bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Hot Groups Think: Left Brain? Right Brain? How About Both?
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean , Leavitt Harold. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is mostly about how hot groups think. The next one is about how hot groups work. We want, however, to begin this duet by emphasizing how hot groups do not think and how they do not work. The sculpted figure may emerge more clearly when the surrounding material has been chipped away. These are a few of the larger chips: If you’re looking for deep, lasting relationships, you’re not likely to find them in a hot group. Members of hot groups usually do come to trust and respect one another. They also take care of one another while the task lasts. They seldom, however, develop intimate, empathic relationships with one another. The task is too eclipsing. In fact, hot groups are likely to be internally confrontational, challenging, and critical, all with the aim of improving their work. Members rarely engage in ad hominem attacks or personal
How Hot Groups Work: Fast, Focused, and Wide Open
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean , Leavitt Harold. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 2, we described two of the most prominent characteristics of hot groups: a deep dedication to their tasks and an equally deep faith that their work is meaningful and consequential. From those two attributes alone, it is easy to see why many organizations find it hard to love them. Their single-mindedness can make them look self-centered and uncooperative, and their fervent commitment to their cause can easily be misread as pigheadedness. There is much more to hot group working styles, however, than those two features. We now offer a more complete set of working behaviors that typically accompany the hot group state of mind. Some should look familiar to all organization dwellers. A few may seem weird or even absurd, perhaps because they are so uncommon in traditional organizations. Several of them, clearly, carry large costs along with their benefits.
Hot Groups’ Structures and Strategies:How Do We Get There from Here?
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean , Leavitt Harold. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Structurally, a hot group looks something like a school of fish, but there’s one unusual aspect of this particular school. It’s diverse. It’s a school of mixed species. Each is different from every other fish in the school, a cod here, a tuna there, a little minnow cruising among them. Nevertheless, the whole entity maintains a clearly discernible form, a form that changes continuously as the school quickly and smoothly alters speed and direction. If one focuses on a single mackerel, that individual may be out in front of the school at one moment and in the rear the next. The most prominent, most noticeable unit, however, is never the individual. It is always the school.
Using Hot Groups to Improve the Organization:Some More Marriage Counseling
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean , Leavitt Harold. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of the accommodation between hot groups and organizations has to come from the organization’s side. So, most, but not all, of our marriage counseling in this chapter, will be directed to that larger partner. We shall offer some possible ways that the leaders of large organizations can use small hot groups to help them effect significant and positive change in their organization’s performance.
Explaining Variation in Human Resource Practices in U.S. Steel Minimills
Authors: Arthur Jeffrey B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to describe the sources and consequences of variation in human resource (HR) practices in the minimal sector of the U.S. steel industry. The case of this industry offers a unique opportunity to study the topic of firm-level variation in HR investments. First, steel minim ills are part of an industry that has experienced tremendous restructuring over the last 15-20 years. In 1950, more than 45% of the world’s steel was produced in the United States. The conditions under which the U.S. steel industry thrived during this period consisted of steadily increasing demand for steel products and the superiority of U.S. production technology and productivity in world markets. Historical data from the last 50 years indicate that the period from 1975 to the early 1990s represents a dramatic shift from earlier periods. The large integrated sector experienced wrenching changes in terms of declining demand for its products as well as an increase in foreign and domestic minimal competition. The impact of these changes included low operating rates, large financial losses for steelmakers, bankruptcies, massive plant closures, and manpower reductions. As a whole, the industry eliminated more than 40 million tons (25%) of capacity and reduced employment by more than 250,000 employees (60%) in the 1980s.
The Role of Quality of Life and Health Status in Making Decisions about Withdrawing Life-Sustaining Treatments in the ICU
Authors: Curtis J Randall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is growing concern that disproportionate amounts of health care budgets are spent for end-of-life medical care, and many authors have decried the high cost of dying in our society.1-a Part of the reason that this issue has received such attention is the aging of our population and the high proportion of deaths that occur in acute care hospitals.4 Consequently, practioners and health economists have expressed increasing interest in finding ways to limit the aggressiveness and cost of care at the end of life. There is a widespread belief that older patients and patients with a reduced quality of life due to chronic disease do not want aggressive life-sustaining treatments at the end of life. In this chapter, we will examine empiric data to challenge this assumption and provide ICU clinicians an alternative way of viewing the role of quality of life in decisions about withdrawing life-sustaining therapy.
