bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Collectivism of Copyright: The Future of Rights Management in the European Union
Authors: Suthersanen* Uma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Collective administration of copyright lies at the junction of copyright, torts, competition, and contract laws. Essentially, collective management of copyright is a system under which a copyright owner assigns/transfers or licenses his rights to an organization and authorizes it, on his behalf, to grant licences to potential users of his work and to collect income due thereof. The copyright holder may either voluntarily or compulsorily mandate such an organization to administer his rights. Collective management avoids the need for individual licensing and makes the process of collection and clearing rights easier for both rights-holders and users respectively. In many cases, both copyright law and the contractual mandate granted to such organizations confer the necessary locus standi on these entities to enforce those rights in civil proceedings. Armed with such rights, collective management organizations offer a united front on behalf of their members and have grown in importance in assisting the individual rights holder to monitor the usage of his work.
The Future of Legal Practice
Authors: Susskind Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Within a very few years, I predict that almost everyone in developed societies will enjoy easy access to a much enhanced Internet and World Wide Web (WWW). This will be the natural and definitive first port of call for all sorts of entertainment, information, guidance, and services—not just for a few but for all of us. It will be commonplace for us to conduct our supermarket shopping and personal banking online; we will choose and book holidays, take out insurance cover and go house-hunting using electronic services which will for most purposes replace (‘disintermediate’) the agents and brokers of today; we will chat, face-to-face via first-rate videoconferencing to friends and colleagues around the world as though they were sitting next to us; we will be able to participate more actively in the schooling of our children and have direct access to most government services and information from our homes; we will have guidance on any conceivable topic at our fingertips, presented in wonderfully illustrative multimedia form; and information and services that are of interest to us will be brought to our attention directly without our needing to go out and search for them. In our working lives too, communication, trading, advice, funds transfer, negotiation, collaboration, management, and marketing, to name but a few, will come to be dominated by ever more focused and usable technologies.
Exploring the Outer Limits: Restrictions on the Free Movement of Goods and Services
Authors: Snell Jukka , Andenas Mads 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The approach of the European Court of Justice was initially more cautious to the free movement of services than to the free movement of goods. However, by the early 1990s the case law in both fields showed marked similarities. The Court was clearly influenced by the strong arguments in favour of a parallel approach in both areas.
Full Circle: Is there a Difference between the Freedom of Establishment and the Freedom to Provide Services?
Authors: Hansen Jesper Lau 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The answer to the above question was until recently without doubt in the affirmative and had been for years. The difference was thought to be that the freedom of establishment only protected against discriminating measures, whereas the freedom to provide services reached further. But in later years this proposition has been criticized1 and with the decision of the ECJ in Gebhard2 some would argue that the answer should be the opposite.3 It is now obvious that there are common characteristics of the two freedoms, nevertheless, the purpose of this chapter is to bring the argument full circle, back to the proposition that there is indeed a difference. To do so, a new understanding of the rights involved is offered, which, it is argued, provides a better framework for an analysis of the Court’s practice.
Financial Services, Taxation and Monetary Movements
Authors: Usher John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the context of a discussion of a unified freedom jurisprudence, the aim of this chapter is to look at the linkages between freedom to provide financial services, freedom to make monetary movements, and the issue of taxation. In brief, there cannot be freedom to provide financial services without freedom to make monetary movements, and for the private citizen the freedom to purchase financial services or to make investments in another Member State only becomes a reality where there is no exchange risk and no risk of government-inspired differences in interest rates between those States, a situation which now exists for the euro-12. However, if advantage is taken of such opportunities by private citizens, governments become all too well aware of the consequences for their exchequers of a lack of tax co ordination—hence the current proposals inter alia for a withholding tax. Conversely, even if there is no exchange risk and no interest-rate risk, a failure to grant the same tax concessions to those purchasing eg a pension abroad, will make that purchase unattractive. The situation is compounded in Community law by the fact that at first sight, there is a conflict between the taxation provisions of the current capital movement rules1 and other Treaty freedoms, yet at the same time the capital movement rules are broader in their scope than the other Treaty freedoms, in that they apply outside as well as inside the Community.2
Archaeology and the Historical Determinants of Punctuation in Language-Family Origins
Authors: Bellwood Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the sole archaeologist writing in a publication dominated by linguists, I hope to encourage a two-way examination of information across the two disciplines. Archaeologists and linguists are able to focus on the reasons for existence of large scale and widely distributed aspects of human variation, especially major complexes of archaeological material culture and major language families/ subgroups. The view taken in this chapter is that such large-scale entities track the evolution of ancestral configurations through processes of both genetic differentiation and contact-induced change. In simple terms, genetic differentiation requires dispersal from a homeland region. Contact-induced change cuts across the lines of genetic differentiation to impose significant aspects of regionality on the cultural pattern.
