bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Benchmark Mean-Variance Optimization
Authors: Michaud Richard O , Michaud Robert O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Benchmarks arise naturally in many asset management contexts. For example, an equity manager’s performance is typically evaluated relative to the return and tracking risk of an index such as the S&P 500. Tactical asset allocation performance is generally measured relative to a return index. Investment policy asset allocation may be associated with funding an appropriate return liability. This chapter addresses MV optimization relative to a return index or benchmark. The benchmark redefines risk in terms of the return of an investment-relevant objective. Mathematically, benchmark-relative optimization is MV optimization with a linear equality constraint representing the benchmark. Benchmark-relative optimization without linear inequality constraints, such as sign constraints, is subject to the same estimation error investment limitations as described in Jobson and Korkie (1980, 1981) and discussed in Chapter 4. While MV optimization relative to a benchmark may reduce instability at low risk, the statistical significance of investment information may be diminished.
Avoiding Optimization Errors
Authors: Michaud Richard O , Michaud Robert O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Optimizers are useful for assigning airport gates, computing lunar trajectories, and routing telephone calls, as well as optimizing portfolios. Therefore, it should not be surprising that an optimizer requires a great deal of information specific to the investment process if it is going to find investment-relevant portfolios. The operating principle for defining an optimization is that more information is better than less as long as it is reliable and consistent. Several procedures, developed largely from institutional experience, are useful for enhancing the investment value of an optimization. Most apply to equity portfolio optimization.
Japan’s Fleas and Flies
Authors: Lockwood Jeffrey A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The scale of 20th-century conflicts led to civilians becoming strategic targets. The morale of a populace, the industrial output of a city, and the agricultural production of a farming district were all vital to protracted, large-scale warfare. The horrific toll on noncombatants from the German Blitzkrieg, Allied bombing, and V-1 rocket attacks in the European theater was not lost on the Japanese, who needed no excuse to attack the Chinese populace, but welcomed the implicit acceptance of such tactics by the international community and the opportunity to further test the moral waters. The Japanese began using poison gas against the Chinese in 1937 as a military tactic that also served as a probe of political sensitivities.1 When compelling evidence of chemical warfare was brought to the League of Nations in 1939, nothing was done.
A Swarm of Accusations
Authors: Lockwood Jeffrey A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The communists realized that the global audience was rolling its eyes during the fight scene between the Soviet and American diplomats. But they also knew that the western nations placed a premium on science. So in 1952, while the United Nations was embroiled in fiery political rhetoric, the Chinese were working in the wings to rewrite the script. By putting scientists in the lead role, they would make sure that the next act would take the world by storm. To avoid the appearance of gross impropriety, China turned the production over to the World Peace Council.1 However, the council’s bias was very thinly veiled, given that the Soviet-funded organization was founded by Frédéric Joliot-Curie, a winner of the Nobel Prize in physics—and a devout communist.
An Imaginary Menagerie?
Authors: Lockwood Jeffrey A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the efforts of the communists to portray the International Scientific Commission as a team of objective scientists, the Americans weren’t buying it for a minute.1 The commission had been formulated by the World Peace Council, an organization that the West saw as a communist front. Its members had made little effort to disguise their anti-Americanism and the chair of the commission, Joseph Needham, was an avowed Marxist (see Figure 16.1).
Medflies, Fruits, and Nuts
Authors: Lockwood Jeffrey A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) is the world’s most destructive pest of fruits, capable of causing staggering agricultural losses and triggering massive control programs. It is also one of the prettiest pests, with the house fly–size adults sporting wings that look like stained glass in earth tones (see Figure 21.1). The larvae, on the other hand, are voracious little maggots that gorge themselves on everything from avocados, coffee, olives, and tomatoes to bananas, citrus, mangos, and peaches. Although the species is found in Hawaii, it has not become established on the mainland—and the agricultural industry desperately wants to keep it that way.
Insect Cyborgs and Roboflies
Authors: Lockwood Jeffrey A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The U.S. military doesn’t use the term “cyborgs,” although this is precisely what their scientists and engineers are developing. Perhaps this sounds a bit too much like the stuff of science fiction. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) prefers to call their futuristic, insect-machine hybrids “vivisystems.” 1 The goal is to merge evolution and engineering, to take insects and “turn them into war-fighting technologies.” DARPA’s Controlled Biological
Markets and Morals: Surrogate Motherhood, Military Service
Authors: Sandel Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One way of testing utilitarian and libertarian theories is to consider arguments for and against the use of markets in some controversial settings. Are there some goods that should be not be bought and sold? If so, why are markets objectionable means of allocating these goods? Consider military service. What do you think of the Civil War system, which allowed conscripts to hire a substitute to take their place? Or, to take another market controversy, what about surrogacy contracts, in which a couple pays a woman to become pregnant with their child, and to turn it over at birth? Do your views about markets in these cases challenge or support utilitarian and libertarian assumptions? Prior to 1776, the American colonies passed literally hundreds of statutes and ordinances providing for the raising of militias; typically these empowered authorities to recruit and pay men under arms rather than draft them into service. One commentator has observed that, during that period, the colonies “required all able-bodied men between the ages of 16 and 50 to compose the militia.... A fine was generally imposed upon those unable to attend [drill].” These were the colonial soldiers who fought the Indians and the French.
