bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polyethylene, Linear Low-density
Authors: Prasad A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Introduction LLDPE is the common name for copolymers of ethylene with α-olefin comonomer. The comonomers most frequently used commercially are butene, hexene, and octene. Commercial grade LLDPE resins with 4-methyl-1-pentene (4-MP-1) as comonomer is also available. LLDPE prepared by the conventional Ziegler-Natta (Z-N) catalyst system always exhibit high heterogeneity in the intermolecular distribution of comonomer units along the polymer chains. The branches are preferentially located in the lower molecular weight chains; thus the bulk of LLDPE behaves as if it were a blend of high molecular weight, linear molecules and low molecular weight, branched molecules. LLDPE differs from LDPE principally through a lack of long-chain branching (LCB) and a narrower molecular weight distribution (MWD). New types of LLDPEs based on the metallocene catalyst technology have been introduced recently in the market place. Such LLDPEs are characterized by narrower molecular weight and homogeneous short-chain branching distribution. Some of the metallocene catalyst-based octene-1 LLDPE copolymers made by the Dow Chemical Company are known to have LCB. For the properties of metallocene LLDPE see the entry Polyethylene, metallocene linear low density, in this handbook. LLDPE is commercially available in wide variety of melt indexes (MI) and density ranges. The properties of LLDPE are functions of molecular weight (MW), MWD, density, type, and amount of comonomer. The comonomers are also referred to as short-chain branches (SCB). Consequently, physical and mechanical properties also vary accordingly. Mechanical properties such as tensile, tear, and impact are strongly dependent on the chemical nature of the comonomer type. Therefore, it is difficult to list all properties separately. The values of the properties shown in the following table are given in ranges because of their dependence on molecular structure and type of comonomer and are intended to represent the best published examples of the most commonly used commercial grades of LLDPE resins. The physical properties of extruded materials may vary substantially from those of the compression molded materials. For illustration purposes, a few of the physical properties that depend on the chemical nature of the comonomer are presented in Tables 3, 6, 7, and 8.
Polyethylene, Metallocene Linear Low-density
Authors: Prasad A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Introduction New types of linear low-density polyethylenes (LLDPE) based on the metallocene catalyst technology was introduced in the market place in 1991. There are now a number of well-established metallocene PE families commercially available and new products are constantly being introduced into the marketplace. Current production based on metallocene catalyst technology exceeds 3 billion pounds. Metallocene share of global LLDPE consumption is projected to grow between 11% and 22% by 2012.
Poly(ethylene oxide)
Authors: Yuan-Huffman Qingwen Wendy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Introduction New types of linear low-density polyethylenes (LLDPE) based on the metallocene catalyst technology was introduced in the market place in 1991. There are now a number of well-established metallocene PE families commercially available and new products are constantly being introduced into the marketplace. Current production based on metallocene catalyst technology exceeds 3 billion pounds. Metallocene share of global LLDPE consumption is projected to grow between 11% and 22% by 2012.
Poly(ethylene sulfide)
Authors: Masamoto Junzo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major Application Poly(ethylene sulfide) is a high melting plastics material. However, this polymer has not yet achieved commercial production, although its properties makes it warrant serious consideration as a plastic. Properties of Special Interest Poly(ethylene sulfide) is a high melting crystalline material. High-molecular-weight polymers prepared by ring-opening polymerization of ethylene sulfide have melting points generally above 478 K. The melting point of PES is much higher compared to poly(ethylene oxide) (melting point = 341 K). Only a few solvents are known that dissolve PES, but only at temperatures above 413 K. PES requires addition of stabilizers to permit processing in standard molding equipment, the best of which are polyamines with high boiling points and their derivatives. The polymer, properly stabilized, can best be molded using screw injection-molding equipment at temperature of 488–523K.
Poly(4-hydroxy benzoic acid)
Authors: Wu Sizhu , Madkour Tarek M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major Applications A component in a family of random copolymers that show thermotropic liquid crystalline behavior and are marketed as structural materials. Properties of Special Interest Intractable polymer with no melting behavior below temperatures of significant degradation. It polymerizes directly into the crystalline state, thus showing high tensile stiffness, low dielectric constant, and dimensional stability at high temperatures.
