bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Induction of macrophage scavenger receptor MARCO in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis indicates possible involvement of endotoxin in its pathogenic process
Authors: Yoshimatsu Mika , Terasaki Yasuhiro , Sakashita Naomi , Kiyota Emi , Sato Hiroo , Van Der Laan Luc J. W. , Takeya Motohiro 
Published: November 2004

SummaryNonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is one of the life‐threatening hepatic diseases; however, its pathogenesis is still unknown. To evaluate the causative role of hyperlipidaemia and high‐fat diet, we compared C57BL/6 mice with inherited hyperlipidaemic model mice (LDLR–/–mice and ApoE–/–mice) fed a normal or a high‐fat diet. LDLR–/–and ApoE–/–mice fed the normal diet showed significantly higher serum cholesterol level than that of C57BL/6 mice fed the high‐fat diet. These mice, however, have shown neither significant elevation of serum alanine transaminase (ALT) level nor histopathologic features of steatohepatitis. High‐fat diet groups of all three strains showed histopathological characteristics of steatohepatitis with elevated serum ALT levels and high expression of macrophage scavenger receptor MARCO mRNA in the liver. Semiquantitative endotoxin analysis showed an elevated serum endotoxin level in the portal vein but not in the vena cava in ApoE–/–mice fed the high‐fat diet. These results indicate that long‐term feeding of a high‐fat diet induces NASH, whereas hyperlipidaemia alone is not enough to induce NASH. Liver‐restricted induction of MARCO in mice with high‐fat diet and portal endotoxaemia in ApoE–/–mice fed the high‐fat diet suggest the possible involvement of endotoxin in the pathogenesis of NASH.
Co‐stimulation of human breast cancer cells with transforming growth factor‐β and tenascin‐C enhances matrix metalloproteinase‐9 expression and cancer cell invasion
Authors: Ilunga Kalembeyi , Nishiura Rika , Inada Hiroyasu , El‐Karef Amro , Imanaka‐Yoshida Kyoko , Sakakura Teruyo , Yoshida Toshimichi 
Published: November 2004

SummaryTransforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β), tenascin‐C (TN‐C) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been demonstrated independently to be associated with disease progression and poor prognosis in patients with breast cancer. The present study explored effects of TGF‐β and TN‐C on MMP‐9 expression and cancer invasion. An experimental study was designed to analyse MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cells, known for their high invasiveness, after stimulation with TGF‐β1 and/or TN‐C. TGF‐β1 stimulated TN‐C expression in the cells. Co‐stimulation of MDA‐MB‐231 cells with TN‐C and TGF‐β increased MMP‐9 expression at both the gene (28‐fold) and the protein levels. The in vitro invasion also increased (4‐fold). GM6001 inhibited the invasion induced by the co‐stimulation. The combined effect of TN‐C and TGF‐β resulted in enhanced MMP‐9 expression and cancer invasion in vitro.
Effect of efavirenz treatment on the pharmacokinetics of nelfinavir boosted by ritonavir in healthy volunteers
Authors: La Porte C. J. L. , De Graaff‐Teulen M. J. A. , Colbers E. P. H. , Voncken D. S. , Ibanez S. Marco , Koopmans P. P. , Hekster Y. A. , Burger D. M. 
Published: November 2004

