bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunopathology of experimental schistosome (S. Mansoni) egg granulomas in mice—possible defence mechanisms mediated by local immune complexes
Authors: de Brito T. , Hoshino‐Shimizu Sumie , da Silva L. C. , Kanamura Hermīnia , Costa Cecīlia M. , Pinto P. S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA ten month experimental S. Mansoni infection was followed in mice by studying schistosome egg granulomatous inflammation, antigen and immunoglobulins deposits in the granulomata and the circulating antibodies. During the experimental infection it was demonstrated that while the granulomatous reaction matures there is a progressive restriction of the antigens to the miracidia. Furthermore, immunoglobulins, particularly IgG and C3 deposits were demonstrated in the granulomata.Our data support the concept that schistosome egg granuloma is a hypersensitivity high turnover granuloma that is particularly efficient in walling off the antigen. Whereas the granuloma is built up largely by a cell mediated immune reaction, antibody deposits are also found, probably functioning as a local humoral antibody barrier which allows a slow and progressive neutralisation of the antigens. Viewed as a whole, experimental schistosome egg granuloma might be considered as a mixed, chiefly cell but also humoral antibody mediated immune reaction.
An ultrastructural study of the macrophages of the carrageenan‐induced granuloma in the rat lung
Authors: Bowers R. R. , Stapleton M. E. , Lew P. D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe intralobular injection of 0.17 ml of 2 per cent. carrageenan into the rat lung induced an inflammatory granulomatous response. This inflammation was characterized in the early stages by immediate polymorphonuclear (PMN) leucocyte infiltration into the alveoli. Within 2 days the PMN's began to disappear and were replaced by carrageenan‐containing macrophages. Alveolar macrophages actively phagocytised the injected carrageenan and were the dominant cell type in the alveoli for the length of this study (365 days). These low‐turnover alveolar macrophages, which with light microscopy stained pinkish‐red metachromatically with toludine blue due to their carrageenan content, underwent changes in vacuole morphology as well as changes in size and shape. Throughout the course of this inflammation, these macrophages had carrageenan‐containing vacuoles which could be seen undergoing fusion to form larger vacuoles which at times constituted half the size of the entire macrophage cytoplasm. The carrageenan in the vacuoles was an amorphous flocculent appearing material for the initial 14 days but changed to a more fine filamentous form for the remainder of the study. This was probably due to its partial digestion by lysosomal enzymes. The general composition of the cytoplasm remained fairly constant during the 365 days. Pinocytotic vesicles and free ribosomes were abundant and the many mitochondria were small and rounded. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum lysosomes, and Golgi apparati, although not prominent, were present but the most striking feature of the cytoplasm was the presence of numerous lamellar bodies (phagocytosised surfactant). Some of the macrophages increased greatly in overall size (five to seven times) compared to their initial size. A few isolated macrophages could be seen degenerating but no general necrosis was seen. Except for one isolated case, no epithelioid cells were observed in this carrageenan inflammation. Fibrosis, if present at all, was very localised and was only evident at day 340 post‐injection. This fibrosis generally involved one or two carrageenan‐containing macrophages encapsulated by a few collagen fibres. No widespread fibrosis was ever observed in this study which confirmed earlier histological and biochemical investigations.
The kinetics of mononuclear phagocyte infiltration in neoplasms: Reactions to nonspecific stimuli in a rat fibrosarcoma
Authors: Woods A. E. , Papadimitriou J. M. , van Bruggen Ivonne 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe kinetics of macrophage infiltration into a transplantable rat fibrosarcoma were investigated. Monocytes obtained from normal rats and labelled with 51Cr were injected into normal or fibrosarcoma‐bearing rats which had previously been implanted with cotton pellets impregnated with BCG, B. pertussis carrageenan or levan. The subcutaneous tissues of normal and fibrosarcoma‐bearing rats as well as the neoplasm itself were the sites for pellet implantation. The various additives induced an enhancement of macrophage infiltration into cotton pellets implanted for 1 week into subcutaneous tissues of normal rats. No significant effect was found in pellets implanted for 3 or 14 days. Macrophage infiltration into pellets in the neoplasm was consistently reduced when compared with controls. This occurred regardless of the length of time of implantation, the type of substance added to the pellet or (in the case of BCG or B. pertussis) whether the rats were pre‐sensitised to the pellet additive or not. Pellets removed from the subcutaneous tissues of fibrosarcoma‐bearing rats were either similar to or more often higher in radioactivity than those implanted into the neoplasm itself. The results indicate that the capacity of macrophages to respond to inflammatory stimuli is reduced in fibrosarcoma‐bearing rats, but especially in the stroma of the neoplasm.
