bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sacramenta Epistularia: Letters as Sacraments
Authors: Conybeare Catherine 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates the ‘public’ nature of private letters, as revealed both through internal allusions and through content. The issue of audience bears also on Paulinus’ choice to write prose, not metrical, letters. He and other Christian writers of the period appear to be forging a new role for their letters: the letters – themselves, and as historical events – become a sign of spiritual dedication, and take on a sacramental function.
Plurinational Democracy
Authors: Keating Michael 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Nationality claims are often seen as zero‐sum politics involving incompatible conceptions of the polity. Nationalism and self‐determination are seen as equivalent to separatism. Rethinking the concepts of nationality, self‐determination, and sovereignty and placing them in a historic context allows us to treat them as more tractable and as a form of politics. This is done through a study of the UK, Spain, Belgium, and Canada. Traditions of shared sovereignty are rediscovered. Analysis of the demands of minority nationalisms shows that these do not always entail separate statehood. Public opinion is more open than often assumed. Asymmetrical constitutional arrangements provide a means of accommodating plural national claims. The emerging European polity is a model for a post‐sovereign order in which legal pluralism and constitutional diversity can accommodate multiple nationality claims.
Plurinational Democracy
Authors: Keating Michael 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe chapters have demonstrated an emerging conception of plurinational states embedded in supranational and international systems, which could serve to manage the nationalities question. This is an inchoate order and does not provide a blueprint for solving nationality questions. It depends on the will to resolve issues through political mechanisms. This must therefore be seen as a form of politics rather than a prescription to be applied to situations of national conflict where politics has broken down.
Economic Changes, Vulnerabilities, and Institutional Capabilities
Authors: Scharpf Fritz W. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe chapter examines the common pressures on employment and the welfare state that originated from changes in the international economic environment after the early 1970s, and it relates these to national economic conditions and policy legacies in order to identify differences of vulnerability and varying demands on the institutional capacity for policy adjustment. In the earlier period until the mid‐1980s, these challenges were of a macro‐economic nature, and the effectiveness of national policy responses depended primarily on institutional capabilities for effective coordination between wage policy and monetary policy. After the mid‐1980s, the dominant challenges arose from the global integration of capital markets and the increasing intensity of international competition in product markets. Now the greater or lesser vulnerability of countries was primarily determined by the structure of their welfare states – in particular by the dependence on particular sources of finance and by their effects on service employment in the sheltered sectors. What mattered was the institutional and political capacity to adopt and implement unpopular changes in the policy legacies of the welfare state.
Sequences of Policy Failures and Effective Policy Responses
Authors: Hemerijck Anton , Schludi Martin 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The chapter examines the dynamics of policy responses and their ultimate effectiveness. It identifies typical sequences of policy failures, caused by the misfit between new problems and existing policy legacies, which may generate processes of policy learning that ultimately produce effective solutions; but it also points to instances in which policy learning is blocked by conflicts of interest or by divergent cognitive orientations in multi‐actor institutional settings. Of equal importance are sequences of lateral spillovers, where the solutions to problems in one policy area generate new problems that subsequently must be dealt with in adjacent policy areas. In the 1970s and 1980s, these spillovers were most important in countries where the rise of open unemployment was mitigated by resort to early retirement and disability pensions. In analysing these sequences of policy failure, learning, and problem displacement, the chapter also compares and assesses the greater or lesser effectiveness of the policy responses actually adopted and identifies successful countries that were able to adjust to the challenges of the open economy without abandoning their welfare‐state goals.
Adjusting Badly the German Welfare State, Structural Change, and the Open Economy
Authors: Manow Philip , Seils Eric 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Germany was comparatively successful in weathering the macroeconomic crises of the 1970s and early 1980s, and its industrial sector remained highly competitive throughout. Nevertheless, unemployment has been high and is still rising. The impact of unification is only a part of the explanation. Instead, the very formula for Germany's past success is also the key to its current problems. Cooperative labour relations, on which German international competitiveness depends, were maintained by using the welfare state's generous exit options from the labour market for older and less productive workers. Given the prevailing mode of financing the “Bismarckian” welfare state, however, the resulting rise of social security contributions added to the costs of labour throughout the economy. As the government relied on the same solution in coping with the massive employment losses in East Germany after unification, non‐wage labour costs have risen to a level that can be sustained only by highly productive types of work. This constrains the growth of private services that have compensated industrial job losses in other countries.
