bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conflits, grandes épidémies, catastrophes, victimes (D142-D208)
Authors: Balmond Louis , Guilhaudis Jean-François 
Published: January 2024

Soumission à Epi-revel
Conflicts, epidemics and disasters meet in their human, economic and political consequences disastrous and require a strong mobilization of the international community. This chapter presents news from 2015 on these 3 phenomena and gives the currently relevant essential benchmarks.
International audience
Conflits, épidémies et catastrophes se rejoignent dans leurs conséquences humaines, économiques et politiques désastreuses et requièrent une forte mobilisation de la communauté internationale. Ce chapitre présente l’actualité de ces trois phénomènes pour 2015 et donne les repères essentiels pertinents.
Growth Performance of Groundnut in India-An Instability and Decomposition Analysis
Authors: Senthilnathan S. , Elenchezhian T. , Mathiyazhini M. , Ravishankar M. , Aliya S. , Aravindrajan S. , Ranjith P. J. , Jeyalakshmi P. , Kiruthika N. , Parimalarangan R. , Karthick V. , Rajendran T. 
Published: January 2024

Measuring the trends of growth and variability in agricultural production is important to understand how outputs change over time. The present study analyzed the growth and instability index of groundnuts. The study depends on secondary data, which was collected from the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare [1] for the period 1950-2022. The entire study period is divided into three sub-periods: 1950-51 to 1969-1970, 1971-1972 to 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 to 2021-2022. The compound annual growth rate, instability Index and decomposition analysis were used for the analysis. The compound annual growth rates for production, area, and yield are -0.14 percent, 1.05 percent, and 1.2 percent, respectively, groundnut production and yield are increasing and the area in India has changed throughout time. The decomposition of groundnut production in area, yield, and interaction effect showed that the yield effect was responsible for increasing the production of groundnut in India followed by the interaction effect and area effect. The results revealed that the level of instability was high in yield while it was lowest in area. The findings showed that the annual growth rate of productivity of groundnuts also shows an increasing trend during the recent period due to the availability of high-yielding cultivars and the deployment of innovative cultivation technologies. From the result, it is concluded that including the non-traditional areas increases the area under cultivation to sustain and improve groundnut production.
Awareness and Attitude of beneficiaries towards Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Scheme in Prakasham District of Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: Tulasi Gonugunta Madhumitha Rama , Singh V. K. , Rohith Siguram , Priyanka Vavilala 
Published: January 2024

The present study was carried out using Ex-post facto research design as the event had already occurred. The study was conducted during 2021-22 by selecting state Andhra Pradesh and district Prakasham as the researcher hales to this region and also due to low literacy levels there was a need to bring more awareness about the programme to the women. For this study, four blocks were selected from the district. From each block two villages were choosed and from each village 10 respondents were selected using random sampling constituting a sample of 80 beneficiaries. The data was collected through personal interview method with the help of structured interview schedule. The findings revealed that, most of them were having medium level (62.50%) of awareness towards the scheme, followed by high level (37.50%) and then low level (25.00%) of awareness towards the scheme. The study revealed that two-third (67.50%) of the beneficiaries were having neutral attitude towards the scheme, followed by 17.50% with negative attitude and the remaining (15.00%) had positive attitude towards the scheme.
Effect of Incubation of Biochars Amendment on the Chemical Properties of Acidic Soil
Authors: Samuel Victoria Chioma Ayozie- 
Published: January 2024

