bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Degradation of direct‐tunneling gate oxide under hot hole injection
Authors: Kamakura Yoshinari , Deguchi Kazuaki , Ishida Akihiro , Uno Shigeyasu , Taniguchi Kenji 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe degradation of ultrathin SiO2films accompanied by the hole direct tunneling is investigated using a substrate hot hole (SHH) injection technique. Hot holes from the substrate as well as cold holes in the inversion layer are injected into the gate oxides inp‐channel MOSFETs withp+poly‐Si gates, while the gate bias is kept low enough to avoid simultaneous electron injection from the gate. During the SHH stress, in contrast to the case of thicker oxide films, a strong correlation is observed between the oxide film degradation and the injected hole energy, whereas no degradation occurs due to the hole direct tunneling from the inversion layer. These experimental findings indicate the existence of threshold energy for trap creation process, which has been predicted by the theoretical study of hole‐injection‐induced structural transformation of oxygen vacancy in SiO2. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 140(4): 54–61, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.2008
“It's OK if we say it, but you can't”: responses to intergroup and intragroup criticism
Authors: Hornsey Matthew J. , Oppes Tina , Svensson Alicia 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThree experiments were conducted examining group members' responses to criticism from ingroup and outgroup members. In Experiment 1a, Australians read scripts of a person making either negative or positive comments about Australia. The speaker was identified as coming from either Australia (ingroup member) or another country (outgroup member). Responses indicated an intergroup sensitivity effect; that is, while ingroup criticisms were tolerated surprisingly well, outgroup criticisms were met with sensitivity and defensiveness. This pattern was replicated using the identity of ‘university student’ (Experiment 1b). Experiment 2 demonstrated that the intergroup sensitivity effect is driven by perceptions that ingroup criticisms are seen to be more legitimate and more constructive than are outgroup criticisms. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for intragroup and intergroup relations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Motivation and dropout in female handballers: a 21‐month prospective study
Authors: Sarrazin P. , Vallerand R. , Guillet E. , Pelletier L. , Cury F. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to test a motivational model of sport dropout that integrates the four‐stage causal sequence proposed by the Hierarchical Model of Vallerand (1997) and elements from achievement goal theory (Nicholls,1989). The model posits that a task involving motivational climate facilitates, while an ego‐involving climate undermines, perceptions of competence, autonomy, and relatedness. In turn, feeling incompetent, non‐autonomous, and unrelated to others undermines self‐determined motivation toward handball which leads to the intention of dropping out of the game. Finally, such intentions are implemented later. Three hundred and thirty‐five female handballers completed a motivation questionnaire and were followed for 21 months. Results from structural equation modelling analyses provided basic support for the model. The findings are discussed in the light of their theoretical and applied implications. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cyclic‐demand spectrum
Authors: Malhotra Praveen K. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe seismic response spectrum defines the amplitude of the load, but it does not specify the number of cycles for which the load must be resisted by the structure. The amplitude by itself is not sufficient to evaluate the seismic resistance of a structure, because the structure's strength, stiffness and energy‐dissipation capacity reduce with an increase in the number of load cycles. This paper presents a cyclic‐demand spectrum, which, in conjunction with the amplitude spectrum, provides a more complete definition of the seismic load, hence a way to consider the degradation in strength, stiffness and energy‐dissipation capacity in a rational manner. Similarly to three amplitude parameters (peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity, and peak ground displacement), three cyclic‐demand parameters are introduced for stiff, moderately stiff, and flexible systems. A design example is presented to illustrate the use of the cyclic‐demand spectrum. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Treatment aims and philosophy in the treatment of adolescent anorexia nervosa in Europe
