bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of fentanyl–bupivacaine or midazolam–bupivacaine mixtures with plain bupivacaine for caudal anaesthesia in children
Authors: Baris Sibel , Karakaya Deniz , Kelsaka Ebru , Güldogus Fuat , Ariturk Ender , Tür Ayla 
Published: March 2003

Summary Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the intensity and effectiveness of 0.75 ml·kg−1 bupivacaine 0.25% with the addition of fentanyl or midazolam for caudal block in children undergoing inguinal herniorrhaphy. Methods: Seventy‐five children were allocated randomly to three groups to receive a caudal block with either 0.25% bupivacaine with fentanyl 1 µg·kg −1 (group BF) or with midazolam 50 µg·kg−1 (group BM) or bupivacaine alone (group B) after induction of anaesthesia. Haemodynamic parameters, degree of pain, additional analgesic requirements and side‐effects were evaluated. Results: The mean systolic arterial pressure at 10, 20, 30 min after caudal block was higher in group B compared with groups BF and BM. Mean intraoperative heart rate was lower in group BF than the other groups. Adequate analgesia was obtained in all patients (100%) in group BF, 23 patients (92%) in group BM and 21 patients (84%) in group B (P > 0.05). The time to recovery to an Aldrete score of 10 was significantly shorter in group B than group BM (P < 0.05). Although not significant, it was also shorter in group B than group BF. There was no difference in additional analgesic requirements between the groups in the first 24 h. Sedation score was higher in the midazolam group at 60 and 90 min postoperatively than the other groups. Conclusions: Caudal block with 0.75 ml·kg−1 0.25% bupivacaine and 50 µg·kg−1 midazolam or 1 µg·kg−1 fentanyl provides no further analgesic advantages to bupivacaine alone when administered immediately after induction of anaesthesia in children undergoing unilateral inguinal herniorrhaphy.
Efficacy and safety of caudal injection of levobupivacaine, 0.25%, in children under 2 years of age undergoing inguinal hernia repair, circumcision or orchidopexy
Authors: Taylor R. , Eyres R. , Chalkiadis G.A. , Austin S. 
Published: March 2003

Summary Background: Levobupivacaine is the S(–)‐enantiomer of racemic bupivacaine. Evidence suggests that it is less cardiotoxic than racemic bupivacaine and the R(+)‐enantiomer, dexbupivacaine, while retaining similar local anaesthetic properties and potency to racemic bupivacaine. Methods: This was an open study designed to assess the efficacy and safety of 0.25% levobupivacaine administered as a caudal injection at a dose of 2 mg·kg‐1 to 49 paediatric patients aged less than 2 years old undergoing circumcision (group 1), or hernia repair or orchidopexy (group 2). Results: Adequate analgesia (an increase of <20% in pulse or respiratory rate compared with baseline and an absence of gross movement on application of surgical stimulus) was achieved in 43/48 patients evaluable for afficacy (89.6%). All 22 Patients in the circumcision group had adequate analgesia, and two of these patients did not require addit Conclusions: Levobupivacaine is a promising new local anaesthetic agent for pain management in paediatric patients and appears to offer similar anaesthetic efficacy to racemic bupivacaine with a potetially improved tolerability profile.
Description of ciliary body anatomy and identification of sites for transscleral cyclophotocoagulation in the equine eye
Authors: Miller Tammy L. , Willis A. Michelle , Wilkie David A. , Hoshaw‐Woodard Stacy , Stanley James R. L. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the most appropriate anatomical location for diode laser probe placement to accurately photoablate the equine ciliary body using a contact, transscleral approach.DesignOriginal research.ProceduresForty‐two freshly enucleated adult equine eyes were evaluated. The horizontal, medial vertical, central vertical, and lateral vertical lengths of the cornea were measured from limbus to limbus. Needles were inserted perpendicular to the sclera at specific distances posterior to the external limbus at the 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11 and 12 o’clock positions. The per cent frequency that needles penetrated internal anatomical regions (lens, lens zonules, pars plicata, anterior, middle, and posterior pars plana, ora ciliaris retinae, or retina), when inserted at 2, 4, 6, and 8 mm posterior to the limbus, were calculated for all eyes combined, for right vs. left, for males vs. females, and for three age groups. The internal distance from the limbus to the anterior pars plana, and from the anterior pars plana to the ora ciliaris retinae were also measured in six of the horses (12 eyes). Mean distances and standard deviations were computed for all parameters.ResultsAverage corneal sizes and standard deviations were: 30.24 mm ± 1.53 (horizontal); 24.69 mm ± 1.52 (central vertical); 22.79 mm ± 1.49 (medial vertical); and 19.79 mm ± 1.55 (lateral vertical). Internal distances of the pars plicatas ranged from 5.33 mm ± 0.49 to 10.67 mm ± 1.15. Internal distances of the pars planas ranged from 0.33 mm ± 0.49 to 3.17 mm ± 0.39. High probabilities of penetrating the pars plicata correspond to positions 4 mm posterior to the external limbus dorsotemporal 10, 11 o’clock (OD), and 1, 2 o’clock (OS), dorsonasal 1 o’clock (OD) and 11 o’clock (OS), and ventrotemporal 5–7 o’clock (OU). Low probabilities of penetrating the pars plicata correspond to positions ventronasal 4 o’clock (OD), 8 o’clock (OS) and dorsonasal 2 o’clock (OD), 10 o’clock (OS) at 4 and 6 mm posterior to the external limbus as well as ventrotemporal 4 o’clock (OS), 8 o’clock (OD) at 6 mm posterior to the external limbus.ConclusionsTransscleral cyclophotocoagulation may be a viable alternative to medical therapy for control of intraocular pressure in horses with glaucoma. Overall, the most accurate anatomical position on the sclera for cyclophotocoagulation of the equine eye is 4–6 mm posterior to the limbus, avoiding the nasal quadrants. Accurate transscleral cyclophotocoagulation should optimize the therapeutic outcome and minimize potential side‐effects such as retinal detachment and cataract formation.
Golden Retriever uveitis: 75 cases (1994–1999)
Authors: Sapienza J.S. , Simó F.J. , Prades‐Sapienza A. 
Published: March 2003

