bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Who Are the Members?
Authors: Whiteley Paul , Seyd Patrick , Richardson Jeremy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we will provide an overview of the social and political characteristics of the grass-roots Conservative party membership. This begins with an examination of Conservative members’ socio-economic backgrounds, and continues with a discussion of their attitudes to certain key political issues. We will also compare the party members with Conservative voters, to see what similarities and differences exist between the two groups. Our survey of party members and the 1992 British Election Study were conducted within a few months of each other, so comparisons of Conserva tive voters and party members are particularly accurate. In the final section of the chapter we examine their contacts with the party organization, their rates of activism, and the extent to which they vote in general elections.
Ethnicity as a Discipline
Authors: Moynihan Daniel Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is no accident that ethnicity as a subject has tended to be slighted, if not ignored. At the onset of the twentieth century, there were two large ideas abroad, curiously congruent, which predicted a steady or even precipitous decline of ethnic attachments. Milton M. Gordon has termed the first of these “the liberal expectancy.” This is perhaps especially an American view. Ethnic identities were seen as recessive, readily explained by immigrant experience, but essentially transitional. A proper “American” would emerge in time.
Pressure Groups and the European Community: An Overview
Authors: Grant Wyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before examining interest organization at the Community level, it is important to reflect on the nature of the Community itself. Much of the research and reflection on interest-group activity in Western countries over the last thirty years has emphasized not just government as a target of group activity, but also the way in which government influences, intentionally or not, the structure, scope, and character of activity by interest organizations. The state as a shaper of interest groups has been a central theme of the recent literature on pressure groups (Wilson 1990).
The Rationality of Lobbying in Europe: Why are Euro-Groups so Numerous and so Weak? Some Evidence from the Car Industry
Authors: Mclaughlin Andrew , Jordan Grant 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The emerging literature on European lobbying suggests that groups are responding to the EC’s political development by organizing themselves into supranational federations. In recent years there has been a proliferation of Euro-groups. Furthermore, empirical studies have indicated that EC decision-makers prefer to consult via such federations (Pryce 1973; see also Ch. 1). However, this preference for consultation by the Commission appears to have been made difficult by fundamental weaknesses within the Euro-groups. Drawing on evidence from the car industry, our analysis considers three main themes: the service that the Euro-group provides for participating members; the weaknesses of these groups; and the rationale for participating in such organizations. This chapter notes the widespread assumption that because Community institutions are increasingly important, there is inevitably a growth in Euro-group activity.
Leonard Woolf and International Government
Authors: Wilson Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Looking back at the age of eighty-eight over the fifty-seven years of my political work in England, knowing what I aimed at and the results, meditating on the history of Britain and the world since 1914, I see clearly that I achieved practically nothing. The world today and the history of the human anthill during the past fifty-seven years would be exactly the same as it is if I had played pingpong instead of sitting on committees and writing books and memoranda.
Lord Lothian and the Federalist Critique of National Sovereignty
Authors: Bosco Andrea 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Philip Kerr, Marquess of Lothian, is well known for his tenure at Washington as British Ambassador from September 1939 until his death in December 1940. One of the principal objectives of British foreign policy during these crucial months was to enlist American support for the struggle against Nazi Germany. Lothian’s role in the achievement of this objective was central. Through private diplomacy and a series of highly effective public speeches, Lothian played a notable part in persuading both the Roosevelt Administration, and the wider American public, that the fate of their country was inextricably linked to Britain’s. It is easy to forget, given the subsequent forging of the ‘special relationship’, that many Americans were committed to a thoroughly isolationist stance towards ‘Europe’s sordid squabbles’. Lothian did much to transform this inward-looking perspective. In doing so he paved the way for two deals that were vital for Britain’s war-effort: the destroyers-for-bases deal and the Lend-Lease programme. Not for nothing did Churchill describe Lothian as ‘our greatest Ambassador to the United States’.
The Theoretical Background to the Right of Conquest
Authors: Korman Sharon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter consists of three sections: the first considers the nature of the right of conquest and the difficulties which its acceptance has posed for the character of international law; the second considers the positive role which the right of conquest has played, despite these difficulties, in international relations; and the third considers the right of conquest as it affects, or has affected, the rights of people living in conquered territory.
