bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ionized calcium: indications and advantages of its measurement Bestimmung des ionisierten Calciums: Indikationen und Vorteile
Authors: Onifade Kehinde U. , Mohammad Amin A. , Petersen John R. , Okorodudu Anthony O. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Plasma calcium exists in three forms: ionized, protein bound, and complexed with anions. Although all the forms are in equilibrium with each other, only the plasma ionized calcium has been reported to be physiologically active. Thus it is the preferred constituent for use in patient care. Despite this fact, the use of plasma total calcium concentration continues to be the predominant test for patient care in most hospitals mainly because of availability and ease of measurement. It has been documented that the use of total calcium is unreliable in cases where there is a change in the protein-calcium binding characteristics as in patients with hypergammaglobulinemia or a decrease/increase in pH. In an attempt to enhance the diagnostic accuracy of total calcium for these cases, several formulae have been developed for estimating “corrected” plasma total calcium. Although these formulae work reasonably well in normal healthy populations, they have been inadequate when applied for critically ill patients who are most prone to derangements in calcium metabolism. It has therefore been suggested that the measurement of the biologically active plasma ionized calcium be the routine rather than the exception. Ionized calcium however, has not gained widespread use for reasons that include the lack of familiarity by clinicians with the use of ionized calcium, problems historically associated with the measurement of ionized calcium, intricacies in the sample collection, and unavailability of ionized calcium measurement on the major clinical chemistry platforms. The advent of ionized calcium measurement as a standard feature in nearly all blood gas analyzers has enhanced its availability, especially in the critical care units. It is recommended that the use of ionized calcium measurement be adopted for the true reflection of calcium homeostasis in all patients.
Diagnostik und Prognostik der frühen rheumatoiden Arthritis unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Labor-Analytik Diagnosis and prognosis of early rheumatoid arthritis, with special emphasis on laboratory analysis
Authors: Mierau Rudolf , Genth Ekkehard 
Published: August 2005

Zusammenfassung
Ausgehend vom klinischen Befund einer Arthritis von zwei oder mehr Gelenken wird die Diagnose einer rheumatoiden Arthritis (RA) überwiegend nach klinischen kriterien gestellt; auch die Labordiagnostik trägt jedoch wesentlich zur Frühdiagnostik der RA bei, zum einen durch die Entzündungsdiagnostik, zum anderen durch den Nachweis der RA-typischen Autoantikörper Rheumafaktor und anti-CCP. Die genannten Laborparameter haben, neben anderen Kriterien, zusätzlich zur diagnostischen auch prognostische Bedeutung im Hinblick auf Persistenz der Erkrankung, funktionelle Einbußen und radiologische Progression.
Bullöse Autoimmundermatosen Autoimmune bullous disorders
Authors: Eming Rüdiger , Hertl Michael 
Published: August 2005

Zusammenfassung
Bullöse Autoimmundermatosen stellen eine Gruppe organspezifischer Autoimmunerkrankungen dar, die pathogenetisch durch die Bindung von zirkulierenden Autoantikörpern an Adhäsionsstrukturen der Epidermis bzw. der dermoepidermalen Junktionszone charakterisiert sind. Die Schädigung der Integrität der jeweiligen Zielstrukturen verursacht einen Adhäsionsverlust epidermaler Keratinozyten bzw. im Bereich der Basalmembranzone, der klinisch initial als Blase und im späteren Verlauf als erosiver Substanzdefekt imponiert. Besonders Erkrankungen der Pemphigusgruppe können zu chronischen, lebensbedrohlichen Krankheitsverläufen führen. Die histologische Begutachtung läsional entnommener Hautproben ermöglicht die Lokalisation der Spaltbildung und somit eine orientierende Klassifizierung der bullösen Dermatose. Eine zentrale Bedeutung in der Diagnostik bullöser Autoimmundermatosen besitzt die Immunfluoreszenzdiagnostik, die anhand der direkten Immunfluoreszenz dem Nachweis gewebegebundener Auto-antikörper in periläsionalen Hautproben dient. Zirkulierende Autoantikörper werden an verschiedenen Gewebesubstraten, z. B. Affenösophagus oder Kochsalz-Spalthaut, nachgewiesen. Die Verfügbarkeit rekombinanter Autoantigene ermöglicht die Durchführung spezifischer ELISA-Verfahren oder Immunoblots für den Nachweis zirkulierender Autoantikörper zunächst zur Bestätigung der Diagnose im Rahmen der Primärdiagnostik und besonders auch bei der weiteren Verlaufsdiagnostik.
