bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE SPECIFICITY OF ALLERGIC REACTIONS
Authors: Salvin S. B. , Smith R. F. 
Published: June 2004

Guinea pigs sensitized with either hen, duck, or goose egg albumin showed delayed hypersensitivity followed by Arthus reactions to the homologous antigen, but tended to have much weaker delayed responses and slower antibody formation to heterologous antigens. Guinea pigs with delayed hypersensitivity to one of the avian antigens had a slower antibody response to a secondary injection of heterologous antigen than to one of the homologous antigen.
Sensitization with a protein conjugated with a hapten such as picryl chloride (Pi) or dinitrofluorobenzene (DFB) resulted in delayed hypersensitivity to the homologous conjugate, the homologous protein, and the homologous protein with a heterologous hapten. Circulating antibody and Arthus reactions occurred subsequently to the homologous conjugate, as well as to the homologous hapten attached to a heterologous protein. Delayed hypersensitivity thus seemed associated with the protein moiety, and Arthus responses with the hapten.
Anamnestic responses followed injection of an antigen causing delayed hypersensitivity, but not of a hapten not causing delayed reactions. Thus, animals sensitized initially with Pi·HEA, DFB·HEA, or HEA produced antibodies sooner after a secondary injection of Pi·HEA than did unsensitized animals. No anamnestic response resulted when animals sensitized to Pi·BGG were injected with Pi·HEA.
Thus, delayed hypersensitivity is indicated to be a preliminary and immature step in the immune process, with specificity directed against broad, more general features of the protein antigen. This intermediate step is followed by production of circulating antibody to any antigen having a similar basic structure, with the specificity of the antibody also directed against smaller immunologically active sites on the antigen molecule.
BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID FROM VIRULENT AND ATTENUATED POLIOVIRUS
Authors: Gerber Paul , Kirschstein Ruth 
Published: June 2004

Concentrates of type I poliovirus were extracted with phenol by Gierer and Schramm's method. The infectivity of these extracts in tissue culture and mice appeared to be associated with viral RNA.
Studies on neurovirulence based on the "t" marker and intraspinal pathogenicity in mice demonstrated that the viral progeny of RNA isolated from virulent viruses had the "t+" character and were highly neurotropic for mice. Conversely, RNA extracted from attenuated virus gave rise to a progeny of "t" type which were avirulent for mice.
The results suggest that the infective RNA from type, I poliovirus carries the genetic information which determines the degree of neurovirulence.
A METHOD OF SELECTING FOR AUXOTROPHIC MUTANTS OF HELA CELLS
Authors: De Mars Robert , Hooper J. Leonard 
Published: June 2004

1. Aminopterin prevents the multiplication of HeLa cells in Eagle's medium. The joint addition of adenine and thymidine removes the inhibition.
2. The aminopterin-induced thymine deficiency specifically results in a cessation of cell division and a doubling in the average protein content of the cells. Continued starvation for thymine results in the inability of cells to proliferate after aminopterin is removed. After 6 days only 10–6 to 10–5 of the original population proliferates.
3. The omission of a single essential amino acid, such as arginine or glutamine, from the medium during deprivation of thymine prevents a net increase in protein and results in about a 105-fold greater cell survival after 6 days, when aminopterin is removed and the missing amino acid is supplied.
4. Glutamine-requiring, auxotrophic mutants of HeLa exhibit a high survival after exposure to aminopterin in a glutamine-free medium. Glutamine-independent HeLa cells show a much lower survival in the same medium. Low frequencies of the auxotrophs can be specifically and efficiently selected for in artificial mixtures of the two cell types by treatment with the glutamine-free medium containing aminopterin.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF THE SHWARTZMAN PHENOMENON
Authors: Lee Leung , Stetson Chandler A. 
Published: June 2004

Rabbits given single injections of endotoxin and then skin-tested with endotoxin from 1 day to 1 month later exhibit accelerated skin reactions resembling the Arthus phenomenon.
Injection of one endotoxin alters the subsequent reactivity of rabbits to other endotoxins as well.
The state of altered reactivity can be transferred with serum, and appears to be related to the presence of non-precipitating cross-reactive antibody, rather than to specific precipitating antibody.
THE EXTENSION OF THE SHWARTZMAN PHENOMENON TO THE MOUSE AND SOME ECOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS OF THE SINGLE-INJECTION REACTION
Authors: Arndt William F. , Schneider Howard A. 
Published: June 2004

