bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular cloning and sequencing of a cDNA encoding the feline cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte‐associated protein 4 (CTLA4) homologue *
Authors: Nishimura Y. , Miyazawa T. , Ikeda Y. , Izumiya Y. , Nakamura K. , Sato E. , Mikami T. , Takahashi E. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe feline CTLA4 cDNA encodes a transmembrane protein which shares 87.9% sequence identity with the human CTLA4 molecule. The cytoplasmic region of the feline CTLA4 is identical to that of humans and mice, which suggests conserved function(s) such as the regulation of cell‐surface expression of this molecule.
A polymorphic major histocompatibility complex class II‐like locus maps outside of both the chicken B‐system and Rfp‐Y‐system
Authors: Juul‐Madsen H. R. , Dalgaard T. S. , Guldbrandtsen B. , Salomonsen J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractChickens have two major regions encoding major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class Iα genes and MHC class IIß genes, the serological and functional B‐system and the Rfp‐Y‐system. Recently, they have been shown to assort in a genetically independent way although still located on the same microchromosome. Moreover, the monomorphic MHC class IIα gene maps at a third locus located 5 c m from the nearest class IIß genes, located in the B‐system (
Kaufman et al., 1995
). A pedigree family was studied in three generations in order to assign MHC class IIß restriction fragments observed in Southern blot analyses to either the B‐system, the Rfp‐Y‐system or the B‐Lα locus. In this study, we demonstrate by classical genetic testing of chickens within this fully pedigreed family the existence of an MHC class II‐like polymorphic restriction fragment that segregates independently of the B‐system, the Rfp‐Y‐system and of the B‐Lα locus.
Prevalence of CCR2–64I, SDF1–3′A and CCR5‐Δ32 alleles in healthy Thais
Authors: Nookhai S. , Ruxrungtham K. , Phanuphak P. , Oelrichs Robert 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA genetic survey was performed of 200 healthy Thai blood donors for the frequency of three alleles that influence susceptibility to HIV infection and the rate of progression to HIV disease. The CCR5‐Δ32 allele was not detected in this population. The CCR2–64I allele was detected at a frequency similar to that found in other Asian populations (15.7%). SDF1–3′A was detected at 33.2%, supporting a cline of increasing frequency of this allele from African and Caucasian to Asian (particularly Australasian) populations. These results have implications for the role of host genetic background in the biology and pathology of HIV in Thailand, and indicate that a systematic survey of non‐Caucasian populations may reveal novel alleles important in HIV disease.
New chimpanzee MHC class I alleles cloned by polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Machida S. , Matsui M. , Tanoue T. , Hayasaka I. , Akatsuka T. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryWe describe polymerase chain reaction (PCR) cloning of full‐length Patr‐A, ‐B and ‐Cw locus alleles from a chimpanzee using one sense/antisense primer pair. Of the six alleles cloned here, two have not previously been described. Comparison of nucleotide sequences between the two novel Patr alleles and various HLA alleles suggests that the new Patr‐A allele belongs to the A1/A3/A11 family, whereas the new Patr‐Cw allele is not closely related to any known HLA‐Cw allele.
Organization of the mouse macrophage C‐type lectin (Mcl) gene and identification of a subgroup of related lectin molecules
Authors: Balch S. G. , Greaves D. R. , Gordon S. , McKnight A. J. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryA number of genes encoding C‐type lectin molecules have been mapped to the natural killer gene complex (NKC) at the distal region of mouse chromosome 6 and to a syntenic region on human chromosome 12p12‐p13. In addition to those receptors which regulate NK cell function, related structures expressed on other cells types have also been localized to this chromosomal region. Among these are a number of recently characterized genes, including macrophage C‐type lectin (MCL), macrophage‐inducible C‐type lectin (Mincle), dendritic cell immunoreceptor (DCIR) and dendritic cell‐associated lectin‐2 (Dectin‐2). The amino acid sequences comprising the single C‐type lectin domains of MCL, Mincle, DCIR and Dectin‐2 are shown here to be closely related to each other. These molecules show overall similarity to two groups of animal C‐type lectins, groups II and V, which demonstrate type II transmembrane topology. In this study, sequence analysis suggests that MCL, Mincle, DCIR and Dectin‐2 represent a subset of group II‐related C‐type lectins which may participate in analogous recognition events on macrophages and dendritic cells. The genomic organization of the MCL gene and the sequence of the promoter region, with putative regulatory elements, were determined from a mouse MCL genomic DNA clone and are described here in detail.
