bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Central Mechanisms of Respiratory Control
Authors: Hlastala Michael P , Berger Albert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rhythmic contraction of the respiratory muscles produces the flow of gas into and out of the pulmonary system. Figure 8.1 shows the relationship between rhythmic, inspiratory phase-related bursts of electromyographic activity recorded in the diaphragm and the negative intrathoracic pressure generated by contraction of this primary muscle of inspiration. These events produce inspiratory tracheal gas flow and, ultimately, tidal volume expansion of the lungs. Rhythmic phrenic nerve activity emerging from the central nervous system (CNS) is the source of diaphragmatic electrical activity. Without the CNS, normal ventilation ceases, in marked contrast to the cardiovascular system, where the heart continues to contract and pump blood even when deprived of input from the CNS. Both the organization of CNS structures involved in rhythmic respiratory activity and ideas concerning the neural mechanisms responsible for respiratory rhythm generation are discussed in this chapter.
Airway and Lung Receptors, Reflexes, and Autonomic Regulation
Authors: Hlastala Michael P , Berger Albert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The airways and lungs are richly endowed with sensory receptors. When activated, these receptors have marked effects on respiration and other body functions. Targets such as smooth muscle and glands, controlled by the autonomic nervous system, are reflexively regulated by these sensory receptors. Each of us has experienced the striking consequences of activation of sensory receptors in the airways and lungs. You need only consider the inhalation of dust into the nasal passages, which results in a sneeze reflex. Furthermore, if dust is inhaled through the mouth, bypassing the filtering mechanism of the nasal passages, it can reach the larynx and trachea, thereby invoking a cough reflex. Both the sneeze and cough are defense reflexes designed to remove particles of dust from the upper airways and to protect the lungs from invasion by foreign material. Airway defense reflexes also include an important autonomic component that may involve alteration in airway smooth muscle tone and mucus secretion. Figure 10. l depicts the locations of airway and lung receptors and indicates the many reflexes they evoke.
Respiratory Physiology with Altered Atmospheric Pressure
Authors: Hlastala Michael P , Berger Albert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The respiratory system is well suited for excursions to, and even long-term habitation in, environments with altered atmospheric pressure. The adaptations that provide for this environmental flexibility are described in this chapter. Ascent to altitudes significantly above sea level with its resulting hypoxemia initiates a number of mechanisms that enable humans to adapt to the adverse conditions encountered at such heights. This chapter describes the adaptive changes in response to the hypoxemia of altitude that occur in ventilation, in blood, and in pulmonary and tissue gas exchange, as well as the effects of altitude on exercise performance. These changes provide an integrative view of several concepts presented in earlier chapters.
The Evolution of Polyploid Lineages
Authors: Levin Donald A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The traditional view has been that autopolyploid is unimportant because it is maladaptive. Levin (1945) argued that chromosome doubling radically alters the balance of multiple factors acting on a single trait and that this balance may be restored only through hybridization and selection. Stebbins (1971) stated, “Clearly chromosome doubling by itself is not a help but a hindrance to the evolutionary success of higher plants” (p. 126). Thus autopolyploid was thought to be very rare in natural populations. Indeed, Stebbins (1947, 1950) considered only Galax aphylly (now referred to as G. urceolata), and Clausen, Keck, and Hiesey (1945) considered only Biscutella laevigata and Zea perennis in addition to G. aphylla to be clear examples of autopolyploids.
The Daughter’s Return
Authors: Rody Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Daughter’s Return offers a close analysis of an emerging genre in African-American and Caribbean fiction produced by women writers who make imaginative returns to their ancestral pasts. Considering some of the defining texts of contemporary fiction—Toni Morrison’s Beloved, Jean Rhys’s Wide Sargasso Sea, and Michelle Cliff’s No Telephone to Heaven—Rody discusses their common inclusion of a daughter who returns to the site of her people’s founding trauma of slavery through memory or magic. Rody treats these texts as allegorical expressions of the desire of writers newly emerging into cultural authority to reclaim their difficult inheritance, and finds a counter plot of heroines’ encounters with women of other racial and ethnic groups running through these works.
