bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSX-28 Assessment of a Neonatal Supplement to Improve Health in Cattle
Authors: Ralston Brenda , Doolaege Cassie , Hanson Andrea , Vandenberg Carien , Nowosad Janet , Olson Merle , Allan Nick , Beaugrand Kendall , Church John S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate an easy to administer and economical oral nutritional supplement for neonatal calves. Neonates are at risk of nutrient deficiencies because of maternal deficiencies, low body stores at birth and low nutritional intake. The pre-ruminating calf relies solely on milk for adequate immunity and nutrition until they begin ingesting forage. Insufficiencies can lead to increased morbidity and mortality. However, deficiencies in the cow are common due to variation in management, feeding and health protocols. A total of 21 beef calves in year 1 and 40 in year 2 were enrolled in the study. The calves were divided into experimental and control groups which received a vitamin-mineral supplement (VitaFerst-Care) and a saline solution at 1-3 days of age, respectively. Blood samples were collected, before, and again after supplementation (d 14 in yr 1 and d 3 in yrr 2) by jugular venipuncture. Iron and selenium concentrations were determined in blood serum of a subset of calves (n = 21 in yr1, n = 40 in yr2) by ICP-MS. All beef calves remained on their mothers. In yr 1, control calves had stable iron concentrations at 1.35 + 0.62 ppm (d 0) and 1.33 + 0.77ppm (d 14), with 50% of calves deficient. Iron concentrations in treatment calves increased slightly from 1.17 + 0.56 ppm to 1.43 +0.65 ppm. In yr 2, iron concentrations of control calves changed slightly from 1.69 + 0.91 ppm (d 0) to 1.98 +2.24 ppm (d 3). The iron concentrations in treatment calves further increased from 1.86 + 0.67 ppm to 2.33 + 2.16 ppm. Selenium concentrations were deficient in all calves in yr 1 (0.06 + 0.01 ppm) and year 2 (0.07 + 0.02 ppm) with no significant changes between treatment groups. This research provides insight regarding the severity and prevalence of nutrient deficiencies in newborn calves. All calves in the study were deficient in selenium, and between 30 to 50% were deficient in iron each year. Following supplementation, there was no significant increase in blood mineral concentrations between d 0 and d 14; however, between d 0 and d 3 there was a significant increase in blood iron concentration of calves.
PSX-27 The Impact of Feeding Young Nellore Bulls with a Low Concentrate Diet for Different Periods Followed By a High Concentrate Diet on Dry Matter Intake and Performance
Authors: Pucetti Pauliane , de Filho Sebastião Campos Valadares , da Silva Julia Travassos , de Oliveira Kellen Ribeiro , Alves Julia Gabriela Baroni , Ebani Yuri Cesconetto , Swanson Kendall C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Brazil, it is common practice to feed young bulls a low-concentrate diet (LCD) after weaning, followed by a high-concentrate diet (HCD) during the finishing phase to optimize animal growth while reducing the cost of concentrated feed. By restricting the concentrate intake during the early phase, the animals can potentially adapt better to a high-energy diet during the finishing phase, leading to improved performance. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of different LCD feeding periods after weaning, followed by feeding a HCD, on dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), feed efficiency (G:F), and final body weight (BW) of young Nellore bulls. Thirty-two young Nellore bulls (average initial BW = 265 ± 5 kg; age = 7 ± 1 mo) were used in a completely randomized design into four groups (n = 8/group) and assigned to receive one of 4 treatments containing different periods of LCD. The LCD consisted of 800 g/kg of forage sorghum silage and 200 g/kg of concentrate, while the HCD contained 200 g/kg of corn silage and 800 g/kg of concentrate. The diets were formulated according to BR-CORTE (2016) to achieve ADG of 0.6 kg/day and 1.2 kg/day for the LCD and HCD, respectively. The experiment lasted 154 days (14 days for adaptation to the HCD). The LCD and HCD feeding periods respectively were 0 and 140 (T0), 28 and 112 (T28), 56 and 84 (T56), and 84 and 56 (T84) days. All animals were fed ad libitum in an electronic feeder (INTERGADO, Intergado Ltd., Contagem, MG, Brazil), and individual daily feed intake was recorded. The bulls were weighed at the beginning and the end of the LCD and HCD feeding periods after undergoing 16 h of fasting to measure BW and ADG of both periods. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC) assuming the significance level of 0.05. There was no evidence that different LCD feeding periods impacted DMI (P = 0.99), ADG (P = 0.59), or G:F (P = 0.48) during the LCD feeding period. The DMI during the HCD feeding period of T0 did not differ from the others, the T28 was not significantly different from the T84, and the T56 treatment was greater than T28 and T84 (P &lt; 0.05). No significant difference was found between the treatments for ADG (P = 0.09) and G:F (P = 0.98) during the HCD feeding period. The T0 had the heaviest final BW, while there was no difference between the T28 and T56 groups, and the T84 group had the lightest final BW(P &lt; 0.01). Given that the final BW was heavier for T0, it may be inferred that there are no benefits to using LCD feeding periods.
