bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extraction and Transport of Chromium(VI) Through a Bulk Liquid Membrane Containing Triphenylphosphine
Authors: Sahmoune Amar , Mitiche Lynda 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe solvent extraction of chromium(VI) in chloroform, dichloromethane, dichloroethane and its transport through a chloroformic bulk liquid membrane from sulphuric acid solutions with the neutral extractant triphenylphosphine (TPP) were studied. It was highlighted that the TPP extractant is an interesting complexing and efficient carrier for transport of chromium(VI) as [(HTPP)HCr2O7] complex from a 2M sulphuric acid solutions. It has a high ability to concentrate the chromium(VI) in the receiving phase according to the Donnan equilibrium. The co‐extraction and the co‐transport of sulphuric acid is very low and has no effect on the transport efficiency. The transport rate depends mainly on the initial concentration of the extractant.
Chromatographic Behaviors of Proteins on Cation‐Exchange Column
Authors: Li Rong , Chen Guo‐Liang , Zhao Wen‐Ming 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA weak cation‐exchanger (XIDACE‐WCX) has been synthesized by the indirect method. The chromatographic characteristics of the synthesized packing was studied in detail. The standard protein mixture and lysozyme from egg white were separated with the prepared chromatographic column. The chromatographic thermodynamics of proteins was studied in a wide temperature range. Thermodynamic parameters standard enthalpy change (ΔH0)and standard entropy change (ΔS0) and compensation temperature (β�) at protein denaturation were determined in the chromatographic system. By using obtained ΔS0, the conformational change of proteins was judged in the chromatographic process. The linear relationship between ΔH0 and ΔS0 can be used to identify the identity of the protein retention mechanism in the weak cation‐exchange chromatography. The interaction between weak cation‐exchanger and metal ions was investigated. Several metal chelate columns were prepared. The effects of introducing metal ion into the naked column on protein retention and the retention mechanism of proteins in the metal chalet affinity chromatography were discussed.
Heavy Metals in Petroleum‐Contaminated Surface Soils in Serbia
Authors: Grujić Svetlana , Ristić Mirjana , Laušević Mila 
Published: November 2004

AbstractInvestigation of heavy metal contamination levels as well as their association types with substrates in petroleum‐contaminated surface soil was carried out using modified sequential extraction method. In that way, remobilization capacity of metal cations, both in natural conditions and in accidents, has been studied. Moreover, partitioning of heavy metals, originating from spilt oil derivative, among surface soil substrates was estimated. Extreme contamination with lead was discovered, as well as the increased concentrations of zinc and copper. Oil‐derived Pb and Zn were found to be distributed between carbonates and amorphous Feoxides, whereas Cu was found to be dominantly associated with amorphous Feoxides. Appreciable amounts of these metals were also found to be incorporated into more resistant structures. In petroleum‐contaminated surface soil, substrates of cadmium are carbonates, whereas nickel has the great affinity toward hydrous Mnoxides. Cd is proven to be the most mobile metal in oil‐contaminated surface soil.
Postmarketing surveillance for drug safety in pregnancy: The Organization of Teratology Information Services Project
Authors: Felix Robert J. , Jones Kenneth Lyons , Johnson Kathleen A. , McCloskey Carolyn A. , Chambers Christina D. ,   for the Organization of Teratology Information Services (OTIS) Collaborative Research Group
Published: November 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDAlthough medications are frequently used during pregnancy, premarketing studies exclude pregnant women, with the result that maternal and fetal risks of medications are largely unknown prior to marketing.METHODSTo demonstrate the feasibility of using Teratology Information Services (TISs) to identify potential subjects who may participate in postmarketing surveillance studies regarding medications taken during pregnancy, maternal characteristics and pregnancy exposure data routinely collected from callers to member agencies of the Organization of Teratology Information Services (OTIS) were pooled for two one‐month periods.RESULTSA total of 3536 calls inquiring about 7746 different agents were received from pregnant women. Of the 40 medications about which pregnant women most frequently asked, the top two were nonprescription acetaminophen and pseudoephedrine, three were prescription drugs with a U.S. Food and Drug Administration pregnancy label category D designation, and five were prescription antidepressants.CONCLUSIONSTISs are well positioned to prospectively ascertain medication exposures in large numbers of pregnant women and may be an exceptional resource for conducting postmarketing surveillance for the safety of medications taken during pregnancy. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 2004. Published 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Descriptive epidemiology of lipomyelomeningocele, Hawaii, 1986–2001
