bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies in Children with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Prevalence and Diagnostic Value
Authors: Olives Jean‐Pierre , Breton Anne , Hugot Jean‐Pierre , Oksman Françoise , Johannet Catherine , Ghisolfi Jacques , Navarro Jean , Cézard Jean‐Pierre 
Published: February 2024

BackgroundAntineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA), particularly perinuclear ANCA (p‐ANCA), have been found more frequently in sera from patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) than in sera from Crohn's disease (CD) or unclassified enterocolitis (UE) patients. This 2‐center study examined sera from 102 pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to evaluate their diagnostic value and assess their relationship with disease features, distribution, activity and treatment.MethodsThe serum ANCA of 102 children with IBD were measured: 33 UC, 64 CD and 5 UE with various disease locations and degrees of activity. The mean age at the onset of symptoms was 10.7 years (1 to 16.3 years). Sera from 26 unaffected first degree relatives and 20 children without IBD were also investigated. ANCA were detected using indirect immunofluorescence of ethanol‐fixed granulocytes.ResultsThere were ANCA in the sera of 24/33 children with UC (73%), 9/64 with CD (14%) and 4/5 with UE (80%). p‐ANCA were more frequent than cytoplasmic‐ANCA in positive sera: UC = 67%, CD = 57% and UE = 75%. The presence of ANCA was 73% sensitive and 81% specific for a diagnosis of UC, compared to other IBD (p < 0.001). Three children with proved sclerosing cholangitis associated with UC were all positive. There was no link between ANCA‐positive sera and disease activity, or other endoscopic or clinical criteria. ANCA were detected in 4/26 first degree relatives (15%) and in 1/20 control subjects (5%).ConclusionsBecause of their sensitivity and specificity, ANCA may be helpful in the clinical assessment of patients with IBD, and especially those with UC. However, there is no link between the pressure of p‐ANCA and the site of UC or its activity, so that it cannot be used to monitor medical treatment or surgical indications.
Clinical Outcome of Ulcerative Proctitis in Children
Authors: Hyams Jeffrey , Davis Patricia , Lerer Trudy , Colletti Richard B. , Bousvaros Athos , Leichtner Alan , Benkov Keith , Justinich Christopher , Markowitz James 
Published: February 2024

BackgroundAlthough the course of ulcerative proctitis in adults has been well described, little data are available concerning its clinical behavior in children and adolescents. This study sought to characterize the presentation, response to therapy, and long‐term course of ulcerative proctitis in the pediatric population.MethodsA retrospective chart review was conducted at five pediatric gastroenterology centers.ResultsA total of 38 subjects (mean age 11.6 years) were identified with ulcerative proctitis (mean follow‐up 4.3 years). Symptoms were mild at diagnosis in 74% and moderate or severe in 26%. Thirty‐two percent had a complaint of constipation at presentation. Cessation of symptoms was noted in 68% within 3 months of therapy, an additional 24% within 6 months, and 8% were still symptomatic despite 6 months of therapy. During any subsequent yearly follow‐up interval, ≈55% of patients were asymptomatic, 40% had a chronic intermittent course, and <5% were continuously symptomatic despite therapy. Eight subjects were treated with oral corticosteroids, one with 6‐mercaptopurine, and one with cyclosporine. Extension of inflammation proximal to the rectosigmoid occurred in 11 of 38 subjects (29%), 0.5‐11.3 years postdiagnosis. Seven of the 13 subjects (54%) followed for ≥5 years had proximal extension of disease, and two had undergone colectomy.ConclusionsDespite a mild presentation in most subjects, ulcerative proctitis seems to have a high risk of proximal extension of disease. The overall response to therapy seems to be similar to that reported for ulcerative colitis in children. Follow‐up endoscopic evaluation of patients with ulcerative proctitis seems warranted, especially in the setting of recurrent or recalcitrant symptoms.
Whey Deionization Method of Infant Formula Affects Plasma Lipids
Authors: Weizman Zvi , Ursacha Cathy , Shany Shraga , Leader Drora , Zegerman Chaim 
Published: February 2024

Background:Casein has proved to be hypercholesterolemic. According to results of previous studies, the casein‐to‐whey ratio in infant formula influences plasma lipid profile. This study explored whether different methods of whey deionization also affect levels of plasma lipids.Methods:Two types of a whey‐predominant (whey 60%:casein 40%) formula which differed only in the methods used for whey deionization (ultrafiltration or electrodialysis), were fed to healthy newborn infants for 60 days, using a prospective, double‐blind, randomized design. Formulas were otherwise identical in composition.Results:Groups were similar in gestational age, gender, birth weight, and growth parameters. Evaluation of fasting plasma levels after 60 days revealed significantly higher values of total cholesterol (p < 0.001) and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (p < 0.001) in infants fed ultrafiltrated whey compared with the same values in infants fed electrodialyzed whey. Plasma levels in the two groups of very low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides revealed no statistically significant differences.Conclusions:Plasma lipid profile in infancy is influenced by dietary protein, not only by the casein‐to‐whey ratio, but also by the method of whey deionization.
