bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nursing students’ perception of group supervision during clinical training
Authors: Lindgren Barbro , Brulin Christine , Holmlund Kristina , Athlin Elsy 
Published: June 2005

Aim.  The aim of this study was to investigate nursing students’ perception of and satisfaction with clinical group supervision based on a special model, used in nursing training.Background.  Long‐standing efforts have been made to create supervision models in nursing training that promote personal and professional development and prepare nursing students to cope with the complex and demanding situations they will face as registered nurses.Methods.  Data were collected from nursing students (n = 43) during their clinical training by means of two questionnaires. Most questions were concerned with the importance of factors involved in the contract and the students’ experiences of how these factors were covered during the clinical group supervision.Findings.  The findings showed that, before starting the supervision programme, most all the students expressed positive attitudes towards group supervision, but 25% had negative expectations as well. At the end of the programme all students thought that group supervision had been an important support to them during their training and almost everyone wanted to participate in group supervision in the future as registered nurses. The findings showed that both the structure and the climate were important for the success of the group supervision.Relevance to clinical practice.  The findings will strengthen the model and confirm its usefulness in clinical training for nursing students. Using this supervision model, which includes reflection about feelings, thoughts and actions, the students will be well prepared for demanded situations in their future role as a registered nurse. A replication of this study addressed to trained nurses would be valuable.
Preschool children with and without developmental delay: behaviour problems, parents’ optimism and well‐being
Authors: Baker B. L. , Blacher J. , Olsson M. B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBackground  Children with intellectual disability are at heightened risk for behaviour problems, and these are known to increase parenting stress. This study explored the relation of behaviour problems to less child‐related domains of parent well‐being (depression and marital adjustment), as well as the moderating effect of a personality trait, dispositional optimism.Method  Participating children (N = 214) were classified as developmentally delayed, borderline, or nondelayed. Mothers’ and fathers’ well‐being and child behaviour problems were assessed at child ages 3 and 4 years.Results  Parents of delayed and nondelayed preschoolers generally did not differ on depression or marital adjustment, but child behaviour problems were strongly related to scores on both measures. Optimism moderated this relationship, primarily for mothers. When child behaviour problems were high, mothers who were less optimistic reported lower scores on measures of well‐being than did mothers who were more optimistic.Conclusions  Interventions for parents that aim to enhance both parenting skills and psycholog‐ ical well‐being should be available in preschool. It may be beneficial for such programmes to focus not only on behaviour management strategies aimed at child behaviour change, but also on parents’ belief systems, with the aim of increasing dispositional optimism.
SEN virus infection in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Momosaki S. , Umemura T. , Scudamore C. H. , Kojiro M. , Alter H. J. , Tabor E. 
Published: June 2005

Summary.  Although most cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are associated with either the hepatitis B or C viruses (HBV, HCV), about 10–20% of HCCs occur in patients with chronic hepatitis that is aetiologically undefined. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of the transfusion‐transmitted SEN virus (SEN‐V) in patients with HCC, including those patients who do not otherwise appear to be infected with HBV or HCV.Fragments of SEN‐V subtypes D and H were amplified separately by PCR from the sera of 50 patients with HCC (31 from Canada and 19 from Japan) as well as from HCC and adjacent nontumourous liver tissues from eight of the Canadian patients.SEN‐V DNA was found in the serum of 10 of 31 (32%) Canadian patients and eight of 19 (42%) Japanese patients [overall, 18 of 50 (36%) HCC patients]. SEN‐V DNA was detected in the serum of 10 of 23 (43%) HCC patients with antibody to HCV (anti‐HCV), six of 11 (55%) with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), and two of 16 (12%) without detectable anti‐HCV or HBsAg. Twenty‐three HCC patients in this study had ‘silent HBV,’ characterized by the detection of HBV DNA in the absence of HBsAg; eight of these (35%) also had SEN‐V infections.SEN‐V DNA was detected in HCC patients most typically in those with coexistent HBV or HCV infection. SEN‐V was found in only one of seven HCC patients without HBV (without HBsAg or HBV DNA) or HCV and thus does not appear to be an important cause of ‘cryptogenic’ HCC.
Classical Swine Fever (CSF) in Wild Boar: the Role of the Transplacental Infection in the Perpetuation of CSF
Authors: Kaden V. , Steyer H. , Schnabel J. , Bruer W. 
Published: July 2005