The Ethics of Environmentally Responsible Health Care
Authors: Pierce Jessica , Jameton Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the state of the natural world declines, environmentally related health problems will increasingly shape the landscape of human health and disease. The confluence of several global trends - rapid population growth combined with an even more dramatic increase in natural resource consumption - drives ecological deterioration, and this in turn poses serious challenges to health. U.S. medicine and bioethics have too long ignored the relevance of these global trends to health care. This ground breaking work is a call to attention. It brings bioethics and health care squarely into the 21st century. The book shows how environmental decline relates to human health and to health care practices in the U.S. and other industrialized countries. It outlines the environmental trends that will strongly affect health, and challenges us to see the connections between ways of practicing medicine and the very envrionmental problems that damage ecosystems and make people sick. In addition to philosophical analysis of the converging values of bioethics and environmental ethics, the book offers case studies as well as a number of practical suggestions for moving health care toward sustainability. The exploration of a hypothetical Green Health Center, in particular, offers an intellectual and moral framework for talking about environmental values in health care. Engaging and challenging, this book will appeal not only to health professionals and philosophers, but to anyone concerned about how to preserve and promote both human health and the health of the natural world.
Cellular Foundations of Neuropharmacology
Authors: Cooper Jack R , Bloom Floyd E , Roth Robert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we begin to consider the particular problems that underlie the analysis of drug actions in the central nervous system, it may be asked “Just what is so special about nervous tissue?” Nerve cells have two special properties that distinguish them from all other cells in the body. First, they can conduct bioelectric signals for long distances without any loss of signal strength. Second, they possess specific intercellular connections with other nerve cells and with innervated tissues such as muscles and glands. These connections determine the types of information a neuron can receive and the range of responses it can yield in return.
Reaction Rates
Authors: Zwanzig Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Transition state theory (TST) (E. P. Wigner, 1932), is a way to calculate the rates of chemical reactions, for example, the rearrangement of a molecule A into a different molecule B. It is based on a very simple idea, and sometimes it works. The idea will be presented uncritically in its most elementary form, and some questions about its implementation will be raised.
Invasions of Forests in the Eastern United States
Authors: Luken James O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The story of conservation in the eastern United States has historically been one of forest preservation (Whitney 1994; M. Williams 1989). With this story came the dogma that indigenous trees beget a ground layer (plants &lt; 1 m tall) and understory (plants 1–3 m tall) of indigenous herbs and shrubs. In many relatively undisturbed sites this dogma appeared to mesh well with data on the structure and composition of plant communities. To this day, one can find numerous forest preserves in the eastern United States where the ground layer and understory are diverse and composed of indigenous species expressing several functional roles. However, beginning in the early 1970s, ecologists began focusing their attention not just on pristine, remote forested communities but also on forests in populated areas or areas subjected to human disturbance. When asking questions about the effects of fragmentation and historical disturbance, ecologists generated descriptive data; the data revealed forest communities supporting many nonindigenous species.
Making Tools for Thinking
Authors: Dennett Daniel C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reflection on the issues raised by these observations has driven me to a tentative conclusion: in spite of what may well have been a surfeit of at tention to definitional issues, we still do not know what we (all) mean when we talk about representation, and hence what we mean by metarepresentation. I am far from ready to offer a cure for this confusion, but I do have a few suggestions to offer about what the problems are and why they persist. My thinking has been much influenced recently by several new books that deal at least indirectly with these topics: Steven Mithen’s The Prehistory of the Mind (1996), and Andy Clark’s Being There (1997), but at this point I am still an asker, not answerer, of questions.
The Mind beyond Itself
Authors: Wilson Robert A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Individualism is a view about how mental states are taxonomized, classified, or typed and, it has been claimed (by, e.g., Stich, 1983; Fodor, 1980), that individualism constrains the cognitive sciences. Individual ists draw a contrast between the psychological states of individuals and their physical and social environments. Psychological states are not just “in the head” but the distinction between what is inside the head and what is outside of it is of taxonomic and explanatory significance for cognitive science. Individualism is thus sometimes called “internalism,” and its denial “externalism.”
Consciousness and Metacognition
Authors: Rosenthal David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Metacognition has attracted considerable attention in recent psychological research. There has been extensive investigation, for example, of our metacognitive sense that information is present in memory even when that information is not consciously available, as well as investigation of the degrees of confidence people have about recall responses and about how well something has been learned. Moreover, the deficits that occur in such conditions as blindsight and visual agnosia and in certain forms of amnesia can usefully be seen as”[d]isruptions of metacognition” (Shi mamura, 1994, p. 255). These and other investigations have highlighted the importance of studying the grasp we have of our own cognitive abilities and performance.
Metarepresentations in Staged Communicative Acts
Authors: Gibbs Raymond W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Speakers often say things to others that appear, on one level anyway, not to be serious. Consider the following conversation between two parents (Bill and Pat) and their teenage son (Grant) from the documentary film series The American Family. The conversation takes place in the family’s backyard by the swimming pool. Grant knew earlier that his parents wanted to talk about his apparent disinterest in summer work. In the preceding scene, Grant complained to his sister, Delilah, about his parents’ request to have this chat, so it is clear that Grant, and his parents to some extent, were not looking forward to this confrontation. The con versation starts with Bill summoning Grant over to where Bill and Pat are sitting by the pool.
