bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of mutant spectra generated by a forward mutational assay for gene A of ΦX174 from ENU‐treated transgenic mouse embryonic cell line PX‐2†
Authors: Valentine Carrie R. , Montgomery Beverly A. , Miller Scott G. , Delongchamp Robert R. , Fane Bentley A. , Malling Heinrich V. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe sensitivity of in vivo transgenic mutation assays benefits from the sequencing of mutations, although the large number of possible mutations hinders high throughput sequencing. A forward mutational assay exists for ΦX174 that requires an altered, functional ΦX174 protein and therefore should have fewer targets (sense, base‐pair substitutions) than forward assays that inactivate a protein. We investigated this assay to determine the number of targets and their suitability for detecting a known mutagen, N‐ethyl‐N‐nitrosourea (ENU). We identified 25 target sites and 33 different mutations in ΦX174 gene A after sequencing over 350 spontaneous and ENU‐induced mutants, mostly from mouse embryonic cell line PX‐2 isolated from mice transgenic for ΦX174 am3, cs70 (line 54). All six types of base‐pair substitution were represented among both the spontaneous and ENU‐treated mutant spectra. The mutant spectra from cells treated with 200 and 400 μg/ml ENU were both highly different from the spontaneous spectrum (P < 0.000001) but not from each other. The dose trend was significant (P < 0.0001) for a linear regression of mutant frequencies (R2 = 0.79), with a ninefold increase in mutant frequency at the 400 μg/ml dose. The spontaneous mutant frequency was 1.9 × 10−5 and the spontaneous spectrum occurred at 11 target base pairs with 15 different mutations. Thirteen mutations at 12 targets were identified only from ENU‐treated cells. Seven mutations had highly significant increases with ENU treatment (P < 0.0001) and 15 showed significant increases. The results suggest that the ΦX174 forward assay might be developed into a sensitive, inexpensive in vivo mutagenicity assay. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 39:55–68, 2002 Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spontaneous mutation of the lacI transgene in rodents: Absence of species, strain, and insertion‐site influence
Authors: Zhang Shulin , Glickman Barry W. , de Boer Johan G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractComparison of spontaneous mutation spectra derived from different transgenic constructs can provide valuable insights for interpreting the mechanisms of spontaneous mutation. In this study, spontaneous mutation frequencies and spectra of the lacI transgene are compared in the liver of C57BL/6, B6C3F1, and BC‐1 mice and F344 rats. Before correction for clonal expansion, the mutant frequency varied from 2.6 ± 0.45 to 5.0 ± 2.4 × 10−5. Correction for potential clonal expansion reduced the range in mutation frequency to between 2.3 ± 0.45 and 3.5 ± 2.0 × 10−5. There is thus no statistical difference in spontaneous mutation frequency between the different strains and species. G:C → A:T transitions and to a lesser extent, G:C → T:A transversions dominate the mutational spectra in all of these animals. In three strains of mice, G:C → A:T transitions account for 50.7–53.3% of mutation, 81.7–83.8% of which involve CpG sites, whereas G:C → T:A transversions account for 17.8–32.9% of mutations with 43.2–50.0% found at CpG sites. In rats, G:C → A:T transitions account for 38.0% of the spectra, 70.0% of which involve CpG sites, whereas G:C → T:A transversions account for 23.0% of the spectra, 70.0% of which involve CpG sites. The distribution of other classes of mutations is also very similar. We conclude that, despite reports about species and strain differences in induced mutation, spontaneous mutations in the lacI transgene appear to be similar, regardless of genomic location, rodent strain, or species. In addition to insights into spontaneous mutation, this study also provides essential data for comparison with and interpretation of induced mutations. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 37:141–146, 2001 © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transfection of nonmelanocytic cells with tyrosinase gene constructs for survival studies
Authors: Kaur Jaskiran , Hill Helene Z. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTo better understand the role of melanin in the response of cells to radiation, the vector pcTYR containing the tyrosinase cDNA and a control vector pcTYW with no tyrosinase cDNA were transfected and expressed in nonpigmented CHOK1‐AL 1282B5 cells. A pigmented clone was selected from the pcTYR transfectants and an antibiotic‐resistant clone was selected from the controls. Melanin was assessed qualitatively by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and quantitatively by a 14C‐based assay. The EPR signal detectable in pcTYR‐containing cells was at least twice that of pcTYW and parental CHOK1‐AL cells and the tyrosinase activity was found to be at least six times greater. Melanin was classified to be eumelanin. Survivals of the transfectants were compared to those of the parent cells after irradiation by UVC from a germicidal lamp, UVB from TL01 lamps, UVA from Alisun lamps, UVB/UVA from FS20 lamps, and by γ‐rays from a 137Cs source. Compared to the pcTYW‐containing cells, the pigmented cells were more sensitive to killing by UVC, and resistant to killing by UVA and γ‐rays. There were no significant differences in survival after the other irradiations. These results suggest that the pigment synthesized by the activity of tyrosinase alone, unmodified by the activities of TRP1 and TRP2, is protective against the types of reactive oxygen species produced by UVA and γ‐rays but not protective against lethal damage from photons in the UVB range and sensitizes to UVC photons. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 38:216–222, 2001 © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
