bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long‐term proximity relationships in a captive social group of western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)
Authors: Nakamichi Masayuki , Kato Eiko 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTo visualize long‐term social relationships among 12 gorillas in a captive breeding group at the San Diego Wild Animal Park, San Diego, CA, the multidimensional scaling (MDS) procedure was applied to proximity (within 5 m) values collected in five different periods over 2.5 years. The resulting two‐dimensional representations clearly show that in samples taken during this 2.5‐year period, the silverback male was surrounded by five adult females, while three infant or young juvenile females, gathered in a body, remained between the silverback male and adult females. Some adult females maintained proximity to the silverback male more frequently than other adult females throughout the five periods. Unlike mountain gorillas in the wild, females with dependent offspring did not tend to stay near the silverback male more frequently than other females, and related females did not tend to spend more time near each other than non‐related females. Three older juvenile or young adult males were plotted the furthest from the silverback male, with gradual changes with increasing age. The usefulness of the MDS procedure, which can be used to visualize easily and clearly the social relationships among individuals, is discussed from the viewpoint of the management of breeding groups of captive gorillas. Zoo Biol 20:197–209, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Formal Definition of Time in LOTOS
Authors: Léonard Luc , Leduc Guy 
Published: August 2002

Abstract.
Enhanced Timed-LOTOS, denoted ET-LOTOS, is an extension of LOTOS that allows the modelling of real-time behaviours. It covers all the aspects of full LOTOS, including data types, it supports both a dense and a discrete time domain and can manipulate time values as any other data values. A tutorial on ET-LOTOS, showing many application examples, has already been published [LéL97]. The present paper adds to it by providing an in-depth presentation of its theoretical aspects. The complete semantics is given and explained, and its properties are studied. In particular, we prove that the semantics is consistent and that strong bisimulation is a congruence. This requires to deal carefully with the presence of negative premises in the operational semantics, which are necessary to express urgency. ET-LOTOS is also shown to be a conservative extension of LOTOS for guarded processes, and is the basis of the timed extension of LOTOS currently developed by ISO [ISO98]. To our knowledge, this is the first in-depth study of a language that combines data types and real-time behaviours.
Recurrent Inguinal Hernia: Disease of the Collagen Matrix?
Authors: Zheng Hong , Si Zhongyi , Kasperk Reiner , Bhardwaj Rhanjit S. , Schumpelick Volker , Klinge Uwe , Klosterhalfen Bernd 
Published: August 2002

The aim of this study was to investigate the collagen matrix in recurrent inguinal hernias. Total ribonucleic acid (RNA) was extracted from skin fibroblasts of three groups (control group I = healthy skin; control group II = plain skin scar;
recurrent inguinal hernia group = skin of recurrent inguinal hernias; each n = 5). Reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and Northern blot analysis were used to investigate the expression of procollagen type I/‐ III, MMP‐1, and MMP‐13 mRNAs. Both ratios of procollagen types I to III mRNAs and collagen types I to III were apparently decreased in the recurrent hernia group compared to those of both control groups
(p <0.01). Significant differences were caused by the increase of both procollagen type III mRNA and collagen type III protein synthesis. A concomitant increase of MMP‐1 and MMP‐13 mRNAs and proteins was also observed in the recurrent hernia group and showed significant differences compared to those of both control groups I and II, respectively (p <0.01). In conclusion, the decreased ratio of collagen types I to III seems not only to be the result of a relative increase in the levels of type III procollagen mRNA but also may be the result of an increase of MMP‐1 and MMP‐13. The data of the present study strongly suggest recurrent inguinal hernias to be a disease of the collagen matrix and result in a clearer understanding of the underlying pathophysiology and may support specific therapeutic strategies in hernia surgery (e.g., surgical meshes).
