bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparison of the use of text summaries, plain thumbnails, and enhanced thumbnails for Web search tasks
Authors: Woodruff Allison , Rosenholtz Ruth , Morrison Julie B. , Faulring Andrew , Pirolli Peter 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe introduce a technique for creating novel, enhanced thumbnails of Web pages. These thumbnails combine the advantages of plain thumbnails and text summaries to provide consistent performance on a variety of tasks. We conducted a study in which participants used three different types of summaries (enhanced thumbnails, plain thumbnails, and text summaries) to search Web pages to find several different types of information. Participants took an average of 67, 86, and 95 seconds to find the answer with enhanced thumbnails, plain thumbnails, and text summaries, respectively. As expected, there was a strong effect of question category. For some questions, text summaries outperformed plain thumbnails, while for other questions, plain thumbnails outperformed text summaries. Enhanced thumbnails (which combine the features of text summaries and plain thumbnails) had more consistent performance than either text summaries or plain thumbnails, having for all categories the best performance or performance that was statistically indistinguishable from the best.
Epistemology and the socio‐cognitive perspective in information science
Authors: Hjørland Birger 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis article presents a socio‐cognitive perspective in relation to information science (IS) and information retrieval (IR). The differences between traditional cognitive views and the socio‐cognitive or domain‐analytic view are outlined. It is claimed that, given elementary skills in computer‐based retrieval, people are basically interacting with representations of subject literatures in IR. The kind of knowledge needed to interact with representations of subject literatures is discussed. It is shown how different approaches or “paradigms” in the represented literature imply different information needs and relevance criteria (which users typically cannot express very well, which is why IS cannot primarily rely on user studies). These principles are exemplified by comparing behaviorism, cognitivism, psychoanalysis, and neuroscience as approaches in psychology. The relevance criteria implicit in each position are outlined, and empirical data are provided to prove the theoretical claims. It is further shown that the most general level of relevance criteria is implied by epistemological theories. The article concludes that the fundamental problems of IS and IR are based in epistemology, which therefore becomes the most important allied field for IS.
Effects of extremely low frequency magnetic field on fertility of adult male and female rats
Authors: Al‐Akhras Moh'd‐Ali , Elbetieha Ahmed , Hasan Mohammed‐Khair , Al‐Omari Imaddin , Darmani Homa , Albiss Borhan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTo investigate the effects of an extremely low‐frequency (ELF) magnetic field on their fertility, adult male and female Sprague‐Dawley rats were exposed to a 50 Hz sinusoidal magnetic field of approximately 25 μT (rms) for 90 days before they were mated with unexposed counterparts. Exposure to a 50 Hz field reduced male rat fertility. The number of pregnant females was reduced when mated with exposed males, and the number of resorptions increased. The effects of magnetic field on male fertility were shown to be partly reversible, when the same exposed group of males were remated 45 and 90 days after being removed from the fields. Exposure of adult female rats to 50 Hz magnetic fields for 90 days before mating significantly reduced their fertility. The mean numbers of implantations and living fetuses per litter were statistically significantly decreased in the 50 Hz group. These results suggest that low frequency magnetic fields have some adverse effects on fertility of male and female rats. Bioelectromagnetics 22:340–344, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of alternating extremely low frequency ELF magnetic field on structure and function of pancreas in rats
