bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the microcirculation of the equine small intestine after intraluminal distention and subsequent decompression
Authors: Dabareiner Robin M. , Sullins Kenneth E. , Snyder Jack R. , White Nathaniel A. , Gardner Ian A. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Effects of intraluminal distention (25 cm of H2O, 120 minutes) and subsequent decompression (60 minutes) on intramural vascular patterns of the small intestine was evaluated in 7 anesthetized horses. Intraluminal distention (25 cm of H2O, 120 mintutes) was created in 2 jejunal segments in each horse. Experimental and control segments were removed either immediately after the experimental period or after 60 minutes of decompression. The vascular system of experimental and control jejunal segments was lavaged with NaCl, then was injected with a blue-colored radiopaque medium for microangiography or with a diluted methyl methacrylate for scanning electron microscopy of microcorrosion vascular casts. After angiographic evaluation, tissue sections were prepared for light microscopic evaluation to assess vascular filling and tissue morphology. The distended segments had short villi, which were separated by expanded crypts, and had mesothelial cell loss, neutrophil infiltration, and edema in the seromuscular layer. The number of perfused vessels was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in the seromuscular layer and, to a lesser extent, in the mucosal layer of the distended segments, compared with controls. After decompression, the morphologic lesions progressed in mucosal and serosal layers and the number of observed vessels increased in all intramural layers; however, vascular density did not return to the predistention state. These results identify altered intramural vascular patterns in the equine jejunum during luminal distention and subsequent decompression.
Biomechanical comparison of 1-screw and 2-divergent pin internal fixations for treatment of slipped capital femoral epiphysis, using specimens obtained from immature dogs
Authors: Belkoff Stephen M. , Millis Darryl L. , Probst Curtis W. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Biomechanical strength and stiffness of 2 fixation treatments used to repair acute slipped capital femoral epiphysis were evaluated in bone specimens from immature dogs. A servohydraulic testing machine was used to create slipped capital femoral epiphysis in 7 pairs of femurs by shearing the capital femoral epiphysis along the physis in a craniocaudal direction. The slip was reduced and repaired with one 3.5-mm-diameter screw placed in lag fashion or 2 double-pointed, 1.6-mm (0.062 inch)-diameter smooth pins and retested. Strength and stiffness of each intact femur (which served as the control) and repaired femur were compared. Results of the study indicated that the failure strength of 2-pin fixation was significantly (P < 0.05) weaker than its control and the 1-screw fixation. There was no significant difference between failure strength of the 1-screw fixation and its control. The stiffness of 1-screw and 2-pin fixations was not significantly different, compared with each other, but was significantly (P < 0.05) less, compared with their respective controls.
Radiographic assessment of gastric mucosal fold thickness in dogs
Authors: Jakovljevic Samuel , Gibbs Christine 
Published: January 2024

Summary
One hundred two dogs without known gastric lesions were evaluated to establish a reference range of gastric rugal fold thickness (millimeters). Mucosal folds were measureable for 63 examinations, and the length of the second lumbar vertebra was measured for 61 of the 63 (centimeters). Body weight was available in the case records of 29 dogs. Measurements of the mucosal folds were related to body weight (n = 29) and length of the second lumbar vertebra (n = 61) by use of linear regression analysis. Reference range of normal gastric mucosal fold thickness, 1 to 8 mm, was defined by this study for dogs of any breed weighing between 2 and 50 kg.
Effects of sex, age, puncture site, and blood contamination on the clinical chemistry of cerebrospinal fluid in rhesus macaques (Macaco mulatto)
Authors: Smith M. O. , Lackner A. A. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Paired csf and serum samples were obtained from 109 rhesus macaques aged 1 to 18 years. The csf and serum IgG and albumin concentrations were determined, using radial immunodiffusion; csf total protein and glucose were determined, using colorimetric methods; and Na, K, and Cl concentrations were determined, using ion-specific electrodes. The csf protein values were lower than those reported for non-human primates, and this finding was confirmed by results of agar gel electrophoresis. Animal age and sex had no significant effects on csf composition, but serum IgG concentration increased with age. Concentrations of total protein, albumin, and IgG were greater, and concentrations of glucose and potassium were lower in csf obtained from the lumbar rather than the cisternal site. Composition of csf was not significantly altered by contamination with blood at values up to 10,000 RBC/μl. The csf albumin quotient, IgG quotient, and IgG index were determined and differed markedly from values reported for human beings, indicating that the properties and specificity of the blood-brain barrier may be species-specific.
