bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adenoidectomy: Selection Criteria for Surgical Cases of Otitis Media
Authors: Nguyen Lily H. P. , Manoukian John J. , Yoskovitch Adi , Al‐Sebeih Khalid H. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractObjective: Nasopharyngeal adenoids may serve as a mechanical obstruction to the eustachian tube and contribute to the pathophysiology of otitis media (OM). The purpose of this study was to determine whether abutment of adenoids laterally against the torus tubaris affects the outcome of patients requiring pressure equalization tubes (PET) for OM.Study Design: Randomized, controlled, prospective clinical trial.Method: Patients requiring PET for recurrent acute OM or OM with persistent effusion were randomized into two groups: 1) PET placement and 2) PET placement and adenoidectomy, regardless of whether the adenoids were abutting or not abutting the torus tubaris. Patients were followed for a minimum of 1 year to determine rate of treatment failure, defined as recurrence of acute OM (>3 times/year), OM with effusion, or reinsertion of PET.Results: Of the 34 patients in the abutting group, 16 patients underwent only PET insertion, of whom 8 (50%) failed, whereas 18 patients had combined PET placement and adenoidectomy, of whom 3 (17%) failed. There was a statistical difference between these two groups (P < 05). Of the 29 patients in the nonabutting group, 24 patients underwent only PET insertion, of whom 9 (37.5%) failed, whereas 5 patients underwent combined PET placement and adenoidectomy, of whom 2 (40%) failed. There was no statistical difference between these two groups (P = .92).Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the position of hypertrophied adenoids may alter the final otologic outcome of patients requiring PET insertion for OM. Patients with adenoids abutting the torus tubaris may benefit most from an adjuvant adenoidectomy.
Regression of a Sphenochoanal Polyp in a Child
Authors: Lim Wye‐Keat , Sdralis Theo 
Published: April 2004

AbstractObjectives: To present an unusual case of a sphenochoanal polyp that regressed and review the etiology of such polyps in comparison to the commoner antrochoanal polyp.Study Design: Case study.Methods: One was incidentally discovered in a girl aged 3 years, 8 months at postnasal mirror examination after adenotonsillectomy.Results: Computed tomography scans 1 month later confirmed the polyp, but three months later, MRI scans only revealed sphenoid sinus opacification. Sphenoidotomy revealed normal sinuses implying inflammation had resolved.Conclusion: This patient is believed to be the youngest reported to have sphenochoanal polyp, and the only one where the polyp had completely regressed. This regression suggests that sphenochoanal polyps may be more common than is thought but are mostly asymptomatic.
Merkel Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Mendenhall William M. , Mendenhall Charles M. , Mendenhall Nancy Price 
Published: April 2004

AbstractPurpose: To determine the natural history and treatment outcomes for patients with Merkel cell carcinoma.Methods: Review of the literature.Results: The probability of regional node involvement at presentation exceeds 50%; few patients present with distant metastases. Comprehensive treatment of the primary site and regional lymphatics with surgery or radiotherapy results in the highest likelihood of cure. The role of adjuvant chemotherapy remains investigational.Conclusion: The probability of regional dissemination at diagnosis is high. The optimal treatment is resection of the primary tumor and treatment of the regional lymphatics. Resection of all gross tumor should be accomplished followed by local–regional radiotherapy in most patients.
Frontal Sinus Complications After Frontal Craniotomy
Authors: Meetze Keith , Palmer James N. , Schlosser Rodney J. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractObjectives: To review frontal sinus complications following frontal craniotomy and to describe management strategies.Study Design: Retrospective review.Methods: Retrospective review was made of six patients who had undergone frontal craniotomy and subsequently developed frontal sinus complications. Demographic data, indication for craniotomy, type of reconstruction, average time to development of complications, presenting symptoms, diagnosis, surgical management, follow‐up, and outcomes were reported.Results: Complications included unilateral frontal sinus mucoceles in four patients, bilateral frontal sinus mucoceles in one patient, and bilateral frontal sinus mucopyoceles with upper‐eyelid abscess in one patient. The average time to presentation of symptoms and development of complications following frontal craniotomy was 14.8 years (range, 1–39 y). Headaches were the most common presenting complaint. All patients underwent endoscopic mucocele marsupialization as part of their management. After an average follow‐up period of 9 months, no recurrences were found and no complications occurred.Conclusion: A small number of patients develop otolaryngological complications, most commonly, frontal mucoceles, following frontal craniotomy. A high level of suspicion and long‐term surveillance are needed to monitor for their occurrence. Endoscopic marsupialization may provide an effective, safe means for management.
Historical studies in science and technology and the uses to which they can be put
Authors: Wilkes M.V 
Published: April 2004