Beta‐2 microglobulin‐free HLA class I heavy chain (FHC) A3 and/or A30 soluble products contribute only minimally to serum FHC expression
Authors: Perosa F. , Prete M. , Luccarelli G. , Favoino B. , Dammacco F. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryNo monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are presently available to measure the total amount of β2‐microglobulin‐free HLA class I heavy chain (FHC) in sera. The available ELISA‐based double determinant immunoassay (DDIA), established to measure FHC, uses two mAbs (TP25.99 and HC‐10) that recognize a monomorphic determinant expressed on all HLA‐B/C FHC products and a determinant expressed only on some HLA‐A FHC products. This restricted reactivity implies that, in addition to HLA‐B/C, HLA‐A FHC products are also detected in individuals bearing HLA A3 and/or A30 allotypes. The aim of this study was to establish whether such restriction results in the detection of low FHC levels in individuals lacking HLA A3 and/or A30 allospecificities. The FHC mean concentration (± SD) in 294 healthy blood/bone marrow donors (HBDs) was 0.24 (± 0.2) mg/l. The grouping of HBDs according to their HLA‐A FHC product reactivity with one, both or no mAbs did not result in any statistically significant differences (Mann–Whitney test: P > 0.05) between their median FHC concentrations. Since the absence of differences in their FHC levels was not attributable to a difference in the percentage distribution of HLA allotypes associated with high or low HLA‐B/C FHC expression, our results indicate that FHC HLA A3 and/or A30 products detected in DDIA by these two mAbs only minimally contribute to FHC serum expression and that the assay is not limited by the failure to detect HLA‐A FHC products in A3− and/or A30− individuals.
Characterization of the NRAMP1 (SLC11A1) gene in the horse (Equus caballus L.)
Authors: Matiašovic J. , Kubíčková S. , Musilová P. , Rubeš J. , Hořín P. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe complete coding cDNA sequence of the horse NRAMP1 (SLC11A1) gene was determined (GenBank accession number AF354445). The nucleotide sequence of the horse NRAMP1 gene is similar to sequences of this gene in other species. The gene contains 15 exons whose total length of 1635 bp corresponds to 544 amino acids constituting the resulting putative protein. Hydrophobicity profile analysis of the deduced horse NRAMP1 gene product showed a nearly identical structure with the mouse NRAMP1 protein. The gene was found to be located on the short arm of ECA 6p12–13 by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis. Five allelic variants of the 5′ untranslated region (UTR) were identified at the nucleotide sequence level. PCR‐RFLP polymorphisms for NlaIII, TaqI, MspI and AciI were detected. Four out of five alleles could be detected using TaqI and MspI restriction enzymes. Their haplotype frequencies were different in four genetically distinct horse breeds.
Low frequency of HLA‐B*2706 in Taiwanese patients with ankylosing spondylitis
Authors: Chen I.‐H. , Yang K. L. , Lee A. , Huang H. H. , Lin P. Y. , Lee T. D. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe presence of HLA‐B27 in patients affected with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) was well established prior to the advent of DNA typing of various genes within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in humans. However, molecular typing of the MHC genes revealed that B27 comprises a motley assortment of alleles, some of which are strongly positively associated with the disease and some of which are negatively associated with the disease. B*2706 was reported to have a negative association with AS in the Thai population and in Chinese Singaporeans. We report here our finding of an absence of B*2706 in 184 Taiwanese AS patients.
Complete cDNA sequences of the HLA‐DRB1*0402 and DRB1*11041 alleles1
Authors: Ramon D. , Corell A. , Cox S. T. , Soteriou B. , Madrigal J. A. , Marsh S. G. E. 
