bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Loch Lomond Stadial glaciers in the Aran and Arenig Mountains, North Wales, Great Britain
Authors: Hughes Philip D. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractGeomorphological evidence for four former local glaciers has been mapped in the Aran and Arenig Mountains, North Wales. Former glacial extent was deduced from the distribution and assemblage of end and lateral moraines, hummocky moraine, boulder limits, drift limits and periglacial trimlines. Comparison of infilled lake sediment stratigraphies inside and outside of the former glacier limits suggests a Loch Lomond Stadial (Late Devensian) age of the former glaciers (c. 12.9–11.5 cal. ka BP). This finding is also supported by periglacial–landform contrasts between the land inside and outside of the glacier limits. Reconstruction of the four glaciers illustrates a mean equilibrium line altitude (ELA) of c. 504 m. From the reconstructed ELAs and the combination of precipitation and snowblow input for total accumulation, by analogy with Norwegian glaciers, a mean sea‐level July temperature is calculated at 8.4°C. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fabrics, facies control and diagenesis of lacustrine ooids and associated grains from the Upper Triassic, southwest England
Authors: Milroy P. G. , Wright V. P. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPetrographic analysis of ooids from the Upper Triassic (Mercia Mudstone Group) of southwest England provides an opportunity to assess in detail the origins, transport pathways and diagenesis of an ancient oolite. The Clevedon Oolite is dolomitized and contains a variety of dissolved ooids (oomoulds) and associated grains. The oomoulds occur in well‐sorted, planar and cross‐stratified grainstones, packstones, sandstones and conglomerates associated with shoreface, intershoal, foreshore, beachrock and littoral strandplain deposits.The ooids grew in suspension in the shoreface zone and developed a radial aragonite microstructure. The ooids grew to 0.80 mm in diameter, after which they fractured or ceased growing. Broken grains deposited on or near mobile shoals were rapidly recoated, while other grains, deposited in less agitated, intershoal and lower foreshore areas, were micritized or microbially bound into grapestone aggregates. Locally peloids, intraclasts, quartz grains and micritized grains from intershoal areas supplied nuclei for ooids on nearby shoals. Grains deposited in foreshore areas were rapidly cemented into beachrock and reworked into conglomerates. Soon after deposition, the ooids were subjected to widespread aragonite dissolution followed by dolomitization. The lack of pre‐dolomitization calcite, together with the abundance of early (pre‐compaction) dolospar cements and fabric‐selective dolomitization of micritic fabrics, suggest aragonite dissolution by dolomitizing fluids. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The cognitive decline scale of the psychogeriatric assessment scales (PAS): longitudinal data on its validity
Authors: Jorm A.F. , Christensen H. , Jacomb P. A. , Korten A. E. , Mackinnon A. J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractObjectiveThe Cognitive Decline scale of the Psychogeriatric Assessment Scales (PAS)1 uses informant data to assess retrospectively change from earlier in life. Data from a 7–8‐year longitudinal study were used to assess the validity of this scale against changes in cognitive performance and mortality.
