bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deformation of Cells Passing Through Gaps Between Microcylinders in Channel
Authors: Hashimoto Shigehiro , Uehara Shogo , Yamamoto Kota 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Gaps play an important role in cell sorting in vivo. Some cells pass through very narrow gaps and their deformation mode may be related to their biological functions. In this study, the gaps (25 μm, 20 μm, 15 μm, 10 μm width) between micro-cylinders (25 μm diameter, 60 μm height) were manufactured in a channel between parallel plates (1 mm width, 30 mm length, 60 μm height) by photolithographic techniques. In microscopic videos of myoblasts suspensions, the contours of cells passing through the gap were tracked, and the moving velocity, two-dimensional projected area, degree of deformation, and direction of deformation were measured. Analysis of experimental images showed that the direction of cell deformation during passage can be measured in this channel system with gaps between microcylinders.
High Fidelity Modeling of Wear, Hysteresis, and Tooth Cracks in Strain Wave Gears for PHM Purposes
Authors: Guida Roberto , Bertolino Antonio Carlo , De Martin Andrea , Raviola Andrea , Sorli Massimo 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Strain Wave Gears (SWGs) are widely used in aerospace and robotics for their high reduction ratio, low backlash, and compact design. An important field in which they will be largely used in the future is the development of compact Electromechanical Actuators (cEMA) specifically designed for electric aircraft to be implemented in Urban Air Mobility scenarios. Due to the key role played by these components in guaranteeing the passengers’ safety, it is necessary to monitor their health status and estimate their remaining useful life. The application of Prognostics and Health Management (PHM) techniques requires a large amount of data, which can come from experimental tests, historical database, or simulations. The first two approaches are more effective, but they are expensive and require a lot of time. For these reasons, the third one is often chosen as suitable alternative. In this context, a two-dimensional planar equivalent model of a SWG is developed to replicate the reducer behavior in nominal and degraded operating conditions. The proposed model includes the effects of wear, hysteresis, and tooth crack on the SWG performance, and the outcomes of the simulations derived from it are compared with the literature in order to evaluate the ability of the model to replicate real behavior. The proposed model represents a first important step in the development of a fully-realized digital twin of the cEMA with a rotary output capable of replicating the system behavior in both nominal and faulty conditions.
Optimal Design of Magnetic (Eddy Current) Dampers for Tuned Damping Applications
Authors: Farran Abdulrhman , Kashani Ahmad Reza 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In this study, magnetic damping (also known as an eddy current damping) which is generated by the eddy current induced in a conductive material subjected to a time-varying magnetic field (created by several rare earth permanent magnets) is explored. Two configurations of eddy current dampers (ECDs) are investigated in this paper. The first configuration is made up of a stack of eight Neodymium NdFeB (N42) permanent magnets separated by seven pole pieces made of nearly pure iron, assembled on a shaft moving back and forth in the confines of an aluminum tube. The second configuration of the eddy current damper contains a conductive copper plate and five NdFeB (N50) magnet plates placed on two iron plates that move in parallel and close vicinity of the copper plates. In both damping schemes, the interaction between the magnetic field of the permanent magnet assembly and the magnetic field of the electromagnet created by the eddy current within the conductor results in energy dissipation. The two configurations of eddy current damper are modeled numerically and verified experimentally. The motivation for conducting this study is to explore the use of eddy current damping as an alternative to liquid-based viscous and solid-based viscoelastic damping mechanisms.
Simulations of Pre-Mixed Droplet Injection for Achieving Isothermal Compressed Air Energy Storage
Authors: Simpson Juliet G. , Qin Chao , Loth Eric 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The efficiency of compressed air energy storage (CAES) can be improved with water sprays to increase heat transfer during the compression and expansion processes for piston-based configurations. In general, direct injection is typically used for compression, but recent numerical simulations indicate that expansion can have generally lower energy efficiency for the same droplet mass and same droplet size. Herein, pre-mixed water droplet injection is considered as a potential alternative to improve efficiency for expansion. A parametric analysis is completed for 1-D simplified conditions, where air flow and droplet concentration are assumed to vary axially and the water droplets are assumed to move at terminal velocity. These 1-D results indicate similar trends as those for direct injection but that pre-mixed achieves higher isothermal roundtrip efficiencies (compared to direct injection) for expansion with droplet mass loadings of about unity. However, unsteady 2-D axisymmetric simulations with dynamic water droplet trajectories showed large spatial variations in air temperature, droplet temperature and droplet concentration due to complex flow structures. Despite these differences, the 1-D and 2-D model predictions of isothermal efficiency were very similar (within 7%), indicating that the 1-D model captures the key heat transfer physics of the expansion process. Suggested future work includes 3-D simulations and experiments to help to achieve high-efficiency isothermal CAES.
