bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vitamin A and carotenes
Authors: Bender David A , Bender Arnold E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historically, the best defined role of vitamin A is in the visual process, as the prosthetic group of the opsins, the proteins that sense light in the retina and initiate the nervous impulse. It also functions as a carrier of mannosyl residues in the synthesis of some glycoproteins and, most importantly, it is a regulator and modulator of growth and tissue differentiation. Vitamin A deficiency is a serious problem of public health nutrition, and is probably the most important cause of preventable blindness in children in developing countries. Deficiency of vitamin A is second in scale only to protein-energy malnutrition among nutritional problems ·world-wide, and even in developed countries vitamin A (along with iron) is the nutrient most likely to be supplied in marginal amounts. In addition to primary deficiency of the vitamin, secondary (functional) vitamin A deficiency can be caused by zinc deficiency (see section 25.26.2) or, more importantly, protein-energy malnutrition (see section 12.2) as a result of impaired synthesis of the plasma retinol-binding protein which is required for transport of the vitamin from liver reserves to its sites of action.
Adverse reactions to food
Authors: Bender David A , Bender Arnold E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Apart from the presence of toxic substances, adverse reactions to food fall into several categories depending on the cause and the mechanism of the reaction. There are two main classes, food intolerance and food aversion. The former is defined as a reproducible, unpleasant reaction to a specific food or food ingredient that is not psychologically based and occurs even when the food is disguised. Food aversion is psychologically based and reactions do not occur when the food is disguised.
Extradural anaesthesia
Authors: Peutrell J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Extradural catheters are rarely inserted at the thoracic level in children. The depth of the extradural space and distance between the tissues planes is smaller and the potential for spinal cord damage and dural puncture is probably greater than in adults. Thoracic extradurals are difficult to insert in awake children and damage to the spinal cord by the extradural needle will not be recognized in anaesthetized children. Analgesia for thoracic dermatomes can usually be obtained using an extradural block inserted at the lumbar level (see below).
The Management of Acute Pain
Authors: Park Gilbert , Fulton Barbara , Senthuran Siva 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Caring for patients with acute pain problems can present a considerable challenge to junior doctors and nursing staff. Too often, the problems are inappropriately managed, resulting in the patient suffering unnecessary pain. The Management of Acute Pain provides simple, practical guidelines for those who prescribe and administer drugs for acute pain relief, particularly junior medical and nursing staff. The new edition has been extensively revised to take account of drug developments in recent years. Featuring easy to follow flowcharts, and clear concise descriptions, the book will be a valuable reference for House officers, SHO's, physiotherapists, and palliative care nurses.
Airway Management
Authors: Robinson D N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Skilled management of the airway is a core skill requirement for paediatric intensive care. A number of neonates, infants, and children will require intensive care solely for the establishment and safe maintenance of an airway, and many patients will undergo endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation as part of their overall management. Concentrated practice in managing the airway can best be obtained by full-time supervised experience in the operating theatre or PICU with a paediatric anaesthetist or intensivist.
Paediatric Problems in General Practice
Authors: Modell Michael , Mughal Zulf , Boyd Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This tremendously popular guide to caring for children's health in the primary care setting has been completely revised and updated for the new edition. It includes guidance on the implications of the Children's Act and child protection, Health for All Children, screening in pregnancy, asthma management, and other recent changes in practice and in the law. Dr Mughal's addition to the editorship ensures that this is the most reliable and up-to-date book available for the primary health care team.
Quality Improvement by Peer Review
Authors: Grol Richard , Lawrence Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Peer review is especially effective in inducing change and improvement in practice in the long term, and is particularly appropriate in the UK and Europe - it is relevant, locally based, simple and educational. The original Dutch book from which this book was developed was well reviewed. The ideas presented in this book are mainstream and challenging and will help to extend the audit debate as well as to further progress in continuing medical education.
Nuclear medicine imaging
Authors: Sharp Peter F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In nuclear medicine clinical information is derived from observing the distribution of a pharmaceutical administered to the patient. By incorporating a radionuclide into the pharmaceutical, measurements can be made of the distribution of this radiopharmaceutical by noting the amount of radioactivity present. These measurements may be carried out either in vivo or in vitro. In vivo imaging is the most common type of procedure in nuclear medicine, nearly all imaging being carried out with a gamma camera (see Section 1.3). It offers the potential, unique among imaging techniques, of demonstrating function rather than simply anatomy.
