bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An enlargement method of digital images based on Laplacian pyramid representation
Authors: Takahashi Yasumasa , Taguchi Akira 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSince the enlargement of digital images is carried out by insertion of sample points, the Nyquist frequency of the enlarged image is naturally larger than that prior to enlargement. Hence, estimation of unknown higher‐frequency components is required for enlargement of digital images. On the other hand, Laplacian pyramid representation is widely known as a layered expression of the images. Based on this Laplacian pyramid representation, the unknown higher‐frequency components to be estimated at the time of enlargement of digital images correspond to the unknown higher‐resolution Laplacian components. There is strong correlation between the Laplacian images at different layers. Specifically, the edge information spans several continuous layers as zero crossings and hence appears at the same location. Differences in the layers are recognized as differences in gradient near the zero crossing. In this paper, this property is directly used to provide a method of obtaining unknown higher‐resolution Laplacian images from low‐resolution Laplacian images (direct method). The results of enlargement by the direct method are particularly good in the smoothly varying parts of the images, but there are some difficulties in enlargement at the edges and of details. The paper proposes a hybrid method in which the direct method is combined with the method of Greenspan, with excellent enlargement results at edges and details, after the enlargement of images by estimation of the unknown higher‐resolution Laplacian images as in the direct method. It is demonstrated by many application examples that this hybrid method is reasonably simple and is superior numerically and subjectively. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 84(6): 40–49, 2001
An Algorithm for Iteratively Refining the Interval Including the Solution Set of Parameter‐Dependent Nonlinear Equations
Authors: Kanzawa Yuchi , Kashiwagi Masahide , Oishi Shin'ichi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAn algorithm for arbitrarily minimizing the width of the interval which does not contain the solutions from the interval which contains the solutions of equations using nonlinear functions in which the dimension of the definition domain is greater than the dimension of the value range is proposed in this paper. In addition, the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is shown using specific numerical examples. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(4): 39–44, 2002
Multidimensional Directed Information and Its Application
Authors: Sakata Osamu , Shiina Tsuyoshi , Saito Yoichi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBrain waves are derived as multiple time‐series signals from electrodes placed on various sites on the scalp. If the flow of information among these multiple sites can be visualized, it will be useful in obtaining a clue to the objective interpretation of brain activity, or in diagnosing the existence of failures of brain function. Directed information analysis has been proposed as a means of causality analysis in which the flow of information among the signals is investigated. The method notes an arbitrary two of a large number of time series, and examines the flow of information between these. When three or more signal series exist, they are in general related to each other. Consequently, even if the causality between two particular series is to be examined, the accurate flow of information cannot be determined unless the effect of another series is considered. Consequently, the authors have proposed multidimensional directed information analysis, which is an extension of directed information analysis. This paper tries to verify the effectiveness of multidimensional directed information analysis by simulation. Then, the method is applied to the brain waves of a healthy subject and a patient with a cerebral organic disorder, and it is verified that there is a difference, reflecting the presence of disease in the sense of information propagation in the cortex. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(4): 45–55, 2002
Image restoration by using multiple Wiener filters
Authors: Nishimiya Ryohei , Taguchi Akira 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe propose a method that uses multiple Wiener filters based on region decomposition to restore natural images degraded by Gaussian noise. Usually, a Wiener filter is designed to be optimal for the entire image. However, because natural images are highly nonstationary, an effective method switches to the optimum filter for each local region. In this paper, we consider a method that repeatedly decomposes into four equal parts, the four regions obtained by dividing an image into four equal parts, and design a Wiener filter for each region. As the regions become smaller, the desired Wiener filter is not necessarily obtained because of the drop in reliability of the correlation functions used to find the Wiener filter. Therefore, we first study to what extent the restoration accuracy of a known source image is improved by ideal decomposition that repeatedly decomposes only regions where the accuracy will improve. We then present a practical method that sufficiently improves the restoration accuracy even when the source image is unknown. We next merge similar decomposed regions and investigate how many classes are essential for the decomposition and these class boundaries. Thus, we verify that the proposed decomposition implicitly accounts for properties such as the contours in the image and clearly demonstrate the suitability of the proposed method. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(8): 51–61, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.1112
A method for predicting psychological response to meaningless random noise when listening to audio signals based on a bi‐variate membership function