ObjectiveTo document the presenting ocular signs and the clinical course of Golden Retriever dogs with a progressive anterior uveitis, often associated with the histologic presence of iridociliary cysts.Animals studiedSeventy‐five Golden Retriever dogs (142 affected eyes) referred to a private practice referral ophthalmology clinic between 1994 and 1999.ProceduresComplete ophthalmic evaluation with slit‐lamp biomicroscopy, indirect ophthalmoscopy, applanation tonometry, and gonioscopy. Hematology, serum biochemical evaluations, and serologic titers for endemic infectious agents were also used in selected cases.ResultsThe age range of affected dogs was 4.5–14.5 years, with a mean age of 8.6 ± 2.1 years. The majority of the dogs (n = 66) were affected in both eyes at first presentation. The sex distribution included 4 intact males, 32 neutered males, and 39 spayed females. Hematology, serum biochemical evaluations, and serologic titers for endemic infectious agents failed to demonstrate any underlying disorder. The ophthalmic hallmark of this syndrome was the appearance of pigment on the anterior lens capsule, often in a radial orientation. This capsular pigment was seen both with and without associated uveal cysts. Although single to multiple iridociliary cysts were noted clinically in only 13.3% of the cases, cysts were common on histopathology of advanced glaucomatous, blind eyes. Fibrin was observed in the anterior chamber of 37% of the cases, and often was a precursor for glaucoma. Cataract formation (37%) and glaucoma (46%) were frequent sequelae to the uveitis. Posterior synechiae formation occurred in 50% of the cases. Histopathologic analysis of four enucleated eyes and the eviscerated specimens from 14 glaucomatous eyes demonstrated thin‐walled iridociliary epithelial cysts in 3/4 and 12/14 cases, respectively. Microscopically, little to no uveal inflammatory infiltration was commonly noted.ConclusionThe overall prognosis for this progressive uveitis in Golden Retriever dogs is guarded, with 46% of the eyes becoming blind due to glaucoma. Iridociliary cysts in Golden Retriever dogs may lead to the development of glaucoma in this breed.
Immunohistochemical studies of cone photoreceptors and cells of the inner retina in feline rod‐cone degeneration
Authors: Narfström Kristina , Ehinger Berndt , Bruun Anitha 
Published: March 2003

