bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comprehensive Photochemistry and Photophysics of Land‐ and Marine‐based β‐carbolines Employing Time‐resolved Emission and Flash Transient Spectroscopy
Authors: Becker Ralph S. , Ferreirar Luis F. V. , Elisei Fausto , Machado Isabel , Latterini L. 
Published: May 2005

ABSTRACTThe photophysical and photochemical behavior of Norharmane (Norh), Harmane (Hara) and Harmine (Hari) and their cations have been examined as a function of the nature of the solvent. Time‐resolved emission in nonprotic polar solvents showed fluorescence for all and also phosphorescence for Hari. All emissions were assigned as those of the neutral molecules. Norh and Hari showed fluorescence of both the neutral and the cation in methanol as well as phosphorescence of the neutral while Hari also had fluorescence of the zwitter ion. In ethanol, Norh and Hari displayed fluorescence and phosphorescence of the neutral. The ground‐state cations of Norh and Hari exhibited fluorescences of the cation and Hari also had a phosphorescence (cation). The flash transient spectra in nonprotic solvents of all three carbolines had long‐lived triplet transients only of the neutral. Triplet and singlet oxygen yields were quite high, 0.31–0.40. Direct excitation of any of the cations gave only the cation triplet. The triplet yields of the cations appear to be low (0.01–0.10 range). Theoretical calculations were done relative to location of triplet states. Some new information will be reported on other naturally occurring differently substituted marine‐based β‐carbolines. The impact of all of the foregoing observations on the photosensitizing potential of all compounds is discussed.
An Empirical Model for Estimating Annual Consumption by Freshwater Fish Populations
Authors: Liao Hongsheng , Pierce Clay L. , Larscheid Joe G. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Population consumption is an important process linking predator populations to their prey resources. Simple tools are needed to enable fisheries managers to estimate population consumption. We assembled 74 individual estimates of annual consumption by freshwater fish populations and their mean annual population size, 41 of which also included estimates of mean annual biomass. The data set included 14 freshwater fish species from 10 different bodies of water. From this data set we developed two simple linear regression models predicting annual population consumption. Log-transformed population size explained 94% of the variation in log-transformed annual population consumption. Log-transformed biomass explained 98% of the variation in log-transformed annual population consumption. We quantified the accuracy of our regressions and three alternative consumption models as the mean percent difference from observed (bioenergetics-derived) estimates in a test data set. Predictions from our population-size regression matched observed consumption estimates poorly (mean percent difference = 222%). Predictions from our biomass regression matched observed consumption reasonably well (mean percent difference = 24%). The biomass regression was superior to an alternative model, similar in complexity, and comparable to two alternative models that were more complex and difficult to apply. Our biomass regression model, log10(consumption) = 0.5442 + 0.9962 · log10(biomass), will be a useful tool for fishery managers, enabling them to make reasonably accurate annual population consumption predictions from mean annual biomass estimates.
Does Pectoral Spine Extraction Cause Mortality to Channel Catfish?
Authors: Michaletz Paul H. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Pectoral spines have been commonly used to age channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Recently, use of otoliths has increased because they may provide more accurate and precise estimates of age. A presumed advantage of using pectoral spines instead of otoliths is that fish can be released alive and experience little mortality. However, little information is available to test this presumption. I used mark and recapture of channel catfish in two impoundments to assess whether recapture rates differed between fish that had their left pectoral spine removed and those that did not. Channel catfish were marked in June and recaptured in October. There was no difference in the proportion of channel catfish recaptured that had their spine removed versus those that did not in either impoundment. My findings suggest that pectoral spine extraction causes little if any mortality to channel catfish.
