bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSX-23 Effects of Partial Or Total Nitrogen Replacement of Soybean Meal with Urea on Intake, Digestibility and Nitrogen Balance in Growing Nellore × Red Angus Bulls
Authors: da Silva Julia Travassos , de Filho Sebastião Campos Valadares , Pucetti Pauliane , Cidrini Fernando Alerrandro Alerrandro Andrade , de Souza Gilyard Angelo Angelo Pinheiro , Hollerbach Lucas G , Gandra Livia Moreira , Swanson Kendall C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In feedlot systems, feeding non-protein nitrogen sources, such as urea, instead of true protein sources, such as soybean meal (SBM), could be an alternative way to reduce dietary costs. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of partial or total replacement of SBM by urea on feed intake and apparent total-tract digestibility of organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP), and on nitrogen (N) balance in bulls. Four Nellore × Red Angus crossbred bulls (292 ± 14.6 kg BW) were randomly assigned to treatment in a 4×4 Latin square design. The experimental treatments consisted of different replacement levels of SBM by urea (DM basis): 0% replacement (R-0%); 54% replacement (R-54%); 78% replacement (R-78%); 100% replacement (R-100%). Diets were formulated according to the BR-CORTE system to provide approximately 130 g CP/kg DM. The diets consisted of 20% corn silage and 80% ground corn-based concentrate containing SBM and/or urea+ammonium sulfate, mineral mix, and virginiamycin. Each experimental period was 21 d, with 14 d adaptation, and 4 d of total feces and urine collection. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure in SAS and statistical significance was declared at P &lt; 0.05. Dietary treatment did not influence (P &gt; 0.05) OM and CP intake. Apparent total-tract OM and CP digestibility were not influenced (P &gt; 0.05) by dietary treatment. Daily total urinary and fecal N were not influenced (P &gt; 0.05) by dietary treatment. Dietary treatment did not influence (P &gt; 0.05) N retention. Therefore, these data suggest that SBM may be partially or totally replaced by urea as the dietary N source without affecting feed intake, apparent total-tract digestibility, and N balance in Nellore × Red Angus crossbreed young bulls fed a high concentrate diet.
PSX-9 Gonadectomy Is Not Correlated with Altered T-Lymphocyte Populations in Senior Labrador Retrievers
Authors: Mccracken Fiona , Fowler Jason , Dickerson Sarah M , Timlin Claire , Skaggs Patrick , Coon Craig N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Retrospective studies have suggested that gonadectomies, such as the spays and neuters common in companion animal populations, may be correlated with the development of autoimmune conditions later in the life of an animale. This study investigated the potential influences of gonadectomy on peripheral blood lymphocyte populations through flow cytometry. Twenty senior Labrador Retrievers (10 males and 10 females) were randomly selected from Four Rivers Kennel’s existing research colony according to their intact or altered status. Groups were balanced by age and body weight (average 11.4 y/o and 64.5 kg) as both have been previously shown to alter lymphocyte populations. A single blood collection was performed and stained with canine cross-reactive conjugated antibodies CD3-FITC, CD4-Superbright 600, CD8-Superbright 702, and a fixable lime viability stain (Invitrogen, Waltham MA). Samples were processed through a whole blood based lyse no-wash method and analyzed on an Attune NXT Flow Cytometer equipped with blue and violet lasers (ThermoFisher Waltham, MA). Measurement of cell populations was completed on a defined volume of each sample, and all subsets were gated to live, singlet lymphocytes. Statistical significance was determined through one-way ANOVAs on JMP Pro 16 (Cary, NC). There were no significant differences in CD4+/CD8+ ratio between groups (P = 0.56), or total lymphocyte populations (P = 0.34). Additionally, there were no significant differences between groups regarding CD3+ MFI (P = 0.25), CD8+ MFI (P = 0.70), or CD4+ MFI (P = 0.43). Overall, in age and body weight balanced senior Labrador Retrievers, spay or neuter status did not significantly influence T-cell populations. This suggests that previous gonadectomy does not influence the adaptive immune system as an animal ages. Further research is needed to clarify the relationship between gonadectomy and the later development of autoimmune disorders.
