bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phage Therapy
Authors: Merril Carl R , Scholl Dean , Adhya Sankar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ability of bacteriophage (phage) to replicate exponentially and lyse pathogenic strains of bacteria suggests that they should play a vital role in our armamentarium for the treatment of infectious diseases. However, in spite of an initial enthusiasm, early clinical applications resulted in a negative shift of opinion concerning the therapeutic potential of phage. There are a number of factors that may have been responsible for this rejection of the use of phage as antibacterial therapeutic agents, particularly in countries that require certification based on the results of efficacy and pharmacokinetic studies in animals and humans. These factors include an initial lack of understanding of the relatively narrow host range of phage and an inability to purify phage preparations from bacteria products and debris. These contaminating materials often include bacterial exoand endotoxins along with bacterial cellular components that tend to inactivate phage preparations when they are stored without further purification (60). Another major factor that affected the development of phage therapy was the successful introduction of antibiotics effective against a broad range of bacterial strains. With such antibiotics physicians could often successfully treat infections even before they determined the causative bacterial strain. The narrow host range of phage made duplication of such a practice questionable at best.
July 27 The Man Who Came to Dinner
Authors: Suskin Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While preparing to go off to the 7:00 P.M. official opening of the new American Airlines Theatre and The Man Who Came to Dinner, I received an e-mail from the author of one of the most controversial musicals of the 1999-2000 season castigating me for a comment I had made on the Internet about his work. Not castigating me, exactly, but upset by a comparison I’d made between his show and a similar one.
March 15 Design for Living
Authors: Suskin Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Noel Coward’s 1933 comedy Design for Living is famously about a menage a trois. Or is it, exactly? Act 1: Gilda lives with Otto, a bohemian painter, in squalor in Paris. Leo, their best friend, is a playwright who has just begun to achieve success. While Otto’s away, Leo unexpectedly turns up and immediately lands in Gilda’s bed. Otto is immensely pleased by Leo’s return, until he realizes what has happened. Gilda runs off with Leo.
The Season’s Toll
Authors: Suskin Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The following people, who worked on Broadway or made an important contribution to the legitimate theatre, died between May 29, 2000, and May 27, 2001. Steve Allen, 78; died October 30, 2000, of a heart attack, in Los Angeles. Influential talk show host and originator of the Tonight Show in 1953. A prolific songwriter, Allen wrote the score for the musical Sophie (based on the life of Sophie Tucker), which ran for eight performances in 1963.
Mixed-Up Shook-Up Girl” (1964)
Authors: Jackson John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Some Ways, The 1960s Did Not Begin Until 1964. For the most part, the earliest years of the decade were merely an extension of the conventional cold war 1950s of the Eisenhower years. As late as 1963, there was little if any cause to think that radical changes were brewing. But by the end of the year Kennedy was dead at forty-three and the winds of change that brought both excitement and strife to America began to blow. The country’s pop music industry did not escape the coming social upheaval.
“Am I Black Enough for You?’’(1973)
Authors: Jackson John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1973, Philadelphia International Records became one of America’s most important record companies just one year after asserting its influence on the pop music industry. The elimination of Philadelphia Intemational’s initial promotional problems helped a great deal, and once the hits began, a snowball effect was created. Whereas, not long ago, Philadelphia International faced difficulty getting its records played on the air, now, said disc jockey Georgie Woods, “If Kenny Gamble came to the studio with a record that sounded like it could be a hit, boom, we put it on the air and played it.”
“Tsop (The Sound of Philadelphia)” (1975)
Authors: Jackson John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By 1974, AMERICA WAS IN A FULL-BLOWN RECESSION. The Dow-Jones average, after plunging 45 percent in less than two years amid the worst economic climate the country had experienced since the Great Depression, bottomed out. Inflation, unemployment, and oil shortages continued to rise. New York City, the financial capital of the country, was on the verge of going broke, and American industry appeared to be in an irreversible decline. There were predictions that the oil-producing countries, or perhaps the Japanese, would soon be able to buy America. The country finally extricated itself from the Vietnam morass, only to have its citizens’ faith in the government shaken to the core by the Watergate scandal. In turn, America did what it usually did in the face of hard times: It danced in the face of its troubles. Given the bleak domestic climate and the fact that America was due for a dance fad (they usually occurred about every ten years; the last one involved the twist), disco was a phenomenon waiting to happen. Stressful times for the American people necessitated active physical releases such as athletics and sex. Disco dancing offered tens of millions of people a sublime blend of the two. As a result, dance clubs called discotheques became extremely popular.
