bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rural Health Alert: Helicobacter pylori in Well Water
Authors: Reavis Catherine 
Published: June 2005

PurposeThis exploratory research project is an epidemiological study to determine in a specified population of farmworkers in Southeast Georgia the following: (a) the prevalence rate of gastritis, (b) related cofactors contributing to gastritis with or without a positive diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori (HP), (c) relationship of contaminated drinking water to gastritis, and (d) relative risk of acquiring gastritis from HP‐contaminated drinking water.Data sourcesData were collected from five common water sources for 147 farmworkers in rural Southeast Georgia. Farmworkers were given a survey to identify cofactors related to HP gastritis. Water samples were taken from four common well water sources (experimental group) and one control well, analyzed for HP, and associated through nonparametric categorical data analysis to the survey items to discover possible relationships.ConclusionsAnalysis of data using nonparametric regression showed a weak positive relationship (p= 0.07) between symptoms of gastritis and the HP‐contaminated water. Risk analysis demonstrated that farmworkers who drank water contaminated with HP were 2.6 times more likely to have symptoms of gastritis.Implications for practiceThis research established a positive relationship between well water contaminated with HP and signs and symptoms of gastritis. Nurse practitioners (NPs) working with populations who drink well water and have the signs and symptoms or positive diagnosis of HP should have a high degree of suspicion that the well water may be a source of HP infection. In addition to treating the patient for HP gastritis, NPs may utilize this research to plan other interventions that decrease the incidence of HP‐related illnesses such as recommending well water treatment.
Are There Any Religions? An Evolutionary Exploration
Authors: Bulbulia Joseph 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCommon sense holds there are distinctive religions, an intuition that informs most scholarship and teaching in religious studies and the social sciences, but the intuition is somewhat misleading. In spite of apparent religious difference, recent psychological inquiry suggests that religion emerges from a single panhuman psychological design that strongly constrains variation. There is some variation in the religiosity of individuals and groups, but not the variation of "traditions". This paper uses recent research in the cognitive and evolutionary study of religion to explore some basic properties of the mental architecture that generates human religiosity, including features that enhance the illusion of religious difference.
Simulating Typhoon Floods with Gauge Data and Mesoscale-Modeled Rainfall in a Mountainous Watershed
Authors: Li Ming-Hsu , Yang Ming-Jen , Soong Ruitang , Huang Hsiao-Ling 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
A physically based distributed hydrological model was applied to simulate typhoon floods over a mountainous watershed in Taiwan. The meteorological forcings include the observed gauge rainfall data and the predicted rainfall data from a mesoscale meteorological model, the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU–NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5). This study investigates the flood responses of three Typhoons: Zeb (1998), Nari (2001), and Herb (1996), which possessed unique meteorological features and that all produced severe floods. The predicted basin-averaged rainfall hydrographs by the MM5 are compared with that interpreted by rain gauge data to reveal the discrepancies in rainfall peak amounts and time lags, and to explore their subsequent effects on flood generation. The simulated flood hydrographs at the Hsia-Yun station, which is upstream of the Shihmen Reservoir, are compared with observed flood discharges in terms of the amount and time lag of flood peaks. It is shown that the small discrepancy in rainfall peaks and phase lags could be significantly amplified in simulated flood responses of a mountainous watershed. The overall predictive skill of the distributed hydrological model with different rainfall inputs is examined with three parameters, which include the runoff ratio (RR), root-mean-square error (rmse), and goodness of fit (GOF). Although the runoff ratio for the MM5-predicted rainfall is superior to that for the observed gauge rainfall, the simulated hydrographs with observed gauge rainfall have smaller rmse and GOF values for three events. This study shows that the error in flood prediction with the mesoscale-modeled rainfall is mainly caused by the rainfall–peak difference, which arises from the inherent uncertainties in the mesoscale-modeled rainfalls over a mountainous terrain during the typhoon landfall periods.
