bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transcriptional Regulation of the Epiregulin Gene in the Rat Ovary
Authors: Sekiguchi Toshio , Mizutani Tetsuya , Yamada Kazuya , Yazawa Takashi , Kawata Hiroko , Yoshino Miki , Kajitani Takashi , Kameda Takashi , Minegishi Takashi , Miyamoto Kaoru 
Published: November 2002

AbstractOvarian follicular development is initiated by FSH secreted from the pituitary gland. The FSH-induced follicular development involves granulosa cell proliferation and differentiation. We demonstrated that a growth factor of epidermal growth factor (EGF) family epiregulin was rapidly induced in the primary culture of rat ovarian granulosa cells by FSH within 1 h. Epiregulin gene expression was also observed in granulosa cells of antral ovarian follicles from pregnant mare’s serum gonadotropin-primed rats in vivo. To analyze the regulation of gene expression of epiregulin, we isolated and characterized the rat epiregulin gene of 22.1 kb, including 3.8 kb of 5′-upstream region as well as all five exons and four introns. We determined the transcriptional start site of rat epiregulin gene by primer extension analysis and then characterized the upstream promoter region of the gene. By using a luciferase reporter system, deletion and mutation analyses of rat epiregulin gene promoter region revealed that 125 bp upstream of transcriptional start site was essential, and that two CT boxes and one GT box within this region were important for the gene expression. We also demonstrated by EMSAs that Sp1/Sp3 proteins were involved in the epiregulin gene expression via the upstream sequence. Involvement of Sp1/Sp3 was also demonstrated that transfection of Sp1 or Sp3 expression plasmids dramatically increased the epiregulin gene promoter activities about 90- or 7.9-fold, respectively, in Drosophila SL2 cells that lack endogenous Sp family proteins. Such an increase in the promoter activity was also observed in mammalian cells when NIH-3T3 cells were used. In conclusion, we demonstrated here for the first time that EGF-type growth factor epiregulin is rapidly and strongly induced in the ovarian granulosa cells by FSH stimulation, and that two CT boxes and one GT box present in the upstream region are essential for the promoter activity of rat epiregulin. We also demonstrated that Sp family members play crucial roles in the epiregulin promoter activity through the CT boxes. The restricted and hormonally regulated expression of epiregulin in the rat ovarian granulosa cells may correspond to the physiological relevance of this peptide growth factor to the FSH-induced ovarian follicular growth and maturation.
Direct Response of the Murine Prostate Gland and Seminal Vesicles to Estradiol
Authors: Bianco Joseph John , Handelsman David J. , Pedersen John Stuart , Risbridger Gail Petuna 
Published: November 2002

AbstractIn the prostate, testosterone action depends on conversion to bioactive metabolites dihydrotestosterone and 17β-estradiol (E2) via the 5α-reductase and aromatase enzymes, respectively. Exogenous estrogen inhibits prostate growth by indirect effects caused by suppression of pituitary gonadotropins and testicular testosterone output, but direct effects are less well known. Direct effects of estrogens were evaluated using the hypogonadal (hpg) mouse model, which has postnatal deficiency in gonadotropins and testosterone but remains hormone sensitive. Mature hpg mice were implanted sc with implants filled with E2. After 6 wk, prostate lobe [anterior prostate (AP) and ventral prostate (VP)] and seminal vesicle (SV) organ volumes were significantly increased (P &lt; 0.05) but remained smaller than wild-type mice. Analysis of the relative volumes (the proportional composition) of each tissue compartment in these organs showed significant increases in cellular and luminal volumes (P &lt; 0.05) in AP (but not VP) and in SVs. Stromal fibroblasts proliferated, whereas smooth muscle cells were reduced in the AP and SVs. In the epithelia, basal cells proliferated and became metaplastic in the AP and VP. In the AP, luminal debris accumulated, together with an inflammatory response, but there was no evidence of malignant changes. The current study unequivocally demonstrates direct proliferative responses to E2 in the hpg mouse AP and VP lobes and SVs, characterized by discrete lobe-specific changes, including smooth-muscle regression, fibroblast proliferation, inflammation, and basal epithelial cell proliferation and metaplasia.
Heparin-Binding Epidermal Growth Factor-Like Growth Factor Stimulates Androgen-Independent Prostate Tumor Growth and Antagonizes Androgen Receptor Function
Authors: Adam Rosalyn M. , Kim Jayoung , Lin Jianqing , Orsola Anna , Zhuang Liyan , Rice Dana C. , Freeman* Michael R. 
Published: November 2002

