bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prognostic relevance of immunohistochemically detected lymph node micrometastasis in patients with gastric carcinoma
Authors: Lee Eungseok , Chae Yangseok , Kim Insun , Choi Jongsang , Yeom Bomwoo , Leong Anthony S.‐Y. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDMicrometastases consisting of one to a few cells in lymph nodes resected during gastrectomy are difficult to identify using conventional hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stains. It has been shown that immunostaining for cytokeratins is effective in detecting lymph node micrometastasis in a variety of human tumors, but only a few previous reports demonstrated its use in the treatment of patients with early and advanced gastric carcinoma, and those reports had conflicting results.METHODSIn this study, 3625 regional lymph nodes that were dissected in gastrectomy specimens from 153 patients with early‐stage gastric carcinoma (46 patients) and advanced gastric carcinoma (107 patients) were immunostained with the anticytokeratin cocktail AE1/3 for micrometastasis (median, 23 lymph nodes; range, 8–66 lymph nodes). Micrometastasis (MM) was defined as a single tumor cell or clusters of tumor cells that were missed on conventional examination with H&E stains but were detected by immunostaining with broad‐spectrum anticytokeratin antibodies.RESULTSLymph node metastasis (LNM) was detected in 609 lymph nodes (17%) by H&E staining. MM was identified in another 191 of the remaining lymph nodes (6.3%) from 75 patients. Twenty‐eight of those patients were up‐staged. There was a significant correlation between MM and depth of tumor invasion (P < 0.01). Patients with MM had a decreased 5‐year survival rate (49%) compared with patients without MM (76%) for both early and advanced gastric carcinoma. The effect of MM on survival was most pronounced for patients in the Stage I and LNM negative group.CONCLUSIONSImmunohistochemical examination using broad‐spectrum anticytokeratin antibodies increased the detection rate of LNM and had a significant impact on staging and survival in patients with gastric carcinoma. Cancer 2002;94:2867–73. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10562
Breast and cervical carcinoma screening practices among women in rural and nonrural areas of the United States, 1998–1999
Authors: Coughlin Steven S. , Thompson Trevor D. , Hall H. Irene , Logan Pamela , Uhler Robert J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDPrior studies have suggested that women living in rural areas may be less likely than women living in urban areas to have had a recent mammogram and Papanicolau (Pap) test and that rural women may face substantial barriers to receiving preventive health care services.METHODSThe authors examined both breast and cervical carcinoma screening practices of women living in rural and nonrural areas of the United States from 1998 through 1999 using data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. The authors limited their analyses of screening mammography and clinical breast examination to women aged 40 years or older (n = 108,326). In addition, they limited their analyses of Pap testing to women aged 18 years or older who did not have a history of hysterectomy (n = 131,813). They divided the geographic areas of residence into rural areas and small towns, suburban areas and smaller metropolitan areas, and larger metropolitan areas.RESULTSApproximately 66.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 65.8% to 67.6%) of women aged 40 years or older who resided in rural areas had received a mammogram in the past 2 years, compared with 75.4% of women living in larger metropolitan areas (95% CI = 74.9% to 75.9%). About 73.0% (95% CI = 72.2% to 73.9%) of women aged 40 years or older who resided in rural areas had received a clinical breast examination in the past 2 years, compared with 78.2% of women living in larger metropolitan areas (95% CI = 77.8% to 78.7%). About 81.3% (95% CI = 80.6% to 82.0%) of 131,813 rural women aged 18 years or older who had not undergone a hysterectomy had received a Pap test in the past 3 years, compared with 84.5% of women living in larger metropolitan areas (95% CI = 84.1% to 84.9%). The differences in screening across rural and nonrural areas persisted in multivariate analysis (P < 0.001).CONCLUSIONSThese results underscore the need for continued efforts to provide breast and cervical carcinoma screening to women living in rural areas of the United States. Cancer 2002; 94:2801–12. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10577
