bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Peripheral CD4loCD40+ auto‐aggressive T cell expansion during insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus
Authors: Waid Dan M. , Vaitaitis Gisela M. , Wagner David H. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe generation of auto‐aggressive T cells involves failure of central or peripheral tolerance. We previously demonstrated that peripheral CD4loCD40+ T cells give rise to pathogenic T cells in the non‐obese diabetic (NOD) model. Here we show that peripheral CD4+CD40+ T cells from diabetic or pre‐diabetic NOD mice induce insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus. Consistent with breach of peripheral tolerance, CD4loCD40+ T cells expand with age in NOD mice but not in MHC‐matched non‐obese resistant (NOR) or BALB/c controls. Suggestive of a causal role for CD40 in autoimmunity, blocking CD40–CD154 interactions early during NOD development prevents autoaggressive T cell expansion while promoting increases in CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. Importantly, CD40 signals promote expansion of Vα3.2+ and Vα8.3+ T cells. Furthermore, peripheral Vα3.2+CD40+ T cells induce diabetes in NOD.scid recipients while Vα8.3+ T cells or Vα3.2+‐depleted T cell populations do not. This is the first demonstration that primary T cells transfer disease with the kinetics of auto‐aggressive T cell clones and that specific TCR Vα expansion promotes diabetes.
CpG DNA redirects class‐switching towards "Th1‐like" Ig isotype production via TLR9 and MyD88
Authors: Lin Ling , Gerth Andrea J. , Peng Stanford L. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractUnmethylated CpG‐containing DNA plays a critical role in immunity via the augmentation of Th1 but suppression of Th2 T cell responses. We describe here that CpG motifs also redirect isotype production by murine B cells to "Th1‐like" Ig isotypes (IgG2a, IgG2b, and IgG3) while suppressing Th2 isotypes (IgG1 and IgE). Using genetically mutant B cells, we find that the IgG2a, IgG2b and IgG3 isotypes are transcriptionally regulated via the promotion of class‐switching, in a manner critically dependent upon TLR9 and MyD88. Thus, CpG DNA redirects Ig isotype production by regulating the specificity of class‐switch recombination.
Commensal Gram‐negative bacteria prime human dendritic cells for enhanced IL‐23 and IL‐27 expression and enhanced Th1 development
Authors: Smits Hermelijn H. , van Beelen Astrid J. , Hessle Christina , Westland Robert , de Jong Esther , Soeteman Eelco , Wold Agnes , Wierenga Eddy A. , Kapsenberg Martien L. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractDendritic cells (DC) are the main orchestrators of specific immune responses. Depending on microbial information they encounter in peripheral tissues, they promote the development of Th1, Th2 or unpolarized Th cell responses. In this study we have investigated the immunomodulatory effect of non‐pathogenic intestinal Gram‐negative (Escherichia coli, Bacteroides vulgatus,Veillonella parvula, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram‐positive (Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Enteroccocus faecalis, Lactobacillus plantarum and Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria on human monocyte‐derived DC (moDC). None of the Gram‐positive bacteria (GpB) primed for Th1 or Th2 development. In contrast, despite the low levels of IL‐12 they induce, all Gram‐negative bacteria (GnB) primed moDC for enhanced Th1 cell development, which was dependent on IL‐12 and an additional unidentified cofactor. Strikingly, GnB‐matured moDC expressed elevated levels of p19 and p28 mRNA, the critical subunits of IL‐23 and IL‐27, respectively, suggesting that the IL‐12 family members may jointly be responsible for their Th1‐driving capacity. Purified majorcell wall components of either GnB or GpB did not yield Th cell profiles identical to those obtained with whole bacteria, and could not explain the induction of the IL‐12 family members nor Th1 priming by GnB. Importantly, this study gives indications that the expression of the different IL‐12 family members is dictated by different priming conditions of immature DC.
