bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brachytherapy For Uterine Tumours: Cervix And Endometrium
Authors: Hoskin Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A majority of patients with carcinoma of the endometrium present with early stage I disease, for which the appropriate treatment is total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. There is debate as to whether pelvic lymphadenectomy be considered a standard treatment in this condition, unlike carcinoma of the cervix, where it is a standard component of the radical hysterectomy procedure. In such patients, based on specific prognostic features, post-operative radio- therapy may be indicated, within which brachytherapy has an important role. For some more advanced tumours, that is bulky stage IB, II, III, and IV tumours of the cervix, and stage II, III, and IV tumours of the uterus, primary radical radiotherapy will be the treatment of choice and within this brachytherapy is an important component. In this setting there is evidence from population-based studies that the outcome is worse for patients who do not receive brachytherapy.
Perineal Implants: Anal Canal, Vagina, And Vulva
Authors: Hoskin Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perineal tumours are typically squamous cell carcinomas readily accessible to interstitial or intralumenal brachytherapy. Brachytherapy should be considered in the radical radiotherapeutic management of these sites and it may also have an important role for the palliation of locally advanced or recurrent disease.
Quality Assurance
Authors: Bownes Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main objective of any brachytherapy treatment is optimization of the dose distribution to the patient, so that the prescribed dose is delivered to the pre- scribed site within acceptable constraints, while limiting the dose to normal tissues outside the target volume. This allows the treatment to be delivered in accordance with the ALARP (As Low As Reasonably Practicable) principle. A quality assurance (QA) programme is required to ensure that these objectives are met with and that the equipment continues to exhibit satisfactory performance, as defined, when the results from the quality assurance procedure fall within an acceptable tolerance. This tolerance should guarantee a high level of safety regarding the patient and staff and an acceptable accuracy of dose delivery, in terms of positional and temporal accuracy.
Opioid receptors and opioid pharmacodynamics
Authors: Davis Mellar P , Pasternak Gavril W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Opioids have a long and rich pharmacology. They are widely used throughout medicine and have been invaluable. However, they come with problems, including side effects such as constipation, respiratory depression and sedation, as well as the potential of abuse. Investigators have long believed that more selective drugs lacking these drawbacks could be developed, leading to the synthesis of novel analgesics that have proven to be extraordinary tools for the early pharmacologists in the field (Fig. 2.1). The structure–activity relationships for the vast number of agents led to the conclusion that there must be specific recognition sites or receptors for these drugs, going so far as to suggest specific molecular interactions between the ligand and its binding pocket.
How to evaluate a family history
Authors: Kerr Bronwyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cancer is common in the general population, with a lifetime risk of developing cancer in Western Europe, the United States and Australasia of one chance in three. For some of the common cancers, environmental factors are clearly the most important trigger, for example the relationships between papilloma virus infection and cervical carcin- oma or cigarette smoking and carcinoma of the lung.
Guidelines for genetic counselling, testing and referral in North America
Authors: Domchek Susan , Weber Barbara L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States and public interest in risk factors, prevention and screening for cancer is high. Genetic counselling pro- grams are available in most major cancer centres in North America and Europe and provide an opportunity for individuals to learn more about their risk of cancer, options available for prevention and screening, and the likelihood that their family history is due to an inherited genetic factor, such as mutations in BRCA1, BRCA2, APC, MSH2 or MLH1.
Risk estimation in colorectal cancer
Authors: Lalloo Fiona 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cause of death from malignant disease in Western countries. In England and Wales there are approximately 30 000 new cases each year resulting in 17 000 deaths. Colorectal cancers commonly occur in the seventh decade and about 50 per cent are in the sigmoid colon and rectum. The pathology of CRC is usually adenocarcinoma, most of which develop from adenomas. However, only 5 per cent of adenomas will become malignant.
Management of hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer
Authors: Vasen H F A , Burn J , Sheridan E , Houlston R S , Douglas F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bowel cancer affects approximately 3 per cent of the population and most occurs by chance or due to environmental risk. Approximately 10 to 15 per cent of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) have a family history of CRC, and 5 per cent of patients have early-onset (&lt;45 years) CRC. A combination of genetic and environmental factors is likely to play a role in the aetiology of CRC in these cases.
Gorlin syndrome
Authors: Evans D Gareth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gorlin syndrome, which is also widely known as basal cell naevus syndrome (BCNS) or nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS), was first fully delineated in 1960 (1). It is an autosomal dominant condition with high penetrance, although occasional patients may not have clear features on clinical assessment, even in adult life (2).
