bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sky‐view factor approximation using GPS receivers
Authors: Chapman Lee , Thornes John E. , Bradley Andrew V. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA technique is described which allows the real time measurement of sky‐view factors by proxy. A simple and inexpensive global positioning system (GPS) receiver is used to acquire satellite visibility data, which is then used to develop indices related to the sky‐view factor of a location. The number of visible satellites, dilution of precision and strength of satellite signal are used for analysis and demonstrate that up to 88% of the variation of the variation of the sky‐view factor in urban environments can be explained by a simple index. Explanation is reduced in rural (R2 = 72%) and suburban (R2 = 52%) environments as a consequence of increased image complexity caused by variations in tree cover type and canopy height in addition to just crown closure. The complicity and expensive nature of existing sky‐view factor calculation techniques should mean that utilization of the outlined methodology will improve the accessibility of sky‐view data for future climate studies. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Spatial variation in the duration of the rainy season in monsoonal Australia
Authors: Cook Garry D. , Heerdegen Richard G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractClimatological research in the tropics of northern Australia has focused particularly on the Australian summer monsoon. However, the timing of many ecologically important processes is determined not by the monsoon but by extra‐monsoonal rainfall events. These events produce a temporal pattern of wet and dry spells that is at least as important ecologically as the amount of rain. We defined the rainy season as that period when the probability of 10‐day dry spells was less than 0.5, and the wet season as that period within the rainy season when the probability of dry spells was less than 0.1. We applied these criteria to seven stations along a strong north–south rainfall gradient spanning more than 12° of latitude in tropical north Australia. The duration of the rainy and wet seasons in northern Australia decreases with increasing latitude. The timing and duration of these seasons were also affected by the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The relative contribution of temporally isolated rainfall events to both the duration of the rainy season and the amount of rainfall increases with latitude. The geographic variation in these seasons corresponds to many patterns occurring in natural ecosystems. We argue that understanding the extra‐monsoon rainfall events is critical to understanding how climate variation affects natural ecosystems. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Raman spectroscopic and calculated vibrational wavenumbers of anion hydrates
Authors: Craig J. D. C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDirect experimental evidence of anion hydrogen bonding was examined for fluoride and other anions. The centre wavenumber of the polarized Raman band assigned to the symmetric hydrogen bond stretching mode agreed very well with ab initio calculations for all anions but fluoride, whose theoretical wavenumber was significantly higher than the spectroscopic value. Calculations were repeated at a higher level of theory but the difference persisted. The heavy water isotope shifts and the potential energy surface for the hydrogen bond stretching motion were similar for fluoride and the other hydrates, suggesting that the difference could be due to interactions with other molecules. It was postulated that water cluster formation about the fluoride ion contributes to the difference in wavenumbers. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fourier transform Raman spectroscopic study of pressure‐induced ligand bond activation in a molybdenum–sulfur cluster
Authors: Butler Ian S. , Hofstätter Michael , Müller Achim 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFourier transform Raman spectra of the prototype, triangular, transition metal–sulfur cluster anion [Mo3(S2)6S]2− were recorded at pressures up to 60 kbar with the aid of a diamond‐anvil cell (DAC). The pressure dependences (∂ν/∂p) of the Raman bands indicate a structural change at around 10–15 kbar. The SS stretching mode for the bridging disulfide ligands exhibits a slightly negative ∂ν/∂p value (−0.08), suggesting that SS bonds are weakened, i.e. activated, at high pressures. This pressure‐induced activity parallels the observed nucleophilic substitution reactivity of the S2 groups in this molybdenum cluster anion. In view of this, a preliminary investigation of the reaction between [Mo3(S2)6S]2− and CN− was undertaken in the solid state in the DAC under high pressure. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phase I study on sentinel lymph node mapping in colon cancer: A preliminary report*
Authors: Bendavid Yves , Latulippe Jean François , Younan Rami J. , Leclerc Yves E. , Dube Serge , Heyen Françoise , Morin Michel , Girard Robert , Bastien Edouard , Ferreira José , Cerino Michel , Dubé Pierre 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesLymph node (LN) metastasis is one of the most significant prognostic factor in colorectal cancer. In fact, therapeutic decisions are based on LN status. However, multiple studies have reported on the limitations of the conventional pathological LN examination techniques, and therefore, the actual number of patients with LN positive colorectal cancer is probably underestimated. We assume that lymphatic tumor dissemination follows an orderly sequential route. We report here a simple and harmless coloration technique that was recently elaborated, and that allows us to identify the sentinel LN(s) (SLN) or first relay LNs in colorectal cancer patients. The main endpoint of this clinical trial is the feasibility of the technique.MethodsTwenty patients treated by surgery for a colic cancer were