bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Laboratory reference values for a group of captive Ball Pythons (Python regius)
Authors: Johnson James Harvey , Benson Patricia A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
Laboratory reference values, including hematologic and serum biochemical variables, and oropharyngeal bacteria flora, were determined in a group of captive Ball Pythons (Python regius).

Animals
20 adult Ball Pythons, weighing between 700 and 1,510 g, were allowed to acclimate at the recommended temperature range for the species (25 C nighttime, up to 30 C daytime), then were evaluated for internal parasites and treated with appropriate medication prior to the start of the study.

Procedure
Hematologic values determined included WBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit, plasma protein, and differential cell count. Clinical biochemical analysis included determination of glucose, uric acid, calcium, phosphorus, total protein, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and aspartate transaminase values. In addition to blood values, oropharyngeal swab specimens of the mouth were submitted for culture to determine the species of bacteria found in this population. Descriptive statistics were calculated for each hematologic and clinical biochemical value. Mean, SEM, and ranges were calculated.

Results
Hematologic values were similar to those reported in other snake species, except the hematocrit, which was lower. Clinical biochemical values different from those of other species were alkaline phosphatase activity, which was lower, and calcium and phosphorus concentrations, which were lower than values in other species. Bacteria isolated from the oropharynx were principally gram-negative organisms.

Conclusion
Reference intervals reported in this study are important for establishing a database for comparative studies of Ball Pythons in other locations and under different husbandry conditions.

Clinical Relevance
Accumulated laboratory reference values will assist veterinarians in assessing the health status of Ball Pythons. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1304-1307)
Characterization of polypeptides synthesized and secreted by oviductal epithelial cell explants obtained from young, fertile and aged, subfertile mares
Authors: Brinsko S. P. , Ignotz G. G. , Ball B. A. , Thomas P. G. A. , Currie W. B. , Ellington J. E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To compare the electrophoretic patterns of proteins synthesized and secreted by oviductal epithelial cell (OEC) explants obtained from young, fertile and aged, subfertile mares.

Animals
Young, fertile (n = 5; 2 to 7 years old) and aged, subfertile (n = 5; 17 to 24 years old) mares.

Procedure
2-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and computerized densitometry.

Results
Variation in the synthesis and secretion of poly-peptides from young, fertile mare OEC (YOEC) and aged, subfertile mare OEC (AOEC) was evidenced by differences in the intensity of radiolabeled polypeptides on fluorograms. Fluorograms for 9 acidic (isoelectric point, 5.09 to 6.50) proteins of low to medium molecular mass (18.2 to 85.0 kd) from YOEC had greater intensity than did those from AOEC. Fluorograms for 7 proteins (10.5 to 45.0 kd; isoelectric point, 5.80 to 6.92) from AOEC had greater intensity.

Conclusion
The differences detected in the fluorographic intensities of secreted proteins from YOEC and AOEC may be related to the disparity in embryo development observed between young, fertile and aged, subfertile mares.

Clinical Relevance
Failure to maintain pregnancy in aged, subfertile mares may be a result of a suboptimal oviductal environment exerting its effects on the conceptus during early cleavage. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1346-1353)
Hematologic, hemostatic, and biochemical effects in dogs receiving an oral chondroprotective agent for thirty days
Authors: McNamara Paul S. , Barr Stephen C. , Erb Hollis N. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate the effect of a chondroprotective agent on hematologic, hemostatic, and biochemical variables in clinically normal dogs when administered over 30 days.

Animals
13 clinically normal Beagles of either sex.

Procedure
Hematologic and hemostatic variables were assessed prior to treatment and on days 3, 14, and 30 of treatment. Biochemical variables were assessed before treatment and on day 30 of treatment.

