bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sorting soluble tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor for storage and regulated secretion in hematopoietic cells
Authors: Gao Ying , Hansson Markus , Calafat Jero , Tapper Hans , Olsson Inge 
Published: July 2004

AbstractHematopoietic cells contain secretory lysosomes that degranulate at sites of inflammation. We envisage that secretory granules can act as vehicles for targeting inflammatory sites, including malignancies, and thereafter, locally release therapeutically active agents to these sites. Exogenous proteins, such as the soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (sTNFR1), have been shown previously to be targeted to secretory lysosomes [1]. In this work, we asked whether exogenous, secretory lysosome-targeted proteins were subject to regulated secretion. sTNFR1–transmembrane (tm)–cytosol-sorting signal (Y) and sTNFR1–tm–Y–enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) were expressed in rat basophilic leukemia cell clones having different secretory capacities. sTNFR1–tm–Y was targeted directly from the Golgi to secretory lysosomes, followed by generation of membrane-free sTNFR1, whose secretion could be triggered by a Ca2+ ionophore or immunoglobulin E receptor activation. In contrast, sTNFR1–tm–Y–egfp was targeted to the plasma membrane and then subjected to endocytosis and presumably, secretory lysosome targeting, as judged by results from antibody ligation and cell-surface biotinylation. Activation of protein kinase C with phorbol ester promoted ectodomain shedding at the cell surface, resulting in sTNFR1 release from sTNFR1–tm–Y–egfp. These results support a concept for using the storage organelles of hematopoietic cells as vehicles for targeting sites of inflammation with therapeutically active agents.
Sorption of fission product radionuclides,137Cs and90Sr, by Savannah River Site sediments impregnated with colloidal silica
Authors: Hakem N. , Apps John A. , Moridis G. J. , Al Mahamid I. 
Published: July 2004

SummaryPermeation grouting with colloidal silica gel is a potentially effective means for creating hydraulic barriers to prevent the advective migration of radioactive contaminants in shallow permeable sediments. However, the effectiveness of silica gel grouted barriers in controlling transport of fission product radionuclides through sorption and diffusion is unknown. To resolve this question, static-batch sorption measurements with Cs+and Sr2+were conducted at ambient temperature (23 °C) and for times up to 96 days on silica gel and on two kaolinitic sediments from the Savannah River Site in South Carolina. Sorption experiments on the latter were conducted both in the presence and in the absence of silica gel. Cesium and strontium concentrations were varied between 10-3to 10-8M (mol/L) and 10-4to 10-8M, respectively. The pH values after one day varied for each experiment and ranged from 3.6 to 6.6. The pH of the solutions were, however, buffered by the sediments and/or silica gel, and changed little over the duration of the experiments. The fraction of both cesium and strontium retained on the solids increased with decreasing radioelement concentration. The sorption data were fitted to the Freundlich isotherm model.
Early Stages of Film Formation and Surface Growth on Tin Electrodes at Bicarbonate Medium: a Modelistic Approach
Authors: Bonilla S. H. , Giannetti B. F. 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
A modelistic approach of the early stages of film formation and surface growth on tin electrodes at bicarbonate medium under dynamic conditions is presented. The modelistic treatment was applied to both anodic and cathodic processes. In order to organise the paper, the potential interval of interest was divided into two potential windows, each one involving one of the anodic peaks and their corresponding cathodic counterparts. The Müller–Calandra model (also known as the layer-pore resistance model) was considered suitable to interpret the film growth processes occurring during the positive scan. A derivation of the former, developed by Devilliers et al., which take into account the conductive electrical nature of the surface compound, was applied to explain the reduction of the film formed within the first potential window. On the other hand, it was verified that the use of a simple model to interpret the cathodic process occurring at the second potential window was not possible due to the complex nature of the process. In this case, a mixed control kinetics was proposed and the current was considered as the sum of two contributions. In order to complement the description and specially to determine the role of diffusion and mass transport in film formation, rotating disk measurements were also carried out.
Lagrange and Hamilton Integrals and their Connection
Authors: Dickel Gerhard 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
The object of the following is the change from Lagrange line integrals of single particles to Lagrange line integrals of systems of particles under the condition of the first law. The first problem is the historical variational principle as imagined by Bernoulli, whereas the second problem concerns the built up of thermodynamic systems from elementary integrals. Since thermodynamics disregards mechanisms governing the connection or the interaction of particles the built up of thermodynamic systems is possible if Lagrange integrals exhibiting addition theorems between the limits are taken into account.
Hilbert’s Independence Theorem involving the transition from the Lagrange to the Hamilton potential proved to be a suitable method to turn over from the mathematical Lagrange potentials to the Hamilton representation as used in physics. Caratheodory, basing his “Complete Figures of Calculus of Variation” on Hilberts conception has given the variational principle that minimizes the connection of the elementary Lagrange integrals being connected between the limits.
