bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Currents: Books in Brief
Authors: Lawton LaRoi 
Published: August 2002

Abstract

Gaming the System: Stop Playing the Organizational Game
Winning the Talent Wars: How to Manage and Compete in the High‐Tech, High Speed,
Knowledge‐Based Superfluid Economy
Guide to Global Compensation and Benefits
Acquiring, Processing, and Deploying Voice of the Customer
Business Process Orientation: Gaining the E‐Business Competitive Advantage
Judo Strategy: Turning Your Competitors' Strength to Your Advantage
The Forward‐Focused Organization: Visionary Thinking and Breakthrough Leadership to Create Your
Company's Future
Place to Space: Migrating to e‐Business Models
Profit from the Core: Growth Strategy in an Era of Turbulence
The Attention Economy: Understanding the New Currency of Business
The 108 Skills of Natural Born Leaders
The Nature of Organizational Leadership: Understanding the Performance Imperatives Confronting Today's
Leaders
Strategic Interviewing: How to Hire Good People
Local pentoxifylline administration decreases the formalin induced Fos expression in rat spinal cord
Authors: Rodella Luigi , Borsani Elisa , Rezzani Rita , Lanzi Roberto , Bianchi Rossella 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPro‐inflammatory cytokines play a key role in the inflammatory response and contributing to producing local hyperalgesia. It is known that pentoxifylline inhibits inflammatory cytokine production. Therefore, the aim of this study was to find out, using a behavioural test and neuronal Fos expression, if this drug had some antinociceptive effect decreasing nociresponsive neuron activation in the spinal cord after nociceptive inflammation (injection of formalin in the hind paw). Our data showed that formalin induced a great number of Fos‐positive neurons in the dorsal horn of the lumbar spinal cord mainly in the ipsilateral I and II laminae. The local pre‐treatment with pentoxifylline before the formalin injection, decreased the nociceptive response in the formalin test and the number of Fos positive neurons in the spinal cord. This finding suggests that pentoxifylline is involved in decreasing the activation of nociceptive neurons in the spinal cord playing a role in local anti‐nociception.
Simultaneous activation and inactivation profiles of p38 MAP kinase and ATF‐2 in rat DRG neurons after axotomy
Authors: Nakata Takahiro , Yorifuji Hiroshi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe axon of the neuron can sprout, elongate and regenerate towards their target following axotomy in the peripheral nervous system.To elucidate the mechanism of the axotomy signal, we investigated the phosphorylation state of several MAPK molecules using phospho‐specific antibodies. The c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) /c‐Jun signal transduction system was activated soon after axotomy and maintained over a lengthy period. On the other hand, the p38/ATF‐2 system was transiently activated at one or two days after the axotomy, and deactivated at 4 days or 8 days, accompanied by a decrease in the total ATF‐2 protein expression. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed the up‐regulation of p38 phosphorylation mainly in small diameter neurons in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG). The synergistic induction of p38 and ATF‐2 phosphorylation suggests that the p38/ATF‐2 pathway plays a role in the signal mechanism of peripheral nerve regeneration.
Effects of nitrobenzylthioinosine on adenosine levels and neuronal injury in rat forebrain ischemia
Authors: Zhang YiWei , Shepel P. Nicholas , Peeling James , Geiger Jonathan D. , Parkinson Fiona E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNitrobenzylthioinosine (NBMPR) can potentiate the actions of adenosine through inhibition of adenosine influx mediated by the equilibrative nucleoside transporter subtype 1 (ENT1). As adenosine can decrease ischemic neuronal injury, we tested the hypothesis that peripheral administration of the pro‐drug NBMPR‐phosphate (NBMPR‐P) can increase brain adenosine levels and reduce ischemia‐induced loss of hippocampal CA1 neurons. Pre‐ischemic, but not post‐ischemic, peripheral administration of NBMPR‐P significantly (P = 0.03) increased neuronal survival. Mechanistically, NBMPR‐induced neuroprotection was associated with significant (P = 0.03) increases in adenosine levels relative to saline‐treated controls. Hypothermia was tested for but did not account for the beneficial effects of NBMPR. Together, these data suggest that selective inhibition of ENT1 adenosine transporters can increase post‐ischemic levels of adenosine and reduce ischemic neuronal death.