Linguistic Diffusion in Present-Day East Anatolia: From Top to Bottom
Authors: Haig Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For centuries, East Anatolia has been host to representatives of four distinct language families: Indo-European. Kartvelian, Semitic, and Turkic. Although this degree of linguistic diversity pales in comparison with, say, Papua New Guinea or the Amazon basin, by Eurasian standards it is extremely high, making East Anatolia one of the best linguistic laboratories for investigating language contact in the Old World. But due to the repressive Turkish policies on Anatolian minorities, language contact has until very recently attracted little scholarly attention.
The Role of Migration and Language Contact in the Development of the Sino-Tibetan Language Family
Authors: LaPolla Randy J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A strong case can be made for a genetic linking between the Sinitic languages (the Chinese ‘dialects’) and the Tibeto-Burman languages. There are hundreds of dear cognates of basic vocabulary (Benedict 1972, Matisoff 1978, Baxter 1995; see LaPolla 1994a for a list of two hundred of the most uncontroversial) as well as some derivational morphology that can be reconstructed to the Proto-Sino Tibetan level. Within Tibeto-Burman again we find hundreds of cognates of basic vocabulary, and there are some relatively uncontroversial groupings based on shared innovations, such as Lolo-Burmese, Bodish, Qiangic, and Karenish, but subgrouping within Tibeto-Burman (and to some extent within Sinitic) is quite problematic. Benedict (1972; see the Figure) had Tibeto-Karen as one of two branches of Sino-Tibetan (the other being Chinese), with Tibeto-Burman and Karen being the two highest branches of Tibeto-Karen. Karen was given this position because it has verb-medial word order rather than the usual verb-final order of Tibeto-Burman. However, most linguists working on Tibeto-Burman now consider Karen to be a branch within Tibeto-Burman, as they assume that Karen word order changed due to contact with Mon and Tai, and therefore is not an important factor to be used in genetic grouping.
Hip and Pelvic Osteotomies
Authors: Langlotz Frank , Hinsche Andreas F , Smith R M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dysplasia of the hip joint is characterized by an insufficient coverage of the femoral head by the acetabular cup. As a result loading of the joint is increased,1 and early joint degeneration is expected. Women are affected more often than men.2 Although total hip replacement has been reported for the treatment of dysplastic hips,3 osteotomy of the pelvis with reorientation and subsequent internal fixation of the acetabulum is the preferred treatment method whenever possible. In 1955 Chiari described a pelvic osteotomy to improve the deficient femoral coverage,4 though satisfactory results are dependent on well- defined indications.
Ligament Reconstruction in the knee: the Use of the Caspar System
Authors: Petermann Joerg , Azar Alirezah Pashmineh , Gotzen Leo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ACL rupture is the most common acute ligamentous lesion of the knee joint. As the ACL controls the whole range of motion and has an important role in propriception, the loss of ACL function is a serious injury, both morphologically and functionally. The incidence of secondary meniscus tears in ACL insufficient knee joints is about 70% and posterolateral instabilities also often occur. The result is post- traumatic osteoarthritis.1–3 The indications for ACL replacement in physically active patients are therefore, no longer controversial.
Long Bone Trauma
Authors: Suhm Norbert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a trend towards less invasive, percutaneous techniques in the operative treatment of long bone fractures. The concept includes closed fracture reduction with correct alignment of axes, rotation and correct reconstruction of bone length without open surgical exposition of the fracture site. The former concept of open fracture reduction and plate fixation accepted large skin incisions and dissection of muscles to allow the surgeon direct view on the fracture site. As percutaneous osteosynthesis techniques respect the important role of soft tissues in fracture healing, these techniques suggest improved out- come from both the aesthetic and the functional point of view.
Toward quality in health care for a diverse society
Authors: Kai Joe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our societies are increasingly diverse. However, as the account above suggests, the response from health services is often found wanting. The experiences of people from black and minority ethnic groups (BMEGs) provide a window into understanding how people in society may come to suffer inequalities in health care and health. Many challenges for improving care are common to all communities, particularly those who are socially disadvantaged.
