bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Connections of the superior olivary complex in the rufous horseshoe bat Rhinolophus rouxi
Authors: Casseday J. H. , Covey E. , Vater M. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIn the rufous horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus rouxi), the superior olivary complex contains four main divisions. In comparison with other species, the most lateral division is clearly homologous to the lateral superior olive (LSO); the most medial division is homologous to the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB). Lying between these landmarks, in approximately the position of the medial superior olive (MSO) of other mammals, are two additional divisions that are cytoarchitecturally distinct from one another yet do not greatly resemble the MSO of nonecholocating mammals such as the cat. We refer to these nuclei as the dorsal medial superior olive (DMSO) and the ventral medial superior olive (VMSO). We examined the afferent and efferent connections of all of these cell groups with retrograde and anterograde transport of WGA‐HRP from the superior olivary complex. In the same animals we recorded the binaural response properties of single units in the superior olivary complex. Virtually all units recorded in LSO were excitatory to the ipsilateral ear and inhibitory to the contralateral ear (EI); all of the units sampled in the MNTB and most of those sampled in the VMSO responded only to the contralateral ear (OE). In DMSO the binaural properties of units were varied: the number of units that were inhibitory to the ipsilateral ear and excitatory to the contralateral ear (IE) was about equal to the number of units excitatory to both ears (EE); a few units had OE responses; no units had EI responses. Connectional correlates for these binaural response properties are seen in the patterns of retrograde transport from WGA‐HRP injections in the divisions of the superior olive. The LSO receives projections from the ipsilateral cochlear nucleus and MNTB; MNTB receives projections from the contralateral cochlear nucleus. The DMSO and VMSO both receive bilateral projections from the cochlear nuclei. The results of retrograde and anterograde transport suggest that VMSO, in addition, receives projections from the ipsilateral MNTB. The LSO, DMSO, and VMSO all project to the ventral two‐thirds of the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus, and their targets are approximately coextensive. However, the LSO projects bilaterally to the inferior colliculus, whereas the medial cell groups project mainly ipsilaterally.
Effects of hydroxyurea parallel the effects of radiation in developing olfactory glomeruli in insects
Authors: Oland Lynne A. , Tolbert Leslie P. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractPrevious observations (Oland and Tolbert: J. Comp. Neurol. 255:196–207, '87, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 13:1144, '87; Oland et al.: J. Neurosci. 8:353–367, '88) have provided evidence that the afferent‐axon‐induced development of synaptic glomeruli in the antennal lobe of the moth Manduca sexta depends upon an interaction between ingrowing sensory axons and the glial cells of the antennal lobe. In order to differentiate between the roles of glial cells and of afferent axons on the partitioning of the lobe into glomeruli, we have used the antimitotic agent hydroxyurea to produce lobes deficient in glial cells but retaining sensory input. The resulting lobes were analyzed in the light and electron microscopes, and the integrity of their antennal input was evaluated by examining the gross and microscopic structure of the antennae, the number of antennal afferent axons, and electroantennogram responses to odors. Our results with hydroxyurea show that in treated animals with adequate antennal input the degree to which the antennallobe neuropil becomes glomerular varies with the number of glial cells remaining in the lobe; when less than approximately one‐quarter of the normal glial complement is present, glomeruli do not develop at all. These experiments complement and extend previous experiments in which the number of glial cells was reduced with radiation (Oland et al.: J. Neurosci. 8:353–367, '88). The fact that the present results mimic the previous results with radiation strongly suggest that glial cells do mediate the afferent‐axon‐induced formation of olfactory glomeruli in the moth.