PSX-22 Effects Of Milk Replacer Supplementation with Beta-Glucans on Male Dairy Calf Performance
Authors: Pereira Jessica M V , Mazon Gustavo , Setser Megan M Woodrum , Costa Joao H C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The objective of this randomized controlled trial was to determine the performance effects of milk replacer supplemented with a feed additive high in beta-glucans for male dairy calves. Holstein male calves (n = 147) were enrolled in a 76-day randomized block trial in two blocks. Upon enrollment, calves were assigned to one of the four following treatments: Control with no beta-glucan supplementation (BG0; n = 36; BW = 48.32 ± 3.73 kg), 1 g· animal-1· d-1 (BG1; n = 38; BW = 48.29 ± 2.89kg), 3 g· animal-1· d-1 (BG3; n = 37; BW = 48.31 ± 3.23 kg), and 5 g· animal-1· d-1 (BG5; n = 36; BW = 48.47 ± 3.00 kg) of beta-glucans. The beta-glucan supplement was blended with milk replacer (24% CP, 20% fat; 130 g/L) and fed to calves during the morning milking. Calves were individually housed, had unlimited access to water, and a pelletized calf starter (20% CP). Calves were fed 5 L/d of milk replacer divided into two equal meals until d 15; milk feeding plan increased until d 35 (8 L/d), on d 36, milk allowance was gradually reduced until weaned on d 56 (2.5 L/d). Calf starter intake and body weight were recorded weekly until d 77. Disease treatment was recorded daily. A mixed linear model determined the effect of treatment on calf starter intake and average daily gain. The model included treatment if the calf was ever treated with antibiotics for respiratory disease and/or diarrhea, study period, and a treatment by period interaction. Block was considered a random factor. The total milk replacer intake was 5.73 ± 0.08, 5.71 ± 0.08, 5.73 ± 0.01, 5.73 ± 0.01 L/d for BG0, BG1, BG3 and BG5, respectively. Calf grain intake by treatment was 58.10 ± 12.02, 54.58 ± 8.11, 56.86 ± 11.8, 56.73 ± 15.52 for BG0, BG1, BG3 and BG5, respectively. Overall, 55% and 71% of all calves were treated at least once for diarrhea, and respiratory disease respectively. The percentage of animals treated for diarrhea by treatment were 45.00, 57.50, 50.00, and 32.50% for BG0, BG1, BG3, and BG5, respectively. For respiratory disease, the percentage of animals treated was 72.5, 72.5, 70.0, and 70.00 for BG0, BG1, BG3, and BG5 treatments, respectively. There was a significant interaction between treatment and study period where the control group had greater starter intake during the postweaning period (BG0 = 0.78 ± 0.01, BG1= 0.82 ± 0.01, BG3 = 0.81 ± 0.02, BG5 = 0.82± 0.01 kg/d; P &lt; 0 .001). No treatment or treatment by study period effects was observed for average daily gain (P = 0.79, P = 0.89, respectively). Future research should investigate the effects of beta-glucans on blood metabolites and palatability throughout the calf-rearing period.
PSX-11 Effect of Preservation Method on Nutritive Value of Kudzu Forage
Authors: Rigney Diva N , Hines Abbigail R , Heaton Courtney , Smith Brandon B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“The vine that ate the South,” also known as kudzu (Pueraria montana [Lour.] Merr.) is a drought-tolerant perennial leguminous vine that was introduced from Asia to the United States as an ornamental crop. It was quickly recognized and favored as a solution to soil erosion during the Dust Bowl. However, due to its ability to quickly overtake existing vegetation, it was ultimately labeled as an invasive species by the USDA. Given current sustainability efforts, interest has renewed in ways to incorporate this invasive species for productive agricultural purposes. The goal of this study was to investigate how preservation (i.e., haying) would affect the nutritive value and digestibility of kudzu forage. Kudzu was harvested from a private property in Auburn, Alabama. Two independent plots on the property were utilized; half of thefresh biomass was immediately removed, and the remaining half was removed at 20% moisturefor the sun-cured sample. Samples were collected from each plot and assayed for NDF, ADF, ADL, and CP. Samples were also assayed for in vitro true and NDF disappearance (IVTD and IVNDFD, respectively) as well as in situ ruminal disappearance. Data were analyzed using SAS v. 9.4. There was no effect of preservation on NDF, ADF, ADL, and CP concentrations (P ≥0.39). However, kudzu samples subjected to sun-curing had greater IVTD (64.3%, P &lt; 0.01) and IVTDOM (63.0%; P &lt; 0.01) and tended to have greater IVNDFD (35.6%; P = 0.06) thanfresh kudzu (59.4, 57.8, and 31.3%, respectively). There was no effect (P ≥ 0.12) of preservation on the potentially degradable fraction, lag time, or rate of digestion of kudzu samples. However, fresh samples had a greater (P &lt; 0.01) undegradable residue than did sun-cured samples (49.3 vs.38.8%). The improvements in digestibility are interpreted to mean that preservation methods, such as sun-curing, may be valuable for increasing the value of kudzu as a roughage source for ruminant livestock production systems.
