bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social interactions during development in the ovoviviparous cockroach Schultesia lampyridiformis
Authors: Biquand Veronique , le Rouzo Thierry , Pierre Jean-Sébastien , van Baaren Joan , Eckstein Elodie , Deleporte Pierre 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
Cockroaches are generally divided into solitary and gregarious species. Schultesia lampyridiformis (Zetoborinae) is a neotropical cockroach presenting unusual characteristics: it inhabits only pendulous nests of colonial Cacicus birds and feeds on broken eggs or bird corpses. This patchy habitat and food resource was expected to favour gregarious habits, which were effectively observed in adults. However, young nymphs dispersed during the first hours following birth. The gregarious life style should thus appear during the course of nymphal development. This study is aimed at specifying the timing of apparition of gregariousness during the development, and identifying the behaviours characterising the solitary and gregarious phases. We compared under experimental conditions social interactions and spatial distribution in pairs of nymphs at different instars (1, 2, 3, 5 and last instar) and in pairs of adult females. The gregarious phase appeared progressively in the last nymphal instars, and was characterized by a simultaneous increase in several behavioural features: length of interaction sequences, proportion of mutual antennal contacts, rate of answer to social stimulations from conspecifics and proportion of time spent close to conspecifics. This behavioural change is discussed regarding its possible function and importance for comparative studies of gregariousness.
Influence of background and prey orientation on an ambushing predator's decisions
Authors: Li Daiqin , Jackson Robert , Lim Matthew 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
Phaeacius, a sit-and-wait jumping spider, is shown to base predatory decisions on simultaneous use of information about whether the background is matching or contrasting, whether or not the prey has good eyesight and whether the prey is oriented face on or facing away. In prey-choice testing in which mounts (dead prey in lifelike posture on a cork) were used, background and prey orientation influenced Phaeacius' behaviour specifically when a salticid came into view, salticids being prey with exceptionally good eyesight. When the prey was a non-salticid spider or an insect, Phaeacius' behaviour did not vary significantly with background or with prey orientation. In prey-reaction experiments, background and orientation influenced prey behaviour when the prey was a salticid, but not when it was a non-salticid spider or an insect. Phaeacius evidently takes special precautions to minimize the risk of being seen by a prey that has exceptional eyesight.
Sex recognition in surface and cave dwelling male Atlantic mollies Poecilia mexicana (Poeciliidae, Teleostei)
Authors: Schlupp Ingo , Plath Martin , Parzefall Jakob , Wiedemann Karsten 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
Animals colonizing lightless subterranean habitats can no longer rely on visual signals to find mating partners. In the present study, we investigated the ability of males to recognize females in two surface and a cave dwelling population of a livebearing fish, Poecilia mexicana. In surface populations males discriminated between sexes with visual plus non-visual cues available and with visual stimuli only. In the cave form the ability to discriminate with solely visual stimuli is lacking. In all three populations, males did not recognize females in darkness (infrared observations), suggesting that sex recognition via far-field communication is lacking in surface and cave dwelling P.mexicana. Different preferences in large and small males to stay near a female or a male stimulus fish probably reflect differences concerning a trade-off between sexual and aggressive behaviour.
Social relationships in a group of horses without a mature stallion
Authors: Sigurjónsdóttir Hrefna , Snorrason Sigurdur , van Dierendonck Machteld , Thórhallsdóttir Anna 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
1. The social relationships in a group of Icelandic horses without a mature stallion were studied. The horses were all familiar to each other. Mutual grooming and play relationships, spatial associations, dominance-subordinate relations and the effect of kinship on these relationships were analysed. 2. The social structure was clearly dominated by the behaviour of the adult mares. The horses preferred to form bonds within their social class (sex/age) and they kept close proximity with their friends. The group was effectively divided into two social subgroups, adult mares as one group and adult geldings and sub-adults as another group. The sub-adults and adult geldings formed associations, which were based on mutual grooming and play, while the adult mares did not play. Differences between the sexes were evident. Males played more than the females, had more playing partners and were more popular as playmates. 3. Aggression rates were low. The dominance hierarchy was linear. Adult mares ranked higher than adult geldings, sub-adults and the foals. Rank was significantly correlated with age. The closer the adult mares were in rank, the more they groomed with each other. Such relationships were not found amongst the other social group. 4. Kinship was calculated between all pairs of animals for up to 4 or 5 generations. Allogrooming and play frequencies and proximity were all positively correlated with kinship. Adult mares, which were close in the dominance hierarchy, were on average more related than those further apart. 5. The social relationships in the Icelandic herd were, to some extent, different from relationships reported from unmanaged and feral horse-herds with mature stallions and bachelors. Our results suggest that adult mares groom more in groups without a stallion. Furthermore, they have more preferred partners than in natural harems and their partners are other adult mares, not their weaned offspring as seems to be the case in feral herds. The sub-adults also seem to be more socially active in the absence of stallions. Interestingly, in the Icelandic group, the adult mares showed stallion like behaviours, like mounting and protecting foals. Only by studying the behaviour and the nature of the relationships of horses in groups of different compositions, can we expect to gain a comprehensive understanding about individual social strategies and cognitive capabilities of the species. Such knowledge is valuable for management and welfare of the horse.
