bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vanadium
Authors: Gad Shayne C. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Vanadium (V) is the most biologically active and the most naturally present of the group V transition metals forming a range of compounds and acting as either a cation or an anion. It is widely used in steel alloys. It has antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, and antihyperglycemic activities, and since the mid‐2010s, it has come to be used in a number of therapeutics. It has antioxidant properties and influences the metabolism of carbohydrates and at low levels, is an essential nutrient in mammals. Recently, it has become popular in use in nanoparticle form. On the adverse side, it can cause lipid peroxidation and adversely affect mitochondrial respiration. Vanadium pentoxide particulates do cause cancer by a nongenotoxic mechanism.
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
Authors: Rushton Erik K. , Kocabas Neslihan A. , Barranco Wade 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

The aliphatic hydrocarbons discussed in this chapter are open‐chain compounds that may be saturated or unsaturated. The saturated compounds, known as
paraffin hydrocarbons
or
alkanes,
include methane and its homologs having the empirical formula C

n

H

2
n
+2

. The unsaturated compounds fall into a number of homologous series: (
1
) those containing one double bond (ethene and its homologs) and having the formula C

n

H

2n

are known as
olefins
or
alkenes;
(
2
) those containing one triple bond (acetylene and its homologs) are called
acetylenes
or
alkynes
and have the formula C

n

H

2
n
−2

; (
3
) those having two double bonds (allene, 1,3‐butadiene, and 1,4‐pentadiene represent three types) are
diolefins
or
alkadienes
and also have the formula C

n

H

2
n
−2

; (
4
) those having a large number of double or triple bonds or both double and triple bonds are named in analogous fashion as
alkatrienes
,
alkatetraenes
,
alkadiynes
,
alkenynes
, and
alkadienynes
.

