bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The bad is last but does not last: aristotle’ s metaphysics Θ 9
Authors: Katz Emily Catherine , Polansky Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aristotle’s Metaphysics Θ investigates being according to actuality and potentiality, one of the four main kinds of being.1 Previously, book E delineated accidental being and being as true and false, as much as needed for first philosophy, while books Z–H explored being in virtue of itself, concentrating upon substantial being. The books prior to Θ suggest the crucial role of being according to actuality and potentiality for the unity of substantial being, and they point towards non-sensible substance. What book Θ establishes is: that potentiality and actuality are both real (against those such as the Megarians who deny one or the other of these), what potentiality and actuality both are in several possible meanings, and why and how actuality is prior to potentiality.2 The priority of actuality to potentiality makes possible the unity of sensible substantial beings that combine form (actuality) and matter (potentiality), and this priority accounts for the existence of eternal beings as actualities, since what merely has being in potentiality may be or not be, and hence is not eternal (1050B8–28).
living in doubt: carneades’pithanon reconsidered
Authors: Obdrzalek Suzanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Though the interpretation of ancient texts is inevitably diffcult, Carneades presents what one might call a worst-case scenario. In the first place, he wrote nothing. To complicate matters, Carneades’ views were so obscure that his faithful disciple Clitomachus confessed that he could never figure out what Carneades actually believed (Cic. Acad. 2. 139). Showing remarkable fortitude in the face of such an obstacle, Clitomachus, attempting to play Plato to Carneades’ Socrates, reportedly recorded Carneades’ teachings in 400 books (D.L. 4. 67). Not one remains. None the less, Clitomachus’ attempt to make a philosophy of Carneades’ anti-theoretical stance was not a complete failure; Carneades had a tremendous influence on the later Academy as well as the Stoa, and his views (or lack thereof) have been handed down to us by both Sextus Empiricus and Cicero. These sources are, however, problematic. As a Pyrrhonist, Sextus was critical of the Academy and may have exaggerated what he took to be Carneades’ dogmatism. Cicero, on the other hand, a student of Philo, was undoubtedly influenced in his interpretation of Carneades by his teacher’s dogmatic scepticism. Carneades is perhaps best known for proposing the pithanēphantasia (probable impression) as a criterion for life. However, the status of his theory of the pithanon (probable) is completely unclear.
Mobile simulation
Authors: Forrest Frances C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is based on experiences at Bristol Medical Simulation Centre (BMSC). The content refers to mannequin simulators that are hardware based and either script or model controlled(1). Running a scenario where the simulator has to move location (for example, transferring a head injured patient from one site to another) is the ultimate challenge for teachers. Most simulators are not up to this task because they are not completely wireless controlled or battery driven. Thus there are restrictions imposed by computer control, power or gas supply. This chapter will review our experience with a mobile simulation capability.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation and training devices
Authors: Ferguson Sheena 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are a myriad of passive mannequins and partial task trainers that are available on the market (e.g. Ambu, Armstrong, Gaumard, Laerdal, Limbs & Things, Lifeform, Nasco, Simulaids) to augment or ‘accessorize’ the range of low to high fidelity full-body human simulators on today’s market. Some of these catalogue giants are retailers for several smaller companies and may include their own unique products. The numbers of products are much larger than most simulation lab directors realize and it is worth shopping around and checking with colleagues to see what the experience of other centres has been with a product. Customer service and postpurchase assistance varies tremendously. The end of this chapter includes a resource section; this information is provided as a service, not an endorsement of any particular product. The B*A*T*C*A*V*E* (University of New Mexico) is a multidisciplinary simulation and skills centre that purchases the best tool for the task at hand.
Training and assessment with standardized patients
Authors: Boulet John R , Errichetti Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although simulation in healthcare can take many forms, the use of standardized patients (SPs), lay people trained to model the mannerisms and complaints of real patients, is prevalent throughout the world(1,2,3,4,5). Starting with their employment for medical student training(6), SP-based evaluation methods have evolved to be of sufficient quality to become part of highstakes certification and licensure examinations(7). Standardized patients have also been used in many disciplines outside of medicine, including dentistry and nursing(8,9,10). Along the way, numerous research studies have been published covering diverse topics ranging from case development to training methods to equating performance scores(11,12). These research endeavors, while extremely valuable for the advancement of SP-based evaluation and training methods, also provide some lessons to help guide other performance-based simulation activities in medicine and related healthcare disciplines. As a result, it will be informative for those individuals involved in simulation activities, not necessarily only those that are SP-based, to have some understanding
Team building and simulation
Authors: Anderson Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The advantages of simulators in enhancing the objectivity and efficiency of training are clear, and the increased emphasis placed upon the ability to perform a task (rather than simply having knowledge of it) is now an accepted advantage of such systems. Anaesthesia is one of the few areas of medicine which has embraced the use of simulator technology, and a network of high fidelity simulator centres has been developed in the UK since 1997. There are now over 20 such centres across the country and most offer some sort of team building training course. Despite the wealth of positive experience and peer-reviewed papers emanating from these centres, in 2006 simulator-based assessment had not been incorporated into the anaesthesia curriculum.(1) The higher the fidelity designed into the simulator the more expensive it is and this has been a barrier to their more widespread use and adoption.
