bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
REVISITING KARL BARTH'S EXEGESIS OF 1 KINGS 13
Authors: Bosworth David 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe present article seeks to re-present Karl Barth's exegesis of 1 Kings 13 with additional support that Barth neglected to include. Changes in biblical scholarship over the past few decades have resulted in an environment in which Barth's interpretation may not be as readily rejected as it was in the past. Barth's exegesis of 1 Kings 13 was not accepted among biblical scholars for several reasons. He was thought to be an enemy of historical criticism whose exegetical work was not a serious contribution to biblical studies. Furthermore, he interpreted the chapter holistically at a time when scholars were preoccupied with analytical questions concerning sources and composition. Barth related the chapter to the whole history of the divided kingdom by suggesting that the man of God and the old prophet represent the kingdoms from which they come and that the relationship between the two prophetic figures mirrors the relationship between Israel and Judah as told in Kings. This analogy seemed unlikely to scholars convinced of the fragmentary nature of Kings. The present article begins with an overview of Barth's relationship to modern biblical scholarship followed by a summary presentation of his exegesis of 1 Kings 13. Next, the major objections to Barth's interpretation are critically assessed, and recent research on the chapter is evaluated. Finally, the analogy indicated by Barth is elaborated, so that his interpretation may seem more plausible and future research may benefit from his insights.
THE BEGINNING OF MARK: A COLONIAL/ POSTCOLONIAL CONUNDRUM
Authors: Samuel Simon 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis article reads the Markan beginning (Mark 1:1), arguably the superscription, from a postcolonial perspective. It examines whether or not Mark begins the story of Jesus as a pro- or anti- or postcolonial response to the colonist Roman and certain relatively dominant native Jewish nationalistic and collaborative discourses of power. This reading is informed by the postcolonial theoretical concepts of mimicry, ambivalence and hybridity. It examines the consensual-conflictual hybridity of 'Aρχη τoυ ευαγγελιoυ 'Iησoυ Xριστoυ [υιoυ εoυ], firstly in the Roman imperial context of 'Aρχη τoυ ευαγγελιoυ Kαισαρoυ υιoυ εoυ, and secondly in the native Jewish nationalistic and collaborative discursive contexts. Attention is given to the potential interface of this category of words, codes and symbols in Mark with their occurrences in the imperial cult and in the biblical and postbiblical discourses. I argue that, while adhering to these words, codes and symbols of the Roman and Jewish discourses, Mark potentially creates an element of indetminancy and disruption of meaning. This may perhaps be with a view to create a voice of its own that is affiliative and disruptive to both the Roman colonial and the native Jewish nationalistic and collaborative voices. This article thus sheds light to the affiliative alterity of Mark, a characteristic of most postcolonial discourses whether ancient or modern. This reading is informed by my own postcolonial experience of being born and bred in a minority community in postcolonial 'India' and also by the experiences of being the 'other' in the former colonial masters' mother country. My own ambivalent affiliative-antagonistic attitude toward both countries and their discourses of power inform my reading.
Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease and prion disease
Authors: Eikelenboom P. , Bate C. , Van Gool W.A. , Hoozemans J.J.M. , Rozemuller J.M. , Veerhuis R. , Williams A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAlzheimer's disease (AD) and prion disease are characterized neuropathologically by extracellular deposits of Aβ and PrP amyloid fibrils, respectively. In both disorders, these cerebral amyloid deposits are co‐localized with a broad variety of inflammation‐related proteins (complement factors, acute‐phase protein, pro‐inflammatory cytokines) and clusters of activated microglia. The present data suggest that the cerebral Aβ and PrP deposits are closely associated with a locally induced, non‐immune‐mediated chronic inflammatory response. Epidemiological studies indicate that polymorphisms of certain cytokines and acute‐phase proteins, which are associated with Aβ plaques, are genetic risk factors for AD. Transgenic mice studies have established the role of amyloid associated acute‐phase proteins in Alzheimer amyloid formation. In contrast to AD, there is a lack of evidence that cytokines and acute‐phase proteins can influence disease progression in prion disease. Clinicopathological and neuroradiological studies have shown that activation of microglia is a relatively early pathogenetic event that precedes the process of neuropil destruction in AD patients. It has also been found that the onset of microglial activation coincided in mouse models of prion disease with the earliest changes in neuronal morphology, many weeks before neuronal loss and subsequent clinical signs of disease. In the present work, we review the similarities and differences between the involvement of inflammatory mechanisms in AD and prion disease. We also discuss the concept that the demonstration of a chronic inflammatory‐like process relatively early in the pathological cascade of both diseases suggests potential therapeutic strategies to prevent or to retard these chronic neurodegenerative disorders. GLIA 40:232–239, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microglial activation by purines and pyrimidines
Authors: Inoue Kazuhide 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMicroglial activation by purines and pyrimidines is reviewed, with emphasis on the actions of adenosine 5′‐triphosphate (ATP) on chemotaxis or releases of plasminogen and cytokines from microglia. ATP activates microglia, causing morphological changes with membrane ruffling. Activated microglia exhibit chemotaxis to ATP. Microglia stimulated by a low concentration of ATP (∼30–50 μM) rapidly release plasminogen (within 5–10 min), which may protect neurons. Microglia stimulated by a higher concentration of ATP release tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), 2–3 h after the stimulation and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), 6 h after the stimulation. It is reported that TNF‐α stimulation causes an increase in the expression of IL‐6 receptor mRNA and expression in neuronal cells (März et al. 1996. Brain Res 706:71–79). After binding with gp130, the IL‐6 receptor matures and can accept IL‐6 molecules. It is speculated that neurons may require several hours to prepare for the full reception of IL‐6, which induces a more efficient protective effect by IL‐6 after stimulation with TNF‐α. After neurons are ready to accept IL‐6 fully, microglia release IL‐6 to neurons. Stronger and longer stimulation by ATP may change the function of microglia and cause cell death. The conditions evoking the heavy stimulation would result from serious injury. Activated microglia act as scavenger cells that induce apoptosis in damaged neurons by releasing toxic factors, including NO, and removing dead cells, their remnants, or dangerous debris by phagocytosis. These actions lead to a suitable environment for tissue repair and neural regeneration. The fate of neurons may therefore be regulated in part by ATP through the activation of microglia. GLIA 40:156–163, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of p38 and p44/42 mitogen‐activated protein kinases in microglia
Authors: Koistinaho Milla , Koistinaho Jari 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAlthough microglial cells are thought to play a beneficial role in the regeneration and plasticity of the central nervous system (CNS), recent studies have indicated that at least some molecules released by microglia may be harmful in acute brain insults and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, the pathways mediating the synthesis and release of these neurotoxic compounds are of importance. p38 and p44/42 families of mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in microglia respond strongly to various extracellular stimuli, such as ATP, thrombin, and β‐amyloid, a peptide thought to be responsible for the neuropathology in Alzheimer's disease. In this review we describe in vivo evidence implicating that p38 and p44/42 MAPKs may play a critical role in harmful microglial activation in acute brain injury, such as stroke, and in more chronic neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease. We also clarify the extracellular signals responsible for activation of p38 and p44/42 MAPK in microglia and review the responses so far reported to be mediated by these kinases. GLIA 40:175–183, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Consistent pricing of warrants and traded options
Authors: Hanke Michael , Pötzelberger Klaus 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWarrants issuance affects the stock price process of the issuing company. This change in the stock price process leads to subsequent changes in the prices of options written on the issuing company's stocks. In this paper, we investigate the effects of warrants issuance on the prices of traded options (bought and sold by third parties) already outstanding at the time of warrants issuance. We show how these options can be valued as portfolios of standard and compound options written on the stock of an otherwise similar company without warrants and derive a closed‐form solution for the Black‐Scholes model. An application of these results to empirical data shows that warrants issuance can have very large effects on the prices of outstanding traded options.
