bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction: All Ireland Fatigue Coalition
Authors: Daly Peter A. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The first professional meeting and educational symposium of the All Ireland Fatigue Coalition (AIFC) convened in Dublin in September 2002, with an attendance of 350 health professionals who work in cancer research and cancer patient care. The AIFC is a multidisciplinary team of doctors, nurses, and other health care professionals from Ireland, Northern Ireland, and the U.S. whose mission is to champion the proactive management of cancer-related fatigue. The major goals of the symposium were to better understand the status and prevalence of cancer fatigue on the island of Ireland and to learn how to better assess and manage fatigue in cancer patients. An international faculty presented on topics ranging from defining the condition to developing an international protocol implementing a fatigue algorithm.
Anemia in Cancer: Some Pathophysiological Aspects
Authors: Dicato Mario 
Published: August 2004

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to:
Recognize the causes of anemia in cancer patients. Describe ways in which the action of erythropoietin is regulated. Explain the methods for treating anemia and indications for treatment.
Access and take the CME test online and receive one hour of AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
More than 30% of cancer patients experience anemia and its side effect, fatigue. Its causes can be numerous, but anemia is usually secondary to an imbalance of cytokines. Among these, tumor necrosis factor-alpha seems to be the major culprit, creating anemia by blunting the physiological effect of erythropoietin. Pharmacologically increasing the erythropoietin level corrects the anemia in about half the treated patients. Several studies have shown that quality of life is substantially improved through such therapy.
Liposomal Anthracyclines and New Treatment Approaches for Breast Cancer
Authors: Wolff Antonio C. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to:
Describe the rationale for combining growth factor pathway modulators and cytotoxic agents in the treatment of breast cancer. Discuss clinical trials examining the efficacy and safety of trastuzumab in combination with other agents, including liposomal anthracyclines, in the treatment of breast cancer. Discuss new directions in breast cancer research.
Access and take the CME test online and receive one hour of AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
Breast cancer research is entering a new and promising phase, with greater focus on patient quality of life and therapy selection based on specific targets of interest. Growth factor pathway modulators represent an area of increasing interest for clinicians treating various cancer types, including breast cancer. Therapeutic strategies combining cytotoxic drugs with specific targets using small molecules and targeted antibody therapy may help circumvent potential growth factor survival mechanisms in solid tumors. One of the challenges when combining these agents, however, is the potential for pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions, making safety an important consideration. An example of a growth factor pathway modulator with clinical application in breast cancer is trastuzumab. Based on its efficacy in metastatic disease, ongoing clinical trials are examining trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy in the adjuvant setting. Concerns about the cardiac safety of trastuzumab given concomitantly with conventional anthracyclines support ongoing investigations of regimens combining it with liposomal anthracyclines, based on available data indicating a more favorable cardiac safety profile with liposomal formulations.
Liposomal Anthracyclines in Metastatic Breast Cancer: Clinical Update
Authors: Rivera Edgardo 
Published: August 2004

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to:
Differentiate liposomal anthracycline formulations. Describe the efficacies and tolerabilities of liposomal anthracyclines as single agents and in combination therapy in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Compare the efficacies and tolerabilities of liposomal anthracyclines with those of conventional anthracyclines.
Access and take the CME test online and receive one hour of AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
Anthracyclines are a mainstay of therapy for patients with metastatic breast cancer. However, their use has been limited by associated toxicities, including myelosuppression, alopecia, nausea and vomiting, stomatitis, and most importantly, cardiotoxicity. Liposomal anthracyclines were developed to increase the therapeutic index of conventional anthracyclines by maintaining antitumor efficacy while improving the safety profile. There are currently three liposomal formulations: liposomal daunorubicin, liposomal doxorubicin (D-99), and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin. Only one phase I study has been conducted with liposomal daunorubicin for metastatic breast cancer. Liposomal doxorubicin has shown comparable efficacy with conventional doxorubicin and less toxicity. Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin is the most widely studied of the liposomal anthracyclines and has demonstrated similar efficacy to conventional doxorubicin and a better safety profile, including significantly less cardiotoxicity, in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin has shown efficacy as a single agent and in combination with many agents, including cyclophosphamide, paclitaxel, docetaxel, and gemcitabine, with response rates ranging from 33%-75%. Growing evidence supports the use of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin as first-line treatment for patients with metastatic breast cancer, owing to its antitumor activity in both anthracycline-naïve patients and in patients with previous anthracycline exposure.
Blocked Pathways: FTIs Shut Down Oncogene Signals
Authors: Sebti Saïd M. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to:
Describe how mutations in ras oncogenes affect cell signal transduction pathways and disrupt cell growth, differentiation, proliferation, and survival. Identify the mechanisms of action of two classes of prenylation inhibitors, the farnesyl transferase inhibitors (FTIs) and the geranylgeranyl transferase-I inhibitors (GGTIs). Explain the in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity of FTIs and GGTIs in multiple myeloma and myelodysplastic syndrome.