Authors: Yamaguchi Shizuma , Saeki Tetsuro , Oimatsu Kensei 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIt is important for the design of a comfortable sound environment to grasp the way in which the sound pressure levels and power spectral characteristics of the audio signal are related to those of external noise and how they influence the psychological response that arises at the time of exposure to noise. In this paper, a method for estimating and/or predicting the human psychological response to the external noise when listening to an audio signal is proposed based on fuzzy set theory. Concretely, when persons listening to an audio signal are exposed to meaningless external random noise, the fuzzy relation between the sound pressure levels and power spectral characteristics of the audio signal and noise is approximately given a bi‐variate membership function with support of the signal‐to‐noise ratio. Next, a method for evaluating the psychological response is proposed by introducing the concept of fuzzy probability. Finally, the validity and applicability of the proposed method are confirmed experimentally by application to real observational data. The experimental results are in good agreement with the theory. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(8): 62–68, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.1113
Generalizations of image resolution conversions using 8‐point inverse DCT
Authors: Kojima Kazuhiro , Kiya Hitoshi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe resolution conversion method using DCT is now the mainstream of image compression techniques. This paper extends the conventional method in which the inverse DCT with the same number of points as that of DCT (3 points) in the encoding is used, and generalizes the procedure. More precisely, the resolution conversion is made executable with conversion factors of not only integers but also rational numbers. Thus, a greater degree of freedom is provided in selecting the filter for controlling the image quality. As a result, resolution conversion with any rational number factor can be performed by the 3‐point inverse DCT, and the filter characteristics can be selected according to the image properties. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(9): 58–68, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.1119
Characteristics of short primary linear induction motor with a partially adopted wound secondary member
Authors: Kamiya Yushi , Fukaya Koji , Woojin Jeon , Onuki Takashi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper describes single‐sided linear induction motors (LIMs) with a short primary member. In these machines a solid‐plate conductor is usually used for the secondary. We here propose the partial adoption of wound secondary members in LIMs. The characteristics of such machines are summarized as follows.1. Basic characteristics: The wound secondary shortens the magnetic clearance and makes the characteristics of the machine superior to those of the solid‐plate conductor version. In addition, we can improve the thrust and efficiency characteristics by applying the proportional shifting method.2. Primary and secondary winding scheme: Parallel connection is appropriate for the primary and independently shorted‐circuit scheme in order to obtain stable performance.3. Transient phenomena at the boundary between the wound secondary and the solid‐plate secondary: Undesirable phenomena develop at the boundary, especially at the end of the solid‐plate conductor. Thus, we propose a novel boundary structure that yields stable transient performance. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 135(3): 48–55, 2001
Adaptive noise reduction by using cascaded sandglass‐type neural networks
Authors: Yoshimura Hiroki , Shimizu Tadaaki , Isu Naoki , Sugata Kazuhiro 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAn adaptive noise reduction filter composed of cascaded sandglass‐type neural networks (CSNNRF) is proposed. A given number of unit sandglass‐type neural networks (SNN), each of which has a three‐layer structure and consists of the same number of neural units in the input and the output layers and a single neural unit the hidden layer, are connected in cascade. The number of unit SNNs is adaptively determined so as to be equal to a rank of covariance matrix of an original noise‐free signal (signal component). Outputs of hidden layer units in individual unit SNNs, whose variances are equivalent to eigenvalues of the covariance matrix of the observed signal, are statistically compared by use of ANOVA (analysis of variance) to estimate the rank. When a CSNNRF is composed of the number of unit SNNs equal to the rank, the observed signal is filtered without any loss of signal component while noise component is maximally reduced. It was shown by computer experiments that the rank was almost always estimated accurately in an adaptive manner, and that noise reduction from the signal was carried out optimally. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 136(1): 37–46, 2001
Effects of winding connections on characteristics of a five‐phase stepping motor
Authors: Yokozuka Tsutomu , Ishikawa Takeo , Harada Takashi , Minami Toshinari , Shibuya Makoto 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA method for calculating the single‐step response of five‐phase hybrid stepping motors is obtained. The effects of winding connecting methods—(1) star‐bipolar SB, (2) pentagon PD, and (3) new pentagon NP—on the single‐step response are investigated. By application of the above calculation method, the continuous rotating characteristics are studied. It is found that the maximum slewing pulse rate of NP is higher than that of SB and PD connections, and that the variation of the rotor speed at high speed with the SB and PD connections is larger than that with the NP connection. The effects of the current waveform on the oscillation characteristics and relations between the current waveform and the winding connections are investigated. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 136(1): 47–56, 2001
