bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Black Hole
Authors: Michie Ranald C. , Michie Ranald C. , Michie Ranald C. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe Big Bang described in the last chapter appeared to have answered the doubts over the future of the London Stock Exchange, but from the late 1980s onwards into the 1990s, it both waned in importance within the British financial system and faced increasing competition from rival foreign stock exchanges. This chapter discusses the reasons for this, starting in the first section with relations with government, since one uncertainty was the level of freedom from government control that the Stock Exchange was to enjoy. With the disappearance of the Stock Exchange's quasi‐official status in the 1990s, there still remained doubts over the role that it had to play in the area of securities market supervision, and the next section of the chapter discusses this situation, the effect of the changing nature of its membership, the disaster over settlement services (the replacement of the successful TALISMAN (Transfer Accounting and Lodgement for Investors, Stock Management for Jobbers) by TAURUS (Transfer and Automated Registration of Uncertificated Stock) and the subsequent failure of TAURUS), and the eventual successful replacement of the SEAQ (Stock Exchange Automated Quotations) trading system by the SEQUENCE trading system from 1993 onwards. The third section of the chapter looks at the provision of the market, and the fact that with the proposed introduction of specialists or sole traders in 1992, the Stock Exchange had once again been brought to the attention of the Office of Fair Trading; competition was also forcing a re‐examination of the way the Stock Exchange's market was organized, and this resulted in the introduction in 1997 of order‐driven trading in the form of SETS (Stock Exchange Trading Service); this section also looks at the abandonment of the traded options market to LIFFE (London International Financials Futures Exchange) and of any pretensions to the futures market, the decline of the USM (Unlisted Securities Market) and its replacement by AIM (Alternative Investment Market), negotiations with various foreign stock markets, and the changing investment environment. The last part of the chapter looks specifically at the changing membership of the Stock Exchange.
State Feminism and Policy Debates on Abortion in Austria
Authors: Köpl Regina 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The author describes three policy debates in Austria: initial legalization in the early 1970s, the defeat of an anti‐abortion referendum initiative in 1978, and the authorization of Mifegyne—the ‘abortion pill’—in the late 1990s. The women's movement has been very influential in all abortion debates through their activism in the left‐wing Austrian Social Democratic party and the long‐term commitment of that party to women's right to self‐determination. In all debates as well, the women's policy agencies acted for the movement inside the state policy‐making processes. Austrian abortion politics is an example of movement success in part through state feminism.
The Abortion Debates in Belgium 1974–1990
Authors: Celis Karen 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
It took 15 years and many debates before women's movement activists persuaded the Belgian politicians to liberalize the old abortion law dating from the Napoleonic Penal code of 1910. In this ‘partyocracy’ the issue produced an unbridgeable division between the left‐wing socialists and the right‐wing Christian Democratic parties, finally bridged only when the Socialists worked out a compromise with the third party power—the Liberals. When the new law was finally passed in 1990, it authorized women's self‐determination regarding abortion with oversight from doctors in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. This movement success was not due to any involvement of women's policy agencies which, dominated by Christian Democrats, refused to push what the movement actors agreed was a top priority for women's status.
Of Rights and Power: Canada's Federal Abortion Policy 1969–1991
Authors: Haussman Melissa 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Canada's government gained constitutional autonomy from Britain in the 1960s and decriminalized abortion for a few women under the strict control of doctors and hospitals. When the Supreme Court ruled this law unconstitutional in 1988, it marked a complete success for the women's movement activists. They were able to seal this victory by stopping, barely, the attempts by the Conservative government to return abortion law to the criminal code. The movement developed its political clout without the help of numerous women's policy agencies that, although sympathetic to feminist goals and well‐funded, were silenced by the policy environment.
Gendering the Abortion Debate: The French Case
Authors: Robinson Jean C. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The National Assembly in France tentatively reformed abortion law in 1975 and reaffirmed legal abortion in 1979. The women's movement campaigned on the issue but did not claim success for a policy they believed was still too restrictive. Their influence later increased under the leadership of activist women's policy agencies appointed by Socialist governments. In 1983, the Ministry of Woman's Rights initiated government funding of abortion costs. In the 1990s, a different agency fought anti‐abortion movement efforts to obstruct access to abortion clinics with an amendment to the criminal code.
