bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ellipsometry from infrared to vacuum ultraviolet: Structural properties of thin anisotropic guanine films on silicon
Authors: Hinrichs K. , Silaghi S. D. , Cobet C. , Esser N. , Zahn D. R. T. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractBio‐molecular films of the DNA base guanine were characterized by ellipsometry from the Infrared (IR) to Vacuum Ultraviolet (VUV) spectral range, X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). In this study we in particular focus on the contact‐less and reference‐free characterization of thin anisotropic bio‐molecular films by ellipsometry. Ellipsometric spectra in the IR as well as in the UV–VUV spectral range are molecule specific and the absorption bands could be used to identify molecules deposited on a substrate, since both the vibrational and electronic excitations are molecule specific. Especially we demonstrate that the measured pseudo‐dielectric function in the mid infrared (MIR) spectral range can be used as a characteristic “fingerprint” for DNA base molecules and their orientation in a thin film. Moreover an interpretation of the ellipsometric spectra in an optical model delivers the dielectric function and could give information about the molecular structure, orientation and conductivity. The determination of average molecular orientations from IR and UV/VUV ellipsometry spectra is discussed. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Erratum Shallow donor impurities in different shaped double quantum wells under the electric field [phys. stat. sol. (b) 241, No. 5, 1066–1072 (2004)]
Authors: Kasapoglu E. , Sokmen I. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractFor Eqs. (2a) and (2b) of the original article the correct versions are given. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Alkylation of enolates: An electrophilicity perspective
Authors: Elango M. , Parthasarathi R. , Subramanian V. , Chattaraj P. K. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractEnolates are ambient nucleophiles, and alkylation can occur either at a carbon or at an oxygen site. It is known that the ratio of C/O alkylation depends significantly on various factors, including the type of enolate, alkylating agent, site of alkylation, and solvent environment. Analysis of regioselectivity and solvent effects on alkylation of lithium enolates is investigated using various reactivity descriptors, including generalized philicity. These results point out the reliability of both global and local reactivity descriptors in providing significant information about site selectivity and chemical reactivity of lithium enolates. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Stable isotope variation in wool as a means to establish Turkish carpet provenance
Authors: Hedges Robert E. M. , Thompson Jonathon M. A. , Hull Bradley D. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe problem of establishing the provenance of carpets of artistic and historical importance is well known. We have addressed this by investigating whether there is sufficient geographical variation in the stable isotopes in wool (namely C, N and S) between key areas of Turkey to be able to recognize the different regions where carpets were made. Here we report results from modern wool samples taken from the winter growth of sheep in 2003/2004 from 13 carpet‐producing sites. Although each site has a characteristic composition, most sites cannot be distinguished from each other, and the overall isotopic pattern is unexpectedly complicated. Thus in Western Turkey there is no sign of sea‐spray effects in the δ34S values for sites close (10 km) to the sea, while, in the Konya Basin (Central Turkey), the δ34S values vary significantly between nearby sites. Two ‘urban’ settlements where sheep are now raised have dramatically higher δ15N values. It is nevertheless possible that certain production centers may have distinct signatures, and further work will compare carpets from known sources with the currently produced wool values. The results also provide additional insight into the natural variation found in archaeological faunal isotopic values, e.g. in bone collagen. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Boolean functions computed by random Boolean formulas or how to grow the right function
Authors: Brodsky Alex , Pippenger Nicholas 
Published: October 2005

AbstractWe characterize growth processes (probabilistic amplification) by their initial conditions to derive conditions under which results such as Valiant's J Algorithms 5 (1984), 363–366 hold. We completely characterize growth processes that use linear connectives and generalize Savický's Discrete Math 147 (1990), 95–103 analysis to characterize growth processes that use monotone connectives. Additionally, we obtain explicit bounds on the convergence rates of several growth processes, including the growth process studied in Savický. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2005
Novel DNA markers for rapid, accurate, and cost-effective discrimination of the continental origin of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)
Authors: Gilbey John , Knox David , O'Sullivan Martha , Verspoor Eric 
Published: October 2005