I was fortunate as a young man to attend, soon after the end of the Second World War, a course of lectures delivered in Cambridge by Herbert Butterfield, a distinguished modern historian of the time.
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The subject of his lectures was the scientific revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries. It was in this period that the modern theory of inertia began to take shape and the medieval world picture gave place to the modern one. One thinks of Galileo, Descartes and, above all, of Newton.

While medievalists will wish to study the earlier period, most people interested in scientific history will confine themselves to the science that has resulted from that scientific revolution and I will do this here. The revolution began with physics, but was not followed immediately, as many expected it would be, by a revolution in biology. That came later and some would say that, in important aspects, it has only just begun.
Scientific history is part of history as a whole and Butterfield had no hesitation in asserting that it is an important part. In a characteristic flight of rhetoric he declared that ‘It outshines everything since the rise of Christianity and reduces the renaissance and reformation to the rank of mere episodes, mere internal displacements, within the system of medieval Christendom’. The scientific historian is not often privileged to operate at this high level. Nevertheless, it will be appropriate if I start with some discussion of general history as a professional study.
Address of the President, Sir Aaron Klug, O.M., P.R.S., given at the anniversary meeting on 30 November 1998
Authors: Klug A. 
Published: April 2004

The President's Anniversary Address to the Royal Society is an occasion for the President to speak about matters of interest to the Society and to him personally. The Anniversary Meeting is also in some sense the Annual General Meeting of the Society when events and policies of the year are presented in the Council's Report to the Fellowship. The major activities of the Society are related in the Review of the Year.
Almost all Presidential addresses have been on matters of current concern and my address last year was focused on the Dearing Report on Higher Education, and on the state of the Science Base, notably on the crisis in infrastructure in the Universities. I pointed out the urgency of an increase in funding, without which there would be further deterioration of the Science Base, with serious consequences for the future of the UK economy.
Diana Children's Community Service and service co‐ordination
Authors: Robson A. , Beattie A. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractBackground  The Diana Service and the multi‐agency service co‐ordination project in Leicester, Leicestershire and Rutland were established to address the needs of children with complex needs. The Mary Seacole Research Centre at De Montfort University in Leicester evaluated the services over a period of approximately 1 year.Methods  Predominantly qualitative methods were used. Different approaches to sampling were employed and in both cases a range of data collection tools were utilized, e.g. written questionnaires, personal face‐to‐face interviews, focus group, non‐participant observation and information from professional records.Results  The findings suggest that both services are making a considerable contribution towards ensuring that effective collaboration within and between services occurs. This makes a real difference to the lives of children and families.
Access to education for children and young people with medical needs: a practitioner's view
Authors: Seymour C. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractRecent estimates suggest that in any one year there are around 100 000 children who need to receive their education outside school because of illness or injury. This figure does not include the growing number of young people who cannot attend their own schools because of mental health difficulties. In November 2001, the Department for Education and Skills published statutory guidance which ‘sets out minimum national standards for the education of children who are unable to attend school because of medical needs.’ Christine Seymour, Headteacher of a hospital school and home tuition service in a large, rural county and Chairperson of the National Association of Hospital and Home Teachers, examines how this guidance can assist in raising educational standards and removing barriers to achievement for this group of vulnerable children. She begins by summarizing the developments over the past decade which led to the statutory guidance and sets the document in the context of the Social Inclusion agenda. She explores the potential impact of such guidance on current and future practice from a practitioner's viewpoint, drawing on experiential observation and case study material to provide illustrative evidence.
Antibody Titres Against Canine Distemper Virus in Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Dogs
Authors: Jóźwik A. , Frymus T. , Mizak B. , Rzeżutka A. 
Published: April 2004

