bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The clinical use of bone resorption markers in patients with malignant bone disease
Authors: Coleman Robert E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDAdvanced tumors often metastasize to bone, resulting in a variety of skeletal complications. Bisphosphonates are potent inhibitors of osteoclast‐mediated bone resorption that reduce the incidence and delay the onset of skeletal complications and reduce the need for radiation and surgery. Biochemical markers of bone resorption have been identified that can augment the imaging techniques used to diagnose bone metastases and assess response to bisphosphonate therapy.METHODSIn the current study, the available literature regarding bone resorption markers is reviewed and the clinical relevance of these data with respect to the treatment of bone metastases discussed.RESULTSUrinary calcium and hydroxyproline have been widely used to assess bone metabolism, but do not appear to be well correlated with clinical outcome in patients with bone metastases. Several unique breakdown products of Type I collagen (including pyridinium crosslinks, pyridinoline, and deoxypyridinoline) and peptide‐bound crosslinks (N‐telopeptide and C‐telopeptide) are more specific and sensitive markers of bone resorption. N‐telopeptide and C‐telopeptide have been identified as the most sensitive biochemical markers currently available for detecting bone metastases and for assessing response to therapy or disease progression.CONCLUSIONSTo the author's knowledge markers of bone resorption have not yet been recommended for routine clinical use. However, further research is needed to define their potential role in the diagnosis of bone metastases, the assessment of disease progression and response to bisphosphonate therapy, and predict the rate of bone loss and the potential for fracture. Suppression of bone resorption markers in response to bisphosphonate therapy appears to correlate with clinical outcome in patients with both osteolytic and blastic bone lesions; therefore, the goal of bisphosphonate therapy should be to suppress markers of bone resorption. Cancer 2002;94:2521–33. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10522
Uridine phosphorylase is a potential prognostic factor in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Miyashita Hitoshi , Takebayashi Yuji , Eliason James F. , Fujimori Fumihiro , Nitta Yasutaka , Sato Atsushi , Morikawa Hidehiro , Ohashi Akira , Motegi Katutoshi , Fukumoto Manabu , Mori Shiro , Uchida Takafumi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDUridine phosphorylase (UPase) catalyzes the reversible phosphorolysis of uridine to uracil. The expression levels and the enzymatic activity of UPase are reported to be higher in human solid tumors than in adjacent normal tissues. However, to the authors' knowledge the clinical significance of UPase expression as determined by immunohistochemical analysis has not been demonstrated in human malignancies.METHODSThe authors prepared the antibody against UPase, examined the staining of UPase in 72 cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) with immunohistochemical analysis using the antibody, and analyzed its relation to clinical and pathologic factors.RESULTSUPase stained mainly within the invasive edges of tumors and macrophages. UPase‐positive staining was observed in 56 of the 72 tumors (77.8%). High staining of UPase (defined as > 50% of cells in a tumor biopsy that are positive for UPase) in primary tumors frequently was associated with the presence of metastasis to lymph nodes (P = 0.007 by the Fischer exact test) and with lower overall survival (P = 0.03 by the log‐rank test).CONCLUSIONSThe high rate of UPase staining in biopsies from patients with oral SCC may be a prognostic marker for these individuals. Cancer 2002;94:2959–66. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10568
Mental health in men treated for early stage prostate carcinoma
