bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drawings as a Link to Emotional Data A Slippery Territory
Authors: Jensen Tusse Sidenius , Voigt Jane Rohde , Piras Enrico Maria , Thorsen Bente Rugaard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the time of writing this chapter, we are Ph.D. students with an interest in learning about research from emotional and aesthetic perspectives. The specific context of this writing was a Ph.D. short course on ‘Emotions and Aesthetics in Organizational Learning Research’ arranged by the Doctoral School of Organizational Learning (DOCSOL) at the Danish University of Education, for European researchers and doctoral students.
When Things Go Wrong: System Failure and Police Reform
Authors: Savage Stephen P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Expressions such as ‘going pear-shaped’ and ‘going belly-up’—an equivalent American expression is ‘getting whacked’—are common parlance in police-talk; policing is by its very nature vulnerable to ‘things going wrong’. The routines, certainties, and predictabilities of bureaucratic decision-making are rarely to be found in police work. Policing decisions, typically involving wide discretion for the officers concerned, often need to be taken in the heat of the moment and with little or no time for reflection, yet might have consequences which are far reaching and, at times, catastrophic.
The Nineteen-Fifties: The Television Upheaval
Authors: Fletcher Winston 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two years after ‘The Greatest Ever Advertising Conference ’, in 1953 the Advertising Association held another grand jamboree. This was the era when large conferences, attended by 1,400 or more delegates, were an annual feature of the advertising calendar. Today such beanos are extinct. There has not been a national (let alone international) AA conference since 1989, and that one was an almost unmitigated flop, gathering a mere 400 or so delegates in Deauville. A successor, planned for 1992 in London, was cancelled for lack of support.
Crystal Balling: Peering into a Cloudy Future
Authors: Fletcher Winston 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While the Saatchi brothers were playing phoenixes, Martin Sorrell pushed WPP forward with a steady, if impatient, hand. In 2000 WPP bought Young & Rubicam, and its shares zoomed to 1323p, more than ten times higher than they had been five years earlier. Its growth has hardly faltered since. In 2005 Sorrell bought Grey Global, thereby achieving a trick many had believed impossible: servicing arch enemies Unilever (at JWT) and Procter & Gamble (at Grey) within the same holding company. In addition to its considerable market research and public relations holdings, WPP is now the largest advertising media-buyer in the world, owning two of the three biggest global buying companies.
General Introduction
Authors: Hondius Professor Dr. Ewoud , Heutger Dr. Viola , Jeloschek Dr. Christoph , Sivesand Dr. Hanna , Wiewiorowska Aneta 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1.Scope These Principles (the ‘Sales Principles’) deal with contracts for the sale of goods, where one party undertakes to transfer the ownership of goods to the other party against payment of a price. The provisions are also generally applicable to contracts for the production and manufacture of goods where ownership is transferred and furthermore applicable with appropriate modifications to barter contracts or contracts for the sale of other assets. The Sales Principles are however not applicable to sale of immovable property. 1.The most common contract The contact for the sale of goods have served as the paradigm for contracts in general. Moreover, it is also probably the most common contract, and certainly the most common consumer contract, that there is. In fact, sales come in all shapes and sizes: ranging from the purchase of the daily newspaper at the news-stand or the groceries in the supermarket, through to the purchase of a new car and to commodity sales on highly specialised markets. Moreover, there are many mixed transactions that contain a certain element of sale, such as distribution contracts or all sorts of manufacturing contracts. 2.Abundance of regulation The contract of sale is specifically regulated under the laws of all Member States. Moreover, there is also concrete regulation on a European level (most importantly the Consumer Sales Directive, cf. D4 below) and on an international level (above all the CISG, cf. D1 below).
Introduction
Authors: Lilleholt Kåre , Victorin† Anders , Fötschl Andreas , Konow Berte-Elen R , Meidell Andreas , Tørum Amund Bjøranger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Contract principles and specific contracts Specific contracts For the purposes of the present project, the lease contract is a specific contract, in line with sales, services, loans etc. The division between general contract law (or law of obligations) and the law of specific contracts has long traditions in Europe as has the typology of specific contracts. This kind of systematisation has naturally been most accentuated in jurisdictions where patrimonial law is codified. The criteria for categorising contracts are several (socio-economic function, type of asset involved, character of performance, payment or not, etc.) and may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. The starting point for this Part of Book IV is the observation that a categorisation based on the criteria of (a) temporary (b) use of (c) movable (d) tangible property against (e) payment, based on (f) contract, is commonly recognised to a degree that makes it meaningful to operate with “lease” as a specific contract. This holds true even if these contracts belong to different categories in the systems found in the legislation, court practice, and doctrine of the different jurisdictions. Atypical contracts, mixed contracts, border cases etc. Contract rules on leases, sales, services etc. may seem to presuppose that every contract must belong to one of the categories and to one only; the contract is eithera lease, ora sale, ora service, etc. This is not so. It is generally accepted that there are valid contracts not falling under any of the pre-established categories. The principle of freedom of contract implies that there is no numerus claususin contract law. In practice, contracts are found that are not easily categorised under a specific type of contract. Further, a contract may combine elements from several specific contract types, without any one of the elements dominating. Even though contract practice “gravitates” towards well-established types of contracts, experience shows that varieties are found, sometimes with common traits stable over time, justifying the introduction of a new category. Also, some of the criteria used to categorise different types of contracts may raise doubts in the concrete case. It is, for example, not possible to express simple and unambiguous criteria to distinguish between movable and immovable property.1 Mixed contracts are generally dealt with in II. – 1:109 (Mixed contracts).
