bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Dutch upbringing
Authors: Kruuk Hans 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some 40 years before I met Niko wandering across the northern English sands and gulleries, he had been in a setting a long way distant, but not very different. The beaches near Scheveningen in Holland were just as huge, with the North Sea breaking into foam and noise, the dunes as a solid backdrop, sand drifting everywhere and gulls hanging in the updraughts off the dunes. Then in his early teens, Niko walked or cycled there from his nearby home, to watch migrating chaffinches and sparrow hawks following the coastline, and combing the beaches for anything the sea had brought in. The grey-haired man I met in the 1960s, roaming the dunes with his film camera, had not moved far from his roots, despite the geographical shift.
The Nobel Prize, And Human Behaviour
Authors: Kruuk Hans 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thursday, 12 October 1973 started as just an ordinary, rather dull morning in Niko’s life. He had been somewhere in the department, walking through the uninspiring, clinical corridors back to his room, and he called in on Pat, his secretary. ‘You just missed a personal call from Stockholm.’ She realized what was happening, he did not. Back in his own room, the call came again, and Niko responded with disbelief. The Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, jointly with Konrad Lorenz and Karl von Frisch.
Winding down
Authors: Kruuk Hans 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Somehow it seemed an incongruous and irrelevant deflation, that Niko should retire within months of his glory. But university rules dictated abdication at 67, and in fact Niko was more than ready to leave the Oxford department on the appointed date: 30 September 1974. Earlier that year he told Baerends (trans.): ‘I am more or less preparing myself to withdraw, and I am still very much in doubt about what best to do after my retirement. …
Comparison with high-temperature superconductors
Authors: Kuramoto Y , Kitaoka Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The discovery by Bednorz and M üller (1986) of superconductivity at 30 K in the ceramic copper oxides [1] La2-xBarCu04 (abbreviated as 2-1-4) has had great impact on solid state physics. This breakthrough ,vas followed soon by the discovery of the 90 K-class superconductor YBa2Cu3o7_y (1-2-3) and recently by that of 130 K-dass HgBa2Ca2Cu30s+y (Hgl 223). These cuprates have the following characteristic properties [2]: 1. The Cu02 planes are commonly present, and are seIJ’arated by bridging blocks which act as charge reservoirs for the planes. Figure 6.1 illustrates the structure of the (2-1-4) system.
Quantum mechanical concepts
Authors: Pettifor D G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The experimental trends in bonding and structure which we have discussed in the previous chapter cannot be understood within a classical framework. None of the elements and only very few of the thousand or more binary AB compounds are ionic in the sense that the electrostatic Madelung energy controls their bonding. And even for ionic systems, it is a quantum mechanical concept that stops the lattice from collapsing under the resultant attractive electrostatic forces: the strong repulsion that arises as the ion cores start to overlap is direct evidence that Pauli’s exclusion principle is alive and well and hard at work! In this chapter we will briefly outline the key experiments which led to the breakdown of the classical world view and the birth of quantum mechanics. The concept of a wave packet will be used to resolve the problem of wave-particle duality and to underpin Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. A plausibility argument will then be given for the derivation of the Schrodinger equation. It will be solved both for the free-electron gas and free atoms as the former is the starting point for our treatment of the bonding and structure of sp-valent metals, the latter for our treatment of covalent systems. Although this chapter is primarily concerned with introducing the concepts behind quantum mechanics, we will end with a short section on the recent predictive power of first principles calculations. It is these computationally intensive calculations that have given credence to the simple models which are developed and presented in subsequent chapters.
Cognitive–Behavior Therapy For Mood Disorders
Authors: Kuyken Willem , Watkins Ed , Beck Aaron T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT) for mood disorders is based on a cognitive theory of mood disorders with solid empirical foundations for its basic tenets, sets out principles that emerge from practice, theory, and research, and has been subjected to numerous outcome studies that have led it to be a ‘treatment of choice.
Cross–Cultural Psychotherapy
Authors: Ruiz Pedro , Bland Irma J , Pi Edmond H , Zulueta Felicity de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the last 10–15 years, there has been an extensive globalization process that has affected most areas of the world, and has also impacted on all aspects of society, including health care. Concomitantly, there has additionally been a strong migration process from developing countries and regions toward industrialized nations.
