bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self-Sacrifice as Truth in India
Authors: Hudson D Dennis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On January 30, 1948, in Delhi, a young Hindu deeply offended by the work of Mohandas Karama chand Gandhi for peace and unity between Muslims and Hindus shot him. M. K. Gandhi died with the name of Ram on his lips. If we take seriously the statements he had made a few days earlier, he died believing that Ram willed his death, because he believed that Ram was his only protector in the midst of India’s violence. For over forty years he had lived as a witness to ahimsa, to the desire not to cause injury, a desire he believed to be both grounded on truth and the means to it. Yet it appears that Ram had let him die while he clung to him as the truth, whose power acts through an absence—the absence of the ego’s desire to injure anyone, including itself.
Introduction
Authors: Spiro Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 2001 inaugural address of George W. Bush was not particularly memorable or rhetorically elegant, and it will no doubt be forgotten to history. But the speech was a paragon of America’s citizenship discourse. Delivered by a conservative politician, it betrayed the universalism of the American liberal tradition. At the core of this tradition is the notion, to use the Bush articulation, that “America has never been united by blood or birth or soil.” On the contrary, according to Bush and consistent with the tradition, “we are bound by ideals that move us beyond our backgrounds” and “lift us above our interests.” Among the “grandest” of these ideals, he intoned, “is an unfolding American promise: that everyone belongs, that everyone deserves a chance, that no insignificant person was ever born.”
Made American
Authors: Spiro Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Just as all nations extend citizenship to some individuals at birth, they all provide for the acquisition of citizenship thereafter through naturalization. As with birth citizenship, rules relating to naturalization open a window on the meaning of national identity. Indeed, naturalization offers a more refined decoding of the elements of that identity. Where birth citizenship is about projecting life trajectories, naturalization can be more precisely tailored to define individual qualifications. Where birth citizenship is a matter of designation, naturalization presents the possibility of attainment. One can aspire to become a citizen through naturalization, and perhaps it can be said that the nation’s aspirations are reflected in its naturalization regime.
On the “Introduction to Islam”
Authors: Reinhart A Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What Goes Into an “Introductory” COURSE? To a large extent the truisms of the culture, the discipline, and the field are catalyzed by the biography of the instructor. And so the introductory course, at least at first, is constructed reactively as much as “proactively.” There is first the Oedipal stage in an instructor’s career (where every lecture is a critique of every book read, every mistaken idea inflicted on the instructor in the course of his/her education).
Teaching about Muslims in America
Authors: Hermansen Marica K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The topic “muslims in America” is increasingly featuredin the academic curriculum, occasionally as a course of its own within specialized programs or more often as a session or part of a session within an introductory course on “Islam,” “World Religions,” or “Religion in America.” Depending on the context, various approaches to the topic could be productive. I would like to suggest some of these approaches as well as indicate some of the resources available for teaching about this topic. The strategies used for presenting this material will vary with the composition of the student audience and the overall focus of the course.
Incorporating Information Technology into Courses on Islamic Civilization
Authors: Blake Corinne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Students in most colleges and universities in the United States have access to the Internet and other information technology, either through campus computer labs or their own personal computers. While sitting at a desk, students can “travel” to a wide variety of Internet sites to access vast amount of information about Islam, Islamic civilizations and societies, and contemporary issues in the Muslim world. Students can click to an Internet site in Britain to read the Quran in Arabic or English, jump to Japan to read translations of Persian poetry and literature, and go back to the United Kingdom to go to hear different Quran recitations. They can check out the latest news from the Iranian news agency, read hadith in translation at the University of Southern California, view pictures of mosques and historical buildings in Isfahan, read perspectives on the veil [hijab] written by Muslims in different countries, jump to Turkey to read Sufi poetry in translation, then return to the United States to view pictures of Islamic miniatures, calligraphy, and carpets.
