bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CHEMISTRY OF COLOSTRUM MILK; A REPORT OF SIX CASES
Authors: Woodward George 
Published: June 2004

Colostrum corpuscles are not always found in so-called colostrum milk; when they are present, the percentage of proteids is higher; as they disappear, the proteid percentage drops.
The color of colostrum milk is yellow; this color is especially marked in negroes' milk (observed in four cases not included in this report).
The reaction of colostrum milk is alkaline.
The specific gravity varies from 1024 to 1034. This variation is chiefly due to the variation in the amount of fat present.
NODULAR FORMS OF TUBAL DISEASE
Authors: Ries Emil 
Published: June 2004

The conclusions at which we arrive are the following:
1. Nodular enlargement of the tube can be caused by a number of different pathological conditions.
2. Clinical examination does not enable us to make a diagnosis of the pathological condition existing in an individual case of nodule of the tube.
3. The diagnosis of the nature of a tubal nodule can be made only with the microscope.
4. The conditions causing nodular enlargement of the tube are congenital or acquired, non-inflammatory or inflammatory.
5. Any one of these conditions can exist without the production of nodules.
6. The nodules can be found in all parts of the tube and—taking the peculiar anatomy of each part of the tube into account—show the same structure.
7. The enlargement can be caused by epithelial or epithelioid formations, connective or muscular tissue, by round-cell infiltrations or combinations of two or more of these.
8. The epithelial formations originate in the epithelium of
a. the tubal mucous membrane (salpingitis pseudo-follicularis, adenomyoma originating in the tubal epithelium).
b. the accessory tubes (intraparietal parasalpinx and hydro-parasalpinx).
c. remnants of the Wolffian body (adenomyoma).
9. The epithelioid formations originate in the peritoneal endothelium (peritoneal growths under "relative heterotopy").
10. The excess of formation of connective tissue is a consequence of inflammatory conditions of the tubal wall (salpingitis interstitialis, Zweifel).
11. The hypertrophy of the muscular tissue is
a. non-inflammatory (adenomyoma).
b. consequent upon inflammation—Kaltenbach's case (23).
12. The accumulations of round cells are direct evidence of inflammation:
a. non-specific (salpingitis interstitialis disseminata, salpingitis abscedens); or
b. specific (salpingitis tuberculosa or s. gonorrhoica).
13. The epithelioid formations can occur wherever pseudo-membranes cover organs lined with a serous coat.
14. Extra-uterine pregnancy (abdominal or tubal) produces epithelioid formations by causing pseudo-membranes to form—not by any irritation peculiar to the pregnancy.
ON THE APPEARANCE OF CERTAIN AMŒBOID BODIES IN THE BLOOD OF VACCINATED MONKEYS (RHOESUS) AND CHILDREN, AND IN THE BLOOD FROM CASES OF VARIOLA
Authors: Reed Walter 
Published: June 2004

1. The claim of L. Pfeiffer that small granular amœboid bodies are present in the blood of vaccinated children and calves, and in the blood from cases of variola, during the stage of fever is confirmed. A nucleus has not been positively made out in any of these bodies.
2. Granular amœboid bodies, having a diameter about one-third that of a red blood cell, appear, also, in the blood of the monkey during the active stage of vaccinia and disappear with the decline of the local inflammation.
3. A body of like appearance, granulation and size may occasionally be found in the normal blood of monkeys and children.
4. Pale amœboid bodies, containing a few dark pigment-like granules, are present in the blood from cases of variola and in the blood of the variolated monkey. Bodies of like appearance may occasionally be found in the blood of vaccinated children and monkeys.
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF HUMAN NEUROGLIA
Authors: Taylor Edward Wyllys 
Published: June 2004

The results and conclusions of the above investigation are:
1. The term glio-sarcoma should be dropped, as unscientific and misleading in its significance.
2. The problems regarding neuroglia demand varied methods for their adequate study.
3. With all the means at our command, the absolute determination of the relation of cells and fibres in individual cases remains difficult and at times impossible.
4. No criterion has yet been offered to determine a fundamental distinction between glioma and sarcoma (Stroebe); and secondly, between glioma and so-called gliosis (Weigert).
5. The development of neuroglia in all probability is from cells with protoplasmic processes to cells with differentiated and independent fibres.
6. Herein lies a possible reconciliation of the conflicting views concerning the ultimate structure of human neuroglia.
FOCAL OR INSULAR NECROSIS PRODUCED BY THE BACILLUS OF TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Le Count E. R. 
Published: June 2004