AbstractPrevious studies using electroretinography and immunohistochemistry have shown normal cone function and structure in early stages of hereditary rod‐cone degeneration of Abyssinian cats. To further investigate the cone photoreceptors and the inner retina of dystrophic cats, antibodies against green‐ and blue‐sensitive cones and specific cell types of inner retina were used in seven cats with the recessively inherited rod‐cone degeneration, and three normal European short‐haired cats. There was a reduction in number of both types of cones early in the disease. Changes at early stages of disease also occurred among horizontal cells in which there was an extension and a thickening of their lateral processes. The regular configuration of bipolar cells was changed in the more advanced stages of disease and their apical dendrites were lost. Abnormalities were not observed in the amacrine cells and in the ganglion cell layer in any of the present cases. This study shows that the cone system is morphologically abnormal in young cats at an earlier stage of disease than previously shown. The present findings also support the assumption that the inner retina is largely preserved throughout the disease process.
Bias? What bias? The evolution of downstream larval‐feeding in animals
Authors: Rouse Greg W. 
Published: March 2003

The homology of larval‐feeding modes has been a major element in recent discussions about animal phylogeny. ‘Downstream‐feeding’ is one of the two main larval‐feeding modes, and is usually equated to an opposed‐band system involving ciliary bands called the prototroch and metatroch. Larval‐feeding in Spiralia is reviewed here and the homology hypothesis of downstream larval‐feeding is expanded, encompassing any feeding involving the prototroch. It is often argued that the presence of planktotrophic larvae using downstream‐feeding is plesiomorphic among spiralian animals, and that there is a bias in transformations, such that feeding larvae tend to be lost rather than gained. These hypotheses are assessed in relation to the Spiralia, Trochozoa and particularly polychaete annelids. Cladistic parsimony analyses are performed based on datasets of Rouse & Fauchald (1997) and
Rouse (1999), with an additional character based on downstream larval‐feeding. Methods adopted to assess the possibility of a bias in transformations towards loss of downstream larval‐feeding include: expanded primary homology arguments, character transformations favouring reversals and polymorphic terminals coded as having downstream larval‐feeding. These measures all tend to favour the possibility that downstream larval‐feeding will be plesiomorphic, and tends to be lost rather than gained. Nevertheless, all analyses show that downstream larval‐feeding is not plesiomorphic, and appears to have evolved multiple times. The results support a conclusion that the prototroch has become associated with feeding a number of times. Hypotheses of metazoan phylogeny that are predicated on the assumption that downstream‐feeding larvae are plesiomorphic (e.g.
Peterson et al. 1997
) should be re‐assessed.
Morphology, reproductive biology and molecular genetics of ovoviviparous freshwater gastropods (Cerithioidea, Pachychilidae) from the Philippines, with description of a new genusJagora
Authors: Köhler Frank , Glaubrecht Matthias 
Published: March 2003

