bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Recombinant Equine Growth Hormone on the Biomechanical Properties of Healing Superficial Digital Flexor Tendons in Horses
Authors: Dowling Bradley A. , Dart Andrew J. , Hodgson David R. , Rose Reuben J. , Walsh William R. 
Published: August 2002

Objective—To evaluate the effect of recombinant equine growth hormone (rEGH) on the in vitro biomechanical properties of healing superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) in horses.Study design—Completely randomized design.Sample population—Twelve Standardbred horses, 3 to 7 years of age, with ultrasonographically normal forelimb SDFT.Methods—One week after induction of collagenase (2,000 U) induced superficial flexor tendonitis, horses were randomly divided into groups of 6. One group was administered intramuscular rEGH (10 μg/kg/day for 1 week, then 20 μg/kg/day for 5 weeks), whereas the other group (control subjects) were administered an equivalent volume of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution. At the end of this 6‐week treatment, horses were killed and one forelimb SDFT from each horse was harvested for biomechanical testing under uniaxial tension. Results were analyzed using an unpaired Student'sttest; significance was set atP≤ .05.Results—SDFT from horses treated with rEGH had significantly larger mean cross‐sectional areas and lower mean values for ultimate and yield tensile stress, whereas tendons from the control group were biomechanically stiffer than those from the rEGH‐treated horses.Conclusions—Administration of rEGH to horses for 6 weeks, 1 week after collagenase induced injury to the SDFT, resulted in a significant increase in tendon cross‐sectional area, a concomitant reduction in ultimate and yield tensile stress, and reduced tendon stiffness.Clinical relevance—Using this model of tendonitis, rEGH had a negative effect on the biomechanical properties of equine SDFT in the early phases of healing. Based on our results, administration of rEGH to treat superficial flexor tendonitis cannot be recommended.
The Effect of Nephrotomy on Renal Function and Morphology in Dogs
Authors: Stone Elizabeth Arnold , Robertson John L. , Metcalf Michael R. 
Published: August 2002

Objective— To determine whether bisection or intersegmental nephrotomy adversely affects glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and whether bisection nephrotomy has less adverse effect than intersegmental nephrotomy.Study design— Dogs assigned to 5 groups of 3 dogs each, depending on time of euthanasia at postoperative day 1, 4, 8, 15, or 29.Animals— Fifteen healthy adult intact female dogs.Methods— Within 4 days of total and single kidney GFR measurements using technetium Tc 99m‐DTPA, left intersegmental nephrotomy and right bisection nephrotomy were performed. The GFR measurements were repeated the day before dogs were killed except for the day 1 group. Histologic examination was performed on kidneys harvested from day 1, 4, 8, and 29 groups. Severity of lesions was scored on a 0 to 4 scale. Single kidney GFR was compared in each kidney before and after nephrotomy. Histologic and GFR changes were compared between bisection and intersegmental nephrotomy kidneys for each time period.Results and Conclusions— Three days after surgery, total GFR was increased from baseline by 176%, with no difference in percent change in single kidney GFR between intersegmental and bisection nephrotomy. By day 7, total and single kidney GFR were not different than baseline. Bisection nephrotomy caused more intrarenal hemorrhage and cortical infarction and inflammation than intersegmental nephrotomy. By 4 weeks, no significant histologic differences were observed between the 2 techniques.Clinical relevance— Neither intersegmental nor bisection nephrotomy adversely affected GFR. As intersegmental nephrotomy requires additional surgical manipulation and time, bisection nephrotomy is the technique of choice for nephrotomy in dogs.
Synovial Regeneration in the Equine Carpus after Arthroscopic Mechanical or Carbon Dioxide Laser Synovectomy
Authors: Doyle‐Jones Patricia S. , Sullins Kenneth E. , Saunders Geoffrey K. 
