bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Laying Our Cards on the Table
Authors: Bishop Michael A , Trout J. D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis chapter begins by giving two reasons as to why epistemology is important: epistemology guides reasoning, and people don't fully appreciate the risks and dangers of poor reasoning the importance of epistemology. It then introduces the basic motives and methods of the epistemology developed in the book. Topics covered include the standard analytic approach to epistemology, the philosophy of science approach to epistemology, the theories generated by the two approaches, and whether scientific investigation into normative epistemology possible.
Labor Market Policy, Flexibility, and Employment Performance: Denmark and Sweden in the 1990s
Authors: Plougmann Peter , Madsen Per Kongshøj 
Published: August 2005

AbstractChapter 9 considers Denmark and Sweden, two countries that exemplify the universalistic welfare state. Denmark’s unemployment rate was similar to that of the United States in the 1980s, rose above it in the 1990s, but by 2002 was again well below it. Sweden’s unemployment rate was far below the U.S. rate until the early 1990s, and although unemployment shot up to almost 10% in the middle of the decade, by 2002 Sweden was again outperforming the United States. This impressive employment performance has been achieved without changing the fundamentals of the Scandinavian Model: high tax rates, a comprehensive social security system, and among the lowest levels of wage and income inequality in the developed world. The authors argue that much of the explanation can be found in a strong commitment of both countries to active labor market policies, such as job placement and work-related education and training programs. Danish and Swedish government interventions have acted to facilitate both labor market flexibility and the transition to the “new economy” of services and high technology. These state policies have helped promote a flexible and innovative “high-road” economy without abandoning the universalistic welfare state.
Communication and Information
Authors: Smil Vaclav 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA rapid succession of technical advances laid the foundations for massive dissemination of information and created new forms of communication. The former innovations included automated typesetting (linotypes) and typewriting, chemical processes for papermaking based on wood pulp, affordable photographic cameras, convenient films, movies, and sound recordings. New means of communication included telephones and the epochal discovery of Hertzian waves that were soon used for the first wireless broadcasts and later developed into the still expanding universe of electronic devices.
Candor and Integrity in Science
Authors: Holton Gerald 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIn the pursuit of research and in the reporting of their results, the individual scientist as well as the community of fellow professionals relies implicitly on the researcher embracing the habit of truthfulness, a main pillar of the ethos of science. Failure to adhere to the twin imperatives of candor and integrity will be adjudged intolerable and, by virtue of science’s self-policing mechanisms, rendered the exception to the rule. Yet both as philosophical concepts and in practice, candor and integrity are complex, difficult to define clearly, and difficult to convey easily to those entering scientific careers. Therefore, it is useful to present operational examples of two major scientists, P.W. Bridgman (known for operationalism) and Niels Bohr (noted for his principle of complementarity), who exemplified devotion to candor and integrity in scientific research.
Introduction
Authors: Tumminia Diana G. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA short background on the phenomenon of extraterrestrial contactees helps explain the beliefs of Unarius. A section on Leon Festinger’s study of a group of flying saucer believers introduces his theory of failed prophecy. As an alternate explanation, the theoretical perspective of the social construction of reality is addressed in terms of phenomenological ethnomethodology. Melvin Pollner’s work on mundane reason and fact-finding is cited along with references to the Azande to illustrate the significance of interpretation in defining what is real. Several theoretical perspectives (e.g., those of Alfred Schutz, Harold Garfinkel, Thomas Theorem, and E. E. Evans-Pritchard) and methods (surveys, interviews, and participant observation) are discussed.
The Content of Unarian Mythology
Authors: Tumminia Diana G. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractClaude Levi-Strauss’s theory of myth as bricolage highlights the collage-like way a myth is assembled. Unarius borrowed some themes from popular culture (e.g., Star Trek), Theosophy, and metaphysical legends (e.g., Atlantis and Lemuria), while others were entirely of their own invention. Race and gender are discussed as themes of myth, as well as the past lives and pseudo-kinship. The cosmology and the content of several myths are detailed, such as the Spiritual Hierarchy, the Interplanetary Confederation, the Orion Empire, Isis and Osiris, and Jesus and Mary of Bethany.
Students and the Reality of Past-Life Therapy
Authors: Tumminia Diana G. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe chapter examines the Unarian practice of past-life therapy as folk healing. Unarius claims it can heal any illness or life problem, including mental illness. Unarius defines mental illness as obsession (unrecognized disabling karma from a past life). The author documents the narrative accounts of successful healing within the group and the perceived reasons why some people were not healed. Members precipitate healing by recognizing their roles in the transgressions of past lives; some roles are defined by myth.
