bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Introduction to the Problem of Wing Flutter
Authors: Greene Carl F. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
After defining wing flutter and analyzing the evidence accumulated as to the conditions under which it occurs, the author gives particulars of a study of the torsional oscillations of an airfoil, and of the position of the elastic axis and location of the center of mass of an airplane wing. He then discusses the aerodynamic considerations involved in the problem and the present status of the latter, and concludes with a brief discussion of the field of future investigation. The purpose of the paper is not to present any general solution for the problem, but to promote discussion as to rational methods of employing such data as are now or may be on hand with a view to formulating a sound basis for future design procedure.
The Design of Commercial Airplanes
Authors: Short Mac 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Commercial airplane design, according to the author, had its inception in the three-place OX-engined plane. From a crude beginning in 1919 and with but little encouragement it has developed to a point where large production is demanded as well as many refinements, and along with this has come a universal awakening to the importance of commercial aviation in the nation’s business. Intensive production methods are not as yet entirely applicable to the machines at present manufactured in quantity, but nevertheless have possibilities. Permissible expenditures to save a pound in weight amount to from one to two dollars. There is a constantly increasing demand for better performance, greater useful load, artistry of appointment, and comfort in the evolution from the open-cockpit to the enclosed airplane.
The Range and Severity of Torsional Vibration in Diesel Engines
Authors: Porter Frederic P. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper gives a general treatment of the subject of the torsional vibration of irregular shafts. It is illustrated by examples of computations for the shafting of certain Diesel-engine installations that have been investigated.
The material presented is the result of a study to determine accurately the range of vibrations and the speeds at which they occur. The data also give the results of a study on the effect of elastic hysteresis and other damping forces in determining the maximum vibration at the various critical speeds.
Investigation of Insulated Walls: Thermal Properties of Different Materials and Built-Up Wall Sections Discussed as Applied to Cold-Storage Work and Houses in Severe Climates
Authors: Rowley Frank B. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper gives some of the research work at the University of Minnesota on the thermal properties of insulating materials and built-up wall sections for the type of construction used for houses in cold climates and for cold-storage work. A description of the types of test apparatus used is followed by a discussion of the results. A method is shown for converting from one set of results to another. The effect of moisture and temperature on the thermal conductivity of the materials is shown by test results. A group of walls tested by the hot-box method is given, showing in detail their construction and insulating value.
Factors Governing the Purchase of Coal
Authors: Smith Morgan B. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper it is pointed out that plant efficiency can be raised only by coordinating coal selection, better plant operation, betterment and proper maintenance of plant, adequate records of plant performance, and installation of instruments for the guidance of plant operators and for obtaining comparative operating data. Coal selection is probably the most important single factor because only through proper selection can coal best suited to existing plant equipment be bought. Entering into the problem of coal selection are details of the boiler plant, the coal available, the coal mine, the vendor of the coal, a method of checking the quality of the coal delivered, method of delivery, the purchase order or contract, price arrangements, specifications, and contracts. Several contract forms appear in the paper, and suggestions for the study of coalmining districts and individual mines are given.
High-Pressure Steam Boilers: A Study of the Principles Underlying Their Design and Construction
Authors: Orrok Geo. A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
After briefly referring to the work of Münzinger, Hartmann, and Mellanby and Kerr, the author proceeds to discuss the lines of further investigation which to him seem to offer the most promise. In so doing he discusses the effect of tube inclination; the circulation problem; releasing surface and steam space; safety in operation; increase in capacity; boiler materials; temperature margins; and stresses in superheater tubes, riveted drums, and headers. Among other things, it is brought out by this discussion that (1) a high-pressure boiler must consist largely of banks of tubes; (2) that headers in great variety are available up to at least 1400 lb. pressure; (3) that drums must be of small diameter and should not contain over 10 per cent of the water content of the boiler; (4) that below 1000 lb. there is no need of employing alloy steels, but above that pressure such steels are available and should be used if the temperature margins so require; (5) that for superheats higher than 800 deg., alloy steels are indicated; (6) that 20 or more different designs of boilers are successfully operating at pressures of 500 lb. and over, six at 1000 lb., and one at 2000 and over; and (7) that enough work has been done to show that their efficiencies are comparable to those obtained with boilers of lower pressure. In closing, the author states his conclusions as to the type of high-pressure boiler best suited to present limitations.
