bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paravulvus rhodopensis sp. n. (Nematoda: Nygolaimidae) and three known species from Bulgaria, with notes on the taxonomy of the genus
Authors: Lazarova Stela , Loof Pieter , Peneva Vlada 
Published: September 2002

AbstractOne new and three known species of the genus Paravulvus Heyns, 1968 from forests in Bulgaria are described and illustrated. Paravulvus rhodopensis sp. n. is a bisexual species characterised by a relatively thick cuticle with fine transverse striation, head region offset by a depression, mural tooth deltoid 6-7 μm long, presence of paravulvae posterior to vulva, tail bluntly conical rounded, 24-28 μm long with 7-10 μm hyaline part. Males with one adanal pair and a row of 11-14 supplements, spicules 31-42 μm and tail 22.0-26.5 μm long. Additional morphological and metrical data for P. acuticaudatus (Thorne, 1930), P. hartingii (de Man, 1880) and P. heynsi Vinciguerra, 1987 are presented. Paravulvus acuticaudatus and P. heynsi are new geographical records. An emended diagnosis and revised classification of the genus Paravulvus are proposed, and an identification key to the species is provided. Paravulvus paraamphigonicus (Altherr, 1950) is regarded as a synonym of P.hartingii.
Variation in virulence of cereal cyst nematode populations from North Africa and Asia
Authors: Valette Sylvie , Rivoal Roger , Mokabli Aïssa , Gauthier Jean-Pierre 
Published: September 2002

AbstractEight populations of Heterodera avenae, H. filipjevi and H. latipons were tested in Petri dishes with six cereal differentials of the International Test Assortment and a set of resistant genotypes of wheats. Ratios of white females/juveniles inoculated were equivalent to those obtained previously in tubes and pots and confirmed the validity of the miniaturised technique used to study the virulence/resistance relationships of these nematodes and cereals. The populations were differentiated by virulence to barley differentials and a new group of pathotypes of H. avenae originating from Algeria was established. Differentiation among H. avenae populations from North Africa and West Asia was clearly demonstrated by their (a)virulence to the gene Cre1 in Triticum aestivum cv. Loros. As previously observed, cultivated and wild oats were poor hosts for Mediterranean populations of H. avenae, but contrasting host responses were observed for a physiological winter type of oat. In addition to describing the virulence status of H. filipjevi and H. latipons populations to barley, oat and wheat differentials, these results provide information for the introduction of resistance to barley and wheat breeding programmes.
Responses of nematode species composition to factorial addition of carbon, fertiliser, bactericide and fungicide at two sub-arctic sites
Authors: Jonasson Sven , Schmidt Inger , Michelsen Anders , Ruess Liliane 
Published: September 2002

AbstractNutrient availability is a major constraint on plant production and carbon storage in arctic ecosystems but knowledge on the decomposer food web interactions and their effect on nutrient cycling is scarce. We manipulated the soil food web at two contrasting subarctic sites, a low altitude heath and a high altitude fell-field. The influx of nutrients and energy in the soil was increased by addition of fertiliser nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and of labile carbon (sugar). In addition, two bactericides (penicillin and streptomycin) and a fungicide (benomyl) were applied to manipulate the bacterial and fungal component of the soil. Experiments were carried out in a factorial design with repeated additions over four growing seasons. The present study investigated the nematode fauna and the effects of the manipulations on the abundance of nematode species. Fertilisation resulted in an increase of general opportunists, especially Aphelenchoides. Application of carbon or bactericides had only minor impact on the nematode community. In contrast, the fungicide was very toxic to non-target organisms and greatly reduced the abundance of most nematode species, although Acrobeloides buetschlii showed tolerance and greatly increased in number. At both sites, Eudorylaimus was most affected by the treatments. Generally the manipulations performed resulted in a significant increase in stress tolerant or competitive dominant nematode species.
Incidence of plant-parasitic nematodes in natural and semi-natural mountain grassland and the host status of some common grass species
Authors: Navas Alfonso , Talavera Miguel 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA plant-parasitic nematode survey was undertaken in mountainous pastures of southern Spain. Sixty-three species of plant-parasitic nematodes distributed over 25 genera were associated with pastures and grasslands in southern Spain. Paratylenchus species (P. microdorus, P. similis, P. nanus and P. ciccaronei) were the most abundant and prevalent plant-parasitic nematodes found. Pratylenchus neglectus and P.thornei were widely distributed in 55 and 41% of sites, respectively. Amplimerlinius globigerus, Helicotylenchus digonicus, H. dihystera, H. tunisiensis, Merlinius brevidens, M. microdorus, Rotylenchus unisexus and Scutylenchus quadrifer were found in more than 10% of the fields, on occasion at densities of more than 200 per 100 cm³ of soil. A further 49 species of plant-parasitic nematodes were identified and reported. A pot experiment, using a range of grasses and forage legumes adapted to the zone, ascertained the host status of the most abundant plant-parasitic nematodes. Helicotylenchus digonicus, M. microdorus and P.microdorus populations were maintained or increased by all grasses or legumes tested. In general, grasses were better hosts of P.neglectus and P.thornei than the pasture legumes tested. Medicago minima reduced P.thornei densities after 3 months of growing.
3‐D magnetic inversion with data compression and image focusing
Authors: Portniaguine Oleg , Zhdanov Michael S. 
Published: September 2002