AimsA once‐daily (q.d.) nucleoside‐sparing regimen can prevent mitochondrial toxicity, overcome viral resistance and improve compliance. In the present study the effect of efavirenz on the pharmacokinetics and tolerability of once‐daily nelfinavir/ritonavir was evaluated in healthy subjects.MethodsThis was a multiple‐dose, open‐label, single‐group, two‐period study in 24 healthy subjects. Each received from days 1–10 (period 1): 1875 mg nelfinavir plus 200 mg ritonavir q.d. with a 300‐kcal snack. During days 11–20 (period 2) efavirenz 600 mg q.d. was added to the regimen. Blood samples were collected up to 24 h after dosing on days 10 (period 1) and 20 (period 2). High‐performance liquid chromatography methods were used for the determination of the concentrations of all compounds. The main pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using noncompartmental methods.ResultsAll subjects completed the study. After the first period mean nelfinavir AUC0−24 h, Cmax and C24 were 49.6 mg h−1 l−1, 5.0 mg l−1 and 0.37 mg l−1, and the sum of nelfinavir plus its active metabolite M8 C24 was 0.83 mg l−1. The relative bioavailability, expressed as a geometric mean ratio (90% confidence interval) for nelfinavir AUC0−24 h, Cmax and C24 of period 2 compared with period 1 was: 1.30 (1.21, 1.40), 1.29 (1.19, 1.40) and 1.48 (1.32, 1.66). The sum of nelfinavir and M8 C24 in period 2 was 0.99 mg l−1, an increase of 19%. No serious adverse events occurred.ConclusionsThe studied regimens were well tolerated. Nelfinavir/ritonavir given together with efavirenz resulted in a 48% higher mean C24 concentration for nelfinavir, and the sum of nelfinavir and M8 C24 concentrations was 0.99 mg l−1. Efavirenz exposure in this study was similar to that reported previously, and therefore can be used effectively in combination with ritonavir and nelfinavir.
Aspects of the productivity of forage legumes in Northern Europe
Authors: Halling M. A. , Topp C. F. E. , Doyle C. J. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA database on the productivity of red clover (Trifolium pratense), white clover (Trifolium repens), lucerne (Medicago sativa), lotus (Lotus corniculatus) and galega (Galega orientalis) was compiled. It contains 1852 observations for 330 trials at fifty‐three sites in eight north European countries for the period from 1977 to 1997. The database includes information on climatic and site characteristics, as well as agronomic data, collated into four smaller data sets. This has permitted four key agronomic issues to be examined, namely: (i) how yield for a given variety varies under different environmental conditions; (ii) how the relative performance of different species varies between sites; (iii) how persistence varies between species and sites; and (iv) what the nature of the relationship is between varieties, yield and sites within a species? Cluster analysis revealed that geographical location had a fairly strong influence on yield. Across sites for an individual variety, the cumulative day‐degrees during the regrowth period had the highest correlation with total yield. In terms of the relative performance of different forage legume species across sites, red clover and lucerne were estimated to yield about 2·5 t DM ha−1 more than white clover and there was a significant impact of cumulative day‐degrees during regrowth and the age of ley on the total yield. It was found that red clover had the lowest persistence index and lucerne the highest. As regards the interaction between yield, varieties and sites, the length of growth period and the age of the ley explained two‐thirds of the variation in total yield in red clover varieties of contrasting maturity types.
Effect of six‐weekly harvests on the yield, chemical composition and dry matter degradability of Panicum maximum and Stylosanthes hamata in Nigeria
Authors: Bamikole M. A. , Akinsoyinu A. O. , Ezenwa I. , Babayemi O. J. , Akinlade J. , Adewumi M. K. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe dry matter (DM) yield and degradability of 6‐week‐old harvests of tropical forages were measured over a season. The forages were nitrogen‐fertilized Guinea grass (Panicum maximum, NFG), unfertilized Guinea grass (UFG), Verano stylo (Stylosanthes hamata,VS), a Guinea grass–Verano stylo mixture (GSM) and Guinea grass in the grass–Verano stylo mixture (GGSM). Six‐week‐old forages were made possible through a cutting regime, which produced four harvests in the growing season. The DM yields of the forages differed significantly (P < 0·001) and showed a significant reduction (P < 0·01) across the season. Crude protein and neutral‐detergent fibre concentrations were significantly (P < 0·01) different between the forages but there was no difference between harvests. The DM degradability of the forages at all harvests were significantly (P < 0·001) different with differences in the soluble fraction (a), degradable fraction (b), potential degradability (PD) and effective degradability (ED), but rate of degradability (c) did not show any significant difference between the forages. Significant (P < 0·01) differences were found between harvests for b and PD, and for the interaction between forage and harvest for b, PD and ED but were not found for the a and c fractions. Both the PD and ED values of all the forages fell with advancing harvests. Although the 6‐week‐old harvests of forage were found not to influence the characteristic reduction in yield of tropical grasses over time, it is concluded that such a management system could be used to obtain forage of relatively high nutritive value during the growing season.
Milk protein loci polymorphism in taurine (Bos taurus) and zebu (Bos indicus) populations bred in hot climate
Authors: Ceriotti G. , Marletta D. , Caroli A. , Erhardt G. 
Published: November 2004