Modernization of the Industrial Power Plant
Authors: Spencer C. G. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper the author discusses modern practice as applied to the industrial power plant. He compares the progress in this branch of the power-generation field with that in central-station practice, and also shows how the engineer may by studying his plant improve conditions with a reasonable expenditure of money and produce results comparable with those to be expected from service purchased from a modern central station. The various steps to be taken in this program of modernization are touched upon and some of the lately rebuilt plants embodying the suggested improvements are described and illustrated.
Stresses and Reactions in Expansion Pipe Bends
Authors: Wahl A. M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper methods are outlined for the determination of stresses and reactions in pipe bends, in accordance with exact theory which takes into account pipe cross-section distortion. Formulas for various types of bends are given. The computation of maximum transverse and shearing stresses in accordance with the exact theory is facilitated by means of curves which are given. The theoretical results for deflection and distortion of the pipe cross-section are verified by tests made on small pipe bends at the Westinghouse Research Laboratory. Application of the theory to practical cases is illustrated, while the effect of steam pressure on the amount of flattening is shown to be small.
Fineness of Pulverized Fuel as Affected by Mill Types
Authors: Work Lincoln T. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Fineness of pulverized coal is increasingly important for small combustion space, as with Scotch marine, high-pressure, or small industrial boilers. The amounts of sieve size affect the completeness of combustion with correspondingly higher boiler efficiency and less smoke, while the amounts of superfine material affect the ease of combustion and the rate of radiation.
This investigation shows that the various principles of mill action make fuels of different fineness. The hammer mills produce relatively coarse coal with but little superfines, the roller mills produce widely differing fineness depending upon specific mill action and upon plant conditions, and the tube mills normally produce coal low in sieve mesh and high in superfines.
Air-classifying schemes are shown to vary greatly, there being room for much development with most mills. The author’s turbidimetric method for measuring superfines is described.
Boiler-Furnace Refractories: This Group of Materials Includes Brick and Tile, and Also the Wall Mortars, Plastic Compounds and So-Called High-Temperature Cements
Authors: Hirshfeld C. F. , Carter W. A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
A field survey of the conditions to which refractories were subjected in different kinds of service was made along with laboratory investigation such as analyses of fuel and petrographic study of new and used refractories. The work had as its object the determination of the chemical and physical phenomena occurring in boiler-furnace refractories to work out data to aid in choice of firebrick for specific purposes. Each type of furnace construction, each method of firing, each variety of fuel, and each set of operating conditions calls for an unique solution.
The Economic Status of Oil as a Fuel for Marine Service: It Is the Ideal Combustible, but Is Not Capable of Universal Adoption, Especially Where Net Operating Costs Are a First Consideration
Authors: Richardson George Atwell 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
There have been no developments in oil-burning equipment for two or three years. Reasonable furnace efficiencies have been reached, and no great incentive exists for improving equipment. What has been accomplished has been in furnace design. Despite its advantages, oil is not capable of universal adoption from an economic standpoint.
Progress in Central-Station Use of Pulverized Coal: Summary of Experiences at Cahokia and Analysis of Their Meaning From the Standpoints of Performance and of Dollar Value
Authors: Tenney E. H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Operating records of five pulverized-fuel-firing arrangements and furnace designs show what value lies in each, these depending upon the grade and price of coal used, the plant load factor, and the rate for fixed charges. The design best adapted shows a saving of $0.40 per ton of coal in operating costs and a saving of $2.44 in fixed charges, having been brought about by reduction in coal-preparation costs, general improvement in boiler economy, reduction in furnace maintenance by the use of water walls, elimination of hard slag in furnace by horizontal firing, and increase in ratings by the use of water walls, turbulent firing, and draft equipment. The nature of further improvements will be difficult to forecast. Improvement of mills will probably depend upon development of new types and on present designs, in maintaining the fineness of grind, and greater facility for repairs. The problem of higher rates of heat liberation in the furnace is receiving attention. Water walls have about reached their limit with practically the entire furnace enclosed. The use of radiant superheaters as a part of furnace walls offers possibilities in obtaining a higher and more even superheat. Means for reducing the quantity of fly ash in the flue gases will be important where pollution of air is a severe local disadvantage. All these problems can be discussed to the greatest advantage if considered from a completely economical viewpoint.
