bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Law of Extradition and Mutual Assistance
Authors: Nicholls Clive , Montgomery Clare , Knowles Julian B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Law of Extradition and Mutual Assistance provides a comprehensive and authoritative treatment of the laws covering the extradition arrangements between the UK and other states, as well as international mutual assistance. Since the first edition was published by Cameron May in 2002, the Extradition Act 1989 and the Criminal Justice (International Co-operation) Act 1990 have been repealed and replaced by the Extradition Act 2003 and the Crime (International Co-operation) Act 2003, respectively, and international confiscation is now dealt with under the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002. This second edition has therefore been scrupulously updated and rewritten to take into account all of the legislative changes, and offers a detailed treatment and practical guidance to the new legislation. The new edition has also been expanded to provide comparative coverage on extradition law and practice in other jurisdictions, including the US, Canada, and Australia, and includes a chapter on how the European Arrest Warrant is dealt with in other EU countries. The authors provide an expert commentary and critique of the new legislation and case law, and the book contains all relevant legislation.
‘Intelligence’ and the Division of Linguistic Labour
Authors: Sohi Kalbir , Harfield Clive 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Within law enforcement the phrase ‘intelligence-led’ enjoys much currency and there has been a great deal of practitioner and academic discourse about aspects of intelligence-led policing which has included recent publication of intelligence doctrine (see, for instance, Harfield and Harfield, 2008, Chapters 2, 3 and 5). But what has emerged from the discourse and doctrine is evidence to indicate that whilst ‘intelligence’ enjoys a common currency, it may not enjoy a common meaning. This has implications particularly at a strategic and policy level. At a time when intelligence product and its role in informing decision-making has come under particular scrutiny (Bichard, 2004; Butler, 2004; Hutton, 2004; HMI Probation, 2006) this chapter explores, from the perspective of the philosophy of language, the meaning and mis-understanding of ‘intelligence’ and considers the possible implications in the arena of policing organized crime.
Developing Countries And Economies In Transition
Authors: Hoekman Bernard M , Kostecki Michel M 
Published: October 2023

AbstractFor a long time, the GATT was a club that was primarily of relevance to OECD countries. Developing countries did not participate fully in the exchange of concessions in negotiations, although they benefitted from generally applicable national treatment and MFN disciplines. With the creation of the WTO this changed. Developing countries became subject to a large number of obligations—some newly negotiated in the Uruguay Round, others originally negotiated during earlier rounds among industrialized nations. The resulting implementation ‘overhang’ had significant repercussions for the organization, resulting in ‘development concerns’ becoming a more prominent agenda item and the creation of mechanisms to provide assistance to developing country members. The implementation problems are part of the broader challenge of integrating developing and transition economies into the global trading system. Almost all countries have become much more open to trade and FDI, but a large subset have not sustained high growth or diversified their economies.
Safeguards And Exceptions
Authors: Hoekman Bernard M , Kostecki Michel M 
Published: October 2023

