bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sulfonylureas: Basic Aspects and Clinical Uses
Authors: Lebovitz H.E. , Melander A. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThis chapter describes the chemistry, mechanism of action, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, kinetics–effect relations, clinically beneficial and adverse effects of sulfonylurea drugs, as well as the efficacy of these agents in randomized‐controlled clinical trials and other studies. It also compares the different sulfonylurea compounds, especially in terms of differences in potency, rate of onset, and duration of action, and how such differences may contribute to different clinical profiles of the various compounds. In addition, some important interactions with other drugs are listed. Their appropriate place in the therapeutic armamentarium concerning type 2 diabetes is thoroughly discussed.
Metformin and Other Biguanides: Pharmacology and Therapeutic Usage
Authors: Garber Alan J. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe role of biguanides in the treatment of type 2 diabetes has evolved along with the understanding of the disease pathogenesis and its associated complications. Metformin is a valuable agent for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, and its ability to improve insulin sensitivity allows for broader use (i.e. insulin‐resistant prediabetic states). The efficacy of metformin in improving glycemic control is similar to that of sulfonylureas or insulin. Additionally, metformin has been shown to reduce macrovascular complications of type 2 diabetes in overweight patients; and it improves serum lipoprotein parameters, reduces body weight, and stimulates fibrinolysis. Metformin can be administered with insulin and other oral antihyperglycemic agents. Reformulation of the drug in an extended‐release form and in combination tablets (glyburide/metformin, glipizide/metformin, or rosiglitazone/metformin) allows for simplified dosage regimens, which may enhance patient adherence.
Thiazolidinediones as PPAR Agonists
Authors: Mudaliar Sunder , Henry Robert R. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractType 2 diabetes has now reached epidemic proportions across the world and is the cause of substantial morbidity and mortality. It is now well established that intensive control of blood glucose can significantly reduce and ameliorate the microvascular complications of retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. Unfortunately however, nearly 80% of type 2 diabetic patients die from macrovascular cardiovascular disease. This increased incidence of atherosclerotic disease is intricately associated with insulin resistance, which is a major pathophysiologic abnormality in type 2 diabetes. There is strong evidence that insulin resistance is intricately involved in the development of not only hyperglycemia, but also dyslipidemia, hypertension, hypercoagulation, vasculopathy, and ultimately atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. This cluster of metabolic abnormalities has been termed the “insulin resistance or metabolic syndrome.” The thiazolidinediones (rosiglitazone and pioglitazone) constitute a new class of oral antidiabetic agents which are “insulin sensitizers” and exert direct effects on the mechanisms of insulin resistance. Through their PPAR‐γ agonist effects, the thiazolidinediones not only improve insulin sensitivity and glycemic control with reduced insulin requirements, but also have potentially favorable effects on other components of the metabolic syndrome. These beneficial effects on lipid metabolism, vascular tone, and endothelial function might directly and indirectly influence cardiovascular risk by favorably altering several proatherogenic metabolic processes. Long‐term studies are needed to determine whether the insulin‐sensitizing effects of the thiazolidinediones have the potential to prevent or delay the development of type 2 diabetes as well as premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, morbidity, and death.
Difficult Diabetes
Authors: Saunders Simon A. , Williams Gareth 
Published: March 2004

