bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Attack and defense in conspecific fighting in tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri)
Authors: Blanchard Robert J. , Ohl Frauke , van Kampen Marja , Blanchard D. Caroline , Fuchs Eberhard 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPrinciples of conspecific defense have been analyzed for rodents, in which specific target sites for biting by attackers on defenders serve as an important determinant of the actions involved in both attacker and defender behavior. In an effort to determine the generality of these principles, attack and defensive behaviors and target sites for biting attack were evaluated in a nonrodent species, the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri). Brief daily and repeated conspecific dyadic encounters between adult, socially experienced males (dominants, attackers), and adult, socially naive males (subordinates, defenders) that had been transferred into the territory of the dominants, produced a polarization of attack and defense. The dominant males showed chase, chase attack, jump attack, and biting behaviors, while the subordinates displayed flight and freezing. The vast majority of bites, as well as wounds and bruises, were on the subordinates’ backs. These patterns are very similar to those previously found in rats and mice and suggest that the organization of fighting, with targets of biting (or other painful) attack serving as an important determinant of both attacker (dominant) and defender (subordinate) behavior, may show considerable generality across nonrodent as well as rodent species. Although relatively few wounds were found after 28 days of repeated and daily encounters, the subordinate tree shrews show a variety of behavioral, neuroendocrine, and central nervous changes, indicating that they are stressed by these encounters per se. Aggr. Behav. 27:139–148, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
AIRA: Measurement of adolescents’ judgments regarding intentions to respond to physical and verbal aggression
Authors: Tisak John , Maynard Amanda M. , Tisak Marie S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe current study utilized a structural equations approach in developing an instrument to investigate adolescents’ (N = 510; 9th–12th graders) judgments about the likelihood that they would actively respond to a witnessed aggressive situation. Two aggressive subscales were developed: physical and verbal. The instrument controlled for the relationship (acquaintance vs. friend) of the witness to the perpetrator and to the victim involved in the event. Results provided evidence for a domain approach to judgments about active responses to aggression. Furthermore, as predicted, the factors of gender, age, relationship of the witness to both the victim and the perpetrator, and aggressive situation influenced adolescents’ judgments. Regardless of whether the perpetrator and the victim were acquaintances or friends of the witness, younger males indicated that they were less likely to respond to acts of physical aggression than were adolescents in the other three groups. In contrast, when acquaintances were involved in situations involving verbal aggression, younger males were less likely to respond than were younger females. When the perpetrator and the victim were friends of the witness, females, regardless of age, were more likely than males to respond to verbally aggressive acts. Aggr. Behav. 28:207–223, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Temporal variations in plasma vitamin K and lipid concentrations and clotting factor activity in humans
Authors: Kamali Farhad , Edwards Clive , Wood Peter , Wynne Hilary A. , Kesteven Patrick 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThere is no information available on temporal variability in plasma vitamin K concentrations and its relationship to coagulation processes. We investigated the possible existence of temporal changes in plasma vitamin K and lipid concentrations and activity of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X and relationships between these variables. Plasma vitamin K and lipid concentrations and clotting factor activity were measured at four‐hour intervals for 28 hours in a group of healthy volunteers. Temporal variations existed in plasma vitamin K concentrations, with a mean maximum at 22:00 hr and a mean minimum (32% of the maximum) at 10:00 hr. Plasma triglycerol concentrations mirrored the changes in vitamin K concentrations. Mean factor VII activity was positively correlated with mean total plasma cholesterol concentrations (r = 0.714; P < 0.0001) and with mean plasma low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations (r = 0.461; P < 0.0001). No distinct correlations were found between plasma vitamin K concentrations and either high density lipoprotein (HDL) or LDL cholesterol concentrations, or between triglycerol, HDL, or LDL cholesterol concentrations and functional activity of factors II, IX, and X. Plasma vitamin K concentrations did not correlate with the functional activity of any of the clotting factors. The presence of a correlation between plasma cholesterol concentrations and factor VII activity for blood samples collected at four‐hour intervals suggests that plasma cholesterol concentrations may have a more acute effect on factor VII activity. Temporal variations in plasma vitamin K concentrations indicate that a single time point measurement may be an inappropriate method of establishing vitamin K status in an individual. Am. J. Hematol. 68:159–163, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human growth in southern Zambia: a first study of Tonga children predating the Kariba dam (1957–1958)
Authors: Gillett Rhonda M , Tobias Phillip V 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDuring the late 1950s the Kariba hydro‐electric dam was constructed on the border of Zambia and Zimbabwe forcing the relocation of 57,000 people, mainly Tonga. As part of a larger study to assess the effects of the relocation, research into the human biology of the Tonga people was conducted. The research reported here provides a basis for comparison with long‐term follow‐up data on growth and physical status of Gwembe Tonga to determine the effects of resettlement. The sample consists of 303 schoolchildren, 7 to 13 years, from two schools that were not relocated and three schools that were to be relocated. Homogeneity of the two groups led us to combine them as a single baseline sample before relocation. Comparisons with NCHS (National Center for Health Statistics) reference data and with contemporary urban data from southern Zambia indicate sub‐optimal nutritional status. After ages 6 and 7, height‐for‐age and weight‐for‐age Z‐scores of boys decline steadily towards −2.0 SD throughout the 12th year, whereas mean Z‐scores of girls decline markedly from 8 years on. Mean HAZ (Height‐for‐age‐Z‐score) of girls falls below −2.0 SD by 11 years and approaches −3.0 SD by 13 years. Thirty‐nine percent of males and 47% of females in the baseline sample showed effects of moderate or severe protein energy malnutrition at the time of relocation. Because these children were from a school sample, gender differences in opportunity to attend school may be a factor in what appears to be gender bias, favoring the status of boys. This sample provides a baseline for assessing the long‐term impact of forced relocation on the Gwembe Tonga. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 14:50–60, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, inc.