Induction of renal tumours in rats by the administration of 1,2 dimethylhydrazine
Authors: Sunter J. P. , Senior P. V. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAdministration of dimethylhydrazine (DMH) to adult rats by two subcutaneous injections each of 120 mg(base)/kg body weight and spaced 10 days apart resulted in the development of renal tumours in over 90 per cent. of treated animals at 30 weeks after injection. The tumours were frequently bilateral and multiple, and had the structure of the “mesenchymal” tumours which occur in a high incidence following treatment with nitrosamines.The incidence of tumours both in the small intestine and in the colon was lower than that experienced using a weekly DMH treatment schedule.
The effects of maternal influenzal viraemia in late gestation on the conceptus of the pregnant ferret
Authors: Rushton D. I. , Collie M. H. , Sweet C. , Husseini R. H. , Smith H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPregnant ferrets were inoculated intra‐cardially on day 30 of gestation with influenza virus. The animals were sacrificed on days 5 to 11 after inoculation and the products of conception including the uterus were examined virologically and histopathologically. The results indicate that the initial site of infection of the conceptus is the haemophagous organ and that spread occurs from this site to the endometrium, placental labyrinth and fetus. Lesions in the fetus are confined to the liver and respiratory tract. In the liver they may represent either a viral hepatitis or a secondary response to placental damage resulting in the stimulation of erythropoiesis. In the respiratory tract they first occur in the nasal sinuses and upper airways suggesting that infection is via the amniotic fluid rather than via the blood stream. The relevance of these findings to human pregnancy is discussed.
The brain in experimental portal‐systemic encephalopathy. II. Water and electrolyte changes
Authors: Pilbeam C. M. , Anderson R. McD. , Bhathal P. S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe water content and amounts of sodium, potassium and chloride were measured in the brains of normal rats, rats with PCA, normal rats fed ammoniated cationic exchange resin, and rats with PCA fed the resin. Plasma eletrolytes and ammonia levels were also measured, and sodium and Chloride spaces were calculated. Rats with PCA showed increased water content, sodium space and chloride space in the brainstem compared to controls. Rats with PCA fed ammoniated resin showed increased chloride content and Na+ : K+ ratio in the brainstem, and an increased chloride space in the brainstem. In these rats the chloride spaces in the cerebrum and cerebellum exceeded the sodium spaces. It is concluded that high circulating ammonia levels can in vivo produce ionic shifts which may interfere with nervous function. It is also concluded that increased cytoplasmic osmolarity produced by ammonium ion‐induced stimulation of (Na+ + Ka+) ATPase may result in the appearnce of swollen astrocytes in conventional electron micrographs.
The effect of treatment of the associated disease on the development of amyloidosis in the experimental animal
Authors: Kennedy J. S. , Anderson J. D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThirty‐five golden hamsters infected with Leishmania donovani were treated with Pentostam and followed up to determine the effect of treatment on the development of secondary amyloidosis.Seventy untreated golden hamsters infected with L. donovani were followed up as controls to determine the pattern of development of secondary amyloidosis.Amyloid developed in all animals‐treated and untreated. The treatment significantly prolonged the survival time, but did not inhibit the development of renal amyloid in animals shown by biopsy to be free from renal amyloid at the time of treatment. When amyloid was present in kidney at the time of treatment it progressed invariably to renal failure.