Results
Significant (P < 0.05) decreases were noted in hematocrit, hemoglobin, WBC, and segmented neutrophil variables on days 3 and 14 of treatment. A significant decrease in red distribution width was noted on days 3 and 30, in RBC count on day 3, and in lymphocyte numbers on day 30. There were also significant reductions of aggregation in response to adenosine diphosphate and collagen on days 14 and 30. Significant decreases were noted in total ATP release in response to collagen on days 14 and 30, as well as significant decrease in platelet count on days 14 and 30. No changes were noted in prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, mucosal bleeding time, or biochemical variables during the study.

Conclusions
Administration of this chondroprotective agent causes minor but not clinically important changes in hematologic and hemostatic variables in young, clinically normal dogs.

Clinical Relevance
Oral chondroprotective agents are widely prescribed in veterinary medicine for the treatment of degenerative joint disease; however, to date, little is known about safety of their use. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1390-1394)
Correlation between anatomic features and low-field magnetic resonance imaging of the equine metacarpophalangeal joint
Authors: Martinelli M. J. , Baker G. J. , Clarkson R. B. , Eurell J. C. , Pijanowski G. J. , Kuriashkin I. V. , Carragher B. O. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To expand our current knowledge and to establish limits of correlation between signal intensities of the magnetic resonance (MR) image and actual macroscopic and microscopic anatomic features of the imaged structures of the equine metacarpophalangeal joint (MCPJ).

Sample Population
The right MCPJ was obtained from 4 adult horses that were euthanatized for reasons unrelated to the musculoskeletal system.

Procedure
The distal portion of the right forelimbs was collected from 4 equine cadavers. The bones were drilled to provide fixed reference points and examined by MR imaging. After imaging, the joints were sectioned for gross and histologic inspection. The MR images were aligned and correlated with digitized gross and histologic images to identify tissue types.

Results
Comparison of the images resulted in identification of different bone types, articular cartilage, and soft tissue structures of the equine MCPJ.

Conclusion
Results provided relevant information re-garding the appearance of the imaged tissues of the equine MCPJ.

Clinical Relevance
Although MR imaging does not have current clinical applications for equine practitioners, its wide acceptance as the imaging modality used for most human musculoskeletal derangements may aid in developing more realistic applications in equine medicine. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1421-1426)
Oral administration of bovine lactoferrin for treatment of intractable stomatitis in feline immunodeficiency virus (FlV)-positive and FIV-negative cats
Authors: Sato Reeko , Inanami Osamu , Tanaka Yukiko , Takase Mitsunori , Naito Yoshihisa 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To study the effects of oral administration of bovine lactoferrin (LF) on intractable stomatitis in feline immunodeficiency virus (FlV)-positive and FIV-negative cats, and phagocytosis of neutrophils in healthy and ill cats, simultaneously.

Animals
7 ill cats with diagnosis of intractable stomatitis (4 FIV positive and 3 FIV negative) and 7 healthy, FIV-negative cats.

Procedure
LF (40 mg/kg of body weight) was applied topically to the oral mucosa of cats with intractable stomatitis daily for 14 days and improvement of clinical signs of disease (pain-related response, salivation, appetite, and oral inflammation), expressed by scoring from 1 to 4, were evaluated. Assay of neutrophil phagocytosis was examined before and 2 weeks after starting LF treatment, using nonopsonized hydrophilic polymer particles (2 μm).

Results
Oral administration of LF improved intractable stomatitis in all 4 respects. Phagocytic activity of neutro-phils increased after LF treatment. This effect was observed in healthy and ill (FIV positive and FIV negative) cats.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance
Oral administration of LF improved intractable stomatitis and concurrently enhanced the host defense system. Topical application of LF to oral mucous membrane is useful as a treatment for intractable stomatitis even in FIV-positive cats. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1443-1446)
Evaluation of recombinant bluetongue virus antigens, using dot immunobinding assay with serum from sheep and cattle
Authors: Naresh Alpana , Roy Polly , Prasad Gaya 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate 2 genetically engineered group-specific antigens: baculovirus- and yeast-expressed VP7 and the conventionally produced group-specific antigen of bluetongue virus (BTV), using dot immunobinding assay (DIA).

