bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
1,4-Addition of Diethylzinc to Cyclohexenone Catalyzed by CuOTf-Sulfonamide Combined System. Evidence Supporting a Concerted Mechanism
Authors: Nakano Keiji , Bessho Yuhki , Kitamura Masato 
Published: February 2003

Abstract
Measurement of 12C/13C isotope effect in the Cu(I)/sulfonamide-catalyzed 1,4-addition of diethylzinc to 2-cyclohexenone implies that the reaction proceeds by a concerted mechanism, different to those so far reported for the conventional stoichiometric 1,4-addition of organometallic compounds involving Cu.
Lithium Perchlorate Diethyl Ether/Methyl Triflate Catalyzed Transfer of Silicon from Oxygen to Carbon in Silyl Ketene (Thio) Acetals
Authors: Heydari Akbar , Alijanianzadeh Reza 
Published: February 2003

Abstract
Migration of a trimethylsilyl group from oxygen to the α-carbon (retro- [1,3]-Brook rearrangement) in silyl ketene acetals is catalyzed by LPDE/methyl triflate under mild conditions.
A Thermal Reduction-Nitridation Synthesis and Ultraviolet-light Emission of Nanocrystalline VN
Authors: Yang Xiaogang , Li Cun , Yan Yan , Qian Yitai , Jia Yunbo , Zhang Houbo 
Published: February 2003

Abstract
18 nm vanadium nitride (VN) nanocrystallites were synthesized through a reduction-nitridation reaction between VCl4, NH4Cl and metal Mg. The XRD showed the product was pure cubic VN (a=4.14 Å). Ultraviolet emissions at about 337 and 346 nm were observed from the nanocrystalline VN at room temperature.
Electrochemical Dechlorination of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons – Electrochemical Reduction of Chloroform in Acetonitrile/Water Mixtures at High Current Density
Authors: Hori Yoshio , Murata Kazumi , Oku Takayoshi 
Published: February 2003

Abstract
Electrochemical reduction of chloroform was studied in 0.1 M (1 M = 1 mol dm−3) tetraethyl ammonium perchlorate solutions of acetonitrile–water mixture using various metal electrodes. High water concentration (1 M) promoted the electrolysis with the products mainly CH4 and CH2Cl2. The partial current density of CH4 formation amounted to 0.3 A cm−2 at an Ag electrode.
Left, Right and the third way
Authors: Driver Stephen , Martell Luke 
Published: February 2003

English
New Labour claims to have discovered a third way between Old Left and New Right, with policy implications that break with established debates and policy alternatives. But what does the third way actually mean in terms of values and its approach to policy? We argue in this article that Labour’s third way does not transcend Old Left and New Right. Left and Right remain important markers for contemporary policy and politics but the third way does combine them in significant new ways. Between Old Left and New Right, we argue, there is not just space for one third way but for many, with varying values and policy positions.
The National Development Programme: policy implementation in an era of welfare reform
Authors: Fletcher Del Roy 
Published: February 2003

English
The New Deal lies at the heart of the UK government’s strategy for tackling unemployment and social exclusion. Much of the debate about the likely effectiveness of the programme has focused on its key features.Yet there is a considerable body of evidence which shows that the way labour market programmes are implemented is crucial in determining their impact. This article draws upon the findings of the evaluation of the National Development Programme, carried out for the Employment Service (ES), to discuss the challenges faced by the ES in implementing the New Deal at the local level.
The learning region? Integrating gender equality into regional economic development
Authors: Rees Teresa 
Published: February 2003

English
Despite the growth in the literature on the ‘intelligent region’, relatively little attention has been paid to the issue of gender. This is surprising given the significance of gender to key elements of the intelligent region concept, and considering the current policy of the European Commission to mainstream gender equality. This article examines the economic, social and political imperatives for mainstreaming. It then explores the implications of this approach for key components of regional development: networking, the development of social capital and capacity building at the regional level. Three mainstreaming tools of relevance to regional economic development are described. The final section concludes with some observations on the significance of mainstreaming for regional development.
Scottish community business: an idea that has had its day?
Authors: Hayton Keith 
Published: February 2003

English
Community business is a form of community based economic development. Within the UK it was pioneered in Scotland and throughout the 1980s and 1990s it received considerable financial support from the public sector. Despite this, its economic performance was disappointing. This reflected flaws in the development model and the unrealistic expectations raised by promoters of the concept. This article outlines an alternative community business model, based upon experience in Dundee. The new urban agenda in the UK offers opportunities for such businesses to play a key role. However, if this is to be effective there has to be a willingness to learn from experience. If this is not done then the alternative models may be as ineffectual as the earlier ones.
New problems, old professions? The changing national world of the local government professions
Authors: Laffin Martin , Entwistle Tom 
Published: February 2003

