bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)in Puget Sound : Effects of Spatially Correlated Catastrophes on Persistence
Authors: Ruckelshaus Mary , mcelhany Paul , Mcclure Michelle , Heppell Selina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recovery efforts for endangered species typically are focused at the level of the species. However, many species of conservation concern are composed of multiple populations, and these populations often exhibit a metapopulation-like structure that has a large effect on species viability (reviewed by Hanski and Gilpin 1997). Contributing to a species’ metapopulation structure is the geographic distribution of catastrophic events; such catastrophes can have a large effect on population and, therefore, species, persistence. In practice, the effects of catastrophic population loss on species viability are difficult to estimate, in part because of the dearth of information on rates and magnitudes of catastrophic events (Hanski and Gilpin 1997). Nevertheless, it is important to consider the combined effects of the spatial distribution and connectivity among populations and their likely rates of catastrophic loss and recolonization (i.e., population turnover) in estimating species persistence. Incorporating such potential effects on species viability can lead to very different strategies for recovering species (e.g., Ralls et al. 1996). In this chapter, we develop a simple model to explore the effects of both metapopulation structure and the spatial distribution of catastrophic risks on the probability of persistence of a wide-ranging species. Our focal species for the spatial model we developed is chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), an anadromous fish whose geographic range extends throughout the north Pacific from Japan to southern California (Healey 1991, Myers et al. 1998). Salmonin general are characterized by a strong metapopulation-like structure because of the spatial distribution of streams they inhabit during their freshwater phase and their unique life history attributes. One of the most important of salmon life history features in their effect on population structure is their strong homing tendencies (Groot and Margolis 1991).
Yellowtail Flounder (Limanda ferruginea) off the Northeastern United States: Implications of Movement among Stocks
Authors: Hart Deborah R , Cadrin Steven X 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Models and assessments of fishery resources typically assume that fish stocks are closed populations (i.e., that there is neither immigration nor emigration). In reality, some exchange among stocks often occurs, yet the implications of such exchanges have rarely been investigated. Yellowtail flounder, Limanda ferruginea, is an example of a fish species for which such movement has been documented (Royce et al. 1959, Lux 1963). The purpose of this chapter is to demonstrate the use of the RAMAS Metapop model (v. 4.0) as an exploratory tool to investigate the consequences of exchanges among stocks for the population dynamics of yellowtail flounder. Yellowtail flounder is one of the most important commercially exploited groundfish off the northeastern United States. It inhabits relatively shallow waters (20–100 m) in the northwest Atlantic from Labrador to the Chesapeake Bay. Spawning occurs in spring and early summer. The pelagic egg and larval stages last about 2 months, during which time they can be transported considerable distances by currents. Postlarval juveniles and adults are benthic and feed primarily on small arthropods and polychaete worms (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953, Collette and Klein-MacPhee 2002).
Great Crested Newts (Triturus cristatus) in Europe: Effects of Metapopulation Structure and Juvenile Dispersal on Population Persistence
Authors: Griffiths Richard A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite a resurgence of interest in amphibian declines that has resulted in a proliferation of population case studies in recent years (e.g., Richards et al. 1993, Kuzmin 1994, Drost and Fellers 1996, Green 1997, Lips 1998), population viability analysis has not been widely used as a management tool for these species. Although a diverse group, which encompasses species that are entirely aquatic as well as entirely terrestrial, amphibians are frequently small, cryptic animals that are inconspicuous for a large part of their life cycle. This makes many amphibian population studies problematic, and the determination of reliable demographic parameters is difficult. The vast majority of amphibian population studies have therefore consisted of assessments of adults at breeding foci, as this phase of the life cycle is the one in which animals are most conspicuous. Such breeding foci—usually at ponds, streams, or lakes—are spatially distinct units that are convenient for testing hypotheses about subdivided populations. As Marsh and Trenham (2000) point out, however, adopting a “ponds-as-patches” approach to amphibian spatial dynamics may be oversimplistic, as apparent population turnovers may occur for reasons other than stochastic processes. Indeed, such turnovers may be ultimately related to wider landscape-level factors. Population viability analysis can be used as a tool to explore the interaction between deterministic (e.g., pond desiccation, habitat change, fish introductions) and stochastic processes in amphibian population dynamics. Equally, it can also be used to cautiously explore some of the lacunae that exist in amphibian life history data, through sensitivity analyses of some of the more elusive demographic and environmental parameters.
