bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paradoxes of Severe Plastic Deformation
Authors: Valiev R.Z. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractSevere plastic deformation (SPD) can lead to emergence of microstructural features and properties in materials which are fundamentally different from the ones well known for conventional cold deformation. In particular, the instances of unusual phase transformations resulting in development of highly metastable states associated with formation of supersaturated solid solutions, disordering or amorphization and their further decomposition during heating, high thermal stability of the SPD‐produced nanostructures, and the paradox of strength and ductility in some SPD‐processed metals and alloys are discussed.
Unique Features and Properties of Nanostructured Materials
Authors: Hahn H. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractIn this introductory paper an attempt is made to give an overview of the area of nanostructured materials irrespective of the synthesis process. The various microstructural features such as clusters or isolated nanoparticles, agglomerated nanopowders, consolidated nanomaterials and nanocomposite materials as well as all materials classes are considered. As an important component of modern research on nanomaterials a section describes the various characterization tools available. Based on these remarks some properties of nanostructured materials will be summarized emphasizing the property–microstructure relationships. Finally, a brief outlook on applications and initial industrial use of nanomaterials is presented.
Nonlinear changes in brain electrical activity due to cell phone radiation
Authors: Marino Andrew A. , Nilsen Erik , Frilot Clifton 
Published: June 2003

AbstractWe studied the effect of an electromagnetic field from a cellular telephone on brain electrical activity, using a novel analytical method based on a nonlinear model. The electroencephalogram (EEG) from rabbits was embedded in phase space and local recurrence plots were calculated and quantified using recurrence quantitation analysis to permit statistical comparisons between filtered segments of exposed and control epochs from individual rabbits. When the rabbits were exposed to the radiation from a standard cellular telephone (800 MHz band, 600 mW maximum radiated power) under conditions that simulated normal human use, the EEG was significantly affected in nine of ten animals studied. The effect occurred beginning about 100 ms after initiation of application of the field and lasted ∼300 ms. In each case, the fields increased the randomness in the EEG. A control procedure ruled out the possibility that the observations were a product of the method of analysis. No differences were found between exposed and control epochs in any animal when the experiment was repeated after the rabbits had been sacrificed, indicating that absorption of radiation by the EEG electrodes could not account for the observed effect. No effect was seen when deposition of energy in the brain was minimized by repositioning the radiating antenna from the head to the chest, showing that the type of tissue that absorbed the energy determined the observed changes in the EEG. We conclude that, in normal use, the fields from a standard cellular telephone can alter brain function as a consequence of absorption of energy by the brain. Bioelectromagnetics 24:339‐346, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Occupational magnetic field exposures of garment workers: Results of personal and survey measurements
Authors: Kelsh Michael A. , Bracken T. Dan , Sahl Jack D. , Shum Mona , Ebi Kristie L. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractTo explore the feasibility of performing an epidemiologic study of female breast cancer and magnetic field (MF) exposures, we chose to study garment workers, who reportedly have some of the highest MF exposures. We collected personal exposure (PE, n = 48) and survey measurements (n = 77) near commercial sewing machines at three garment facilities and conducted a pilot interview among 25 garment workers asking about exposure duration, activities, and machine characteristics. MF levels were higher for older machines with alternating current (AC) than newer machines with direct current (DC) motors. MF levels were comparable for both idling and sewing activities. Most interviewed workers could describe duration of exposure and machine type (automatic/manual), but not other machine characteristics. Measurements were lower than previously reported for garment workers but were higher than exposures to most women. A historical exposure assessment can be conducted by linking duration of exposure with reconstructed exposure measurements but may be limited by the accuracy of work history data. Bioelectromagnetics 24:316‐326, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Extending the color gamut and dynamic range of an sRGB image using a residual image
