bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Chan Dennis , Spires-Jones Tara , Provenzano Frank , Glennon Elizabeth BC , Duff Karen 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that results in cognitive decline and is the leading cause of dementia worldwide. Very early in the disease, AD affects the hippocampal formation before spreading to other brain regions. The high prevalence of AD, along with its significant social and economic costs, highlights the need to understand hippocampal dysfunction. In this chapter, we will first review the current knowledge of AD pathobiology, particularly focusing on hippocampal dysfunction and cognitive impairment, then explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the disease, and finally discuss the implications for early diagnosis and treatment.
Beyond Shades of Gray: Depression and the Bipolar Spectrum
Authors: Fogel Barry S. , Jiang Xiaoling 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Many patients who present with depression have an undiagnosed disorder in the bipolar spectrum. Bipolarity is associated with more frequent depressive episodes, increased suicide risk, a higher prevalence of comorbid substance use disorders, and several general medical conditions (e.g., migraine and hypothyroidism). Antidepressant treatment of bipolar depression without mood stabilization often has a poor outcome. Cultural issues complicate the diagnosis of depression with mixed features and mild bipolar disorder. Systematic screening with rating scales like the 32-item Hypomania Checklist, the Mood Disorder Questionnaire, and the Clinically Useful Depression Outcome Scale supplemented with questions for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition, mixed features facilitate identification of bipolarity in depressed patients; but the utility of specific questionnaire items and optimal cut points vary by culture and gender. Social class and life stage matter: Specific manifestations of hypomania might be tolerated or even normalized among adolescents and members of the upper class. Biomarkers might soon aid in identifying bipolarity in depressed patients.
Cultural Identity and Personal Biography
Authors: Fogel Barry S. , Jiang Xiaoling 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Cultural identity strongly influences the personal meaning of common life events like marriage or retirement and the probability of adverse childhood events (ACEs) or intimate partner violence (IPV). Some cultures normalize ACEs and IPV. Life events can require adaptation to a new identity or environment, involving acculturative stress and sometimes family distancing. These include not only immigration but also migration within countries, changes in socioeconomic class, the onset of major illness or disability, changes in family composition, and aging. Acculturation is most successful when people become bicultural, integrating old and new identities. Depression risk is greatest when people feel isolated: disconnected from both their native culture and that of their new environment. Second-generation immigrants can experience “acculturative family distancing.” Effective psychotherapy of depression often requires addressing acculturation-related issues and recognition of traumas and stresses normalized by a patient’s native culture.
Unnatural Deaths
Authors: Fogel Barry S. , Jiang Xiaoling 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Suicide and other “unnatural deaths” are the most dramatic expression of the mortality of depression, and more deaths from depression and bipolar spectrum disorders can be attributed to self-neglect and careless risk-taking. A framework for relating culture to suicide combines Joiner’s interpersonal theory of suicide with neuropsychiatric and existential considerations and the availability of highly lethal means: an interpersonal-neuropsychiatric model. Collectivist culture accentuates thwarted belongingness in those ostracized or bullied. A shame culture and/or “face” culture can contribute to perceived burdensomeness. Cultural normalization, rationalization, or romanticization of suicide increases acquired capacity for suicide. Activation and inhibition, pain and pleasure can relate to culture and its structural correlates. Mediators include formal education and informal acculturation, normalized trauma, lifestyle-related and occupation-related illness and injury, and culturally sanctioned substance use. Religious and spiritual perspectives and national, regional, and ethnic cultures are associated with hope and with reasons to live.
Depression and Social Class: A Four-Dimensional View
Authors: Fogel Barry S. , Jiang Xiaoling 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
A simple correlation of income, social class, and depression risk is misleading. Education, occupation, wealth, and heritage can be as important as income in determining social status. The practical and social meaning of a nominal numerical income varies by place of residence. Relevant mediators are a place’s cost of living, distribution of income and wealth, and public policies related to housing, healthcare, and income support. Within racial groups in the United States, median household wealth and income vary greatly by national origin. Open expression of depressive emotions is more likely to be acceptable in upper classes, and somatic expression is especially common in lower classes. Non-irritable presentations of hypomania sometimes are normalized in the upper class. A change in social class in either direction can entail loneliness and a loss of social capital that contributes to depression. Effective treatment of depression can require adaptation to class-related circumstances.
