bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plural Propositional Quantification
Authors: Fritz Peter 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThe theory C5 motivated in previous chapters is shown not to entail the principle Atomicity, which the previous chapter noted to be required for taking talk of possible worlds at face value. Plural propositional quantifiers, which capture ways of quantifying plurally over propositions in the present higher-order framework, are introduced. The logic of these plural propositional quantifiers includes a principle of plural rigidity, as well as a plural comprehension principle. In the resulting logic, the principle of Atomicity becomes derivable. Plural propositional quantifiers therefore vindicate appeals to possible worlds. Having established Atomicity, the logic of metaphysical necessity is narrowed down further: a formula of propositional modal logic is true under every interpretation of the proposition letters just in case it is a theorem of S5.
Reinventing Babel in Medieval French
Authors: Campbell Emma 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
How can untranslatability help us to think about the historical as well as the cultural and linguistic dimensions of translation? For the past two centuries, theoretical debates about translation have responded to the idea that translation overcomes linguistic and cultural incommensurability while never inscribing full equivalence. More recently, untranslatability has been foregrounded in projects at the intersections between translation studies and other disciplines, notably philosophy and comparative literature. The critical turn to untranslatability re-emphasizes the importance of translation’s negotiation with foreignness or difference and prompts further reflection on how that might be understood historically, philosophically, and ethically. If translation never replicates a source exactly, what does it mean to communicate some elements and not others? What, or who, determines what is translatable or what can, or cannot, be recontextualized? What linguistic, political, cultural, or historical factors condition such determinations? Central to these questions is the way that translation negotiates with and inscribes asymmetries among languages and cultures, operations that are inevitably ethical and political as well as linguistic. This book explores how approaching questions of translatability and untranslatability through premodern texts and languages can inform broader interdisciplinary conversations about translation as a concept and a practice. Working with case studies drawn from the francophone cultures of Flanders, England, and northern France, it explores how medieval texts challenge modern definitions of language, text, and translation and, in so doing, how such texts can open sites of variance and non-identity within what what would become the hegemonic global languages we know today.
Introduction
Authors: Campbell Emma 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Starting with Babel, the Introduction outlines the book’s main arguments and situates its discussion of translation and untranslatability in relation to broader scholarly debates. In distilling translation’s entanglement with the asymmetries of human languages, Babel brings into focus a framing of those practices that connects medieval conceptions of translation to current discussions taking place across translation studies, comparative literature, and modern languages. Babel is a figure for the communicative extremes of translatability and untranslatability that has been reinvented across time; it also names a mode of thinking with, through, and about untranslatability that is itself a form of (re)invention. These interconnected senses of reinventing Babel converge in the work of medieval writer Evrat and modern philosopher Jacques Derrida, who each interpret the story of Babel in ways that reflect on translatability and its limits. These two engagements with the Babel myth are used to contextualize the book’s main arguments.
Introduction
Authors: Herd David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The introduction opens by detailing the scale of contemporary global immigration detention to demonstrate that the present moment should be understood in terms of the production of geopolitical non-personhood. A brief history of the production of geopolitical non-personhood is traced, from the establishment of border detention in early-twentieth-century anglophone immigration legislation to Hannah Arendt’s naming of geopolitical non-personhood in The Origins of Totalitarianism. The introduction then outlines the mid-century discourse with which the book is principally concerned, in which the geopolitical non-person was recognized as a crucial figure in post-war history and in which serious attempts were undertaken to reimagine geopolitical space. Key writers constituting this discourse are introduced: the authors of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Hannah Arendt, Charles Olson, and Frantz Fanon. Their intersecting understanding of the global production of expulsive space is framed with reference to Henri Lefebvre and Paul Gilroy.
Moving
Authors: Herd David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 details the crisis of movement that followed the Second World War, a crisis, as contemporary historical accounts detailed, that had two poles: forced movement and forced stasis. Defining this polarity as the dialectic of displacement, the chapter considers how mid-century authors sought to re-inscribe the primacy of human movement and to reimagine its political dynamics. Drawing on Thomas Nail’s conceptualization of the figure of the migrant, the chapter addresses: Fanon’s intricate account of movement in the hostile environment of the colonial setting; the implications for movement of the Universal Declaration, noting its suspension of the question of eligibility and its contradictory formulation of the right to asylum; Arendt’s articulation of a politics of arrival rooted in the principle of natality; and Olson’s development of a poetics of movement at the level of individual physiology and political geography. The chapter thus reasserts and reimagines the right to freedom of movement.