Authors: Spaulding Kevin E. , Woolfe Geoffrey J. , Joshi Rajan L. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractImage sources, such as digital camera captures and photographic negatives, typically have more information than can be reproduced on a photographic print or a video display. The information that is lost during the tone/color rendering process relates to both the extended dynamic range and color gamut of the original scene. In conventional photographic systems, most of this additional information is archived on the photographic negative and can be accessed by adjusting the way the negative is printed. However, most digital imaging systems have traditionally archived only a rendered video RGB image. As a result, it is not possible to make the same sorts of image manipulations that historically have been possible with conventional photographic systems. This suggests that there would be an advantage to storing images using an extended dynamic range/color gamut color encoding. However, because of file compatibility issues, digital imaging systems that store images using color encoding other than a standard video RGB representation (e.g., sRGB) would be significantly disadvantaged in the marketplace. In this article, we describe a solution that has been developed to maintain compatibility with existing file formats and software applications, while simultaneously retaining the extended dynamic range and color gamut information associated with the original scenes. With this approach, the input raw digital camera image or film scan is first transformed to the scene‐referred ERIMM RGB color encoding. Next, a rendered sRGB image is formed in the usual way and stored in a conventional image file (e.g., a standard JPEG file). A residual image representing the difference between the original extended dynamic range image and the final rendered image is formed and stored in the image file using proprietary metadata tags. This provides a mechanism for archiving the extended dynamic range/color gamut information, which is normally discarded during the rendering process, without sacrificing interoperability. Appropriately enabled applications can decode the residual image metadata and use it to reconstruct the ERIMM RGB image, whereas applications that are not aware of the metadata will ignore it and only have access to the sRGB image. The residual image is formed such that it will have negligible pixel values for those portions of the image that lie within the sRGB gamut, and will therefore be highly compressible. Tests on a population of 950 real customer images have demonstrated that the extended dynamic range scene information can be stored with an average file size overhead of about 8% compared to the sRGB images alone. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 28, 251–266, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10160
Adequateness of a newly modified opponent‐colors theory
Authors: Nayatani Yoshinobu 
Published: June 2003

AbstractTwo features of a newly modified opponent‐colors theory are examined for correctness: (1) The perceived chroma of pure color is different for different hues. This was confirmed by using Ikeda's UCS (Uniform Color Scales) formula and also by the maximum Munsell Chroma Values for different hues. (2) Chromatic colors with the same values of whiteness, blackness, grayness, and perceived chroma have the same perceived lightness and chromatic tone regardless of hue. This was confirmed by a theoretical analysis and observations of the color samples in the Practical Color Co‐ordinate System (PCCS) developed in Japan. Chromatic tone, a complex concept of object colors, is clarified. The structure of the newly modified theory and its corresponding color space were confirmed by observation of object colors. Furthermore, it was found effective for developing a color‐order system and its corresponding standard color charts to the modified theory. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 28, 298–307, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10164
Windows on diversity: Lawyers, culture, and mediation practice
Authors: LeBaron Michelle , Zumeta Zena D. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThis article explores connections among culture, lawyering, and mediation. Starting from a broad definition
of culture, the authors illustrate ways that cultural competence is important to mediation practice and process
design. They suggest that awareness of legal culture is an important facet of mediator competence because of the
pervasive influence of legal ways of thinking in mediation process design and implementation.