Production of nonequilibrium plasma and MHD interaction in disk MHD channel
Authors: Oda Noritaka , Suzuki Masafumi , Fujino Takayasu , Okuno Yoshihiro , Yamasaki Hiroyuki 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe production of nonequilibrium plasma and the fluid flow with the MHD interaction are examined experimentally with a shock‐tube driven disk channel with no loading electrodes. For low magnetic flux density and low seed fraction, where nonuniform and unsteady plasma is generated, the static pressure decreases monotonically in the radial direction, although the pressure increases in the entire region of the channel in comparison with the value under no MHD interaction. For magnetic flux density and seed fraction above some critical values, a fairly uniform plasma is produced. The static pressure, however, is found to increase abruptly in the channel and the total pressure is considerably reduced at the location, where the abrupt pressure increase occurs. These facts imply that steady and uniform plasma should be produced without locally constricted strong Lorentz force to improve the adiabatic efficiency of a disk MHD generator. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 138(4): 42–49, 2002; DOI 10.1002/eej.1137
Magnetic levitation control of a thin steel plate by means of gap length correction commands
Authors: Nakagawa Toshiko , Hama Mikio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe techniques of maglev are expected to apply not only to railways but also to various fields of industry. As one such field, the application to process lines of steel plates is now in the limelight. However, as the levitated steel plates are thin and flat in this kind of maglev system, any guide force in conventional maglev systems is not induced. Therefore, once the steel plates levitate, the gravity force soon makes them sideslip if the electromagnets are slantingly attached to the base table. This paper deals with a control method that allows the steel plate to levitate stably and horizontally and deals with various experimental results. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 135(2): 52–59, 2001
Enforcement of environmental charges: some economic aspects and evidence from the German Waste Water Charge
Authors: Gawel Erik 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEnforcement problems are usually analysed with respect to command‐and‐control measures of environmental regulation. The recognition that any environmental policy instrument entails an enforcement problem in principle is basic to a comparative analysis of enforcement effects. This paper deals with the comparative enforcement effects of charges: How does enforcement of a charge function? Which problems occur particularly in the enforcement of charges? Could enforcement be facilitated by a specific construction of charge laws? Are economic concepts of charge enforceable at all, and if so, under what conditions? Are charges more readily enforceable than other instruments? Therefore, some economic theory assessments of enforcement processes are presented first. In a third part, the paper sheds light on the practical experience made with the enforcement of the German Waste Water Charge. It is argued that the well worn thesis of an enforcement‐friendly ‘self‐control’ of market instruments is based on unrealistic assumptions. Whether against this background enforcement of environmental policy can be facilitated by an increased application use of charges must be viewed sceptically in an overall assessment of the problematic. Moreover, the transition from allocative control tasks to fiscal environmental charges may well be a symptom of rather than a contribution to the solution of the political and administrative crisis of enforcement. Especially for charges, the crucial question seems to be the political implementation rather than concrete enforcement by local authorities. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
XPA protein alters the specificity of ultraviolet light–induced mutagenesis in vitro
Authors: King Nicole M. , Oakley Gregory G. , Medvedovic Mario , Dixon Kathleen 
Published: August 2002

AbstractStudies of ultraviolet (UV) light mutagenesis have demonstrated mutations at common sites in the target genes of shuttle vector plasmids replicated in cultured cells or by cellular extracts. The reasons for the specific pattern of mutagenesis are largely unknown. We have examined the specificity of UV‐induced mutagenesis by replicating plasmid pLS189, irradiated with 40 J/m2 UVC or unirradiated, in either xeroderma pigmentosum group A (XP‐A) or HeLa cellular extracts. The XP‐A extract displayed slightly lower replication ability, but produced a higher mutant frequency, compared to that of HeLa extract. Use of irradiated plasmid inhibited replication by an average of 63% and increased the mutant frequency by an average of 16.7‐fold. Analysis of mutation spectra revealed nonrandom patterns of mutagenesis that differed significantly between HeLa and XP‐A extracts. In comparison to HeLa extract, replication in XP‐A extract resulted in lower frequencies of GC → AT transitions and tandem double‐base substitutions, and a higher frequency of deletions. Replication in HeLa extract produced hotspots at positions 100, 108, and 156 that were not produced by XP‐A extract. Furthermore, XP‐A extract produced hotspots at positions 124, 133, and 164, sites not characteristic of previous UV‐induced mutagenesis studies using XPA‐expressing cells. Addition of purified XPA protein to reactions containing XP‐A extract altered each of these parameters, including loss of the hotspots at positions 124 and 133, to yield a more HeLa‐like spectrum. These results indicate a previously uncharacterized role of the XPA protein in influencing the specificity of UV‐induced mutagenesis during DNA replication. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 37:329–339, 2001 © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nitric oxide donors induce large‐scale deletion mutations in human lymphoblastoid cells: Implications for mutations in T‐lymphocytes from arthritis patients
