bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The collagens of cartilage (types II, IX, X, and XI) and the type IX related collagens of other tissues (types XII and XIV)
Authors: Mayne Richard , Rest Michel Van Der , Bruckner, Peter , Schmid Thomas M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cartilage is probably the most extensively studied of all connective tissues, and the functions (reviewed in references 1-3) of the different collagen types within the matrix are beginning to be understood. Collagen fibrils of cartilage are assembled from type II and type XI collagen with type IX collagen being located on the surface of the fibrils (see Figure 1 for the structure of cartilage collagens and procollagens). Type X collagen is synthesized only by hyper trophic cartilage and becomes associated with the collagen fibrils during development (4). Its function is unknown. Recently, two other collagens (designated type XII and type XIV) which are structurally related to type IX collagen and that are present in several connective tissues have been identified (2, 3). These two collagens are also present in articular cartilage but perhaps not in other cartilages (5). The methods used for isolating and characterizing type XII and type XIV collagens are similar to those used for type IX collagen, and these collagens have therefore been included in this chapter.
Enzymes involved in the post-translational processing of collagen
Authors: Berg Richard A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An affinity column technique for isolating enzymes or proteins bound to macromolecular substrates such as collagen was designed by covalently linking the macromolecule to a chromatography resin. This method has been developed for the purification of prolyl hydroxylase to homogeneity (1). The purified enzyme from a number of sources including chick embryos, human fibroblasts, and human liver was found to be a tetramer composed of two pairs of non-identical subunits α and β, (2). Recently it has been found that the pair of β, subunits of prolyl hydroxylase is identical to protein disulfide isomerase (3) which is non-covalently associated with the 2 α subunits of prolyl hydroxylase to produce an α2, β2 tetrameric structure.
Instrumentation and Pulse Sequences
Authors: Frenkiel T A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite having first been demonstrated over 40 years ago NMR is still in an exceptionally active state of development. Its range of applications is still widening and continual progress is being made in instrumentation and in experimental techniques. These technical advances have both fueled and been fueled by the growing interest in applying NMR to study biological macromolecules: as a result, the recent growth of biological NMR has been dramatic. Evidence of this growth and of the scope of biological NMR will be found in abundance in the following chapters.
Effects Of Chemical Exchange On NMR Spectra
Authors: Lian Lu-Yun , Roberts Gordon C K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the context of NMR, ‘ chemical exchange’ refers to any process in which a nucleus exchanges between two or more environments in which its NMR parameters, (e.g. chemical shift, scalar coupling, or relaxation) differ. These may be intramolecular or intermolecular processes.
Morphology of the pancreatic β-cell
Authors: Pipeleers Daniel , Kiekens, Rita , Veld Peter In’t 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The islet 13-cell population comprises less than 2 per cent of the volume of an adult mammalian pancreas (McEvoy 1981; Stefan et al. 1982; Rahier et al. 1983; Chen et al. 1989). Most insulin-containing cells occur in the islets of Langerhans, cell groups that are easily distinguished during microscopical inspection of the gland (Fig. 1). The pancreatic islets are scattered throughout the organ, with often a higher density in the tail region (Hellman 1970). Their size and number varies among species, and seems to be regulated by developmental, nutrient, and hormonal factors (Hellman 1959; Bonnevie-Nielsen et al. 1983). In the adult rat pancreas, islet sizes range from less than 50 µm to 500 µm, while estimates of their total numbers have exceeded 10 per organ (Lacy and Greider 1972). The small-sized islets are most numerous, but the islets larger than 150 µm represent more than 50 per cent of the total islet volume (Hellman et al. 1964). Virtually all in vitro studies have been conducted on large-sized islets as larger aggregates are preferentially selected by the isolation procedures developed by Hellerstrom (1964) and by Lacy and Kostianovsky (1967). It should thus be kept in mind that most in vitro data presently available for rodents are representative of the 13-cells that occur in the 200-500 largest islets of the pancreas (Fig. 2). Pancreatic 13-cells can also be encountered as single units outside the islets.
Mechanistn. of insulin secretion
Authors: Ashcroft Frances M , Ashcroft Stephen J H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Insulin release in vivo is regulated principally by the circulating glucose level together with extensive modulatory effects exerted by hormones, neurotransmitters, and other nutrients. The main agents capable of influencing insulin release, both physiologically and experimentally, are summarized in Fig. 1. These include initiators of secretion, such as metabolic substrates and the sulphonylureas, and a variety of substances that act to potentiate or inhibit the secretory response to an initiator. Of major importance are paracrine influences from adjacent non-[3-cells of the islet; these include glucagon, released from a-cells, and somatostatin, released from D-cells. Both neural inputs and gastrointestinal hormones may underlie the enhanced secretory response to oral, as opposed to intravenous, glucose loading. Pharmacological agents, in particular the sulphonylureas, also influence insulin secretion.
