bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Atypical and typical zinc geochemistry in a carbonate setting, Sä Dena Hes Mine, Yukon Territory, Canada
Authors: Day Stephen J. , Bowell Robert J. 
Published: July 2005

The Sä Dena Hes Mine produced Pb and Zn concentrates from a polymetallic Manto deposit in 1991 and 1992. Ownership of the mine was assumed by Sä Dena Hes Operating Corporation (Teck Cominco Ltd and Pan-Pacific Metal Mining Corporation) in 1994. Sphalerite and galena ore bodies with negligible Fe sulphide were processed by conventional flotation methods resulting in carbonate-rich tailings. This paper presents evaluations of atypical and typical Zn geochemistry under non-acidic conditions using laboratory testing, mineralogy and simple modelling.
Atypical behaviour is shown by drainage containing 40 mg/l Zn from a short adit. The Zn load contained in the mine drainage is not apparent in a spring-fed stream a few hundred metres down-gradient. Results of an attenuation test to mimic field conditions showed that Zn was removed to concentrations of less than 0.001 mg/l. Spherical aggregates containing 40% Zn were found in the column residues using scanning electron microscopy. The aggregates are likely a Zn hydroxide or basic carbonate based on the Zn concentration, though the exact mineralogical form was not determined.

Similarly, elevated Zn concentrations (up to 56 mg/l) have been found in pH-neutral porewaters near the water table in the tailings deposit. Zinc concentrations generally decrease to below 1 mg/l just below the water table and below 0.1 mg/l in seepage from the tailings dam. However in this case, simple dilution modelling and thermodynamic equilibrium modelling of the tailings porewater chemistry showed that the decrease in Zn concentrations could be attributed to the formation of Zn carbonate. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of smithsonite (ZnCO
3
) in the tailings; in addition Zn also occurred as a trace element in Mg–Mn–Ca carbonate phases.
REAL JURIES
Authors: Diamond Shari Seidman , Rose Mary R. 
Published: July 2005

▪ Abstract  The elaborate efforts of the legal system to control and channel jury behavior reveal a mistrust of an institution that also attracts extravagant praise. We look at the jury by examining research on real juries drawn from archival studies and post-trial surveys and interviews, as well as from the deliberations of real juries. We show how the methods used by courts to gather and select jurors affect the representativeness and legitimacy of the jury. We also examine the evidence underlying skepticism about jury verdicts and decision making, focusing on cases that pose special challenges to jurors, particularly those involving complex evidence, legal complexity, and the death penalty. We then consider how optimal jury trials can be achieved.Even twelve experienced judges, deliberating together, would probably not function well under the conditions we impose on the twelve inexperienced laymen [Judge Jerome Frank, Courts on Trial (1949), p. 120].Juror #4 (discussing the testimony of an expert physician in a medical malpractice case): What I would like to have is 40 [specialists] and show them the [test results] and okay, get a survey and is this significant or is this not significant and would they have [done what the defendant did]? [Deliberating juror from the Arizona Filming Project ( Diamond et al. 2003 )]
Cardiac Iron Determines Cardiac T2*, T2, and T1 in the Gerbil Model of Iron Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Wood John C. , Otto-Duessel Maya , Aguilar Michelle , Nick Hanspeter , Nelson Marvin D. , Coates Thomas D. , Pollack Harvey , Moats Rex 
Published: July 2005

Background—Transfusional therapy for thalassemia major and sickle cell disease can lead to iron deposition and damage to the heart, liver, and endocrine organs. Iron causes the MRI parameters T1, T2, and T2* to shorten in these organs, which creates a potential mechanism for iron quantification. However, because of the danger and variability of cardiac biopsy, tissue validation of cardiac iron estimates by MRI has not been performed. In this study, we demonstrate that iron produces similar T1, T2, and T2* changes in the heart and liver using a gerbil iron-overload model.Methods and Results—Twelve gerbils underwent iron dextran loading (200 mg · kg−1· wk−1) from 2 to 14 weeks; 5 age-matched controls were studied as well. Animals had in vivo assessment of cardiac T2* and hepatic T2 and T2* and postmortem assessment of cardiac and hepatic T1 and T2. Relaxation measurements were performed in a clinical 1.5-T magnet and a 60-MHz nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometer. Cardiac and liver iron concentrations rose linearly with administered dose. Cardiac 1/T2*, 1/T2, and 1/T1 rose linearly with cardiac iron concentration. Liver 1/T2*, 1/T2, and 1/T1 also rose linearly, proportional to hepatic iron concentration. Liver and heart calibrations were similar on a dry-weight basis.Conclusions—MRI measurements of cardiac T2 and T2* can be used to quantify cardiac iron. The similarity of liver and cardiac iron calibration curves in the gerbil suggests that extrapolation of human liver calibration curves to heart may be a rational approximation in humans.