Access and take the CME test online and receive one hour of AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
Ras proteins play fundamental roles in cell signal transduction pathways that regulate cell growth, differentiation, proliferation, and survival. ras mutations are among the most frequently encountered genetic abnormalities in human cancers and play a key role in tumorigenesis. The enzymatic attachment of a 15- or 20-carbon moiety to the Ras protein through farnesylation or geranylgeranylation, respectively, is a required step in the proper localization and activation of Ras. Inhibition of the catalytic enzymes, farnesyl transferase and geranylgeranyl transferase, is a novel, mechanism-based, targeted approach to cancer therapy development. Geranylgeranyl transferase inhibitors suppress tumor growth by accumulating cells in the G1/S cell cycle phase. One mechanism by which farnesyl transferase inhibitors suppress tumor growth is by inhibiting bipolar spindle formation, thereby blocking progression from prophase to metaphase. Although the exact molecular target responsible for the antitumor activity of farnesyl transferase inhibitors is unclear, at least in some tumor cells, inhibition of phosphoinositide-3-OH kinase/Akt-mediated cell survival pathways may play a critical role. Identifying the farnesylated proteins that are targeted by farnesyl transferase inhibitors and the tumor molecular signatures that dictate which set of patients will respond to farnesyl transferase inhibitors are critical end points for future mechanistic studies.
Formation of Arrayed Droplets by Soft Lithography and Two‐Phase Fluid Flow, and Application in Protein Crystallization
Authors: Zheng B. , Tice J. D. , Ismagilov R. F. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis paper presents an overview of our recent work on the use of soft lithography and two‐phase fluid flow to form arrays of droplets. The crucial issues in the formation of stable arrays of droplets and alternating droplets of two sets of aqueous solutions include the geometry of the microchannels, the capillary number, and the water fraction of the system. Glass capillaries could be coupled to the PDMS microchannels and droplets could be transferred into glass capillaries for long‐term storage. The arrays of droplets have been applied to screen the conditions for protein crystallization with microbatch and vapor diffusion techniques.
Three‐Dimensional Nanofabrication with Rubber Stamps and Conformable Photomasks
Authors: Jeon S. , Menard E. , Park J.‐U. , Maria J. , Meitl M. , Zaumseil J. , Rogers J. A. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis article briefly describes two recently developed soft‐lithographic techniques that can be used to fabricate complex, well‐defined three‐dimensional (3D) nanostructures. The first relies on the single or multilayer transfer of thin solid ‘ink' coatings from high‐resolution rubber stamps. The second uses these stamps as conformable phase masks for proximity field nanopatterning of thin layers of transparent photopolymers. Although both techniques use the same pattern‐transfer elements, they rely on completely different physical principles and they provide complementary patterning capabilities. The operational simplicity of the techniques, their ability to pattern large areas quickly, and the flexibility in the geometry of structures that can be formed with them suggest general utility for 3D nanomanufacturing.
Micropatterned Environments in Cell Biology
Authors: Raghavan S. , Chen C. S. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractMicrofabrication and materials‐science‐based approaches provide a powerful new set of tools to control the spatial organization and temporal presentation of cellular cues. In this progress report, we highlight recent advances in the technological development and application of these tools to study how cells sense and respond to their microenvironment.
Crystallization in Patterns: A Bio‐Inspired Approach
Authors: Aizenberg J. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractNature produces a wide variety of exquisite, highly functional mineralized tissues using simple inorganic salts. Biomineralization occurs within specific microenvironments, and is finely tuned by cells and specialized biomacromolecules. This article surveys bio‐inspired approaches to artificial crystallization based on the above concept: that is, the use of organized organic surfaces patterned with specific initiation domains on a sub‐micrometer scale to control patterned crystal growth. Specially tailored self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) of ω‐terminated alkanethiols were micropatterned on metal films using soft lithography and applied as organic templates for the nucleation of calcium carbonate. Crystallization results in the formation of large‐area, high‐resolution inorganic replicas of the underlying organic patterns. SAMs provide sites for ordered nucleation, and make it possible to control various aspects of the crystallization process, including the precise localization of particles, nucleation density, crystal sizes, crystallographic orientation, morphology, polymorph, stability, and architecture. The ability to construct periodic arrays of uniform oriented single crystals, large single crystals with controlled microporosity, or films presenting patterns of crystals offers a potent methodology to materials engineering.
