bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metabolism of propionate in the tissues of the sheep gut
Authors: Weeks T. E. C. , Webster A. J. F. 
Published: May 2005

1. The extent of propionate metabolism during absorption from the gut and the amounts of L-lactate formed and glucose utilized by the portal-drained viscera were determined in conscious sheep from measurements of portal venous blood flow and portal venous and aortic metabolite concentrations. The sheep were fasted overnight and given primed continuous intraruminal infusions of volatile fatty acids (VFA) at two rates, supplying propionate at 40·0 and 79·9 mmol/h. Measurements were made during the 5th and 6th hours of the infusion, when rumen liquor VFA concentrations were constant.2. The rate of L-lactate formation by the portal-drained viscera was not affected by the VFA infusions and accounted for approximately 15 % of the probable total lactate entry rate.3. Considerable amounts of glucose were taken up by the portal-drained viscera, amounting to approximately 35 % of the probable glucose entry rate. If this glucose was metabolized through the glycolytic pathway, this would at all times have accounted for the amounts of L-lactate formed.4. Portal venous blood flow was positively correlated with VFA infusion rates and with the net amount of propionate appearing in the portal blood.5. It is concluded that although propionate may be metabolized by the rumen epithelium, the unique pathway of L-lactate formation from propionate is of limited quantitative significance to the animal, although it may be of importance to the rumen epithelium itself.
The influence of essential fatty acids and food restriction on the specific activities of hepatic lipogenic and glutamate-metabolizing enzymes in the laying hen
Authors: Balnave D. 
Published: May 2005

1. Extended feeding of an essential fatty acid (EFA)-deficient diet to laying hens increased liver size and liver lipid concentration.2. The specific activities of hepatic lipogenic and glutamate-metabolizing enzymes were increased by feeding the EFA-deficient diet.3. Restriction of daily food intake to 75 % ofad lib. intake did not affect the response to dietary fat concentration.4. Hepatic enzyme activities in hens fed on restricted amounts of food and killed just before, or after, the normal daily feeding time indicated no reduced capacity for lipogenesis at the earlier time.
A relationship between the molar proportion of propionic acid and the clearance rate of the liquid phase in the rumen of the sheep
Authors: Hodgson J. C. , Thomas P. C. 
Published: May 2005

1. Four rumen-cannulated sheep were given a forage mixture (F) of chopped hay–ground, pelleted, dried grass (92:8, w/w) and two concentrate mixtures (C and S) of ground barley–ground hay–flaked maize (46:24:30 and 56:24:20, by wt respectively) in twenty-four hourly meals each day. Each of the diets was offered in successive periods of 16 d to give a feeding sequence F–S–C–S for one pair of sheep and C–S–F–S for the other pair.2. The average composition (mol/100 mol) of the mixture of short-chain fatty acids, acetic, propionic and butyric, in the rumen was respectively 70·1, 18·5 and 7·5 with diet F, and 55·8, 24·8 and 13·6 with diet C. With diet S, the pattern of fermentation varied both between animals and in the same animal for different periods having either ‘high’(28–39 mol/100 mol) or ‘low’(16–21 mol/100 mol) proportions of propionic acid. On average when diet S followed diet F there was less propionic acid in the fermentation mixture than when diet S followed diet C (59·3 acetic, 22·2 propionic and 14·I butyric as compared with 52·7, 29·4 and 13·I respectively) but this trend was not significant and there was evidence of interactions between the feeding sequences and the individual sheep.3. The mean concentrations of ammonia, sodium, potassium and chloride were similar for all diets but the pH and concentrations of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus tended to be higher and the buffering capacity lower for diet F than for diets C or S. In animals receiving diet S there was no relationship between the concentrations of minerals, the pH or buffering capacity and the pattern of fermentation except for ammonia, the concentration of which was high when the molar proportion of propionic acid was low.4. Rumen volume, outflow rate and clearance rate, determined using polyethylene glycol, were higher for diet F than for diets C and S but within each diet, particularly for diet S, values varied considerably between sheep and between periods.5. There was evidence of an interrelationship between the molar proportion of propionic acid in the fermentation products and the clearance rate, which indicated that the clearance rate may be an important factor influencing the pattern of fermentation in the rumen.
Energy balance and metabolic rate in preterm infants fed with standard and high-energy formulas
Authors: Brooke O.G. 
Published: May 2005

