bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Fluorescence of Biacetyl Vapor at 4358A
Authors: Coward Nathan A. , Noyes W. Albert 
Published: April 2005

The fluorescence efficiency of biacetyl vapor when excited by radiation of wavelength 4358A is independent of the number of quanta absorbed per cubic centimeter per second, almost if not quite independent of biacetyl pressure, and decreases with increase in temperature but there seems to be a transition from one type of variation with temperature to another between 60° and 100°. Oxygen quenches the fluorescence strongly, and isobutylene quenches the fluorescence little or not at all.
The marked difference in fluorescence behavior of biacetyl when excited by 4358A radiation from that when excited by 3660A radiation as pointed out by previous authors makes desirable an attempt to correlate fluorescence with photochemical behavior. Some suggestions are made with regard to mechanism.
A Treatment of Chemical Kinetics with Special Applicability to Diffusion Controlled Reactions
Authors: Noyes Richard M. 
Published: April 2005

If a molecule is produced in a medium containing molecules able to react with it, its instantaneous reactivity is a function of the time since its formation. At very short times the reactivity is determined by the conventional ``true'' rate constant k, which is the product of the rate constant for encounters and the probability of reaction during an encounter. At long times (10—9 sec or greater in many liquids), the reactivity falls to a value determined by the ``long-time'' rate constant k′. The constants k and k′ differ by the factor 1 — β′, where β′ is the probability that a specific pair of molecules separating from a nonreactive encounter will ultimately react with each other. If β′ is small either because there is little chance of reaction per encounter (activation control), or because there is little chance the specific pair will undergo a subsequent encounter (as in gas phase), the two rate constants are virtually identical and conventional kinetics apply.
Equations are developed for the time dependence of the reactivity of a molecule in such a system, and a model is suggested for evaluating the necessary parameters in terms of the relative diffusion coefficient, the encounter diameter, and the root-mean-square displacement distance during diffusion. Application of available kinetic data indicates that diffusive displacements in liquids are of the order of a molecular diameter and take place with a frequency of the order of 1011 sec—1.
In the quenching of fluorescence and other processes where reactive molecules are produced singly, experimental measurements have given the ``long-time'' rate constant, k′. When reactive molecules are produced in pairs, the recombination process in a thermal equilibrium is described by the ``true'' rate constant, k; but k′ has been obtained from all rate measurements on the recombination of pairs produced photochemically. Experiments are suggested for obtaining information on systems during the short time in which the apparent rate constant in changing.
Appearance Potential Studies. I. Determination of Excess Kinetic Energy
Authors: Kandel Richard J. 
Published: April 2005

The metastable ion suppressor on the Consolidated Engineering Corporation Model 21—103 mass spectrometer has been used as a retarding potential device to determine the excess kinetic energies possessed by the ions formed during appearance potential measurements. The suppressor setting at which an ion beam is extinguished is compared with the extinction setting for an ion beam with no excess energy. These settings are studied as a function of ionizing voltage, extrapolated back to the appearance potential, and converted into units of energy.
N+ from N2 was found to have no excess kinetic energy at the appearance potential. CH3+ from C2H6, CH3+ from C3H8, CN+ from C2N2, and CH3+ from C6H5CH3 were all formed with excess kinetic energy. The following quantities were deduced after taking the excess energy into account: D(CH3–CH3)=3.87 volts; D(CH3–C2H5)=3.70 volts; I(CN)=15.13 volts; I(C6H5)=9.90 volts; D(C6H5–CH3)=3.80 volts; D(C6H5–H)=4.64 volts.
The Bible in History
Authors: Kling David W. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This book examines the dynamic interplay between scripture and society. Kling traces the story of how specific biblical texts have at different times emerged to be the inspiration of movements that have changed the course of history. He selects eight specific texts (sometimes a single verse, other times a selection of verses or chapters, even books) and demonstrates how each shaped the direction of Christian history. These texts include the story of the rich young ruler (Matthew 19: 16–22) as an inspiration for Anthony and the beginnings of monasticism; the “Petrine text” (Matthew 16:18) as the basis for the papacy; the centrality of the Song of Songs in medieval Christendom, particularly as interpreted through the mystical leanings of Bernard of Clairvaux; Romans 1:17 and its influence upon Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation; Jesus’ teachings in the Sermon on the Mount, embraced by Anabaptists as a call to radical discipleship, including pacifism; the varied applications of the exodus motif and Moses figures in African-American history, from slavery to Martin Luther King to liberation theology; the Book of Acts with its references to the outpouring of the Spirit and speaking in tongues as the basis for the rise of modern Pentecostalism; and Galatians 3:28, which has been adopted by feminists as a rallying cry for women’s ordination. Kling’s study demonstrates that scripture has functioned in a dialectical interplay of influences; texts have shaped history and history has shaped the interpretation of texts. Specifically, texts have functioned in at least five ways: (1) as transforming agents to another way of thinking and acting, believing and behaving; (2) as recreated meaning, undergoing multiple interpretations and applications; (3) as comprehending sources, drawing other biblical texts into their thematic orbit; (4) as hermeneutical keys unlocking the essential meaning in or resolving tensions within scripture; and (5) as secondary justifications, legitimizing after the fact to support existing historical realities.
