bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patterns and Analysis of Adaptive Phenotypic Plasticity in Animals
Authors: Doughty Paul , Reznick David N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most obvious ecological difference between animals and plants is that most animals move through space in response to changing conditions whereas plants do not. The evolution of a complex neuromuscular system that enables animals to receive, process, and respond to information with coordinated movement through space is perhaps the most impressive feat of adaptive phenotypic plasticity, broadly defined. However, this ability to move through space cannot resolve all environmental challenges. There will therefore be selection for adaptive phenotypic plasticity in morphology, physiology, behavior, and life history characters in response to the many diverse and risky situations animals face. Two main questions of interest to evolutionary biologists investigating this topic are ( l) what kinds of environmental variation select for adaptive plasticity, versus other evolutionary responses such as local adaptation or polymorphism, and (2) what constrains the evolution of plastic responses? Empirical evaluation of adaptive plasticity in animals over the past two decades has revealed a wide diversity of solutions to an equally wide array of environmental problems (Scheiner 1993; Travis 1994; Gotthard and Nylin 1995; Skulason and Smith 1995; Via et al. 1995; Roff 1996; Nylini and Gotthard 1998; Schlichting and Pigliucci 1998; Tollriani and Harvell 1999; chapter l 0). In many areas, theoretical explorations have far outpaced empirical testing (Via et al. 1995; Agrawal 2001; chapter 6). For example, testing some of the more recent models will require information on the spatial and temporal distribution of alternative environments, whether they are population sources or sinks, and movement among patches (e.g., Houston and McNamara 1992; Siblyl995; Whitlock 1996; Sasaki and de Jong 1999). This imbalance between conjecture and data will probably persist because rigorously testing plastic adaptations can be timeconsuming and logistically difficult.
The Brain, Homeostasis, and Health Balancing Demands of the Internal and External Milieu
Authors: Cacioppo John T , Berntson Gary G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The biologist Richard Lewontin (2000) characterized living organisms as electromechanical devices made up of articulated physical parts that, for purely thermodynamic reasons, eventually wear out and fail to function. Lithgow and Kirkwood (1996), in their review of research on the biology of aging, observed that it is “disadvantageous to increase maintenance beyond a level sufficient to keep the organism in good shape through its natural life expectancy in the wild, because the extra cost will eat into resources that in terms of natural selection are better used to boost other functions that will enhance fitness” (p. 80). We are only now beginning to understand how the brain integrates the regulatory and restorative forces of the body to foster health and adaptation to environmental challenge. This chapter examines these forces as they relate to psychology and health.
Culture of the Mammalian Preimplantation Embryo
Authors: Gardner David K , Lane Michelle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are several treatises on the composition of embryo culture media and the role of specific medium components in supporting mammalian embryo development in vitro (1–3). It is the aim of this chapter to describe in detail how such media should be used in the laboratory and to identify the potential pitfalls that can lead to impaired embryo development in culture. Embryos considered here include those from the mouse, human, and domestic animal species. This chapter will not address the use of co-culture in the production of mammalian preimplantation embryos. There are two reasons for this: first and most important, it has been demonstrated that the use of novel culture media, such as those described within this work, are superior to co-culture systems (4, 5). Second, co-culture typically uses serum as the protein supplement. A developing embryo should never come into contact with serum, as it induces significant abnormalities in the physiology and gene expression of the embryo (6, 7). Finally, the concept of co-culture depends on being able to maintain two totally different cells types in vitro. Due to the idiosyncratic and dynamic physiology of the embryo, this is not feasible (8).
Subject Positions in Romance and the Theory of Universal Grammar
Authors: Hulk Aafke , Pollock Jean-Yves 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a consensus among both traditional and generative grammarians that the canonical surface word order of the Romance languages is subject-verb­ object (SVO). Granted this, sentences such as (1) in Italian, French, Portuguese, and Catalan, which are all clear cases of noncanonical word order, raise important descriptive and theoretical problems:
In all of these, the subject is at the right periphery of the sentence. and it obligatorily follows participles and infinitives when they are present. In this respect the Subject Inversion of (1) contrasts sharply with what Rizzi (1982) has dubbed “Residual V2 constructions,” in which the subject is in the same position as in the Germanic V2 languages, immediately to the right of the finite verb before the participle or infinitive, as in French Subject Clitic Inversion constructions like A-t-il dit cela? (Has he said that?), and Où veut-il aller? [where wants he (to) go?].
