bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vapochromism of Ionic Dyes in Thin Films of Sugar Gels
Authors: Matsushima Ryoka , Nishimura Naoko , Goto Kuniaki , Kohno Yoshiumi 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
Solid thin films of sugar gels containing ionic dyes, such as flavylium and thionine salts, exhibit extensive and vapor-specific color changes upon exposure to volatile organic compounds, such as methanol, ethanol, acetone, benzene, ether, and pyridine. Some of them show good vapochromic reversibility after repeated exposures, although extensive degradation occurs with pyridine vapor. Vapochromism has been explained in terms of solvation and stabilization of the dye molecules by permeated vapors, resulting in a shift of dye aggregation–deaggregation equilibria.
New Approach to Lowering of the Overvoltage for Oxygen Evolution on RuO2 and Related Metal-Oxide Electrodes by Ion Implantation
Authors: Tsujiko Akira , Kajiyama Kenji , Kanaya Masatoshi , Murakoshi Kei , Nakato Yoshihiro 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
The ion implantation method is applied to the improvement of the oxygen-evolution activity for metal oxide electrodes. The implantation of metal ions such as Co+, Zn+, and Ru+ into nanocrystalline RuO2 and RuxTi1−xO2 (x = 1/2 and 2/3) film electrodes caused negative shifts of current density (j) vs potential (U) curves for oxygen evolution by about 20–100 mV, indicating the lowering of the overvoltage for oxygen evolution. Detailed experiments have shown that the lowering of the overvoltage is neither due to a change in the chemical composition of the electrode surface nor due to an increase in the effective area of the electrode surface, but rather is due to production of certain crystal defects (such as atomic gaps) that can act as active sites for oxygen evolution. The result is of much interest, suggesting that the control of surface defect structures is a promising approach for the improvement of the oxygen evolution activity.
Electrolyte-promoted Easy Separation of Suspended TiO2 Particles with a Solids Retaining Type Centrifuge in Combination with Photoreactor to Degrade Dibutyl Phthalate
Authors: Hasegawa Kiyoshi , Ito Tomonori , Nakamura Wakako , Nagai Machi , Kagaya Shigehiro 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
Adjustment of a TiO2 suspension containing electrolytes to the isoelectric point (IEP) enabled easy separation of fine particles of TiO2 by a solids-retaining type centrifuge, which was combined with a batch photoreactor. Optimum separation conditions and reusability of the recovered TiO2 for the degradation of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) were examined. For synthesized waste water samples (5 μM DBP in tap and well water), suspended TiO2 was easily separated without addition of electrolytes after degradation of DBP.
Fabrication of Hollow Silica Microspheres through the Self-assembly Behavior of Polymers in W/O Emulsion
Authors: Park Jae-Hyung , Bae Seong-Youl , Oh Seong-Geun 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
The major focus of this study is on understanding the mechanism of formation of the hollow silica microspheres through the self-assembly behavior of polymers (PEG and PVP) in W/O emulsion and studying their particle morphology, particle size, and pore structure depending on the experimental conditions.
Growth of Pure β-Si3N4 Nanorods from the Synergic Nitrogen Sources
Authors: Xu Fen , Zhang Xu , Xi Wang , Hong Jie , Xie Yi 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
Pure β-Si3N4 nanorods with of 30–60 nm and length of 180–300 nm were synthesized from a mild benzene-thermal route at 450 °C, starting from SiCl4 and the synergic nitrogen sources of NaNH2 and NH4Cl. The obtained sample was characterized by XRD, TEM and XPS. The one-dimensional growth mechanism is assumed to be a vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) process.
Synthesis of 5-(Alkylphenylphosphoryl)-5-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrroline N-Oxide as a New Spin Trapping Reagent
Authors: Shioji Kosei , Tsukimoto Shigeyuki , Tanaka Hidehiko , Okuma Kentaro 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
Novel DMPO analogues attached to a phenyl group at the phosphorus atom were synthesized and examined for their ability in the spin trapping of oxygen-centered radicals. The lipophilicities of these analogues were higher than those of DMPO.