Slippages of the Public and Private in Resource Wars
Authors: Gathii James Thuo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
International law and international relations theory assume that States monopolize the means and the right to wage war. Thus international law evaluates whether war is legally permissible given the role a State plays in initiating or conducting the war. On this view, violence affecting international security not attributable to a State raises difficult issues of responsibility as Judge Koijmans noted in his separate opinion in the 2005 decision of the International Court of Justice (ICJ), Democratic Republic of Congo v. Uganda. For example, there is no agreement among States, ICJ judges, or scholars of international law on whether a State has an international law right to use force in selfdefense where an armed attack emanates from a non-State actor as opposed to that from a State.
The GPL, the Public Domain, and the Web
Authors: Phillips Douglas E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
weaving the web, the story of his invention of the World Wide Web at CERN, Tim Berners-Lee describes how the Web technology came to be dedicated to the public domain. In the year preceding a March 1993 meeting of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) in Columbus, Ohio, Berners-Lee “had been trying to get CERN to release the intellectual property rights to the Web code under the General Public License (GPL) so that others could use it.”1 The University of Minnesota had introduced an Internet search tool and protocol—then better known than the Web—called Gopher.2 In early 1993, the University announced that it would require a license to use Gopher and would charge an annual fee for commercial users.3 In response, the industry “dropped gopher like a hot potato.”4
Failure as a Dutiful Wife
Authors: Frankel Noralee 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One day Morton Minsky’s aunt Mae Cohen, whom Minsky described as “one of the most proper and distinguished women in our family,” came to call on him. “Morton,” Aunt Mae began, “I have a problem you may be able to help me with. One of my good friends is a Mrs. Mizzy.” Mrs. Mizzy was concerned because her son was dating one of Minsky’s employees, “a certain Miss Gypsy Rose Lee.” Mrs. Cohen pointedly queried her nephew about Gypsy. She wanted him to tell her everything he knew. Discreet in his answer, Minsky stressed Gypsy’s intelligence and left out her alliance with gangsters. For Mrs. Mizzy, the problem of Gypsy was not solved when her son married a Hollywood actress, rather than carrying on with a burlesque stripper; it ended only when her son and Gypsy divorced. She waited a very short time.
Strip Around the World
Authors: Frankel Noralee 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sweden’s nude bathing surprised Gypsy. “I guess I’m more easily shocked than the average person,” she told a local interviewer, who thought she was joking. Ten-year-old Erik surpassed his mother’s punch line by adding, “The YMCA or the YWCA is the only place you can do that in America.” Aspects of the European trip challenged Gypsy, but most audiences reacted favorably to the old routines. Throughout Europe, Gypsy created a variation of her carnival show. Four women, usually recruited from the host country, in fishnet stockings and strategically placed sequins sauntered onstage with a well-dressed Gypsy. Slowly, Gypsy stripped her clothing: a pink ermine coat; a dress laden with rhinestones, furs, and jewels. “Thus loaded,” she joked, “it would certainly be difficult to run for a bus.” She placed her extensive wardrobe on the other women. By the end of the act, Gypsy wore only a few leaves that, as one reporter pointed out, “had the autumnal tendency to fall.” After a few changings of the seasons in London, the County Council intervened, causing Gypsy to be “more painstaking in applying the spirit gum which keeps the leaves from slipping.”
Immortality in Book and Song
Authors: Frankel Noralee 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It’s here, Papa, it’s here! Girls, the letter is here!’ Mother closed the front door and stood with her back pressed against it. She let the other letters fall to the floor, holding the important one to her chest. ‘Oh, please,’ she murmured, ‘please, God, make it good news.’ “ Had the girls been accepted as a vaudeville act? So begins Act I, chapter 3 of Gypsy’s autobiography, Gypsy: A Memoir, which Gypsy wrote in three acts as if it were a stage play. It was published in 1957. Gypsy told such a compelling story about her childhood that her book ends with Gypsy still in her twenties.
Before Gypsy decided to write mysteries, she had attempted and failed at a memoir. She worried that her witticisms about her experiences might not be funny. In the 1940s, she composed shorter articles about her childhood for the New Yorker and Harper’s. Ten years later she protested, “It’s not the time for it. Not yet.” Autobiographies “always seem so final,” she reflected. Besides, “I’ve been too busy living it to be writing it.”
