bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structural investigations of ternary chalcogenide glasses
Authors: Petkova T. , Petkov P. , Vassilev S. , Nedeva Y. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractGlasses from (GeSe5)1−xGax and (GeSe4)1−xGax (x = 5, 10, 15, 20 at.%) systems have been investigated. X‐ray diffraction and IR scattering measurements have been carried out in order to elucidate the structure of the glasses. From the x‐ray diffraction data radial distribution functions (RDF) have been obtained. The results show that the basic units are tetrahedral and the atoms are distributed according to the ‘chemically ordering’ model. The IR spectra reveal that the introduction of gallium to GexSe1−x glass thus causes only a small shift of maxima and some changes in the broadness of the vibration bands. The presence of a shoulder at 216 cm−1 and the increase of this shoulder is associated with the increase in gallium content. The effect of gallium incorporation in the binary GexSe1−x glassy system has been discussed in terms of the chemically ordered model and experimental data of both investigations. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nb2O5 thin films obtained by chemical spray pyrolysis
Authors: Romero R. , Ramos‐Barrado J. R. , Martin F. , Leinen D. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractNb2O5 thin films have been prepared by chemical spray pyrolysis on fused silica and glass substrates from a 10−2 M NbCl5 precursor solution of 50% bidistilled water, 49% ethanol and 1% acetic acid. The films are of compact material with high surface roughness, that decrease with increasing substrate temperature (350 °C to 500 °C) while the deposition velocity decreases. All as‐deposited films are amorphous. Post‐annealing in air to temperatures higher than 500 °C leads to a distorted hexagonal crystal phase. With XPS and depth profiling, the stoichiometry and residuals from the precursor solution in these films have been investigated. In particular, the decomposition of the alcoholic component by post‐annealing could be followed with XPS. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced scanning ion microprobe image analysis for rough surface samples as an alternative to SIMS depth profiling
Authors: Seki S. , Tamura H. , Horita S. , Ito N. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe usefulness of scanning ion microprobe (SIM) image analysis by a gallium focused ion beam (FIB) on a bevelled sample surface is investigated. To improve the low secondary ionization yields of elements caused by the gallium bombardment, the oxygen ions for the positive ion detection and the caesium ions for the negative ion detection were in‐situ implanted with a dose of 1016–1017 atoms/cm2 prior to imaging analysis. A significant enhancement of ion image sensitivity in the ion‐implanted area compared with that in the non‐implanted area was observed. The enhanced SIM image analysis for the highly magnified bevel is especially useful for multilayered structures with rough surfaces. That is because the secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) depth profiles for the rough surface samples do not give accurate depth information due to the significant distortion and degradation of the profiles caused by uneven etching. This technique can be an alternative to the SIMS depth profiling for rough surface samples. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface defects on collection coins of precious metals
Authors: Gusmano G. , Montanari R. , Kaciulis S. , Mezzi A. , Montesperelli G. , Rupprecht L. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe presence of various defects of different colours and sizes on precious collection coins is the cause not only of the rejection of defective coins but also of an increase in the production costs. In this work, the surface defects on the Austrian collection coins have been investigated by using the techniques of XPS, AES and SEM/EDS.Multi‐technique surface analysis revealed the presence of silver and sulfur in the stains on the golden coins. Auger spectra and chemical images proved that both Ag and S are located in the coloured surface areas. From the XPS results, it was concluded that the coloured stains consist of Ag2S. XPS depth profiling revealed the difference in the thickness of the dark‐grey and red stains. In both cases, the topmost layer of silver sulfide has a thickness of a few nm, whereas the inner layer of silver is about 300 nm thick in the dark stains and only about 2–3 nm in the red ones. The origin of these stains has been attributed to foreign particles of silver embedded onto the coins.The chemical composition of the visible stains on silver coins is quite different. AES results revealed that some defects contain chlorine, potassium and oxygen; the others include iron and oxygen. In all these cases, the surface contaminants were attributed to occasional problems that occurred during the manufacture of the coin. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
XPS and atomic force microscopy analyses of thin Au and Cu films on Pd
