bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fasting: Scorched Earth and Fertile Soil
Authors: Laidlaw James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The words Jains use for fasting are the same as those for asceticism in general—tap, tapas, tapasya—all derived from the Sanskrit root for ‘heat’: the heat that burns karma from the soul. Fasting is not the only form of austerity that lay Jains engage in (there are vows of silence, for instance), but it stands for self-mortification in general because it is easily the most widely practised. In this chapter I shall first survey the general forms of Jain fasting and discuss why they have to be governed by a vow; then I shall look at some elaborate magical fasts.
Paryushan: Austerity and Increase in Counterpoint
Authors: Laidlaw James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At many points in our consideration of Jain religious self-fashioning, we have seen the affirmation of worldly life and good fortune interwoven with asceticism and world-renunciation. We saw this in fasting, where the very substances which are renounced in ascetic practice are displayed and consumed, in celebration of the feat of not consuming them. In the Paryushan festival asceticism and auspiciousness are again combined, and here each occurs in such a heightened form that their co-occurrence presents itself as an almost surreal aesthetic contrast.1 This occurs in the Jains’ own celebrations, but to see its full force, we need to notice that the Jains also participate in a Hindu festival which is celebrated at the same time. As I described in Chapter 5, you can be a Jain without ceasing to be, in the broad sense, a Hindu; and this is essential, I think, to understanding how lay Jain religious identity works. But this is not an easy syncretism, and nor does it quite capture what is going on to say that certain Jain practices have a higher status than do ‘popular’ Hindu ones. In so far as Jainism is conceived as an ascetic renunciation of worldly life, it needs a conception and experience of what that worldly life is. And in so far as lay Jains are partial, conditional, imperfect, or intermittent practitioners of ascetic renunciation—in so far that is, as they are only occasionally ‘real Jains’—that worldly life is more than just a rhetorical background for them.
Heirs of the Establishment
Authors: Wake Jehanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Born in the heyday of the Victorian world, those years between the 1887 Golden and the 1897 Diamond Jubilee when the flourish of imperialist swords proclaimed Pax Britannica, Robin Benson’s three sons were rocked in the cradle of Britain’s ruling classes. Their first steps took them into a circle interwoven with some 1,500 privileged families who matter-of-factly bred their children to take their place at the pinnacle of the largest empire in the world.
Introduction
Authors: Thompson F M L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the course of his career Sir John Habakkuk—universally known as Hrothgar before 1976, when the euphonies of the British honours system induced a slight name-change in the tradition of the aristocracy whose habits his historical work has done so much to illuminate—has inspired two distinct groups of followers. In 1940, at the age of 25 and only four years after taking his History degree at Cambridge, he published the classic article on ‘English Landownership, 1680-1740’, which laid the foundations of the rigorous study of landownership, landed families, and the land market.
International Capital Movements and the Gold Standard: British Domestic Investment and American Railroads in the 1880s
Authors: Knick Harley C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The international gold standard in its heyday has impressed many observers with its stability and flexibility. Some have argued that the half-century before the First World War was superior in these respects to the monetary arrangements that active governmental policy has provided in more recent decades. However, our understanding of the details of how the historic gold standard worked remains incomplete. The mechanisms that underlie the robustness and flexibility of a monetary system are potentially best revealed in the reaction of the macro-economy to unanticipated shocks. International capital movements to the United States in the 1880s as a result of the construction boom in Western railroads was such an event.
English and French Landowners 1688–1789
Authors: O’Brien P K , Heath D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Political revolutions, however accidental and avoidable, brought almost total discredit upon the nobilities of Europe’s ancien regime, while aristocracies that weathered the storm from 1789 to 1815 tend to be praised for the wise management of their nation’s political, social, and economic affairs. Survival may be a limited test of competence in politics but more rigorous demonstrations of achievement are demanded from historians who attempt to evaluate the contributions of national elites to long-term economic growth. Although they clearly investors in industry, trade, and social overhead capital, in this essay British and French landowners will be evaluated in terms of their primary economic function, namely as managers and improvers of landed estates and other property rights connected with agricultural production.
