bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Responses of People to Virtual Humans in an Immersive Virtual Environment
Authors: Garau Maia , Slater Mel , Pertaub David-Paul , Razzaque Sharif 
Published: May 2005

This paper presents an experiment investigating the impact of behavior and responsiveness on social responses to virtual humans in an immersive virtual environment (IVE). A number of responses are investigated, including presence, copresence, and two physiological responses—heart rate and electrodermal activity (EDA). Our findings suggest that increasing agents' responsiveness even on a simple level can have a significant impact on certain aspects of people's social responses to human-oid agents. Despite being aware that the agents were computer-generated, participants with higher levels of social anxiety were significantly more likely to avoid “disturbing” them. This suggests that on some level people can respond to virtual humans as social actors even in the absence of complex interaction. Responses appear to be shaped both by the agents' behaviors and by people's expectations of the technology. Participants experienced a significantly higher sense of personal contact when the agents were visually responsive to them, as opposed to static or simply moving. However, this effect diminished with experienced computer users. Our preliminary analysis of objective heart-rate data reveals an identical pattern of responses.
Aristotle on the Best Good: Is Nicomachean Ethics 1094a18-22 Fallacious?
Authors: Vranas Peter 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe first sentence of NE I.2 has roughly the form: "If A [there is a universal end] and B (because, if not-B, then C), then D [this end will be the best good]". According to some commentators, Aristotle uses B to infer A; but then the sentence is fallacious. According to other commentators, Aristotle does not use B (until later on); but then the sentence is bizarre. Contrary to both sets of commentators (but following Wedin 1981), I suggest that Aristotle uses B together with A to infer validly that there is a non-instrumental – and thus unique – universal end (hence D). On this interpretation the above two problems disappear, but a subtler problem emerges: not-B does not entail C.
Tous égaux devant Dieu? Reflexions sur les logiques d’ éligibilité des miraculés
Authors: AMIOTTE-SUCHET Laurent 
Published: May 2005

English Pentecostalism placed miracles at the centre of its theology as a key element of its evangelization activities. Catholicism, on the other hand, has always tried to control all declarations of divine demonstrations. Miraculous appearances and recoveries have been more and more systematically subjected to slow and rigorous procedures of verification. The Pentecostals see God as an external force which manifests itself on earth to drive out the evil which invades it. All believers have the right to be free from evil, and nobody should have to accept pain meekly. But the Catholic pilgrims we studied do not share these Pentecostal convictions. God acts from inside, not by delivering them but by supporting them in their daily tests. Physical recovery is rare and not very sought after so it takes second place to spiritual recovery which is accessible to everyone. It seems to us that these two types of representation place believers in very divergent frames of mind giving rise, in one group or the other, to hopes that correspond to the group’s capacity to produce miracles. French Le pentecôtisme a fait du miracle le coeur de sa théologie et l'élément central de ses activités d'évangélisation. Le catholicisme, par contre, a toujours voulu contrôler l'ensemble des déclarations de manifestations divines. Apparitions et guérisons miraculeuses ont donc systématiquement, et de plus en plus, été soumises à de lentes et rigoureuses procédures d'authentification. Les pentecôtistes voient Dieu comme un être extérieur qui surgit sur la terre pour chasser le mal qui l'envahit. Tous les convertis ont donc droit à la libération et personne ne doit accepter sagement la souffrance. Or, les pèlerins catholiques que nous avons étudiés ne partagent pas ces convictions pentecôtistes. Dieu agit de l'intérieur, non pas en les délivrant, mais en les soutenant dans leurs épreuves quotidiennes. Rare et peu recherchée, la guérison physique cède la place à la guérison spirituelle, accessible à tous. Il nous semble que ces deux types de représentations placent les fidèles dans des dispositions d'esprit très divergentes suscitant, dans un cas ou dans l'autre, des espoirs adaptés à la capacité du groupe à produire des miracles.
‘Charism’ and ‘Spirit-Baptism’: Presentation of an Analysis
Authors: Baumert Norbert 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThis article summarizes the results of a previously published two-volume investigation on the biblical meaning and the historical development of these two fundamental concepts, including a further discussion on contributions to this subject which have appeared in this journal (see below section 4). In contradistinction to K. McDonnell a different catholic position is given here: The term ‘Spirit-baptism’ as used within the Pentecostal-charismatic movement means neither the sacramental grace of initiation nor the setting-free of it, but is a term on the experiential level denoting a special kind of infilling with the Holy Spirit in our time. It is not ‘normative’, but— although very widespread—something that the Holy Spirit ‘distributes as he wills’. Thus, the early Pentecostal two-stage model is far more appropriate than the sacramentalistic interpretation. In that sense Spirit-baptism— normally with the gift of tongues—is a special grace of God.
Pentecostal/Charismatic Themes in Luke–acts at the Evangelical Theological Society: the Battle of Interpretivemethod
Authors: Elbert Paul 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThrough interactive dialogue with Evangelical scholars and through an assessment of their interpretive methods, one may identify an ‘apostolic age’ hermeneutic which intrinsically imposes questionable assumptions upon Luke’s two-volume work and upon Paul. The result may be termed Lukan and Pauline cessationism. For Luke, narrative disconnectedness replaces narrative-rhetorical cohesion. His examples and precedents of reception of the gift of the Holy Spirit by disciple-believer-witnesses either undergo mass extinction or reinterpretation, reinterpretation which serves the traditional presupposition of an ‘apostolic age’ instead of the narrative sequencing and personification of Lukan characters. Luke’s fulfilment of prophecy theme is totally ignored. For Paul, similar discursive description of pneumatological experience which Paul assumes is understandable to his selected addressees—language perhaps being urgently and pastorally clari- fied by Luke’s conventional use of examples and precedents—is disconnected from the common oral and cognitive environment shared within the Jerusalem/Petrine Christianity portrayed by Luke. Via discussion, reflection, and testimony perhaps the coherency and validity of traditional ‘apostolic age’ hermeneutics might be explored on the battlefield of biblical interpretation.
The Rise and Demise of Women’sministry in the Origins and Early Years of Pentecostalism in Britain
Authors: Chapman Diana 
Published: May 2005