The extension of thermodynamics to integrals composed from components showing a connection between the limits yields important thermodynamic properties.
Archaeological Perspectives on Native American Fisheries of California, with Emphasis on Steelhead and Salmon
Authors: Gobalet Kenneth W. , Schulz Peter D. , Wake Thomas A. , Siefkin Nelson 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe archaeological record of California was surveyed to gain an understanding of Native American fisheries and to locate the prehistoric distributions of freshwater and anadromous fishes. Over 152,000 piscine elements were added to prior totals. On San Francisco Bay, important prehistoric intertidal fisheries were especially well documented for bat rays Myliobatis californica, sturgeons Acipenser spp., Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, clupeids, and atherinopsids. The same sites also indicate the former presence of various freshwater species, including steelhead O. mykiss and coho salmon O. kisutch, in tributary streams from which they were extirpated prior to modern surveys. Slow‐moving waters of the Central Valley were heavily exploited, with most sites dominated by Sacramento perch Archoplites interruptus, thicktail chub Gila crassicauda, Sacramento suckers Catostomus occidentalis, Sacramento blackfish Orthodon microlepidotus, hitch Lavinia exilicauda, and tule perch Hysterocarpus traski, which collectively comprised 84.9% of the remains. Sacramento perch alone produced 45.7% of the identifiable elements. Noteworthy among the other identified species was the endangered delta smelt Hypomesus transpacificus. Salmonids Oncorhynchus spp. constituted only 6.3% of the remains from the Central Valley, despite their importance in the ethnographic record. Marine fishes were found far from the coast in San Diego, Monterey, and Kern counties. Freshwater species transported from the San Joaquin Valley were found as far eastward as San Bernardino County in the Mojave Desert. Steelhead were found among archaeological materials of coastal California as far south as Los Peñasquito Creek in San Diego County, but no salmon remains of any kind were found south of San Francisco. Too little sampling has been completed from coastal sites between San Francisco and Monterey Bay to rule out salmonid presence at locations where habitat was appropriate and where early reports indicated their existence. Chinook salmon were the most abundant salmonid in the Sacramento River drainage. No salmonids were found in the archaeological record in the San Joaquin River drainage south of San Joaquin County. Elements identifiable as either rainbow trout O. mykiss or cutthroat trout O. clarki were found in middens in the Lahontan system and in headwater streams of the Pit River in northeastern California. The rarity of salmonids in archaeological materials suggests that the ethnographic record overstated the importance of salmonids to the Native Americans of California and dramatically understated the importance of the Sacramento perch and its associated fauna.
Temperature Effects on Green Sturgeon Bioenergetics
Authors: Mayfield Ryan B. , Cech Joseph J. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe green sturgeon Acipenser medirostris is relatively rare, and little is known about the effects of important habitat‐related influences on its life history. Temperature directly or indirectly impacts the distribution of fish as well as their physiological and behavioral processes. Because the Klamath and Rogue rivers may reach 24–25°C and egg and embryo incubation temperatures above 22°C are associated with deformities in juvenile green sturgeon, data on the temperature‐related bioenergetic responses of these juveniles would be especially useful in designing effective conservation and management strategies. We measured the food consumption, growth, food conversion efficiency, oxygen consumption, volitional activity, ventilatory frequency, thermal preference, and swimming performance of juveniles at several temperatures spanning their warm‐season temperature range (11–24°C). Food consumption, growth, and food conversion efficiency generally increased with temperature between 11°C and 15°C but stayed constant between 15°C and 19°C. Growth increased and food conversion efficiency decreased with ration size. Oxygen consumption, volitional activity rate, and ventilatory frequency generally increased with temperature, while preferred temperature increased and swimming performance decreased with temperature from 19°C to 24°C. Relative to other sturgeon species, the green sturgeon has high growth and oxygen consumption rates. Overall, we found that bioenergetic performance was optimal between 15°C and 19°C under either full or reduced rations, thus providing a temperature‐related habitat target for conservation of this rare species.
