bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The importance of experimental design in detecting the effects of protection measures on fish in Mediterranean MPAs
Authors: Guidetti P. 
Published: November 2002

Abstract
Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are currently proliferating in the Mediterranean Sea. The assessment of their role in the protection and recovery of overexploited fish populations, however, is not yet completely supported by an adequate body of scientific evidence. This is in part because the number of studies that unambiguously assess changes induced by protection is limited.
Sampling to detect and measure the expected effects of protection on commercial fish (e.g. increase in mean abundance and size) is made difficult by intrinsic natural spatial and temporal variability. Ideally, temporal replication before and after the establishment of MPAs is necessary for estimating the average conditions in time. Spatial replication of control locations, on the other hand, is essential to prevent confusion in interpreting a difference between protected and unprotected locations. Until now, the basic requirements for appropriate experimental designs in MPAs were seldom satisfied, especially in the Mediterranean region.
In the present paper, an ideal experimental design aimed at overcoming many of the confounding influences that could result in misinterpretations of the results is considered, with a discussion of implications of applying less and less appropriate designs because of pragmatic constraints. Experimental design should thus be adapted to each individual MPA under study on the basis of the specific constraints that researchers face (e.g. ‘before’ (i.e. pre‐designation) data are lacking; there is a single or more than one protected locations).
The issues related to MPAs, chiefly in the Mediterranean region, need to be considered to enable the identification of unambiguous hypotheses prior to sampling, based on clear logical structures. The importance of appropriate sampling and the subsequent interpretation of data would progressively reduce the degree of uncertainty of environmental analyses about the effects of MPAs on fish, with important implications for their management and further proliferation.
Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Floodplains of a regulated southern alpine river (Brenno, Switzerland): ecological assessment and conservation options
Authors: Brunke M. 
Published: November 2002

Abstract
The fifth‐order southern alpine Brenno River and its floodplains are severely impaired by embankments, water abstractions and the construction of dams for hydropower generation. The river's annual mean discharge is reduced to 27% of the natural flow and the number of small (50–100 m3 s−1) and medium‐sized (101–150 m3 s−1) floods is reduced significantly.
Lateral hydrological connectivity has decreased strongly as a result of the flow regulation, whereas the significance of vertical connectivity has increased. The remnants of the middle and lower floodplains still contain springbrooks, ponds, and intermittently connected channels, which are all sustained by emerging groundwater.
Aquatic floodplain habitats can be classified partially by faunal composition. The lotic/lentic gradient appears to be a dominant compound factor structuring invertebrate assemblages when considering all aquatic habitats. The exfiltration of groundwater in conjunction with a reduced lateral connectivity enables the occurrence of many stenotopic species.
A comparison of present floodplains with those shown on historical maps shows that the fluvial landscape has changed markedly. The proportions of functional floodplain units characterized by autogenic succession and trends to late successional stages (i.e. senescence) have increased.
Floodplains of the Brenno river are still considered to represent important ecological areas and they are protected by law. Whilst the legislative protection of floodplains is the basis for conservation, this does not include the restoration of driving hydrological processes. An annual release of small‐ and medium‐sized floods could generate a diversity of disturbances, thereby promoting rejuvenation and counteracting senescence.
Alternative conservation options that circumvent ongoing contracts of water use, though generally promising, are limited because of the operation of hydropower schemes. At present the exfiltrations of groundwater mitigate the impacts of flow regulation on the ecological integrity of the floodplains.
Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variation in Langerhans cell number and morphology between the upper and lower regions of the human esophageal epithelium
Authors: Zavala Walther D. , De Simone Dino Sanchez , Sacerdote Fabio L. , Cavicchia Juan C. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractLangerhans cells (LCs) are dendritic components of stratified epithelia, presenting antigens to other cells of the immune system that play a crucial role in local defense. The paucity of information about their significance in the esophageal mucosa was addressed by studying their distribution and morphology in this particular location. LCs were identified by immunohistochemical detection of CD1a, a cell‐specific marker, using a monoclonal antibody, as well as by electron microscopic identification of characteristic Birbeck granules, among other typical morphological features. Cell counts carried out at 25 and 35 cm distal to the dental arch demonstrated significant differences in number and size between the two locations. The upper region contained 10.4 ± 0.8 cells (mean ± SEM) vs. 18.4 ± 1.4 cells in the lower region. Also, cells in the lower region were larger and appeared to have longer dendritic processes. To our knowledge this is the first report of regional differences in number and morphology of LCs in human esophageal mucosa. Anat Rec 268:360–364, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The structure of the conus arteriosus of the sturgeon (Acipenser naccarii) heart: II. The myocardium, the subepicardium, and the conus‐aorta transition
Authors: Icardo José M. , Colvee Elvira , Cerra Maria C. , Tota Bruno 
Published: November 2002

AbstractSturgeons constitute a family of living “fossil” fish whose heart is related to that of other ancient fish and the elasmobranches. We have undertaken a systematic study of the structure of the sturgeon heart aimed at unraveling the relationship between the heart structure and the adaptive evolutionary changes. In a related paper, data were presented on the conus valves and the subendocardium. Here, the structure of the conus myocardium, the subepicardial tissue, and the conus‐aorta transition were studied by conventional light, transmission, and scanning electron microscopy. In addition, actin localization by fluorescent phalloidin was used. The conus myocardium is organized into bundles whose spatial organization changes along the conus length. The variable orientation of the myocardial cell bundles may be effective in emptying the conus lumen during contraction and in preventing reflux of blood. Myocardial cell bundles are separated by loose connective tissue that contains collagen and elastin fibers, vessels, and extremely flat cells separating the cell bundles and enclosing blood vessels and collagen fibers. The ultrastructure of the myocardial cells was found to be very similar to that of other fish groups, suggesting that it is largely conservative. The subepicardium is characterized by the presence of nodular structures that contain lympho‐hemopoietic (thymus‐like) tissue in the young sturgeons and a large number of lymphocytes after the sturgeons reach sexual maturity. This tissue is likely implicated in the establishment and maintenance of the immune responses. The intrapericardial ventral aorta shows a middle layer of circumferentially oriented cells and internal and external layers with cells oriented longitudinally. Elastin fibers completely surround each smooth muscle cell, and the spaces between the different layers are occupied by randomly arranged collagen bundles. The intrapericardial segment of the ventral aorta is a true transitional segment whose structural characteristics are different from those of both the conus subendocardium and the rest of the ventral aorta. Anat Rec 268:388–398, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enhanced immunocytochemical expression of antioxidant enzymes in rat submandibular gland after normobaric oxygenation
Authors: Morita Miyako , Kudo Hideaki , Doi Yoshiaki , Hirano Takeshi , Ikemura Kunio , Fujimoto Sunao 
Published: November 2002

AbstractIn order to clarify the role of antioxidant enzymes in the male rat submandibular gland against short‐term normobaric oxygenation, we performed immunocytochemical staining of manganese‐containing superoxide dismutase (Mn‐SOD), copper‐ and zinc‐containing SOD (Cu/Zn‐SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione S‐transferases (GST alpha, GST mu, and GST pi) between days 1 and 7 after normobaric oxygenation. Ultrastructural alterations and immunoreactivities for malondialdehyde (MDA), a lipid peroxidation‐related molecule, of the acinar and ductal cells after the oxygenation were also investigated. Immunoreactivity for MDA was exhibited in the acinar cells throughout the experiment. On the other hand, immunoreactivity for the SODs, CAT, and GSTs was not altered, when compared to that of controls, but was significantly elevated in the granular, striated, and excretory ductal cells. Since an increase of lipid peroxidation as indicated by enhanced immunoreactivity for MDA was detected in the acinar and intercalated ductal cells, the results indicate that the enhanced antioxidant enzymes in the granular, striated, and excretory ductal cells play a crucial role in the self‐defense system of the male rat submandibular gland against normobaric oxygenation. Anat Rec 268:371–380, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microvascularization of the hypermineralized calcified fibrocartilage and cortical bone in the sheep proximal femur
