bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Les « grandes entreprises nationales » sont-elles efficaces ?
Authors: Fournelle Frank 
Published: January 2024

Are the large national corporations efficient.
The nationalizations are carried by the endeavour to clinch two sore, often interrelated issues: sway monopolistic activities or get hold of concerns which by their size and prospects offer major assets for a successful industrial policy. Traditionally, the major internationalized concerns have lived mainly by the first consideration, however they have often been called upon to lead the way, including in the social field, owing to their weight and driving force within the national economy. It is precisely this double aspect which makes an evaluation of their performance so difficult. In fact, there have been frequent challenges by public enterprise managers of the targets assigned. Nevertheless, the concerns will obviously assume at least a stabilizing fonction on account of their share in heavy industries and their key position. This is not negligeable, as is witnessed by their recent resurgence.
Le statut de la fonction publique territoriale en France
Authors: Schrameck Olivier 
Published: January 2024

La creación de una función pública local por dos leyes del 13 de julio de 1983 y 11 de enero de 1984, traduce la voluntad de reforma administrativa empezada desde 1981 con la descentralización. Los entes locales deben en efecto disponer de una función pública tan competente y atractiva que la del Estado. Los tres principios directivos de esta nueva función pública comuna a las regiones, los departamentos y los municipios son la unicidad, la paridad con la función pública del Estado y el carácter específico de las modalidades de organización y de gestión conformemente al principio de libre administración de los entes locales.
Esta reforma destinada a acompañar la descentralización se traduce sin embargo de manera paradojal por la generalización de reglas estatutarias comunas a todos los funcionarios territoriales, cualquier que sea su ente local de relación. A veces denunciada por esta razón como demasiado apremiante e insuficientemente respetuosa de la libertad de cada ente local tomada aisladamente, fue concebida como una apuesta, una inversión para el fortalecimiento de un poder local tomado totalmente, gracias a su capacidad de peritaje. Es demasiado temprano para afirmar que ya se ganó la apuesta, pero parece que hemos llegado a una situación irreversible de la reforma, simbolizada por la elaboración de un nuevo estatuto de administradores territoriales.
La formation des fonctionnaires territoriaux en France
Authors: Trosa Sylvie 
Published: January 2024

La ley del 26 de enero de 1984 plantó el problema de la creación, dentro de las corporaciones locales, de una función pública estructurada en cuerpos comunes a las regiones, departamentos y municipalidades, que sea en paridad con la función pública del Estado. La formación es el elemento esencial de este proyecto. De ella depende el nivel de calificación y de competencia que asentará la proyección y la calidad de los cuerpos futuros de la función pública local. A este aspecto se precisan lo que está en juego : ¿Definirán las corporaciones locales, como quiere la ley, sus necesidades de formación? ¿Permitirá la formación asegurar la unidad y la cohesión de la función pública local? ¿Cómo se podrá ejecutar una apertura de los sistemas de formación, tanto entre el Estado y las corporaciones locales, como en el seno del Estado y con el sector privados?
Muy frecuentemente se opone un sistema de formación único, de cuerpos únicos, propios a una función pública, a la creación de escuelas de formación paralelas y totalmente separadas.
Este artículo se propone mostrar que la alternativa de estos dos sistemas no corresponde más a las necesidades y exigencias del servicio público.
La communication audiovisuelle, éléments de conceptualisation d’un système
Authors: Azibert Michel 
Published: January 2024

Introduction to Broadcasting System Concepts.
This article provides a brief glossary of broadcasting terminology preceded by reference material on the economic, technical, legal, cultural and ideological terminology of broadcasting, consisting of the French equivalents of the following terms : freedom of the press, independent government bodies, broadcasting permits, grant of authority to private enterprise to undertake public services, contract conditions, networks, satellites, community antenna, standards, image, multi-media corporations, advertising markets, audience ratings, sponsoring, electronic buying, radio/tv receiver license fees, ‘highest cultural bidders’, theme channels, programme production financing, and cinema films.
Les enjeux politiques : Dix questions à Jack Lang
Authors: Lang Jack 
Published: January 2024

The Political Challenge - 10 Questions to Jack Lang.
Socialist and former Minister of Culture, Jack Lang replies to 10 questions on subjects such as the role of the state and the public sector in broadcasting, public and private sector financing, the future of relations with the film industry and the impact of broadcasting on public opinion. He deplores the fall in programme quality and TV production crisis, and outlines the policy he would pursue if returned to office. Policy should separate programming and production from broadcasting, and promote a large number of small enterprises to ensure pluralism. Jack Lang feels the real power should be vested in artists and producers. He also opposes the growth of political advertising on TV because it gives an unfair advantage to certain parties.
Le câble en déroute ?
Authors: Schreiner Bernard 
Published: January 2024