Preparation for the Landing
Authors: Tumminia Diana G. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractUnarius prepared for an extraterrestrial fleet of spaceships to land in 2001 as prophesied by Uriel. Contrary to the cult stereotype and the notion of mind-controlled members, interviews showed that not everyone expected the realization of the prophecy. After the September 11 attack on the World Trade Center, many thought the incident would prevent the Space Brothers from landing. Members who were disappointed coped by using past-life therapy and channeled messages to explain the reasons why prophecy went unfulfilled.
Back to the Ontological Argument
Authors: Curley Edwin 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis chapter revisits the ontological argument, to reconsider what was said about it in 1978 in the light of some of the work done since then by Descartes scholars and by other philosophers concerned with the philosophy of religion in general. It argues that the argument ultimately fails in its Cartesian form. The objection to the Cartesian argument is not that it falsely assumes existence to be a predicate, but that it assumes a quite traditional Christian understanding of God's nature which is, unfortunately, incoherent. The chapter restates Descartes's argument briefly and then takes up four philosophical questions it raises: (1) Is existence really a perfection? (2) What is it for something to be a perfection anyway? (3) Is Descartes's definition of God as a supremely perfect being a reasonable one? and (4) Is it really possible, as Descartes assumes, for a being to possess all perfections?
The Mind‐Body Union, Interaction, and Subsumption
Authors: Loeb Louis E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis chapter builds on Margaret Wilson's work to exhibit a significant difficulty for both Descartes's interactionism and Cartesian interactionism in general, and to relate the objection that emerges to other criticisms of these positions. The first section provides an exposition of Wilson's account of Descartes's natural institution theory. The second section considers Wilson's suggestion that on the natural institution theory mind-body connections are problematic because they are contingent or due to arbitrary divine decree. The third section argues that Wilson's observations about the natural institution theory nevertheless point in the direction of another difficulty, in that the mind-body connections in Descartes are “brute”, not subsumed under more general connections. The fourth section reviews a claim in the literature to the effect that any version of Cartesian interactionism must rely on objectionably brute connections. The next section shows that a number of other objections to interactionism can be refined with reference to the problem of brute connections. Finally, the sixth section considers Descartes's attitude to the problem at hand and his attendant views about the nature of explanation in different realms. It is argued that Descartes's response to the problem of brute connections is intertwined with a commitment to different standards of explanation for mental and physical phenomena.
Reflections on the Masham‐Leibniz Correspondence
Authors: Sleigh Robert C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDamaris Cudworth, later Lady Masham, was born in 1659 and died in 1708. She was the daughter of Ralph Cudworth, the wife of Sir Francis Masham, and the close friend, confidante, and, ultimately, caretaker of John Locke. Her philosophical writings — and writings to or about philosophers — consist in the following: (1) an account of Locke's life contained in a letter to Jean le Clerc; (2) various letters — mostly personal — to Locke; (3) letters to various other philosophers, including Van Limborch, Shaftesbury, and Leibniz; (4) two monographs, each published anonymously: A Discourse Concerning the Love of God, which appeared in 1696, and Occasional Thoughts in Reference to a Vertuous or Christian Life, which appeared in 1705. This chapter focuses on correspondence between Masham and Leibniz. The correspondence is printed in volume 3 of Gerhardt's Die Philosophischen Schriften von Leibniz.
Burden/Benefit Analysis
Authors: Yarri Donna 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMost arguments regarding the use and treatment of animals in experimentation tend to assume that animal research is necessary for human well-being. What is needed in the discussion, though, is a concrete casuistry of the burdens to animals and the benefits to humans. Categories of both, which can be divided into minimal, moderate, serious, and very grave, are then utilized to establish guidelines for experiments which, if followed, would result in a much greater restriction on animal pain and animal suffering.
Introduction
Authors: Arellano Manuel 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion on how the term ‘panel data’ is applied to a wide range of situations in econometrics. It describes the two main objectives of this volume: the analysis of econometric models with non-exogenous explanatory variables, and the problem of distinguishing empirically between dynamic responses and unobserved heterogeneity in panel data models. An overview of the three parts of this volume is presented.
The Labour Market for Youth
Authors: Rebick Marcus 
Published: August 2005

AbstractFocuses on the labour market for youth in Japan. Youth have been the group that has been most affected by the long recession. Begins by looking at the institutions whereby new graduates find jobs, including the large role of secondary schools and university faculties. The slowdown in hiring for university graduates is then given special attention, but it is the more poorly educated who are finding it most difficult to find stable employment. Youth are also increasingly dissatisfied with the working arrangements in regular employment and turning to more casual work. The future may see a bifurcation between the well-educated and skilled in stable jobs and those with poorer skills in less stable employment.
