bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Under what conditions is recognition spared relative to recall after selective hippocampal damage in humans?
Authors: Holdstock J.S. , Mayes A.R. , Roberts N. , Cezayirli E. , Isaac C.L. , O'Reilly R.C. , Norman K.A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe claim that recognition memory is spared relative to recall after focal hippocampal damage has been disputed in the literature. We examined this claim by investigating object and object–location recall and recognition memory in a patient, YR, who has adult‐onset selective hippocampal damage. Our aim was to identify the conditions under which recognition was spared relative to recall in this patient. She showed unimpaired forced‐choice object recognition but clearly impaired recall, even when her control subjects found the object recognition task to be numerically harder than the object recall task. However, on two other recognition tests, YR's performance was not relatively spared. First, she was clearly impaired at an equivalently difficult yes/no object recognition task, but only when targets and foils were very similar. Second, YR was clearly impaired at forced‐choice recognition of object–location associations. This impairment was also unrelated to difficulty because this task was no more difficult than the forced‐choice object recognition task for control subjects. The clear impairment of yes/no, but not of forced‐choice, object recognition after focal hippocampal damage, when targets and foils are very similar, is predicted by the neural network‐based Complementary Learning Systems model of recognition. This model postulates that recognition is mediated by hippocampally dependent recollection and cortically dependent familiarity; thus hippocampal damage should not impair item familiarity. The model postulates that familiarity is ineffective when very similar targets and foils are shown one at a time and subjects have to identify which items are old (yes/no recognition). In contrast, familiarity is effective in discriminating which of similar targets and foils, seen together, is old (forced‐choice recognition). Independent evidence from the remember/know procedure also indicates that YR's familiarity is normal. The Complementary Learning Systems model can also accommodate the clear impairment of forced‐choice object–location recognition memory if it incorporates the view that the most complete convergence of spatial and object information, represented in different cortical regions, occurs in the hippocampus. Hippocampus 2002;12:341–351. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
PET imaging of ischemic neuronal death in the hippocampus of living monkeys
Authors: Zhao Liang , Yamashima Tetsumori , Wang Xiang‐Di , Tonchev Anton B. , Yamashita Junkoh , Kakiuchi Takeharu , Nishiyama Shingo , Kuhara Shigehide , Takahashi Kazuhiro , Tsukada Hideo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to visualize postischemic hippocampal neuronal death in the living monkey brain, using a high‐resolution positron emission tomography (PET) and novel radioligands. In preceding papers, we reported on postischemic hippocampal neuronal death in a model of Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata) undergoing a 20‐min complete whole‐brain ischemia. Using the same model here, we investigated the in vivo bindings of two radiotracers, [11C]Ro15‐4513 (a type II benzodiazepine receptor ligand) and [11C](+)3‐MPB (a muscarinic cholinergic receptor ligand), in the hippocampus on day 7 after ischemia, as compared to the normal hippocampus. A significant decrease in the in vivo binding of [11C]Ro15‐4513 and [11C](+)3‐MPB was observed in the postischemic monkey hippocampus on day 7 after ischemia compared to controls. Light and electron microscopic analyses of postischemic CA1 neurons showed typical features of coagulation necrosis, as associated with a marked reduction of postsynaptic densities and presynaptic vesicles. These results suggest that semiquantification of hippocampal neuronal death is possible in the living primate brain using PET, and that the same procedures can be applied for evaluating neuronal cell loss in patients with ischemic injuries and/or dementia. Hippocampus 2002;12:109–118. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recent research and development of combustion simulation
