bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aminotetryls: Synthesis, spectral characterization, thermal decomposition and explosive properties
Authors: Hutchinson C. D. , Krishna Mohan V. , Millar R. W. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThis paper describes the synthesis and spectral investigations of two amino derivatives of N‐methyl‐N‐(2,4,6‐trinitrophenyl)nitramine (tetryl). Also discussed are the results from thermal decomposition studies on the three explosives, viz. tetryl, 3‐aminotetryl (3 AT) and 3,5‐diaminotetryl (3,5 DAT) and preliminary work on the explosive properties of the last two compounds. The aminotetryls have been prepared by the amination of the corresponding chlorotetryls. The yield was 87% for 3 AT, but was only 33% for 3,5 DAT, probably due to steric crowding around the benzene nucleus. The mass spectra show interesting differences in the electron impact fragmentation patterns of the three tetryls with the M+ ion relative intensities following the order 3,5 DAT > 3 AT > tetryl, which could be due to (a) resonance stabilization and (b) hydrogen bonding effects. Evidence for the latter is also found in the infrared spectra of these compounds. Arrhenius kinetic parameters derived from thermal decomposition studies of the three compounds are presented and show that 3,5 DAT is thermally less stable than 3 AT. Explosive sensitiveness tests indicate that the diamino compound is the most sensitive, the trend being 3,5 DAT > 3 AT > tetryl. This is contrary to the generally found desensitizing influence of NH2 groups on the thermal stability and explosive sensitiveness of trinitroaromatic energetic molecules. Mechanisms to account for the observed thermal decomposition behaviour and explosive sensitiveness patterns are discussed.
Investigation of different Propellants during the Ignition and Combustion in a 20‐mm gun chamber
Authors: Klingenberg G. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe ignition and combustion behavior of both the 27‐mm and 20‐mm gun propellants Q5560 und A 5021 is identified from a series of detailed experiments conducted on a caliber 20‐mm test fixture gun. A novel invasive technique is applied that permits propellant gas temperature to be evaluated from emission data taken at discrete axial locations within the 20‐mm gun chamber. Supplementary pressure measurements complete the investigation. A correlation of the data obtained at the vent of the pyrotechnic igniter and inside the burning granular propellant bed is presented establishing quantitative relationships between the igniter energy output and the ignition behavior of the propellants.
Thermal Degradation of some Azines
Authors: Nambiar P. R. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe thermal characteristics of tetraformaltrisazine and formalazine were studied for the first time using differential thermal analyser, thermogravimetric analyser and mass spectrometer. Kinetic analysis of the degradation of each of these compounds and the effect of enveloping atmosphere on the degradation are reported. Degradation mechanisms have been postulated. Based on values of activation energy and supported by evidences made available by mass spectrometric studies it has been concluded that the second stage of thermal degradation of tetraformaltrisazine and formalazine in inert atmosphere may be ascribed to N‐N bond rupture.The heats of degradation of tetraformaltrisazine and formalazine were determined by differential scanning calorimeter. The Values obtained are + 360.4 ± 0.5 cal/g and + 105.8 ± 0.7 cal/g respectively.
Conformational Analysis of Nitroglycerin
Authors: Winkler D. A. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe conformation of the energetic plasticizer, nitroglycerin, has been studied by classical potential energy calculations. The calculations reveal three low energy conformations, each of which has a different dipole moment. The three conformations found are consistent with the published NMR data if an equilibrium between the three conformers is assumed. The results have implications for the interaction of nitroglycerin with solvents and propellant bases.
A relation between the liner kinetic energy and the distance reached by the shaped charge jet at the moment of particulation
Authors: Hirsh E. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIt is shown that distance from the virtual origin reached by the shaped charge jet at the moment of particulation is proportional to the square root of the kinetic energy per unit directrix length which is delivered to the liner by the explosive. This relation helps in better understanding some basic shaped charge design problems. It also points at the possible existence of a convenient way for comparing the yield strength in the jet, between different materials.
