bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Taking stock of naturalistic decision making
Authors: Lipshitz Raanan , Klein Gary , Orasanu Judith , Salas Eduardo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe review the progress of naturalistic decision making (NDM) in the decade since the first conference on the subject in 1989. After setting out a brief history of NDM we identify its essential characteristics and consider five of its main contributions: recognition‐primed decisions, coping with uncertainty, team decision making, decision errors, and methodology. NDM helped identify important areas of inquiry previously neglected (e.g. the use of expertise in sizing up situations and generating options), it introduced new models, conceptualizations, and methods, and recruited applied investigators into the field. Above all, NDM contributed a new perspective on how decisions (broadly defined as committing oneself to a certain course of action) are made. NDM still faces significant challenges, including improvement of the quantity and rigor of its empirical research, and confirming the validity of its prescriptive models. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hypersensitivity symptoms associated with exposure to cellular telephones: No causal link
Authors: Hietanen Maila , Hämäläinen Anna‐Maija , Husman Tuula 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe hypothesis that there exist hypersensitive persons who perceive subjective symptoms from radiofrequency (RF) fields emitted by hand held mobile phones (cellular phones) was tested using double blind provocation experiments. We also tested whether sensitive subjects are able to determine whether the phone is on or off by sensing RF fields. The study group consisted of 20 volunteers (13 women and 7 men) who reported themselves as being sensitive to cellular phones. The RF exposure sources were one analogue NMT phone (900 MHz) and two digital GSM phones (900 and 1800 MHz). The duration of a test session was 30 min, and three or four sessions were performed in random order for each subject during 1 day. The subjects were asked to report symptoms or sensations as soon as they perceived any abnormal feelings. In addition, the subjects' blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing frequency were monitored every 5 min. The results of the study indicated that various symptoms were reported, and most of them appeared in the head region. However, the number of reported symptoms was higher during sham exposure than during real exposure conditions. In addition, none of the test persons could distinguish real RF exposure from sham exposure. Hence, we conclude that adverse subjective symptoms or sensations, though unquestionably perceived by the test subjects, were not produced by cellular phones. Bioelectromagnetics 23:264–270, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The radial‐symmetric hydra and the evolution of the bilateral body plan: an old body became a young brain
Authors: Meinhardt Hans 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe radial symmetric cnidarians are regarded as being close to the common metazoan ancestor before bilaterality evolved. It is proposed that a large fraction of the body of this gastrula‐like organism gave rise to the head of more evolved organisms. The trunk was added later in evolution from an unfolding of a narrow zone between the tentacles and the blastoporus. This implies that, counter intuitively, the foot of the hydra corresponds to the most anterior part (forebrain and heart) while the opening of the gastric column gave rise to the anus. Two fundamentally different modes of midline formation evolved. In vertebrates, the organiser attracts cells from the both sides of the marginal zone. These leave the organiser as a unified band. The midline is formed sequentially from anterior to posterior. In insects, the midline forms opposite a dorsal repelling center, i.e., on the ventral side. This can occur more or less simultaneously over the whole anteroposterior extension. BioEssays 24:185–191, 2002. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sonic Hedgehog as a mediator of long‐range signaling*
Authors: Goetz John A. , Suber Liza M. , Zeng Xin , Robbins David J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe ability of Hedgehog (Hh) proteins to exert their biological effects is regulated by a series of post‐translational processes. These processes include an intramolecular cleavage, covalent addition of cholesterol and/or palmitate, and conversion into a multimeric freely diffusible form. The processing of Hh proteins affects their trafficking, potency, and ability to signal over many cell diameters. Accordingly, the loss of gene products required for these processes abrogates the Hh proteins' abilities to exert their effects, which can be long range, short range, or both. We review here recent evidence demonstrating that Hh proteins are directly responsible for their long‐range biological effects. Additionally, we integrate both genetic and biochemical data to delineate a model illustrating how the unusual biochemistry of Hh family members may allow them to act as morphogens, signaling over both short and long distances. BioEssays 24:157–165, 2002. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Regulator‐driven functional diversification of protein phosphatase‐1 in eukaryotic evolution