Authors: Gowers S. G. , Edwards V. J. , Fleminger S. , Massoubre C. , Wallin U. , Canalda G. , Starkova L. , Hannesdottir H. , Almquist F. , Aronen P. , Scholz M. , Höerder K. , Skarderud F. , Boyadjieva S. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis study describes the range of service provision and explores differences in treatment approaches and therapeutic aims, in the 12 countries participating in the European Union collaborative COST B6 Adolescent Project into the treatment of adolescent anorexia nervosa (AN). Following a number of group meetings, two questionnaires were administered, completed and returned by e‐mail. The first questionnaire examined features of the services provided, including details of the numbers of patients seen, inpatient admission criteria and aspects of patient management. The second questionnaire contained a list of 13 therapeutic aims, asking respondents to rank in order the six they considered most important in the first weeks of treatment. There was broad agreement between services concerning the need to offer a full spectrum of services in a range of settings. Nevertheless, there were significant differences in approaches, chiefly concerning the readiness to admit to hospital, the use of (individual or family) day units and the focus on weight restoration as opposed to therapeutic engagement. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Quantifying the mechanical and hydrologic effects of riparian vegetation on streambank stability
Authors: Simon Andrew , Collison Andrew J. C. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractRiparian vegetation strips are widely used by river managers to increase streambank stability, among other purposes. However, though the effects of vegetation on bank stability are widely discussed they are rarely quantified, and generally underemphasize the importance of hydrologic processes, some of which may be detrimental. This paper presents results from an experiment in which the hydrologic and mechanical effects of four riparian tree species and two erosion‐control grasses were quantified in relation to bank stability. Geotechnical and pore‐water pressure data from streambank plots under three riparian covers (mature trees, clump grasses and bare/cropped turf grass) were used to drive the ARS bank stability model, and the resulting factor of safety (Fs) was broken down into its constituent parts to assess the contribution (beneficial or detrimental) of individual hydrologic and mechanical effects (soil moisture modification, root reinforcement and surcharge). Tree roots were found to increase soil strength by 2–8 kPa depending on species, while grass roots contributed 6–18 kPa. Slope stability analysis based on data collected during bank failures in spring 2000 (following a very dry antecedent period) shows that the mechanical effects of the tree cover increased Fs by 32 per cent, while the hydrologic effects increased Fs by 71 per cent. For grasses the figures were 70 per cent for mechanical effects and a reduction of Fs by 10 per cent for the hydrologic effects. However, analysis based on bank failures in spring 2001 (following a wetter than average antecedent period) showed the mechanical effects of the tree cover to increase Fs by 46 per cent, while hydrologic effects added 29 per cent. For grasses the figures were 49 per cent and −15 per cent respectively. During several periods in spring 2001 the hydrologic effects of the tree cover reduced bank stability, though this was always offset by the stabilizing mechanical effects. The results demonstrate the importance of hydrologic processes in controlling streambank stability, and highlight the need to select riparian vegetation based on hydrologic as well as mechanical and ecological criteria. Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Origin and palaeo‐environments of calcareous sediments in the Moshaweng dry valley, southeast Botswana
Authors: Ringrose S. , Kampunzu A. B. , Vink B. W. , Matheson W. , Downey W. S. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractQuaternary sedimentation in the Moshaweng dry valley of southeastern Botswana is evaluated on the basis of geomorphological evolution and sedimentological analyses. Stratigraphic evidence reveals an upper surface (1095 m) containing abundant sil‐calcrete, an intermediate surface (1085 m) in which sil‐calcrete underlies nodular calcrete and lower (1075 m) surface in which sil‐calcrete and nodular calcrete are interbedded. This subdivision is reflected in the geochemical composition of the sediments which show an overall trend of decreasing SiO2 content (and increasing CaCO3 content) with depth from the highest to the lowest surface levels. The calcretes and sil‐calcretes represent modifications of pre‐existing detrital Kalahari Group sand and basal Kalahari pebbles which thinned over a Karoo bedrock high. Modification took place during wet periods when abundant Ca++‐rich groundwater flowed along the structurally aligned valley system. With the onset of drier conditions, water table fluctuations led to the precipitation of nodular calcretes in the phreatic layer to a depth of about 20 m. A major geochemical change resulted in the preferential silicification of the nodular calcrete deposits. Conditions for silica mobilization may be related to drying‐induced salinity and in situ geochemical differentiation brought about by pebble dissociation towards the top of the sediment pile. As calcretization and valley formation progressed to lower levels, silica release took place on a diminishing scale. Thermoluminescence dating infers a mid‐Pleistocene age for sil‐calcrete formation suggesting that valley evolution and original calcrete precipitation are much older. Late stage dissolution of CaCO3 from pre‐existing surface calcretes or sil‐calcretes led to the formation of pedogenic case‐hardened deposits during a time of reduced flow through the Moshaweng system possibly during the upper or late Pleistocene. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of water stress on plant height, herbal and essential oil yield and composition in Satureja hortensis L.