Artificial Intelligence Based Modelling for Energy Output Predictions of Renewables
Authors: Domenikos George-Rafael , Hajimirza Shima , Acar Gizem 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The reliance of energy grids to a variety of energy sources leads to complex systems that need to consider multiple parameters in order to optimize the use of their resources as to have the least environmental impact. In this work the authors present a modelling based on statistical analysis and artificial intelligence that aims to predict the energy outcome of renewable energy sources, more specifically wind and solar farms. In the presented paper traditional mathematical/ statistical approaches (like time series through interpolation) are used in combination to Artificial Intelligence algorithms. Thus, by combining the use of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) with mathematical prediction models it is showcased that energy output of these renewable sources can be predicted with great accuracy. In addition, using a combined quasi-AI algorithm consisting of an optimized use of both mathematical and AI models is shown to lead to quickly predicting results for short term energy production with much less computational intensity compared to full AI algorithms, requiring more intensive training. Overall, using the presented models an energy grid can be expected to utilize the potential of its renewable energy sources to the fullest, minimizing dependence on non-renewables and as such the environmental damage they cause.
Implementing Augmented Reality in a First-Year Mechanical Engineering Course
Authors: Rios Oziel , Fadda Dani 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Spatial Visualization Skills (SVS) are related to a person’s ability to mentally generate and transform visual images and are associated with their problem-solving abilities. Engineering students need to solve problems requiring them to visualize and mentally manipulate complex geometric shapes. Augmented Reality (AR) is a powerful visualization tool because it provides a middle ground between virtual and physical manipulation allowing for a closer connection between a virtual object and the manipulations typical in engineering.
The objective of this paper is to present the experiences and lessons learned of implementing AR technology in a first-year mechanical engineering course. First, the needs of our students and the parameters and specifications of the AR technology implemented to support them are provided. Applications used in this study, which allow students to interact with virtual objects using simple hand gestures, are discussed. The two types of learning modules developed are presented — one where the students must determine what a 3D shape looks like from different perspectives (generating 2D orthographic views) and another where the students must construct a 3D shape given a set of orthographic views (3D model construction). Samples of student work generated with the AR technology are presented and student experiences are discussed. Recommendations for scaling to large classes are also provided. Finally, data collected over two semesters (16 students from Fall 2021 semester, and 15 students from Fall 2022) demonstrate that spatial skills are improved when students engage in AR activities.
Thermal Transport Study of KCl-UCl3 Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Authors: Bratescu Simon , Park Jungkyu 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the thermal transport in two important molten salt mixtures, i.e., LiF-ThF4 and KCl-UCl3. The Born-Mayer-Huggins short-ranged potential was used with LAMMPS and the reverse nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (RNEMD) algorithm to generate a heat flux across the simulation structure. Thermal conductivity was determined by Fourier’s law from the imposed heat flux and induced temperature gradient. The results show that the thermal transport in these molten salt mixtures is readily diffusive, and their thermal conductivities do not depend on temperatures. LiF-ThF4 mixture shows a clear dependency on the density; the thermal conductivity decreases with an increase in its density that results from the ThF4 mole fraction increase. An increase in density is likely to impact phonon transport negatively because of increased viscosity. Unlike LiF-ThF4, the thermal conductivity of KCl-UCl3 increases with an increase in its density that results from UCl3 mole fraction increase. The authors believe that the results obtained in this research will provide a microscopic understanding of the thermal transport properties of molten salt reactor fuels and contribute to the development of more advanced molten salt reactors.
Design and Development of a Shaking Machine and Techniques to Characterize the Damage Generated by Mechanical Vibrations in Feather Art and Antique Manuscripts
Authors: Armenta-Marquez Alí E. , Zamora-Garcia Diego A. , Arana-Lopez Luis F. , Corona-Lira Ma. Pilar , Ramirez-Reivich Alejandro C. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Preserving art and heritage objects is essential to comprehend multiple aspects of the development of societies. When submitted to mechanical vibrations, there is little knowledge about these objects’ behavior and consequences. In this paper, a methodology for the design of a shaking machine and its development with a conservation perspective is explored. An artificial vision technique to measure overall shaking in a complex flexible object is also developed. It is concluded that the machine could establish a relation between the induced vibration level enforced on the test subject with the shaking level exhibited by these subjects. Further application of this technology can help conservationists make informed decisions concerning maneuvers and the exhibition of art objects.
