bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Water mass distribution in Fram Strait and over the Yermak Plateau in summer 1997
Authors: Rudels B. , Meyer R. , Fahrbach E. , Ivanov V. V. , Østerhus S. , Quadfasel D. , Schauer U. , Tverberg V. , Woodgate R. A. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract. The water mass distribution in northern Fram Strait and over the Yermak Plateau in summer 1997 is described using CTD data from two cruises in the area. The West Spitsbergen Current was found to split, one part recirculated towards the west, while the other part, on entering the Arctic Ocean separated into two branches. The main inflow of Atlantic Water followed the Svalbard continental slope eastward, while a second, narrower, branch stayed west and north of the Yermak Plateau. The water column above the southeastern flank of the Yermak Plateau was distinctly colder and less saline than the two inflow branches. Immediately west of the outer inflow branch comparatively high temperatures in the Atlantic Layer suggested that a part of the extraordinarily warm Atlantic Water, observed in the boundary current in the Eurasian Basin in the early 1990s, was now returning, within the Eurasian Basin, toward Fram Strait. The upper layer west of the Yermak Plateau was cold, deep and comparably saline, similar to what has recently been observed in the interior Eurasian Basin. Closer to the Greenland continental slope the salinity of the upper layer became much lower, and the temperature maximum of the Atlantic Layer was occasionally below 0.5 °C, indicating water masses mainly derived from the Canadian Basin. This implies that the warm pulse of Atlantic Water had not yet made a complete circuit around the Arctic Ocean. The Atlantic Water of the West Spitsbergen Current recirculating within the strait did not extend as far towards Greenland as in the 1980s, leaving a broader passage for waters from the Atlantic and intermediate layers, exiting the Arctic Ocean. A possible interpretation is that the circulation pattern alternates between a strong recirculation of the West Spitsbergen Current in the strait, and a larger exchange of Atlantic Water between the Nordic Seas and the inner parts of the Arctic Ocean.Key words: Oceanography: general (Arctic and Antarctic oceanography; water masses) - Oceanography: physical (general circulation)
Gravity wave intensity and momentum fluxes in the mesosphere over Shigaraki, Japan (35°N, 136°E) during 1986-1997
Authors: Gavrilov N. M. , Fukao S. , Nakamura T. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract. Averaged seasonal variations of wind perturbation intensities and vertical flux of horizontal momentum produced by internal gravity waves (IGWs) with periods 0.2-1 h and 1-6 h are studied at the altitudes 65-80 km using the MU radar measurement data from the middle and upper atmosphere during 1986-1997 at Shigaraki, Japan (35° N, 136° E). IGW intensity has maxima in winter and summer, winter values having substantial interannual variations. Mean wave momentum flux is directed to the west in winter and to the east in summer, opposite to the mean wind in the middle atmosphere. Major IGW momentum fluxes come to the mesosphere over Shigaraki from the Pacific direction in winter and continental Asia in summer.Key words: Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (middle atmosphere dynamics; waves and tides) · Ionosphere (ionospheric disturbances)
Observations of ionospheric flows and particle precipitation following a Sudden Commencement
Authors: Nielsen E. , Honary F. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract. On May 4, 1998, at 0227 UT an interplanetary shock crossed the WIND spacecraft, and half an hour later a Sudden Commencement occurred. Coinciding with the Sudden Commencement a rapid intensification of the flux of particle precipitation into the ionosphere was observed. Evidence is presented that the ionospheric electric fields were influenced by the associated dynamic variations of the ionospheric conductivities. Following the initial phase the ionospheric flow speeds increased rapidly over the next 20 min to more than 2000 m/s, in agreement with an increased effective coupling of the solar wind energy to the magnetosphere following the interplanetary shock that caused the Sudden Commencement. These strong flows were meandering in latitude, a type of plasma flow modulation that has been reported before to occur during Omega band events: a string of alternating field-aligned currents propagating eastward. The riometer absorption was found to be at a minimum in regions associated with outward directed field aligned currents. The riometer absorption regions (the regions of particle precipitation) were drifting with E × B drift speed of the ionospheric electrons.Key words: Interplanetary physics (interplanetary shocks) - Ionosphere (electric fields and currents) - Magnetospheric physics (energetic particles, precipitating)
Simultaneous optical and radar signatures of poleward-moving auroral forms
Authors: Thorolfsson A. , Cerisier J.-C. , Lockwood M. , Sandholt P. E. , Senior C. , Lester M. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract. Dayside poleward moving auroral forms (PMAFs) were detected between 06:30 and 07:00 UT on December 16, 1998, by the meridian scanning photometer and the all-sky camera at Ny Ålesund, Svalbard. Simultaneous SuperDARN HF radar measurements permitted the study of the associated ionospheric velocity pattern. A good general agreement is observed between the location and movement of velocity enhancements (flow channels) and the PMAFs. Clear signatures of equatorward flow were detected in the vicinity of PMAFs. This flow is believed to be the signature of a return flow outside the reconnected flux tube, as predicted by the Southwood model. The simulated signatures of this model reproduce globally the measured signatures, and differences with the experimental data can be explained by the simplifications of the model. Proposed schemes of the flow modification due to the presence of several flow channels and the modification of cusp and region 1 field-aligned currents at the time of sporadic reconnection events are shown to fit well with the observations.Key words: Ionosphere (auroral ionosphere; plasma convection) - Magnetospheric physics (magnetopause; cusp and boundary layers)
