bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The ins and outs of European Monetary Union: some public policy issues
Authors: Wood Geoffrey E. 
Published: March 2003

This paper reviews the problems, other than the foregone benefits of EMU, that would face countries‐either EU members or non‐members closely associated with the EU‐as a consequence of staying outside EMU.Problems both economic and political are discussed, but the primary focus is on economic issues.It is concluded that there may be minor adverse consequences; but they are only a possibility.What is clear is that claims that there will inevitably be major adverse consequences ‐ higher inflation or interest rates, or lower growth, for example ‐ are entirely without foundation.
The market for corporate control in professional football: is there an agency problem?
Authors: McMaster Robert 
Published: March 2003

This paper identifies the nature of agency problems in professional football in the UK. Conflicting elements within director‐owners’objective functions combined with highly concentrated ownership rights are sources of agency problems, manifest by the poor financial performance of many clubs. Arguably, a club's supporters influence its output implying that supporters may be considered as an input.Given this, theory suggests that efficiency may be enhanced if supporters possess more property rights in their respective clubs.
Competition, entry and the social returns to infrastructure in transition economies
Authors: Aghion Philippe , Schankerman Mark 
Published: March 2003

This paper presents a simple model for analysing the contribution of investments in physical and institutional infrastructure to the transition process. In addition to the direct cost savings, infrastructure investment generates important indirect effects, or transition impacts. The model shows that, by reducing transaction costs, infrastructure intensifies product market competition. This leads to more effective weeding out of the existing high‐cost firms in the market. In this model, infrastructure also increases the incentives for low‐cost firms to restructure which generates additional efficiency gains, but exacerbates the existing cost asymmetry in the economy. Finally, infrastructure investment enhances the incentives for relatively low‐cost firms to enter the market, and thus improves the efficiency of the entry process. The importance of these transition impacts of infrastructure is dependent upon features of the economy, such as the degree of cost asymmetry among firms, the proportion of high‐cost firms, the cost of restructuring and entry costs for new firms.JEL classification: L1, O1, P2.
The gender pay gap in Russia during the transition, 1992‐96
Authors: Reilly Barry 
Published: March 2003

This paper explores the link between rising wage dispersion in Russia over the transitional period and the gender pay gap. The work of Blau and Kahn (1996) emphasized a role for ‘wage structure’ in the determination of the gender pay gap, although some interpretational issues concerning their methodology have been raised recently by Suen (1997). The unadjusted gender pay gap between 1992 and 1996 exhibited some degree of stability, but the analysis presented identified increased wage dispersion as a modest agent for the widening of the gap in Russia. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) estimates for an equation pooling observations from both gender groups, registered no statistical difference in the mean ceteris paribus gender pay gap between the two years. To complement the mean regression approach, quantile regression procedures were also employed. Although the median regression provided evidence of a statistically significant temporal increase in the gender pay gap, this finding was not supported at other chosen quantiles of the wage distribution. This result was taken to highlight the possible sensitivity of the OLS procedure.JEL classification: J16, J31, P23.
The effect of reforms on employment flexibility in Chinese SOEs, 1980–94
Authors: Bodmer Frank 
Published: March 2003

This paper tries to document the increased flexibility in employment relations in Chinese SOEs until 1994, as well as the effects this had on productivity and on the allocation of workers. A number of measures were introduced to enhance such flexibility, such as autonomy in the decision to hire and fire workers, and a new contract status which could at least in theory be terminated. This was aimed at improving the motivation as well as the allocation of workers across firms. Both should have improved the productivity of SOEs. The evidence found, however, indicates that these measures had few effects. This conclusion is based first on turnover data where hardly any change is found. Estimates of productivity and allocative efficiency gains lead to the same conclusion. This confirms the view that the Chinese state sector reforms regarding employment decisions remained very limited in scope until 1994.JEL classification: P23, P31, J63.
Application of artificial neural networks for the development of a signal monitoring system
Authors: Keyvan Shahla , Durg Ajaya , Nagaraj Jyothi 
Published: March 2003

A prototype of a Signal Monitoring System (SMS) utilizing artificial neural networks is developed in this work. The prototype system is unique in: 1) its utilization of state‐of‐the‐art technology in pattern recognition such as the Adaptive Resonance Theory family of neural networks, and 2) the integration of neural network results of pattern recognition and fault identification databases.The system is developed in an X‐windows environment that offers an excellent Graphical User Interface (GUI). Motif software is used to build the GUI. The system is user‐friendly, menu‐driven, and allows the user to select signals and paradigms of interest. The system provides the status or condition of the signals tested as either normal or faulty. In the case of faulty status, SMS, through an integrated database, identifies the fault and indicates the progress of the fault relative to the normal condition as well as relative to the previous tests.Nuclear reactor signals from an Experimental Breeder Reactor are analyzed to closely represent actual reactor operational data. The signals are both measured signals collected by a Data Acquisition System as well as simulated signals.
Re(ge)ndering Gender(ed) Studies
Authors: Sharrock Alison 
Published: March 2003

