bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Penyuluhan Kesehatan Tentang Cara Merawat Pasien Dengan Masalah Resiko Perilaku Kekerasan Di RSJD Abepura
Authors: Jober Naomi Frolinda , Mendrofa Hendry Kiswanto 
Published: October 2023

Tujuan kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini adalah untuk memberikan pendidikan kesehatan berupa penyuluhan tentang cara merawat pasien gangguan jiwa dengan masalah resiko perilaku kekerasan di Ruang Poli RSJD Abepura. Metode pelaksanaan kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini meliputi tiga tahapan kegatan yaitu persiapan pelaksanaan, persiapan kelengkapan dan pelaksanaan pendidikan kesehatan. Jumlah peserta yang hadir sebanyak 25 orang. Kegiatan diselenggarakan di Aula RSJD Abepura Kota Jayapura Provisi Papua. Sasaran kegiatan penyuluhan ini adalah masyarakat diantaranya orangtua dan keluarga terdekat. Berdasarkan hasil pendidikan kesehatan yang dilakukan, hasil menunjukkan bahwa Sebanyak 8 orang yang mengalami peningkatan pengetahuan dari 70% menjadi 100%, 12 orang meningkat dari 50% menjadi 100%, sebanyak 1 orang yang mengalami peningkatan pengetahuan dari 40% menjadi 90%, dan pengetahuan 1 orang meningkat dari 30% menjadi 90%. Kegiatan penyuluhan kesehatan berlangsung dengan baik dan mendapat respon yang positif dari masyarakat serta perawat. Terdapat peningkatan pengetahuan oleh seluruh peserta yang hadir. Hal ini menjadi wujud nyata kerja sama antar lembaga pendidikan dan kesehatan serta wujud pengabdian kepada masyarakat sebgai salah satu bagian Tri Dharma Perguruan Tinggi.
Penerapan Teknologi Homogenizer pada Industri Jamu di Jawa Tengah
Authors: Harjunowibowo Dewanto , Rezeki Yulianto Agung , Rinanto Yudi , Kamilla Amanda Alya , Mardhiyah Aina , Visinanda Agastya Surya , Prasetya Fajar , Swastika Brilian , Rettob Carrollus Axellino 
Published: October 2023

Jamu merupakan minuman tradisional yang memiliki banyak khasiat dengan sedikit efek samping negatif pada para konsumennya. Kecepatan produksi dan kualitas produk sangat ditentukan oleh ketepatan formula dan proses yang dilakukan. Kegiatan pengabdian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan jumlah produksi dan kualitasnya melalui peningkatan efisiensi kerja dan keseragaman proses. Metode Focus Discussion Group antara tim pengabdi dengan mitra dilakukan untuk mendapatkan informasi yang lengkap dan ketepatan teknologi yang akan diterapkan. Perancangan teknologi dan kapasitas dilakukan bersama mitra agar diperoleh solusi teknologi yang efektif dan memudahkan mitra dalam melakukan perawatan. Sebagai langkah akhir adalah pelatihan dan penerapan teknologi pada mitra agar terjamin ketepatan prosedur penggunaan alat sehingga tercapai tujuan utama yakni peningkatan kapasitas produksi, kecepatan dan kualitasnya. Evaluasi dilakukan selama dan diakhir kegiatan supaya kegiatan terus berjalan sesuai dengan koridor keamanan kerja dan higienis proses. Hasil kegiatan menunjukkan ketercapaian tujuan kegiatan yakni kemudahan proses, keseragaman larutan formula dan kecepatan produksi. Pengubahan teknik pengadukan manual oleh tenaga manusia menjadi otomatis dengan mesin menjadikan homogenisasi produk lebih terjamin serta pemangkasan waktu produksi dari 12 jam menjadi 2 jam. Akhirnya kapasitas produksi jamu dapat ditingkatkan hingga 6 (enam) kali lipat.
Pengaruh Model Learning Cycle (5E) Berbantu Educandy terhadap Hasil Belajar Siswa pada Materi Klasifikasi Makhluk Hidup
Authors: Fitriani Aulia Syifa , Kurniati Tuti , Solikha Maratus 
Published: October 2023

Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mendeskripsikan keterlaksanaan model pembelajaran Learning Cycle (5E) berbantu Educandy, menganalisis pengaruh model pembelajaran Learning Cycle (5E) berbantu Educandy terhadap peningkatan hasil belajar siswa pada materi Klasifikasi Makhluk Hidup dan mendeskripsikan respon siswa terhadap pembelajaran dengan menggunakan model Learning Cycle (5E) berbantu Educandy. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif. Jenis penelitian ini adalah Quasi Eksperimen. Teknik pengumpulan data berupa soal, lembar observasi dan angket. Berdasarkan penelitian, hasil belajar pada kelas yang menggunakan model pembelajaran Learning Cycle (5E) berbantu Educandy menunjukkan nilai rata-rata Pretest 33,42 dan Postest 72,37 dengan perolehan N-Gain sebesar 0,578 dengan kategori sedang. Hasil belajar pada kelas yang tidak menggunakan menggunakan model pembelajaran Learning Cycle (5E) berbantu Educandy menunjukkan nilai rata-rata Pretest 32,5 dan Postest 63 dengan perolehan N-Gain sebesar 0,452 dengan kategori sedang. Adapun hasil analisis uji-T diperoleh 2,28 > 2,03 dengan demikian ditolak. Dari hasil analisis, diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa terdapat pengaruh model pembelajaran Learning Cycle (5E) berbantu Educandy terhadap peningkatan hasil belajar siswa pada materi Klasifikasi Makhluk Hidup.
PENGARUH PADAT TEBAR TERHADAP KELANGSUNGAN HIDUP DAN PERTUMBUHAN POST LARVA UDANG VANAME (Litopenaeus vannamei) YANG DIPELIHARA PADA WADAH
Authors: Usman Syahrul , Andi Masriah  , Jamaluddin Ruqayyah 
Published: October 2023

Udang vaname (Litopenaeus vannamei) adalah salah satu sepesies udang yang bernilai ekonomis tinggi, menjadi salah satu produk perikanan yang dapat menghasilkan devisa bagi negara. Salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi tingkat keberhasilan penggelondongan udang vaname adalah kapadatan penebaran. Padat tebar yang tinggi akan meningkatkan kandungan bahan organik akibat penumpukan sisa pakan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh padat tebar dan padat tebar yang optimum terhadap pertumbuhan dan kelangsungan hidup post larva udang vaname. Penelitian ini didesain degan meggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) yang tediri dari empat perlakuan dan 3 ulangan, perlakuan tersebut adalah 10 ekor/l; 15 ekor/l; 20 ekor/l dan 25 ekor/l. Bedasarkan hasil analisis ragam (anova) berbagai perlakuan dalam penelitian ini tidak memberikan pegaruh yang nyata (α>0,05) terhadap pertumbuhan dan kelangsungan hidup post larva udang vaname. Perlakuan terbaik dalam penelitian ini adalah padat tebar 25 ekor/liter.
DAMPAK PROGRAM BANTUAN SARANA PERIKANAN TERHADAP PENINGKATAN PENDAPATAN NELAYAN DI PULAU BARRANG CADDI KOTA MAKASSAR
Authors: Asniwati Asniwati , Massiseng Andi Nur Apung , Irwansyah Irwansyah 
Published: October 2023