Comparative distribution of fibronectin and type III collagen in normal human tissues
Authors: D'Ardenne A. Jane , Burns J. , Sykes B. C. , Kirkpatrick P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe distribution of fibronectin (FN) and type III collagen (IIIC) in normal adult human tissues have been directly compared using immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase techniques on fresh frozen and formalin‐fixed paraffin embedded material. Although in many tissues localisation of these two proteins appeared similar, two major differences were identified: (1) Where the ratio of extracellular, matrix to cells is high (e.g. in breast, intestinal submucosa), FN was scanty and present predominantly in association with cells, whether of epithelial, endothelial or mesenchymal origin. IIIC was present diffusely throughout interstitial connective tissue. (2) In the highly specialised vascular beds of spleen and renal glomeruli, FN was abundant and accompanied by little or no IIIC. It is postulated that these differences reflect a generalised more intimate association of FN with cell surfaces and basal laminae which is not always discernible by light microscopy. Proximity of FN and IIIC may nevertheless be important for cell‐matrix interactions. It was also noted that “reticulin” fibres as defined by silver impregnation do not all have an identical composition.
The evolution of the lesion in cutaneous leishmaniasis
Authors: Ridley D. S. , Ridley Marian J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn order to elucidate the mechanisms for the elimination of Leishmania, the histological evolution of the lesions of cutaneous leishmaniasis was studied in 118 biopsies from four geographical areas known to be associated with different species or sub‐species of Leishmania. Basically there were 3 types of response: A, parasites were eliminated within intact macrophages which later evolved as epithelioid cells; B, they were eliminated as a result of the lysis of the macrophages either individually or in small clusters, but the process was incomplete; C, there was necrosis proceeding to completion at the centre of a focalised mass of macrophages. In B and C the release of parasites caused tissue destruction; epithelioid cells were immature and often sparse, though giant cells were seen in C. A more definite tuberculoid response was found in draining lymph nodes.The response (A, B or C) depended partly on the parasite load, partly on geographical factors. The relative proportions of macrophages, plasma cells and lymphocytes in the lesions varied with the parasite index, but the relationship was the same in all 3 types of response. This suggested that the 3 responses might be the outcome of a common immunological mechanism operating at different antigen levels or antigen‐antibody ratios.
Testicular and epididymal involvement in Fabry's disease
Authors: Nistal M. , Paniagua R. , Picazo M. L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAutopsy specimens of the testes and epididymis of a 32‐year‐old male with Fabry's disease were studied by light and electron microscopy. The characteristic ceramide deposits (lamellar inclusions, myeloid‐bodies, zebra‐bodies) were found in the Leydig cells as well as in the epithelial lining of both the ductuli efferentes and the ductus of the epididymis. Similar myeloid‐bodies were observed in the blood vessels, connective tissue cells and muscle cells of the testicular interstitium, tunica albuginea and epididymis. In contrast, myeloid‐bodies were absent or scarce in both the seminiferous epithelium and the mediastinum testis. However, the seminiferous tubules were severely affected showing reduced diameter, thickening of the tunica propria, and a few degenerated spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes. The different degrees of involvement of the testicular structures might be related to their different functions, the absorptive and permeable structures being the most severely affected. The development of testicular alterations seems to have been slow, since the patient fathered three children.
The role of Fibronectin in the pathogenesis of antigen‐induced arthritis in the rabbit
Authors: Scott D. L. , Almond T. J. , Walton K. W. , Hunneyaball I. M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFibronectin (FN), a high molecular weight glycoprotein, is present in plasma and is a normal structural component of the synovium in the rabbit, as it is in man. FN is also involved in the sequence of changes seen in synovium in experimental antigen‐induced arthritis. Its widespread distribution in inflamed synovia in the initial acute phase of induced arthritis probably merely reflects the presence of FN of plasma origin in serous exudates. In established experimental arthritis, FN co‐distributes with fibrin, while in synovia undergoing organisation, FN is present intracellularly in several types of mesenchymal cells (suggesting local synthesis) and is deposited on immature collagen fibrils. However, it is no longer present when mature collagen is formed. The persistence of FN, along with fibrin, in inflamed joints, and its involvement in fibrosis, suggest that it may play a significant part in determining the chronicity of this form of experimental arthritis.
