bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects on health and blood plasma parameters of laying hens by pure nivalenol in the diet
Authors: Garaleviciene D. , Pettersson H. , Elwinger K. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe effects of trichothecene nivalenol (NIV) on the health and production of laying hens were determined in a feeding study. White Leghorn hens, 55 weeks old, were fed diets containing 0, 1, 3 and 5 mg NIV/kg during 50 days. Feed intake was reduced by NIV, but there were no effects on body weight, egg production and egg quality. Traces of unaltered NIV were found in liver and bile. Alkaline phosphatase in the blood plasma increased in the hens fed 0, 1 and 3 mg NIV/kg diet but decreased in the birds fed 5 mg NIV/kg feed. Total protein and glucose were slightly reduced in hens fed 5 mg NIV/kg diet. Pathological examination revealed that 40–75% of hens fed NIV (3 and 5 mg/kg) supplemented diet showed gizzard lesions, haemorrhages in the duodenum and swollen cloaca and oviducts with immature eggs while certain birds in the 1 mg NIV group showed light and fragile livers. NIV and the metabolite de‐epoxy‐NIV in faeces were found to constitute up to 10% of ingested NIV.
Small intestinal morphology and activity of intestinal peptidases in piglets around weaning
Authors: Hedemann M. S. , Højsgaard S. , Jensen B. B. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe effect of weaning on small intestinal morphology and the activities of three intestinal peptidases was investigated from 3 days prior to weaning to 9 days post‐weaning in 64 piglets. Villous height, crypt depth and mitotic counts were determined at three positions along the small intestine. The activities of aminopeptidase N, dipeptidylpeptidase IV and γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase were measured at five positions along the small intestine. The villous height was maximal on the day of weaning. Post‐weaning, the villi shortened at the proximal positions of the small intestine and the minimal length was observed on day 3 after weaning. Villous height did not decrease distally in the small intestine. Increased crypt depth was observed from 3–7 days post‐weaning at all positions examined. Mitotic counts showed increased proliferative activity in the crypts from the third day post‐weaning. Weaning influenced the activity of aminopeptidase N and dipeptidylpeptidase IV. The activities declined until day 3 post‐weaning. After that, the activities increased and they had reached pre‐weaning values by day 9 post‐weaning. Weaning had only minor effect on the activity of γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase. In summary, weaning induced changes in small intestinal morphology and enzyme activity. The changes were maximal on day 3 post‐weaning and during the following days, a gradual recovery of the small intestine was observed.
Response of arthropods associated with the canopy of common beans subjected to imidacloprid spraying
Authors: Marquini F. , Guedes R. N. C. , Picanço M. C. , Regazzi A. J. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:  Imidacloprid, the first neonicotinoid of potential use in agriculture, became an important agent for controlling leafhoppers, aphids, thrips and whiteflies. The use of this compound was extended to common beans in Brazil, a crop of great socio‐economic value throughout Latin America, and the aim of the present work was to assess the temporal effectiveness and environmental safety of this insecticide to the arthropod community associated with the canopy of this crop plant. Thirty six species of phytophagous and detritivorous species were collected, as well as 37 species of predators and parasitoids. However, there was no significant impact of imidacloprid on species richness. In contrast, the insecticide significantly decrease the arthropod abundance for over a 30‐day period. This impact is probably a reflection of the effect of this insecticide on Thrips tabaci and Caliothrips brasiliensis (Thysan., Thripidae) the most frequent and abundant species present in the area, and important pests of common beans in Brazil. Among the other most frequent taxa (present in over 50% of the samples), Araneae (predators) and the green leafhopper Empoasca kraemeri (Hom., Cicadellidae), another important bean pest in Brazil, were not significantly affected by imidacloprid, unlike the thrips species T. babaci and C. brasiliensis which showed decreased population levels until 8 days after imidacloprid application.
