bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Violence, Order, and Terror
Authors: Devetak Richard 
Published: March 2005

AbstractIn his chapter on the rise of terrorism, the author points to two principal challenges to international society: first, terrorism challenges the state's monopoly of legitimate violence (which is also being eroded in a number of other ways); and second, the reaction that Al‐Qaeda has drawn from the USA threatens to create as significant a problem for international society as terrorism itself. The author opens his discussion with a brief survey of the nature of terrorism and the position it has held in the thought of the English School of International Relations: with only one or two minor exceptions, English School writers tended not to incorporate terrorism into their study despite the proliferation of terrorist incidents in the 1970s, and Hedley Bull identified terrorism as simply one of several types of ‘private international violence’. The author suggests two reasons for this apparent oversight: the School's state‐centrism and its resistance to presentism. After discussing the changing nature of terrorism in both its non‐state and state varieties, he moves on to address how terrorism poses a threat to contemporary international order, focusing in particular on terrorism as a breakdown of the state's monopoly on legitimate violence that is essential for the proper functioning of international society. The last part of the chapter describes the rise of the ‘new terrorism’ – which is characterized by religious motivation, greater lethality of attacks, greater technological and operational competence, and the desire to obtain weapons of mass destruction – and its impact on international society, and concludes by arguing that US attempts to tackle terrorism by undermining the basic principles of international society may only help to exacerbate the problem by casting further doubt on the relevance and legitimacy of international order.
Ezra Redefines ‘All Israel’ as Judah
Authors: Douglas Mary 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The central argument of this chapter is that is that the priestly editors of Leviticus and Numbers (writing primarily for the guidance of fellow priests) were compiling the law of Moses to confound government opponents – specifically, the exclusionary and separatist policies of Ezra, who, supported by the returnees from exile, defined ‘All Israel’ as Judah. However, since their opinions were dangerous both for themselves and for the faithful, they wrapped their offerings in elegant literary conventions. They also had only a limited objective: they were not trying to cover all aspects of religious law, but to offer simple and direct teaching about confession and reconciliation, being obliged to omit sensitive matters such as marriage, or matters that did not relate specifically to the agenda concerned. In addition, they aimed to emasculate the concept of impurity as support for exclusionary policies. The different sections of the chapter address: the exclusionist debate; the tensions resulting from the homecoming of exiles; Ezra's myth of Israel, concept of foreigners, and use of the law of Moses as justification for his separatist claims; the variance of the laws of purity expounded in Leviticus and Numbers to those in other antique religions, where impurity has an important social function; the social context of marriage to ‘foreign’ wives by returning the exiles, and Ezra's edict forbidding such marriages; and the subversive position of the priestly editors and their consequent responses, including an insistence of protected status for the foreigner.
Moral Animals
Authors: Wilson Catherine 
Published: March 2005

