bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of various methods for combining propagation effects and predicting loss in low‐availability systems in the 20–50 GHz frequency range
Authors: Castanet L. , Lemorton J. , Konefal T. , Shukla A. K. , Watson P. A. , Wrench C. L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe objective of this paper is to demonstrate the interest of using ‘combined’ prediction models of attenuation (combinations of single propagation effects) for new Ka, V or EHF SatCom systems. These models allow to calculate the attenuation due to gases, clouds, rain and the melting layer. To reach this objective, results of recent propagation campaigns carrying out radioelectrical links in the 20–50 GHz frequency range are used as references. Results from three different propagation experiments are considered in this paper: OLYMPUS results obtained from the DBOPEX database, ITALSAT results obtained by Rutherford Appleton Labs at Chilton (UK) and CELESTE results obtained by ONERA in South of France. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transformative communication as a cultural tool for guiding inquiry science
Authors: Polman Joseph L. , Pea Roy D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractInquiry‐based science instruction offers great promise as a means of actively engaging students in authentic scientific problem solving, including consideration of research design issues. At the same time, inquiry introduces some difficulties. In particular, familiar “cultural tools” for classroom discourse, such as Initiation‐Reply‐Evaluation sequences, are no longer appropriate because they are premised on known answers and teacher‐driven activity. To help support productive open‐ended science inquiry, coaching strategies that allow for strong student voice and teacher influence are necessary. We describe the sociocultural theory motivating one such strategy, transformative communication, as well as a specific dialogue sequence that can be used as a cultural tool for accomplishing such interaction. We then illustrate the utility of the dialogue sequence in four key episodes within an inquiry‐based high school Earth Science class. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sci Ed 85:223–238, 2001.
The response of teachers to new subject areas in a national science curriculum: The case of the earth science component
Authors: King Chris 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe National Curriculum for Science (NCS) introduced to schools in England and Wales in 1989 contained an earth science component that was new to many secondary science teachers. Ten years after this introduction, a survey was undertaken to test teacher perception of the effectiveness of their teaching in this subject area that was new to them, and to identify factors that might affect this effectiveness. The information gained has been used in reviewing possible curriculum changes and in developing professional development strategies that would improve the effectiveness of NCS earth science teaching. The data collected from science teachers who are currently teaching this earth science component revealed that their background knowledge of earth science from their own education was generally poor, even though most of them considered their knowledge to be “moderate.” The teachers indicated that the achievement of their pupils in earth science is “moderate,” while reports on national testing show it is poor. They reported that their main sources of earth science knowledge and understanding were science textbooks written for 11‐ to 16‐year‐old pupils (with their small earth science content of variable quality) and science colleagues (who often have poor earth science backgrounds too). Most teachers indicated that they needed more support in this area. Overall, the data indicated that while teachers consider their teaching in this area to be “moderate,” other evidence suggests it is poor. If this situation is not to continue it should be addressed. In the longer term the emphasis on the earth science content of the National Science Curriculum could be changed (either enhanced or reduced) within larger scale curriculum changes. Until such curriculum change takes place, effective methods of professional development should be instituted so that teachers have a much improved basis on which to build their earth science teaching. Similar measures would be necessary in other countries and situations in which new curriculum material is introduced through a National Curriculum. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sci Ed 85:636–664, 2001.
