bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Blends and alloys of vinyl—technology and applications
Authors: Asay R. Elliott , Hein Marc D. , Wharry Don L. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe use of multiphase polymers is of growing importance because of their inherent economical and technological benefits. The basic characteristics of multiphase polymer blends and alloys are covered. The advantages of vinyl as a component are discussed in light of its ease of processing, inherent compatibility, fire resistance, weatherability, and a wide range of properties achievable. Blend morphology is reviewed and related to the mechanical properties. Typical examples of commercial materials and their application are reviewed.
The effect of reprocessing on the properties of PVC
Authors: Covas J. A. , Silva C. A. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe effects of reprocessing on the mechanical, physical, and rheological properties of a commercial plasticized PVC compound are investigated. Reprocessing experiments at lower, identical, and higher temperatures than those attained during the initial extrusion in a capillary rheometer are undertaken. Repetitive reprocessing is also considered. With the exception of the mean surface roughness—and when the effects of degradation are discarded—the other characteristics of processed and reprocessed PVC are essentially similar. Nevertheless, changes at both the molecular and the morphological level take place during reprocessing, as demonstrated by the results of thermal analysis and surface appearance.
Rheological properties of polyvinylidene fluoride and polymethyl methacrylate engineering alloys
Authors: Burke Dennis Michael 
Published: May 2005

AbstractRecent concerns over smoke toxicity and optical properties have forced the electrical/electronics industries, particularly the wire and cable and fiber‐optics industries, to focus attention on the development of new materials. The demands are critical for these applications and include not only optical and flammability properties but also thermal and mechanical properties, and, of course, processability. Acrylic‐fluoroplastic alloys are exceptional candidates for meeting such requirements. Along with various optical evaluation and traditional mechanical testing, dynamic mechanical testing (DMT) procedures, as specified by ASTM protocols, can be used to evaluate, qualify, and quantify alloys for their end‐use properties and processability. Specifically, this paper shows how DMT can be used to monitor both the solid and melt rheological properties of several PMMA/PVDF alloys. Important results of this study include the evaluation of compatibility/miscibility, modulus as a function of temperature, melt viscosity as a function of shear rate, and melt viscosity as a function of temperature.
Non‐lead stabilizer systems for PVC wire and cable extrusion (an update)
Authors: Kaseler Thomas G. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractRecent introduction of non‐lead stabilizer systems to the wire and cable industry have shown a rising interest in these new products. Based on new regulations on the usage of lead stabilizers and the difficulties of disposing of vinyl containing lead in regular landfills, the interest to replace these products is in fact very high. The objective of this paper is to show what non‐lead systems are currently available and where their strengths and weaknesses are. Test results of laboratory studies are presented comparing environmentally and physiologically acceptable Ca/Zn, Mg/Zn, and Ca/Al/Zn stabilizer systems to conventional lead compounds in typical wire and cable formulations. In addition, data are presented on products that are already in use commercially.
Environmental stress cracking of polyvinyl chloride compounds under long‐term stress
Authors: Summers James W. , Rabinovitch Elvira B. , Rodriguez Juan 
Published: May 2005

AbstractPolyvinyl chloride compounds rupture prematurely in contact with environmental stress cracking (ESC) agents such as plasticizers. This effect shows a considerable deviation in a stress rupture plot (log stress vs log time) from the expected stress rupture in the absence of ESC agents. PVC and polymers in general dilate under a stress, increase free volume, and allow diffusion of the ESC agent and plasticization of the polymer. However, we show ESC failure is not dependent alone on molecular size of the ESC agent when comparing di‐2‐ethylhexyl adipate (DOA), di‐2‐ethylhexyl phthalate (DOP), and tri‐2‐ethylhexyl trimelitate (TOTM). Therefore this suggests that ESC failure is not strictly associated with diffusion of the ESC agent into the free volume of the PVC, but rather flaws and stress concentrations play a large role. Higher molecular weight PVC retards rupture, both in air and in contact with the ESC agent. However, the safe way to design PVC parts is to avoid ESC contact with stressed PVC rather than using high molecular weight PVC. Part design can play an important role in preventing these premature failures by keeping the ESC agent away from contact with stressed PVC.
