bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution, characterization and significance of polyomavirus genomic sequences in tumors of the brain and its covering
Authors: Delbue Serena , Pagani Elisabetta , Guerini Franca R. , Agliardi Cristina , Mancuso Roberta , Borghi Elisa , Rossi Francesca , Boldorini Renzo , Veggiani Claudia , Car Pier Giorgio , Ferrante Pasquale 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe etiology of brain tumors and meningiomas is still unknown. Several factors have been considered, such as genetic predisposition and environmental risk factors, but the hypothesis that one or more infectious agents may play a role in tumor pathogenesis has also been investigated. Therefore, emphasis was placed on the neurooncogenic family Polyomaviridae and the presence of human polyomavirus DNA sequences and JCV mRNA were examined in malignant human brain biopsies. Italian patients affected with different types of neoplasias of the brain and its covering were enrolled. The patients underwent surgical tumor excision and the presence of the polyomavirus genome in biopsy and other body fluids was evaluated by PCR. In addition, the genomic organization of JCV was examined in depth, with the aim of providing information on genotype distribution and TCR rearrangements in the population affected with intracranial neoplasms. On the whole, polyomavirus DNA was found in 50% of the biopsy specimens studied, JC virus DNA and BK virus DNA were amplified in 40.6% mainly glioblastomas and 9.4% of the tissue specimens, respectively, while none of the biopsy specimens tested contained Simian virus 40 DNA. Genotype 1 and Mad 4 TCR organization were the most frequent in the population enrolled. Although a cause and effect was not demonstrated and the specific role of the viruses remains unknown, the findings appear to confirm the hypothesis that JCV and BKV could be important co‐factors in tumor pathogenesis. J. Med. Virol. 77:447–454, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tooth caries detection by curve fitting of laser‐induced fluorescence emission: A comparative evaluation with reflectance spectroscopy
Authors: Subhash Narayanan , Thomas Shiny Sara , Mallia Rupananda J. , Jose Mini 
Published: September 2005

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesNitrogen laser‐induced fluorescence (LIF) spectra of sound tooth consists of two broad bands centered at 440 and 490 nm, with two apparent side bands on either side. In order to locate the exact peak position of these bands and to effectively utilize the LIF spectral signatures for detection of tooth caries, the LIF spectra were curve‐fitted using Gaussian spectral functions and the results were compared with those from diffuse reflectance spectral measurements.Study Design/Materials and MethodsThe excitation light at 337.1 nm was guided to the sound and caries‐affected tooth samples through the central fiber of the fiber‐optic probe of a laser‐induced fluorescence reflectance spectroscopy (LIFRS) system. Six surrounding fibers of the probe collect tooth fluorescence or diffuse reflectance from the lesion and direct it to a miniature spectrometer. The in vitro spectra were obtained from healthy enamel, dentin, and pulp level tooth caries.ResultsAs compared to sound tooth, the caries tooth showed lower fluorescence and reflectance intensities in the 350–700 nm region. The deconvoluted peaks in the LIF spectra of sound tooth were found centered at 403.80, 434.20, 486.88, and 522.45 nm, whereas in the case of pulp level caries, a new peak was observed at 636.78 nm. Curve‐fitted parameters, such as peak center, Gaussian curve area, full width at half intensity maximum (FWHM), and their ratios, were also found to vary with the stage of tooth caries. The ratios involving the 435 nm band, such as F405/F435, F435/F490, and F435/F525 ratios derived from curve‐fitted areas and amplitudes, were found to be sensitive to discriminate between sound, dentin, and pulp level caries. Among the various diffuse reflectance spectral intensity ratios, the R500/R700 was found to be most sensitive to distinguish between pulp and dentin level caries.ConclusionsNitrogen laser‐excited fluorescence spectral studies were found to be more suited for detection of caries lesions. The LIF measurement with spectral analysis, done by curve fitting, outscores the diffuse reflectance methodology and shows the potential to screen different levels of tooth decay in a clinical setting. Lasers Surg. Med. 00:1–9,2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dynamics of temperature dependent modifications of Blood in the near‐infrared
Authors: Mordon Serge , Rochon Philippe , Dhelin Guy , Lesage Jean Claude 
Published: September 2005

