bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alternative routes of insulin delivery
Authors: Owens D. R. , Zinman B. , Bolli G. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAttempts at replicating physiological insulin secretion, as a means of restoring the normal metabolic milieu and thereby minimizing the risk of diabetic complications, has become an essential feature of insulin treatment. However, despite advances in the production, purification, formulation and methods of delivery of insulin which have occurred in recent years, this has met with limited success. The current advocacy of intensive insulin therapy regimens involving multiple daily subcutaneous injection places a heavy burden of compliance on patients and has prompted interest in developing alternative, less invasive routes of delivery. To date, attempts to exploit the nasal, oral, gastrointestinal and transdermal routes have been mainly unsuccessful. The respiratory tree, with a large surface area, offers the greatest potential for the delivery of polypeptide drugs and there is renewed interest in administrating insulin by the intrapulmonary route. Current pulmonary drug delivery systems include a variety of pressurized metered dose inhalers, dry powder inhalers, nebulizers and aqueous mist inhalers. Recent clinical studies suggest a possible role for inhaled insulin in fulfilling meal‐related insulin requirements in persons with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Most experience with inhaled insulin has been obtained using either dry powder formulation in the Nektar Pulmonary Inhaler/Exubera device (Nektar Therapeutics Inc., San Carlos, CA, Aventis, Bridgewater, NJ, Pfizer, NY) or a liquid aerosol formulation in the AERx® Insulin Diabetes Management System (Aradigm Corp., Hayward, CA, NovoNordisk A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark). If long‐term safety and efficacy is confirmed, inhalation may become the first non‐subcutaneous route of insulin administration for widespread clinical use. Despite overwhelming interest and investment in administering insulin via the oral route, success is not expected in the short term. Attempts at utilizing the buccal mucosa and skin are also continuing. Pancreatic transplantation will remain limited to those patients receiving a kidney transplant and immunotherapy. Islet cell transplantation is at an early though encouraging stage following the availability of new less toxic immunosuppressive agents. True insulin independence will require further advances in the combined fields of cell biology and genetics to ensure freedom from both the need for lifelong administration of insulin and the complications of diabetes.
A 75% insulin lispro/25% NPL mixture provides a longer duration of insulin activity compared with insulin lispro alone in patients with Type 1 diabetes
Authors: Roach P. , Woodworth J. , Gudat U. , Cerimele B. , Diebler F. , Pein M. , Dreyer M. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAims  To compare a new insulin formulation, high mix (HM) [75% lispro (LP) and 25% neutral protamine lispro (NPL)], to regular human insulin (HR) and LP with respect to glucose response and pharmacokinetics following a test meal in patients with Type 1 diabetes.Methods  After fasting overnight, patients received an intravenous insulin infusion to standardize blood glucose (BG) to 7.5 mmol/l (135 mg/dl). In a randomised, three‐way crossover study, HR was injected 30 min before, and LP or HM was injected immediately before the test meal on three separate occasions. For each patient, LP and HR were administered at identical doses; the HM dose was one and one third times that of HR and LP to maintain the same dose of short or rapid‐acting insulin. The insulin infusion was stopped 15 min after the insulin injection. Free insulin and BG concentrations were measured frequently for 7 h following the test meal.Results  HM and LP resulted in better glycaemic control than HR during the observation period. BG concentrations during the first 4–5 h did not differ between HM and LP. However, HM exhibited prolonged insulin activity relative to LP beyond 5 h, extending the duration of action by approximately 1 h, and resulting in lower overall BG concentrations when the 0–6‐ and 0–7‐h intervals were considered.Conclusions  Compared with LP, HM provided similar glycaemic control for up to 5 h and superior glycaemic control from 5 to 7 h following a standard test meal
Dietary constraints on sexual activity, mating success, and survivorship of male Delia antiqua
Authors: McDonald R.S. , Borden J.H. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe effects of protein‐deprivation on the sexual activity and reproductive fitness of male onion flies, Delia antiqua (Meigen) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), were investigated under laboratory conditions. The percentage of males inseminating gravid females, the magnitude of ovipositional response, and the total numbers of eggs deposited in 1:1 or 1:10 male:female matchings over two days was unaffected by deprivation of dietary protein. The LT50's (median survival time) for solitary males provided proteinaceous, sucrose, or water diets were 38.0, 25.8, and 6.0 days, respectively. Yet independent of diet effects, males lost 50% of their wing tissue by fragmentation after 26 days, suggesting that wing condition is more important in determining male reproductive fitness than longetivity. Male mating frequency in single pairings with previtellogenic females deprived of proteinaceous diet for ten days was similar to that of gravid, protein‐fed females. In no‐choice and choice mating bioassays at a 10:1 female:male ratio, however, males inseminated significantly fewer previtellogenic than gravid females over 24 h. Despite evidence for male autogeny, removal of exogenous protein resources in the Allium agroecosystem may have important effects on the reproductive competency and fecundity of D. antiqua.
