bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Satan encount’ring Death, Sin interposing’: Milton’s Allegory and the Politics of Seeing
Authors: Calè Luisa 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
HOW can death be represented in pictures? Laurence Sterne went to one representational extreme in Tristram Shandy, where death is abstracted into a black rectangle. This aesthetic shock tactic neatly sidesteps the iconographic repertoire that Fuseli confronted when he depicted Death hovering between form and abstraction.
Satirical Prints of Women and the London Art Market
Authors: Mccreery Cindy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Miss Bailey,whose picture, painted by Hoppner, was so much the admiration of the town, at the last exhibition, has been just married to a young gentleman of considerable fortune in the country. That lady, though of a genteel family, was quite unknown in the polite world, till her charms were exhibited upon canvas. The print of Love in a Coffin— was published today—the family hath taken much pains to suppress everything on this subject—Lord Sackville took home his Culprit truant daughter I know no satire, no chastisement so severe against vice in people of fashion, as prints—for which I designed the above on Mrs. [?]Herbart.
Reforming the Body
Authors: Fissell Mary E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1540 Thomas Raynalde published the first printed book in English about pregnancy and childbirth. Five years later he published another edition, with a new section that explained the anatomy of women’s reproductive parts and the processes of conception. Called The Birth of Mankind or The Womans Book, this small text gave anyone who could read the rudiments of midwifery and offered advice on pregnancy and the care of the newborn. The work was, in part, a translation of a 1513 German text that was already becoming a best-seller. The English book became similarly popular, going into at least a dozen editions over the next century.
Functional Participation: the Missing Link in the EU ‘s Legitimacy Debate
Authors: Smismans Stijn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The concern about the legitimacy of the European polity can hardly be called a new topical issue of political debate and academic interest. In particular, since the beginning of the 1990s, the ‘democratic deficit ‘ has been at the centre of the debate on European institutional reform and the legitimacy of this sui generis polity has become a major topic of the European integration literature. However, this debate has long ignored the role of functional participation, i.e. formal structures ensuring the participation of interest groups in European policy-making.
The European Social Dialogue
Authors: Smismans Stijn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Three forms of functional participation have been analysed until now, namely, the EESC, tripartite advisory committees, and information agencies; the first two having mainly a role in regulatory policy-making, the latter in persuasive policy-making. The fourth form of functional participation under research is the European social dialogue. It can be part of the normal regulatory intervention but can equally be a regulatory alternative to such legislative action. Moreover, ‘social dialogue ‘ is strongly encouraged by the European social dimension of the 1990s preferring ‘new modes of governance ‘ to the ‘old regulatory Community method ‘.
The Transfer of Property in the Conflict of Laws
Authors: Carruthers Janeen M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book provides a detailed and up-to-date exposition of English and Scottish rules of choice of law in inter vivos transfers of property. It traces the development of the lex situs rule, and its application to inter vivos dealings with immovable property, tangible movable property (including the special case of cultural property), and intangible movable property (including indirectly held securities). The author offers two alternative models of suggested choice of law rules in property, introducing a greater degree of flexibility into choice of law rules in property, and formulates even-handed solutions to the complex problems of space, time and policy which arise in this area of the conflict of laws.
Conflict diamonds: the De Beers Group and the Kimberley Process
Authors: Bone Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The concept of ‘conflict diamonds’ stems from the conflict in Angola and the failure of the international community to bring a lasting settlement to the civil war there through the combined efforts of the United Nations and a ‘troika’ of states comprising Portugal, Russia and the United States. In June 1998 the UN Security Council, exasperated by the perceived intransigence of União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola (UNITA, National Union for the Total Independence of Angola), decided to impose comprehensive economic and political sanctions on the organization and its leadership through the adoption of Resolution 1176, which activated Resolution 1173.
A view from Africa
Authors: Adejumobi Said 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The attacks of 11 September 2001 introduced a new configuration into the international political economy: they have increasingly shaped issues, interests, alliances, coalition building and the focus of global politics. Some have described the attacks as the most significant and shattering event since the end of the cold war and a watershed in global history. The attacks certainly constituted an epochal event that was to set its stamp on the beginning of the new millennium and on the direction of global politics in the 21st century.