Sample Population and Procedure
A total of 260 serum samples of sheep and cattle from various livestock farms in different Indian states (eg, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, and Rajasthan) were tested for the presence of BTV antibodies by DIA.

Results
Of 260 sera tested, 92 (35%) were positive for BTV antibodies using the baculovirus-expressed antigen, 96 (37%) were positive using the yeast-expressed antigen, and 103 (40%) were positive by use of conventionally produced antigen.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance
The overall agreement for all the 3 antigens was 92%, indicating that the recombinant group-specific proteins can be used for serodiagnosis of BTV, using DIA. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1556–1558)
Spatial and temporal epidemiology of pseudorabies virus infection
Authors: Norman H. S. , Sischo W. M. , Pitcher P. , Nesselrodt A. , Day R. L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To examine the pattern of pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection in Pennsylvania and identify the area factors associated with herd quarantine status.

Sample Population
123 PRV-quarantined commercial swine herds identified between 1986 and 1993 were selected as cases, and 162 uninfected herds were selected as controls.

Procedure
Herd location, demographics, and temporal vaccination and quarantine data for a case-control study were obtained from producer questionnaires and state records, using a database of swine herds from 2 Pennsylvania counties. Any herd that was on quarantine as of Jan 1, 1991, or quarantined subsequent to this date, was defined as a case. A herd was defined as a control if it had never been quarantined for PRV. Controls were group matched to cases by year. Study herds were centered in a circle, or buffer zone, with a 1.61-km (1-mile), 3.22-km (2-mile), or 6.44-km (4-mile) radius, and densities of operation types, quarantined herds, nonquarantined herds, and vaccinated herds in the buffer zone were compared. The analytical outcome was the probability of a herd being quarantined, conditional on the buffer zone density of herds quarantined, herds not quarantined, and herds in which a PRV vaccine was used. These density variables were categorized into high, medium, and low, or just high and low categories. Confounding by year was assessed in the analysis. Analysis was performed, using unconditional logistic regression.

Results
Decreased density of PRV-quarantined herds in the study region was associated with reduced risk of a herd becoming quarantined, whereas increased density of nonquarantined, presumably uninfected herds was associated with decreased probability of a herd becoming quarantined. Decreased density of vaccinated herds was associated with increased probability of a herd becoming quarantined. In addition, being a farrow-to-finish study herd was associated with increased probability of becoming quarantined, compared with being a feeder pig producer study herd.

Conclusions
Associations with quarantine status and area densities of vaccinated, nonquarantined, and quarantined herds indicate the importance of area spread in PRV control. These effects are seen most strongly at a 3.22-km (2-mile) radius, but also are seen at a 6.44-km (4-mile) radius. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1563–1568)
Role of carbohydrates in the attachment of equine spermatozoa to uterine tubal (oviductal) epithelial cells in vitro
Authors: Dobrinski I. , Ignotz G. G. , Thomas P. G. A. , Ball B. A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To test the hypotheses that the attachment of equine spermatozoa to uterine tubal (oviductal) epithelial cells (OEC) in vitro is mediated by glycoproteins, and that proteins with carbohydrate-binding properties are present in the periacrosomal plasma membrane of equine spermatozoa.

Animals
4 reproductively sound stallions, and 1 mare in estrus.

Procedures
In experiment 1a, fluorescent-labeled spermatozoa were cocultured with monolayers of OEC in the presence of 50 mM glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose, N-acetyl glucosamine, N-acetyl galactosamine, or N-acetyl neuraminic acid, or 10 mg of fetuin or asialofetuin/ml in modified Tyrode's solution (TALP), or in TALP alone. After 2 hours of coculture, numbers of attached spermatozoa were counted by fluorescence microscopy and analysis of digitized images. In experiment 1b, progressive motility, viability, acrosomal integrity, and capacitation status were determined in spermatozoa incubated for 2 hours in the presence of the respective monosaccharides and glycoproteins or in TALP alone. In experiment 2, proteins isolated from the periacrosomal plasma membrane of equine spermatozoa were subjected to galactose affinity chromatography and subsequent one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and silver staining.