Abstract
Peptide growth factors have been implicated in progression of prostate cancer (PCa) to the androgen-independent state; however, much of the evidence linking diffusible mitogens and survival factors to this process remains circumstantial. Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF), a prostate stroma-derived factor, promotes survival, proliferation, and neuroendocrine differentiation of androgen-dependent LNCaP PCa cells in vitro. To test whether sustained exposure to HB-EGF can confer an androgen-independent phenotype, we generated stable populations of LNCaP cells that express constitutively a secreted form of HB-EGF (LNCaP/sHB). LNCaP/sHB cells proliferated more rapidly under androgen-depleted conditions in vitro and formed larger tumors with higher frequency in intact and castrated severe combined immunodeficient mice, in comparison to control cells. LNCaP/sHB tumors also expressed higher levels of the neuroendocrine marker, neuron-specific enolase, compared with control tumors. In castrates, increased neuron-specific enolase expression in LNCaP/sHB tumors was associated with reduced androgen receptor (AR) levels. In vitro, AR protein levels were reduced in LNCaP/sHB cells, and in transient transfection assays using an androgen-responsive promoter (mouse mammary tumor virus-long terminal repeat), LNCaP/sHB cells showed reduced sensitivity to dihydrotestosterone compared with controls. This is the first demonstration that continuous exposure of AR-positive PCa cells to a single growth factor can promote an androgen-independent phenotype in vivo. These findings also emphasize the potential role of pathways other than the AR axis in acquisition of androgen independence.
Minireview: Estrogen and Mouse Models of Atherosclerosis
Authors: Hodgin Jeffrey B. , Maeda Nobuyo 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe use of hormone replacement therapy for coronary heart disease prevention in humans has been an area of intense controversy. The atheroprotective qualities of estrogens have been challenged recently by several negative results of randomized clinical trials in postmenopausal women. However, the inhibitory effects of estrogens on atherogenesis are well documented in numerous animals, including atherosclerotic mouse models, but the detailed mechanisms of this protection are not understood. In this minireview, we will focus on the considerable success that has been achieved in demonstrating the atheroprotective effects of 17β-estradiol in apolipoprotein E and low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice and the use of these atherosclerotic mouse models in pharmacological and genetic study designs to investigate antiatherogenic mechanisms of estrogens. Mouse models of atherosclerosis should prove beneficial to understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of estrogen-mediated atheroprotection and aid the development of improved therapies to confer the benefits and reduce the risks associated with hormone replacement therapy.
Multivariate least squares and its relation to other multivariate techniques
Authors: Lipovetsky Stan , Tishler Asher , Conklin W. Michael 
Published: November 2002