Association of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection with reduced mastitis, but with decreased milk production and increased cull rate in clinically normal dairy cows
Authors: Wilson David J. , Rossiter Christine , Han Hong R. , Sears Philip M. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Approximately 45 Holstein cows that were Mycobacterium paratuberculosis-positive on the basis of fecal culture results were maintained at any one time in a 210-cow dairy herd. Farm management participated in the New York State Paratuberculosis Eradication Program. Paratuberculosis-positive cows were grouped separately from paratuberculosis-negative cows, but they were otherwise managed identically. During a 1-year study, 180 paratuberculosisnegative cows and 113 clinically normal paratuberculosis-positive cows were identified. Quarter milk samples (n = 6,100) were aseptically collected for microbiologie culture of mastitis pathogens from paratuberculosis-negative cows, and 3,129 quarter samples were obtained from paratuberculosis-positive cows. Dairy Herd Improvement Association (dhia) records were used to monitor milk somatic cell count linear scores, mature equivalent milk production, new mastitis infections, and chronic mastitis infections. For second-lactation cows greater than 100 days in milk production, and increasing with age beyond that point, paratuberculosis-positive cows had lower mature equivalent milk production than did negative herdmates. Rates of new and chronic mastitis infections, as measured by dhia linear scores were significantly (P < 0.05, P = 0.05, respectively) lower in cows with nonclinical paratuberculosis. Infected cows were culled from the herd at a faster rate than were paratuberculosis-negative herdmates. Therefore, paratuberculosis was associated with financial loss attributable to reduced milk production and increased culling of infected cows.
Repeatability of energy expenditure measurements in clinically normal dogs by use of indirect calorimetry
Authors: Walters Lisa M. , Ogilvie Gregory K. , Salman Mowafak D. , Joy Linda , Fettman Martin J. , Hand Michael S. , Wheeler Steven L. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Energy expenditure (ee) was determined, using an open-flow indirect calorimetry system in a group of 20 clinically normal, apparently resting, client-owned dogs. Five evaluations were performed over an 8-hour period to determine reliability of the method. The intraclass correlation coefficient was calculated as the ratio of within- and between-subject variances, using repeated-measures anova. When only the middle 3 evaluations were included, the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.87, indicating good reliability. The first evaluation was higher than the subsequent 4 evaluations for rate of O2 consumption (Vo2/kg and Vo2/kg0.75; (P ≤ 0.01), and ee/kg and ee/kg0.75 (P ≤ 0.005). The respiratory quotients at the first (P = 0.004) and second (P = 0.013) evaluations were different from the respiratory quotient at the fourth evaluation. Therefore, the first evaluation may not be representative of the actual ee. The mean value of at least 3 subsequent evaluations after an adequate adaptation period (5 to 10 minutes) to the equipment will be useful for predicting energy requirements of apparently resting, clinically normal dogs.