1. Energy balances were performed on sixteen low birth weight preterm infants over 7–10 d periods on a standard low-solute infant formula (2600 kJ/l), and on four high-energy formulas, providing different energy densities up to 3760 kJ/l. In two of the high-energy formulas the additional fat energy was provided by peanut oil, and in the other two by medium chain triglycerides (MCT). Anthropometric measurements and metabolic rate (MR) determinations were made during the balance periods.2. Mean energy retention on the standard formula was 66% of the intake and declined to below 50% on the two feeds providing the highest energy. Extensive energy balance data on the standard formula are available for reference.3. Net absorption of dietary energy increased on all the high-energy formulas, rising from 362 kJ/kg per d on the standard formula to 453 kJ/kg per d on the highest energy-formula (P< 0.001). There was no advantage in using MCT.4. Net absorption of dietary energy improved with advancing maturity, irrespective of the formula.5. In spite of the increased dietary energy retention, there was no increase in growth rate during periods of feeding with the high-energy formulas.6. Fasting and postprandial MR increased by 10.4 and 12.8% respectively on the highest energy feeds.7. It is concluded that, at least in the short term, this type of high-energy feeding increases MR at the expense of growth and thus is probably of no advantage to the infant.
Studies on copper and cobalt in dairy calves
Authors: Maro J. K. , Kategile J. A. , Hvidsten H. 
Published: May 2005

1. Studies on the effect of supplementing copper and cobalt were conducted in 4- to 10-month-old dairy calves during successive indoor and outdoor feeding periods on conserved forges and fresh pastures respectively.2. No significant differences in live-weight gains or serum Cu were recorded during the indoor period of 40 d.3. Both live-weight gains and serum Cu were significantly elevated (P< 0.05) by Cu supplementation during the following grazing period of 70 d.4. Supplementation with Co alone had no effect on any of the measurements taken, but it had an additive effect on weight gains to Cu supplementation during the grazing period.5. It is concluded that Cu deficiency at marginal level is prevalent in the Mbeya area of Tanzania and that this is due to low Cu and high molybdenum in herbage.
The effect of restricted grazing on the fatty acid composition of ovine rnilk fat during early lactation
Authors: Payne E. , Rattray P. V. 
Published: May 2005

1. The fatty acid composition of milk fat of Coopworth sheep offered varying pasture allowances has been determined after 1, 14 and 35 d of lactation. Differences in fatty acids occurred, particularly between 1 and 14 d, with a major increase in C18:0 whilst C16:0, C14:0 and C18:3 showed decreases.2. When pasture allowances were restricted there were decreases in the short-chain fatty acids from C6 to C14 and an increase in C18:1 as has been observed previously for cattle. The C18:1:C10 value is a convenient measure of these changes and can be determined more rapidly than determining all the lower fatty acids.3. The increased demand for milk resulting from suckling twin lambs caused an increase in C18:1 and decreases in C10 and C12 due to an increased utilization of body reserves.4. The level of linoleic acid was much greater than has been previously observed in sheep given hay and contributes to the rapid rise in linoleic acid levels in lambs born under grazing conditions.
Metabolic effects of a low-magnesium diet in pigs
Authors: Nuoranne P. J. , Raunio R. P. , Saukko P. , Karppanen H. 
Published: May 2005

1. Pigs were fed on semi-purified food. The magnesium content of the experimental diet was 1·0 and that of the control diet 1·9 g/kg.2. In the low-Mg group serum triglycerides and blood lactate values were increased and base excess and standard bicarbonate values were decreased, indicating metabolic acidosis.3. A significant positive dependence was found between blood pH and serum Mg:Ca value as well as between blood pH and serum Mg, and also between body temperature and blood lactate values in the low-Mg group. None of these dependences was significant in the control group with magnesium acetate supplementation in the food.4. No specific histopathological changes were found in heart, liver or kidney of the experimental animals.5. The results indicate that an increase in serum triglycerides does not need to depend on the amount or quality of food fat.6. The present study shows that, in pigs, a low-Mg diet may cause metabolic disturbances in instances when the food Mg content is distinctly higher than the normal values recommended by the (UK) Agricultural Research Council (1966) and (US) National Research Council (1968).
Variations through the day of hepatic and muscular cathepsin A (carboxypeptidase A;EC3.4.12.2), C (dipeptidyl peptidase;EC3.4.14.1) and D (endopeptidase D;EC3.4.23.5) activities and fee amino acids of blood in rats: influence of feeding schedule
Authors: Arnal Christiane Obled M. , Valin C. 
Published: May 2005

