bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Describing gerontological nursing: an academic exercise or prerequisite for progress?
Authors: Kelly Timothy B. , Tolson Debbie , Schofield Irene , Booth Jo 
Published: March 2005

Aims and objectives.  To develop a practitioner‐led description of gerontological nursing and articulate the principles which underpin its practice.Background.  As the population ages expertise in gerontological nursing will become increasingly important. However, a complete and widely accepted delineation of the rationale, philosophy, knowledge base and special skills for gerontological nursing is yet to be developed.Methods.  As one cycle of a larger action research project informed by realistic evaluation, a representative sample of 30 Scottish nurses worked together as a Community of Practice to develop a description of gerontological nursing that would have utility in their practice and in the development of best practice care guidance. Data collection involved group interviews and records of on‐line discussions. Data were analysed using content analysis. The emerging description was verified through external consultation with other nursing colleagues and older people.Results.  Nursing older people within Scotland was perceived as low status and participants reported that a positive reframing of gerontological nursing was needed. A description and underlying principles were developed by nurses and used as a lens to shape best practice statements. The description embraces a person‐centred and enabling approach to evidenced‐based gerontological nursing.Conclusions.  Gerontological practice requires an accessible consensus view and description to support its development. Practising nurses developed such a view and its utility has been seen in the development of best practice statements.Relevance to clinical practice.  The description and principles of gerontological nursing can be used to guide nursing practice, practice development and research.
Patient‐centred outcomes in dietary research
Authors: Jackson J. A. , Kinn S. , Dalgarno P. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractIntroduction  Current health policy stresses the need to take patients’ views into account in the provision of health care, including involvement in the process of care and determining the outcome(s) of treatment. It is unclear whether patients undergoing dietary treatment have been consulted on their views.Methods  A literature review, searching electronic databases and hand searching dietetic journals, of dietary intervention research was carried out to identify if patients’ views were sought in determining outcomes.Results  Searching uncovered a total of 28 papers reporting the results of studies of dietary interventions where patients views were sought in the measurement of outcome, however little detail was given about patient(s) involvement and whether the use of the measures influenced future care.Future work  Should address the issue of patient involvement in the determination of outcome and how this then influences future care.
The Take‐Up of Multiple Means‐Tested Benefits by British Pensioners: Evidence from the Family Resources Survey
Authors: HANCOCK RUTH , PUDNEY STEPHEN , BARKER GERALDINE , HERNANDEZ MONICA , SUTHERLAND HOLLY 
Published: March 2005

AbstractNon‐take‐up of means‐tested benefits among pensioners is of long‐standing concern. It has assumed increased importance from October 2003 with the introduction of the new means‐tested pension credit to which about half of pensioners are expected to be entitled. We use Family Resources Survey data from April 1997 to March 2000 to investigate patterns of pensioner take‐up of income support (IS) (subsequently renamed the minimum income guarantee and now subsumed in pension credit), housing benefit (HB) and council tax benefit (CTB). Although 36 per cent of pensioners in our sample failed to claim their entitlements to at least one of these benefits, only 16 per cent failed to claim amounts worth more than 10 per cent of their disposable income. Generally, take‐up is high where entitlement is high. But there are exceptions which may reflect the claims process and/or a greater degree of social stigma associated with IS than with HB or CTB.
The Distributional Impact of Pension System Reforms: An Application to the Italian Case
Authors: BORELLA MARGHERITA 
Published: March 2005

AbstractBetween 1992 and 1995, the Italian pension system was deeply reformed, and it is now moving from an earnings‐related to a contribution‐based scheme. The pre‐1992 system was generous and redistributive; however, often redistribution operated from the poor to the rich, notably because the benefit formula was based on the last years of earnings, thus benefiting workers with steep earnings profiles. The new contribution‐based scheme may enhance equity by removing (some of) the inequities implicit in the previous system.Simulations calibrated on Italian male employees show that the contribution‐based scheme reduces inequality among all groups considered, with the exception of college graduates employed in the private sector. When taking into account the average level of the benefit as well as its distribution, the analysis shows mixed results depending on the worker's number of years of contribution and on their retirement age, as well as on the steepness of their earnings profile.