CytometryML, an XML format based on DICOM and FCS for analytical cytology data
Authors: Leif Robert C. , Leif Suzanne B. , Leif Stephanie H. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractBackgroundFlow Cytometry Standard (FCS) was initially created to standardize the software researchers use to analyze, transmit, and store data produced by flow cytometers and sorters. Because of the clinical utility of flow cytometry, it is necessary to have a standard consistent with the requirements of medical regulatory agencies.MethodsWe extended the existing mapping of FCS to the Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) standard to include list‐mode data produced by flow cytometry, laser scanning cytometry, and microscopic image cytometry. FCS list‐mode was mapped to the DICOM Waveform Information Object. We created a collection of Extensible Markup Language (XML) schemas to express the DICOM analytical cytologic text‐based data types except for large binary objects. We also developed a cytometry markup language, CytometryML, in an open environment subject to continuous peer review.ResultsThe feasibility of expressing the data contained in FCS, including list‐mode in DICOM, was demonstrated; and a preliminary mapping for list‐mode data in the form of XML schemas and documents was completed. DICOM permitted the creation of indices that can be used to rapidly locate in a list‐mode file the cells that are members of a subset. DICOM and its coding schemes for other medical standards can be represented by XML schemas, which can be combined with other relevant XML applications, such as Mathematical Markup Language (MathML).ConclusionsThe use of XML format based on DICOM for analytical cytology met most of the previously specified requirements and appears capable of meeting the others; therefore, the present FCS should be retired and replaced by an open, XML‐based, standard CytometryML. Cytometry Part A 54A:56–65, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of dynamic cellular adhesion of osteoblasts using atomic force microscopy
Authors: Simon A. , Cohen‐Bouhacina T. , Porté M. C. , Aimé J. P. , Amédée J. , Bareille R. , Baquey C. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractBackgroundAtomic force microscopy (AFM) can be used to visualize the cell morphology in an aqueous environment and in real time. It also allows the investigation of mechanical properties such as cell compliance as a function of cell attachment. This study characterized and evaluated osteoblast adhesion by AFM.MethodsHuman bone marrow stromal cells were cultured on two types of surface to induce weak and strong cellular adhesions.ResultsCells were considered as spreading if they had a flattened and lengthened shape and a cytoskeletal organization in the submembrane cytosolic region. Cell detachment demonstrated different adhesion states between adherent cells to be distinguished. The stability of the cytoskeletal fibers indicated that cells were adherent. The elastic modulus was estimated by two complementary approaches. The values deduced were between 3 × 102 and 2 × 105 Nm−2 according to the state of cell adhesion and the approaches used to measure this elastic modulus.ConclusionsAlthough the results were qualitative, a relation may be deduced between the elasticity of living cells as demonstrated by cytoskeletal organization and the state of cell adhesion. The technique could be used to determine the adhesion state of an adherent osteoblast observed under AFM. Cytometry Part A 54A:36–47, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative analysis of cytoskeletal organization by digital fluorescent microscopy
Authors: Lichtenstein Nurit , Geiger Benjamin , Kam Zvi 
Published: June 2003

AbstractBackgroundThe cytoskeleton consists of complex arrays of fibers that play indispensable roles in cell structure and function. The cytoskeletal fibers are concertedly involved in numerous cellular processes, including cell adhesion, locomotion, intracellular transport, and cell division. The organization of the cytoskeleton was extensively studied, mainly by immunofluorescence microscopy, yet these studies were mostly qualitative, and a reliable quantitative approach for determining fiber structure and distribution is still missing.MethodsIn this study we developed algorithms for filament feature extraction, based on fluorescence microscopy. These algorithms are robust against blurring by slight defocus, high background, and noise, and are applicable to both fixed, immunolabeled cells and live cells expressing fluorescently tagged cytoskeletal proteins. The implemented FiberScore program is used in order to recognize, segment, and quantify various structural parameters of the cytoskeleton, including total fiber‐associated fluorescence, as well as fiber length and orientation. Furthermore, these