Development and application of a distance learning system by using virtual reality technology
Authors: Shirato Kimihiro , Sasaki Hitoshi , Takeya Makoto 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThere is a great demand for distance learning in various fields, such as provision of learning opportunities and learning information to infirm children and pupils, introduction of diversified subjects by collaboration among schools, support of credit acquisition, and applications to continuing education. Various distance learning systems have been proposed and put into practice. But, in addition, various problems in the present distance learning systems have been pointed out, involving both installations and operations. This paper proposes the virtual school as a possible new form of distance learning, in which virtual reality technology is used. Based on a prototype virtual school that was developed, the feasibility of the virtual school is investigated. An experimental class using the prototype system is also reported. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 33(4): 61–68, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.1120
Summary of ISO/TC 201 Standard: IV ISO 14606:2000—Surface chemical analysis—Sputter depth profiling—Optimization using layered systems as reference materials
Authors: Kajiwara K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis International Standard gives guidance on the optimization of sputter depth profiling parameters using appropriate single‐layered and multilayered reference materials in order to achieve optimum depth resolution as a function of instrument settings in Auger electron spectroscopy, x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectrometry. This International Standard is not intended to cover the use of special multilayered systems such as delta‐doped layers. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Resonance‐enhanced multiphoton ionization/secondary neutral mass spectrometry and cesium attachment secondary ion mass spectrometry of bronze: a comparison
Authors: McCann M. P. , Calaway W. F. , Pellin M. J. , Veryovkin I. V. , Constantinides I. , Adriaens A. , Adams F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractArchaeologists have considerable interests in ancient bronzes. They want to know how these alloys were produced and how they corroded with time. Modern bronzes, with compositions very close to that of some ancient bronzes, have been produced and two methods were examined to characterize one of these modern bronzes. Analysis of this modern bronze using resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization/secondary neutral mass spectrometry (REMPI/SNMS) is examined in detail and compared to cesium attachment secondary ion mass spectrometry (CsAMS) results. Both REMPI/SNMS and CsAMS were used to quantify the composition of Fe, Ni and Mn in a modern quaternary bronze designed to serve as a certified reference material for an ancient bronze. Both methods exhibit reduced matrix effects when compared to secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and thus quantification should be simplified. It was found that when relative sensitivity factors obtained from a standard bronze material are used to calibrate the instruments, the REMPI/SNMS measurements yield results that were more sensitive and more accurate. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exact group‐sequential designs for clinical trials with randomized play‐the‐winner allocation
Authors: Stallard Nigel , Rosenberger William F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe use of both sequential designs and adaptive treatment allocation are effective in reducing the number of patients receiving an inferior treatment in a clinical trial. In large samples, when the asymptotic normality of test statistics can be utilized, a standard sequential design can be combined with adaptive allocation. In small samples the planned error rate constraints may not be satisfied if normality is assumed. We address this problem by constructing sequential stopping rules with specified properties by consideration of the exact distribution of test statistics under a particular adaptive allocation scheme, the randomized play‐the‐winner rule. Using this approach, compared to traditional equal allocation trials, trials with adaptive allocation are shown to require a larger total sample size to achieve a given power. More interestingly, the expected number patients allocated to the inferior treatment may also be larger for the adaptive allocation designs depending on the true success rates. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of hypothalamically‐elicited emotional behaviours on the circulating plasma volume, plasma levels of catecholamines, ACTH and cortisol
Authors: Mohamed Souher , Kojima Kyoji , Fujimaru Yasuaki , Mori Yoshinobu , Kaname Hitoshi , Sumida Yasuhisa , Kinukawa Naoko , Tashiro Nobutada 
Published: August 2002

AbstractInfluence of hypothalamically‐induced emotional behaviours on the plasma volume, plasma levels of epinephrine (E), norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), ACTH and cortisol were examined in cats. The emotional behaviours consisting of restlessness, threat and searching–biting (S‐B) were elicited intermittently for 6 h by electrical stimulation of the anterior, ventromedial, and lateral hypothalamus, respectively in awake and free‐moving conditions. The blood was sampled three times immediately before, 1 h after and 6 h after the start of stimulation. The E level increased in both restlessness and threat after 1 h, then the levels tended to decrease after 6 h, whereas the NE level increased in both restlessness and threat after 1 h and furthermore increased after 6 h. The plasma ACTH once increased after 1 h in all behaviours thereafter, the level tended to decrease after 6 h. The plasma cortisol level increased in both restlessness and threat behaviours both after 1 and 6 h. The plasma volume in S‐B behaviour increased after 6 h, while in restlessness and threat behaviours it decreased markedly and tended to decrease more in threat than in restlessness after 1 h. These results indicate that the hypothalamically‐induced threat and restlessness behaviours elicited marked activation of sympatho‐adrenomedullary and pituitary adrenocortical systems and hemoconcentration, whereas the S‐B behaviour hardly produced such stress responses. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Migrating legacy scientific applications towards CORBA‐based client–server architectures