McAuslan, Ian and Walcot, Peter (eds) Women in AntiquityArcher, Leonie J., Fischler, Susan and Wyke, Maria (eds) Women in Ancient Societies: ‘An Illusion of the Night’Hawley, Richard and Levick, Barbara (eds) Women in Antiquity: New AssessmentsRichlin, Amy (ed.) Pornography and Representation in Greece and RomeSorkin Rabinowitz, Nancy and Richlin, Amy (eds) Feminist Theory and the ClassicsReeder, Ellen D. Pandora: Women in Classical Greece
How Women Socially Construct Leadership in Organizations: A Study Using Memory Work
Authors: Boucher Carlene 
Published: March 2003

In this study, a group of Australian female leaders (including the author), collaboratively explored their early memories of leadership using the memory work method (Haug 1987, 1992; Crawford et al. 1992). From this exploration, they developed theories about how they socially construct leadership in organizations.They explored their early memories of leadership, and from these, identified how their social constructions are located within the dominant construction of white male Australian leadership. They also examined how their constructions are based in the family, and are dominated by notions of services and sacrifice, and the absence of men. They also identified the ways they resist these constructions, such as holding strong values and remaining connected to themselves and to others. The costs of this resistance include self‐doubt and a reluctance to describe themselves as leaders.Research like this threatens traditional models and theories of leadership (Burrell and Morgan 1987) and opens up the possibility that research, of itself, can change the ways leadership is experienced, acted out and talked about.
Work and Health: A Study of the Occupational and Domestic Roles of Women Registered Nurses and Registered Practical Nurses in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Walters Vivienne , Eyles John , Lenton Rhonda , French Susan , Beardwood Barbara 
Published: March 2003

Links between work and health are explored in this study of a proportional random sample of 1190 women Registered Nurses (RNs) and 643 women Registered Practical Nurses (RPNs) in the province of Ontario, Canada. First, features of the paid and unpaid work of the RNs and RPNs are outlined. The professional status of RNs is reflected in their greater control, responsibility, accountability and tensions embedded in their relationships with physicians. In contrast, RPNs are frontline workers with fewer career opportunities, less control in their work and lower pay. There are also common elements in their nursing work: heavy workloads, exposure to hazards, and the stress of dealing with death and dying and with violent patients. The main difference with respect to the domestic sphere is the substantially higher mean household income of RNs.Multivariate analysis is then used to explore the combined effects of paid and unpaid work on nurses' health. Exposure to hazards in nursing, time pressures with respect to home responsibilities and overall stress in life were associated with increased health problems. There is also evidence that workload issues are linked with poorer health. Social support in the form of a confiding relationship with a friend is associated with better health. One of the main differences between RNs and RPNs in the variables associated with health is in relation to children; contrary to our expectations, having one to four children is linked with better health for RNs. It is suggested that the higher household incomes of RNs may alter the nature of their home responsibilities and the interaction between the two spheres of work may differ. In conclusion, the findings are set in the context of restructuring in the healthcare sector.
The Swedish Welfare State and the Emergence of Female Welfare State Occupations
Authors: Evertsson Lars 
Published: March 2003