PSX-12 Effects of Cottonseed Meal Supplementation on Calf Performance and Forage Utilization Grazing Late Season Summer Forage
Authors: Kern Connor R , Rathmann Ryan R , Sarturi Jhones O , Norris Aaron B , Crossland Whitney L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nutritive quality of perennial warm-season grasses during summer may limit the DMI of growing calves due to low protein and increased NDF content. Cottonseed meal (CSM) supplementation may improve forage utilization by increasing rumen degradable protein, but research in calves is limited. It was hypothesized that supplementation of CSM to heifers grazing mature forage would have improved performance due to greater forage DMI and fiber digestibility. Objectives were to compare the effects of CSM supplementation on calf gain performance, estimated forage intake, and in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) and neutral detergent digestibility (IVNDFD) of low-quality, warm-season forage. Angus heifers (n = 18) weighing 232.7 ± 12.6 kg were blocked by BW (light, medium, and heavy) and allocated to 6 paddocks (1.64 ha) of W.W. B-Dahl Bluestem (Bothriochloa bladhii) for 67 d. Heifers were supplemented daily with a mineral mix and either no cottonseed meal (CON) or 454 g/animal of CSM (CSM1) in a RCBD with a 2×3 factorial arrangement of treatments and BW blocks, respectively. Initial and final shrunk BW was measured to calculate total gain, ADG, and percent of BW gained. Forage samples were collected weekly and composited into 3 periods for chemical analysis and in vitro incubations. Forage DMI was estimated using a double sampling technique for each paddock within period. Forage IVTD and IVNDFD were analyzed using batch fermentation with and without CSM in a CRD (2 treatments by 3 periods). Mean forage CP during periods 1 and 2 were 5.75% and increased to 10.3% in period 3 (P &lt; 0.01). Forage NDF content increased over time (64.1 vs. 69.3%; P &lt; 0.01) and estimated forage DMI of heifers tended (P = 0.07) to decrease from 2.9 to 2.1% of BW. Treatment did not affect estimated forage DMI (P = 0.40). Heifers receiving CSM1 gained 28.3% more BW than heifers receiving CON (47.27 vs. 36.82 kg, respectively; P = 0.02). Percent of BW gained was greater for heifers receiving CSM1 than CON (16.9 vs. 13.8% of initial BW, respectively, P = 0.029). There were no treatment by period interactions on IVTD or IVNDFD. The IVTD of forage from period 1 was greater than periods 2 and 3 (49.9 vs. 47.1 and 46.6%, respectively; P = 0.005). The IVTD of forage incubated with CSM tended (P = 0.06) to be greater than forage without CSM (52.1% vs. 47.8%, respectively). The IVNDFD was not affected by period but tended to be greater with CSM inclusion (P = 0.09) relative to CON (24.83% vs. 18.95%, respectively). In conclusion, 454 g/d of CSM supplemented to heifers grazing late-summer W.W. B-Dahl Bluestem forage likely provided sufficient protein to alter ruminal fiber digestibility, without affecting forage intake, and had measurable effects on gain.