Results
Numbers of spermatozoa attached to OEC were reduced (P < 0.05) after all treatments except N-acetyl glucosamine, compared with incubation in TALP alone. The lowest numbers of spermatozoa were bound in cultures incubated in the presence of galactose and asialofetuin. Spermatozoal motility was lower (P < 0.05) after incubation for 2 hours in the presence of fetuin, compared with control, and incubation in the presence of fetuin or asialofetuin caused a significant (P < 0.05) increase in the percentage of capacitated spermatozoa, compared with control. Affinity chromatography of periacrosomal plasma membrane proteins revealed a galactose-binding protein of about 66 kd.

Conclusion
Recognition of glycoconjugates with exposed galactosyl residues on OEC by galactose-binding proteins on the periacrosomal plasma membrane of equine spermatozoa could mediate the attachment of equine spermatozoa to OEC in vitro. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1635–1639)
Effect of natural infection with minor pathogens on susceptibility to natural infection with major pathogens in the bovine mammary gland
Authors: Lam T. J. G. M. , Schukken Y. H. , van Vliet J. H. , Grommers F. J. , Tielen M. J. M. , Brand A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate the effect of natural udder infection with minor pathogens on subsequent natural infection with major pathogens.

Sample population
7 dairy herds with low bulk milk somatic cell count.

Procedure
During a 20-month prospective study, milk samples were collected from dairy cows at regular intervals and from quarters with clinical signs of mastitis. Incidence of intramammary infection was calculated in uninfected quarters and in quarters infected with minor pathogens. A within-cow, matched case-control analysis was used to evaluate the effect of minor pathogens on subsequent infection with major pathogens.

Results
Quarters infected with minor pathogens had higher somatic cell count than did uninfected quarters. In quarters infected with Corynebacterium bovis, the rate of infection with major pathogens was lower, whereas in quarters infected with coagulase-negative Micrococcaceae, the rate of infection with major pathogens was higher than that in uninfected quarters. From the within-cow comparison, it appeared that, in quarters infected with minor pathogens, infection with major pathogens was significantly lower than that in comparable control quarters not infected with minor pathogens.

Conclusions
Minor pathogens have a protective effect against infection with major pathogens. The protective effect of C bovis against subsequent infection with major pathogens appears to be greater than the effect of coagulase-negative Micrococcaceae. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:17–22)
Role of tissue factor in intra-alveolar fibrin deposition and coagulopathy associated with pneumonic pasteurellosis in cattle
Authors: Rashid Javed , Weiss Douglas J. , Bach Ronald , Murtaugh Michael 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine the role of tissue factor (TF) in the coagulation events leading to intra-alveolar fibrin deposition and intravascular thrombosis associated with pneumonic pasteurellosis in cattle.

Animals
Healthy 2- to 4-week-old male Holstein calves.

Procedures
Blood and bronchoalveolar lavage samples were collected before and at 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours after inoculation of saline solution or Pasteurella haemolytica. Total leukocyte count, platelet count, plasma total protein concentration, prothrombin time, and partial thromboplastin time were measured in blood samples. Total nucleated cell count, total protein concentration, and procoagulant activity were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage samples. Additionally, platelet survival in blood, platelet accumulation in affected lung tissue, and gross and microscopic lung lesions were determined.

Results
Administration of TF monoclonal antibodies (MAB) TF1-1F7 prevented the decrease in platelet survival and the increase in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid TF-dependent procoagulant activity observed in calves not treated with MAB TF1-1F7 antibody, but did not attenuate the increase in lavage fluid neutrophil numbers and total protein concentration. MAB TF1-1F7 administration reduced the percentage of lung affected by pneumonic lesions from 51.81 % to 10.40% and attenuated intra-alveolar deposition of fibrin, neutrophils, and erythrocytes.

Conclusion
Intra-alveolar fibrin deposition and activation of coagulation in cattle with pneumonic pasteurellosis is, at least in part, mediated by TF.