Poly(4-hydroxystyrene)
Authors: Zhang Ruzhi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Properties of Special Interest and Major Applications Poly(4-hydroxystyrene) is an analogue of Novolac that has comparable solubility in organic solvents and in aqueous bases. It also has comparable resistance to dry etching environments. It is transparent at DUV (∼ 250 nm) wavelength and is the polymer backbone of a number of positive resists used for KrF lithography.(1,2) Its high glass transition temperature and hydrogen bonding capability, in comparison to polystyrene, are also of special interests to industrial applications.
Poly(isobutylene), Butyl Rubber, Halobutyl Rubber
Authors: Murugesan Suresh , Strate Gary W Ver , Lohse David J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Properties of Special Interest High bulk density (0.917 g cm− 3 at 20°C for PIB and IIR) for an amorphous elastomer, which leads to low gas permeability and high hysteresis at a given temperature. The introduction of a mole percent of olefin or halogen dramatically changes chemical reactivity but not physical properties. (2,3)
Cis-1,4-Polyisoprene
Authors: Zhang Ruzhi , MarkAcronyms, James E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Properties of Special Interest High degree of stereoregularity in structure, presence of the reactive double bonds (unsaturation), strain-induced crystallization, high gum tensile strength, superior building tack, green stock strength, better processing, high strength in non-black formulations, hot tear resistance, retention of strength at elevated temperatures, high resilience, low hysteresis (heat build-up), excellent dynamic properties, and general fatigue resistance.
trans-1,4-Polyisoprene
Authors: Rajan Guru Sankar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Properties of Special Interest TPIP resists abrasion, scuffing, and cutting; it is a tough, rigid, durable, and lightweight polymer at room temperature; it can be extruded, calendered, injection molded, and compression molded; it can be compounded with fillers, and used in blends with other polymers; resistant to ozone, alkalies, fats, oils, and some concentrated acids except nitric acid and sulfuric acid.
Poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide)
Authors: Peppas N A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major Applications Membranes, chromatographic resins, size exclusion particles, drug delivery systems, actuators, intelligent systems, separation units. Properties of Special Interest Exhibition of low critical solubility temperature in water at 32°C provides for interesting applications in separation science. This temperature maybe modified with copolymerization.
Polymeric Selenium
Authors: Clarson Stephen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Selenium and its Applications Selenium derives its name from the Greek name for the moon (Selene)— in part due to its silvery appearance (Atkins). The most stable form of this element is grey selenium (metallic) which has a melting point of 494K. This trigonal grey selenium consists of parallel spiral chains of Se atoms which repeat after three atoms. Red crystalline selenium Se8 rings (Sealpha and Sebeta) can be obtained by crystallization from a carbon disulphide solution of black selenium. Black selenium is formed by pouring molten selenium in water. Detailed calculations on the conformations of polymeric selenium chains and on their ring-chain equilibration distributions have been described by Semlyen. In the gas phase above the boiling point the dominant species is Se2. Grey selenium has an electrical conductivity which increases with temperature and thus exhibits semiconducting behavior.
Poly(methylsilsesquioxane)
Authors: Lin Gui , Baney Ronald H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The structure of poly(phenylsilsesquioxane) depends upon the method of preparation. The structure is a function of the concentration of the initial monomer, the nature of the solvent, the nature of the hydrolysable substituents, the concentration of water, the temperature, the type of catalyst, and the nature of the non-hydrolysing substituent.
Polyoctenamer
Authors: Galiatsatos Vassilios 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Synthesis Ring-opening polymerization of cyclooctene in the presence of Ziegler Natta catalysts. Cyclooctene is polymerized to polyoctenamer (TOR) in a metathesis reaction that produces both linear and cyclic macromolecules. The cis/trans ratio, which determines the degree of crystallinity of TOR, is controlled by the polymerization conditions.
