bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Prevention of Oral Disease
Authors: CBE J J Murray , Nunn J H , Steele J G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The new edition of Prevention of Oral Disease remains the only comprehensive textbook covering all aspects of dental prevention. Chapters covering conventional preventive issues such as diet and fluorides are complemented by innovative new or revised material in a wide range of areas, including mucosal disease, the pulp and endodontics and periodontal disease. Generic subjects such as the social dimension of oral health and health promotion underpin the clinically based chapters. The book is relevant to anyone who has to provide or understand prevention, irrespective of their clinical discipline or interest. This is an essential text for undergraduates, but will be valuable for postgraduate students in many fields, and for dental practitioners and hygienists interested in current thinking on prevention. The material presented is concise, structured and well illustrated and is based on the most recent research evidence. For the first time, the book is presented in an attractive two-colour format and the use of summaries and key points throughout the book ensure that it is learner friendly.
Fluoride and dental caries
Authors: Murray John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of fluorides in dentistry is over 100 years old. Sir James Crichton Browne made an inspired guess about the importance of fluoride in the diet in 1892. Fluoride was isolated from water supplies in 1931 and has been incorporated into water, milk, salt, tablets, and drops. It has also been included as an active agent for the prevention of dental caries in toothpastes, professionally applied topical fluoride agents and mouth rinses. The purpose of this chapter is to summarize the information concerning the effect of fluorides in the prevention of dental caries.
Impairment—preventing a disability
Authors: Nunn June 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last five years have seen significant changes in the whole issue of disability; the reasons for this will be discussed in this chapter. It is important that we define what is meant by impairment, disability, and handicap before proceeding further. In the early nineties the term ‘handicapped’ was still in use in many countries and indeed, remains so today in places like Japan and Hong Kong. Pressure from the wider disability movement, and from advocates of people with disabilities persuaded those in health and social care, as well as a wider audience, that this term stigmatized people who were different. There has been a gradual move away from this medical model—describing people as ‘handicapped’—to the social model where the emphasis is more on the environment imposing disability on a person with impairment (Hutchison 1995).
The menopause and hormone replacement therapy
Authors: Barrett-Connor Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Natural menopause is the permanent cessation of menstruation resulting from the loss of ovarian follicular activity. It is confirmed after 12 consecutive months of amenorrhoea for which there is no other obvious cause. The average age at natural menopause, about 51 years, has been constant for centuries. A majority of women experience natural menopause between ages 45 and 55 years. Cigarette smoking, a vegetarian diet, and simple hysterectomy are each associated with an earlier (by 1–2 years) average age at menopause. Premature menopause (last menstrual period before age 40) can follow bilateral oophorectomy, chemotherapy, or radiation (i.e. induced menopause), or be caused by premature ovarian failure.
Cystitis
Authors: Hope Sally , Bowler Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When I makes tea I makes tea, as old mother Grogan said. And when I makes water I makes water . . . Begob, ma’am, says Mrs. Cahill, God send you don’t make them in the one pot. (James Joyce, Ulysses, 1922) Cystitis is an extremely common problem in women. Estimates vary but it is thought that between 10 and 20% of women are affected by a lower urinary tract infection (UTI) at some point during their lifetime. In the United Kingdom 1–3% of all consultations in general practice are for UTI.
Vulval disorders
Authors: Eva Lois 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vulval disease is a difficult area of women’s health, and as a result is often neglected or overlooked. Assessment of vulval disease is particularly difficult in general practice where specialist equipment or even decent lighting may not be available and all too frequently examination of this area is omitted entirely from the consultation. A combination of factors including patient embarrassment or the assumption by both the woman and the clinician that all vulval symptoms are attributable to thrush can often lead to serious and potentially avoidable pathologies being missed. Vulval disease affects women of all ages and the golden rule is that if a woman has persistent symptoms that are not responding to antifungal medication, then it probably is not candida and she needs a proper examination.
Chronic pelvic pain
Authors: Kennedy Stephen , Moore Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) is most commonly defined for research purposes as ‘constant or recurrent pain in the lower abdominal region lasting for at least 6 months, excluding pain related to pregnancy or malignancy, or pain that occurs only with menstruation or intercourse’. Clearly, however, women usually present with a much shorter history than 6 months and the causes described in this chapter must be considered from the time of first presentation. The major causes are endometriosis, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), but CPP often appears to have no apparent cause despite extensive investigation.
Eating disorders
Authors: Waller Deborah , Fairburn Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are a common source of psychiatric and physical morbidity among young women in Western societies (van Hoeken et al. 1998). Eating disorders are often not detected and they have a reputation for being difficult to treat. The general practitioner (GP) is in a special position to offer help to sufferers and to intervene early in the development of their disorder. This chapter gives an overview of eating disorders and their management from a GP perspective, to help increase awareness and detection of eating problems and to outline evidence-based treatments for eating disorders, some of which are suitable for use in primary care.