Authors: Baher Zahra F. , Mirza Mehdi , Ghorbanli Mahlega , Bagher Rezaii Mohamad 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe influence of soil water stress on plant height, fresh and dry weight and essential oil content of Iranian Satureja hortensis L. was investigated. The volatile constituents of the aerial parts of cultivated S. hortensis were isolated by steam distillation and analysed by GC–MS. The results showed that greater soil water stress decreased plant height and total fresh and dry weight. The accumulation of oil increased significantly under severe water stress at the flowering stage, when the mean leaf water potential decreased from −0.5 to −1.6 MPa. This treatment affected the quantity of the essential oils more than moderate water stress during the vegetative and flowering stages. The main oil constituents are carvacrol and γ‐terpinene. The amount of carvacrol increased under moderate stress, while γ‐terpinene content decreased under moderate and severe water stress treatments. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of novel fusion partners of ALK, the anaplastic lymphoma kinase, in anaplastic large‐cell lymphoma and inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor
Authors: Cools Jan , Wlodarska Iwona , Somers Riet , Mentens Nicole , Pedeutour Florence , Maes Brigitte , De Wolf‐Peeters Christiane , Pauwels Patrick , Hagemeijer Anne , Marynen Peter 
Published: October 2002

AbstractALK‐positive anaplastic large‐cell lymphoma (ALCL) has been recognized as a distinct type of lymphoma in the heterogeneous group of T/Null‐ALCL. While most of the ALK‐positive ALCL (ALKomas) are characterized by the presence of the NPM‐ALK fusion protein, the product of the t(2;5)(p23;q35), 10–20% of ALKomas contain variant ALK fusions, including ATIC‐ALK, TFG‐ALK, CLTC‐ALK (previously designated CLTCL‐ALK), TMP3‐ALK, and MSN‐ALK. TMP3‐ALK and TMP4‐ALK fusions also have been detected in inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors (IMTs), making clear that aberrations of the ALK gene are not associated exclusively with the pathogenesis of ALK‐positive ALCL. Here we report results of molecular studies on two lymphoma cases and one IMT case with variant rearrangements of ALK. Our study led to the detection of the CLTC‐ALK fusion in an ALCL case and to the identification of two novel fusion partners of ALK: ALO17 (KIAA1618), a gene with unknown function, which was fused to ALK in an ALCL case with a t(2;17)(p23;q25), and CARS, encoding the cysteinyl‐tRNA synthetase, which was fused to ALK in an IMT case with a t(2;11;2)(p23;p15;q31). These results confirm the recurrent involvement of ALK in IMT and further demonstrate the diversity of ALK fusion partners, with the ability to homodimerize as a common characteristic. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Loss of genetic material is more common than gain in acute myeloid leukemia with complex aberrant karyotype: A detailed analysis of 125 cases using conventional chromosome analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization including 24‐color FISH
Authors: Schoch Claudia , Haferlach Torsten , Bursch Sabina , Gerstner Daniela , Schnittger Susanne , Dugas Martin , Kern Wolfgang , Löffler Helmut , Hiddemann Wolfgang 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPatients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and a complex aberrant karyotype have a poor outcome despite intensive antileukemic treatment. The aim of this study was to analyze in detail the genetic abnormalities in this subgroup of AML. Therefore, 125 AML cases with complex aberrant karyotype detected by G‐banding were examined in addition with 24‐color FISH and FISH with locus‐specific probes for EGR1 (5q31), D7S522 (7q31), and TP53 (17p13), given that these regions are known to be commonly deleted in AML with a complex aberrant karyotype. The number of chromosome abnormalities per case varied from 3 to 30 (median 10). A gain of a whole chromosome was observed 131 times, with +8 (n = 30), +10 (n = 11), and +22 (n = 10) being the most frequent trisomies. A loss of a whole chromosome occurred 128 times. The chromosomes most often lost were 7 (n = 25), 18 (n = 24), and 17 (n = 17). Structural aberrations, leading to a gain or loss of chromosomal material, were detected 104 times and 433 times, respectively. Aberrations including only two chromosomes that seemed to be balanced were found