bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Nature of the Firm: Origin
Authors: Coase R H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
“It is difficult for a man to speak long of himself without vanity.” So said David Hume at the beginning of his autobiography. If David Hume felt such a warning to be necessary, a man who, according to Adam Smith, approached “as nearly to the idea of a perfectly wise and virtuous man, as perhaps the nature of human frailty will permit,” it is hardly to be expected that my lectures will be free from vanity. However, a natural tendency to be overindulgent in dealing with my own work will be somewhat curbed by a real desire on my part to understand why “The Nature of the Firm” has been treated by the economics profession in the way it has. It is an article which is usually referred to with respect, has been reprinted in a number of books of reading, including Readings in Price Theory, sponsored by the American Economic Association, but which, until comparatively recently, has been largely without influence. It has had what the French call “un succes d’estime.” To understand why this has been the case would be more difficult, if not indeed impossible, if I did not deal honestly with the circumstances surrounding its writing, with the ideas that it was intended to convey and with how they were expressed.
The Nature of the Firm: Meaning
Authors: Coase R H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The solution to the puzzles that I took with me to America was, as it turned out, very simple. All that was needed was to recognize that there were costs of carrying out market transactions and to incorporate them into the analysis, something which economists had failed to do. A firm had therefore a role to play in the economic system if it were possible for transactions to be organized within the firm at less cost than would be incurred if the same transactions were carried out through the market. The limit to the size of the firm would be set when the scope of its operations had expanded to the point at which the costs of organizing additional transactions within the firm exceeded the costs of carrying out the same transactions through the market or in another firm. This statement has been called a “tautology.” It is the criticism people make of a proposition which is clearly right.
National Mythologies and American Indians
Authors: Williams Robert A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The task of developing a more complete understanding of the response of American Indians to the coming of the white man immediately confronts a formidable obstacle: the great American mythos of frontier conquest. The national creation epic of a simple, agrarian, “Anglo” race of conquerors defeating “a fierce race of savages” for control and civilization of an extraordinary wilderness land has long provided us with a catalog of images and stories of who we think we are as a people. The mythos of white conquest has also defined what we think of Indians in our American history. It has functioned, to borrow from the cultural anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski, as “a warrant, a charter, and often even a practical guide” for most Americans’ understanding of American Indians as obstacles to their manifest destiny.
The Creation Of Feminist Consciousness
Authors: Lerner Gerda 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Creation of Feminist Consciousness sweeps over more than 1000 years of Western history - from the Dark Ages to the revolutionary and industrialized nineteenth century. It was under patriarchal hegemony in thought, values, institutions, and resources that women had to struggle to form their own feminist consciousness. The book discusses such topics as the educational disadvantaging of women; the role of women mystics; the concept of motherhood as a means for female bonding; feminist Bible criticism; creative literary women (with special emphasis on Mary Wollstonecraft and Emily Dickinson); the struggle for equal education; female support groups and salons; and the search for women’ s history. The book reinterprets Western history from a woman’ s perspective and shows the difficult and often heroic struggles women faced to secure their place in society. Lerner emphasizes how denial of educational opportunies was a crucial barrier women had to overcome. But equally difficult were the steps women had to take to reclaim their place in history. The book represents a perceptive and path-breaking examination of the role of women in Western history.
Notes on Distressed Genres
Authors: Stewart Scsan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On December 10, 1792, Benjamin West delivered “A Discourse to the Students of the Royal Academy on the Distribution of Prizes.” The speech, written in a clear and evenhanded way, is nevertheless full of ambivalence regarding, first, the relations between commerce and immortality, and, second, the relations between genius and community. West applauds the prosperity brought about by the rise of empire and, at the same time, like many other English intellectuals from Dyer to Johnson to Gibbon, is painfully aware of the collapse written into the parabola of that rise.
Do Imperial Powers Get RichOff Their Colonies?
Authors: Davis Lance E , Huttenback Robert A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Just as average Americans are proud of their country’s ability to intervene decisively in world trouble spots from the Panama Canal to the Persian Gulf, so, too, did the Briton in the street once share in the glory of the British Empire. During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, even the poorest laborer in the “Blacklands” took vicarious pleasure in the fact that the sun never set on the Union Jack, and that so much of the globe was painted red. These English agreed with Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli in viewing Britain as “a great country, an imperial country, a country where your sons, when they rise, rise to paramount positions, and obtain not merely the esteem of their countrymen, but the respect of the world.”
Do Americans Want Big Government?