Copies of the PAS can be downloaded from the World Wide Web at http://www.mhri.edu.au/pas/
Design and measuresPAS data were collected on three occasions, with gaps of 3.6 and 4.1 years between the waves. The Cognitive Decline score at Wave 3 was validated retrospectively against actual change on a brief test of current cognitive status (the PAS Cognitive Impairment scale) over the three waves, while the Cognitive Decline score at Wave 1 was assessed for predictive validity against future mortality and cognitive change.SettingA community survey in the Australian cities of Canberra and Queanbeyan.ParticipantsParticipants were aged 70+ at the beginning of the study. The sample size varied from 729 to 279, depending on the number of waves involved.ResultsParticipants with scores of 4+ on the Cognitive Decline scale at Wave 3 showed substantial deterioration over the previous 7–8 years. Scores of 4+ at Wave 1 predicted mortality and further cognitive deterioration.ConclusionsThe Cognitive Decline scale allows a valid retrospective assessment of change and has predictive validity for subsequent cognitive deterioration and increased mortality. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Depression in late life, cognitive decline and white matter pathology in two clinico‐pathologically investigated cases
Authors: Lloyd A. J. , Grace J. B. , Jaros E. , Perry R. H. , Fairbairn A. F. , Swann A. G. , O'Brien J. T. , Mckeith I. G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractCase reportsWe report two cases of late life depression who became progressively more resistant to treatment, developed cognitive impairment, and began to exhibit neurological abnormalities and evidence of vascular disease. A discussion of the clinical features of the cases is accompanied by reports of neuropathology and neuroimaging findings. Extensive white matter lesions were present on computed tomography in both patients, and basal ganglia infarcts were seen in one. Neuropathology revealed evidence of cerebral atrophy, demyelination and white matter lesions in addition to cerebrovascular and generalised vascular disease. Neither patient exhibited Alzheimer pathology outwith the norm for their age. We believe this to be the first report of neuropathological findings in depression with white matter changes.Literature reviewThe pathological basis of white matter lesions and their relationship to depression, its age of onset and clinical features is addressed in relation to the cases described. Pathological investigation of white matter lesions has not previously been carried out in depression and hypotheses regarding their nature in this illness are based on extrapolation from research in a variety of other disorders. The association of depression with vascular risk factors is considered, as is the relationship between depression and cognitive deficits. There is a need for further investigation in this area. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psychometric evaluation of a short observational tool for small‐scale research projects in dementia
Authors: Smallwood Jonathan , Irvine Elizabeth , Coulter Fiona , Connery Hazel 
Published: January 2005

AbstractDementia is a degenerating illness and the lack of a reliable measure of self‐report in particular presents particular difficulties for research. Often in the later stages of dementia behavioural measurement is the only tool available for the evaluation of treatment techniques. This paper describes and evaluates a short observational tool suitable for clinical assessment purposes. The scale has been shown to have the potential for adequate inter‐rater reliability, test retest reliability, and convergent and divergent validity, if the study limitations reflecting statistical rather than ecological validity, and limitations of sample size are borne in mind. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Attempted and completed suicide in older subjects: results from the WHO/EURO multicentre study of suicidal behaviour
Authors: De Leo Diego , Padoani Walter , Scocco Paolo , Lie David , Bille‐Brahe Unni , Arensman Ella , Hjelmeland Heidi , Crepet Paolo , Haring Christian , Hawton Keith , Lonnqvist Jouko , Michel Konrad , Pommereau Xavier , Querejeta Imanol , Phillipe Jean , Salander‐Renberg Ellinor , Schmidtke Armin , Fricke Susanne , Weinacker Bettina , Tamesvary Beata , Wasserman Danuta , Faria Sampaio 
Published: January 2005

