bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radiation characteristics improvement in waveguide‐fed slot antenna with a high‐impedance ground plane (HIGP)
Authors: Zhang Guohua , Yuan Naichang 
Published: March 2005

AbstractHigh‐impedance surface (HIS) is a kind of electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure utilized as a ground plane for a waveguide‐fed slot antenna in order to improve its radiation characteristics. As compared to a solid metal ground plane, the results suggest that a high‐impedance ground plane (HIGP) can significantly improve the pattern of the slot antenna. The ripples in the E‐plane pattern of the slot antenna with a metal ground plane are found to vanish, the back lobes are reduced, and the antenna gain is increased. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 45: 176–179, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20762
Anatomical and functional brain imaging using high‐resolution echo‐planar spectroscopic imaging at 1.5 Tesla
Authors: Du Weiliang , Karczmar Gregory S. , Uftring Stephen J. , Du Yiping P. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractHigh‐resolution echo‐planar spectroscopic imaging (EPSI) of water resonance (i.e. without water suppression) is proposed for anatomic and functional imaging of the human brain at 1.5 T. Water spectra with a resolution of 2.6 Hz and a bandwidth of 333 Hz were obtained in small voxels (1.7 × 1.7 × 3 mm3) across a single slice. Although water spectra appeared Lorentzian in most of the voxels in the brain, non‐Lorentzian broadening of the water resonance was observed in voxels containing blood vessels. In functional experiments with a motor task, robust activation in motor cortices was observed in high‐resolution T maps generated from the EPSI data. Shift of the water resonance frequency occurred during neuronal activation in motor cortices. The activation areas appeared to be more localized after excluding the voxels in which the lineshape of the water resonance had elevated T and became more non‐Lorentzian during the motor task. These preliminary results suggest that high‐resolution EPSI is a promising tool to study susceptibility‐related effects, such as BOLD contrast, for improved anatomical and functional imaging of the brain. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural correlations in comb heteropolymers in good and backbone‐selective solvents
Authors: Sliozberg Yelena , Abrams Cameron F. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractMolecular dynamics (MD) simulations of coarse‐grained regular comb heteropolymers have been performed to explore structural correlations at equilibrium in a nonselective solvent and during the transition from coil to micelle in a backbone‐selective solvent. We primarily consider the static structure factor measured directly from the simulations. In the good solvent, we consider cases ranging from short to long side chains, with respect to the spacer length. Reasonable agreement with a previously published theoretical structure factor is observed for a limited subset of the comb architectures in a small wavevector range. When the side chains are much longer than the spacers, the side‐chain structure factor approaches that of starlike polymers. Additionally, plateau values of the structure factor scale with the side‐chain length to the power of 0.736 when the side chains are shorter than the spacers. The transition from an open coil to a collapsed micelle is examined in MD simulations with explicit‐solvent particles. Upon a sudden quench the from nonselective solvent to the backbone‐selective solvent, the coil‐to‐micelle transition occurs via a side‐chain clusterization mechanism. The time‐dependent structure factors measured during the collapse process have plateau values that scale with the average cluster size to the power of 0.9. The origin of these two scaling exponents is still unknown. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 983‐993, 2005
QSARs for Endocrine Disruption Priority Setting Database 2: The Integrated 4‐Phase Model
Authors: Walker John D. , Fang Hong , Perkins Roger , Tong Weida 
Published: March 2005

AbstractVersion 2 of the Endocrine Disruption Priority Setting Database (EDPSD2) is a decision support tool developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EDPSD2 is organized into 4 categories (exposure‐related, effects‐related, combined exposure‐and effects‐related and specially‐targeted priorities) that are supported by several compartments and information sources. The effects‐related category includes a Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship compartment that is supported by two models for predicting estrogen receptor binding affinities of chemicals in EDPSD2. This paper describes the categories and compartments of EDPSD2 and the use of the Integrated 4‐Phase model to predict the estrogen receptor binding affinities of chemicals in EDPSD2.