Regulation of in vitro Ptr‐toxin Production by Pyrenophora tritici‐repentis Isolates by Environmental Parameters and Accumulation of Ptr‐toxin in Culture over Time
Authors: Brown D. A. , Hunger R. M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractPrevious work has demonstrated the production of a low molecular weight toxin (designated Ptr‐toxin) by isolates of Pyrenophora tritici‐repentis (Died.) Drechs., the cause of tan spot of wheat (Triticum aestivum). Before the mechanisms by which Ptr‐toxin is produced are understood, conditions for optimal toxin production must be identified. This study defined glucose concentration, light and temperature for optimal fungal growth and accumulation of Ptr‐toxin in a defined mineral salts‐glucose liquid medium. The accumulation of Ptr‐toxin in culture was monitored over a 21‐day period. The growth of six P. tritici‐repentis isolates increased significantly over the range of 0.05–5.0% glucose; however, the greatest accumulation of Ptr‐toxin was observed at 1 and 2% glucose. Significant increases in fungal dry weights were observed at 23 and 30°C, although the effect of temperature on toxin production remains questionable. No significant influence of light on growth and Ptr‐toxin production was observed. Ptr‐toxin continues to accumulate in culture over the 21‐day period tested in this study. The results of the present study reveal much about the specific isolates included but little information upon which generalizations may be based. As such, screening numerous P. tritici‐repentis isolates for Ptr‐toxin production under one set of conditions appears to be unreliable.
Presence of Leptosphaeria maculans Group A and Group B Isolates in Sweden
Authors: Kuusk A.‐K. , Happstadius I. , Zhou L. , Steventon L. A. , Giese H. , Dixelius C. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract Leptosphaeria maculans isolates have been assigned to one of two groups, A or B, on the basis of differences in their characteristics. Group A can further be divided into pathogenicity groups (PG) 2, 3 and 4 and group B into PG1. To determine if isolates belonging to the aggressive canker forming group A are present in Sweden, physiological and genetic characterisation of 120 isolates collected in the year 2000 were performed. Thirty‐seven isolates were classified as belonging to pathogenicity group PG3 and 63 isolates as PG4, based on a cotyledon assay. Twenty isolates did not cause any symptoms at all, and were classified as PG1. When comparing two geographical regions, Skåne and Östergötland, equal numbers of PG3 and PG4 isolates were found. By analysing the isolates by PCR, the collection was further classified into 100 group A isolates and 20 group B isolates. A corresponding classification of the isolates was observed when the ability to produce pigments in Czapek Dox broth was examined. The results showed a clear predominance of group A. This was also the case for the isolate collection from 2001. In a detailed survey of disease development in a L. maculans infected winter oilseed rape field in southern Sweden (Skåne), basal stem canker was not observed until early June Although the disease index value increased from 8.4 in June to 18.0 in July, few severely damaged plants were observed before harvest in mid‐July, despite infection with group A isolates.
Induction of Peroxidase during Infection of Unripe Persimmon Fruit by Alternaria alternata: a Possible Quiescence Mechanism
Authors: Eshel Dani , Beno‐Moualem Delila , Lorang Jennifer M. , Dinoor Amos , Prusky Dov 
Published: March 2003

AbstractLimited black spot symptoms (Quiescent infections) develop on persimmon fruits as Alternaria alternata hyphae penetrate the pericarp of green‐immature fruit. Inoculation of persimmon with A. alternata or treatment with a commercial preparation of purified cellulase induced similar black symptoms and higher peroxidase activity in green‐immature fruits but not in orange‐mature persimmon fruits. Both treatments induced the development of new peroxidase isoforms only in immature fruits – however, no effect was observed on polyphenoloxidase activity. A. alternata was transformed with a construct expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP). Histological analysis of hyphal development using GFP‐transformed fungi indicated that symptoms are always found ahead of the leading edge of the hyphae. We suggest that peroxidase increase, induced by the directly penetrating A. alternata, might be involved in the induction of quiescence infection by the pathogen in immature fruits.
RAPD Characterization of Fusarium oxysporum Isolates Pathogenic on Argyranthemum frutescens L.
