bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Force Style
Authors: Young Malcolm 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
West Mercia covers a large and sparsely populated area; a factor no doubt instrumental in maintaining its individual policing styles and varied cultural practices. Its northern boundary with Cheshire is only some 40-50 miles from Liverpool, and consequently officers posted to Ellesmere or Market Drayton (see Fig. 2) at the northern extremes were literally at a remote outpost. The section office in such locations could lie miles away from some village police house out of which the constable operated. Even the divisional HQ at Shrewsbury was yet another world removed, while Hindlip HQ was just a name on a map. The life at Bromsgrove or sections south of Hereford thus remained remote to officers posted to these North Shropshire locations. The same situation of course prevailed at the opposite end. of the force, where Ross on Wye was much the same distance from Bristol as Whitchurch was from Liverpool in the north. Inevitably the process of creating a single homogeneous administrative unit in such a vast and disparate area was always going to remain problematic.
Children
Authors: Marks Susan , Clapham Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The starting point for a consideration of the human rights of children is the insight that children are both the same as adults and different from them. They are the same in that they too have interests and concerns which can benefit from articulation and protection in terms of human rights. But they are also different inasmuch as those interests and concerns are in part distinctive. The idea that children inhabit a distinct developmental space in relation to adults, though certainly not timeless, is quite old.
Housing
Authors: Marks Susan , Clapham Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In his book City of Quartz Mike Davis describes the stark contrasts that characterise Los Angeles: while planners work to make rich neighbour hoods ‘softer’ and lovelier, ‘a few blocks away the city is engaged in a merciless struggle to make public facilities and spaces as unliveable as possible for the homeless and poor’. Elements of what Davis describes as an increasingly ‘sadistic street environment’ include the construction of ‘bum-proof ‘ bus benches, the closure of public toilets, and the installation of sprinkler systems that drench those sleeping in parks at random intervals.
Universality
Authors: Marks Susan , Clapham Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Central to international human rights law is the idea that human rights are rights with universal significance. These are rights you have because you are a human being, rather than because you belong to a particular political community. In this sense, and despite the existence of important region-specific arrangements, human rights norms and institutions presuppose universality, as well as having its greater practical realisation as their stated goal.
Women
Authors: Marks Susan , Clapham Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Among the many facets of that complex phenomenon we call globalisation, one is rarely noticed, yet absolutely integral. This is the migration of millions of women from poor countries to rich ones, to serve as maids, nannies, elder-carers, and sometimes sex workers. In the book Global Woman, Barbara Ehrenreich and Arlie Hochschild call this the ‘globalization of women’s traditional role’ or, more generally and in a way that highlights its relative invisibility, the ‘female underside of globalization’.
The Substantive Law: the Principle of Administrative Liability
Authors: Brown L Neville , Bell John S , Galabert Jean-Michel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This corpus iuris bears, to continental eyes, the unusual feature of consisting predominantly of case-law, at least as regards the general principles of administrative law. These principles have to be extracted by a process of induction from la jurisprudence of the Conseil d’Etat. In a sense, it is no more than a statement of the judicial practice for the time being of that court-for the time being, because, as we shall see, the Conseil d’Etat accepts no doctrine of rigid precedent. Of course, much of the substantive law regulating the administration is contained in legislation, often consolidated into ‘codes’ such as le code d’urbanisme, le code des marches publics, and so on. But such codes are very different in character from the systematic, comprehensive and principled codes which form the basis for French civil and criminal law.
Concave Programming
Authors: Dixit Avinash K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the last chapter I defined convex sets and quasi-concave and concave functions, and developed a geometric approach to constrained optimization based on the separation of two convex sets. This had the conceptual merit of suggesting a decentralized im-plementation of society’s economic optimization problem. But it was of limited value in solving actual examples. In this chapter I combine the idea of convexity with a more conventional calculus approach. The result is that the Lagrange or Kuhn-Tucker conditions, in conjunction with convexity properties of the objective and constraint functions, are sufficient for optimality.
Time: The Maximum Principle
Authors: Dixit Avinash K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As in the case of uncertainty, the study of optimization over time requires no new general principles. The variables to be chosen will pertain to different dates, but we can always stack them together in one large vector x, and the general problem remains one of maximizing the value of a function F(x) subject to a vector inequality constraint G(x) ::; c. At the time when the decision is taken, the knowledge of future tastes and technology may be very imperfect. But this simply requires us to capture the uncertainties and attitudes to risk in the functions F and G. As time unfolds, there may be opportunities to rethink the current decision and revise the plan. But this merely requires us to recognize such future revisions in our current decision. Such a consideration may lead us to take more flexible decisions now so as to allow later choices in the light of better knowledge. But it may also mean making commitments now to foreclose certain future avenues that tomorrow’s preferences would tempt us into, when today’s preferences dictate otherwise; here today’s decision involves playing a game of strategy against one’s own future self. Once all such considerations are incorporated in the objective function and the constraints, the formal theory of the previous chapters continues to apply.