parameters can be determined for different cytoskeletal proteins in the same sample tagged with multiple‐fluorescent labels, and the results can be correlated with other cellular parameters.ResultsFiberScore was used here for the quantification of simultaneous changes in microtubule and actin filaments induced by the microtubule‐disrupting drug nocodazole. Actin filaments, which are reported to respond reciprocally to microtubule disruption, are found to be affected by both immediate and delayed signals.ConclusionsAnalysis of the organization of fibers by the FiberScore algorithm allows quantification of the cytoskeletal signature of cells and offers reliable multiparametric functional assays for effects of drugs and other perturbations evaluated on a cell‐by‐cell basis. Cytometry Part A 54A:8–18, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sensitive visualization of peptide presentation in vitro and ex vivo
Authors: Kunkel Désirée , Kirchhoff Dennis , Volkmer‐Engert Rudolf , Radbruch Andreas , Scheffold Alexander 
Published: June 2003

AbstractBackgroundThe presentation of antigenic peptides to specific T cells is one of the key events for the induction of a T‐cell‐dependent immune response. The nature of the antigen‐presenting cells which present distinct peptides has been difficult to analyze so far due to the low number of peptides presented in vivo by a single antigen‐presenting cell.MethodsWe have used magnetofluorescent liposomes to identify and characterize antigen‐presenting cells according to presentation of a hapten‐labeled antigenic peptide in vitro and ex vivo.ResultsMagnetofluorescent liposomes allowed the identification and isolation of antigen‐presenting cells according to the presentation of less than 100 peptides per cell, the physiological threshold for activation of specific T cells. Ex vivo, we could demonstrate peptide presentation by B lymphocytes and dendritic cells already 1 h after intravenous peptide injection; this rapidly declined to background level after 12–24 h.ConclusionsThe sensitive visualization of peptide presentation allows the phenotypical and functional characterization of those antigen‐presenting cells which present specific peptides at physiological relevant quantities. This technology will help to characterize the antigen‐presenting cells (APC) which are responsible for the induction of distinct immune reactions in vivo, e.g., the generation of tolerance or immunity. Cytometry Part A 54A:19–26, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optical properties of multicomponent oxide glasses and glass fibers
Authors: Tsujikawa Kyozo , Ohashi Masaharu , Tajima Katsusuke 
Published: June 2003

AbstractWe experimentally studied the optical properties of multicomponent oxide glasses that contain metallic components, such as potassium and sodium, and their glass fibers. The Rayleigh scattering coefficients of glasses such as Na2O‐B2O3‐SiO2(NBS), K2O‐MgO‐SiO2(KMS), K2O‐Na2O‐MgO‐SiO2(KNMS) are smaller than that of pure quartz glass. In particular, the Rayleigh scattering coefficient of KNMS glass was significantly lower at 38% of the value for pure quartz glass. This is believed to be the result of suppressing the composition fluctuations of KNMS glass by the mixed alkali effect. Furthermore, we studied the absorption properties of OH group impurities included in multicomponent oxide glasses. In particular, we fabricated NAS glass fibers that substituted the OH group impurity with an OD group (deuterium) by the double crucible method and verified a loss reduction of about 800 dB/km at the 1.55‐µm wavelength. Through these studies, we clearly showed that the absorption losses of the OH group that hydrogen bonds to nonbridging oxygen clearly affected the increase in the 1.55‐µm band loss in multicomponent oxide glass fibers. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 86(12): 21–35, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10128
Multipoint linkage disequilibrium mapping approach: Incorporating evidence of linkage and linkage disequilibrium from unlinked region
Authors: Hsu Fang‐Chi , Liang Kung‐Yee , Beaty Terri H. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractGene mapping for complex diseases is still a challenge in genetic studies. For family‐based studies, the single‐locus methods for detecting linkage and linkage disequilibrium (LD) one at a time may not capture the assumed interaction between multiple causal genes efficiently. We propose a multipoint LD approach for assessing the evidence of linkage and LD in a targeted chromosomal region by incorporating evidence from an unlinked region using the case‐parent trio design. The paternal and maternal preferential transmission statistics defined in Liang et al. ([2001] Am. J. Hum. Genet. 