The neuropsychological significance of stereotypy induced by stimulant drugs
Authors: Robbins T W , Mittleman G , O’brien J , Winn P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the neuropsychological significance of stereotyped behaviour, in particular that induced by psychomotor stimulant drugs such as amphetamine. Behavioural stereotypy is a phenomenon with connotations in wide aspects of psychology, including animal learning theory, ethology, human experimental psychology, particularly in analyses of skilled or automatic performance, and in neuropsychological studies of brain-damaged patients. Stereotypy is also frequently observed in the psychopathology of man and other animals. There is, of course, no guarantee that all of these forms of stereotypy are related by common psychological processes and this will be one of the questions to be addressed below. We will be concentrating on the behavioural and neural mechanisms underlying stereotypy, because these aspects have previously been somewhat neglected in favour of a more neuropharmacological approach.
Stereotyped behaviour in madness and in health
Authors: Frith G D , Done D J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has long been recognized that pointless repetitive behaviour is a common component of madness. In 1701 Nehemia Grew wrote ‘We see also Mad people, in whom Phancy reigns, to run upon some one action, as Reading, or Knitting of Straws, without variation’. This repetition has been particularly observed in the speech and writing of mentally deranged people. ‘When lunatics attempt to write, there is a perpetual recurrence of one or two favourite ideas, intermixed with phrases which convey scarcely any meaning either separately, or in connection with the other parts. It would be a hard task for a man of common understanding, to put such rhapsodies into any intelligible form, yet patients will run their ideas in the very same track for many weeks together. .. .’ (John Ferrier 1795). Such behaviour can readily be observed in schizophrenic patients today. Kraepelin (1899) listed stereotypies as one of the characteristic symptoms of dementia praecox, yet today stereotyped behaviour receives very little attention.
Time Series
Authors: Diggle Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Time series analysis is one of several branches of statistics whose practical importance has increased with the availability of powerful computing tools. Methodology originally developed for specialized applications, for example in business forecasting or geophysical signal processing, is now widely available in general statistical packages. These computing developments have helped to bring the subject closer to the mainstream of applied statistics. This book is an introductory account of time-series analysis, written from the perspective of an applied statistician with a particular interest in biological applications. Separate chapters cover exploratory methods, the theory of stationary random processes, spectral analysis, repeated measurements, ARIMA modelling, forecasting, and bivariate time-series analysis. Throughout, analyses of data-sets drawn from the biological and medical sciences are integrated with the methodological development. The book is unique in its emphasis on biological and medical applications of time-series analysis. Nevertheless, its methodological content is more widely applicable, and it should be useful to both students and practitioners of applied statistics, whatever their specialization.
Simple descriptive methods of analysis
Authors: Diggle Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A counter-argument is that joining points gives a false impression of continuous observation. The zigzag appearance of the trace made by the joined points is an effective visual cue against this wrong interpretation, but the objection has some validity, particularly for series with missing values. For example, by not joining successive points in Figs 1.4 and 1.5 we drew the reader’s attention to the gaps and jumps in the series which are an intrinsic feature of the data.
Fitting autoregressive integrated movingaverage processes to data
Authors: Diggle Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Section 3.4 we introduced the class of autoregressive moving average (ARMA) processes and discussed the second-order properties of these processes. We also pointed out that the value of ARMA processes as models for time-series data lies primarily in their ability to approximate a wide range of second-order behaviour using only a small number of parameters. For this reason, methodology for fitting ARMA-processes to time-series data is of interest in its own right. However, an additional motivation for considering this methodology is its central role in the Box-Jenkins approach to forecasting, which we shall describe in Chapter 7.
Estiating functions: an overview
Authors: Godambe V P , Kale B K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a wide variety of statistical applications, mainly two methods of estimation are used-least squares (LS) and maximum likelihood (ML). Each method has its strengths and weaknesses. The LS method is much more widely applicable than the ML method. The latter requires full distributional specification while the former is applicable only under the assumption of the first two moments. On the other hand, ML estimation is generally optimal while LS C8timation is optimal only when the underlying distribution is normal. With the advent of estimating functions in recent years, the two methods, ML and LS, have been merged into a single method of estimation. This estimation has the strengths of both ML and LS methods and the weaknesses of neither. Its varied areas of application include biostatistics, stochastic processes, survey sampling, and so on. This paper provides an overview of the modem developments in theory and applications of estimating functions, with a historical perspective.
Estimating equations in generalized linear models with measurement error
Authors: Liang Kung Yee , Liu Xin-Hua 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is common, especially in epidemiologic studies, that some of the study variables are measured with error. Examples include the measurement of the dose level of non-ionizing radiation in an occupational cohort study and the measurement of daily food intake in studying its association with major cancers.
The role of unbiasedness in estimating equations
Authors: Yanagimoto Takemi , Yamamoto Eiji 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is appealing to impose unbiasedness on an estimating equation. However, it seems necessary to investigate further the adequacy of the requirement. We show that existing moment estimators can be improved by enforcing the corresponding estimating equation to be unbiased. We also note that the conditional maximum likelihood equations can be regarded as the profile likelihood estimating equations, corrected for their bias.
