bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Defining operational taxonomic units using DNA barcode data
Authors: Blaxter Mark , Mann Jenna , Chapman Tom , Thomas Fran , Whitton Claire , Floyd Robin , Abebe Eyualem 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe scale of diversity of life on this planet is a significant challenge for any scientific programme hoping to produce a complete catalogue, whatever means is used. For DNA barcoding studies, this difficulty is compounded by the realization that any chosen barcode sequence is not the gene ‘for’ speciation and that taxa have evolutionary histories. How are we to disentangle the confounding effects of reticulate population genetic processes? Using the DNA barcode data from meiofaunal surveys, here we discuss the benefits of treating the taxa defined by barcodes without reference to their correspondence to ‘species’, and suggest that using this non-idealist approach facilitates access to taxon groups that are not accessible to other methods of enumeration and classification. Major issues remain, in particular the methodologies for taxon discrimination in DNA barcode data.
Quantitative Modeling of Arabidopsis Development
Authors: Mündermann Lars , Erasmus Yvette , Lane Brendan , Coen Enrico , Prusinkiewicz Przemyslaw 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
We present an empirical model of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), intended as a framework for quantitative understanding of plant development. The model simulates and realistically visualizes development of aerial parts of the plant from seedling to maturity. It integrates thousands of measurements, taken from several plants at frequent time intervals. These data are used to infer growth curves, allometric relations, and progression of shapes over time, which are incorporated into the final three-dimensional model. Through the process of model construction, we identify the key attributes required to characterize the development of Arabidopsis plant form over time. The model provides a basis for integrating experimental data and constructing mechanistic models.
The Sireviruses, a Plant-Specific Lineage of the Ty1/copia Retrotransposons, Interact with a Family of Proteins Related to Dynein Light Chain 8
Authors: Havecker Ericka R. , Gao Xiang , Voytas Daniel F. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Plant genomes are rich in long terminal repeat retrotransposons, and here we describe a plant-specific lineage of Ty1/copia elements called the Sireviruses. The Sireviruses vary greatly in their genomic organization, and many have acquired additional coding information in the form of an envelope-like open reading frame and an extended gag gene. Two-hybrid screens were conducted with the novel domain of Gag (the Gag extension) encoded by a representative Sirevirus from maize (Zea mays) called Hopie. The Hopie Gag extension interacts with a protein related to dynein light chain 8 (LC8). LC8 also interacts with the Gag extension from a Hopie homolog from rice (Oryza sativa). Amino acid motifs were identified in both Hopie Gag and LC8 that are responsible for the interaction. Two amino acids critical for Gag recognition map within the predicted LC8-binding cleft. Two-hybrid screens were also conducted with the Gag extension encoded by the soybean (Glycine max) SIRE1 element, and an interaction was found with light chain 6 (LC6), a member of the LC8 protein family. LC8 and LC6 proteins are components of the dynein microtubule motor, with LC8 being a versatile adapter that can bind many unrelated cellular proteins and viruses. Plant LC8 and LC6 genes are abundant and divergent, yet flowering plants do not encode other components of the dynein motor. Although, to our knowledge, no cellular roles for plant LC8 family members have been proposed, we hypothesize that binding of LC8 proteins to Gag aids in the movement of retrotransposon virus-like particles within the plant cell or possibly induces important conformational changes in the Gag protein.
Drinking pattern among adolescents with immigrant and Norwegian backgrounds: A two‐way influence?
