bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do Just World Believers Process Unfair Authoritative Decisions Differently?
Authors: Hagedoorn Mariët , Buunk Bram P. , Van de Vliert Evert 
Published: March 2003

Cette étude a examiné si l’effet d’interaction fréquemment observé du caractère favorable d’un résultat et du degré de justice d’une procédure sur la perception et les réactions face à des décisions pouvait être la conséquence du besoin des personnes de croire en un monde juste. Des étudiants en administration (n= 121) ont participéà une simulation de type “in‐basket” calquée sur la réalité organisationnelle. De façon indépendante de l’exercice de simulation, les étudiants ont aussi été questionnés sur leur croyance d’un monde juste. Comme prévu, les résultats indiquent que, seulement pour ceux qui croient fermement en un monde juste, un résultat favorable peut diminuer la perception d’injustice causée par une procédure biaisée, et une procédure non biaisée peut diminuer la perception d’injustice causée par un résultat non favorable. De plus, autant ceux avec des croyances fortes que ceux avec de faibles croyances ont exprimé de la colère quand le résultat était non favorable que lorsqui’il était favorable. Cependant, les résultats ont démontré qu’une procédure biaisée a amené plus de colère qu’une procédure non biaisée seulement pour ceux ayant une forte croyance en un monde juste. Aucun effet d’interaction n’a été trouvé pour le comportement de protestation.This experiment examined whether the frequently observed interactive effect of outcome favorability or fairness and procedural desirability or fairness on perceptions of and reactions to decisions of authorities might be the consequence of people’s need to believe in a just world. One hundred and twenty‐one business students participated in an in‐basket simulation that closely resembled a work organisation. Independent of the in‐basket exercise, participants were asked about their just world belief. As expected, the findings indicate that only among those who strongly believe in a just world, a favorable outcome can decrease people’s perception of injustice caused by a biased procedure and an unbiased procedure can decrease people’s perception of injustice caused by an unfavorable outcome. In addition, both strong and weak believers reported more anger when the outcome was unfavorable than when it was favorable. But only among those with a strong just world belief, a biased procedure led to more anger than an unbiased procedure. We did not find interactive effects on aggressive voice (i.e. protest behavior).
Teaming up Type As and Bs: The Effects of Group Composition on Performance and Satisfaction
Authors: Keinan Giora , Koren Miri 
Published: March 2003

Malgré la possibilité d’augmenter la compréhension théorique et pratique, très peu d’attention a été portée sur le rôle du style comportemental de Type A dans la médiation de la performance et de la satisfaction des groupes. Cette étude avait pour but de parer à cette lacune en se penchant sur la performance des groupes et la satisfaction mutuelle de membres de Type A et de Type B dans des groupes homogènes et hétérogènes. Dans deux études, 180 participants ont été assignés à des groupes de trois membres regroupant des Type A et B en différentes proportions. Les groupes devaient réalisés des tâches compétitives et non compétitives. Les résultats ont démontré que les groupes avec une majorité de membres de Type A étaient pıus performants que les groupes avec une majorité de membres de Type B, cette différence étant supérieure lorsque la tâche était de nature compétitive. De plus, les résultats ont révélé que les membres, autant de Type A que de Type B, étaient généralement plus satisfaits lorsque regroupés avec des membres du même type qu’eux. Enfin, les implications théoriques et pratiques de ces résultats sont discutées.Despite the potential to gain significant theoretical insights and practical inputs, relatively little attention has been paid to the role of Type A behavior pattern (TABP) in mediating the performance and satisfaction of groups. This study aimed to fill up this lacuna, by focusing on group performance and mutual satisfaction of Type As and Type Bs operating in homogeneous and heterogeneous teams. In two studies, 180 participants were allocated to three‐member teams consisting of Type As and Type Bs in different proportions. The teams performed competitive and noncompetitive tasks. Results showed that teams consisting primarily of Type A members were more productive than predominantly Type B teams, and that this difference was enhanced when the teams performed competitive tasks. In addition, results showed that both Type As and Type Bs were generally more satisfied when teamed up with same‐type members. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Participation and Power: A Critical Assessment
Authors: Heller Frank 
Published: March 2003