DNA repair and mutagenesis in Werner syndrome
Authors: Bohr Vilhelm A. , Souza Pinto Nadja , Nyaga Simon G. , Dianov Grigory , Kraemer Kenneth , Seidman Michael M. , Brosh Robert M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWerner syndrome (WS) is the hallmark premature aging syndrome in which the patients appear much older than their actual chronological age. The disorder is associated with significantly increased genome instability and with transcriptional deficiencies. There has been some uncertainty about whether WS cells are defective in DNA repair. We thus examined repair in vitro in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. Whereas cellular studies so far do not show significant DNA repair deficiencies, biochemical studies with the Werner protein clearly indicate that it plays a role in DNA repair. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 38:227–234, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Targeting environmental improvements through ecological triage
Authors: Holt Diane , Viney Howard 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper proposes a conceptualization of the approaches taken to determine whether, and which, companies should be targeted for improvement in their environmental performance and sustainability. Based on the concept of triage the paper proposes two approaches that the present authors argue could be utilized to select which companies should be forced or assisted into improving their environmental performance. The paper has four parts. It begins by outlining the authors' perceptions of the differences between a sustainable firm and environmental management. Secondly the authors examine the concept of triage, as used in disaster or battlefield conditions, and its applicability to greening businesses. Thirdly the authors propose two distinct triage scenarios that can be applied to selectively target businesses for environmental improvement or positive discrimination. Finally, the paper concludes by examining the possibility of selective targeting of businesses to green industry. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Assessment of the production and economic risks of site‐specific liming using geostatistical uncertainty modelling
Authors: Rossel R. A. Viscarra , Goovaerts P. , McBratney A. B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPrecision agriculture (PA) offers the potential to improve the efficiency and environmental impact of conventional crop production systems. However, its implementation will depend on perceptions of how the adoption of technology will increase their yields and profit, and lower their production risk. This article presents an approach to help with this type of decision making. In this instance the consequences of three management scenarios (no lime, single‐rate liming and site‐specific lime applications to acidic field soil) were assessed in terms of production and economic risks. The methodology involved modelling the uncertainty about wheat yield, accounting for the local uncertainties about soil pH and lime requirement, and the uncertainties about crop model parameters used in the simulations. Indicator kriging (IK) was used together with Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) of the probability distributions of variables and model parameters for the propagation of uncertainties through to the output yield and net profit maps. These maps, together with a sensitivity analysis, were used to aid with decision making. Comparison of the three scenarios showed that, under the economic conditions of the analysis, the optimum was reached for a single‐rate application of 3.5 Mg/ha over the entire field instead of site‐specific lime applications. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wind speed prediction in a complex terrain
Authors: Denison D. G. T. , Dellaportas P. , Mallick B. K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe present a novel method for analysing spatial data when response data is given at a finite number of locations and the aim is to predict the response at a new location, where only a short run of data is available. This is the type of dataset that is typically available when attempting to analyse wind velocity data. We demonstrate our method, and compare it to that introduced by Haslett and Raftery on a set of data collected from the island of Crete in Greece. Typically the distance between locations is used to define the correlation matrix between responses at distinct locations even though this cannot always be justified. The peculiarity presented in our data is that the sites are in a complex topography so differences in the local characteristics of the wind station the direction of the prevailing winds, and other unobserved covariates can all lead to unsuitable model fitting. We use a nonlinear model to avoid these problems and demonstrate its predictive power in relation to the dataset under study. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A displacement‐based seismic design procedure for RC buildings and comparison with EC8