Comparisons between Canadian prairie MF radars, FPI (green and OH lines) and UARS HRDI systems
Authors: Meek C. E. , Manson A. H. , Burrage M. D. , Garbe G. , Cogger L. L. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract. Detailed comparisons have been completed between the MF radars (MFR) in the Canadian prairies and three other systems: two ground-based Fabry-Perot interferometers (FPI) and the UARS high resolution Doppler imager (HRDI) system. The radars were at Sylvan Lake (52°N, 114°W), Robsart (49°N, 109°W) and the main continuing facility is at Saskatoon (52°N, 107°W). Statistical comparisons of hourly mean winds (1988-1992) for the Saskatoon MFR and FPI (557.7 nm green line) using scatter plots, wind speed-ratios, and direction-difference histograms show excellent agreement for Saskatoon. No serious biases in speeds or directions occur at the height of best agreement, 98 km. If anything, the MFR speeds appear bigger. The same applies to the Sylvan Lake MFR and Calgary FPI, where the best height is 88 km. In both cases these are close to the preferred heights for the emission layers. Differences between measurements seen on individual days are likely related to the influence of gravity waves (GW) upon the optical and radar systems, each of which have inherent spatial averaging (350, 50 km respectively), as well as the spatial difference between the nominal measurement locations. For HRDI, similar statistical comparisons are made, using single-overpass satellite winds and hourly means (to improve data quality) from MFR. Heights of best agreement, based upon direction-difference histograms, are shown; there is a tendency, beginning near 87 km, for these MFR heights to be 2 or 3 km greater than the HRDI heights. Speeds at these heights are typically larger for the satellite (MFR/HRDI = 0.7–0.8). Reasons for the differences are investigated. It is shown that the estimated errors and short-term (90 min) differences are larger for HRDI than for the MFR, indicating more noise or GW contamination. This leads to modest but significant differences in median speed-ratio (MFR/HRDI < 1). Also, comparison of the two systems is made under conditions when they agree best and when they show large disagreement. For the latter cases both systems show higher relative errors, and the HRDI vectors are frequently small. It is suggested that spatial or temporal GW wind fluctuations are the likely cause of the larger HRDI-MFR disagreement when wind speeds are small. No satisfactory explanation exists for the overall discrepancy in speeds between the MFR and HRDI.
Long-period geomagnetic pulsations caused by the solar wind negative pressure impulse on 22 March 1979 (CDAW-6)
Authors: Parkhomov V. A. , Mishin V. V. , Borovik L. V. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract. An analysis is made of the long-period geomagnetic pulsations as recorded at seven Norilsk meridian stations (λ=162°, latitudinal range: 61°–71°N) following abrupt magnetospheric expansion during the storm of 22 March 1979 caused by a rapid decrease in solar wind density. As with the time interval following an abrupt contraction at the time of sudden storm commencement, there exist two types of pulsations in the pulsation spectra: latitude-independent (T>400 s) and latitude-dependent (T<200 s) pulsations. The first pulsation type is interpreted in terms of forced pulsations associated with magnetopause oscillations. The oscillation period is determined by plasma density in the boundary layer and by the radius of the magnetosphere (T ~ ρ1/2R4). The latitudinal dependence of the period, amplitude and polarization of the second-type pulsations is in agreement with the resonance mechanism of their origin.Keywords. Geomagnetic pulsations · Solar wind · Magnetopause oscillations
James R. Mallory: His Legacy
Authors: Smith David E. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract. The James R. Mallory lecture in Canadian Studies is given
each November at McGill University. David Smith presented the 2003 lecture a few months after the death of James Mallory at age 87. Smith argues that Mallory's influence on Canadian political science is great because the range of his publications is enormous. Be it, for instance, about
federalism, the institutions of Parliament, bureaucracy, and the courts—there is scarcely a topic in the syllabus of a traditional Canadian politics course on which he did not write. Mallory injected a legal sensibility to his study of politics: he was one of the first
scholars to raise the alarm at the growth of concentrated executive power and at Parliament's inadequate resources to scrutinize its use. Nonetheless, Smith maintains that Mallory would not welcome the emergence of Officers of Parliament as a fourth branch of government. In his
explication and interpretation of the constitution, Mallory became, Smith suggests, Canada's Walter Bagehot.Résumé. La conférence annuelle James R. Mallory en études canadiennes a lieu chaque année au mois de
novembre à l'Université McGill de Montréal.
L'an dernier, le professeur David Smith y a présenté sa
recherche sur James Mallory, quelques mois seulement après le
décès de celui-ci à l'âge de 87 ans. Smith
avance que la science politique canadienne a été grandement
influencée par Mallory, du fait de l'étendue de ses
publications sur des sujets aussi divers que le fédéralisme,
les institutions parlementaires, la bureaucratie et les cours de justice.
Il n'y a guère de sujets dans un plan de cours traditionnel
sur la politique canadienne que Mallory n'ait pas traités.
Mallory a injecté une sensibilité juridique dans ses
études politiques; il a été l'un des premiers
universitaires à sonner l'alarme sur l'augmentation de la
concentration du pouvoir exécutif et sur l'insuffisance des
ressources parlementaires pour scruter son utilisation. Cependant, Smith
est d'avis que Mallory ne serait pas en faveur de
l'émergence des commis du Parlement comme quatrième
organe du gouvernement. Par son explication et son interprétation
de la Constitution, Mallory est devenu, selon Smith, la version canadienne
de Walter Bagehot.
The Canadian Senate in Bicameral Perspective
Authors: White Graham 
Published: April 2005

