bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paternity exclusion in primates: Two strategies
Authors: Chakraborty Ranajit , Ferrell Robert E. , Schull William J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractTwo strategies for the use of polymorphic biochemical and serological markers in paternity testing problems in non‐human primate groups, where pedigree information is incomplete, are discussed. The positive approach, of attempting to prove paternity, is shown to be impracticable given the levels of detectable genetic variation among primates. The more conventional approach of paternity exclusion is examined and found to be useful under certain conditions. This approach is illustrated using the published data on the levels of biochemical and serological variation in Macaca nemestrina.
Estimation of total body volume from arm measurements in Punjabi girls aged 10–19 years
Authors: Singh Raghbir , Raja Chand 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMean values and standard deviations of total body volume, body density, arm volume, height, weight and a battery of 15 measurements of arm comprising different lengths, girths, diameters and skinfolds of 200 Punjabi girls aged 10–19 years are presented. Relationship between arm volume and total body volume in different age groups are also studied. Highly significant and positive correlations existed between arm volume and total body volume and the values of correlation coefficients r ranged between 0.78 to 0.92 in different age groups. Body volume was estimated also from arm measurements by using selective stepwise multiple linear regression analysis for each age group. Highly significant multiple correlation coefficients R were obtained for predicting total body volume from arm measurements and the values of multiple R ranged between 0.92 to 0.97 in different age groups even with a combination of just three or four arm measurements. The most commonly selected measurements up to fourth step in most of the age groups were upper arm girth and maximum forearm girth.
Sexual activity of male rhesus monkeys introduced into a heterosexual group
Authors: Wilson Mark E. , Gordon Thomas P. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractUnfamiliar males were introduced during the breeding season to a stable heterosexual group of rhesus monkeys to determine how the presence of more dominant resident males affected their mating activity and how their entry was received by resident females. Initially, new males were allowed access to females under controlled conditions both in the presence and absence of resident males, simulating situations which may occur under natural conditions. Results indicated that the sexual activity, including ejaculation rate, of the new males was initially inhibited by the presence of more dominant, resident males, but these inhibiting properties did not carry over to periods when the resident males were absent and were diminished with time. Group females preferentially directed their behavior towards the new males throughout the study. These data suggest that although entry of new males into a stable group is at low rank, their subsequent reproductive success may not be reduced and that the association with resident females may facilitate male rhesus transfer between groups observed during the breeding season.
Climate and the evolution of skull metrics in man
Authors: Guglielmino‐Matessi C. R. , Gluckman P. , Cavalli‐Sforza L. L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractTwo types of data, anthropometric and gene frequencies, may be used to reconstruct human evolution. Previous research, reconstructing the history of racial differentiation on the basis of gene frequencies, indicated that the major separation between human groups was that between Africans and Europeans on one side and peoples from Australia, East Asia and Americas on the other. A similar attempt by Howells ('73b), based on skull measurements in 17 ancient populations, in agreement with earlier anthropometric data, showed the major separation to be between Africans and Australians on one side and Europeans, Asians and Americans on the other. Climate could be a contributing factor to the observed differences in skull and anthropometric measurements. Howells' data showed high correlations with several climatic indicators. Carrying out the phylogenetic analysis after elimination by linear regression of the effects of climate has resolved to a great extent the discrepancy between an‐thropometric and gene frequency data.
Correlates between locomotor anatomy and behavior in two sympatric species of Lemur
Authors: Ward Steven C. , Sussman Robert W. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSympatric populations of Lemur catta and Lemur fulvus show major differences in their occupation of canopy forest levels. Lemur catta is usually found in the lowest levels of the forest, and uses the ground for travel over 65% of the time. Lemur fulvus uses the upper levels of the canopy forest and is observed on the ground in less than 2% of all observations. Comparison of hindlimb musculoskeletal anatomy shows statistically significant differences in the lengths of the long bones and the height of the talus. Differences also occur in ranges of tibio‐talar and mid‐talar joint mobility. The details of insertion of the biceps femoris muscle are distinct in the two species as is the relative mass of muscle associated with flexion of the pedal digits, and flexion of the tibio‐talar joint. The metric and morphological differences in the hindlimb anatomy of Lemur catta and Lemur fulvus are consistent with differences in habitat and substrate utilization.
