bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Principles of Evolutionary Theory, Evolutionary Psychology, and Genetics
Authors: Brüne Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Traditionally, the causes of psychiatric disorders and psychopathological signs and symptoms are conceptualized in terms of developmental disruptions during foetal development, adverse events during infancy, early childhood, or adolescence, and, at the neurobiological level, in terms of malfunctioning of neural circuits,dysbalanced neurotransmission or genetic vulnerability. For example, depression can be seen as the result of adverse events during infancy such as separation from an attachment figure, as a serotonin deficiency syndrome, or be associated with allelic variation of the transporter gene. There is no doubt that research into the behavioural and neurobiological roots of psychological dysfunction has greatly improved our understanding of psychopathology,but from a broader biological perspective, this is only half of the story. A common misconception of psychiatry is to assume that an understanding of an individual❜s early developmental conditions and the neurochemistry or molecular level of brain function is sufficient to understand the pathology of cognitive-emotional-behavioural systems. This is as incorrect as assuming that ontogeny and physiology alone are sufficient to understand the nature of animal behaviour. Nikolaas Tinbergen, one of the great ethologists of the last century, referred to these levels as the proximate or immediate causation of behaviour. The proximate causes of behaviour comprise ontogenetic development and physiological mechanisms.
The human brain: Anatomy, Evolution, and function
Authors: Brüne Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The human brain is probably the most complex organ that has ever evolved. It is the ‘seat’ of higher cognitive functions and complex emotions, which convey a hitherto unseen behavioural flexibility. The manifold functions the human brain entertains are the result of a complex evolutionary history. The first primitive regulatory systems—receptors and biochemical mechanisms that could propel simple organisms such as bacteria—served to buffer the organism against environmental variation, e.g. in terms of avoiding toxins or approaching nutrients, and this was the principal way of regulating behaviour for a couple of billion years. But these systems were not nervous systems. Neurons (the basis of all nervous systems) are characterized by the presence of receptors, conductors, and effectors. Neurons can be electrically stimulated. The first genuine nervous systems emerged in coelenterata (e.g. jellyfish) more than 500 million years ago (mya) and consisted of small conglomerates of neurons. These early nervous systems subsequently expanded, evolving into complex hierarchically organized organs called brains.
Dementia
Authors: Brüne Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dementia is characterized by an insidious and progressive loss of memory, disorientation, cognitive decline in other domains, and affective flattening. It is often accompanied by neuropsychological deficits such as aphasia, apraxia, agnosia, or disturbances in executive functioning including planning, organizing, and sequencing of events in a logical fashion. Behavioural symptoms such as withdrawal, depression, delusions, motor restlessness, wander-ing, or aggression may complicate dementia, particularly in advanced stages of the disorder. These behavioural symptoms may occur, in part, secondary to loss of orientation and memory, with loss of autobiographic memory perhaps being most devastating. A patient, for example, who is impaired in retrieving past social interactions from autobiographical memory or recalling other relevant personal information may be more likely to respond with increasing irritability or anxiety in situations that are actually or perceived unfamiliar. Such a patient may perhaps choose a ‘safety first’ strategy or remain captured in indecisiveness, which could manifest in ruminating thinking and stereotyped behaviour, or displacement activities expressing motivational conflict and ambivalence. In any event, the combination of memory loss with other cognitive disturbances certainly leads to a profound deterioration of social competence. It is also noteworthy that, in addition to the problems the patients have themselves, which they generally deny except in the earliest stages of the disorder (anosognosia), dementia creates a substantial burden on patients’ spouses, children and other carers.
Eating Disorders
Authors: Brüne Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is characterized by a preoccupation with body weight and shape. Patients restrict their calorie intake to achieve a much lower than average body weight. Body image is usually distorted in a way that, even though the actual body weight may be dangerously low, patients perceive themselves as overweight or have fears of becoming fat.
Psychotherapy
Authors: Brüne Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Psychotherapy can be defined as the attempt to change cognitions, emotions, and behaviours in humans who suffer from maladaptive consequences of their behaviour or have caused suffering in others, by means of scientifically evaluated psychological techniques and interventions. Central to all kinds of psychotherapy is the assumption that alternative strategies to cope with interpersonal stress or other adverse stimuli can be accomplished throughout the human lifespan through learning and experience, albeit with different likelihood of success depending on age at onset, duration, and severity of the underlying disorder. It is widely acknowledged among psychotherapists that logic in therapeutic discourse alone does not suffice to enable a patient to give up maladaptive strategies; rather, it is essential that the patient feels a difference; perhaps first imaginatively, and later on, as therapy progresses, as part of his or her ‘real life’ experience. Even though it becomes increasingly clear that psychotherapy has the potential to induce long-lasting changes in brain activation, particularly in the most recently evolved cortical midline structures involved in the representation of self and others, and in phylogenetically older brain centres involved in emotion regulation, the fact that any kind of psychotherapy is deeply rooted in the evolved psychology of our species is more implicitly, rather than explicitly, approved by therapists. Mental representation of self and others is, however, at the core of interpersonal and intrapersonal conflict, as well as of conflict resolution. The ability to infer mental states and anticipate future actions of other individuals may not only have been a major driving force in human brain evolution, but also a major source of cognitive distortion causing psychological distress (for further details, see Chapters 2 and 5).