1. Growing rats were fed eitherad lib.or with six (equal) meals offered every 4 h (form 10.00 hours). Rats of each group were killed at intervals of 4 h begining at 11.00 hours. Activities of cathepsin A (carboxy-peptidase A;EC3.4. 12. 2), C (dipeptidyl peptidase;EC3.4.14.1) and D (endopeptidase DEC3.4.23.5) were measured in liver and muscle homogenates and free amino acids in blood were determined.2. In the rats fedad lib.activities of carboxypeptidase A and endopeptidase D in liber and muscle showed significant variation, with maximum activity in the light period. In general, meal-feeding only caused minor differences in cathepsin activities; although significant differences occurred for carboxypeptidase A. For the latter enzyme a peak in activity occurred in the dark as well as in the light period.3. Irrespective of the feeding schedule, the lower concentration of free essential amino acids of blood occurred generally during the night period. With the controlled-feeding schedule there is an increase of essential amino acids and a slight decrease of non-essential amino acids of blood.
The effect of level of food intake on the incorporation of acetate into lipids and its distribution among various tissues in sheep
Authors: Broad T. E. , Ulyatt M. J. 
Published: May 2005

1. Romney wethers were infused intravenously with [2-14C]acetate for 5 d during which time they were given, three/group, different amounts of lucerne(Medicago sativaL.) chaff. The groups and the amounts fed were: MS, 700 g but starved during the infusion period; M, 700 g throughout; 1.3 M, 950 g throughout; AL,ad lib.throughout.2. On day 4 of the infusion, the oxygen consumption, and production rate of expired14CO2were measured. At the end of the infusion, the sheep were killed and the amounts of radioactivity in the lipids of various tissues wre determined.3. Significant differences were present between the specific activities of the tissues. The internal adipose tissues generally had higher specific activities than subcutaneous or intermuscular adipose depots. Although the intramuscular lipid also was highly labelled, the liver had the greatest specific activity.4. Food intake did not significantly affect this pattern of specific activity of labelling of the tissues.5. While most of the total lipid radioactivity was present in adipose tissues, the proportion in the liver increased to 40% during starvation.
The response of liver enzymes to feed restriction and subsequent adlib. feeding in the laying hen
Authors: Pearce J. 
Published: May 2005

1. The effects of restricted feeding, andad lib.feeding following food restriction, on hepatic carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in the laying hen were studied.2. The birds were allocated to four groups and given either 92, 84 or 75 g/d or allowedad lib.access to food.3. Food restriction significantly reduced liver total lipid content compared withad lib.-fed control birds and this was reflected in reduced hepatic lipogenic enzyme activities.4. When birds from the restricted regimens were allowed free access to food they intially consumed more food than the control group but after 2 weeks ofad lib.feeding the food consumptions of the birds in all the groups were similar.5. Concomitant with the increase in food intake there were also increases in liver lipid content and hepatic lipogenic enzyme activities. After 18 d ofad lib.feeding these measurements were similar in the previously restricted birds and thead lib.-fed control group.6. Despite these effects on lipid metabolism, food restriction, and the subsequent release from food restriction, had no significant effects on the specific activities of the glycolytic enzymes examined.7. Although there were large increases in liver lipid content following release from feed restriction no birds died from, or showed any of the symptoms of, fatty liver-haemorrhagic syndrome. This suggests that, in the absence of any other factor which may be involved in the syndrome, these high liver lipid contents were not, alone, sufficient to cause FLHS. The results also indicate that free access to food following food restriction is unlikely to be a major factor in initiating the syndrome.
The effects of diet on some metabolic enzymes in the small intestinal mucosa during lactation in the rat
Authors: Palmer Maureen F. , Rolls B. A. 
Published: May 2005