Authors: Shea Jill E. , Hallows Rhett K. , Ricks Shannon , Bloebaum Roy D. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractIt is well known that the incidence of hip fractures is increasing as the population ages, and that vascularity is one of the most important characteristics for any tissue (the proximal femur being no exception). Additionally, calcified fibrocartilage from tendon and ligament insertions comprises a significant portion of the fractional area of the proximal femur's cortical shell. The goal of the present investigation was to quantify and compare the microvascularity of the cortical bone and calcified fibrocartilage of the proximal femur in a sheep model. There were no regional differences in the vascular density of the cortical bone. However, the calcified fibrocartilage from tendon and capsular insertions were determined to be avascular, and regions of the proximal femur with insertions lacked a vascularized periosteum. If a vessel was present in the calcified fibrocartilage, it was located within an isolated region of bone tissue or osteoid. Since blood vessels appear to be a significant contributor to the health and remodeling of mineralized tissue, it is hypothesized that the large areas of avascular calcified fibrocartilage present on the elderly femoral neck may predispose these regions to damage accumulation. Therefore future research should examine the role of the vascularity to the proximal femur in the mechanisms of numerous pathological conditions, such as avascular necrosis, osteopenia, and hip fractures. Anat Rec 268:365–370, 2002. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Qualitative and quantitative morphology of renal nerves in C57BL/6J mice
Authors: Fazan Valéria Paula Sassoli , Ma Xiuying , Chapleau Mark W. , Barreira Amilton Antunes 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe detailed morphology of the renal nerves in mice has not been reported previously. The aims of this study were to describe the general morphology of the extrinsic renal nerve in C57BL/6 mice, and determine its morphometric parameters. The major renal nerve innervating the left kidney was isolated in five mice. Thin sections of the nerve segments were then examined by transmission electron microscopy. The renal nerve averaged 35.4 ± 3.6 (S.E.M.) μm in diameter and 741 ± 104 μm in area. The renal nerve contained an average of 830 ± 169 unmyelinated fibers and only 4.6 ± 1.7 myelinated fibers. The axon diameter of myelinated and unmyelinated fibers averaged 2.2 ± 0.3 μm and 0.76 ± 0.02 μm, respectively. The diameter of the unmyelinated fibers ranged from 0.3 to 2.0 μm, and the distribution histogram was unimodal. The majority of fibers (85%) had diameters of 0.6–1.0 μm. These results are similar to those obtained for renal nerves of rats with respect to the predominance of unmyelinated fibers. However, the diameter of unmyelinated fibers is larger in rats and the distribution histogram of rat unmyelinated fibers is bimodal, in contrast to the unimodal distribution in mice. The morphological description of the renal nerves in mice provides baseline data for further investigations of the structural basis of altered autonomic reflexes. The results will be useful in analyses of genes that influence the development and structure of sympathetic and sensory innervation of the kidney in genetically manipulated mice. Anat Rec 268:399–404, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of the elastic fiber and associated proteins in flexor tendon reflects function
