bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contempt Of Court
Authors: Miller C J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Contempt of court has been aptly described as the Proteus of the legal world, assuming an almost infinite diversity of forms. Its central concern is to protect the administration of justice in criminal and civil cases, addressing, for example, the perennial conflict between the requirements of a fair and unprejudiced trial and those from freedom of expression. It is also concerned to protect witnesses from being victimized and courts from being subjected to destructive criticism in the press, or disruptive conduct during their proceedings. Similarly, it provides the ultimate sanction to secure the enforcement of court orders. A further major clash of interests is between the demands of 'open justice' and the numerous restrictions on reporting which now exist, for example to confer anonymity on children and on complainants in sexual cases and on other vulnerable witnesses. These are discussed in detail, particularly in the light of the changes associated with the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999. This new and considerably expanded version of Professor Miller's classic work on the subject has been written against the background of the Human Rights Act 1998 and the ever-increasing importance of the European Convention of Human Rights. The compatibility (or otherwise) of existing law with 'Convention rights' is discussed in detail in the light of the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights, many of which are not as inimical to the values traditionally advanced by the law of contempt as is sometimes assumed. Full discussion of the many changes in English law is accompanied by references to developments in such jurisdictions as Australia, New Zealand, Canada and, to a lesser extent, the United States of America. In particular the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms has long since required Canadian courts to grapple with issues which are now confronting their United Kingdom counterparts. It is to be expected that such developments will increasingly be taken into account when reassessing our own law of contempt.
Bad Business
Authors: Hobbs Dick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Written by a leading commentator on the culture of crime and criminality, this is a hard-hitting and disturbing insight into the activities and attitudes of professional criminals. The book is based upon interviews with generations of criminals whose activities range from violence, intimidation, and protection rackets through to drug dealing and car theft. Professional criminals talk in graphic detail about their violent methods and their often ruthless attitudes to those who stand in their way. Their stories show a picture of a community where criminals have an elevated status, where violence is seen as a way of life, and prison is an occupational hazard - not a deterrent. The author spent three years at street level talking to the people whose stories appear in this book, and he presents us with a picture of a world beyond the usual glamorous, media friendly images of the gangster: a place where it is a struggle to thrive in a dangerous and highly competitive environment.
Autonomy In International Contracts
Authors: Nygh Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book explores the source and extent of the right of parties to an international contract to make appropriate arrangements for the determination of their legal relationship, primarily by selecting the applicable law, but also by selecting the judicial or arbitral forum. The book focuses on the legal systems of the United States, the Commonwealth jurisdictions and the civil law countries of western and central Europe, taking as a starting point the provisions of the several Hague Conventions on the Choice of Law in Sales and other contracts, the Rome Convention of 1980 on the Law Applicable to International Contracts and the Mexico Convention of 1994 on the same topic, as well as modern legislation on conflicts of law. Nygh’s aim is to discern a general consensus, where present, and to argue for a further development and extension of the principles of autonomy unhampered by historical notions of territoriality and sovereignty, which hitherto have sought to restrain it, with only such limitations as can be justified for the protection of weaker parties or genuine state interests. This fascinating analysis, written from the author’s unique perspective, will be welcomed by practitioners and scholars alike. This book is part of the Oxford Monographs in Private International Law series, the aim of which is to publish work of high quality and originality in a number of important areas of private international law. The series is intended for both scholarly and practitioner readers.
Naturalism and Naturalized Jurisprudence
Authors: Leiter Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Naturalism is a familiar development in recent philosophy. Indeed, it would not be wrong to say that it is the distinctive development in philosophy over the last thirty years. The linguistic turn of the first half of this century (in which traditional philosophical problems were framed as problems about our use of language) has either been supplanted or supplemented by the naturalistic turn, in which traditional philosophical problems are thought to be insoluble by the a priori, armchair methods of the philosopher, and to require, instead, embedding in (or replacement by) suitable empirical theories.
On defining the holy man
Authors: Cameron Averil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It falls to few of us to write an article that justifies the epithet ‘seminal’, but Peter Brown’s ‘Rise and Function of the Holy Man’ was certainly that. Appearing in 1971, the year after The World of Late Antiquity, it represented a major change of direction from Augustine of Hippo (1967), the importance of which is evident for Peter Brown himself as well as for his readers. The World of Late Antiquity moved away from the close textual analysis and the psychological interpretation which are the marks of the book on Augustine towards a broader sweep, even if still in the same chronological period. Its horizons were vast, its energy enviable. Brown was staking out a new field. With the article on the holy man he could be seen stepping more confidently into the territory of social anthropology, using a wide range of ‘data’ to construct a social definition, not of a saint, but of the ‘holy man’ in late antiquity as a typically interstitial figure exercising a patronage role based on the symbolic capital of his perceived authority. Such figures were presentedmainly on the basis of Eastern, and especially Syrian, sources-as rural patrons, able to mediate between town and country, and between the powerful and the poor. There was to be more to say.
