bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global Equivalence for Heat-Conducting Bodies with Fading Memory
Authors: Montanaro A. 
Published: June 2005

We study the notion of global physical equivalence between two heat-conducting deformable simple bodies with fading memory. For heat-conducting elastic bodies and heat-conducting rigid bodies this equivalence has been treated in previous works by the writer. It is understood in the sense that there exists a suitable bijective correspondence k between the bodies B and B′ such that any global thermokinetic process for B is admissible (in the sense of Coleman and Noll) if and only if its k-corresponding for B′ also is admissible. Here we extend the notion of global equivalence to all heat-conducting simple bodies with fading memory; we also give a definition of global equivalence which is properly weaker in all the cases considered above. Then we establish some conditions on the response functionals of B and B′ which are necessary and sufficient for these bodies to be globally equivalent in each one of the two senses. This theorem extends the ones mentioned above for heat-conducting elastic bodies and heat-conducting rigid bodies presented in previous works of the author. Lastly, we introduce the notion of entropy-equivalence for the response functionals of the heat flux in bodies that are globally equivalent. Then we characterize the class of all simple bodies that are globally equivalent to B in the cases where the heat flux response functionals of these bodies are entropy-equivalent or not, respectively, to the heat flux response functional of B. These characterizations put in evidence the existence of globally equivalent bodies whose heat fluxes are not entropy-equivalent.
Expression of human AID in yeast induces mutations in context similar to the context of somatic hypermutation at G-C pairs in immunoglobulin genes
Authors: Mayorov Vladimir I , Rogozin Igor B , Adkison Linda R , Frahm Christin , Kunkel Thomas A , Pavlov Youri I 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBackgroundAntibody genes are diversified by somatic hypermutation (SHM), gene conversion and class-switch recombination. All three processes are initiated by the activation-induced deaminase (AID). According to a DNA deamination model of SHM, AID converts cytosine to uracil in DNA sequences. The initial deamination of cytosine leads to mutation and recombination in pathways involving replication, DNA mismatch repair and possibly base excision repair. The DNA sequence context of mutation hotspots at G-C pairs during SHM is DGYW/WRCH (G-C is a hotspot position, R = A/G, Y = T/C, W = A/T, D = A/G/T).ResultsTo investigate the mechanisms of AID-induced mutagenesis in a model system, we studied the genetic consequences of AID expression in yeast. We constructed a yeast vector with an artificially synthesized humanAIDgene insert using codons common to highly expressed yeast genes. We found that expression of the artificialhAIDScgene was moderately mutagenic in a wild-type strain and highly mutagenic in anung1uracil-DNA glycosylase-deficient strain. A majority of mutations were at G-C pairs. In theung1strain, C-G to T-A transitions were found almost exclusively, while a mixture of transitions with 12% transversions was characteristic in the wild-type strain. In theung1strain mutations that could have originated from deamination of the transcribed stand were found more frequently. In the wild-type strain, the strand bias was reversed. DGYW/WRCH motifs were preferential sites of mutations.ConclusionThe results are consistent with the hypothesis that AID-mediated deamination of DNA is a major cause of mutations at G-C base pairs in immunoglobulin genes during SHM. The sequence contexts of mutations in yeast induced by AID and those of somatic mutations at G-C pairs in immunoglobulin genes are significantly similar. This indicates that the intrinsic substrate specificity of AID itself is a primary determinant of mutational hotspots at G-C base pairs during SHM.
Linear statistical model for growth in stature from birth to maturity
Authors: Reed Robert B. , Berkey Catherine S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA model for the physical growth of individual children from birth to adulthood is proposed which is linear in the model parameters. The advantages of linear over nonlinear models include the relative ease and costs of fitting the model to data of individuals and the fact that statistical methods are more readily available for analysis of parameters from linear models than for nonlinear models. The proposed linear model and the non‐linear triple logistic model are both fit to the measured lengths of two boys and two girl followed from birth to 18 years of age.
Relation of community size to endogamy in a traditional soceity: Pátzcuaro, Mexico, 1903–1932
Authors: McCullough John M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCommunity endogamy is often a preferred cultural practice, although in traditional populations small community size make universal endogamy difficult for lack of appropriate mates. Using civil marriage records from an early 20th century Tarascan Mexican population, the association of local community size, transferred to long values, and endogamy is tested using 2,663 marriages for 40 locations situated in two municipios (counties) forming the Southwest rim of lake Pátzcuaro. The association is linear, with a correlation coefficient of 0.62 for completely endogamous marriages and 0.55 for individual endogamy. If the two municipio cabeceras (county seats) are removed, the r values improve to 0.83 and 0.80 (all at P < 0.001), respectively. Community size is thus important, but in a complex settlement area central place locations, such as the cabeceras, also exert a strong disruptive influence on the simple pattern.