SummaryIn 248 urban dogs the serum antibody titre against canine distemper virus (CDV) was determined by the immunoperoxidase monolayer assay. Among them 72 animals had been routinely vaccinated at least once against distemper, 20 dogs had never been immunized and the vaccination history of 156 was unknown. The mean antibody titre in vaccinated dogs (114 ± 8.2) indicated immunity (≥100) and was significantly higher when compared with unvaccinated animals (29 ± 8.8,P < 0.05) or with dogs with unknown vaccination history (29 ± 5.0,P < 0.001). Among 156 dogs with unknown vaccination history only 26 (19%) had antibody titres indicating immunity against CDV (≥100). Vaccinated dogs were divided into five groups according to the time since the most recent distemper vaccination: group A: up to 1 month (n = 13); group B: 1–2 months (n = 6); group C: 2–12 months (n = 20); group D: 12–24 months (n = 4); group E: 25–36 months (n = 9) and group F: 36 or more months (n = 18). The mean titre in group A was 490 ± 4.5, in B 359 ± 3.8, in C 204 ± 4.6, in D 269 ± 1.9 and the differences between these groups were not significant. However, dogs in groups E and F had significantly lower mean antibody titres (21 ± 8.3,P < 0.01 and 39 ± 7.6,P < 0.001, respectively) when compared with group A. Nine dogs suffering from distemper confirmed by the immunofluorescence test or nested RT‐PCR were also included in this study. In five of them high titres of anti‐CDV antibody were detected (160–1280). All these animals recovered (in two localized muscle twitching persisted). On the contrary, the remaining four patients with low antibody titre to CDV (5–40) died.
Functions of staminate flowers in andromonoecious Pseudocymopterus montanus (Apiaceae, Apioideae)
Authors: SCHLESSMAN MARK A. , NORA UNDERWOOD  , WATKINS TIM , GRACEFFA LAURA M. , CORDRAY DIANE 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe pollen donor and pollinator attractor hypotheses are non‐exclusive alternative explanations for the functions of the staminate flowers of andromonoecious plants. We tested assumptions and predictions of both hypotheses using the andromonoecious perennial Pseudocymopterus montanus (Apiaceae, Apioideae), in which staminate flowers are approximately one‐third as massive as perfect ones and sequentially blooming umbels bear varying proportions of staminate flowers. We confirmed that larger umbels receive more visits than smaller ones. We demonstrated that fluorescent dye is a suitable analog of P. montanus pollen and that larger umbels donate more dye to nearby recipient umbels than do smaller ones. We showed that experimental removal of staminate flowers lowers fruit set only in primary umbels. We used stepwise multiple regressions to examine the effects of staminate flowers on xenogamous pollination, overall (xenogamous and geitonogamous) pollination and fruit set. The regressions revealed significant effects of staminate flowers only for cross pollination of primary umbels. We concluded that in P. montanus, staminate flowers function primarily as pollen donors.
Phenotypic variation and leaf fluctuating asymmetry in isolated populations of an endangered dwarf birch Betula ovalifolia in Hokkaido, Japan
Authors: NAGAMITSU TERUYOSHI , KAWAHARA TAKAYUKI , HOTTA MAYUKO 
Published: April 2004