Organizational Plasticity in Sensorimotor and Cognitive Networks
Authors: Dobkin Bruce H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Function follows structure. The central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS) nervous system matrix is a rich resource for learning and for retraining. This chapter begins with the structural frame-work of interconnected neural components that contribute to motor control for walking, reaching, and grasping, and to cognition and mood. I then review what we know about cellular mechanisms that may be manipulated by physical, cognitive, and pharmacologic therapies to lessen impairments and disabilities.
Assessment and Outcome Measures for Clinical Trials
Authors: Dobkin Bruce H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Is our approach to therapy for an individual patient’s specific disability better than another approach? This question fuels scientific, social, ethical, economic, and political facets of the practices of neurologic rehabilitation. At a time when public health initiatives tend to defer to the marketplace and to consumer choice, disabled people need evidence about rehabilitation practices, not slick advertisements and untestable claims. Measured outcomes in comparison studies must be interpreted in relation to their statistical significance and clinical importance.
Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Dobkin Bruce H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Patients with serious traumatic brain injury (TBI) test the mettle of clinicians, families, and community health, educational, social, and vocational providers. The rehabilitation team must engage the ebb and flow of a patient’s cognition, motivation, and behavior within the undertow of myriad interacting impairments. The disabilities and residual abilities that follow a moderate to severe TBI differ quite a bit across patients, perhaps more than for any other acute neurologic disease.
Other Central and Peripheral Disorders
Authors: Dobkin Bruce H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Inpatient therapy can enable the patient with MS who suffers an exacerbation or the patient with Parkinson’s disease whose mobility deteriorates during an inter current illness to return home. Ideally, a rehabilitation life management plan can be developed for patients whose course is not static. Impairments that increasingly interfere with activities in the home and workplace can be anticipated within the framework of long-term management of chronic diseases.
Introduction
Authors: Hopwood David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When we go for a walk in the woods, or spread compost on our garden, we smell a lovely earthy odor. If we visit the doctor with bronchitis or a septic finger, we will almost certainly be prescribed an antibiotic that will usually cure our symptoms in a few days, or if we are unlucky enough to get tuberculosis (TB) we will be put on a long course of antibiotic treatment. The connection between these topics is the subject of this book: microbes that live in the soil and make most of the antibiotics that are used around the world. These organisms, as well as evoking the outdoors, grow into strikingly beautiful colonies. They carry out amazingly complex processes on a tiny scale. They are among the most beautiful, fascinating, and useful of microbes. The actinomycetes, as these microscopic chemists are called, manufacture antibiotics to help them compete with countless other microbes in the soil for space and food. By an amazing set of molecular switches, they sense the myriad opportunities and threats they meet in the soil and react appropriately. From the human perspective, antibiotic production is their most significant response. The actinomycetes were discovered in the last few decades of the 19th century, but they were a minority interest until streptomycin, the first really effective treatment for TB, was discovered in 1943. It was named after the most important genus of actinomycetes, Streptomyces.
From Chromosome Map to DNA Sequence
Authors: Hopwood David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the mid-1980s, many questions still remained about the Streptomyces coelicolor chromosome. Was it linear or circular, and how big was it? Many genes had been cloned piecemeal, but how were they arranged on the chromosome, and how did this reflect their functioning? What about all the genes that had not been studied? Fortunately, entirely new methods for analyzing chromosome structure were invented around this time. In 1987, Georges Carle and Maynard Olson at Washington University, St. Louis, and Cassandra Smith and Charles Cantor at Columbia University, New York, discovered how to physically map DNA molecules as large as whole bacterial genomes and eukaryotic chromosomes; it came to be called pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Meanwhile, genetics was undergoing a momentous change with another development, whole genome sequencing, pioneered by Craig Venter at The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR) in Rockville, Maryland.
Epilogue
Authors: Swain Joseph P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The analyses in the previous chapter and the other major analyses show unequivocally that assessments of a passage's harmonic rhythm profit most when made in conjunction with other critical evaluations. Harmonic rhythm rarely determines the shape of a work by itself; rather, it is part of the fabric of musical syntax in polyphonic musical languages. Its tensions and textures contribute to the whole effect without slighting any of the other manifold musical wonders that are rightly prized.
Introduction
Authors: Brody Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ivan Ilich, as a result of the illness that will soon end in his death, has been turned into a different person. This is true in a physical sense. If a stranger were given the photograph of Ivan Ilich with his wife and told to look out for that man in the street, he might well pass by today’s Ivan Ilich as not being the same man. Also, Ivan Ilich is different in a psychological sense, as this entire train of morbid analysis shows. The Ivan Ilich who existed before the illness was never given to this sort of introspection and questioning. Later it will occur to the sick Ivan Ilich to wonder whether he has lived his entire life the wrong way, and whether everything he had previously sought in life was empty and trivial; the healthy Ivan Ilich never entertained any such concerns.
