bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dengue virus inoculation to human skin explants: an effective approach to assess in situ the early infection and the effects on cutaneous dendritic cells
Authors: Limon‐Flores Alberto Yairh , Perez‐Tapia Mayra , Estrada‐Garcia Iris , Vaughan Gilberto , Escobar‐Gutierrez Alejandro , Calderon‐Amador Juana , Herrera‐Rodriguez Sara Elisa , Brizuela‐Garcia Adriana , Heras‐Chavarria Monica , Flores‐Langarica Adriana , Cedillo‐Barron Leticia , Flores‐Romo Leopoldo 
Published: September 2005

SummaryAlthough dengue virus (DV) enters through skin while mosquitoes feed, early contacts remain unexplored regarding the cutaneous viral fate and in situ immune responses. We addressed this by exposing healthy, non‐cadaveric, freshly obtained human skin explants to a human DV2 isolate. We demonstrated negative‐strand DV‐RNA and non‐structural protein‐1, both suggestive of viral replication in skin. Although control, mock‐infected and DV‐infected explants showed less (MHC‐CII+/CD1a+/Langerin+) Langerhans cells, deranged morphology and decreased frequency were more apparent in DV‐infected explants. Whereas DV+ cells were infrequent in epidermis and completely absent in dermis, some areas of basal epidermis were clearly DV+, presumably keratinocytes, cells where TUNEL positivity revealed apoptosis. Unlike fresh, control and mock‐infected skin, DV‐infected explants expressed CD80 and CD83, indicative of dendritic cell (DC) activation and maturation, respectively. However, sequential sections indicated that these cells were not DV+, suggesting that activated/mature DCs capable of priming T cells, probably, were not infected. Alternatively, the occasionally infected epidermal DC might not have reached maturation. Interestingly, skin DV infection apparently uncouples the DC activation/maturation process from another crucial DC function, the subsequent migration into dermis. This was suggested, because upon cutaneous DV infection, the few emerging CD83+ (mature) DCs remained within the outer epidermis, while no dermal CD83+ DCs were observed. These paradoxical effects might represent unknown DV subversion strategies. This approach is relatively easy, quick (results in 48 h), economical for developing countries where dengue is re‐emerging and advantageous to evaluate in situ viral biology, immunity and immunopathology and potential antiviral strategies.
Arterial endothelial function in a porcine model of early stage atherosclerotic vascular disease
Authors: Turk James R. , Henderson Kyle K. , Vanvickle Gregory D. , Watkins Justin , Laughlin M. Harold 
Published: September 2005

SummaryCardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States and is projected to become the leading cause of mortality in the world. Atherosclerosis is the most important single factor contributing to this disease burden. In this study, we characterize relationships between endothelial dysfunction and vascular disease in an animal model of diet‐induced, early‐stage atherosclerotic vascular disease. We tested the hypothesis that hypercholesterolaemia induces vascular disease and impairs endothelium‐dependent relaxation (EDR) in conduit arteries of adult male Yucatan pigs. Pigs were fed a normal fat (NF) or high fat cholesterol (HFC) diet for 20–24 weeks. Results indicate that, while the HFC diet did not alter EDR in femoral or brachial arteries, EDR was significantly decreased in both carotid and coronary arteries. Sudanophilic fatty streaks were significantly present in the abdominal aorta and common carotid artery. Histopathology revealed increased intima‐media thickness (IMT) and foam cell accumulation in Stary Stage I–III lesions in the abdominal aorta, common carotid artery and femoral arteries. In the coronary arteries, the accumulation of foam cells in Stary Stage I and II lesions resulted in a trend for increased IMT. There was no evidence of vascular disease in the brachial arteries. These results indicate that early stages of CVD (Stary Stage I–III) precede decreases in EDR induced by HFC diet, because femoral arteries exhibited foam cell accumulation and an increased IMT but no change in endothelial function.
Molecular aspects of cyst nematodes
Authors: LILLEY CATHERINE J. , ATKINSON HOWARD J. , URWIN PETER E. 
