bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Commentary on the First Conversation, Part One
Authors: Pattison George 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This commentary relates to the first part of the first Conversation and discusses the themes of the conversation under the rubrics: the metaphysics of suicide; life beyond death; and lies, literature, and sin. Suicide is represented as a metaphysical problem in Dostoevsky in the figure of the nihilist Kirillov, who believes he can become God by committing suicide and demonstrating his power over his own life. However, Dostoevsky moderates the Church’s teaching that suicide is a sin, promoting mercy and prayer for suicides. Dostoevsky’s speculations on life after death are discussed in connection with notes he made after his first wife’s death that are echoed in A Gentle Spirit. The view that all literature is a species of lying is associated with the saying of the Russian poet Tiutchev—‘the thought once uttered is a lie’. The commentary connects Dostoevsky’s fascination with lying to the social displacements experienced by Russian society in his time and the rise of the money economy.
Commentary on the Sixth Conversation
Authors: Pattison George 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The chapter restates Dostoevsky’s views on Jews and Judaism from the Diary of a Writer and examines the portrayal of Jews in his fiction. There is clear evidence of anti-Semitism, but the fictional nature of the texts must be borne in mind and it is questionable whether Dostoevsky believed, as some have argued, in the blood libel against Jews. The phenomenon of Russian Jewish commentators on Dostoevsky is discussed. The commentary next proceeds with a second discussion of Dostoevsky’s politics, showing how his thoughts were appropriated by leading figures of the conservative revolution in Germany in the 1920s and 1930s. However, it is also argued that they represent only one part of the reception of Dostoevsky in this time and his work also appealed to those of the opposite political persuasion.
Introduction
Authors: Hardwick Alexandra 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The introduction sets out the importance of off-stage groups in drama, and outlines existing scholarship in this area. In particular, it highlights the complexity of analysing off-stage groups through the viewpoints of characters on stage. It then sets this book in the context of scholarly trends in related areas: groups in the ancient world, narrative in drama, politics and democracy in drama, and choruses. The introduction also lists and analyses the meanings of various terms for ‘group’ in ancient Greek, including malleable terms such as plêthos and ochlos. Finally, it explains the division of material thematically across chapters, and outlines the contents of this book’s six chapters.
Motifs of Group Psychology in Classical Greek Prose
Authors: Hardwick Alexandra 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Chapter 1 outlines the portrayal of groups in prose texts, contemporary or near-contemporary with extant Athenian drama. This chapter surveys the works of Herodotus, Thucydides, the Attic orators, the sophists, Plato, and the Old Oligarch to compile an overall picture of the motifs typically associated with groups. It establishes that groups are often imagined as collective psychological units in fifth-century Greek prose; furthermore, it charts the stereotypical tropes used to portray group thought as different to individual thought (such as anger, fear, readiness to find scapegoats, decision-making through collective noise). This establishes the background of motifs against which off-stage groups in Athenian drama will be compared.
The Role of Platforms in the Collection of Consumption Taxes in the Digital Economy
Authors: Hellerstein Walter 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Platforms play a central role in the effectuation of the sale of goods and services in the digital economy. National taxing jurisdictions across the globe have responded to this development by enlisting platforms in the collection of consumption taxes—value-added taxes (VATs) and goods and services taxes (GSTs)—imposed on sales involving platforms. Although the United States does not impose a national consumption tax, 45 of the 50 subnational states impose retail sales taxes (RSTs), and the challenges that jurisdictions confront in effectuating the effective collection of consumption taxes on cross-border sales are similar in the international VAT/GST and the US subnational RST contexts. This chapter describes the US states’ response to these challenges and identifies their implications for the analogous challenges in the international VAT/GST contexts. The chapter summarizes state platform legislation, including the definition of platforms with tax collection obligations, the obligations of such platforms, the respective obligations of platforms and those who sell over platforms, and the simplification of compliance obligations.
Some Thoughts on the Relationship between the Destination-Based Cash Flow Tax and VAT
Authors: Schön Wolfgang 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In recent years, a move for destination-based taxes on business profits has become visible around the world. The most revolutionary and sophisticated model for international tax reform is the ‘Destination-Based Cash Flow Tax’ (DBCFT), which is meant to replace the traditional corporate income tax and to shift international taxing rights with regard to business profits from the country of origin to the country of destination. This justifies an attempt to compare the DBCFT with value-added tax (VAT)—as VAT is levied on a destination basis as well. This chapter analyses the conceptual differences and similarities between a DBCFT and a VAT from an economic and a legal perspective. It raises the issue of whether VAT and DBCFT are different when it comes to their respective compatibility with World Trade Organization law. Finally, the chapter discusses policy options for the United States and the European Union.