Patient profiling in primary care
Authors: Jones Ben , Gardner Katy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Effective health needs assessment and appropriate service delivery requires a detailed understanding of the demography, morbidity and health care utilization of communities. Considerable variations exist in health, and in access to and use of health services, among groups defined by country of birth and ethnicity. Yet our ability to determine morbidity and health care use for black and minority ethnic (BME) populations, particularly in primary care, remains limited.
Health promotion and screening
Authors: Chiu Lai Fong 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a lack of knowledge and understanding among professionals about health promotion and screening in relation to ethnically diverse communities. This has led to a focus on language and culture as the only barriers to health care. For example, in cervical and breast cancer screening these assumptions have led to many professionals regarding ‘deficiencies’ in minority ethnic women’s knowledge, beliefs and attitudes as reasons for non-attendance.
Coronary heart disease
Authors: Farooqi Azhar , Khunti Kamlesh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the UK. Its prevention and treatment are a high priority for the NHS, not least because of the high social and economic costs of premature death and illness. CHD is largely a disease of a ‘western’ type of lifestyle.
Diabetes
Authors: Khunti Kamlesh , Farooqi Azhar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An epidemic of type 2 diabetes is emerging across the developing world, and people from some communities are particularly predisposed. Diabetes can have a major impact on the physical, psychological and material well-being of individuals and their families, and can lead to multisystem complications. Furthermore, the economic burden of diabetes is considerable, with major implications for health care resources and most costs being for complications of diabetes.
The role of medication
Authors: Burns Tom , Firn Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Assertive outreach has developed, whether as a discrete service or as an aspect of generic CMHTs, mainly for the care of individuals with severe mental illness. The majority of such people suffer from schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder, or a delusional psychosis. Altogether they constitute about 2% of the adult population. Patients suffering from these disorders nearly all benefit from medication over long periods. There are, undoubtedly, severe and persistent neurotic disorders (e.g. obsessive— compulsive disorder, eating disorders, a range of anxiety disorders) which also require intensive treatment and support without medication, but they represent only a small proportion of the case load of most services. So effective outreach services will need to clarify their attitude towards medications.
Compulsion and freedom
Authors: Burns Tom , Firn Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Issues of free will and personal autonomy are at the heart of all mental health practice. Although there are overwhelming similarities between psychiatry and the rest of medicine, there are some fundamental differences. Those of us who work in this field are aware that some sense of ‘alienation’ (either from the normal self or from those around us) is central to the experience of mental illness. In neurotic and depressive disorders, the primary complaint is often of ‘not being my usual self’, of being ‘anxious, worried, pessimistic, preoccupied’ and so on. In psychotic disorders, the perception of the world we live in is changed—the familiar becomes threatening, neutral acquaintances become persecutory and random, irrelevant events become charged with personal meanings.
Self-neglect
Authors: Burns Tom , Firn Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Self-neglect often results from the demotivating, negative symptoms of schizophrenia together with the cognitive deficits that strip some patients of their ability to manage themselves and the outside world in a normal way. Social factors such as limited social networks, unemployment, and poverty may contribute to a sense of hopelessness or apathy towards self-care and care of the immediate environment. Reed and Leonard (1989) describe self-neglect as:Little is published about self-neglect or its incidence in the general and mentally ill populations. The closest that we can come to an estimate of the incidence of serious self-neglect is through examining the numbers of people put on the supervision register for this category in England. Unfortunately, the supervision register is notorious for inconsistencies in its application by different clinicians. The risk to others is overrepresented and the risk to self is under-represented.
Schizophrenia and delusional disorders
Authors: Burns Tom , Firn Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Schizophrenia is the archetypal mental illness; what most people think of when they imagine ‘madness’. It affects all aspects of mental functioning—thinking, feeling, experiencing, and even movement. More than any other mental disorder it is the one where the loss of contact with reality is most obvious. It was first described by Kraepelin in 1896 (Kraepelin 1919) who called it ‘dementia praecox’ to emphasize its long-term, deteriorating course in distinguishing it from manic depressive disorder..
Depression, anxiety, and situational disorders
Authors: Burns Tom , Firn Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is easy to forget that people with severe mental illnesses also suffer anxiety, depression, and grief just as we all do. Although the most prominent features of their illnesses are their psychotic symptoms, careful examination of the mental state of individuals with schizophrenia often betrays very high levels of so-called ‘neurotic symptoms’ (Wing et al1974). The management of situational and common mental disorders is not the primary focus of this book, as it is unlikely to be a major responsibility of outreach workers. However, a familiarity with them, and a working competence with them, is necessary if we are not to fail our patients. Shy, anxious individuals with psychotic disorders are not easily referred on for specialist help from other services.