Musculo-skeletal problems in emergency medicine
Authors: Wardrope Jim. , English Bryan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Musculo-skeletal problems underlie many of the cases seen by doctors working in accident and emergency departments. It is estimated that over 4 million patients per annum will attend an A & E department in England and Wales with such a condition. Although many of these problems may be considered less serious, when compared to others seen in A & E departments, a misdiagnosis could have far reaching and even fatal consequences. It is also the area where statistically A & E doctors are most likely to make an error of diagnosis. Musculo-skeletal problems in emergency medicine provides guidelines on the history taking and examination of patients with musculo-skeletal problems. The book starts by explaining the pathology of musculo-skeletal injuries, describing the wide range of non-traumatic musculo-skeletal problems that present to an A & E department. Each section of the body is then dealt with in detail, with advice given on the management of Uspecific patient presentations. Throughout, emphasis is placed on the diagnosis of traumatic and non-traumatic injuries, and detailed guidance provided on their initial investigation, management, and ongoing referral. The book is fully illustrated and includes ‘key points’ at the start of each chapter.
Treatment verification and in vivo dosimetry
Authors: Mayles W P M , Heisig S , Mayles H M O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, the problem of ensuring that radiotherapy treatments are carried out as they were intended is considered. The principal focus is on external beam therapy but some reference is also made to brachytherapy. The treatment plan for a patient will be the result of careful work and interaction between the planning technicians and the radiation oncologist (radiotherapist). The prescribed dose may be the mid-target dose, as recommended by the ICRU, or frequently some other means of specification may have been used. A dose distribution may have been calculated. However, at every step in the process and in the treatment delivery, uncertainties will be introduced.
Neurology
Authors: Harvey CJ , Roberts HRS , Shaw PJ 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The axial unenhanced computed tomography (CT) scan taken at the level of the lateral ventricles shows characteristic periventricular calcified tubers. The differential for this appearance is intrauterine cytomegalovirus/toxoplasma infection but in these conditions smaller calcific lesions, cerebral atrophy, and microcephaly would also be present. The lateral skull radiograph (Fig. la) shows scattered areas of intracranial calcification (arrows) for which there is a long differential diagnosis.
The newborn
Authors: Round Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neonatology is an interesting subject for the student as it combines some physiology with a range of dramatic diseases that are almost all exclusive to the subspeciality. Questions will be asked on the changes at birth, respiratory distress syndrome, infection, prematurity, statistics, resuscitation, jaundice, and rashes. However, there are many other conditions that may also come up.
Respiratory disease
Authors: Round Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
True. The most widely used instrument for monitoring the progress of children with a wide variety of problems is the pulse oximeter. It works by measuring the absorbence of light at different frequencies, exploiting the fact that oxyhaemoglobin and deoxyhaemoglobin have different absorbence spectra. It measures the differences in absorbence occurring during a pulse and so eliminates the effect of absorbence by the tissues.
Neurology
Authors: Round Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neurology is one of the larger areas in paediatrics, particularly in examinations. As neurological patients often have long-standing diseases that may be disabling, they are seen in the community by a variety of professionals, and these children may require frequent hospitalization. As they are often stable’ and have reliable signs they make up a core of children for clinical examinations in paediatrics.
Haematology and oncology
Authors: Round Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Paediatric haematology is dominated by several fairly common conditions—iron deficiency anaemia is the most common red cell problem, with other haemo- globinopathies (sickle cell, thalassaemia) being important in certain populations. Clotting disorders may be encountered too, particularly immune thrombocytopenic purpura, and also haemophilia is important because of the genetic aspect.
Immunology and infectious diseases
Authors: Round Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Changes in disease patterns, antibiotic use, and research have made this a fast moving and exciting subspeciality. From a clinical viewpoint, the diseases are varied and dramatic. For an exam student, knowledge will be expected of all the common diseases and organisms. Understanding of the changes in prevalence of the various diseases with age is expected. Interpretation and management questions will focus particularly on the febrile child or one with a rash. Students are also expected to have some understanding of immune function and immunodeficiency.
Gastroenterology
Authors: Round Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Paediatric gastroenterology is a relatively small area at undergraduate level. Questions will be based on symptoms (vomiting, diarrhoea, pain, weight loss, jaundice, distension) and the common diseases [gastroenteritis, colitis, cystic fibrosis (CF), hepatitis, coeliac disease, gastro-oesophageal reflux].
Growth and nutrition
Authors: Round Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Growth and nutrition is a particularly ‘paediatric’ topic that is not only very important but also a favourite for examiners. Understanding of the physiology and endocrinology of growth is vital as well as a working knowledge of how to approach a child who is too short or too tall. Fortunately, the basics are quite simple and only a few conditions need be known in detail. Adequate nutrition is required for growth, and although most children have no problem deciding how much this is, paediatricians are required to know various facts about normal nutrition.
