bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Royal authority and city law under Alexander and his Hellenistic successors
Authors: O'Neil James L. 
Published: November 2004

When the Macedonians had conquered Greece, city-states continued to exist along-side the more powerful kingdoms, and were often forced to accommodate their policies to the wishes of the powerful kings who were, in theory, their allies. If kings and cities were to co-operate effectively, there would need to be some way of adapting the authority of royal wishes to the theoretical rights of the cities to self-determination.The contrast between the powers of a king, theoretically all-powerful within his kingdom, and the autonomy of a city did not need to be total. Aristotle, who was acquainted with the Macedonian kingdom, made a clear distinction between kingship and tyranny, between rule by the law and autocracy. He listed Macedonia alongside Sparta and Epirus as kingdoms which were ruled in the interests of all.
Linking language and situation: a course for advanced learners
Authors: Holborow Marnie 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Focus on the situation of language is often regarded as outside the domain of language teaching and more appropriate to sociolinguistics than applied linguistics. Yet finding the appropriate piece of language to ‘fit’ a situation continues to constitute a difficult task, even for the advanced learner. The article argues that understanding the context of language—the social, the interpersonal, the setting in its broadest sense—is a vital component in a learner's capacity to communicate effectively. This article describes a course for advanced learners, the aim of which was to focus on the links between language and situation, and, at the same time, equip the students with concepts that would guide them in the production of appropriate written texts. The process involved students talking about language as well as practising it. It also contributed to making them aware of language variation—something which most students sense intuitively, but are seldom taught.
The house of TESEP and the communicative approach: the special needs of state English language education
Authors: Holliday Adrian 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Many teachers in state English language education around the world are unsure about the appropriateness of the communicative approach to the conditions prevalent in their classrooms. One reason for this may be that they are trying to use a particularly narrow interpretation of this approach produced, for very different classroom contexts, by branches of the ELT community in Britain, North America, or Australasia. There is, in other words, a problem of technology transfer between these branches of the profession and the rest of the world. However, there does exist a broader version of the communicative approach which has within it the potential to adapt to all types of classroom context, provided it is informed by local knowledge. Teachers in state education already have this local knowledge about their students and the realities of their classrooms. Their experience must be capitalized upon and incorporated into a more environment-sensitive communicative approach.
Developing language skills and learner autonomy in international postgraduates
Authors: McClure J 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Studies have shown that postgraduate research presents particular challenges, ranging from self-management, independent research, and extended writing, to working with a supervisor (Ballard 1984, 1996; Zuber-Skerritt 1994). If we add to these challenges those faced by many international students - the complexity of a new culture, and the difficulties of a second language - we begin to see the hurdles these students must overcome. This paper reports on a course designed to provide the pedagogical environment for international postgraduates to develop language skills, and learner autonomy. A reflective model for facilitating engagement with the research process is proposed as a useful strategy to develop these skills. To further stimulate this process, a series of reflections that novice researchers should consider in relation to their reading and writing is also put forward.
Teaching Terry McMillan's short fiction
Authors: Völz S 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Although Terry McMillan's novels have been huge successes, reaching a broad readership, her fiction has practically gone unnoticed in the EFL classroom. McMillan's short stories are not only accessible to non-narrative speakers of English but can be used as a springboard to further literary competence and cross-cultural comparison. This paper analyses McMillan's conception of aesthetics, and offers practical suggestions for the teaching of 'Ma'Dear' and 'Quilting on the Rebound' to EFL students at the post-secondary level.
Academic General Practice in Manchester under the Early National Health Service: A Failed Experiment in Social Medicine
Authors: PERRY MARK 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
During the Second World War, medical academics hoped to reform medical practice and education in Great Britain, increasing doctors' sensitivity to the social and environmental causes of ill health and orientating them towards prevention At the start of the National Health Service (NHS), central planning aimed to raise the status of isolated urban general practitioners (GPs) by grouping them in an experimental health centre This offered a locus for social medicine, encouraging cooperation and research with local authority staff (nurses, midwives, and social workers) The Manchester case study confirms that health centre working could not be disseminated while conditions for teamwork were absent elsewhere The failure of academic planning can be attributed to a top-down approach upon demoralized urban practice While the participants did not form an autonomous group, economic incentives drove the growth of group practice elsewhere and made health centres superfluous to government The College of General Practitioners developed in parallel, offering an alternative path towards an academic discipline The case study also suggests a relationship between the emergence of groups and a psychological orientation in practice A patient-centred model became important within teaching and gave identity to the discipline, but it probably had little impact on everyday practice.
Antigenic Determinants of Alpha-Like Proteins of
Streptococcus agalactiae
Authors: Maeland Johan A. , Bevanger Lars , Lyng Randi Valsoe 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACT

The majority of group B streptococcus (GBS) isolates express one or more of a family of surface-anchored proteins that vary by strain and that form ladder-like patterns on Western blotting due to large repeat units. These proteins, which are important as GBS serotype markers and as inducers of protective antibodies, include the alpha C (Cα) and R4 proteins and the recently described alpha-like protein 2 (Alp2), encoded by
alp2
, and Alp3, encoded by
alp3
. In this study, we examined antigenic determinants possessed by Alp2 and Alp3 by testing of antibodies raised in rabbits, mainly by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and an ELISA absorption test. The results showed that Alp2 and Alp3 shared an antigenic determinant, which may be a unique immunological marker of the Alp variants of GBS proteins. Alp2, in addition, possessed an antigenic determinant which showed specificity for Alp2 and a third determinant which showed serological cross-reactivity with Cα. Alp3, in addition to the determinant common to Alp2 and Alp3, harbored an antigenic site which also was present in the R4 protein, whereas no Alp3-specific antigenic site was detected. These ELISA-based results were confirmed by Western blotting and a fluorescent-antibody test. The results are consistent with highly complex antigenic structures of the alpha-like proteins in a fashion which is in agreement with the recently described structural mosaicism of the
alp2
and
alp3
genes. The results are expected to influence GBS serotyping, immunoprotection studies, and GBS vaccine developments.
Characterization of Antibodies to Capsular Polysaccharide Antigens ofHaemophilus influenzaeType b andStreptococcus pneumoniaein Human Immune Globulin Intravenous Preparations
Authors: Mikolajczyk Malgorzata G. , Concepcion Nelydia F. , Wang Theresa , Frazier Douglas , Golding Basil , Frasch Carl E. , Scott Dorothy E. 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTThe most common infections in primary immune deficiency disease (PIDD) patients involve encapsulated bacteria, mainlyHaemophilus influenzaetype b (Hib) andStreptococcus pneumoniae(pneumococcus). Thus, it is important to know the titers of Hib- and pneumococcus-specific antibodies that are present in immune globulin (Ig) intravenous (IGIV) preparations used to treat PIDD. In this study, seven IGIV preparations were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and opsonophagocytic activity for antibody titers to the capsular polysaccharides of Hib and five pneumococcal serotypes. Differences in Hib- and pneumococcus-specific antibody titer were observed among various IGIV preparations, with some products having higher- or lower-than-average titers. Opsonic activity also varied among preparations. As expected, IgG2 was the most active subclass of both binding and opsonic activity except against pneumococcal serotype 6B where IgG3 was the most active. This study determines antibody titers against capsular polysaccharides of Hib and pneumococcus in seven IGIV products that have been shown to be effective in reducing infections in PIDD patients. As donor antibody levels and manufacturing methods continue to change, it may prove useful from a regulatory point of view to reassess IGIV products periodically, to ensure that products maintain antibody levels that are important for the health of IGIV recipients.
Age-Dependent Accuracy of
Helicobacter pylori
Antibody Assays for Adults, with Special Emphasis on Atrophic Gastritis
Authors: Salomaa-Räsänen A. , Kosunen T. U. , Mattila J. , Sarna S. , Rautelin H. 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACT

The accuracy of
Helicobacter pylori
antibody assays for 561 consecutive adult outpatients who had undergone gastroscopy was studied. The sensitivity of an immunoglobulin G test was 99 to 100% for all age groups, but the specificity declined by age group, from 99% for those aged 15 to 49 years to 75% for those aged ≥65 years. The exclusion of false-positive results for patients with atrophic gastritis improved the specificity to 93 to 97% for the older age groups.
Lack of Association between Toll-Like Receptor 2 Polymorphisms and Susceptibility to Severe Disease Caused byStaphylococcus aureus
Authors: Moore Catrin E. , Segal Shelley , Berendt Anthony R. , Hill Adrian V. S. , Day Nicholas P. J. 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTTo investigate a putative link between genetically determined variations in Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and the occurrence of severeStaphylococcus aureusinfection, the functional Arg753Gln single-nucleotide polymorphism and the GT repeat microsatellite in the TLR2 gene were examined in a large case-control study. No associations with disease or mortality attributable to these features were found.
Postconsumption Sewage Treatment in Environmental Systems Analysis of Foods
Authors: Sonesson Ulf , Jönsson Håkan , Mattsson Berit 
Published: November 2004