Does allometry explain the differences between “Gracile” and “Robust” australopithecines?
Authors: Wood B. A. , Stack C. G. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe allometric relationships between canine base area, first molar and summed molar crown area, and the glabella–opisthocranion distance, and the direct allometric relationships between canine and molar size have been established in five primate taxa. Separate sex and combined sex ‘intraspecific’, and ‘interspecific’ regression and ‘best fit’ allometry coefficients were computed. This analysis showed that for any increase in glabella–opisthocranion length, the rate of increase in canine size exceeds the rate of increase in molar area, and ‘best fit’ solutions indicate that canine base area is positively allometric when related directly to molar crown area.These results were compared with data available for the ‘gracile’ australopithecine, A. africanus, and two ‘robust’ australopithecine taxa, A. boisei and A. robustus. The differences in canine and molar size which occur between the ‘gracile’ taxon and the two ‘robust’ taxa do not correspond to any of the trends in the comparative allometric models. Data on glabella–opisthocranion length for the fossils, meagre though they are, show that while the proportional increase in molar crown area between the taxa corresponds to comparative allometry models, the reduced canine size in the ‘robust’ taxa is against comparative allometric trends.These results indicate that, at least in terms of canine/molar proportions, the differences between the ‘gracile’ and ‘robust’ australopithecines are not merely allometric and may indicate significant dietary or behavioural differences.
Human skeletal remains from Mumba Rock Shelter, Northern Tanzania
Authors: Bräuer Günter 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDuring their expeditions in Northern Tanzania in 1934/38, Ludwig and Margit Kohl‐Larsen (discoverer of Eyasi and Garusi hominids)excavated i. a. the Mumba Rock Shelter. This important excavation yielded human skeletal remains of 18 individuals. The most relevant results of the morphological analyses are presented here. According to the affinities and absolute dating (hominid IX, 3700 B. C. ), the present study supports recent indications of the presence of Negroid groups in East Africa at an early stage in Later Stone Age times.
New studies on the esterase D polymorphism in South American Indians
Authors: Mestriner M. A. , Simões A. L. , Salzano F. M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA total of 2, 490 South American Indians affiliated with 10 tribes were studied for esterases A1, A2, A3, B, D, and carbonic anhydrases 1 and 2. Wide variation was observed in the prevalence of ESD1, the extreme values being 0. 44, encountered among the Xikrin, and 0. 95, found among the Cashinawa. Seven of the 10 frequencies fell within the interval of 0. 66–0. 87. These results were integrated with those of earlier surveys. In a general way we observe lower values in the eastern and Atlantic Coast groups, but this is mainly due to the low frequencies found among the Gê tribes and the Caingang, who speak a language which has many affinities with Gê. High prevalences were observed among the tropical forest tribes. A fair amount of intervillage, intratribal variation was found among the Ticuna and Caingang. No variability was detected in the A1, A2, A3, B esterases. In the carbonic anhydrases we confirmed the presence of a “private polymorphism” among the Baniwa.
Bioenergetics and the origin of hominid bipedalism
Authors: Rodman Peter S. , McHenry Henry M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractCompared to most quadrupedal mammals, humans are energetically inefficient when running at high speeds. This fact can be taken to mean that human bipedalism evolved for reasons other than to reduce relative energy cost during locomotion. Recalculation of the energy expended during human walking at normal speeds shows that (1) human bipedalism is at least as efficient as typical mammalian quadrupedalism and (2) human gait is much more efficient than bipedal or quadrupedal locomotion in the chimpanzee. We conclude that bipedalism bestowed an energetic advantage on the Miocene hominoid ancestors of the Hominidae.