Pemberian bantuan alat tangkap kepada nelayan memberi berbagai fakta dan fenomena baru ditengah-tengah masyarakat nelayan. Kondisi tersebut secara langsung menimbulkan dampak terhadap penerimaan secara ekonomi bagi nelayan dari hasil tangkapan. Pulau Barrang Caddi merupakan gugusan pulau – pulau kecil yang terletak di Kota Makassar. Sebagian besar masyarakat di pulau Barrang Caddi bekerja sebagai nelayan dan merupakan penerima bantuan alat tangkap. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengidentifikasi bentuk bantuan sarana perikanan tangkap dan menganalisisi dampak program bantuan sarana perikanan tangkap bagi nelayan pulau Barrang Caddi di Kota Makassar. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan Januari sampai Maret 2022 di Pulau Barrang Kota Makassar Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini menggunakan analisis skala likert untuk melihat dampak bantuan sarana perikanan tangkap di nelayan Pulau Barrang Caddi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan pendapatan rata-rata nelayan/bulan dari adanya bantuan sarana perikanan tangkap sebesar Rp. 945.000/bulan. Penilaian 30 responden terhadap program bantuan sarana perikanan tangkap dapat meningkatkan pendapatan, yaitu : 54% responden yang menjawab “Sangat Setuju”, 78.67% responden yang menjawab “Setuju”, 60.67% responden yang menjawab “Kurang Setuju”, 6.67% responden yang menjawab “Sangat Tidak Setuju” 0 % responden yang menjawab “Tidak Setuju”.
Kandungan Asam Amino Ikan Kerapu (Epinephelus merra) Menggunakan Kromatografi Penukar Ion
Authors: Dewi Astuti Suhartin , Astuti Juni , Zainuddin Nurul Muchlisah , Hajriani Sri , Mansyur Mariani H. , Achmad Fadilah , Mansyur Ravika Mutiara 
Published: October 2023

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui jenis dan kandungan asam amino esensial dan non esensial pada ikan kerapu dan ikan kembung. Asam-asam amino dianalisis dengan Amino Acid Analizer, suatu instrumen berkecepatan tinggi dengan metode HPLC untuk mendeteksi reaksi Postcolumn Ninhidrin berdasarkan prinsip Pertukaran Ion. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ikan kerapu mengandung asam-asam amino esensial dan non esensial yang kadarnya berbeda-beda. Asam-asam amino esensial yang terdapat pada ikan kerapu adalah treonin (3,30%) metionin (0,14%), valin (3,42%), isoleusin (3,31%), leusin (6,10%), fenilalanin (3,06%), lisin (6,34%), histidin (2,23%) dan arginin (4,36%). Asam Amino Non Esensial yang yakni: aspartat (7,50%), serin (2,96%), glutarnin (13,85%), glisin (3,25%), alanin (4,13%), sistein (0,34%), tirosin (2,02%), dan prolin (2,17%).
Hepatorenal Protective Effects of Walnut Oil against Anticancer Drug Methotrexate in Experimentally Induced Liver and Kidney Toxicity in Rats
Authors: Düğeroğlu Harun , Özgenoğlu Murat 
Published: October 2023

The aim of this study was to investigate the hepatorenal protective effects of walnut oil (WO) against anticancer drug methotrexate (MTX)-induced kidney and liver toxicity.
In our study, 40 male Sprague Dawley rats weighing between 200–250 g were used. The rats were randomly divided into four groups; Group 1, control group (corn oil by gavage for 14 days and intraperitoneal (i.p.) physiological saline on the third day, $$n=10$$), Group 2, WO group (2 ml/kg WO by gavage for 14 days and i.p. physiological saline on the third day, $$n=10$$), Group 3, MTX group (corn oil by gavage for 14 days and 20 mg/kg MTX single dose i.p. on the third day, $$n=10$$), Group 4, MTX+WO group (2 ml/kg WO by gavage for 14 days and 20 mg/kg MTX single dose i.p. on the third day, $$n=10$$). At the end of the experiment, the rats were decapitated. Kidney and liver were preserved at –86 °C and biochemical measurements were performed.
Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels increased and superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) activities decreased in kidney and liver tissues in the methotrexate alone group compared to the control group. In the MTX+WO treated group, TBARS level decreased and GSH, CAT, SOD and GPx activities increased significantly compared to the MTX alone treated group.
It was found that MTX caused oxidative damage in kidney and liver tissues and WO prevented this damage. Walnut oil is protective against MTX-induced kidney and liver toxicity.
Analysis of Factors Influencing Energy Intensity in G20 Countries
Authors: Sari Cynthia Dikna , Gunarto Toto , Nirmala Tiara , Marselina  , Aida Neli 
Published: October 2023

