bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strategies of Waste: Bidding Wars in the Brazilian Automobile Sector
Authors: Rodríguez‐Pose André , Arbix Glauco 
Published: March 2003

Since the mid‐1990s, Brazil has become one of the main recipients of foreign direct investment in the automobile sector. As in the late 1950s and early 1960s, world car manufacturers are investing heavily in the building of new car plants. The renewed interest of car companies in Brazil is a result of the huge and expanding internal market and the relatively stable macroeconomic panorama of the mid‐1990s. However, and in contrast to what happened in the 1950s and 1960s, most new car plants are being located outside the São Paulo metropolitan area, the traditional hub of the Brazilian motor industry. Although some argue that, among other reasons, this is the result of lower labour costs elsewhere in Brazil and of improved infrastructure in the country, this article aims to demonstrate that the recent decentralization of the Brazilian motor industry is basically linked to perverse territorial competition among Brazilian states. This sort of territorial competition – known in Brazil as the ‘fiscal wars’– represents a pure waste of resources, both for the states engaged in them, as well as for Brazil as a whole.Depuis le milieu des annès 1990, le Brésil est devenu l'une des principales destinations de l'investissement direct à l'étranger dans le secteur de l'automobile. Comme vers la fin des années 1950 et le début des années 1960, les fabricants mondiaux de véhicules investissent massivement dans la construction de nouvelles usines. Le regain d'intérêt de ces sociétés pour le Brésil résulte en partie de la taille et de l'expansion du marché intérieur, ainsi que de la relative stabilité du paysage macroéconomique du milieu des années 1990. Pourtant, et contrairement au phénomène précédent, la plupart des nouvelles usines s'implantent hors de la zone métropolitaine de São Paulo, centre traditionnel de l'industrie automobile brésilienne. Pour certains, ce choix provient, entre autres raisons, du fait que les co?ts du travail sont plus faibles partout ailleurs au Brésil et que les infrastructures se sont améliorées; cependant, cet article vise à démontrer que la récente décentralisation de l'industrie automobile brésilienne est fondamentalement liée à une concurrence territoriale perverse entre états brésiliens. Ce type de compétition – appelé au Brésil les ‘guerres fiscales‘– constitue un pur gaspillage de ressources, à la fois pour les états protagonistes et pour le pays tout entier.
Physical Place and Cyberplace: The Rise of Personalized Networking
Authors: Wellman Barry 
Published: March 2003

Computer networks are social networks. Social affordances of computer‐supported social networks – broader bandwidth, wireless portability, globalized connectivity, personalization – are fostering the movement from door‐to‐door and place‐to‐place communities to person‐to‐person and role‐to‐role communities. People connect in social networks rather than in communal groups. In‐person and computer‐mediated communication are integrated in communities characterized by personalized networking.Les réseaux informatiques sont des réseaux sociaux. Les possibilités sociales qu’offrent les réseaux sociaux informatisés – bande passante plus large, portabilité sans fil, connectivité mondiale, personnalisation – sont en train de favoriser le passage de communautés de porte‐à‐porte et de lieu‐à‐lieu vers des communautés d’individu‐à‐individu et de rôle‐à‐rôle. Ainsi, les gens se lient davantage dans des réseaux sociaux que dans des collectivités. Les communications directes et via l’informatique sont intégrées dans des communautés caractérisées par un maillage personnalisé.
Plural Cities and Ethnic Enclaves: Introducing a Measurement Procedure for Comparative Study
Authors: Poulsen Michael , Johnson Ron , Forrest James 
Published: March 2003

