bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CAB: Connectionist Analogy Builder
Authors: Larkey Levi B. , Love Bradley C. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe ability to make informative comparisons is central to human cognition. Comparison involves aligning two representations and placing their elements into correspondence. Detecting correspondences is a necessary component of analogical inference, recognition, categorization, schema formation, and similarity judgment. Connectionist Analogy Builder (CAB) determines correspondences through a simple iterative computation that matches elements in one representation with elements playing compatible roles in the other representation while simultaneously enforcing structural constraints. CAB shows promise as a process model of comparison as its performance can be related to human performance (e.g., solution trajectory, error patterns, time‐on‐task). Furthermore, CAB's bounded working memory allows it to account for the inherent capacity limitations of human processing. CAB's strengths are its parsimony, transparency of operations, and ability to generate performance predictions. In this paper, CAB is evaluated against benchmark phenomena from the analogy literature.
Lexical effects on compensation for coarticulation: a tale of two systems?
Authors: Magnuson James S. , McMurray Bob , Tanenhaus Michael K. , Aslin Richard N. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractWe reply to McQueen's commentary by comparing the parsimony of his account of relevant data and the computational model he favors with the explanation and model we favor. His account requires multiple independent explanations and mechanisms. Ours requires one: lexical feedback.
Running performance has a structural basis
Authors: Weyand Peter G. , Davis J. Adam 
Published: July 2005

SUMMARYThe body sizes of highly adapted human and other mammalian runners vary in accordance with specific performance needs. Sprint specialists are relatively massive and muscular while endurance specialists are conspicuously limited both in body and in muscle mass. We hypothesized that the greater body masses of faster specialists are directly related to the greater ground support forces required to attain faster running speeds. Using human runners as a test case, we obtained mean values for body mass, stature and racing speed for the world's fastest 45 male and female specialists, respectively, over the past 14 years (1990–2003) at each of eight standard track racing distances from 100 to 10,000 m. Mass-specific ground support force requirements were estimated from racing speeds using generalized support force–speed relationships derived from 18 athletic subjects. We find a single relationship between mass, stature and event-specific ground support force requirements that spans the entire continuum of specializations and applies both to male and to female runners [body mass (kg)=mass-specific support force ×stature2 (m) × a constant; N=16 group means, R2=0.97; where the ideal mass constant, D=10 kg m–2]. We conclude that running performance has a common structural basis.
V-ATPase expression during development ofArtemia franciscanaembryos: potential role for proton gradients in anoxia signaling
Authors: Covi Joseph A. , Hand Steven C. 
Published: July 2005

SUMMARYUnder anoxia, Artemia franciscana embryos downregulate metabolic processes and approach an ametabolic state. Entrance into this quiescent state is accompanied by a profound acidification of the intracellular space, and more than two decades of research now clearly demonstrates that this acidification is critical to metabolic downregulation in anoxic embryos. However, the proximal mechanisms responsible for the pH shift remain largely unidentified. Here, we report evidence demonstrating expression of the V-ATPase in encysted embryos and present an argument for its involvement in the intracellular acidification induced by anoxia. We identified a single B-subunit cDNA sharing the greatest degree of sequence similarity with`generalist-type' homologues from mammals (brain-type) and invertebrates. Quantitative analysis of B-subunit mRNA demonstrates differential expression throughout early development, and western blot analyses confirm the expression of at least six V-ATPase subunits in both heavy membranes and microsomal vesicles. The critical need for proton pumping during the anoxia-tolerant stage of development is demonstrated by incubation with the V-ATPase inhibitor bafilomycin A1, which halts embryonic development. Importantly, net proton flux from V-ATPase-acidified compartments to the surrounding cytoplasm is likely under anoxia and may significantly contribute to the enigmatic acidification critical to quiescence.
Aquaporin-3 expressed in the basolateral membrane of gill chloride cells in Mozambique tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus adapted to freshwater and seawater
Authors: Watanabe Soichi , Kaneko Toyoji , Aida Katsumi 
Published: July 2005