Biochar is considered as universal conditioner to improve soil quality, but its effect on different soil types and rates on soil properties,bacterial community and plant growth are still unclear,particularly in the typical acid soil in southeastern Nigeria. This study was done to know the changes in soil chemical composition which could be caused by dissolution and release of nutrients from biochar in an incubation experiment. The study was conducted during rainy season in 2022 in Sobioma Agro Farms LTD using loamy sand with acidic pH (5.7). The soil were collected from the same farm. Soil was filled in separate plastic bucket with lid (2kg capacity) and treatments imposed as per the treatment details; T1: Corn Cob charred for 60 minutes @ 20 t ha-1 T2: Rice husk charred for 60 minutes @ 20 t ha -1 and T3: Poultry manure charred for 60 minutes @ 20 t ha-1. The treatments were replicated thrice, then repeated for different days of incubation (15,30 and 45days respectively). The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD). In this study, the biochar carbon content and Total N ranges from 95.9 to 181.4 gkg&quot; 1 and 5.2 to 8.9 gkg&#39; 1 respectively with the highest values on rice husk biochar (Table 3). Poultry manure showed highest significant (P O.05) effect in Cu (1.61 mgkg- 1), Mn (5.26 mgkg- 1 ) and Fe (6.54 mgkg 1 ) compared to rice husk biochar and corn cob biochar (Table 4). The Cations Exchange Capacity (CEC) and base saturation (BS) increased after amendment of the acidic soil with PMB (5.51 cmolkg&#39; 1 and 85.4% respectively).
The results revealed that, application of different biochar increased the pH and other soil chemical properties evaluated with slight increase only in exchangeable k and Na and a decrease in exchange acidity (A l and H) of soil. During the incubation experiment changes were noticed, some nutrient element showed a continuous increase with incubation time (exchangeable Al and H in Corn cob and poultry manure biochar respectively) while some reached its maximum at the mid incubation time (CEC, BS, TN, Av.P and OM in poultry manure biochar). In some cases a decline was observed up to the mid incubation period after which an increase was observed (Exchangeable Ca and Mg in corn cob biorchar and Exchangeable k and Na in Rice husk buiochar). This work stresses the importance of biochar to soil quality improvement.
Sternal Tuberculosis: About Two Senegalese Cases
Authors: Dièye Alassane , Ndong Abdourahmane , Diouf Papa Latyr Junior , Diakhaby Mba Bambo , Niang Samba , Dia Amadou Diop , Dia-Gueye Diatou , Lô Seynabou , Dia-Badiane Ndéye Méry 
Published: January 2024

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major public health problem in resource-limited countries where it is endemic. Sternal TB is a rare entity. It accounts for less than 1% of tuberculous osteomyelitis.
We report two cases of sternal TB occurring in two young Senegalese aged 21 and 23, who presented with inflammatory sternal swelling in the context of evening raise of temperature and weight loss. In both cases, Mycobacterium tuberculosis was detected in the pus specimen using the Genexpert® MTB/RIF test (Cepheid, California). In one case, a chest CT scan revealed lysis of the sternal manubrium. The patient's condition improved with anti-tuberculosis treatment and surgery.
These cases, particularly in areas where tuberculosis is endemic, highlight the importance of considering tuberculosis as a possible cause of sternal tumefaction.
The Challenges Facing Local Government Communication Officers: The Case of Dar es Salaam City, Tanzania
Authors: Kazinja Deodatus Galeba 
Published: January 2024

Government exists to deliver quality and equitable services amidst increasing public expectations and growing fiscal pressures. One of the key aspects for the delivery of services is effective communication handled by communication staffs. The execution of government communication officer’s role is widely experiencing a myriad of challenges of different patterns from one country to another. This paper aimed to identify the challenges faced by communication staff at local councils in Dar es Salaam, which comprises five municipal councils. The study adopted a qualitative approach method and used purposive sampling to select nine (9) communication officers and five (5) Executive Directors) making a sample size of 14 respondents were attended in-depth interviews, observation and documentary review as data collection technique. The gathered data was thematically analysed. The study has revealed that the major challenges facing communication staffs in Dar es Salaam city were organisational structure and misunderstanding of the roles and responsibilities of communication officers leading to other challenges such as budget constraints, poor working environment, insufficient cooperation from other departments and lack of common statutory document guiding their communication functions. The study concludes that, communication activities in five municipal councils of Dar es Salaam were largely not a management function as many of communication officers were not involved in the management meeting where the major decisions about councils were done. The study recommends communication activities to be a management function that will allow communication staffs to be part of committee management meetings.
Influence of Soil Parameters and Sowing Technics on Different Genotypes of Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.). R. Br
Authors: Jangorzo Nouhou Salifou , Sabiou Nana Salima Mouhtari , Sadda Abou-Soufianou , Kassari Issoufou Ango 
Published: January 2024