The localized Shwartzman reaction has been demonstrated in a highly inbred mouse strain (BSVS). This reaction was produced with marked regularity in these mice by administration of relatively small doses of bacterial endotoxin or other Shwartzman-active agents. It is considered the equivalent of the phenomenon described in the rabbit inasmuch as it has conformed to all the operational and histopathological aspects of the classical reaction that have been tested, including elicitation by various endotoxins, heterologous preparation and provocation, inhibition by anticoagulants, and provocation by antigen-antibody complexes.
A reaction similar to the above but differing in its manner of production was also investigated and has been termed the single-injection Shwartzman reaction. This phenomenon was identical with the normal Shwartzman reaction in all ways except for the fact that it was elicited with but a single intradermal injection of bacterial endotoxin. In investigating the lesion it has been demonstrated that inapparent in the gross, but elicitible infection of the lungs with a Gram-negative microflora was uniformly associated with single-injection reactivity. Because of this constant association it has been suggested that a causal relationship exists between the infected state and the skin reaction, not on the basis of known immunological events but on the basis of the Shwartzman mechanism in which the lung flora, demonstrably excited by the preparative injection, appears to mediate natural "endogenous" provocation of the lesion at the prepared skin sites.
PREPARATION AND ANTIGENICITY OF M PROTEIN RELEASED FROM GROUP A, TYPE 1 STREPTOCOCCAL CELL WALLS BY PHAGE-ASSOCIATED LYSIN
Authors: Kantor Fred S. , Cole Roger M. 
Published: June 2004

The lysis of Group A type 1 streptococcal cell walls by phage-associated lysin has been described. In the preparation of lysin, a new semisynthetic non-protein media to support growth of the propagating strain of Group C streptococci was employed. Following lysis of the cell walls, the resulting digest was partially purified by ion-exchange chromatography and ammonium sulfate precipitation. In addition to M protein, the resulting preparation (called lysin M protein) contained the group-specific carbohydrate and the T protein—but did not contain antigens, detectable by precipitin tests, which cross-reacted with absorbed heterologous group or type antisera. Capillary precipitin reactions between the lysin M protein and type-specific antiserum did not occur in the presence of high ionic strength buffers; these buffers did not similarly affect precipitin reactions of acid M protein.
Type 1 lysin M protein is shown to be a good antigen. A total of 1.5 mg. injected intradermally in saline produced bactericidal antibody in eight of nine rabbits; when injected in adjuvant in one rabbit, protective serum antibodies developed. Streptococci grown in sera from seven of nine rabbits immunized with lysin M protein demonstrated significantly longer chains than when grown in normal rabbit serum. Antibody as demonstrated by each of these three tests was shown to be type-specific.
No local or systemic toxicity was noted following intradermal injection in rabbits of lysin M protein.
BIOCHEMICAL STUDY OF CELLULAR ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY REACTION IN TISSUE CULTURE
Authors: Hayashi Hideo , Tokuda Akira , Udaka Keiji 
Published: June 2004

The correlation between morphological and biochemical changes produced by the antigen-antibody reaction was studied in cultures of tissue monocytes taken from sensitized animals. The cells were grown under conditions which allowed collection of samples from the culture fluid as well as microscopic observation.
Introduction of the antigen into the culture medium causes rapid release of a protease characterized by its susceptibility to sulfhydryl block and its optimum pH in the neutral range. Protease activation occurs simultaneously with morphological changes in the cytoplasm of the cultured cells. Delayed changes affecting the mitochondria and Golgi bodies appear after the peak of the proteolytic reaction and may be secondary to it. The gradual inactivation of the protease observed in the course of the antigen-antibody reaction will be discussed in a separate paper.
ON THE COLLAPSE OF BACTERIAL ENDOTOXIN RESISTANCE FOLLOWING HEMORRHAGE
Authors: Greisman Sheldon E. 
Published: June 2004

