bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disilynes. III [1] A Relatively Stable Disilyne RSi≡SiR (R = SiMe(SitBu3)2)
Authors: Wiberg Nils , Vasisht Sham Kumar , Fischer Gerd , Mayer Peter 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe disilyne R**Si≡SiR** (R** = SiMe(SitBu3)2), prepared as the first isolable and realtively stable silicon compound with a SiSi triple bond two years ago by dehalogenation of trans‐R**ClSi=SiClR** with LiC10H8 in thf at ‐78 °C (calc.: Si≡Si distance 2.072Å, Si‐Si≡Si bond angle 148°), forms with CH2=CH2 a [2+2] and with CH2=CH‐CH=CH2 a [2+4] cycloadduct. The ethene adduct takes up oxygen very easily with change of the Si=Si group into a SiOSiO ring with formation of R**Si(μ‐O)(μ‐O)(μ‐C2H4)SiR**. By heating the disilyne in heptane to ca. 50 °C in the presence of traces of thf it transforms into a monoxide of the ethene adduct with formation of R**Si(μ‐O)(μ‐C2H4)SiR**. In thf, the disilyne rearranges at r.t. and below by migration of a SitBu3 group with formation of a silyl substituted cyclotrisilene. X‐ray structure determinations of the ethene adduct and its mono‐ and dioxide are presented.
Optionen des Debridements in der Therapie chronischer Wunden
Authors: Dissemond Joachim , Goos Manfred 
Published: August 2004

ZusammenfassungDas Debridement ist definiert als Entfernung von nicht‐vitalem Gewebe aus einer Wunde. In chronischen Wunden wird mit dem Debridement die Elimination von Nekrosen, aber auch die Abtragung von Verbandresten, Fremdkörpern oder anderen avitalen Bestandteilen bezeichnet. Das sachgerechte Debridement stellt eine grundlegende Voraussetzung für den Ablauf eines nicht verzögerten Wundheilungsprozesses dar. Eingebunden in Überlegungen zur Therapie der zugrunde liegenden Ursachen einer verzögerten Wundheilung sollte das Debridement den ersten Schritt in einer adäquaten Phasen‐adaptierten Wundgrund‐Konditionierung chronischer Wunden darstellen.Dieser Beitrag soll eine Übersicht über die unterschiedlichen Optionen der Durchführung eines Debridements in der Therapie chronischer Wunden bieten. Für die Durchführung eines Debridements chronischer Wunden eignen sich als therapeutische Maßnahmen Chirurgie, Biochirurgie, Laser, Ultraschall, Hydrotherapien, Naß‐zu‐trocken‐Methode, Autolyse, proteolytische Enzyme, osmotisches‐ oder chemisches‐Debridement.Das einzig richtige Debridement gibt es nicht! So individuell die Patienten und die Ursachen der zugrunde liegenden Wundheilungsstörungen sind, so unterschiedlich sinnvoll kann auch der Einsatz der verschiedenen Methoden der Durchführung eines Debridements sein. Für welche therapeutische Option man sich entscheidet, wird durch eine Vielzahl von Faktoren bestimmt. Darüber hinaus kann auch die sukzessive Verwendung unterschiedlicher Methoden je nach Zusammensetzung des Wundmilieus sinnvoll sein.
Is there a vasospasmolytic effect of acupuncture in patients with secondary Raynaud phenomenon?