Terminating Taiwan's Fourth Nuclear Power Plant under the Chen Shui‐bian Administration
Authors: Hsu Shu‐Hsiang 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis article integrates the termination literature with the Punctuated‐Equilibrium (P‐E) model of policy change into a broader framework of policy termination to examine the Chen Shui‐bian administration's abrupt decision to terminate Taiwan's fourth nuclear power plant (FNPP) as well as to explore the evolution of agenda‐setting for the FNPP's termination over a decade. The termination of the FNPP may be viewed as a result of interactions among the nuclear policy image, the institutional venue, and the political or policy strategy over time, as indicated in the integrated framework. Nevertheless, changing nuclear policy image is not sufficient to automatically change the institutional venue in the process of Taiwan's transition from an authoritarian regime to a pluralist political system. Before venue shopping for policy termination, antinuclear activists had to ally with the Democratic Progressive Party to struggle for opening up Taiwan's political institutions along with Taiwan's democratization. On the other hand, as a consequence of Taiwan's recent democratization, antinuclear activists were unsuccessful in terminating the FNPP in the absence of sufficient political resources, notwithstanding a major venue change from the Kuomintang (KMT) government to the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) government under President Chen's leadership. Furthermore, besides domestic venues, international institutions also appear to be important to the creation and maintenance of the nuclear policy system, as well as to the dramatic reversal of the Chen administration's termination decision in this case.
Physiological and morphological correlates of among-individual variation in standard metabolic rate in the leopard frog Rana pipiens
Authors: Steyermark Anthony C. , Miamen Alexander G. , Feghahati Hesam S. , Lewno Anthony W. 
Published: March 2005

SUMMARY
Rates of standard metabolism (SMR) are highly variable among individuals within vertebrate populations. Because SMR contributes a substantial proportion of an individual's energy budget, among-individual variation in this trait may affect other energetic processes, and potentially fitness. Here, we examine three potential proximate correlates of variation in SMR:organ mass, serum T4 thyroxine and relative mitochondrial content, using flow cytometry. Body-mass-adjusted kidney mass correlated with SMR, but liver,heart, small intestine and gastrocnemius did not. Thyroxine correlated with SMR, as did mitochondrial content. These results suggest several novel proximate physiological and morphological mechanisms that may contribute to among-individual variation in SMR. Variation in SMR may be maintained by diverse environmental conditions. Some conditions, such as low resource availability, may favor individuals with a low SMR, through small organ size,or low thyroxine or mitochondrial content. Other conditions, such as high resource availability, may favor individuals with a high SMR, through large organ size, or high thyroxine or mitochondrial content.
Three-dimensional antennal lobe atlas of male and female moths, Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and glomerular representation of plant volatiles in females
Authors: Masante-Roca Ingwild , Gadenne Christophe , Anton Sylvia 
Published: March 2005

SUMMARY
Spatiotemporal odour coding is thought to be linked closely with the specific glomerular anatomy of the primary olfactory centre. In most insects the number of the glomeruli within the antennal lobe is limited to fewer than 100, allowing their individual identification. In the grapevine moth, Lobesia botrana, a map of the antennal lobe glomeruli was reconstructed three-dimensionally, by comparing three different brains in males and females. The map of the antennal lobe of females served then as a basis to identify glomeruli containing dendritic arborisations of 14 physiologically characterised projection neurons. Projection neurons responding to the same plant compound did not always arborise in the same glomerulus and some neurons arborising in the same glomerulus responded to different compounds. Different zones of target glomeruli were, however,identified when pooling all neurons responding to one of two different compounds respectively (α-farnesene and nonatriene). All identified glomeruli of specifically responding projection neurons were situated close to the anterior surface of the antennal lobe. One broadly responding projection neuron arborised in a more posteriorly situated glomerulus. A local interneuron responding to only one compound was arborising densely in a neighbouring glomerulus and had sparse branches in all other glomeruli. These results are discussed with respect to plant odour processing and structure-function relations in antennal lobe neurons. The 3D AL atlas will,in the future, also be used to obtain a better understanding of coding mechanisms of grapevine odours in this pest insect.