Cooperation or Confrontation: Sustainable Water Use in an International Context
Authors: Luterbacher Urs , Wiegandt Ellen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
‘The world is incurring a vast water deficit. It is largely invisible, historically recent, and growing fast. ‘1 It is also critical because it has far-reaching consequences, touching all sectors of society. Impending water scarcities can exacerbate social conflict, lead to food shortages, and cause or aggravate dis eases. Assuring access to sufficient water resources throughout the globe is a thus major challenge for the international community. The problem is even more pressing and complex because future quantity and quality of water are linked to other critical issues such as climate change, property rights, and economic development. Numerous regions of the world are particularly at risk of potential shortages due either to physical or social causes, or because of uncertainties about access generated by rapid and far-reaching political changes. The Middle East immediately comes to mind because water shortages are invariably linked to the broader conflict in which water has become a weapon. This area may be a harbinger of similar conflicts to come in other parts of the world. River systems such as the Mekong in Southeast Asia, the Syr and Amu Daria in Central Asia, the Nile in Africa, or the Colorado in North America are shared by countries whose needs are evolving and whose riparian States have unequal power relations. Competition for water in these regions is already, or can potentially become, linked to other political and economic developments to reinforce existing differences. The current international regime is insufficient to deal with these emerging issues.
Water Transfers: A Means to Achieve Sustainable Water Use
Authors: Dantarlock A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The United States and many other countries are entering a new era of water allocation: environmentally sustainable water use.1 This standard is not a simple river preservation concept because any national water policy must accommod ate a wide range of sustainable, non-wasteful consumptive uses.2 It is a more complex standard that recognizes that it is no longer possible to meet new demands for consumptive and non-consumptive uses by relying exclusively on the historic solution to increased water demand, supply augmentation through the construction of large, new carry-over storage reservoirs3 and trans-basin diversions which bring water from areas of origin to more arid areas of demand. The case for large darns and trans-basin diversions has been partially under mined by the potential impact of global climate change on water resources, the report of the World Commission on Darns,4 and the increased worldwide emphasis on the restoration of ecosystem degradation caused by the large-scale modification of the hydrologic regimes of rivers and lakes during the previous century. Thus, it will often be necessary to reallocate existing supplies.
Why Health Equity?
Authors: Sen Amartya 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
‘The world . . . is not an inn, but a hospital ‘, said Sir Thomas Browne more than three and half centuries ago, in 1643. That is a discouraging, if not entirely surprising, interpretation of the world from the distinguished author of Religio Medici and Pseudodoxia Epidemica. But Browne may not be entirely wrong: even today (not just in Browne ‘s seventeenth-century England), illness of one kind or another is an important presence in the lives of a great many people. Indeed, Browne may have been somewhat optimistic in his invoking of a hospital: many of the people who are most ill in the world today get no treatment for their ailments, nor the use of effective means of prevention.
Social Causes of Social Inequalities in Health
Authors: Marmot Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The relation between society and health is challenging and important for two complementary reasons. For economists and those concerned with social policy, health may be a marker, a way of keeping score of how well the society is doing in delivering well-being. In public health, our concern is not with economic performance, of which mortality may be an indicator, but with health status of which economic and social performance may be determinants. That is to say, I am concerned with how to lower mortality rates and improve health, and am therefore interested in the major influences that shape it. In this con- text, I am concerned with economic performance only as a means to an end.
Personal and Social Responsibility for Health
Authors: Wikler Daniel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In many cases, illness is not something that just happens to a person. We are more likely to remain healthy if we take care of ourselves. People who live prudently tend to live longer and to avoid disability. The best hope for many people who are seeking to maintain or improve health is to adopt healthier lifestyles.
These facts suggest a division of labour in the pursuit of health. In addition to maintaining a health system for prevention and therapy, society can try to create a healthy social and physical environment, and can also provide information on risk factors. For their part, individuals can use this information, along with their own knowledge and common sense, to maintain their health as best they can to reduce the need for care.
Disability-Adjusted Life Years: A Critical Review
Authors: Anand Sudhir , Hanson Kara 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The disability-adjusted life year (DALY) has emerged in the international health policy lexicon as a new measure of the ‘burden of disease ‘. The conceptual framework for DALYs is described and justified in the paper ‘Quantifying the burden of disease: the technical basis for disability-adjusted life years ‘ (Murray 1994). Developed as an input into the World Bank ‘s World Development Report: Investing in Health (1993), DALYs are being used as a tool for policy-making in a wide range of countries (Bobadilla and Cowley 1995). According to some, the DALY concept has ‘the potential to revolutionize the way in which we measure the impact of disease, how we choose interventions, and how we track the success or failure of our intervention ‘ (Foege 1994: 1705).
