bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using FMEA models and ontologies to build diagnostic models
Authors: LEE BURTON H. 
Published: October 2003

Product design and diagnosis are, today, worlds apart. Despite
strong areas of overlap at the ontological level, traditional
design process theory and practice does not recognize diagnosis
as a part of the modeling process chain; neither do diagnosis
knowledge engineering processes reference design modeling tasks
as a source of knowledge acquisition. This paper presents the
DAEDALUS knowledge engineering framework as a methodology
for integrating design and diagnosis tasks, models, and modeling
environments around a common Domain Ontology and Product Models
Library. The approach organizes domain knowledge around the
execution of a set of tasks in an enterprise product engineering
task workflow. Each task employs a Task Application which uses
a customized subset of the Domain Ontology—the Task
Ontology—to construct a graphical Product Model. The Ontology
is used to populate the models with relevant concepts (variables)
and relations (relationships), thus serving as a concept
dictionary-style mechanism for knowledge sharing and reuse across
the different Task Applications. For inferencing, each task
employs a local Problem-solving Method (PSM), and a Model-PSM
Mapping, which operate on the local Product Model to produce
reasoning outcomes. The use of a common Domain Ontology across
tasks and models facilitates semantic consistency of variables
and relations in constructing Bayesian networks for design and
diagnosis.The approach is motivated by inefficiencies encountered in
cleanly exchanging and integrating design FMEA and diagnosis
models. Demonstration software under development is intended
to illustrate how the DAEDALUS framework can be applied
to knowledge sharing and exchange between Bayesian network-based
design FMEA and diagnosis modeling tasks. Anticipated limitations
of the DAEDALUS methodology are discussed, as is its
relationship to Tomiyama's Knowledge Intensive Engineering
Framework (KIEF). DAEDALUS is grounded in formal knowledge
engineering principles and methodologies established during
the past decade. Finally, the framework is presented as one
possible approach for improved integration of generalized design
and diagnostic modeling and knowledge exchange.
Recrudescence of sexual activity in a colony of the Mashona mole‐rat (Cryptomys darlingi): an apparent case of incest avoidance
Authors: Herbst M. , Bennett N. C. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractColonies of the Mashona mole‐rat Cryptomys darlingi are founded from a single reproductive pair of animals that are genetically unrelated by descent. All non‐reproductive animals are the progeny of the reproductive pair. Non‐reproductive colony members do not seem to be suppressed from reproduction at the level of the pituitary. In colonies in which the reproductive female is removed or dies, there is strict incest avoidance and the colony remains reproductively quiescent. Reinstatement of sexual activity in a queenless colony may be brought about in the laboratory by the introduction of unfamiliar and unrelated adult males. In the queenless colony under study, there was a marked change in the dominance hierarchy with an increase in Landau's index of linearity from 0.61 to 1.0 on the introduction of two unrelated males. The two new males became the most dominant within the colony. All previously non‐reproductive females exhibited heightened urinary oestradiol 17β and progesterone concentrations on the introduction of the males. However, it was only the older and most dominant non‐reproductive female that became the new reproductive female and produced a litter of three pups 70 days after the initial introduction.
