bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent developments in thio‐, seleno‐, and telluro‐ether ligand chemistry
Authors: Barton Andrew J. , Genge Anthony R. J. , Hill Nicholas J. , Levason William , Orchard Simon D. , Patel Bhavesh , Reid Gillian , Ward Antony J. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractNew routes developed recently to overcome the difficulties usually associated with the sequential introduction of Te centers into polytelluro‐ethers and the introduction of tellurium into macrocyclic compounds are described, including the synthesis of the first facultative telluro‐ethers, RTe(CH2)3Te(CH2)3TeR, R = Me or Ph, and the first tridentate S2Te‐donor macrocycles and a tetradentate S3Te‐donor macrocycle.The first systematic investigations into the preparation and characterization of coordination complexes of MX3 (M = As, Sb, Bi; X = Cl, Br, I) involving polydentate and macrocyclic thio‐ and seleno‐ether ligands are then discussed. The structures of examples of each class of compound are described, including the first examples of seleno‐ether adducts of the group 15 acceptors. A more limited range of telluro‐ether derivatives has been identified and the structure of the first example of this type is included. These species serve to demonstrate the wide structural diversity exhibited by these systems and the factors directing the assembly of these structures are highlighted. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 13:550–560, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10100
Bayesian estimation, simulation and uncertainty analysis: the cost‐effectiveness of ganciclovir prophylaxis in liver transplantation
Authors: Vanness David J. , Ray Kim W. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis paper demonstrates the usefulness of combining simulation with Bayesian estimation methods in analysis of cost‐effectiveness data collected alongside a clinical trial. Specifically, we use Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) to estimate a system of generalized linear models relating costs and outcomes to a disease process affected by treatment under alternative therapies. The MCMC draws are used as parameters in simulations which yield inference about the relative cost‐effectiveness of the novel therapy under a variety of scenarios. Total parametric uncertainty is assessed directly by examining the joint distribution of simulated average incremental cost and effectiveness. The approach allows flexibility in assessing treatment in various counterfactual premises and quantifies the global effect of parametric uncertainty on a decision‐maker's confidence in adopting one therapy over the other. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How important are tobacco prices in the propensity to start and quit smoking? An analysis of smoking histories from the Spanish National Health Survey
Authors: Nicolás Angel López 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis paper presents an econometric analysis of the effect of policy instruments such as prices, restrictions to use and health warnings on the decisions to start and quit smoking. The duration up to starting and up to quitting is represented with several parametric models for the hazard function, and statistical tests are used to choose the best specification. The estimates reveal that prices have a very weak effect on the duration up to starting. On the contrary, the duration up to quitting is shortened by increases in the prices of the cheapest varieties of cigarrettes in the Spanish market. This evidence suggests specific directions for change in the structure of tobacco taxes. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An econometric analysis of the mental‐health effects of major events in the life of older individuals
Authors: Lindeboom Maarten , Portrait France , van den Berg Gerard J. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractMajor events in the life of an older individual, such as retirement, a significant decrease in income, death of the spouse, disability, and a move to a nursing home, may affect the mental‐health status of the individual. For example, the individual may enter a prolonged depression. We investigate this using unique longitudinal panel data that track labor market behavior, health status, and major life events, over time. To deal with endogenous aspects of these events we apply fixed effects estimation methods. We find some strikingly large effects of certain events on the occurrence of depression. We relate the results to the health care and labor market policy towards older individuals. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vertical and horizontal aspects of socio‐economic inequity in general practitioner contacts in Scotland
Authors: Sutton Matthew 
Published: September 2002

AbstractHealth status varies across socio‐economic groups and health status is generally assumed to predict health care needs. Therefore the need for health care varies across socio‐economic groups, and studies of equity in the distribution of health care between socio‐economic groups must compare levels of utilisation with levels of need. Economic studies of equity in health care generally assume that health care needs can be derived from the current health–health care relationship. They therefore do not consider whether the current health–health care relationship is (vertically) equitable and the focus is restricted to horizontal inequity. This paper proposes a framework for incorporating the implications of vertical inequity for the socio‐economic distribution of health care. An alternative to the current health–health care relationship is proposed using a restriction on the health‐elasticity of health care. The health‐elasticity of general practitioner contacts in Scotland is found to be generally negative, but positive at low levels of health status. Pro‐rich estimates of horizontal inequity and vertical inequity are obtained but neither is statistically significant. Further analysis demonstrates that the magnitude of vertical inequity in health care may be larger than horizontal inequity. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Disentangling the effects of morbidity and life expectancy on labor market outcomes