Health Achievement and Equity: External and Internal Perspectives
Authors: Sen Amartya 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Judgements of health equity as well as aggregative achievements in health care are inescapably dependent on the assessment of individual states of health. There are, however, many complex issues in evaluating the state of health of a person. One of the major complexities arises from the fact that the person ‘s own understanding of his or her health may not be congruent with the appraisal of a medical expert. More generally, there is a conceptual contrast between the ‘internal ‘ view of health, as seen by the person in question, and ‘external ‘ views that others may take of the person ‘s state of health. The contrast goes well beyond incidental differences between two assessments, and can reflect different ideas as to what can be understood as ‘good health ‘ of a person.
Recovered Memory And False Memory
Authors: Brewin Chris R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Since the 1990s there has been a revival of interest in the accuracy of adults’ memory for 6.01 childhood events, in particular traumatic events, and the relationship of such memories to psychopathology. Although memory is at times unreliable, the integrity of memory over long periods can sometimes be impressive, provided its limitations are not exceeded. In general, memory for the gist of childhood events is often well retained, so long as such events were reasonably significant or were repeated sufficiently often. Memory for detail, for example of conversations that may have occurred years before, or memory that involves qualitative judgements, is less reliable.
GHG Emissions Trading Registries
Authors: Hobley Anthony , Hawkes Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In their simplest form National Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Registries (National Registries) are electronic databases for recording and tracking Kyoto Units (that is, Assigned Amount Units (AAUs),1 Removal Units (RMUs),2 Certified Emission Reductions (CERs),3 and Emission Reduction Units (ERUs)4) and regional/domestic units (for example, EU Allowances). Such National Registries are in fact critical to any sophisticated system of emissions trading whether International Emissions Trading (IET) pursuant to Article 17 of the Kyoto Protocol or regional trading such as will take place under the EU-wide greenhouse gas (GHG) Emissions Allowance Trading Scheme (EUETS).
COM Project Cycle and the Role of the UNFCCC Secretariat
Authors: Netto Maria , Schmidt Kai-Uwe Barani 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) provides for three ‘market-oriented mechanisms‘: Joint Implementation QI), Emissions Trading (ETI, and the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). One purpose of these three mechanisms is to maximize the cost-effectiveness of climate change mitigation by providing an opportunity to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions abroad at lower cost. In particular, with the CDM, Parties to the Convention aimed at breaking new ground in promoting international investment in climate friendly technologies for the benefit of developing countries.
CERUPT and ERUPT Contracts
Authors: Weerd Daniel van der 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes how the Netherlands purchases carbon credits through Emission Reduction Unit Procurement Tenders (ERUPT) and Certified Emission Reduction Unit Procurement Tenders (CERUPT) and the contractual issues that arise. To provide a better understanding of why issues are addressed in a certain way, section 2 will start with an explanation of the background of the Netherlands‘ involvement in the carbon market and will set out the regulatory framework in which ERUPT and CERUPT contracts are located. Section 3 will describe how ERUPT and CERUPT contracts address the main obligations of the Project Company, such as delivery and reporting, and non-performance. Section 4 will set forth some conclusions.
Emissions Trading Schemes in Australia
Authors: Carmody josh , Willis Monique 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Australia is a country rich in natural resources with one of the fastest growing economies amongst the members of the OECD.1 Its relatively small national population of 20 million people, combined with the high emissions intensity of many Australian export commodities (such as coal, steel, and aluminium) and the country‘s reliance on coal fired electricity generation to supply most of its energy needs, has provided Australia with the legacy of one of the highest emissions pro-files, on a per capita basis, of any nation in the world.
Summary and Outlook
Authors: Freestone David , Streck Charlotte 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A number of key themes shine through the contributions to this collection. The first and overarching theme is origi,nality and innovation--which arises from the very novelty of the regime created by the Kyoto Protocol. Not only does this origin-ality extend to the mechanisms of the COM, JI, and International Emissions Trading but to the respective roles of international institutions, governments, non-governmental organizations, and the private sector.
Personnel Economics in Imperfect Labour Markets
Authors: Garibaldi Pietro 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Personnel economics, the use of economics for studying human resource issues, is becoming a standard course in business and economics departments around the world. Indeed, after being successfully introduced in North American business schools, the teaching of personnel economics is now growing in Europe and in the rest of the world. Yet, most of the traditional analysis of personnel economics assumes a perfectly competitive labour market, a situation in which wages are fully flexible and dismissals can take place at no cost. Such a setting is inappropriate for most European markets, where wage rigidity and wage compression are widespread phenomena, and where employment protection legislation is very stringent. Personnel Economics in Imperfect Labour Markets aims to describe key personnel issues when firms and human resource managers act in highly regulated labour markets. Written to be accessible to students, the book provides original answers to questions which have previously been left to specialized academic journals. Should hiring take place under temporary or permanent contracts? How can we provide compensation related incentives when minimum wages are binding? How de we solve the employment/hours trade-off? These questions and more are discussed within the text.