PSXIV-18 Fit of the Zero-Inflated Negative Binomial Model to Analyze Fecal Egg Counts
Authors: Gunes Hilal Yazar , Howard Réka , Fudolig Miguel , Burke Joan M , Lewis Ronald M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fecal egg count (FEC) is used as an indicator of parasite infection level in sheep. The distribution of FEC is non-Gaussian and typically overdispersed, often with an excess in zero counts. Quantifying the extent of inflation of zero counts can be difficult. Our objective was to assess the potential zero-inflation problem in FEC resulting from variation in infection with gastrointestinal nematodes by using a generalized linear model approach. The zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP) and zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) models are useful techniques to analyze count data with excess zeros; ZINB also handles overdispersion. The ZINB model has the potential to delineate ‘true’ zeros, in this case, animals resistant to parasitism and thereby with zero FEC, from ‘false’ zeros, animals never or minimally exposed to a parasite challenge. By distinguishing false zeros, those animals expressing parasite resistance may be more clearly identified. Two datasets on Katahdin sheep, a hair breed known to express resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes, were investigated; a smaller set (n = 3,048) with FEC and FAMACHA (FAM) scores, a subjective measure of anemia indicative of parasitism by Haemonchus contortus, a blood sucking helminth; and a larger set (n = 14,405) with FEC and a contemporary group (CG) designation, assigned based on the flock, birth year, management group, and FEC recording date of the animal. Among animals with FAM recorded, 14% had scores indicative of at least border line anemia. Amongst the 410 CG, 22% had mean FEC more than 500 egg/g, a threshold value routinely used to indicate a substantial infection level with H. contortus. For each dataset, the Poisson, Negative Binomial, ZIP, and ZINB models were fit and compared using R (pscl package) and SAS software, with the ZINB providing the best fit. In the models considered, FEC was the response variable and either FAM or CG was the explanatory variable, depending on the dataset. Despite evidence of parasite challenge, the true and false zeros could not be delineated in both data sets using these models. The estimated proportion of false zeros due to inflation did not differ from the proportion of zeros observed in the data set. Either all zeros coincided with no infection, which seems unlikely in Katahdins, or neither FAM nor CG provided sufficient information to distinguish resistant from uninfected individuals. Alternative or additional explanatory variables, such as packed cell volume or immunoglobulin concentrations indicative of parasitic infection, may be necessary to separate true from false zero FEC in sheep challenged with gastrointestinal nematodes using the ZINB model.
PSXIV-25 Investigating the Relationship Between Maternal Protectiveness and Temperament in Beef Cattle
Authors: Rogers Corley D , Grandin Temple , Engle Terry E , Archibeque Shawn L , Garry Franklyn B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Observations were made on 73 dams on two ranches in Colorado and one in Wyoming during the spring 2022 calving season to investigate the relationship between temperament and calf protection. The objective was to compare temperament scores to the distances of protective behavior performed by the dam as the observer moved closer to the pair. The protective actions of the cow were: Approach (alerted by raising her head to presence of the observer), Protective (moved between observer and calf), Vocalization (called to calf), and Closest (closest distance the observer reached before the pair moved away). Temperament scores included chute score, exit score, exit velocity, and blood lactate. One hundred percent of the dams alerted to the presence of the observer, twenty-five percent (n = 18) moved between the observer and the calf, and sixty-three percent (n = 46) vocalized to their calf. Thirty-five (47.9%) dams allowed the observer to touch the calf, categorized as Touch, while the other thirty-eight (52.1%) walked away from the observer before contact with the calf, categorized as No Touch. In a linear model using Touch/No Touch as the predictor and the continuous variables of Approach, Protect, Vocalize, Closest, exit velocity, and blood lactate; only closest (P &lt; 0.001) and exit velocity (P = 0.011) had significant differences (P &lt; 0.05) between the means. Dams that allowed the observer to touch the calf, on average, exited the chute with greater velocity (P = 0.01). Blood lactate and exit velocity were predictors in a mixed model with Ranch as a random factor with Touch/No Touch as the outcome; no significant difference was found (P &gt; 0.05). The Kruskal-Wallis test was performed individually on Approach, Protection, Vocalization, and Closest with predictor values of Ranch, date of birth (DOB), and hair whorl. A significant difference (P = 0.04) appeared between the medians of Closest when grouped by hair whorl; dams with abnormal hair whorls moved away from the observer at a greater distance. When divided by Ranch, there were differences (P &lt; 0.001) in the average chute score. This study suggests that dams with a faster exit velocity are approachable in the field. Exit velocity is not a good indicator of how close an observer can get to a calf in the field. Attraction to novelty could have a larger role than previously thought in temperament. No impactful relationships were observed between the temperament of a dam and her maternal protectiveness. Ranchers can continue selecting for docile temperament without fear of decreasing maternal protection.
