bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From Kant to Hilbert: A Source Book in the Foundations of Mathematics
Authors: Ewald William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Immanuel Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason is widely taken to be the starting point of the modern period of mathematics while David Hilbert was the last great mainstream mathematician to pursue important nineteenth century ideas. This two-volume work provides an overview of this important era of mathematical research through a carefully chosen selection of articles. They provide an insight into the foundations of each of the main branches of mathematics-algebra, geometry, number theory, analysis, logic and set theory--with narratives to show how they are linked. Classic works by Bolzano, Riemann, Hamilton, Dedekind, and Poincare are reproduced in reliable translations and many selections from writers such as Gauss, Cantor, Kronecker and Zermelo are here translated for the first time. The collection is an invaluable source for anyone wishing to gain an understanding of the foundation of modern mathematics.
Leopold Kronecker (1823-1891)
Authors: Ewald William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kronecker appears here somewhat out of chronological sequence: although he belonged to an earlier generation than Dedekind and Cantor, the selections reproduced here were written in reaction against their work. Earlier selections, in particular those from Berkeley, d’ Alembert, Bolzano, Gauss, and Cantor, have confronted the problem of the infinite in mathematics, especially as it occurs in the foundations of the calculus.
Ernst Friedrich Ferdinand Zermelo (1871-1953)
Authors: Ewald William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After studying at the universities of Berlin, Halle, and Freiburg, Zermelo was granted a doctorate from the University of Berlin in 1894 with a dissertation on the calculus of variations. In 1896 he published a famous paper in thermodynamics which applied the Poincare recurrence theorem to show that the kinetic theory of gases can allow no irreversible processes (Zermelo 1896), and he then engaged in a celebrated discussion with Boltzmann on the nature of these processes. He became a Privatdozent at Gottingen in 1899 with a Habilita- tionsschrift on hydrodynamics.
Exact models
Authors: Janse van Rensburg E J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter a variety of directed models of walks, polygons and animals will be studied. These models include the partition polygons encountered in Chapter 3, as well as directed and partially directed walks. The fact that the models in this chapter are called “exact models “ implies that the generating function can, in may cases, be explicitly written down, often as an infinite product or a q-analogue of a special function, and in this way an “exact solution “ of the model is found. Careful analysis is then required to extract the free energies and other critical properties from the exact solutions of these models; this can be a challenging procedure. It is not possible to give more than an introduction to this active and vast area in a single chapter; instead, I shall focus on a few specific models which are directed versions of models considered elsewhere in this monograph, and whose solution will illuminate the general comments made in Chapters 2 and 3, as well as being related to models considered in later chapters.
Special Functions
Authors: Slavyanov Sergei yu. , Lay Wolfgang , Seeger Alfred 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The subject of this book is the theory of special functions, not considered as a list of functions exhibiting a certain range of properties, but based on the unified study of singularities of second-order ordinary differential equations in the complex domain. The number and characteristics of the singularities serve as a basis for classification of each individual special function. Links between linear special functions (as solutions of linear second-order equations), and non-linear special functions (as solutions of Painlevé equations) are presented as a basic and new result. Many applications to different areas of physics are shown and discussed. The book is written from a practical point of view and will address all those scientists whose work involves applications of mathematical methods. Lecturers, graduate students and researchers will find this a valuable text and reference work.
Disruption of Visual Evoked Potentials Following a Vi Lesion: Implications for Blind Sight
Authors: Rao Anling , Nobre Anna C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some patients with field defects caused by destruction of striate cortex (V1) can still localize and discriminate visual stimuli presented within their field defect. This is called blindsight if the subject has no visual awareness and responds by forced-choice guessing (Weiskrantz et al., 1974). Some of these patients do have awareness of an event when physically salient, and especially fast-moving, stimuli are used but without having a visual percept (blindsight type 2, Weiskrantz, 1997), whereas other patients have weak but real visual percepts, which is residual vision and not blindsight. It has been suggested that the residual visual sensitivities in blindsight are mediated by spared visual pathways that circumvent the geniculate-striate circuit. Visual information is thought to be processed from eye to midbrain to pulvinar to extrastriate visual cortex (for review, see Stoerig. and Cowey, 1997). Sensitivity is greatest for stimuli with high luminance contrast and fast speeds, of around 20 °/s (Zeki, 1998).
The building-blocks of DNA and RNA
Authors: Neidle Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chemical degradation studies, in the early years of this century, on material extracted from cell nuclei established that the high molecular-weight ‘nucleic acid’ was actually composed of individual acid units, termed nucleotides. Four distinct types were isolated guanylic, adenylic, cytidylic, and thymidylic acids. These could be further cleaved to phosphate groups and four distinct nucleosides. The latter were subsequently identified as consisting of a deoxypentose sugar and one of four nitrogen-containing heterocyclic bases. Thus, each repeating unit in a nucleic acid polymer comprises these three units linked together a phosphate group, a sugar, and one of the four bases.
