bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PERSISTENCE OF INSPIRED BACTERIA IN THE LUNGS OF ALCOHOLIZED MICE
Authors: Stillman Ernest G. 
Published: June 2004

1. When mice are exposed to an atmosphere containing certain bacteria in the form of a fine mist, the bacteria may be recovered from the deeper respiratory passages.
2. Pneumococci which have reached the lungs of normal mice as a result of this procedure usually disappear within a few hours and give rise to no generalized infection. In mice intoxicated with alcohol, on the other hand, pneumococci persist in the lungs for a longer period and fatal speticemia frequently follows.
3. Hemolytic streptococci and Bacillus influenzæ generally persist in the lungs for about 24 hours. In intoxicated mice these organisms do not disappear so rapidly from the lungs and generalized infection is much more frequent.
4. The experiments yield no evidence as to how alcoholic intoxication renders the lungs more permeable to inspired bacteria.
EFFECT OF FATTY ACIDS ON THE RESISTANCE OF MICE TO TRANSPLANTED CANCER
Authors: Nakahara Waro 
Published: June 2004

Sodium oleate, oleic acid, linolic acid, and linolenic acid injected into mice in suitable amounts induce a material increase in the resistance against subsequent transplantation of cancer grafts, although they fail to exert so marked an influence on cancer grafts already in place.
Sodium palmitate and sodium stearate, on the other hand, do not produce immunity, at least in the amounts employed in the present study.
STUDIES ON OXIDATION AND REDUCTION BY PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Neill James M. , Avery Oswald T. 
Published: June 2004

1. Certain enzymes of Pneumococcus are destroyed by oxidizing agents formed when sterile extracts of the cellular substances are exposed to air. The carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes (sucrase, raffinase, inulase, and amylase) are the most easily inactivated under these conditions, although the bacteriolytic enzyme is also reduced in activity. Similar treatment is without effect upon the active concentration of pneumococcus lipase and peptonase.
2. The enzymes which are destroyed during the oxidation of unwashed cell extracts are themselves non-reactive with molecular oxygen. The reactions by which they are destroyed seem to represent oxidations of a type similar to those proposed in previous papers for the oxidation of hemotoxin and of hemoglobin.
3. A study has been made of the relative resistance of different pneumococcus enzymes to heat and to the action of hydrogen peroxide.
4. The various enzymes may be arranged in the same order of relative resistance whether the rating be made from the standpoint of resistance to heat or of resistance to oxidation. Nevertheless, it appears that by a proper regulation of conditions of oxidation, certain labile constituents of a mixture of cellular enzymes may be inactivated with less effect upon the activity of other constituents of the mixture than when inactivation is brought about by heat.
TISSUE RESISTANCE AND THE CAUSE OF PERMANENT ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
Authors: Nukada S. , Matsuzaki T. 
Published: June 2004

1. The resistance against toxic products of typhoid bacilli of the heart tissues of typhoid-immune animals is greater than that of nonimmunized animals.
2. The acquired increase of resisting power is specific.
3. The increased resistance is not caused by antitoxin, but by a specific biological alteration of tissue cells.
4. It is maintained that permanent acquired immunity, at least in typhoid, instead of being due principally to antibodies, is caused by a lasting specific increase of resisting power acquired by the tissue cells against the toxic products of bacteria.
5. This theory seems to hold good with other infectious diseases in which one attack conveys permanent immunity.
THE OCCURRENCE OF GASTRIC LESIONS IN RATS
Authors: Pappenheimer Alwin M. , Larimore Louise D. ,   With the Assistance of Robert Solley and Yale Kneeland, Jr.
Published: June 2004

