bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fidelio In 1806
Authors: Weiss Piero 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Beethoven entrusted various manuscripts of Fidelio to his future biographer Schindler shortly before his death, he told him that “this child of his spirit had cost him greater birth pangs than any other and therefore was also his favorite; and that he considered [the manuscripts] particularly worthy of being preserved.” The story of the opera’s vicissitudes has often been told: how it failed at its premiere in Vienna in 1805 and again, despite revisions, in 1806; and how, after more extensive revisions, it finally triumphed in 1814. Josef August Rocke! (1783-1870) was in his early twenties when, as a tenor at the Theater an der Wien, he was asked to replace F. C. Demmer, who had just sung the part of Florestan in the unsuccessful first run of Fidelio. In later years Rocke! told of this experience several times, but nowhere in such detail as in the article below, which first appeared in a German magazine, Die Gartenlaube, in 1868. How far can the memory of the eighty-five-year-old singer be trusted, so many years after the events he described? Certain inaccuracies are easily noted: he states that Beethoven wished his opera to be called Fidelio, not Leonore, while the opposite is true; also, that the final version of the opera was first performed in 1823. These two passages have been omitted below. Rocke! also says the 1806 Fidelio was performed three times, whereas it was only performed twice; but perhaps he was remembering a pubIic rehearsal. On the other hand, his experience singing Florestan under Beethoven must have made an indelible impression on him, so that, once due allowance is made for a certain amount of Victorian hero worship and sentimentality, there is no reason to doubt the essential veracity of Rockel’s narrative. It begins in December 1805, a few weeks after the failure of the first version of Fidelio, in which Sebastian Mayer had played Pizarro. Mayer and Rocke! have been summoned to the palace of Prince Karl Lichnowsky, the great patron of Beethoven.
Tchaikovsky On Eugene Onegin
Authors: Weiss Piero 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tchaikovsky’s comments on his operatic masterpiece are scattered quite widely over the many letters he wrote during the period of its gestation and early performances. The recipients included his brothers Anatoly and Modest, various friends and colleagues, and most importantly, his patroness Nadezhda von Meck. Out of an English-language compilation, a sort of montage of excerpts from his vast correspondence (see the source cited at the end), it has been possible to carve a mini-montage of Tchaikovsky’s thoughts on Eugene Onegin, which, thus assembled, present a surprisingly consistent authorial voice, despite the variety of recipients to whom they were originally addressed. (The bracketed page references at the end of each excerpt are to the English he has much affection, out of boredom, out of a trivial irritation, without really thinking about it, because of a fateful coincidence of circumstances! All right, perhaps this is all very simple, even mundane, but the simple and the mundane do not exclude either poetry or drama.
Busoni And The Reinstatement Of Disbelief
Authors: Weiss Piero 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“There is no doubt that no one ever spoke singing” wrote Peri, the first composer of opera (seep. 15), and so all the early operas were steeped in mythology: where you have the supernatural anything is possible, even song instead of speech. Yet skepticism never really died. “Is it to be imagin’d that orders in time of battle are given, singing; and that men are melodiously killed with swords and darts?” asked Saint-Evremond sarcastically (p. 53). Italians accepted the basic operatic convention even with the advent of realistic subject matter, as in opera buffa. The French and Germans were more reluctant: the dialogue in opera comique and singspiel was spoken, not sung. Then romanticism brought back the supernatural, “yet so as to transfer from our inward nature a human interest and a semblance of truth sufficient to procure for these shadows of the imagination that willing suspension of disbelief for the moment, which constitutes poetic faith” (Coleridge, Biographia Literaria, chap. 14). Busoni came at a time when romanticism was exhausted and opera they yearn. And the stage grants them these conflicts without the accompanying dangers and unpleasant consequences, without compromising them and, most important, without any effort on their part. For there is one thing the public doesn’t know and doesn’t wish to know: that in order to be receptive to a work of art, the receiver must do half the work.
Shostakovich And The Lady Macbeth Of Mtsensk Debacle
Authors: Weiss Piero 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shostakovich’s second opera, Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District, completed in 1932 and first performed on 22 January 1934 in Leningrad, was an instant, tumultuous success. Already prominent in the first Soviet-educated generation of composers, Shostakovich with this opera became its undisputed leader, recognized as such both in the Soviet Union and abroad, where the work enjoyed several performances. Its American premiere took place (in concert form) in Cleveland on 31 January 1935 under Artur Rodzinski, who repeated it the following week at the Metropolitan Opera. It was evidently in preparation for these performances that the League of Composers published the following article in its quarterly journal. The footnote at the very beginning reflected Shostakovich’s true intentions at the time with regard to his future operas. It will be seen presently why nothing came of them.