Potassium, M3 muscarinic receptors, and dopamine release
Authors: Hoffmann I.S. , Guevara B.H. , Cubeddu L.X. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe factors determining dopamine (DA) release induced by muscarinic receptor stimulation were investigated. Carbachol facilitated DA release elicited by electrical stimulation (1Hz, 2 min). In addition, carbachol per se induced DA release (direct action); an effect dependent of potassium levels. Increasing potassium from 4.8 to 12.5 mM produced a 10‐fold increase in carbachol‐induced DA release (P<0.001). DA release induced by electrical stimulation was not dependent on potassium levels. Low extracellular calcium (0.65 mM) reduced 44 ± 7 and 2 ± 1% the release evoked by electrical stimulation and carbachol, respectively (P<0.001). Tetrodotoxin (0.33 μM) inhibited the electrically‐evoked release by ≥ 90% and carbachol‐induced release by only 20% (P<0.001). Nomifensine (3 μM) and sulpiride (1 μM) enhanced carbachol‐induced DA release. The following order of potency: 4‐DAMP > pirenzepine > tropicamide > AF‐DX 116, was obtained for inhibiting carbachol‐induced DA release. In conclusion, carbachol acting through M3‐like (M1 possibly) muscarinic receptors induces the release of DA which is strongly dependent on extracellular potassium. This release seems of exocytotic nature, it is not dependent on the generation of action potentials and partly relies on intracellular calcium. Potassium level is a critical determinant of DA release mediated by M3 muscarinic receptor stimulation.
Correlations between the clustering patterns of the pathological changes in sporadic Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease
Authors: Armstrong R.A. , Lantos P.L. , Cairns N.J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCorrelations between the clustering patterns of the vacuolation ('spongiform change'), prion protein (PrP) deposits, and surviving neurons were studied in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum in 11 cases of sporadic Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease (sCJD). Differences in the sizes of the clusters of vacuoles were observed between brain regions and in the cerebral cortex, between the upper and lower laminae. With the exception of the parietal cortex, mean cluster size of the vacuoles was similar to that of the PrP deposits in each brain area. Clusters of the vacuoles were spatially correlated with the density of surviving neurons and with the clusters of PrP deposits in 47% and 53% of cortical areas analysed respectively but there were few spatial correlation between the PrP deposits and the density of surviving neurons. The data suggest that the pathology of sCJD may spread through the brain via specific anatomical pathways. Development of the clusters of vacuoles is spatially related to surviving neurons while the appearance of clusters of PrP deposits is related to the development of the vacuolation.
Prenatal PTZ exposure alters the susceptibility to PTZ‐induced and nonconvulsive epilepsy in rats
Authors: Klioueva I.A. , van Luijtelaar E.L.J.M. , Chepurnov S.A. , Coenen A.M.L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe effects of prenatal PTZ treatment on convulsive threshold for PTZ and spontaneously occurring spike‐wave discharages (SWD) were studied in WAG/Rij rats. Pregnant females were either repeatedly injected with PTZ (40 mg/kg i.p.) or saline. The offspring were divided into four groups that were challenged with PTZ at one of the following postnatal days (PD): 40‐th, 70‐th, 100‐th and 130‐th. The PTZ pre‐treated group had a higher PTZ seizure threshold than the control at PD 40, 100 and 130, not at PD 70: than the control group had a higher threshold. Next there was an age‐dependent decrease in seizure threshold and latency.EEG monitoring at the age of 110–140 days showed a lower number of SWD for WAG/Rij rats prenatally treated with PTZ than for the control group. These results demonstrate that prenatal PTZ treatment protects rats against PTZ‐induced seizures and SWD.
