bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Who's helping whom? Layers of culture and workplace behavior
Authors: Perlow Leslie , Weeks John 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis paper describes an in‐depth, qualitative exploration of helping behavior among software engineers doing the same type of work in the U.S. and India. Consistent with research describing American culture as more individualist and Indian culture as more collectivist, we find that engineers at the American site provide help only to those from whom they expect to need help in the future, whereas engineers at the Indian site are more willing to help whoever needs help. However, we further find that the differences are not due to the influence of individualistic or collectivist norms per se but rather to the ways in which helping is framed in the two contexts. At the American site, the act of helping is framed as an unwanted interruption. In contrast, helping at the Indian site is framed as a desirable opportunity for skill development. These different framings reflect the combined influence of national, occupational, and organizational layers of culture in the two settings. In each case, we find that engineers help others when doing so is framed in such a way as to be perceived as helpful in achieving their career goals. Our findings have important implications for better understanding helping behavior itself and also the mechanisms through which culture influences work behavior. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The process of burnout in white‐collar and blue‐collar jobs: eight‐year prospective study of exhaustion
Authors: Toppinen‐Tanner Salla , Kalimo Raija , Mutanen Pertti 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis study tested three contrasting theories about the sequential process of the three dimensions of burnout (i.e., exhaustion, cynicism and professional efficacy) as measured by the Maslach Burnout Inventory—General Survey (MBI‐GS). The causal order of the burnout components was investigated by including job stressors as antecedents of burnout in structural equation models (LISREL). The predictive effect of exhaustion on burnout dimensions eight years later was also investigated. The longitudinal models were then tested in two occupational subgroups. The participants were 713 Finnish employees (415 white‐collar and 298 blue‐collar workers) from an international industry enterprise. The best fitting model of the associations between the three burnout dimensions was obtained by a path model where exhaustion predicted cynicism, and cynicism in turn predicted lack of professional efficacy. The symptoms of exhaustion were persistent over time. There were no differences between the two occupational groups in the process of burnout. Also the work‐related antecedents of burnout (job stressors) were very similar in both groups. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman spectroscopy of the phase‐related basic copper arsenate minerals olivenite, cornwallite, cornubite and clinoclase
Authors: Frost Ray L. , Martens Wayde N. , Williams Peter A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe Raman spectra of olivenite, cornwallite and its diamorph cornubite and clinoclase were obtained at 298 and 77 K using a combination of a thermal stage and Raman microscopy. The vibrational spectra of the minerals are different, in line with differences in crystal structure and composition. Some similarity in the Raman spectra of the hydroxyl‐stretching region exists, particularly at 298 K. Two hydroxyl‐stretching wavenumbers are observed for each mineral with the bands for clinoclase being well separated. Characteristic differences in the OH deformation regions are observed. Differences are also observed in the arsenate stretching and deformation regions. The OAsO bending modes are identified. The application of Raman microscopy to the study of closely related mineral phases allowed their molecular characterization using their Raman spectrum, thus permitting the rapid identification of phases in complex mixtures of secondary copper arsenates from the oxidized zones of base metal ore bodies. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Leadership boards of directors
Authors: Davies Adrian , Joyce Paul , Beaver Graham , Woods Adrian 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
Boards of directors that have a leadership role in corporate strategic planning go beyond merely caring for shareholder interests and take a proactive role in the success of the business. They do this by setting the strategic direction and evaluating company performance.
The cultural and organizational conditions for the development of leadership boards are however, not well understood. The roles of executive and non‐executive directors need to be clearly defined in order that such boards can be effective and assert control over strategy and performance. Executive directors can only be effective when they clearly differentiate their role of providing direction from their daily role of working with managers in the company.
Recent research has begun to push back the ignorance surrounding the development of leadership boards. This will be examined in order to define the barriers standing in the way of more empowered directors. It will then be used to identify the actions and approaches that can be used by directors to develop their involvement in, and influence over, corporate strategic planning.
This is then followed by a discussion of boards that places the issue in their contemporary policy context. It leads to the conclusion that the organization of partnership between board and management is important and that business success increasingly rests on openness and trust supported by creative and challenging dialogue.
Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of the lipid content in fish muscle by a self‐calibrated NMR relaxometry method: comparison with classical chemical extraction methods
Authors: Toussaint Caroline A , Médale Françoise , Davenel Armel , Fauconneau Benoît , Haffray Pierrick , Akoka Serge 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA low‐cost, accurate NMR method was developed to determine the lipid content in fish flesh. The fish samples are dried before NMR measurements, and the method is self‐calibrated with an oil reference. The NMR technique gave an intermediate fat content value, 4.7% lower in relative value than those obtained by a chemical cold extraction method and 6.7% higher than those from a petroleum ether extraction method at high temperature. Taking into account this systematic bias, the prediction error was only 3 g kg−1 fat content between NMR and Soxhlet method determinations (R2 = 0.98). The NMR technique thus offers a promising alternative method for determining the lipid content in previously dried fish flesh, since it is rapid, easily usable and solvent‐free, unlike chemical extraction methods. Furthermore, this accurate NMR method should be valuable to calibrate the fast but less accurate NMR, NIR and microwave methods based on fresh samples and to estimate the fat content in other animal meats when the fat is maintained in an amorphous state.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Nutritional evaluation of transgenic high‐methionine lupins (Lupinus angustifolius L) with broiler chickens
Authors: Ravindran Velmurugu , Tabe Linda M , Molvig L , Higgins T J V , Bryden Wayne L 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe nutritive value of transgenic lupin seeds (Lupinus angustifolius L) with higher contents of methionine was evaluated with broiler chickens. The crude protein, methionine and cysteine contents in the conventional and transgenic lupins were 322 and 324, 2.0 and 4.5, and 3.6 and 3.7 g kg−1 dry matter respectively. In the feeding trial, conventional and transgenic lupins with hulls were incorporated into a maize–soyabean meal diet at 250 g kg−1 level and the diets were fed to female broiler chicks from 6 to 20 days of age. All diets were balanced to contain similar levels of apparent metabolisable energy (AME), lysine and sulphur‐containing amino acids. The levels of free methionine added to the maize–soyabean meal control, conventional lupin and transgenic lupin diets were 2.2, 2.8 and 2.2 g kg−1 respectively. Weight gain and feed intake were not influenced by dietary treatments, but feed/gain tended to be higher (P  = 0.09) in birds fed lupin diets compared with those fed the control diet. Feed/gain of birds fed the conventional lupin diet was higher (1.82 vs 1.74) than for those fed the transgenic lupin diet. These results showed that the supplemental methionine required in poultry diets containing 250 g kg−1 lupin can be lowered by 0.6 g kg−1 diet by the use of high‐methionine lupins. The AME values of conventional and transgenic lupins were determined to be 9.42 and 10.18 MJ kg−1 dry matter respectively. The higher AME value in transgenic lupins may be related to the lower content of soluble non‐starch polysaccharides (45.6 vs 60.7 g kg−1 air‐dry basis). Data on ileal amino acid digestibility indicate that the amino acids in transgenic lupins are as digestible as those in conventional lupins.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Transfer of heat and moisture during microwave baking of potatoes
Authors: Wilson W D , MacKinnon I M , Jarvis M C 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMicrowave baking of potatoes comprised two phases. In the first phase the internal temperature of the potatoes rose to approximately 100 °C with little loss of water vapour. The uniformity of internal heating during this phase was assessed by identifying gelatinised starch. Starch gelatinisation began near the outer surface after 1.5 min of cooking and was complete by 2.5 min. During the second cooking phase the thermal energy absorbed was used to evaporate water. When immersion in boiling water was substituted for this second phase of microwave cooking, it took significantly longer for the internal texture to soften adequately for the potatoes to be considered cooked. This suggests that microwave cooking influences texture independently of the thermal profile of the cooking process. Damage by escaping steam is suggested as a mechanism.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Establishment and characterization of OCUT‐1, an undifferentiated thyroid cancer cell line expressing high level of telomerase
Authors: Ogisawa Kana , Onoda Naoyoshi , Ishikawa Tetsuro , Takenaka Chiemi , Inaba Masaaki , Ogawa Yoshinari , Chung Kosei Hirakawa‐YS 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackground & ObjectivesUndifferentiated thyroid cancer is one of the most aggressive human malignancies, and the prognoses that have been reported are extremely poor. A number of studies have described the clinicopathologic features of this tumor and analyzed its biologic background to explain the extraordinarily aggressive nature of the tumor. Still the mechanism of cellular aggressiveness in undifferentiated thyroid cancer is not yet fully understood.MethodsWe established and characterized an undifferentiated thyroid cancer cell line, OCUT‐1, derived from the surgical specimen obtained from a 74‐year‐old Japanese woman with advanced undifferentiated thyroid cancer.ResultsThe cell line had already maintained over 100 passages and was stably cultured for more than a year. The cell line was observed to maintain not only its morphologic similarity to the primary cancer cells, but also its aggressive nature, including high proliferative activity, numerous genetic abnormalities, and cytokine production. Further, we have demonstrated the expression of telomerase activity in the cell, which could represent one of the responsible mechanisms for the cellular aggressiveness of this type of tumor.ConclusionsThis cell line might be useful for further study concerning the correlation between telomerase activation and disease progression or anaplastic change in thyroid cancer. J. Surg. Oncol. 2002;80:197–203. © 2002 Wiley–Liss, Inc.