World cities attract two major streams of migrants – those who occupy the upper levels of their occupational hierarchies (the ‘globalized professionals’) on the one hand and marginalized, low–skill workers on the other. These two groups are often of different ethnic status, and it is argued that multicultural world cities are thus fractured in both their labour and housing markets along ethnic as well as economic lines. There has been little formal testing of these ideas, however. In this introductory article we introduce a method that can be used for comparative studies of residential fragmentation – an index of residential concentration – and apply it to three cities which have experienced rapid, multiethnic immigration in recent decades (New York, Sydney and Auckland). The patterns displayed indicate much greater fragmentation in New York than in the other two cities, suggesting that the ‘conventional wisdom’ regarding ethnic residential patterns may over–emphasize ‘American exceptionalism’.Les villes mondiales attirent deux grands flux de migrants: ceux qui occupent les niveaux supérieurs de leurs hiérarchies professionnelles (les ‘experts mondialisés’) d’une part, et les travailleurs peu qualifiés et marginalisés, de l’autre; ces deux groupes sont souvent de statut ethnique différent. De ce fait, ces grandes villes multiculturelles subissent, dit–on, une fracture de leurs marchés du travail et du logement selon des critères à la fois ethniques et économiques – affirmations qui ont rarement été mises à l’épreuve. Cet article introductif présente une méthode utilisable dans des études comparatives de fragmentation résidentielle – indice de concentration résidentielle – en l’appliquant à trois villes ayant connu une rapide immigration multiethnique au cours des dernières décennies (New York, Sydney et Auckland). Les modèles obtenus indiquent une fragmentation bien plus importante à New York que dans les deux autres villes, suggérant que la ‘croyance populaire’à l’égard des schémas résidentiels ethniques surestime peut–être ‘l’exception américaine’.
Whose Place is This Space? Life in the Street Prostitution Area of Helsinki, Finland
Authors: Tani Sirpa 
Published: March 2003

In recent years, there has been growing interest in questions of gender, sexuality and space in geography and within this field of enquiry prostitution has been acknowledged as an important subject for geographical research. This article explores street prostitution in the Finnish context, where it has only been a widely known phenomenon since the 1990s. The subjective and intersubjective images attached to the issue will be interpreted through an analysis of two types of data: newspaper articles and in–depth interviews conducted among local residents and social workers. In addition to the subjective/intersubjective dimension, a narrative of the changing social geographies of prostitution will be reconstructed. The article focuses on the spatial strategies of women, (hetero)sexualization of the street and the process of ‘othering’. In Finland the expanding sex industry caused a huge stir in the media because prior to the 1990s prostitution had played a largely invisible role in society. Due to economic and social changes in the 1990s, the notion of Finland as a homogenous welfare state began to break down, and marginal groups became more visible in public space. The change was so sudden that no political or cultural practices to deal with these issues had been established, as the article shows.On a pu récemment constater un intérÁt croissant pour les questions de genre, sexualité et espace en géographie et, dans ce domaine, la prostitution a été admise comme un sujet important de recherche géographique. Cet article étudie la prostitution sur la voie publique dans le cadre de la Finlande où elle n’est un phénomène largement connu que depuis les années 1990. Les images subjectives et intersubjectives liées à la question sont interprétées via l’analyse de deux types de données: des articles de journaux et des entretiens poussés menés auprès de travailleurs sociaux et résidents locaux. Outre la dimension subjective–intersubjective, est reconstitué un descriptif des géographies sociales évolutives de la prostitution. L’article s’attache aux stratégies spatiales des femmes, à l’(hétéro)sexualisation de la rue et au processus de ‘création de l’autre’. En Finlande, l’industrie florissante du sexe a provoqué d’énormes remous dans les média, car la prostitution avait joué un rôle quasi–invisible dans la société avant les années 1990. A cause des changements économiques et sociaux survenus ensuite, la notion de ‘Finlande, État–providence homogène’ a commencéà s’effondrer et des groupes marginaux ont alors gagné en visibilité dans l’espace public. L’évolution a été si soudaine qu’aucune méthode politique ou culturelle permettant de gérer ces problèmes n’a été définie, comme le montre l’article.
The cluster role in the development of the Thai car industry
Authors: Lecler Yveline 
Published: March 2003

