bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Dommett Katharine , Kefford Glenn , Kruschinski Simon 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The idea of data-driven campaigning has gained increased prominence in public discourse. Journalists, policymakers, and scholars have played an important role in highlighting the potential threat posed by this activity. This chapter outlines the nature of current debate and argues that there is a need to reconsider the claim that parties are engaging in extensive, sophisticated, and concerning practice. Problematizing the dominance of the US case, and highlighting a lack of empirical insight, this chapter poses three questions that guide the remainder of the book: What is data-driven campaigning? How does data-driven campaigning practice vary? What explains different data-driven campaigning practices? Defining data-driven campaigning as comprising data, analytics, technology, and personnel, the chapter makes the case for an in-depth analysis of each of these components. Introducing an empirical focus on 18 parties in five countries, and the use of over 300 interviews, this chapter also outlines the structure of the book.
Theoretical Framework
Authors: Dommett Katharine , Kefford Glenn , Kruschinski Simon 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Data-driven campaigning can come in a variety of different forms, but at present there is a limited understanding of what drives this variation. In this chapter the authors build on existing theories to present a party-centered, multilevel framework for understanding why data-driven campaigning can differ between parties and across countries. Isolating the influence of systemic, regulatory, and party-level considerations, the chapter introduces 12 variables across the three levels and outlines how and why they may exert an impact on data-driven campaigning (DDC). This chapter accordingly provides the first comparative theoretical account of data-driven campaigning variation available to date, which will be applied to explain differences within and across the five democracies under study in Chapter 7. Extending previous work, this chapter shows that it is not only data and privacy regulation or resource that can affect the form of DDC, but that other previously neglected influences can be consequential.
Data
Authors: Dommett Katharine , Kefford Glenn , Kruschinski Simon 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Data has come to dominate the understanding of modern campaigns. The idea that parties now possess extensive, highly personalized databases has become commonplace, with digital trace data seen to have offered unprecedented insight into people’s characteristics and preferences. While this idea is often evoked, within this chapter the authors make the case that the general understanding of the data sources upon which parties rely is deficient in a number of ways. In particular, they assert the need to understand how data sources vary depending on context, and what specific pieces of information parties collect. Introducing a distinction between publicly available data, disclosed data, inferred data, and monitoring data, they draw on empirical insights from five countries to discuss how each form of data is manifest in each context. Highlighting differences in data collection by parties or via external sources, this chapter shows significant variation in the data that different parties possess. This chapter is followed by a reflection from two practitioners who offer their own account of data use within modern campaigns.
Technology
Authors: Dommett Katharine , Kefford Glenn , Kruschinski Simon 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The technology used by parties to execute their data-driven campaigns is an under-scrutinized component of this activity. While it is often claimed that parties possess vast databases and draw on the affordances of social networking platforms and digital media, there is currently not a framework for thinking about the technology that parties utilize and how different tools vary. Drawing a distinction between technologies that enable parties’ organizational management or voter communication activities, this chapter demonstrates the potential for technology to vary in terms of low or high functionality. Outlining variance in four key technologies—databases/CRMs, campaigning apps, websites, and social networking platforms—this chapter presents empirical evidence to examine how parties within the five case countries employ these tools. This chapter shows significant variation in the type and functionality of technology used by parties, to promote understanding of an often-neglected component of the data-driven campaign. Following this analysis, the authors once again give voice to two practitioners, with short reflections following the chapter on the use of technology for data-driven campaigning.
Personnel
Authors: Dommett Katharine , Kefford Glenn , Kruschinski Simon 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Accounts of data-driven campaigning tend to focus on the importance of geeks, nerds, and those with highly sophisticated technical skills. Less attention, however, has been paid to the ways in which other individuals and groups within parties contribute to the data-driven campaign. Classifying the presence of grassroots party officials and external actors, in this chapter the authors argue that a range of actors can play a role in all three previous aspects of data-driven campaigning: contributing to data collection, conducting analytics, and using technology. Presenting evidence from the five case countries, they reveal the presence of country- and party-level differences in the people who enable the data-driven campaign. Following the chapter, two further practitioner perspectives are provided to specifically reflect on the people involved in data-driven campaigns.