Authors: Maluf S. S. , Gobbi A. L. , Paulin‐Filho P. I. , Nascente P. A. P. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe surface properties of bimetallic systems have been studied recently due to possible applications in different areas, such as electrochemistry, magnetism, and catalysis. Understanding of the atomic and electronic structures is crucial for designing metallic devices. In this work, thin films of gold and copper were grown on a polycrystalline palladium substrate by sputtering. For both films, the thickness was estimated to be 10 nm. The morphology of the films was investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM). XPS was employed in order to verify the possibility of alloy formation. Oxide formation was observed for the Cu film, but not for the Au film. The copper oxide (CuO) was removed by argon ion sputtering. Alloying was not observed in the Au/Pd or Cu/Pd films. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SIMS investigation of the influence of Ge pre‐deposition on the interface quality between SiC and Si
Authors: Pezoldt J. , Zgheib Ch. , Masri P. , Averous M. , Morales F. M. , Kosiba R. , Ecke G. , Weih P. , Ambacher O. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractSiC/Si(111) heterostructures formed by using an alternative method for stress relaxation were investigated by SIMS and AES. The applied stress reduction method is based on a theoretical approach, which predicts an improvement of the SiC layer quality if Group IV elements are incorporated into the interface between SiC and Si. Germanium was chosen to test this approach. The incorporation of Ge into the heterointerface was carried out by depositing different amounts of Ge prior to the SiC growth process and varying the Ge deposition temperature. SIMS investigations revealed that Ge remains near the SiC/Si interface independently of the pre‐deposited amount of Ge. In the case of two monolayers (ML) Ge coverage (with respect to the silicon surface) a surface segregation was observed. This indicates a limited transport of Ge to the SiC surface through the growing SiC layer due to grain boundary diffusion. At Ge coverages between 0.5 ML and 2 ML a sharper interface between the SiC and Si was observed. In this case the tail of the carbon distribution remains within the region occupied by the Ge distribution. The incorporation of Ge at the interface suppresses the out‐diffusion of Si from the substrate to the surface of the growing SiC layer and, therefore, impedes the formation of voids at the SiC/Si interface. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Opioids and central sensitisation: II. Induction and reversal of hyperalgesia
Authors: Ruscheweyh Ruth , Sandkühler Jürgen 
Published: August 2004

AbstractOpioids are powerful analgesics when used to treat acute pain and some forms of chronic pain. In addition, opioids can pre‐empt some forms of central sensitization {Sandkühler and Ruscheweyh, Eur. J. Pain, in press, doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2004.05.012}. Here we review evidence that opioids may also induce and perhaps reverse some forms of central sensitization.
Opioids and central sensitisation: I. Pre‐emptive analgesia
Authors: Sandkühler Jürgen , Ruscheweyh Ruth 
Published: August 2004

AbstractOpioids are powerful analgesics when used to treat acute pain and some forms of chronic pain. A large body of literature has shown that opioids can, in addition, also prevent (this review) or induce and perhaps reverse {Ruscheweyh and Sandkühler, Eur. J. Pain, in press, doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2004.05.011} some forms central sensitisation in in vitro and in vivo animal models of pain. However, the concept of central sensitisation is, at present, ambiguous and the usefulness of opioids as pre‐emptive analgesics in human pain patients is still not clear.
DisProt: a database of protein disorder
Authors: Vucetic Slobodan , Obradovic Zoran , Vacic Vladimir , Radivojac Predrag , Peng Kang , Iakoucheva Lilia M. , Cortese Marc S. , Lawson J. David , Brown Celeste J. , Sikes Jason G. , Newton Crystal D. , Dunker A. Keith 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Summary: The Database of Protein Disorder (DisProt) is a curated database that provides structure and function information about proteins that lack a fixed three-dimensional (3D) structure under putatively native conditions, either in their entirety or in part. Starting from the central premise that intrinsic disorder is an important structural class of protein and in order to meet the increasing interest thereof, DisProt is aimed at becoming a central repository of disorder-related information. For each disordered protein, the database includes the name of the protein, various aliases, accession codes, amino acid sequence, location of the disordered region(s), and methods used for structural (disorder) characterization. If applicable, most entries also list the biological function(s) of each disordered region, how each region of disorder is used for function, as well as provide links to PubMed abstracts and major protein databases.
