bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Persistent B Cell–Derived MHC Class II Signaling Is Required for the Optimal Maintenance of Tissue-Resident Helper T Cells
Authors: Son Young Min , Cheon In Su , Li Chaofan , Sun Jie 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Emerging studies have identified the critical roles of tissue-resident memory CD8+ T (TRM) and B (BRM) cells in the protection against mucosal viral infections, but the underlying mechanisms regulating robust development of TRM and BRM cells remain incompletely understood. We have recently shown that tissue-resident helper CD4+ T (TRH) cells, developed following influenza virus infection, function to sustain the optimal maintenance of TRM and BRM cells at the mucosal surface. In this study, we have explored the cellular and molecular cues modulating lung TRH persistence after influenza infection in C57BL/6 mice. We found that TRH cells were colocalized in tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) with local B cells. Abolishing TLSs or the depletion of B cells impaired lung TRH cell numbers. Of note, we found that persistent TCR signaling is needed for the maintenance of TRH cells after the clearance of infectious influenza virus. Furthermore, selective ablation of B cell–derived MHC class II resulted in partial reduction of lung TRH cell number after influenza infection. Our findings suggest that the interaction between lung-resident TRH cells and B cells, along with persistent Ag stimulation, is required to maintain TRH cells after respiratory viral infection.
GSK3α/β Restrain IFN-γ–Inducible Costimulatory Molecule Expression in Alveolar Macrophages, Limiting CD4+ T Cell Activation
Authors: Ankley Laurisa M , Conner Kayla N , Vielma Taryn E , Godfrey Jared J , Thapa Mahima , Olive Andrew J 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Macrophages play a crucial role in eliminating respiratory pathogens. Both pulmonary resident alveolar macrophages (AMs) and recruited macrophages contribute to detecting, responding to, and resolving infections in the lungs. Despite their distinct functions, it remains unclear how these macrophage subsets regulate their responses to infection, including how activation by the cytokine IFN-γ is regulated. This shortcoming prevents the development of therapeutics that effectively target distinct lung macrophage populations without exacerbating inflammation. We aimed to better understand the transcriptional regulation of resting and IFN-γ–activated cells using a new ex vivo model of AMs from mice, fetal liver–derived alveolar-like macrophages (FLAMs), and immortalized bone marrow-derived macrophages. Our findings reveal that IFN-γ robustly activates both macrophage types; however, the profile of activated IFN-γ–stimulated genes varies greatly between these cell types. Notably, FLAMs show limited expression of costimulatory markers essential for T cell activation upon stimulation with only IFN-γ. To understand cell type–specific differences, we examined how the inhibition of the regulatory kinases GSK3α/β alters the IFN-γ response. GSK3α/β controlled distinct IFN-γ responses, and in AM-like cells, we found that GSK3α/β restrained the induction of type I IFN and TNF, thus preventing the robust expression of costimulatory molecules and limiting CD4+ T cell activation. Together, these data suggest that the capacity of AMs to respond to IFN-γ is restricted in a GSK3α/β-dependent manner and that IFN-γ responses differ across distinct macrophage populations. These findings lay the groundwork to identify new therapeutic targets that activate protective pulmonary responses without driving deleterious inflammation.
Low Percentage of Perforin-Expressing NK Cells during Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Consumption Rather than Primary Deficiency
Authors: Kundura Lucy , Cezar Renaud , Ballongue Emma , André Sonia , Michel Moïse , Mettling Clément , Lozano Claire , Vincent Thierry , Muller Laurent , Lefrant Jean-Yves , Roger Claire , Claret Pierre-Géraud , Duvnjak Sandra , Loubet Paul , Sotto Albert , Tran Tu-Anh , Estaquier Jérôme , Corbeau Pierre 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Genetic defects in the ability to deliver effective perforin have been reported in patients with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. We tested the hypothesis that a primary perforin deficiency might also be causal in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. We recruited 54 volunteers confirmed as being SARS-CoV-2–infected by RT-PCR and admitted to intensive care units or non–intensive care units and age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Compared with healthy controls, the percentage of perforin-expressing CD3−CD56+ NK cells quantified by flow cytometry was low in COVID-19 patients (69.9 ± 17.7 versus 78.6 ± 14.6%, p = 0.026). There was no correlation between the proportions of perforin-positive NK cells and T8 lymphocytes. Moreover, the frequency of NK cells producing perforin was neither linked to disease severity nor predictive of death. Although IL-6 is known to downregulate perforin production in NK cells, we did not find any link between perforin expression and IL-6 plasma level. However, we unveiled a negative correlation between the degranulation marker CD107a and perforin expression in NK cells (r = −0.488, p = 10−4). PRF1 gene expression and the frequency of NK cells harboring perforin were normal in patients 1 y after acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. A primary perforin defect does not seem to be a driver of COVID-19 because NK perforin expression is 1) linked neither to T8 perforin expression nor to disease severity, 2) inversely correlated with NK degranulation, and 3) normalized at distance from acute infection. Thus, the cause of low frequency of perforin-positive NK cells appears, rather, to be consumption.
Analisis Penyelesaian Permasalahan Hukum Terkait Tindak Pidana Pengalihan Objek Jaminan Fidusia Kepada Pihak Ketiga
Authors: Pratama Adi , Soetoto Erwin Owan Hermansyah , Atmoko Dwi 
Published: February 2024