[3+2] Cycloaddition Reactions of Cyclopropylmethylsilanes and α-Keto Aldehydes: Trans- and Cis-selective Formation of 2-Silylmethyltetrahydrofurans
Authors: Fuchibe Kohei , Aoki Yuji , Akiyama Takahiko 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Cyclopropylmethylsilanes and α-keto aldehydes underwent novel [3+2] cycloaddition reaction to afford 2-silylmethyl substituted tetrahydrofurans in good yields. Relative stereochemistries of the products were dependent on the reaction temperatures, trans- and cis-tetrahydrofurans were obtained stereoselectively at 0 °C and at −78 °C, respectively.
Synthesis of 3,4-Disubstituted Quinolin-2(1H)-ones via Palladium-catalyzed Regioselective Cross-coupling Reactions of 3-Bromo-4-trifloxyquinolin-2(1H)-one with Arylboronic Acids
Authors: Wu Jie , Zhang Liang , Sun Xiaoyu 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed regioselective cross-coupling reactions of 3-bromo-4-trifloxyquinolin-2(1H)-one with arylboronic acids provide an efficient and practical route for the synthesis of 3,4-disubstituted quinolin-2(1H)-ones.
Formation of Single-wall Carbon Nanotubes by Using Porous Glass
Authors: Aoki Yosuke , Suzuki Shinzo , Okubo Shingo , Kataura Hiromichi , Nagasawa Hiroshi , Achiba Yohji 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) were prepared by several kinds of porous glass, with different inner pore size, each of which was prepared by controlling the condition of phase separation. By applying alcohol CCVD technique, it was found that the yield of SWNTs was enhanced when the pore size increases from 6 to 10 nm and 16 nm. On the other hand, the diameter distribution of SWNTs was invariant in all porous glasses under investigation, under the same ambient temperature.
Cover Picture: Separation Techniques for Carbon Nanotubes (Adv. Eng. Mater. 3/2005)
Authors: Krupke R. , Hennrich F. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe cover shows a single‐walled carbon nanotube in a schematic drawing. How these fascinating materials can be separated from semiconducting tubes in substantial quantities is described in the review article by R. Krupke and F. Hennrich on page 111.
The dynamo layer in solar‐type stars
Authors: Ossendrijver M. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe role of the dynamo layer for dynamo action in solar‐type stars is discussed. As a result of instabilities, magnetic flux is expelled from the dynamo layer into the convection zone above it. The resulting partial evacuation of the dynamo layer and amplification of the deep‐seated toroidal magnetic field is investigated in an illustrative 3D numerical simulation. The simulation is performed with a finite‐difference code that solves the anelastic MHD equations for a Cartesian geometry. It is found that the field strength in the dynamo layer is amplified by a factor of up to about 7. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Estimates of the Strouhal number from numerical models of convection
Authors: Käpylä P. J. , Korpi M. J. , Ossendrijver M. , Tuominen I. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractWe determine the Strouhal number (hereafter St), which is essentially a nondimensional measure of the correlation time, from numerical calculations of convection. We use two independent methods to estimate St. Firstly, we apply the minimal tau‐approximation (MTA) on the equation of the time derivative of the Reynolds stress. A relaxation time is obtained from which St can be estimated by normalising with a typical turnover time. Secondly, we calculate the correlation and turnover times separately, the former from the autocorrelation of velocity and the latter by following test particles embedded in the flow.We find that the Strouhal number is in general of the order of 0.1 to 1, i.e. rather large in comparison to the typical assumption in the mean‐field theories that St ≪ 1. However, there is a clear decreasing trend as function of the Rayleigh number and increasing rotation. Furthermore, for the present range of parameters the decrease of St does not show signs of saturation, indicating that in stellar convection zones, where the Rayleigh numbers are much larger, the Strouhal number may indeed be significantly smaller. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Decreased plasma levels of nitric oxide metabolites, angiotensin II, and aldosterone in spontaneously hypertensive rats exposed to 5 mT static magnetic field
