bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SEJARAH KEBERHASILAN ASIAN GAMES IV PADA MASA DEMOKRASI TERPIMPIN TAHUN 1962
Authors: Ardian Fahri  
Published: January 2024

Penelitian ini menggunakan Metode Penelitian Historis melalui langkah-lakngkah yaitu Heuristik, Kritik, Interpretasi, dan Historiografi . Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk mengetahui dan memahami sejarah keberhasilan Asian Games IV Tahun 1962 pada masa Demokrasi Terpimpin. Simpulan dari penelitian ini adalah Demokrasi Terpimpin diawali dengan Keputusan Presiden RI No.150 Tahun 1959 yang disebut juga sebagai Dekrit Presiden 5 Juli 1959.Kemunculan Dekrit Presiden 5 Juli 1959. Pada pemerintahan Demokrasi Terpimpin telah memperoleh keberhasilan dengan susksesnya Asian Games yang ke –IV pada tahun 1962 yang dimulai sejak 24 Mei hingga 1 Juni 1958. Beberapa implementasi kebijakan pemerintah masa Demokrasi Terpimpin tahun 1962 dalam keberhasilan Asian Games IV yaitu Kebijakan Penyediaan Fasilitas, Kebijakan Pemenuhan Dana Pelaksanaan, Kebijakan yang berkaitan dengan pelaksanaan acara Asian Games. Dampak penyelengaraan Asian Games 1962 sangatlah besar bagi bangsa Indonesia diantaranya adalah Peningkatan Kerjasama dan Relasi Internasional, Eksistensi Indonesia Semakin Meningkat dan Pertumbuhan Olahraga Nasional. Melalui Asian Games tersebut, telah menjadi sebuah tolak ukur baru bangsa Indonesia dalam bidang olahraga Indonesia, dengan perolehan kesusksesan ganda yakni sukses sebagai penyelenggara dan sukses dari prestasi.
KONDISI SOSIAL EKONOMI MASYARAKAT SULAWESI SELATAN PADA MASA GERAKAN ABDUL QAHAR MUDZAKKAR
Authors: Pradata  
Published: January 2024

Sulawesi Selatan memiliki peranan tersendiri dalam sejarah nasional Indonesia. Dapat kita ketahui bahwa kerajaan Gowa merupakan kerajaan besar yang terdapat di Sulawesi Selatan yang meiliki pelabuhan serta armada laut yang kuat. Abdul Qahhar Mudzakkar sebagai tokoh dari Makassar mempunyai pasukan yakni komando pasukan seberang yang berhasil mempersatukan kelompok-kelompok gerilya di Sulawesi Selatan bertujuan untuk melawan Belanda yang rencananya akan menguasai kembali wilayah Sulawesi. Selanjutnya para pejuang yang tergabung dalam kelompok KGSS pimpinan Abdul Qahhar Mudzakkar menuntut agar seluruh pasukan dapat diterima tanpa syarat masuk menjadi anggota Angkatan Perang Republik Indonesia. Akan tetapi, permintaan ini tidak disetujuai oleh pemeritah Indonesia. Konflik ini berkembang menjadi lebih besar saat gerakan ini berubah menjadi gerakan DI/TII Sulawesi Selatan. Abdul Qahhar Mudzakkar mendeklarasikan gerakan ini merupakan bagian dari gerakan DI/TII Kartosuwiryo. Hal ini menunjukkan perubahan ideologi yang semula Pancasila menjadi ideologi Islam. Islam menjadi landasan utama dari gerakan DI/TII Sulawesi Selatan. Gerakan Abdul Qahhar Mudzakkar memang telah menimbulkan keadaan tidak kondusif di Sulawesi Selatan. Berbagai lini kehidupan menjadi terkena dampak pada pemberontakan ini. Kehidupan social dan ekonomi masyarakat pun menerima dampaknya. Wilayah lain sudah bisa berkembang secara ekonomi, Sulawesi Selatan masyarakatnya masih disibukkan dengan gerakan pemberontakan Abdul Qahhar Mudzakkar. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan studi dokumen yang relevan. Penelitian ini menggunaan empat tahap yakni pengumpulan sumber, kritik sumber, menarik kesimpulan, dan penulisan hasil penelitian. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah (1) Untuk mengetahui proses lahirnya gerakan Abdul Qahhar Mudzakkar, (2) Untuk mengetahui upaya penyelesaian gerakan Abdul Qahhar Mudzakkar oleh pemerintah Republik Indonesia, (3) Untuk mengetahui kondisi sosial ekonomi masyarakat Sulawesi Selatan pada masa gerakan Abdul Qahhar Mudzakkar.
EFEKTIVITAS UNDANG UNDANG CIPTA KERJA DALAM PENING-KATAN KESEJAHTERAAN BURUH DALAM PRESPEKTIF SOSIOLO-GI HUKUM
Authors: Subroto Heri 
Published: January 2024