The Canadian Senate in Bicameral Perspective, David E. Smith, Toronto,
Buffalo and London: University of Toronto Press, 2003, pp. xii, 263No Canadian political institution endures the simplistic judgments and the uninformed rhetoric that the Senate engenders. The antidote is now at
hand. David Smith's superlative book brings to bear on this much-maligned body a comparative framework, a detailed familiarity with the institution and—most especially—a deep understanding of
the fundamental principles of governance in this country. The result is an analytic tour de force that will give pause to even the most jaded Senate-basher or the most zealous proponent of Senate reform.
Quand la jeunesse entre en scène. L'Action catholique
avant la Révolution tranquille
Authors: Hudon Raymond 
Published: April 2005

Quand la jeunesse entre en scène. L'Action catholique
avant la Révolution tranquille, Louise Bienvenue, Montréal : Les Éditions du Boréal, 2003, 291 p.La contribution de Louise Bienvenue à la connaissance de la société québécoise et à sa compréhension est double. Tout d'abord, son étude
montre “ que, sur le mode réformiste, les jeunes militants d'Action catholique ont contribué, à leur façon,
au changement social pendant les années 1930 et 1940,
principalement en ce qui a trait à l'amélioration du
statut des jeunes ”. (256) La Grande Noiceur, quasi-mythe
rattaché à un dirigeant au moins aussi déphasé
que despote, comptait donc des zones d'éclaircies qui obligent
à reconnaître que l'avènement du Québec
moderne est bien enraciné dans des évolutions qui ont
précédé 1960! De cette façon, la lecture de
Louise Bienvenue met bien en lumière la relativité des
ruptures historiques que, souvent sans trop y réfléchir,
l'on considère plus ou moins erronément comme beaucoup
plus radicales que ce que la réalité sociale tend à
montrer; les interventions politiques autoritaires et répressives
qui accompagnent régulièrement les révolutions
fournissent justement des indices des limites et de la fragilité
des changements conçus comme ruptures. Au Québec, la
révolution que l'on s'est plu à qualifier de
tranquille l'est d'ailleurs demeurée au point de
provoquer des tensions sociales qui ont culminé au début des
années 1970.
Continentalizing Canadian Telecommunications: The Politics of
Regulatory Reform
Authors: Fletcher Frederick J. 
Published: April 2005