SummaryThe genetic variation at four milk protein loci αs1‐casein (CSN1S1), β‐casein (CSN2), κ‐casein (CSN3) and β‐lactoglobulin (LGB) was investigated in 358 animals belonging to seven populations well adapted to hot climatic conditions, reared in Africa and Italy. Bos taurus (Somba, Lagune and Modicana), Bos indicus (Sudanese Zebu Peul, Azaouak and Adamawa), and B. taurus × B. indicus (Borgou) were studied by adapting different molecular methodologies to evaluate their genetic variability. All loci were polymorphic and a new CSN2 synonymous variant, named A2′, was detected and characterized. Noteworthy differences in the distribution of alleles and haplotypes were observed between zebuine and taurine cattle showing that milk protein polymorphism is suited for discriminating B. taurus from B. indicus efficiently, and also taurine breeds. Milk protein loci, being positively selected loci, can also provide information about the occurrence of germplasm particularly useful for breeding strategies and production improvement.
Population parameters in Brazilian Thoroughbred
Authors: Taveira R. Z. , Mota M. D. S. , Oliveira H. N. 
Published: November 2004

SummaryThe information in this study has been provided by the Brazilian Association of Racehorse Breeders [Associação Brasileira dos Criadores do Cavalo de Corrida (ABCCC)]. It can be found in the files on the CD‐ROM developed by the ABCCC in 1999. A total of 5008 finishing time records related to 2545 winning horses that ran in the classical calendar on Brazilian hippodromes during 25 years (1974–98) were analysed. There were a total of 9949 horses on the relationship matrix. The variance components were estimated using the multiple‐trait derivate‐free restricted maximum likelihood (MTDFREML) program, for an animal model. Generation intervals were higher in the maternal side (10.91 years) than in the paternal one (10.41 years). The estimates for genetic, permanent environmental and phenotypic variances and heritability were 0.291, 0.161, 3.486 and 0.08, respectively. The phenotypic standard deviation for time in races was 1.86729 s. Genetic time trend on Thoroughbred races in Brazil was small and could be accelerated if selection considered the trait time effectively. With respect to the animal's country of birth, the results show that there has been an intense participation of foreign animals in breeding Brazilian Thoroughbreds.
Effect of insulin treatment on the body composition of Type 2 diabetic patients
Authors: Sallé A. , Guilloteau G. , Ryan M. , Bouhanick B , Ritz P. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractObjective  Insulin is used commonly in Type 2 diabetes and is often accompanied by weight gain. The composition of this weight gain is poorly understood. Predominant increases in fat mass could increase cardiovascular risks. The aim of the study was to evaluate insulin‐induced body composition changes.Research design and methods  Body weight and composition of 35 Type 2 diabetic patients during their first 6 months of insulin therapy was compared with those in 34 Type 2 diabetic individuals treated with insulin for at least 1 year prior to commencing the study. Body composition was determined by the simultaneous measurement of body water spaces and body density.Results  Over 6 months, glycaemic control improved in the new treatment group only (HbA1c: 7.26 ± 0.81 vs. 9.66 ± 1.60%; P < 0.0001), remaining stable in the previously treated group (7.67 ± 1.25 vs. 7.76 ± 1.26%; P = NS). Weight significantly increased over time in the newly treated group (+1.7 kg; P = 0.04), but not in the previously treated group (−0.3 kg). It comprised of both fat (+0.85 kg) and fat‐free mass (+0.55 kg). Total body water remained unchanged. Using bioelectrical impedance analysis, the gain in fat mass was +2.2 kg; P = 0.048.Conclusions  Over 6 months, insulin therapy leads to a weight gain of 1.7 kg because of an increase in both fat and fat‐free mass. When body composition is determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis, the results are biased by fluctuations in hydration.
Early parasympathetic neuropathy associated with elevated fasting plasma C‐peptide concentrations and late parasympathetic neuropathy with hyperglycaemia and other microvascular complications
Authors: Gottsäter A. , Kangro M. , Sundkvist G. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractAims  To examine the relationship between parasympathetic neuropathy, hyperinsulinaemia, glycaemic control (HbA1c), and future diabetic complications.Methods  We assessed parasympathetic nerve function [expiration/inspiration (E/I) ratio], glomerular filtration rate (GFR), glycaemic control (HbA1c), fasting plasma (f‐p‐) C‐peptide in 82 Type 2 diabetic patients (age 61 ± 1 years) 5 and 12–15 years after diagnosis. Diabetic retinopathy was assessed 15 years after diagnosis.Results  High HbA1c values in the first study were associated with retinopathy (with 8.6 ± 2.0 vs. without retinopathy 6.2 ± 1.9%; P < 0.0001) and disturbed parasympathetic nerve function (low E/I ratio; rs = −0.41; P = 0.0061) in the second study, as well as with deteriorations in GFR between the first and second study (rs = 0.62; P < 0.0001). Patients with parasympathetic neuropathy in the first study had significantly higher f‐p‐C‐peptide concentrations than those without 3 years (1.20 ± 0.43 vs. 0.86 ± 0.40 nmol/l; P = 0.0015) and 5 years (1.20 ± 0.44 vs. 0.82 ± 0.33 nmol/l; P < 0.0001), but not 15 years after diagnosis.Conclusion  High HbA1c values 5 years after diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes were associated with retinopathy, disturbed parasympathetic nerve function, and deterioration in GFR 7–10 years later. Parasympathetic neuropathy 5 years after diagnosis was associated with high C‐peptide concentrations. Parasympathetic nerve function has to be considered when β‐cell function is evaluated. Hyperglycaemia is an important factor for the development of complications in Type 2 diabetes.
Prevalence of Diabetic Eye disease in Tayside, Scotland (P‐DETS) Study: methodology
Authors: Ellis J. D. , Leese G. , McAlpine R. , Cole A. , MacEwen C. J. , Baines P. S. , Crombie I. , Morris A. D. ,   for the DARTS/MEMO Collaboration
Published: November 2004

