bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pluralism and Religion: Europe
Authors: Bruce Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE previous chapter considered the application of the supply-side model to religion in Britain and its former colonies: the USA, Canada, and Australia. I would now like to consider the very different societies of continental Europe: de Tocqueville’s old world of Catholic, Lutheran, and Orthodox churches. What light, if any, does the rational choice approach shed on the recent history of religion in Europe?
Liberal Religion
Authors: Bruce Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ONE common response to the argument presented in Chapter 1 and to the details of declining church membership and church attendance scattered throughout this book is to argue that, while religion may have changed its shape, it has not actual1y declined. What we see in the twentieth century is not secularization but merely the adaptation of religion. This case is commonly made by Christians looking for some reason to be cheerful (some of whom go so far as to suggest that what is left is ‘better’ religion than that which prevailed in, say, the eighteenth century because it is Jess entangled with the mundane and hence more pure). It is also made by those scholars who believe that there is something about the human condition that gives us a perpetual need for religion or something very much like it.
Living away from relatives: kinship and geographical reasoning
Authors: Mason Jennifer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Living near relatives can be a mixed blessing. The warmth and security which can come from feeling that you are a member of a local kin network can also make you feel too close for comfort. Living near enough to provide or receive help can mean being expected always to be the first to help, or can feel like a compromise of your own or someone else’s independence. Local and everyday familiarity with each others’ lives can feel intrusive as well as friendly and supportive. Yet living far away is problematic too. Independence may feel easier to establish and maintain, but it is easy also to feel too far away, especially in times of crisis or need.
The impact of family change on older people: the case of stepfamilies
Authors: Bornat Joanna , Dimmack Brian , Jones David , Peace Sheila 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Centre stage in debates about family and society in Britain today is taken by two concerns: the ageing of the population and the rate of family change through divorce and separation. By the mid-1990s, the proportion of the population over the age of 65 had reached 15 per cent, while four in every ten marriages in England and Wales were expected to end in divorce (Raskey 1996b; OPCS 1996a; ONS 1996). The quotations above come from a study carried out in Luton during 1995-6 which investigated the impact of family change on older people. They represent some of the hopes and fears which surface in debates about the future of family life at the end of the twentieth century.
Living alone: evidence from England and Wales and France for the last two decades
Authors: Hall Ray , Ogden Philip E , Hill Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the 1990s, living alone moved from being perceived as a somewhat marginal household type concentrated among older people to a more widespread phenomenon with wide-ranging policy implications. In 1991, 27 per cent of all households in Britain,1 and a similar proportion of house holds in France, were made up of people living alone, compared to 18 and 20 per cent respectively around 1970. The continuing rapid increase of one person households has been described as one of the most significant changes that will take place between now and 2020 in England and Wales: of the projected growth of new households in England, 80 per cent will be one-person. By 2020, more than one in three households will be made up of people living alone. Such changes have far-reaching consequences, in terms of both the physical provision for such households and the social implications of increasing numbers of people living alone (DoE 1995,1996; Hall, Ogden, and Hill 1997).
Families of choice: autonomy and mutuality in non-heterosexual relationships
Authors: Weeks Jeffrey , Heaphy Brian , Donovan Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The contemporary debate about the family is often presented in terms of a polarity. On the one hand there is an image of mutuality, interdependence, and resilience, represented by an ideal type of the family. Although it is widely acknowledged that the family may have changed radically over the years, at its most evocative this ideal type represents a haven of trust, mutual involvement, and shared responsibilities that many argue offers the best hope for a communitarian culture (Etzioni 1995). On the other hand, set against this is a vivid picture of the search for autonomy, for an individual fulfilment that often eschews commitment, and is the product of an individualistic and hedonistic culture (see, for example, Davies 1993; Dennis and Erdo 1993; Dench 1996b).