J. Robert Oppenheimer A Life
Authors: Pais Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The late Abraham Pais wrote the definitive biography of Albert Einstein, "Subtle is the Lord" which won an American Book Award. As a distinguished physicist and Einstein's colleague, Pais combined a sophisticated understanding of physics with first-hand knowledge of this notoriously private individual, offering rare insights into both. It is his unique double perspective that makes his work so valuable. Now Abraham Pais offers an illuminating portrait of another eminent colleague, J. Robert Oppenheimer, one of the most charismatic and enigmatic figures of modern physics. Pais introduces us to a precocious youth who sped through Harvard in three years, made signal contributions to quantum mechanics while in his twenties, and was instrumental in the growth of American physics in the decade before the Second World War, almost single-handedly putting American physics on the map. Pais paints a revealing portrait of Oppenheimer's life in Los Alamos, where in twenty remarkable, feverish months, under his inspired leadership, the first atomic bomb was designed and built, a success that made Oppenheimer America's most famous scientist. Pais, who was his next-door neighbor for many years, describes Oppenheimer's long tenure as Director of the Institute of Advanced Study at Princeton, but also shows how Oppenheimer's intensity and arrogance won him powerful enemies, who would ultimately make him one of the principal victims of the Red Scare of the 1950s. Told with compassion and deep insight, J. Robert Oppenheimer is the most comprehensive biography of the great physicist available. It is Abraham Pais's final work, completed after his death by Robert P. Crease, an acclaimed historian of science in his own right.
Author’s Introduction: Language and Womans Place Revisited
Authors: Lakoff Robin Tolmach 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is hard to remember just how different the world was when Language and Womans Place (LWP) was first published in 1975 and harder still to return (even in imagination) to that world. Rereading the book, I am struck equally by how much has changed and how much remains essentially the same. While the knowledge available to me (as a linguist and a feminist) back then was much sparser than what we have at our disposal today, work done then still has bearing on the ways we think now.
Adieu the Simple Life
Authors: Bliss Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Cushings were taking their lives and Harvey’s career to a new level by moving to Boston. He would have major new professional responsibilities at an important new hospital and at one of America’s greatest medical schools. Boston was an intellectual and cultural center in ways that Baltimore would never be. Harvey and Kate would have a place near the upper rung of one of the more exclusive social ladders in America. His surgical prominence would attract patients to his clinic from across the continent. The Cushings would live in a much grander house and own a grand automobile.
The Materiality of Middlemarch
Authors: Flint Kate 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Readin g is a physical activity. More than the response to the words on the page, more than the firing of the imagination” whether to produce pictures in the mind”s eye, to assimilate and argue with points of view, or to engage with imaginary characters” it entails a particular individual”s engagement with a particular object in a specific space or sequence of spaces.
Dorothea”s Lost Dog
Authors: Auerbach Nina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dorothea Brooke has always irritated me; in fact, she makes my flesh creep. My allergy to this saintly, statuesque heroine, whom everyone else seems to adore, should disqualify me as a lover of Middlemarch, but I hope it won” t: when I first read the novel as a junior in college, its greatness made me shiver, but I shivered at, and with, poor Casaubon, struggling with an intractable book and a hectoring wife, and I do still. After all, Casaubon alone among the novel”s characters is doing something he doesn” t have to do. He has money, land, and a respectable position. Working on the shapeless Key to All Mythologies is a labor of sheer love. He flays himself on with the grotesque obsession that is another face of faith, while Dorothea glorifies herself by flailing about crying “What can I do?” I admit to a quirky bias against this floridly self-mortifying girl. She begins the novel by highhandedly rejecting two things I cherish: her dead mother”s jewels and Sir James Chettam”s offering of “a tiny Maltese puppy” (ch. 3, 28).
Exotropic Deviations
Authors: wilson M Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Divergent strabismus is known as exotropia. Because the exodeviation may be controlled by fusion mechanisms, it is most accurate to label these deviations exophoria, intermittent exotropia, or constant exotropia, according to whether fusion mechanisms contain the deviation in a latent form for all, part, or none of the waking hours, respectively. Exodeviations are said to occur less frequently than esodeviations. However, many patients with exophoria and wellcontrolled intermittent exotropia never seek ophthalmologic care and are most likely underrepresented when incidence calculations are based on the frequency of diagnosis in a strabismus practice. While the exact cause of most exodeviations is unknown, proposed causes include anatomic and mechanical factors within the orbit, as well as innervational abnormalities such as excessive tonic divergence. A hereditary basis for exodeviation is apparent in some families.