‘What a Fountain of Joys’: Reproduction and Sexual Pleasure
Authors: Toulalan Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It seems to be stating the obvious to say that pornography in the twenty-first century is about sex but not about reproduction. In the modern pornographic text (whether visual or literary) sex is represented as being for pleasure in itself, and is divorced completely from its primary purpose, the reproduction of the human race. To modern eyes, pornography and the discussion and representation of reproduction (including issues to do with the care of the woman during pregnancy, childbirth, post-parturition, and lactation) are mutually exclusive, despite having a common subject matter: sex. This was not the case, however, in early modern England, where representations of sex and the sexual body were not yet divorced from their purpose of ‘generation’.1 It is not only that the outcome of the act of intercourse was expected to be pregnancy in a period in which known methods of contraception could not be relied upon always to be successful, but that complete sexual pleasure was understood to require conception to occur.2
‘An Extraordinary Satisfaction’: Imagining Homosexuality
Authors: Toulalan Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the major narratives of women’s history, and the history of female sexuality, is that the sexual love of one woman for another is something that has been ‘hidden from history’.1 To date, the lesbian in early modern history has been recovered, and reconstructed, through medical and legal discourses or through homoerotic interpretations of the poetry and prose of female writers.2 Seventeenth-century pornographic writing is, however, a surviving textual source in which descriptions and discussion of homosexual sexual intercourse are neither hidden nor disguised. Pornography’s representation of homosexual acts, and especially of lesbian sexual encounters, has generally not been analysed to any great extent to reveal early modern understanding of the meaning of such acts.
‘Unexpected Bed Fellows’: The Comic and the Erotic
Authors: Toulalan Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have argued in earlier chapters that ‘getting the joke’ in past narratives will help the modern historian to ‘get’ an understanding of early modern sexual cultures.1 This chapter will focus specifically on the use of sexual humour in seventeenth-century pornographic texts, and argues that, to understand fully these seventeenth-century narratives, and their representations of the sexual body and sexuality, we must literally get to grips with the joke. Sexual humour is not confined to what we may term the subgenre of pornography of sexual jokes: it permeates the entire corpus of texts, whichever end of the market they were produced for, from Venus in the Cloister and The School of Venus to news-sheets, chapbooks, pamphlets, and ballads.
Electra — Waiting on God
Authors: Meaney Marie Cabaud 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dieu traverse l’univers et vient jusqu’à nous. Par-dessus l’infinité de l’espace et du temps, l’amour infiniment plus infini de Dieu vient nous saisir. Il vient à son heure. Nous avons le pouvoir de consentir à l’accueillir ou de refuser. Si nous restons sourds il revient et revient encore comme un mendiant, mais aussi, comme un mendiant, un jour ne revient plus. Si nous consentons, Dieu met en nous une petite graine et s’en va.
Conclusion: Simone Weil— An Apologist of the Supernatural
Authors: Meaney Marie Cabaud 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen that Weil is not only a strong reader, but that she is also in some sense an apologetic writer. Her concerns were apologetic, especially in the last years of her life. She was aware of the urgency of conversion given the dangers of her times, and felt the obligation to prepare the ground for a (re-)Christianization of society. She tried to show Christianity’s universality by revealing the presence of Christian intuitions in ancient societies. Furthermore, through her interpretations of classical Greek texts she attempted to convey certain Christian ideas, as my analysis has made clear. The question now remains as to how convincing her approach is, and how successful she is as an apologist.
Wittgenstein and Frege ‘s Logical Investigations
Authors: Künne Wolfgang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the three years preceding the First World War, Wittgenstein paid several visits to Frege. They met in Jena, where Frege worked as a decidedly unpopular ordentlicher Honorarprofessor of mathematics, and in Brunshaupten, a small town on the Baltic Sea coast, where Frege used to spend his holidays. It is remarkable that Wittgenstein sought Frege ‘s acquaintance, for at that time Frege was still little known, and the few who knew him tended to regard him, to use Husserl ‘s shamefully ungrateful turn of phrase, as ‘an oddball, shrewd, but not fruitful either as a mathematician or as a philosopher ‘. Who or what had made Wittgenstein aware of Frege ‘s intellectual stature? Nobody knows for sure.
