bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elastomeric alloys of PVC
Authors: Hein Marc D. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe performance standards for flexible PVC compounds continue to become more demanding as manufacturers pursue more value‐added applications traditionally dominated by rubbers and thermoplastic elastomers. Blending of PVC with other polymers has proven to be a viable approach in developing higher performance flexible PVC‐based materials. This paper will review some of the typical approaches to producing PVC‐based elastomers, and show how these standard flexible PVC blends compare to a newly developed family of PVC alloys. The advantages of these materials will be discussed, and some examples of commercial materials and their application will also be reviewed.
International standards for the acquisition and presentation of comparable data on plastics
Authors: Breuer H. , Dean Greg , Tiba M. H. , Shastri R. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractOne of the problems faced by plastics design engineers, in addition to anyone involved in resin selection in new product development, is access to comparable data among similar products from different material suppliers. This stems from the lack of standardization in the acquisition and reporting format for materials properties data in the plastics industry. Currently, a multiplicity of national test standards is widely used in the acquisition of the data, which often allows a broad flexibility in the choice of test specimen shapes and geometry, conditions for preparing the test specimens, test variables, and test conditions, in addition to units, rendering any comparison between materials extremely difficult. ISO 10350 and 11403, Parts 1, 2, and 3, were developed specifically to address these issues for the acquisition of the data, and the CAMPUS database was developed as a tool for standardization of the reporting format for plastics properties. The real driving force for standardization at the international level is the growing need for comparable data on a global basis because of the emerging global nature of the manufacturing industry and the cost savings. This paper will discuss the rationale, driving forces, and the status of the worldwide standardization efforts, along with the benefits and experience gained to date.
Predicting surface defects in injection molded PVC components
Authors: Weir Scott 
Published: May 2005

AbstractSurface defects in injection molded PVC parts have long been analytically unpredictable. These defects are typically caused by thermal instability and flow instability of the material. There exists a need to analytically predict these defects through the use of mold filling simulation. This paper documents an experimental approach to predicting surface defects on injection molded PVC parts through the use of material characterization, mold filling simulation correlation, and verification tests.
Studies of molecular weight distribution, particle morphology, and rheological behavior of ultra‐high molecular weight suspension PVC
Authors: Hua Youqing , Huang Yiqun , Siqin Dalai 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIn this paper, the particle characteristics and rheological behavior of ultra‐high molecular weight PVC (UHMWPVC) produced in both Japan and mainland China were studied. The molecular weight and its distribution of UHMWPVC were measured by GPC. By means of a series of techniques such as SEM, the measurement of surface pore size, plasticizer absorption, and photographic analysis, the morphology and general characteristics of UHMWPVC particles were investigated. A model of particle structure was proposed. It was found that compared to general PVC, UHMWPVC resins are more porous, having better plasticizer absorption properties. Similarly, compared to UHMWPVC made in mainland China, UHMWPVC made in Japan possesses particle characteristics preferred in PVC processing. In the studies of rheological behavior, the programmed temperature Brabender torque rheometer was used to study and compare the melting process of UHMWPVC resins and their plasticized systems under the same shear stress. The capillary rheometer and Brabender extrusion‐rheometer were applied to investigate the rheological and extrusion properties of the plasticized systems mentioned above. The results showed that in melting and extrusion process, the particle characteristics of UHMWPVC result in the easy breakage of particles and the formation of “molecular flow,” On the other hand, the high molecular weight is unfavorable to processing. Generally speaking, much more research work is needed to improve the flow properties of UHMWPVC.
Present status of sorbitol Hexa‐acetate as an X‐Ray monochromator
Authors: Jenkins R. , Croke J. F. , Westberg R. G. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractSorbitol hexa‐acetate (SHA) crystals are now available which, in comparison with those previously grown, are at least an order of magnitude better for the reflection of Mg Kα radiation. Although the new crystals are still only half as good, in terms of absolute peak intensity, as ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP), freedom from background interferences and better long term reproducibility should make SHA a reasonably attractive alternative to ADP.
