bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction Reading Nostalgia
Authors: Dames Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Replacing Barthes’s hypostatized “Novel” with a historically defined set of “novels;’ we might say that transforming memories into useful acts—enabling, in fact, the death of memory within it—is preeminently the work of the Victorian novel.1 A surprising claim, given that we have come to perceive the novel itself, of whatever era, as a form shaped by the impulses and processes of memory; with the modernist novel of Joyce, Woolf, or Proust uppermost in our minds, we have come to understand the novel as an act of remembrance, and as a form with intimate ties to various lived pasts. Thinking of the act of novel writing, we imagine heroic acts of preservation, and as we conceptualize the act of reading novels, we envision a reader engaged in equally difficult acts of thematic and structural remembering.2
Expedition to Ovampoland
Authors: Gillham Nicholas Wright 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With Jonker under control, Galton was ready to proceed in March 18512 . But first there were personnel problems to deal with. John Waggoner, whom Galton had fired at Barmen, was pretending he was Galton’s representative and inveigling cattle, horses, wagons, etc. from their unsuspecting owners. Galton pursued Waggoner in a strenuous 24-hour chase, failing to overtake him. Waggoner returned to Cape Town with his booty and conned a trader into advancing him a large sum of money with which he vanished. Gabriel also decamped for the Cape leaving a trail of insolence and violence while Abraham Wenzel, already caught for stealing once, got into another scrape so Galton fired him. Fortunately, the Nama chief Swartboy, with whom Galton was friendly, provided two Damaras. One, Onesimus, who spoke fluent Damara and Namaqua, had been captured by the Namaquas as a child and brought up by them. The other, Phillipus, had for­ gotten his native tongue, but could speak Namaqua and Dutch fluently.
Fame and Marriage
Authors: Gillham Nicholas Wright 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On February 23, 1852, while Galton was sailing home, part one of the paper describing his expedition was read before the Royal Geographical Society. It began by tacitly acknowledging that it was the Society and African exploration that catalyzed his transformation from fun-loving idler to serious scientist. The reading was completed on April 26, shortly after he set foot in England. The paper was workmanlike, describing his journey, the places he visited, and the native peoples he met. Altitudes of mountains were given based on boiling point thermometer readings and there were two dense tables of data extracted from the masses of numbers accumulated in his notebooks. One gave latitudes for many of the towns and landmarks he had visited and the other longitudes for carefully selected locations across the en­ tire East to West transect he had covered. They were calculated by the lunar distance method of Neville Maskelyne, the Fifth Astronomer Royal, and by triangulation with respect to Walfisch Bay whose longitude was known. Gal­ ton’s presentation of precise data essential for accurate mapping stood in marked contrast to the other two papers on African geography in the same volume of the journal of the Royal Geographical Society. Henry Gassiott’s merely summarized a hunting trip to South Africa while that by David Livingstone and W. C. Oswell described their Central African explorations be­ yond Lake Ngami, but lacked any quantitative data.
Nature and Nurture
Authors: Gillham Nicholas Wright 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In December 1872, Calton received a prepublication copy of Alphonse de Candolle’s Histoire des Sciences et des Savants depuis Deux Siecles. He had no prior contact with de Candolle, a highly regarded Swiss botanist, although he knew his family by reputation, having included it in Hereditary Genius. De Candolle was stimulated to publish his Histoire after reading Hereditary Genius. He was interested in the backgrounds of famous scientists, but his view of the relative importance of nature and nurture was the reverse of Galton’s. His sample consisted of over 300 foreign members or associates of the Royal Society and the French and German Academies of Science. Since election as a foreign member was a rare distinction, de Candolle was certain these men had high reputation. His central argument was that eminent scientists were not randomly scattered by national origin and that their geographical distribution changed dramatically over time. For instance, Switzerland had produced over ten percent of the great scientists with less than one percent of the population of Europe. Eminent British and French scientists were twice as abundant as population size would predict, but Portugal and Spain together had half the number of distinguished scientists expected.
Sweet Peas and Anthropometrics
Authors: Gillham Nicholas Wright 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Following the publication of Hereditary Genius, Galton’s attack on the human body and mind became two-pronged. The first prong involved the accumulation of quantitative data on easily measurable human physical parameters such as height coupled with the development of methods for their statistical analysis based principally on the properties of the normal distribution. Ideally, this information would be gathered in pedigree form so heritability of these characteristics could be analyzed. The observations obtained would serve as surrogate indicators of mental fitness, for Galton’s Cambridge background had prompted him to believe that a healthy body means a healthy mind. The second prong of Galton’s attack was on human personality and behavior. He wanted to develop methods for characterizing and quantifying human behavior. His desire in this regard led him into explorations as diverse as composite photography, psychology, and fingerprinting.