Published: March 2003

SummarySince the development of the polymerase chain reaction, most HLA class II allele sequencing has been exclusively focused on the highly polymorphic exon 2. We present here the full cDNA sequences of two HLA‐DRB1 alleles, DRB1*0402 and DRB1*11041, both of which were previously only available as partial sequences. HLA‐DRB1*11041 was found to be completely homologous to DRB1*11011 in exons 1, 3, 4, 5 and 6 and HLA‐DRB1*0402 was found to be identical to DRB1*04011 in exons 1, 3, 4, 5 and 6.
Hotspot variation at the CH2–CH3 interface of leporid IgG antibodies (Oryctolagus, Sylvilagus and Lepus)1
Authors: Esteves P. J. , Alves P. C. , Ferrand N. , Van Der Loo W. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) is the only species known to express only one subclass of gamma class immunoglobulin (IgG) antibodies. The rabbit IGHGCH2 (second domain of the gene region encoding the IgG heavy chain constant region) or e locus presents two serologically defined alleles, the e14 and e15 allotypes. These are correlated with amino acid variation at position 309, which is located within the target region of the neonatal FcRn receptor. The e14 and e15 markers were also observed in other lagomorph species. Population genetic research has indicated that polymorphism at this locus is sustained by selection. We present here the IGHGCH2 exon sequences for 12 species of rabbit and hare (genera Oryctolagus, Sylvilagus and Lepus). The inferred amino acid sequences reveal that, despite an overall sequence identity of 97%, five different residues can occur at position 309. As for Oryctolagus, the e15 allotype was always associated with the presence of an Ala309 codon. In all but one case, this codon defined an allotype‐specific ThaI restriction site. The potential of PCR/ThaI restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses for studying IGHGCH2 variation within and between populations is emphasized.
Forms of phosphorus transfer in hydrological pathways from soil under grazed grassland
Authors: Haygarth P. M. , Hepworth L. , Jarvis S. C. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryPhosphorus (P) from soil can impair the water quality of streams and lakes. We have studied the forms and pathways of its movement from soil to water using 1‐ha plot lysimeters, managed as grazed grassland for 12 months in temperate South‐west England. The water flow through three pathways, namely (i) surface plus interflow to 30 cm (on undrained soil), (ii) surface plus interflow to 30 cm (on a mole and tile drained soil), and (iii) mole and tile drains (to 85 cm), were gauged. Samples of water from each path were treated with various combinations of 0.45‐μm filtration and sulphuric acid‐persulphate digestion and molybdate reaction, to determine the different forms of P. The total P (TP) concentration was greatest in the surface plus interflow to 30 cm paths (means 232 and 152 μg l–1), whereas the mean concentration in the drainage to 85 cm was 132 μg l–1. This reflects the substantial enrichment of the Olsen‐P extracts from the surface horizons, as extracts from the 0–2 cm layer were 10‐fold more than below 45 cm. In all paths, the dissolved P comprised the greatest proportion of the P transferred, with dissolved reactive P being the dominant form. Draining land reduced the transfer of TP by about 30% (≈ 1 kg–1 ha–1 year–1), because it can be sorbed as it flows through soil to drains. All these concentrations could cause eutrophication in surface waters.
The Rietveld method applied to the quantitative mineralogical and chemical analysis of a ferralitic soil
Authors: Weidler P. G. , Luster J. , Schneider J. , Sticher H. , Gehring A. U. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe analysis of X‐ray diffraction (XRD) patterns by the Rietveld method was tested for characterizing quantitatively the mineralogical composition of a ferralitic soil from southern Mali. Quantitative analysis of two samples from this soil revealed kaolinite and quartz as major components and smaller amounts of haematite, goethite and anatase. Despite a strong overlap of the peaks, precise and reliable cell parameters and Al for Fe substitutions were determined. The quantitative results of the Rietveld refinement were verified by chemical analysis. This comparison revealed a strong influence of sample preparation on the quantitative mineralogical analysis by XRD.