1. It must be accepted from a comparison between the histological changes described in the focal necroses due to abrin and ricin, diphtheria, eclampsia, blood-serum intoxication, typhoid fever, lobar pneumonia and glanders, and those described here in three cases of tuberculosis, that the last are also instances of focal necrosis.
2. It may be claimed that the areas of necrosis in the three cases of tuberculosis had their origin in ischæmia, for the reason that they were numerous in the spleen and were not found in the kidney. Against such an explanation of their causation are the facts: that other forms of necrosis affect frequently the spleen and seldom the kidney; that thrombosis of vessels or any fixed relation of the areas in the spleen to blood-vessels could not be established; that the tubercle bacilli were invariably present; and lastly and of no slight importance, that these necroses were all present in cases of marked marasmus.
3. That the areas of necrosis in these three cases might be phenomena resulting from a mixed infection with pyogenic bacteria is possible, but no groups, colonies or even single bodies could be found which answered to the requirements in shape or staining properties for such bacteria. Even were it the case that the focal necroses here presented are the histological lesions of a septicæmia occurring as a complication of tuberculosis, the presence of the bacillus of tuberculosis in the areas of necrosis would still require explanation.
4. Lastly, it is not unreasonable to suppose that a diminished resistance on the part of the tissues incidental to marasmus is an important factor in the production of these necrotic lesions.
THE RELATION OF THE SPLEEN TO BLOOD DESTRUCTION AND REGENERATION AND TO HEMOLYTIC JAUNDICE
Authors: Pearce Richard M. , Pepper O. H. Perry 
Published: June 2004

Splenectomy in the dog causes, as a rule, a transformation of the fatty marrow of the long bones to a richly cellular red marrow.
During the early periods, one to three months, the change in the marrow is slight and either focal or peripheral; after six to twenty months the replacement of fat by marrow cells is complete or nearly so. Exceptions were, however, seen in four animals representing the 8th, 9th, 10th, and 22d months, respectively. The evidence at hand does not support the theory that this hyperplasia is compensatory either to the anemia caused by splenectomy or to an increased hemolysis in the lymph nodes. It is possible that it may be a concomitant of the activity of the bone marrow in taking over, in the absence of the spleen, the function of storing and elaborating the iron of old blood pigment for future utilization by new red cells, but our studies do not fully support this view.
A NOTE UPON THE TECHNIQUE AND ACCURACY OF THE METHOD OF DOUGLAS AND HALDANE FOR CALCULATING THE DEAD SPACE IN BREATHING
Authors: Carter Edward Perkins 
Published: June 2004

The determination of the percentage of CO2 in the alveolar air, by the method of Haldane and Priestley, is sufficiently accurate for clinical purposes when the individual is at rest.
It is evident, however, that an error may arise in the determination of the percentage of CO2 in the alveolar air, due to the time during the forced expiration, short of the extreme limit, at which the sample may be unconsciously taken. This error can only be overcome by taking several samples.
In individuals at rest having a tidal air below 425 cubic centimeters, the method of Douglas and Haldane for the calculation of the dead space gives approximately accurate results; with a tidal air above 425 cubic centimeters the results obtained may be wholly inaccurate.
In patients with marked pulmonary tuberculosis so slight an effort as that involved in collecting the expired air tends to lower the percentage of CO2 in the alveolar air.
In collecting the expired air by the rubber bag method, it is absolutely essential that the bag be washed out with ordinary atmospheric air after every observation.
PARAMENINGOCOCCUS AND ITS ANTISERUM
Authors: Wollstein Martha 
Published: June 2004