The Holy Grail of International Consistency in VAT Administration
Authors: Xu Yan , Walpole Michael 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The global economy has become increasingly digitalized over recent decades. Value-added tax (VAT), a tax on consumption, has also been developing rapidly. It is now implemented in over 170 jurisdictions. At the international level, while most existing VATs follow the destination principle to tax cross-border transactions, the digitalized economy has posed challenges to implementing destination-basis taxation with regard to cross-border digital supplies of services. This chapter examines the state of play in global VAT practices affecting supply of services across international borders through electronical means with a focus on tax administration. It argues that administrative capacity could be an important factor preventing consistent implementation of destination-basis taxation on cross-border digital supplies of services and that capacity building and development is needed, particularly for developing jurisdictions, if international consistency is preferred for the global economy in the 21st century.
Procuring Wrongs
Authors: Goudkamp James 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In certain circumstances, tort law imposes liability for procuring the commission of wrongs. This chapter focuses on one such instance the origin of which is the High Court’s decision in Marex Financial Ltd v Sevillja. In that case, it was held that it was sufficiently arguable for the purposes of securing jurisdiction that it was tortious intentionally and knowingly to induce a violation of rights in a judgment debt. Subsequent cases have confirmed the tort’s existence on the basis that it finds a close analogy with the tort of inducing a breach of contract. This chapter examines the evolution of this new head of liability and its scope. It also explores some of its wider implications for the law of torts.
The External Shield of a Contract—Torts, Equity, and Restitution
Authors: Cohen Nili 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks into the notions of torts, equity, and restitution as the external shield of a contract. The chapter cites the importance of Lumley v Gye, a landmark decision in English private law, establishing the tort of inducing breach of contract, and a meeting point of contract, torts, and property. It discusses the application of general tort liability protecting any contract from external interference, as well as that of restitution liability following the tort of inducing breach. Paradoxically following social and technological changes the contract for personal services which served as a vehicle for the fortification of other types of contractual rights, ended up as the weakest type of contract from the point of view of legal enforceability.
Introduction
Authors: Lazar Leah 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The introduction explains the book’s new approach to Athenian power, centred on negotiation, flexibility, and regionality, and the key categories of evidence under analysis. After beginning with a discussion of the famous tribute quota lists, the inscribed financial documents attesting to the Athenian imperial tribute system, the introduction offers a brief overview of past scholarship on the Athenian empire, and the new directions laid out in recent years. It explores how the concept of negotiation, which has been successfully applied to the study of other empires, can offer a new approach to analysis of Athenian power. It then lays out the strengths and limitations of the different categories of evidence utilized in the book, including literary sources and Athenian epigraphic evidence.
Conclusion
Authors: Lazar Leah 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In the conclusion, discussion of a cluster of inscriptions attesting to Athenian interaction with the island of Keos in the fourth century provides a means of summarizing the arguments of the monograph and of emphasizing their limitations. The argumentative themes of the monograph come together in this illuminating comparative case from the fourth century: polis-level negotiations, conducted by the Athenians on a bilateral basis with individual communities, a network of influential individuals, the use of honorific diplomacy, the complex role of democratic ideology and practice, the assertion of power through monumental inscription, and localized and targeted Athenian exploitation where opportunity presented. But the case of Keos also provides an important caveat: negotiation did not always work, the Athenians’ relationships with allied individuals had limitations, and, most of all, the Athenians did not necessarily feel the need to negotiate at all. The Athenians used negotiation and hands-off approaches to extraction when such strategies served them well, but they always existed alongside direct rapacity and violence.
Gender, Caste, and Patriarchy
Authors: Patil Smita M. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the anti-caste movements in nineteenth- and twentieth-century Maharashtra. It looks at the intersections of gender, caste, patriarchy, and religion in such anti-caste movements and how they combined to create conditions for the subjugation of women, particularly those from the lower castes. Analysing sources available in Marathi, the author examines the seminal writings and socio-legal interventions of intellectuals like Jotiba Phule, Savitribai Phule, Mukta Salve, and Tarabai Shinde and shows how their legacy was taken forward by Chhtrapati Shahu Maharaj and B. R. Ambedkar. More specifically, it looks at the gender question from the point of view of political ideologies and practices of such pioneering anti-caste intellectuals from colonial Maharashtra, who brought into focus the centrality of caste-based oppression. They also showed how caste intersected with religion and patriarchy to create new ideologies and forms of subordination especially for women from lower castes. The chapter ruptures the dominant assumption that the reform movements in colonial Maharashtra should be largely seen within the framework of religion. It highlights how anti-caste movements in the region not only challenged the Brahmanical orthodoxy and conservative Hindu efforts at reform but also paved the way for the emergence of a critical thought that sought to annihilate inequalities induced by caste, gender, and patriarchy, and their intersections.