Double Nucleophilic Addition of Ketene Silyl (Thio)acetals and Trimethylsilyl Cyanide to α,β-Unsaturated Aldimines Promoted by Aluminum Chloride
Authors: Shimizu Makoto , Kamiya Makiko , Hachiya Iwao 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
In the presence of AlCl3, a mixture of ketene silyl (thio)acetal and trimethylsilyl cyanide underwent 1,4- and subsequent 1,2-addition, respectively, with α,β-unsaturated imines to give ethyl(S-alkyl) 5-amino-6-cyanopentanoates in good yields.
Novel Cerium(III)–(R)-BNP Complex as a Storable Chiral Lewis Acid Catalyst for the Enantioselective Hetero-Diels–Alder Reaction
Authors: Hayano Tetsuji , Sakaguchi Toshiaki , Furuno Hiroshi , Ohba Masaaki , Okawa Hisashi , Inanaga Junji 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
A novel Ce(III)–(R)-BNP complex was conveniently prepared from CAN and (R)-BNP–Na, then successfully used as a homogeneous catalyst for the asymmetric hetero-Diels–Alder reaction affording, after acidic work-up, 6-substituted 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyran-4-one derivatives with high enantioselectivities (up to 94% ee). A mechanistically interesting positive nonlinear effect was also observed.
Selective Oxidation of Nitric Oxide against Nitrite by Oxo-iron(IV) Porphyrin at an ITO Electrode
Authors: Lei Jianping , Trofimova Natalia S , Ikeda Osamu 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
Electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical experiments at an ITO electrode clarified that O=FeIV(4-TMPyP) was formed via 1e− + 1H+ oxidation process of FeIII(4-TMPyP) in pH 7.4 PBS and the electrogenerated O=FeIV(4-TMPyP) selectively reacted with NO to give NO2− as the final product through an electrocatalytic cycle.
A Novel Ring Expansion of the Holey Ketolactam Derivative of C60
Authors: Iwamatsu Sho-ichi , Ono Fumiaki , Murata Shizuaki 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
The migrative addition reaction of phenylhydrazine to the ketolactam derivative of C60 occurred with a regioselective cage scission to give a 15-membered ring-opened fullerene bearing a methylene carbon and an acenaphthenequinone monophenylhydrazone unit along the orifice.
The Reaction of Metallothionein-3 with DTNB
Authors: Zheng Qi , Cai Bin , Chen Dong , Yu Wen-Hao , Wang Yun-Hua , Huang Zhong-Xian 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
MT3 reacts with DTNB by a biphasic process, which roots from the difference in reactions between two domains with DTNB. The β-domain reacts with DTNB faster, implying that the CPCP motif distorts the peptide and leads to the Cd3S9 cluster more accessible to solvent. This reaction is a SN2 process according to the activation entropy.
An Experimental Attempt to Identify a Moving Molecular Moiety in a Solvent Matrix
Authors: Goto Yoshitaka , Sugita Keijiro , Takahashi Toru , Ohga Yasushi , Asano Tsutomu 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
It was experimentally demonstrated that microscopic friction between a reactant molecule and the surrounding solvent during a unimolecular structural change increased with increasing bulkiness of substituents and it is suggested that this dependence can be used to identify a moving molecular moiety in the reactant inside of a solvation shell.
Enzymatic Synthesis and Antioxidant Property of Poly(allylamine)–Catechin Conjugate
Authors: Chung Joo Eun , Kurisawa Motoichi , Tachibana Yoichi , Uyama Hiroshi , Kobayashi Shiro 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
A polymeric conjugate containing a catechin group has been synthesized by laccase-catalyzed oxidation of catechin in the presence of poly(allylamine). The resulting conjugate showed a good antioxidant property against LDL peroxidation induced by a free radical.
