bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE ASSOCIATION OF SKIN-SENSITIZING ANTIBODY WITH THE ß2A-GLOBULINS IN SERA FROM RAGWEED-SENSITIVE PATIENTS
Authors: Fireman Philip , Vannier Wilton E. , Goodman Howard C. 
Published: June 2004

1. The removal of the ß2A-globulins from three sera from treated ragweed-sensitive individuals by immune absorption was associated with the loss of all detectable skin-sensitizing antibody activity as demonstrated by Prausnitz-Küstner testing.
2. Gel filtration studies, with sephadex G-200, indicated that the fractions containing only macroglobulins were devoid of all detectable skin-sensitizing antibody activity.
3. The immune absorption of the γ-globulins from a serum fraction containing ß2A-globulins, γ-globulins, and a trace of ß2M-globulins had no detectable influence on the skin-sensitizing antibody activity.
4. The removal of a portion of the albumin from the allergic sera by immune absorption, with retention of the skin-sensitizing activity, indicated that the loss of skin-sensitizing antibody was not due to non-specific absorption on an antigen-antibody precipitate.
5. No inhibition of the Prausnitz-Küstner reaction was observed when sheep serum, normal human serum, or normal human γ-globulins were tested in concentrations described.
6. We conclude that the skin-sensitizing antibody activities in the three sera from treated ragweed-sensitive individuals studied were associated with the ß2A-globulins.
INHIBITION OF THE LESIONS OF PRIMARY VACCINIA AND OF DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY THROUGH IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE IN RABBITS
Authors: Flick John A. , Pincus William B. 
Published: June 2004

In order to gain insight into the pathogenesis of the vesicular lesion of local primary vaccinia infection, newborn rabbits were injected with 0.5 mg of purified inactivated vaccinia virus in an attempt to render them immunologically tolerant. Within a few days these, and control normal rabbits of the same age, were infected on the skin with active vaccinia virus. Most of the tolerant-prepared rabbits failed to develop a local lesion of vaccinia but some developed a very atypical lesion. Successful virus isolation from some, and the presence of inclusions in the tissues of others, indicated successful infection with the virus. Skin allergy to the active virus failed to develop in the test animals but did in the controls. Thus, there was a high degree of correlation between inability to produce delayed hypersensitivity to the viral antigens and failure to develop a vaccinial skin lesion, indicating the probable allergic nature of the primary lesion.
There was also a high mortality rate in the group of tolerant-prepared, infected animals. It was associated with a spreading of the virus from the site of infection to the organs, suggesting that generalized vaccinial infection was the cause of death. The observations were compatible with the hypothesis that death was due to viral toxicity.
The observations also suggest that, in the animal possessing normal immunological function, active immunity develops rapidly, perhaps at the level of the draining lymph node, to prevent appreciable virus from leaving the site of infection.
The absence of detectable immunological activity toward vaccinia virus early in the tolerant-prepared animals and even after 1 month in some of the survivors, indicates that a high degree of immunological tolerance was produced against these microbial antigens.
IN VITRO STUDIES OF ULCERATIVE COLITIS
Authors: Perlmann Peter , Broberger Ove 
Published: June 2004

Freshly isolated fetal human colon cells were labeled with 32P-orthophosphate or 14C-amino acids and exposed to white blood cells from children with ulcerative colitis or from healthy controls. Exposure of the colon cells to patients' white cells led to a rapid isotope release, significantly higher than that obtained with normal white cells. After 150 minutes of incubation, 75 per cent of the total isotope present was found in the media of the colitis samples but only 40 per cent in those of the controls. Consistent results were obtained with white blood cells from 14 patients and 18 healthy individuals. Similar results were obtained with either fresh white cells or with white cells aged for 12 to 18 hours and consisting to 60 to 70 per cent of lymphocytes and to 20 to 30 per cent of large mononuclear cells.
No specific cytotoxic activity could be conferred onto normal white cells by pretreating them with patients' serum containing antibodies against colon antigen. The cytotoxic action of the patients' white cells was immunologically specific, since no difference from the controls was found in the isotope release when cells from other organs or animals were similarly treated. Preliminary experiments suggested that the patients' white cells could be desensitized by pretreating them with colon extract. For obtaining a significant cytotoxic effect of the patients' white cells, the presence of 10 to 20 per cent of fresh guinea pig or human serum in the incubation medium was required.
SUPPRESSION OF ALLERGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS IN RATS BY MEANS OF ANTIBRAIN SERUM
Authors: Paterson Philip Y. , Harwin S. Martin 
Published: June 2004