Understanding the functions of acrylic processing aids in rigid PVC injection molding
Authors: Stevenson Janis C. , Einhorn Richard A. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractPoly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) compound use is growing in specialty injection molding applications such as appliances, business equipment, and electrical enclosures. A key factor in determining the appearance and physical properties of the molded parts is the processability of the PVC compounds, which can be improved through the use of acrylic processing aids. Processing aids promote PVC fusion, modify the melt rheology, and/or provide lubrication. Some processing aid products are designed to serve one of these functions while others provide a combination of functions. Each of these functions and its major benefits in rigid PVC injection molding are described. Some guidelines for selecting appropriate processing aid products for applications are provided.
The effect of the FTC environmental guidelines on the marketing of vinyl products
Authors: Rakus J. P. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIn July 1992, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) issued its long awaited guidelines on the use of environmental marketing claims. These guidelines do not carry the force of law, but they may result in law enforcement action if such claims are found to constitute deceptive advertising. The paper examines the effect the FTC guidelines will have on the marketing of vinyl products. It briefly describes the general principles that apply to all environmental marketing claims and then discusses the eight specific claim types covered by the FTC document: general environmental benefits, degradability, compostability, recyclability, recycled content, source reduction, refillability, and ozone friendliness.
Increasing of PVC resin bulk density and free flow by treatment with organic compounds
Authors: Zilberman E. N. , Lerner F. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe ability of different organic additives to increase the bulk density (BD) and the free flow (FF) of PVC was investigated. PVC was treated by quarternary ammonium salts, low‐molecular glycols, polyethylene glycols, polyethylene wax, stearic acid, butyl stearate, oxyethylated fatty acids and alcohol, non‐oxyethylated and oxyethylated partial fatty acid esters of polyhydric alcohols. Increasing one of the mentioned values is not always accompanied by increasing the other. There exist additives which increase the BD only, the FF only, and both values simulataneously. The BD of treated PVC is often instable; it may increase and decrease on standing. The additives used do not affect the structure of PVC particles, but may change the volume of external voids between them. The efficiency of each additive depends on its polarity and structure of the chains. The mechanism of the action of additives altering the BD and FF was considered. It was expected that the additives leading to denser packing of the PVC powder reduce the interparticle interaction at the expense of particle‐additive interaction.
Aspects of miscibility in poly(vinyl chloride)/epoxidized natural rubber blends. Part II: Dynamic mechanical properties
Authors: Ishiaku U. S. , Nasir M. , Ishak Z. A. Mohd 
Published: May 2005

AbstractMiscibility in poly(vinyl chloride)/epoxidized natural rubber (PVC/ENR) blends was further investigated by means of dynamic mechanical analysis. The single glass transition temperature shown by the blends supported earlier observations of miscibility Furthermore, observed synergism in storage modulus has again reaffirmed the miscibility of these blends. A critical examination of the damping peaks at various compositions again revealed the microheterogeneous nature of the blends. Some theories relating glass transition temperature and modulus with miscibility were also used to examine miscibility. Agreement of the results with theories proposed by Gordon—Taylor and Kleiner has provided a further insight into the miscible nature of PVC/ENR blends.
A simple method to evaluate the matrix effects in X‐Ray fluorescence analysis
Authors: Franzini M. , Leoni L. , Saitta M. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIn X‐ray fluorescence analyses, the matrix effects can be evaluated by computing appropriate coefficients. Utilising powder pellets of samples artificially prepared, a method for computing the matrix effects coefficient of H2O, Na2O, MgO, Al2O3, SiO2, K2O, CaO, TiO2, Fe2O3 for the analytical lines of thirteen elements: vanadium, chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, gallium, rubidium, strontium, zirconium, barium, lanthanum, cerium and lead is described. The computed coefficients have been used to analyse six international rock standards (the U.S. Geological Survey Standards: G‐2, GSP‐1, AGV‐1, BCR‐1, PCC‐1, DTS‐1).