An optimization‐based domain decomposition method for the Boussinesq equations
Authors: Lee Hyesuk Kwon 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe study an optimization based domain decomposition method for the Boussinesq equations governing natural convection problems. Domain decomposition is cast into a constrained minimization problem for which the objective functional measures the jump in the dependent variables across the interface between solid and fluid subdomains. We showthat solutions of the minimization problem exist and derive an optimality system from which these solutions may be determined. Finite element approximations of the solutions of the optimality system are examined. The domain decomposition method is also reformulated as a nonlinear least‐squares problem and the results of some numerical experiments are given. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 18: 1–25, 2002
A mixed‐FEM formulation for nonlinear incompressible elasticity in the plane
Authors: Gatica Gabriel N. , Stephan Ernst P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis article deals with an expanded mixed finite element formulation, based on the Hu‐Washizu principle, for a nonlinear incompressible material in the plane. We follow our related previous works and introduce both the stress and the strain tensors as further unknowns, which yields a two‐fold saddle point operator equation as the corresponding variational formulation. A slight generalization of the classical Babuška‐Brezzi's theory is applied to prove unique solvability of the continuous and discrete formulations, and to derive the corresponding a priori error analysis. An extension of the well‐known PEERS space is used to define an stable associated Galerkin scheme. Finally, we provide an a posteriori error analysis based on the classical Bank‐Weiser approach. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 18: 105–128, 2002
The use of size–frequency diagrams to characterize prehistoric fish catches and to assess human impact on inshore fisheries
Authors: Leach Foss , Davidson Janet 
Published: August 2002

AbstractArchaeological collections of fish bones from previously excavated sites in New Zealand are being re‐examined and selected bones measured in order to estimate original fish size, reconstruct prehistoric fish catches and assess human impact on the fishery over the course of about 800 years of New Zealand prehistory. Several problems hamper this research, such as small sample sizes, lack of significant stratigraphy at many sites, inconsistent field collection strategies and failure to retain all of the material after initial analysis.Although some common fish species show a significant decline in mean size between pre‐European and early historic samples on the one hand, and modern populations on the other, we have found little support for the common belief that there was a decline in mean fish size during the pre‐European period. We have observed increases over time in the mean size of snapper (Pagrus auratus), blue cod (Parapercis colias) and undifferentiated species of Labridae from several sites scattered throughout New Zealand. Distinguishing between changes in fish population structures owing to natural processes, such as surface sea water changes, and those which are the result of human over‐fishing is not simple, because both processes can operate simultaneously. We draw on modern fish quota management models to separate these processes. Important factors for each species are inshore biomass and the recruitment rate at different temperature regimes. In the case of blue cod, we find that there are signs in the catch diagrams of changes in fishing technology, and that 30–80% of catches are undersized fish in terms of modern management criteria. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Palaeopathological evidence of infectious disease in skeletal populations from later medieval Serbia
Authors: Djurić‐Srejić Marija , Roberts Charlotte 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPublished data on palaeopathology are limited from the area of Serbia. This paper provides evidence for infectious disease in 1617 skeletons from eight Medieval Serbian cemeteries. Two hundred and three individuals were analysed by the first author and data on the remaining skeletons were derived from previous published work. A total of 23 adult individuals, and no non‐adults, had evidence of infectious disease. Historical data on infectious disease at that time are considered, particularly leprosy, treponemal disease, and infections affecting only the soft tissues, such as the plague, dysentery, smallpox and rabies, and the results of the analyses compared, with discussions on the limitations of the study. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tortuosity or aneurysm? The palaeopathology of some abnormalities of the vertebral artery
