bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bombay to Bloomsbury
Authors: Caine Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Stracheys were an exceptionally intelligent and unusual family, prominent in imperial administration, science, and feminism in the nineteenth century, and in the suffrage movement, women’s education, and the bringing of new approaches to sexuality in the twentieth century. The Strachey Family examines the lives of Lytton Strachey, a well-known member of the Bloomsbury set, his nine siblings, and his parents. Richard Strachey worked in India, marrying Jane, the daughter of the Indian Chief Justice, in 1859. A successful imperial couple, they were progressive, following the ideas of Auguste Comte and J. S. Mill, and the teachings of science. Their ten children were born over a period of 27 years and reflect the development and changes in a Victorian society moving to modernity. The richness of their letters provides a fascinating picture of a large, complex, and diverse family where attitudes to the family name, gender tensions, differing views on sexuality, ideas on modernity, and varying degrees of support for feminism all played a part. Dick Strachey, the eldest son, had an unsuccessful military career in India but a loving marriage, whereas Oliver announced to horrified parents that he wished to learn the piano and give music lessons, eventually finding success as a code-breaker in both world wars. Elinor, married to a man of wealth and position, devoted her life exclusively to family and social life, whilst Ralph, Chief Surveyor in India, married a woman who suffered emotional and nervous collapses and was unable to manage a family. Pippa, a full-time suffrage organizer and, in all but name, head of the family, combined the Victorian devoted single daughter with the twentieth century independent career woman, and James, a homosexual in adolescence, married Alix, one of the Bloomsbury cropheads who embraced sexual experimentation, psychoanalysis, and new patterns of domestic life. The remaining children, including Lytton, all had lives no less absorbing, and it is the examination of these lives, as well as relating the issues which they faced to wider society, which make Barbara Caine’s study so captivating and intriguing.
Single Life
Authors: Caine Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Marriage was by no means the universal pattern amongst the younger Stracheys. It was considerably less common than it had been in the families of their parents: only one of Jane Strachey’s siblings had been single, and none of Richard’s. By contrast, four of their ten children remained unmarried. In addition, Dorothy married when she was nearly 40, and hence was single for a significant part of her adult life. Jane Strachey would have dearly loved to see all her children married and Elinor and Lytton constantly kept an eye out for eligible young men for their sisters. Lytton too was under constant maternal pressure to find a spouse—which was a source of amusement to him and his friends.
Old Age and Death
Authors: Caine Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the history of old age is attracting an increasing amount of scholarly attention, the question of how precisely to define this stage of life remains a diffcult one. This is particularly so for a family like the Stracheys. Unlike other life stages, old age lacks clear or unequivocal markers. In some periods and for some groups, it is seen as commencing at a formal age of retirement or when one becomes entitled to a pension or specific welfare benefit—around 60 or 65 today. This is of little help in regard to a family to whom state provision was of little significance, and whose members often remained active long beyond the normal age of retirement.
ProtocadherinXY: A Candidate Gene for Cerebral Asymmetry and Language
Authors: Crow T J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Human language is an embarrassment for evolutionary theory’, perhaps, as Premack (1985: 283) suggested, ‘because it is vastly more powerful than one can account for in terms of selective fitness’, but also as Chomsky (1972) had pointed out, in language we have a faculty without clear precedent in other primates (see also Penner 2000). Bickerton (1995) has argued that language appeared suddenly and recently. Evidence, such as rock art, for a representational capacity that might parallel possession of language, can be traced back, with some difficulty, to around 90,000 years (Noble and Davidson 1996; Mellars 1998). Such capacity is absent in the archaeological record that relates to the Neanderthals (Mellars 1998), as also in the longer record that relates to Homo erectus (Bickerton 1995; Noble and Davidson 1996). While these hominid species are credited with protolanguage, the compon-ents of language (e.g. grammatical elements and structure, embedding and sub-categorization of verbs) characteristic of modern humans are assumed to have been absent. Thus the acquisition of the capacity for language represents a recent, and datable, discontinuity in hominid evolution. The parsimonious conclusion (because it links the distinctive characteristic of the species to its genetic origin) is that the origin of language coincided with the transition to modern Homo sapiens dated to somewhere between 100,000 and 150,000 years ago (Stringer and McKie 1996).
Language and Revolutionary Consciousness
Authors: Knight Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the outset, ‘spirit’ is cursed with the ‘burden’ of matter, which appears in this case in the form of agitated layers of air, sounds, in short, of language. Language is as old as consciousness, language is practical consciousness, as it exists for other men, and thus as it really exists for myself as well. Language, like consciousness, only arises from the need, the necessity of intercourse with other men.