The Thai automotive industry first developed around Bangkok where Japanese car–makers were the first to open plants. During the 1980s, car–makers had to increase their local purchasing to cope with government local content policies. This led to a broader penetration of Japanese parts–makers who also tended to locate their plants close to their affiliated customer. In the 1990s, however, some changes appeared: firstly, the increasing market and the expectation of further growth pushed Japanese car–makers to establish new plants; secondly, the need to cut costs because of increased competition resulted in a new penetration of Japanese parts–makers and subcontractors; thirdly, the excessive concentration around Bangkok pushed the government to implement new policies to develop and industrialize peripheral areas by investing in infrastructures and offering incentives. Additional clusters appeared in several new industrializing areas outside the Bangkok suburb, mainly on the eastern seaboard, with Japanese car and parts–makers opening their new plants in these areas, and with Ford and GM, followed by American parts–makers, also choosing such locations. The article presents these changes in the clustering dynamics in relation to firms’ strategies and public policies, discussing these issues within the framework of the role of the Thai automobile industry in South–East Asia (ASEAN).L’industrie automobile thaïlandaise s’est dans un premier temps développé autour de Bangkok où les constructeurs automobiles japonais ont ouvert les premières lignes d’assemblage. Dans les années quatre–vingt, la politique de contenu national mise en uvre par le gouvernement a incité les constructeurs à augmenter leurs achats locaux, ce qui a conduit à l’implantation dans la même région, des fournisseurs japonais pour alimenter les usines de leurs clients. La décennie suivante a été marquée par plusieurs inflexions: la croissance effective et potentielle du marché a conduit les constructeurs japonais àédifier de nouvelles usines d’assemblage; le renforcement de la pression concurrentielle a rendu nécessaire une réduction des coûts, favorisant l’arrivée de nouveaux entrants dans l’industrie des composants; la concentration excessive dans la région de Bangkok a amené le gouvernement a mettre en uvre une politique de développement et d’industrialisation des régions périphériques par la construction d’infrastructures et des mesures volontaristes d’aide à l’aménagement du territoire. Des complexes automobile se sont édifiés dans de nouveaux espaces en dehors de Bangkok et sa banlieue, principalement vers le bord de mer au sud est. Les nouvelles implantations de constructeurs et fournisseurs japonais ont été suivies par l’arrivée des firmes américaines (Ford et GM). Le papier retrace l’évolution de ces dynamiques d’agglomération en Thaïlande, résultats des stratégies des firmes automobiles et des politiques publiques, tout en analysant la place que prend ce pays en Asie du Sud Est (ASEAN).
Regionalization, Economic Restructuring and Labour Migration in Singapore
Authors: Hui Weng‐Tat 
Published: March 2003

This paper documents the impact of economic development on changes in employment and labour migration in Singapore.High export‐led growth and the relaxation of immigration policies in the late 1960s enabled employment of substantial numbers of unskilled foreign labour in manufacturing, construction and domestic service sectors. Unskilled foreign labour in Singapore now totals about 350,000 or 20 per cent of the labour force. It has made possible an augmentation of domestic labour supply and skills which helped Singapore to achieve higher rates of economic growth. On the negative side, the influx of foreigners has been cited as one possible cause of low productivity growth in the 1970s. In addition to the increased demand on housing, the social costs of crime and the potential economic consequence arising from strained diplomatic ties with the source countries are also areas of concern.Economic development in the 1990s, characterized by the regionalization drive which relocates relatively resource‐intensive operations of Singapore‐based companies overseas, has led to increased retrenchments and a moderation of demand for foreign workers. The upgrading of remaining production operations in Singapore is expected to increase demand for workers with higher skill levels. Emigration of highly educated and skilled professionals from Singapore became a national concern in the late 1980s. However, with regionalization, the new challenge in the 1990s has become one of encouraging Singaporeans to temporarily take up overseas positions.The future foreign labour pool in Singapore is expected to comprise a growing proportion of skilled workers to sustain the 7–8 per cent economic growth rate in the medium term. Slower economic growth in the developed economies and the internationally competitive salaries paid to professionals in Singapore are expected to continue to reduce the outflow of permanent emigrants from Singapore.
Best of Times, Worst of Times, and Occupational Mobility: The Case of Soviet Immigrants in Israel
Authors: Raijman Rebeca , Semyonov Moshe 
Published: March 2003

