bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Structure—Phase State of Nb Containing Zr Alloys on Irradiation-Induced Growth
Authors: Shishov VN , Peregud MM , Nikulina AV , Pimenov YV , Kobylyansky GP , Novoselov AE , Ostrovsky ZE , Obukhov AV 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
On account of the search for the optimal composition and structure-phase state of Zr alloys much attention is paid to upgrade the E110 (Zr-1 %Nb) and E635 (Zr-1 %Nb-0.35 %Fe-1.2 %Sn) alloys that have proved well in terms of irradiation-induced creep and growth, high strength characteristics, and corrosion. The difference between the alloy properties is determined by their states related to their compositions. The structure-phase state of the Zr-Nb and Zr-Nb-Fe-Sn systems has been studied after heat treatment in the α-- and α + β- regions and its influence on the irradiation-induced growth (IIG) during BOR-60 irradiation at T =315–350 °C was investigated. A substantial difference has been shown in the deformation effected by IIG of those alloys, it is less for Zr-Nb-Fe-Sn alloys in dissimilar structure-phase states. The incubation period of the accelerated growth stage is determined by the α-matrix composition, the phase state and the initial dislocation structure. Neutron irradiation leads to a redistribution of alloying elements between the matrix and the precipitates, and to changes in the α-solid solution composition. These changes affect accumulation and mobility of irradiation defects, anisotropy and formation of vacancy c-component dislocation loops. The appearance of c-loops usually correlates with an axial direction acceleration of the IIG of tubes conforming to their texture. The basic regularities of the phase transformation have been established: a) β-Nb precipitates in Zr-Nb alloys are altered in composition to reduce the Nb content from 85–90 % to ∼ 50 %, fine precipitates likely enriched in Nb are formed; b) β-Zr precipitates are subject to irradiation-stimulated decomposition; c) Laves phase precipitates change composition (the content of Fe decreases) and crystal structure, HCP to BCC (β-Nb); d) (Zr,Nb)2Fe precipitates having the FCC lattice retain their composition and crystal structure; e) no amorphization of any secondary phase precipitates is observable under the given conditions of irradiation (T = 315–350 °C). Based on the dpa, the results were compared pertaining to Zr-alloy IIG deformation vs. fluence in various reactors at different energies of fast neutrons. The presented graphs enable comparison between the results of numerous experiments and enable predictions of Zr-material behavior in long-term operation and at high burn-up in commercial reactors.
Fretting-Wear Behavior of Zircaloy-4, OPTIN™, and ZIRLO™ Fuel Rods and Grid Supports Under Various Autoclave and Hydraulic Loop Endurance Test Conditions
Authors: King SJ , Young MY , Guérout FM , Fisher NJ 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
High fuel duty, eighteen-month and longer cycle lengths, and higher burnups have put increased demands on pressurized water reactor (PWR) fuel during recent years. As a result of these demanding operating conditions, the fretting-wear performance of PWR fuel rods against structural grid supports is being challenged. To understand the in-reactor fretting-wear performance of PWR fuel, Westinghouse Electric Company (W) and Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL) have performed investigations to study the fretting-wear behavior of zirconium alloy nuclear fuel rods and grid supports. Experimental work was carried out at the AECL Chalk River Laboratories (Canada) in autoclave impact fretting-wear test machines and at the W Columbia, South Carolina (USA) plant in the Westinghouse — Vibration Investigation Pressure-Drop Experimental Research (VIPER) hydraulic test loop.
Autoclave impact fretting-wear tests were conducted for several grid-support/fuel-rod designs using either ZIRLO™, Zircaloy-4, and/or OPTIN™ materials. Rod-to-grid relative displacements and contact forces were measured throughout each test. The wear volumes of each fret mark on the fuel rod specimens were measured via surface profilometry at the end of each test. From these wear volumes, wear rates and wear coefficients for the fuel rod in contact with either springs or dimples were determined.