‘It’s all about trust’
Authors: Meyer David R. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Prominent financiers testify that trust is the bedrock of their business. Indicators of trustworthiness consist of three character traits of the trustee, the person being trusted: competence, integrity (honesty), and benevolence. Financiers frame most of their concern with trust in terms of integrity. They expand this trait to include transparency, keeping your word, maintaining confidentiality, and reputation. They utilize face-to-face interactions, building trust over time, and their networks to verify the trustworthiness of others. Over time, these interactions build relational social capital. Financiers participate in networks of trust within their firms and with a larger network of financiers whose members possess structural social capital. The community of mutual trust is a cohesive network in which most members have multiple linkages that convey information throughout the network. Network linkages supply knowledge of the trustworthiness of members, and these comprise efficient communication mechanisms to exert sanctions for malfeasance or untrustworthy behaviour.
Context-Sensitivity
Authors: Russell Gillian K. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter concerns the indexical barrier to entailment. It introduces some of the history of the barrier through the work of Casteñeda, Perry, and Lewis, and provides basic background on context-sensitivity and indexicals and the under-appreciated consequences for logic. Then a simplified version of Kaplan’s Logic of Demonstratives is introduced, which turns out to permit a potential counterexample analogous to ought implies can in the normative case. The chapter argues that in the indexical case the correct solution is much more obvious, setting things up for the solution to the normative tetralemma in the next chapter.
Introducing the thought experiment
Authors: Wilkinson David M. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThis introductory chapter sets out the book’s central thought experiment: ‘For any planet with carbon-based life, which persists over geological timescales, what is the minimum set of ecological processes that must be present?’ It contrasts this process-based approach with the more conventional ‘entity’-based approach used by most university-level ecology texts—where entities are things such as individuals, populations, species, communities, ecosystems, and the biosphere. The chapter also introduces the concept of the ‘Gaian effect’: the long-term effect of any given process on the persistence of life on a planet. The key ‘fundamental processes’ described in the following chapters are summarized.
Merging of organismal and ecological physiology
Authors: Wilkinson David M. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractAll organisms modify their environment to some extent. Daisyworld models illustrate the theoretical possibility that these modifications could lead to planetary regulation for life-friendly conditions, but also illustrate the need for substantial biomass for this to occur. In academic ecology, the recent concentration on biodiversity may have tended to obscure the fundamental importance of biomass, which will often be dominated by a limited number of species. This ‘mass ratio’ effect is important at both the ecological community and the planetary scale. Once biomass is sufficient for the merging of organismal and ecological physiology, the planet will tend to show some level of regulation for life-friendly conditions. The size of this effect is currently a key unknown in both Earth-based environmental science and astrobiology.
Photosynthesis
Authors: Wilkinson David M. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractPhotosynthesis—both anoxygenic and oxygenic—allows access to new sources of energy. Oxygenic photosynthesis has the potential to create an oxygen-rich atmosphere and so allow aerobic respiration, which yields much higher amounts of energy than anaerobic respiration. The amount of oxygen added to the atmosphere is intimately linked to the burial of organic matter in sediments; therefore marine phytoplankton are crucially important in maintaining the levels of atmospheric oxygen on Earth. Anoxygenic photosynthesis will have a positive Gaian effect by providing an important source of energy. Oxygenic photosynthesis is more problematical; as with anoxygenic photosynthesis it provides an energy source, but the oxygen given off is likely to be toxic to organisms evolved in anoxic conditions. It is currently impossible to know if we should expect most biospheres to evolve oxygenic photosynthesis. However, improvements in telescope technology should allow us to look for oxygen-rich atmospheres around distant Earth-like planets.
Carbon sequestration
Authors: Wilkinson David M. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractWhile traditionally ecology textbooks only discuss the short-term carbon cycle, the role of life has been crucial in the geological long-term carbon cycle through silicate weathering. Arguments have been put forward for the co-evolution of CO2 levels and terrestrial plants—with adaptations to lower CO2 levels allowing large leaves to evolve. It seems clear that on Earth, without the effect of life our planet would currently have a temperature that would rule out the survival of eukaryotic life. This suggests that carbon sequestration has a positive Gaian effect. However, this is probably a local conclusion which cannot be generalized to all other planets. More generally, these ideas illustrate the importance of biomass as a key feature of global ecologies. The effects of vegetation (or plankton) on carbon cycles are more directly linked to available biomass than species richness.