Form and Function in Multilayer Assembly: New Applications at the Nanoscale
Authors: Hammond P. T. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractNew frontiers in materials and polymer science include the development of assembly processes that are flexible, allow the access and implementation of nanoscale structure and order, can provide access to a broad range of materials systems, and yet can be implemented at relatively low cost. The ability to fine tune the composition of nanostructured thin films on the nanometer length scale, when combined with inexpensive patterning and templating routes, provides a powerful tool for nano‐ and microscale assembly of devices and novel new material systems. The layer‐by‐layer electrostatic assembly technique is a rich, versatile, and significantly inexpensive approach to the formation of thin films via alternating adsorption of positively and negatively charged species from aqueous solutions; this method has also been extended to include the alternation of polymers with hydrogen‐bond donor and acceptor groups. Polymer organic and organic/inorganic thin films formed using this technique may contain a number of different functional groups, including electro‐optic, electroluminescent, conducting, and dielectric layers, and functional organic and inorganic nanoparticles. Newly developed materials systems based on alternating layer methods will be addressed, as well as a number of frontier areas and future areas for the use of these systems, ranging from nanomechanical composites to electrochemical devices and templated deposition of functional microspheres. Both new functionalities incorporated within these materials and new means of patterning and templating these structures in two and three dimensions will be addressed in this review.
Patterning: Principles and Some New Developments
Authors: Geissler M. , Xia Y. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis article provides an overview of various patterning methodologies, and it is organized into three major sections: generation of patterns, replication of patterns, and three‐dimensional patterning. Generation of patterns from scratch is usually accomplished by serial techniques that are able to provide arbitrary features. The writing process can be carried out in many different ways. It can be achieved using a rigid stylus; or a focused beam of photons, electrons, and other energetic particles. It can also be accomplished using an electrical or magnetic field; or through localized add‐on of materials such as a liquid‐like ink from an external source. In addition, some ordered but relatively simple patterns can be formed by means of self‐assembly. In replication of patterns, structural information from a mask, master, or stamp is transferred to multiple copies with the use of an appropriate material. The patterned features on a mask are mainly used to direct a flux of radiation or physical matter from a source onto a substrate, whereas a master/stamp serves as the original for replication based on embossing, molding, or printing. The last section of this article deals with three‐dimensional patterning, where both vertical and lateral dimensions of a structure need to be precisely controlled to generate well‐defined shapes and profiles. The article is illustrated with various examples derived from recent developments in this field.
Theoretische Chemie des Golds
Authors: Pyykkö Pekka 
Published: August 2004

AbstractDie besonderen Eigenschaften des Golds sind entscheidend durch relativistische Effekte bestimmt. Mittlerweile existiert eine Vielzahl zuverlässiger Rechnungen zu Goldverbindungen, deren Kernaussagen hier dargestellt werden. Besonderes Augenmerk liegt auf den aurophilen Wechselwirkungen in mehrkernigen Goldverbindungen.
Structure transition in myosin association with the change of concentration: Solubility equilibrium under specified KCl and pH condition
Authors: Tsunashima Yoshisuke , Akutagawa Tohru 
Published: August 2004

AbstractWe observed, for the first time, the elementary process for the ordered self‐assembly formation of myosin in solution. It was realized exclusively under the specific condition of 200 mM KCl, 5 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.08, at 15–20°C, which is called the transition‐generating condition (TGC). Described more in detail: pure myosin extracted from rabbit skeletal muscle exhibited the structural transition in its association form only when the myosin concentration c was changed under TGC. The myosin solubility was saturated in both edges of the total myosin concentration c > 10.0 mg/mL (solubility region II) and c ≦ 0.25 mg/mL (solubility region I). In the intermediate region, the association structure of myosin changed stepwise with decreasing c. The steps were classified into four regions: region I (c ≦ 0.25 mg/mL), II (0.25 ≦ c ≦ 0.50 mg/mL), III (0.50 ≦ c ≦ 5.0 mg/mL), and IV (c > 5.0 mg/mL). In each region except II, the plot of the relative soluble myosin concentration caq/c against c−1 gave a straight line of different slopes, certifying that myosin constructs self‐assemblies by the closed association mechanism and that the self‐assembly takes dual structures in each region. In region II, a drastic transition occurred in the self‐assembled dual structures. Here, a highly associated (insoluble) giant assembly would break into soluble assemblies composed of several myosin molecules. The solubility region I originates a driving force for this structural transition. The basic binding unit of the self‐assembly would be a parallel myosin‐dimer constructed by the intermolecular axial staggers of 14.3 and 43 nm, as is observed by X‐ray diffraction for the thick filament assembly or light meromyosin paracrystals. Myosin could take a single rod‐like chain form only in an extremely low concentration region of c ≦ caq,0 (= 0.053 mg/mL). The association behavior revealed in the present study suggests strongly that the complementary charge cluster and its electrostatic interaction between parallel myosin rods play a crucial role for the ordered self‐assembly formation and that the specific electrostatic atmosphere of the solution under TGC is essential to the association mechanism in skeletal muscle myosin, or the thick filament formation of the mammals. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers, 2004
