bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Hypergeometric Function
Authors: Andrews Larry C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Because of the many relations connecting the special functions to each other, and to the elementary functions, it is natural to inquire whether more general functions can be developed so that the special functions and elementary functions are merely specializations of these general functions. General functions of this nature have in fact been developed and are collectively referred to as functions of the hypergeometric type. There are several varieties of these functions, but the most common are the standard hypergeometric function ( which we discuss in this chapter) and the confluent hypergeometric function (Chap. 10).
Nonlinear ordinary differential equations
Authors: Jordan D W , Smith P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nonlinear ordinary differential equations was first published in 1977 and has since become a standard text in the teaching of the subject. It takes a qualitative approach, and is designed for advanced undergraduate and graduate students of dynamical systems in mathematics or mathematics-related subjects. The text of this third edition has been completely revised to bring it into line with current teaching, including an expansion of the material on bifurcations and chaos. The book is directed towards practical applications of the theory, with several hundred examples and problems covering a wide variety of applications. Prerequisites are kept to a minimum, with appendices containing the necessary mathematical theory new to this edition. From reviews of the first edition: The book can profitably be used in a senior undergraduate course. It is well written, well motivated and contains some recent developments of interest which have not been readily accessible before at this level. V. Lakshmikantham in Mathematical Reviews From reviews of the second edition: The subject has wide applications in physical, biological, and social sciences which continuously supply new problems of practical and theoretical importance. The book does a good job in motivating the reader in such pursuits, and presents the subject in a simple but elegant style. P. K. Kythe in Applied Mechanics Reviews
Singular perturbation methods
Authors: Jordan D W , Smith P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This Chapter is concerned with approximating to the solutions of differential equations containing a small parameter E in what might be called difficult cases where, for one reason or another, a straightforward expansion of the solution in powers of c is unobtainable or unusable. Often in such cases it is possible to modify the method so that the essential features of such expansions are redeemed. Ideally, we wish to be able to take a few terms of an expansion, and to be able to say that for some small fixed numerical value of E supplied in a practical problem the truncated series is close to the required solution for the whole range of the independent variable in the differential equation. Failure of this condition is the rule rather than the exception. In fact the examples of Chapter 5 do not give useful approximations if we work solely from the initial conditions (see Problem 5.15): for satisfactory approximation we must use the technically redundant information that the solutions are periodic.
Liapunov methods for determining stability of the zero solution
Authors: Jordan D W , Smith P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter l we described the •energy method’ for determining that an equilibrium point at the origin is an attractor, in connection with simple systems that allow a discussion in terms of the change in energy levels along the phase paths as time progresses. The Liapunov theory described in this Chapter may be regarded as a development of this idea. It has no necessary connection with energy, concerns solution stability rather than Poincare stability, and has a broader field of application. We discuss only two-dimensional autonomous systems in detail, but the theory can be extended to higher-dimensional and nonautonomous cases (Cesari 1971). Sections I 0.1 to l 0.4 give a geometrical treatment for two-dimensional systems based on the Poincare-Bcndixson theorem applied to topographic systems of a simple type. In particular it is shown how a further requirement will frequently allow asymptotic stability to be proved by using a weak Liapunov function. In Section l 0.5 the theorems are proved in the usual, and more general, form. With small changes in expression they also apply ton-dimensional cases.
Bifurcations and manifolds
Authors: Jordan D W , Smith P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A characteristic of nonlinear oscillating systems which has become a subject of considerable recent interest is the great variety of types of response of which they are capable as initial conditions or parameter values change. The passage from one set of responses to another often occurs very suddenly, or catastrophically’: instances of this were shown in Section 1.7 in connection with a parameter-dependent conservative system, and in Section 7.3 on the jump phenomenon of Duffing’s equation. Further examples of such changes are given in the present Chapter, the linking concept being the idea of bifurcation, where the sudden change in behaviour occurs as a parameter passes through a critical value, called a bifurcation point. A system may contain more than one parameter, each with its own bifurcation points, so that it can display extremely complex behaviour, and computer studies play an important part in providing a taxonomy for the behaviour of such systems. We shall look at some of the elementary characteristics of bifurcations as they arise in the fold and cusp catastrophes, the Hopf bifurcation and structural instability.
Solving integrable systems
Authors: Guest Martin A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our objective in this chapter is to review how the ‘Grassmannian model of the loop group’, usually referred to as the Sato or Segal—Wilson Grassmannian, provides a conceptual framework for solving integrable systems with spectral parameter. While it is certainly possible to solve integrable systems without mentioning the Grassmannian model, such methods always involve complicated ad hoc calculations. The Grassmannian model does not eliminate the complicated calculations, but it organises them efficiently and provides an intelligent compromise between the concrete and the abstract. It also reveals the infinite-dimensional symmetry groups behind such systems. We shall summarize the three main approaches which use the Grassmannian model, and then show how they are unified by the D-module point of view.