Wittgenstein and the “Skeptical Paradoxes”
Authors: Tait William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Saul Kripke (1982) reads out of Wittgenstein’s later writings two skeptical paradoxes and a skeptical solution of each of them. A skeptical solution consists in “conceding that the sceptic’s negative assertions are unanswerable. Nevertheless our ordinary practice or belief is justified because­ contrary appearances notwithstanding-it need not require the justification the sceptic has shown to be untenable” (p. 66). One paradox, discussed in chapters 1 and 2, is concerned with rule following, although Kripke notes on page 7 that it would apply equally well to all meaningful uses of language. The other paradox, discussed in the Postscript, is concerned with the ascription of mental states. I shall argue here that Wittgenstein intended no skeptical paradoxes or skeptical solutions; rather, he was attempting, successfully in my opinion, to clarify confusions which underlie the appearance of paradox.
Frege versus Cantor and Dedekind: On the Concept of Number
Authors: Tait William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There can be no doubt about the value of Frege’s contributions to the philosophy of mathematics. First, he invented quantification theory an this was the first step toward making precise the notion of a purely logical deduction. Second, he was the first to publish a logical analysis of the ancestral R* of a relation R, which yields a definition of R* in second-order logic.1 Only a narrow and arid conception of philosophy would exclude these two achievements. Third and very important, the discussion in sections 58-60 of the Grundlagen defends a conception of mathematical existence, to be found in Cantor (1883) and later in the writings of Dedekind and Hilbert, by basing it upon considerations about meaning which have general application, outside mathematics.
Exploring Twentieth-Century Vocal Music
Authors: Mabry Sharon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The vocal repertoire of the twentieth century--including works by Schoenberg, Boulez, Berio, Larsen, and Vercoe--presents exciting opportunities for singers to stretch their talents and demonstrate their vocal flexibility. Contemporary composers can be very demanding of vocalists, requiring them to recite, trill, and whisper, or to read non-traditional scores. For singers just beginning to explore the novelties of the contemporary repertoire, Exploring Twentieth-Century Vocal Music is an ideal guide. Drawing on over thirty years of experience teaching and performing the twentieth century repertoire, Sharon Mabry has written a cogent and insightful book for singers and voice teachers who are just discovering the innovative music of the twentieth century. The book familiarizes readers with the new and unusual notation systems employed by some contemporary composers. It suggests rehearsal techniques and vocal exercises that help singers prepare to tackle the repertoire. And the book offers a list of the most important and interesting works to emerge in the twentieth century, along with suggested recital programs that will introduce audiences as well as singers to this under-explored body of music.
Acting For Singers
Authors: Ostwald David F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Written to meet the needs of thousands of students and pre-professional singers participating in production workshops and classes in opera and musical theater, Acting for Singers leads singing performers step by step from the studio or classroom through audition and rehearsals to a successful performance. Using a clear, systematic, positive approach, this practical guide explains how to analyze a script or libretto, shows how to develop a character building on material in the score, and gives the singing performer the tools to act believably. More than just a “how-to” acting book, however, Acting for Singers also addresses the problems of concentration, trust, projection, communication, and the self-doubt that often afflicts performers pursuing the goal of believable performance. Part I establishes the basic principles of acting and singing together, and teaches the reader how to improvise as a key tool to explore and develop characters. Part II teaches the singer how to analyze theatrical work for rehearsing, and performing. Using concrete examples from Carmen and West Side Story, and imaginative exercises following each chapter, this text teaches all singers how to be effective singing actors.
Viruses of Archaea
Authors: Stedman Kenneth M , Prangishvili David , Zillig Wolfram 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Soon after these interesting discoveries, phage Mu revealed other fascinating aspects: (i) an unusual DNA structure consisting of heterogeneous host sequences at both ends of the Mu chromosome (27, 48, 49, 110), (ii) an ability to alternate host range by inversion of a DNA segment (127, 247), (iii) a paradigmatic mode of DNA replication by transposition, (iv) formation of a variety of host DNA rearrangements in the bacterial chromosome including inversions, duplications, and deletions of adjacent genes, replicon fusions, and transpositions of host DNA segments (57, 59, 60, 61, 160, 220, 241, 243), and (v) regulation, by DNA methylation, of the expression of the modification gene, mom (95, 96, 102, 119, 123, 205). As a transposon, Mu shows another unusual peculiarity: its ability to exploit two transposition mechanisms, replicative and nonreplicative, both of which are mediated by the same recombinase, the Mu transposase (the product of Mu gene A) (31). The Mu ability to promote genome rearrangements during its lytic cycle, in turn, was largely exploited in genetic manipulations for the construction of a large collection of bacterial strains, particularly in Ariane Toussaint and Malcolm Casadaban’s laboratories. As befitting an organism with such an important and varied life-style, there have been a number of previous reviews of Mu (153, 185), including a chapter in the previous edition of this book, published in 1988 (92), and even an entire book devoted to phage Mu, which was published in 1987 (235). Here we strive to bring the reader up to date on our understanding of biology of this fascinating virus.