Surgical Treatment of Graves’ Disease in Patients Younger than 18 Years
Authors: Söreide Jon‐Arne , van Heerden Jon A. , Lo Chung‐Yau , Grant Clive S. , Zimmerman Donald , Ilstrup Duane M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEighty‐two children and adolescents (18 males, 64 females; median age 14 years) surgically treated for Graves’ disease at a single institution between 1979 and 1993 were retrospectively reviewed. Most of the patients (74%) coming to thyroidectomy had been treated medically for a period ranging from 2 to 80 (median 15) months. Bilateral subtotal thyroid resection was the most frequently performed procedure (86%). Postoperatively, no permanent recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy or permanent hypocalcemia occurred. Operative mortality was zero. With a median follow‐up of 8.3 years, recurrent hyperthyroidism occurred in five patients (6%), one of whom required reoperation. Most children and adolescents with Graves’ disease can be rendered euthyroid by nonsurgical treatment options. However, prolonged and ineffective medical treatment should be avoided in these patients who are in the formative years of their lives. Surgical treatment, when indicated and employed, offers young patients with Graves’ disease a safe, rapid, definitive, cost‐effective treatment with a high success rate.
Radiographic Detection of Single Strut Leg Separations as a Putative Basis for Prophylactic Explantation of Björk‐Shiley Convexo‐Concave Heart Valves
Authors: Chandler James G. , Hirsch Jamie Lee , O’Neill William W. , Oesterle Stephen N. , Miller D. Craig , Kennedy John A. , Faichney Alan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCineradiography, using higher kVp and two or more specified profiles for each outlet strut leg, was used to evaluate Björk‐Shiley convexo‐concave (C/C) heart valves with epidemiologically defined > 0.1% per year estimated fracture rates. Among 828 mitral valves, eight radiographs were assessed as definite single leg separations (SLS) and 23 were read as probable SLS. Explantation confirmed SLS in 24 valves; 4 probables were false positives, and 3 patients with probable SLS ratings decided against explantation. Four patients with SLS died, an operative mortality of 14%. Only 23 mitral and 6 aortic valves receiving ratings ranging from apparently normal to suspicious have become available for verification; 1 rated apparently normal was found to have a SLS. Two patients experienced fatal fractures and 1 SLS valve was explanted 3 to 15 months after apparently normal x‐ray studies; it cannot be known if a SLS was or was not present at the time of these examinations. As 97% of negatively rated valves remain in situ, the sensitivity of the test is similarly not known. Only 1 SLS has been detected among 136 aortic valves. Uncertainty about test accuracy and SLS progression condition the clinical utility of radiographic SLS detection, particularly with respect to assurance from apparently normal readings. However, radiographic identification of an SLS substantially enhances epidemiologically derived risk categorization as a basis for consideration of prophylactic replacement for the approximately 12,000 valves with a > 0.1% estimated annual fracture risk, currently thought to be implanted in living patients.
Pattern of Recurrence after Extended Radical Esophagectomy with Three‐Field Lymph Node Dissection for Squamous Cell Carcinoma in the Thoracic Esophagus
Authors: Bhansali Mehul S. , Fujita Hiromasa , Kakegawa Teruo , Yamana Hideaki , Ono Takafumi , Hikita Shigeki , Toh Yuji , Fujii Teruhiko , Tou Uhi , Shirouzu Kazuo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFactors responsible for recurrence of esophageal cancer were investigated in 90 patients who underwent extended radical esophagectomy with three‐field dissection for a squamous cell carcinoma in the thoracic esophagus. The initial tumor recurrence was grouped as either locoregional (site of the primary tumor, anastomotic site, or lymph nodes) or as distant (distant organs, pleura, or peritoneum). Nineteen patients (21%) developed a locoregional recurrence, and 19 (21%) developed a distant recurrence. One (1%) developed both recurrences simultaneously and was classified as a distant recurrence. The locoregional recurrence was correlated with the stage factors, particularly the number of metastasis‐positive nodes. For the distant recurrence, vascular invasion was found to have been the most important prognostic factor. Our findings suggested that locoregional recurrence was due to tumor progress related to the extent of lymph node metastasis, whereas distant recurrence was due to the oncologic behavior of the tumor. Locoregional recurrence in patients with limited disease may be reduced by extended radical esophagectomy with three‐field dissection. Distant recurrence cannot be controlled by surgery. Adopted postoperative adjuvant therapies showed no effect on recurrence.
