bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential depression of inhibitory synaptic responses in feedforward and feedback circuits between different areas of mouse visual cortex
Authors: Dong Hongwei , Shao Zhenwei , Nerbonne Jeanne M. , Burkhalter Andreas 
Published: June 2004

AbstractRecordings of synaptic responses of pyramidal neurons to feedback (FB) inputs from higher to lower areas of visual cortex show that excitatory synaptic responses are only weakly opposed by disynaptic inhibition. Whether weak inhibition is preserved at high frequencies remains unknown. Whole‐cell recordings were performed in pyramidal cells of mouse visual cortex to study the frequency dependence of excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs, IPSCs) elicited by feedforward (FF) input from the primary visual cortex (V1) to the higher lateromedial area (LM) and by FB input from the LM to V1. EPSCs showed similar frequency dependencies in FF and FB pathways; the amplitudes decreased during stimulus trains, and the depression was larger at higher frequencies. IPSCs decreased during repetitive stimulation, and the depression increased at higher frequencies. At >20 Hz, the depression of IPSCs in the FB pathway was greater than in the FF pathway. Thus, unlike FF circuits, FB circuits provide balanced excitatory and inhibitory inputs across a wide range of frequencies. This property was shown to be critically important in cortical circuits that modulate the gain of pyramidal cell firing (Chance et al. [2002] Neuron 35:773–782). J. Comp. Neurol. 475:361–373, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
F‐actin at identified synapses in the mushroom body neuropil of the insect brain
Authors: Frambach Ina , Rössler Wolfgang , Winkler Margret , Schürmann Friedrich‐Wilhelm 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe distribution of f‐actin stained by fluorescent phalloidin was investigated in the brain of several insect species, with a special focus on the mushroom body. For localizing f‐actin in identified neurons and at synapses, additional staining with fluorescent dextrans and anti‐synapsin I immunostaining was employed. Intense f‐actin staining was consistently found in synaptic complexes of the mushroom body calyces (calycal microglomeruli [MG]). These MG contain a central core of presynaptic boutons, predominantly belonging to deutocerebral cholinergic excitatory projection neurons, which are surrounded by a shell of numerous Kenyon cell (KC) dendritic tips. In the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus, high‐resolution confocal laser scanning imaging revealed colocalization of f‐actin with KC dendritic spine parts within MG. Although presynaptic boutons appear to be mainly devoid of f‐actin‐phalloidin fluorescence, there appears to be an accumulation of f‐actin in KC dendritic spines synaptically contacting the boutons. Electron microscopy of boutons and dextran‐stained KC dendrites revealed their pre‐ and postsynaptic sites, with KCs being strictly postsynaptic elements. Their subsynaptic membrane appositions are considered to be associated with f‐actin. Focal accumulation of f‐actin in the dendritic tips of KCs was found to be a general feature of MG, with either spheroidal or indented boutons of different sizes, as encountered in the mushroom bodies of the cricket, honey bee, ant, and fruit fly. The structural similarities of calycal MG and f‐actin accumulation in KC dendrites with cerebellar microglomeruli are considered comparatively. The accumulation of f‐actin in KC dendrites is discussed in view of mushroom body plasticity and its potential role in learning and memory formation. J. Comp. Neurol. 475:303–314, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression and putative role of lactoseries carbohydrates present on NCAM in the rat primary olfactory pathway
Authors: Storan Melonie Joanne , Magnaldo Thierry , Biol‐N'Garagba Marie‐Claire , Zick Yehiel , Key Brian 
Published: June 2004