Authors: Pasquali M. , Acquadro A. , Balmas V. , Migheli Q. , Garibaldi A. , Gullino M. L. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was used to analyse total genomic DNA of 10 isolates of a new Fusarium oxysporum pathogenic on Argyranthemum frutescens (Paris daisy), by comparing them with representatives of the formae speciales basilici, chrysanthemi, cyclaminis, dianthi, gladioli, lilii, lycopersici, melonis, pisi, radicis‐lycopersici, tracheiphilum, and a non‐pathogenic isolate of F. oxysporum. A close genetic relatedness was observed among most of the new isolates from A. frutescens. These isolates also shared RAPD markers with the tested representatives of the forma specialis chrysanthemi. A single isolate among those tested from diseased A. frutescens was placed in a different cluster, which included representative isolates of forma specialis tracheiphilum. All the new isolates from A. frutescens, with the exception of the single divergent one, could be identified by their characteristic amplification profile, using selected random primers. A rapid protocol for DNA extraction directly from fungal colonies grown on Fusarium selective medium allowed the complete analysis in less than 4 h.
Characteristic Transfer of Colostrum‐derived Biologically Active Substances into Cerebrospinal Fluid via Blood in Natural Suckling Neonatal Pigs
Authors: HARADA E. , ARAKI Y. , FURUMURA E. , TAKEUCHI T. , SITIZYO K. , YAJIMA T. , KUWATA T. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe characteristic transfer of colostral components into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) via serum after natural suckling has been studied by sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) electrophoresis, two‐dimensional electrophoresis, immunoblot and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay methods in non‐suckling pigs. Total protein concentrations in the serum increased immediately after first suckling, reached a peak value at 12 h, corresponding to a 2.3‐fold compared with pre‐suckling level. The protein concentration in CSF also increased and reached peak value at 6 h corresponding to 1.6‐fold compared with pre‐suckling level. IgG in serum not detected before suckling, increased steeply after suckling, IgG, IgM and IgA transported into the serum were observed in completely intact form by immunoblot method. The IgG transported into serum was quickly transferred into CSF after natural suckling in contrast to the case of bovine IgG. Serum concentration of transferrin was maintained at high level before suckling and was not changed by suckling. Transferrin also detected in CSF was not changed by suckling. Bovine lactoferrin (Lf) administered into the intestinal lumen was transported into serum (0.01%) and also detected in CSF after 6 hasundegraded form (3.1%). Thus, homologous IgG and bovine Lf are transported into CSF, suggesting that the transport of macromolecules into CSF is selective in neonatal pigs.
Biochemical Markers of Bone Activity in Young Standardbred Horses during Different Types of Exercise and Training
Authors: VERVUERT I. , COENEN M. , WEDEMEYER U. , HARMEYER J. 
Published: March 2003

SummarySeven untrained Standardbred horses were used in a training programme of 6 weeks to evaluate the effects of exercise and training on bone metabolism.The horses were exercised on a treadmill according to a standardized exercise test (SET 1: six incremental steps, 5 min duration each; start 5 m/s, increase 1 m/s). SET 1 was followed by a training programme of 6 weeks. In alternating order: high‐speed exercise (HSE): 15 min duration, start at VLa4, continuous increase in speed every 60 s by 0.3 m/s (14 incremental steps); low‐speed exercise (LSE): constant velocity at VLa2.5, duration: ∼ 60‐‐90 min (total training programme: eight HSE and eight LSE sessions). SET 2 finished the training programme and a deconditioning period of 12 weeks followed. Blood samples for lactate, total plasma protein (TPP), osteocalcin, and ICTP (cross‐linked C‐telopeptide of type I collagen) were collected.ICTP increased during SET 1 and SET 2, whereas osteocalcin decreased to below resting concentration 24 h after SET 1. A rise in ICTP was observed during LSE 1 and LSE 8, which was followed by a drop 24 h after exercise. No changes in osteocalcin were noted during LSE 1, but 24 h after LSE 1 osteocalcin dropped to below pre‐exercise levels. LSE 8 resulted in an increase in osteocalcin, followed by a drop 24 h after LSE 8. Osteocalcin and ICTP were not affected by HSE. Baseline osteocalcin levels dropped during the course of training.The acute response of biochemical bone markers indicates a direct influence of a single bout of exercise on bone metabolism.
