bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Merritt Moves to New York: Montefiore and Columbia— Another Tale of Two Hospitals
Authors: Rowland Lewis P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Montefiore Hospital sits on Gun Hill Road and 210th Street in an unfashionable area of the Bronx, a borough of New York City. The hospital opened there in 1913, but it originated in Manhattan as the Montefiore Home for Chronic Invalids in 1884. The physician who transformed the institution from one restricted to chronic care to a modern all-purpose hospital was Ernst Boas, son of Franz Boas, the famed anthropologist. Ernst himself was a cardiologist, ardent proponent of national health insurance for all, founder of Physician’s Forum, and a straight-talker. About Charles Elsberg, one the most famous neurosurgeons of the day, Boas said, “Elsberg especially causes many difficulties. There is nothing we can do with him and I am afraid we shall have to get rid of him.” Elsberg was also chief of Neurosurgery at the Neurological Institute at about the same time.
Merritt’s Last Days
Authors: Rowland Lewis P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Houston Merritt was famous among neurologists for many achievements; none was respected more than his monograph on the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). A disorder of CSF circulation may have killed him indirectly, and the irony was compounded because he had long doubted the validity of that particular diagnosis, which is called “normal pressure hydrocephalus” (NPH).
The Political Psychology of The Federalist
Authors: Edwards Jonathan , Lincoln Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No document relating to the Constitution of the United States has received more attention than The Federalist Papers. The papers were written in 1787–88 for the purpose of persuading the people of the state of New York to elect a convention that would ratify the proposed Constitution of the United States. In this immediate objective they failed, though in the end New York did ratify and the Constitution went into operation. Thereafter The Federalist was transformed from a failure into a success, becoming a canonical text of American constitutionalism, next in importance only to the Constitution itself and the Declaration of Independence. Ever since Jefferson prescribed it as a text at the newly founded University of Virginia, the work has been treated as an authoritative statement of how American political institutions work or should work.
The Emerging Ideal of Self-Improvement
Authors: Edwards Jonathan , Lincoln Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“It is the age of the first person singular,” Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote in his journal at the beginning of February, 1827. Like so many of his aphorisms, this observation offers several levels of meaning. Antebellum white Americans not only asserted themselves in a variety of ways, they were increasingly able to define themselves through voluntary choice. Contemporaries were quite aware of this novel power and felt that it presented both opportunities and dangers. The origins of the goal of personal self-definition may be sought in evangelical Christian “new birth” and in the cultivated self of eighteenth-century politeness, but the ideal spread widely and took on new forms in the United States during the nineteenth century. A combination of weak institutional constraints and the market revolution, which multiplied occupational and consumer options, provided favorable conditions for such widespread personal autonomy. This chapter will outline broadly some of the forms that self-definition took. It was an age of self-reliance, but also of self-control and self-improvement. (On the other hand, it was not an era that celebrated self-indulgence; “the age of the first person singular” meant something quite different from the “me generation” of the 1980s.) Surprisingly, the Enlightenment model of the balanced character, in which reason reigned supreme over the passions, remained relevant and widely accepted, even in an era of democratic Romanticism.
When I Think about Myself as Politically Engaged, I Think of Myself as a Citizen: Interview with Iris Marion Young
Authors: Pajnik Vlasta Jalušičand Mojca 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I (VJ) met Iris for the first time in Vienna, at the Institute of Human Sciences, in 1998. There she gave an excellent lecture on inclusion and democracy. As we spent time together in some of the Viennese cafes, I asked her whether she’d be interested in coming to Slovenia to give a talk at the Peace Institute. She liked the idea and promised to come. I kept sending her texts on Eastern Europe and feminism, and she was very interested in the topic. Time passed, however, and she had been obviously too busy. In 2004, when we exchanged some articles, one on violence and Hannah Arendt among them, she asked me if the invitation still held. But then she could still not come. In 2005, she sent me an e-mail saying that she’d be traveling to Europe in spring 2006, and that she’d love to come to Ljubljana before she traveled to a conference in Prague.