Entrepreneurship and Public Inquiry: The Growth of Government in Nineteenth-Century Britain
Authors: Hartwell R M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The nineteenth century was rich in discussion about the role of government in society. From Bentham to Dicey, debate centred on the ‘Agenda’, and ‘Non-Agenda’, to use Bentham’s terms, on what it was proper for governments to do, or what should be optional, and on what governments should not do. J. S, Mill devoted a lengthy section of his Principles to government, asking questions that are still with us: What are ‘the proper limits of the functions and agency of government?’ ‘How governments should be constituted, and according to what principles and rules they should exercise their authority?’ And ‘to what departments of human affairs that authority should extend?’ Contemporary perceptions were conditioned by the obvious dismantling of the mercantilist state on the one hand, and by the equally obvious origins of ‘the welfare state’ on the other. To contemporaries it seemed clear that those two changes were separated chronologically, and that the century divided into two periods, the first in which the legal and institutional framework of a laissez-faire society was established, and the second in which there was increasing legislative intervention in society and economy, and the development of a bureaucracy of regulation and control.
Geoffrey Marshall
Authors: Bogdanor Vernon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Geoffrey Marshall, the only child of Leonard and Kate Marshall, was born in Chesterfield in 1929. The family, however, soon moved to Blackpool, where his mother kept a boarding house. Geoffrey was educated at Arnold School, Blackpool, where he won an assisted place. It was at Arnold School that his Latin teacher, Mr Haythornthwaite, stimulated his interest in language and precise expression. As a youth, Geoffrey also excelled in sport, conceiving a particular admiration for Stanley Matthews and becoming, partly for that reason, a lifelong fan of Blackpool.
New Labour and the New Premiership
Authors: Morgan Kenneth O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘I am the Prime Minister and Tony is the President.’ This blank statement by Gordon Brown, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, early on in the new Blair administration, cast a startling light on possible perspectives on British governmental leadership at the end of the millennium. No doubt it carried inward implications comprehensible only to those in touch with the arcane world of high politics and the balance of power between individuals and factions under New Labour. But it also appeared to convey a remarkable message on the nature of the office of British Prime Minister. The fact, for instance, that for the first time for thirty years it was the Chancellor not the Prime Minister who presided over the Cabinet’s Economic Affairs Committee might signify a more fundamental change. Since the premiership, its accountability and authority, has been one of the many preoccupations of my old friend and long-term tutorial colleague at Queen’s, Geoffrey Marshall, during our thirty-three years of happy professional association, it may provide an appropriate theme for this Festschrift.
Individual Ministerial Responsibility and a ‘Dash of Principle’
Authors: Woodhouse Diana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1989 Geoffrey Marshall wrote of the resignations of Sir Thomas Dugdale and Lord Carrington: ‘they are precedents and with a dash of principle may be treated as evidence of a convention.’Marshall’s statement not only accepted that resignation for departmental fault may be a requirement of individual ministerial responsibility. It also recognized that the effective operation of the convention depends upon the integrity of the minister concerned and the extent to which the acceptance of responsibility is a matter of principle rather than political pragmatism. Neither integrity nor principle was a characteristic associated with the Conservative governments of the 1990s. It is, therefore, not surprising that, during this period, the effectiveness of individual ministerial responsibility as a mechanism of accountability was increasingly questioned. The Labour government of 1997 seemed to offer improved accountability and the promise of the ‘dash of principle’ necessary to regenerate the convention. This chapter will examine the operation of ministerial responsibility in the first year of the Labour administration and consider whether the evidence suggests a realization of that promise.
Bridging the Chasm: Public Law and Political Science
Authors: Drewry Gavin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The chasm referred to in the title of this chapter is the one that has long existed between the academic disciplines of law and political science, particularly as they have been taught and researched in UK universities. This chapter argues that the existence of this academic divide has been damaging to both disciplines, given the natural affinity, and the enormous potential for intellectual cross-fertilization, between them. It also contends that the subject of this Festschrift, whose work is so highly esteemed by scholars in both disciplines, has played a major bridge-building role in a context where bridges have been sorely needed.
Interpreting Statutes in Great Britain and the United States:—Should Courts Consider Materials of Legislative History?
Authors: Summers* Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among Geoffrey Marshall’s many contributions are his various writings on the legislative process and statutory interpretation.1 I have, over the years, learned much from him about statutory interpretation, beginning with that session of Hilary Term twenty-five years ago when he and I jointly taught a class on statutory interpretation at The Queen’s College. It is, for me, a privilege, and a special honour, to have this opportunity to join in a tribute to him and to his work, as he becomes 70.