Li–Fraumeni syndrome
Authors: Birch J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1969, Li and Fraumeni identified four families in which siblings or cousins were affected with soft tissue sarcoma during early childhood. There was a high incidence of cancers diagnosed at unusually early ages in the families of these children, including breast cancer, sarcomas and acute leukaemia. Li and Fraumeni concluded that these familial clusters of cancers were due to inherited predisposition (1, 2).
Relative Category Theory and Geometric Morphisms
Authors: Chapman Jonathan , Rowbottom Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Topos theory provides an important setting and language for much of mathematical logic and set theory. It is well known that a typed language can be given for a topos which allows a topos to be regarded as a category of sets. This enables a fruitful interplay between category theory and set theory. However, one stumbling block to a logical approach to topos theory has been the treatment of geometric morphisms. This book presents a convenient and natural solution to this problem by developing the notion of a frame relative to an elementary topos. The authors show how this technique enables a logical approach to be taken to topics such as category theory relative to a topos and the relative Giraud theorem. The work is essentially self-contained except that the authors presuppose a familiarity with basic category theory and topos theory.
Early Scientific Computing in Britain
Authors: Croarken Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is a study of how scientific computation developed in British universities, the scientific civil service, and the armed services during the period 1900-1950. It describes the emergence of computing laboratories in Britain, along with the machines and personalities involved. British computational work is examined from an organizational perspective and the concept of centralized computing power is discussed. Computing methods used up to the 1950s ranged from the use of mathematical tables, via slide rules and other mathematical instruments, to desk calculating machines, accounting machines, differential analysers, and early computers.
Building Symbolic Representations of Intuitive Real-time Skills from Performance Data
Authors: Michie D , Camacho R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Real-time control skills are ordinarily tacit—their possessors cannot explicitly communicate them. But given sufficient sampling of a trained expert’s input—output behaviour, machine learning programs have been found capable of constructing rules which, when run as programs, deliver behaviours similar to those of the original exemplars. These ‘clones’ are in effect symbolic representations of subcognitive behaviours. After validation on simple pole-balancing tasks, the principles have been successfully generalized in flight-simulator experiments, both by Sammut and others at UNSW, and by Camacho at the Turing Institute and Oxford. A flight plan switches control through a sequence of logically concurrent sets of reactive behaviours. Each set can be thought of as a committee of subpilots who are respectively specialized for rudder, elevators, rollers, thrust, etc. The chairman (the flight plan) knows only the mission sequence, and how to recognize the onset of each stage. This treatment is essentially that of the ‘blackboard model’, augmented by machine learning to extract subpilot behaviours (seventy-two behaviours in Camacho’s auto-pilot for a simulated F–16 combat plane). A ‘clean-up’ effect, first noted in the polebalancing phase of this enquiry, results in auto-pilots which fly the F–16 under tighter control than the human from whom the behavioural records were sampled.
Managing Computer Viruses
Authors: Louw Eric , Duffy Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The emergence of a new type of threat to computer security - the computer virus - has attracted much attention from the media, researchers, and entrepreneurs. It is clear that computer viruses and other software menaces, like their biological counterparts, are here to stay. This poses a particular problem for organizations which use computers - how to minimize the threat to their information systems without unduly disrupting their functioning. This book presents a concise overview of the problem and a detailed framework for dealing with computer viruses in organizations. Managers are the target audience, and will find that it offers more than the usual technical information. There is a wealth of advice, much of which applies to the problem of computer security in general. There are also a number of useful technical appendices and an in-depth insight into the biological analogy.
Anatomy of Thaliacea
Authors: Godeaux J , Bone Q , Braconnot J -C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The three thaliacean groups, pyrosomas, salps and doliolids, differ from each other not only in their anatomy, but also in their locomotion, buoyancy, sensory systems and embryonic development. They share, however, metagenetic life-cycles involving alternation of generations (although one generation is only transient in pyrosomas) and essentially similar stolonic budding. Traditionally grouped together, a grouping retained here for convenience, it now seems probable that the Thaliacea are polyphyletic, and thus that their grouping together is artificial (Chapter 16).Pyrosomas are colonial animals, primarily warmwater forms, rather common in tropical and warm temperate waters except in the Red Sea. They are mainly caught in the epipelagic and upper mesopelagic layers, although specimens have occasionally been observed at greater depths (Tregouboff, 1956). In contrast to the other pelagic Tunicates, pyrosomas consist of permanent tubular hollow colonies; the blastozooids resulting from asexual propagation are essentially independent but remain embedded side by side in a common tunic or test, as in the aplousobranchiate Ascidians. These blastozooids are hermaphrodite and blastogenic and are responsible for the propagation of the species and the growth of the colony, whilst the oozooid is only a shortlived transient and blastogenic stage.