Temporal dynamics and communication of winner-effects in the crayfish, orconectes rusticus
Authors: Daws Alisdair , Huber Robert , Bergman Daniel , McIntyre Jeremy , Moore Paul , Kozlowski Corinne 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
A variety of factors influences the formation of hierarchical structures, and can include an altered aggressive state, an ability to physically dominate, and previous agonistic experience. Using male Orconectes rusticus, we tested the duration of the winner effect by varying the time between a winning encounter and a subsequent encounter by a 20, 40 or 60-minute interval. Varying the time between the two fights significantly altered the probabilities of initiating fight behaviour and of winning a fight. A crayfish with a 20-minute delay between its winning experience and its subsequent fight was significantly less likely to initiate fight behaviour and significantly more likely to win its next fight than was an animal whose next fight was delayed for 40 or 60 minutes. We then investigated whether the dynamics of this winner effect were influenced by perception of odour signals during agonistic interactions by blocking the chemo- and mechanoreceptors on the antennae and antennules to prevent reception of relevant cues communicating social status. Individuals fighting an opponent with this loss of sensory information were significantly more likely to initiate a fight, but then escalated at a slower rate to a higher fight intensity level. In addition, individuals had a decreased chance of winning an agonistic bout against an opponent deprived of sensory input from the antennae and antennules.
Risking Basin Analysis Results
Authors: Lerche I. , Rocha-Legoretta F. 
Published: September 2003

The work presented here uses a basin analysis code, developed for Excel, to handle burial history, fluid flow, fracturing, overpressure development with time, erosion events, kerogen breakdown to oil and gas, hydrocarbon volumetrics for both oil and gas including source retention, migration loss, and area changes with time of source rocks for each formation. The code is remarkably fast, requiring about 0.2 seconds on a laptop to perform all the above calculations for ten formations as well as producing pictorial representations of all variables with space and time. The code seamlessly interfaces with the Monte Carlo risking program Crystal Ball so that a total uncertainty analysis can be done with as many uncertain inputs as required and as many outputs of interest as needed without increasing the computer time needed. A thousand Crystal Ball runs take only about 200 seconds, allowing one to investigate many possible scenarios extremely quickly. We show here with four basic examples how one goes about identifying which parameters in the input (ranging from uncertain data, uncertain thermal history, uncertain permeability, uncertain fracture coefficients for rocks, uncertain geochemistry kinetics, uncertain kerogen amounts and types per formation, through to uncertain volumetric factors) are causing the greatest contributions to uncertainty in any and all outputs. The relative importance, relative contributions and relative sensitivity are examined to show when it is necessary to know more about the underlying distributions of uncertain parameters, when it is necessary to know more about the dynamic range of a parameter to narrow its contribution to the total uncertainty, and which parameters are necessary to first focus on to narrow their uncertainty in order to improve the dynamical, thermal or hydrocarbon outputs. An interface of such a coupled pair of very fast Excel codes with an Excel economics package can also now easily be undertaken so that one ties scientific uncertainty and economic uncertainty together for hydrocarbon exploration and identifies the global parameters dominantly influencing the combined economic/basin analysis system.
Inadequate Standards Currently Applied by Local Authorities to Determine Statutory Nuisance from LF and Infrasound
Authors: Guest Hazel 
Published: September 2003

Knowledge of the latest results in Low Frequency Noise (LFN) and infrasound research are not being transmitted, either to government whose job it is to legislate on standards of noise and vibration, or to local authority officers whose job it is to look into complaints and enforce standards. The dismissal of complaints is frequently based on inappropriate techniques such as the application of A-weighting, a lack of understanding of vibration transmission including building resonance, and a lack of basic understanding about the perception of low frequencies by complainants, for instance the lowering of the lower audibility threshold arising from exposure. This paper asks those involved in research to ensure that their relevant findings are more widely disseminated, along with advice to legislators and local authorities on measurement, information on LF and infrasound resonance in buildings, recommendations for appropriate standards to be used in assessing LF and infrasound as a Statutory Nuisance, and information about the effects of long-term exposure. There is a need for more research in situ into specific effects.