AbstractEarly Pentecostalism was a revival movement whose ‘charismatic moment’ in Britain was between 1907 and 1914. During this period women pioneered in ministry, led churches and were popular speakers at conventions. They were often the first to receive the Baptism of the Holy Spirit. Prior to this date the ministry and teaching of key women had helped shape Pentecostal theology and many offered a firm biblical basis for their own ministry as women. However, it seems that the early Pentecostal women ministered on the basis of their ‘call’, ‘gifting’ and ‘anointing’ with no clear theological foundation in regard to their authority, which was called into question at a debate entitled, ‘A Woman’s Place in the Church’ in 1914. Instead of a positive evaluation of their contribution, many comments were recorded suggesting women’s ministry needs to be limited. As well as looking at the contribution of women to the origins and early years of Pentecostalism in Britain, I will examine the influences which surrounded this debate and seek to draw some conclusions which have relevance for today.
Web-based Collaborative Engineering Support System: Applications in Mechanical Design and Structural Analysis
Authors: Eynard Benoît , Liénard Sébastien , Charles Sébastien , Odinot Aurélien 
Published: May 2005

The diversity in software used to support collaborative design and concurrent engineering requires the implementation of new technologies in order to ensure the integration between the various activities of the product development process. Most of the time, companies can not afford to spend the time and the funds required to enhance their IT and software resources. This is often the case of small and medium companies. Nowadays, in mechanical design, the needs for product data sharing between Computer Aided Design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA) activities have been fairly increased even for small companies. This article aims at presenting Teamproject software, an asynchronous Web Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) oriented toward the sharing and viewing of 3D data (CAD and FEA) based on Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML). Regarding the collaborative design and concurrent engineering approaches, this software increases the information access and its availability to expert and non-expert users in a remote mode. The article deals with the benefits proposed by the use of Web technologies in mechanical design and structural analysis fields. It details the software architecture of Teamproject. One of the added values offered by the new version of the Web CSCW is the translation of CAD and FEA data into VRML format. It extends the 3D product data review to all the team members involved in a project. Indeed, the reading of the Java3D can be ensured by the most used web navigator (like Internet Explorer and Netscape) with the aid of a free plug-in. To summarize, the proposed Web CSCW provides a simple and efficient access to mechanical design and structural analysis data in a real collaborative engineering approach.
Involvement and the tourist shopper: Using the involvement construct to segment the American tourist shopper at the mall
Authors: Josiam Bharath M. , Kinley Tammy R. , Kim Youn-Kyung 
Published: May 2005