How to Discuss Dying and Death in the ICU
Authors: Curtis J Randall , Patrick Donald L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Because of the severity of illness of the patients, the ICU is a setting where death is common. Of patients who die in the hospital, approximately half are cared for in an ICU within 3 days of their death and one-third spend at least 10 days in the ICU during their final hospitalization.’ A recent study showed that 90% of deaths in the ICU in 1992 and 1993 involved withholding or withdrawing at least one life-supporting intervention, a dramatic increase when compared to 5 years previously. Similarly, many other investigators have shown that most deaths in the ICU involve withholding or withdrawing multiple life-sustaining therapies. Thus, the ICU represents a setting where decisions about managing the dying and death of patients are made on a frequent basis.
Legal Liability Anxieties in the ICU
Authors: Kapp Marshall B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Legal principles and procedures regarding medical decision making and the implementation of treatment strategies in the ICU are considerably more developed and defined in the United States (and in other western democracies as well) at the end of the millenium than they were only a decade earlier. Nonetheless, a high degree of confusion and free-floating anxiety persists among health care professionals about possible adverse legal consequences—i.e., criminal prosecution, civil liability, and/or regulatory sanctions-of actions or omissions taking place within this context. This pervasive anxiety sometimes drives provider behavior in directions that serve patients poorly near the end of life.
Sweatshops on Wheels
Authors: Belzer Michael H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1977 the US government began to loosen regulations on the tightly controlled trucking industry, expecting that increased competition would drive down companies' shipping costs. In this provocative new book Michael H. Belzer takes a close look at trucking deregulation, discussing its effects on the industry in particular and the unintended consequences of deregulation in general. He makes the case that government still has a role to play in ameliorating the hardship caused by competition while retaining its benefits.
Word Searches in Aphasia
Authors: Oelschlaeger Mary L , Damico Jack S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Within the discipline of clinical aphasiology, we are becoming progressively aware of the need to study the communicative ability of persons with aphasia in authentic conversational settings. Based on the work of a number of researchers (Goodwin, 1995; Holland, 1982, 1983; Klippi, 1991; Lyon, 1992; Oelschlaeger & Damico, 1996), we recognize that many persons with aphasia communicate better in natural conversational settings than we would predict, given their performances on traditional test batteries of aphasia. That is, despite significant documented impairments within their neurological systems that lead to extensive linguistic deficits, many persons with aphasia are still able to function relatively well in conversational settings.
Introduction
Authors: Baker Jean H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the years before the Civil War, American women began a campaign for the vote that lasted nearly seventy-five years. Their battle finally ended in 1920 when the Nineteenth Amendment prohibiting the denial of the right to vote “on account of sex” was adopted. Initially, suffrage was one of several reforms intended to end the significant legal, political, religious, and cultural discriminations against nineteenth-century women. In the 1840s and 1850s, activists targeted injustices ranging from child custody laws that favored fathers to prohibitions against women speaking in public, the denial of equal education, and the existence of a double sex standard. In language and vocabulary familiar to a generation whose parents had lived during the American Revolution and who remembered the Declaration of Independence, women at the 1848 Seneca Falls convention resolved, among other injustices, that “all laws which ... place her in a position inferior to that of man are contrary to the great precept of nature and therefore of no force or authority.
In Support of Menstruation
Authors: Coutinho Elsimar M , Segal Sheldon J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the documented disadvantages of regular menstrual cycles for the health and well-being of women, it is surprising that most of the books and articles on the subject, written by both women and men, have not recommended measures to suppress menstruation. Instead, it is the conformist attitude advocating the status quo that predominates. In the centuries-old tradition of Hippocrates and Galen, most modern scholars seem to adopt the view that since it is “natural” for women to menstruate, it must be good for their health. They seem to believe that “you can’t fool Mother Nature!” The logic is that things natural, such as pain, physical or mental impairment, or even disease, should be accepted simply because they are natural. This attitude about menstruation prevails until today, at the end of the twentieth century. Instead of recognizing the uselessness of periodic bleeding, some doctors and scientists still seek to attribute advantages that it might bring to women’s health. They conclude, for example, that menstruation accounts for the lower rates of certain disease conditions found in women compared to men. An argument frequently raised in support of this view is the recognized fact that women, during the reproductive years when they have menstrual cycles, have a lower risk than men of developing cardiovascular diseases and suffering heart attacks. It is only when women reach menopause and stop menstruating that they become as susceptible as men to these diseases.
