bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Red Squirrels and Arctic Ground Squirrels
Authors: Boonstra Rudy , Boutin Stan , Byrom Andrea , Karels Tim , Hubbs Anne , Stuart-Smith Kari , Blower Michael , Antpoehler Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A consistent feature throughout the boreal forest of North America is the rattle call of the red squirrel, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus, as it advertises its whereabouts to con­ specifics. Like the snowshoe hare, the red squirrel’s distribution encompasses the entire boreal forest (see figure 2.7). The “keek keek” call of a second squirrel species, the arctic ground squirrel (Spermophilus parryii, the siksik of the Inuit), is also heard in the boreal forests of northwestern North America (Banfield 1974). In terms of biomass of herbivores in these forests, these two squirrels are the second and third most important, respectively, after snowshoe hares (see figure 1.2). Both squirrel species could serve as alternate food sources for the many predators who eat primarily snowshoe hares. However, before our study, no one had investigated experimentally the possible linkages between populations of these squirrels and the snowshoe hare population cycle. The conventional wisdom is that any link would be a secondary one, as predators switch from hares to squirrels during the hare decline. Though both squirrels are active during the summer and thus potentially available to predators, only red squirrels remain active during the long boreal winter and are one of the few alternate prey available to hare predators.
Forest Grouse and Ptarmigan
Authors: Martin Kathy , Doyle Cathy , Hannon Susan , Mueller Fritz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Kluane system harbors five species of grouse. Two species, spruce grouse (Falcipennis canadensis) and ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus), inhabit forest year-round. Three species of tundra grouse, willow ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus), white-tailed ptarmi­ gan (L. leucurus), and rock ptarmigan (L. mutus), inhabit the alpine and subalpine above treeline in the Shakwak Valley most of the year. Willow ptarmigan descend into the open forest from October to March. All grouse are almost exclusively herbivores; females dur­ ing egg laying and young chicks also eat a variety of invertebrates. Spruce grouse are conifer specialists, foraging principally on spruce and pine in winter and on forbs and leaves, fruits, and seeds of shrubs in summer and autumn (Boag and Schroeder 1992). Spruce grouse spend significant amounts of time foraging on ground vegetation in sum­ mer and thus might compete with hares for food during the breeding season. Ruffed grouse feed principally on buds and leaves of deciduous trees (aspen, bog birch) and shrubs and forbs seasonally (Rusch et al. 2000). Ptarmigan feed on willow buds and leaves through­ out the year and on flowers, leaves, seeds and berries of sedges, ericaceous shrubs, and mosses in season (Braun et al. 1993, Hannon et al. 1998). Both forest grouse and ptarmigan form part of the herbivore trophic level year-round in Kluane, as their wide-ranging predators (goshawk, golden eagle, harrier, coyote, lynx, fox, wolverine, wolf) hunt in both forest and adjacent alpine areas.
Coyotes and Lynx
Authors: O’donoghue Mark , Boutin Stan , Murray Dennis L , Krebs Charles J , Hofer Elizabeth J , Bretenmoseri Urs , Breitenmoser-Wuersten Christine , Zuleta Gustavo , Doyle Cathy , Nams Vilis O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Coyotes and lynx are the two most important mammalian predators of snowshoe hares throughout much of the hare’s geographic range. Between them, these two predators killed approximately 60% of all depredated radio-collared hares at Kluane from 1986 through 1996 (Krebs et al. 1995), and predation accounted for at least 78% of all mortalities during this same period. The strong association of lynx numbers with those of snowshoe hares is well documented (Elton and Nicholson 1942, Moran 1953, Finerty 1980, Schaffer 1984, Royama 1992). The abundance of lynx typically follows the 10-year cyclic fluctuations of hares, and lynx-hare cycles have often been presented in ecology texts as classic predator-prey interactions. The geographic ranges of lynx and hares overlap almost exactly (Banfield 1974, figure 2.7), and all published studies of the food habits of lynx have found snow­ shoe hares to be the main dietary component (e.g., Saunders 1963a, Van Zyll de Jong 1966, Brand and Keith 1979, Parker et al. 1983). Morphologically, lynx are well adapted to hunting hares in the deep, powdery snows of the boreal forest because of their long legs and large snowshoe-like paws (Murray and Boutin 1991).