There is great interest in understanding the complex behaviors of consumers. One facet of consumer behavior is the ‘involvement’ construct. Involvement is a person’s perceived relevance of the object based on inherent needs, values, and interests.There is a plethora of shopping malls all over the US. Major metropolitan cities are over-malled! Despite the abundance of malls close to their residence, American travelers shop at comparable malls while tourists in another city. There exists a gap in the literature about this phenomenon.This study surveyed 485 tourist shoppers residing in metropolitan areas to address this gap. It examined the interplay of their shopping involvement with demographics, push motivators, pull motivators, shopper-tourist cluster typologies, and the amount of time and money spent shopping while on a trip. This study created a profile of tourists based on their level of shopping involvement. It segmented them into high-, medium-, or low-involvement tourist shoppers.The more highly involved tourist shoppers were female and had limited formal education. Further, they indicated they were more interested in shopping than in many other activities. Involvement levels were consistently associated with both push and pull factors in a hierarchical manner. Respondents strongly motivated to shop by push and pull factors were consistently found to be highly involved tourist shoppers. Involvement was a significant predictor of overall satisfaction with a shopping center. Involvement levels were significantly linked to tourist-shopper cluster typologies. High-involvement tourist shoppers were significantly more likely to have saved for shopping on their trip. However, involvement was not found to be a predictor of time or money spent on shopping while on a trip.
Efficient migration of dendritic cells toward lymph node chemokines and induction of TH1 responses require maturation stimulus and apoptotic cell interaction
Authors: Bertho Nicolas , Adamski Henri , Toujas Louis , Debove Martine , Davoust Jean , Quillien Veronique 
Published: May 2005

AbstractDendritic cells (DCs) have the unique ability to initiate primary immune responses, and they can be conditioned for vaccinal purposes to present antigens after the engulfment of apoptotic cells. To recruit the rare antigen-specific naive T cells, DCs require a maturation step and subsequent transport toward lymph node (LN). To date, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is the best-characterized compound inducing this LN-directed migration in vitro, but PGE2 may skew the immune responses in a TH2 direction. We demonstrate here that on incubation with apoptotic tumor cells and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), human monocyte-derived DCs become fully mature and acquire high migratory capacities toward LN-directing chemokines. The migration of TNF-α-treated DCs occurs only after cotreatment with apoptotic cells but not with necrotic cells. DC migration requires CD36 expression and incubation with apoptotic cells in the presence of heat-labile serum components. Moreover, on treatment with apoptotic cells and LPS, the migrating DCs are able to recruit naive T cells to generate TH1 immune responses. Our results show that the cotreatment of DCs with apoptotic tumor cells and inflammatory signals is promising for the design of an antitumoral DC-based vaccine. (Blood. 2005;106:1734-1741)
Tolerance induction by bone marrow transplantation in a multiple sclerosis model
Authors: Herrmann Martin M. , Gaertner Susanne , Stadelmann Christine , van den Brandt Jens , Böscke Robert , Budach Wilfried , Reichardt Holger M. , Weissert Robert 
Published: May 2005

AbstractExperimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in rats is a highly valuable model of multiple sclerosis (MS) because it mimics major hallmarks of the human disease. EAE induced with myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein (MOG) in DA rats is relapsing/remitting, and lesions in the central nervous system show inflammation, demyelination, and axonal and neuronal loss. Recently, bone marrow transplantation (BMT) was introduced as a novel strategy to treat MS, but its efficiency and the underlying mechanism are debatable. In MOG-induced EAE we found that BMT at the peak of EAE but not in the chronic phase leads to disease attenuation. In both settings, rats receiving bone marrow (BM) transplants were protected from subsequently induced relapses. These findings could be confirmed by histopathology in which rats receiving BM transplants did not have lesions compared with controls not receiving transplants. Importantly, the protective effect was achieved by allogeneic, syngeneic, and BM grafts from diseased rats. BMT resulted in increased numbers of CD4+CD25bright regulatory T cells, increased Foxp3 expression, a shift in T-cell epitope recognition, and a strong reduction of autoantibodies even after rechallenge with MOG. Thus, our results indicate potential mechanisms of how BMT may contribute to the improvement of MS and provide a rationale for its application in patients suffering from various autoimmune diseases. (Blood. 2005;106:1875-1883)
Are scale-free networks robust to measurement errors?
Authors: Lin Nan , Zhao Hongyu 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Background
Many complex random networks have been found to be scale-free. Existing literature on scale-free networks has rarely considered potential false positive and false negative links in the observed networks, especially in biological networks inferred from high-throughput experiments. Therefore, it is important to study the impact of these measurement errors on the topology of the observed networks.