PSX-18 Determining the Optimal Macroenvironment Temperature to Improve Lactating Sow and Piglet Productivity
Authors: Cecil Mekenzie , Neeno Samantha , Byrd MaryKate , Field Tyler C , Marchant Jeremy , Ni Ji-Qin , Richert Brian T , Schinckel Allan P , Stwalley Robert M , Johnson Jay S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pre-weaned piglets prefer higher temperatures than lactating sows. To address this, swine producers use heating lamps or pads in combination with maintaining farrowing room macroenvironment temperatures at the upper end of the thermoneutral zone (24-25℃) of the lactating sow. This may inadvertently cause thermal stress for lactating sows resulting in decreased feed consumption, and ultimately, reduced milk production and litter growth. Therefore, the objective was to determine the sow level macroenvironment temperature that would improve both sow and litter productivity. In two repetitions, 37 lactating sows (parity = 3.1 ± 1.7) and their litters (d 1 litter size = 12.0 ± 1.0) were housed within 1 of 3 farrowing rooms set to different macroenvironment temperatures: LOW (n = 12 sows and litters; 15.0 ± 0.4℃), MID (n = 13 sows and litters; 19.3 ± 0.2℃), and HIGH (n = 12 sows and litters; 24.6 ± 0.8℃). Lactating sows and their litters were on trial from the onset of farrowing until weaning (19.8 ± 0.9 d of age). Individual farrowing crate temperatures were recorded throughout the trial in 0.14 s intervals using thermocouples mounted at sow head height. Piglets were provided a 0.34 x 1.52 m heating pad with a verified steady state of 35.0℃. Sow body weight (BW) was recorded at 24 h post-farrowing and at weaning, and piglet weights were measured on d 1, 7, 14 and at weaning to determine average daily BW gain (ADG). Liveborn piglet mortality was recorded throughout the trial. Sow feed intake (FI) was recorded daily from d 1 post-farrowing until weaning. The sow was considered the experimental unit for sow level measures and the litter was considered the experimental unit for piglet measures. Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX in SAS 9.4 and using GLM in JMP 15. Regression models were used to determine the optimal macroenvironment temperature to improve sow FI and piglet ADG. Sow FI was greater (P &lt; 0.01) for LOW (7.91 ± 0.38 kg) and MID (7.32 ± 0.37 kg) versus HIGH (6.37 ± 0.39 kg) sows, but similar for LOW and MID sows. Piglet ADG was greater from d 1 to weaning (P &lt; 0.01) for LOW (0.25 ± 0.01 kg) and MID (0.26 ± 0.01 kg) versus HIGH (0.21 ± 0.01 kg) piglets, but similar for LOW and MID piglets. Pre-weaning mortality was similar (P = 0.32; 15.6%) among all treatments. A quadratic effect was observed (P &lt; 0.01) where sow FI was maximized at a macroenvironment temperature of 17.2℃. A cubic effect was observed (P &lt; 0.01) where piglet ADG was greatest at 17.0℃. In summary, these data have implications towards housing lactating sows and their litters at lower macroenvironment temperatures to improve growth performance.