Carcinoma detection at the breast examination center of Harlem
Authors: Liberman Laura , Freeman Harold P. , Chandra Sukanya , Stein Amanda L. , Mccord Colin , Godfrey Diana , Dershaw D. David 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDBreast carcinoma is one of the leading causes of excess mortality rates in Harlem, an inner‐city neighborhood with the highest mortality rates and worst life expectancy in New York City. This study reports the results of a breast carcinoma screening and diagnostic program in Harlem.METHODSRetrospective review was performed of a database of 49,750 visits to the Breast Examination Center of Harlem from 1995 to 2000. During this period, 181 breast carcinomas were diagnosed in 178 women. The medical records of these 178 women were reviewed to determine the method of detection, stage, and treatment.RESULTSAmong these women, 89% were black or Hispanic, 45% had no medical insurance, and 38% had incomes below federal poverty guidelines. Breast carcinoma stage, known for 167 carcinomas, was Stage 0 in 38 (23%), Stage I in 38 (23%), Stage II in 63 (38%), Stage III in 24 (14%), and Stage IV in 4 (2%). Fifty‐six cases (34%) were minimal breast carcinomas. Of 181 breast carcinomas, 122 (67%) were palpable and 59 (33%) were nonpalpable, detected only by mammography in asymptomatic women. Nonpalpable, as opposed to palpable, breast carcinomas were significantly more likely to be ductal carcinoma in situ (30 of 55 [54%] vs. 8 of 112 [7%], P < 0.0000001) or minimal breast carcinoma (39 of 55 [71%] vs. 17 of 112 [15%], P = 0.0000001) and were more likely to be treated with breast‐conserving surgery (47 of 56 [84%] vs. 76 of 110 [69%], P < 0.04).CONCLUSIONSA breast carcinoma screening and diagnostic program has been established in Harlem, a traditionally underserved area in New York City. Early, curable breast carcinomas were detected but outreach remains a challenge, particularly for the uninsured. Cancer 2002;95:8–14. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10640
Synaptic protein expression by regenerating adult photoreceptors
Authors: Yang Haidong , Standifer Kelly M. , Sherry David M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRegeneration of functionally normal synapses is required for functional recovery after degenerative central nervous system insults and requires proper expression and targeting of presynaptic proteins by regenerating neurons. The reconstitution of presynaptic terminals by regenerating adult neurons is poorly understood, however. We examined the intrinsic ability of regenerating adult retinal photoreceptors to reconstitute properly differentiated presynaptic terminals in the absence of target contact. The expression and localization of vesicle‐associated membrane protein (VAMP), synaptic vesicle protein 2 (SV2), synaptophysin, synapsin I, and synaptosomal‐associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP‐25) was assessed immunocytochemically. Photoreceptor terminals in the intact retina contain VAMP, SV2, synaptophysin, and SNAP‐25, but not synapsin I. Isolated, regenerating adult photoreceptors intrinsically expressed the proper complement of synaptic vesicle proteins in the absence of target contact: VAMP, SV2, and synaptophysin were present at all stages of regenerative growth; synapsin I was never expressed. At early stages of regenerative growth, VAMP, SV2, and synaptophysin were diffusely localized in the cell, with prominent VAMP labeling distributed along the plasma membrane. SV2 and synaptophysin rapidly localized to regenerated terminals, but VAMP accumulated much more slowly, indicating that these proteins are trafficked independently. In contrast, labeling for SNAP‐25, which is associated with the presynaptic plasma membrane, was undetectable in regenerating photoreceptors, suggesting that SNAP‐25 expression is target‐regulated. Thus, regenerating photoreceptors can intrinsically regulate the expression of the proper set of synaptic vesicle proteins. Proper expression of other presynaptic proteins, such as SNAP‐25, and proper subcellular localization of synaptic proteins such as VAMP, however, may require extrinsic cues such as target contact. J. Comp. Neurol. 443:275–288, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Firing properties of axotomized central nervous system neurons recover after graft reinnervation