Cable TV on the Blink ?
The 1982 Plan Cable was followed by a period of confusion about the launching of cable TV in France that began in June 1986, thus discouraging the parties involved. Network commissioning delays and broadcasting restrictions caused major financial embarassment to 52 communes and agglomerations with PTT contracts. Direction Générale des Télécommunications has stepped down as sole owner to leave the field open to private enterprise, thereby repealing the principles of public service, equal access, standard charges and network coexistence. The 1982 Plan nonetheless constituted a coherent policy giving France a lead for starting up ‘added value services’ that combine telecommunications with teledistribution.
La communication audiovisuelle peut-elle être locale ?
Authors: Truchet Didier 
Published: January 2024

Is Local Broadcasting Possible ?
The title has been a topical issue since the abolition of the state radio and TV broadcasting monopoly in 1982. The Law of 29 July 1982 provided an authoritarian response by imposing a local framework on private TV stations and a communal one on cable TV: it failed. The Law of 30 September 1986 was much less detailed, leaving the matter up to the Commission Nationale de la Communication et des Libertés and market forces. The problem is two-fold: local government should act on transmitter ranges, but regrouping local broadcasting services into nationwide networks operates against truly local production and programming. Local government can participate with difficulty only in isolated areas of broadcasting services despite greater legal leeway available since 1986; it must however intervene directly to establish, rather than operate, such services.
L’indépendance de la communication audiovisuelle aux États-Unis et au Canada
Authors: Didier Emmanuel , Didier René 
Published: January 2024

Broadcasting Independence in Canada and USA.
Canada and the USA both have federal government with a strong tradition of democracy and decentralised authority where broadcasting is based on three basic principles that guarantee its independence: (1) private enterprise, within the limits of tradition and anti-trust legislation, (2) freedom of speech and press, tempered by a respect for privacy and the democratic values that prevail, and (3) self-imposed limitation of federal powers. As a result, both legislation and regulation are flexible. The Canadian CRTC (Conseil de la Radiodiffusion et des Télécommunications) and the US FCC (Fédéral Communications Commission) both regulate and monitor broadcasting by acting as government tribunals. They issue broadcasting licenses after summoning all parties concerned for public hearings.
Les exclus et les organismes sociaux
Authors: Strohl Hélène 
Published: January 2024

National Health Insurance and De Facto Non-Coverage.
Between 5 and 1 million persons have difficulty accessing health care that covers the entire population, at least in theory. Misadministration in national health insurance is characterized by complicated procedures, difficulty in reaching certain categories of the public, regulation based on categorizing people, geographically dispersed institutions and outdated welfare legislation.
La maladministration en Suède
Authors: Wennergren Bertil 
Published: January 2024

Misadministration in Sweden.
The Swedish ombudsman has wide-ranging powers to combat misadministration and can even adjudicate upon the expediency of administrative decisions and upon the adequacy of the procedures and practices involved. Mr. Wennergren cites four different examples of ombudsman intervention and other cases of victims to misadministration.
L’action de l’O.C.D.E. dans les migrations internationales
Authors: Rellini Giampiero 
Published: January 2024

The OECD and International Migration.
This article reviews the history of OEEC and OECD involvement in international migration since 1948. It describes change in migration patterns for this timeframe, OECD understanding of said change and the influence it attempted to exert on member country migration policies. This influence is analyzed in light of developments which proved very non-linear. A succinct overview of migration in the 1960’s and 1970’s points up the nature and origins of migration trends in this decade. Overlap between European and North American models is examined. The author argues for a coordinated response to migration manifest in OECD member countries despite differences of type and nature, and closes on a number of considerations applicable to comparative statistics.
Les dispositifs d’aide à la réinsertion dans le pays d’origine : un bilan raisonné
Authors: Cansot Michel , Vialle Arlette 
Published: January 2024

A Review of Social Reintegration Aid in Source Countries.
The French Government has developed a number of mechanisms to assist immigrants willing to resettle in their country of origin. The emigration bonus scheme and Accord Franco-Algerien attracted 50 000 and 94 000 persons respectively, but assistance never went beyond Financial incentives. To improve the quality of emigration, the Government instituted a new aid mechanism in 1984 that provides for job placement in the country of origin financed by the French Government and, where applicable, the unemployment insuran ce agency or employers. Originally intended for migrants laid-off, this scheme was extended in 1987 to cover ail migrants receiving unemployment benefits. This scheme enabled the repatriation of 66 900 immigrants. For optimum success, the French Government coordinates resettlement policy with source countries through bilateral treaties (Mali, Mauritania, Senegal and Yugoslavia). Resettlement aid bases on North-South collaboration, although job re-training and ancillary budget sourcing both require further attention.
Y a-t-il un «problème immigré» en France ?
Authors: Gaspard Françoise 
Published: January 2024