Authors: Ritty Timothy M. , Ditsios Konstantinos , Starcher Barry C. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe elastic fiber is known to be an important component of skin, lung, and vasculature. Much less is known about the distribution of elastin and elastic fiber‐related proteins in connective tissues, yet genetic defects of elastic fiber constituents can lead to deficiencies in these tissues. For the first time, we determine the distribution of elastin, fibrillins 1 and 2, and microfibril‐associated glycoproteins (MAGPs) 1 and 2 in the flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) tendon. Three functionally distinct regions of the FDP tendon, the fibrocartilagenous (FC) region, avascular/tensional (AV/T) region, and insertion region, were evaluated by immunohistochemical methods for these five proteins. Biochemical analysis of desmosine content, an elastin‐specific cross‐link, demonstrated the presence of elastin in each region, and this was verified histochemically. The fibrillins were found with elastin and also pericellularly with internal fibroblasts where elastin was not detected. Although there was overlapping distribution, fibrillin 2 was more prominent in the interior of the tendon while fibrillin 1 was prominent in outer cell layers that contained elastic fibers. Both MAGP‐1 and ‐2 were found throughout the tendon, although the greatest abundance was near the tendon insertion to bone. Surprisingly, MAGP‐1 demonstrated a filamentous appearance within the fibrocartilage that did not correspond to the fibrillin 1 or 2 or MAGP‐2 staining pattern. Lastly, we have shown that a vincular membrane located along the dorsal surface of the tendon near the insertion has a very high elastin content and a unique interface with the tendon that consists of an elastic anchor within the tendon body. Anat Rec 268:430–440, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Polarized light microscopic analyses of collagen fibers in the rat incisor periodontal ligament in relation to areas, regions, and ages
Authors: Komatsu Koichiro , Mosekilde Lis , Viidik Andrus , Chiba Mototsugu 
Published: November 2002

AbstractWe prepared decalcified sagittal sections (20 μm thick) from the incisal, middle, and basal regions of the mandibular incisor of male Wistar rats aged 2, 6, 12, and 24 months, and examined the sections using polarized light microscopy. Most of the birefringent fibers appeared to run obliquely across the periodontal ligament. Birefringent fibers running parallel to the long axis of the incisor were also found in the intermediate area of the ligament. Similar fiber architecture was observed in all four age groups. Quantitative analysis showed that the retardation values of collagen were higher in the bone‐ and tooth‐related areas and lower in the intermediate area of the ligament. The values for the bone‐ and tooth‐related areas increased from the basal toward the incisal regions in all four age groups. Age‐related changes in the retardation values were found only in the incisal region of the incisor. In the incisal region, the values for the bone‐ and tooth‐related areas increased markedly from 2–24 months of age, whereas those for the intermediate area increased slightly but significantly with age. Our findings indicate that the degrees of molecular organization and alignment of collagen fibers in the bone‐ and tooth‐related areas of the ligament are higher than those in the intermediate area and increase near the incisal region and with age. It is also suggested that the collagen fibers in the intermediate area remain immature along the long axis of the incisor throughout the life span of the animal. Anat Rec 268:381–387, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Urorectal septum malformation sequence: Insights into pathogenesis
Authors: Jo Mauch Teri , Albertine Kurt H. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractWe characterize the urorectal septum malformation sequence (URSMS) in discordant fetal lambs and relate it to the human syndromes with which URSMS is associated. We found abnormal external genitalia, imperforate anus, and fistulous connections between the rectum, bladder, and vagina. Discordance among the dizygous twins eliminated teratogens as a likely etiologic factor. We summarize the relevant literature and propose a molecular model for the pathogenesis of the URSMS, in which alterations in sonic hedgehog and homeobox genes lead to caudal mesodermal deficiency during blastogenesis. Anat Rec 268:405–410, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuroanatomy of the common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) as revealed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Authors: Marino Lori , Sudheimer Keith D. , Pabst D. Ann , Mclellan William A. , Filsoof David , Johnson John I. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractIn this study, magnetic resonance (MR) images of the brain of an adult common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) were acquired in the coronal plane at 66 antero‐posterior levels. From these scans a computer‐generated set of resectioned virtual images in orthogonal planes was constructed using the programs VoxelView and VoxelMath (Vital Images, Inc., Michigan State Univ.). Sections in all three planes reveal major neuroanatomical structures. These structures in the adult common dolphin brain are compared with those from a fetal common dolphin brain from a previously published study as well as with MR images of adult brains of other odontocetes. This study, like previous ones, demonstrates the utility of MR imaging (MRI) for comparative neuroanatomical investigations of dolphin brains. Anat Rec 268:411–429, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Description of a poorly differentiated carcinoma within the brainstem of a white whale (Delphinapterus leucas) from magnetic resonance images and histological analysis