Authors: Ceulemans Hugo , Stalmans Willy , Bollen Mathieu 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe have used the (nearly) completed eukaryotic genome sequences to trace the evolution of thirteen families of established vertebrate regulators of type‐1 protein phosphatases (PP1). Two of these families are present in all lineages of the eukaryotic crown and therefore qualify as candidate primordial regulators that determined the surface of PP1. The set of regulators of PP1 has continued to expand ever since, often in response to functional innovations in different eukaryotic lineages. In particular, the development of metazoan multicellularity was accompanied by an explosive increase in the number of regulators of PP1. The further increase in the functional diversity of PP1 in the vertebrate lineage was mainly achieved by the duplication of genes for regulatory subunits and by the conversion of already existing proteins into regulators of PP1. Unexpectedly, our analysis has also enabled us to classify nine poorly characterized proteins as likely regulators of PP1. BioEssays 24:371–381, 2002. ©2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Tec family of cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases: mammalian Btk, Bmx, Itk, Tec, Txk and homologs in other species
Authors: Smith C.I. Edvard , Islam Tahmina C. , Mattsson Pekka T. , Mohamed Abdalla J. , Nore Beston F. , Vihinen Mauno 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCytoplasmic protein‐tyrosine kinases (PTKs) are enzymes involved in transducing a vast number of signals in metazoans. The importance of the Tec family of kinases was immediately recognized when, in 1993, mutations in the gene encoding Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) were reported to cause the human disease X‐linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA).(1,2) Since then, additional kinases belonging to this family have been isolated, and the availability of full genome sequences allows identification of all members in selected species enabling phylogenetic considerations. Tec kinases are endowed with Pleckstrin homology (PH) and Tec homology (TH) domains and are involved in diverse biological processes related to the control of survival and differentiation fate. Membrane translocation resulting in the activation of Tec kinases with subsequent Ca2+ release seems to be a general feature. However, nuclear translocation may also be of importance. The purpose of this essay is to characterize members of the Tec family and discuss their involvement in signaling. The three‐dimensional structure, expression pattern and evolutionary aspects will also be considered. BioEssays 23:436–446, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The effects of spacer length on the fluorescence quantum yields of the benzofurazan compounds bearing a donor–acceptor system
Authors: Onoda Maki , Uchiyama Seiichi , Santa Tomofumi , Imai Kazuhiro 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe studied the effects of spacer length on the fluorescence quantum yields (Φ) of photoinduced electron transfer (PET) reagents, using nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD) derivatives that have the –NMe2 moiety and NBD–NH– fluorophore as electron donor (D) and electron acceptor (A), respectively. The Φ values were reduced as the spacer length became shorter (n ≤ 4; n is the number of methylene units of the spacer) and the fluorescence recovered by suppression of the PET process. It is necessary for the useful PET reagents to link D and A with a short spacer to obtain a difference in the Φ values between fluorescent ‘off‐state’ and ‘on‐state’. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variability of cork from Portuguese Quercus suber studied by solid‐state 13C‐NMR and FTIR spectroscopies
Authors: Lopes M. H. , Barros A. S. , Pascoal Neto C. , Rutledge D. , Delgadillo I. , Gil A. M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA new approach is presented for the study of the variability of Portuguese reproduction cork using solid‐state 13C‐NMR spectroscopy and photoacoustic (PAS) FTIR (FTIR‐PAS) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics. Cork samples were collected from 12 different geographical sites, and their 13C‐cross‐polarization with magic angle spinning (CP/MAS) and FTIR spectra were registered. A large spectral variability among the cork samples was detected by principal component analysis and found to relate to the suberin and carbohydrate contents. This variability was independent of the sample geographical origin but significantly dependent on the cork quality, thus enabling the distinction of cork samples according to the latter property. The suberin content of the cork samples was predicted using multivariate regression models based on the 13C‐NMR and FTIR spectra of the samples as reported previously. Finally, the relationship between the variability of the 13C‐CP/MAS spectra with that of the FTIR‐PAS spectra was studied by outer product analysis. This type of multivariate analysis enabled a clear correlation to be established between the peaks assigned to suberin and carbohydrate in the FTIR spectrum and those appearing in the 13C‐CP/MAS spectra. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopolymers (Biospectroscopy) 62: 268–277, 2001
Dynamical model development and parameter identification for an anaerobic wastewater treatment process
Authors: Bernard Olivier , Hadj‐Sadok Zakaria , Dochain Denis , Genovesi Antoine , Steyer Jean‐Philippe 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper deals with the development and the parameter identification of an anaerobic digestion process model. A two‐step (acidogenesis–methanization) mass‐balance model has been considered. The model incorporates electrochemical equilibria in order to include the alkalinity, which has to play a central role in the related monitoring and control strategy of a treatment plant. The identification is based on a set of dynamical experiments designed to cover a wide spectrum of operating conditions that are likely to take place in the practical operation of the plant. A step by step identification procedure to estimate the model parameters is presented. The results of 70 days of experiments in a 1‐m3 fermenter are then used to validate the model. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 75: 424–438, 2001.