Abortion Debates in Germany
Authors: Kamenitsa Lynn 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Abortion law reform was a mobilizing issue for the women's movement actors in Germany. Despite their activism, abortion debates returned again and again to the goal of protecting unborn fetal life. Thus, despite two reforms that decriminalize abortion in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy, the women's movement has not been successful in gaining its demands. Their primary adversary is the Constitutional Court, which has required that the law put the rights of the foetus first. Today, abortions are criminalized but not prosecuted if the woman gets extensive mandatory pro‐birth counselling. Women's policy agencies were active in the 1990s, but largely symbolic with respect to movement goals on the abortion issue.
Policy‐Making on Abortion: Arenas, Actors, and Arguments in the Netherlands
Authors: Outshoorn Joyce 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The abortion issue rose to the agenda in the Netherlands at the same time as the rebirth of the women's movement, when doctors were performing illegal abortions on demand. Thus, at first, the frame of the debate focused on how much autonomy doctors should have in light of moral considerations. As the women's movement activism grew, so did the recognition of abortion as a matter of women's autonomy and control over reproduction. When the government legalized abortion in 1981, it was a victory for the movement although movement activists were not part of the decision‐making process. They did get access during the implementation process and, through an active insider women's policy agency, achieved unfettered access to abortion procedures for all women.
Gendering Abortion Debates: State Feminism in Spain
Authors: Valiente Celia 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
After the establishment of a democratic constitution in Spain, the Socialist government included abortion law reform on its agenda to modernize Spanish policy in line with other European democracies. Facing intense opposition, the government allowed abortions only for ethical, eugenic, and therapeutic conditions. For the women's movement, abortion reform was a top priority, but activists were not heard directly, and had to settle for this moderate legalization. When the Ministry of Health sought to add further restrictions through a cumbersome set of committees and regulations, the women's movement had a women's policy agency inside the bureaucracy as an ally. The agency intervened to facilitate women's access to abortion services and thus helped the movement gain a successful response from the state.
What Rights (If Any) Do Children Have?
Authors: Brighouse Harry 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
According to the interest theory of rights, the primary function of rights is the protection of fundamental interests. Since children undeniably have fundamental interests that merit protection, it is perfectly sensible to attribute rights, especially welfare rights, to them. The interest theory need not be hostile to the accommodation of rights that protect agency because, at least in the case of adults, there is a strong connection between the protection of agency and the promotion of welfare. Children have welfare rights similar to those of adults. But children lack the agency rights adults have because children initially lack and only gradually develop the kinds of capacities for agency that are necessary for agency rights. Children's rights to culture, religion, and free expression are ill‐conceived.
Children's Choices or Children's Interests: Which Do Their Rights Protect?
Authors: Brennan Samantha 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe often‐posed dichotomy between the interest and choice theory of rights can obfuscate a proper understanding of children's rights. We need a gradualist model in which the grounds for attributing rights to a being change in response to the development of autonomy. Rights for children initially function to protect their interests but, as they develop into full‐fledged autonomous choosers, rights function to ensure that their choices, even those that do not serve their welfare, are respected.
Becoming Versus Being: A Critical Analysis of the Child in Liberal Theory
Authors: Arneil Barbara 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe excessive faith liberal theorists have had in the power of rights and rights discourse can have deleterious consequences for children. As vulnerable and dependent beings, children need to be nurtured with love and affection in a setting in which intimate relationships between parents and children can flourish. A rights‐based discourse is conceptually ill‐equipped to accommodate the importance of establishing and supporting caring relationships. An ethic of care, emphasizing responsibilities over rights, provides a better way of conceptualizing and responding to the interests of children than thinking of children as proto‐adults with rights especially that to autonomy.
Special Agents: Children's Autonomy and Parental Authority
Authors: Noggle Robert 
Published: October 2003

AbstractCognitive incompetence cannot adequately explain the special character of children's moral status. It is, in fact, because children lack preference structures that are sufficiently stable over time that they are not ’temporally extended agents’. They are best viewed as 'special agents’, and parents have the responsibility of fostering the development of temporally extended agency and other necessary related moral capacities. Parental authority should be exercised with the view to assisting children to acquire the capacities that facilitate their transition from 'special agents’ to full and functioning members of the moral community.
Autonomy, Child‐Rearing, and Good Lives
Authors: Callan Eamonn 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Autonomy is important to leading a good life but a common liberal instrumental construal of the way in which it contributes to the leading of a good life is defective. A one‐sided focus on the development of capacities for revision of conceptions of the good should be corrected by attention to the value of developing capacities permitting a rational adherence to a conception of the good. Exposing children to a diverse but shallow secular and consumer culture might not facilitate goodness‐enhancing autonomy in a way that is superior to the more insular strategies of religious minorities whose child‐rearing practices are criticized by liberals.