PSXIV-28 Post-Confluence Cell Age Affects Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Interleukin-8 Secretion in Ipec-J2 Cells
Authors: Simmons Julie , Woodward Adrienne , Lu Hang , Horn Nathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Porcine intestinal epithelial cell line IPEC-J2 is routinely used to investigate epithelial cell interactions with common enteric porcine antigens and pathogens. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are bacterial antigens metabolized from Gram negative bacteria that can induce a cellular inflammatory cascade, resulting in changes to cell structure and integrity, and are often used to challenge IPEC-J2 cells. Although numerous investigators employ the IPEC-J2 LPS model, consistent methodology regarding cell culture conditions and treatment times is not well defined. The objective of the current study was to determine the optimal post-confluence cell age for LPS induction of Interleukin-8 (IL-8) secretion and related cell integrity changes. For this study, cells were seeded at 2x104/cm2 in 24 well plates on day zero and incubated at 37°C, 5% CO2 for 3 days (confluence) prior to treatment in complete growth media (CGM) containing 5% fetal bovine serum. One day prior to treatment, CGM was removed and replaced with serum free (SF), phenol red-free media. On days 0, 5, 7, 12, 14 and 18 post confluence, cells were treated with LPS (0 or 10μg/mL) in SF and phenol red-free media for 24 hours. There were 5 replicates per treatment per timepoint. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER), and IL-8 secretion were measured at each experimental timepoint. Data were statistically analyzed for the effect of time, treatment, and the subsequent interactive effect. There was no effect of treatment, time or their interaction on LDH release (P &gt; 0.05), indicating cellular health was maintained over time and 10μg/ml LPS did not influence cellular toxicity. There was an effect of treatment, time and the respective interaction that showed IL-8 secretory responsiveness was increased with LPS challenge (P &lt; 0.01), was increased on d 7 regardless of LPS challenge (P &lt; 0.01) and peaked on d 5 post-confluence (P &lt; 0.01). Furthermore, TEER was maximized at d 5 post-confluence and remained consistently greater relative to the d 0 baseline throughout the experiment (P &lt; 0.01). These data indicate that LPS-induced IL-8 secretion and related cellular integrity are optimized at d 5 post-confluence in IPEC-J2 cells. In conclusion, in-vitro research utilizing the IPEC-J2 LPS model should allow cells to age 5 days post-confluence to maximize responses.
PSXIV-13 Evaluation of On-Animal Sensors for Monitoring Diurnal Physical Activity of Beef Bulls During the Breeding Season
Authors: Rykaczewski Caleb , Bello Nora , Kieffer Justin , Chang Anita Z , Trotter Mark G , Garcia-Guerra Alvaro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Applications of on-animal sensors (OAS), commonly used to monitor behavioral patterns in livestock, remain largely undeveloped for extensively managed beef bulls. Thus, the objective of this study was to characterize and compare two OAS types for monitoring bull activity during the breeding season. Angus and Angus crossbred beef bulls (n = 50) aged 1 to 8 years, from six cow-calf operations in Ohio were placed into multi-sire breeding groups (n = 19) with a bull-to-female ratio of 1:25 (range 1:16 to 1:31). Bulls were placed with a female group from day 10 (range day 5 to 12) until day 60 after fixed-time artificial insemination. Before turnout, each bull was subjected to a breeding soundness examination and fitted with a collar-mounted GPS and an ear tag-mounted triaxial accelerometer (AX3). Raw GPS and AX3 activity measurements, namely speed (m/s) and motion intensity (g), were converted to standardized Z-scores and summarized to an hourly resolution by computing the median hourly activity over a 24-hour cycle at early (day 13 to 28) and late (day 34 to 49) stages of the breeding season. Linear mixed models were fitted to standardized activity measurements (expressed in log scale) to assess the dynamic effect of OAS type throughout the day at early and late stages of the breeding season. Size of the breeding group (males and females), bull age, scrotal circumference, and body condition score were evaluated as potential explanatory covariates using stepwise selection. Diurnal activity curves followed a pattern of relative inactivity overnight from hours 21 to 5 and relative activity during daylight from hours 6 to 20. For both OAS, mean activity early in the breeding season was ~47% greater (P &lt; 0.01) than late. At both breeding season stages, mean activity of bulls differed between OAS types (P &lt; 0.01) at hours 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 by at least 38%, with greater activity from GPS than AX3 (P &lt; 0.05 in all cases). Conversely, at hours 13, 14, and 16, activity derived from AX3 was greater than from GPS by at least 2.5-fold (14: P &lt; 0.01; 13 and 16: P &lt; 0.1). There was no evidence (P &gt; 0.1) for differences between bull activity derived from GPS or AX3 during the remaining overnight (21-1) and daytime (7 to 12, 15, and 17 to 20) hours. In conclusion, this study provides evidence that simultaneous assessment of bull activity using independent OAS, differed between technologies throughout a 24-h day. Additionally, over the course of the breeding season, both OAS indicated a decline in activity. Bull breeding activities are expected to be less frequent as the breeding season progresses; thus, these may explain the observed differences between stages of the breeding season. Further exploration of benchmarks for bull activity may yield useful tools for the identification of health and reproductive-related behaviors.