Abstract Betula ovalifolia is an endangered tetraploid that is restricted to two isolated sites, Betsukai and Sarabetsu, in Hokkaido, Japan. Among 50 ramets sampled along transect(s) in the each site, 45 genets in Betsukai and 49 in Sarabetsu were discriminated by simple sequence repeat (SSR) phenotypes. Multivariate patterns in seven measurements for leaf morphology and frequency distributions of fragment lengths in four SSRs significantly differed between Betsukai and Sarabetsu, but the ranges of the morphological measurements and fragment lengths were largely overlapped between the two sites. In spite of the smaller population size in Sarabetsu than in Betsukai, coefficients of variation in most leaf measurements and richness/diversity of fragment lengths in all the SSRs were not smaller in Sarabetsu than in Betsukai. This result suggests that both morphological and molecular variation has been maintained even in the smaller population. Leaf fluctuating asymmetry (FA) was higher in Sarabetsu than in Betsukai. Longer and narrower leaves had higher FA than shorter and wider leaves. However, SSR variation was not significantly associated with leaf FA. These results imply that environmental stress due to dryness of habitats and competition with other plants, which may be stronger in Sarabetsu than in Betsukai, causes both the difference in leaf shape and the increase in leaf FA.
Microgeographical variation in thermal preference by an amphibian
Authors: Kealoha Freidenburg L. , Skelly David K. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractEctotherms use behaviour to buffer effects of temperature on growth, development and survival. While behavioural thermoregulation is widely reported, localized adaptation of thermal preference is poorly documented. Larval amphibians live in wetlands ranging from entirely open to heavily shaded by vegetation. We hypothesized that populations undergo localized selection leading to countergradient patterns of thermal preference behaviour. Specifically, we predicted that wood frog (Rana sylvatica) larvae from closed canopy ponds would be more strongly temperature selective and would prefer higher temperatures than conspecifics from populations found in open canopy ponds. In a study of six breeding ponds in north‐eastern Connecticut, USA, these predictions were upheld. The countergradient, microgeographical variation in thermal preference documented here implies that wood frog populations may have diverged rapidly in the face of contrasting selection pressures. Rapid, behaviourally mediated responses to changing thermal environments have important implications for understanding population responses to climate change.
Increased susceptibility to oxidative stress as a proximate cost of reproduction
Authors: Alonso‐Alvarez Carlos , Bertrand Sophie , Devevey Godefroy , Prost Josiane , Faivre Bruno , Sorci Gabriele 
Published: April 2004

AbstractIn iteroparous species high investment in current reproduction is usually paid in terms of reduced future reproduction and increased mortality. However, the proximal mechanisms of these costs remain poorly understood. Free radicals arising as by‐products of normal metabolic activities have deleterious effects on cellular proteins, lipids and DNA, and this phenomenon is known as oxidative stress. Since reproduction is an energetically demanding activity, which increases both basal and field metabolic rates, one could expect that breeding effort generates an oxidative stress whose strength depends on the availability and efficiency of antioxidant defences. In agreement with this prediction, we show here for the first time that reproduction decreases antioxidant defences, illustrating that oxidative stress represents a cost of reproduction. We suggest that increased susceptibility to oxidative stress might be a general proximal connection between reproduction and survival underlying other mechanistic links previously acknowledged.
Colonic pouchography is not routinely required prior to stoma closure
Authors: MacLeod I. , Watson A. J. M. , Hampton J. , Hussey J. K. , O'Kelly T. J. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractBackground  Colonic pouch formation with pouch‐anal anastomosis is now regarded as the procedure of choice for restoration of intestinal continuity following anterior resection for low rectal cancers. The aim of this study was to review the necessity for routine colonic pouchography prior to closure of a diverting loop stoma.Methods  This was a prospective study of 52 consecutive patients who underwent colonic pouch formation between 1 June 1999 and 31 May 2002, four of whom have subsequently died. Each pouch was assessed clinically and radiologically prior to stoma closure.Results  There were no clinical anastomotic leaks. Forty‐six of 48 surviving patients have had a colonic pouchogram and in no case was either a pouch or pouch‐anal anastomotic defect identified. To date 40 patients have undergone stoma closure without an anastomosis‐related complication.Conclusion  Following successful colonic pouch formation, routine study of the pouch by contrast radiology does not add to clinical assessment. As a consequence radiological imaging is unnecessary and can be omitted.
Intercostal Thoracotomy Closure: Transcostal Sutures as a Less Painful Alternative to Circumcostal Suture Placement
Authors: Rooney Matthew B. , Mehl Margo , Monnet Eric 
Published: April 2004