Scope of application and general provisions
Authors: Lilleholt Kåre , Victorin† Anders , Fötschl Andreas , Konow Berte-Elen R , Meidell Andreas , Tørum Amund Bjøranger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Article 1:101: Lease of goods This Part of Book IV applies to contracts for the lease of goods. A contract for the lease of goods is a contract under which one party, the lessor, undertakes to provide the other party, the lessee, with a temporary right of use of goods in exchange for rent. The rent may be in the form of money or other value. This Part of Book IV does not apply to contracts where the parties have agreed that ownership will be transferred after a period with right of use even if the parties have described the contract as a lease. The application of this Part of Book IV is not excluded by the fact that the contract has a financing purpose, the lessor has the role as a financing party, or the lessee has an option to become owner of the goods. This Part of Book IV regulates only the contractual relationship between lessor and lessee. Comments General Scope of application This Part of Book IV applies to what can be regarded as the “core” field of leases of assets other than immovables, namely contracts granting a temporary right of use of goods against remuneration. Goods are defined (in Definitions) as corporeal movables, including ships, vessels, hovercraft or aircraft, space objects, animals, liquids and gases. No doubt other legal relationships may be found that have some but not all of these elements or similar elements or functions to those referred to in the present Article, but it is not recommended that this Part of Book IV be given the widest possible scope of application. A menu of specific contracts can never be exhaustive or cover every possible contract. Neither is it possible to draw sharp lines between different specific contracts. There will be contracts with elements of two or more types.
Lease period
Authors: Lilleholt Kåre , Victorin† Anders , Fötschl Andreas , Konow Berte-Elen R , Meidell Andreas , Tørum Amund Bjøranger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Article 2:101: Start of lease period The lease period starts: at the time determinable from the terms agreed by the parties; if a time frame within which the lease period is to start can be determined, at any time chosen by the lessor within that time frame unless the circumstances of the case indicate that the lessee is to choose the time; in any other case, a reasonable time after the conclusion of the contract, at the request of either party. The lease period starts at the time when the lessee takes control of the goods if this is earlier than the time that would follow from paragraph (1). Comments Lease period and contract Performance during a period of time It is a characteristic trait of the lease contract that it is performed over a period of time. During this lease periodthe lessor has an obligation to make the goods available for the lessee’s use and the lessee has corresponding obligations to pay the rent and take care of the goods. The lease period does not necessarily start immediately on the conclusion of the contract,and the contractual relationship may also continue after the lease period has ended. The lease contract is different from contracts that are performed “momentarily”, like sales contracts, but it differs also from many contracts that are performed over time. The lessor’s main performance consists in making the goods available for the lessee’s use for a period of timeand the remuneration is normally calculated for a certain period or per time unit. It is not a question of paying for work done or a quantity supplied, as in many service contracts.
The Uses of History as Corporate Knowledge
Authors: Rowlinson Michael , Clark Peter , Delahaye-Dado Agnes , Booth Charles , Procter Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An organization’s knowledge of its own history is not usually considered as a form of business knowledge, so our project set out to examine the ways in which companies manage and represent their histories. Our contribution conceptualizes, examines, and compares the uses of history as a form of knowledge by academics and by corporations. Although we do focus upon comparisons between the United Kingdom and the United States, we have examined the case of the German firm, Bertelsmann. We have made comparisons between the histories shaped by academics in their role as organic intellectuals and those histories shaped by corporate sponsors. There are important differences.
