bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Research Context
Authors: Maxson Cheryl L , Klein Malcolm W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How should we, as a society, respond to youngsters who steadfastly refuse to obey their parents? They stay out late and fail to complete their homework or household chores. They hang out with youngsters of dubious character (or with youngsters whose character is unknown to the parents) and in other ways consistently signal disrespect for the authority of their parents. Are they the responsibility of these parents, who will use whatever resources they can muster? Or are they the proper fodder of a public system-the police, the juvenile court, the county children’s service? And what of the habitual truant, whose parents seem able to compel daily school attendance no better than the school principal? Or the girl who seems headed toward early alcoholism, judging from her almost daily consumption of cheap wines or beer with her friends? Or the youngster who has taken to staying out overnight with friends or even on the street or in an abandoned house? What is a parent to do? What can public officials do? What is the role of private agencies? In effect, these disturbing yet noncriminal youngsters are testing us, inadvertently or purposely, forcing us to evaluate just how intrusively we wish to control their lives.
Register and Footing in Role Play
Authors: Hoyle Susan M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The pretend role play of school-age children has attracted relatively little attention. It deserves scrutiny, though, because through such play older children can develop and display some of their most intricate linguistic and interactional abilities. During role play, children have an opportunity to practice skills in a variety of registers, some of which they may otherwise not need and thus not display. Furthermore, role play that involves more than one child is subject to complex constraints as participants closely monitor one another’s performance.
Kinship, Semantics, and Linguistic Relativity
Authors: Danziger Eve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book investigates the principle of linguistic relativity by exploring the cultural and psychological reality of three different models of kinship conceptualization among speakers of Mopan Maya, an indigenous language of Central America. I ask whether it is the case that across languages and cultures, individuals find certain concepts natural in experience, implying that where languages vary in their expression of these concepts they do so only supeificially. Or; instead, does the structural organization of languages actually help to form the categories of thought which afterward appear most natural to their speakers?
The Meanings of Kinship Terms
Authors: Danziger Eve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Piagetian Definition Task Psychologists, as well as anthropologists, have had a long-standing interest in terms for family relationships. While anthropologists have been fascinated by the fact that this area of meaning seemed in many cases to hold the key to social organization, and to delineate the area in which the socially or culturally imposed met the natural or self-evidently given, psychologists have concentrated on the relational and potentially self-referential logical properties of kinship terms, especially as a window onto language acquisition and child development.
Tzik and Kinship
Authors: Danziger Eve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A set of Mopan terms has now been delineated for study, isolated from other forms of the language by their properties of semantic and pragmatic occurrence. We can call these the tzik relationship terms of Mopan and justify their membership in the set precisely in terms of their occurrence under the defining circumstances. I have considered a term as a candidate for belonging to the set of tzik relationship te1ms if it is a two-placed predicate that occurs in the tzik greeting frame. This is a useful and defensible procedure, and we use it to enter the domain of tzik appellation without presupposing the content of the domain. But it does not quite correspond to the Mopan view of things.
Three Semantic Analyses and Their Consequences
Authors: Danziger Eve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In earlier chapters, I suggested that we might use Piagetian acquisition of relationship terms to address broader theoretical questions in the realm of language and thought. Specifically, I argued that we might use the order of acquisition of tzik relationship terms by Mopan children to distinguish among competing hypotheses corresponding to specific positions in the language-and-thought debate. I asked whether there were cases in which it could be demonstrated that the entire range of reference, as well as the focal center, of a culturally distinct category was operative at the cognitive level. I also asked whether universal nuclear family primitives lay behind translational equivalents of kinship concepts in all cases.
All Quiet on the Western Front (U.S., 1930): The Antiwar Film and the Image of Modern War
Authors: Chambers II John Whiteclay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
More than any other American feature film in the interwar years, All Quiet on the Western Front (U.S., 1930) came to represent the image of World War I. In a poignant saga of the life and death of a sensitive young German recruit, the film vividly portrays the senseless horror of trench warfare on the western front. Explosive sound effects accompany powerful visual images—it was one of the first “talking” pictures—to produce an emotionally wrenching viewing experience. It directly contributed to the widespread revulsion against such slaughter and against industrialized mass warfare in general.
