bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic diversity in Swiss cattle breeds
Authors: SCHMID By M. , SAITBEKOVA N. , GAILLARD C. , DOLF G. 
Published: February 2005

Introduction  First attempts at establishing the genetic relationships among cattle populations relied on archeological evidence (Epstein 1971; Epstein and Mason 1984) and protein polymorphisms (Baker and Manwell 1980, 1991). Loftus et al. (1994) examined mitochondrial DNA to determine the divergence time between Bos taurus and Bos indicus. Today most studies on genetic diversity are based on microsatellite analysis (Litt and Luty 1989; Tautz 1989; Weber and May 1989). Microsatellites were used in, e.g. man (Bowcock et al. 1994), canids (Roy et al. 1994; Fredholm and Winter&oslash; 1995) and sheep (Buchanan et al. 1994). Recent studies in cattle are also microsatellite based (e.g. Machugh et al. 1994; Ciampolini et al. 1995; Moazami‐Goudarzi et al. 1997) and aim at facilitating the development of management programs for endangered breeds (FAO 1981).Our microsatellite‐based investigation on the genetic diversity between and within Swiss cattle breeds included Original Swiss Brown, purebred Simmental, Holstein, Hérens and Evolènard. Previous studies in Swiss breeds made use of blood group systems (Reuse 1969), serum transferrin and hemoglobin (Krummen 1964), amylase (Buser 1970) and carboanhydrases (K&auml;stli et al. 1980).The Hérens breed is endemic to the canton of Wallis. The Evolènard, which are very few in numbers and restricted to a single valley in the canton of Wallis, are phenotypically very similar to the Hérens with the exception of the coat colour. In the Aosta valley (Italy) which borders the canton of Wallis these two breeds find their counterparts. The phenotype of the Aosta Chestnut fits the Hérens and the Aosta Black Pied fits the Evolènard. The Holstein breed replaced the Fribourg breed which was a colour variant of the purebred Simmental breed (Engeler et al. 1961) and is now extinct. The Original Swiss Brown and the purebred Simmental are endemic to Switzerland.
Assignment of new loci to river buffalo chromosomes confirms the nature of chromosomes 4 and 5
Authors: NAHAS By S. M. EL , HONDT H. A. , SOUSSA S. F. , GHOR A. EL , HASSAN A. A. 
Published: February 2005

Introduction  Rapid development of the river buffalo physical map can be achieved by coupling its development to that of the cattle gene map. Syntenic conservation between cattle and buffalo has been demonstrated, mainly using somatic cell hybrids (de Hondt et al. 1991; El Nahas et al. 1993, 1996, 1998; de Hondt et al. 1997; El Nahta 1996; Oraby et al. 1977), and by using in situ hybridization as reviewed by Iannuzzi (1997).G‐ and R‐banding comparisons between cattle (2n = 60) and river buffalo (2n = 50) chromosomes have revealed a large number of banding homologies between the two species, both at early‐metaphase (Gupta and Ray‐Chaudhury 1978; Di Berardino et al. 1981) and prometaphase stages (Iannuzzi et al. 1990). Banding homology indicates that the five river buffalo biarmed pairs originate from centric fusion translocation between two of ten homologous cattle autosomes, which is very supportive of the hypothesis that both species have a common ancestor (Wurster and Benirschke 1968). Based on cytological analysis and banding homology between cattle and buffalo chromosomes, the five biarmed chromosomes of the river buffalo BBU1, BBU2, BBU3, BBU4, BBU5 were thought to originate from fusion of cattle chromosome (BTA) 1/25; 2/23; 8/19; 5/28; and 16/29 respectively (Iannuzzi et al. 1990; Report of the Committee for the Standardization of Banded Karyotopes of the River Buffalo 1994). However, the analysis of synteny between molecular markers assigned to different cattle syntenic groups demonstrated that BBU1 results from fusion of BTA 1 and 27 rather than 1 and 25 (El Nahas et al. 1977). This called for expanding the analysis of syntenic relationships between marker loci to confirm the nature of the other biarmed buffalo chromosomes.The purpose of this study is to test synteny between markers in buffalo and to confirm the nature of the biarmed buffalo chromosomes 4 and 5, using marker loci and somatic cell hybrids.
Characterizing the ADHD phenotype for genetic studies
Authors: Stevenson Jim , Asherson Phil , Hay David , Levy Florence , Swanson Jim , Thapar Anita , Willcutt Erik 
Published: February 2005