Authors: Forrester Mathias B. , Merz Ruth D. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe epidemiology of neural tube defects (NTDs) may depend on the type of the defect and its location. There is little epidemiologic information on lipomyelomeningocele, a type of NTD. The objective of this investigation was to describe the epidemiology of lipomyelomeningocele.METHODSCases were obtained from a Hawaii birth defect registry and consisted of all infants delivered during 1986–2001 with lipomyelomeningocele. Lipomyelomeningocele rates per 10,000 births were calculated for various factors.RESULTSA total of 17 cases of lipomyelomeningocele were identified, for a total rate of 0.57. When the lipomyelomeningocele rate was examined with respect to the time period of folic acid fortification of cereal grains in the United States, the rate was 0.57 during 1986–1996 (prefortification), 0.57 during 1997–1998 (voluntary fortification), and 0.58 during 1999–2001 (mandatory fortification). A total of 11 (64.7%) of the cases were female. Lipomyelomeningocele rates were higher among infants born to mothers in younger and older age groups. The rate was highest among Pacific Islanders, followed by Filipinos and Far East Asians, and lowest among whites. Rates were greater with lower birth weight and gestational age and among multiple births.CONCLUSIONSLipomyelomeningocele rates were not found to be affected by folic acid fortification. The majority of cases were female. Other demographic and clinical factors appear to be associated with lipomyelomeningocele risk. None of the differences in rates between the various subgroups were statistically significant, and due to the small number of cases, the 95% confidence interval (CI) ranges were wide. However, the findings suggest possible patterns of occurrence. Additional studies involving larger numbers of cases are recommended. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pharmacogenetics of antihypertensive treatment
Authors: Arnett Donna K. , Claas Steven A. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractHypertension is a common disorder associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Unfortunately, in the United States, only about one third of those who are aware of their hypertensive status successfully control their blood pressure. One reason for this is the variable and unpredictable response individuals have to pharmacologic treatment. Clinicians often resort to a trial‐and‐error approach to match patients with effective drug treatment. It is the goal of hypertension pharmacogenetics to apply knowledge of genetic predictors of treatment response to drugs that lower blood pressure and to translate this knowledge into clinical practice. To date, more than 30 studies have investigated associations between specific genetic polymorphisms and response to particular antihypertensive drugs. Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors have been most frequently studied, followed by diuretics, beta‐blockers, angiotensin II blockers, adrenergic alpha‐agonists, and calcium channel blockers. Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system genes have been the most widely studied, with the angiotensin‐converting enzyme I/D variant being typed in about one third of all hypertension pharmacogenetic studies to date. In a number of cases, significant and potentially promising associations between genes and drug treatments have been reported. However, taken in sum, the literature suggests that the path from gene‐drug‐outcome association studies to clinically useful knowledge may be neither short nor direct. In the future, carefully designed studies must acknowledge that hypertension is caused by multiple genes and environmental factors that act in concert. These considerations, along with a better understanding of the complexities of the biology of hypertension, open the next set of opportunities for hypertension pharmacogenetics research. Drug Dev. Res. 62:191–199, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pharmacogenomic approaches in antidiabetic drug development
Authors: Rosmond Roland 
Published: November 2004

AbstractSequencing the human genome has provided new insights that will enhance our understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying diabetes. However, completion of the human genome sequence is just the beginning. The current challenge is to generate a comprehensive understanding of the software and the hardware of the cell and the organism. Less than 2% of the noninfectious human disease burden is monogenic in nature. The rest is polygenic or is caused by nongenetic or postgenetic alterations in cellular molecules. Consequently, elucidating pathological mechanisms and full penetration of the causal mechanisms driving diabetes progression will require analysis tools ranging from direct DNA sequencing, mRNA expression monitoring, protein sequencing, protein localization studies, and finally to metabolic or physiologic profiling. In addition, studying the influence of genetic differences on the variability in patients' response to antidiabetic drugs holds the promise that drugs might one day be tailor‐made for individuals and adapted to each person's own genetic makeup. Environment, diet, age, lifestyle, and state of health all influences an individual's response to medicines, but the study of pharmacogenomics will offer a more comprehensive understanding of drug responses, aiding the development of antidiabetic drugs with greater efficacy and safety. Drug Dev. Res. 62:207–212, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pharmacogenomics of antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Haas David W. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractEffective therapy for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection requires long‐term administration of multiple antiretroviral drugs. This has markedly reduced morbidity and mortality due to AIDS, but drug toxicities often limit the success of treatment. Using candidate gene approaches, pharmacogenomic studies have begun to identify associations between host allelic variants and increased risk of adverse reactions to antiretroviral medications. Of note are associations between abacavir hypersensitivity reactions and specific HLA and hsp70‐hom genotypes, and between CYP2B6 polymorphisms, efavirenz pharmacokinetics, and central nervous system side effects. Pharmacogenomics also has the long‐term potential to reveal new drug targets. The observation that a naturally occurring, nonfunctional deletion mutant of the HIV receptor gene CCR5 protected against HIV infection and slowed disease progression encouraged the development of drugs that target CCR5. Pharmacogenomics promises to improve the lives of persons living with HIV by identifying new therapeutic targets and by fostering rational drug prescribing that optimizes efficacy while minimizing toxicity. Drug Dev. Res. 62:213–220, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The homocysteine pathway: A new target for Alzheimer disease treatment?