Requirements and Solution Approaches for Software Architectures Supporting High‐Throughput Experimentation
Authors: Saupe Michael , Födisch Ringo , Sundermann Andreas , Schunk Stephan Andreas , Finger Kurt‐Erich 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe main objective of High‐Throughput Experimentation (HTE) in catalysis and materials discovery, as well as in other areas, is to increase the total experiment count for a given time interval either by speeding up individual experiments and/or by running experiments in parallel. Typically, such screening experiments involve the preparation of sample libraries consisting of a large number of diverse materials together with the extensive variation of conditions during performance tests within a wide parameter space. As an important difference, when compared to molecular high‐throughput screening, materials science does not always deal with uniquely defined entities. Every parameter during preparation and testing may be a factor crucial for the performance of the material. As a consequence, all experimental parameters should be controlled or at least recorded to be able to identify important correlations. The prime goal of the HTE cycle lies in speeding up the whole discovery and optimization process, but minimizing the costs and human efforts needed in the experimental workflow. In short, an increase in productivity will always result in a faster knowledge gain and therefore be a competitive advantage. This goal is only to be achieved by utilizing software tools at every single stage of the HTE process. In addition, the software platform has to provide an interface for data‐mining/feature‐extraction tools to gain insights required for discovering new useful materials. The software requirements in the HTE area can be classified according to the following aspects: “support and tracking of material preparation (workflow management)”, “planning and setting up experiments/performance tests”, “process automation and control of hardware devices”, “data logging and post‐processing”, “data storage, management and analysis”. Herein we present a modular approach to an HTE software platform. Instead of a monolithic master system, small tools with a limited set of tasks are interconnected using standardized, self‐descriptive data structures. This approach is highly flexible with respect to the rapidly changing needs of the chemists: Since the modules are isolated and inter‐module communication is standardized, new components (e.g., new devices) can be integrated into the process without any side effects.
Virtual Screening and QSAR Formulations for Crystal Chemistry
Authors: Suh Changwon , Rajan Krishna 
Published: March 2005

AbstractIn this paper, we demonstrate how partial least squares multivariate analysis can be used to develop a Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship (QSAR). The analysis is applied to the prediction of bulk modulus based on a combinatorial analysis of crystal‐chemistry descriptors used in ab‐initio calculations. The value of developing these QSAR formulations based on theoretical calculations is discussed in the context of its value as a screening tool for “virtual” compounds and chemistry.
Present state of rivers and streams in Japan
Authors: Yoshimura Chihiro , Omura Tatsuo , Furumai Hiroaki , Tockner Klement 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe Japanese Archipelago (land area: 377 880 km2) extends over a distance of c. 2000 km, with a maximum width of 300 km. Geologically, it is a young and tectonically very active area. Japan is a mountainous, wet and forested country, with its people concentrated in densely populated urban areas along the coast and on alluvial plains. Rivers are short (max. length: 370 km), steep, and exhibit flashy flow regimes. The river regime coefficient ranges from 200 to 400, which is up to an order‐of‐magnitude higher than that of most continental rivers. Japan has a rich freshwater fauna and flora with a high proportion of endemic species. A distinct latitudinal gradient (subarctic to subtropical climate) in combination with the radial character of the river network results in high spatial differentiation of the freshwater fauna.While water quality has improved remarkably during the past decades, Japanese rivers are still heavily impacted by canalization, loss of most dynamic flood plains, flow regulation, invasion by exotic species, and intensive urbanization. Currently 49% of the entire human population concentrates on 14% of the land, and the annual flood damage is the highest worldwide. As a consequence, major recent restoration initiatives aim to protect people and property against floods as well as simultaneously improving the ecological integrity of river ecosystems. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of European settlement on Bolin Billabong, a Yarra River floodplain lake, Melbourne, Australia
Authors: Leahy Paul J. , Tibby John , Kershaw A. Peter , Heijnis Henk , Kershaw John S. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractBolin Billabong is a shallow, eutrophic and turbid oxbow lake located on the lower Yarra River floodplain, in suburban Melbourne (Victoria, Australia). A combination of radiometric dating, historical data, fossil markers and mineral magnetics has been used to develop a sediment chronology for the billabong that extends from about AD 1120 to the present. Fossil pollen and diatoms have been used to provide a high‐resolution record of vegetation and aquatic ecosystem change through this period, with the aim of developing a better understanding of human disturbance in floodplain lakes. Specifically we aim to investigate the development and trajectory of eutrophic and turbid conditions that exist in the lake at present.The pre‐European contact diatom assemblage at Bolin Billabong is dominated by a planktonic taxon, Cyclotella stelligera, and had very low diversity, with little evidence of species turnover. This suggests that the billabong had low nutrient concentrations and contrasts with the generally accepted notion of billabongs as naturally diverse, productive and variable systems.The initial period of European occupation was characterized by catchment disturbance with high levels of erosion and sedimentation. Sedimentation rates in the post‐European contact period appear to be 30 times higher than prior to European settlement. Evidence suggests that the Yarra River was not naturally turbid. Changes to the diatom assemblage, reflective of water quality perturbation following European contact, were dramatic and unprecedented. Following an initially high sedimentation rate in the post‐European contact period, the sedimentation rate gradually slowed towards the present day. The increase in nutrients available to the diatom assemblage appears to have been moderate from European contact (c. AD 1840) to until around AD 1920, then more pronounced from this point onwards. Recent changes in the diatom assemblage at Bolin Billabong appear moderate compared with other regulated river floodplain sites studied in southeastern Australia. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Natural variability in the distribution, loading and induced scour of large wood in sand‐bed forest streams