Phosphate rock dissolution and transformation in the rhizosphere of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) compared with other plant species
Authors: ZOYSA A. K. N. , LOGANATHAN P. , HEDLEY M. J. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryTea (Camellia sinensis L.) is generally grown in highly weathered acidic Ultisols of the humid tropics. The low pH, large P fixing capacity and moisture content of these soils favour the dissolution of phosphate rock. Plant species differ widely in their ability to take up P from phosphate rock, and we have compared phosphate mobilization in the rhizosphere of tea with that under calliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus L.), Guinea grass (Panicum maximum L.) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) by studying the changes in the concentration of P fractions at known distances from the root surface in an acidic (pH in water 4.5) Ultisol from Sri Lanka treated with a phosphate rock. Plants were grown in the top compartment of a two‐compartment device, comprising two PVC cylinders physically separated by a 24‐μm pore‐diameter polyester mesh. A planar mat of roots was formed on the mesh in the top compartment, and the soil on the other side of the mesh in the lower compartment was cut into thin slices parallel to the rhizosphere and analysed for pH and P fractions.All plant species acidified the rhizosphere (pH [water] difference between bulk and rhizosphere soils was 0.17‐0.26) and caused more rock to dissolve in the rhizosphere (10–18%) than in the bulk soil (8–11%). Guinea grass was most effective, though the rate of acidification per unit root surface area was least (0.02μmol H+ cm−2) among the four species. Tea produced the largest rate of acidification per unit root surface area (0.08μmol H+ cm+2). All species depleted P extracted by a cation–anion exchange resin and inorganic P extracted by 0.1 M NaOH. All except tea depleted organic P extracted by 0.1M NaOH in the rhizosphere. The external P efficiencies (mg total P uptake) of Guinea grass, bean, tea and calliandra in soil fertilized with phosphate rock were 4.82 ± 0.42, 4.02 ± 0.32, 1.06 ± 0.02 and 0.62 ± 0.02, respectively, and the corresponding internal P efficiencies (mg shoot dry matter production per mg plant P) were 960 ± 75, 1623 ± 79, 826 ± 33 and 861 ± 44. This study showed that the various crops cultivated in tea lands differ in their rates of acidification, phosphate rock dissolution and P transformation in the rhizosphere. This requires testing under field conditions.
A comparison of aggregate stability and biological activity in earthworm casts and uningested soil as affected by amendment with wheat or lucerne straw
Authors: HAYNES R. J. , FRASER P. M. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe mechanisms responsible for stabilization of earthworm casts were investigated in a laboratory study. Earthworms (Aporrectodea caliginosa) were fed soil or soil amended with either ground wheat straw or lucerne hay. Cast material and uningested soil material were incubated for 56 days, and changes in aggregate stability (measured by wet sieving), soil biological activity and macronutrient availability were measured periodically. In general, aggregate stability and microbial biomass C tended to increase during the incubation for both cast and soil material, whereas hot‐water extractable carbohydrate content declined. For amended treatments, basal respiration rate and microbial metabolic quotient were large at the first sampling (7 days) but declined rapidly thereafter. There was a transitory increase in extractable P in fresh casts compared with uningested material, a sustained increase in mineral N concentrations but no change in exchangeable K content. For unamended treatments, the casts were less stable than soil material, but this difference diminished during incubation. Drying aggregates before analysing them did not reverse this trend. The casts contained more microbial biomass C than soil material did, but the basal respiratory rate, respiratory quotient and hot‐water extractable carbohydrate content were less. By contrast, for wheat‐ and lucerne‐amended treatments casts were more stable than soil material, and the microbial biomass was less at all sampling times. For wheat treatments, respiratory quotient and hot‐water extractable carbohydrate content were larger for cast than soil material, but the opposite was the case for lucerne treatments. We attribute the stability of casts in amended treatments to the intimate mixing of part‐decomposed organic fragments with comminuted soil particles, binding by microbial mucilage associated with the organic fragments and linking and binding by fungal hyphae.
