bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Net photosynthetic rate of cocksfoot leaves under continuous and fluctuating shade conditions in the field
Authors: Peri P. L. , McNeil D. L. , Moot D. J. , Varella A. C. , Lucas R. J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractMaximum light‐saturated photosynthetic rate (Pmax) and stomatal conductance (gs) of field‐grown cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerataL.) leaves in a silvopastoral system were measured at different times under moderate (850–950 µmol m−2s−1photosynthetic photon flux density, PPFD) and severe shade (85–95 µmol m−2s−1PPFD). Also Pmax and gs were measured after 30, 60 and 180 min of severe shade to determine the lag in the rise of photosynthesis rate from low to high irradiance levels (induction state). The highest Pmax and gs values obtained were 26·5 µmol CO2 m−2s−1and 0·41 mol H2O m−2s−1in non‐limiting conditions with full sunlight (1900 µmol m−2s−1PPFD). These values were defined as standardized dimensionless Pmaxs=1 and gss=1 for comparison of treatment effects. The Pmaxsunder severe shade decreased by 0·004 units per minute from 1 to 180 min and reached a steady‐state of 0·37 units after 140 min. Under moderate shade, Pmaxsdecreased by 0·002 units per minute from 1 to 120 min and reached a steady‐state of 0·76 units. The time required to reach full induction on return to full sun (Pmaxs=1) was 15 min after 30 min of severe shade and 37 min after 180 min of shade. Mathematical equations were derived to describe the changes in Pmaxsand gssunder severe and moderate shade and during induction. The rate of change of gsswas slower than for Pmaxson entering shade and also slower during the subsequent induction process. This indicated other factors in addition to gs were operating in the reduction and increment of Pmax and a two‐step model to explain this is proposed. The defined photosynthetic responses of cocksfoot leaves to fluctuating light regimes could be used to develop quantitative predictions of Pmax for inclusion in a canopy photosynthesis model of silvopastoral systems.
A new electrosurgical loop technique for laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy
Authors: Dequesne Jacques , Schmidt Norman , Frydman René 
Published: March 2003

ObjectiveTo evaluate the reduction of operating time during supracervical laparoscopic hysterectomy using an electric loop.DesignProspective clinical study.SettingLausanne Endoscopic Center, Switzerland.Subjects30 women who underwent supracervical laparoscopic hysterectomy.InterventionA new electric loop has been designed, to separate the uterus from the cervix more quickly, by faster cutting, during supracervical hysterectomy.Main outcome measureThe time taken to separate the uterus from the cervix.ResultsThe preliminary evaluation indicates a reduction of time of at least 80%. Another advantage is the clean cut, and no complications to adjacent organs have been observed.ConclusionThe new loop allows an evident reduction of operating time during supracervical laparoscopic hysterectomy.
Should women with carcinoma of the uterine cervix be treated surgically?
Authors: Grigsby Perry W. 
Published: March 2003

ObjectiveThe purpose of this article is to objectively evaluate the merits of surgery and radiotherapy in the treatment of women with early stage carcinoma of the uterine cervix.DesignRetrospective review of the literature.ResultsSurgery and radiotherapy are both utilized in the treatment of women with carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Either surgery or radiotherapy can be used in the treatment of patients with early stage disease (carcinoma in situ, stages Ia to IIa). However, moderate controversy surrounds the issue of standard therapy for women with stages Ib and IIa cervical cancer. There is no evidence that both treatments should be utilized together for that group. Quality of life and survival outcomes are excellent for women with early stage cervical cancer treated with radiotherapy. Women with stages Ib2 and IIa disease should receive primary radiotherapy rather than surgery in order to avoid the possibility of also requiring postoperative irradiation and its associated costs and complications. The standard treatment for women with advanced stages (IIb, III, and IVa) of carcinoma of the uterine cervix is radiotherapy; surgical therapy is not utilized for these women. Adjuvant chemotherapy has not demonstrated a survival advantage and remains experimental.ConclusionSurgery and radiotherapy are utilized in the treatment of patients with carcinoma of the cervix. Selection criteria should be developed to guide individualized patient treatment.
Laparoscopic removal of benign uterine and adnexal masses during pregnancy
Authors: Mattei Alberto , Giannone Ettore , Carlo Di Renzo Gian , Gerli Sandro 
Published: March 2003