Physiological aspects of insulin action
Authors: Newsholme E A , Bevan S J , Dimitriadis, G D , Kelly R P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The wealth of information about metabolism that has accrued over the past 50 years and the large number of wall charts describing increasingly complex metabolic pathways have led to the view that most of general metabolism is solved and little further work needs to be done. Consequently, there is a feeling that current investigations in the metabolic field are old-fashioned and will not provide any novel information about how insulin controls metabolism, the cause of diabetes mellitus, or lead to an effective and efficient means for regulation of the blood glucose level; only the modern approach of molecular biology will do this. And yet, we are still uncertain as to which is the major metabolic process that controls the blood glucose level in response to a change in the insulin concentration. It is even possible to question whether changes in plasma insulin concentration actually play a physiological role in changing blood glucose concentration.
Mechanisms whereby insulin may regulate intracellular events
Authors: Denton Richard M , Tavare Jeremy M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As made clear in the preceding chapter, it is now beyond reasonable doubt that the initial event in the action of insulin is the binding of the hormone to a single class of receptors on the surface of the cells of target tissues, the most important of which are liver, fat, and muscle. This binding activates the intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity of the intracellular domain of the receptor, resulting in the rapid phosphorylation of tyrosines within first the receptor and then other intracellular proteins (Chapter 6). This chapter will be concerned with what happens beyond this first essential step in the insulin signalling systems which brings about the all important effects of the hormone on carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism described in Chapter 5. It needs to be emphasized that, at the time of writing, there remain fundamental gaps in our understanding of these systems despite much research effort.
Aetiology of type I diabetes: itnmunological aspects
Authors: Christie Michael R , Semple, John W , Rapoport, Micha J , Delovitch Terry L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Insulin-dependent (type I) diabetes is the result of the specific loss of insulin secreting pancreatic [3-cells. It is now generally accepted that the disease is auto immune in nature, the destruction of the [3-cells occurring as the direct result of an aberrant auto-immune reaction against one or more components of these cells. The main pieces of evidence that point to such a mechanism are as follows:
The disease clearly has a genetic component (reviewed in Chapter 9) and at least one of the susceptibility genes maps to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and specifically to genes that encode molecules involved in the regulation of immune responses. Immune responsiveness is thus likely to be important in disease pathogenesis.
In vivo measurement of monoamine neurotransmitter release using brain microdialysis
Authors: Sharp Trevor , Zetterstrom Tyra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Not long after the discovery, in the 1950s, of mammalian brain neurons containing the monoamines noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA), and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT), biochemical methods were established to monitor the level of monoaminergic neurotransmission and to help us understand how this is altered by psychotropic drugs and the physiological state. These biochemical methods included the measurement, in animal brain tissue, of rates of monoamine synthesis, as well as levels of monoamine metabolites and their rate of clearance. At the same time methods were also developed to measure the efflux of monoamine neurotransmitters from nerve terminals in brain tissue in vitro.
Gas chromatography instrumentation, operation, and experimental considerations
Authors: Tipler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of all the analytical techniques, gas chromatography (GC) offers the largest choice of instrumental components. While this feature contributes to the enormous power and flexibility of the technique, it does present the analyst with the often daunting task of selecting and operating the optimum hardware configuration to suit a particular analysis. A good understanding of the choice of components and their operation is a prerequisite for a successful chromatographic analysis.
The diversity of lipid modifications of proteins
Authors: Turner Anthony J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many cellular proteins undergo a variety of post-translational modifications, including proteolytic processing, glycosylation, and phosphorylation. Although lipid modification of proteins has been recognized for some time in the proteolipid class of proteins (1), it is only more recently that the considerable structural and functional diversity of such modifications has been appreciated. These include the covalent attachment of long-chain acyl groups, particularly myristate and palmitate, modification by long-chain prenyl groups and the C-terminal anchorage of proteins via glycosyl phosphatidylinositol moieties. Such modifications alter dramatically the hydrophobic character of proteins, facilitate their interaction with cell membranes and hence can play a role in cellular signalling events, cell targeting of proteins as well as growth and differentiation. Indeed, various key growth control proteins can be so modified; for example, guanylnucleotide binding (G) proteins, cell adhesion molecules, cell-surface receptors, and cytoskeletal proteins, as well as many viral proteins. Table 1 summarizes the major lipid modifications and provides a number of specific examples. More detailed discussion of the relevant processes and the proteins so modified are provided in the succeeding chapters. During the last few years some of the specific signals that direct lipid modifications have been revealed and the enzymology of these processes is being unravelled. Such enzymes provide potential targets for novel therapeutic agents, particularly in the control of cell growth and division.