Community paediatrics and developrnent
Authors: Round Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This section aims to cover several different areas—development and the developmentally delayed child, immunization, screening, and child protection as well as (in the interpretation and reasoning section) look at decision making in this field. From an MCQ topic point of view, immunization must be thoroughly understood, and key developmental milestones known. As much of the work of community paediatricians involves the child with special needs or a potentially abused child, an approach to these situations should be prepared.
Clinical interventions in chronic renal failure
Authors: Coles G A , Nahas A M El 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chronic renal failure (CRF) may be defined as the presence of permanent impairment of renal function, usually judged by the finding of a persistently raised plasma creatinine and depressed creatinine clearance [glomerular filtration rate (GFR)]. Progressive renal failure is diagnosed when there is a continuing decline in renal function, usually recognized by the patient having a progressive increase in plasma creatinine (or a decline in creatinine clearance). The distinction between these two definitions is important because some patients may have impaired but stable renal function for many years. Such individuals will make any supposed treatment for progression appear effective unless the therapy is evaluated by a proper controlled trial including a run-in period to establish the nature (progressive or stable) of their CRF. All too often, clinical trials have failed to take this factor into consideration assuming that all patients with CRF have a progressive decline in renal function leading to the inclusion of patients with stable, albeit impaired renal function, thus con founding the outcome and interpretation of these studies.
Morphology of nephropathy in type 2 diabetes contrasted with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Fioretto Paola , Saller Alois , Vestra Michele Dalla , Mauer Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although type 2 diabetes is the most common cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), l--l the majority of studies on renal morphology have been performed in patients with type 1 diabetes. Thus, although it is well established that in type l diabetes the most important structural changes involve predominantly the glomerulus, the few studies in patients with type 2 diabetes do not allow us to conclude that the renal lesions are similar in type l and type 2 diabetes.
The central autonomic disturbance in Rett syndrome
Authors: Julu Peter O O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rett syndrome can be defined as a congenital neurodevelopmental disorder. Its clinical character is described in Chapter 1 and the causative mutations in MECP2 gene in Chapter 2. I will repeat certain clinical features of the disorder here in relation to autonomic dysfunction: Mental disability of variable severity, speech ranging from none to a few words. It is not clear if this is due to lack of growth factors leading to inadequate brainstem projections into the cerebral cortex in early intrauterine development; however brainstem autonomic nuclei do participate in the early projections into the cerebral cortex, making them relevant to any discussion of learning disability.
Autonomic dysfunction and sudden death in Rett syndrome: prolonged QTc intervals and diminished heart rate variability
Authors: Glaze Daniel G , Schultz Rebecca J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rett syndrome girls are expected to survive into adulthood to become women with Rett syndrome. A preliminary study indicates that the survival curve for Rett syndrome (RS) follows the general female population until age 10 years. Thereafter, survival declines, most precipitously after age 20 years to 70% at age 35 years compared to 98.4% in the general US female population. However, in comparison to severely retarded individuals retaining self-feeding skills and some degree of ambulation, the survival curve for RS declines less rapidly. By age 35 years, 70% survival in RS contrasts to 27% survival for profoundly mentally retarded individuals. The majority of deaths appear to be either sudden and unexplained, or secondarily to pneumonia (DeJunco et al. 1992). Of the deaths reported to the International Rett Syndrome Association, 22% were sudden deaths of unknown cause without preceding acute illness (Sekul et al. 1994).
Linkage and association
Authors: Sham Pak , McGuffin Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Linkage and association analyses are methods for mapping disease loci. Both methods depend on the existence of polymorphic genetic markers and can be used to test specific candidate genes, or in a systematic scan of a chromosome or the entire genome. When used systematically, linkage and association analyses do not require knowledge of the pathogenesis of the disease. Linkage and association have complementary properties, in that linkage is only able to detect genes of major effect, but at large distances, whereas association can detect genes of minor effect, but only at small distances. Systematically screening the whole genome requires only several hundred markers for linkage analysis, but many thousands of markers for association analysis.
The capsular warning syndrome and lacunar TIAs
Authors: Donnan G A , O’Malley H M , Quang L , Hurley S , Bladin P F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Transient ischaemic attacks (TIAs) were recognized quite early as a distinct clinical entity but, since then, in historical terms, there has been only modest development in their classification. They have been categorized broadly into either carotid or vertebrobasilar territory groups by earlier workers, but little further characterization has been attempted apart from the classification of carotid territory symptoms into retinal and hemispheric subsets. It was well known that TIAs as a group may herald subsequent stroke in the same vascular territory, hence the clinical recognition of these events assumed considerable importance. Because of various methodological difficulties with many earlier studies, the true annual stroke risk associated with TIAs was difficult to determine, the main problems being with TIA definition and end point definition (Brust 1977).