Effects of anesthesia induced and maintained by continuous intravenous administration of guaifenesin, ketamine, and xylazine in spontaneously breathing sheep
Authors: Lin Hui-Chu , Tyler Jeff W. , Welles Elizabeth G. , Spano Joseph S. , Thurmon John C. , Wolfe Dwight F. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Anesthesia was induced and maintained in 6 Suffolk wethers by continuous iv infusion of guaifenesin (50 mg/ml), ketamine (1 mg/ml), and xylazine (0.1 mg/ml) in 5% dextrose in water (triple drip) to assess the anesthetic and cardiopulmonary effects. All sheep were positioned in right lateral recumbency. Dosages of triple drip used for induction and maintenance of anesthesia were 1.2 ± 0.02 ml/kg and 2.6 ml/kg/h, respectively. Lack of gross purposeful movement of sheep to electrical stimulation indicated that analgesia and muscular relaxation induced by triple trip were adequate for surgical procedures. Heart rates and arterial blood pressure remained unchanged from baseline values during a 1-hour period of anesthesia. Arterial blood pressures were measured indirectly, using an inflation cuff placed over the metatarsal artery at the heart level. Significant decrease in arterial partial pressure of O2 (Pao2), coupled with an increase in arterial partial pressure of CO2 (Paco2), from baseline values was observed throughout the course of the study. Decrease in Pao2 was observed concomitantly with significant (P < 0.05) increase in respiration rate. Changes in arterial blood gas tensions observed in this study were attributed to respiratory depressant effect induced by anesthetic drugs and right-to-left shunting, perfusion/ventilation mismatch, or both caused by right lateral recumbency. Administration of 100% O2 via the endotracheal tube reduced the magnitude of the decrease in Pao2. All sheep recovered smoothly and stood within 96.3 ± 48.9 minutes after termination of triple drip administration
Flow cytometric analysis of neutrophils in cows’ milk
Authors: Miller Robert H. , Paape Max J. , Filep Renee , Link Sarah 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Procedures were developed to count neutrophils in milk, using a flow cytometer. Milk samples from 2 experiments were counted: 1 with 4 noninfected cows and a second with 5 noninfected cows that were injected with endotoxin in 2 mammary quarters. Thus, the procedures were evaluated on normal milk and on that with high somatic cell count.
Flow cytometric procedures involved fluorescence detection (from the dye carboxydimethylfluorescein diacetate) to distinguish intact and viable from fragmented cells, forward light scatter to detect cell size differences, and right-angle side scatter to detect cellular granularity. High fluorescence, large size, and high degree of granularity identified viable neutrophils. For all samples, neutrophils were also counted manually, using the cytologic centrifugation approach to create the slides; manual counts were used as the standard for comparison.
In experiment 1 (normal milk), mean values for percentage of viable neutrophils estimated by manual and flow cytometry procedures agreed closely (26% vs 25.8% for foremilk and 28.8% vs 26.6% for bucket milk). Sources of variation in manual and flow cytometric estimates of percentage of neutrophils were examined. Cow variation was significant (P < 0.01) for manual and flow cytometric counts, but was larger for flow cytometric counts. Day-to-day variation in counts on milk from the same cow was negligible for manual counts, but was significant (P < 0.01) for flow cytometric counts. Coefficients of variation were considerably larger for manual counts than for flow cytometry.
In experiment 2 (milk with high cell count, foremilk), agreement between mean values obtained by flow cytometry and by manual counting was somewhat less. However, predicting manual percentage of neutrophils, using the flow cytometric estimate, had R2 of 0.77. Regression of the manual percentage of neutrophils value on the flow cytometric percentage of neutrophil value was close to 1.0, with only a small negative intercept. Some additional refinement of flow cytometric procedures may be required before flow cytometric estimates of percentage of neutrophils can be accepted without simultaneous validation by use of manual counting. In particular, causes of day-today variation in flow cytometric results should be identified and reduced.
Comparison of techniques for diagnosis of proliferative enteritis of swine
Authors: Jones Gary F. , Davies Peter R. , Rose Rebecca , Ward Gilbert E. , Murtaugh Michael P. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
In an abattoir-based case-control study, histologic, and macroscopic examination of porcine intestines at slaughter and 2 molecular assays were compared for use as diagnostic tests of proliferative enteritis (pe). Fecal samples and intestinal specimens were collected from pigs with grossly thick ileum and from clinically normal pigs at slaughter. Tissue specimens were fixed in neutral buffered 10% formalin, and sectioned. Sections stained with H&E were examined for proliferative lesions by a pathologist unaware of the group to which the pig had been assigned on the basis of results of gross examination. Adjacent tissue sections, stained with Warthin-Starry (silver) stain, were examined for presence of the intracellular bacterium of pe, ileal symbiont (is)-intracellularis, in the enterocytes of the intestinal crypts by the senior author, who was unaware either of the group to which the pig had been assigned or diagnosis by the pathologist. Bacterial DNA was extracted from the fecal samples and assayed by dot-blot hybridization and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for presence of is-intracellularis dna, without knowledge of results of the other examinations. The pcr assay for is-intracellularis was a specific and sensitive diagnostic test for pe, and dot-blot hybridization was sensitive, but was less specific. Macroscopic examination of intestines at slaughter was a sensitive, but not specific, test.
