bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Literature or Science?
Authors: Halsey A. H. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThere was always a struggle between science and literature for ownership of the intellectual territory of social criticism and social reform. Balzac's La comedie humaine was the nineteenth century French beginning of literary claim to possession. The struggle never ceased and is now centred on battles over cultural studies as opposed to scientific method. Is schism or reconciliation the solution? Ideally, there is toleration but not necessarily institutional integration.
The Rise of Scientific Method
Authors: Halsey A. H. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe history of the search for a science of society is traced back to the political arithmeticians of the seventeenth century. Social survey is defined. What is right and what is wrong with sociology is discussed in the context of historical development. Claims for statistical originality are considered in respect of Graunt, Pascal, Quetelet, Florence Nightingale, Galton, Fisher, Lazersfeld, and Yule. Booth's biography is retailed. Social surveys and sampling multivariate analysis and log linear modelling, and the new English statistics are put historically into the context of a developing society and its concern with social policy.
Sociology Before 1950
Authors: Halsey A. H. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractBefore 1950 sociology in Britain scarcely existed. The subject was almost exclusively confined to the London School of Economics. But there were at least a dozen well‐known names. Spencer, Booth, and Rowntree had no academic connections. Three were Scots—Geddes, Branford, and McIver: of the others, Sidney and Beatrice Webb, Westermaark, Hobhouse, Beveridge, Ginsberg, T.H. Marshall, Mannheim, and Carr‐Saunders were connected with LSE. Barbara Wootton was at Bedford College, London. Each one is treated here briefly and biographically. There is briefly also, a comparison with social anthropology up to 1950. No equivalent to the Parsonian school of American functionalism emerged: there was no Weber circle, no Durkheimian, or Chicagoan school established.
Expansion 1950–67
Authors: Halsey A. H. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractDuring the 1950s, an expansion of sociology began in Britain, accelerated in the 1960s by the Robbins Committee report. Sociology ran ahead of the general expansion. Demand outran supply; sociologists moved faster and were drawn into the also expanding international network of America and Europe. Leicester became prominent; then Essex and other new universities. Scottish and Welsh and Redbrick institutions joined the expansion. The subject became more exciting, more specialized and more influential as a source of social and governmental policy. It flourished in London and in the provinces. But Oxford and Cambridge were reluctant and resisted outside pressure to expand their curricula to include sociology. Both Oxford and Cambridge stories are retailed here. The relation of the social sciences to Government developed a new phase after the Heyworth Committee recommended the formation of a Social Science Research Council to match the ones for the Physical Sciences and Medicine. Michael Young was its first chairman, from 1965 to 1969.
Celebrated Sociologists
Authors: Halsey A. H. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractWho among their British and foreign colleagues are held by the professors of sociology in Britain in the highest esteem either as teachers (‘mentors’) or the most notable contributors (‘models’) to the subject in the twentieth century? The answers are based on a professorial survey (see Ch. 8 and Appendix 1) and on a citation analysis of the three main British journals of sociology (BJS, Sociology, and Sociological Review).The leading ‘mentors’ in the twentieth century have been British. The leading ‘models’ have been German, French, or American. Among the Britons only Anthony Giddens offers a serious challenge to these foreign luminaries.
The Shape of Sociology
Authors: Halsey A. H. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThere was a dramatic expansion of numbers but was there a parallel multiplication of theory and methods of research in the twentieth century? An answer is attempted here based on content analysis of the three main British journals of sociology from 1910 to 2000. The limitations of content analysis are stressed (see also Claire Donovan, Appendix 3 below). A multiplication of sub‐disciplines as well as new disciplines (e.g. social policy) emerged in the second half of the century together with temporary fashions. Of the 38 fields or areas of study into which sociology may be divided, 8 were prominent in the mainstream journals – stratification, social theory, social policy, religion, education, political sociology, economic organization, occupations, and gender. The fortunes of these sub‐disciplines fluctuated during the century. Some authors believe that the old orthodoxy is now being replaced by social and cultural theory; others vigorously deny this thesis. Fragmentation is a notable feature of journal production in the twentieth century. As to method, quantification and qualification have contended throughout the century, both with increasing sophistication.Social policy became a separate discipline, Marxism and Feminism became strong, the former in the sixties, the latter after the seventies.
Motivation, Agency, and Public Policy
Authors: Le Grand Julian 
Published: August 2004