SUMMARY
We have cloned a homologue of mammalian aquaporin-3 (AQP3) from gills of Mozambique tilapia using a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR). The deduced amino acid sequence shared 64–75% homology with other vertebrate AQP3 homologues. RT-PCR revealed that tilapia AQP3 was expressed in the brain, pituitary, kidney, spleen, intestine, skin, eye and gill in tilapia adapted to freshwater (FW) and seawater (SW). We also examined functional characteristics of tilapia AQP3 using Xenopus oocytes as an in vitro transcribed cRNA expression system. Osmotic water permeability (Pf) of Xenopus oocytes expressing tilapia AQP3 was about 30-fold higher than that of control oocytes, and was 80% inhibited by treatment with 0.3 mmol l–1 HgCl2. Light-microscopic immunocytochemistry of branchial epithelia revealed that tilapia AQP3 was expressed in gill chloride cells of FW- and SW-adapted tilapia. Electron-microscopic immunocytochemistry further demonstrated that tilapia AQP3 was localized in the basolateral membrane of gill chloride cells. Basolateral localization of AQP3 in gill chloride cells suggests that AQP3 is involved in regulatory volume changes and osmoreception, which could trigger functional differentiation of chloride cells.
Gene expression after freshwater transfer in gills and opercular epithelia of killifish: insight into divergent mechanisms of ion transport
Authors: Scott Graham R. , Claiborne James B. , Edwards Susan L. , Schulte Patricia M. , Wood Chris M. 
Published: July 2005

SUMMARY
We have explored the molecular basis for differences in physiological function between the gills and opercular epithelium of the euryhaline killifish Fundulus heteroclitus. These tissues are functionally similar in seawater, but in freshwater the gills actively absorb Na+ but not Cl–, whereas the opercular epithelium actively absorbs Cl– but not Na+. These differences in freshwater physiology are likely due to differences in absolute levels of gene expression (measured using real-time PCR), as several proteins important for Na+ transport, namely Na+,H+-exchanger 2 (NHE2), carbonic anhydrase 2 (CA2),Na+,HCO3–cotransporter 1, and V-type H+-ATPase, were expressed at 3- to over 30-fold higher absolute levels in the gills. In gills, transfer from 10% seawater to freshwater increased the activity of Na+,K+-ATPase by twofold (from 12 h to 7 days), increased the expression of NHE2 (at 12 h) and CA2 (from 12 h to 7 days), and decreased the expression of NHE3 (from 12 h to 3 days). In opercular epithelium, NHE2 was not expressed; furthermore,Na+,K+-ATPase activity was unchanged after transfer to freshwater, CA2 mRNA levels decreased, and NHE3 levels increased. Consistent with their functional similarities in seawater, killifish gills and opercular epithelium expressed Na+,K+-ATPase α1a,Na+,K+,2Cl–cotransporter 1 (NKCC1),cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)Cl– channel and the signalling protein 14-3-3a at similar absolute levels. Furthermore, NKCC1 and CFTR were suppressed equally in each tissue after freshwater transfer, and 14-3-3a mRNA increased in both. These results provide insight into the mechanisms of ion transport by killifish gills and opercular epithelia, and demonstrate a potential molecular basis for the differences in physiological function between these two organs.
The mechanics of jumpingversussteady hopping in yellow-footed rock wallabies
Authors: McGowan C. P. , Baudinette R. V. , Usherwood J. R. , Biewener A. A. 
Published: July 2005