DNA structure as observed in fibres and crystals
Authors: Neidle Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fibre diffraction method for determining the structures of polymeric DNA (and RNA) molecules has been outlined in Chapter 1. Examination of X-ray diffraction photographs of oriented fibres obtained from them enables the basic parameters defining the dimensions of the repeating helix, to be calculated. Measurement of the spacing between the layer lines directly gives the reciprocal of the helical pitch P,defined as the distance, parallel to the helix axis, between successive nucleotide units per complete turn of the helix (Fig. 3.1).
Principles of small molecule-DNA recognition
Authors: Neidle Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The recognition of a DNA molecule can, on the one hand, be general for any individual nucleotide or sequence. At the other extreme, it can be highly specific, solely recognizing a defined sequence within a genome. This can be performed very effectively by DNA itself, as has been seen in Chapter 4, with DNA-DNA recognition being governed in large part by base-base hydrogen-bonding.
The RNA structural world
Authors: Neidle Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The preceding chapters have illustrated the structural variability displayed by DNA. Virtually all of this is within the boundaries imposed by the over-riding structural requirements of double, triple or four-stranded helices. RNA molecules are not subject to these limitations, and consequently their structural variety is in striking contrast to the relative predictability of most DNA tertiary structure. It is perhaps unsurprising (at least in retrospect!) that the ability of many RNAs to fold into compact tertiary structures, analogous to the folding of polypeptides into proteins and enzymes, is paralleled in some instances, by the possession of catalytic activity.
Magnetoresistance in three-dimensional systems
Authors: Singleton John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Magnetoresistance is a general term for the changes in the components of the resistivity and conductivity tensors of materials caused by the application of magnetic field. We are going to treat the magnetoresistance of metals in a quite general and simple manner.1 First, however, the Hall effect in a system with more than one type of carrier will be described, as it helps to illuminate the more general discussion of metals that will follow, and gives a clue as to the origins of magnetoresistance.
Measurements of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite
Authors: Ichimori Kohji 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although there is much interest in NO and per oxy nitrite, their measurement in biological media is difficult because of their short lifetimes and low concentrations. Here, the use of an NO-sensitive electrode is first described for direct real-time measurement of NO in endothelial cells. A method for detecting peroxynitrite produced by the macrophage is also given. Brief references to other methods are included in the comments sections.
Chemiluminescence
Authors: Nakano Minoru , Kambayashi Yasuhiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Inflammatory cells such as neutrophils, eosinophils, and macrophages produce a multitude of reactive oxygen species when they are activated. Of the reactive oxygen species, superoxide anion (O2· -), a precursor of several oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).
ROS-generating systems in mitochondria, microsomes and peroxisomes
Authors: Kang Dongchon , Takeshige Koichiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Put fresh bovine heart obtained from a slaughter house in a vinyl bag and keep on ice during transfer. 2. Remove fat and endothelium, cut into 2-3-cm cubes and keep on ice in a vinyl bag until mincing.
Myeloperoxidase
Authors: Nakamura Masao 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO), a haemoprotein present at high concentrations in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), plays a role in the microbicidal activity of PMNs (1). MPO reacts with H2O2 to form Compound I, which catalyses two-electron oxidations of halogens (CP, Br, I-) (Fig. 1, Path 1) or a consecutive one-electron oxidation of substrates (AH2) through Compound II (Fig. l,Path 2) (2, 3).
Plasma transferrin
Authors: Gutteridge J M C , Mumby S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1. Open plates and leave to dry for 5 min. 2. Add plasma (0.05 mL) to each well. 3. Include human transferrin standards. 4. Close plates and leave at room temperature for 48 h. 5. Carefully measure the diameter of each precipitation ring around the well (opaque-white zone). 6. Read the concentration of transferrin from a calibration standard curve.
Speciation of ferrous ions in biological fluids
Authors: Gutteridge J M C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When plasma transferrin is fully iron-loaded and LMrFe is present (see Chapter 51) such iron would be kept in the ferric state by the ferroxidase activity of caeruloplasmin (see Chapter 31). If, however, ascorbate concentrations are high and caeruloplasmin levels low, plasma ferroxidase activity will be inhibited and LMrFe will be converted to the ferrous form.