We develop a method of 3‐D magnetic anomaly inversion based on traditional Tikhonov regularization theory. We use a minimum support stabilizing functional to generate a sharp, focused inverse image. An iterative inversion process is constructed in the space of weighted model parameters that accelerates the convergence and robustness of the method. The weighting functions are selected based on sensitivity analysis. To speed up the computations and to decrease the size of memory required, we use a compression technique based on cubic interpolation.Our method is designed for inversion of total magnetic anomalies, assuming the anomalous field is caused by induced magnetization only. The method is applied to synthetic data for typical models of magnetic anomalies and is tested on real airborne data provided by ExxonMobil Upstream Research Company.
Free‐surface boundary conditions for elastic staggered‐grid modeling schemes
Authors: Mittet Rune 
Published: September 2002

I present an accurate, stable, and simple implementation of the elastic free surface for staggered‐grid modeling schemes. The method is based on the presumption that the elastic Hooke's tensor on the free surface can be taken as similar to a transversely isotropic medium. The anisotropic elastic properties are then analyzed. The final scheme is isotropic, but with modified elastic properties on the free surface. The proposed scheme shows good agreement with an analytical solution.It is shown that the Rayleigh wave can not be properly resolved at two gridpoints per shortest wavelength if the shortest wavelength is calculated as the Rayleigh‐wave velocity over the maximum frequency. The Rayleigh wave is exponentially damped away from the free surface and requires denser sampling than purely propagating waves.
Fluvial geomorphology of Indian rivers: an overview
Authors: Kale Vishwas S. 
Published: September 2002