The Longest Day	(U.S., 1962): “Blockbuster” History
Authors: Ambrose Stephen E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Longest Day (U.S., 1962) is one of my favorite historical films. I can still recall the sense of pride when I walked out of the theater in the fall of 1962 after seeing it for the first time. The Longest Day helps us visualize the scale and drama of the Allied invasion of Normandy on June 6, 1944, an invasion that marked the beginning of the end of Nazi control in Western Europe. This enormous three-hour film is one of the great epics about World War II. A true “blockbuster,” it powerfully re-created on a grand scale the largest amphibious invasion in history. The deployment of thousands of troops, a vast quantity of battle equipment, and the wizardry of exploding shells resulted in Academy Awards for cinematography and special effects.
Men of Bronze (U.S., 1980) and Liberators (U.S., 1992): Black American Soldiers in Two World Wars
Authors: Price Clement Alexander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many years after he became one of the first of the Allied troops to enter Buchenwald concentration camp, Leon Bass, a black American, observed:
On this day in April in 1945, with some of my comrades, I walked through the gates of a place called Buchenwald. 1 was totally unprepared for what I saw. Someone of 19 couldn’t have been prepared, for he hasn’t lived long enough. I was still trying to develop my value system. I was still trying to sort things out, and then all of a sudden, slap—right in the face—was. the horror perpetrated by man against man.
In the aftermath, as this poignant statement suggests, America’s wars have often brought blacks and whites much closer to the complex interweaving of individual courage, cowardice, national purpose, and collective memory, and closer still to the discovery that battlefields can become symbolic of the larger struggle for racial justice in the United States.
Clement Price, Liberators (U.S., 1992), and Truth in History: Some Comments
Authors: Leab Daniel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The critic Roland Barthes has dealt frequently with what he calls “the pleasure of the text.” Like many of his peers in our postmodern society, Barthes argues that texts of any nature often deny their own claims of authority. And he plays with what has been called the “endlessly open possibilities of language.” Historians in the main respond differently to interpretations of text. They often, especially in recent years, imagine themselves defending “reality,” earnestly safeguarding without assistance the threshold between fact and fiction, valorously securing a community whose inhabitants remain unconcerned about “truth.”
The Rule of Law in Transition
Authors: Teitel Ruti G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the various legal responses to illiberal rule and the guiding rule-of-law principles in these times. The attempt to adhere to the rule of law during periods of political upheaval creates a dilemma. There is a tension between the rule of law in transition as backward-looking and forward-looking, as settled versus dynamic. In this dilemma, the rule of law is ultimately contingent; rather than grounding legal order, it serves to mediate the normative shift in justice that characterizes these extraordinary periods. In democracies, our intuition is that the rule of law means adherence to known rules, as opposed to arbitrary governmental action.1 Yet revolution implies disorder and legal instability. The threshold dilemma of transitional justice is the problem of the rule of law in periods of radical political change. By their very definitions, these are often times of massive paradigm shifts in understandings of justice.
Introduction
Authors: Mandler Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While much has been written about the breach between classical and neoclassical economics, an equally significant divide lies within neoclassical theory, separating the ’early neoclassicism” of the late nineteenth-early twentieth centuries from the general equilibrium models predominant since World War II. An exploration into this divide reveals foundational problems paved over rather than solved, whose irresolution weakens contemporary economic theory.
Historical Issues in Preference Theory
Authors: Mandler Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the ordinalist caricature of the history of preference theory, economists prior to 1934 were confused about what could be inferred from choice behavior. Then, following the revelation of Hicks and Allen, unfalsifiable psychological assumptions were banished. In reality, early preference theory, with rare exception, did not claim that cardinal comparisons could be deduced from preference information alone; early neoclassical economists simply adopted a psychological theory in which agents form cardinality judgments. Moreover, as we saw in chapter 4, nonordinal properties of utility can sometimes advance theoretical coherence. Indeed, whenever nonordinal psychological premises have seemed plausible, economists have happily embraced them. Not only the original Jevonians but such forerunners of ordinalism as Irving Fisher and many postwar theorists have incorporated implicit or explicit cardinality assumptions. Thus the elimination of nonordinal properties of utility, in addition to being theoretically suspect, is historically only a partial truth.
Paretian Welfare Economics
Authors: Mandler Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Social decisions involve gains for some individuals and losses for others. Utilitarianism faces this challenge head on: it aims for a complete set of evaluations that can judge all possible trade-offs among the well-being of agents. As an abstraction, utilitarianism delivers on its promise: it specifies an objective function that, when maximized subject to resource constraints, prescribes social decisions. But when confronted with concrete decisions, utilitarianism offers no constructive procedure for comparing agents’ welfare.