The Minium: Evolution Distance-Based Approach To Phylogenetic Inference
Authors: Desper Richard , Gascuel Olivier 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Distance algorithms remain among the most popular for reconstructing phylogenies, especially for researchers faced with data sets with large members of taxa. Distance algorithms are much faster in practice than character or likelihood algorithms, and least-squares algorithms produce trees that have several desirable statistical properties. The fast Neighbor .Joining heuristic has proven to be quite popular with researchers, but suffers somewhat from a lack of a statistical foundation. we show here that the balanced minimum evolution approach provides a robust statistical justification and is amenable to fast heuristics that provide topologies superior among the cllass of distance algorithms. The aim of this chapter is to present a comprehensive survey of the minimum evolution principle, detailing its variants, algorithms, and statistical and combinatorial properties. The focus is on the balanced version of this principle, as it appears quite well suited for phylogenetic inference, from a theoretical perspective as well as through computer simulations.
Tau in musical expression
Authors: Lee David N , Schögler Benjaman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is it that makes a great actor, musician, prima ballerina or performance artist? Many and varied talents are at work, but in every case it is individuals’ ability to communicate by controlled body movements that distinguishes their art. Creative artistic expression often excites the communication of complex ideas and emotions through a manipulation of ‘narrative’ in different modalities simultaneously, thereby stimulating affect (Malloch 2005).
Towards a chronobiology of musical rhythm
Authors: Osborne Nigel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The existence of biological clocks—clusters of rhythmically pulsing neurons that keep time for living organisms, regulate metabolism, procreation, movement, communication and even the temporal nature of human thought (Foster and Kreitzman 2004)—raises key questions about the relationship between the rhythm we experience in moving and that we easily share in music, our biology and neurobiology, and our culturally refined consciousness of time (Husserl 1969; Lakoff and Johnson 1980, 1999; Turner and Pöppel 1988; Schögler 1999; Pöppel and Wittman 1999; Pöppel 2002;
Donald 1991; Krumhansel 2000; Stern 2004; Lee 2005; Schögler and Trevarthen 2007).
Molecular Basis Of Tau Protein Pathology: Role Of Abnormal Hyperphosphorylation
Authors: Iqbal Khalid , Alonso Alejandra del C , Chohan M Omar , El-Akkad Ezzat , Gong Cheng-Xin , Khatoon Sabiha , Liu Fei , Grundke-lqbal Inge 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tau protein pathology, seen as neurofibrillary degeneration, is a hallmark of Alzheimer‘s disease (AD) and related tauopathies. To date, the most established and the most compelling cause of dysfunctional tau in AD and related tauopathies is the abnormal hyperphosphorylation of tau. The abnormal hyperphosphorylation results not only in the loss of tau function of promoting assembly and stabilizing microtubules but also in a gain of a toxic function whereby the pathological tau sequesters not only normal tau, but also the other two neuronal microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), MAPlA/MAPlB and MAP2, and causes inhibition and disruption of microtubules.
Inflammation And Alzheimer‘s Disease
Authors: Mattson Mark P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Both brain-intrinsic and humoral inflammatory processes occur in Alzheimer‘s disease (AD). The contributions of such immune-response-related cellular interactions and molecular cascades to the dysfunction and death of neurons are beginning to be elucidated. Local activation of microglia and astrocytes which produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, together with activation of complement cascades, may occur early in the course of the disease in response to amyloid peptide (A ) accumulation and oxidative stress. As the disease progresses the production of signalling molecules by damaged cells and activated glia may recruit leucocytes to the affected brain regions. Epidemiological findings and data from studies of animal models of AD suggest that anti-inflammatory drugs and dietary manipulations can delay disease onset and may slow the progression of AD. Stimulation of an immune response by immunization with A or A antibodies also holds promise for disease prevention and treatment.
Amyloid-Based Therapies
Authors: Xia Weiming 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alzheimer‘s disease (AD) is characterized by the progressive accumulation of extracellu lar neuritic plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. Neuritic plaques are com posed of the amyloid p protein (AP), which is derived from the P-amyloid precursor protein (APP) after P- and y-secretase cleavages. Because the neuritic amyloid plaque is an early and invariant feature of AD, reducing amyloid deposition is a rational approach to intervening in the neuropathological progression of disease. The current search for amyloid-based therapies is mainly focused on blocking AP generation, enhancing AP degradation, clearing AP from brain by vaccine, and interfering with AP oligomerization.