Smallmouth Bass Predation on Hatchery and Wild Salmonids in the Yakima River, Washington
Authors: Fritts Anthony L. , Pearsons Todd N. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractPredation on hatchery and wild salmonids by nonnative smallmouth bassMicropterus dolomieuwas examined in the lower Yakima River, Washington, in March through June of 1998 to 2001. Smallmouth bass were sampled weekly using a drift‐boat electrofisher in two sections of the river. Average abundance estimates of smallmouth bass 150 mm fork length or longer for the 4 years sampled ranged from 3,347 in late March to 19,438 in early June. Abundance estimates from 1998 to 2001 all showed a similar trend of increasing abundance throughout the spring. Salmonids were identified in the guts of smallmouth bass throughout the sampling period and were most prevalent during the month of May. Ocean‐type Chinook salmonOncorhynchus tshawytschaconstituted 47% of all the fish species identified in the gut samples. Smallmouth bass were estimated to have consumed an average of 200,405 salmonids yearly from March 22 to June 16 in 1998–2001; of these, only 3,176 were yearling salmonids (primarily spring Chinook salmon). Smallmouth bass predation on all yearling salmonids never exceeded 0.6% of the annual production of hatchery and wild fish combined. We estimated that as much as 85% of the ocean‐type Chinook salmon consumed by smallmouth bass in a given year were of natural origin. Estimated smallmouth bass consumption of hatchery ocean‐type Chinook salmon has only comprised up to 4% of production in a single year. Our estimates of consumption on ocean‐type Chinook salmon are likely to be underestimates because we did not sample throughout the entire rearing and emigration period of these fish. Our results indicate that smallmouth bass can have negative impacts on ocean‐type Chinook salmon, particularly those that are naturally produced, which are generally smaller and available longer than hatchery fish.
Are There Differences in Growth and Condition between Mobile and Resident Cutthroat Trout?
Authors: Hilderbrand Robert H. , Kershner Jeffrey L. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThere is evidence that actively moving salmonids are of lower condition than the general population, and they are sometimes regarded as inferior to resident fish. However, little information exists on the permanence of this attribute. We used mark–recapture and two‐way traps to determine whether there are differences in the condition and growth of mobile and resident Bonneville cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki utah in Beaver Creek, Idaho. Actively moving fish were significantly larger than the general population, and the largest of these mobile fish were in significantly lower condition for a given size. However, mobile fish that were marked and recaptured a year later had regained condition equivalent to that of the general population upon their recapture, and the largest mobile fish had significantly greater condition than fish of equal length in the general population. In contrast, there was no relationship between growth rate and the total distance moved during the 1‐year period. These results suggest that the lower condition of actively moving fish does not have permanent effects on future condition or growth in stream‐resident cutthroat trout.
Spatial Variation in Fish Species Richness of the Upper Mississippi River System
Authors: Koel Todd M. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractImportant natural environmental gradients, including the connectivity of off‐channel aquatic habitats to the main‐stem river, have been lost in many reaches of the upper Mississippi River system, and an understanding of the consequences of this isolation is lacking in regard to native fish communities. The objectives of this study were to describe patterns of fish species richness, evenness, and diversity among representative habitats and river reaches and to examine the relationship between fish species richness and habitat diversity. Each year (1994–1999) fish communities of main‐channel borders (MCB), side channel borders (SCB), and contiguous backwater shorelines (BWS) were sampled using boat‐mounted electrofishing, mini‐fyke‐nets, fyke nets, hoop nets, and seines at a standardized number of sites. A total of 0.65 million fish were collected, representing 106 species from upper Mississippi River Pools 4, 8, 13, and 26; the open (unimpounded) river reach; and the La Grange Reach of the Illinois River. Within pools, species richness based on rarefaction differed significantly among habitats and was highest in BWS and lowest in MCB (P < 0.0001). At the reach scale, Pools 4, 8, and 13 consistently had the highest species richness and Pool 26, the open‐river reach, and the La Grange Reach were significantly lower (P < 0.0001). Species evenness and diversity indices showed similar trends. The relationship between native fish species richness and habitat diversity was highly significant (r2 = 0.85; P = 0.0091). These results support efforts aimed at the conservation and enhancement of connected side channels and backwaters. Although constrained by dams, pools with high native species richness could serve as a relative reference. The remnants of natural riverine dynamics that remain in these reaches should be preserved and enhanced; conditions could be used to guide restoration activities in more degraded reaches.
Pink Salmon Spawning Habitat is Recovering a Decade after the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
Authors: Carls Mark G. , Rice Stanley D. , Marty Gary D. , Naydan Diane K. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractIntertidal sediment surrounding many spawning streams for pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha in western Prince William Sound, Alaska, was contaminated by the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989. Biochemical and egg‐dig evidence suggested that oil reduced the survival of pink salmon embryos for several years. Previous research also demonstrated that dissolved oil can be transferred to developing embryos from surrounding oiled sediment via drainage of interstitial water as a result of tidal cycling and hydraulic gradients. In this study, completed a decade after the spill, we sampled stream water for the presence of oil using passive membrane sampling devices, collected sediment and pink salmon eggs for hydrocarbon analysis, and examined alevins for induction of cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A). Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) consistent with Exxon Valdez oil were present in the water of one of six heavily impacted streams; total PAH concentrations in the stream were greatest in the lower intertidal zone. Similarly distributed total PAHs in a second stream suggested possible contamination. Oil was not detected in the remaining four streams. Induction of CYP1A in pink salmon alevins from the two contaminated streams was lowest in water above mean high tide and increased downstream. Because our samples were all selected from heavily oiled streams, we infer that most pink salmon spawning habitat either has recovered or is recovering.
