bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
William Empson
Authors: Haffenden John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
William Empson was the foremost English literary critic of the twentieth century. He was a man of huge energy and curiosity, and a genuine eccentric who remained imperturbable in the face of all the extraordinary circumstances in which he found himself. The discovery of contraceptives in his possession by a bedmaker at Cambridge University led to his being robbed of a promised Fellowship. Yet Seven Types of Ambiguity, drafted while he was still an undergraduate, promptly brought him world-wide fame. Empson invented modern literary criticism in English. He acted too as a cultural fifth-columnist, challenging received doctrine in life and literature. ‘It is a very good thing for a poet … to be saying something which is considered very shocking at the time,’ he maintained. ‘To become morally independent of one’s formative society … is the grandest theme of all literature, because it is the only means of moral progress.’ His public life took him through many of the major political events of the modern world — the rise of imperialism in Japan, the Sino-Japanese war in China, wartime propaganda for the BBC, and the Chinese civil war and Communist takeover of Peking in 1949. His friends and critical sparring partners included I. A. Richards, Kathleen Raine, J. B. S. Haldane, Humphrey Jennings, George Orwell, Robert Lowell, Dylan Thomas, Stephen Spender, Helen Gardner, and T. S. Eliot. ‘It is of great importance now that writers should try to keep a certain world-mindedness,’ he insisted. ‘Without the literatures you cannot have a sense of history, and history is like the balancing-pole of the tightrope-walker … ; and nowadays we very much need the longer balancing-pole of not national but world history.’ His passionate world-mindedness, and his humanism, combativeness, and wit, are fully in evidence in this, the first of two volumes exploring his remarkable life and work.
Socrates’ Mission
Authors: Klosko George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plato’s political theory had its origin in the mission of moral reform undertaken by Socrates, which is described in the Apology and depicted in a number of the early dialogues. We see that the development of Plato’s political thought is complex. Though he remained faithful to certain aspects of the end Socrates sought—though not others—Plato was forced to reject Socrates’ means as inadequate to attain that end. Plato eventually came to question some of Socrates’ basic assumptions, especially psychological ones, and this led to major changes throughout his political theory. In examining the Socrates of Plato’s early dialogues, then, we must pay special attention to three things: (a) the end Socrates sought; (b) the means he employed; and (c) certain basic assumptions he made, especially concerning moral psychology, that enabled him to proceed in his inimitable fashion. We discuss Socratic psychology in detail in the next chapter. This chapter will be devoted to Socrates’ end and means.
The Current Significance of Risk
Authors: Taylor-Gooby Peter , Zinn Jens O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Risk is to do with uncertainties: possibilities, chances, or likelihoods of events, often as consequences of some activity or policy. As such, risk has always accompanied the development of human society (Sahlins 1974; Garnsey 1988; Gallant 1991). Harvest failure, pestilence, migrations, new currents in religion, technological developments, and the unforeseen consequences of urbanization have all exerted a powerful and typically unpredicted influence on the problems and difficulties we face.
The image of law in Politics Among Nations
Authors: Jütersonke Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Interest in ‘classical’ variants of the realist school in IR theory has recently gone beyond realism’s typical functions of acting as a surrogate for qualifying standard arguments and providing a convenient point of departure from which to launch one’s own diverging theory or approach. By and large, this renewed substantive appeal stems from a dissatisfaction with the way mainstream schools of thought in IR (broadly categorized into neorealist, constructivist, and liberal-institutionalist approaches) fail to pay enough attention to the production of foreign policy, from the sense that rational choice approaches are unable to adequately explain cooperation, and from an overall feeling that in the face of a single super-power waging a ‘war on terror’, IR theory requires a return to ethics and insights from the humanities.
The balance of power in Politics Among Nations
Authors: Little Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although Morgenthau is regularly identified as the father of modern realism, and the precursor of neoclassical realism, there have been few systematic attempts to unpack the theory that is embedded in his central text Politics Among Nations.2 The more prevalent tendency has been to ransack the text, looking for quotations that expose a reductionist view of politics. Donnelly, for example, draws on selected quotations to identify Morgenthau as a biological realist.