Authors: Lao José I. , Beyer Katrin , Ariza Aurelio 
Published: November 2004

AbstractOne of the known risk factors for developing Alzheimer disease (AD) is hyperhomocysteinemia. The latter may result from mutations of the genes coding for three key enzymes involved in homocysteine metabolism (methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase [MTHFR], methionine synthase [MS], and cystathionine beta‐synthase [CBS]). Polymorphisms within the three genes have been shown to be positively associated with AD in some populations. Whereas MS and MTHFR polymorphisms have been described as AD risk factors independently on age at onset of the disease, two of the CBS polymorphisms were found to depend on age at onset of AD. The division of AD patients and controls into age‐at‐onset/age dependent subgroups (<65 years, 65–74 years, ≥75 years) revealed that the 844ins68 mutation and variable number of tandem repeats allele 19 are independent risk factors for AD development in subjects aged 75 years or more. Although homocysteine levels can be regulated by dietary intake of folic acid, B vitamins, and other components, the genotype‐dependent design of strategies for the maintenance of adequate homocysteine levels could be helpful for AD treatment. In addition to each specific genotype, age and age at onset of AD are important factors for specific regulation of the homocysteine metabolism. One of the molecules to take into account in the case of AD is choline, which serves as methyl‐group donor when MS activity is impaired. Drug Dev. Res. 62:221–230, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recent advances in pharmacogenetic approaches to anticancer drug development
Authors: Smith Nicola F. , Figg William D. , Sparreboom Alex 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA great deal of effort has been spent in defining the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of investigational and registered anticancer agents. There is often a marked variability in drug handling between individual patients, which contributes to variability in the pharmacodynamic effects of a given dose of a drug. A combination of physiological variables, genetic characteristics (pharmacogenetics), and environmental factors are known to alter the relationship between the absolute dose and the concentration–time profile in plasma. A variety of strategies is now being evaluated in patients with cancer to improve the therapeutic index of anticancer drugs, by implementation of pharmacogenetic imprinting through genotyping or phenotyping individual patients. The efforts have mainly focused on variants in genes encoding the drug‐metabolizing enzymes thiopurine S‐methyltransferase, dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, members of the cytochrome P450 family, including the CYP2B, 2C, 2D, and 3A subfamilies, members of the UGT family, as well as the ATP‐binding cassette transporters ABCB1 (P‐glycoprotein) and ABCG2 (breast‐cancer resistance protein). Several of these genotyping strategies have been shown to have substantial impact on therapeutic outcome and should eventually lead to improved anticancer chemotherapy. Drug Dev. Res. 62:233–253, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Advances in the genomics of allogeneic haemopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Mullighan Charles G. , Bardy Peter G. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractAllogeneic haemopoietic stem cell transplantation is curative for many patients with haematologic disorders. Despite advances in supportive care, complications such as graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) and infection remain important causes of morbidity and mortality after transplantation. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matching of donors and recipients is important but does not avoid these complications. Recent studies have shown that non‐HLA genetic polymorphisms influence the risk of complications after transplant. Polymorphisms in the genes encoding mediators and targets of GVHD, such as cytokines, adhesion molecules, and minor histocompatibility antigens, are associated with GVHD risk and severity. Particularly in HLA‐mismatched transplants, matching of donors and recipients for natural killer cell receptors and ligands may influence disease relapse and survival. Polymorphisms in drug‐metabolizing enzymes influence toxicities of immunosuppressive drugs used in transplant protocols. Finally, polymorphisms in mediators of host defence such as mannose‐binding lectin, myeloperoxidase, and immunoglobulin receptors influence host immune reconstitution and infection risk after transplant. This novel genetic information offers the opportunity to better predict the risk of complications, to offer intensified immunosuppression to those at highest risk of GVHD, and to intervene with novel therapies. Drug Dev. Res. 62:273–292, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pharmacogenomic approaches to therapies in rheumatic diseases
Authors: Ranganathan Prabha , Eisen Seth 
Published: November 2004

AbstractPharmacogenomics, the study of genetic variations in drug‐metabolizing enzymes and their translation to drug effects, is a rapidly evolving field. At the present time, clinicians choose drugs for patients with rheumatologic diseases based on data from population studies and at times, empirically. The application of pharmacogenomics to drugs used in the treatment of rheumatic diseases, particularly the new expensive agents, holds great promise for optimizing their use in clinical practice. In this article, we highlight some of the published literature on the pharmacogenetics of the common disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and the emerging data on the new biologic therapies. As evident from the contents of this review, this is an exciting field which is progressing productively and rapidly. Pharmacogenomic approaches are clearly the basis of the “individualized” therapies of the future. Drug Dev. Res. 62:161–171, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aus der Arbeit der Sachverständigenausschüsse: SVA “Beschichtungen und Kunststoffbahnen”