Ulcerative lesions of the rumen with papillary epithelial hyperplasia occur in a large proportion of rats maintained on a deficient diet, and are rarely, if ever, present when the diet is complete.
It has not been possible to ascribe the lesions to lack of any of the known dietary components.
The fact that rats on improper diets tend to eat hair, that hair fragments have been found in a number of instances embedded in the ulcers, and surrounded by a definite inflammatory reaction, and finally, that the ulcers have been experimentally produced in rats on a complete diet, when chopped hair was added to the food, lead us to believe that the ingested hair is an important factor in the causation of the lesions. Whether the hair splinters act merely as mechanical irritants, or as the carriers of an infective agent, has not been determined. It is probable, moreover, that the deficient diets in some way that we do not as yet understand, intensify the injury caused by the hair. However produced, the lesions are so frequently found that they should be taken into account in experimental work on rats, especially in judging of the effects of dietary influences by the weight curves. That the presence of severe ulcerative lesions in the prostomach must unfavorably affect the general nutrition of an experimental animal, seems beyond question.
THE PRODUCTION OF AN EXOTOXIN BY CERTAIN STRAINS OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: Parker Julia T. 
Published: June 2004

1. The sterile Berkefeld filtrates of broth cultures of certain strains of Staphylococcus aureus have a selective poisonous action for the skin of rabbits.
2. The poison is thermolabile, being completely destroyed when heated to 55°C for 1 hour.
3. The poison when injected intradermally into rabbits stimulates the production of antitoxin. We therefore conclude that the poison is a soluble toxin.
STUDIES UPON THE ETIOLOGY OF DENGUE FEVER
Authors: Duval Charles W. , Harris William H. 
Published: June 2004

We have described the cultivation of a minute organism, upon the special media devised by Noguchi for growing spirochetal organisms, that gives rise to pyrexial and leucocytic reactions in the guinea pig. The reaction in the animal following the injection of culture filtrate is identical with that induced by the inoculation of human dengue blood.
While it is possible, it is hardly probable that the infection of animals with cultures of this microorganism several generations removed from the original is due to a mechanically transferred virus with which the visible microorganism cultivated became accidentally associated. Furthermore, it is unlikely that such a virus would remain viable and be carried over to subcultures in sufficient numbers to infect the animal.
The microorganisms appear in culture as globoid bodies measuring from 0.1 to 0.3µ in diameter and are arranged singly, in pairs, and in short chains. They readily pass through the Berkefeld filter (N and V) and the filtrate gives rise to a characteristic reaction in the inoculated guinea pig. The filtrate yields in subplants the same globoid bodies of the original culture.
Initial cultures have been obtained directly from the blood of the human case as well as from the blood of guinea pigs reacting to the human material. However, only early generations retain the degree of virulence necessary to cause the experimental reaction, the culture of remote generation failing to infect.
As far as known this minute organism has characters in common with the globoid bodies of Flexner and Noguchi obtained from cases of poliomyelitis. In plasma semisolid medium the striking feature indicative of growth is colonization, which in itself serves to differentiate the opalescence of the medium occasioned by disintegration of the contained tissue.
As regards the presence of spirochetal organisms in the blood of dengue fever, we may state that examination was made of the material from human cases and from. a large number of inoculated animals. Despite the most careful search with the dark-field microscope and repeated examinations of blood specimens stained by the best methods, we have been unable to find any demonstrable spiral organism in the blood of dengue patients or in the experimentally inoculated animal.
The minute organism herein described is frequently present in cultures of the blood of human dengue and of animals inoculated with dengue material. The inoculation of the culture into guinea pigs produces a response comparable to that occurring in the human case, and that induced by the injection of human dengue blood in guinea pigs. While we are of the opinion that the anaerobic globular bodies described may bear etiological relationship to dengue, we realize that further proof and confirmation of our work are required to establish the connection.
EXPERIMENTAL HIGH INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION IN THE MONKEY
Authors: Haden Russell L. , Orr Thomas G. 
Published: June 2004