Authors: Laitl‐Kobierska Anna , Cieślar Grzegorz , Sieroń Aleksander , Grzybek Henryk 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe aim of this study was to estimate the influence on ultrastructure and function of endocrine and excretoric part of pancreas in rats of extremely low frequency alternating magnetic fields with parameters used in therapy in humans. The animals from the two experimental groups were exposed to a rectangular magnetic field waveform at a frequency of 10 Hz and induction of 1.8–3.8 mT—(group P) or a sinusoidal magnetic field at a frequency of 40 Hz and induction of 1.3–2.7 mT—(group S), respectively. The control rats were subjected to sham exposure. The cycle of 1, 3, 6, 9, and 14 daily exposure sessions lasting 30 min was made in all groups. Some of rats after finishing the cycle of 14 exposures were left in the same conditions except for the magnetic field for 3 or 10 days. In both groups of rats exposed to magnetic field, a distinct tendency to decrease glucose concentration, compared to control group, was observed during the exposure cycle. Serum glucose became normal after the end of exposure sessions. The concentrations of insulin in both groups of rats exposed to magnetic field were significantly higher, compared to the controls, during the exposure cycle. After the end of exposure cycle the concentration of insulin in group S became normal. In contrast, in group P the concentration of insulin decreased significantly on the last day of exposure, with a subsequent increase in the following days. The activity of α‐lamylase and lipase in the serum of experimental and control rats was not affected. In both groups of exposed rats, reversible changes of ultrastructure of the pancreatic islets, including expansion of the Golgi apparatus, extension of rough endoplasmatic reticulum, mitochondrial swelling, expansion of β‐granules and increase in number of empty vesicles in β cells, occurred during the exposure. In acinar cells of exposed animals, a slight extension of rough endoplasmatic reticulum and mitochondrial swelling as transitory changes were observed. The structural and functional changes in pancreas are probably adaptative ones. Bioelectromagnetics 23:49–58, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Is there a code for protein–DNA recognition? Probab(ilistical)ly…
Authors: Benos Panayiotis V. , Lapedes Alan S. , Stormo Gary D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTranscriptional regulation of all genes is initiated by the specific binding of regulatory proteins called transcription factors to specific sites on DNA called promoter regions. Transcription factors employ a variety of mechanisms to recognise their DNA target sites. In the last few decades, attempts have been made to describe these mechanisms by general sets of rules and associated models. We give an overview of these models, starting with a historical review of the somewhat controversial issue of a “recognition code” governing protein–DNA interaction. We then present a probabilistic framework in which advantages and disadvantages of various models can be discussed. Finally, we conclude that simplifying assumptions about additivity of interactions are sufficiently justified in many situations (and can be suitably extended in other situations) to allow a unifying concept of a “probabilistic code” for protein–DNA recognition to be defined. BioEssays 24:466–475, 2002. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The CtBP family: enigmatic and enzymatic transcriptional co‐repressors
Authors: Turner Jeremy , Crossley Merlin 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTranscription factors that associate with DNA sequences in promoters and enhancers often recruit co‐regulators that modulate their activity. Many of these co‐regulators have intrinsic enzymatic activity and influence gene expression by modifying chromatin and altering its structure. Recently, a new family of co‐repressors, the C‐terminal binding proteins, has been described. These proteins recognize Pro‐X‐Asp‐Leu‐Ser (PXDLS) motifs in DNA‐binding proteins and function as transcriptional co‐repressors in Drosophila, Xenopus and mammals. The precise mechanisms by which they influence transcription are still under investigation. CtBP proteins dimerize and can contact histone deacetylases; hence they may operate by linking deacetylases to DNA‐bound factors. But it appears that CtBP proteins also have intrinsic enzymatic activity. They have significant homology to D‐isomer‐specific 2‐hydroxy acid dehydrogenases, and remarkably one family member, rat CtBP, has been shown to have a second role, functioning as an acyl transferase in Golgi maintenance. These observations raise the possibility that CtBP proteins might regulate gene expression directly by means of their enzymatic activities, in addition to serving as simple bridging proteins. Supplementary material for this article can be found on the BioEssays homepage at http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0265‐9247/suppmat/v23_8.684. BioEssays 23:683–690, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Physiology and pathophysiology of poly(ADP‐ribosyl)ation *