“Inversion” as Focalization
Authors: Belletti Adriana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main empirical area studied in this chapter concerns Inversion structures with a subject that linearly follows the inflected verb, displaying the word order VS. Seemingly unrelated structures that involve reordering of complements (in the sense of Belletti & Shlonsky 1995; henceforth B&S) are also considered and are assumed to involve the same derivational process at work in Subject Inversion. Both are argued to be instances of clause-internal Focalization.1 The term “Subject Inversion” is thus a purely descriptive label, referring to a subset, albeit an important one, of a more general clause-internal process.
The descriptive term “Inversion,” with reference to Subject Inversion structures, implicitly capitalizes on the idea that the order VS reverses the canonical order SV(O). However, that Subject Inversion configurations cannot be derived through a lowering operation, moving the preverbal “high” subject to some clauseinternal position, has been assumed ever since Romance Subject Inversion phenomena have undergone serious examinations in Government and Binding (GB) terms.
Marked versus Unmarked Inversion and Optimality Theory
Authors: Costa Joāo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The basic word order of a language is often determined in terms of markedness of discourse contexts. Accordingly, an unmarked word order is one in which all elements of the sentence are equal in discourse: Either they are all new in­ formation or they are all old information. A context in which all elements may have the same status in discourse is the answer to a question such as ‘what happened?’ This question does not presuppose any of the elements that appear in the answer; all of them will, therefore, constitute new information.
The unmarked word order differs cross-linguistically. In this chapter, I am interested in finding out why inverted constructions, in which the subject follows the verb, may be unmarked in some languages but obligatorily marked in others. I focus on the following languages: Portuguese, Spanish, and Greek.
Links between Object Categorization and Naming
Authors: Waxman Sandra R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Infants across the world’s communities are raised in vastly different environments, surrounded by different objects, different customs, and different languages. Yet despite these differences, there are striking similarities in the most fundamental aspects of infant cognitive and language development. Within their first two years, infants develop two uniquely human capacities: they naturally establish rich and flexible repertoires of object categories, and they spontaneously acquire their native language. Each of these capacities, considered on its own, is a remarkable feat. But perhaps even more remarkable is the fact that even before they begin to produce words on their own, infants’ conceptual and linguistic advances are powerfully and implicitly linked. These early links foster the acquisition of a stable set of object categories, guide the acquisition of the early lexicon, and serve as a foundation for the evolution of the finely tuned links between language and conceptual organization that characterize the mature system.
Making an Ontology
Authors: Smith Linda B , Colunga, Eliana , Yoshida Hanako 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Human cultures and languages are diverse. To some, these differences imply incommensurate ways of being human. To others, these differences only serve to underscore our profound sameness. Most cross-linguistic studies of categorization offer up their evidence on one side or the other of this philosophical divide. In this chapter, we summarize recent results from our cross-linguistic studies of early noun learning by English-speaking and Japanese-speaking children. The findings are clearly relevant to issues of linguistic and conceptual diversity. However, these issues were not the proximal impetus for our studies. Instead, our questions were pitched at a different level, to a mechanistic understanding of the development of categories and early noun learning. Still, by pursuing mechanisms of developmental change, we arrive at a deeper understanding of the processes that create both universal and linguistically specific ways of knowing.
Introduction
Authors: Wennerstrom Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It may be readily observed that prosody plays a central role in the coherence of discourse in spoken English, beyond the sentence level. Let us consider, for example, a brief exchange from a conversation about weight gain and loss. (from Corpus 2; see Appendix for description of data corpora). The participants are a group of friends who have been discussing the fact that one memeber of the group has just recovered from an illness during which he lost a lot of weight. Now that he is better, he is eating more than usual to gain it back.
“A Woman Who Knows How to Take Care of Herself Well”: Tales from the Dowry Wars
Authors: Ferraro Joanne M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
clara vidali’s sorry marriage to Niccolò Montin disintegrated in 1633 afrer a mere four years.1 All the while Niccolò had been steadily consuming her dowry of 1,600 ducats by playing cards. To pay for his gambling addiction, he had pawned and sold Clara’s rings, gold necklaces, silver, and clothes. When Niccolò abandoned Clara to escape the prison sentence of the Venetian Council of Ten, her uncle Zuanne took her in. Niccolò had left her without the means to sustain herself Claiming her reputation and honor had been offended, she returned to live with the aunt and uncle who had arranged the marriage in the first place, and filed for a separation.