Authors: Hahn Martin , Steins Anke , Möhrle Matthias , Blum Andreas , Jünger Michael 
Published: August 2004

Summary Background: Raynaud phenomenon (RP) is a vasospastic disorder of the digital arteries. Severe forms are found in patients with connective tissue diseases. Vasospasmolytic therapies are often limited by side effects such as orthostatic hypotension. Patients/Methods: We investigated therefore the effect of acupuncture in a double blind, placebo‐controlled, randomized trial in patients with secondary RP. The study was performed during the winter season by licensed acupuncturists weekly for 8 weeks (points chosen for the verum group: L.I.4, S.J.5, St.36, P.6, Du.20, Ex.28). Results: An improvement was detected in both groups but there was no significant effect on clinical symptoms – based on patient diaries (average number of attacks before and after treatment: verum 1.9 ± 2.0 vs. 1.4 ± 1.7 attacks/day and placebo 2.8 ± 1.8 vs. 1.9 ± 1.1; duration of attacks: verum 15 ± 12 vs. 12 ± 9 min. and placebo 31 ± 17 vs. 16 ± 6; n. s.) or on skin microcirculation, measured by local cold testing. Conclusions: A specific vasospasmolytic effect of acupuncture could not be proven. This may be due to minor morphologic changes of supplying arteries or a severe local defect in endothelial function rather than a neurological disturbance which might be influenced by acupuncture. Much larger studies would be needed to identify the possible small benefit from acupuncture. If long‐term relief is not obtained, it is unlikely to be cost‐effective.
Intra- and interspecific competition between biotypes B and Q of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) from Spain
Authors: Pascual S. , Callejas C. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractBiotypes B and Q of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), collected from the islands of Tenerife and Majorca respectively, were exposed to competition conditions on tomato cv. Marmande in the laboratory. Both biotypes were established in single and mixed cultures at different densities. Increased mortality of biotype Q females and immature instars was observed together with a lower rate of fecundity and progeny size compared to biotype B, when reared in single or mixed cultures. The female:male sex ratio of F1 individuals of biotype Q was higher in single than in mixed cultures. However, the sex ratio of F1 individuals of biotype B was the same in single and mixed cultures, suggesting reproductive interference. Whitefly density did not affect interspecific interactions. It had a moderate effect on developmental rate of both biotypes, and on mortality of immature instars and progeny size of biotype B only. The results indicate that under laboratory conditions the studied biotype B should displace biotype Q.
Winter survival of nuisance fly parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) in Canada and Denmark
Authors: Floate K.D. , Skovgård H. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractIndependent studies were performed in Canada and in Denmark to assess the survival of parasitic wasps (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) wintering in puparia of house fly,Musca domesticaLinnaeus (Diptera: Muscidae). Data in Canada were collected forMuscidifurax raptorGirault & Saunders,M. raptorellusKogan & Legner,M. zaraptorKogan & Legner,Nasonia vitripennis(Walker),Spalangia cameroniPerkins,Trichomalopsis sarcophagae(Gahan) andUrolepis rufipes(Ashmead) in three microsites at an outdoor cattle facility in southern Alberta. Survival was highest forN. vitripennis,T. sarcophagaeandU. rufipes, ranging from near zero toc. 7%. No survival was observed forS. cameroni. Daily mean values for ambient air temperature (DMAT) averaged about −3.5°C during exposure periods. Data for Denmark were collected forM. raptor,S. cameroniandU. rufipesin a dairy barn and in a swine barn. Survival ofM. raptorandU. rufipeswas higher than that ofS. cameroniin the dairy barn (DMAT = 8.6°C), with the three species having similar survival in the swine barn (DMAT = 15.4°C). In both studies, parasitoids in egg stages were least likely to survive. These results identify the potential forT. sarcophagaeandU. rufipesto be commercialized for use in northern climates as biocontrol agents for nuisance flies, compare directly the cold-hardiness of commercialized species (i.e. all of the above species excludingT. sarcophagaeandU. rufipes), and document the importance of microsite on winter survival.
An analysis of using entomopathogenic nematodes against above-ground pests
Authors: Arthurs S. , Heinz K.M. , Prasifka J.R. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractApplications of entomopathogenic nematodes in the families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae have traditionally been targeted against soil insects. Nonetheless, research over the last two decades highlights the potential of such agents against above-ground pests under certain circumstances. A general linear model was used to test for patterns in efficacy among 136 published trials with Steinernema carpocapsae Weiser, the most common species applied against foliar and other above-ground pests. The focus was on field and greenhouse assessments, rather than laboratory assays where relevant ecological barriers to infection are typically removed. The model showed differences in nematode treatment efficacy depending on the pests’ target habitat (bore holes > cryptic foliage > exposed foliage) and trial location (greenhouse > field studies). Relative humidity and temperature during and up to 8 h post-application were also predicted to influence rates of nematode infection obtained. Conversely, spray adjuvants (both wetting agents and anti-desiccants) and nematode dosage applied (both concentration and use of consecutive applications 3–4 days apart) did not explain a significant amount of variance in nematode performance. With reference to case studies the model is used to discuss the relative importance of different factors on nematode efficacy and highlight priorities for workers considering using entomopathogenic nematodes to target pests in novel environments.