This article compares the incorporation of two groups of immigrants from the former Soviet Union into the Israeli labour market.The first group arrived in Israel in 1979 and the second group arrived in 1990. The first period was characterized by a small number of immigrants (best of times), and the second period was characterized by mass migration (worst of times).Using data sets assembled by the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, labour force status of the two groups in Israel were examined four years after arrival (1983 and 1994, respectively). We found no difference in rate of labour force participation but considerable differences in the rate of occupational mobility between the two groups of immigrants.Specifically, the data reveal that immigrants were able to find employment in both periods. However, during periods of mass migration, recent immigrants had experienced higher rates of downward occupational mobility and greater loss of occupational status.
Rejected Asylum Seekers: The Problem of Return
Authors: Noll Gregor 
Published: March 2003

During this decade the return of rejected asylum seekers has become an issue of increasing concern to major asylum states in the industrialized world. This article exposes the various political and legal approaches taken by returning states as well as the constraints emerging from human rights law.As a rigid control paradigm and related enforcement practices entail a considerable risk of human rights violations, it seems reasonable to focus on measures enhancing the voluntary compliance of all actors involved with norms governing return.This means negotiating a broad political consensus between returning states and countries of origin, specifying the legal framework with a view to securing the human rights of the rejectee, arranging for impartial monitoring of return practices and rendering voluntary forms of return more attractive.
Impact of Migration on Kerala's Economy and Society
Authors: Zachariah K.C. , Mathew E.T. , Rajan S.Irudaya 
Published: March 2003

This article reports results of the first migration study covering the entire State of Kerala. It encompasses both measurement as well as analysis of the various types and facets of migration. Migration has been the single most dynamic factor in an otherwise dreary development scenario in Kerala during the last quarter of the twentieth century. Kerala is approaching the end of the millennium with a little cheer in many people's homes as a result of migration which has contributed more to poverty alleviation than any other factor, including agrarian reforms, trade union activities and social welfare legislation.The study shows that nearly 1.5 million Keralites now live outside India. They send home more than Rs.4,000 million a year by way of remittances. Three‐quarters of a million former emigrants have come back. They live mostly on savings, work experience, and skills acquired while abroad. More than a million families depend on an internal migrant's earnings for subsistence, children's education and other economic requirements.Whereas the educationally backward Muslims from the Thrissur‐Malappuram region provide the backbone of emigration, it is the educationally forward Ezhawas, Nairs and Syrian Christians from the former Travancore‐Cochin State who form the core of internal migration.The article also analyses the determinants and consequences of internal and external migration. It offers suggestions for policy formulation directed at optimum utilization of remittances sent home by emigrants and the expertise brought back by the return migrants.Migration in Kerala began with demographic expansion, but it will not end up with demographic contraction. Kerala has still to develop into an internally self‐sustaining economy. The prevailing cultural milieu in which its people believe that anything can be achieved through agitation, and any rule can be circumvented with proper political connections, must change and be replaced by a liberalized open economy with strict and definite rules of the game.
Family Pressure and the Educational Experience of the Daughters of Vietnamese Refugees
Authors: Zhou Min , Bankston III Carl L. 
Published: March 2003

This article explores the issue of gender role changes encountered by young Vietnamese‐American women based on our ethnographic study of Versailles Village, a low‐income ethnic community in New Orleans, US.We examine how female Vietnamese high school students deal with conflicts between the stubborn traditionalism of parents and the desire for personal liberty of American‐reared children and how they negotiate gender roles at home and in school and society.Through in‐depth examination of the school experience of young Vietnamese women, we find that they not only equal young men in scholastic performance and ambition, but may even show higher levels of achievement. Our data indicate that it is not because the women are liberating themselves from traditional gender roles in order to avail themselves of the opportunities of American society. Instead, the socio‐economic conditions of the new land place a new emphasis on education for both men and women.Immigrant families see the importance of education as an avenue of upward mobility for their children and encourage educational achievement. Precisely because traditional gender roles lead families to exercise greater control over daughters, young women are pushed even more than young men toward scholastic performance.
Chinese Women as Transnational Migrants: Gender and Class in Global Migration Narratives
Authors: Ryan Jan 
Published: March 2003

