bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Landforms, Climate, Ecogeographic Mosaics, and the Potential for Hominid Diversity in Pliocene Africa
Authors: O’Brien Eileen M , Peters Charles R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We assume that hominid biodiversity in Pliocene Africa was somehow related to the continent’s mosaic of evolving landscapes, vegetation, and changing climate. But how? As yet, we do not know the answer. Our knowledge of the continent’s physical geography and biotic environments during the Pliocene and earliest Pleistocene is limited. The development of evolutionary theory, as it concerns both biodiversity and adaptation, is still weak. What we can be glad of is a fairly well-developed descriptive understanding of landforms, climate, and vegetation as they exist today. Theoretical considerations and alternative interpretations of the paleorecord suggest that the environments of the Pliocene were richer than usually assumed, certainly richer than today. We explore the potential of Pliocene Africa to support an array of hominids within a broad theme of environmental dynamics and changing scales of geographic heterogeneity across the continent. In sum, our chapter attempts to sketch the possibilities of hominid biogeographic potential, from deathlands to potential heartlands of relatively high species richness, interrelated through mosaics of contrasting adjacent environments at the regional and subregional scales. First we introduce landforms, climate, and African phytogeography. Then we explore some ecogeographic possibilities for continentwide biodiversity.
Introduction
Authors: Howell F Clark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
More than three and a half decades ago, with encouragement and facilitation of the Wenner-Gren Foundation, Franvois Bourliere and I organized a symposium to interrelate ecological studies in Africa and the emerging development of paleoanthropological investigations on the continent. The published outcome was the volume African Ecology and Human Evolution (Howell & Bourliere, 1963). A subsequent massive and protracted symposium, held in 1965 under the same auspices, entitled “Systematic Investigation of the African Later Tertiary and Quaternary” (published as Background to Evolution in Africa, Bishop and Clark, 1967) reified and expanded the earlier proposed goals, effectively setting the direction for subsequent interdisciplinarily focused paleoanthropological and diverse associated natural science studies. African Biogeography, Climatic Change, and Early Hominid Evolution exemplifies this tradition and affords new approaches toward synthesis, altered perspectives, and, of course, new unforeseen problems.
Introduction
Authors: Leakey Meave 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early part of this century, studies of human evolution were traditionally based on morphological descriptions and comparisons of the few known hominid fossils. Scant attention was paid to context. Even as late as 1960, the fossil evidence was so sparse that Louis Leakey was able to pen a note to Nature describing the discovery of OH 5, for publication less than 1 month after its initial discovery (Morrell, 1995). Subsequent studies in the 1960s at Olduvai Gorge, the Omo Valley, and elsewhere began the current increasing trend to view hominid discoveries in the broader paleoenvironmental and geological context. Today’s investigations into human prehistory benefit from a wealth of data accumulated since that time and originate from a variety of disciplines.
Disclosing Shame
Authors: Macdonald James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tie first part of this chapter provides an overview of theoretical approaches to the relationship between shame and disclosure. This will include phenomena which may make this relationship more complex, such as experiences of shame that are momentary and possibly minimally conscious, as well as theoretical perspectives which emphasize a relationship between nondisclosure and the need to avoid shame. Following this, an attempt will be made to review the existing empirical evidence on the relationship between shame and disclosure. Although there does seem to be evidence which supports the theoretical argument that the “action tendency” in shame is one of hiding, some of this work suggests that people may subsequently disclose experiences of shame, at least in certain contexts. At the end of the chapter, a small body of work will be reviewed that suggests that the anticipation of shame plays a role in the nondisclosure of emotional experience more generally.
Introduction A Brief March through the Thickets of Economic Theory
Authors: Egnal Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cadwallader Colden, the lieutenant governor of New York, was right. Economic growth was unmistakable in colonial North America. “The manner ofliving among all ranks of people,” Colden remarked in 1764, “is now at a much higher rate than forme rly.”1 By the mid-eighteenth century settlers in the Thirteen Colonies and Canada had more possessions and more disposable income than was the case even a few decades earlier. Homes-such as those in Anne Arundel County, Maryland (fig. 1.1)-were now more likely to have knives, forks, and plates on the table; sugar or molasses in the cupboard; and imported cloth on their shelves. To be sure, the rate of growth was uneven, the distribution of wealth hardly uniform, and the pace of development far slower than in the nineteenth century. But for most white colonists there were tangible gains.