Introduction
Authors: Davies Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thomas Aquinas was the greatest European philosopher of the thirteenth century. Many would say that he was the greatest of all medieval thinkers. Yet his appeal and reputation have waxed and waned. In the period immediately following his death he had relatively few admirers willing to promulgate his teachings. And there were many anxious to censure it. In 1277 ideas thought to be his were ecclesiastically condemned in Paris and Oxford.
The Realism of Aquinas
Authors: Edwards Sandra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his book On Universals, Nicholas Wolterstorff examines Aquinas’ theory of universals and concludes that it suffers from “a crucial and incurable ambiguity, or incoherence.” Wolterstorff charges Aquinas with denying that there is anything two distinct things have in common while maintaining that forms or natures may be the forms or natures of several distinct things. Aquinas’ resolution of the apparent contradiction is said to consist of the assertion that forms or natures exist outside the mind only as individualized in singulars and exist as universals only when they are abstracted from such things by some intellect. Universals are then concepts abstracted from distinct singulars which are similar but not identical. But in that case, Wolterstorff shows, it is not one nature which is abstracted but several and so-called universal concepts cease to have any foundation in reality.’
Intentionality: Aquinas and Wittgenstein
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is the criterion, how is it to be verified, that this picture is the portrait of that object, i.e. that it is meant to represent it? It is not similarity that makes the picture a portrait (it might be a striking resemblance of one person, and yet be a portrait of someone else it resembles less)....
Aquinas’s Account of Freedom: Intellect and Will
Authors: Stump Eleonore 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For one thing, contemporary discussions of free will tend to belong to an older, non-Thomistic tradition of thought about the topic. In this tradition, human freedom is a property of just one component of human mental faculties, namely, the will; and freedom consists in an agent’s ability to will autonomously in general and independently of the intellect in particular. The influence of this tradition persists in contemporary discussion, both for libertarians and for their opponents, with the result that Aquinas’s account tends to be interpreted by its lights. Consequently, the lineaments of his theory are obscured. For Aquinas, freedom with regard to willing is a property primarily of a human being, not of some particular component of a human being. Furthermore, the will is not independent of the intellect. On the contrary, the dynamic interactions of intellect and will yield freedom as an emergent property or a systems-level feature.
Being and Goodness
Authors: Stump Eleonore , Kretzmann Norman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Parts of Aquinass moral philosophy, particularly his treatments of the virtues and of natural law, are sometimes taken into account in contemporary discussions, but the unusual ethical naturalism that underlies all of his moral philosophy has been neglected. Consequently, the unity of his ethical theory and its basis in his metaphysics are not so well known as they should be, and even the familiar parts of the theory are sometimes misunderstood.
Aquinas on Good Sense
Authors: McCabe Herbert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I am concerned here with the virtue which Aquinas calls prudentia. But, as is almost always the case with Aquinas’s technical vocabulary, the nearest English word to the Latin one would be a mistranslation: prudentia does not mean what we call prudence. Prudence suggests to us a certain caution and canniness, whereas prudentia is much nearer to wisdom, practical wisdom.
Norse Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs
Authors: Lindow John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Norse Mythology explores the magical myths and legends of Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Iceland and Viking-Age Greenland--outlining along the way the prehistoric tales and beliefs from these regions that have remained embedded in the imagination of the world. The book begins with an Introduction that helps put Scandinavian mythology in place in history, followed by a chapter that explains the meaning of mythic time, and a third section that presents in-depth explanations of each mythological term. These fascinating entries identify particular deities and giants, as well as the places where they dwell and the varied and wily means by which they forge their existence and battle one another. We meet Thor, one of the most powerful gods, who specializes in killing giants using a hammer made for him by dwarfs, not to mention myriad trolls, ogres, humans and strange animals. We learn of the ongoing struggle between the gods, who create the cosmos, and the jötnar, or giants, who aim to destroy it. In the enchanted world where this mythology takes place, we encounter turbulent rivers, majestic mountains, dense forests, storms, fierce winters, eagles, ravens, salmon and snakes in a landscape closely resembling Scandinavia. Beings travel on ships and on horseback; they eat slaughtered meat and drink mead. Spanning from the inception of the universe and the birth of human beings to the universe's destruction and the mythic future, these sparkling tales of creation and destruction, death and rebirth, gods and heroes will entertain readers and offer insight into the relationship between Scandinavian myth, history, and culture.
