bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Infinite In The Finite
Authors: Macintosh Wilson Alistair 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is an extended history of mathematics that places mathematical development firmly in its historical context. Each section begins with a description of the geography and history of the country considered. From there, lively retelling of the creation myths and legends leads on to a description of how its people wrote and counted. This is followed by relevant mathematical material. The book covers; * The geometry of stone circles in Europe * The area of triangles and volume of pyramids that concerned the engineers of the Pharoahs * The Babylonian sexagesimal number system and our present measures of space and time which grew out of it * The use of the abacus and remainder theory in China * Greek mathematics from Pythagoras to Pappus. Detailed accounts of the work of apollonius and Archimedes are given. * The invention of trigonometry by Arab mathematicians * The solution of quadratic equations by completing the square developed in India Each chapter has a mathematical case study which is discussed both in the context of thetimes and in th light of more recent developments. Worked examples are also included. "The author has woven together a broad historical backgrounding and some fairly detailed but accessible mathematics in amost exciting way." John Fauvel, author of Let Newton Be!
The Middle Kingdom
Authors: Macintosh Wilson Alistair 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Far to the east of Egypt and Babylon, lay a mysterious land cut off from the rest of the world. There was some doubt as to whether it really existed. On early Greek maps of the world it didn’ To its north, lay the frozen wastes of Siberia. To its west, the great deserts of the Gobi and the Takla-Makan. Its southern approaches were blocked by the impenetrable jungles of south-east Asia, and to its south-west loomed the greatest mountains in the world, the mighty Himalayas. It could only be approached from the east, by sea.
Proportion
Authors: Macintosh Wilson Alistair 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the Greeks far surpassed their teachers, the Egyptians, in the science of geometry, they never succeeded in equalling the ancient civilizations in the treatment of aha problems. The Greeks tried to solve aha problems by using their powerful methods of geometrical reasoning. But geometrical methods are not really well suited for these problems, and they were not successful. In this chapter we shall describe what they did achieve, since this will form the basis of our later discussions of geometry.
The Dark Sub - Continent Of India
Authors: Macintosh Wilson Alistair 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the great continent of Pangea began to break apart 250 million years ago, one of its pieces floated northward. This wandering subcontinent, India, finally collided with the continental mass of Asia. As India ploughed into Asia, the greatest mountain range in the world was thrown up, the mighty Himalayas. The Indian subcontinent is surrounded by ocean to the south-east and south-west, to the north by the Himalayas, and to the east by the jungles of Assam and Burma. But, unlike the Middle Kingdom, it is not completely cut off. Entrance can be made from the north-west, across ‘the land of the five rivers’, the Punjab.
Transport in liquid and amorphous metals; weak-scattering systems
Authors: Mott Sir Nevill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In metals, if the mean free path l is sufficiently large, eqn (1.4) can be used for the conductivity whether the metal is crystalline or not. In this chapter we consider the use of this equation for non-crystalline systems, particularly for liquid and amorphous metals. Probably the earliest paper dealing with electrons in a field that is not periodic is that of Nordheim (1931) on the resistivity of alloys.
Heavily doped semiconductors
Authors: Mott Sir Nevill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In earlier chapters we have discussed the behaviour of impurity bands in semiconductors as examples of systems, with properties close to those described by Anderson’s (1958) model. In this chapter we examine such systems in greater detail. In a doped semiconductor, in the absence of compensation, for low values N0 of the concentration of donors, the activation energy εfor conduction is finite and the conductivity tends to zero with temperature. As the concentration increases, ε decreases and eventually vanishes. Conductivity is then ‘metallic’. The transition from non-metallic to metallic behaviour has sometimes been called the ‘Mott transition’ (Mott 1949). Two facts are important in understanding this behaviour.
Effect of long-range interaction between electrons on the electrical properties of a Fermi glass
Authors: Mott Sir Nevill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We shall discuss the effects of this term using the hypothesis of Kaveh and Mott, that we can represent it by adding a term to the modified Kawabata equation (3.12), which, if necessary, we extrapolate to the transition. This term applies to the metallic range for either compensated or uncompensated material. It applies to all cases where the mean free path l is short, whether the degenerate electron gas is in a conduction band or in an impurity band. The extra term in the resistivity comes from a change in the density of states N(E) near the Fermi energy in a metal, as illustrated in Fig. 5.1. The correction may be either positive or negative.
