bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lagrangian Data Assimilation in Multilayer Primitive Equation Ocean Models
Authors: Molcard Anne , Griffa Annalisa , Özgökmen Tamay M. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Because of the increases in the realism of OGCMs and in the coverage of Lagrangian datasets in most of the world's oceans, assimilation of Lagrangian data in OGCMs emerges as a natural avenue to improve ocean state forecast with many potential practical applications, such as environmental pollutant transport, biological, and naval-related problems.
In this study, a Lagrangian data assimilation method, which was introduced in prior studies in the context of single-layer quasigeostrophic and primitive equation models, is extended for use in multilayer OGCMs using statistical correlation coefficients between velocity fields in order to project the information from the data-containing layer to the other model layers. The efficiency of the assimilation scheme is tested using a set of twin experiments with a three-layer model, as a function of the layer in which the floats are launched and of the assimilation sampling period normalized by the Lagrangian time scale of motion.
It is found that the assimilation scheme is effective provided that the correlation coefficient between the layer that contains the data and the others is high, and the data sampling period Δt is smaller than the Lagrangian time scale TL. When the assimilated data are taken in the first layer, which is the most energetic and is characterized by the fastest time scale, the assimilation is very efficient and gives relatively low errors also in the other layers (≈ 40% in the first 120 days) provided that Δt is small enough, Δt &lt;&lt; TL. The assimilation is also efficient for data released in the third layer (errors &lt; 60%), while the dependence on Δt is distinctively less marked for the same range of values, since the time scales of the deeper layer are significantly longer. Results for the intermediate layer show a similar insensitivity to Δt, but the errors are higher (exceeding 70%), because of the lower correlation with the other layers. These results suggest that the assimilation of deep-layer data with low energetics can be very effective, but it is strongly dependent on layer correlation. The methodology also remains quite robust to large deviations from geostrophy.
Socio-Economic Changes, Collective Insecurity and New Forms of Religious Expression
Authors: Chekroun Mohammed 
Published: February 2005

English Many economic and social factors lie behind the changes Moroccan society has undergone since the late 1970s. A new ethics and new forms of religious expression appear to correspond to these phenomena. The author attempts to elucidate the significance of strategies that social actors, particularly the young and women, have employed in the space-time in their immediate control. Through disparate but nonetheless convergent responses, new social and affective circumstances have formed, not initially the result of the external action of Islamist groups wanting to exert an 'influence'. Cleavages in religious sensitivities and values that were accentuated in the course of the first two decades after independence, notably between the new middle classes and the working classes due to mobility and social advancement, are shrinking today. This rapprochement is particularly evident when it comes to certain practices with high social visibility, such as group prayer for men and wearing the 'hijab' for women. French Plusieurs faits économiques et sociaux sont à l'origine des mutations que connaît la société marocaine depuis la fin des années soixante-dix. A ces phénomènes semblent correspondre une nouvelle éthique et de nouvelles formes d'expression religieuse. L'auteur tente d'élucider la signification des stratégies que les acteurs sociaux, plus particulièrement les jeunes et les femmes, déploient à partir des espaces temps immédiats qu'ils contrôlent. Au travers de réactions dispersées, mais néanmoins convergentes, se constitue une conjoncture socio-affective nouvelle, qui n'est pas d'abord le résultat d'une action externe de groupes islamistes ayant une intention 'd'influence'. Les clivages des sensibilités et des valeurs religieuses qui s'étaient accentués au cours des deux premières décennies après l'indépendance, notamment entre les nouvelles classes moyennes et les classes populaires du fait de la mobilité et de la promotion sociales, se réduisent aujourd'hui. Ce rapprochement est particulièrement évident en ce qui concerne certaines pratiques à forte visibilité sociale comme la prière collective pour les hommes et le port du 'hijab' pour les femmes.
Le terrorisme islamiste au Maroc
Authors: Dialmy Abdessamad 
Published: February 2005