Renaissance
Authors: Harrison John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Iam writing this chapter just a few days after the end of the last millennium. As we might have expected, the arbitrary change from 1999 to 2000 was not accompanied by planes falling from the sky, civil disorder, or the gradual unfolding of the apocalyptic Revelations of St John. Nevertheless, the end of the last century was accompanied by much anxiety, pontification, and hyperbolic accounts of imminent disaster. What’s fascinating about fin de siecle fever, as we might call it, is that the issues of major concern in 1899 and 1999 appear to be very similar.
When is synaesthesia not synaesthesia? When it is a metaphor
Authors: Harrison John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There’s something you may have noticed about people with synaesthesia, i.e. they tend to be women? What is immediately curious about the figures from history who, it is claimed, are or were synaesthetes is the overwhelming preponderance of males. Before we proceed it is again time for a little honesty. What is clear from the foregoing chapters is that there are objective means of determining whether any given individual has synaesthesia.
Introduction
Authors: Tanford Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In these experiments, one circumstance struck me with particular surprize. This was the sudden, wide, and forcible spreading of a drop of oil on the face of the water, which I do not know that any body has hitherto considered. If a drop of oil is put on a polished marble table, or on a looking-glass that lies horizontally, the drop remains in place, spreading very little. But when put on water it spreads instantly many feet around, becoming so thin as to produce the prismatic colors, for a considerable space, and beyond them so much thinner as to be invisible, except in its effect of smoothing the waves.
The French Connection
Authors: Tanford Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
France is different today, was different then. Its special charms have somehow survived unchanged through the reigns of profligate kings, through violent revolution and devastating wars. Franklin, on his first visit in 1767, noted the high fashion of Parisian women, the rows of trees lining country roads, the high quality of the wine, the same as a tourist today might. In 1779, when he lived as America ‘s plenipotentiary on the grounds of a great estate in Passy, on the western side of Paris, he had 1040 bottles of wine in his cellar. In September 1782 the inventory was 1203 bottles.
Irving Langmuir: Molecular Attitudes
Authors: Tanford Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Irving Langmuir was born in Brooklyn, New York, in 1881 and died on a visit to his nephew David on Cape Cod in 1957. His life span coincides with America ’s great years of expansion, her meteoric rise to the ranks of the world ’s top nations. America was a new force in the world, a force for progress and democracy and nationwide prosperity. Driven by boundless energy, supremely selfconfident, it rode roughshod over traditional methods and social customs, sometimes forgetting that anything at all had existed before, and sometimes undoubtedly throwing out the good with the bad.
Epilogue—The Biological Frontier
Authors: Tanford Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We are now all ardent converts. The membrane is accepted, even honored — given top priority for current research. Anatomists, anesthesiologists, biochemists, cell biologists, immunologists, neuroscientists, opthalmologists, pharmacologists, physiologists — we have all sorts of titles and degrees, but we all now love cell membranes and want to know how they work. We all agree that the phospholipid bilayer, exactly two molecules thick, is everywhere the basic framework of membrane structure, and we understand the forces that tenaciously hold the lipid molecules together.
Latin America
Authors: Pike Fredrick B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The manifestations of Christianity (meaning, for all practical purposes, Roman Catholicism) in late eighteenth-century Latin America arc diverse and complex, almost beyond description. Not surprisingly, then, when the independence movement erupted early in the nineteenth century, Christianity proved a divisive rather than a unifying force. A few of the factors contributing to divisiveness must be sketched before turning to the crucial independence era and its immediate aftermath.
Genetically determined degenerations of the nervous system
Authors: Bannister Sir Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Certain regions of the nervous system are, for reasons which we do not yet clearly understand, particularly vulnerable to genetically determined degenerative disorders. These are rare disorders. The structures at risk include the optic nerves, the cerebral cortex, the cerebellum, the olives, the long tracts of the spinal cord, and the peripheral nerves. The different systems of the nervous system which appear to be vulnerable will be grouped under separate headings but, although in any particular syndrome the most prominent damage affects one part of the nervous system, there is frequently less obvious involvement of other vulnerable parts of the nervous system and they are therefore difficult to classify precisely. Degenerative processes which affect the optic nerve (p.39) and the cerebral cortex (p.259) and the leucodystrophies (p.545) are considered elsewhere in this book.