Lecture Three Federalism
Authors: Gummow W M C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
federalism is a form of government the nature of which is seldom adequately understood in all its bearings by those whose fortune it is to live under a unitary system. The problems of federal ism and the considerations governing their solution assume a different aspect to those whose lives are spent under the operation of a federal Constitution, particularly if by education, practice and study they have been brought to think about the constitutional conceptions and modes of reasoning which belong to federalism as commonplace and familiar ideas. A unitary system presents no analogies and indeed, on the contrary, it forms a background against which many of the conceptions and distinctions inherent in federalism must strike the mind as strange and exotic refinements.
Responses to Crime
Authors: Windlesham Lord 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The prevalence of criminal offending in England and Wales, its causes, the harms that result, and what can be done to counter it, have been in the forefront of public policy concerns throughout the second half of the twentieth century. The differing ways in which successive governments and policy-makers have responded has been the theme of Lord Windlesham's four volumes on `Responses to Crime`. In this final part of his survey, covering the closing years of the century, the author analyses how the dominant influence of public opinion, systematically measured, evaluated, and translated into policy decisions, interacted with a trend towards retribution and a harsher penal climate. Despite the relief afforded by electronically monitored early release the numbers in prison rose to record levels, with consequent failures to achieve targets relating to conditions and treatment. Since the 1997 General Election New labour's modernizing mission has led to far-reaching managerial and structural reforms in the process of justice. The Crown Prosecution Service, Legal Aid, and the Probation Service have been reorganized; a new system of youth justice instituted; and mandatory sentencing, inherited from the Conservatives, preserved and extended. This volume contains detailed commentaries on the controversy over access to jury trial, the not yet completed reform of criminal legal aid, and the policy imperative of strengthening the enforcement of community penalties. `Dispensing Justice` also includes a comparative study of the development of public defender systems for indigent persons charged with criminal offences in the United States.
Extraterritorial Impact of Choice of Law Rules for Non-United States Debtors under Revised Uniform Commercial Code Article 9 and a New Proposal for International Harmonization*
Authors: Charles Professor , Jun W Mooney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After almost a decade of study, meetings, deliberations, and drafting, a new version of Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) Article 9 (Secured Transactions)1 recently was promulgated in the United States. As of May 2000, Revised Article 9 had been enacted in twenty-two states (including California and Texas), was on the governor’s desk for signature in three other states, and had been introduced in fifteen other jurisdictions. It is under study as a part of the legislative process in several others. Former Article 9, which is destined to be replaced by Revised Article 9, is generally believed to have been one of the most successful-if not the most successful-uniform law projects ever undertaken in the United States. I expect that Revised Article 9 will earn a similar reputation.
Transmitter Receptor Systems In Cingulate Regions And Areas
Authors: Palomero-Gallagher Nicola , Zilles Karl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Transmitter receptors are heterogeneously distributed throughout the cerebral cortex and provide a novel and functionally relevant insight into the regional organization of the cortex, which cannot be achieved by architectonic observations in cell body- or myelin-stained sections alone. The regional distribution of transmitter receptors reflects well-established cyto and myelo architectonically defined borders of cortical areas, and enables the additional identification of more cortical areas than previously demonstrated (Zilles and Palomero-Gallagher, 2001; Zilles et al., 2003).The mapping of different receptor binding sites is a novel and powerful tool which reveals the receptor-architectonic organization of the cerebral cortex (Zilles et al., 1995, 2002a, 2002b; Morosan et al., 2004). A single neuron expresses a variety of receptor subtypes of different neurotransmitter systems and, therefore, a single architectonical area will contain many different receptor subtypes. Furthermore, interactions between neurotransmitter systems are common (Atzori et al., 2003; West et al., 2003; Akiyama et al., 2004; Drew and Vaughan, 2004; Lee et al., 2004; Trudeau, 2004; Franco et al., 2005), so that synaptic signalling mediated by a given neurotransmitter can be altered as a consequence of previous alterations in other neurotransmitter systems. Thus, it would be desirable to study as many different subtypes of receptors from as many different neurotransmitter systems as possible to obtain a comprehensive portrayal of such a complex system as that constituted by a cortical area.
