bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Dynamic Risk Assessment and Management System: An Assessment of Immediate Risk of Violence for Individuals with Offending and Challenging Behaviour
Authors: Lindsay William R. , Murphy Lesley , Smith Gordon , Murphy Daniel , Edwards Zoe , Chittock Chris , Grieve Alan , Young Steven J. 
Published: November 2004

Purpose  Research on dynamic risk assessment has developed over the last 10 years and a number of variables have emerged as being possible predictors of future sexual and violent offences. These variables include hostile attitude/anger and compliance with routine. In 2002, Thornton (Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research & Treatment14, 139) developed a framework for dynamic risk assessment which also includes distorted and dysfunctional attitudes, socio‐affective functioning, self‐management and, for sex offenders, sexual interests. In 2000, Hanson & Harris (Criminal Justice & Behaviour27, 6) provided empirical support for the predictive power of a number of dynamic factors which they split into stable and acute variables. In their research they found poor social supports, antisocial lifestyle, and poor self‐management strategies to be important in addition to co‐operation with supervision and hostile attitude. The present report describes the development of the Dynamic Risk Assessment and Management System (DRAMS) – an assessment for dynamic/proximal risk factors in people with intellectual disabilities.Method  In a field trial, the DRAMS was administered by staff unfamiliar with the formal requirements of the assessment. They were familiar with other ward‐based assessments. Ten subjects were assessed for reliability purposes (total of 45 assessments) and five subjects were assessed consistently over a 3‐month period. Eighteen aggressive incidents were recorded in these five subjects and the relationship between DRAMS assessments and the incidents was calculated. Assessments were recorded on the day of the incident, the day before the incident and on a control day, which was at least 7 days before or after an incident.Results  Four items achieved high reliability – mood, psychotic symptoms, self‐regulation, compliance with routine – in addition to total score. Two items achieved intermediate reliability – antisocial behaviour and problems with thinking/attitudes, and three items were not applicable to this client group in that none of the participants was ever rated on them – substance abuse, renewal of emotional relationships and victim access. One item had poor reliability – therapeutic alliance. There were significant differences between the DRAMS assessment on the control day and assessments both on the day prior to the incident and the day of the incident for three of the six subscales and total score.Conclusion  Initial results would suggest that the DRAMS is a reliable instrument apart from the therapeutic alliance category. Initial signs suggest that it may be predictive of aggressive incidents in residential settings. Several developments to other settings and the client groups are discussed.
Predictors of Sexual Offence Recidivism in Offenders with Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Lindsay William R. , Elliot Susanne F. , Astell Arlene 
Published: November 2004

Background  The extensive research on prediction of risk in offenders has developed a number of reliable static risk predictors. There is also a developing body of work on proximal, dynamic risk factors and their importance in predicting violent and sexual offending. Although this work has not been done specifically on offenders with intellectual disabilities, there is some preliminary evidence that it is equally relevant in this field. The current study extends this work.Method  Fifty‐two sexual offenders and abusers were included as participants and 18 of them had re‐offended or were strongly suspected of having re‐offended. A checklist of static and dynamic factors were derived from the literature and clinical experience and a retrospective, correlational method was employed. Two respondents provided information on the presence or absence of each variable and this information was checked through extensive case records. These variables were correlated with re‐offending and suspicion of re‐offending.Results  Several variables correlated significantly with the two dependent variables and a standard multiple regression investigated the predictive quality of each independent variable. Significant variables were allowances made by staff, antisocial attitude, poor relationship with mother, denial of crime, sexual abuse in childhood, erratic attendance and poor response to treatment. Certain variables, found significant in earlier studies, did not emerge in the current analysis. These predictors accounted for around 53% of the variance for evidence of re‐offending and around 74% of the variance for suspicion of re‐offending.Conclusions  The variables which emerge are similar to those found in the mainstream offender literature. Some hypotheses are presented on why certain variables did not emerge. Like other similar studies, the results should be treated with caution because of retrospective bias.
Acupuncture and Rehabilitation (I) Effect of Acupuncture on Normal Side to Snapping Finger
Authors: Arichi Shigeru , Arichi Hideko , Toda Shizuo 
Published: November 2004