Sexual Selection and the Barn Swallow
Authors: Møller Anders Pape , Gregersen Jens 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An important empirical test of the theoretical predictions of sexual selection theory, this book presents a long-term field study of the monagamous barn swallow. By using information on behaviour, ecology, morphology, genetics, and evolution, the book reviews this theory and its two components: male-male competition and female choice. The selective advantages of a long tail are investigated for this common bird, demonstrating such effects as mating behaviour, copulation behaviour, migration strategies, and host-parasite interactions. A rich informative text which clearly elucidates the mechanisms and consequences of sexual selection.
Sperm competition and sexual selection
Authors: Møller Anders Pape , Gregersen Jens 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Contrary to the majority of other organisms, most bird species are socially monogamous. Males and females establish a pair bond, and individuals of both sexes contribute to the rearing of offspring. Monogamy may superficially mean mate fidelity. Charles Darwin (1859, 1871) wrongly assumed in his writings that monogamous females were faithful to their mates and therefore only copulated with their own mates. It is well known among farmers and poultry breeders that female domestic chickens and ewes regularly copulate with more than a single male, and this common knowledge must also have been available to Darwin through his extensive correspondence. The point of view that monogamous females copulate only with a single male may have been a consequence of the predominant Victorian moral attitudes of the 19th century. Recent research demonstrates that female copulations with multiple males are ubiquitous in animals (and plants), and that strictly monogamous relationships with complete mate fidelity are rare.
The timing of reproduction
Authors: Lank David B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ornithologists have long accepted that the seasonality of breeding by birds is driven in large measure by the timing of availability of food for young. The extraordinary breeding biology of Emperor Penguins Aptenodytes forsteri, which involves a 3 − 4 month incubation fast by males through the Antarctic winter, testifies to the extreme adaptations which have evolved to ensure that eggs hatch at a time when chicks may be provisioned (Le Maho 1977). Lack (1968) suggested that laying dates, clutch sizes, and chick growth rates were coadapted packages that ensure maximal fitness. Snow Geese start to nest as soon as snow melts on the breeding grounds, and by the end of incubation, suitable food is usually available to support gosling growth. In this chapter, we examine variation in laying date within the normal nest initiation period.
Proboscidean relationships based on immunological data
Authors: Lowenstein Jerold M , Shoshani Jeheskel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Morphological reconstructions of proboscidean evolution are now being supplemented by the immunological analysis of fossil elephant proteins. Microcomplement fixation, immunodiffusion. and radioimmunoassay (RIA) methods have been applied to examine the genetic relationships of the extinct woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius, hereafter. M. primigenius), the American mastodon (Mammut americanum). and the living elephants, African (Loxodonta africana) and Asian (Elephas maximus). Here we review the principal finding emanating from the new field of palaeo-immunology, particularly from the very quantitative and sensitive RIA technique. In addition, we discuss new applications of RIA to identify fossils of unknown or uncertain provenance and to confirm the hybrid status of the only known Elephas- Loxodonta hybrid.
Pleistocene dwarf elephants of the California Islands
Authors: Roth V Louise 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mammoths of the Santa Barbara, California, Channel Islands are the only proboscideans documented from islands in the New World. Like proboscidean fossils from islands elsewhere, they tend to be dwarfed by comparison with their mainland ancestors, typically attaining as adults 120–180 cm in shoulder height, with a few extreme individuals broadening the range to 105–243 cm (Roth 1982), when their closest relatives on the mainland could reach 400 cm (Orr 1968). (See also Oldale et al. 1987, and Whitmore et al. 1967, on relatively small mammoths from the North Atlantic Continental Shelf.)
South American proboscideans: general introduction and reflections on Pleistocene extinctions
Authors: Casamiquela Rodolfo M , Shoshani, Jeheskel , Dillehay Thomas D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Based on available palaeontological, archaeological, and strati¬ graphic evidence, the proboscideans of South America (Cuvieronius, Haplomastodon, Notiomastodon, and Stegomastodon) were either descendants of gomphothere stock originating in North America or had evolved autochthonously, a scenario summarized in Fig. 29.1 of Dudley (this volume, Chapter 29). Immigrants to South America probably arrived via the Pana manian filter during the Pliocene or Plio-Pleistocene boundary. Those, in turn, may have been intermittently isolated and evolved on an ‘island continent’. Little systematic research on South American proboscideans has been carried out. Osborn’s (1936, 1942) information on South American gomphotheres was augmented by Hoffstetter’s (1950, 1952, 1955), and additional observations were made by Simpson and Paula-Couto (1957), especially on the material from Brazil and other countries in South America. None of the more recent publications (e.g. Patterson and Pascual 1972; Webb 1978, 1991; Simpson 1980; Marshall and Cifelli 1990; Marshall et al. 1984) have expanded on these works but have only examined it from different perspectives.