Authors: Panagiotakos T. B. , Fardis M. N. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA procedure for displacement‐based seismic design (DBD) of reinforced concrete buildings is described and applied to a 4‐storey test structure. The essential elements of the design procedure are: (a) proportioning of members for gravity loads; (b) estimation of peak inelastic member deformation demands in the so‐designed structure due to the design (‘life‐safety’) earthquake; (c) revision of reinforcement and final detailing of members to meet these inelastic deformation demands; (d) capacity design of members and joints in shear. Additional but non‐essential steps between (a) and (b) are: (i) proportioning of members for the ULS against lateral loads, such as wind or a serviceability (‘immediate occupancy’) earthquake; and (ii) capacity design of columns in flexure at joints. Inelastic deformation demands in step (b) are estimated from an elastic analysis using secant‐to‐yield member stiffnesses. Empirical expressions for the deformation capacity of RC elements are used for the final proportioning of elements to meet the inelastic deformation demands. The procedure is applied to one side of a 4‐storey test structure that includes a coupled wall and a two‐bay frame. The other side is designed and detailed according to Eurocode 8. Major differences result in the reinforcement of the two sides, with significant savings on the DBD‐side. Pre‐test calculations show no major difference in the seismic performance of the two sides of the test structure. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seismic behaviour of multistorey RC wall–frame system versus bare ductile frame system
Authors: Lu Yong 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe wall–frame systems have many known advantages, namely increase of the system's lateral strength and stiffness thereby allowing for a good tangential inter‐storey drift control, and the retention of a satisfactory energy dissipation capacity. However, rocking of the wall could occur as a result of uplifting wall base or concentrated plastic hinge deformations. Problems arising from this phenomenon have significant impact on the system behaviour and hence require extended study. This paper focuses on the wall‐rocking phenomenon due to the concentrated plastic hinge rotation at the wall base. To facilitate a comprehensive evaluation, a six‐storey three‐bay RC wall–frame structure is investigated with comparison to a bare ductile frame by means of earthquake simulation tests. The results revealed that, despite a superior performance over the ductile frame under low to moderate seismic actions, the wall–frame structure deteriorated more rapidly than the bare frame during advanced inelastic response. The increasingly significant rocking of the wall resulted in severe material damage at localized critical regions. Mitigating the wall rocking is seen to be a key to the further improvement of the system performance, and the extent to which this may be achieved by incorporating the three‐dimensional effects is explicitly illustrated by an analytical evaluation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Eating disorders as manifestations of developmental disorders: language and the capacity for abstract thinking in psychotherapy of eating disorders
Authors: Buhl Charlotte 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe serious eating disorders are manifestations of personality disorders which are characterized by an inadequately developed ability to distinguish and understand emotional states and needs. This paper focus on the development of transitional objects and an inner language as prerequisites for the ability to use words and abstract symbols as soothing and controlling functions. The psychotherapy of patients with eating disorders, and psychosomatic disorders, should be founded on the understanding of their concrete mode of functioning. It is important to avoid misunderstanding and interpreting both the symptoms and the patients' concretistic language as metaphors and symbols of their emotions and needs, before the development of an internal, meaningful language. This is essential for a successful psychotherapeutic result. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
The essential oil co‐distillation by superheated vapour of organic solvents from aromatic plants
Authors: Mastelić Josip 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA method of essential oil co‐distillation by superheated vapour of solvents was developed and the apparatus was presented. As suitable solvents, pentane and ether (inert solvent with low boiling point) were used. The method was tested on sage, Salvia officinalis L., as an aromatic plant. The essential oil of this plant was also isolated by hydrodistillation as a standard method. The isolated volatiles obtained by two methods were analysed using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The obtained results were compared. This method of distillation enables safe isolation of monoterpene and sesquiterpene compounds, as well as hydrodistillation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Essential oil composition of the aerial parts of Cachrys sicula L.