Analysis of Port Pricing of Halibut: Theoretical Considerations and Empirical Results
Authors: Crutchfield J , Zellner A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Since halibut fishing takes place over a short part of the year, many dealers find it profitable to build up inventories of halibut in order to supply consumers when fishing is prohibited. Thus one type of demand for halibut at the port is to fill inventories. A second type is the demand for fresh fish; this element of demand is present at some ports but not at all of them. A rough quantitative estimate of the relative importance of these two types of demand may be obtained by noting that the seasonal inventory build-up is about 40 million pounds, whereas total annual production is about 60 million pounds. The difference, 20 million pounds, represents sales of frozen fish from inventories and of fresh fish. Unfortunately, no figures are available to permit separate estimates of these two latter items. It is clear, however, that inventory demand is extremely important.
Seasonality, Cost Shocks, and the Production Smoothing Model of Inventories
Authors: Miron Jeffrey A , Zeldes Stephen P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Abstract. A great deal of research on the empirical behavior of inventories examines some variant of the production smoothing model of finished goods inventories. The overall assessment of this model that exists in the literature is quite negative: there is little evidence that manufacturers hold inventories of finished goods in order to smooth production patterns. This paper examines whether this negative assessment of the model is due to one or both of two features: cost shocks and seasonal fluctuations. The reason for considering cost shocks is that, if firms are buffeted more by cost shocks than demand shocks, production should optimally be more variable than sales. The reasons for considering seasonal fluctuations are that seasonal fluctuations account for a major portion of the variance in production and sales, that seasonal fluctuations are precisely the kinds of fluctuations that producers should most easily smooth, and that seasonally adjusted data are likely to produce spurious rejections of the production smoothing model even when it is correct.
Introduction
Authors: Hylleberg S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The applications of very complex seasonal adjustment procedures like the X-11 which are based on more or less ad hoc methods have left many statisticians working with time series uneasy for several reasons. First, the complex nature of the procedures makes it virtually impossible to evaluate the procedures except by looking at the output and input series. Secondly, the extensive use of moving average filters causes endpoint problems which in turn imply often large revisions of the seasonally adjusted data. Thirdly, the black-box nature of the procedure prevents a deeper understanding of the nature and the interdependencies of the seasonal and cyclical components.
In the now classical Box-Jenkins framework (see Box and Jenkins (1970)) the modelling of time series with seasonal components takes place by applying seasonal differences such as 1 - B4, 1 - B12, etc. where B is the lag operator, in addition to the first differences, 1 - B, in the stationarity producing phase of the procedure. In the next step autoregressive and moving average factors with lags at the seasonal frequencies are added.
Testing for Unit Roots in Seasonal Time Series
Authors: Dickey D A , Hasza, D P , Fuller* W A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Abstract. Regression estimators of coefficients in seasonal autoregressive models are described. The percentiles of the distributions for time series that have unit roots at the seasonal lag are computed by Monte Carlo integration for finite samples and by analytic techniques and Monte Carlo integration for the limit case. The tabled distributions may be used to test the hypothesis that a time series has a seasonal unit root. Key words: Time series; seasonal; nonstationary; unit root.
Long-Memory Models
Authors: Granger Clive W J , Teräsvirta Timo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Most of the models considered so far have been assumed to be stationary, or at least stable. In most cases these models are short-memory, in that a shock to the variable today will not have an effect on the value of the variable in the distant future. However, it seems that some economic variables are long-memory, containing ‘permanent’ components, and different models then need to be considered. If Xi, y1 are both long-memory there may be some simple function of them in short-memory which produces a generalization of the concept of cointegration, which has proved to be a useful one in linear models.
Applications
Authors: Granger Clive W J , Teräsvirta Timo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, some applications of smooth transition regression models are presented to illustrate uses of the techniques discussed above. The models are potentially useful because they produce economically interpretable results. The first examples, both univariate and bivariate, use international volume of industrial production data and summarize more extensive results found in Teräsvirta and Anderson (1992) and Anderson and Teräsvirta (1992). The second example considers a possible nonlinear relationship between US GNP and an index of leading indicators, and is taken from Granger, Terasvirta, and Anderson (1993).