Yet, in a different sense, there can be no doubt that Ivan Ilich is the same person, sick or well: “He was the former little Vania with his mummy and daddy, with his brothers Mitia and Volodia, with his toys, with their coachman, with their nanny, and later with Katia, with all the joys, sorrows, and enthusiasms of youth”” (273).
What is Narrative Ethics?
Authors: Brody Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I paid a visit recently to the home of a retired professor of family practice, B. Lewis Barnett, who had been head of the department in which I did my residency training. He is nationally respected as a leader in the discipline, a wise, “old time country doctor” who nevertheless managed to make a successful transition into academic medicine. The respect in which Dr. Barnett (or “Dr. B.,” as we tended to call him) is held is attested to by one of his regular occupations while in retirement. Nearly every day he receives one or two e-mail messages from former residents asking his advice on medical dilemmas—usually “psychosocial” problems rather than purely technical diagnostic or treatment decisions.
How Does One Do Narrative Ethics?
Authors: Brody Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the anecdote at the beginning of the previous chapter, Dr. B. appeared to reason directly from narratives in dealing with the moral dilemma he faced. Skeptics have noted that one could go back after the fact and show that the conclusion was in accord with certain principles, but that move gives rise to two questions. First, if the actual work of coming to the moral conclusion was done through an appeal to the story rather than to principles, how plausible is it to say that the accord with the principle is what demonstrates the correct­ ness of the conclusion? Second, even if accord with principle is one reason to view the conclusion as correct, a thorough mining of the details of the story may well show that there are other compelling reasons that are not well accounted for by the bare-bones view that the principle engenders.
The Oral Heritage of Written Narrative
Authors: Scholes Robert , Phelan James , Kellogg Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No one knows how long man has had speech. Language is prob ably even older than man himself, having been invented by some “missing link,” a creature in the phylogenetic chain somewhere between man and the gibbon. It may have been as many as a million years ago that man first repeated an utterance which had given pleasure to himself or to someone else and thereby invented literature. In a sense, that was the beginning of Western narrative art. But we shall avoid tracing our subject to its origins. None of the assumptions that one is trained to bring to the study of narrative since Homer would be relevant to the appreciation of primitive literature. Even if the language should be intelligible, the works themselves, often concerned with the doings of only vaguely anthropomorphic creatures, produce baffiement or dis gust in the untrained audience. Inevitably the critic’ seeks to impuse such familiar categories as myth, legend, and folktale on a body of texts which defies classification in such terms.
Four Ways of “Biologicizing” Ethics ( 1993)
Authors: Kitcher Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1975, E. O. Wilson invited his readers to consider “the possibility that the time has come for ethics to be removed temporarily from the hands of the philosophers and biologicized.” There should be no doubting Wilson’s seriousness of purpose. His writings from 1975 to the present demonstrate his conviction that nonscientific, humanistic approaches to moral questions are indecisive and uninformed, that these questions are too important for scholars to neglect, and that biology, particularly the branches of evolutionary theory and neuroscience that Wilson hopes to bring under a sociobiological umbrella, can provide much-needed guidance. Nevertheless, I believe that Wilson’s discussions of ethics, those that he has ventured alone and those undertaken in collaboration first with the mathematical physicist Charles Lumsden and later with the philosopher Michael Ruse, are deeply confused through failure to distinguish a number of quite different projects. My aim in this chapter is to separate those projects, showing how Wilson and his co-workers slide from uncontroversial truisms to provocative falsehoods.
Virtue and the Skills of Ordinary Life
Authors: Homiak Marcia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Surely one reason that Plato’s Republic endures as a central text in undergraduate philosophy classes is that it asks and answers questions that remain critical for us today. Like Plato and his students, we and our students want to know why it’s better to be just than to be unjust. Why, asks the Republic’s Glaucon at 365b–c, are n’t most people right to think it’s better merely to appear to be just and virtuous? Perhaps justice is for fools and simpletons, as Thrasymachus suggests at Re-public 343c–e.
Self-Constitution in the Ethics of Plato and Kant
Authors: Korsgaard Christine M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nothing is more usual in philosophy, and even in common life, than to talk of the combat of passion and reason, to give the preference to reason, and to assert that men are only so far virtuous as they conform themselves to its dictates. Every rational creature, ‘tis said, is oblig’d to regulate his actions by reason; and if any other motive or principle challenge the direction of his conduct, he ought to oppose it, ‘till it be entirely sub du’d, or at least brought to a conformity with that superior principle.