Authors: Aoki Hideyuki , Suzuki Akira , Hisaeda Yutaka , Suwa Yoshikazu , Nakagawa Tatsuji , Yaga Mitsuru , Shoji Masakazu , Miura Takatoshi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe present (1) gas fuel combustion rate expressions using the full kinetic reaction mechanism and the reduced mechanism, (2) a comparison of calculated results by Lagrangian and Eulerian methods on spray and solid particles, (3) the wall boundary treatment such as a wall function and low Reynolds number model, (4) a devolatilization reaction model of pulverized coal such as the FLASHCHAIN model, (5) k–ϵ turbulence model and LES approach on combustion flow field, (6) radiative heat transfer in combustion, (7) soot formation in the flame, (8) NOx formation mechanism, and (9) treatment on unburned particle fragmentation. Considering this overview of the above‐mentioned modeling, the future of combustion simulation is discussed. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Heat Trans Asian Res, 30(7): 581–613, 2001
Augmentation of boiling heat transfer from horizontal cylinder to liquid by movable particles
Authors: Iida Yoshihiro , Tsuyuki Toshikatsu , Mashima Takao , Takashima Takeo , Okuyama Kunito 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper presents a series of experimental results on a passive augmentation technique of boiling heat transfer by supplying solid particles in liquid. A cylindrical heater 0.88 mm in diameter is placed in saturated water, in which a lot of mobile particles exist, and the nucleate and film boiling heat transfer characteristics are measured. Particle materials used were alumina, glass, and porous alumina, and the diameter ranged from 0.3 mm to 2.5 mm. Particles are fluidized by the occurrence of boiling without any additive power, and the heat transfer is augmented. The maximum augmentation ratio obtained in this experiment reaches about ten times the heat transfer coefficient obtained in liquid alone. The augmentation ratio is mainly affected by the particle material, diameter, and the height of the particle bed set at no boiling condition. The augmentation mechanism is discussed on the basis of the experimental results. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Heat Trans Asian Res, 31(1): 28–41, 2002
Equation of state for fluid mixtures based on the principle of corresponding states with a two‐fluid model: Application to fluid mixtures of water + ammonia
Authors: Suzuki Jun‐ichi , Uematsu Masahiko 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe propose an equation of state for fluid mixtures of water + ammonia which is expressed in Helmholtz free energy as a function of temperature, molar volume, and mole fraction. IAPWS Formulation 1995 for water and the equation of state by Tillner‐Roth and colleagues for ammonia should be used for each pure component with the present equation. We applied the principle of corresponding states with a two‐fluid model to the present equation for fluid mixtures. On comparison with experimental data, the uncertainty in property calculations by the present equation was evaluated: within ±0.03 · x for bubble point curve, within ±0.04 · x for dew point curve, within ±0.02 · ρL for saturated liquid density, and within ±0.02 · ρ for PVTX properties. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 131(4): 320–330, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.10023
Structure and void fraction in a liquid slug for gas–liquid two‐phase slug flow
Authors: Mori Koji , Miwa Megumi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe distribution of gas and liquid in a gas–liquid two‐phase slug flow was measured using semi‐supermultiple point‐electrode probes. Based on the measurements, the wake zone behind a gas slug and the low void‐fraction zone in a liquid slug were defined, and the void fractions of the two zones were determined. The data revealed that the void fraction of the wake zone increased with superficial gas velocity, yet was virtually independent of superficial liquid velocity. Nondimensional head was proposed as an informative characteristic of this system, accounting for the momentum change of the liquid in the wake zone. It was clarified that the nondimensional head was closely related to the void fraction of the wake zone. A good practical relationship was found between the nondimensional head and the lengths of a swelling liquid‐front zone and the wake zone. Furthermore, empirical correlations were proposed for the void fraction in the wake zone, the mean void fraction in the liquid slug, and the lengths of the swelling liquid‐front zone and the wake zone. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 31(4): 257–271, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.10029
Sex differences in estimation of time intervals and in reaction time are removed by moderate but not high doses of caffeine in coffee