Introduction
Authors: Hibbert W J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘The need to control moneylending transactions is as old as our civilisation’ observed Lord Scott of Foscote in Wilson v First County Trust Ltd (No 2).1 Indeed, the condemnation and prohibition of usury (the taking of interest) can be found in Greek philosophy, in the Old Testament, in Roman Catholic canon law, and in the early laws of England. However, as was said in the Crowther Report2 (the report that led to the passing of the Consumer Credit Act 1974 (the CCA 1974)): ‘equally widespread, under the impulse of the trading instinct, have been the legal fictions and the practical devices used to evade the prohibition’.3 Our modern legislation is founded on this historical experience. Consumer credit is narrower than lending and borrowing generally. As an institution of credit, ‘consumer credit’ began in the late middle ages, emerging from, on the one hand, the business bankers concerned with the finance of trade in Northern Italy, the Rhineland, and the Low Countries, and, on the other, specialist pawn- brokers appearing in urban centres, meeting the needs of ‘consumers’, both wealthy citizens pledging jewellery and plate, and the poor pledging their clothes and bedding to deal with economic misfortune.
Cancellation and Withdrawal
Authors: Popplewell S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses the withdrawal from prospective regulated consumer credit or consumer hire agreements and the cancellation of regulated consumer credit or consumer hire agreements under the provisions of the Consumer Credit Act (CCA) 1974. It does not address in any detail rights to cancel that may arise under other legislation, although these are addressed briefly at the end of the chapter. The CCA 1974 does not itself provide for withdrawal from a prospective regulated agreement. The right to withdraw is simply a common law right, such that a contract is not binding until there has been an offer and acceptance by both parties, with valid consideration, with an intention and sufficient certainty to create a legally binding relationship. Thus, a debtor who has indicated his desire to obtain credit, but is awaiting a credit check from the creditor, may withdraw from the proposed contract under normal contractual principles, because until the creditor accepts his offer to take out credit the contract is binding on neither party. What the CCA 1974 does is to stipulate the effect of a withdrawal from a prospective regulated agreement1 and stipulate methods of notifying withdrawal. These provisions are not limited to the debtor or hirer but apply equally to a creditor or owner. The CCA 1974 provides for further additional rights for debtors or hirers in respect of prospective land mortgages.3 Further, any attempt to bind a debtor or hirer into a prospective regulated agreement is, generally, void.
Liability of the Lender for Breaches of Contract and Misrepresentation by the Seller
Authors: Sayer P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Crowther Committee, in its report, recommended that a creditor whose relationship with a supplier of goods and services was that of a ‘connected lender’ should be answerable in damages to the borrower for any misrepresentations or breaches of contract committed by the supplier. This would be so even though the credit agreement between the lender and the borrower was a loan agreement. Section 75 of the Consumer Credit Act (CCA) 1974 creates a liability of a creditor to the debtor, in certain circumstances, for breaches of contract and misrepresentations committed by the supplier. Also, under section 56(2) of the CCA 1974, in certain circumstances, negotiations undertaken by the supplier with the borrower shall be deemed to be conducted in the capacity of agent of the creditor. This so- called ‘deemed agency’ provision can also impose liabilities upon a creditor for misrepresentations etc. of the supplier. Under section 75(1), if a debtor under a debtor-creditor-supplier agreement falling within section 12(b) or (c) of the CCA 1974, has, in relation to a transaction financed by the agreement, any claim against the supplier in respect of misrepresentation or breach of contract, he shall have a like claim against the creditor, who with the supplier, shall accordingly be jointly and severally liable to the debtor.
Enforcement
Authors: Say B J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Immediately after the debtor’s breach the creditor may take steps to prevent the debtor making further drawings of credit. The creditor may take ‘such steps as may be necessary to make the restriction or deferment effective’; therefore the creditor may warn suppliers not to accept a credit card where the debtor has exceeded the card limit. By the Consumer Credit Act (CCA) 1974, section 87(3) the doing of an act by which a floating charge crystallizes is not in itself an ‘enforcement of a security’. In the case of breach, the CCA 1974, section 87 requires that a default notice is served which is compliant with the provisions of section 88 and the regulations made thereunder before the creditor or owner can enforce the agreement. The Act provides no sanction against a creditor who: However, remedies lying outside the Act may be available where a creditor has enforced without complying with the requirement to serve a default notice. A creditor who seeks to recover goods under a hire-purchase or conditional sale agreement without the service of a proper default notice will be guilty of an actionable conversion.5 Recovery of land would be wrongful without a default notice and the debtor could set up the non-compliance as a defence. On the other hand, where a debtor has suffered a loss arising out of an enforcement of the agreement without service of a default notice, such will not give rise to a claim for damages as the Act makes no allowance for such a claim and such enforcement would not amount to a breach of contract.6 It may be that a debtor could obtain an injunction to restrain the creditor from enforcing an agreement where he has failed to serve a proper default notice.7 The OFT may take into account a breach of the requirement to serve a default notice in exercising its functions under the Act even though the breach gives rise to no statutory liability.