Poly(1,4-phenylene vinylene)
Authors: Swiatkiewicz Jacek , Prasad Paras N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Properties of Special Interest Electroactive and electroluminescent material. Electrical and electrooptical properties can be tuned by choice of doping and preparation procedure. Large third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility. Insoluble and infusible material, sustains high temperature treatment.
Poly(phenylsilsesquioxane)
Authors: Lin Gui , Baney Ronald H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Acronyms, Alternative Names, Trade Names Phenyl-T, PPSQ, PLOS, CLPHS, phenyl silicobenzoic anhydride, cyclolinear poly(phenylsiloxane), phenyl siliconic anhydride, Ladder Coat® (Mitsubishi Electric), Glass Resin (Owens Illinois/Showa Denko), OctaPhenyl-POSS®
Polyphosphates
Authors: Ding Leiyuchuan , Foxman Bruce M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major Applications Acids: Intermediate in fertilizer production. Catalysts for alkylation, dehydrogenation, polymerization, and isomerization. Dehydrating agent in dye and pigment production. Salts: Builders in detergent and cleaning formulations. Consistency control agents in foods. Deflocculants in clays, dyes, and ink. Anticalculus agents in toothpaste and mouthwash. Dispersants for solids in clay processing, drilling mud, and pigments. Flame retardation. Models for natural biopolymers.
Polypyrrole
Authors: Kulkarni Amit S , Rane Shrish , Beaucage Gregory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major Applications There are potential applications for PPy in display devices, chemical sensors, electrodes in batteries, drug carriers, heating fabrics, deionizers, and as a catalyst. Properties Of Special Interest Presence of an extended π–bonding system, which imparts electrical properties to the polymer. Doping to either p or n type can enhance these properties. Polypyrrole is stable in air at ambient temperatures, as well as high as 250°C in its doped state. Polypyrrole can also be synthesized in a doped state. It changes color when switched from its conducting to insulating state.
Poly(silylenemethylenes)
Authors: Shen Q H , Interrante L V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Acronyms, Trade Names, Alternative Names PSM, PSE (I), HPCS (IIa), AHPCS, SP-4000, SMP-10 (II), poly[silylene(methylene)] (I), poly(carbodihydridosilane) (I), poly(silaethylene) (I), hydridopolycarbosilane (IIa), allylhydridopolycarbosilane (IIb), Starfire Matrix Polymer (IIb)
Polystyrene, Head-to-head
Authors: Li Michael. T , Malanga Ying 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Preparative Technique H H polystyrene has never been obtained directly from styrene monomer and indirect polymerization techniques have to be used. H–H polystyrene was first synthesized in a four step reaction. It is synthesized by the selective hydrogenation of 1,4-poly(2,3-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene) (PDPB) using potassium/ethanol.
Poly(sulfur nitride)
Authors: Rubinson J F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major Applications Electrode fabrication in crystalline, film, or paste form. Electrodes are useful in both aqueous and some nonaqueous solvents. Ion-selective electrode. Contact with semiconductors yields high-voltage junction. Photocell and lithium battery fabrication. Properties of Special Interest A number of the intermediates in its synthesis as well as the dry polymer are explosive under certain conditions. A thorough literature survey of its properties should be undertaken before synthesis or use.(1,2,3) Intrinsic metallic conductor. Undoped polymer is a superconductor at 0.3 K, while doped forms have been made with higher Tc.
Poly(tetrafluoroethylene)
Authors: Kerbow D L , Aten R M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major Applications Granular and fine powder forms are used in electrical wire insulation, seals, and gaskets, and in valve and pipe fittings and linings for harsh chemical applications. Fine powders are also prepared in fiber, filament, and porous fabric forms. Dispersions are used in glass cloth coatings to provide weather protection, mechanical strength, and chemical resistance. Micropowders are used as additives to inks, lubricants, and plastics to provide lubricity, antiburning, and nonstick properties.