The Neuropathology of Trauma
Authors: Graham David I , Saatman Kathryn E , Marklund Niklas , Conte Valeria , Morales Diego , Royo, Nicolas , Mcintosh Tracy K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The epidemiology of head injury has been detailed in Chapter 1, where it can be readily seen that trauma to the central nervous system (CNS) is a major cause of death and persisting disability throughout the world. For example, in the United Kingdom, as in most industrialized countries, about 1800 per 100,000 persons present to accident and emergency departments with head injury, and between 200 and 300 per 100,000 are admitted for observation. Fortunately, the majority of the injuries are mild, but head injuries account for between 25% and 35% of all deaths from trauma.280 A survey of head injuries by the European Brain Injury Consortium found that 3% of patients with head injury remained vegetative and 10% were severely disabled, 20% were moderately disabled, and 37% made a good recovery 6 months after their injury. The cost to families and society is particularly high when it is remembered that trauma to the CNS is especially common in young adult males, many of whom have dependents.
Assessment of vitamin C status
Authors: Gibson Rosalind S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For centuries, the consumption of citrus fruit has been associated with the prevention of the vitamin C deficiency disease scurvy, but it was not until 1932 that the active compound was isolated (King and Waugh, 1932; Svirbely and Szent-Gyo¨rgyi, 1932). A year later, ascorbic acid was characterized and synthesized. The term “ascorbic acid” is now used to embrace both L-ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid; both have approximately equal vitamin C activity. Ascorbic acid is the enolic form of an α-ketolactone (2,3-didehydro-Lthreo-hexano-1,4-lactone), which in solution is then easily oxidized to the diketo form — dehydro-L-ascorbic acid; their structures are shown in Figure 19.1.
Assessment of the status of thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin
Authors: Gibson Rosalind S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The B vitamins — thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin — participate as coenzymes or prosthetic groups in a variety of reactions involved in the catabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. All three vitamins are stored in the body for a relatively short time, have no major tissue storage pool, are water soluble and rapidly excreted in the urine, and have a fast rate of catabolism. Consequently, deficiencies develop more quickly than for the fat-soluble vitamins or vitamin B12.
Nutritional assessment of hospital patients
Authors: Gibson Rosalind S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hospital nutritional assessment aims to precisely define the nutritional status of patients, characterize any clinically relevant malnutrition, and monitor any changes in nutritional status during nutritional support (Bozzetti, 1987). Clinically relevant malnutrition has been defined as “the state of altered nutritional status that is associated with an increased risk of adverse clinical events such as complications or death” (Dempsey and Mullen, 1987).
A Framework for Measuring Professionalism
Authors: Stern David Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Doctors are human. We make mistakes of knowledge, technique, and judgment. What characterizes physicians is not infallibility, but a personal and professional obligation to strive for excellence, humanism, accountability, and altruism. For medical educators, these principles of professionalism have special meaning. Excellence implies not only excellent knowledge and skills, but also a commitment to exceed ordinary standards. Humanism represents the principles of respect, compassion, empathy, honor, and integrity. Accountability reflects the action of doctors responding to the needs of patients, health care systems, communities, and the profession itself. Altruism demands that the best interests of patients, not self-interest, guide physicians (see chapter 2 for a full description of these and related terms) . This book is about how to measure these principles of professionalism.
What Is Medical Professionalism?
Authors: Arnold Louise , Stern David Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the rising interest in professionalism in medicine has come a plethora of definitions for the concept of professionalism. They range from the simplest straightforward statement to treatises covering several pages (ABIM et al. 2002; Cruess et al. 2000a; Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education 1999; Medical School Objectives Project Writing Group 1999). Medical educators, teachers, and students struggle with the meaning of the concept. Not infrequently, they paraphrase Justice Potter Stewart’s definition of obscenity (Jacobellis v. Ohio 1964) and claim they may not be able to define professionalism intelligibly but “know it when they see it.” Although individual observers may have the luxury of such a stance, when groups must agree on acceptable professional behaviors, they must all refer to the same overall concept and component dimensions. This chapter seeks to articulate a definition of professionalism.
Ethics, Law, and Professionalism: What Physicians Need to Know
Authors: Kao Audiey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A governor and state legislature intervene and order reinsertion of a feeding tube of a woman in a persistent vegetative state A physician informs his patient that a medical error has occurred, despite having serious concerns about the malpractice implications of such a disclosure A federal law setting national standards designed to protect the privacy of personal health care information is passed by the U.S. Congress A patient is asked if she has any further questions about the risks of the surgery before signing the consent form The practice of medicine requires physicians to properly balance ethical principles with legal requirements and liabilities. In some cases, a physician’s ethical duty and legal responsibility are concordant, and thus, the appropriate course of action is relatively clear and straight-forward. For example, a physician needs to provide a patient with all relevant information before soliciting consent for treatment. Thedoctrine of informed consent is supported by the ethical principle of patient autonomy as well as by the legal concept of bodily integrity.