Authors: Grant Donna D. , Goldstein Rose , Karsh Jacob , Birnboim H. Chaim 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory disease in which high levels of reactive nitrogen oxygen species (RNOS) may be present in the affected joints. RNOS are known to produce small‐scale mutational events (transitions, transversions, small insertions, and small deletions) but the ability of these compounds to cause deletion of large segments of genomic DNA has not been previously determined. To address this question, a human lymphoblastoid cell line (WIL2‐NS) was exposed to nitric oxide (NO)–donating drugs and hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (hprt)–negative clones were selected and analyzed by multiplex‐PCR. Large‐scale deletions accounted for 60–80% of hprt mutations arising in drug‐treated cultures compared to 12% in untreated cultures (P‐values of 0.006 and 0.0001, respectively, in two experiments). Deletion mutations in untreated cultures affected exon 9, whereas 75% of drug‐induced deletion mutations affected exons 2, 3, and 9, and the remainder were very large, ranging from 26 to 1200 kbp. To compare this spectrum of NO‐induced mutations in a lymphoblastoid line to that arising in vivo in arthritis patients, T‐cells from RA patients, osteoarthritis (OA) patients, and controls were cloned and similarly analyzed. We previously showed that the overall frequency of Hprt mutant clones from patients is appreciably elevated compared to that of control subjects. Large‐scale hprt deletions (0.5 to >26 kb) were detected in mutant T‐cell clones from both RA and OA patients and also from control subjects. A total of 54 mutant clones from 16 RA patients and 19 mutant clones from 6 OA patients were studied. Of these, 6 clones (from 3 RA and 1 OA patient) had suffered large‐scale deletions. A total of 9 control subjects were studied and 62 mutant clones were obtained. Of these, 19 had suffered large‐scale deletions, arising in 7 of 9 control subjects. In conclusion, (1) RNOS are capable of inducing large‐scale deletion mutations in a human lymphoblastoid cell line and (2) large‐scale deletion mutations were found in 10–30% of T‐cell clones from RA and OA patients and controls, which we hypothesize may be induced by RNOS. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 38:261–267, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Temperature trends in the United States
Authors: Lund Robert , Seymour Lynne , Kafadar Karen 
Published: August 2002

AbstractLinear temperature trends and their uncertainties from data at 359 recording stations in the contiguous United States are investigated. A statistical model is developed that accounts for changes in the site location of each station, the seasonal means and variances inherent in monthly temperature series, and the temporal and spatial correlations found in such data. Least squares estimates of the seasonal trend parameters in the model are derived, as well as appropriate standard errors that take into account the site changes, periodicities and temporal correlations present in the data. The estimates and their standard errors at each station are then spatially analyzed to identify geographical patterns of temperature change across the United States. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bootstrap calibration to improve the reliability of tests to compare sample means and variances
Authors: Francis R. I. C. Chris , Manly Bryan F. J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe comparison of several sample means to see whether they differ significantly is a common analysis, which is not straightforward when the samples may be from non‐normal distributions with different variances. A recent study found that a randomization test that attempts to approximate the distribution of F‐statistics from one‐ and two‐factor analysis of variance in the presence of unequal population variances was the best of 12 alternative tests considered. However, it sometimes suffered from excess size with data from extremely non‐normal distributions. In the present article a method for improving the robustness of the test by bootstrap calibration is described for one‐factor analysis of variance, and shown to be effective by a simulation study. The method is also applied with Levene's test for unequal variance by randomization. In this case the test is very robust without calibration, and calibration does not improve it. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Testing of the SIBERIA landscape evolution model using the Tin Camp Creek, Northern Territory, Australia, field catchment
Authors: Hancock G. R. , Willgoose G. R. , Evans K. G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe SIBERIA landscape evolution model was used to simulate the geomorphic development of the Tin Camp Creek natural catchment over geological time. Measured hydrology, erosion and geomorphic data were used to calibrate the SIBERIA model, which was then used to make independent predictions of the landform geomorphology of the study site. The catchment, located in the Northern Territory, Australia is relatively untouched by Europeans so the hydrological and erosion processes that shaped the area can be assumed to be the same today as they have been in the past, subject to the caveats regarding long‐term climate fluctuation. A qualitative, or visual comparison between the natural and simulated catchments indicates that SIBERIA can match hillslope length and hillslope profile of the natural catchments. A comparison of geomorphic and hydrological statistics such as the hypsometric curve, width function, cumulative area distribution and area–slope relationship indicates that SIBERIA can model the geomorphology of the selected Tin Camp Creek catchments. Copyright 2002 © Environmental Research Institute of the Supervising Scientist, Commonwealth of Australia.