Poly(tetrahydrofuran)
Authors: Yuan-Huffman Qingwen Wendy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Polymerization None Cationic ring-opening living polymerization (1–3) Solvents None Benzene, ethanol, tetrahydrofuran, Chloroform (4–6) Nonsolvents None Petroleum ether, hexane, methanol, water (4–6)
Poly[1-(trimethylsilyl)-1-propyne]
Authors: Wu Sizhu , Madkour Tarek M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major Applications Potential applications involve oxygen enrichment applicable to combustion furnaces, car engines, and respiration-aiding apparatuses. Also in the transport of oxygen dissolved in water applied to contact lenses and artificial lungs. In liquid mixture separation associated with ethanol concentration of fermented biomass. Furthermore, in polymer degradation related to resist materials for microlithography. Properties of Special Interest Glassy ductile polymer with high permeability and low selectivity. A white amorphous silicon containing acetylene stable to air and soluble in nonpolar solvents such as toluene, cyclohexane, and carbon tetrachloride. Thus, it allows for tough film formation by solution casting.
Polyurethane Urea
Authors: Ramanathan L S , Sivaram S , Mishra Munmaya K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major Applications Polyurethane urea is useful in making interior automobile parts like armrests, head rests, gear shifts, knee protection pad, etc. Rigid integral PU foams are used in electronic and construction fields. Properties of Special Interest High compressive strength, less weight, good weatherability, and excellent properties of electrical insulation.
Poly(vinyl butyral)
Authors: Sundararajan P R , Khan Mostofa Kamal 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major Applications The significant use is in lamination of safety glass (automotive windshields). Others are structural adhesives, binders for rocket propellants, ceramics, in metallized brake linings, lithographic and offset printing plates, magnetic tapes, powder coatings; binder matrix in photoactive, elecrooptic and electronic devices, protective coatings for glass, metal, wood, and ceramics; in wash primers for protecting metal surfaces (e.g., naval vessels); adhesion promoter in inks; dispersions used in textile industry to improve abrasion resistance and reduce color crocking.
Poly(vinylidene fluoride)
Authors: Scheinbeim Jerry I , Zhang Qiming , Zhang Shihai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major Applications Wire and cable insulation, tubing, piping, sheet and melt-cast films for electrical and electronics, binder for high-quality metal finishes for building components used on exterior wall panels, roofing shingles, and on industrial, commercial and residential buildings, binders for lithium-ion battery electrode, membranes for battery, used in fluid handling systems for solid and lined pipes, fittings, valves, and pumps, in manufacture of microporous and ultrafiltration membranes, chemical-tank lining, piezoelectric sensors for telephone headset, hydrophones, keyboards and, printers, pyroelectric sensor for infrared sensing, high energy density capacitor films.
Sulfo-ethylene-propylene-diene Monomer Ionomers
Authors: Wang Shuhong 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
General Information These polymers consist of sulfonated derivatives of ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymers. The ionic associations induced by the sulfonate groups are significantly stronger than is the case with the carboxylated products. For a detailed comparison, see reference (2). Even after several years of active development, sustainable commercial uses have not emerged. Thus, these products are no longer being produced even though they are of considerable technical interest.
Morpheus And Berkeley On Reality
Authors: Mawson Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite this rather opaque comment, Morpheus actually relies on a pretty straightforward understanding of what it is that makes something real as opposed to unreal. He relies on this understanding when he classifies his hovercraft, the Nebuchadnezzar; deserted and devastated cities on the surface of the Earth; and the populous and thriving (at least until the end of the second film) city of Zion near its center as real. And he relies on it when he classifies the world of the Matrix; what he calls “the Construct,” the white world in which he first explains the nature of the Matrix to Neo; and the virtual arena in which they first spar as unreal. He relies on it to make sense of his general mission as being to wake people up from unreality and into reality. And he relies on it to make sense of his particular mission as being to do this for Neo, the person whom he believes will be able to destroy the unreality of the Matrix for good. In so relying on it, Morpheus actually assumes that there’s an important difference between those electrical signals that are fed into our brains by computers when we’re floating in our tanks and those that he experiences when, for example, he’s sitting with his crew in the cockpit of the Nebuchadnezzar. If Morpheus thought that reality was simply a matter of having electrical signals interpreted by your brain.