Human Milk Protein Does Not Limit Growth of Breast‐Fed Infants
Authors: Motil Kathleen J. , Sheng Hwai‐Ping , Montandon Corinne M. , Wong William W. 
Published: February 2024

Background:The efficiency with which breast‐ and formula‐fed infants utilize dietary nutrients is likely to provide insight into their relative requirements for the growth process.Methods:We measured longitudinal changes in growth, body composition, and dietary intakes in breast‐ and formula‐fed infants and estimated the gross efficiency with which dietary nitrogen and energy were used for lean body mass and body fat deposition. Lean body mass and body fat were determined in 10 breast‐fed and 10 formula‐fed infants at 6‐week intervals during the first 24 weeks of life by the 18O dilution technique. Dietary nitrogen and energy intakes were determined from the amount of milk and food consumed and the nutrient content of the feedings. The gross efficiency of nutrient utilization was calculated for each infant from the cumulative dietary intake and the change in body composition with time.Results:Length and weight gains and lean body mass and body fat accretion during the first 24 weeks of life were similar between breast‐ and formula‐fed infants despite significantly higher nitrogen and energy intakes of the formula‐fed group. The gross efficiency of dietary nitrogen utilization for lean body mass deposition was almost two‐fold lower in formula‐ than in breast‐fed infants, whereas the efficiency of dietary energy utilization for lean body mass and body fat deposition was similar between groups. Despite apparent differences in the efficiency of nitrogen utilization, there was no association between lean body mass deposition and dietary protein intake, implying that human milk protein does not limit growth quantitatively in breast‐fed infants.Conclusions:These differences in nutrient utilization illustrate the biologic adaptability of human infants who are quipped with mechanisms that promote normal growth despite the variability of their nutrient intake.
Luminal Stability of Insulin‐Like Growth Factors I and II in Developing Rat Gastrointestinal Tract
Authors: Rao R. K. , Philipps A. F. , Williams C. S. , McCracken D. M. , Koldovsky O. 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACTBackground:Insulin‐like growth factors (IGF)‐I and ‐II are present in milk of a number of mammalian species. The stability of IGF‐I and ‐II in the intestinal lumen was investigated by measuring the proteolytic degradation of125 I‐labeled IGF‐I and IGF‐II by rat (suckling and adult) intestinal luminal flushings in vitro.Methods:Degradation of 125I‐labeled IGF‐I and IGF‐II was assessed by measuring the generation of acid‐soluble radioactivity and the reduction of the amounts of peak activity (gel filtration). Degradation was confirmed by measuring the loss of immunoreactivity and receptor activity.Results:Incubation of 125I‐IGF‐I with midjejunal luminal flushings from 12‐day‐old suckling rats generated acid‐soluble radioactivity in a time‐ and dose‐(flushing) dependent manner, whereas incubation of 125I‐IGF‐II produced only minor amounts of acid‐soluble radioactivity. Degradation activity in luminal flushings from adult rat intestine was several times greater than that in luminal flushings from suckling rats. Degradation of125 I‐IGF‐II was several times lower than that of 125I‐IGF‐I in the intestinal luminal flushings from suckling and adult rats. The rate of decrease in immunoprecipitable 125I‐IGF‐I was considerably lower than the rate of decrease in receptor‐active radioactivity. Except for immunoreactivity, analyses of acid‐precipitable, peak‐A, and receptor‐active radioactivities demonstrate that IGF‐II is relatively more stable than IGF‐I in luminal flushings of suckling rat duodenum, jejunum, and midjejunum.Conclusions:These results show that the stability of IGF in the gastrointestinal lumen depends on the age of the animal and the segment of the gastrointestinal tract, as well as on the peptide isoform.