The VIPER loop is used for full-scale nuclear fuel assembly vibration and wear testing. Endurance tests were performed with severe flow conditions to induce fuel fretting-wear for different grid support and assembly designs using either all ZIRLO™ or all Zircaloy-4 materials. The wear volumes of the most severe fret marks on the fuel rods were measured via surface profilometry at the end of each test. From the profilometry of each fret mark, and using the fretting-wear coefficient derived from autoclave wear tests, the available energy (i.e., work-rate) to cause the fretting-wear damage was determined.
Fretting-wear scars on ZIRLO™, Zircaloy-4, and/or OPTIN™ fuel rods from the autoclave impact fretting-wear tests and the VIPER hydraulic tests were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to compare the fretting-wear mechanisms for different grid-support designs. Fretting-wear mechanisms from both types of tests were shown to be comparable and related to the grid-support design. For a given material (i.e., ZIRLO™, Zircaloy-4, or OPTIN™) under similar test conditions, there was no difference in the fretting-wear performance.
Adhesive Characterization & Durability of Self-Adhered Flashings
Authors: Katsaros JD 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSelf-adhered flashing products can very effectively maintain a durable moisture-tight seal at the window-wall interface, which is highly vulnerable to moisture intrusion. However, it is essential that these products be installed under conditions where adequate adhesion to the substrate is achieved. Also, the self-adhered flashing products must have thermal durability and dimensional stability to maintain their performance at the high temperatures that can exist behind siding. This study gives a preliminary adhesion characterization assessment of six self-adhered flashing products, three with modified-asphalt based adhesives and three with butyl based adhesives, onto several common building substrates and installed at a range of temperatures, including moist and dusty conditions. What is found is that the butyl based adhesive systems have a broader window of installation surface conditions and temperatures where “adequate adhesion” is achieved without the use of a primer than the modifiedasphalt based adhesive products. Also, a thermal aging study shows that the butyl based adhesive products are more thermally stable than the modified-asphalt based products at typical temperatures behind siding. Also, film topsheets are more prone to deformation and curling after thermal aging than nonwovens composite or foil laminate based topsheets.
A Review of Climate Loads Relevant to Assessing the Watertightness Performance of Walls, Windows, and Wall-Window Interfaces
Authors: Cornick SM , Lacasse MA 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWhen assessing a wall assembly's ability to manage rainwater and control rain penetration, the two key climatic elements to consider are wind speed and rainfall intensity. However, of significance to rain penetration is the effect of wind-driven rain on the building cladding — that is wind coincident with rainfall. When water is present at openings in the cladding, water is driven into the layers of the assembly by the action of wind. Paths providing a direct line from openings in the cladding to inside the assembly offer particularly vulnerable points for water entry. Performance testing helps determine the location of vulnerable locations in a wall assembly and the test loads at which penetration occurs, and it possibly relates the amount of entry to specific details and simulated climate effects. Undertaking watertightness performance tests requires knowledge of extremes in wind-driven rain or specifically the occurrence and level of extreme rainfall events for locations of interest. A review of climate information on wind-driven rain is provided, and its relevance to assessing the watertightness performance of walls, windows, and wall-window interfaces is discussed. Values of rainfall intensity, duration, and frequency or occurrence are given, emphasizing the level of significance of these variables to different North American climates.
Influence of Oxygen Content on the Mechanical Properties of Titanium-35Niobium-7Zirconium-5Tantalum Beta Titanium Alloy
Authors: Jablokov VR , Murray NGD , Rack HJ , Freese HL 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Titanium-35Niobium-7Zirconium-5Tantalum beta titanium alloy (also known as TiOsteum® beta titanium alloy) is a new metallic biomaterial that was designed to have outstanding osseointegratabilty, good mechanical strength, improved ductility, very low elastic modulus, and good hot and cold workability [1]. In this study, mechanical property data are presented from several TiOsteum alloy production lots with ingot oxygen contents ranging from 0.05 to 0.68 %. Additionally, mill annealed mechanical property data collected over the last 10 to 15 years for the more common alpha, alpha-beta, and beta titanium alloys are presented as a function of oxygen content and compared to TiOsteum alloy. The influence of oxygen as an interstitial strengthening element is well established in titanium alloys. This study examines this effect over a broad range of oxygen values, and has significance for the application of the new TiOsteum alloy and other beta titanium alloys being considered for use in medical and surgical devices.