A partir d’un examen rapide de la littérature concernée, cet article évalue l’étendue de la participation et du partage du pouvoir dans les organisations modernes. De ce domaine émane un optimisme que les résultats confirment mal. Les travaux empiriques montrent qu’il n’y a en réalité qu’un très faible partage de l’influence et du pouvoir dans la plupart des organisations modernes. On tente de donner un début d’explication en suivant quatre pistes théoriques et méthodologiques. Tout d’abord, il est recommandé d’établir une distinction claire entre la participation, c’est‐à‐dire prendre part à une activité, et le pouvoir qui implique une certaine influence sur l’activité. Deuxièmement, les recherches sur la participation s’appuient rarement sur un modèle théorique. Des trois modéles présentés dans l’article, trois sont adaptés à ce champ de recherches. Troisièmement, il est possible d’attribuer l’absence de partage de l’influence dans les organisations modernes à l’impossibilité de détecter les variables pertinentes, par exemple les compétences. Enfin, le plan de la plupart des recherches sur la participation est étroitement centré sur un ou deux microéchelons, est transversal et mécanique alors que le sujet requiert une approche systémique ou holistique à niveaux multiples. Les avantages d’une solution systémique sont illustrés avec des exemples. Bien que la confirmation empirique exige des études complémentaires, elle fait entrevoir les ouvertures, basées sur la théorie et les données, qu’offre une solution “idéal‐type”.Through a brief review of the relevant literature, this paper is concerned with assessing the extent of participation and power‐sharing in modern organisations. The field is imbued with optimism that is not well supported by results. The empirical evidence suggests that there is, in reality, very little distribution of influence and power in most modern organisations. An explanation is attempted by tackling four theoretical‐methodological issues. In the first place it is advisable to make a clear distinction between participation, meaning taking part in an activity, and power, which implies a degree of influence over the activity. Second, participation research is rarely based on a theoretical model. The paper describes three models, two of which are appropriate for this area of research. Third, it is possible to attribute the lack of influence sharing in modern organisations to a failure to identify significant contingencies, for instance competence. Fourth, the design of most research on participation is narrowly focused on one or two micro levels, is cross‐sectional and mechanistic although the subject matter requires a multi‐level holistic or systems approach. The advantage of systemic design is illustrated by examples. Although the empirical evidence requires further support, it reveals possibilities, based on theory and data that allow an “ideal type” solution to be put forward.
What’s in a name? Lexical knowledge drives infants’ visual preferences in the absence of referential input
Authors: Schafer Graham , Plunkett Kim , Harris Paul L. 
Published: March 2003

Seventeen‐month‐old infants were presented with pairs of images, in silence or with the non‐directive auditory stimulus ‘look!’. The images had been chosen so that one image depicted an item whose name was known to the infant, and the other image depicted an image whose name was not known to the infant. Infants looked longer at images for which they had names than at images for which they did not have names, despite the absence of any referential input. The experiment controlled for the familiarity of the objects depicted: in each trial, image pairs presented to infants had previously been judged by caregivers to be of roughly equal familiarity.From a theoretical perspective, the results indicate that objects with names are of intrinsic interest to the infant. The possible causal direction for this linkage is discussed and it is concluded that the results are consistent with Whorfian linguistic determinism, although other construals are possible. From a methodological perspective, the results have implications for the use of preferential looking as an index of early word comprehension.
Intuitive identification of infant vocal sounds by parents
Authors: Oller D. Kimbrough , Eilers Rebecca E. , Basinger Devorah 
Published: March 2003