The Assessment of Moral Reasoning and Professionalism in Medical Education and Practice
Authors: Baldwin DeWitt C , Self Donnie I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The recent interest in professionalism has been fueled by at least two major concerns. The first is an effort on the part of organized medicine to reclaim its traditional autonomy, in the face of the increasing incursions of market forces and commercialism. The second, and more relevant to the theme of this book, is to reaffirm the traditional goal of medical education-to educate and train physicians with high levels of competence, compassion, and moral integrity, who will be worthy of the ideals of the profession and the trust of society. It is in ensuring and assessing these qualities that the study of moral development and moral judgment in medical students and residents has become relevant to the assessment of professionalism.
Assessing Professionalism for Accreditation
Authors: Lynch Deirdre C , Leach David C , Surdyk Patricia M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If medicine and education are moral enterprises (Eisner 2003), it follows that medical education has a substantial responsibility to help learners and teachers do the right thing (Leach 2001). Accrediting organizations play an important role in determining what the “right things” are. Assessing professionalism for accreditation means that educational programs are judged on their ability to foster profes-sionalism. Implementation of this initiative, however, is still relatively new. Thus, this chapter addresses an important initial consideration: how to organize professionalism assessments to meet educational program goals.
The Amnesias
Authors: Papanicolaou Andrew C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This concise but comprehensive text provides a systematic account of the memory disorders, whether they result from psychological stress, traumatic injury, stroke, or degenerative disease of the brain. The major amnesia syndromes are covered in consistently organized chapters that give a clear description of the clinical signs and symptoms, predisposing factors, prevalence and prognosis, pathophysiology to the extent that it is known, diagnostic approaches including tests used to evaluate the disorders, and therapeutic efforts. The book's emphasis is on facts rather than theory, and readers from a variety of disciplines will appreciate its clear, jargon-free, well-organized assessment of the state of knowledge about the memory disorders. These disciplines include neurobiology, neuropsychology, psychiatry, cognitive neuroscience, rehabilitation medicine, and gerontology. Even theorists will find the book useful since any theory of memory and its neuropsychological mechanisms must be constrained by the facts of amnesia if it is to be considered complete. The book's clearcut scheme of organization will enhance its value and user-friendliness. It divides the amnesias into three types: progressive, permanent, and transient. The first type includes amnesias associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, and with vascular dementias, contrasting them with memory decline resulting from normal aging. The second type consists of classis amnesic syndromes associated with limbic lesions of various etiologies such as Korsakoff's encephalopathy and traumatic brain injuries. The third type includes transient global, transient epileptic, and ECT-induced amnesias as well as the reversible psychogenic amnesias associated with dissociative and fugue states. These discussions are preceded by two introductory chapters that define the mnemonic and amnesic phenomena, classify the various memory systems and functions, and describe the putative brain circuitry underlying these functions, including molecular mechanisms, neurotransmitter systems, and the effects of stress-related hormones and drugs, with the aid of magnetic resonance images and anatomical drawings.
Amnesias Associated with the Dementias
Authors: Economou Alexandra , Papageorgiou, Sokratis G , Papanicolaou Andrew C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The family of disorders known as dementias derive their name from the most conspicuous set of symptoms with which they are associated; that is, deficits in mentation. Such deficits are secondary to a number of pathophysiological processes like infections, metabolic deficiencies, autoimmune diseases, toxic encephalopathies, hypothyroidism, trauma, and hydrocephalus, among others. However, these secondary deficits are either reversible or, generally, not progressive. In the case of the dementias, on the other hand, the same deficits are not just irreversible but, with the exception of vascular dementia, worsen and progress over time, following the rhythm of the underlying pathophysiology.
The Role of Mobile DNA in the Evolution of Prokaryotic Genomes
Authors: Myers Garry , Paulsen Ian , Fraser Claire 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prokaryotic organisms are notoriously changeable—they adapt to new environmental niches quickly, adroitly exploiting opportunities as they arise. The acquisition and dissemination of antibiotic resistance by numerous bacteria is the classic example of this adaptability. Such phenotypic fluidity derives from the plastic and dynamic nature of the prokaryotic genome. Prokaryotes have evolved a repertoire of genomic shuffling processes, including mechanisms of gene rearrangements, acquisition, and deletion within and between organisms that can rapidly and dramatically alter the nature and behavior of the organism. Mobile DNA exemplifies the well-established concept that gene products encoded by an organism can directly effect genetic change in that organism. The information that encodes a subset of these reshuffling events subsequently survives by improving fitness, and thus become fixed in descendants, enabling future generations to capture additional information through this advantageous mechanism, opening a doorway to novel pathways of evolution. The “modern synthesis” in evolutionary theory describes selection as acting on randomly generated variation. However, as genome-shuffling events provide a rapid route to the acquisition of important traits, such as resistance to antibiotics, selection has favored the evolution of many types of genomic shuffling events for which outcomes that are favorable to the organism become more probable than random.1