Mechanism of Oxidation of (olefin)RhI and ‐IrI Complexes by H2O2
Authors: Budzelaar Peter H. M. , Blok Arno N. J. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA DFT study of the oxidation of (tpa)MI(C2H4)+ and (dpa‐R)MI(cod)+ complexes (M = Rh, Ir) by H2O2 indicates that the reaction starts with heterolytic cleavage of the peroxide O−O bond, leading to MIII(olefin)(OH)2+ species. These can then undergo cyclisation, followed by deprotonation to oxetanes. In the oxidation of COD complexes, further cyclisation to internal ethers has a modest barrier, and the observed products (ethers for Rh, oxetanes for Ir) are suggested to be the thermodynamic ones. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Iron Complexes with the Alcoholato Donor‐Rich Ligand 4‐tert‐Butyl‐2,6‐bis(hydroxymethyl)phenol: Synthesis and Characterization of a Tetra‐Anionic Fe2 Complex and a Neutral Fe10Na4 Complex
Authors: Glaser Thorsten , Lügger Thomas , Hoffmann Rolf‐Dieter 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe reaction of 4‐tert‐butyl‐2,6‐bis(hydroxymethyl)phenol (H3L) with FeIII ions in methanol in the presence of an excess of NaOH afforded the tetra‐anionic dinuclear complex Na4[(HL)4FeIII2(CO3)]·11MeOH·3H2O (1). Changing the solvent to an ethanol/dme (dme = 1,2‐dimethoxyethane) mixture led to the formation of the decanuclear complex [(HL)12FeIII10Na4(µ4‐O)4(µ3‐OH)2(dme)2(EtOH)2]·2dme·8EtOH (2). The Mössbauer spectra of 1′ and 2 at 80 K are consistent with high spin FeIII sites in distorted octahedral O6 coordination environments. Compound 1 consists of a tetra‐anionic dinuclear iron complex with the unprecedented [FeIII(μ2‐OBz)2(μ2‐CO3)FeIII]2+ core. Compound 2 contains a core of hydrous ferric oxide produced by a modified hydrolysis of FeIII ions in the presence of the ligand. Eight benzyl alcohol groups are located on the surface of 2 leading to a 2D network structure by intermolecular hydrogen bonding. The temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibilities of 1′ and 2 indicates antiferromagnetic interactions between the ferric ions. The data for 1′ were fitted with J = −4.4 cm−1 and g = 1.98, H = −2JS1S2. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Magnetic Properties of Mn2(OH)2SO4: A Novel Layered Hydroxide
Authors: Salah Mohsen Ben , Vilminot Serge , Mhiri Tahar , Kurmoo Mohamedally 
Published: April 2004

AbstractMn2(OH)2SO4, obtained as pink prismatic crystals by the hydrothermal reaction of MnSO4·H2O and NaOH at 240 °C for 24 h, consists of layers of Mn hydroxide connected to each other through µ6‐sulfate ions. Each layer exhibits vacancies, and each vacant space is capped at the top and bottom by the sulfate groups. The compound is paramagnetic above 50 K (C = 4.36 emu K mol−1, µeff = 5.91 µB, Θ = −100 K). Below 45 K, the magnetization increases slightly, indicating canted‐antiferromagnetic (TNéel = 42±1 K) behavior consistent with the linear dependence of the magnetization as a function of the field at 2 K, which reaches only 0.4 µB at 50 kOe, and the lack of any imaginary component of the ac‐susceptibilities (ac = alternating current). (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Aspects of the Armitage–Doll gamma frailty model for cancer incidence data
Authors: Izumi Shizue , Ohtaki Megu 
Published: April 2004

AbstractUsing solid cancer incidence data from atomic bomb survivors in Japan, we examine some aspects of the Armitage–Doll gamma frailty (ADF) model. We consider the following two interpretations for lack of fit of the Armitage–Doll multistage (AD) model found with cancer data: the AD type individual hazards are heterogeneous or the individual hazards increase more slowly with age than the AD type hazards. In order to examine these interpretations, we applied the ADF model and the modified AD model to radiation‐related cancer incidence rates. We assessed the magnitude of frailty by a frailty parameter at the ADF model and departures from the AD‐type baseline hazard by a shape increment parameter at the modified AD model. Akaike's information criterion (AIC) was used to examine the goodness of fit of the models. The modified AD model provided as good a fit as the ADF model. Our results support both interpretations and imply that these interpretations may be practically unidentifiable in univariate failure time data. Thus, results from the frailty model for univariate failure time data should be interpreted carefully. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prediction of sea surface temperature from the global historical climatology network data