Spatial and Seasonal Dynamics of Brook Trout Populations Inhabiting a Central Appalachian Watershed
Authors: Petty J. Todd , Lamothe Peter J. , Mazik Patricia M. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractWe quantified the watershed‐scale spatial population dynamics of brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis in the Second Fork, a third‐order tributary of Shavers Fork in eastern West Virginia. We used visual surveys, electrofishing, and mark–recapture techniques to quantify brook trout spawning intensity, population density, size structure, and demographic rates (apparent survival and immigration) throughout the watershed. Our analyses produced the following results. Spawning by brook trout was concentrated in streams with small basin areas (i.e., segments draining less than 3 km2), relatively high alkalinity (>10 mg CaCO3/L), and high amounts of instream cover. The spatial distribution of juvenile and small‐adult brook trout within the watershed was relatively stable and was significantly correlated with spawning intensity. However, no such relationship was observed for large adults, which exhibited highly variable distribution patterns related to seasonally important habitat features, including instream cover, stream depth and width, and riparian canopy cover. Brook trout survival and immigration rates varied seasonally, spatially, and among size‐classes. Differential survival and immigration tended to concentrate juveniles and small adults in small, alkaline streams, whereas dispersal tended to redistribute large adults at the watershed scale. Our results suggest that spatial and temporal variations in spawning, survival, and movement interact to determine the distribution, abundance, and size structure of brook trout populations at a watershed scale. These results underscore the importance of small tributaries for the persistence of brook trout in this watershed and the need to consider watershed‐scale processes when designing management plans for Appalachian brook trout populations.
A Rapid, High‐Throughput Technique for Detecting Tanner Crabs Chionoecetes bairdi Illegally Taken in Alaska's Snow Crab Fishery
Authors: Smith Christian T. , Grant W. Stewart , Seeb Lisa W. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractTanner crabs Chionoecetes bairdi and snow crabs C. opilio are both important commercial species for Alaskan fisheries. The geographical ranges of Tanner and snow crabs overlap in the southeastern Bering Sea where a commercial fishery targets the more abundant snow crabs. Morphological identification of these species and of hybrids has proven difficult and impedes monitoring of the harvests. Techniques for the genetic identification of these species have been developed, but it may not be possible to process the desired number of samples because of throughput limitations and sample requirement constraints. Here we present a rapid, high‐throughput assay for identifying these species based on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the nuclear rRNA internal transcribed spacer 1 region and the mitochondrial DNA 16S rRNA gene. These SNPs can also be used to infer the direction of hybridization (i.e., the species of each gender).
Development and Evaluation of a Fish Assemblage Index of Biotic Integrity for Northwestern Great Plains Streams
Authors: Bramblett Robert G. , Johnson Thomas R. , Zale Alexander V. , Heggem Daniel G. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractQuantitative indicators of biological integrity are needed for streams in the Great Plains of North America, but it was not known whether the index of biotic integrity (IBI) approach would be effective in this semiarid region. Great Plains streams have a depauperate and tolerant ichthyofauna and highly variable physicochemical conditions that may mask the effects of non‐point‐source pollution and stream habitat degradation. We developed an IBI based on fish assemblages by screening metrics for range, responsiveness to human influence, precision, and lack of redundancy; we then tested the IBI's ability to detect anthropogenic effects by validating the index with an independent data set. The IBI was composed of 10 metrics based on species richness and composition, trophic and reproductive guilds, and age structure. These 10 metrics had many significant correlations with substrate and water chemistry variables but had fewer significant correlations with riparian condition and watershed variables. Of the watershed variables, road density had the highest number of significant correlations with final IBI metrics. The IBI was validated by demonstrating its responsiveness to aggregate measures of human influence, site‐level habitat, and water chemistry, and its lack of responsiveness to factors that varied naturally, such as stream size and site elevation. The IBI was also temporally stable within and between years during repeat visits to a subset of sampled reaches. This IBI can be used as a measure of biological integrity for management of prairie streams faced with threats such as introduced species, intensive agriculture, grazing, and coalbed natural gas extraction. Although we developed this IBI based on data from Montana prairie streams only, our IBI can probably serve as a framework for other North American plains streams and our results suggest that the IBI approach may be useful in other semiarid regions of the world.