Authors: Palá‐Paúl Jesús , Velasco‐Negueruela Arturo , Pérez‐Alonso M. José , Sanz Jesús 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe oil constituents from the aerial parts of Cachrys sicula L., gathered in different locations of Spain, have been studied by GC and GC–MS. We have analysed the oil from the fruits, flowers, stems and leaves, and umbels' rays. The major constituents in the different oils analysed were found to be p‐cymene (7.3–36.7%), γ‐terpinene (1.8–27.2%), α‐pinene (3.9–21.8%), sabinene (3.1–21.3%), myrcene (6.0–18.8%), (E)‐β‐ocimene (1.8–27.2%) and (Z)‐β‐ocimene (0.1–17.2%). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dealing with pressure: FEM solution strategies for the pressure in the time‐dependent Navier–Stokes equations
Authors: Christon Mark A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper presents a survey of solution methods for calculating the pressure in the time‐dependent Navier–Stokes equations. The primary focus is on the treatment of the pressure‐Poisson equation deriving from index‐1 DAE formulations of the Navier–Stokes equations. Based on extensive operational experience with a variety of solution strategies, the combination of a stabilized pressure‐Poisson operator with an A‐conjugate projection and SSOR preconditioned conjugate gradient method has been found to yield the overall best performance relative to the resolve cost of a high performance direct solver. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses of chromosome band 1p36 in neuroblastoma detect two classes of alterations
Authors: Spitz Ruediger , Hero Barbara , Westermann Frank , Ernestus Karen , Schwab Manfred , Berthold Frank 
Published: August 2002

AbstractChromosomal alterations in 1p36 were investigated in 196 neuroblastoma tumors using fluorescence in situ hybridization. Additionally, by using the same technique, it was determined whether MYCN was amplified in 149 of these. The most frequent finding was a deletion in 1p36, leading to monosomy of this region (29 cases, 15%). Furthermore, we found tumors with at least two intact copies of chromosome 1 and additional 1p36‐deleted copies. Altogether, 21 tumors (11%) displayed this imbalance of 1p36. Similar to the cases with deletion, imbalances were predominantly found in stage 4 tumors (81%), and they were significantly associated with an increased patient age (P = 0.01). Nearly all 1p‐deleted tumors showed amplification of MYCN (24/27 analyzed samples, 89%), whereas only 8 of 21 (38%) with imbalance did. Eight cases with imbalance were investigated for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) using microsatellite markers in 1p35–36. Only 4 displayed 1p36 LOH, whereas the remaining 4 were heterozygous. Both patients with deletion of 1p and with imbalance had a poor outcome [3‐year rate of event‐free‐survival (EFS): 33±15% and 41±15%], which was significantly worse compared to the outcome of patients without 1p alterations (3‐year EFS: 70±5%; P = 0.01 and P = 0.0059). We conclude that besides monosomic short arm deletions, imbalance of 1p36 is a strong marker of a poor prognosis in neuroblastoma and not necessarily associated with MYCN amplification and LOH. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular cytogenetic characterization of early and late renal cell carcinomas in Von Hippel‐Lindau disease
Authors: Phillips John L. , Ghadimi B. Michael , Wangsa Danny , Padilla‐Nash Hesed , Worrell Robert , Hewitt Steven , Walther McClellan , Linehan W. Marston , Klausner Richard D. , Ried Thomas 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDeletions of 3p25, gains of chromosomes 7 and 10, and isochromosome 17q are known cytogenetic aberrations in sporadic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). In addition, a majority of RCCs have loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of the Von Hippel‐Lindau (VHL) gene located at chromosome band 3p25. Patients who inherit