bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human cytomegalovirus immediate-early mRNAemia versus pp65 antigenemia for guiding pre-emptive therapy in children and young adults undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a prospective, randomized, open-label trial
Authors: Gerna Giuseppe , Lilleri Daniele , Baldanti Fausto , Torsellini Maria , Giorgiani Giovanna , Zecca Marco , De Stefano Piero , Middeldorp Jaap , Locatelli Franco , Revello M. Grazia 
Published: February 2003

AbstractIn the search for better protocols of preemptive therapy of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection in hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients, we conducted a randomized trial comparing antigenemia with the nucleic acid sequence–based assay (NASBA) for determination of HCMV immediate-early messenger RNA (IEmRNA) as the guiding assay for initiation of pre-emptive antiviral treatment. In the IEmRNA arm, antiviral therapy was started upon IEmRNA positivity confirmed the following day, whereas in the antigenemia arm, therapy was started in the presence of either at least 2 pp65-positive leukocytes/2 × 105 examined or a single positive leukocyte confirmed the following day. In both arms, treatment was stopped upon 2 consecutive negative results. All patients were monitored for 3 months after HSCT. The primary end point of the study was duration of anti-HCMV therapy. On the whole, 80 children (41 in the IEmRNA and 39 in the antigenemia arm), recipients of transplants from either a relative or an unrelated donor, completed the study. No patient developed HCMV disease. In the IEmRNA arm, the incidence of HCMV infection was higher compared to the antigenemia arm (80% vs 51%, respectively, P = .0069), as well as the percentage of treated patients (66% vs 44%, respectively, P = .045). However, the percentage of relapses and treated relapses was comparable in the 2 arms. There was no significant difference in median duration of therapy per patient. Although these data indicate that IEmRNA determination does not offer advantages in terms of treatment duration, it can safely replace antigenemia, while semiautomation is the major advantage of the NASBA procedure.
Nucleolar localization of RPS19 protein in normal cells and mislocalization due to mutations in the nucleolar localization signals in 2 Diamond-Blackfan anemia patients: potential insights into pathophysiology
Authors: Da Costa Lydie , Tchernia Gil , Gascard Philippe , Lo Annie , Meerpohl Joerg , Niemeyer Charlotte , Chasis Joel-Anne , Fixler Jason , Mohandas Narla 
Published: February 2003

AbstractRibosomal protein S19 (RPS19) is frequently mutated in Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA), a rare congenital hypoplastic anemia. Recent studies have shown that RPS19 expression decreases during terminal erythroid differentiation. Currently no information is available on the subcellular localization of normal RPS19 and the potential effects of various RPS19 mutations on cellular localization. In the present study, using wild-type and mutant RPS19 cDNA, we explored the subcellular distribution of normal and mutant proteins in a fibroblast cell line (Cos-7 cells). RPS19 was detected primarily in the nucleus, and more specifically in the nucleoli, where RPS19 colocalized with the nucleolar protein nucleolin. Using various N-terminal and C-terminal deletion constructs, we identified 2 nucleolar localization signals (NoSs) in RPS19: the first comprising amino acids Met1 to Arg16 in the NH2-terminus and the second comprising Gly120 to Asn142 in the COOH-terminus. Importantly, 2 mutations identified in DBA patients, Val15Phe and Gly127Gln, each of which localized to 1 of the 2 NoS, failed to localize RPS19 to the nucleolus. In addition to their mislocalization, there was a dramatic decrease in the expression of the 2 mutant proteins compared to the wild type. This decrease in protein expression was specific for the mutant RPS19, since expression of other proteins was normal. The present findings enable us to document the nucleolar localization signals in RPS19 and help define the phenotypic consequences of some mutations in RPS19 in DBA.
Unrelated cord blood transplantation for adult patients with advanced myelodysplastic syndrome
Authors: Ooi Jun , Iseki Tohru , Takahashi Satoshi , Tomonari Akira , Ishii Koji , Takasugi Kashiya , Shimohakamada Yoko , Ohno Nobuhiro , Uchimaru Kaoru , Nagamura Fumitaka , Tojo Arinobu , Asano Shigetaka 
Published: February 2003