The snapping finger condition has increased recently. And this condition is difficult to recover in most cases. The snapping finger condition was improved quite remarkably by the rehabilitation (Reha) of the leison performed immediately after acupuncture in the symmetrical part of the leison on the normal side and Chu-chih (LI-11), Shou-son-li (LI-10), Wai-kuan (TH-5), Ho-ku (LI-4) and Yang-chih (TH-4) on the normal side. But the favorable effect could not be obtained when Reha had not been performed on the leison. The effects were slight either in the combination therapy of Reha of the leison with the acupuncture of the leison and Chu-chih (LI-11), Shou-son-li (LI-10), Wai-kuan (TH-5), Ho-ku (LI-4) and Yang-chih (TH-4) on the abnormal side or in the simple treatment with Reha or with the acupuncture on the abnormal side. The acupuncture in the normal side resulted in a more remarkable result after Reha (Reha-effect) because Reha of the leison could easily contend with it. It is a valuable means of therapy as the snapping finger condition is presently on the increase.
Tibetan Medicine — Constitutional Types
Authors: Finckh Elizabeth 
Published: November 2004

Right at the start of research into Tibetan medicine, it is vital to determine the medical terminology and the latter has to be taken from sources. The starting-point is the standard work of the Tibetan doctors, the book rGyud bzhi = Four Treatises (abbreviated title). It is from the texts of this book that we learn the basic principle of Tibetan medicine is the three-part division. The three humours are wind (rlung), bile (mkhris pa) and phlegm (bad kan). Some of the important characteristics of the three humours are to be found in Part 1 or the rGyud bzhi, in which the System of Tibetan medicine is also described: Chapter 3 (Root A): healthy organism, diseased organism. Chapter 4 (Root B): obervation, palpation, questioning. Chapter 5 (Root C): nutrition, behaviour, medicines, treatments. We have arranged the characteristics of the three humours in accordance with the three roots of the System. The terms which have been derived from the text show clearly that the three homours are, through diagnostic methods, recognized as types to which specific kinds of treatment are assigned so that one can speak of there being a doctrine of constitution. A systematic description is, therefore, very important in that it is obvious that without a recognition of the types, treatment is impossible.
The Roles of Different Types of Afferent Fibres in the Process of Acupuncture Analgesia
Authors: Chen Lung-shun , Fan Xiao-li , Wang Ke-mo , Hou Zong-lian 
Published: November 2004

In previous work, the reflex movement of the lower jaw was taken as an objective index of pain in awakening rabbits. It was found that analgesic action of various types of fibres were types I.II < types I.II.III < types I.II.III.IV, i.e. the effects were stronger with the involvement of those small-sized fibres. However, opinions differ as to whether small-sized fibres (includng Aδ wave and C wave) have analgesic effects. Therefore, the reaction of vascular movement which reflects the function of autonomic nerves was taken as an objective index of pain. 42 paralytic, awake rabbits with body weight of 2kg or so were used. In the peroneal nerve innervating "Zusanli'' point (from their distal to proximal ends) were placed the electrodes of electro-needling (limiting electro-needling) and Ag-AgCl, and those of recording and pain stimulation. The pain stimulations used were of single square-wave, of 2 times per second, of the pulse duration of 0.3 msec and of a continuance of 5 sec; their intensity being just enough to elicit the steady reaction of vascular movement. The electrodes of electric needling, electric pulses with a speed of 0.2 msec per second and the pulse duration of 0.2 msec were applied successively to stimulate those peroneal nerves. The roles played by various types of fibres in analgesic effects were further observed after different intensities, exciting the fibres of types I.II, tpes I.II.III and types I.II.III.IV respectively, and then through the Ag-AgCl electrode, D.C. anodal-blocking used to block the large-sized fibres and to excite type III or types III.IV of fibres respectively. Each experimental series was divided comparing, needling and after the withdrawal of the needle. Observations were made from three times in each step continually; the temperature was maintained at 16-28°C. The results have shown that the fibres of types I.II, types I.II.III and types I.II.III.IV were excited, respectively. It has turned out that their effective rates (including complete inhibition, apparent inhibition and slight inhibition) were 50% (types I.II), 78.6% (types I.II.III) and 92.8% (types I.II.III.IV); after the large-sized fibres had been blocked, the fibres of type IV and types III.IV were excited, with the effective rates of 90% (type IV) and 100% (types III.IV). Therefore, the analgesic effects of different types of fibres are I.II < III < IV, i.e. the smaller fibres the stronger the analgesic effects. The results are quite analogous to the previous work. This further proves the small-sized fibres have stronger analgesic effects upon pain response thatn large-sized fibres.
Hachimijiogan Changes Serum Hormonal Circumstance and Improves Spermatogenesis in Oligozoospermic Men
Authors: Usuki S. 
Published: November 2004