AbstractVirtually all international trade agreements or arrangements contain safeguard provisions and exceptions. Broadly defined, the term ‘safeguard protection’ refers to a provision permitting governments under specified circumstances to withdraw—or cease to apply—their normal obligations in order to protect (safeguard) certain overriding interests. Safeguard provisions are critical to the existence and operation of trade-liberalizing agreements, as they function as both insurance mechanisms and safety valves. They provide governments with the means to go back on specific liberalization commitments—subject to certain conditions—should the need for this arise (safety valve). Without them, governments may refrain from signing an agreement that reduces protection substantially (insurance motive). This chapter focuses primarily on the safeguards and exceptions embodied in the GATT. Those of the GATS are either very similar or still in an embryonic stage. Safeguard provisions in the agreement on TRIPS are discussed in Chapter 8.
Plurilateral Agreements
Authors: Hoekman Bernard M , Kostecki Michel M 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThe GATT 1947, a treaty between contracting parties that functioned on the basis of consensus, was very difficult to amend and expand. As discussed in Chapters 1 and 2, in an effort to circumvent this problem, in the 1960s and 1970s groups of like-minded countries that sought to agree on more specific rules for policies covered by the GATT negotiated so-called codes of conduct. These codes bound only signatories, and were mostly applied on a MFN basis. Most of the existing codes were mapped into the WTO during the Uruguay Round, and their disciplines became binding upon all WTO members. They are discussed in Chapters 5 and 9. However, four Tokyo Round codes were not converted into multilateral agreements. Instead they became so-called plurilateral agreements. These bind only signatories and do not have to be applied on a MFN basis. As the WTO has no general MFN obligation—nondiscrimination requirements are contained in each of the various multilateral trade agreements—the plurilateral agreements contained in Annex 4 of the WTO are examples of what has been termed conditional MFN agreements.
Perspectives on increasing the impact and reach of CBT-I
Authors: Manber Rachel , Simpson Norah , Gumport Nicole B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia is now recognized as the front-line treatment for chronic insomnia, yet many challenges remain in improving its impact and reach. This manuscript describes our perspective on some of these challenges. Based on the literature that maladaptive cognitions predict low adherence and that high levels of cognitive-emotional hyperarousal may be associated with poor outcomes, we propose added focus on cognitive therapy strategies in CBT-I. Specifically, we propose broadening the range of traditional cognitive therapy strategies, utilizing acceptance-based strategies, and fuller integration of the broadened range of cognitive strategies into CBT-I throughout the course of treatment. We also highlight a few other promising emerging approaches to enhance the impact of CBT-I. These include involving partners to promote adherence with CBT-I treatment recommendations, using culturally relevant treatment adaptations to increase retention of patients in treatment, and using strategies for timely identification of barriers to engagement. We propose broadening the public health impact of CBT-I by integrating support for reduction in long-term use of hypnotic sleep medications, which is in line with current medical guidelines. We advocate for a case conceptualization-based approach for implementing CBT-I in a patient-centered manner, flexibly, yet with fidelity, to enhance its impact by addressing the factors above. For increasing the reach of CBT-I, we discuss the need to train more clinicians and ways to combine therapist and digital deliveries of CBT-I, highlighting stepped care strategies.
Formaldehyde induced the cardiac damage by regulating the NO/cGMP signaling pathway and L-Ca2+ channels
Authors: Bai Caixia , Zhang Fu , Yang Zhenhua , Zhang Yuexia , Guo Donggang , Zhang Quanxi 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

Background
Formaldehyde (FA) is a common environmental pollutant that has been found to cause negative cardiovascular effects, however, the toxicological mechanism is not well understood. In this study, we investigated the molecular effects of the Nitric Oxide (NO)/cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate (cGMP) signaling pathway and L-type calcium (L-Ca2+) channels in rat hearts.

Methods
We designed the short-term FA exposure on the rat heart in different concentrations (0, 0.5, 3, 18 mg/m3). After 7 days of exposure, the rats were sacrificed and the rat tissues were removed for various experiments.

Results
Our experimental data showed that FA resulted in the upregulation NO and cGMP, especially at 18 mg/m3. Further, when exposed to high concentrations of FA, Cav1.2 and Cav1.3 expression decreased. We conclude that the NO/cGMP signaling pathway and downstream related channels can be regulated by increasing the production of NO in the low concentration group of FA. High concentration FA directly regulates L-Ca22+ channels.