Authors: Amundsen Ellen J. , Rossow Ingeborg , Skurtveit Svetlana 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTAims  To assess the association between drinking behaviour among adolescents with both immigrant and native backgrounds with aspects of acculturation.Design  Cross‐sectional school survey among 15–16 year olds.Setting and participants  All students, a total of 8361, in 10th grade during spring 2000 and 2001 in Oslo, Norway with response rate 88.3%. The sample consisted of 1213 students with an immigrant background and 4627 students with a Norwegian background.Measurements  Indicators of the length of the acculturation process were assessed as first versus second generation and in terms of length of stay in Norway. The proportion of Muslim students in school was an indicator of social environment ‘dryness’. Drinking behaviour was assessed as drinking alcohol ever, drinking frequency and intoxication frequency.Findings  A smaller proportion of immigrant students were current drinkers, frequent drinkers and drank to intoxication compared with adolescents with a Norwegian background. Adjusted two‐level analyses showed that alcohol drinking was less common among immigrant students with a short stay in Norway and with a large proportion of Muslim students in school. In those with a Norwegian background there was a larger proportion of abstainers, and those who drank did so less frequently and were less frequently intoxicated the larger the proportion of Muslim students there was in their school.Conclusion  Drinking behaviour among adolescents in a multicultural and heterogeneous society seems to reflect a bi‐directional acculturation process where the majority population tend to adapt to the behaviours of the immigrant population which in turn, to a varying degree, tends to adapt to the behaviour of the majority population.
Young children's understandings of cigarette smoking
Authors: Freeman Dan , Brucks Merrie , Wallendorf Melanie 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTAims We explore young children's attitudes toward, beliefs about, and life‐style associations with cigarette smoking using direct and indirect measures.Design, setting and participants Second (n = 100) and fifth grade (n = 141) elementary school students (i.e. 7–8 and 10–11‐year‐olds) were excused from class and individually interviewed.Methods Participants selected pictures in response to the questions: who would like to smoke cigarettes the most and who would like to smoke cigarettes the least? Their picture choices were probed using open‐ended prompts designed to elicit the beliefs and life‐style associations underlying their choices. Survey‐based measures of attitudes and beliefs were also collected.Findings Second graders reported life‐style associations with cigarette smoking that were consistent with those of fifth graders. While their associations with smoking are generally negative, children appear to perceive that others feel that smoking makes them look cool and feel cool and also helps them to fit in. By fifth grade, many children believe that smoking can help to reduce stress and alleviate negative mood states. The presence of a smoker in the household does not appear to affect these associations, suggesting that they may be being shaped by external socialization agents.Conclusion Young children appear to be developing understandings of cigarette smoking that go beyond knowing that cigarettes are products that are smoked. As some of their perceptions appear likely to predispose them for future experimentation, young children need to be included in prevention research so that age‐appropriate interventions can be developed.
Outcome of psychological treatments of pathological gambling: a review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Pallesen Ståle , Mitsem Morten , Kvale Gerd , Johnsen Bjørn‐Helge , Molde Helge 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTAims  To investigate the short‐ and long‐term effect of psychological treatments of pathological gambling and factors relating to treatment outcome.Design and setting  This study provides a quantitative meta‐analytical review of psychotherapeutic treatments of pathological gambling. Studies were identified by computer search in the PsycINFO and Medline databases covering the period from 1966 to 2004, as well as from relevant reference lists.Inclusion criteria  The target problem was pathological gambling, the treatment was psychological, the study was published in English and outcomes directly pertaining to gambling were employed. Single case studies, studies where elimination of gambling not was the priority and studies with insufficient statistical information were excluded from the present meta‐analysis.Participants  A total of 37 outcome studies, published or reported between 1968 and 2004, were identified. Of these 15 were excluded, thus 22 studies were included, involving 1434 subjects. The grand mean age was 40.1 years. The overall proportion of men was 71.5%.Measurements  The included studies were coded for outcome measures of pathological gambling. For each condition, means and standard deviations for gambling‐related outcome measures, all based upon self‐reports or therapist ratings, were compiled at three points in time: baseline, post‐treatment and the last follow‐up reported.Findings  Effect sizes represent the difference between the mean score in a treatment condition and a control condition or the difference between mean scores at separated points in time for one group, expressed in terms of standard deviation units. At post‐treatment the analysis indicated that psychological treatments were more effective than no treatment, yielding an overall effect size of 2.01 (P < 0.01). At follow‐up (averaging 17.0 months) the corresponding effect size was 1.59 (P < 0.01). A multiple regression analysis showed that the magnitude of effect sizes at post‐treatment were lower in studies including patients with a formal diagnosis of pathological gambling only, compared to studies not employing such inclusion criteria. Effect sizes were also higher in randomized controlled trials compared to not randomized controlled trials, higher in within subjects designs compared to between subjects designs and also positively related to number of therapy sessions. No mediator variables were significantly related to the magnitude of the effect sizes at follow‐up.Conclusion  Psychological interventions for pathological gamble seem to be yield very favourable short‐ and long‐term outcomes.