AbstractWe report the results of unrelated cord blood transplantation (CBT) for 13 adult patients with advanced myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). The median age was 40 years, the median weight was 51 kg, and the median number of infused nucleated cells was 2.43 × 107/kg. Twelve patients had myeloid reconstitution, and the median time to more than 0.5 × 109/L (5 × 108/L) absolute neutrophil count was 22.5 days. A self-sustained platelet count more than 50 × 109/L was achieved in 11 patients at a median time of 49 days. Acute graft versus host disease (GVHD) occurred in 9 of 12 evaluable patients and chronic GVHD in 8 of 11 evaluable patients. Ten patients are alive and free of disease at between 171 and 1558 days after transplantation. The probability of disease-free survival at 2 years was 76.2%. These results suggest that adult advanced MDS patients without suitable related or unrelated bone marrow donors should be considered as candidates for CBT.
Antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinaemia in women: pathophysiology, severity and consequences
Authors: Wieck A. , Haddad P. M. 
Published: February 2003

BackgroundHyperprolactinaemia has for decades been an inevitable and neglected side-effect of antipsychotic medication. The recent introduction of prolactin-sparing antipsychotic agents makes a re-examination of this problem timely.AimsTo review the literature on antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinaemia and its consequences.MethodA search was made of the Medline database (1966–2002) for key articles, supplemented by cross-referencing.ResultsDuring antipsychotic treatment prolactin concentrations can rise to ten times normal levels or above, and existing data indicate that 17–78% of female patients have amenorrhoea with or without galactorrhoea. Survey data, however, suggest that clinicians underestimate the prevalence of these conditions. Long-term consequences of antipsychotic-related hypo-oestrogenism require further research but are likely to include premature bone loss.ConclusionsAntipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinaemia should become a focus of interest in the drug treatment of psychiatric patients.
Neurocognitive impairment in drug-free patients with major depressive disorder
Authors: Porter Richard J. , Gallagher Peter , Thompson Jill M. , Young Allan H. 
Published: February 2003

BackgroundAlthough neurocognitive impairment has been widely reported in major depressive disorder (MDD), confounding factors, such as the effects of psychotropic medication, have rarely been controlled for.AimsTo examine neurocognitive function in medication-free patients with MDD and healthy controls.MethodForty-four patients meeting DSM–IV criteria for MDD, all psychotropic-medication-free for at least 6 weeks, and 44 demographically matched, healthy comparison subjects completed a comprehensive neurocognitive battery.ResultsPatients with depression were impaired significantly in a range of cognitive domains, including attention and executive function and visuospatial learning and memory, compared with controls. Motor and psychomotor functions were intact. Severity of depression correlated with learning and memory performance, but not executive function.ConclusionsPronounced neurocognitive impairment was found in this sample of young adult out-patients with MDD. This is not attributable to the confounding effects of psychotropic medication and could therefore provide an objective marker of brain dysfunction in depression.
A survey of referrers' satisfaction with a regional forensic psychiatric service: what do they want?
Authors: Papanastassiou Maria , Roche Sean , Boyle John , Baxter Richard , Chesterman Paul 
Published: February 2003