AbstractAims  To describe the use of a validated diabetes register for sampling frame generation and assessment of the representative nature of participants in a fieldwork study of diabetic eye disease.Methods  We performed an observational, cross‐sectional fieldwork study of diabetic retinal disease using reference standard eye examination. We sampled the entire diabetic population using the Diabetes Audit and Research in Tayside Study (DARTS) diabetes register.Results  The study population comprised 4825 diabetic patients aged over 16 years registered with one of 166 general practitioners (GPs) in 41 practices in Tayside in October 1999. This represented 61.1% of the Tayside diabetic population (7903). A total of 586 (66%; 95% confidence interval 63, 70) patients were examined from a sampling frame of 882 living patients registered with a Tayside GP. Demographic and disease parameters recorded on the DARTS patient register allowed comparison between participants and non‐participants.Conclusions  This study shows the clear benefit of using a complete diabetic population as a sampling frame. This allows potential selection bias and external validity to be evaluated using routine data sources. Studies performed and reported in this way will aid the critical appraisal process.
Association of simple anthropometric measures of obesity with visceral fat and the metabolic syndrome in male Caucasian and Indo‐Asian subjects
Authors: Valsamakis G. , Chetty R. , Anwar A. , Banerjee A. K. , Barnett A. , Kumar S. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractAims  The aims of this study were first, to investigate the relationship between simple anthropometric measures of obesity with visceral fat as assessed by a single slice magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐scan in patients attending a hospital clinic. Second, to determine which anthropometric measure best relates to the adverse metabolic profile of the metabolic syndrome.Methods  Forty‐one male subjects [body mass index (BMI): 30.2 + 5.8 kg/m2, age: 50.3 + 13.6 years] were studied by MRI‐scan to measure visceral fat at L4/L5 level and to investigate its relationship with simple anthropometric measures. Second, we studied 83 male subjects to determine which anthropometric measure best predicts the metabolic complications (using the ATPIII criteria) of obesity in the setting of a hospital clinic.Results  Waist circumference was the best anthropometric measurement that correlated with MRI‐visceral fat mass assessed at L4/L5 in 41 subjects who had an MRI scan (P = 0.0001, r2 = 0.36, beta = 0.56) amongst variables which also included age, BMI, sagittal diameter, diabetes and ethnicity. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed sagittal diameter (P = 0.001, r2 = 0.4, beta = 0.406), age (P = 0.003, beta = 0.271) and waist circumference (P = 0.012, beta = 0.297) were the best predictors of the adverse metabolic profile of the metabolic syndrome in all 83 male subjects amongst BMI, waist–hip ratio (WHR), ethnicity and diabetes‐related factors.Conclusions  Waist circumference is a simple anthropometric parameter that best correlates with single slice MRI‐scan, but sagittal diameter (measured using abdominal calipers) better predicts the adverse metabolic profile of the metabolic syndrome. Although there is considerable variation in abdominal fat topography between ethnic groups, and also within populations, sagittal diameter assessment is a technique that is simple and best predicts the metabolic syndrome.
The effect of erroneous responses on response monitoring in patients with major depressive disorder: A study with event‐related potentials
Authors: Ruchsow Martin , Herrnberger Bärbel , Wiesend Christiane , Grön Georg , Spitzer Manfred , Kiefer Markus 
Published: November 2004