The blood findings in five monkeys after experimental high intestinal obstruction are reported.
All animals showed the marked rise in non-protein nitrogen characteristic of intestinal obstruction in man and the dog.
Two monkeys showed a very marked drop in chlorides, the others a less marked fall. Coincident with the change in chlorides there is a rise in the CO2-combining power.
The uric acid and creatinine showed no typical changes.
No vomiting was observed. This emphasizes the fact that vomiting alone does not account for the fall in blood chlorides characteristic of intestinal obstruction.
CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS METABOLISM IN OSTEOMALACIA
Authors: Miles Lee Monroe , Feng Chih-Tung 
Published: June 2004

Osteomalacia is a diet deficiency disease of the same category as rickets. The deficiency is principally in the fat-soluble vitamine content of the diet, though there may be a calcium deficiency at the same time.
The disease may be prevented by providing a diet rich in the fat-soluble vitamine content, and may be cured by adding the same to the diet.
SKIN INFECTION OF RABBITS WITH HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI ISOLATED FROM A PATIENT WITH ERYSIPELAS
Authors: Rivers Thomas M. 
Published: June 2004

Cultures of a hemolytic streptococcus isolated from a human case of erysipelas were tested for ability to produce lesions by injecting various amounts intradermally in shaved rabbits. Severe lesions could be developed at will in this way despite the fact that intravenous or intraperitoneal inoculations of large doses of the cultures failed to kill. The lesions were of two sorts, phlegmonous and erysipelas-like.
A serum capable of warding off the injurious action of the streptococcus on the skin was procured from animals receiving repeated intracutaneous inoculations of the organism. Normal serum by contrast had no protective effect.
By intradermal injections at several points in the same normal rabbit of small quantities of mixtures of equal parts of serum and various dilutions of a suspension of streptococci it proved possible to test sera for the presence of substances protective against the streptococcus.
STUDIES ON THE OXIDATION-REDUCTION OF HEMOGLOBIN AND METHEMOGLOBIN
Authors: Neill James M. 
Published: June 2004

The Pneumococcus is capable of oxidizing hemoglobin to methemoglobin and of reducing the latter to hemoglobin again. Both the living organism and sterile extracts will accomplish the changes; and like systems seem to be involved in them. The type of reaction induced is determined by the presence or absence of molecular oxygen.
The oxidation and reduction of the blood pigments are reversible processes. The equilibrium between hemoglobin and methemoglobin in a mixture of blood and pneumococcus cellular substances may be shifted in either direction at will by regulation of the oxygen tension.
In the present paper quantitative evidence is presented of the reduction of methemoglobin to hemoglobin by sterile animal tissues. The possible relations of this activity to the disappearance of methemoglobin from the blood stream of the living animal are discussed.
A PURE STRAIN OF THYROID CELLS AND ITS CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: Ebeling Albert H. 
Published: June 2004

1. A pure strain of thyroid epithelium was isolated and maintained in active condition for 7 months. At the end of the experiment, the rate of cell multiplication was as great as at its beginning.
2. The thyroid cells grew at the surface of the coagulum as pavement epithelium, and within the coagulum as a glandular structure.
3. The cells did not dedifferentiate, and the lumen of the acini in cultures from a strain over 4 months old contained colloid secretion similar morphologically to that from a freshly extirpated thyroid gland.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE PATHOLOGY OF EXPERIMENTAL VIRUS ENCEPHALITIS
Authors: Flexner Simon , Amoss Harold L. 
Published: June 2004