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesLaser irradiation induces blood coagulation by heating of blood components. It is a complex phenomenon which encompasses a variety of processes, such as cell shape modification, cell membrane rupture, protein denaturation, aggregation, and finally blood gelation. An in vitro study was performed to investigate heating temperatures leading to transformation of blood and to have a better understanding of the dynamics of temperature dependent modifications of blood in the near‐infrared.Study Design/Materials and MethodsSlow heating of whole blood and hemolized blood was performed using a specific optical chamber. Eight hundred and five and 940 nm light transmission of blood was measured as a function of time during heating at various temperatures (60–75°C).ResultsDuring heating of whole blood, three phases were clearly identified. For hemolized blood, only phase 3 was present. For whole blood, the duration of each phase was correlated to blood temperature. A temporary increase of transmission was observed during heating with a maximum at 65°C. The analysis of the dynamics of temperature dependent modifications of blood are consistent with cell shape modification, denaturation, and aggregation of blood, resulting in the formation of an aqueous gel–matrix.Conclusions“Slow” vessel heating which is now proposed as the optimal mechanism for permanent vessel closure should be reconsidered in terms of our results. In that particular case, the optical coefficients of blood could be different from those expected. In case of a large blood vessel, this could be an advantage since a “temporary” higher transmission of light could lead to a more homogeneous heating of the blood vessel. In case of a small blood vessel, this phenomenon could lead to a collateral damage of the skin. Lasers Surg. Med. 00:1–7,2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and Hole‐Transporting Property of a Novel Poly(N‐vinylcarbazole) Copolymer with Metal‐Coordination Sites
Authors: Kimoto Atsushi , Cho Jun‐Sang , Matsuura Yugo , Yamamoto Kimihisa 
Published: September 2005

AbstractSummary: Hole transporting poly(N‐vinylcarbazole) copolymers with phenylazomethine dendron units acting as metal ligation sites were synthesized. These polymers possess both hole‐transport and metal‐collecting units with simple σ‐bond linkages. Complexation in the phenylazomethine dendron unit within these copolymers by SnCl2 has been successfully observed by the change in the UV‐vis spectra. The complexation changes the HOMO/LUMO energy gap that results in a spectral red‐shift. Using copolymers as a hole‐transport layer, only complexation with metal ions leads to an enhanced maximum luminescence. Such a complexation results in a high electroluminescence efficiency because the p‐type‐doped structure acts as the hole‐transport layer.Copolymerization for the preparation of DPAGn(x)‐Cbz(y).magnified imageCopolymerization for the preparation of DPAGn(x)‐Cbz(y).
The Effect of End Group Modification on the Transparency of Vinyl Addition Norbornene Polymers at 193 nm
Authors: Chang Chun , Lipian John , Barnes Dennis A. , Seger Larry , Burns Cheryl , Bennett Brian , Bonney Laura , Rhodes Larry F. , Benedikt George M. , Lattimer Robert , Huang Shyhchang S. , Day Victor W. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractSummary: Homopolymers of a bis‐trifluorocarbinol substituted norbornene (1) (α,α‐bis(trifluoromethyl)bicyclo[2.2.1]hept‐5‐ene‐2‐ethanol or HFANB) and copolymers of 1 with t‐butyl ester of 5‐carboxylic acid (2, t‐BuEsNB) were produced using palladium catalysts and olefinic chain transfer agents such as 1‐hexene and ethylene to control molecular weight. However, these low‐molecular‐weight polymers exhibited relatively low optical transparencies at 193 nm. In fact, the opacity (measured as optical densities in absorbance units per micron) of thin films of these homo‐ and co‐polymers was inversely proportional to their molecular weight. This relationship is consistent with an end group contribution to the film opacity. Spectroscopic analysis of these polymers by 1H NMR and MALDI‐TOF MS confirmed that 1‐hexene and ethylene chain transfer agents generated olefin‐terminated vinyl addition polymers. The olefinic end group contribution to optical density can be eliminated by appropriate chemical modification. Both epoxidation and hydrogenation of the polymer olefinic end groups generated very low optical density materials, independent of molecular weight, that are suitable as 193‐nm photoresist binder resins.End group modification of vinyl and hexenyl‐terminated homopolymers of 1 by epoxidation or hydrogenation.magnified imageEnd group modification of vinyl and hexenyl‐terminated homopolymers of 1 by epoxidation or hydrogenation.
New Poly(oxyethylene) Derivatives from Diels–Alder Reactions of 3‐[Methoxypoly(oxyethylene)]methylene Furan
Authors: Sedaghat‐Herati Reza , Chacon Almary , Hansen Mary E. , Yalaoui Skander 
Published: September 2005