The new genusJagoraof the family Pachychilidae Troschel, 1857 is described for the type speciesMelania asperataLamarck, 1822 from the Philippines. In addition toJ. asperata, a second endemic species of the new genus,J. dactylus(I. Lea & H.C. Lea, 1850), is recognized on the basis of shell morphometry and molecular genetic data (cytochrome C oxidase I and 16S rRNA). The taxonomic history ofJ. asperataandJ. dactylusis revised and the recent distribution documented on basis of available museum material and the authors’ own field collections.J. asperataoccurs on Luzon and its satellite islands Leyte and Samar, whileJ. dactylusis restricted to the Visayan islands Bohol, Cebu, and Guimeras. The morphology of the two species is presented and illustrated in detail, and compared to taxa of the closely related genusBrotiaH. Adams, 1866 to which they were previously assigned. Among the South‐east Asian freshwater Cerithioidea of the family Pachychilidae, which were previously subsumed underBrotiafor their more or less similar shell morphology and operculum, three distinct lineages can be distinguished, in particular by means of distinct reproductive anatomy: (1) the species ofBrotia sensu strictofrom mainland South‐east Asia, Sumatra, Borneo and Java, which all exhibit a subhaemocoelic brood pouch; (2) the pachychilid species endemic to Sulawesi, currently assigned to the generaBrotiaandTylomelania, as well as both species ofPseudopotamisendemic to the Torres Strait Islands, which possess a uterine brood pouch; (3) the females of the PhilippineJagora,which carry egg capsules, embryos and advanced juvenile stages within the mantle cavity — a unique reproductive feature. Associated with this mode of ovoviviparity,Jagorais characterized by additional unique properties of the reproductive system including a deeply incised and long sperm gutter in the medial lamina, a very short and posteriorly positioned spermatophore bursa formed by the medial lamina, and a prominent lateral ridge functioning as a seminal receptacle. These characteristics are exclusive toJagoraand are consequently considered to represent autapomorphies of this clade which is endemic only to the Philippines. The zoogeographical implications are discussed in connection with a recently developed palaeogeographical reconstruction.
High‐risk sexual behaviours and genital infections during pregnancy
Authors: Dwyer J. M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis article describes the sexual behaviours of some pregnant women that contribute to vaginal and cervical infections, and describes their lack of awareness about the dangers associated with sexually transmitted infections during pregnancy. It presents a subanalysis of data from a principal epidemiological study of the association between preterm delivery and genital hygiene habits and sexual behaviour during pregnancy. One‐hundred and nine postpartum women were questioned about high‐risk sexual behaviours during their pregnancies, their partner’s sexually transmitted disease status and their knowledge about the effect of sexually transmitted infections on their pregnancy. Global concerns about the prevalence, diagnosis and treatment of cervical and vaginal infection from sexually transmitted diseases are discussed. The dangers associated with high‐risk sexual behaviours during pregnancy, and recommendations for clinicians, are included.
Critiquing Bachelor candidates’ theses: are the criteria useful?
Authors: Kapborg I. , Berterö C. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractNursing education programmes should be at an academic level and connected to research. In Sweden, empirical studies are generally required in order to obtain a Bachelor’s degree; hence, in some cases, these studies are replaced by a literature review. A study was conducted using 11 criteria. Thirteen theses produced in a department of nursing science were examined, elaborated and reproduced by reviewing international and national literature. Thereafter, the criteria themselves were scrutinized. Principal findings when critiquing the theses were that in eight theses the purpose was clearly identified and well defined in relation to the study accomplished; in three theses the purpose was indistinct and vague; and in two the definitions and research questions were lacking. The topic was relevant for the area of nursing in all theses. General problems identified were poor spelling and grammar, and unsatisfactory thesis structure. This article discusses whether criteria are useful when examining the Bachelor candidates’ theses. The authors report that the criteria seemed to be useful, giving some guidance for scrutinizing theses and facilitating correspondence. Criteria could be appropriate guidelines for using to increase the quality of the theses as well as the quality of nursing.
Antiadipogenic properties of retinol in primary cultured differentiating human adipocyte precursor cells
Authors: Garcia  , Lacasa  , Agli  , Giudicelli  , Castelli  
Published: March 2003

Synopsis The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of retinol on the human adipose conversion process using primary cultured human adipocyte precursor cells. When these cells were seeded in a medium containing retinol (concentrations ranging from 3.5 nM to 3.5 μM), cell proliferation was slightly inhibited by high concentrations of retinol, as demonstrated by cell counting and [3H]‐thymidine incorporation. Moreover, the differentiation capacities of these cells were markedly and dose‐dependently inhibited by retinol, as shown by the reduced expression of the lipogenic enzyme glycerol‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase and by microscopic morphological analysis. These results strongly suggest that retinol, by inhibiting the ability of human preadipocytes to convert into mature adipocytes, could be of potential interest in the prevention of human adipose tissue development in general and of cellulitis in particular. Résumé Le but de ce travail est l’étude de l’effet du rétinol sur le processus d’adipoconversion chez l’homme en utilisant des cultures primaires de préadipocytes humains. Lorsque les cellules sont cultivées dans un milieu contenant du rétinol (de 3,5 nM à 3,5 μM), la prolifération cellulaire est légèrement inhibée par de fortes concentrations de rétinol comme le démontrent le comptage cellulaire et l’incorporation de thymidine tritiée. De plus, les capacités de différenciation de ces cellules sont fortement diminuées par le rétinol de façon dose‐dépendante comme le montrent l’analyse microscopique des cellules et l’expression réduite de la glycéro‐3‐phosphate déshydrogénase, enzyme lipogénique majeure. Ces résultats suggèrent que le rétinol, en inhibant la capacité d’adipoconversion des préadipocytes humains en adipocytes matures, pourrait avoir un intérêt potentiel dans la prévention du développement du tissu adipeux humain en général et de la cellulite en particulier.
Les fards rouges cosmétiques et rituels a base de cinabre et d'ocre de l'époque punique en Tunisie: analyse, identification et caractérisation
Authors: Alatrache A. , Mahjoub H. , Ayed N. , Ben Younes H. 
Published: March 2003