AbstractMoral Animals offers a set of anthropological and conceptual foundations for moral theory before turning to the problem of overdemandingness or exigency as it afflicts contemporary egalitarianism. The first half of the book is devoted to a discussion of the bearing of evolutionary theory on ethics and metaethics. After arguing that morality presupposes and compensates for asymmetrical relations of advantage and social power, the author addresses the problem of objectivity, showing in what sense moral judgements are susceptible of confirmation, whether or not moral realism is tenable. In the second half of the book, a number of vexed issues in the theory of social justice, including the problems of affluence and the subordination of women, are examined. Taking the fair division of the co‐operative surplus as the basic problem of distributive justice, the author shows how most co‐operation between human beings fails to allocate goods to individuals and groups according to appropriate standards of need and merit. It is shown that neither the special nature of the first‐person standpoint, nor the importance of non‐moral projects and ambitions, nor the different needs, social understandings, competencies, and emotions of different persons and groups pose a serious challenge to the view that greater global equality in levels of well‐being, as well as greater equality between the sexes, is not only morally desirable but morally required.
The Role of a Merit Principle in Distributive Justice
Authors: Wilson Catherine 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAn objection to egalitarianism is that social dominance and variance in well‐being are not arbitrary and unjust insofar as they flow from differences in merit, understood as competence and performance at socially‐valued tasks, between persons and groups. More meritorious persons, on a view implied by F.A. Hayek and developed by David Gauthier, are entitled to have better lives. Chapter 7 seeks to weaken this objection to egalitarianism, by challenging the connection between perceived merit and desert. Statistical equality of outcomes amongst groups of persons with respect to enjoyment of all three tiers of well‐being, is defended as an appropriate test of the moral soundness of a set of social institutions.
Covert Context-Sensitivity: The Problems of Underdetermination, Inappropriateness, and Indeterminacy
Authors: Borg Emma 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter looks at a currently very popular argument for dual pragmatic theories, turning on so-called ‘unarticulated constituents’ or ‘hidden indexicals’. These are elements that do not figure at the syntactic level but are supposedly required to arrive at the truth-conditions of many natural language sentences. The precise form of this argument is explored and three different versions enumerated. However I argue that in none of its forms is this argument against formal semantics compelling.
Mild Contraction
Authors: Levi Isaac 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis book is a continuation of Isaac Levi’s work on formal epistemology, focusing on the problem of contraction. It argues that the problem of how to contract is essential both to an account of justified or legitimate belief change, and to modal judgment conditional on a supposition. It presents a formal characterization of mild contraction, which is similar to what Pagnucco and Rott called “severe withdrawal”. This difference in terminology reflects a difference in philosophical perspective that is explained by the author.
Contraction, Rational Choice and Economy 5
Authors: Levi Isaac 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe author considers the answers he favours over those of Rott and Pagnucco to two questions: what is to be required of a decision-theoretic rationale for a change in state of full belief? and should enquirers contemplating a contraction seek to minimize losses of informational value, or seek the most plausible contraction? It is explained how the author’s views differ from those of Rott and Pagnucco on the ground of deep disagreements about the aims of enquiry, and their use of the idea of plausibility is discussed and argued against. The philosophical motivation for preferring the terminology of mild contraction over that of severe withdrawal, which Rott and Pagnucco use, is set out. The implications of the author’s views for suppositional or conditional reasoning, incorrigibility, and indeterminacy are discussed.
13 Conclusions: Divine Command Morality in a Pluralistic Society
Authors: Evans C. Stephen 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
This chapter responds to three objections to divine command theory: that it violates human autonomy, could justify evil actions such as child sacrifice, and would lead to sectarian strife. Divine command theory views human beings as responsible choosers and respects the right kind of autonomy. Looking at the case of Abraham and Issac, this chapter argues that only a good and loving God deserves to be obeyed, and God cannot command what is truly bad, though he can and does issue commands that conflict with accepted moral convictions. Such an ethic is not sectarian in any harmful sense, because it rejects the use of coercion and cannot sanction the privileging of any religious view by use of state power. Such an ethic contributes to a truly humane society by requiring us to recognize that we are all neighbours and that no human society or institution can rightly ask for that unconditional devotion that should be offered to God alone.
Metabolic, Genomic, and Biochemical Analyses of Glandular Trichomes from the Wild Tomato SpeciesLycopersicon hirsutumIdentify a Key Enzyme in the Biosynthesis of Methylketones
Authors: Fridman Eyal , Wang Jihong , Iijima Yoko , Froehlich John E. , Gang David R. , Ohlrogge John , Pichersky Eran 
Published: March 2005

AbstractMedium-length methylketones (C7-C15) are highly effective in protecting plants from numerous pests. We used a biochemical genomics approach to elucidate the pathway leading to synthesis of methylketones in the glandular trichomes of the wild tomato Lycopersicon hirsutum f glabratum (accession PI126449). A comparison of gland EST databases from accession PI126449 and a second L. hirsutum accession, LA1777, whose glands do not contain methylketones, showed that the expression of genes for fatty acid biosynthesis is elevated in PI126449 glands, suggesting de novo biosynthesis of methylketones. A cDNA abundant in the PI126449 gland EST database but rare in the LA1777 database was similar in sequence to plant esterases. This cDNA, designated Methylketone Synthase 1 (MKS1), was expressed in Escherichia coli and the purified protein used to catalyze in vitro reactions in which C12, C14, and C16 β-ketoacyl–acyl-carrier-proteins (intermediates in fatty acid biosynthesis) were hydrolyzed and decarboxylated to give C11, C13, and C15 methylketones, respectively. Although MKS1 does not contain a classical transit peptide, in vitro import assays showed that it was targeted to the stroma of plastids, where fatty acid biosynthesis occurs. Levels of MKS1 transcript, protein, and enzymatic activity were correlated with levels of methylketones and gland density in a variety of tomato accessions and in different plant organs.
ARABIDOPSIS CRINKLY4 Function, Internalization, and Turnover Are Dependent on the Extracellular Crinkly Repeat Domain
Authors: Gifford Miriam L. , Robertson Fiona C. , Soares Dinesh C. , Ingram Gwyneth C. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe study of the regulation and cellular dynamics of receptor kinase signaling in plants is a rapidly evolving field that promises to give enormous insights into the molecular control of signal perception. In this study, we have analyzed the behavior of the L1-specific receptor kinase ARABIDOPSIS CRINKLY4 (ACR4) from Arabidopsis thaliana in planta and have shown it to be present in two distinct compartments within cells. These represent protein export bodies and a population of internalized vesicles. In parallel, deletion analysis has shown that a predicted β-propeller–forming extracellular domain is necessary for ACR4 function. Nonfunctional ACR4 variants with deletions or point mutations in this domain behave differently to wild-type fusion protein in that they are not internalized to the same extent. In addition, in contrast with functional ACR4, which appears to be rapidly turned over, they are stabilized. Thus, for ACR4, internalization and turnover are linked and depend on functionality, suggesting that ACR4 signaling may be subject to damping down via internalization and degradation. The observed rapid turnover of ACR4 sets it apart from other recently studied plant receptor kinases. Finally, ACR4 kinase activity is not required for protein function, leading us to propose, by analogy to animal systems, that ACR4 may hetero-oligomerize with a kinase-active partner during signaling. Plant and animal receptor kinases have distinct evolutionary origins. However, with other recent work, our study suggests that there has been considerable convergent evolution between mechanisms used to regulate their activity.
Nitazoxanide for persistent diarrhoea in Zambian acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients: a randomized‐controlled trial
Authors: Zulu I. , Kelly P. , Njobvu L. , Sianongo S. , Kaonga K. , McDonald V. , Farthing M. , Pollok R. 
Published: March 2005