AbstractPrimary olfactory neurons project axons from the olfactory neuroepithelium lining the nasal cavity to the olfactory bulb in the brain. These axons grow within large mixed bundles in the olfactory nerve and then sort out into homotypic fascicles in the nerve fiber layer of the olfactory bulb before terminating in topographically fixed glomeruli. Carbohydrates expressed on the cell surface have been implicated in axon sorting within the nerve fiber layer. We have identified two novel subpopulations of primary olfactory neurons that express distinct α‐extended lactoseries carbohydrates recognised by monoclonal antibodies LA4 and KH10. Both carbohydrate epitopes are present on novel glycoforms of the neural cell adhesion molecule, which we have named NOC‐7 and NOC‐8. Primary axon fasciculation is disrupted in vitro when interactions between these cell surface lactoseries carbohydrates and their endogenous binding molecules are inhibited by the LA4 and KH10 antibodies or lactosamine sugars. We report the expression of multiple members of the lactoseries binding galectin family in the primary olfactory system. In particular, galectin‐3 is expressed by ensheathing cells surrounding nerve fascicles in the submucosa and nerve fiber layer, where it may mediate cross‐linking of axons. Galectin‐4, ‐7, and ‐8 are expressed by the primary olfactory axons as they grow from the nasal cavity to the olfactory bulb. A putative role for NOC‐7 and NOC‐8 in axon fasciculation and the expression of multiple galectins in the developing olfactory nerve suggest that these molecules may be involved in the formation of this pathway, particularly in the sorting of axons as they converge towards their target. J. Comp. Neurol. 475:289–302, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Histaminergic neurons in the central and peripheral nervous system of gastropods (Helix, Lymnaea): An immunocytochemical, biochemical, and electrophysiological approach
Authors: Hegedűs Endre , Kaslin Jan , Hiripi László , Kiss Tibor , Panula Pertti , Elekes Károly 
Published: June 2004

AbstractDistribution, chemical‐neuroanatomy, concentration, and uptake‐release properties of histamine (HA)‐containing neurons and the possible physiological effects of HA in the central and peripheral nervous system of the pulmonate snails,Helix pomatiaandLymnaea stagnalis, are described. In the CNS of both species, the distribution pattern of HA‐immunoreactive (HA‐IR) neurons was similar. In both species the majority were located in the buccal, cerebral, and pedal ganglia. InHelix, ∼400 HA‐IR neurons were seen, whereas inLymnaea∼130 labeled cells were visualized. The neuropils, connectives, commissures, several peripheral nerves, and a part of the peripheral tissues (lip and foot of both species and the upper tentacles ofHelix) were innervated by HA‐IR elements. Numerous sensory cells were found in the tentacles, lip, and statocysts. The HA concentration values assayed by HPLC ranged from 4.8 to 47.4 pmol/mg in the different central ganglia ofHelix, and from 4.3 to 18.6 pmol/mg inLymnaeaCNS, whereas the peripheral tissues contained 0.33–1 pmol/mg HA inHelixand 0.26–0.46 pmol/mg inLymnaea. In theLymnaeaCNS, a high‐affinity (37.6 μM), single component3H‐HA uptake system was demonstrated.3H‐HA release evoked by either electrical stimulation or 100 mM K+could be prevented in Ca2+‐free physiological solution. Voltage‐clamp experiments indicated specific changes caused by HA in the membrane conductance of identified central neurons ofHelixandLymnaea. Exogenously applied 10‐5M HA resulted in the acceleration of locomotion (gliding by foot cilia) ofLymnaea. The findings suggest an important signaling role of HA, described here for the first time, in the nervous system of higher‐order, pulmonate, gastropods, involving efferent, integrative, and sensory functions. The data can also be applied as a background for further specification of HA in the regulation of different behaviors in these species. J. Comp. Neurol. 475:391–405, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative analysis of olfactory receptor neuron projections in the antennal lobe of the malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae
Authors: Anton Sylvia , Rospars Jean‐Pierre 
Published: June 2004