SynopsisNatural antique colorants include mainly red pigments such as cinnabar and ochre. These archeological pigments were used especially as funeral and cosmetic makeup and are a material proof of handicraft activities and exchanges.The identification and characterization of a group of punic colorants, corresponding to samples discovered during excavations at several Tunisian archeological sites (Cartage, Ksour Essef, Kerkouane, Bekalta, Makthar, Bou Arada), were conducted using the least destructive analysis techniques such us scanning electron microscopy coupled to X‐ray fluorescence microprobe, direct current plasma emission spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and X‐ray diffraction.Eleven natural red colorants from punic period were subject to this investigation and were compared to contemporary substances. Five colorants were cinnabar and the other six were ochre.
Latex as a sunscreen carrier in a silicone vehicle
Authors: Ruiz M. A. , Martinez M. T. , Zouaki J. , Gallardo V. 
Published: March 2003

SynopsisThis work comprises a study of the adsorption–desorption of three chemical sunscreens on the polymer surface of the latex Aquacoat, which has a high specific surface. The aim was to delay the release of these filters from the silicone excipient containing them and therefore increasing the substantivity, i.e. prolonging the sunscreening effect.
Interventions for preventing obesity in childhood. A systematic review
Authors: Campbell K. , Waters E. , O'Meara S. , Summerbell C. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground The prevalence of obesity and overweight is increasing worldwide. Obesity in children impacts on their health in both short‐ and long‐term. Obesity prevention strategies are poorly understood.Objective To assess the effectiveness of interventions designed to prevent obesity in childhood.Search strategy Electronic databases were searched from January 1985 to October 1999.Selection criteria Data from randomized control trials and non‐randomized trials with concurrent control group were included. A priori, studies with follow up of 1 year minimum were selected however, this was subsequently amended to include studies with a minimum follow up of three months.Data collection & analysis Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed study quality.Main results Seven studies were included, three long‐term (>1 years) and four short‐term (>3 months and <1 years). The studies included were diverse in terms of study design and quality, target population, theoretical underpinning of intervention approach, and outcome measures. As such, it was not appropriate to combine study findings using statistical methods.Conclusions Two of the long‐term studies (one focused on dietary education and physical activity vs. control, and the other only on dietary education vs. control), resulted in a reduction in the prevalence on obesity, but the third, which focused on dietary education and physical activity, found no effect. Of the four short‐term studies, three focused simply on physical activity/reduction of sedentary behavious vs. control. Two of these studies resulted in a reduction in the prevalence of obesity in intervention groups compared with control groups, and another study found a non‐significant reduction. The fourth study focused on dietary education and physical activity, and did not find an effect on obesity, but did report a reduction in fat intake. Overall, the findings of the review suggest that currently there is limited quality data on the effectiveness of obesity prevention programmes and as such no generalizable conclusions can be drawn. The need for well‐designed studies that examine a range of interventions remains a priority.
Weight control and physical activity in cancer prevention
Authors: Bianchini Franca , Kaaks Rudolf , Vainio Harri 
Published: March 2003

SummaryOverweight and obesity have reached epidemic dimensions worldwide, mainly due to consumption of high energy diets and increased sedentary behaviour. Overweight and insufficient physical activity are clearly associated with cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. Evidence is also accumulating that they may also increase cancer risk, particularly in the colon, breast and endometrium. This effect seems to be mediated by alterations in the metabolism of endogenous hormones, including sex steroids and insulin, and levels of insulin‐like growth factor(IGF)‐I and IGF‐binding proteins. In light of the beneficial effects of weight control and physical activity for cancer prevention, a healthy lifestyle, keeping a low body weight and exercising most days of the week, is recommended.