A New Polyquinoline Containing Spirobifluorene and Phenathiazine Units with Excellent Electroluminescence Properties
Authors: Huang Bing , Jiang Zuoquan , Li Jun , Qin Jingui , Yu Gui , Liu Yunqi 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
A new polyquinoline PQSP containing spirobifluorene and phenathiazine units was synthesized through the acid-catalyzed Friedländer condensation. PQSP showed strong yellow emission in solution and film. Excellent EL performances were obtained for PQSP. The devices based on PQSP showed a maximum external quantum efficiency of 0.63% and a maximum photometric efficiency of 1.85 cd/A. Pure yellow-green EL with narrow full width at the half-maximum (fwhm &lt; 70 nm) and the highest maximum luminance (1768 cd/m2) among the currently reported polyquinolines was obtained for PQSP.
Iron-catalyzed Silylcyanation of Aldehydes and Ketones with Silyl Cyanide Prepared from Silane and Acetonitrile
Authors: Itazaki Masumi , Nakazawa Hiroshi 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Silylcyanation of aldehyde or ketone was performed in a solution involving Et3SiCN produced by photoreaction of Et3SiH with MeCN in the presence of a catalytic amount of Cp(CO)2FeMe (Cp = C5H5). The iron complex derived from Cp(CO)2FeMe serves as a catalyst both for C–C bond cleavage of MeCN and concomitant Si–C bond formation and for Si–C bond cleavage in silylcyanation. The catalytic reaction mechanism has been discussed.
Bullying behaviors in female and male adolescent offenders: prevalence, types, and association with psychosocial adjustment
Authors: Viljoen Jodi L. , O'Neill Melanie L. , Sidhu Avneet 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDespite the surge of research on bullying, few studies have examined bullying in young offenders, particularly female young offenders. This study investigated the prevalence, types, and correlates of bullying behaviors in 193 male and 50 female incarcerated adolescents from nine young offender facilities. Overall, 37% of participants identified themselves as bully‐victims, 32% as pure bullies, 23% as not involved, and 8% as pure victims. In comparison to males, females were more likely to report being involved with bullying in some capacity, particularly as pure victims, and being bullied by sexual touching and comments. Pure victims reported higher rates of psychological distress and suicidal behaviors than those youth not involved in bullying, and pure bullies were more likely to have been previously incarcerated and affiliated with a gang. Bully‐victims reported the highest rates of previous abuse, peer victimization in the community, drug use, and suicide attempts while in custody. All groups, including pure victims, reported high rates of bullying others in the community. Treatment providers should recognize that offenders who are victims are often bullies as well, and be alert to broad mental health needs among victims and bully‐victims. Given the prevalence and potential serious consequences of bullying, the development of anti‐bullying policies appears to be an important step in recognizing and reducing bullying. Aggr. Behav. 00:1–16, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Current distribution in PEM fuel cells. Part 2: Air operation and temperature effect
Authors: Natarajan Dilip , Van Nguyen Trung 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe effect of air flow rate, fuel and oxidant gas stream humidity, and cell operating temperature on the spatial and temporal current density distribution was investigated in a single gas channel PEM fuel cell using a segmented electrode/current collector assembly. Related studies on oxygen operation and fuel starvation effects are presented in part one of this paper. The current density distribution was found to be a strong function of the available oxygen concentration down the channel that was determined by the air supply rate. Higher flow rates reduced the drop in the current density profile along the channel. At lower air flow rates, a simultaneous increase in cell temperature and anode humidification level resulted in increasing segment performance near the inlet accompanied by a related decrease in the current densities downstream. Further increasing the air flow rate ultimately led to enhanced reaction rates over the entire length of the channel. If cell temperature elevation were not accompanied by a corresponding increase in the anode humidification level, the dehydration pattern on the anode side tended to dominate the local current density distribution. Beyond a certain point the current density distribution along the channel was exclusively dependent on oxidant availability and gas diffusion rates and thus neither higher anode humidification nor cell temperature elevation had a significant influence at the chosen operating segment potential. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Electroencephalographic response to transcranial magnetic stimulation in children: Evidence for giant inhibitory potentials