Fallback, Reascension, and Adjusted Fishway Escapement Estimates for Adult Chinook Salmon and Steelhead at Columbia and Snake River Dams
Authors: Boggs C. T. , Keefer M. L. , Peery C. A. , Bjornn T. C. , Stuehrenberg L. C. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractDuring their upstream spawning migration in the Columbia River basin, some adult salmonids Oncorhynchus spp. ascend and then fall back over main‐stem hydroelectric dams. Fallback can result in fish injury or death, migration delays, and biases in fishway counts, the primary index for escapement and the basis for production estimates and harvest quotas. We used radiotelemetry to calculate fallback percentages and rates, reascension percentages, biases in fishway escapement estimates due to fallback, and occurrence of behaviorally motivated fallback (correcting overshoot of natal sites) by spring–summer and fall Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha and steelhead O. mykiss. The study area included eight Columbia River and Snake River dams evaluated from 1996 to 2001. For all years combined, about 22% of spring–summer Chinook salmon, 15% of fall Chinook salmon, and 21% of steelhead fell back at least once at a dam. Fallback percentages for spring–summer Chinook salmon were generally highest at Bonneville and the Dalles dams and decreased at progressively upstream dams. Fallback rates for spring–summer Chinook salmon were positively correlated with river discharge. Fallback percentages for steelhead and fall Chinook salmon were less variable between years but were more variable between dams than those of spring–summer Chinook salmon. Reascension percentages at dams ranged widely between runs and sites and were negatively related to the number of fish that entered tributaries downstream from the fallback location. Fall Chinook salmon were the most likely to enter a downstream tributary after falling back, though this behavior was also observed in spring–summer Chinook salmon and steelhead. For all years and at all dams, fallback produced positive fishway count biases ranging from 1% to 16% for spring–summer Chinook salmon, 1% to 38% for fall Chinook salmon, and 1% to 12% for steelhead.
Predicting Invasions of North American Basses in Japan Using Native Range Data and a Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Iguchi Kei'ichiro , Matsuura Keiichi , McNyset Kristina M. , Peterson A. Townsend , Scachetti‐Pereira Ricardo , Powers Katherine A. , Vieglais Dave A. , Wiley E. O. , Yodo Taiga 
Published: July 2004

AbstractLargemouth bass Micropterus salmoides and smallmouth bass M. dolomieu have been introduced into freshwater habitats in Japan, with potentially serious consequences for native fish populations. In this paper we apply the technique of ecological niche modeling using the genetic algorithm for rule‐set prediction (GARP) to predict the potential distributions of these two species in Japan. This algorithm constructs a niche model based on point occurrence records and ecological coverages. The model can be visualized in geographic space, yielding a prediction of potential geographic range. The model can then be tested by determining how well independent point occurrence data are predicted according to the criteria of sensitivity and specificity provided by receiver–operator curve analysis. We ground‐truthed GARP's ability to forecast the geographic occurrence of each species in its native range. The predictions were statistically significant for both species (P < 0.001). We projected the niche models onto the Japanese landscape to visualize the potential geographic ranges of both species in Japan. We tested these predictions using known occurrences from introduced populations of largemouth bass, both in the aggregate and by habitat type. All analyses robustly predicted known Japanese occurrences (P < 0.001). The number of smallmouth bass in Japan was too small for statistical tests, but the 10 known occurrences were predicted by the majority of models.
Oxazolidinones, Antibacterials
Authors: Hollingsworth Rawle I. , Wang Guijun 
Published: July 2004

AbstractOxazolidinones hold great promise as the new line of defense against bacteria that have become resistance to the spectrum of available therapies. Much success has been realized in the treatment of infections by drug resistantStaphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecium, andStreptococcus pneumonia strainsby the introduction of linezolid (Zyvox). Multidrug resistance involving these pathogens represents one of the largest unmet needs in medicine today. As a class oxazolidinones have not shown great promise in the treatment of gram‐negative infections. The overall activity spectrum of this class of drugs is relatively narrow and this has been a significant restriction in their use. The structure activity relationships have been relatively well characterized and the mode of interaction with the ribosome to prevent protein synthesis is being elucidated. The negative effect of linezolid on bone marrow production is a matter of some concern. Several linezolid resistant strains have now been reported.
Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Chiu Hsin‐Tien 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is a chemical process that transforms vapor‐phase molecules, called precursors, into solid materials, such as thin films on substrates and powders. This process is carried out inside a flow reactor. By supplying either thermal, photo‐ or plasma energy to the reactor, the precursors are activated and decomposed to deposit the solids. The process is widely used to produce thin films for semiconductor devices and protective coatings on precision machine parts. It is also capable of producing fine powders, nanotubes, nanorods, and nanowires of many different materials.