The poisoned weed
Authors: Crosby Donald G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over-two thirds of the U.S. population is allergic to poison oak, poison ivy, or a related plant. These and many other common plants in our homes, fields, and gardens are irritants that cause misery to many. But surprisingly, there has never been a general guide to help raise awareness of them--and to help avoid them. This new book reviews the history, occurrence, classification, toxicity, and health aspects of all the major allergenic and irritant species.
Other Plant Allergens
Authors: Crosby Donald G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Certainly not all plant allergens are urushioids—far from it. Many other structural types are represented, including quinones, lactones, acetylenes, terpene alcohols, aldehydes, and esters (table 6.1). However, like urushiol, they all serve as haptens and, to an extent, react with skin proteins to form allergens. Many kinds of plant constituents cause ACD in humans (Mitchell and Rook, 1979), and a review of their structures (figs. 6.1 and 6.2) reveals that, improbable as it may seem, they all appear capable of Michael additions. The significance of this will be discussed in section 9.8.
Landscape Architecture for the Third Millennium
Authors: Rosenzweig Michael L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The pocket mice did it.
Pocket mice are wild rodents of North American deserts and semi-arid landscapes. Seeds form a very important part of their diets. These mice look for seeds on the desert floor and then cram their winnings into furlined pockets inside their cheeks. Their name comes from these pockets. After accumulating a good-sized stash, they return home to their burrows and deposit the seeds into a storage chamber. Some also dig special pits all over the desert floor for storing the seeds.
The Brain as a Renewable Resource
Authors: Black Ira B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ms. Leah Sokoloff, a warm, energetic, soft-spoken woman, immediately instilled a sense of relief in Sally. Enoch seemed interested enough, without reacting effusively or indifferently. Leah sat on thtc love seat, opposite Sally and Enoch, across the coffee table, opened a worn spiral notebook and started an easy conversation about her trip crosstown, the approaching summer, and their attractively decorated home. The conversation gradually shifted to Enoch’s interests, activities, and plans for the summer.
Airway and Mechanical Ventilation
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Maintenance of a patent, unobstructed airway and normal gas exchange are two priorities and although each depends on the other, they are separate concerns. The tongue significantly contributes to airway obstruction when the oropharyngeal muscles lose their tone in impaired consciousness. Besides respiratory drive, ventilation depends on normal mechanics of the rib cage and includes a coordinated effort by respiratory muscles. Interruption of the neuronal control of breathing can occur at any level, inhibiting in-put to the medullary central pattern generator. Abnormal respiratory muscle function is most frequently seen in Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and myasthenia gravis. Mechanical support is required, but respiratory function is completely reversible after therapeutic intervention.
Volume Status and Blood Pressure
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Intravascular volume and pressure reflect hemodynamic status and are tightly correlated. Intensive care allows physiologic monitoring of these parameters—most on a continuous basis. Changes in volume and pressure must be interpreted in light of the underlying neurologic disorder. Hypovolemia is a potential clinical concern in virtually all patients with acute central nervous system injury. The paradigm of current fluid management—that is, aggressive fluid intake with crystalloids or colloids—has taken shape.
Nutrition
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nutritional support in the NICU has distinctive characteristics. Daily care is focused on countering the effects of hypermetabolism and acute gastroparesis and to keep off complications associated with enteral nutrition.40,44,46 Early feeding of the gut to guarantee adequate nutrition may seem fundamental in patients with any type of acute neurologic illness, but there is a dilemma. To be more precise, feeding prevents gastrointestinal mucosal atrophy, whereas a lag in nutritional support may create a situation in which patients become too weak to effectively cough up secretions, and they may not maximally fend off looming bacterial infections.
Anticoagulation and Thrombolytic Therapy
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two major issues can be emphasized in summarizing the use of anticoagulation and, more recently, thrombolytic agents in the clinical practice of critical care neurology. First, anticoagulants for patients with acute neurologic illness can be divided into prevention of deep venous thrombosis (and its obviously more relevant potential complication of pulmonary embolization) and prevention of further clot formation or propagation in acute embolic occlusion of a major cerebral artery. Appropriate use of anticoagulants is of importance in only a few acute neurologic conditions.
Monitoring Devices
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Patients in NICUs are monitored differently from those in other medical or surgical intensive care units. The emphasis should remain on the clinical neurologic examination and knowledge of the causes of clinical deterioration in any acute central nervous system injury. Monitoring of critically ill neurologic patients requires correct interpretation of changes in brain stem reflexes and motor responses to pain and awareness of the early signs of brain herniation. Any of these changes may have immediate clinical relevance.