bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Jahanbani Sheyda F.A. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The Introduction provides an overview of the major problem addressed by The Poverty of the World, the post-1945 “rediscovery” of poverty by American liberals. This volume explores the strategies and tactics of the global war on poverty that America fought between the 1930s and 1960s. The Introduction brings together three narratives held distinct by existing scholarship: (1) the significant transformation of the United States’ place in the world after World War II; (2) the advent of “underdevelopment” as a new conceptual apparatus for thinking about poverty; and (3) the shape of postwar American empire. It lays out the argument, methods, and historiographical contributions of the book and provides concise summaries of each chapter.
“The Only War We Seek”
Authors: Jahanbani Sheyda F.A. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 traces the domestic and international political conditions that galvanized novel thinking about American affluence and world poverty in the years of the early Cold War. Following the career of John Kenneth Galbraith, a foremost Keynesian economist and a leading voice of postwar liberalism, this chapter charts the emergence of the empire of affluence as a political idea by exploring the ways in which Galbraith and others articulated the United States’ new global responsibility to solve world poverty. Introducing readers to figures including Arthur Schlesinger Jr. and Reinhold Niebuhr, this chapter charts the emergence of a community of poverty-fighting liberals who sought to influence the policies of the Democratic Party in the early years of the Cold War.
Securities law precedents, legal liability, and financial reporting quality
Authors: Franke Benedikt , Huang Allen H , Li Reeyarn Z , Wang Hui 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
In common-law systems, firms’ litigation risk depends both on written laws and how courts interpret these laws. Using 321 US circuit court rulings, we introduce a novel measure capturing courts’ attitudes toward defendants in securities lawsuits. Our results confirm that financial misreporting firms in more defendant-friendly circuits face fewer lawsuits. Consistent with lower expected litigation costs, firms in these circuits face less negative market reactions when misreporting is revealed, invest less in preventing misreporting, and are more likely to engage in aggressive misreporting. We conclude that defendant-friendly precedents reduce firms’ legal liability and worsen their financial reporting quality.
Structural, developmental and functional analyses of leaf salt glands of mangrove recretohalophyte Aegiceras corniculatum
Authors: Chi Bing-Jie , Guo Ze-Jun , Wei Ming-Yue , Song Shi-Wei , Zhong You-Hui , Liu Jing-Wen , Zhang Yu-Chen , Li Jing , Xu Chao-Qun , Zhu Xue-Yi , Zheng Hai-Lei 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Salt secretion is an important strategy used by the mangrove plant Aegiceras corniculatum to adapt to the coastal intertidal environment. However, the structural, developmental and functional analyses on the leaf salt glands, particularly the salt secretion mechanism, are not well documented. In this study, we investigated the structural, developmental and degenerative characteristics and the salt secretion mechanisms of salt glands to further elucidate the mechanisms of salt tolerance of A. corniculatum. The results showed that the salt gland cells have a large number of mitochondria and vesicles, and plenty of plasmodesmata as well, while chloroplasts were found in the collecting cells. The salt glands developed early and began to differentiate at the leaf primordium stage. We observed and defined three stages of salt gland degradation for the first time in A. corniculatum, where the secretory cells gradually twisted and wrinkled inward and collapsed downward as the salt gland degeneration increased and the intensity of salt gland autofluorescence gradually diminished. In addition, we found that the salt secretion rate of the salt glands increased when the treated concentration of NaCl increased, reaching the maximum at 400 mM NaCl. The salt-secreting capacity of the salt glands of the adaxial epidermis is significantly greater than that of the abaxial epidermis. The real-time quantitative PCR results indicate that SAD2, TTG1, GL2 and RBR1 may be involved in regulating the development of the salt glands of A. corniculatum. Moreover, Na+/H+ antiporter, H+-ATPase, K+ channel and Cl− channel may play important roles in the salt secretion of salt glands. In sum mary, this study strengthens the understanding of the structural, developmental and degenerative patterns of salt glands and salt secretion mechanisms in mangrove recretohalophyte A. corniculatum, providing an important reference for further studies at the molecular level.
Re-evaluation of the systematic position of the order Prostomatida (Protista: Ciliophora), with the establishment of two new genera and two new species
Authors: Jiang Limin , Wang Congcong , Liao Lijian , Al-Farraj Saleh A , Warren Alan , Hu Xiaozhong 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Prostomatean ciliates inhabit a wide range of aquatic environments and serve as a trophic link in food webs. However, the biodiversity and molecular phylogeny of the Prostomatea, especially the order Prostomatida, is poorly known owing to undersampling and the paucity of molecular data. Here, three prostomatid ciliates, Platina marina gen. nov., sp. nov., Parametacystis pulchra gen. nov., sp. nov. and Apsiktrata gracilis, were studied based on morphological data and small subunit ribosomal ribonucleic acid (SSU rRNA) gene sequences. The two new genera show a close relationship with the class Plagiopylea but a distant relationship with Metacystis, which bears a strong morphological similarity to the two new genera. The simplified oral ciliature can be regarded as a synapomorphy of the two new genera. The SSU rRNA gene of a representative of the family Apsiktratidae was sequenced for the first time. Morphological and phylogenetic analyses suggest that Apsiktratidae might be more closely related to Prorodontida than to Prostomatida, and the oral basket might be more phylogenetically informative than the brosse in distinguishing Prorodontida and Prostomatida. Supplementation with rare taxa reveals a close association between the Prostomatida and Trimyemidae. The putative secondary structure of the SSU rRNA V9 region suggests a sister relationship between the order Prostomatida and the class Plagiopylea.
Fungal Communities Associated with Corn in a Diverse Long-Term Crop Rotation in Ohio
Authors: Frey Timothy S. , Huo Daowen , Lopez Melanie Medina , Ritter Branden , Lindsey Laura E. , Ponce M. Soledad Benitez 
Published: September 2023