Authors: Waldron Tony , Antoine Daniel 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe anatomy of the vertebral artery (VA) and two pathological conditions which affect it—tortuosity and aneurysm—are described. The changes which these lesions produce in the cervical vertebrae are also described and we present two cases in which these changes have been found. One case is of a female aged at least 45 years at the time of death from a 15th century medieval cemetery site in Britain with what we consider to be tortuosity of the VA. The second case is of a male aged between 25 and 35 years at the time of death from a Coffin period site in Japan, dating to ca 1600 years BP. The changes in this skeleton are considered to be more in keeping with a diagnosis of aneurysm of the VA. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lingual cortical mandibular defects (Stafne's defect): an anthropological approach based on prehistoric skeletons from the Canary Islands
Authors: Lukacs John R. , RodrÍguez MartÍn Conrado 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWhile posterior lingual mandibular depressions (Stafne's defect) are often discussed in clinical reports, they are rarely the subject of anthropological research. This situation is paradoxical since osteologists and skeletal biologists are in a position to enhance understanding of the trait's aetiology by systematically recording the trait in recent and prehistoric skeletal collections. This report reviews anthropological studies of cortical defects of the mandible, recommends a protocol for recording observations in trait variation, and presents new data for the prevalence of Stafne's defect—lingual cortical defects of the mandibular corpus. Among the Guanches of Tenerife in the Canary Islands (Spain), the prevalence of lingual cortical defects is 3.32% (15/452), males are more frequently affected than females, and there is a tendency for individuals with antemortem tooth loss to display larger lesions than individuals without antemortem loss of teeth. Defects of the left side are somewhat more variable in position than defects located on the right. In comparative perspective, prevalence of lingual cortical defects among the Guanches is high, given the overall 1.07% prevalence reported for archaeological series (Finnegan & Marcsik,1980), but is similar to figures reported for the Avar period sample from Hungary 3.73%. Prospects for the use of lingual cortical defects as non‐metric traits of value in population distance studies remain uncertain since variation in trait expression may have a high environmental component. However, if human osteologists routinely include observations of lingual mandibular cortical defects in their analysis of skeletal collections, the data required to elucidate factors responsible for the trait's cultural, ecological, temporal and geographical patterning will more rapidly become established. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The resource profile approach: a Kosovo case study
Authors: Saltmarshe Douglas 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis article describes the resource profile approach and illustrates its value in understanding the social, economic and political context within which livelihoods are constructed. The article provides a rationale for the use of the approach and a description of resources used in this methodology. Its analysis of resources provides qualitative and quantitative information which permits a definition of poverty relevant to the grouping being studied. It describes routes to and from impoverishment and on the nature and function of formal and informal institutions. The case study shows how the methodology was applied in Kosovo. The evidence from the research identified a number of development needs, principal amongst which was the need to develop institutions close to the people they were intended to serve. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dielectric relaxation studies on a three component fully aromatic copolyester
Authors: Collins T. L. D. , Davies G. R. , Ward I. M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe family of aromatic copolyesters based on the hydroxybenzoic acid (HBA) unit has been studied extensively by a number of groups. In particular the copolyesters of HBA and 2,6‐hydroxynaphthoic acid (HNA) have received much of attention due to their superior physical properties. This paper, however, describes some detailed dielectric studies on a related fully aromatic copolyester, poly(p‐oxybenzoate‐co‐p‐phenylene isophthalate), known simply as HIQ.This polymer is of particular interest because it can be solvent cast in an amorphous form, with no apparent crystallinity or frozen liquid crystalline texture and subsequently annealed, to increase the amount of crystalline and frozen liquid crystalline material. Dielectric measurements were therefore made on tape and film samples with differing morphologies produced by different processing histories. Measurements were made from 1 Hz to 10 kHz over the temperature range −100 °C to 150 °C.A low temperature γ relaxation is observed which appears to be similar in nature to that which is observed in copolymers of HBA and HNA. An intermediate temperature β process is seen in isotropic samples which has a much higher activation energy than that found in HBA/HNA polyesters for example. The intensity of this process, which is not seen in mechanical measurements on highly oriented samples, increases on annealing and it is therefore suggested that the process is the glass transition of the liquid crystalline phase, though why the process is not seen in mechanical measurements on oriented samples is unclear. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of a polyelectrolyte complex ­(PEC) composed of chitin derivatives ­and chitosan, which promotes the rat ­calvarial osteoblast differentiation