Investigating Health Effects and Hazards in the Community
Authors: Kafadar Karen , Andrews John S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Members of a community often do not think about public health functions until an adverse health effect or hazard is suspected. When an outbreak arises due to a communicable disease; a technological or manmade disaster; an environmental toxin; or contaminated food, water, or air, a community can quickly mobilize itself for action. Frequently, the local public health authority is responsible for taking such action. However, if the problem continues or has been inadequately addressed, a community may solicit help from state and federal agencies. The local health authority must address these concerns quickly, forthrightly, and completely to maintain its credibility. The first priority of public health personnel is to reduce mortality and morbidity. Adverse health effects must be treated, and continued exposure to the hazardous substance or new illness must be prevented. Therefore, the first activities to occur after identifying an adverse health effect or hazard in the community are to provide medical treatment to ill persons and to interrupt ongoing exposure (e.g., providing emergency medical treatment for injured persons, evacuating persons from their homes or businesses, or having the gas and electric utility companies temporarily discontinue services).
Implementing and Managing Programs
Authors: Simoes Eduardo J , Brownson Ross C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Managers in public health settings are increasingly called upon to develop, implement, and evaluate programs, with the goal of demonstrating and replicating those that are effective. A public health program can be defined as a structured intervention or policy change aimed to improve the health of the total population or a subpopulation at particularly high risk. Public health programs depend on a variety of inputs and outputs and often have short-term, intermediate, and long-term objectives. For example, programs such as the American Stop Smoking Study for Cancer Prevention (ASSIST) or Initiatives to Mobilize for the Prevention and Control of Tobacco Use (IMPACT) are designed to mobilize coalitions to enhance tobacco control policies at the city, county, and state levels (Siegfried, 1991; CDC, 1996). A short-term objective of these programs is to develop viable coalitions; an intermediate objective is to enact effective policies; and a longerterm objective is to decrease tobacco use and thus decrease death and disability caused by tobacco use.
Talk Is Cheap
Authors: Haiman John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Putting aside questions of truth and falsehood, the old ‘talk is cheap’ maxim carries as much weight as ever. Indeed, perhaps more. For one need not be an expert in irony or sarcasm to realize that people don’t necessarily mean what they say. Phrases such as ‘Yeah, right’ and ‘I could care less’ are so much a part of the way we speak - and the way we live - that we are more likely to notice when they are absent (for example, Forrest Gump). From our everyday dialogues and conversations (‘Thanks a lot!’) to the screenplays of our popular films (Pulp Fiction), what is said is frequently very different from what is meant. Talk is Cheap begins with this telling observation and proceeds to argue that such ‘unplain speaking’ is fundamentally embedded in the way we now talk. Author John Haiman traces this sea-change in our use of language to the emergence of a postmodern ‘divided self’ who is hyper-conscious that what he or she is saying has been said before; ‘cheap talk’ thus allows us to distance ourselves from a social role with which we are uncomfortable. Haiman goes on to examine the full range of these pervasive distancing mechanisms, from clichés and quotation marks to camp and parody. Also, and importantly, Haiman highlights several ways in which language is evolving (and has evolved) from non-linguistic behaviour. In other words, this study shows us how what we are saying is continually separating itself from how we say it. As provocative as it is timely, the book will be fascinating reading for students of linguistics, literature, communication, anthropology, philosophy, and popular culture.
Sarcasm and the Postmodern Sensibility
Authors: Haiman John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Is the pundit you looking for, not so?” The taxi driver said, “Nah. We come all the way from Port of Spain just for the scenery.” (Naipaul 1959:8) Whatever our social or psychological purposes in being sarcastic, from a purely linguistic or grammatical point of view, we are doing two things at once: we are communicating an ostensible message to our listeners but at the same time we are framing this message with a commentary or metamessage that says something like “I don’t mean this: in fact, I mean the exact opposite.” This metamessage makes sarcasm seem like a very abstract and quintessentially “linguistic” activity, for when we engage in it, we are using language to talk not about the world but about itself. Moreover, as there are many other devices available for performing the act of denial or committing verbal aggression, it seems like a needlessly roundabout way of performing this task.
Sarcasm and Its Neighbors
Authors: Haiman John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sarcasm is not a totally isolated speech act. Among its conceptual neighbors are put-ons, irony, and outright lies. In somewhat pedantically distinguishing sarcasm from these, I will also demonstrate its kinship with parody and caricature, affectionate insults, and at least one other as-yet unnamed speech act type which I will call the guiltive modality.
The Metamessage “I Don’t Mean This”
Authors: Haiman John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Everyone who reads Deighton’s novel Funeral in Berlin can supply the “roughly tongued inverted commas” which mark the speaker’s decent German as sarcastic or fictional. We can also readily do the same with the examples given in figures 3.1 and 3.2. This chapter will deal with how the listener in English, and perhaps all languages, can both recognize and produce those inverted commas, not only in the spoken language but also in a variety of other media.
