bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antigenic analysis of Chlamydia pecorum and mammalian Chlamydia psittaci by use of monoclonal antibodies to the major outer membrane protein and a 56- to 64-kd protein
Authors: Kuroda-Kitagawa Yuko , Suzuki-Muramatsu Chieko , Yamaguchi Tsuyoshi , Fukushi Hideto , Hirai Katsuya 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Monoclonal antibodies were prepared against 40- and 56- to 64-kd antigens of Chlamydia pecorum strain Maeda, which was isolated from a cow with pneumonia. Using the monoclonal antibodies, 5 strains of C pecorum, 25 strains of mammalian and 19 strains of avian C psittaci, 1 strain of C pneumoniae, and 3 strains of C trachomatis were analyzed for immunologic reactivity by use of the indirect immunofluorescent test. Monoclonal antibody analysis revealed immunologic relatedness between C pecorum and mammalian strains of C psittaci, which were completely differentiated from the other avian strains. Bovine strains were distinguished from ovine strains. Antigenic diversity was observed for bovine and ovine strains. Feline- and guinea pig-derived strains were shown to be immunologically different from bovine and ovine strains. Results provide the basis for typing and epidemiologic study of bovine and ovine strains of C pecorum and C psittaci.
In vitro effects of α2-adrenergic receptor stimulation on cholinergic contractions of equine distal airways
Authors: LeBlanc Patrick H. , Eberhart Susan W. , Robinson N. Edward 
Published: January 2024

Summary
In horses with noninduced, reversible airway obstruction (heaves), pulmonary function is improved after sedation with the α2-adrenergic agonist xylazine. The mechanism of this effect is undetermined. Because the predominant excitatory innervation of equine airways is cholinergic, the influence of α2-adrenergic receptor stimulation on the response of isolated distal airways to cholinergic stimulation was determined. Distal bronchial segments from 22 healthy horses were suspended in isolated organ baths where their mechanical responses to various stimuli could be studied. Each tissue was incubated with one of several concentrations of clonidine, clonidine vehicle, or clonidine plus tolazoline. Then, the contractile response of the tissues to either cumulative acetylcholine (ACh) addition or cumulative electrical field stimulation (efs) was recorded. All contractile responses evoked by efs were mediated through stimulation of cholinergic airway nerves. Clonidine had no effect on the contractile response of distal airway segments to exogenous ACh. However, clonidine (at concentrations > 10-5 M) significantly (P < 0.05) diminished the contractile response of the distal airway segments to efs. This inhibitory effect of clonidine was not observed in the presence of tolazoline. Similar results were observed when the less-selective α2-adrenergic agonist xylazine was exposed to the isolated segments instead of clonidine. Because efs-but not exogenous ACh-induced contractions were inhibited, α2-adrenergic receptor stimulation apparently causes presynaptic inhibition of the cholinergic nerves innervating distal portions of the bronchi of horses.
Ultrasonographic determination, in vitro and in vivo, of canine gallbladder volume, using four volumetric formulas and stepwise regression models
Authors: Finn-Bodner Susan T. , Park Richard D. , Tyler Jeff W. , Twedt David C. , Curtis Charles R. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Twelve resected canine gallbladders (in vitro) and the gallbladder in each of 14 dogs (in vivo) were ultrasonographically examined. Gallbladder volume was calculated from ultrasonographically measured geometric dimensions, using 4 volumetric model formulas: cone, ellipse, biplanar ellipse, and prolate ellipse. Calculated volume was compared with true gallbladder volume, as measured by water displacement. All examined models for calculation of gallbladder volume were closely associated with true gallbladder volume (P < 0.005), and all models provided accurate predictions of true gallbladder volume (r2 > 0.80). Calculated volumes can be corrected mathematically by use of the regression coefficient and constant for each model. Body weight was not significantly associated with gallbladder volume in any of the models considered. Use of ultrasonography to accurately measure gallbladder volume could be combined with synthetic cholecystokinin-stimulated gallbladder emptying to provide information about biliary function and patency in icteric animals. Such information could aid the clinical decision between surgical or medical treatment. Correction of calculated volumes would not be necessary in association with induced emptying studies, because volume change is more important than absolute volume.