Evaluation of an Extensively Hydrolyzed Casein‐Whey Protein Formula in Immediate Cow's Milk Protein Hypersensitivity
Authors: Martín‐Esteban Manuel , García‐Ara Maria Carmen , Banqué‐Molas Montserrat , Boyano‐Martínez Maria Teresa , Martín‐Muñoz Flor , Díaz‐Pena José Maria 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACTBackground:Hydrolysate formulas are safe for most infants who are allergic to cow's milk. The purpose of this study was to assess the clinical tolerance and safety of an extensively hydrolyzed casein‐whey protein formula in a homogeneous group of patients with immediate cow's milk hypersensitivity.Methods:The study population consisted of 33 infants in whom immediate cow's milk protein allergy had been diagnosed by clinical data, evidence of specific immunoglobulin E antibodies, and positive results in a controlled challenge test with cow's milk proteins.Results:The hydrolysate was well tolerated in 31 of the 33 patients, which represented a 94% effectiveness. Using 95% confidence intervals generated for a binomial outcome (reaction‐no reaction), the casein‐whey protein formula is tolerated by 84.4% to 99% of infants with immediate immunoglobulin‐E‐mediated cow's milk protein allergy. These figures are in the range of values recommended for this type of product.Conclusions:This extensively hydrolyzed casein‐whey protein formula is generally safe to feed children with immediate hypersensitivity to cow's milk. However, it is advisable that the first intakes be given under direct medical supervision, in that the occurrence of adverse reactions in highly sensitive infants cannot be unequivocally excluded.
Epithelial Growth of the Small Intestine in Human Infants
Authors: Thompson Fiona M. , Catto‐Smith Anthony G. , Moore David , Davidson Geoff , Cummins Adrian G. 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACTBackground:Findings in studies in rodents have suggested that epithelial growth of the small intestine is dependent on activation of the immune system. The purpose of this study was to compare changes of postnatal epithelial growth with immunologic activity in humans.Methods:Duodenal biopsies were obtained by endoscopy from 74 infants. Villus area, crypt length, and mitotic count were measured, using a microdissection technique. Enterocyte height, intraepithelial lymphocytes and mucosal mast cells were recorded in histologic sections, and soluble interleukin‐2 receptor levels were measured in sera. These data were compared with those from 77 adult control subjects.Results:Mean ± SD villus area was similar in infants compared with that in adults (0.364 ± 0.108 mm2 vs. 0.339 ± 0.1 mm2); but mean crypt length was 31% longer (270 ± 56 μm vs. 206 ± 29 μm; p < 0.0001), and mitotic count was 68% higher (4.2± 2.8 vs. 2.5 ± 1 per crypt; p < 0.0001) in infants. Enterocyte height was lower during infancy (27.0 ± 3.4 μm vs. 30.9 ± 4.6 μm; p < 0.0001). There was no evidence of a trophic effect on the small intestine of breast feeding compared with the effect of bottle feeding. Counts of intraepithelial lymphocytes but not mucosal mast cells were significantly less in infants. Mean soluble interleukin‐2 receptor levels peaked during early infancy, compared with levels in adults (1,820 ± 596 U/ml vs. 695 ± 359 U/ml).Conclusion:These results indicate that epithelial proliferation is increased during infancy at an age when immunologic activity is high.
Efficacy of a Glutamine‐Based Oral Rehydration Solution on the Electrolyte and Water Absorption in a Rabbit Model of Secretory Diarrhea Induced by Cholera Toxin
Authors: Silva Alessandra C. , Santos‐Neto Messias S. , Soares Alberto M. , Fonteles Manassés C. , Guerrant Richard L. , Lima Aldo A. M. 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACTBackground:Glutamine is absorbed in the intestinal tract coupled with sodium and is the principla metabolic substrate for the enterocyte. Therefore, an oral rehydration solution containing this substance might provide an effective oral means of restoring electrolyte losses as well as speeding repair of mucosal damage. The objective of this work was to investigate the use of an oral rehydration solution based on glutamine in vivo in the perfused rabbit ileal loop model of secretory diarrhea induced by choleratoxin.Methods:Phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP, 50 mg/l) was used as