bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cyclops
Authors: Mchugh Heather , Konstan David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Based on the conviction that only translators who write poetry themselves can properly re-create the celebrated and timeless tragedies of Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, the Greek Tragedy in New Translations series offers new translations that go beyond the literal meaning of the Greek in order to evoke the poetry of the originals. Under the general editorship of Peter Burian and Alan Shapiro, each volume includes a critical introduction, commentary on the text, full stage directions, and a glossary of the mythical and geographical references in the play. Brimming with lusty comedy and horror, this new version of Euripides’ only extant satyr play has been refreshed with all the salty humor, vigorous music, and dramatic shapeliness available in modern American English. Driven by storms onto the shores of the Cyclops’ island, Odysseus and his men find that the Cyclops has already enslaved a company of Greeks. When some of Odysseus’ crew are seized and eaten by the Cyclops, Odysseus resorts to spectacular stratagems to free his crew and escape the island. In this powerful work, prize-winning poet Heather McHugh and respected classicist David Konstan combine their talents to create this unusually strong and contemporary tragic-comedy marked by lively lyricism and moral subtlety.
The Development of Individual Identity and Consciousness among Movements of the Left and Right
Authors: Klatch Rebecca E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the effects of internal and external factors on the development of individual political consciousness and identity, as well as on the mobilization and course of social movements. I analyze the effects of these factors on movements of the Left and Right by considering activists involved in two predominant groups of the 1960s: Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) on the Left and Young Americans for Freedom (YAF) on the Right. This chapter is part of a larger project that compares women and men who were active in SDS and YAF, tracing their paths from early childhood, through the radicalizing events of the 1960s, up to their adult lives (Klatch 1999). Other studies focus on the collective identity of social movements; this study focuses on the formation and development of individual consciousness and political identity. Also, studies within social movements often focus on a single case; this study compares movements of the Left and Right, allowing for analysis of the differences as well as the parallels and overlaps in the development of consciousness and identity of activists in opposing movements.
In examining external factors, I use Karl Mannheim’s theory of generations to understand how historical location and differences in social background generated two opposing wings of the 1960s generation, with divergent political consciousness and identity. I analyze two internal factors: the importance of peers in solidifying commitment to a movement and in helping articulate and develop a broader analysis or framing of issues, and the effect of an organization’s size on activists’ experiences and views and the development of a movement.
Meaning and Structure in Social Movements
Authors: Whittier Nancy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The chapters in this book outline a new theoretical approach to social movements, which, in this view, are not self-contained. State structures, dominant cultures, and civil society shape movements, and, in turn, movements can reshape the states, policies, civil societies, and cultures within which they operate. Social movements are neither fixed nor narrowly bounded in space, time, or membership. Instead, they are made up of shifting clusters of organizations, networks, communities, and activist individuals, connected by participation in challenges and collective identities through which participants define the boundaries and significance of their group. Like movements, states and institutions also have structure, engage in action, and construct meaning. Like movements, states are not unified actors but are composed of specific organizations, campaigns, ideologies, factions, and individuals. These are grounded in particular organizational contexts and relationships, alliances, chains of command, and power struggles, and in legitimizing discourses and collective identities. This multilayered view of social movements highlights the interplay between collective identities, political opportunities, and culture and gives us a complex view of movements and their impact. In this chapter, I will lay out such an approach, outlining four basic assumptions. I will then move to a discussion of the state of knowledge about how meaning, structure, and internal and external dynamics interact to shape movement structure, strategies, and meanings.
On The Translation
Authors: Gibbons Reginald , Segal Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some nuances of the text of Antigone, as of every Greek tragedy, must have been thrown into view by performance, especially since this was so stylized—the language markedly different from speech, many passages chanted or sung to accompanying music and dance, the dialogue exchanges punctuated by commentary within the play itself in the form of the choral odes. And the actors’ masks would have shifted all facial expressiveness to the voice and body. The very artiflicality of ancient performance could not help calling attention to the language itself rather than to action or the apparent personalities of the characters (something in which we take more interest than did the ancient Greek poets, for whom the play was an exploration not so much of character as of ultimate questions of human fate and freedom). We do not know how ancient audiences reacted to the theatrical convention of actors changing roles, yet surely the stagecraft would have had some effect on the audience’s sense of the language they were hearing.