Aging Gracefully in Public
Authors: Frankel Noralee 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1961, Gypsy bought a seventeen-room mansion situated on two acres at 1240 Cerrocrest Drive in Beverly Hills. She paid $63,500 for it and was convinced that she had made a good buy. Built in the 1920s on one of the highest sites in the city, the house was some seventy-five feet above the street and was reached by steep steps. Gypsy wisely built a retaining wall and placed tall cypresses in front. She chose the house in California because she adored its breathtaking view at night and the spaciousness inside. She teasingly referred to it as “early Sunset Boulevard”—a self-conscious parody of the movie about a reclusive former silent film actress’s inability to cope with her aging.
But the house required a great deal of remodeling to make it livable. She knew she had her work cut out for her to transform the place into her home. She hired ironworkers, plumbers, and gardeners and an interior designer, Jane Ashley. Even as she labored to give it her own style, she found the setting relaxing. Outside, Gypsy puttered relentlessly and with great satisfaction in her garden, which contained a small moat stocked with fish. Inside, she cleaned to the point of bleeding knuckles and broken fingernails.
Diagnosis and Evaluation of Patients With Seizures
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A , Sperling Michael R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Approximately 10% of the general population will experience at least one seizure within their lifetimes in most Western countries, and even higher rates are observed in developing countries. However, less than one-third of these individuals go on to develop epilepsy, which is characterized by recurring seizures. Epilepsy may be due to genetic causes (inherited trait to have seizures), brain tumors, infections (meningitis or encephalitis), brain trauma, stroke, developmental anomalies (e.g., cortical dysplasia), malformations (tuberous sclerosis, neuroﬁbromatosis), vascular malformations (arteriovenous malformations), and other causes. In at least half of individuals who suffer from epilepsy, no cause can be ascertained.
Antiepileptic Drugs in Patients With Cardiovascular Disorders
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A , Sperling Michael R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Selection of the appropriate antiepileptic therapy should be guided by the recognition that some patients have multiple comorbidities and receive multiple medications. Patients with cardiovascular disorders are usually on antihypertensive, anticoagulant, or cardiac drugs, which may have signiﬁcant interactions with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). In addition, AEDs may have adverse effects on cardiovascular system (Drug Facts and Comparisons, 2007). The major class of interaction is between AEDs that induce or inhibit the cytochrome P-450 enzyme system and cardiovascular medications that are metabolized by these enzymes. Therefore, it is best to avoid enzymealtering AEDs if possible.
Antiepileptic Drugs in Patients With History of Drug-Induced Cutaneous Eruptions
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A , Sperling Michael R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Drug-induced rashes are the most common type of idiosyncratic reaction due to the use of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). The most common presentation is a maculopapular or erythematous pruritic rash appearing within 4 weeks of initiating therapy with a new AED. Systemic symptoms are usually absent, although fever may occur. The rash usually disappears within several days of discontinuing the drug. Other therapeutic measures are rarely needed, although diphenhydramine may help suppress itching and a brief course of steroids may be helpful for severe rash, particularly when fever is present. Occasionally, the rash can be severe and present as erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, or toxic epidermal necrolysis (Lyell syndrome) (Asconapé, 2002; Alvestad et al., 2007).
Investing For Change
Authors: Landier Augustin , Nair Vinay B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The socially conscious citizen is uneasy today, as globalization seems to grind social standards ever lower, driving companies to search abroad for the lowest labor costs and forcing governments to reduce safety regulations to attract them. In this scenario, workers earn less, the environment suffers, tax revenues for health care and other social necessities fall lower and lower. Investing for Change shows that these citizens can change the globalized world in the direction of many common values by being a socially conscious investor. How can one invest according to one’s values? Will it change the way companies act? In Investing for Change, Augustin Landier and Vinay B. Nair argue that in fact globalization, by lowering boundaries through instantaneous communications and providing individuals greater choices, is helping create a shared concern for many issues around the planet. No longer are such humanitarian concerns as workplace safety, environmental standards, health care, and child-labor protections limited to isolated nations in the developed world. This development gives Responsible Investing valuable practical force. After all, the authors write, companies should not be expected to put profits second, nor should investors be expected to pay a price to express their values. As the numbers of socially conscious investors rise--and as global pressure increases--companies will compete to maximize their appeal to these investors. Most exciting, the authors point to a new generation of financial products, based on the techniques of hedge funds, which will eliminate the cost of responsible investing. The world is changing--and it can change for the better, faster, with market-tested tools that promise real financial results. Categorizing investors in illuminating groups of Yellow, Blue, and Red, and drawing on the latest research and deep experience in asset management, Landier and Nair show how responsible investing can truly come into its own.
Can SRI Achieve Change?