Indigenous Peoples, Postcolonialism, and International Law
Authors: Rodríguez-Piñero Luis 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Indigenous Peoples, Postcolonialism, and International Law: The ILO Regime (1919-1989) explores the historical process leading to the emergence of indigenous peoples as distinct objects of modern international law, through the activity of the International Labour Organization (ILO). The ILO is the institutional site for the two current legally binding international instruments dealing with indigenous peoples, Convention No. 107 (1957), and Convention No. 169 (1989). Based on careful research on official documentation and unpublished archival evidence, the book enquires into the origins of the ILO's historical interest in the living and working conditions of indigenous peoples, and traces this back to the organization's early concern on the conditions of life of 'native workers' in colonial territories in the inter-war period. The book connects this early concern with the organization's regional policy in the Americas, where the 'Indian problem' became a priority on the organisation's agenda. These historical processes set the ground for the adoption, a few years later, of Convention No. 107 and Recommendation No. 104, instruments that translate the main assumptions of state development policies towards indigenous groups into international law. After an examination of the origins and content of Convention No. 107, the book sheds light on the process that lead the I.L.O. to reshape its old policies into the form of Convention No. 169, the most up to date and important international treaty dealing with the rights of indigenous peoples today.
From Policy to Law: the Making of the ILO Instruments on Indigenous, Tribal, and Semi-tribal Populations (1949–57)
Authors: Rodríguez-Piñero Luis 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The previous chapters have examined the process of subjectivization of indigenous peoples as distinct objects of international concern within the institutional framework of the International Labour Organisation (ILO). The second part of this book analyses how the historical articulation of the organization’s indigenous policy resulted in the drafting of the first international legal standards on indigenous peoples, the conceptual and normative underpinning of these standards, and the standards’ effect in shaping the nascent international regime on indigenous peoples in modern international law.
The Cointegrated VAR Model: Methodology and Applications
Authors: Juselius Katarina 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This valuable text provides a comprehensive introduction to VAR modelling and how it can be applied. In particular, the author focuses on the properties of the Cointegrated VAR model and its implications for macroeconomic inference when data are non-stationary. The text provides a number of insights into the links between statistical econometric modelling and economic theory and gives a thorough treatment of identification of the long-run and short-run structure as well as of the common stochastic trends and the impulse response functions, providing in each case illustrations of applicability. This book presents the main ingredients of the Copenhagen School of Time-Series Econometrics in a transparent and coherent framework. The distinguishing feature of this school is that econometric theory and applications have been developed in close cooperation. The guiding principle is that good econometric work should take econometrics, institutions, and economics seriously. The author uses a single data set throughout most of the book to guide the reader through the econometric theory while also revealing the full implications for the underlying economic model. To test ensure full understanding the book concludes with the introduction of two new data sets to combine readers understanding of econometric theory and economic models, with economic reality.
The Distribution of Top Incomes in the United Kingdom 1908–20001
Authors: Atkinson A B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1909 the United Kingdom Government introduced ‘super-tax ‘, which was an additional income tax levied on top incomes. This event was important not only for its fascal consequences, and the constitutional crisis generated by the initial rejection of the Budget by the House of Lords, but also because it provided information on total incomes that had not previously been available on a regular basis. Under the ordinary progressive income tax, with deduction at source and different schedules covering different sources of income, the authorities did not know the total income of individuals, which could be the subject of several separate assessments.
The Distribution of Top Incomes in Australia1
Authors: Atkinson A B , Leigh A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Visiting Australia at the end of the nineteenth century, commentator Francis Adams observed that: ‘In England the average man feels that he is an inferior; in America he feels that he is superior; in Australia he feels that he is an equal ‘ (Adams 1892). Income inequality in Australia a century ago may therefore have been less than in the UK and the US. This chapter takes a long-run perspective of the Australian income distribution, asking what can be learned from the income tax returns, particularly about top incomes. How far has Australia differed from the pattern in other Anglo-Saxon OECD countries, such as the United States and the United Kingdom, where income inequality declined over the first three-quarters of the century, and then increased in the final decades? One major reason for making use of the income taxation statistics is that they do provide a quantitative basis for measuring the trends.