Children, Multiculturalism, and Education
Authors: Archard David 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThere are three possible justifications of the claim cultural communities make for their right to transmit an identity to their children. A group strategy and a parenting strategy are both defective. More promising is the view that there is value to children in the sharing of a familial life. But parental authority is limited by the requirement that children acquire sufficient autonomy. Some multicultural policies are thus not ruled out by the recognition of the need to accommodate children's interests.
Answering Susan: Liberalism, Civic Education, and the Status of Younger Persons
Authors: Coleman Joe 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWhile young children lack the moral powers that Rawls calls a conception of the good and a sense of justice, psychological data show that adolescents are closer to adults in this respect. The idea that civic education should be compulsory for younger person but not for adults cannot be justified by appeal to the supposed incapacities of the former. A more democratic ’participation‐oriented’ approach to the civic education of the young is more appropriate than an ’authority‐oriented’ approach. Such an approach is a requirement that flows from according younger persons the respect that justice requires.
Silver Spoons and Golden Genes: Talent Differentials and Distributive Justice
Authors: Steiner Hillel 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThere is an important distinction between a person's ’initial genetic endowment’ and his ’post‐conception inputs’ such as nutrition and education. From a left‐libertarian perspective that views persons as self‐owning, children have an enforceable claim that parents should provide adequate ’post‐conception’ inputs. Moreover, with the revolution in genetic science, it is now possible to effect genetic changes without altering identity. If so, children can, in principle, claim a right against ’genetic‐disablement’.
Equality and the Duties of Procreators
Authors: Vallentyne Peter 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe duties of procreators to their offspring are limited and fully discharged by ensuring that the children they create have lives that are worth living. All adults, in general, have a shared duty to ensure that children enjoy an equal opportunity to lead a good life. Procreators have a duty to others to ensure that their children do not violate the rights of others. They are even responsible for providing compensation for disadvantages caused for others by their adult children.
Liberal Equality and the Affective Family
Authors: Macleod Colin M. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractInequalities that arise because of the influence of arbitrary factors of social or natural contingency, as opposed to choices, are unjust. But whilst liberals wish to preserve and protect the affective family, parental partiality to their own children can result in an inequality that is unjust on account of it being attributable to arbitrary factors. Children's access to resources and opportunities should not be significantly determined by parental entitlement to resources. Justice requires not the abandonment of the family, but it does impose constraints on the ways in which parents can permissibly express their partiality for their children.
What Children Really Need: Towards a Critical Theory of Family Structure
Authors: Burtt Shelley 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe ’new familists’ argue that sociological evidence on the relation between traditional two‐parent nuclear family and positive outcomes for their children justifies public‐policy measures aimed at promoting this type of family. But the success of such families is due to the fact that many other institutional arrangements advantage this type of family. Such a family typically involves a sexist division of domestic labour. A ’critical theory of family structure’ identifies the developmental needs of children and examines the ways in which various family structures can function to meet these needs.
Truth and the Absence of Fact
Authors: Field Hartry 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This is a collection of papers, written over many years, with substantial postscripts tying them together and giving an updated perspective on them. The first five are on the notions of truth and truth‐conditions, and their role in a theory of meaning and of the content of our mental states. The next five deal with what I call ‘factually defective discourse’—discourse that gives rise to issues about which, it is tempting to say that, there is no fact of the matter as to the right answer; one particular kind of factually defective discourse is called ‘indeterminacy’, and it gets the bulk of the attention. The final bunch of papers deal with issues about objectivity, closely related to issues about factual defectiveness; two deal with the question of whether the axioms of mathematics are as objective as is often assumed, and one deals with the question of whether our epistemological methods are as objective as they are usually assumed to be.
Tarski's Theory of Truth
Authors: Field Hartry 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Argues that the philosophical significance of Tarski's ‘truth‐definitions’ is that they show how certain semantic features of complex expressions are reducible to the semantic features of the primitive expressions from which they are built; they leave the semantic features of the primitives unexplained, and we need an account of that to complete the reduction. The role of the truth schema, by contrast, is to give pre‐theoretic clarity to the term ‘true’; it is important to keep these two roles distinguished and to recognize which role is performed by which part of the theory. A new postscript replies to some objections but also offers an updated perspective on the issues.