Authors: Auld M. Christopher 
Published: September 2002

AbstractUsing a unique longitudinal dataset tracking the experiences of patients diagnosed with HIV+ disease, this paper develops and estimates a model capable of recovering the effect of revisions in life expectancy on labor market outcomes. The data allow us to estimate the effect of changes in health status (as objectively measured by CD4 counts) and the impact of learning that one is HIV+, which we interpret as a negative shock to life expectancy. Both parametric and distribution‐free models robustly indicate that decreases in health have little effect on labor demand but decrease probability of employment. We conclude that, in this sample, negative association between income and health is attributable mostly to the effect of altered incentives induced by changes in life expectancy. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
B‐chronic lymphocytic leukemia: practical aspects
Authors: Pangalis Gerassimos A. , Vassilakopoulos Theodoros P. , Dimopoulou Maria N. , Siakantaris Marina P. , Kontopidou Flora N. , Angelopoulou Maria K. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractB‐CLL is the most common adult leukemia in the Western world. It is a neoplasia of mature looking B‐monoclonal lymphocytes co‐expressing the CD5 antigen (involving the blood, the bone marrow, the lymph nodes and related organs). Much new information about the nature of the neoplastic cells, including chromosomal and molecular changes as well as mechanisms participating in the survival of the leukemic clone have been published recently, in an attempt to elucidate the biology of the disease and identify prognostic subgroups. For the time being, clinical stage based on Rai and Binet staging systems remains the strongest predictor of prognosis and patients' survival, and therefore it affects treatment decisions. In the early stages treatment may be delayed until progression. When treatment is necessary according to well‐established criteria, there are nowadays many different options. Chlorambucil has been the standard regimen for many years. During the last decade novel modalities have been tried with the emphasis on fludarabine and 2‐chlorodeoxyadenosine and their combinations with other drugs. Such an approach offers greater probability of a durable complete remission but no effect on overall survival has been clearly proven so far. Other modalities, included in the therapeutic armamentarium, are monoclonal antibodies, stem cell transplantation (autologous or allogeneic) and new experimental drugs. Supportive care is an important part of patient management and it involves restoring hypogammaglobulinemia and disease‐related anemia by polyvalent immunoglobulin administration and erythropoietin respectively. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Infiltration, runoff and sediment production in blanket peat catchments: implications of field rainfall simulation experiments
Authors: Holden J. , Burt T. P. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractBlanket peat covers the headwaters of many major European rivers. Runoff production in upland blanket peat catchments is flashy with large flood peaks and short lag times; there is minimal baseflow. Little is known about the exact processes of infiltration and runoff generation within these upland headwaters. This paper presents results from a set of rainfall simulation experiments performed on the blanket peat moorland of the North Pennines, UK. Rainfall was simulated at low intensities (3–12 mm h−1), typical of natural rainfall, on bare and vegetated peat surfaces. Runoff response shows that infiltration rate increases with rainfall intensity; the use of low‐intensity rainfall therefore allows a more realistic evaluation of infiltration rates and flow processes than previous studies. Overland flow is shown to be common on both vegetated and bare peat surfaces although surface cover does exert some control. Most runoff is produced within the top few centimetres of the peat and runoff response decreases rapidly with depth. Little vertical percolation takes place to depths greater than 10 cm owing to the saturation of the peat mass. This study provides evidence that the quickflow response of upland blanket peat catchments is a result of saturation‐excess overland flow generation. Rainfall–runoff response from small plots varies with season. Following warm, dry weather, rainfall tends to infiltrate more readily into blanket peat, not just initially but to the extent that steady‐state surface runoff rates are reduced and more flow takes place within the peat, albeit at shallow depth. Sediment erosion from bare peat plots tends to be supply limited. Seasonal weather conditions may affect this in that after a warm, dry spell, surface desiccation allows sediment erosion to become transport limited. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Some early Russian studies of subsurface storm‐flow processes