AbstractSalmon from geographically representative rivers in North America and Europe were typed for variation at the microsatellite locus SS1 and the mitochondrial DNA ND-1 restriction site 3971, using PCR amplification and agarose-gel electrophoresis. North American salmon showed near-fixation for SS1 alleles between 129 and 135 bp in length and the N mtDNA restriction type, while European salmon near-fixation for SS1 alleles between 183 and 219 bp and the A/D mtDNA type. Based on the observed variant frequencies, using these two markers in combination is predicted to give correct assignment of >99.5% of salmon to continent-of-origin. As both these continental markers can be screened by agarose-gel electrophoresis, their use offers a more rapid, cheaper, and simpler method for accurate assignment of Atlantic salmon to continent-of-origin than do existing methods. These markers can be applied to the identification of salmon in North Atlantic high-seas fisheries, in aquaculture stocks, and in rivers to determine the continent-of-origin of fish-farm escapes.
Impact of role in the decision to fail: An exploratory study of terminated projects
Authors: Dilts David M. , Pence Ken R. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractOur research examines factors used by public service personnel and their contractors to reach the decision to terminate a project. Two decision‐making roles are studied: executives, those with the authority to start or cancel a project, and project managers, those who direct the day‐to‐day operations of the project. Our exploratory survey research, an initial step in this topic, suggests that different roles cluster critical termination factors uniquely and use different decision weighting levels on these factors. On a second construct, information gathering actions, such as scanning and interpretation, show an indication of bias, particularly sunk cost bias, and this bias is experienced differently by executives and project managers. Interestingly, the scale of a project, in terms of labor‐hours, calendar time, or budget, does not appear to be related to perception of ‘failure’. The implications for the management of government safety projects are that care must be taken to understand the differing viewpoints of the two types of decision‐makers and that the initial presentation of information concerning a project may influence the perception of a project's outcome. While there are several implications for operations management research, the most critical is that care must be given when surveying “managers” concerning subjective measures of ‘success’ or ‘failure’ as there can be radical perceptual differences by role.
Sentinel lymph node biopsy in oral cancer: validation of technique and clinical implications of added oblique planar lymphoscintigraphy and/or tomography
Authors: Thomsen J. B. , Sørensen J. A. , Grupe P. , Krogdahl A. 
Published: October 2005

Purpose: To validate lymphatic mapping combined with sentinel lymph node biopsy as a staging procedure, and to evaluate the possible clinical implications of added oblique lymphoscintigraphy and/or tomography and test the intra- and interobserver reproducibility of lymphoscintigraphy. Material and Methods: Forty patients (17 F and 23 M, aged 32–90) with 24 T1 and 16 T2 squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. Planar lymphoscintigraphy, emission and transmission tomography were performed. Detection and excision of the sentinel nodes were guided by a gamma probe. The sentinel nodes were step-sectioning and stained with hematoxylin and eosin and cytokeratin (CK 1). Histology and follow-up were used as “gold standard”. Tumor location, number of sentinel lymph nodes, metastasis, and recurrences were registered. Two observers evaluated the lymphoscintigraphic images to assess the inter-rater agreement. Results: Eleven (28%) patients were upstaged. The sentinel lymph node identification rate was 97.5%. Sentinel lymph node biopsy significantly differentiated between patients with or without lymph node metastasis ( P = 0.001). Lymphatic mapping revealed 124 hotspots and 144 hot lymph nodes were removed by sentinel lymph node biopsy. Three patients developed a lymph node recurrence close to the primary tumor site during follow-up. Added oblique lymphoscintigraphic images and/or tomography revealed extra hotspots in 15/40 (38%) patients. In 4/40 (10%), extra contralateral hotspots were detected. Conclusion: Sentinel lymph node biopsy upstaged 28% of the patients. Sentinel lymph nodes close to the primary tumor were difficult to find. Added oblique planar images and/or tomographic images revealed extra clinical relevant hotspots in 38% of patients. Reproducibility proved excellent.
Hyperperfusion on perfusion computed tomography following revascularization for acute stroke
Authors: Nguyen T. B. , Lum C. , Eastwood J. D. , Stys P. K. , Hogan M. , Goyal M. 
Published: October 2005