The parameningococci of Dopter are culturally indistinguishable from true or normal meningococci, but serologically they exhibit differences as regards agglutination, opsonization, and complement deviation.
Because of the variations and irregularities of serum reactions existing among otherwise normal strains of meningococci it does not seem either possible or desirable to separate the parameningococci into a strictly definite class. It appears desirable to consider them as constituting a special strain among meningococci not, however, wholly consistent in itself.
The distinctions in serum reactions between normal and para meningococci are supported by the differences in protective effects of the monovalent immune sera upon infection in guinea pigs and monkeys.
It is therefore concluded that it is highly desirable to employ strains of parameningococcus in the preparation of the usual polyvalent antimeningococcic serum. It remains to be determined whether it is better to employ the parameningococci along with normal meningococci in immunizing horses, or to employ normal and para strains separately in the immunization process and to combine afterwards, in certain proportions, the sera from the two kinds of immunized horses.
LIVER FUNCTION AS INFLUENCED BY THE DUCTLESS GLANDS
Authors: Whipple G. H. , Christman P. W. 
Published: June 2004

When phenoltetrachlorphthalein is injected intravenously, it is eliminated from the body in the bile through the activity of the hepatic epithelium. The feces may be collected after purgation and the phthalein extracted and estimated against a standard solution. The estimation of phthalein can be done with accuracy in a suitable colorimeter and the elimination in normal dogs is quite constant.
Given a definite liver injury by means of poisons (chloroform, phosphorus), the amount of phthalein excreted will be diminished and the fall in output will be proportional to the amount of injury. With an acute fatal poisoning the curve may fall to zero.
Under certain conditions of vascular interference the liver phthalein may show a decreased output; in passive congestion of the liver and with the Eck fistula the liver output may fall considerably below normal.
Known disturbances of the liver function due to parenchymatous injury or vascular disturbances are indicated by a fall in the phthalein. excretion curve. Conversely it may be claimed that a drop in phthalein excretion may indicate a decrease in the functional capacity of the liver even if there be no detectable histological changes.
Adrenal insufficiency produced by extirpation of three fourths or more of the gland tissue will be associated with a drop in liver phthalein excretion. With hypertrophy of the adrenal fragment the excretion comes back to normal, but may fall again when more adrenal tissue is removed (text-figure 1).
Pancreatic insufficiency causes a progressive fall in the phthalein excretion indicating a grave lowering of the functional capacity of the liver (text-figure 2). This fact has a direct bearing on the question of diabetes.
Parathyroid insufficiency with tetany causes no decrease in phthalein output, but at times a rise above normal. This comes out best when the phthalein curve is low following pancreas extirpation. Parathyroid tetany may cause hyperactivity on the part of the liver cells.
Thyroid insufficiency produces no change in the uniform curve of phthalein excretion.
Hypophysis insufficiency shows an initial fall in the curve, followed by a return to normal and a final drop in the last few days before death.
These experiments supply evidence to the effect that the liver is very much concerned in the derangement that follows the removal of the ductless glands. Hence it seems probable that this disturbance of the liver function may be an important factor in the general symptom complex of ductless gland insufficiency.
In conclusion we wish to express our appreciation to Dr. S. J. Crowe and Dr. A. P. Jones for assistance rendered in performing some of the operations for gland removal.
THE FUNCTION OF THE SPLEEN IN THE EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION OF ALBINO MICE WITH BACILLUS TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Lewis Paul A. , Margot Arthur Georges 
Published: June 2004

The resistance to an infection with the tubercle bacillus which can be given to mice by the removal of the spleen is lost when fresh spleen, either of mouse or sheep, is added to the diet. The logical conclusion that splenic function in its relation to the specific infection is restored by feeding spleen cannot, however, be drawn; because, in the first place, the character of the disease in the splenectomized spleen-fed animals differs somewhat from that in intact animals; and, secondly, because fresh spleen when fed to splenectomized animals apparently gives rise to an acute intoxication.
This intoxication occurs quite regularly in mice. It is manifested in the infected animals and in those not inoculated. It has been seen in one of two splenectomized dogs experimented upon. Up to the present it can hardly be definitely characterized, but it seems to be best marked out by the specific anorexia associated with it.
THE MECHANISM OF THE ABDERHALDEN REACTION
Authors: Bronfenbrenner J. 
Published: June 2004