Analytic Truths and Grammatical Propositions
Authors: Schroeder Severin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a well-known view that analytic statements are true simply in virtue of the meanings of the ingredient words. They are typically used as linguistic explanations. The two sentences have the same use, fulfil the same function in language, and hence have the same meaning. A statement of (1) is true because the word ‘cygnet ‘ does mean a young swan. That is to say, (1) is true in virtue of the meaning of the word ‘cygnet ‘. But as (1) functions in the same way as the corresponding analytic statement (2), the same can be said about (2). This too can be verified simply by looking up the meaning of the word ‘cygnet ‘ in a dictionary. Of course the truth of (1) and (2) is dependent not only on the meaning of the word ‘cygnet ‘, but also on the meanings of their other words. If, for example, the word ‘young ‘ meant: black, the statements would be false. So just like (1), (2) is true in virtue of the meaning of the whole sentence. However, this account of analyticity is widely regarded as untenable owing to a number of objections. I shall consider them in turn.
The Private Language Argument
Authors: Rundle Bede 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wittgenstein disowned any concern to advance theories, his avowed aim being to describe rather than to explain or justify. His readers have not always been convinced. Some of his observations on mathematics have seemed counter-intuitive, to both mathematicians and non-mathematicians; certainly not to be mere rearrangements of what we have always known (PI, 109). His understanding of religion has struck many as idiosyncratic, and his account of dreaming appears to be at odds with common belief. In the philosophy of psychology more generally we find observations which, being distinctly verificationist in character, go beyond this limited descriptive task. Thus, when treating of what we might call the ‘laws of evidence ‘ of the mental, he maintains that psychological ascriptions to others are grounded in behaviour, to such a point that evidence for a psychological state is always evidence for a further ‘outer ‘ condition, never for something somehow ‘behind ‘ what we observe. Wittgenstein is not a behaviourist, in that he allows that our mental lives may, on a given occasion, be in no way apparent to others, but there is nothing that may not in principle enter the public domain, which means, in this context, nothing which cannot be manifested in behaviour, verbal or non-verbal. We may well have an opposing picture whereby a person ‘s mental state could be unfathomable to others, that there should be no behaviour that might clinch a hypothesis concerning that state, but without prejudice to the fact that he himself should know all along how things stood. I do not wish to suggest that Wittgenstein is wrong in his analysis, only to query whether his description of what he is doing applies in this instance.
Shem’s ‘Cyclewheeling History’ (185.27– 186.10)
Authors: Fordham Finn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Book I Chapter 7, known as ‘Shem the Penman’, describes ‘Shem-Ham-Cain- Egan etc and his penmanship’ according to Joyce. I have chosen a passage from this chapter to start with, because its basic intentions are quite easily inferred: it is a Portrait of the Writer as an Inadequate Human drawn by his brother Shaun. The passage in question here offers us a vision of the writer’s project and, since the reader is led to suspect that Shem is James Joyce and the project is Finnegans Wake, we can trace the evolution of what seems to describe the project of the Wake itself.
Anna Livia’s ‘very first time’ (203.17– 204.05)
Authors: Fordham Finn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first draft of ‘Shem the penman’ ended, as would the final version, with Shem announcing the presence of ‘little oldfashioned mummy’ (194.32 – 34). Joyce had previously drafted the woman’s letter that attempts to defend HCE, and now, after drafting Shem, he developed the signatory of the letter herself: ALP, HCE’s wife and mother of the twins we just encountered. Any naturalistic provenance she had is fused to make her a mythical and environmental figure, the river Liffey that flows through Dublin, ironically dignified and Italianized into Anna Livia Plurabelle. This was a momentous decision, providing a geological or elemental level for the work: HCE, in all his rising grandeur, became a mountain; Shem, a tree; Shaun a stone. Issy (not developed in draft at this point except as Isolde) would become a cloud and the early stages of the water cycle.
Socially intelligent robots: dimensions of human–robot interaction
Authors: Dautenhahn Kerstin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Social intelligence in robots has a quite recent history in artificial intelligence and robotics. However, it has become increasingly apparent that social and interactive skills are necessary requirements in many application areas and contexts where robots need to interact and collaborate with other robots or humans. Research on human–robot interaction (HRI) poses many challenges regarding the nature of interactivity and ‘social behaviour’ in robot and humans. The first part of this paper addresses dimensions of HRI, discussing requirements on social skills for robots and introducing the conceptual space of HRI studies. In order to illustrate these concepts, two examples of HRI research are presented.
