in sensory information that occur as a result of motion in the environment or of the observer (e.g., motion parallax) merely add additional cues concerning space to those available in a static display. This classic view is incomplete. As a person interacts with the environment, he or she encodes additional spatial, as well as temporal, information into memory. This occurs as a result of the controlled, or nonautomatic, processing of information. In short, some information is innately available to the organism, some becomes automated only as a result of learning, and some is only available if a person engages in con trolled information processing. Eventually, high-level cognitive factors such as judgmental heuristics influence the use of all encoded spatial and temporal information.
Acquiring Spatial and Temporal Knowledge from Language
Authors: Tversky Barbara , Taylor Holly A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People love to tell stories. Folk tales were handed down from generation to generation long before the advent of written language. Most often, stories are embedded in a place and time, so that descriptions of space and time are basic to stories. People describe space and time prospectively as well as retrospectively, in making plans for when and where to meet or in giving directions. Linguistic evidence suggests that spatial language developed prior to temporal, for example, spatial terms like “before” and “after” have been extended from spatial to temporal meanings (Clark, 1971; Clark, 1973). Spatial language has been used to convey abstract meanings as well, as in expressions like, ‘Tm feeling up today,” or “He’s at the bottom of the heap,” or “That.field is wide open” (for more examples and discussion, see Cooper and Ross, 1975; Clark and Clark, 1979; Lakoff and John son, 1980).
Psychological Perspectives on International Conflict and Cooperation
Authors: Tetlock Philip E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From Freud to Tolman to Maslow, psychologists who study politics have often fallen into a reductionist fallacy. The trapdoor to the fallacy is camouflaged by two truisms: (1) politics is the product of decisions by individual human beings who love or hate, cooperate or compete, trade or negotiate with each other; (2) psychology is the science that explores why individuals think, feel, and act as they do. It would seem to follow, as a matter of logical necessity, that insofar as psychologists succeed in achieving their explanatory goals, they will inevitably also shed light on the causes of political action.
Comprehension of Lies: A Russian View
Authors: Znakov Victor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the study of the psychology of lies is a firmly established area of research in the West, few readers will be surprised to learn that it is a new and poorly understood topic of academic inquiry in Russia. As former Soviets know and Westerns can probably guess, any scientific work that concerned untruthfulness among Russians could not be published in the Soviet Union, and consequently there was little interest in the topic. The psychology of lies is now a topic of great practical urgency as Russia leaps into a competitive economy with multiple political parties and a bewildering array of ideological and consumer choices affecting virtually every sphere of daily living.
A Life-Span Approach to the Study of Psychogerontology in Russia
Authors: Kol’tsova Vera A , Meshalkina Natasha B , Olegnik Yury N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A common theme in psychogerontology is that it is necessary to review salient events in the life history of an older person as a means of understanding that individual in his or her old age. So, too, we begin our analysis of the field of psychogerontology in contemporary Russia by taking a longitudinal look at its past. The use of a life-span approach to psychogerontology, as a field of study, illustrates both the philosophy and the methods used by developmental psychologists who specialize in aging.
Changing Ethnic and National Identities in Estonia
Authors: Kirch Aksel , Kirch Marika , Pettai Vello , Tuisk Tarmo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Then Western readers think about the former Soviet Union, they tend to think of Moscow, St. Petersburg, and the Russian majority. Except for experts or those with special interests, Westerners tend to forget or underestimate the critical differences among the peoples and republics that constituted the Soviet Union-differences that are so fundamental that they invalidate generalizations from the Russian portions of the Soviet Union to the other republics. The former Soviet republics that are now independent countries and those that are still struggling for their independence are made up of ethnically distinct groups with their own languages and cultural heritages. Estonia, like its Baltic neighbors, Lithuania and Latvia, was an independent country for several decades in the 20th century. It was under czarist rule at the turn of the century, enjoyed independent statehood during the period between World War I and World War II, then was forcibly annexed onto the Soviet Union. Most recently, Estonia declared its independence for the second time in this century in 1991. Older Estonians can still recall the takeover of their country by the Soviet Union at the end of World War II and, with it, the change to Russian as their official language and the loss of prestigious jobs and amenities to Russians who were sent to oversee the new Soviet Estonia. For many Estonians, the Russians who settled there at the end of the war were intruders who assumed privilege and status among the native Estonians.