AbstractMosquitoes are highly dependent on the olfactory sense to find their hosts. How olfactory information concerning host odors is represented and processed in the brain to elicit olfactory guided behavior is not known. We present an exploratory analysis of central projections of olfactory receptor neurons originating from antennal and maxillary palp sensilla known to be involved in the detection of host odors in the malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae. We developed computational neuroanatomic methods to determine quantitatively the positions of olfactory receptor neuron terminal arborizations and compare them between brains. These quantitative analyses suggested the existence of five nonoverlapping projection zones within the antennal lobe, with one zone receiving exclusive input from maxillary palp sensilla and two zones each receiving exclusive input from trichoid or grooved‐peg antennal sensilla. Projection patterns were not found to depend significantly on the odorants used during the staining procedure. The separate zones receiving input from different sensillum types seemed to represent a functional segregation because olfactory receptor neurons present in the different sensilla differed in their response profiles. J. Comp. Neurol. 475:315–326, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differences in projection patterns between large and small corticothalamic terminals
Authors: Van Horn Susan C. , Sherman S. Murray 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWe injected tracer into wide regions of visual cortex in the cat to produce retrograde and orthograde labeling in the thalamus, chiefly in the lateral geniculate nucleus and lateral posterior–pulvinar complex (LP‐Pulvinar). We used the electron microscope to measure the sizes of orthogradely labeled terminals in thalamus and used these measurements to help determine whether the terminals were “RL” (large, presumed excitatory) or “RS” (small, presumed excitatory). We also distinguished reciprocal regions, which were zones of corticothalamic feedback defined by the presence of many retrogradely labeled cell bodies and orthogradely labeled terminals, from nonreciprocal regions, which were zones of feedforward corticothalamic projections defined by the presence of orthogradely labeled terminals alone. The lateral geniculate nucleus, a reciprocal region, had retrogradely labeled cell bodies as well as labeled RS terminals. Likewise, reciprocal regions in LP‐Pulvinar were dominated by labeled RS terminals. In contrast, nonreciprocal regions were dominated by labeled RL terminals. Based on other evidence of corticothalamic projections that RL and RS terminals derive, respectively, from layer 5 and layer 6, we suggest the same relationship here, leading to the conclusion that the corticothalamic input from layer 6 is largely feedback, whereas that from layer 5 is largely feedforward. This finding lends credence to a recent hypothesis that layer 5 corticothalamic axons represent the afferent limb of a cortico‐thalamo‐cortical pathway that is critical for corticocortical communication. J. Comp. Neurol. 475:406–415, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oscillatory calcium responses mediated by P2Y2 purinergic receptors in terminal Schwann cells of longitudinal lanceolate endings isolated from rat vibrissae
Authors: Takahashi‐Iwanaga Hiromi , Habara Yoshiaki 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe longitudinal lanceolate endings are mechanoreceptors that detect hair movement. We have previously shown that terminal Schwann cells, glial elements of the sensory devices, respond to an application of the sensory modulator adenosine 5′‐triphosphate (ATP) by an elevation in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), suggesting a regulatory role for these cells in the cutaneous sensation. To define the spatiotemporal dynamics of the cell signaling and the pharmacological properties of the receptors responsible, arrays of the lanceolates were enzymatically isolated from the rat vibrissal follicle and subjected to [Ca2+]i image recording by time‐lapse confocal microscopy during bath application of ATP analogues. The terminal Schwann cells formed extensive networks, connecting with one another by their lamellar processes associated with lanceolate axon endings. Stimulation of the cells with 100 μM ATP evoked [Ca2+]i waves propagating along the cell processes. In each Schwann lamella, the initial wave evoked by a given trial of the stimulant arose from a specific locus within the cell process, whereas subsequent waves were sometimes observed to travel from its proximal portion. This implies a subcellular compartmentalization that may enable each Schwann lamella to modulate the activity of its accompanying lanceolate terminal through its own Ca2+ signal as well as to regulate neighboring lanceolates through interlamellar signal propagation. Pharmacological experiments have shown that the Schwann cell responses are mediated by the P2Y2 receptor, which has recently been reported to couple to multiple effector molecules in addition to stimulating the phosphoinositide signaling pathway involved in various glia–neuron interactions. J. Comp. Neurol. 475:416–425, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Solid‐ and Solution‐Phase Synthesis of a Library of Mixed‐Metal Complexes
Authors: Heinze Katja , Bueno Toro Juan D. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA solid‐phase synthesis protocol has been developed for the stepwise assembly of mixed‐metal dinuclear complexes built from chromium, molybdenum and tungsten and a directional bridging ligand. Complexes with all nine possible metal combinations have been prepared on polystyrene/divinylbenzene copolymer employing a metal‐complex‐compatible silyl ether linker. Release of the metal complexes from the polymeric support is accomplished by fluoridolysis under mild conditions. The metal sequence in these complexes is precisely determined by the reaction sequence and is retained under the applied reaction conditions as shown by IR, NMR and UV/Vis spectroscopic analysis of the cleaved soluble products. Additionally, the same complex library has been prepared by conventional solution‐phase synthesis to allow evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of the solid‐phase synthesis method. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Tissue engineering of cartilage with the use of chitosan‐gelatin complex scaffolds
Authors: Xia Wanyao , Liu Wei , Cui Lei , Liu Yuanchun , Zhong Wei , Liu Deli , Wu Juanjuan , Chua Kienhui , Cao Yilin 
Published: June 2004