Conclusion
This study suggests that FA damages the function of the cardiovascular system by regulating the NO/cGMP signaling pathway and L-Ca2+ channels.
Cost-effectiveness of One Health interventions for rabies elimination: a systematic review
Authors: Nujum Zinia T , Asaria Miqdad , Kurup Karishma Krishna , Mini Malathi , Mazumdar Sumit , Daptardar Monal , Tiwari Harish 
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT
The ‘One Health’ (OH) approach is the most promising idea in realising the global goal of eliminating canine-mediated human rabies by 2030. However, taking an OH approach to rabies elimination can mean many different things to different people. We conducted a systematic review scrutinizing economic evaluations (EEs) retrieved from MEDLINE OVID, Embase OVID, Global Health OVID, CINAHL EBSCO and ECONLIT EBSCO that used the OH approach with the intent of identifying cost-effective sets of interventions that can be combined to implement an optimal OH-based rabies elimination program and highlight key gaps in the knowledge base. Our review suggests that an optimal OH program to tackle rabies should incorporate mass dog vaccination and integrated bite case management in combination with efficient use of post-exposure prophylaxis along with a shift to a 1-week abbreviated intradermal rabies vaccine regimen in humans. We recommend that future EEs of OH interventions for rabies elimination should be performed alongside implementation research to ensure proposed interventions are feasible and adopt a wider societal perspective taking into account costs and outcomes across both the human health and animal welfare sectors. The systematic review has been registered with PROSPERO.
T lymphocytes-related cell network in the pathogenesis of juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a key point for personalized treatment
Authors: Mazzoni Alessio , Annunziato Francesco , Maggi Laura 
Published: October 2023

Purpose of review
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a heterogeneous group of arthritis of unknown origin occurring in children under 16 years of age and persisting for at least 6 weeks. Given that JIA is an inflammatory disorder, treatment strategies, including also biologicals, are focused on suppressing excessive inflammation. The finding that different patients display different responses to biological drugs supports the concept that different pathogenic mechanisms can exist in JIA, with specific cellular and molecular mechanisms driving inflammation in each patient. The aim of this review is to highlight the most recent advances in understanding the role of immune cells in JIA pathogenesis.

Recent findings
This review encompasses the role of the different cell subsets involved in sustaining inflammation in JIA, with a particular emphasis on T cells, as they orchestrate both innate and adaptive auto-reactive immunity in affected joints.

Summary
The characterization of the cellular and molecular pathways supporting inflammation will be crucial to design novel therapeutic approaches in the context of personalized medicine.
Refracture Following Operative Treatment of Pediatric Both Bone Forearm Fractures
Authors: Syed Akbar Nawaz , Ashebo Leta , Lawrence J. Todd R. 
Published: October 2023

Introduction:
Both bone forearm fractures are common injuries in children. Most can be treated with reduction and casting. Those that fail nonoperative management can be treated with a plate or intramedullary fixation; however, refracture remains a problem. The goal of this study is to evaluate the refracture rate in both bone forearm fractures based on the mode of fixation.

Methods:
Institutional board review approval was obtained. A retrospective chart review from 2010 to 2021 at a single tertiary care institution was conducted for all operative patients <18 years who sustained a both bone forearm fracture. Groups were stratified based on initial operative fixation type: both bones fixated using nails, 1 bone fixated with a nail; both bones plated, and 1 bone plated. Further review was conducted to identify refractures following initial operative treatment. Statistical analyses were conducted using the χ2 test of independence and Fisher’s exact test.

Results:
In all, 402 operatively treated both bone forearm fracture patients were identified. Two hundred fifty-six of these patients underwent intramedullary fixation (average age 10.3y/o), while 146 patients received plate fixation (average age 13.8y/o). Fracture location was similar across the nailing and plating cohorts, most often occurring in the mid-shaft region. Patients aged ≤10 years refractured at a significantly higher rate than patients aged >10 years across all operative fixation cohorts (12.5% vs. 2.5%, P<0.001). Among the 256 patients who underwent intramedullary fixation, 61.3% had both bones treated (n=157/256), whereas 38.7% received single bone fixation (n=99/256). Of the 146 plate fixations, 84.4% had both bones fixed (n=123/146), and only 15.8% were treated with single bone fixation (n=23/146). In the intramedullary group, 15 patients sustained refractures, 11 of whom were treated with single bone fixation (11.1%, n=11/99) versus 4 with both both fixation (2.5%, n=4/157). Among the plating group, 7 patients sustained refractures, 6 with both bone fixation (4.9%, n=6/123) and 1 in single bone fixation (4.3%, n=1/23). Refractures were found to be significantly more prevalent among patients treated with single bone compared with both bone intramedullary nail fixation (11.1% vs. 2.5%, P=0.006). By fixated bone, single bone ulna fixations had a higher refracture rate compared with both bone fixations (12.1% vs. 3.6%, P=0.003).