ObjectiveTo report three cases of laparoscopic treatment of benign uterine and adnexal masses during pregnancy and to discuss the feasibility of such procedures.InterventionsA pedunculated myoma, an ovarian teratoma and a luteal ovarian cyst were laparoscopically treated during pregnancy. The patients' pregnancies were at 8, 7 and 11 weeks of gestation, respectively. The procedure times were 72, 65 and 53 min, while the estimated blood losses were 60, 100 and 80 ml, respectively. No complications were observed and the pregnancies were completed with a vaginal delivery in the first two cases and with a Caesarean section in the third case.ConclusionsLaparoscopic management of gynaecological masses during pregnancy is still controversial. This report confirms that laparoscopy might be considered to be a safe, reliable and advantageous technique for the management of selected gynaecological pathologies during pregnancy.
Diagnostic and therapeutic hysteroscopy for traumatic intrauterine adhesions after induced abortions: clinical analysis of 365 cases
Authors: Feng Zuanchong C. , Yang Bangyuan , Shao Jinyu , Liu Suping 
Published: March 2003

ObjectiveTo determine the value of hysteroscopy for the diagnosis and treatment of traumatic intrauterine adhesions after induced abortion.DesignA retrospective study of 365 patients.SettingShanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, the International Peaceful Maternity and Children Health Hospital, and the Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Health Hospital.Subjects365 patients with traumatic intrauterine adhesions after induced abortions were included in the study, of whom 351 complained of amenorrhoea or hypomenorrhea before treatment, and 186 of whom wanted to have a child.InterventionsIn all the patients, the diagnoses and types of intrauterine adhesions were confirmed by hysteroscopy, and the adhesions were separated using micro scissors and biopsy forceps under hysteroscopic view. Most procedures were carried out with ultrasound monitoring.ResultsIn 346 out of 365 patients (94.8%) intrauterine adhesions were released successfully after 1–4 episodes of surgery. Of the 351 patients with amenorrhoea or hypomenorrhea before treatment, 294 (83.76%) had normal or near‐normal regular menstruation after therapy. Of the 186 patients who wanted to have a child and were followed up for more than 12 months after the withdrawal of contraception, 156 (83.87%) had intrauterine pregnancies. Among these 156 patients, 145 had full‐term pregnancies, with three instances of retained placenta and one of placental implantation, and 11 had early spontaneous abortions.ConclusionHysteroscopy is of great value in the diagnosis and treatment of intrauterine adhesions after induced abortions. Patients were managed with few complications after hysteroscopic lysis. Most patients regained their fertility and normal regular menstruation.
Hysteroscopic tubal cannulation: long‐term results
Authors: Maikis Roseann , Anderson Ted L. , Daniell James F. 
Published: March 2003

ObjectiveTo examine the success rate and long‐term results of hysteroscopic cannulation under laparoscopic control for proximal fallopian tube obstruction.DesignRetrospective outcome analysis.SettingReferral endoscopic private practice for infertility.Subjects29 patients referred with proximal tubal cornual obstruction, confirmed by hysterosalpingography or laparoscopy, with other tubal factors confounding infertility. All patients underwent hysteroscopic proximal guide wire tubal cannulation under laparoscopic guidance.Main outcome measuresPregnancy outcomes from 2 to 5 years following the procedure.ResultsOf a total of 29 attempts at tubal cannulation, 16 were unsuccessful at the time of surgery (55%), while 13 patients had successful proximal tubal cannulation, and patency confirmed via intraoperative chromotubation. Of these 13, three were lost to long‐term follow up. Among the 10 remaining patients, there were three pregnancies: two term deliveries and one ectopic pregnancy. The remaining seven of the 10 patients with successful cannulations did not achieve pregnancy (70%) and elected for in vitro fertilization or adoption.ConclusionAfter over a decade of reports of hysteroscopic tubal cannulation, this procedure has been used as the first‐line, and often only, therapy for proximal tubal obstruction. The results of this series indicate that pregnancy rates are not as favourable as reported by others. These long‐term poor results should be considered when counselling patients with cornual occlusion about this surgery or other assisted reproductive options.
Is hysteroscopic appearance a safe means of differentiating malignant from benign endometrial polyps in postmenopausal women?
Authors: De Almeida Patrícia , Reis Silva , Nogueira Antonio A. , Reis Francisco J. C. dos , Campolungo Adriana , Carrara Hélio H. A. , De Andrade Jurandyr M. 
Published: March 2003