Effects of dietary chromium picolinate supplementation on serum and tissue mineral contents of laying Japanese quails
Authors: Şahin Kazim , Şahin Nurhan , Küçük Osman 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of chromium (chromium picolinate, CrPic) on serum and tissue concentrations of Cr, Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mg of laying Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica). One hundred fifty laying Japanese quails (45 days old) were divided into five groups, 30 quails per group. The laying quails were fed either the control diet containing 1,285.96 μg of Cr/kg of diet or the control diet supplemented with 200, 400, 800, or 1,200 μg of Cr/kg of diet. Increasing dietary chromium supplementation linearly increased serum chromium and zinc concentrations (P = 0.01) but linearly decreased (P = 0.01) copper serum concentrations. Serum iron and magnesium concentrations did not change (P > 0.10) as dietary chromium supplementation increased. Similar response to Cr supplementation was also observed in tissue mineral concentrations. Liver, longissimus muscle, and kidney chromium and zinc concentrations linearly increased (P = 0.01), whereas copper concentrations linearly decreased (P = 0.01) as dietary chromium supplementation increased. Also, liver, longissimus muscle, and kidney iron and magnesium concentrations did not change (P > 0.10) as dietary chromium supplementation increased. The results of present study conclude that supplemental chromium to the diet of Japanese quails influences serum and tissue Cr, Zn, and Cu concentrations, thus most probably functions of the organs as well as the welfare of Japanese quails. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 15:163–169, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spatial and temporal changes of vegetation cover in granite mountains in central Japan: a GIS‐based approach
Authors: Kimoto A. , Mizuyama T. , Okano K. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractDegraded hillslope areas are widespread in the Tanakami area located in Shiga Prefecture of central Japan as a result of more than 1300 years of human impact. Consequently, accelerated erosion rates and high storm runoffs have been major environmental problems there. To attempt to stabilize hillslopes and to reduce sediment and water discharges, extensive reforestation projects have been conducted since the 1870s. The vegetation recovery in the Tanakami area over a 51‐year period was assessed using a geographic information system‐based approach. The results showed that, in the areas where only hillside planting work was conducted, the percentage of bare slope area increased mainly due to the destruction of the vegetation cover on the forested slopes with gradients exceeding 30 degrees, and/or on southwest and northwest slopes. Moreover, the destruction of vegetation cover on steep slopes was seen to be most prevalent where hillside planting work was conducted without slope terracing. In contrast, in the area where both hillside planting and tending works were implemented, the bare slope area tended to decrease through the study period. Consequently, in 1988, there were only 1 per cent of bare slopes in the area where both hillside planting and tending works were implemented; in contrast the bare slope areas where only hillside planting work was conducted still occupied 12–17 per cent. These results imply that the reforestation practices that include hillside planting and tending works, or at least slope terracing, are necessary to prevent the destruction of the vegetation cover on steep southwest and northwest slopes. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scar sarcoidosis—treatment with the Q‐switched ruby laser
Authors: Grema Hortensia , Greve Bärbel , Raulin Christian 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveScar sarcoidosis is a circumscribed form of cutaneous sarcoidosis, which is often very difficult to treat. To date, therapeutic approaches have yielded little success and often been accompanied by adverse effects, some of which are severe. Laser treatment is one alternative, which has proven to be effective in a dramatically increasing number of cases over the past years.Study Design/Patients and MethodsWe report about a 50‐year‐old female patient who presented with histologically confirmed scar sarcoidosis on the right elbow and both knees; the sarcoidosis had spontaneously developed on three sites which had traumatic tattoos from abrasions. Because of the reddish‐brown livid discolorations, we treated the granulomas with the pulsed dye laser for three sessions, although without success. Treatment with the Q‐switched ruby laser was commenced to remove the traumatic tattoos.ResultsNot only had the areas lightened fully after four sessions, the sarcoidosis foci had resolved completely, and the patient has been recurrence‐free for over 3 years.ConclusionThe Q‐switched ruby laser appears to be a rapid and effective means of treating scar sarcoidosis with traumatic tattoos without incurring adverse effects. The definitive mode of action is still not fully known, however. Lasers Surg. Med. 30:398–400, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphological analysis of cementum and root dentin after Er:YAG laser irradiation