“Let Him Kiss Me with the Kisses of His Mouth!”
Authors: Kling David W. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the history of interpretation of the Song of Songs, with a particular attention given to Bernard of Clairvaux’s Sermons on the Song of Songs. It also considers the important contribution of Origen in the history of biblical interpretation, as well as contemporary interpretations (e.g., feminist) of this poetic book in Hebrew Scripture.
“The Righteous Will Live by Faith”
Authors: Kling David W. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Martin Luther and his search for a gracious God. It surveys Luther’s life as a prelude to his theological and biblical studies which culminated in a new understanding of his place before God as he wrestled with the meaning of Romans 1:17. It concludes with a discussion of the history of interpretation of this text and its understanding among contemporary commentators.
God and Other Spirits
Authors: Wiebe Phillip 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis book advances three central propositions: (a) Claims about what is real, including a transcendent reality, if it exists, cannot be achieved by short, snappy proofs, but by the hard work of examining phenomena closely, conjecturing about how they might explained, and critically scrutinizing the explanations that are suggested by the phenomena; (b) The methodology that is needed in a critical scrutiny of religion is neither deductive nor inductive argumentation, both of which have been prominent in philosophy of religion, but abductive argumentation, in which unobservable objects are tentatively postulated to exist, in an effort to determine how well they explain otherwise inexplicable phenomena; and (c) The phenomena that ought to be made central to the study of religion are the varied experiences that people have reported and continue to report, especially those that suggest to educated and articulate adults that an order of reality might exist that transcends the known natural one. Empirical grounds for advancing the existence of spirits are examined in several chapters, such as the phenomena of (alleged) demonic possession and exorcism, as well as other phenomena in biblical history and in contemporary life that suggest the existence of holy beings. These phenomena are used to reconstruct the theory of spirits in a critical realist way, according to which the postulated entities are contextually defined by the causal roles these entities are deemed to play. The abductive argumentation to unobservable objects that is advocated is perhaps best known from atomism, but it has also been vital to evolutionary theory, genetic theory, psychoanalysis, and to other well known fields of scientific inquiry. Various objections are examined against the thesis of the book, including the view that the concepts of religion are mythopoeic, the claim that naturalism as it is presently known is adequate to explain all phenomena, and the position that Christian theism is incoherent. The plausibility of contextual realism is defended according to which separate domains of critical inquiry have epistemic independence from one another, so that ontological reduction is neither routinely imposed on religious claims nor deemed to be impossible. The competing claims that theism is properly basic and that probabilistic argument affords the best approach toward theism are resisted. The author calls for “naturalizing epistemology” of religion, following W. V. O. Quine, which requires paying more attention than classical empiricism has given to the circumstances in which educated and articulate adults adopt beliefs, including beliefs that accommodate God and other spirits.
Naturalizing Supernaturalism
Authors: Wiebe Phillip 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter considers competitor views concerning the existence of God, including: (a) the claim of Alvin Plantinga that God is “properly basic” and is not subject to having evidence adduced for or against the claim; (b) the claim of Richard Swinburne that the most appropriate argument for the existence of God is one that is probabilistic, with various kinds of evidence all advancing the probability that God exists. These and some other views are set aside in order to argue that epistemic claims concerning the existence of a transcendent domain need to be “naturalized,” by identifying the most impressive phenomena that both induce rational non-believers to abandon conventional naturalistic views and embrace some form of “supernaturalism,” as well as continue to provide data for which a transcendent reality appears to provide the most convincing explanation.
Introduction
Authors: Goldschmidt Henry 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The introduction to the collection offers a theoretical overview of the relationships among race, nation, and religion as categories of collective identity formation. It argues, in brief, that these categories are always already inextricably linked and cannot be studied in isolation from each other—that they are, in fact, co-constituted categories, wholly dependent on each other for their social existence and symbolic meanings. It then explores some of the implications of this argument for our understanding of racial, national, and religious identities in the Americas and elsewhere. It focuses, above all, on a critique of the presumed secularity of racial and national identities and thus casts doubt on the popular equation of modernity and secularization.