Authors: Landier Augustin , Nair Vinay B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When many cities, states, colleges, faith-based groups, and pension funds throughout the United States began removing their investments from companies operating in South Africa, due to their opposition to apartheid, the decline in investment eventually forced a group of businesses, representing 75% of South African employers, to draft a charter calling for an end to apartheid. While efforts by socially responsible investors alone did not bring an end to apartheid, they did focus persuasive international pressure on the South African business community.
21St-Century Issues
Authors: O’Neill Philip D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq engendered a series of substantive and process-related legal developments. As the U.S. military and intelligence establishments grapple to meet new threats through refined structural and deployment practices, the legal consequences of those changes are just beginning to play out. In some instances, as with detention practices, the new legal implications arise against a fairly well-developed legal framework, with the difficulty primarily resulting from a principled legacy of nation-state conflicts trying to address sub-state, crossborder asymmetric warfare. In other instances, systemic changes with legal process implications arise from restructuring resources to meet changes in circumstances, as well as to remedy prior disconnects with security implications, as with the sharing of intelligence among involved agencies. In this Chapter the principal issues encountered thus far in fighting the wars of this century are explored; namely: (i) intelligence; (ii) military organization; (iii) detention; and (iv) terror finance
Why Vietnam
Authors: Brewer Susan A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the beginning, government leaders found it hard to explain to the American people why U.S. troops fought in Vietnam. As historian Marilyn Young observed, America’s war in Southeast Asia was “war as performance.” U.S. leaders feared that failure to prevent Vietnam from going communist would damage America’s image of strength considered to be vital in the stand-off with the Soviet Union. Policymakers relied on the Cold War official narrative to justify U.S. involvement. Their purpose, they said, was to contain the spread of communism from North Vietnam to U.S.-backed South Vietnam. As in the Korean War, “good Asians” fought with Americans against “bad Asians,” who followed the doctrines of Moscow and Beijing.
The Death-Strewn Slope
Authors: Desjardin Thomas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of the afternoon on July 2 the 20th remained safely nestled between the other regiments of the Fifth Corps along the Granite School-house Road. The First, Eleventh, and Twelfth Corps occupied the ground around them. Aware of his own shortcomings as a military commander, Joshua Chamberlain fretted over the apparent lack of information or strategy that seemed to consume the army around him. “But what much more impressed my mind,” he later wrote, “was the great calm, the uncertainty of overture, and seeming lack of tactical plan for the tremendous issue. We were aware that other troops were coming up, on one side and the other; but we had no means of knowing or judging which side would take the offensive and which the defensive or where the battle would begin.”
Pro Bono As An Elite Strategy In Early Lawyer Careers
Authors: Dinovitzer Ronit , Garth Bryant G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The conventional argument for pro bono legal service—heard from the organized bar and scholars alike—is that lawyers have a moral obligation to perform such service. Pointing to the large unmet need for legal services, scholars argue that members of the bar must be enlisted as part of a moral commitment to serve people who otherwise cannot afford legal assistance (Rhode 2005). Others build a parallel argument that lawyers are obligated to provide pro bono legal services because of the monopoly they are granted over the provision of legal services (Christensen 1981; Sossin 2008). In other words, in order to sustain the legitimacy of the bar’s monopoly, lawyers must demonstrate a commitment to access to justice for disadvantaged individuals. From this vantage point, the goal is to encourage more lawyers to provide more pro bono services.
The Role Of Volunteer Lawyers In Challenging The Conditions Of A Local Housing Crisis In Buffalo, Ny
Authors: Gocker James Clarke 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The organization and delivery of pro bono legal services has become increasingly institutionalized over the last quarter-century in jurisdictions across the United States. During this time, according to Cummings (2004), an intricate network of professional, private commercial and nonprofit, and public-sector legal organizations has emerged and set out to construct a “centralized and streamlined” pro bono system. The implications of organized pro bono’s emergence and institutionalization deserve more nuanced scholarly attention than has been given. Little is known, for instance, about how these changes affect the consciousness and actions of legal practitioners around issues of pro bono service. According to Cummings (2004:6), organized pro bono inculcates a set of “values and practices that have become deeply ingrained as part of the culture of legal professionalism, defining how lawyers understand their role in making legal services available to poor and underrepresented groups.”
Introduction
Authors: O’Reilly Prof. James T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is different. Law libraries have shelves full of books on defining crimes, detecting crimes, and conducting criminal jury trials. This book takes a different perspective. This book assumes that misconduct has occurred, and that society wishes to exact some penalty from the malefactors. But society cannot imprison a legal fiction, a corporation, and so the punishment that society can obtain will take other forms that are studied in this book. Corporations cannot be shackled by irons, or shot by firing squad, but they can be subjected to monitoring and debarment and several forms of starvation including fines, disgorgement, receivership, etc.