Prescribing Indicators for Evaluating Drug Use in Nursing Homes
Authors: van Dijk Karen N , Pont Lisa G , de Vries Corinne S , Franken Maria , Brouwers Jacobus RBJ , de Jong-van den Berg Lolkje TW 
Published: June 2003

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate drug use in 2 Dutch nursing homes (254 residents) by developing and evaluating prescribing indicators based on pharmacy prescription data. METHODS: We evaluated the prescribing of benzodiazepines, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), ulcer-healing drugs, and diuretics. Prescribing indicators were used to identify prescribing that was potentially not in line with recommendations in national and regional prescribing guidelines. We used both descriptive indicators, such as the number and percentage of users, and indicators reflecting potentially suboptimal prescribing, such as use of drugs outside the regional drug formulary, use of >1 drug from the same drug class, and prescription of drug dosages above recommended values. When potentially suboptimal prescribing was found, we verified the findings by means of an interview with 1 of the prescribers. RESULTS: The prescribing indicators we assessed were generally in agreement with national and regional guidelines. However, prescribing of NSAIDs without concomitant prescribing of gastroprotective drugs was found in a relatively high number of patients. After prescriber interview and patient chart review, it was found that some prescribing indicators, such as dosages above recommended values, were not always indicative for suboptimal prescribing. CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study showed that prescribing indicators based solely on pharmacy prescription data can be a useful tool to evaluate drug prescribing. With some of these prescribing indicators, we identified cases of potentially suboptimal prescribing. However, with other indicators such as those based on drug dosages, we could not identify suboptimal prescribing, and clinical information from the prescriber was necessary to get insight into the appropriateness of prescribing.
Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Community Residential Care Facilities
Authors: Gray Shelly L , Hedrick Susan C , Rhinard Ellen E , Sales Anne E , Sullivan Jean H , Tornatore Jane B , Curtis Michael P 
Published: June 2003

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of potentially inappropriate medication use in community residential care (CRC) facilities at baseline, describe exposure to potentially inappropriate drugs during the 1-year follow-up, and examine characteristics associated with potentially inappropriate use. DESIGN: A cohort study was conducted using 282 individuals aged ≥65 years entering a CRC facility in a 3-county area in the Puget Sound region of Washington State between April 1998 and December 1998 on Medicaid funding. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Use of potentially inappropriate medications as defined by explicit criteria (e.g., drugs that should generally be avoided in the elderly because potential risks outweigh any potential benefits). RESULTS: Sixty-two (22%) residents took a total of 75 potentially inappropriate medications at baseline. The most common agents used at baseline were oxybutynin (3.5%) and amitriptyline (3.5%). The incidence of new use of potentially inappropriate medications was 0.1/100 person-days during the follow-up period. Potentially inappropriate use was related to self-reported fair or poor health (adjusted OR 1.42; 95% CI 1.05 to 1.92) and number of prescription drugs (adjusted OR 1.12; 95% CI 1.05 to 1.19). In the Cox proportional hazard model, no characteristics predicted new potentially inappropriate medication use during the follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Potentially inappropriate medication use is common among residents in CRC facilities. A comprehensive periodic review may be beneficial for reducing potentially inappropriate use, especially for patients taking multiple drugs.
Intraspinal Use of Morphine
Authors: Gaudette Kathryn E , Weaver S Jay 
Published: June 2003

OBJECTIVE: To compare the different sterility standards and the cost issues involved when choosing an opioid product for intraspinal administration. DATA SOURCES: Literature accessed through MEDLINE and other Internet search engines (September 2002–April 2003) was evaluated. Key search terms included epidural/intrathecal, opioids, sterility, and compounding. DATA SYNTHESIS: Intraspinal use is prevalent in the area of pain management. Product selection is of utmost importance when administering through the intraspinal route. An evaluation of guidelines on sterility and a cost comparison were conducted. CONCLUSIONS: The preservative-free commercially available products that are indicated for intrathecal/epidural use are the best alternative due to proper outside testing and stringent quality assurance. The generic morphine preservative-free product may also be considered if proper steps are taken to ensure that the final product is diluted properly.