Two-dimensional problems
Authors: Mott Sir Nevill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scaling theory (§ 3.9) shows that in a two-dimensional system all electronic states are localized. On the other hand much work on conduction in inversion layers (for example Mott et al. (1975b)) and other two-dimensional systems (for instance delta layers) shows them to behave much like three dimensional metals, with a mobility edge separating localized from extended states, and showing a minimum metallic conductivity 0.1 e2/ħ. Moreover, the oxide superconductors discussed in Chapter 12 appear to be two-dimensional systems and—if heavily doped—show metallic conductivity at the lowest temperatures and an insulator-superconductor transition which shows all the properties of a mobility edge. We think that this general property of localization in two dimensions has little effect except at the very lowest temperatures, perhaps impossible to reach at present. Moreover, a hypothesis, as yet unproved, is that a mobility edge does exist separating states which are localized exponentially and those with power-law localization. This hypothesis will be discussed in this chapter. We first, however, discuss some phenomena in which metallic behaviour and a mobility are apparently observed.
A Guide To The Birds Of Mexico And Northern Central America
Authors: Howell G , Steve N , Webb Sophie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This completely new in-depth field guide covers the 1070 bird species, including North American migrants, found in Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, and western Nicaragua. More than 180 species are endemic to this region. Richly illustrated with 71 colour plates and additional black-and-white drawings, it describes the birds' appearance, voice, habitat, behaviour (including nests and eggs), and distribution. Introductory chapters give essential background information. Once you have this book, you will wonder how you ever got by without it.
Geography And Bird Distribution
Authors: Howell G , Steve N , Webb Sophie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we outline the physical geography of Mexico and northern Central America, the main regions of bird distribution (see Figs 3(a) and (b)), and species characteristic of each region. Our divisions are based primarily on biogeographic considerations and are somewhat broader than biotic divisions such as those of Goldman and Moore (1945). Biogeography relates the distribution of living organisms to factors such as topography, climate, and vegetation. In addition, one must consider temporal aspects such as glaciations and changing sea levels. A basic knowledge of avian distribution helps one to appreciate the reasons underlying species distribution, and may simplify potential identification problems. Related to this, one should realize that much of the region’s avifauna is sedentary, unlike in North America or Europe where the majority of species are migratory.
Migration
Authors: Howell G , Steve N , Webb Sophie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Migration may be long-distance or local. The former refers to birds regularly traveling considerable distances between their breeding and non-breeding grounds. These migrations are usually oriented north-south. Local migrations involve birds moving shorter distances, often less predictably or regularly, and include altitudinal migration, seasonal withdrawal from peripheral breeding areas, and post-breeding dispersal. One thing that may be unfamiliar to observers from North America or Western Europe is the large proportion of species in Mexico and northern Central America that are sedentary. Of the 800 or so species that breed in the guide region, about 440 have little or no migratory tendencies. Thus, in their lives the majority of individuals of these species move no more than a few kilometers from where they hatched.
Molt And Plumage
Authors: Howell G , Steve N , Webb Sophie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although birders often consider molt and plumage rather confusing, a basic understanding of these two intertwined subjects can be important for bird identification. The molt terminology we use follows that proposed by Humphrey and Parkes (1959, 1963). They pointed out correctly that terms such as ‘summer plumage’, ‘breeding plumage’, ‘postnuptial molt’, etc., can be inaccurate and confusing. This is never truer than in tropical regions. For example, distinct seasonal plumage differences are most pronounced in migratory, temperate-breeding species, but for most tropical birds ‘breeding’ and ‘non-breeding’ plumages are the same. Other problems with traditional nomenclature include loons and most terns which attain their ‘first winter’ plumage in their first summer, or immature birds which may have a ‘postnuptial’ molt even though they have not yet bred.
Katydids of Panama (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)
Authors: Nickle David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Katydids are a diverse group of medium to large insects related to grasshoppers and, more closely, to crickets. Although world-wide in distribution, most species are found in tropical, wet regions of the world. For example, in the United States there are 107 described species, but in the Republic of Panama, a country less than one-hundredth as large, more than 160 species have been reported. For various reasons, katydids have been overlooked or neglected by biologists for many years. One reason for this oversight may be the fact that these insects are secretive by nature. During the day in the Panamanian forests, katydids are nearly impossible to locate (and even more difficult to study). Their ability to blend successfully with their environmental backgrounds enables them to go undetected during the day, when most researchers usually work; only at night can one understand these incredible animals. Except for a relatively few species, nearly all katydids are nocturnally active. They leave their daytime shelters and hiding places at night, feed at night, and sing at night. Females mate and oviposit only at night. In the minutes preceding dawn, katydids change behaviour abruptly, moving from their active nocturnal mode of pair formation and feeding to a more stationary, diurnal mode of survival against daytime predators. Recent observations in Peru by Nickle, Belwood, and Castner (unpublished) indicate that this behaviour is stereotypic, species-specific, and highly adaptive for individual survival.