AbstractSummary: A new poly(ethylene glycol) derivative, 3‐[methoxypoly(oxyethylene)]methylene furan, I, was prepared from the reaction of 3‐furanmethanol with the mesylate of methoxypoly(oxyethylene) in tetrahydrofuran. The degree of end‐group conversion, as determined by NMR spectroscopy, was 100%. The Diels–Alder reactions of I with N‐phenylmaleimide, N‐glycinylmaleimide, maleic anhydride, N,N′‐hexamethylene bismaleimide, and diethyl acetylenedicarboxylate resulted in the corresponding adducts. For the adduct derived from I and N‐phenylmaleimide, its thermal reversible character was confirmed by applying a retro‐Diels–Alder reaction in the presence of a large excess of 2‐methylfuran, which restored the initial polymer I quantitatively. The adduct obtained from I and N‐glycinylmaleimide was converted into its succinimidyl ester and its hydrolysis rate in phosphate buffer (pH = 8) was determined. The reactivity of the adduct derived from I and N,N′‐hexamethylene bismaleimide with benzyl mercaptan was also investigated.
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Synthesis of Polyolefins Containing Silacycloalkane Units in the Main Chain, 1
Authors: Naga Naofumi 
Published: September 2005

AbstractSummary: Copolymerizations of ethylene and disubstituted diallylsilanes (CH2CHCH2)2R2Si (R = CH3, C6H5) have been investigated with various zirconocene catalysts using methylaluminoxane as a cocatalyst. The bridged stereospecific catalysts showed a higher reactivity for disubstituted diallylsilanes than the non‐bridged aspecific catalysts. Disubstituted diallylsilanes were incorporated into the polymer chain via cyclization insertion preferentially, and formed 3,5‐disubstituted silacyclohexane units in the polyethylene main chain. A zirconocene catalyst, dimethylsilylenebis(indenyl)zirconium dichloride, produced a copolymer containing pendant allyl groups derived from the 1,2‐insertion of diallyldiphenylsilane without cyclization.
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The cultural shaping of scholarly communication: Explaining e‐journal use within and across academic fields
Authors: Fry Jenny , Talja Sanna 
Published: September 2005

AbstractCurrent research on e‐journal usage patterns focuses more on measuring levels of use and measuring changes in reading patterns than developing theoretical models that enable the explanation and prediction of patterns in the adoption and uptake of e‐journals across scientific fields. Typically, studies either focus on single disciplines or attempt to reach an overview of disciplinary differences by using broad disciplinary groupings, such as physical sciences, health sciences, applied technologies, social sciences, or humanities. We argue that there is a need for extending the domain analytic approach to incorporate a fuller understanding of the cultural characteristics of scientific specialisms, which include both epistemological and social considerations. To this end we suggest that Whitley's theory of the social organization of scholarly fields can be effectively used as an explanatory model of e‐journal use across scientific fields. By using Whitley's theory we also illustrate the limitation of current approaches to the explanation of information practices and e‐journal use that use the administrative unit of the discipline, or base comparison on coarse‐grained aggregations as the unit of analysis, rather than the specialism.
Evolution of the interdisciplinary characteristics of information and library science
Authors: Tang Rong 
Published: September 2005