Galton’s Disciples
Authors: Gillham Nicholas Wright 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Galton had always worked largely alone. If he needed help he hired men like Serjeant Randall of the Anthropometric Laboratory or asked friends to aid him, as in the case of the sweet pea plantings. Since he had no professional position, academic or otherwise, he so far had no intellectual disciples. Edgeworth came closest as he was greatly influenced by Galton’s writings and corresponded with him extensively. However, with the publication of Natural Inheritance and his paper on correlation, Calton soon acquired two new acolytes who complemented each other perfectly (Table 19- 1). One was Galton’s devoted first biographer, Karl Pearson (Fig. 19-1), who added mathematical rigor to his intuitive and graphical approaches to statistical questions. The second was a zoologist, Raphael Weldon (Fig. 19-2), who applied Galton’s statistical methods to his extensive quantitative data on shrimps and crabs. Pearson and Weldon became good friends and intellectual collaborators while both held positions at University College, London. This chapter is the story of how this relationship came about.
The Triumph of the Pedigree Eugenics
Authors: Gillham Nicholas Wright 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The opening decade of the twentieth century found the educated classes in England primed to welcome Calton’s eugenics. There were two main reasons for this. First, there was an overriding concern about biological degeneration in the country. Statistical data indicated that the birth rate in England was declining, with this process being far more pronounced in the upper and middle classes than among the lower classes. Second, the battle between the Church of England and the Darwinians was mostly over and evolution by natural selection had achieved widespread acceptance. Hence, it seemed logical to many that the quality of the British population as a whole could be improved by reducing the reproductive rate of those perceived as less fit while increasing the propagation of those of good stock. This notion soon became popular not only in England, but in much of Europe and the United States. It required only that men like Calton and Pearson popularize eugenics and justify their conclusions with apparently sound scientific arguments.
Langston Hughes, 1902-1967:A Brief Biography
Authors: Miller R Baxter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a now somewhat legendary name for so many readers of varying persuasions (he was more popular and less revered in his own century), Langston Hughes was perhaps the most wide-ranging and persistent black American writer in the twentieth century. From the Harlem Renaissance of the early twenties, to the Black Arts reorientations of the sixties, his short stories, novels, dramas, translations, and seminal anthologies of the works of others at home and abroad helped unify peoples in the African Diaspora. He helped nurture, in other words, so profoundly the generations after him. His early writing was an innovative complement to the talent of his contemporaries, including the Keatsian verse of Countee Cullen, the avantgarde and even prophetic painting of Aaron Douglas, and the musical flamboyance of Josephine Baker. In his late twenties and early thirties, he helped inspire the writers Margaret Walker and Gwendolyn Brooks.
The Poet Speaks of Places:A Close Reading of Langston Hughes’s Literary Use of Place
Authors: Jongh James de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has been the longstanding practice of African American verbal culture to transform literal spaces into topical spaces for rhetorical and figurative purposes. Like the broader culture of black Americans, our literature tempered the historic experience of dislocation, slavery, and discrimination by seeking terms with which to root itself in the African Diaspora. Over time, this discourse of spatial signing has evolved into a literary strategy of allusion to a diversity of symbolic and spiritual spaces in the figurative practice of black writers.1 Allusions to the Old Testament iconography of place by which enslaved blacks identified themselves with the enslaved Israelites in Egypt and Babylon in the geography of their song reverberate distinctively in “The Negro Speaks of Rivers,” the debut poem young Langston Hughes scribbled on an envelope as the train taking him to another summer in Mexico with his father crossed the Mississippi.
Genes, Categories, and Species
Authors: Hey Jody 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Genes, Categories and Species, Jody Hey provides an enlightening new solution to one of biology’s most ironic and perplexing puzzles. When Darwin showed that life evolves, and that it does so by natural selection, he transformed our understanding of living things. But the very question Darwin addressed-the nature of species-continues to pose an awkward conundrum for biologists. Despite enormous efforts by a great many scholars, biologists still cannot agree on how to identify species or even how to define the word “species.” Genes, Categories, and Species is not like other books on the species problem, for it does not begin by asking, “What is a species?” Instead, it focuses on the very fact that biologists are stumped by species and their curious behavior in coping with that uncertainty. Faced with a persistent conundrum-and no lack of data on the subject-biologists who ponder the species problem have ceased to ask the most essential of scientific questions: “What new information do we need to resolve the problem?” This is the question that motivates this book and leads to the discoveries it reveals. The answer to the species problem lies not with the processes and patterns of biological diversity, Hey contends, but rather in the way the human mind perceives and categorizes that diversity. The promise of this book is twofold. First, it allows biologists to understand the causes of the species problem and to use this knowledge to avoid the major confusions that arise over species. Second, with its explanation of the species problem, it gives scholars and students of human nature a humbling example of how ill-suited the human mind is for certain kinds of scientific questions.