The Right of Conquest in Relations between European States and ‘Barbarian’ Political Communities
Authors: Korman Sharon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The expansion of Europe from the sixteenth century onwards was to a large extent achieved by means of war and conquest, which, as I shall argue, the European states recognized as a legitimate mode of acquisition of title to lands inhabited by non-Christian or ‘uncivilized’ peoples. Whereas one writer’s observation that ‘[m]ost of the colonial acquisitions by European Powers from the 15th to the 19th century were effected by conquest’ perhaps overstates the case-since it overlooks the importance of major episodes of colonial expansion, such as the partition of Africa in the nineteenth century, in which title to territory was generally based upon claims that it had been ceded by consent of African rulers and much less frequently upon claims that it had been acquired by right of conquest3-it none the less provides some indication of the importance of conquest as a mode of acquisition of territory in the process of European imperial expansion.
The Right of Conquest in Relations between States Comprising International Society
Authors: Korman Sharon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The importance of the right of conquest in the evolution of territorial boundaries within Europe down to the middle of the nineteenth century was observed by Henry Wheaton:
The title of almost all the nations of Europe to the territory now possessed by them, in that quarter of the world, was originally derived from conquest, which has been subsequently confirmed by long possession and international compacts, to which all the European States have successively become parties.
Conditions for the Validity of Title by Conquest
Authors: Korman Sharon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even by the permissive standards of pre-1914 international law, something more than mere seizure of territory by force of arms was required in order to establish a title by conquest. Certain conditions had to be satisfied; but once they were satisfied, other states then recognized the transfer of sovereignty. This chapter aims to clarify the nature of the rules for the acquisition of territory by conquest under traditional international law, as reflected in the practice of states in the pre-1914 period.
The Moral Turning-Point of the First World War: Self-Determination and the Non-Annexation Principle
Authors: Korman Sharon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before the Russian Revolution of March 1917 had transformed the whole relation of the belligerents to the national question, it was generally assumed that annexations of territory would follow the conclusion of the First World War, as they had followed the conclusion of previous wars, on the basis of the right of con quest, without regard to nationality or the wishes of the populations concerned. On the Allied side, this assumption was reflected in the secret treaties of 1915-17, which provided for the post-war distribution of enemy territory in the event of an Allied victory. The annexationist schemes embodied in these treaties—envisaging the partition of the Ottoman Empire between Russia, Great Britain, France, and Italy, and vast accessions of territory transferring millions of foreigners to the rule of Italy, Romania, Japan, France, and Russia at the expense of the Austro-Hungarian and German Empires-were characteristic of an outlook which saw enemy territory as ‘booty’, or legally disposable property, to be acquired by the victors as the spoils of war.
The Experience of Unemployment in Europe: The Debate
Authors: Gallic Duncan , Paugam Serge 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the social status of individuals depends primarily on their participation in the systems of economic production and exchange of their society, there is a high probability that unemployment will lead to a loss of status and a feeling of failure, especially if it extends for any length of time. It involves more a process of what might be termed ‘social disqualification’ than a static state. It brings about a sharp drop in living standards, a weakening of social life, and marginalization with respect to those in work effects which can become cumulative and lead to a situation of intense poverty and, at the extreme, of social rupture.
The Politics of Child Daycare in Britain
Authors: Randall Vicky 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Child daycare is a crucial issue for gender equality. In Britain its provision, and especially publicly provided or subsidised daycare, has been meagre in comparison with a range of European States. In seeking to explain childcare policy in post-war Britain to the present, this study focuses primarily on the institutional context. It shows how the liberal state tradition, limiting intervention in the private family, and market spheres has intersected with an issue that impinges on family responsibilities and, arguably, requires public resources for its effective resolution. The book also argues that liberalism — in practice an eminently flexible approach — cannot on its own explain policy. Account must be taken of the gender assumptions of policy-makers and their principal advisers, including in the past trade unions; of the centralization of the British governmental process; of the weakness and fragmentation of the childcare lobby, including the less than wholehearted involvement of the women’s movement; and of the sheer contingencies of timing.
The Commission as an Actor: An Anthropologist’s View
Authors: Bellier Irѐne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 1950s Jean Monnet envisaged ‘a new breed of man ... being born in the institutions of Luxembourg, as though in a laboratory, it was the European spirit which was the fruit of common labour’ (Monnet, 1976: 441). The Commission best embodies this notion, inviting us to analyse it as an actor on the European stage in terms of the character of the individuals and not just of its structure or role. The Commission has changed greatly since its ‘youth’, when it was established as the small administration of a kind of task-force. Now, as a result of the Treaty on European Union (TEU), it has responsibility for a growing number of tasks while retaining its role as the motor of the construction of Europe.