SummaryThirty‐four pregnant wild sows and their unborn progeny derived from an endemically infected population in the district of Nordvorpommern (Mecklenburg‐Western Pomerania) were investigated for classical swine fever virus (CSFV) and antibodies. During the last 2.5 years of the epidemic, 20 out of 34 pregnant wild sows investigated were serologically positive. No CSFV or viral RNA was detected in organs derived from these animals and their progeny. This indicates that young wild boars persistently infected by transplacental virus transmission do not play a crucial role in the perpetuation of CSFV in wild boar. Other factors seem to be more important for the establishment of CSF as well as for virus perpetuation in the population.
Systemic and Local Antibody Responses after Experimental Infection withActinobacillus pleuropneumoniaein Piglets with Passive or Active Immunity
Authors: Krejci J. , Nechvatalova K. , Kudlackova H. , Faldyna M. , Kucerova Z. , Toman M. 
Published: July 2005

SummaryThe objectives of the present study was to describe different dynamics of humoral immune responses to experimental infection in piglets of different stages of infection and immunity. Two groups of piglets originating from non‐immune (group 1) and immune (group 2) sows at the age of 3 weeks were subdivided as follows: a half of each group of piglets was exposed to a low‐dose infection withActinobacillus pleuropneumoniae(APP) strain 9. At the age of 8 weeks, all four groups of piglets were challenged with a high infection dose of APP of the same strain. Isotype characterization of the specific antibodies in sera and in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) to a lipopolysaccharide was carried out, besides monitoring clinical signs and post‐mortem examinations. A typical primary immune response was observed in specific antibody‐free piglets infected with a challenge infection. Colostrum‐derived immunoglobulin‐G (IgG) antibodies persisted in sera and BALF of piglets up to the age of 8 weeks. However, they did not prevent induction of specific‐primary antibody response, either in 8 or 4 weeks of age, when levels of specific colostrum‐derived antibodies were still high. It was demonstrated by the increase of specific IgM antibodies in sera. The infection induced an increase in the levels of IgA antibodies in BALF regardless the severity of infection and presence of specific colostrum‐derived antibodies. The specific antibodies of IgG isotype increased only in BALF from piglets without colostrum‐derived antibodies.
Mycoplasma Mastitis: A Review of Transmission and Control
Authors: Fox L. K. , Kirk J. H. , Britten A. 
Published: July 2005

SummaryTheMycoplasmasp. that cause mastitis are simple, cell wall‐less, bacteria that can colonize and cause diseases in other extramammary sites in the bovine. Prevalence of mycoplasma mastitis appears to be increasing in many locations throughout the world. The best method to identify this group of pathogens is through direct culture on mycoplasma agar media. However, limitations with this culture procedure are the duration of culture, 10 days, special conditions required and thus added expense, and the lack of primary specificity to distinguish between true pathogens and commensal organisms. Thus culture of bulk tank milk samples has been advocated as a primary screening method to determine the mycoplasma status of a herd. This monitoring system is reasonably successful but the sensitivity of detection ofMycoplasmasp. in bulk tank milk is affected by a significant minority of cows that might shed the organism at levels below the threshold of detection. Contagious mastitis control procedures have been effective in controlling outbreaks of mycoplasma mastitis. Yet new methods of control might be warranted, methods that may prevent the outbreak. Current data suggests that a significant number of new outbreaks may occur via internal or animal‐to‐animal transmission of mycoplasma mastitis pathogens from asymptomatic carriers.
Relationship between expression of cyclin D1 and impaired liver regeneration observed in fibrotic or cirrhotic rats
Authors: KATO AKIRA , BAMBA HIROMI , SHINOHARA MASAHIKO , YAMAUCHI ATSUSHI , OTA SHINICHI , KAWAMOTO CHIAKI , YOSHIDA YUKIO 
Published: July 2005