Penelitian ini penting dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui tentang analisis penyelesaian permasalahan hukum terkait tindak pidana pengalihan objek jaminan fidusia kepada pihak ketiga. Undang-Undang Nomor 42 Tahun 1999 tentang Jaminan Fidusia (selanjutnya disingkat UUJF) merupakan produk hukum yang dijadikan ketentuan hukum yang menjamin kepastian hukum serta mampu memberikan perlindungan hukum bagi para pihak yang berkepentingan. Disamping maraknya kasus penyalahgunaan hak yang banyak terjadi dalam masyarakat terutama dalam segi perjanjian jaminan fidusia, seperti kasus pengalihan objek jaminan fidusia yang dilakukan oleh debitor selaku pemberi fidusia tanpa persetujuan kreditor selaku penerima fidusia, hal ini terbukti telah melenceng dari ketentuan pasal 23 ayat (2) UUJF yaitu “Pemberi Fidusia dilarang mengalihkan, menggadaikan, atau menyewakan kapada pihak lain Benda yang menjadi objek Jaminan Fidusia yang tidak merupakan benda persediaan, kecuali dengan persetujuan tertulis terlebih dahulu dari Penerima Fidusia”. Dengan menggunakan jenis penelitian kualitatif didukung dengan metode normatif empiris Hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa penyelesaian hukum terkait tindak pidana pengalihan objek jaminan fidusia tanpa persetujuan kreditor dapat diselesaikan baik melalui hukum perdata maupun hukum pidana, namun dalam ketentuannya debitor telah melanggar Pasal 23 ayat (2) maka dapat ditempuh jalur hukum sesuai dengan ketentuan pada Pasal 36 UUJF dan Pasal 372 KUHP. Serta perlindungan hukum dalam perjanjian fidusia muncul terhadap perjanjian yang telah didaftarkan dan memiliki akta jaminan fidusia, dan perlindungan hukum terhadap kreditor di dalam UUJF belum diatur secara signifikan terkait apa saja jenis perlindungannya, namun demikian di dalam UUJF telah terdapat pasal-pasal yang menegaskan terkait larangan-larangan yang wajib ditaati oleh debitor sehingga hal ini dapat memberikan jaminan kepada kreditor untuk memperoleh perlindungan hukum.
Hubungan Tingkat Pengetahuan, Personal Hygiene, Dan Status Gizi dengan Kejadian Skabies Pada Anak Remaja di Panti Asuhan Nurul Jannah NW Ampenan dan Panti Asuhan Dharma Laksana
Authors: Hindu Dharmawan I Gede Kevin , Mirah Wulandari Made Ayu , Rozikin Rozikin , Aisyah Icha 
Published: February 2024