ObjectiveTo determine whether the hysteroscopic appearance of endometrial polyps in postmenopausal women offers a safe method of differentiating premalignant and malignant polyps from those that are benign.DesignWe performed a retrospective analysis of 60 postmenopausal patients with endometrial polyps evaluated by diagnostic hysteroscopy. These polyps were histologically examined after removal in all patients.ResultsAll polyps had a benign hysteroscopic appearance. Histological findings were: endometrial polyp without atypia in 57 patients (95%), endometrial polyp with mild atypia in one patient (1.7%), and clear‐cell adenocarcinoma in two patients (3.3%).ConclusionHysteroscopic appearance did not provide a safe method of differentiating malignant and atypical from benign endometrial polyps. The presence of endometrial neoplasia in our series argues for the histological diagnosis of endometrial polyps occurring after the menopause.
In vitro comparison of two methods of anchoring the vagina during the Burch procedure
Authors: Simon Philippe , Salvia Patrick , Fellemans Caroline , Buxant Frédéric , Anaf Vincent 
Published: March 2003

To compare the quality of the vaginal attachment of classical Burch anterior colposuspension with laparoscopic colposuspension with polyester mesh fixed with tackers.The study was performed on three fresh cadavers. The extension and the strength of polyester braided fibre (Ticron) sutures on one side were compared with those of polyester mesh (Mersilene) tacked into the Burch site on the other side, by means of progressive traction measured by a linear transducer.When progressive traction was applied in the two systems studied, both displayed moderate elongation. The Mersilene mesh appeared to be significantly more elongated than Ticron suture, with a partial return to the original length. In no case (Ticron suture or tacked Mersilene mesh) was a rupture of the vaginal fixation seen, when traction of up to 2 kg was applied.Mersilene mesh appears to elongate more than the classical suture when placed under traction. This casts doubt on the quality of the suspension obtained, even though no rupture was observed.
Hysteroscopic findings in postmenopausal patients using tibolone
Authors: Maia Hugo , Machado Simone , Borges Silvana , Chagas Ariane , Maltez Amélia , Coutinho Elsimar M. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTObjective To investigate the cause of uterine bleeding in tibolone users who were referred to an endoscopy unit.Design Hysteroscopy followed by endometrial biopsy was carried out in all patients. The endometrial echo was measured by transvaginal sonography prior to hysteroscopy and compared with hysteroscopic findings.Results Endometrial polyps were the pathological lesions most frequently diagnosed by hysteroscopy in tibolone users. However, their diagnosis was missed by blind endometrial biopsy in all cases. The surrounding endometrium was always atrophic even when a polyp was present in the uterine cavity. There was one case of endometrial carcinoma which occurred in association with a polyp.Conclusion Tibolone does not exert any stimulatory effect on the normal endometrium. However, intrauterine lesions such as polyps can grow in response to this treatment. The presence of polyps is associated with abnormal uterine bleeding in these patients.
A prospective multicentre study of laparoscopic complications related to the direct‐entry technique
Authors: Kaloo Philip , Cooper Michael , Reid Geoffrey 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTObjective ‘Direct entry’ is a laparoscopic entry technique which involves the insertion of a trocar directly into the abdominal cavity without a prior pneumoperitoneum. The objective of this study was to evaluate the major complication profile of this relatively uncommon entry technique in consecutive patients undergoing diagnostic or operative laparoscopy.Design Over a period of 3 years, 1838 consecutive patients were recruited from the practice of two experienced gynaecological endoscopists. Complications directly related to the entry technique which occurred intraoperatively, either immediately or up to 2 weeks postoperatively, were recorded prospectively. Complications were considered to be events which significantly prolonged or altered the planned procedure, delayed discharge or led to a prolongation of convalescence.Results Only one major injury occurred, a perforation of the large bowel, which was diagnosed immediately and managed laparoscopically with no long‐term sequelae.Conclusion When compared with other laparoscopic entry techniques, direct entry is a safe, cheap, effective and underutilized modality for entering the peritoneal cavity in ‘low‐risk’ patients.