Authors: Bürkle Alexander 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOne of the immediate eukaryotic cellular responses to DNA breakage is the covalent post‐translational modification of nuclear proteins with poly(ADP‐ribose) from NAD+ as precursor, mostly catalysed by poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase‐1 (PARP‐1). Recently several other polypeptides have been shown to catalyse poly(ADP‐ribose) formation. Poly(ADP‐ribosyl)ation is involved in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological phenomena. Physiological functions include its participation in DNA‐base excision repair, DNA‐damage signalling, regulation of genomic stability, and regulation of transcription and proteasomal function, supporting the previously observed correlation of cellular poly(ADP‐ribosyl)ation capacity with mammalian life. The pathophysiology effects are mediated through PARP‐1 overactivity, which can cause cell suicide by NAD+ depletion. It is apparent that the latter effect underlies the pathogenesis of a wide range of disease states including type‐1 diabetes, ischaemic infarcts in various organs, and septic or haemorrhagic shock. Therefore pharmacological modulation of poly(ADP‐ribosyl)ation may prove to be an exciting option for various highly prevalent, disabling and even lethal diseases. BioEssays 23:795–806, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Parent voices: difficulty in accessing behavioral intervention for autism; working toward solutions
Authors: Maurice Catherine , Mannion Kathy , Letso Suzanne , Perry Lora 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe history of autism treatment has been dominated by a series of failed treatments, passing fads, and misinformed theories of etiology. With the advances in teaching methods derived from the science of Applied Behavior Analysis however, significant remediation of the disorder is now possible. Yet at present parents or caregivers still face serious challenges in identifying scientifically‐validated treatment models, and in securing competent and well‐trained therapists. Four parents report on these challenges, on the steps they have taken to mitigate these difficulties in their own families, and on the long‐term solutions they are attempting to implement in the wider community. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analytical applications of flow injection with chemiluminescence detection—a review
Authors: Fletcher Philip , Andrew Kevin N. , Calokerinos Anthony C. , Forbes Stuart , Worsfold Paul J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper reviews the literature on analytical applications of flow injection (FI) techniques with chemiluminescence (CL) detection from 1995–1999. The focus is on the application of FI–CL to the quantitative determination of specific analytes in real sample matrices. Therefore, entries have been tabulated under the most appropriate application area, ie pharmaceutical, environmental, foods and beverages and biomedical, as defined by the matrix that has been analysed. Each table lists analytes alphabetically and gives details of the exact sample matrix, the limit of detection (as reported in the original paper) and comments on the CL reaction used. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maximization of acetic acid production in partial acidogenesis of swine wastewater
Authors: Hwang Seokhwan , Lee Yongse , Yang Keunyoung 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSwine wastewater was biologically treated to produce short‐chain volatile organic acids (VOAs) in laboratory‐scale continuously stirred tank reactors. The maximum production rates of acetic and butyric acids associated with simultaneous changes in pH and hydraulic retention time (HRT) were investigated, in which the degree of acidification of swine wastewater to the short‐chain VOAs was <25% of influent chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration. A constant inoculum system was used to minimize the experimental error due to the use of inconsistent inoculum. The inoculum system was operated with synthetic wastewater at 6000 mg soluble chemical oxygen demand per liter (pH 6.0) and 35°C at 0.5 day hydraulic retention time. Response surface methodology was applied successfully to determine the optimum physiological condition for which the maximum rate of acetic acid production occurred, which was pH 5.90 and 0.88 day hydraulic retention time at 35°C. The partial acidification process to manage swine waste should be operated in the optimum condition for acetic acid production because the optimum operating condition for butyric acid production approached the washout point. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 75: 521–529, 2001.