Crop rotation is a cultural practice in disease management used to break the disease cycle, resulting in a reduction of inoculum. In Ohio, crop rotations have been reduced in diversity, with many farmers shifting to corn-soy rotations from more diverse rotations featuring wheat. We investigated the impact of this shift on soil fungal communities under corn by conducting synthetic long-read amplicon sequencing. DNA was extracted from soil sampled during the corn-growing season at two locations in Ohio with replicated long-term rotation plots in a corn–soybean (CS) and corn–soybean–winter wheat (CSW) rotation in 2018, 2019, and 2020. 18s-ITS amplicons were sequenced using Illumina paired with Loopgenomics technology. PERMANOVA analysis revealed that fungal communities were significantly impacted by location, rotation, and time. Shannon and Simpson diversity indices implied fungal species diversity was significantly higher in the CS rotation. Indicator species analysis revealed 20 species indicative of the CSW rotation, including Mortierella, Hymenoschyphus, Ascobolus, and Saitozyma species, and 36 species indicative of the CS rotation, including Fusarium, Neoaschocyta, Zalerion, and Trichoderma species, among others. Indicator species amplicon sequencing variant reads for the CSW rotation were not correlated with the decline in corn yield or soil nitrogen, carbon, or active carbon. However, they were positively correlated with soil organic matter. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license .
Infant Outcomes Categorized by Birth Weight Percentile for Deliveries Between 28 and 41 Weeks of Gestation
Authors: Onishi Kazuma , Kawakita Tetsuya 
Published: September 2023

OBJECTIVE:
To examine the association between birth weight percentile and severe infant outcomes according to gestational age category.

METHODS:
We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study using publicly available U.S. birth certificate data linked to infant death data from 2017 to 2019. Maternal–neonate pairs of singleton live births between 28 0/7 and 41 6/7 weeks of gestation (vaginal or cesarean delivery) were evaluated. We excluded infants with major fetal anomalies, chromosomal disorders, missing data, and birth weight outliers. The primary outcome was infant mortality within 1 year of life. Neonates were divided into eight sex-specific birth weight percentile categories: less than the 3rd, 3rd–less than the 10th, 10th–less than the 25th, 25th–to less than the 49th, 50th–less than the 75th, 75th–to less than the 90th, 90th–less than the 97th, and 97th or higher.