only 19 times. Losses resulting from structural abnormalities most frequently involved 5q (n = 100), 17p (n = 47), and 12p (n = 29), whereas gains of 11q (n = 21), 21q (n = 19), and 8q (n = 11) were observed. Using locus‐specific probes, deletions of the EGR1 locus (5q31), of 7q31, and the TP53 gene were observed in 103 (82%), 57 (46%), and 66 (53%) cases, respectively. In conclusion, in AML with a complex aberrant karyotype, loss of chromosomal material was observed much more often than gain. Unbalanced rearrangements leading to loss of chromosomal material are much more frequent than loss of whole chromosomes. These data suggest that in AML with a complex aberrant karyotype, loss of tumor‐suppressor genes is a more important mechanism of leukemogenesis than activation of oncogenes, and that gene‐dosage effects may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of this AML subtype. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MEN1 tumor‐suppressor protein localizes to telomeres during meiosis
Authors: Suphapeetiporn Kanya , Greally John M. , Walpita Deepika , Ashley Terry , Bale Allen E. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMultiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 is an autosomal dominant cancer predisposition syndrome caused by mutations in the tumor‐suppressor gene MEN1. The gene encodes a nuclear protein, menin, with no recognized functional motifs. Menin has been shown negatively to regulate transcriptional activation mediated by JunD, although the significance of this interaction in normal cell physiology and how the absence of menin leads to tumorigenesis are unknown. Menin is highly expressed in testes. We used immunocytochemistry to explore its role in meiosis and found that it localizes exclusively at telomeres. JunD was not found at telomeres in meiotic cells. In view of elevated telomerase activity or abnormal telomere structure in virtually all malignancies, regulation of telomere function would be an appealing role for a tumor suppressor. However, menin does not specifically associate with telomeres in somatic cells, as indicated by lack of co‐localization with the known telomeric protein TRF2. Cells overexpressing menin had normal telomerase activity, and tumors with homozygous MEN1 mutations showed no aberrations in telomere length, indicating that menin does not directly regulate telomerase activity. The role of menin at meiotic telomeres appears to be independent of JunD and may not have a counterpart in somatic cells. These results suggest that menin may play different roles in different tissues through interactions with different proteins. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Psychometric properties of Clock Drawing Test and MMSE or Short Performance Test (SKT) in dementia screening in a memory clinic population
Authors: Schramm Uta , Berger Gabriele , Müller Ruth , Kratzsch Tilman , Peters Juergen , Frölich Lutz 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate five different scoring methods of the Clock Drawing Test (CDT) and to examine whether a combination of Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) or Short Performance Test (Syndrom Kurz Test, SKT), respectively, with CDT can be used for cognitive screening.MethodsRetrospective blinded analysis of clock drawing performance using five scoring methods (Shulman et al. (1986), Sunderland et al. (1989), Wolf‐Klein et al. (1989), Watson et al. (1997), Manos (1997)). A Memory Clinic at an academic psychiatric hospital (University of Frankfurt am Main, Germany). 123 consecutive patients (79 dementia patients, 44 controls). Inter‐rater reliability and correlation of five different scoring methods of the CDT with established psychometric tests. Sensitivity and specificity of all five CDT's using the original and modified cut‐off scores. Sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive value of a combination of the CDT with MMSE and SKT, respectively.ResultsAll scoring methods of the CDT showed a highly significant interrater reliability (0.82 to 0.94). Correlation with the MMSE and the SKT was also significant (p < 0.01) for all five CDTs. Highest sensitivity was achieved by the Shulman scoring method (81% sensitivity, specificity 79%). Sensitivity of all scoring methods could be improved up to 89% by modifying the originally proposed cut‐off scores at the cost of lower specificity. By combining the CDT with the MMSE or the SKT, respectively, the sensitivity of each of the tests could be improved to 92% (SKT and Shulman scale). In patients with mild dementia (GDS 3), a combination of the Shulman Scale with the SKT (92%) and the MMSE (75%) achieved the highest sensitivity.ConclusionsThe CDT in combination with the MMSE or SKT is an easily administered, non threatening and highly sensitive screening test for dementia in the setting of a memory clinic. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psychosocial and clinical predictors of unipolar depression outcome in older adults