Authors: Litwin Mark S. , Lubeck Deborah P. , Spitalny G. Mark , Henning James M. , Carroll Peter R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe current study was conducted to assess posttreatment changes in the mental components of health related quality of life in prostate carcinoma patients during the two years following diagnosis and management with radical prostatectomy, pelvic irradiation, or watchful waiting.METHODSThe authors studied the mental domains of general health related quality of life in 452 men recently diagnosed with early stage prostate carcinoma and treated with radical prostatectomy, pelvic radiation, or watchful waiting. Outcomes were assessed with the RAND 36‐Item Health Survey, a validated health‐related quality of life instrument that includes four mental domains. To minimize the influence of potentially confounding factors, the authors adjusted for age, comorbidity, prostate specific antigen (PSA) at diagnosis, and biopsy Gleason score. All subjects were drawn from CaPSURE™, a national, longitudinal cohort.RESULTSBy 6–12 months after treatment, the active treatment groups began to show differences in mental health and vitality. By 15 months, surgery and radiation patients scored differently in all four mental domains. Over time, the gaps between mental domain scores grew wider among the treatment groups, with surgery patients performing the best, radiation patients performing the worst, and watchful waiting patients falling in between.CONCLUSIONSThe mental health profiles differ for patients undergoing surgery, radiation, or watchful waiting for early stage prostate carcinoma. Men with more serious disease, as evidenced by higher PSA levels or more aggressive histology, tended to worry more about it. Older men performed better, while sicker men performed worse, even though the older men tended to be sicker. Cancer 2002;95:54–60. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10651
Glial fibrillary acidic protein expression and promoter activity in the inner ear of developing and adult mice
Authors: Rio Carlos , Dikkes Pieter , Liberman M. Charles , Corfas Gabriel 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe intermediate filament glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is a classic marker for several types of glial cells, including astrocytes and nonmyelinating Schwann cells. The pattern of expression of GFAP in the postnatal murine inner ear, from postnatal day 3 (P3) to P38, was studied by anti‐GFAP immunostaining in wild‐type mice as well as in two lines of transgenic mice expressing either β‐galactosidase (LacZ) or green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of the GFAP promoter. Analysis of protein and promoter activity shows that several classes of supporting cells in the sensory epithelia, as well as Schwann cells and satellite cells express GFAP. Early after birth, all cochlear supporting cells express GFAP, in a gradient decreasing in intensity from base to apex. After P15, GFAP expression in the organ of Corti is mostly restricted to supporting cells of the inner hair cell area (i.e., inner border and inner phalangeal cells) and outer hair cell area (i.e., Deiters' cells). A small population of limbic cells also showed expression in a base‐to‐apex gradient. In the vestibular organs, high expression was detected in supporting cells in extrastriolar regions of the utricular macula and in the canal ampullae, with weaker staining in the saccular macula. These results suggest that supporting cells of the inner ear have important similarities to glial cells and may play roles similar to those of astrocytes or Schwann cells in supporting the normal development and maintenance of neurons and sensory cells of the inner ear. J. Comp. Neurol. 442:156–162,2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adult‐like complexity of the larval antennal lobe of D. melanogaster despite markedly low numbers of odorant receptor neurons
Authors: Python François , Stocker Reinhard F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe provide a detailed analysis of the larval head chemosensory system of Drosophila melanogaster, based on confocal microscopy of cell‐specific reporter gene expression in P[GAL4] enhancer trap lines. In particular, we describe the neuronal composition of three external and three pharyngeal chemosensory organs, the nerve tracts chosen by their afferents, and their central target regions. With a total of 21 olfactory and 80 gustatory neurons, the sensory level is numerically much simpler than that of the adult. Moreover, its design is different than in the adult, showing an association between smell and taste sensilla. In contrast, the first‐order relay of the olfactory afferents, the larval antennal lobe (LAL), exhibits adult‐like features both in terms of structure and cell number. It shows a division into approximately 30 subunits, reminiscent of glomeruli in the adult antennal lobe. Taken together, the design of the larval chemosensory system is a “hybrid,” with larval‐specific features in the periphery and central characteristics in common with the adult. The largely reduced numbers of afferents and the similar architecture of the LAL and the adult antennal lobe, render the larval chemosensory system of Drosophila a valuable model system, both for studying smell and taste and for examining the development of its adult organization. J. Comp. Neurol. 445:374–387, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc
Ultrastructural characterization of the accessory lobes of Lachi in the lumbosacral spinal cord of the pigeon with special reference to intrinsic mechanoreceptors
Authors: Rosenberg Jörg , Necker Reinhold 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe lumbosacral spinal cord of birds is unique among vertebrates in that segmentally organized accessory lobes protrude from the ventrolateral spinal cord into the vertebral canal. Recently, it has been suggested that these lobes may be part of an extralabyrinthine sense organ of equilibrium. For a better understanding of such a function, a complete analysis of the structural basis was performed by means of electron microscopy. The lobes consist of multipolar neurons, myelinated and unmyelinated axons, glia‐derived glycogen cells, glial cells, and capillaries. The dorsal part of the lobe is covered by a loose mesh of pia mater. Ventrolaterally, an arachnoidal trabecle is in close contact with the lobe. Extracellular lacunae extend from the periphery deep into each lobe. The lacunae are separated from the subarachnoidal space by a loose mesh of processes of the glycogen cells with its basal lamina. The lacunae are filled by a network of processes of glycogen cells, glial cell, dendrites, and small axons. Both neuronal somata and dendrites are contacted by numerous axon terminals that form rather uniform synapses. Finger‐like processes emerge from both the somata and the dendrites. The dendrites branch deeply into the extracellular lacunae and form lateral ramifications, which consist of narrow stalks with serially arranged bulbous portions, from which finger‐like processes emerge. Finger‐like processes are well‐known elements in mechanotransduction. Glycogen cells and lacunae may contribute to transmission of hydrostatic pressure changes during movements of the body. J. Comp. Neurol. 447:274–285, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Apoptosis of spinal interneurons induced by sciatic nerve axotomy in the neonatal rat is counteracted by nerve growth factor and ciliary neurotrophic factor
Authors: Oliveira Alexandre L.R. , Risling Mårten , Negro Alessandro , Langone Francesco , Cullheim Staffan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe have previously shown that not only motoneurons and dorsal root ganglion cells but also small neurons, presumably interneurons in the spinal cord, may undergo apoptotic cell death as a result of neonatal peripheral nerve transection in the rat. With the aid of electron microscopy, we have here demonstrated that apoptosis in the spinal cord is confined to neurons and does not involve glial cells at the survival time studied (24 hours). To define the relative importance of the loss of a potential target (motoneuron) and a potential afferent input (dorsal root ganglion cell) for the induction of apoptosis in interneurons in this situation, we have compared the distributions and time courses for TUNEL labeling, which detects apoptotic cell nuclei, in the L5 segment of the spinal cord and the L5 dorsal root ganglion after sciatic nerve transection in the neonatal (P2) rat. In additional experiments, we studied the effects on TUNEL labeling of interneurons after treatment of the cut sciatic nerve with either ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) to rescue motoneurons or nerve growth factor (NGF) to rescue dorsal root ganglion cells. The time courses of the TUNEL labeling in motoneurons and interneurons induced by the lesion show great similarities (peak at 8–48 hours postoperatively), whereas the labeling in dorsal root ganglion cells occurs later (24–72 hours). Both CNTF and NGF decrease the number of TUNEL‐labeled interneurons, but there is a regional difference, in that CNTF preferentially saves interneurons in deep dorsal and ventral parts of the spinal cord, whereas the rescuing effects of NGF are seen mainly in the superficial dorsal horn. The results are interpreted as signs of a trophic dependence on both the target and the afferent input for the survival of interneurons neonatally. J. Comp. Neurol. 447:381–393, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Primates exposed to cocaine in utero display reduced density and number of cerebral cortical neurons