Protein microarrays for the diagnosis of allergic diseases: State-of-the-art and future development Protein-Biochips für die Diagnose allergischer Erkrankungen – Stand der Technik und zukünftige Entwicklungen
Authors: Harwanegg Christian , Hiller Reinhard 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
In the emerging field of Functional Proteomics, protein microarrays are considered to be one of the most promising tools for the simultaneous analysis of the a) abundance, b) function, and c) interaction of proteins on a system-wide scale. Resting on the technological grounds of widely used DNA biochips, the great power of microarray-based miniature solid-phase immunoassays lies in their potential to investigate in parallel large numbers of analyte pairs in a variety of biological samples. Consequently, this has fuelled aspirations that protein micro-arrays may serve as tools for the high-throughput functional investigation of complete proteomes and, moreover, that they will develop into promising candidates for innovative in-vitro diagnostic (IVD) applications. To date, published examples of protein microarrays for IVD purposes have included tests for allergy, autoimmune and infectious diseases. Here, we discuss recent advancements in the development of protein microarrays for the profiling of IgE antibodies in the diagnosis of Type 1-related allergic diseases.
Im ständig wachsenden Forschungsgebiet der funktionellen Proteomik zählen Protein-Biochips aus einer Reihe innovativer Methoden für die quantitative und funktionelle Bestimmung von Proteininteraktionen auf systemischer Ebene heute zu den aussichtsreichsten Kandidaten. Miniaturisierte Festphasen-Immunoassays, die analog zur etablierten DNA-Chip-Technologie entwickelt wurden, entfalten ihr Potential in der hoch parallelen Untersuchung unterschiedlichster Liganden-Paare in biologischem Ausgangsmaterial. Es besteht die berechtigte Hoffnung, dass Protein-Biochips in Zukunft durch den hohen Probendurchsatz und die enorme Zahl der generierten Daten den Bereich der Proteomik revolutionieren werden. Des Weiteren sind sie viel versprechende Kandidaten für neue und innovative in-vitro-Diagnostika (IVD). In mehreren aktuellen Publikationen wurde veranschaulicht, dass Protein-Biochips für die Diagnose von allergischen, autoimmunen oder infektiösen Erkrankungen wertvolle Beiträge leisten können. In diesem Artikel beleuchten wir neue Ansätze und Entwicklungen im Bereich der Diagnostik von IgE-vermittelten Typ 1-Allergien mit Hilfe von Allergen-Biochips.
Anwendung der HPLC-Tandem-Massenspektrometrie im Therapeutischen Drug Monitoring The use of HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry in therapeutic drug monitoring
Authors: Vogeser Michael 
Published: August 2005

Zusammenfassung
Die Flüssigkeitschromatographie-Tandem-Massenspektrometrie erlaubt erstmals die routinemäßige Anwendung der Massenspektrometrie im therapeutischen Drug-Monitoring. Vor allem durch die Möglichkeit, relativ kurzfristig hochspezifische Multianalyt-Methoden für die Messung praktisch aller Pharmaka zu entwickeln, stellt die Technik eine wesentliche Bereicherung für das Fach dar. Sie konkurriert mit den bisherigen Standardtechniken des therapeutischen Drug-Monitorings, dem Immunoassay bzw. den konventionellen HPLC-Methoden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Stärken und Limitierungen der Flüssigkeitschromatographie-Tandem-Massenspektrometrie im Vergleich zu diesen Methoden diskutiert, die praktischen Anwendungscharakteristika im Routinebetrieb beschrieben und Entwicklungsperspektiven umrissen.
