bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spiritual Intelligence: Developing A Smart Soul
Authors: Scioli Anthony , Biller Henry B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 6 we described some classic expressions of faith. In this chapter, we examine faith choices in greater detail. Putting aside the beliefs of others for a moment, where should you put your faith? Should you turn to religion or put your trust in science or technology or invest in something else of value? What are your faith needs? What are the long-term consequences of investing your faith in a certain way of life?
You will find eight faith alternatives in this chapter. To choose wisely from them requires your trust, openness, and spiritual honesty in arriving at a true assessment of your faith needs. Such needs vary from individual to individual, depending on each person’s disposition and life experience. Reflecting the varied ways of “being in the world,” they are also akin to “spiritual types.” Which type are you? At the end of this chapter, you will find several types to consider, as well as the faith possibilities for each type. You will also find an assessment tool designed to help you clarify or discover your own spiritual disposition.
Attachment Matters: Love Always Hopes
Authors: Scioli Anthony , Biller Henry B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You have reached the halfway point in this hope journey. Chapters 1 through 8 dealt with your hope legacy, from the biological infrastructure for mastery, attachment, and survival to cultural factors and spiritual influences. We now shift to the wings of hope—to varied strategies for drawing upon the virtue of hope to unleash within you a greater a sense of purpose, connectedness, and capacity for terror management and healing. We begin with those strategies that are attachment related.
As social creatures we cannot live in isolation. Recall that Aristotle labeled as “beasts or gods” those who seemed content to live by themselves. The fifteenth-century poet John Donne echoed this sentiment when he wrote, “No man is an island.” It is human bonds, said the Chinese sage Mengzi, “that fill the space between heaven and earth.”
From Fear To Hope: Peace In Troubled Waters
Authors: Scioli Anthony , Biller Henry B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fear, like anxiety, can be overwhelming and draining. Some individuals are able to contain their fears. Although mindful of the dangers that exist in the world, they nevertheless manage to keep things in perspective. We might call them the “hope-buffered,” those stout of heart who refuse to yield to their fears. Others are less fortunate; fear dominates their lives and exhausts their resources. In The Fall of the House of Usher, Edgar Allan Poe unveiled a character utterly consumed by the “work of worry.”
He could wear only garments of a certain texture; the odors of all flowers were oppressive; his eyes were tortured by even a faint light ... there was little which did not inspire him with horror ... I found him a bound slave. [He said to me] “I shall perish .. . I shall be lost. I dread the events of the future ... I shudder at the thought of any, even the most trivial incident ... the period will sooner or later arrive when I must abandon life and reason together, in some struggle with the grim phantasm of FEAR.”
Hope for Health: Prescriptions For Well-Being
Authors: Scioli Anthony , Biller Henry B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The comedian George Burns once remarked, “If you don’t take care of your body, where will you live?” For the most part, Burns practiced what he preached and ultimately lived to the ripe old age of 100. In a tribute offered by the Huffington Center on Aging, it was noted, “He had a great capacity to never give up working, never give up loving, and never saying never.” In other words, Burns displayed a lifelong passion for mastery, attachment, and survival.
Plato and George Burns shared at least one thing in common. Both understood that every aspect of an individual’s existence influences his or her health. This holistic wisdom can be found in many cultures. This is why millions of Chinese practice their soft martial art of tai chi every morning while their Native American counterparts hold regular purification rituals to cleanse the mind, body, and spirit. It is why Plato was moved to write, “The cure of many diseases is unknown to physicians because they are ignorant of the whole. For the part can never be well unless the whole is well.”
What Is Psychiatry?
Authors: Zorumski Charles F , Rubin Eugene H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Psychiatric disorders are among the most common maladies affecting humans. Current estimates indicate that at least one in three individuals has a diagnosable psychiatric disorder at some point in his or her life. Based on how frequently they occur in the population, psychiatric disorders are a bit like the common cold, although their symptoms and complications are much more devastating. Many psychiatric disorders go unrecognized and untreated, resulting in great costs in terms of suffering and lost productivity.
Warning Signs
Authors: Zorumski Charles F , Rubin Eugene H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What are the early signs of a psychiatric disorder? How can a person recognize early symptoms of a relapse of a preexisting illness? What symptoms should lead someone to seek psychiatric care? Psychiatrists are asked these questions regularly, often by people who are concerned about the behaviour of a friend or family member. Some psychiatric disorders are associated with loss of insight, and those afficted by these illnesses may accept changes in their thinking, mood, and behavior as “normal” or “understandable” under the circumstances of their lives. It frequently falls to friends and family members to recognize that something is wrong and to encourage the person to seek help. In this chapter, we will discuss warning signs that indicate that an individual has or may be developing a serious psychiatric disorder.