Explaining Variation in Data-Driven Campaigning
Authors: Dommett Katharine , Kefford Glenn , Kruschinski Simon 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Having introduced and discussed each of the four elements of the data-driven campaign, in this chapter the authors explain the variation shown in the previous chapters. Drawing on the theoretical framework presented in Chapter 2, they reflect on how systemic, regulatory, and party-level factors can exert an influence on parties’ use of data, analytics, technology, and personnel. Highlighting the specific type of influence that these variables exert on data-driven practice, the authors reveal why data-driven campaigning does not look the same in different countries or parties, providing unprecedented insight into the factors shaping the form of data-driven campaigns.
Reframing Cognitive Constructions
Authors: Youdin Robert 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 describes the importance of cognitive behavioral therapy, rational emotive behavioral therapy, and dialectical behavioral therapy for treating people who abuse psychoactive substances. Using interventions from each of these therapies combined with other neuroscience-informed psychotherapies described in this text helps people learn to identify and target wanting (craving) that drives thoughts and behaviors that instigate and reinforce continued abuse of psychoactive substances. These cognitive therapies, over time, help diminish and eventually eliminate the three-stage neurocircuitry of psychoactive substance abuse. This chapter emphasizes the importance of the effectiveness of targeting problematic thoughts and behaviors in stages 2 and 3 of the three-stage neurocircuitry of psychoactive substance abuse, the stages that maintain and support chronic abuse of psychoactive substances.
Brief Motivational Interviewing
Authors: Youdin Robert 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Chapter 8 explains how brief motivational interviewing is an effective psychotherapeutic intervention for the motivational withdrawal syndrome that occurs in stage 2 of the three-stage neurocircuitry of psychoactive substance abuse. Training therapists to administer brief motivational interviewing emphasizes teaching them to shed their roles as experts and change to achieving a partnership when treating people by showing compassion and empathy toward them along with the acceptance of their ambivalent feelings about changing their substance abuse behaviors. Successful use of brief motivation interviewing is exemplified when a person transitions from language in opposition or resistance to behavioral change, which is called sustain talk, to language that is in support of behavioral change, which is called change talk.
Introduction
Authors: Chander Anupam , Sun Haochen 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This introductory chapter examines the efforts that governments across the world are seeking to rein in the internet, bringing digital leviathans under control. Recent enforcement actions dispel the notion that the internet is beyond the reach of governments; the state is back. The chapter delves into the concepts of data sovereignty and digital sovereignty, discussing their relationship with traditional notions of territorial sovereignty. It examines the rise of digital sovereignty, distinguishing the various approaches in the United States, the European Union, China, Russia, and the Global South. It highlights how digital sovereignty proves different than traditional territorial sovereignty in practice: digital sovereignty is always global, generally involves corporations, intensifies state surveillance, and remains susceptible to protectionist tendencies. The chapter concludes with a case study of the fight over digital sovereignty that accompanied Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.
Two Visions for Data Governance
Authors: Pasquale Frank 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes a shift from territorial to functional sovereignty online, as private firms increasingly assume the prerogatives of governance. It interprets a series of trends in the United States as assertions of firms’ functional sovereignty over the platforms and services they operate, which in turn rule relations among their users with little to no state interference. This shift from territorial to functional sovereignty is creating a new digital political economy, particularly where governments find themselves increasingly dependent on technology firms for vital infrastructure. The article concludes with reflections on the comparative desirability of functional and territorial sovereignty. The erosion of states’ sovereignty over online life may not disperse power, but instead concentrate it in less accountable actors.
A Starting Point for Re-thinking “Sovereignty” for the Online Environment
Authors: Svantesson Dan 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The traditional binary conception of sovereignty—in the sense of an act either violating sovereignty, or not—is incompatible, or at least a poor fit, with the realities of the interconnected, and largely border-disregarding, online environment. The time has come to challenge the reliance on binary distinctions such as this, and the related binary distinction between territorial on the one hand and extraterritorial on the other. Having analyzed these matters in detail, this chapter proceeds to advance a conception of sovereignty anchored in the notion of state dignity. In doing so, it also comments on the recent focus on terms such as “digital sovereignty” and “data sovereignty.”