Conclusion:
The overall refracture rate following operative treatment of both bone fractures is 5.5% and is similar between intramedullary and plate fixations. Overall, patients ≤10 years of age had a higher rate of refracture. Among single bone fixations, higher refracture was seen with intramedullary fixations, and when the radius was treated nonoperatively. Surgeons may be able to reduce the refracture rate by performing intramedullary fixation of both bones instead of only one bone. Effective postoperative counseling among younger patients may also decrease refracture rates.
Distributed leadership in health quality improvement collaboratives
Authors: Carstensen Kathrine , Kjeldsen Anne Mette , Nielsen Camilla Palmhøj 
Published: October 2023

Background and Purpose
Distributed leadership has been suggested for describing patterns of influence in collaborative settings where public services are performed across professions and organizations. This study explores how leadership in health quality improvement collaboratives (QICs) is characterized by aligned distributed leadership practices, and how these practices relate with experienced progress and achievements in the quality improvement (QI) work.

Methods
The analysis relied on a qualitative, multicase study of two nationwide Danish QICs. Data consisted of 12 single-person and 21 group interviews with local QI teams and local and regional QIC coordinators (85 informants in total), participant observations of 34 meetings within the QICs, and a collection of documentary material. The collected data were analyzed thematically with NVivo.

Results
Leadership practices in local QI teams are characterized by aligned distributed leadership, with leadership activities being widely distributed based on negotiated, emergent practices regarding the aims, roles, and scope of the QI work. However, local quality coordinators play a pivotal role in driving the QI activities, and hierarchical support from hospital/municipal management is a precondition for the contribution of aligned distributed leadership to experienced progress and QIs.

Practice Implications
Emergent distributed leadership should be balanced by thorough consolidation of the practices to provide the best circumstances for robust QI. The active participation of formal managers and local coordinators plays a pivotal role in this consolidation and is decisive for the increased potential for long-term success and sustainability of the QI work, particularly within complex QICs.
COVID-19 Patients Presenting With Pneumothorax and Bronchopleural Fistula
Authors: Yarmohammadi Hossein , Motevalizadeh Seyyed-Alireza , Asgari Amir-Mohammad , Keshavarzi Mohammad , Azimi Ghasem 
Published: October 2023

BackgroundCOVID-19 has a variety of presentations and complications, and this study aimed to report the incidence of COVID-19 patients presenting with pneumothorax and bronchopleural fistula (BPF).MethodsDocuments of hospitalized COVID-19 patients with positive SARS-COV-2 polymerase chain reaction tests were reviewed respectively, and patients presenting with pneumothorax were included. Laboratory data, treatment, and the outcome were also gathered for each patient.ResultsThe incidence of COVID-19 patients presenting with pneumothorax and BPF was 0.93% and 0.62%, respectively. Three cases were determined, and all were male adults. Two had BPF and one received thoracotomy. These 2 patients had significantly elevated inflammatory markers. Patients were treated with antibiotics, corticosteroids, anticoagulants, remdesivir, and tocilizumab. Unfortunately, all expired as 2 patients had a cardiac arrest and one had a multiorgan failure.ConclusionsPresenting with pneumothorax among COVID-19 patients is not common but needs appropriate management to prevent further complications. It seems that BPF, as a rarely reported complication of COVID-19, might be linked to the inflammatory storm and indicates poor prognosis.
Effects of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Exposure and Telomere Length and their Interaction on Blood Lipids in Coal Miners
Authors: Wang Fang , Chang Li , Zhang Xingye , Jia Teng , Wang Yu , Wang Yuying , Liu Gaisheng 
Published: October 2023

ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure and telomere length on lipids in coal miners.MethodsBasic personal information of 637 coal miners was collected by questionnaire survey. Logistic regression, the Bayesian kernel machine regression model, and weighted quantile sum regression were used to analyze the effects of PAH metabolites and telomere length and their interactions on blood lipids.ResultsHigh exposure to 9-hydroxyphenanthrene (OR = 1.586, 95% CI: 1.011–2.487) and telomere shortening (OR = 1.413, 95% CI: 1.005–1.985) were associated with dyslipidemia. Weighted quantile sum results showed that 9-hydroxyphenanthrene accounted for the largest proportion of dyslipidemia (weight = 0.66). The interaction results showed that high 9-hydroxyphenanthrene exposure and short telomeres were risk factors for dyslipidemia in coal miners (OR = 2.085, 95% CI: 1.121–3.879).Conclusions:Our findings suggest that 9-hydroxyphenanthrene and shorter telomeres are risk factors for dyslipidemia, and their interaction increases the risk of dyslipidemia.
Implementing a clinical checklist for pregnant patients with opioid use disorder
Authors: Wendt Jamie Osgood , Stevenson Eleanor L. , Gedzyk-Nieman Stephanie , Koch Amie 
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT

Background:
Opioid use disorder (OUD) has been increasing in pregnant patients over the past two decades. Best practice guidelines that are available for these patients, must now be implemented by health care teams. Clinical checklists have been used for other complex patient cohorts with good success and are a potentially viable tool for ensuring best practices with this patient population as well.

Local problem:
Maine has seen a dramatic increase in the number of pregnant patients with OUD. Many of these patients seemed to “fall through the cracks” in the traditional prenatal care model. The obstetrical care team expressed feeling overwhelmed by the complex care needs of these patients and unsure of how to improve their care.

Methods:
To improve prenatal care delivery for patients with OUD, we implemented an evidence-based clinical checklist. This local, NP-led quality improvement project was done in partnership with a state-led initiative to improve perinatal care for patients with OUD.

Interventions:
An evidence-based checklist provided by the state initiative was implemented for prenatal patients with diagnosed OUD.

Results:
Use of a clinical checklist for patients with OUD increased the rate of several best practices during their prenatal care, including emergency naloxone prescription, tracking prescription monitoring reports, and contraceptive planning. Rates of completed prenatal screening for substance misuse, social determinants of health, and intimate partner violence also increased in our practice overall, as a result of this project.

Conclusions:
To further improve perinatal care coordination for patients with OUD, we recommend future evaluation of clinical checklists within various practice settings.
THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF LOW BACK PAIN: Synopsis of the 2021 U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs and U.S. Department of Defense Clinical Practice Guideline
Authors: Macedo Franz , Annaswamy Thiru , Coller Rachael , Buelt Andrew , Glotfelter Michael A. , Heideman Paul W. , Kang Daniel , Konitzer Lisa , Okamoto Casey , Olson Juli , Pangarkar Sanjog , Sall James , Spacek Lance C. , Steil Evan , Vogsland Rebecca , Sandbrink Friedhelm 
Published: October 2023

AbstractLow back pain (LBP) is a significant issue in the VA and DoD populations, and the general U.S. population at large. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 25% of U.S. adults reported having low back pain in the prior 3 months.1A survey of U.S Veterans published in 2017 revealed 33% of Veterans reported having significant back pain within the last three months.2Within the DoD, LBP was the primary diagnosis for more than 1 million medical encounters in 2020 affecting 213,331 service members.3In 2022, leadership within the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs and U.S. Department of Defense approved a joint clinical practice guideline for the management of low back pain. Development of the guideline included a systematic evidence review which was guided by 12 key questions. A multidisciplinary team, that included clinical stakeholders, reviewed the evidence that was retrieved and developed 39 recommendations using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system. The scope of the CPG is broad; however, the authors have focused on key recommendations that are important for clinicians in the evaluation and non-operative treatment of low back pain, including pharmacologic therapies, and both non-invasive and invasive non-pharmacologic treatments.