Mild strains of the virus of herpes are described the action of which tends to be confined and local. Unless, therefore, these mild strains are injected intracranially they do not tend to produce virus encephalitis in the rabbit.
Recovery from infection with the mild strains confers immunity to virulent strains of the herpes and allied viruses.
Long glycerolation reduces the number of viable organisms. This loss among the mild strains may reduce the virus below the strength required for an effective extracranial although not below the strength needed for an intracranial inoculation.
Herpes virus carriage in man, even under highly favorable conditions, is difficult of detection by means of rabbit inoculation. The detection may be achieved by intracranial when it cannot be accomplished by intracorneal inoculation.
The virus producing encephalitis in the rabbit attaches itself chiefly to and multiplies in the substance of the central nervous system. Hence its detection in the cerebrospinal fluid is rarely accomplished. When the inoculation of the virus is made intracranially and especially when the inoculum is composed of active brain tissue, the virus is discoverable in the cerebrospinal fluid by rabbit inoculation much more frequently than when the virus encephalitis follows an extracranial variety of infection.
The herpes virus is capable of excretion by the kidney of the rabbit and of being detected in the urine by rabbit inoculation.
Among the rarer symptoms of virus encephalitis is excessive lacrimation. While salivation is frequent, lacrimation is exceptional.
A comparison of the Levaditi, Doerr, and Goodpasture strains of virus indicates the first to be of medium, the second of mild, and the third of high degree of neurotropic activity. The Doerr strain resembles the mild herpes strains described in this paper. The Goodpasture virus, while exceeding the Levaditi strain in affinity for the central nervous system, falls below the H. F. strain in this regard.
Neutralization of virus by the serum of infected and recovered rabbits takes place regularly within certain quantitative limits. Neutralization with human serum is inconstant and capricious and without demonstrable relation to previous attacks of epidemic encephalitis.
Comparison of the clinical types of encephalitis as presented by the epidemic variety in man and the experimental virus variety in rabbits brings out certain correspondences and certain differences. It is only in partial and essentially superficial aspects that the two diseases can be identified one with the other.
THE RELATIVE REACTION WITHIN LIVING MAMMALIAN TISSUES
Authors: Rous Peyton 
Published: June 2004

Mice can be vitally stained with many of the phthalein indicators. The staining is diffuse, appearing to interfere not at all with health in the case of the majority of the dyes. The color phenomena show that these retain the character of indicators. A special technique has been evolved for the determination of the hues of the various organs, which are readily modified by extraneous influences. The ability to recognize that the pH has thus been altered is a signal advantage of the indicator method.
Phthaleins of slightly alkaline range or one that trenches slightly on acidity have been employed for the work here reported. Cresol red, phenol red, and brom phenol red have proved especially useful. The observations with the three agree closely in pointing to the existence of notable differences between the reaction of the blood and that within the tissues generally.
The hue of blood plasma from the right heart is such as to suggest that its reaction lies at about pH 7.38 ordinarily, whereas that of the most alkaline of the tissues, judging from its color, the connective tissue, would appear to have a pH of 7.2 or slightly less. The tendons seem to be nearly but not quite so alkaline. The other stained tissues without exception, are of a hue which would indicate that the reaction lies beyond the range of phenol red on the acid side, that is to say is at least as acid as pH 6.6. In a subsequent paper observations which accord with these findings, carried out with indicators of frankly acid range, will be described.
On the exposure of tissues to air, without disturbance of the circulation, some of them become alkaline. In the case of connective tissue, at least, the change is a consequence of the escape of carbon dioxide. The gas passes readily in and out, exerting a practically immediate influence on the color of the tissue bared by eversion of a skin flap; and so much may be absorbed on exposure to pure carbon dioxide, when the surface is large, that a general acidosis results.
The precise interpretation of the color changes in terms of pH waits necessarily upon further work.
RESISTANCE OF BACTERIAL SPORES TO THE TRIPHENYLMETHANE DYES
Authors: Burke Victor , Skinner Horace 
Published: June 2004