Why Are Psychiatric Disorders So Common?
Authors: Zorumski Charles F , Rubin Eugene H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Studies examining the frequency of psychiatric disorders in various populations are done by epidemiologists. These are scientists who investigate patterns of illnesses, as well as their causes and prevention. They play key roles in describing epidemics and in identifying factors associated with the spread of a disease in a population. Ideally, they would like to study an entire population, such as the entire US population or the entire population of New York City. However, that is usually impossible (due to the economic costs and logistical challenges associated with such a massive research undertaking), so epidemiological studies rely on obtaining representative “random samples” of the people of interest.
What Do We Know about the Mechanisms Underlying Psychiatric Disorders?
Authors: Zorumski Charles F , Rubin Eugene H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Holy Grail of psychiatric science is to understand the biological mechanisms underlying mental illnesses. It is hoped that once we are armed with this information, we will be able to devise new strategies that target the primary brain dysfunctions and that possibly prevent these complex and devastating disorders from occurring in the first place. Realistically, we are a long way from these goals. However, rapid advances in neuroimaging, neuroscience, and genetics over the latter part of the last century give us strong reasons for optimism. Some of the research techniques that are now routinely used in neurobiology laboratories on a daily basis were considered “Star Wars” science 15 or 20 years ago.
How Are Psychiatric Disorders Treated? Basic Principles
Authors: Zorumski Charles F , Rubin Eugene H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Psychiatrists use many different approaches to treat mental disorders. These range from various forms of psychotherapy (talk therapy), patient education, and social interventions to medications and brain stimulation techniques. All of these treatments are important tools, and each can be highly effective and lifesaving in certain situations. In this chapter, we will discuss some basic principles regarding the treatment of psychiatric disorders. In Chapter 8, we will discuss the use of medications. Psychotherapies and lifestyle interventions will be considered in Chapter 9. In Chapter 10, we will review brain stimulation techniques and their use in treating psychiatric disorders.
How Can Patients and Families Help with Treatment?
Authors: Zorumski Charles F , Rubin Eugene H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of our goals in writing this book is to make psychiatry understandable to people who are not mental health professionals. The more patients and their families and friends know about psychiatric disorders and their treatments, including the roles of psychiatrists and other mental health professionals, the better it is for improving outcomes. Knowledge about the signs and symptoms of various disorders can go a long way toward the early recognition of imminent relapses. For example, a patient with bipolar mood disorder who begins to make repeated phone calls in the middle of the night is likely to be relapsing. Similarly, a person who is beginning to withdraw from interactions with friends and is giving up usual social activities could be exhibiting the early signs of major depression.
Consumers Beware
Authors: Zorumski Charles F , Rubin Eugene H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A recurring theme in this book has been that psychiatric disorders involve abnormal brain function and are serious medical problems. Complications from these disorders can be devastating for individuals, families, and society, and can include suicide, violence, physical abuse, premature death from a variety of causes, job loss, and discord in relationships. Thus, we believe that psychiatric disorders merit the highest level of attention from the highest quality providers in our health care delivery system.
Trends in Psychiatry and Mental Health
Authors: Zorumski Charles F , Rubin Eugene H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Psychiatry has changed dramatically over the last several decades. Prior to the 1950s, psychoanalytic approaches dominated psychiatric thinking. These approaches were based on opinion and dogma and not empirical evidence. Examining the reliability or validity of psychoanalytic approaches in controlled clinical trials was not considered relevant. Psychoanalytic psychotherapy was considered an important, perhaps the most important, treatment modality. Such treatment usually required multiple therapy sessions per week conducted over extended periods of time, often years. When in the 1950s effective medications to treat mental disorders began to become available, many psychoanalysts felt that these medications could, at best, only cover up symptoms and that therapy was still required to help patients restructure their lives.
The Future of Psychiatry: Reasons for Optimism
Authors: Zorumski Charles F , Rubin Eugene H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is an exciting time in psychiatry. In some ways, psychiatry in the early 21st century can be compared to fields like physics and genetics at the turn of the 20th century. At that time, physics was embarking on a magical transformation, and new ideas and methods were developing rapidly. An enormous expansion in knowledge about the nature of atoms led later in the century to the development of nuclear power and other advances. Scientists like Einstein, Heisenberg, and Bohr became household names, and terms like nuclear, relativity, and uncertainty became part of our common vocabulary. In the early 1900s, the potential for the field of genetics could not even be imagined.