Aims: The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Industry Value Added (IVA), Urban Population (UP), Trade, and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on Energy Intensity in G20 countries.
Study Design: This research used a quantitative descriptive method using panel data analysis.
Place and Duration of Study: The scope of this research extends to G20 member countries such as Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China, Germany, European Union, France, United Kingdom, Indonesia, India, Italy, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Rusia, Saudi Arabia, Turki, United States, and South Africa, between 1990-2021.
Methodology: This research uses descriptive method combined with panel data analysis, analyze determine of GDP, IVA, UP, Trade, and FDI on Energy Intensity in G20 countries. Furthermore, the data uses is secondary data that has a regression model on panel data from 1990-2021.
Results: The result of this research show that IVA has a positive relationship and has a significant effect on increasing energy intensity in G20 countries. GDP, Trade and UP variables have a negative relationship and have a significant effect on Energy Intensity in G20 countries. Meanwhile, the FDI variable has no significant effect on Energy Intensity in G20 countries.
Conclusion: Based on research result, Energy Intensity in G20 countries is influenced by various factors, The IVA factor has a positive and significant relationship with energy intensity, can be utilized to increase productivity and economic growth, but need to be balanced with effort to increase energy efficiency.
While the GDP, Trade and Urban Population factors have a negative and significant relationship to energy intensity. However, FDI does not have a significant effect on energy intensity in G20 countries. The government should consider policies to reduce dependence on intensive energy, especially in sector that have a negative relation with energy intensity such as GDP, trade and urban population.
Fixed Point Results for Generalized Non-linear Operators with Convergence Analysis
Authors: Bhokal Ravi Parkash , Kumar Manoj , Kumar Ashish 
Published: October 2023

The purpose of this research article is to introduce a new iteration scheme and to prove J-iterationconvergence and stability results for it. We also claim the newly introduced iterative scheme has better efficiency than some of the existing iterations in the literature. Our claim is supported by numerical example.
Nutrient Efficient and Productive Cropping Systems for Northern Telangana Zone, India
Authors: Shahana Firdoz , Reddy G. Kiran , Goverdhan M. , Ramana M. Venkata 
Published: October 2023

The field experiment was carried out during 2018-19 at AICRP on Integrated Farming Systems, Regional Sugarcane and Rice Research Station, Rudrur in vertisols of Northern Telangana Zone, Telangana state, India. The experiment was performed with twelve cropping systems as treatments in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. The twelve combinations of cropping systems tested during kharif (June-October) and rabi (November – March) were rice-rice (check), maize-soybean(2:4)-tomato, maize-soybean (2:4) - rice, sunflower-chickpea (2:4), maize - chickpea, Bt cotton-soybean (1:2) on broadbed–sesame-groundnut(2:4), Bt cotton - sesame -blackgram (2:4), soybean-wheat, soybean-sunflower -chickpea (2:4), turmeric-sesame, turmeric-soybean (1:2) on flat bed-bajra and turmeric-soybean (1:2) on broadbed-sesame - blackgram (2:4).Cropping system turmeric-soybean(1:2 ) (on BBF) sesame – blackgram (2:4) recorded productivity in terms of rice equivalent yield of 23413kg ha-1 and production efficiency of 75.53Kg ha-1 day-1followed by sole turmeric-sesame (22597 kg REY ha-1 ) and 72.89Kg ha-1 day-1 and Bt.cotton+soybean (1:2) (on BBF) sesame+groundnut (2:4) (22568kg ha-1) and 75.23 Kg ha-1 day-1 over existing rice-rice (14395 kg REY ha-1 ) and 56.45Kg ha-1 day-1. Higher nutrient uptake was recorded with maize+soybean (2:4)–tomato system with 361.73 kg N ha-1, 114.43 kg P ha-1 and 318.89 kg K ha-1. Hence under nutrient stressed environment and low input management system maize+soybean (2:4) –tomato, can be recommended in comparision to existing rice-rice cropping system in irrigated situations for vertisols of Telangana.
Evaluation of Different Soilless Substrate on Growth and Yield of Capsicum (Capsicum annuum var. grossum)
Authors: Gaikwad Mohit , Dukpa Pinkey , Naidu Maruthi , Adhikary Kunal 
Published: October 2023