English
The local government professions in the UK are undergoing unprecedented change. The impact of these changes on the world of individual professional practice is already well documented. This article examines the largely neglected national role of the local government professional associations. Confronted with a rapidly changing environment we found national associations experimenting with new approaches to the defence and advancement of their professional projects. In marked contrast to the traditional approach to professionalisation, we report on moves towards interdisciplinarity, pressure group-style advocacy and new strategic alliances.
Role players and authority figures: Informal power relationships within local authorities
Authors: Tichelar Michael , Watts Linda 
Published: February 2003

English
Little academic research has been carried out into the role of ‘the centre’ in UK local authorities. The literature concentrates on formal management relationships such as coordination, control and political management, but it does not address more informal power dynamics. This article examines the interplay of power relationships in management and policy roles carried out by staff who are located either in the ‘corporate centre’ or in a ‘service department’. It argues that there is a significant degree of unresolved intra-organisational conflict representing different interests and that these have to be ‘managed’ informally, without recourse to the ‘formal’ hierarchical managerial system. It concludes that there are associated management skills that are still relatively unrecognised in local government.
Researching social capital in local environmental policy contexts
Authors: Pennington Mark , Rydin Yvonne 
Published: February 2003

abstract
In recent years considerable attention has been paid to the concept of social capital in attempting to explain the success or failure of policy delivery within the modern state. Much of the resulting research has, however, been conducted within a developing countries context. This article seeks to examine the concept of social capital within the context of contemporary Britain. It explores the existence and effect of social capital through case studies in three local environmental policy contexts. In doing so, the article suggests that the potential to develop social capital may be affected by both the underlying nature of collective action problems and by the historic pattern of policy delivery by the local state.
Evaluating stakeholder participation in public services – parents and schools
Authors: Farrell Catherine M. , Jones Jane 
Published: February 2003

English
One of the most important aspects of recent education reforms in England and Wales is the encouragement of parental participation in schools. Parents were empowered as individual consumers in the education market and also gained management positions on school governing bodies. The recent White Papers in education further develops the parental role and recognises the position of parents as key stakeholders in education. This paper highlights the divergence between the rhetoric and the reality concerning parents as stakeholders in education. Behind a facade of parental stakeholding lies a reality which indicates that parents do not actively participate in education.
Disputing the global: a sceptical view of locality-based international initiatives
Authors: Beauregard Robert A. , Pierre Jon 
Published: February 2003

English
Under the contemporary swell of globalisation, locality-based international initiatives are widely perceived as essential for the growth of city-regions. Absent such endeavours, city-regions are predicted to become uncompetitive. We challenge this optimistic scenario. City-regions undertaking such endeavours confront relatively inflexible global hierarchies, must attend to daunting organisational and technical issues, and run the risk of upsetting local political arrangements. We counsel caution and suggest that the development of local capacities take precedence over global pretensions.
A new deal for the community? Public participation in regeneration and local service delivery
Authors: Foley Paul , Martin Steve 
Published: February 2003

English
In the UK regeneration strategies and patterns of local service provision have usually been imposed from the top down. Most communities have had little influence over plans to revitalise their areas or the design and delivery of services. The ‘New Labour’ government has emphasised its commitment to involving local people in a wide range of policy decisions relating to employment, health, crime reduction, education, local government services and regeneration. According to ministers an enhanced role for local people will increase local accountability and improve service standards. Previous experience of community-focused initiatives suggests however that there are significant obstacles to increasing public participation. Moreover, the present government’s commitment to ‘bottom-up’ initiatives and local experimentation may be at odds with its strong centralising instinct and continuing insistence on ‘zero tolerance of failure’.
Youth involvement in urban regeneration: hard lessons, future directions
Authors: Fitzpatrick Suzanne , Hastings Annette , Kintrea Keith 
Published: February 2003

English
This article reviews the nature and effectiveness of youth involvement in urban regeneration. Drawing on the findings of a substantial UK-wide study, it highlights the limited achievements of youth participation in urban regeneration thus far and the profound difficulties involved in promoting youth empowerment. However, it argues that there are important lessons to be learned about the future direction of youth participation in urban regeneration from the early ‘pioneers’ of involvement strategies. Moreover, it contends that youth participation projects offer opportunities to promote local social cohesion, and that the experience derived from these initiatives can contribute to debates on young people and democratic renewal.
Nest-building or investing in the future? Owner-occupiers’ home improvement behaviour
Authors: Munro Moira , Leather Philip 
Published: February 2003