Aims and MethodThe perceptions and expectations by referrers of assessments performed by a medium secure unit were examined in order to ascertain areas for possible improvement. All referrals to two teams at the North West Thames Regional Secure Unit were monitored over a 6-month period. A self-report questionnaire was sent to each referrer, in cases where an assessment and forensic report had been completed.ResultsAssessments and forensic reports were completed (and questionnaires sent to referrers) in 63% of total referrals (32 out of 51). The response rate to the questionnaire was 81% (26 out of 32). Many referrers wanted the assessments and report to be completed in 2 weeks. Most referrers were satisfied with the quality of the report received and the majority were happy with the risk assessment.Clinical ImplicationsReferrers want forensic assessments to be of a high quality and to be performed quickly. Recommendations for service development are suggested.
On the accuracy of retrieved wind information from Doppler lidar observations
Authors: Davies F. , Collier C. G. , Bozier K. E. , Pearson G. N. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractA single pulsed Doppler lidar was successfully deployed to measure air flow and turbulence over the Malvern hills, Worcester, UK. The DERA Malvern lidar used was a $\hbox{CO}_{2} \ 10.6\ \mu \hbox{m}$ pulsed Doppler lidar. The lidar pulse repetition rate was 120 Hz and had a pulse duration of $0.6\ \mu \hbox{s}$. The system was set up to have 41 range gates with range resolution of 112 m. This gave a theoretical maximum range of approximately 4.6 km. The lidar site was 2 km east of the Malvern hill ridge which runs in a north–south direction and is approximately 6 km long. The maximum height of the ridge is 430 m. Two elevation scans (Range–Height Indicators) were carried out parallel and perpendicular to the mean surface flow. Since the surface wind was primarily westerly the scans were carried out perpendicular and parallel to the ridge of the Malvern hills.The data were analysed and horizontal winds, vertical winds and turbulent fluxes were calculated for profiles throughout the boundary layer. As an aid to evaluating the errors associated with the derivation of velocity and turbulence profiles, data from a simple idealized profile was also analysed using the same method. The error analysis shows that wind velocity profiles can be derived to an accuracy of 0.24 m s−1 in the horizontal and 0.3 m s−1 in the vertical up to a height of 2500 m. The potential for lidars to make turbulence measurements, over a wide area, through the whole depth of the planetary boundary layer and over durations from seconds to hours is discussed. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society
Inferring instantaneous, multivariate and nonlinear sensitivities for the analysis of feedback processes in a dynamical system: Lorenz model case‐study
Authors: Aires Filipe , Rossow William B. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractAs an alternative to classical linear feedback analysis, we present a nonlinear approach for the determination of the sensitivities of a dynamical system from observations of its variations. The new methodology consists of statistical estimates of all the pair‐wise relationships among the system state variables based on a neural‐network modelling of the system dynamics (its time evolution). The model can then be used to estimate the instantaneous, multivariate, nonlinear sensitivities. Classical feedback analysis is re‐examined in terms of these sensitivities, which are shown to be more fundamental in the analysis of feedback processes than estimates of feedback factors and to provide a more appropriate representation of the system's behaviour. The method is described and tested on synthetic observations of the time variations of the Lorenz low‐order atmospheric model where the correct sensitivities can be evaluated analytically. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society
Phase transformation of mixed‐phase clouds
Authors: Korolev Alexei , Isaac George 
Published: February 2003

AbstractThe glaciation time of a mixed‐phase cloud due to the Wegener–Bergeron–Findeisen mechanism is calculated using an adiabatic one‐dimensional numerical model for the cases of zero, ascending, descending and oscillating vertical velocities. The characteristic values of the glaciation time are obtained for different concentrations of ice particles and liquid‐water content. Steady state is not possible for the ice‐water content/total water content ratio in a uniformly vertically moving mixed‐phase parcel. The vertical oscillation of a cloud parcel may result in a periodic evaporation and activation of liquid droplets in the presence of ice particles during infinite time. After a certain time, the average ice‐water content and liquid‐water content reach a steady state. This phenomenon may explain the existence of long‐lived mixed‐phase stratiform layers. The obtained results are important for understanding the mechanisms of formation and life cycle of mixed‐phase clouds. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society
Microphysical characterization of mixed‐phase clouds
Authors: Korolev Alexei V. , Isaac George A. , Cober Stewart G. , Strapp J. Walter , Hallett John 
Published: February 2003

AbstractA detailed study of mixed‐phase clouds associated with frontal systems obtained from a large dataset collected by the Convair 580 aircraft of the National Research Council (NRC) of Canada is presented. The total length of analysed in‐cloud legs having total‐water content (TWC) >0.01g m−3 was about 44×103km. The ice–water fraction (µ3=ice−water content/TWC) had a minimum in the range 0.1<µ3<0.9, and two maxima for liquid clouds (µ3<0.1) and ice clouds (µ3>0.9). The concentration of particles in glaciated clouds was found to be nearly constant at 2 – 5 cm −3 for temperatures −35°C<T<0°C. The concentration of droplets in liquid clouds decreased with decreasing temperature. The mean volume diameter of particles in ice clouds varied between 20 μm and 35 μm, and in liquid clouds between 10 μm and 12 μm. Both ice‐ and liquid‐water content decreased with decreasing temperature. The results of this study may be used for validation of remote‐sensing retrievals, and for weather‐ and climate‐models. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
The formation mechanism of the Bonin high in August
Authors: Enomoto Takeshi , Hoskins Brian J. , Matsuda Yoshihisa 
Published: February 2003