AbstractChitosan has been shown to be a promising scaffold for various applications in tissue engineering. In this study, a chitosan‐gelatin complex was fabricated as a scaffold by a freezing and lyophilizing technique. Chitosan's structure and characteristics are similar to those of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and its analogs, and possesses various biological activities, whereas gelatin can serve as a substrate for cell adhesion, differentiation, and proliferation. With the use of autologous chondrocytes isolated from pig's auricular cartilage and seeded onto the chitosan‐gelatin scaffold, elastic cartilages have been successfully engineered at the porcine abdomen subcutaneous tissue. After 16 weeks of implantation, the engineered elastic cartilages have acquired not only normal histological and biochemical, but also mechanical properties. The tissue sections of the engineered elastic cartilages showed that the chondrocytes were enclosed in the lacuna, similar to that of native cartilage. The presence of elastic fibers in the engineered cartilages was also demonstrated by Vehoeff's staining, and immunohistochemical staining confirmed the presence of type II collagen in the engineered cartilages. Quantitatively, the GAG in the engineered cartilages reached 90% of the concentration in native auricular cartilage. Furthermore, biomechanical analysis demonstrated that the extrinsic stiffness of the engineered cartilages reached 85% of the level in native auricular cartilage when it was harvested at 16 weeks. Thus, this study demonstrated that the chitosan‐gelatin complex may serve as a suitable scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 71B: 373–380, 2004
Effect of sandblasting on the long‐term performance of dental ceramics
Authors: Zhang Yu , Lawn Brian R. , Rekow E. Dianne , Thompson Van P. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA study has been made of the effects of sandblasting on the strength of Y‐TZP and alumina ceramic layers joined to polymeric substrates and loaded at the top surfaces by a spherical indenter, in simulation of occlusal contact in ceramic crowns on tooth dentin. The sandblast treatment is applied to the ceramic bottom surface before bonding to the substrate, as in common dental practice. Specimens with polished surfaces are used as a control. Tests are conducted with monotonically increasing (dynamic) and sinusoidal (cyclic) loading on the spherical indenter, up to the point of initiation of a radial fracture at the ceramic bottom surface immediately below the contact. For the polished specimens, data from the dynamic and cyclic tests overlap, consistent with a dominant slow crack growth mode of fatigue. Strengths of sandblasted specimens show significant reductions in both dynamic and cyclic tests, indicative of larger starting flaws. However, the shift is considerably greater in the cyclic data, suggesting some mechanically assisted growth of the sandblast flaws. These results have implications in the context of lifetimes of dental crowns. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 71B: 381–386, 2004
Cyberterrorism: Are you at risk?
Authors: Singleton Tommie , Singleton Aaron 
Published: June 2004

AbstractYour company could be a victim of malicious online blackmail—or worse. The perpetrators can be motivated by greed, the desire for revenge, a criminal mind, or a political agenda. The authors reveal which companies are at highest risk, what kinds of attacks are likely, and what companies can do to protect themselves. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
How to pick technology stocks today
Authors: Tokic Damir 
Published: June 2004

