bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AlTiN – a universal coating for different applications: from dry cutting to decoration. AlTiN – Die Universal‐Beschichtung für eine Vielzahl von Anwendungen: von Trockenzerspanung bis Dekor
Authors: Vetter J. , Kayser O. , Bieler H.‐W. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAlTiN coatings were developed over the last 10 years mainly for cutting applications. Besides composition and architecture of AlTiN coatings also PVD technology based on the reactive cathodic vacuum arc evaporation was permanently improved in view of various application fields. Different basic processes were developed in appropriate PVD units to cover wide spread process demands. Both, low temperature processes for decorative coatings including deposition on galvanized plastics as well as high temperature processes for cemented carbide tools can be realized with optimized processes. This paper presents PVD units and selected applications like gear hobs, broaches, ball end mills, cutting blades, forming tools and decorative coatings.
Plasmachemische Gasphasenabscheidung – eine Technologie zur Deposition organischer und anorganischer Schichten. Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition – a Thin Film Technique for Organic and Inorganic Layers
Authors: Schade K. , Stahr F. , Steinke O. , Stephan U. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractDie plasmachemische Gasphasenabscheidung (PECVD) ist ein Verfahren zur Deposition dünner Schichten im Dickenbereich bis einige μm. Es wird gegenwärtig bevorzugt zur Abscheidung elektronisch hochwertiger dielektrischer und halbleitender Siliziumlegierungen bei Temperaturen unter 450 °C und Drücken um 1 mbar auf ebenen Substraten eingesetzt und findet zunehmend Anwendung zur Oberflächenfunktionalisierung mit Polymeren. Der Vorzug der PECVD besteht in der Möglichkeit der Modifikation der Schichteigenschaften über einen weiten Bereich mit geringem technischen Aufwand. Die Reaktorreinigung kann für eine Vielzahl von Schichtmaterialien plasmachemisch durch Änderung der Prozessgaszusammensetzung ohne Vakuumunterbrechung vorgenommen werden.Die PECVD ist im stationären Regime sowie bei kontinuierlicher Substratbewegung möglich. Bevorzugt verwendet man planparalle Elektrodenanordnungen mit kapazitiver Hochfrequenz(HF‐)‐Anregung der Entladung für Substratflächen bis einige Quadratmeter. Daneben nutzt man eine induktive und elektromagnetische Einkopplung mit Anregungsfrequenzen im HF‐ bzw. UHF‐Bereich.Halbleitendes amorphes Silizium, eigenleitend oder dotiert, wird auf der Basis von Monosilan in planparallelen Anordnungen für Solarzellen, Bildsensoren und Dünnschichttransistoren abgeschieden, wobei der Energieeintrag in die Schicht während der Deposition gering sein soll. Siliziumorganische Verbindungen als Korrosions‐ und Kratzschutz für Reflektoren und Linsen stellt man unter Verwendung von HMDSO als Monomer her, wobei Abscheidebedingungen mit starkem Ionenbeschuss vorteilhaft sind.
Funktionalisierung der Oberfläche von Mikrostrukturen – Technologie und Anwendungen –. Functionalization of Microstructure Surfaces
Authors: Reinicke Holger , Lipold Oliver , Ohl Andreas , Besch Wilfried , Schröder Carsten , Götz Friedrich 
Published: May 2005