Un-Plain Speaking
Authors: Haiman John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Switching gears now to a very different set of structures, we will find that different manners of speaking also allow one to express the difference be-tween a behaving and a scrutinizing self. It’s intuitively plausible that a one-ness of personality is expressed in sincere language, whereas a two-ness is expressed not only in sarcasm but in every other manner of speaking which advertises the speaker to be in some way and to some extent a role player of some kind. In this chapter I will enumerate with a few examples some other genres of what I have decided to label un-plain speaking. Most of these are familiar, even if they have not been extensively described by linguists, and my survey will do little more than acknowledge their existence and suggest their kinship.
The Thing in Itself
Authors: Haiman John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A traditional metaphor which goes back in our tradition to Aristotle holds that style is a kind of afterthought or nonessential wrapping around a core of honest content. Many of us have a puritanical suspicion of the insincerity of “pure style” (cf. Sontag 1966b: 16), a skepticism which is reflected in the folk etymologizing that we engage in when contrasting pairs of words like the following: form style affect religion art method legal formalism stylization affectation religiosity artifice, artiness methodology legalistic The words in the second column consist of a root (the word in the first column) plus some derivational suffix. In one case (methodology), the seven-dollar word is absolutely synonymous with the root, and the suffix adds absolutely nothing but pomp. In each of the others, the seven-dollar word has an additional pejorative meaning, one that is contributed by the suffix alone.
Ritualization in Language
Authors: Haiman John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So common indeed was [the word “fuck”] in its adjectival form that after a short time the ear refused to acknowledge it and took in only the noun to which it was attached Far from being an intensive to express strong emotion, it became merely a conventional excrescence. By addinging andingwell, an adjective and an adverb were formed and thrown into every sentence. It became so common that an effective way for the soldier to express emotion was to omit this word.
Exploring Innateness through Cultural and Linguistic Variation
Authors: Crago Martha B , Allen Shanley E M , Hough-Eyamie Wendy P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter reports on three separate but interwoven studies that documented varying aspects of language acquisition as it occurs in the Inuit population of two communities in northern Quebec, whose inhabitants speak Inuktitut on a routine basis. Issues concerning the innate and variable properties of language will be addressed with culturally based ethnographic language socialization data, linguistically based acquisition data and elements from a case study of an Inuk child with language impairment.
Epidemiology of Specific Language Impairment
Authors: Tomblin J Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will be concerned with a form of developmental language disorder termed specific language impairment (SLI) which has challenged speech-language pathologists for decades and in recent years has become the subject of study by those interested the potential this condition provides for insight into the nature of language and language acquisition. Specifically, this paper will focus on what we can learn about this language-learning problem through the use of epidemiological methods, including genetic epidemiology. The basic issue to be considered pertains to the cause of SLI and in particular the evidence for a biological basis for this problem of language acquisition.
Evolutionary Biology and the Evolution of Language
Authors: Pinker Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The elephant’s trunk is six feet long and one foot thick and contains 60,000 muscles. Elephants can use their trunks to uproot trees, stack timber or carefully place huge logs into position when recruited to build bridges. They can curl their trunk around a pencil and draw characters on letter-size paper. With the two muscular extensions at the tip, they can remove a thorn, pick up a pin or a dime, uncork a bottle, slide the bolt off a cage door and hide it on a ledge, or grip a cup, without breaking it, so firmly that only another elephant can pull it away. The tip is sensitive enough for a blindfolded elephant to ascertain the shape and texture of objects. In the wild, elephants use their trunks to pull up clumps of grass and tap them against their knees to knock off the dirt, to shake coconuts out of palm trees and to powder their bodies with dust. They use their trunks to probe the ground as they walk, avoiding pit-traps, and to dig wells and siphon water from them. Elephants can walk underwater on the beds of deep rivers, or swim like submarines for miles, using their trunks as snorkels. They communicate through their trunks by trumpeting, humming, roaring, piping, purring, rumbling and making a crumpling-metal sound by rapping the trunk against the ground. The trunk is lined with chemoreceptors that allow the elephant to smell a python hidden in the grass or food a mile away (Williams 1989; Carrington 1958).
Singers and the Song II
Authors: Lees Gene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gene Lees is probably the best jazz essayist in America today, and the book that consolidated his reputation was Singers and the Song, which appeared in 1987. Now this classic volume is being rereleased in an expanded edition. The new edition retains a number of famous pieces from the original volume, some in expanded form, such as Lees's classic profile of Frank Sinatra. Lees has also retained his marvelous essay on lyric writing, his piece on the art of Edith Piaf, and his admiring look at the genius of songwriter Johnny Mercer. The expanded edition offers seven new essays that are no less accomplished. Here readers will find a wonderful tribute to "the sweetest voice in the world," Ella Fitzgerald; a moving interview with Jackie and Roy Kral; Lees's account of his involvement with Bossa Nova music and his collaboration with Antonio Carlos Jobim. We also read about Julius La Rosa, the lyrics of Yip Harburg, Harry Warren's unforgettable compositions, and the elegant Arthur Schwartz, writer of "Dancing in the Dark" and many other memorable songs. Here then is an engaging volume that weaves together colourful portraits of major performers and insightful glimpses into the art of singing and songwriting.