Productivity improvement by adapting varieties to their environment was a major concern in the Sahel countries. Climatic constraints and low soil fertility are the main factors conditioning millet yield. The objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of edaphic parameters, sowing technics, and fertilization on the improvement of eight genotypes of millet. For this, a trial including eight varieties of millet in split plot was installed on the experimental station of CERRA in Maradi in 2020 during the rainy season. Soil samples at a depth of 20 cm were collected at the beginning and the end of experiment. Soil pH, organic carbon, and assimilable phosphorus were determined. Two sowing technics, seed balls, and direct sowing were applied. In seed balls, two types of fertilizer were used: the NPK (15-15-15) and ash. Phenology parameters and grain yield of each variety was measured. A statistical analysis of these data showed that edaphic parameters do not significantly influence yield. However, a significant variation in grain yield was observed among genotypes. Specifically, the variety ICMV IS 89305 exhibited a significantly higher grain yield (789 +/- 590 kg ha-1) compared to ICVH 18 (348+/-289 kg ha-1). Moreover, the different types of treatments applied to the seedlings showed a significant difference in terms of grain yield. The SSB treatments yielded more (1101+/-541 kg ha-1) than the BSC (480+/-463 kg ha-1) and BSE (317+/-322 kg ha-1) ball treatments. These results highlight substantial variability both within and between treatments. The positive effect of seed balls and fertilizer included vary according to the context. Specifically, when rainfall is scarce, seed balls prove to be non-efficient in improving the yield of millet.
Assessment of Genotype X Environment Interaction and Seed Yield Stability in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Using AMMI Analysis
Authors: Patel Manoj Kumar , Tiwari Deepti , Sharma Versha , Singh Dhirendra 
Published: January 2024

Sesame is considered as an important oilseed crop in terms of nutritional and medicinal properties. Seed yield of any crop is highly labile to environmental factors, which may cause significant reduction in the yield performance. To get substantial stable yield production in crops like sesame, there is urgent need to identify stable genotypes that perform well under different environmental conditions. Thus, the present study has been planned with the aim to assess genotype x environment interaction (GEI) and stability analysis for seed yield per plant using additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model. The experiment involved evaluation of 20 sesame genotypes in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications under three artificially created environments by providing different levels of fertilizers. The environment wise analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant genotypic variance across all the environments. Additionally, AMMI ANOVA revealed significant environment, genotypes and GEI components. GEI component was further classified to interaction principal components (IPC), IPC1 and IPC2, which explain 66.18% and 33.82% of variance due to GEI, respectively. Further, through different stability indices (ASV and GSI) and AMMI biplots, it was revealed that genotype RT-346 and RT-351 are considered as stable genotypes and these can be further recommended to farmer under varying fertility conditions.
Determination of Perception and Knowledge of Specimen Rejection Criteria in the Laboratory among Medical Doctors in Southern Nigeria
Authors: Jeremiah Igunma A. , Mienye Bob-Manuel , Ebeigbe Ejime 
Published: January 2024