Cause‐specific mortality, life expectancy, and debilitation in aging polynesians
Authors: Crews Douglas E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBetween 1950 and 1980 life expectancy among middle‐aged American Samoan men increased 22%; among women it increased 36%. The largest proportional increase were observed after age 65% Men 29%, women 118%. This study examined whether increasing longevity health of older Samoans.Cause‐specific mortality data were used to calculate multiple decrement life tables for American Samoa by decades for both sexes from 1950 to 1979. Changes in two life table parameters were examined: The probability of dying from, and the remaining life expectancy among persons who would eventually die from, pneumonia/influenza, infections, cancer, or cardiovascular disease (CVD) after birth and after age 45. Pneumonia and infections may indicate frailty or delibitration in older individuals. The probability of dying from a specific cause after a particular age reflects its relative importance for survivors to that age. Residual life expectancy indicates whether older individuals are succumbing at earlier ages or surviving longer the risks of death from specific causes.Trends in the probability of dying from, and life expectancy among those ultimately dying from, pneumonia and infections did not suggest improved survival of debilitated individuals. Rather, they indicated that older Samoans may have had greater average resistance to pneumonia and infections in later cohorts. How much this was related to improved medical care and availability was not clear from the available data. However, Samoans who died from CVD and cancer did not survive longer than their counterparts had in earlier decades. Thus, there was little opportunity for an increase in debilitation among aging Samoans due to the longer‐term survival of the chronically ill.
DNA fingerprints in physical anthropology
Authors: Weiss Mark L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractHypervariabal minisatellite DNA is a recently described class of nuclear sequences with no known biological function. The minisatellites do form a subtype of restricition fragment length polymorphisms possessing several characteristics particularly intriguing to anthropologists interested in forensics, sociobiology, primate conservation, genetic variability, and molecular evolution.The sequence occupy at least five dozen loci scattered throughout the human genome. Unlike many polymorphisms, many of the loci have numerous alleles each present at similar frequencies. Such a genetic structure produces exceptionally high levels of heterozygosity and thus provides a tool for the individualization of tissue samples. Additionally, as the alleles are inherited in a Mendelian fashion, the minisatellites provide a superb tool for the identification of paternity (or maternity). Unlike standard blood groups, levels of variability are so high in populations studied to data that parentage can be established by inclusion rather than exclution.Homologous sequences are shown to exist in a variety of Old World primates. Visualization of genetic fingerprints in nonhumans may allow for determination of paternity where the pool of potential sires is available, while also providing information on levels of genetic variability. These capabilities will ultimately provide for better management of primate colonies. Used in concert with behavioral data, a number of sociobiological will also become more amenable to investigation.
Predicting smallpox epidemics: A statistical analysis of two Finnish populations
Authors: Jorde L. B. , Pitkänen K. J. , Mielke J. H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe analysis data on death due to smallpox in two subdivided Finish populations, the relatively isolated Åland Islands and the mainland parish of Kitee. The data span a 135‐year time period (1750–1885). Logisitic regression and Cox proportional hazards models are used to assess the effects of predictive variables on (1) the probability that an individual subdivision experiences an epidemic and (2) the length of the time period between two epidemics in each subdivision. The predictive variables include population sizes, migration rates, geographic distance, and presence or absence of vaccination. Vaccination was found to be the single most important predicative variable (odds ratio = 6.3 in Åland and 4.4 in Kitee). No other variable were significant predicators in Kitee, while geographic distance was an additional significant predicator in Åland (odds ratio = 1.05). As expected, vaccination and geographic distance were both negatively associated with the probability of epidemic occurrence.The Mantel regression approach was used to evaluate the effects of independent variables on the probability that any two subdivisions experienced the same epidemic. Between‐subdivision migration rates were the most important predictive variable here, and population size was an important predictor in Åland but not in Kitee. The differing results in these two populations are explained in terms of differences in ecological setting and social organization.
Search for secular trends in calvarial diameters, cranial base height, indices, and capacity in South African Negro crania
Authors: Cameron N. , Tobias P. V. , Fraser W. J. , Nagdee M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTwo hundred eighteen South African Negro male crania were arranged in 5‐year birthdate cohorts from 1880–1884, 1890–1894, up to 1930–1934 inclusive and investigated for the presence of a secular trend in their dimensions. Maximum breadth, maximum length, basibregmatic height, cranial base height, and bi‐auricular breadth (BAB) were measured, and cranial index (CI), cranial capacity (CC), and cranial base height index (CBHI) were determined. Cranial length exhibited a significant increase from 1890 to 1930. Cranial base height and CBHI exhibited statistically significant declines over the same period. The absence of secular trends in the other dimensions studied corresponds to previous analyses of the lengths of the femora and tibiae of the same sample. The secular trends in cranial length, cranial base height and its index, and the absence of trends in the other dimensions, are discussed in relation to an apparent decrease in the standard of living occurring in this population after 1900. It is unlikely that the absence of a positive secular trend denotes the attainment of a genetically determined ceiling to the physical size of the subjects represented by these skeletons. It is more likely that the environmental factors believed to produce a positive secular trend were absent in the years from which this sample was drawn and that signs of improvement in these factors, if any, would be so recent that evidence of their effect is not yet available from our cadaver‐derived skeletons.