Authors: Benítez‐Temiño Beatriz , De La Cruz Rosa R. , Pastor Ángel M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAxotomy produces changes in the electrical properties of neurons and in their synaptic inputs, leading to alterations in firing pattern. We have considered the possibility that these changes occur as a result of the target deprivation induced by the lesion. Thus, we have provided a novel target to axotomized central neurons by grafting embryonic tissue at the lesion site to study the target dependence of discharge characteristics. The extracellular single‐unit electrical activity of abducens internuclear neurons was recorded in the alert behaving cat in control, after axotomy, and after axotomy plus the implantation of cerebellar primordium. As recently characterized (de la Cruz et al. [2000] J. Comp. Neurol. 427:391–404), firing alterations induced by axotomy included an overall decrease in firing rate and a loss of eye‐related signals, i.e., eye position and velocity neuronal sensitivities, that do not resume to normality with time. The grafting of a novel target to the injured abducens internuclear neurons restored the normal firing and sensitivities as recorded in the majority of units. To study the reinnervation of the implant, we performed anterograde labeling with biocytin combined with electron microscopy visualization. Axons of abducens internuclear neurons grew into the transplant sprouting into granule cell and molecular layers, as characterized by the immunostaining for γ‐aminobutyric acid and calbindin D‐28k. Ultrastructural examination of labeled axons and boutons revealed the establishment of synaptic contacts, mainly axodendritic, with different cell types of the grafted cerebellar cortex. Therefore, these data indicate that axotomized central neurons resume to normal firing after the reinnervation of a novel target. J. Comp. Neurol. 444:324–344, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nociceptin/orphanin FQ and opioid receptor‐like receptor mRNA expression in dopamine systems
Authors: Norton Camille S. , Neal Charles R. , Kumar Suneel , Akil Huda , Watson Stanley J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAlthough nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) influences dopamine (DA) neuronal activity, it is not known whether N/OFQ acts directly on DA neurons, indirectly by means of local circuitry, or both. We used two parallel approaches, dual in situ hybridization (ISH) and neurotoxic lesions of DA neurons by using 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA), to ascertain whether N/OFQ and the N/OFQ receptor (NOP) mRNA are expressed in DA neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra compacta (SNc). In the VTA and SNc, small populations (∼6–10%) of N/OFQ‐containing neurons coexpressed mRNA for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate‐limiting enzyme for DA synthesis. Similarly, very few (1–2%) TH‐positive neurons contained N/OFQ mRNA signal. A majority of NOP‐positive neurons (∼75%) expressed TH mRNA and roughly half of the TH‐containing neurons expressed NOP mRNA. Many N/OFQ neurons (∼50–60%) expressed glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 and 67 mRNAs, markers for γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons. In the 6‐OHDA lesion studies, NOP mRNA levels were nearly 80 and 85% lower in the VTA and SNc, respectively, on the lesioned side. These lesions appear to lead to compensatory changes, with N/OFQ mRNA levels approximately 60% and 300% higher in the VTA and SNc, respectively, after 6‐OHDA lesions. Finally, N/OFQ‐stimulated [35S]guanylyl‐5′‐O‐(γ‐thio)‐triphosphate levels were decreased in the VTA and SNc but not the prefrontal cortex after 6‐OHDA lesions. Accordingly, it appears that N/OFQ mRNA was found largely on nondopaminergic (i.e., GABA) neurons, whereas NOP mRNA was located on DA neurons. N/OFQ is in a position to influence DA neuronal activity by means of the NOP located on DA neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 444:358–368, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Light‐ and electron‐microscopic analysis of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide‐immunoreactive amacrine cells in the guinea pig retina
Authors: Lee Eun‐Jin , Park Sung‐Hee , Kim In‐Beom , Kang Wha‐Sun , Oh Su‐Ja , Chun Myung‐Hoon 
Published: August 2002

AbstractVasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) is a neuroactive substance that is expressed in both nonmammalian and mammalian retinas. This study investigated the morphology and synaptic connections of VIP‐containing neurons in the guinea pig retina by immunocytochemistry, by using antisera against VIP. Specific VIP immunoreactivity was localized to a population of wide‐field and regularly spaced amacrine cells with processes ramifying mainly in strata 1 and 2 of the inner plexiform layer (IPL). Double‐label immunohistochemistry demonstrated that all VIP‐immunoreactive cells possessed γ‐aminobutyric acid immunoreactivity. The synaptic connectivity of VIP‐immunoreactive amacrine cells was identified in the IPL by electron microscopy. The VIP‐labeled amacrine cell processes received synaptic input from other amacrine cell processes and bipolar cell axon terminals in strata 1 to 3 of the IPL. The most frequent postsynaptic targets of VIP‐immunoreactive amacrine cells were other amacrine cell processes in strata 1 to 3 of the IPL. Synaptic outputs to bipolar cells were also observed in strata 1 to 3 of the IPL. In addition, ganglion cell dendrites were also postsynaptic to VIP‐immunoreactive neurons in the sublamina a of the IPL. These studies show that one type of VIP‐immunoreactive amacrine cells make contact predominantly with other amacrine cell processes. This finding suggests that VIP‐containing amacrine cells may influence inner retinal circuitry, thus mediating visual processing. J. Comp. Neurol. 445: 325–335, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nigral and pallidal inputs to functionally segregated thalamostriatal neurons in the centromedian/parafascicular intralaminar nuclear complex in monkey
Authors: Sidibé Mamadou , Paré Jean‐François , Smith Yoland 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn primates, thalamostriatal projections from the centromedian (CM) and parafascicular (Pf) nuclei are strong and organized according to a strict pattern of functional connectivity with various regions of the striatal complex. In turn, the CM/Pf complex receives a substantial innervation from the internal globus pallidus (GPi). In this study, we demonstrate that the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) also provides a massive input to Pf in monkeys. These pallidothalamic and nigrothalamic projections provide routes whereby information can flow in functional loops between the basal ganglia and the intralaminar nuclear group. To understand better the anatomical organization and the degree of functional specificity of these loops, we combined retrograde and anterograde labeling methods from functionally defined regions of the striatum and GPi/SNr to determine the relationships between thalamostriatal neurons and basal ganglia afferents. Together with previous studies, our data suggest the existence of tightly connected functional circuits between the basal ganglia and the CM/Pf in primates: 1) A “sensorimotor” circuit links together the medial two‐thirds of CM, the postcommissural putamen, and the ventrolateral part of the caudal GPi; 2) a “limbic” circuit involves the rostral one‐third of Pf, the ventral striatum, and the rostromedial pole of GPi; and 3) an “associative”circuit exists between the caudal two‐thirds of Pf, the caudate nucleus, and the SNr. An additional “associative” circuit that involves the caudate‐receiving territory of GPi (dorsal one‐third), the dorsolateral Pf (Pfdl), and the precommissural putamen was also disclosed. In conclusion, findings of this study provide additional evidence for the high degree of functional specificity of the thalamostriatal system through which CM/Pf may provide attention‐specific sensory information important for conditional responses to the primate striatum. J. Comp. Neurol. 447:286–299, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine β‐hydroxylase (DBH) immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of two chondrostean fishes (Acipenser baeri and Huso huso)
Authors: Adrio Fátima , Anadón Ramón , Rodríguez‐Moldes Isabel 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTo obtain a better understanding of the evolution of the brain catecholaminergic systems of fishes, we have examined the distribution of catecholamine‐synthesizing enzymes in two species of sturgeon (Acipenser baeri and Huso huso) using antibodies against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine‐β ‐hydroxylase (DBH; only analyzed in Acipenser). Both sturgeons showed TH‐immunoreactive (THir) neurons widely distributed in most regions of the brain, the highest number of THir cells being located in the forebrain (olfactory bulb, preoptic area, and posterior tuberculum). THir cells were also seen in other forebrain areas (retrobulbar area, dorsal and ventral telencephalic areas, hypothalamus, ventral thalamus, pretectal area) and in the brainstem (locus coeruleus, viscerosensory area, caudal reticular formation, and area postrema). Immunoreactive fibers and varicosities showed a wide distribution, being