The Neuron
Authors: Levitan Irwin B , Kaczmarek Leonard K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The third edition of The Neuron provides a comprehensive first course in the cell and molecular biology of nerve cells. The first part of the book covers the properties of the many newly discovered ion channels that have emerged through mapping of the genome. These channels shape the way a single neuron generates varied patterns of electrical activity. Next are covered the molecular mechanisms that convert electrical activity into the secretion of neurotransmitter hormones at synaptic junctions between neurons. The second part of the book covers the biochemical pathways that are linked to the action of neurotransmitters and that can alter the cellular properties of neurons or sensory cells which transduce information from the outside world into the electrical code used by neurons. The final section reviews our rapidly expanding knowledge of the molecular factors that induce an undifferentiated cell to become a neuron, and then guide it to form appropriate synaptic connections with its partners. This section also focuses on the role of ongoing experience and activity in shaping these connections, and finishes with an account of mechanisms thought to underlie the phenomena of learning and memory.
Adhesion Molecules and Axon Pathfinding
Authors: B.Levitan Irwin , Kaczmarek Leonard K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We know that the electrical activity of neurons can be transformed and modulated in ways that allow a neuron to control specific behaviors. Electrical behavior, however, is not the only aspect of neuronal activity that is subject to regulation by other cells or external stimuli. Structural features, such as the number, size, and type of synapses that a neuron makes, can also be modified. Furthermore, the entire shape of a mature neuron’s dendritic branches may alter over time. This is illustrated in Figure 17-1, which shows tracings of the dendrites of a neuron of the superior cervical ganglion in the intact nervous system of a mouse. This cell was injected with a fluorescent dye and drawings were made immediately of the shape of its dendrites. After a period of several weeks in the intact animal, the ganglion was again exposed and drawings were made of the fluorescent cell. Clear changes in dendritic branching pattern, and by inference in the synaptic connections on the dendrites, occur during this time. Although the factors that control such changes in cell form are largely unknown, these experiments lend support to the idea that long-term regulation of neuronal activity in the mature nervous system may be accompanied by rearrangements of neuronal structure and connections. To examine such rearrangements, we must first understand the factors that lead to specific patterns of branching during formation of the nervous system.
Transforming Technology
Authors: Feenberg Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thoroughly revised, this new edition of Critical Theory of Technology rethinks the relationships between technology, rationality, and democracy, arguing that the degradation of labor--as well as of many environmental, educational, and political systems--is rooted in the social values that preside over technological development. It contains materials on political theory, but the emphasis has shifted to reflect a growing interest in the fields of technology and cultural studies.
Further Topics on Psychometric Functions
Authors: Falmagne Jean-Claude 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We suppose here that the background b indexing a psychometric function p b can be identified with a point in some metric space. This assumption is in line with the examples of psychometric families described in 6.l(c) and 6.l(d), and is also compelling on psychological grounds: if the distance function of the metric space is suitably chosen, that is, if it is consistent with the sensory aspects of the situation (more about this in a moment), then we should expect the shape and other characteristics of the psychometric functions to vary smoothly with the distance. For example, if two backgrounds a and b are close enough, the domains of the psychometric functions p a and p b should overlap (Theorem 7.4). A number of consequences of such a definition will be explored.
My Way or No Way!
Authors: Ronningstam Elsa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the risk of suicide attempt and completed suicide usually has been associated with mood and substance-abuse disorders, the proportion of deaths among people with personality disorders has actually been estimated to be between 5% and 10% (Black, Warrack, & Winkur, 1985; Miles 1977). A recent psychological autopsy study of suicide in 15–24year-olds in the United Kingdom found that nearly 30% had personality disorders and 55% had traits of personality disorders (Houston, Hawton, & Shepperd, 2001). Four other European studies confirmed that the presence of personality disorders is both an important risk factor for chronic suicidality with repeated suicide attempts and a predictor for suicide reattempts (5 years) and completed suicides (Cording & Huebner Liebermann, 2000; Hansen, Wang, Stage, & Kragh-Sorensen, 2003; Johnsson-Fridell, Öjehagen, & Träskman-Bendz, 1996; Schmidtke et al., 2000). While suicidal and parasuicidal behavior have foremost been associated with borderline personality disorder (DSM-IV; Gunderson & Ridolfi, 2001), the antisocial personality disorder is considered to have the highest suicide rate (10–15%; Dahl, 1998).
Correction or Corrosion?
Authors: Ronningstam Elsa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the nature of changes in pathological narcissism, focusing specifically on changes instigated not through therapeutic interventions but through life events that the individual has experienced as either corrective or corrosive. Such experiences can contribute to a modification or transformation of narcissism, with specific character traits and interpersonal and behavioral patterns ceasing to have pathological narcissistic functions (Ronningstam, Gundersen, & Lyons, 1995). However, life events can also contribute to an increase in pathological narcissism and the development of trauma-associated narcissistic symptoms (Simon, 2000), severe NPD, or even a psychotic disorder with delusional grandiosity. The relationship between such external events and the work that takes place within the therapeutic alliance between patient and therapist or analyst may be complex and less obvious. The question is whether corrective life experiences that promote structural change and improved interpersonal relations actually may lessen the motivation for pursuing treatment. Such experiences can in themselves support a progressive and more satisfying involvement in life in ways that are experienced as less threatening to the self-esteem than involvement in intensive psychotherapy. On the other hand, an acute or gradual increase in pathological narcissism following a corrosive life event may actually motivate a person to seek treatment and work toward personal change.
