bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Taxing International Financial Transactions to Enhance the Operation of the International Monetary System
Authors: Eichengreen Barry , Wyplosz Charles 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Most economists are instinctively sceptical about taxing international financial transactions as a way to enhance the operation of the international monetary system. Holders of the union card are taught to prize the efficiency of the market and to regard intervention through taxation and controls as welfare reducing. They are trained to anticipate the incentive of market participants to evade taxes and circumvent administrative restrictions. These instincts are evident in the debate over the Tobin tax (see, respectively, Obstfeld 1995 and Garber and Taylor 1995).
Managing Capital Inflows in Latin America
Authors: Agosin Manuel R , Ffrench-Davis Ricardo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Towards the end of the 1980s, private capital inflows began to return to Latin America (see Calvo, Leiderman and Reinhart 1993; French-Davis and Griffith-:Jones 1995; and Ocampo 1994). Undoubtedly welcome, the reversal of the drought in capital inflows of the 1980s has relieved the binding foreign exchange constraint under which most countries laboured during the debt crisis. But both the magnitude of the new capital flows and their composition have caused problems for which the recipient countries have by and large been ill prepared.
The Republic of Korea ‘s Experience with Managing Foreign Capital Flows
Authors: Park Yung Chul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For more than twenty years since the Foreign Exchange Management Act was enacted in 1961, the Republic of Korea maintained strict capital controls to prevent capital flight and to allocate its limited foreign exchange resources to export and other strategic industries. But recognizing the inefficiency of these regulations and given the worldwide trend towards economic liberalization, Korea has been liberalizing capital account transactions since the early 1980s. In December 1994, it launched the Plan for Foreign Exchange System Reform to accelerate this process and to prepare for membership in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The plan envisages a capital account regime that, by 2000, will be as liberal and open as those in industrial economies.
Molecular Mechanisms of the Fibroblast Growth Factor Family
Authors: Engleka Kurt A , Maciag Thomas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The “fibroblast” in fibroblast growth factor(FGF) is derived from its initial characterization as a potent mitogen for the murine 3T3 fibroblast-like cell line. However, the moniker should not be misconstrued as a restrictive one for what is now a multimembered growth factor family. FGFs regulate cellular proliferation and differentiation in a wide variety of cell types besides fibroblasts, including neuronal, epithelial and vascular cells. Therefore, FGFs function in a preponderance of cellular and tissue generative processes as well as neoplastic disorders. FGFs are produced by and display direct activity for endothelial and smooth muscle cells and induce the formation of blood vessels from preexisting vessels. In this regard, the characterization of the FGF growth factor system in cellular proliferation and tissue differentiation has illuminated much about the molecular mechanisms underlying vascular development and physiology.
Identity Politicsand Hate Crimes
Authors: Jacobs James B , Potter Kimberly 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Thardly needs saying that we share with the proponents of hate crime laws the goal of a tolerant society, in which people are judged by “the content of their character,” not by their race, religion, sexual orientation, or gender. We differ over the means for achieving that goal. The proponents believe that the message-sending potential and the deterrent power of criminal law will deter or persuade criminals and would-be criminals to desist from hate crimes and perhaps to hold fewer and less virulent prejudices. We find this implausible. The conduct which hate crime laws aim at is already criminal. Given that criminals ignore existing criminal laws and punishment threats, we doubt that the additional threat promised by hate crime laws adds much, if any, marginal deterrence; this is especially true for the most serious offenses. In any event, a highly bigoted offender can probably avoid the hate crime tariff by committing his crime silently. It is possible that the mere promulgation of hate crime laws will contribute to long-term social education and the production of fewer hate criminals, but this too seems implausible given the web of laws already on the books, and the plethora of “messages” and symbols that already denounce bigotry. The occasional hate crime trial or sentence enhancement might reinforce the sociopolitical message of tolerance, but only assuming that the trial is successful, and is widely interpreted as fair and not politically motivated.
Friendly Fire
Authors: Kinney Katherine 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Hundreds of memoirs, novels, plays, and movies have been devoted to the American war in Vietnam. In spite of the great variety of mediums, political perspectives and the degrees of seriousness with which the war has been treated, Katherine Kinney argues that the vast majority of these works share a single story: that of Americans killing Americans in Vietnam. Friendly Fire, in this instance, refers not merely to a tragic error of war, it also refers to America’s war with itself during the Vietnam years. Starting from this point, this book considers the concept of “friendly fire” from multiple vantage points, and portrays the Vietnam age as a crucible where America’s cohesive image of itself is shattered--pitting soldiers against superiors, doves against hawks, feminism against patriarchy, racial fear against racial tolerance. Through the use of extensive evidence from the film and popular fiction of Vietnam (i.e. Kovic’s Born on the Fourth of July, Didion’s Democracy, O’Brien’s Going After Cacciato, Rabe’s Sticks and Bones and Streamers), Kinney draws a powerful picture of a nation politically, culturally, and socially divided, and a war that has been memorialized as a contested site of art, media, politics, and ideology.