Unanesthetized immature albino rabbits exposed to 2 hours of severe but reversible hemorrhagic shock induced with aseptic precautions by multiple cardiac bleedings exhibited no increase in susceptibility to single intravenous injections of 200 µg./kg. E. coli endotoxin administered 4 hours post retransfusion, a quantity of endotoxin that was found to be the largest dose uniformly non-lethal to normal rabbits. Paired and randomly selected rabbits treated identically except for the additional procedure of a femoral arterial cutdown and ligation (without aseptic precautions) exhibited increases in susceptibility to the same endotoxin of several hundredfold. This effect could not be attributed to the femoral cutdown and arterial ligation alone since such trauma when coupled with sham cardiac bleedings failed to increase susceptibility to 200 µg./kg. of endotoxin. These data appear valid since sham cardiac bleedings produced no detectable impairment of myocardial contractility, while 2 hours of hemorrhagic shock at 50 mm. Hg with the Lamson reservoir technique caused an increase in endotoxin susceptibility comparable to that seen when cardiac bleedings were combined with a non-sterile femoral arterial cutdown and ligation.
The mechanisms increasing the susceptibility to E. coli endotoxin were investigated. It was found that (a) rabbit femoral skeletal muscle is normally contaminated with clostridia, (b) the use of aseptic femoral wounding precautions exerted some suggestive protective influence, (c) the use of aseptic wounding precautions combined with immediate topical sulfanilamide and wound closure exerted a significant protective influence, and (d) prophylactic polyvalent gas gangrene antitoxin protected in a manner not demonstrable when diphtheria antitoxin was employed as a control. These observations suggest that clostridial wound infection is one mechanism whereby a femoral arterial cutdown lowers endotoxin resistance of the rabbit following hemorrhagic shock.
It is, however, not the only mechanism since the ligation of a femoral artery during hemorrhagic shock led to edema following retransfusion equivalent to a mean of approximately 30 per cent of the original circulating plasma volume. The intensification of shock caused by this transudation presumably intensified reticulo-endothelial injury, and thus further lowered the resistance of the rabbit to an intravenous injection of endotoxin 4 hours following retransfusion.
IN VITRO STUDIES ON THE INTERACTION BETWEEN MOUSE PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES AND STRAINS OF SALMONELLA AND ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Jenkin Charles , Benacerraf Baruj 
Published: June 2004

Virulent strains of Salmonella opsonized with normal mouse plasma are never phagocytosed as well as avirulent strains.
The virulent strains of Salmonella phagocytosed after opsonization with normal mouse plasma are able to multiply within normal mouse peritoneal macrophages, whereas under similar experimental conditions the avirulent strains are killed.
When virulent strains of Salmonella are opsonized with specific antiserum or plasma from BCG-infected mice, they are treated by normal mouse macrophages as if they were avirulent.
Virulent bacteria opsonized with BCG plasma are phagocytosed and killed better by peritoneal macrophages from BCG-infected mice, than peritoneal macrophages from normal mice.
THE MOVEMENT OF ELECTROLYTES AND OF WATER IN SURVIVING TISSUE OF THE LIVER
Authors: Broome John D. , Opie Eugene L. 
Published: June 2004