Monographies on drugs, which are frequently analysed in the course of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Monographien über Medikamente, die regelmässig im Rahmen des Therapeutic Drug Monitorings analysiert werden
Authors: Rentsch K. , Fathi M. , Grignaschi N. , Magnin J.L. , Printzen G. , Thormann W. , Wenk M. , Werner D. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
In 1995 the working group “Drug Monitoring” of the Swiss Society of Clinical Chemistry (SSCC) has already published a printed version of drug monographs, which are now newly compiled and presented in a standardised manner. The aim of these monographs is to give an overview on the most important informations that are necessary in order to request a drug analysis or is helpful to interpret the results. Therefore, the targeted audience are laboratory health professionals or the receivers of the reports.
There is information provided on the indication for therapeutic drug monitoring, protein binding, metabolic pathways and enzymes involved, elimination half life time and elimination routes as well as information on therapeutic or toxic concentrations.
Because preanalytical considerations are of particular importance for therapeutic drug monitoring, there is also information given at which time the determination of the drug concentration is reasonable and when steady-state concentrations are reached after changing the dose. Furthermore, the stability of the drug and its metabolite(s), respectively, after blood sampling is described.
For readers with a specific interest, references to important publications are given.
The number of the monographs will be continuously enlarged. The updated files are presented on the homepage of the SSCC (www.sscc.ch).
We hope that these monographs are helpful for you handling therapeutic drug monitoring and look forward to comments of the audience.
The Photochemistry of N‐p‐Toluenesulfonyl Peptides: The Peptide Bond as an Electron Donor
Authors: Hill Roger R. , Moore Sharon A. , Roberts David R. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTThe scope of photobiological processes that involve absorbers within a protein matrix may be limited by the vulnerability of the peptide group to attack by highly reactive redox centers consequent upon electronic excitation. We have explored the nature of this vulnerability by undertaking comprehensive product analyses of aqueous photolysates of 12 N‐p‐toluenesulfonyl peptides with systematically selected structures. The results indicate that degradation includes a major pathway that is initiated by intramolecular electron transfer in which the peptide bond serves as electron donor, and the data support the likelihood of a relay process in dipeptide derivatives.
Effects of Factors Related to Water Quality and Population Density on the Sensitivity of Juvenile Largemouth Bass to Mortality Induced by Viral Infection
Authors: Inendino Kate R. , Grant Emily C. , Philipp David P. , Goldberg Tony L. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Environmental stressors can predispose fish to mortality from infectious disease. This study examined the effects of two factors, water quality and physical crowding, on the responses of fish to viral infection. Juvenile largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides were experimentally inoculated with largemouth bass virus (LMBV), an emerging pathogen in the family Iridoviridae. In separate experiments, fish were exposed to various concentrations of nitrate (0, 40, 200, and 400 mg/L) and were housed at either high or low population densities. Survival time, viral load (quantity of virus in tissues), and body condition were measured as outcomes. Nitrate, as well as other water quality parameters such as ammonia, nitrite, and pH, affected mortality rates and viral loads in complex ways. Paradoxically, increased nitrate concentrations were associated with reduced mortality rates in juveniles exposed to LMBV. In general, rapid fluctuations in the concentrations of dissolved toxins had greater impact on sensitivity to viral infection than did persistently high levels of these toxins. Fish housed at high density experienced increased mortality rates, elevated viral loads, and reduced body condition compared with fish held at low density. These results demonstrate that both physiochemical and social environmental stressors can affect the survival and condition of largemouth bass infected with LMBV.
Effects of Practices Related to Catch-and-Release Angling on Mortality and Viral Transmission in Juvenile Largemouth Bass Infected with Largemouth Bass Virus
Authors: Grant Emily C. , Inendino Kate R. , Love William J. , Philipp David P. , Goldberg Tony L. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Largemouth bass virus (LMBV; family Iridoviridae) has recently emerged as a causative agent in fish kills of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides. Little is known about how the virus is transmitted or what factors predispose fish to mortality subsequent to infection. Concern has nevertheless arisen that activities related to recreational angling may affect transmission dynamics and may alter the susceptibility of infected fish to clinical disease. This study examined the separate effects of two angling-related factors on the susceptibility of juvenile largemouth bass to mortality from LMBV infection and on the transmission of LMBV from infected to uninfected fish. The first factor was hook-and-line angling. Infected fish that underwent a simulated angling treatment did not experience higher mortality or have higher viral loads in their tissues than those that were not angled. The second factor was direct contact between infected and uninfected fish, as would occur in live wells and holding tanks. The LMBV was transmitted from infected to uninfected fish through water, even when direct contact was prevented. Transmission of LMBV between infected and uninfected fish separated by a fenestrated barrier was nearly as efficient as LMBV transmission between infected and uninfected fish that were allowed direct contact. These results imply that angling itself may have only minimal effects on the survival of largemouth bass infected with LMBV but that angling-related practices that place infected and uninfected fish together in a limited water volume may facilitate viral transmission. Partitioning or cooling of live wells and holding tanks, as well as limiting their use, could reduce LMBV-associated mortality and viral transmission.