Diversities in approach to end-of-life: A view from Britain of the qualitative literature
Authors: Jones Kip 
Published: July 2005

Objective: To systematically investigate qualitative literature on end-of-life issues and ethnicity/race/diversity, employing qualitative methods and philosophical concepts. Design: A database of 119 references was compiled using a range of techniques, including information foraging theory. Qualitative principles, such as ‘citation snowballing’ and ‘data saturation’, were utilised to gather and consolidate the literature. A model of ‘signal and noise’ was employed to balance methodological rigour against the strength of the message itself in the literature included in the final review. Results: Existing reviews of qualitative literature on palliative care are minimal, with little mention of ethnicity/race/diversity; palliative care generally pays little attention to qualitative methods. Concepts of ethnicity/race/diversity are socially constructed and these extend to the literature on end-of-life. Changing terminology of palliative care reflects emerging and competing ways to talk about the care provided to dying patients. Conclusions: The ‘cookbook’ approach to diversity creates new myths or stereotypes, compounding this with inaccuracies or misunderstandings. Aspects other than formal religious beliefs are overlooked and not all members of an ethnic group will routinely follow the beliefs of a specific faith. Healthcare providers must recognise that the basic values, principles and assumptions of Western medicine and bioethics are themselves historically situated and culturally determined. The rights of families to medical knowledge and their roles in decision-making are just as valid, inalienable and crucial to the cultural belief systems of many ethic minority communities as patient autonomy models are to Western medicine. A common theme emerging through the studies reviewed is a need for sensitivity to the varying expectations and mix of involvement of patients, practioners and families in end-of-life care and the need for information-sharing and decision-making amongst them, along a continuum of health and social care constructed by synthesis and integration of models emerging through this review.
Novel urine hepcidin assay by mass spectrometry
Authors: Kemna Erwin , Tjalsma Harold , Laarakkers Coby , Nemeth Elizabeta , Willems Hans , Swinkels Dorine 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The hepatic peptide hormone hepcidin is the central regulator of iron metabolism and mediator of anemia of inflammation. To date, only one specific immuno-dot assay to measure hepcidin in urine had been documented. Here we report an alternative approach for quantification of hepcidin in urine by surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF-MS). Peptide peaks were detected corresponding to the 3 forms of hepcidin normally found in urine. The identity of the peptide peak equivalent to hepcidin-25 was confirmed using synthetic human hepcidin-25. Validation of our MS data on samples with various hepcidin levels showed a strong correlation with previous immuno-dot assay results (Spearman R = 0.9275, P &lt; .001). Most importantly, this hepcidin assay clearly discriminates between relevant clinical iron disorders. In conclusion, this novel MS urine hepcidin assay is easy to perform and available to a wide audience. This enables the implementation of hepcidin measurements in large clinical studies.