AbstractDie Mikrotechnologie ermöglicht die Auslegung und Herstellung neuartiger Plattformen, die kostengünstig im Bereich der Biodiagnostik eingesetzt werden. Durch den Einsatz der Plasmatechnologie zur gezielten Einstellung der Oberflächeneigenschaften werden die Plattformen anwendungsspezifisch modifiziert. Um die Produkteigenschaften schnell und zuverlässig einstellen und prüfen zu können, wurden spezielle Testchips entwickelt. Die Entwicklungsergebnisse und erste Produkte werden in diesem Artikel vorgestellt.
Cancer Risks and Mortality in Heterozygous ATM Mutation Carriers
Authors: Thompson Deborah , Duedal Silvia , Kirner Jennifer , McGuffog Lesley , Last James , Reiman Anne , Byrd Philip , Taylor Malcolm , Easton Douglas F. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Background: Homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in the ATM gene are the principal cause of ataxia telangiectasia (A-T). Several studies have suggested that heterozygous carriers of ATM mutations are at increased risk of breast cancer and perhaps of other cancers, but the precise risk is uncertain. Methods: Cancer incidence and mortality information for 1160 relatives of 169 UK A-T patients (including 247 obligate carriers) was obtained through the National Health Service Central Registry. Relative risks (RRs) of cancer in carriers, allowing for genotype uncertainty, were estimated with a maximum-likelihood approach that used the EM algorithm. Maximum-likelihood estimates of cancer risks associated with three groups of mutations were calculated using the pedigree analysis program MENDEL. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results: The overall relative risk of breast cancer in carriers was 2.23 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.16 to 4.28) compared with the general population but was 4.94 (95% CI = 1.90 to 12.9) in those younger than age 50 years. The relative risk for all cancers other than breast cancer was 2.05 (95% CI = 1.09 to 3.84) in female carriers and 1.23 (95% CI = 0.76 to 2.00) in male carriers. Breast cancer was the only site for which a clear risk increase was seen, although there was some evidence of excess risks of colorectal cancer (RR = 2.54, 95% CI = 1.06 to 6.09) and stomach cancer (RR = 3.39, 95% CI = 0.86 to 13.4). Carriers of mutations predicted to encode a full-length ATM protein had cancer risks similar to those of people carrying truncating mutations. Conclusion: These results confirm a moderate risk of breast cancer in A-T heterozygotes and give some evidence of an excess risk of other cancers but provide no support for large mutation-specific differences in risk.
The critical point of CO
2
+N
2
: an experiment inspired by
Notes and Records
Authors: Ke Jie , Poliakoff Martyn 
Published: May 2005

Summary

Although we have only recently become regular readers of
Notes and Records
, we believe that it must be relatively rare for an article to inspire a new experiment. However, this note describes a very recent case where it happened to us. A paper describing work by Thomas Andrews FRS on high pressure mixtures of CO
2
+N
2
prompted us to make a series of measurements using a newly developed technique for locating critical point.
The theory of natural selection of Alfred Russel Wallace FRS
Authors: Bulmer Michael 
Published: May 2005

Summary
Wallace's 1858 paper ‘On the tendency of varieties to depart indefinitely from the original type’ is often thought to present a theory of natural selection identical with that of Darwin. Examination of Wallace's argument shows that it is different from Darwin's because Wallace thought that an inferior variety could coexist with a superior variety until environmental deterioration forced the extinction of the inferior one. Other interpretations of Wallace's argument are re-examined in the light of this finding.
An unusual Nobel Prize
Authors: Cahn Robert W 
Published: May 2005

Summary
C.-E. Guillaume received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1920 for the discovery and development of a pair of alloys that had characteristics invariant with temperature: one had constant length near ambient temperature, the other had constant Young's modulus. A recent analysis expresses retrospective surprise at this award: the objective of this short paper is to justify the award retrospectively, in terms of the continuing and impressive consequences of Guillaume's discoveries.
The Oxford biochemistry department in wartime, 1939–45
Authors: Ord Margery G , Stocken Lloyd A 
Published: May 2005