Labelling of cell proteins with radioactive fatty acids and methods for studying palmitoyl-acyl transferase
Authors: Mcilhinney R A Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fact that proteins are modified by the covalent attachment of fatty acids is now accepted. The number of proteins that are known to be so modified is rapidly growing and includes viral coat proteins, cell receptors, secreted proteins, and a large number of proteins involved in cell signalling or metabolic regulation. Indeed, it is the number of regulatory and viral proteins that have fatty acids covalently bound to them that has served to stimulate interest in this area of research. Proteins that have fatty acids attached to them are said to be acylated and, by analogy with the descriptor glycoprotein, they are termed acylproteins.
Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides
Authors: Zon Gerald , Stec Wojciech J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Phosphorothioate analogues of DNA and RNA have sulphur in place of oxygen as one of the non-bridging ligands bonded to phosphorus. Differential electroncgativity, bond length, and other factors involving sulphur vs. oxygen lead to unique physicochcmical features for this class of backbone-modified analogues, relative to native DNA and RNA.
Oligodeoxynucleotides With Reporter Groups Attached To The Base
Authors: Ruth Jerry L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ability to attach reporter groups to nucleic acids has added much to our knowledge of nucleic acid structure and behaviour. Traditional non-isotopic labels developed for cloned DNA fragments used indirect labels such as biotin or haptens. These labels were detected after hybridization by binding to labelled avidin or antibodies. Such indirect reporter groups were used for very practical reasons-most of the methods for preparing cloned probes required enzymatic incorporation of nudeoside polyphosphate precursors. Large hydrophobic groups such as lluorcscein-5-isothiocyanate (FITC, sterically-hindcrcd molecules, or biopolymers with activities of their own (enzymes such as alkaline phosphatase) could not be easily incorporated by enzymatic methods.
European brewery convention
Authors: Vilar Dr Emilio Rui 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Europe's illustrious Brewery Convention--held every two years--draws together brewers from around the world to exchange ideas on all aspects of the science and technology related to their craft. The papers presented here reflect this wealth of research and knowledge. They cover all stages of the brewing process, from raw materials and fermentation techniques to quality control and new innovations like low-alcohol beer. Each paper is presented in the original language with accompanying summaries in English, French, and German. The volume provides a valuable, state-of-the-art reference for all those involved in the brewing industry and fermentation biotechnology.
The effect of barley structure and composition on malt quality
Authors: MacGregor (GB) A W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Malting is a complex process during which a range of biochemical and physical changes take place within the barley kernel. The rate at which these changes occur depends not only on the production of adequate levels of hydrolytic enzymes but also on the composition and physical structure of the barley kernel. This paper will review current knowledge on those aspects of kernel structure and composition that affect the malting process. Changes required in the kernel for successful malting will be outlined and areas that require further research effort will be identified.
Genetic changes and physiological responses of malting barley mutants
Authors: Molina-Canó J L , Rubio A , Royo C , Ramo T , Pérez-Vendrell A , Palmer G H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
TR-49, the best of the mutants, developed extract quickly and responded better to gibberellic acid than wild type Troubadour. The conclusion is that the potential of the aleurone layer to respond to gibberellic acid is under genetic control and can be selected in barley breeding programmes.
Avoiding the use of pesticides and fumigants in barley storage
Authors: Baxter E D , Proudlove M O , Dawe C J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An alternative is to use low oxygen atmospheres for the safe storage of barley, without applying either pesticides or fumigants. Small-scale trials with controlled atmospheres have shown no deleterious effects on germination or malting performance. In practice the use of combustion gases, low in oxygen, from a specially modified burner offers a safe and reliable method for storing malting barley.
Ein Fortschritt in der Bewertung von neuen Braugerstensorten unter Anwendung nicht konventioneller Analysenmethoden
Authors: Krottenthaler M , Narziss Prof. Dr L , Miedaner apl. Prof. Dr H , Dietschmann Dr J -E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Brewers and maltsters always wanted to know more about the relationship between malt properties and the taste of the resulting beers. This knowledge is very useful, especially for the evaluation of new barley varieties. Conventional malt analysis does not give an idea of the sensorical properties of beers. To overcome this problem a micro-scale brewing plant (300 g of malt throw) was developed, 300 analytical figures were obtained by classical methods as well as by GC and HPLC. Cluster analysis with 28 analytical results of 48 barley varieties yielded in genotypic classes of barley. Groups of substances could be found which indicates negative flavour notes in beer. Statistical evaluations were made to describe taste of beer by their composition of flavour components.
Evaluation of a capacitance probe for determination of viable yeast biomass
Authors: Kronlöf J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Monitoring of viable yeast biomass is important in brewery fermentations, particularly in continuous fermentations using immobilized yeast bioreactors. In immobilized yeast systems the insoluble carrier creates additional problems for analysis. Several biomass determination methods were evaluated for their mutual correlations and inherent accuracy. The results were compared with those obtained using a newly developed capacitance probe. Using this probe the background effect due to non-cellular matter could be eliminated and a wide range of biomass concentrations reliably monitored. Consequently, the capacitance probe is suitable for monitoring of viable yeast biomass both in suspended and in immobilized systems.
Breeding of flocculent brewer’s yeast by genetic engineering
Authors: Watari J , Takata Y , Murakami J , Koshino S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Flocculation is one of the most important properties of brewing yeast strains. We cloned the flocculation gene FLO1, located on chromosome 1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and then constructed a multi-copy plasmid which contained the FLO1 gene and a C418 resistant gene (Tn903) for direct selection of transformants. The plasmid could induce flocculation in several non-flocculent brewing yeast strains, including bottom- and top-fermenting yeasts. Small scale (2 1 EBC tube) fermentation trials revealed that these recombinant strains did not change the desirable attributes of the parental strains. These findings demonstrate the usefulness of the FLO1 gene in improvement of the flocculation property of industrial strains.
Einige Faktoren der Geschmacksstabilität—sensorische und analytische Bewertung
Authors: Miedaner H , Narziss L , Eichhorn P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Flavour stability is an important quality attribute of beer. Compared to biological and colloidal stability it is difficult to control. Flavour stability will be influenced by conditions outside the brewery, as well as by technological means during the brewing process.
Physical properties of maltodextrin/gelatin systems
Authors: Kasapis S , R.Morris E , T.Norton I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Log tg (gel-time) for Paselli maltodextrins SA-6 and SA-2 increases linearly with temperature (T) and decreases linearly with log c (concentration). Mixed gels of these materials with gelatin show phase inversion from a gelatin-continuous network at low concentration of maltodextrin to a maltodextrincontinuous network at higher concentrations. The observed moduli (G’ ) of the composite gels are in good agreement with values calculated from polymer blending laws, with the ‘solventavidity’ of gelatin being higher than that of maltodextrin by a factor of 1,8, and the moduli of the individual phases depending on whether phase separation occurs before or after network formation. Maltodextrin is precipitated from mixed solutions with gelatin in the disordered state at 45°C, with classic phase separation into co-existing liquid layers occurring only at very high concentrations of SA-6,.
Molecular structures of xanthan and related polysaccharides
Authors: P.Millane R , Wang Bowei 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Xanthan and related polysaccharides with various sidechains have been trapped in ordered conformations in oriented fibers. X-ray diffraction patterns from these fibers show that these polymers have molecular repeats and helix symmetries very similar to those of xanthan, but different molecular diameters. These results indicate that the conformations of all these polymers are similar, and show that the (1 3) branch point, rather than the detailed primary structure of the sidechain, is the important determinant of their ordered structures.
In vitro transcription with nuclear extracts from differentiated tissues
Authors: Sierra Felipe , Tian Jian-Min , Schibler Ueli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much recent research in molecular biology is focusing on the molecular interactions that control transcription. Transcription of protein-coding genes is performed by RNA polymerase II (pol II). This enzyme, however, is not capable of recognizing bona fide promoters by itself. To do so, it requires protein-protein interactions with a number of ancillary factors (1). Some of these transcription factors, the so-called basal factors, are needed for the initiation of transcription at most promoters (2). In contrast, some promoter¬ specific regulatory proteins stimulate transcription of only a subset of genes. These latter transcription factors include, among others, tissue-specific regulatory proteins, supposed to play an important role during cellular differentiation (3). These molecules have the capability of recognizing and interacting with sequence-specific regions in the promoter or enhancer regions of genes (the so-called cis elements). Complex networks of these protein-DNA, as well as protein-protein, interactions lead to the final regulated level of expression of specific genes.
Transcriptional analysis using transgenic animals
Authors: Dillon Niall , Grosveld Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ability to introduce a foreign gene into an organism, thus generating a genetically altered (transgenic) individual, is one of the major advances in genetics in recent years. The technology has now become widely used and has allowed a large number of fundamental biological questions to be addressed which could not have been tackled by other means. Because of their role as model organisms for genetic studies, mice and Drosophila have been the most widely used organisms for transgenic studies. This chapter will deal mainly with the practical aspects of using transgenic mice for the detailed analysis of transcription.
Diagnosis of amoebic infection
Authors: Warhurst D C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the life cycle of the intestinal amoebae of man, the trophozoite or feeding stage multiplies by simple binary fission in the large intestine. It subsequently rounds up and develops a wall, to give the resistant infective form or cyst which withstands the conditions outside the body when it is excreted with the faeces. Nuclear division may or may not take place within the cyst. The infection is acquired by direct ingestion of faeces, or by ingestion of faecally contaminated food or water. When the cysts pass through the stomach acid they are unharmed and, after exposure to the secretions of the small intestine and bile, hatch in the large intestine to give rise to multiplying generations of trophozoites.