Ancient Wisdom Meets Modern Science: Depression in Traditional Medicine
Authors: Fogel Barry S. , Jiang Xiaoling 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The phenomenology and treatment of depression and the bipolar spectrum are described in three systems of traditional medicine, two of which are currently practiced: classical Greco-Roman medicine, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), and traditional Arabic and Islamic medicine. These and other traditional systems (e.g., Ayurvedic medicine) contribute content to modern complementary, alternative, and integrative medicine (CAIM). The three systems conceive of depression as a mind–body illness, in a comprehensive, holistic, non-stigmatized, and dimensional (rather than categorical) way. Depression phenotypes described and distinguished by TCM have been correlated with distinct biomarkers. Traditional holistic treatments include changes in diet, activity, and environment as well as herbal medicaments and physical treatments like acupuncture and massage. CAIM includes evidence-based alternatives and complements to mainstream medicine that many patients find acceptable. They can help depressed patients reach and maintain remissions.
China: Confucian Harmony and Dissonance
Authors: Fogel Barry S. , Jiang Xiaoling 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Conflicts of China’s traditional Confucian culture with modern realities contribute to depression and to suicide in Chinese immigrants to Western countries, Chinese international students, and rural Chinese including internal migrants and their “left-behind” family members. Traditions include authoritarian parenting, extreme emphasis on academic success, obligations of filial piety, and rigid gender roles. Immigrants experience acculturative stress and acculturative family distancing. In Chinese culture, depression is heavily stigmatized, and its overt expression is discouraged. Negative emotions often are expressed metaphorically. Treatment can be complicated by fear of medications and reluctance to self-disclose in psychotherapy. Clinicians can address this by eliciting patients’ personal illness narratives, disclosing a diagnosis in stages using language compatible with their illness models and beliefs, and negotiating a personalized treatment plan.
South Korea: Han and Passionate Intensity
Authors: Fogel Barry S. , Jiang Xiaoling 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Korea has the highest suicide rate of all high-income countries: 28.91 per 100,000 population in 2019—with disproportionally high rates in women and in older adults. Cultural features contributing to suicide, and to often-undiagnosed depression, include normalization of traumatic experiences, including family and intimate partner violence; transgenerational effects of historical trauma; widespread binge drinking; intense academic, occupational, and romantic competition that produces many “losers”; preoccupation with “face” and external appearance; and high gender inequality. Korea has two “national emotions”—han and jeong. Han is a form of righteous anger with grim resolve and yearning for vengeance. Jeong is a form of attachment that entails both protective social capital and a risk of unhealthy dependency. Hwa-byung, a distinctive expression of depression most common in women in midlife, reflects an excess of han. The interpersonal dimension of depression deserves special attention in Koreans.
American Regional Cultures and Geography of Mood
Authors: Fogel Barry S. , Jiang Xiaoling 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Regions of the United States have distinctive cultures, demographics, economies, and institutions relevant to depression’s epidemiology, expression, and consequences. Comparisons between regions and within regions illustrate this phenomenon. The implications of race and of Hispanic ethnicity vary greatly between regions, because of different distributions of national origin and socioeconomic class among Whites, Blacks, and Asians. The female-to-male ratio of depression prevalence reflects regional differences in gender inequality. Geographical differences in altitude and in local gun culture explain much of the interstate difference in suicide rates. Social capital—especially institutional trust—is protective against depression and suicide; it is high in Minnesota and Massachusetts and low in Mississippi and Montana. Stigmatization of depression and its treatment is greater in states with “tighter” (more traditional and conformist) cultures and less educated populations.
Physicians in Pain: Depression in the Medical Profession
Authors: Fogel Barry S. , Jiang Xiaoling 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The medical profession has a high prevalence of depression, and women physicians are at increased risk of suicide. A high proportion of physicians at times experience burnout, and many experience moral injury. These problems have become more prevalent during the COVID-19 pandemic. Internal, external, and institutional stigma can discourage depressed physicians from seeking treatment. Occupational identity often is primary for female and/or minority physicians. Others’ responses to their non-professional identities can at times involve microaggressions, harassment, mistrust, or interpersonal conflict. A professional culture of prioritizing others’ needs can lead to physicians’ neglecting their own health and/or worsen painful work–life conflicts. Most physicians now work in institutional settings with organizational cultures that conflict with the traditional “doctor culture.” While personalized treatment can address some barriers to treatment of depressed physicians, a full solution will require changes in organizational culture and wider recognition of cultural and structural contributions to the problem.
Prolonged PTT in a Healthy Patient
Authors: Verdecchia Nicole , Nguyen Khoa 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Tonsillectomies are one of the most commonly performed surgeries in the United States. The surgery is performed for several indications in patients of all types. There is a known risk of post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage, and thus many surgeons request preoperative laboratory values including partial thromboplastin time (PTT) for preoperative hemostatic assessment. Most patients have unremarkable laboratory values but there are few who return with abnormal values. There is no consensus about management of patients with abnormal preoperative laboratory values. This case study discusses the value of preoperative testing for tonsillectomy patients as well as the current literature supporting the management of these patients.