Transintestinal Expulsion of Surgically Implanted Dummy Transmitters by Bluefin Trevally—Implications for Long‐Term Movement Studies
Authors: Meyer Carl G. , Honebrink Randy R. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe feasibility of long‐term acoustic monitoring of coral reef fish movements was evaluated by quantifying transmitter retention times for captive bluefin trevally Caranx melampygus and detection patterns of transmitter‐implanted free‐ranging bluefin trevally. Wax‐coated dummy transmitters (9 × 22 mm; 3.6 g) were surgically implanted into the gut cavity of four captive bluefin trevally. The fish retained the dummy transmitters for 17–22 months, but at the end of the study transintestinal expulsion was in progress in one individual. Five bluefin trevally captured at Honokohau, Hawaii, were surgically implanted with long‐life (1‐year) coded transmitters and released. Their movements were monitored with the use of 27 underwater receivers deployed along a 115‐km stretch of coastline. The five bluefin trevally were detected by the receivers over periods ranging from 1 to 173 d (mean, 60 d), and their movements spanned up to 10.2 km of coastline. Daily movements were consistent with those observed by previous short‐term active tracking studies and consisted of crepuscular migrations of 1–2 km between separate daytime and nighttime habitats. These data suggest that passive monitoring of bluefin trevally movements for periods of up to 22 months is theoretically possible and that transmitter expulsion is not necessarily the cause of shorter detection periods.
Testing for Evidence of Maternal Effects among Individuals and Populations of White Crappie
Authors: Bunnell David B. , Scantland Matthew A. , Stein Roy A. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractFor an increasing number of species, maternal characteristics have been correlated with the characteristics of their eggs or larvae at the individual level. Documenting these maternal effects at the population level, however, is uncommon. For white crappies Pomoxis annularis, we evaluated whether individual maternal effects on eggs existed and then explored whether incorporating maternal effects explained additional variation in recruitment, a population‐level response. Individual egg quality (measured as ovary energy density) increased with maternal length among individuals from seven Ohio reservoirs in 1999 and three in 2000. Among these same individuals, egg quality increased with maternal condition factor (measured as residual wet mass for a given length) in 1999 but not in 2000. In 2000 we estimated somatic energy density, an improved measure of condition; egg quality increased with somatic energy density, but somatic energy density was also strongly correlated with maternal length. Hence, we could not determine whether maternal length or condition was the primary factor influencing white crappie egg quality. Across seven populations, the relative population fecundity (i.e., stock size) of the 1999 year‐class was unable to explain the variation in recruitment to age 2 (Ricker model r2 = 0.04 and Beverton and Holt model r2 = 0.02). Mean ovary energy density (i.e., egg quality), however, was unable to explain additional recruitment variability in either model. Hence, we documented evidence of maternal effects on individual ovaries but not on population‐level recruitment. Nonetheless, we recommend that future studies seeking to understand white crappie recruitment continue to consider maternal effects as a potential factor, especially those studies that may have greater sample sizes at the population level and, in turn, a greater probability of documenting a population‐level effect.
Influence of Diporeia Density on Diet Composition, Relative Abundance, and Energy Density of Planktivorous Fishes in Southeast Lake Michigan
Authors: Hondorp Darryl W. , Pothoven Steven A. , Brandt Stephen B. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe benthic amphipod Diporeia spp. is an important prey for many fish in offshore areas of the Great Lakes, but its abundance has been rapidly decreasing. To assess the influence of Diporeia availability on the food habits, relative abundance, and energetics of planktivorous fish, the diet composition, catch per unit effort (CPUE), and energy density of plantkivorous fish in southeast Lake Michigan during 2000–2001 were compared among locations with different Diporeia densities. Diporeia densities at St. Joseph, Michigan, were near 0/m2 over much of the bottom but averaged more than 3,800/m2 at Muskegon and Little Sable Point, Michigan. Consistent with these differences in Diporeia density, fish diet composition, CPUE, and energy density varied spatially. For example, alternative prey types comprised a larger fraction of the diets of bloater Coregonus hoyi, large (>100 mm total length) alewife Alosa pseudoharengus, and slimy sculpin Cottus cognatus at St. Joseph than at Muskegon and Little Sable Point. This pattern was seasonally dependent for alewives and bloaters because Diporeia were eaten mainly in June. Food biomass per stomach was not lower at St. Joseph than elsewhere, suggesting that the spatial variation in diet composition was due to greater consumption of alternative prey by fish at St. Joseph. Although slimy sculpin and bloaters were able to feed on alternative prey, the CPUE of these species at certain depths was considerably lower at St. Joseph than at Muskegon or Little Sable Point, indicating that Diporeia availability may also influence fish abundance and distribution. Finally, a link between Diporeia density and fish energetics was suggested by the comparatively low energy density of deepwater sculpin Myoxocephalus thompsonii and large alewives at St. Joseph, a result that may reflect the low energy content of other prey relative to Diporeia.