admitted in this protocol. A subserosal peritumoral injection of lymphazurin 1% was performed 10 min before completing the colic resection. A pathologist immediately examined the specimens, harvested the colored SLN, and examined them by serial cuts (200 μm) with H&E staining, followed by immunohistochemical staining (AE1‐AE3 cytokeratin markers), when serial sections were classified as cancer free.ResultsThe preoperative identification of the SLN was impossible in at least 50 of the cases, however, SLNs were identified by the pathologist in 90% of cases. In two patients (10%) SLN was never identified. The average number of SLN was 3.9. Immunohistochemical analysis of the SLN has potentially changed the initial staging (from Dukes B to Dukes C) for 5 of the 20 patients (25%). On the other hand, there was one patient (5%) with hepatic metastasis from adenocarcinoma for whom SLN pathology was negative for metastasis (skip metastasis).ConclusionsSLN biopsy is readily feasible with identification of SLN in at least 90% of patients with colorectal cancers. Our results indicate that 45% of patients initially staged as Dukes B had tumor cells identified in their SLN when these were subjected to our protocol. This represented a 25% upgrading rate when our complete study population is considered. However, controversy persist about the clinical significance and metastatic potential of these often very small clusters of tumor cells. J. Surg. Oncol. 2002;79:81–84. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Formalin instillation for refractory radiation‐induced hemorrhagic proctitis
Authors: Luna‐Pérez Pedro , Rodríguez‐Ramírez Saúl E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesRadiation proctitis is a common complication after pelvic irradiation. One to five percent of these patients will develop intractable or massive hemorrhagic radiation proctitis that will require repeated hospital admissions and blood transfusions. We evaluated the benefits of instillation of 4% formalin in the management of refractory hemorrhagic radiation‐induced proctitis.MethodsFrom January 1998 to May 1999, 20 female patients who failed with administration of topical steroids and/or mesalazine were treated with 500 ml of 4% formalin instilled into the rectum in 50‐ml aliquots.ResultsMedian age was 58 years. Eighteen patients had cervical cancer and two, endometrial cancer. These patients received a mean of 7,500 rads to the pelvis. The symptoms began at a mean of 8 months after termination of radiotherapy. Median time of symptomatic rectal hemorrhage was 8 months. Median of blood units previously transfused was six (range: 2–11). Hemorrhage immediately ceased after the 4% formalin instillation in 17 patients. Three patients required formalin instillation repetition with success in one. Overall success was 90%. Median follow‐up was 20 months. Five patients had moderate pelvic pain after instillation and one developed rectosigmoideal necrosis that required resection plus Hartmann procedure. Two patients developed rectovaginal fistula and required colostomy, and one thereafter, required abdominoperineal resection en bloc with the posterior wall of the vagina due to pelvis sepsis.ConclusionsRectal instillation of 4% formalin is a simple, inexpensive, and efficient treatment for refractory hemorrhagic radiation proctitis. J. Surg. Oncol. 2002;80:41–44. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Is Borrmann type IV gastric carcinoma a surgical disease? An old problem revisited with reference to the result of peritoneal washing cytology
Authors: Kodera Yasuhiro , Yamamura Yoshitaka , Ito Seiji , Kanemitsu Yukihide , Shimizu Yasuhiro , Hirai Takashi , Yasui Kenzo , Kato Tomoyuki 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesBorrmann type IV gastric carcinoma (B‐4) remains a disease with poor prognosis despite an aggressive surgical approach. Cytology examination of the peritoneal washes is an established prognostic factor for gastric carcinoma in general, and may be useful for identifying adequate treatment strategy for B‐4.MethodsPathologic data from 70 patients with B‐4 who underwent laparotomy and peritoneal washing cytology during the recent 6 years were retrieved from a prospective computer database and reviewed. Prognostic significance of the cytology examination along with other known clinicopathologic variables was evaluated by univariate and multivariate analyses.ResultsLong‐term survivors were observed only among the patients who were treated with curative R0 resection. Prognosis of the patients with positive cytology and no other residual disease (R1) was extremely poor and was equivalent to that of the patients undergoing noncurative R2 resection. No difference in survival, either, was observed between the patients treated by R2 resection and those who did not undergo resection. Multivariate analysis identified cytology examination as an independent prognostic factor.ConclusionsPeritoneal washing cytology plays an important role in staging B4. Positive cytology findings as well as other evidence of disseminated disease may indicate that gastrectomy should be avoided. J. Surg. Oncol. 2001;78:175–181. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mega‐events and host‐region impacts: determining the true worth of the 1999 Rugby World Cup
Authors: Jones Calvin 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAn increasing interest in the impact of sporting mega‐events on host regions has sparked discussion on the most appropriate approaches in determining both benefits and costs. The paper defines the nature of the impact on Wales of the 1999 Rugby World Cup (RWC99), both economic and social, and qualitatively assesses the extent and nature of the impact of RWC99 in a number of areas. It concludes that there were considerable benefits for the region, although many areas of potential benefit were not maximised. This was due in large part to the structure of the bidding process and organisational inadequacies, which in turn led to relatively low spectator spend and mixed press coverage. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shock wave propulsion