1. Five groups of rats were investigated: (a) unmated rats allowed free access to a commercial stock rodent diet (NP group); (b) rats in the second week of lactation allowed free access to the stock diet; (c) rats in the second week of lactation allowed only that amount of the stock diet eaten by the NP group; (d) rats in the second week of lactation allowed that amount of the stock diet eaten by the NP group and in addition free access to a high-energy, protein-free supplement; (e) rats in the second week of lactation allowed that amount of the stock diet eaten by the NP group and in addition free access to a protein supplement.2. The weight and length of the small intestine, the mucosal content of protein and of DNA and the mucosal activities of alkaline phosphatase (EC3.1.3.1), acid phosphatase (EC3.1.3.2), isocitric de- hydrogenase (NADP+)(EC1.1.1.42)and glucose-6-phosphatase (EC3.1.3.9) were measured in individual animals.3. For the factors investigated it was, with few exceptions, found that: there were markedly higher values in lactating animals allowed unrestricted access to food than in unmated animals; in restricted lactating animals the values were considerably lower than in unrestricted lactating rats and often similar to those in unmated animals; supplements of dietary energy restored none or only a proportion of the in- creases usually found in lactation but a protein supplement restored most or all these increases. Reasons for departure from this general picture on the part of some factors are discussed.4. The results presented here support the view that changes found in lactation are hormonally induced but governed by nutrient availability, that protein is the important nutrient raw material but that dietary energy can support some changes probably by a ‘protein-sparing’ effect. Some changes appear to be less susceptible to the effects of dietary restriction, whether of protein or total energy. It is suggested that the additional nutrients eaten by unrestricted lactating rats permit the development of more, but less mature, enterocy tes.
The degradation of nucleic acids in, and the removal of breakdown products from the small intestines of steers
Authors: McAllan A. B. 
Published: May 2005

1. Nucleic acids and breakdown products were estimated in digesta taken from different sites in the small intestines of slaughtered steers given different diets. Amounts passing different sites were compared using cellulose as a non-digestible marker. The validity of this marker was checked with chromic oxide in some experiments. In other experiments, nucleic acids or derivatives were infused into the proximal duodenum of steers receiving diets of approximately equal proportions of flaked maize and hay. The amounts disappearing during passage through the small intestine were estimated using polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a non- absorbable marker.2. In the slaughter experiments the amounts of nucleic acids entering the small intestine varied with the type of diet. RNA and DNA disappeared on average, to extents of 89% and 80% respectively between the abomasum and the terminal ileum, irrespective of the diet. RNA disappearance occurred almost entirely in the proximal quarter of the small intestine, whereas that of DNA extended further along the tract.3. Nucleic acid degradation in the upper small intestine was accompanied by the transient appearance of adenosine, guanosine and pyrimidine nucleosides. These products were in greatest concentration in digesta from the first quarter of the small intestine and had generally completely disappeared by the terminal ileum.4. Of the different substances infused into the small intestine, free nucleic acids were removed to extents greater than 97%, adenine, guanine and uracil had completely disappeared, thymine and xanthine to approximately 80% and 95% and hypoxanthine and cytosine to only 51% and 48% respectively. The nucleosides adenosine and cytidine were also completely removed in the small intestine but were replaced, in part, by the catabolic products inosine plus hypoxanthine or cytosine respectively. Other nucleosides were removed to approximately half the extent of the corresponding bases.5. Serum and urine allantoin and uric acid levels were related to the amounts of purines entering the small intestines in free or bound form.
Role of vitamin E in the aetiology of phrynoderma (follicular hyperkeratosis) and its interrelationship with B-complex vitamins
Authors: Nadiger H. A. 
Published: May 2005