English
This article uses qualitative data to explore in detail owners’ accounts of why they choose to undertake particular works on their houses. It argues that motivation is strongly linked to the importance people place on their homes as a site of comfort and the locus of family life. This suggests that ‘consumption’-motivated expenditure is frequently prioritised rather than ‘investment’ motivated work. This helps explain why there is considerable disrepair identified in the owner-occupied stock, despite owners’ apparently good intentions and considerable ongoing expenditure on the stock. It also suggests that policy measures predicated on evaluating owners’ returns from investing in their housing and altering such incentives are unlikely to be sufficient to solve problems of underinvestment in owner-occupied housing. A detailed linking of motivations and constraints that affect owners across the life-course enables a mapping of the points at which disrepair is likely to occur and become problematic, and indicates the likely potential for and limits to policy measures designed to tackle disrepair in the owner-occupied sector.
Risk and trust: homeowners and private mortgage insurance
Authors: Ford Janet 
Published: February 2003

English
Government policy is that social protection for mortgagors should be delivered initially through the market (Mortgage Payment Protection Insurance – MPPI). However, expectations of market expansion have not been realised. The paper explores some likely reasons for this, drawing on the emerging critique of welfare markets and the identification of the importance of trust. Data on the MPPI claiming process indicate that borrowers could not be confident in the outcome of claims, the appeals process or that they would avoid mortgage arrears. The implications for this market-based welfare policy are considered briefly.
The mainstreaming of the third sector into public policy in England in the late 1990s: whys and wherefores
Authors: Kendall Jeremy 
Published: February 2003

English
The voluntary or third sector in England is now receiving more sustained attention from policy makers than ever before.This paper claims that this situation, particularly as given tangible expression through the development of a Compact between the government and representatives of the third sector, amounts to the mainstreaming of the third sector onto the public policy agenda. It seeks to explain why this has happened in the late 1990s, framed by the ‘multiple streams’ approach of US political scientist John W. Kingdon. The paper draws upon a review of relevant policy and political literature, and interviews with stakeholders in the government and the third sector, to examine the respective contributions of individual and collective actors in the policy, problem and politics streams.
Just say no? Drugs, politics and the UK National Health Service
Authors: McDonald Ruth 
Published: February 2003

English
Over recent decades, UK government attitudes towards the pharmaceutical industry have been ambivalent, reflecting the conflicting aims of controlling drug expenditure and maintaining a strong pharmaceutical industry. Policy can best be characterised as a careful balancing act, with indirect regulation leaving drug producers free to set prices. However, recent policy developments suggest a shift towards a more directly interventionist approach to drug pricing and reimbursement. This paper outlines the political dimensions of drug rationing in the context of recent reforms and assesses the prospects of New Labour’s high-risk strategy for its relationship with prescribers, pharmaceutical companies and the electorate.
Active citizens and the therapeutic state: the role of democratic participation in local government reform
Authors: Chandler David 
Published: February 2003

English
The Local Government Bill and the White and Green Papers informing it claim to deliver an agenda of democratic renewal. The reforms promise to reconnect local councils with local communities through a process of political renewal, a new statutory duty of community-wide consultation and the encouragement of active citizenship. This article assesses whether the plans for increased popular engagement in consultation processes actually develop democratic accountability, and suggests that, although the current proposals may institutionalise new links between government and community groups and individuals, they will provide little local control over policy making.
Beyond social inclusion through employment: harnessing mutual aid as a complementary social inclusion policy
Authors: Williams Colin C. , Windebank Jan 
Published: February 2003

English
This article argues that New Labour's reliance on a ‘social inclusion through employment’ approach is problematic - especially when applied in lower income areas. This is due to the significant gap between actual employment rates and a full-employment scenario in such areas, its unidimensional view that equates social inclusion with having a job, and its failure to recognise and value forms of work beyond employment. We evaluate whether and how one alternative form of work - mutual aid - could be harnessed to help activate social inclusion. Through 400 interviews in UK lower income urban neighbourhoods, we find little evidence that people use mutual aid, instead preferring to receive some form of payment. Based on this recognition, the article develops a proposal for an Active Citizens’ Credits scheme to activate mutual aid, and in so doing, provide a complementary social inclusion policy.
The personal social services in a Swedish quasi-market context
Authors: Blom Björn 
Published: February 2003