William and Harold and How to Write Lyrics
Authors: Lees Gene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the autumn of 911, the Frankish king Charles III, known as Charles the Simple, unable to halt the bloody Viking incursions on his north-western coast-indeed, the longships had gone up the Seine as far as Paris-made the best of a bad situation by coming to an agreement with the marauders. This was the so-called treaty of St. Clair-sur-Epte. Charles allowed them to settle permanently in an area to which in due course they lent their name. They were_, in their own language, nortmann northmen. Nearly a thousand years later some of their far-distant descendants would come from places as yet not dreamed of, such as Quebec and Winnipeg, Wichita and Chicago, Rimouski and Hoboken and San Diego, to land once more on these shores, young men bearing names derived from the nortmanni, such as Beaudry and Dupuis, Plumber and Draper, and Fitzgerald. They called the beaches here by new and alien names-Utah and Omaha, Sword and Gold-and many of them would die in the surf or flinging their grappling hooks up the cliffs or climbing the ropes with rifles on their backs, die in their struggle to come home to their ancestral Normandy.
Roses in the Morning
Authors: Mercer Johnny 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is often difficult to recall where and when you met someone, but in Johnny Mercer’s case I remember exactly. He was iri my opinion the finest lyricist in the English language, an exquisite craftsman and the one with the most personal voice. I had arrived in Los Angeles from New York and called a friend to ask if we might have dinner that evening. She said she had to attend a birthday party for John Williams, then asked, “Would you like to go?”
In from the Cold
Authors: Lee Peggy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The roads of North Dakota, like those of the other prairie states and the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba that lie just across its northern border, run in straight lines, north to south, east to west. Even in the western part of the state, where the Missouri River, long ago the highway of discovery of the Lewis and Clark expedition, is in the early stage of its journey to the Mississippi, the roads just cross it in those never-ending straight lines. Their occasional jogs are arbitrary, made by man, who wrote all these straight lines on the map. There is nothing to impede the roads or the wind. It comes whistling out of the west, never slowing even at Chicago to the east. And, much of the time in winter, it comes out of the north, whipping the dead grasses that protrude from the frozen earth and its bleak skin of old snow and slashing whatever flesh is in its way like a stream of razor blades. The last winter before Norma Deloris Egstrom left North Dakota, the temperature went down to 63 below zero Fahrenheit; the followingJuly it rose to 120. Once, when she was a little girl, she froze both her hands.
Phrasing
Authors: Rosa Julius La 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Years ago I wrote a magazine column examining the influence of Frank Sinatra on other singers, among themJackJones, Tony Bennett, Vic Damone, Steve Lawrence, Matt Monro, andjulius La Rosa. Probably the record.that jolted me into awareness of the quality of La Rosa’s work dated from a period when he recorded for MGM, with charts by the wonderfully fertile and inexhaustibly musical Don Costa. Further, I suspect it was Spring Can Really Hang l’ou Up the Most. It is a song I had admired for its craftsmanship but never really cared for. It had been recorded for the most part by relentlessly “hip” girl singers indulging in its 1950s affectations of language. Indeed, the only record of it I had ever liked was Jackie Cain’s, for its inevitable musicality. La Rosa’s approach to it is dramatic, as if it were a costume drama. The song is of its time and place, and so is the “character” he becomes in singing it. In La Rosa’s reading, it takes on a different coloration and genuine beauty, the natural expr.ession of someone living•in that time, and as such it is surprisingly poignant rather than cute.
A Family Affair
Authors: Roy Jackie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Roy Kral was one of two children in his family, Irene the other. He was born Roy Joseph Kral on October 10, 1921, in Cicero. Cicero is a city unto itself, but it abuts Chicago to the east-it is twelve or so miles from the lakefront. Cicero had a reputation for being the headquarters during the 1920s of the Capone mob, and the Capones indeed held sway there. Ralph Capone, Al’s brother, gave Roy his first break in show business. Roy’s background is Czech. He spoke the language a little until he was three, but his parents gave up speaking it at home. I think I detect an influence of the language on his speach even to this day. There are no definite and indefinite articles in the Slavic languages. Roy in his speech not infrequently omits the articles. He has a beautiful speaking voice, which is one reason that he for a time did a lot of voice-over work in television commercials.