1. The Abderhalden reaction is specific.
2. The properties of serum on which it depends develop in experimental animals simultaneously with antibodies during the process of immunization.
3. It is impossible to observe by direct methods the presence of digesting ferments in the blood of immune animals.
4. The Abderhalden test may be resolved into two phases. A dialyzable substance appears in the second phase and is the result of the autodigestion of serum.
5. The autodigestion of serum in the Abderhalden test is due to the removal of antitrypsin from the serum by the sensitized substratum.
SERUM PROTEASES AND THE MECHANISM OF THE ABDERHALDEN REACTION
Authors: Jobling James W. , Eggstein A. A. , Petersen William 
Published: June 2004

1. Normal serum protease is not specific; it is active in both dilute acid as well as alkaline media. It is destroyed by heating to 70° C. for thirty minutes. It is markedly impaired when heated at 56° C. for thirty minutes. It is inhibited by the unsaturated soaps and lipoids.
2. Guinea pig and rabbit serum contain relatively much protease; the leucocytes are without proteolytic ferments.
3. Normal human and dog serum contain little or no protease; the leucocytes are strongly proteolytic.
4. Serum complement and protease are not identical.
5. During various pathological conditions the non-specific protease is increased in both human and dog serum.
6. An increase in antiferment is in many instances coincident.
7. During the Abderhalden reaction the placental tissue becomes more resistant to enzyme action, because of the adsorption of the antiferment from the serum.
8. The dialyzed serum loses antiferment because of adsorption by the placental tissue or other adsorbing substances, including probably the dialyzing membrane.
9. The digestive substrate is the serum protein made available for protease action by the adsorption of the antiferment.
10. The proteases in pathological conditions investigated by us (pregnancy, tuberculosis, and pneumonia) are non-specific.
DIFFUSION AND SURVIVAL OF THE POLIOMYELITIC VIRUS
Authors: Flexner Simon , Amoss Harold L. 
Published: June 2004

The ordinary virus of poliomyelitis present in aseptically removed brain tissue of paralyzed monkeys survives in an ascitic fluid kidney medium at the temperature of 37°C. for a period of at least twenty, but not of thirty days.
Under the conditions of moderate anaerobiosis, the minute microorganism cultivated from poliomyelitic tissues tends not to develop in cultures from the brain tissue; hence its presence does not complicate the survival test.
The diffusion of the ordinary poliomyelitic virus from a noncomminuted fragment of brain tissue into a surrounding medium of ascitic fluid is so slight as not to be detectable by inoculation experiments conducted with usual quantities of the fluid.
The specific effects of the microörganism cultivated from poliomyelitic tissues are not caused by an admixture in the cultures of the ordinary virus of poliomyelitis; hence they must be caused by the pathogenic action of the microörganism itself.
The minute microörganism is therefore to be regarded as the specific microbic cause of epidemic poliomyelitis.
ANTIBODY FORMATION AGAINST TREPONEMA PALLIDUM—AGGLUTINATION
Authors: Zinsser Hans , Hopkins Joseph Gardner 
Published: June 2004

It has been shown by our experiments that the serum of rabbits treated with emulsions of Treponema pallidum contains agglutinating substances.
Normal rabbit serum also possesses agglutinating power for this organism, but, as in the case of normal bacterial agglutinins, to an extent very much inferior to that possessed by the sera of immunized animals. Normal human sera will agglutinate similar pallidum emulsions, as will the sera of certain syphilitic patients with positive Wassermann reactions. Whether or not there is a quantitative difference of diagnostic value between the sera of normal human beings and those of syphilitics remains to be seen.
The sera of rabbits immunized with strain A agglutinate Noguchi's strain 9 in dilutions as high as 1 to 500.
We regard as the most important result of these experiments the demonstration of definite antibodies in the circulation of animals treated with dead emulsions of Treponema pallidum. Since it is our belief that the agglutinating effect is due to an antibody essentially the same as that which produces bactericidal, precipitating, and opsonic effects, i. e., that there is probably one type of antibody only, we believe that the demonstration of agglutinins establishes the fact that in syphilis as in bacterial diseases the host responds by the formation of antibodies or sensitizers specific for the treponema.
Spirocheticidal experiments with these sera, both in vitro and in vivo, are in progress.
A STUDY OF THE PATHOGENIC PROPERTIES OF BACILLUS PROTEUS
Authors: Larson W. P. , Bell E. T. 
Published: June 2004