Recent trends in smoking and the role of public policies: results from the SimSmoke tobacco control policy simulation model
Authors: Levy David T. , Nikolayev Leonid , Mumford Elizabeth 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTAims  After a period of steady decline in smoking prevalence, smoking rates leveled off in the United States between 1990 and 1997, but began falling between 1997 and 2003. Trends in smoking prevalence, and the role of tobacco control policies in affecting those rates, are examined.Design  A computer simulation model is used in which smoking prevalence evolves through initiation and cessation, which are in turn influenced by tobacco control policies.Methods  The results of the model are compared to smoking prevalence measures from the US National Health Interview Survey between 1993 and 2003. We also consider the role of tax/price, clean air laws, media campaigns and youth access policies in influencing these rates.Findings  Both the SimSmoke model and data for recent years indicate that adult smoking prevalence changed little between 1993 and 1997, and even increased among youth. Between 1997 and 2003, smoking prevalence has been declining. Most age, gender and racial–ethnic groups show patterns similar to that of the entire population, with differences for those aged 18–24 years. The predominant trends were explained mainly by changes in price, with some residual effect of clean air laws, media campaigns and youth access laws.Conclusions  Among public tobacco control policies, price had the dominant effect on smoking prevalence between 1993 and 2003, because few states implemented other policies to the degree necessary to affect much change. Through continued tax increases, stronger clean air laws, extensive media campaigns and broader cessation treatment programs, there is the potential to have much larger reductions in smoking prevalence.
A randomized trial assessing the Five‐Day Plan for smoking cessation
Authors: Romand Raymond , Gourgou Sophie , Sancho‐Garnier Hélène 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTAim  To evaluate the effectiveness of the Five‐Day Plan (FDP) in helping smokers to stop smoking.Design  Randomized controlled trial comparing intervention and control groups. The primary outcome measure was 12 months continuous abstinence verified by expired air carbon monoxide concentration. Secondary outcome measures were self‐reported abstinence at end of treatment, at 3 and 6 months.Setting  Six towns in France.Participants  228 smokers, recruited by newspaper and radio advertisement, aged 18 years or over and willing to make an attempt to quit smoking.Intervention  The Intervention group (119 participants) received the FDP, which is a behavioural group‐based treatment programme that has been in operation in France since 1965. It involves five consecutive evening behavioural therapy sessions. The Control group (109 participants) received a single session discussing the health effects of smoking.Findings  In the Intervention group, 67 participants (56%) quit smoking at the end of the FDP. After three months this number had been reduced to 30 (25%) and to 19 (16%) by the end of one year. In the Control group these numbers were 14 (13%) and 12 (11%), respectively, after three and 12 months. When considering the rate of cessation without lapse after one year a significant difference was observed with a 13% rate in the Intervention group and 3% in the Control group (P = 0.004).Conclusions  The FDP may be considered as an aid for smokers who want to quit.