Factors Affecting the Transfer of Porcine Parvovirus Antibodies from Sow to Piglets
Authors: Damm B. I. , Friggens N. C. , Nielsen J. , Ingvartsen K. L. , Pedersen L. J. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe aim of the study was to investigate the effects of a number of environmental, behavioural and biological factors on passive immunization of piglets as assessed by transfer of porcine parvovirus (PPV) antibodies (ab) from the colostrum of PPV vaccinated mothers to the serum of the piglets. Twenty primiparous sows were housed in pens with peat, straw and branches for nest building. Half the sows were prevented from achieving feedback from a completed farrowing nest by repeated removal of the nest from 10 to 12 h after nest building had begun, whereas the other half kept their nests. Sow serum PPV‐ab titres were positively related to colostrum PPV‐ab titres at birth of the first piglet (BFP) (P<0.001). Litter average piglet PPV‐ab titre was positively related to both sow serum and colostrum PPV‐ab titres (bothP<0.001). In addition, in the individual piglets, PPV‐ab titres were reduced as time from BFP to birth and time from birth to first sucking increased and time spent sucking decreased (allP<0.01). There were no effects of treatment, time spent in lateral recumbency by the sow, number of times the sow stood or piglet weight on day 1 on piglet serum PPV‐ab titres. Preventing prolonged farrowing, while at the same time ensuring the piglets’ access to the udder, is important for transfer of maternal immunity. Measurements of specific antibodies in sow serum during the periparturient period and in piglet serum at 28 days of age may provide a practical tool for evaluating transfer of maternal immunity from sow to piglets.
Determination of Autoantibodies to Thyroglobulin, Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine in Canine Serum
Authors: Patzl M. , Möstl E. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryEnzyme immunoassays (EIAs) for the determination of autoanti‐bodies (AA) to thyroid antigens in canine serum were developed. Streptavidin (SA) was immobilized as capture molecule on microtitreplates (MTP). Thyroglobulin (Tg) purified from canine thyroids and the thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine (T3 and T4) were conjugated to biotin labelling reagents and attached to the MTP over the SA–biotin bridge. Bound AA were detected with anti‐dog‐immunoglobulin G (IgG) labelled with horseradish peroxidase. Serum samples from dogs which were allotted to four groups were analysed: A (n = 31), biochemical evidence of hypothyroidism; B (n = 76), clinical signs of hypothyroidism; C (n = 47), euthyroid with non‐thyroidal disease; D (n = 186), clinically healthy. The validity of the assays was tested with two different methods. After thiophilic absorption chromatography of positive sera, a positive reaction in the EIA was only detected in those fractions which coeluted with the canine IgG standard. Furthermore, the positive reaction was blocked by the addition of the corresponding antigen. In 55% of the hypothyroid dogs AA to Tg and/or T3 and T4, respectively, were found (up to a titre of 1 : 1600). In group B 34% of the dogs were diagnosed positive, but the titre was lower (up to 1 : 400). In the groups C and D the number of dogs with AA and their titre was significantly lower. Two different methods for distinguishing positive and negative test results were compared in order to increase the specificity of the tests without decreasing the sensitivity. The EIAs are precise and based on high agreement with previous reported assays able to discriminate dogs with thyroiditis from healthy ones. These assays represent a good alternative to the isotope assays generally used for the analysis of AA to T4 and T3.
Equine Third Metacarpal Bone Assessment by Quantitative Ultrasound and Dual Energy X‐Ray Absorptiometry: An Ex vivo Study
Authors: Carstanjen B. , Duboeuf F. , Detilleux J. , Lepage O. M. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe purpose of this ex vivo study was to analyse two commonly established methods of mechanical bone property assessment for application in horses: Quantitative ultrasound (QUS), which depends on the bone's density and Young's modulus, and dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA), which depends on the areal bone mineral density (BMD). The third metacarpal bone (MC III) of horses was selected as examination region for practical reasons. An interrelationship between QUS‐ and DXA‐values was examined. Both MC III of eleven randomly selected equine cadavers were divided in nine regions of interest (ROI). A multi‐site QUS device was used for axial transmission speed of sound (SOS) measurements and a DXA device was used for BMD evaluation. Full cortical thickness BMD (FcBMD), overall aspect BMD and 4 mm cortical border slice BMD (4 mmBMD) were evaluated. In addition, each ROI of one MC III was measured 10 times to determine QUS‐ and DXA‐measurement precision. SOS values and BMD values obtained at different aspects of MC III were different (P < 0.001). FcBMD and overall BMD obtained at different levels were different (P < 0.001). SOS data correlated with FcBMD‐, overall BMD‐ and 4 mmBMD‐data at various ROI. FcBMD‐, overall BMD‐ and 4 mmBMD‐data were strongly correlated. The intra‐operator coefficient of variation was 1.3% for SOS‐measurements and ranged between 1.94 and 10.3% for BMD‐measurements. Multi‐site axial transmission QUS as well as DXA can be used to precisely measure bone characteristics of MC III in horses. However, both techniques do not measure the same bone properties. It is therefore concluded, that QUS and DXA techniques are complementary for application in horses.