The Glim System
Authors: Swan Tony , Gilchrist Robert , Bradley Malcolm , Clarke Mike , Green Peter , Reese Allan , Hinde John , Stalewski Andrew , O’brien Carl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This manual describes how GLIM 4 may be used for statistical analysis in its most general sense, including data manipulation and display, model fitting, and prediction. This is a thorough re-working of the previous GLIM manual to take account of updates to the software - essential reading for all research statisticians everywhere.
Organization and functions of cells responsive to faces in the ternporal cortex
Authors: Perrett D I , Hietanen J K , Oram M W , Benson P J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cells selectively responsive to the face have been found in several visual sub-areas of temporal cortex in the macaque brain. These include the lateral and ventral surfaces of inferior temporal cortex and the upper bank, lower bank and fundus of the superior temporal sulcus (STS). Cells in the different regions may contribute in different ways to the processing of the facial image.
The neuropsychology of lipreading
Authors: Campbell Ruth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lipreading presents a unique glimpse of the intersection of sensory processes with modular, cogmt1ve ones. It presents speech to the eye in an automatic and natural way, whether performed silently or in conjunction with heard speech. It therefore allows us to examine closely claims concerning the relation between input modality and cognitive function. In this paper I consider some of the ways in which the investigation of single neuropsychological cases casts light on this; such cases show us that lipreading can dissociate from other aspects of face perception and recognition, and from auditory speech perception and reading, too. Furthermore, different cognitive components of lipreading itself can be inferred from dissociations on different lipreading tasks. This leads to closer consideration of the boundaries of the necessary cognitive (and possibly anatomical) structures that subserve these functions.
Facial expressions of emotion: an old controversy and new findings
Authors: Ekman Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Evidence on universals in facial expression of emotion and renewed controversy about how to interpret that evidence is discussed. New findings on the capability of voluntary facial action to generate changes in both autonomic and central nervous system activity are presented, as well as a discussion of the possible mechanisms relevant to this phenomenon. Finally, new work on the nature of smiling is reviewed which shows that it is possible to distinguish the smile when enjoyment is occurring from other types of smiling. Implications for the differences between voluntary and involuntary expression are considered.
On the Development of Reference Priors*
Authors: Berger James O , Bernardo José M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The paper begins with a general, though idiosyncratic, discussion of noninformative priors. This provides the background for motivating the recent and ongoing elaborations of the reference prior method for developing noninformative priors, a method initiated in Bernardo (1979). Included in this description of the reference prior method is a new condition that has not previously appeared. Motivation for this new condition is found, in part, in the Fraser, Monette, Ng (1985) example. Extensive discussion of the motivation for reference priors and the specific steps in the algorithm are given, with reference to new examples where appropriate. Also, technical issues in implementing the algorithm are discussed.
Robust Sequential Prediction from Non-random Samples: the Election Night Forecasting Case*
Authors: Bernardo Josó M , Girón F Javier 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On Election Night, returns from polling stations occur in a highly non-random manner, thus posing special difficulties in forecasting the final result. Using a data base which contains the results of past elections for all polling stations, a robust hierarchical multivariate regression model is set up which uses the available returns as a training sample and the outcome of the campaign surveys as a prior. This model produces accurate predictions of the final results, even with only a fraction of the returns, and it is extremely robust against data transmission errors.
Bayesian Robustness Functions for Linear Models
Authors: Pena Daniel , Tiao George C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The validation of a model (model diagnosis) is a key activity in statistical model building. Usually, this validation is made with the same sample data that has been used to build it. This is a serious limitation, because real data has normally many sources of heterogeneity: the parameters of the model can be changing over time, the sample may contains outliers or wrong measurement data, the model may be misspecified because of omitted variables, non-linear relations, and so on. Therefore, it would be better to use a sample for estimation and another for diagnostic checking, as it is often done in standard scientific practice.
Monte Carlo Bayesian Methods for Discrete Regression Models and Categorical Time Series
Authors: Carlin Bradley P , Polson Nicholas G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Discrete regression models and categorical time series are viewed as a constrained Bayesian hierarchical model. A Monte Carlo approach employing latent data variables is adopted, which leads to a conceptually simple and computationally feasible approach to this class of problems. We offer two illustrative examples. The first analyzes a binomial regression model and computes influence diagnostics based on Kullback-Leibler divergences between full and reduced dataset posteriors for a parameter of interest. The second example involves state space model analysis of a binary time series produced by monitoring an infant’s sleep patterns.