AbstractThe Bonin high is a subtropical anticyclone that is predominant near Japan in the summer. This anticyclone is associated with an equivalent‐barotropic structure, often extending throughout the entire troposphere. Although the equivalent‐barotropic structure of the Bonin high has been known for years among synopticians because of its importance to the summer climate in east Asia, there are few dynamical explanations for such a structure. The present paper attempts to provide a formation mechanism for the deep ridge near Japan. We propose a new hypothesis that this equivalent‐barotropic ridge near Japan is formed as a result of the propagation of stationary Rossby waves along the Asian jet in the upper troposphere (‘the Silk Road pattern’). First, the monthly mean climatology is examined in order to demonstrate this hypothesis. It is shown that the enhanced Asian jet in August is favourable for the propagation of stationary Rossby waves and that the regions of descent over the eastern Mediterranean Sea and the Aral Sea act as two major wave sources. Second, a primitive‐equation model is used to simulate the climatology of August. The model successfully simulates the Bonin high with an equivalent‐barotropic structure. The upper‐tropospheric ridge is found to be enhanced by a height anomaly of more than 80 m at 200 hPa, when a wave packet arrives. Sensitivity experiments are conducted to show that the removal of the diabatic cooling over the Asian jet suppresses the Silk Road pattern and formation of an equivalent‐barotropic ridge near Japan, while the removal of the diabatic heating in the western Pacific does not. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society
Impact of ice microphysics on multiscale organization of tropical convection in two‐dimensional cloud‐resolving simulations
Authors: Grabowski Wojciech W. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractThis paper documents the impact of ice microphysics on the multiscale organization of tropical convection as simulated in two‐dimensional cloud‐resolving model simulations. Results from simulations which apply warm‐rain microphysics are compared with results from a simulation which includes ice processes presented previously in this journal. In these simulations, moist convection and large‐scale dynamics interact on an unprecedented range of spatial and temporal scales, albeit within a limited two‐dimensional dynamical framework. In general, the large‐scale organization of convection is similar in all simulations, although the scale and propagation speed of convectively‐coup led gravity waves are different between the warm‐rain and ice simulations. The most striking differences are on the mesoscale. The warm‐rain simulations feature mesoscale convective systems with a reduced stratiform component and shorter life cycle than mesoscale systems in the simulation with ice microphysics. These impacts are consistent with previous modelling studies of the impact of ice microphysics on organized convection. It is hypothesized that the shorter life cycle of mesoscale convective systems in warm‐rain simulations influences scale selection of the large‐scale convectively‐coup led gravity waves. Moreover, the vertical transport of horizontal momentum is affected as well. To the author's knowledge this is the first time the impact of cloud microphysics on mesoscale convective systems is shown to affect the coupling between deep convection and large‐scale perturbations in the tropics. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society
The predictability of extratropical cyclones: Nonlinear sensitivity to localized potential‐vorticity perturbations
Authors: Beare R. J. , Thorpe A. J. , White A. A. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractThere is a range of phenomena which, if misrepresented in a numerical weather prediction model, could cause localized finite‐amplitude errors in the potential vorticity (PV). Examples are: convective systems, the tropopause PV trough, and orographic PV perturbations. Motivated by this, the sensitivity of short‐range cyclone forecasts (up to two days) to localized finite‐amplitude initial PV anomalies is investigated using a method termed ‘PV‐sensitivity mapping’. An initial PV‐anomaly perturbation is applied at each grid point in turn and the corresponding impact in a nonlinear cyclone development is computed. In contrast to the adjoint method, there is no linear approximation. The PV‐sensitivity map depicts the forecast time impacts (in energy and pressure) for each initial spatial location of PV perturbation. A nonlinear three‐dimensional quasi‐geostrophic model is used because it has PV as a prognostic variable, is numerically efficient, and simulates the essence of cyclogenesis.The sensitivity maps are calculated for a dry and a moist cyclone scenario, and for a synoptic‐scale and mesoscale initial PV perturbation. The degree of nonlinearity in error growth is significant for the moist case. The most sensitive regions for both cases are in the region of the steering level and the incipient cold and warm fronts. A physical interpretation using PV thinking is given. © Royal Meteorological Society, 2003. A. A. White's contribution is Crown copyright
Feature calibration and alignment to represent model forecast errors: Empirical regularization
Authors: Nehrkorn Thomas , Hoffman Ross N. , Grassotti Christopher , Louis Jean‐François 
Published: February 2003