Purpose: To describe the findings of hyperperfusion on perfusion computed tomography (CT) in four patients following revascularization for acute stroke. Material and Methods: In 2002–2003, among a series of 6 patients presenting with an acute stroke and treated with intra-arterial thrombolysis, we observed the presence of hyperperfusion in 3 patients on the follow-up CT perfusion. We included an additional patient who was treated with intravenous thrombolysis and who had hyperperfusion on the follow-up CT perfusion. We retrospectively analyzed their CT perfusion maps. Cerebral blood volume (CBV) and cerebral blood flow (CBF) maps were compared between the affected territory and the normal contralateral hemisphere. Results: In the four patients, the mean CBV and CBF were 3.6±2.0 ml/100 g and 39±25 ml/100 g/min in the affected territory compared to the normal side (mean CBV = 2.7±2.1 ml/100 g, mean CBF = 27±23 ml/100 g/min). There was no intracranial hemorrhage in the hyperperfused territories. At follow-up CT, some hyperperfused brain areas progressed to infarction, while others retained normal white to gray matter differentiation. Conclusion: CT perfusion can demonstrate hyperperfusion, which can be seen in an ischemic brain territory following recanalization.
Hepatic transit time of ultrasound contrast in biopsy characterized liver disease
Authors: Pedersen J. F. , Larsen V. A. , Bytzer P. , Madsen L. G. , Hamberg O. 
Published: October 2005

Purpose: To study the hepatic transit time of an ultrasound contrast agent in patients with liver disease, and to evaluate the mechanism(s) of the well-established shorter cubital vein to hepatic vein transit time in cirrhosis. Material and Methods: Thirty-four patients scheduled for Menghini liver biopsy were studied by ultrasound after injection of 2.5 g Levovist (Schering, Berlin, Germany) into an arm vein. The time from injection until the first appearance of contrast echoes in the hepatic artery and hepatic veins was registered. Hepatic transit time was the difference between the two. Results: Biopsy showed cirrhosis in 9 patients, other diffuse hepatic pathology in 23 patients, and normal liver in 2 patients. Mean hepatic vein arrival time was earlier in cirrhosis than in other liver disease (19.4 s versus 26.0 s; P = 0.013), and hepatic transit time was shorter (6.6 s versus 11.6 s; P = 0.024). A hepatic transit time <10 s was found in all patients with cirrhosis, but also in 10 of 23 patients with other liver pathology. Conclusion: Hepatic transit time measurement could not be used to distinguish between cirrhosis and other hepatic pathology, but a transit time = 10 s excluded cirrhosis. The earlier hepatic vein arrival time in cirrhosis is apparently mainly caused by intrahepatic shunting rather than by early arrival of contrast to the liver.
Calcium scoring of aortic valve calcification in aortic valve stenosis with a multislice computed tomography scanner: non-enhanced versus contrast-enhanced studies
Authors: Mühlenbruch G. , Wildberger J. E. , Koos R. , Das M. , Thomas C. , Ruhl K. , Niethammer M. , Floh T. G. , Stanzel S. , Günther R. W. , Mahnken A. H. 
Published: October 2005