Peter Grimes In Postwar London
Authors: Weiss Piero 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Second World War had ended in Europe just a few weeks before Benjamin Britten’s first full-length opera, Peter Grimes, had its premiere, on 7 June 1945, at Sadler’s Wells in London. Its success was instantaneous and lasting. The distinguished American literary critic Edmund Wilson was on assignment from The New Yorker at the time, visiting some of the war zones in newly-liberated Europe. In London, the devastation from the bombing was to be seen everywhere, as was the psychological aftermath of the war effort. It was therefore a not wholly unrelated experience that awaited him when, in July, a girl he knew (“G.”) took him to see Peter Grimes, that summer’s theatrical sensation. I was a little taken aback one evening for which I had had vague other plans to find out that I was going with G. to a new opera by Benjamin Britten which was being done at Sadler’s Wells. She had bought the tickets herself and said nothing about it in advance. The only thing I had heard by Britten had been a Requiem that had not much impressed me, and I did not feel particularly eager to sit through an English opera called Peter Grimes, based on an episode from Crabbe. G. did try, with her usual lack of emphasis, to get me to read the libretto, of which she had procured a copy, but she did not explain that this work had been something of a sensation in London, where the critics, who, like me, had not at first expected anything extraordinary, had been roused from their neat routine to the point of hearing it several times and writing two or three articles about it.
Einstein On The Beach By Philip Glass
Authors: Weiss Piero 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The following appreciation by Tim Page, Pulitzer Prize winning culture writer for The Washington Post, accompanied the 1993 CD recording of Glass’s most famous opera. Einstein on the Beach (1976) is a pivotal work in the oeuvre of Philip Glass. It is the first, longest, and most famous of the composer’s operas, yet it is in almost every way unrepresentative of them. Einstein was, by design, a glorious “one-shot”-a work that invented its context, form and language, and then explored them so exhaustively that further development would have been redundant. But, by its own radical example, Einstein prepared the way-it gave permission-for much of what has happened in music theater since its premiere. Einstein broke all the rules of opera. It was in four interconnected acts and five hours long, with no intermissions (the audience was invited to wander in and out at liberty during performances). The acts were intersticed by what Glass and Wilson called “knee plays”-brief interludes that also provided time for scenery changes. The text consisted of numbers, solfege syllables and some cryptic poems by Christopher Knowles, a young, neurologically-impaired man with whom Wilson had worked as an instructor of disturbed children for the New York public schools. To this were added short texts by choreographer Lucinda Childs and Samuel M. Johnson, an actor who played the Judge in the “Trial” scenes and the bus driver in the finale. There were references to the trial of Patricia Hearst (which was underway during the creation of the opera); to the mid-‘70s radio lineup on New York’s WABC; to the popular song “Mr. Bojangles”; to the Beatles and to teen idol David Cassidy. Einstein sometimes seemed a study in sensory overload, meaning everything and nothing.
Progressives and Protection, 1897–1912
Authors: Edwards Rebecca 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the competitive political atmosphere of the 1880s and 1890s when most Americans endorsed partisan strategies, a slow revolt was also in formation. Those who observed the machinations of party loyalists indicted not only campaign practices but also the larger operations of government-by-party. Harper’s dismissed “the usual machinery of processions and torch-light parades and floats and songs and girls in white.” What the nation needed, the editor argued, was reasoned policy-making rather than electoral hoopla. The fictional Mrs. Buzzy spoke for many Americans when she noted that in the old days “politics wasn’t the corrupt machine it is now.” Machine gradually became an epithet hurled not only at urban organizations like Tammany Hall but also at national party leaders who seemed to rank the public interest behind their own.
The Diving Response and Its Evolution
Authors: Hochachka Peter W , Somero George N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Intrigued by diving mammals and birds for well over a century, biologists in the 1930s and 1940s first began to make significant progress in understanding the physiological and metabolic mechanisms now known to permit an airbreathing animal to operate successfully deep into the water column. At that time, several fundamental biological traits that seemed to correlate with diving capacity were already known; these traits included (i) an expanded blood volume and red blood cell (RBC) mass, or high hematocrit, (ii) high muscle myoglobin concentrations, and (iii) collapsible lungs in the case of deep divers such as the pinnipeds. The pioneering work of Scholander, Irving, and their colleagues (Scholander, 1940) greatly expanded this preliminary knowledge and developed the fundamental foundations of diving physiology that are now known to include three key physiological “reﬂexes”: (i) apnea, (ii) bradycardia, and (iii) peripheral vasoconstriction and thus hypoperfusion of most peripheral tissues. Scholander referred to these physiological reﬂexes in combination as the “diving response,” and in forced diving under laboratory conditions, he imagined the marine mammal reducing itself to a “heart, lung, brain machine.” The metabolic correlates of this response included the gradual development of oxygen-limiting conditions in hypoperfused (ischemic) tissues, with attendant accumulation of end products of anaerobic metabolism (especially lactate and H+ ions).