Expression of bcl-2
Authors: Eguclll Yutaka , Tsujimoto Yoshij-Iidf 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Human bcl-2 gene was isolated from the analysis of t(14;l8) (q32;q21) chromosomal translocation frequently found in follicular lymphoma (1). Overexpression of Bcl-2 prevents apoptosis induced by a variety of stimuli in various cell lineage (2). Apoptosis is often inhibited by expression of SOD or glutathione peroxidase, suggesting involvement of ROS in apoptosis, although recent analysis of anti-apoptotic activity of Bcl-2 under very low oxygen conditions (3) provided some evidence against the sole function of Bcl-2 as an anti-oxidant (4). Here we describe the over-expression system for Bcl-2, and the quantitation of apoptosis.
Peroxynitrite damage to DNA
Authors: Gutteridge J M C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Peroxynitrite (ONOO ) is a powerful oxidant formed by the reaction of superoxide with nitric oxide. Its decomposition at acid pH also gives rise to an aggressive oxidant with properties similar to those of the hydroxyl radical. When peroxynitrite oxidises a DNA base (2, 3) it leaves behind a nitrated footprint, such as 8-nitroguanine (1). The use of HPLC and GC-MS to profile base damage to DNA has been reviewed elsewhere (4).
Carbonyl assay for oxidative damage to proteins
Authors: Quinlan G J , Gutteridge J M C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Free radical damage to proteins (radiation or Fenton chemistry) was shown in the 1950s to leave carbonyl functions that reacted with 2,4-dinitrophenyl-hydrazine (1). The technique has been widely introduced into free radical biology and medicine by Professor Stadtman and his colleagues (2, 3). Techniques for cells and fluids are given elsewhere (3, 4). Here we describe a spectrophotometric method for use with plasma.
Myocardial ischaemiareperfusion models ln VlVO
Authors: Hoshida Shiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To determine the role of active oxygen species on the progression of myocardial injury, many investigators use a coronary occlusion-reperfusion model, but not a permanent occlusion model, in vivo in dogs, cats, pigs, rabbits, and rats. A different protocol is needed to clarify a different end point of myocardial injury such as limitation of infarct size, alteration of cardiac function, and occurrence of cardiac arrhythmia. In this section, we focus on the limitation of infarct size by use of a coronary artery occlusion-reperfusion model in dogs. (1, 2)
Atherosclerosis (oxidized LDL): preparation of oxidized LDL/ detection of cholesterol accumulation in macrophages
Authors: Yokode Masa Yuki , Kita Toru 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A characteristic feature of atherosclerotic lesions is macrophage-derived foam cells in the intima filled with cholesteryl esters. Recent studies have shown that macrophages take-up oxidatively-modified low density lipoprotein (LDL) (oxidized LDL) by the scavenger receptor and are converted into foam cells. Thus, it is important to understand how oxidized LDL is produced in the body. Here we describe a method for isolating LDL and inducing its oxidation with a copper salt
Iron-overload model
Authors: Toyokuni Shiny A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Redox cycling is a characteristic of transition metals such as iron. Iron is an essential metal in mammals for oxygen transport by haemoglobin and for the function of many enzymes including catalase and cytochromes. However, the ‘free’ or ‘catalytic’ form of iron mediates in the production of reactive oxygen species via the Fenton reaction and induces oxidative stress. ‘Free’ iron is quite cytotoxic, as well as mutagenic and carcinogenic. There is an increasing number of reports of an association between increased body iron stores and increased risk of cancer. Intraperitoneal injection of an iron chelate, ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA), induces renal proximal tubular necrosis associated with lipid peroxidation and oxidative DNA damage that finally leads to a high incidence of renal cell carcinoma after repeated administration in rodents (1, 2).
Doppler-free laser spectroscopy
Authors: Foot C J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Doppler broadening is usually the dominant contribution to the observed width of lines in atomic spectra, at room temperature. The techniques of Doppler-free laser spectroscopy overcome this limitation to give much higher resolution than, for example, a Fabry Perot etalon analyzing the light from a discharge lamp, as shown in Fig. 1.7(a). This chapter describes three examples that illustrate the principles of Doppler-free techniques: the crossed-beam method, saturated absorption spectroscopy and two-photon spectroscopy.
Introduction
Authors: Carbone Alessandra , Semmes Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A fundamental method for making implicit descriptions is provided by the notion of an algorithm(typically formalized as a Turing machine[HU79, Pap94]). A given algorithm might describe a particular object, or instead a function when inputs are allowed. To obtain the result explicitly one must execute the algorithm, and in general one may not even know whether the execution of the algorithm will halt in a finite number of steps.
Stronger Forms Of Recursion
Authors: Carbone Alessandra , Semmes Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far in this book, we have mostly considered only modest amounts of “implicitness”, corresponding roughly to at most one level of exponential expansion in the passage to explicit constructions. In terms of formal proofs, we have been working in the realm in which only propositional rules of inference are used. In this chapter, we shall look at combinatorial structures whose behavior is more like that of formal proofs in which quantifier rules are allowed.