68:937–950) are the primary statistics for this approach. Our generalized estimating equation (GEE) method builds on a model using the expected preferential transmission statistic from the targeted region conditional on this same statistic from the unlinked region. The major assumption is that there is no more than one trait locus in both the targeted region and unlinked region. The map position of an unobserved trait locus and its confidence interval can be calculated. Finally, we apply this approach to the African‐American families drawn from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Asthma (CSGA). Previous analysis using this GEE approach developed by Liang et al. ([2001] Am. J. Hum. Genet. 68:937–950) suggested strong evidence of linkage and LD on chromosome 11, but only marginal evidence on chromosome 8. While conditioning on marker D11S937 on chromosome 11, a separate trait locus on chromosome 8 was estimated at $\hat\tau2 = 11.67{\rm cM}$, with a 95% confidence interval of (8.75, 14.59), and the test statistic shows significant evidence of linkage and LD (P‐value=0.0198) in this region of chromosome 8. Genet Epidemiol 25:1–13, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
EVEBAT: A fast strategy for the examination of the empty space in polymer matrices
Authors: Curcó David , Zanuy David , Alemán Carlos 
Published: June 2003

AbstractA very efficient strategy to evaluate the “free volume” and the “unoccupied volume” in polymer matrices is proposed. The method, which has been denoted EVEBAT (Empty Volume Evaluation Based on Atom‐Types), emerges from the concept of atom type, which is the basis of a force field. Accordingly, the numerical treatment is minimized by analyzing the atom types used to describe the polymer matrix, which are always a few, rather than all the explicit, atoms involved in it. The performance of the new method has been pointed out by a detailed comparison with the classical insertion algorithms. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 24: 1208–1214, 2003
Statistical thermodynamics of internal rotation in a hindering potential of mean force obtained from computer simulations
Authors: Hnizdo Vladimir , Fedorowicz Adam , Singh Harshinder , Demchuk Eugene 
Published: June 2003

AbstractA method of statistical estimation is applied to the problem of one‐dimensional internal rotation in a hindering potential of mean force. The hindering potential, which may have a completely general shape, is expanded in a Fourier series, the coefficients of which are estimated by fitting an appropriate statistical–mechanical distribution to the random variable of internal rotation angle. The function of reduced moment of inertia of an internal rotation is averaged over the thermodynamic ensemble of atomic configurations of the molecule obtained in stochastic simulations. When quantum effects are not important, an accurate estimate of the absolute internal rotation entropy of a molecule with a single rotatable bond is obtained. When there is more than one rotatable bond, the “marginal” statistical–mechanical properties corresponding to a given internal rotational degree of freedom are educed. The method is illustrated using Monte Carlo simulations of two public health relevant halocarbon molecules, each having a single internal‐rotation degree of freedom, and a molecular dynamics simulation of an immunologically relevant polypeptide, in which several dihedral angles are analyzed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 24: 1172–1183, 2003
Early vaginal bleeding and first‐trimester markers for Down syndrome
Authors: De Biasio Pierangela , Canini Silvana , Crovo Angela , Prefumo Federico , Venturini Pier Luigi 
Published: June 2003

AbstractObjectivesTo assess the effect of early vaginal bleeding on first‐trimester markers for Down syndrome.MethodsA retrospective study was conducted on 2330 normal singleton fetuses who underwent first‐trimester combined screening for Down syndrome based on ultrasound and maternal serum markers. Fetal nuchal translucency (NT), maternal serum pregnancy‐associated plasma protein A (PAPP‐A), free β‐hCG and the false‐positive rate of the test were compared between pregnancies with (n = 253) and without (n = 2077) a history of early vaginal bleeding.ResultsThe mean ± SD log10 MoM for NT, PAPP‐A and free β‐hCG was −0.024 ± 0.101, 0.007 ± 0.244, 0.047 ± 0.273 and −0.011 ± 0.108, −0.006 ± 0.223, 0.008 ± 0.264 in pregnancies with and without a history of early vaginal bleeding, with a p value of 0.07, 0.40 and 0.03 respectively. The false‐positive rate was 2.4% and 3.6% (p = 0.33).ConclusionsAn earlier episode of vaginal bleeding is associated with an increase in maternal serum free β‐hCG levels at first‐trimester combined screening for Down syndrome. However, this phenomenon is unlikely to significantly affect the false‐positive rate of the test. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.