Published: September 2005

SUMMARYTaxonomy:  Superkingdom Eukaryota; kingdom Metazoa; phylum Nematoda; class Chromadorea; order Tylenchida; suborder Tylenchina; superfamily Tylenchoidea; family Heteroderidae; subfamily Heteroderinae; main genera Heterodera and Globodera.Host range:  Cyst nematodes comprise approximately 100 known species in six genera. They are pathogens of temperate, subtropical and tropical plant species and the host range of many species is narrow. The most economically important species are within the Globodera and Heterodera genera. Globodera pallida and G. rostochiensis are important pathogens of potato crops. There are many economic species in the Heterodera genus, including Heterodera glycines (soybean cyst nematode), H. avenae (cereal cyst nematode) and H. schachtii (sugar beet cyst nematode), the last of which attacks a range of Chenopodiaceae and Cruciferae, including Arabidopsis thaliana.Disease symptoms:  Field symptoms of severe cyst nematode infection are often stunting, wilting and chlorosis, but considerable yield loss can occur without obvious symptoms. The only unique indicator of cyst nematode infection is the presence of adult female nematodes attached to host roots after several weeks of parasitism.Disease control:  This is usually achieved by using integrated pest management involving cultural practices such as crop rotation, resistant cultivars if available and chemical control when economically justified.
Lack of predictors of normalization of oesophageal acid exposure in Barrett's oesophagus
Authors: WANI S. , SAMPLINER R. E. , WESTON A. P. , MATHUR S. , HALL M. , HIGBEE A. , SHARMA P. 
Published: September 2005

SummaryBackground : Barrett's oesophagus patients may continue to have abnormal oesophageal acid exposure on proton pump inhibitor therapy. The effect of factors such as Barrett's oesophagus length, hiatal hernia size and Helicobacter pylori infection on intra‐oesophageal pH in Barrett's oesophagus patients has not been adequately studied.Aim : To evaluate oesophageal acid exposure in a large Barrett's oesophagus population on b.d. proton pump inhibitor therapy and determine clinical factors predicting normalization of intra‐oesophageal pH on therapy.Methods : Barrett's oesophagus patients were studied using 24 h pH monitoring to evaluate intra‐oesophageal acid suppression on b.d. dosing of rabeprazole.Results : Forty‐six Barrett's oesophagus patients completed the study. Median total percentage time pH < 4 was 1.05% (range: 0–29.9%) in the entire group and respective values for upright and supine percentage time pH < 4 were 1.15% and 0%. However, 34 of the Barrett's oesophagus patients (73.9%) had a normal pH study (median total percentage time pH < 4: 0.2%) and 12 patients (26.1%) had an abnormal result (median total percentage time pH < 4: 9.3%). There were no significant differences between patients with a normal and abnormal 24 h pH result with respect to age, Barrett's oesophagus length, hiatal hernia size and presence of H. pylori infection.Conclusions : Approximately 25% of Barrett's oesophagus patients continue to have abnormal total intra‐oesophageal pH profiles despite b.d. proton pump inhibitor therapy. Factors such as age, Barrett's oesophagus length and hiatal hernia size cannot be used to predict persistent abnormal intra‐oesophageal pH on proton pump inhibitor.
Review article: anorexia and cachexia in gastrointestinal cancer
Authors: OCKENGA J. , VALENTINI L. 
Published: September 2005

SummaryIn patients with gastrointestinal malignancies, i.e. cancers of the stomach, colon, liver, biliary tract or pancreas, progressive undernutrition can be regularly observed during the course of illness. Undernutrition significantly affects the patients’ quality of life, morbidity and survival.Pathogenetically, two different causes are relevant in the development of undernutrition in patients with gastrointestinal cancer. One cause is reduced nutritional intake. This condition is referred to as anorexia and can be worsened by the side effects of cancer therapy. The other cause is the release of endogenous transmitters and/or other products of the tumour leading to the cachexia syndrome, which is characterized by loss of body weight, negative nitrogen balance and fatigue. Cancer anorexia and cancer cachexia may have synergistic negative effects in affecting the patients’ status.In this review, current nutritional support strategies with respect to different clinically relevant situations are described. An algorithm of the treatment strategies, including dietetic counselling, oral supplements, enteral and parenteral nutritional support is given. One focus is the approach of nutrition‐focused patient care, which shows promising results. In addition, the possibilities of pharmacological intervention are discussed.