Antigone
Authors: Gibbons Reginald , Segal Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
eteokles and polyneikes, sons of self-blinded oidipous, have been at war, eteokles having refused to alternate the rule of Thebes with his brother, as he had promised, and polyneikes having led an army of military allies from Argos against the city. oidipous had put a curse on his two sons that they would kill each other, and in fact, on the day before the play opens, amidst battles surrounding the city, these two older brothers of antigone and ismene—eteokles, defending one of the seven gates of Thebes, and polyneikes, leading the attack against him—have fought and killed each other. Now, well before dawn in Thebes, the sisters antigone and ismene are standing—surprisingly—outside the great main doors of the house where they were born and where, under the guardianship of their uncle, kreon (their dead mother’s brother), they have again been living since the death of oidipous. polyneikes’ Argive alliance has now retreated during the night and abandoned the war and its dead warriors, whose bodies lie on the plains outside the walls of Thebes.
What is a Nymph?
Authors: Larson Jennifer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scholars face a taxonomic dilemma in discussing the female figures of Greek mythology and cult. If the female under discussion is not a well-recognized goddess, one must decide (in the absence of convenient labeling by the ancient sources) whether to refer to her as a mortal woman (that is, a heroine), as a nymph, or as a member of some other group. Did the Greeks make a significant conceptual distinction between heroines and nymphs, and if so, what factors were used to distinguish them? No detailed discussion of these questions exists, and the matter of nomenclature has so far been idiosyncratic.
Gods, Goddesses, and Nymphs
Authors: Larson Jennifer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The nymphs’ relations with the Olympian gods, particularly Zeus and Poseidon, are usually envisioned in terms of abduction and sexual contact, which lead to colonization and the birth of eponymous heroes. These relationships are discussed in chapter 4. The focus of the present discussion is the special attraction between the nymphs, deities of the untamed or partially tamed landscape, and those gods who have strong rural or pastoral associations. In these cases, the relationships are sometimes best described as familial (Dionysos and his nurses, the rivers as fathers of nymphs) and sometimes as sexual (nymphs and silens).
Lore of the Nymphs in the Greek World
Authors: Larson Jennifer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the sections that follow, I draw upon a wide spectrum of evidence to reconstruct, as far as possible, the nymph lore that belongs to each part of the ancient Greek world. The most useful literary sources for this task are the Greek poets, especially Homer, the Hesiodic corpus, the fragments of Greek epic, and Pindar; the fragments of the classical and Hellenistic Greek logographers and historians; and finally, the numerous histories and compilations of mythological, linguistic, and geographical information produced during the Roman Imperial period. Other evidence is provided by excavation reports, inscriptions, and above all, coins.
Secularization and the Worldliness of Theology
Authors: Anderson Victor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cultural analysis is an intellectual practice. It is deeply rooted in and dependent on sociological unit ideas derived from the tradition of social theory. Unit ideas such as community and society, authority and legitimacy, status and class, power and domination, alienation and marginalization, and the sacred and secular continue to influence contemporary analysis of cultural practices. In cultural analysis, these categories are used as lenses through which to describe features of social life. The categories of cultural analysis may also disclose problems with and distortions to a particular social subject, whether the individual, groups, or classes. They may also guide one’s critique of particular institutions such as government, markets, labor, the academy, or a particular intellectual discipline such as academic theology. This essay is consistent with this third orientation of cultural analysis. That is, I use the categories of marginalization and secularization as a dual lens through which to discuss and understand critiques of academic theology entailed in much of the content of contemporary social criticism.
In the Raw: African American Cultural Memory and Theological Reflection
Authors: Pinn Anthony B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I explore how attention to cultural production can enhance theological reflection in the following ways: (r) I discuss current uses of cultural production℄various sites of cultural memory—in African American theology; (2) I rethink collective memory and cultural resources by arguing that collective cultural memory is fragile if not fractured, and I assess the theological ramifications of fragile cultural memory; (3) I outline archaeological resources and the process of archaeological theology. The relationship between theology and cultural analysis guiding this discussion is as follows. Theology, at its best, is dependent upon cultural production as a means to understand the expression and substance of religious experience. Theology benefits from cultural analysis because the latter helps theology explore cultural production in all its complexity. Furthermore, cultural analysis can benefit from the sensitivity to religious sensibilities that undoubtedly guide cultural productions.