Authors: Ridgway S.H. , Marino L. , Lipscomb T.P. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractIn this study we used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to investigate neuroanatomical structure in the brain of a white whale (Delphinapterus leucas) that died from a large tumor within the brainstem. This specimen was also compared with a normal white whale brain using MRI. MRI scans of the white whale specimen show how the tumor deformed surrounding brain structure. Histopathological analysis indicated a poorly differentiated carcinoma of uncertain origin. These analyses demonstrate the usefulness of supplementing histological analyses of pathology with studies of gross morphology facilitated by MRI. Anat Rec 268:441–449, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regulation of the kinetics of intracerebral chemokine gene expression in murine Toxoplasma encephalitis: Impact of host genetic factors
Authors: Strack Andreas , Schlüter Dirk , Asensio Valérie C. , Campbell Iain L. , Deckert Martina 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe expression and kinetics of a panel of chemokines during Toxoplasma encephalitis (TE) were analyzed in a comparative study of genetically resistant BALB/c and susceptible C57BL/6 mice. In parallel with disease activity and the number of postinfection (p.i.) leukocytes, C57BL/6 mice induced CRG‐2/IP‐10, MuMIG, RANTES, MCP‐1, MIP‐1α, and MIP‐1β earlier and reached increased levels, as compared with BALB/c mice. These differences in the kinetics of intracerebral (i.c.) chemokines may serve as a compensatory mechanism to prevent death from necrotizing TE in C57BL/6 mice; in contrast, BALB/c mice downregulated i.c. chemokines with efficient parasite control in the chronic latent phase. Furthermore, this study showed that the pattern of i.c. chemokines and the cellular sources were identical in both strains of mice, with astrocytes and microglia expressing CRG‐2/IP‐10 and MCP‐1 or RANTES and MuMIG, respectively, and leukocytes transcribing CRG‐2/IP‐10, MCP‐1, and RANTES. Thus, the present study demonstrates that host genetic factors exert a strong impact on i.c. chemokines in experimental murine TE. GLIA 40:372–377, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Activation of PP2A‐like phosphatase and modulation of tau phosphorylation accompany stress‐induced apoptosis in cultured oligodendrocytes
Authors: Goldbaum Olaf , Richter‐Landsberg Christiane 
Published: November 2002

AbstractIn a number of neurodegenerative diseases, tau‐positive glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs), immunochemically labeled with antibodies to the small heat shock protein (HSP) αB‐crystallin, occur in oligodendrocytes. The microtubule‐associated protein tau is functionally modulated by phosphorylation. We have shown previously that oxidative stress (OS) and heat shock (HS) induce apoptotic cell death in oligodendrocytes. The present study was undertaken to test whether stress responses in oligodendrocytes cause abnormalities in the expression and posttranslational modification of tau proteins, and whether the dynamic phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of tau are involved in the pathogenesis of glial cells. Cultured rat brain oligodendrocytes were subjected to OS, exerted by hydrogen peroxide, or HS (44°C, 30 min). Immunoblot analysis with a panel of phosphorylation‐dependent antibodies shows that OS and HS caused the rapid dephosphorylation of tau proteins at multiple sites, before characteristic features of apoptosis were observed. Concomitantly, ERK1,2 (extracellular signal‐regulated kinase) was activated. Tau phosphorylation and rephosphorylation after stress was mediated by glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK‐3β), and not by ERK1,2 and could be suppressed by lithium chloride, a specific inhibitor of GSK‐3β. Stress‐induced dephosphorylation could be mimicked by alkaline phosphatase and suppressed by the protein phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid (OA), indicating that PP2A in oligodendrocytes is activated by stress. OA at low concentrations could prevent stress‐induced DNA fragmentation, but eventually exerted cytotoxic effects. Hence, stress‐induced activation of PP2A in oligodendrocytes and tau dephosphorylation constitute a major feature of the response to injury in these cells, which eventually undergo apoptotic cell death. GLIA 40:271–282, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.