Authors: Sasaki Katia M. , Aoki Akira , Ichinose Shizuko , Ishikawa Isao 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesTo investigate the morphology of cementum and root dentin after Er:YAG laser irradiation with and without water coolant, compared to that after CO2 laser irradiation and an untreated surface.Study Design/Materials and MethodsTen extracted healthy human teeth were used. Er:YAG and CO2 lasers were applied with energy outputs of 0.4 W, with and without coolant and 0.5 W, without coolant, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis was performed at high and ultra‐high magnifications.ResultsThe surface of cementum was micro‐irregular with numerous projections while that of dentin appeared scaly after Er:YAG laser irradiation. Unlike after CO2 laser treatment, no major melting or cracking was observed with Er:YAG laser treatment. The use of water spray produced fine micro‐irregularities without attached debris. Ultra‐high magnification revealed similar microparticles‐composed aspects for both cementum and dentin. However, the more porous structure of the surface was observed after Er:YAG laser irradiation without water spray.ConclusionsCementum and root dentin presented distinct micro‐roughness after Er:YAG laser irradiation, possibly due to structural differences in the original tissue. However, under ultra‐high magnifications, both cementum and dentin presented similar characteristics of the irradiated surface. In addition, the use of water spray during laser irradiation minimized thermal effects and resulted in a cleaner and less porous surface. Lasers Surg. Med. 31:79–85, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
1.55‐μm surface‐illuminated monolithically integrated balanced metal semiconductor metal photodetectors and coplanar waveguide
Authors: Safwat Amr M. E. , Kim Junghwan , Johnson William , Walker Bobby , Lee Chi H. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTwo metal–semiconductor–metal (MSM) photodetectors are integrated monolithically with a coplanar waveguide transmission line to form a 1.55‐μm surface‐illuminated balanced photodetector. Illuminating the device with CW and taking the difference, the relative intensity noise (RIN) is suppressed by 9–10 dB. In balanced detection, a 7‐dB enhancement in the intermodulation term compared to single detector is achieved. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 125–130, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10393
Use of wavelet transform to the method‐of‐moments matrix arising from electromagnetic scattering problems of 2D objects due to oblique plane‐wave incidence
Authors: Yu Jin , Kishk Ahmed A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAn efficient method is presented for transforming the matrix of the method of moments obtained by the expansion of the unknown surface currents with pulse basis function and the use of point match testing to a matrix with wavelet basis and testing functions. When the electromagnetic scattering object is a dielectric or object under oblique plane‐wave incidence, more than one equivalent surface current component exists at the object surface. When these currents are connected into one current vector in the method of moments, there must be some discontinuities between the current components. These discontinuities make the direct wavelet transform to the whole MoM matrix inefficient and not equivalent to the use of the wavelet functions in the expansion of the unknown currents and the testing. Therefore, the wavelet transform must be constructed in a different way to avoid these discontinuities. Here, the proper wavelet transform that is equivalent to the use of the wavelet functions in the MoM, which avoids such discontinuities, is presented. This transform is referred to as wavelet subtransform. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 130–134, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10394
Experimental investigation of antenna‐handset‐feed interaction during wireless product testing
Authors: Haley J. , Moore T. , Bernhard J. T. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractChassis shape and element design dominate portable antenna circuit and radiation properties. In terms of far‐field pattern and input reflection magnitudes, this work experimentally investigates at 1.9 GHz the interplay between the element, handset size, and feed‐line radiation suppression techniques. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 169–172, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10406
Compact circular‐sided microstrip antenna for circular polarization
Authors: Kundukulam Sona O. , Paulson Manju , Aanandan C. K. , Mohanan P. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractDevelopment of a new compact circular‐sided microstrip antenna is presented. This antenna offers considerable area reduction compared to standard rectangular microstrip antenna designed for the same frequency. Typical antenna design and experimental results for circular polarization are also demonstrated. The antenna has a 3‐dB axial ratio bandwidth of 1.5%. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 176–177, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10408
Broadband equivalent circuit models for canonical chiral elements
Authors: Long B. R. , Werner D. H. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis article introduces broadband equivalent circuit models for both series‐connected and parallel‐connected canonical chiral elements. Each connection method results in a different terminal impedance behavior and therefore requires a different equivalent circuit model. These equivalent circuit models have a variety of applications including allowing for convenient analysis of chiral antennas as well as meta‐materials composed of passively or actively loaded chiral elements. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 181–183, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10410
Analysis of an array of monopoles with the use of a radial waveguide approach
Authors: Janapsatya Januar , Bialkowski Marek E. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA radial guide field matching method (RGFMM) is used to analyze a circular array antenna consisting of one active monopole surrounded by a concentric array of passive monopoles terminated in arbitrary loads. An equivalent admittance matrix for this antenna system is determined to study the input admittance of the active monopole when the peripheral elements are terminated in open or short circuits. RGFMM results are compared with free‐space method of moments (FSMoM) results for a small switched‐beam array of seven monopoles. Good agreement is noted. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 235–240, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10426