Molecular aspects of growth factor action: Receptors and intracellular signals
Authors: Rozengurt Enrique , Collins Mary 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn increasing number of factors have been described which influence the proliferative responses of normal and neoplastic cells. A review of such moieties, their occurrence and possible mechanisms of their action and interaction is presented together with a discussion of their potential importance in the genesis and progression of neoplasms.
The regulation of growth and development of normal and leukaemic cells
Authors: Dexter T. M. , Allen T. D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractNumerous significant advances have been made in recent years in understanding those factors and conditions which influence the growth and differentiation of haemopoietic cells. This communication is primarily concerned with defining lineage‐independent and lineage‐restricted growth factors and some of the aberrations which may be involved in leukaemia.
Macrophage specific antigen is expressed by resting microglia in the CNS but not by Langerhans cells in the skin
Authors: Mathew Ranjit C. , Gupta Sunil K. , Katayama Ichiro , Curtis Jill , Turk John L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractControversy exists as to whether Langerhans cells in the epidermis and resting microglia in the brain should be included among cells of the mononuclear phagocyte series (MPS). A monoclonal anti‐guinea‐pig macrophage antibody has been prepared that is specific for a macrophage membrane antigen and does not react with Fc receptors or la antigens. This antibody fails to react with Langerhans cells despite reacting with peritoneal exudate macrophages, alveolar macrophages, Kupffer cells and macrophages in infectious granulomas. It does, however, react with resting microglia in the brain. This could suggest that Langerhans cells, despite a similar bone marrow origin, are not typical cells of the MPS, whereas resting microglia share features with this cell system.
Extravascular immune complexes in experimental Mycobacterial BCG granulomas
Authors: Ridley Marian J. , Ridley D. S. , Willoughby D. A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractQuantitative results of Mycobacterial BCG antigen, immunoglobulin and complement in rat skin lesions during the evolution of the granuloma reveal peak values of these factors at 49 days. The combination of antigen, Ig and complement, present extracellularly and in polymorphs at this time, indicates immune complex formation at an antigen–antibody ratio which may approximate to equivalence. This development coincides with mass lysis of host macrophages, and is followed by a sharp reduction in the antigen load.At 8 mth, surviving bacilli are coated with antibody and complement, and sequestrated in activated macrophages. It is possible that this antibody is non‐specific and protective to the bacilli, leading to a second multiplication of organisms. But by 1 yr and 8 mth all the bacilli are dead, and immunoglobulins and complement are at very low levels.Although immune complex deposition and macrophage lysis was not associated with complete elimination of bacilli, it marked a turning point in the infection when the bacterial load was high and cell mediated immunity (CMI) was lacking. CMI may be important, especially at low antigen levels, but the crucial role here appears to have been played by complexed antibody. These experimental findings parallel those in human cutaneous leishmaniasis. They may explain some forms of necrosis in this condition and in tuberculosis.
Increased inflammatory reactivity in newly formed lining tissue
Authors: Sedgwick A. D. , Sin Y. M. , Edwards J. C. W. , Willoughby D. A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe air pouch has been shown to provide a convenient model for studying the behaviour of synovial lining tissue. Air pouches of different ages were used to study the reactivity of newly developing lining tissue towards irritants known to cause inflammation. Pouches of 1 day in age were relatively inert in their reactivity as judged by the number of cells and volume of the exudate accumulating in the pouch. In contrast, 3‐day‐old pouches responded to a much greater extent, and 6‐day‐old pouches were highly responsive with a further increase in cell numbers and fluid volume. The different responses of 1‐, 3‐ and 6‐day‐old pouches could be explained by (a) developing vascularity of the pouch, (b) formation of an organised lining of phagocytic cells, or (c) an increasingly organised mechanical barrier that retains the irritant and products of the inflammatory response. These studies of air pouch lining development permit a dissection of those components necessary for inflammatory reactivity of a lining tissue and may help explain the sensitivity of synovium to chronic inflammation.