A Fine Balance Women's Labor Market Participation in International Comparison
Authors: Daly Mary 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
One of the central causes of change in the welfare state has been the changing economic role and employment behaviour of women, especially of married women. Factors related to gender are the key to explaining labour‐market variation among developed countries. In explaining how women's presence has transformed labour markets in 23 OECD countries, the chapter draws on a wide range of possible factors, including policy packages, historical trends, and cultural norms about the family and women's roles. The analysis is based on a three‐fold model that includes supply, demand, and country‐specific contextual factors.
After Liberalization Public Interest Services and Employment in the Utilities
Authors: Héritier Adrienne , Schmidt Susanne K. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe liberalization and/or privatization of formerly highly protected, monopolistic, public utilities, and infrastructural services has added to the challenges of welfare‐state adjustment. The move to market competition is affecting these industries’ historical role not only as providers of public service goods but also as important national employers. The chapter provides an initial account of the consequences of liberalization and privatization for the quality, cost, and availability of utilities and infrastructural services and for employment. A comparison of the telecommunications and railways reforms of France, Germany, and Britain identifies different mechanisms to ensure that public service goals continued to be met and assesses the performance of the different regimes. In addition, the chapter compares the employment effects of liberalization in the telecommunications, posts, railways, and energy sectors of a wider range of countries.
The New Debate Over Minority Rights
Authors: Kymlicka Will 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe ongoing philosophical debate over minority rights has three distinct stages. The first stage views minority rights as a communitarian defence against the encroachment of liberalism. The second stage revolves around the question: what is the possible scope for minority rights within liberal theory? The third stage views minority rights as a response to majority nation-building, rather than a deviation from ethnocultural neutrality.
Liberal Culturalism: An Emerging Consensus?
Authors: Kymlicka Will 
Published: October 2003

AbstractLiberal culturalism has come to the forefront of debates on multiculturalism and minority rights. Liberal culturalists believe that liberal democratic states should not only uphold the civil and political rights of citizenship, but also adopt group-specific rights or policies that recognize and accommodate the distinctive identities and needs of ethnocultural groups. They support policies which allow members of ethnic and national groups to express and promote their cultural and identity, but reject policies that impose a duty on people to do so.
Human Rights and Ethnocultural Justice
Authors: Kymlicka Will 
Published: October 2003

AbstractExisting conceptions of human rights fail to address serious issues of ethnocultural justice. The reasons why human rights are insufficient for ethnocultural justice, and the possibility of greater consensus on the transnational application of human rights are discussed. Three areas where individual rights fail to adequately protect the interests of national minorities are: decisions on internal migration/settlement policies, decisions on the boundaries and powers of internal political subunits, and decisions on official languages.
The Theory and Practice of Immigrant Multiculturalism
Authors: Kymlicka Will 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe policies of Western democracies on immigrants have changed in the last 30 years from ‘assimilation’ to ‘multiculturalism.’ It is argued that most of these policies are justified in principle, and successful in practice. Multiculturalism is limited by the larger contexts of common public institutions and basic liberal-democratic principles. These limits form a coherent and defensible conception of immigrant integration.
Misunderstanding Nationalism
Authors: Kymlicka Will 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter focuses on recent literature on nationalism. It reviews the books ‘Blood and Belonging’ by Michael Ignatieff and ‘The Wrath of Nations’ by William Pfaff. It argues that both overlook the cultural component of civic nationalism. Liah Greenfield’s book is recommended for an understanding of the historical origins of nationalism, and Yael Tamir’s book for insights on why national identity matters to people.
The Paradox of Liberal Nationalism
Authors: Kymlicka Will 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the paradox in the Quebec-Canada relationship. Quebec nationalists have become increasingly preoccupied with maintaining their provincial jurisdiction despite the fact that they share the same basic values as other Canadians. The vast majority of Canadians have no desire to ‘get’ or insult Quebecers. This paradox is explored by the essays in Carens’ book, which are described in detail.
Minority Nationalism and Immigrant Integration
Authors: Kymlicka Will 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter explores the potential conflict between minority nationalism and immigration. Many minority nationalists welcome immigrants, and allow them to maintain and express their ethnic identity. However, the chances of a national minority adopting such a ‘civic’ or ‘post-ethnic’ model of nationalism will require policies that will give them some control over the process of immigrant integration, and establish or protect the pre-eminence of their language on its historic territory. This creates a potential dilemma, since these liguistic and educational policies may be illiberal.