X‐Ray fluorescence applied to the on‐stream analysis of sulphide ore fractions
Authors: Reed D. J. , Gillieson A. H. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractFactors affecting the on‐stream analysis of sulphide ore slurries have been investigated for a number of copper‐zinc ores. Zinc, copper and iron were counted on streams of various solids contents, but, because of equipment limitations, sulphur was determined by calculation and the gangue, regarded as silica, by difference.Two simple correction factors were used: the ratio of Rayleigh scatter from the stream under investigation to that from water was found to vary as the cube root of the per cent solids in the stream, and the product of two ratios was adequate to relate the intensity of the characteristic radiation from streams of other solids contents to a 30 per cent stream which was used as a reference in this work. These factors made it possible to calculate the zinc, copper and iron in the solids fractions of ore slurries with an accuracy adequate for the control of sulphide ore beneficiation processes.No inter‐element effects were noted, but a marked matrix effect made it necessary to use different correction factors and regression lines for the metals in ore concentrates and in heads and tails.
X‐ray fluorescence analysis applying theoretical matrix corrections. Stainless steel
Authors: De Jongh Willy K. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe conversion of X‐ray fluorescence intensities to concentrations by a mini‐computer requires simple equations for routine use. The influence coefficients, accounting for inter‐element effects in homogeneous samples, are calculated from fundamental parameters by means of a programme called ALPHAS operating on a large computer. These coefficients can subsequently be used in the simple routine equations for wide range calibration. The theoretical coefficients are a valuable support for wide range calibrations using multiple regression analysis. The number of required standards is significantly reduced. The exclusive use of theoretical influence coefficients is demonstrated for stainless steel.
Theoritical alpha coefficients for the Claisse‐Quintin relation for X‐ray spectrochemical analysis
Authors: Rousseau R. , Claisse F. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractMathematical equation are given for calculating the theoritical values of α coefficients in the Claisse‐Quintin relation for any combination of elements and experimental conditions. The Claisse‐Quintin relation becomes an approximation of the Sherman equation with minor deviations.The method can be extended to electron microprobe analysis.
The analysis of slags from primary and secondary copper smelting processes by X‐ray fluorescence
Authors: West N. G. , Hendry G. L. , Bailey N. T. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA method for rapid and accurate X‐ray fluorescence analysis of a wide variety of slags from the copper producing industries has been developed. The samples are fused in a sodium tetraborate + lanthanum oxide flux with sodium nitrate added to ensure oxidizing conditions in the melt. Nine elements have been investigated, namely Cu, Zn, Fe, Si, Al, Pb, Sn, Ni and S. It has been found that simple linear calibrations give accurate results for most elements, but in the case of Cu, Zn, and Ni a correction procedure based on secondary mass absorption coefficients may sometimes be necessary.
An X‐ray fluorescene technique for the analysis of lead in gasoline
Authors: Larson J. A. , Short M. A. , Bonfiglio S. , Allie W. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA technique has been developed for the measurement of lead in gasoline in the range 0.002 to 5 g/U.S. gal. The method is based on the use of Campton Scattering as an internal standard, and on a comparison of the unknown with a blank and with a standard solution. A correction procedure has been devised which takes into account the dependence of the analysis on the carbon‐hydrogen ration of the gasoline. The method has an accuracy, for a single measurement, of ± 0.002 at the 0.002 g/U.S. gal. level to ± 0.1 at the 5 g/U.S. gal. level.
Determination of a binary calibration curve with one or two standard specimens in X‐ray flourescence analysis
Authors: Kähkönen H. , Suhonen P. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractTwo simple approximate formulae have been derived for binary calibration curves. These formulae contain one or two constants, which can be determined experimentally with one or two standard specimens, respectively. These formulae can be applied within a wide range around the composition of the standard specimen. These approximations can be used both in X‐ray and in isotope excited fluorescence analysis.