The Anterior and Midcingulate Cortices and Reward
Authors: Rolls Edmund T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) occupies approximately the anterior one third of the cingulate cortex and is implicated in emotion. Figure 8.1 shows areas 24 and 32 in the pregenual ACC and area 25 in the subgenual ACC. The ACC is distinguished from the midcingulate cortex (MCC) which occupies approximately the middle third of the cingulate cortex and is comprised of areas 24a´b´ and 24d; the latter of which contains part of the caudal cingulate motor area (Chapters 1, 3, and 5) and may be involved in response selection (Rushworth et al., 2004). In what follows, I will distinguish the anterior or pregenual cingulate cortex (pACC) from the midcingulate cortex (MCC).Vogt et al. (1996) showed that pain produced an increase in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), measured with positron emission tomography (PET) in an area of ACC which included parts of areas 25, 32, 24a, 24b, and/or 24c. They suggested that activation of this region is related to the affective aspect of pain. There are direct projections to the cingulate cortex from medial thalamic nuclei that relay pain inputs, including the parafascicular nucleus. In terms of other connections (Van Hoesen et al., 1993; Vogt and Pandya, 1987; Vogt et al., 1987), the ACC is connected to the medial orbitofrontal areas, parts of lateral orbitofrontal area 12 (Carmichael and Price, 1995), the amygdala (which projects strongly to cingulate areas, 25, 24 and 32), and the temporal pole cortex, and also receives somatosensory inputs from the insula and other somatosensory cortical areas (Fig. 8.1).
The Geography Of Papua New Guinea
Authors: Allen Bryant J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Present evidence suggests that humans established themselves on the island of New Guinea at least 40 000 years ago. By 1966, the year of the first complete census, the inhabitants of what is now the nation of Papua New Guinea numbered over 2.15 million. In 1980 this figure had increased to 3.03 million. Although it is incorrect to suggest that the island and its population were isolated from the rest of the world for much of that time, it is true that the intensity of contact increased substantially from the 1880s, following the establishment of small enclave outposts by representatives of European capitalism.
Humanist Chronology (I): Ways of Dealing with Calendar Dates
Authors: Grafton Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We begin where Scaliger did: with the equipment traditionally found in the humanist’s toolbox, which he mastered with unheard-of precocity and skill in his late teens and early twenties. In 1560 he signed and dated, in Greek, a copy of Hervagius’ second edition of Euripides (Basie, 1544).
Back to the Brigantes: Fantasy, Philology, and National Origins
Authors: Grafton Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the mid-1570s Scaliger moved into the most contentious of all areas in world history. No subject pricked more sensibilities, caused more pens to be dipped in gall, or generated more original critical scholarship than the problem of the origins of the modem English, Dutch, French, German, Italian, and Spanish peoples. A web of fanciful genealogies, spun out for the first time as early as the seventh century, connected the nations of the day and their noble ancestors, the Trojan exile Francio or Francus, progenitor of the Franks, and his cousin Brutus, the first Briton. Individual accounts varied sharply by the later Middle Ages, as old fantasies became unrecognizable under the incrustation of new ones, and critics impatiently sheared several layers away at once. In fifteenth-century France alone, as Colette Beaune has shown, some writers insisted on a biblical, some on a classical origin for the nation; others conflated the two, and still others rejected all such efforts and insisted that the origins of France must be sought in the early centuries of the Christian era, when the barbarians were first mentioned by classical authors.
The Territory of the Chronologer (II): Technical Chronology
Authors: Grafton Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the autumn of 1581 Scaliger had also come into contact with the other existing tradition of chronological research that would yield vital ingredients and methods for De emendatione. In May of that year he wrote to Dupuy that he was ‘en peine’ for a book ‘on correcting epochs in chronology’ written by a German and published at Basle. In July he asked Dupuy for the book again. On 4 September, when he boasted to Chrestien of his mastery over the arts of the computus, he also thanked Dupuy for the book on epochs, ‘lequel est fort bon’—and asked his help in obtaining the Samaritan computus.
From Preuilly to Leiden
Authors: Grafton Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between 1583 and 1593 Scaliger’s life changed dramatically for the worse, and he plunged into isolation and despair. Political and social conditions in the cities grew increasingly violent and chaotic. The Catholic League drove most of his close friends in the Parlement out of Paris; Brisson, who insisted on remaining, died miserably at their hands. The assassinations of 1588 further polluted the poisoned air of French politics. And Scaliger himself, though safe enough as a member of the Rocheposay household, found himself confined in one small chateau after another, mostly around Poitiers in the west. Now he really was a prisoner in Arabia deserta. The constant threats of attack and need to move prevented him from engaging in serious study. He saw no hope of regaining peace of mind, freedom to travel, or even access to his own library. ‘I did little studying; I had to do more running than studying’—so he later summed up these agitated years.