Substance abuse
Authors: Burns Tom , Firn Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Psychotic illnesses are increasingly complicated by alcohol and drug abuse as patients no longer spend long periods in hospital. Treated in the community the benefits of social inclusion can be offset by greater exposure to drugs and alcohol. Dual diagnosis patients will be used throughout this chapter to refer to patients with a psychotic illness plus significant alcohol or substance abuse. Assertive outreach provides the opportunity to accept dual diagnosis patients and work towards resolving the cumulative problems that both conditions bring. Dual diagnosis carries additional problems for both patients and services. Integrating both substance abuse strategies and more traditional mental health interventions in the same team is an essential response for such chaotic individuals.
Daily living skills
Authors: Burns Tom , Firn Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In assertive outreach the teaching and development of daily living and social skills takes place with each patient in the context of their own home, family, and community. We are no longer dealing with institutionalized patients moving out of long-stay wards who may never have used a pedestrian crossing or supermarket. We are, however, often working with people who might find cooking or shopping difficult due to motivational, cognitive, and information-processing deficits. Helping patients to develop and practise daily living skills means that we must resist the temptation to simply do everything for them, as happened in long-stay institutions. This involves listening to the patient’s agenda and encouraging decision making and problem solving.
Psychosocial interventions and work with families and carers
Authors: Burns Tom , Firn Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Psychosocial interventions are much talked about in modern mental health services. They match the mood of the times. They emphasize the broader, non-drug approach to helping individuals with mental health problems while, at the same time, distancing themselves from the older, ideologically overburdened and ‘less scientific’ psychotherapies. The term is as much a statement of intent as a description of a method of working or an easily identified set of procedures. What all psychosocial interventions seem to have in common is a commitment to working together (staff, patients, and carers) to understand problems better and develop strategies to reduce their impact. These strategies can be psychological (such as challenging automatic thoughts in cognitive behaviour therapy), behavioural (avoiding expressing criticism in response to symptoms), or even pharmacological (taking increased medication in response to an agreed relapse signature).
Managing the team
Authors: Burns Tom , Firn Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Assertive outreach is an effective method of delivering intensive and comprehensive packages of care to severely mentally ill individuals. It relies on co-ordination, communication, and a clearly understood policy framework at a team level. It is a labour-intensive activity and deals with complex issues. Assertive outreach teams need a clinical team leader who is a mental health professional and capable of combining team case work with operational management, in order that the team functions effectively on all these levels. In the NHS, the consultant psychiatrist has a complementary leadership role and ultimate clinical accountability. This chapter sets out the relative roles and tasks, and presents a model for organizing the team’s resources day to day. For the many staff who graduate from clinical to managerial roles, basic management concepts are covered along with the contemporary policy framework. Throughout, key issues are raised for managers responsible for assertive outreach services.
Service planning
Authors: Burns Tom , Firn Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By April 2001, the UK government’s NHS planhad seen 170 assertive outreach teams established, with a further 50 teams expected by 2004. These teams should serve all 20 000 people with severe and enduring mental health problems estimated to be hard to engage and in need of intensive support in the community (Department of Health 2000). This is an ambitious commitment and reflects the degree of centralized service planning in this country. By contrast, the North American experience has seen assertive outreach develop through a ‘franchising’ process (Bond 1991). Model assertive outreach programmes have been copied by other parts of the country over a relatively long time period. Using a particularly American metaphor, Bond suggests that service planners may be able to learn something from the fast food industry in its successful transmission of standards to new locations !
Behavioural psychotherapy
Authors: Drummond Lynne M , Kennedy Brett 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Behavioural psychotherapy is surprisingly difficult to define. Whereas it has been referred to as a group of treatments based on the application of learning theory, this is only partly correct. Many behavioural treatments have been discovered and refined by trial and error, and by clinicians examining what is beneficial. In many cases, learning theory has been modified to incorporate clinical findings. It has been suggested that behavioural psychotherapy is merely the application of common sense. This again is only partially so. Whereas exposure can be seen as a variant of common sense, that if a person has a car accident they should soon drive again, the relevance of duration and other factors involved in exposure are not commonly appreciated.