AbstractWe consider multivariate least squares (LS) for the estimation of the connection between two data sets and show how LS is related to other multivariate techniques regularly used to analyse large data sets. LS methods are shown to be equivalent, or similar, to principal components, canonical correlations and its modifications, including a variant of the partial LS. LS approach provides a convenient unified framework for a general description and comparison of various multivariate methods, facilitates their understanding, and helps to identify their usefulness for various real‐world applications. As an example we estimate and discuss the relations between data sets containing managerial variables and success measures. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimum inspection under competing risks with proportional hazards
Authors: Badía F. G. , Berrade M. D. , Campos Clemente A. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractIn this work, we present an inspection policy so as to detect the failures of a single‐unit system subject toNlatent causes of failure when the time and cause of failure are independent. It is supposed that inspections may fail and give an erroneous result. The optimum inspection time which minimizes cost per unit of time for an infinite time span is discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The application of neural networks to predict abnormal stock returns using insider trading data
Authors: Safer Alan M. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractUntil now, data mining statistical techniques have not been used to improve the prediction of abnormal stock returns using insider trading data. Consequently, an investigation using neural network analysis was initiated. The research covered 343 companies for a period of 4½ years. Study findings revealed that the prediction of abnormal returns could be enhanced in the following ways: (1) extending the time of the future forecast up to 1 year; (2) increasing the period of back aggregated data; (3) narrowing the assessment to certain industries such as electronic equipment and business services and (4) focusing on small and midsize rather than large companies. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A bootstrap procedure for mixture models: applied to multidimensional scaling latent class models
Authors: Winsberg Suzanne , De Soete Geert 
Published: November 2002

AbstractA bootstrap procedure useful in latent class, or more general mixture models has been developed to determine the sufficient number of latent classes or components required to account for systematic group differences in the data. The procedure is illustrated in the context of a multidimensional scaling latent class model, CLASCAL. Also presented is a bootstrap technique for determining standard errors for estimates of the stimulus co‐ordinates, parameters of the multidimensional scaling model. Real and artificial data are presented. The bootstrap procedure for selecting a sufficient number of classes seems to correctly select the correct number of latent classes at both low and high error levels. At higher error levels it outperforms Hope's (J. Roy. Statist. Soc. Ser B1968;30: 582) procedure. The bootstrap procedures to estimate parameter stability appear to correctly re‐produce Monte Carlo results. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Luminescence Literature
Authors: Kricka L.J , Stanley P.E 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe journal provides comprehensive literature searches on all aspects of luminescence which will be published in most issues. These lists have been produced regularly since 1986—some by year and some by specialized topic. This survey of papers on green fluorescent protein and imaging is drawn from the 2000 literature and covers reagents, assay development and validation, and applications and supplements the previous survey (J. Biolumin. Chemilumin. 1997; 12: 113–34).