Results
This article addresses the impact of erroneous links on network topological inference and explores possible error mechanisms for scale-free networks with an emphasis on Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein interaction networks. We study this issue by both theoretical derivations and simulations. We show that the ignorance of erroneous links in network analysis may lead to biased estimates of the scale parameter and recommend robust estimators in such scenarios. Possible error mechanisms of yeast protein interaction networks are explored by comparisons between real data and simulated data.

Conclusion
Our studies show that, in the presence of erroneous links, the connectivity distribution of scale-free networks is still scale-free for the middle range connectivities, but can be greatly distorted for low and high connecitivities. It is more appropriate to use robust estimators such as the least trimmed mean squares estimator to estimate the scale parameter γ under such circumstances. Moreover, we show by simulation studies that the scale-free property is robust to some error mechanisms but untenable to others. The simulation results also suggest that different error mechanisms may be operating in the yeast protein interaction networks produced from different data sources. In the MIPS gold standard protein interaction data, there appears to be a high rate of false negative links, and the false negative and false positive rates are more or less constant across proteins with different connectivities. However, the error mechanism of yeast two-hybrid data may be very different, where the overall false negative rate is low and the false negative rates tend to be higher for links involving proteins with more interacting partners.
The effects of normalization on the correlation structure of microarray data
Authors: Qiu Xing , Brooks Andrew I , Klebanov Lev , Yakovlev Andrei 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Background
Stochastic dependence between gene expression levels in microarray data is of critical importance for the methods of statistical inference that resort to pooling test-statistics across genes. It is frequently assumed that dependence between genes (or tests) is suffciently weak to justify the proposed methods of testing for differentially expressed genes. A potential impact of between-gene correlations on the performance of such methods has yet to be explored.

Results
The paper presents a systematic study of correlation between the t-statistics associated with different genes. We report the effects of four different normalization methods using a large set of microarray data on childhood leukemia in addition to several sets of simulated data. Our findings help decipher the correlation structure of microarray data before and after the application of normalization procedures.

Conclusion
A long-range correlation in microarray data manifests itself in thousands of genes that are heavily correlated with a given gene in terms of the associated t-statistics. By using normalization methods it is possible to significantly reduce correlation between the t-statistics computed for different genes. Normalization procedures affect both the true correlation, stemming from gene interactions, and the spurious correlation induced by random noise. When analyzing real world biological data sets, normalization procedures are unable to completely remove correlation between the test statistics. The long-range correlation structure also persists in normalized data.
The complexity of selection at the major primate β-defensin locus
Authors: Semple Colin AM , Maxwell Alison , Gautier Philippe , Kilanowski Fiona M , Eastwood Hayden , Barran Perdita E , Dorin Julia R 
Published: May 2005

Abstract

Background
We have examined the evolution of the genes at the major human β-defensin locus and the orthologous loci in a range of other primates and mouse. For the first time these data allow us to examine selective episodes in the more recent evolutionary history of this locus as well as the ancient past. We have used a combination of maximum likelihood based tests and a maximum parsimony based sliding window approach to give a detailed view of the varying modes of selection operating at this locus.

Results
We provide evidence for strong positive selection soon after the duplication of these genes within an ancestral mammalian genome. Consequently variable selective pressures have acted on β-defensin genes in different evolutionary lineages, with episodes both of negative, and more rarely positive selection, during the divergence of primates. Positive selection appears to have been more common in the rodent lineage, accompanying the birth of novel, rodent-specific β-defensin genes. These observations allow a fuller understanding of the evolution of mammalian innate immunity.
In both the rodent and primate lineages, sites in the second exon have been subject to positive selection and by implication are important in functional diversity. A small number of sites in the mature human peptides were found to have undergone repeated episodes of selection in different primate lineages. Particular sites were consistently implicated by multiple methods at positions throughout the mature peptides. These sites are clustered at positions predicted to be important for the specificity of the antimicrobial or chemoattractant properties of β-defensins. Surprisingly, sites within the prepropeptide region were also implicated as being subject to significant positive selection, suggesting previously unappreciated functional significance for this region.

Conclusions
Identification of these putatively functional sites has important implications for our understanding of β-defensin function and for novel antibiotic design.