Citizenship’s Late Entrance: The British Nationality Act, 1981
Authors: Hansen Randall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ten years after the passage of the Immigration Act, 1971, Margaret Thatcher’s Conservative government finally overhauled British nationality law. The British Nationality Act, 1981 (BNA 1981) abolished the category of CUKC, all but abolished the status of British subject, and introduced a definition of citizenship exclusively for the United Kingdom. British citizenship was, for the first time, linked with membership in the political entity of the United Kingdom and, for the first time since 1962, linked with the full exercise of civic and political privileges enjoyed by members of the British political community.
Migration Policy in the 1970s and 1980s: The Institutional Origins of British Restrictionism
Authors: Hansen Randall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As seen in previous chapters, British governments ended a centuries’ old tradition rapidly and completely. Open borders to the Commonwealth came to an end in 1962; quotas for work permits were halved in 1962 and primary migration was definitively halted in 1971. The following two decades contained further restrictions, formal and in implementation, that made British migration policy about as restrictive as it can possibly be. The aim, if not zero immigration (an illusory goal), has been the strict control on numbers. ‘Firm but fair’ migration polices have been the goals of both parties in government. Labour, following a century-old tradition, has criticized restrictive migration policies in opposition and extended them in office. The only individuals who can migrate, legally and permanently, to the UK are family members, asylum seekers, and those few who obtain a work permit and permanent leave to remain after four years. Most recently, asylum seekers have experienced the efficiency of Britain’s restrictionist migration policy: a (pan-European) rise in numbers was met with a series of restrictive acts that made the UK’s refugee policy barely consistent with its obligations under the 1951 Geneva Convention.
The Development of Complementation as an Adaptive Process
Authors: Deutscher Guy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 followed the emergence of finite complements in Babylonian. In Part III, we saw that during the history of Babylonian, finite complements (and embedded indirect questions) gradually took over some of the functions which were performed earlier by parataxis and by non-finite complements. In the previous chapter, I argued that this development is not unique to Babylonian, but in fact seems to be part of a general trend. This chapter suggests a motivation for this trend. I claim that finite complementation is a more powerful linguistic tool than the alternative constructions, because it is better at dealing with more complex communicative contents. The expansion in the use of finite complements may therefore be seen as an adaptation to the development of more complex communicative needs.
Salicylates
Authors: Emsley John , Fell Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This menu has been deliberately chosen for its high level of the non- nutrient salicylate, which can produce an intolerance response in some people. This is perhaps not surprising, because salicylate has a powerful effect on certain key enzymes in our body. Despite this, or because of it, many people deliberately take a daily dose of salicylate that is far in excess of what they would get if they chose from the above menu, and they do this in the form of an aspirin tablet. Aspirin is one form of salicylate: its chemical name is acetylsalicylic acid. Millions of people around the world take this common medicine in relatively large doses to relieve the minor aches and pains of life.
Food for a healthy lifestyle
Authors: Emsley John , Fell Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this book we have tried to separate the facts from the myths that surround the food we eat. By now you will know how to avoid dangerous excesses of certain non-nutrients and how to keep clear of some of them altogether. You may also be reassured by the knowledge that, although there are risks in our food, they are not as alarming as some would have you believe.
Introduction
Authors: Sheterline Peter , Clayton Jon , Sparrow John C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conventional actins appear to consitute a highly conserved family of cytoplasmic proteins found mall eukaryote ; but appears not to be present in prokaryotes. The functional characteritics originally used to identify actins include their ability) to self-assemble in to filaments which have a characteristics morphology (in the presence to" magnesium ions and at physiological salt concentrations) and the ability of these filaments to stimulate the ATPase activity of myosin.
Bristling with Charges
Authors: Tanford Charles , Reynolds Jacqueline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before Arrhenius it would have been unthinkable that there might be bare ionic charges, let alone positive and negative charges side by side, sprouting out all over a polypeptide chain. Electrostatic attraction had been the linchpin of all theories of chemical affinity, the only sensible idea available; opposite charges were seen as inexorably seeking each other out, forming chemical bonds in the process. The ultimate goal was not precisely an electrically neutral world, for positive and negative charges with a range of values were thought to exist and would not necessarily balance out in compound formation, but there was no rival to the electrical force itself.
Irving Langmuir and the Hydrophobic Factor
Authors: Tanford Charles , Reynolds Jacqueline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Walter Kauzmann, in two reviews in 1954 and 1959, made protein chemists aware of the hydrophobic force and suggested that it was energetically more important than hydrogen bonds in folding proteins in aqueous solution into the compact shapes that most of them adopt. The same point had actually been made nearly twenty years earlier: how it happened and then came to be virtually forgotten makes a good story and provides a picture of an interesting period in protein history, more confrontational than anything we have seen since.