The greenhouse experiment was carried out at the Department of Horticulture, ITM University, Gwalior (M.P) to assess the impact of different growing media, and varieties of capsicum in the soilless culture. The experiment was performed in a factorial completely randomized design consisting of three growing media viz. cocopeat (M1), vermicompost (M2), 1:1 mixture of cocopeat and vermicompost (M3) and three varieties Indrani, Mahabharath, and california wonder and replicated thrice. The results revealed that the all growth parameters expect numbers of branches were significantly (p<0.05) higher in M3. Among different varieties Indrani recorded the tallest plant height and numbers of leaves while, California wonder had greater number of branches on main stem, and leaf area than the remaining variety. However, the yield parameters viz. numbers of flowers/ plant, number of fruits/plant, locule number was higher in California wonder grown in substrate M3. In contrast the fruit length, fruit diameter, pericarp thickness, fruit weight, fruit weight/ plant were higher in mahabharath grown in substrate M3. Therefore, our Finding suggested that M3 and M1 should be used for soilless culture of capsicum in order to achieve greater growth and production characteristics respectively.
Impact of Crop Residue and Green Manure Management in Rice Crop on Soil Nutrient Dynamics in Tarai Belt of Shivalik Himalaya, India
Authors: Pathak Abhilasha , Paul Jai , Negi M. S. , Gautam Poonam , Pachauri S. P. 
Published: October 2023

The study explores the effects of different soil management practices on various soil properties within the Tarai Belt of the Shivalik Himalaya region to assess the effects of different nutrient management strategies on various soil properties in the context of rice cultivation. Ten treatments were employed, T1 (100% recommended dose of NPK fertilizers), T2 (50% crop residue + 50% recommended NPK dose), T3 (50% crop residue + 50% recommended NPK dose with the addition of Pusa decomposer), T4 (50% crop residue + 50% Green Manure (GM), T5 (50% crop residue + 50% GM with Pusa decomposer), T6 (Crop residue at 2.5 tons per hectare + Pusa decomposer), T7 (Crop residue at 2.5 tons per hectare without Pusa decomposer), T8 (Absolute control group with no fertilizer application), T9 (150% recommended NPK dose), and T10 (100% recommended NPK dose with the addition of Farm Yard Manure at a rate of 5 tons per hectare, along with Zinc and Boron supplementation). including varying combinations of crop residues, organic and inorganic fertilizers, and green manure. Soil properties examined included soil organic carbon, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, pH, and electrical conductivity (EC) at two different soil depths (0-15 cm and 15-30 cm. Organic sources enhanced soil organic carbon, while inorganic sources notably improved the availability of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. The results showed that treatments incorporating both organic and inorganic nutrient sources demonstrated improved soil health and nutrient availability, with treatment T9 (150% recommended dose of fertilizer, RDF) showing the best results, particularly in terms of available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. However, the sustainability of this approach over the long term may be a concern. Treatment T10, which combined 100% RDF with farmyard manure, zinc, and boron supplementation, emerged as a promising alternative for sustainable soil management. Treatment T3, with the incorporation of crop residues and the application of Pusa decomposer, also showed potential for maintaining soil health. These findings emphasize the importance of a balanced approach to nutrient management that combines readily available nutrients from inorganic sources with the long-term benefits of organic matter.
In summary, this study emphasizes the importance of integrated nutrient management and sustainable agricultural practices for enhancing soil fertility and overall soil health, thereby contributing to sustainable crop production. These findings hold significance for addressing soil nutrient imbalances and ensuring the well-being of farmers and environmental sustainability.
Interpregnancy Interval After Clinical Pregnancy Loss and Outcomes of the Next Frozen Embryo Transfer
Authors: Wang Ze , Meng Yueru , Shang Xue , Suo Lu , Zhao Dingying , Han Xinwei , Yang Min , Yin Mengfei , Miao Haozhe , Wang Yixuan , Yang Huiming , Yu Yunhai , Wei Daimin , Chen Zi-Jiang 
Published: October 2023