AbstractDiabetes can be a very difficult disease to manage. This is particularly true when confronted with a patient who attends with recurrent episodes of hypoglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, or mixed glycemic instability. This chapter aims to explain the common causes of such presentations, and the suitable investigations to identify a treatable cause. Further to this, if a diagnosis cannot be reached and the problems still persist, the chapter then discusses the diagnosis and management of “brittle diabetes.” This complex and often misunderstood disease affects only a very small minority of patients with type 1 diabetes but requires a considered and careful approach to its diagnosis and treatment. Such issues are discussed within this chapter.
The Care of the Diabetic Patient During Surgery
Authors: Gill G.V. , Alberti K.G.M.M. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractMost diabetic patients will require surgery at some time in their lives, and this presents problems for glycemic control. Surgery involves a period of starvation, and also the metabolic response to trauma includes counterregulatory hormone hypersecretion (e.g., adrenaline, cortisol, etc.), which opposes insulin action. The major factor influencing the management of diabetes during surgery is assessment of the patient's insulin reserves. Thus, those on insulin treatment (whether they are true type 1, or insulin‐treated type 2 patients) should be assumed to have little or no endogenous insulin reserves, and a system of continuous insulin and glucose delivery is necessary. Those not on insulin, however, clearly have their own insulin reserves and, provided they have reasonable preoperative glycemic control, for all but major surgery simple glycemic observation is usually all that is needed. Delivery of insulin and glucose may be by “separate lines” (intravenous (IV) glucose infusion with a separate IV insulin pump), or by a combined glucose–potassium–insulin infusion. The latter is easier to manage on lower‐staffed general wards, and the former is particularly flexible and suitable for critical care situations with more metabolically unstable patients and higher levels of staffing. Whichever system is used, patients must have regular blood glucose and plasma electrolyte monitoring, with appropriate insulin adjustments to maintain good glycemic control. With good preoperative control and assessment, and well organized and appropriate perioperative management, the risks of surgery in diabetic patients should in most cases be similar to nondiabetic rates.
Dinosaurier‐Skelette als Kriegsziel: Kulturgutraubplanungen, Besatzungspolitik und die deutsche Paläontologie in Belgien im Ersten Weltkrieg
Authors: Roolf Christoph 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe paper deals with the unnoticed and sweeping activities of German scientists and university disciplines in the context of German occupation policy and plannings of plundering cultural assets as war pillage during the First World War. It exemplarily shows the case of palaeontologists in occupied Belgium: Their main project was the famous excavation site of skeletons of the dinosaur Iguanodon in the small town Bernissart. After a new excavation between 1915 and 1918 they planned, with the support of occupation authorities, the transportation of dinosaur skeletons into German natural history museums and collections as war pillage.
Disziplinbildung und Vorlesungsalltag, Funktionen von Lehrbüchern der Physik um 1800 mit einem Fokus auf die Universität Jena
Authors: Frercks Jan 
Published: March 2004

AbstractPhysics textbooks from ca 1800 are on the one hand self reflective texts that consider the then emerging discipline ‚physics’︁, and serve on the other hand as the bread and butter for the day to day work of teachers and students of physics. The two parts of this paper explore this twofold nature. First, those textbooks written and used by professors in Jena, Halle and Göttingen are used in order to identify a typical textbook. This relies on a close examination of the respective introductory chapter and the one on electricity. The result is used in the second part to provide the background for the reconstruction of the use of physics textbooks in Jena. It is shown when and, as far as possible, why each particular textbook was chosen, withdrawn, neglected, changed or written in the course of physics teaching from 1780 to 1820. Some conclusions are drawn with regard to Jena's position in physics at that time.
Karl der Große, Alkuin und die Zeitrechnung
Authors: Springsfeld Kerstin 
Published: March 2004

AbstractIn connection with the Carolingian renewal of education Charlemagne also cared for a homogeneous reckoning of time. He organized the Carolingian reform of the calender with the help of Alkuin of York, an Anglo‐Saxon scholar. Having heard of Alkuin's learning and teaching abilities, the Frankish King invited him to lead his Palace school at Aachen. Moving to Francia 782, Alkuin became the key counselour of Charlemagne for science, education and church matters.Among other subjects Alkuin taught the King especially calendrical reckoning (computus) and astronomy, in which he took a special personal interest. Charlemagne discussed these subjects often with Alkuin, sometimes even in letters, still preserved today. For this correspondence on astronomy and calendrical reckoning it was assumed that Alkuin was the author of four short anonymous writings on computus. Moreover, Charlemagne comissioned Alkuin to write a standard work on computus, which is lost today. But three Carolingian manuals on computus survived.Which of the four anonymous writings really stem from Alkuin himself? What influence he had upon the manuals? These two questions are investigated here on the basis of the most important matter of computus: the calculation of the age of the moon in the 19‐year lunar cycle, necessary for dating the movable feast of Easter (on the first Sunday after the first full moon in spring). These facts were discussed in detail, even vehemently, in the correspondence between Alkuin and Charlemagne.
Collaborative energy partnerships in relation to development of core business focus and competence – a study of Swedish pulp and paper companies and energy service companies
Authors: Möllersten Kenneth , Sandberg Peter 
Published: March 2004