Environmental Psychology: Evolution and Current Status
Authors: Bell Paul A , Sundstrom Eric D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
C:nvironmental psychology has existed as a branch of psychology for approximately 30 years. It focuses on the ways in which features of the physical environment affect, and are molded by, individuals, groups, communities, and social entities as large as entire cultures. One definition depicts environmental psychology as the study of transactions between individuals and their physical settings (Gifford,1994), reflecting the premise that the relationship of people to their physical environment is one of mutual influence and exchange (Stokols & Altman, 1987).
Environmental and “Green” Psychology in the Former Soviet Union
Authors: Deryabo Sergei , Yasvin Vitold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are more people alive today than ever before in history, yet the size of the planet that we inhabit remains unchanged and the earth’s non renewable natural resources are declining. At the same time, we have developed the potential to destroy or render uninhabitable huge portions of our planet. The possibility of a worldwide environmental crisis is real. How do people think and feel about the world in which they live, and how can psychologists understand how some people come to value their environment and others treat it with total disregard? Like any rapidly expanding area of interest, one of the barriers to communication and development in the field is the problem of defining new words and using labels for new concepts in a consistent manner so that people can communicate about developments in the field. The word ecology, for example, has taken on multiple meanings, and although the proliferation of meanings shows that an increasing number of academic disciplines are concerned with this field, it has also resulted in a peculiar version of the Tower of Babel, in which everyone is uttering the same word but meaning a different concept.
The Reagan Nuclear Buildup
Authors: Powaski Ronald E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In January 1981 Ronald Reagan, like the overwhelming majority of his Cold War predecessors, entered the White House with almost no background in national security affairs. Before entering the political arena in the early 1960s and then serving as governor of California from 1966 to 1974, he had been in movies and television. His only military experience consisted of making training and documentary films during World War II. Reagan’s knowledge of communism and the Soviet Union was also limited. It was based almost entirely on personal experience rather than study. In the late1940s, as president of the Screen Actors Guild, he fought what he believed was a communist effort to take over the motion picture industry. The experience made him deeply suspicious of communism and the Soviet Union, in particular. In 1983 he called the Soviet Union “the focus of evil in the modern world.”1
Departures from the Core
Authors: Battistella Edwin L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As noted in the previous chapter, Chomsky himself has not developed a detailed, comprehensive theory of markedness in syntax and has moved away from markedness of parameters in his most recent work. Others, however, have attempted to flesh out how a theory of marked and unmarked options in Universal Grammar might work and to examine its consequences. The questions that arise in such discussions revolve around four issues: (1) the nature of core grammar, (2) the existence of marked and unmarked parameters within core grammar, (3) the triggering evidence required to set parameters, and (4) the determination of markedness relations.
Is the Startle Reaction an Emotion?
Authors: Ekman Paul , Friesen Wallace V , Simons Ronald C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the wealth of information provided by Landis and Hunt’s (1939) pioneering study, emotion theorists have disagreed about whether the startle reaction is a reflex or an emotion. Bull (1951), Lindsley (1951), Plutchik (1962, later Plutchik, 1980, reserved judgment), Tomkins (1962), Wenger, F. N. Jones, and M. H. Jones (1956), and Woodworth and Schlosberg (1954), all considered startle to be an emotion, related to the emotion of surprise. Kemper (1978), Leventhal (1980), Mandler (1975), and Schacter and Singer (1962) all ignored the startle reaction. Averill (1980) and Lazarus (1982) were explicit about their decision to consider a startle a reflex rather than an emotion because cognition does not play a causal role in eliciting it. Landis and Hunt took an intermediate position, considering it to be “preemotional” because a startle is simpler in organization and expression than “true” emotions.
Will the Real Relationship Between Facial Expression and Affective Experience Please Stand Up: The Case of Exhilaration
Authors: Ruch Willibald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Emotions, like other concepts in psychology, are hypothetical constructs which are not directly observable, but are inferred from several indicators. The inference is typically based on behaviour, physiological changes, or reports of subjective experience. Emotions vary in intensity and these intensity differences can be observed at all three levels. At least for the levels behaviour and experience it is commonly assumed that intensity of the emotion is reflected equally well in these domains, e.g. parameters of facial expression and affective experience are expected to show a high positive intercorrelation.
Signs of Appeasement: Evidence for the Distinct Displays of Embarrassment, Amusement, and Shame
Authors: Keltner Dacher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since universal facial expressions of a limited set of emotions were first documented (Ekman & Friesen, 1971; Ekman, Sorenson, & Friesen, 1969; Izard, 1971), sparse attention has been given to facial expressions of other emotions. The resulting lacuna in the field-that the emotions with identified displays are fewer (7 to 10) than the states that lay people (Fehr & Russell, 1984) and emotion theorists (Ekman, 1992; Izard, 1977; Tomkins, 1963, 1984) label as emotions-presents intriguing possibilities. Displays of other emotions may be blends of other emotional displays, unidentifiable, or may await discovery.