Financial development and economic growth
Authors: Khalifa Al‐Yousif Yousif 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe present paper examines the nature and direction of the relationship between financial development and economic growth using both time‐series and panel data from 30 developing countries for the period 1970–1999. The choice of the sample was determined by the availability of data. As such, the exclusion of other developing countries is due to the fact that the data on these countries are missing for some years. The empirical results strongly support the view that financial development and economic growth are mutually causal, that is, causality is bidirectional. There is also some support for the other views presented in the literature (supply‐leading, demand‐leading, and no relationship) but it is not as strong as that for the bidirectional causality. Moreover, the findings of the present paper accords with the view of the World Bank and other empirical studies that the relationship between financial development and economic growth cannot be generalized across countries because economic policies are country specific and their success depends, among others things, on the efficiency of the institutions implementing them.
Interrelationships among regional stock indices
Authors: Ratanapakorn Orawan , Sharma Subhash C 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis study investigates the short‐run and long‐run relationships among stock indices of the US, Europe, Asia, Latin America, and Eastern Europe–Middle East for the pre‐Asian crisis and for the crisis period. The findings from these two periods are compared and contrasted. No long‐run relationship is observed among these indices during the pre‐Asian crisis period. However, during the crisis period, one significant cointegrating vector is observed and more short‐run (i.e., causal) relations are observed in this period as compared to the pre‐crisis period. Based on the analysis, we infer that during the Asian crisis period, the globalization increased and only the European markets directly effected the US market, while the other regional markets indirectly influenced the US market via the European market. As regards the effect of shocks, we observe that during the pre‐Asian crisis period, the response of all regional markets to shocks in other markets is transitory, whereas during the crisis period, the response of the US stock market is transitory but that of EU market is permanent to all other markets.
On stationary solutions for free quasi-parallel
mixing layers with a longitudinal magnetic field
Authors: SHUKHMAN I. G. 
Published: October 2002

The paper is devoted to the theoretical investigation of the possible existence of
stationary mixing layers and of their structure in nearly perfectly conducting, nearly
inviscid fluids with a longitudinal magnetic field. A system of two equations is used,
which generalizes the well-known Blasius equation (for flow around a semi-infinite
plate) to the case under consideration. The system depends on the magnetic Prandtl
number, Pm=ν/νm, where ν and νm are the usual and the magnetic viscosities,
respectively.For the existence of stationary flows the ratio between the flow velocity vx and
the Alfvén velocity cA=Hx/(4πρ)1/2 (ρ being the fluid density) plays a critical role.
Super-Alfvén (vx>cA) flows are possible at any value of Pm and for any values of vx
and Hx on the layer boundaries. Sub-Alfvén (vx<cA) stationary flows are impossible
at any value of Pm and for any values of the differences in vx and Hx across the
layer, except for two cases: Pm=0 and Pm=1. When Pm=0, i.e. when the fluid is
strictly inviscid, ν=0, flow is possible in both the super- and sub-Alfvén regimes;
however, the magnetic field must be uniform, Hx=const, Hy=0 in this case. For
Pm=1 both flow regimes are also possible; however, the sub-Alfvén flow is possible
only for a definite relationship between the magnetic field and velocity differences:
ΔHx=−δvx (in corresponding units). For the case where the relative differences in
vx and Hx across the layer are small, Δvx[Lt ]vx, ΔHx[Lt ]Hx, solutions are obtained in
explicit form for arbitrary Pm (here vx and Hx are averaged over the layer). For the
specific case Pm=1, exact analytical solutions of basic system are found and studied
in detail.
Coalescence of sessile drops
Authors: ANDRIEU C. , BEYSENS D. A. , NIKOLAYEV V. S. , POMEAU Y. 
Published: October 2002

We present an experimental and theoretical description of the kinetics of coalescence
of two water drops on a plane solid surface. The case of partial wetting is considered.