Authors: Hughes Jonathan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Ronald Reagan, elected president in 1981 with a mandate to “get government off the backs of the people,” left behind a governmental establishment in most ways larger than it was when he came to power. Federal civilian employment rose from 2,772,000 to 2,988,000 in 1981-1989; federal outlays rose from $591 billion to $1,143 billion in the same period. By some measures these increases actually measured a slowing down in the rate of growth of federal government and that was, in the circumstances, a kind of success for Reagan’s policies. Powerful interest groups had wanted even larger increases in governmental size. Reagan was up against a deep and puzzling phenomenon that no amount of “communicating” alone could reverse: Despite the disclaimers of our statesmen, the size of government has grown because the American people demand ever-increasing governmental functions.
Down the Primrose Path
Authors: Temin Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Bernie Strassburg was frustrated. Trained as a lawyer and initiated into the world of public policy in the heady trust-busting days of the New Deal, he had risen through the ranks of the staff at the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). The year was 1968, and Strassburg had been chief of the Commission’s Common Carrier Bureau for five years. His job was to regulate telephones and telegraphs-which meant, for all practical purposes, trying to regulate American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T), the largest corporation in the world. AT&T monopolized the markets for local and long-distance telephone service, as well as the markets for telephone equipment, because the federal government made it illegal for anyone else to enter these markets. Strassburg was supposed to regulate the monopoly in the name of the public interest, but as he moved to get control over AT&T, he felt himself to be a Lilliputian trying to tie down a modern corporate Gulliver. At the time, he had no idea that his actions would set the stage for the dissolution of the Bell System as a whole, but this, in fact, would be the result. The breakup of AT&T’s telephone monopoly was caused by Bernie Strassburg’s attempt to get control over the regulatory process, and by the faulty economic analysis that informed his attempt.
What Happened to the Antitrust Movement?
Authors: Hofstadter Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The antitrust movement and its legislation are characteristically American. Perhaps this is attributable to the particularly flagrant form that monopoly took in America during the early years of its development. It may also be said that, except for the Canadians, no other people has taken the principle of economic competition so earnestly as to try to underwrite it by statute, until recently when some European countries began to show interest in the American approach to the subject.
Interpreting Messianic Rhetoric in the Russian Haskalah and Early Zionism
Authors: Lederhendler Eli 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
What constitutes a genuine messianic movement in post-messianic Judaism? This seemingly simple question is difficult to answer because messianism is a paradoxical idea that contains its own negation. Given the fact that all such movements occur in history-that is, in the unredeemed “present”-they are, in theological terms, “false,” and have, indeed, been referred to as “antimessianic.” They are “false” in the sense that they fail, by definition, to actualize their redemptive vision. And they are antimessianic insofar as they challenge and reject the classical, “passive,” theurgic approach to Redemption as it appears in the rabbinic tradition. Hence, they are often related to antinomian impulses and may be fairly described as heretical in and of themselves.
Universities and Cities in Medieval Italy
Authors: Hyde J K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I want to ask a number of rather fundamental questions, for we are at a point where such questions are necessary in order to proceed. One still begins one’s reflections by going back to the great work of Hastings Rashdall, the dean of Carlisle, first published, I think, in 1895 but usually consulted in its second edition, edited by my predecessor at Manchester. Since little new documentation has been unearthed, it is by attending to the background that we are most likely to achieve new insight. We now understand the kind of society in which the early universities flourished rather better than was possible in the nineteenth century. The institutions of medieval Italy were so untidy and so violent in so many cases that much late-nineteenth-century work is tinged with a nationalist standard of institutional neatness that recoiled from this kind of chaos. Nineteenth-century historians were blinded also by their sense of hierarchy. The medieval universities were not very hierarchical in Italy; they were rather anarchical.
Urban Flights: The Institute of Social Research Between Frankfurt and New York
Authors: Jay Martin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The theme of the city and the university provides a welcome opportunity to clarify an aspect of the Frankfurt School’s history that has always troubled me. I refer to the vexed problem of its roots in the social and cultural conditions of its day, the link between its Critical Theory and the context which in some sense or another allowed it to emerge. As wary as I have always been of the sociology of knowledge in its more reductionist forms, I have also never felt comfortable with the school’s reticence about exploring its own origins, an attitude best expressed in Theodor Adorno’s remark that “a stroke of undeserved luck has kept the mental composition of some individuals not quite adjusted to the prevailing norms.”1 Even luck, deserved or not, seems to me worth trying to explain, and perhaps in the case of the Frankfurt School, looking at its relations to the cities and universities with which it was connected may provide some help. For, after all, it is not every group of intellectuals whose very name suggests both an urban and an academic link.