Ecology and breeding biology
Authors: Pratt H Douglas , Jeffrey Jack , Conant Sheila 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The interactions of Hawaiian honeycreepers and their environment are a pervasive underlying theme in all discussions from evolution to distribution and status. The Hawaiian environment in general was discussed in detail in Chapter 2. Ecological observations appear throughout the discussion of evolutionary phenomena (Chapter 4), and are intimately intertwined with anatomical and functional analyses and natural selection of coloration (Chapter 6), and even to some extent in behaviours such as locomotion and self-maintenance (Chapter 7).
The uniform system
Authors: Matthews John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term uniform system is an abbreviation of ‘shelterwood uniform system’. It implies a uniform opening of the canopy for regeneration purposes, as well as an even-aged and regular condition of the young crop produced (Robertson 1971). Another name is ‘shelterwood compartment system’, denoting that the canopy is opened out for regeneration over whole compartments at a time. In North America the term ‘seed tree method’ is used for a form of the uniform system in which seed trees are widely spaced over the whole area (Smith 1986).
The coppice system
Authors: Matthews John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with the system known as ‘simple coppice’-a term sometimes used to distinguish it from coppice with standards-together with certain modifications of it, including pollarding. The coppice system involves reproduction by stool shoots or suckers. When felled near ground level most broad-leaved species, up to a certain age, reproduce from shoots sent up from the stump or stool. These shoots, known as stool shoots or coppice shoots, arise either from dormant buds situated on the side of the stool at or near ground level or from adventitious buds arising from the cambial layer round the periphery of the cut surface. The former are more firm on the stool, and are therefore more important for purposes of regeneration. As a rule many shoots arise from each stool but each year some of the smaller shoots die until from 2 to 15 remain, with the result that coppice has a characteristic clumped appearance.
The brown trout and quantitative ecology
Authors: Elliott J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most readers must have seen a brown trout, if only as one about to be cooked or eaten. They should have noted several features that facilitate manoeuvrability and sustained swimming (Fig. 1.1): a streamlined body covered with overlapping scales; single dorsal and anal fins to prevent rolling and yawing; paired pectoral and pelvic fins to prevent rolling and pitching and to act as brakes; and a well-developed, symmetrical tail that provides the thrust for swimming. Like other members of the salmon family, the trout has a small, fleshy fin posterior to the dorsal fin.
Case-study: population dynamics of migratory brown trout in Black Brows Beck,1966-90
Authors: Elliott J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some readers may be curious to know how and why someone starts a long-term study that has now lasted over 25 years. This chapter therefore begins with the background to the work; its history and why such long-term field studies are necessary. Next follows a brief description of Black Brows Beck and a more detailed description of the life cycle of the brown trout population. Emphasis is placed on the age structure of the spawning population and the methods used to obtain the population estimates for subsequent analyses. As density-dependent processes figure largely in these analyses, they are discussed in detail. Emphasis is placed on the choice and fitting of a suitable density-dependent model which is usually called a stock-recruitment model when applied to fish populations. Such a model is then used with other methods to determine the chief factors affecting population density and survival for different life stages and different year-classes. Emphasis is placed on the key-factors for population regulation and the relative importance of density-dependent and density-independent factors. Finally, the relevance of the work is discussed.
Ecological differences between brown trout populations
Authors: Elliott J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the second chapter, taxonomic problems were reviewed for both the family Salmonidae and brown trout (Section 2.2). Although about 50 species have been described in the past, the current view is that all belong to one polytypic species, Salmo trutta. There is, however, extensive variability within this species with sympatric, reproductively isolated populations. Genetic differences between populations are discussed in more detail in the next chapter. As the brown trout is a highly polytypic species, it is not unexpected that there are often ecological differences between populations. The large variation in life cycles was summarized in the first chapter (Section 2.4.2). Although the life cycle always starts with the eggs being laid in fresh water and the juveniles spending the first year in their natal stream, there are at least four variations for the subsequent life-stages. Older trout either remain in their natal stream for the whole life cycle or migrate to the parent river, a neighbouring lake, or the sea with the adults not returning to their natal stream until just before spawning.
General conclusions
Authors: Elliott J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The chief objectives of this book are to review and synthesize quantitative aspects of brown trout ecology, to identify major gaps in knowledge, and to draw general conclusions whenever possible. This final chapter is rather different from the rest in that it highlights the main conclusions that can be drawn from the preceding chapters, emphasizes their relevance to the conservation and management of brown trout and other salmonids, and speculates on their more general implications for animal ecology. It is perhaps inevitable that some of my personal views and prejudices will surface in this chapter and I hope they will not annoy too many readers. Although many conclusions can be drawn from all the literature covered in the last eight chapters, the following seven are considered to be the most important.