The route for hysterectomy: is it time to change?
Authors: Najia Salim K. , Bhatia Kalsang , Hall Vince 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTObjective To determine the proportion of hysterectomies done by the vaginal route for all benign gynaecological indications, at our centre, and to assess our performance with respect to the feasibility of bilateral salpingo‐oöphorectomy, and also to identify any major complications.Design A retrospective analysis of case notes on 99 consecutive hysterectomies done for benign gynaecological indications.Setting A district general hospital.Results Out of 99 hysterectomies, 92 were done by the vaginal route, (excluding four laparoscopy‐assisted vaginal hysterectomies), with no significant major complications except for one conversion to laparotomy. Bilateral salpingo‐oöphorectomy was successfully performed in 98.3% of patients in whom it was planned. There was no significant uterine prolapse in 78% of patients undergoing vaginal hysterectomy, and the largest uterus removed vaginally weighed 1146 g.Conclusions Vaginal hysterectomy is feasible in most patients with benign gynaecological indications. Where possible contraindications exist, the use of preliminary laparoscopy should be encouraged, to help in the proper selection of patients and perhaps to remedy any relative contraindications. Gynaecologists need to appraise the vaginal route, and there is a strong need to address training issues as far as vaginal surgery is concerned.
The unusual distribution of the neuronal/lymphoid cell surface CD200 (OX2) glycoprotein is conserved in humans
Authors: Wright G. J. , Jones M. , Puklavec M. J. , Brown M. H. , Barclay A. N. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryOX2 (CD200) is a type‐1 membrane glycoprotein that contains two immunoglobulin superfamily domains and which is expressed on a variety of lymphoid and non‐lymphoid cells in the rat. The recent characterization of a receptor for OX2 (OX2R) on myeloid cells, and the phenotype of an OX2‐deficient mouse, suggests that OX2 may regulate myeloid cell activity in anatomically diverse locations. Here we report the tissue distribution of the human homologue of the rat OX2 glycoprotein using a new monoclonal antibody (mAb), OX104, raised against recombinant human OX2. Human OX2 was expressed at the cell surface of thymocytes, B cells, T cells, neurons, kidney glomeruli, tonsil follicles, the syncytiotrophoblast and endothelial cells. This broad, but not ubiquitous, distribution pattern is very similar to that observed in rats, suggesting that OX2 may regulate myeloid cell activity in a variety of tissues in humans.
The standardized‐taper root canal preparation – Part 2. GT file selection and safe handpiece‐driven file use
Authors: Buchanan L. S. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAimTo present guidelines on GT file selection, and safe operation.SummaryIt is not necessary to remove excessive dentine for effective root canal preparation. GT files allow safe, standardized preparation, and should be selected to fit the case in hand. Small Root canals should be prepared with 0.06 and 0.08 taper GT files, whilst Large Root canals should be prepared with 0.10 GT or 0.12 Accessory GT files. The greatest challenge is un‐learning habits acquired from traditional instrumentation methods. GT files should be used with light touch, and without up–down pumping motions. Spin speeds should be controlled below 300 r.p.m. for routine preparation. GT files are subject to fatigue and should be tracked to avoid overuse. It is recommended that GT files are discarded after the equivalent of five root canal preparations. For severe curvatures, GT files should be single‐case tools.Key learning points