Mortality of lambs in free‐ranging domestic sheep (Ovis aries) in northern Norway
Authors: Warren Jerry T. , Mysterud Ivar , Lynnebakken Torun 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDomestic lamb mortality on an open forested and alpine summer range in the municipality of Målselv in northern Norway was investigated. Two hundred and fifty‐three lambs in four of the area's six flocks were randomly fitted with mortality transmitters and monitored throughout the summer grazing season from June to September. Total losses in the six flocks were 183 (22.9%) lambs and 20 (4.2%) ewes. The carcasses of 69 lambs, 36 of which had radio‐collars, and six ewes were recovered. Of the collared lambs, eight (22%) died as a result of disease and 27 (75%) were killed by predators. Implicated predators included red fox Vulpes vulpes, lynx Lynx lynx, golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos and wolverine Gulo gulo. Diseased animals included those diagnosed with pasteurellosis, disrupted intestinal functions and advanced coccidiosis. The remains of one lamb were too decomposed for necropsy, though there was no evidence that it had been attacked by a predator. Factors associated with losses were identified using logistic regression. Age of lamb at time of release on the summer range and age of dam were statistically associated with lamb losses (P<0.05). Mortality was higher among older lambs and those of year‐old ewes. Parameters commonly associated with lamb size and growth were not statistically associated with mortality. The negative association between lamb mortality and age of dam may be related to the quality of maternal care provided by ewes of different ages, particularly vigilance in the habitat of predators. Similarly, the positive association between mortality and age of lamb may be related to changing lamb behaviour, specifically increased distance from ewe, as lambs grow older and more independent. Predators, when present, are a major cause of mortality in free‐ranging lambs, as in most wild ungulates.
Facial growth and the ontogeny of morphological variation within and between the primatesCebus apellaandCercocebus torquatus
Authors: O'Higgins Paul , Chadfield Pippa , Jones Nicholas 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDifferences in facial skeletal form arise in part through differences in growth and in part through differences in embryonic patterning and proportioning. This study examines post‐natal facial growth, sexual dimorphism and adult differences within and between two primate species:Cebus apellaandCercocebus torquatus. The species were chosen because they are phylogenetically distant yet present roughly similar adult morphologies. The comparison of ontogenetic, sexual and phylogenetic differences between these species illuminates the relationship between pre‐natal proportioning, growth, sexual dimorphism and evolutionary change in the facial skeleton.The quantitative analytical methods used in this study are taken from the geometric morphometric toolkit. Additionally, facial growth is examined through scanning electron microscope studies of bone growth remodelling. The main findings are that adult sexual dimorphism differs markedly between the studied species. In both species, however, it arises through extension in males relative to females of a common size–shape growth trajectory plus late divergence of growth between the sexes. This similarity contrasts with the findings that growth remodelling in the facial skeleton and size‐related shape changes in the face of each species differ. Thus, variations in facial form between species seem to be the result of pre‐natally established differences in form plus post‐natal growth divergence, whilst the different sexual dimorphisms of these species arise through the action of similar growth processes on divergent growth trajectories. The implications of these findings for the interpretation of adult variations in facial form and growth are considered.
Jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) that feed on nectar
Authors: Jackson Robert R. , Pollard Simon D. , Nelson Ximena J. , Edwards G. B. , Barrion Alberto T. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractNectivory was studied in 90 species from the spider family Salticidae. Observations of 31 of these species feeding on nectar from flowers in nature was the impetus for laboratory tests in which all 90 species fed from flowers. That sugar, not just water, is relevant to salticids was implied by choice tests where salticids spent more time drinking from a simulated nectar source (30% sucrose solution) than from distilled water. Our findings suggest that nectar feeding may be widespread, if not routine, in salticid spiders.