Toxicity of herbicides in highway runoff
Authors: Huang Xinjiang , Fong Stephanie , Deanovic Linda , Young Thomas M. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Previous field monitoring at two highway sites found highway-applied herbicides in storm water runoff at maximum concentrations ranging from 10 μg/L for glyphosate and diuron to as high as 200 μg/L for oryzalin. To determine whether these herbicides at these concentrations can cause any toxicity to aquatic organisms, a standard toxicity study was conducted. Storm water was collected along Highway 37, Sonoma County, California, USA, and the herbicides isoxaben, oryzalin, diuron, clopyralid, and glyphosate were spiked into the storm water at the highest concentrations observed during the five previous field-monitoring campaigns. Three different toxicity studies were conducted and the results showed the following: No significant reduction in reproduction or increase in mortality relative to the control for an 8-d Ceriodaphnia (water flea) toxicity test; no significant increase in mortality or decrease in biomass compared to the control during a 7-d Pimephales (fish) toxicity test; and, in a 96-h Selenastrum (algae) toxicity test, both the 10-μg/L diuron treatment and the combined 50-μg/L isoxaben plus 200-μg/L oryzalin treatment produced significant (p &lt; 0.05) reductions in algal growth compared to the controls, although the 30-μg/L clopyralid or 10-μg/L glyphosate treatments did not exhibit any toxic effects.
Short-term sublethal (sediment and aquatic roots of floating macrophytes) assays with a tropical chironomid based on postexposure feeding and biomarkers
Authors: Moreira-Santos Matilde , Fonseca Ana L. , Moreira Susana M. , Rendón-von Osten Jaime , da Silva Eduardo M. , Soares Amadeu M. V. M. , Guilhermino Lúcia , Ribeiro Rui 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
This study proposes assays with a freshwater chironomid, Chironomus xanthus, distributed over South America, based on subindividual (acetylcholinesterase activity) and individual (survival and postexposure feeding) level endpoints. Sediment and aquatic-rooted floating macrophyte assays were developed, due to the importance of both substrates for toxicant exposure in subtropical/tropical environments. Assays were evaluated under realistic exposure scenarios by simulating a runoff over an agricultural field dosed with deltamethrin. In situ assays were performed within microcosms to discriminate the effects of deltamethrin from those of additional potential stress factors (organism handling and caging, microcosms, use of aquatic roots, and runoff per se). A laboratory sediment assay based on feeding was conducted with samples from the microcosms. In all assays, both sublethal endpoints were responsive to deltamethrin and more sensitive than survival. Survival and feeding were more sensitive in situ than in the laboratory. In the in situ sediment assays, both sublethal endpoints were within a similar range of sensitivity; they were significantly inhibited as of the lowest Decis dose, from approximately 20 to 70%. In situ feeding was more sensitive in the sediment than in the macrophyte assay, where it was inhibited significantly only at the two highest Decis doses (up to ˜60%). Larval performance was not influenced significantly by any of the other potential stress factors.
Aeration with carbon dioxide-supplemented air as a method to control pH drift in toxicity tests with effluents from wastewater treatment plants
Authors: Elphick James R. , Bailey Howard C. , Hindle Amanda , Bertold Stanley E. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Environment Canada methods for acute toxicity tests with rainbow trout require continuous aeration of test solutions during exposure. Depending on the sample, this procedure can result in an increase in pH as dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2) is stripped from solution as a result of aeration. In samples that contain ammonia, the pH may increase to the point where the unionized fraction results in artifactual toxicity. Consequently, aeration with air supplemented with different CO2 concentrations was investigated as a method for maintaining pH at the level found in the original sample without adversely affecting other water quality parameters. Aeration with CO2 was an effective method for maintaining pH during exposure, depending both on the concentration of CO2 and the alkalinity of the sample. A multiple regression conducted on the data determined an equation that was effective at calculating the CO2 concentration necessary in an aeration mixture to maintain a target pH value as a function of sample alkalinity.