Authors: Lidow Michael S. , Song Zan‐Min 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study examined the effects of cocaine use during the second trimester of pregnancy on cerebral neocortical volume and density, and total number of neocortical neurons and glia in offspring. We also evaluated the extent of postnatal recovery of cytoarchitectural abnormalities previously observed in the neocortex of two‐month‐old primates born from cocaine‐treated mothers (Lidow [1995] Synapse 21:332–334). Pregnant monkeys received cocaine orally (20 mg/kg/day) from the 40th to 102nd days of pregnancy (embryonic day [E]40–E102). On E64 and E65, the animals were injected with [3H]thymidine. Cerebral hemispheres of the offspring were examined at three years of age. We found a reduction in the neocortical volume and density and total number of neocortical neurons. The observed reduction in neuronal number within the neocortex was not accounted for by the increase in the number of neurons in the white matter of cocaine‐exposed animals, because the number of these “extra” neurons was equal to only half that of missing neurons. We detected no significant changes in the number of neocortical glia. The cytoarchitectural abnormalities in the neocortex of prenatally cocaine‐exposed three‐year‐old monkeys closely resembled previously described neocortical abnormalities in similarly exposed two‐month‐old animals: the neocortex lacked a discernible lamination; the majority of the cells labeled by [3H]thymidine injected during neocortical neuronogenesis did not reach their proper position within the cortical plate. Therefore, postnatal maturation is not associated with significant improvement in neocortical organization in primates prenatally exposed to cocaine. There was, however, a postnatal recovery of low glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity previously observed in 2‐month‐old cocaine‐exposed animals. J. Comp. Neurol. 435:263–275, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thalamo‐cortical connections of areas 3a and M1 in marmoset monkeys
Authors: Huffman Kelly J. , Krubitzer Leah 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe present investigation is part of a broader effort to examine cortical areas that contribute to manual dexterity, reaching, and grasping. In this study we examine the thalamic connections of electrophysiologically defined regions in area 3a and architectonically defined primary motor cortex (M1). Our studies demonstrate that area 3a receives input from nuclei associated with the somatosensory system: the superior, inferior, and lateral divisions of the ventral posterior complex (VPs, VPi, and VPl, respectively). Surprisingly, area 3a receives the majority of its input from thalamic nuclei associated with the motor system, posterior division of the ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus (VL), the mediodorsal nucleus (MD), and intralaminar nuclei including the central lateral nucleus (CL) and the centre median nucleus (CM). In addition, sparse but consistent projections to area 3a are from the anterior pulvinar (Pla). Projections from the thalamus to the cortex immediately rostral to area 3a, in the architectonically defined M1, are predominantly from VL, VA, CL, and MD. There is a conspicuous absence of inputs from the nuclei associated with processing somatic inputs (VP complex). Our results indicate that area 3a is much like a motor area, in part because of its substantial connections with motor nuclei of the thalamus and motor areas of the neocortex (Huffman et al. [2000] Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 25:1116). The indirect input from the cerebellum and basal ganglia via the ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus supports its role in proprioception. Furthermore, the presence of input from somatosensory thalamic nuclei suggests that it plays an important role in somatosensory and motor integration. J. Comp. Neurol. 435:291–310, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphological identification of nitric oxide sources and targets in the cat oculomotor system
Authors: Moreno‐López Bernardo , Escudero Miguel , De Vente Jan , Estrada Carmen 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNitric oxide (NO) production by specific neurons in the prepositus hypoglossi (PH) nucleus is necessary for the correct performance of eye movements in alert cats. In an attempt to characterize the morphological substrate of this NO function, the distribution of nitrergic neurons and NO‐responding neurons has been investigated in different brainstem structures related to eye movements. Nitrergic neurons were stained by either immunohistochemistry for NO synthase I or histochemistry for reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) diaphorase. The NO targets were identified by cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) immunohistochemistry in animals treated with a NO donor immediately before fixation