Taxonomy, biogeography and phylogeny of the non‐lacustrine African freshwater snails belonging to the generaCeratophallusandAfrogyrus(Mollusca: Planorbidae)
Authors: Brown David S. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe commonly reported freshwater snailCeratophallus natalensis(Krauss) (Planorbidae) of eastern and southern Africa is shown here to be a composite taxon comprising at least three species. The species ofCeratophallusare found only in Africa and some Indian Ocean islands; they are distinguished by the structure of the penis, which is chitinized internally and may bear microspination.Ceratophallus natalensis(Krauss) has been often recorded as common in pools and marshes. According to observations on the genital organs reported here, this taxon comprises three species,C. natalensis,C. gibbonsi(Nelson) comb. nov. andC. yesimitsp. nov. No clear‐cut conchological differences among them were evident. Anatomical observations were made on snails from 398 collectors' samples, providing many new locality records for this genus (details in Appendix).Ceratophallus natalensisandC. gibbonsiare widespread from Ethiopia to South Africa, whereasC. yesimitis known only from the Ethiopian Rift Valley. Thoughnatalensisandgibbonsiare partly sympatric, the latter is associated with fully tropical climatic areas and comparatively permanent waterbodies, whereasnatalensisis commonest in cooler areas and is abundant in seasonal rain pools. This study showed the penis ofCeratophallusto be stiffened by internal chitinous bands that apparently are unique in the Planorbidae and perhaps for all pulmonate molluscs. It is suggested that the microspinous penis ofC. natalensismay be adapted to the function of sperm displacement. The chromosome number 2n=36 was observed forC. natalensis. Comparative data are given forAfrogyrus coretus(de Blainville) (Planorbidae), which in part of its range is sympatric withCeratophallusand has a similar shell, but differs in having an external penial stylet. Although both groups are found only in the Afrotropical Region, they apparently differ in biogeographical history and phylogeny. In a cladogram where the first apomorphy is external chitinization of the penis,Afrogyrusis allied toGyraulus, whereasCeratophallusis more closely related toPlanorbis.
Metabolic responses to food deprivation in two limpets with different foraging regimes, revealed by recording of cardiac activity
Authors: Santini Giacomo , Bianchi Tommaso , Chelazzi Guido 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of food deprivation on the cardiac activity of two Mediterranean limpets, the exploiter Patella caerulea and the conserver P. rustica, which have different foraging regimes. Heart rate variations were monitored in the two species according to two experimental protocols: (1) starvation/recovery, during which limpets were starved for up to 15 days and then allowed to feed on boulders covered with microalgae; (2) starvation/forced feeding, during which specimens were starved for 11 days and then fed orally with a test (30 mg/ml glucose) or control solution. Increasing starvation time was associated with a significant decline of heartbeat frequency in both species. The decline was comparable in the two species, but heartbeat frequencies in P. rustica were always significantly lower than in P. caerulea. When the limpets were allowed to feed on natural substrates, a rapid increase in heart rate was observed, with frequencies slightly higher than those measured at the beginning of the experiment. No significant difference in heart rate was observed between the two species. Similarly, both in P. caerulea and P. rustica forced feeding caused a recovery of heart rate to pre‐treatment levels. The results are consistent with previous findings on the metabolic consequences of food deprivation in gastropods and demonstrate the ability of both species to depress their heart rate when faced with a food shortage. Moreover, a greater regulative ability was observed in P. rustica than in P. caerulea, confirming their status as conserver and exploiter, respectively.
Temporal distribution and composition of the ichthyoplankton from Leopoldo's Inlet on the Upper Paraná River floodplain (Brazil)
Authors: de Castro Reinaldo José , Nakatani Keshiyu , Bialetzki Andréa , Sanches Paulo Vanderlei , Baumgartner Gilmar 
Published: October 2003

AbstractTemporal distribution and composition of ichthyoplankton and their relationships with some environmental variables of Leopoldo's Inlet (Ressaco do Leopoldo) on the upper Paraná River floodplain, southern Brazil, were analysed. Samples were taken from February 1991 to February 1992, and 3480 larvae were collected. The highest density of larvae was observed in November 1991 (36.79 larvae/10 m3) at night (night/day ratio 7: 1). Species composition showed a predominance of Characiformes (80%). There was a high density (4.28 larvae/10 m3) of Bryconamericus stramineus throughout almost the whole study period. The majority of the species were more frequently collected at night. Pearson's correlation indicated a relationship between larval density, temperature, and pluviometric index. Leopoldo's Inlet, whose ichthyofauna is mainly composed of grazing and resident species, shows favourable conditions for fish reproduction and development.