Nutritional influence on childhood development and genetic control of adolescent growth of Quechuas and Mestizos from the Peruvian Lowlands
Authors: Frisancho A. Roberto , Guire Kenneth , Babler William , Borken Gary , Way Antony 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe growth in height of 1,202 Quechua and Mestizo children aged 6 to 19 years of the province of Lamas in the Peruvian Eastern Lowlands was studied. As shown by evaluations of ABO, Rh systems, and skin reflectance measurements, the Quechuas are genetically different from the Mestizos. The heights of Quechuas and Mestizos were matched for nutritional status based on measurements of subcutaneous fat and body muscle. The study indicates that: (1) during childhood, Quechuas and Mestizos matched for the same nutritional status attain similar heights; (2) during adolescence (or after the age of 11 years), the Mestizos are significantly taller than the Quechuas of the same nutritional status; 3) during childhood, the relative difference in height between Quechuas and Mestizos matched for the same nutritional status is less than the difference between Quechuas (or Mestizos) of the same genetic composition characterized by good and poor nutritional status.These findings suggest that the influence of environmental factors, such as nutrition, have a greater influence in producing differences in body size during childhood than during adolescence. Conversely, the present findings support the hypothesis that the influence of genetic factors on body size are greater during adolescence than during childhood. However, comparison of adolescent samples of similar genetic composition (whether they be Quechuas or Mestizos), characterized by good and poor nutritional status, reveal large differences in height, suggesting that under conditions of malnutrition, the genetic control of growth is diminished.
Hominid femoral neck length
Authors: Corruccini Robert S. , McHenry Henry M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractHuman femoral neck length has a positive allometric or isometric relationship with total femoral length as shown by the reduced major axis slope based on logarithmic regression. The relatively long femoral neck lengths of Australopithecus cannot be explained solely as a consequence of small body size (contra Wolpoff, '78).
Secular trend in the stature and weight of Mexican‐American children in Texas between 1930 and 1970
Authors: Malina Robert M. , Zavaleta Anthony N. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractStatures and weights for four samples of Mexican‐American children in Texas, measured in 1929–1931 and 1968–1972, were evaluated for evidence of a secular trend. The age range was 6 to 18 years, with more complete data from 8 through 15 years. There is no secular increase in the statures and weights of 6 year old children, a small increase in 8 years old children, and a larger secular increase at 10, 12, 14, and 15 years of age. From about 9 or 10 years of age on, the more recent Mexican‐American children tend to have greater weights for their heights. The magnitudé of the secular change per decade, however, is considerably smaller than rates for US black, white, European, and Japanese children. The estimated rates of secular change in stature for Mexican‐American children approximate about one‐fourth to one‐half of the generalized rates for European and North American children offered by Meredith ('76) and Tanner ('77). Reasons for a limited secular trend in Texas Mexican‐American children are probably bound to the matrix of lower socioeconomic circumstances, poorer health conditions, and marginal nutritional status.
Sex differences in lingual marginal ridging on the human maxillary central incisor
Authors: Harris Edward F. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAlthough incisor dimensions are on average larger in males, at least one incisor trait, lingual marginal ridging, is significantly more common in females. This is documented for the upper central incisor in a collation of 38 samples of living populations representing six racial groups. Caucasian, Asian, Polynesian, Melanesian, and American Indian females each possess significantly higher frequencies than their male counterparts. American Blacks do not show a sex difference. Sex differences in the duration and rate of incisor crown development do not explain this dimorphism. Possible underlying genetic causes are reviewed, and the hypothesis is proposed that relevant portions of both X chromosomes in females are contributing to greater trait expression.