Aliphatic hydrocarbons have the potential to act as asphyxiants and central nervous system (CNS) depressants. Serious toxic effects of aliphatic hydrocarbons include asphyxia and chemical pneumonitis for many of the compounds in this category. There is evidence in humans of axonal neuropathy for
n
‐hexane and cancer for 1,3‐butadiene. The hepatic and renal systems can be impacted by target organ toxicity, some of which may not be relevant to human.
Synthetic Polymers: Polyesters, Polyethers, Polysulfones, and Other Polymers
Authors: Kim Sang‐Tae , Hamilton Ryan 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Commercial use of polyester resins dates from the early twentieth century, when alkyd resins were first used in surface coatings. The polyesters are found today as fibers, films, laminating resins, molding resins, and engineering plastics. Many high‐molecular‐weight polyethers are used as engineering plastics, as are the polysulfides and the polysulfones. The available basic properties are provided. Many of the high‐molecular‐weight polyethers are used as engineering plastics, as are the polysulfides and the polysulfones. Important properties of these compounds and production data for the general categories are provided. Processing techniques vary widely and are also discussed.
Industrial hygiene concerns with these polymers depend on the type of resin in use and processing techniques. As an example, the use of styrene in polyester resins that are fabricated into glass‐reinforced plastics can provide the greatest intensity of exposure to styrene in workplace situations. Toxic vapors can also be released by solvent systems at elevated temperatures and during fabrication of engineering resins. Sulfur‐containing engineering resins typically have a high resistance to thermal deterioration but may yield toxic hydrogen sulfide or sulfur dioxide if heated to decomposition temperatures.
No specific standards are available that pertain to ordinary industrial use of the finished polymeric products. However, there are occupational exposure limits for the monomers and additives used to synthesize or process these polymers. In addition, there are occupational exposure limits for dust and particles that may be applicable.
Organic Sulfur Compounds
Authors: Arrieta Daniel E. , Régnier Jean‐François 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Organic sulfur compounds are sulfur‐based chemicals that are used in a variety of industrial applications such as manufacturing, agriculture, the environment, and pharmaceuticals. The compounds included in this chapter have been grouped according to chemical classes and were selected based on their common industrial uses and commercial importance, with a major focus on mercaptans (also called thiols or sulfhydryls). The other classes include sulfides, disulfides, chemicals with both sulfur and oxygen atoms (sulfoxides, sulfones, sulfonates, and sulfonyl chlorides), miscellaneous groups (thiophenes and benzothiazoles), and sulfur mustards. Industrial uses for these compounds include intermediates in chemical synthesis, gas odorants (especially C
2
to C
4
mercaptans), chelating or complexing agents, catalysts, solvents, and accelerators or components of synthetic rubber products. The sulfonates are used in the production of anionic detergents, surfactants, and wetting agents, and in some cases, as lubricant additives. The only use for the very toxic sulfur mustards is for chemical warfare. For many of these compounds, there is limited toxicological data in the open literature; however, the majority of data is available from unpublished industry‐sponsored documents that are referred to in the text so that this information is available to the scientific and industrial communities interested in learning more about the hazards associated with these classes of compounds.
Engineered Nanomaterials
Authors: Lin Hazel 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are intentionally designed materials of ≤100 nm such as titanium dioxide nanoparticles, cerium oxide nanoparticles, iron oxide nanoparticles, silver or gold nanoparticles, carbon family nanomaterials (graphene, quantum dots, nanohorns, nanotubes, fullerene/buckyballs), transitional metal dichalcogenide nanoparticles, or silica nanoparticles. These have entered our lives through industrial and consumer products, or workplace exposure. As learned industrial professionals, we can deal with this influx through a better understanding of ENMs themselves, and their underlying potential toxicity. In spite of ever‐changing rules due to an improved understanding of the toxicological and environmental impact of ENMs, it is also extremely important to understand current EU and U.S. regulations with regard to workplace exposure limits as well as how to better measure and manage the health risks. In this updated chapter, we cover the various types of ENMs, potential health effects such as cardiovascular, pulmonary, skin, gut, and immune toxicity, exposure assessment, and occupational risk management.
Biotransformation
Authors: Eaton David L. , Cui Julia 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Biotransformation—or the process by which the body changes the chemical structure of an exogenous chemical—is an essential component in the development of toxic responses to chemicals found in the workplace and general environment. There are hundreds of biotransformation enzymes that act on chemicals to change their chemical structure within the body. Many of these biotransformation enzymes (often called “drug‐metabolizing enzymes,” or DMEs) also play essential roles in the formation and elimination of important endogenous biomolecules, such as steroid hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules. However, a subset of these enzymes appears to exist primarily for the purposes of detoxifying exogenous chemicals (xenobiotics). Because most of these enzymes are not essential to life, genetic polymorphisms are common and can impart large differences in susceptibility to certain chemicals found in our workplace, diet, or general environment. This chapter discusses the large multi‐gene families of enzymes that are involved in oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, and conjugation of xenobiotics. Although the purpose of biotransformation processes is to facilitate both the detoxication and elimination of xenobiotics from the body, it often happens that short‐lived, reactive intermediates are formed in the process, and these may be more toxic than the parent molecule. Understanding the pathways of biotransformation, and how these pathways can contribute to both acute and chronic toxic effects of xenobiotics, is an important part of the field of toxicology as it pertains to workplace and environmental exposures to toxic substances.
Tantalum
Authors: Campbell Sarah C. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The number of scientific articles published on tantalum has increased exponentially over the last 20 years. Electronic, optical, mechanical, and medical devices are just a few examples of modern applications of tantalum. Due to its use in electronic equipment such as mobile phones, DVD players, video game systems, and computers, it is considered a technology‐critical element. Tantalum is a hard blue–gray, lustrous transition metal from group Va. Tantalum is less abundant than other transition elements in the Earth's crust and occurs in the same minerals as niobium.
To date, over 70 different chemical compositions of tantalum minerals have been identified. Those of greatest economic importance are tantalite, microlite, and wodginite.

Tantalum compounds have been considered to be nontoxic with LD
50
values reported in the several thousand mg/kg body weight. Tantalum compounds are absorbed from the respiratory tract and eliminated through the kidneys. Their absorption from the gastrointestinal tract is poor and can be distributed to internal organs.