Abstract Technology stocks have lost about 75 percent of their value since the dot‐com bubble burst. Everyone believes technology will continue to play a role in this country's long‐term growth. But how can you find technology stocks that are still worth your investment dollars? The author gives some guidelines that every investor should heed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
SOA compliance: Will IT sabotage your efforts?
Authors: Cannon David M. , Growe Glenn A. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractYour IT department's actions are crucial to meeting the new demands of the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act (SOA). But IT people often don't recognize their critical role in implementing financial controls, warn the authors. To make matters worse, you may have additional problems: incorrect or missing systems documentation, not including IT in SOA discussions, and IT attitudes or knowledge gaps that hinder your SOA compliance. So how can you overcome these worrying difficulties? © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Moving from business strategy to IT action
Authors: Benson Robert , Bugnitz Tom , Walton William 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWhere and when should you spend scarce IT dollars? Many CEOs don't want to get bogged down in technology details. But they sure do want to get the most bang for their IT buck. How do you make the right decisions for a better bottom line? © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Need to justify IT security? Measure your risk!
Authors: Iijima Timothy , Curtis Jeffrey 
Published: June 2004

AbstractMost companies realize that IT‐related business risk is substantial. But few rigorously analyze and quantify that risk. So it's tough to justify a given expense for IT security. The authors show how to measure that risk—and decide if your security actions are adequate. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The danger of underfunded pensions: What to do about it
Authors: Sylvestre Jeanne , Prescott Gregory L. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractNearly two‐thirds of corporate pension plan assets were invested in the stock market when stocks plunged recently. That caused the average S&P 500 company pension plan—which was 128 percent funded—to be only 81 percent funded by the end of 2003. Surprisingly, many executives underestimate the dangers. The authors discuss the magnitude of the problem and offer a sensible action plan. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Security regional bank: Implementing a balanced scorecard using the business modeling approach
Authors: Brewer Peter C. , Albright Tom , Davis Stan 
Published: June 2004

AbstractOne of the strengths of the balanced scorecard approach is the ability to link strategic goals with operational performance measures. But many adopters discover that while they understand the conceptual linkage between operational performance measures and strategic goals, they lack a structure to guide their efforts. This article illustrates the use of a technique—loosely based on quality management principles—that permits managers to articulate their strategic vision in the form of a process‐oriented business model. A banking institution is used to illustrate the business modeling approach to balanced scorecard development and implementation. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of albumin on 14C‐α‐Methyl‐d‐Glucopyranoside uptake in primary cultured renal proximal tubule cells: Involvement of PLC, MAPK, and NF‐κB
Authors: Han Ho Jae , Oh Young Joon , Lee Yun Jung 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA growing body of evidence implicates albumin has an important regulatory function in renal proximal tubule cells (PTCs). In present study, the effect of bovine serum albumin (BSA) on 14C‐α‐methyl‐d‐glucopyranoside (α‐MG) uptake and its related signal molecules were examined in the primary cultured rabbit renal PTCs. BSA significantly increased uptake of α‐MG, a distinctive proximal tubule marker, as well as expression level of Na+/glucose cotransporters (SGLT1 and SGLT2) proteins. The BSA‐induced increase of α‐MG uptake was completely blocked by actinomycin D and cycloheximide. Neomycin or U 73122 (PLC inhibitors), BAPTA/AM or TMB‐8 (intracellular Ca2+ mobilization inhibitors) completely abolished BSA‐induced increase of α‐MG uptake. BSA significantly increased IPs accumulation, but did not affect Ca2+ uptake. Effect of BSA on α‐MG uptake was blocked by PD 98059, but did not SB 203580. BSA increased phosphorylation of p44/42 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) in a time‐dependent manner. NAC or catalase (antioxidants) significantly blocked BSA‐induced increase of H2O2 formation and α‐MG uptake. BSA activated NF‐κB translocation into nucleus. PDTC, SN50, and TLCK (NF‐κB inhibitors) also completely blocked BSA‐induced increase of α‐MG uptake, NF‐κB p65 and phospho IκB‐α activation. In conclusion, BSA stimulates α‐MG uptake and its action is partially correlated with PLC, MAPK, or NF‐κB signal molecules in primary cultured renal PTCs. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.