Institutional Diversity: An Analysis of Five Domains
Authors: Amable Bruno 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis chapter presents results from cluster analyses of five institutional areas: product-market competition, the labour market, the financial sector, social protection, and the education system. It is shown that the clusterings of countries are not necessarily identical to the theoretical typology of capitalism presented in the previous chapter. Usually, one specific institutional area (labour market, welfare state, etc.) is privileged even when others are taken into account, and the typologies derived are partial. Thus, it is necessary to take into account all the possible complementarities between the five institutional areas in order to come to an empirical classification of capitalism.
Fertility, Infant Mortality, and Gender
Authors: Cigno Alessandro , Rosati Furio Camillo 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDecisions concerning birth control, and expenditure on pre-school children, take into account what will be done with these children if they survive to school age. Depending on whether it crowds-in or crowds-out parental expenditure on pre-school children’s nutrition and medical care, public expenditure on sanitation, preventive medicine, and the like can have a large or a small effect on infant mortality. Fertility tends to decrease as a woman’s bargaining power increases. Dowries, the education of girls, and the sexual division of labour are explained within the same theoretical framework.
Child Labour, Education, Nutrition, and Fertility in Rural India
Authors: Cigno Alessandro , Rosati Furio Camillo 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA micro-econometric analysis of the 1994 Human Development of India survey finds that school provision in rural areas, and mortality reducing policies, lower fertility, and child labour, and raise school enrolment and the nutritional status of school-age children. The school enrolment effect comes prevalently through a reduction in the number of children reported doing nothing (as much as a quarter of the relevant age group). A lump-sum increase in household income would have broadly similar effects. By contrast, an increase in the amount of land worked by the family, holding household income constant, would reduce school enrolment, and raise child labour. The probability of an extra birth increases with the probability that a child will work.
Credit Markets and Child
Authors: Cigno Alessandro , Rosati Furio Camillo 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAccess to credit markets and the risk faced by the household can have effects on the time use of children. The authors test whether credit rationed households and households that do not have access to risk management instruments, like insurance, are less likely to invest in their children’s human capital. They also use information about the occurrence of shocks to assess the role of negative shocks in determining child labour supply. The results indicate that shocks exert a large influence on children’s labour supply, and that access to insurance and credit markets is important, especially in determining investment in the children’s human capital. This evidence indicates that polices aimed at reducing the risk faced by the household or guaranteeing access to risk-coping instruments can be very effective in reducing child labour, and increasing school enrolment.
Further Evidence on Fertility, Education, and Child Labour
Authors: Cigno Alessandro , Rosati Furio Camillo 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe authors investigate whether the educational and child labour effects of realized fertility uncovered by the study reported in Ch. 5 can be given a causal interpretation. They then go on to review the available evidence on the fertility effects of a number of policies (including public pensions) and variables (including wage and interest rates). In both parts of the chapter, they pay special attention to the question whether fertility is indeed endogenous as assumed in the theoretical analysis of Chs 2 and 3, and apparently confirmed by the empirical analysis of Ch. 5.
Losers' Consent
Authors: Anderson Christopher J. , Blais André , Bowler Shaun , Donovan Todd , Listhaug Ola 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDemocratic elections are designed to create unequal outcomes—for some to win, others have to lose. This book examines the consequences of this inequality for the legitimacy of democratic political institutions and systems. Using survey data collected in old and new democracies around the globe, the authors argue that losing generates ambivalent attitudes towards political authorities. Because the efficacy and ultimately the survival of democratic regimes can be seriously threatened if the losers do not consent to their loss, the central themes of this book focus on losing—how losers respond to their loss and how institutions shape losing. While there tends to be a gap in support for the political system between winners and losers, it is not ubiquitous. The book paints a picture of losers’ consent that portrays losers as political actors whose experience and whose incentives to accept defeat are shaped both by who they are as individuals as well as the political environment in which loss is given meaning. Given that the winner-loser gap in legitimacy is a persistent feature of democratic politics, the findings presented in this book have important implications for our understanding of the functioning and stability of democracies since being able to accept losing is one of the central, if not the central, requirement of democracy. The book contributes to our understanding of political legitimacy, comparative political behaviour, the comparative study of elections and political institutions, as well as issues of democratic stability, design, and transition.
Conclusion: Graceful Losers and the Democratic Bargain
Authors: Anderson Christopher J. , Blais André , Bowler Shaun , Donovan Todd , Listhaug Ola 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSummarizes the arguments made in the book about the impact of election outcomes on people’s attitudes about government and reviews the evidence assembled in the empirical chapters. Specifically, it reviews the differences in attitudes between those on the winning side of an election and those on the losing end across countries and individuals as well as over time. Also highlights the critical but underexamined role of losers in democratic politics. In addition, the chapter discusses the role of political institutions in understanding political behaviour. Finally, it calls on scholars to focusing on understanding the impact of elections and election outcomes on citizens’ attitudes and behaviour.