Pasal 27 ayat (2) dan Pasal 28 UUD 1945 yang menyatakan: Tiap-tiap warga negara berhak atas pekerjaan dan penghidupan yang layak bagi kemanusiaan. Perlindungan hukum terhadap buruh sendiri dalam prakteknya masih sangat minim hal ini terbukti lewat masih banyaknya tindakan sewenang-wenang dari pengusaha terhadap buruhnya. focus kajian ini pada ; Bagaimana efektifitas dan keadilan hukum Undang – Undang Cipta Kerja terhadap kesejahteraan buruh dalam prespektif Sosiologi Hukum ?. Bagaimana dampak sosial Undang – Undang Cipta Kerja dalam Prespektif Sosiologi Hukum ?. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam mengkaji permasalahan ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif, sedangkan metode analisisnya dilakukan secara deskriptif analisis. Secara noramtif, sebuah produk peraturan perundangan-undangan dibuat tidak hanya untuk memberikan kepastian hukum, tetapi lebih dari itu adalah memberikan keadilan dan kemanfaatan hukum bagi masyarakat secara luas. Keadilan substantif adalah keadilan yang lebih didasarkan pada aspek nurani dan moralitas kemanusiaan, bukan pada pasal-pasal yang kaku (rigid). Hilangnya upah minimum, semakin mudahnya pengusaha yang melakukan PHK kepada para pekerja, dan berpotensi mengadakan jam kerja yang eksploitatif
Article 27 paragraph (2) and Article 28 of the 1945 Constitution which states: Every citizen has the right to work and a life worthy of humanity. Legal protection for workers themselves in practice is still very minimal, this is evidenced by the many arbitrary actions taken by employers against their workers. the focus of this study on; How is the legal effectiveness and justice of the Job Creation Law on workers' welfare in the perspective of Legal Sociology? What is the social impact of the Job Creation Law in the Perspective of Legal Sociology? The research method used in studying this problem uses a normative juridical method, while the method of analysis is carried out by descriptive analysis. Normatively, a product of laws and regulations is made not only to provide legal certainty, but more than that is to provide justice and legal benefits for society at large. Substantive justice is justice that is based more on aspects of conscience and human morality, not on rigid articles. The loss of the minimum wage, the easier it is for employers to lay off workers, and the potential for exploitative working hours and sanctions for companies if they violate it.
PENERAPAN PENEGAKAN HUKUM DI INDONESIA MENGENAI HAK ASASI MANUSIA (HAM) DALAM PERSPEKTIF HUKUM POSITIS
Authors: Jayanti Yanuria 
Published: January 2024

Critical Legal Studies (CLS) merupakan salah satu alternatif pemikiran dalam filsafat hukum yang dapat memberikan pandangan berbeda terhadap hukum. Ciri khas dari pemikiran ini adalah tidak menjadikan hukum yang dibuat oleh negara diterima taken for granted begitu saja sebelum adanya proses perjuangan nalar kritis terhadap subtansi hukumnya. Ada situasi ketidakpercayaan dan kekhawatiran bahwa hukum yang dibuat negara tidak bisa mendatangkan keadilan karena prosesnya yang melalui pergulatan tarik menarik kepentingan politik kekuasaan dan ekonomi sehingga menyebabkan produk hukumnya rentan akan tabir ketidaksempurnaan. Netralitas, dan imparsialitas merupakan kata kunci yang menjadi indikator untuk mempurifikasi hukum tersebut. Oleh karena itu, CLS berupaya untuk selalu membuka selubung relasi kekuasaan dan relasi ekonomi yang selalu mengintervensi hukum dengan perjuangan dan logikanya sendiri.
Critical Legal Studies (CLS) is an alternative thought in legal philosophy that can provide a different view of law. A distinctive feature of this thinking is that it does not make the laws made by the state taken for granted for granted before the process of struggle for reason critical of its legal substance. There is a situation of distrust and concern that the laws made by the state cannot bring justice because the process is through a tug-of-war struggle of political and economic interests that makes its legal products vulnerable to the veil of imperfection. Neutrality, and impartiality are the keywords that become indicators for purifying the law. Therefore, CLS seeks to always unveil power relations and economic relations that always intervene in the law with its own struggles and logic.
PENEGAKAN HUKUM ADMINISTRASI LINGKUNGAN HIDUP TERHADAP PENCEMARAN PEMBUANGAN LIMBAH KULIT
Authors: Abdul Ropik Fauzi  , Nugroho Wahyu , Fahririn  
Published: January 2024