An Immigration Issue in France ?
It is odd that immigration should be an issue of the 1980s since there has been very little of it for over 10 years. France has never wanted to consider herself as open to permanent settlement and the authorities have long kept up the illusion that immigrant labourers are temporary guests who will return abroad. The 1974 immigration ban changed migration patterns ; new arrivais were family members and not labourers. Government policy promoting reunification of immigrant families appeared as a standing refutation of any immigration ban or ‘go home bonus’. Then folio wed general misunderstanding of 1981 governmental change and of policy aimed at securing permanent status for illegal aliens and civic integration, ail leading to xenophobic rabble-rousing, which in fact reflects French fears of impending change in the next decade. Thus, immigrants both reveal and shoulder the profound crisis currently affecting French society.
Les professions réglementées face à 1992
Authors: Boivin Jean-Pierre , Carnelutti Alexandre 
Published: January 2024

Regulated Professions and the 1992 Challenge.
A proper understanding of the legal and economie framework for the Single European Market should dissipate any fears of over-aggressive competition. In fact, the Single Market will mostly affect those professions already having international operations. However, the service sector will expand considerably to the detriment of any nation caught unprepared. Furthermore, the French professions suffer from certain serious and specifie handicaps. This article argues that the Single Market offers unique opportunities given the momentum for greater mobility in the service sector that results from the Single European Act. Member States and national professional bodies should take the lead without awaiting some hypothetical consensus to materialize.
Les chambres de commerce face au grand marché
Authors: Essig François 
Published: January 2024

Member Chambers of Commerce and The Single European Act.
Through ‘Eurochamber’, chambers of commerce throughout EEC Member States were among the earliest supporters of the Single European Market. This article reviews the major training programs and information campaigns involved. It describes the leading role played by the Paris Chamber of Commerce and Industry since 1987 in founding the Mission Europe 1992 think tank, an information and advisory service, and the large-scale information campaign launched nationwide by the CCI Permanent Assembly. It also describes the recently established europewide business information service.
L’évolution des méthodes de gestion dans les armées
Authors: Le Menestrel Bertrand 
Published: January 2024

Current Trends in Military Management.
War and thrift are diametrically opposed concepts to most citizens. Nonetheless, the armed services have undertaken a vast modernization program since the 1960’s for political, economic and technological reasons, based on Planning, Programming & Budget Preparation (’3PB’) and Budget Priority Sequencing (RC B). This resulted in the creation of the 1970-1975 Five Year Military Plan, financial planning & management services and economic advisory staff at ministerial level. Despite the setbacks and the difficulty of quantifying the resulting gains, this program has provided military decisionmakers with awareness of the value of management techniques, who used to consider combat and management techniques as mutually opposing notions.
Gestion des ressources humaines dans le secteur public et privé
Authors: Sainsaulieu Renaud 
Published: January 2024

Human Resources Management in the Public and Private Sectors.
Today, human resources management (HRM) is structured around the development of a collective capability, the search for individual commitment, and the management of the problems associated with employment. HRM is an organizational response to an environment in crisis. The changes taking place in the administrative sector’s environment can oniy provide a spur to reform of human resources management if the administrative authorities adopt an open attitude to this environment, while drawing on their human potential and “company culture” to hammer out a project and mobilize staff. The civil service has advantages : security of tenure, cultural homogeneity (the culture of public service), and experience in collective policy-making. To handle this opening properly, personnel management could be developed along three lines : increasing inflows of staff from other sectors, encouraging mobility between regions, professions, specializations, and countries, and using existing collective capabilities to promote a more decentralized administration.
Histoire de l’administration des télécommunications : une succession de crises et de réformes
Authors: Bertho-Lavenir Catherine 
Published: January 2024

History of Telecommunications Management
Catherine Bertho-Lavenir
The history of telecommunications management may be broken down into four broad stages : the nationalization of telephone networks in 1889 ; the introduction of a separate budget for the PTT in 1922-1923 ; the setting up of close links between management, research and industry between 1944 and 1964, and finally, since the seventies, the drive to model telecommunications management on company management. This evolution illustrates that in spite of partial and often poorly implemented reforms, French telecommunications management has been able to show — under pressure of technological change and crises — a marked capacity for adaptation and innovation.
Les enjeux juridiques : l’adaptation du service public des télécommunications
Authors: Chevallier Jacques 
Published: January 2024