Authors: Botella Paloma , Bosch Francisco , Romero Francisco J. , Parra Andrés 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEstimation of the passage of time in the seconds‐to‐minutes range and reaction time are strongly dependent on a hypothetical internal clock. Dopamine is the neurotransmitter most closely related to the rate of this clock. Caffeine, probably the most consumed drug in the world, leads to an augmentation of dopamine neurotransmission. In this study coffee, which reproduces the conditions under which caffeine is normally ingested, containing 3, 75, 150 or 300 mg of caffeine, was given to healthy male and female volunteers. A computerized time estimation and reaction time test was carried out 50 min after ingestion. Sex differences in placebo control subjects (who took decaffeinated coffee with 3 mg of caffeine), with females making more accurate estimates of time intervals than males and males showing shorter reaction times than females, were removed in subject taking doses of 75 and 150 mg of caffeine in the case of time estimation and 150 mg in the case of reaction time. The 300 mg dose induced overestimation of time in females and shortened the reaction time in males. There were no sex differences in the pharmacokinetics of caffeine, as measured in salivary concentration of caffeine using high‐performance liquid chromatography. Results indicating sex differences in time estimation or reaction time should not be generalized from the laboratory to real life without considering the fact that everyday coffee consumption may eliminate these differences. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Personality dimensions and psychopathological profiles of Ecstasy users
Authors: Dughiero Giuliana , Schifano Fabrizio , Forza Giovanni 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOnly limited information is available with respect to personality traits and the psychopathological characteristics of Ecstasy users. To shed some light on the issue, we compared a group of 43 Ecstasy consumers (made up of both ‘experimenters’, those who took ≤ 27.5 tablets in their lifetime, and ‘abusers’, those who took larger amounts of the drug) with a composite control group of 77 subjects (made up of drug‐free people, cannabis users and users of illicit drugs other than Ecstasy). Three instruments were used: the Questionnaire for the Assessment of the Use of Entactogenic Drugs (to assess modalities and characteristics of Ecstasy use); the Cloninger Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (which measures harm avoidance, reward dependence and novelty seeking) and the SCL‐90 (which measures 10 different psychiatric variables). The Ecstasy consumer group subjects showed higher novelty seeking scores than the controls (p < 0.001), and Ecstasy experimenters showed lower harm avoidance scores than the abusers (p = 0.029), but values of both reward dependence and harm avoidance dimensions were associated with sex. On the SCL‐90, Ecstasy users showed higher scores than the controls on the obsession‐compulsion (p = 0.004), phobic anxiety (p = 0.037), psychoticism (p = 0.005) and sleep disturbances (p = 0.046) subscales. However, many of the SCL‐90 subscale results were associated with sex, and only the psychoticism values seemed to suggest a clinical condition. The main finding of this study is that high novelty seeking scores are characteristic of Ecstasy consumers: The propensity to look selectively for novelties could possibly act as a predisposing factor for Ecstasy abuse itself. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seasonal characterization of microwave emissions from snow‐covered first‐year sea ice
Authors: Harouche Isabelle P.‐F. , Barber David G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBrightness temperature TB data were collected with a surface‐based radiometer operating on both vertical and horizontal polarizations at frequencies of 19, 37, and 85 GHz. Both microwave emissions and thermophysical data were collected as part of the Collaborative–Interdisciplinary Cryospheric Experiment between 15 May and 25 June 2000, in the Canadian High Arctic. Each season was characterized by a running variance of the time series in the microwave emissions. The seasonal analysis was conducted through observed changes in the physical characteristics of the sea ice and the overlying snow pack. Results from a k‐means clustering analysis show that variability in the microwave response can be categorized into phenomenological states that were described by Livingstone et al. [IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 1987; 25(2): 174–187] as winter, early melt, melt onset and advanced melt. We describe the average thermophysical conditions associated with each one of these ‘ablation states’ and interpret the relative contributions of each to the observed microwave response. Emissivities were calculated and used as part of a descriptive analysis of the seasonal variation of TB. Our results confirm other findings that the strength and pattern of the relationship are frequency dependent and relative to snow and ice dielectric properties. Useful information on the thermodynamic state of the snow–sea‐ice system can be derived from passive microwave data, since the microwave emissions respond to the general seasonal changes associated with the transition from winter to a melt ponded sea ice surface. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of groundwater exchange for a large plains river in Colorado (USA)