The Kaleidoscope of European Policy Making: Shifting Patterns of Participation and Influence
Authors: Wallace Helen , Young Alasdair R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The essays in this volume show a kaleidoscope of changing patterns of participation in the collective process of European policymaking on issues of market regulation and policies for industry. Participation in the European arena constitutes a shift in two dimensions. First, the European policy model marks a distinct departure from patterns of policy-making in national arenas. Second, the European policy process is in flux, varying between policy areas and over time. The question is what kind of kaleidoscope is being created, and with what kinds of patterns? And, further, what light do they shed on the form of governance which is emerging in this demi-monde between the traditional West European state and the transnational policy arena.
Internal Pathways of Spread
Authors: Cliff A D , Haggett P , Smallman-Raynor M R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Measles came in the early summer of 1907 … and those who had not had measles previously were isolated. Healthy ones were let out if they promised they had had measles before. Among these was a young man who went to Stykkishólmur. Shortly after, came news of measles in Stykkishómur.It was spread by the young man … Stykkishómur was isolated and visitors to the town were confined in homes where there was no one of measles age. They were let out of the town in two weeks time. Among them was a young girl from Reykjavik. She went home with an isolation certificate from the doctor in Stykkishómur. Now Reykjavik was being visited by the King (of Denmark) and the town was full of people. It appears that the girl had a mild case of measles and went into the streets before this was appreciated … The disease spread speedily in Reykjavik and could not be contained. From there, the infection spread rapidly over the whole country, especially from October 1907-February 1908.
Island Research: A Regional Survey
Authors: Cliff A D , Haggett P , Smallman-Raynor M R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the island of Guam in the western Pacific, a killer that has stalked the local population for more than 100 years, eluding all attempts at capture, is now threatening to escape its pursuers forever—and its modus operandi remains unsolved … The disappearance of the killer … could rob science of an important tool for studying three major degenerative diseases.
Island Futures
Authors: Cliff A D , Haggett P , Smallman-Raynor M R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Each oceanic island is potentially an isolated laboratory for the study of organic evolution and a testing ground for the principles of ecology. Their value to science is immeasurable and has scarcely begun to be exploited.
For most of the million or so years of its occupation of planet Earth, the human population has been expanding from its continental hearths into offshore islands. For example, we know from archaeological and linguistic evidence that what is now Polynesia, that great 6,000 miles-a-side triangle of the Pacific Ocean (with Hawaii, Easter Island, and New Zealand as its apices) was colonized from Southeast Asia (Levison et al., 1972). The first settlers were moving into the islands 4,000 years ago, and the colonization process was almost complete by the time of the Norman Conquest in Britain. In another hemisphere, the Norse occupation oflceland was beginning around AD 874.
Iraq
Authors: Tripp Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The intention of this chapter is to assess the ways in which two different ‘logics’ or dynamics interacted in shaping Iraqi politics and the policies pursued by Iraqi governments during the period of the Cold War. The first came from domestic political processes in Iraq. For any ruler of Iraq, there have been certain recurrent preoccupations associated with the regional position of Iraq as a state and with the various forces working in Iraqi society. Their capacity to generate conflict or to produce support has shaped the policies of successive Iraqi governments, leading to the distinctive patterns of Iraqi politics.
Death without Taxes Democracy, State Capacity, and Aid Dependence in the Fourth World
Authors: Moore Mick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The title of this volume assumes tensions between ‘democracy’ and ‘development’. What are they? Which state institutions and the gov¬ ernment practices are development-friendly but democracy-averse? There is a long list of familiar claimants to a place on this list. For example: the need for governments to take some key, difficult economic policy decisions both secretly and independently of the influence of economic pressure groups; the requirement that trade unions be controlled and that environmental standards be held low for fear of discouraging (foreign) investment; incentives for government to enter into corporatist-type arrangements, with business, labour, and other economic interests, that privilege these interests and the organizations that represent them in relation to the rest of the population; the temp¬tation to give priority to ‘continuity’, ‘predictability’, and ‘government credibility’ over the uncertainty inherent in democratic elections; and the pressure for states in fiscal trouble to enter into (secret) economic policy agreements with (foreign) creditors at the expense of transparency or democratic accountability.
Are There Alternatives to Liberal Democracy?
Authors: Luckham Robin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter differs from analyses of ‘developmental democracy’ which treat popular participation as a clamorous inconvenience to be managed in the interests of economic efficiency.1 Instead it asks what follows from prioritizing participation both as a defining feature of democracy, and as an integral part of what is meant by development. The analysis will be developed in two parts. First I will contrast the narratives of popular and of liberal democracy, showing they come to different conclusions about participation and its role in development. But I will also argue that there are potential complementarities. These were obscured when socialist ‘people’s democracies’ were (misleadingly) seen as popular alternatives to liberal democracy.