Menstrual cycle variability and the perimenopause
Authors: O'Connor Kathleen A. , Holman Darryl J. , Wood James W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMenopause, the final cessation of menstrual cycling, occurs when the pool of ovarian follicles is depleted. The one to five years just prior to the menopause are usually marked by increasing variability in menstrual cycle length, frequency of ovulation, and levels of reproductive hormones. Little is known about the mechanisms that account for these characteristics of ovarian cycles as the menopause approaches. Some evidence suggests that the dwindling pool of follicles itself is responsible for cycle characteristics during the perimenopausal transition. Another hypothesis is that the increased variability reflects “slippage” of the hypothalamus, which loses the ability to regulate menstrual cycles at older reproductive ages. This paper examines the underlying cause of the increasing variability in menstrual cycle length prior to the menopause. A model of ovarian cycles is developed, based on the process of follicular growth and depletion. Under this model, the follicular phase of each menstrual cycle is preceded by an inactive phase, a period of time when no ovarian follicles have left the resting state and begun secreting steroids in response to gonadotropin stimulation. The model makes predictions about the variability in menstrual cycles across the reproductive life span based on the size of the surviving pool of ovarian follicles. We show that the model can explain several characteristics of the perimenopause in humans and macaques and illustrate how the model can be applied to research on the biological and cultural correlates of the timing of menopause. J. Hum. Biol. 13:465–478, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exposure to culturable microorganisms in paper mills and presence of symptoms associated with infections
Authors: Haug Terje , Søstrand Per , Langård Sverre 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundPrevious studies of paper machine operators have to a large extent focused on endotoxins as a possible health hazard, but not culturable micro‐organisms (MOs).MethodsBased on exposure assessment in 11 paper mills workers exposed to culturable bio‐aerosols were grouped in three exposure groups. 781 exposed and 285 unexposed workers completed a questionnaire that provided data pertaining to infections and associated symptoms.ResultsConcentrations of culturable bacteria in process waters varied in the range 104–106 colony forming units (cfu)/ml, and in bio‐aerosols concentrations varied typically in the range 104–> 105 cfu/m3. Operators exposed to bio‐aerosols reported higher cumulative incidence of symptoms associated with infections compared to the reference population (ORs = 1.7–5.9), and the group of highest exposed workers reported higher cumulative incidence than the group of lowest exposed (ORs = 1.2–3.6).ConclusionExposure to bio‐aerosols containing culturable MOs may induce symptoms associated with infections among operators in paper mills. Am. J. Ind. Med. 41:498–505, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel polymorphisms in the promoter region of the neurotrophin‐3 gene and their associations with schizophrenia
Authors: Hattori Mineko , Kunugi Hiroshi , Akahane Akihisa , Tanaka Hiroshi , Ishida Sugiko , Hirose Tetsuya , Morita Ryoji , Yamakawa Kazuhiro , Nanko Shinichiro 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBased on the neurodevelopmental hypothesis in the etiology of schizophrenia, neurotrophic factors may be involved in the pathogenesis of the illness. We searched for polymorphisms in the promoter region of the neurotrophin‐3 (NTF3) gene by using denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC). Six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were found. When these polymorphisms were examined for association with schizophrenia, a weakly significant difference was observed in the genotype distribution of the G/− 3004/A polymorphism between 184 schizophrenics and 185 controls (P < 0.05), although no statistically significant association was detected in a family‐based sample of 50 trios (schizophrenics and their parents). With respect to the other polymorphisms, there was no significant association with schizophrenia. The G/− 3004/A polymorphism was in linkage disequilibrium with the CA repeat polymorphism in the first intron of the NTF3 gene. When haplotype‐based analysis was performed, an increased frequency of the haplotype containing the G(− 3004) and the “A3” ([CA]23) alleles was observed for the schizophrenics compared to controls. Our results suggest that the G(− 3004)‐A3 haplotype has a modest effect of giving susceptibility to schizophrenia. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phenylethanolamine N‐methyltransferase (PNMT) gene and early‐onset Alzheimer disease