Acquired immunity after primary caseous lymphadenitis in sheep
Authors: Pépin Michel , Pardon Pierre , Marly José , Lantier Frédéric , Arrigo Jorge Luis 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Caseous lymphadenitis (cla) caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is a worldwide disease of sheep and goats and is characterized by development of pyogranulomas in lymph nodes and lungs. Control of this disease by vaccination remains controversial, although toxoid vaccines are now commercially available in some countries. To determine the efficacy of acquired immunity to control cla, the effect of primary infection on subsequent challenge exposure was investigated. Adult seronegative ewes were primarily inoculated with a streptomycin-sensitive strain of C pseudotuberculosis on the external part of the left ear and thereafter challenge-exposed by inoculation of the streptomycin resistant strain 19R in the right ear. This protocol indicated that primary infection with at least 107 viable bacteria induced strong protection against subsequent challenge exposure; the ewes with primary infection did not develop lesions as a result of challenge exposure, whereas immune-naive ewes developed numerous pyogranulomas in the right car, in lymph nodes draining the inoculation site, and in the lungs. However, ewes with primary infection remained carriers of the disease as a result of primary inoculation. These results offer experimental support for development of more effective vaccination to control cla in sheep and goats, and this model indicates that animals with primary infection can be used as positive controls for protection when testing a candidate vaccine against cla.
Effects of sample collection and handling on concentration of osteocalcin in equine serum
Authors: Hope Esther , Johnston Shirley D. , Hegstad Rebecca L. , Geor Raymond J. , Murphy Michael J. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
A commercially available radioimmunoassay kit for measurement of human osteocalcin was validated for use in horses. For accurate measurement of equine serum osteocalcin, blood samples may be collected at a temperature between 20 and 25 C, then centrifuged within 90 minutes; serum may be stored at —20 C in plastic tubes for up to 26 weeks. Serum may be thawed and refrozen up to 5 times without significant change in measured equine serum osteocalcin concentration. Assay sensitivity was 0.16 ng/ml. Recovery of bovine osteocalcin standard added to equine serum was linear. Intra-assay coefficient of variation (X 100) for 2 equine serum pools was 6.9 (mean ± SD, 13.9 ± 1.0 ng/ml) and 7.5 (10.6 ± 0.8 ng/ml) %. Interassay coefficient of variation for 3 equine serum pools measured in 12 assays was 12.5 (16.1 ± 2.0 ng/ml), 12.7 (11.5 ± 1.5 ng/ml), and 24.6 (3.0 ± 0.7 ng/ml) %. Dilutional parallelism was documented by assaying pooled equine serum at 4 dilutions and correcting the mean result for dilution. Significant change was not observed in equine serum osteocalcin concentration for various time-of-day blood sample collections in horses housed under continuous lighting.
Abomasal interstitial fluid-to-blood concentration gradient of pepsinogen in calves with type-1 and type-2 ostertagiosis
Authors: Baker David G. , Bruss Michael L. , Gershwin Laurel J. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Pepsinogen and protein concentrations were determined in blood samples, collected from the left gastroepiploic artery and vein, and in abomasal lymph from 15 steers naturally infected with Ostertagia ostertagi and 4 uninfected steers. In steers with type-1 ostertagiosis, the concentration gradient between the mucosal interstitium and the blood alone could account for higher than normal serum pepsinogen concentrations. High interstitial pepsinogen concentrations may have resulted from increased epithelial permeability or increased pepsinogen production and secretion. However, in steers with type-2 ostertagiosis, the concentration gradient could not entirely account for the high serum pepsinogen concentrations, suggesting that capillary permeability or surface area may have been altered. Lymphatic uptake contributed pepsinogen to the blood in all infected steers.