Reversing of Gender
Authors: Nag Sajal , Lalsangpuii R. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Northeast India experienced some of the most violent resistance movements in India against British colonialism. Led by the tribes of the region, these movements were not all male endeavours, even though the regional tribal polities were fiercely patriarchal. There were several female chieftains who took up arms against the colonial military forces to thwart attempts to overrun the tribal habitats and subvert their sovereignty. This chapter discusses the role of such women chieftains among the Lushai (Mizo) tribe of Northeast India who surfaced once their chieftain husbands, brothers, and sons had been eliminated by the British forces. It reconstructs the histories of such female chieftains, rebels, and warriors who not only led their armies but also entered diplomatic negotiations with the colonial state. They mobilized people, formed militia, and tried to preserve their sovereignty by resisting the British invasion. It is interesting to note that the colonial state was viewed by the tribes as a brute masculine power against whom their resistance crumbled. However, when the female tribal chieftains fought against the colonial state, they were seen as masculine powers taking on another masculine entity. Women’s leadership of such anti-colonial movements momentarily reversed the gendered nature of politics in the related patriarchal tribal communities. However, such acts did not lead to any changes in the patriarchal structure of their societies. Their heroic resistance was neither celebrated nor recorded in the regional folklore and history, while Lushai chronicles are full of stories of the achievements of their male chiefs.
Adivasis, Gender, and Witch-Hunting in Early Colonial Chotanagpur and Santhal Parganas
Authors: Shekhar Sinha Shashank 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Colonial Chotanagpur and Santhal Parganas constitute the state of Jharkhand today. This chapter examines gender tensions related to constructions of witches and witch-hunts among the Adivasis (a term commonly used for the tribes) of Chotanagpur and Santhal Parganas in the early colonial period, roughly between the 1820s and the 1860s. It underscores how the constructions of witchcraft in Adivasi myths and legends was intensely gendered. Likewise, witch-hunts constituted an area where patriarchal, gender, and communitarian tensions manifested in the most intense and visible ways in the everyday lives of the Adivasis. This chapter shows how socio-economic strains generated by colonialism created a climate of vulnerability where patriarchal and social tensions intersected with strains generated by colonialism to give new meanings and forms to witch-hunting. Furthermore, when the colonial administration brought in regulations and laws restricting and banning the practice of witch killings, these were strongly resisted by the Adivasis. During Adivasi movements, when the collectivity and solidarity of the tribes became more sharply defined and articulated vis-à-vis the perceived enemies/opponents, such intersecting tensions became magnified and were integrated with larger contours of resistance. In the case of the Santhal Uprising and the 1857 rebellion, two movements famously known for their anti-colonialism, witch-hunts became a part of the larger politics of anti-colonial resistance. The consequences were severely violent for women, as the region experienced mass witch killings, making them perhaps the first incidents of their kind in the history of anti-colonial movements in India.
Fragmentary Histories, Subaltern Sexualities, and Vernacular Archives
Authors: Gupta Charu 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter attempts to reclaim fragmentary histories of subaltern sexualities in early twentieth-century north India, more specifically the United Provices (present-day Uttar Pradesh, hereafter, UP), by positing three disparate sites of inquiry. First, it looks at the emerging normative notions of masculinity and manhood in the period and shows how discussions around homosexuality and distribution of cheaply priced ‘dirty books’ disturbed the dominant, heterosexual, and procreative imperative. Second, through the writings of Yashoda Devi, a leading Ayurvedic practitioner in colonial north India, it underlines some indigenous and popular biomedical notions of sexuality. Third, it studies representations of Dalit sexualities in colonial pasts and contemporary times to highlight related upper-caste anxieties. Issues of Dalit identity formation also feature in this discussion. In some ways these diverse registers are connected in that they pertain to marginal sexualities as well as ‘perverse’ bodies. The chapter also explores different subaltern subjects and arenas, as they offer keys to understanding the complexities of sexuality, gender, class, and caste in the period under consideration. It also underlines how the intersections between various archives, official and vernacular, further allow one to see interconnections between elite and subaltern sexualities as well as female desire and reproduction.