Engineering hepatocyte functional fate through growth factor dynamics: The role of cell morphologic priming
Authors: Semler Eric J. , Moghe Prabhas V. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe have reported previously that cellular stimulation induced by variable mechanochemical properties of the extracellular microenvironment can significantly alter liver‐specific function in cultured hepatocytes (Semler et al., Biotech Bioeng 69:359–369, 2000). Cell activation via time‐invariant presentation of biochemical growth factors was found to either enhance or repress cellular differentiation of cultured hepatocytes depending on the mechanical properties of the underlying substrate. In this work, we investigated the effects of dynamic growth factor stimulation on the cell growth and differentiation behavior of hepatocytes cultured on either compliant or rigid substrates. Specifically, hepatotrophic growth factors (epidermal and hepatocyte) were either temporally added or withdrawn from hepatocyte cultures on Matrigel that was crosslinked to yield differential degrees of mechanical compliance. We determined that the functional responsiveness of hepatocytes to fluctuations in GF stimulation is substrate specific but only in conditions in which the initial mechanochemical environment induced significant cell morphogenesis. Our studies indicate that in conditions under which hepatocytes adopted a “rounded” phenotype, they exhibited increased levels of differentiated function upon soluble stimulation and markedly decreased function upon the depletion of GF stimulation. In contrast, hepatocytes that assumed a “spread” phenotype exhibited slightly increased function upon the depletion of GF stimulation. By examining the functional responsiveness of hepatocytes of differential morphology to varied fluctuations in GF activation, insights into the ability of cell shape to “prime” hepatocyte behavior in dynamic microenvironments were elucidated. We report on the possibility of uncoupling and, thus, selectively manipulating, the concerted contributions of GF‐induced cellular activation and substrate‐ and GF‐induced cell morphogenesis toward induction of cell function. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 75: 510–520, 2001.
Isolation of a recombinant antibody from cell culture supernatant: Continuous annular versus batch and expanded‐bed chromatography
Authors: Giovannini Roberto , Freitag Ruth 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAnnular chromatography represents a crossflow approach to chromatographic separations, that allows the continuous separation of multicomponent mixtures. The potential of the method for continuous bioseparation has been discussed for some time, however, we demonstrate for the first time the processing of a complex feed (cell culture supernatant) taken from an actual (bio)process. Moreover, while previously published applications of annular chromatography concentrated on noninteractive (gel filtration) or nonspecific (ion exchange) chromatography, we show the possibility of continuous annular affinity chromatography. In particular, a commercially available preparative continuous annular chromatography (P‐CAC) system was used to purify a recombinant antibody (human IgG1‐κ) from CHO cell culture supernatants by (pseudo)affinity chromatography on hydroxyapatite (HA) and rProtein A. Methods developed using small (2 mL) batch columns could be directly transferred to the P‐CAC, where they yielded similar results in terms of final product quality. Yields were between 87% and 92% in the case of HA and between 77% and 82% in the case of rProtein A chromatography. DNA removal was nearly quantitative in all cases. Concomitantly, the antibody fraction of the total protein content was raised by one order of magnitude in HA and by a factor of 50 by rProtein A chromatography. In addition, a novel HA material (particle diameter −120 μm) was investigated, which was compatible with expanded‐bed applications. However, the final purity of the antibody thus obtained and also the yields (<70%) were less than satisfactory. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 73: 522–529, 2001.
Mechanistic study of microbial control of hydrogen sulfide production in oil reservoirs
Authors: Nemati M. , Jenneman G. E. , Voordouw G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMicrobial control of biogenic production of hydrogen sulfide in oil fields was studied in a model system consisting of pure cultures of the nitrate‐reducing, sulfide‐oxidizing bacterium (NR‐SOB) Thiomicrospira sp. strain CVO and the sulfate‐reducing bacterium (SRB) Desulfovibrio sp. strain Lac6, as well as in microbial cultures enriched from produced water of a Canadian oil reservoir. The presence of nitrate at concentrations up to 20 mM had little effect on the rate of sulfate reduction by a pure culture of Lac6. Addition of CVO imposed a strong inhibition effect on production of sulfide. In the absence of added nitrate SRB we were able to overcome this effect after an extended lag phase. Simultaneous addition of CVO and nitrate stopped the production of H2S immediately. The concentration of sulfide decreased to a negligible level due to nitrate‐dependent sulfide oxidation activity of CVO. This was not prevented by raising the concentration of Na‐lactate, the electron donor for sulfate reduction. Similar results were obtained with enrichment cultures. Enrichments of produced water with sulfide and nitrate were dominated by CVO, whereas enrichments with sulfate and Na‐lactate were dominated by SRB. Addition of an NR‐SOB enrichment to an SRB enrichment inhibited the production of sulfide. Subsequent addition of sufficient nitrate caused the sulfide concentration to drop to zero. A similar response was seen in the presence of nitrate alone, although after a pronounced lag time, it was needed for emergence of a sizable CVO population. The results of the present study show that two mechanisms are involved in microbial control of biogenic sulfide production. First, addition of NR‐SOB imposes an inhibition effect, possibly by increasing the environmental redox potential to levels which are inhibitory for SRB. Second, in the presence of sufficient nitrate, NR‐SOB oxidize sulfide, leading to its complete removal from the environment. Successful microbial control of H2S in an oil reservoir is crucially dependent on the simultaneous presence of NR‐SOB (either indigenous population or injected) and nitrate in the environment. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 74: 424–434, 2001.