English
Since the end of the 1980s, the introduction of quasi-markets in the public sector has been a dominant feature in Sweden. This article describes a study of quasi-markets in the personal social services. The study concludes that the personal social services are not fully able to achieve the aims of the quasimarket, and the conditions that must be satisfied to achieve the aims of the quasi-market are only being met to a certain extent. The personal social services partly function as a responsive quasi-market for strong, rational and well-informed clients; however, for the most vulnerable, it is failing in many respects.
Contractualism, managerialism and welfare: the Australian experiment with a marketised employment services network
Authors: Ramia Gaby , Carney Terry 
Published: February 2003

English
This article aims to assess critically the use of contractualist and managerialist ideas in social policy by focusing on the Australian experience with employment services. The primary conclusion is that policy based on contractualism and managerialism results in an alarming increase in the vulnerability of beneficiaries’ rights. This vulnerability stems from various factors - the most important being the necessary delegalisation of welfare, the associated increase in discretion available to a wide range of public and private managers and officials, and the reduction of public accountability for the service recipients.
Searching for best practice in welfare-to-work: The means, the method and the message
Authors: Theodore Nik , Peck Jamie 
Published: February 2003

English
‘Lessons from America’ have played an important role in shaping the British government’s approach to welfare-to-work. This article takes a critical look at the recent US welfare-to-work experience, concentrating on a comparative evaluation of ‘labour force attachment’ approaches and ‘human capital development’ methods. The current popularity of the ‘work first’ strategy of labour force attachment in the US must be seen in the context of the dynamism of the American labour market in recent years and a policy climate which has tended to favour ‘quick fix’ approaches. In contrast, the more broadly formulated welfare-to-work strategy developed in the UK must deal with problems of demand deficiency in many urban and regional labour markets. We conclude that the distinctly European objectives of social inclusion will not be well served by work first programming. In this field at least, seductive ‘lessons from America’ need to be interpreted with care.
Private Finance Initiative – a good deal for the public purse or a drain on future generations?
Authors: Ball Rob , Heafey Maryanne , King David 
Published: February 2003

English
The Private Finance Initiative (PFI), introduced by the Conservatives in 1992, has been enthusiastically embraced by the Labour government, with projects worth £12 billion (capital cost) signed between 1997 and 2000. The charge to the public sector includes the capital cost and a charge for the service, with the resulting ‘unitary payment’ charged over the life of the contract which may extend beyond 20 years. PFI is thought to have advantages over traditional procurement, including risk transfer, innovation and value for money. This article explores these advantages in some depth and concludes that the advantages of PFI may not be as significant as some proponents suggest.
Multi-level governance and the emergence of collaborative federal institutions in Australia
Authors: Painter Martin 
Published: February 2003

English
This article looks at recent changes in political-administrative relationships in the intergovernmental arenas of the Australian federal political system. Some of the major structural tensions in these arenas of multi-level governance are identified, and some of the main problem areas for the conduct of effective problem solving are highlighted. Changes in some of these structural elements are considered to be a result of greater entanglement and closer collaboration between state and commonwealth governments, and three possible explanatory models for understanding the changes are considered.These changes are set in a context of wider administrative reforms in the constituent state and commonwealth governments.Two case studies are also given,each drawn from data collected as part of an ongoing research project on intergovernmental relations.The article concludes with a review of the explanatory power of the models of change, and a brief comment on the evolving character of multi-level governance in the federation.
Germany’s trajectory of public sector modernisation: continuities and discontinuities
Authors: Wollmann Hellmut 
Published: February 2003

English
This article argues that the discourse on public sector modernisation has recently been internationally dominated by new public management (NPM) and that the underlying Anglo-Saxon model and its implicit conceptual,if not epistemological, ‘Anglo-centricity’ may lead to over-accentuate NPM-driven convergence, while disregarding developments in countries with different (‘non-Anglo Saxon’) state and societal traditions. Looking at Germany’s modernisation trajectory as a case in point, the article argues that Germany’s public sector,while finally falling (‘convergently’) in line with some of the NPM imperatives (since the early 1990s),continues to be (‘path-dependently’) shaped by traditional features, such as,in the intergovernmental setting,vertical division of functions,territorality and multi-purpose ‘unitary’ local government,which make for persisting ‘divergence’. Instead of merely reflecting country-specific (German) particularities and idiosycracies, this trajectory may represent a variant within a wider ‘continental European’ pattern distinct from the Anglo-Saxon one.
Administrative reform and political power in the United States
Authors: Peters B. Guy 
Published: February 2003

English
Administrative reforms have received a great deal of scholarly attention but substantive reform has been proceeding at the same time as their implementation system is being changed. These two strands of reform often have very different assumptions about public policy and about the politics that lie behind the policies. This article examines administrative reform in the United States in light of several substantive policy changes such as the ‘welfare to work’ changes in social policy and increased federal involvement in criminal justice.