Evaluation of the effect of alfentanil on the minimum alveolar concentration of halothane in horses
Authors: Pascoe Peter J. , Steffey Eugene P. , Black William D. , Claxton Jean M. , Jacobs James R. , Woliner Michael J. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The effect of 3 plasma concentrations of alfentanil on the minimum alveolar concentration (mac) of halothane in horses was evaluated. Five healthy geldings were anesthetized on 3 occasions, using halothane in oxygen administered through a mask. After induction of anesthesia, horses were instrumented for measurement of blood pressure, airway pressure, and end-tidal halothane concentrations. Blood samples, for measurement of pH and blood gas tensions, were taken from the facial artery. Positive pressure ventilation was begun, maintaining PaCO2, at 49.1 ± 3.3 mm of Hg and airway pressure at 20 ± 2 cm of H2O. The mac was determined in triplicate, using a supramaximal electrical stimulus of the oral mucous membranes. Alfentanil infusion was then begun, using a computer-driven infusion pump to achieve and maintain 1 of 3 plasma concentrations of alfentanil. Starting at 30 minutes after the beginning of the infusion, mac was redetermined in duplicate. Mean ± sd measured plasma alfentanil concentration during the infusions were 94.8 ± 29.0, 170.7 ± 29.2 and 390.9 ± 107.4 ng/ml. Significant changes in mac were not observed for any concentration of alfentanil. Blood pressure was increased by infusion of alfentanil and was dose-related, but heart rate did not change. Pharmacokinetic variables of alfentanil were determined after its infusion and were not significantly different among the 3 doses.
Effects of abdominal insufflation with nitrous oxide on cardiorespiratory measurements in spontaneously breathing isoflurane-anesthetized dogs
Authors: Gross M. E. , Jones Brent D. , Bergstresser D. R. , Rosenhauer R. R. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Cardiorespiratory effects of abdominal insufflation were evaluated in 8 dogs during isoflurane anesthesia. Each dog was studied 3 times, in 1 of the following orders of insufflation pressures: 10-20-30, 20-30-10, 30-20-10, 10-30-20, 20-10-30, and 30-10-20 mm of Hg. Anesthesia was induced by use of a mask, dogs were intubated, and anesthesia was maintained by isoflurane in 100% oxygen. After instrumentation, baseline values were recorded (time 0), and the abdomen was insufflated with nitrous oxide. Data were recorded at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 minutes after insufflation. The abdomen was then desufflated, with recording of data continuing at 35 and 40 minutes. Mean arterial pressure increased at 5 minutes during 20 mm of Hg insufflation pressure, and from 20 to 30 minutes during 30 mm of Hg pressure. Tidal volume decreased from 5 to 30 minutes during 10 and 20 mm of Hg pressures, and from 5 to 40 minutes during 30 mm of Hg pressure. Minute ventilation decreased at 10 and 20 minutes during 20 mm of Hg pressure. End-tidal CO2 concentration increased from 5 to 30 minutes during 20 and 30 mm of Hg pressure. The PaCO2 decreased at 40 minutes during 10 mm of Hg pressure, at 30 minutes during 20 mm of Hg pressure, and from 10 to 40 minutes during 30 mm of Hg pressure. Values for pH decreased from 10 to 30 minutes during 20 and 30 mm of Hg pressures. The PaO2 decreased from 20 to 40 minutes during 10 mm of Hg pressure, at 30 minutes during 20 mm of Hg pressure, and from 10 to 40 minutes during 30 mm of Hg pressure. Percentage decrease in tidal volume was greater at 5 and 15 minutes with 30 mm of Hg pressure. Differences in percentage increase in end tidal CO2 concentration were observed among the 3 pressures from 5 to 30 minutes. Although significant, these changes do not preclude use of laparoscopy if insufflation pressure > 20 mm of Hg is avoided.
Inhibition of myelopoiesis by conditioned medium from cultured canine thymic cells exposed to estrogen
Authors: Farris Georgia M. , Benjamin Stephen A. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Therapeutic doses of estrogens can cause fatal bone marrow damage in dogs, which are more sensitive than other species to these myelotoxic effects. Investigations with mice indicated that estrogens did not directly damage the bone marrow progenitor cells, but that the thymus responded to estrogen by producing a factor that inhibited bone marrow granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cell replication. A similar estrogen-induced myelopoiesis-inhibitory factor was produced by canine thymic cells in culture. This canine factor was more inhibitory to myelopiesis than was the murine factor. Canine bone marrow progenitor cell growth was not significantly inhibited by direct estrogen treatment, which supported evidence for indirect thymus mediation of estrogen toxicity in vivo. Estrogen receptors were detected in canine nonlymphoid thymic cells by use of immunocytochemical staining. These findings indicate that the high estrogen sensitivity of dogs may relate to greater estrogen-induced myelopoiesis-inhibition by the thymus.