a nonabsorbable marker for calculations of net water and electrolyte transport. Solutions tested included: (a) a glutaminebased oral rehydration solution with 111 mmol/l glutamine, (Gln‐ORS); (b) the oral rehydration solution recommended by the World Health Organization; (c) modified Ringer's solution. Choleratoxin (1μg/ml) was injected into the lumen of the ileal rabbit segments for 30 minutes prior to the initiation of the perfusion.Results:Choleratoxin induced significant secretion of sodium in the control modified Ringer's solution (10.8 ± 2.95 vs ‐14.05 ± 5.95μEq/g/min, n = 10; p < 0.01) and of water (0.06± 0.03 vs ‐0.15 ± 0.06 ml/g/min, n = 10; p< 0.01) with a maximum effect at 60 minutes after initiation of perfusion. World Health Organization oral rehydration solution was able to significantly reduce the intestinal secretion of sodium (control with cholera = ‐14.34± 2.18 vs oral rehydration solution with cholera = ‐0.50 ± 0.48μEq/g/min, n = 10; p < 0.01) and water (‐0.15± 0.02 vs ‐0.012 ± 0.005 ml/g/min, n = 10; p< 0.01). For comparison, glutamine‐based oral rehydration solution had an even greater effect on sodium and water absorption (glutamine‐based oral rehydration solution with choleratoxin = 10.31 ± 1.21 μEq/g/min,n = 5; p < 0.01 for sodium and 0.08 ± 0.008 ml water/g/min; n = 5; p < 0.01). Choleratoxin did not change the effect of glutamine‐based oral rehydration solution on sodium and water absorption (12.90 ± ‐1.09 μEq sodium/g/min, n = 5; and 0.11 ± 0.01 ml water/g/min; n = 5). In addition glutamine‐based oral rehydration solution also induced a greater absorption of potassium and chloride in the intestinal ileal segments treated with cholera toxin compared with World Health Organization glutamin‐based oral rehydration solution.Conclusions:These results demonstrate the superior efficacy of glutamine‐based oral rehydration solution in electrolyte and water absorption compared with modified Ringer's control solution or even with World Health Organization‐recommended oral rehydration solution.
Gastroesophageal Reflux in Preterm Infants: Norms for Extended Distal Esophageal pH Monitoring
Authors: Ng Steven Chin‐Yuen , Quak Seng‐Hock 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACTBackground:Preterm infants are predisposed to gastroesophageal reflux, which may manifest itself in many ways ranging from failure to thrive to vomiting. Extended distal esophageal pH monitoring is the gold standard for diagnosing reflux in the preterm infants and it is our objective to establish extended distal esophageal pH norms (reference values) for well, asymptomatic preterm infants and to compare with norms already established for term infants, children, adolescents, and adults.Methods:Twenty‐one well, asymptomatic preterm infants consuming at least 70% of required maintenance oral feedings were recruited. The mean ± standard deviation birth weight was 1549 ± 439 g (range, 670‐2470 g); the mean postconceptional age was 30.7 ± 2.6 weeks (range, 25‐35 weeks) and the mean postnatal age was 14 ± 9 days (range, 2‐40 days). Extended distal esophageal pH monitoring was performed on each of the infants, and the following parameters were calculated: reflux index, number of reflux episodes per day, number of reflux episodes lasting more than 5 minutes per day, and the longest recorded reflux episode.Results:The mean reflux index was 0.7 ± 1.1%, the mean number of reflux episodes per day was 7.6 ± 11.2, the mean number of reflux episodes lasting more than 5 minutes per day was 0.5 ± 1.1 and the mean longest recorded reflux episode was 4.2 ± 6.1 minutes. These results were comparable to those seen in term infants, children, adolescents, and adults. The trends for pH norms according to postconceptional age and postnatal age seemed to suggest that lower esophageal sphincter maturation might be related to postconceptional age, but the differences observed were not statistically significant (p > 0.05).Conclusion:The norms (reference values) for well, asymptomatic preterm infants were comparable to those seen in term infants, children, adolescents, and adults. With the establishment of these norms, the search for a causal link between many of the respiratory problems encountered in prematurity and gastroesophageal reflux may be aided and the complications associated with gastroesophageal reflux may consequently be reduced.