Oscillating Combustion of Gun Propellants in the Closed Vessel. I. preliminary investigation
Authors: Brook A. J. W. , Mackenzie R. B. , Mackinnon I. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe oscillating combustion, which takes place in the closed vessel when certain colloidal gun propellants are fired has been investigated. The amplitude of the oscillation depended on the geometry and flame temperature of the propellant. For propellants having the same composition but different geometry, the amplitude of the oscillation varied inversely with the maximum pressure in the vessel. This was tentatively ascribed to vortex formation during combustion.
Action of a New Material on Storage of Single Base Propellant
Authors: Soliman Adly A.‐W. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractFor safety purpose during the storage of single base propellant it is important to study all factors which will act on its components through this period. This study is more demanded on changing the source of raw material. Thermal decomposition and applying of Berthelot's law helped in determination of storage period of a single base propellant after its preparation from Sudan cotton linters as a new raw material.
Effects of Additives on the Ignition of AP‐Based Propellants at subatmospheric pressures
Authors: Saito T. , Yamaya T. , Iwama A. , Kuwahara T. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe ammonium perchlorate (AP)‐oxidized composite propellants, each of which contains separately copper chromite (CC) as a burning rate adjuster and carbon black (CB) as an opacifier, have been ignited at subatmospheric pressures of argon gas by means of a carbon dioxide laser, and the effects of the additives on the ignition behavior have been studied. It has been found that copper chromite shortens the ignition time especially below 100 torr and that at the same time it enhances the ignitability, i.e., self‐sustaining ignition.Carbon black, being an opacifier decreasing reflectivity and increasing radiative absorption at propellant surface, can not be recognized to be an active catalyst in ignition at subatmospheric pressures.The data of differential thermal analysis (DTA) for above specimens have indicated that the maximum exothermic peak temperature is shifted toward a lower one with the increase in CC concentration, the exothermic peak structure becoming sharper. However, CB addition to the basic propellant makes exothermic peaks less distinct. The results of DTA support those obtained from the ignition experiments above.
Thermal Decomposition of Energetic Materials. XV. Evidence that decomposition initiates deflagration: high‐rate thermolysis of FEFO, TEFO, and DITEFO
Authors: Oyumi Y. , Brill T. B. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe thermal decomposition of three energetic materials containing the formal group, FEFO, TEFO, and DITEFO have been studied by rapid‐scan infrared spectroscopy. The five gem‐trinitro compounds studied to date all display a transition from decomposition to deflagration according to the gas products evolved during the first second of rapid thermolysis. FEFO is the first compound without a gem‐trinitro group to exhibit this transition in the same experiment. These results provide convincing evidence that decomposition occurs in advance of deflagration and imply that decomposition studies are relevant to understanding the initiation of combustion. Under directly comparable conditions fluorodinitro compounds are confirmed to be more thermally stable than the analogous gem‐trinitro compounds. Also, DTA and IR spectroscopy show that DITEFO has solid‐solid phase transitions between 295 K and its melting point.
Auto‐inflammation de poudres à simple base
Authors: Isler J. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractUne modélisation des processus conduisant à I'auto‐inflammation de munitions chargées en poudre à base de nitrocellulose est présentée. Cette étude fait suite à nos travaux sur I'auto‐inflammation de la nitrocellulose qui ont déjà fait l'objet d'un article dans ce même journal. La méthode décrite a été appliquée à l'évaluation des risques de prise en feu de munitions âgées.
French Permitted Explosives
Authors: Vuillaume P. M. , Bigourd J. U. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractSince 1950, LSEV (Explosives Substances Laboratory of Verneuil) belonging to CERCHAR (Centre d'Etudes et Recherches de Charbonnages de France) is in charge of official testing of explosives for use in gassy or dusty coal mines. Working at LSEV, the authors first give a survey of the history and philosophy of permitted explosives in France. Then they describe the actual classification and testing methods of these explosives.