Tantalum implants have been used in more than 500,000 orthopedic patients to date. Tantalum has also been used for dental and other medical device applications. Tantalum can enhance neovascularization, wound healing, and osteogenesis; implants containing tantalum may also enhance the initial healing by modifying gene expression profiles. Tantalum has also been investigated as a therapeutic for the treatment and prevention of osteoarthritis, intraoperative bleeding, and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.
In consideration of tantalum's minimal absorption and effective elimination from the body, it is thought to be innocuous and no human diseases from tantalum exposure are known.
Serum glial fibrillary acidic protein and disability progression in progressive multiple sclerosis
Authors: Abdelhak Ahmed , Antweiler Kai , Kowarik Markus C. , Senel Makbule , Havla Joachim , Zettl Uwe K. , Kleiter Ingo , Skripuletz Thomas , Haarmann Axel , Stahmann Alexander , Huss Andre , Gingele Stefan , Krumbholz Markus , Benkert Pascal , Kuhle Jens , Friede Tim , Ludolph Albert C. , Ziemann Ulf , Kümpfel Tania , Tumani Hayrettin 
Published: December 2023

AbstractObjectiveProgression prediction is a significant unmet need in people with progressive multiple sclerosis (pwPMS). Studies on glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) have either been limited to single center with relapsing MS or were based solely on Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), which limits its generalizability to state‐of‐the‐art clinical settings and trials applying combined outcome parameters.MethodsSerum GFAP and NfL (neurofilament light chain) were investigated in EmBioProMS participants with primary (PP) or secondary progressive MS. Six months confirmed disability progression (CDP) was defined using combined outcome parameters (EDSS, timed‐25‐foot walk test (T25FW), and nine‐hole‐peg‐test (9HPT)).Results243 subjects (135 PPMS, 108 SPMS, age 55.5, IQR [49.7–61.2], 135 female, median follow‐up: 29.3 months [17.9–40.9]) were included. NfL (age‐) and GFAP (age‐ and sex‐) adjusted Z scores were higher in pwPMS compared to HC (p < 0.001 for both). 111 (32.8%) CDP events were diagnosed in participants with ≥3 visits (n = 169). GFAP Z score >3 was associated with higher risk for CDP in participants with low NfL Z score (i.e., ≤1.0) (HR: 2.38 [1.12–5.08], p = 0.025). In PPMS, GFAP Z score >3 was associated with higher risk for CDP (HR: 2.88 [1.21–6.84], p = 0.016). Risk was further increased in PPMS subjects with high GFAP when NfL is low (HR: 4.31 [1.53–12.13], p = 0.006).InterpretationBlood GFAP may help identify pwPPMS at risk of progression. Combination of high GFAP and low NfL levels could distinguish non‐active pwPMS with particularly high progression risk.
Engineering Hyaluronic Acid Microneedles Loaded with Mn2+ and Temozolomide for Topical Precision Therapy of Melanoma
Authors: Jiang Yechun , Jin Yu , Feng Chengcheng , Wu Yayun , Zhang Weinan , Xiao Liang , Chu Zhaoyou , Chen Benjin , Ma Yan , Qian Haisheng , Xu Lingling 
Published: December 2023

AbstractTopical therapy has received worldwide attention for in situ tumors owing to its higher efficacy of drug delivery. Herein, this work reports a dissolvable multifunctional hyaluronic acid microneedles (HMNs) patch coloaded with temozolomide (TMZ) and MnCl2 (TMZ/MnCl2@HMN) for chemoimmunotherapy of melanoma. HMNs can ensure the stability of TMZ over time, and exhibit fewer side effects with a localized release way. In particular, TMZ not only promotes dendritic cell maturation by triggering immunogenic cell death in tumor cells, but also induces DNA damage that can further enhance the Mn2+‐activated cGAS‐STING (stimulator of interferon genes pathway). As a result, the TMZ/MnCl2@HMN multifunctional platform significantly inhibits lung metastases for melanoma, providing a practical strategy for precision therapy of melanoma.
Synergistic Chemoimmunotherapy Augmentation via Sequential Nanocomposite Hydrogel‐Mediated Reprogramming of Cancer‐Associated Fibroblasts in Osteosarcoma
Authors: Wang Hui , Chen Yu , Wei Ran , Zhang Jinlong , Zhu Jiahui , Wang Wenbin , Wang Zhenfei , Wupur Zulpikar , Li Yujing , Meng Huan 
Published: December 2023