AbstractA method for characterizing errors for weather forecasts and analyses, called feature calibration and alignment (FCA), decomposes model forecast error into phase error, amplitude error and residual error. Phase and amplitude errors are represented by large‐scale displacements and biases of a field. In this study FCA is used to represent errors in realistic univariate two‐dimensional analysis and forecast fields. In previous work FCA was tuned subjectively. Here, a methodology to determine an empirical constraint that regularizes the FCA solutions is developed. This version of FCA still has some tunable parameters, but the new method greatly reduces the subjective nature of FCA. The data used are European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts analyses and one‐ to ten‐day forecasts of 500 hPa geopotential height. A stepwise procedure is used to derive the statistics of the error components for ideally chosen spectral truncations. The stepwise FCA statistics are then used to define a constraint that controls the size of the spectral coefficients of the FCA representation of the phase and amplitude errors. A large fraction (∼90%) of the 500 hPa geopotential‐height forecast‐error variance is explained by FCA, demonstrating that a large part of the forecast error can be described as large‐scale phase and bias errors. The fraction of variance explained increases with forecast length, and is slightly larger in winter than in summer. The constrained FCA solutions are more efficient and exhibit less of a tendency for multiple solutions when compared to the unconstrained FCA solutions. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society
Comparison of model‐derived and radar‐observed freezing‐level heights: Implications for vertical reflectivity profile‐correction schemes
Authors: Mittermaier Marion P. , Illingworth Anthony J. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractIn the current operational Met Office scheme for deriving rainfall rates from radar, the height of the enhanced radar return associated with melting snow, the bright band, is determined using the height of the $0\ ^{\circ}\hbox{C}$ isotherm obtained from the Met Office Unified Mesoscale Model (UM) forecast. In this paper the potential errors of using model forecast heights as input to the bright‐band correction scheme are investigated. The UM and European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) model forecasts of wet‐bulb $0\ ^{\circ}\hbox{C}$ isotherm heights (WBZ) are compared with the height of the ‘step’ increase in reflectivity in the vertical profiles recorded by the vertically pointing 94 GHz Galileo cloud radar at Chilbolton. High‐frequency radars do not measure an enhanced ‘bright band’ at the melting layer, rather a sudden increase of reflectivity as the ice particles become coated in water. This sudden step can be used to locate accurately the height of the WBZ.Results show that the UM predicts the WBZ height with a root‐mean‐square error of 147 m and a bias of 15 m. This is within the worst‐case tolerance of 200 m of the operational bright‐band correction scheme. Factors that may influence the accuracy are the presence of deep isothermal layers and timing errors concerning the passage of fronts, but these are found not to be serious. An investigation into the deterioration of the UM 36‐hour forecast shows that half the error is introduced at the initialization time, highlighting the fact that further improvements can be achieved through a better definition of the initial state of the atmosphere. The ECMWF forecast is for a longer lead time, but comparison for the same lead‐time errors as the UM shows that the performance of the two models is comparable.An alternative approach is to derive the bright‐band height from volumetric radar scans at different elevations. This study suggests that, at least in the UK, operational model predictions of the freezing‐level height are within the specified 200 m error, but that the use of volumetric scans, even under idealized conditions, cannot achieve this accuracy. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society