Parents are remarkably accurate observers of their infants’‘canonical babbling’, the production of well‐formed syllables. With very little training, many parents across a wide range of socioeconomic status make flawless judgments of canonical stage onset. The results of concordance studies between parental and trained‐observer judgments support the idea that recognition of canonical babbling may be intuitive. Without instruction, parents identify the onset of canonical babbling when it occurs, and thereafter they begin to interpret sounds produced by children in ways that may encourage word learning.The fact that parents can provide accurate information about stage of vocal development, along with the fact that late onset of canonical babbling has been shown to be an extremely important indicator of risk for hearing loss and language‐related disabilities, suggests the possibility of using a brief interview to identify infants at risk.
Object individuation and event mapping: developmental changes in infants’ use of featural information
Authors: Wilcox Teresa , Schweinle Amy 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe present research examined the development of 4.5‐ to 7.5‐month‐old infants’ ability to map different‐features occlusion events using a simplified event‐mapping task. In this task, infants saw a different‐features (i.e. egg‐column) event followed by a display containing either one object or two objects. Experiments 1 and 2 assessed infants’ ability to judge whether the egg‐column event was consistent with a subsequent one‐column display. Experiments 3 and 4 examined infants’ ability to judge whether the objects seen in the egg‐column event and those seen in a subsequent display were consistent in their featural composition. At 7.5 and 5.5 months, but not at 4.5 months, the infants successfully mapped the egg‐column event onto the one‐column display. However, the 7.5‐ and 5.5‐month‐olds differed in whether they mapped the featural properties of those objects. Whereas the 7.5‐month‐olds responded as if they expected to see two specific objects, an egg and a column, in the final display the 5.5‐month‐olds responded as if they simply expected to see ‘two objects’. Additional results revealed, however, that when spatiotemporal information specified the presence of two objects, 5.5‐month‐olds succeeded at tagging the objects as being featurally distinct, although they still failed to attach more specific information about what those differences were. Reasons for why the younger infants had difficulty integrating featural information into their object representations were discussed.
Eye remember you: the effects of gaze direction on face recognition in children and adults
Authors: Hood Bruce M. , Macrae C. Neil , Cole‐Davies Victoria , Dias Melanie 
Published: March 2003

AbstractChildren and adults were tested on a forced‐choice face recognition task in which the direction of eye gaze was manipulated over the course of the initial presentation and subsequent test phase of the experiment. To establish the effects of gaze direction on the encoding process, participants were presented with to‐be‐studied faces displaying either direct or deviated gaze (i.e. encoding manipulation). At test, all the faces depicted persons with their eyes closed. To investigate the effects of gaze direction on the efficiency of the retrieval process, a second condition (i.e. retrieval manipulation) was run in which target faces were presented initially with eyes closed and tested with either direct or deviated gaze. The results revealed the encoding advantages enjoyed by faces with direct gaze was present for both children and adults. Faces with direct gaze were also recognized better than faces with deviated gaze at retrieval, although this effect was most pronounced for adults. Finally, the advantage for direct gaze over deviated gaze at encoding was greater than the advantage for direct gaze over deviated gaze at retrieval. We consider the theoretical implications of these findings.
Assessing Public Library Efficiency Using Data Envelopment Analysis
Authors: Vitaliano Donald F. 
Published: March 2003

Linear programming Data Envelopment Analysis is used to determine the relative efficiency of 184 libraries in New York (U.S.A.). Efficiency is defined as whether or not a library could reduce the inputs it uses equiproportionately and still produce the same output. Inputs are defined programmatically: holdings, opening hours, serials and new books. Output is internal and external circulation.The subject libraries operate at just 67% efficiency, i.e., inputs could be reduced by one‐third without sacrificing output if all libraries were as efficient as the benchmark 23 identified by DEA. Too many hours of opening is the main source of inefficiency.
An Examination of Borrower Orientation and Scale Effects in UK Credit Unions
Authors: McKillop Donal , Ferguson Charles 
Published: March 2003