Objective—To determine if transcostal thoracotomy closure resulted in less pain than circumcostal closure.Study Design—Experimental cadaver and prospective clinical study.Animals—Two canine cadavers and 13 adult, 22–29 kg dogs.Methods—Phase1: In 2 cadavers, 4 suture passage techniques were evaluated to determine the incidence of nerve entrapment in circumcostal intercostal thoracotomy closure.Phase2: Pain after circumcostal closure (7 dogs) or transcostal closure (6 dogs) of a 4th intercostal space thoracotomy was evaluated by use of pain threshold scores, fentanyl administration rates, heart and respiratory rates, and numerical ratings for behavior. Arterial blood gas analyses were obtained 4 hours postoperatively. Transcostal closure was accomplished by drilling 5–6 small holes in the 5th rib and passing sutures through the holes and around the 4th rib to achieve closure. Pain threshold scores (PTS) were measured by an observer unaware of closure assignment, at 2, 4, 12, and 24 hours after closure by applying slowly increasing pressure to the incision line using a load cell. Rates of fentanyl administration were adjusted based on subjective impressions of dog comfort by a second observer unaware of closure assignment.Results—A 70–100% incidence of nerve entrapment was found for all circumcostal techniques. PTS was higher (P=.045) and fentanyl infusion rates were lower (P=.001) for the transcostal group at 2, 4, 12, and 24 hour postoperatively compared with the circumcostal group.Conclusion—There is a high incidence of nerve entrapment using circumcostal closure techniques. A transcostal technique appears to be associated with less pain during the first 24 hours postoperatively.Clinical Relevance—Based on lower pain scores, transcostal thoracotomy closure may be preferable to circumcostal closure techniques.
Biological Osteosynthesis Versus Traditional Anatomic Reconstruction of 20 Long‐Bone Fractures Using an Interlocking Nail: 1994–2001
Authors: Horstman Christopher L. , Beale Brian S. , Conzemius Michael G. , Evans Rich 
Published: April 2004

Objective—To observe differences in surgical and healing times as well as complication rates in dogs with a comminuted long‐bone fracture stabilized with an interlocking nail (IN) using either anatomic or biologic repair.Study Design—Retrospective study.Animals—Twenty client‐owned dogs with comminuted long‐bone fractures.Methods—Medical records for dogs with fractures repaired during a 7‐year period were reviewed; 20 dogs had repair with an IN nail and radiographic evidence of healing. These 20 dogs where divided into 2 groups, anatomic (11 dogs) and biological (9) repair, for statistical evaluation. Surgical and healing time and complication rates were compared between groups.Results—Median surgical times were: anatomic (95 minutes) and biologic (110 minutes;P=.06). Median healing times were anatomic (8 weeks) and biologic (6 weeks;P=.04). No statistical differences were observed in complication rates (the likelihood that a case required a second surgery [P=.58], the likelihood of a complication that was managed non‐surgically [P=.27]). Use of a bone graft did not shorten healing times (P=.55).Conclusions—Biological osteosynthesis provides clinical advantages over anatomic reconstruction with respect to a reduction in surgical and healing time without increasing complication rates.Clinical Relevance—Highly comminuted long‐bone fractures can be successfully repaired using an IN without reconstructing the fracture fragments in dogs.