AbstractObjectiveThe authors present an analysis of findings for the 65 years and over age group from the WHO/EURO Multicentre Study of Suicidal Behaviour (1989–93).MethodsMultinational data on non‐fatal suicidal behaviour is derived from 1518 subjects in 16 European centres. Local district data on suicide were available from 10 of the collaborating centres.ResultsStockholm (Sweden), Pontoise (France) and Oxford (UK) had the highest suicide attempts rates. In most centres, the majority of elderly who attempted suicide were widow(er)s, often living alone, who used predominantly voluntary drug ingestion. Non‐fatal suicidal behaviour decreased with increasing age, whereas suicide rates rose. The ratio between fatal and non‐fatal behaviours was 1:2, that for males/females almost 1:1. In the years considered, substantial stability in suicide and attempted suicide rates was observed. As their age increased, suicidal subjects displayed only a limited tendency to repeat self‐destructive acts. Moreover, there was little correlation between attempted suicide and suicide rates, which carries different clinical implications for non‐fatal suicidal behaviour in the elderly compared with younger subjects in the same WHO/EURO study. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dementia with Lewy bodies in Down's syndrome
Authors: Simard Martine , van Reekum Robert 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe association between Down's syndrome (DS) and Alzheimer's disease is well established. This paper presents a review of the literature, suggesting a possible association between DS and the more recently recognised dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Patients with DLB frequently present with changes in affect and behaviour, and in particular with psychotic symptoms. The literature suggests a possible role for atypical neuroleptics in the management of psychosis in DLB. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Equity of access to a memory clinic in Melbourne? Non‐English speaking background attenders are more severely demented and have increased rates of psychiatric disorders
Authors: LoGiudice Dina , Hassett Anne , Cook Roslyn , Flicker Leon , Ames David 
Published: January 2005

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this study was to compare demographic and clinical features of patients from Non‐English Speaking Background (NESB) with those from English Speaking Background (ESB) who attended a memory clinic in Melbourne, Australia.MethodsData on 556 consecutive patients attending the memory clinic were analysed retrospectively. All patients were assessed by a geriatrician (Italian speaking) or psychogeriatrician with the aid of Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorders in the Elderly (CAMDEX) interview schedule. Patients were classified into the categories of dementia, functional psychiatric disorder (including depression), cognitive impairment other than dementia and normal, using ICD 10 criteria. Severity of dementia was determined using the Clinical Dementia Rating scale. Demographic information and use of community services were also documented.ResultsOf those seen, 148 (28.8%) were of NESB, the majority Italian (69, 12.4%). Patients of NESB were younger (p = 0.001), less educated (p = 0.001) and less likely to live alone (p = 0.009) compared to persons of ESB. Those of NESB were more likely present with a functional psychiatric disorder (particularly depression) or normal cognition (p = 0.001). Patients of NESB with dementia presented at a later stage of their disease as determined by CDR (p = 0.003). Those of NESB scored significantly lower (more impaired) on CAMCOG in all patients seen (including normal and psychiatric groups) (p = 0.02).ConclusionsThe clinical and demographic features of people of NESB referred to a memory clinic in Melbourne, Australia, differ from their ESB counterparts, with specific groups being under represented. This has implications for equity of assessment, service provision and utilisation for those of ethnically diverse backgrounds. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dementia, cognitive impairment and mortality in persons aged 65 and over living in the community: a systematic review of the literature
Authors: Dewey Michael E. , Saz Pedro 
Published: January 2005

AbstractBackgroundNo recent attempt has been made to synthesise information on mortality and dementia despite the theoretical and practical interest in the topic. Our objective was to estimate the influence on mortality of cognitive impairment and dementia.MethodsData sources were Medline, Embase, personal files and colleagues' records. Studies were considered if they included a majority of persons aged 65 and over at baseline either drawn from a total community sample or drawn from a random sample from the community. Samples from health care facilities were excluded. The search located 68 community studies. Effect sizes were extracted from the studies and if they were not included in the published studies, effect sizes were calculated where possible: this was possible for 23 studies of cognitive impairment and 32 of dementia. No attempt was made to contact authors for missing data.ResultsFor the studies of cognitive impairment Fisher's method (a vote counting method), gave a p‐value (from eight studies) of 0.00001. For studies of dementia, age‐adjusted confidence intervals (CI) were pooled (odds ratio (OR) 2.63 with 95% CI 2.17 to 3.21 from six studies).ConclusionsLevels of cognitive impairment commonly found in community studies give rise to an increased risk of mortality, and this appears to be true even for quite mild levels of impairment. The analysis confirms the increased risk of mortality for dementia, but reveals a dearth of information on the causes of the excess mortality and on possible effect modification by age, dementia subtype or other variables. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk factors for falling in a psychogeriatric unit