Race and Religion on the Periphery
Authors: Murphree Daniel 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This chapter evaluates the process by which Spanish missionaries racialized Native Americans in the colonial Floridas between 1566 and 1763. During this period, Europeans involved in Christianizing natives expanded an idiom of description initiated by earlier Spanish explorers in reaction to ongoing failures relating to conquest and settlement. Missionaries and other colonists used these descriptions to fashion a unique European Floridian identity in the region premised on distinction from indigenous peoples. The related processes of racialization and identity formation influenced intercultural relationships in the region into the modern era.
The Jew in the Haitian Imagination
Authors: McAlister Elizabeth 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This essay explores the contemporary legacies of colonial religious discourses, by examining how participants in Haiti’s annual Rara festival—a Lenten carnival and public performance of Haitian Vodou—at once inherit and transform the anti-Jewish sentiments of the clergy in colonial Saint Domingue. Through an active identification with the Jews who “killed Jesus,” disenfranchised Haitians reinvent the European demonization of Jews and Africans, deconstructing colonial religious categories from within, in order to craft rituals of resistance to their country’s predominantly Catholic and mulatto elites.
“Marked in Body, Mind, and Spirit”
Authors: Chang Derek 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This essay discusses the work of the American Baptist Home Mission Society with African-Americans and Chinese immigrants in the late nineteenth century. It explores the tensions between hierarchy and inclusion in the efforts of White evangelists to incorporate racialized minorities into the Baptist Church and the body politic, as well as the tensions that ultimately arose between White missionary discourses and the proselytes’ own alternative visions of race, nation, and religion. It thus demonstrates the complex role of religion in the U.S. process of nation building.
Catholics, Creoles, and the Redefinition of Race in New Orleans
Authors: Bennett James B. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This essay traces the role of Catholicism in the shifting racial identity of Creoles of color in New Orleans in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The implementation of racially segregated Catholic parishes in New Orleans played an important role in changing the way white New Orleanians classified Creoles of color, who were once considered a distinct racial category but came to be described as simply “black.” At the same time, resistance to separate parishes demonstrated both the difficulty of instituting segregation and the creative ways that Creoles preserved a distinct identity even within a society divided along a black-white binary.
Beyond the Binary
Authors: Sigler Danielle Brune 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This essay examines the construction of alternate racial identities within American religious organizations. It focuses on Father Divine and Daddy Grace, men generally considered “black” by U.S. society, who strove to create multi-racial congregations. Within his Peace Mission, Divine and his followers eschewed any type of racial designation. Grace turned to the United House of Prayer for All People to help assert his own alternate identity as a “white” man from Portugal and to create a place of worship literally for “all people” regardless of race, nationality, or ethnicity.
Legislating “Civilization” in Postrevolutionary Haiti
Authors: Ramsey Kate 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This article examines the nineteenth century Haitian state’s penal prohibition of “le vaudoux” as a form of “sortilege” or spell. It studies how, in the face of unremitting white Western hostility and racist malign, successive post-revolutionary Haitian governments relied on juridical law both as a sign of political modernity and as a space for the repudiation of the so-called primitive in Haiti. The article focuses on two significant episodes of enforcement of these laws following the return of the Roman Catholic Church to Haiti in 1860. At this point, popular ritual practice fell, in effect, under a second punitive regime, even as the newly arrived foreign clergy also pressed the Haitian state for stricter enforcement of the laws already in place. I argue, however, that the application of what were frequently consolidated after 1860 as “les lois divines et humaines” against “le vaudoux” proved, repeatedly, to be impossible for both state and Church. The disparity between how this word was constructed through penal and ecclesiastical laws versus how it was popularly understood became the key point on which both the state’s and the Church’s campaigns against popular ritual invariably foundered.
The Civilization of White Men
Authors: Snow Jennifer 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This essay examines a landmark 1922 case in which the United States Supreme Court denied a Sikh immigrant’s application for citizenship under the 1790 statute restricting naturalization to “free white men.” Despite his undisputed “Aryan blood,” the Supreme Court decreed that Bhagat Singh Thind could not become an American citizen because because his “Hindoo” religion was inconsistent with “the civilization of white men.”
Projecting Blackness
Authors: Weisenfeld Judith 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This chapter discusses approaches to the co-construction of religion and race in Hollywood films focusing on the case of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer’s 1929 film Hallelujah. Directed by King Vidor, the film extended popular culture and literary traditions of naturalizing and sanctioning American racial hierarchies through the presentation of an aesthetic of primitive black religion. The chapter examines the production history and reception of the film with attention to discourses about race, religion, and representation, as well as about the relationship between African-American religious practices and civil rights more broadly.