SUMMARYThe goal of our study was to explore the mechanical power requirements associated with jumping in yellow-footed rock wallabies and to determine how these requirements are achieved relative to steady-speed hopping mechanics. Whole body power output and limb mechanics were measured in yellow-footed rock wallabies during steady-speed hopping and moving jumps up to a landing ledge 1.0 m high (∼3 times the animals' hip height). High-speed video recordings and ground reaction force measurements from a runway-mounted force platform were used to calculate whole body power output and to construct a limb stiffness model to determine whole limb mechanics. The combined mass of the hind limb extensor muscles was used to estimate muscle mass-specific power output. Previous work suggested that a musculoskeletal design that favors elastic energy recovery, like that found in tammar wallabies and kangaroos,may impose constraints on mechanical power generation. Yet rock wallabies regularly make large jumps while maneuvering through their environment. As jumping often requires high power, we hypothesized that yellow-footed rock wallabies would be able to generate substantial amounts of mechanical power. This was confirmed, as we found net extensor muscle power outputs averaged 155 W kg–1 during steady hopping and 495 W kg–1during jumping. The highest net power measured reached nearly 640 W kg–1. As these values exceed the maximum power-producing capability of vertebrate skeletal muscle, we suggest that back, trunk and tail musculature likely play a substantial role in contributing power during jumping. Inclusion of this musculature yields a maximum power output estimate of 452 W kg–1 muscle.Similar to human high-jumpers, rock wallabies use a moderate approach speed and relatively shallow leg angle of attack (45–55°) during jumps. Additionally, initial leg stiffness increases nearly twofold from steady hopping to jumping, facilitating the transfer of horizontal kinetic energy into vertical kinetic energy. Time of contact is maintained during jumping by a substantial extension of the leg, which keeps the foot in contact with the ground.
Cardioprotective effects of KATP channel activation during hypoxia in goldfish Carassius auratus
Authors: Chen Jerri , Zhu Julia X. , Wilson Ingred , Cameron John S. 
Published: July 2005

SUMMARY
The activation of ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) ion channels in the heart is thought to exert a cardioprotective effect under low oxygen conditions, possibly enhancing tolerance of environmental hypoxia in aquatic vertebrates. The purpose of this study was to examine the possibility that hypoxia-induced activation of cardiac KATP channels, whether in the sarcolemma (sarcKATP) or mitochondria (mitoKATP),enhances viability in cardiac muscle cells from a species highly tolerant of low oxygen environments, the goldfish Carassius auratus. During moderate hypoxia (6–7 kPa), the activation of sarcKATPchannels was indicated by a reduction in transmembrane action potential duration (APD). This response to hypoxia was mimicked by the NO-donor SNAP(100 μmol l–1) and the stable cGMP analog 8-Br-cGMP, but abolished by glibenclamide or l-NAME, an inhibitor of NO synthesis. The mitoKATP channel opener diazoxide did not affect APD. Isolated ventricular muscle cells were then incubated under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Cell viability was decreased in hypoxia; however, the negative effects of low oxygen were reduced during simultaneous exposure to SNAP,8-Br-cGMP, and diazoxide. The cardioprotective effect of diazoxide, but not 8-Br-cGMP, was reduced by the mitoKATP channel blocker 5-HD. These data suggest that hypoxia-induced activation of sarcKATP or mitoKATP channels could enhance tolerance of low-oxygen environments in this species, and that sarcKATP activity is increased through a NO and cGMP-dependent pathway.
Load impact on railway track due to unsupported sleepers
Authors: Lundqvist A , Dahlberg T 
Published: July 2005

Ballasted railway tracks will settle as a result of permanent deformations in the ballast and in the underlying material layers. The settlement is caused by the repeated traffic loading and the severity of the settlement depends on the quality and the behaviour of the ballast, the sub-ballast, and the subgrade. As the behaviour of the material is not exactly the same under all sleepers, and since the loading of the track is irregular, the amount of settlement will differ from one sleeper to another. A result of this is that the sleepers are not always fully supported, and some sleepers may even become completely unsupported (voided). A gap appears between the sleeper and the ballast bed. As soon as the track geometry starts to deteriorate, the variations of the train/track interaction force increase, and this speeds up the track deterioration rate. This paper presents a computer model by which the dynamic train/track interaction can be simulated. The influence of one or several voided sleepers on the train/track interaction force and on the track dynamics is investigated. Track settlement due to hanging sleeper(s) is discussed.
Designing of railway wheels. Part 2: Comparison of numerical analysis and experimental research
Authors: Sitarz M , Sladkowski A , Bizoń K , Chruzik K 
Published: July 2005