From Competition to Collaboration: The Emergence and Evolution of R&D Cooperatives
Authors: Doz Yves L , Baburoglu Og0z 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The potential benefits of collaboration in research and development (R&D) activities between firms are well known, and obvious, and so are the difficulties faced by such collaboration. There are many reasons for R&D collaboration between firms and R&D seems to be an increasingly frequent component of inter-company alliances (Aldrich and Sasaki, 1995; see Tripsas, Schrader, and Sobrero, 1995 for a summary). Economies of scale and scope in R&D, a desire to avoid duplications, to access complementary technologies and scientific and technical capabilities, and to control the spillovers from innovative activities underlie many collaborative projects in R&D. Despite the clear potential benefits that drive firms into cooperating, the increasingly well recognized difficulties they face in obtaining those benefits makes the choice of form of collaboration, and the relative merits and performance of various forms of collaboration, controversial issues (Hane, 1995). The debate is fuelled partly by the significant commitments of public funds (subject to close political scrutiny) to collaborative R&D in Europe, Japan, and to lesser extent the USA (in the European Union today, for instance, support to the information technology industry,
Assessing Inter-Organizational Collaboration: Multiple Conceptions and Multiple Methods
Authors: Gray Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Arguments extolling the importance of inter-organizational collaboration and its benefits have gained prominence in the management and policy literature in the last decade (Gray, 1989; Wood and Gray, 1991; Huxham and McDonald, 1992; Smith, Carroll, and Ashford, 1995; Evans, 1996b; Huxham, 1996b). Two distinct streams of research have emerged: one focusing on strategic alliances and joint ventures among business organizations and the other addressing cross-sectoral alliances among business, governments, schools, NGOs, and other stakeholders concerned about a particular problem domain. Particularly in education, social services, planning health care, and environmental arenas, collaboration among cross-sectoral sets of organizations concerned about a particular problem domain is increasingly necessary and often mandated (Trist, 1983; Carpenter and Kennedy, 1988; Gray, 1989; Potapchuk and Polk, 1993).
Careers, Organizing, and Community
Authors: Parker Polly , Arthur Michael B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Fritjof Capra’s book The Web of Life (1996) there is an illustration. On the left-hand side of the illustration are several circles, meant to represent life’s phenomena as we usually understand them. The phenomena may be any commonly recognized units: parts of the human anatomy, collectives of people, members of other biological species, rivers, forests, oceans, and so on. From each circle, and connecting it to other circles, flow multiple lines. The representation concurs with how we usually think in social science, in viewing the world as relationships among similar phenomena or units of anallysis. For instance, individuals, groups, social classes, institutions, governments, countries, and —not least —private or public companies, are popular units of analysis in psychology, social psychology, sociology, political science, economics, and organizational and management science.
Career, Community, and Social Architecture: An Exploration of Concepts
Authors: Goffee Rob , Jones Gareth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is commonplace to assert that high rates of change and uncertainty within the industrial economies have buried, perhaps once and for all, the conventional notion of the career as an orderly, cumulative trajectory, organizationally bounded and marked by measurable shifts in status and social recognition. While some observers argue that the term should be disposed of altogether, others seek broader redefinitions that understand the career as ‘the evolving sequence of a person’s work over time’ (Arthur et al. 1989). This sequence of experiences, it is often claimed, is increasingly owned and shaped by individuals. Personal intentions, aspirations, and abilities have become more salient determinants of career ‘outcomes’, how¬ ever they may be defined-earning a living, achieving promotion, building a family, and so on. But one may embrace changing conceptions of careers without endorsing this increasingly individualist paradigm.
Social Capital: A Review and Critique
Authors: Schuller Tom , Baron Stephen , Field John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
SOCIAL capital—broadly, social networks, the reciprocities that arise from them, and the value of these for achieving mutual goals—has become an influential concept in debating and understanding the modern world. It features in much scholarly discourse, across a variety of disciplines; it also rever berates through the politics of the centre-left, as well as in new thinking about international economic development and social renewal. An idea that draws attention to the importance of social relationships and values such as trust in shaping broader attitudes and behaviour is clearly highly attractive to many people.
Social Capital, Innovation, and Competitiveness
Authors: Maskell Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE contemporary process of globalization has dramatically enhanced the economic importance of what a diverse group of current scholars (Bourdieu 1980; Coleman 1988b; Burt 1992; Putnam 1993a; Fukuyama 1995; Woolcock 1998) has called ‘social capital’. Social capital refers to the values and beliefs that citizens share in their everyday dealings and which give meaning and provide design for all sorts of rules. The use of the word ‘capital’ implies that we are dealing with an asset. The word ‘social’ tells us that it is an asset attained through membership of a community. Social capital is accumulated within the community through processes of interaction and learning. But social capital is not a commodity for which trade is technically possible or even meaningful.
Social Capital Trumping Class and Cultural Capital? Engagement with School among Immigrant Youth
Authors: Lauglo Jon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
WHY do certain groups cope much better with school than one would expect, given their humble social class position and their lack of familiarity with the culture transmitted by school? Special talents and particularities of life histories can be invoked to explain the case of individual persons. But how to explain the relative success of groups? Is social capital a productive analytic tool that is useful for that purpose? As noted in the introductory chapter of this volume, the concept of social capital as initially sketched out by Bourdieu (Bourdieu 1997; Bourdieu and Passeron 1970) tended to be presented as yet another resource that was possessed disproportionately by groups who in other respects also would be advantaged.