Introduction: The Saga of The Tibetan Book of the Dead
Authors: Cuevas Bryan J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sometime in early 1919, a British political officer and dilettante Tibetan scholar, Major W. L. Campbell, purchased a collection of Tibetan block prints while visiting the town of Gyantse in southwestern Tibet (see fig. I,I). Upon returning to his station in Sikkim, he presented these books to the American-born, Oxford-educated anthropologist Walter Yeeling Evans-Wentz, who was himself traveling the region in search of exotic books and had recently pur chased an illuminated Tibetan manuscript in Darjeeling. At the end of that year, Evans-Wentz met Kazi Dawa Samdup, a respected translator and teacher of a host of previous foreign travelers and the headmaster of the Maharaja’s Bhutia Boy’s School in Gangtok. Evans-Wentz commissioned Dawa Samdup to prepare English translations of his Darjeeling manuscript and the books he had acquired from Major Campbell.
From Death to Disposal
Authors: Cuevas Bryan J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The rituals of the Peaceful and Wrathful Deities and the Liberation upon Hearing are built around a coherent set of actions and a fully developed ritual sequence that recognize the value of confession (bshags-pa) and expiation (bskang-ba) in the purification of sins (sdig-pa) and the efficacy of prayer and ritual performance for guiding the deceased through the perilous pathways of the bardo and into the next life. This brief chapter examines the general structure of the Tibetan bardo liturgy, relying on both textual and ethnographic data. The textual material will be drawn from the Karling literature itself, while the ethnographic details will be based primarily on several important anthropological studies, as well as information gleaned from a modern Tibetan pamphlet by Thupten Sangay entitled Tibetan Ceremonies for the Dead [Bod-mi’i ‘das-mchodJ. Although there are variations in each of these sources, certain features can be found in common. These shared elements will provide the basis for my account of the generalized pattern of the bardo rites.
Conclusion: Manuscripts and Printed Texts
Authors: Cuevas Bryan J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the late eighteenth century, Nyima Drakpa’ s arrangement of the Great Liberation upon Hearing in the Bardo was preserved, perhaps for the very first time, in a blockprint edition prepared at Dzokchen monastery by the third Dzokchenpa Ngedön Tenzin Zangpo. It was this edition that provided the basis in Bhutan for the Bumthang redaction (82) published in 1952 in memory of the second king of Bhutan, Jikme Wangchuk (1926-1952). Presumably, the Dzokchen blockprint also formed the basis of an earlier Bhutanese edi tion prepared in Paro in 1943 through the efforts of one Norbu Zangpo, then the Bhutanese Lochak (lo-phyag) to the Lhasa government. This Paro re daction, reprinted in various forms (BI, Bia, 84, DH), has since become the most widely available edition of the Liberation upon Hearing outside Tibet.
The Catholic Menace
Authors: Jenkins Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1977, Andrew Greeley described anti-Catholicism as an “ugly little secret” of American history. Ugly perhaps, but a great deal of scholarship in the intervening years has ensured that this particular form of prejudice is anything but secret. Arthur Schlesinger Sr. has called it “the deepest bias in the history of the American people.” John Higham has aptly described anti-Catholicism as “the most luxuriant, tenacious tradition of paranoiac agitation in American history.” Over the decades, the grounds put forward to prove just why Catholicism is so pernicious, so threatening, have shifted, but fundamental to all the attacks has been the notion that Catholicism is un- and anti-American.