Availability: www.disprot.org
Contact: kedunker@iupui.edu
When Tax Collectors Become Collectors for Child Support and Student Loans: Jeopardizing the Revenue Base?
Authors: Ahmed Eliza , Braithwaite Valerie 
Published: August 2004

SUMMARYThis paper investigates the relationship between making additional payments to the state for student loan (via the Higher Education Contribution Scheme) and child support (via the Child Support Scheme) and compliance with tax law. Data are taken from the Community Hopes, Fears, and Actions Survey based on a random sample of 2040 individuals. Additional payments were found to pose a compliance problem for tax authorities. At the same time, this study demonstrated that perceived deterrence, moral obligation and possible trustworthiness play significant roles in reducing tax evasion. An important finding to emerge from this study is that tax evasion is more likely to accompany additional payments when personal income and belief in trust norms are low. The finding of greater tax evasion among economically marginalized groups has been demonstrated in other contexts, but the adverse effects of becoming irreconcilably socially marginalized from legal authority has tended to be both undervalued and under‐theorized in the taxation compliance literature.
Deceptive Field Experiments of Discrimination: Are they Ethical?
Authors: Riach Peter A. , Rich Judith 
Published: August 2004

SUMMARYField experiments in which bogus pairs of transactors test for discrimination by applying for employment or housing, or by trading in product markets, have been widely‐published during the last decade. However, no detailed justification has been provided for the deception involved. The general lack of veracity in the market‐place, the social harm inflicted by discrimination and the superior accuracy and transparency of this technique justify deceiving the subjects of experiments. Deception of testers, however, may do them harm, contravenes the ethical standards of psychologists and sociologists and is unnecessary, as alternative procedures are available to deal with ‘experimenter effects’.
Levels of Psychological Distress Experienced by Family Carers of Children and Adolescents with Intellectual Disabilities in an Urban Conurbation
Authors: Emerson Eric , Robertson Janet , Wood Justin 
Published: August 2004

Background  The aim of the present study was to identify factors associated with the level of psychological distress reported by family carers of children with intellectual disability living in a large urban conurbation.Method  Information was collected by postal questionnaire (or interview for family carers who did not have English as their first language) from the family carers of 408 children with intellectual disability (31% of all children within the area administratively identified as having an intellectual disability).Results  Results indicated that 47% of primary carers scored above the threshold for psychological distress on the GHQ and that scoring above the threshold was strongly related to the emotional and behavioural needs of the index child and South‐Asian ethnicity and moderately associated with the severity of the child's delay in communication.Conclusions  The rates of psychological distress (47% overall, 70% among South‐Asian carers) were markedly higher than that found in previous studies of carers supporting a child with intellectual disabilities. It is suggested that these elevated rates of psychological distress may be mediated by socio‐economic deprivation.
‘Diagnostic Overshadowing’ Amongst Clinicians Working with People with Intellectual Disabilities in the UK
Authors: Mason Jonathan , Scior Katrina 
Published: August 2004

Background  Mental health problems are known to be hard to recognize in people with intellectual disabilities. One factor that may contribute to this is the diagnostic overshadowing bias, which describes the tendency of the clinicians to overlook symptoms of mental health problems in this client group and attribute them to being part of ‘having an intellectual disability’. Although a small amount of research has investigated this in the USA, very little has taken place in the UK.Materials and methods  Two clinical vignettes were produced. Both described identical clinical problems, except that one vignette described a man with an IQ of 58 and impaired social functioning (i.e. an intellectual disability) and one a man with an IQ of 108 and normal social functioning (i.e. non‐intellectually impaired). Psychiatrists (n = 274) and clinical psychologists (n = 412) throughout UK were randomly assigned to either the low IQ or normal IQ condition, and sent a corresponding clinical vignette.Results  One hundred and thirty‐three psychologists and 90 psychiatrists responded. Diagnostic overshadowing did appear to be present. Clinicians were more likely to recognize a range of symptoms in those with IQs in the normal range than those with intellectual disabilities. Furthermore, psychiatrists appeared more likely to make this error under some circumstances than clinical psychologists.Conclusions  Diagnostic overshadowing may contribute to the difficulties that mental health professionals commonly experience in identifying mental health problems in people with intellectual disabilities. However, the methodology commonly used in this type of research has a number of weaknesses, and would benefit from an alternative approach.