Intern training
Authors: Rubin Orit , Berkenstadt, Haim , Ziv Amitai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The transition from the students’ status at medical schools to the physicians’ status at the residency programmes is commonly bridged by an internship period during which graduates of medical schools are working under close supervision. Although the internship programme is built upon the knowledge, skills and competencies acquired during medical school, the overnight change in status and level of clinical responsibilities is well recognized to be accompanied by a sense of un-readiness and anxiety on behalf of the beginning interns(1,2,3). Thus, the combination of lack of experience and low confidence level creates a threat to patient safety, and challenges the medical education system to explore thoroughly ways to smooth the transition and ensure a safe shift from medical school into actual medical practice.
Non-technical skills: identifying, training, and assessing safe behaviours
Authors: Flin Rhona , Maran Nicola 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In aviation, it has been realized for 30 years that aircraft crashes are usually not only due to mechanical failures or pilots’ inadequate technical competence. Many of the errors that contribute to accidents across industries could have been avoided if better non-technical skills had been demonstrated by the personnel operating or maintaining the system. The term non-technical skills (NTS) is used by a range of technical professions, to describe what they previously referred to as ‘soft’ skills. In aviation, the term was first used by the European regulator and was defined as ‘the cognitive and social skills of flight crew members in the cockpit, not directly related to aircraft control, system management, and standard operating procedures’.
Simulation for military medical training
Authors: Bowyer Mark W , Ritter E Matt 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The care of patients with multiple severe injuries as a result of trauma requires extensive training for all involved. Every member of the trauma team must possess both the individual knowledge and skill to care for the patient as well as understand their role in the overall team. For civilian trauma in the urban setting, where pre-hospital transport times are frequently less than 10 minutes, training for trauma skill management can be focused in specialized trauma centres where interventions such as definitive airway management, control of haemorrhage, performance of tube thoracostomy for haemothorax or pneumothorax, or establishment of intravenous access for fluid resuscitation are typically performed. The care of combat casualties during war time differs in many respects. The transport time from time of injury to definitive care can range from less than an hour when there is air superiority but can be as long as 72 hours. Therefore, it is essential to have a number of pre-hospital providers able to perform these kinds of potentially life saving interventions in the field, and often under austere conditions while engaged in combat. This requires extensive training of not only military doctors and nurses, but a large cadre of battlefield medics who will be called on to provide cutting edge trauma care in some of the worst conditions imaginable.
Simulation in sedation training for non-anaesthesiologists
Authors: Bermann Mordechai , Fischberg, Bryan L , Rao Malay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Full-scale simulators provide an educational setting where healthcare providers can acquire skills and develop expertise necessary to recognize and manage infrequent life-threatening events(1); it has the potential to be a well-suited teaching technique for non-anaesthetists providing sedation. This chapter addresses some general considerations, specific examples, and trends in effective use of simulation for sedation training.
The processing of modifiers
Authors: Bornkessel-Schlesewsky Ina , Schlesewsky Matthias 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If any domain within sentence processing can be said to be even more complex than the processing of relative clauses, it is the processing of non-obligatory information. In spite of the wealth of findings on the comprehension of modifiers (e.g. attachment of prepositional phrases and relative clauses) to be found in the literature, there is no general agreement about the status of this information within the comprehension architecture.
The influence of prosody
Authors: Bornkessel-Schlesewsky Ina , Schlesewsky Matthias 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the earliest days of psycholinguistics, researchers have concerned themselves with the basic units of speech perception. One of the central questions in this domain is how the overall speech stream can be broken down and structured into smaller categories. One of the earliest studies to examine this issue at the sentence level was reported by Fodor and Bever (1965). Using an experimental technique first developed by Ladefoged and Broadbent (1960), they asked participants to report the location of clicks heard during speech and found a significantly higher number of correct responses when clicks were positioned at major syntactic boundaries as well as a tendency for clicks to be ‘‘attracted’’ towards the nearest boundary.