Summary
The work done in the Department of Biochemistry in Oxford during World War II is recounted. Reference is made to the research on burns, nutrition and malaria, but it is mainly concerned with the search for antidotes to mustard gas and lewisite. The discovery of a successful antidote to lewisite is described in some detail.
Three-Dimensional Numerical Simulation and Performance Study of an Industrial Helical Static Mixer
Authors: Rahmani Ramin K. , Keith Theo G. , Ayasoufi Anahita 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIn many branches of processing industries, viscous liquids need to be homogenized in continuous operations. Consequently, fluid mixing plays a critical role in the success or failure of these processes. Static mixers have been utilized over a wide range of applications such as continuous mixing, blending, heat and mass transfer processes, chemical reactions, etc. This paper describes how static mixing processes of single-phase viscous liquids can be simulated numerically, presents the flow pattern through a helical static mixer, and provides useful information that can be extracted from the simulation results. The three-dimensional finite volume computational fluid dynamics code used here solves the Navier-Stokes equations for both laminar and turbulent flow cases. The turbulent flow cases were solved using k-ω model and Reynolds stress model (RSM). The flow properties are calculated and the static mixer performance for different Reynolds numbers (from creeping flows to turbulent flows) is studied. A new parameter is introduced to measure the degree of mixing quantitatively. Furthermore, the results obtained by k-ω and RSM turbulence models and various numerical details of each model are compared. The calculated pressure drop is in good agreement with existing experimental data.
Experimental and Numerical Investigation on the Effects of the Seeding Properties on LDA Measurements
Authors: Algieri Angelo , Bova Sergio , De Bartolo Carmine 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
The characteristics of the seeding particles, which are necessary to implement the laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) technique, may significantly influence measurement accuracy. LDA data were taken on a steady-flow rig, at the entrance of the trumpet of the intake system of a high-performance engine head. Five sets of measurements were carried out using different seeding particles: samples of micro-balloons sieved to give three different size ranges (25–63μm,90–200μm, and standard as received from the manufacturer 1–200μm), smoke from a “home-made” sawdust burner (particle size ⩽1μm), and fog from a commercial device (particle size around 1μm). The LDA data were compared with the results of two-phase computational fluid dynamics simulations. The comparison showed a very good agreement between the experimental and numerical results and confirmed that LDA measurements with particle dimensions in the order of 1μm or less represent the actual gas velocity. On the contrary, quite large particles, which are often used because of their cost and cleanliness advantages, introduce non-negligible errors.
Influence of Bulk Fluid Velocity on the Efficiency of Electrohydrodynamic Pumping
Authors: Singhal Vishal , Garimella Suresh V. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
The efficiency of conversion of electrical power into fluidic power in an electrohydrodynamic (EHD) pump depends on the bulk fluid velocity. An analytical formulation is developed for calculation of the efficiency of an EHD pump, with and without the presence of a superimposed flow due to an externally imposed pressure gradient. This formulation is implemented into a numerical model, which is used to investigate the effect of bulk fluid velocity on the efficiency of the EHD action. In particular, the net flow due to the combined action of EHD and a positive or negative external pressure gradient is computed. Both ion-drag pumps and induction EHD pumps are considered. Pumps based on the ion-drag principle that are studied include a one-dimensional pump, a two-dimensional pump driven by a stationary potential gradient, and another driven by a traveling potential wave. Two-dimensional repulsion-type and attraction-type induction pumping caused by a gradual variation in the electrical conductivity of the fluid is also investigated. The efficiency of EHD pumps exhibited a strong dependence on bulk fluid velocity: for the two-dimensional steady ion-drag pump, for example, the efficiency increased from less than 2% to 22% under the influence of an external pressure gradient. The corresponding increase in efficiency for a two-dimensional repulsion-type EHD pump was from 0.26% to 24.5%.
Flow Study in the Impeller–Diffuser Interface of a Vaned Centrifugal
Fan
Authors: Khelladi Sofiane , Kouidri Smaïne , Bakir Farid , Rey Robert 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
In order to better understand the behavior of the fluid flow in vaned centrifugal fans, theoretical and experimental work has been carried out on unsteady three-dimensional (3D) flows. Particular attention is given to the flows located at the rotor–stator interface. This zone is the seat of strong interactions between the moving part and the fixed part. This phenomenon has as consequences: Strongly unsteady flow, fluctuating forces on the stator blades, and an efficiency decrease. This work is part of a project which main objective is the aeroacoustic optimization of high speed centrifugal fans. We present in this paper the first results, mainly aerodynamic ones, which will be used thereafter as an input data to aeroacoustic modeling. A numerical simulation tool was used in order to determine the kinematics and the dynamics of these flows. The measurements of the steady and unsteady flow characteristics allowed a comparison of the theoretical and experimental results.
Unsteady Numerical Simulations of Turbulence and Coherent Structures
in Axial Flow Near a Narrow Gap
Authors: Chang D. , Tavoularis S. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Axial flow in a rectangular channel containing a cylindrical rod has been simulated numerically by solving the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations with a Reynolds stress model. The time- and phase-averaged mean velocity and turbulent stresses are in fair agreement with previous experimental results in a similar configuration. The study further documents the formation of quasi-periodic coherent structures in the form of vortex pairs and the important role that they play in transporting fluid across the gap region.
BIFURCATIONS AND CONTINUOUS TRANSITIONS OF ATTRACTORS IN AUTONOMOUS AND NONAUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS
Authors: KLOEDEN P. E. , SIEGMUND S. 
Published: May 2005