Nutrient cycling as an emergent property
Authors: Wilkinson David M. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractArguments based on both in vitro and in silico models suggest that biogeochemical cycles will readily evolve on planets with life, along with many of the putative fundamental processes described in this book. Artificial life models illustrate the potential for these emergent cycling systems to have a positive Gaian effect. The well-known potential for exponential growth in unconstrained ecological systems suggests that these emergent systems will often regulate their environments around low nutrient states (biotic plunder), rather than at states that optimize productivity. In this context it makes sense to define Gaia in relation to prolonged habitability of a planet, but not as a process that maximizes biological productivity.
From processes to systems
Authors: Wilkinson David M. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThis chapter draws together the various themes in the book and argues for the importance of a systems view of global ecology. It also considers a range of models that may help understand the evolution of Gaia. In addition it discusses the priorities of conservation biology from an Earth systems perspective. It points out that a systems view of nature—replete with feedbacks—is a remarkably recent way of viewing the world, but one that is crucial to understanding the Earth system and the changes we are making to it
Race and Republican Peace
Authors: Gustafson Sandra M. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The literary-political friendship of Charles Chesnutt and Albion Tourgée captures enduring tensions in the peace movement. This chapter opens with a discussion of Anglo-Saxon identity as Tourgée and Chesnutt defined it: for Chesnutt, the term referred to white people; for Tourgée, Anglo-Saxons could be of any race as long as they were committed to republican political ideals. Tourgée described multiracial “Anglo-Saxons” as “Twentieth-Century Peacemakers,” while Chesnutt characterized US imperialism as an extension of white supremacism. The remainder of the chapter examines the literary implications of this difference in their novels. Reflecting his contributions to the 1868 North Carolina Constitution, Tourgée made the town meeting a touchstone for his portrayals of the Reconstruction South. In The Marrow of Tradition, Chesnutt took the Wilmington Race Riot of 1898 as an occasion to examine the “reclamation” of North Carolina by white supremacists intent on undoing Tourgée’s legacy.
First steps
Authors: Upton Graham , Brawn Dan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This first chapter begins by describing the nomenclature for the various types of data. The chapter continues by introducing the idea that a set of data represents a small selection from a larger population. Successive samples from a population will be similar but not identical: this is sampling variation and underlies the concept of a random variable. The chapter continues by discussing the various ways in which a population may be sampled. If a complete list of population members is available, then members may be chosen at random for inclusion in the sample. If there are distinct types in the population, then each type may be sampled separately. If the population is widespread then it may be economical to select regions at random and sample intensively within these regions. If there are scarce types of individual in the population that are of special interest, then these can be deliberately included with weights applied later in analysing the results
Probability distributions
Authors: Upton Graham , Brawn Dan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There is often a simple formula that describes the probabilities of the various possible values: for example, for a fair die, we can say that each side is equally likely to occur. Since such a formula describes how probability is distributed between the alternative values, it is described as a probability distribution. This chapter shows how to calculate the mean and variance of a probability distribution and how to combine the means and variances of several distributions. It deals with both discrete distributions such as the roll of a die and the distributions of continuous variables such as time, weight and distance. The link between sample and population is examined by observing how a histogram illustrating sample outcomes develops into a smooth function as the complete population is observed. The observation is made that, for any reasonably symmetric distribution, most values will lie within two standard deviations of the mean.
Comparing proportions
Authors: Upton Graham , Brawn Dan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines methods for testing whether the probability of an event varies from one situation to another. As a specific example the chapter uses information concerning the male survivors of the loss of the Titanic. Do the survival rates differ between male crew members and male passengers? Amongst the male passengers, is the cabin class relevant? The specific test introduced is the so-called likelihood-ratio test. Various related terms are odds, odds-ratios and relative risk. If a test suggests that the event probabilities are not all equal to the theoretical probabilities, then the next step is to decide where the differences are manifest: this requires an examination of so-called residuals. An important application of this type of goodness-of-fit test is in examining the efficacy of medical tests for a disease. A summary is provided by Youden’s index which combines the notions of sensitivity (the probability that a diseased patient is correctly diagnosed) and sensitivity (the probability that a patient without the disease is correctly diagnosed
Deconstructing Positive Obligations
Authors: Stoyanova Vladislava 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter lays the ground by deconstructing positive obligations, explaining how they correlate to rights and what the references to positive obligations’ content, scope, and types actually mean. The chapter explains that despite the priority of rights as organizational principles in the European Convention on Human Rights, these rights have to be matched with obligations. These obligations are institutionally mediated through the State; they are characterized by plurality: a right can trigger multiple obligations that at a very general level can be divided into positive and negative; and, despite the clear justifications that promote the imposition of positive obligations, they raise crucial questions about the intrusive role of the State in the particular political community.