Reform of the Public Telecommunications Service
Jacques Chevallier
The transition from a monopoly situation to a partially free market calls for a redefinition of the public telecommunications service. Although its specifie role as an essential counterweight to the predominance of market forces is clearly felt to be of great importance, it is hardly a justification for the public service to remain in a world of its own : the interdependence of the two branches of the telecommunications sector is such that the public service cannot claim a watertight compartment for itself. The deregulation of telecommunications could therefore corne as an opportunity for striking a new balance between the public and private sectors whereby the market sharing arrangements would include a mechanism for mutual interaction.
Les satellites
Authors: Georges Martine 
Published: January 2024

Satellites
Martine Georges
The distinction between the operational and regulatory functions in the satellite telecommunications sector is far more clearcut at the international level. A detailed analysis nevertheless reveals that in reality the regulations sometimes favour the notion of content, as in the case of broadcasting satellites, and at others that of support, as in the case of telecommunication satellites. The regulations governing the latter are insufficiently adapted to the growing diversity of services offered by satellite at a time when the effectiveness of the operational framework for satellite Systems as a whole is being called into question.
Les financements et les conditionnalités : réflexions sur l’évolution d’une notion
Authors: Peyrard Max 
Published: January 2024

Financing and Conditions
The terms of the conditions imposed by a State or lending body on the borrowing countries has changed considerably in the last 25 years. It was first a question of micro-economic conditions (determining a profitable project, inserting a project in an overall plan) then macro-economic (respecting the code of conduct demanded by the IMF and the World Bank, economic austerity, financial discipline, opening to the free-market system and to competition, pre-established priorities by sector). It seems that we are now headed towards political and social conditions with the obligation to respect human rights, the laws of the nation and political pluralism guaranteed by free elections.
Grèce. Fonction publique et politique
Authors: Pappas Spyros A. 
Published: January 2024

<i>Greece.
Civil Service and Politisation </i>

The Greek Civil Service is suffering from politization ; the principle of irremovability of civil servants that was laid down by the Constitution has not helped to improve the situation. Paradoxically, these two principles go together to the detriment of the quality of Public Service which is overstaffed, resulting in a general lack of confidence on the part of Greek citizens. The approach of the 1992 deadline makes it however necessary to envisage reforms that will modernize civil service. But nothing will be achieved unless there are modifications to the recruitment and training programs. Such changes should be backed by a strong political will.
Italie. La modernisation de la fonction publique
Authors: D'orta Carlo 
Published: January 2024

<i>Italy.
Modernization of the Civil Service </i>

The reforms of the 1980s resulted in the increasing use of collective bargaining, the introduction of “professional profiles” in career planning and an effort to standardize civil service management methods as well as controlling such management costs. An assessment of the implementation of these reforms revealed that certain objectives were not attained : improvement in job efficiency, improvement in responsibility of civil servants, cost control. The more recent measures tend to corne doser to private sector management methods ; they also tend to encourage productivity and make top civil servants into self-reliant and responsible managers.
Consommation et société
Authors: Carnelutti Alexandre 
Published: January 2024

Consumer Protection and Modem Societies.
In modem societies where consumer protection has developed over the past 25 years, legislation ought to be promoted only with the greatest caution. The consumer is no more an isolated figure and even though the consumer movement is often weak and divided, the legal framework is nowadays comprehensive. Other actions are warranted : information campaigns or any similar measure, strong competition policy and a greater participation of consumers to their own protection. 1992 will play a major role in emphasizing that consumers have to take charge of their own problems and cease to consider the State as an absolute shelter.
La Stiftung Warentest et la politique de la consommation en Allemagne
Authors: Forch Stefan 
Published: January 2024

The Stiftung Warentest and Consumer Policy in Germany.
In a market economy, consumer policy forms an integral part of economic policy. In Germany its implementation is carried out by a number of organizations responsible for the representation of consumers’ interests at the political level and the dissemination of information, principally through consumer groups based in each Land. The Stiftung Warentest, an independent and mostly self-financed private foundation, deserves special mention. Its comparative trials and surveys, whose results have an important impact, have helped to restore the balance between producers and consumers.
Les privatisations au Maroc
Authors: Bras Jean-Philippe 
Published: January 2024

Privatization in Morocco.
The 1989 Privatization Act transfers an appreciable part of Moroccan public enterprise to the private sector. It demonstrates a desire to promote the domestic economic actors, to readjust the regional economies, to improve public finances, to direct savings towards industrial employment Conditions for applying it raise numerous questions, due, in particular, to the very substantial powers granted the minister in charge of privatisation. Moreover, implementing these transfers implies parallel structural reforms (stock exchange, accounting standards, financial engineering, a policy for State borrowing) which condition the success of the operation.