Skabies sering terjadi pada sekelompok orang yang tinggal bersama pada lingkungan dengan sanitasi buruk, terutama di daerah kumuh, pada kaum marginal seperti penghuni panti asuhan, penghuni penjara dan penghuni pondok pesantren. Penyakit ini paling tinggi terjadi di negara-negara tropis yang merupakan negara endemik penyakit Skabies. Apabila penyakit skabies ini tidak segera ditangani dengan baik, maka penyakit skabies akan mengakibatkan komplikasi berupa Impetigo dengan lesi (eritema, furunkulosis atau selulitis), Insomnia, dan infeksi sekunder (pioderma). Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah analitik observasional dengan menggunakan rancangan penelitian cross sectional study. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan purposive sampling. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Panti Asuhan Nurul Jannah Nw dan Panti Asuhan Dharma Laksana, Kota Mataram. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan uji chi-square. Batas nilai signifikansi adalah p-value <0,05. Hasil penelitian ini karakteristik responden sebagian besar didominasi oleh anak remaja usia 13-14 tahun, jenis kelamin laki-laki dan pendidikan SMP. Pada analisis bivariat didapatkan hasil masing-masing variabel (p-value <0,05) dengan nilai hubungan tingkat pengetahuan dengan skabies (0,0001), hubungan personal hygiene dengan skabies (0,0001), hubungan status gizi dengan skabies (0,0001), Untuk hasil analisis uji korelasi personal hygiene dengan skabies menggunakan Rank Spearman didapatkan kekuatan korelasi yang kuat, dengan nilai 0,590. Sedangkan untuk hasil analisis uji korelasi status gizi dengan skabies menggunakan Rank Spearman didapatkan kekuatan korelasi yang cukup, dengan nilai 0,508. Berdasarkan hasil uji statistik yang dilakukan, terdapat hubungan antara tingkat pengetahuan, personal hygiene, dan status gizi terhadap skabies pada Anak Remaja di Panti Asuhan Nurul Jannah Nw Ampenan dan Panti Asuhan Dharma Laksana
PENENTUAN KLASIFIKASI DIAMTER PORI BATUAN DENGAN UJI SAMPEL BATUAN INTI (CORE) SKALA LABORATORIUM
Authors: Rahman Arief 
Published: February 2024

Porositas, permeabilitas, saturation, merupakan sifat fisik penting yang dimiliki suatu batuan reservoir migas. Sifat fisik batuan tersebut dipengaruhi oleh ukuran diamter pori batuan. Klasifikasi ukuran diameter pori batuan dilakukan dalam lingkup analisis tekanan kapiler yang dilakukan dalam lingkup SCAL (Special Core Analysis). Metode untuk menentukan tekanan kapiler ini yaitu MICP (Mercury Intrusion Capillary Pressure) dengan alat Autopore iv 9500. Beberapa tahapan penelitian ini diantaranya pengumpulan data, yaitu: porositas, permeabilitas, Pd (Displacement Pressure), hasil analisis kurva imbibisi dan drainage, kemudian analisis data untuk menentukan klasifikasi pori. Bahan yang digunakan yaitu dua sampel core (Sampel-1 dan Sampel-2). Dari hasil Core Analysis dengan alat Automated Porosimeter-Permeameter, nilai porositas Sampel-1 yaitu 26%, porositas Sampel-2 yaitu 31,98% yang mana berbanding terbalik dengan nilai permeabilitasnya. Permeabilitas Sampel-1 yaitu 705 mD permeabilitas Sampel-2 yaitu 40,36 mD. Nilai Swc Sampel-1 yaitu 8,49%, dengan nilai Pd yaitu7,4607 psi. Pada sampel-2 nilai Swc yaitu 9,58%, dengan nilai Pd yaitu 988,0975 psi. Kurva drainase Sampel-1 pada zona transisi lebih mendatar / landai dibanding Sampel-2. Hasil kesimpulan yang didapat yaitu Klasifikasi ukuran diameter pori batuan pada Sampel-1 adalah Macro Pori dan pada Sampel-2 adalah Micro pori. Besarnya kecilnya ukuran pori berbanding lurus dengan permeabilitasnya
Démocratiser la théologie
Authors: Scholl Sarah 
Published: February 2024

Cet article, qui se veut exploratoire et programmatique, cherche à mesurer l’implication du protestantisme dans la révolution culturelle des années 1960. La naissance du Séminaire de culture théologique de Lausanne, en 1962, fournit un cas d’école. L’étude du contexte et surtout des sources (revues, cahiers, journaux) qui sont alors produites dans les milieux protestants de Suisse romande montre une effervescence théologique particulière. Celle-ci travaille, au lendemain de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, à repenser l’implication du christianisme dans la société. Un projet qui se concrétise dans le souci de démocratiser la théologie et de décléricaliser le protestantisme en créant différents lieux de formation d’adultes. Les Églises protestantes ont ainsi désamorcé elles-mêmes leur propre système d’autorité, ouvrant la porte à la génération Mai 68.
Peningkatan Pengetahuan tentang CTPS dan Makanan Seimbang Menggunakan Audio Visual
Authors: Ratnawati Riska , Putri Novita Dwi Rahma , Firani Irma Mulatul , Damayanti Difa Meysa , Rahmawati Ayu Dwi 
Published: February 2024