Authors: Bender Stephan , Basseler Kristine , Sebastian Imke , Resch Franz , Kammer Thomas , Oelkers‐Ax Rieke , Weisbrod Matthias 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe electroencephalographic response to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) recently has been established as a direct parameter of motor cortex excitability. Its N100 component was suggested to reflect an inhibitory response. We investigated influences of cerebral maturation on TMS‐evoked N100 in 6‐ to 10‐year‐old healthy children. We used a forewarned reaction time (contingent negative variation) task to test the effects of response preparation and sensory attention on N100 amplitude. Single‐pulse TMS of motor cortex at 105% motor threshold intensity evoked N100 amplitudes of more than 100μV in resting children (visible in single trials), which correlated negatively with age and positively with absolute stimulation intensity. During late contingent negative variation, which involves preactivation of the cortical structures necessary for a fast response, N100 amplitude was significantly reduced. We conclude that (1) N100 amplitude reduction during late contingent negative variation provides further evidence that TMS‐evoked N100 reflects inhibitory processes, (2) response preparation and attention modulate N100, and (3) TMS‐evoked N100 undergoes maturational changes and could serve to test cortical integrity and inhibitory function in children. Parallels between the inhibitory N100 after TMS (provoking massive synchronous excitation) and the inhibitory wave component of epileptic spike wave complexes are suggested. Ann Neurol 2005
Amyloid‐β oligomers are inefficiently measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay
Authors: Stenh Charlotte , Englund Hillevi , Lord Anna , Johansson Ann‐Sofi , Almeida Claudia G. , Gellerfors Pär , Greengard Paul , Gouras Gunnar K. , Lannfelt Lars , Nilsson Lars N. G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAmyloid‐β (Aβ) peptide levels are widely measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in Alzheimer's disease research. Here, we show that oligomerization of Aβ results in underestimated Aβ ELISA levels. The implications are that comprehensive analysis of soluble Aβ requires either sample pretreatment at denaturing conditions or novel conformation‐dependent immunoassays. Our findings might be of relevance for many neurodegenerative disorders in which soluble protein aggregates are the main neurotoxic species. Ann Neurol 2005;58:147–150
Dopaminergic influences on formation of a motor memory
Authors: Flöel Agnes , Breitenstein Caterina , Hummel Friedhelm , Celnik Pablo , Gingert Christian , Sawaki Lumy , Knecht Stefan , Cohen Leonardo G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe ability of the central nervous system to form motor memories, a process contributing to motor learning and skill acquisition, decreases with age. Dopaminergic activity, one of the mechanisms implicated in memory formation, experiences a similar decline with aging. It is possible that restoring dopaminergic function in elderly adults could lead to improved formation of motor memories with training. We studied the influence of a single oral dose of levodopa (100mg) administered preceding training on the ability to encode an elementary motor memory in the primary motor cortex of elderly and young healthy volunteers in a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled design. Attention to the task and motor training kinematics were comparable across age groups and sessions. In young subjects, encoding a motor memory under placebo was more prominent than in older subjects, and the encoding process was accelerated by intake of levodopa. In the elderly group, diminished motor memory encoding under placebo was enhanced by intake of levodopa to levels present in younger subjects. Therefore, upregulation of dopaminergic activity accelerated memory formation in young subjects and restored the ability to form a motor memory in elderly subjects; possible mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of dopaminergic agents on motor learning in neurorehabilitation. Ann Neurol 2005;58:121–130
Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system in brain infarction and vascular death
Authors: Brenner David , Labreuche Julien , Poirier Odette , Cambien François , Amarenco Pierre ,   GENIC Investigators
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system has functions that may contribute to brain infarction (BI). In 459 matched pairs of white patients and control subjects, we measured plasma angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) levels, seven polymorphisms (angiotensinogen T174M and M235T, ACE I/D and 4656 2/3CT repeat [rpt], angiotensin II type 1 receptor A1166C and A153G, and aldosterone synthase CYP11B2), and evaluated 5‐year poststroke mortality. Mean plasma ACE levels (±standard error) were significantly greater in patients than control subjects (37.5 ± 0.9 vs 33.9 ± 0.9), in patients with lacunar stroke, and in patients with no previous vascular (cerebrovascular or cardiovascular) history. The risk for BI increased with tertiles of plasma ACE, without an interaction with hypertension. After adjustments, the association disappeared except among patients with cardioembolic BI and those without previous vascular events. Among the polymorphisms, there was a weak association of BI with angiotensin II type 1 receptor 1166C, a weak protective effect with angiotensinogen 174M, and a strong association of angiotensinogen 235T with 5‐year vascular mortality. These results suggest that renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system activity and genes contribute to cerebrovascular disease and poststroke vascular death in white patients. Ann Neurol 2005;58:131–138
A Novel Synthesis and Molluscicidal Activity of some Functionally Substituted Pyridine, Pyrido[3,2‐c]pyridazine, and Pyrido[3,2‐c]pyridazino[2′,3′‐a]quinazoline Derivatives
Authors: Abdelrazek Fathy M. , Fathy Alaa El‐Din M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractEthyl benzoylacetate reacts with the malononitrile dimer to afford 4‐amino‐5‐benzoyl‐2‐dicyano methyl‐6‐hydroxypyridine, which undergoes the coupling reaction with aromatic diazonium salts to afford azo derivatives. These azo derivatives could be cyclized into pyrido[3,2‐c]pyridazine and pyrido[3,2‐c]pyridazino[2′,3′‐a]quinazoline derivatives upon reflux in ethanolic NaOH, presumably via their hydrazo tautomers. The molluscicidal activity of these compounds was evaluated.
Pilot study of capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry as a tool to define potential prostate cancer biomarkers in urine
Authors: Theodorescu Dan , Fliser Danilo , Wittke Stefan , Mischak Harald , Krebs Ronald , Walden Michael , Ross Mark , Eltze Elke , Bettendorf Olaf , Wulfing Christian , Semjonow Axel 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe describe the use of capillary eletrophoresis (CE) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) to identify single polypeptides and patterns of polypeptides specific for prostate cancer (CaP) in human urine. Using improved sample preparation methods that enable enhanced comparability between different samples, we examined samples from 47 patients who underwent prostate biopsy. Of this group, 21 patients had benign pathology and 26 with CaP, and these were used to define potential biomarkers, which allow discrimination between these two states. In addition, CE‐MS data from these 47 urine samples were compared to that of 41 young men (control) without known or suspected clinical CaP to further confirm the polypeptides indicative for CaP. Upon crossvalidation of the same samples, several polypeptides were selected that enabled correct classification of the CaP patients with 92% sensitivity and 96% specificity. We then examined an additional 474 samples from patients with renal disease enrolled in other studies and found that 14 (3%) had polypeptides suggestive of CaP possibly indicating that they harbor clinical CaP. In conclusion, this early pilot study suggests that CE‐MS of urine warrants further investigation as a tool that can identify putative biomarkers for CaP.