When liver slices immediately after their removal from the body are immersed in graded solutions of sodium chloride, movement of water does not follow a course determined by movement of sodium ions. From hypotonic solutions sodium enters slowly and swelling proceeds rapidly but with increasing concentration entrance of sodium increases and swelling diminishes in accord with the osmotic relations between tissue and the medium.
The extracellular fluid of liver has the same osmotic pressure as blood plasma, and entrance of water into liver slices from media with greater molar concentration is determined by the intracellular pressure of the parenchymatous cells of the tissue.
The plasma membrane of the liver cell is semipermeable to electrolytes but its semipermeability is imperfect, may be impaired, and when in media isotonic with the cells some of the electrolyte enters them. With continued entrance permeability to both electrolyte and water increases and in case of sodium become evident after 15 or 20 minutes.
A medium more favorable to the tissue prolongs the period of isotonicity. In solutions with electrolytes otherwise similar to those of the blood plasma, e.g. Krebs-Ringer solution, but with molar concentration of electrolytes approximately doubled by addition of sodium chloride isotonicity may be prolonged during a period of 1 hour or more.
When potassium chloride is added to the Krebs-Ringer solution so that its potassium content has been increased 10-fold the water intake of liver cells has not varied in accord with the potassium content of the medium.
In a medium with the electrolyte contents of blood plasma (Krebs-Ringer solution) liver cells after 1 hour gain sodium and lose potassium, but later potassium maintains a nearly constant level though swelling increases.
Less sodium enters and less potassium is lost from liver cells at 0°C. than at 38° and 0°C. swelling is greater.
Movement of water between cells and extracellular fluid may occur independently of changes in the sodium or of potassium content of cells and doubtless is in part determined by substances associated with metabolism.
STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF CERTAIN MACROMOLECULAR SUBSTANCES ON THE RESPIRATORY ACTIVITY OF THE LEUCOCYTES OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD
Authors: Strauss Bella S. , Stetson Chandler A. 
Published: June 2004

The oxygen, uptake of lightly heparinized human blood was found to increase markedly upon the addition of bacterial endotoxins, soluble antigen-antibody complexes, or polystyrene latex particles. The effect apparently reflects a transitory stimulation of respiratory activity of the blood leucocytes.
The effect did not occur in the presence of anticoagulant amounts of citrate or ethylenediaminetetraacetate, was inhibited by iodoacetate and fluoride ions, and may be related to the energy-yielding processes involved in histamine release or phagocytosis.
DEGRANULATION OF POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUCOCYTES FOLLOWING PHAGOCYTOSIS OF MICROORGANISMS
Authors: Hirsch James G. , Cohn Zanvil A. 
Published: June 2004

A marked reduction in numbers of cytoplasmic granules in rabbit and human polymorphonuclear leucocytes takes place following ingestion of various microorganisms or of a yeast cell wall preparation. The degranulation occurs within 30 minutes of phagocytosis, and is directly related to the quantity of material engulfed. White cells completely degranulated following phagocytosis of large numbers of microorganisms remain viable for at least 1 hour.
The granules of polymorphonuclear leucocytes contain the antimicrobial agent, phagocytin, and various digestive enzymes. These substances thus are released into the cytoplasm or into vacuoles following ingestion of foreign material. The granule system and granule lysis mechanism may well play a central role in the primary function of these specialized cells; namely, that of destroying invading microorganisms.
THE INFLUENCE OF PHAGOCYTOSIS ON THE INTRACELLULAR DISTRIBUTION OF GRANULE-ASSOCIATED COMPONENTS OF POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUCOCYTES
Authors: Cohn Zanvil A. , Hirsch James G. 
Published: June 2004

Control and phagocyting populations of rabbit polymorphonuclear leucocytes have been compared in terms of the content and distribution of phagocytin and selected hydrolytic enzymes. Following incubation at 37°C., the cells were disrupted by homogenization and separated into an 8,200 g pellet and supernatant fluid. The high speed pellet from control leucocytes contained all the larger particulate elements of the cell including intact cytoplasmic granules.
The ingestion of large numbers of heat-killed bacteria was accompanied by a fourfold reduction in the total phagocytin content of the leucocyte, whereas phagocytosis did not influence the recovery of histone-like bactericidin from nuclei. Engulfment of microorganisms led to a progressive decrease in the activity of phosphatases, beta glucuronidase, and cathepsin extractable from the 8,200 g pellet, with a concomitant increased activity of these enzymes in the supernatant fraction. No significant difference in the total enzyme content of control and phagocyting cells was noted.
These findings are consistent with the lysis of granules following phagocytosis and the liberation of granule constituents into the cytoplasm of the leucocyte.
STUDIES ON INFECTION AND IMMUNITY IN EXPERIMENTAL TYPHOID FEVER
Authors: Gaines Sidney , Tully Joseph G. , Tigertt William D. 
Published: June 2004