AbstractCan we rely on the public service ethos to deliver high quality public services? Are professionals such as doctors and teachers really public‐spirited altruists—knights—or self‐interested egoists—knaves? And how should the recipients of those services, patients, parents, and pupils, be treated? As passive recipients—pawns—or as active consumers—queens?This book offers answers to these questions. It argues that the original welfare state was designed on the assumptions that those who worked within it were basically altruists or knights and that the beneficiaries were passive recipients or pawns. In consequence, services were often of low quality, delivered in a patronising fashion and inequitable in outcome. However, services designed on an opposite set of assumptions—that public service professionals are knaves and that users should be queens—also face problems: exploitation by unscrupulous professionals, and overuse by demanding consumers, especially middle class ones.The book draws on evidence from Britain and abroad to show that, in fact, public policies designed on the basis that professionals are a mixture of knight and knave and recipients a mixture of pawn and queen deliver better quality and greater equity than policies based on more simplistic assumptions about motivation and agency. In particular, contrary to popular mythology, the book shows that policies that offer choice and competition within public services such as education and health care can deliver both excellence and equity. And policies aimed at building up individual assets and wealth ownership can empower the poor and powerless more effectively than those aimed simply at bolstering their current income.
Introduction: Motivation, Agency, and Public Policy
Authors: Grand Julian Le 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAssumptions concerning human motivation—the internal desires or preferences that incite action—and agency—the capacity to undertake that action—are key to both the design and the implementation of public policy. So, for instance, a policy instrument designed on the assumption that people are motivated primarily by their own self‐interest—that they are, in the words of David Hume quoted at the beginning of the book, knaves—would be quite different from one constructed on the assumption that people are predominantly public‐spirited or altruistic: that they are what we might term, in contrast to knaves, knights. Similarly, a policy that took no account of individuals’ capacity for independent action—one that treated those working in the public sector or those who received its benefits as passive victims of circumstance, or pawns—would be different from one that treated workers or recipients as active agents, i.e. not as the least powerful piece on the chessboard, the pawn, but as the most powerful, the queen. This chapter illustrates these propositions by reference to the evolution of the British welfare state since World War II, showing how it was initially designed to be run by knights for the benefit of pawns, but became one intended to be run by knaves for the benefit of queens.
Knights and Knaves in the Public Sector: What Do We Mean and What Do We Know?
Authors: Grand Julian Le 
Published: August 2004

AbstractFormulates more precisely what is meant by ‘knights’ and ‘knaves’, and examines the empirical evidence concerning the existence of different kinds of motivation in the public sector. It concludes, unsurprisingly, that both self‐interested and altruistic motivations exist among the people working in public services and, more interestingly, that altruistic motivations often require that the individual himself or herself performs the relevant act.
Motivation and the Policy Context
Authors: Grand Julian Le 
Published: August 2004

AbstractConsiders the impact of the policy context on motivation, asking whether individuals’ motivations are independent of the context in which they operate or whether they are in fact deeply affected by that context. Do market‐oriented policies, such as the introduction of financial incentives for previously voluntary activities such as blood donation, corrupt? Do they turn knights into knaves? Alternatively, does government corrupt—or lead to moral atrophy? The answers are somewhat surprising, with both markets and governments devaluing knightly motivations on occasion but at other times rewarding or revaluing it.
Agency and Public Services
Authors: Grand Julian Le 
Published: August 2004

AbstractDiscusses the fundamental agency question as to the relative balance of power between individual users and professionals with respect to public services such as health care and education. It examines arguments concerning market and individual ‘failure’, and concludes that the best service is one that treats the users of the service as queens not pawns: i.e. a health care service empowers patients and an education system empowers parents or pupils. But it would also incorporate mechanisms that avoid the overuse or over‐provision of the service concerned, or the use of the service in such a way that damages either the users themselves or the wider society. And it would provide appropriate incentives for providers to deliver such a service, relying upon the appropriate balance of self‐interested and altruistic motivations.
School Education
Authors: Grand Julian Le 
Published: August 2004

AbstractUses the experience of parental choice and competition in primary schools to argue that, if the aim is to have a public service that treats its users more like queens than like pawns and, moreover, is relatively efficient in its use of resources, then a system of quasi‐market competition with independent providers run by public sector professionals and with users or their agents having fixed budgets is the best—or perhaps the least bad. There is a danger in such a system that providers will exploit any informational advantages they may have to lower quality or to cream‐skim. However, this is likely to be restrained in part by their knightly instincts and in part by the judicious design of policy, incorporating such measures as the positively discriminating voucher.
Limiting Sovereignty
Authors: Shue Henry 
Published: August 2004