American Mobbing, 1828-1861
Authors: Grimsted David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
American Mobbing, 1828-1861: Toward Civil War is a comprehensive history of mob violence related to sectional issues in antebellum America. David Grimsted argues that, though the issue of slavery provoked riots in both the North and the South, the riots produced two different reactions from authorities. In the South, riots against suspected abolitionists and slave insurrectionists were widely tolerated as a means of quelling anti-slavery sentiment. In the North, both pro-slavery riots attacking abolitionists and anti-slavery riots in support of fugitive slaves provoked reluctant but often effective riot suppression. Hundreds died in riots in both regions, but in the North, most deaths were caused by authorities, while in the South more than 90 percent of deaths were caused by the mobs themselves. These two divergent systems of violence led to two distinct public responses. In the South, widespread rioting quelled public and private questioning of slavery; in the North, the milder, more controlled riots generally encouraged sympathy for the anti-slavery movement. Grimsted demonstrates that in these two distinct reactions to mob violence, we can see major origins of the social split that infiltrated politics and political rioting and that ultimately led to the Civil War.
Biogenesis
Authors: Lahav Noam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Biogenesis provides an up-to-date and detailed discussion of the interdisciplinary study of the origin of life, including in-depth investigations into its history, assumptions, experimental strategies, theories, models, and controversies. Written both critically and objectively, the book explores topics including the history of the search for life's origin from the Greek philosophers to contemporary scientists; selected attributes of life which are connected to theories of biogenesis; the main features of our solar system and earth, where life is assumed to have originated; and the rationale and strategies of scientific theories of the origin of life. Filled with fascinating insights, Biogenesis will appeal to a wide range of scientists and students in biology, chemistry, and geology.
The Clean Life Crusade
Authors: Tate Cassandra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The campaign against cigarette smoking intensified in December 1899 when Lucy Page Gaston, an alumna of the WCTU, founded the Anti Cigarette League of America. This group was to cigarettes what the Anti Saloon League was to alcohol: a single-interest organization determined to eviscerate an industry it deemed harmful to the public welfare. By 1901, it claimed a membership of 300,000, with a paid staff overseeing chapters throughout the United States and Canada.
Like Carry Nation-the hatchet-wielding prohibitionist-Gaston was a woman of fierce convictions, given to flamboyant tactics, nearly as likely to irritate her allies as her opponents. Both women had a knack for attracting public attention and influential support, although it is overstating the case to argue. as one writer does. that Gaston was second only to Nation as “the leading female reformer in America during the early 1900s.’
The Electronic Book
Authors: Kilgour Frederick G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE ELECTRONIC BOOK production system, although it also came into being in the last quarter of the twentieth century, has nothing in common with the three late-century printing systems, offset printing, flexography, and electrostatic printing, discussed in the previous chapter. It uses neither ink, paper, nor press, and it does not permanently print on anything; the format of the electronic book in no way resembles that of the convenient codex that has been traditional for nearly the last two thousand years, and it has met with unenthusiastic reception, chiefly because it presents a radical physical change for the user: from the familiar bound book in the hand to the monitor screen of a desktop computer or the flat-panel dis play of a laptop machine. The present situation with respect to electronic books is analogous to that of most late-nineteenth-century automobiles, which for nearly a decade after Karl Benz’s successful 1885 motorized tricycle were “horseless carriages,” until the French firm of Panhard and Lavassor built a machine having a design that has lasted more than a century: an engine in front under a hood instead of over the rear axle, a slanted post with steering wheel in place of a vertical post with tiller, and floor pedals rather than hand levers.
Suspended Particle Transport in Benthic Boundary Layers
Authors: Hill P S , McCave I N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Benthic boundary layer (BBL) transport of suspended sediment and associated substances, such as organic carbon, nutrients, and anthropogenic contaminants, represents a highly effective mechanism of dispersal. As such, developing predictive understanding of suspended sediment transport has been the goal of sedimentologists, ecologists, and engineers for decades. The goal of this chapter is not to offer a broad, necessarily synoptic view of the current state of knowledge, but rather to highlight several areas of suspended sediment research in BBLs where exciting recent advances have occurred. Featured are processes that affect vertical profiles of suspended sediment in unidirectional, horizontally uniform flows. Consequently, oscillatory flows and controls on the magnitude and timing of transport events are neglected. The assumed simple flow maintains focus on particles. That said, the approaches to parameterizing suspended particle profiles covered in this chapter are general and can be applied to more complex flows of variable strength, frequency, and duration.