Authors: Okano Hideyuki , Masuda Hiroshi , Ohkubo Chiyoji 
Published: March 2005

AbstractPreviously, we found that whole body exposure to static magnetic fields (SMF) at 10 mT (Bmax) and 25 mT (Bmax) for 2–9 weeks suppressed and delayed blood pressure (BP) elevation in young, stroke resistant, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). In this study, we investigated the interrelated antipressor effects of lower field strengths and nitric oxide (NO) metabolites (NOx = NO + NO) in SHR. Seven‐week‐old male rats were exposed to two different ranges of SMF intensity, 0.3–1.0 mT or 1.5–5.0 mT, for 12 weeks. Three experimental groups of 20 animals each were examined: (1) no exposure with intraperitoneal (ip) saline injection (sham‐exposed control); (2) 1 mT SMF exposure with ip saline injection (1 mT); (3) 5 mT SMF exposure with ip saline injection (5 mT). Arterial BP, heart rate (HR), skin blood flow (SBF), plasma NO metabolites (NOx), and plasma catecholamine levels were monitored. SMF at 5 mT, but not 1 mT, significantly suppressed and retarded the early stage development of hypertension for several weeks, compared with the age matched, unexposed (sham exposed) control. Exposure to 5 mT resulted in reduced plasma NOx concentrations together with lower levels of angiotensin II and aldosterone in SHR. These results suggest that SMF may suppress and delay BP elevation via the NO pathways and hormonal regulatory systems. Bioelectromagnetics 26:161–172, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Apartment electrical wiring: A cause of extremely low frequency magnetic field exposure in residential areas
Authors: Moriyama Kosei , Yoshitomi Kuniaki 
Published: March 2005

AbstractExtremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields (MFs) were measured at 696 points in a room of a Japanese apartment building. The building had 124 rooms with layouts and wiring identical to those of the studied room. ELF‐MFs exceeded 0.4 μT in 24% of the living space, and the maximum value, 1.8 μT, was detected at floor level. Analysis of the MF distribution revealed that 60 Hz 100 V electrical wiring for room lights within the floor and ceiling had been laid out in large rectangles, equivalent to 1 turn coils. Further plotting of the vertical components every 0.01 m on the floor indicated that the depth of the cable was 0.23 m. Further studies should be conducted in order to confirm that the building investigated in this pilot study is typical of Japanese apartment buildings in terms of ELF‐MFs. Bioelectromagnetics 26:238–241, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synaptic organization of complex ganglion cells in rabbit retina: Type and arrangement of inputs to directionally selective and local‐edge‐detector cells
Authors: Famiglietti Edward V. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe type and topographic distribution of synaptic inputs to a directionally selective (DS) rabbit retinal ganglion cell (GC) were examined and were compared with those received by two other complex GC types. The percentage of cone bipolar cell (BC) input, presumably an index of sustained responses and simple receptive field properties, is much higher than expected for complex GCs in reference to previous reports in other species: approximately 20% for the type 1 bistratified ON–OFF DS GC and for a multistratified GC, and approximately 40% for the small‐tufted local‐edge‐detector GC. Consistent with a previous study (Famiglietti [1991] J. Comp. Neurol. 309:40–70), no ultrastructural evidence is found for inhibitory synapses from starburst amacrine cells to the ON–OFF DS GC. The density of inputs to the ON–OFF DS GC is high and rather evenly distributed over the dendritic tree. Clustering of inputs brings excitatory and inhibitory inputs into proximity, but the strict on‐path condition of more proximal inhibitory inputs, favoring shunting inhibition, is not satisfied. Prominent BC input and its regional variation suggest that BCs play key roles in DS neural circuitry, both pre‐ and postsynaptic to the ON–OFF DS GC, according to a bilayer model (Famiglietti [1993] Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 34:S985). Asymmetry of inhibitory amacrine cell input may signify a region on the preferred side of the receptive field, the inhibition‐free zone (Barlow and Levick [1965] J. Physiol. (Lond.) 178:477–504), supporting a role for postsynaptic integration in the DS mechanism. Prominent BC input to the local‐edge‐detector, often without accompanying amacrine cell input, indicates presynaptic integration in forming its trigger feature. J. Comp. Neurol. 484:357–391, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression patterns of collagen I (α1) encoding gene and muscle‐specific genes reveal that the lateral domain of the fish somite forms a connective tissue surrounding the myotome