This paper argues that the debates on transnationalism are gender implicit, and the discourse shaped by the emergence of Pacific Asian economies as key players in the global economy sees men as the dominant representative of these global forces. Belief in a real or imagined global bonding has become a dominant and problematic discourse that can empower some, while marginalizing others. It is important to examine how women of Chinese ancestry position themselves within their personal and global environments and to give agency to women in these narratives fashioned by tropes of global capitalism and world markets.Women now outnumber male immigrants to the major immigration countries of Australia, the United States, and Canada, and this shift is due to the increased migration of women from Asian countries. Yet their position in transmigration and settlement patterns has largely been ignored. This paper argues that the global perspective of Chinese diasporic women has significant implications for both Western and non‐Western global patterning. The site of the investigation is Australia in the post 1970s and the focus is on women of Chinese ancestry re‐migrating from East and South‐East Asia.
Remittances and Other Financial Flows to Developing Countries
Authors: Gammeltoft Peter 
Published: March 2003

Official estimates of migrants’ remittances are around US$100 billion annually, with some 60 per cent going to developing countries. Any policy making use of migrants as a development resource must understand the size and allocation of remittances, and the roles played by migrants and their communities in the remittance process. This paper examines the flows of remittances in relation to other financial flows to developing countries. The examination is based on data available from official statistics. As discussed in the paper, remittances by unofficial channels are significant by all accounts so the remittance amounts reported here are quite conservative.The paper shows that annual remittances to developing countries have more than doubled between 1988 and 1999. Viewed over the last decade, remittances have been a much larger source of income for developing countries than official development assistance (ODA). The gap is increasing, since ODA has been falling while remittances have increased. Furthermore, remittances appear to be a much more stable source of income than private flows, both direct and portfolio, which tend to be more volatile and flow into a limited set of countries.Remittances to developing countries go first and foremost to lower middleincome and low–income countries. Lower middle–income countries receive the largest amounts, but remittances constitute a much higher share of total international flows to low–income countries. Of the ten countries receiving most remittances, two are low–income (India and Pakistan); six are lower middle–income (Philippines, Turkey, Egypt, Morocco, Thailand, and Jordan); and two are upper middle–income (Mexico and Brazil).Sub–Saharan Africa received some 8 per cent of remittances in 1980, but only some 4 per cent in 1999. South Asia’s share also declined from what was already a relatively high 34 to 24 per cent. Those who gained most were Eastern Europe and Central Asia, South and Central America, and the Caribbean, which increased their share of global remittances.
Evaluation of pre‐operative anxiety and propofol‐induced sedation using newly proposed indices of finger vascular tone
Authors: Tanaka Gohichi , Kawana Shin , Sawada Yukihiro , Yamakoshi Ken‐ichi 
Published: March 2003

Abstract: This study examined estimates of finger vascular tone, obtained from photoplethysmography. Normalized and double‐normalized pulse volume (NPV and DNPV), blood volume (BV), and pulse volume (PV) were obtained in 2 male and 7 female middle‐aged patients at an outpatient office 1–3 days before an operation and in the operating room before and after anesthesia by propofol. There was a preoperative decrease in NPV, and the propofol injection yielded a moderate increase in BV. The latter seemed to contribute to a decrease in DNPV. A partial correlation controlling for body mass index was observed between the change in NPV and the dose of propofol; a larger reduction in NPV before anesthesia compared with the control condition was accompanied by the need for a greater infusion of propofol for sedation. In conclusion, among the measures examined, NPV appears to be the best indicator of heightened arteriolar vascular tone.