AbstractIn osteosarcoma, immunotherapy often faces hurdles posed by cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) that secrete dense extracellular matrix components and cytokines. Directly removing CAFs may prove ineffective and even promote tumor metastasis. To address this challenge, a sequential nanocomposite hydrogel that reshapes CAF behavior is developed, enhancing tumor‐infiltrating T‐cells in osteosarcoma. The approach utilizes an injectable blend of carboxymethyl chitosan and tetrabasic polyethylene glycol, forming a hydrogel for controlled release of a potent CAF suppressor (Nox4 inhibitor, Nox4i) and liposomal Doxorubicin (L‐Dox) to induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) upon in situ administration. Nox4i effectively counters CAF activation, overcoming T‐cell exclusion mechanisms, followed by programmed L‐Dox release for ICD induction in stroma‐rich osteosarcoma models. Combining the co‐delivery gel with αPD‐1 checkpoint inhibitor further enhances its effectiveness in an orthotopic osteosarcoma model. Immunophenotyping data underscore a significant boost in tumor T‐cell infiltration and favorable anti‐tumor immunity at the whole‐animal level.
Sales performance of direct food marketers: African American‐led operations
Authors: Park Timothy , Martinez Steve , Ibrahim Mohammed 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThis paper examines the impact of participation in direct marketing on the entire distribution of farm sales for African American (AA) operations using the unconditional quantile regression (UQR) estimator. Our analysis yields unbiased estimates of the unconditional impact of direct marketing on farm sales and reveals the heterogeneous effects that occur across the distribution of farm sales. The sales gap for AA‐led operations is about 11% across all quantiles when we control for farming and marketing experience along with key features of the farm operation such as crop choice and geographic location. The relative sales gap for AA operations declines across the distribution of farm sales and actually disappears for the largest operations. The network effect that we identify is associated with a sales premium for AA‐led operations relative to other operations engaged in direct marketing. Marketing experts and extension professionals can use this information to guide farmers who are considering initiating or expanding direct marketing activities.
Agroeconomic differences among alternative cotton row spacings and row patterns
Authors: Hall Steven , Dodds Darrin , Pieralisi Brian , Raper Tyson B. , Sandlin Tyler , Crow Whitney D. , Catchot Angus , Irby Trent , Krutz L. J. , Spencer G. D. , Mills B. E. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractCrop growth and development is affected by intraspecies competition. This study was conducted to determine whether cotton productivity and profitability could be manipulated through planting geometry. The effects of row spacing, planting pattern, and variety on cotton fruit distribution, yield, and net returns were investigated near Bella Mina, AL, on a Decatur silt loam (fine, kaolinitic, thermic Rhodic Paleudults); Jackson, TN, on a Calhoun silt loam (fine‐silty, mixed, active, thermic Typic Glossaqualfs); Starkville, MS, on a Leeper silty clay loam (fine, smectitic, nonacid, thermic Vertic Epiaquepts); and Stoneville, MS, on a Bosket very fine sandy loam (fine‐loamy, mixed, active, thermic Mollic Hapludalfs). For both the 76‐ and 97‐cm row spacing, transitioning from a solid to a 2 × 1 skip row pattern reduced cotton lint yield by 19%. Reduced lint yield in the 2 × 1 skip row pattern was attributed primarily to a 7% decrease in the number of Zone 1 and first‐position bolls. Consequently, planting on a solid rather than skip row pattern increased net returns by 21%. Planting cotton in either 76‐ or 97‐cm rows using a solid rather than skip row pattern likely increases crop productivity and profitability across the US cotton belt.
Association mapping for image‐based root traits in tropical maize under water stress in semi‐arid regions
