bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nutritional inadequacy in adults with muscular dystrophy
Authors: Motlagh Bahareh , MacDonald Jay R. , Tarnopolsky Mark A. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractPatients with muscular dystrophy may be prone to nutrient deficiency due to mobility limitations or oropharyngeal weakness. Patients with myotonic muscular dystrophy (DM1) may be particularly prone to nutritional deficiencies from associated dysmotility of the entire gastrointestinal tract. We prospectively evaluated nutritional intake, body composition, and muscle strength in adult patients with DM1 (n = 29) and other muscular dystrophies (n = 22) on two occasions separated by ∼6 months. Handgrip was significantly lower and knee extension higher for DM1 compared to other dystrophies, with no between‐group differences in nutritional intakes. Many patients in both groups demonstrated inadequate nutrient intake of protein, energy, vitamins (water and fat soluble), and minerals (calcium and magnesium). Significant correlations were found between measures of strength and certain individual nutrients (e.g., copper and water‐soluble vitamins). These data indicate that a substantial number of adults with muscular dystrophy do not meet current dietary intake recommendations. The potential clinical implications of these findings are discussed. Muscle Nerve, 2005
Discrete stochastic optimization using variants of the stochastic ruler method
Authors: Alrefaei Mahmoud H. , Andradóttir Sigrún 
Published: March 2005

AbstractWe present two random search methods for solving discrete stochastic optimization problems. Both of these methods are variants of the stochastic ruler algorithm. They differ from our earlier modification of the stochastic ruler algorithm in that they use different approaches for estimating the optimal solution. Our new methods are guaranteed to converge almost surely to the set of global optimal solutions under mild conditions. We discuss under what conditions these new methods are expected to converge faster than the modified stochastic ruler algorithm. We also discuss how these methods can be used for solving discrete optimization problems when the values of the objective function are estimated using either transient or steady‐state simulation. Finally, we present numerical results that compare the performance of our new methods with that of the modified stochastic ruler algorithm when applied to solve buffer allocation problems. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2005.
Single machine scheduling with a restricted rate‐modifying activity
Authors: He Yong , Ji Min , Cheng T. C. E. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractIn this paper we consider the problem of scheduling a set of jobs on a single machine on which a rate‐modifying activity may be performed. The rate‐modifying activity is an activity that changes the production rate of the machine. So the processing time of a job is a variable, which depends on whether it is scheduled before or after the rate‐modifying activity. We assume that the rate‐modifying activity can take place only at certain predetermined time points, which is a constrained case of a similar problem discussed in the literature. The decisions under consideration are whether and when to schedule the rate‐modifying activity, and how to sequence the jobs in order to minimize some objectives. We study the problems of minimizing makespan and total completion time. We first analyze the computational complexity of both problems for most of the possible versions. The analysis shows that the problems are NP‐hard even for some special cases. Furthermore, for the NP‐hard cases of the makespan problem, we present a pseudo‐polynomial time optimal algorithm and a fully polynomial time approximation scheme. For the total completion time problem, we provide a pseudo‐polynomial time optimal algorithm for the case with agreeable modifying rates. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2005
A globally convergent numerical algorithm for damaging elasto‐plasticity based on the Multiplier method