The Challenge of Effective Implementation
Authors: Hayward Tim 
Published: August 2005

AbstractResponds to critical claims that constitutionalising the right to an adequate environment would not be prudent due to difficulties making it justiciable and difficulties that could make success on the merits unlikely in cases appealing to it. Shows these difficulties are not insurmountable and do not arise from the inherent nature of rights or of environmental problems. What surmounting them does involve, though, is ensuring that courts have the requisite institutional and constitutional competence, which critics consider to be, respectively, unfeasible and undesirable. It is shown that there is no serious obstacle to the development of the requisite institutional competence, which, if necessary, can be achieved through the establishment of specialist environmental courts. As for questions of courts’ legitimate constitutional competence, these arise not only for environmental rights, but for fundamental rights more generally. Also points out that litigation is not the only, or most significant, purpose in constitutionalising the right.
Is a Constitutional Environmental Right Necessary? A European Perspective
Authors: Hayward Tim 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAddresses the doubt about whether, even if legitimately enforceable, a constitutional right to an adequate environment is necessary. The European Union (EU) is taken as a context in which that doubt would seem particularly strongly motivated. For the range of existing environmental and human rights provisions which are binding on member states of the EU might already provide the protections that a formally declared right to an adequate environment would aim for. Shows that while those provisions offer significant protections, these nonetheless fall short of what a substantive environmental right with constitutional force would aim to achieve, and so the latter would not be nugatory.
Standards of Living in Eighteenth-Century China: Regional Differences, Temporal Trends, and Incomplete Evidence
Authors: Pomeranz Kenneth 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAttempts to reconstruct basic aspects of the standard of living in late eighteenth century China, focusing primarily on the Yangzi Delta (China’s richest region) but also briefly considering other areas, and arguing that for most of the population it was probably broadly comparable to Western Europe at the same time. Food supply is evaluated in terms of average availability of calories and protection from fluctuations; protein intake is also discussed, though more speculatively. Income distribution and evidence concerning consumption of textiles, sugar, tea, and so on are also considered. Since the estimates in this study in many cases are higher than what was found in early twentieth-century surveys, the chapter also explains why it is plausible to think that the standard of living may have declined between the late eighteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Going, Going, Gone! The Four Wastelands Auction Policy
Authors: Ho Peter 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDeals with wasteland and related policies. In order to exploit wasteland resources, the central government launched the so-called Four Wastelands Auction Policy. This policy was hailed as a breakthrough in land management, which would open up undeveloped land resources, improve the ecological environment, and increase farmers’ income. The wastelands policy might spawn great changes in land tenure, because the auctions commercialize wasteland rights at an unprecedented scale. However, through in-depth case studies it is shown that the auction policy did not—and for the foreseeable future most likely will not—fulfil its proclaimed role in the reform of land rights, because both the institutions and the socio-economic conditions do not permit such changes. Worse even, in the cases studied, the auctions proved a complete failure and stirred up widespread grievances among the rural populace.
The effect of cimetidine or omeprazole on the pharmacokinetics of escitalopram in healthy subjects
Authors: Malling D. , Poulsen M. N. , Søgaard B. 
Published: August 2005

AimsTo investigate the effects of co‐administration of cimetidine or omeprazole on the pharmacokinetics of escitalopram.MethodsTwo randomized placebo‐controlled crossover studies were carried out. Sixteen healthy subjects were administered placebo, or cimetidine (400 mg twice daily) for 5 days (study 1) or omeprazole (30 mg once daily) for 6 days (study 2). On day 4 (study 1) or day 5 (study 2), a single dose of escitalopram (20 mg) was administered. Blood samples were taken at predetermined times for the measurement of serum concentrations of escitalopram and its demethylated metabolite (S‐DCT). Treatment‐emergent adverse events were also monitored.ResultsCo‐administration with cimetidine caused a moderate increase in the systemic exposure [AUC(0, ∞)] to escitalopram (geometric mean ratio = 1.72, [95% CI 1.34, 2.21]) and a small increase in t½ from 23.7 to 29.0 h (5.24 h [3.75, 6.70]). Co‐administration with omeprazole also resulted in a moderate increase in the escitalopram AUC(0, ∞) (1.51 [1.39, 1.64]) and a small increase in t½ from 26.5 to 34.8 h (8.3 h [6.44, 10.2]). There was no significant change in S‐DCT AUC(0, ∞) after co‐administration of either cimetidine or omeprazole. Co‐administration of cimetidine or omeprazole had no effect on the incidence of treatment‐emergent adverse events.ConclusionsIn view of the good tolerability of escitalopram, the pharmacokinetic changes observed on co‐administration with cimetidine or omeprazole are unlikely to be of clinical concern.