Background: Laboratory diagnosis plays a major role in the clinical management of patients, as such, specimen handling errors should be avoided at all costs. Laboratory results are largely dependent on the quality and conditions of the specimens received for analysis. Every laboratory has a set of standard rejection criteria for samples.
Since the pre-analytical stage of specimen handling lies in the purview of the medical practitioners who make the request, the aim of this study was to assess the knowledge of medical doctors regarding specimen appropriateness and their perception of specimen rejection criteria.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was performed using a Google form which was distributed to medical practitioners practising in the southern part of Nigeria through various medical association WhatsApp groups, between April and September 2021. The self-administered questionnaire made up of three sections was used to obtain data on socio-demographic characteristics, the knowledge, and perception of medical doctors regarding good sample management practices.
Results: Most of the respondents were senior registrars, medical officers and consultants employed in Teaching Hospitals.
50 (50%) of the doctors had good knowledge of sample rejection, while 30(30%) had poor knowledge. In the same vein, 80(80%) of the respondents had good perception of specimen rejection criteria, while four ( 4% ) had poor perception.
The relationship between the knowledge of respondents on sample rejection criteria and their office ranks was statistically significant (p<0.05) as well as the association between the facilities the doctors worked in and their knowledge of sample rejection criteria.
Conclusion: Since a significant percentage of doctors still demonstrate inadequate knowledge and perception, all hands must be on deck to improve knowledge regarding specimen collection and handling. The authors believe that this is remediable by improved training and quality assurance measures.
A Honeycomb Network of a Paddlewheel-type Dirhodium Complex in Two Oxidation States and Pinning of the Oxidation States
Authors: Takazaki Yasuaki , Yang Zhiyong , Ebihara Masahiro , Inoue Katsuya , Kawamura Takashi 
Published: December 2002

Abstract
The reaction of a mixture of [Rh2(acam)4(H2O)2] (Hacam = acetamide) and its radical cation salt with sodium chloride in an aqueous solution gave a mixed-valent 2-D honeycomb crystal of [{Rh2(acam)4}3(μ3-Cl)2]n·4nH2O. The oxidation states of the dirhodium units are pinned at each of the crystal sites by hydrogen bonding with solvate-water molecules.
Mesomorphic Properties of 4-Benzoylaminobenzonitrile Derivatives Having an Electron-withdrawing Group with Hydrogen Bonding Ability
Authors: Hashimoto Masashi , Ujiie Seiji , Mori Akira 
Published: December 2002

Abstract
4-Benzoylaminobenzonitrile derivatives having an electron-withdrawing group with hydrogen bonding ability such as a formyl or a nitro group at the C-3 position of the benzonitrile moiety were synthesized. They had the higher transition temperatures than the parent compound. It is explained by the intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the lateral group at C-3 and the amide proton to prohibit the free rotation around the N-benzonitrile bond, which made molecules flat to increase transition temperatures.
On the relationships between catchment scale and streamwater mean residence time
Authors: McGlynn Brian , McDonnell Jeff , Stewart Mike , Seibert Jan 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThe relationship between streamwater mean residence time (MRT) and landscape characteristics is poorly understood. We used tritium (3H) to define our MRT. We tested the hypothesis that baseflow water MRT increases with increasing absolute catchment size at the Maimai catchments. These catchments are simple hydrologic systems relative to many catchments around the world, with uniformly wet climatic conditions, little seasonality, uniform and nearly impermeable bedrock, steep short hillslopes, shallow soils, and well‐characterized hillslope and catchment hydrology. As a result, this is a relatively simple system and an ideal location for new MRT‐related hypothesis testing. Whilst hydrologists have used 3H to estimate water age since the 1960s nuclear testing spike, atmospheric 3H levels have now approached near background levels and are often complicated by contamination from the nuclear industry. We present results for 3H sampled from our set of nested catchments in nuclear‐industry‐free New Zealand. Because of high precision analysis, near‐natural atmospheric 3H levels, and well‐characterized rainfall 3H inputs, we were able to estimate the age of young (i.e. less than 3 years old) waters. Our results showed no correlation between MRT and catchment size. However, MRT was correlated to the median sub‐catchment size of the sampled watersheds, as shown by landscape analysis of catchment area accumulation patterns. These preliminary findings suggest that landscape organization, rather than total area, is a first‐order control on MRT and points the way forward for more detailed analysis of how landscape organization affects catchment runoff characteristics. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluating psychological debriefing: Are we measuring the right outcomes?
Authors: Deahl Martin P. , Srinivasan Michael , Jones Norman , Neblett Carl , Jolly Allan 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThe efficacy of critical incident stress debriefing (CISD) and psychological debriefing (PD) following potentially traumatising events has recently been challenged after a number of recent randomised controlled trials (RCTs) failed to demonstrate that CISD or PD prevents or reduces the incidence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). These studies have used measures of PTSD as the principal outcome and have generally not measured comorbid psychopathology, behavioral or social dysfunction. In a recent RCT of group debriefing amongst British soldiers returning from peacekeeping operations in Bosnia, PD had a significant effect in reducing a worrying level of alcohol misuse in the sample. The findings of this study suggest that that it is premature to conclude that debriefing is ineffective and that a broader range of outcome measures should be employed in future trials of debriefing.
Western conceptualizations and eastern experience: A cross‐cultural study of traumatic stress reactions among Tibetan refugees in India
Authors: Terheggen Maaike A. , Stroebe Margaret S. , Kleber Rolf J. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThis study investigated the nature and impact of traumatic experiences among Tibetan refugees in India. It explored the applicability of western conceptualizations of reactions to traumatic events among this cultural group. A randomly selected sample of refugee camp students was assessed on measures of psychological and physical complaints, and on impact as well as severity of traumatic experiences. Respondents had experienced multiple traumatic events. The majority reported ongoing health problems. More than half demonstrated symptoms of intrusion‐avoidance. Those with more traumatic experiences reported more symptoms of anxiety and depression (psychologically and, particularly, somatically manifested). Cultural differences in types of experienced traumatic events and manifestations of distress are discussed, as are implications for cross‐cultural trauma research using western conceptualizations and instruments.
Spectral Properties of Nonaggregative Antimony(V) Phthalocyanine and Its Film as a Novel Near-Infrared Absorber
Authors: Isago Hiroaki , Kagaya Yutaka , Nakajima Shin-ichiro 
Published: December 2002