Decreased Argatroban Clearance Unaffected by Hemodialysis in Anasarca
Authors: de Denus Simon , Spinler Sarah A 
Published: June 2003

OBJECTIVE: To report the case of a patient with acute renal failure and anasarca undergoing hemodialysis who demonstrated a prolonged effect of argatroban despite having no hepatic dysfunction. CASE SUMMARY: A 54-year-old white woman with a past medical history of St. Jude's prosthetic mitral valve placement was admitted for anasarca secondary to acute renal failure of unknown origin. In order to prevent valve thrombosis and stroke, argatroban was initiated. Despite having no hepatic dysfunction, the patient demonstrated an elevated activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) for a prolonged period of time, requiring a significant dose reduction. This suggested reduced clearance of argatroban. Furthermore, this prolonged effect persisted despite hemodialysis. DISCUSSION: Patients with severe renal dysfunction eliminate argatroban at a rate similar to that in healthy volunteers, while those with hepatic disease have a marked decrease in argatroban elimination. Our patient apparently had a reduction in argatroban elimination similar to that in patients with hepatic dysfunction. The few published reports regarding the use of argatroban in patients undergoing hemodialysis generally lack any information regarding variations in plasma concentrations of argatroban, the aPTT, or the type of dialyzer used. The available data, as well as our report, suggest that dosing adjustment during hemodialysis may not be necessary in patients without associated hepatic dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS: This report suggests that in patients who are fluid-overloaded, the anticoagulant effects of argatroban may be prolonged to a degree similar to that observed in patients with hepatic disease. Our report supports the previously published data that hemodialysis has little, if any, role in increasing argatroban elimination.
A Brief Primer on Automated Signal Detection
Authors: Hauben Manfred 
Published: June 2003

BACKGROUND: Statistical techniques have traditionally been underused in spontaneous reporting systems used for postmarketing surveillance of adverse drug events. Regulatory agencies, pharmaceutical companies, and drug monitoring centers have recently devoted considerable efforts to develop and implement computer-assisted automated signal detection methodologies that employ statistical theory to enhance screening efforts of expert clinical reviewers. OBJECTIVE: To provide a concise state-of-the-art review of the most commonly used automated signal detection procedures, including the underlying statistical concepts, performance characteristics, and outstanding limitations, and issues to be resolved. DATA SOURCES: Primary articles were identified by MEDLINE search (1965–December 2002) and through secondary sources. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: All of the articles identified from the data sources were evaluated and all information deemed relevant was included in this review. DATA SYNTHESIS: Commonly used methods of automated signal detection are self-contained and involve screening large databases of spontaneous adverse event reports in search of interestingly large disproportionalities or dependencies between significant variables, usually single drug–event pairs, based on an underlying model of statistical independence. The models vary according to the underlying model of statistical independence and whether additional mathematical modeling using Bayesian analysis is applied to the crude measures of disproportionality. There are many potential advantages and disadvantages of these methods, as well as significant unresolved issues related to the application of these techniques, including lack of comprehensive head-to-head comparisons in a single large transnational database, lack of prospective evaluations, and the lack of gold standard of signal detection. CONCLUSIONS: Current methods of automated signal detection are nonclinical and only highlight deviations from independence without explaining whether these deviations are due to a causal linkage or numerous potential confounders. They therefore cannot replace expert clinical reviewers, but can help them to focus attention when confronted with the difficult task of screening huge numbers of drug–event combinations for potential signals. Important questions remain to be answered about the performance characteristics of these methods. Pharmacovigilance professionals should take the time to learn the underlying mathematical concepts in order to critically evaluate accumulating experience pertaining to the relative performance characteristics of these methods that are incompletely defined.
Seizures Associated with Quetiapine Treatment
Authors: Dogu Okan , Sevim Serhan , Kaleagasi Hakan S 
Published: June 2003

OBJECTIVE: To report a case of seizures in a patient with Alzheimer disease, who was receiving quetiapine for psychoses. CASE SUMMARY: A 75-year-old white man with Alzheimer disease was observed to have seizures while receiving quetiapine 500 mg/d and carbamazepine 200 mg/d. He had been taking quetiapine for 18 months prior to the event. No other toxic, metabolic, or anatomic abnormalities were identified to explain the seizures. After cessation of quetiapine treatment, the patient remained seizure free. An objective causality assessment revealed that the adverse drug reaction was possible. DISCUSSION: The patient was taking a relatively high dose of quetiapine. An increased risk of seizures has been associated with Alzheimer disease. Using a relatively high dose of quetiapine may have resulted in seizures in our patient with Alzheimer disease. CONCLUSIONS: As with other antipsychotics, quetiapine should be used cautiously in elderly patients with conditions that can lower the seizure threshold, and special monitoring should be performed for this serious adverse effect.
School-Based Police Officers: What Can the UK Learn from the USA?
Authors: Briers Andrew N. 