Elevated Glucose on Admission Fingerstick
Authors: Carafone Lindsay E. , Bauer Colin E. , Miller Joshua D. , Wittlin Steven D. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an increasingly prevalent chronic disease that can result in acute and long-term complications. Uncontrolled DM contributes significantly to increased morbidity and mortality among all patients undergoing surgery. Preoperative evaluation of patients with DM is critical to mitigate the risks of surgical complications. Attention to glycemic control and related comorbidities is key to ensuring safe, high-quality care to patients with DM undergoing surgery.
Pheochromocytoma and MEN Syndromes
Authors: Carr Zyad J. , Farela Andrea , Oprea Adriana D. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs) are rare neuroendocrine tumors that present unique challenges for anesthesiologists. Definitive surgical management of PPGLs is contingent on excellent preoperative medical management because the resection of pheochromocytoma remains a high-risk procedure due to the possibility of tumor-mediated sympathetic storm, which may result in hypertensive crises and potentially lethal ventricular dysrhythmias. Diligent postoperative care of PPGL resection patients also is mandated since the postoperative period can be fraught with potential complications, including postoperative bleeding, persistent vasoplegia requiring vasopressor support, or refractory hypertension from inadequate surgical resection. With advancement of anesthesia techniques and improved preoperative optimization, mortality has substantially decreased. In this chapter, the authors review perioperative considerations for resection of PPGLs as well as for multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes.
Introduction to somatization across cultures: Somatization, a cry for help—different wails from different cultures
Authors: Chaturvedi Santosh K. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The introduction of this volume on somatization across cultures discusses the nosological changes in the concept of neurosis and somatization. The concepts in current classificatory systems are mentioned. The chapter also elaborates on biological, genetic, psychosocial, and cultural factors underlying somatization. The relationship between somatization and the erstwhile concept of neurosis is highlighted. Further, the intricate association between somatization and idiom of distress is described. Somatization is a complex and common problem, and invariably, it is a ‘cry for help’. It needs to be handled with care and caution. It needs proper nomenclature and classification. By recategorizing somatization in other groups and changing the name, it would not go away. Different societies have their unique forms of expressing their ‘cry for help’ and their unique presentations.
Culture and somatization
Authors: Poulter Daniel , Gnanapragasam Sam , Bhugra Dinesh 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Cultures play a major role in moulding our worldview and how distress is experienced, expressed, and communicated. Cultures and various social factors influence how individuals explain their distress. Depending upon explanatory models, help may be sought from personal, folk, social, or professional sectors. Pathways into care are strongly influenced by cultures, as well as by accessibility and availability of resources. Furthermore, cultures which do not believe in mind–body dualism, or do not follow the Cartesian dichotomy, may influence people to present with physical symptoms, even if they are experiencing psychological distress. This chapter describes the impact of cultures on presentation of symptoms, particularly in somatization, and attempts to explain various reasons which may affect potential intervention strategies.
Understanding somatization from a neuroscience perspective
Authors: de Filippis Renato , Nocera Alessandra 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
A deep understanding of somatization from a neuroscientific point of view is still lacking. In fact, for a long time, somatization disorders have been mostly associated with psychological or psychosocial factors, limiting the influence that neuroscience could have. Only in recent years has research rediscovered the role that neuroanatomy, neurogenetics, and neuroimaging play in this field, with potential diagnostic, clinical, and therapeutic implications. The purpose of this chapter is to review the literature available on the topic, in order to provide a modern, updated, and current picture of an ancient disorder, but with extremely modern implications, still largely to be deciphered.
Somatization in South East Asia
Authors: Jatchavala Chonnakarn , Sidi Hatta 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Somatization could be attributed to: a cultural idiom of distress—crying for help; the ethnobelief structure of a society; the divergent psycholinguistic representation of emotional states; and an understanding of pathways to access healthcare. Despite the change of terminology into ‘somatic symptom disorder’ in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5), the core concept and pathogenesis model of somatization are still the same. There is a strong evidence base indicating that antidepressants, antipsychotic augmentation, and psychotherapies, such as cognitive behavioural therapy and mindfulness psychotherapy, can effectively reduce symptoms of somatization. Furthermore, therapeutic interventions could be enriched via insight and awareness in connection to cultural identity, social context, and the religious beliefs of South East Asians. Social and individual stigma associated with being a psychiatric patient can be a crucial obstacle to recovery and can result into further somatic symptom representation. Therefore, activities designed to alleviate stigma are urgently needed in South East Asian societies, aiming to sustainably destigmatize having psychiatric distress and encouraging people to seek mental health support in good time.