particularly abundant in the diencephalon and mesencephalon. DBH‐immunoreactive (DBHir) cells were observed in the anterior tuberal nucleus, where these cells were TH‐negative, and in the locus coeruleus and the caudal rhombencephalon (vagal reticular formation), where the DBHir cells were also THir. DBHir fibers were scarce in the telencephalon and very abundant in the diencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon. The comparative analysis of the catecholaminergic systems of chondrosteans and those observed in other groups of fishes and tetrapods indicate a similar organization of many nuclei, as well as characteristics that are probably primitive, such as the presence of a large number of forebrain catecholaminergic groups. J. Comp. Neurol. 448:280–297, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of vesicular glutamate transporter mRNA in rat hypothalamus
Authors: Ziegler Dana R. , Cullinan William E. , Herman James P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTwo isoforms of the vesicular glutamate transporter, VGLUT1 and VGLUT2, were recently cloned and biophysically characterized. Both VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 specifically transport glutamate into synaptic vesicles, making them definitive markers for neurons using glutamate as a neurotransmitter. The present study takes advantage of the specificity of the vesicular transporters to afford the first detailed map of putative glutamatergic neurons in the rat hypothalamus. In situ hybridization analysis was used to map hypothalamic distributions of VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 mRNAs. VGLUT2 is clearly the predominant vesicular transporter mRNA found in the hypothalamus; rich expression can be documented in regions regulating energy balance (ventromedial hypothalamus), neuroendocrine function (preoptic nuclei), autonomic tone (posterior hypothalamus), and behavioral/homeostatic integration (lateral hypothalamus, mammillary nuclei). Expression of VGLUT1 is decidedly more circumspect and is confined to relatively weak labeling in lateral hypothalamic regions, neuroendocrine nuclei, and the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Importantly, dual‐label analysis revealed no incidence of colocalization of VGLUT1 or VGLUT2 mRNAs in glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 65‐positive neurons, indicating that GABA neurons do not express either transporter. Our data support a major role for hypothalamic glutamatergic neurons in regulation of all aspects of hypothalamic function. J. Comp. Neurol. 448:217–229, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neural substrates for tongue‐flicking behavior in snakes
Authors: Martínez‐Marcos Alino , Ubeda‐Bañón Isabel , Halpern Mimi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSnakes deliver odorants to the vomeronasal organ by means of tongue‐flicks. The rate and pattern of tongue‐flick behavior are altered depending on the chemical context. Accordingly, olfactory and vomeronasal information should reach motor centers that control the tongue musculature, namely, the hypoglossal nucleus (XIIN); however, virtually nothing is known about the circuits involved. In the present work, dextran amines were injected into the tongue of garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) to identify the motoneurons of the XIIN. Tracers were then delivered into the XIIN to identify possible afferents of chemical information. Large injections into the XIIN yielded retrograde labeling in two chemosensory areas: the medial amygdala (MA) and the lateral posterior hypothalamic nucleus (LHN). Smaller injections only yielded labeled neurons in the LHN. In fact, the MA, which receives afferents from the accessory olfactory bulb, the rostroventral lateral cortex, and the nucleus sphericus, projects to the LHN. Injections into the MA did not show terminal labeling in the XIIN but in an area lateral to it. However, injections into the LHN gave rise not only to labeled fibers in the XIIN but also to retrograde labeling in the MA, thus confirming the chemosensory input to LHN. Injecting different fluorescent tracers into the tongue and into the LHN corroborated the projection from the LHN to the XIIN. The present report investigates further connections of the olfactory and vomeronasal systems and describes the afferent connections to XIIN in a nonmammalian vertebrate. The circuit for tongue‐flicking behavior described herein should be evaluated using functional studies. J. Comp. Neurol. 432:75–87, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.