Phase I Trial of the Oral Antiangiogenesis Agent AG-013736 in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors: Pharmacokinetic and Clinical Results
Authors: Rugo Hope S. , Herbst Roy S. , Liu Glenn , Park John W. , Kies Merrill S. , Steinfeldt Heidi M. , Pithavala Yazdi K. , Reich Steven D. , Freddo James L. , Wilding George 
Published: July 2005

Purpose We studied the safety, clinical activity, and pharmacokinetics (PK) of AG-013736, an oral receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor of vascular endothelial cell growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, and c-Kit, in patients with advanced cancer. Patients and Methods Patients received fixed doses of AG-013736 orally in 28-day cycles. In the first cohort, patients initially received two single test doses of AG-013736 (10 and 30 mg); subsequent dosing was determined by individual PK parameters. Doses in subsequent cohorts were assigned by using a traditional dose-escalation/de-escalation rule based on observed toxicities in the current and previous cohorts. PK analysis included evaluation of the effect of food and antacid. Results Thirty-six patients received AG-013736 at doses ranging from 5 to 30 mg by mouth twice daily. The dose-limiting toxicities observed included hypertension, hemoptysis, and stomatitis and were seen primarily at the higher dose levels. The observed hypertension was manageable with medication. Stomatitis was generally tolerable and managed by dose reduction or drug holidays. AG-013736 was absorbed rapidly, with peak plasma concentrations observed within 2 to 6 hours after dosing. The maximum-tolerated dose and recommended phase II dose of AG-013736 is 5 mg, twice daily, administered in the fasted state. No significant drug interaction with antacid was seen. There were three confirmed partial responses and other evidence of clinical activity. Conclusion In this study, we have demonstrated clinical activity and safety of AG-013736 in patients with advanced solid tumors and identified the dose for phase II testing. The unique phase I study design allowed early identification of important absorption and metabolic issues critical to phase II testing of this agent.
Echinacea species (Echinacea angustifolia (DC.) Hell., Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt., Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench): a review of their chemistry, pharmacology and clinical properties
Authors: Barnes Joanne , Anderson Linda A , Gibbons Simon , Phillipson J David 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
This paper reviews the chemistry, pharmacology and clinical properties of Echinacea species used medicinally. The Echinacea species Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea pallida and Echinacea purpurea have a long history of medicinal use for a variety of conditions, particularly infections, and today echinacea products are among the best-selling herbal preparations in several developed countries. Modern interest in echinacea is focused on its immunomodulatory effects, particularly in the prevention and treatment of upper respiratory tract infections. The chemistry of Echinacea species is well documented, and several groups of constituents, including alkamides and caffeic acid derivatives, are considered important for activity. There are, however, differences in the constituent profile of the three species. Commercial echinacea samples and marketed echinacea products may contain one or more of the three species, and analysis of samples of raw material and products has shown that some do not meet recognized standards for pharmaceutical quality. Evidence from preclinical studies supports some of the traditional and modern uses for echinacea, particularly the reputed immunostimulant (or immunomodulatory) properties. Several, but not all, clinical trials of echinacea preparations have reported effects superior to those of placebo in the prevention and treatment of upper respiratory tract infections. However, evidence of efficacy is not definitive as studies have included different patient groups and tested various different preparations and dosage regimens of echinacea. On the basis of the available limited safety data, echinacea appears to be well tolerated. However, further investigation and surveillance are required to establish the safety profiles of different echinacea preparations. Safety issues include the possibility of allergic reactions, the use of echinacea by patients with autoimmune diseases and the potential for echinacea preparations to interact with conventional medicines.
Disposition of morphine in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid varies during neonatal development in pigs
Authors: Rai Aarati , Bhalla Shaifali , Rebello Sam S , Kastrissios Helen , Gulati Anil 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The pharmacological effects of morphine are mediated via the central nervous system (CNS) but its clearance from the CNS in neonates has not been investigated. We have proposed that neonatal development of the blood-brain barrier affected CNS clearance mechanisms and CNS exposure to morphine. Male piglets (n=5) aged one, three and six weeks were given morphine sulfate (0.5 mg kg−1, i.v.). Serial blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were withdrawn over 360 min after morphine administration. Morphine concentration was measured by radioimmunoassay. A three-compartment model was fitted to individual data. Estimated parameters were reported as median and range. The peak morphine concentrations in plasma were not significantly different in the one-, three- or six-week-old piglets. Plasma clearance at one week (4.5, 3.8-8.6 mL min−1 kg−1) was significantly lower than at three weeks (30.0, 19.1- 39.0 mL min−1 kg−1) and six weeks (37.0, 29.7–82.8 mL min−1 kg−1). The peak morphine concentration in CSF at one week (59.84, 31–67 ng mL−1) was higher than at three weeks (18.8, 17.7–25 ng mL−1) and six weeks (24.51, 16.5–84 ng mL−1), while CSF clearance was lower at one week (1.0, 0.18-9 mL min−1 kg−1) compared with three weeks (6.2, 2.3–9.3 mL min−1 kg−1) and six weeks (3.95, 1.3–85.7 mL min−1 kg−1). Apparent plasma: CSF transfer ratio at one week was greater than at three and six weeks. The reduced plasma and CSF morphine clearance in early infancy resulted in elevated systemic and central morphine exposure in neonatal pigs.