Some strains of Bacillus proteus obtained from human lesions are pathogenic for rabbits, rats, and guinea pigs. There is good evidence that these strains are also pathogenic for man.
All cultures obtained from sources other than human infections were non-pathogenic for the laboratory animals.
A non-pathogenic culture may be made pathogenic by the use of aggressins or by inoculation into the anterior chamber of the eye.
Proteus cultures lose their virulence rapidly when grown on artificial media.
The lesions produced in animals are either simple abscesses, proliferative lesions, or a mixed exudative and proliferative lesion.
The proliferative lesions consist mainly of epithelioid cells apparently of connective tissue origin. No giant-cells of the Langhans type are present.
The histological type of the lesion does not depend upon the strain employed. Neither does it bear any relation to the clinical severity of the case.
The ability to produce the characteristic lesions has no necessary connection with the toxicity of the bacteria.
The proteus bacteria probably play a more important part in human pathology than is generally believed.
STUDIES ON THE CIRCULATION IN MAN
Authors: Stewart G. N. 
Published: June 2004

1. In cases in which great inequalities in the blood flow in the two hands were produced by mechanical causes (ligation or compression of vessels, embolism), the stability of the ratio of the flows, in successive measurements at short intervals, was found to be characteristic. Over long intervals the opening up of collateral circulation or the progressive increase of the block (in a case of multiple embolism with thrombosis) was followed by changes in the ratio of the blood flows in the normal and the affected part. Another criterion of these conditions was found to be that the inequality was not abolished by producing general vasomotor changes; e. g., by altering the external temperature.
2. In certain cases inequalities in the blood flow in the two hands (or feet) were found which were not stable from day to day, and which could be abolished, reduced, increased, or reversed by alterations in the external conditions which bring about general vasomotor changes. These inequalities, not associated with clinically recognizable differences between the parts compared, were interpreted as due to unequal activity of the vasomotor mechanism on the two sides. The condition appeared to be most frequent in certain groups of neurological cases.
SERUM FERMENTS AND ANTIFERMENT DURING TRYPSIN SHOCK
Authors: Jobling James W. , Petersen William , Eggstein A. A. 
Published: June 2004

1. The intravenous injection of trypsin in dogs results in a shock similar in many respects to anaphylactic and peptone shock.
2. The injection is followed by a marked rise of serum protease and lipase.
3. The antiferment usually shows a distinct drop in titer, with a recovery following in from four to twenty-four hours.
4. The non-coagulable nitrogen shows no constant alteration, but is never greatly changed in amount.
5. Inactivated preparations were in some respects followed by symptoms similar to those following the injection of the active preparation.
6. Subcutaneous and gastric absorption was practically without effect.
7. Intestinal absorption was followed by an increase in serum protease without evidence of intoxication, or by typical symptoms of acute poisoning.
8. The leucocyte curve bears no constant relation to the serum protease or lipase.
THE LYMPHOCYTE IN NATURAL AND INDUCED RESISTANCE TO TRANSPLANTED CANCER
Authors: Murphy James B. , Morton John J. 
Published: June 2004

The refractory state to transplanted cancer, induced by the subcutaneous injection of defibrinated blood, is accompanied in every case by a definite lymphoid crisis in the blood. The rise of lymphocytes is not present during the interval between the immunizing injection and the cancer inoculation but comes on sharply within twenty-four hours of the introduction of the cancer graft. In control animals where the graft leads to a definite take there is no such lymphoid response, but in instances of natural immunity the phenomenon is similar to that seen in artificially induced immunity, though the period of rise is often delayed for several days or a week.
The lymphoid crisis is not merely an accompanying factor in the immune period; it is essential to the process. This is demonstrated by the fact that destruction of the lymphocytes by x-ray is accompanied by the loss of natural or induced resistance to the growth of inoculated cancer.
The polymorphonuclear cells show a tendency to increase in the animals with growing tumors, but further study will be necessary before any conclusions regarding them can be drawn.