Letter to Iris Young
Authors: Struhl Karsten J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have known each other for almost thirty years, but the last time I saw you was at the World Philosophical Conference in Istanbul, which was in August of 2003. I heard you give a talk entitled “Modest Reffections on Hegemony and Democracy,” in which you argued, among other things, that human rights could only be defended if there is a global system of democratic dialogue. Later that week we had dinner at a restaurant some distance from the center of the city— you, David, a friend of yours who lived in Istanbul, my wife Olga, and myself. David, whom I had not seen for many years, had remarked to you earlier that he wondered if he would recognize me, and you answered that I seemed very much the same, only a little grayer. And in a very important sense you were also the same, the same loving, argumentative spirit that I knew so well. You had become a political superstar by then, but there was nothing in our conversation that evening, or for that matter any other time that we were together, which betrayed an air of self-importance. You were always the quintessential exemplar of the dialogic ethos which you had analyzed so deftly in your writing on justice and democracy. We talked about many things that evening—the political situation in Istanbul, banning the veil from public places, your invitation to spend the next semester in Princeton working on your new project, which was to be a critique of the mainstream concept of responsibility and the construction of a new way to understand political responsibility. You were very excited about this project. When we said goodbye, it was assumed that we would see each other soon on the east coast. But it was not to be. How easy it is for time to pass quickly with too many necessary commitments to fulfill.
Making Character Disposition Matter in Iris Young’s Deliberative Democracy
Authors: Melton Desirée H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our democracy is imperfect. Votes are miscounted, election judges fail to show up at polling sites, candidates are personally attacked and scrutinized rather than their platforms and positions on important issues, lobbyists are bought; voters are discouraged from voting in many ways, and fraud can turn the outcome of a relatively fair election. Despite its flaws, however, most of us would probably agree that democracy is the best political arrangement we have out of the options available to us.
I. Death
Authors: Ricks Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We know about our wish to go on being, we human beings, our Wish not to die. Samuel Beckett, who rigged nothing, fashioned for himself and for us a voice, Malone’s, at once wistful and wiry: Yes, there is no good pretending, it is hard to leave everything 1. These are the accents of a consciousness, imagining and imagined, which braves the immortal commonplace of mortality. Most people most of the time want to live for ever. This truth is acknowledge in literature, including Beckett’s.
A Reader’s Experience: Landscape in Greek Poetry
Authors: Jenkyns Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From his own verse we know that Virgil read very widely and with an extraordinarily retentive memory. The breadth of his literary experience was unusual in a world where books were uncommon and expensive, and though Latin poets often advertise their know ledge of Greek precedent, Virgil should be considered exceptional. But it is not the purpose of this chapter either to assert or to deny that he had read all the works discussed in it. Our concern is with the broad picture of the Greeks’ perception of landscape, and with the question of how far it influenced Virgil, how far he was new. In a short compass it is of course impossible to survey the whole area in detail; instead we shall pick out a few pinnacles and leap like the chamois from crag to crag. Even so, we should be able to see in the development of Greek ideas of landscape the gathering.
The Neoteric Experience
Authors: Jenkyns Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
However proud they might be of their power, their ancestry, and their mores, the Romans were constantly aware of an inferiority. Wherever the Greeks’ rule or influence had spread, they had over whelmed the native culture; even the Jews were only a partial exception. The first Roman gentlemen with literary ambitions, men like Fabius Pictor and Cincius Alimentus, naturally chose to write in the civilized language, Greek. Latin literature was reckoned to begin with Livius Andronicus, a Greek prisoner of war, who translated Homer, making a Greek masterpiece more accessible to his rude conquerors. The first great figure in their literature, so later Romans thought, was Ennius, an Italian from the Hellenized far south of Italy, who spoke Latin, Greek, and Oscan alike; he could have addressed the great world in the world language. Instead, he chose Latin; it was a momentous choice.
A Trojan’s Experience: The Wanderings of Aeneas
Authors: Jenkyns Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first book of the Aeneid has an exploratory air. In this it differs from the Odyssey, which opens with Zeus himself laying out the moral rules, and the Iliad, which moves rapidly to the heart of the action, so rapidly indeed that it does not pause to give any motive for Agamemnon’s first fatal error, his insulting of the Trojan priest Chryses.’ The first Aeneid has its grand set pieces too, but predominantly it gives the impression of introducing themes and motifs which will be enlarged and developed as the poem proceeds. We have already considered one such theme: the investigation of landscape and man’s place within it.
The Subjects of Early Greek Inscriptions
Authors: Jeffery L H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I do not propose to do more here than touch upon some of the many subjects illustrated in the surviving inscriptions of the sixth century and earlier. A sketch of this kind cannot be free from distortion, because (even apart from the good or ill luck of excavations) the chances of survival vary greatly according to the material used; by this I do not mean only the truism that a poem on papyrus will perish faster than a decree on stone, but also that the same type of inscription will survive in one city but not in another.