Are Enzymes Proteins?
Authors: Tanford Charles , Reynolds Jacqueline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1901 Franz Hofmeister, who was shortly to establish the peptide bond structure of proteins, predicted that in future a specific ‘ferment’ would be found for every vital reaction within the cell. This view was restated unequivocally by F. Gowland Hopkins twelve years later—’all metabolic tissue reactions are catalyzed by enzymes’. A long path had been tra- velled since 1752, when the French polymath, René-Antoine de Réaumur, first demonstrated the power of gastric juice extracted from the stomach of carnivorous birds to dissolve meat.
Antibodies
Authors: Tanford Charles , Reynolds Jacqueline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To attribute what could be called inventive activity to the body or to its cells, enabling them to produce new groups of atoms as required, would involve a return to the concepts current in the days of [an obsolete] natural philosophy. Our knowledge of cell function and especially of synthetic processes would lead us rather to assume that in the formation of antibodies, we are dealing with the enhancement of a normal cell function, and not with the creation at need of new groups of atoms. Physiological analogues of the group of the specifically combining antibodies must exist beforehand in the organism or in its cells.
Colour Vision
Authors: Tanford Charles , Reynolds Jacqueline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Colour vision is the most highly prized of human sensory perceptions. The magic of colours in nature and in art has inspired civilized people from the earliest days. Not surprisingly, no field of animal physiology has attracted more attention from the wise and great, mostly people with no connection to protein science at all—poets and philosophers, physicists and biologists, all have been fascinated by it and have expressed ideas about it. This involvement of celebrities from other fields in a problem that can ultimately be solved only in terms of the photochemistry of proteins forms the principal focus of this chapter.
Nor any Drop to Drink: the Tale of Polywater
Authors: Gratzer Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thus D.H. Lawrence, and when he penned these lines in 1929, physical chemists already in reality had a fair idea of what the third thing was. Water is a highly unusual chemical substance, and, without its curious properties, there would be no life on earth. Water, to begin with, is a liquid at all but the coldest terrestrial temperatures, while hydrogen sulphide, in which the oxygen of water is replaced by sulphur—an element similar to oxygen, but heavier—is a gas. Water freezes at 0oC, a remarkably high temperature, and the solid, ice, is less, rather than more dense than the liquid with which it is in contact. Its specific heat (the heat input required to raise its temperature by a degree) is far higher than would be predicted from the properties of chemically similar substances, and drops by half when the water freezes. The consequence is that as the Gulf Stream flows from a colder to a hotter region it releases energy into the atmosphere.
What the Doctor Ordered
Authors: Gratzer Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lewis Thomas, the most lucid of writers on medicine and doctoring, called his discipline ‘the youngest science’. Modern medicine assuredly has all the trappings of a science, and it undeniably makes abundant use of discoveries in the biological sciences, but it remains perilously poised between science and ‘healing art’, based as much on superstition as logic. The training of medical students still does not predispose to scepticism or an open mind in the face of textbook authority. The stance that doctors take on controversial issues commonly owes more to what they imbibed from their mentors than to a critical evaluation of the evidence. A debate, for example, has continued over two decades about whether high salt intake and hypertension are cause and effect. The argument in favour of the proposition appears to have been ruled by passion more than reason. The fog may now at last be clearing to reveal that there is no simple relation, and that millions of lives will not after all be saved by a low-salt diet.
Science in the Third Reich: Bigotry, Racism and Extinction
Authors: Gratzer Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hitler’s Thousand-Year Reich endured for twelve years—a mere fifth of the lifetime of the Soviet Union and its Marxist imperium. Science, like all other facets of the country’s intellectual life, was maimed by the Nazi regime, but, as in the Soviet Union, a vein of quality endured. Around it grew the rank and malodorous weeds of Aryan physics, biology and, worst of all, medicine. They were propagated not only by impressionable dunces but also by genuine Nazi zealots inside the scientific community and by a host of cynical opportunists, not all of them inferior intellects. As in Russia, physics proved the most resilient of the sciences and in the main rejected the ideological poison. But whereas Stalin was persuaded of the value of physics to the state and was quite prepared to set Marxist principles aside if they stood in the way of technical progress, Hitler’s bigotry was impenetrable to reason. ‘If science cannot do without Jews,’ he told one of the country’s eminent physicists, ‘then we will have to do without science for a few years.’ The consequences are well known.