Authors: Sjodin Arne , Lewis William M. , Saunders James F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractComplete daily water budget information was assembled for a 105 km segment of the South Platte River in the plains region below Denver, CO, for the period 1983–1993. The data were used in testing the possibility that dependence of alluvial exchange mechanisms on stage height, as shown by models of alluvial exchange, allows alluvial exchange to be predicted continuously over a given reach through use of statistical information on river discharge. The study segment was divided into an upper and a lower reach; daily alluvial exchanges for each reach were estimated by the method of residuals. The two reaches show small (15%) but statistically significant annual differences in rates of exchange. For each reach, there is a seasonal pattern (2·5‐fold oscillation) in alluvial discharge to the channel, reflecting seasonality in recharge of the alluvium by irrigation. At discharges up to 40 m3/s (82nd percentile), alluvial discharge to the channel occurs at a rate independent of river discharge. Above 40 m3/s, net alluvial discharge into the channel is progressively reduced; at 60 m3/s (92nd percentile) there is no net alluvial exchange. At still higher river discharges, water is lost to the alluvium through bank storage at a rate that is linearly related to the logarithm of discharge. Annually, alluvial discharge accounts for 15–18% of water entering the study segment, and alluvial recharge through bank storage accounts for 2–4% of water leaving the segment. Alluvial recharge through bank storage at the highest discharges can, however, exceed low‐flow alluvial discharge rates by five‐fold over short intervals. Even though daily alluvial exchanges vary widely, they can be estimated at r2 values above 80% on the basis of reach, season, and river discharge. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling catchment processes in the Swan–Avon river basin
Authors: Viney Neil R. , Sivapalan Murugesu 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA conceptual hydrological model, LASCAM, is applied to the Swan–Avon catchment (area 120 000 km2) in Western Australia to predict yields of water, salt, sediment, phosphorus and nitrogen. Each of the nutrients is further discriminated into soluble and particulate components. The model uses a single set of global parameters that are applied to each of the 134 subcatchments. Spatial mapping of the model results shows that yields are closely related to the distribution of rainfall and vegetation cover. Application of the model to various land cover scenarios show that since European settlement in the catchment, there has been a five‐fold increase in streamflow, a 40‐fold increase in sediment yield, and approximately 16‐fold increases in total nutrient yields. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Significance of ice‐induced storage to spring runoff: a case study of the Mackenzie River
Authors: Prowse T. D. , Carter T. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFor most ice‐covered rivers at northern latitudes, the spring freshet is often the largest hydrologic event of the year. Based on a case study of the Mackenzie River, water released from hydraulic storage due to flow abstraction during the early winter is shown to be a major component of the flow volume that comprises the following spring freshet. The amount of water placed into hydraulic and ice‐growth storage over a 60‐day period was calculated to be equal to 27% of the flow that would normally have occurred during this period if an ice cover had not formed. The amount of water released from this ice‐induced hydraulic storage at the time of break‐up and the concomitant spring snowmelt peak accounted for 15 to 19% of the spring freshet volume, depending on the temporal definition of the ‘release’ period. The ice‐related contribution increases to as much as 25% of freshet volume if the ice growth during the fall depression is also included. Importantly, even this percentage is considered an underestimate since it does not take into account the flow contribution from the melt of the complete winter ice cover. If the ice‐induced storage volume is not accounted for in the spring hydrograph, then the volumes of water from spring snowmelt and/or rainfall would be significantly overestimated. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of known and novel immunogenic T‐cell epitopes from tumor antigens recognized by peripheral blood T cells from patients responding to IL‐2‐based treatment