Long‐term anhydrobiotic survival in semi‐terrestrial micrometazoans
Authors: Guidetti Roberto , Jönsson K. Ingemar 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis study represents the first systematic investigation of long‐term anhydrobiotic survival in tardigrades, rotifers and nematodes inhabiting mosses and lichens. Sixty‐three different samples from public and private collections, kept dry for 9–138 years, were examined. Rotifers of the genus Mniobia and the eutardigrade Ramazzottius oberhaeuseri (hatched from eggs) were found alive from one of the samples (9 years old). These observations represent the longest record for rotifers in the anhydrobiotic state. For tardigrades, our results confirm previous reports on the upper limit of anhydrobiotic survival under atmospheric oxygen conditions. This study suggests the possibility that tardigrade eggs are able to withstand longer periods in anhydrobiosis than animals. Some problems related to the evaluation of long‐term anhydrobiotic survival, such as contamination and chemical treatments of samples, are reported. The possible role of the microenvironment in which the anhydrobiotic animals are kept is discussed.
Selection of roost sites by the lesser long‐eared bat (Nyctophilus geoffroyi) and Gould's wattled bat (Chalinolobus gouldii) in south‐eastern Australia
Authors: Lumsden L. F. , Bennett A. F. , Silins J. E. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractPhysical characteristics of roost sites used by the lesser long‐eared batNyctophilus geoffroyiand Gould's wattled batChalinolobus gouldiiwere investigated in a farmland–remnant vegetation mosaic and adjacent forested floodplain in south‐eastern Australia. A total of 45 individuals ofN. geoffroyiand 27C. gouldiiwere fitted with radio‐transmitters, resulting in the location of 139 and 89 roosts, respectively. MaleN. geoffroyiroosted in trees, fallen and decayed timber and artificial structures. These roosts were low to the ground, mainly under bark and in cracks in timber. Roosts of femaleN. geoffroyiwere located higher above ground, and all within trees. Maternity roosts were predominantly located in large dead trees, approximately twice the diameter of roost trees used by females outside the breeding season. No maternity roosts were found under bark, despite half the roosts used by non‐breeding females being located in these situations. Both sexes roosted primarily in dead timber and used cavities where the narrowest dimension of the entrance was 2.5 cm. Most roosts ofC. gouldiiwere in dead spouts on large, live river red gumEucalyptus camaldulensistrees. Intraspecific differences in roost characteristics were less pronounced for this species. Despite access to the same roosting opportunities, there were marked differences in roost selection betweenN. geoffroyiandC. gouldii. Both species favoured large diameter trees, but differed significantly for all other measured variables: type of roost structure, condition of roost tree (live or dead), height of roost tree, height of roost, and entrance dimensions. Although these species are among the most widespread bats in Australia and are often considered to be habitat ‘generalists’, both displayed a high level of discrimination in the roosts used. Clearly, roosting requirements are a complex and important issue in the conservation of even the most common species of bats.
Freshwater snails on Mafia Island, Tanzania with special emphasis upon the genus Bulinus (Gastropoda: Planorbidae)
Authors: Stothard J. Russell , Loxton Nicola J. , Rollinson David 
Published: October 2003

AbstractA survey of freshwater snails on Mafia Island has been conducted that mapped the distribution and, by using a timed searching strategy, documented the relative levels of abundance of species. Twenty‐five freshwater habitats around the island were surveyed; snails were found in 15 sites (60%). From the total number of snails collected (n=240), prosobranchs (59%) outnumbered pulmonates (41%). Potential intermediate hosts of urinary schistosomiasis were encountered and these Bulinus species were further characterized by analysis of six enzyme systems (GPI, PGM, MDH, HBDH, GDH & AcP), by inspection of DNA sequence variation within mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase sub‐unit I (COI) and nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS). Three species of Bulinus were found: a single B. africanus group taxon, B. nasutus, and two B. forskalii group taxa, B. forskalii and a species presently identified as Bulinus sp. in this paper. The genera Pila, Lanistes and Bulinus were widespread across the island and dominated the fauna. The remaining taxa were found in lower numbers and often only at single sites. Three prosobranchs: Lanistes purpureus, Pila ovata and Melanoides tuberculata were found. In addition to Bulinus, the pulmonates included a small discoidal planorbid (?)Ceratophallus and an ancylid (a freshwater limpet). The factors that shape the dispersal and distribution of molluscs on Mafia were considered. Water chemistry could be an important variable as both pH (mean 6.37±0.99 SD) and conductivity (mean μS=149±135 SD) were significantly different from similar habitats on neighbouring Zanzibar Island (P<0.001). The Mafian fauna is clearly associated with that of mainland Africa and Madagascar.