Authors: Mann Michael B. , Wu Shijuan , Rostamkhani Massud , Tourtellotte Wallace , MacMurray James , Comings David E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe activity of human phenylethanolamine N‐methyltransferase (PNMT) is reduced in the neurons of those cells in many subcortical areas of the brain that are known to undergo neurodegeneration in Alzheimer disease (AD). Others have reported that PNMT is decreased in brains of persons with AD and that the decrease in enzymatic activity is due to a reduced amount of the enzyme protein. We have previously described two polymorphisms, G‐353A and G‐148A, in the promoter region of the gene coding for PNMT. These markers were tested for their association with the occurrence of sporadic AD. Genotyping of 131 necropsy confirmed AD cases, and 947 adult nondemented controls were completed. We observed a significant association between both of the PNMT gene polymorphisms and early‐onset AD (EOAD) (P ≤ 0.007), but not in late‐onset AD (LOAD). These data suggest that genetic variation in the promoter of the PNMT gene is associated with increased susceptibility to the sporadic form of EOAD. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential energy budget and monopolization potential of harem holders and bachelors in hanuman langurs (Semnopithecus entellus): Preliminary results
Authors: Schülke Oliver 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe demographic structure in the Hanuman langur (Semnopithecus entellus) population of Jodhpur is extreme, in that some single males monopolize harems with, on average, 25 adult females. It has been proposed that extratroop males, which live in all‐male bands, inhabit low‐quality habitats and suffer from reduced food provisioning and longer daily travel distances. To compare the resulting energetic consequences for harem holders and bachelors, I estimated their gross energy intake and daily energetic expenditures. This analysis revealed no clear‐cut differences between the two classes of males in time spent feeding on provisioned food, daily path length, gross energy intake, and energy expenditure. Due to the small sample size and other limitations of the study design, the hypothesis under investigation can not be evaluated conclusively. The preliminary results suggest, however, that energy budgets of harem holders and bachelors do not differ markedly. The importance of direct ecological pressures to males for our understanding of variation in group composition is highlighted. Am. J. Primatol. 55:57–63, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estimating relative population sizes from simulated data sets and the question of greater African effective size
Authors: Eller Elise 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPrevious genetic and craniometric studies have suggested greater genetic diversity and a larger effective size in Africa. Several demographic scenarios can explain a larger African effective size, and anthropological geneticists have attempted to obtain better estimates of relative population sizes among continental regions in the Old World. A least‐squares approach of estimating relative population weights was developed by Relethford and Harpending ([1994] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 95:249–270), who applied it to craniometric and genetic data sets and concluded that the ratio of African, Asian, and European effective sizes was 3:1:1, respectively; another data set of short tandem repeat (STR) markers yielded a similar estimate of 7:1:2. However, an estimate from restriction site polymorphism (RSP, also known as restriction fragment length polymorphism, or RFLP) data yielded a very different estimate of 1:1:8. Thus, the European and not the African effective size was largest. Simulations showed that this was the result of ascertainment bias in which polymorphic markers were originally identified in a small panel of Caucasians, leading to inflated heterozygosity in the European sample and thus an inflated population weight. This paper extends those computer simulations to incorporate not only ascertainment bias but also interpopulation gene flow and demographic expansion in two types of genetic data, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs, which are similar but not precisely identical to RSPs) and STRs. The effects of these three parameters on SNP and STR relative weight estimates are described. Simulations show that the ascertainment scheme affects SNP data but not STR data. Gene flow has a noticeable effect on the bias and efficiency of the estimates in both types of genetic data. Population expansions have a large effect only in one ascertainment scheme in the simulated SNP data and no effect in STR data. Relative population weight estimates from four published STR data sets are also reported. These estimates are similar to each other: all show a larger African weight and a European weight somewhat larger than the Asian weight. Because the STR simulations show that when gene flow is greater than 0.01 migrants per generation the African population weight is biased upward, it is likely that the African weights in the four STR data sets are inflated. However, the simulations suggest that the African effective size is still largest of the three regions and is probably at least as great as the sum of the Asian and European effective sizes. Am J Phys Anthropol 116:1–12, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of age and occupation on cortical bone in a group of 18th–19th century British men