BAIES - A Probabilistic Expert System Shell with Qualitative and Quantitative Learning
Authors: Cowell Robert G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
BAIES (Bayesian Analysis In Expert Systems) is a probabilistic expert system shell program for analysing Bayesian networks. By treating the probability distributions of network models as arising from a set of Dirichlet distributions, BA/ES can use updating algorithms in order to adapt the Dirichlet parameters, and-hence revise the predictions made on future cases. Analysis of the predictions of the models against the data can be made both at the level of comparing models and also in criticising the local structure and prior distributions used within the models.
Reliability Decision Problems under Conditions of Ageing
Authors: Spizzichino F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wear-out and infant mortality of items are fundamental concepts in the statistical analysis of failure and survival data. Our aim is the study of some general qualitative properties of Bayes decision procedures when statistical data are failure and survival times of units which undergo wear-out or infant mortality. In particular we obtain ordering properties of the acceptance regions in the “predictive” two-action decision problem, by using the notion of majorization. A prerequisite for our study is an appropriate formulation of the concept of wear-out from the Bayesian viewpoint: in the frequentist approach, situations of wear-out are modeled by the Increasing Failure Rate (IFR) property of the distributions of lifetimes of units; this characterization is no longer valid when probability is intended as a degree of belief. Indeed, even if wear-out is present, it may happen that, while progressively observing the survival of a unit, we become more and more optimistic about its residual lifetime, at least in an initial period. This happens when our initial state of information (about possible unknown parameters affecting the random mechanism of failure) is too pessimistic. In a recent paper, Barlow and Mendel gave a suitable formulation of wear-out (Schur-concavity of the joint survival function). We shall use this as a general condition for our results after showing that it is equivalent to a significant property of conditional survival probabilities for residual lifetimes, given the data about already observed survivals. An analysis of the particular case of “Schur-constant” survival functions will allow us to clarify the motivation for the present paper.
Behavioural Adaptation
Authors: Dunbar Robin I M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ever since Durkheim’s seminal work at the turn of the century (e.g. Durkheim 1915), social scientists have tended to insist that human behaviour (and human culture, in particular) is not adaptive and cannot be amenable to analysis from a biological perspective. Human social behaviour, so Durkheim argued, can only be understood in terms of the social context within which it is performed. From this derives the idea, widespread within the social sciences, that human behavioural and cultural norms are simply a reflection of the societies of which they are a part: it is the society (or culture) itself that determines what the individual believes and does.
Introduction
Authors: Walker Monica 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this monograph is to provide a starting point for anyone who wishes to understand the statistics of certain aspects of the criminal justice system in England and Wales. There has been a great expansion in the amount of statistical material published in the last ten years or so, but it is surprising to find that it is often quite difficult to understand exactly what the tables mean, to find out exactly what one wants to know, and to interpret the changes over the years (for example). The volume is divided into two parts: Chapters 2 to 7 each discuss a different aspect of the published statistics, while Chapters 8 to 12 are devoted to selected topics.
Homicide
Authors: White Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term ‘homicide’ includes murder, manslaughter, and infanticide. In England and Wales in 1991 there were about 570 000 deaths, but only 726 were initially recorded as homicide in the Home Office statistics. Thus, while public concern over the incidence of homicide is great (and rightly so), it remains a relatively unusual event, amounting to 13.0 homicides per million population during 1991 (Criminal Statistics 1991 Chapter 4).
Introduction, terminology, and syntax
Authors: Payne R W , Lane P W , Digby P G N , Harding S A , Leech P K , Morgan G W , Todd AD , Thompson R , Wilson G Tunnicliffe , Welham S J , White R P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A brief guide to the statistical and mathematical facilities in Genstat is given in the Preface. This chapter describes the basic rules, terminology, and conventions of the Genstat syntax; you can think of these as the grammatical rules of the Genstat language. Later chapters will then describe the vocabulary required for all the operations that Genstat can perform. Section 1.1 illustrates some of the concepts using a simple example, while the later sections contain the rigorous definitions.
Data handling
Authors: Payne R W , Lane P W , Digby P G N , Harding S A , Leech P K , Morgan G W , Todd AD , Thompson R , Wilson G Tunnicliffe , Welham S J , White R P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Genstat has many directives for doing calculations or for manipulating data. There are also many procedures, mainly in the Manipulation module of the procedure library. You may wish to use these facilities as part of a statistical analysis; for example, you may want to transform your data before fitting a regression or doing an analysis of variance. However, they can be useful even if you have no intention of doing a statistical analysis but merely wish to use Genstat as a package for data-handling and arithmetic.