28 men with oligozoospermia and 7 with azoospermia received 7.5 g of Hachimijiogan, daily for 8 to 28 weeks. Examinations of semen in oligozoospermic men after treatment revealed a remarkable increase in number (78%) and moderate increase in sperm motility (53%) and in volume (56%), and fertility index was also remarkably improved, whereas no improvement was found in azoospermic men. Furthermore, serum estradiol-17β level was significantly increased (P<0.005) after treatment, while LH, FSH, prolactin and testosterone levels in sera showed no significant change. These results suggest that Hachimijiogan increases serum estradiol-17 β levels and improves spermatogenesis in oligozoospermic men.
Successful Treatment of Complete Left Bundle Branch Block Complicating Acute Viral Myocarditis Employing Chinese Herbs
Authors: Kuo Constant 
Published: November 2004

A case of complete left bundle branch block complicating acute viral myocarditis successfully treated by Chinese herbal medicine is reported. Complete left bundle branch block may be less commonly encountered in myocarditis. Treatment by Chinese herbal medicine for 49 days was successful in the management of this conduction disturbance. Follow-up studies, up to 3 months, produced normal electrocardiogram with good health.
Effects of Standarized Ginseng Extract on Learning, Memory and Physical Capabilites
Authors: Petkov V.D. , Mosharrof A.H. 
Published: November 2004

Standardized ginseng extract (G115, Pharmaton, Lugano) was administered orally at doses of 3,10,30,100 and 300 mg/kg for 10 days as ten rats were used wtih each dose. With the "shuttle-box" method for active avoidance most pronounced effect on learning and memory was obtained by the dose of 10 mg/kg. With the "step-down" method for passive avoidance the dose of 30 mg/kg significantly improved retention. In the staircase maze training with positive (alimentary) reinforcement only the dose of 10 mg/kg significantly improved learning and memory. The dose of 100 mg/kg greatly increased the locomotor activity of mice. The results show that ginseng at appropriate doses improves learning, memory and physical capabilities. Bell-shaped dose-effect curves, reported with other nootropic drugs, were obtained.
DESPERATELY SEEKING PENGUIN OR NON LOCAL EFFECT IN THE CHARM SECTOR
Authors: YEM PHAM XUAN 
Published: November 2004

The long time unexplained puzzle in the decay modes D0→K+K−, D0→π+π− (their large ratio 3.60±0.55 is four standard deviations from the usual estimates) could be understood by the nonlocal effect due to the virtual light quarks loops in the Penguin diagrams. This term constructively (destructively) interferes with the non-Penguin term in the K+K−(π+π−) mode, hence correctly reproduces the data. Some tests of the effect are discussed, a few ones seem to be already experimentally confirmed.
CONFORMAL IMMERSIONS, STRING EFFECTIVE LAGRANGIANS AND THE c-THEOREM
Authors: HERZIG K. , WEISSGOLD M. , TATARU-MIHAI P. 
Published: November 2004

Using the properties of conformal immersions (of world sheets into space-time target manifolds) a string effective lagrangian — valid for any genus — is derived. We contrast our results with those derived via the usual renormalization group approach and we get an interpretation of the Zamolodchikov’s c-theorem. (It is essentially a criterion for the existence of conformal immersions.) Finally, we discuss the restrictions our formalism imposes on the (structure and dimensions of) space-time.
PARTICLE PRODUCTION AT COLLIDER ENERGIES
Authors: GEICH-GIMBEL CHRISTOPH 
Published: November 2004

