bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Planetary Structure
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The material in a given orbit coalesces into a planet for reasons that are not completely clear and, in the case of the Earth, the planet probably underwent a meltdown. The energy for this process came from gravitational potential energy, kinetic energy of the components, heat of radioactive decay and radiant energy from the sun. Because of the small size of the Earth, the core temperatures were not high enough to be in the nuclear reaction domain, so that the fractionation of the planet was governed by chemical and mechanical factors.
Postmugging Facial Twitching
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Patient is a 38-year-old man who was mugged 3 years previously by a blow to the vertex of his head. He was unconscious for less than a minute, with no retrograde amnesia. There were no obvious residua. Over the next year, he developed twitching of his left eye, which progressed to frequent spasms of most of his facial muscles. He admitted that chewing affected his eye and that eye closure caused lip movement. There was no loss of hearing, tinnitus, abnormal tearing, or taste distortion. There was a medical history of hypertension.
Painless Scapular Atrophy
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One month previously, a 22-year-old right-handed man participated in skeet shooting, absorbing the gun’s recoil in his right shoulder. The next day, he had difficulty raising his arm laterally. Subsequently, he was told that his right lower scapular muscle was atrophic. He denied shoulder, neck, or arm pain at any time. Medical history was limited to low back pain treated by traction.
Shoulder Pain and Weakness
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Six weeks previously, a 17-year-old girl recalls wrestling in a pool. She subsequently developed severe pain and numbness of the right shoulder, which soon localized over the deltoid. Within the next few days she was unable to raise her arm. She denied neck pain and exacerbation from Valsalva’s maneuver. There was no pharyngitis, but she noted a short period of axillary inflammation. Medical history was negative. Physical Examination. Forward flexion, lateral abduction, and external rotation of the right shoulder were weak. A region of hypesthesia 4 cm wide extended from the shoulder to the elbow. Cranial nerves and cerebellar function were normal. DTRs were active and symmetric, with no pathologic reflexes. There was no Homer’s sign.
Bum Victim with Flaccid Quadriplegia
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A 5-year-old boy was trapped in a burning building for 30 min. Respiratory damage required laryngoscopy, tracheostomy, and treatment for pulmonary edema. In addition, first- and second-degree burns of 15% of his body required antibiotic treatment but no skin grafts. During his hospitalization, he fluctuated between unresponsive and agitated states. Over a 2-week period, the tone and strength of his extremities decreased until he lost all voluntary motion. Medical, developmental, and family history were negative.
Fracture of Humerus with Weakness
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several weeks previously, a 24-year-old man was hit by a car and thrown 5 feet. There was no loss of consciousness and only several seconds of amnesia. He had a comminuted fracture of the midshaft of the left humerus with anterior angulation; this required operative placement of a plate. In addition, a left tibial fracture was treated by closed reduction and casting.
Foot Numbness After Baker’s Cyst Removal
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A 49-year-old woman had elective removal of a Baker’s cyst from her right popliteal fossa. After uneventful surgery, she awoke to find her right foot numb over the plantar surface, and she had difficulty bending her toes. There was no pain and no effect from Valsalva’s maneuver. Medical history was negative.
Evolving Retroperitoneal Hemorrhage
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A 70-year-old woman was started on anticoagulation several weeks previously because of atrial fibrillation. Twelve days ago she experienced sudden leg pain, numbness of her medial leg, and left knee weakness. Medical history included cardiac disease and congestive heart failure. Physical Examination. Cranial nerves and cerebellar function were normal. All findings were confined to her left leg. There was an area of hypesthesia along the medial leg. She had isolated weakness of hip flexion and knee extension with atrophy of the quadriceps. DTRs were symmetric except for absence of the left knee jerk. No pathologic reflexes were present.
Social Choice Theory and Constitutional Democracy
Authors: Riker William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No method of voting can be said to amalgamate individual judgments truly and fairly because every method violates some reasonable canon of fairness and accuracy. All voting methods are therefore in some sense morally imperfect. Furthermore, these imperfect methods can produce different outcomes from the same profile of individual judgments. Hence it follows that sometimes—and usually we never know for sure just when—the social choice is as much an artifact of morally imperfect methods as it is of what people truly want. It is hard to have unbounded confidence in the justice of such results.
It is equally hard, as I will show in this essay, to have unbounded confidence in the meaning of such results. Individual persons presumably can, if they think about it deeply enough, order their personal judgments transitively. Hence their valuations mean something, for they clearly indicate a hierarchy of preference that can guide action and choice in a sensible way.