Sentencing and Punishment in Germany
Authors: Weigend Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes how sentencing policy in Germany has developed over the past thirty years and outlines its prospects for the future. I argue that, while some basic features of sentencing policy have remained unchanged over the years, Germany has made significant headway in the direction of rationality and parsimony of punishment, especially with respect to sentences implying incarceration. The trend of the present and the future seems, however, to revert to attitudes and practices of the past: severe sanctions have made a comeback, especially as a response to offenses regarded as a serious threat, such as drug offenses and organized crime.
The Temporal Dynamics of Knowledge Creation in the Information Society
Authors: Kenney Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Knowledge creation is playing an ever more central role in capitalist economies, and business organizations must constantly create new knowledge to guarantee survival. To be a competitive firm in the contemporary economy it is necessary to continually innovate. Industries and firms that formerly were in comfortably protected, slowly evolving markets are being swept into accelerated change. Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995) were, perhaps, the first authors to reflect on how knowledge is created, but, equally important, they zeroed in on the fundamental importance to today’s firms of creating new knowledge or, put differently, of innovating. To compete, a firm must be transformed into an organization mobilized for knowledge creation. This paper reflects on the changing temporal dynamics of innovation on products, which are crystallizations of the state of knowledge in the firm at a particular moment. Products, released from the knowledge-creation process, become static, while the firm rushes into the future.
Anna Mae Pictou-Aquash: An American Indian Activist
Authors: Mihesuah Devon A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Numerous American Indian women have been involved in the activities of the American Indian Movement since its inception in the mid-1960s, but men, including Dennis Banks, Russell Means, Leonard Peltier, Vernon and Clyde Bellecourt, John Trudell, and Leonard Crow Dog, have garnered most of the attention. The media and scholars have largely ignored the role of women in the movement. Only recently, in a few articles and the books Lakota Woman (1990) and Ohikita Woman (1993), have female participants in aim, the Wounded Knee occupation, and other Native activist organizations been heard.
Revolutionary Ventures
Authors: Bhide Amar V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the popular imagination, Frederick Smith’s launch of Federal Express represents the epitome of entrepreneurship. Smith had a bold vision for a company that would operate a national network of jets, trucks, and personnel to provide reliable overnight delivery of letters and small packages. The charismatic former Marine Corps pilot risked his personal wealth, raised about $70 million-a substantial amount for an individual entrepreneur in the early 1970s-from outside investors and lenders, built a fiercely loyal workforce, lobbied regulators and politicians, and after many brushes with bankruptcy made his company’s service a ubiquitous verb (“to FedEx”).
Missing Attributes
Authors: Bhide Amar V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The transition of a fledgling business into a large, well-established corporation requires a fundamental transformation rather than a simple scaling up, because of some basic differences in their attributes (see Fig. 9.1). The profits of fledgling businesses derive from a few (and often transient) factors. Fledgling businesses also face serious growth constraints due to factors such as the small size of the markets they serve. In contrast, large, long-lived corporations have a broad and well-coordinated portfolio of products, relationships, know-how and other such assets that allow them to profitably compete in large markets. Building a large and long-lived corporation therefore requires a considerable broadening of the fledgling firm’s assets, establishing effective mechanisms to coordinate the assets and developing the capacity to compete in large markets.
Exceptional Qualities
Authors: Bhide Amar V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Building a firm requires different qualities from starting a new business because it involves different tasks. In Chapter 4 we discussed how starting a business in an uncertain niche through a process of opportunistic adaptation requires qualities and skills such as a tolerance for ambiguity, open mindedness, perceptiveness, tactical ingenuity, and a capacity for face-to-face selling. Adopting a strategic rather than an opportunistic approach to building a large, long-lived firm, we should expect, involves a different set of qualities. For instance, pursuing ambitious long-term strategies, we will see, requires considerably greater tolerance for risk than does starting a niche business.
The Nation as Action
Authors: Porter Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before we begin the quest for the origins of the exclusionary rhetoric and authoritarian politics of”modern” nationalism, we must survey a very different style of thought: Polish romanticism. In this chapter we will explore the discursive framework that delineated conversations about the nation for most of the first half of the nineteenth century. Until the very end of the century, the “Polish question” concerned only a minority of those we might categorize as Polish, with few peasants demonstrating any interest in independence. The national lexicon described in this chapter, therefore, was restricted to a relatively small group of people.