Enforcement of environmental administrative law is something that is often found in every environmental problem in cases of environmental pollution by industry. Administrative law enforcement is considered the most important law enforcement effort. This is because administrative law enforcement is more aimed at efforts to prevent pollution and environmental damage. The research method used is an empirical legal research method that is descriptive in nature using a normative juridical approach. The source of this research is primary data obtained through interviews as well as secondary data, namely laws and regulations related to the object of research. The research results obtained are first, the enforcement of environmental law due to violations of environmental pollution due to waste disposal by the leather tanning industry in Garut Regency based on Legislation in the Environmental Sector is not optimal and the supervisory function is weak, resulting in various violations by the leather tanning industry is still found; and second, several factors in enforcing environmental law in Garut Regency towards the leather tanning industry for waste pollution, namely internal factors and external factors.

Abstrak
Penegakan hukum administrasi lingkungan adalah hal yang sering ditemukan dalam setiap permasalahan lingkungan dalam kasus pencemaran lingkungan oleh industri. Penegakan hukum administrasi dianggap sebagai upaya penegakan hukum terpenting. Hal ini karena penegakan hukum administrasi lebih ditunjukkan kepada upaya mencegah terjadinya pencemaran dan perusakan lingkungan. Metode Penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian hukum empiris yang bersifat deskriptif dengan menggunakan pendekatan yuridis normatif. Sumber penelitian ini merupakan data primer yang diperoleh dengan wawancara serta data sekunder yakni peraturan perundang-undangan yang berkaitan dengan objek penelitian. Hasil penelitian diperoleh pertama, penegakan hukum administrasi lingkungan akibat pencemaran lingkungan terhadap pelanggaran akibat pembuangan Limbah oleh industri penyamakan kulit di Kabupaten Garut berdasarkan Peraturan Perundang-Undangan di bidang Lingkungan Hidup belum secara optimal dan lemahnya fungsi pengawasan, sehingga masih ditemukan berbagai pelanggaran oleh industri penyamakan kulit; dan kedua, beberapa faktor dalam penegakan hukum administrasi lingkungan hidup di kabupaten Garut terhadap industri penyamakan kulit atas pencemaran limbah terdapat faktor internal dan faktor eksternal.
Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and impaired fasting glucose, and their associated lifestyle factors among teachers in the CLUSTer cohort
Authors: Ng Yit Han , Moy Foong Ming , Hairi Noran Naqiah , Bulgiba Awang 
Published: January 2024

Background
Teachers are responsible for educating future generations and therefore play an important role in a country’s education system. Teachers constitute about 2.6% of all employees in Malaysia, making it one of the largest workforces in the country. While health and well-being are crucial to ensuring teachers’ work performance, reports on non-communicable diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) among Malaysian teachers are scarce. Hence, this study focused on the prevalence of T2DM, undiagnosed diabetes mellitus (DM), impaired fasting glucose (IFG), and underlying lifestyle factors associated with these outcomes among Malaysian teachers.

Methods
This is a cross-sectional study from the CLUSTer cohort. There were 14144 teachers from the Peninsular Malaysia included in this study. The teachers’ sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics were described using a weighted complex analysis. A matched age group comparison was carried out between teachers and the Malaysian general population on T2DM, undiagnosed DM, and IFG status. Next, the researchers examined the association of lifestyle factors with T2DM and IFG using multivariable logistic regression.

Results
The prevalence of T2DM, undiagnosed DM, and IFG among the Malaysian teachers were 4.1%, 5.1%, and 5.6%, respectively. The proportions of teachers with T2DM (both diagnosed and undiagnosed) and the IFG increased linearly with age. Teachers had a lower weighted prevalence of T2DM (known and undiagnosed) than the general population. However, teachers were more inclined to have IFG than the general population, particularly those aged 45 years and older. Among all lifestyle indicators, only waist circumference (aOR: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.08, 1.20) was found to be associated with T2DM, whereas waist circumference (aOR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.15) and physical activity [moderately active = (aOR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.52, 0.98); highly active = (aOR: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.40, 0.80)] were associated with IFG.