Digital Sovereignty as Double-Edged Sword
Authors: Chander Anupam , Sun Haochen 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Digital sovereignty is simultaneously a necessary incident of democratic governance and democracy’s dreaded antagonist. Governments need to control the Internet’s impact on their people. Yet, at the same time, control over the Internet offers governments enormous power over their residents’ lives. In a sense, this is simply a 21st-century version of the insight of international law scholar Louis Henkin: sovereignty can insulate a government’s worst ills from foreign intrusion. Assertions of digital sovereignty thus carry a double edge—useful both to protect citizens and to control them. Digital sovereignty can magnify the government’s powers by making legible behaviors that were previously invisible to the state. Thus, the same rule can be used to safeguard or repress—a feature that legislators across the Global North and South should anticipate through careful checks and balances.
From Data Subjects to Data Sovereigns
Authors: Cheung Anne SY 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter asks why the traditional data privacy protection framework is inadequate in the modern age. It points out, first of all, that the current protection that depends on the concept of personal data is unable to guard against the erosion of data privacy in the digital age. Second, protection based on the need to obtain consent under the terms of services gives only a false sense of control and security to the data subjects. Third, individuals can hardly exercise meaningful control over their own data in the fast-evolving data ecosystem. Instead, the author argues that data self-sovereignty, understood as the empowerment of the self to have effective and meaningful control over one’s data, should complement the current framework of data privacy protection. The COVID-19 pandemic, which has hit the world since 2020, has accelerated the reflection on the need and strengthened the call for self-sovereignty. Through expanding the scope and means of control, we reclaim sovereignty over our data, and more importantly, our personal beings.
Taobao, Federalism, and the Emergence of Law, Chinese Style
Authors: Liu Lizhi , Weingast Barry R. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Developing countries grapple with the challenge of establishing legal and institutional infrastructure to support efficient markets, such as securing property rights and the rule of law. The historic path for the West involved parliaments and independent judiciaries that constrained the ruler, while China's path diverged significantly. In this chapter, the authors highlight how private actors are crafting new institutional rules in China, either with the state’s acquiescence or explicit endorsement. Taobao—China’s dominant online trading platform with over seven hundred million users—is not simply an exchange platform, but one in the process of developing a modern private legal system that enforces contracts, resolves disputes, and prevents fraud. As a private supplier of market legal infrastructure when formal institutions are lacking, Taobao essentially provides a means for creating “law, Chinese style.”
Data Governance and Digital Trade in India
Authors: Mishra Neha 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
India’s evolving data governance framework is informed by multiple policy concerns including building indigenous data champions; boosting domestic digital investments; protecting privacy rights; enhancing governmental control over data; and warding off data colonialism. This complex framework, with nationalist undertones, also reinforces India’s reluctant stance toward negotiating digital trade rules at the multilateral level. However, the impact of this reticent approach on various stakeholders in both the domestic and the global digital economy remains unclear and under-evaluated. Further, India risks not only losing the opportunity to shape digital trade rules that facilitate the integration of developing countries but also facing geopolitical backlash from its trading partners, thereby hampering both its long-term political and economic interests. Indian policymakers must therefore better balance nationalist interests with the underlying realities of the digital economy.
Aging While Angry
Authors: Barusch Amanda Smith 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter offers an introduction to both aging and anger. The aging process is uneven and multidimensional. It can be accelerated by social pressures and is profoundly influenced by dimensions of positionality, such as gender, class, and race. Anger resembles a constellation more than a continuum because it varies along so many dimensions, including triggers, physical reactions, and expression. Historically, the direct expression of anger was a privilege reserved for the powerful. The chapter emphasizes the need to take anger seriously and go beyond anger suppression to embrace and channel its wisdom.
Anger Through the Ages
Authors: Barusch Amanda Smith 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter connects the modern experience of anger to Western philosophic and theological traditions. Unlike other traditions, which emphasize the role of transcendence and avoidance of worldly attachments, Western approaches grapple with the question of how cope with anger. Aristotle accepts anger as an inevitable part of human nature and a natural reaction when people feel they have been slighted. He argues that anger serves a social purpose by reducing injustice. In contrast, the stoics saw anger as beastly and inappropriate. The chapter explores theologian Saint Thomas Aquinas’s argument regarding the sinfulness of anger. It also considers Dante’s The Divine Comedy, which included three types of angry people in the fifth circle of hell.