1. Bacterial spores are highly resistant to the bactericidal action of the triphenylmethane dyes. Many Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus subtilis spores resist a saturated aqueous solution of gentian violet for 24 hours at 37°C. They also resist exposure to the same dye solution for 10 minutes at 80°C.
2. The selective bactericidal action of these dyes applies only to the vegetative cells. Spores of the Gram-positive bacteria are more resistant to these dyes than the vegetative cells of Gram-negative bacteria.
3. The vegetative cells of Bacillus anthracis show variation in resistance to the bacteriostatic action of gentian violet. The spores of Bacillus anthracis show variation in resistance to the bactericidal action of gentian violet.
4. Bacillus anthracis can increase in resistance to the bacteriostatic action of gentian violet and grow in dye dilutions inhibiting the original culture. There is the possibility of pathogenic organisms becoming dye-resistant in the body when exposed to non-bactericidal concentrations. For this reason it is advisable to use the greatest concentration of dye compatible with tissue tolerance.
5. Since the spores of pathogenic bacteria may lie dormant for longer periods than the dyes retain their bacteriostatic action in the body frequent applications of the dye should be made in preventing infections by spore-bearing bacteria.
STUDIES IN EXPERIMENTAL SYPHILIS
Authors: Chesney Alan M. , Kemp Jarold E. 
Published: June 2004

Rabbits can be successfully infected with syphilis by the inoculation of surface wounds with virulent strains of Treponema pallidum. Old granulating wounds in these animals constitute a particularly favorable terrain for syphilis inoculation, the chancre developing relatively soon and attaining a greater size than the lesion occurring on the basis of a fresh wound. Coal tar dermatitis renders the skin susceptible to infection with Treponema pallidum.
The possible reasons for these phenomena are discussed and an hypothesis to account for them is advanced.
JAUNDICE AS AN EXPRESSION OF THE PHYSIOLOGICAL WASTAGE OF CORPUSCLES
Authors: Rous Peyton , Drury D. R. 
Published: June 2004

The jaundice that develops after obstruction of the common duct in the absence of complications, expresses the physiological wastage of corpuscles occurring from day to day; and the intensity of the bilirubinemia varies as does the total of functioning hemoglobin-containing tissue from which this wastage takes place. There is to be observed a constantly readjusted direct relationship between hemoglobin percentage, bilirubinemia, and, by corollary, bilirubinuria. Induced losses of red cells find expression at once in a lessened accumulation and excretion of bile pigment; and as the regeneration of hemoglobin takes place the amount of bile pigment increases pari passu both in plasma and urine. The jaundice of bile retention is far less pronounced during secondary anemia than when the individual is full blooded, other things being equal.
During uncomplicated obstructive jaundice the intercurrent changes in bilirubinemia correspond closely with those in circulating hemoglobin even when tissue icterus is of long standing. The fact indicates the presence of a barrier to the distribution of bile pigment from the blood, and such a barrier is to be found in the walls of the vessels. Its influence is at once evident on comparing lymph specimens and blood specimens from the long jaundiced animal. The amount of bile pigment in the lymph is then seen to be negligible, relatively speaking. Tissue icterus should be thought of as, ordinarily, the highly imperfect secondary expression of a condition which tends to be localized to the blood pool. On occasion more pigment than usual may escape from this pool, as for example into the wheats of the yellow urticaria described by clinicians.
SUPPRESSION OF BILE AS A RESULT OF IMPAIRMENT OF LIVER FUNCTION
Authors: Drury D. R. , Rous Peyton 
Published: June 2004

Prolonged chloroform anesthesia causes an acute suppression of bile, as evidenced by the secretion of a thin "white bile" from which bilirubin, cholesterol, and bile salts are absent. The failure of the liver to secrete bilirubin under such circumstances is not due to failure of the pigment to be formed within the body. Indeed an unusual amount is elaborated after chloroform anesthesia because of a blood destruction. The evidence all goes to show that the bile suppression is consequent upon a functional disturbance of the liver, not upon obstruction to outflow. Even uncomplicated biliary obstruction, as when the common duct is tied in animals otherwise normal, results in a disturbance of the liver cells such that their secretory function is impaired, as shown by the inability to take up and secrete sodium indigotate.
The various circumstances under which white bile may be formed are considered and the clinical implications of the phenomenon are discussed.