Measurement of Shock Initiation Threshold of HNAB by flyer plate impact
Authors: Hasman E. , Gvishi M. , Carmel Y. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe shock initiation threshold of HNAB (Hexanitroazobenzene) explosive has been measured using pressure pulses generated by flyer plate impact. The flyer plates were accelerated by an electrically exploded metallic foil (electric gun) up to velocity of 2.5 mm/m̈s generating impact pressures, P, up to 7.3 GPa lasting between τ = 40 ns to 210 ns, where τ is the duration of the impact.One dimensional semi‐empirical model was developed to describe the exploding foil process. We found a good agreement between the semi‐empirical model and the experimental data. It was found that as the pressure duration gets longer, the initiation threshold curve swings away from the P2τ= constant. For long (200 ns) pulses, the initiation criterion becomes one of a constant pressure. This constant threshold pressure is 2.9 GPa at 1.6 g/cm3 (grain size is 5 m̈m). The effect of the explosive density and grain size on initiation threshold can be explained by hot spots and porous explosive concept. A critical energy for initiation threshold of 12 J/cm2 was derived from our measurements (with flyer thickness 76 m̈m and grain size 5 m̈m).
Shock Velocity Measurement in Water by Sulfur Probes
Authors: Yadav H. S. , Kamath P. V. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractSulfur‐coated pin oscillographic technique (SPOT) has been developed as a new technique for measurement of shock velocity in water. Unlike other techniques, generally employing piezoelectric transducer or high speed photography, the application of this technique is not restricted to the measurement of shock wave pressures over a limited range. To illustrate the application and accuracy of the technique the detonation pressures of a few typical explosives have been measured with this technique and compared with those determined elsewhere by using other techniques. The new technique has yielded measurement of shock velocity in water within an accuracy of 2%.
Improved Mixing, Granulation and Drying of Highly Energetic Pyromixtures
Authors: Aikman L. M. , Shook T. E. , Lehr R. M. , Robinson E. , McIntyre F. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA safer and more efficient method of mixing, granulating and drying (MIGRAD) highly energetic (UN 1.1) pyrotechnic composition will be reported. The process uses a MIGRAD mixer/granulator that was tailored to mix, granulate and dry a pyrotechnic material (20‐40 lb) within a single mixing chamber. Features of the process include remote loading and unloading, reduced solvent, shortened mixing cycle (40 min), infinitely variable speed control of mixing and granulating impellers, built‐in state‐of‐the‐art fire detection/suppression (UV‐50 ms, IR‐10 ms), explosion venting, heated‐chamber, vacuum drying, remote/programmable controls, and remote mixer cleanup using energy of the mixer. The mixing process will be evaluated for preparation of some 24 pyrotechnic compositions for five Arsenals/Ammo Loading Plants. Hazards Classification Safety Data Sheets were prepared for the 24 pyrotechnic compositions and will be reported along with resultant physical properties of the completed compositions.
Détermination potentiométrique entiérement automatisée de l'azote nitrique des nitrocelluloses
Authors: Da Ros J.‐L. , Févre B. , Viganego J.‐P. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAfin d'améliorer les délais de réponse et la productivité, une méthode d'analyse autre que la méthode Dewarda était recherchée pour doser I'azote nitrique des nitrocelluloses, avec des succès divers mais sans obtenir la précision demandée. Les auteurs ont étudié I'influence des paramètres régissant le dosage par potentiometrie de l'azote nitrique par le sulfate ferreux, tels que la température, la stabilité des réactifs, les concentrations, I'agitation. Cette étude a permis de concevoir un prototype de dosage entitrèment automatisé, permettant d'obtenir un temps de réponse de l'ordre de 20 minutes et une précision comparable à celle de la méthode Dewarda. Elle s'applique à la nitrocellulose. aux esters nitriques et à la nitroguanidine.
Energetics of Propellants, Fuels and Explosives; a chemical valence approach
Authors: Jain S. R. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA simple approach involving the chemical valences of the fuel and the oxidizer elements present in a combustible mixture is described to evaluate the energetics related parameters of propellants, fuels and explosives. It simplifies the stoichiometric balancing of complex combustion equations, and provides an easy method of calculating the elemental stoichiometric coefficient. The method correctly predicts whether a mixture is fuel‐lean, fuel‐rich or stoichiometrically balanced. The calorimetric value of various stoichiometrically balanced combustible systems has been shown to be linearly dependent upon their total oxidizing (or reducing) valences. This relationship has been used successfully to evaluate the calorific value of fossil fuels. For fuel‐rich explosives, a new valence dependent parameter has been derived which is found to be related with properties such as detonation velocity, heat of explosion and impact sensitivity.