Rats regularly develop evidence of allergic encephalomyelitis (AE) 2 to 3 weeks following sensitization to nervous tissue plus adjuvant. Independent of the severity of AE which occurs, gradual recovery is the rule and by the 6th to 9th week after sensitization rats appear clinically well and microscopic lesions of AE have virtually disappeared.
Pooled serum collected from rats 3 or 6 weeks after sensitization contains complement-fixing (CF) antibrain antibodies. Such pooled serum exerts a striking suppressive influence on development of AE when passively administered to rats actively sensitized to nervous tissue. Serum pools which contain CF antibrain antibody suppress the disease. Serum pools lacking CF antibody do not suppress the disease. Serum containing CF antibrain antibody after treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol no longer fixes complement with brain antigen in vitro and no longer suppresses AE in vivo. The data suggest that transfer of protection against AE by passively administered antibrain rat serum is due to an antibrain antibody, possibly the CF antibodies. The meaning of these findings is discussed in terms of the role(s) of circulating antibrain antibody in the pathogenesis of AE.
THE CELLULAR NATURE OF GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TO A VIRUS
Authors: Kantoch M. , Warwick A. , Bang F. B. 
Published: June 2004

Using peritoneal macrophage cultures it was found that both PRI mice and their macrophages in culture were susceptible to mouse hepatitis virus and that C3H mice and macrophages were resistant. All F1 macrophages and some back-cross cell cultures were susceptible. The degeneration of F1 and back-cross macrophages obtained either from adult mouse peritoneal exudate or newborn mouse liver, occurred more slowly than PRI macrophages. Segregation of susceptibility occurred in the first back-cross generation. Tests of three back-cross generations from susceptible mice yielded about one-quarter of the mice shown to be susceptible either by direct test or test of their macrophages. A clear correlation between susceptibility in vivo and in vitro was established both in the test of the percentage segregation and in tests of individual back-cross mice. A small series of tests, however, indicated that 50 per cent of the back-cross mice had the genetic capacity to transmit susceptibility. Thus a hypothesis of two genes for susceptibility, although not excluded, may yield to a hypothesis of a single dominant gene, incompletely expressed.
Resistant cells were converted into susceptible cells by ingestion of a relatively large particle containing a heat-stable substance. This susceptibility, although complete, was temporary. The nature of the factor causing the change has been discussed.
RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTAL INTESTINAL STRANGULATION OBSTRUCTION IN GERMFREE RATS
Authors: Amundsen Egil , Gustafsson Bengt E. 
Published: June 2004

Experimental low ileal strangulation obstruction has been produced in germfree and conventional rats. The mean survival time was 240 hours in the germfree rats and 44 hours in the conventional controls. 4 of the 10 germfree rats survived 15 or more days, whereas the 10 conventional animals were all dead within 2½ days.
The strangulation obstruction fluid from the germfree animals was sterile and non-toxic when injected into mice even after a fourfold concentration. The same fluid from the conventional animals contained a great number of microorganisms and caused death within 24 hours when injected intraperitoneally into mice.
STUDIES ON ANTIBODY PRODUCTION
Authors: O'Brien Thomas F. , Michaelides Maria C. , Coons Albert H. 
Published: June 2004

The in vitro anamnestic antibody response of popliteal lymph node fragments to additions of antigen closely resembles the in vivo anamnestic antibody response in its sensitivity to antigen, in the time course of antibody production, and in the sequence of appearance and the morphology of the antibody containing cells.
Most of the cells responsible for antibody synthesis remain in the explant and do not migrate, although a few can be found in the outgrowing sheet of cells.
The smallest concentration of bovine serum albumin which stimulates an anamnestic response in vitro is about 1 x 10–9 gm/ml.
STUDIES ON ANTIBODY PRODUCTION
Authors: Ambrose Charles T. , Coons Albert H. 
Published: June 2004