X‐ray fluorescence determination of sodium in silicate standards using direct dilution and dilution fusion preparation techniques
Authors: Fabbi B. P. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractDirect dilution of a sample with an equal proportion of cellulose binder and dilution fusion of one part of sample with fourteen parts of LiBO2 flux has been used to prepare pelletized samples of silicate standards for determining sodium by X‐ray fluorescence analysis. An RAP analysing crystal was used to disperse and reflect the sodium spectra. Detection limits were found to be 0.07 and 0.39% Na2O at the 2s̀ confidence level for the direct dilution and dilution fusion preparation techniques, respectively.
Determination of silver in photographic materials by energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence analysis
Authors: Ehn E. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIsotope excited energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence determination of silver in photographic materials yields poor reproducibility because of difficulties in reproducing the geometry. By placing the film sample between the detector and the radioactive source this difficulty is overcome. The theory of such an arrangement indicates that effects due to varying thickness of film base or unequal coating in the case of double‐coated film play a minor role. The suggested improvements in measuring geometry should be of value for any application in which samples are in the form of thin foils or sheets.
An accurate fusion method for the analysis of rocks and chemically related materials by X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry
Authors: Harvey P. K. , Taylor D. M. , Hendry R. D. , Bancroft F. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThis account describes a rapid and accurate fusion technique of X‐ray fluorescence analysis that is based on the method of Norrish and Hutton,1 but modified from the latter in a number of respects to enable more rapid preparation and processing of samples without any loss of accuracy. The technique allows a wide range of materials to be analysed including silicate rocks and minerals, cements, bricks, carbonates, evaporites, soils and some ores.
The intensity ratio between the line and white spectra from a chromium target spectrographic X‐ray tube
Authors: Castellano E. E. , Alvarez A. G. , Andrieu J. M. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe ratio of the total characteristic to white radiation from a chromium target spectrographic X‐ray tube has been determined by a new method at operating voltages ranging from 10 to 50 kV. The ratio values K are referred to the portion of the continuous spectrum extended from the Duane and Hunt limit λo to 2.5 Å A conversion coefficient has been tabulated to consider the continuous spectrum extended from λ to any arbitrary wavelength up to 6 Å. The method can be conveniently applied to targets other than chromium. It is only required to perform a simple fluorescence intensity measurement with a standard spectrometer on a conveniently prepared sample.
X‐ray fluorescence analysis — results of a first round intercomparison study
Authors: Camp D. C. , Cooper J. A. , Rhodes J. R. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe results are presented of an intercomparison study between twelve investigators and three analytical techniques. The objective was to determine the precision and accuracy with which multi‐element analysis of air particulates on filters can be accomplished using energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry. Special emphasis was placed on testing calibration techniques and methods of correction for absorption in both particulate deposits and substrates. Results indicate that errors in calibration and correcting for substrate absorption can be reduced to much less than 10% for elements K and above, but the more work is required to test methods of correcting for particles size to achieve 10% accuracy at energies below 3 keV.
A versatile thin film method for quantitative X‐ray emission analysis
Authors: Chung Frank H. , Lentz August J. , Scott Richard W. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractLiebhafsky and Zemany proposed two terms in X‐ray emission analysis: one is the linear thickness of a specimen below which the absorption effect vanishes; the other is the critical thickness of a specimen above which the specimen becomes infinitely thick. The criteria for these two terms are defined here in quantitative terms. A procedure for making thin films of closely controlled thickness is described. The sample is dispersed into a film‐forming polymer solution which contains an internal standard element. A thin film is made of this suspensoid by a film applicator. The internal standard element is used to correct for variation in actual film thickness. A single calibration curve can be used for samples of different matrices. Experimental data are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of this thin‐film method in eliminating matrix effects.