Authors: Shen Samuel S. P. , Basist Alan N. , Li Guilong , Williams Claude , Karl Thomas R. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis article describes a spatial prediction method that predicts the monthly sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly field from the land only data. The land data are from the Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN). The prediction period is 1880–1999 and the prediction ocean domain extends from 60°S to 60°N with a spatial resolution 5°×5°. The prediction method is a regression over the basis of empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs). The EOFs are computed from the following data sets: (a) the Climate Prediction Center's optimally interpolated sea surface temperature (OI/SST) data (1982–1999); (b) the National Climatic Data Center's blended product of land‐surface air temperature (1992–1999) produced from combining the Special Satellite Microwave Imager and GHCN; and (c) the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research Reanalysis data (1982–1999). The optimal prediction method minimizes the first‐M‐mode mean square error between the true and predicted anomalies over both land and ocean. In the optimization process, the data errors of the GHCN boxes are used, and their contribution to the prediction error is taken into account. The area‐averaged root mean square error of prediction is calculated. Numerical experiments demonstrate that this EOF prediction method can accurately recover the global SST anomalies during some circulation patterns and add value to the SST bias correction in the early history of SST observations and the validation of general circulation models. Our results show that (i) the land only data can accurately predict the SST anomaly in the El Nino months when the temperature anomaly structure has very large correlation scales, and (ii) the predictions for La Nina, neutral, or transient months require more EOF modes because of the presence of the small scale structures in the anomaly field. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Should physicians' dual practice be limited? An incentive approach
Authors: González Paula 
Published: April 2004

AbstractWe develop a principal‐agent model to analyze how the behavior of a physician in the public sector is affected by his activities in the private sector. We show that the physician will have incentives to over‐provide medical services when he uses his public activity as a way of increasing his prestige as a private doctor. The health authority only benefits from the physician's dual practice when it is interested in ensuring a very accurate treatment for the patient. Our analysis provides a theoretical framework in which some actual policies implemented to regulate physicians' dual practice can be addressed. In particular, we focus on the possibility that the health authority offers exclusive contracts to physicians and on the implications of limiting physicians' private earnings. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Calculation of quality adjusted life years in the published literature: a review of methodology and transparency
Authors: Richardson Gerald , Manca Andrea 
Published: April 2004

AbstractEconomic evaluations alongside randomised controlled trials (RCTs) are increasingly being designed to prospectively collect patient–specific resource use and preference‐based health status (utility) data. This paper examines the ways in which preference‐based health status (utility) data are used to generate quality adjusted life years (QALYs). A literature review was carried out which identified 23 published cost utility analyses suitable for inclusion. The methodology employed to calculate QALYs was not always consistent, as well as being poorly reported. The use of different methodologies in the calculation of QALYs may influence the magnitude and direction of results of evaluations. Analysts need to be consistent and fully transparent in the methodology chosen to calculate QALYs. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Explanation provision and use in an intelligent decision aid
Authors: Arnold Vicky , Clark Nicole , Collier Philip A. , Leech Stewart A. , Sutton Steve G. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractIntelligent decision aids have been widely adopted by organizations in an effort to capture, retain and disseminate the knowledge of individuals within the organization. To date, these efforts have met with mixed results. Two primary limitations have been the usability of systems (users either cannot or do not wish to use systems) and the inability to transfer knowledge from such systems to less expert decision makers. Explanation capabilities have been perceived as a potential means for improving the effectiveness of such systems in terms of both usability and knowledge transfer. In this study, four advancements are put forth. First, a working prototype system for highly complex decision making is used as the foundation for implementing a full‐scale, embedded explanation facility. Second, the development of the explanation facility is carefully grounded in the extant prescriptive literature on explanation types and delivery processes—including feedforward and feedback. Third, a development strategy is formulated and demonstrated as a generalized process of explanation development and integration. Fourth, high‐level professional decision makers use the system and provide evaluative feedback on the usability and value of the explanation facility. Overall, the results of the development efforts and subsequent evaluation are very positive and provide a solid foundation for future research and practice efforts related to explanation provision within the context of intelligent systems. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combining data and text mining techniques for analysing financial reports