Authors: Webb Ashley A. , Erskine Wayne D. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractCharacteristics of large wood and its influence on bed scour and pool formation have been investigated in four sand‐bed forest streams in southeastern Australia. Sites included high‐energy bedrock‐confined streams near Sydney and medium to low energy partially terrace‐confined streams on the south coast of NSW and in East Gippsland, Victoria. Total large wood loadings were inversely correlated with bankfull specific stream power. At the two lower energy sites, up to 18% of the total large wood volume comprised Tristaniopsis laurina trees living within the channel. At all sites, the majority of large wood pieces were small in length and diameter. However, the overall large wood volume was dominated by larger pieces. At the two lower energy sites less than 3% of large wood pieces formed part of debris dams, the majority occurring as individual logs. Debris dams were absent from the higher energy sites. The length of channel classified as pool habitat and the amount of head loss over log‐steps were positively correlated with large wood loading. A greater proportion of large wood pieces was aligned parallel to the flow at the higher energy sites. Such characteristics significantly influenced the type and extent of pools present. Longitudinal, bedrock and boulder scour pools were dominant at the bedrock‐confined sites, while transverse scour pools, log‐step pools and debris dam pools were dominant at the less laterally confined sites. The log‐affected pools were significantly smaller, in terms of length and maximum depth, at three of the study sites, than the non‐log‐affected pools. However, this study indicates that reintroduction of large wood into sand‐bed streams will increase bed scour, pool formation and hydraulic diversity. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accessing limnological change and variability using fossil diatom assemblages, south‐east Australia
Authors: Gell P. , Tibby J. , Fluin J. , Leahy P. , Reid M. , Adamson K. , Bulpin S. , MacGregor A. , Wallbrink P. , Hancock G. , Walsh B. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractFloodplain wetlands accumulate river‐borne sediments that include mixed assemblages of allochthonous and autochthonous diatoms as fossils. These assemblages have been used in river floodplain wetlands and reservoirs to quantitatively reconstruct salinity, pH and nutrients and to qualitatively infer connectivity and turbidity over periods spanning decades to millennia. High sedimentation rates in some sites have permitted sub‐annual temporal resolution; however, annual to decadal resolution is more usual. The establishment of chronologies for these sequences is often difficult owing to the substantial input of fluvially borne210Pb, the high spatial variability in the earliest detection of exotic pollen markers and the inaccuracy of radiocarbon approaches in dating sediments younger than 500 years. Other complexities arise from the difficulty of differentiating the influence of co‐variables in accord with the river continuum concept and identifying shifts driven by hydroseral influences independent of changes to the fluvial system. Caution is also needed in inferring lotic change from a record accumulating in lentic systems.Nevertheless, substantial increases in salinity (lower Snowy, lower and middle Murray), pH (mid‐Goulburn), turbidity (upper and lower Murray and Yarra), nutrients (lower Murray and Yarra), and sedimentation rate (widespread), as well as clear shifts in trophic structure (upper Murray), have been documented for the post‐European period from regulated river wetlands across southeast Australia. A site in the lower Murray records river connectivity and water quality changes consistent with the regional Holocene climate record. Reductions in effective precipitation documented in closed lake systems are not evident in riverine plain wetlands, possibly owing to their relative complexity. The refinement of chronologies and data‐bases will allow the determination of the pre‐impact nature and variability of sites, the rates of limnological change and biological responses and the feasibility of rehabilitation targets. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of flow regulation on carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) recruitment in the Murray–Darling Basin, Australia
Authors: Driver P. D. , Harris J. H. , Closs G. P. , Koen T. B. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractCarp biomass density and the numbers of ‘sub‐adult’ (juvenile, plus young‐of‐the‐year) carp were used to indicate net recruitment (hereafter ‘recruitment’) to carp populations in ‘regulated’ and ‘unregulated’ lowland rivers (< 300 m altitude) and ‘slope’ rivers (300–700 m) of the Murray–Darling Basin, southeastern Australia. Most recruitment occurred at lower‐altitude reaches, during October–March (water temperature 95% confidence limits=16–32°C). Temporal changes in distribution of juvenile carp and sub‐adult carp, and high biomass density and slightly larger carp sizes in slope populations, indicated that slope sites were ‘sinks’ for downstream ‘source’ populations. The distribution of sub‐adult carp also suggested that recruitment differed between regulated and unregulated lowland sites, and unregulated sites had proportionately more sub‐adult carp in the total catch. We suggest that while floods might have enhanced recruitment in unregulated rivers, flow regulation provides long‐term refuge from mortality associated with high flows. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New data on the use of lithium, divalproate, and lamotrigine in rapid cycling bipolar disorder
Authors: Calabrese JR , Rapport DJ , Youngstrom EA , Jackson K. , Bilali S. , Findling RL 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe rapid cycling variant of bipolar disorder is defined as the occurrence of four periods of either manic or depressive illness within 12 months. Patients suffering from this variant of bipolar disorder have an unmet need for effective treatment. This review examines two major studies in an attempt to update understanding of the current therapies available to treat rapid cycling patients. The first trial compares lamotrigine versus placebo in 182 patients studied for 6 months. The second is a recently completed, 20-month trial comparing divalproate and lithium in 60 patients. Both trials had a double-blind, randomized parallel-group design. The data from the latter study indicate that there are no large differences in efficacy between lithium and divalproate in the long-term treatment of rapid cycling bipolar disorder. In addition, lamotrigine has the potential to complement the spectrum of lithium and divalproate through its greater efficacy for depressive symptoms.