Relative Effects of Biotic and Abiotic Processes: A Test of the Biotic–Abiotic Constraining Hypothesis as Applied to Cutthroat Trout
Authors: Quist Michael C. , Hubert Wayne A. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe Biotic–Abiotic Constraining Hypothesis (BACH) suggests that biotic interactions can have an overriding negative influence on a fish species, even when abiotic conditions are suitable. The abundance of a fish species is predicted to be largely regulated by abiotic habitat characteristics when densities of predators or competitors are low. However, when predator or competitor densities are high, the abundance of the fish species is suppressed by biotic interactions regardless of environmental conditions. We used data from the Salt River basin (Idaho–Wyoming) to investigate whether the BACH could be used to explain patterns in the density of cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii across a watershed. Using a combination of principal components and nonlinear multiple‐regression analyses, we determined that the BACH was useful for explaining patterns in cutthroat trout density. When brown trout Salmo trutta and brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis densities were low, cutthroat trout density was highly variable and was best explained by habitat characteristics. High cutthroat trout densities were found in high‐gradient reaches with little fine substrate and a low proportion of deep‐pool habitat (i.e., reaches with a diversity of pools, riffles, and runs). When brown trout and brook trout densities were high, cutthroat trout density was always low despite favorable habitat conditions. Brown trout density was highest in low‐elevation reaches with warm water temperatures and abundant instream cover, whereas brook trout density was highest in high‐elevation reaches with low water temperatures. This study suggests that the influence of brown trout and brook trout densities overrode the influence exerted by habitat conditions on cutthroat trout density in the Salt River basin and that the BACH is useful for explaining biotic and abiotic influences on lotic cutthroat trout populations.
Effects of Introduced Fishes on Wild Juvenile Coho Salmon in Three Shallow Pacific Northwest Lakes
Authors: Bonar Scott A. , Bolding Bruce D. , Divens Marc , Meyer William 
Published: May 2005

AbstractDeclines in Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. have been blamed on hydropower, overfishing, ocean conditions, and land use practices; however, less is known about the impacts of introduced fish. Most of the hundreds of lakes and ponds in the Pacific Northwest contain introduced fishes, and many of these water bodies are also important for salmon production, especially of coho salmon O. kisutch. Over 2 years, we examined the predation impacts of 10 common introduced fishes (brown bullhead Ameiurus nebulosus, black crappie Pomoxis nigromaculatus, bluegill Lepomis macrochirus, golden shiner Notemigonus crysoleucas, green sunfish L. cyanellus, largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, pumpkinseed L. gibbosus, rainbow trout O. mykiss, warmouth L. gulosus, and yellow perch Perca flavescens) and two native fishes (cutthroat trout O. clarkii and prickly sculpin Cottus asper) on wild juvenile coho salmon in three shallow Pacific Northwest lakes, all located in different watersheds. Of these species, largemouth bass were responsible for an average of 98% of the predation on coho salmon in all lakes, but the total impact to each run varied among lakes and years. Very few coho salmon were eaten by black crappies, brown bullheads, cutthroat trout, prickly sculpin, or yellow perch, whereas other species were not observed to eat coho salmon. Juvenile coho salmon growth in all lakes was higher than in nearby streams. Therefore, food competition between coho salmon and introduced fishes in lakes was probably not limiting coho salmon populations. Largemouth bass are widespread and are present in 85% of lowland warmwater public‐access lakes in Washington (n = 421), 84% of those in Oregon (n = 179), and 74% of those in the eight northwesternmost counties in California (n = 19). Future research would help to identify the impact of largemouth bass predation across the region and prioritize lakes where impacts are most severe. Nevertheless, attempts to transplant or increase largemouth bass numbers in lakes important to coho salmon would be counterproductive to coho salmon enhancement efforts.