a germline mutation of the VHL gene can develop multifocal RCCs and other solid tumors, including malignancies of the pancreas, adrenal medulla, and brain. VHL tumors follow the two‐hit model of tumorigenesis, as LOH of VHL, a classic tumor suppressor gene, is the critical event in the development of the neoplastic phenotype. In an attempt to define the cytogenetic aberrations from early tumors to late RCC further, we applied spectral karyotyping (SKY) to 23 renal tumors harvested from 6 unrelated VHL patients undergoing surgery. Cysts and low‐grade solid lesions were near‐diploid and contained 1–2 reciprocal translocations, dicentric chromosomes, and/or isochromosomes. A variety of sole numerical aberrations included gains of chromosomes 1, 2, 4, 7, 10, 13, 21, and the X chromosome, although no tumors had sole numerical losses. Three patients shared a breakpoint at 2p21–22, and three others shared a dicentric chromosome 9 or an isochromosome 9q. In contrast to the near‐diploidy of the low‐grade lesions, a high‐grade lesion and its nodal metastasis were markedly aneuploid, revealed loss of VHL by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and contained recurrent unbalanced translocations and losses of chromosome arms 2q, 3p, 4q, 9p, 14q, and 19p as demonstrated by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). By combining SKY, CGH, and FISH of multiple tumors from the same VHL kidney, we have begun to identify chromosomal aberrations in the earliest stages of VHL‐related renal cell tumors. Our current findings illustrate the cytogenetic heterogeneity of different VHL lesions from the same kidney, which supports the multiclonal origins of hereditary RCCs. Published 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential regulation of glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) mRNA expression during hypoxia and reoxygenation in astrocytes isolated from stroke‐prone spontaneously hypertensive rats
Authors: Yamagata Kazuo , Tagami Motoki , Ikeda Katsumi , Tsumagari Shigehisa , Yamori Yukio , Nara Yasuo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractGlial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) plays several important roles in the survival and recovery of mature neurons during ischemia. We examined the possibility that the expression of GDNF mRNA and the release of GDNF protein are regulated differentially in cultured astrocytes from the stroke‐prone spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHRSP) compared with those from Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) during hypoxia and reoxygenation (H/R) and after exposure to glutamate and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The mRNA expression was quantitated by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) based on the fluorescent TaqMan methodology. A new instrument capable of measuring fluorescence in real‐time was used to quantify gene amplification in astrocytes. GDNF protein was investigated by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). GDNF mRNA expression and GDNF protein release at normoxia were greater in SHRSP than in WKY astrocytes. During H/R, however, the mRNA expression and protein release tended to be reduced in SHRSP compared with WKY. Glutamate and H2O2 induced the expression of GDNF mRNA and the release of GDNF protein in both WKY and SHRSP in a dose‐dependent manner. Levels of GDNF mRNA and protein in SHRSP were significantly lower than in WKY. These findings indicate that GDNF production in SHRSP astrocytes was low in response to H/R, glutamate, and H2O2, compared with that observed in WKY. We conclude that the attenuated production of GDNF in astrocytes is involved in neuronal vulnerability in SHRSP during H/R, as GDNF production, which is stimulated by glutamate and H2O2, is closely related to the protective effect against H/R‐mediated neurotoxicity. GLIA 37:1–7, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.