When lymph node fragments from previously immunized rabbits were stimulated in vitro to produce a secondary response, the continuous presence of 50 µg/ml (0.15 mM) of chloramphenicol in the medium during the entire incubation period of 15 to 21 days produced nearly complete suppression of the response. Concentrations as low as 5 µg/ml (0.015 mM) produced approximately 80 per cent suppression of the response.
When 50 µg/ml of chloramphenicol was present during only the first 6 days of culture, the secondary response was reduced 90 per cent. When it was absent for the first 6 days but present for the next 9 to 15 days, the response was reduced only 40 per cent. Since over 95 per cent of the antibody of the secondary response in most experiments appeared in the medium after the 6th day, chloramphenicol apparently inhibits antibody production by interfering with some early phase of the response. It is suggested that this interference involves messenger RNA and that animal cells have appeared resistant to this drug only because their complement of messenger RNA present when the drug has been added is stable over the short periods during which protein synthesis has usually been studied.
THE EFFECT OF EXCESS VITAMIN A ON THE EMBRYONIC RAT OESOPHAGUS IN CULTURE
Authors: Lasnitzki Ilse 
Published: June 2004

The effect of excess vitamin A on the oesophageal epithelium of late foetal rats has been studied in organ culture.
In explants kept in normal medium the epithelium is, at first, higher and the keratinisation increased as compared with the development of the organ in vivo. At the later stages of growth, the acceleration of keratinisation leads to an extreme thinning of the epithelium.
Excess vitamin A completely inhibits keratinisation and induces a transformation of the cells lining the oesophageal lumen into mucin-secreting elements. In vitamin A-treated cultures the epithelium remains high throughout the whole period of cultivation.
The amount of secretory matter and the height of the epithelium seem to depend on an adequate supply of oxygen and carbon dioxide to the cells.
COMPARISONS OF BENCE-JONES PROTEINS AND L POLYPEPTIDE CHAINS OF MYELOMA GLOBULINS AFTER HYDROLYSIS WITH TRYPSIN
Authors: Schwartz J. H. , Edelman G. M. 
Published: June 2004

L polypeptide chains of myeloma globulin and Bence-Jones protein isolated from the same patient were found to be identical after comparison of their tryptic hydrolysates by two-dimensional high voltage electrophoresis. The patterns of peptides from proteins belonging to antigenic group I differed markedly from those of proteins in antigenic group II. A partially purified H chain fraction was compared with L chains from the same myeloma protein. The tryptic hydrolysates yielded dissimilar patterns of peptides.
These data indicate that γ-myeloma proteins contain two kinds of polypeptide chains, Hγ chains and either LI or LII chains. The L chains appear to be identical with those comprising the Bence-Jones protein from the same patient.
INSULIN ANTIBODY VARIATIONS IN RABBITS AND GUINEA PIGS AND MULTIPLE ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS ON INSULIN
Authors: Arquilla Edward R. , Finn Jack 
Published: June 2004

1. A method is presented for measuring the degree to which insulin antibodies in one antiserum react with an insoluble insulin complex saturated with antibodies from a different antiserum.
2. Many rabbits produce antibodies which bind to portions of the insulin molecule to which antibodies from guinea pigs or other rabbits cannot bind.
3. Occasional guinea pigs produce antibodies which bind to portions of the insulin molecule to which antibodies from rabbits or other guinea pigs cannot bind.
4. Studies with labeled antisera and repeated incubations of test antisera with antibody insulin complexes demonstrate the individual antibody variations to be due to antibodies directed to different determinants and not to dissociation of antibodies from the same determinant on the insulin molecule.
5. More than one antibody molecule can simultaneously bind to an insulin molecule.
6. Insulin has a multiplicity of antigenic determinants.
7. The relationship between antigenic determinants, insulin antibodies, and neutralization of insulin by antisera is discussed.
8. The determinants to which insulin antibodies are directed appear to be characteristic for the individual rabbit or guinea pig immunized. It is postulated therefore that genetic factors direct antibody production toward specific determinants when insulin is the antigen.
IMMUNOLOGICAL IDENTIFICATION OF FOOT-PAD ISOLATES AS MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE BY LEPROMIN REACTIVITY IN LEPROSY PATIENTS
Authors: Shepard Charles C. , Guinto R. S. 
Published: June 2004