The Effects of Demographic Variation on Kinship Structure and Behavior in Cercopithecines
Authors: Hill David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Demographic processes have a pervasive influence on many aspects of social behavior and social structure in group-living animals. The influence is mediated through the effects of demographic processes on group size and composition. This point was made by Altmann and Altmann (] 979), who also noted that social behavior in turn influences demographic processes, thereby closing the loop to produce a cycle of effects. In assessing the effects of demographic processes on kinship structure and behavior, we are primarily concerned with the first two links of this cycle: the impact of demographic processes on group size and composition, and ways in which group size and composition influence social behavior and social relationships.
Kinship and Behavior Among Nongregarious Nocturnal Prosimians: What Do We Really Know?
Authors: Nash Leanne T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When I was first invited to participate in this volume, my initial reaction was: “A chapter on what we know about kinship among the nocturnal primates ... hmm, now that will be a short chapter!” In this review, I include tarsiers and all the nocturnal strepsirhine primates (lemurs, lorises, galagos, pottos). Until recently, I tended to tell my students that what we currently know about dispersal patterns among nocturnal primates, and therefore what is known or mainly inferred about kinship relationships among individuals, is similar to the state of our information about diurnal primates in the midl 970s. At that time there were few long-term field studies of individually recognized animals, so we knew very little. However, a few very recent studies, which I review below, have catapulted our knowledge into the twenty-first century, as new genetic techniques have been combined with older and very hard won methods of gathering information on sociality in these species. This is truly an exciting time to be thinking about questions of kinship and behavior among these species. One of the main goals in writing this review is to encourage more young primatologists to take on the challenges (which are many) of studying nocturnal primates. After three decades of studying and appreciating these primates, I can attest that the questions can be tackled, and it can even be fun doing it.
Mating, Parenting, and the Evolution of Human Pair Bonds
Authors: Hawkes Kristen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Human pair bonds are widely assumed to have arisen when ancestral females began to rely on subsistence support from mates (e.g., Lovejoy 1981; Lancaster & Lancaster 1983, 1987). The most influential version of this argument is the “hunting hypothesis.” Its elements have a long history in Western thought (Cartmill 1994). August Westermarck in his 1891 book, The History of Human Marriage, provided a nineteenth-century example:
An Anatomy of Survey-Based Experiments
Authors: Gilens Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Randomized experiments embedded in surveys are almost as old as surveys themselves. But over the past few decades, the use of survey experiments has expanded dramatically. Once limited to simple “split-ballot” designs, the survey-based experiment has become an enormously flexible and increasingly sophisticated tool for social scientists. Spurred by the development of advanced computer-assisted interviewing software, researchers have devised an impressive array of techniques that combine the causal power of the randomized experiment with the representativeness of the general population survey. In this chapter, I describe a range of survey experiments that address concerns from abortion to racial attitudes to voting preferences. I identify the dimensions of a survey interview that can be randomly varied, the characteristics that these dimensions can take on, and the kinds of analyses that can be used to extract meaning from randomized survey experiments.
Models of Integrated Care in Primary Care Settings
Authors: Wedding Danny , Mengel Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Integrated practice can occur in a variety of con-texts and involves a large number of different health professionals. This chapter examines the specific collaboration of primary care physicians (most often family practitioners or internists) and mental health specialists (most often psycholo-gists and social workers). Although there are sa-lient difficulties associated with intraprofessional collaboration (e.g., psychiatrists working with their primary care physician colleagues), there are par-ticular challenges and opportunities associated with interprofessional collaboration, and these are our current concern. We hope an examination of current models of integrated practice will help identify creative approaches to collaboration in practice. Breaking out of the “silos” that result from our traditions of training and professional enculturation offers practitioners an opportunity to grow both personally and professionally and should result in more effective and efficient diag-nosis and treatment of patients.
Obstetrics-Gynecology
Authors: Turok David , Horn Jennifer T Van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Dr. Fecund arrives at her officethis particu-lar morning, the first of her 15 prenatal patients is already waiting. Reviewing her day’s schedule and hoping she is not double-booked too much, Dr. Fecund estimates that if she spends about 5 to 10 minutes on average directly with each patient, she will not be too much behind schedule by the end of the day (i.e., she will probably leave the officeabout 6:00 p.m.).