The Swedish welfare state has, during the twentieth century, developed into the primary guarantor of health and social services as well as economic security. As the welfare state has developed, a new group of professions has emerged which can be described as welfare state professions. In this paper I will point out a few central aspects of how female‐dominated welfare state professions have emerged and developed within the framework of the Swedish welfare state's expansion. These ideas will then be demonstrated on two female‐dominated occupations, nurses and occupational therapists, which have developed in close association with the expansion of the welfare state.The results indicate that the emergence of a centrally planned welfare state and the occupational groups' organizational resources have been of crucial importance for the professional development of female‐dominated health and care occupations in Sweden. The welfare state has opened up new professional fields and created a stable labour market, which has provided good conditions for professional organizing. The state has also been quick to establish relationships with occupational groups whose professional competence has been deemed to be suited to the welfare political context. However, the state's interests in professional matters have often been in conflict with those of the professions themselves, regarding, for example, education, sub‐specialization and certification. One conclusion that can be drawn is that the Swedish welfare state has acted both as an engine and a brake regarding professional development and status.
Money Metric, Consumer Surplus and Welfare Measurement
Authors: Hillinger Claude 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
The paper provides a rigorous derivation of the `welfare triangle approximation' (WTA), which is at the centre of cost-benefit analysis. The result is generalized by showing that the WTA is one of two dual expressions, one of which approximates the change in real consumption, the other the change in the cost of living. The result is based on a correction of a proof attempted by Hicks. Many other derivations are also given, each based on a different definition of the theoretical functions to be approximated. The final result is the following: each of the empirical variations corresponds to a range of theoretical variations. The edges of the range are theoretical Laspeyres and Paasche variations which are approximated linearly; the interior region of the range is approximated quadratically; the centre of the range is replicated exactly by the empirical measures.
Economic Development, Trade and Wages
Authors: Jones Ronald W. , Marjit Sugata 
Published: March 2003

Abstract.
We present models that allow the use of unskilled and skilled labor as well as capital and land. Thus agriculture, important in developing countries, can be included as well as two types of labor and a single (or two) type(s) of physical capital. The models are related to the simple 3x2 specific factors structure by means of what is called the linear neighborhood structure, wherein no activity uses more than two factors, and the two types of labor work in separated sectors, using in common a type of physical capital. We discuss how wage rate changes are related when endowments change, when agriculture becomes traded and prices rise, and when unskilled labor becomes educated and joins the ranks of skilled workers.
Solid Waste Recycling Behavior of Industrial‐Commercial ‐Institutional Establishments
Authors: MACLAREN VIRGINIA W. , YU CHANG‐CHING 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTThis paper develops a model of the relationship between the solid waste recycling activities of industrial‐commercial‐institutional (ICI) firms and two sets of explanatory variables: characteristics of the firm and characteristics of the waste materials. The model is tested for six types of waste material (paper, paperboard, plastic, glass, wood, and metal) using logistic regression analysis and drawing on waste quantity and composition data collected from a sample of over 400 ICI firms in metropolitan Toronto. The percentage of firms recycling materials ranged from a high of 46 percent for paperboard to a low of 8 percent for plastics. In all of the models tested, quantity of waste material produced was found to be a significant explanatory variable in determining whether a firm will recycle that material. Other variables which were found to be significant in explaining recycling of some, but not all, material types were floor space of the firm, and type of economic activity. Despite theoretical support for its inclusion, employment was not found to be significant in any of the models.
Dearing is Dead – Blunkett is Born? The Future Funding of Higher Education
Authors: Wagner Leslie 
Published: March 2003

The Dearing Report’s most substantial and rigorous piece of work on funding has been rendered irrelevant by the government’s decision to adopt a different approach which Dearing had not considered. Much time, effort and money could have been saved if the government had made its objectives clear before the Report was finalised rather than on the day it was published.Yet the Dearing chapters on funding are not wasted because they provide the case for a student contribution to tuition costs on the grounds of equity. These arguments are examined and supported in the paper. The Report is criticised for missing the opportunity to argue for credit‐based funding in relation to both the public and student contributions.The reasons for the government preferring its particular mix of means‐tested fee and loan instead of means‐tested maintenance grant are explained in terms of its political objectives. The effect of the government’s proposals is that no student or parent pays more now for higher education than under existing arrangements. The extra private costs are incurred by graduates in repaying their additional loans out of their future income.Finally, the misplaced emphasis on dealing with the full‐time student funding problem led the Committee to give insufficient attention to other students. The adoption of a genuine lifelong learning model of higher education might have generated more relevant proposals not only on funding but elsewhere.
Political and Religious Propaganda at the Court of Charles V: a Newly‐Identified Tract by Alfonso Valdés
Authors: Rummel Erika 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
An anonymous response on behalf of Charles V to statements made by Edward Lee, English ambassador to the imperial court (published in Exhibita quaedam per Eduardum Leum …, Antwerp, 1528), is ascribed to the imperial secretary Alfonso Valdés. There are verbal and contextual parallels between the anonymous response and Valdés's Diálogo de Mercurio y Carón. Both works, moreover, contain references to Erasmus, with whom Lee had engaged in a polemic over the text and interpretation of the new Testament. The exchange, therefore, transcends the political sphere, and pits Valdés, an admirer of Erasmian humanism, against Lee, a defender of the scholastic method.
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Purchase of Nongroup Health Insurance: The Roles of Community and Family‐Level Factors
Authors: Saver Barry G. , Doescher Mark P. , Symons J. Morel , Wright George E. , Andrilla C. Holly 
Published: March 2003