Authors: Smakhtin V. U. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractSubsurface flow is an important component of the catchment hydrological cycle. Various mechanisms of this process and their role in storm‐flow generation attracted the attention of many researchers throughout the twentieth century. The results of most of these studies are well documented. However, similar studies conducted in the past by many Russian hydrologists have never been made available to the English speaking hydrological community. This paper attempts to fill this gap and briefly review some of these investigations, focusing on their main results. It starts with the review of the early experimental studies (after 1930s–1950s), which allow the main characteristics of subsurface storm flow to be established. This is followed by a review of the research conducted in 1960s, which resulted in some conceptualization of the subsurface flow mechanisms. The paper also draws some parallels between this, mostly unknown, subsurface flow research in Russia and the better‐known contemporary studies of this process. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The solute budget of a forest catchment and solute fluxes within a Pinus radiata and a secondary native forest site, southern Chile
Authors: Uyttendaele Geertrui Y. P. , Iroumé Andrés 
Published: September 2002

AbstractSolute concentrations and fluxes in rainfall, throughfall and stemflow in two forest types, and stream flow in a 90 ha catchment in southern Chile (39°44′S, 73°10′W) were measured. Bulk precipitation pH was 6·1 and conductivity was low. Cation concentrations in rainfall were low (0·58 mg Ca2+ l−1, 0·13 mg K+ l−1, 0·11 mg Mg2+ l−1 and <0·08 mg NH4–N l−1), except for sodium (1·10 mg l−1). Unexpected high levels of nitrate deposition in rainfall (mean concentration 0·38 mg NO3–N l−1, total flux 6·3 kg NO3–N ha−1) were measured. Concentrations of soluble phosphorous in bulk precipitation and stream flow were below detection limits (<0·09 mg l−1) for all events. Stream‐flow pH was 6·3 and conductivity was 28·3 μs. Stream‐water chemistry was also dominated by sodium (2·70 mg l−1) followed by Ca, Mg and K (1·31, 0·70 and 0·36 mg l−1). The solute budget indicated a net loss of 3·8 kg Na+ ha−1 year−1, 5·4 kg Mg2+ ha−1 year−1, 1·5 kg Ca2+ ha−1 year−1 and 0·9 kg K+ ha−1 year−1, while 4·9 kg NO3–N ha−1 year−1 was retained by the ecosystem. Stream water is not suitable for domestic use owing to high manganese and, especially, iron concentrations.Throughfall and stemflow chemistry at a pine stand (Pinus radiata D. Don) and a native forest site (Siempreverde type), both located within the catchment, were compared. Nitrate fluxes within both forest sites were similar (1·3 kg NO3–N ha−1 year−1 as throughfall). Cation fluxes in net rainfall (throughfall plus stemflow) at the pine stand generally were higher (34·8 kg Na+ ha−1 year−1, 21·5 kg K+ ha−1 year−1, 5·1 kg Mg2+ ha−1 year−1) compared with the secondary native forest site (24·7 kg Na+ ha−1 year−1, 18·9 kg K+ ha−1 year−1 and 4·4 kg Mg2+ ha−1 year−1). However, calcium deposition beneath the native forest stand was higher (15·9 kg Ca2+ ha−1 year−1) compared with the pine stand (12·6 kg Ca2+ ha−1 year−1). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measuring the flow resistance of submerged grass
Authors: Wilson C. A. M. E. , Horritt M. S. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThrough laboratory experiments conducted in a grass‐lined flume, the hydraulic resistance of grass is measured and quantified. For the grass examined, it is found that Manning's n value is greater than those recommended in well‐established texts such as Chow (1959. Open Channel Flow. McGraw‐Hill: Singapore), relatively lower than those predicted by n‐UR methods, but corresponds well with the value found from calibration studies of two‐ and three‐dimensional numerical models. The assumption of a uniform Manning's n value with flow depth, which is often made in numerical modelling, may be invalid depending on the relative submergence of the vegetation. Drag coefficients are evaluated for a method applicable to three‐dimensional numerical models. Further detailed experimental investigation and application of these approaches within a numerical modelling framework is now recommended. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of an unsealed forest road stream crossing: water quality and sediment sources
Authors: Lane Patrick N. J. , Sheridan Gary J. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractTurbidity monitoring and rainfall and runoff simulation experiments were conducted at a newly constructed unsealed road stream crossing to determine the quantity and sources of sediment entering the stream. Continuous measurements of turbidity and estimation of total suspended solids (TSS) concentration upstream and downstream of the stream culvert were taken over a 5 month period. There was a statistically significant difference in turbidity and TSS downstream of the crossing during baseflow conditions, but the quality of the water column remained good during non‐rain periods. Rainfall events comprised around 20% of the observation period and led to decreases in water quality downstream of the crossing. Water quality could be considered as degraded for 10% of the observations. This was during a period when the rainfall was 65% of the long‐term average. Calculated suspended sediment loads were 0·78 t upstream and 2·77 t downstream, an increase of 3·5. It was estimated that at least 2–3 t of bedload material was also added to the stream during the crossing construction and from subsequent erosion. This material is a deposit on the cobble stream bed, and is most likely to degrade aquatic ecosystem values. Rainfall and runoff simulation revealed the principal sediment sources to be a fillslope that contributed coarse bedload material through rill erosion and unprotected toe scour, and the unmetalled road verge that provided fines. Although the quality of water column was good for the majority of the observations, the new Australian and New Zealand Water Quality Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Waters suggest this site exceeded ‘trigger levels’ that would warrant further investigation for both the water column and the bed deposits. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of soil‐surface types on the overall runoff of the Tabernas badlands (south‐east Spain): field data and model approaches