Neurology Of Cognitive And Behavioral Disorders
Authors: Devinsky Orrin , D’esposito Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This reference text provides an insightful and unified synthesis of cognitive neuroscience and behavioral neurology. The strong clinical emphasis and outstanding illustrations will provide neurologists, psychiatrists, neuropsychologists, and psychologists with a solid foundation to the major neurobehavioral syndromes. With backgrounds in behavioural neurology, functional imaging and cognitive neuroscience, the two authors are in an ideal position to cover the anatomy, genetics, physiology, and cognitive neuroscience underlying these disorders. Their emphasis on therapy makes the book a “must read” for anyone who cares for patients with cognitive and behavioural disorders.
Comparative Respiratory Physiology
Authors: Hlastala Michael P , Berger Albert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of comparative respiratory physiology provides a broad and useful perspective on the respiratory physiology of humans. One of the first observations is that the function of the respiratory system can be accomplished in several different ways. Each way of functioning appears to be ideally suited to the environment and behavior of the species in question. Each particular respiratory system has evolved to provide optimal efficiency for gas exchange under the behavioral and environmental conditions of an organism.
Fokker-Planck Equations
Authors: Zwanzig Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The foundations of nonequilibrium statistical mechanics are based on the Liouville equation. Many of the common methods for handling practical problems in nonequilibrium statistical mechanics, methods that will be described in the next few sections, either avoid the Liouville equation entirely or replace it by approximations. This is generally a reasonable thing to do; simple and approximate methods have an enormous value in science. Ultimately, however, the approximate methods must be connected with more exact and rigorous ones. This section presents a derivation of the Liouville equation in classical mechanics and shows how symbolic operator solutions of the Liouville equation can be used to deal with the properties of time correlation functions. The Liouville equation is associated with Hamiltonian dynamics; the corresponding equation associated with Langevin dynamics, called the Fokker-Planck equation, is discussed in the next section.
The Birds of Northern Melanesia
Authors: Mayr Ernst , Diamond Jared 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Speciation is the process by which co-existing daughter species evolve from one ancestral species - e.g., humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas arising from a common ancestor around 5,000,000 years ago. However, many questions about speciation remain controversial. The Birds of Northern Melanesia provides by far the most comprehensive study yet available of a rich fauna, composed of the 195 breeding land and fresh-water bird species of the Bismarck and Solomon Archipelagoes east of New Guinea. This avifauna offers decisive advantages for understanding speciation, and includes famous examples of geographic variation discussed in textbooks of evolutionary biology. The book results from 30 years of collaboration between the evolutionary biologist Ernst Mayr and the ecologist Jared Diamond. It shows how Northern Melanesian bird distributions provide snapshots of all stages in speciation, from the earliest (widely distributed species without geographic variation) to the last (closely related, reproductively isolated species occurring sympatrically and segregating ecologically). The presentation emphasizes the wide diversity of speciation outcomes, steering a middle course between one-model-fits-all simplification and ungeneralizable species accounts. Questions illuminated include why some species are much more prone to speciate than others, why some water barriers are much more effective at promoting speciation than others, and whether hypothesized taxon cycles, faunal dominance, and legacies of Pleistocene land bridges are real. These years of study have resulted in a huge database, complete with distributions of all 195 species on 76 islands, together with their taxonomy, colonization routes, ecological attributes, abundance, and overwater dispersal. Color plates depict 88 species and allospecies, many of which have never been seen before. For students of speciation, Northern Melanesian birds now constitute a model system against which other biotas can be compared. For population biologists interested in other problems besides speciation, this rich database can now be mined for insights.
Phage Ecology
Authors: Abedon Stephen T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Phage ecology is the study of the interactions between phage and their environments. These interactions are consequential, particularly to the extent that they affect bacteria. During traditional molecular phage characterization, however, only minimal consideration of ecology is made. Contrasting this tendency, here I consider phage organismal, population, community, and ecosystem ecology (Table 5-1).
Filamentous Phage
Authors: Russel Marjorie , Model Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Filamentous phages constitute a large family of bacterial viruses that infect many Gram-negative bacteria and even a Gram-positive bacterium (18). These long, slender viruses contain a circular, single-stranded DNA genome encased in a somewhat flexible tube composed of thousands of copies of a single major coat protein (figure 12-1). Two minor proteins at one end and two others at the other end Figure 12-1 Filamentous phage f1/M13/fd: genes and gene products. pII binds to a sequence (the strand origin) in the intergenic region (IG) of double-stranded DNA and nicks the (IG) strand; the original (+) strand is displaced by Rep helicase as a new (+) strand is elongated from the 30 end of the nick by host DNA polymerase III, using the (-) strand as template. pX, which is identical to the C-terminal third of pII, is required for the accumulation of single-stranded DNA, as is pV. Dimers of pV bind cooperatively to single-stranded DNA, which collapses the circular genome into a flexible rod with the packaging signal (PS) exposed at one end of the filament. pVII and pIX are small coat proteins located at the tip of the virus that is first to emerge from the cell during assembly. pVIII is the major coat protein, several thousand copies of which form the cylinder that encases the singlestranded DNA phage genome. pIII and pVI are located at the end of the virion where they mediate termination of assembly and release of the virion from the cell membrane. pIII is also necessary for phage infectivity. pI may hydrolyze ATP to promote assembly; pXI is identical to the C-terminal third of pI; it lacks the cytoplasmic domain and may play a structural role as part of an oligomeric pI/pXI complex. pIV is a multimeric outer membrane channel through which the phage exits the bacterium.