Women Cry / Men Rage
Authors: Barusch Amanda Smith 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Men and women express anger differently. This chapter opens with the narrative of Medusa to showcase how gendered anger was in ancient times, when women’s rage was seen as unpredictable, irrational, and extremely dangerous. As social scientists grapple with gender differences in anger, their results tend to complicate the angry man stereotype. Men and women report experiencing anger in similar ways; but they express it quite differently in response, perhaps, to the gender norms of their era. Gender roles and norms have undergone rapid change, but the results of my national survey point to persistent differences among older adults, many of whom may be unprepared to embrace modern values and expectations regarding gender. Ultimately, the chapter argues for acceptance and authenticity, noting that being true to oneself has emerged as a key value.
Elders on Social Media
Authors: Barusch Amanda Smith 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Social media is hardly an age-friendly environment. This chapter opens with a brief look at young people’s use of the meme “#OKBoomer,” suggesting that older adults serve as a convenient scapegoat for their existential frustrations. Anger has become so pervasive on the Internet that entire websites allow people to vent in a practice known as “cyber-ranting.” The pandemic worsened ageist discourse and intergenerational tensions, particularly on social media, where older adults were already portrayed as undesirable and expendable. The chapter details how the Taegukgi Squad of older adults appropriated that nation’s social media for their own protests and describes the response to “The Anger Project” a page the author set up one on Facebook. Finally, it notes that many older adults find the benefits of participating in social media outweigh the costs.
Taming the Rage
Authors: Barusch Amanda Smith 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Most people manage their anger without professional intervention, but growing numbers are entering the unregulated cottage industry of anger management programs. This chapter looks at the benefits and limitations of these interventions and presents the case study of an older veteran who benefited greatly. It introduces the diagnosis of Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED), which is applied to rare cases of repeated impulsive aggression and has been effectively treated. Of course, the threat of mandatory anger management can be used as a tool for stifling dissent. While this may be a significant critique of anger management, the smooth operation of social institutions sometimes calls for prioritizing social order over self-expression and individual emotional health. The Duluth Model and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) represent the main schools of thought informing contemporary anger management programs. Research on efficacy of anger management has yielded mixed results. Noting that many anger management efforts struggle with high drop-out rates, the chapter argues that a tendency to “dictate” to participants can be counter-productive.
The Coercive Control of Children
Authors: Stark Evan 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The Coercive Control of Children provides a forensic analysis of interpersonal violence to children, which highlights coercive control as the most significant cause and context of child abuse and child homicide. Numerous countries and US states adopted coercive control as the overarching definition of violence against women. Thus, children become secondary victims in the process. The Coercive Control of Children also details cases wherein the coercive control of children runs in tandem with the coercive control of women. It contests the assumption surrounding child abuse, neglect, and its correlated issues falling under the connotation of maternal deficits, immaturity, poverty, and environmental stressors.
Mrs. Nicholson and Her Children vs. The City of New York
Authors: Stark Evan 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter details the real-time confrontation between abused mothers and their children with the child welfare, police, and family court systems in New York City. It primarily focuses on the issues between Mrs. Nicholson and her children against the City of New York. The victory in the Nicholson case was significant to the reconceptualization of domestic violence as a global offense that deprives women and children of their constitutionally guaranteed rights, resources, and liberties. Moreover, the ruling required New York City to provide evidence that foster care was a safer option than leaving the child alone before it placed a child. The chapter considers the psychological underpinning of a child’s constitutional right to its mother.
Violence, Sexual Assault, and Psychological Abuse
Authors: Stark Evan 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the strategic technology used to coercively control women and children. The dimensions of violence, sexual abuse, psychological abuse, intimidation, isolation, and control apply to experiences of children who are coercively controlled secondary to their mother’s victimization. The chapter notes how the victimization of children is almost always a secondary stage in a strategy to monopolize available resources and privileges. It also acknowledges how coercive control jeopardizes the child’s autonomous being in the world. Thus, arrest for coercive control is a form of prevention because it interrupts abuse before children are ensnared and restores the integral family unit so children can thrive.
Intimidation, Isolation, and Control
Authors: Stark Evan 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter expounds on intimidation, isolation, and control as broad tactics key to successful coercive control. It explains that an array of abusive tactics lies at the core of the coercive control of children in an effort to keep them subordinate and dependent. According to case and empirical evidence from abused mothers and their children, the physical and sexual abuse of children by abusive men is commonplace and follows the same pattern as with women. The chapter explains that intimidation tactics ingrain fear, secrecy, dependence, compliance, loyalty, and shame. On the other hand, the isolation of children aims to frighten them, prevent disclosure, sow dependence and loyalty, and create a divide between mother and child.