Imperial Allegories, American Exceptionalism and Empire
Authors: Kinney Katherine 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Michael Herr’s Dispatches begins with a meditation on a map of Vietnam that hung on the wall of Herr’s Saigon apartment. It had been left there years before by another tenant, probably a Frenchman, since the map had been made in Paris. The paper had buckled in its frame after years in the wet Saigon heat, laying a kind of veil over the countries it depicted. Vietnam was divided into its older territories of Tonkin, Annam, and Cochin China, and to the west, past Laos and Cambodge sat Siam, a kingdom. That’s old, I’d tell visitors, that’s a really old map.
The Age of Mass Migration Causes and Economic Impact
Authors: Hatton Timothy J , Williamson Jeffrey G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
About 55 million Europeans migrated to the New World between 1850 and 1914, landing in North and South America and in Australia. This movement, which marked a profound and permanent shift in global population and economic activity, is described in vivid detail by Timothy J. Hatton and Jeffrey G. Williamson, and the causes and effects relative to this great relocation are soundly analysed. The Age of Mass Migration offers a thorough treatment of a period of vital development in the economic history of the modern world and, moreover, devotes much objective consideration to certain economic questions that still baffle us today: Why does a nation’s emigration rate typically rise with early industrialization? How do immigrants choose their destinations? Are international labour markets segmented? Do immigrants truly “rob” jobs from locals? What impact do immigrants have on wage rates and living standards in the host country? In addressing these issues, and many of others, this book takes a new and comprehensive view of mass migration. Although somewhat controversial in terms of method—it assigns to a social phenomenon an economic explanation and interpretation— The Age of Mass Migration will be useful to all students of migration, historical or contemporary, and to anyone interested in international economic activities.
The Body And The State: Early Modern Europe
Authors: Spierenburg Pieter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1757 Robert-Frarn;:ois Damiens was sentenced to be publicly quartered in Paris for attempting to take the life of King Louis XV. Because the unusual strength of his muscles and joints prevented the horses from tearing his arms and legs apart, the executioner had to make incisions to carry out the punishment. But the affecting drama of Damiens’s suffering, detailed by Michel Foucault at the opening of his Discipline and Punish, should not mislead us into thinking many offenders were treated as harshly. On the contrary, Damiens’s execution was altogether exceptional. The judges, uncertain what punishment to inflict for so heinous a crime, decided to impose the same sentence that the previous regicide, Frarn;:ois Ravaillac, had received in 1610. French authorities had not quartered anyone in the intervening years, and they would never do so again.
Perfecting The Prison: United States, 1789-1865
Authors: Rothman David J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The history of the origins and development of the prison system in the United States confronts what appears to be an extraordinary paradox. In the 1820s and 1830s, when democratic principles were receiving their most enthusiastic endorsement, when the “common people”were participating fully in politics and electing Andrew Jackson their president, incarceration became the central feature of criminal justice. At the very moment that Americans began to pride themselves on the openness of their society, when the boundless frontier became the symbol of opportunity and equality, an idea developed: those convicted of crimes would be confined behind walls, in single cells, and would follow rigid and unyielding routines. As principles of freedom became more celebrated in the outside society, notions of total isolation, unquestioned obedience, and severe discipline became the hallmarks of the captive society. Indeed, to make the puzzle more intriguing, Jacksonian Americans took enormous pride in their prisons, were eager to show them off to European visitors, and boasted that the United States had ushered in a new era in the history of crime and punishment.
The Australian Experience: The Convict Colony
Authors: Hirst John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Throughout history convicts have been removed from the society in which they have offended. Sometimes they have been sent into exile, the policy Britain followed in sending convicts to the American colonies. Sometimes they have been sent to special penal settlements, like those the French ran in their colonies of Guiana and New Caledonia. Only once have convicts been sent to found the society in which they were to endure their punishment. This was the strange beginning of European settlement in Australia.
Local Justice: The Jail
Authors: McConville Sean 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
No other public institution so well embodies the contradictions among which we live. Certainly symbols and instruments of order and law-to hold a prisoner implies de liberation and process rather than summary disposal-jails have equally been identified with grand and petty tyranny, sadism, corruption, extortion, debauchery, contamination, ruin, and despair. Refuges of last resort, the door from which the mad, sick, destitute, and unwanted could not be turned away, jails have also been, and are, places of terror, degradation, and suffering. They take away liberty, yet to some they impart a sense of freedom and security. Jails have always attracted philanthropic and political criticism, yet as prosperity and security advances, in some Western societies the jail does not fade away but rather grows and becomes an even more common experience.