Between the Tariqa and the Shari’a: The Making of the Female Self
Authors: Butorovic Amila 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This essay discusses the ways Muslim women have configured their spirituality within the Sufi tradition of Islam. While it agrees with previous studies that argue that Sufism allows for a much more individualistic spiritual growth than mainstream religious teachings, the essay attempts to problematize these mainly phenomenological views of Sufi inclusiveness that do not take into consideration the historical complexities associated with the emergence and development of the Sufi path. The essay argues that Sufi practices have always been in a dialectical relationship with the dominant religious discourse and, as such, have reflected many of its social ambiguities and practices, including those concerned with gender relations. Therefore, Sufi women’s participation in the mystical path has never been a simple one: rather, it has been predicated on their ability to navigate through the social constructions-Sufi and non—Sufi alike—of gender and public/private space. In that process, women mystics have left a powerful legacy that adds to the Sufi path a new metaphoric depth and a great symbolic diversity yet does not effect in any transformative way Muslim women’s social status.
Mother, Maiden, Child: Gender as Performance in The Book of Margery Kempe
Authors: Bradford Clare 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Book of Margery Kempe (1438) is frequently characterized as the first autobiography in English. The subject of the Book, however, is not the “I” of first-person narration but is referred to by way of third-person narration, in the introduction as “a synful caytyf” (Windeatt 1985:1) and throughout the Book as “this creatur.” This feature enacts a gap between Margery Kempe and her Book, prohibiting any simple or unproblematic identification of Kempe the author with the Margery Kempe constructed through the narrative of the Book. In another distancing strategy, the process of writing the Book is self-consciously present within it, since the narrative is, in part, about Margery’s difficulties in producing a narrative: finding trustworthy scribes; persuading them to invest their time in transcribing her narrative; convincing them that they will suffer no ill effects through association with her; quite simply, getting the task done. For Margery Kempe is represented in the proem to the Book as illiterate but educated, a combination difficult to imagine in our century, when knowledge is identified with literacy, but not in the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries, when there existed a robust tradition of oral transmission of instruction and stories through sermons, mystery plays, liturgical forms, and the practice of reading aloud to an audience.
The Future of Feminist Spiritualities
Authors: Devlin-Glass Frances , McCredden Lyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We hope that the essays in this book will awaken a desire in their readers to embrace the future, exploring new modes of understanding and practising spirituality. Or do they underline the fierce grip of centuries-old patriarchy on the lives, imaginations, and sacred insights of women? New insights come about from engagement of intellectual rigor and from broader cultural practices and experiences, both personal and communal. There is a clear range of new directions that find a voice in these essays, each one the result of contemporary women asking what it might mean to think and act with an awareness of the spiritual. The future-directed, intertwined areas that emerge in this book might be listed in the following way: critical utopic thinking; historical recuperation and remapping; earthed spirituality; engagement in the representational agenda; ecofeminism; redefining the liberal humanist agenda; poststructuralist interventions; psychoanalysis and redefinings of female identity; new modes of women’s writing; performativity; post-coloniality.
Usurpation of Status and Status Symbols in the Roman Empire
Authors: Reinhold Meyer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Basic Organizational Principle of the Social Systems of the ancient world was hierarchic structure, but social mobility existed in varying degrees. Roman society evolved into one of the most hierarchic and status conscious social orders in human history. In the imperial period, under the influence of the socio-political philosophy of Augustus, the Romans developed the highest degree and diversity of formal social stratification,1 and at the same time the highest incidence of social mobility in antiquity.
The Declaration of War against Cleopatra
Authors: Reinhold Meyer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Paramount in the Political Tactics Of Octavian in 32 B.C. was the conversion of the de facto civil conflict with Antony and his adherents into a helium external with Cleopatra as queen of Egypt. The surviving sources dramatize the manoeuvre by featuring antithetically the datum that declaration of war, at the end of October 32, was issued against Cleopatra, not Antony.1 They do not, however, specify the formal charges against Cleopatra detailed in justification of a custom pique helium in accordance with Roman public law. The savage propaganda campaign unleashed against Cleopatra poured out a flood of extravagant indictments and recriminations (lust, whoring, incest, use of magic and drugs, drunkenness, animal worship, rampant luxury) that have echoed down through the ages in history, literature, and the popular image of her.2 A formal declaration of war, however, required a diplomatically formulated bill of particulars.
In Praise of Cassius Dia
Authors: Reinhold Meyer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Using casern’s Mo’s History Of Rome to Help us Reconstruct the course of events, we are so much on the qui vive to single out defects, and to point the finger at him when he nods, misinterprets, or distorts that we tend to slight or pass by the solid contributions he often makes to our knowledge. Greater alertness to his virtues as an historian, to the valuable, sometimes unique interpretations and information he provides, is needed to achieve a more balanced perception of Dio’s work.
Epochē and Śūnyatā : Skepticism East and West
Authors: Garfield Jay L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I emphasize these points because many modern writers—following Kant and earlier usage introduced by Berkeley, a usage muddied (though in constructive ways) by Hume—urge that a central task of philosophy is to “answer the skeptic”: to show, presumably, that what the skeptic denies to be possible is in fact not only possible, but actual.