Monostotic fibrous dysplasia in the temporal bone: A late prehistoric occurrence
Authors: Gregg John B. , Reed Ann 
Published: August 2005

AbstractFibrous dysplasia, characterized by benign osteolytic and osteoblastic lesions may involve one or several bones. Recent investigators have suggested that it may be merely a phase of what have previously been thought to be several different bone disease. Isolated fibrous dysplasia in the temporal bone is infrequent. Several reports of this disease have appeared in the literature of paleopathology, but none involved only the temporal bone. Monostotic involvement of the right temporal bone was discovered in the skull of an adult male recovered from an archeological site dating from the Late Mississippian period (A. D. 1,350–A. D. 1,650). It will provide an opportunity for preliminary documentation of the antiquity of this disease in the southeastern portion of the United States.
The uniqueness of Daubentonia
Authors: Oxnard Charles E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe aberrant features of the genus Daubentonia, such as the superficially rodent‐like dentition, the globose and foreshortened brain case, and the filiform third manual digit have long been known. But the current assessment of the genus as lemuriform, and within that group as closest to the indriids, depends upon greater weight being placed upon other characteristics such as the cranial arterial pattern, the molariform teeth, and the developmental characteristics of the dentition. Prior multivariate morphometric studies have shown that though the shoulder structure of Daubentonia is uniquely different from that of all other primates, the structure of its pelvis may not be especially different from that of many relatively non‐specialized primates.A large series of studies have been summated here in which many different anatomical regions (shoulder, arm, forearm, forelimb as a whole, pelvis, femur, hindlimb as a whole, forelimb and hindlimb combined, and total bodily proportions including limbs, trunk, and head) have been characterized osteometrically in a wide range of primate genera. The resulting data sets have been studied by discriminant function analyses. The differences that have been found are large enough that it can be confidently asserted that in its postcranial skeleton, Daubentonia is more different from the primates as a whole than is any other primate genus.These differences are big enough that their statistical and biological significance is not at all in doubt, notwithstanding the very small numbers of available specimens of this rare genus. They are so great that functional implications exist though they cannot, in our present state of knowledge of the habits of the genus, be ascribed with any certainty. They are so great indeed, paralleling the enormous differences of Daubentonia from other primates in its dentition, skull and cheiridia, that we may prefer to keep open minds about its taxonomic placement.
The albumin polymorphism and bilirubin binding in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Smith David Glenn , Ahlfors Charles E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractFamily studies confirmed a codominant mode of inheritance of albumin phenotypes identified in Macaca mulatta. Preliminary epidemiological and bilirubin binding studies suggest that selection favors the variant allele by reducing risks of hyperbilirubinemia and might be responsible for this otherwise rare polymorphism.
Maxillary first premolar angular differences between North American Indians and non‐North American Indians
Authors: Morris Donald H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA quantitative technique for obtaining angular data on human maxillary first premolar teeth is presented. Measurement indicates that North American Indian buccal cusps are either buccolingually compressed mesially, or expanded distally, or both, when compared with non‐Indian teeth. Surprisingly, data on Chinese and Eskimo samples are similar to non‐Indian teeth rather than Indian teeth. Similar techniques may be applied to the more complex multicusped molar teeth in order to extract quantitative data from them.
A left/right comparison of sequential bone loss from the metacarpals of postmenopausal women
Authors: Horsman A. , Simpson M. , Armes F. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe rate of decrease of mean metacarpal cortical width was assessed by sequential radiographic morphometry for each hand separately in a series of 46 right‐handed postmenopausal women observed for 222 patient‐years. For the left hand, the mean rate was 0.0331 ± 0.0053 mm/year and for the right, 0.0310 ± 0.0060 mm/year. The difference between the hands in the rate of decrease was not significant. It is concluded that the higher work load of the dominant hand has no effect on the rate of bone loss from the metacarpals of postmenopausal women.