Other Mammalian Predators
Authors: O’donoghue Mark , Boutin Stan , Hofer Elizabeth J , Boonstra Rudy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There were 12 species of carnivores that were confirmed living within the study area of the Kluane Project. We studied the population dynamics and behavior of only two of these, coyotes and lynx, because these were the two most closely associated with the snowshoe hare cycle. However, we also counted the tracks of all carnivores during winter and recorded direct observations year-round. In this chapter, we briefly summarize the information we gathered on other carnivores at Kluane and discuss interactions of the carnivore group as a whole with each other and their prey.
“What Does Heaven Say?”: Christian Wolff and Western Interpretations of Confucian Ethics
Authors: Louden Robert B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the present age of multiculturalism, professors on most campuses are encouraged (and in some places even required) to include favorable coverage of nonWestern cultures in their humanities and social science core courses. But in the not-too-distant-past one could get into serious trouble for pursuing this strategy. Consider the case of the German philosophy professor Christian Wolff, a man who, according to one recent study, has “influenced the philosophy of the German Enlightenment like hardly any other.”2
Whose Confucius? Which Analects?
Authors: Ivanhoe Philip J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For over two thousand years, Confucian scholars have sought to explicate the meaning of their sacred texts, producing an extensive, rich, and sophisticated commentarial tradition that is an indispensable aid to the modern interpreter.1 In addition to writing formal commentaries, Confucian thinkers regularly referred to and expounded upon the meaning of classical passages in the course of their philosophizing. These thinkers did much more than simply chant the words of their sages and provide precise annotation and background information to these texts, they interpreted the sayings of the ancients. We who study the classics today are in a significant sense following their lead. Our modern interpretations may be the latest but surely will not be the last word on what these texts mean.2
Crisis (1936-1937)
Authors: Fay Laurel E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 28 January 1936, when the pivotal “Muddle Instead of Music” appeared in Pravda, Shostakovich was in Arkhangelsk. His schedule there was not unduly disrupted by its appearance; he gave his chamber recital with Kubatsky and performed the Piano Concerto with the resident orchestra. On 3 February, he met with young composers. In a lively exchange, he questioned them about their studies, offered advice on the acquisition of musical technique, and encouraged them to study the classics. He brought the enjoyable evening to a close by playing excerpts from his ballet, The Limpid Stream, not yet censured in the second Pravda editorial.
Immortality (1970-1975)
Authors: Fay Laurel E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Full of anticipation, Shostakovich flew with Irina to Kurgan at the end of February 1970 and began treatment with Dr. Ilizarov in March, expecting his stay to last about six weeks. He was soon reporting progress to correspondents. By the end of the month he wrote to Shaginyan that he was feeling better, his legs and arms were somewhat stronger, and he was playing the piano, even playing it fast and loud, something he had not been able to manage for three or four years. After having undergone a simple operation, his treatment consisted of a combination of strenuous physical exercise and medication. He provided Glikman with a detailed breakdown of his daily schedule: 7 AM, wake-up; 7–8 AM, washing, shaving, exercises, listening to the news; 8:30, breakfast; 9:15, one-hour walk in the woods; 11–12:30, vigorous gymnastics and massage; 1:30 PM, lunch; 3:30, another walk in the woods; 5 PM, return to hospital. He also was receiving an injection every three days. He raved about the “miracle-working” Dr. Ilizarov to everyone.
The Beginning of the End
Authors: McPherson James M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Army of Northern Virginia was not destroyed at Antietam, as Lincoln had hoped. Nor was it beaten utterly, as McClellan claimed. But it was badly hurt. Three of the nine division commanders, nineteen of thirty-six brigade commanders, and eighty-six of 173 regimental commanders were killed or wounded. Most of the wounded officers and enlisted men, as well as the stragglers, eventually returned to the army. But Lee would be unable to think about resuming his preferred strategy—the offensive—for another eight months.