Authors: Hamano Takaichi , Chiba Daido , Nakatsuka Katsuhiro , Nagahata Misao , Teramoto Akira , Kondo Yoshiyuki , Hachimori Akira , Abe Koji 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRat osteoblasts (rOB) isolated from rat calvaria were cultured on polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) composed of phosphated and carboxymethylated chitin (PCHN and CCHN) as a polyanion, and chitosan (CS) as a polycation to evaluate the effects of these PECs on rOB differentiation. Aggregates of rOB were observed on PPEC (CS‐PCHN) after 4 days of culture, and on CPEC (CS‐CCHN) after 2 days of culture. Furthermore, rOB growth on PECs was inhibited by aggregation. In contrast, the rOB in the tissue culture dish did not produce aggregates on the same culture day as those on the PECs, and growth was not inhibited. The alkaline phosphatase activity, which is used as an initial differentiation marker for osteoblastic cells, increased after rOB aggregation was observed on PECs. Furthermore, after 5 days of culture, the positive stain area of Von Kossa was only observed in the aggregates, and osteocalcin mRNA was expressed on each of the PECs. These results suggest that the rOB differentiation was induced earlier by PECs than with other tissue culture materials. This early inducement of rOB differentiation appears to be attributable to the formation of aggregates on PECs. In other words, the inducement of aggregation by PECs plays an important role in rOB mineralization. These studies suggest that PEC has the ability to control rOB proliferation and differentiation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relationship among drug delivery behavior, degradation behavior and morphology of copolylactones derived from glycolide, l‐lactide and ε‐caprolactone
Authors: Cai Qing , Bei Jianzhong , Wang Shenguo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA series of copolylactones was synthesized by ring‐opening copolymerization of glycolide, L‐lactide and ϵ‐caprolactone, using stannous octoate as catalyst. The in vitro degradation behaviors of them were studied and data demonstrated different degradation rates which mainly depended on the compositions. Investigation of the 5‐fluorouracil (5‐Fu) release from these copolylactones revealed that the composition, degradation rate and the morphology of the polymeric matrix played an important role on the drug release kinetics. A sustained 5‐Fu release without initial time lag was obtained from random poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide‐co‐caprolactone) (r‐PGLC) drug carrier, and it differed from the cases of polylactide (PLA) or random poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA), which usually showed an initial time lag or biphasic drug release behavior. It was due to the low glass transition temperature (T
g) of the r‐PGLC and the drug would diffuse faster in rubbery state under the experimental temperature. Furthermore, a significant change in the drug release behavior of r‐PGLC was observed when the temperatures were changed around the T
g of the drug carrier, which implied that the drug release behavior could be regulated by adjusting the morphology of the drug carrier. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Palladium complexes of side‐chain liquid crystal polymers with T‐shaped two‐dimensional mesogenic units
Authors: Zhang S. Y. , Deng G. , Li Z. F. , Cao S. K. , Zhou Q. F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA series of liquid crystal polymers (LCPs) with T‐shaped two‐dimensional mesogenic units were synthesized via solution polycondensation. The LCPs were used as ligand polymers to coordinate with palladium dichloride, by which a series of polymeric palladium complexes were prepared. The liquid crystalline behaviors of the compounds were characterized using differential scanning calorimetry, polarized microscopy and X‐ray diffraction. The entire palladium complexes went to liquid crystal phase when heated to their melting temperature (T
m), and a threaded texture was observed. The melting point of all the complexes changes regularly with the increase of the end alkoxy group length and the flexible spacer unit in the ligand polymer. It is worth noting that some of the complexes without end substituent groups in the ligand polymer were also found to show liquid crystal behaviors, which would be a subject for further investigation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.