Preparation of magnetic polystyrene microspheres with a narrow size distribution
Authors: Yang Chengli , Guan Yueping , Xing Jianmin , Liu Junguo , Shan Guobin , An Zhentao , Liu Huizhou 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA spraying suspension polymerization process for preparation of magnetic polystyrene microspheres with a narrow size distribution was proposed. The magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles with hydrophobic shell were first prepared by a modified chemical coprecipitation method. Then the oil solution, composed of monomer styrene, crosslinker divinylbenzene, Fe3O4 nanoparticles, and initiator benzoyl peroxide, was sprayed into the poly(vinyl alcohol) aqueous solution by a pressure of nitrogen gas to form droplets. Finally, the droplets would be polymerized rapidly to magnetic polystyrene microspheres at the polymerization temperature. The morphology and magnetic properties of microspheres were examined using a scanning electron microscope and a vibrating sample magnetometer. The results showed that the magnetic microspheres had a narrow size distribution with mean diameter of around 10 μm and smooth surface, and the magnetic microspheres with saturation magnetization of 15.6 emu/g exhibited distinct superparamagnetic characteristics. Powder X‐ray diffraction was used to investigate the structure of the magnetite nanoparticles dispersed in the polystyrene matrix. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Elevated CXCL16 expression by synovial macrophages recruits memory T cells into rheumatoid joints
Authors: Van Der Voort Robbert , Van Lieshout Antoine W. T. , Toonen Liza W. J. , Slöetjes Annet W. , Van Den Berg Wim B. , Figdor Carl G. , Radstake Timothy R. D. J. , Adema Gosse J. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractObjectiveDirectional migration of leukocytes is orchestrated by the regulated expression of chemokine receptors and their ligands. The receptor CXCR6 is abundantly expressed by Th1‐polarized effector/memory lymphocytes accumulating at inflammatory sites. This study was undertaken to examine the presence of CXCR6+ T cells and of CXCL16, the only ligand for CXCR6, in the joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).MethodsFlow cytometry analysis of the expression of CXCR6 by peripheral blood and synovial fluid (SF) T cells. In addition, by performing conventional and real‐time reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, we determined the expression of CXCL16 and its protease ADAM‐10 within synovium and by cultured macrophages. SF T cell migration was studied with the Transwell system.ResultsAccumulation of CXCR6+ T cells within RA SF coincided with highly elevated levels of CXCL16+ macrophages. In vitro studies revealed that monocytes started to express CXCL16 upon differentiation into macrophages, and that RA SF and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) enhanced CXCL16 expression. Moreover, RA patients responding to anti‐TNF therapy showed a strongly decreased CXCL16 expression, whereas nonresponding patients did not. Interestingly, ADAM‐10, a recently identified protease of CXCL16, was abundantly expressed by CXCL16+ macrophages in vitro and in RA in vivo, which resulted in increased levels of cleaved CXCL16 in RA SF relative to controls. Finally, CXCR6+ T cells from RA SF were attracted by CXCL16.ConclusionThese data provide evidence that enhanced production of CXCL16 in RA synovia leads to recruitment of CXCR6+ memory T cells, thereby contributing to the inflammatory cascade associated with RA pathology.