The Sonic Expressions of Urban Identity
Authors: Kendrick Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Amid the surrounding sights and sounds on the afternoon of 30 November 1598, Guido Mazenta had every reason to be proud of himself and his city. Over the summer and autumn, the prefect of the paleo-Christian basilica of San Lorenzo, amateur poet, hydraulic engineer, and future civic official (vicario della provisione) had been involved in the design of the seven arches erected for the day along the streets leading from Milan’s southern gate of Porta Romana to its cathedral.
Churches, Monasteries, Palaces
Authors: Kendrick Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Outside the two main centers, the churches, cloisters, and noble residences of Milan provided varying levels of support for polyphonic practice. The public and private life of the religious orders was differently marked by music, but the quintessentially urban confraternities, welfare institutions, and family/dynastic dwellings also sponsored or hosted the art. It was precisely this decentralized and variegated profile that music shared with the other manifestations of city culture noted above. Outside the two major churches, the sonic profile of the city changed over time, depending on the fluctuations of the musical life of these places.
Models and lmitatio, 1585–1610
Authors: Kendrick Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The music at the beginning of the period testifies to a repertory’s slow emergence. At first, the Tini’s output was comprised mainly of reprints of senior and junior composers elsewhere (Palestrina, Merulo; Asola, Giovanelli) and several new editions by Varotto in Novara. Still, in the decade following the resumption of local music printing (1584-94), composers active in Milan (excluding the Franciscans) produced relatively few, but sometimes expansive, editions.’
Risk Assessment
Authors: Wigle Donald T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Risk assessment has been described as a bridge between science and policy (Hertz-Picciotto, 1995). More formally, it is the use of a factual base to define the health effects of exposure of individuals or populations to hazardous materials and situations (National Academy of Sciences, 1983). The goal is to provide an evidence base for decisions on policies and programs to protect the public from identified health hazards. The process involves the synthesis of epidemiologic, toxicologic, and related research findings and judgments on causal relationships and exposure–risk relationships. This chapter discusses general issues related to hazard identification, dose–response assessment, and risk characterization. Topics include processes used by national and international agencies to identify causal relationships and health-protective exposure limits followed by discussion of key issues related to risk assessments of carcinogens, reproductive toxicants, developmental toxicants, and neurotoxins.
Metals—Lead
Authors: Wigle Donald T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The twentieth century saw greatly expanded use and environmental dispersion of lead, a dense metal valued since antiquity because of its low melting point, pliability, and durability. Analysis of a Swiss peat bog showed that annual average lead deposition increased 1600-fold between 5000 B.C. and the maximum in 1979. Recognition of adult lead poisoning with abdominal colic can be traced to Hippocrates in about 370 B.C. (in metal workers) and Baker in 1767 (who linked Devonshire colic to consumption of lead-contaminated cider) (Table 4–1). Childhood lead poisoning was recognized as a distinct entity in 1892 and neurotoxicity in experimental animals by the 1920s. There has been substantial progress in reducing childhood lead exposure, but many children remain at risk.
The objective of this chapter is to illustrate how failure to apply the precautionary principle allowed inappropriate uses of lead, massive environmental contamination, and major adverse impacts on child health. The first section focuses mainly on the susceptibility of the developing human nervous system to adverse neurobehavioral effects from relatively low-level lead exposure, as evidenced by epidemiologic and toxicologic studies. The discussion includes environmental indices and biomarkers of lead exposure and toxico-kinetics. The risk management section addresses lead sources (air, water, food, soil/dust) and interventions for preventing childhood lead exposure.