Polynitropolyphenylene, a high‐temperature resistant, Non‐crystalline explosive
Authors: Redecker K. H. , Hagel R. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractUpon looking for energetic, heat‐resistant nitropolymers we selected aromatic compounds containing nitro groups, the synthesis of which is based on the Ullmann reaction. Using dichlorotrinitrobenzene as the basic substance, we prepared polynitropolyphenylene in nitrobenzene by co‐using copper powder. These consist of nitrated benzene chains of different lengths. Depending on production and processing, polymers with a variety of characteristics are prepared. Their characteristics are described herein. They are distinguished by thermal stability, low crystallization and energetic behaviour. Combined with inert binding agents and perhaps softeners, they may be used as high‐temperature resistant explosive binding agents.
Relative rates of Hydrolysis of Nitro‐ and Fluoro‐Substituted Esters
Authors: Cichra D. A. , Adolph H. G. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractRelative hydrolysis rates were determined for a series of 14 nitrosubstituted esters and some comparison compounds in 75/25 acetonitrile/water at 75.3°C. The nitroalkyl esters were found to undergo unexpectedly rapid hydrolysis relative to other negatively substituted alkyl esters such as fluoroalkyl. To explain this result, participation of the nitro group in the hydrolysis, especially in the case of trinitromethyl compounds, is postulated. Nitro groups in the acid portion of the ester molecule can increase or decrease the reactivtiy towards hydrolysis, depending on the site of substitution.
Rupture Disc Pressure Release for confined ignition of condensed explosives
Authors: Chan S. K. , Deshaies R. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe possibility of using rupture discs to quench the incipient combustion of emulsion explosives in a confined chamber was demonstrated experimentally. A mathematical model is presented which predicts the pressure build‐up due to combustion of explosive initiated from a small local source and the subsequent pressure release due to the opening of the rupture disc. The model successfully reproduces almost exactly the pressure records obtained from experiments on typical emulsion explosives and on sodium‐perchlorate sensitized emulsion explosives burning in a simulated emulsion pump equipped with a rupture disc.
2,4,6‐Trinitropyridine and Related Compounds, synthesis and characterization
Authors: Licht H. H. , Ritter H. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA detailed study of the formation of trinitropyridine‐1‐oxide from dinitroethanol led to the hitherto unknown 2,4,6‐trinitropyridine. Thus, nitropyridines become accessible which cannot be obtained by direct nitration. The novel substances were characterized by analytical methods and their spectral data (UV, IR, NMR). First results from the research of their physical, thermical and explosive properties are presented.
Polymer‐Bonded Coloured Smoke Compositions
Authors: Lessard P. , Couture G. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractPolymer‐bonded smoke compositions offers numerous advantages over conventional pressed smoke mixtures such as improved mechanical properties and safety in handling. The Defense Research Establishment Valcartier (DREV) has developed pour‐castable coloured smoke compositions using a well known hydroxy‐terminated polybutadiene prepolymer cured with a commercially available diisocyanate. These smoke formulations consist of ingredients typically found in pressed powder mix, but dispersed in a polymeric binder. A granulated dye is utilized to provide the low viscosities required for pour‐casting. The necessary ingredients and processing techniques as well as the properties and inherent advantages of such compositions are described.
Non‐overlapping of time steps of delay detonators
Authors: Herrmann R. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe user of delay detonators require a number as great as possible of equidistant time steps. In the case of greater time steps this can lead to the danger of overlapping of burning times between two following time steps. To avoid this, a calculation method is presented for the correction of mean combustion periods that surely eliminates the overlapping of burning times. For very precisely working delay detonators an increase in the number of time steps is possible.
Mass spectral studies on the Explosion of Lead Salt of 2,4‐Dinitroresorcinol
Authors: Yoganarasimhan S. R. , Om Reddy G. , Achar Sudhir 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThermal explosion characteristics of lead(II) 2,4‐dinitroresorcinate in comparison with the parent compound 2,4‐dinitroresorcinol has been reinvestigated by mass Spectrometry using fast scan technique. For lead dinitroresorcinate, fragment ions spanned over m/z range 55–244 contrary to the reported range 2–74 by previous researchers. The decomposition pathways are predicted by analysing the fragmentation patterns. Lead, adduct ions and unusual ions were detected. The results are suggestive of the first step of the reaction to be a rupture of the PbO linkage.