RESULTS:
There were 10,459,388 births between 28 and 41 weeks of gestation: 69,793 (0.7%) at 28–31 weeks, 88,673 (0.8%) at 32–33 weeks, 635,904 (6.1%) at 34–36 weeks, 2,763,110 (26.4%) at 37–38 weeks, 6,269,894 (59.9%) at 39–40 weeks, and 632,014 (6.0%) at 41 weeks. Infant mortality during the first year of life significantly increased at higher and lower birth weight percentiles at 28–36 weeks of gestation, with the lowest risk observed at the 50th–less than the 75th percentile. The highest mortality rates were 13.6% at less than the 3rd percentile and 8.4% at the 97th percentile or higher at 28–31 weeks of gestation; the second-highest mortality rates were 7.7% at less than the 3rd percentile and 3.1% at the 97th percentile or higher at 32–33 weeks of gestation. At 34–36 weeks of gestation, the highest and second-highest mortality rates were 3.4% at less than the 3rd percentile and 1.4% at the 3rd–10th percentile. At 37–41 weeks of gestation, infant mortality was associated with lower birth weight percentile, but higher birth weight percentiles were not significantly associated with increased mortality.

CONCLUSION:
We found different patterns in the association between birth weight percentile and infant mortality depending on gestational age category.
Racial Inequities in Drug Tests Ordered by Clinicians for Pregnant People Who Disclose Prenatal Substance Use
Authors: Olaniyan Abisola , Hawk Mary , Mendez Dara D. , Albert Steven M. , Jarlenski Marian , Chang Judy C. 
Published: September 2023

OBJECTIVE:
To measure racial inequities in drug testing among pregnant people during the first prenatal visit based on their drug use disclosure pattern.

METHODS:
We used data from a cohort study of patient–clinician communication patterns regarding substance use in first prenatal visits from February 2011 to August 2014. We assessed racial differences (Black–White) in the receipt of urine toxicology testing, stratifying on patients' drug use disclosure to the clinician.

RESULTS:
Among 341 study participants (205 Black [60.1%] and 136 White [39.9%] participants), 70 participants (33 Black [47.1%] and 37 White [52.9%] participants) disclosed drug use, and 271 participants (172 Black [63.5%] and 99 White [36.5%] participants) did not disclose drug use during their first obstetric visit. Of 70 participants who disclosed drug use, 50 (28 Black [56.0%] and 22 White [44.0%] White) had urine drug testing conducted. Black pregnant patients who disclosed drug use were more likely to be tested for drugs than their White counterparts in the adjusted regression analysis (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 8.9, 95% CI 1.3–58.6). Among the 271 participants who did not disclose drug use, 38 (18 Black [47.4%] and 20 White [52.6%] participants) had urine drug testing conducted. For those who did not disclose drug use, the adjusted model showed no statistically significant differences in urine drug testing by patients’ race (aOR 0.7, 95% CI 0.3–1.6).

CONCLUSION:
When pregnant people disclosed drug use, clinicians were more likely to order urine drug testing for Black pregnant people compared with their White counterparts, suggesting clinician racial bias. Current practice patterns and protocols such as urine drug testing in pregnancy care deserve review to identify and mitigate areas of potential clinician discrimination.
Occipital Nerve Block Compared With Acetaminophen and Caffeine for Headache Treatment in Pregnancy
Authors: Bushman Elisa T. , Blanchard Christina T. , Cozzi Gabriella D. , Davis Allison M. , Harper Lorie , Robbins Lindsay S. , Jones Benjamin , Szychowski Jeff M. , Digre Kathleen B. , Casey Brian M. , Tita Alan T. , Sinkey Rachel G. 
Published: September 2023

OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate the efficacy of occipital nerve block compared with standard care, defined as acetaminophen with caffeine, for treatment of acute headache in pregnancy.

METHODS:
We conducted a single-center, unblinded, parallel, randomized controlled trial of pregnant patients with headache and pain score higher than 3 on the visual rating scale. Patients with secondary headache, preeclampsia, or allergy or contraindication to study medications were excluded. Participants were randomized to occipital nerve block or standard care (oral 650 mg acetaminophen and 200 mg caffeine). Crossover treatment was given at 2 hours and second-line treatment at 4 hours to those with worsening visual rating scale score or visual rating scale score higher than 3. The primary outcome was headache improvement to a visual rating scale score of 3 or lower within 2 hours of initial therapy. Secondary outcomes included serial visual rating scale scores, receipt of crossover or second-line therapy, patient satisfaction, and perinatal outcomes. Outcomes were assessed in an intention-to-treat analysis. We estimated that a sample of 62 would provide 80% power to detect a difference from 85% to 50% between groups.