Published: August 2002

Objective—To compare synovial regeneration in the equine carpus after mechanical or CO2laser synovectomy.Study design—Arthroscopic partial synovectomy was performed in the radiocarpal and intercarpal joints.Sample population—Twelve horses, 3 to 6 years of age, were randomly divided into 3 groups.Methods—The antebrachiocarpal and intercarpal joints in each horse were randomly assigned a treatment such that each horse had one joint treated as a control (arthroscopic lavage), one in which a mechanical or CO2laser partial dorsal carpal synovectomy was performed, and one in which a combination of the mechanical and laser techniques was performed. The groups were euthanized for collection of specimens, respectively, at 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively. The synovial membrane was evaluated grossly, histologically, and by transmission and scanning electron microscopes (TEM and SEM).Results—The synovial villi failed to regenerate in all groups. At 1 month, the intimal cell layer was incomplete and the surface was still granulating. At 3 months, intimal regeneration was complete but more mature in the CO2laser synovectomy groups than in the mechanical synovectomy groups. Intimal regeneration was complete in all groups at 6 months. The subintima was replaced with fibrous tissue that separated the original subintimal vascular bed from the regenerated synovial surface. The CO2laser required preliminary training to operate effectively, and the air environment altered the intraoperative evaluation of the synovectomy site.Conclusions—Villous regeneration does not occur in horses after surgical synovectomy. All synovial membranes healed with a fibrous subintima and less populated intima. The CO2laser is capable of performing a more superficial synovectomy than that achieved with mechanical synovectomy using a motorized arthroscopic synovial resector.Clinical relevance—Mechanical or CO2laser synovectomy may be performed in the horse; however, additional evaluation is needed to determine the physiological significance of the lack of villus regeneration in this species. A combination of the resection techniques is not advised because of the increased risk of full‐thickness capsular defects.
How to think about the `anti-science' phenomenon
Authors: Holton Gerald 
Published: August 2002

Opposition to science as conventionally defined can take a great variety of forms, from interest in astrology to attacks on relativity theory, from false beliefs based on scientific illiteracy to support of Lysenkoism or Creationism. Which of these are relatively negligible, and which are potentially dangerous? What do these symptoms of disaffection with the Enlightenment-based tradition portend, for science and culture in our time?Here I present a framework to deal with these questions. It is based on the proposition that belief in anti-science (or `alternative science', `parascience') is grounded in a person's functional worldview, and is one symptom of a long-standing struggle over the legitimacy of the authority of conventional science, as well as the concept of modernity within which science claims to be embedded.This analysis leads finally to the identification of a set of strategies for dealing with the countervisions which periodically attempt to raise themselves from the level of apparent harmlessness to that of politically ambitious success.
Alar and apples: newspapers, risk and media responsibility
Authors: Friedman Sharon M. , Villamil Kara , Suriano Robyn A. , Egolf Brenda P. 
Published: August 2002

During 1989, a major environmental and health risk issue, the spraying of Alar on apples, created a furor among the American people. After hearing charges from the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) that eating Alar-laden apples significantly increased a child's risk of developing cancer, numbers of school districts dropped apples from their menus and parents poured apple juice down the drains. Apple sales plummeted. The NRDC's charges, which were disseminated by a well-planned and effective public relations campaign, brought counter-charges from the US Environmental Protection Agency, which accused the NRDC of basing its study on poor data, among other things. The core of the dispute was in the risk figures and risk interpretations being used by each organization.This study reviewed coverage in 13 newspapers during 1989 of the Alar issue. It found good and bad aspects, but little to support the degree of criticism applied by many people to media coverage of Alar. The 13 newspapers produced a total of 297 articles during the year and were not sensational in their approach. Many played the story in the prime news sections, alerting people to possible problems as suggested in most interpretations of media responsibility. Many articles also included a large number of sources and gave the apple industry a prominent voice. More problematic was their treatment of the Alar story as a hard news event, with short, superficial articles that lacked detailed analysis of the central part of the controversy—the risk issues. Four newspapers from apple-growing regions provided generally better coverage of the issue than did those from non-apple regions.The Alar issue has become a major landmark in media coverage of risk. The coverage had great economic and other repercussions that still continue. These newspapers would have been more responsible had they made health risk information more central in their coverage. Instead, reporters covered the conflict itself instead of the science behind the conflict. The study suggests a new model of risk reporting to better serve readers and viewers.