Education for Citizenship
Authors: Kymlicka Will 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter explores issues on citizenship education. It shows how liberal citizenship is more complicated than often realized, and why schools play a key role in educating children for citizenship. It considers three controversies in ethnoculturally diverse societies: whether citizenship education requires common schooling, whether the promotion of responsible citizenship requires the promotion of personal autonomy, and whether promoting a shared civic identity requires teaching both shared political values and specific national or cultural identities.
Major Recessions
Authors: Dow Christopher 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIn the twentieth century, there have been five major recessions: two in the interwar period, and three more starting in 1973, 1979, and 1989. This book focuses on events in the UK, but sets them in their international context and makes frequent comparisons with other countries. Major recessions happened at a similar time in all major countries, and the lessons are general. Three main conclusions are reached: (1) major recessions reflect abrupt failings off in demand, not supply; (2) these are due to identifiable demand shocks and to swings in consumer and business confidence that amplify the direct effects of demand shock; (3) major recessions are not predictable. After an introductory chapter, the book is arranged in three main parts: Prior assumptions and methodological preliminaries (five chapters)––the theoretical questions that arise in the course of attempts to interpret history, but are too complicated to consider during the course of the historical narrative itself; (historical) Case studies of five major recessions (four chapters); and Conclusions (three chapters––the first two provide a summary of the book). In the final chapter, the author provides an insider's view on how to avoid future severe recessions: action must be taken to control booms, which if uncontrolled will lead to a period of bust, and once a major recession has begun, fiscal and monetary policy must be adjusted to mitigate the downturn. Often unpopular with economists, this is the line that many governments and central banks take: the book may help them to have more success.
The Causal Structure of the Economy
Authors: Dow Christopher 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAny such study as this one on recessions necessarily makes assumptions about the causal structure of the economy, and about the nature of underemployment or overfull employment. These involve much‐argued theoretical questions, and this chapter discusses three of the issues concerned: Sect. 3.1 states assumptions about the basic causal structure of the economy; Sect. 3.2 considers the continuing shift implicit in steady growth in the price of factor input relative to that of output, and how this mechanism operates; Sect. 3.3 discusses the phenomenon of persistent underemployment, which it argues is a stable state, which implies that the economy lacks any general power of self‐adjustment of the sort that would restore high employment. The discussion is more heterodox than novel, since defining the assumptions that are made involves taking a view on a number of controversial issues. There are two short appendices: Appendix A3.l is a note on the theoretical discussion about the features of the economic system that allow the possibility of unemployment; Appendix A3.2 summarizes the case against the High Real Wage theory of unemployment.
Supply and Demand Influences on the Rate of Growth
Authors: Dow Christopher 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis book is mostly about demand, and how in the short term fluctuations in demand cause fluctuations in output and productivity growth. Over the longer term, major variations in growth rates have undoubtedly originated from the supply rather than the demand side. The aim of this chapter is to summarize what is known in general about variations in the rate of growth; and to argue that the kind of effects that supply‐side factors have is different from what is needed to explain the abrupt short‐term falls in output that occur in major recessions. The discussion thus touches on a large subject of which knowledge is incomplete, but since its relevance is indirect, discussion is brief and touches only on what is essential for the present purpose: Sect. 4.1 summarizes what is known about variations in growth rates; Sect. 4.2 first gives a general explanation––eclectic but not basically novel for the process of growth, and then goes on to offer explanations for some particular ways in which growth rates have varied since 1920; Sect. 4.3 summarizes conclusions. There are two short appendices: Appendix A4.l is a note on growth accounting and two other studies of growth; Appendix A4.2 gives estimates of the growth of output and exports of manufactures of six countries from 1870 to 1970.
Shocks and Responses in Major Fluctuations
Authors: Dow Christopher 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter discusses how the economy behaves in the course of major fluctuations. The detailed case studies of individual major recessions in Part II of the book suggest extensions to the standard account of the economic response to shocks. These are expounded in Sect. 5.1, which thus completes the theoretical introduction to the case studies provided in Part I. Section 5.2 is primarily empirical and tests statistical indicators of some main types of shock, and Sect. 5.3 uses this material to give a summary characterization of large and small fluctuations. Appendix A5 gives new estimates of fiscal policy impact.