A mathematical model for tertiary X‐rays from heterogeneous samples
Authors: Dunn William L. , Efird Carl R. , Gardner Robin P. , Verghese Kuruvilla 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA mathematical model is derived for tertiary X‐ray fluorescence from heterogeneous samples based on generally accepted primary X‐ray fluorescence models. Variable source‐sample‐detector geometry, sample particle size and packing fraction effects are included. The model is expressed explicitly for three different ways of treating the attenuation within the sample. Calculations of the model are made for comparison with primary and secondary fluorescence calculations, and for comparison with calculated and experimantal results reported in the literature which include tertiary effects.
On the use of an electron spectrometer as detector for soft X‐ray spectra
Authors: Ebel Maria F. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA combination of a soft X‐ray source with an X‐ray photoelectron spectrometer as a detection system gives very good resolution of the spectra. The use of a solid converter (gold) is discussed in comparison with gaseous converters. Good detection efficiency is accompanied by an increased background distortion of the lineshapes and occasionally line interferences. Solutions to these problems are described, as well as an example of analytical application. Finally, a windowless arrangement for the detection of ultrasoft X‐rays is proposed.
Rapid quantiative analysis of some rare earth oxides in inorganic glasses by means of energy dispersive X‐ray measurement in a scanning electron microscope
Authors: Blum F. , Res M. A. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThis paper deals with the quantitative analysis of neodymium, erbium and ytterbium oxides in borate, silicate and tellurite glasses by means of energy dispersive X‐ray analysis in a scanning electron microscope. The problem of the deconvolution of overlapping intensity peaks is discussed and calibration curves for rare earth oxides in the different base glasses are established.
Measurement of oxygen K absorption spectra using an electron microprobe
Authors: Norrish K. , Smith D. G. W. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA technique is outlined which use the electron microprobe to obtain X‐ray absorption spectra, by photon absorption, in the long wavelength region. Spectra are presented for SiO, SiO2, rectorite, talc, vermiculite, V2O5, Cr2O3, Fe2O3, maghemite, Mylar and collodion. For all compounds the main absorption edge is near to 536 eV, which is significantly higher than core binding measured in ESCA studies. The transition metal oxides and organic films show a sharp absorption line near 531 eV in addition to the above edge. This absorption line is very close in energy to the anomalous peak observed in the oxygen K emission spectra when using KAP or other acid phthalate crystals and it seems likely that the two phenomena are associated.
Determination of the X‐ray mass absorption coefficient by measurement of the intensity of Ag Kα compton scattered radiation
Authors: Franzini M. , Leoni L. , Saitta M. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractBy utilizing a reflection geometry, an accurate mass absorption coefficient of a sample can be determined by measuring the Ag Kα Compton intensity. Intensities of Ag Kα Compton scattered radiation have been collected by using either the usual reflection geometry of a Philips PW 1450 automatic X‐ray spectrometer or a more refined reflection geometry, achieved on a Philips PW 1540/10A manual X‐ray spectrometer. The experimental results have shown that the relationship between the Ag Kα Compton intensity and the mass absorption is a logarithmic function. Our experimental results are not in agreement with those reported in literature, but a theoretical explanation to account for this fact has not been achieved as yet.
Concerning the obtaining of effective influence coefficients for X‐ray spectrometric analysis
Authors: le Sage R. Vié , Tertian R. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAs a consequence of our previous study of equivalent wavelength variations, the so called equivalence relationship between absorbers allows a ready calculation of the influence coefficients of any absorbing element simply from the knowledge of the situation with one particular element. This simple procedure is discussed and then illustrated using the case of iron fluorescence as an example. It is considered particularly advantageous when practising accurate experimental calibration because it yields effective influence coefficients, i.e. that coefficient variation, as well as the particular geometry and spectral intensity distribution of the equipment being used are automatically accounted for. In addition, this method is liable to save much time and notably simplify the requirements for standards.