Effects of trait anger and anger expression style on competitive attack responses in a wartime prisoner’s dilemma game
Authors: Kassinove Howard , Roth David , Owens Shane Gregory , Fuller J. Ryan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe assessed the role of trait anger and anger expression style on competitive/aggressive decision making and responding. In a 100‐trial iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma (IPD), with instructions to simulate wartime interactions, competition/aggression was defined as “attacking the opponent,” and “waiting for troop reinforcements” was the noncompetitive alternative response. Prior to play, 92 university student players completed the State‐Trait Anger Expression Inventory. They were then paired to play the IPD against partners of similar or dissimilar trait anger levels. At postplay, the State Anger scale was readministered. Results showed significant preplay to postplay increases in state anger, with greater increases shown by high trait anger players. Thus, high trait anger players were especially subject to arousal. Players in the high trait anger group made more competitive/attack responses, and they were more likely to do so when paired with a high trait anger partner. As a result of the high level of competitive/aggressive play, both groups ended with a negative troop count. Trait anger as a general personality temperament was predictive of state anger, competitive/attack responses, and the number of trials before a retaliation was made. The expressive style of anger‐control was also related to manner of play. Trait anger had strong direct and indirect effects through anger control on the number of competitive attack responses. It was concluded that trait anger, especially trait anger/temperament, and anger control difficulties may be toxic personality factors in decision making and competitive behavior. Aggr. Behav. 28:117–125, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hypersensitivity of megakaryocyte progenitors to thrombopoietin in essential thrombocythemia
Authors: Kawasaki Hirohide , Nakano Takahide , Kohdera Urara , Kobayashi Yohnosuke 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEssential thrombocythemia (ET) is a clonal myeloproliferative disorder characterized by an elevation of platelets in peripheral blood and excessive proliferation of megakaryocytes in bone marrow. The pathological mechanisms for the elevation of megakaryocytes and platelets in ET remain unclear. To study the hypersensitivity of megakaryocyte progenitors to thrombopoietin (TPO), a 9‐year‐old girl, diagnosed with ET, underwent dose‐response experiments with recombinant human TPO, using her bone marrow non‐adherent mononuclear cells and CD34 positive cells. Spontaneous colony‐forming unit‐megakaryocytes (CFU‐Meg) were observed in serum‐deprived cultures of non‐adherent mononuclear cells, whereas they disappeared in cultures of CD34 positive cells. The patient's CFU‐Meg showed maximal growth at concentrations of TPO lower than those for normal children. Dose‐response curves demonstrated a 50–80 fold increase in sensitivity of the patient's CFU‐Meg to TPO. We observed hypersensitivity of megakaryocyte progenitors to TPO in a child with ET. Our results suggest that spontaneous CFU‐Meg formation in patients with ET may be due to hypersensitivity to TPO. Am. J. Hematol. 68:194–197, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neural tube defects in missed abortions: embryoscopic and cytogenetic findings
Authors: Philipp Tom , Kalousek Dagmar K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTranscervical embryoscopy, a new technique for direct visualization of the first trimester conceptus was carried out in 116 cases of missed abortion. Embryonic neural tube defects and other localized developmental defects, were diagnosed in 10 out of 99 cases in which a complete embryoscopic evaluation was possible. All eight successfully karyotyped cases had a numerical chromosomal abnormality. A ninth unkaryotyped embryo with open spina bifida showed, on embryoscopy, a malformation pattern highly suggestive of triploidy. Our embryoscopic and cytogenetic findings provide valuable information for genetic counseling in future pregnancies. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Wiedemann‐Beckwith syndrome: Further prenatal characterization of the condition