Metallurgical Attachment of a Porous Tantalum Foam to a Titanium Substrate for Orthopedic Applications
Authors: Medlin DJ , Scrafton J , Shetty R 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
A porous tantalum foam (Trabecular Metal™) has been successfully attached to a titanium substrate for an orthopedic acetabular cup application by two different methods: sintered powder processing and diffusion bond processing. A metallurgical evaluation of the interfaces between the tantalum foam and the titanium substrates has been performed, as well as long-term corrosion immersion tests to evaluate the susceptibility of the materials and design to crevice corrosion attack. The sintered powder attachment method used sprayed titanium powder at the interface between the tantalum foam and the titanium substrate. The assembly is sintered at high temperature to form a metallurgical bond between the sintered titanium powder and the titanium substrate and a predominately mechanical interlock between the sintered powder and the tantalum foam. The diffusion bond attachment process used time, pressure, and temperature to form a metallurgical bond between the tantalum foam and the titanium substrate by solid state diffusion. Both methods formed acceptable bond strengths with no evidence of corrosion attack from the corrosion immersion tests.
Photo Thermal Micro-Spectroscopy — A New Method for Infared Analysis of Materials
Authors: Slough CG , Hammiche A , Reading M , Pollock HM 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Many modern materials are composite structures with complex morphologies that play a large role in determining the material function. The ability to investigate the relationship between structure and property on a microscopic scale can play a crucial role in material development. Micro-Thermal Analysis (μTA)™ is a unique set of analytical techniques for characterizing materials on a micrometer and nanometer scale. Micro-TA combines the imaging power of atomic force microscopy with the ability to analyze physical, mechanical, thermal, and chemical characteristics at a specific point of interest on the surface of a material. At the heart of the technique is a miniaturized thermal probe. In a new technique termed Photo Thermal Micro-Spectroscopy (PTMS), this thermal probe is used to detect temperature fluctuations in samples that have been irradiated by IR radiation. A Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectrum can be constructed from this information. This paper describes the PTMS technique and discusses recent applications.
Characterization of Sulfonated Lignin Dispersants by Hydrophobic Interactive Chromatography
Authors: Winowiski T , Lebo S , Gretland K , Gustafsson J 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Organic surfactants can be produced by sulfonation of lignin that naturally occurs in the structural tissue of plants. These sulfonated lignins often exist as a heterogeneous mixture that is difficult to analyze by conventional means. It is believed that molecular weight and degree of sulfonation impact the hydrophobic balance and subsequent performance of lignin dispersants, but analytical measurements of these properties typically report an average value and give little or no detail about heterogeneity. Each component of this mixture will impart a unique quality to the dispersant and its subsequent effect in the formulation. Hydrophobic Interactive Chromatography (HIC) is useful in separating and characterizing various components of lignin dispersants based on hydrophobic response. For example, Borresperse NA (BNA-6.0) has a high percentage of hydrophilic material that elutes quickly from the column. In contrast, Lignosperse AGO-300 (OXY-2.6) elutes much later and has a strong hydrophobic peak. Both have overlapping middle peaks. These two dispersants are completely water soluble, although their dissolution rates differ. However, significant portions of OXY-2.6 are not soluble in 32-0-0 liquid fertilizer. The fractional percentage of dispersant that remains insoluble in 32-0-0 is predicted by HIC.