Authors: Sang Janche , Follen Gregory , Kim Chan , Lopez Isaac , Townsend Scott 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA distributed object is a reusable, self‐contained piece of software that cooperates with other objects on the same machine or across a network in a plug‐and‐play fashion via a well‐defined interface. The Numerical Propulsion System Simulation (NPSS) attempts to provide a collaborative aircraft engine design and simulation environment based on this concept. Many scientific applications in aerodynamics and solid mechanics are written in Fortran. Refitting this legacy Fortran code with distributed objects can increase code reusability. In this paper, we focus on the novel use of a remote variable scheme to help programmers migrate the Fortran code towards a client–server architecture. This scheme gives the client the capability of accessing variables at the server site and makes it easier for programmers to couple component engine code. Through the operator overloading features in C++, remote variables can be used in much the same way as traditional variables. The remote variable scheme adopts the lazy update approach and the prefetch method. Preliminary performance evaluation shows that communication overhead can be greatly reduced. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The epistemological foundations of evolutionary systems designa
Authors: Laszlo Alexander 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper presents the genesis of Evolutionary Systems Design (ESD) as a praxis that draws on General Evolution Theory and Social Systems Design methodology, in addition to Critical Systems Theory, to engage in lifelong learning and human development in partnership with Earth. The origins and foundation of ESD are portrayed as providing the basis for a framework that bridges evolutionary consciousness and evolutionary action. The roots of ESD are traced back to General Evolution Theory on the one hand and to the notions of evolutionary stewardship that grew out of the action—inquiry encounters fostered by the International Systems Institute on the other. It is described how these notions were given operational viability through the methodology of Social Systems Design. The fundamental tenets of ESD are presented and discussed by way of a four‐stage evolutionary learning framework. Finally, the vehicle of Evolutionary Learning Community through which ESD operates is shown to embody the potential for individuals and groups to think, live, and act in harmony with the dynamics of which they are a part as a means to guide the conscious creation of sustainability. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acute methamphetamine administration upregulates NGFI‐B mRNA expression in the striatum: Co‐localization with C‐FOS immunoreactivity
Authors: Bäckman Cristina , Morales Marisela 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this study, the effects of acute methamphetamine administration on expression of the nuclear transcription factor NGFI‐B mRNA and its co‐localization with c‐Fos immunoreactivity in the striatum were evaluated in animals receiving a single dose of methamphetamine (4 mg/kg) given at 2 or 6 h prior to perfusion. All animals received a daily saline injection for 6 days prior to methamphetamine treatment. We have found that, similar to c‐fos activation, NGFI‐B mRNA levels were significantly increased 2 h after methamphetamine treatment and returned to basal levels 6 h later. Induction of NGFI‐B mRNA levels by methamphetamine was highest in central striatum as compared to the dorsomedial distribution pattern observed in control animals. After acute methamphetamine treatment, the distribution pattern of NGFI‐B mRNA upregulation was very similar to that of methamphetamine induced c‐Fos immunoreactivity. However, co‐localization studies with c‐Fos immunoreactivity showed that not all NGFI‐B‐positive cells contained c‐Fos after methamphetamine treatment. Forty‐five percent of all NGFI‐B mRNA expressing neurons contained c‐Fos immunoreactivity in the dorsomedial striatum as compared to 60% in central and 35% in ventrolateral striatum. This study provides a detailed description of the differential spatial and temporal modulation of NGFI‐B and c‐Fos expression in the striatum by acute methamphetamine treatment over time. Synapse 44:158–165, 2002. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Release and uptake of catecholamines in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis measured in the mouse brain slice
Authors: Miles Petrise Runnels , Mundorf Michelle L. , Wightman R. Mark 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe release and clearance of electrically evoked catecholamine (CA) in the ventral portion of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTV) in mouse brain slices was evaluated with fast‐scan cyclic voltammetry at carbon‐fiber microelectrodes (CFME). Uptake in this region was observed to be markedly slower than in the caudate putamen (CPu). Clearance rates were reduced in the BSTV in both norepinephrine transporter knockout (NET KO) and dopamine transporter knockout (DAT KO) mice when compared to results in wild‐type (WT) mice. However, uptake was faster in the BSTV in both the DAT and NET KO mice than in the CPu of DAT KO mice. This indicates that both transporters play a role in CA clearance in the BSTV. The transporters restrict extracellular CA to the general area of the BSTV, as revealed by the diminished signal as the CFME is moved sequentially further and further from the site where CA release is evoked. However, in slices from the DAT KOs and NET KOs, CA release could be observed outside of the BSTV region during such experiments. These results show that the low rate uptake in the BSTV facilitates extrasynaptic diffusion of catecholamine, but that uptake still regulates and limits the range of the transmitter to the region. Slower clearance from the extracellular fluid allows the released CA to act as a volume transmitter and diffuse to distant sites within the region to exert its neurochemical action. Synapse 44:188–197, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Afferent synaptic contacts on glycine‐immunoreactive neurons in the rat cuneate nucleus