Conclusions
Modifiable lifestyle factors such as abdominal obesity and physical activity were associated with T2DM and IFG. Intervention programs targeting these factors could help reduce future treatment costs and increase productivity.
OPTICAL FEEDBACK. I STATIC EFFECTS.
Authors: BAŁUKA Paweł , MIELNICZEK Izabela , DRUZ Valeriia , CHABKO Jakub , KUŹMA Marian 
Published: January 2024

Feedback is a common phenomenon. This paper gives examples of feedback in computer science (iterations). The primary aim of this paper is to observe the effects of optical feedback in a monitor-camera system. The static effects of optical feedback are presented in this paper. The problem of symmetry of the obtained images is discussed. It is explained how a multiple three-lens copying machine generates the Sierpinski triangle, which is a basic and very well-known fractal. In the next paper ( Part II ) the dynamic effects of optical feedback will be discussed.
Microbial Communities and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns in Aerobic Bacteria Associated with the Vaginal Microbiota: A Retrospective Study in Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Authors: Ndukwu Chidi L. C. 
Published: January 2024

The vaginal microbiota, unlike some other sites such as the intestinal microbiota is a less diversified micro-ecosystem; dominated normally by Lactobacilli which play specific important roles in the wellbeing of the vagina and the female person. Dysbiosis or the loss of Lactobacilli dominance results in ecological shift that leads to a number of conditions such as proliferation of intestinal aerobic bacteria leading to aerobic vaginitis and such other disease conditions. In this retrospective cross sectional descriptive study, laboratory records of microscopy, culture and susceptibility analysis of high vaginal swabs (HVS) and other relevant data were reviewed to synthesize information relating to the microbial community and antimicrobial resistance among aerobic bacteria. Out of 790 specimens examined, microbial growths were observed in 596 (75.4%); dominated by fungi (Candida spp), 485 (68.3%), followed by aerobic bacteria, 223(31.4%) and protozoa (Trichomonas), 2 (0.3%). The bacterial population was dominated by Escherichia coli 98 (44.0%), followed by Enterococcus faecalis 55 (24.7%), Staphylococcus aureus 41 (18.4%), Proteus mirabilis 10(4.5%), Streptococcus agalactiae 9 (4.0%), Klebsiella pnumoniae 5 (2.2%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 10 (4.5%). Gram negative bacteria constitutes 118 (52.9%), while gram positive are 105 (47.1%) The cumulative antimicrobial resistance profile of the 223 bacterial strains tested against 10 antimicrobial agents was 55.5%. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most resistant bacteria by showing resistance against 62% of the test antimicrobial agents, followed by Klebsiella pnumoniae, 58%, Escherichia coli, 54.1%, Staphylocuccus aureus, 51.0%, Proteus mirabilis, 51.0%. Enterocuccus faecalis, 48.4% and Streptococcus agalactiae 38.9%. This study has contributed in ascertaining the prevalence of bacterial and other associated organisms of the vaginal microbiota, and also unraveled the different aerobic bacterial species together with their antimicrobial resistance patterns; which will be found valuable in treatment of associated infections.
Occurrence, Fate, and Assessment of Polycyclic Musk Residues in the Aquatic Environment of Urban Areas — A Review
Authors: Heberer Thomas 
Published: May 2003