At present there are 597 credit unions operating within the UK with their growth, be it defined in term of new credit union establishment, asset growth or membership growth, placing them as the fasting growing financial grouping in the UK over this last decade.The fundamental motivation of a credit union is to provide financial services to its membership, in particular a depository for savings and an access to consumer credit. As a practical problem there are, however, a number of reasons why credit unions may achieve a less than perfect balance in the treatment of borrowers and savers. For example, maintaining low loan rates may reduce the credit union’s ability to offer high dividend rates while the maintenance of high dividend rates may require higher loan rates. Consequently, the competing pull of these two objectives may result in the emergence of conflict between those credit union members who on the one hand are net savers and those that are net borrowers. If such conflict does emerge it is then likely to place in jeopardy other aspects of a credit union’s function most notably their role as financial counsellors and promoters of thrift within low income communities.The approach taken in this study is to derive an index of member group imbalance and then to employ this index to determine whether member group imbalance has an adverse impact upon the generation of total benefits by individual credit unions. The analysis demonstrates that there is a strong pro‐borrower bias in the operation of UK credit unions with this pro‐borrower bias driven by the regulatory environment within which they operate.
Excavating the Logic of British Urban Policy: Neoliberalism as the “Crisis of Crisis–Management”
Authors: Jones Martin , Ward Kevin 
Published: March 2003

This paper suggests that crisis theories provide a framework for analyzing the urban spaces of neoliberalism. Drawing on crisis–theoretic approaches to state theory, we examine the path–dependent links between neoliberalism, urban policy, and Britain’s cyclical and crisis–prone cities through three tendencies: the geographies of state regulation, the institutionalization of interurban competition, and rescaling as the “crisis of crisis–management.” These are used to explore the argument that Britain’s cities are hosts to ineffectual regulatory strategies because urban policy appears to be a response to the sociopolitical and geographical contradictions of previous rounds of urban policy, and not the underpinning contradictions of accumulation.Whether state power is able to manage and reproduce the highly oppressive, irrational, and self–contradictory capitalist system is of course an open question. (Offe 1984:257)
The Values of Life
Authors: Den Hartogh Govert 
Published: March 2003

In Life’s Dominion Dworkin aims at defusing the controversy about abortion and euthanasia by redefining its terms. Basically it is not a dispute about the right to life, but about its value. Liberals should grant that human life has not only a personal, but also an intrinsic value; conservatives should accept the principle of toleration which requires to let people decide for themselves about matters of intrinsic value.Dworkin fails, however, to distinguish between two kinds of personal value:(1) the value of something to a person, when he actually or dispositionally desires it, or finds it pleasant; and(2) the value of something to a person, when it ‘objectively’ contributes to his well‐being, as defined by reference to his personal point of view, whether or not he ever perceives it as so contributing.He also fails to distinguish between two meanings of the concept of ‘intrinsic value’:(3) ultimate, i.e. non‐instrumental personal value of kind (2);(4) the impersonal value of something which is not good‐for‐anybody, but simply good, i.e. not a constituent of someone’s well‐being.Dworkin argues that the human fetus from conception onwards has a value, that it is not a personal value of kind (1), and therefore must be an intrinsic value. But the value of the life of the fetus is not a personal value of kind (2) either and therefore not an intrinsic value of kind (3): it is normally a constituent of the well‐being of the pregnant woman, but that doesn’t constitute its value, and it is not good ‘for’ the fetus itself in the relevant sense, because it doesn’t have a personal point of view. If, however, the fetus’ life is allowed to have an intrinsic value of kind (4), the conservative cannot be refuted by appeal to the principle of toleration, for this only concerns intrinsic value of kind (3). The liberal, indeed, should recognize that the fetus’ life has a value, but it is neither a personal value (1) or (2), nor an impersonal value (4), but rather a relational value which gradually develops from some point substantially later than conception.
Female Genital Mutilation and Cosmetic Surgery: Regulating Non‐Therapeutic Body Modification
Authors: Sheldon Sally , Wilkinson Stephen 
Published: March 2003