The Moral and Political Outlook of Theopompus
Authors: Flower Michael Attyah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modern scholarship on Theopompus is divided between several distinctly different views as to the motivating force behind his historical works. The traditional interpretation is that Theopompus saw Philip as the man who would put Isocratean Panhellenism into effect and thereby become the saviour of Greece. This view was first advanced by J. B. Bury, who wrote that Theopompus ‘… was affected by the national idea of Isocrates; he saw in the Macedonian power a unifying principle, and he made it the focus of his contemporary history’. Such an interpretation was elaborated at length by A. Momigliano, but with the qualification that Theopompus had altered his concept of Panhellenism when he came to write the Philippica. He argued that an Isocrateanstyle Panhellenism had been central to the Hellenica, in which Theopompus praised the Spartan effort to subdue Asia Minor. Theopompus ended the Hellenica with the battle of Cnidus in 394 because it was there that Spartan hopes of conquering Asia Minor were crushed. When he came to write the Philippica, Theopompus no longer advocated a Panhellenic crusade against Persia and he conceded the king’s right to Asia. Rather, he saw in Philip the man who could unify Greece and create a strong and enlarged European state.
Theopompus’ Historical Accuracy
Authors: Flower Michael Attyah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A trend in recent scholarship on Classical historiography has been to emphasize the differences between ancient and modern historical writing. Ancient historians, it is argued, were more interested in rhetorical style and readability than their modern counterparts, and thus less concerned with the objective recording of ascertainable facts. For it is assumed that rhetorical embellishment and amplification are antithetical to what most modern historians conceive of as historical truth. Rhetoric, by its very nature, is thought to distort, to exaggerate, and to supplement by means of invention the hard evidence which the historian has before him.
Introduction
Authors: Sarris Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Licinius was thus besieged by Constantine in Nicomedia, whereupon he gave up hope, realizing he did not have sufficient men for a battle. Going out of the city, therefore, he threw himself before Constantine as a suppliant, and bringing him the purple, acclaimed him as emperor and lord... Constantine sent Licinius to Thessalonica as if to live there in security, but not long after broke his oath, as was his custom, and had him hanged. The whole empire now devolved on Constantine alone.’
Introduction
Authors: Potts D T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1928 the Clarendon Press published Sir Arnold Wilson’s The Persian Gulf. Wilson’s study ranged ‘from the earliest times to the beginning of the twentieth century’,1 and when it was written the early history of the area could be dealt with adequately in under fifty pages. Sixty years on, as a result of intensified exploration and excavation since the Second World War, it requires considerably more space to treat the sources, both archaeological and historical, which reflect the course of human history in the region. The Arabian Gulf in Antiquity has been written to provide the scholar and the interested layman with a comprehensive, up-to-date synthesis of what is perhaps the only major sub-area of the Near East for which a work of this sort was still lacking. The scope of the present work encompasses the history and archaeology of the region from c.8000 BC to the Islamic conquest.
The Late Fourth and Early Third Millenniums BC
Authors: Potts D T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The only sites which could legitimately be placed in the interval between the end of the occupation at al-Markh and Ras Abaruk 4, c.3800 BC, and the last centuries of the fourth millennium are some of the lithic sites in the Eastern Province, Bahrain, Qatar, and the UAE of the type discussed in the preceding chapter. As noted above, the available Cl 4 dates suggest that the indigenous hunting-gathering¬ fishing populations of eastern Arabia represented by these sites may have continued to use the same basic types of stone tools as their more remote ancestors had well into the fourth millennium or even later. Nevertheless, the apparent scarcity of fourth-millennium sites in the Gulf may be a reflection of at least two natural factors, one climatic and the other eustatic. An arid phase has been documented for this period in eastern Arabia and Bahrain, and its onset may have thinned out the local hunting and gathering population. Many if not all of the playa lakes in the area dried up at this time, becoming choked with aeolian silt. Assuming that the game dependent on these lakes was forced to migrate elsewhere, the majority of the hunters and gatherers of the region may well have followed suit.
The Late Third Millennium BC in the Central and Northern Gulf
Authors: Potts D T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Outside the Oman peninsula, Bahrain has yielded the largest body of late third-millennium material in the Gulf. Some important material is also known from eastern Saudi Arabia, while in Kuwait the sole finds of this period are a small number of cylinder seals from the lowest levels on Failaka. Thus far, no remains dating to the second half of the third millennium have been discovered in Qatar.
The Early Second Millennium BC on Bahrain and in Eastern Arabia
Authors: Potts D T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The expansion of field-work in eastern Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and Bahrain during the last decade has brought to light a substantial amount of material datable to the early second millennium BC. This is, moreover, a period for which we are well informed about Dilmun from a variety of cuneiform sources. We shall begin our discussion by reviewing the archaeological material from Bahrain, before moving to the mainland, and finally turning to the written evidence.