The Virtual Astronaut
Authors: Park Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I reluctantly took my place at the witness table before the House Subcommittee of Space and Aeronautics on April 9, 1997, to testify about the International Space Station. I would be about as popular at this hearing as a skunk that wandered into a garden party. Seated between the head of NASA’s human spaceflight program on my left and a former astronaut on my right, I had been invited as the token critic. I had testified on the space station before congressional committees many times in the past, but there had always been some hope that Congress might be persuaded to cancel the project. But in 1997, although the space station was years behind schedule and several times over budget, its support in Congress and particularly in the Space Subcommittee was stronger than ever. With the much-delayed launch of the first module now
Passive approaches to detection in distance sampling
Authors: Lukacs P M , Franklin, A B , Anderson D R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most distance sampling methods require active detection of animals from a line or point. Sometimes, active detection of animals is impractical or even impossible. Consider estimating abundance of a species of salamander. The species is small, cryptic, and spends much of the time under litter on the forest floor, so that active detection is not feasible, yet the salamander can be trapped in a pitfall trap. This example provides the impetus for considering passive approaches to distance sampling. These approaches are passive in that the animal detects itself by entering a trap whose distance from the sample point or line is known.
Analytical Mechanics
Authors: Fasano Antonio , Marmi Stefano 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Analytical Mechanics is the investigation of motion with the rigorous tools of mathematics. Rooted in the works of Lagrange, Euler, Poincaré (to mention just a few), it is a very classical subject with fascinating developments and still rich of open problems. It addresses such fundamental questions as: Is the solar system stable? Is there a unifying ‘economy’ principle in mechanics? How can a point mass be described as a ‘wave’? And has remarkable applications to many branches of physics (Astronomy, Statistical Mechanics, Quantum Mechanics). This book was written to fill a gap between elementary expositions and more advanced (and clearly more stimulating) material. It takes up the challenge to explain the most relevant ideas (generally highly non-trivial) and to show the most important applications using a plain language and ‘simple’ mathematics, often through an original approach. Basic calculus is enough for the reader to proceed through the book. New mathematical concepts are fully introduced and illustrated in a simple, student-friendly language. More advanced chapters can be omitted while still following the main ideas. Anybody wishing to go deeper in some direction will find at least the flavour of recent developments and many bibliographical references. The theory is always accompanied by examples. Many problems are suggested and some are completely worked out at the end of each chapter. The book may effectively be used (and has been used at several Italian Universities) for undergraduate as well as for PhD courses in Physics and Mathematics at various levels.
One-Dimensional Motion
Authors: Fasano Antonio , Marmi Stefano 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Section 2.4 of the previous chapter, we mentioned the problem of the motion of a point particle P of mass m along a fixed smooth curve. We now want to consider the problem of determining the time dependence s = s(t), and hence of integrating equation (2.25); this equation has the form to which one has to associate initial conditions s(O) = s0, s(O) = v0. In two special cases, the problem is easily solvable: when the force depends only on the position of the particle f = f (s) or only on the velocity of the particle f = f (s). The first case is the most interesting, and we will consider it in detail in the following sections. Recall that when the force f (s) is associated with a potential U(s) it is possible to write down the energy integral (2.28).
Rigid Bodies: Geometry And Kinematics
Authors: Fasano Antonio , Marmi Stefano 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is clear that having fixed the configuration of the triangle AP2P3with respect to , the coordinates of every other point in the system are automatically determined as functions of the six prescribed parameters. From this follows the well-known property stating that a rigid system containing at least three points, not all lying on the same line, has six degrees of freedom. In the case of a rigid body with all points lying on the same line, the number of degrees of freedom is five (it is sufficient to determine the configuration of the segment AP2 with respect to ), while for a rigid body in the plane the degrees of freedom are three.
Lagrangian Formalism In Continuum Mechanics
Authors: Fasano Antonio , Marmi Stefano 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The model of a continuum relies on the hypothesis that we can describe the distribution of mass through a density function p(P, t), in such a way that the mass of each measurable part D of the system under consideration is representable in the form A continuum can be three-dimensional, two-dimensional (plates or membranes) or one-dimensional (strings and beams). The following is a way to represent the configurations of a continuum with respect to a frame S = (0,x1,x2,x3). We choose a reference configuration C * and we denote by xi, x2,x3 the coordinates of its points. Any other configuration C is then described by a diffeomorphism:
A Cognitive Neuropsychology of Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Morris Robin G , Becker James T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a brief introduction to the issues that surround the cognitive neuropsychology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The manner in which AD is considered determines the approaches taken for research and hence conclusions reached. Hence, the chapter briefly reviews issues such as the diagnosis of AD, where AD can be seen as a homogeneous illness, and how the framework and techniques derived from cognitive neuropsychology are best used in furthering our understanding of the nature of the disease.