Influence of Adjuvants on Weed Control from Tribenuron
Authors: Zollinger RK 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Tribenuron is a slow acting sulfonylurea herbicide that becomes more soluble as spray solution pH increases. Data from field research show differences in adjuvant enhancement of tribenuron. The most effective adjuvants with tribenuron were methylated seed oil and basic pH blend adjuvants, but the greatest activity occurred when applied together. The order of tribenuron enhancement from adjuvants was: methylated seed oil & basic pH blend&gt;methylated seed oil=basic pH blend&gt;crop oil concentrate=nonionic surfactant & organosilicone&gt;nonionic surfactant=nonionic surfactant&water conditioner&gt;nonionic surfactant&organosilicone. Methylated seed oil & basic pH blend adjuvant did not entirely overcome tribenuron antagonism of quizalofop. Tribenuron, applied as a soluble granule (SG) formulation and having properties to increase spray solution pH, provided similar weed control at a reduced rate as compared to the commercial extruded paste (XP) formulation of tribenuron. Limited research suggests that applying adjuvants on an area basis provides greater adjuvant enhancement than if applied on a percent volume basis. This would be especially important as spray volume decreases. These results generally support the concept that herbicide solubilization and absorption are necessary to maximize foliar activity.
Nozzle Formulation Interactions: Consequences for Spray Droplet Adhesion to Plant Surfaces
Authors: Downer RA , Hacker JK , Ebert RS 
Published: August 2005

AbstractTests were conducted with a widely used herbicide (glyphosate) that is available in a range of formulations and a selection of commonly used nozzle types [XR TeeJet, extended range flat spray tip (XR), Turbo TeeJet, wide angle flat spray tip (TT), AI TeeJet, Air Induction spray tip (AI)] and determined the rebound characteristics of each combination using a difficult-to-wet foliar crop target (cabbage), an easy-to-wet hairy weed (velvetleaf), and a difficult-to-wet weed (lambsquarters). The rebound was determined under standard spraying conditions in a track room using a “bounce chamber” constructed at The Laboratory for Pest Control Application Technology (LPCAT). The amount of spray liquid retained and reflected from the leaf surfaces was determined by weight. The data showed that there were no significant differences between the nozzles, but that formulation differences did occur and were a reflection of surfactant level in the spray mixture. There was a significant formulation X leaf interaction and leaf X nozzle interaction, but not a formulation X nozzle interaction.
SED Method of Measuring Yield Strength of Adhesives and Other Materials
Authors: Lenwari A , Albrecht P , Albrecht M 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The strain energy density (SED) method of determining the yield strength of adhesives and other materials that is based on the fundamental principles of mechanics is described in this paper. The results from two sets of tests are reported. In the first set, the yield strength of multiple specimens made of the adhesive FM 300K was determined in the dry/cold, moderate, and humid/hot environments; the strain rates were 10−2/s, 10−4/s, and 10−6/s. In the second set, single specimens of five other adhesives were tested in the dry/cold and humid/hot environments; the strain rate was 10−4/s. Fifty-three out of the 60 specimens have yield strengths calculated with the SED method that are equal to or lower than the values obtained with the 0.2% offset method suggested in the ASTM specifications. The SED method is most valuable when the stress-strain curve of the material exhibits a gradual transition from elastic to the inelastic behavior typical of polymers, aluminum, and some very high strength steels. To ensure the safety of bonded structures, the yield strength of adhesives should be determined with the SED method, which is based on the fundamental principles of mechanics, instead of on an arbitrary estimate of strain offset. Although applied in this paper to stress-strain curves of adhesives, the SED method may also discern the onset of yielding and instability in columns and beams. To ensure that the yield strength of adhesives for bonding load-bearing structures is not systematically overestimated, the authors recommend using the SED method in lieu of the 0.2% offset method.
Analysis of Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Samples by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES), Using Pneumatic Nebulizer and Standard Spray Chamber
Authors: Onyeso CC 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
A method has been developed for accurate quantitative determination of additive elements and wear metals in gasoline and diesel fuel in the concentration range of 0 to 50 ppm using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). This method requires an ICP capable of detecting metals at the 0.02 mg/kg level, and capable of linear calibration over the range of 0.05 to 20.0 mg/kg with a correlation coefficient of 0.9999 or better. No additional ICP-AES accessory or lengthy sample preparation is required. The PerkinElmer Optima 4300 has been shown to meet this requirement.