Porewater Flow in Permeable Sediments
Authors: Huettel Markus , Webster Ian T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In muddy, cohesive sediments molecular diffusion and possibly the activities of the benthic fauna are the major transport mechanisms for solutes through sediments (Berner, 1980; Aller, 1982). Diffusion through water is a relatively slow process, and it is further slowed in porewaters because the diffusing molecules must follow a tortuous path around the sediment grains. In sandy, permeable sediments, interstitial water motions can be an effective transport mechanism. Webb and Theodor (1968) found that dye injected 5 cm into the crests and troughs of a sandy seabed under waves took only 1-3 hours to reach the sediment surface, a much shorter time than the 6 days it would take molecular diffusion to travel this distance. The interaction between waves and ripple bedforms is one of a number of mechanisms that drive interstitial flows within sediments. Waves can induce exchange across a flat sediment surface as well (e.g., Riedl et al., 1972). The repetitive action of waves running up a beach, infiltrating the sand and then draining, represents another process causing vigorous exchange between sediments and the water column (Riedl and Machan, 1972). Steady currents interacting with bottom obstructions, such as sediment mounds and benthic organisms, can induce interstitial flows and enhanced exchange between sediments and the water column (e.g., Huettel and Gust, 1992). Unstable density gradients within interstitial waters due to temporal variations in salinity in the overlying water, as might occur in estuaries, can lead to free convection within sediments (e.g., Webster et al., 1996).
Transport and Reactions in the Bioirrigated Zone
Authors: Aller Robert C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Diagenetic reactions of importance to sedimentary biogeochemical cycling commonly involve soluble reactants, products, or intermediates. Processes controlling solute transport, therefore, determine in large part the occurrence of specific reactions, the absolute and relative rates of reactions, and the net transfer of material between environmental reservoirs over a wide spectrum of spatial and temporal scales. These scales range from localized single crystal growth or dissolution to basinwide patterns of sediment-water nutrient exchange. The activities of benthic organisms influence the transport of solutes in surface sediments in a variety of direct and indirect ways, drastically altering elemental cycling processes, reaction rates, and diagenetic properties from what would occur in their absence. All the complexity of benthic biological community dynamics, individual species behavior, and ecological interactions are thus very much a part of solute transport in surficial deposits. This chapter outlines some of the major known effects of benthos on solute distributions and transport, particularly muds, and examines the ways in which these effects have been conceptualized and quantitatively modeled (see also chapter 9). As will become clear, the study of solute transport and reaction coupling in sediment subject to bioirrigation is a very rich area of research, and much remains to be done.
Life in the Diffusive Boundary Layer
Authors: Jørgensen Bo Barker 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The sizes of living organisms span 8 orders of magnitude, from the smallest bacteria of about 0.2 µm diameter to the largest whales of 30 m. The difference in their biomass approaches the third power of this, 1022-23, a span that is truly difficult to comprehend, as it equals the relative size difference between humans and the entire earth. The relevant scale of the environment of marine organisms differs accordingly, from micrometers to kilometers. The physical properties of the aquatic environment and of the transport processes shift dramatically over this vast spectrum of scales, as shown in fig. 14.1. Microorganisms live in a world of low Reynolds numbers dominated by viscous forces to which they must adapt their mechanisms of motility. They also live in a world where diffusion within their microenvironment is so fast that it exceeds the advective transport of solutes, which they may need for their metabolism. The special properties of the small scale show up in many guises. They are important for the nutrient uptake of microscopic phytoplankton organisms, for the chemical microenvironment of aggregates sinking through the oceanic water column as marine snow, and for the transfer of dissolved substances across the sediment-water interface. Some consequences of viscosity and diffusion are even counterintuitive and often not correctly understood. This chapter gives a general introduction to the viscous world and small-scale diffusion and then discusses these aspects in terms of the benthic diffusive boundary layer (DBL).
Interfacial Microbial Mats and Biofilms
Authors: De Beer Dirk , Kühl Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Biofilms and microbial mats can be defined as surface-associated layers of microbial cells embedded in extracellular polymeric substance (EPS; Characklis and Marshall, 1989; Stal and Caumette, 1994). Biofilms cover solid surfaces, while mats cover sediments. Biofilms range from a few cell layers to a maximum of a few mmillimeters in thickness, and microbial mats range from &lt;1 mm to several centimeters in thickness. Furthermore, most microbial mats are characterized by high population densities of photoautotrophic microorganisms that act as primary producers in the top millimeters and build up the mat matrix, while many biofilms are heterotrophic and rely on substrate supply from the surface or the surrounding water. Despite these fundamental differences, biofilms and microbial mats share many characteristics, and both represent communities with complex strategies for microbial life at surfaces where steep gradients of physicochemical variables are found (chapters 8 and 14).