Authors: Contrafatto L. , Cuomo M. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractIn the paper it is proposed a new method for the solution of equilibrium problems based on a F.E. displacement formulation, that, at least in principle, is globally convergent as opposed to the classical Lagrangian method that presents only local convergence. The method, which appears to be particularly useful for plasticity models characterized by yield surfaces with regions of sharp curvature or corner points, is based on the Multiplier method. The structure of the procedure is presented and the consequent constrained optimization scheme is implemented for the case of associated plasticity coupled with damage. The main aspect of originality of the proposal is that it is not applied to the ‘return algorithm’, but to entire equilibrium iteration.At first, the local convergence properties of the constitutive equations are examined at the Gauss point level. It is proved that, also for involved constitutive models (a generalized Ottosen yield surface including isotropic hardening and damage is used in the applications), the convergence of a classical Newton's scheme is always reached with few iterations, ensuring a quadratic rate of convergence in the solution, provided a conversion of the inequality plastic constraint into an equality one is introduced, using an augmented Lagrangian functional for exactly evaluating the slack constraints. However, it is observed that the converged stresses are often attracted far from the initial trial point, towards regions with sharper curvature, and the main reason for the lack of convergence of the procedure is found in a divergence of the solution of the non‐linear equilibrium equations. It is shown that the Multiplier method allows to enlarge the radius of convergence with respect to classical iterations based on the Lagrangian method. The price for the enlargement of the convergence radius is a higher number of iterations, since the Multiplier method presents only a linear rate of convergence. Indeed, the exact fulfilment of the compatibility and admissibility equations is not attained simultaneously, once an equilibrated solution is reached, but it is iterative. In the closure of the paper a convergence analysis of an elastic–plastic problem characterized by a yield criterion resulting from the convex hull of crises surfaces, and as a consequence, presenting regions of non‐differentiability, is presented. It is shown how the ability of the Multiplier method in finding the solution of the structural problem for large loading step with respect to the classical Lagrangian technique compensate its slower convergence rate. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐order Higdon‐like boundary conditions for exterior transient wave problems
Authors: van Joolen Vince J. , Neta Beny , Givoli Dan 
Published: March 2005

AbstractRecently developed non‐reflecting boundary conditions are applied for exterior time‐dependent wave problems in unbounded domains. The linear time‐dependent wave equation, with or without a dispersive term, is considered in an infinite domain. The infinite domain is truncated via an artificial boundary ℬ︁, and a high‐order non‐reflecting boundary condition (NRBC) is imposed on ℬ︁. Then the problem is solved numerically in the finite domain bounded by ℬ︁. The new boundary scheme is based on a reformulation of the sequence of NRBCs proposed by Higdon. We consider here two reformulations: one that involves high‐order derivatives with a special discretization scheme, and another that does not involve any high derivatives beyond second order. The latter formulation is made possible by introducing special auxiliary variables on ℬ︁. In both formulations the new NRBCs can easily be used up to any desired order. They can be incorporated in a finite element or a finite difference scheme; in the present paper the latter is used. In contrast to previous papers using similar formulations, here the method is applied to a fully exterior two‐dimensional problem, with a rectangular boundary. Numerical examples in infinite domains are used to demonstrate the performance and advantages of the new method. In the auxiliary‐variable formulation long‐time corner instability is observed, that requires special treatment of the corners (not addressed in this paper). No such difficulties arise in the high‐derivative formulation. Published in 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new positivity‐preserving nonstandard finite difference scheme for the DWE
Authors: Mickens Ronald E. , Jordan P. M. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAn improved positivity‐preserving nonstandard finite difference scheme for the linear damped wave equation is presented. Unlike an earlier such scheme developed by the authors, the new scheme involves three time levels and is therefore able to include the effects of the equation's relaxation coefficient. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential, 2005
Catheter‐related bacteremia due to Roseomonas species in pediatric hematology/oncology patients
Authors: McLean Thomas W. , Rouster‐Stevens Kelly , Woods Charles R. , Shetty Avinash K. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractRoseomonas is a newly described genus of pink‐pigmented, gram‐negative bacteria. Human infections caused by Roseomonas species are very rare. We report two cases of central venous catheter‐related bacteremia associated with Roseomonas species (one case with R. gilardii and one with R. fauriae), and review the clinical spectrum of previously reported cases in the literature. Clinicals should be aware that Roseomonas species may cause serious infections in children. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2006, 46:514–516. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Drug utilization pattern of Chinese herbal medicines in a general hospital in Taiwan