Reconstructive Surgery for Pelvic Pouches
Authors: Cohen Zane , Smith David , McLeod Robin 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRestorative proctocolectomy with ileo–pouch–anal anastomosis has become the elective surgical procedure of choice for most of our patients with ulcerative colitis and for selected patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. This report reviews the results of the outcome of patients who have undergone a more radical reconstructive approach for salvage of the pelvic pouch where multiple local procedures have failed. A group of 24 patients were reviewed (19 females, 5 males). The indication for surgery was ulcerative colitis in 22 patients; 10 of the 24 patients were referred from other centers. The 24 patients underwent a mean of 2.9 local salvage procedures per patient. Of the 19 females within the group, 12 had an anastomotic vaginal fistula. The 24 patients were divided into two groups. The first group consisted of 14 patients whose initial pouch was used once again for revisionary surgery. Group 2 comprised 10 patients whose initial pouch was removed and a redo pouch was constructed. Of the 24 patients, only 2 have had their pouches removed. More than 75% of the patients have had a successful outcome using a reconstructive approach. Four patients still have an ileostomy; of these four, two are awaiting closure of their loop ileostomy. Of 18 patients who were evaluable, 13 were considered to have normal daytime continence, and 17 of 18 were sexually functional. Of the 18 evaluable patients, 15 were satisfied with the outcome. Radical reconstructive surgery can be performed where local procedures to effect pouch salvage have failed, and it should be considered as a first‐line management where factors dictate that local procedures might fail. The commitment of the surgeon and the patient to achieving a successful outcome is essential. Severe pouch‐specific complications can be managed successfully by surgeons who have a specific interest in pelvic pouch surgery and have considerable experience dealing with complications that arise.
Ultrasound‐guided Laparoscopic Cryoablation of Hepatic Tumors: Preliminary Report
Authors: Lezoche Emanuele , Paganini Alessandro M. , Feliciotti Francesco , Guerrieri Mario , Lugnani Franco , Tamburini Andrea 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe purpose of this ongoing prospective study is to evaluate the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of a total laparoscopic approach for ultrasound‐guided cryoablation of primary and secondary hepatic tumors. Of 56 patients who underwent ultrasound‐guided cryoablation, a total laparoscopic approach was employed in 18 (5 men, 13 women; mean age 48.6 years, range 35–77 years). Fifteen patients were included for secondary hepatic tumors and three for primary hepatic tumors. Selection criteria were the presence of three or fewer nodules, less than 40% liver volume replaced by tumor, and absence of extrahepatic disease. Altogether 28 lesions were confirmed by intraoperative laparoscopic ultrasonography and were treated; 25 by ultrasound‐guided laparoscopic cryoablation and 3 by laparoscopic wedge resection. After cryoablation, surface parenchymal splits with bleeding from the frozen tissue were observed in six patients and required conversion to open surgery in two patients whose lesions were located in segment 8. No major complication and no mortality were observed. One or more minor complications occurred in nine patients; they included pleural effusion (n= 8, 44.4%), subdiaphragmatic fluid collection (n= 3, 16.6%), worsening hepatic insufficiency in a cirrhotic patient (n= 1, 5.5%), and wound infection in a patient converted to open surgery (n= 1, 5.5%). The mean hospital stay was 6.4 days (range 3–14 days). At a mean follow‐up of 10.8 months (range 5–16 months) all patients are alive and 14 are disease‐free, as demonstrated by normalization of tumor markers and negative magnetic resonance imaging. In carefully selected patients total laparoscopic ultrasound‐guided cryoablation is feasible and safe. A longer period of follow‐up is required to evaluate the efficacy of the procedure and its impact on survival.