Flavonoid glycosides inhibit oral cancer cell proliferation — role of cellular uptake and hydrolysis to the aglycones
Authors: Browning Alyson M , Walle U Kristina , Walle Thomas 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Epidemiologic evidence supports the view that dietary flavonoids exert protective effects in oral diseases, including cancer. However, the dietary forms of flavonoids, the flavonoid glycosides, are thought to be inactive, thus they must first be hydrolysed to their active aglycones. This may occur in the saliva in the oral cavity. We have examined if the flavonoid glycosides directly could affect cell proliferation, using the human oral squamous carcinoma SCC-9 cells. The cellular uptake and hydrolysis of the glycosides were assessed also. The four flavonoid glycosides tested each behaved differently. Genistin, the 7-glucoside of genistein, showed clear and consistent inhibition of cell proliferation, which appeared to be the result of rapid cellular uptake of the glucoside and hydrolysis to genistein. Spiraeoside, the 4′-glucoside of quercetin, showed a similar inhibition of cell proliferation, which also appeared to be associated with its hydrolysis to quercetin. Diosmin, the 7-rutinoside of diosmetin, surprisingly, was more potent and effective than diosmetin. In contrast, quercitrin, the 3-rhamnoside of quercetin, showed no effect and only minimal cellular uptake and no hydrolysis. In summary, dietary flavonoid glycosides may exert cellular effects in the oral cavity, but this varies greatly with the nature of the glycoside.
Amelioration of doxorubicin-induced myocardial oxidative stress and immunosuppression by grape seed proanthocyanidins in tumour-bearing mice
Authors: Zhang Xiao-Yu , Li Wen-Guang , Wu Yong-Jie , Gao Ming-Tang 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
We have investigated the protective effects of grape seed proanthocyanidins on doxorubicin-induced toxicity in tumour-bearing mice. The intraperitoneal administration of doxorubicin (2 mg kg−1 every other day, cumulative dosage for 18 mg kg−1) significantly inhibited the growth of sarcoma 180, and induced myocardial oxidative stress with decreased superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity while increasing malondialdehyde formation in the heart or serum. Doxorubicin-induced myocardial oxidative stress also reduced lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase activity in the heart and elevated their levels in the serum. Doxorubicin also affected immune functions of tumour-bearing mice with significantly decreased interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-γ (INF-γ) production, and slightly decreased natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity, lymphocyte proliferation and CD4+/CD8+ ratio. It markedly increased the percentages of cytotoxic T cells (CD3+CD8+), helper T cells (CD3+CD4+), IL-2R+CD4+, and IL-2R+ cells as compared with untreated tumour-bearing mice. The intragastric administration of proanthocyanidin (200 mg kg−1 daily) significantly inhibited tumour growth, and increased NK cell cytotoxicity, lymphocyte proliferation, CD4+/CD8+ ratio, IL-2 and INF-γ production. Moreover, proanthocyanidin strongly enhanced the anti-tumour effect of doxorubicin and the above immune responses, and completely eliminated myocardial oxidative stress induced by doxorubicin. In conclusion, intragastric administration of proanthocyanidin could enhance the anti-tumour activity of doxorubicin and ameliorate doxorubicin-induced myocardial oxidative stress and immunosuppression in tumour-bearing mice.