Childhood And School Days (1844-1858)
Authors: Gilman Sander L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
My brother reportedly learned to speak only late, at the age of two and a half, so that our parents were beginning to worry and consulted a physician. This man, a jovial type, gave the following diagnosis: “Little Fritz is being served too solicitously and attentively; all his wishes are being fulfilled without delay, so why should he bother to speak!” Thereafter serious efforts were made, and since little Fritz had always looked at a pastel portrait of Grandma Nietzsche with special delight, he was insistently asked who that was. “Granma,” he shouted happily, and that was his first word. In a short time then he was speaking very fluently and clearly. By the age of four he began to read and write. (13, 27)
Under his Mother’S Care in Naumburg (1890-1897)
Authors: Gilman Sander L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Milan is in Northern Italy. It has the largest bookshop. It has a very beautiful cathedral. Fritz came from Lugano to Milan. La Scala is the main theatre in Milan. A hotel Zinkwe Emperio, 2% francs per night. There is a very beautiful art gallery where a painter Perudjine especially excels in caricatures of Jews.
The Politics of Individualism
Authors: Kohl Lawrence Frederick 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the fifty years following the Revolution, America's population nearly quadrupled, its boundaries expanded, industrialization took root in the Northeast, new modes of transportation flourished, state banks proliferated and offered easy credit to eager entrepreneurs, and Americans found themselves in the midst of an accelerating age of individualism, equality, and self-reliance. To the Jacksonian generation, it seemed as if their world had changed practically overnight. The Politics of Individualism looks at the political manifestations of these staggering social transformations. During the 1830s and 1840s, Americans were consumed by politics and party loyalties were fierce. Here, Kohl draws on the political rhetoric found in speeches, newspapers, periodicals, and pamphlets to place the Democrats and the Whigs in a solid social and psychological context. He contends that the political division between these two parties reflected the division between Americans unsettled by the new individualistic social order and those whose character allowed them to strive more confidently within it. Democrats, says Kohl, were more "tradition-directed," bound to others in more personal ways; Whigs, on the other hand, were more "inner-directed" and embraced the impersonal, self-interested relationships of a market society. By examining this fascinating dialogue of parties, Kohl brings us bright new insight into the politics and people of Jacksonian America.
Private and Public: The Individual and Society
Authors: Kohl Lawrence Frederick 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Alexis de Tocqueville feared that as individualism spread, men would forget those common concerns, interests, and purposes which constitute the sphere of public activity. Ultimately individualism could lead to a society in which all virtue had been destroyed and people were “absorbed in downright selfishness,” but Tocqueville believed that, at first, it “only saps the virtues of public life.”3 When each individual is free to follow the dictates of his own will, when he readily leaves others free to pursue their own ends in their own ways, it becomes difficult to discover what if any ties still bind him to that collective identity we call society. The very existence of society is called into question. Even more problematical is the individual’s relationship to the state, for, as the coercive agent of society, government has a unique power to define and enforce the individual’s responsibilities to his fellow man.
Winter-Spring Campaign, September 1952–May 1953
Authors: Davidson Phillip B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In September 1952 the slackening rains of the Southwest Monsoon signaled the beginning of another campaign season in Indochina. To wage the battles of the “winter-spring” campaign of 1952-1953, the Vietminh had about 110,000 to 125,000 men in their Main Force units. Giap had formed them into six infantry divisions (the 325th Division was formed in Annam in late 1951), four independent infantry regiments, and some five or six independent infantry battalions. By 1952 the Chinese had supplied all of these units with ample numbers of machine guns and mortars. To support this infantry force, Giap formed a seventh division, the 351st Heavy Division, composed of two artillery regiments, an engineer regiment, and some light antiaircraft units.
Dien Bien Phu, Preparations for Battle 20 November 1953–13 March 1954
Authors: Davidson Phillip B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The airborne assault of Dien Bien Phu began at 1035 hours, 20 November 1953, when the paratroopers of the 6th Bataillon de Parachutistes Coloniaux (6th BPC) leapt into space over Drop Zone (DZ) NATASHA, located 200 meters north of the village. Almost simultaneously, the 2d Battalion, 1st Regiment of Chasseurs Parachutistes (II/lRCP) began their drop on the DZ SIMONE, 600 meters to the south. With the II/lRCP jumped the command element of the task force, the 1st Airborne Battle Group. The mission of the force was to clear Dien Bien Phu and to secure the small dirt airstrip located just north of the village. The two assault battalions were “crack” units of the Expeditionary Force and were led by the two preeminent field-grade commanders in Vietnam, Major Bigeard of the 6th BPC and Major Brechignac of the 11/lRCP. The French started the “first team.”