Abstract
Preparation and spectral properties of antimony complex cation ligating tetra-tert-butylated phthalocyanine and its film having intense optical absorption in the near-infrared region without significant molecular aggregation even in condensed phase are reported.
Hydration of Short-chain Poly(oxyethylene)s in Carbon Tetrachloride Studied by Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Matsuura Hiroatsu , Matin Md Ruhul , Okura Koji 
Published: December 2002

Abstract
The hydration of short-chain poly(oxyethylene)s in carbon tetrachloride has been studied by infrared spectroscopy. Monodentate and bidentate hydrogen bonds of water are involved in the hydration. The latter hydrogen bond is formed between ether oxygen atoms separated by two or more oxyethylene units.
Observation of the Radical Anion Intermediates in the Photolyses of 4-Cyano- and 4-Nitro-azobenzene in MTHF at 77 K
Authors: Zhao Changli , Horiuchi Hiroaki , Hoshi Toshihiko , Hasegawa Miki , Kobayashi Michio , Hiratsuka Hiroshi 
Published: December 2002

Abstract
Steady-state photolyses of 4-methoxy-4′-cyanoazobenzene and 4-methoxy-4′-nitroazobenzene have been studied in rigid matrices. The radical anions of these azobenzenes have been observed for the first time by the 266 nm and 355 nm light irradiation in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran at 77 K.
Numerical solution of a non‐local boundary value problem with Neumann's boundary conditions
Authors: Dehghan Mehdi 
Published: December 2002

AbstractSeveral second‐order finite difference schemes are discussed for solving a non‐local boundary value problem for two‐dimensional diffusion equation with Neumann's boundary conditions. While sharing some common features with the one‐dimensional models, the solution of two‐dimensional equations are substantially more difficult, thus some considerations are taken to be able to extend some ideas of one‐dimensional case. Using a suitable transformation the solution of this problem is equivalent to the solution of two other problems. The former which is a one‐dimensional non‐local boundary value problem gives the value of μthrough using the unconditionally stable standard implicit (3,1) backward time centred space (denoted BTCS) scheme. Using this result the second problem will be changed to a classical two‐dimensional diffusion equation with Neumann's boundary conditions which will be solved numerically by using two unconditionally stable fully implicit finite difference schemes, or using two conditionally stable fully explicit finite difference techniques. For each method investigated the modified equivalent partial differential equation is employed which permits the order of accuracy of the numerical techniques to be determined. The results of a numerical example for all finite difference schemes discussed in this paper are given and computation times are presented. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.