Empirical modelling of the kinetics of phosphate sorption to macropore materials in aggregated subsoils
Authors: Hansen H. C. B. , Hansen P. E. , Magid J. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryPreferential transport of phosphate through macropores increases the significance of phosphate sorption to macropore wall materials compared with bulk soil materials. Therefore we studied the kinetics of phosphate sorption to soil bulk materials from the Ap and Btg horizons, from the iron oxide‐poor (Albic) centres and from iron oxide‐rich (Red) exteriors of the fractures in a clayey pseudogley in batch at initial phosphate concentrations (P0) up to a maximum of 650 μm and at sampling times up to 7 days. Uptake of phosphate was least in the phosphate‐rich Ap, and the Albic material also adsorbed little. By contrast the Red material sorbed phosphate strongly. By plotting the logarithm of the solution phosphate concentration against log time, two or three different kinetic regions could be distinguished: a fast reaction within the first minute of reaction; a lag period at intermediate to large initial values of phosphate concentration (P0); and a steady slow reaction. The lag phase cannot be described satisfactorily by the well‐known adsorption models. The Langmuir equilibrium expression produced rather good fits at any fixed time of reaction, but the estimated adsorption maximum increased steadily with time. Empirical models were fitted to the data, among them a ‘lag‐linear’ model developed to include the lag phase. The relative contribution of the fast reaction to total adsorption during 7 days decreased from 50 to 80% at small P0 to less than 10% at large P0 values. The fraction of fast‐adsorbed phosphate followed the order Red > Btg > Albic > Ap regardless of P0; the slow reaction is, by a log–log rate, ranked Albic ≅  Btg > Red > Ap for P0 < 20 μm and Red > Btg > Albic > Ap at larger initial concentrations. The Albic material does not minimize the risk of phosphate leaching through macropores, as demonstrated by its small P sorption capacity, the relatively slow adsorption rate and its small actual P content.
The solubility characteristics of organic Al precipitates in allophanic Bs horizons could mimic those of Al hydroxides, and indicate the solubility of associated allophanes
Authors: Farmer V. C. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryIt is shown that Al‐humate and fulvate precipitates in Bs horizons of pH > 4.6 can be the source of the soluble aluminium which is rapidly released in equilibrium studies to give log10{Al3+} + 3pH values near 9.4 at 8°C, so that it is not necessary to postulate an anomalously reactive but sparingly soluble Al(OH)3 phase. These Al‐organic precipitates will have reached equilibrium in the natural soil environment with the more slowly reacting hydroxy‐aluminium precipitates present, including proto‐imogolite allophane, but can release Al3+ much more rapidly than the inorganic precipitates in laboratory equilibrations and soil leaching episodes that yield lysimeter waters. Equilibrium concentrations of Al reported in a range of Bs horizons indicate that the allophanes present are less soluble than proto‐imogolite sols prepared in the laboratory and matured for up to 2 years.
Two‐dimensional simulation of bromide transport in a heterogeneous field soil with transient unsaturated flow
Authors: Hammel K. , Gross J. , Wessolek G. , Roth K. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryAs a consequence of spatial heterogeneity, solute transport and associated phenomena of soil in the field are typically complex and often poorly described by current one‐dimensional models. Therefore, better descriptions should be obtained if the specific variation of the soil is explicitly accounted for. To test this hypothesis, we simulated the two‐dimensional transport of a bromide trace in pore‐water velocity fields which varied in both space and time. We used data obtained in a field experiment in which we studied bromide transport as input parameters and boundary conditions for the simulation. We conceptualized heterogeneity at two spatial scales. Large regions with constant spatial properties were defined by the measured geometry of the soil’s horizons. On these we superimposed small structures derived from a correlated random field of scaling factors and conditioned on measured hydraulic properties. Simulations with homogeneous and heterogeneous horizons show that both coarse and fine hydraulic variation contribute to characteristic experimental phenomena such as concentration ‘hot spots’, especially near irregularities of horizon boundaries, and early breakthrough of solute leading to large dispersion at the field scale. The comparison between simulation and experimental results demonstrates that these features are reproduced if local hydraulic variation is included in the description of the transport. As expected, the quantitative agreement is limited, since the concentration distribution is strongly sensitive to local hydraulic conditions which were only partly accounted for by the measurements.