Apples or Oranges? Selection of the Control Group
Authors: Simon Stephen D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Almost all research involves comparison. Do women who take Tamoxifen have a lower rate of breast cancer recurrence than women who take a placebo? Do left-handed people die at an earlier age than right-handed people? Are men with severe vertex balding more likely to develop heart disease than men with no balding? In each of these situations, you are making a comparison between a control group and a treatment/exposure group. I will use the terms treatment and exposure interchangably throughout this book, though I will reserve treatment for those conditions which represent an effort to produce a beneficial result and exposure to represent a condition that is potentially harmful. You would call drinking water from a natural spring a treatment, but drinking water from a contaminated well an exposure. The distinction between treatment and exposure is not that critical though, and when I discuss a generic ‘treatment’ in this book, feel free to substitute the word ‘‘exposure’’ and vice versa.
What Do the Other Witnesses Say? Corroborating Evidence
Authors: Simon Stephen D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This analogy also holds for research studies. Some studies are so well done that their evidence alone would be enough to convince you. Other studies, however, provide only weak evidence. But when this evidence is combined with other information, the evidence can become quite strong. Sir Austin Bradford Hill outlined a series of tests that you could use to evaluate whether an association between an environmental factor and disease was credible (Hill 1965). These criteria are not perfect. A strong criticism of Hill’s criteria appear in a classic textbook on epidemiology by Kenneth Rothman and Sander Greenland (Rothmann 1998). Rothman and Greenland point out that none of Hill’s criteria (with the exception of temporality) are necessary or sufficient for establishing cauastion.
Do the Pieces Fit Together? Systematic overviews and meta-analyses
Authors: Simon Stephen D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When there are multiple research studies evaluating a new intervention, you need to find a way to assess the cumulative evidence of these studies. You can do this informally, but medical researchers now use a formal process, known as meta-analysis. Meta-analysis, involves the quantitative pooling of data from two or more studies. More recently, another term, systematic overview, has come into favor. A systematic overview involves the careful review and identification of all research studies associated with a topic, but it may or may not end up pooling the results of these studies. So meta-analysis represents a subset of all the systematic overviews. I tend to use the older term, meta-analysis, partly because I am stubborn, but partly because I am interested in the quantitative aspects of this type of research. But most of my comments apply more broadly to systematic overviews.
What Do All These Numbers Mean?
Authors: Simon Stephen D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have a fictional story that I tell people. It is about someone who comes to my office and says he has trouble understanding a recently published paper. I look at the title: ‘In vitro and in vivo assessment of Endothelin as a biomarker of iatrogenically induced alveolar hypoxia in neonates’ and say that I understand why you would have trouble with a paper like this. ‘Yeah’, he says in return, ‘I don’t understand what this boxplot is on page 3.’
Markov chains
Authors: Stirzaker David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Useful models of the real world have to satisfy two conflicting requirements: they must be sufficiently complicated to describe complex systems, but they must also be sufficiently simple for us to analyse them. This chapter introduces Markov chains, which have successfully modelled a huge range of scientific and social phenomena, supported by an extensive theory telling us how Markov chains behave. Because they combine tractability with almost limitless complexity of behaviour, Markov processes, in general, are the most useful and important class of stochastic models.
Parameter estimation II
Authors: Sivia D S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter, we were concerned with the most elementary type of data analysis problem: parameter estimation involving just one unknown variable. Now let us progress to the more common case in which there are several parameters; some of these will be of interest to us, but others merely a nuisance. As well as being a more challenging optimization problem, we will be led to generalize the idea of error-bars to include correlations and to the use of marginalization to deal with the unwanted variables. We will also see how certain approximations naturally give rise to some of the most frequently used analysis procedures, and discuss the so-called propagation of errors.
What is cancer?
Authors: Franks Leonard M , Knowles Margaret A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cancer has been known since human societies first recorded their activities. It was well known to the ancient Egyptians and to succeeding civilizations but, as most cancers develop in the latter decades of life, until the expectation of life began to increase from the middle of the nineteenth century onwards, the number of people surviving to this age was relatively small. Now that the infectious diseases, the major causes of death in the past, have been controlled by improvements in public health and medical care, the proportion of the population at risk of cancer has increased dramatically.
How far can you go with Hebbian learning, and when does it lead you astray?
Authors: McClelland James L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper considers the use of Hebbian learning rules to model aspects of development and learning, including the emergence of structure in the visual system in early life. There is considerable physiological evidence that a Hebb-like learning rule applies to the strengthening of synaptic efficacy seen in neurophysiological investigations of synaptic plasticity, and similar learning rules are often used to show how various properties of visual neurons and their organization into ocular dominance stripes and orientation columns could arise without being otherwise preprogrammed. Some of the plusses and minuses of Hebbian learning are considered.