Conclusion
Authors: Mandler Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Economists do not believe that the world works as general equilibrium models of perfect competition predict. Individual agents and firms influence market prices; agents do not hold to fixed goals, act with complete consistency, or form probabilities of all eventualities. Yet perfect competition and the traditional theory of rationality still form the core of neoclassical economics. They are said to describe the enduring tendencies of economic activity, or to be benchmarks against which real-world deviations can be measured.
The Institutional Environment of Legality
Authors: Francis A Allen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Habits of legality manifested in the administration of criminal justice are products of a wide variety of influences. One of the most important of these is the level of unease produced in the community by the perceived threats to life, limb, and property arising from criminal activity. The fear of crime encompasses the most basic and primitive human concerns and, if widespread and acute, may create a crisis of confidence in the capacities of legal institutions to perform their essential functions. In such periods concerns about abuses of governmental authority by police, prosecutors, and judicial officers, as they wield the most stringent sanctions of government, tend to be engulfed in the deeper fears of criminal victimization. At such times the traditions of legality are not wholly or suddenly abandoned, but the social and political environment is one increasingly unfavorable to the habits of legality.
Summation
Authors: Francis A Allen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The preceding discussion, encompassing a wide variety of contemporary and historical experience, rests on a series of underlying propositions. It proceeds, first, on the assumption that the rule-of-law concept is vital to the life and survival of liberal societies. Conceptual analysis, although essential to identification and resolution of critical issues, is insufficient to an understanding of the meanings and dimensions of the legality ideal in a functioning political society. To grasp the operational significance of the concept, we must look to the habitual behavior of public officials wielding the public force and to the levels of fidelity to law displayed in the community. It has also been asserted that the habits of legality practiced in the administration of criminal justice may be significantly weakened in times like the present and recent past, when fear and outrage are engendered by perceptions of rampant criminality. The resulting encroachments on the rights of individuals and disregard of the forms of law will likely not be confined to those situations in which emergencies are thought to arise but instead will extend to the operation of the system as a whole.
Literacy in Japan up to 1945
Authors: Inheritance The Tokugawa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As has already been remarked, historians have failed to pay adequate attention to the script reform movement in part because they uncritically accept two assumptions about Japanese literacy. One is that Japan was, at least relative to other nations at the time, already highly literate at the end of the Edo period (1600-1867); the other is that, in any event, most Japanese, even the poorest, could read and write by the beginning of the 20th century. The foundation for the first assumption was laid by Ronald Dore (1965, 321), who ventured a very cautious but nevertheless optimistic estimate of literacy at the end of the Edo period on the basis of school attendance figures from that time. Herbert Passin, a bit more confidently, made estimates of literacy for various groups within the general population that work out to an overall literacy rate for the same period of 39 to 47 percent (Passin 1982, 56-57; Unger 1987, 87). The second assumption is implicit in the work of historians of the Meiji period such as Carol Gluck, who emphasize the growth of the press as a factor in social change at the end of the 19th century. Andrew Gordon expands on this theme when he states that “the spread of literacy prepared the ground for the rise of imperial democracy” (Gordon 1991, 18), by which he means the fundamental political and social changes that affected virtually every segment of Japanese society and reached their peak between 1905 and 1918 (1-3).
SCAP Steps In
Authors: Hall Robert King 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 3, we saw that Japan had started down the path of script reform, albeit fitfully, long before the Occupation. Both the press and the government were prepared to limit the number of kanji in general use. The press had already voluntarily begun to reduce the use of furigana, which indirectly established a lower limit on the frequency of the kanji and the readings for kanji used in newspapers; even the military had been forced to admit the practical necessity of some sort of script reform. The consensus was that setting a ceiling on the number of characters in general use, reforming the kanazukai, and con trolling the readings that kanji could take was a practical compromise between the status quo and the more radical proposals of the kanagaki and ri5maji movements. It is therefore wrong to characterize the situation in 1946 as one in which the Japanese were forced to draw up the toy/5 kanji list in order to pre vent SCAP (Supreme Command for the Allied Powers) from imposing more drastic measures (as has been claimed by Suzuki Takao [1990] and others). Nor is it correct to regard the 1946 report of the United States Education Mission (USEM), which advocated romanization but insisted that the implementation of that recommendation be left strictly to the Japanese themselves, as the cli max of SCAP involvement in script reform.
Conclusion: The Most Literate Nation on Earth?