Continentalizing Canadian Telecommunications: The Politics of
Regulatory Reform, Vanda Rideout, Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2003, pp. xiii, 256A recent headline in The Globe and Mail, “Labour unrest dogs the telecomm industry,” could have been written at almost any time over the past decade or more. The industry is facing fundamental
structural change, driven by new technologies, regulatory reform, and market shifts and management has, predictably, focused on reducing labour
costs. For anyone seeking to understand the political economy of
restructuring in the telecommunications sector, this slim volume is a
valuable addition to the literature. The author traces the story of
telecommunications regulation from its origins in the First National
Policy to neo-liberal restructuring (up to 2002), with special attention
to the impact of the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) and North American Free
Trade Agreement (NAFTA). As a work of history, the book provides a helpful
map of major regulatory and policy shifts in the telecommunications
sector. In tracing these shifts, the author discusses broader issues, such
as the key role of telecommunications in “advanced electronic
capitalism” (3) and the conflicts that accompanied the change from
“a Fordist telecommunications regime” to a
“continental” one (5).
Women's Legal Strategies in Canada
Authors: Brock Kathy 
Published: April 2005

Women's Legal Strategies in Canada, Radha Jhappan, ed., Toronto:
University of Toronto Press, 2002, pp. ix, 407After more than two decades of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, it is only appropriate that feminist scholars would turn a
critical eye to the achievements for social justice obtained through the courts. In this collection of nine essays, the authors grapple with the difficult question of whether the courts have done more harm or good to women's causes. The result is an interesting, at times challenging,
and sometimes puzzling set of reflections on the future of women's legal strategies in Canada.
Generating Social Capital: Civil Society and Institutions in
Comparative Perspective
Authors: Macdonald Laura 
Published: April 2005

Generating Social Capital: Civil Society and Institutions in
Comparative Perspective, Marc Hooghe and Dietlind Stolle, eds., New York and Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003, pp. 256The concept of “social capital” has become a popular buzzword. Like other authors, the contributors to this volume draw on Robert Putnam's well-known definition of social capital as “generalized trust, norms of reciprocity and networks” among individuals (2). Social capital is credited with providing a wide range of
social benefits, including tolerance of diversity, economic growth, lower crime rates, better health and more responsive government. The grandiose claims made on behalf of social capital and the large amounts of money being poured into developing social capital in diverse social settings, as
well as the fuzziness of the original concept, mean that careful analysis of the idea of social capital is badly needed.
Rich Democracies : Political Economy, Public Policy and
Performance
Authors: Lessard Jean-François 
Published: April 2005

Rich Democracies : Political Economy, Public Policy and Performance,
Harold L. Wilensky, University of California Press, 2002, 891 p.Cet ouvrage du politologue étasunien Harold Wilensky se veut le couronnement d'une longue et féconde carrière dans le domaine de l'économie politique et de l'administration publique. Ce que nous présente Wilensky et une véritable somme. Une petite encyclopédie de près de 900 pages, ce qui
a ses avantages et ses inconvénients. L'auteur nous offre une étude comparative de 19 démocraties occidentales sur les dernières 50 années.
L'ébranlement d'Israël, Philosophie de
l'histoire juive
Authors: Elbaz André E. 
Published: April 2005

L'ébranlement d'Israël, Philosophie de
l'histoire juive, Shmuel Trigano, Paris : Editions du Seuil, 2002.Dans L'ébranlement d'Israël, Shmuel Trigano s'étend d'abord sur les circonstances de la création de l'Etat d'Israël en 1948. Reprenant nombre d'idées déjà développées dans ses publications antérieures, il définit le sionisme
comme le mouvement de libération nationale du peuple juif opprimé, qui a sauvegardé son unité et sa
continuité pendant son exil bi-millénaire. L'Etat d'Israël a été légalement créé par un vote de L'ONU, a été dûment reconnu par les nations, pour servir de refuge aux
rescapés de la Shoa - l'extermination des juifs
européens pendant la Deuxième Guerre mondiale.
L'aide au conditionnel. La contrepartie dans les mesures envers
les personnes sans emploi en Europe et en Amérique du Nord
Authors: Garon Francis 
Published: April 2005