Charateristic of the Ge(111) analyser crystal
Authors: O'Connell A. M. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractMeasurements on several Ge(111) crystals have shown a variation of a factor of two in their reflectivity for p Kα radiation. High background readings for phosphorous using the Ge(111) crystal are shown to be due to germanium L spectra fluorescence from the crystal. The background can be reduced by almost a factor of four without appreciably diminishing the net P Kα count rate by selecting the optimum setting of the pulse height analyser.
X‐ray mass absorption coefficient measurements for aluminium in the range 1.9 to 9.9 Å
Authors: Short M. A. , Tabock J. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract X‐ray mass absorption coefficients for aluminium have been measured for nine wavelengths in the range 1.9 to 9.9 Å. The values obtained disagree with many published compendia of mass absorption coefficients, but agree well with some published experimental values.
Analysis of the heavy element content of atmospheric particulate fractions using X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry
Authors: O'Connor B. H. , Kerrigan G. C. , Thomas W. W. , Gasseng R. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractTechniques have been developed for analysing the heavy element content of atmospheric particulate fractions by means of X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry. Special attention is devoted to the nondestructive analysis of particulates collected on the cellulose and fibreglass filters used in high volume air samplers. It is shown that the X‐ray fluorescence data must be corrected for absorption of radiation by the filter medium in the case of cellulose due to penetration of the particulates into the body of the filter. Fibreglass is shown to be superior to cellulose in that most of the particulates are trapped near the surface of the paper. A novel feature of the analytical method described is that a comparison of X‐ray fluorescence intensities from the front and back of the filter leads to a determination of filter collection efficiency. A second method for determining collection efficiency, using a tandem arrangement of filter papers, is also described.
Experimental verification of the X‐ray absorption correction in aerosol loaded filters
Authors: Adams F. C. , Billiet J. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractCorrection for the absorption of the X‐rays in aerosol loaded filters can be based on the measurement of the front‐to‐back intensity ratio. Experimental verification that an accurate and precise absorption correction can be obtained is given. The ‘two‐lines’ method based on the accurate measurement of the lead Mα to Lβ intensity ratio in actual samples is used. The distribution of the aerosol in the filter is exponential with a variable gradient.
Intra‐ and inter‐spectrometer correction coefficients for X‐ray emission spectrometric calibration equations
Authors: Clark N. H. , Mitchell R. J. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe calculation and use of spectrometer‐dependent variables for use in calibration equations converting X‐ray intensities to concentrations are described. The variables correct for changes in both sensitivity and background, allow common calibration equations to be used for two spectrometers and obviate the need for recalibration.
Routine use of a second‐generation windowless detector for energy‐dispersive ultra‐light element X‐ray analysis
Authors: Russ J. C. , Baerwaldt G. C. , McMillan W. R. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe second‐generation design of this removable‐window detector assures reliable routine operation, and minimizes operating limitations by providing protection against electrons, light photons and contamination molecules entering the detecting unit. The extensible design allows practical optimization of detector position.The inherent limitations of ultra‐low energy X‐ray analysis must be understood by the user. They include problems of peak identification and sample preparation, but can be dealt with by intelligent operation and data interpretation.Practical analytical results, both qualitative and quantitative, can be obtained. In particular, the software proven successful for dealing with ‘normal’ spectra can be adapted and used for ultra‐low energies.