Development of an automated water toxicity biosensor using Thiobacillus ferrooxidans for monitoring cyanides in natural water for a water filtering plant
Authors: Okochi Mina , Mima Koji , Miyata Maki , Shinozaki Youhei , Haraguchi Satoshi , Fujisawa Minoru , Kaneko Masao , Masukata Tadashi , Matsunaga Tadashi 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAn on‐line biosensor consisting of immobilized Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and an oxygen electrode was developed for automated monitoring of acute toxicity in water samples. T. ferrooxidans is an obligatory acidophilic, autotrophic bacterium and derives its energy by the oxidation of ferrous ion, elemental sulfur, and reduced sulfur compounds including metal sulfides. The assay is based on the monitoring of a current increase by addition of toxicoids, which is caused by the inhibition of bacterial respiration and decrease in oxygen consumption. Optimum cell number on the membrane was 5.0 × 108 cells. The steady‐state current was obtained when concentration of FeSO4 was above 3.6 mM at pH 3. The sensor response of T. ferrooxidans immobilized membrane for 5.0 μM KCN was within an error of 10% for 30 membranes. A linear relationship was obtained at KCN concentration in the range of 0.5–3.0 μM in a flow‐type monitoring system. Minimum detectable concentrations of KCN, Na2S, and NaN3 were 0.5, 1.2, and 0.07 μM, respectively. The monitoring system contained two biosensors and these sensors were cleaned with sulfuric acid (pH 1.5) twice a day. This treatment could remove fouling on microbial immobilized membrane by natural water and ferrous precipitation in the flow cell. This flow‐type monitoring sensor was operated continuously for 5 months. Also, T. ferrooxidans immobilized membrane can be stored for one month at 4°C when preserved with wet absorbent cotton under argon gas. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Real time quantitative PCR as a method to evaluate xenotropic murine leukemia virus removal during pharmaceutical protein purification
Authors: Shi Liming , Chen Qi , Norling Lenore A. , Lau Allen S.L. , Krejci Sherrie , Xu Yuan 
Published: August 2004

AbstractChinese hamster ovary cells used for pharmaceutical protein production express noninfectious retrovirus‐like particles. To assure the safety of pharmaceutical proteins, validation of the ability of manufacturing processes to clear retrovirus‐like particles is required for product registration. Xenotropic murine leukemia virus (X‐MuLV) is often used as a model virus for clearance studies. Traditionally, cell‐based infectivity assay has been the standard virus quantification method. In this article, a real time quantitative PCR (Q‐PCR) method has been developed for X‐MuLV detection/quantification. This method provides accurate and reproducible quantification of X‐MuLV particle RNA (pRNA) over a linear dynamic range of at least 100,000‐fold with a quantification limit of approximately 1.5 pRNA copies μL−1. It is about 100‐fold more sensitive than the cell‐based infectivity assay. High concentrations of protein and cellular DNA present in test samples have been demonstrated to have no impact on X‐MuLV quantification. The X‐MuLV clearance during chromatography and filtration procedures determined by this method is highly comparable with that determined by the cell‐based infectivity assay. X‐MuLV clearance measured by both methods showed that anion exchange chramotography (QSFF) and DV50 viral filtration are robust retrovirual removal steps. In addition, combination of the two methods was able to distinguish the viral removal from inactivation by the Protein A chromatography, and fully recognize the viral clearance capacity of this step. This new method offers significant advantages over cell‐based infectivity assays. It could be used to substitute cell‐based infectivity assays for process validation of viral removal procedures, but not inactivation steps. Its availability should greatly facilitate and reduce the cost of viral clearance evaluations for new biologic product development. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Subminute and sensitive determination of the neurotransmitter serotonin in urine by capillary electrophoresis with laser‐induced ﬂuorescence detection
Authors: Román David Arráez , Carretero Antonio Segura , Blanco Carmen Cruces , Gutiérrez Alberto Fernández 
Published: August 2004

AbstractIn this work, a sub‐minute and sensitive capillary electrophoresis with laser‐induced ﬂuorescence (CE‐LIF) method was developed for the analysis and quantitation of the neurotransmitter 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) or serotonin in urine. The method involves precolumn derivatization with ﬂuorescein isothiocyanate isomer I (FITC) using an excitation light from an argon ion laser of 488 nm and a 520 nm band pass emission ﬁlter. Different variables that affect derivatization (pH, FITC concentration, reaction time and temperature) and separation (buffer concentration, pH, applied voltage and injection time) were studied. The linear dynamic range obtained was between 0 and 188 nm with a detection limit of 16 nm with a RSD between 2 and 9%. The applicability of the proposed method was demonstrated by analysis of 5‐HT in human urine, establishing a concentration of 57 nm in control urine. The method was validated by standard‐addition methodology. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.