Physiologic Monitoring of Circulatory Dysfunction in Patients with Severe Head Injuries
Authors: Velmahos George C. , Shoemaker William C. , Wo Charles C.J. , Demetriades Demetrios 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSecondary brain insults influence outcome significantly in patients with severe head injuries. Inadequate tissue perfusion should be identified and treated early to avoid such insults. Conventional hemodynamic monitoring (blood pressure, heart rate, urine output) is not a reliable method for evaluating circulatory function in such patients. Invasive monitoring by means of pulmonary artery catheters may offer more precise information on early circulatory abnormalities. The objective of this study was to study the hemodynamic patterns of patients with severe closed head trauma by invasive methods and to correlate the derived information with survival. Fifty‐nine concecutive patients with blunt trauma, closed head injuries, and Glascow Coma Scale < 8 were studied. Pulmonary artery catheters were placed in all patients shortly after admission, and flow and flow‐derived variables were monitored for 96 hours or patient demise. Survivors had higher cardiac index, oxygen delivery, and oxygen consumption values compared to nonsurvivors during the first
24 hours after injury. Following this period increased values were recorded in both groups. These temporal hemodynamic patterns were similar for patients with isolated head trauma and patients with other associated injuries. Thus initial hemodynamic patterns are associated with final outcome in patients with severe head injuries. Aggressive early hemodynamic monitoring may reveal subtle but significant changes. Further studies are warranted to investigate whether treatment guided by such information can improve survival.
Localization of Cervical Node Metastasis of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: Mirallié Eric , Visset Jacques , Sagan Christine , Hamy Antoine , Le Bodic Marie‐Françoise , Paineau Jacques 
Published: August 2002

Abstract.Precise localization of cervical node metastasis of papillary thyroid carcinoma is rarely described. The aim of this retrospective study was to map their cervical involvement. Between 1974 and 1996 a series of 119 patients had total thyroidectomy with bilateral cervical lymph node dissection. Patients who had secondary node dissection for a cervical recurrence were excluded. Eight node sites were distinguished (ipsilateral and contralateral): paratracheal, mid‐jugular, supraclavicular, subdigastric. All pathologic specimens were reviewed by a single pathologist. Twenty‐five patients had lymph node involvement clinically before surgery. Seventy‐two (60.5%) had cervical metastasis (N+: node positive patients), with bilateral involvement in 28 cases. In cases of bilateral thyroid tumor localization, ipsilateral dissection designated the side with the largest nodule. The main ipsilateral involved sites were paratracheal (60 patients), mid‐jugular (44 patients), and supraclavicular (26 patients). Contralateral paratracheal nodes were involved in 25 patients and mid‐jugular nodes in 12. Among the N+ patients, node involvement was absent in 11 cases at paratracheal, 28 jugular, and 46 subclavicular sites. Cervical node metastases concerned 60.5% of the patients, with bilateral involvement in 40.8% of the N+ patients. Ipsilateral paratracheal and jugular sites were most frequently involved. The lateral compartment was sometimes involved independent of the central compartment.
Thoracic Surgery for Hydatid Disease
Authors: Aarons Barrie J. 
Published: August 2002

Abstract.This paper summarizes the place of thoracic surgery in the management of hydatid disease. Although based on the author's 31‐year personal experience, it draws on the experience of others where that of the author is deficient. The treatment of pulmonary, pleural, liver, and cardiac cysts is discussed. The importance of avoiding spillage, adequate sterilization of cavities, preservation of lung, and drainage are emphasized.
Risk of extinction and categories of endangerment: perspectives from long‐lived reptiles
Authors: Webb G. J. W. , Carrillo C. E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals is an important conservation tool, but the accuracy of predictions about risks of global extinction within 10 years or three generations is difficult to test objectively. In this study, we compare IUCN predictions with the results of attempts to derive realistic scenarios that could lead to the global extinction of six species of long‐lived reptiles. For three species, the IUCN predictions matched real events reasonably well but still overestimated risks of global extinction. For the other species, the predictions did not match real events. Reasons why disparities occur are discussed.
