bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The relationship between foot size of wild canids and regional snow conditions: evidence for selection against a high footload?
Authors: Muray D. L. , Larivière S. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractMammals occupying northern areas may experience reduced fitness through the deleterious effects of snow on locomotion, energy expenditure, and food acquisition. Accordingly, in areas of deep and soft snow, selection may favour mammals possessing disproportionally large feet and lower footload (body mass/foot surface area). We collected carcasses of coyote Canis latrans (n= 472), red fox Vulpes vulpes (n= 199), arctic fox Alopex lagopus (n= 52), grey fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus (n= 17), and wolf Canis lupus (n= 14) and compared body mass, total foot area, difference in surface area between front and hind feet, and footload, among species and populations. All measured morphological attributes differed significantly among canid species; grey fox had the smallest feet, whereas arctic fox had both the lightest mass and lowest footload of all canids. For all species, adult males tended to be heavier and have larger feet than did adult females, and for most species adults were heavier and larger than were juveniles. Foot area in red foxes increased significantly with latitude, with populations found north of 48 °N (i.e. approximate latitude where snow may become limiting) averaging 12% larger feet than those found farther south. For coyotes, body mass increased with latitude, with populations found north of 48 °N averaging 26% heavier mass than those occurring farther south. Coyote foot area also increased with latitude, with populations found north of 48 °N averaging 25% larger feet than those found farther south. When indices of snow severity (mean annual snowfall, mean number of days with snowcover) were considered, foot area for red foxes was correlated with annual snowfall as well as latitude, whereas coyote morphology failed to correlate with any snow‐related variables. These results suggest that snow may have contributed to selection for foot size in some wild canids (i.e. arctic fox, red fox), but such selective forces were probably relatively weak and inconsistent across species.
Evidence for filter‐feeding by the wood‐boring isopod, Sphaeroma terebrans (Crustacea: Peracarida)
Authors: Si Aung , Bellwood O. , Alexander C. G. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe morphology of the mouthparts and proventriculus of the wood‐boring isopod Sphaeroma terebrans has been described, with particular reference to its possible filter‐feeding abilities. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that while the mandibles might be designed to scrape pieces of wood from the cavity wall during boring, the rest of the mouthparts are better suited for microphagous feeding. Video observations of the mouthparts demonstrated the ability of S. terebrans to filter out particulate material from the water column, by means of the filtering setae on the first three pairs of pereiopods. The morphology of the gut was found to be largely similar to that of terrestrial herbivorous isopods; primary and secondary filter apparatuses were present, but the masticatory apparatus present in terrestrial herbivores was missing. The morphology of both the gut and mouthparts provides additional support for the assumption that wood is an unlikely food source for S. terebrans.
Evidence for unconditional sperm transfer and sperm‐dependent parthenogenesis in a hermaphroditic flatworm (Girardia tigrina) with fissipary
Authors: Vreys Carla , Crain Jeremy , Hamilton Sherri , Williamson Suzanne , Steffanie Natascha 
Published: October 2003

AbstractSperm‐dependent parthenogens are expected to promote higher female fecundity at the expense of the production of excessive numbers of sperm. They are also expected to trade sperm strictly, in order to compensate for the loss of nutrients invested in sperm, that otherwise could be allocated to the female function. In this paper, we present evidence that in a natural population of the freshwater planarian Girardia (= Dugesia) tigrina, sperm‐dependent parthenogenesis is alternated with fissipary, a combination not reported before for freshwater flatworms. More specifically, we found that most individuals that engage in a copulation have no or only few testes and sperm available, despite the presence of a fully developed penis, indicating that male allocation is fairly low in this (dense) population. Female fecundity on the contrary is rather high, with isolated individuals producing up to six fertilized cocoons over a 3‐week period, releasing five young per cocoon on average. An analysis of the mating behaviour further shows that matings in this species are simple and direct with no distinct courtship behaviour. Copulations last for about 36 min and occur at a rate of at least one copulation a day. Bilateral sperm transfer is the rule, but a considerable number of copulations are unidirectional or without sperm transfer. Non‐reciprocal inseminations mainly result from the fact that one or both partners has no sperm stored prior to copulation, indicating that strict sperm trading plays no role in this population of G. tigrina.
Global warming, Bergmann's rule and body mass – are they related? The chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar) case
Authors: Yom‐Tov Yoram , Benjamini Yoav , Kark Salit 
Published: October 2003

AbstractUsing museum specimens collected in Israel during the second half of the 20th century, no support was found for the hypothesis that body mass and tarsus length of chukar partridges Alectoris chukar has changed as a result of global warming. Body mass showed fluctuations during the year, reaching a maximum in late winter and spring and a minimum in summer. Bergmann's rule predicts that in warm‐blooded animals, races from warm regions will be smaller than races from colder regions, and a wider explanation states that body size is positively related to latitude. Because of its topography and varied climate, Israel provides a unique opportunity to separate partly the effect of latitude from that of ambient temperature, thus testing if Bergmann's rule is related to latitude or to climatic variables. We found that body mass (and marginally also tarsus length) declined significantly with decreasing latitude in accordance with the wider explanation of Bergmann's rule, but ambient temperature explained a much smaller fraction of the variation in body mass than latitude. These results weaken the traditional explanation to Bergmann's rule that a heat conservation mechanism causes the latitudinal size variation.