The 2000 Literature

Compiled by L. J. Kricka (kricka@mail.med.upenn.edu) and P. E. Stanley (stanley@lumiweb.com)
Studies on the chemiexcitation step in peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence using steroid‐substituted activators
Authors: Silva Sandra M. , Wagner Kerstin , Weiss Dieter , Beckert Rainer , Stevani Cassius V. , Baader Wilhelm J. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe peroxyoxalate reaction is utilized in a wide variety of analytical applications; however, its mechanism is still not very well understood, especially with respect to the excitation step, where the ‘chemical energy’ is transformed into ‘excitation energy’. This base‐catalysed reaction of activated oxalic phenyl esters with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of highly fluorescent aromatic hydrocarbons with low oxidation potentials is the only known chemiluminescence system for which exists experimental evidence for the occurrence of the intermolecular chemically initiated electron exchange luminescence (CIEEL) mechanism of proven high efficiency for excited state formation. We report here the singlet quantum yields and relative rate constants of the excitation step (kCAT/kD), obtained in the peroxyoxalate reaction, utilizing steroid‐substituted oxazolinylidenes as activators. In agreement with the CIEEL mechanism, a linear correlation of ln(kCAT/kD) with the oxidation potential of the activators is obtained, and the singlet quantum yields can be rationalized in terms of the free energy balance of the back electron transfer, leading to the formation of the activator's excited state. Thus, these results contribute to the experimental validation of the widely employed, thus still controversial, CIEEL mechanism. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydromechanical stimulation of bioluminescent plankton
Authors: Blaser Stefan , Kurisu Futoshi , Satoh Hiroyasu , Mino Takashi 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe response of the bioluminescent dinoflagellate Pyrocystis fusiformis was investigated for different hydraulic conditions (‘hydromechanical stimulation’). Pipe flow and oscillating shear produced luminescence, whereas changes in hydrostatic pressure were not stimulating. More intense fluid motion led to higher intensity, mainly due to a higher probability of cell response. The organism was also able to emit light in a glucose–salt mixture. The experiments suggest that the cells are effectively stimulated if the flow conditions change in time. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of the storage time and the method of stimulation on whole blood chemiluminescence
Authors: Podraza Wojciech , Gonet Bolesław , Kordek Agnieszka 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe ultra‐weak light, chemiluminescence (CL), of stimulated leukocytes is a well‐known phenomenon. Parameters of this CL are modified by many factors including laboratory procedures. The order of stimulation and enhancement (two possibilities) and two concentrations of luminol create four types of procedure, which were accomplished in five sample storage ‘time points’. We received the strongest signals of CL using higher concentrations of luminol (and DMSO), but only when stimulation (FMLP) was used before enhancement (luminol); luminol used before FMLP strongly inhibited CL. For lower luminol concentration (and DMSO), the order of stimulation and enhancement was of no importance. There were comparable but weaker signals of CL in this case. We received stronger signals with storage time for all procedures. It may be dependent on the priming of phagocytes by releasing cell factors. Stimulation (FMLP) before enhancement (luminol) eliminates the inhibitory effect of DMSO on CL. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Orthogonal signal correction: algorithmic aspects and properties
Authors: Li Baibing , Morris A. Julian , Martin Elaine B. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe objective of this paper is to present a modified algorithm for the orthogonal signal correction (OSC) filter based on the approaches proposed by Wold, Antti, Lindgren and Öhman (Chemometrics Intell. Lab. Syst. 1998; 44: 175–185) and Fearn (Chemometrics Intell. Lab. Syst. 2000; 50: 47–52). An OSC filter consists of a trio of building blocks: weights, components and loadings, $\font\mathbfit=cmmib10\def\bfit#1{\hbox{\mathbfit #1}} {\bf \{w_{{\bfit j}}, t_{{\bfit j}}, p_{{\bfit j}}\}_{{\bfit j}=1}^{{\bfit A}}}$. The original OSC filter of Wold et al. was based on the framework of the non‐linear iterative partial least squares (NIPALS) algorithm. Adopting this approach enabled the mathematical justification for the selection of the loading vectors p
j and components t
j, but there was no theoretical foundation for the selection of w
j. In contrast, the approach of Fearn described an objective function for the selection of the weight vectors w
j, but in this case there is no theoretical justification for either p
j or t
j. Combining both approaches, within a NIPALS framework, enables a clear theoretical basis for the selection of all three building blocks to be established. A number of orthogonal and optimal properties of the NIPALS‐based OSC algorithm, although previously reported, are also theoretically proven. Finally, it is shown that the modified OSC algorithm is equivalent to Fearn's OSC but is interpretable as a consequence of it being presented from a NIPALS perspective. This enables the possible extension of OSC to dynamic and non‐linear systems. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bayesian principal component analysis
Authors: Nounou Mohamed N. , Bakshi Bhavik R. , Goel Prem K. , Shen Xiaotong 
Published: November 2002