Neurocognitive models of language comprehension
Authors: Bornkessel-Schlesewsky Ina , Schlesewsky Matthias 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As briefly described in Chapter 4, the declarative/procedural model (Ullman 2001; Ullman 2004) provides a neurocognitive implementation of a language processing architecture that differentiates between lexical knowledge and rule-based knowledge. Furthermore, rather than positing such a distinction from a purely language-internal point of view, Ullman proposes that it can be situated within the more general cognitive dissociation between declarative and procedural memory (see, for example, Squire and Zola 1996). Declarative memory is responsible for the storage of facts (‘‘semantic memory’’) and events (‘‘episodic memory’’).
The Evolution and Emergence of RNA Viruses
Authors: Holmes Edward C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
RNA viruses provide unique insights into the patterns and processes of evolutionary change in real time. The study of viral evolution is especially topical given the growing awareness that emerging and re-emerging diseases (most of which are caused by RNA viruses) represent a major threat to public health. However, while the study of viral evolution has developed rapidly in the last 30 years, relatively little attention has been directed toward linking work on the mechanisms of viral evolution within cells or individual hosts, to the epidemiological outcomes of these processes. This novel book fills this gap by considering the patterns and processes of viral evolution across their entire range of spatial and temporal scales. The Evolution and Emergence of RNA Viruses provides a comprehensive overview of RNA virus evolution, with a particular focus on genomic and phylogenetic approaches. This is the first book to link mechanisms of viral evolution with disease dynamics, using high-profile examples in emergence and evolution such as influenza, HIV, dengue fever, and rabies. It also reveals the underlying evolutionary processes by which emerging viruses cross species boundaries and spread in new hosts.
The origins of RNA viruses
Authors: Holmes Edward C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of all the issues in RNA virus evolution, and of all those covered in this book, inferring the origins and deep phylogenetic relationships of RNA viruses has proven the most difficult to resolve. This is an extremely frustrating state of affairs as understanding how viruses originated, and how they relate to cellular organisms, is one of the most interesting topics in evolutionary biology, with the potential to shed light on key moments in the early history of life on Earth. Indeed, to some evolutionary biologists viruses have played a central role in the establishment of complex living systems on Earth (although more so for DNA than RNA viruses; Bell 2001; Forterre 2005; Koonin et al . 2006; Prangishvili et al . 2006).
The molecular epidemiology, phylogeography, and emergence of RNA viruses
Authors: Holmes Edward C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In some respects, this is a chapter about viral ‘life history’. It is certainly the most ecological of any chapter is this book, although doubtless many ecologists would object to my classifying it so. My aim is to document the epidemiological patterns, both temporal and spatial, exhibited by RNA viruses in nature, and to explore aspects of their emergence. In keeping with the overall theme of this book, the phylogenetic analysis of viral gene sequences will be the main analytical tool, often set within an approach that has been termed phylodynamics (Grenfell et al . 2004). Given that human viruses have been the most actively studied in this respect, I will necessarily focus on their evolution. However, the generalities drawn from this chapter should be applicable to a broad range of RNA viruses.
Predicativization
Authors: Stassen Leon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the term predicativization I will refer to a process that results in a reanalysis of the categorial and syntactic status of the phrase which contains the possessed. In particular, this possessed phrase – which may consist of the possessed only, or of a collocation of the possessed and some marker – comes to be reanalysed as the predicate of a possessive construction that has the possessor as its subject.
Locational Possessives
Authors: Stassen Leon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To this end, I will examine all instances of Locational Possessive encoding in my data base. The discussion will be organized on the basis of areal and genetic groupings, and will include all cases of standard and non-standard encoding of the type. Cases of marked adnominalization, that is, cases in which the possessor NP is marked for genitive case, will form part of the investigation here. However, I will ignore Topic-Locational hybrid encoding in this chapter.
Topic Possessives
Authors: Stassen Leon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the discussion, all variants of Topic Possessive encoding will be taken into account. That is, besides the standard encoding of this type as defined in Section 2.5, I will include the various non-standard variants of the type that have been mentioned in Chapter 3, such as the possessor-indexed Topic Possessive, the zero-encoded Topic Possessive, the Conjunctional Possessive, the Clausal Possessive, as well as instances of the hybrid Topic-Locational Possessive (see Section 3.6).
Chest pain
Authors: Nicholls Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chest pain after surgery is relatively common. Apart from those patients who have had thoracic surgery, the important causes to consider are MI, angina, PE, pneumonia, pneumothorax, and (in those who have had oesophageal dilatation or repeated vomiting) oesophageal rupture. 50% of patients given suxamethonium develop chest, neck, and/or shoulder pain. As in medical practice, benign oesophageal disease (acid reflux or spasm) is common, often provoked by abdominal surgery, and some­ times difficult to differentiate from cardiac pain on the history. The rarer causes of chest painaortic dissection, pericarditis, and pain referred from the spine - are uncommon in surgical practice and only need brief consideration. Acute myocardial infarction (AMI): Consider this diagnosis in any patient with central chest pain/tightness/heaviness.