Differential Facial Responses to Four Basic Tastes in Newborns
Authors: Rosenstein Diana , Oster Harriet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of taste-elicited facial expressions in newborns can help to resolve three interrelated questions: (1) How finely can newborns discriminate among various taste stimuli? Do they merely distinguish between sweet and all other substances, or can they also discriminate among sour, salty, and bitter stimuli? Differential facial responses to these stimuli would indicate that they each had a distinctive taste to the infants. (2) Do newborn infants display preferences and aversions indicating innate hedonic responses to particular tastes? Inferences about the hedonics of infants’ facial responses can be based on the biologically adaptive functions of particular facial muscle actions (e.g., actions either facilitating or blocking access to stimulation and ingestion) as well as on the presence of facial components seen in adult expressions of pleasure or disgust. (3) Do infants’ taste-elicited facial expressions serve as social signals, informing observers about the nature of the substances ingested or about the infant’s hedonic responses to them? Such signals would have indirect survival value if adults reliably responded to them in an appropriate fashion, for example, by removing potentially harmful substances from the baby’s mouth.
Prototypical Affective Microsequences in Psychotherapeutic Interaction
Authors: Banninger-Huber Eva 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the following article I shall present a new approach to the microanalytic study of cognitive-affective regulatory processes in psychotherapeutic interaction. In this approach the examination of the expressive component of emotions communicated through facial expressions is of central importance. The approach is based on the assumption, shared by many psychotherapists, that the interaction between client and therapist contributes essentially to therapeutic change (Caspar & Grawe, 1989; Elliott, 1984; Gill & Hoffman, 1982; Grawe, 1987; Greenberg & Safran, 1987; Horowitz, 1979; Krause, 1982, 1984; Moser, 1985; Rice & Greenberg, 1984; Safran, 1990a, 1990b; Schneider, 1989; Stem, 1985; Strupp, 1987; Sullivan, 1953; Thoma & Kiichele, 1985, 1988; Weiss, Sampson et al., 1986). However, little is known about how these processes of change work. It is true that there is a considerable amount of clinical knowledge about emotions in therapeutic interactions at a macrolevel, but we still know too little about what is happening at a microlevel of affective processes within therapy. It is thus important to develop methods to examine the therapeutic interaction, along with the cognitive-affective processes involved.
Type A Behavior Pattern: Facial Behavior and Speech Components
Authors: Chesney Margaret A , Ekman Paul , Friesen Wallace V , Hecker George W Black & Michael H L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The behavioral components comprising the Type A coronary-prone pattern have been receiving increased attention in recent years. For the most part, these studies have concentrated on such components conveyed in speech reflecting competitive, aggressive, or hostile attitudes, and a sense of time urgency. However, as originally described by Rosenman et al. (1964), Type A behavior is also marked by nonverbal or motoric signs including “facial grimaces, scowls, teeth-clenching, and tic in which teeth are clenched and masseter muscles are tensed” (p. 2). The purpose of this study was to examine facial behaviors as components of the Type A behavior pattern.
The Flute Today
Authors: Toff Nancy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“A flute,” wrote an early nineteenth century British critic, “is a musical weed which springs up everywhere.” It’s still true today. The same lament could as easily be expressed by a high school band director trying to balance eighteen flutes, twelve trumpets, six clarinets, and a lone bassoon, or by one of the legion of young flutists now swelling those ranks. But why the popularity of the flute? Another British critic wrote in 1834, “The preference of our amateurs for this instrument, can only be accounted for by the easiness of attaining to a certain point of proficiency upon it.” Indeed, it is among the easiest of instruments to master at a rudimentary level. But, as the second critic cautioned, “to play well, and in tune, even a simple melody, is a degree of merit not reached by one out of twenty who attempt it.” The current situation differs from that described by our British friend, for within the last twenty-five years performance standards have risen to an unparalleled extent.
Care and Maintenance of the Flute
Authors: Toff Nancy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Your instrument is your voice, and how you feel about making music should be expressed in how you care for and handle your instrument. The logic is simple: keep your instrument in the best possible working order, and it will yield the best results that you can coax from it. A clean and welladjusted instrument will respond best to your technique, no matter what the level of your playing. It is a machine, and like any machine it must have proper maintenance.