Doing Care, Making Socialities on the Move
Authors: Palriwala Rajni 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
How are care and concomitant social ties shaped by migration trajectories and characteristics and by socio-economic divisions among migrants? How do migration and gendered responsibilities for familial care work and livelihoods affect each other? What do they mean for the making and shaping of familial and community relations and socialities of migrants? In reverse, how do they differentiate and tie social strata and classes together, wherein the dynamics of community and state and market institutions shape migrants’ aspirations, contradictions, exploitations, and hardships? This chapter addresses such questions by foregrounding the sociality of care in migration and framing care as mutuality of being. It starts from the idea that movement is part of the normal social order, evident in historical and contemporary literature, while forms may change and be multiple in any time period. It focusses on two streams of internal spatial mobility—transferable employees and long-term migrants—and briefly looks at seasonal migration. The chapter highlights specificities in the intertwining dynamics of gender, class, paid and unpaid care relations, and agency in the migration trajectories and argues that, despite changes in care arrangements, pre-existing hierarchies and gender divisions of work across migrants and classes are not transformed.
Introduction
Authors: Franklinos T. E. , Ingleheart Jennifer 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The Introduction begins by laying out the complexity and range of elegiac poetry at Rome, with particular reference to the works of two of its most famous and most experimental practitioners, Propertius and Ovid. Both were interested in exploring and expanding the possibilities of the genre of Latin love elegy, after beginning their careers writing in this genre. The Introduction then explains how the volume analyses Roman elegy’s treatment of power (erotic, political, and authorial), its religious and mythological aspects, and its influence, which can be seen to outlast the brevity of its late Republican and early imperial efflorescence to a considerable degree. It outlines the structure, methods, intertextualities, and emphases of the volume.
Possessive pronouns in Latin love elegy
Authors: Jolowicz Daniel 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This essay attempts to energize discussion about a crucial but neglected aspect of elegiac, especially Propertian, language. It takes as its starting point the observation that possessive pronouns of the class meus/tuus/suus (but especially the first-person meus), used of a beloved, constitute a fundamental verbal feature of Latin elegy. §1.1 demonstrates that elegy is the first genre to develop the predicative (as opposed to attributive) use of the pronoun, which §1.2 argues to be a defining element of elegiac amor in Propertius (as well as Ovid and the Appendix Tibulliana). §1.3 moves from literary to sociocultural implications and sets out how Propertius’ predicative use of the possessive pronoun, especially in Books 1–2, offers a window on recent traumatic events, namely the triumviral land confiscations and subsequent anxiety about property rights in the late 40s bc (as articulated in Virgil Eclogues 1 and 9).
Sowing the seeds of love
Authors: Armstrong Rebecca 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The Sementiuae, one of very few feriae conceptiuae (movable feasts) mentioned in the Fasti, is the one most overtly and playfully framed as being out of place within this poem of fixed dates. The festival’s intrusion offers an opportunity for the poet to continue his oblique reflections on the meaning of time in the agricultural context and the mixing of nature and culture it entails. Yet, while the time to sow belongs to wider cycles of annual recurrence, the description of the festival itself is pointedly woven into the linear progressions of allusion, most markedly to the Georgics and Tibullus 2.1. In the gaps between the composition of these central intertexts and the emergence of the Fasti, literary time has passed, and so too has the political situation shifted; Ovid can now both update and reignite Vergilian and Tibullan debates on the moralities of agriculture and war in the context of Augustan Peace and Concordia. Meanwhile, he also modifies and subtly reconfigures the relationship between Ceres and Tellus in a manner not found in either of his dominant poetic influences. Thus, throughout his account of this celebration of the sowing of grain, Ovid simultaneously highlights its lack of fixity and offers a variety of ways by which to anchor it both within the poem and within Roman literary and religious culture more widely.
Trying to make up for lost time with dear friends in Ovid, Tristia 3
Authors: Franklinos T. E. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter treats the understudied third book of Ovid’s Tristia. It argues that the collection is carefully structured and considers how the poet uses the arrangement of poems and inter- and intratextual engagement to explore the expectations of friendship and relationship in 3.3–3.6, and to assert defiantly that his literary oeuvre will be known to posterity, even if he himself dies. Attention is paid to Ovid’s recapitulation of some of the concerns of his first book of exile poetry: his preoccupation with similar concerns points to the seeming inability of time to progress while the poet is in exile. This temporal stasis is thematised in Tristia 3, and may even point to the poet’s lack of progress with the Fasti (also known as his Tempora). This purported inability to keep versifying is reflected in the advice Ovid offers to his fellow poets in Tr. 3.4a, as he draws on his experiences in life and in writing and articulates, in Propertian and Lucretian terms, his warning that magna nomina should be avoided. That Ovid had his Fasti in mind as he penned Tristia 3 is made clear by the intertext with its treatment of the title of Augustus (Fast. 1.608–16) in the opening poem of the book (3.1.33–40), and in similarities between Tr. 3.2 and the Carmentalia in Fasti 1; it is possible too that, in revisiting the Fasti later in his exile, Ovid reworked these passages of his calendar in the light of parts of Tristia 3.