The Long Interval Without Major Recession, 1945–1973
Authors: Dow Christopher 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe quarter‐century or so after World War II was a period when growth was relatively fast, demand was high, and unemployment was low, and when there were no large fluctuations as defined in this book; it is referred to as the Golden Age, and raises large questions of a sort central to the purpose of the book. Section 7.1 gives an overview of the period, and Sect. 7.2 then considers the main questions raised: what caused fast growth and high demand to continue for so long, or prevented small recessions from developing (as in other periods) into big ones; were the conditions that produced the Golden Age simply exceptional in the history of developed economies and something we are unlikely to see again; and if so what did this lucky chance consist of? While there were no large fluctuations, there was a succession of small ones, and in Sect. 7.3, these are compared with the larger fluctuations that occurred in other periods, and the question of whether they were due to mistaken policy or to something more basic is looked at. Section 7.4 comes back to the larger issues: did this Golden Age contain within itself the seeds of its own destruction; were there developments in the period (such as accelerating inflation, or the flagging of investment demand) which would have brought the long period of fast growth and high demand to an end without an exogenous shock? Finally, Sect. 7.5 draws some general conclusions about the behaviour of the economy.
The Two OPEC Recessions (1973–5 and 1979–82)
Authors: Dow Christopher 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe recession of 1973–75 was the first occasion since the war when total output fell absolutely, and it was followed six years later by the recession of 1979–82, when output again showed an absolute fall. The question that this book started out to answer in Ch. 1 was why 1973 was so crucial a turning point: to determine that, one has to look at all the major fluctuations of the economy since 1920, although the recession of 1973–75 and the one that followed in 1979–82 retain a central interest. Each of these two recessions coincided with one of the vast jumps in the world price of oil, known as OPECs I and II, and it is argued that these played a large role in their genesis; although in each case there were also other causes; these two recessions therefore called here the OPEC recessions––there are some important differences between them but also important similarities, and they were both very different from the major recessions that came before the war and the next recession. They are therefore discussed together in this chapter, which takes the story to 1982––the year when the economy can be considered to have emerged from the second of the two recessions. Section 8.1 discusses the background issues––the political developments and the origin of oil price shocks with reference to the UK, Sect. 8.2 seeks to explain the fluctuations of UK demand and output in the period, starting with the 1972 boom––which is seen as one cause of the recession that followed, and Sect. 8.3 considers the general lessons to be derived from the decade; Appendix A8 presents an econometric analysis of the inflationary surges of the 1970s.
The Causation of Major Recessions: Summary and Discussion of Empirical Findings
Authors: Dow Christopher 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe empirical findings of this study rest on two sorts of evidence: first, a set of detailed case studies of the five major UK recessions since 1920; and second, a statistical analysis that seeks to explain these and other fluctuations in terms of indicators of four types of exogenous demand shock. This chapter summarizes this evidence and its underlying rationale; it needs to be read with Ch. 10, and like that aims to be self‐contained; the picture presented does not have to be accepted or rejected as a bloc. The explicanda of the study are taken to be not absolute falls in output during a recession, but deviations of output from previous trend rates of constant‐employment growth; Sect. 11.1 summarizes how such trends are estimated, and this provides a rough estimate of the output loss resulting from major recessions. Sect. 11.2 summarizes the statistical analysis of the causation of major recessions and other fluctuations, and recapitulates the methods used to estimate the scale of shocks and their effect on output; Sect. 11.3 provides a summary of the case studies of the five major UK recessions, and the Great Depression in the USA; and Sect. 11.4 summarizes possible reasons for the long period from World War II to 1973 that saw fairly steady growth without major recessions. Section 11.5 concludes with notes on, first, the effect of the three major recessions since 1973 on the stock of public debt; and, second, whether major recessions are predictable.
Are Recurrent Major Recessions Inevitable?
Authors: Dow Christopher 
Published: October 2003

AbstractPrevious chapters of this book have sought to explain why the major recessions of the twentieth century occurred; this chapter tries to answer the question of whether recurrent major recessions are inevitable, or whether there are steps that governments (or central banks) can take to avoid or mitigate them. The questions involved extend beyond those dealt with earlier, and raise not only the disputable issues of economic theory but also many new ones, including broadly political questions. Section 12.1 deals with background issues, attributing a degree of effectiveness to policy, and recapitulating this and other respects in which the author's view differs from a neoclassical view; the general limits to state action are then discussed, and finally a view is set out about inflation. Section 12.2 deals with general questions about the instruments of economic policy; despite the waves of deconstruction that are generally taken to have destroyed the intellectual foundations for a Keynesian fiscal policy, the author sees a theoretical case for it––along with severe practical limits that stem from the reactions of financial markets to government borrowing; the section goes on to discuss the effect and role of monetary policy. Section 12.3 turns to practical possibilities, and considers the kind of action that, despite the above constraints presented, ought to be possible; Sect. 12.4 then assesses the likelihood that governments will avoid or minimize major recessions in the future.