Abstract The genetic study of ADHD has made considerable progress. Further developments in the field will be reliant in part on identifying the most appropriate phenotypes for genetic analysis. The use of both categorical and dimensional measures of symptoms related to ADHD has been productive. The use of multiple reporters is a valuable feature of the characterization of psychopathology in children. It is argued that the use of aggregated measures to characterize the ADHD phenotype, particularly to establish its pervasiveness, is desirable. The recognition of the multiple comorbidities of ADHD can help to isolate more specific genetic influences. In relation to both reading disability and conduct disorder there is evidence that genes may be involved in the comorbid condition that are different from pure ADHD. To date, progress with the investigation of endophenotypes for ADHD has been disappointing. It is suggested that extending such studies beyond cognitive underpinnings to include physiological and metabolic markers might facilitate progress.
Towards an understanding of unique and shared pathways in the psychopathophysiology of ADHD
Authors: Banaschewski Tobias , Hollis Chris , Oosterlaan Jaap , Roeyers Herbert , Rubia Katya , Willcutt Erik , Taylor Eric 
Published: February 2005

Abstract Most attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) research has compared cases with unaffected controls. This has led to many associations, but uncertainties about their specificity to ADHD in contrast with other disorders. We present a selective review of research, comparing ADHD with other disorders in neuropsychological, neurobiological and genetic correlates. So far, a specific pathophysiological pathway has not been identified. ADHD is probably not specifically associated with executive function deficits. It is possible, but not yet established, that ADHD symptoms may be more specifically associated with motivational abnormalities, motor organization and time perception. Recent findings indicating common genetic liabilities of ADHD and other conditions raise questions about diagnostic boundaries. In future research, the delineation of the pathophysiological mechanisms of ADHD needs to match cognitive, imaging and genetic techniques to the challenge of defining more homogenous clinical groups; multi‐site collaborative projects are needed.
Brain potentials to native and non‐native speech contrasts in 7‐ and 11‐month‐old American infants
Authors: Rivera‐Gaxiola Maritza , Silva‐Pereyra Juan , Kuhl Patricia K. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract Behavioral data establish a dramatic change in infants’ phonetic perception between 6 and 12 months of age. Foreign‐language phonetic discrimination significantly declines with increasing age. Using a longitudinal design, we examined the electrophysiological responses of 7‐ and 11‐month‐old American infants to native and non‐native consonant contrasts. Analyses of the event‐related potentials (ERP) of the group data at 7 and at 11 months of age demonstrated that infants’ discriminatory ERP responses to the non‐native contrast are present at 7 months of age but disappear by 11 months of age, consistent with the behavioral data reported in the literature. However, when the same infants were divided into subgroups based on individual ERP components, we found evidence that the infant brain remains sensitive to the non‐native contrast at 11 months of age, showing differences in either the P150–250 or the N250–550 time window, depending upon the subgroup. Moreover, we observed an increase in infants’ responsiveness to native language consonant contrasts over time. We describe distinct neural patterns in two groups of infants and suggest that their developmental differences may have an impact on language development.
EFFECTS OF PUBLIC TRANSIT ON AUTOMOBILE OWNERSHIP AND USE IN HOUSEHOLDS OF THE USA
Authors: Kim Hong Sok , Kim Eungcheol 
Published: February 2005