A Study on a Controller to Suppress Periodic Speed Variation
Authors: Kosaka Manabu , Uda Hiroshi , Bamba Eiichi 
Published: September 2003

This paper is concerned with a practical controller to suppress the periodic speed variation of a motor. Speed variation in a pump, a compressor or a wheel of an electric vehicle causes vibration and noise, which shorten the life of the machine. Although repetitive control can suppress the speed variation, there are the following problems: If a reference velocity changes, the period of the speed variation changes and the effect of the suppression is reduced. The tuning parameters are difficult to tune. In the case where a low-resolution angle sensor is used, the output of the controller to suppress the speed variation becomes pulse-shaped and causes harmonic ripples that increase energy consumption. In order to eliminate the harmonic ripples, we propose a controller of which the output is interpolated with a sine wave.
An Appraisal of the Quality of Referral Letters from General Dental Practitioners to a Temporomandibular Disorder Clinic
Authors: O'Donovan Annette E , Ager Paul M , Davies Stephen J , Smith Philip W 
Published: September 2003

Aim To assess the usefulness of referral letters from general dental practitioners (GDPs) to a clinic seeing referrals related to temporomandibular disorders. Design A retrospective analysis of all referral letters received by the TMD clinic at Manchester Dental Hospital over a ten-week period. Methods The new patient referral letters to the TMD clinic were examined against suggested criteria of 16 points of information considered to be useful by clinicians working in the clinic. The letters were then assessed using a quality scale based on the level of useful information given in the letter, and using this scale, classified into groups of ‘very helpful’, ‘some help’ or ‘a little helpful’. Results Out of the 100 letters analysed, the majority (94) proved to be a ‘little helpful’ for the TMD clinician; that is to say, the letter included only 0–4 points (out of 16) regarded as important information for the specialist. The maximum number of points of information contained in a letter was nine. No letters were categorised as ‘very helpful’ for the clinician, and only 6% of the referral letters were considered to provide some help (5–12 points). Conclusions During the period of the study, in general, referral letters to the TMD clinic concerned contained insufficient information. The introduction of a referral pro forma, produced by the TMD clinic, and guidelines might improve the quality of referrals.
Drug Profile of Adult Patients Attending Five General Dental Practices in Merseyside
Authors: Brindley Maria J , Longman Lesley P , Randall Christine , Field E Anne 
Published: September 2003

Objective To evaluate the drug profile of patients attending general dental practice and to assess the significance of this for the provision of dental care. Design and setting Prospective study of adult patients attending five general dental practices in Merseyside. Materials and methods Patients were questioned about prescribed medication. The data were analysed to assess any potential oral side-effects, pertinent drug interactions, or potential complications of dental treatment. Results A total of 1103 patients were recruited; of these, 287 (26%) were taking systemic medication. Conclusion Approximately a quarter of dental patients attending for routine dental care were taking prescribed medication. The majority of these drugs have significant implications for the general dental practitioner.
Evaluation of a Pilot Hands-on Course in Surgical Dentistry for Primary Care Dental Practitioners in Oxfordshire
Authors: John Jeyanthi H , Thomas David , Richards Derek , Juniper Richard , Henderson Stephen 
Published: September 2003

Objectives To evaluate the impact of a course in surgical dentistry on the confidence of 32 general dental practitioners, each of whom attended a one-day hands-on course. Design Questionnaire survey. Setting General dental practitioners attending a course on surgical dentistry, which was run over a day, for eight participants per day. Results The course was rated highly by participants. The hands-on component was particularly well received. Confidence scores increased for several surgical procedures, particularly for removal of impacted teeth and for apicectomies of single-rooted teeth. There were concomitant decreases in the proportion of participants who said that they would refer patients requiring these surgical procedures. Confidence scores remained low for complex procedures such as molar apicetomies. However, it would be appropriate to refer these cases for specialist care. Conclusions The results of this pilot study indicated that a course in surgical dentistry was successful in increasing the confidence of a small group of general dental practitioners. More research is needed to determine whether this is the most effective way of helping practitioners maintain and improve skills and confidence in surgical dentistry.
Ab Initio Determination of Edge Surface Structures for Dioctahedral 2:1 Phyllosilicates: Implications for Acid-Base Reactivity
Authors: Bickmore Barry R. , Rosso Kevin M. , Nagy Kathryn L. , Cygan Randall T. , Tadanier Christopher J. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe atomic structure of dioctahedral 2:1 phyllosilicate edge surfaces was calculated using pseudopotential planewave density functional theory. Bulk structures of pyrophyllite and ferripyrophyllite were optimized using periodic boundary conditions, after which crystal chemical methods were used to obtain initial terminations for ideal (110)- and (010)-type edge surfaces. The edge surfaces were protonated using various schemes to neutralize the surface charge, and total minimized energies were compared to identify which schemes are the most energetically favorable. The calculations show that significant surface relaxation should occur on the (110)-type faces, as well as in response to different protonation schemes on both surface types. This result is consistent with atomic force microscopy observations of phyllosilicate dissolution behavior. Bond-valence methods incorporating bond lengths from calculated structures can be used to predict intrinsic acidity constants for surface functional groups on (110)- and (010)-type edge surfaces. However, the occurrence of surface relaxation poses problems for applying current bond-valence methods. An alternative method is proposed that considers bond relaxation, and accounts for the energetics of various protonation schemes on phyllosilicate edges.