Somatization disorders in central and northern Europe
Authors: Karaliuniene Ruta , Frankova Iryna , Szczegelniak Anna 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter provides essential information on the cultural and historical background of Central and Northern Europe and the prevalence, clinical manifestations, and treatment opportunities for somatization disorders in the region. The significant impact of historical events such as the World Wars, the fall of the Berlin Wall, and migration from post-Soviet Union countries on the physical and mental health of individuals in the region have been discussed. The lack of unified guidelines and limited access to psychotherapy within the public psychiatric care system in different countries are significant challenges that must be addressed to improve mental healthcare in the region.
Psychopharmacological approaches to somatization with a focus on cross-cultural differences
Authors: Shoib Sheikh , Saeed Fahimeh , Swed Sarya , Ransing Ramdas 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Due to globalization, multiethnic and multicultural populations are growing across the world. This necessitates that psychiatrists should understand the role of ethnicity and culture when diagnosing and treating patients with an ethnic, culturally and linguistically diverse background. Cross-cultural psychopharmacology assesses and addresses the differences between ethnic groups in their response to psychotropic medications, as well as the reasons for such variations, including genetic, biological, environmental, and psychosocial factors. The discovery of genetic polymorphisms (cytochrome P (CYP) 450 enzyme systems) supports the role of cross-cultural psychopharmacology in clinical practice. However, research on cross-cultural aspects of psychotropic medications is scarce and has often yielded conflicting findings.
Psychotherapeutic models on somatization across cultures
Authors: Mamtani Harkishan , Sudhir Chandna Ateev , Phurailatpam Shivraj , Chaturvedi Santosh K. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Somatization disorder presents a complex interplay between culture and symptom manifestation. This chapter examines various cultural explanations for somatic complaints and considers how these explanations may affect psychotherapy techniques. The expression and perception of somatic symptoms are greatly influenced by cultural norms and beliefs; certain cultures place more emphasis on psychological attributions than others do on physiological or social reasons. Explanatory models that emphasise the significance of cultural sensitivity in therapeutic approaches include psychological, biological, and social models. These models influence people's understanding and communication of their experiences with illness. In order to address the particular requirements of various groups, evidence-based psychotherapy modalities such as cognitive behavioural therapy, mindfulness-based interventions, and positive psychology therapies are explored in the context of cultural adaptation. Further research needs to be conducted to improve treatment efficacy and address the global problem of somatization with regard to culture-specific therapies. Mental health practitioners can better support people with somatic symptoms and advance holistic well-being across cultures by recognising and appreciating peculiarities of culture.
Role of traditional healers, and complementary and alternative medicine for mental health
Authors: Pinto da Costa Mariana , Chisti Mohammed , Shah Mostofa Anjum , Tromp Sabine , Williams Eniola , Handuleh Jibril I. M. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The role of traditional healers and complementary and alternative medicine for mental health has been supported, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Whilst both offer holistic approaches, diagnostic methods vary between them, with traditional healers often incorporating divination and supernatural explanations. In this chapter we provide examples of the use of traditional medicine in different parts of the world. Traditional healers may include non-pharmacological remedies, while complementary and alternative medicine embraces natural treatments like diet, massage, and meditation. However, evidence of their efficacy remains limited, and challenges such as harmful practices and lack of research persist. This chapter highlights the evolving landscape of these approaches, emphasizing the need for further research, integration, and consideration of cultural beliefs in mainstream psychiatric practice.
Resuscitation
Authors: Raine Tim , Collins George , Brown Fraser , Howarth Sophie 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter covers best practice on resuscitation. It includes early warning scores and intensive care, as well as emergencies such as peri-arrest, in-hospital resuscitation, Advanced Life Support (ALS), arrest equipment and tests, Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS), Paediatric Basic Life Support, choking, Newborn Life Support (NLS), and obstetric arrest.
Service users’ views and expectations of mental health nurses
Authors: Grundy Andrew C. , Butler Debbie 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In this chapter, two service user researchers present the latest evidence on what service users expect of mental health nurses, in terms of their attributes and skills. For service users, a good mental health nurse shows empathy, compassion, sensitivity, availability, respect, non-judgementalism, trustworthiness, and hopefulness. These attributes (and their opposites) will be unpacked from the service user perspective. The attributes and skills identified are operationalized in different but interlocking ways of working with individuals. Service users have clear expectations of how they want mental health nurses to work with them, in engagement, collaboration, person-centredness, therapeutic, empowering, and recovery-focused forms of nursing practice.