This study develops econometric models to predict the effect of access to and distance to public transit on automobile ownership and miles driven. Ordered logit model is used for automobile ownership and multiple regression model is used for vehicle miles traveled (VMT).Inverse square root of transit distance is used as a measure for transit accessibility. Important findings in the analysis are (i) the number of licensed drivers is the primary determinant of the number of automobiles owned, (ii) the presence of children is not a significant factor in automobile ownership and VMT, and (iii) the VMT of multi‐vehicle households is more sensitive to transit than one‐vehicle households. Transit simulations are performed by improving the distance to and access to public transit. The results showed that total VMT in National Ambient Air Quality Standard non‐attained metropolitan statistical area is reduced by 11% (approximately 60 billion miles) with 0.1 miles simulation.
Development and validation of the Manchester orofacial pain disability scale
Authors: Aggarwal Vishal R. , Lunt Mark , Zakrzewska Joanna M. , Macfarlane Gary J. , Macfarlane Tatiana V. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract –  Objective:  To design and validate a self‐administered instrument for assessing orofacial pain related disability in the general population.Methods:  The 32‐item questionnaire was developed by open‐ended interviews with patients attending dental hospital clinics and was subsequently tested on 171 community subjects with self‐reported orofacial pain and 48 dental hospital patients.Results:  Construct validity of the instrument was demonstrated in three ways. First, levels of reported disability were greater in dental hospital patients than for community subjects reporting orofacial pain. Secondly, the instrument was able to detect differences in disability levels reported by community subjects who did and did not consult with a healthcare professional and those who had acute and chronic pain. Thirdly, amongst community subjects with pain, disability scores increased with higher pain intensity, pain duration and were greater amongst subjects who had sought a consultation. Results of factor analysis identified two constructs: physical and psychosocial disabilities, associated with orofacial pain. The Cronbach's alpha score was 0.78 and 0.92 for the physical and psychosocial constructs, respectively, and this along with item correlation values between 0.43 and 0.80 confirmed the internal consistency.Conclusion:  We have therefore designed a valid instrument for assessing the impact of painful orofacial conditions in both community and clinic settings.
Childhood Externalizing Behavior: Theory and Implications
Authors: Liu Jianghong 
Published: February 2005

TOPIC.Childhood externalizing behaviorPURPOSE.To analyze the construct of externalizing behavior (aggression, delinquency, and hyperactivity), illustrate the biosocial model of childhood externalizing, and draw clinical implications for nursing research and practice.SOURCES.A review of the literature based on psychological, psychiatric, and nursing journals.CONCLUSIONS.A better understanding of childhood externalizing behavior problems and the risk factors underlying them are essential to prevent them. The employment of an integrative biosocial perspective is argued to be important in understanding this behavior.
Early Reactions to Frustration: Developmental Trends in Anger, Individual Response Styles, and Caregiving Risk Implications in Infancy
Authors: Kearney Joan A. 
Published: February 2005

PROBLEM. In an effort to examine early negative emotional response patterns, infant responses to frustration were studied with specific regard to anger.METHODS. Forty infants, 7–9 months (n = 20) and 12–14 months (n = 20) old, were observed in laboratory play situations. Infant affective response as well as maternal behavior were observed. Maternal interviews assessed maternal impressions of infant behavior and affect.FINDINGS. Findings revealed increased displays of anger in older infants, evidence of cognitive‐affective linkages in response, and individual differences in emotional response style and maternal‐infant processes.CONCLUSIONS. Findings relate to the emergence and interplay of negative emotional response, maternal‐infant patterns, and socioemotional risk.
Coping With the Pediatric Anogenital Exam
Authors: Waibel Duncan Mary Katherine , Sanger Maureen 
Published: February 2005

PURPOSE. To focus on children's and adult guardians’anticipatory and acute attempts to cope with the pediatric anogenital exam.METHODS. A sample of 40 girls (ages 8–15) and a separate sample of 109 adult guardians who accompanied children to the medical clinic rated their use of specific coping strategies on a 5‐point Likert scale both preand postexam.FINDINGS. Overall, participants reported relatively high levels of active coping strategies and relatively low levels of passive coping responses throughout the medical encounter. Effects of situational and dispositional variables on the use of specific coping strategies also were found.CONCLUSIONS. Data provided indirect evidence of the inherent strengths and self‐righting tendencies of those dealing with the exceptional circumstances surrounding allegations of child sexual abuse. Such data suggest the value of identifying individuals' coping resources and options to facilitate successful completion of the medical evaluation and provide therapeutic benefit to patients and families.
Acute Stress Disorder Symptoms in Gunshot‐Injured Youth
Authors: Hamrin Vanya , Jonker Barbara , Scahill Lawrence 
Published: February 2005