AbstractAn empirical investigation of citations to 150 publications in the field of Information and Library Science (ILS) has enabled mapping of the development of the interdisciplinary scope of the ILS field. The publications were drawn randomly in six years between 1975 and 2000, with 25 articles each from the selected years. Network‐based graphical presentation of number of extradisciplinary citations show that the field attracts a significant wide spectrum of disciplines in the domains of science, social science, and the humanities, and that the kinds of disciplines interested in the field vary by year. ANOVA result based on the number of extradisciplines was significant and the linear contract between the year group of 1975,1980,1985 and the year group of 1990,1995, 2000 was highly statistically significant. Interdisciplinary diversity was further examined through measures of Citations Outside Category and Brillouin's Index. Kruskal Wallis test showed significant results, however, when the two measures were considered independently, only the contrast of the year of 1990 to the prior three years was significant.
Use of electronic science journals in the undergraduate curriculum: An observational study
Authors: Tenopir Carol , Wang Peiling , Pollard Richard , Zhang Yan , Simmons Beverly 
Published: September 2005

AbstractPhase 2 of a 2‐phase project funded by the NSF–National Science Digital Library Project observed undergraduate and graduate engineering, chemistry, and physics students and faculty while they searched the ScienceDirect e‐journals system for scholarly science journal articles for simulated class‐related assignments. Think‐aloud protocol was used to capture affective and cognitive state information, while online monitoring provided an automatic log of interactions with the system. Pre‐and post‐search questionnaires and a learning style test provided additional data. Preliminary analysis shows differences in search patterns among undergraduates, graduates, and faculty. All groups used basic search functions the most. Graduate students on average spent more time per session and viewed more pages. Further analysis, including analysis of affective and cognitive reactions is continuing.
Library portals: The impact of the library information environment on information seeking success
Authors: Detlor Brian , Lewis Vivian 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThis paper raises awareness of the impact, both positive and negative, of a library's information environment on library portal design and usability in terms of information seeking. The authors propose that healthy information environments lay the groundwork for effective end‐user searching and browsing. Deficiencies in the information environment place constraints on a library portal's functionality and form, thereby inhibiting searching and browsing. A case study of the McMaster University Library Gateway is put forward to illustrate the influence of a library's information environment on portal design and, ultimately, information seeking success. Several recommendations are made on ways to instill healthy information environments which better support a full range of end‐user information seeking behaviors. Though libraries may be unable to change all aspects of their information environments, they should be aware of the impact these aspects have on library portal adoption and use and take steps to minimize any resultant negative effects.
Keeping and re‐finding information on the web: What do people do and what do they need?
Authors: Bruce Harry , Jones William , Dumais Susan 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThis study (Keeping Found Things Found ‐KFTF) investigated the methods that people use in their workplace to re‐access web information. People were observed using many different methods to keep web information for later use including the use of Bookmarks (or Favorites), self‐addressed email, hand‐written notes, and paper print‐outs. Each keeping method provided a range of functions but none of the observed methods allowed for all desired functions. Participants in the KFTF study were also tested for their ability to return to a web site and several re‐finding methods were observed and identified. When prompted with web site descriptions they had generated three to six months earlier, participants had a 95% or better success rate in returning to the cued‐for web sites. Moreover, two thirds of these re‐finding methods required no explicit keeping behavior. Common re‐finding methods included the use of: 1.) A search service. 2.) Partial completion of a site's web address and acceptance of a suggested completion to this address (the auto‐complete function). 3.) Hyperlinks from another web site. Results underline the importance of a reminding function. This paper also reports the data collected from a web survey conducted after the keeping and re‐finding observations. 214 participants completed the survey. The data from the survey validated and elaborated the various methods that people use to keep web information for later re‐use that were identified in earlier observational studies.
A case study of communication channels in a graduate program
Authors: Huang Sheng‐Cheng , Chen Chao‐Hsiu , Chen Hsin‐Liang 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe investigators attempt to obtain a thorough understanding of the communication channels used in a graduate program, which is an independent academic unit. After collecting data with qualitative and quantitative research methods, the investigators analyze and present the findings regarding four major aspects: (1) the current communication channels used in the program; (2) how the students, faculty and staff perceived the communication methods utilized; (3) the relationship between students' viewpoints and the program's perspectives, and (4) suggestions for further improvement in the distribution of information.
Public access to information and the creation of an ‘information commons’
Authors: Rao Robert , Wiseman Erica , Dalkir Kimiz 
Published: September 2005