In the UK, female genital mutilation is unlawful, not only when performed on minors, but also when performed on adult women. The aim of our paper is to examine several arguments which have been advanced in support of this ban and to assess whether they are sufficient to justify banning female genital mutilation for competent, consenting women. We proceed by comparing female genital mutilation, which is banned, with cosmetic surgery, towards which the law has taken a very permissive stance. We then examine the main arguments for the prohibition of the former, assessing in each case both (a) whether the argument succeeds in justifying the ban and, if so, (b) whether a parallel argument would not also support a ban on the latter. We focus on the following arguments. Female genital mutilation should be unlawful because: (1) no woman could validly consent to it; (2) it is an oppressive and sexist practice; (3) it involves the intentional infliction of injury; (4) it causes offence. Our view is that arguments (3) and (4) are unsound and that, although arguments (1) and (2) may be sound, they support not only a ban on female genital mutilation, but also one on (some types of) costmetic surgery. Hence, we conclude that the present legal situation in the UK is ethically unsustainable in one of the following ways. Either the ban on female genital mutilation is unjustified because arguments (1) and (2) are not in fact successful; or the law's permissive attitude towards cosmetic surgery is unjustified because arguments (1) and (2) are in fact successful and apply equally to female genital mutilation and (certain forms of) cosmetic surgery. The people of the countries where female genital mutilation is practised resent references to ‘barbaric practices imposed on women by male‐dominated primitive societies’, especially when they look at the Western world and see women undergoing their own feminization rites intended to increase sexual desirability: medically dangerous forms of cosmetic plastic surgery, for instance …
The Moral Foundation of the Clinical Duties of Care: Needs, Duties and Human Rights
Authors: Doyal Len 
Published: March 2003

It has become fashionable to question attempts to derive internationally agreed duties of clinical care from more general theories of human rights. For example, some argue that such attempts risk moral abstraction through their neglect for the importance of culture and community in shaping moral consciousness and are thus often unhelpful in the resolution of concrete moral dilemmas within medicine. Others denounce the importance of general moral principles altogether in bioethics and attempt to articulate what are claimed to be more practical approaches to resolving moral conflict. This paper challenges such arguments.It does so through arguing that: i) all humans everywhere have the same basic human needs; ii) the satisfaction of these needs varies with culture; iii) the imputation of moral duties on others entails respect for their right to basic need satisfaction, including the right to choose between cultures; iv) internationally accepted clinical duties of care embrace presumptions about the duties and rights of patients which follow from these more general principles and v) problems of moral indeterminacy that arise from putting these principles into practice can be resolved through associated procedural policies of rational negotiation and compromise.The moral importance and practicality of respect for individual human rights within the practice of medicine is thus defended. Indeed, the paper concludes by arguing that without belief in human rights linked to a theory of basic human needs, communitarian theories of morality are incoherent.
Utilitarianism and the Disabled: Distribution of Resources
Authors: Stein Mark S. 
Published: March 2003

Utilitarianism is more convincing than resource egalitarianism or welfare egalitarianism as a theory of how resources should be distributed between disabled people and nondisabled people. Unlike resource egalitarianism, utilitarianism can redistribute resources to the disabled when they would benefit more from those resources than nondisabled people. Unlike welfare egalitarianism, utilitarianism can halt redistribution when the disabled would no longer benefit more than the nondisabled from additional resources.The author considers one objection to this view: it has been argued, by Sen and others, that there are circumstances under which utilitarianism would unfairly distribute fewer resources to the physically disabled than to nondisabled people, on the ground that the disabled would derive less benefit from those resources. In response, the author claims that critics of utilitarianism have fallaciously exaggerated the circumstances under which the disabled would benefit less than the nondisabled from additional resources. In those limited circumstances in which the disabled really would benefit less from resources, the author argues, it does not seem unfair to distribute fewer resources to them.