AbstractPerceived failure is reported to have detrimental effects on subsequent performance in patients with major depressive disorder. We investigated the error‐related negativity (ERN)/error negativity (Ne), an electrophysiological correlate of response monitoring, using a 64‐channel EEG. Sixteen patients with DSM‐IV major depressive disorder and 16 matched controls participated in an Eriksen flanker task with continuous performance feedback that signaled monetary reward. Compared to controls, patients with major depressive disorder showed a less negative ERN/Ne in error trials following error trials. This result might reflect impaired response monitoring processes in major depressive disorder resulting from an underactivity in a central reward pathway and/or a deficit in strategic reasoning.
Ischemia–reperfusion injury pathophysiology, part I
Authors: McMichael Maureen , Moore Rustin M. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractObjective:To review the current scientific literature on ischemia–reperfusion (IR) injury in both human and veterinary medicine. To describe the normal antioxidant defense mechanisms, the pathophysiology of IR injury, and the role of neutrophils in IR injury.Data sources:Data sources include scientific reviews and original research publications in both human and veterinary medicine.Summary:IR injury is a complex pathophysiological process involving numerous pathways and body systems. Normal antioxidant defense mechanisms function to limit oxidative injury during times of health. Ischemia is the period that occurs before oxygenated blood is re‐introduced and the severity of injury has been shown to correlate with the magnitude and length of ischemia in dogs. During ischemia, there is a buildup of substances (i.e., xanthine oxidase, hypoxanthine, etc.) that, upon re‐introduction of oxygen, form reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS, produced in large part upon reperfusion, can cause extensive damage to DNA, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. Although mammalian systems are endowed with abundant antioxidant defenses, the generation of large amounts of ROS can overwhelm these mechanisms leading to cell dysfunction and death. Neutrophils play a critical role in IR injury and may mediate the majority of mucosal and microvascular injury that occurs by releasing ROS and proteolytic enzymes. Although experimental studies have been carried out on cats, dogs, and horses there are few clinical studies on companion animals.Conclusions:The pathophysiology of IR injury is complex and involves damage by ROS to all biological membranes. Neutrophils play a major role in IR injury and initiate and propogate much of the damage. This article is intended as a review of the pathophysiology of IR injury.
Ischemia–reperfusion injury: assessment and treatment, part II
Authors: McMichael Maureen 
Published: November 2004

AbstractObjective:To review the current scientific literature on ischemia–reperfusion (IR) injury in both human and veterinary medicine and to describe the assessment of IR injury, the available testing methods, and the options available for treatment.Data sources:Data sources include scientific reviews and original research publications in both human and veterinary medicine.Summary:The assessment of IR injury includes measuring products formed by the reaction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with biological membranes, measuring levels of endogenous antioxidants, and measuring ROS themselves. Testing depends on the laboratory used, the test method chosen, the sample submitted (i.e., plasma, urine, tissue, etc.), and the timing of the test in relation to sample collection. For this reason, testing is not standardized and pharmacological data on antioxidant effectiveness are not available. Antioxidants and drugs tested have included single agents as well as ‘cocktails’ consisting of several agents working at different key points in the injury cascade.Conclusions:There are several new testing methods as well as new strategies for attempting to ameliorate the damage inflicted upon reperfusion and this article is intended as a review of the assessment and treatment of IR injury.
Suspected toxicosis after topical administration of minoxidil in 2 cats
Authors: DeClementi Camille , Bailey Keith L. , Goldstein Spencer C. , Orser Michael Scott 
Published: November 2004

AbstractObjective: To discuss the clinical presentation and necropsy findings of 2 cats after topical administration of a minoxidil solution. Additionally, a potential management plan is offered for future cases.Case summary: Two cats with dermal exposure to topical minoxidil solution were identified from the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center (APCC) files. Both cats were presented with lethargy and dyspnea within 36 hours of exposure. The cats were hypothermic, and had pulmonary edema and pleural effusion present on thoracic radiography. Both cats died despite supportive care. Necropsy of both cats confirmed pleural effusion and pulmonary edema and indicated cardiac compromise.New or unique information provided: Topical administration of minoxidil solution may cause life‐threatening pulmonary edema, pleural effusion, and cardiac dysfunction in the cat.