The Cambodian Raids of 1970
Authors: Davidson Phillip B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In early 1970, neither of the antagonists had come up with new policies or strategies. In North Vietnam, the Giap/Truong clique had gained almost complete policy dominance over the Le Duan/Le Due Tho group. The North Vietnamese continued their strategy of “protracted warfare,” featuring small-scale attacks by sappers, standoff shellings, and a futile opposition to pacification, whose gains caused them great concern. For the Politburo, the watchword in 1970 was, as in 1969, patience-let the United States complete its withdrawal before shifting to the offensive, an offensive which Giap, even in 1970, began to plan.
The Fall of the American Adam
Authors: Woodward C Vann 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I Am Speaking Primarily Of The Present, but of attitudes to­ward the American past in the present and of how these attitudes have undergone some significant changes. I am particularly con­cerned with the relatively recent inversion of traditional myths and especially the shift from collective innocence toward collec­tive guilt. For perspective on the extent of change and its relative recency we do not have to go hack very far. In fact we can rely on the testimony and views of a few worthy historians still much alive in the memories and in the affections of many people, in­cluding the present writer.
Fictional History and Historical Fiction
Authors: Woodward C Vann 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Much As They May Deplore The Fact, historians have no monopoly on the past and no franchise as its privileged interpreters to the public. It may have been different once, but there can no longer be any doubt about the relegation of the historian to a back seat. Far surpassing works of history, as measured by the size of their public and the influence they exert, are the novel, works for the stage, the screen, and television. It is mainly from these sources that millions who never open a history book derive such conceptions, interpretations, convictions, or fantasies as they have about the past. Whatever gives shape to popular conceptions of the past is of concern to historians, and this surely includes fiction.
Southerners Versus the Southern Establishment
Authors: Woodward C Vann 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Books And College Courses and memories that come to mind when southern history is mentioned are not filled with sub­versives and radicals and revolutionaries. This is hardly surpris­ing when it is remembered that the great bulk of what passes as the history of the South is the I 50 years Walker Percy has called “the long Southern obsession,” the century and a half that began when the South succumbed to the combined temptations of slav­ery and cotton gin, an era that has only recently come to an end.1 Throughout most of that period southern whites were on the de­fensive. For half of it they had an increasingly discredited insti­tution on their hands, and for the other half they closed ranks to protect a precarious compromise on racial policies under attack.
Tourism
Authors: Kirshenblatt-Gimblett Barbara , Bruner Edward M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A form of travel for pleasure or edification that is also a particularly complex communicative system. Tourists take in tourist sites, not in isolation but as nodes in a network of attractions that constitute the tourist itinerary and recreational geography of a region. A vast, multinational tourist industry provides the infrastructure for developing tourist environments, moving millions of travelers from destination to destination and lodging and entertaining them at each place. The industry is global, and with the advent of space travel, tourism is potentially intergalactic. The consequences of tourism-processes of production and representation of CULTURE for outsiders, interactions between local people and more affluent visitors, and economic and social impacts--offer fertile areas for study.
Conclusion: Summing Up and Looking Forward
Authors: Sloan Frank A , Bovbjerg Randall R , Githens Penny B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book has reviewed many features of physicians’ malpractice insurance, the insurers that sell it, and the markets in which it is bought and sold. Our final chapter emphasizes the main policy-relevant findings, somewhat at the expense of information of purely descriptive or abstract analytical interest. Each of the foregoing chapters has its own summary.
The Golden Age
Authors: Echevarria Roberto González 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
President McKinley was eloquent, if perhaps disingenuous, when he declared that ties “of singular intimacy” bound Cuba and the United States. This could not be truer than during the years of U.S. military rule following the Spanish-American War (1898-1902), and other occupations of the island until the thirties, particularly the one between 1906 and 1909, when Cuba was again under U.S. control, a mere four years after having been declared independent. Intimacy does not necessarily mean love, of course, but familiarity; it can breed hatred, affection, competition, and the whole gamut of tensions prevalent in any family group. From a Cuban point of view, McKinley’s statement could be countered with a variation on Porfirio Diaz’s famous quip about Mexico: “Poor Cuba, so far from God, yet so close to the United States!” In the twentieth century, baseball was perhaps as good an index as any of the complicated relationship between Cuba and its mighty neighbor to the north, whose game it had adopted in the process of rejecting the Spanish motherland and of developing a sense of nationality.