Interspecific differences in male vocalizations of three sympatric fur seals (Arctocephalus spp.)
Authors: Page Brad , Goldsworthy Simon David , Hindell Mark Andrew , Mckenzie Jane 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis study investigated species recognition based on bark calls and full threat calls (FTCs) in three fur seal species, Antarctic Arctocephalus gazella, subantarctic A. tropicalis and New Zealand A. forsteri, that breed sympatrically and hybridize at subantarctic Macquarie Island. Bark calls, which are produced by males in male–female interactions, were more species‐specific than their full threat calls, suggesting that bark calls could be used in species recognition and female mate choice. Further, the bark calls of A. tropicalis were more species‐specific than those of A. gazella and A. forsteri, suggesting that divergence of calls between species is a consequence of phylogenetic distance, or has resulted from sexual selection through female mate choice. We believe the latter is more probable as we did not observe similar divergence in the FTCs of males. As such, the highly divergent bark calls of A. tropicalis may have resulted from sexual selection that has promoted pre‐mating isolation via the process of reinforcement.
A new record of Limnognathia maerski Kristensen & Funch, 2000 (Micrognathozoa) from the subantarctic Crozet Islands, with redescription of the trophi
Authors: De Smet Willem H. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract Limnognathia maerski, class Micrognathozoa, so far known only from Arctic Greenland, is reported from the subantarctic Crozet Islands. Fine morphology of the trophi is redescribed using scanning electron microscopy. Results show that the trophi are composed of the same functional units, i.e. incus, paired mallei and epipharynx, as found in Rotifera Monogononta. The zoogeography of the species is briefly discussed.
The effect of initial weight of the ewe on later reproductive effort in domestic sheep (Ovis aries)
Authors: Steinheim Geir , Mysterud Atle , Holand Øystein , Bakken Morten , Ådnøy Tormod 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIn ungulates, females typically need to reach a critical threshold body weight in order to reproduce. Females born in ‘poor’ years may lose 1 year of reproduction, as they reach the critical body mass 1 year later. Some studies report also a lasting effect of low initial body weight into prime age, while several other studies have shown that nearly all prime‐age females ovulate or are pregnant. However, the quality of the offspring (as measured by offspring body weight) is often not considered. We tested whether female ungulates with an initially low body weight (at around weaning) reach the same reproductive output as females with higher initial weights, and thus whether or not they are able to compensate for their initial low weight. Data on body weight of 123 533 lambs of domestic sheep Ovis aries from 73 299 litters that in turn derived from 32 359 different ewes were used. All ewes and lambs had been free‐ranging on outlying pastures in Norway during the entire summer season. Ewes with an initially low body weight produced smaller offspring throughout their lifespan. Ewes with an initially low body weight also produced fewer lambs at first and second parturition, but lifetime number of offspring was not related to ewes' initial weight. We concluded that bigger was better: the smaller offspring of ewes with a low initial weight demonstrate a lasting cost on reproductive effort, with consequences for animal production systems and management of wild ungulates.
Immunocytochemical analysis of the process of keratinization of the epidermis of snakes
Authors: Alibardi L. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe epidermis of snakes produces two types of keratinocytes containing an alpha (soft) and a beta (hard) form of keratin. During epidermal renewal, which allows body growth, six types of epidermal layers are produced before moulting: oberhautchen, beta‐, mesos, alpha‐, lacunar, and clear. The precise layers in which beta‐keratin, alpha‐keratin and matrix proteins (loricrin and filaggrin) are produced, have been studied by light and ultrastructural immunocytochemistry. An antibody against chick scale beta‐keratin recognizes also snake beta‐keratin only in the oberhautchen and beta‐layer. This confirms the phylogenetic relationships between avian and reptilian hard (beta) keratins. Beta‐keratin rapidly disappears in mesos‐cells, where little beta‐keratin is present. Antibodies that recognize alpha‐keratins (AE1, AE2, AE3) show that acidic keratins (AE1 positive) mainly localize in the most basal layers and basic keratins (AE3 positive) in all layers but disappear in those layers that are keratinized, especially in the beta‐layer. The AE2 immunolabelling (a marker of keratinization in mammalian epidermis) is localized in the compact alpha‐layer. This pattern is similar to that for loricrin and filaggrin, although in the latter the reaction is less intense and located mainly in the hinge regions among scales. Alpha‐keratins and associated proteins disappear in the oberhautchen and beta‐cells where beta‐keratin is produced instead. This study suggests that the shedding mechanism in snakes evolved after the hard beta‐keratin was compartmentalized beneath the soft alpha‐keratin to create an intra‐epidermal weakness region. The study also suggests that some common mechanism of alpha‐keratinization is present in snakes, and the other amniotes in general.