Feeding and oviposition rates in the pine weevil Hylobius abietis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Bylund H. , Nordlander G. , Nordenhem H. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractFeeding and oviposition in the pine weevil Hylobius abietis (Linnaeus) were monitored under laboratory conditions in two long-term experiments lasting over an extended breeding season. Data were also collected from weevils under semi-natural conditions outdoors. In addition, the effects of crowding and starvation were studied in separate experiments. During the main peak oviposition period, female H. abietis consumed 50% more bark tissue than males. When oviposition ceased, the feeding rate of the females declined to the same level as in the males. The rates and spatial distribution patterns of oviposition and feeding were clearly affected by climatic conditions and the degree of crowding. Females were estimated to lay on average 0.8 eggs per day during the season under outdoor conditions. The realized fecundity of a female weevil during the first season was estimated to be approximately 70 eggs. The estimated average rate of feeding was 23 mm2 of Scots pine bark per weevil per day. This implies that planted seedlings can only constitute a minor part of the food resources needed to sustain H. abietispopulations of the size that usually appear on fresh clear-cuttings in northern Europe.
Biological differences reflect host preference in two parasitoids attacking the bark beetle Ips typographus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in Belgium
Authors: Hougardy E. , Grégoire J.-C. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe basic reproductive biology of two ectoparasitoids developing on the late larval instars of the scolytid Ips typographus Linnaeus, a pest of spruce forests in Eurasia, was studied with the purpose of explaining which biological features allow the two species to share the same host. The anautogenous braconid Coeloides bostrichorum Giraud had a longer pre-oviposition period (5.1 vs. 3.3 days), a greater egg load (8.1 vs. 6.1 eggs), survived longer and emerged later than the pteromalid Rhopalicus tutela (Walker). In contrast, R. tutela was autogenous and tended to be more fecund under constrained conditions (9.7 vs. 5.1 total offspring per female). The longer pre-oviposition period of the specialist C. bostrichorum, coupled with its greater longevity, afforded the opportunity of better synchronization of ovipositing females with late instar larvae of I. typographus. By contrast, the polyphagous R. tutela matured rapidly, allowing parasitism of both younger and older larval instars of I. typographus in addition to other species. These small differences favoured the co-occurrence of the two parasitoid species on the same attacked trees.
Automated identification of field-recorded songs of four British grasshoppers using bioacoustic signal recognition
Authors: Chesmore E.D. , Ohya E. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractRecognition of Orthoptera species by means of their song is widely used in field work but requires expertise. It is now possible to develop computer-based systems to achieve the same task with a number of advantages including continuous long term unattended operation and automatic species logging. The system described here achieves automated discrimination between different species by utilizing a novel time domain signal coding technique and an artificial neural network. The system has previously been shown to recognize 25 species of British Orthoptera with 99% accuracy for good quality sounds. This paper tests the system on field recordings of four species of grasshopper in northern England in 2002 and shows that it is capable of not only correctly recognizing the target species under a range of acoustic conditions but also of recognizing other sounds such as birds and man-made sounds. Recognition accuracies for the four species of typically 70–100% are obtained for field recordings with varying sound intensities and background signals.