AbstractPrincipal component analysis (PCA) is a dimensionality reduction modeling technique that transforms a set of process variables by rotating their axes of representation. Maximum likelihood PCA (MLPCA) is an extension that accounts for different noise contributions in each variable. Neither PCA nor any of its extensions utilizes external information about the model or data, such as the range or distribution of the underlying measurements. Such prior information can be extracted from measured data and can be used to greatly enhance the model accuracy. This paper develops a Bayesian PCA (BPCA) modeling algorithm that improves the accuracy of estimating the parameters and measurements by incorporating prior knowledge about the data and model. The proposed approach integrates modeling and feature extraction by simultaneously solving parameter estimation and data reconciliation optimization problems. Methods for estimating the prior parameters from available data are discussed. Furthermore, BPCA reduces to PCA or MLPCA when a uniform prior is used. Several examples illustrate the benefits of BPCA versus existing methods even when the measurements violate the assumptions about their distribution. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Delivery of hyper‐interleukin‐6 to the injured spinal cord increases neutrophil and macrophage infiltration and inhibits axonal growth
Authors: Lacroix Steve , Chang Leon , Rose‐John Stefan , Tuszynski Mark H. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractCytokine growth factors of the interleukin (IL)–6 family have recently been shown to play an important role in central nervous system (CNS) development, repair, and inflammation. These cytokines, which interact via specific membrane receptors, share a signal‐transducing receptor subunit, glycoprotein 130 (gp130). Gp130 is expressed by motoneurons in the gray matter of the rat spinal cord and by several brainstem nuclei that project to the spinal cord including the red, reticular, and vestibular nuclei. In this study, we examined whether stimulation of gp130 signaling, with the use of grafts of fibroblasts genetically modified to deliver the fusion protein, hyper‐IL‐6 (H‐IL‐6), which consists of the cytokine growth factor, IL‐6, and its α receptor, would elicit growth of injured spinal cord axons. Particular emphasis was placed on examining the potentially competing effects of growth factor versus proinflammatory influences of H‐IL‐6 in the context of spinal cord injury. Our results demonstrated that grafts delivering H‐IL‐6 induce a sixfold increase in the number of neutrophils (P < 0.05) and a twofold increase in the areas of spinal tissue occupied by macrophages and activated microglia (P < 0.01) at the site of the spinal cord injury when compared with control grafts. Of note, this augmentation in inflammatory cell infiltration correlated with a significant twofold increase in lesion size (P < 0.05) and a fourfold reduction in axonal growth (P < 0.01) at the lesion site. Thus, potential neurotrophic properties of this cytokine family of growth factors must be balanced against their inflammatory properties when considering therapeutic application to CNS injury. J. Comp. Neurol. 454:213–228, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spatial and temporal patterns of distribution of the gap junctional protein connexin43 during retinal regeneration of adult newt
Authors: Umino Yumiko , Saito Takehiko 
Published: November 2002

AbstractNewts possess the ability to regenerate a functional retina after complete removal of the original retina. We performed immunoblot and immunohistochemical analyses of newt retinas at different stages of regeneration by using an antibody against a gap junction channel protein, connexin43 (Cx43). The specificity of the antibody was shown on immunoblots as well as immunohistochemical staining pattern in the normal retina. Punctate Cx43 immunolabeling was detected intensely between proliferating cell nuclear antigen–immunoreactive progenitor cells in the regenerating retinas, and the amount of this labeling tended to be prominent along both scleral and vitreal sides. The amount of Cx43 became less abundant as regeneration proceeded. This temporal loss of Cx43 during regeneration was also shown on the immunoblot analysis. Furthermore, the loss of Cx43 was observed in a spatial manner in the peripheral retina, where progenitor cells clustered at the ciliary marginal zone (CMZ) are adding new cells of all types in order toward the central retina. Immunolabeling often extended longitudinally throughout the retina when regenerating retinas became thick. Double immunolabeling with Cx43 and glial fibrillary acidic protein indicated the overlapping between the Cx43 and Müller cell processes. At the beginning of the synaptic formation, immunolabeling almost disappeared in the entire retina. However, in the completely regenerated retina, Cx43 reappeared in the distal end of Müller cells and pigment epithelial cells in the same pattern as in the normal retina. The above observations lead us to speculate that Cx43‐mediated gap junctions may play an important role in regenerating events. Possible roles of Cx43 during regeneration are discussed. J. Comp. Neurol. 454:255–262, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.