A method of correction for absorption matrix effects in samples of ‘intermediate’ thickness in EDXRF analysis
Authors: Markowicz Andrzej 
Published: May 2005

AbstractTheoretical grounds for a method of the elimination of absorption matrix effects based upon the application of the measurement of the intensity of the coherent scattered and Compton scattered X‐rays are presented in this paper. The presented method has been confirmed experimentally. The described method of the elimination of the absorption matrix effect can be applied, in the case of samples having ‘intermediate’ masses per unit area, by means of analysis by the X‐ray fluorescence method. The total error (standard deviation) of correction for absorption obtained by the proposed method varies from 3–7% for the values of this correction from 2.5–1.3 respectively. The presented method can be used in the trace analysis of biological and environmental materials.
X‐ray fluorescence investigation of the shroud of turin
Authors: Morris R. A. , Schwalbe L. A. , London J. R. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractWe present results of X‐ray fluorescence measurements on the Shroud of Turin. Quantitative estimates are given for the observed trace quantities of calcium, iron and strontium, and detection limits are established for other elements of potential interest. The calcium and strontium appear as uniform background distributions. Iron traces are observed in all of the data spectra but their local concentrations vary. Comparisons between image and off‐image areas reveal no differences, within the precision limits of the data, that would indicate the presence of pigments or dyes containing high‐C elements. In ‘blood’ stain regions the measurements show significantly higher concentrations of iron. However, the data do not allow a unique identification of the stain's origin. Quantitative comparisons are made between the shroud results and similar measurements on whole blood and Fe2O3 stains.
X‐ray fluorescence analysis using intensive linear polarized monochromatic x‐rays after bragg reflection
Authors: Wobrauschek P. , Aiginger H. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractTo obtain intense linear polarized monochromatic X‐rays a single crystal where Bragg reflection occurs at an angle 2θ=90° is used. A number of suitable crystal materials is listed which fulfil the requirements of the Bragg equation for the wavelengths of standard X‐ray tubes and the angular condition. As the first result of a new construction a detection limit of 1 ng Ca was determined using a Cr anode and a Ta single crystal (002) plane as polarizer.
Calculation of sample absorption by means of compton scattering in X‐ray diffraction analysis
Authors: Bar‐On P. , Zevin L. , Lach S. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA method of absorption correction in X‐ray diffraction (XRD) phase analysis, based on measurements of Compton scattering, is described. Compton scattering of Mo Kα was measured and Cu Kα was used for XRD analysis. Under these conditions, the method is valid for phase analysis of silicate and carbonate rocks. Quartz content was determined in 13 samples by the proposed method and the conventional method of internal standard. The two sets of results are in a good agreement.
A standard technique for measuring window absorption and other efficiency losses in semiconductor energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometry
Authors: Stone R. E. , Walter F. J. , Blackburn D. H. , Pella P. , Kraner H. W. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA Standard technique for measuring window absorption and other efficiency losses in semiconductor X‐ray spectrometers is described. This technique is in the process of being adopted as an IEEE and IEC standard. A NBS standard reference material glass, SRM‐477, has been developed to promote broad availability for the standard method throughout the user community. Measurements are reported which have been made to establish limits on the geometry of the technique and to determine the effectiveness of the method.
Comprehensive major and trace element analysis of geological material by x‐ray fluorescence, using low dilution fusions
Authors: Lee R. F. , McConchie D. M. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA rapid method of routine whole rock analyses of major and trace elements, using low dilution fusions, is described. The method is particularly suited to use with automated x‐ray fluorescence equipment, and is effective for rocks which range widely in composition. Corrections for matrix effects based on a matrix of influence coefficients, the calculation of a mass absorption coefficient from major component data and Compton scatter methods are discussed; data are presented which demonstrate that all three procedures can be used with low dilution fusions. Spectral impurities (principally of Cu, Ni and Zn) which cause problems in some trace element analyses using low dilution fusions and may also affect pressed rock powder studies are investigated and a simplified correction procedure is proposed. Lower limits of detection, accuracy and precision for determinations of 20 elements, carried out using low dilution fusions, indicate that the low dilution fusion procedure is well suited to routine whole rock analyses of major and trace elements.