Comparison of wild type and genetically engineered nuclear polyhedrosis viruses of Autographa californica for mortality, virus replication and polyhedra production in Trichoplusia ni larvae
Authors: Kunimi Yasuhisa , Fuxa James R. , Hammock Bruce D. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractVirus replication and polyhedra production of two polyhedron‐positive recombinant nuclear polyhedrosis viruses of Autographa californica, AcJHE.KK and AcAaIT which encode juvenile hormone esterase and scorpion toxin, respectively, were compared with those of a plaque purified wild‐type nuclear polyhedrosis virus, AcMNPV‐C6, in Trichoplusia ni larvae. Though average times required to kill the T. ni larvae increased with the age of the larvae, killing time by either recombinant virus was significantly shorter than that by wild‐type virus. Killing time was reduced ca. 30% for AcAaIT‐infected larvae and 5 to 8% for AcJHE.KK‐infected larvae as compared to that for AcMNPV‐C6‐infected larvae. The average weight of larvae infected with AcAaIT was significantly lower than that of larvae infected with AcJHE.KK and AcMNPV‐C6. The mean numbers of polyhedra produced in each larva inoculated with AcAaIT and AcJHE.KK were ca. 20% and 60%, respectively, of those for AcMNPV‐C6. Total virus titers in AcMNPV‐C6‐infected larvae were significantly higher than those in AcJHE.KK‐ and AcAaIT‐infected larvae until 2 days post infection.
The influence of insecticide residues on primary parasitoid and hyperparasitoid foraging behaviour in the laboratory
Authors: Longley Martin , Jepson Paul C. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe behaviour of Aphidius rhopalosiphi DeStefani‐Perez (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was recorded in laboratory bioassays in the presence and absence of both residues of honeydew from the English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (F.) and the pyrethroid insecticide, deltamethrin. Insecticide concentrations ranged from the field recommended dose rate (6.25 g ai/ha in 200 l water) to 1/16th of field rate. Parasitoids responded strongly to patches of honeydew on filter papers, however the addition of increasing concentrations of deltamethrin caused increasingly early departure from the honeydew‐treated areas. Parasitoids pre‐exposed to field concentration residues for between 1 and 20 min showed shorter retention times and abnormal types of behaviour on honeydew‐treated patches compared to control wasps. Recovery of ‘normal’ behaviour patterns occurred over a 12 h period away from the insecticide source. Further laboratory studies examined the foraging of A. rhopalosiphi and one of its associated hyperparasitoids, Dendrocerus carpenteri (Curtis), on mature wheat plants treated with an artificial honeydew solution and deltamethrin. Wasps exposed to deltamethrin residues were observed to spend shorter visit times, to groom more frequently and to rest less frequently than those on insecticide‐free plants. Differences were found between the distribution of parasitoids on insecticide‐treated and untreated plants, with D. carpenteri showing greater movement down insecticide‐treated plants accompanied with an increase in time spent on abaxial leaf surfaces compared to A. rhopalosiphi. The results are discussed in terms of the repellency of deltamethrin and the implications for integrated pest management of differing sub‐lethal insecticide effects on primary parasitoid and hyperparasitoid behaviour.