Authors: Scheibenbogen Carmen , Sun Yuansheng , Keilholz Ulrich , Song Mingxia , Stevanovic Stefan , Asemissen Anne Marie , Nagorsen Dirk , Thiel Eckhard , Rammensee Hans‐Georg , Schadendorf Dirk 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn previous studies CD8+ T cells specific for melanocyte antigens have been frequently found in melanoma patients responding to interleukin‐2 (IL‐2)‐based therapies. In our study we analyzed the suitability of using circulating T cells from melanoma patients with clinical response after IL‐2‐based therapy to identify novel T‐cell epitopes from defined tumor antigens. Using unstimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells and the interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) ELISPOT assay, we studied CD8+ T‐cell responses against 5 peptides from the tumor antigen tyrosinase (Tyr) selected by epitope prediction using an HLA‐A1‐binding computer algorithm. T cells specifically secreting IFN‐γ in response to 3 of these 5 peptides, namely, Tyr (454–463), Tyr (146–156) and Tyr (243‐251), could be detected in 4 of 4 HLA‐A1‐positive patients with clinical response. In contrast, no T‐cell responses against these peptides were seen in 6 HLA‐A1‐positive melanoma patients with progressive disease and in 8 healthy subjects. We could generate specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) against Tyr (454–463) using peptide‐pulsed autologous dendritic cells as antigen‐presenting cells. The induced CTLs efficiently killed melanoma cells that express HLA‐A1 and tyrosinase. The peptides Tyr (146–156) and Tyr (243‐251) had recently been identified as CTL epitopes by other groups. Further ex vivo characterization of the T cells reactive against the novel epitope Tyr (454–463) in 1 patient by multicolor flow cytometry showed specific CD3+/CD8+/IFN‐γ+ T cells with frequencies of up to 0.41% of the CD3+/CD8+ T‐cell population. Most of this T‐cell population also expressed granzyme B. Our data confirm that in patients with tumor regressions induced by immunotherapy or chemoimmunotherapy circulating T cells reactive with tyrosinase epitopes can frequently be detected. Peripheral blood T cells from such patients are a valuable source for screening peptides selected by epitope prediction This strategy facilitates the rapid identification of immunogenic T‐cell epitopes that are probable targets of immune‐mediated tumor rejection. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Independent prognostic significance of HER‐2 oncoprotein expression in pN0 prostate cancer undergoing curative radiotherapy
Authors: Fosså Alexander , Lilleby Wolfgang , Fosså Sophie D. , Gaudernack Gustav , Torlakovic Goran , Berner Aasmund 
Published: August 2002

AbstractExisting prognostic algorithms for localized prostate cancer (PC) are hampered by poor validation for endpoints other than biochemical relapse such as clinical disease progression or survival. Therefore, the prognostic relevance of Her‐2 (Her‐2/neu, c‐erbB2) protein expression in patients undergoing curative radiotherapy (RT) was compared to widely accepted prognostic factors such as pretreatment prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) levels, biopsy Gleason score and T category of the primary tumor. Biopsies from 112 homogeneously treated patients with T1‐4pN0M0 PC were examined by immunohistochemistry and 37% of cases showed membrane‐bound Her‐2 expression in more than 10% of cancer cells. No definite membrane staining was seen in normal prostate epithelium. With 25 patients dead of PC and a median follow‐up of surviving patients of 71 months (range 48–144), the prognostic relevance of Her‐2 expression was univariately associated with adverse outcome in terms of biochemical or clinical progression‐free survival (B/C‐PFS; p = 0.04), clinical progression‐free survival (C‐PFS; p = 0.02) and disease‐specific survival (DSS; p = 0.02). In multivariate analysis, Her‐2 expression, T category and Gleason score were independently associated with C‐PFS, whereas only Her‐2 expression and Gleason score were associated with DSS. Her‐2 expression and Gleason score together discriminated 2 groups of patients with 5‐year DSS of 95% and 79%, respectively (p < 0.001). Pretreatment PSA levels were associated only with B/C‐PFS but not with C‐PFS or DSS. Together the data show for the first time that expression of Her‐2 is of prognostic relevance in localized PC undergoing RT and suggest that analysis for Her‐2 may improve prognostic algorithms for clinically relevant endpoints other than biochemical relapse. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.