AbstractIntellectual property (IP) and intellectual property rights (IPRs) have increased in social, political, and economic importance in North America over the past two decades. There has been much talk of how we have, or are currently in the process of shifting to, an ‘information economy’ and an ‘information society’; and indeed, ‘information’ has become an increasingly valuable property, in the form of books, music, motion pictures, and corporate logos and designs. The major holders of this valuable IP have worked hard to have the laws protecting IPRs strengthened, with various consequences for public accessibility. The first part of this paper begins with a brief definition of copyright and a description of just what copyright was originally designed to protect. The second part of this paper focuses on the alternatives to copyright that are being developed in the digital realm, particularly for computer software and the Internet. As part of the battles that are currently being fought over control of this relatively new and somewhat unregulated medium of distribution, we will focus on the ‘open source’ software movement and the attempts to create ‘information commons’ that act to ensure the widest possible public accessibility to information.
Information task switching and multitasking web search
Authors: Spink Amanda , Park Minsoo , Jansen Bernard J. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractA user's single session with a Web search engine may consist of seeking information on single or multiple topics. Some Web search sessions consist of three queries of one word or more. We present findings from a study of three or more‐query search sessions on the Alta Vista Web search engines. We examine the degree of multitasking search and information task switching by these Web searchers. A sample of three or more query sessions were filtered from Alta Vista transaction logs from 2002 and qualitatively analyzed. Findings include: (1) 91.3% of three or more query sessions contained multiple topics, (2) multitasking sessions contained frequent topic changes, and (3) there are a broad variety of search topics in multitasking search sessions. Multitasking is a key element within Web search. The implications of our findings for Web design and further research are discussed.
The appropriate (and inappropriate) use of query operators and their effect on web search results
Authors: Eastman Caroline M. , Jansen Bernard J. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractIn previous work, we showed that the use of Boolean and other operators in queries to Web search engines has little impact on the quality of the results retrieved. This earlier study used 100 queries containing operators selected from a search engine query log. The operators were removed from the queries, and both query versions (with and without operators) were submitted to three popular search engines. There was no significant difference in number of relevant results retrieved in the top 10 items.In this work, we revisit the queries used in this earlier study to examine the manner in which the operators were used. At that time the reason for the relatively low impact of the query operators was not addressed in detail. For each query, the operator used was classified based upon semantic appropriateness and anticipated impact. Most query operators were used in a semantically appropriate manner. This finding suggests that the reason for the relatively low impact of operators on retrieval results was not inappropriate or incorrect use of the operators.
Investigating automated assistance and implicit feedback for searching systems
Authors: Jansen Bernard J. , McNeese Michael D. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractInformation retrieval systems offering personalized automated assistance have the potential to improve the searching process. There has been much work in this area for several years on a variety of systems. However, there has been little empirical evaluation of automated assistance to determine if it is of real benefit for searchers. We report the results of empirical evaluation investigate how searchers use implicit feedback and automated assistance during the searching process. Results from the empirical evaluation indicate that searchers typically use multiple implicit feedback actions, usually bookmark – copy. The most commonly utilized automated assistance was for query refinement, notable the use of the thesaurus. We discuss the implications for Web systems and future research.