PSX-1 Data Analytics of a Global Nirs Database of Corn Nutrient Content
Authors: Oviedo-Rondón Edgar O , Toscan Adriana , Fagundes Naiara S , Vidal Juliano K , Barbi Jose , Thiery Pascal 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Corn is the primary energy source for livestock and poultry. Corn nutrient composition and energy value vary due to genetics, country of origin, agronomic, harvest, and storage conditions. Analytical variability among and within-labs makes it more difficult to detect differences among sources and establish nutrient interrelationships to estimate amino acid (AA) content based on crude protein (CP), which is less variable. Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) can standardize feedstuff evaluation and increase the sample size. The PNE system (Adisseo) has distinctive NIRS curves created using direct calibrations with in vivo data of standard chicken metabolizable energy (AME and AMEn) and AA digestibility studies. This study assessed the link between AA concentrations and CP and among proximate parameters (CP, crude fiber, ether extract, nitrogen-free extract, and ash), starch, AA concentrations and digestibilities with AME and AMEn. The PNE database used includes 84,331samples of maize scanned in diverse countries between 2018 and 2021 that came from Argentina (7,654), Brazil (49,672), Indonesia (18,072), Philippines (4,747), and the United States (4,186). Correlation and regression analyses between AA and CP were performed. The pairwise correlations (P &lt; 0.001) observed between AA and CP ranged between 0.52 and 0.90. The positive linear associations with CP content can be used to predict the concentrations of all AAs in corn (P &lt; 0.001). However, coefficients of determination (R2) ranged from 0.27 (Trp) to 0.80 (Val) or 0.81 (Phe). Prediction equations for Lys, sulfur AAs had lower R2 values (0.37 to 0.47). Although the country of origin and CP interacted (P &lt; 0.001), R2 modestly increased when added to these models. The estimation of AME and AMEn based on proximate values, starch, amylose, amylose:amylopectin, AA concentrations, AA digestibility, and country of origin was done using multiple linear regression (MLR) and neural networks (NN) analysis. All factors were significant (P &lt; 0.001), and MLR models including starch and amylopectin, had the best fit for AME (R2 = 0.87, AICc = 149,635) and AMEn (R2 = 0.87, AICc = 149,543). The NN models had a better fit for training and validation datasets for AME (R2 = 0.95, RASE = 15.18) and AMEn (R2 = 0.95, RASE = 15.23). The NN models helped to visualize the greater importance of starch, AA concentration (Trp, Ile, Thr), and Leu digestibility. In summary, some corn AA concentrations (Val, Phe, Ile) may be predicted from their CP content; other AA concentrations may be more difficult to predict. Corn AA content varies by country of origin and independent of CP content. Starch content, AA concentration, and AA digestibility are essential factors in determining energy value of corn. Relevant nutritional aspects were elucidated by data analytics of a NIRS database with direct calibration of in vivo parameters of energy utilization and AA digestibility.
PSX-4 Effect of Course Modality and Major in an Animal Science Course Without a Laboratory on Course Content Mastery
Authors: Crossland Whitney L , Jackson Sam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The global pandemic forced many college courses into on-line modality and animal science (ANSC) departments were greatly affected by this change. The success of student content mastery was questioned. Animal science laboratory time may not be effectively replicated on-line but what about courses with no lab? Previous data in non-ANSC disciplines have indicated that student centered on-line learning can be just as effective as face-to-face courses regarding content mastery. It was hypothesized that to help meet the needs of a growing student population, some ANSC courses could increase their enrollment by offering on-line sections in conjunction with face-to-face modalities. However, a retrospective analysis of modality differences would need to be evaluated to determine equitability of student opportunities and outcomes between online and face-to-face sections of an ANSC course. Therefore, the objective was to critically evaluate the student content mastery of a core ANSC course offered both on-line and face-to-face across several terms. The Principles of Nutrition course at Texas Tech University, a non-lab associated junior-level core ANSC course, was selected for analysis. Course content exams and instructor of record were not changed for 9 semesters (Fall, Spring, and Summer) beginning in the Spring of 2019 and ending in Fall of 2022. Spring 2020 data were excluded. Students were filtered for drops, failures, and upper-class status to include 629 data points across 5 on-line sections (n = 225) and 5 face-to-face sections (n = 404). Content mastery was interpreted and measured as the mean percentage of four regular exams for each term. Content mastery was analyzed in a RCBD where modality was a fixed factor, major was block (ANSC or non-ANSC), and term was a random effect. Mean course mastery was 85.4 ± 9.1 %. There was no interaction of modality or major (P = 0.28). Modality did not affect student content mastery of the course (P = 0.45). Block was significant where ANSC majors had less (P = 0.03) content mastery than non-ANSC majors (85.1 vs. 87.4%, respectively), although still within the same letter grade of B. These results are consistent with those of other disciplines; interpreted to mean that on-line sections of non-lab associated ANSC courses may be an equitable option for ANSC students. In addition, on-line modality may be a preferred option for non-ANSC majors. An acknowledged limitation of these data set is the single course analysis and further research is needed to explore opportunities in other ANSC courses. Still these outcomes may aid in decision making when departmental classroom space is limited. In conclusion, the results of this analysis indicate that ANSC departments may prioritize their ANSC students in face-to-face modalities without negative consequences to non-ANSC majors who enroll in on-line sections.