Effect of shock‐thermal treatment on mechanical properties of steels
Authors: Batsanov S. S. , Sazonov V. F. , Sekoyan S. S. , Shmakov A. S. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe shock‐treatment permit to achieve high mechanical characteristics of steels. The interpretation of this effect is based on the possibility to change the carbon solubility in iron under these conditions. Measurements of the quality factors (internal friction in power−1) confirm this assumption.
Synthesis and initial characterization of Amine Salts of 3‐Nitro‐1,2,4‐Triazol‐5‐one
Authors: Lee Kien‐Yin , Stinecipher Mary M. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractSeven amine salts of 3‐nitro‐1,2,4‐triazol‐5‐one(NTO) have been prepared from inexpensive raw materials. The ammonium, ethylenediamine. hydrazine, and guanidinium homolog salts of NTO were synthesized; their methods of preparation are described. Results from initial characterization and small‐scale sensitivity tests indicate that these compounds are thermally stable and moderately insensitive to impact. The heats of formation of these compounds were determined and their performances as gun‐propellant ingredients were calculated based on these data. 13C‐NMR spectra are also reported.
Aging of Pyrotechnic Composition. The reliability of x‐ray diffraction data for estimation of the quality of signal mix
Authors: Barišin D. , Batinić‐Haberle I. , Jovaniáć P. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe physical and chemical characteristics of green signal pyrotechnic mix, before and after destabilization caused by the action of increased humidity at different temperatures, were determined. Data obtained by the means of X‐ray diffraction. IR spectroscopy and adiabatic calorimetry were compared with the results acquired by measuring functional characteristics (the dominant wavelength and the colour hue of the emitted light, the intensity of the emission and the rate of burning). Comparision of all of these results points out to the very close relationship between the X‐ray diffraction data and the function of the signal mix. Chemical changes, leading to the disuse of the examinated mix, were recognized as Mg(OH)2, BaCO3 and Ba(NO2)2 formation with concomittant decrease in Mg and Ba(NO3)2 content. Since no changes were observed in separately aged components, the interaction among components proved to be of essential importance.
Detonation velocities of the Non‐Ideal Explosive Ammonium Nitrate
Authors: Van Steen A. C. Der , Kodde H. H. , Miyake A. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIn order to gain a better understanding of the detonation behaviour of the non‐ideal explosive ammonium nitrate, the detonation velocities of low density prilled ammonium nitrate were measured in steel tubes with different diameters and wall thicknesses. It was found that the tube diameter has a much greater effect on the detonation velocity than the confinement. The highest value observed (3.95 km/s) coincides with the ideal detonation velocity as predicted by the TIGER code in combination with the JCZ3 equation of state.
Synthesis of 6‐Nitro‐Tetrafuroxano[b,d,b',d']Biphenyl
Authors: Boren Chen , Zhiyuan Liao 
Published: May 2005

Abstract6‐Nitro‐tetrafuroxano[b,d,b',d']biphenyl has been synthesized from 3,5,3′,5′‐tetrahalogenobiphenyl (halogeno = chloro, bromo). For this compound the molecular structure has been determined by elemental analysis, I.R., 'H‐N.M.R., and Mass spectroscopies, some of the properties, including density ((ϱ = 1.80 g/cm3)), are also reported.
Pyrotechnic Flash Compositions
Authors: Krone U. , Treumann H. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractFlash compositions are used in fireworks as well as in pyrotechnic articles for technical purposes like report signals, battle simulation and practice devices, birdscaring ammunition and anti‐riol‐devices for instance. The special hazards in manufacture and use of these compositions result from the combination of both a high sensitivity and a strong explosive effect. The paper presents the safety characteristic data of some flash compositions (thermal and mechanical sensitivity and sensitivity to dectonation shock). In particular, the explosive strength of flash compositions is compared with soem values found for commercial explosives. Furthermore a comparison between a KClO4/Al‐mixture and TNT is made on the basis of shock wave measurements.