Authors: Chen L. C. , Wang B. R. , Chou Y. C. , Tien J. H. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractPurposeDrug utilization studies are important for the optimization of drug therapy and have received a great attention in recent years. Most of the information on drug use patterns has been derived from studies in modern Western medicines; however, studies regarding the drug utilization of traditional Chinese medicine (CM) are few. The present study was the first clinical research to evaluate the drug utilization patterns of Chinese herbal medicines in a general hospital in Taiwan.MethodsData were collected prospectively from the patients attending the Traditional Medicine Center of Taipei Veteran General Hospital under CM drug treatments. The study was carried out over a period of 1 year, from January 2002 to December 2002. Core drug use indicators, such as the average number of drugs per prescriptions, the dosing frequency of prescriptions, and the most common prescribed CM herbs and formulae were evaluated. The primary diagnosis and the CM drugs prescribed for were also revealed. All data were analyzed by descriptive statistics.ResultsA total of 10 737 patients, representing 52 255 CM drugs, were screened during the study period. Regarding the prescriptions, the average number of drugs per prescription was 4.87 and 37.21% of prescriptions were composed by five drugs. Most of prescriptions (91.38%) were prescribed for three times a day. The most often prescribed Chinese herb was Hong‐Hwa (5.76%) and the most common Chinese herbal formula was Jia‐Wey‐Shiau‐Yau‐San (3.80%). The most frequent main diagnosis was insomnia (15.58%), followed by menopause (5.22%) and constipation (5.09%).ConclusionThe survey revealed the drug use pattern of CMs in a general hospital. The majority of CM prescriptions were composed by 3–6 drugs and often prescribed for three times a day. Generally, the rational drug uses of CM drugs were provided with respect to the various diagnoses. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antipsychotic exposure and type 2 diabetes among patients with schizophrenia: a matched case‐control study of California Medicaid claims
Authors: Lambert Bruce L. , Chou Chia‐Hung , Chang Ken‐Yu , Tafesse Eskinder , Carson William 
Published: March 2005

AbstractPurposeTo examine the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus among people with schizophrenia exposed to atypical antipsychotics (clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone) compared to those exposed to conventional antipsychotics.MethodsA matched case‐control design was used to examine California Medicaid beneficiaries. Cases developed diabetes subsequent to being diagnosed with schizophrenia (ICD‐9295), were 18 years or older, and were exposed to at least one antipsychotic medication at some point during the 12 weeks preceding diabetes diagnosis. Diabetes was defined by diagnostic claim (ICD‐9250) or prescription for antidiabetic agents. A total of 3663 cases were matched to 14 523 non‐diabetic controls (people with schizophrenia matched on gender and age ±5 years). All had to be continuously eligible for benefits during the 12‐week period preceding diabetes onset in the case. Conditional logistic regression modeled the risk of exposure, controlling for age, ethnicity, and exposure to selected concomitant medications. Analyses were repeated with 24‐ and 52‐week exposure windows.ResultsUsing a 12‐week exposure window, olanzapine (OR = 1.36, 95%CI 1.20–1.53), clozapine (OR = 1.34, 95%CI 1.16–1.55), and combination atypical therapy (OR = 1.58, 95%CI 1.33–1.88), but not risperidone or quetiapine, were associated with increased odds of developing diabetes compared to conventional antipsychotics. Changing to a 24‐week exposure window, the risks were: olanzapine (OR = 1.38, 95%CI 1.22–1.56), clozapine (OR = 1.32, 95%CI 1.14–1.53), or combinations (OR = 1.54, 95%CI 1.29–1.84). With a 52‐week exposure window, the risks were: olanzapine (OR = 1.41, 95%CI 1.24–1.60), clozapine (OR = 1.41, 95%CI 1.21–1.65), combinations (OR = 1.58, 95%CI 1.31–1.90). Risk for olanzapine increased with dose. Hispanic, African American, and unknown ethnicity were significant risks for development of type 2 diabetes as was exposure to selected concomitant medications.ConclusionsExposure to olanzapine or clozapine is associated with a 34–41% increase in the developing of type 2 diabetes among California Medicaid recipients with schizophrenia. Prospective, randomized trials are needed to confirm these retrospective, observational findings. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploring the risk of diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia among ambulatory users of atypical antipsychotics: a population‐based comparison of risperidone and olanzapine