Mapping Policy Preferences ii
Authors: Klingemann Hans-dieter , Volkens Andrea , Bara Judith L , Budge Ian , McDonald Michael d. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is probably the most important source of evidence published up to now on the consolidation of democracy in Eastern Europe. It provides estimates of party positions, voter preferences and government policy from election programmes collected systematically for 51 countries from 1990 onwards. Time-series are presented in the text. This also reports party life histories (essential to over time analyses) and provides updated and newly validated vote statistics. All this information and much more is available on the devoted website described in the book. The final chapter gives instructions on how to access the data on your own computer. For comparative purposes, similar estimates of policy and preferences are given for CEE, OECD and EU countries. These estimates update the prize-winning data set covered in Mapping Policy Preferences: Estimates for Parties, Electors and Governments 1945-1998 - also published by OUP. A must-buy for all commentators, students and analysts of democracy, in Eastern Europe and the world.
Optimum Experimental Designs, with SAS
Authors: Atkinson A C , Donev A N , Tobias R D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Experiments on patients, processes or plants all have random error, making statistical methods essential for their efficient design and analysis. This book presents the theory and methods of optimum experimental design, making them available through the use of SAS programs. Little previous statistical knowledge is assumed. The first part of the book stresses the importance of models in the analysis of data and introduces least squares fitting and simple optimum experimental designs. The second part presents a more detailed discussion of the general theory and of a wide variety of experiments. The book stresses the use of SAS to provide hands-on solutions for the construction of designs in both standard and non-standard situations. The mathematical theory of the designs is developed in parallel with their construction in SAS, so providing motivation for the development of the subject. Many chapters cover self-contained topics drawn from science, engineering and pharmaceutical investigations, such as response surface designs, blocking of experiments, designs for mixture experiments and for nonlinear and generalized linear models. Understanding is aided by the provision of “SAS tasks” after most chapters as well as by more traditional exercises and a fully supported website. The authors are leading experts in key fields and this book is ideal for statisticians and scientists in academia, research and the process and pharmaceutical industries.
Experiments With Both Qualitative And Quantitative Factors
Authors: Atkinson A C , Donev A N , Tobias R D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with the design of experiments when the response depends on both qualitative and quantitative factors. For instance, in Example 1.2 there are two quantitative variables, naphthenic oil and filler level, and one qualitative variable, kind of filler, taking three levels because as many fillers were used in the experiment. Likewise, an experiment on a new drug may involve the quantitative factors of composition and dosage as well as the qualitative factor of mode of administration (orally or by injection).
Transgenerational Justice-Compensatory Versus Interpretative Approaches*
Authors: Loury Glenn C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Should African Americans, in keeping with an idea of transgenerational justice, receive ‘reparations’ for the historical crimes of slavery and Jim Crow segregation? That question is being asked with growing intensity across America. If one understands by reparations the receipt of financial transfers as compensation for historical crimes, my answer to this question is a resounding, ‘No: On the other hand, if one intends by such advocacy to urge on the American people a sober reflection on and reinterpretation of those aspects of our history which gave rise to the current extent of unequal social and economic standing between racially defined subgroups of American society, my answer is a tentative, hopeful, ‘Yes’.
chapter 12Uninterpretable Features in Syntactic Evolution
Authors: Uriagereka Juan 
Published: November 2023

AbstractAs all of you know, every time I listen to a talk by Randy Gallistel, I think I have made a career mistake – I should have studied a different animal. But anyway, in the interests of interdisciplinarity, I will talk about human animals, in particular a puzzle that arises in them when considered from the minimalist viewpoint. This might offer a perspective that could be interesting for the general issues of evolution and cognition that we have been discussing.
Conclusion
Authors: Chomsky Noam 
Published: November 2023

AbstractFirst of all, I’m here over my own strong objections. When I saw the program I wrote to Massimo and said that I’m not the right person to do this so somebody else ought to, and I suggested that he ought to because he’s the one person who covers all of these topics and I don’t. But he’s very persuasive, so I fell for it, and that just made it even worse. He said I should go on as long as I liked. My children used to have a line; if they asked a question they used to say, “Please, just the five-minute lecture.” So I’ll just go on until you shut me up.
Policy Performance and Support for European Integration
Authors: Mikhaylov Slava , Marsh Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Following Easton ‘s conceptual framework discussed in the introductory chapter, a hierarchical relationship exists between three objects of support: output support, support for institutions, and support for the community. The latter two objects of support are examined in turn in two subsequent chapters on trust in European political institutions and the relationship between citizenship and identity in the European Community. This chapter focuses on the first object of support – support derived from the accrued material benefits of EU membership.