AbstractSeveral aspects of the growing market for energy‐related collaboration between pulp and paper industries (PPIs) and energy service companies (ESCOs) in Sweden were investigated through in‐depth interviews with PPI and ESCO managers. Aspects of concern are the different forms of co‐operation established, the managers' views on the recent changes made regarding competence and business focus, the managers' views on the opportunities and risks with energy related co‐operation and the implications for sustainable industrial energy management. The study shows that there is a mutual belief among PPI and ESCO managers that co‐operation can provide opportunities for improved competitiveness through a more rational distribution of competences between companies. The main two barriers against the utilization of this potential are that ESCOs must prove that they can bring added values other than capital to pulp and paper mills, and the lack of competition between external energy service providers. Furthermore, we argue that adding aspects related to competence and inter‐firm partnering can improve the existing theory surrounding barriers and opportunities for sustainable industrial energy management in manufacturing industries. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Promoting effective working with parents with learning disabilities
Authors: James Helen 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe children of parents with learning disabilities are increasingly coming to the attention of child protection and children in need services. The current framework within which services are delivered identiﬁes the need to work cooperatively both across agencies and with parents themselves. The decisions taken by practitioners in the course of their assessment and support work should be inﬂuenced by a recognition of where the risks to this group of children lie and which factors are most likely to be associated with positive outcomes. This paper outlines risks to children associated with the parents' difﬁculty in accessing appropriate antenatal care and the risk of developmental delay arising from both genetic and environmental inﬂuences. This group of children are also more likely to experience behaviour problems and language delay. Research has indicated a risk of neglect, but abuse, where it does occur, is more likely to be associated with partners or relatives. It is also clear that some children are more at risk than others, and intellectually able children, as well as those with high levels of dependency, may be the most vulnerable. Risks can be reduced when parents have access to good family and social support networks and professional support which is acceptable to them. Maintaining a small family size can also be helpful. If parents have had positive childhood emotional experiences, their chances of successful parenting are increased. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parenting capacity
Authors: Donald Terry , Jureidini Jon 
Published: March 2004

AbstractWe describe an approach to the assessment of parenting for families in which child abuse has been established to have occurred. Neither the category of abuse nor its physical severity adequately predicts the future wellbeing or safety of an abused child. The critical variable in determining the child's future is the level of disturbance in parenting. We argue against the most common approach to assessments of parenting, which is to generate a non‐hierarchical list of issues with the emphasis on relatively concrete and readily measurable dimensions such as social support, parental knowledge about parenting and the child's developmental status. We enhance the standard approach to assessment by organizing it around parenting capacity. We do not attempt to operationalize parenting capacity, deﬁning it as the parents' ability to empathically understand and give priority to their child's needs. Adequate parenting requires that the parents be able to meet the challenges posed by their particular child's temperament and development (which may be shaped by the abusive experience) and also to accept and be prepared to address their own intrinsic characteristics which impede their parenting capacity. Parenting capacity is more difﬁcult to assess than the more concrete and commonly measured aspects of parenting, but we argue that its assessment should be central to child protection management decisions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parental substance misuse and child care social work: research in a city social work department in England
Authors: Hayden Carol 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThis research set out to establish evidence about the scale and impact of and response to parental substance misuse in child care social work teams in a city social services department in England. The article draws on some aspects of the data collected in the research, which includes: a snapshot survey of all child care social work caseloads in the city; group interviews with practitioners and parents in recovery; individual interviews with parents using a pilot project that focused on parental substance misuse. The research provides evidence of parental substance misuse as a key factor that needs greater consideration within child care social work assessments and as an issue to target in developing preventative responses to child welfare concerns. Child care social workers are shown to need specialist support in undertaking this task to best effect. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cognitive behavioural psychotherapy intervention in childhood sexual abuse: identifying new directions from the literature
Authors: Ross Gill , O'Carroll Pierce 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe short‐ and long‐term consequences of childhood sexual abuse have been extensively reported. However, for many years there has been an absence of psychological conceptual frameworks for understanding and treating abuse trauma symptoms. This paper reviews a number of outcome studies for the treatment of child sexual abuse where a post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) conceptualization was used to plan treatment interventions. The paper concludes that, contrary to some concerns expressed by clinicians, sexually abused children and their non‐abusing carers can signiﬁcantly beneﬁt from cognitive behavioural interventions which use reliving and confrontation of the abusive experience. Notwithstanding this, there is a need for further controlled outcome research of cognitive behavioural interventions using reliving techniques to explore how and why these interventions help in reducing abuse‐related PTSD symptoms. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The truth and lie story: developing a tool for assessing child witnesses' ability to differentiate between truth and lies
Authors: McCarron Anna Louise , Ridgway Sue , Williams Anne 
Published: March 2004