The use of clozapine in adults with intellectual disability
Authors: Thalayasingam S. , Alexander R. T. , Singh I. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractBackground  There are not many studies on the use of clozapine in patients with intellectual disability (ID). The authors describe a case series of patients treated with clozapine, drawn from a medium secure unit, a low secure assessment and treatment service and a community team in the London region.Method  A retrospective file‐review of patients treated in these three settings during the time period March–June 2002 was performed (n = 24). Information was collected using a semistructured proforma.Results  Of the 24 patients, 67% had schizophrenia, 17% had schizoaffective disorder and 8% had bipolar disorder. Patients had been unwell for a mean of 6 years and had been tried on a mean of four antipsychotics. The mean maximum dose of clozapine was 488 mg. The outcomes on the clinical global impression (CGI) scale showed 29% very much improved, 42% much improved, 21% minimally improved and 8% no change. 54% of the whole sample and 53% of those from the medium secure unit were discharged to homes in the community. The drug had to be stopped in four patients, of which three were because of neutropaenia.Conclusion  Clozapine appears to be safe and efficacious in many people with ID. Careful monitoring of side‐effects is needed during therapy.
Investigation on the effects of topical therapy with 0.1% tacrolimus ointment (Protopic®) on intradermal skin test reactivity in atopic dogs
Authors: MARSELLA R. , NICKLIN C. F. , SAGLIO S. , LOPEZ J. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract  Tacrolimus ointment (TAC) is an effective treatment for atopic dermatitis in humans and dogs. The purposes of the present study were to evaluate the effect of 4 weeks of TAC on intradermal skin testing (IST), and in case of suppression, to investigate if reactivity returned to baseline by 2 or 4 weeks post treatment. Intradermal skin test was performed using saline, histamine, lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 0.4 mg mL−1), house dust (25 PNU mL−1) and house dust mite (1 : 40 000 w/v) at weeks 0, 4, 6 and 8 on nine dogs enrolled in a blinded, crossover, clinical trial, using 0.1% TAC or placebo once daily for 4 weeks. Reactions were evaluated at 15 min, and at 4 and 6 h. Ointment was applied after the 15‐min evaluation on weeks 0 and 4. Data were analysed using the statistical software SAS System for Windows. At week 4, TAC did not affect 15‐min IST, but some reactions in the TAC group were suppressed at 6 h compared to baseline. In the TAC group, 4‐h IST reactivity was reduced 2 weeks after discontinuation but returned to baseline by 4 weeks. In conclusion, TAC has no effect on immediate reactions but decreased some late‐phase reactions. Therefore, no withdrawal is recommended to evaluate only immediate reactions, but a 4‐week withdrawal may be necessary for evaluation of late‐phase reactions.
Initial results of remediation activities to restore hypereutrophic Villerest Reservoir (Roanne, France)
Authors: Jugnia Louis‐B. , Debroas D. , Romagoux J‐C. , Dévaux J. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractWe examined the impacts of remediation activities aimed at improving the water quality of hypereutrophic Villerest Reservoir, in which Microcystis aeruginosa dominated during the summer. We also compared nutrients and chlorophyll a data from this study with the results of a previous study on the reservoir. Between the two studies, the nitrogen and phosphorus loads into the reservoir from the main tributary decreased by 70% and 80%, respectively. Within the reservoir, the quantities of ammonia‐nitrogen were similar in the two studies, and the total nitrogen was significantly higher in this study compared to the initial study. Both the phosphate‐phosphorus and total phosphorus concentrations decreased significantly between the two studies. However, the statistically significant decrease in phosphate‐phosphorus and total phosphorus did not always lead to a significant decrease in chlorophyll a concentrations. The nitrogen/phosphorus mass ratio during the present study remained well above five, the critical value below which summer blooms of Microcystis aeruginosa were observed in Villerest Reservoir. These study results indicated that the remediation activities being used to improve the water quality of Villerest Reservoir were off to a good start.