Black Legends: Rewriting Catholic History
Authors: Jenkins Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ever since the Reformation, historical writing has provided perhaps the most powerful weapon in the arsenal of anti-Catholic rhetoric. Accounts of alleged Catholic atrocities and distortions have been best-sellers, and works such as Foxe’s Book of Martyrs were for centuries among the most popular titles in the English-speaking world. Usually, these books presented a predictable range of arguments and examples, to the extent that a standard anti-Catholic mythology has retained its broad general out- lines from the sixteenth century onward. What is remarkable, though, is that such a mythology not only survives today, but is regarded as a respectable part of civilized discourse.
Introduction
Authors: Yu Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Satire has now been for some time a blind spot for criticism. We have come to understand the term casually to mean any rhetorical procedure involving caricature, mockery, or irony, that is to say any act of comic distortion that encodes an ulterior agenda. Whether because of its covert manner or aggressive purposes or on account of textual uncertainty, satire is supposed to have arisen from a point of origin now hopelessly lost to historical scrutiny. Much of this confusion derives from the mistaken belief of early-Christian-era grammarians in a genealogical link between the Greek satyr play and Roman satire, a belief based on a false etymological derivation of Latin satura from Greek satyros. This misreading is of more than merely philological interest inasmuch as it results, by the time of Renaissance critics such as George Puttenham, in the ascription of cult value to what he calls “verses of rebuke,” a value that is predicated on the magical status of “the gods of the woods” who perform such speech acts.
Satura Redux
Authors: Yu Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Strictly speaking, the myth of a British Augustan age did not originate with Dryden. As early as the posthumous publication in 1595 of Sir Philip Sidney’s Defence of Poesy, an overtly Horatian notion of literary value had advanced to the forefront of critical discussion in England with the claim that poetry ought to “teach and delight.” Ben Jonson, in his 1601 stage satire Poetaster, depicted Augustus as an ideal arbiter of cultural disputes who could be trusted to defend Horace and the virtue of scholarly wit against the criticism of pretentious and opportunistic courtly rivals. On the occasion of King James’s triumphal entry into the City of London in 1604, Jonson heralded the arrival of “the greatest, perfectest, and last” historical round of “change and sway” in a commissioned verse of welcome that echoed the passage from Virgil’s Fourth Eclogue inaugurating a new golden age under Augustus (“Ultima Cumaei venit iam carminis aetas,” etc.).
Before the Garden: Made in God’s Bodily Image
Authors: Carr David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We start with a prelude to the garden of Eden text: the description of the creation of humanity in Genesis r. This text has often puzzled interpreters: “God created humanity in his image ... male and female he created them.” What might this mean? Most assume that it means almost anything other than a physical resemblance to God. They insist that the “image” of God in humans is rationality, a moral will, original righteousness, human do minion over the earth, a spiritual nature, the capacity for a special relationship with God, and so on. Many distinguish between the “image,” which is human nature that cannot be lost, and the “likeness,” which is the relation to God that can be lost. Virtually all agree that the Bible surely could not be asserting that God has a humanlike body.
The Eden Garden, Part 1: Created for Erotic Connection
Authors: Carr David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins our look at the first garden text of the Bible: the garden of Eden story in Genesis 2:4-3:24. Perhaps no other text in the Old Testament is so universally recognized, remembered, and pervasive in Western culture as this story of the first human pair and their eating of forbidden fruit. Yet the strong sexual overtones of the story are often misinterpreted and used to repress women and sexuality. In the epigraph, Gregory Nazianzen accuses Eve of having beguiled Adam “by means of pleasure” and “estranged him ... from the tree of life.” This is typical of many interpretations which pass right over the vision of erotic connection in Genesis 2 and give a ,woman-blaming interpretation of chapter 3. Here we will linger on the vision of creation in Genesis 2 before moving on to the story of crime and punishment in chapter 3. Both parts of this garden text have their gifts to give us.