Ultrastructural organization of the retino‐pretecto‐olivary pathway in the rabbit: A combined WGA‐HRP tracing and gaba immunocytochemical study
Authors: Cardozo Bob Nunes , Van Der Want Johannes 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe ultrastructural organization of the pretecto‐olivary projection neurons within the nucleus of the optic tract and dorsal terminal accessory optic nucleus of rabbits was studied by using anti‐GABA immunolabelling and retrograde transport of WGA‐HRP. GABA‐like immunoreactivity was determined with a postembedding colloidal gold technique. WGA‐HRP was injected in the dorsal cap of the inferior olive. The WGA‐HRP‐labelled neurons were incubated with gold‐substituted silver peroxidase.Neurons projecting to the inferior olive had large to medium‐sized cell bodies and were GABA negative. In the nucleus of the optic tract, projection neurons are found in the rostral parts, while the majority of the local GABAergic interneurons are mainly found in the caudal parts. In the dorsal terminal nucleus both types of neurons are intermingled. The projection neurons were frequently in synaptic contact by GABAergic terminals. These neurons also receive retinal afferents indicating the existence of a two‐step synaptic connection from the retina to the inferior olive. It is suggested that this class of projection neurons forms the “direction‐selective” neurons that can be antidromically stimulated from the inferior olive.The GABAergic terminals on the identified projection neurons are of axonal origin (F‐terminals), whereas presynaptic dendrites of interneurons (P‐terminals) were seldom observed to be in synaptic contact with retrogradely labelled profiles. The strong input of GABA on direction‐selective neurons indicates that GABA is directly involved in modulating retinal signals to the inferior olive.
Ocular dominance plasticity and developmental changes of 5′‐nucleotidase distributions in the kitten visual cortex
Authors: Schoen Siegfried W. , Leutenecker Bärbel , Kreutzberg Georg W. , Singer Wolf 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe distribution of the adenosine‐producing ecto‐enzyme 5′‐nucleotidase was investigated histochemically in the visual cortex of normally reared and monocularly deprived kittens and cats.In normally reared kittens aged between 11 to 44 days, 5′‐nucleotidase activity formed a band of intense neuropil staining throughout conical layer IV of areas 17 and 18. The other layers were almost devoid of reaction product. Between the 4th and 6th week, this band had a patchy appearance in area 17, the center‐to‐center spacing of 5′‐nucleotidase patches being approximately 1 mm.Monocular enucleation accentuated these patches of enhanced 5′‐nucleotidase activity or made them reappear at developmental stages at which they had normally faded. Simultaneous visualization of ocular dominance columns by transneuronal transport of intraocularly injected 3H‐proline showed that the patches of enhanced 5′‐nucleotidase activity coincided with the territories of afferents from the intact eye.With increasing age and normal visual development, the patches disappeared and 5′‐nucleotidase activity spread to the supra‐ and infragranular layers. The adult pattern was characterized by dense staining of all cortical laminae in both areas 17 and 18 and was established at about 8 weeks of age. At approximately 7 weeks of age, when the patches in layer IV had disappeared in the course of normal development, monocular enucleation caused a reappearance of the discontinuous pattern of 5′‐nucleotidase activity in layer IV.These results reveal a close relation between the distribution of 5′‐nucleotidase and the time course of the developmental phase during which the visual cortex is susceptible to experience‐dependent alterations. As suggested by the correlation between sites of enzyme activity and eye dominance columns, the expression of 5′‐nucleotidase patches in layer IV appears to be associated with the remodelling of ocular dominance territories that occurs both in normal development and after manipulation of afferent retinal input Thus, 5′‐nucleotidase is likely to serve a function in activity‐dependent modifications of cortical circuitry. Moreover, 5′‐nucleotidase activity is the only endogenous marker known to date that exhibits a columnar pattern in cat visual cortex.
Retrograde transport of [3H]glycine from the cochlear nucleus to the superior olive in the guinea pig
Authors: Benson C. G. , Potashner S. J. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe origins of descending glycinergic projections to the guinea pig cochlear nucleus were investigated using retrograde labelling techniques. To identify the cell groups that provide descending projections to the cochlear nucleus, horseradish peroxidase, a nonspecific retrograde neuronal marker, was injected into the cochlear nucleus. After 24 or 48 hours, labelled cell bodies were evident bilaterally in all of the periolivary nuclei that surround the lateral and medial superior olive. The largest numbers of labelled neurons were located in the ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body bilaterally and in the lateral nucleus of the trapezoid body and dorsal periolivary nucleus ipsilaterally. Labelled cells were also present in the inferior colliculus bilaterally and in the contralateral cochlear nucleus. [3H]Glycine was employed as a retrograde tracer to identify the cell groups providing descending glycinergic projections to the cochlear nucleus. Three to 48 hours after injection of 19, 190, or 380 μM [3H]glycine into the cochlear nucleus, retrogradely labelled cell bodies were observed ipsilaterally in all of the periolivary nuclei. No labelled neurons were found in the inferior colliculus. After injections of the highest concentration of [3H]glycine, labelled cells were also found contralaterally in the ventral and lateral nuclei of the trapezoid body and also in the contralateral cochlear nucleus. We conclude that descending glycinergic projections to the cochlear nucleus originate mostly in ipsilateral periolivary cell groups. Minor glycinergic projections originate from the contralateral cochlear nucleus and also from the contralateral ventral and lateral nuclei of the trapezoid body.