Authors: Kloptchenko Antonina , Eklund Tomas , Karlsson Jonas , Back Barbro , Vanharanta Hannu , Visa Ari 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThere is a vast amount of ﬁnancial information on companies' ﬁnancial performance available to investors in electronic form today. While automatic analysis of ﬁnancial ﬁgures is common, it has been difﬁcult to extract meaning from the textual parts of ﬁnancial reports automatically. The textual part of an annual report contains richer information than the ﬁnancial ratios. In this paper, we combine data and text mining methods for analysing quantitative and qualitative data from ﬁnancial reports, in order to see if the textual part of the report contains some indications about future ﬁnancial performance. The quantitative analysis has been performed using self‐organizing maps, and the qualitative analysis using prototype‐matching text clustering. The analysis is performed on the quarterly reports of three leading companies in the telecommunications sector. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An adaptive hierarchical fuzzy logic system for modelling of financial systems
Authors: Mohammadian M. , Kingham M. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractIn this paper an intelligent hierarchical fuzzy logic system using genetic algorithms for the prediction and modelling of interest rates in Australia is developed. The proposed system uses a hierarchical fuzzy logic system in which a genetic algorithm is used as a training method for learning the fuzzy rules knowledge bases that are used for prediction of interest rates in Australia.A hierarchical fuzzy logic system is developed to model and predict three‐month (quarterly) interest rate ﬂuctuations. The system is further trained to model and predict interest rates for six‐month and one‐year periods. The proposed system is developed with ﬁrst two, three, then four and ﬁnally ﬁve hierarchical knowledge bases to model and predict interest rates.A novel architecture called a feed forward fuzzy logic system using fuzzy logic and genetic algorithms is also developed to predict interest rates. A back‐propagation hierarchical neural network system is also developed to predict interest rates for three‐month, six‐month and one‐year periods. The results obtained from these two systems are then compared with the hierarchical fuzzy logic system results and conclusions are drown on the accuracy of all systems for prediction of interest rates in Australia. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vitronectin is significant in the adhesion of lens epithelial cells to PMMA polymers
Authors: Evans Margaret D. M. , Pavon‐Djavid Graciela , Hélary Gérard , Legeais Jean‐Marc , Migonney Véronique 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA major complication of intraocular lens surgery is diminished visual acuity caused by the regrowth of lens epithelial cells (secondary cataract). Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) is a commonly used intraocular lens material. This study addresses the mechanisms underlying the initial adhesion of lens epithelial cells to PMMA and a functionalized PMMA‐based terpolymer known to inhibit cell proliferation. Rabbit lens epithelial cells were cultured on the test polymer surfaces in medium containing serum depleted of either fibronectin or vitronectin (or both) to identify the role of these proteins in the initial process of cell adhesion. Adherent cells were quantitated after 60 min, and the actin cytoskeleton and focal contact formation were compared in each serum treatment on both polymers. Vitronectin was significantly more effective for initial cell attachment to both polymers than fibronectin. Normal cell spreading on PMMA required vitronectin and was independent of fibronectin, whereas cell spreading on the terpolymer was abnormal and required the presence of fibronectin and vitronectin together. Together, these results help to explain the inhibition of cell proliferation previously shown on the functionalized PMMA. This work contributes to the design of a polymer for use in intraocular lenses that inhibits proliferation of the target cells. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 69A: 469–476, 2004
Co‐operative effect of c‐Src and ezrin in deregulation of cell–cell contacts and scattering of mammary carcinoma cells