Lepromin, a product containing Mycobacterium leprae from patients' tissues, fails to elicit skin reactions in lepromatous patients; this non-reactivity was utilized as a means of identifying the mycobacterium isolated in mouse foot-pads from leprosy patients. To do this a suspension of acid-fast bacilli prepared from mouse foot-pads infected with a typical isolate was compared to human lepromin. The isolate was in fourth passage, and the multiplication since first isolation had diluted the original inoculum to insignificant levels. Three preparations were tested: A, A foot-pad preparation containing 1.6 x 107 organisms/ml, B, lepromin diluted to the same bacillary content, and C, undiluted lepromin containing 4.2 x 107 organisms/ml.
The reactions were compared in 34 lepromatous and 30 tuberculoid patients. All 34 lepromatous patients were negative in both early (Fernandez) and late (Mitsuda) reactions to all 3 antigens. In the tuberculoid patients the late reactions were positive in 66.7, 70.0 and 90.0 per cent to antigens A, B, and C, respectively. The size of the reactions to A and B were closely correlated in the individual patients.
Experience in leprosy patients with suspensions prepared from 16 other mycobacterial cultures is reported or reviewed. None of them produced reactions that correlated with those of lepromin. Thus the lack of reactivity to lepromin of lepromatous patients appears to be a specific phenomenon.
The results provide evidence that the foot-pad isolates and M. leprae are immunologically identical.
MOTION PICTURE STUDY OF THE TOXIC ACTION OF STREPTOLYSINS ON LEUCOCYTES
Authors: Hirsch James G. , Bernheimer Alan W. , Weissmann Gerald 
Published: June 2004

The initial morphologic alteration in rabbit polymorphonuclear leucocytes exposed to streptolysin is rapid and extensive lysis of cytoplasmic granules. The granules appear to rupture directly into the cell sap. Within a few minutes following degranulation, the leucocyte rounds up, filamentous processes appear on the cell membrane, the cytoplasm liquefies, and finally the nuclear lobes swell and fuse.
Streptolysin O causes these changes in intact leucocytes when added in concentrations only slightly higher than those required for release of hydrolases from isolated liver lysosomes, and furthermore exerts its action on granulocytes promptly. On the other hand streptolysin S acts on white cells only after a 15 to 30 minute delay, and the levels necessary to disrupt granules in leucocytes are considerably higher than those which act on lysosome suspensions.
Exposure of rabbit alveolar macrophages to streptolysin O also results in lysis of granules, soon followed by alterations in the cytoplasm and membrane.
The observations are in accord with the hypothesis that streptolysins penetrate the leucocyte membrane and bring about lysis of granules. Autolytic enzymes released from the granules might then be responsible for the subsequent damage seen in various other cell structures.
EXPERIMENTAL TRANSMISSION OF INFLUENZA VIRUS INFECTION IN MICE
Authors: Schulman Jerome L. , Kilbourne Edwin D. 
Published: June 2004

An experimental model has been developed for the reproducible transmission of influenza virus infection from experimentally infected mice to uninfected cage mates. Infector mice transmit influenza virus infection most readily during the period 24 to 48 hours after initiation of their infection. This restricted period of transmission is not due to declining titers of infective virus in the nose, trachea, or lungs of infector mice after 48 hours of infection, since peak titers in these tissues are maintained for another 48 hours.
A mouse-adapted strain of A2 virus was found to be more readily transmitted than the mouse-adapted CAM strain of influenza A1 virus, although the CAM strain induced higher pulmonary virus titers and more extensive lung lesions.
MOTION PICTURE STUDIES ON DEGRANULATION OF HORSE EOSINOPHILS DURING PHAGOCYTOSIS
Authors: Archer Gordon T. , Hirsch James G. 
Published: June 2004