Nonautonomous bifurcation theory studies the change of attractors of nonautonomous systems which are introduced here with the process formalism as well as the skew product formalism.We present a total stability theorem ensuring the existence of nearby attractors of perturbed systems. They depend continuously on a parameter if and only if the attraction is uniform w.r.t. parameter, i.e. the attractors are equiattracting.We apply these principles to explicit systems to clarify the meaning of continuous and abrupt transitions of attractors in contrast to bifurcations, i.e. splitting of minimal invariant subsets into others within the attractor. Several examples are treated, including a nonautonomous pitchfork bifurcation.
BIFURCATIONS OF STABLE SETS IN NONINVERTIBLE PLANAR MAPS
Authors: ENGLAND J. P. , KRAUSKOPF B. , OSINGA H. M. 
Published: May 2005

Many applications give rise to systems that can be described by maps that do not have a unique inverse. We consider here the case of a planar noninvertible map. Such a map folds the phase plane, so that there are regions with different numbers of preimages. The locus, where the number of preimages changes, is made up of so-called critical curves, that are defined as the images of the locus where the Jacobian is singular. A typical critical curve corresponds to a fold under the map, so that the number of preimages changes by two.We consider the question of how the stable set of a hyperbolic saddle of a planar noninvertible map changes when a parameter is varied. The stable set is the generalization of the stable manifold for the case of an invertible map. Owing to the changing number of preimages, the stable set of a noninvertible map may consist of finitely or even infinitely many disjoint branches. It is now possible to compute stable sets with the Search Circle algorithm that we developed recently.We take a bifurcation theory point of view and consider the two basic codimension-one interactions of the stable set with a critical curve, which we call the outer-fold and the inner-fold bifurcations. By taking into account how the stable set is organized globally, these two bifurcations allow one to classify the different possible changes to the structure of a basin of attraction that are reported in the literature. The fundamental difference between the stable set and the unstable manifold is discussed. The results are motivated and illustrated with a single example of a two-parameter family of planar noninvertible maps.
MULTIPARAMETRIC BIFURCATIONS IN AN ENZYME-CATALYZED REACTION MODEL
Authors: FREIRE E. , PIZARRO L. , RODRÍGUEZ-LUIS A. J. , FERNÁNDEZ-SÁNCHEZ F. 
Published: May 2005

An exhaustive analysis of local and global bifurcations in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction model is carried out. The model, given by a planar five-parameter system of autonomous ordinary differential equations, presents a great richness of bifurcations. This enzyme-catalyzed model has been considered previously by several authors, but they only detected a minimal part of the dynamical and bifurcation behavior exhibited by the system.First, we study local bifurcations of equilibria up to codimension-three (saddle-node, cusps, nondegenerate and degenerate Hopf bifurcations, and nondegenerate and degenerate Bogdanov–Takens bifurcations) by using analytical and numerical techniques. The numerical continuation of curves of global bifurcations allows to improve the results provided by the study of local bifurcations of equilibria and to detect new homoclinic connections of codimension-three. Our analysis shows that such a system exhibits up to sixteen different kinds of homoclinic orbits and thirty different configurations of equilibria and periodic orbits. The coexistence of up to five periodic orbits is also pointed out. Several bifurcation sets are sketched in order to show the dynamical behavior the system exhibits. The different codimension-one and -two bifurcations are organized around five codimension-three degeneracies.
THE BRAID GROUP $B_{n,m}(\mathbb{S}^{2})$ AND A GENERALISATION OF THE FADELL–NEUWIRTH SHORT EXACT SEQUENCE
Authors: GONÇALVES DACIBERG LIMA , GUASCHI JOHN 
Published: May 2005