PROBLEM. The prevalence of acute stress disorder symptoms (ASDS) and other psychiatric comorbidities in youth with recent gunshot injuries.METHODS. Children (n = 20) admitted to an urban hospital ER for gunshot injuries over a 4‐year period were evaluated for ASDS, co‐morbid DSM‐ III‐R diagnoses, legal and gang involvement, and psychiatric history; medically hospitalized children (n = 36) similar in age, sex, race, and socioeconomic status served as a control group.FINDINGS. Gunshot‐injured youth reported a 75% rate of ASDS compared to a 14% rate in medically ill youth (OR 18.6; χ2= p < .0001). Parent ratings of ASDS closely corresponded with youth ratings. Youth rated reexperiencing the event as the most frequent distressing symptom. Gunshot injury was associated with legal problems, gang involvement, marijuana/alcohol dependence, conduct disorder, social phobia, and agoraphobia compared to youth with medical illness.CONCLUSIONS. Compared to youth with medical illness, gunshot‐injured youth were 18–6 times (p = .0001) more likely to show symptoms of ASDS. Further research, developmentally appropriate assessment, prevention, and treatment are needed in this area.
Economic Applications of an Electronic Clinical Database for Nurse Practitioner Students
Authors: Morgan Michael J. 
Published: February 2005

PURPOSE. To describe the development of a Web‐based clinical database that incorporates the standardized nursing languages (SNLs) used by nurse practitioner students, describe outcomes relative to the SNLs, and discuss economic aspects of outcome data.METHODS. A mix of retrospective and prospective data of all outcomes for several cohorts (95 students, 17,193 records) comprised the data set.FINDINGS. There is wide variation in use of SNLs as well as terminologies from other disciplines. The economic impact of patient encounters could be substantial.CONCLUSIONS. A Web‐based clinical log provides an opportunity for NP students to collect and analyze data on clinical encounters. Considerable resources must be invested in order to expand the use and sophistication of eClinicaLog.
Economic Evaluations and Usefulness of Standardized Nursing Terminologies
Authors: Stone Patricia W. , Lee Nam‐Ju , Giannini Melinna , Bakken Suzanne 
Published: February 2005

PURPOSE. To review different types of economic analyses commonly found in healthcare literature, discuss methodologic considerations in framing economic analyses, identify useful resources for economic evaluations, and describe the current and potential roles of standardized nursing terminologies in providing cost and outcome data for economic analysis.DATA SOURCES. The Advanced Billing Concepts Code Resource‐based Relative Value Scale and Nursing Outcomes Classification.DATA SYNTHESIS. Using case studies, the applicability of standardized nursing terminologies in cost‐effectiveness analysis is demonstrated. While there is potential to inform specific questions, comparisons across analyses are limited because of the many outcome measures.CONCLUSIONS. Including a standardized quality‐of‐life measure in nursing terminologies would allow for the calculation of accepted outcome measures and dollars per quality adjusted life years gained.IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE. The nurse's ability to assess and contribute to all aspects of rigorous economic evidence is an essential competency for responsible practice.
Traumatic work related mortality among seafarers employed in British merchant shipping, 1976–2002
Authors: Roberts S E , Marlow P B 
Published: February 2005