Current design process can be simplified and accelerated, if computer simulation based on finite element method (FEM) is used. FEM numerical calculations of different wheels of railway wheelsets are investigated in the Department of Railway Engineering. The justification for undertaking this issue is that there is no methodology in the design of railway wheelsets both in Poland and abroad. In order to assess the calculation model, experimental tests of static loads (due to carriage weight) and thermal loads (due to braking) have been run. The results of these tests have been compared with the results of numerical analysis. The proposed calculation model has been compared with the results of test stand investigation. Comparison of the results has confirmed the correctness of the proposed discrete model and calculation algorithm. In the framework of the common scientific-didactic projects of Railway Engineering Department and Central Rail Research Institute in Moscow and producer of railway wheelsets-BONATRANS a.s. in Bohumin (Czech Republic), the method was worked out, and the experimental researches were conducted on specialists certified stands for railway wheelset researches (Sitarz, M., Bizoń, K., and Chruzik, K. Numerical calculations reckonings of railway wheel sets. W: Scientific Proceedings of Riga Technical University, 2002, str 84-89, Sladkowski, A., Bizoń, K., and Chruzik, K. Porównanie wyników analizy MES z wynikami pomiarów tensometrycznych deformacji kól kolejowych zestawów kolowych, Zeszyty Naukowe Katedry Mechaniki Stosowanej nr 18/2002, Gliwice, 2002, str 397-402, Zima, R., Bizoń, K., Chruzik, K. Badania teoretyczne i eksperymentalne kól kolejowych zestawów kolowych, W: XLII Sympozjon ‘Modelowanie w mechanice’, Wisla, 2003).
Designing of railway wheels. Part 1: Finite element method
Authors: Sitarz M , Sladkowski A , Bizoń K , Chruzik K 
Published: July 2005

Current design processes can be simplified and accelerated if computer simulation based on finite element method (FEM) is used. FEM numerical calculations of different wheels of railway wheelsets are investigated in the Department of Railway Engineering. The justification for undertaking this issue is that there is no methodology in the design of railway wheelsets both in Poland and abroad; there is no possibility of optimizing wheelsets' construction characteristics depending on manufacturing process and service parameters. The analysis of this problem has made possible: (a) comparison of software used so far in strain calculation of railway wheelsets; (b) elaboration of design methodology for railway wheelsets; (c) increase in durability of railway wheelsets; (d) increase in the safety of rail transport; (e) decrease in manufacturing and service costs of railway wheelsets.
Mid-frequency sensorineural hearing loss: aetiology and prognosis
Authors: Shah R K , Blevins N H , Karmody C S 
Published: July 2005

Objectives: An audiometric finding of mid-frequency sensorineural hearing loss (MFSNHL), or a U-shaped pattern, is uncommon. The objective of this study is to investigate the aetiology and prognostic significance of MFSNHL.Design: Tertiary academic referral centre-based retrospective case review and review of audiograms to determine the prevalence of this audiometric finding.Methods: Patients with a pure tone threshold average at 1, 2, and 4 kHz at least 10 dB greater than the average at 0.5 and 8 kHz were included in this study; 35 patients met these criteria. The mean age of the patients was 34.6 years old (range 4–71 years). Twelve patients (33 per cent) were under 18 years of age. Serial audiograms were obtained for 14 patients. The notes were reviewed for any pertinent otologic history, subsequent diagnoses, management and disease course.Results: The prevalence of MFSNHL in this practice setting is less than 1 per cent. The average hearing threshold in the mid-frequencies was 44 dB, which was 17 dB and 20 dB lower than at 0.5 Hz and 8 kHz, respectively. The pure tone average (0.5, 1, 2 kHz) was 40 dB. Sixteen patients (44 per cent) required amplification. Of all patients, 22 had hereditary hearing loss, eight had idiopathic hearing loss, and five adults had vestibular schwannomas.Conclusions: MFSNHL is an infrequent audiometric finding. The great majority of these cases are of presumed hereditary or idiopathic aetiology, although 22 per cent of adults had vestibular schwannomas. This series presents the causes and prognosis of this audiometric pattern.
Efalizumab for the Treatment of Moderate to Severe Plaque Psoriasis
Authors: Jordan Joseph K 
Published: July 2005