On-Machine Positioning Method for Integral Impellers Based on Three-Dimensional Point Cloud
Authors: Chen Weihua , Ye Peiqing 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The integral impellers are crucial components of aerospace engines. In recent years, pre-formed blanks made through 3D (three-dimensional) printing and powder metallurgy have been increasingly used to improve material removal rate and processing efficiency. However, advanced blank manufacturing processes require higher precision in clamping alignment. The 3D camera system is poised to replace on-machine probes in achieving precise pose of blanks as they provide measurements with high accuracy and density.
In this paper, we propose a methodology for precisely determining the positioning and pose of integral impeller blanks based on 3D point clouds. We first calibrated the 3D camera on the CNC machine. The homogeneous transformation matrix of the 3D camera coordinate system relative to the CNC machine coordinate system was calculated. Then, our proposed method enables a rapid alignment of the point clouds obtained from the blank with the corresponding CAD model. Finally, the machining allowance at the blades on the blank is calculated and optimized.
Our on-machine 3D camera system has been successfully implemented on a CNC machine, and our proposed method has been validated. The system reduces measurement time by 5/6 compared to contact probes, making it highly efficient. The average machining allowance distribution was adjusted from 2.55 ∼ 3.56 mm before optimization to 2.92 ∼ 3.22 mm after optimization. On-machine measurement experiments with the contact probe have also verified that compensation is effective. The system is expected to be extended to other complex-shaped parts such as inlets for clamping processes.
A Frozen-Time Method for Discontinuous Internal Forces of a Multi-Span Beam Carrying Moving Subsystems
Authors: Gao Hao , Wang Ruiyang , Qu Yegao , Meng Guang 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
A flexible structure that carries moving subsystems is subject to dynamical interaction forces with time-varying locations due to the elastic coupling between the subsystem and the structure. Those interaction forces render the internal shear force and moment distribution in the structure piecewisely continuous with jump discontinuities. Conventional modal expansion method that utilizes continuously differentiable eigenfunctions encounters very slow convergence and inevitable overshoot and undershoot at the jumps. To overcome this issue, we propose a novel method called modified series solution method (MSSM) to precisely determine the jump discontinuities in the internal shear force and bending moment of the host beam structure. The new solution contains three terms, including a conventional series dynamical solution and two static solutions evaluated at the current “frozen” time. The proposed augmented solution of the beam can not only precisely predict the time-varying jump discontinuities in the internal shear force and bending moment distribution without introducing any overshoots or undershoots, but also has a fast convergence rate the same as the displacement and the slope. It provides a new framework to analyze the discontinuous shear force and moment of a host structure induced by viscoelastically coupled subsystems.
Separation of CTCs From Blood Cells Using Curved Contraction-Expansion Microchannel Equipped With DEP Force
Authors: Sarowar Md Tanbir , Islam Md Sadiqul , Chen Xiaolin 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The isolation and separation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from peripheral blood without compromising their viability is crucial for cancer diagnostics and prognosis. However, the successful isolation of CTCs is often quite challenging due to their low concentrations and size overlap with other blood cells. Microfluidics devices incorporating inertial forces in recent times have emerged as a promising tool for CTC separation with high throughput and minimal invasiveness. Despite these advantages, CTC isolation using inertial microfluidic devices still faces challenges in practical application due to their inability to separate CTCs having overlapping sizes with WBCs. To, tackle this issue, the present study offers a curved contraction-expansion structured inertial microfluidic device equipped with DEP, that possess the potential of continuous and high throughput separation of CTCs from WBCs regardless of their size overlap. The use of DEP force ensures the successful separation of similarly sized CTCs from WBCs from blood samples, and the use of a contraction-expansion structure offers precise microenvironment that enables the efficient use of DEP force for continuous label-free separation. The characteristics of cell transport and cell positioning are quantified through coupled physics analyses to evaluate the effects of different parameters such as: the aspect ratio of the rectangular channel on contraction zones and the ratio of sheath and mixture flow on separation efficiency of the proposed device.
Investigation of Transverse-Electric (TE) and Transverse-Magnetic (TM) Laser Modes in Hybrid Metal Optical Microlasers
Authors: Sakib Md Nazmus , Manzo Maurizio 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Dye-doped optical microlasers’ laser emission is achieved by optically exciting a dye-doped optical microscale resonator. When the microlaser is excited by a light source, the fluorescence from the dye acts as the gain material for the optical resonances. The optical resonances (laser modes) are very sensitive to any perturbation of the microlaser’s morphology. When metal nanoparticles are added to the optical cavity, the laser emission can be enhanced, the energy threshold reduced, and the quenching effect limited. In this work, we investigate the effect on the laser modes emission for different gold (Au) nanoparticles distributions in dye-doped polymeric microlasers. When the polarization of the pumping laser is vertical, both TE (transverse electric) and TM modes can be observed in the lasing emission.