The Application of Ti-15Mo Beta Titanium Alloy in High Strength Structural Orthopaedic Applications
Authors: Jablokov VR , Nutt MJ , Richelsoph ME , Freese HL 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Titanium-15Molybdenum beta titanium alloy is a generic alloy that has been around for a long time, but has never found wide use in the aerospace industry. Beta titanium alloys, in general, and corrosion-resistant biocompatible titanium alloys, in particular, attracted a lot of attention in the medical and surgical device industry in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Until that time, all of the titanium grades used for medical implant applications were based on ASTM “F” standards modeled from aerospace industry and AMS specifications. The CP titanium grades (CP-1, CP-2, and CP-4) and two α + β alloys, Ti-6Al-4V ELI and Ti-6Al-4V, were widely used in aerospace applications and found early acceptance to become the reference metallic materials in ASTM F 748. Two important factors held Ti-15Mo back from commercial applications and use: the physical metallurgy of the alloy and the inability of the then-current reactive metals melting and processing machinery to handle this unusual binary alloy. This paper will briefly review high-technology manufacturing advances and processing technology that have enabled the reliable production of large-scale lots of Ti-15Mo bar and rod product forms. Additionally, mechanical and metallurgical data for semi-finished high strength rod product suitable for highly stressed orthopaedic implant applications will be presented.
An Automatic Pavement Surface Distress Inspection System
Authors: Huang Y , Xu B 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
This paper presents a customized image-processing algorithm for the high-speed and real-time detection of pavement surface distresses. The algorithm was developed based on the “grid cell” analysis, in which a pavement image is divided into a grid of 8 × 8 pixel cells, and each cell is classified as a non-crack cell or a crack cell based on the statistics of the grayscales of the cell pixels. A crack cell can be regarded as a seed for crack formation. Adjacent crack seeds or seed clusters are connected to a crack segment. Each segment has it own direction and contrast traced from all seed in the path. A full crack is a connection of nearby segments with similar directions and contrasts. Most importantly, there must be a clear crack path along these segments. Because many operations are performed on the grid cells rather than on the original image, the algorithm can detect the cracks in the current image during the time when the camera is capturing a new image. Therefore, the survey can run at real time at a highway speed. The trial test results showed a good repeatability and accuracy when the system conducts multiple surveys and runs at different speeds and different weather conditions.
Reducing Tin and Aminosilane Concentration in Silicone Elastomeric Coating to Improve Its Durability
Authors: Cai Y 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
This study evaluated the impacts of tin and amino-functional silane on the long-term durability of a silicone coating material.
An experimental design was applied. Tin and aminosilane's concentrations were the variables. Laboratory-made samples were tested for initial mechanical properties. Samples were further placed in the QUV accelerated weathering chamber (fluorescent UV and condensation method) and tested periodically for tensile and elongation properties within the durability evaluation.
Based on the observations of the material and the measurements of mechanical properties, the concentration of tin in the formulation has the most influential impact on durability. The higher the concentration of tin, the faster the chalking. The concentration of the aminosilane also showed similar impacts on the durability, but not as significant as tin.
This study suggested that it is feasible to reduce both tin and aminosilane's amount by 30 % without significant impacts on the material's properties, and this may improve the coating's durability by more than 50 %. This finding may also apply to silicone sealant and adhesives.
Designing and Specifying Self-Adhering Flashings for the Window-Wall Interface
Authors: Bateman R 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSelf-adhering flashings provide a flexible and durable material that conforms to various wall planes, particularly those occurring in recessed wall openings. New flashing methods for the window-wall interface are available for this material. These new methods for designers are illustrated with step-by-step installation details for recessed windows, flush wall openings, recessed sills, and sill pan flashings. Considerations for flashing the window-wall interface are presented. A guide specification for self-adhering flashings is included for specifiers.