Phase-related morphological changes induced by [His7]-corazonin in two species of locusts, Schistocerca gregaria and Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera: Acrididae)
Authors: Maeno K. , Gotoh T. , Tanaka S. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe effects of a neurohormone, [His7]-corazonin, on phase-related morphological traits (F/C and E/F ratios; F = length of the hind femur, C = maximum width of the head; E = length of fore wing) were re-examined in the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria Forskål. The F/C ratio was significantly different between adults with five and six nymphal instars, respectively, indicating that they need to be analysed separately. Injections of the synthesized peptide (1 nmol) into individually-reared (solitary) nymphs at the second and third instars caused a shift in classical morphometric ratio towards the value typical for crowded (gregarious) individuals in both sexes. The E/F ratio, which is smaller in solitary locusts than in gregarious ones, was also influenced significantly by injections of [His7]-corazonin into individually-reared locusts. The effect of [His7]-corazonin on E/F ratios was shown more clearly when the nymphs were injected at a higher dose (2 nmol) at the beginning of the third instar. Single injections of the peptide into individually-reared nymphs at different instars revealed that the earlier the injection the larger the ‘gregarizing’ effects of the peptide on F/C and E/F ratios. The same tendency was also detected in Locusta migratoria Linnaeus. These results supported the hypothesis that [His7]-corazonin plays an important role in the control of phase polymorphism in locusts.
Influence of temperature on the development, reproduction and longevity ofCeratothripoides claratris(Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on tomatoes
Authors: Premachandra W.T.S.D. , Borgemeister C. , Chabi-Olaye A. , Poehling H.-M. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractCeratothripoides claratris(Shumsher) is a serious pest attacking tomatoes in Thailand. Temperature-dependent development ofC. claratriswas studied at seven constant temperatures, i.e. 22, 25, 27, 30, 34, 35 and 40°C. Pre-adult survivorship was greatest (95%) at 25 and 30°C and shortest at 22°C. Egg-to-adult time decreased within the range of 20 to 30°C and at 34°C it started to increase. The lower thermal threshold for egg-to-adult development was estimated at 16 and 18°C by linear regression and the modified Logan model, respectively. The optimum temperature for egg-to-adult development was estimated at 32–33°C by the modified Logan model. The influence of temperature on reproduction and longevity ofC. claratriswas determined at 25, 30 and 35 and 40°C. Both inseminated and virgin females failed to reproduce at 40°C. Virgin females produced only male offspring, confirming arrhenotoky. The sex ratio of the offspring of fertilized females was strongly female-biased, except at 25°C. Mean total fecundity per female and mean daily total fecundity per female were highest for both virgin and inseminated females at 30°C. Female longevity was longest at 25°C and shortest at 40°C. Male longevity was longest at 30°C and shortest at 40°C. The net reproductive rate (R0) and intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) was greatest at 30°C while, mean generation time (G) and the doubling time (t) were highest at 25°C. The finite rate of increase (λ) was fairly constant (1.1–1.5 days) over the three temperatures tested. The pest potential ofC. claratrisfor tropical Asia is discussed.
Factors affecting abundance and oviposition rates of a field population of the Old World screw-worm fly, Chrysomya bezziana (Diptera: Calliphoridae)
Authors: Mahon R.J. , Ahmad H. , Wardhaugh K.G. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractSentinel cattle and a grid of swormlure-baited sticky traps were used to monitor a Malaysian population of the Old World screw-worm fly, Chrysomya bezziana Villeneuve. Observations were carried out on an isolated cattle station at monthly intervals during the period August 1996 to June 2000. The number of flies caught was unaffected by weather conditions at the time of trapping, but was positively correlated with the total rainfall and the average daily air temperature prevailing 15–28 days earlier, when trapped flies were still juveniles. Trap catches were biased in favour of females, but daily catch rates of both sexes increased significantly the longer traps were open, suggesting that efficacy was related to the differential volatility of the chemicals comprising swormlure. Oviposition on sentinel cattle occurred mostly in late afternoon or early evening but increased significantly as the wound aged. Oviposition rates were positively correlated with female catch rates, but the relationship was curvilinear, suggesting that fly populations may be subject to some form of density-dependent constraint. Consistent differences in oviposition rates on sentinel cattle at different localities on the cattle station suggested the existence of highly clumped, quasi-stationary populations. Differences in trap catches between traps located in pastoral areas and those sited in nearby oil palm or rubber plantations supported this interpretation of the data. These findings are discussed in relation to the use of the sterile insect technique for the control of screw-worm fly infestations.