Bess Beetles of Panama (Coleoptera: Lamellicornia: Passalidae)*
Authors: Reyes-Castillo Pedro , Castillo Camelia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The passalids of Panama have not been studied previously in their totality. The first author to refer to Panamanian species was Kaup (1869, 1871). Later, Bates (1886), in Biologia Centrali-Americana, described a total of 10 species from this interesting isthmic region. Other authors who have contributed to our knowledge of Panamanian passalids are: Kuwert (1891, 1897), Gravely (1918), Arrow (1907), Luederwaldt (1931), and Hincks (1950). Catalogues of the group, by Hincks and Dibb (1935, 1958), and by Blackwelder (1944), as well as the more recent monographic works on different American genera by Quintero and Reyes-Castillo (1983), and by Castillo and Reyes-Castillo (1984), permit us to list a total of 26 Panamanian species, representing three genera of the Passalini, and seven genera of the Proculini. Of these 26, the six for which we have not seen specimens are not dealt with in the text. The purpose of the present work is to revise the passalids of Panama based upon our examination of 200 specimens deposited in the Museo de Invertebratos G.B. Fairchild (MIUP), Universidad de Panama, and the collection of P. Reyes at the Instituto de Ecologia, Mexico. We have added four species to the list of Panamanian passalids, including one new species of Popilius, and have increased the number of genera of Proculini, present in Panama, to seven.
Introduction
Authors: Rylands Anthony B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1978, Devra Kleiman, introducing her book the Biology and Conservation of the Callitrichidae, pointed out that the ‘ultimate indication of our ignorance of this family is the tendency to refer to all forms as ‘the marmoset’, regardless of genus or species ... The assumption that species are alike arises only because we know so little of the differences.’ Kleiman’s book pointed to many of these differences, and was a milestone in our understanding of these animals which had been steadily growing during the late 1960s and 1970s but has increased so dramatically during the last decade. To date 52 species and subspecies of marmoset and tamarin monkeys have been described, some very recently. Interest in these animals, which include the Amazonian pygmy marmoset, the smallest of all the monkeys, the marmosets and tamarins, and the colourful lion tamarins of south-east Brazil, has focused on many aspects. Not least is their remarkable social life, involving reproductive privileges restricted to one female in the group, who physiologically and behaviourally inhibits breeding by other females, variable mating systems with documented cases in the wild of monogamy and polyandry as well as polygyny, the active participation of the males along with other group members in rearing the twin offspring, and the use of scent glands, variably concentrated in three epidermal regions, for communication.
Systematics, geographic distribution, and some notes on the conservation status of the Callitrichidae
Authors: Rylands Anthony B , Coimbra-Filho, Adelmar F , Mittermeier Russell A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The phylogeny and systematics of the New World marmosets and tamarins is still under considerable discussion, even at the family level (Rosenberger 1981; Ford 1986a; Vivo 1991), although the remarkable synthesis of Hershkovitz (1977) remains the baseline for all current research and investigation on the taxonomy and distributions of these animals. Sixteen years on, some new forms have been described and there is still controversy regarding the taxonomic status of, most particularly, the marmosets, genus Callithrix. Considerable new information is also available regarding geographic distributions. In this chapter, we provide accounts of the current opinions regarding taxonomic status along with a revision of the distributions and some notes on the conservation status of each of the 50 or so marmosets and tamarins recognized to date.
Experimental multiple hybridism and natural hybrids among Callithrix species from eastern Brazil
Authors: Coimbra-Filho Adelmar F , Pissinatti, Alcides , Rylands Anthony B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although hybridization of primates in captivity has received little attention, it is a subject which can provide important contributions in a number of research fields. Brief comments on this were provided by Wolfe et al. (1975) and Deinhardt et al. (1976), who judged the hybrid offspring of Saguinus fuscicollis x S. nigricollis to be a highly satisfactory research model in relation to other callitrichids, being comparable in reproductive performance to the best pure forms. These authors also confirmed the excellent reproductive capacity of Callithrix jacchus. Although little used in their laboratories, C. jacchus surpassed the fitness shown by a number of Saguinus species (S. fuscicollis, S. nigricollis and S. oedipus). For this reason, these authors pointed out that the genus Callithrix, although not widely used in research, except for some laboratories in the United Kingdom, would provide an excellent model in biomedical investigation.