Reasonableness
Authors: Stoyanova Vladislava 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter explains that reasonableness is a flexible standard that implies consideration of various factors that might compete with the interests that favour extension of positive obligations. This flexibility is further evident through the intertwinement of the standard with the factors of state knowledge and causation. As a result, these factors and standards can counterbalance themselves, yet awareness of their distinctiveness is recommendable since it can help in resisting too intrusive positive obligations. When the reasonableness of positive obligations is at issue, it is necessary to assess the availability of alternative protective measures and their level of protectiveness, which leads to conceptual challenges. This explains the variations in the case law as to the framing of the alternatives, the level of their relative protectiveness, and the scrutiny in search for alternatives. Yet awareness of these questions and their distinctness is important for averting the danger of positive obligations overreach.
Substantive Positive Obligations
Authors: Stoyanova Vladislava 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter explains that besides the procedural positive obligation to investigate, the European Court of Human Rights has developed two distinct but related substantive positive obligations. The first one is the positive obligation upon the State to put in place effective regulatory frameworks. As part of this obligation, the Court also examines whether national regulatory frameworks contain certain procedural guarantees. Although these guarantees are not detachable from the substantive positive obligation of adopting effective regulatory framework their importance warrants a detailed examination that this chapter offers. Finally, the chapter focuses on the second substantive positive obligation, the obligation upon the State to take preventive operational measures to protect an identified individual in certain circumstances, originally introduced in Osman v the United Kingdom. Explaining the distinctiveness of this obligation is within the chapter’s focus.
Comics and Cognition
Authors: Borkent Mike 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Comics and Cognition: Toward a Multimodal Cognitive Poetics develops an analytical approach to multimodal communication in comics through insights from embodied cognitive science, especially cognitive linguistics and visual psychology. It extends previous cognitive poetic frameworks to the study of multimodality in comics, providing a cohesive analytical framework that also connects comics to other literary and artistic interests. The approach highlights the embodiment of cognition, and how this structures knowledge in long-term memory, and activates it through perception, mental simulation, and creative blending. These cognitive processes allow readers to make impressions, predictions, inferences, and eventually conclusions and interpretations about a text. Many of these processes of reader comprehension are unconscious, but emerge into a conscious experience of the multimodal text with a richly construed and nuanced texture. This book unpacks the dynamic interplay between the reader and the multimodal text throughout the processes of multimodal reading, including opportunities for interaction, interrogation, and improvisation of meaning derived from the reader’s embodied and textual experiences, tackling crucial features of the comics form, and their impact on such issues as viewpoint, temporality, abstraction, metacommentary, and transmediation. The proposed multimodal cognitive poetics applies to narrative and art comics, in both print and digital media.
Discussion Circles
Authors: Searcy Yan Dominic , Harden Troy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 covers the operational dynamics of discussion circles. As the center of high impact practices (HIPs), the authors detail the mechanics of circle management. As a best practice, the discussion group serves as the starting point for effective programming. The chapter explicitly discusses how to convene the circle, set ground rules for participation, set meeting agendas, manage the emotional safety of the circle, affirm participation, provide for inclusion and equity in participation, and build in opportunities for feedback while in the circle. The authors also include a brief discussion of how to close or dismiss the circle after each convening.
Crafting Celebrity and Celebrations
Authors: Searcy Yan Dominic , Harden Troy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chapter 9 covers the importance of participant recognition and celebrations as ways to increase participation, collaboration, self-esteem, and short-term impact. Celebrations are human institutions and social constructs. These constructs have existed since the time of recorded human history. Evident in all cultures, celebrations as institutions convey norms, values, and expectations of behavior. Social programming for youth has focused more on the overall rites of passage process but has not given enough attention to the importance of celebrations and celebrity for youth and youth programming. Attention is given to how celebrations can be structured to maximize impact. The authors link recognition of achievement as a means to improve program retention, create a positive environment, increase youth motivation, and improve overall program outcomes.