ImportanceThe optimal interpregnancy interval (IPI) after a clinical pregnancy loss (CPL) remains controversial. Few studies have addressed the role of the IPI after a preceding CPL during in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment.ObjectiveTo evaluate the association between different IPI lengths after a preceding CPL and pregnancy outcomes of the next frozen embryo transfer (FET).Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis retrospective cohort study was conducted using data from the Center for Reproductive Medicine of Shandong University in China. The study included women who underwent frozen-thawed blastocyst transfer between July 1, 2017, and June 30, 2022, within 1 year after a preceding CPL during IVF treatment. Follow-up for pregnancy outcomes was completed for all participants on March 31, 2023. Data analysis was performed from April to May 2023.ExposuresInterpregnancy interval length was classified as less than 3 months, 3 to less than 6 months, or 6 to 12 months.Main Outcomes and MeasuresOutcomes included live birth, conception, clinical pregnancy, pregnancy loss, preterm birth, small or large for gestational age, and low birth weight. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the association between IPI and pregnancy outcomes by adjusted odds ratios (AORs).ResultsThis study included 2433 women (mean [SD] age, 31.8 [4.6] years) who received IVF treatment. There were 338 women (13.9%) with an IPI of less than 3 months, 1347 (55.4%) with an IPI of 3 to less than 6 months, and 748 (30.7%) with an IPI of 6 to 12 months. The median (IQR) IPI lengths for the 3 groups were 77 (65-85), 128 (109-152), and 234 (202-288) days, respectively. Compared with an IPI of 6 to 12 months, shorter IPIs (&amp;lt;3 and 3 to &amp;lt;6 months) were associated with decreased odds of clinical pregnancy (AOR, 0.70 [95% CI, 0.53-0.92] and 0.79 [0.65-0.95]), live birth (AOR, 0.64 [95% CI, 0.48-0.85] and 0.74 [0.61-0.90]), and healthy live birth (AOR, 0.63 [95% CI, 0.46-0.87] and 0.79 [0.64-0.98]). Compared with women with an IPI of 6 to 12 months, women with shorter IPIs (&amp;lt;3 and 3 to &amp;lt;6 months) had a higher risk of total pregnancy loss (AOR, 1.87 [95% CI, 1.31-2.67] and 1.29 [1.00-1.66], respectively).Conclusions and RelevanceThe results of this study suggest that delaying the next FET for at least 6 months after a preceding CPL was associated with beneficial pregnancy outcomes, considering that a decreased likelihood of achieving clinical pregnancy and live birth was observed among women with shorter IPIs. Further prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Inducing an Amorphous Phase in Polymer Plastic Crystal Electrolyte for Effective Ion Transportation in Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Kim Bitgaram , Yang Su Hyun , Seo Ji‐Hun , Kang Yun Chan 
Published: October 2023

AbstractPolymer plastic crystal electrolytes (PPCEs) have garnered significant attention for addressing the challenges associated with succinonitrile (SN), including its inadequate mechanical properties and side reactions with electrodes. However, a comprehensive investigation of the influence of the molecular structure of the polymer network on the states of SN within the network and its subsequent impact on ionic conductivities remains largely unexplored. To shed light on this critical aspect, the binding energy between SN and the polymer moiety is investigated as a determining factor in the conformation and crystallization behavior of SNs, through the dispersion‐corrected density functional theory (DFT‐D) simulations. These findings reveal that variations in miscibility resulting from the effects of binding energy significantly affected the formation of the amorphous phase in PPCEs. As a result, vinyl ethylene carbonate (VEC)‐based PPCE exhibits high ionic conductivity at room temperature (2.6 × 10−3 S cm−1 at 25 °C) and possesses a completely amorphous phase, which can be attributed to the optimized miscibility among its components. The feasibility of using a high‐performance solid‐state lithium‐metal battery (LMB) configuration is also examined by combining the PPCE with LiFePO4 (LFP) and LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811) cathode materials.