Introduction: A Parent’s Nightmare
Authors: Gur Raque E , Johnson Ann Braden 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a book about schizophrenia, a serious mental disorder that usually appears in late adolescence or early adulthood, seemingly without warning. Schizophrenia is many things, not least a disease that affects all the people who know and love the person who has it. Since many people who develop schizophrenia are teenagers or young adults, the disease affects the parents of those children directly and painfully. Parents must watch as the child they know and love changes in ways they may not fully understand. At the same time, parents will most likely continue to be the chief caretakers of their affected children, often well into adulthood. For in the age of deinstitutionalization and managed health care, the family is the first line of defense against a serious, personality-altering, and potentially life-threatening chronic mental illness.
Getting the Right Treatment for Your Child: Medications, Therapy, and More
Authors: Gur Raque E , Johnson Ann Braden 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter, we mentioned that most of the progressive deterioration that schizophrenia can incur will take place within the first five to ten years after the individual has experienced the first psychotic episode. It is worth reiterating this point if only to emphasize its implicit recommendation: that early diagnosis and intervention at the first signs of the disease can help to prevent its worst effects over the long term.
Everyday Life
Authors: Gur Raque E , Johnson Ann Braden 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Parents who live with mentally ill children have an extremely tough row to hoe. Not only do they have to put aside their hopes and expectations for what that person could have become, had things been different, but they must also cope with unnerving and even deranged behavior that other people may never see in their lives. They must spend hours, days, weeks— whatever it takes—tracking down therapists, hospitals, clinics, and favorable decisions from insurance companies. What is not always fully appreciated, however, is that the relatives of the mentally ill must also master their own emotional responses to the daily reminder that their son or sister is different, odd, peculiar, eccentric, unpredictable, and/or downright hostile.
Prevention of Schizophrenia: The Challenges
Authors: Gur Raque E , Johnson Ann Braden 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the advent of newer, “atypical” antipsychotic medicines, we have seen that the principal symptoms of schizophrenia can usually be controlled. We are not yet able to address some of the behavioral aspects of the disorder as efficiently, however. The general failure of traditional outpatient therapy programs to address the social and vocational needs of people with schizophrenia has led to the development of intensive, individualized treatment initiatives, such as Assertive Community Treatment (ACT), designed to restore patients to genuine participation in all aspects of adult life. But no matter how successful programs are at reintegrating people with schizophrenia into society, most people would agree that it would be even better if we could prevent them from becoming sick in the first place.
Writing Fighting War
Authors: Batstone William W , Damon Cynthia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cicero, discussing Caesar’;s Gallic War commentaries in a work on rhetoric and Latin style, made the general comment, “They really must be thought excellent. For they are naked and lovely, with every oratorical ornament stripped away like clothing. For in history nothing is sweeter than a pure and clear brevity” (Brutus 262). In the preceding chapters we have seen Caesar’;s style at work constructing arguments and offering an interpretation of people and events that served Caesar’;s needs. Here we concentrate on features of Caesar’;s style that facilitate his presentation.1 We will see that in the Civil War, at least, the general impression Caesar gives of an unornamented plainness is effective in itself and also serves as a foil that allows his occasional ornaments to shine. Everywhere Caesar shows both his “mastery of easy, everyday language” and his sensitivity to the effects produced by variation.
Epilogue: Surviving Failure
Authors: Batstone William W , Damon Cynthia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The newly personal terms of political engagement that, in chapter 4, we saw Caesar developing are also visible in the historical record outside his commentaries. From Cicero’;s correspondence, for example, we know that after Pharsalus Caesar insisted on issuing pardons in person: he wanted to “hear each case” himself (Att. 11.7.2, Dec. 48). One of those whose cases Caesar eventually heard in person was Cicero himself, who, once restored to favor, turned busily to promoting the restoration of others.2 He tells one anxious petitioner that Caesar favored requests based on personal obligations, requests, that is, made to him by his friends or by those he had already pardoned on behalf of those with whom they themselves had personal relationships: I have made your case more openly than my situation really warranted. The circumstance of my weakened influence was overcome by the place you have in my affections and by my long-standing and diligently reciprocated love for you.