AbstractBackground and Aim:  The mechanisms responsible for impaired regenerative ability after hepatic resection observed in chronic liver disease are not fully understood. We have examined the relationships between an altered expression of cell cycle‐related proteins in regenerating liver after partial hepatectomy and the impaired regenerative process observed in fibrotic and cirrhotic rats.Methods:  We performed 70% partial hepatectomy in both control and porcine serum‐induced fibrotic rats, and 45% partial hepatectomy in thioacetamide‐induced cirrhotic rats because of the high mortality associated with 70% partial hepatectomy. Liver regeneration was monitored by proliferating cell nuclear antigen labeling index and the expression of G1 regulatory cell cycle‐related proteins was determined by immunoblot analysis.Results:  Compared with controls, hepatocyte DNA synthesis, and induction of cyclin D1 and p21CIP1 proteins were delayed but not suppressed in porcine serum‐induced fibrotic rats and markedly inhibited in thioacetamide‐induced cirrhotic rats. p27KIP1 protein levels were unaffected by partial hepatectomy and did not differ among all three groups.Conclusion:  Two distinct rat models of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis showed markedly different proliferative responses after partial hepatectomy. The delay or failure of cyclin D1 induction, but not the increase of p21CIP1 or p27KIP1 might be responsible for their impaired liver regeneration.
Azathioprine and 6‐mercaptopurine pharmacogenetics and metabolite monitoring in inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: GEARRY RICHARD B , BARCLAY MURRAY L 
Published: July 2005

Abstract The thiopurine drugs azathioprine and 6‐mercaptopurine (6‐MP) are well‐established in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, there is a wide inter‐ and intra‐patient variation in the concentrations of active and toxic metabolites due to their complex metabolism and genetic polymorphisms in metabolizing enzymes. Serious drug toxicity leads to cessation of therapy in 9–25% of patients, and there is failure to achieve efficacy in approximately 15% of cases. Advances in the understanding of thiopurine drug metabolism have led to new genetic and metabolite tests to help clinicians optimize thiopurine use. Thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) enzyme activity can predict life‐threatening myelotoxicity in the one in 300 patients who are TPMT‐deficient. However, myelotoxicity can also occur in the presence of normal TPMT activity so blood count monitoring should remain standard practice. TPMT testing may also aid in dose individualization. 6‐Thioguanine nucleotides (6‐TGN) are thought to be the predominant active metabolites of the thiopurines. 6‐Thioguanine nucleotide concentration is correlated with bone marrow toxicity and may also correlate with efficacy in IBD. Measurement of 6‐TGN and 6‐methylmercaptopurine (6‐MMP) concentration is most useful in determining why a patient is not responding to a standard dose of a thiopurine drug and may help in avoiding myelosuppression. The ratio of these metabolites can help distinguish non‐compliance, under‐dosing, thiopurine‐resistant and thiopurine‐refractory disease. Some of these investigations are entering routine clinical practice but more research is required to determine their optimal use in patients with IBD.© 2005 Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd
Long‐term clinical outcome of large volume paracentesis with intravenous albumin in patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: A randomized prospective study
Authors: CHOI CHANG HWAN , AHN SANG HOON , KIM DO YOUNG , LEE SANG KIL , PARK JEONG YOUP , CHON CHAE YOON , MOON YOUNG MYOUNG , HAN KWANG‐HYUB 
Published: July 2005

AbstractBackground and Aim:  Large volume paracentesis (LVP) with plasma volume expansion has been used for tense or refractory ascites. However, still in question is whether it is safe and effective for the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP). We addressed this issue and conducted a study to assess safety and long‐term outcome of LVP in cirrhotic patients with SBP.Methods:  Forty‐two randomly assigned cirrhotic patients with SBP were classified into two groups; Group 1 included 21 patients who were treated with LVP and intravenous albumin; and Group 2 included 21 patients who were treated with diuretics and intravenous albumin.Results:  The overall cumulative survival rate was poor in patients with SBP (42.5% and 22.5% at 6 and 12 months, respectively). At 7 days after treatment, the blood tests were similar between the two groups. In the ascitic fluid, the white blood cell counts decreased significantly and the protein concentrations tended to increase in both groups. In‐hospital days, resolution rate of SBP, and in‐hospital mortality rate were similar between the two groups. Although complication rates tended to be slightly higher in Group 1, long‐term cumulative survivals were similar between Group 1 and Group 2. LVP was effective in removing abdominal discomfort in patients with tense ascites without serious complication.Conclusions:  LVP with intravenous albumin was as effective as diuretics with intravenous albumin for the treatment of SBP with similar mortality. LVP with intravenous albumin might be feasible for the treatment of tense or refractory ascites in cirrhotic patients with SBP.
Gastric achlorhydria in H/K‐ATPase‐deficient (Atp4a(–/–)) mice causes severe hyperplasia, mucocystic metaplasia and upregulation of growth factors
Authors: JUDD LOUISE M , ANDRINGA ANASTASIA , RUBIO CARLOS A , SPICER ZACHARY , SHULL GARY E , MILLER MARIAN L 
Published: July 2005