Serum interleukin-6 concentrations in endotoxin-infused neonatal foals
Authors: Robinson Julie A. , Allen Gary K. , Green Eleanor M. , Garner Harold E. , Loch Wayne E. , Walsh Donald M. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Serum interleukin-6 (il-6) concentration was measured in 11 colostrum-fed (cf) and 8 colostrum-deprived (cd) 2- to 3-day-old foals after foals were infused with lipopolysaccharide (lps; Escherichia coli O55:B5 endotoxin, 0.5 µ.g/kg of body weight in sterile saline [0.9% NaCl] solution). Four cf and 2 cd foals were given saline solution alone. Serum il-6 concentration was estimated by use of an in vitro proliferative bioassay, using the IL-6 dependent B.13.29 clone 9 cells. Interleukin-6 concentration increased in all lps-infused foals, and geometric mean serum il- 6 concentration was significantly higher in cf than cd foals 30 and 90 minutes after infusion. Both lps- infused groups had multiple spikes of mean il-6 concentration that peaked at 120 minutes in cf foals and 150 minutes in cd foals. Results indicated that il-6 is produced in neonatal foals in response to lps infusion. Furthermore, colostrum deprivation resulted in longer times to peak mean serum il-6 concentration and tended to reduce serum il-6 concentration in neonatal foals.
Isolation of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis from mononuclear cells in tissues, blood, and mammary glands of cows with advanced paratuberculosis
Authors: Koenig Gerard J. , Hoffsis Glen F , Shulaw William P. , Bech-Nielsen Steen , Rings D. Michael , St-Jean Guy 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Seven mature dairy cows from 6 herds were obtained with history, clinical signs of disease, and laboratory findings suggestive of advanced paratuberculosis. A surgically implanted collection chamber was used to obtain peripheral tissue fluid. Blood, mammary gland flush fluid, and collection chamber flush fluid (ccff) samples were obtained 6 times over a 2-week period from each cow. Mononuclear cell-rich portions of these fluids obtained by gradient centrifugation were submitted for bacteriologic culture of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and for total and differential cell counts.
Bacteriologic culture of feces for M paratuberculosis and complete necropsy performed on each cow at the conclusion of the study confirmed the diagnosis of paratuberculosis. Numbers of tissue macrophages obtained from ccff samples were lower than expected. Mean (± SD) differential count of tissue macrophages collected from ccff was 65.57 (± 23.39). Mean calculated tissue macrophages (total cell count × differential count) collected from ccff samples was 623.1 (±784.55) cells/μl. Mycobacterium paratuberculosis was isolated from 1 of 42 (2.4%) collections of mononuclear cell-rich portions of plasma and from 2 of 42 (4.8%) ccff samples. Mycobacterium paratuberculosis was not isolated from any collections of mammary gland flush fluid. The collection and processing techniques used in this study did not enhance detection of M paratuberculosis infection in cows with advanced paratuberculosis, beyond that of ileocecal lymph node biopsy or fecal culture.
Effects of hylan on amphotericin-induced carpal lameness in equids
Authors: Peloso J. G. , Stick J. A , Caron J. P. , Peloso P. M. , Soutas-Little R. WC 
Published: January 2024

Summary
In this double-blind study, the effectiveness of and dose response to intra-articular administration of modified hyaluronan (hylan) was determined in an equine carpal lameness model over a 23-day period, using a computerized three-dimensional motion analysis system, synovial fluid variables, and synovial histologic examination.