Buddhism and Democracy
Authors: Garfield Jay L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The question is important for several reasons: first, we indeed have in Buddhism and in liberal democratic theory two prima facie plausible frameworks for value, and their independent plausibility leads immediately to the question of their compatibility. Second, each framework has staked a claim to a central role in the global quest for human rights and justice, and indeed partisans of each have used the other in defense of their respective frameworks.
Compactness
Authors: Katz Jonathan I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ten years before physicists and electrical engineers discovered gamma-ray bursts, astronomers discovered quasars. The astronomers were using large optical telescopes to search for the origin of strong cosmic radio sources. Radio telescopes produce only fuzzy images (like a myopic person trying to read fine print), and the earliest radio telescopes, built in the 1950s, were particularly poor. It was clear that radio waves came from the Sun, Jupiter, the center of our galaxy, the remains of exploded stars (supernovas), and a few bright nearby galaxies, but the identifications of most radio sources were not apparent, leading to a mystery very similar to that of the origin of gamma-ray bursts.
Afterglows
Authors: Katz Jonathan I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By 1993 most astronomers were convinced, on the basis of the BATSE data and apparently sound theoretical arguments, that gamma-ray bursts occur at cosmological distances, and that they involve relativistic expansion with Lorentz factors of one hundred or more. A convincing argument is only the beginning; it needs empirical confirmation.
Cosmological distances had a straightforward, and testable, implication—that if lines could be found in the spectra of gamma-ray bursts, they would show large redshifts. Their wavelengths would be multiplied by factors of 1.5, 2, 3 or more compared to their laboratory values.
The End of the Beginning
Authors: Katz Jonathan I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The end of the Gamma-Ray Observatory and BATSE in June 2000 put a temporary stop to the search for optical counterparts, because no longer would ROTSE and LOTIS be alerted when a burst was happening. They would still study variable stars, comets, and asteroids, for which their wide fields of view make them powerful tools, as they had whenever not alerted by GCN that BATSE was observing a burst.
This will not be the end of gamma-ray-burst astronomy, nor of the study of their visible counterparts.
Cadenza: Earth Might Be Fair
Authors: Ogilvy James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout this final chapter, the musical leit-motif that justifies the title is the playful dance of freedom rather than determinism, play as op posed to work, art as opposed to science, creativity as opposed to engineering, freedom as opposed to necessity. This business of better futures cannot be a grim calculation of the necessary. Instead, scenarios are stories about what might be possible. Don’t expect a rigorous proof for what must be done; only some suggestions for what might be done, and why, given all that has gone before, that’s the best we should hope for.
E
Authors: Castro Rafaela G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Labeled a folk illness, this medical condition is caused when undigested food sticks to part of the gastrointestinal tract, which can result in a hard ball forming in the stomach, sometimes with swelling involved. The condition may cause an internal fever, stomach pains, and possibly great thirst. Children suffer the most from this folk illness because they may not chew their food well, swallow gum, or otherwise not eat well. Some believe it can be caused by forcing children to eat food they don’t like. It is not an illness that is caused or can be treated by witchcraft. This condition is not always recognized by Western doctors, and Mexican Americans may seek the help of a curandero, or a sobador, a person who knows how to massage. A sobador may massage the abdomen or the back behind the stomach to dislodge the food that is stuck. Usually, family members know how to treat a condition like empacho, by either giving a laxative to clean out the stomach, giving an herb tea such as yerba buena (mint) or manzanilla (chamomile), or stroking the stomach with olive oil.
G
Authors: Castro Rafaela G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A derogatory term used to describe Anglo or white Americans. The word was originally used by the Spaniards when referring to the French and comes from the Spanish word gave, meaning “a current of water” from a mountain torrent in the Pyrenees. It is an insulting term that can be found in decimas (ballads similar to the corrido) that expressed extreme hostility against Maximilian’s French troops in the 1860s. By the 1930s it was found to be used for Anglo Americans by Mexican Americans in El Paso, San Antonio, and Los Angeles. America Paredes stated that it was not until the 1960s that gavacho was used in Mexico City. The extension of the word to agavachado creates a new word used as a critical expression leveled at a Chicano who is considered to be too anglicized. During the 1970s, Chicano students at the University of Oregon in Eugene used a shortened version, gava, to refer to an Anglo student, usually not in a pleasant manner, as in “todo el financial aid es para los gavas” (all of the financial aid is for the Anglos).