Virginia’s Private War
Authors: Blair William 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book tells the story of how Confederate civilians in the Old Dominion struggled to feed not only their stomachs but also their souls. Although demonstrating the ways in which the war created many problems within southern communities, Virginia’s Private War: Feeding Body and Soul in the Confederacy, 1861-1865 does not support scholars who claim that internal dissent caused the Confederacy’s downfall. Instead, it offers a study of the Virginia home front that depicts how the Union army’s continued pressure created destruction, hardship, and shortages that left the Confederate public spent and demoralized with the surrender of the army under Robert E. Lee. This book, however, does not portray the population as uniformly united in a Lost Cause. Virginians complained a great deal about the management of the war. Letters to the governor and to the Confederate secretary of war demonstrate how dissent escalated to dangerous proportions by the spring and summer of 1863. Women rioted in Richmond for food. Soldiers left the army without permission to check on their families and farms. Various groups vented their hatred on Virginias rich men of draft age who stayed out of the army by purchasing substitutes. Such complaints, ironically, may have prolonged the war, for some of the Confederacy’s leaders responded by forcing the wealthy to shoulder more of the burden for prosecuting the war. Substitution ended, and the men who stayed home became government growers who distributed goods at reduced cost to the poor. But, as the case is made in Virginias Private War, none of these efforts could finally overcome an enemy whose unrelenting pressure strained the resources of Rebel Virginians to the breaking point. Arguing that the state of Virginia both waged and witnessed a “rich man’s fight” that has until now been downplayed or misunderstood by many if not most of our Civil War scholars, William Blair provides in these pages a detailed portrait of this conflict that is bold, original, and convincing. He draws from the microcosm of Virginia several telling conclusions about the Confederacy’s rise, demise, and identity, and his study will therefore appeal to anyone with a taste for Civil War history--and Virginia’s unique place in that history, especially.
The Birth Of Empire, DeWitt Clinton and the American Experience, 1769—1828
Authors: Cornog Evan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
DeWitt Clinton (1769-1828) was one of the nation's strongest political leaders in the first quarter of the nineteenth century, serving as mayor of New York City, governor of the state, and narrowly losing the Presidential race of 1812 to James Madison. Patrician in his sentiments, Clinton nevertheless invented new forms of party politics. His greatest achievement, the Erie Canal, hastened the economic expansion of the country, altered the political geography of the nation, set an example for activist government, and decisively secured New York City's position as America's first and foremost metropolis. This new book relates the full biography of one of the most important political figures in US history.
Cloning Human Beings: An Assessment of the Ethical Issues Pro and Con
Authors: Brock Dan W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The world of science and the public at large were both shocked and fascinated by the announcement in the journal Nature by Ian Wilmut and his colleagues that they had successfully cloned a sheep from a single cell of an adult sheep.1 Scientists were in part surprised because many had believed that after the very early stage of embryo development at which differentiation of cell function begins to take place it would not be possible to achieve cloning of an adult mammal by nuclear transfer. In this process the nucleus from the cell of an adult mammal is inserted into an ennucleated ovum, and the resulting embryo develops following the complete genetic code of the mammal from which the inserted nucleus was obtained. Some scientists and much of the public were troubled or apparently even horrified, however, at the prospect that if adult mammals such as sheep could be cloned, then cloning of adult humans by the same process would likely be possible as well. Of course, the process is far from perfected, even with sheep; it took 276 failures by Wilmut and his colleagues to produce Dolly, their one success, and whether the process can be successfully replicated in other mammals, much less in humans, is not now known. Those who were horrified at the prospect of human cloning were not, however, reassured by the fact that the sci-ence with humans is not yet there, for it looked to them now perilously close.
Tumor Imaging and Response
Authors: Greenberg Harry S , Chandler William F , Sandler Howard M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Tumor imaging has changed dramatically since 1970 (Table 3-1 ). The modern era of central nervous system imaging began in 1973 with the introduction of computed tomography (CT). In 1975, Oldendorf and Hounsfeld received the Lasker award for their contribution to early CT imaging theory. In 1979, Hounsfeld and Cormack were awarded the Nobel Prize for their discovery. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the static imaging procedure of choice for brain tumors, was developed in the mid-1980s.
Radiation Therapy for Brain Tumors: Current Practice
Authors: Greenberg Harry S , Chandler William F , Sandler Howard M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT) is used frequently as a component of brain tumor therapy along with surgical resection and chemotherapy. Most often radiation therapy is used to treat neoplastic cells that remain in situ after a neurosurgical procedure; this helps define the tumor types for which RT has a role. That is, RT is generally used for invasive lesions that are difficult if not impossible to resect completely microscopically (i.e, most astrocytomas) or for lesions that, when accessible, are surgically curable but are technically unrcsectable (i.e., certain skull-based meningiomas).
Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy
Authors: Kissel John T , Mendell Jerry R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) is an acquired immune-mediated neuropathy that causes significant neurological morbidity. Since there have been no population-based incidence studies of CIDP, there is no clear estimate of its frequency outside of tertiary care referral centers, where it may represent as many as 10%-30% of previously undiagnosed cases of neuropathy.1-2 Although diagnostic criteria for the condition have been established, not all cases fulfill these criteria, and the condition is often misdiagnosed, especially in the early stages. CIDP is clearly the most common form of treatable neuropathy likely to be encountered by the practicing clinician, and most patients show a very gratifying early response to treatment. The high rate of relapse, and the significant side effects associated with many forms of treatment, however, frequently preclude a long-term successful outcome.
The Social Health of the Nation
Authors: Miringoff Marc , Miringoff Marque-Luisa 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For the past twelve years, the annual release of the Index of Social Health has been a major event, cited in The New York Times, The Washington Post, and other national media our most reliable barometer of progress in addressing America’s social ills. Now, in The Social Health of the Nation, the Index for 1999—an invaluable fount of information—is available for the first time in book form. Rejecting the notion that the Dow Jones Industrial Averages and its ilk are the sole valid measures of progress in the United States, the authors offer a fuller and deeper view of our nation’s quality of life, gathering together statistical information on such factors as the well-being of America’s children and youth, the accessibility of health care, the quality of education, or the adequacy of housing. Readers will find solid information about drug abuse, children in poverty, life expectancy, homicides, and health insurance coverage. And we get these facts in context, so that we know where we are improving—for instance, poverty among the elderly, infant mortality, and the high school dropout rate have all declined. Equally important, we discover where we are losing ground—suicide rates among the young are 40 percent higher than in 1970, for example, and income inequality is at its worst level in 50 years. Here then is the key to the true State of the Union. The first national survey in the U.S. to bring together varied aspects of social health, including education, work, family, medical care, American culture, and the arts, The Social Health of the Nation gives us a more finely focused picture of the national fabric—and reveals where that fabric needs mending.
Cholera, Chloroform, and the Science of Medicine
Authors: Vinten-Johansen Peter , Brody Howard , Paneth Nigel , Rachman Stephen , Rip Michael , Zuck David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The product of six years of collaborative research, this fine biography offers new interpretations of a pioneering figure in anaesthesiology, epidemiology, medical cartography, and public health. It modifies the conventional rags to riches portrait of John Snow by synthesising fresh information about his early life from archival research and recent studies. It explores the intellectual roots of his commitments to vegetarianism, temperance, and pure drinking water, first developed when he was a medical apprentice and assistant in the north of England. The authors argue that all of Snow’s later contributions are traceable to the medical paradigm he imbibed as a medical student in London and put into practice early in his career as a clinician: that medicine as a science required the incorporation of recent developments in its collateral sciences, chiefly anatomy, chemistry, and physiology, in order to understand the causes of disease. Snow’s theoretical breakthroughs in anaesthesia were extensions of his experimental research in respiratory physiology and the properties of inhaled gases. Shortly thereafter, his understanding of gas laws led him to reject miasmatic explanations for the spread of cholera, and to develop an alternative theory in consonance with what was then known about chemistry and the physiology of digestion. Using all of Snow’s writings, the authors follow him when working in his home laboratory, visiting patients throughout London, attending medical society meetings, and conducting studies during the cholera epidemics of 1849 and 1854. The result is a book that demythologises some overly heroic views of Snow by providing a fairer measure of his actual contributions. It will have an impact not only on the understanding of the man but also on the history of epidemiology and medical science.
Cholera Theories: Controversy and Confusion
Authors: Vinten-Johansen Peter , Brody Howard , Paneth Nigel , Rachman Stephen , Rip Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As Late Summer Turned To Autumn in the year 1848, Snow occupied himself with narcotism research and his growing anesthesia practice. No other British physician or scientist was engaged in the project he had undertaken: to study ether and chloroform as members of a family of volatile narcotic agents related by common chemical and physical properties and to determine the physiological mechanisms by which members of the family exerted their effects. In addition, following the initial reports from Flourens’s laboratory, no work on the basic physiology of anesthesia was underway in France. Occasional reports of deaths under chloroform continued to appear in the medical literature. These deaths demanded Snow’s analysis because, as an advocate of inhalation anesthesia, he needed to determine whether they were due to the chloroform itself or (as he had stated on many occasions) defects in the apparatus and improper administration.