English Moroccan Islamic terrorism is a multi-dimensional phenomenon, at once economic, religious, political, cultural and psychological: it can be considered a total social fact. By distinguishing the theoretical/ideological, organizational and executive levels in his analysis, the author attempts to describe this particularly complex phenomenon and identify the different factors making it 'socio-politically' inevitable. He then analyses the organizations of Moroccan Islamic terrorism, its ideologues and members, and how they transform a young Moroccan into a suicidal Islamic terrorist and the significance to be lent to the suicidal/terrorist acts of Casablanca. French Le terrorisme islamiste marocain est un phénomène multidimensionnel, à la fois économique, religieux, politique, culturel et psychologique: il peut être considéré comme un fait social total. En distinguant, dans l'analyse, les niveaux théorico/idéologique, organisationnel et exécutif, l'auteur tente de décrire ce phénomène particulièrement complexe et identifie les différents facteurs qui le rendent 'socio-politiquement' inévitable. Ensuite, il analyse les organisations du terrorisme islamiste marocain, ses idéologues et ses exécutants, la façon dont on transforme un jeune marocain en islamiste suicidaire et la signification à donner aux actes suicidaires/terroristes de Casablanca.
Influence of patient symptoms and physical findings on general practitioners' treatment of respiratory tract infections: a direct observation study
Authors: Fischer Thomas , Fischer Susanne , Kochen Michael M , Hummers-Pradier Eva 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Background
The high rate of antibiotic prescriptions general practitioners (GPs) make for respiratory tract infections (RTI) are often explained by non-medical reasons e.g. an effort to meet patient expectations. Additionally, it is known that GPs to some extent believe in the necessity of antibiotic treatment in patients with assumed bacterial infections and therefore attempt to distinguish between viral and bacterial infections by history taking and physical examination. The influence of patient complaints and physical examination findings on GPs' prescribing behaviour was mostly investigated by indirect methods such as questionnaires.

Methods
Direct, structured observation during a winter "cough an cold period" in 30 (single handed) general practices. All 273 patients with symptoms of RTI (age above 14, median 37 years, 51% female) were included.

Results
The most frequent diagnoses were 'uncomplicated upper RTI/common cold' (43%) followed by 'bronchitis' (26%). On average, 1.8 (95%-confidence interval (CI): 1.7–2.0) medicines per patient were prescribed (cough-and-cold preparations in 88% of the patients, antibiotics in 49%). Medical predictors of antibiotic prescribing were pathological findings in physical examination such as coated tonsils (odds ratio (OR) 15.4, 95%-CI: 3.6–66.2) and unspecific symptoms like fatigue (OR 3.1, 95%-CI 1.4–6.7), fever (OR 2.2, 95%-CI: 1.1–4.5) and yellow sputum (OR 2.1, 95%-CI: 1.1–4.1). Analysed predictors explained 70% of the variance of antibiotic prescribing (R2 = 0,696). Efforts to reduce antibiotic prescribing, e.g. recommendations for self-medication, counselling on home remedies or delayed antibiotic prescribing were rare.

Conclusions
Patient complaints and pathological results in physical examination were strong predictors of antibiotic prescribing. Efforts to reduce antibiotic prescribing should account for GPs' beliefs in those (non evidence based) predictors. The method of direct observation was shown to be accepted both by patients and GPs and offered detailed insights into the GP-patient-interaction.
Teaching appropriate interactions with pharmaceutical company representatives: The impact of an innovative workshop on student attitudes
Authors: Wofford James L , Ohl Christopher A 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Background
Pharmaceutical company representatives (PCRs) influence the prescribing habits and professional behaviour of physicians. However, the skills for interacting with PCRs are not taught in the traditional medical school curriculum. We examined whether an innovative, mandatory workshop for third year medical students had immediate effects on knowledge and attitudes regarding interactions with PCRs.

Methods
Surveys issued before and after the workshop intervention solicited opinions (five point Likert scales) from third year students (n = 75) about the degree of bias in PCR information, the influence of PCRs on prescribing habits, the acceptability of specific gifts, and the educational value of PCR information for both practicing physicians and students. Two faculty members and one PCR led the workshop, which highlighted typical physician-PCR interactions, the use of samples and gifts, the validity and legal boundaries of PCR information, and associated ethical issues. Role plays with the PCR demonstrated appropriate and inappropriate strategies for interacting with PCRs.

Results
The majority of third year students (56%, 42/75) had experienced more than three personal conversations with a PCR about a drug product since starting medical school. Five percent (4/75) claimed no previous personal experience with PCRs. Most students (57.3%, 43/75) were not aware of available guidelines regarding PCR interactions. Twenty-eight percent of students (21/75) thought that none of the named activities/gifts (lunch access, free stethoscope, textbooks, educational CD-ROMS, sporting events) should be restricted, while 24.0% (8/75) thought that students should be restricted only from sporting events. The perceived educational value of PCR information to both practicing physicians and students increased after the workshop intervention from 17.7% to 43.2% (chi square, p = .0001), and 22.1% to 40.5% (p = .0007), respectively. Student perceptions of the degree of bias of PCR information decreased from 84.1% to 72.9% (p = .065), but the perceived degree of influence on prescribing increased (44.2% to 62.1% (p = .02)).

Conclusions
Students have exposure to PCRs early in their medical training. A single workshop intervention may influence student attitudes toward interactions with PCRs. Students were more likely to acknowledge the educational value of PCR interactions and their impact on prescribing after the workshop intervention.
HIV-1 Tat interacts with LIS1 protein
Authors: Epie Nicolas , Ammosova Tatyana , Sapir Tamar , Voloshin Yaroslav , Lane William S , Turner Willie , Reiner Orly , Nekhai Sergei 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Background
HIV-1 Tat activates transcription of HIV-1 viral genes by inducing phosphorylation of the C-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII). Tat can also disturb cellular metabolism by inhibiting proliferation of antigen-specific T lymphocytes and by inducing cellular apoptosis. Tat-induced apoptosis of T-cells is attributed, in part, to the distortion of microtubules polymerization. LIS1 is a microtubule-associated protein that facilitates microtubule polymerization.

Results
We identified here LIS1 as a Tat-interacting protein during extensive biochemical fractionation of T-cell extracts. We found several proteins to co-purify with a Tat-associated RNAPII CTD kinase activity including LIS1, CDK7, cyclin H, and MAT1. Tat interacted with LIS1 but not with CDK7, cyclin H or MAT1 in vitro. LIS1 also co-immunoprecipitated with Tat expressed in HeLa cells. Further, LIS1 interacted with Tat in a yeast two-hybrid system.

Conclusion
Our results indicate that Tat interacts with LIS1 in vitro and in vivo and that this interaction might contribute to the effect of Tat on microtubule formation.
Short-Term Zoledronic Acid Treatment Increases Bone Mineral Density and Marrow Clonogenic Fibroblast Progenitors after Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation
Authors: Tauchmanovà Libuse , Ricci Patrizia , Serio Bianca , Lombardi Gaetano , Colao Annamaria , Rotoli Bruno , Selleri Carmine 
Published: February 2005

Although osteoporosis is a relatively common complication after allogeneic stem cell transplantation, the role of bisphosphonates in its management has not yet been completely established. Thirty-two patients who underwent allogeneic stem cell transplantation were prospectively evaluated for bone mineral density (BMD) at the lumbar spine (LS) and femoral neck (FN) after a median period of 12.2 months. Then, 15 of the patients with osteoporosis or rapidly progressing osteopenia (bone loss &gt; 5%/yr) received three monthly doses of 4 mg zoledronic acid iv. Fifteen patients were followed up without treatment, and all 30 patients were reevaluated after 12 months for BMD and bone turnover markers. By using enriched mesenchymal stem cells in the colony-forming units fibroblast (CFU-F) assay, we evaluated the osteogenic stromal lineage. This procedure was performed in both groups of patients at study entry and after 12 months. The average BMD loss was 3.42% at LS and 3.8% at FN during a 1-yr longitudinal evaluation in 32 patients. Subsequently, BMD increased at both LS and FN (9.8 and 6.4%, respectively) in the zoledronic acid-treated cohort. Hydroxyproline excretion decreased, and serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase increased significantly, whereas serum osteocalcin increase did not reach the limit of significance. A significant increase in CFU-F growth in vitro was induced by in vivo zoledronic acid administration. In the untreated group, no significant change was observed in bone turnover markers, LS BMD (–2.1%), FN BMD (–2.3%), and CFU-F colony number.
In conclusion, short-term zoledronic acid treatment consistently improved both LS and FN BMD in transplanted patients who were at high risk for fast and/or persistent bone loss, partly by increasing the osteogenic progenitors in the stromal cell compartment.
Stereoselective α-Hydrazination of α,β-Unsaturated Carboxylates Catalyzed by Manganese(III) Complex with Dialkylazodicarboxylate and Phenylsilane
Authors: Sato Mitsuo , Gunji Yasuhiko , Ikeno Taketo , Yamada Tohru 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
In the presence of a catalytic amount of bis(dipivaloylmethanato)manganese(III) complex, the α,β-unsaturated carboxylates with camphorsultam as a chiral auxiliary reacted with phenylsilane and dialkyl azodicarboxylates to afford the corresponding α-hydrazinated carboxylates with high stereoselectivities.
Ab Initio Study of the Electronic Spectrum of 7-Hydroxyquinoline
Authors: Franz Jan , Peyerimhoff Sigrid D , Hanrath Michael , Kwon Oh-Hoon , Jang Du-Jeon 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
The electronic spectrum of 7-hydroxyquinoline has been studied by using ab initio Multi-State Multi-Reference Møller-Plesset Second-Order Perturbation Theory (MSMRMP2). The energy range up to 6.5 eV is taken into consideration. The lowest π–π* transition is calculated to have an energy of 3.65 eV in good agreement with experimental data. Several other π–π* transitions are predicted to have excitation energies of 4.93, 5.20, 5.47, and 6.08 eV. Excitations out of the highest occupied σ orbital into the lowest unoccupied π* orbitals are computed to occur at 5.28 and 6.44 eV. The π–σ* transition is predicted at 5.87 eV. The σ* orbital involved is identified as the Rydberg 3s orbital having antibonding character along the OH bond.
Co2(CO)8 as Novel and Water-tolerant Reagent for the Conversion of Azides to Amines in Aqueous Media
Authors: Yadav J S , Reddy B V S , Satheesh G , Rao K Raghavender 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Azides are readily converted into their corresponding amines using a catalytic amount of Co2(CO)8 under mild conditions. The method is highly chemoselective and compatible with a variety of functionalities such as halides, esters, acids, ethers, nitro, cyano and olefinic double bonds present in the molecule.
Preparation of Anodic Porous Alumina Mask with Ideally Arranged Holes on InP Single Crystals
Authors: Yasui Kenji , Sakamoto Yasuhisa , Nishio Kazuyuki , Masuda Hideki 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Anodic porous alumina mask with ideally arranged holes was formed on InP single crystals. This process has advantageous in the achievement of nanofabrication with uniformity and reproducibility due to the mask being formed with sufficient adhesion on the InP. The masks formed by this process, was confirmed to applicable for the dry-process mask.
Total Synthesis of (±)-Arohynapene B
Authors: Sugimura Hideyuki , Uchida Yuki 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
The total synthesis of (±)-arohynapene B, an anticoccidial agent isolated from the fermentation broth of a fungal strain, has been achieved. The tetrahydronaphthalene ring was constructed by the Diels–Alder reaction between dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate and the 1-(β-acetoxyvinyl)cyclohexene derivative, which was prepared from 3,5-dimethylcyclohexanone via the Ag+-catalyzed rearrangement of the propargylic acetate derivative. The introduction of the dienylcarboxylic acid side chain was accomplished by the Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons olefination repeatedly utilizing ethyl diethylphosphonoacetate. Finally, careful removal of the protecting groups led to (±)-arohynapene B.
The immunodetection of lipoprotein-bound amyloid-β is attenuated because of the presence of lipids
Authors: James AP , Mamo JCL 
Published: February 2005

Background: Amyloid-β (Aβ) is found in circulation and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), predominantly associated with lipoproteins. However, in a lipid environment it is possible that a masking of Aβ epitopes and/or an altered conformation of Aβ leads to an underestimation of Aβ concentrations. Methods: We generated lipoprotein-like lipid emulsions containing a known amount of Aβ and compared immunoreactivity with an equimolar amount of Aβ solubilized in an aqueous medium. Results: We found that Aβ exists primarily as a dimer and a monomer within an aqueous and lipid environment, respectively. We also showed that lipids bind tightly to Aβ, blocking detection of the monomeric form and substantially attenuating detection of the dimeric form of the protein. Conclusion: It is possible that studies that have quantified the concentration of Aβ in plasma and CSF may have significantly underestimated the pool of lipoprotein-bound Aβ.
First trimester maternal serum screening for Down's syndrome: an evaluation of the DPC Immulite 2000 free β-hCG and pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A assays
Authors: Spencer Kevin 
Published: February 2005

Background: Recent NICE Guidelines have emphasized the need to have in place by 2007 the capability of offering screening to all women in the first trimester using a combination of maternal age with the ultrasound marker nuchal translucency thickness (NT) and the maternal serum biochemical markers free β-hCG and pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A). Laboratories will therefore need to consider how to introduce the biochemical component of screening. With the recent launch of these assays on the DPC Immulite 2000 platform, it is appropriate and timely to investigate their clinical and analytical performance on a high throughput immunoassay analyser. Methods: Within-run and between-day precision was assessed in the normal way. Bias was assessed by comparing samples from normal pregnancies ( n = 813) and pregnancies with Down's syndrome ( n = 60) run on both the DPC system and our routine Kryptor system. Gestational day-specific medians for each marker were calculated from the unaffected population. Mathematical modelling was used to predict the clinical performance of the two markers. Results: The within-run coefficient of variation (CV) was around 3.5% and between-day CV was around 6-8% for both assays. Comparison with EQA samples showed a 2% positive bias against the ALTM for free β-hCG and a 21% positive bias for PAPP-A, which reduced to 11% when compared with the Kryptor method mean. When compared with the Kryptor, the DPC free β-hCG showed a significant concentration-related negative bias above concentrations of 50 IU/L in both unaffected and affected pregnancy samples. After conversion to MoM in the Down's syndrome group, the DPC free β-hCG assay showed a MoM-related bias at higher MoM values. For PAPP-A a positive MoM-related bias was also evident. In cases with Down's syndrome, the median free β-hCG MoM was 1.703 for DPC and 1.698 by the Kryptor, which was not significantly different. For PAPP-A, the median MoM was 0.62 for DPC and 0.47 by the Kryptor, which was significantly ( P = 0.025) different. This difference, if real, is likely to result in a lower detection of cases with Down's syndrome. Statistical modelling techniques suggest that this would be 58% compared with the expected 67% when combined with maternal age and free β-hCG. When combined with NT, however, this would be reduced to 85% compared with the 90% expected. Conclusions: While laboratories may find some organizational benefit from running first trimester Down's syndrome screening on such routine high-throughput immunoassay analysers, better clinical performance is likely to be achieved with alternative platforms to the DPC Immulite 2000.
Structure and Reactivity of a V2O5/Al2O3 Catalyst Modified with Cerium in the Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Cyclohexane
Authors: AbdelDayem Hany M. 
Published: February 2005

The oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of cyclohexane with air was studied on a 10 w/w% V2O5/Al2O3 catalyst modified by different weight percentage (wt%) cerium loadings. The catalysts employed were characterized by N2 adsorption, O2 chemisorption, TEM, XRD and FT-IR spectroscopy. Benzene and cyclohexene were the main components of the products, with the benzene and cyclohexene selectivities depending on the wt% cerium loading, the order of cerium and vanadium impregnation, and the reaction temperature. The best cyclohexane conversion and good benzene selectivity were obtained at 500°C using a vanadium catalyst modified by 10 wt% cerium. The same catalyst exhibited a maximum selectivity for cyclohexene at 300°C. Different types of vanadyl species present in the system were identified by IR measurements. Thus, vanadium-oxygen clusters were detected in the V2O5/Al2O3 material, although such clusters were not found in the cerium-vanadium catalysts. Polymeric CeVO4 species were detected in cerium-modified V2O5/Al2O3 catalysts by XRD. The concentration of these species depended on the wt% cerium loading and the order of cerium and vanadium impregnation on alumina. The selectivity of cerium-modified V2O5/Al2O3 catalysts towards cyclohexene was attributed mainly to the presence of such polymeric CeVO4 species. Oxygen chemisorption and electronic microscopic studies attributed the marked improvement in cyclohexane conversion of the cerium-vanadium samples to the presence of relatively high-dispersed vanadium species.