Projections of the medial cerebellar nucleus to oculomotor‐related midbrain areas in the rat: An anterograde and retrograde HRP study
Authors: Gonzalo‐Ruiz A. , Leichnetz G. R. , Hardy S. G. P. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe mesencephalic projections of the medial cerebellar nucleus (MCN) were studied in the rat by using the method of anterograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin/horseradish peroxidase to establish connections of the nucleus with oculomotor‐related nuclei as a basis for its proposed role in eye movement. The principal targets of projections were the supraoculomotor ventral periaqueductal gray (PAG) and lateral PAG, and paraoculomotor cell groups (nucleus of Darkschewitsch and medial accessory nucleus of Bechterew). Lesser projections were observed to the intermediate layer of the superior colliculus, nucleus of the posterior commissure, and prerubral field. Following transcannular HRP gel implants into the oculomotor complex that included adjacent paraoculomotor nuclei, the largest number of retrogradely labeled cells was found in the caudal MCN. The findings suggest that the caudal MCN in the rat, like the primate fastigial nucleus, is involved in the control of eye movement.
Light microscope study of the coexistence of GABA‐like and glycine‐like immunoreactivities in the spinal cord of the rat
Authors: Todd Andrew J. , Sullivan Anne C. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe distributions of GABA‐like and glycine‐like immunoreactivities in the rat spinal cord were compared by using postembedding immunohistochemistry on semithin sections. In laminae I, II, and III, the proportions of GABA immunoreactive cells were 28%, 31%, and 46%, respectively, whereas for glycine immunoreactive cells the proportions were 9%,14%, and 30% Nearly all of the glycine immunoreactive cells in this area were also immunoreactive with the anti‐GABA antiserum. In lamina II, some Golgi‐stained islet cells were glycine immunoreactive, whereas others were not.Immunoreactive cell bodies were also present in the remainder of the grey matter. Some of these reacted with anti‐GABA or antiglycine antiserum; others showed immunoreactivity with both antisera. Immunoreactive axons were found in the ventral and lateral funiculi of the white matter. Many large axons reacted with antiglycine antiserum, whereas GABA‐immunoreactive axons were mostly of small diameter. Some large and small axons showed both types of immunoreactivity.These results suggest that the inhibitory neurotransmitters GABA and glycine coexist within cell bodies and axons in the rat spinal cord.
Parvalbumin‐containing gabaergic interneurons in the rat neostriatum
Authors: Cowan Ronald L. , Wilson Charles J. , Emson Piers C. , Heizmann Claus W. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAntibodies to the intracellular calcium binding protein parvalbumin were shown to label specifically a distinct group of neostriatal GABAergic neurons. These neurons corresponded to the intensely staining subclass of neostriatal GABAergic neurons that have previously been shown to be a class of aspiny interneurons in the neostriatum. The parvalbumin neurons were aspiny neurons with varicose dendrites distributed throughout the neostriatum in a pattern identical to the intensely stained GABA neurons, and both populations of neurons showed increased numbers in the lateral part of the neostriatum. Double labeling of single neurons with both the GABA and parvalbumin antisera showed that all parvalbumin neurons were positive for GABA, but some GABA labelled neurons were not immunoreactive for parvalbumin. These parvalbumin‐negative GABAergic neurons were morphologically similar to the spiny projection neurons, which are GABAergic but usually are not so heavily stained. The relationship of the GABA‐containing parvalbumin neurons to the striatal mosaic organization was determined by using immunocytochemistry for another calcium binding protein, calbindin D28K, to label the matrix compartment of the striatum. The distribution of parvalbumin‐positive neurons relative to the calbindin‐positive matrix and calbindin‐poor patches was determined by using pairs of adjacent sections stained with the calbindin and parvalbumin antisera. This analysis showed that the somata of the parvalbumin neurons were present in both patch and matrix compartments, and their axons and dendrites crossed the boundaries between compartments. A quantitative analysis of the number of neurons in each compartment revealed that the neurons showed no preferential distribution in either compartment, but instead were present according to the area occupied by that compartment. Approximately 10% of parvalbumin neurons were in the patch compartment, and in these same sections, the patch compartment occupied approximately 10% of the area of those sections. Staining with parvalbumin antibodies can therefore be used to identify a single class of GABAergic aspiny interneurons that is present in both patch and matrix compartments, and whose processes cross the borders between these compartments.