The standard GT file set comprises three instruments of 0.06, 0.08 and 0.10 taper. All are size 20 at the tip, and have a maximum diameter of 1 mm.
Accessory GT files have a standard taper 0.12, and maximum diameter of 1.5 mm. They are available in tip sizes 35, 50 and 70.
Large Roots are lower canines, upper anteriors, upper and lower single‐rooted premolars, palatal roots of upper molars and distal roots of lower molars. They should be prepared with 0.10 GT or 0.12 Accessory GT files.
Small Roots are lower incisors, multirooted premolars, buccal roots of upper molars and mesial roots of lower molars. They should be prepared with 0.06 or 0.08 GT files.
All GT files should be used with light force and at the correct spin speed.
GT files should be discarded after the equivalent of five root canal uses.
Relation between climate and vegetation along a Mediterranean‐Temperate boundary in central Italy
Authors: Blasi C. , Carranza M. L. , Filesi L. , Tilia A. , Acosta A. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe relationship between climate and vegetation was investigated along a Mediterranean‐Temperate boundary in central Italy. The study area is a transition zone between the Temperate (Eurosiberian) and Mediterranean regions and has an altitudinal range of almost 1750 m. Ordination and cluster analysis were used. The results did not show any sharp boundary but a climate‐vegetation mosaic ranging from upper mountain thermotype and lower hyperhumid ombrotype with Fagus sylvatica L. woodlands at higher altitudes, to meso‐Mediterranean thermotype and lower subhumid ombrotype with Mediterranean maquis and Quercus ilex L. woods on the coast. Six phytoclimatic groups are distinguished and described in terms of climatic parameters, vegetation types and morphological and chorological traits. These parameters indicate a change without sharp discontinuities between groups. The Mediterranean to Temperate transition in this Tyrrhenian sector is broad and includes most of the study area.
Deep‐rooted vegetation, Amazonian deforestation, and climate: results from a modelling study
Authors: Kleidon Axel , Heimann Martin 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe depth of the root system controls the maximum amount of soil water that can be transpired by the vegetation into the atmosphere during dry periods. Water uptake from deep soil layers has been found to contribute significantly to the dry season transpiration at some sites in Amazonia and it has been estimated that large parts of the evergreen forests in Amazonia depend on deep roots to survive the dry season. Thus, the presence of deep roots might provide a significant source of atmospheric moisture during the dry season, and one which would be affected by deforestation. We investigate the role of deep‐rooted vegetation and its removal in the context of Amazonian deforestation using an atmospheric General Circulation Model (GCM). A distribution of deep roots is obtained by a numerical optimization approach. The simulated climate with the use of the calculated deep roots substantially improves the seasonal characteristics of the GCM. Three additional simulations are then conducted in order to isolate the effect of rooting depth reduction from other parameter changes associated with large‐scale deforestation. Most of the climatic effects occur during the dry season and are attributed to the reduction of rooting depth. Dry periods are found to last longer, being more intense with drier and warmer air, while the wet season remains fairly unchanged. The implications of these climatic effects for the re‐establishment of the natural evergreen forest are discussed.
On the stability of the high‐latitude climate‐vegetation system in a coupled atmosphere‐biosphere model
Authors: Levis Samuel , Foley Jonathan A. , Brovkin Victor , Pollard David 
Published: March 2003

SummaryIn order to investigate the hypothesis that the Earth's climate and vegetation patterns may have more than one basic state, we use the fully coupled GENESIS‐IBIS model. GENESIS is an atmospheric general circulation model. IBIS is a dynamic global vegetation model that integrates biophysical, physiological, and ecological processes. GENESIS and IBIS are coupled by way of a common land surface interface to allow for the full and transient interaction between changes in the vegetation structure and changes in the general circulation of the atmosphere. We examine two modern climate simulations of the coupled model initialized with two different initial conditions. In one case, we initialize the model vegetation cover with the modern observed distribution of vegetation. In the other case, we initialize the vegetation cover with evergreen boreal forests extending to the Arctic coast, replacing high‐latitude tundra. We interpret the coupled model's behaviour using a conceptual model for multistability and demonstrate that in both simulations the climate‐vegetation system converges to the same equilibrium state. In the present climate, feedbacks between land, ocean, sea ice, and the atmosphere do not result in the warming required to support an expanded boreal forest.
Concluding remarks: historical perspective and the future of island biogeography theory
Authors: Brown James H. , Lomolino Mark V. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractMacArthur and Wilson’s equilibrium theory revolutionized the field of island biogeography and, to a large degree, ecology as well. The theory, which quickly became the ruling paradigm of island biogeography, has changed little over the past three decades. It has not kept pace with relevant theory and our growing appreciation for the complexity of nature, especially with empirical findings that species diversity on many islands: 1) is not in equilibrium; 2) is influenced by differences in speciation, colonization, and extinction among taxa; and 3) is influenced by differences among islands in characteristics other than area and isolation. The discipline of biogeography, itself, is in a state of disequilibrium. We may again be about to witness another paradigm shift, which will see the replacement of MacArthur and Wilson’s theory. Wherever this shift may take us, we are confident that the next generation of biogeographers will still look to islands for insights into the forces that shape biological diversity.