In Conclusion: The Legitimacy of the European Union after Enlargement
Authors: Thomassen Jacques 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this volume we have tried to assess the legitimacy of the European Union (EU) after enlargement using two different methods. The first method involves evaluating the functioning of the political system of the EU against a set of criteria deduced from the normative theory of democracy and more specifically from the model of party government. This model has the major advantage in that it can be formulated as a number of requirements that can be used as benchmarks to assess the quality of a system of political representation. In the first part of the book (Chapters 2 through 5) we systematically evaluated to what extent the system of political representation of the EU meets the requirements of the party governmentmodel. In the next section we summarize our findings with regard to each of these requirements.
pessimistic realism and realistic pessimism
Authors: Dienstag Joshua Foa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Realism’ and ‘Pessimism’ are two words that exist in a strangely symbiotic relation with one another on a scale of respectability that neither quite wants to admit. ‘Pessimism’ is an expression often deployed to denigrate realism. It functions as a term of abuse to transform the clear-eyed into the sour-faced. Realists are always fighting off accusations of pessimism and insisting that, like the weatherman forecasting a hurricane, they merely fulfil their moral duty to offer an accurate account of a dire situation. Doubtless realists resent those who accuse them of pessimism. Yet perhaps they do not always mind the implied threat that the term carries, as if pessimism were the dangerous elder sibling that a realist might keep in reserve in case his or her predictions were insufficiently respected.
Pariah Politics
Authors: Saggar Shamit 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pariah Politics breaks new ground in examining the issue of western Islamist extremism from the perspective of government. It links underlying causes to the capacity of governments to respond directly and to influence others. The book contains four main messages. Focusing on causes, not symptoms. The book identifies four big causal drivers: settled disadvantage, social isolation, grievance and oppositional cultures, and the volatile dynamics of global Islam. Governments can hope to influence the first two, using existing and innovative policy levers. The scope to make big changes in the latter two is severely limited. The circle of tacit support. Action by government to counter terrorism has relied too heavily on security policy measures to intercept or disrupt men of violence. This emphasis is misplaced. Though important, this fails to address the moral oxygen for violence and confrontation that exists within Muslim communities. Better focus and better levers. Ministers and officials need to think and act smart. They need to push ahead with social inclusion policies to broaden opportunity. They need to make more use of community-based strategies to isolate extremism. They need to promote civil society actions so that affected communities can take control of their own reputational future. And, they desperately need to avoid making things worse. Reputations matter. The pariah status of western Muslims has worsened by the fallout from terrorism. Few have anything good to say about western Muslims; still fewer can imagine an optimistic future. Yet earlier demonised groups, such as Jews or Asian refugees, have overcome significant hurdles, moving from pariahs to paragons. A credible willingness to tackle extremism is the most important first step to a reputational turnaround.
Setting up - equipment for laboratory fermentation
Authors: McNeil Brian , Harvey Linda M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When considering the setting up of a laboratory for fermentation, a number of points should be kept in mind. Scale of operation. Clearly, at the bench-top scale (up to 3 litres volume), little additional adaptation would be required in a standard microbiology laboratory. Many of the items of ancillary equipment, such as tubing, clamps, pumps, and shakers, are common to all scales of operation. Larger-volume fermenters (usually mounted on skids, trolleys, or frames) require more extensive preplanning of the operational area. Such fermenters, from 5-50 litres working volume, might well be termed research scale; anything larger would come into the category of a small pilot plant. Research- or laboratory-scale fermenters will be covered in more depth in Chapter 2.
Sterilization
Authors: Kent C A , Dawson M K , Hearle D C , Weale D J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whether the purpose is for academic research, process or product development, or some other use, laboratory fermentations will generally be carried out in a controlled environment. This must provide for the growth of the desired organism or organisms and the production of a desired product. Sterilization is usually a vital part of the overall fermentation procedure enabling these objectives to be met. In this chapter, we shall outline the range of sterilization options available and factors affecting the choice of an option, along with the major procedures to be followed in preparing for and carrying out the sterilization. Whereas the scope of the applications envisaged is intended to be as wide as possible, the emphasis of this chapter will be on monoseptic microbiological fermentations, or at least those involving a defined microbial population.
Morphological stages of postimplantation Embryonic development
Authors: Kaufman Matthew H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The principal aim of this chapter is to present a comprehensive account of embryonic development during the postimplantation period, using scanning electron micrographs to illustrate external morphology, and histological sections to show internal structure. A brief description of the methods used to prepare the wax histological sections is included; techniques for scanning electron microscopy are described in Chapter 6.