On the Evolution of Grammatical Forms
Authors: Heine Bernd , Kuteva Tania 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A number of approaches are available to the linguist for studying earlier phases in the evolution of human language or languages. This chapter explores the potential for grammaticalization theory to throw light on language evolution. Grammaticalization theory relies on regularities in the evolution of linguistic forms, drawing on the unidirectionalityprinciple and its implications for the reconstruction of earlier language states (Traugott and Heine 1991; Heine, Claudi, and Hiinnemeyer 1991; Hopper and Traugott 1993). The main purpose of this chapter is to show that there are certain classes of grammatical forms that can be assumed to presuppose other grammatical forms in time. An attempt is made to reconstruct sequences of grammatical evolution with a view to establishing how language may have been structured at earlier stages of human evolution. While there are a number of interesting scenarios for how early human language may have been structured (e.g. Bickerton, this volume; Wray, this volume), it is hard to find con-vincing hypotheses for how functional categories evolved out of other items or structures that may have been used in early human communication.
The Essence of Artifacts: Developing the Design Stance
Authors: Kelemen Deborah , Carey Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
First some terminology: by ‘concept’, we simply mean a mental representation. We endorse a ‘two factor’ theory of conceptual content: concepts are individuated both by causal processes that relate mental symbols to their referents and also by internal inferential role. Philosophers sometimes treat these two factors as determining distinct kinds of content (wide and narrow), but we will not take a stance on this issue here. We assume that the meanings of terms in natural language are fixed in the same way, and thus we will sometimes speak of the meaning of a word such as ‘accordion’ and sometimes speak of the concept accordion.
Introduction
Authors: Alexander Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Governments come and go,’ an old Turkish farmer commented, ‘but the state is forever.’ A group of farmers was discussing what ‘the state’ actually was; metaphors and metonyms spilling out in an attempt to pin down definitions. Erzurum, a bleak, military city high on a barren plateau in eastern Anatolia, provided much of the source material. ‘Buildings’ such as the gated sugar factory compound or the blank-faced bureaucratic offices criss-crossing the city were suggested by one farmer as embodying the state. Another man proposed the state officials whom the farmers sometimes encountered in their villages collecting statistical information, sometimes behind desks handing out favours, demanding repayments on loans. Turkey itself was suggested, the essence and continuity of the land. At other times, farmers had thrown in notions of familial closeness through the idea of the state as father, or a sense of protection and direction through the state as shepherd.
Sugar
Authors: Alexander Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sugar inhabits a number of realms: material, metonymic, and metaphoric, each meaning enfolding and being refracted through the others. The organic form is itself multiple and mutable, ‘sugar’ is not a single substance but a family of carbohydrates: fructose, galactose, lactose, and sucrose, and it is only this last, the most complex, that is commonly called sugar. Extremes of temperature cause sucrose to destabilize and fracture into simpler molecular forms. Each structure therefore holds within it the potential of the others; the potential to be built up or broken down, reformulated, and reassembled. Sucrose is latent in the agricultural products, beet or cane, and needs to be isolated and extracted through the industrial refining process in order to produce the ‘white gold’, as trade journals sometimes refer to it in lyrical mood. In a sense then, the form of sugar changes through the actions enacted upon it, although it maintains its essential characteristic of sweetness whatever the structural form in which it appears. The converse is also true; sugar changes the consuming body through organic incorporation. The change is effected materially, but also metonymically and metaphorically.
The State: The View from Elsewhere
Authors: Alexander Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Distance can be understood in two ways. For a farmer in Erzurum, the bureaucratic capital of Ankara is quite literally far away But it is not just the eighteen- hour bus journey that makes Ankara seem so remote; they also do things differently there. The people, they say are unlike them: harder, avaricious, tainted. Distance, as this chapter explores, is as much about different ways of categorizing and understanding the same thing, as it is about geographical reach. Just as the state classifies actions, responsibilities, and relationships in one narrative of order, so do farmers, officials, and workers place their own structure of understandings upon their lives. This chapter goes on to consider what happens when the same life is subject to different ordering narratives, and how attempts are made to domesticate the state, in Hann’s (1990) phrase, by reappropriating classificatory orders and so contesting the alienating effect of the modern state. Distance then, is also about non-recognition; coming home is the process of perceiving the knowable.