Association between is-intracellularis and proliferative lesions was statistically examined in the same study. There was a highly significant (P = 0.0078) association between presence of naturally acquired proliferative lesions and intracellular infection induced by is-intracellularis. The odds ratio of ≥ 14 and estimated attributable fraction of ≥ 92% indicate that is-intracellularis may be a necessary cause of pe.
Cardiopulmonary effects of halothane in hypovolemic dogs
Authors: Pascoe Peter J. , Haskins Steve C. , Ilkiw Jan E. , Patz John D. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Cardiopulmonary effects of halothane administration were studied in hypovolemic dogs. Baseline cardiopulmonary data were recorded from conscious dogs after instrumentation. Hypovolemia was induced by withdrawal of blood from dogs until mean arterial pressure of 60 mm of Hg was achieved. Blood pressure was maintained at 60 mm of Hg for 1 hour, by further removal or replacement of blood. Halothane was delivered by face mask, dogs were intubated, then halothane end-tidal concentration of 1.13 ± 0.02% was maintained, and cardiopulmonary effects were measured 3, 15, 30, and 60 minutes later. After blood withdrawal and prior to halothane administration, systemic vascular resistance index, oxygen extraction, and base deficit increased. Compared with baseline values, these variables were decreased: mean arterial pressure, mean pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary arterial occlusion pressure, cardiac index, oxygen delivery index, oxygen consumption index, mixed venous oxygen tension, mixed venous oxygen content, venous admixture, arterial bicarbonate concentration, and mixed venous pH. At all times after intubation, arterial and venous oxygen tensions and mixed venous carbon dioxide tensions were increased. Three minutes after intubation, base deficit and mixed venous carbon dioxide tension increased, and mean arterial pressure and arterial and venous pH decreased, compared with values measured immediately prior to halothane administration. Fifteen minutes after intubation, systemic vascular resistance index decreased and, at 15 and 30 minutes, mean arterial pressure and arterial and venous pH remained decreased. At 60 minutes, mean pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary arterial occlusion pressure were increased and mixed venous pH was decreased, compared with values measured before halothane administration. Results of this study indicated that induction of anesthesia with halothane and maintenance at an end-tidal halothane concentration of 1.13% induced significant changes in blood pressure, with minimal effects on cardiac output and pulmonary function, when administered to hypovolemic dogs.
Evaluation of a dosing method for studying ergonovine effects in cattle
Authors: Oliver J. W. , Linnabary R. D. , Abney L. K. , van Manen K. R. , Knoop R. , Adair H. S. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
We evaluated the feasibility of using miniosmotic pumps as a way to continuously treat cattle with a singular ergot alkaloid (ergonovine) of known content, thus mimicking the natural fescue toxicosis disease state, but allowing study of specific alkaloid effects. Dosing animals with increasing amounts of ergonovine via miniosmotic pumps, followed by daily acquisition of plasma samples for high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of the alkaloid, resulted in stepwise increases in plasma ergonovine concentration. However, despite the detectable blood concentration of ergonovine, calves did not have typical clinical signs of ergot alkaloid toxicosis. Similarly, serum prolactin concentration was unaffected by ergonovine in these cattle, implicating some other alkaloid of endophyte-infested fescue as causative of the usual prolactin-suppressive response. The results confirm use of this animal dosing method to study biological effects of singular purified alkaloids of known amount, without bioavailability concerns. Thus, this dosing method will facilitate studies to determine the harmful effects of individual alkaloids found in toxic tall fescue, and ultimately, to alleviate their costly effects in cattle, horses, and other species.