Developmental effects of bioaccumulated selenium in eggs and larvae of two salmonid species
Authors: Holm Jodi , Palace Vince , Siwik Paula , Sterling George , Evans Robert , Baron Christopher , Werner Julieta , Wautier Kerry 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Elevated concentrations of Se have been detected in cold, flowing water habitats near uranium and coal mines in Canada. Fish from these systems have concentrations of Se in their tissues that exceed toxic effect thresholds that have been established for warm-water fishes. However, the applicability of toxic effect thresholds and guidelines to cold water, lotic habitats is a matter of contention in the literature since most cases of Se toxicosis have been documented in standing, warm-water systems. To examine the possibility of impaired reproduction in wild rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) near coal mining activity in the northeastern slopes region of Alberta, Canada, spawn from both species were collected from exposure and reference sites. Gametes were fertilized in the laboratory, reared to the swim-up stage, and examined for deformities. A significant relationship was observed for rainbow trout between the amount of Se in eggs and the incidence of developmental abnormalities, specifically craniofacial defects, skeletal deformities, and edema. These associations approximate exponential functions with probabilities that 15% of the population would be affected occurring between 8.8 and 10.5 μg Se per gram of wet egg weight, based on probit analysis. These relationships are similar to those described for centrarchids inhabiting a seleniferous warm-water lake. No such relationships were established for brook trout.
Sorption of hydrophobic organic chemicals to bacteria
Authors: Lunsman Tamara D. , Lick Wilbert 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The toxicity and time-dependent sorption of three hydrophobic organic chemicals to Rhodococcus rhodochrous bacteria were investigated. In experiments, environmentally relevant concentrations of pentachlorophenol (PCP), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and dichlorobiphenyl (DPCB) were applied to living (both growing and nongrowing) bacteria as well as to dead bacteria. For PCP (an ionizing chemical), bacterial growth decreased, and bacterial death increased, as the PCP concentration increased. In sorption experiments with PCP, the partition coefficient was affected by the active uptake of PCP by living but not by dead bacteria, by the death of the living bacteria because of PCP toxicity, and by saturation of site-specific sorption as the PCP concentration increased. Hexachlorobenzene (a nonionizing chemical) did not affect bacterial growth or death at all HCB concentrations investigated. In sorption experiments with HCB, the partition coefficient depended on the rate of bacterial growth relative to the sorption rate. The sorption rate depended on the state of bacterial aggregation, and this changed with time. Results for DPCB (a nonionizing chemical with an equilibrium partition coefficient similar to that of HCB) were similar to those for HCB.
Assessment of contaminated sediments with an indoor freshwater/sediment microcosm assay
Authors: Triffault-Bouchet Gaëlle , Clément Bernard , Blake Gérard 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
This study was conducted to assess the feasibility of using a 2-L, indoor microcosm assay to evaluate five contaminated sediments (A, B, C, D, and E). Toxic potential was deduced in the light of general contamination of sediments, pollutant partitioning in microcosms, and biological responses of species (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Lemna minor, Daphnia magna, Hyalella azteca, Chironomus riparius): E&lt;A&lt;B&lt;C&lt;D. Sediments mainly were contaminated by metals (lead and zinc). Organic pollutant contents varied among the sediments. The major polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds were pyrene, fluoranthene, and phenanthrene. Sediments A, B, and C highly stimulated duckweed growth (&lt;700%) and impaired daphnid (&lt;20%) and amphipod survival (&lt;30%). Sediment D had no significant effect on pelagic and benthic organisms. Finally, sediment E, the most toxic, limited duckweed growth (inhibition of 82%) and impaired daphnid survival (0% of survival). Amphipods were impaired dramatically by this sediment (0% of survival), in contrast with chironomids, for which no toxic effect was measured. The 2-L, indoor microcosm assay successfully was applied to the assessment of those five contaminated sediments. Sediments A, B, C, and E should not be deposited in gravel quarries, and new, more sensitive endpoint measurements should be developed.