Theoretical considerations on the C‐D effect in self‐thinning plant populations
Authors: Hagihara Akio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA model for describing the competition–density (C‐D) effect in self‐thinning populations was developed on the basis of the following three basic assumptions: (1) the growth of mean phytomass follows a general logistic equation; (2) final yield is independent of initial population density; and (3) there exists a functional relationship between actual and initial population densities at any given time. The resultant equation takes the same reciprocal form as the reciprocal equation of the C‐D effect derived from Shinozaki–Kira's theory (i.e., the logistic theory of the C‐D effect), which deals with the density effect in nonself‐thinning populations. However, one of the two time‐dependent coefficients is quite different in mathematical interpretation between the two reciprocal equations. The reciprocal equation for self‐thinning populations is essentially the same as the reciprocal equation assumed in the derivation of the functional relationship between actual and initial population densities. The establishment of the reciprocal equation is supported by the empirical facts that the reciprocal relationship between mean phytomass and population density is discernible in not only nonself‐thinning populations but also in self‐thinning populations. The present model is expected to systematically interpret underlying mechanisms between the C‐D effect, which is observed at a time constant among populations with various initial densities, and self‐thinning, which is observed along a time continuum in a given population.
An In Vitro Biomechanical Investigation of an MP35N Intramedullary Interlocking Nail System for Repair of Third Metacarpal Fractures in Adult Horses
Authors: Galuppo Larry D. , Stover Susan M. , Aldridge Amanda , Hewes Christina , Taylor Kenneth T. 
Published: August 2002

Objective—To compare monotonic mechanical properties of gap‐ostectomized third metacarpal bones (MC3) stabilized with an MP35N interlocking nail system with contralateral intact bones.Animals or sample population—Twenty‐four pairs of cadaveric equine MC3s.Methods—Third metacarpal bones were divided into 4 mechanical testing groups (6 pairs per group): compression, palmarodorsal (PD) and mediolateral (ML) 4‐point bending, and torsion. One MC3 from each pair was randomly selected as an intact specimen, and the contralateral gap ostectomized bone was stabilized with a 4‐hole, 14‐mm‐diameter, 250‐mm‐long, MP35N intramedullary nail, and four, 7‐mm‐diameter, 60‐mm‐long MP35N interlocking screws (constructs). Mechanical testing properties were compared between intact specimens and constructs with a pairedttest (significance set atP< .05).Results—Intact specimens were significantly stronger and stiffer than constructs in all testing modes except PD bending. Constructs achieved mean yield strengths that were 57% (compression), 81% (PD bending), 68% (ML bending), and 78% (torque) of intact specimens. Constructs achieved mean stiffnesses that were 53% (compression), 58% (PD bending), 41% (ML bending), and 47% (torque) of intact specimens.Conclusion—Monotonic yield mechanical properties of MP35N intramedullary interlocking nail‐stabilized, gap‐ostectomized MC3 were lower than those of paired intact bones but exceeded reported in vivo loads for dorsopalmar bending and compression and estimated in vivo torsional loads.Clinical relevance—Considering the benefits associated with intramedullary interlocking nail fixation of fractures, this system should be considered for use for repair of MC3 fractures with applicable fracture configurations.
Respiratory Chain Supercomplexes
Authors: Schägger Hermann 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRespiratory chain supercomplexes have been isolated from mammalian and yeast mitochondria, and bacterial membranes. Functional roles of respiratory chain supercomplexes are catalytic enhancement, substrate channelling, and stabilization of complex I by complex III in mammalian cells. Bacterial supercomplexes are characterized by their relatively high detergent‐stability compared to yeast or mammalian supercomplexes that are stable to sonication. The mobility of substrate cytochrome c increases in the order bacterial, yeast, and mammalian respiratory chain. In bacterial supercomplexes, the electron transfer between complexes III and IV involves movement of the mobile head of a tightly bound cytochrome c, whereas the yeast S. cerevisiae seems to use substrate channelling of a mobile cytochrome c, and mammalian respiratory chains have been described to use a cytochrome c pool. Dimeric ATP synthase seems to be specific for mitochondrial OXPHOS systems. Monomeric complex V was found in Acetobacterium woodii and Paracoccus denitrificans .