Social Capital and Health: Contextualizing Health Promotion within Local Community Networks
Authors: Campbell Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the one hand, millions of dollars are committed to alleviating ill-health through individual intervention. Meanwhile we ignore what our everyday experience tells us, i.e. the way we organize our society, the extent to which we encourage interaction among the citizenry and the degree to which we trust and associate with each other in caring communities is probably the most important determinant of our health.
Organizing for Innovation: Co-ordinating Distributed Innovation Capabilities
Authors: Coombs Rod , Metcalfe J Stan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The central theme of this chapter is the need to combine a capabilities perspective on the innovating firm with the increasingly complex division of labour in the generation of science and technology. It is increasingly the case that technological innovations cannot be accomplished by individual firms acting independently. It is more and more common for firms to act in collaboration with other firms, whether suppliers, customers, or competitors, and with other non commercial knowledge-generating organizations. The nature of these collaborative linkages varies from formal contractual links to informal networks of knowledge exchange, with all sorts of intermediate varieties.
Predicate calculus
Authors: Cori René , Lascar Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fundamental work of the mathematician is to examine structures, to suggest properties that might pertain to these and to ask whether these properties are satisfied or not. Predicate calculus is, in some way, the first stage in the formalization of mathematical activity. Two aspects are involved: first, we provide ourselves with formal tools that are adequate to name these objects (these will be the terms) and to express (some of) their properties (these will be the formulas); second, we study the satisfaction of these properties in the structures under consideration.
Mathematical Logic
Authors: Cori René , Lascar Daniel , Pelletier Donald H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Logic forms the basis of mathematics, and is hence a fundamental part of any mathematics course. It is a major element in theoretical computer science and has undergone a huge revival with the every- growing importance of computer science. This text is based on a course to undergraduates and provides a clear and accessible introduction to mathematical logic. The concept of model provides the underlying theme, giving the text a theoretical coherence whilst still covering a wide area of logic. The foundations having been laid in Part I, this book starts with recursion theory, a topic essential for the complete scientist. Then follows Godel's incompleteness theorems and axiomatic set theory. Chapter 8 provides an introduction to model theory. There are examples throughout each section, and varied selection of exercises at the end. Answers to the exercises are given in the appendix.
Milestones Of Hot-Electron Research In Semiconductors
Authors: Hess K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Electronic transport in semiconductor materials has in the past often been regarded as a branch of lesser importance in the physics of electronic conduction of solids; a feeling that probably arose from, or was at least magnified by, the developments of many-body theory of electronic conduction, particularly superconductivity. Of course, the invention of the transistor and the evolution of the silicon age gave a clear indication that from the viewpoint of applications semiconductor transport had enormous significance. Initial research was therefore logically connected to electrons and holes in devices with particular emphasis on generation-recombination of electrons and holes which was not known from metals and contained many-body aspects.
Ultrafast Spectroscopy Of Low-Dimensional Structures
Authors: Ryan John F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Considerable progress has been made over the past few years in understanding the fundamental processes responsible for ultrafast energy and momentum relaxation in low-dimensional semiconductors. Technical developments on the experimental side have led to the routine availability of 100 fs temporal resolution, while 10 fs resolution is no longer the formidable challenge that it once represented, and as a result, it has been possible to study non-equilibrium carrier and phonon dynamics directly in real-time measurements. Much of this effort has been directed at two-dimensional quantum well systems, but as growth and fabrication methods become more sophisticated there has been increasing effort devoted to investigations of quantum wire and quantum dot structures. The interpretation of experiments has also progressed substantially during this period, due to the wider application of Ensemble Monte Carlo (EMC) simulation techniques, In particular, incoherent carrier-carrier scattering (CCS) and carrier-phonon scattering (CPS) processes have been widely investigated using this method. However, it is also well known that the excitation of interband optical transitions in a semiconductor generates a coherent polarization which persists for -100 fs. In this temporal regime the phase relation between the particles and the light field is a dominant factor, and the decay of the polarization by phase-breaking scattering processes can provide unique information about the earliest stages of carrier relaxation. In this chapter we will focus attention on the former aspect of the problem, where electron-hole correlation can be neglected, and the carrier dynamics can be treated stochastically.