High energy particle physics, which has been trying to understand and to devise new laws governing nature at per particle energies far beyond everyday energies, has entered a new episode. Having surpassed the ‘low energy’ regime, where (s channel) resonance production dominantly projects onto the final state, very interesting features of the strong interaction arose at c.m. energies in the tens of GEV range, as found at the CERN Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR). One recalls the onset of hard scattering processes, which was understood as a scattering between constituents of the nucleon, hence supporting the Quark Parton Model (QPM). Surprisingly enough the total cross section started to rise again, when it was initially believed to have reached a constant value, suggesting an asymptotia. Furthermore correlations among the final state particles produced were observed, and especially long range correlations, which must reflect dynamical laws. The advent of the CERN [Formula: see text] Collider, with c.m. energies up to 900 GeV, representing a step of more than an order of magnitude in the energy available, puts one into a position to test more directly many of these ‘new’ things and to prove the existence of the elusive intermediate vector bosons W± and Z, thus unifying weak and electromagnetic interactions. Finally a bridge to cosmic ray results at extreme energies may be provided. Naturally quite a lot of new unanswered questions will emerge in the investigations of Collider data, since new regions bring new surprises, but this possibility should be regarded as a means of gaining new insights, rather than as a disturbance of hitherto believed regularities, of which some inevitably fail. In this spirit the following article is written.
A COMPREHENSIVE INTRODUCTION TO THE LAGEOS GRAVITOMAGNETIC EXPERIMENT: FROM THE IMPORTANCE OF THE GRAVITOMAGNETIC FIELD IN PHYSICS TO PRELIMINARY ERROR ANALYSIS AND ERROR BUDGET
Authors: CIUFOLINI IGNAZIO 
Published: November 2004

The existence of the gravitomagnetic field. generated by mass currents according to Einstein geometrodynamics, has never been proved. The author of this paper, after a discussion of the importance of the gravitomagnetic field in physics, describes the experiment that he proposed in 1984 to measure this field using LAGEOS (Laser geodynamics satellite) together with another non-polar, laser-ranged satellite with the same orbital parameters as LAGEOS but a supplementary inclination. The author then studies the main perturbations and measurement uncertainties that may affect the measurement of the Lense-Thirring drag. He concludes that, over the period of the node of ~3 years, the maximum error, using two nonpolar laser ranged satellites with supplementary inclinations, should not be larger than ~10% of the gravitomagnetic effect to be measured.
ABELIZED VIRASORO OPERATORS, GEOMETRY AND THE STRING VERTEX OPERATOR
Authors: ARATYN HENRIK , INGERMANSON RANDALL 
Published: November 2004

In this article, we review recent work on constrained Hamiltonian systems with infinite-dimensional constraint algebras. The work is based on an extension of the constraint algebra to include subsidiary (gauge-fixing) constraints and a central element, forming a larger, closed algebra. This extension leads to several immediate results, at both a practical and a conceptual level: 1) A simple method is found for abelizing the original constraints. 2) This leads naturally to a “generalized vielbein” relating Abelian and non-Abelian quantities. 3) The vielbein apparatus makes transparent the full global symmetry of the extended phase space associated with the Batalin, Fradkin and Vilkovisky formalism. An interesting duality also arises between quantities with “Abelian” and “non-Abelian” indices. String theory provides the most important and straightforward application of these general methods. For this special case, one finds that the vielbeins are the Fourier components of the string vertex operator. The vertex operator describes the physical process of photon emission, and determines the physical modes of the string by way of the DDF operators. Due to the relation between the vertex operator and the vielbein, the dual abelized Virasoro operators simplify the usual discussion of the physical Fock space. The correspondence between these two fundamental objects, the vertex and the vielbein, thus provides a geometric understanding of the usual algebraic approach to string theory.
Y-Ba-Cu-O SUPERCONDUCTING CERAMICS
Authors: Tian Shunbao , Li Xiaofei , Wen Tinglian , Lin Zuxiang , Li Shichun , Yu Huijun 
Published: November 2004

Polycrystalline Y-Ba-Cu-O superconducting materials have been studied. It was found that chemical composition and processing condition may play an important role in the final structure and superconducting properties. The density has been determined and compared with the calculated value according to the structure model reported by Bell labs. The grain size and the morphology of the materials were observed by SEM.
SUPERCONDUCTING AND MINOR PHASES IN Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O SYSTEM
Authors: Sasvári J. , Pekker S. , Csordás Tóth A. , Hutiray Gy. , Mihály L. 
Published: November 2004