Authors: Mays Simon 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe effects of age and occupation on cortical bone in a group of adult males from the 18th–19th century AD skeletal collection from Christ Church Spitalfields, London, were investigated. Cortical bone was monitored using metacarpal radiogrammetry. Individual age at death was known exactly from coffin plates. Occupation for individuals was known from historical sources. Results showed that continued periosteal apposition was evident throughout adult life, but from middle age onwards this was outstripped by about 2:1 by endosteal resorption, so that there was net thinning of cortical bone. The rate of cortical thinning resembled that seen in modern European males. Cross‐sectional properties, as measured by second moments of area, bore no relationship to occupation. The results may suggest that, firstly, patterns of loss of cortical bone have remained unchanged in males for at least two centuries in Britain, and secondly, that biomechanical analyses of metacarpal cortical bone may be rather insensitive indicators of intensity of manual activity. Am J Phys Anthropol 116:34–44, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Potential seasonal ecological challenge of heat strain among Australian Aboriginal people practicing traditional subsistence methods: A computer simulation
Authors: Ulijaszek Stanley J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIt has been largely accepted that Australian Aboriginal people practicing hunting and gathering traditionally underused their objective economic possibilities by working short hours relative to nonhunter‐gatherer populations. However, the possibility that their subsistence quest might have been limited by potential heat strain has not been considered for Australian hunter‐gatherers. In this article the influence of work and heat load on the potential for heat strain among adult male Australian Aboriginal people is modelled. The possibility that the short working day of Arnhem Land adults reported in the literature might reflect ecologically limited work scheduling by way of potential heat strain is examined. Three climatic regions of the North of Western Australia and the Northern Territory were identified, using data available from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Data from the months of January, April, July, and October were used with the United States Army Heat Strain Model, along with assumptions with respect to work load and time scheduling.Predictive modelling indicates that a late start to the working day could carry considerable risks of potential heat strain during the summer, when humidity and maximum daily temperature are highest for all three climatic regions, but especially in the tropical coastal region. While extended work times may have been needed to acquire adequate food under traditional conditions, work output could have been limited by potential heat strain under some conditions likely to have prevailed. Am J Phys Anthropol 116:236–245, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preparation of rhodium catalysts on laminar and zeolitic structures by anchoring of organometallic rhodium
Authors: Blanco C. , Ruiz R. , Pesquera C. , González F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRhodium catalysts supported on six different aluminosilicate structures were prepared by hydrogen reduction of a cationic organometallic rhodium complex anchored to the support. The precursor active phase was incorporated in acetone medium through ion exchange using [Rh(Me2CO)x(NBD)]ClO4 as the metal precursor species, in which NBD is 2,5‐norbornadiene and (Me2CO)x is acetone. The effect of the structure and characteristics of the support on metal load and dispersion was studied in the heterogeneous catalysts thus prepared. The supports were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis, volumetric adsorption and surface acidity. For the precursors and catalysts, the metal load was determined by UV–VIS spectra, the reduction temperature was determined by differential scanning calorimetry, and rhodium dispersion was measured by chemisorption. The structure of the materials used as supports had a great influence on the catalyst prepared. A higher metal content was achieved in the supports with laminar structures, whereas better dispersion was shown by the catalysts supported on zeolitic structures.
Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and polymerization behavior of novel C1 and Cs titanium ansa‐cyclopentadienyl‐amido catalysts for ethylene and propylene polymerization
Authors: Rhodes Barrie , Chien James C. W. , Wood John S. , Chandrasekaran A. , Rausch Marvin D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFour titanium ansa‐cyclopentadienyl‐amido complexes of the general formula [C5H3RMe2SiN(2,6‐Me2C6H3)]TiX2(R = H,Me,Bz,tBu;X = NMe2 or Cl) have been synthesized. The complexes polymerize both ethylene and propylene in the presence of methylaluminoxane or Ph3CB(C6F5)4–triisobutylaluminum and were most active at lower temperatures. In general, the smaller the substituent on the cyclopentadienyl group, the more active the catalyst. The catalysts were found to be poorly stereoselective for the polymerization of polypropylene, with the tertiary‐butyl substituted catalyst giving a polymer with the greatest [mmmm] (14.2%). The structure of [C5H4Me2SiN(2,6‐Me2C6H3)] Ti(NMe2)2 was determined by X‐ray diffraction. The complex crystallizes in the monoclinic system space group P21/n, with a = 16.437(2), b = 8.652(3), c = 16.494(4),β = 117.54(2) and Z = 4. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.