Emendatio emendata: 1584-1598
Authors: Grafton Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Scaliger looked back in 1597 on the reception of his chronology, every prospect displeased him, and all the men who had written in response to his work seemed vile. His book, he wryly declared, had offered his contemporaries an intelligence test. Unfortunately, virtually all of them had failed.
Don Quixote’s Last Ride: The Attack on Precession
Authors: Grafton Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 19 March Qulian) 1608 Scaliger wrote a long letter about ancient astronomy to the modern astronomer Nicolaus Mulerius. He praised Mulerius’ efforts to compute a wholly new set of astronomical tables; he also criticized at greater length the existing ones, which shared one basic flaw. The authors of the Alfonsine Tables had gone wrong by resorting to artificial devices—the motion of the eighth sphere and what they called the ‘motus trepidationis’—to account for the non-uniform length of the tropical year. They had, that is, assumed that the sphere of the fixed stars moved eastwards while the equinoxes remained fixed.
Winter
Authors: Grafton Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Scaliger completed his great book, he had little reason to feel confidence about its reception or optimism about his discipline of chronology. He had found some allies of very high competence. Calvisius had published a sound introduction to his ideas, die Opus chronologicum, in 1605, and offered support and friendship as well as criticism. Ignatius Hanniel based his lectures on chronology at Rostock on Scaliger’s work, setting the era of Cyrus where Scaliger had and praising him as the most learned man in Europe.
Civil Jurisdiction Rules Of The Eu And Their Impact On Third States
Authors: Kruger Thalia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past few years the European Community has been active in establishing rules of civil jurisdiction. This book provides a comprehensive treatment of the three main instruments for implementing these rules: Brussels I (covering jurisdiction in civil and commercial matters), Brussels IIbis (jurisdiction in matters of divorce and parental responsibility) and the Insolvency Regulation. The Regulations were drawn up from the point of view of the European Community and the facilitation of co-operation between the Member States. However, legal practice shows that disputes, whether of a commercial or family nature, are not always neatly restricted to being either within the competence of the EU, or entirely outside the EU. When a single dispute might fall into the jurisdiction of either EU Member States or third States, the exact scope of application of the Regulations is uncertain. This book covers the background and development of civil jurisdiction rules in the European Union, analysing the three main regulations on civil jurisdiction, and the effect that the application of these rules has on parties domiciled or habitually resident outside the EU, particularly with regard to the recognition and enforcement of judgments made within the EU in external jurisdictions. There is analysis of case law and practical problems which have arisen, or might arise, in disputes where there is a conflict of laws between an EU Member State and a third State, for example involving the rules of the domicile of the defendant, exclusive jurisdiction, forum clauses, and procedural rules such as forum non conveniens and lis pendens. It will also examine the external competences of the European Community in the field of civil jurisdiction with regard to the ECJ Lugano Opinion and the far-reaching implications of this ruling for possible future conventions, both for the EU and for third states who will now have to negotiate with the European Community as a whole, and not with a collection of states.
EU Law of Free Movement of Goods and Customs Union
Authors: Gormley Laurence W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This work gives a practical overview of the legal aspects of the Free Movement of Goods and the working of the Customs Union within the European Union and their interpretation and application by the Court of Justice of the European Communities. The essential purpose of the free movement of goods and customs provisions of the EC Treaty is to contribute to the establishment of a common market that will ensure, amongst other things, free trade in goods between member states. The free movement of goods is the primary pillar on which the internal market within the European Community - the heart of the EU - is based. This book analyses the operation of the customs union, with detailed treatment of the Community Customs Code and its implementing and associated measures. It also discusses the elimination of customs duties and charges having equivalent effect, and the elimination of quantitative restrictions and measures having equivalent effect in trade between Member States. It concludes with coverage of state monopolies of a commercial character, and the nuclear common market. It derives from a section in the looseleaf Law of the EU (Vaughan and Robertson, eds), and is made available here for the benefit of those who do not subscribe to the looseleaf.
Theoretical Foundations
Authors: Gearty Conor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I explore further the two main versions of civil liberties to which I alluded in Chapter 1, describing the intellectual origins of each and explaining how they have come to gain such a strong hold on our subject despite their manifest differences. First, I analyse the connection with individual liberty and then counterpoint this with a version of our subject more in line with the democratic thinking that is at the core of this book. The role of the Human Rights Act 1998 as a (partial) guarantor of civil liberties and as the promoter of certain human rights values is then considered, with the Act’s especial strength being (as we shall see presently) its capacity to confront and to some extent resolve the potential majoritarian crisis that is inherent in all democratic systems that promote and/or depend on a strong sense of community.