The drops are in an atmosphere of nitrogen saturated with water where they grow by
condensation and eventually touch each other and coalesce. A new convex composite
drop is rapidly formed that then exponentially and slowly relaxes to an equilibrium
hemispherical cap. The characteristic relaxation time is proportional to the drop
radius R* at final equilibrium. This relaxation time appears to be nearly 107 times
larger than the bulk capillary relaxation time tb = R*η/σ, where σ is the gas–liquid
surface tension and η is the liquid shear viscosity.In order to explain this extremely large relaxation time, we consider a model that
involves an Arrhenius kinetic factor resulting from a liquid–vapour phase change in
the vicinity of the contact line. The model results in a large relaxation time of order
tb exp(L/[Rscr ]T) where L is the molar latent heat of vaporization, [Rscr ] is the gas constant
and T is the temperature. We model the late time relaxation for a near spherical cap
and find an exponential relaxation whose typical time scale agrees reasonably well
with the experiment.
Vortex breakdown in a three-dimensional swirling flow
Authors: SERRE E. , BONTOUX P. 
Published: October 2002

Time-dependent swirling flows inside an enclosed cylindrical rotor–stator cavity with
aspect ratio H/R = 4, larger than the ones usually considered in the literature,
are studied. Within a certain range of governing parameters, vortex breakdown
phenomena can arise along the axis. Very recent papers exhibiting some particular
three-dimensional effects have stimulated new interest in this topic. The study is carried
out by a numerical resolution of the three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations, based
on high-order spectral approximations in order to ensure very high accuracy of the
solutions.The first transition to an oscillatory regime occurs through an axisymmetric bifurcation
(a supercritical Hopf bifurcation) at Re = 3500. The oscillatory regime is caused
by an axisymmetric mode of centrifugal instability of the vertical boundary layer and
the vortex breakdown is axisymmetric, being composed of two stationary bubbles.
For Reynolds numbers up to Re = 3500, different three-dimensional solutions are
identified. At Re = 4000, the flow supports the k = 5 mode of centrifugal instability.
By increasing the rotation speed to Re = 4500, the vortex breakdown evolves to
an S-shaped type after a long computational time. The structure is asymmetric and
gyrates around the axis inducing a new time-dependent regime. At Re = 5500, the
structure of the vortex breakdown is more complex: the upper part of the structure
takes a spiral form. The maximum rotation speed is reached at Re = 10000 and the
flow behaviour is now chaotic. The upper structure of the breakdown can be related
to the spiral-type. Asymmetric flow separation on the container wall in the form of
spiral arms of different angles is also prominent.
Assessment of genetic and environmental influences on differential ratings of within-family experiences and relationships in twins
Authors: CARBONNEAU R. , RUTTER M. , SILBERG J. L. , SIMONOFF E. , EAVES L. J. 
Published: October 2002

Background. Although there is evidence that genetic factors influence individual differences in environmental risk exposure, there are few findings on genetic effects on differential parenting. The present study sought to examine this issue.Methods. The sample comprised 1117 pairs of like-sex male and female twins, aged 8–16 years, and their parents, recruited from the school population of Virginia. Differential ratings of the within-family experiences were provided by the Twin Inventory of Relationships and Experiences (TIRE).Results. Dimensions describing the within-family environment based on differential ratings contrasting the twins with one another, were influenced, to an approximately equal extent, by both genetic and environmental factors.Conclusions. The findings suggest that genetic differences between like-sex siblings lead them to experience their family environment differently, but also that environmental influences significantly affect interactions within the family.