Published: June 2003

This article is based on the author's experience as Britain's first school-based police officer and his subsequent experience of policing schools in the USA. It outlines the current practices of the Metropolitan Police Service in its quest to introduce the concept of placing police officers on a full-time basis in schools. This is in response to the alarming number of young people becoming involved in crime and is part of the package of measures being taken forward by the Prime Minister's Street Crime Action Team (Home Office, 2003) to combat street robberies and related crime. It highlights the strengths and weaknesses of such a scheme as experienced by the author and the strategies used to address the problems of youth violence and compares and contrasts these findings with those of his experiences in several schools in the US over a five-month period as an observational evaluator. The article also endeavours to look at the different ways in which the work of the schools officer is perceived in the two countries and the support structure which is available in each. The challenges which need to be met in order to form partnerships are outlined. Such efforts can collectively tackle the issue of juvenile delinquency through a common vision. In addition the need for a comprehensive training manual to be developed and implemented to assist these processes is discussed. The paper concludes by considering the extent to which, by combining the good practice from the US with those successful elements of the UK model, school police partnerships can moveorward and embrace the notion of school-based police officers in a positive light.
Influencing the Police: Local Autonomy in Policy and Practice in England and Wales
Authors: Applegate Richard J. 
Published: June 2003

This article assesses the influence of the Home Office; Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary; the Association of Chief Police Officers; the Audit Commission; the Local Police Authority and the Chief Constable, on policy makers and implementers of policy from various levels of a police organization. It is based on three policy areas: the Citizens' Charter; Annual Policing (now Performance) Plans; and Domestic Violence Policy in England and Wales. Both policy makers and policy implementers believed that, with the exception of the Association of Chief Police Officers, and the Local Police Authority, there was a strong influence from all these groups in all the policy areas examined. However for police officers directly involved in the implementation process, the Citizens' Charter and Annual Policing (now Performance) Plans had made little difference to the way they carried out their day-to-day work. In these more generic policy areas they saw less influence from these groups, with greater influence coming from consumers, public opinion, colleagues and immediate supervisors. But in the tighter policy area of domestic violence, where there is greater top-down control, the influence of these groups was the strongest, with local autonomy, both in policy and practice, hard to find.
ARB (Accumulative Roll‐Bonding) and other new Techniques to Produce Bulk Ultrafine Grained Materials
Authors: Tsuji N. , Saito Y. , Lee S.‐H. , Minamino Y. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractAccumulative roll‐Bonding (ARB) is a severe plastic deformation (SPD) process invented by the authors in order to fabricate ultrafine grained metallic materials. ARB is the only SPD process applicable to continuous production of bulky materials. In the process, 50 % rolled material is cut into two, stacked to be the initial dimension and then rolled again. In order to obtain one‐body solid material, the rolling in ARB is not only a deformation process but also a bonding process (roll‐bonding). By repeating this procedure, SPD of bulky materials can be realized. In this review paper, various kinds of new SPD mechanical properties of the ARB processed materials are indicated.
Importance of Disclinations in Severe Plastically Deformed Materials
Authors: Romanov A.E. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractA short overview of recent achievements in disclination approach application to severe plastically deformed materials is given. Necessary definitions and designations: Volterra rotational and translational dislocations, disclination Frank (rotation) vector, wedge and twist disclinations, are introduced and explained. The properties of screened disclination configurations (loops, dipoles, defects in small particles etc.) with relatively small energies are considered. Disclination models for the processes in the structure of plastically deformed materials are reviewed. The bands with misorientated crystal lattice in metals and other materials are described as a result of partial wedge disclination dipole motion. The disclination approach is applied to the description of workhardening at large strains and to the analysis of grain boundaries and their junctions in conventional polycrystals and nanocrystals.
Boundary characteristics in Heavily Deformed Metals
Authors: Winther G. , Huang X. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe potential of creating nanostructured metals by plastic deformation to very high strains is currently the subject of intensive research. An important part of this research concerns evolution of the characteristics of deformation induced boundaries, in particular boundary spacing and boundary misorientation. The aim of this paper is to give an overview of the present understanding of the relations between these characteristics, the microscopic deformation mechanisms and the macroscopic deformation mode.