The relationship of body fat weight, determined densitometrically, to relative weight and triceps skinfold in American youths, 12–17 years of age
Authors: Johnston Francis E. , Paolone Albert N. , Taylor Henry L. , Schell Lawrence M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe relationship between fat weight, measured densitometrically, and the triceps skinfold and Quetelet's Index has been analyzed by means of linear regression analysis of 235 American youths, 12–17 years of age; 48 males and 41 females were from Minneapolis and 121 males and 25 females from the Greater Philadelphia area. Validation was accomplished by using the results of 10 separate regression analysis, each on 90% of the sample, the remaining 10% serving in each instance as the validation group; this is known as the Jackknife Method. When the Minneapolis and Philadelphia components were pooled, suitable regression models were derived with standard deviations of the errors of prediction of 3.330 kg in males and 2.056 in females. When the sample was subdivided by city the SD's remained essentially the same, but the mean errors were larger. It is concluded that the linear regression models can be used on closely similar populations to estimate fat weight for groups, but estimates for individuals may be expected to have an error of ± 5–6 kg (i.e., 2 SD's) and are therefore not likely to be suitably accurate for use. The regression weights indicate a greater contribution of the triceps skinfold to fat weight than of Quetelet's Index in males. In females the reverse was found. This may affect sex differences in prevalence rates of obesity, if the diagnosis is based upon a single anthropometric indicator.
Occipital bunning among later pleistocene hominids
Authors: Trinkaus Erik , Lemay Marjorie 
Published: August 2005

AbstractOccipital bunning is a posterior projection of the occipital squama, which occurs in varying frequencies in samples of archaic Homo sapiens, Upper Pleistocene anatomically modern humans, and recent humans. It can be best interpreted as a product of the timing of posterior cerebral growth relative to the growth of the cranial vault bones. It is not a feature that was unique to the Neandertals.
The Shanidar 3 Neandertal
Authors: Trinkaus Erik 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe Shanidar 3 Neandertal partial skeleton preserves four teeth, major portions of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, ribs, clavicles, scapulae, humeri, hand bones, innominate bones, and foot bones, plus fragments of the ulnae, radii, femora, tibiae, and fibulae. Their morphology aligns Shanidar 3 closely with the other Shanidar Neandertals and the European and Near Eastern Neandertals. This is apparent especially in the dentition, scapulae, hand bones, and pubic bones.
Trauma among the Shanidar Neandertals
Authors: Trinkaus Erik , Zimmerman M. R. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractFour of the adult Neandertals from Shanidar Cave, Iraq, Shanidar 1, 3, 4, and 5, show evidence of antemortem trauma. Shanidar 1 sustained injuries to the right frontal squama, the left lateral orbit, the right humerus and right fifth metatarsal. Associated with this trauma are hypoplasia or atrophy of the right clavicle, scapula, and humerus, osteomyelitis of the right clavicle, degenerative joint disease at the right knee, ankle, and first tarsometatarsal joint, and remodeling of the left tibia. Shanidar 3 experienced trauma‐related degenerative joint disease at the right talocrural and talocalcaneal joints and sustained a penetrating wound across the left ninth rib. Shanidar 4 suffered a fracture of the right seventh or eighth rib, and Shanidar 5 had a scalp wound over the left frontal. A high frequency of antemortem trauma associated with the survival of the injured individuals appears to have been characteristic of the Neandertals.
Dermatoglyphic characters and physique: A correlation study
Authors: Rothhammer Francisco , Llop Elena , Neel James V. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe association of anthropometrics, particularly hand measurements, with dermatoglyphic characters is quantified. Children with square hands exhibit higher main line indices, a‐b ridge counts, and more open atd angles. Adults with broader hands have more arches. Taller individuals with larger hands present higher a‐b ridge counts and leaner subjects with long narrow hands, closer atd angles. The correlation of physique and dermatoglyphics is small but if verified, suggests that at early fetal stages, factors responsible for the establishment of dermatoglyphic patterns interact with genetic determinants of adult shape that are already active.