Cutaneous calciphylactic reactions in the mouse and the rat and the effects of diphosphonates on the reaction in the rat
Authors: Miller S. , Vernon‐Roberts E. , McClure J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCalciphylaxis is a local tissue calcific reaction at the site of an injection of challenger substance given a critical time period after the oral administration of a sensitizer substance such as dihydrotachysterol (DHT), vitamin D or parathormone. Cutaneous calciphylaxis is readily induced in the rat but not in the mouse and this may be because, in the latter, the challenger substance is absorbed rapidly by macrophages. In the rat the administration of 500 ug/0.1 ml of DHT followed after 24 h by the subcutaneous (SC) injection of ferric chloride (FeCl3) (30 ug/0.1 ml) is followed rapidly by calcification of the SC site. There is an early transient acute inflammatory reaction with the incrustation of collagen fibres by the iron salt and an apparent exudation of calcium and phosphate ions from the bloodstream. These ions also become associated with collagen fibres. Two days after injection macrophages and multinucleated giant cells become the dominant cells. Calciphylaxis is a useful experimental model of ectopic calcification and is associated with an initial hypercalcaemia. The diphosphonates ethane‐l‐hydroxy‐1, 1‐diphosphonate (EHDP) and dichloromethylene diphosphonate (Cl2MDP) are effective inhibitors of the calciphylactic reaction when administered prior to the initiation of the experimental procedure.
Studies on the mechanism of cartilage degradation
Authors: Sin Y. M. , Sedgwick A. D. , Willoughby D. A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn in vivo study of cartilage breakdown in mice was carried out by implanting living and dead, intact or finely minced autologous cartilage back into newly elicited inflammatory tissue of the original donor. At various time intervals, the implants were removed and their loss of proteoglycan and collagen analysed both histologically and biochemically. The results show that only a modest loss of proteoglycan and collagen occurs in the living intact cartilage. Severe loss of proteoglycan was detected in the minced living and dead intact cartilage. The present findings clearly demonstrate that mechanical damage during the mincing of cartilage predisposes this tissue to attack by various types of mediators known to degrade cartilage.
Acute haematogenous osteomyelitis: II. The effect of a metaphyseal abscess on the surrounding blood supply
Authors: Emslie Kerry R. , Fenner Linda M. , Nade S. M. L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThree major vessel types—metaphyseal, epiphyseal and transphyseal vessels—were identified in the region of the growth plate following perfusion of the vasculature of the chicken leg with a solution of Berlin Blue. Following the production of osteomyelitis, obstruction to the blood supply adjacent to the abscess was rapid and was clearly demonstrated due to a lack of perfusion of the involved vessels with Berlin Blue. The extent of disturbance to the blood supply was dependent on the type of vessel involved in the inflammatory process. The efficacy of bloodstream therapy is discussed in relation to these findings.
β2‐Microglobulin in non‐malignant and malignant human breast: A feature of differentiation
Authors: Sidky Kamla , Walker Rosemary A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn indirect immunofluorescent method has been used to study the distribution of the membrane protein β2‐microglobulin in normal, benign and malignant human breast tissue. A uniform staining of epithelial cell membranes has been found in all normal and benign tissues, with only a minor variation in the intensity of reaction between samples. In contrast the carcinomas have shown a variety of reactions, with some behaving in a manner similar to the normal and benign breast tissue, others being heterogeneous with regard to intensity of staining and the remainder having a weak or a negative reaction. The immunohistochemical behaviour of the carcinomas has paralleled the degree of histological differentiation, with poorly differentiated carcinomas showing little reactivity. A comparable relationship with lymph node status has not been found. Although those carcinomas with a staining pattern akin to non‐malignant tissue have a lower incidence of lymph node metastasis it has been the heterogeneous reacting group rather than the weak staining and negative tumours which has shown a higher rate of axillary lymph node metastasis. The prognostic significance of this finding is at present uncertain and can probably only be assessed from information about patient survival.