Aims:To establish the causes and circumstances of all traumatic work related deaths among seafarers who were employed in British merchant shipping from 1976 to 2002, and to assess whether seafaring is still a hazardous occupation as well as a high risk occupation for suicide.Methods:A longitudinal study of occupational mortality, based on official mortality files, with a population of 1 136 427 seafarer-years at risk.Results:Of 835 traumatic work related deaths, 564 were caused by accidents, 55 by suicide, 17 by homicide, and 14 by drug or alcohol poisoning. The circumstances in which the other 185 deaths occurred, including 178 seafarers who disappeared at sea or were found drowned, were undetermined. The mortality rate for 530 fatal accidents that occurred at the workplace from 1976 to 2002, 46.6 per 100 000 seafarer-years, was 27.8 times higher than in the general workforce in Great Britain during the same time period. The fatal accident rate declined sharply since the 1970s, but the relative risk of a fatal accident was 16.0 in 1996–2002. There was no reduction in the suicide rate, which was comparable to that in most high risk occupations in Britain, from 1976 to 1995; but a decline since 1995.Conclusions:Although there was a large decline in the fatal accident rate in British shipping, compared to the general workforce, seafaring has remained a hazardous occupation. Further prevention should focus on improvements in safety awareness among seafarers and shipping companies, reductions in hazardous working practices, and improvements in care for seafarers at risk of suicide.
Pneumoconiosis after sericite inhalation
Authors: Algranti E , Handar A M , Dumortier P , Mendonça E M C , Rodrigues G L , Santos A M A , Mauad T , Dolhnikoff M , De Vuyst P , Saldiva P H N , Bussacos M A 
Published: February 2005

Background:Between 1997 and 1999 three sericite plant workers in Paraná, Brazil, were diagnosed with pneumoconiosis.Aims:To investigate and describe the radiological, clinical, and pathological changes in miners and millers exposed to sericite dust with mineralogical characteristics of inhaled dust.Methods:The working premises were visited to examine the sericite processing and to classify the jobs according to make qualitative evaluation. Respirable dust was collected and the amount of crystalline silica and particle size distribution were measured. Forty four workers were examined by a standard questionnaire for respiratory symptoms, spirometry, and chestxray. Material from an open lung biopsy was reviewed for histopathological and mineralogical analysis, together with sericite samples from the work site to compare the mineral characteristics in lung lesions and work area.Results:Respirable dust contained 4.5–10.0% crystalline silica. Particle size distribution showed a heavy burden of very fine particles (23–55%) with a mean diameter of <0.5 μm. Mean age of sericite miners was 41.0 (11.9) and mean number of years of exposure was 13.5 (10.1). In 52.3% of workers (23/44), chest radiographs presented a median category of 1/0 or above, and 18.2% (8/44) had a reduced FEV1. There was a significant association between exposure indices andxray category. Histological studies of the lung biopsy showed lesions compatible with mixed dust fibrosis with no silicotic nodules.xRay diffraction analysis of the lung dust residue and the bulk samples collected from work area showed similar mineralogical characteristics. Muscovite and kaolinite were the major mineral particle inclusions in the lung.Conclusion:Exposure to fine sericite particles is associated with the development of functional and radiological changes in workers inducing mixed dust lesions, which are distinct histologically from silicosis.
Municipal pleural cancer mortality in Spain
Authors: López-Abente G , Hernández-Barrera V , Pollán M , Aragonés N , Pérez-Gómez B 
Published: February 2005

Background:Pleural cancer is a recognised indicator of exposure to asbestos and mesothelioma mortality.Aims:To investigate the distribution of municipal mortality due to this tumour, using the autoregressive spatial model proposed by Besag, York, and Molliè.Methods:It was possible to compile and ascertain the posterior distribution of relative risk on the basis of a single Bayesian spatial model covering all of Spain’s 8077 municipal areas. Maps were plotted depicting standardised mortality ratios, smoothed relative risk (RR) estimates, and the distribution of the posterior probability that RR >1.Results:There was a higher risk of death due to pleural cancer in well defined towns and areas, many of which correspond to municipalities where asbestos using industries once existed for many years, the prime example being the municipal pattern registered for Barcelona Province. The quality of mortality data, the suitability of the model used, and the usefulness of municipal atlases for environmental surveillance are discussed.