Energy And Momentum Relaxation Of Hot Electrons In Long Quantum Wires
Authors: Cingolani R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Carrier relaxation in one-dimensional (ID) heterostructures is a matter of intensive investigation, both theoretical and experimental. The sharp density of states, the lack of strong interband continuum, the modification of the electron-phonon interaction and the phase space restriction of quantum wires are expected to modify the process of carrier relaxation in optically excited ID heterostructures. Qualitatively, the reduction of dimensionality induces a concomitant reduction of the phase space available for carriers which in turn limits the strength of the various scattering mechanisms responsible for energy relaxation. These characteristics are reflected in a peculiar temporal evolution of the optical transitions in quantum wires, namely reduced energy-loss rates and longer decay time of the luminescence. Despite this clear picture, so far there has been no clear evidence of ID effects in the carrier relaxation of quantum wires. Though intersubband recombination from different quantized levels has been time-resolved in various quantum wire heterostructures, the temporal evolution of the optical spectra has been found to be not so different from that of quantum wells. The reason for this surprising finding is twofold:
Aspects Of Tunnelling Phenomena In Non-Equilibrium Transport
Authors: Barker J R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the late 1960s the semiconductor physics community was embroiled in unravelling the non-linear carrier dynamics of a number of hot-carrier phenomena, especially the Gunn effect (Gunn 1963; Butcher 1967) with its emphasis on negative differential resistance, an outcome of the transferred electron effect in high fields. Brian Ridley made seminal contributions (Ridley and Watkins 1961; Ridley 1963, 1965) to the understanding of these processes. In long samples these phenomena lead to the dramatic appearance of travelling space-charge domains, with soliton-like characteristics, and these domains are the stable limit of the growth of space-charge instabilities within a negative differential mobility regime. Unlike many other phenomena which have arisen in semiconductor physics, the Gunn effect and the later acousto-electric effect depend significantly upon the device geometry and the local field distributions. The latter require self-consistent modelling in any theoretical description, usually by coupling the charge density to the fields via Poisson’s equation.
Hot electrons in semiconductor devices
Authors: Luryi S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hot-electron phenomena have become important for the understanding of all modem semiconductor devices. In many cases these phenomena are a nuisance that must be somehow cauterized, like for example the hot-carrier injection into the gate dielectric in silicon field-effect transistors. This unwelcome effect gives rise to a degradation of transistor characteristics and may lead to circuit failure. Another well-known hot- electron effect in devices (with more benign consequences) is the saturation of drift velocity in high electric fields. Velocity saturation is ubiquitous in modem semiconductor devices and is sometimes of central importance for their operation. Thus, it is essential for the operation of all transit-time diode oscillators (Size, 1990).
Hot-electron effects in quantum well lasers and the tunnelling injection laser
Authors: Bhattacharya P K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Quantum well and strained quantum well lasers have emerged as high-performance devices which satisfy requirements of low threshold current and large modulation bandwidth. However, as the laser performance is ‘fine-tuned’, some deleterious effects emerge, which need further investigation and should be finally eliminated, or minimized.
High-Energy Electron Diffraction And Microscopy
Authors: Peng L -M , Dudarev S L , Whelan M J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book provides the reader with a comprehensive introduction to high energy electron diffraction and elastic and inelastic scattering of high energy electrons, with particular emphasis on applications to modern electron microscopy. Starting from a survey of fundamental phenomena, the authors introduce the most important concepts underlying modern understanding of high energy electron diffraction. Dynamical diffraction in transmission (THEED) and reflection (RHEED) geometries is treated using a general matrix theory, where computer programs and worked examples are provided to illustrate the concepts and to familiarize the reader with practical applications. Diffuse and inelastic scattering and coherence effects are treated comprehensively both as a perturbation of elastic scattering and within the general multiple scattering quantum mechanical framework of the density matrix method. Among the highlights are the treatment of resonance diffraction of electrons, HOLZ diffraction, the formation of Kikuchi bands and lines and ring patterns, and application of diffraction to monitoring of growing surfaces. Useful practical data are summarised in tables including those of electron scattering factors for all the neutral atoms and many ions, and the temperature dependent Debye-Waller factors given for over 100 elemental crystals and compounds.
Statistical Data Analysis
Authors: Cowan Glen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is a guide to the practical application of statistics in data analysis as typically encountered in the physical sciences. It is primarily addressed at students and professionals who need to draw quantitative conclusions from experimental data. Although most of the examples are taken from particle physics, the material is presented in a sufficiently general way as to be useful to people from most branches of the physical sciences. The first part of the book describes the basic tools of data analysis: concepts of probability and random variables, Monte Carlo techniques, statistical tests, and methods of parameter estimation. The last three chapters are somewhat more specialized than those preceding, covering interval estimation, characteristic functions, and the problem of correcting distributions for the effects of measurement errors (unfolding).