The prey of domestic cats (Felis catus) in two suburbs of Auckland City, New Zealand
Authors: Gillies Craig , Clout Mick 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe prey brought in by 80 cats Felis catus over 1 year was monitored in two suburbs of Auckland, New Zealand: one suburb was completely urban, the other on the urban/forest fringe. Cat owners were asked to record and, if possible, keep the prey that their cats brought in. Rodents were the main prey brought in by domestic cats in the urban/forest fringe habitat, whereas invertebrates were the main prey in the fully urban habitat. Birds were caught in similar numbers by cats in both areas and were the second most important prey group at both study sites. However, more native birds were caught by cats in the urban/forest fringe area than in the fully urban habitat. Lizards were caught in similar numbers and were the third most important prey group in both study areas.
Courtship and mating of the tailed frog (Ascaphus truei)
Authors: Stephenson Barry , Verrell Paul 
Published: October 2003

AbstractFrogs (Amphibia: Anura) have contributed greatly to our understanding of the functions and evolution of sexual behaviour patterns, but few studies have been conducted on ‘primitive’ taxa. Here we describe laboratory observations that characterize aspects of the courtship and mating of the tailed frogAscaphus truei, one of the most basal of living frogs. Fertilization is internal (a rare and probably apomorphic state for anurans) and sperm transfer is via an erectile intrommitent organ, or ‘tail.’ This structure seems to be an autapomorphy. Inguinal amplexus accomplishes mating (probably a plesiomorphic state), but the combination of amplexus and copulation, previously termed copulexus, is unique (autapomorphic). Mate location is not mediated acoustically (sexual vocalizations probably are apomorphic), but may involve visual or chemical cues. In a competitive context, heavier males do not seem to enjoy an advantage in being the first to initiate mating, and rivals rarely displace males already engaged in copulexus by wrestling. The courtship and mating of the tailed frog consists of a mosaic of traits that are ancestral, derived and unique within the clade Anura. Efficient location and then (with internal fertilization) stimulation of females during copulexus may influence male reproductive success more than wrestling.
The biology and functional morphology of Dianadema gen. nov. multangularis (Tate, 1887) (Bivalvia: Anomalodesmata: Clavagellidae)
Authors: Morton Brian 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe anomalodesmatan Clavagellidae can be separated from the Penicillidae on the basis of ligament and adventitious tube or crypt structure. The Clavagellidae includes species of Clavagella (and Dacosta), Bryopa and Stirpulina. Two species, first described as Clavagella torresi Smith, 1885 and Aspergillum multangularis Tate, 1887, have consistently been placed in the genus Clavagella, but both are herein located in the new genus Dianadema. Because more material is available, this is primarily a study of Dianadema multangularis (Tate) which is designated as the type species of the new genus. Dianadema multangularis is unlike Clavagella, Bryopa and Stirpulina which are, respectively, recessing, boring and endobenthic representatives of the Clavagellidae, in that it is cemented and possesses a crown of dorsal tubules, in addition to anterior and ventral ones. As in all clavagellids (sensu stricto) the left valve is cemented into the fabric of an adventitious crypt while the right valve is free inside it. There is also a posterior multi‐angular siphonal tube. The anatomy of D. multangularis is described and it is, in most respects, a typical clavagellid. The species differs from other clavagellids in the inferred aeration of the crypt via patterns of water flow, the crown of crypt tubules, and its unique cemented lifestyle. There are three (known) genera of clavagelloids endemic to southern and eastern Australia, i.e. Dacosta and, now, Dianadema (Clavagellidae) and to which the third, Humphreyia (Penicillidae), is similar in that the latter two are both cemented, albeit convergently. They also provide a surprising picture of convergent evolution of the cemented lifestyle even to the extent that both possess a unique pair of pericardial proprioreceptors, each derived differently, to monitor body tonus. Moreover, two other anomalodesmatan genera are also cemented, i.e. Cleidothaerus (Cleidothaeridae) and Myochama (Myochamidae), and these too are restricted to eastern Australia (and New Zealand). What forces promoted cementation in these four antipodean anomalodesmatan families are unknown.