The Word Made Flesh: Echoes of old testament gardens in the new testament
Authors: Carr David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gardens do not disappear in the New Testament, but they are changed. Sexuality and eros are almost never explicitly affirmed. Yet a closer look reveals a set of eros-affirming Christian garden texts amidst the broader Christian tradition. In the introduction to this book I summarized ways in which the New Testament contributed to the sexual-spiritual split that has characterized much of Western culture. This legacy makes it all the more important to show that the erotic vision of the Old Testament was not lost in the New Testament.
Introduction: Teaching Freud and Religion
Authors: Jonte-Pace Diane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Both education and psychoanalysis, Freud warned in “Analysis Terminable and Interminable,” are ‘“impossible’ professions” in which “one can be sure beforehand of achieving unsatisfactory results.” In spite of his understanding of the unsatisfactory consequences of psychoanalysis, Freud did not tum aside from his own impossible profession. Nor do the authors in this volume tum aside from theirs: all are educators; all teach psychoanalysis in some form; and, compounding the “impossibilities,” most teach courses on Freud in departments of religious studies.
Freud and/as the Jew in the Multicultural University
Authors: Geller Jay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rarely taught in psychology, occasionally picked up in literature and theory courses, and usually read in order to be condemned in women’s and queer studies offerings, the work of the self-proclaimed atheist Sigmund Freud regularly finds its home today in religious studies. One text in particular, The Future of an Illusion (SE 21; Freud 1961b), one of Freud’s least psychoanalytical works, a text which Freud considered both “childish” and a testament to his old age,1 usually comes to be taken as representative.2 What does it mean for instructors in religious studies to opt for Future rather than Civilization and Its Discontents (SE 21; Freud 1961a), Freud’s pessimistic meditation on the vicissitudes of humanity’s instinctual life, the conflict between libido and aggression-between Eros and the death instinct-and the tension, externally, between those instinctual demands and the demands of society and, internally, between the ego and the superego? Students find instead the father of psychoanalysis presented as a rather naive figure of the rationalist Enlightenment with an outrageous optimism about science (and its god Logos), a constructor of arguments against straw men, and a producer of extremely reductive and simplistic explanations who shows little if any respect for religion and the religious. Freud, in effect, has become himself a straw man, and his cultural role has been, at best, relegated to the German-accented caricature that has pervaded popular culture for the past two-thirds of a century.
Teaching Freud While Interpreting Jesus
Authors: Capps Donald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The invitation to write an article on the psychoanalytic interpretation of Jesus for a book on teaching Freud comes at an opportune moment. I have recently completed a book on Jesus that is psychoanalytic in orientation, and am now contemplating teaching a course on the subject in the near future. In an institution like Princeton Theological Seminary, this may require more than the normal justifications for a course of this nature, as the seminary currently boasts a biblical faculty of fifteen, eight of these in New Testament. As I will indicate, however, this is just one of several impediments to such a course. The following discussion, therefore, offers a justification for a course on the psychoanalysis of Jesus-not, however, by engaging in the usual arguments in behalf of interdisciplinary courses, but by demonstrating the intrinsic value of psychoanalytic interpretation of Jesus for the psychology of religion. This requires that I give significant attention to my own Jesus text.
Psychoanalyzing Myth: From Freud to Winnicott
Authors: Segal Robert A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The central difficulty I find in teaching Freud on myth is connecting myth to religion and therefore to the world. Teaching that Freud severs myth from the world by severing myth from religion merely states rather than solves the problem. Students expect myth to be about the external world. It is not that they fail to grasp that for Freud myth involves the projection of human characteristics onto the world. It is that for them myth thereby ceases to be about the world and consequently ceases to be myth. It is not that students fail to recognize the similarities that Freud draws between dreams and myths. It is that for them the similarities miss the key difference: where dreams are about dreamers, myths are about the world. Put bluntly, Freud seems to have little to say about myth because myth is part of religion and religion is about the world.