SummaryBackground:  Adults with acquired immune deficiency syndrome and persistent diarrhoea in Zambia have intestinal infection, predominantly protozoa.Aim:  To search for treatment which can be offered with minimal investigation, we carried out a double‐blind, randomized‐controlled trial of nitazoxanide (a drug with a range of activity against parasites and bacteria).Methods:  Patients with diarrhoea of 1 month duration or longer were randomized to receive nitazoxanide (1000 mg twice daily) or placebo for 2 weeks. End‐points were clinical response, parasitological clearance and mortality.Results:  Two hundred and seven adults were randomized; 42 died during the study. The primary assessment of efficacy was made after 17 days. Clinical response was observed in 56 (75%) of 75 patients receiving nitazoxanide and 45 (58%) of 77 patients receiving placebo (P = 0.03). The rate of improvement was markedly higher in patients with CD4 counts under 50 cells/μL receiving nitazoxanide (P = 0.007). The benefit was largely restricted to the period when the drug was being administered. No difference was seen in parasitological clearance between the two groups. Mortality was 19% by 4 weeks of follow‐up and did not differ with treatment allocation.Conclusions:  Nitazoxanide given orally for 14 days was associated with clinical improvement in Zambian acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients with diarrhoea, especially those with very low CD4 counts.
Intentional infliximab use during pregnancy for induction or maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease
Authors: Mahadevan U. , Kane S. , Sandborn W. J. , Cohen R. D. , Hanson K. , Terdiman J. P. , Binion D. G. 
Published: March 2005

SummaryAim:  To study the effects of infliximab on pregnancy and foetal outcome.Methods:  We conducted a retrospective chart review of women with Crohn's disease treated intentionally with infliximab during pregnancy. The primary outcome measure was the occurrence of congenital malformations. Secondary outcome measures were the rate of premature birth, low‐birth weight, small for gestational age infants, intrauterine growth retardation and caesarean section.Results:  Ten women were identified. Eight women received maintenance infliximab infusions throughout their pregnancy and two women received their initial infliximab infusions during pregnancy. All 10 pregnancies ended in live births. No infants had congenital malformations, intrauterine growth retardation or small for gestational age parameters. Three infants were premature and one had low‐birth weight. Eight women had a caesarean section.Conclusions:  This is the first reported series of intentional infliximab use throughout pregnancy. These data, combined with other studies of inadvertent use of infliximab during pregnancy, suggest that the benefits of infliximab in achieving response and maintaining remission in mothers with Crohn's disease may outweigh the risk to the foetus of exposure to the drug. Further prospective data collection will be helpful to confirm these findings.
Polymorphisms in candidate genes as markers for sperm quality and boar fertility
Authors: Wimmers K. , Lin C. L. , Tholen E. , Jennen D. G. J. , Schellander K. , Ponsuksili S. 
Published: March 2005

Summary α‐Actinins (ACTN1 and ACTN4) and γ‐actin (ACTG2), were investigated as candidate genes on the basis of their known functions, for their possible association with sperm concentration, motility, semen volume per ejaculate, plasma droplets rate, abnormal sperm rate and the fertility traits, non‐return rate and number of piglets born alive. Polymorphisms were identified in intron 18 (G>A) of the porcine ACTN1 gene and in exon 22 (A>C) of the porcine ACTN4 gene by comparative sequencing of animals from the Pietrain (PI) and Hampshire (HA) breeds. Pietrain (n = 244) and crossbreed PI × HA (n = 112) boars from an artificial insemination boar station were genotyped for the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within ACTN1 and ACTN4 as well as for a previously described microsatellite within ACTG2. The study provides evidence for effects of ACTN1 on fertility and of ACTG2 on sperm quality traits, while no indication of impact of ACTN4 on any of these traits was found.
Preoperative education for orthopaedic patients: systematic review
Authors: Johansson Kirsi , Nuutila Liisamaija , Virtanen Heli , Katajisto Jouko , Salanterä Sanna 
Published: March 2005