Mental Representation
Authors: Field Hartry 
Published: October 2003

AbstractArgues for postulating an inner ‘language’ in which thinking takes place, and proposes a means by which this postulate can be construed on functionalist lines. The functional theory is a purely causal one, and makes sense of only the syntactic and conceptual role properties of the inner language; and it is argued that, while the representational semantics of the ‘inner language’ might conceivably be construed functionally as well, this would require a broader theory whose nature is not obvious, and the functionalist construal would not remove the need of theories of reference‐like relations to show how the functional theory is physically realized. It is argued that much of the explanatory work of mental representations is done by the syntactic/conceptual role theory (which includes causal input and output laws), though suggestions are made about a possible explanatory role for the representational semantics. There is also a discussion of the distinction between intrapersonal and interpersonal synonymy, with a characterization of the former in terms of conceptual role, and sceptical remarks about the clarity of the latter. Includes a long new postscript focusing largely on questions about the explanatory role of representational semantics.
Deflationist Views of Meaning and Content
Authors: Field Hartry 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Attempts to motivate and clarify a radically ‘deflationist’ view of the relations of ‘meaning that’ and ‘having the content that’, and to defend it against many of the arguments that are widely viewed as decisive against any such view. One of its claims is that standard work in the theory of reference (for instance, that of Kripke and Putnam) can be reconceived so as not to be primarily about reference at all. Includes a long postscript that, among other things, includes an account of how the degree to which behaviour is successful can be explained within a ‘deflationist’ framework.
Attributions of Meaning and Content
Authors: Field Hartry 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIs concerned with the special epistemological status possessed by attributions of meaning to sentences we understand: such attributions seem a priori, in a strong sense that includes empirical indefeasibility. What explains this special status? One explanation involves the idea that attributions of meaning (and of belief, etc.) express relations between an expression (or an agent) and a linguistic item in one's own language; in the special case of a meaning attribution to one's own language, the attribution is trivial. Argues that this linguistic view of attributions can be defended against well‐known objections. Also argues that alternatives in terms of propositions are perfectly acceptable, if suitably understood; they can even be developed in a way that accommodates Quinean doubts about interpersonal comparison, by viewing the propositions as ‘local entities’. But (whether or not one accepts the Quinean doubts), it is essential to view the assignment of propositions in a somewhat deflationary spirit, not altogether removed from a linguistic view of them, if the special epistemological status is to be explained.
Theory Change and the Indeterminacy of Reference
Authors: Field Hartry 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThere is a natural argument for the incommensurability of scientific theories, based on examples where there is more than one equally good candidate for what an earlier term referred to. The chapter argues that such examples actually do not support incommensurability in any very serious sense. They do show a difficulty in applying standard semantic vocabulary in a determinate way to such earlier theories, but the chapter argues for a generalization of semantic vocabulary that largely avoids the difficulties. Includes a new postscript.
Quine and the Correspondence Theory
Authors: Field Hartry 
Published: October 2003

AbstractA correspondence theory of truth explains truth in terms of various correspondence relations (e.g. reference) between words and the world. Quine's doctrine of indeterminacy is often supposed to undermine correspondence theories of truth, and Quine himself argued this in Ontological Relativity with his doctrine of ‘relative reference’. This chapter argues that the relativization of reference that Quine proposed makes no sense, and that we can accommodate indeterminacy by generalizing the kind of correspondence relations we appeal to; this will save the correspondence theory. Includes an appendix on vagueness and indeterminacy in the metalanguage, and a new postscript.
Disquotational Truth and Factually Defective Discourse
Authors: Field Hartry 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Some discourse (e.g. involving vague or indeterminate terms, normative language, or conditionals) can seem ‘factually defective’: it generates issues about which there seems to be ‘no fact of the matter’. But there seems to be a difficulty in making sense of factually defective discourse, and in explaining the division between it and other discourse, if one holds that the basic notion of truth is a fairly minimal one. The chapter argues that we can overcome the difficulty: we can recognize and account for several different kinds of factual defectiveness while adhering to a very minimal notion of truth.
Some Thoughts on Radical Indeterminacy
Authors: Field Hartry 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDiscusses some issues about indeterminacy of reference and truth, from two points of view about reference and truth: that of a correspondence theory and that of a disquotational theory. It is argued that a correspondence theorist can continue to accept the usual disquotation schemas for reference and truth, despite the indeterminacy. And it is argued that the disquotationalist can accept indeterminacy even in his own conceptual scheme. Together, these claims mean that the two views on truth are much closer in their treatments of indeterminacy than one might have thought. Also discusses indeterminacy in our logical and mathematical vocabulary.