Penerapan CTPS dan konsep pola makan seimbang merupakan salah satu cara sederhana yang memberikan dampak signifikan terhadap kesehatan tubuh. Aktif mempraktikan cuci tangan dengan sabun, air bersih yang mengalir dan pemenuhan kembali nutrisi tubuh dengan konsep "Isi Piringku" sangat diperlukan untuk mencegah tubuh dari infeksi penyakit. Kegiatan edukasi kesehatan ini bertujuan untuk memberikan informasi kepada siswa SDN Giripurno tentang CTPS dan konsep pola makan seimbang yang kemudian dapat menjadi kebiasaan baik karena dipraktikkan dan dilakukan sejak dini. Metode yang digunakan dalam kegiatan ini adalah ceramah, pemutaran video dan praktik CTPS menggunakan air mengalir. Kegiatan dilakukan di SDN Giripurno yang terdiri dari kelas 1 dan 2 berjumlah 22 Anak. Hasil dari kegiatan penyuluhan kesehatan ini adalah anak-anak mampu melakukan praktik CTPS dan mendapatkan pengetahuan mengenai makanan seimbang agar dapat mengurangi angka penularan penyakit dan mencegah masalah kesehatan seperti gizi buruk dan Stunting. Dari kegiatan ini dapat di simpulkan bahwa menuwujudkan hidup bersih sehat sejak dini dapat dilakukan dengan CTPS dan Konsep makanan seimbang.
Determination of Optimal Plant Density of Adapted Maize Varieties in the Low and Mid-altitude Ecologies of Tanzania
Authors: Kiyyo Jacob 
Published: February 2024

Purpose: The objective of this study is to validate the commonly recommended plant density in the target zone to maximize maize production and productivity. The commonly recommended plant density is 44,444 plants/ha for decades. However, there is no recent study done to validate this practice if it optimizes productivity under current climate and soil fertility variability. A blanket recommendation has been used for decades without validation for optimum productivity that farmer can realize.
Methodology: The factorial experiment was used with the total of 18 treatment combinations in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications according to Gomez, A and Gomez, K (1983). The open pollinated varieties (OPV) commonly grown by small scale farmers were planted in three different plant densities of 44,444, 53,333 and 66,666 plants per hector with inter and intra row spacings of 0.75mx0.3m, 0.75mx0.25m and 0.75mx0.2m respectively. Field management was done as usual following the recommended agronomic practices.
Findings: Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was done using GENSTAT (9th edition) statistical programme software and presented in a tabular form. The results indicated no significant difference in all parameters analysed except for 50% anthesis days (AD) and 50% Silking days (SD) both at 0.1% levels. The overall site mean for grain yield was found to be 6.43t/ha, 7.31t/ha and 6.11t/ha for the plant density of 44,444plants/ha, 53,333plants/ha and 66,666plants/ha respectively. Therefore, based on these findings the optimum plant density was found to be 53,333/ha unlike the commonly used plant density of 44,444 plants/ha.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: This study contributes to existing experience and practice commonly recommended by extension officers in many parts of the country without performing a site-specific study to determine the optimum spacing for particular environment. This, study also open up an avenue for further research to validate various research technologies. Plant population, in addition to plant height, maturity class, and row spacings, affects the geometry of plant spacing and leaf distribution. All these factors may affect light and CO2 penetration in the canopy, as well as water use rate (Tharp, B and Kells, J, 2001)
A Neuroscientific Approach to Childhood Poverty
Authors: Lotun Anya , Gudel Richard 
Published: February 2024

Socioeconomic status (SES) affects brain development. As the brain is one of the most important parts of the body, it is crucial to investigate factors that can influence its function and how those changes carry on to different aspects of life. The impact of SES on brain function is broad, and it ranges from affecting emotional responses to life achievements in adulthood. The negative results of SES start in early childhood and continue onto adult life, causing many issues along the way. This review highlights the studies that have already examined SES. Many studies have already examined SES and its influence on cognitive function and in this work, different research will also be presented on each aspect of the brain region. Knowing the long-term consequences of lower SES, scientists have theorized using biomarkers to prevent and/or resolve these detriments. This report highlights the need for further research into intervention. These biomarkers will identify the people that are affected the most by low SES and certain actions can then be taken to alleviate the issues. Using the data from biomarkers, new policy can be proposed to counter the issues of SES and bring about positive results. By understanding the negative effects of SES, awareness is brought to the need for mediation of these impacts.
Keywords: socioeconomic status, cognitive function, biomarkers
The Foreign Language Effect on Physician Decision Making
Authors: Undseth Lauren , LaLiberty Maren , Ray Mindy 
Published: February 2024