Chimpanzees recovered from typhoid fever induced by ingestion of large numbers of phage-type T S. typhosa were rechallenged approximately a year and a half later with a like number of a phage-type E1 strain. Control animals exhibited febrile responses, bacteriemia, and other significant laboratory and clinical findings, including increases in C-reactive protein levels and sedimentation rates. All of the previously infected and recovered chimpanzees were negative with respect to the aforementioned observations, and appeared to have resisted significant re-infection. On the other hand, recovery from typhoid fever induced by smaller numbers of S. typhosa failed to protect completely against rechallenge with larger numbers of these organisms.
These findings indicate that chimpanzees recovered from typhoid fever may be protected against re-infection, even though the re-infecting organism is of a different phage type. Differences in the magnitude of the original and subsequent infecting inocula appear to influence the response to rechallenge.
COLICINE K
Authors: Matsushita Hiroshi , Fox Maurice S. , Goebel Walther F. 
Published: June 2004

The synthesis of colicine K by the colicinogenic bacillus E. coli K235 has been studied in the chemostat.
It has been found that colicine production is influenced by the pH of the medium, by the nature of the primary carbon source, and by the generation time of the microorganism.
SOME IMMUNOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF PENICILLENIC ACID
Authors: de Weck Alain L. , Eisen Herman N. 
Published: June 2004

Under mild conditions, benzylpenicillin in aqueous solution rearranges to benzylpenicillenic acid, which reacts, under suitable conditions, to form stable disulfides and mercaptides. Through reaction with native proteins or especially with proteins that are enriched in SH groups ("thiolated"), penicillenic acid forms, ma mixed disulfide linkages, stable highly substituted conjugates.
These conjugates are potent antigens, inducing the formation of substantial amounts of antibodies specific for the penicillenic acid structure. The implications of these findings for penicillin hypersensitivity in man are discussed.
ENUMERATION OF CELL-INFECTING PARTICLES OF NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS BY THE FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE
Authors: Wheelock E. Frederick , Tamm Igor 
Published: June 2004

A procedure has been developed for the determination of the concentration of infective Newcastle disease virus (NDV) based on the enumeration of singly infected and distributed HeLa cells which are visualized by staining with fluorescent antibody. Infective virus assayed by the fluorescent cell-counting procedure is expressed in terms of cell-infecting units (CIU).
Adsorption of NDV to HeLa cell monolayers reached a plateau 1 to 1.5 hours after inoculation of coverslip cultures, and 12 per cent of the infective particles inoculated failed to adsorb. The half-life of NDV in protein-free Eagle's medium at 37°C. was 2.1 hours. There was a linear relationship between virus concentration and the number of infected cells. The coefficient of variation of the mean of replicate determinations of infective NDV was 8.2 per cent. The distribution of single infected HeLa cells in the monolayer corresponded to the Poisson distribution. With NDV the cell-infecting unit (CIU) determined in HeLa cells is equivalent to the plaque-forming unit in chick embryo cells and the egg infective dose.
In experiments on the mechanism of dissemination of NDV in monolayer cultures of HeLa cells, NDV was found to spread from cell to cell through the extracellular milieu.
THE RELATION OF OXYGEN SUPPLY TO WATER MOVEMENT AND TO UREA FORMATION IN SURVIVING LIVER TISSUE
Authors: Opie Eugene L. 
Published: June 2004

Liver slices have been immersed during periods up to 4 hours at 38°C. in Krebs-Ringer solution with bicarbonate buffer and exposed to varied oxygen supply in the presence of carbon dioxide equal to that of venous blood. Water movement, urea, and amino acid formation by the liver tissue have been measured.
Water contents of surviving liver tissue diminishes with increased oxygen supply, but during life the maximum limit of oxygen is determined by that brought by the arterial blood and has an approximate partial pressure of 100 mm. Hg.
Urea formation by liver slices is increased by increased oxygen supply but does not occur with anoxia.
Osmotic pressure within liver cells is maintained in part by amino acids and related substances, and in part by electrolytes. Diminished osmotic pressure and loss of water is explainable by oxidation of nitrogenous substances with formation of urea which leaves the cells. These changes within a limited range of variation are adjustable to functional needs.