High-resolution 1H and 13C NMR
Authors: Gunstone Frank D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is intended to show how structural information can be obtained from high-resolution 1H and 13C NMR spectra of fatty compounds. There is no description of NMR theory or of the instruments required to produce spectra. It is assumed that the researcher has obtained a spectrum and wants to know what information can be derived from it. The following discussion is based on the results obtained with a 200-300 mHz field for 1H spectra and the ability to enhance 13C spectra when required. 1H spectra contain less information than 13C spectra but the former provide better quantitative data. The quantitative aspects of a 13C spectrum can be improved by adjusting delay times and/or by the addition of chemicals which promote relaxation.
Selection of Variants of Antibodies and other Protein Molecules Using Display on the Surface of Bacteriophage Fd
Authors: Jackson Ronald H , Mccafferty John , Johnson Kevin S , Pope Anthony R , Roberts Andrew J , Chiswell David J , Clackson Timothy P , Griffiths Andrew D , Hoogenboom, Hennie R , Winter Greg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1. Introduction In recent years, recombinant DNA technology has allowed the generation of cloned genes for large numbers of closely related proteins. The researcher then faces the problem of selecting, from a population, a gene encoding a protein with desired properties. An example of wide interest is the isolation of specific antibodies from libraries of cloned antibody genes, derived using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), from immunized or non-immunized animals. Also, random mutagenesis techniques can be used to make large numbers of derivatives of a cloned protein, from which a variant with desired improved characteristics needs to be selected. Display of protein molecules on the surface of bacteriophage (1) provides a powerful method of selecting a desired protein, from a mixture of closely related proteins, together with the gene encoding it. This ability to co-select proteins and their genes has been exploited to enable the isolation of high-affinity antigen-specific antibodies derived from an immunized mouse (2).
Immunological detection of aflatoxin B1-DNA and AFB1-serum albumin adducts in rat and human tissues
Authors: Harrison Joanne C , Carvajal Magda , Garner R Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites of the moulds Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus and are commonly found as food contaminants. Toxin production is favoured by the warm, moist environments of tropical and subtropical countries and is enhanced still further by poor crop storage. The aflatoxins pose a hazard to populations in the West through the consumption and, in the case of dust-producing crops,2 the handling of contaminated food. There is also evidence that Westerners are exposed to aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in dairy products and meat from cattle fed aflatoxincontaminated grain.
Inverse polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Silver Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The PCR method requires the use of primers complementary to opposite strands of DNA and oriented so that primer extension proceeds 5’ to 3’ from each primer towards the other primer. The essential consequence of this configuration is that newly synthesized DNA strands contain a binding site for the opposite primer at their 3’-ends. Primer extension products can then serve as templates in the next round of DNA synthesis, and repeated cycles of melting, annealing, and primer extension lead to exponential amplification of the segment of DNA encompassing the two primers.
General applications of PCR to gene cloning and manipulation
Authors: Clackson Tim , Güssow Detlef , Jones Peter T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most common applications of PCR is the extraction and manipulation of genes or gene families of known sequence. Such genes can be accessed directly from crude DNA or RNA sources, and amplified by one of a variety of PCR techniques to obtain a suitable product. Subsequent molecular engineering and clone screening steps can also largely be replaced with PCR-based approaches that afford major savings in time, effort, and cost. In particular, DNA segments can be spliced together precisely without the need for convenient restriction sites opening up new possibilities. Of the various ‘PCR engineering’ techniques that have recently been reported, we have chosen to concentrate on those that are in frequent and successful use in our laboratory. Examples are taken from our experience of cloning immunoglobulin V-region gene segments, and in manipulating whole antibody genes.
Semi-quantitative PCR for the analysis of gene expression
Authors: Dallman Margaret J , Porter Andrew C G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is an invaluable technique for the analysis of gene expression since mRNA reverse transcribed into cDNA may be subjected to conventional PCR amplification. This is particularly useful when analysing low abundance mRNAs or when limiting amounts of material are available (see Chapter 10). For certain situations there is clearly a need for an approach that will quantitate the amount of a particular mRNA in the initial sample. Despite the sometimes unpredictable quantities of material obtained in PCR, two methods have been reported for the quantitation of mRNA. In both methods, an internal standard target sequence, which may be either DNA or RNA, is used as a control although clearly the use of RNA rather than DNA provides a control not only for the amplification, but also for cDNA synthesis.