AbstractBackground:  Gastric neoplasia is common in humans, yet controversy remains over contributions of chronic achlorhydria, gastrinemia and hyperplasia, to cancer risk. To study this, mice lacking the gastric H/K‐ATPase (Atp4a(–/–) mice) were used to determine whether chronic loss of acid secretion, with attendant hypergastrinemia, predisposes to cancer phenotype.Methods:  Atp4a(–/–) and Atp4a(+/+) mice, paired for age and gender, were examined at 3, 8, 12 and 20 months for histopathology, and for expression of the trefoil factor family (TFF)1–3, Reg IIIβ, γ and δ, osteopontin, CD44, chromogranin A, Crp‐ductin, and galectin, all of which are important in cell growth.Results:  By 8 months, the glandular stomach of the Atp4a(–/–) mice doubled in weight and thickness, and several modulators of growth were increased. Female Atp4a(–/–) mice were more hyperplastic than Atp4a(–/–) males at 12 and 20 months. By 1 year, severe mucocystic hyperplasia, incomplete intestinal metaplasia, ciliated metaplasia, a shift in mucins from neutral to acidic, and inflammation were widespread. Cells in the mucus pit zone developed a pyloric‐type appearance, containing large hyaline‐like, periodic acid–Schiff (PAS)‐negative/alcian blue‐negative inclusions. But critical characteristics of gastric neoplasia, such as nuclear atypia, invasion into the muscularis mucosa, and metastases were absent. In Atp4a(–/–) mice, chromogranin A and histidine decarboxylase, RegIIIγ and δ, TFF3, osteopontin and CD44 were upregulated while Reg IIIβ, and TFF1 were reduced.Conclusions:  Chronic achlorhydria and hypergastrinemia in aged Atp4a(–/–) mice produced progressive hyperplasia, mucocystic and incomplete intestinal metaplasia, and the upregulation of growth factors without histological evidence of neoplasia.© 2005 Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd
Changes in gastric environment with test meals affect the performance of 14C‐urea breath test
Authors: PATHAK CHANDER M , BHASIN DEEPAK K , NADA RITAMBARA , BHATTACHARYA ANISH , KHANDUJA KRISHAN L 
Published: July 2005

AbstractBackground:  14C‐urea breath test (UBT) is considered to be an accurate diagnostic test for the detection of active Helicobacter pylori infection. Various test meals are used in 14C‐UBT to slow down gastric emptying, and to enhance the gastric distribution, in order to increase the time and area of contact between microorganisms and the tracer substrate. The aim of the present paper was to evaluate the effect of gastric environment on the performance of 14C‐UBT using an alkaline and an acidic liquid test meal having gastric emptying retardant effect.Methods:  The comparison of 14C‐UBT was done with liquid test meals (200 mL water) comprising (i) plain drinking water (PDW); (ii) 1.3 g or 3.0 g citric acid (CA); and (iii) 3.0 g trisodium citrate (TSC). Eighteen patients (37 ± 12 years, range 18–57 years) with complaints of dyspepsia participated in the study. The status of H. pylori was confirmed by histology and rapid urease test. A total of 93 kBq of 14C‐urea (0.5 mL) in a gelatin capsule was orally administered along with liquid test meals to the overnight fasting subjects. Breath samples were collected and radioactivity measured. Results were expressed as 14CO2/mmol exhaled CO2 as percentage of administered radioactive urea.Results:  Higher acidic gastric environment (pH approx. 2.0) with CA was found to increase the exhaled 14CO2 level in a dose‐dependent manner as compared to PDW and TSC meal (P < 0.05) at all time points. With TSC test meal, the expired 14CO2 level decreased in the lower acidic gastric environment (pH approx. 5.3). The peaks of exhaled 14CO2 with TSC test meal were observed at the same time points as that with PDW and CA test meals. The 14C‐UBT with TSC was found to be positive in 77% of patients (10/13).Conclusion:  Better interaction between the microbial urease and 14C‐urea, caused by a test meal that retards gastric emptying and that changes gastric pH, plays an important role in hydrolysis of the administered 14C‐urea by H. pylori urease.© 2005 Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd
Detection of cytokeratin 20 mRNA in the peripheral blood of patients with colorectal cancer by immunomagnetic bead enrichment and real‐time reverse transcriptase–polymeras chain reaction
Authors: GUO JUNMING , XIAO BINGXIU , JIN ZHIJIN , QIN LIJUN , CHEN JIAN , CHEN HUI , ZHANG XINJUN , LIU ZHONG 
Published: July 2005