The Eastern Enlargement of the European Union
Authors: Pinder John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In May 1948 the Congress of Europe at The Hague affirmed the aim of ‘union or federation’ for all European democracies. Winston Churchill, after observing that the eastern part of Europe was disappearing behind an Iron Curtain, had already said in September 1947 that ‘we must build a kind of United States of Europe’, adding that ‘the first step in the re-creation of the European family must be a partnership between France and Germany … France and Germany must take the lead together’. But he did not envisage British participation in it: ‘Britain and the British Commonwealth’ were, like the United States of America, to be ‘the friends and sponsors’ of the new Europe. With remarkable prescience, he prefigured a pattern that was to endure for four decades: French and German leadership in the uniting of Western Europe, with the Central and East Europeans locked into the Soviet system. Britain, with the importance of the Commonwealth fading and unsure of its place in the world, was however to be neither a generous sponsor nor, following its accession, a constructive member of the European Community.
Industrial and Commercial Cultures in Britain and Germany: Rivalry or Reconcilability?
Authors: Leaman Jeremy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A recent survey of opinion polls on German attitudes towards Britain paints an interesting, if predictable picture. Britain features strongly as an ‘important partner’ (behind the USA and France) but is almost entirely absent from the list of significant economic threats. Inasmuch as such polls can be seen to represent ‘a’ common view, they reflect still the typical ambivalence of German attitudes in the post-war period, confident in the success of their economic culture and institutions but mindful of Germany’s structural subordination in foreign and security policy and its need to demonstrate a commitment to multilateralism: the economic giant content (mostly) to remain a political dwarf.
Policy Representation in Western Democracies
Authors: Miller Warren E , Pierce Roy , Thomassen Jacques , Herrera Richard , Holmberg Sören , Esaiasson Peter , Wessels Bernhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Policy Representation in Western Democracies offers a comparative analysis of policy representation in five Western Democracies: France, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the US. A leading group of authors examines the impact of belief systems and geographical and institutional characteristics on the match between the policy preferences of the electorate and those of their representatives. The book offers a variety of perspectives on the conceptualization, measurement, and interpretation of congruence between mass and elite opinion. The book also evaluates the consequences of different electoral systems for policy representation.
Elite-Mass Linkages in Representative Democracy
Authors: Miller Warren E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The seven chapters of this book bring partial closure to an effort begun more than thirty years ago. The chapters present six very different perspectives on the topic of policy representation in the national legislative institutions of five North Atlantic democracies. The chapters are the product of a long overdue decision to capitalize on an intellectual initiative taken in the 1960s by this author and several colleagues then associated with the Political Behavior Program of the University of Michigan’s Survey Research Center. The next few pages sketch the historical context in which this book has been written and from which it should be viewed.
Introduction
Authors: Dalal-Clayton Barry , Dent David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Land is prized by everyone. Today and every day, people are fighting one another for land. Having taken possession, maybe at great cost, people often then destroy the very resource they depend upon. Where people are poor, pressure on the land coupled with low levels of technology, low inputs, and low outputs can create a vicious circle: land degradation, permanent loss of productive capacity, and a lack of margins in production systems that leaves both land and people poorer and increasingly vulnerable to natural disasters. Even in rich countries there are insidious environmental problems including pollution of soil, water, and air, and a dramatic loss of biodiversity. One reason for this paradox is ignorance. Information counters ignorance. But information is not simply facts: primary data have to be interpreted to answer specific questions, so information cannot be divorced from either the question in hand or the person who is grappling with it. Put another way, decision-makers need expertise just as much as they need data. In countries where capital and skilled manpower are scarce, most people depend directly on natural resources. Obviously, their decision-makers need good baseline information about the land.
Environmental Impact Assessment
Authors: Dalal-Clayton Barry , Dent David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Impact assessment is a process to improve decision-making by ensuring that the development options under consideration are environmentally and socially sound. It is concerned with identifying and evaluating the fore seeable impacts, both beneficial and adverse, of public and private development activities, alternatives, and mitigating measures, so that negative impacts can be minimized and positive impacts optimized. Environmental impact assessment (EIA) was first introduced in the USA as a requirement of the 1969 National Environmental Protection Act. Through the 1970s, it emerged as a procedure for encouraging decision-makers to take account of the effects of development on environmental quality and the productivity of natural resources. More than half the countries in the world now have a formal EIA system, and increasingly comprehensive and sophisticated procedures have been drawn up by development agencies.