Authors: Resler E. L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractProf. Bauer was very successful exploiting waves to initiate chemical reactions and following their progress as equilibrium is approached. To accomplish these studies the shock tube proved a useful instrument. With a slight modification, the wave patterns in the shock tube can be employed for supersonic propulsion. The shock wave in this case serves as both compressor and “combustor” for one of the thrust‐producing units of the propulsion unit. The waves are ducted along wave channels that are arranged around the periphery of a rotating cylinder. End ports of the “wave rotor” communicate with auxiliary devices that generate appropriate waves in the channels to execute a wave cycle. The flows prior to and after the wave rotor are steady. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 33: 846–852, 2001
The kinetics of solid‐state reactions toward consensus, Part 2: Fitting kinetics data in dynamic conventional thermal analysis
Authors: Ortega A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper is the second part of a review of some of the controversial kinetic aspects of conventional thermal analysis (TA). In this part the physico‐geometric kinetics for the solid‐state reactions were examined. The main problems discussed are (1) problems in fitting kinetics data: the identification of the f (α) function, (2) the suitability of conventional dynamic methods of TA, and (3) the complex reactions. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 34: 193–208, 2002; DOI 10.1002/kin.10028
Defining process‐oriented knowledge management strategies
Authors: Maier Ronald , Remus Ulrich 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAlong which basic lines could an organization which plans to invest in knowledge management proceed? What general initiatives can be suggested for knowledge management? First, an array of knowledge management goals and strategies is presented taken from theoretical and empirical studies which are then related to each other in the light of what we call a strategic intervention into an organization's way of handling knowledge. We then make the case for the integration of process orientation into a comprehensive multi‐dimensional framework for knowledge management strategies. Process‐oriented knowledge management initiatives are designed to provide employees with task‐related knowledge in the organization's operative business processes. We argue that with this framework the resulting process‐oriented knowledge management strategies address the integration of the resource‐based view of an organization — which is the main focus of knowledge management — with the market‐oriented view — which is implicitly brought about by process orientation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A knowledge management perspective to evaluation of enterprise information portals
Authors: Kim Yong Jin , Chaudhury Abhijit , Rao H. Raghav 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe paper develops conceptual criteria for evaluating Enterprise Information Portal (EIP) systems in the context of knowledge management activities such as knowledge integration and application. The criteria have been drawn from an Activity theory perspective consisting of actors, community, object, tools, rules, and division of labor. It then discusses the characteristics of several commercial EIPs and evaluates one major commercial EIP in the context of the framework. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrophysical degradation associated with hiking‐trail use: a case study of Hawai'iloa Ridge Trail, O'ahu, Hawai'i
Authors: Sutherland R. A. , Bussen J. O. , Plondke D. L. , Evans B. M. , Ziegler A. D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRecreational activities can have significant impacts on geomorphic and hydrologic processes in drainage basins, often out of proportion to their areal extent. With increased stress on hiking trails nationwide, there is a need to characterize the impacts of human trampling on soil properties. We examine an 810 m segment of Hawai'iloa Ridge Trail (O'ahu, Hawai'i, USA). Soil compaction and surface erosion on moderate to steeply sloping sites have degraded the trail environment. Bulk density, penetration resistance, and vane shear strength were significantly higher on the trail than in adjacent undisturbed areas, with median differences ranging from 29 to 120 per cent. With compaction and exposure of subsoil on the trail, void ratio, air‐filled porosity, saturated hydraulic conductivity, effective and preferential porosity were significantly lower, with relative change values ranging from 23–93 per cent. No significant changes were noted in meso‐ or micro‐porosity, but macropores with a radius of >110 μm decreased significantly by 58 per cent for on‐trail locations. This comprehensive dataset indicates that hiking stress is deleterious to the soil–hydrologic system. Data point to a trail system that would be dominated by Hortonian overland flow and this was supported by field evidence during a storm event. Increased runoff has incised rills on some trail segments and there is evidence that run‐on to adjacent side slopes has lead to accelerated erosion. Management on most trails in Hawai'i, including the one studied, is limited, but from our data it is apparent that on‐trail sites directly influenced by an overhanging canopy of rapidly growing (aggressive) exotics were least impacted due to increased organic contributions to the surface and root network development. These data will allow land managers to more effectively address the potential geomorphic and hydrologic impacts of recreational land use. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Twenty years of resolving the irresolvable: approaches to the fuelwood problem in Kenya