Let m,n ∈ ℕ. We define [Formula: see text] to be the set of (n+m)-braids of the sphere whose associated permutation lies in the subgroup Sn× Smof the symmetric group Sn+mon n+m letters. In a previous paper [13], we showed that if n ≥ 3, then there exists the following generalisation of the Fadell–Neuwirth short exact sequence: [Formula: see text] where [Formula: see text] is the group homomorphism (defined for all n ∈ ℕ) given geometrically by forgetting the last m strings. In this paper we study the splitting of this short exact sequence, as well as the existence of a cross-section for the fibration [Formula: see text] of the quotients of the corresponding configuration spaces.Our main results are as follows: if n = 1 (respectively, n = 2) then the homomorphism p*and the fibration p admit (respectively, do not admit) a section. If n = 3, then p*and p admit a section if and only if m ≡ 0,2 (mod 3). If n ≥ 4, we show that if p*and p admit a section then m ≡ ε1(n - 1)(n - 2) - ε2n(n - 2) (mod n(n - 1)(n - 2)), where ε1,ε2∈ {0,1}.Finally, we show that [Formula: see text] is generated by two of its torsion elements.
Elites and Religious Change in Roman Athens
Authors: Muñiz Grijalvo Elena 
Published: May 2005

AbstractEpigraphy tells about a deeply conservative Athens in Roman times. However, the civic religious life was not identical to that of earlier periods. This article is based on two main ideas. First, continuity is never mere survival; when surrounded by a new context, it may be interpreted as change. The interaction between the Roman empire and the Athenian elites provided such a new context: both Rome and local elites were interested in fostering continuity of religious forms. Secondly, notwithstanding this, epigraphy does indeed document some changes within the civic religion of Roman Athens. One of the most evident is the increasing oligarchization of religious power. It is my contention that this development had a deep impact on religiosity too.From Hellenistic times onwards, the ties between the demos and civic religion were progressively fading away. By Roman times, the democratic fiction did not need to be maintained anymore, as the changes in the management of civic religion show. The increasing religious power of the elite is one of the factors which contributed to create a new framework of meaning. Among other things, the success of certain gods, such as Asklepios, Isis, or Zeus Hypsistos, may also be explained within this new context. Reversely, the growing power of these gods may also account for the option taken by those members of the elite who chose the cult of Asklepios or Isis as a stage on which to display their generosity and improve their social prestige. It seems only fair to conclude that changes in civic religion should also be explained by the changing attitudes of the elites.
Ancient Avalon, New Jerusalem, Heart Chakra of Planet Earth: the Local and the Global in Glastonbury
Authors: Bowman Marion 
Published: May 2005

AbstractGlastonbury, a small town in the south west of England, is the focus for a variety of spiritual seekers and religious practitioners. It therefore provides an interesting and appropriate context in which to explore the relationship between the local and the global in the contemporary spiritual milieu.This article explores the extent to which Glastonbury has claimed a "serial centrality" over the centuries in relation to different religious trends, first within Christianity and, in the course of the twentieth century, within a growing number of worldviews.Highlighting similarities and tensions between the competing visions and discourses to be found there, the article examines issues surrounding the negotiation of the local and the global for a variety of groups and individuals.Despite the element of change (indeed exoticism) in some of the manifestations of contemporary spirituality in Glastonbury, there is, nevertheless, a considerable degree of continuity in relation to the vernacular tradition there.
Electrophoresis and biotest studies on some populations of cereal cyst nematode, Heterodera spp. (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae)
Authors: Andersson Stig , Holgado Ricardo , Magnusson Christer , Rowe Janet 
Published: May 2005

AbstractProtein variability of 27 populations of cyst nematodes belonging to the Heterodera avenae complex were studied using isoelectric focusing (IEF). Sixteen Norwegian populations were compared with standard populations of H. avenae, H. filipjevi, H. mani and H. arenaria. Norwegian populations were also tested for pathotype on selected cereal cultivars. Based on differences in the protein banding pattern, eight clusters of populations could be recognised. Nine Norwegian populations grouped together with H. avenae standards. The three Swedish populations: Knislinge, Ringsåsen and Våxtorp, previously classified as H. avenae, differed from this species, from H. filipjevi and from each other. Four Norwegian populations clustered together with the Våxtorp population. Two Norwegian populations formed a cluster together with a Swedish H. filipjevi standard. The Norwegian population Brekstad differed from all other populations, as did the standards of H. mani and H. arenaria. Pathotype testing of the Norwegian populations identified ten populations as H. avenae pathotype Ha 11, while three were close to pathotype Ha 12. The two H. filipjevi populations were close to the Swedish pathotype west. The Brekstad population differed from all others also in host spectrum. This population and the Våxtorp-group demonstrate a complexity within the Norwegian cereal cyst nematodes that merits further investigation.