L'aide au conditionnel. La contrepartie dans les mesures envers
les personnes sans emploi en Europe et en Amérique du Nord, Pascale Dufour, Gérard Boismenu et Alain Noël, Montréal : Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal, 2003, 219 p.Les dépenses publiques sont, dans la majorité des pays
occidentaux, sous haute surveillance. Dans la dynamique générale de réduction des dépenses que
l'on observe depuis maintenant plusieurs années, l'aide
sociale et les autres formes d'aide aux sans-emploi se retrouvent
parmi les postes budgétaires les plus questionnés par les
pouvoirs publics. Ce questionnement s'est notamment traduit par
l'introduction de mesures visant à contraindre les
prestataires à de nouvelles exigences, de sorte que l'aide qui
leur est octroyée est de plus en plus “ conditionnelle
”. Dufour, Boismenu et Noël proposent une analyse
comparée de l'évolution de ce type de mesures qui
comporte 6 pays, soit le Canada (fédéral, Québec,
Ontario et Alberta), les États-Unis (fédéral,
Wisconsin et Californie), la France, le Royaume-Uni, l'Allemagne et
le Danemark. Plus spécifiquement, les auteurs cherchent à
répondre à deux questions principales : comment comprendre
les transformations actuelles des systèmes de protection sociale et
quels sont les éléments de convergence et de divergence
entre les divers pays. L'ouvrage est découpé en sept
sections, incluant l'introduction et la conclusion.
Plato Through Homer: Poetry and Philosophy in the Cosmological Dialogues
Authors: Buzzetti Eric 
Published: April 2005

Plato Through Homer: Poetry and Philosophy in the Cosmological Dialogues, Zdravko Planinc, Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2003,
pp. xii, 134Professor Planinc analyzes in this monograph three of Plato's dialogues: the Timaeus, the Critias and the
Phaedrus. His primary aim is to show that their structure and poetic imagery is modelled after that of important episodes of
Homer's Odyssey. In Planinc's words, Plato consciously “refigures” the “literary tropes” of the
Odyssey, and this fact is of central importance to interpreting
these dialogues properly (13).
Eros and Polis: Desire and Community in Greek Political Theory
Authors: Pangle Lorraine Smith 
Published: April 2005

Eros and Polis: Desire and Community in Greek Political Theory, Paul
W. Ludwig, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002, pp. xiii, 398In Eros and Polis, Paul Ludwig explores a rich array of issues relating to eros, homosexuality, and pederasty and their
implications for republican political life. He examines ancient accounts of eros and its relation to other forms of desire, to tyranny and
aggression, to spiritedness and the love of one's own, and to bonds
of affection between citizens. He discusses ancient attempts to overcome
the divisiveness of the private realm by controlling erotic relations
between citizens, both in practice (such as at Sparta) and in theory
(Plato's Republic). He concludes with a critique of the
attempt of Thucydides' Pericles to stir up erotic desire and harness
it in the service of the city, and of the erotic passion implicit in the
attraction to foreign customs and sights. Ludwig draws upon a wide range
of ancient sources including Homer, Sophocles, Aristophanes, Herodotus,
Xenophon, Plato, Aristotle, Thucydides, Lucretius, and many others. But he
does not limit himself to textual analysis; much of the book is devoted to
putting these texts in historical context, and much is also devoted to
drawing connections between ancient thoughts and practices and the
concerns of contemporary political theory.
Ethics and Foreign Intervention
Authors: Bratt Duane 
Published: April 2005

Ethics and Foreign Intervention, Deen K. Chatterjee and Don E. Scheid,
eds., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003, pp. xiii, 301The 1990s saw the gradual, but steady, expansion of the doctrine of humanitarian military intervention in places like northern Iraq, Somalia,
Haiti, and Bosnia. This process culminated in the 1999 Kosovo war which saw NATO bomb Serb targets to prevent the ethnic cleansing of Kosovar
Albanians. Ethics and Foreign Intervention uses the Kosovo case as its reference point to dissect the concept of humanitarian military
intervention from a moral perspective. Although there are chapters on the legal implications of intervention, most notably the chapters by Tom
Farer, Christine Chwaszcza, and Allen Buchanan on intervention and secession, the focus of this edited collection is to apply just war theory
to the concept of humanitarian military intervention. George R. Lucas, Jr., even suggests that because the use of force in humanitarian cases is
much closer to the use of force in domestic law enforcement than it is to traditional warfare the concepts of jus ad bellum and jus in
bello need to be joined by jus ad pacem (or jus ad interventionem).