Objective To evaluate the influence of community‐ and family‐level factors on racial/ethnic disparities in the uptake of nongroup (individual) health insurance.Data Sources Responses to the 1996–1997 Community Tracking Study Household Survey plus community‐level descriptors from several sources including census data, the Area Resource File, and community and migrant health center Medicare cost reports.Study Design Logistic regression was used to compare families in which at least one person had nongroup health insurance to families without nongroup insurance in which at least one person was uninsured. Sequential models were constructed examining family‐ and community‐level factors.Results Twenty‐three percent of families with otherwise‐uninsured persons purchased nongroup insurance, ranging from 11% to 41% among the 60 communities sampled. Disadvantaged minority group members, especially Spanish‐speaking Hispanics, had half or less the odds of whites of purchasing nongroup insurance. Education had a weaker association with purchasing nongroup insurance among minority group members than among whites. Community‐level factors had minimal effect on disparities in uptake, although greater housing segregation was associated with lower uptake among blacks.Conclusions Minority group members are much less likely to purchase nongroup insurance than whites. Family income and community factors do not explain this gap. Programs aimed at stimulating voluntary insurance purchase will continue to underenroll disadvantaged minorities if nonfinancial barriers to acquiring insurance coverage, including the interplay between race/ethnicity and education, are not better understood and addressed.
Factors That Influence Line Managers' Perceptions of Hospital Performance Data
Authors: Ginsburg Liane Soberman 
Published: March 2003

Objective. To design and test a model of the factors that influence frontline and midlevel managers' perceptions of usefulness of comparative reports of hospital performance.Study Setting. A total of 344 frontline and midlevel managers with responsibility for stroke and medical cardiac patients in 89 acute care hospitals in the Canadian province of Ontario.Study Design. Fifty‐nine percent of managers responded to a mail survey regarding managers' familiarity with a comparative report of hospital performance, ratings of the report's data quality, relevance and complexity, improvement culture of the organization, and perceptions of usefulness of the report.Extraction Methods. Exploratory factor analysis was performed to assess the dimensionality of performance data characteristics and improvement culture. Antecedents of perceived usefulness and the role of improvement culture as a moderator were tested using hierarchical regression analyses.Principal Findings. Both data characteristics variables including data quality, relevance, and report complexity, as well as organizational factors including dissemination intensity and improvement culture, explain significant amounts of variance in perceptions of usefulness of comparative reports of hospital performance. The total R2 for the full hierarchical regression model=.691. Improvement culture moderates the relationship between data relevance and perceived usefulness.Conclusions. Organizations and those who fund and design performance reports need to recognize that both report characteristics and organizational context play an important role in determining line managers' response to and ability to use these types of data.
Primary Care Service Areas: A New Tool for the Evaluation of Primary Care Services
Authors: Goodman David C. , Mick Stephen S. , Bott David , Stukel Therese , Chang Chiang‐hua , Marth Nancy , Poage Jim , Carretta Henry J. 
Published: March 2003

Objective. To develop and characterize utilization‐based service areas for the United States which reflect the travel of Medicare beneficiaries to primary care clinicians.Data Source/Study Setting. The 1996–1997 Part B and 1996 Outpatient File primary care claims for fee‐for‐service Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 and older. The 1995 Medicaid claims from six states (1995) and commercial claims from Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan (1996).Study Design. A patient origin study was conducted to assign 1999 U.S. zip codes to Primary Care Service Areas on the basis of the plurality of beneficiaries' preference for primary care clinicians. Adjustments were made to establish geographic contiguity and minimum population and service localization. Generality of areas to younger populations was tested with Medicaid and commercial claims.Data Collection/Extraction Methods. Part B primary care claims were selected on the basis of provider specialty, place of service, and CPT code. Selection of Outpatient File claims used provider number, type of facility/service, and revenue center codes.Principal Findings. The study delineated 6,102 Primary Care Service Areas with a median population of 17,276 (range 1,005–1,253,240). Overall, 63 percent of the Medicare beneficiaries sought the plurality of their primary care from within area clinicians. Service localization compared to Medicaid (six states) and commercial primary care utilization (Michigan) was comparable but not identical.Conclusions. Primary Care Service Areas are a new tool for the measurement of primary care resources, utilization, and associated outcomes. Policymakers at all jurisdictional levels as well as researchers will have a standardized system of geographical units through which to assess access to, supply, use, organization, and financing of primary care services.