Authors: List The Joyo Kanji , Backlash the Liberal Democratic Party 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 2, we established that there was a need for a Japanese script reform of some kind in 1945. In chapter 3, we traced how the Japanese themselves, from the 1880s and earlier, had gradually worked toward a consensus on this need and, from 1946 through 1959, had actually implemented kanji limitation, simplification of kana usage, and other concrete measures. In chapters 4 and 5, we reviewed efforts toward romanization and how they were thwarted. The pendulum had reached the outermost limit of its swing with the romaji education experiment, which, while it did not offer conclusive proof, strongly suggested that Japanese children could achieve more academically if they did not have to learn kanji than if they did. Quite apart from the encouragement this would have understandably given supporters of romanization, it would also confirm the arguments of the kanagaki enthusiasts. The fundamental issue, as Halpern had realized, was not whether kana or one of the competing systems of romaji were selected for use, but whether any form of Japanese script free of kanji would be given official approval. From 1950 onward, the pendulum changed direction, and it passed the point of equilibrium soon after the okurigana rules of 1959 had been promulgated.
Building Organizational Learning Capability: A Blueprint for Learning Architects
Authors: Yeung Arthur K , Ulrich David O , Nason Stephen W , Glinow Mary Ann Von 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Consider the following scenario.
You are a member of your company’s top management team. Performance indicators suggest that the firm’s sales performance in your home country is softening due to market maturity and stiff competition from overseas competitors. After years of downsizing and cost­cutting efforts, it’s clear the company can only grow by increasing its presence in emerging markets like China and India. Active participation in these emerging economies could help the company gain access to huge and rapidly growing markets in Asia, establish low-cost manufacturing bases, and serve existing customers globally.
Unfortunately, when several of your company’s businesses started to establish manufacturing and sales operations through strategic alliances and wholly owned subsidiaries in China and India, they met with various degrees of success. While some found the right partners and negotiated the appropriate terms of cooperation, others ran into difficulty right from the beginning. Moreover, even though it isn’t difficult to build state-of-the-art manufacturing facilities in China and India, transferring the management and technical know-how necessary to run these facilities from your home country has been quite challenging.
Black and on the Border
Authors: Ayers Edward L , Thomas William G , Rubin Anne Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The civil war is often understood in terms of stark opposites. It seems only natural to think of North and South, of Union and Confederacy, of freedom and slavery. But the habit of thinking in opposites often extends to other parts of the war where it serves us less well: battlefield and homefront, soldier and civilian, male and female, and black and white, as if these places, people, and experiences were not swept up in the same all-consuming war. In an attempt to bring together aspects of the war that are often kept separate, this essay focuses on the region of the United States that is often ignored when explaining the onset of the Civil War: the border where the upper South met the lower North. This area— a third of the nation—went into the war with uncertainty but then gave itself over to the conflict, playing a crucial role start to finish as battlefield and supplier of soldiers, materiel, and leaders. Specifically, this essay looks at the border between Virginia and Pennsylvania, a region almost arbitrarily divided by the Mason-Dixon Line.
A Stranger in the Club: The Army of the Potomac’s Black Division
Authors: Trudeau Noah Andre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The decision to add African American units to the Union army was a massive experiment on virtually every social, military, and personal level. The experiences of the soldiers themselves were complex and varied. There are many ways to tell their stories. This one follows the brief history of the only black division organized in the Civil War to be made a part of what is arguably the best-known Union force of the period: the Army of the Potomac. Termed by a postwar historian the “mighty rival” of the South’s equally illustrous Army of Northern Virginia, the Army of the Potomac had a history, tradition, and command rank culture that set it apart from other Northern armies. This brief examination of its reluctant involvement in integration hopes to illuminate a lesser-known chapter of America’s most studied war.
Moral Theory
Authors: Fletcher George P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Morality covers a host of sins. The term is used to refer to all matters of right and wrong, good and evil. Yet the discussion of morality suffers from unexamined assumptions. Legal positivists take the distinction between law and morality to be fundamental largely because they assume that law derives from an ultimate, authoritative source while morality has no similar source.1 No one “makes” morality the way judges and legislators make law. At the same time, American lawyers seem to believe that there are no legal moral rights as well as legal rights, and that, in general, it would be better if more moral rights became legally enforceable. A good example is the currently popular idiom of human rights. These rights exist by virtue of their moral rather than legal force.
Punishment
Authors: Fletcher George P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
International criminal law is grounded in the comparative analysis of domestic systems of criminal law. This fact might not be obvious to inter—national lawyers, because international law, as such, is not so grounded. Nothing in Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice1—the provision that lays down the sources of international law—invites a comparative analysis of domestic legal systems. It is fair to say, therefore, that public international and international criminal law differ in their fundamental structure.