Introduction
Authors: Bosworth B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This brief foreword has two functions. It gives a summary review of the life and writing of Arrian in the light of the research of the last fifteen years and a somewhat fuller introduction to the specific content of Books IV and V. It is intended to be self-contained, but it is necessarily brief and related primarily to the subject-matter of this volume of commentary. For a more extended discussion the reader should consult the Introduction to volume i.
Prelude
Authors: Harvie Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 12 October 1912, at the Leeds Festival, the massed choirs of Yorshire boomed out the opening strophes of Ralph Vaughan Williams’s Sea Symphony, a vast oratorio-scale setting of poems—’Song of the Exposition’, ‘Sea Drift’, ‘A Passage to India’— by Walt Whitman. A new, radical voice was injected into an English musical scene which, with Elgar, Stanford, Parry, Delius, had been in furious movement for over a decade.
Anglo-Saxons into Celts: The Scottish Intellectuals, 1760– 1930
Authors: Harvie Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I realised for the first time that Medina might be damnable, but was also great. Yes, the man who had spat on me like a stable-boy had also something of the prince. I realised another thing. The woman’s touch had flattened down the hair above his forehead, which he brushed square, and his head, outlined in the firelight against the white cushion, was as round as a football. I had suspected this when I first saw him, and now I was certain. John Buchan, The Three Hostages, 1924 John Buchan’s most commanding villain, Dominic Medina, was already something of an antique when he made his appearance in The Three Hostages (1924). Richard Hannay’s description represented the ‘brachycephalic’ (round-headed) Celt, out of the phrenological anthropology of seventy years earlier.
John Bull’s Other Irishman: Bernard Shaw, Capitalism, and the Celts
Authors: Harvie Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ireland has changed. The patriotism of the Irish is the same, but the expression of it is different. The boy who used to want to die for Ireland now goes into a rage because the dispensary doctor in County Clare has been elected by a fraud. Ireland is no longer a sweetheart but a house to be set in order. W. B. Yeats, address in Detroit, 19 February 1913 The Court Theatre, London, 1 November 1904: Act I of John Bull’s Other Island. We have been here before. A consulting room in central London, shared by two bachelors, and a shifty-looking character about to enter. Could this be 221B Baker Street? Bernard Shaw playing Holmes-and-Watson? Indeed, and not for the last time: Professor Higgins and Colonel Pickering would come in 1914.
Introduction
Authors: Kim Won Bae , Douglass Mike , Choe Sang-Chuel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The focus on culture in this book represents a departure from much of the contemporary study of urbanization. Previous work on cities in East Asia has all too often assumed a generic ‘Third World’ or ‘Asian’ model of development that fails to consider substantial differences in historical experience. Culture is here understood as expected ways of behaviour that are encoded in social, political, and economic institutions. It provides a normative context within which social behaviour is instituted and acted out (Agnew et al.1984).
Who wants a GDI?
Authors: McKee Lance 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The foreword to this book refers to the expected evolution of the information infrastructure in general, its social and cultural impact, and the growing significance of the geospatial data infrastructure component of this information infrastructure. This chapter explores the technology push and market pull which are at the heart of this evolution, and discusses the possible effects on society. Predicting what humans will do in the future has never been an exact science, but some observations are inescapable, and some predictions about the growth of the GDI are, in my opinion, hard to deny. Technology push and market pull are driving each of the following developments.
Peasantries in Post-Revolutionary Oaxaca
Authors: Clarke Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oaxaca is among the most backward states in Mexico. Forty years after the tumultuous Mexican Revolution ended, authoritative international agencies recorded that Oaxaca had the second highest rate of morbidity in Mexico, and, according to the 1960 census, was seventeenth—among the thirty-two federated entities—with respect to per capita wheat consumption. It was twentieth with regard to consumption of meat, fish, milk, and eggs. Twenty-first in the ranking in respect of dwellings constructed of adobe or wattle and daub. Twenty-seventh with reference to the number of persons per room; and in the last place based on the index of families with radios, television sets, electric irons, and sewing machines. Oaxaca was in second place with respect to the highest rate of illiteracy (UNDP/FAO 1972, 53).
Ethno-Linguistic Groups
Authors: Clarke Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oaxaca’s peasantries are diverse, not only in socio-economic terms, but also ethno-linguistically. Oaxaca is one of the most multi-ethnic states in Mexico, if language is taken as a cultural marker. A little under half the population speaks a pre-Columbian language, and there are sixteen different major linguistic groups. Chance, reporting on the Villa Alta area of the Sierra Zapoteca, notes, ‘the district’s five basic ethno-linguistic groups have of course persisted until the present time, but only as rather vague, language-based reference groups as far as the people themselves are concerned’ (1989, 124). In addition there are, within some languages, such as Zapotec, which is spread across the various altitudinal zones in the centre of the state and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, important dialect differences that make for mutual unintelligibility between adjacent communities (Rendon 1995).