Purpose: Previous studies have shown a positive correlation between amount of aortic valve calcification (AVC) and degree of aortic valve stenosis (AVS). We have investigated whether calcium scoring of AVC from contrast-enhanced images is reliable. Material and Methods: Nineteen patients with suspected AVS underwent retrospectively ECG-gated multislice computed tomography (MSCT). Standardized scan protocols were applied prior to (120 KV, 133 mAseff) and after (120 KV, 500 mAseff) the administration of non-ionic contrast material. Image reconstruction was performed at 60% of the RR interval (slice thickness 3 mm, reconstruction increment 2 mm). AVC was quantified using Agatston score and calcium mass. The number of lesions was calculated. All non-enhanced images were scored using thresholds of 130 HU and 350 HU. Contrast-enhanced images were assessed with a threshold of 350 HU exclusively. Results: Fifteen patients with AVCs were included in the statistical analysis. The mean Agatston score (calcium mass) in non-enhanced images was 2888.4±2844.4 (694.2 mg±869.3 mg). Altering the threshold from 130 HU to 350 HU led to a 58.2% (30.5%) decrease in the AVC score ( P values <0.001). Contrast-enhanced images showed an increased Agatston score (calcium mass) of 56.2% (33.5%) compared to non-enhanced images ( P values <0.05) with the same threshold of 350 HU. Conclusion: Quantification of AVC from contrast-enhanced images is not reliable, as contrast material simulates calcification.
Planning the prevention of alcohol and other drug‐related problems among women
Authors: Thomas Sally 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to report on the findings from a survey of key respondents with regard to the prevention of alcohol and other drug problems among women. The findings suggest that key respondents were concerned about the problems related to legal substances, alcohol, nicotine, minor tranquillisers, over‐the‐counter medication and major psychotropic medication. The problems described by these respondents included both physical and psychological health problems. The implications of these findings for prevention activity are discussed.
Trends in public opinion about alcohol policy initiatives in Ontario and the US 1989‐91
Authors: Room Robin , Giesbracht Norman , Graves Karen , Greenfield Thomas 
Published: October 2005

AbstractTrends in public opinion about 11 possible alcohol policy initiatives are analysed in probability surveys of adults in the United States and in Ontario in 1989, 1990 and 1991. In both sites, public opinion is fairly conservative on alcohol policies, with majorities favoring either the status quo or decreased availability on such dimensions as tax levels, opening hours, sale of alcoholic beverages in corner stores and the minimum legal drinking age. Between 1989 and 1991, the most substantial net change in attitudes was in favor of warning labels in Ontario, although it was in the United States and not in Canada that warning labels were introduced after the 1989 surveys. For some other alcohol policies, public support for restrictions tended to decline in Ontario but not in the United States. In logistic regressions predicting attitudes on each policy with gender, age, education, drinking pattern, study site and year of study, the strong and consistent secular trend for support for warning labels held up; the only other significant and consistent secular trend was against increased efforts to prevent drunken customers being served. Since public support for alcohol controls is crucial to their effectiveness and long‐term viability, regular tracking of public opinion on them is needed, along with efforts to increase their public understanding and support.
The incidence of alcohol‐related problems and the risk of alcohol withdrawal in a general hospital population
Authors: Foy Aidan , Kay Julie 
Published: October 2005

AbstractA survey was carried out using the Canterbury Alcohol Screening Test (CAST) and clinical criteria for risk of alcohol withdrawal of 2000 randomly selected hospital in‐patients in order to determine the prevalence of alcohol‐related problems, the work‐load for a specialist alcohol withdrawal service and the target group for early intervention. Patients at risk of alcohol withdrawal were followed prospectively.The major findings were: 14.3% of patients had a positive CAST and 8% were at risk of alcohol withdrawal; the prevalence of positive clinical criteria was greatest in men under the age of 30 years (OR 3.6) and very low (OR 0.34) in women over 60 years. In addition, patients who were too sick or refused to complete the questionnaire had high rates of being at risk for alcohol withdrawal. The prevalence of CAST positivity was greatest in men under the age of 40 years (OR 3.7) and lowest in women over 70 years (OR 0.2).It is concluded that 15‐20% of in‐patients have alcohol problems and 8% are at risk of withdrawal; questionnaires will produce underestimates of the order of 25%; and female in‐patients over the age of 60 years are extremely unlikely to have problems with alcohol.
The case for increased alcohol taxation in Australia
Authors: Richardson Jeff , Crowley Steve 
Published: October 2005