Nearly 30% of all physicians in the US are immigrants from another country. Because of this, along with the globalization of societies today, physicians often come across decisions they have to make in their non-native language. The Foreign Language Effect (FLE) is the effect of the context of language on the decision-making process. Specifically, moral judgment may be affected depending on the language in which a medical-ethical dilemma is presented. This study examined whether the FLE was observed in native Japanese and French speakers when confronted with two medical ethical questions. Participants were given the questionnaire in a randomized order in either their L1 or L2, which was English. A FLE was observed with Japanese physicians, as there was a difference in responses to the ethical questions ( p-value= 0.001); whereas with French physicians, no FLE was found (p-value= 0.23). It is possible that the use of a logographic language(Japanese) versus a non-logographic language(French) is what creates the FLE in physician decision-making. In general, the use of a logographic language compared to a non-logographic language in a clinical setting may lead to an adverse effect on the moral decision-making process.
The Road to Invasion: Analyzing the Forces Behind Iraq’s Invasion of Kuwait
Authors: Patil Surya 
Published: February 2024

Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait was largely prompted by Saddam Hussein and the Baathist party’s long-standing claim over Kuwait combined with Iraq’s desperate need for wealth to rectify the country's economic crisis after the Iran-Iraq war. Additionally, the invasion can be seen as Hussein’s hubristic, direct attempt to establish Iraq as the hegemon of the Arab world in a new post-Cold War era. The disputes leading up to the invasion highlight how Iraq’s deep-rooted territorial claims and the Kuwaiti government’s refusal to surrender control of disputed territories, led to increasing tensions and hostilities between the two countries. Kuwait’s refusal to surrender to Saddam Hussein’s economic demands surrounding Iraq’s debt to Kuwait and oil exports, angered Hussein leading him to take drastic measures to repair the Iraqi economy. Invading Kuwait offered a direct solution to Iraq's economic crisis and the brewing prominent, domestic resentment at the mismanagement of the distribution of Iraqi finances. Hussein’s overconfidence in Iraq’s military capabilities and naivete led him to develop a warped perception of the U.S. resolve to defend Kuwait. His past failures made him desperate, leading him to take the considerable risk of invading Kuwait. The decision to invade Kuwait was influenced by many factors. Saddam Hussein’s misjudgements led to a humiliating loss which worsened the economic climate in Iraq. International sanctions severely limited Iraq's trade, making it more difficult to rebuild the extensive infrastructure destroyed by the invasion. Ultimately, the invasion contributed to political instability in Iraq which lay the groundwork for the Iraq war.
How Environmental Toxicants Affect Cognitive Development of Children Aged 5-12 Years Old
Authors: Kim Leyun , Gattas Sylvia 
Published: February 2024

Children’s cognitive development is increasingly put at risk due to ubiquitous environmental toxicants, threatening their physiological and cognitive health. Moreover, such environmental toxicants have further reached food and water resources, causing developmental delays which are profoundly unavoidable.
This literature review studies how environmental toxicants might negatively affect the cognitive development of children aged 5-12 years old. The purpose of this paper is to spread awareness of the dangers that children are facing due to the increasing level of environmental toxicants. Throughout the paper, negative associations were found between most of the environmental toxicants and developmental cognitive test scores. Furthermore, the paper highlights the environmental injustices that create disparities in children’s cognitive health.
First, the main concepts and the methodology used in the paper is defined. Then the outcomes of environmental toxicants on children’s cognitive ability are described and the four main toxics examined are air pollutants, arsenic, fluoride, and lead. Of those four toxins, 3 were associated with lower cognitive scores in children. Moreover, errors and limitations of the paper are identified and recommendations for future studies are included.
Abnormalities In Autistic Brains and Behavioral Consequences
Authors: Afsahi Bahar 
Published: February 2024

Autism is a neurological disorder known to manifest in certain classical behaviors. These behaviors include difficulty with social interaction, repetitive behaviors, communication difficulties, sensory issues and obsessive interests. Human behaviors are not only determined by the interactions within certain sections of the brain; rather, they are a result of complex interactions of neurons and chemical changes throughout the brain. This combinatory quality of the brain makes it difficult to pinpoint the exact areas that cause autistic behaviors. This paper reviews recently published studies on genetics, neuropsychology, brain imaging, and pathology of the autistic brain, in order to summarize the state of the literature on the specific differences in autistic brains. There is scientific consensus that the amygdala, frontal and temporal lobes, cerebellum, prefrontal cortex, synaptic plasticity and cortical organization have significant abnormalities in the autistic brain. These differences contribute to the manifestation of the classical symptoms of autism. Further research should focus on treatment and provision of new therapies for autistic individuals.
Keywords: autism, neuroscience, cognition, cortical organization