Horse eosinophil function has been studied in vitro by means of phase contrast cinemicrophotography.
Locomotion of horse eosinophils was inhibited by serum factors reacting with glass surfaces. Under appropriate conditions which eliminated this inhibitory effect, eosinophils moved about and ingested some particles as rapidly as did neutrophils.
Eosinophils were attracted to and readily engulfed such diverse materials as yeast cell walls, foreign erythrocytes, and antigen-antibody precipitates. Specific antibody was required for phagocytosis of red cells, and greatly accelerated the uptake of yeast cell walls.
Horse eosinophil granules situated adjacent to material being engulfed disrupted with discharge of granule contents into or alongside the phagocytic vacuole. Granule disruption resulted in a clear zone and deposition of amorphous, phase-dense material.
A heat-labile serum factor was required for degranulation of eosinophils ingesting foreign red cells, but not for degranulation during engulfment of yeast cell walls or antigen-antibody precipitates.
Horse eosinophils were incapable under these conditions of engulfing an entire human red cell. The eosinophil commonly put out a large pseudopod to surround about half the red cell, and then appeared to constrict this pseudopod distally to cut the erythrocyte in half.
It is concluded that eosinophils are phagocytic cells, resembling neutrophils in many of their properties. Any specific functions of eosinophils, distinguishing them from other phagocytes, remain to be discovered.
THE STRUCTURE OF ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEXES
Authors: Almeida June , Cinader Bernhard , Howatson Allan 
Published: June 2004

Negatively stained aggregates of antigen (polyoma or verruca vulgaris virus) and antibody (from rabbit or goat) were examined in the electron microscope. The antibody molecules appeared as cylindrical rods (often, but not always, showing a beaded appearance) with a long axis of 250 to 270 A and a short axis of 35 to 40 A. The combining sites were at the opposite short ends of the antibody molecules separated by the length of 250 to 270 A of the antibody molecule.
Aggregates of antigen and antibody showed regions of orderly arrangements and frequently ring structures of five or more linked virus particles. Sometimes a virus particle in the center of these ring structures was linked to the peripheral particles. In extreme antibody excess, cross-linking was only rarely observed and virus particles were surrounded by a dense aura of antibody molecules.
The specificity of the two combining sites of most antibody molecules is identical. This was utilized to examine the antigenic relation between the normal (icosahedral) and aberrant forms of polyoma virus.
SPECIFICITY OF PASSIVELY TRANSFERRED DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY
Authors: Najarian John S. , Feldman Joseph D. 
Published: June 2004

Guinea pigs were injected intravenously with lymphoid cells sensitized to tubercle bacilli (TBC cells) and with lymphoid cells sensitized by contact to a simple chemical, dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB cells). In each transfer, either the TBC cells or the DNFB cells were labeled with H3-thymidine. Immediately after transfusion, each recipient was skin tested with PPD and DNFB. 24 hours later these lesions were removed for determination of total radioactivity and for autoradiographic analysis. When TBC cells labeled with H3-thymidine were transferred with DNFB cells without an isotopic marker, the total radioactivity and the concentration per gram of skin lesion were greater in the PPD test sites. In the reciprocal arrangement, when DNFB cells labeled with H3-thymidine were transfused with TBC cells without an isotopic tag, the total radioactivity and the concentration per gram of skin lesion were greater in the DNFB test site. Similar results were obtained in guinea pigs which were actively immunized by tubercle bacilli and passively by transfer of DNFB cells. Autoradiographic analysis of test sites from guinea pigs passively transferred with both types of sensitized cells confirmed these findings.
By calculation, only a very small number of transferred sensitized cells reached the specific test lesion. Most of the cellular infiltrate was derived from the responding host. The specificity of the reaction of delayed hypersensitivity was apparently achieved by retention of the sensitized cells after they had arrived by chance at the specific antigen depot and was not due to a non-specific stickiness of sensitized or inflamed lymphoid cells.
THE ASSAY OF GALACTOKINASE AND GALACTOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYL TRANSFERASE ACTIVITY IN HUMAN ERYTHROCYTES
Authors: Robinson Arthur 
Published: June 2004

A simple, rapid, and direct method for measuring the activities of the galactokinase and Gal-1-P uridyl transferase enzymes in human erythrocytes is presented.
The method has been applied to measurement of enzyme activities in a group of 37 presumably normal persons, 3 patients with galactosemia, 6 known heterozygous carriers of the defect, and 9 relatives of carriers. In every case the test unambiguously identified the individual's status as normal, heterozygotic carrier, or homozygously defective.
Use of the test in genetic counseling and genetic epidemological studies is discussed.