The Return to Action
Authors: Porter Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1878 a tsarist official in Warsaw described the Polish Kingdom as “the most peaceful part” of an empire that was otherwise “undermined by nihilism.”1 At a time when the likes of Mikhail Bakunin, Nikolai Chernyshevsky, Petr Lavrov, and Nikolai Mikhailovsky were inspiring hundreds of young Russian intellectuals to “go to the people” and work for social change, and at a time when political assassinations threatened to undermine the stability of the autocracy, Poland looked like a refuge of quiescence. The positivist program of “work at the foundations” appeared to enjoy wide acceptance, and the cloud of 1863 continued to hang over the Kingdom, bringing passivity if not loyalty.
The Lud, the Naród, and Historical Time
Authors: Porter Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The novelist Stefan .Zeromski described the politically active students at Warsaw University as “an agglomeration of the most contradictory elements, as obstinately contradictory as you can only imagine.”1 Even as these “elements” argued with each other, however, they were perceived—and perceived themselves—to be united against enemies both “Polish” (loyalists, landed nobles, capitalists) and “foreign” (state officials). Feliks Perl described “a sense of unity,” supported by “an almost religious faith that a social revolution, a universal social transformation would at once solve all problems, remove in one blow all exploitation and all oppression.”2
Organization
Authors: Porter Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 1880s, while the young intellectuals of the Kingdom—the niepokorni—were trying to define the lud on the pages of their legal and illegal periodicals, the actual peasants and workers were raising their heads and voices. Their activities were particularly evident in the cities. Throughout the entire decade of the 1870s there were only eighteen strikes in the Kingdom, but during the 1880s there were more than forty, involving 27,000 workers (mainly in the textile center of Łódź, the mines of the Dąbrowa basin, and Warsaw).1 These had little to do with the agitation of the intelligentsia: after Waryński’ s group was broken up by the police in 1886, the number of strikes only increased (to seven in 1887 and eleven in 1888, including one in Łódź that mobilized 8,000 workers).
Potential Future Change-Opportunities and Disasters
Authors: Altier William J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 7, we discussed the micro application of Potential Problem Analysis used in analyzing Implementation Plans. This chapter describes the macro application of Potential Problem Analysis and Potential Opportunity Analysis. In the macro mode, these tools are used to examine the ongoing conduct of the organization’s affairs for undesirable or desirable Unplanned Future Change. The only differences between Potential Problem Analysis and Potential Opportunity Analysis are whether the searcher is casting a negative or a positive spin on Unplanned Future Change and trying to prevent or promote its occurrence.
On Creativity
Authors: Altier William J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The need for creativity in today’s world is critical. We have seen how creativity is vital in the logical thought processes discussed throughout this book. When you are in the Decision Analysis develop mode creating ideas for new products, for example-or in the determine mode trying to come up with a new organization structure-certain fundamentals of creative thinking can make the difference between mediocre and outstanding solutions.
Introduction
Authors: Schloss Irving S , Abildsoe Deborah V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If you apprehensively perused the table of contents, you might think that we will explore what seems like an awful lot of peripheral issues. You can rest assured that this book's principal function remains to explain how TIAA-CREF works and how participants can derive the maximum benefit from their accounts. However, one cannot view TIAA-CREF in isolation, and we will cover related matters only to the extent that they bear upon the central focus of this book. Without some technical background, the TIAA-CREF literature and this book will remain incomprehensible. They need to be understood in the con­text of the legal and other rules that govern and shape TIAA-CREF.
What is a Variable Annuity?
Authors: Schloss Irving S , Abildsoe Deborah V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As mentioned before, a variable annuity will pay you, the annuitant, a stream of payments, each of which will contain an equal number of annuity units. The number of units per payment remains constant. The dollars received by you will depend on the market value of the units. With the value of each unit subject to fluctuation, your periodic annuity payments will, of necessity, vary. We will first define annuity units, look at how they are valued, and then look at your options within the world of TIAA-CREF variable annuities.
How Portable is your TIAA-CREF Account?
Authors: Schloss Irving S , Abildsoe Deborah V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Portable,” as defined in Websters Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary, means “capable of being transported or conveyed.” A portable retirement account would allow you to move it from one employer to another without any discernible detriment to you. As a rule, employers in either the not-for-profit or the for-profit sector rarely permit employees to bring retirement plans from previous employers to their new positions. On occasion, Congress has debated enacting legislation that would allow for the creation of individual pension accounts that could be moved from one employer to another.