Schumann and Literature
Authors: Jensen Eric Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Or Much Of The Nineteenth Century, The Interest Of Composers Not just in music but in all the arts was truly extraordinary. An interrelationship among the arts was commonly recognized. “The well-educated musician,” wrote Schumann, “can study a Madonna by Raphael, the painter a symphony by Mozart, with equal benefit. Yet more: in sculpture the actor becomes a silent statue while he brings the sculptor’s work to life-the painter transforms a poem into an image, the musician sets a painting to music.” ‘ Coupled with a broad interest in the arts was a preoccupation with the “extramusical” properties of music itsel( It was a literary age, and program music flourished. That may, to a certain extent, help explain the interest many composers had in literature. Not a few were distinguished writers themselves: Berlioz as critic, essayist, and autobiographer; Liszt as critic and essayist; Wagner as dramatist, essayist, and theoretician; and Weber as critic and author of an unfinished novel. Musical life in Leipzig was unusually rich. The venerable Gewandhaus concerts, created in 1781, were among the earliest and most eminent in Europe. At the time of Schumann’s residence in Leipzig, the series comprised twenty concerts per season. Other concert series included the Euterpe (orchestral concerts founded in 1824), as well as a chamber music series featuring the Matthai Quartet.
Schumann’s Dramatic Works
Authors: Jensen Eric Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chumann ‘S Interest In And Love OF Literature Seemed naturally to lead to thoughts of opera. For much of his adult life, he was involved with one. Not long after beginning study with Wieck in 1830, he considered the possibility of Hamlet as an opera, but got no farther than creating sketches for an overture. The next year found him reading E. T. A. Hoffmann, and he was enthusiastic about the operatic possibilities of two tales-”The Mines at Falun” and “Doge and Dogaressa.” But, for the remainder of the decade, as Schumann focused first on his career as a piano virtuoso and then as a composer of music for piano, little attention was devoted to opera. Then, in February I 840-at a time when he had turned away from the piano and was beginning to write songs-once again opera began to interest him. He returned to the subject of Hoffinann’s “Doge and Dogaressa.” To Clara, he described Hoffmann’s story as “noble and natural,” and, with the aid of the writer Julius Becker, for the next
Operant Conditioning of Visceral Function (Biofeedback)
Authors: Cameron Oliver G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The initial positing of two-process learning theory did not rely on any substantial body of evidence. It seems to have been more an inference garnered from observations that operant methods could and do affect skeletal responses and Pavlovian conditioning does affect visceral—autonomic responses, combined with the subjective experience in humans that the skeletal responses seem to be voluntary while the visceral seem not to be. Logically, however, for the two hypothesized learning processes to be different, it should also be true that (1) Pavlovian conditioning could not directly affect skeletal responses and (2) operant conditioning could not directly affect visceral responses. It was already clear from Pavlov’s studies in which motor responses such as leg withdrawal were used as the unconditioned response that (1) above was probably false. What was not known as of the 1960s was, Is (2) true or false? Several investigators, probably most influentially Neal Miller, set out to resolve this question.
Summary: Past and Future
Authors: Cameron Oliver G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What has been said so far? It has been proposed-and it is considered one of the issues of fundamental importance to this exposition—that interoception should be defined as more than simply visceral sensations that reach awareness, but less than any and all sensory impulses that arise from within the body. It is proposed that interoception should be defined to have occurred if, and only if, such visceral sensory impulses can be shown to have affected the cognition or behavior of the whole organism, with or without awareness. In other words, it is broader than the realm of awareness but narrower than the realm of physiology.
IntroductionThe Prehistory of Pornography
Authors: Moulton Ian Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any attempt at constructing a history of sexuality must include a history of erotic representation-that is, a history of the representation of sexual acts. The history of erotic representation is largely unwritten, partly because such a project tends to be conceived as a history of pornography-and pornography is a discourse that seems to have obvious, self-evident meanings and to promulgate predictable misogynist and patriarchal ideologies of power and gender. Yet subsuming the history of erotic representation to the history of pornography is limiting because not all explicit representation of sexual activity can be meaningfully defined as pornographic. In particular, “pornography” is too historically and generically specific a term to be much use in a discussion of the early modern period, for the erotic writing of the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries-whatever its explicitness-is different in both form and content from the genres of pornography as they developed in later periods. Rather than say, as some recent studies have done,1 that pornography is worthy of study and so “Renaissance pornography” is worthy of study too, I wish to study early modern erotic writing in its specificity, without assimilating it to later forms, without automatically assuming that since erotic writing and the representation of sexual acts occupies a certain place in the cultures of the late twentieth century it must have occupied an analogous place in the culture of sixteenth-century Europe. In what follows I shall concentrate first on what distinguishes early modern erotic writing from modern forms of pornography, and then on the socially engaged nature of much erotic writing in the early modern period, in particular its role in discourses of national and gender identity.