Phosphorylation‐Dependent epitopes on neurofilament proteins and neurofilament densities differ in axons in the corticospinal and primary sensory dorsal column tracts in the rat spinal cord
Authors: Szaro Ben G. , Whitnall Mark H. , Gainer Harold 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe highest molecular weight neurofilament protein (NF‐H) is multiply phosphorylated at epitopes which can be distinguished by specific monoclonal antibodies on Western blots. Eight characterized antibodies were used in immunocytochemistry to examine the tissue distributions of phosphorylated variants of NF‐H in axons of the adult rat spinal cord. The most striking difference in staining was found between axons in the cuneate tract and those in the neighboring dorsal corticospinal tract. Axons in the cuneate tract reacted intensely with antibodies to phosphorylated epitopes of NF‐H and poorly with antibodies to dephosphorylated epitopes of NF‐H, whereas the reverse was the case for the axons of the dorsal corticospinal tract. These differences showed that systematic variations in the phosphorylation of NF‐H in long‐tract axons in the central nervous system occur as a function of cell type. When the cytoskeletons of these axons were compared by electron microscopy, the neurofilaments of the cuneate fibers were seen to be more abundant and formed a latticework, more compactly organized than the neurofilaments of the dorsal corticospinal axons. By comparison, the dorsal corticospinal axons were relatively richer in microtubules than the cuneate axons. Although the cuneate fiber tract contained many more large (greater than 2.0 (μm2) in cross section) axons than did the dorsal corticospinal tract, these differences in cytoskeletal organization were apparent even when myelinated axons of similar sizes (0.4 μm2 to 2.0 μm2) were compared. In addition, the number of neurofilaments in cuneate axons in the 0.4 to 2.0 (μm2) size range was significantly better correlated with axon size than was the case for this size range of dorsal corticospinal axons. Thus, the differences seen in the organization of the neurofilament latticework and the phosphorylation of NF‐H between axons found in these two tracts both appeared to be correlated with cell type, and were independent of length or caliber of the axons.
Columnar organisation of the inferior olive projection to the posterior lobe of the rat cerebellum
Authors: Apps Richard 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe organisation of the olivocerebellar projection to lobules VI, VIII, and IX of the posterior lobe of the rat cerebellum was investigated in detail by using the retrograde tracer wheat germ agglutinin‐horseradish peroxidase. Small, well‐defined rostro‐caudally orientated columns of olive cells were found to project to different parasagittal areas in the posterior lobe. A column of olive cells about 2,000 μm in rostro‐caudal length in subnucleus “c” and nucleus β of the caudal medial accessory olive (MAO) provides climbing fibre input to the most medial part of lobules VI and IX, but this projection is displaced laterally in lobule VIII by a projection from a column of cells about 600 μm in rostro‐caudal length in lateral caudal MAO (subnucleus “a”). It is possible that each of these columns of olivary neurones may be further subdivided in the rostro‐caudal axis so that different sections project to different medio‐lateral parts of the cortex. A fine‐grain ‘sublobular’ localisation may also exist: the projection to midline lobule VIc arises at caudal levels of the olive from a band of cells in the transition region between subnucleus “c” and nucleus β, whilst by comparison the projection from caudal levels of the olive to lobules VIa and VIb arises from cells located more ventrally in nucleus β. Evidence is also presented to confirm that the posterior lobe vermis in the rat extends further laterally than in other mammals and that part of it receives a projection from a column of olive cells, 1,000 μm in rostro‐caudal length, in a newly defined region of caudal MAO, termed subnucleus “b1”.