Dispersal, effective population size, and the genetic structure of the contemporary United States
Authors: Koenig Walter D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractI estimate effective population size (Ne) and the inbreeding coefficient (FST) for contemporary United States using Wright's isolation by distance model (Wright: Genetics 28:114–138, 1943) and parent‐offspring dispersal distances obtained from individuals surveyed as part of a study of modern dispersal patterns. Ne is estimated to be minimally 3.61 × 107 and more likely closer to 8.05 × 107; based on these values, FST is between 1.59 × 10−7 and 9.28 × 10−9, depending on whether it is measured relative to the United States population or the world at large. Not all the assumptions of the isolation by distance model are met by modern populations, and thus the results must be interpreted with caution. They suggest, however, that both mobility within and immigration into contemporary United States are great enough to make the probability of inbreeding and random genetic drift negligible factors in producing future evolutionary change. In contrast, gene flow, acting as both a constraint against geographic differentiation within the United States and by introducing new genes via international immigration, is likely to be a dominant evolutionary force in this population.
PC program for analyzing one‐sample longitudinal data sets which satisfy the two‐stage polynomial growth curve model
Authors: Have Thomas R. Ten , Kowalski Charles J. , Schneiderman Emet D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe two‐stage polynomial growth curve model is described and a GAUSS program to perform the associated computations is documented and made available to interested readers. The two‐stage model is similar to that considered by us earlier (Schneiderman and Kowalski: American Journal of Physical Anthropology 67:323–333, 1985; American Journal of Human Biology 1:31–42, 1989), i.e., it is appropriate for the analysis of one‐sample longitudinal data collected at either equal or unequal time intervals. Here, however, the covariance matrix, Σ, instead of being considered arbitrary, is now assumed to have the special structure Σ = W A W′ + σ2I. We show the conditions under which this special structure may be expected to arise and how it may be exploited to produce sharper results in certain situations. The method and the program are illustrated and the results are contrasted to those obtained when Σ is arbitrary. It is suggested that the two‐stage model is more efficient when the same degree polynomial is adequate to model the data in the two situations, but that, should a higher degree be necessary for the two‐stage model, confidence intervals and/or bands may be wider than those corresponding to Σ arbitrary.
Respiratory and hematological adaptations of young and older Aymara men native to 3600M
Authors: Beall C. M. , Strohl K. P. , Gothe B. , Brittenham G. M. , Barragan M. , Vargas E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis paper reports the results of a study designed to test the hypothesis that an inevitable concomitant of aging at high altitudes is chronic mountain sickness resulting from excess erythrocytosis secondary to exaggerated hypoxemia caused by aging processes in the respiratory system. It compares age differences in respiratory system function in oxygenating the blood measured as percent O2 saturation of arterial hemoglobin during wakefulness and sleep and in erythrocytosis measured as hemoglobin concentration in 17 young (22–35 years) and 16 older (47–68 years) rural and urban resident Bolivian Aymara men, healthy lifelong residents of 3,500–4,000 m who were tested at 3,600 m. The results do not support the hypothesis. Older urban men are significantly more hypoxemic during wakefulness and sleep than young urban men, while there are no age differences in the degree of hypoxemia among the rural residents. However, older urban men do not have the higher hemoglobin concentration predicted by the hypothesis. Both urban and rural older men have lower hemoglobin concentration than their young counterparts, a finding not attributable to age differences in nutritional status or testosterone concentration. Despite their relatively low hemoglobin concentration, older men have estimated arterial O2 content in the normal sea level range for young men and in this sense retain the capacity to adapt to high altitude at least through the seventh decade of life.
Secular trends of 22 body dimensions in four racial/cultural groups of American males
Authors: Greiner Thomas M. , Gordon Claire C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractData from the recent U.S. Army Anthropometric Survey provide a unique opportunity to assess long‐term changes in body dimensions within the Army population. This report considers secular trends for 22 body dimensions within four racial/cultural groups: Whites, Blacks, Hispanics, and Asian/Pacific Islanders. Individuals were grouped by year of birth into 5 year cohorts, spanning 1911 to 1970. Rates of secular change were calculated by regressing age‐adjusted dimensions against birth year cohort. Results showed that almost all dimensions sustained statistically significant linear trends, the few exceptions occurring in Asian/Pacific Islanders. The greatest rates of change occurred in dimensions related to soft tissues rather than skeletal dimensions. This pattern is consistent with recent American cultural emphasis on health and physical fitness. The causes of the observed trends, insofar as they have been identified, are related to cultural processes. This suggests that biological forces play a diminished role in shaping the patterns of secular change. Therefore, it may be more appropriate to study secular change in groups that are culturally, rather than biologically, defined.