Village Brokering
Authors: Alexander Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is one thing to be a state official in Ankara trying to secure a position, to make sense of one’s relationship to the state. It is quite another thing altogether to be a state official in the east, far, it seems, from the loci of power and influence, caught between the ordering modes of a half-spent centralizing ideology and local practice. But to be a farmer in the east is to grapple with sliding moments of interiority and exteriority in relation to the state, with a series of unconnected ordering narratives. Systems of meaning in villages coexist with central and local state constructions. Without a broker adept in making each system of meaning understandable to the others, the villagers risk being caught in the interstices rather than the intersections of networks of communications that might connect them to the state. Whatever the geographical location of a state official, at least he or she has an organizational line to Ankara and the central government establishment. How that line is used depends on the skill of each person to manipulate connections along the route, bypass institutional blocks, and summon patterns of likeness that reassure a potential patron. For most farmers there is no such line, only a series of local state institutions that stretches away into the distance and ends up in Ankara. In the Erzurum plateau, as with most rural areas, there are many organizations overlapping in function. The ViJlage Research service (K öy Hizmetleri) provides agricultural advice and occasionally funds for village projects. The özel jdare also supplies money or equipment for such village enterprises as roads or clinic buildings.
The Secret History of Chemical Warfare Against Moroccans
Authors: Balfour Sebastian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For all the horrors of the First World War, the European powers still officially clung in the post-war period to what might seem to us today the antiquated notion that there were moral standards in warfare. In the codes of the time, the conduct of the belligerent parties was meant to be limited by the moral boundaries of Western civilization. Thus, for example, war was still regarded as an affair between men enrolled in professional armies. As late as 1938, the British prime minister Chamberlain declared that the bombing of civilians was unlawful.
Controlling Egypt’ s Finances 1879-1880
Authors: Owen Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 25 June 1879 the Ottoman Sultan sent two telegrams to Egypt. One, addressed to Son Altesse Ismail Pacha, ‘ Ex-Khedive’ , ordered him to leave the country at once. The other addressed to his son Taufiq made it clear that he was to take his father’ s place. Five days later, on 30 June, Ismail boarded his personal yacht at Alexandria never to return.
Egypt: Digging In 1883-1885
Authors: Owen Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Baring, now Sir Evelyn Baring, went straight from India to Cairo, arriving on 11 September 1883. He returned to the rue Moughrabi and established both his residence and his office in a house owned by Sir Alexander Baird that was later to become the Turf Club after the Agency moved out in December 1893.1 Harry Boyle, who came to work in it in August 1885, described it as ‘ small and rambling’ , a statement which seems somewhat at odds with photographs of the building itself.2 ‘ Small’ is, however, a relative concept and the question of whether it was big enough for its purpose soon became a matter of some importance.
Sudan Again and the Tragedy of Ethel’ s Death 1895-1899
Authors: Owen Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cramer’ s belief that even a defeated Khedive would continue to make trouble for the British provided the spur for his renewed emphasis on policies designed to ensure Egypt’ s economic growth. The rationale was well spelled out in a dispatch to Salisbury some years later. He was ‘ certain’ , he wrote, that, as long as the occupation lasts, the Khedive and the small but influential class that look to the Khedive for guidance will maintain a position of irreconcilable hostility ... [Hence] it is almost a political necessity that the mass of the people should be in such a condition of material prosperity as to render them proof against appeals to the sentiments of race hatred and religious fanatic sm. I
Finale : Summary and Prospects
Authors: Cysouw Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The structural variation among the world’s languages is overwhelming. Yet this variability should not be considered a nuisance to linguistic inquiry, but a potential source of insight into the possibilities of human language. Looking for a balance between gross generalizations and extreme relativism, I have attempted, in the present investigation, to catalogue the existing variability of the para-dogmatic structure of person marking and to highlight structures that turned out to be more common than others. The existing variation shows a continuum from commonly attested paradigmatic structures, through a set of ever less common structures, up to structures that are not attested among the world’s languages at all. Nothing seems to be impossible, although certain structures are clearly less probable.
‘A Ghastly Spectral Army’: History, Identity, and the Visionary Poet
Authors: Fegan Melissa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Chinese author and intellectual dissident Hsien-Liang Chang spent the late 1950s and most of the 1960s in a gulag, accused of thought-crimes. Like most Chinese during the reign of Mao Tse-tung, political prisoners were in constant danger of starvation: the title of Chang’s autobiography, Grass Soup, reflects the state of his diet for many years. Yet, despite his own sufferings, and the constant deaths from starvation of camp col leagues, he continued to write.
The Black Stream: Politics and Proselytism in Second–Generation Famine Novels
Authors: Fegan Melissa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Literary critics tend to agree that the generation following the Famine was ‘among the most barren culturally in modern Irish history’, providing little of value except to the antiquarian or anthropologist. Few literary works were produced at all, say the critics, even less a cohesive literature of the Famine: ‘There is a handful of novels and a body of poems, but few truly distinguished works. Where is the Famine in the literature of the Revival? Where is it in Joyce?’ Eagleton is so disturbed by this lack that he felt the need to borrow Wuthering Heights in order to fill out the canon of Famine literature.