Postoperative seizures
Authors: Hardie Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The management of postoperative seizures differs between patients with and without a pre-existing seizure disorder (see p. 186). In someone with a poorly controlled chronic seizure disorder, one or two seizures should not normally be regarded as an emergency, although it may be prudent to seek expert advice before discharging the patient back home. Do not over-react to this situation. Avoid drugs which lower the seizure threshold in patients with epilepsy. The management of a single seizure should be according to that of convulsive epileptic status, described below. Although uncommon, non-convulsive status does occur, and may present as postoperative confusion in patients with established epilepsy. It can only be diagnosed by electroencephalography. Convulsive epileptic status (status epilepticus) is defined as prolonged or recurrent seizures lasting more than 30 min.
Can Music Function as a Metaphor of Emotional Life?
Authors: Robinson Jenefer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past thirty years or so there has been a significant change in Anglo-American music theory. The idea of “pure” instrumental music as a formal, quasi-mathematical structure with no reference to anything beyond itself has given way to more contextual approaches, in which instrumental music is treated as having meaning and expressive qualities which link it to wider human concerns. Instead of focusing solely on the intricate technicalities of harmonic analysis, music theorists are turning to the study of musical semiotics, so-called musical “topoi,” and, more generally, the psychological and emotional meanings to be found in even the purest of pure music.
Treatment of hair loss
Authors: Elsheikh Mohgah , Murphy Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hair loss is a big worry to many people. It is relatively common in women, with a recent survey suggesting that 1.6 million British women have problems with hair loss. Another survey revealed that significant hair loss in women can be so devastating that it can cause depression and relationship break-ups. We all lose about 100 hairs a day, particularly during shampooing and brushing our hair. If you have noticed a persistently larger number of hairs than usual in the plughole after showering, then perhaps you should see your doctor.
The ‘Secretissima instructio’ Texts
Authors: Malcolm Noel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What sort of text, then, was the Altera secretissima instructio, and why was it thought so worthy of attention? It was in fact the third in a sequence of pamphlets (though its title, Altera, correctly translated by Hobbes as ‘A second’, suggests that its author was unaware of the second in the sequence); the first, entitled Secretissima instructio, had achieved considerable notoriety, becoming one of Europe’s most widely read works of political propaganda after its first publication in 1620.
‘Reason of State’ and Hobbes
Authors: Malcolm Noel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first book to have ‘ragion di stato’ (reason of state) in its title, and the most influctional of all books on this topic, was published by the ex-Jesuit Giovanni Botero in 1589. In his dedicatory epistle Botero explained that he had made many journeys in recent years, and had visited the courts of several kings and princes.
Introduction
Authors: Burge Tyler 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The essays in this volume center on philosophical issues about mind, and about language insofar as it is an indication of mind. The volume includes most of the essays in which I defend anti-individualism. It also includes discussion of other aspects of mind—mind–body causation, the mind–body problem, and consciousness. In this introduction I sketch some background. I also comment on the individual essays and how they relate to one another.
Individualism and the Mental
Authors: Burge Tyler 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit, a broad, inarticulate division of emphasis between the individual and his social environment has marked philosophical discussions of mind. On one hand, there is the traditional concern with the individual subject of mental states and events. In the elderly Cartesian tradition, the spotlight is on what exists or transpires ‘in’ the individual—his secret cogitations, his innate cognitive structures, his private perceptions and introspections, his grasping of ideas, concepts, or forms. More evidentially oriented movements, such as behaviorism and its liberalized progeny, have highlighted the individual’s publicly observable behavior—his input–output relations and the dispositions, states, or events that mediate them.
On the Historically Informed Performance
Authors: Kivy Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After my book Authenticities was published in 1995,1 various people told me that I was, in effect, beating a dead horse; for the book was an extended analysis and critique of what had come to be known as the “historically authentic performance”, which was supposed to be—at least as I understood it—the performance of a musical work in strict compliance with the way that work would have been performed in its own historical period and no other; or, if it didn’t come to the same thing, in strict compliance with the performing intentions of the composer. But, so I was told, no one was pedantic or dogmatic enough any longer to endorse or pursue that sort of thing. Rather, what was now endorsed and pursued in its stead was something much more reasonable, yet, I presume, still in the historicist spirit: it was called the “historically informed performance”. And none of the critical or analytical things I said in Authenticities, so these folks admonished me, had anything to do with that project at all.