Die Fundmünzen von Harrān und ihr Verhältnis zur lokalen Geschichte
Authors: HEIDEMANN STEFAN 
Published: October 2002

During the 1940s and 1950s D. Storm Rice and Seton Lloyd, together with the Turkish Antiquity Authority, undertook archaeological excavations in Harrān. With the exception of two preliminary reports and a few articles, the excavations remain largely unpublished.The 264 coins constitute an independent source on the regional, political and economic history of Harrān. For the Umayyad and early Abbasid period, the coins constitute a source on the pattern of the city's regional integration. Two-thirds of the coins date from the Ayyubid period. The circulation is characterized by a competition of different coinages: first, those which were struck for the political entities to which Harrān belonged; and second, imported coins, i.e. of Byzantine and Rūm-Saljūq origin. Third, copper coins from Northern Syria, despite the fact that the Diyār Mudar and Northern Syria belong to different branches of the Ayyubid dynasty. Two dirhams of the Saljūq prince al-Malik Mas‘ūd, who resided in Mosul between 504/1111 and 511/1118, are historical documents of importance.
NUMBER ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY ONE May to July 2001
Authors: BENNETT FRAN 
Published: October 2002

Contents1 Social security and income maintenance2 Health (formerly Health care)3 Education4 Housing and environment5 Personal social services6 Law and the treatment of the offender7 Unemployment and the labour market8 Race relations9 The voluntary sector10 Government (formerly Local government)11 Gender12 Demography
Environmentalists split over Kyoto and Amazonian deforestation
Authors: Fearnside Philip M. 
Published: October 2002

Controversies over tropical forest and KyotoSlowing deforestation in Amazonia would be a significant contribution to combating global warming and, depending on decisions under the Kyoto Protocol, could provide non-destructive support for rural population in the region (Fearnside 2000a). Crediting avoided deforestation is divisive, both within and among environmental non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and governments. Positions of NGOs on inclusion of avoided deforestation in the Kyoto Protocol's Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) are tightly linked to geography: European NGOs oppose inclusion of forests, USA NGOs (other than USA branches or affiliates of international groups) favour inclusion of forests, and Brazilian NGOs (also excepting most branches or affiliates of international NGOs) also favour forests. The probability of chance explaining these views being clustered in Europe, North America and Brazil in this way is miniscule. In other words, these positions are based on something other than the universal concerns about climate change and future generations that predominate in public statements on all sides.
Regional variation in P2 receptor expression in the rat pulmonary arterial circulation
Authors: Chootip K , Ness K F , Wang Y , Gurney A M , Kennedy C 
Published: October 2002

The P2 receptors that mediate contraction of the rat isolated small (SPA, 200–500 μm i.d.) and large (LPA, 1–1.5 mM i.d.) intrapulmonary arteries were characterized.
In endothelium‐denuded vessels the contractile order of potency was α,β‐methyleneATP (α,β‐meATP)>>UDP=UTP=ATP=2‐methylthioATP>ADP in the SPA and α,β‐meATP=UTPUDP>2‐methylthioATP, ATP>>ADP in the LPA. α,β‐meATP, 2‐methylthioATP and ATP had significantly greater effects in the SPA than the LPA (P<0.001), but there was no difference in the potency of UTP or UDP between the vessels.
In the SPA, P2X1 receptor desensitisation by α,β‐meATP (100 μM) inhibited contractions to α,β‐meATP (10 nM–300 μM), but not those to UTP or UDP (100 nM–300 μM). In the LPA, prolonged exposure to α,β‐meATP (100 μM) did not desensitize P2X receptors.
Pyridoxalphosphate‐6‐azophenyl‐2′,4′‐disulphonic acid (PPADS), suramin and reactive blue 2 (RB2) (30–300 μM) inhibited contractions evoked by α,β‐meATP. UTP and UDP were potentiated by PPADS, unaffected by RB2 and inhibited, but not abolished by suramin. 1 and 3 mM suramin produced no further inhibition, indicating suramin‐resistant components in the responses to UTP and UDP.
Thus, both P2X and P2Y receptors mediate contraction of rat large and small intrapulmonary arteries. P2Y agonist potency and sensitivity to antagonists were similar in small and large vessels, but P2X agonists were more potent in small arteries. This indicates differential expression of P2X, but not P2Y receptors along the pulmonary arterial tree.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2002) 137, 637–646. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704915