SummaryFood in general has a high nutrient content, which essentially passes through the human organism and ends up in the sewage system. This high nutrient content in sewage, however, is rarely included in environmental systems analyses of food products or production systems. At the same time, several studies on sewage systems have shown the significance of plant nutrients in sewage system outlets. This means that important environmental effects may be neglected in environmental systems studies of food.We present a method for including emissions that occur after food consumption in environmental systems analyses of foods. The method uses easily accessible input data to calculate the postconsumption emissions caused by certain food products.The method was tested by completing the results for eutrophication from seven life‐cycle assessments (LCAs) on food products with the corresponding emissions caused by outlets from a sewage plant. The results showed that postconsumption eutrophication was a significant part of the products' total life‐cycle impact, ranging from 5.5% (beef) to 86% (apples).The conclusion is that including postconsumption emissions is important for studies aiming at mapping a product's life cycle to find the most environmentally relevant parts, as well as for eco‐labeling purposes. If the purpose of the study is decision support, the postconsumption phase should be included where the decision affects this part of the system, otherwise not. When products are compared, postconsumption emissions should be included if their nutrient contents differ.
Barth and Asia: 'No Boring Theology'
Authors: Hoekema Alle 
Published: November 2004

AbstractKarl Barth never visited Asia; yet through discussions with Asian students in Europe, correspondence with scholars in Asia, and visits by colleagues from that continent, he had a vast network of contacts as the Karl Barth Archives show. His earliest and most intensive contacts have been with Christians and others from Japan, such as the philosopher Katsumi Takizawa, with whom Barth maintained an intimate relationship through the years. In this article we describe and analyze these Asian contacts. Also, the author tries to evaluate upon which theological fields his work exerted influence in that continent and to indicate in which areas of thought he was influenced by Asians as well.
Diffusion‐Influenced Fluorescence Quenching by Electron Transfer: The Effect of an External Electric Field
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Tusar , Ghosh Swapan K. , Tachiya Masanori 
Published: November 2004

AbstractDiffusion‐assisted fluorescence quenching by electron transfer (ET) from a photoexcited electron donor to an acceptor in liquid solution in the presence of an external electric field is studied theoretically. The relevant reaction‐diffusion equation is solved by a numerical procedure based on an alternating direction‐implicit generalization of the finite difference method with implementation of the appropriate boundary conditions. Increasing the mobility of the reactants enhances the ET and therefore always reduces the fluorescence in any systems. Therefore, in the field‐reduced fluorescence system where the fluorescence is reduced by the field in the absence of diffusion, the fluorescence is further reduced by increasing the mobility, while in the originally field‐enhanced fluorescence system, the system is converted to the field‐reduced fluorescence system at high mobilities.
Superexchange Pathways in Charge Transfer through a DNA π‐Stack
Authors: Voityuk Alexander A. , Rösch Notker 
Published: November 2004

AbstractWe studied contributions of different electronic states of intervening bases to the superexchange interaction between donor and acceptor in single‐ and double‐strand DNA fragments with quantum chemistry calculations. Hole‐transfer pathways through thymine bases entailed substantial destructive interference whereas the influence of high‐lying electronic states of adenine turned out to be weak. Contributions of different superexchange pathways depended on the duplex conformation. For bridges of several base pairs, very many electronic states had to be taken into account to estimate properly the electronic coupling if the superexchange approach is broken down to the separate bridge units. From these results, we concluded that qualitative results on superexchange‐mediated couplings in DNA fragments can be obtained with only a few low‐lying virtual electronic states of the bridge (one or two states per nucleobase pair). However, reliable quantitative estimates of the coupling matrix element for hole transfer in DNA π‐stacks require summing the contributions of tens of bridge states.
Nonlinear Photoabsorption in Metallic Clusters
Authors: Gerchikov Leonid G. , Guet Claude , Ipatov Andrey N. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe optical response of simple metal clusters to strong laser fields should bear evidence of possible anharmonicities of dipole surface plasmon collective excitations. We present a theoretical method that allows one to calculate the excitation spectrum of sodium clusters beyond the linear response theory, including highly excited states with more than one plasmon. We make use of a coordinate transformation to separate center of mass (c.m.) and intrinsic motion of delocalized electrons. The coupling between c.m. motion and intrinsic excitations leads to some anharmonicity of the giant dipole oscillations. We calculate the photoabsorption spectrum of sodium clusters for increasing laser intensities and find sizeable anharmonic effects.
Remarks on Negative Heat Capacities of Clusters
Authors: Berry R. Stephen 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe concept of negative heat capacities of clusters has been examined and argued. This discussion examines the arguments and concepts with the goal of clarifying the inherent ambiguities in the concept itself. We also show how one must use caution with this and related concepts that extend to nonequilibrium systems properties that are well defined just for equilibrium systems.
Smoking Status and Survival in Patients With Early-Stage Primary Cutaneous Melanoma
Authors: Jackson Katherine M. , Jones Peter C. , Fluke Laura M. , Fischer Trevan D. , Thompson John F. , Cochran Alistair J. , Stern Stacey L. , Faries Mark B. , Hoon Dave S. B. , Foshag Leland J. 
Published: February 2024