A review of methods of estimating cointegrating relationships
Authors: Hargreaves Colin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Six estimators of cointegrating relations are compared - OLS, Augmented OLS, Fully-Modified, Three-Step, Johansen MLE and Box-Tiao. Monte Carlo simulations were run using a four-dimensional system to assess the effects of a very wide range of problems. The results found that the Johansen estimator was best as long as the sample was reasonable large (about I 00) and the model was accurately specified but not otherwise. Given we are rarely sure of our specifications, the results implied using the Johansen method to try and determine the number of cointegrating vectors and if there is one, then to start with OLS, assess the model, move up to FM and assess any changes in the results. If the researcher erroneously underestimated the cointegrating rank, the Johansen estimator faired worse than the single-equation estimators. Accuracy of estimating three-dimensional cointegrating spaces within four space is described separately in Hargreaves (1992) where the multidimensional OLS described here and augmented OLS fair very well.
Exogeneity
Authors: Engle Robert F , Hendry David F , Richard jean-FranÇois 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Definitions are proposed for weak and strong exogeneity in terms of the distribution of observable variables. The objectives of the paper are to clarify the concepts involved, isolate the essential requirements for a variable to be exogenous, and relate them to notions of predeterminedness, strict exogeneity and causality in order to facilitate econometric modelling. Worlds of parameter change are considered and exogeneity is related to structural invariance leading to a definition of super exogeneity. Throughout the paper, illustrative models are used to exposit the analysis.
The Encompassing Implications of Feedback versus Feed forward Mechanisms in Econometrics
Authors: Hendry David F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This paper develops procedures for discriminating between feedback and feedforward models, highlighting the role of changes in the marginal models for the expectations processes. For sufficient change in the marginal processes, the combination of encompassing and super exogeneity allows discrimination between feedback and feedforward models. Thus, prior to advocating expectations processes, it is important to test the constancy of the proposed marginal models; and recursive estimation and testing seem useful tools for doing so. Empirically, an expectations interpretation of a constant conditional model for U.K. Ml demand is rejected.
Confidence Intervals for Linear Combinations of Forecasts from Dynamic Econometric Models
Authors: Campos Julia 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This paper derives the approximate distribution of a vector of forecast errors from a dynamic simultaneous equations econometric model. The system may include exogenous variables with known and/or unknown future values. For the latter set of exogenous variables, a stationary and invertible ARMAX process is assumed. Confidence regions are derived for vectors of linear combinations of forecasts. These confidence regions are particularly useful for designing tests of super exogeneity via tests of predictive failure. To illustrate the use of confidence intervals, forecasts are generated for an oil price and for a Venezuelan consumer price index.
Portfolio Choice
Authors: Eichberger Jürgen , Harper Ian R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The subject of this chapter is the problem of portfolio choice. The chapter begins by establishing the equivalence of the problem of choosing assets to hold in portfolio and the problem of choosing state-contingent wealth. The equivalence of these two problems reveals limits on the relationship between the payoffs and the prices of as sets in equilibrium. If trade in asset markets is not to produce unbounded wealth, asset pay-offs and prices must be such that riskless arbitrage is not possible. The conditions under which this is true are developed in Section 2.1.1. Section 2.1.2 goes on to investigate general equilibrium in portfolio space.
Firms and Financial Markets
Authors: Eichberger Jürgen , Harper Ian R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Models of contingent consumption, such as those discussed in Chapter 3, skirt around problems that arise with production in such a framework. In this chapter, we introduce the notion of a firm. In an economy with financial markets where shares of ownership in a firm can be traded, a firm ‘s decision about its production plan is at one and the same time a decision about the pay-offs to an asset, viz. the firm ‘s equity or stock. The first part of this chapter investigates issues arising from the dual role of a firm ‘s production decision, i.e. creating return streams for its owners (profits, dividends) in different states of the world and altering the set of available securities in the economy. With firms whose stock can be traded, we introduce assets with ‘endogenous ‘ returns.
Related Methods of Estimation
Authors: Hall Alastair R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we brieﬂy review two other methods for exploiting moment conditions in estimation. Section 10.1 describes simulation based estimators known as Simulated Method of Moments, Indirect Inference and Efficient Method of Moments. Section 10.2 describes the method of Empirical Likelihood. The purpose of this discussion is to provide the intuition behind the methods in question and to explain their connections to GMM. References are provided for those readers interested in a rigourous analysis of the statistical properties of these estimators.