of the brain. Connectivity between cells of the NO‐cGMP pathway was analyzed by injections of the retrograde tracers horseradish peroxidase or fast blue in different structures. The motor nuclei commanding extraocular muscles did not contain elements of the NO‐cGMP pathway, except for some scattered nitrergic neurons in the most caudal part of the abducens nucleus. The PH nucleus contained the largest number of nitrergic cell bodies and a rich neuropil, distributed in two groups in medial and lateral positions in the caudal part, and one central group in the rostral part of the nucleus. An abundant cGMP positive neuropil was the only NO‐sensitive element in the PH nucleus, where no cGMP‐producing neuronal cell bodies were observed. The opposite disposition was found in the marginal zone between the PH and the medial vestibular nuclei, with a large number of NO‐sensitive cGMP‐producing neurons and almost no nitrergic cells. Both nitrergic and NO‐sensitive cell bodies were found in the medial and inferior vestibular nuclei and in the superior colliculus, whereas the lateral geniculate nucleus contained nitrergic neuropil and a large number of NO‐sensitive cell bodies. Some of the cGMP‐positive neurons in the marginal zone and medial vestibular nucleus projected to the PH nucleus, predominantly to the ipsilateral side. These morphological findings may help to explain the mechanism of action of NO in the oculomotor system. J. Comp. Neurol. 435:311–324, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neurokinin‐1 receptor‐immunoreactive neurons of the ventral respiratory group in the rat
Authors: Wang Hong , Stornetta Ruth L. , Rosin Diane L. , Guyenet Patrice G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe rostral end of the ventral respiratory group (VRG) contains neurons that are intensely neurokinin‐1 receptor (NK1R) immunoreactive (ir). It has been theorized that some of these cells might be critical to respiratory rhythmogenesis (Gray et al. [1999] Science 286:1566–1568). In the present study we determined what major transmitter these NK1R‐ir cells make and whether they are bulbospinal or propriomedullary. NK1R‐ir neurons were found in the VRG between Bregma levels −11.7 and −13.6 mm. The highest concentration was found between Bregma −12.3 and −13.0 mm. This region overlaps with the pre‐Bötzinger complex (pre‐BötC) as it was found to contain many pre‐inspiratory neurons, few E2‐expiratory neurons, and no I‐incremental neurons. VRG NK1R‐ir neurons contain neither tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) nor choline acetyl‐transferase (ChAT) immunoreactivity, although dual‐labeled neurons were found elsewhere within the rostral medulla. GAD67 mRNA was commonly detected in the ventrolateral medulla (VLM) but rarely in the NK1R‐ir neurons of the pre‐BötC region (6 % of somatic profiles). GlyT2 mRNA was commonly found in the pre‐BötC region but rarely within NK1R‐ir neurons (1.3 %). Up to 40% of VRG NK1R‐ir neurons were retrogradely labeled by Fluoro‐Gold (FG) injected in the contralateral pre‐BötC region. Some NK1R‐ir VRG neurons located caudal to Bregma −12.6 mm were retrogradely labeled by FG injected in the spinal cord (C4–C5, T2–T4). In sum, NK1R immunoreactivity is present in many types of ventral medullary neurons. Within the VRG proper, NK1R‐ir neurons are concentrated in an area that overlaps with the pre‐BötC. Within this limited region of the VRG, NK1R‐ir neurons are neither cholinergic nor catecholaminergic, and very few are γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic or glycinergic. The data suggest that most NK1R‐ir neurons of the pre‐BötC region are excitatory. Furthermore, the more rostral NK1R‐ir cells are propriomedullary, whereas some of the caudal ones project to the spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 434:128–146, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An efficient gradient‐based optimization algorithm for mechanical systems
Authors: Kegl M. , Butinar B. J. , Kegl B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper describes an optimization algorithm based on a special convex approximation technique and a robust numerical solution procedure. The employed approximation technique involves automatic adjustability in order to ensure good convergence properties. Additionally, it guaranties convexity and a special form of the approximate problems. Consequently, these problems can be transformed into very simple and quasi‐unconstrained dual problems which are solved by a robust and reliable numerical solution procedure. A few examples illustrate the use of the algorithm. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.