Authors: Mahiri I. , Howorth C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractResolving the fuelwood problem in Kenya has been the cause of many debates. A review of the literature reveals the changing emphasis on the cause and effect of the problem. The dominant focus links fuelwood consumption with environmental degradation. This view has been perpetuated and reinforced by the ‘Woodfuel Gap’ theory of supply and demand differentials, based on population growth. The demand mitigation has been addressed through the ‘Fuelwood Orthodoxy’ approach and energy technologies. This paper shows that deforestation, and subsequent degradation, has little to do with fuelwood consumption as much is extracted from outside the forest. Therefore, costly interventions of afforestation programmes have had little impact in addressing the issue. The locale‐specificity of the fuelwood problem means there can be no simple, technical solution. The local nature of shortages means that national projections cannot capture the complex socio‐economic and cultural issues. Such complexity and diversity of rural contexts demand that the rural energy problem cannot be treated in isolation from the equally pressing issues of poverty, labour, food, culture and values. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Farmers' participation in soil and water conservation activities in the Chemoga Watershed, Blue Nile basin, Ethiopia
Authors: Bewket W. , Sterk G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSoil erosion by water constitutes a threat to the maintenance of the subsistence living of the Ethiopian rural population. Past efforts at Soil and Water Conservation (SWC) did not bring about significant results, mainly because of the top‐down approach pursued. Uprooting this past oversight and instating a participatory approach has since then been strongly recommended as the correct strategy. This paper analyses the extent of farmers' participation in current SWC activities in the Chemoga watershed, East Gojjam Zone, Amhara Regional State. Formal household survey, informal and focus group discussions and field observation were used to generate the data. The results indicate that the majority of the farmers participated in the SWC against their will. The most important factor discouraging them from participating freely was the perceived ineffectiveness of the structures under construction. Awareness about soil erosion as a problem, labour shortage and land tenure insecurity were found to be less important in providing an explanation for the disinterest shown by most of the farmers towards the SWC activities. Therefore, the important factors that need immediate consideration for SWC efforts in the study area or the region at large are: (1) SWC structures have to be carefully designed and constructed taking into account ground realities, and (2) participation of the farmers has to be through their own conviction regarding the effectiveness and efficiency of the technologies. Alternative SWC technologies will have to be considered in this regard. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of excimer laser angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Topaz On , Shah Rakesh , Mohanty Pramod K. , McQueen Robert A. , Janin Yves , Bernardo Nelson L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground and Objective:Patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction who fail to respond to standard therapy with thrombolytics or have contraindications for their use oftentimes need revascularization with a mechanical device for removal of an occlusive coronary thrombus and its underlying atherosclerotic plaque. As both thrombi and plaques absorb laser energy in the ultraviolet wavelength (308 nm), we studied the feasibility and safety of excimer laser angioplasty in selective patients with complicated acute myocardial infarction.Study Design/Materials and Methods:Fifty patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by continuous chest pain and/or ischemia who had a total of 54 obstructive lesions were treated with percutaneous excimer coronary laser angioplasty (ELCA). A Q‐wave myocardial infarction was documented in 56% and a non‐Q‐wave myocardial infarction in 44%. The baseline left ventricular ejection fraction was reduced at 43 ± 13% and six patients (12%) presented to the cardiac catheterization laboratory in cardiogenic shock. Twenty‐nine patients failed to respond to thrombolytic therapy and 16 had contraindications for thrombolytics and IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists. Following laser debulking, all patients received adjunct balloon dilation and then stents were deployed in 83% of the target lesions. Quantitative coronary arteriography (QCA) was performed at an independent core laboratory.Results:Ninety‐eight percent laser success and 100% procedural success were achieved. By QCA the minimal luminal diameter increased from baseline of 0.7 ± 0.5 to 1.3 ± 0.5 mm post‐lasing and then to 2.0 ± 0.6 with balloon dilation to a final of 3.0 ± 0.5 mm. Pre‐laser percent stenosis diameter of 77 ± 17% was reduced to 51 ± 22% post‐laser to 3.0 ± 17% post‐balloon and to a final of 15 ± 25%. An 83% laser‐induced reduction of thrombus burden area was achieved as well as an increase in TIMI flow from baseline of 1.7 ± 1.1 to 2.8 ± 0.4 by laser to a 2.9 ± 0.4 final. There were no deaths, emergency bypass surgery, cerebral vascular accident, neurologic injury, or major perforation. In one case, a laser‐induced major dissection was successfully treated by stenting. All 50 patients survived the procedure, improved clinically, and were discharged.Conclusion:Application of excimer laser coronary angioplasty is feasible and safe in selected patients with acute myocardial infarction who either fail to respond to thrombolytics or have contraindications to these agents. Intracoronary thrombus at the target lesion can be successfully dissolved with this wavelength laser energy without adverse effect on the procedure results. Lasers Surg. Med. 29:185–192, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.