Introduction
Authors: Dalley Stephanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Three centuries before Artaxerxes I in whose reign the Hebrew story of Esther is set, Assyrian campaigns to Palestine, and the resultant deportations of some 40,810 people from the leading families of Israelite Hebrews to Assyrian cities, set in train a tradition of writings that contributed eventually to the Hebrew story. The aim of this book is to show how and why that biblical book arose from a distant background in the Late Assyrian period and some of the conditions under which it remained popular in northern Iraq in subsequent times.
Evidence comes from a variety of sources and periods, presenting quite a complex interweaving of threads in rather long strands.
Assyrian Words, Phrases, and Customs in the Hebrew Story of Esther
Authors: Dalley Stephanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter includes arguments based on particular words, phrases, customs, and stylistic devices to show connections between Assyria in the seventh century and the Hebrew text of the Esther story. It adds to the evidence of other kinds that has been described in preceding chapters. Readers who do not know some or any of the languages involved should be able to follow the main points, and to appreciate the interest and importance of the examples.
Akkadian is a broad term encompassing all dialects of east Semitic written in Mesopotamia over the very long span of time between about 2,300 bc and the time of Christ.
Links between Seventh-Century Assyria and the Hebrew Story of Esther
Authors: Dalley Stephanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The assemblies of Christian theologians who met at various times in the first century AD to discuss which writings should be included in the Bible, agreed easily upon many of them, but controversy raged around Esther. Many wanted to reject it. Even among Jews the book was controversial for its bloodthirsty heroine who does not observe Jewish customs. Ostensibly it belonged to a genre of court narrative which related how deported Hebrews made good and overcame extraordinary obstacles in the service of foreign kings. To some extent, therefore, such stories were admirable in giving Jews of the diaspora a model for their own behaviour.
From History into Myth: Evolution of a Story
Authors: Dalley Stephanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With a historical core of events in seventh-century Assyria identified at the heart of the Hebrew book of Esther, several stages in the evolution of the story, and the different writings incorporated into it, can be identified or proposed. The main shifts are: from a description of the deeds of mortals to a myth of divine actions; from a myth to a pseudo-historical tale of mortals; from an Assyrian tale to a Hebrew story with a supposed Israelite background. Changes in ostensible historical background are contrasted with the supernatural longevity of the hero and heroine. An analysis of subsequent Aramaic and Greek translations, with an extraordinary number of additions to and subtractions from the Hebrew text, helps to identify some redactions of the story, illustrating some ways in which it was altered to make it relevant to later historical events. Possible involvement of Samaritans in the acceptance of the Hebrew version is suggested from some pieces of indirect evidence.
Mapping the Text
Authors: Jowett John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When an editor describes the manufacture, make-up, and mode of circulation of the printed book that presents the play, he or she is writing as a bibliographer, and is likely to attend to the bibliographical codes operating in the typography and layout matters that have been touched on in the earlier discussions in this book of Quarto and Folio Troilus and Cressida and the Folio as a whole. This focus is essential for understanding the book as a physical object and its relation to the world in which it was made, sold, and read. In contrast, for the purposes of establishing the text the editor will focus on the content of the book, its words, and their meaning. The book is now the repository for a text, a vehicle within a semiotic process of complex origin and multiple outcomes. Inked letters are now regarded as the constituents of words as signifiers. The code is linguistic. The material artefact of the book is now examined not as an object in its own right, but as a conveyor of meaning. The editor’s activity is textual criticism.
Versification and Stage Directions
Authors: Jowett John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Owing to the troubled interface between play manuscript and print in the early modern period, and to the intermixing of verse and prose within plays, establishing the verse in plays presents challenges to the editor in ways that are not typical of non-dramatic poetry. Distinguishing between verse and prose, and affirming line endings, are as subjective and delicate tasks as any in editing. Like the editorial regulation of stage directions, this area of intervention has a marked effect on the text. More is at issue than the formalities of presentation, for metre is the vital pulse of poetic language. Some practitioners, such as the theatre director Peter Hall, have urged that actors should emphasize the verse line-ends in performance. Even if one rejects this strong view, the layout of verse on the page offers an important guide to rhythms of verse and their modulation with and against the flow of semantically oriented speech.
The first civil war, 1642–1645
Authors: Morrill John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the high summer of 1642 king and parliament were increasingly provoking one another into trial by battle. The Rubicon was finally crossed when Charles I raised his standard at Nottingham on 22 August. He had written on 25 July to the vice-chancellor of Cambridge University inviting the colleges to assist him by the ‘loan’ of their plate. Cromwell was sent down by the Commons to prevent them from doing so. On 10 August, accompanied by perhaps 200 lightly armed countrymen who had volunteered to help him, he blocked the exit road from Cambridge that led to the Great North Road. He went on to intimidate his way into Cambridge Castle and to seize the arms stored there, and halt the movement of silver. At a time when most Englishmen were dithering and waiting upon events, it was a bold and unhesitating act.