When good bugs go bad: intraguild predation by Jalysus wickhami on the parasitoid, Cotesia congregata
Authors: Kester Karen M. , Jackson D. Michael 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWe report a case of direct intraguild predation involving an insect predator and parasitoid in an agricultural system. The spined stilt bug, Jalysus wickhami Van Duzee, feeds on eggs of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta L., and also on prepupal and pupal stages of the gregarious hornworm parasitoid, Cotesia congregata (Say). In two separate trials, mean mortality of attached parasitoids was significantly lower (66%, 73%) than that of their detached siblings (97%, 96%) after a 3 day exposure to stilt bugs, demonstrating that attachment to the host offered some protection against predation. In no‐choice experiments, prepupal parasitoids suffered greater mortality (0 day‐old = 61%, 1 day‐old = 65%) than pupal parasitoids (2 day‐old = 50%, 3 day‐old = 14%). When offered in combination with 0 or 2 day‐old hornworm eggs, respective mortality of 0,1,2 and 3‐day‐old pupal parasitoids showed a similar pattern (67%, 63%, 33% and 23%). In another experiment, mortality of 0‐day‐old pupal parasitoids (64%) was greater than that of 3 day‐old pupal parasitoids (38%). Mortality of pupal parasitoids was not affected by the availability of hornworm eggs, a highly acceptable food. Younger pupal parasitoids (= prepupae) probably suffered greater mortality because they were more easily fed on by stily bugs than older (pupated) ones. Because C. congregata overwinters in the prepupal stage, it may be particularly vulnerable to attack late in the season when stilt bug populations are large and hornworm eggs are relatively uncommon.
Characteristics of oviposition behaviour of the pollen beetle, Meligethes aeneus on four different host plants
Authors: Borg Annika , Ekbom Barbara 
Published: October 2003

AbstractOviposition behaviour of Meligethes aeneus F. (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) is characterised and quantified on four different plant species. Six behavioural components are identified: W – walking, WA – walking with abdomen on surface, R – resting, B – biting, AOH – placing abdomen over the bite hole and OVI – oviposition. Comparison of host acceptance behaviours on Brassica napus L., Brassica juncea (L.) Czern, Brassica nigra (L.) Koch and Sinapis alba L. showed that S. alba was accepted as a host only after a long exposure to the plant. Behaviour on the Brassica species was similar, however on B. nigra beetles spent a high proportion of time actually ovipositing. We conclude that important cues for oviposition are located both on the bud surface and inside the bud.
Foraging behavior and growth of isolated larvae of a social caterpillar, Malacosoma americanum
Authors: Fitzgerald T.D. , Visscher C.R. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIn laboratory experiments, isolated eastern tent caterpillars, Malacosoma americanum (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae), grew more slowly than their grouped siblings even though factors previously reported to give grouped caterpillars an advantage were eliminated from our experimental design. Analysis of time‐lapse videorecordings of daily foraging bouts showed that, despite their slower growth, isolated individuals fed significantly more often than their grouped siblings. This finding is consistent with previous observations showing that the rate at which tent caterpillars assimilate food is largely independent of foraging frequency and suggests that increased metabolic costs associated with superfluous activity may cause isolated caterpillars to grow slower. More rapid growth of grouped caterpillars also appears attributable to the significantly longer periods of time solitary caterpillars spent inactive during episodes of molting. Our study shows that the distinctive temporal pattern of foraging characteristic of intact colonies of eastern tent caterpillars is a emergent property of the group.
Development of a mite bioassay to evaluate plant resistance and its use in determining regeneration of spider mite resistance
Authors: Harman J. , Paul P. , Craig R. , Cox‐Foster D. , Medford J. , Mumma R.O. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe zonal geranium (Pelargonium xhortorum) possesses tall glandular trichomes that secrete anacardic acids, a viscous, sticky exudate which has been suggested as the primary mechanism in two‐spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) resistance. A new bioassay was developed using small Plexiglas® cylinders as chambers for evaluating the resistance of geranium leaves to the two‐spotted spider mite. This bioassay was easy to prepare, required only 24 hours to conduct, exhibited no problems with desiccation, condensation, or mite accountability, and yielded reproducible results. This bioassay was then used to study the regeneration of resistance of attached geranium leaves after they were made mite‐susceptible by removing the excreted anacardic acids with water. Washed leaves regained full resistance after 14 days.