The Ice Age in the Tropics and Its Human Implications
Authors: Goudie Andrew S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Louis Agassiz, the Swiss natural historian, was a young man in a hurry. In 1836 he was guided around Switzerland by two colleagues, Venetz and de Charpentier, and as a result of their inspiration became an enthusiast for the idea that, in the past, glaciers had been much more extensive than now—the so-called Glacial Theory. As G. L. Davies has pointed out (1969: 265): in his unbounded enthusiasm, he elaborated the theory far too rapidly for the liking of the theory’s two pioneers. Understandably they resented what they regarded as Agassiz’s forceful intrusion into glacial affairs, and the cavalier manner in which he seemed to have taken the glacial theory over as his own.
Problems and Prognosis: Perspectives on Agriculture at a Regional Scale
Authors: Baker Kathleen M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 asserted that development strategies should be based on appropriate ecological models. It also made the claim (to be substantiated in subsequent chapters), that many of the methods used by smallholders were ecologically appropriate and might thus be incorporated in models for development. But if smallholder methods are so apt, one is forced to ask why is it that African agriculture is widely perceived as a sector in crisis, low in terms of productivity and largely stagnant? (World Bank, 1981, 1989; Berg, 1986; Eicher, 1986; Lowe, 1986; Gakou, 1987; Hinderink and Sterkenburg, 1987; Neimeijer, 1996). The answer, it would appear, depends very much on the scale of investigation. It is undeniable that there are major problems in the agricultural sector in West Africa, but these seem to be distorted at a regional scale. When viewed at a more local scale the image of the sector may be much more positive, as several of the subsequent chapters show. Inevitably, the interpretation of secondary source information is always open to debate.
Non-Equilibrium and the Cocoa Sector
Authors: Baker Kathleen M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cocoa was virtually unknown in West Africa in the mid-nineteenth century when it was imported from South America, but by the last decade of the century it was being exported to Europe from what is now Ghana and Cote d’Ivoire. Declining prices for palm oil and for rubber stimulated the uptake of cocoa but it was the skill of indigenous cultivators who made it a success (Berry, 1975; Chauveau and Leonard, 1996; Hill, 1963; Mikell, 1989). Few farmers had any prior knowledge of cocoa but by combining their innate knowledge of the environment with advice from colonial agricultural officers and by trial and error, they largely succeeded in meeting the ecological demands of cocoa and added it to indigenous cultivation systems. According to Hill (1962), ’It is no exaggeration to say that this dramatic and sustained response to the commercial possibilities of an unfamiliar tree is one of the great events of the recent economic history of Africa .. .’ (Hill, 1962: 281). How farmers adopted cocoa and adapted their farming systems around it cannot be omitted from a book concerned with agriculture in West Africa.
Cultivated Landscapes of Native Amazonia And the Andes
Authors: Denevan William M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Andes and Amazonia are two of the harshest regions on earth. The opportunities for productive agriculture, even with modern methods, seem limited, given conditions of climate, terrain, and soils. Nevertheless, indigenous people, both prehistoric and more recent, have developed systems of cultivation that have been intensive, highly productive, and sustainable, reclaiming marginal lands and supporting large numbers of people and complex societies. This book examines Indian agriculture in South America. The focus is on field types and field technologies, including agricultural landforms such as terraces, canals, and drained fields, which have persisted for hundreds of years. The evidence utilized comes from abandoned fields, historical documents, and current practices. What emerges is a picture of mostly successful indigenous farming practices in rain forests, savannahs, swamps, rugged mountains, and deserts. And while this knowledge may not always be directly applicable to development today, it does provide us with some unique techniques and some basic principles for farming difficult environments.
Research on Native Cultivated Landscapes in the Americas
Authors: Denevan William M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until recently, there has been little scholarly interest in the techniques and ecology of native1 cultivation2 systems in the New World. More attention had been directed towards agricultural3 origins and the history and nature of specific crops. It was assumed that few ancient fields still existed and that contemporary Indian cultivation was largely deteriorated and simplified and/or highly modified by European influences. Air photography, however, has revealed the existence of hundreds of thousands of early fields and associated remnant features which can be measured, excavated, and analyzed and their ecology and productivity reconstructed. Many indigenous cultivation techniques have continued relatively intact throughout the hemisphere to the present, and even where modified it may be possible to determine pre-European characteristics.