AbstractWithin the court arena, the credibility and competency of child witnesses often comes under scrutiny and the decision whether a child is considered to be credible or not strongly inﬂuences whether their evidence will be heard by the court. A child's ability to demonstrate that they understand the difference between truth and lies and the importance of telling the truth is synonymous with competency. Research suggests that many professionals undertaking the task of establishing competency ﬁnd it very difﬁcult, especially with younger children (Aldridge and Wood, 1997, cited in Aldridge and Wood, 1998). This paper describes the process involved in developing an innovative tool for helping professionals assess whether a child understands the difference between truth and lies. The development of the tool arose from the concerns of ofﬁcers from Northumbria Police Force (in the UK) relating to interviews following the protocol of the government's Memorandum of Good Practice (Home Ofﬁce and Department of Health, 1992) on interviewing child witnesses, and the need to establish whether child witnesses can differentiate between truth and lies. As an example of good practice, The Truth and Lie Story described here has now been included in the Home Ofﬁce (2002) guidance Achieving Best Evidence in Criminal Proceedings, which is a revision of the 1992 Memorandum of Good Practice. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The PlaNet consortium: a network of European plant databases connecting plant genome data in an integrated biological knowledge resource
Authors: Schoof H. , Ernst R. , Mayer K. F. X. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe completion of the Arabidopsis genome and the large collections of other plant sequences generated in recent years have sparked extensive functional genomics efforts. However, the utilization of this data is inefficient, as data sources are distributed and heterogeneous and efforts at data integration are lagging behind. PlaNet aims to overcome the limitations of individual efforts as well as the limitations of heterogeneous, independent data collections. PlaNet is a distributed effort among European bioinformatics groups and plant molecular biologists to establish a comprehensive integrated database in a collaborative network. Objectives are the implementation of infrastructure and data sources to capture plant genomic information into a comprehensive, integrated platform. This will facilitate the systematic exploration of Arabidopsis and other plants. New methods for data exchange, database integration and access are being developed to create a highly integrated, federated data resource for research. The connection between the individual resources is realized with BioMOBY. BioMOBY provides an architecture for the discovery and distribution of biological data through web services. While knowledge is centralized, data is maintained at its primary source without a need for warehousing. To standardize nomenclature and data representation, ontologies and generic data models are defined in interaction with the relevant communities. Minimal data models should make it simple to allow broad integration, while inheritance allows detail and depth to be added to more complex data objects without losing integration. To allow expert annotation and keep databases curated, local and remote annotation interfaces are provided. Easy and direct access to all data is key to the project. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interoperability of CABRI services and biochemical pathways databases
Authors: Romano Paolo , Aresu Ottavia , Assunta Manniello Maria , Parodi Barbara 
Published: March 2004

AbstractCommon Access to Biological Resources and Information (CABRI) service is a ‘one‐stop‐shop’ for materials that are collected by a number of European culture collections that engage themselves in a quality service for the scientific community by adhering to Quality Guidelines for the management of resources and related information. It includes collections' catalogues that can be searched in an SRS implementation. A simple search facility, including a synonym search and a shopping cart, is also available. Within the European Biological Resource Centres Network (EBRCN) project, an extension and improvement of the catalogues' information is under way. This includes adding links to bibliographic databanks and sequence databases. Revision of ‘in‐house’ controlled vocabularies used by data annotators is under way, in order to improve the setting up of external links, and new links to biochemical pathways databases are being set up for some of the catalogues. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interactome data and databases: different types of protein interaction
Authors: De Las Rivas Javier , de Luis Alberto 
Published: March 2004

AbstractIn recent years, the biomolecular sciences have been driven forward by overwhelming advances in new biotechnological high‐throughput experimental methods and bioinformatic genome‐wide computational methods. Such breakthroughs are producing huge amounts of new data that need to be carefully analysed to obtain correct and useful scientific knowledge. One of the fields where this advance has become more intense is the study of the network of ‘protein–protein interactions’, i.e. the ‘interactome’. In this short review we comment on the main data and databases produced in this field in last 5 years. We also present a rationalized scheme of biological definitions that will be useful for a better understanding and interpretation of ‘what a protein–protein interaction is’ and ‘which types of protein–protein interactions are found in a living cell’. Finally, we comment on some assignments of interactome data to defined types of protein interaction and we present a new bioinformatic tool called APIN (Agile Protein Interaction Network browser), which is in development and will be applied to browsing protein interaction databases. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Looking for cancer clues in publicly accessible databases
Authors: Medjahed Djamel , Lemkin Peter F. , Smythers Gary W. , Munroe David J. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractWhat started out as a mere attempt to tentatively identify proteins in experimental cancer‐related 2D‐PAGE maps developed into VIRTUAL2D, a web‐accessible repository for theoretical pI/MW charts for 92 organisms. Using publicly available expression data, we developed a collection of tissue‐specific plots based on differential gene expression between normal and diseased states. We use this comparative cancer proteomics knowledge base, known as the tissue molecular anatomy project (TMAP), to uncover threads of cancer markers common to several types of cancer and to relate this information to established biological pathways. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.