Ceramics of various nominal composition in the Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O system were studied by X-ray powder diffraction and electron beam microanalysis. Electrical resistivity measurements were also carried out. Efforts were made to prepare various phase compositions in the Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O system, such as the Bi 2 Sr 2 Ca 2 Cu 3 O 10 (from now on we use the commonly accepted composition denotion by cation stoichiometry, here 2223), 2212 and 2201, with T c = 110 K , 70 K and 20 K, respectively. Experiments included higher calcium ratio samples such as the 4334 and related compositions. All studied samples contained minor phases besides the main ones. However, their amount of minor phases was below the detectability limit (~3 %) of the X-ray diffractometry. Presence of CuO was shown by electron beam microanalysis. Ca 2 CuO 3, Sr y Ca 2−y CuO 3 ( y ≤ 0.2) and Bi-rich phases were very often detected. In this paper, X-ray patterns of the phases with caracteristic composition are given together with the results of electrical resistivity measurements.
RANDOM FIELD AND OTHER SYSTEMS DOMINATED BY DISORDER FLUCTUATIONS
Authors: NATTERMANN THOMAS , RUJAN PAUL 
Published: November 2004

Spin-models in random fields (RFs) are good representations of many impure materials. Their macroscopic collective behaviour is dominated by the fluctuations in the random fields which accumulate on large scales even if the local field is arbitrarily small. This feature is shared by other weakly disordered models, like flux lines or domain walls in random media. We review some of the main theoretical attempts to describe such systems. A modification of Harris’ argument demonstrates that at the critical point the RF disorder is relevant and that (hyper)scaling must be changed. A domain argument invented by Imry and Ma shows that long-range order is not destroyed by weak RFs in more than d=2 dimensions. This result is supported both by a more refined treatment of the domain argument and by considering the roughness of an isolated domain wall due to the randomness. The wall (or flux line) becomes rough due to disorder but if d>2 the wall remains a well-defined object in RF systems. Different approaches are used to calculate the roughness exponent ζ for walls and lines. Some applications of ζ for the description of type-II superconductors and incommensurate systems are given. More detailed calculations are possible for one-dimensional, Bethe-lattice or the hierarchical Dyson model systems, which confirm as a rule the more approximate treatment of the other sections. In one dimension there is an interesting relation between the statistical mechanics of these models and nonlinear dynamics. Non-classical critical behaviour occurs in RF systems for d<6 and is determined in general by three independent exponents which fulfil certain inequalities. The new exponent θ≡yJ>0 is related to the violation of conventional hyperscaling and is determined by the energy ~H0ξ0 of a correlated region of size ξ. In a renormalization group treatment, the temperature T turns out to be a (dangerous) irrelevant variable which is the most prominent property of the systems considered in this review. The irrelevance of thermal fluctuations on large scales produces metastability and hysteresis effects both in the transition region and in the ordered phase, only briefly considered here. These features occur also in other systems with a disordered T=0 fixed point like in the ordered phase of a spin-glass.
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE AND SUPERCONDUCTIVITY OF Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 COMPOUND
Authors: LIANG J.K. , XIE S.S. , CHE G.C. , HUANG J.Q. , ZHANG Y.L. , ZHAO Z.X. 
Published: November 2004

The crystal structure of the ideal compositional compound Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 with superconducting transition temperature Tc(0)=81.4K has been determined by X-ray powder diffraction method. The basic structure of this compound has the tetragonal symmetry with the lattice constants a=3.825Å, c=30.82Å. The most possible space group is [Formula: see text]. Each unit cell contains two chemical formulae. The arrangements of atoms in the unit cell are as follows: 2Ca cations occupy 2(a) equivalent point position 4Sr, 4Bi and 4Cu cations occupy the same equivalent point position 4(e) with respective parameters z=0.1, 0.3, 0.45. 16O anions respectively occupy 8(g) (z=0.45) and two 4(e) equivalent point positions (z=0.2 and z=0.385). The crystal structure of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 can be derived from Aurivillius type structure. The other possible superconducting phases in the Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O system can be considered as the structure having different stacking on the basis of Aurivillius phase.