ImportanceWhile smoking is associated with a decreased incidence of cutaneous melanoma, the association of smoking with melanoma progression and death is not well defined.ObjectiveTo determine the association of smoking with survival in patients with early-stage primary cutaneous melanoma.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cohort study performed a post hoc analysis of data derived from the randomized, multinational first and second Multicenter Selective Lymphadenectomy Trials (MSLT-I and MSLT-II). Participants were accrued for MSLT-I from January 20, 1994, to March 29, 2002; MSLT-II, from December 21, 2004, to March 31, 2014. Median follow-up was 110.0 (IQR, 53.4-120.0) months for MSLT-I and 67.6 (IQR, 25.8-110.2) months for MSLT-II. Patients aged 18 to 75 years with clinical stages I or II melanoma with a Breslow thickness of 1.00 mm or greater or Clark level IV to V and available standard prognostic and smoking data were included. Analyses were performed from October 4, 2022, to March 31, 2023.ExposureCurrent, former, and never smoking.Main Outcomes and MeasuresMelanoma-specific survival of patients with current, former, and never smoking status was assessed for the entire cohort and for nodal observation and among subgroups with sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB)–negative and SLNB-positive findings.ResultsOf 6279 included patients, 3635 (57.9%) were men, and mean (SD) age was 52.7 (13.4) years. The most common tumor location was an extremity (2743 [43.7%]), and mean (SD) Breslow thickness was 2.44 (2.06) mm. Smoking status included 1077 (17.2%) current, 1694 (27.0%) former, and 3508 (55.9%) never. Median follow-up was 78.4 (IQR, 30.5-119.6) months. Current smoking was associated with male sex, younger age, trunk site, thicker tumors, tumor ulceration, and SLNB positivity. Current smoking was associated with a greater risk of melanoma-associated death by multivariable analysis for the entire study (hazard ratio [HR], 1.48 [95% CI, 1.26-1.75]; P &amp;lt; .001). Former smoking was not. The increased risk of melanoma-specific mortality associated with current smoking was greatest for patients with SLNB-negative melanoma (HR, 1.85 [95% CI, 1.35-2.52]; P &amp;lt; .001), but also present for patients with SLNB-positive melanoma (HR, 1.29 [95% CI, 1.04-1.59]; P = .02) and nodal observation (HR, 1.68 [95% CI, 1.09-2.61]; P = .02). Smoking at least 20 cigarettes/d doubled the risk of death due to melanoma for patients with SLNB-negative disease (HR, 2.06 [95% CI, 1.36-3.13]; P &amp;lt; .001).Conclusions and RelevanceThe findings of this cohort study suggest that patients with clinical stage I and II melanoma who smoked had a significantly increased risk of death due to melanoma. Smoking status should be assessed at time of melanoma diagnosis and may be considered a risk factor for disease progression.
Bildgebung in der Kindertraumatologie/Kinderorthopädie
Authors: Slongo Theddy , Stranzinger Enno 
Published: February 2024

ZusammenfassungNach wie vor ist das konventionelle bzw. das digitale Röntgenbild die Grundlage der bildgebenden Diagnostik des Skelettsystems im Kindesalter. Es gilt als „Goldstandard“ in der Diagnostik, bei der Durchführung von Therapien sowie für Verlaufskontrollen. Ergänzend dazu sollen und können Verfahren wie Ultraschall, Computertomographie (CT), Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT), aber auch nuklearmedizinische Techniken eingesetzt werden. Es ist von Vorteil, dass in der Röntgendiagnostik von Kindern geschulte Radiologiefachpersonen eingesetzt werden. Im Falle von nicht spezifisch eingerichteten Kinderradiologien sollen zumindest die von Fachgesellschaften („as low as reasonable achievable“ [ALARA]) und Strahlenschutzkommissionen empfohlenen Richtlinien eingehalten werden. Es wird dargestellt, wie modernste Hilfsmittel wie Dosisüberwachungssysteme und Software-gesteuerte Bildbearbeitung und auch Nachbearbeitung sowie die verschiedenen Modalitäten optimal eingesetzt werden können, um mit möglichst geringem Aufwand und möglichst geringer Belastung für das Kind ein optimales Resultat, sprich Diagnostik, zu erreichen.