Point process methodology for on‐line spatio‐temporal disease surveillance
Authors: Diggle Peter , Rowlingson Barry , Su Ting‐li 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe formulate the problem of on‐line spatio‐temporal disease surveillance in terms of predicting spatially and temporally localised excursions over a pre‐specified threshold value for the spatially and temporally varying intensity of a point process in which each point represents an individual case of the disease in question. Our point process model is a non‐stationary log‐Gaussian Cox process in which the spatio‐temporal intensity,λ(x,t), has a multiplicative decomposition into two deterministic components, one describing purely spatial and the other purely temporal variation in the normal disease incidence pattern, and an unobserved stochastic component representing spatially and temporally localised departures from the normal pattern. We give methods for estimating the parameters of the model, and for making probabilistic predictions of the current intensity. We describe an application to on‐line spatio‐temporal surveillance of non‐specific gastroenteric disease in the county of Hampshire, UK. The results are presented as maps of exceedance probabilities, P{R(x,t)c|data}, whereR(x,t)is the current realisation of the unobserved stochastic component ofλ(x,t)andcis a pre‐specified threshold. These maps are updated automatically in response to each day's incident data using a web‐based reporting system. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using a probabilistic model (pCNEM) to estimate personal exposure to air pollution
Authors: Zidek James V. , Shaddick Gavin , White Rick , Meloche Jean , Chatfield Chris 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis article describes the use of a probabilistic model to estimate personal exposure to airborne pollutants. Such estimates are important when assessing, for example, the potential effects of air pollution on health and in developing related policy. An individual's personal exposure will be determined by local pollution sources which will change throughout the day as the individual's location changes. For this reason, models have been developed that utilize ‘time activity’ patterns to compute the overall exposure to pollutants. The model described here is referred to as ‘pCNEM’ and can be accessed through the WWW. The computational platform is flexible in that it allows users to construct models defining local sources of pollution and emissions in addition to ambient levels. This article demonstrates the construction of such a model, for predicting the exposure to PM10 of random selected individuals from sub‐populations of Greater London. A case study of working females in the spring and summer of 1997 is presented. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison of spatial design methods for correlated observations
Authors: Müller Werner G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractRandom fields are frequently used to model spatial environmental processes. Optimum design theory for regression experiments is consequently employed to assess and construct monitoring networks for these processes. However, straightforward application of much of this theory is not possible, since the typical assumption of independent errors is violated. In the present article I intend to give an overview on design methods that attempt to cope with the problem, amongst them two recently developed approaches. For a comparison the techniques will be applied to the design of a water‐quality monitoring network in the Südliche Tullnerfeld in Lower Austria. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic design of ecological monitoring networks for non‐Gaussian spatio‐temporal data
Authors: Wikle Christopher K. , Royle J. Andrew 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMany ecological processes exhibit spatial structure that changes over time in a coherent, dynamical fashion. This dynamical component is often ignored in the design of spatial monitoring networks. Furthermore, ecological variables related to processes such as habitat are often non‐Gaussian (e.g. Poisson or log‐normal). We demonstrate that a simulation‐based design approach can be used in settings where the data distribution is from a spatio‐temporal exponential family. The key random component in the conditional mean function from this distribution is then a spatio‐temporal dynamic process. Given the computational burden of estimating the expected utility of various designs in this setting, we utilize an extended Kalman filter approximation to facilitate implementation. The approach is motivated by, and demonstrated on, the problem of selecting sampling locations to estimate July brood counts in the prairie pothole region of the U.S. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Composition‐controlled nanocomposites of apatite and collagen incorporating silicon as an osseopromotive agent
Authors: Lynn A. K. , Nakamura T. , Patel N. , Porter A. E. , Renouf A. C. , Laity P. R. , Best S. M. , Cameron R. E. , Shimizu Y. , Bonfield W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe development of a novel biocomposite of apatite (Ap) and collagen incorporating low‐level additions of silicon (Si) as an osseopromotive agent is detailed. Designed to mimic the structural and compositional characteristics of developing bone, this composite is produced via a coprecipitation method, through which the weight percentage of Ap (i.e., the Ap/collagen ratio) can be varied. Coprecipitates produced at Ap contents of 80 wt % (Ap/collagen = 4:1), 60 wt % (Ap/collagen = 3:2), and 40 wt % (Ap/collagen = 2:3) Ap showed markedly different morphologies, ranging from ceramic‐like particulates to rope‐like macro‐fibrils; at all three Ap contents, however, the nanostructural features of the composites remained qualitatively indistinguishable, with equiaxed Ap nanocrystals distributed randomly throughout a matrix of amorphous collagen. Si incorporation was observed to occur preferentially in the collagenous phase—a result with potential impact on local controlled release of Si. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2005