Central distribution of afferent pathways from the uterus of the cat
Authors: Kawatani M. , Takeshige C. , De Groat W. C. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAfferent pathways from the uterus of the cat were labeled by injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), wheat germ agglutinin‐HRP, or fluorescent dyes into the uterine cervix and uterine horns. Afferent input to the uterus arises from small to medium size neurons (average size 31 × 28 um) in dorsal root ganglia at many levels of the spinal cord (T12‐S3). The segmental origin correlates with the location of the afferent terminal field in the uterus. Eighty‐seven percent of the dorsal root ganglion cells (average, 822 on one side) innervating the cervix are located in sacral ganglia, whereas 97% of the cells innervating the uterine horn (average 479 on one side) are located in lumbar ganglia. Double dye labeling experiments indicate that, a small percentage (average 15%) of lumbar neurons innervating the uterine cervix also innervate the uterine horn. The majority (70‐80%) of afferent input to the uterine cervix passes through the pelvic nerve and the remainder through the pudendal nerve, whereas afferent input to the uterine horn must travel in sympathetic nerves. Ovariectomy (10‐14 days) did not change significantly the number, sizes, or segmental distribution of uterine afferent neurons. In some cats (25%) injections of WGA‐HRP into the uterine cervix labeled neurons (90‐125 per animal) in lamina VII in the S2 spinal segment in the region of the sacral parasympathetic nucleus.Central projections of uterine horn afferent neurons were not labeled; however, afferent projections from the cervix were detected in the sacral spinal cord. The most prominent labeling was present in Lissauer's tract and in lamina I and outer lamina II on the lateral edge of the dorsal horn. From this region some labeled axons extended through lamina V into the dorsal gray commissure. Very few afferents were labeled on the medial side of the dorsal horn. These results are discussed in regard to the physiological function of uterine afferents and the possible transmitter role of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, which is present in a large percentage (70%) of cervical afferent neurons.
Catecholaminergic, GABAergic, and hippocamposeptal innervation of gabaergic “somatospiny” neurons in the rat lateral septal area
Authors: Jakab Robert L. , Leranth Csaba 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThis study deals with the neurochemical characterization of the rat lateral septal area (LSA) somatospiny neurons and their innervation by hippocamposeptal, Catecholaminergic, and GABAergic fibers. Electron microscopic single and double immunostaining methods were used to label Catecholaminergic fibers and GABAergic cells and boutons. Axon terminals originating in the hippocampus were labeled by acute anterograde axon degeneration induced by fimbria‐fornix transection 36 hours before sacrifice. Three types of experiments were performed. The convergent Catecholaminergic and hippocamposeptal innervation of LSA somatospiny neurons was studied by combining immunostaining for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) with fimbria‐fornix transection. GABAergic neurons and their hippocamposeptal afferents were identified and characterized in colchicine pretreated animals immunostained for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) combined with fimbria‐fornix transection. The third experiment aimed at simultaneously visualizing the relationships between Catecholaminergic boutons, hippocamposeptal excitatory amino acid containing axon terminals and GABAergic profiles by double immunostaining for TH (the PAP technique) and GAD (the immunogold method) combined with fimbria‐fornix transection. The results are summarized as follows: (1) The same LSA somatospiny neurons receive synaptic inputs from the hippocampus and TH immunoreactive fibers which form pericellular baskets around these cells. (2) LSA somatospiny neurons are GABAergic and are postsynaptic targets of GABAergic boutons with unknown origin and hippocamposeptal axon terminals. (3) The double immunostaining experiment, finally, provided direct evidence that the same GABAergic somatospiny neurons are postsynaptic targets of both Catecholaminergic and hippocamposeptal afferents. The synaptic interconnections described in this study provide anatomical basis for a better understanding of the action of catecholamines, excitatory amino acids, and GABA on the activity of LSA neurons.