Increase in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Acquisition Rate and Change in Pathogen Pattern Associated with an Outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Authors: Yap Florence H. Y. , Gomersall Charles D. , Fung Kitty S. C. , Ho Pak-Leung , Ho Oi-Man , Lam Phillip K. N. , Lam Doris T. C. , Lyon Donald J. , Joynt Gavin M. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Background. An outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) occurred in our 22-bed intensive care unit (ICU; Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, HKSAR, China) from 12 March to 31 May 2003, when only patients with SARS were admitted. This period was characterized by the upgrading of infection control precautions, which included the wearing of gloves and gowns all the time, an extensive use of steroids, and a change in antibiotic prescribing practices. The pattern of endemic pathogenic organisms, the rates of acquisition of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and the rates of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) were compared with those of the pre-SARS and post-SARS periods.
Methods. Data on pathogenic isolates were obtained from the microbiology department (Prince of Wales Hospital). Data on MRSA acquisition and VAP rates were collected prospectively. MRSA screening was performed for all ICU patients. A case of MRSA carriage was defined as an instance in which MRSA was recovered from any site in a patient, and cases were classified as imported or ICU-acquired if the first MRSA isolate was recovered within 72 h of ICU admission or after 72 h in the ICU, respectively.
Results. During the SARS period in the ICU, there was an increase in the rate of isolation of MRSA and Stenotrophomonas and Candida species but a disappearance of Pseudomonas and Klebsiella species. The MRSA acquisition rate was also increased: it was 3.53% (3.53 cases per 100 admissions) during the pre-SARS period, 25.30% during the SARS period, and 2.21% during the post-SARS period (P &lt; .001). The VAP rate was high, at 36.5 episodes per 1000 ventilator-days, and 47% of episodes were caused by MRSA.
Conclusions. A SARS outbreak in the ICU led to changes in the pathogen pattern and the MRSA acquisition rate. The data suggest that MRSA cross-transmission may be increased if gloves and gowns are worn all the time.
Comparative analysis of methods for representing and searching for transcription factor binding sites
Authors: Osada Robert , Zaslavsky Elena , Singh Mona 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Motivation: An important step in unravelling the transcriptional regulatory network of an organism is to identify, for each transcription factor, all of its DNA binding sites. Several approaches are commonly used in searching for a transcription factor's binding sites, including consensus sequences and position-specific scoring matrices. In addition, methods that compute the average number of nucleotide matches between a putative site and all known sites can be employed. Such basic approaches can all be naturally extended by incorporating pairwise nucleotide dependencies and per-position information content. In this paper, we evaluate the effectiveness of these basic approaches and their extensions in finding binding sites for a transcription factor of interest without erroneously identifying other genomic sequences.
Results: In cross-validation testing on a dataset of Escherichia coli transcription factors and their binding sites, we show that there are statistically significant differences in how well various methods identify transcription factor binding sites. The use of per-position information content improves the performance of all basic approaches. Furthermore, including local pairwise nucleotide dependencies within binding site models results in statistically significant performance improvements for approaches based on nucleotide matches. Based on our analysis, the best results when searching for DNA binding sites of a particular transcription factor are obtained by methods that incorporate both information content and local pairwise correlations.
Availability: The software is available at http://compbio.cs.princeton.edu/bindsites
limmaGUI: A graphical user interface for linear modeling of microarray data
Authors: Wettenhall James M. , Smyth Gordon K. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Summary: limmaGUI is a graphical user interface (GUI) based on R-Tcl/Tk for the exploration and linear modeling of data from two-color spotted microarray experiments, especially the assessment of differential expression in complex experiments. limmaGUI provides an interface to the statistical methods of the limma package for R, and is itself implemented as an R package. The software provides point and click access to a range of methods for background correction, graphical display, normalization, and analysis of microarray data. Arbitrarily complex microarray experiments involving multiple RNA sources can be accomodated using linear models and contrasts. Empirical Bayes shrinkage of the gene-wise residual variances is provided to ensure stable results even when the number of arrays is small. Integrated support is provided for quantitative spot quality weights, control spots, within-array replicate spots and multiple testing. limmaGUI is available for most platforms on the which R runs including Windows, Mac and most flavors of Unix.
Availability: http://bioinf.wehi.edu.au/limmaGUI