Stimulus duration in working memory is represented by neuronal activity in the monkey prefrontal cortex
Authors: Sakurai Yoshio , Takahashi Susumu , Inoue Masato 
Published: August 2004

AbstractHumans are capable of memorizing several attributes of a presented stimulus as well as its duration of presentation. However, the neuronal representation of stimulus duration in memory remains unknown. This study investigated activities of single neurons in the prefrontal cortex of monkeys while they were performing a behavioral task in which working memory for stimulus duration was needed. Here we describe specific neurons whose discharge rates reflect encoding or retention of the duration of the presentation of stimuli to be remembered. We also describe other specific neurons whose activities reflect encoding or retention of fixed duration, similar but unrelated to the stimulus duration presented in each trial. Some of these specific neurons showed the same duration‐related discharges even while the monkeys were performing a different task, in which working memory for stimulus duration was no longer needed. From these results, we suggest that neurons in the prefrontal cortex play roles in encoding and retention of temporal information in working memory and that some of those neurons are dedicated to representation of temporal information attributed to stimuli even when the temporal information is unnecessary for correct performance.
The role of early visual cortex in visual integration: a neural model of recurrent interaction
Authors: Deco Gustavo , Lee Tai Sing 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis paper presents a model on the potential functional roles of the early visual cortex in the primate visual system. Our hypothesis is that early visual areas, such as V1, are important for continual interaction among various higher order visual areas during visual processing. The interaction is mediated by recurrent connections between higher order visual areas and V1, manifested in the long‐latency context‐sensitive activities often observed in neurophysiological experiments, and is responsible for the re‐integration of information analysed by the higher visual areas. Specifically, we considered the case of integrating ‘what’ and ‘where’ information from the ventral and dorsal streams. We found that such a cortical architecture provides simple solutions and fresh insights into the problems of attentional routing and visual search. The computational viability of this architecture was tested by simulating a large‐scale neural dynamical network.
Expression and immunohistochemical localization of vesicular glutamate transporter 2 in the migratory pathway from the rat olfactory placode
Authors: Honma Shizuka , Kawano Michihiro , Hayashi Shinji , Kawano Hitoshi , Hisano Setsuji 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe localization of vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2) was examined by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization histochemistry in the developing rat olfactory region with special relation to the spatiotemporal location of NCAM, a neural cell adhesion molecule expressed in differentiated neurons, and the calcium‐binding protein calbindin D‐28k, a marker of neurons migrating from the vomeronasal organ anlage (Y. Toba et al. (2001) J. Neuroendocrinol., 13, 683–694). Both VGLUT2 and NCAM immunoreactivities were first detected at embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5) in the neuronal cell mass beneath the telencephalic vesicle. After E12.5, VGLUT2‐immunoreactive cells were detected in the migratory pathways from both medial and lateral olfactory pits, anlagen of the vomeronasal organ and olfactory epithelium. Between E15.5 and E19.5, moderate to intense VGLUT2 immunoreactivity was observed in cell clusters situated along NCAM‐bearing vomeronasal nerves, and frequently colocalized with calbindin D‐28k immunoreactivity. Using in situ hybridization histochemistry, VGLUT2 mRNA signals were detected in the clustered cells as well as in cells of the vomeronasal and olfactory epithelium. After E20.5, migrating cells gradually decreased in number and VGLUT2 immunoreactivity attenuated in the clustered cells, although calbindin D‐28k immunoreactivity in these residual cells was still intense. The presence of intense VGLUT2 immunoreactivity in neurons actively migrating from the olfactory placode suggests that this transporter is involved in the migratory process of these neurons.