Pharmacokinetic interaction between verapamil and everolimus in healthy subjects
Authors: Kovarik J. M. , Beyer D. , Bizot M. N. , Jiang Q. , Allison M. J. , Schmouder R. L. 
Published: September 2005

AimsWe sought to define the influence of verapamil, an inhibitor of CYP3A and P‐glycoprotein, on the pharmacokinetics of everolimus, a substrate of this enzyme and transporter.MethodsThis was a two‐period, single‐sequence, crossover study in 16 healthy subjects. In period 1 subjects received a single 2 mg oral dose of everolimus. In period 2 they received verapamil 80 mg three times daily for a total of 6 days and a single 2 mg dose of everolimus co‐administered on the second day of verapamil therapy.ResultsDuring verapamil co‐administration, everolimus Cmax increased 2.3‐fold (90% CI, 1.9, 2.7) from 21 ± 8 to 47 ± 18 ng ml−1 and AUC increased 3.5‐fold (90% CI, 3.1, 3.9) from 115 ± 45 to 392 ± 142 ng ml−1 h. Everolimus half‐life was only prolonged to a minor extent (32 ± 6 vs. 37 ± 6 h). Verapamil predose concentrations doubled from 32 ± 16 to 74 ± 42 ng ml−1 after single dose administration of everolimus.ConclusionsMultiple dosing with verapamil increased blood concentrations of everolimus after a single dose by an average 3.5‐fold. During verapamil treatment, dose reduction for everolimus should be made guided by blood monitoring and for verapamil by blood pressure monitoring.
Inappropriate initial treatment of secondary intra‐abdominal infections leads to increased risk of clinical failure and costs
Authors: Sturkenboom Miriam C. J. M. , Goettsch Wim G. , Picelli Gino , In‘t Veld Bas , Yin Don D. , De Jong Romy B. , Go Peter M. N. Y. H. , Herings Ron M. C. 
Published: September 2005

AimsThe objective of this population‐based, retrospective cohort study was to investigate the incidence and initial antibiotic treatment of secondary intra‐abdominal infections (sIAI) and to assess whether inappropriate initial antibiotic therapy affects patient outcomes.MethodsAll patients hospitalized for sIAI (1995–1998) were identified in the PHARMO Record Linkage System, a patient‐centric database including pharmacy dispensing records from community pharmacies linked to hospitalization records in the Netherlands. Complementary in‐hospital antibiotic drug use was obtained from the computerized inpatient pharmacy files. The patient outcomes considered were switch to second‐line antibiotic treatment, re‐operation, and death. In addition, a composite variable clinical failure was constructed based on the above‐mentioned outcomes. Furthermore, the effect of clinical failure on length of hospital stay and costs of hospitalization was assessed. Associations between appropriateness of initial antibiotic treatment and outcomes were estimated using multivariate logistic and linear regression models.ResultsIn the source population of 228 000 persons, 175 cases were classified as sIAI (mean age 49.3 ± 24.5, 50.9% male) resulting in an incidence of 2.3/10 000 person‐years [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.0, 2.7]. Initial antibiotic treatment was appropriate for 84% of the cases. The risk of clinical failure was 17.1%. Inappropriate initial antibiotic treatment increased the risk of clinical failure 3.4‐fold (95% CI 1.3, 9.1). Length of hospital stay and costs of hospitalization were significantly increased for patients with clinical failure.ConclusionsInappropriate choice of initial antibiotic therapy in sIAI patients leads to more clinical failure resulting in a longer hospital stay and higher costs of hospitalization compared with appropriate initial antibiotic therapy.