Authors: Moisan Jocelyne , Grégoire Jean‐Pierre , Gaudet Michel , Cooper Dan 
Published: March 2005

AbstractPurposeTo compare the incidence rates of diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia in ambulatory first‐time users of risperidone and olanzapine.MethodsThe database for the Prescription Drug Insurance Plan in the province of Quebec was used as the data source for a population‐based cohort study. Denominalized data were extracted for all ambulatory patients who first received an atypical antipsychotic between 1 January 1997 and 31 August 1999. Eligible patients were categorized as taking: no antidiabetic medication; no lipid reducing medication; neither type of medication. Those who started to use an outcome drug (an antidiabetic or lipid‐lowering medication) before the end of the follow‐up period (31 August 2000) were considered to have developed the corresponding outcome disease. Incidence rate ratios (IRR) (and 95% confidence intervals) for initiating antihyperglycemic or lipid‐lowering drug treatment, or both were calculated. Outcomes on risperidone were compared to those on olanzapine.ResultsA total of 19 582 eligible patients were included in the analysis. Relative to risperidone, olanzapine was associated with a higher risk of initiating a pharmacologic treatment for diabetes [IRR: 1.33 (1.03–1.74)], dyslipidemia [IRR: 1.49 (1.22–1.83)], or either condition [1.47 (1.23–1.76)].ConclusionsOlanzapine seems to be associated with a higher risk of developing diabetes and/or dyslipidemia than risperidone. Further prospective studies are needed to rigorously assess the safety of olanzapine. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Overview of recent developments in the flame retardancy of polycarbonates
Authors: Levchik Sergei V , Weil Edward D 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis paper presents an overview of the recent literature on flame retardancy of polycarbonate (PC) and polycarbonate‐based resins. A brief survey of the major mechanisms of thermal decomposition of PC is also presented because it gives insight in the mechanisms of flame retardant action. Mostly industrial laboratories are involved in the development of new flame retardants for PC and, to a much lesser extent, academic laboratories are doing research on the mechanistic aspects of flame retardancy. The number of patents published annually on the flame retardancy of PC and its blends significantly exceeds the number of patents on flame retardancy of any other polymer. Because PC is a naturally high charring polymer, the condensed phase active flame retardants, in particular phosphorus‐based ones, are widely used in PC‐based blends. Plain PC can pass stringent flame retardant tests with very low additions of some sulfur‐ or silicone‐based flame retardants. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Free radical activity in gamma‐irradiated polyethylene film, drawn tape and ultra‐high‐modulus fibres determined by grafting performance
Authors: Busfield W Ken , Watson Gregory S 
Published: March 2005

AbstractGrafting rates of gaseous butadiene to a range of morphological forms of gamma‐irradiated polyethylene, including ultra‐high‐modulus fibres (UHMPE), have been measured in order to determine the availability of active free radicals over time at various temperatures. Blank experiments on unirradiated samples showed that monomer diffusion is not rate‐controlling with film and natural draw ratio tapes, but is likely to be a major factor in the control of grafting rates in UHMPE fibres. Grafting rates from monomer loss/time experiments with irradiated samples indicate that grafting is always in competition with free radical self‐annihilation, the extent being influenced by temperature, dose and morphology, including prior sample annealing. At lower temperatures, graft‐active radicals are produced over long periods of time, eg close to linear grafting rates were monitored over 20 hours for PE tape at 0 °C (50 kGy) and for gel‐spun UHMPE at 40 °C (100 kGy). At higher temperatures, grafting rates steadily decrease with time. Grafting rates are almost independent of irradiation dose in the early stages, however, the dose has an increasing positive influence as the reaction proceeds. At any given temperature and irradiation dose, the rates decrease in the series undrawn film; natural draw ratio tape; high draw ratio gel‐spun fibre; high draw ratio melt‐spun fibre. An analogy is drawn between these results and the optimum conditions required for improving the creep properties of PE tape and UHMPE fibres by acetylene‐sensitized irradiation crosslinking. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Chemical sensing materials based on electrically‐conductive immiscible polymer blends