A description of two automated control systems for the electron microprobe
Authors: Frost M. T. , O'Hara K. , Suddaby P. , Grant G. , Reid A. F. , Wilson A. F. , Zuiderwyk M. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractControl systems for a Geoscan microprobe based on a minicomputer with a core of 4 K of 16‐bit words and for a Japan Electron Optics Laboratory JEOL JXA‐50 with a minicomputer having 16 K words are described in general terms. Similar analysis strategies are used in both systems, but the Geoscan software operates on a ‘stand‐alone basis’ while that for the JXA‐50 is based on a modified version of an Interdata operating system, supporting an interactive program for flexible operator control of the probe. Lower initial cost and less programming effort were involved in the Geoscan control system, but this is balanced in the larger JXA‐50 installation by greater flexibility and ease of operation.The integration of non‐dispersive X‐ray detector systems with microprobe control systems, the suitability of the software operating system for incorporation of such devices and for extension to digital beam scanning and particle area analysis are also briefly considered.
The application of a multichannel chart recorder to energy‐dispersive analysis in the scanning electron microscope
Authors: Sharp R. M. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThis paper describes a recently developed multichannel chart recorder and shows how it can be applied to the display of data from the scanning electron microscope energy‐dispersive analysis system. Advantages and limitations are outlined. The advantage of the recorder is that it provides hard‐copy data with extremely fast analysis times. A limitation is that the system is only semi‐quantitative. Three applications in which the use of the recorder has proved advantageous are described: the fields of metallurgy, mineralogy and forensic science.
Analysis of plant material by X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry
Authors: Mudroch A. , Mudroch O. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractTo get a better understanding of chemical changes accompanying reproduction, maturation and senescence of plants, plant samples collected in various marshes were analysed by X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry for Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, K, Ca, Ti, Mn and Fe with sufficiently accurate results. The preparation of pellets from unground, coarse and finely ground plant material was investigated and no significant difference was found in X‐ray count rates. A computer program was developed for routine analyses of plant material using NBS standard Orchard Leaves.
Experimental comparison of photon‐and particle‐induced X‐ray emission analysis of air particulate matter
Authors: Ahlberg M. S. , Adams F. C. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractEnergy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence analysis (XES) using secondary fluorescers of Ti and Mo is compared with particle‐induced X‐ray emission analysis (PIXE) using protons of 2.3 MeV and 5.0 MeV for the analysis of air particulate matter. Experimental detection limits are derived from the analysis of an impactor sample collected on Whatman‐41, Millipore AAWP, and 0.4 μm Nuclepore filters and from the analysis of an impactor sample on a Mylar foil from stage 4 in a 5‐stage single orifice cascade impactor. The detection limits are compared using the criterion of equal number of counts in the spectra. PIXE is shown to give about three times lower detection limits for the filter samples and about 30 times lower limits for the impactor sample. The conclusions to be drawn from this and other aspects on the difference between XES and PIXE in the analysis of aerosol samples are thoroughly discussed and the results are extrapolated to the analysis of other environmental samples.
The Bragg reflection integral for pentaerythritol
Authors: Hall Ray , Lewis Margaret , Leigh Bryan , Evans Kenton 
Published: May 2005

AbstractPentaerythritol is, for a number of given reasons, notable among the relatively limited choice of materials suitable for the manufacture of Bragg X‐ray analysers for use in quantitative X‐ray spectrometry to relatively long wavelengths. In many, perhaps most, Bragg X‐ray optical systems the beam power throughput to the detector, and hence the system sensitivity, is directly proportional to the Bragg reflection integral. Absolute beam power spectrometry thus requires knowledge of the wavelength function of that quantity for the analyser used. In this paper the nature of that function, and its stability, is investigated for diffraction from the (002) planes of pentaerythritol.