Monte Carlo and Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Uranyl Adsorption on Montmorillonite Clay
Authors: Zaidan Omar F. , Greathouse Jeffery A. , Pabalan Roberto T. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractWe performed Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the interlayer structure of a uranyl-substituted smectite clay. Our clay model is a dioctahedral montmorillonite with negative charge sites in the octahedral sheet only. We simulated a wide range of interlayer water content (0 mg H2O/g clay — 260 mg H2O/g clay), but we were particularly interested in the two-layer hydrate that has been the focus of recent X-ray absorption experiments. Our simulation results for the two-layer hydrate of uranyl-montmorillonite yield a water content of 160 mg H2O/g clay and a layer spacing of 14.66 Å. Except at extremely low water content, uranyl cations are oriented nearly parallel to the surface normal in an outer-sphere complex. The first coordination shell consists of five water molecules with an average U-O distance of 2.45 Å, in good agreement with experimental data. At low water content, the cations can assume a perpendicular orientation to include surface oxygen atoms in the first coordination shell. Our molecular dynamics results show that UO2(H2O)52+ complexes translate within the clay pore through a jump diffusion process, and that first-shell water molecules are exchangeable and interchangeable.
Characterization of Microbially Fe(III)-Reduced Nontronite: Environmental Cell-Transmission Electron Microscopy Study
Authors: Kim Jin-wook , Furukawa Yoko , Daulton Tyrone L. , Lavoie Dawn , Newell Steven W. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractMicrostructural changes induced by the microbial reduction of Fe(III) in nontronite by Shewanella oneidensis were studied using environmental cell (EC)-transmission electron microscopy (TEM), conventional TEM, and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). Direct observations of clays by EC-TEM in their hydrated state allowed for the first time an accurate and unambiguous TEM measurement of basal layer spacings and the contraction of layer spacing caused by microbial effects, most likely those of Fe(III) reduction. Non-reduced and Fe(III)-reduced nontronite, observed by EC-TEM, exhibited fringes with mean d001 spacings of 1.50 nm (standard deviation, σ = 0.08 nm) and 1.26 nm (σ = 0.10 nm), respectively. In comparison, the same samples embedded with Nanoplast resin, sectioned by microtome, and observed using conventional TEM, displayed layer spacings of 1.0–1.1 nm (non-reduced) and 1.0 nm (reduced). The results from Nanoplast-embedded samples are typical of conventional TEM studies, which have measured nearly identical layer spacings regardless of Fe oxidation state. Following Fe(III) reduction, both EC- and conventional TEM showed an increase in the order of nontronite selected area electron diffraction patterns while the images exhibited fewer wavy fringes and fewer layer terminations. An increase in stacking order in reduced nontronite was also suggested by XRD measurements. In particular, the ratio of the valley to peak intensity (v/p) of the 1.7 nm basal 001 peak of ethylene glycolated nontronite was measured at 0.65 (non-reduced) and 0.85 (microbially reduced).
Maghemite Formation in Burnt Plant Litter at East Trinity, North Queensland, Australia
Authors: Grogan Kirsty L. , Gilkes Robert J. , Lottermoser Bernd G. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractEvidence for the formation of maghemite from goethite due to a bushfire on acid sulfate soil at East Trinity, Australia, is presented. Oxidation of pyrite-bearing acid sulfate soils led to precipitation of goethite-impregnated leaf litter. During a major bushfire, goethite with a crystal size calculated from broadening of the 110 reflection of ∼9 nm was converted to microcrystalline maghemite (size 12 nm, 220 reflection) and hematite (17 nm, 104 reflection) in a matrix of partly combusted plant litter. Replication of this natural formation of maghemite from goethite was achieved in the laboratory by burning goethite-impregnated leaf litter.
Cd-Substituted Goethites — A Structural Investigation by Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction
Authors: Huynh Trang , Tong Andrew R. , Singh Balwant , Kennedy Brendan J. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe structural and physical effects of partially substituting Cd for Fe in goethite have been investigated. The solubility of Cd2+ in goethite is ∼10 mol.%, i.e. Fe0.905Cd0.095OOH. The structures of the substituted goethites have been refined, using the Rietveld method, from synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data. There is a progressive increase in the size of the unit-cell parameters and unit-cell volume, upon the incorporation of much larger Cd2+ ion (0.95 Å) compared with Fe3+ (0.645 Å) in the goethite structure, together with a reduction in crystallinity. Transmission electron microscopy measurements confirm the crystallite size decreases as the Cd2+ content increases in goethite structure.