Authors: Reish Orit , Lerer Israela , Amiel Aliza , Heyman Eli , Herman Arie , Dolfin Tzipora , Abeliovich Dvorah 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe describe three unrelated cases of Wiedemann‐Beckwith syndrome (WBS). Two of them were diagnosed postnatally while the third was detected during pregnancy that resulted in elective termination. Amniotic karyotypes were normal in all. PCR amplification of polymorphic loci mapping to 11p15.5 region documented partial trisomy of 11p15.5 due to paternal translocation in one, and segmental and mosaic segmental unipaternal disomy (UPD) in the second and third cases, respectively. Based on findings documented in these cases and the literature, we tabulated the anomalies that might be detected prenatally by ultrasound and that may suggest the syndrome. Constant findings included fetal overgrowth, polyhydramios, enlarged placenta, and specifically a distended abdomen. As most described signs developed after 22 weeks of gestation, a careful follow‐up should be carried on until late stages of pregnancy. An amniotic karyotype might not detect subtle chromosomal rearrangements. We therefore recommend utilizing PCR of polymorphic loci on 11p15.5, in addition to conventional cytogenetic analysis of the fetus and both parents to detect possible maternal deletions or inversions, paternal duplications, and UPD that may account for the largest subset of sporadic WBS reaching 25% of cases. An early diagnosis of WBS is important for counseling the parents concerning potential risk for developing embryonic tumors, selection of the mode of delivery due to potential adrenal cysts that might bleed during labor, and prevention of neonatal hypoglycemia. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reduced size of the amygdala in individuals with 47,XXY and 47,XXX karyotypes
Authors: Patwardhan Anil J. , Brown Wendy E. , Bender Bruce G. , Linden Mary G. , Eliez Stephan , Reiss Allan L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe excess of 47,XXX and 47,XXY karyotypes found in cytogenetic screening studies of individuals with schizophrenia has given support for an increased risk of psychiatric illness among men and women with sex chromosomal aneuploidy (SCA). Mesial temporal lobe structures, including the amygdala and hippocampus, are thought to be associated with abnormalities of mood and behavior in humans and in the neurobiology of schizophrenia. This study focuses on variations in volumes of mesial temporal lobe structures in men and women with SCA. Utilizing an unselected birth cohort of subjects with SCA and high‐resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we investigated the neuroanatomical consequences of a supernumerary X chromosome on the morphology of the amygdala and hippocampus. Regional and total brain volumes were measured in 10 subjects with 47,XXY, 10 subjects with 47,XXX, and 20 euploid controls. Amygdala volumes were significantly reduced in men with 47,XXY, compared to control men, while the decrease in women with 47,XXX was not as pronounced. Hippocampus volumes were preserved in both groups, compared to same‐gender controls. Longitudinal studies of SCA individuals have shown an increased incidence of mild psychopathology and behavioral dysfunction in men with 47,XXY and more overt psychiatric illness in women with 47,XXX, compared to control populations. The alteration in amygdala volumes in individuals with a supernumerary X chromosome may provide a neuroanatomic basis for these findings. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Combination of diaphragmatic eventration and microphthalmia/anophthalmia is probably nonrandom
Authors: Steiner Robert D. , Dignan Peter St. J. , Hopkin Robert J. , Kozielski Rafal , Bove Kevin E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTwo sporadic cases of eventration of the diaphragm are reported; one had bilateral colobomatous microphthalmia and the other had anophthalmia. Absence of polydactyly and presence of eventration rather than diaphragmatic hernia helped to exclude Fryns syndrome. These cases together with published cases with overlapping features support the thesis that this combination of defects is nonrandom and of heterogeneous cause. Some cases are due to a pleiotropic gene defect. In other cases, a polytypic developmental field involving an unknown developmental cascade common to the eye and diaphragm may provide a basis for the combination. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Autosomal dominant sensory/motor neuropathy with Ataxia (SMNA): Linkage to chromosome 7q22‐q32
Authors: Brkanac Zoran , Fernandez Magali , Matsushita Mark , Lipe Hilary , Wolff John , Bird Thomas D. , Raskind Wendy H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe autosomal dominant (AD) spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) and hereditary sensory neuropathies (HSN) are heterogeneous disorders characterized by variable clinical, electrophysiological, and neuropathological profiles. The SCAs are clinically characterized by slowly progressive incoordination of gait often associated with poor coordination of hands, speech, and eyes. Peripheral neuropathy is not a frequent part of the SCA syndrome. In contrast, the HSNs are primarily characterized by progressive sensory loss. There is substantial clinical overlap between the various SCAs and the various HSNs, and they often cannot be differentiated on the basis of clinical or neuro‐imaging studies. We have identified a five‐generation American family of Irish ancestry with a unique