Present Status of Furnace and Burner Design for the Use of Pulverized Fuel: Both Are Being Intensively Improved, and Now That Water-Cooled Furnaces Are Being Well Designed, Their Shape and Size and Wall Construction Can Be Made to Suit the Burning Equipment
Authors: Bailey E. G. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The ideal burner is one by which combustion of fuel can be accomplished in a furnace of minimum volume and with reasonably low excess air. The differences between the problems of burning oil and gas and pulverized coal are of relative magnitude rather than of principle, and hence the improvements in pulverized-fuel burners are following the lead of the gas and oil burners by having all the air for combustion enter with and adjacent to the fuel at the burner with active turbulence and mixing. Pulverized coal is still more difficult to burn than oil.
Friction in Dredge Pipes
Authors: Polhemus James H. , DuPriest John R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper presents some information on pipe friction for dredge pipe 29 in. inside diameter and with velocities up to about 20 ft. per sec. The data were obtained during some recent tests of large hydraulic dredge pumps, and on account of the large size of the pipe and the high velocities encountered it was thought worth while to present the information for the benefit of others engaged in dredge work.
An analysis is also given of the data showing how the equation for loss of head in pipe lines can be modified so as to give a constant friction factor as velocity varies instead of having both velocity and friction factor vary in the equation.
Physical Properties of Alloy Steels Under Various Heat Treatments and at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Callomon C. B. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The author confines his treatment to two of the newer and less well-known ferrous alloys: (1) so-called “stainless” iron, a steel containing from 12 to 16 per cent of chromium and less than 0.12 per cent carbon; and a “super” stainless iron containing from 12 to 20 per cent of chromium and 7 to 10 per cent of nickel. The former not only resists corrosion but is readily machinable; it is susceptible to heat treatment, under which it attains remarkable physical properties fitting it for a wide range of engineering applications. The second alloy, the strength of which is increased by hot or cold wording rather than by heat treatment, resists corrosion much better than the first one, but is more difficult to form and machine. Further, it is from 7 to 15 per cent lighter than other corrosion-resisting metals and alloys. Both alloys have high tensile strength at elevated temperatures; the latter being the better in this respect, however, having an ultimate tensile strength of 25,500 lb. at 1650 deg. fahr.
Recent Developments in the Use of Nickel Steels
Authors: McKnight Charles 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
After recounting the early uses of nickel steel for armor plate, guns, and projectiles, the author deals at some length with the development of its use in locomotive construction for heavy forgings and later for the shell plates of high-pressure locomotive boilers. He then touches briefly on three recently developed iron-nickel alloys—Invar, Permalloy, and Nickeloy—the latter two being employed extensively in electrical work, and with the substitution of nickelchrome-steel castings for those of manganese steel in trackwork.. He concludes with a statement of the advantageous properties conferred on cast iron by the addition of nickel.
The Manufacture of Seamless Tubes
Authors: Stiefel R. C. , Pugh George A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Two methods are today available in the manufacture of seamless tubes of 4 in. and greater diameter. These are the pilger process and the automatic or plug-mill process. The cost of installation is about the same for either process. The cost of tool equipment is much greater for the pilger process and it is claimed that the quality of the tube, particularly in the matter of service, is more uniformly reliable with the plug rolling process than with the pilger process.
Referring particularly to the plug rolling process the authors discuss the difficulties of operation and modern improvements aimed at obviating these difficulties. A distinction is emphasized between the part of the billet directly affected, or as the authors style it, “explored,” by the mandrel, and the part which is unexplored, and the smaller the unexplored section is in relation to the full section of the solid billet, the fewer are the defects on the inside of the pierced tube. This leads to the conclusion that for the production of a given size tube, as small a solid billet as possible should be used. This is proved by a formula given for power consumption in piercing. The design of piercing mills is next considered from the same point of view and the most recent developments in the use of expanding mills are described.
Some Essential Principles for Budgetary Control
Authors: Coes Harold Vinton 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper presents in condensed form many of the essential principles for the application of budgeting to a business and the effective means for control. Some of the means for securing budgetary control are shown in charts and statements of the following: (1) fundamental operating relationships, (2) comparative results of operation for different sales volumes, (3) manufacturing expense budget, (4) indirect labor control, (5) sales and production coordination, (6) sales quota, (7) department quota, (8) comparison of operating ratios.
Training Minor Executives in a Rapidly Growing Organization
Authors: Beatty A. J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper the author discusses the problem of maintaining a trained wording force in the rapidly expanding organization. The problem of the American Rolling Mill Company is used as an illustration of what may be accomplished through proper attention to the requirements of an expanding company and to the material available in the existing personnel. Two courses organized to replace the old Works’ School of the company, namely, the Operating Training Course and the Sales Apprentice Course, are described. Other means of meeting new issues in the most effective manner are presented in the author’s discussion of the Foremen’s Cabinet and the Foremen’s Forum, the former serving in an advisory capacity and the latter as an outlet to discussion. A valuable feature of the program of developing minor-executive talent is the Armco Foremen’s Bulletin, which has served to stimulate interest in the project throughout the entire organization.