Desensitization of fifth instar Spodoptera litura to azadirachtin and neem
Authors: Bomford Michael K. , Isman Murray B. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe deterrence of azadirachtin, in its pure form and as a constituent of neem seed extract, to fifth instar Spodoptera litura (Fab.) larvae, was measured using cabbage, Brassica oleraceae (L.) var. capitata, leaf disc assays. Paired‐choice assays, in which larvae could choose between feeding on a treated (1.3 ng azadirachtin per square cm leaf area) or an untreated leaf disc for 2 h, were conducted at 24 h intervals throughout the fifth instar. In addition, no‐choice assays, in which larvae could feed on only one leaf disc (10 ng azadirachtin per square cm leaf area) for 1.5 h, were conducted consecutively over a six hour period at the beginning of the fifth instar. The effects of hunger and habituation on desensitization in our no‐choice tests were partitioned. After repeated exposures, larvae became desensitized to pure azadirachtinal in both choice and no‐choice tests, but did not desensitize to neem containing the same absolute amount of azadirachtin in choice tests. Hunger was responsible for approximately one third of the desensitization response in the no‐choice tests. Sensitivity to azadirachtin was independent of age within the fifth instar.
Intraspecific larval competition in two solitary parasitoids, Apoanagyrus (Epidinocarsis) lopezi and Leptomastix dactylopii
Authors: van Baaren Joan , Nénon Jean‐Pierre 
Published: October 2003

AbstractEncyrtid Hymenoptera, Apoanagyrus (Epidinocarsis) lopezi De Santis and Leptomastix dactylopii Howard are strictly solitary endoparasitoids of mealybug larvae and adults, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile‐Ferrero and Planococcus citri Risso (Pseudococcidae), respectively. For both species, the survival rate of the supernumerary parasitoid according to the time interval between the two ovipositions has been determined by dissecting superparasitized hosts. For A. lopezi, the survival rate of the second parasitoid is at least equal to 30% when the time interval between the two ovipositions is less than 2 days, then it drops rapidly down to 10%. For L. dactylopii, the survival rate of the second parasitoid is 23% for a one hour interval between the two ovipositions and thereafter decreases very rapidly to reach a stable value of 7%. Differences between the two species might be partly due to the immunological defense reactions of their respective hosts. In the two Encyrtidae, supernumerary individuals are eliminated partly by physical attack between larvae at the L2 stage and partly by a physiological suppression of the second parasitoid by the first at the egg or larval stage. Earlier findings had shown that females of each species oviposit preferentially in hosts in which their progeny has the highest probability of survival: this would indicate that the adaptive value of conspecific superparasitism depends essentially on the survival rate of the second parasitoid in superparasitized hosts.
Mobility of three generalist predators is greater on cabbage with glossy leaf wax than on cabbage with a wax bloom
Authors: Eigenbrode S.D. , Castagnola T. , Roux M.‐B. , Steljes L. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAdult coccinellids Hippodamia convergens Guerrin‐Menneville, adult minute pirate bugs Orius insidiosus (Say), and larval lacewings Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) have been reported to more effectively reduce populations of Plutella xylostella (L.) (Plutellidae: Lepidoptera) larvae on a cabbage with glossy surface waxes than on a standard cabbage variety. To examine the mechanisms, the behavior of each predator species was quantified on the two cabbage types. All three predators spent less time walking on the standard variety and more time in other activities, including grooming and ‘scrambling’ (ineffective forward locomotion). In addition, walking by each predator was distributed more evenly among the parts of the leaf on the glossy cabbage than on the standard variety. In small enclosures, C. carnea and O. insidiosus found and attacked individual first instar P. xylostella more quickly on the glossy cabbage. Scanning electron micrographs showed debris, probably wax, on the tarsae of C. carnea and O. insidiosus that had walked on the standard variety, but not on those that had walked on glossy cabbage. H. convergens tarsae did not accumulate debris on either cabbage type. Predator mobility and effectiveness were apparently impeded by wax crystals, which are present only on the standard variety. This mechanism can explain the greater effectiveness of these generalist predators against P. xylostella larvae on glossy vs normal‐wax cabbage.