Authors: Bosworth Hayden B. , Hays Judith C. , George Linda K. , Steffens David C. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundThis study examined psychosocial and clinical predictors of depression non‐remittance among a sample of initially clinically depressed elders.MethodsIncident and prevalent unipolar depression cases (n = 166) were enrolled into the MHCRC for the Study of Depression in Late Life and followed for 12 months while undergoing treatment using a standardized algorithm. The outcome was remissionvsnon‐remission (<6vs> 7 on the Montgomery‐Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS)) at one‐year follow‐up. Baseline predictor variables included psychosocial factors, such as four domains of social support, basic and instrumental activities of daily living (ADLs), and clinical factors, which included use of ECT, past history of depression, comorbidities, and antidepressant treatment.ResultsAt one‐year follow‐up, 45% of the sample was in remission based upon MADRS scores. In bivariate analyses, non‐remitted patients were more likely at baseline to use benzodiazepines, anxiolytic/sedatives, and/or MAO inhibitors than patients in remission, and have more depressive episodes. Among psychosocial factors, non‐remitted patients had at baseline, more ADL and IADL problems and decreased subjective social support as compared to patients in remission. In logistic regression analyses more depression episodes, using anxiolytic/sedatives, more IADL problems and decreased subjective social support predicted poor depression outcome after one‐year.ConclusionsWhile clinical and diagnostic variables were related to improvement, baseline psychosocial factors were also important. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Longitudinal increase in the volume of white matter hyperintensities in late‐onset depression
Authors: Nebes Robert D. , Reynolds Charles F. , Boada Fernando , Meltzer Carolyn C. , Fukui Melanie B. , Saxton Judith , Halligan Edythe M. , DeKosky Steven T. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundCerebrovascular disease is thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of geriatric major depression. One finding supporting such a ‘vascular depression’ is the increased neuropathology in the form of white matter hyperintensities (WMH) found in patients diagnosed with a late‐onset depression. However, at present there is little evidence that a longitudinal increase in WMH burden within an individual is associated with the onset of a late‐life depression.MethodsThis study examined three‐year longitudinal change in WMH volume and in cognition in: (a) an older man who developed his first episode of major depression during the study period, and (b) a comparison group of twelve older individuals who remained depression free. All subjects received at baseline and three years later a structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using fast‐FLAIR technology. The images were analyzed with semi‐automated computerized software to obtain WMH volumes. Subjects also received at both time points the Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE) as well a series of cognitive tasks assessing executive abilities (verbal fluency, Trail Making Test and Stroop test) since executive dysfunction is thought to be characteristic of a vascular depression.ResultsThe individual who became depressed during the followup showed an increase in WMH volume that exceeded the 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) for change in the comparison group. This individual also showed a similar decline on the measures of executive function but not on the MMSE.ConclusionsThese results are consistent with cerebrovascular disease being a factor in the pathogenesis of late‐onset depression (i.e. ‘vascular depression’). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.