Authors: Lue June‐Horng , Chen Seu‐Hwa , Shieh Jeng‐Yung , Wen Chen‐Yuan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study was aimed to clarify whether the primary afferent terminals (PATs), GABAergic terminals, and glutamatergic terminals made direct synaptic contacts with glycine‐IR neurons in the cuneate nucleus of rats. In this connection, injection of the anterograde tracer WGA‐HRP into brachial plexus, antiglycine preembedding immunoperoxidase, and anti‐GABA, along with antiglutamate postembedding immunogold labeling, were used to identify the PATs, glycine‐IR neurons, GABA‐IR terminals, and glutamate‐IR terminals, respectively. The present results showed that HRP‐labeled PATs, immunoperoxidase‐labeled glycine‐IR terminals, immunogold‐labeled GABA‐IR, and glutamate‐IR terminals made axodendritic synaptic contacts with immunoperoxidase‐labeled glycine‐IR neurons. The latter three presynaptic elements also formed axosomatic synapses with glycine‐IR neurons. Statistical analysis has shown that the minimum diameter of the glycine‐IR dendrites postsynaptic to the above‐mentioned four presynaptic elements did not differ significantly. In addition, the synaptic ratio of the glutamate‐IR terminals on the glycine‐IR dendrites was higher than that of GABA‐IR terminals. The synaptic ratio of the GABA‐IR terminals on glycine‐IR dendrite was in turn higher than that of the PATs and glycine‐IR terminals. It is suggested that the PATs and glutamate‐IR terminals on the glycine‐IR neurons may be involved in subsequent postsynaptic inhibition for spatial precision of lateral inhibition. On the other hand, the GABA‐IR and glycine‐IR terminals which make synaptic contacts with the dendrites of glycine‐IR neurons may provide a putative means for disinhibition or facilitation to maintain the baseline neuronal activity in the rat cuneate nucleus. The results of quantitative analysis suggest that glutamate act as the primary excitatory neurotransmitter, while GABA, when compared with glycine, may serve as a more powerful inhibitory neurotransmitter on glycine‐IR neurons in the rat cuneate nucleus. Synapse 41:139–149, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gamma‐vinyl GABA (GVG) blocks expression of the conditioned place preference response to heroin in rats
Authors: Paul Mousumi , Dewey Stephen L. , Gardner Eliot L. , Brodie Jonathan D. , Ashby Charles R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe examined the effect of gamma‐vinyl GABA (GVG) on the expression of the conditioned place preference response to intraperitoneally (i.p.) administered heroin in rats. Heroin, but not vehicle, produced a significant conditioned place preference response. Pretreatment of animals with 300 mg/kg of GVG significantly attenuated the expression of the heroin‐induced conditioned place preference response. These results are the first to suggest that systemic GVG may provide an effective alternative to methadone maintenance in the treatment of heroin addiction, since it is without abuse potential and can be used for treatment outside an institutional setting. Synapse 41:219–220, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Terminal effects of ethanol on dopamine dynamics in rat nucleus accumbens: An in vitro voltammetric study
Authors: Budygin Evgeny A. , Phillips Paul E.M. , Wightman R. Mark , Jones Sara R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTo assess the direct effects of acute ethanol on dopamine (DA) terminals, evoked DA release and uptake were measured in rat nucleus accumbens slices using fast‐scan cyclic voltammetry. Low and moderate concentrations of ethanol (20, 45 and 100 mM) did not alter evoked DA release, while high concentrations (150 and 200 mM) significantly decreased DA release (18 and 36%, respectively) in a calcium‐dependent manner. No significant difference was found between the rate of DA disappearance measured before and after the drug. These data indicate that uptake of DA through the dopamine transporter is unaffected by ethanol, even at high concentrations. Therefore, low to moderate concentrations of ethanol have no effect on DA dynamics at the level of the nerve terminal in the nucleus accumbens. This is consistent with the hypothesis that cell body regions of DA neurons are the primary target for the stimulating and reinforcing effects of ethanol. High concentrations of ethanol can locally depress DA release, and this may correlate with the sedative actions of the drug. Synapse 42:77–79, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nonlinear seismic response of reinforced‐concrete free‐standing towers with application to TV towers on flexible foundations
Authors: Halabian A. M. , El Naggar M. H. , Vickery B. J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractReinforced‐concrete (R/C) free‐standing towers such as TV towers are often analysed using elastic analyses as fixed‐base cantilever beams, ignoring the effect of soil–structure interaction. To take the capacity of structures after yielding into account, most designers usually prefer to decrease the peak values of the elastic response spectrum for the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) anticipated at the site by a factor called the ductility capacity factor, which varies with the design earthquake level and the structural characteristics of the structure neglecting the effect of supporting soil. To investigate the effect of foundation flexibility on the response of R/C free‐standing towers deforming into their inelastic range during intense ground shaking, a linear sway‐rocking model is applied in numerical modelling of the soil–structure system. The effect of concrete cracking and reinforcement yielding on the elements used in the structure modelling is taken into account by introducing a nonlinear model for R/C frame elements using the moment–curvature (M–ϕ) relation. A method called pseudo‐dynamic analysis is presented to quantify the inelastic seismic response spectrum of a soil–R/C free‐standing system using response spectrum analysis method and push‐over analysis technique. The earthquake responses of cracked and uncracked systems for a practical TV tower and a practical range of soil shear wave velocity are calculated and compared with the objective of understanding how soil–structure interaction influences structural responses. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.