PSXIII-27 Evaluation of Protein Quality of Select Chicken-Based Protein Sources Using the Precision-Fed Cecectomized Rooster Assay
Authors: Mioto Julio , Oba Patricia Massae , Utterback Pamela L , Parsons Carl M , Lambrakis Leah K , Chu Harry , Daniels Brannon , de Godoy Maria R C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to determine and compare the standardized amino acid (AA) digestibility of chicken-based protein sources using the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay. Four ingredients were tested: spray-dried chicken protein hydrolysate (CPH), spray-dried chicken meat (CC), spray-dried chicken broth (CB), and chicken meal (CM). All animal care procedures were approved by the University of Illinois Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee before experimentation. Sixteen cecectomized roosters (4 roosters per substrate) were randomly assigned to the four test substrates. After 24 h of feed withdrawal, roosters were tube-fed 12 g of test substrates and 12 g of corn. Following crop intubation, excreta (urine and feces) were collected for 48 h. Endogenous corrections for AA were made using 5 additional cecectomized roosters. All data were analyzed using the Mixed Models procedure of SAS version 9.4. Generally, CC had the greatest (P &lt; 0.05) standardized digestibility for AA, followed by CPH. Methionine, phenylalanine, and valine had greater (P &lt; 0.05) digestibility in CC and CPH compared with CB and CM. Digestibility of isoleucine and leucine were greater (P &lt; 0.05) in roosters fed CC, followed by CPH, CM, and CB. Greater digestibility (P &lt; 0.05) of lysine was observed in roosters fed CC and CPH, followed by CM and CB. Histidine and threonine had the least digestibility (P &lt; 0.05) in CB compared with all other ingredients. In contrast, digestibility of tryptophan was greatest (P &lt; 0.05) in CC, followed by CPH and CB, while CM had similar (P &gt; 0.05) digestibility to CC and CPH. Amino acid digestibility for most indispensable AA was above 80% for all ingredients, except for histidine, lysine, and threonine, which were exceptions only for CB (68%, 73%, and 74%, respectively). For selected dispensable AA, amino acid digestibility was above 60% for all ingredients, except for aspartic acid in CB and CM, and serine in CB, which were exceptions (43, 68% and 66%, respectively). In general, the least DIAAS values were observed in roosters fed CB, followed by CPH, CM, and greatest in CC. Overall, CC and CPH have comparable indispensable AA digestibility, and tryptophan or phenyl alanine+tyrosine were, generally, the first limiting AA.