1. A study was undertaken to investigate the role of vitamin E in the aetiology of phrynoderma (follicular hyperkeratosis). Fifty-six children with the disease and twenty-one normal children were investigated for this purpose.2. Plasma vitamin E levels (mean±SE; mg/l) were found to be low in phrynoderma (3.7±0.19) in contrast with normal children (6.6±0.40) and therapy with a combination of vitamin E and B-complex brought about complete cure.3. The increase in plasma vitamin E levels after the administration of vitamin E at a dose of 100 mg three times daily for 4 weeks was higher than that obtained when vitamin E at the same dose was administered together with vitamin B-complex for 4 weeks, suggesting an interaction between the two vitamins. Further studies are necessary to find out the exact nature of this interrelationship.
Synthesis of DNA as shown by the deoxyuridine suppression test is normal in the vitamin B12-deficient fruit bat (Rosettus Aegyptiacus)
Authors: Miller Hedva , Fernandes-Costa F. , Metz J. 
Published: May 2005

1. DNA synthesis in the bone marrow and lymphocytes of the vitamin B12-deficient fruit bat (Rosettus Aegyptiacus) has been studied via the deoxyuridine (dU) suppression test.2. In contrast to vitamin B12deficiency in man, the dU suppression test was not abnormal in the vitamin B12-deficient bat, and this correlates with the reported finding that the latter does not develop megaloblastic anaemia.3. The protection of haemopeiesis from vitamin B12deficiency in the bat is probably related to the presence in the bat of separate pools of methylfolate and tetrahydrofolate, which enables the bat to overcome the trapping of methylfolate attendant on vitamin B12deficiency.4. These results confirm the central role of the vitamin B12and folate-dependent pathway ofde novosynthesis of DNA in the pathogenesis of vitamin B12-deficient megaloblastic anaemia.
Frequency distributions of mean daily intakes of food energy and selected nutrients obtained during nutrition surveys of Merent groups of people in Great Britain between 1968 and 1971
Authors: Darke Sylvia J. , Disselduff Molly M. , Try G. P. 
Published: May 2005

1. Nutrition surveys were made in Great Britain between 1968 and 1971 of 1321 pre-schoolchildren aged 6 months to 4.5 years, 321 primary schoolchildren (10–11 years), 178 secondary schoolchildren (14–15 years), 792 secondary schoolchildren (14–15 years), 435 women in the second trimester of pregnancy, 443 elderly people (65–74 years), 384 elderly people (75 years and over).2. The studies included a 7 d weighed dietary record and all subjects except some of the pre-schoolchildren were medically assessed for evidence of malnutrition. Among the children there were no clinical signs of undernutrition, 4% of the boys and 7% of the girls were described as obese. In the survey of elderly people 3% were malnourished but in each case malnutrition was associated with clinical disease.3. Percentage frequency distribution curves of mean daily intakes (averaged for 7 d) were obtained for total food energy, total protein, animal protein, fat, carbohydrate, calcium, iron, retinol, thiamin, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, pyridoxine, vitamin C and vitamin D.4. Comparison of the distribution of food energy intakes with 1969 recommendations (Department of Health and Social Security, 1969) showed that the mean of the distribution was less than the 1969 recommendation for energy. From the age of 12 months, results indicated that males had larger intakes of food energy than females.5. Comparison of the distributions for protein, Ca, Fe, retinol, thiamin, riboflavin and vitamin C with the recommendations for these nutrients revealed that appreciable numbers of people had intakes less than the recommendations without signs of malnutrition.
Dietary chromium intake of lactating Finnish mothers: effect on the Cr content of their breast milk
Authors: Kumpulainen Jorma , Vuori Erkki , Mäkinen Seija , Kara Raija 
Published: May 2005

1. The chromium in the diets of lactating Finnish mothers and of their breast milk was determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption.2. The average maternal diet was estimated to provide approximately 30 μg Cr/d. Breast milk samples had a mean Cr content of 0.4 ng/ml, with a range of 0.1g-06g ng/ml.3. Cr intake of the lactating mothers did not correlate with the corresponding breast milk Cr concentration.4. The diets and the breast milk of these Finnish mothers were lower in Cr than those of any other population studied in the world.
Chronic cardiac beriberi in a former prisoner of the Japanese
Authors: Gill G. V. , Henry L. , Reid H. A. 
Published: May 2005

1. A case is described of an Englishman who suffered severe ‘wet beriberi’ whilst a prisoner of war (POW) of the Japanese in World War II.2. Following release he developed a congestive cardiomyopathy which increased in severity until his death 31 years after repatriation.3. Autopsy findings were consistent with chronic cardiac damage due to beriberi.