Hydraulics and Modern Machine-Tool Design
Authors: Guild Waldo J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
After showing that incompressible fluids have advantages over air for machine-tool drive and operation, the author shows how the pressure and volume of the pumping unit are determined by the energy required of the device in a unit time, and passes on to a study of the control devices for regulating the volume of fluid delivered to the driven unit by the throttle valve and bypass valve. Applications of hydraulics to several types of machine tools are then described, with brief comments on the valves employed and on air accumulation in the oil lines.
A Study of Tin-Base Bearing Metals
Authors: Ellis O. W. , Karelitz G. B. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This study represents the first part of an investigation of babbitts. It comprises the results of metallographic and mechanical tests on a series of tin-antimony-copper alloys containing up to 10 per cent of antimony and 8 per cent of copper. Relationships between the composition, microstructure, hardness, and compressive strength of these alloys are given, and the influences of elevated temperatures and of lead upon these properties are recorded.
Experimental Combustion Chambers Designed for High-Speed Diesel Engines
Authors: Kemper Carlton 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper the preliminary requirement of the high-speed fuel-injection-engine problem is given, and analyses of the cycles used in this type of engine are included. There is also given a discussion of the effect of increasing speeds on the output of engines employing these cycles. The requirements of combustion chambers arc set forth and results of experiments using three different types are given. The engine and testing apparatus are fully described and illustrated, and curves showing the performance of the engine when equipped with each of the special types of chambers are also shown.
The Study of Oil Sprays for Fuel-Injection Engines by Means of High-Speed Motion Pictures
Authors: Beardsley Edward G. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Apparatus for recording photographically the start, growth, and cut-off of oil sprays from injection values has been developed at the Laboratory of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics at Langley Field, Va. The apparatus consists of a high-tension transformer by means of which a bank of condensers is charged to a high voltage. The controlled discharge of these condensers in sequence, at a rate of several thousand per second, produces electric sparks of sufficient intensity to illuminate the moving spray for photographing it. The sprays are injected from various types of valves into a chamber containing gases at pressures up to 600 lb. per sq. in.
Several series of pictures are shown. The results give the effects of injection pressure, chamber pressure, specific gravity of the fuel oil used, and injection-valve design, upon spray characteristics.
Manufacture of Diesel Fuel Injectors
Authors: Alden C. R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The paper deals with details of design and manufacture of parts of fuel-injection pumps, such as plungers and their bushings, and check valves, which must be made with greatest precision in order to permit the injection of an accurately metered amount of oil and to be tight against high pressures. Results of tests to determine the length of bushing necessary to prevent leakage around a plunger are reported and show that this need be much less than is usually specified. The characteristics of materials from which such parts can be manufactured are also given. It is suggested that the parts considered may be easily standardized with benefit to the oil-engine manufacturer.
One Example of Centrifugal Pumps for Petroleum Transportation
Authors: Warterfield Floyd E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper deals with the problems involved in one specific installation of motor-driven centrifugal pumps for pipe-line work. The author describes conditions prior to the installation, and gives the reasons for the selection of centrifugal pumping units, as well as actual construction and operating costs so far as possible. He also discusses the effect that the experience gained from the installation described may have on the future use of centrifugal pumps in petroleum transportation.
The Standardization of Colored Printing Inks and Its Advantages: Confusion Exists in the Color Field at Present, as Discussions and Instructions Regarding Color Have No Common Basis or Viewpoint
Authors: Anstead Taylor W. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The author discusses briefly the materials entering into the manufacture of printing ink. Since the pigments used in their manufacture exhibit the widest variations, standardization of colored inks is really the standardization of the pigments involved. Various proposed methods of standardization are considered, and it is hoped that out of their discussion some practical system will result that will do away with the confusion at present enveloping the subject.
Can Accident Prevention Be Reduced to a Science?
Authors: Carrow Thomas H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The author concludes that accident prevention can be reduced to a science. This conclusion is based on an analysis of the causes of accidents, which shows that not more than ten per cent are due to misadventure and therefore unpreventable, and an analysis of the human factor to which eighty-five per cent of all accidents are attributable. He stresses the need of complete accident records and of educating supervisory responsibility in safety.