The Mode of Ignorance
Authors: Hey Jody 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter, I urged that we not suppose that we already know everything that we need to know to address the species problem. I said that if we are to get unstuck, we must look for something that is missing from our inquiries and from our knowledge base. But some would say that this is wrong, and that rather than continue to seek a solution to the species problem we must recognize that we are quite properly stuck and must remain so. This is a patently reasonable position, and some very reasonable biologists, like Levin and Endler, have said as much. The primary pieces of evidence in support of this contention are all those reasons why we are stuck. In many ways, we know why species are hard to identify and why species is hard to define. Our failures have taught as a great deal about how hard the problem is, even if they have not taught us how to solve it. Secondary evidence, in support of an “unsolvable” stance on the problem, is that our workaround for proceeding without a solution, the method of working definitions, is quite a productive one. It is far from true that no communication occurs among biologists, and the working-definition method somehow enables a great deal of research on biological diversity. Perhaps we are making the most of an insoluble conundrum. If so, then we should appreciate the species problem as another unpleasant fact of life, rather than as something that needs to be fixed.
Typological Thinking about Species
Authors: Hey Jody 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Now we are at one of those moments in an investigation when a seemingly tangential thread ends up leading to a useful insight. Meanders that return home with some effect provide not only the direct benefit of that discovery, but also enlarge the repertoire of ways to pursue future investigations. The meander of the previous chapter, a deliberately detached perspective that ran from the philosophical debates over reality and categories, to the psychologist’s discoveries of prototype effects, is like this. The story, told so far, has reached only to the reality and the psychology of categories. It has not yet returned to the question of whether our language and thoughts are ill disposed for the understanding of species, but it is close. This short chapter lays the two remaining pieces of our wander, one that is historical and biological and another that is anthropological.
Evolutionary Biology
Authors: Hey Jody 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Part from systematics, there are other areas of the life sciences where practitioners regularly suffer the species problem. These areas are primarily those in which the research for one reason or another focuses on organisms as we find them in nature, and on the evolutionary processes that have caused them. There is no very good single name for all these efforts, though sometimes they are collected under evolutionary biology (a label I will use hereafter), or population biology. Certainly much of what is referred to with ecology falls in this domain. Systematics could be also be included, but that field tends to play out as a fairly distinct sub discipline of its own, and here I am making a distinction between systematics and an area of biology where the research focuses more explicitly on on going evolutionary processes. The distinction is a common one, and useful for the present purpose, but as we shall see, in the end all evolutionary biologists, systematists included, suffer the species problem in a similar way.
The Ambivalence of Power: North Africa in International Politics, 1942-1954
Authors: Connelly Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before dawn on November 8, 1942, three convoys consisting of more than five hundred American and British warships and transports closed on the coasts of Algeria and Morocco. Two Royal Navy destroyers carrying a mixed force of British and American commandos separated from the easternmost group and headed for the Bay of Algiers. Just after midnight, President Roosevelt’s personal representative, Robert Murphy, had warned the French commander, Alphonse Juin, that he faced overwhelming odds. The armada carried nearly 10,000 vehides and 100,000 allied servicemen, with another 150,000 on the way. But Murphy and General Dwight Eisenhower, the Allied supreme commander, assured the French that America had no designs on their North African possessions. “We come among you solely to defeat and rout your enemies,” Roosevelt had declared in a radio speech to the French people. “Have faith in our words. We do not want to cause you any harm.”3
A Multicultural Peace?
Authors: Connelly Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the Algerian War was, in part, ideological combat, peacemaking required ideological disarmament. Since the Algerians never achieved military victory, a description of how the French cast off their intellectual weapons, like an army in retreat, provides the best measure of who was winning, and by how much. It also shows how the Algerians picked up some of these ideas and wielded them to assert control of the field—above all the principle of undivided and unfettered sovereignty. Others became part of the landscape, half-buried, awaiting another war.