The rivers of India reveal certain special characteristics because they undergo large seasonal fluctuations in flow and sediment load. The rivers are adjusted to an array of discharges, and most rivers exhibit morphologies that are related to high-magnitude floods. In the last 100 years primarily hydraulic engineers have contributed to the understanding of the fluvial forms and processes. Though this trend has continued even today, in recent decades some interesting fluvial research has also been carried out by earth scientists. Four large rivers, namely Brahmaputra, Kosi, Indus and Narmada, have received greater attention from fluvial geomorphologists.The major themes in Indian fluvial geomorphology include the hydrology of monsoonal rivers; forms and processes in alluvial channels; causes of avulsion, channel migration; and anomalous variations in channel patterns; dynamics of suspended sediment; and the geomorphic impacts of floods. Studies of bedrock channels are far less than similar studies in alluvial channels. Only a few rivers have been investigated in this respect.Studies indicate that the Himalayan rivers are different in many respects from those of the Indian Peninsula. The former occupy a highly dynamic environment with extreme variability in discharge and sediment load. Earthquakes and landslides also have a great impact on these rivers from time to time. Consequently, the rivers are characterized by frequent changes in shape, size, position and planform. In comparison, the adjustments in Peninsular rivers are less frequent and of a much smaller magnitude.An inescapable conclusion is that in the tropical monsoonal environment, large floods are important geomorphic agents that temporarily affect the forms and behavioural characteristics of some rivers, but leave a lasting effect on others. In magnitude-frequency terms, large floods are major formative events in many rivers of the Indian region in general and the Indian Peninsula in particular.
Adjuvant chemotherapy in stage I uterine endometrial carcinoma
Authors: Hirai M. , Hirono M. , Oosaki T. , Hayashi Y. , Yoshihara T. , Itami M. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractObjective: We have assessed prognostic factors and the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy in stage I uterine endometrial carcinoma. Methods: 251 primary surgically treated stage I patients were studied. Prognostic factors were evaluated and 5‐year and 10‐year survival rates were compared in patients with lymph‐vascular space invasion to investigate whether adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival. Results: The overall 5‐year and 10‐year survival rates were 94% and 93%. Multivariate analysis indicates that lymph‐vascular space invasion is the most significant prognostic factor in both 5‐ and 10‐year survival rates (P<0.001 at both times) and stage/depth of invasion is significant for the 10‐year survival rate (P=0.04). Of 54 patients with lymph‐vascular space invasion, statistically significant differences were observed in 10‐year survival rate (P=0.02) between patients who had surgery followed by adjuvant chemotherapy (n=23) and patients who had surgery alone (n=31). Toxicities were mild to moderate (30%). Conclusions: The clinical importance of lymph‐vascular space invasion and the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy were confirmed. This observation warrants a larger comparative study with adjuvant chemotherapy.
Post‐partum maternity ‘blues’ as a reflection of newborn nursing care in Japan
Authors: Sakumoto K. , Masamoto H. , Kanazawa K. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractObjectives: To investigate the prevalence of post‐partum ‘blues’ in mothers whose babies are cared for in a newborn nursery, compared with mothers providing rooming‐in care. Methods: Japanese normal primiparous women were prospectively studied from 1998 to 1999. The newborns of these mothers were managed in the newborn nursery or by rooming‐in care. To diagnose maternity ‘blues’ and ‘depression’, the Stein's Questionnaire and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale were used. Results: Ninety‐seven and 93 women were managed by newborn nursery care and by rooming‐in care, respectively. Of these women, a total of 181 women were considered for analysis. ‘Blues’ was noted in 31 of 92 mothers (33.7%) receiving newborn nursery care and in 18 of 89 (20.2%) receiving rooming‐in care with a significant difference (P<0.05), and in 49 of 181 (27.1%) as a whole. The daily Stein's scores changed significantly during the 10 days post‐partum in each group (P<0.0001). Post‐partum ‘depression’ was observed in three mothers (3.4%) in the newborn nursery care group and in four (4.8%) of the rooming‐in care group, not a significant difference, and in seven (4.1%) as a whole. Conclusion: Maternity ‘blues’ is experienced by 25% or more of Japanese primiparous women delivering healthy babies via uncomplicated delivery. The system of newborn nursery infant care may be a potential causal factor for maternity ‘blues’, although it should be confirmed by a prospective randomized trial.
Induction of labor with prostaglandin E2 vaginal tablets in parous and grandmultiparous patients with previous cesarean section
Authors: Sobande A.A. , Albar H. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractObjectives: To compare the outcome of induction of labor with prostaglandin E2 vaginal tablets between lower parity (parity 1–5) and grandmultiparous (parity >5) patients with a history of one previous lower segment cesarean section. Methods: A prospective study of 113 patients conducted at King Faisal Military Hospital, Khamis Mushayt, Saudi Arabia during a 5‐year period spanning January1995 to December 1999. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in the two groups regarding mean maternal age, dose of prostaglandin used, gestation at delivery, mean birth weight, P>0.05. Syntocinon augmentation was used in 16 (21.9%) of the lower parity patients compared with 8 (20.0%) in the grandmultiparas but this was not statistically significant, (P=0.677). However, there was a statistically significant difference in the cesarean section rate between the two groups, P=0.019. Although no cases of uterine hyperstimulation were recorded, there was one rupture of the uterus in each of the two groups of patients; 1.36% and 2.5%, respectively, but this was not statistically significant, P=1.000. Conclusions: The complications of induction of labor with prostaglandin E2 vaginal tablets in grandmultiparous patients with previous cesarean section were similar to those with lower parity but the cesarean section rate was significantly higher. However, larger studies are needed for validation.
Expression and developmental regulation of gap junction connexins cx26, cx32, cx43 and cx45 in the rat midbrain‐floor
Authors: Leung Doreen Siu Yi , Unsicker Klaus , Reuss Bernhard 
Published: September 2002