OBJECTIVE: To review the pharmacology, efficacy, and safety of efalizumab for the treatment of moderate to severe plaque psoriasis. DATA SOURCES: A MEDLINE search (1966–May 2005%) using the key words hu1124, anti-CD11a, efalizumab, Raptiva, Xanelim, and psoriasis was conducted. References of identified articles were reviewed for additional citations. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: Clinical trials evaluating the pharmacology, efficacy, and safety of efalizumab for treatment of moderate to severe plaque psoriasis in adults were included in our review. DATA SYNTHESIS: Efalizumab's ability to inhibit the binding of CD11a, a subunit of leukocyte function–associated antigen type 1, to intracellular adhesion molecule 1 results in decreased T-cell activation and migration, 2 key steps in the immunopathogenesis of psoriasis. Results of clinical trials have demonstrated that efalizumab administered subcutaneously is a safe and effective treatment for moderate to severe plaque psoriasis. Efalizumab was well tolerated in trials, with the majority of adverse events arising with the first dose and decreasing with subsequent doses. The high cost of this agent and lack of head-to-head trials with other drugs will likely restrict its use to patients who have failed prior systemic therapy or phototherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Efalizumab is a safe and effective therapy for treatment of moderate to severe plaque psoriasis in patients who have failed prior systemic therapy or phototherapy.
Gap-Junctional Coupling between Neurogliaform Cells and Various Interneuron Types in the Neocortex
Authors: Simon Anna , Oláh Szabolcs , Molnár Gábor , Szabadics János , Tamás Gábor 
Published: July 2005

Electrical synapses contribute to the generation of synchronous activity in neuronal networks. Several types of cortical GABAergic neurons acting via postsynaptic GABAAreceptors also form electrical synapses with interneurons of the same class, suggesting that synchronization through gap junctions could be limited to homogenous interneuron populations. Neurogliaform cells elicit combined GABAAand GABABreceptor-mediated postsynaptic responses in cortical pyramidal cells, but it is not clear whether neurogliaform cells are involved in networks linked by electrical coupling.We recorded from pairs, triplets, and quadruplets of cortical neurons in layers 2 and 3 of rat somatosensory cortex (postnatal day 20-35). Neurogliaform cells eliciting slow IPSPs on pyramidal cells also triggered divergent electrical coupling potentials on interneurons. Neurogliaform cells were electrically coupled to other neurogliaform cells, basket cells, regular-spiking nonpyramidal cells, to an axoaxonic cell, and to various unclassified interneurons showing diverse firing patterns and morphology. Electrical interactions were mediated by one or two electron microscopically verified gap junctions linking the somatodendritic domain of the coupled cells.Our results suggest that neurogliaform cells have a unique position in the cortical circuit. Apart from eliciting combined GABAAand GABABreceptor-mediated inhibition on pyramidal cells, neurogliaform cells establish electrical synapses and link multiple networks formed by gap junctions restricted to a particular class of interneuron. Widespread electrical connections might enable neurogliaform cells to monitor the activity of different interneurons acting on GABAAreceptors at various regions of target cells.
Two Hybridization Events Define the Population Structure of Trypanosoma cruzi
Authors: Westenberger Scott J , Barnabé Christian , Campbell David A , Sturm Nancy R 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Genetic variation in Trypanosoma cruzi is likely a key determinant in transmission and pathogenesis of Chagas disease. We have examined nine loci as markers for the extant T. cruzi strains. Four distinct alleles were found for each locus, corresponding to the sequence classes present in the homozygous discrete typing units (DTUs) I, IIa, IIb, and IIc. The alleles in DTUs IIa and IIc showed a spectrum of polymorphism ranging from DTU I-like to DTU IIb-like, in addition to DTU-specific sequence variation. DTUs IId and IIe were indistinguishable, showing DTU homozygosity at one locus and heterozygosity with DTU IIb and IIc allelic sequences at eight loci. Recombination between the DTU IIb and IIc alleles is evidenced from mosaic polymorphisms. These data imply that two discrete hybridization events resulted in the formation of the current DTUs. We propose a model in which a fusion between ancestral DTU I and IIb strains gave rise to a heterozygous hybrid that homogenized its genome to become the homozygous progenitor of DTUs IIa and IIc. The second hybridization between DTU IIb and IIc strains that generated DTUs IId and IIe resulted in extensive heterozygosity with subsequent recombination of parental genotypes.