AbstractdThis paper is concerned with the arguments and evidence that support the use of alcohol taxation as a primary health care intervention. Taxation is treated as a policy option that may be subject to cost‐benefit analysis. While overseas evidence is used, the article draws primarily upon the authors' earlier estimates of the cost of alcohol consumption and the effects of taxation in Australia. In addition, the paper considers the main arguments used against alcohol taxation for health policy. It is concluded that the arguments cannot be substantiated and that there is a strong case for increased alcohol taxes.
The effects of alcohol on preparation for expected and unexpected events
Authors: GLENCROSS DENIS , HANSEN JOHN , PIEK JAN 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe present paper is concerned with investigating the effects of alcohol in situations where unexpected events occur and responses need to be cancelled and reprogrammed. One experiment is reported which involved the modification of an eight‐choice reaction‐time task, employing the priming procedures of Posner to investigate the effects of alcohol on decision times to expected and unexpected events. The experiment involved a series of valid pre‐cues in which accurate information was provided about the up‐coming response, and a series of invalid pre‐cues in which the “wrong” information was given to subjects. The effects of alcohol (0.09% BAC) was significant on the invalid trials, in which reaction time slowed significantly and error rates increased significantly. The results are discussed in terms of response processing and attention‐switching. [Glencross D, Hansen J, Piek J. The effects of alcohol on preparation for expected and unexpected events. Drug Alcohol Rev 1995; 14:171–177]
Health beliefs relating to alcohol and other drug use in the Australian population
Authors: McALLISTER IAN 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis study uses data from a nationally representative population survey conducted in March and April 1993 to examine alcohol and other drug‐related health beliefs within the Australian population. The results show widespread ignorance about the causes of drug‐related mortality, with 43 percent of respondents believing that alcohol is the major cause of drug‐related premature death. Only 32 percent of the respondents mentioned tobacco as the major cause of death. Those who identified tobacco as the drug causing the greatest number of deaths were more likely to be male, young, Australian or British‐born, and better educated. Women were more accurate in their assessment of the risk levels associated with alcohol consumption than men, as were the young and the better educated. There is widespread public knowledge about the risks that are associated with passive smoking. Overall, the results point to the need to focus health promotion and awareness campaigns on the groups that have so far proved most immune to health messages, namely, heavy drinkers and smokers. [McAllister I. Health beliefs relating to alcohol and other drug use in the Australian population. Drug Alcohol Rev 1995; 14:187–199]
HIV risk exposure of injecting drug users in Sydney
Authors: WODAK A. , STOWE A. , ROSS M. W. , GOLD J. , MILLER M. E. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractOne thousand two hundred and forty‐five Sydney injecting drug users (IDUs) were interviewed by questionnaire in 1989 to determine demographic and behavioural characteristics. One‐sixth (16.7%) were considered to be at low risk of HIV from either needle sharing or sexual transmission as they had either never shared injecting equipment, or had not shared for years, or cleaned their injecting equipment effectively on 100% of the occasions when they did share; and were either celibate or monogamous or, if they had multiple partners, had not had unsafe sex in the previous 6 months. Over half (50.7%) had either unsafe injecting or sexual behaviour with the remaining third (32.6%) engaging in both unsafe injecting and sexual practises. Women were more at risk from sharing injection equipment than men but men were more at risk from sexual transmission than women. Increasing age was associated with greater likelihood of safer sex but age had no effect on injecting practises. There was no relationship between unsafe injecting and sexual practises. Amphetamine use was associated with low risk injecting practises while heroin use was associated with low risk sexual transmission. These findings indicate appreciable residual risk behaviour sufficient to allow for at least a slow diffusion of HIV among injecting drug users. [Wodak AD, Stowe A, Ross MW, Gold J, Miller ME. HIV risk exposure of injecting drug users in Sydney. Drug Alcohol Rev 1995; 14:213–222].