neurological disorder displaying an AD pattern of inheritance. There was variable expressivity and severity of symptoms including sensory loss, ataxia, pyramidal tract signs, and muscle weakness. Nerve conduction studies were consistent with a sensory axonal neuropathy. Muscle biopsy revealed neurogenic atrophy and brain MRI showed mild cerebellar atrophy. To identify the responsible locus we pursued a whole genome linkage analysis. After analyzing 114 markers, linkage to D7S486 was detected with a two point LOD score of 4.79 at θ = 0.00. Evaluation of additional markers in the region provided a maximum LOD score of 6.36 at θ = 0.00 for marker D7S2554. Haplotype analysis delimited an approximately 14‐cM region at 7q22‐q32 between markers D7S2418 and D7S1804 cosegregating with the disease. Because this disorder does not easily fall into either the SCA or HSN categories, it is designated sensory/motor neuropathy with ataxia (SMNA). © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Group size and structure in western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) at Mbeli Bai, Republic of Congo
Authors: Parnell Richard J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper describes the size and structure of western lowland gorilla groups visiting Mbeli Bai, a swampy forest clearing in northern Congo. An observation platform at the edge of the clearing was used over a 3‐yr period, with gorillas visible for 1,681 hr. Data are presented on 14 groups and seven solitary males. Mean group size (excluding solitary males) was 8.4 ± SD 4.3, and did not differ significantly from most other gorilla studies. All groups at Mbeli contained only one fully mature male and did not show evidence of fission‐fusion or regular subgrouping. All emigrating males that remained in the population became solitary, and “bachelor” groups were not observed. Methodological issues are raised, including the classification of multi‐male groups, and the demographic profiles of other populations are discussed in the light of results from Mbeli. Am. J. Primatol. 56:193–206, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetics and caging type affect birth weight in captive pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina)
Authors: Ha James C. , Ha Renee Robinette , Almasy Laura , Dyke Bennett 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe heritability of birth weight was estimated in 3,562 captive pigtailed macaques using 30 years of breeding and pedigree records. Based on a pedigree of over 12,000 animals, quantitative genetic analyses were performed using statistical variance decomposition methods. The model included additive genetic effects, cytoplasmic genetic effects, birth environment, shared maternal environment, and unmeasured environmental effects. The results demonstrated a strong (h2 = 0.51) heritable component of birth weight overall, and included significant additive genetic heritability (h2 = 0.23), and cytoplasmic heritability (h2 = 0.09). In addition, a significant effect of birth location and cage type was identified, explaining an additional 6% of birth weight variance. The use of a nonhuman primate model for studying the effects of genes on birth weight eliminated many of the problems associated with confounding variables in human studies, and allowed for the quantification of a heritable component of birth weight. Am. J. Primatol. 56:207–213, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Social “status” and biological “status”: A comparison of grave goods and skeletal indicators from Pontecagnano
Authors: Robb John , Bigazzi Renzo , Lazzarini Luca , Scarsini Caterina , Sonego Fiorenza 
Published: August 2002

AbstractComparison of funerary treatment and skeletal biology can be very informative about the interplay of social status and meanings and actual life conditions in ancient communities, but such comparison is rarely done, due in part to the disciplinary separation of bioanthropology and social archaeology in many archaeological traditions. In this paper, we analyze relations between skeletal pathologies and grave goods in a sample of 94 individuals from Pontecagnano (Salerno, Italy, seventh–third centuries BC). The results show that the relationship between health, activity, and social status as expressed in grave goods was complex. Some biological indicators considered typical of “stress” or biological status (enamel hypoplasia, cribra orbitalia, adult stature) bore no relation to social status. Other indicators, particularly those of activity and stress in adult life (trauma, Schmorl's nodes, periostitis), covaried with grave assemblage and help to outline a possible division of labor. As this analysis shows, when skeletal and archaeological data are used in conjunction, the result is a deeper picture of the social and economic life of the community than can be obtained from either source. Am J Phys Anthropol 115:213–222, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.