Control of Bacteriophage in Commercial Microbiology and Fermentation Facilities
Authors: Bogosian Gregg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are an estimated 5 x1030 bacterial cells on Earth (29), suggesting a global population of about 1 x1031 bacteriophages. Roger Hendrix, in his characteristic whimsical fashion, has calculated that if bacteriophages were the size of cockroaches, they would cover the surface of the Earth in a layer 50,000 km deep. This type of thinking sends chills through those who work in commercial fermentation facilities, where bacteriophages really are consid- ered cockroaches.Experienced members of the commercial fermentation industry live in constant fear of bacteriophage contamination. Products obtained from the large-scale fermentation of bacteria include a wide variety of foods, pharmaceuticals, vitamins, solvents, enzymes, and more. The loss of an entire fermentation batch to bacteriophage contamination is a dramatic and unsettling event, often leading to such heavy bacteriophage contamination of the fermentation facility that further fermentation runs are not possible for an extended period of time. In addition, raw materials, isolation and purification equipment, and finished product may be contaminated by bacteriophage. The economic setbacks from product loss, raw material spoilage, and nonproductive operation costs can be substantial. Bacteriophage contamination can become an extremely distressing and frustrating problem for fermentation-based industries. There have been instances when bacteriophage outbreaks have taken months to bring under control. This chapter explores the possible causes of bacteriophage outbreaks, and the most effective approaches to handling the problem.
Functional Neuroimaging of Recovery
Authors: Dobkin Bruce H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neurophysiologic imaging follows structure and function. Unlike the traditional model in which the clinician associates an impairment with a focal lesion, functional neuroimaging offers insights that go beyond the region of damaged tissue. A systems level approach can be taken to identify sites of dysfunction even in the absence of structural damage. Spared tissue can be identified physiologically, rather than based on an anatomic guess.
Harmonic Rhythm
Authors: Swain Joseph P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An accessible exploration of an important and understudied music theory topic, Swain's book examines the dimensional technique of analyzing harmonic rhythm. Simply defined, harmonic rhythm is the relationship between changes in harmony and perceived changes in rhythm. This phenomenon plays a large role in shaping the texture and style of much of Western music, from Renaissance polyphonic pieces to the works of Debussy. Swain provides a clear and thorough discussion of how harmonic theory works, using a small core of repeated musical examples.
Narrative Theory, 1966-2006: A Narrative
Authors: Scholes Robert , Phelan James , Kellogg Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Focalization, prolepsis, analepsis homodiegetic, heterodiegetic, intradiegetic (are we having fun yet?), heteroglossia, the narrative audience, tensions and instabilities, disclosure functions, character zones, fuzzy temporality. Who else is ready to cry, “Hold, enough!”? I begin with this eclectic and incomplete litany of terms introduced by narrative theorists over the last forty years in order, first, to indicate that narrative theory has been advancing on a number of fronts, and, second, to acknowledge that the large Terminological Beastie looming over the field is likely to be intimidating to the nonspecialist. My goal here is to do justice to the advances most relevant to The Nature of Narrative’s focus on literary narrative while keeping the Beastie at bay. Rather than proceeding through an inventory of narratological neologisms or even through an analysis of the interrelations between the history of critical theory and the study of narrative over the last forty years, I shall, in effect, construct a three-part narrative: a big picture account of major trends in the field, followed by a more detailed telling about work on elements of narrative, and then, finally, a brief look at the current scene. More specifically, Part One will (I) consider the expansion of narrative theory’s focus over the past forty years-from literary narrative to narrative tout court-and the implications of that expansion for the study ofliteraiy narrative; and (2) describe three prominent general conceptions of narrative during this period: narrative as formal sys­tem, narrative as ideological instrument, and narrative as rhetoric. These conceptions authorize different theoretical and interpretive projects, though both the conceptions and the projects also overlap and influence each other at times. In a sense, this discussion will be an update of Scholes and Kellogg’s chapter on Meaning. Part Two will then consider how these conceptions of narrative have influ­enced work on the three elements of narrative treated by Scholes and Kellogg: plot, character, and point of view-a topic I will modify to the broader category of narrative discourse. Part Three will briefly sketch some especially significant issues being addressed in cur­rent narrative theory.