Abelard and Heloise
Authors: Mews Constant J. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
In Abelard and Heloise, a dual intellectual biography of Peter Abelard (1079–1142) and Heloise (d. 1164), I argue that there is a fundamental continuity to the evolution of Abelard’s thought from his early concern with dialectic, to his growing interest in theology in the 1120s and in ethical questions in the 1130s. Heloise was much more than the disciple and lover of Abelard. She emerges as a distinct thinker in her own right, deeply versed in classical ideals of friendship and ethics, which she wished to apply to her relationship to Abelard. While they have both functioned as mythic figures in the western imagination, I argue that both participated in a broader 12th-century renewal of interest in both classical literature and in religious reform. I examine Abelard’s dialectic as a theory not just about universals, but about language as a whole. Tracing the maturing of his dialectic from his earliest glosses to the Logica ‘Ingredientibus’, written after his early affair with Heloise (1115–17), I argue that Abelard was initially unable to come to terms with the ethical questions presented by Heloise in her side of messages (Epistolae duorum amantium) they exchanged during those years. After Abelard became a monk at St Denis, he started to write about theology. I trace the evolution of his theological interests, from his early concern with linguistic concerns to increasing preoccupation with the Holy Spirit and divine goodness, as manifest in Jesus. After Heloise, abbess of the Paraclete from 1129, responded to his Historia calamitatum and demanded he pay greater attention to the community he had founded, Abelard started to devote much more attention to commenting on Scripture and to reflecting on the ethical questions with which she had always been concerned. Accusations spread by St Bernard that Abelard promoted heresy distort the true character of his contribution to theology, on which Heloise exercised a profound influence.
Heloise and Discussion about Love
Authors: Mews Constant J. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Heloise and Discussion about Love. This chapter examines the significance of the early love affair of Abelard and Heloise. It argues that this relationship was not simply a matter of fornication portrayed by Abelard in the Historia calamitatum. Drawing on the Epistolae duorum amantium, which I argue is a record of an early exchange between Abelard and Heloise, I explain that Heloise wanted to apply Ciceronian ideals of friendship to love between a man and a woman. At her request, Abelard did endeavor to define friendship in terms based on Cicero, but he never developed her interest in true friendship as not seeking any personal reward. His love letters are more strongly influenced by a passionate ideal of love, inspired by the poetry of Ovid.
Returning to Logica
Authors: Mews Constant J. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Returning to Logica. This chapter examines the Logica ‘Ingredientibus’, a series of commentaries on Porphyry, Aristotle, and Boethius more profound than any of his earlier glosses. I argue that in these commentaries Abelard adopts a much more profound theory of universals and of other parts of speech than in the Dialectica. Rather than emphasizing differences of opinion with William of Champeaux, they demonstrate how far Abelard had come to distance himself from the arguments of Boethius. Instead of speaking uniquely about dialectic, he is now interested in logica, the arts of language in general.
Faith, Sacraments, and Charity
Authors: Mews Constant J. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Faith, Sacraments and Charity. This chapter considers Abelard’s lectures or sententie on faith, sacraments and charity (from the 1130s) in which he formulated a synthetic vision of theology, recorded by students. It also reviews Abelard’s theology through the perspective of one of his foremost critics, Hugh of St. Victor, in the De sacramentis. While Abelard was always known as a logician, he emerged in the 1130s as one of the most original theologians and theorist of ethics of his generation. The chapter considers the evolution of the Theologia ‘Scholarium’ in the context of his teaching in the schools. It concludes by looking at the evolution of his thinking about the distinction between vice and sin in his Ethics or Scito teipsum, arguing that here he is responding to a longstanding concern of Heloise.
Introduction
Authors: Stewart Tony K. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This introductory chapter begins with a brief description of the eight tales in this volume. The stories celebrate Satya Pīr, a figure of religious power who is nominally both Muslim and Hindu; they vault women or their offspring into heroic roles as the men flounder in uncertainty and helplessness; they play with gender distinctions, all in an effort to comment, critique, and even stretch the traditional values reaffirmed in the conclusions of each tale. The perpetuation of cultural narratives in South Asia and the sectarian literatures of Satya Pīr are also discussed.
ABOUT THE TRANSLATIONS
Authors: Stewart Tony K. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This chapter talks about the translations of the eight tales in this volume. The author has taken a slightly different tack: the translations are not retellings, but faithful renderings of the handwritten and printed originals, with many of the qualities of Bangla retained, including some that might qualify as quirks and oddities in English. Consequently, the stories will inevitably be somewhat uneven, because some of the authors are better than others in telling a tale.
Quaker Holiness
Authors: Robins Roger Glenn 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAmbrose Jessup Tomlinson stepped into the prevailing winds of holiness when he joined the Chester Preparative of the Westfield Monthly Meeting in 1889. By this time, holiness had flourished in the soil of Indiana Quakerism for over 20 years. The emergence of the holiness movement within the Society of Friends was dubbed as the “transformation of American Quakerism”. Many Friends had begun following the lead of Joseph John Gurney in dismantling the walls separating them from the wider world of evangelicalism. They embraced Victorian middle class culture, and believed in the efficacy of rational means to advance moral and religious cases such as abolition.