Authors: Elliott Bruce E. , Qiao Hui , Louvard Daniel , Arpin Monique 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe non‐receptor tyrosine kinase c‐Src is activated in many human cancer types, and induces deregulation of cadherin‐based cell–cell contacts and actin cytoskeleton. Because ezrin, a protein which cross‐links the plasma membrane with the actin cytoskeleton, is often over‐expressed in human cancers, and participates in cell adhesion, motility, and cell scattering, we therefore investigated whether c‐Src co‐operates with ezrin in regulating cell–cell contacts in a murine mammary carcinoma cell line, SP1. SP1 cells over‐expressing wild type ezrin, or an activated c‐Src mutant, formed loose aggregates which scattered spontaneously when plated on plastic. When wild type ezrin and activated c‐Src were co‐expressed, scattering was increased, cell–cell contacts disrupted, and cell aggregation prevented. Pre‐treatment with the c‐Src family kinase inhibitor PP2 partially restored aggregation of cells expressing activated c‐Src and wild type ezrin, indicating that c‐Src family kinases act co‐operatively with ezrin in regulating cell–cell contacts. Furthermore, expression of a truncated NH2‐terminal domain of ezrin, which has dominant negative function, blocked the cell scattering effect of activated c‐Src and promoted formation of cohesive cell–cell contacts. Together, these results suggest co‐operativity between c‐Src and ezrin in deregulation of cell–cell contacts and enhancing scattering of mammary carcinoma cells. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estrogen stimulates differentiation of megakaryocytes and modulates their expression of estrogen receptors α and β
Authors: Bord Sharyn , Frith Emma , Ireland Deborah C. , Scott Mike A. , Craig Jenny I.O. , Compston Juliet E. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractEstrogen has multifunctional effects influencing growth, differentiation, and function in many tissues. High‐dose estrogen has been shown to produce anabolic skeletal effects in the skeleton of postmenopausal women with increased megakaryocyte (MK) population in the bone marrow, suggesting a possible role for these cells in bone remodelling. To investigate if estrogen stimulates megakaryocytopoiesis and affects on estrogen receptor (ER) expression, CD34(+) cells were cultured for 6, 9, and 14 days plus or minus low‐dose or high‐dose 17β estradiol (E). Cells were immunolocalised for CD61, CD41, ERα and β. ER mRNA expression was assessed by RT‐PCR. Cells formed more CD61 positive MK colonies with low‐ and high‐dose E treatment (P < 0.001) at 6 and 9 days. CD41 expression was increased dose‐dependently in MK (3‐ and 5‐fold P < 0.001) at 9 days. E‐stimulated ERα expression at 6 days (P < 0.001) whilst ERβ was dose‐dependently increased only at 9 days (P < 0.01). ERα mRNA was increased at 6 days but not at 14 days whilst ERβ mRNA expression was only increased at 14 days with E treatment. These results demonstrate that E stimulates the colony forming potential of CD34(+) cells to a more megakaryocytic phenotype in vitro. This finding together with the stimulation of ER protein and mRNA expression adds to the increasing evidence for a role for MKs in estrogen‐induced bone formation. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
TBX5, a gene mutated in Holt–Oram syndrome, is regulated through a GC box and T‐box binding elements (TBEs)
Authors: Sun Guifeng , Lewis Lisa E. , Huang Xu , Nguyen Quang , Price Christopher , Huang Taosheng 
Published: April 2004

AbstractTBX5 is a member of the T‐box gene family and encodes a transcription factor that regulates the expression of other gene(s) in the developing heart and limbs. Mutations of TBX5 cause Holt–Oram syndrome (HOS), an autosomal dominant condition characterized by congenital heart defects and limb anomalies. How TBX5 gene expression is regulated is still largely unknown. In order to identify transcription factors regulating TBX5 expression, we examined the 5′‐flanking region of the human TBX5 gene. We determined that up to 300 bp of the 5′‐flanking region of the TBX5 gene was necessary for promoter activity in mouse cardiomyocyte ECL2 cells. One GC box, three potential T‐box‐like binding elements (TBE‐A, ‐B, and ‐C), and one NKX2.5 binding site were identified. Site‐directed mutagenesis of the potential binding sites revealed that the GC box, TBE‐B, TBE‐C, and NKX2.5 are functionally positive for the expression of TBX5. DNA footprint analysis showed that these binding regions are resistant to DNaseI digestion. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) further demonstrated the protein–DNA interactions at the GC box and the potential TBE‐B, TBE‐C, and NKX2.5 sites in a sequence‐specific manner. The ability of TBX5 to regulate its own promoter was demonstrated by the ability of ectopically expressed human TBX5 to increase reporter expression. We conclude that the GC box, T‐box‐like binding elements, and NKX2.5 binding site play important roles in the regulation of TBX5 expression, and that TBX5 is likely to be autoregulated as part of the mechanism of its transcription. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.