Authors: Rescan P.Y. , Ralliere C. , Chauvigné F. , Cauty C. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractSomites are repeated, epithelial structures that are derived from the unsegmented paraxial mesoderm located lateral to the notochord. In higher vertebrates, somites differentiate into a sclerotome that subsequently forms the vertebrae and the ribs and into a dermomyotome that gives rise to a myotome, from which arises the skeletal muscle, and to a dermatome, from which arises the dermis. Fish somites have been shown to produce a sclerotome and a myotome, but very little is known regarding their participation in the formation of connective tissues, especially at the junction between the epidermis and the myotome. To investigate the formation of connective tissues in fish somites, we have examined the expression pattern of the collagen I (α1) chain. As somitogenesis proceeds rostrocaudally, collagen I (α1) expression marks the sclerotomal cells and delineates the formation of the vertebrae. Surprisingly, after the completion of the segmentation, transcript for the collagen I (α1) chain appeared in a distinct epithelial‐like monolayer situated at the periphery of the developing somite facing the surface epidermis. This epithelial monolayer of somitic cells that covered the superficial slow muscle cells, did not express the myogenic transcriptional regulator myogenin and was devoid of contractile filament. As the somite increased in size, these collagen‐expressing epithelial cells flattened, forming a thin cellular layer underlying the epidermis and recovering the lateral surface of the myotome. In conclusion, the lateral domain of the fish somite forms a distinct epithelial cell layer sharing many characteristics with amniote dermatome. Developmental Dynamics 233:605–611, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hoxb3 vagal neural crest‐specific enhancer element for controlling enteric nervous system development
Authors: Chan Kwok Keung , Chen Yuk Shan , Yau Tai On , Fu Ming , Lui Vincent Chi Hang , Tam Paul Kwong Hang , Sham Mai Har 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe neural and glial cells of the intrinsic ganglia of the enteric nervous system (ENS) are derived from the hindbrain neural crest at the vagal level. The Hoxb3 gene is expressed in the vagal neural crest and in the enteric ganglia of the developing gut during embryogenesis. We have identified a cis‐acting enhancer element b3IIIa in the Hoxb3 gene locus. In this study, by transgenic mice analysis, we examined the tissue specificity of the b3IIIa enhancer element using the lacZ reporter gene, with emphasis on the vagal neural crest cells and their derivatives in the developing gut. We found that the b3IIIa‐lacZ transgene marks only the vagal region and not the trunk or sacral region. Using cellular markers, we showed that the b3IIIa‐lacZ transgene was expressed in a subset of enteric neuroblasts during early development of the gut, and the expression was maintained in differentiated neurons of the myenteric plexus at later stages. The specificity of the b3IIIa enhancer in directing gene expression in the developing ENS was further supported by genetic analysis using the Dom mutant, a spontaneous mouse model of Hirschsprung's disease characterized by the absence of enteric ganglia in the distal gut. The colonization of lacZ‐expressing cells in the large intestine was incomplete in all the Dom/b3IIIa‐lacZ hybrid mutants we examined. To our knowledge, this is the only vagal neural crest‐specific genetic regulatory element identified to date. This element could be used for a variety of genetic manipulations and in establishing transgenic mouse models for studying the development of the ENS. Developmental Dynamics 233:473–483, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.