In 24 clinically sound horses, baseline motion data was acquired from horses trotting at 4 m/s on a high-speed treadmill. Then, to induce lameness, 25 mg of amphotericin B in 5 ml of sterile water was injected into the left middle carpal joint of each horse every other day for 3 treatments. Phenybutazone (2.2 mg/kg of body weight, PO, once) and butorphanol tartrate (0.1 mg/kg, IM, q 6 h, for 36 hours) were used to control signs of discomfort. Horses were assigned at random to 4 equal groups and received intracarpal administration of either 1, 2, 4 ml of hylan (8 mg/ml), or 2 ml of balanced electrolyte solution (control).
Intracarpal administration of amphotericin B caused significant (P ≤ 0.01) increase in subjective lameness grades over the 2-week evaluation period, and hylan administration did not significantly (P ≤ 0.01) change the subjective lameness grade. Lameness induction caused significant (P ≤ 0.01) decrease in head and withers excursions during the lame forelimb support phase and significant (P ≤ 0.05) increase in head and withers excursions during the sound forelimb support phase. Synovitis induction was further characterized by significant (P ≤ 0.05) increases in total wbc, polymorphonuclear, and large and small mononuclear cell numbers, and synovial fluid total protein concentrations. Also, subjective scores for synovial sections were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) different from baseline values, but hylan treatment at the 1-, 2-, or 4-ml dose did not significantly (P ≤ 0.05) alter these variables, compared with baseline values or values in control horses. Hyaluronan concentrations were not altered by induction of synovitis or hylan treatment.
Although clinical use of hyaluronan for treatment of traumatic joint disease in horses is well accepted, the beneficial effect of hylan was not detectable in this study. Further studies are required to more fully characterize the possible beneficial effects of hyaluronan-based products for treatment of joint disease in equids.
Endogenous creatinine clearance measurement of glomerular filtration rate in dogs
Authors: Finco Delmar R. , Tabaru Hideki , Brown Scott A. , Barsanti Jeanne A. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Renal clearance procedures were performed on adult mixed-breed dogs with a wide range of renal function. Endogenous creatinine clearance was computed after analyzing plasma and urine for creatinine by use of 2 methods, PAP and kinetic Jaffe. For 20-minute clearance procedures, [14C]inulin clearance was measured simultaneously with endogenous creatinine clearance.
For 111 twenty-minute clearance procedures performed on 24 dogs, [14C]inulin clearance was highly correlated with creatinine clearance for both methods of creatinine analysis (R2 = 0.979 for [14C]inulin-PAP; R2 = 0.943 for [14C]inulin-Jaffe). The absolute values for PAP and [14C]inulin clearance were nearly the same (PAP-to-[14C]inulin clearance ratio = 1.03 ± 0.08), but those for Jaffe clearance were substantially less than those for [14C]inulin clearance (Jaffe-to-[14C]inulin clearance ratio = 0.88 ± 0.10).
The Jaffe-to-[14C]inulin clearance ratio was inversely correlated with degree of renal function (R2= 0.464), whereas the PAP-to-[14C]inulin clearance ratio was not correlated with degree of renal function (R2 = 0.060). Thus, Jaffe-determined creatinine clearance varied, in relation to [14C]inulin clearance, depending on degree of renal function.
In 4 clinically normal dogs, 20-minute and 24-hour sample collections analyzed by use of the PAP method gave clearance values significantly greater, for both periods, than did Jaffe analyses. The PAP-determined creatinine clearance values were less than, but not significantly different from 20-minute exogenous creatinine clearance values determined 10 days after 24-hour collections.
For 20-minute and 24-hour collections, the difference in clearance values between the PAP and Jaffe methods was attributable mostly to lower plasma creatinine values for the PAP method (mean ± SEM, plasma PAP-to-Jaffe ratio = 0.798 ± 0.053). However, urine creatinine values also were less by use of the PAP method (urine PAP-to-Jaffe ratio = 0.943 ± 0.103).
We conclude that PAP-determined creatinine clearance reliably measured glomerular filtration rate during 20-minute collections, and probably during 24-hour collections as well. By contrast, Jaffe-determined creatinine clearance underestimated glomerular filtration rate by a variable amount.