RESULTS:
From February 2020 to May 2022, 62 participants were randomized to occipital nerve block (n=31) or standard care (n=31). Groups were similar except payer status. The primary outcome, headache improvement to visual rating scale score of 3 or lower, was not significantly different between groups (64.5% vs 51.6%, P=.30). The occipital nerve block group experienced lower median [interquartile range] visual rating scale scores at 1 hour (2 [0–5] vs 6 [2–7], P=.014), and more patients in the occipital nerve block group had visual rating scale scores of 3 or lower at 1 hour. Among patients receiving crossover treatment at 2 hours, the standard care group had a significantly lower visual rating scale score 1 hour after crossover to occipital nerve block than the occipital nerve block group receiving crossover to standard care (P=.028). There were no significant differences in second-line treatment, refractory headache, satisfaction, or complications. Patients receiving occipital nerve block delivered earlier (36.6 weeks vs 37.8 weeks), but preterm birth did not differ between groups.

CONCLUSION:
Occipital nerve block is an effective and quick-acting treatment option for acute headache in pregnancy.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION:

ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03951649.
Perinatal Outcomes Associated With Management of Stage 1 Hypertension
Authors: Bailey Erin J. , Tita Alan T. N. , Leach Justin , Boggess Kim , Dugoff Lorraine , Sibai Baha , Lawrence Kirsten , Hughes Brenna L. , Bell Joseph , Aagaard Kjersti , Edwards Rodney K. , Gibson Kelly , Haas David M. , Plante Lauren , Metz Torri D. , Casey Brian M. , Esplin Sean , Longo Sherri , Hoffman Matthew , Saade George R. , Foroutan Janelle , Tuuli Methodius G. , Owens Michelle Y. , Simhan Hyagriv N. , Frey Heather A. , Rosen Todd , Palatnik Anna , Baker Susan , August Phyllis , Reddy Uma M. , Kinzler Wendy , Su Emily J. , Krishna Iris , Nguyen Nicki , Norton Mary E. , Skupski Daniel , El-Sayed Yasser Y. , Ogunyemi Dotun , Galis Zorina S. , Harper Lorie , Ambalavanan Namasivayam , Oparil Suzanne , Kuo Hui-Chien , Szychowski Jeff M. , Hoppe Kara 
Published: September 2023

OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate the association between maternal blood pressure (BP) below 130/80 mm Hg compared with 130–139/80–89 mm Hg and pregnancy outcomes.

METHODS:
We conducted a planned secondary analysis of CHAP (Chronic Hypertension and Pregnancy), an open label, multicenter, randomized controlled trial. Participants with mean BP below 140/90 mm Hg were grouped as below 130/80 mm Hg compared with 130–139/80–89 mm Hg by averaging postrandomization clinic BP throughout pregnancy. The primary composite outcome was preeclampsia with severe features, indicated preterm birth before 35 weeks of gestation, placental abruption, or fetal or neonatal death. The secondary outcome was small for gestational age (SGA).

RESULTS:
Of 2,408 patients in CHAP, 2,096 met study criteria; 1,328 had mean BP 130–139/80–89 mm Hg and 768 had mean BP below 130/80 mm Hg. Participants with mean BP below 130/80 mm Hg were more likely to be older, on antihypertensive medication, in the active treatment arm, and to have lower BP at enrollment. Mean clinic BP below 130/80 mm Hg was associated with lower frequency of the primary outcome (16.0% vs 35.8%, adjusted relative risk 0.45; 95% CI 0.38–0.54) as well as lower risk of severe preeclampsia and indicated birth before 35 weeks of gestation. There was no association with SGA.

CONCLUSION:
In pregnant patients with mild chronic hypertension, mean BP below 130/80 mm Hg was associated with improved pregnancy outcomes without increased risk of SGA.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION:

ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02299414.
Educational Effectiveness of Telementoring as a Continuing Professional Development Intervention for Surgeons in Practice: A Systematic Review
Authors: Fernandes Rosephine Del , Ghasroddashti Arashk , Sorefan-Mangou Fatimah , Williams Erin , Choi Ken , Fasola Laurie , Szasz Peter , Zevin Boris 
Published: September 2023

Objective:
We performed a systematic review to determine the educational effectiveness of telementoring as a continuing professional development (CPD) intervention for surgeons in practice.

Background:
Surgeons can mentor their peers in remote locations using videoconferencing communication, referred to as telementoring.

Methods:
We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE and included studies assessing the educational effectiveness of telementoring interventions used by surgeons in practice. We excluded studies involving only trainees and those not evaluating educational effectiveness. Two reviewers independently screened, extracted data, and assessed study quality using the Medical Education Research Study Quality Instrument (MERSQI; maximum score 18). Educational outcomes were categorized using Moore’s Outcomes Framework.

Results:
We retrieved a total of 1351 records, and 252 studies were selected for full-text review. Twenty-eight studies were included with 1 randomized controlled trial, 19 cohort studies, 5 qualitative studies, and 3 case studies, totaling 178 surgeons and 499 cases. The average MERSQI score was 10.21 ± 2.2 out of 18. Educational outcomes included surgeons’ satisfaction with telementoring interventions (Moore’s Level 2) in 12 studies, improvement in surgeons’ procedural knowledge (Level 3b) in 3 studies, improvements in surgeons’ procedural competence in an educational setting (Level 4) in 4 studies, performance in a workplace-based setting (Level 5) in 23 studies, and patient outcomes (Level 6) in 3 studies. No studies reported community health outcomes (Level 7).

Conclusions:
Moderate-level evidence demonstrates the use of telementoring as effective in changing surgeons’ knowledge and competence in both educational and workplace-based settings. Its use is also associated with changes in patient outcomes.
Current Trends in Mortality Attributable to Racial or Ethnic Disparities in Post-Surgical Population in The United States: A Population-Based Study
Authors: Mpody Christian , Best Ana F. , Lee Clara N. , Stahl David L. , Raman Vidya T. , Urman Richard D. , Tobias Joseph D. , Nafiu Olubukola O. 
Published: September 2023

Background:
No study has contextualized the excess mortality attributable to racial and ethnic disparities in surgical outcomes. Further, not much effort has been made to quantify the effort needed to eliminate these disparities.

Objective:
We examined the current trends in mortality attributable to racial or ethnic disparities in the US postsurgical population. We then identified the target for mortality reduction that would be necessary to eliminate these disparities by 2030.

Methods:
We performed a population-based study of 1,512,974 high-risk surgical procedures among adults (18–64 years) performed across US hospitals between 2000 and 2020.

Results:
Between 2000 and 2020, the risk-adjusted mortality rates declined for all groups. Nonetheless, Black patients were more likely to die following surgery (adjusted relative risk 1.42; 95% CI, 1.39–1.46) driven by higher Black mortality in the northeast (1.60; 95% CI, 1.52–1.68), as well as the West (1.53; 95% CI, 1.43–1.62). Similarly, mortality risk remained consistently higher for Hispanics compared with White patients (1.21; 95% CI, 1.19–1.24), driven by higher mortality in the West (1.26; 95% CI, 1.21–1.31). Overall, 8364 fewer deaths are required for Black patients to experience mortality on the same scale as White patients. Similar figures for Hispanic patients are 4388. To eliminate the disparity between Black and White patients by 2030, we need a 2.7% annualized reduction in the projected mortality among Black patients. For Hispanics, the annualized reduction needed is 0.8%.

Conclusions:
Our data provides a framework for incorporating population and health systems measures for eliminating disparity in surgical mortality within the next decade.
Radiocarpal Joint Reconstruction with a Double Free Metatarsophalangeal Joint Transfer
Authors: Cavadas Pedro C. , Padial Beatriz 
Published: September 2023

Background:
Destruction of the radiocarpal and midcarpal joints causes loss of wrist motion, pain, and reduced grip strength. A novel technique for radiocarpal reconstruction is presented.

Methods:
Two patients who had radiocarpal and midcarpal destruction and osteoarthritis underwent reconstruction using simultaneous bilateral microvascular second metatarsophalangeal joint transfer. The insetting was performed, inverting the distal-proximal orientation of both metatarsophalangeal joints and fixing them with two 2.0 screws in proximal and Kirschner wires in distal.

Results:
Radiocarpal extension and flexion without pain were preserved after a minimum of 4 years follow-up. Both patients could return to recreational activities. No secondary procedures were needed.

Conclusions:
This technique could be an alternative for radiocarpal reconstruction, although longer follow-up and more cases are needed.