Photosynthetic productivity of conical helical tubular photobioreactor incorporating Chlorella sorokiniana under field conditions
Authors: Morita Masahiko , Watanabe Yoshitomo , Saiki Hiroshi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe photosynthetic performance of a conical, helical tubular photobioreactor (HTP) incorporating Chlorella sorokiniana was investigated under conditions of high temperature and light intensity during midsummer in an outdoor environment. Although the culture medium temperature exceeded 40°C for approximately 5 h each day, peaking at 47.5°C under sunny conditions, a photosynthetic productivity of 30.0 g · m−2 (installation area) · day−1 and a photosynthetic efficiency of 8.66% [photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), 400–700 nm] were achieved. A maximum photosynthetic productivity of 33.2 g · m−2 · day−1 was achieved on a sunny day, when solar energy input was also maximal (11.5 MJ · m−2 · day−1 [PAR]). On the other hand, a maximum photosynthetic efficiency of 9.54% was obtained on a day that was rainy in the morning and cloudy in the afternoon, and there was relatively little solar energy input. The average daily photosynthetic efficiency over the two culture periods (August 4 to 7 and August 10 to 13, 1999) was 7.25%. Thus, a high level of photosynthetic performance was achieved in the conical HTP incorporating Chlorella sorokiniana despite the fact that culture medium temperature was not controlled. The use of Chlorella sorokiniana in the conical HTP should be a good choice to produce microalgal biomass during the summer under field conditions. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 77: 155–162, 2002.
An assessment of seed quality and its influence on productivity estimation in an industrial antibiotic fermentation
Authors: Cunha C. C. F. , Glassey J. , Montague G. A. , Albert S. , Mohan P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study investigates the benefits of including seed quality information into data‐based models for final productivity estimation in an industrial antibiotic fermentation process. Multiway principal component analysis is applied to assess the seed quality using routinely gathered plant data. Multiway partial least‐squares regression is then used to estimate the final productivity using data from the main fermentation only. The issue of selecting appropriate process variables as inputs is investigated. Subsequently, seed characteristics are included into the estimation models to assess the benefits of including information from this stage for productivity estimation. It is shown that it is possible to extract seed fermentation features related to the final productivity both at pilot and production scales. It is postulated that significant influential variations are mirrored in monitored variables during the main fermentation, and therefore seed quality is implicitly accounted for. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 78: 658–669, 2002.
Selective extraction of carotenoids from the microalga Dunaliella salina with retention of viability
Authors: Hejazi M. A. , de Lamarliere C. , Rocha J. M. S. , Vermuë M. , Tramper J. , Wijffels R. H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSimultaneous production and selective extraction of β‐carotene from living cells of Dunaliella salina in a two‐phase system of aqueous and organic phases has been investigated. Solvents with values of log Poctanol, which denotes hydrophobicity of a compound, ranging from 3 to 9 were used as organic phase. Viability and activity of Dunaliella salina in the presence of organic solvents were checked by microscopic observation and photosynthetic oxygen‐production‐rate measurements, respectively. Extraction ability of different solvents for both β‐carotene and chlorophyll was determined spectrophotometrically. In addition, β‐carotene contents of the cells growing in the aqueous phase and extracted β‐carotene by the different organic phases were quantified by the same method. Results showed that solvents having log Poctanol > 6 can be considered biocompatible for this alga. Moreover, pigment extraction ability of a solvent is inversely dependent on its log Poctanol value. By increasing the degenerative hydrophobicity the extraction ability for both chlorophyll and β‐carotene, decreases. However, this decrease is more profound for chlorophyll. Therefore, selective extraction of β‐carotene becomes feasible. Comparison of the total β‐carotene produced in the presence and in the absence of solvents shows that the presence of a second phase of biocompatible solvents in the culture media may induce the β‐carotene production pathway. The β‐carotene productivity per cell in a two‐phase system with dodecane was the highest observed. Extraction ability of the biocompatible solvents dodecane, tetradecan, and hexadecane was similar. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 79: 29–36, 2002.
Dynamic modeling of the central carbon metabolism of Escherichia coli
Authors: Chassagnole Christophe , Noisommit‐Rizzi Naruemol , Schmid Joachim W. , Mauch Klaus , Reuss Matthias 
Published: August 2002

AbstractApplication of metabolic engineering principles to the rational design of microbial production processes crucially depends on the ability to describe quantitatively the systemic behavior of the central carbon metabolism to redirect carbon fluxes to the product‐forming pathways. Despite the importance for several production processes, development of an essential dynamic model for central carbon metabolism of Escherichia coli has been severely hampered by the current lack of kinetic information on the dynamics of the metabolic reactions. Here we present the design and experimental validation of such a dynamic model, which, for the first time, links the sugar transport system (i.e., phosphotransferase system [PTS]) with the reactions of glycolysis and the pentose‐phosphate pathway. Experimental observations of intracellular concentrations of metabolites and cometabolites at transient conditions are used to validate the structure of the model and to estimate the kinetic parameters. Further analysis of the detailed characteristics of the system offers the possibility of studying important questions regarding the stability and control of metabolic fluxes. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 79: 53–73; 2002.