AbstractEmploys historical analysis and philosophical reasoning to argue that sovereignty is inherently limited. The writings of classical theorists such as Grotius and Vattel indicate that aspirations to sovereignty and non-intervention have always been tempered by considerations above and beyond the state. Philosophically, it must be remembered that sovereignty is a right, and the concept of a right makes no sense in the absence of a corresponding duty. The duties that are constitutive of the rights of sovereignty constrain the behaviour of every sovereign belonging to international society. Two conclusions follow. First, there are limits on how states may treat their own citizens within their own territory. Second, other states face specific limits concerning the ill-treatment of residents within the territory of other states that they are free to ignore. In particular, genocide and massive violations of human rights are a matter of concern for all states in contemporary international society.
The Humanitarian Responsibilities of Sovereignty: Explaining the Development of a New Norm of Military Intervention for Humanitarian Purposes in International Society
Authors: Wheeler Nicholas J. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractArgues that we are witnessing the development of a new norm of military intervention for humanitarian purposes in contemporary international society. Since the end of the Cold War, the United Nations Security Council has been more active in the realm of intervention, extending its Chapter VII powers into matters that had previously belonged to the domestic jurisdiction of states. Without the material power of Western states, this activism would not have been possible. However, a purely materialist explanation for this development fails to consider the changed normative context within Western states that permitted, and in some cases encouraged, intervention. While normative evolution has occurred, it is also limited in its scope, specifically over the question of whether military intervention must have Security Council authorization.
The United Nations and Humanitarian Intervention
Authors: Roberts Sir Adam 
Published: August 2004

AbstractDemonstrates that the United Nations has been at the centre of key field operations and policy debates relating to humanitarian intervention since the end of the Cold War. However, the issue of humanitarian intervention also poses a challenge to the UN and its member states, and could even undermine the organization. At the heart of the UN’s difficulty is a delicate balance between the rights of individuals and the rights of states. For its first 45 years, the body was associated with the principle of non-intervention and the non-use of force, yet, since 1990, it has endorsed a series of interventions for humanitarian purposes. After considering the history and causes of this shift, the author discusses nine cases of intervention between 1990 and 2001. These cases reveal a number of issues and controversies, including reliance on the UN Security Council for authorization, the stance of the UN Secretary General, and the impact of the 2002 National Security Strategy of the United States.
Humanitarian Intervention and International Society: Lessons from Africa
Authors: Mayall James 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAfter the end of the Cold War, many in the West viewed Africa as a testing ground for the solidarist argument that sovereignty was no longer an absolute principle and that the international community could intervene to protect individual from human rights violations. This argument seems particularly challenging in the African context, given the continental leadership’s historic commitment to territorial integrity and non-intervention. However, as the author shows, African leaders from 1945 to 1990 were largely upholding the pluralist international norms of the time. In other words, the case for humanitarian intervention – and the problems posed by the practice – are not region-specific. The early 1990s, during which the United Nations intervened in Somalia, seemed to confirm the solidarist position. However, the failure to intervene in Rwanda in 1994, and the more recent experience of interventions in Sierra Leone, present a more mixed picture. Humanitarian intervention remains a controversial practice because of its coercive means, and its tendency to attribute blame or responsibility in what are often very complex civil conflicts.
From End-Directedness to Power
Authors: Yaffe Gideon 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
As emerges in ch. 3, Reid holds not only that every event that flows from power is end‐directed but also that every end‐directed event necessarily flows from power. This chapter examines this second claim as it emerges in Reid's ‘third argument for moral liberty’ in which Reid asserts that the fact that we engage in planned, end‐directed conduct indicates that we are endowed with active power. The chapter argues that the claim is intertwined with Reid's conception of character traits; he holds that end‐directed events necessarily exhibit the virtue of wisdom, and he holds that a creature can have a character trait such as wisdom only if it is endowed with active power. What emerges is that Reid's conception of character plays a role in his conception of the moral agent exactly parallel to the role played in his metaphysics by the features of the world, whatever they are, that assure that nature will be sufficiently regular for us to rely on our inductive inferences.
The Influence of Motives: The Push of Power?
Authors: Yaffe Gideon 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
A central part of any theory of action is an account of the nature of motives and the relationship between motives and actions. Reid argues against the view that motives are the causes of action. In fact, this view can be construed in at least two different ways: either as the claim that motives have the power to cause action or as the claim that there are laws linking the presence of certain motives with certain actions. This chapter examines Reid's argument against the former claim. Reid argues against it by asserting that motives are not ‘things that exist’ but, instead, ‘things conceived’. This obscure view is unpacked through examination of Reid's view of non‐existent objects of conception. In addition to a reconstruction of his anti‐causalist argument, what emerges is an account of what Reid takes motives to be: they are ends, rather than thoughts about ends; but they are not just any ends: they are those that are thought by the agent of the act to be furthered by the act's performance.
Education is Good for the Poor: A Note on Dollar and Kraay
Authors: Gundlach Erich , Pablo JosÉ Navarro De , Weisert Natascha 
Published: August 2004