A non‐linear least squares fitting routine for optimizing empirical XRF matrix correction models
Authors: Schreiner W. N. , Jenkins R. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAn off‐line non‐linear least squares fitting procedure is described as part of a program package ‘RUNFIT’. This program supports most of the intensity/correction algorithms currently employed in X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry. The program runs under the Data General DOS operating system and requires a minimum hardware configuration of 32K 16 bit words and two floppy disks. The minimization technique is based on the Marquardt scheme which has the main advantage that the step direction taken in the minimization process always lies in the direction of steepest descent. The RUNFIT program includes various statistical tests on the fitted data which enable the user to make accurate judgements as to the quality of the fitted data. Several examples are given of the use of this approach to typical analytical situations.
The family of alpha coefficients in X‐ray fluorescence analysis
Authors: Lachance G. R. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe demand for comprehensive analysis of materials by XRF using automated instrumentation has led to increasing use of the coefficient approach for dealing with the ever‐present interelement effect. A survey of the literature shows that this has often led to a multiplicity of families of calibration curves being replaced by a multiplicity of tables of correction coefficients. A practical approach is outlined which facilitates the recognition of (a) the alpha subset of influence coefficients, and (b) three related subsets of alpha coefficients – basic, modified and hybrid. This mobility of alpha coefficients (alloys, oxides, fusions, solutions) coupled to their adaptability (geometry, primary radiation) and accessibility (theoretical, experimental) has wide implications. It permits a consolidated view of the influence coefficients, and comparison of the sign, magnitude and pattern of basic alphas so as to establish if and when there is consensus. The confirmed alpha coefficients thus obtained can then be transferred with confidence to suit specific operating conditions and methods. Examples are given using data that have appeared in XRF literature.
Studies of the non‐linear rise in intensity if x‐ray line
Authors: Das Gupta K. , Bahgat A. A. , Seibt P. J. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA non‐linear rise in intensity of copper Kα1 and Kα2 X‐ray lines has been observed from certain areas of the polycrystalline copper target of a microfocus tube operated at tube currents between 0.1 and 0.5 mA and a tube potential of 13 kV. Under the same conditions the intensity rise of the bremsstrahlung is found to be linear. A functional relationship between total count and tube current has been obtained.
Photon‐Induced x‐ray fluorescence determination of platinum in reforming catalysts and doped venezuelan laterites
Authors: LaBrecque J. J. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA non‐destructive method for the determination of platinum in reforming catalysts and doped Venezuelan laterites employing a radionuclide, 8mCi of 109Cd, and a PDP‐11/05 processor is presented. The total variation for 100s of fluorescent time is about 3% for a 10% Pt‐reforming catalyst. The total variation can be reduced to less than 1% by increasing the fluorescent time so that about 80 000 counts or greater are accumulated. The platinum was determined using the Lα and Lβ lines of platinum, as well as their sum. The different types of variation for each of these measuring parameters is given. Finally, both the calculated and measured values for the prepared calibration standards and the doped Venezuelan laterites were in excellent agreement.
The discrimination and classification of small fragments of window and non‐window glasses using energy‐dispersive x‐ray fluorescence spectrometry
Authors: Dudley R. J. , Howden C. R. , Taylor T. J. , Smalldon K. W. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractFifty pairs of window/non‐window glasses, the samples in each pair being matched in refractive index to the fourth decimal place, have been analysed using energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry. The spectra, from 200μg fragments, were compared using a computer based multi‐dimensional data processing system. Forty‐three pairs of glasses were readily discriminated and forty‐nine pairs showed significant differences at about the 5% level. The spectral data for the 100 glass samples were then examined graphically for trends in the elemental levels between the window and non‐window glasses. This led to the construction of two linear combinations, namely the peak area ratio (to calcium) of iron with that of magnesium and the peak area of arsenic with refractive index. When plotted against each other these linear combinations and a selection rule allowed 95% of the glasses to be correctly classified.