Failaka in the Second Millennium BC
Authors: Potts D T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the long-standing presence of resident Europeans, visitmg European and American archaeologists, and a large local Department of Antiquities, the mainland of Kuwait has yet to be systematically investigated. And while there are indications that some of Kuwait’s smaller islands were inhabited in antiquity, no definitive information has been forthcoming. Thus, the archaeology of Kuwait, as we know it today, is the archaeology of its best-known island, Failaka.
The Hellenistic Period on Failaka
Authors: Potts D T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Danish expedition commenced work in Kuwait in February 1958. While a survey was being conducted on the mainland by P. V. Glob and T. G. Bibby, a group under the direction of the late A. Roussell began investigations on Failaka, the best-known of the several Kuwaiti islands in the Arabian Gulf .1 The area of greatest interest was found to be a cluster of low mounds spread over an area measuring roughly 2.5 km. square in the south-west corner of the island, where work continued through 1962-3. Since that time, work has been conducted on the island by a number of organizations. The Kuwaiti Department of Antiquities sounded the remains of what later turned out to be a small temple by the sea (see below) in 1964. T. Howard-Carter opened several small soundings in 1974-5, while an Italian mission from the University of Venice worked briefly in 1976. A brief electromagnetic investigation was conducted in 1982 by T. Howard-Carter and B. Fnbhlich, and finally, in 1983, a new programme of annual excavations was initiated by a French team under the direction of J.-F. Salles.
The Governing Classes: (I) Symmachus and the Senatorial Class
Authors: Matthews John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To one visitor to Rome in the 380s, a gentleman officer and historian from Syrian Antioch, the tastes and behaviour of its upper-class residents presented a memorably unfavourable impression. In a pair of vivid satirical portraits, inserted as digressions into his history, Ammianus Marcellinus depicted the senators as totally unworthy of their traditions and social eminence as, sunk in leisure and frivolity, they devoted themselves to the pursuit of trivial, degrading enthusiasms. They stuffed themselves with food, played dice, patronized charioteers and chorus-girls (it was perhaps with an acutely personal sense of grievance that Ammianus mentioned one occasion when, food supplies being short, foreign visitors to Rome were told to leave the city, while three thousand dancing-girls, with their attendants and trainers, were allowed to stay). Despising literary culture, senators kept their libraries ‘locked up like tombs’, giving their attention instead to water-organs, harps as big as carriages, and the pipes, stages, and all the ponderous apparatus needed to accompany the posturings of dramatic actors. In their profound leisure, states Ammianus, confessing his bafflement, some nobles exerted themselves to read no more exacting literature than the satires of Juvenal and the light biographies of Marius Maximus.
The Accession of Theodosius
Authors: Matthews John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The defeat of the eastern emperor Valens and the destruction of his army in the great battle against the Visigoths fought on g August 378 near Hadrianopolis in Thrace, was one of the decisive moments of late Roman history. The threat of the Goths as a hostile force on the Danube frontier was not new. In recent years, they had been persistently troublesome, although the pressure had for a time been eased when they were defeated by Valens, in his expedition over the river in 369. But since 376, they had come back, forced against the Roman provinces by the mysterious movements of the Huns, deep in the steppes to the north and east of the Caspian Sea. There were no heroes or villains in the desperate quest for lands. One section of the Goths, under their king Athanaric, had turned away from the north bank of the Danube, to find the home they searched for in a remote part of Sarmatia—from which they in turn expelled its Sarmatian inhabitants.
Christianity and the Court: (I) Constantinople
Authors: Matthews John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To a visitor of the later fourth century, Constantinople would have presented itself as a comparatively new city, even as one that did not yet fully belong within the eastern empire.1 It had been refounded by Constantine expressly to contain the emperor and his entourage, consciously developed as the first city of the east, and second only to Rome. As a result of these efforts, which were continued by Constantine’s successors, by the late fourth century the city was already lavishly equipped with public monuments and amenities: imperial palaces and public squares, aqueducts and cisterns, colossal statues, triumphal arches, a great hippodrome—and churches. The dominating site of the city, which already by the time of Constantine had made it, as Byzantium, a city of ancient origin (it was first founded by Greek colonists in the seventh century B.C.), had even increased in importance within the strategic context of the Roman empire. Readily defensible in itself—Constantinople needed only a single land wall, on the west side of the city—it controlled crucial routes of communication, by land from the Danubian to the eastern provinces of the empire, and by sea, between the Mediterranean and the productive coasts of Thrace and northern Asia Minor which lay through the Bosphorus. And a further factor is worth special emphasis: in standing between eastern Illyricum and Asia Minor, Constantinople retained access to resources of manpower which in the years to come would give the eastern empire a military cohesiveness and strength far greater than were possessed by the west.