Criterion methods of body composition analysis for children and adolescents
Authors: Nielsen David H. , Cassady Sandra L. , Janz Kathleen F. , Cook Jennifer S. , Hansen James R. , Wu Ying‐Tai 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe lack of chemical maturity, subsequent to normal growth and maturation, complicates the assessment of body composition in children. Even though known to overpredict percent body fat (%BF), the use of adult prediction equations is widespread in the pediatric literature. Many sex‐ and age‐specific modified equations have been proposed. This study reports a cross‐validation analysis of selected laboratory‐based criterion methods in an attempt to identify the most appropriate reference which could be used in future validation studies of the more practical field/clinical testing methods. Subjects were 48 (24 boys and 24 girls) peripubertal children evenly distributed according to stage of maturation. Criterion measurements included body density (Db) by hydrostatic weighing, total body water (TBW) by deuterium oxide dilution, and total body mineral content (TMC) by dual energy x‐ray absorptiometry. Five different prediction models were evaluated. Test‐retest reliabilty was high (ICC = .970 to .999). Of the prediction models tested, the four‐component model was considered the most accurate laboratory‐based criterion model since it involves measurement of the primary constituents of fat‐free mass. Based on high r2 (≥.942) values, low standard errors of estimate (SEE = 1.8 %BF males, 1.1 %BF females); and low total prediction errors (TE = 1.9 %BF males, 2.0 %BF females), the Lohman age‐adjusted prediction equation showed the best agreement with the four component model. If multiple testing facilities are unavailable, the Lohman two‐component (Db) model would be the criterion method of choice. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, motor performance, and growth of senegalese pre‐adolescents
Authors: Bénéfice Eric 
Published: June 2005

AbstractProfiles of usual physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, motor performance, and growth were measured regularly for 2 years in 40 rural Senegalese (Wolof) children—20 boys and 20 girls—who were 10 or 11 years of age and clinically healthy at the beginning of the study. Compared to National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) reference data, the children showed lower weight‐for‐age and height‐for‐age throughout the period of observation; the increments of height from year to year were not remarkable and growth spurts were not observed during the study period. The motor performance (running, jumping, throwing) and spirometer test results were inferior to age‐matched American children. When adjusted for actual weight and height, jumping and throwing results were similar to those of American children, but running results remained inferior. Cardiorespiratory function appeared inferior to American children of the same age, although speed of recovery after exertion demonstrated good cardiorespiratory efficiency. Physical activity, directly observed over 2‐day periods on 4 occasions, corresponded to an average energy expenditure of 1.66 Mets (multiples of basal metabolic rate) (boys) and 1.76 Mets (girls), which are close to the FAO/WHO/UNU values for age. The higher energy expenditure of girls could be explained by their participation in domestic tasks. Both boys and girls spent an average of 42 minutes/day on activities equivalent to energy consumption rates equal or greater than 4.8 Mets. Significant correlations existed between the activity index and cardiorespiratory fitness in boys, and between the activity index and motor performances in girls. Physical aptitudes of sampled children appear compatible with the demands of their social and agricultural tasks. However, it appears that persistent malnutrition may have stunted their growth and motor performances. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Somatic comparisons of urban and rural Russian boys, ages 6, 9, and 15 years, living in St. Petersburg and surrounding areas
Authors: Spurgeon J. H. , French K. E. , Giese W. K. , Steele M. F. , Utenko V. N. , Bundzen P. V. , Rogozkin V. A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSomatic data were collected during September 1991 on 280 males, ages 6, 9, and 15 years, residing in urban St. Petersburg, Russia, and in rural regions surrounding the city. Comparisons are made between urban and rural groups for measures of body size and form, skinfold thicknesses, body mass index (BMI), and estimated arm muscle area (ARM). The data were analyzed in 2 (urban‐rural) × 3 (age) analyses of variance, with an alpha level of P < 0.05.Age differences were evident for all measurements. A significant main effect for urban‐rural was found for stature, lower limb height, and calf girth; differences approached significance (P < 0.07) for body weight and sitting height. Urban children were larger than rural children in stature, sitting height, lower limb height, calf girth, and body weight. The interaction was nonsignificant. Urban and rural boys did not differ on measures of body form. Similar means were obtained for the sum of skinfolds, the BMI, and ARM in urban and rural boys. Compared with data collected more than a century ago, present‐day 15‐year‐olds are 22 cm taller. It has often been suggested that living in an urban environment provides greater access to the amenities of life than living in a rural area. Although these amenities are difficult to observe differences do exist and the secular trend continues. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.