Authors: Mittelstädt Mathis‐C. , Ipawitz Brigitte 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBericht über wesentliche Änderungen im Zulassungsverfahren für Kunststoffbahnen, Beschichtungssysteme , Beschichtungsstoffe und Innenbeschichtungen in Anlagen zum Lagern, Abfüllen und Umschlagen wassergefährdender Stoffe
Application of genetic algorithms for process integration and optimization considering environmental factors
Authors: Gao Ying , Shi Lei , Yao Pingjing 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA systematic methodology for pollution prevention based on process integration is presented in this report. In this methodology, process simulation was carried out to provide mass and energy information of the chemical process. An artificial neural network (ANN) was used to replace rigorous process simulation in the optimization process to improve computational efficiency. Multiobjective optimization was performed to obtain coordinate optimization of process performance for both economics and environmental aspects. A multiobjective genetic algorithm was used to solve the multiobjective optimization problems. Mass and energy use were considered simultaneously in this program. A case study of a wastewater recovery system in ammonia production process is discussed to illustrate the effectiveness of this pollution prevention methodology. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2004
Use of life‐cycle inventory as a screening tool for environmental performance: Supercritical carbon dioxide in the semiconductor industry
Authors: Blowers Paul , Titus Monica 
Published: November 2004

AbstractSupercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) is attractive as a green solvent because it has environmental benefits and attractive physical properties for many applications. In addition, removal of supercritical conditions after use can allow perfect separation and recycle of the solvent. In this work, we investigate using scCO2 as a rinsing agent to replace ultrapure water in semiconductor manufacturing. By conducting a gate‐to‐gate life‐cycle inventory (LCI) of scCO2 usage, we begin to evaluate the overall environmental impact the process may incur. After conducting the LCI of a particular scCO2 rinsing process we find the process requires 1 kg of new CO2 and 0.27 kg of new propylene carbonate per wafer cleaning cycle because of the need for start‐up, purging, and separation processes. The total pumping requirements are 88 kJ/cycle, whereas cooling requirements are 249 kJ/cycle and require cooling to 10° C. Heating requirements are 616 kJ/cycle and require reaching temperatures of 65° C for cleaning or 25.5° C for separations. Refrigeration cycle requirements add an additional 298 kJ/cycle to the energy requirements so the total energy inputs to the process, including the refrigeration, are 1002 kJ/cycle. These material and energy needs are much lower than the requirements of the ultrapure water technologies currently in use for wafer rinsing. Companies now have baseline data to evaluate whether this new technology will be suitable for their needs. Finally, throughout any LCI, there are many key assumptions and barriers to obtaining high quality data, which the chemical and environmental engineering communities should begin addressing as more life‐cycle inventories and assessments are completed. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2004
Evaluating chemical‐, mechanical‐, and bio‐pulping processes and their sustainability characterization using life‐cycle assessment
Authors: Das Tapas K. , Houtman Carl 
Published: November 2004

AbstractPulp and paper manufacturing constitutes one of the largest industry segments in the United States in term of water and energy usage and total discharges to the environment. More than many other industries, however, this industry plays an important role in sustainable development because its chief raw material—wood fiber—is renewable. This industry provides an example of how a resource can be managed to provide a sustained supply to meet society's current and future needs. The objective of this work is to present streamlined environmental life‐cycle assessments (LCA) between chemical (kraft–sulfate), mechanical (or thermomechanical), and biopulping processes. This LCA would help us to evaluate the industry's current experience and practices in terms of environmental stewardship, regulatory and nonregulatory forces, life cycles of its processes and products, and future developments.The pulping industry has been traditionally using mechanical or chemical pulping methods, or a combination of the two, to produce pulps of desired characteristics. Mechanical pulping accounts for about 25% of the wood pulp production in the world today. Mechanical pulping, with its high yield, is viewed as a way to extend the forest resources. However, mechanical pulping is electrical energy–intensive and yields paper with less strength compared to that produced by the chemical pulping process. These disadvantages limit the use of mechanical pulps in many grades of paper. Chemical pulping accounts for about 75% of the wood pulp production in the world. This process produces paper with very high strength. However, the process has the disadvantages of being capital‐ and energy‐intensive, giving relatively low yields, producing troublesome waste products, and producing by‐products that are of relatively low values. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2004