Reverse gateways? Frequent cannabis use as a predictor of tobacco initiation and nicotine dependence
Authors: Patton George C. , Coffey Carolyn , Carlin John B. , Sawyer Susan M. , Lynskey Michael 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTAims  To examine the risk posed by cannabis use in young people for tobacco use disorders. Specifically we examined whether cannabis use in non‐smokers predicted later initiation of tobacco use and whether cannabis use predicted later nicotine dependence in tobacco users.Design  A 10‐year eight‐wave cohort study.Setting  State of Victoria, Australia.Participants  A community sample of 1943 participants initially aged 14–15 years.Measurements  Self‐report of tobacco and cannabis use was assessed in the teens using a computerized interview assessment and in young adulthood with a CATI assessment. The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence was used to define nicotine dependence.Findings  For teen non‐smokers, at least one report of weekly cannabis use in the teens predicted a more than eightfold increase in the odds of later initiation of tobacco use (OR 8.3; 95% CI 1.9–36). For 21‐year‐old smokers, not yet nicotine‐dependent, daily cannabis use raised the odds of nicotine dependence at the  age  of  24 years  more  than  threefold  (OR  3.6,  1.2,  10)  after  controlling  for possible confounders, including level of tobacco use and subsyndromal signs of nicotine dependence.Conclusions  Weekly or more cannabis use during the teens and young adulthood is associated with an increased risk of late initiation of tobacco use and progression to nicotine dependence. If this effect is causal, it may be that a heightened risk of nicotine dependence is the most important health consequence of early frequent cannabis use.
Methadone doses of 100 mg or greater are more effective than lower doses at suppressing heroin self‐administration in opioid‐dependent volunteers
Authors: Donny Eric C. , Brasser Susan M. , Bigelow George E. , Stitzer Maxine L. , Walsh Sharon L. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTAims Methadone maintenance has been an effective pharmacotherapy for the treatment of heroin dependence for nearly four decades. Recent clinical research suggests that methadone doses larger than those used in most clinics are more effective at suppressing illicit heroin use. This greater efficacy may result from greater cross‐tolerance to the reinforcing effects of heroin.Design The purpose of this double‐blind, within‐subject study was to examine the relationship between methadone maintenance dose and the reinforcing effects of heroin.Setting Participants were stabilized on 50, 100 and 150 mg methadone (ascending order) during separate outpatient periods before being admitted to an inpatient research unit for testing at each maintenance dose.Participants Five opiate‐dependent volunteers completed the study.Measurements During each 4‐week inpatient testing period, participants sampled three doses of heroin (0, 10, or 20 mg; random order; one dose per week) and were subsequently allowed seven opportunities to choose between another injection of that week's heroin dose and varying amounts of money ($2–38).Findings The number of heroin injections chosen decreased as methadone dose was increased. Larger alternative monetary reinforcers were required to suppress heroin self‐administration during maintenance on 50 compared to 100 or 150 mg methadone. Larger methadone doses also completely blocked the subjective effects of heroin and produced greater withdrawal suppression during the outpatient periods.Conclusions These results support other clinical and laboratory‐based research indicating that persistent heroin use may be reduced by providing larger methadone maintenance doses that produce more effective cross‐tolerance to heroin.
Haemolytic uraemic syndrome is an immune‐mediated disease: role of anti‐CD36 antibodies
Authors: Rock Gail , Clark William , Sternbach Marion , Kolajova Maria , McLaine Peter 
Published: September 2005

SummaryHaemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) is a disorder in which platelet microthrombi are formed that have a particular propensity to deposit in the kidney microvasculature, resulting in impaired renal function and thrombocytopenia. The mechanism of formation of these microthrombi is not known. In this study, we showed that plasma from five adult and six paediatric cases of HUS caused aggregation and release of adenosine triphosphate from normal platelets. The plasma reacted against platelet lysate in a protein blot and all samples showed reactivity against a band at 88 kDa, corresponding to the membrane antigen CD36. This was confirmed by probing with Mo91, a monoclonal antibody to CD36. CD36 was also identified in the immune complex formed by incubation of patient plasmas with normal platelet lysate. In other studies, bands of 32 and 7·7 kDa were obtained when purified verotoxin was protein blotted and probed with either patient plasma or with anti‐CD36 antibody Mo91 suggesting structural homologies between CD36 and verotoxin. While a direct cause–effect relationship is not yet established, the data support the concept of an immunological pathogenesis for HUS and suggest that molecular mimicry involving one or both of the homologous domains in membrane‐bound CD36 and verotoxin lead to the development of antibodies capable of inducing the pathophysiological events characteristic of HUS.