In previous experiments using Au-doped optical microlasers, it was found that the TE and TM laser modes were observed to compete each other for different values of pumping energy, for a certain metal nanoparticles’ concentration. Au particles were mixed randomly within the microlasers and different concentrations were tested.
In this work, spherical microlasers are fabricated using a mixture of UV curable polymer and the laser dye rhodamine 6G. The microlasers are then partially covered with gold nanoparticles by using a dispersed solution of Au particles placed on a glass slide. Since the resonator is spherical, in general, there is not a preferred path for the traveling light used to generate the laser modes. By partially covering the external surface of the microlaser with Au particles, it is possible to force the light to a preferred optical path, which can be used to investigate the metal nanoparticles’ distribution effect on the TE and TM laser modes.
Control Co-Design of Battery Packs With Immersion Cooling
Authors: Liu Zheng , Wu Jiaxin , Fu Wuchen , Kabirzadeh Pouya , Chung In-Bum , Dipto Mohammed Jubair , Miljkovic Nenad , Wang Pingfeng , Li Yumeng 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
To efficiently increase the energy density of the battery pack, cell-to-pack has become a widely used packing technology for electric vehicles. Among different cooling methods, immersion cooling with feedback control can provide robust thermal management to keep the temperature of all battery cells within a desirable range, therefore, ensuring a good cycle life performance for the battery pack. However, the layout of the battery pack and the target temperature of the feedback control are currently decided separately in the design of the battery pack and its immersion cooling system, which can only produce suboptimal results with a low thermal management efficiency. This paper presents the study of battery pack design study with immersion cooling that aims to lower the energy consumption of the immersion cooling system for a 21700 cylindrical battery pack using a control co-design method. First, a high-fidelity finite element model is established based on experimental data to predict the temperature and energy consumption considering the change in battery layout and target temperature. A Gaussian process based surrogate model is developed and used to predict the performance in different pack design scenarios therefore identifying an optimal design. The results showed that the optimal design obtained from the presented study lowered the immersion cooling system’s energy consumption by 13%.
3D Printing for Innovative Engineering Solutions “The Environmental Challenge”
Authors: Al-Hamidi Yasser , Kozusznik Marcin , Al-Rawashdeh Mamoun 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
For decades, the value of hands-on experience in engineering education has been recognized, emphasized, and understood. However, establishing and operating a successful hands-on experience, particularly with new emerging technologies such as 3D printing is a challenging endeavor. 3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, allows the creation of tangible objects from a digital geometrical representation by sequentially adding materials layer by layer. Many industries have adopted this technology for its design flexibility, application specific materials availability, and ease of use compared to other manufacturing methods.
Although most of the major industrial engineering projects are multidisciplinary, the majority of existing undergraduate engineering curricula do not provide adequate opportunities for students to interact and collaborate with students from other majors to solve real-world technical interdisciplinary challenges, similar to what they will most probably have to deal with after graduation.
This paper details the efforts of a group of faculty and students at Texas A&M University at Qatar to develop and implement a multidisciplinary extracurricular activity (short course) on 3D printing for environmental applications. The activity takes place over the course of five days and focusses on introducing students to a systematic approach to solve real-world environmental issues and problems, such as global warming and pollution management. In the beginning of the course, enrolled students are introduced to three different need statements, CO2 capturing, NOx emission control, and Odor emission control. Then they are asked to form three interdisciplinary teams based on their interest in one of the need statements. To ensure that they are equipped with the required tools to device their innovative solutions, the students are exposed to the basics of CAD modeling and 3D printing. They also tour the 3D printing lab to receive hands-on training on how to operate polymer and ceramic 3D printers in particular. Inspired by the generic product design and development process, students are encouraged to articulate a list of customer needs and specifications of their product/s before they begin brainstorming concept solutions for their assigned need statement. In the last two days of the course, the students go over different iterations of prototyping and testing of their conceptual design/s against some given performance indicators like pressure drop and mixing efficiency to select the optimal concept solution.
This work was piloted successfully with 12 students from different engineering majors. The teams presented their final concept solutions in front of jury of academic and industrial experts in the field. Students work and presentations were scored based on a predefined rubric which was given to students prior to conducting their presentations. Some of the work is expected to lead potentially to a patent.