SEMINAL GOTHIC DISSEMINATION IN HARDY’S WRITINGS
Authors: Hervoche-Bertho Brigitte 
Published: October 2003

I think I am one born out of due time, who has no calling here.* * *If way to the Better there be, it exacts a full look at the Worst.— Hardy, “In Tenebris II,” Poems of the Past and the PresentCRITICS HAVE TOO OFTEN dismissed the Gothic elements in Thomas Hardy’s writings as superficial trappings to be found mostly in his minor fiction.1 The aim of this article is to show that the diffusion of Gothic motifs in the whole of Hardy’s literary production is something both intentional and fruitful. The Gothic is indeed a vital part of Hardy’s artistic vision, and it adds to the aesthetic value of his works. His major novels and his poetry are as rife with Gothic lore as his early “minor” fiction.2 This propagation of Gothic elements is central to the dialectic between impregnation and dispersal contained in the etymology of the word “dissemination” (meaning both “sowing” and “scattering”).3
Editorial
Authors: Richards David , Lovell Karina , Salkovskis Paul 
Published: October 2003

This special edition of Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy is dedicated as a tribute to Isaac Marks, who retires this year from his post as Professor of Experimental Psychopathology at the Institute of Psychiatry, London. All the contributors to this edition are
colleagues who have been greatly influenced by Isaac during their careers. Their papers were written without Isaac knowing of our plans and we were even cheeky enough to ask Isaac to write a paper himself, reflecting on his 40 years involvement in the development of behavioural and cognitive psychotherapies. All the papers, including the one by Isaac himself, illustrate some of the areas where
he has made a major contribution to behavioural and cognitive psychotherapies during the last 40 years.Two papers, by Hand and by Rowa, Antony and Swinson, detail the huge advances made in the treatment of the severe and disabling disorders of agoraphobia and OCD, identifying Isaac's enormous contribution. The papers also confirm the international scope of Isaac's influence. These authors
remind us not to forget the relative modernity of effective psychological treatments for these disorders and how dramatic a change there has been in prognosis and clinical outcomes.
The Travels of M. de Thévenot through the Thug Archive
Authors: ní Fhlathúin Máire 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe campaign against thuggee in 1830s India produced a set of widely-circulated accounts of the origins and practices of thugs. In these works (both popular and scholarly), a very small amount of primary information was continually recycled throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The changes visible in the manner of deployment of this information are indicative of progressive re-formulations of the narrative of the history of thuggee, and the larger history of British India. This process is examined through a study of the incorporation of an extract from The Travels of M de Thévenot into the Levant into the historical archive, which concludes that any re-appraisal of history must incorporate a consideration of the narrative underlying the production of the records, as well as the records themselves.
The Royal Asiatic Society Award 2001
Authors: Stockwell A. J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAt the start of the millennium Council reviewed medals and prizes and decided to discontinue the Gold Medal (which had not in any case been awarded for some time) and establish in its place the Society's Award. This Award will be made every two or three years in recognition of outstanding scholarship in Asian studies. Having considered a number of tenders, Council commissioned Ms Danuta Solowiej-Wedderburn to design and cast a medal bearing versions of two of the original Daniell images: the elephant and howdah on one side and the banyan-tree on the other (see John Hansman, “The Emblems, Medals and Medallists of the Royal Asiatic Society”, JRAS [1984 Part 1], pp. 99–119. Council approved the nomination of Mr John M. Gullick, who was recommended by a search committee (chaired by the Director) to be the first recipient of the RAS Award. On 10 January 2002 the President presented the RAS Award for 2001 to Mr Gullick who replied with a lecture, “An Indian official in Singapore: Governor Cavanagh (1859–1867)”.
Turner Centre, Margate: competition entry
Authors: McLaughlin Niall 
Published: October 2003

The innovative use of materials, an inventive approach to gallery
lighting and clarity of organisation distinguish this short-listed
competition entry for a visual arts facility on a dramatic coastal site.The design philosophy upon which our work is
based may be summarized in our attitude towards
the origins of a building, light as a primary agent of
change, a respect for the nature of construction, the
changing states of a building and the memory of
other buildings and places.
Predator, prey and pathogen interactions in introduced snail populations
Authors: Gerlach J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe introduction of the carnivorous snail Euglandina rosea to Pacific islands by biological control programmes has had a devastating effect on native snail populations. In most areas the target species, Achatina fulica, has not been affected, although some unsubstantiated reports have led to E. rosea being viewed as an effective control agent. Data from recent laboratory and field studies of E. rosea were combined into a simple model of the interactions between populations of E. rosea and A. fulica and a disease agent. Predictions from the model correspond closely with field data from a number of sites. The model suggests that apparent reductions in A. fulica numbers following E. rosea introduction are the result of a combination of predation and disease effects, and that although the maximum population levels are reduced the population is stabilized at a relatively high level. The model predicts that both A. fulica and E. rosea populations will persist. Partulidae will decline following E. rosea invasion although Samoana spp. may persist at reduced densities. More effective control of A. fulica can be achieved through manual collecting. Control of E. rosea requires the imposition of a significant novel mortality factor.