PSXIV-24 Inducing Luteolysis Before Atresia of the First Follicular Wave By Altering the Interval to Prostaglandin F2ɑ Administration After Long-Term Progestin Presynchronization
Authors: VanWye Genevieve , Smith Emily G , Spinka Christine , Smith Michael F , Lucy Matthew , Thomas Jordan M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A series of experiments was designed to evaluate treatment schedules for control of the estrous cycle in which luteolysis is induced before atresia of the first follicular wave following a long-term progestin presynchronization treatment in beef heifers. The central hypothesis was that the proportion of heifers undergoing luteolysis and expressing estrus following PG administration would be affected by the duration of treatment with an intravaginal progesterone-releasing insert (CIDR; 1.38 g progesterone) and/or by the interval from CIDR removal to prostaglandin F2ɑ (PG; 500 µg cloprostenol) administration. In each experiment, heifers were blocked by reproductive tract score and body weight and assigned randomly within block to treatment. In Experiment 1, heifers (n = 91) were assigned to one of four treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial design: presynchronization via CIDR treatment for either 14 d or 18 d with administration of PG either 8 d or 9 d following CIDR removal. In Experiment 2, heifers (n = 63) were assigned to receive administration of PG either 9 d or 10 d following a 14 d CIDR presynchronization. In Experiment 3, heifers (n = 83) were assigned to receive administration of PG either 9 d or 16 d following a 14 d CIDR presynchronization. In Experiments 1 and 2, heifers were artificially insemination (AI) 8 to 12 h after expressing estrus, with timed AI performed 96 h after PG administration for heifers failing to express estrus. In Experiment 3, heifers expressing estrus by 66 h after PG administration were inseminated at that time and all remaining heifers were inseminated at 90 h. In Experiment 1, there was a tendency for a greater proportion of heifers to express estrus by 96 h after PG administration when PG administration occurred 9 d versus 8 d after CIDR removal (P = 0.07). Additionally, serum estradiol concentrations were greater at the time of PG administration when PG was administered 9 d versus 8 d after CIDR removal following an 18 d CIDR treatment (P = 0.006). In Experiment 2, pregnancy rate to AI (P/AI) was greater among heifers receiving PG administration 9 d versus 10 d after CIDR removal (P = 0.03). There was a tendency for largest follicle diameter measured at timed AI to be greater among non-estrous heifers receiving PG administration 10 d versus 9 d after CIDR removal (P &lt; 0.08). In Experiment 3, there was a tendency for serum progesterone concentrations at the time of PG administration to be greater among heifers receiving PG administration 16 d versus 9 d after CIDR removal (P = 0.07). These results provide a preliminary evaluation of the feasibility of inducing luteolysis before atresia of the first follicular wave following long-term progestin presynchronization.
PSXIV-15 Evaluation of the Methanogenic Population in Cattle Treated with the Natural Additive Fator P
Authors: Ferreira Luis , Araújo Wellington , Daurea Andre , Bertelli Lauriston , Verza Flávia , Saltoratto Ana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The emission of greenhouse gases from the enteric fermentation of ruminants contributes to the worsening of the world climate and has serious consequences for the environment. The use of additives in animal diets modulates the population of rumen microorganisms, reduces metabolic losses through methanogenic pathways, and brings benefits in improving the energy balance of volatile fatty acids in the rumen, but, the traditional antibiotics, increase the risk of contamination to the environment and antimicrobial resistance. Fator P is a natural additive composed of amino acids (lysine, methionine, and tyrosine), choline, minerals, probiotics and essential fatty acids (omega 3 and omega 6). The advantage of using the natural additive Fator P, is that it can reduce the risk of antimicrobial resistance, maintain the balance of the ruminal ecosystem, and avoid possible destabilization of the flora even with constant use of the additive. The aim of this study was to quantify methanogenic microorganisms in grazing animals treated with the additive Factor P, and show that the additive is able to reduce and maintain the methanogenic population stable for a period of 365 consecutive days. The experiment was conducted using 3 cattle per treatment randomized based on the initial methanogenic population, that received a daily dose of 6 g of Factor P additive in the treated group, and 6 g of placebo in the control group. Samples of ruminal fluids from the animals were collected weekly for DNA extraction (Qiagem 51604). The evaluation of the profile of methanogenic microorganisms was performed by the relative quantification method using qPCR with primer sequences for total bacteria and methanogenic (target) bacteria, described in the literature and previously standardized in calibration curves. The statistics analyzes were performed according to the ANOVA test followed by the Tukey mean test (P &lt; 0.05) in GraphPad PRISM Program 7.00 version. These results of the difference between the means of the weekly relative quantifications of the treated group (0.197) and control group (0.279), showed a reduction of 29.9% (P value = 0.0022; Table 1). The results indicate that the natural additive Fator P is an efficient and sustainable product for reducing and maintaining the methanogenic population of the treated group stable throughout the 365 days of the year. In this case, it can be considered as a safe solution to reduce the methanogenic population and has been shown to be effective in increasing the productivity of commercial cattle.