A House on Fire
Authors: Jackson John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If You Don’t Know Me By Now, “The Love I Lost,” “The Soul Train Theme,” “Then Came You,” “Ain’t No Stoppin’ Us Now”--the distinctive music that became known as Philly Soul dominated the pop music charts in the 1970s. In A House on Fire, John A. Jackson takes us inside the musical empire created by Kenny Gamble, Leon Huff, and Thom Bell, the three men who put Philadelphia Soul on the map. Here is the eye-opening story of three of the most influential and successful music producers of the seventies. Jackson shows how Gamble, Huff, and Bell developed a black recording empire second only to Berry Gordy’s Motown, pumping out a string of chart-toppers from Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes, the Spinners, the O’Jays, the Stylistics, and many others. The author underscores the endemic racism of the music business at that time, revealing how the three men were blocked from the major record companies and outlets in Philadelphia because they were black, forcing them to create their own label, sign their own artists, and create their own sound. The sound they created--a sophisticated and glossy form of rhythm and blues, characterized by crisp, melodious harmonies backed by lush, string-laden orchestration and a hard-driving rhythm section--was a glorious success, producing at least twenty-eight gold or platinum albums and thirty-one gold or platinum singles. But after their meteoric rise and years of unstoppable success, their production company finally failed, brought down by payola, competition, a tough economy, and changing popular tastes. Funky, groovy, soulful--Philly Soul was the classic seventies sound. A House on Fire tells the inside story of this remarkable musical phenomenon.
Storytelling in Medicine
Authors: Brody Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Thasus, early in autumn, the winter suddenly set in rainy before the usual time, with much northerly and southerly winds. These things all continued so during the season of the Pleiades, and until their setting. The winter was northerly, the rains frequent, in torrents, and large, with snow, but with a frequent mixture of fair weather. . . .
Silenus lived on the Broad-way, near the house of Evalcidas. From fatigue, drinking, and unseasonable exercises, he was seized with fever. He began with having pain in the loins; he had heaviness of the head, and there was stiffness of the neck. On the first day the alvine discharges were bilious, unmixed, frothy, high colored, and copious; urine black, having a black sediment; he was thirsty, tongue dry; no sleep at night. . . . On the third, all symptoms exacerbated; an oblong distension, of a softish nature, from both sides of the hypochondrium to the navel;. . . no sleep at night; much talking, laughter, singing, he could not restrain himself.
The Girondins Of Chile
Authors: Mackenna Benjamin Vicuna , Polt John H R , Gazmuri Cristian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Girondins of Chile tells of the strong influence that the European revolutions of 1848 had in Chile, and how they motivated a young Santiago society with high cultural aspirations but little political knowledge or direction. Benjamin Vicuña Mackenna, a Chilean writer and historian who lived during those days in Santiago relates the events of the time, events in which he was a participant. He pays special attention to how the '1848' revolutions and their attendant ideas influenced the thoughts and actions of a group of young liberals he called 'Chilean Girondins'. When the news of the fall of Philippe d'Orléans and the subsequent installation of the Second Republic reached Chile, there was an explosion of jubilation in Santiago. Now there were no barriers to ideas, Vicuña Mackenna wrote, "much less to the generous ideas proclaimed by the sincere people of France." But it only took a few days for warnings and critiques of French events to surface, and when a proletarian revolution took place in June in France, Chilean public opinion became virulently anti-revolutionary. Except, of course, among the liberal youth--the 'Chilean Girondins', who were headed towards revolution, and sooner than anyone thought. When revolution came in 1851, Vicuña Mackenna found even himself sentenced to death for taking part in the uprising. He escaped, spent some years in exile, and was able to return in 1855. He remained active in politics, yet his account of what happened to the 'Chilean Girondins' in the 1851-2 revolution was not published until 1876.