From dependence to sexual maturity: the behavioural ontogeny of Callitrichidae
Authors: Yamamoto Maria Emilia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews data on behavioural ontogeny in the four callitrichid genera, and presents more detailed data on five Callithrix jacchus infants. Callitrichids are unique in the intensity of their relations to infants. The newborn, usually twins, may be carried from the first day by group members other than the mother. Weaning occurs from 9-13 weeks, when most of the food ingested is obtained through sharing or stealing. Agonistic behaviours may appear, as well as scent-marking. At the juvenile stage (beginning at 4-7 months) ‘twin fights’ may occur; particularly between same-sexed twins, determining status differences. At the sub-adult stage (beginning at 9-14 months) the young animal has the size and appearance of an adult, has mastered most of the adult behavioural repertoire, and achieves puberty. Although puberty takes place at this time the young does not conceive. At the adult stage (beginning at 12-21 months) sexual maturity is attained. Approximately every five months a new set of twins is born. Interactions with infants depend on the animal’s age and previous experience. The behavioural ontogeny shows many similarities among the callitrichid genera, although some important differences call for further investigation.
Modelling indirect effects of predation on community structure
Authors: Tsumura Osamu , Kawasaki Kohkichi , Shigesada Nanako 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Predation plays important roles in shaping the structure of natural communities. For instance, Paine (1966, 1974) showed that removal of a predator from an intertidal community resulted in a decrease in the number of major space-utilizing species. Without predators, there occurs intense competition and only a strong competitor can survive. But in the presence of a predator that feeds on the stronger competitor, weaker competitors survive, due to relaxed competition. Similar effects have been observed widely in aquatic (Connell 1961; Slobodkin 1964; Dayton 1971; Porter 1972) and terrestrial systems (Harper 1969). Conversely, there are also observations that predation leads to a decrease in species richness (Harper 1969; May 1973; Adicott 1974; Janzen 1976; Lubchenco 1978). Thus, the influence of predation can be separated into two types: predator-mediated coexistence and predator-induced instability. Two or more predator species in a community may introduce additional sorts of complexity into the community structure. Even when predators have no direct interactions, they may influence each other indirectly through altering the state of the lower trophic level. There are two categories of such indirect interactions: indirect mutualism and indirect competition. If the invasion of a predator facilitates the survival of other predators (Vandermeer 1980; Kerfoot 1983; Brown et al. 1986; Shigesada et al. 1989), we call it indirect mutualism. On the other hand, indirect competition refers to the case where the invasion of a predator excludes the resident predator or decreases its density (Adicott 1974; Lubchenco 1978).
The structure and complexity of parasitoid communities in relation to biological control
Authors: Mills Nick J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The successful importation of the vedalia beetle from Australia into southern California for the control of the cottony-cushion scale in 1888 marks the starting point for classical biological control of arthropod pests. Since then there have been many natural enemies imported against a variety of pests around the world. Clausen (1978) provides a valuable review of projects up to 1968, and this compilation has been extended and updated in the BIOCAT database of the International Institute of Biological Control (D. T. Greathead and A.H. Greathead 1992). There have been numerous successes in the control of invading pests, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions, which have served to emphasize several important features of this form of pest control: that in managed ecosystems, at least, natural enemies can play a decisive role in the suppression of pest densities, that natural enemies can provide long-term control of a pest without the need for continued human intervention, that natural enemies very often have minimal impact on other elements of the ecosystem, and that success can be spontaneous and spectacular but can frequently be frustratingly elusive.
Metapopulation Ecology
Authors: Hanski llkka 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Written by a world renowned biologist, this volume offers a comprehensive synthesis of current research in this rapidly expanding area of population biology. It covers both the essential theory and a wide range of empirical studies, including the author's groundbreaking work on the Glanville fritillary butterfly. It also includes practical applications to conservation biology. The book describes theoretical models for metapopulation dynamics in highly fragmented landscapes and emphasizes spatially realistic models. It presents the incidence function model and includes several detailed examples of its application. Accessible to advanced undergraduate and graduate students, Metapopulation Ecology will be a valuable resource for researchers in population biology, conservation biology, and landscape ecology.
Finis
Authors: Charnov Eric L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This final chapter will not repeat the discussions from the previous seven. I hope that I have convinced the reader of the utility of a symmetry approach to life histories even if there is disagreement with particular modelling assumptions (e.g. the yearly clutch size model for mammals is probably too simple). Invariance under particular transformations is a worthy consideration; the data support the reality of invariance. Open questions and future directions include the following. The stationary population assumption, with the immense usefulness of the stable age distribution as well as Rºas a fitness measure, seems almost too good to be true. Let us just say it works and wonder why. Perhaps it is merely a useful first-order approximation to a stochastic fitness measure, which explicitly considers the fluctuating populations that we all know really characterize nature (Metz et al. 1992).
Life History and Biogeography
Authors: Kohn Alan J , Perron Frank E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Containing much original, previously unpublished research, this book describes the conspicuous. colourful, and ecologically important snail genus Conus. It provides what is probably the best and most extensive data set of life parameters available from any tropical invertebrate taxon. The conclusions drawn are likely to apply to many coral-reef invertebrates and thus ensure the book's significance for all those interested in the study of biodiversity.