AbstractIn recent years, polycyclic musk compounds frequently used as synthetic fragrances in perfumes and various household products have been recognized as important organic residues in the aquatic environment, especially, in urbanized areas. These persistent contaminants are primarily discharged via municipal sewage effluents into the receiving surface waters. In some investigations of samples from different environmental compartments, 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8‐hexahydro‐4, 6, 6, 7, 8, 8‐hexamethylcyclopenta‐(g)‐2‐benzopyran (HHCB; Galaxolide®, Abbalide®) and 7‐acetyl‐1, 1, 3, 4, 4, 6‐hexamethyltetralin (AHTN; Tonalide®, Fixolide®) were identified as the most important synthetic musk compound residues. In Europe, all of the other synthetic musks, including the nitro musk compounds, were only found at trace‐level concentrations more than 20 times lower than those measured for HHCB.This paper compiles and discusses the results from investigations of sewage, sewage sludge, surface water, aquatic sediment, and biota samples. The results from several prolonged monitoring investigations of musk residues in Berlin, Germany, are presented as an example for the occurrence and fate of polycyclic musks in the aquatic system of an urbanized area. Significant differences were observed for the concentration ratios of HHCB and AHTN in samples originating from different aquatic compartments. Thus, an average HHCB/AHTN ratio of approximately 2.5:1.0 was measured in sewage sludges, sewage effluents, surface waters, and fish. In sediment samples, AHTN was, however, found at concentrations equal or even higher than those measured for HHCB (HHCB/AHTN ratio of 0.90:1.0). Bioaccumulation, metabolism in fish, and environmental and human risk assessment issues are discussed and results obtained for the urban area of Berlin are compared with those from other investigations.
Contaminant Levels and Ecotoxicological Effects in Sediments of the River Odra
Authors: Müller Albrecht , Heininger Peter , Wessels Marco , Pelzer Jürgen , Grünwald Katrin , Pfitzner Steffi , Berger Marion 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThe large‐scale analysis of contaminant levels in sediments in the Odra river basin during the study period from 1997 to 1999 showed that sediment quality varies according to the prevailing anthropogenic impacts. The levels of PAHs, Zn, and Cd in the Upper Silesian coal‐mining and metallurgy district are by a factor of four above the quality targets (Zielvorgaben) defined by the Working Group on Water of the German Federal States. In the Lower Silesian district that is dominated by non‐ferrous metallurgy, Cu and Hg were found in concentrations of a factor of three above the target values. Downstream of the inflow of the river Warta, the concentrations of Cd and of nutrients continue to increase, what suggests impacts of the electrotechnical/electronics industries around Poznan and emissions from agriculture.Temporal trends were recorded for heavy‐metal concentrations in sediments near Widuchowa. The maximum was observed in the year of the flood event 1997. Cd and As levels were nearly double the median throughout the study period. The flood wave transported contaminated sediments downriver. After the flood, the levels dropped below the values measured in the time before this event.In the German river reach, the flood had a diluting effect for organic contaminants, that continued with view to PCBs until 1999. The PAH load, however, rose again, because the anthropogenic activities on the upper river course continued.The ecotoxicological effect of sediments is tested by means of bacteria, algae, and daphnia in pore waters and elutriates. Algal toxicity was repeatedly observed in pore waters from all study areas, in those from the headwaters and Widuchowa also in combination with bacteria toxicity. Elutriates of sediments from the headwaters did not show inhibiting effects. PAHs are considered to play a major role in the toxicity of Odra sediments.
The Possible Role of Reduced Sulfur Compounds in the Toxic Properties of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents
Authors: Shtamm Elena V. , Frog Boris N. , Skurlatov Yurii I. , Kozlova Natalia B. , Alexandrova Evgenia V. , Shishkina Ludmila N. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractA comparative analysis of different bioassays was carried out using as an example black liquor solutions, simulating wastewaters of the Kraft process for the digestion of cellulose. Alongside the analysis of products of lipid peroxidation (LPO) in blood plasma and the liver of mice in vivo, the most sensitive assays were based on the analysis of Ceriodaphnia reproduction, the analysis of LPO intensity in vitro, the mixed function oxygenase (MFO) assay in fish liver, and the population growth test of Tetrahymena pyriformis. The toxicological analysis of pulp and paper mill effluents at different stages of their formation and treatment has demonstrated two relationships, as follows:(i) a correlation between toxicity and the presence of reductive substances (as titrated by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of a catalyst), and(ii) a correlation between the content of these reductive substances in wastewater and the reduced sulfur compounds formed during cellulose digestion.Using the MFO induction assay and the LPO intensity assay in the model test system has demonstrated that the addition of hydrogen peroxide into solutions of black liquor results in their detoxification. It is concluded that the reduced sulfur compounds play a significant role in the toxicity of pulp and paper mill effluents.
Investigation of Colloidal Water Content with Laser‐induced Breakdown Detection during Drinking Water Purification
Authors: Wagner Tobias , Bundschuh Tobias , Schick Roland , Schwartz Thomas , Köster Rainer 
Published: May 2003

AbstractColloids (diameter typically < ca. 1 μm) are present in all aquatic systems. They have a high surface to mass ratio and therefore a large sorption capacity for both pollutants and microbial water impurities. Also, microorganisms as such can be regarded as colloidal matter. For drinking water purification it is vitally important to effectively remove such particulate water contents. The laser‐induced breakdown detection (LIBD) was used as a powerful tool for the quantification of aquatic nano‐particles in very low concentrations. The Fe(III)‐assisted filtration used for purification of water from Lake Constance did not only remove suspended particles, but also colloids with a mean efficiency higher than 98 % (regarding the mass concentration). The number weighted mean particle diameter before filtration was typically several hundred nanometers, after filtration it was reduced to an average of 54 nm. The average mass concentration before the filtration step was 57 μg/L, afterwards only 0.66 μg/L. In a separate experiment it could be shown that the LIBD technique is capable of detecting microorganisms in water.