Endocrine and inflammatory markers as predictors of frailty
Authors: Puts Martine T. E. , Visser Marjolein , Twisk Jos W. R. , Deeg Dorly J. H. , Lips Paul 
Published: September 2005

SummaryObjective  To examine the association of serum concentrations of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), C‐reactive protein (CRP) and IGF‐1 with prevalent and incident frailty.Design  The Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA), a prospective cohort study with 3‐yearly measurement cycles.Setting  General population‐based sample.Participants  The respondents were men and women aged 65 and over, who participated at T1 (1995/1996, N = 1720) and T2 (1998/1999, N = 1509). Blood samples were obtained at T1 (N = 1271).Measurements  The presence of frailty at T1 and 3‐year incidence of frailty. Frailty is defined as the presence of three out of nine frailty indicators.Results  At T1, 242 (19·0%) of all respondents were frail. Those who were frail at T1 had higher CRP and lower 25(OH)D levels. Serum 25(OH)D remained associated with frailty after adjustment for potential confounders with an odd ratios (OR) of 2·60 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1·60–4·21] for 25(OH)D < 25 nmol/l and 1·72 (95% CI 1·19–2·47) for 25(OH)D 25–50 nmol/l vs. high levels of 25(OH)D. Of the nonfrail at T1, 125 respondents (14·1%) became frail at T2. After adjustment, moderately elevated CRP levels (3–10 µg/ml) (OR 1·69, 95% CI 1·09–2·63) and low 25(OH)D (OR 2·04, 95% CI 1·01–4·13) were associated with incident frailty. No consistent associations were observed for IL‐6 and IGF‐1.Conclusion  Low 25(OH)D levels were strongly associated with prevalent and incident frailty; moderately elevated levels of CRP were associated with incident frailty.
Observations from moorings in the Aleutian Passes: temperature, salinity and transport
Authors: STABENO P. J. , KACHEL D. G. , KACHEL N. B. , SULLIVAN M. E. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractBetween May 2001 and September 2003, a series of moorings were deployed in four of the Aleutian Passes – Tanaga Pass (12 months of data), Akutan Pass and Seguam Pass (18 months), and Amukta Pass (36 months). Instruments on each mooring measured temperature, salinity and current velocity. Tidal currents dominated the flow in each pass, including a strong fortnightly component in the three deeper passes (Tanaga, Seguam, and Amukta). Net transport in each of the passes was northward, varying from 0.1 × 106 m3 s−1 in Akutan Pass and 0.4 × 106 m3 s−1 in Seguam to >4.0 × 106 m3 s−1 in Amukta Pass. The transport in Amukta Pass, calculated from current meters, was approximately five times as large as previously estimated from hydrographic surveys. At monthly and longer periods, the variability in transport in Amukta Pass was related to the position and strength of the Alaskan Stream southeast of the pass. Vertical mixing was examined in Akutan and Seguam Passes. Strong tidal currents mix the water column top‐to‐bottom over the shallow sills in the passes, a depth of 80 m in Akutan and 140 m in Seguam Pass, providing a critical source of nutrients to the Bering Sea ecosystem.
Spatial and temporal variability of the Aleutian climate
Authors: RODIONOV SERGEI N. , OVERLAND JAMES E. , BOND NICHOLAS A. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe objective of this paper is to highlight those characteristics of climate variability that may pertain to the climate hypothesis regarding the long‐term population decline of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus). The seasonal changes in surface air temperature (SAT) across the Aleutian Islands are relatively uniform, from 5 to 10°C in summer to near freezing temperatures in winter. The interannual and interdecadal variations in SAT, however, are substantially different for the eastern and western Aleutians, with the transition found at about 170°W. The eastern Aleutians experienced a regime shift toward a warmer climate in 1977, simultaneously with the basin‐wide shift in the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). In contrast, the western Aleutians show a steady decline in winter SATs that started in the 1950s. This cooling trend was accompanied by a trend toward more variable SAT, both on the inter‐ and intra‐annual time scale. During 1986–2002, the variance of winter SATs more than doubled compared to 1965–1985. At the same time in Southeast Alaska, the SAT variance diminished by half. Much of the increase in the intra‐seasonal variability for the western Aleutians is associated with a warming trend in November and a cooling trend in January. As a result, the rate of seasonal cooling from November to January has doubled since the late 1950s. We hypothesize that this trend in SAT variability may have increased the environmental stress on the western stock of Steller sea lions and hence contributed to its decline.