The Tenth-Century Reformation
Authors: Stenton F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There can be no question that the Danish invasions of the ninth century shattered the organization of the English church, destroyed monastic life in eastern England, and elsewhere caused distress and anxiety which made the pursuit of learning almost impossible.1 East Anglia, the eastern half of Mercia, and southern Northumbria were occupied and colonized by armies of heathen Danes. The bishoprics of Dunwich, Elmham, and Lindsey came to an end, and the see of York was reduced to a state of obscure poverty. Beyond the Tees, the sees of Hexham and Whithorn ceased to exist; the cathedral of Lindisfarne was abandoned, and for seven years its bishop with some of his younger clerks wandered from one insecure refuge to another, preserving the relics of St. Cuthbert from desecration until peace was so far re-established in the north that a new church could be built for them at Chester-leStreet.
The Last Years Of The Old English State
Authors: Stenton F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last sixteen years of the Confessor’s reign are often regarded as a prologue to the Norman Conquest. The initial Norman success was so conclusive, the victory of Norman ideas within the sphere of government was so rapid and complete, that to many historians the last phase of the Old English state has seemed the mere prelude to an inevitable collapse. The more obvious weaknesses of that state-the instability of its social organization, and the excessive power of a small group of wealthy families, have often been taken as signs of impending dissolution.
Nazi Policy Against the Jews
Authors: Carr William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For nearly twenty years after the collapse of Hitler’s Reich first revealed the full horrors of the Holocaust it was widely supposed that genocide on this enormous scale must have been the last stage ofa deliberate Nazi policy, a long-matured master plan which aimed all along at the physical annihilation of Euro pean Jewry. In the monolithic Nazi State where all power was allegedly concentrated in the Fiihrer’s hands, his vitriolic hatred of all things Jewish would have been sufficient on its own to explain the murder of six-and-a-half million Jews.
Mission to Tashkent
Authors: Bailey Lt.-Col. F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘one of the best books about secret intelligence work ever written‘ Peter Hopkirk. Colonel F. M. Bailey, whose extraordinary adventures are told here, was long accused by Moscow of being a British master-spy sent in 1918 to overthrow the Bolsheviks in Central Asia. As a result, he enjoyed many years after his death an almost legendary reputation there - that of half-hero, half-villain. In this remarkable book he tells of the perilous game of cat-and-mouse, lasting sixteen months, which he played with the Bolshevik secret police, the dreaded Cheka. At one point, using a false identity, he actually joined the ranks of the latter, who unsuspectingly sent him to Bokhara to arrest himself. Told with almost breathtaking understatement, Bailey's narrative - set in a region once more back in the headlines - reads like vintage Buchan.
Kashgar To Tashkent
Authors: Bailey Lt.-Col. F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The position in Russian Turkestan was obscure. We knew that Bolsheviks were in control but no one quite knew what a Bolshevik was or what were his aims and objects. It seemed that it would be useful to go and see them, and find out what sort of people they were and to try to persuade them to continue the war against Germany, or at least not to help the Central Powers in the war against us.
Return To Tashkent
Authors: Bailey Lt.-Col. F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While this was going on I was living at Troitskoe with Ivan. The family consisted of Ivan’s wife and a little girl of seven or eight. It was winter and the small room was sealed up. All windows had the cracks pasted over with newspaper and the door was bound with felt. Whenever the door was opened for anyone to enter, everyone in the room immediately shouted ‘Shut the door!’ We frequently had visitors; sometimes the neighbours would come in to gossip. On one occasion Ivan’s relative, the komissar from lskander, came in for the night with his wife. He was boasting about what he did to White Guards and how clever he was at spotting them, which made me feel uncomfortable. He said he could always tell White Guards by the white palms of their hands. His wife seized his hand and opened it, showed itto us and said: ‘You must then be a White Guard yourself for you have done no work since the revolution’. He and I had to share the same bowl for our dinner and slept on the floor under the same quilt. He asked me the number of my regiment and whether I was a Magyar.
Tashkent Again
Authors: Bailey Lt.-Col. F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the first things I had to do after my retum to Tashkent was to consult a good Russian doctor 9-bout my leg. We had to choose a trustworthy man and to tell him who I really was. This was not difficult and a consultation was arranged. The doctor said that the Sart doctor who had treated me in the mountains had done very well indeed. He recommended massage. There was, he said, a good masseuse in the town. I said that in my peculiar position it was essential that I should see as few people as possible and that my acquaintances should be discreet. Could this masseuse be relied upon not to question me too much and to keep her mouth shut if she had any suspicions that I was not exactly what my papers showed. The doctor said that such people had nothing to do but to chatter when engaged in their work and that a silent and discreet masseuse did not exist, certainly in Russia. I, therefore, had to give up all idea of massage.