AbstractA recent paper by Dollar and Kraay (2001) finds that higher primary educational attainment of the workforce does not increase the income of the poor except for its effect on average income. We test the robustness of their finding by using a broader measure of human capital that accounts for international differences in the quality of education. Our findings suggest that more quality‐adjusted education does increase the income of the poor in addition to its positive effect on average income. Hence, effective education policies should be an essential component of any poverty‐reduction strategy.
Twin Peaks: Distribution Dynamics of Economic Growth across Indian States
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Sanghamitra 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis study documents the convergence of incomes across Indian states over the period 1965–98. It departs from traditional analyses of convergence by tracking the evolution of the entire income distribution, instead of standard regression and time series analyses. The findings reveal twin‐peaks dynamics—the existence of two income convergence clubs, one at 50%, another at 125% of the national average income. Income disparities seem to have declined over the 1960s, only to increase over the following three decades. The observed polarization is strongly explained by the disparate distribution of infrastructure and to an extent by a number of macroeconomic indicators—that of capital expenditure and fiscal deficits.
Spain
Authors: Ungern-Sternberg Thomas Von 
Published: August 2004

AbstractStudies the catastrophe insurance monopoly in Spain, the Consorcio the Compensacion de Seguros. It is shown that the Consorcio operates with exceptionally low administrative costs. It is able to offer a very low cost insurance cover in a domain, where competition would usually lead to market failure due to problems of adverse selection. The existence of the Consorcio is in contradiction with the 3rd EU guidelines on the insurance market. However, Spain managed to get an exemption.
Population Growth and International Migration
Authors: Zlotnik Hania 
Published: August 2004

AbstractInternational migration has always been an important process leading to the redistribution of population. At the beginning of the twentieth century, it was a major component of the population growth of sparsely populated countries of overseas European expansion. By the end of the century, international migration has become a key component of the population growth in developed countries of Europe, North America, and the Pacific. From the viewpoint of a world divided into a developing “South” and a developed “North”, immigration is often seen as the main process leading to the redistribution of population; but unless net migration increases exponentially, it cannot counterbalance over the long run the effects of either a positive or a negative rate of natural increase.
The Effects of Political and Economic Transition on International Migration in Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: OkÓlski Marek 
Published: August 2004

AbstractUntil the late 1980s, Central and Eastern Europe was a region relatively isolated from the other parts of the world, and foreign travel was administratively restricted. The freedom of movement reinstated in the region around 1990 led to massive migration. However, instead of acceleration of the highly selective outflow of ethnic minorities, political opponents and elites, which predominated past movements or westbound exodus feared at the time the transition to democracy began, quite new and partly unexpected phenomena occurred. Those phenomena included: an unprecedented intensification of international flows within Central and Eastern Europe, an influx of people from outside the region, and illegal transit migration. In the 1990s, migration in the region reflected, and will continue to do so, the interplay of three different kinds of imbalances: demographic, economic, and political whose clear outcome is the persistence of a latent potential for emigration.
Immigration and the Labor Market in Metropolitan Buenos Aires
Authors: Maguid Alicia 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Until 1991, Argentina experienced rising immigration from border countries to fulfill a segmented demand for labour within specific sectors; but structural economic change had negative consequences for employment, as the number of jobs in construction, industry, and services contracted. Given the narrowing of employment options and the shrinking of Argentine employment, it is not clear what will happen to immigration from border countries, but the data presented here suggest that the concentration of border workers will increase in construction and services and that within these sectors they will be employed on increasingly unfavourable terms.
Remittances, Savings, and Development in Migrant-Sending Areas
Authors: Taylor J. Edward 
Published: August 2004

AbstractExplores three sets of potential impacts of international migrant remittances and savings on the economies of migrant‐sending areas. It then presents a case study that illustrates the diverse impacts of remittances and savings at a major international migration staging ground in Mexico. Remittances contribute to income both directly and indirectly. Economic linkages transmit remittance impacts to other households, including ones that may not send migrants abroad. These direct and indirect income effects of remittances have profound influences on production, incomes, inequality, and poverty.