Nutrients and primary production along the eastern Aleutian Island Archipelago
Authors: MORDY CALVIN W. , STABENO PHYLLIS J. , LADD CAROL , ZEEMAN STEPHAN , WISEGARVER DAVID P. , SALO SIGRID A. , HUNT GEORGE L. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe distribution of nutrients (nitrate, phosphate, and silicic acid), chlorophyll and primary productivity were examined in the central and eastern Aleutian Archipelago. The data were collected from moorings (temperature, salinity, nitrate, and currents) and two hydrographic research cruises (June 2001 and May–June 2002). During the hydrographic cruises salinity, temperature, nutrients, chlorophyll and primary production were measured in and around the eastern and central Aleutian Passes. The net nutrient transport through the passes was northward, and it was relatively low in the eastern passes compared to the central passes. In the shallow eastern passes the source water from the Pacific was the nutrient‐poor Alaska Coastal Current, while in the deeper central passes it was the nutrient‐rich Alaskan Stream. Within the passes, vigorous tidal mixing resulted in enriched surface concentrations, especially in the central passes. Chlorophyll sections and satellite composites from summer indicate high chlorophyll east of Samalga Pass and very low chlorophyll between Samalga and Seguam Passes. Production was relatively low across the study area, except at the northern end of Seguam Pass and in the vicinity of the shelf edge in the southeastern Bering Sea. Production and chlorophyll concentrations were lowest in the deep passes. These results suggest that, within the passes, deep mixing inhibits new production, but substantial blooms may occur downstream of the passes subsequent to stratification.
Distribution patterns and population trends of breeding seabirds in the Aleutian Islands
Authors: VERNON BYRD G. , RENNER HEATHER M. , RENNER MARTIN 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe 1800‐km‐long Aleutian Archipelago is a breeding area for more than 10 million seabirds of 26 species. We evaluated the distribution of breeding colonies of 24 common breeding species in relationship to ocean passes of two sizes, availability of nesting habitat and the distribution of introduced predatory mammals. Further, we evaluated population trends and reproductive rates to amplify information about distribution. We compared distributions and demographic parameters based on proposed differences in marine habitats in the eastern, central and western Aleutians. Samalga Pass did not appear to be a break point for breeding seabird distribution as is suggested for oceanographic characteristics and other species groups by papers in this volume. Factors affecting distribution varied with foraging and nesting strategies of various species groups. The three largest breeding aggregations of seabirds in the Aleutians (Buldir, Chagulak and Kiska) all have relatively high species diversity and are located next to large passes. However, when other predictors were considered, proximity to medium or large passes was important mainly for surface‐feeding piscivores. The extent of nesting habitat apparently does not limit the distribution of surface‐ or burrow‐nesting species (including planktivores and piscivores). Instead, the distribution of these species probably has been shaped by introduced mammals. Nesting habitat for ledge‐ and crevice‐nesting species is more limited than for surface and burrow nesters but is still fairly widespread. Ledge‐ and crevice‐nesting species are less susceptible to fox predation than are surface and burrow nesters. These species may have been reduced by predation but were not extirpated.
An ecological classification of Alaskan Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus) rookeries: a tool for conservation/management
Authors: CALL KATHERINE A. , LOUGHLIN THOMAS R. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractAs the western stock of Steller sea lions continues to decline, government managers may place additional controls on commercial fisheries as protective measures. Currently, management decisions regarding rookeries are based largely on the geographic location of a site, and little effort has been made to describe sea lion rookeries in an ecosystem context. We provide a broad ecological characterization of rookeries for the western stock of Steller sea lions, which can be used in making management decisions to facilitate their recovery. We gathered data on habitat (bathymetry, sea surface temperature, substrate type, and orientation), diet and population trends from available literature and National Marine Fisheries Service databases (1990–98), and we used a Geographic Information System to group sea lion rookeries into ecologically related regions. Ecological attributes were assigned to rookeries within a 10‐nm radius of land. Regions were determined using cluster analysis. Five distinct classes of rookeries (i.e. potential management regions) were identified based on their relatedness to the ecological factors we defined. Several of the regional breaks occur at major oceanic passes including Amchitka, Samalga, and Unimak Passes and are associated with ocean currents.