Different strokes: regulatory styles and environmental strategy in the North‐American oil and gas industry
Authors: Sharma Sanjay 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe environmental management and policy literature presents competing arguments for and against different styles of environmental regulations – command‐and‐control versus flexible regulations that enable voluntary actions. On the one hand, it is argued that firms will not adopt minimum environmental standards without command‐and‐control regulations and that such regulations may actually result in competitive benefits for first movers. On the other hand, the literature argues that command‐and‐control regulations stifle innovation and that flexible regulations encourage proactive environmental strategies that lead to competitive benefits for organizations. This study compared the environmental strategies and competitiveness of oil and gas firms in two different regulatory contexts – the command‐and‐control based US environmental regulations and the flexible collaborative Canadian context. The study found no significant differences in the degree to which firms within the two contexts were more or less proactive in their environmental strategies or in the extent of competitiveness associated with corporate environmental strategies. Follow‐up interviews with 12 Canadian and US companies indicated that regulations appeared to be more important drivers of corporate environmental practices at initial stages and eventually other external and internal drivers became more important influences on corporate environmental strategies. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
An analysis of the argument that clinicians under‐predict sexual violence in civil commitment cases
Authors: Wollert Richard 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper presents the results of an analysis that evaluated the assumptions and arguments set forth in a recent paper (Doren, 1998), which concluded that clinicians under‐predict the risk that candidates for commitment as dangerous sex offenders will recidivate. This analysis indicates that such a conclusion is untenable because almost all of the assertions on which it is based might be disputed in one way or another. These flaws undermine the paper's value as a source of secondary authority in hearings pertaining to the commitment of dangerous sex offenders. Nonetheless, its publication will probably be beneficial for professional practice in this arena because it raises several important issues that stand in need of resolution. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial patterns of serial murder: an analysis of disposal site location choice
Authors: Lundrigan Samantha , Canter David 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAlthough the murders committed by serial killers may not be considered rational, there is growing evidence that the locations in which they commit their crimes may be guided by an implicit, if limited rationality.The hypothesized logic of disposal site choice of serial killers led to predictions that (a) their criminal domains would be around their home base and relate to familiar travel distances, (b) they would have a size that was characteristic of each offender, (c) the distribution would be biased towards other non‐criminal activities, and (d) the size of the domains would increase over time.Examination of the geographical distribution of the sites at which 126 US and 29 UK serial killers disposed of their victims' bodies supported all four hypotheses. It was found that rational choice and routine activity models of criminal behavior could explain the spatial choices of serial murderers. It was concluded that the locations at which serial killers dispose of their victims' bodies reflect the inherent logic of the choices that underlie their predatory activities. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parasitic conjoined twins: external, internal (fetuses in fetu and teratomas), and detached (acardiacs)
Authors: Spencer Rowena 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDuring the course of researching the embryologic etiology of conjoined twins, more than 1260 individual cases were collected from the literature and the reported abnormal anatomy tabulated and evaluated in the light of known embryology. It soon became apparent that the association of conjoined twins and their parasites with fetuses in fetu, acardiacs, and teratomas was more frequent than could be attributed to chance. These anomalous fetuses form a continuum, strongly suggesting that they are all variations of abnormal conjoined twinning, with the site of union and the extent of damage (or defect) of one embryo resulting in (1) an externally attached parasitic twin, (2) an enclosed fetus in fetu, (3) an internal teratoma, or (4) an acardiac connected via the placenta. Common patterns among them are a family history of twinning, the predominance of females, and the frequent presence of a twin or triplet accompanying the malformation. The several reports of chromosomal abnormality suggest that perhaps, at least on occasion, it is a genetically imperfect embryo that develops into a defective fetus. Of singular importance is the fact that rarely, if ever, is either a functional heart or a competent brain found in any of these abnormal fetuses, suggesting that the etiology of all of them is a primary cardiac malformation with secondary disruption in the development of the brain. Clin. Anat. 6:428–444, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The nerve supply of the human auricle
Authors: Peuker Elmar T. , Filler Timm J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractKnowledge of the innervation of the outer ear is crucial for surgery in this region. The aim of this study was to describe the system of the auricular nerve supply. On 14 ears of seven cadavers the complete course of the nerve supply was exposed and categorized. A heterogeneous distribution of two cranial branchial nerves and two somatic cervical nerves was found. At the lateral as well as the medial surface the great auricular nerve prevails. No region with triple innervation was found. Clin. Anat. 15:35–37, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.