Simultaneous analysis of oxidized and reduced glutathione in cell extracts by capillary zone electrophoresis
Authors: Yang Qing , Krautmacher Carsten , Schilling David , Pittelkow Mark R. , Naylor Stephen 
Published: August 2002

AbstractGlutathione (GSH) and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) levels in cells constitute a thiol redox system. They can be used as an indicator of oxidative stress of the cell. In this study, a capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method is described that enables quantitation of GSH and GSSG from cellular extracts. The CZE buffer used was 20 mM ammonium acetate containing 5% (v/v) acetic acid at pH 3.1 in conjunction with a polybrene coated capillary operated in reverse polarity mode. Effects of different acids used to prepare cell samples were investigated on CZE performance. The acids include meta phosphoric acid (MPA), trichloroacetic acid (TCA), phosphoric acid (PA) and sulfosalicylic acid (SSA) and are used to stabilize GSH and GSSG before performing CZE analysis. The method features a limit of detection of 4 µM and a limit of quantitation of 12 µM for both GSSG and GSH and recoveries of 94% for GSH and 100% for GSSG. Quantitative analysis of GSSG and GSH in HaCaT cell extracts (5% SSA, w/v) was performed with this method and changes in the ratio of GSH to GSSG in N‐ethylmaleimide treated cell sample was observed by comparing with control cell samples. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrating environmental and stakeholder management
Authors: Madsen Henning , Ulhøi John P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRegulation has been an important instrument in pushing the business community towards improved environmental performance. However, there has also been increasing pressure from a growing number of stakeholders, including employees, customers, neighbours, NGOs etc. In order to improve corporate relationships with various stakeholders, companies need to be able to identify these stakeholders and assess their influence. The first part of this paper will discuss the relevant theory and introduce a model to analyse and identify the most significant stakeholder groups and their influence on corporate behaviour. Based on a recent survey of Danish companies, the second part of the paper will report on the success of a variety of stakeholders in forcing companies to introduce environment‐related initiatives. The results will then be discussed in light of the theory and other reported results. The paper closes with a discussion of research implications. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Corporate environmental performance evaluation: evidence from the MEPI project
Authors: Tyteca Daniel , Carlens Jérôme , Berkhout Frans , Hertin Julia , Wehrmeyer Walter , Wagner Marcus 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn recent years research has been rapidly and actively emerging on indicators of environmental performance in industry. Crucial issues are the kind of information that must be taken into account, is available and is relevant, as well as standardization and aggregation of such information. This paper reports on the experience gained in these matters, in the scope of a European Commission funded project involving seven research partners across Europe. Practical applications of the project cover six industrial sectors within six European countries. Exploiting the adopted indicators allows us to draw conclusions about the influence of various factors, including the national context, on environmental performance, and to provide both managers and decision makers with information that is useful for the overall improvement of environmental strategies and environmental regulation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment