bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Outcome of children with high‐risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia (HR‐ALL): Nordic results on an intensive regimen with restricted central nervous system irradiation
Authors: Saarinen‐Pihkala Ulla M. , Gustafsson G. , Carlsen N. , Flaegstad T. , Forestier E. , Glomstein A. , Kristinsson J. , Lanning M. , Schroeder H. , Mellander L. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractBackgroundImprovement in outcome of childhood high‐risk (HR) ALL was sought with a very intensive Nordic protocol leaving most patients without CNS‐RT.MethodsA total of 426 consecutive children entered the NOPHO‐92 HR‐ALL program. HR criteria included WBC ≥ 50 × 109/L, CNS or testicular involvement, T‐cell, lymphomatous features, t(9;22), t(4;11), or slow response. Of these, 152 children had very high risk (VHR) with special definitions. CNS consolidation was based on high‐dose MTX (8 g/m2) and ARA‐C (12 g/m2) alternating. VHR patients also received cranial RT.ResultsThe 9‐year EFS was 61 ± 3%, OS 74 ± 2%, and EFS for T‐ALL 62 ± 4%. Cumulative incidence of isolated CNS relapse was 4.7 ± 1%, and CNS relapse in total 9.9 ± 2%. Poor prognostic factors were WBC ≥ 200 × 109/L and a very slow response.ConclusionsHR‐ALL was successfully treated on the NOPHO‐92 regimen, with a relatively low CNS relapse rate for non‐irradiated children. WBC ≥ 200 × 109/L and very slow response emerged as strong poor prognostic factors. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Investigation on Brill transition of nylons 6/16, 4/16 and 2/16 by variable‐temperature WAXD and FTIR
Authors: Li Weihua , Huang Yue , Zhang Guosheng , Yan Deyue 
Published: December 2003

AbstractBrill transition behaviour of nylons 6/16, 4/16 and 2/16 has been studied systematically by variable‐temperature wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) and real‐time FTIR. It is shown that all nylons investigated undergo Brill transitions before melting on heating. Brill temperatures detected by real‐time FTIR are consistent with the results of variable‐temperature WAXD measurements. In addition, Brill bands were identified based on real‐time IR spectra and further consideration of —NH— groups provided additional information for discussing the mechanism of the crystalline transition. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Bistability of propagating front with spin‐mode in a frontal polymerization of trimethylopropane triacrylate
Authors: Huh Do Sung , Kim Hye Sook 
Published: December 2003

AbstractWe have studied a nonlinear dynamic behaviour in a frontal polymerization process. Frontal polymerization is a mode of converting a monomer into a polymer via a localized reaction zone that propagates as a front. Interest in studying the dynamic behaviour of such propagating fronts is growing. Many studies focus on the spin‐mode front propagation characterized by a nonplanar front having one or more high temperature regions which move in a helical path along the axis of the reaction vessel. In this study, the bistable character of the spin‐mode induced by reaction vessel diameter has been analyzed. First, a reactor with a discontinuously varying diameter for preliminary tests, and second, a conical reactor with a continuously varying diameter have been used. We have obtained evidence of bistability of the spin‐mode front in the frontal polymerization of trimethylopropane triacrylate under certain reaction conditions. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Evaporation behaviour of water and its plasticizing effect in modified poly(vinyl alcohol) systems
Authors: Wang Ru , Wang Qi , Li Li 
Published: December 2003

AbstractSeveral modified poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) systems with various plasticizers were prepared and their melt‐processing was successfully realized. This paper focuses on the study of the evaporation behaviour of water in these modified PVA systems, exploring its plasticizing mechanism by using differential scanning calorimetry. The evaporation characteristics of bulk water, water in aqueous solutions of the plasticizers, and the thermal properties of PVA were also studied. The experimental results show that water in aqueous solutions of glycerol and/or caprolactam evaporates at a lower temperature than bulk water, but water in the PVA/water system evaporates at a higher temperature, with a wider DSC peak due to the interaction between water and PVA. Incorporation of glycerol, caprolactam or their mixtures further strengthens the interactions between water and the other components, retarding water evaporation. During the processing, the less closely associated water has the plasticizing effect through molecule movement, while the strongly bound water, which breaks the intermolecular hydrogen bonding of PVA and decreases its intermolecular interaction, is more beneficial to the melt‐processing of PVA. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Dielectric relaxation analysis of starch oligomers and polymers with respect to their chain length
Authors: Meißner Dana , Einfeldt Jürgen 
Published: December 2003

AbstractStarch belongs to the polyglucan group. This type of polysaccharide shows a broad β‐relaxation process in dielectric spectra at low temperatures, which has its molecular origin in orientational motions of sugar rings via glucosidic linkages. This chain dynamic was investigated for α(1,4)‐linked starch oligomers with well‐defined chain lengths of 2, 3, 4, 6, and 7 anhydroglucose units (AGUs) and for α(1,4)‐polyglucans with average degrees of polymerization of 5, 10, 56, 70, and so forth (up to 3000; calculated from the mean molecular weight). The activation energy (Ea) of the segmental chain motion was lowest for dimeric maltose (Ea = 49.4 ± 1.3 kJ/mol), and this was followed by passage through a maximum at a degree of polymerization of 6 (Ea = 60.8 ± 1.8 kJ/mol). Subsequently, Ea leveled off at a value of about 52 ± 1.5 kJ/mol for chains containing more than 100 repeating units. The results were compared with the values of cellulose‐like oligomers and polymers bearing a β(1,4)‐linkage. Interestingly, the shape of the Ea dependency on the chain length of the molecules was qualitatively the same for both systems, whereas quantitatively the starch‐like substances generally showed higher Ea values. Additionally, and for comparison, three cyclodextrins were measured by dielectric relaxation spectroscopy. The ringlike molecules, with 6, 7, and 8 α(1,4)‐linked AGUs, showed moderately different types of dielectric spectra. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 188–197, 2004
Electrospinning of ultrafine cellulose acetate fibers: Studies of a new solvent system and deacetylation of ultrafine cellulose acetate fibers
Authors: Son Won Keun , Youk Ji Ho , Lee Taek Seung , Park Won Ho 
Published: December 2003

AbstractElectrospinning of cellulose acetate (CA) in a new solvent system and the deacetylation of the resulting ultrafine CA fibers were investigated. Ultrafine CA fibers (∼2.3 μm) were successfully prepared via electrospinning of CA in a mixed solvent of acetone/water at water contents of 10–15 wt %, and more ultrafine CA fibers (0.46 μm) were produced under basic pH conditions. Ultrafine cellulose fibers were regenerated from the homogeneous deacetylation of ultrafine CA fibers in KOH/ethanol. It was very rapid and completed within 20 min. The crystal structure, thermal properties, and morphology of ultrafine CA fibers were changed according to the degree of deacetylation, finally to those of pure cellulose, but the nonwoven fibrous mat structure was maintained. The activation energy for the deacetylation of ultrafine CA fibers was 10.3 kcal/mol. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 5–11, 2004
Determination of the degree of cure under dynamic and isothermal curing conditions with electrical impedance spectroscopy
Authors: Skordos Alexandros A. , Partridge Ivana K. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThis article presents a new methodology for the quantitative determination of the progress of the curing reaction of a thermosetting resin, using the results of electrical impedance spectroscopy. The method is an extension of the use of the imaginary impedance maximum as a reaction progress indicator and is based on the demonstration of a close correlation between the reaction rate, as measured by conventional differential scanning calorimetry, and the rate of change of the value of the imaginary impedance spectrum maximum. Tests on a commercial aerospace epoxy resin under both isothermal and dynamic heating conditions with calorimetry and impedance spectroscopy have demonstrated the validity of the method and set the accuracy limits involved. This technique can be used as a real‐time online control tool for thermoset composite manufacturing. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 146–154, 2004
Phase transitions in ultraoriented polyethylene fibers under moderate pressures: A synchrotron X‐ray study
Authors: Rein Dmitry M. , Shavit Liron , Khalfin Rafail L. , Cohen Yachin , Terry Ann , Rastogi Sanjay 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe effect of pressure on phase transformations of ultradrawn ultra‐high‐molecular‐weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibers was examined by in situ X‐ray diffraction measurements with synchrotron radiation. The mesomorphic hexagonal phase was metastable even at a relatively low pressure of about 100 bar. The effect of pressure on the melting transitions was larger than in chain‐folded structures. The existence and metastability of the hexagonal phase is the basis of compaction technology of UHMWPE fibers in composite materials. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 53–59, 2004
Structure and electrical properties of undoped oriented poly(phenylene vinylene) films
Authors: Ou Runqing , Gerhardt Rosario A. , Samuels Robert J. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe influence of anisotropic structure on the electrical properties of undoped oriented poly(phenylene vinylene) (PPV) films was investigated with impedance spectroscopy and structural characterization. The oriented structure of the stretched PPV films was studied with wave‐guide coupling and infrared dichroism. It was found that the unstretched PPV film had a highly planar structure, and one‐way stretching converted the planar structure into a uniaxial structure. The impedance of undoped PPV thin films was measured along three different directions: through the film thickness direction, parallel to the stretch direction in the film plane, and perpendicular to the stretch direction in the film plane. Two relaxations were observed, one corresponding to the bulk behavior in the high‐frequency range and the other to an interfacial contact polarization in the low‐frequency range. From equivalent circuit modeling, it was found that the bulk conductivity through the film thickness direction decreased with increasing orientation, whereas the high‐frequency dielectric constant through the film direction remained constant. In addition, the conductivities measured in the film plane were at least two orders of magnitude higher than the conductivity in the direction normal to the film surface. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 98–116, 2004
Characterizing Particle Characterization†
Authors: Scott David M. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe field of Particle Characterization is important to a broad range of commercial and academic activities, and it includes an extensive array of techniques, instruments, and applications. An attempt is made here to provide a framework for describing and assessing this complex field. This brief overview touches on three topics: the motivation for Characterization, a proposed system for categorizing work within the field, and examples of recent technological advances. The examples include photonic, ultrasonic and electrosonic measurement of particle size, tomographic determination of concentration and multiphase flow, optical trapping and AFM techniques for measuring interparticle forces, and in‐line imaging techniques combined with image analysis to measure shape factors. Some of these techniques have been implemented in on‐line and in‐line applications. These highlights, together with the descriptive framework, provide a broad overview of the current state of the art.
Standardization of Methods for Characterizing the Surface Geometry of Solids
Authors: Da̧browski Andrzej , Robens Erich , Klobes Peter , Meyer Klaus , Podkościelny Przemyslaw 
Published: December 2003

AbstractSince a comprehensive survey published in 1999 [1] much work was done in standardizing measuring methods to characterize the surface geometry of dispersed and/or porous solids and to certify reference materials. The present paper is an extension of a short communication [2]. It gives a survey on existing standards and reports on new drafts and proposals.
Analysis of Single Particle Attrition during Impact Experiments†
Authors: Pitchumani Ramanan , Gupta Nishant , Meesters Gabriel M. H. , Scarlett Brian 
Published: December 2003

AbstractParticle breakage can be characterised as attrition, chipping, fracture, abrasion and wear. All these types of breakage mechanisms are the effect of the damage caused to these particles. These mechanisms can be differentiated not just on the basis of magnitude and direction of the force but also by the damage caused to the particles. The damage is measured by change in the size distribution and the change in shape of the particles. In the current research, experiments were performed on the newly developed Repeated Impact Test. The unique feature of this test is that about hundred particles can be subjected simultaneously to a monitored number of impacts, without particle‐particle interactions at regulated velocities. The preliminary experiments were performed with single crystalline particles of different shapes and sizes. After fixed number of impacts, the images of the particles were taken. The volume and shape of the particles were determined by image analysis. It was observed that the rate of attrition was very high when the particles are irregular. The rate decreased as the particles became more spherical.
Coordination Number of Ternary Mixtures of Spheres†
Authors: Zou R. P. , Bian X. , Pinson D. , Yang R. Y. , Yu A. B. , Zulli P. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThis paper presents an experimental study of the coordination number of ternary mixtures of particles of sizes 24.4 : 11.6 : 6.4 (mm) by the use of the liquid bridge technique. It generates detailed information about the distributed coordination numbers corresponding to different types of contacts between small, medium and large components. The analysis is focused on the mean coordination numbers corresponding to these contacts. The results indicate that these partial mean coordination numbers vary with the volume fractions of the components while the overall mean coordination number is essentially a constant and independent of particle size distribution.
Effects of Polymer Bridging and Electrostatics on the Rheological Behavior of Aqueous Colloidal Dispersions†
Authors: Zaman Abbas A. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractEffects of a low molecular weight physically adsorbed polyethylene oxide (PEO) and the range of the electrostatic repulsion on the rheological behavior of silica dispersions (as a model system) has been investigated. Particular attention is given to the evolution of the rheological behavior with increasing the polymer concentration in the system and also effectiveness of the polymer as a dispersant under extreme conditions (high ionic strength). Results indicate that at small separation distances and low polymer coverage, the polymer chains are long enough to adsorb on the surface of two particles simultaneously causing bridging flocculation in the system and hence increasing the viscosity and linear viscoelastic functions of the dispersion.
A significant increase was observed in the viscosity of the dispersion at salt concentrations high enough to eliminate electrostatics between the particles. Under these conditions,the viscosity of the system increased significantly when PEO was added to the dispersion showing that at high electrolyte concentrations, a neutral polymer such as PEO is not able to stabilize the system.
Scalable Chi‐Square Distance versus Conventional Statistical Distance for Process Monitoring with Uncorrelated Data Variables
Authors: Ye Nong , Borror Connie M. , Parmar Darshit 
Published: December 2003

AbstractMultivariate statistical process control charts are often used for process monitoring to detect out‐of‐control anomalies. However, multivariate control charts based on conventional statistical distance measures, such as the one used in the Hotelling's ${T}^{{2}}$ control chart, cannot scale up to large amounts of complex process data, e.g. data with a large number of variables and a high rate of data sampling. In our previous work we developed a multivariate statistical process monitoring procedure based on a more scalable chi‐square distance measure and tested this procedure for detecting out‐of control anomalies—intrusions—in a computer process using computer audit data. The testing results demonstrated the comparable performance of the scalable chi‐square procedure to that of Hotelling's ${T}^{{2}}$ control chart. To establish the chi‐square procedure as a generic, viable multivariate statistical processing monitoring procedure, we conduct a series of further studies to understand the detection power and limitations of the chi‐square procedure for processes with various kinds of data and various types of out‐of‐control anomalies in addition to the scalability and demonstrated performance of the chi‐square procedure for computer intrusion detection. This paper reports on one of these studies that investigates the effectiveness of the scalable chi‐square procedure in detecting out‐of‐control anomalies in processes with uncorrelated data variables, each of which has a normal probability distribution. The results of this study indicate that the chi‐square procedure is at least as effective as Hotelling's ${T}^{{2}}$ control chart for monitoring processes with uncorrelated data variables. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantification of priming and CO2 respiration sources following slurry‐C incorporation into two grassland soils with different C content
Authors: Bol R. , Moering J. , Kuzyakov Y. , Amelung W. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe fate of incorporated slurry‐C was examined in a laboratory experiment using two UK grassland soils, i.e. a Pelostagnogley (5.1 %C) and a Brown Earth (2.3 %C). C3 and C4 slurries were incorporated into these two wet‐sieved (C3) soils (from 4–10 cm depth). Gas samples were collected 0.2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 20, 30 and 40 days after slurry application and analyzed for CO2 concentration and δ13C content. Slurry incorporation into the soil strongly increased soil CO2 respiration compared with the unamended soil. Total (40 day) cumulative CO2 flux was higher for the Pelostagnogley than the Brown Earth. The 13C natural abundance tracer technique enabled quantification of the sources of respired CO2 and priming effects (days 0–9). Proportionally more slurry‐derived C was respired from the Pelostagnogley (46%) than the Brown Earth (36%). The incorporated slurry‐C was lost twice as fast as the native soil C in both soils. Slurry incorporation induced a priming effect, i.e. additional release of soil‐derived C, most pronounced in the Pelostagnogley (highest C content). The majority of respired soil‐derived C (>70%) was primed C. The study indicated that potential reductions in ammonia volatilisation following slurry injection to grasslands might be negated by enhanced loss of primed soil C (i.e. pollution swapping). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relationship between soil organic C degradability and the evolution of the δ13C signature in profiles under permanent grassland
Authors: Accoe Frederik , Boeckx Pascal , Cleemput Oswald Van , Hofman Georges 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe main objective of this research was to investigate to what extent the potential C dynamics of soil organic matter (SOM) are related to the degree of 13C enrichment with increasing depth in soil profiles under permanent grassland. The evolution of the C content and the 13C natural abundance (δ13C value) of SOM were investigated in three soil profiles (0–40 cm depth) under permanent grassland of varying texture (a loamy sand, a loam and a clay loam soil). The δ13C value of the SOM showed a gradual increase with increasing depth and decreasing C content in the profiles, ranging from 1.9‰ (loamy sand soil), 2.9‰ (clay loam soil) and 4‰ (loam soil) in relation to the δ13C value of SOM at the surface. The relationship between the 13C enrichment and total organic C content at different depths in the profiles (down to 40 cm depth in the loam and clay loam soil, down to 25 cm depth in the loamy sand soil) could be well described by the Rayleigh equation. The enrichment factors ε, associated with the Rayleigh approximation of the data, ranged from −1.57‰ (clay loam soil) to −1.64‰ (loamy sand soil) and −1.91‰ (loam soil). The potential C dynamics in four depth intervals from the profiles (0–10, 10–20, 20–30 and 30–40 cm depth) were determined by means of an incubation experiment. The C decomposition rate constants from the four sampling depths in the profiles showed a significant, positive correlation (y = 0.21x + 0.018, R2 = 0.66, p < 0.005) with the corresponding Δδ13C values (change of the δ13C value per depth increment). A better correlation was obtained when only the data from the upper 20 cm in the profiles (y = 0.21x + 0.019, R2 = 0.78, p < 0.05) were considered. These results suggest that the Δδ13C values in the surface layers of profiles under permanent grassland may serve as an indicator of the potential degradability or the stability of the SOM (in terms of C decomposition rate constants). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐throughput screening of pKa values of pharmaceuticals by pressure‐assisted capillary electrophoresis and mass spectrometry
Authors: Wan Hong , Holmén Anders G. , Wang Yudong , Lindberg Walter , Englund Marie , Någård Mats B. , Thompson Richard A. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractA high‐throughput pKa screening method based on pressure‐assisted capillary electrophoresis (CE) and mass spectrometry (MS) is presented. Effects of buffer type and ionic strength on sensitivity and pKa values were investigated. Influence of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) concentration present in the sample on effective mobility measurement was examined. A series of ten volatile buffers, covering a pH range from 2.5 to 10.5 with the same ionic strength, was employed. The application of volatile background electrolytes resulted in significant signal increase as compared with commonly used non‐volatile phosphate buffers. In general, the CE/MS system provided a ten‐fold higher sensitivity than conventional UV detection. The newly developed CE/MS method offers high‐throughput capacity by pooling a number of compounds into a single sample. Simultaneous measurement of more than 50 compounds was readily achieved in less than 150 min. The measured pKa values are consistent with the published data obtained from the CE/UV method and are also in good agreement with data generated by other methods. Other advantages of using CE/MS for pKa screening are illustrated with typical examples, including poorly soluble compounds and non‐UV‐absorbing compounds. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.