AbstractBackground:  Detection of circulating cancer cells is a useful indicator for the risk of recurrence of advanced carcinoma. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential value of a novel approach to detect the circulating cancer cells in patients with colorectal cancer. This method is based on a combination of isolation of epithelial cell by a combination of negative and positive immunomagnetic beads with detection of cytokeratin 20 (CK20) mRNA by reverse transcriptase–polymeras chain reaction (RT‐PCR).Methods:  Peripheral blood samples were collected from 40 patients with colorectal carcinoma on the day before operation or chemical therapy. Mononuclear cells (MNC) were isolated by centrifugation through a Ficoll gradient. Each MNC sample was equally divided into three parts and then CD45 immunomagnetic beads and/or Ber‐EP4 immunomagnetic beads were used to enrich colon cancer cells. Finally, the CK20 mRNA was detected by real‐time quantitative RT‐PCR. As a control, LS174T colon cancer cells were serially diluted with blood from healthy individuals.Results:  When CD45 and Ber‐EP4 immunomagnetic beads were used successively, a significant correlation between CK20 mRNA levels and the initial cell concentrations was found in the control recovery experiment. The sensitivity of the assay was one cancer cell in 1 mL healthy blood. In the patient group, CK20 mRNA was detected in 80.0%, 82.5% and 72.5% of patients when CD45, Ber‐EP4, and CD45/Ber‐EP4 immunomagnetic beads were used, respectively. The positive detection rates of patients with colorectal carcinoma at Dukes A, B, C, and D stage were 0.0% (0/2), 33.3% (3/9), 86.7% (13/15), and 92.9% (13/14), respectively. The CK20 mRNA positive detection rate in peripheral blood was significantly correlated with tumor diameter (P < 0.01, χ2), lymphatic metastasis (P < 0.05) and hepatic metastasis (P < 0.05), but not with the differentiation of tumor cells.Conclusion:  The combined use of negative and positive immunomagnetic beads followed by amplification of CK20 mRNA by means of RT‐PCR is a non‐invasive, sensitive, and specific assay for the detection of circulating colonic cancer cells.© 2005 Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd
Apoptosis in rat jejunal mucosa is regulated partly through the central nervous system, which controls feeding behavior
Authors: LIN TAISAN , SAKATA HIROYUKI , OOTANI AKIFUMI , FUJISE TAKEHIRO , TSUNADA SEIJI , AMEMORI SADAHIRO , DANJO AKIKO , YOKOYAMA FUMIE , SAKATA YASUHISA , IWAKIRI RYUICHI , TODA SHUJI , FUJIMOTO KAZUMA 
Published: July 2005

AbstractAim:  The aim of this study was to investigate whether central nervous system‐related feeding behavior regulates mucosal apoptosis in rat small intestines.Methods:  The test solutions used in this study were an H1 receptor antagonist (chlorpheniramine maleate), 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose, leptin, and 1‐deoxy‐D‐glucosamine (2‐amino‐1,5‐anhydro‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucitol). Test solutions were injected into the third cerebroventricles of rats. Feeding behavior and jejunal apoptosis were evaluated both with and without truncal vagotomy. Intestinal apoptosis was evaluated by percentage fragmented DNA, electrophoresis, and TUNEL staining.Results:  Chlorpheniramine and 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose elicited feeding, whereas leptin and 1‐deoxy‐D‐glucosamine suppressed feeding. The test solutions, which elicited feeding (0.24 and 24 µmol/rat of chlorpheniramine and 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose, respectively), suppressed mucosal apoptosis in the rat jejunum 1 h after cerebroventricular infusion. In contrast, the test solutions, which suppressed feeding (8 and 24 µmol/rat of leptin and 1‐deoxy‐D‐glucosamine, respectively), induced jejunal mucosal apoptosis 3 h after infusion. The effects of the test solutions on feeding behavior and changes in apoptosis were not affected by truncal vagotomy.Conclusion:  The central nervous system, which regulates feeding behavior, might control intestinal function through the regulation of intestinal apoptosis.