Authors: Cantón Y. , Domingo F. , Solé‐Benet A. , Puigdefábregas J. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe Tabernas desert, an extensive badlands area in Almeria province (south‐east Spain), is characterized by a high variability in soil surface cover and soil properties along with important topographical contrasts giving rise to a wide range of hydrological behaviour. A double approach through field monitoring and modelling has been used to ascertain the influence of soil‐surface variability on the overall hydrological response.Small plots were monitored for 3 years to assess runoff from the different surface types. Data provided by the long‐term monitoring of three small catchments formed by different soil surfaces were used to find out the specific contribution of each soil surface to the catchment runoff.A simple spatially distributed model was built to predict runoff generation based on the infiltration rate of each soil‐surface type (defined as terrain units with the same cover, the same soil type and on the same landform). Plot results prove that the soil surface units within the study area behave differently in terms of hydrological response to natural rainfall. These responses are explained by the types of cover, topographical characteristics and soil properties. When runoff events are simple (with one or two runoff peaks), the modelled hydrographs reproduce the hydrographs observed reasonably well, but in complex events (with several runoff peaks) the adjustment is not as good. The model also shows the influence of the spatial distribution of soil surfaces on the overall runoff, aiding exploration of the spatial hydrological relationships among different landscape units. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
System dynamics model for predicting floods from snowmelt in North American prairie watersheds
Authors: Li L. , Simonovic S. P. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis study uses a system dynamics approach to explore hydrological processes in the geographic locations where the main contribution to flooding is coming from the snowmelt. Temperature is identified as a critical factor that affects watershed hydrological processes. Based on the dynamic processes of the hydrologic cycle occurring in a watershed, the feedback relationships linking the watershed structure, as well as the climate factors, to the streamflow generation were identified prior to the development of a system dynamics model. The model is used to simulate flood patterns generated by snowmelt under temperature change in the spring. Model structure captures a vertical water balance using five tanks representing snow, interception, surface, subsurface and groundwater storage. Calibration and verification results show that temperature change and snowmelt play a key role in flood generation. Results indicate that simulated values match observed data very well. The goodness‐of‐fit between simulated and observed peak flow data is measured using coefficient of efficiency, coefficient of determination and square of the residual mass curve coefficient. For the Assiniboine River all three measures were in the interval between 0·92 and 0·96 and for the Red River between 0·89 and 0·97. The model is capable of capturing the essential dynamics of streamflow formation. Model input requires a set of initial values for all state variables and the time series of daily temperature and precipitation information. Data from the Red River Basin, shared by Canada and the USA, are used in the model development and testing. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrological response types for gypsiferous soils in a semi‐arid region during nine years of continuous record
Authors: Desir G. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA 9‐year rainfall, sediment yield and runoff generation record from four experimental plots has been studied. Plots are located in the central Ebro Basin over smooth hillslope developed over gypsum and marl Miocene deposits. The hydrological response of these areas is a function of soil properties, final infiltration capacity and permeability of soils and rainfall characteristics, such as intensity and amount. Results show that there are two types of hydrological response in these areas. First is Hortonian like, which takes place during wet periods and it is responsible for the main part of total sediment yield. Second is like saturation excess overland flow, and it appears after long period. The presence of either type is controlled by a double threshold, starting from when runoff is significant. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Individual differences in children's understanding of social evaluation concerns
Authors: Banerjee Robin 
Published: September 2002

AbstractRecent research suggests that children's understanding of self‐presentational behaviour—behaviour designed to shape social evaluation—is a function of both cognitive and motivational variables. Furthermore, the motivational factors involved are likely to reflect individual differences in the salience of concerns about social evaluation. The present research represents a first effort to determine whether measures of such differences are indeed associated with the understanding of self‐presentational behaviour. In a first experiment, a teacher rating measure of self‐monitoring was found to be positively associated with the understanding of self‐presentational motives. In a second experiment, a more narrowly specified self‐report measure of public self‐consciousness was found to have a similar association with the understanding of self‐presentation, with no such association found for private self‐consciousness. These preliminary results make it clear that our formulations of development in social cognition must indeed include a consideration of individual differences in motivational orientations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.