Altruistic sperm donation in a sperm‐dependent parthenogenetic hermaphrodite is stabilized by reciprocal sperm exchange
Authors: Michiels Nico K. , Kuhl Aline 
Published: October 2003

AbstractSperm‐dependent parthenogenetic animals require sperm from an ‘altruistic’ mate in order to trigger embryogenesis, but without genetic contribution from the sperm donor. The stability of sperm donation is puzzling, particularly in populations that consist of sperm‐dependent parthenogenetic hermaphrodites. Here, selection should favour total reduction of the male function, which would lead to population extinction. We investigated mating behaviour in a population of the sperm‐dependent parthenogenetic, hermaphroditic flatworm Schmidtea polychroa. In this species, parthenogens possess a fully functional male reproductive system. We predicted that individuals should trade sperm and hence, only donate when receiving sperm from their partner. Results from 54 pairs indicate that conditional reciprocity is common, possibly even more so than in previously studied sexual conspecifics. In contrast to sexuals, however, parthenogens do not increase allocation to sperm with body size. Taken together, the data indicate that in order to receive sperm and ensure full maternal fertility, parthenogenetic S. polychroa must be able to produce and donate a minimum of self‐sperm. As such, sperm trading contributes to the stability of apparently ‘altruistic’ sperm donation. This study is also the first convincing example of sperm trading in internally fertilizing hermaphrodites with a strong preference for the female role.
A new ichnogenus Catenarichnus from the Devonian of the Ohio
Range, Antarctica
Authors: BRADSHAW MARGARET A. 
Published: October 2003

The Horlick Formation is a fossiliferous, predominantly
marine succession of interbedded sandstone and mudstone
that crops out along a prominent escarpment in the Ohio
Range. The formation buries a relatively level wave-cut
platform eroded across a basement granitoid, and is
nowhere more than 56 m thick due to subsequent
Permo–Carboniferous glacial erosion.The sediments have been described in terms of nine
lithofacies (Bradshaw & McCartan 1983, McCartan &
Bradshaw 1987), that were renamed in conjunction with the
establishment of six ichnocoenoses (Bradshaw et al. 2002).
An abundant but relatively limited shelly fauna was
described by Doumani et al. 1965 and Bradshaw &
McCartan 1991.The six ichnocoenoses within the Horlick Formation have
been used in palaeoenvironmental interpretations
(Bradshaw et al. 2002). Catenarichnus is an important
element and name bearer for one of these ichnocoenoses.
Detailed descriptions of the remaining ichnofauna will be
described in a separate paper.
Négation, Interrogation et Alternance Indicatif–Subjonctif
Authors: Abouda Lotfi 
Published: October 2003

Cet article étudie l'alternance modale indicatif–subjonctif dans les complétives dépendantes d'un verbe d'opinion employé négativement ou interrogativement.L'hypothèse défendue ici consiste à expliquer la sélection modale dans ce contexte comme le résultat d'un phénomène d'accord entre deux paquets de traits – sémantiques – dont l'un serait porté par l'élément gouvernant la complétive, et l'autre serait porté par la tête fonctionnelle de la complétive.Or ce phénomène d'accord est en grande partie syntaxique. En effet, non seulement les traits sémantiques responsables de la sélection modale doivent obligatoirement être assignés à des têtes syntaxiques, mais en plus, l'héritage des traits en question doit obligatoirement suivre des chemins syntaxiques précis, i.e. qui relèvent de la complémentation.