Bokhara
Authors: Bailey Lt.-Col. F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bokhara Sherif (The Noble) was a great centre of Moslem religion and scholarship. The mullahs of the mosques are chosen by the people much in the same way as ministers were chosen by competition-preaching in Scotland. It was not an uncommon thing to see mullahs, usually young men, preaching in a sing-song voice to their followers on the steps of the mosque in order to show what they could do. I once saw two rivals sitting some distance apart competing in their discourses, each surrounded by a crowd of admirers.
The People’s Decisions
Authors: Diamond Hanna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By placing refugees at the centre of his concerns, Pétain gave them hope that their suffering might soon come to an end. In underlining their plight, he also sent a clear message to communities swamped by these arrivals: their priority should be to reinforce their efforts to provide shelter and tend to their needs. As host communities attempted to rise to the challenge, stranded refugees halted their journeys and started to consider their next steps. Gradually, a series of alternative strategies opened up. Some followed the advice of the authorities and stayed where they were. Others chose to carry on, seeking less crowded areas with better food supplies. For those that believed that German occupation might put them at personal risk, and that this was a likely outcome of Pétain’s decision to negotiate, it became imperative for them to maintain their distance from the Nazis.Many now had to contemplate the option of leaving the country.
Sleepfaring
Authors: Horne Jim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is sleep? Why do we sleep? How much do we normally need, and what happens if you don't get enough sleep? Are we modern people with busy lives suffering stress from 'sleep debt'? This book is about all aspects of sleep. It's a subject that interests and worries a lot of people. In recent years, the nature of sleep, our sleeping patterns, how much sleep we need, and the dangers of lack of sleep have become increasingly important, as people work longer hours, styles of working have altered, and the separation between workplace and home has been eroded by the mobile phone and the Internet. From drowsiness at the wheel, to stress and insomnia, this is a subject that matters to people. Jim Horne gives an engaging account of what science has found out about sleep, and problems related to sleep - from snoring to sleep apnoea. He brings in brain physiology, psychology, medicine, and social factors. The book highlights recent research and Horne does not shy away from areas of controversy, for instance regarding the amount of sleep we actually need. As a result, it is likely to provoke lively debate among sleep researchers, as well as fascinating the general reader. As well as being richly informative about the nature of sleep, this book may just help you to get a good night's rest.
Higher matters
Authors: Horne Jim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One problem with laboratory tests of sleepiness is that their relation- ship to real-world activities is not always evident. A good illustration concerns junior hospital doctors (interns) who suffer sleep loss and long working hours on a routine basis. Although there has been much research into the effects of sleepiness on these staff, it has tended to focus on simple tasks such as reaction time, which seem to have little to do with the true nature of their jobs. Sometimes the overall picture can be confusing, with no apparent decline in clinical skills, but with impaired reaction time and deterioration in other psychological per- formance tasks that are of unknown relevance to medical practice.
chapter XVIII
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ON taking off our shoes at the entrance, we were at once admitted into a large building constructed in the form of a dome. Two vast circular halls, leading the one into the other, were beneath the lofty ceiling. Stained glass windows, with infinitesimally small panes, allowed but little light to penetrate to the interior, which was carpeted with rich Persian rugs of many hues and fashions. Chains, descending from the centre of the building, supported a huge circular hoop of iron. From this were suspended a hundred lamps of different-coloured crystal. Two enormous wax candles, each as thick as a man’s leg, and about seven feet high, were fixed in a corner of the building. They had been made to last a year, and had cost “tchok para”-a great many paras.
The attendant evidently thought that he should impress my mind with this announcement, and he uttered the word “tchok” in a way which no Englishman could imitate save when he is in the extreme agonies of sea-sickness. Forty or fifty Turks were lying on the floor, and seemed to be in no way disturbed by the entrance of Mr. Yankovitch and myself.
chapter XIX
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I CALLED upon a Greek who had paid me a visit on the day of my arrival. Several of his compatriots were with him. They at once commenced conversing about what they suffered under the Turkish administration.
“We are very badly treated,” said one. “Very badly indeed,” said another.
“Are the Christians here ever tortured?” I inquired. “No.”
“Have you ever heard of any of them being impaled?” The company began to laugh.