Preliminaries
Authors: Falmagne Jean-Claude 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These questions prompted a program of research that originated with G. T. Fechner and was remarkably successful in generating a considerable array of useful data as well as a theoretical framework for these data. Over the years, however, Fechner’s methods and concepts have been criticized. Today, many consider classical (or Fechnerian) psychophysics outmoded, and of historical interest only. In standard textbooks, it is dispatched rather than expounded, the typical presentation reading like a summary of a treatise that could have been written at the end of the nineteenth century. Little effort is made to analyze the filiation between classical and modern concepts, and the progress realized.
Extensive Measurement
Authors: Falmagne Jean-Claude 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Extensive measurement means the measurement of fundamental physical quantities such as mass or length, using some qualitative devices. For mass, a typical example of such a device is the two-pan, equal-arm balance. The case of length is discussed in detail below. Since Helmholtz (1887), this type of measurement is recognized to involve two specific kinds of empirical procedures.
Psychometric Functions
Authors: Falmagne Jean-Claude 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For a fixed stimulus b, let p b (a) be the probability that stimulus a is judged as exceeding b from the viewpoint of some sensory attribute, such as loudness or brightness. (As in Chapters 4 and 5, both a and b are numbers denoting the intensities of the stimuli on some physical scale.) A typical experimental finding is that p b (a) increases continuously with the value of a. A somewhat idealized graph of a function p b, which is consistent in its main features with many data, is shown in Figure 6.1.
Is There No Place Like Home? Ecological Bases of Female Dispersal and Philopatry and Their Consequences for the Formation of Kin Groups
Authors: Isbell Lynne A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In L. Frank Baum’s century-old tale The Wizard of Oz, Dorothy, a female primate, disperses with an ally from her natal home range and group to an unfamiliar area. While in this new area, she encounters unfamiliar plants, potential predators, and aggressive strangers, dangers she never faced at home. Dorothy succeeds by establishing relationships with new allies. Despite her successes in the new area, Dorothy has an over-whelming desire to return home. Baum did send Dorothy home eventually, and back to her kin group. Had she stayed in Oz, she would have left her home range as well as her kin group. Decisions about dispersal from the natal home range are important for understanding the evolution of kin groups, but they are not addressed in two widely recognized models that have been developed to explain the evolution of kin groups.
Relations with England
Authors: Bremer Francis J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The year is 1634. The brisk autumn winds were whipping over the Salem common as the men of the town ’ s trained band began to assemble. The colony ’ s enemies had been busy in England, and there were fears that the king might seek to revoke the charter and undo all that the colonists had worked for. Some of the men were talking about the latest rumor, that a governor-general might be appointed by the king and lead a military force to suppress the colony. The colony ’ s leaders were determined to resist any such attempt. John Endecott had worked longer than any of these men to establish a godly commonwealth and was determined that his work would not be dismantled. As he approached the troop his attention was drawn to the ensign whipping in the wind—the white English flag with the red cross of St. George in the upper left quarter. The cross in the ensign had long bothered Endecott.
On the Fringe
Authors: Bremer Francis J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After two years of apparent inactivity, John Humfry arrived in Massachusetts in 1634 representing “some persons of great quality and estate (and of special note for piety)” who intended to settle in the Bay. He also carried a letter from the Reverend John Livingstone, minister of a parish in County Down, Ireland, conveying the interest of Ulster Protestants in migrating, though the connection of these Ulstermen with Lords Saye and Brooke is not clear. As a further indication of the goodwill of those he represented, Humfry brought a good quantity of guns and powder, “much money,” and the promise of “yearly pensions.” It is likely that Humfry also conveyed proposals made by Lord Saye, Lord Brooke, and the other persons of quality who had purchased land from Warwick, setting out a model for the government of the colony they proposed to establish—which would come to be known as Saybrook—and seeking the advice of the more experienced Bay colonists.62 They wished to divide authority in their colony as in a parliament, between an upper house of “gentlemen of the country” and a lower house of representatives of the freemen. The governor would be chosen from the members of the upper house. In some respects this was similar to the practice of the Bay.
The Impact of Public Opinion on Public Policy: The State of the Debate
Authors: Manza Jeff , Cook Fay Lomax 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the center of scholarly interest in public opinion is its impact on public policy. In this chapter, we review current debates over the opinion-policy link in the rapidly growing body of research on polls, public opinion, and policymaking in contemporary American politics. Our discussion provides a point of departure for the chapters in the next two parts of this volume.
Politics and Policymaking in the Real World: Crafted Talk and the Loss of Democratic Responsiveness
Authors: Jacobs Lawrence R , Shapiro robert Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The public opinion polls that fill newspapers and the offices of government officials and election campaigns have fueled the nearly unquestioned assumption among observers of American politics that elected officials “pander” to public opinion. Politicians, they charge, tailor government policy to polls and other indicators of public opinion.