Emotional Rationality as Practical Rationality
Authors: Jones Karen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this essay I take as my target a messy set of intuitions about the extent to which and the dimensions along which emotions can be assessed for rationality. One strand in commonsense thinking puts emotions entirely outside the scope of rationality assessment. Everyone has heard such statements as, “But, that’s how I feel”—uttered as if that ended the conversation. The view that emotions are out-side the scope of rationality assessment gains strength from the perceived subjectivity of emotion—emotions vary so much from person to person and seem to depend so much on the agent’s history that one can easily think that emotions can’t be subject to rationality assessment, that we can, at most, find emotions understandable (or not).
Other Allergenic Plants
Authors: Crosby Donald G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rhus dermatitis can be due to many kinds of plants besides toxicodendrons (Mitchell and Rook, 1979; Benezra et al., 1985). Numerous species produce urushioids, including grasses (rice and wheat), vines (philodendron), and large trees such as mango (table 3.1), whereas others contain dermatotoxic quinones, lactones, or terpenes (table 3.2). This chapter deals with both types of plants. Plants whose dermatotoxicity requires sunlight (photo- toxicity), or which contain irritants whose poison ivy-like symptoms do not involve the immune system, are reviewed in the next chapter.
Phototoxic And Irritant Constituents
Authors: Crosby Donald G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many dermatotoxic plant products are not allergens. Diterpene esters from euphorbs, sulfur compounds from mustard oils and garlic, and amines from nettles simply irritate the skin; no allergy is involved. Others, such as furocoumarins in fig latex, require sunlight for their toxic effects. In either case, the physical and chemical properties can reveal their toxic action and environmental fate, allow us to predict other chemicals that might affect skin, and, we hope, help us learn how to protect skin from harm.
Criteria for Selection and/or Design of Green Solvents
Authors: Nelson William M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Converting waste into products, as Holtapple does, is one way to enhance “greenness.” Another approach is “source prevention,” which Roger L. Garrett believes is the ultimate goal in the field of green chemistry. If you want to avoid the toxic effects of a substance, he said, “don’t generate it in the first place” (Wilkinson, 1997). The use of solvents in the chemical industry and in the chemical-related industries is ubiquitous. Beyond “chemical industries,” solvent use has become an integral part of life in the twenty-first century. In 1991, the production of the 25 most commonly used solvents was more than 26 million tons per year. According to EPCRA section 313 data, of the chemicals and chemical categories tracked by the program in 1994, five of the top 10 chemicals released or disposed of were solvents, and included methanol, toluene, xylene, methyl ethyl ketone, and dichloromethane. The total quantity of these chemicals released or disposed of was over 687 million pounds, which accounts for 27% of the total quantity of TRI-listed chemicals released and disposed of in that year (Sullivan, 1997). Because solvents are required in such high volumes compared to all other materials used in a synthetic transformation, hazards associated with solvents and safety issues associated with their use have always been a consideration in the development and selection of solvents. Some of the earliest and most obvious hazards, that if solvents were found to possess would cause them to be selected against, include properties such as high flammability or explosivity.
Green Solvents for Practical and Ordinary Chemical Usage
Authors: Nelson William M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This area is broad and some current work will be highlighted. The chapter culminates by presenting the Cleaner Technologies Substitutes Assessment (CTSA) as a means for individuals and organizations to evaluate solvents. Creating safe indoor environments is an area in need of much basic research. There appears to be very little known about the cumulative effects of the many materials, products, and other environmental impacts of working in office building and living in homes constructed of relatively new materials. Science and technology can contribute by helping define risks to human health and the environment and defining cost-effective solutions to prevent risks or reduce risks to acceptable levels. The study of toxins in the environment grew out of the post–World War II industrial age and the associated increase in use of synthetic pesticides, fertilizers, detergents and their additives, fossil fuels, derived industrial products, fissionable materials, and their generated waste products. Many innovations in biological and ecological experimentation accompanied this increased awareness; these developments dramatically improved our ability to screen for detrimental toxins in the environment, estimate toxic impacts on biological systems, and assess the risks of toxic exposures to ecosystems and the organisms that inhabit them. With the advent of these advanced experimental methods has come the need for sophisticated statistical procedures to analyze the data they generate (Piegorsch and Bailer, 1997).
Indications
Authors: Ellestad Myrvin H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the heyday of the Master’s test, stress testing was primarily used to identify or confirm the presence of ischemic heart disease. Prior to World War II, it was mainly a research tool applied to problems related to exercise in athletes. More recently, as the method again evolved into a measure of functional capacity as well as a means of diagnosing coronary disease, the applications have been extended to a number of areas previously excluded, such as the prognosis in coronary artery disease and the evaluation of treatment in congestive heart failure, stable angina, and certain arrhythmias.
In spite of the occasional editorials and articles criticizing the usefulness of exercise testing, there has been an enormous increase in its use as cardiologists and other physicians have discovered how helpful stress testing can be in patient management. This chapter lists some of the indications for stress testing and attempts to add perspective to the present controversy.