Criminal Offences
Authors: Philpott F A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Consumer Credit Act (CCA) 1974 originally set out in a table at Schedule 1, by virtue of the CCA 1974, section 187, the prosecution and punishment of offences. This table consisted of 35 entries. Each entry did not correlate with one single criminal offence so that, for example, the entry referring to the CCA 1974, section 167(2) related to offences of contravening regulations under the CCA 1974, section 44, 52, 53, 54, or 112. However, with effect from 26 May 2008 a number of the offences listed in Schedule 1 no longer exist because of the Consumer Protection from Unfair Trading Regulations 2008.2 These regulations form the first of two major statutory changes in the area of consumer credit and hire and other consumer protection legislation. The other is the Regulatory Enforcement and Sanctions Act 2008 which, when in force, will introduce an entirely new system of imposing sanctions for breaches of consumer law such as the issue of fixed monetary penalties by way of civil sanctions. This is likely to result in a rapid fall in the number of prosecutions in the criminal courts. However, the powers will be exercisable under this new system by reference to relevant offences including those under the CCA 1974.
Unfairness
Authors: Philpott F A , Smith J M W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A consumer credit agreement or a consumer hire agreement may be enforceable by the creditor or owner because it constitutes a valid contract at common law and because the necessary statutory provisions have been complied with. However, the debtor or (to a more limited extent) the hirer can, in certain circumstances, nevertheless challenge (in whole or in part) the effectiveness of the agreement on the basis, put very generally, that the agreement is unfair. The principal remedy for unfairness in consumer credit law relates to credit agreements which can be reopened by the court because the relationship between the creditor and the debtor arising out of the agreement is unfair to the debtor in specified ways. From 6 April 2007 this test of an unfair relationship applied to agreements made on or after that date and, from 6 April 2008, it generally applied to agreements whenever made. Until 6 April 2008 agreements made before 6 April 2007 remained subject to the extortionate credit bargain test. In some circumstances the extortionate credit bargain test will always be applicable.
Concluding remarks
Authors: De Cat CéCile 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the clear implications of this investigation is that spoken French should be regarded as a discourse-configurational language, i.e. one in which ‘primary sentence articulation is motivated by discourse-semantic, rather than theta role or case, considerations’ (É. Kiss 1995). In spoken French, any non-weak constituent expressing a topic has to be dislocated. The high frequency of dislocated XPs does not indicate an evolution towards allowing argument doubling (accompanied by loss of the argumenthood of resumptive clitics) nor that dislocation is becoming ‘grammaticalized’ (implying a loss of interpretive effects), but rather it is a manifestation of discourse configurationality.
Judicial Inheritance: Value and Significance of the Nuremberg Trial to Contemporary War Crimes Tribunals
Authors: Mëttraux Guénaël 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At Nuremberg, chief defendant Hermann Goering predicted that the Tribunal charged with judging him and his associates would be a failure: ‘You will see— this trial will be a disgrace in 15 years.’¹;e fact that history did not bear out Goering’s prophecy does not render an assessment of the Nuremberg Trial any easier. A perceptive observer put it well when she suggested that seeking to draw out lessons from these proceedings resembled a quest for the hidden echoes of man’s prayers to God:
Long-term complications of diabetes
Authors: Matthews David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Diabetes is characterized by having a higher than normal blood glucose con- centration in the body. When insulin was discovered in 1922, it was thought for a while that this would be a complete cure—that taking insulin and avoiding very high or very low glucose levels would be all that would be required. However, it became apparent, over the years, that having higher glucose over a long period of time could lead to stiffening of the blood vessels, and a consequent reduction in oxygen and nutrients to the tissues. This could happen to the large blood vessels (macrovascular) to the heart, brain and legs, and to the small vessel networks (microvascular) such as those to the eyes, kidneys, and nerves. These effects cause the so-called ‘long-term complications’ of diabetes, and much of the routine care in diabetes is directed towards prevention of these complications. They are heart attacks, stroke, poor circulation in the legs, problems with the back of the eyes (retinopathy), problems with kidney disease (nephropathy), and problems in the nerves, especially, but not exclusively, of the lower limb (neuropathy).
Introduction
Authors: könig Christa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I will begin the chapter by presenting an overview of the previous research and by giving reasons why I wrote this book. Labels used here will be explained in subsequent sections. There is no need for the reader to understand all details yet or to be familiar with all languages mentioned. Information provided in the present section will be dealt with in more detail in the following chapters. Case in Africa does not seem to be an essential topic in the literature, either in works dealing with Africa or in general publications on case in a worldwide perspective. Dixon (1994) concludes in his book Ergativity, which covers ergativity but also case phenomena in general: Blake (1994), another seminal textbook on case, mentions Africa only in passing: In a chapter about grammaticalization, he deals with Africa as an example for the emergence of case markers, such as adpositions developing out of body part terms, and verbs which have given rise to case markers.