AbstractConnexins (cx) constitute a family of transmembrane proteins that form gap junction channels allowing metabolic and electrical coupling of cellular networks. Initial studies on the expression of cx in the developing brain have suggested that cx may undergo dynamic changes and may possibly be implicated in synchronizing development and differentiation of neural progenitor cells and young neurons. We have investigated expression of cx26, cx32, cx43, and cx45 in the midbrain floor, where nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons originate and differentiate. This neuron population is of major importance in regulating motor‐functions. Semiquantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) revealed low levels of cx26‐mRNA in the midbrain floor at E12, which gradually increased during pre‐ and postnatal development, reaching a maximum in the adult. Cx32‐mRNA‐levels reached a first peak at E16, and showed highest levels in adulthood. Cx43 was highly expressed at E12, decreased until E18, and subsequently increased again until adulthood. Cx45 mRNA was prominent at all developmental ages, but slightly decreased after the first postnatal week. Double‐labeling for the dopaminergic neuronal marker tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and cx‐immunoreactivities (ir) evaluated by quantitative confocal laser microscopy revealed both distinct and similar developmental patterns for the individual cx investigated. Cx26 was highest at E14, decreased towards birth, and subsequently increased again reaching about 50% of the E14 level in the adult. Cx32‐ir peaked at E16 and dropped to low levels after birth. Cx43‐ir was highest at E12, decreased sharply at E14, reached its lowest levels at birth, but modestly increased again afterwards. Cx45‐ir showed a biphasic pattern, with two prominent peaks at E12 and E18, followed by a massive postnatal decrease. Taken together, our results reveal that expression and ir of cx in the midbrain floor and dopaminergic neurons, respectively, follow cx‐type specific patterns that temporally coincide with important steps of midbrain morphogenesis, as e.g. progenitor cell formation and migration (E12), early differentiation (E14‐16), target encounter (E16‐18) and postnatal functional maturation of the nigrostriatal system.
Reply to van Donge
Authors: Ponte Stefano 
Published: September 2002