The Asymptotic Distribution of the Test for Cointegrating Rank
Authors: Hansen Peter Reinhard , Johansen Søren 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The main result here is Theorem 11.1 which gives various forms for the limit distribution for the likelihood ratio test for cointegrating rank. The simplest result is that the test statistic of H2(r) in H2(p), where B is a standard Brownian motion in p - r dimensions.
Stochastic Processes
Authors: Nielsen Lars Tyce 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Stochastic processes are a fundamental concept in finance theory. They describe random phenomena that evolve over time, such as securities prices, interest rates, trading strategies, the value of an investor’s portfolio, etc. Most processes used in finance belong to a particularly important class called Itô processes, which are the subject of the following chapter. In this chapter, we introduce some more elementary notions which are needed before we can understand Itô processes.
When are Interests Interesting? The Problem of Political Representation of Women
Authors: Sapiro Virginia 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the beginning there was no problem of political representation of women. The reason was not that everyone agreed that women should not be represented; rather, the argument was that women were represented. The justification for this argument is best exemplified by the often-quoted common law view found in Blackstone’s Commentaries: By marriage, the husband and wife are one person in law: that is, the very being or legal existence of the women is suspended during the marriage, or at least is incorporated and consolidated into that of the husband: under whose wing, protection, and cover, she performs everything (Okin 1979: 249).
From Redistribution to Recognition? Dilemmas of Justice in a ‘Post-Socialist’ Age
Authors: Fraser Nancy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The ‘struggle for recognition’ is fast becoming the paradigmatic form of political conflict in the late twentieth century. Demands for ‘recognition of difference’ fuel struggles of groups mobilized under the banners of nationality, ethnicity, ‘race’, gender, and sexuality. In these ‘post-socialist’ conflicts, group identity supplants class interest as the chief medium of political mobilization. Cultural domination supplants exploitation as the fundamental injustice. And cultural recognition displaces socioeconomic redistribution as the remedy for injustice and the goal of political struggle.
Introduction
Authors: Bhavnani Kum-Kum 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A volume such as this invariably omits too much, and can therefore appear incomplete to those who are familiar with the debates and discussions. That is the anxiety with which all editors and teachers live-have I said it all? What was not intended yet could be read into the omissions? The usual response to such questions is that it is rarely possible to say it all-because there is too much to be said. While such a response is reasonable, it still begs the question of why, then, have I decided to include a particular piece or argument rather than another.
Black Women in White America
Authors: Lerner Gerda 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Until the very recent past, black people in America have been denied their history. The discovery of Black history, and its legitimization and acceptance into the body of American history, is progressing at this very time and has already immensely enriched our knowledge of our national past. Black history is beginning to serve whites as an antidote to centuries of racist indoctrination by providing essential knowledge without which a more truly democratic, non-racist society cannot be built. Black history is serving Blacks in a somewhat different sense by arousing pride in a legitimate past, enhancing self-respect and providing heroes and leaders with whom black people can identify.
Women and the Politics of Fundamentalism in Iran
Authors: Afshar Haleh 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with understanding what Islamic fundamentalism means to women who choose to adopt it and how, if at all, it could be used as a means for political struggles. The intention is to move away from the usual condemnatory approach to Islamic fundamentalism and consider it in the light of the views and activities of its adherents. Specific examples will be given with reference to Iran and the women’s organizations and their activities in that country.
Crosscurrents, Crosstalk: Race, ‘Post-coloniality’ and the Politics of Location
Authors: Frankenberg Ruth , Mani lata 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter had its immediate point of origin in the invitation to contribute to a lecture series on ‘Post-coloniality and California’ in the spring of 1991. Commonplace as the term ‘post-coloniality’ has rapidly become in literature, anthropology and Cultural Studies in recent times, the title begged a number of questions, about the notion of ‘post-coloniality’ and its efficacy, either in relation to California in particular, or to the United States in general.
Finding a Voice: Vittoria Archilei and the Florentine ‘New Music’
Authors: Carter Tim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In Florence towards the end of the sixteenth century there arose a new school of singing and new styles of solo song that had a profound influence on the course of music in the Baroque era. The so-called ‘new music’ embraced both opera and chamber song (monody); it emerged in response to a Humanist-inspired interest in the music of Classical Antiquity, to a dissatisfaction with the affective limitations of contemporary compositional techniques (in particular, multi-voice polyphony) and to a sense that music could and should achieve new dramatic, rhetorical, and emotional power in the service of its text.’