Performance of the predator Delphastus pusillus on Bemisia resistant and susceptible tomato lines
Authors: Heinz Kevin M. , Zalom Frank G. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractHost plant resistance and biological control are often assumed to act additively to suppress populations of agricultural pests. Using tomato trichome based resistance to the whitefly Bemisia argentifolii, we tested this additivity assumption with Delphastus pusillus, a coccinelid predator of Bemisia. Various life history traits of D. pusillus were measured on the tomato cultivar ‘Alta,’ which possessed foliage with 3‐fold greater trichome densities than the second cultivar ‘VF145B7879.’ Beetles housed on VF145B7879 exhibited significantly greater lifetime fecundities and walking speeds than beetles housed on Alta. No cultivar‐specific differences were observed in D. pusillus longevities or handling times. Combining these observations with previously published reports of reduced B. argentifolii population growth rates on Alta compared to VF145B7879, we tested the hypothesis that increased levels of whitefly biological control could be obtained on VF145B7879 by comparison to Alta through releases of D. pusillus. Analyses of results obtained from replicated population trials detected significant reductions in whitefly populations due to D. pusillus releases, but they did not detect a significant influence of tomato cultivar on the ability of D. pusillus to suppress whitefly populations. Significantly longer beetle residence times on Alta than on VF145B7879 may have compensated for the significantly slower walking speeds and reduced lifetime fecundities observed on Alta and produced a neutral effect of foliar trichome densities on B. argentifolii biological control.
Preference for plants damaged by conspecific larvae in ovipositing cabbage root flies: influence of stimuli from leaf surface and roots
Authors: Baur Robert , Koš?ál Vladimír , Patrian Bruno , Städler Erich 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIn laboratory dual‐choice assays females of the cabbage root fly, Delia radicum, prefer for oviposition plants with roots damaged by conspecific larvae to undamaged controls. Cauliflower and kale plants were inoculated with root fly eggs (25 per plant) and the hatching larvae were allowed to feed on the roots for various periods of time (1‐17 days). After 4 (cauliflower) or 5 (kale) days of larval feeding the oviposition preference was most pronounced and flies laid between 64% and 68% of their eggs near plants with damaged roots. Later, with increasing damage but fewer surviving, and thus actively feeding, larvae, the magnitude of the preference declined. The preference for plants already damaged by conspecific larvae may contribute to the previously observed aggregated distribution of D. radicum eggs in Brassica crop fields.Further experiments revealed that the sensory cues inducing this oviposition preference originate from the complex consisting of the damaged roots, the surrounding substrate (soil) and associated microbes, rather than from the aerial plant parts. In choice assays using the root‐substrate complex of damaged and control plants (aerial parts removed), the observed preference for damaged roots was similar to that found for the entire plant but was more pronounced. The damaged roots alone, compared to control roots, received up to 72% (cauliflower) and 75% (kale) of the eggs. By contrast, surrogate leaves sprayed with methanolic leaf surface extracts from the most preferred plants which had been damaged were not discriminated from surrogate leaves sprayed with extracts of the respective control plants. Analysis of glucosinolate levels in methanolic leaf surface extracts revealed that root damage resulted in enhanced concentrations of indole‐glucosinolates on the leaf surface in kale but not in cauliflower. Although indole‐glucosinolates are oviposition stimulants for the cabbage root fly, the induced changes were apparently too small to influence oviposition behaviour.
Electroantennogram, wind tunnel and field responses of male Mediterranean corn borer, Sesamia nonagrioides, to several blends of its sex pheromone components
Authors: Sans A. , Riba M. , Eizaguirre M. , Lopez C. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe electrophysiological and behavioural responses of male Sesamia nonagrioides Lefèbvre (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to several synthetic blends of its sex pheromone components were investigated. Electroantennogram (EAG) recordings showed the greatest response to a 77:8:10:5 blend of the four compounds found in the female glands: (Z)‐11‐hexadecen‐1‐yl acetate, (Z)‐11‐hexadecen‐1‐ol, (Z)‐11‐hexadecenal and dodecyl acetate. A logistic equation was fitted to the dose‐response data and differences in relative EAG responses were analysed by deriving five parameters of this equation. Flight responses of males were also evaluated in a wind tunnel where the proposed blend (77:8:10:5) also elicited the best response. Field tests confirmed the laboratory findings as the 77:8:10:5 blend captured more S. nonagrioides males than other pheromone mixtures and showed more selectivity for male S. nonagrioides over other noctuid species, Discestra trifolii Rottenberg and Lacanobia oleracea L., but not for Mythimna unipuncta Haworth, a species with a sex pheromone composition almost identical to that of S. nonagrioides.