Authors: de Carle A. John , Kohn Robert 
Published: January 2005

AbstractObjectiveTo identify risk factors associated with falls in a psychogeriatric inpatient population.DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingA psychogeriatric inpatient unit in a Brown University affiliated psychiatric hospital.ParticipantsA total of 1834 men and women who represented all admissions to the psychogeriatric inpatient unit between January 1992 and December 1995.ResultsOver the study period a total of 175 falls were recorded, giving a fall rate of 9.5%. Using a logistic regression model, six variables were found to be independently associated with an increased risk of falling: female gender, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), mood stabilizers, cardiac arrhythmias, Parkinson's syndrome and dementias. Falls and ECT were associated with longer hospital stay, when adjusted for confounders including ECT.ConclusionsThese findings support previous results and identify ECT as a possible risk factor for falling in a hospital setting. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Factors associated with mortality in patients with early‐onset Alzheimer's disease: a five‐year longitudinal study
Authors: Ueki Akinori , Shinjo Hidetaka , Shimode Hiroko , Nakajima Takaya , Morita Yoshio 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTo identify neuropsychiatric and somatic factors related to survival in early‐onset Alzheimer's disease, we longitudinally studied 108 patients (35 male, 73 female) with early‐onset Alzheimer's disease who were 46 to 64 years old at onset and 50 to 69 years old when diagnosed at our institution. A five‐year follow‐up, 30 patients had died. Pneumonia was the most common cause (73%), followed by malignancy (20%) and heart disease (7%). Kaplan–Meier survival curves showed a lower survival rate in patients with early‐onset Alzheimer's disease than in age‐ and sex‐matched life‐table data in Japan. In Cox proportional hazards analysis, male gender, early disease onset, concurrent physical illness at time of diagnosis, and a low mini‐mental state examination score increased the likelihood of death in patients with early‐onset Alzheimer's disease. Our study confirmed that these patients have considerable excess mortality and a different pattern of cause of death than in the general population. Gender, age at onset, physical illness, and cognitive function strongly influenced survival. These factors may be predictors of mortality in patients with early‐onset Alzheimer's disease that are useful in counseling patients and their families. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validation study of the Chinese version of the neuropsychiatric inventory (CNPI)
Authors: Leung Vivian P. Y. , Lam Linda C. W. , Chiu Helen F. K. , Cummings Jeffrey L. , Chen Q. L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractBackgroundMore validated instruments for assessment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia are required to facilitate local dementia research.MethodThe psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the neuropsychiatric inventory (CNPI) were tested in a sample of 62 dementia outpatients. The concurrent validity was tested by measuring the Spearman correlation between CNPI subscales with the appropriate subscales of BEHAVE‐AD and the Chinese Hamilton rating scale of depression (CHDS). The internal consistency reliability, false‐negative rates of the screening questions of CNPI and inter‐rater reliability were determined.ResultMost CNPI behavioral domains achieved significant correlation with the corresponding BEHAVE‐AD and CHDS subscales. Cronbach alpha for the overall reliability was 0.84. The false‐negative rates of the screening question were acceptable except for the dysphoria, sleep and appetite domains. The inter‐rater reliability was satisfactory with intraclass correlation coefficient of all subscales above 0.9.ConclusionThe study demonstrated the applicability of the CNPI in assessing the neuropsychiatric manifestations of dementia in the Chinese community. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Elderly Japanese emigrants to Brazil before World War II: I. clinical profiles based on specific historical background
Authors: Meguro Mitsue , Meguro Kenichi , Caramelli Paulo , Ishizaki Junichi , Ambo Hideo , Chubaci Rosa Y. S. , Hamada Gerson S. , Nitrini Ricardo , Yamadori Atsushi 
Published: January 2005