Modulation of erythrocyte arginase activity in sickle cell disease patients during hydroxyurea therapy
Authors: Iyamu Efemwonkiekie W. , Cecil Renee , Parkin Leslie , Woods Gerald , Ohene‐Frempong Kwaku , Asakura Toshio 
Published: September 2005

SummaryAn elevated erythrocyte arginase activity with a corresponding decrease in nitric oxide (NO) level has been implicated in the pathophysiology of sickle cell disease (SCD). Recent studies have shown that hydroxyurea (HU) increases the production of NO, which increases the soluble guanylate cyclase activity and fetal haemoglobin (HbF) synthesis. To study the effects of HU on the arginase and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activities in SCD patients, we compared levels of arginase activity and NO metabolites in red blood cells and plasma, respectively, from 23 patients with SCD (HbSS) receiving HU therapy, with those of 12 SCD patients not receiving HU treatment. Patients on HU therapy showed significantly lower arginase activity than that of HbSS patients not on HU therapy (1·36 ± 0·2 U/108 cells vs. 3·31 ± 0·29 U/108 cells). NOS activity was higher in patients on HU therapy than in untreated patients (0·72 ± 0·4 nmol/ml/min vs. 0·35 ± 0·15 nmol/ml/min, P < 0·05). Among the HU‐treated patients, the decreased level of arginase activity correlated (r = 0·71) with HbF level as well as the mean corpuscular haemoglobin content. These data suggest that one of the beneficial effects of HU in vivo may involve the regulation of arginase activity and a concomitant induction of NOS activity, which may lead to an increased production of NO. The outcome of this study may lead to the development of improved NO‐based treatments for SCD.
TheJAK2V617Ftyrosine kinase mutation in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia: lineage specificity and clinical correlates
Authors: Tefferi Ayalew , Lasho Terra L. , Schwager Susan M. , Steensma David P. , Mesa Ruben A. , Li Chin‐Yang , Wadleigh Martha , Gary Gilliland D. 
Published: September 2005

SummaryAn association between an activatingJAK2mutation (JAK2V617F) andBCR/ABL‐negative myeloproliferative disorders was recently reported in multiple simultaneous publications. In the current study, mutation analysis forJAK2V617Fwas performed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 157 patients with myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia (MMM) including 117 with agnogenic (AMM), 22 with postpolycythaemic (PPMM), and 18 with post‐thrombocythaemic (PTMM) myeloid metaplasia. The detection rate forJAK2V617Fwas significantly higher in PPMM (91%; homozygous in 18%) compared with either AMM (45·3%; homozygous in 2·6%) or PTMM (38·9%; homozygous in 11·1%). Concomitant analysis in granulocytes (n = 57) and CD34+cells (n = 25) disclosed a higher incidence of homozygousJAK2V617Fmutation but the overall mutation rate was similar to that obtained from PBMC.JAK2V617Fwas not detected in DNA derived from T cells (n = 19). In AMM, the presence ofJAK2V617Fwas associated with an older age at diagnosis and a history of thrombosis or pruritus. Multivariate analysis identified only age and the Dupriez prognostic score as independent prognostic factors;JAK2V617Fhad no prognostic significance. In conclusion,JAK2V617Fis a myeloid lineage‐specific event, its incidence in MMM is significantly higher with an antecedent history of polycythaemia vera (PV), and its presence in AMM does not affect prognosis but is associated with PV‐characteristic clinical features.