Clinical Relevance
Treatments that neutralize TF activity may attenuate lung injury in cattle with pneumonic pasteurellosis (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:28–33)
Effects of a modified-live virus vaccine against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome in boars
Authors: Christopher-Hennings J. , Nelson E. A. , Nelson J. K. , Benfield D. A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To determine whether vaccine virus is found in serum and semen of vaccinated boars, whether vaccination prevents subsequent shedding of wild-type virus after challenge exposure, and whether semen and blood variables are altered after vaccination or challenge exposure with wild-type virus, or both.

Design
Throughout the 50-day postvaccination period, serum and semen from exposed boars were evaluated for the presence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). All boars were then challenge-exposed with PRRSV isolate VR-2332 and evaluated for an additional 27 days. Semen quality variables, serostatus, and blood variables were monitored.

Animals
7 PRRSV-seronegative adult boars.

Procedure
Semen was collected 3 times weekly and evaluated by use of a nested reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for detection of PRRSV RNA. Serum was obtained weekly and evaluated by nested reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, virus isolation, and PRRSV ELISA. Semen quality variables were evaluated 3 times weekly, and CBC was performed weekly.

Results
Vaccine virus was shed in the semen of all vaccinated boars, but shedding was of shorter duration in 4 of 5 vaccinated boars than that generally observed after exposure to wild-type virus. After challenge exposure, shedding of wild-type virus in semen was shortened or eliminated in 4 of 5 vaccinated boars. Percentage of forward movement and normal spermatozoal morphology and motility were significantly reduced in vaccinated boars after challenge exposure.

Conclusions
Vaccine virus was shed in semen of vaccinated boars, but vaccination generally reduced or eliminated shedding of wild-type PRRSV after challenge exposure. Semen quality appeared to be less than optimal, particularly after vaccination and subsequent challenge exposure with wild-type virus.

Clinical Relevance
Extra-label use of the PRRSV vaccine in boars remains controversial because some boars may still shed wild-type virus in semen after challenge exposure at postvaccination day 50. Semen quality also appeared to be altered after vaccination and subsequent challenge exposure. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:40–45)
Alterations in carbohydrate metabolism in dogs with nonhematopoietic malignancies
Authors: Ogilvie Gregory K. , Walters Lisa , Salman M. D. , Fettman Martin J. , Johnston Shirley D. , Hegstad Rebecca L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether alterations in carbohydrate metabolism exist in dogs with nonhematopoietic malignancies but without evidence of weight loss or cachexia.

Animals
90 dogs with nonhematopoietic malignancies and 18 control dogs.

Procedure
An intravenous glucose tolerance test was done in 90 dogs with previously untreated nonhematopoietic malignancies and in 18 clinically normal dogs. These dogs also had no evidence of unrelated diseases that would affect glucose metabolism. None of the dogs had evidence of cachexia. Samples were assayed for glucose, lactate, and insulin concentrations. This procedure was repeated for 45 of the tumor-bearing dogs from which all gross evidence of tumor was completely excised and evidence of diseases that would alter carbohydrate metabolism did not exist.

Results
The mean of all time points during the intravenous glucose tolerance test (ie, 0, 5, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes) for lactate (12.9 ± 6.7 mg/dl) and insulin (69.1 ± 44.9 µU/ml) concentrations in untreated dogs with nonhematopoietic malignancies were significantly higher than values for controls (lactate, 9.7 ± 4.3 mg/dl; and insulin, 31.7 ± 11.5 µU/ml). This increase in lactate and insulin values did not return to normal when the dogs were rendered free of all observable evidence of cancer after surgery.

Conclusions
Carbohydrate metabolism is altered in dogs with a variety of nonhematopoietic malignancies and these abnormalities do not abate when dogs are rendered free of gross evidence of malignant disease after surgery.

Clinical Relevance
Alterations in carbohydrate metabolism may result in decreased quality of life and may be associated with the paraneoplastic syndrome, cancer cachexia. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:277–281)