AbstractObjectiveTo research the demographic and clinical profiles of elderly Japanese emigrants, who arrived in Brazil before World War II, in order to give them appropriate psychogeriatric care.DesignElderly Japanese immigrants aged 65 years and over, belonging to the Miyagi Association in the São Paulo Metropolitan Area, were targeted. They emigrated from Miyagi Prefecture to Brazil and are now living in the area. We were able to interview 166 respondents. All data were gathered using standardized interview methods covering (a) free interview about the immigration history, (b) demographics, and (c) physical status.ResultsThrough the free interview, we found their immigration histories, which affected their clinical profiles. The mean age and educational level were 77.5 years and 6.3 years, respectively. Sixty per cent of them immigrated when they were younger than 14. Ninety‐four per cent of them still keep Japanese nationality. Fifty‐seven per cent of them usually use Japanese, while 10% of them use Portuguese. Although their emigration histories were hard, 76% of them perceived their health as being excellent or relatively good. The percentages of subjects with histories of disease were hypertension, 52.5%; cardiac disease, 20.8%; diabetes mellitus, 24.2%; and hyperlipidemia, 25.0%, which were affected by the Brazilian environment.ConclusionThe elderly Japanese who emigrated to Brazil before World War II have a unique historical and demographic background. Their clinical profiles cannot be fully understood without knowing their histories. They definitely need high quality international psychogeriatric care. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Training in communication skills for informal carers of people suffering from dementia: a cluster randomized clinical trial comparing a therapist led workshop and a booklet
Authors: Done D. J. , Thomas J. A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe objective of the study was to evaluate whether a short training workshop in communication techniques is more effective than an information booklet for improving communication skills in informal carers of people suffering from dementia. 30 informal carers were allocated to the workshop sessions and 15 to the booklet. Outcome measures included awareness of communication strategies; perceived frequency of communication breakdown at home, and the associated level of distress; general stress; and consumer satisfaction. At six week follow‐up, the workshop group demonstrated a significantly greater awareness of communication strategies than the booklet‐only group. Both groups reported some reduction in the frequency of communication problems at home, and a reduction in the associated level of distress. The frequency of other problem behaviours remained stable. Satisfaction with the workshop indicated that training was helpful but depended on the stage of illness of the partner. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The familywise error rate of a simultaneous confidence band for the incremental net health benefit
Authors: Meisner Morris , Laska Eugene M. , Siegel Carole , Wanderling Joseph 
Published: January 2005

AbstractInterest in the use of net health benefit in cost‐effectiveness analysis derives from its optimality property for decision‐making. A description of the results of an economic evaluation of health care interventions is incomplete if it does not include point and interval estimates of this outcome measure. A simultaneous confidence band for the incremental net health benefit, INHB(λ), for all λ may be obtained by forming a confidence interval based on student's t statistic, and letting the willingness‐to‐pay value, λ, run over all values. The familywise error rate (FWER) of the simultaneous confidence band is the probability that the confidence interval does not cover the true INHB(λ) for some value of λ. We show that the FWER equals P(T2>t2), where T2 follows Hotelling's central distribution and that the simultaneous confidence band does not cover the true INHB(λ) if and only if a T2 based confidence ellipsoid does not cover the true mean c–e vector. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decision validity should determine whether a generic or condition‐specific HRQOL measure is used in health care decisions
Authors: Dowie Jack 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWhen a HRQOL measure is needed in health care decision making should it be a generic measure (a GEN), intended to cover the entire domain of health, a condition‐specific measure (a CSM) intended to embrace those aspects of health associated with the condition concerned, or both? This paper proposes that it will never be appropriate to use both a CSM and a GEN for the same decision; that a GEN alone will probably be the appropriate measure in the majority of decisions; that a CSM alone will sometimes be appropriate; and that whether it is a GEN alone or a CSM alone that is appropriate depends entirely on the structure of the decision. The argument rests on the distinction between knowledge validity and decision validity. But it has a supplementary basis in rejection of the widespread (but unjustifiable) belief that CSMs are more ‘sensitive’ or ‘responsive’ than GENs and hence can detect ‘small but important changes’ that GENs always or often miss. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.