Do explicit criteria help in selecting indicators for ecosystem-based fisheries management?
Authors: Rochet Marie-Joëlle , Rice Jake C. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
An evaluation framework developed to help select an appropriate suite of indicators to support an ecosystem approach to fisheries management was tested experimentally by asking independent experts to weight the selection criteria provided and to score indicators against those criteria in several ecological settings. The steps in selecting indicators proved to be prone to subjectivity and value judgement, and differences in scores between experts were the main factor contributing to variability in evaluation results. Having to justify scores in a written document did not improve consistency among the experts. The framework, however, did enhance transparency by explicitly stating each issue to be addressed in the selection process, and by giving experts or stakeholders the opportunity to present their values explicitly. For example, using a longer list of simpler selection criteria appeared to provide less controversial results than a shorter list of more complex ones.
The Privatization of Wine Sales in Quebec in 1978 and 1983 to 1984
Authors: Trolldal Björn 
Published: March 2005

Background:In 1978, grocery stores in Quebec were allowed to sell domestically produced wine along with wine that was imported and bottled by the Liquor Board in Quebec. This right was extended in 1983 to include imported wine that was bottled by privately owned manufacturers in Quebec. Larger grocery store chains were also allowed to sell wine in 1984. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of these policy changes on alcohol sales, primarily on sales of wine and total sales but also on sales of spirits and beer.Methods:Interrupted time‐series analysis (ARIMA) with a quasi‐experimental control area design was used. Canada, with the exception of the province of Quebec, was the control area. All time series were differenced to remove long‐term trends. Possible permanent effects of the policy changes on alcohol sales were measured by means of intervention variables. Alcohol sales, in liters of pure alcohol per inhabitant aged 15 and above, were used as the dependent variable. Alcohol prices and the inhabitants’ disposable income were used as control variables.Results:Contrary to earlier studies regarding these policy changes in Quebec, the results presented in this study showed a significant and permanent effect of the policy change in 1978. The sale of wine increased by 10%, but the effect was not so large as to affect total sales. Sales of spirits and beer were not significantly affected. In 1983 to 1984, no immediate significant increase in sales of wine was found.Conclusions:The estimated effect of the policy change in 1978 was modest compared with results presented in most earlier studies regarding the privatization of wine sales in other jurisdictions. One explanation could be that the policy change in Quebec was valid only for a limited number of wines, which accounted for only a fraction of the total alcohol sales market.
Contact endoscopy during cholecystectomy: A new technique for staging laparoscopy in gallbladder cancers
Authors: Matsuda Masamichi , Watanabe Goro , Hashimoto Masaji 
Published: March 2005

Background and study aims: Contact endoscopy is a technique allowing detailed magnified imaging of living epithelium, used extensively to assess tissues of gynecological and laryngeal origan. We used this technique during cholecystectomy to investigate its potential value for staging laparoscopy in gallbladder cancer.Patients and methods: Eight patients with gallbladder cancer, four with mucosal hyperplasia, two with benign polyps and nine with gallstones were evaluated. During surgery, the lens of the contact endoscope (8715AA, 5.5 mm in diameter with a 0° angle) was placed in contact with the serosa of the gallbladder and observations were performed at magnifications of 60 × and 150 ×.Results: Enlarged color images of the subserosal layer of the gallbladder were obtained. In normal mucosa, a fine vascular network with flowing erythrocytes was observed in the subserosal layer. Subserosal fat appeared as tortoiseshell‐like markings, shown histologically to be clumps of fat cells surrounded by fine fibrous tissue. A gap between the deep vessels and the superficial vessels in the subserosal fat was also observed. The same findings were detected in gallbladder cancer patients where invasion was limited to the muscular layer. However, in patients with advanced gallbladder cancer, with invasion beyond the muscular layer, both the vessel gap and the fat tissue markings were absent. There was also encasement of the vessels and decreased intravascular flow of erythrocytes.Conclusions: The contact endoscope can be useful in differentiating between early and advanced gallbladder cancer and has some potential for use in staging laparoscopy for gallbladder cancer.