“No such things go on in Turkey,” said my host; “but the law is bad, that is what we mean. Just before you arrived, we were talking about a Turk who had borrowed some money from one of our countrymen and had given a gun as security for the debt. The Turk died, and the Christian, not being paid what he was owed, sold the gun to a friend. Ten years afterwards a son of the deceased Turk came and claimed the weapon, which he said was his father’s property, and consequently his own. There were no papers or witnesses to prove that the gun had been pledged, and the Cadi decided for the Mohammedan.”
chapter XX
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
SOME gipsy men now entered, and, squatting down on the carpet, began to tune their lutes. One of their party carried a fearful instrument. It was rather like the bagpipes. He at once commenced a wild and discordant blast. The musicians were followed by the dancers.
The chief of the gipsy women was provided with a tam - bourine. She was attired in a blue jacket; underneath this was a purple waistcoat, slashed with gold embroidery, a pair of very loose, yellow trousers covered her extremities. Massive gold earrings had stretched the lobes of her ears; they reached nearly to the shoulders, and, by way of making herself thoroughly beautiful and doing fit honour to the occasion, she had stained her teeth and finger-nails with some red dye. Her eyebrows had been made to meet by a line drawn with a piece of charcoal. Gold spangles were fastened to her black locks. Massive brass rings encircled her ankles, the metal jingling as she walked, or, rather, waddled round the room.
Chapter XXIV
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
SOON afterwards I met Osman Bey, my acquaintance of the previous day. He was on the point of leaving for a Circassian hamlet in the neighbourhood. It appeared that a feud had arisen between the people of this village and another one in its vicinity; the Bey was going there to calm, if possible, the angry feelings of the inhabitants.
He remarked that in the event of war breaking out between Turkey and Russia he should go to the Caucasus.
“Will there be a great rising in that country?” I inquired.
“It is very doubtful,” was the answer; “our people have risen several times;* no foreign power has assisted us, and the result is that we have been decimated by our enemy. My countrymen are afraid of doing anything, unless they feel certain that they will be aided in their attempt. If England were to help us,” he continued, “and could only capture one
chapter XXV
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE following morning, Mohammed arrived at an early hour, bringing with him his horse, a wretched brute to look at; he had not a particle of flesh on his bones, and was half blind with one eye.
“This is my horse, Effendi,” said Mohammed proudly; “is he not a magnificent animal? My having this horse will save the Effendi the expense of hiring or buying another one.”
“I hope that I shall get a baksheesh at Erzeroum,” he added. “Of course,” I said; “that is, if the brute reaches Erzeroum. But it strikes me that you have not been giving him anything to eat lately!”
chapter XXIX
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ON leaving the monastery, we rode to the principal mosque of the town. I was struck by seeing a large ostrich egg suspended from the ceiling by a silver chain. On my asking the Turk who showed me over the building, why this egg was hung there, he replied,-
“Effendi, the ostrich always looks at the eggs which she lays; if one of them is bad, she breaks it. This egg is suspended here as a warning to men that, if they are bad, God will break them in the same way as the ostrich does her eggs.”
Mohammed met me as I was returning to my house. He was very much excited.
chapter XXXII
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I WAS now to learn that the usury laws in Turkey are also used against the Christians. On returning to my house, a servant informed me that an Armenian was downstairs, and wished to see me.
He had been in Paris, and could speak a little French. This he so interlarded with Turkish that it was rather difficult to follow him. The man’s name was Hanistan Ereek. At length
I discovered that, twelve years ago, his father had borrowed 300 piastres from a Turk. Soon afterwards the father died, and the son, leaving Divriki without paying the debt, had gone to Europe. On his return the creditor had him arrested for the sum of 6000 piastres. This Hanistan Ereek refused to pay; he had been imprisoned for three months in consequence.
chapter XXXIV
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
FROM the barracks we rode to the Mohammedan school. Here there were about thirty boys, all squatting on the floor, and
engaged in spelling verses of the Koran. A few badly-drawn maps of the different quarters of the world were hung round the whitewashed walls. The governor accompanied me to the schoolroom. On his entrance the boys at once stood up and salaamed. The Hodja schoolmaster made a gesture, as if he too would rise; but then, seeing me, his countenance changed. He sank back into a sitting position.
“This is done to show his contempt of you as a giaour,” whispered an Armenian. “This is how he insults us Christians.”
chapter XXXVI
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I NOW went to the Armenian church. It was carpeted with thick Persian rugs like a mosque. Several pictures in gaudy frames were hung against the wall. The building was crowded with devotees; the galleries being filled with women; their faces were invisible, owing to the lattice-work. However, some bright eyes peering inquisitively through the holes in the screen were quite sufficient to turn a man’s thoughts in their direction.
The priest put on his robes-several little boys assisting him in his toilette; a heavy, yellow silk garment, with a cross emblazoned in gold upon the back, was drawn on over his every-day apparel. Some more little boys bustled about with long candles, and seemed to do their best to get into each other’s way, then the service began.