Evaluation of Iron Bioavailability in Infant Weaning Foods Fortified with Haem Concentrate
Authors: Martinez Carmen , Fox Tom , Eagles John , Fairweather‐Tait Susan 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACTBackground:Nutritional iron deficiency in infants over 4 months of age is one of the most common deficiency disorders. Dietary iron is comprised of non‐haem and haem iron, the latter being absorbed by a separate pathway and more efficiently than non‐haerm iron. Fortification of infant weaning foods is one of the strategies adopted for preventing iron deficiency and the aim of this project was to examine the potential use of haem iron concentrate as a fortificant.Methods:Sixteen non‐anaemic 6‐month old infants were recruited and allocated to two groups of 8. Each infant consumed 2 meals/day of a commercial weaning food (100 g) for 7 consecutive days containing 40 mg ascorbic acid and 2.5 mg haem iron/100 g (Group 1) or the same quantity of iron as ferrous sulphate plus 40 mg ascorbic acid (Group 2). Bioavailability was assessed by chemical balance using carmine to mark the beginning and end of the faecal collection. The effect of haem iron concentrate (as a candidate for the factor in meat that enhances iron absorption) was examined by measuring its effect on 57Fe‐labelled non‐haem iron absorption.Results:There was no difference in iron balance between the two groups. Mean iron retention was 3.5 (SD 2.1) mg/day in Group 1 (haem iron) and 3.0 (SD 2.4) mg/day in Group 2 (ferrous sulphate). Haem concentrate did not enhance the absorption of 57Fe‐labelled non‐haem iron, Group 1: 1710 (SD 11.1)%, Group 2: 28.4 (SD 17.7)%.Conclusions:Haem iron concentrate appears to be a highly bioavailable form of iron when added to infant weaning foods. This protein is not, however, responsible for the enhancing effect of animal protein on non‐haem iron absorption.
Celiac crisis, transient hypertransaminasemia and positive smooth muscle antibodies (SMA): A celiac disease case report
Authors: Rodofile Federica , Melli Paola , Di Siena Andrea , Cogo Paola 
Published: February 2024

AbstractCeliac crisis (CC) is a rare complication of celiac disease (CD), usually observed in younger children with unrecognized CD or poor compliance with a gluten‐free diet (GFD). We present a case of celiac crisis in a 3‐year‐old girl who was recently diagnosed with celiac disease. She was referred to our clinic with anasarca, tetany, and severe malnutrition, with hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and hypoalbuminemia. During hospitalization, she presented hypertransaminasemia with positive anti‐actin smooth muscle antibodies (SMA). Abdominal ultrasound and liver biopsy were normal, excluding autoimmune hepatitis. Liver involvement is a common CD extraintestinal manifestation and cryptogenic form is the most common. SMA positivity could be associated with a systemic immune cross reaction. Our patient normalized liver values after 2 months of GFD.
ROS‐Responsive Poly(α‐l‐lysine)‐Based Nanoparticles Loaded with Doxycycline Combat Oxidative Stress and Bacterial Infection
Authors: Wang Yuanchao , Li Ying , Liu Wen , Li Chen , Duo Xinghong , Meng Xiangyan , Feng Yakai 
Published: February 2024

AbstractBacterial pneumonia is one of the major threats in clinical practice, and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated at the infection site can exacerbate the damage. Currently, conventional antibiotic therapies have low utilization, and their excessive use can result in substantial toxicity. Nanocarrier systems provide an ideal approach for treating bacterial infection by facilitating more efficient utilization of antibiotics. In this study, the ROS‐responsive amphiphilic nanoparticles (NPs) are developed and used to encapsulate the antibiotic doxycycline (DOXY) to achieve antibacterial and antioxidant functionalities. The NPs are prepared from poly(α‐l‐lysine) (α‐PLL) and phenylboronic acid pinacol ester simultaneously conjugated carbonyldiimidazole (abbreviated as CDIPB). The phenylboronic acid ester groups on CDIPB could react with excessive ROS to suppress oxidative damage at the infection site. The ROS‐responsive degradation of CDIPB also facilitates the rapid release of internal DOXY, effectively killing the accumulated bacteria. Additionally, in vitro cell experiments demonstrate the good biocompatibility of the NPs. These results suggest that the ROS‐responsive amphiphilic nanoparticles can serve as a novel nanoplatform for the treatment of bacterial pneumonia.
Syntheses of Polyglycolide via Polycondensation: A Reinvestigation
Authors: Kricheldorf Hans R. , Weidner Steffen M. , Meyer Andreas 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThe Na salt of chloroacetic acid is condensed in suspension. Furthermore, glycolic acid is condensed in bulk or in concentrated solution by means of SnCl2 or 4‐toluene sulfonic acid (TSA) as catalysts. The temperatures are varied from 160 to 200 °C and the time from 1 to 5 days. Low molar mass cyclic poly(glycolic acid) (PGA) is detected by means of matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization time‐of‐flight (MALDI TOF) mass spectrometry in most PGAs. A predominance of certain cycles having an even number of repeat units is observed suggesting a thermodynamically favored formation of extended‐ring crystals. Extremely high melting temperatures (up to 237.5 °C) and high melting enthalpies are found for polycondensations with TSA in 1,2‐dichlorobenzene.