Changes in Coagulation and Markers of Fibrinolysis in Horses Undergoing Colic Surgery*
Authors: Feige K. , Kästner S. B. R. , Dempfle C. E. , Balestra E. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryActivation of coagulation can be frequently found in horses with colic. However, it has also been demonstrated as a sequela of surgical trauma alone in humans. The purpose of the present study was to determine changes in coagulation and fibrinolysis in horses that underwent colic surgery and to evaluate whether these changes were secondary to the colic or the surgery and wound healing.Thirty horses that underwent colic surgery with uncomplicated recovery were included. Ten horses with a Forssell's procedure served as control group with a standardized surgical trauma. Besides daily physical examinations during the observation period of 10 days, activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), prothrombin time and thrombin time as well as fibrin monomer (FM), D‐Dimer (DD) and antithrombin (AT) III were determined.Compared with the control group the aPTT was the only standard coagulation test that was significantly prolonged before and after the event of colic surgery. After surgery, hyperfibrinogenaemia occurred in all groups. In colic groups FM and DD concentrations were within reference range at admission, and were significantly greater than in control horses after surgery. AT III activity decreased after colic surgery, but did not change in the control group. It was concluded that an activated coagulation state after colic surgery has to be expected, resulting not only from the colic disease, but also from the event of surgery.
Partial Sequencing of env Gene of Bovine Leukaemia Virus from Brazilian Samples and Phylogenetic Analysis
Authors: Camargos M. F. , Stancek D. , Rocha M. A. , Lessa L. M. , Reis J. K. P. , Leite R. C. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryAnalysis of the partial bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) env gp51 gene sequences obtained from three BLV strains isolated in three different regions of Brazil was carried out. The Brazilian BLV env gp51 sequences were compared with seven other corresponding sequences of BLV strains isolated in different countries and with consensus sequence as well. The obtained data point on qualitative and quantitative differences among the analysed strains as far as the occurrence of single point mutations is concerned. Two Brazilian strains show significantly higher mutation rate than other analysed strains. Amino acid analysis did not show, however, any substantial changes of the primary protein structure coded by well conserved region of BLV env gp51 gene. Based on the obtained data, the putative dendogram image of possible phylogenetic relations among the studied BLV strains is presented as well.
Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations of 20 Antimicrobial Agents against Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Bovine Intramammary Infections in Japan
Authors: Yoshimura H. , Ishimaru M. , Kojima A. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryMinimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 20 antimicrobial agents were determined against 51 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from bovine intramammary infections. Fourteen (27.4%) isolates were resistant to benzylpenicillin, but none of the isolates was resistant to cloxacillin, nafcillin, or cephems. Among aminoglycosides, gentamicin was the most active, with an MIC50 of 0.2 μg/ml, followed by kanamycin, with an MIC50 of 0.78 μg/ml. Five isolates (9.8%) were resistant to dihydrostreptomycin, three isolates (5.9%) to kanamycin and two isolates (3.9%) to gentamicin. Resistance to erythromycin was observed in two isolates (3.9%). Tylosin was less active than erythromycin, with MIC50s of 1.56 μg/ml versus 0.39 μg/ml, but none of the isolates was resistant to this antibiotic. Oxytetracycline MICs were situated in the range of 0.39–1.56 μg/ml for 48 susceptible isolates. Although 19 (37.3%) isolates were resistant to one or more antimicrobial agents, a single resistance pattern was most frequent: benzylpenicillin (12 isolates), dihydrostreptomycin (two isolates) and kanamycin (one isolate). There were no isolates resistant to antimicrobial agents such as methicillin, lincomycin, clindamycin, chloramphenicol, florfenicol and virginiamycin, which have not been approved for use in cattle husbandry in Japan.