Comparison of transducer placement sites for Doppler echocardiography in dogs with subaortic stenosis
Authors: Lehmkuhl Linda B. , Bonagura John D. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Effects of transducer placement site and various operators on Doppler echocardiographic measures were evaluated in 12 dogs with subaortic stenosis. Dogs sedated by iv administration of acepromazine and buprenorphine were examined by 2 observers. Maximal aortic velocity and aortic velocity time integral were determined from Doppler aortic velocity spectra recorded, using a 1.9-MHz continuous wave nonimaging transducer placed at 3 echocardiographic sites: left ventricular apex (la), suprasternal notch (ssn), and subcostal (sc). Doppler-estimated left ventricular-to-aortic pressure gradients were calculated from the traced velocity spectra by application of the modified Bernoulli equation.
Each observer recorded high-quality Doppler spectral signals in all dogs from the sc and LA transducer sites and in 83% of dogs from the ssn window. Mean values for maximal aortic velocity and velocity time integral differed among sites (P < 0.05), but not between observers. Maximal velocity and velocity time integral measured from the sc transducer site were higher than those measured from the ssn or la positions. Presumably, sc transducer placement provided the highest aortic velocities because of optimal alignment with aortic outflow. The maximal pressure gradient estimated from sc velocities exceeded ssn values by 27 mm of Hg and LA measurements by 38 mm of Hg. In this study, the optimal site for the Doppler echocardiographic detection of subaortic stenosis and assessment of this lesion's hemodynamic importance in most affected dogs was the sc position.
Modulation of bovine neutrophil functions by monoclonal antibodies
Authors: Salgar Shashikumar K. , Paape Max J. , Alston-Mills Brenda , Peters Robert R. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The main objective of the study reported here was to generate a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mab) to bovine neutrophil surface antigens, and to identify mab that modulate neutrophil chemotaxis, respiratory burst, and phagocytosis. A further objective was to study mab reactivity with resting and activated neutrophils, to identify activation antigens and adhesion molecules.
A panel of 14 mab was generated by producing murine hybridomas. Neutrophils incubated with mab at 4 C for 2 hours were used in chemotaxis, respiratory burst, and phagocytosis assays. Chemotaxis was evaluated in Boyden chambers, using Escherichia coli endotoxin-activated fetal bovine serum as the chemoattractant. Respiratory burst was determined by measuring chemoluminescence of neutrophils incubated with 5-amino-2,3-dihydro-l,4-phthalazinedione, and serum opsonized zymosan. Phagocytosis was determined by flow cytometry, using fluorescein-labeled Staphylococcus aureus. The mab S7G8, S5F8G10, S7E10, and S5F8B8 enhanced chemotaxis (to > 125% of control). The mab S7E10 and S8D9 enhanced respiratory burst activity (to > 125% of control), whereas mab S2G8, S4G10, S8G10, and S5F8B8 caused inhibition (to < 75% of control). The mab S2G8, S4G10, S8G10, and S5F8G10 enhanced phagocytosis (to > 125% of control). Chemotaxis, respiratory burst, and phagocytosis values of neutrophils not bound with mab served as controls for comparison.
The mab binding for nonactivated neutrophils (at 4 C) ranged from 9 to 100%, and for activated neutrophils (at 37 C; at 37 C with phorbol myristate acetate) from 90 to 100%. Binding of mab S4F5, S5F8B8, S6C6, S7E10, S8D9, and S5F8G10 increased when neutrophils had been incubated at 37 C. Binding of these mab was further increased after incubation with phorbol myristate acetate (100 ng/ml) at 37 C, indicating recognition of activation antigens by mab. The mab generated in this study appeared to be potential candidates for studying mechanisms of neutrophil function and for enhancing neutrophil function in vitro and in vivo.