Authors: de Souza Silveira Maria Valnice , de Pontes Fernanda Carla Ferreira , Machado Ingrid Pinheiro , Lobo Antônio Lucas Aguiar , Fritsche‐Neto Roberto , DoVale Júlio César 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe root system is an organ that indicates signs of stress when a plant is subjected to water‐deficit conditions. However, its assessment is challenging. An alternative has been to obtain variables through image processing. In this way, it allows the rapid evaluation of genetic diversity panels. It contributes to identifying genomic regions or genes associated with the expression of the root system under water‐deficit conditions. Hence, a public diversity panel of 360 inbred lines of maize was evaluated under well‐watered (WW) and water stress (WS) conditions. Roots were phenotyped through image‐based processing. Then, genome‐wide association studies were conducted in WW and WS for each trait, using the Fixed and random model Circulating Probability Unification method. We found 23 genes or genomic regions with significant associations, of which eleven are exclusive to the WW condition, seven to the WS condition, and four are simultaneously associated with both WW and WS. All genomic regions related to the root system in the WS condition are associated with physiological mechanisms and molecular responses related to tolerance to water‐deficit conditions that can be explored in subsequent studies and by breeding programs to obtain varieties that are more tolerant and water efficient to this condition.
Strategies to alleviate pH stratification and subsurface acidity in a no‐tillage system
Authors: Pellissier J. P. , Swanepoel P. A. , Hardie A. G. , Labuschagne J. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractSome no‐tillage systems necessitate amelioration of subsurface acidity. A 2‐year field trial was conducted on a no‐tillage sandy loam Cambisol, with a pH(KCl) of 4.20 in the 10‐ to 30‐cm depth. The aim was to evaluate one‐time tillage, calcitic lime forms, and lime plus gypsum combinations on soil chemical parameters, and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and canola (Brassica napus) production. Incorporation of lime (1.67 Mg ha−1) through one‐time chisel plowing increased soil pH(KCl) and soil exchangeable calcium in the 20‐ to 30‐cm depth by 9.1% and 210.1%, respectively, after 18 months. Conventional one‐time tillage treatments resulted in 15.0%–18.1% reduced wheat seedling establishment in the subsequent season. Surface‐applied hydrated lime (1.56 Mg ha−1) and microfine pelletized lime (1.75 Mg ha−1) both caused over‐liming (pH(KCl) > 6.5) effects in the 0‐ to 5‐cm depth after 6 months, which attenuated from 12 to 18 months. Surface‐applied lime (1.67 Mg ha−1) showed a 2.9% and 5.6% pH(KCl) reduction in the 10‐ to 20‐cm and 20‐ to 30‐cm depths, respectively, after 18 months. While combined surface application of lime (0.55 Mg ha−1) plus gypsum (1.25 Mg ha−1) showed a 3.7% and 0.5% pH(KCl) reduction in the 10‐ to 20‐cm and 20‐ to 30‐cm depths, respectively, after 18 months. Wheat (year 1) and canola (year 2) yield and seed quality parameters were unaffected (p > 0.05) by the treatments. Subsurface acidity amelioration in no‐tillage systems is best achieved through chisel lime incorporation or combined surface application of lime plus gypsum on moderately or highly weathered soils.
Overseeding oat into limpograss: The effect of trees on animal performance and profitability
Authors: Pontes Laíse da Silveira , Rodrigues Debora , Stafin Giliardi , Higashi Gabriel Eiji , Carneiro Luiza de Souza , Nitsche Pablo Ricardo , Telles Tiago Santos 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe overseeding of cool‐season species into dormant warm‐season species and tree inclusion in open pastures are potential options for improving forage quality and extending the grazing period, thus contributing to sustainable livelihoods. However, warm‐season species respond differently to cool‐season overseeding. To our knowledge, there are no reports concerning the use of the overseeding method in limpograss [Hemarthria altissima (Poir.) Stapf & Hubb.] pastures, particularly in silvopastoral systems. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the suitability of oat (Avena sativa L.) overseeding into a limpograss pasture in two systems located in a subtropical region, silvopastoral versus open pasture, for 3 consecutive years. The presence of trees had a significant impact on dry matter yield and animal gain per hectare (Gha) during periods of drought. A maximum Gha of 363 kg live weight (LW) ha−1 was observed on limpograss pasture, over 139 days of grazing, after oat overseeding. In contrast, the maximum Gha on oat pasture was only 174 kg LW ha−1. However, it was still possible to obtain up to 112 grazing days in an area that would be fallow in winter. The maximum annual profit obtained was $673.0 ha−1 in the second year, with no differences between systems. To increase economic profits, farmers may search for strategies that add value to silvopastoral products.