Van Donge's comment on my reassessment of agrarian change on the Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania, raises a number of issues that go beyond the specificities of the location under scrutiny. Before dealing with these, however, let me restate my argument, which van Donge has reconstructed only selectively. In my article (Ponte 2001a), I argued that rural households are not ‘trapped in decline’ on the Uluguru Mountains, as depicted in previous literature. Although agriculture is not going through an easy transition in the area, and some options are becoming more limited, others are being more skilfully utilised. On the Uluguru Mountains, land scarcity is the main feature of agriculture; deforestation and soil erosion are major problems; and inputs have become increasingly expensive. Under these circumstances, the main ways households can improve their quality of life – short of leaving the area altogether, and in addition to relying on remittances from outside – are to expand land cultivated in other locations, to experiment with alternative farming systems, and to increase non-farm incomes. I observed that Uluguru households were doing all of these in the mid-1990s, and that their income levels and housing characteristics had improved. This was intriguing and challenging to me, since farmers' adaptations to changing markets had not led to higher incomes in other areas that I had researched in Tanzania. Finally, I suggested that economic diversification can play an important role in improving rural livelihoods, but that this process is more likely to take place in locations with well-established economic ties and relatively good access to major markets.Van Donge has a variety of problems with my argument. These can be grouped around three main themes: (1) issues of methodology; (2) a perceived misunderstanding of his argument; and (3) the impact of liberalisation. Due to space limitations, in my reply to van Donge I deal with these larger themes. A more detailed response covering specific evidence and technicalities is available from this author and has been sent to van Donge.
A Bronze Weight of Saʿîd b. ʿAbd al-Malik from Bet Shean/Baysân
Authors: Khamis Elias 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis paper presents a unique bronze weight manufactured by the order of a little-known son of [ain]Abd al-Malik, who was governor of Jund Filastîn for a short period. The weight, of the Byzantine disc type, but bearing Arabic inscriptions, was found in the excavations carried out by the Institute of Archaeology of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1990. It is discussed here in the context of other metal weights of the period which bear Arabic inscriptions but are of Byzantine form, and which sometimes also bear Byzantine symbols and Greek inscriptions.
Integration of cytogenetic landmarks into the draft sequence of the human genome
Authors: BAC Resource Consortium The , Cheung V. G. , Nowak N. , Jang W. , Kirsch I. R. , Zhao S. , Chen X.-N. , Furey T. S. , Kim U.-J. , Kuo W.-L. , Olivier M. , Conroy J. , Kasprzyk A. , Massa H. , Yonescu R. , Sait S. , Thoreen C. , Snijders A. , Lemyre E. , Bailey J. A. , Bruzel A. , Burrill W. D. , Clegg S. M. , Collins S. , Dhami P. , Friedman C. , Han C. S. , Herrick S. , Lee J. , Ligon A. H. , Lowry S. , Morley M. , Narasimhan S. , Osoegawa K. , Peng Z. , Plajzer-Frick I. , Quade B. J. , Scott D. , Sirotkin K. , Thorpe A. A. , Gray J. W. , Hudson J. , Pinkel D. , Ried T. , Rowen L. , Shen-Ong G. L. , Strausberg R. L. , Birney E. , Callen D. F. , Cheng J.-F. , Cox D. R. , Doggett N. A. , Carter N. P. , Eichler E. E. , Haussler D. , Korenberg J. R. , Morton C. C. , Albertson D. , Schuler G. , de Jong P. J. , Trask B. J. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractWe have placed 7,600 cytogenetically defined landmarks on the draft sequence of the human genome to help with the characterization of genes altered by gross chromosomal aberrations that cause human disease. The landmarks are large-insert clones mapped to chromosome bands by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Each clone contains a sequence tag that is positioned on the genomic sequence. This genome-wide set of sequence-anchored clones allows structural and functional analyses of the genome. This resource represents the first comprehensive integration of cytogenetic, radiation hybrid, linkage and sequence maps of the human genome; provides an independent validation of the sequence map1,2 and framework for contig order and orientation; surveys the genome for large-scale duplications, which are likely to require special attention during sequence assembly; and allows a stringent assessment of sequence differences between the dark and light bands of chromosomes. It also provides insight into large-scale chromatin structure and the evolution of chromosomes and gene families and will accelerate our understanding of the molecular bases of human disease and cancer.
Elites and popular nationalism*
Authors: Whitmeyer Joseph M. 
Published: September 2002

ABSTRACTMuch current theory concerning nationalism holds that elites commonly create or cause popular nationalism. In part, that thesis may be due to an overwhelming emphasis in research on nationalism on positive cases: cases where nationalism has appeared, ignoring cases where it has not. In this article, I challenge the thesis by showing numerous historical cases in which elites have promoted nationalisms that ordinary people have not adopted, or in which ordinary people have adopted a nationalism before it was taken up by elites. Even if elites do not create popular nationalism, however, they can and do shape itsexpressionin a variety of ways, such as organizing it, providing relevant information, or providing opportunity or incentive for it. I show this through historical examples.
Interpersonal trust and voluntary associations: examining three approaches
Authors: Anheier Helmut , Kendall Jeremy 
Published: September 2002

ABSTRACTThe relationship between interpersonal trust and membership in voluntary associations is a persistent research finding in sociology. What is more, the notion of trust has become a central issue in current social science theorizing covering such diverse approaches as transaction costs economics or cognitive sociology. In different ways and for different purposes, these approaches address the role of voluntary organizations, although, as this paper argues, much of this thinking remains sketchy and underdeveloped. Against an empirical portrait of this relationship, the purpose of this paper is to assess such theorizing. We first set out to explicate major approaches to trust in economics, sociology and political science, using the non‐profit or voluntary organization as a focal point. We then examine the various approaches in terms of their strengths and weaknesses, and, finally, identify key areas for theoretical development. In particular, we point to the social movement literature, the social psychology of trust, and recent thinking about civil society.