Aims.  This paper presents a systematic review whose aim was to describe the scope and methods of the current literature on preoperative patient education and to identify the effects of this education.Background.  Preoperative patient education is a common and important intervention in surgical nursing, yet there is very limited systematic evidence on its precise role.Methods.  The Medline, CINAHL, Eric, Psycinfo and Social Sciences Index databases and the Cochrane Library were searched, covering the period from the beginning of each database to April 2003. Studies were included if they concerned adult orthopaedic patients, preoperative nursing patient education and were based on randomized controlled or clinical trials. Meta‐analysis was carried out where appropriate.Results.  We identified 11 articles involving 1044 participants. Most studies included one experimental and one control group; only two had more than one experimental and control group. The educational interventions varied widely, but the majority were based on written materials alone, or written materials in combination with other teaching methods. The most common outcome measures related to pain, knowledge, anxiety, exercises and length of stay, and the least common to self‐efficacy and empowerment. The methodological quality of the studies varied. Almost all reported one or more statistically significant effects. Based on the findings of the meta‐analysis, preoperative education appears to have some impacts on patients’ anxiety and knowledge levels.Conclusions.  The review clearly highlights the need for well‐designed, methodologically sound research into the outcomes of patient education. It also points to the need to study patient education from the point of view of empowerment.
Anaesthetists should wear gloves – touch sensitivity is improved with a new type of thin glove
Authors: Kopka A. , Crawford J. M. , Broome I. J. 
Published: March 2005

Background:  Sterile gloves should be worn for all invasive procedures. However, loss of touch sensitivity when wearing gloves leads to poor compliance among anaesthetists in the UK. Our aim was to investigate whether new surgical glove types, such as extra‐thin or latex‐free gloves, offer any advantage in touch sensitivity.Methods:  The skin‐pressure sensibility threshold of the gloved pulp of the dominant index finger was established in 24 anaesthetists using nine self‐made modified von Frey hairs. The range of forces generated by nylon monofilaments was evenly distributed between 0.5 and 17 mN. The gloves tested were latex Biogel standard, latex‐free Biogel Neotech, and extra‐thin latex Ansell microthin surgical gloves. The different glove types were assessed in a counterbalancing algorhythm, the individual was blinded, and the filaments were applied in random order.Results:  The median threshold force to touch was significantly lower for the extra‐thin surgical gloves in comparison to the standard latex (P = 0.014) and latex‐free gloves (P = 0.001). There was no significant difference between the standard latex and latex‐free gloves (P = 0.166).Conclusion:  We have demonstrated that wearing extra‐thin surgical gloves offers increased touch sensitivity. This may improve dexterity when carrying out delicate invasive procedures. Latex‐free surgical gloves performed similar to standard latex gloves. Our findings should encourage more widespread glove use among anaesthetists.
Comparison of remifentanil and nitrous oxide in labour analgesia
Authors: Volmanen P. , Akural E. , Raudaskoski T. , Ohtonen P. , Alahuhta S. 
Published: March 2005

Background:  We compared the efficacy and side‐effects of remifentanil with those of nitrous oxide during the first stage of labour.Methods:  Twenty parturients participated in a randomized, double‐blind, cross‐over study. Intravenous remifentanil in 0.4 µg kg−1 PCA doses with 1‐min infusion and lock‐out times and intermittent inhaled 50% nitrous oxide were compared during 20‐min study periods with a 20‐min wash‐out sequence after each period. The parturients assessed the intensity of contraction pain (verbal numerical score 0–10), pain relief (score 0–4) and side‐effects every 10 min. Noninvasive blood pressure, heart rate (HR), oxyhaemoglobin saturation (SaO2), end‐tidal carbon dioxide, fractions of inhaled and exhaled oxygen and nitrous oxide and foetal heart rate (FHR) were recorded. Hypoxaemia and bradycardia were defined as SaO2<90% and HR<50, respectively.Results:  Fifteen parturients completed the study. There was no period effect or treatment‐period interaction. The median decrease in pain score for remifentanil was 1.5 and that for nitrous oxide 0.5 (P=0.01). The parturients gave better pain relief scores with remifentanil than with nitrous oxide (median 2.5 vs. 0.5, respectively, P<0.001). Sedation was reported more often, and SaO2 was slightly lower during remifentanil administration. No episodes of hypoxaemia occurred. There was no difference in maternal blood pressure and HR or the incidence of abnormal FHR during remifentanil compared to nitrous oxide. Most parturients preferred remifentanil to nitrous oxide (14 vs. 1, P<0.001).Conclusions:  This study suggests that IVPCA remifentanil provides better labour analgesia than intermittently inhaled nitrous oxide.