Pharmacological comparison of the vasorelaxant action displayed by kaurenoic acid and pimaradienoic acid
Authors: Tirapelli Carlos R , Ambrosio Sergio R , Coutinho Silvia T , de Oliveira Dionéia C R , da Costa Fernando B , de Oliveira Ana M 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The vascular effects of two natural occurring diterpenes from the kaurane and pimarane classes were compared. The diterpenes ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid (kaurenoic acid; KA) and ent-pimara-8(14), 15-dien-19-oic acid (pimaradienoic acid; PA) were tested for their antispasmodic activity on isolated rat aorta. Vascular reactivity experiments, using standard muscle bath procedures, showed that KA and PA (both at 50 and 100 μm) inhibited phenylephrine and KCl-induced contraction in both endothelium-intact and endothelium-denuded rat aortic rings, with PA being more effective than KA. These compounds also reduced CaCl2-induced contraction in Ca2+-free solution containing KCl (30 mm). Again, PA produced a greater reduction in CaCl2-induced contraction than KA. PA (1–300 μm) and KA (1–450 μm) concentration dependently relaxed endothelium-denuded aortic rings pre-contracted with KCl (maximum relaxation 102.31 ± 6.94% and 82.71 ± 1.40%, respectively). Similarly, the relaxation induced by KA on aortic rings pre-contracted with phenylephrine (73.06 ± 3.68%) was less pronounced than that found for PA (102.21 ± 3.64%). Incubation of endothelium-denuded rings for different periods showed that at 50 μm, KA and PA achieved maximum inhibitory activity on KCl-induced contraction after incubation for 60 (53.48 ± 5.83%) and 30 min (83.89 ± 2.12%), respectively. At 100 μm, KA and PA inhibited KCl-induced contraction, with a maximum after incubation for 30 min (73.58 ± 5.30% and 92.07 ± 1.20%, respectively). The maximum inhibition induced by PA at both concentrations tested was greater than that induced by KA. The results provide evidence that structural differences between diterpenes, independent of the C-19 carboxylic acid site, influence selectivity for voltage-operated Ca2+ channels and rate of equilibrium with the target site for their vasorelaxant action in rat aortic rings.
Treatment of vascular smooth muscle cells with estradiol and beta-adrenergic agonists has an additive effect on cAMP levels, but no additive effect on inhibition of collagen synthesis
Authors: Dimopoulos George J , Langner Ronald O 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Several studies have suggested that increased cell levels of cAMP result in decreased rates of collagen synthesis. Oestrogen treatment of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) has been shown to cause increased levels of cAMP and decreased rates of collagen synthesis. Beta-adrenergic agonists are also known to increase cellular levels of cAMP in VSMCs, although the effect of beta-adrenergic agonists on collagen synthetic rates in VSMCs is unknown. Since beta-agonists and oestrogens are commonly used clinical agents these studies were conducted to determine the potential of these agents to have an additive effect on cell cAMP levels and inhibition of collagen synthetic rates. When VSMCs were treated with both oestrogen and isoproterenol there was an additive effect on cellular cAMP levels although the observed decrease in collagen synthetic rates was the same as observed in cells treated with just oestrogen. Treatment of VSMCs with propranolol inhibited isoproterenol-induced changes in cAMP but had no effect on either oestrogen-induced increases in cAMP levels or inhibition of collagen synthesis. The cellular location of cAMP following beta-adrenergic agonist treatment was different from the distribution of cAMP in control or oestrogen-treated VSMCs. This difference in cellular distribution of cAMP may partially explain the absence of collagen synthesis inhibition following beta-adrenergic agonist treatment of VSMCs.
The effect of chloral hydrate on the in-vitro T3 binding to adult rat cerebral nuclei
Authors: Bolaris Stamatis , Constantinou Caterina , Valcana Theony , Margarity Marigoula 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Chloral hydrate is a widely used hypnotic drug for children and animals but the possible interactions of its sedative action and thyroid hormones has not been investigated. In this study the effect of chloral hydrate on the in-vitro binding of triiodothyronine (T3) to cerebral nuclei of adult rats and on the thyroid hormones' synaptosomal and plasma availability were examined. Our results show that during deep anaesthesia caused by a single intraperitoneal administration of chloral hydrate (100 mg kg−1), the maximal number of nuclear thyroid hormone receptors (Bmax) and the equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) were decreased. These changes returned to normal values when rats woke up (2 1/2 h after chloral hydrate administration). Plasma or synaptosomal levels of thyroid hormones were unaffected during chloral hydrate treatment. Our study demonstrates that the nuclear T3 binding in adult rat brain is affected by the sedative action of chloral hydrate.