Authors: Segal Ester , Tchoudakov Roza , Mironi‐Harpaz Iris , Narkis Moshe , Siegmann Arnon 
Published: March 2005

AbstractTwo families of electrically‐conductive immiscible polymer blends were studied as liquid sensing materials for an homologous series of alcohols. The systems studied include: multiphase matrices [containing carbon black (CB)] consisting of either polypropylene or high‐impact polystyrene as the major phase and thermoplastic polyurethane as the minor dispersed phase; and polyaniline (PANI) dispersed within a polystyrene matrix. Extruded filaments, produced by a capillary rheometer at various shear‐rate levels were used in the sensing experiments. The electrical resistance of these filaments was selectively sensitive to the various alcohols. Moreover, the responses displayed by these filaments are reproducible and reversible. The sensing behaviour of these blends is determined by the nature of the blend components, the blend composition and the processing conditions. An attempt is made to identify the dominant mechanisms controlling the sensing process in CB‐containing immiscible polymer blends and PANI‐containing blends. In addition, the sensing performances of these blends are compared in the light of their sensing mechanisms. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Catalytic effect of dimethyl sulfoxide in the Cu(0)/tris(2‐dimethylaminoethyl)amine‐catalyzed living radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate at 0–90 °C initiated with CH3CHClI as a model compound for α,ω‐di(iodo)poly(vinyl chloride) chain ends
Authors: Percec Virgil , Guliashvili Tamaz , Popov Anatoliy V. , Ramirez‐Castillo Ernesto 
Published: March 2005

AbstractA variety of conditions, including catalysts [CuCl, CuI, Cu2O, and Cu(0)], ligands [2,2′‐bipyridine (bpy), tris(2‐dimethylaminoethyl)amine (Me6‐TREN), polyethyleneimine, and hexamethyl triethylenetetramine], initiators [CH3CHClI, CH2I2, CHI3, and F(CF2)8I], solvents [diphenyl ether, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethylformamide, ethylene carbonate, dimethylacetamide, and cyclohexanone], and temperatures [90, 25, and 0 °C] were studied to assess previous methods for poly(methyl methacrylate)‐b‐poly(vinyl chloride)‐b‐poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA‐b‐PVC‐b‐PMMA) synthesis by the living radical block copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) initiated with α,ω‐di(iodo)poly(vinyl chloride). CH3CHClI was used as a model for α,ω‐di(iodo)poly(vinyl chloride) employed as a macroinitiator in the living radical block copolymerization of MMA. Two groups of methods evolved. The first involved CuCl/bpy or Me6‐TREN at 90 °C, whereas the second involved Cu(0)/Me6‐TREN in DMSO at 25 or 0 °C. Related ligands were used in both methods. The highest initiator efficiency and rate of polymerization were obtained with Cu(0)/Me6‐TREN in DMSO at 25 °C. This demonstrated that the ultrafast block copolymerization reported previously is the most efficient with respect to the rate of polymerization and precision of the PMMA‐b‐PVC‐b‐PMMA architecture. Moreover, Cu(0)/Me6‐TREN‐catalyzed polymerization exhibits an external first order of reaction in DMSO, and so this solvent has a catalytic effect in this living radical polymerization (LRP). This polymerization can be performed between 90 and 0 °C and provides access to controlled poly(methyl methacrylate) tacticity by LRP and block copolymerization. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 1935–1947, 2005
Growth of polystyrene films via gas‐phase polymerization with [Pd(CH3CN)4][BF4]2 thin film catalyst
Authors: Wain Kimberly S. , Sen Ayusman , Kim Seong Han 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe heterogeneous catalytic polymerization of styrene vapor with a tetrakis(acetonitrile)palladium(II) tetrafluoroborate, [Pd(CH3CN)4][BF4]2, thin film has been demonstrated. The catalyst is deposited by nebulization of dilute solutions onto a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and then exposed to styrene vapor in controlled environments. The use of QCM allows in situ monitoring of catalyst deposition and polymer growth kinetics. The polymerization process appears to involve the entire catalyst film rather than polymerization only at the catalyst film surface. The styrene vapor polymerization occurs rapidly after a short induction time needed for monomer dissolution and catalyst activation. The narrow molecular weight distribution of the produced polymer suggests that the deposited film acts as a single site catalyst. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 1930–1934, 2005