‘La Guerre Sainte’: Debates about Just War among Republicans in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Nabulsi Karma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THIS exhortation comes not from the Revolutionary era but from an official call to arms to the people by the French republican organization, the Liguedu Midi, in October 1870. The original poster was given to me by Vincent Wright in the spring of 1999, while we were working on a piece together, drawing from Vincent’s extensive archives of the 1870-1 war period. Our article focused on the range of disagreements between Gambetta’s new republican prefects and France’s army generals, all of whom had been appointed by the old regime of the Second Empire. Both of these actors were charged with organizing the defence of the country as it was being invaded by Prussia. And Vincent and I had given ourselves the ambitious task of setting out precisely the nature of the quarrel between them and its manifestations on the local and national levels. We set out to classify and explore, within the literature on the Franco-Prussian war and wider debates in the academic literature, a typology of conflicts between these two parties. Yet every day our discussions on the nature of our joint piece inexorably took us into the realm of another, more fascinating quarrel concerning the conflicts that flourished within the republican camp in 1870-1.
Emulation through Decoration: A Science of Government ?
Authors: Ihl Olivier 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IF we include the Croix de Guerre of the First and Second World Wars, the official number of French men and women who have been awarded decorations and are ‘ presumed alive’ is estimated at over 2 million. How is this honours table made up? The Legion d’ honneur has more than 200,000 honorands, the Compagnons de la Liberation just under 1,000 members, including five towns and 18 regiments. There are over 560,000 holders of the rnedaille rnilitaire and 130,000 of the Ordre du Merite, to say nothing of the swelling battalions of the Merite Agricole, the Croix de Guerre, or the Palmes academiques. Just one look at these figures is enough to confer upon these modest emblems the status of a systematic instrument of governance.
Famify and Childhood
Authors: Bergonzi Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tom Arnold was born on 30 November 1823, eleven months after his brother Matthew. Their father, the elder Thomas, was an energetic, active, ambitious young schoolmaster; he had married in 1820 and his first child, Jane, was born the following year. He had already embarked on his life’s work as a teacher, though this description understates his intense commitment to the idea of education. His father, William Arnold, had risen from modest beginnings in public service to become Collector of Customs on the Isle of Wight, to which in time were added the further posts of collector of dues for Trinity House, and superintendent of postal services. Thomas was born in 1795, the youngest of seven children, and had a happy childhood on the island. He watched with fascination the many ships that the Napoleonic wars brought into the port of Cowes; his father started to give him lessons in history and geography, but, alas, he died of a heart-attack before Thomas was 6. His mother, Martha, who had been appointed postmistress after her husbands death, continued the lessons, helped by her sister, Susan Delafield.
London Again
Authors: Bergonzi Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his autobiography, Tom Arnold passes in silence over the family crisis of 1876, his return to Catholicism and his retreat to London. Writing to Josephine on 5 November, he refers to a return to Oxford, though in the event it was only a brief visit:
Not that my wife’s resentment is at all appeased; on the contrary she writes that she and I must henceforth live as strangers. Poor thing! I know the blow must have been terrible to her, although she has had abundant warning that this is what I should do some time or other.
Golden Autumn
Authors: Bergonzi Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two weeks after Julia’s death Tom Arnold wrote to Thomas Collinson, now a retired general of engineers. Collinson had known Julia in Van Diemen’s Land, and Tom recalls that he had advised against the marriage:
Your advice was quite sound, for in many ways we were quite unsuited to one another; and yet not only was it impossible for me to take it, for she had subjugated me by her beauty to that degree that I belonged much more to her than to myself—but now I thank God with all my heart for having given us to one another, and hope, and believe, that I shall see and know my darling again on the other side of the grave.
Conclusions: Defining the Majority
Authors: Felling Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As I hope has been demonstrated, there is no single definition which can apply to all the irregulars. Among other things, this constitutes a defeat for the College’s attempts at categorizing its opponents. The ‘excluded middle’ includes a finely divided and extensive range of individuals of both genders and all levels of educational attainment, overlapping significantly with the College’s own membership, and representing the full diversity of opportunities and constraints characteristic of the early mod ern metropolis. There is an absence of boundaries, either by gender or according to the tripartite model of practice. The irregulars are, however, given density and stability in the shape of the numerous London barber surgeons and apothecaries who regarded it as their right to practise in such a way as to include physic. But even these, in their way, were protean, providing valuable information on an artisan culture in flux. Similarly, ‘ordinary’ medical practice was stabilized by being contractual, but the urban conditions which originated contractual medicine also ensured the constant irruption of deviations from the norm.