Prologue Englishmen Italianated
Authors: Moulton Ian Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A scholar looking for signs of incipient nationalism in late-sixteenthcentury England could do worse than to begin with George Silver’s Paradoxes of Defense, published in London in 1599. Silver’s book defends the old English manner of fighting with short swords and condemns the newfangled foreign fashion of fencing with rapiers. He has been compelled to write, he says, to remind Englishmen of their forgotten martial traditions: we like degenerate sonnes, have forsaken our forefathers vertues with their weapons, and have lusted like men sicke of a strange ague, after the strange vices and devises of Italian, French and Spanish Fencers, litle remembering, that these Apish toyes could not free Rome from ... sacke, nor Fraunce from King Henrie the fift his conquest. (sig. A1) In this passage Silver acknowledges that fencing is a Continental practice, but for most of his text he sees it as specifically Italian. For Silver, Italian fencing with long elegant swords is more like effeminate dancing than fighting (sig. A1v). This mad fashion for Italian sryles of fighting is a clear threat to English manhood: “This good have the Italian teachers of Offence done us, they have transformed our boyes into men, our men into boyes, our strong men into weaknesse” (sig. h). Silver’s volume climaxes with the story of how a valiant English gentleman flattens the Italian fencing master Vicentio with a box on the ear and then dumps a flagon of English beer over him for good measure (sig. K3).
“The English Aretine” Thomas Nashe
Authors: Moulton Ian Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the fourth act of Thomas Middleton’s play No Wit, No Help, Like a Womans (16u-12), a masque is held-a pageant of the four elements: Earth, Water, Air, and Fire. The first to speak is Fire, who identifies himself as representing a specifically sexual heat: “the wicked fire of lust,” corrupted with the upstart fires Of avarice, luxury, and inconstant heats, Struck from the bloods of cunning, clap-fall’n daughters, Night-walking wives, but, most, libidinous widows.
Ingroup Identification and Intergroup Conflict: When Does Ingroup Love Become Outgroup Hate?
Authors: Brewer Marilynn B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Social psychologists’ interest in social identity and ingroup bias arose in the context of research on intergroup relations (Tajfel & Turner, 1986; Brewer & Brown, 1998). As a consequence, there has been a coupling of the study of ingroup favoritism and outgroup prejudice, the implicit assumption being that the more we know about why individuals become attached to their ingroups, the more we will understand why they come to dislike or derogate outgroups. The present chapter seeks to challenge that assumption by examining more carefully the nature of the relationship between ingroup love and outgroup hate. The basic thesis is that the formation of ingroups and ingroup identification arises independently of attitudes toward outgroups. Attachment to ingroups is presumed here to be the primary process, fundamental to individual survival and well-being. lngroup identification thus precedes outgroup hostility and intergroup conflict but is not by itself a sufficient explanation for such conflict. Instead, as this chapter will argue, we need to trace the steps that lead from ingroup formation to outgroup hostility, specifying the conditions under which the two become entangled.
Introduction to Endocrinology
Authors: Norris David O , Carr James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chemical regulators govern every aspect of the life of vertebrate animals, beginning with early development and differentiation of tissues and organs and culminating in reproduction. Hormones are responsible for con trolling homeostasis, the ability to maintain a balanced equilibrium in physiological processes in the face of environmental pressures. Reproduction would not be possible without the close interactions of several chemical regulators. Many behaviors are initiated or are influenced by the internal chemical environment of the body.