Modules, genes, and evolution: What have we learned from atypical development?
Authors: Karmiloff-Smith Annette 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the atypical brain presented with a neat juxtaposition of parts intact and parts impaired, then atypical development might be a direct window on normal developmental change, with clear-cut single and double dissociations. Such a view emanates from the model of adult neuropsychological patients whose brains were fully and normally developed until their brain insult. The developing brain is very different. It is neither localized nor specialized at birth, and many months and years are required for the progressive modularization of the adult brain to occur.
Introduction to Algebra
Authors: Cameron Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Developed to meet the needs of modern students, this Second Edition of the classic algebra text by Peter Cameron covers all the abstract algebra an undergraduate student is likely to need. Starting with an introductory overview of numbers, sets and functions, matrices, polynomials, and modular arithmetic, the text then introduces the most important algebraic structures: groups, rings and fields, and their properties. This is followed by coverage of vector spaces and modules with applications to abelian groups and canonical forms before returning to the construction of the number systems, including the existence of transcendental numbers. The final chapters take the reader further into the theory of groups, rings and fields, coding theory, and Galois theory. With over 300 exercises, and web-based solutions, this is an ideal introductory text for Year 1 and 2 undergraduate students in mathematics.
The number systems
Authors: Cameron Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The nineteenth-century German mathematician Leopold Kronecker said, ‘God made the integers; the rest is the work of man’. Many others, including non-mathematicians, have felt similarly What could be more general than 2, which can represent two galaxies or two pickles, or one galaxy plus one pickle (the mind doth boggle), or just 2 gently bobbing—where? It, like God, is an “I am” and many have thought that it must be a precipitate of ultimate reality.
The Grotzsch Argument
Authors: Fletcher A , Markovic V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we use Grotzsch’s problem of finding a homeomorphism between two rectangles which is closest to a conformal map to motivate the idea of quasiconformality for C 1-diffeomorphisms. We will see that the afine stretching is our first example of a quasiconformal map which is not con- formal. We also include a short summary of the basic theory of Riemann surfaces.
Effects of global change on inflorescence production: a Bayesian hierarchical analysis
Authors: Lambers Janneke Hille Ris , Aukema Brian , Diez Jeff , Evans Margaret , Latimer Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The effects of global change on seed production may dramatically impact plant community composition, because species-specific recruitment rates influence species diversity, successional trajectories and invasion rates. We developed a Bayesian hierarchical model to quantify the effects of three global change factors (elevated CO2, nitrogen deposition, and declining diversity) on allocation to inflorescence production of 12 grassland species. We used the results from these analyses to consider (1) how seed production might be affected by global change and (2) whether species within functional groups respond similarly to global change.
Nucleomorphs: remnant nuclear genomes
Authors: Kawach Oliver , Sommer Maik S , Gould Sven B , Voß Christine , Zauner, Stefan , Maier Uwe-G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many organisms acquired their plastids by the engulfment and intracellular reduction of a eukaryotic phototroph. This process is called secondary endosymbiosis. Nature provides several stages of reduction of the secondary endosymbiont, which ultimately creates complex plastids surrounded by three or four membranes. In two cases, the chlorarachniophytes and the cryptophytes, a remnant cytoplasm as well as a pygmy cell nucleus, a nucleomorph, are maintained from the secondary endosymbiont.
The Dictyostelium genome – a blueprint for a multicellular protist
Authors: Schaap Pauline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The year 2005 saw the completion of the genome sequencing project of Dictyostelium discoideum, the first non-pathogenic protist to be completely sequenced (Eichinger et al. 2005). What is Dictyostelium’s place among the protists and why is knowledge of its genome important? Compared to the morphological variety of macroscopic life forms that can be observed by the naked eye, the much greater genetic diversity of microscopic life is usually unappreciated. However, it is from these humble origins that multicellular life was independently generated many times over.
Phase-Ordered Gamma Oscillations And The Modulation Of Hypnotic Experience
Authors: Pascalis Vilfredo De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neuroscience has begun to open up a whole new perspective on the nature and causes of hypnosis that promises to transform the field over the next few years. This has occurred for three main reasons. First, a number of theories of brain functioning and attentional control in hypnosis have been elaborated that can be explicitly tested using neurophysiological methods (Woody and Bowers 1994; Ray 1997; Gruzelier 1998, 2000; Oakley 1999; Crawford 2001). Secondly, researchers have moved from studying passive resting states to experimental designs that assess brain function while participants respond to hypnotic suggestions such as hypnosis-induced analgesia (De Pascalis and Perrone 1996; Rainville et al. 1997) and hallucinations (Szechtman et al.