bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Calculation of ground water ages—A comparative analysis
Authors: Castro Maria Clara , Goblet Patrick 
Published: May 2005

AbstractGround water age is a fundamental, yet complex, concept in ground water hydrology. Discrepancies between results obtained through different modeling approaches for ground water age calculation have been reported, in particular, between ground water ages modeled by advection and direct simulation of ground water ages (e.g., age‐mass approach), which includes effects of advection and dispersion. Here, through a series of two‐dimensional (2D) simulations, the impact of water mixing through advection and dispersion on modeled 14C and directly simulated ground water ages is assessed. Impact of dispersion on modeled ages is systematically stronger in areas where water velocities are smaller and far more pronounced on 14C ages. This effect is also observed in one‐dimensional models. 2D simulations show that longitudinal dispersion generally acts as a “source” of 14C, while vertical dispersion acts as a “sink,” leading to apparent younger or older modeled 14C ages as compared to advective and directly simulated ground water ages. The presence of permeable and impermeable faults provides an equally important source for discrepancies, leading to major differences in modeled ages among the three methods considered. Overall, our results show that a 14C modeling approach using a solute transport model for calculating ground water age appears to be more reliable in ground water systems without faults and where water velocities are relatively high than in systems that are relatively more heterogeneous and those where faults are present. Among the three modeling approaches considered here, direct simulation of ground water age seems to yield the most consistent results in complex, heterogeneous ground water flow systems, giving a vertical age structure consistent with ages expected from consideration of the flow system.
Longitudinal dispersivity data and implications for scaling behavior
Authors: Schulze‐Makuch Dirk 
Published: May 2005

AbstractLongitudinal dispersivity (α) data were compiled from 109 different authors for different types of geological media. The data were subdivided into different subsets. Dispersivity values for consolidated media were subdivided as basalts, granites, sandstones, and carbonate rocks, while unconsolidated sediments were subdivided into three reliability classes. The data sets provided here may provide ground water practitioners a preliminary guide to estimate dispersivity values at various scales and to guide and verify theories on scaling behavior. Based on the data set presented here, the relationship that empirically best described the dispersivity data in regard to scale of measurement was in the form of a power law. The scaling exponent for consolidated and unconsolidated geological media varied between 0.40 and 0.92, and 0.44 and 0.94, respectively. Higher reliability subsets of data for the unconsolidated sediments and more frequently tested rock formations indicate that the scaling exponent is at the lower end of the observed range, close to 0.5. No significant difference in scaling exponent was found among different media, and no clear evidence exists for the presence of an upper bound or asymptotic behavior on the relationship for any of the analyzed media.
Interaction of tSNARE Syntaxin 18 with the Papillomavirus Minor Capsid Protein Mediates Infection
Authors: Bossis Ioannis , Roden Richard B. S. , Gambhira Ratish , Yang Rongcun , Tagaya Mitsuo , Howley Peter M. , Meneses Patricio I. 
Published: May 2005

ABSTRACT

The papillomavirus capsid mediates binding to the cell surface and passage of the virion to the perinuclear region during infection. To better understand how the virus traffics across the cell, we sought to identify cellular proteins that bind to the minor capsid protein L2. We have identified syntaxin 18 as a protein that interacts with bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV1) L2. Syntaxin 18 is a target membrane-associated soluble
N
-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor-attachment protein receptor (tSNARE) that resides in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The ectopic expression of FLAG-tagged syntaxin 18, which disrupts ER trafficking, blocked BPV1 pseudovirion infection. Furthermore, the expression of FLAG-syntaxin 18 prevented the passage of BPV1 pseudovirions to the perinuclear region that is consistent with the ER. Genetic studies identified a highly conserved L2 domain, DKILK, comprising residues 40 to 44 that mediated BPV1 trafficking through the ER during infection via an interaction with the tSNARE syntaxin 18. Mutations within the DKILK motif of L2 that did not significantly impact virion morphogenesis or binding at the cell surface prevented the L2 interaction with syntaxin 18 and disrupted BPV1 infection.
SINGULAR FREE BOUNDARY PROBLEM FROM IMAGE PROCESSING
Authors: AMADORI A. L. , VÁZQUEZ J. L. 
Published: May 2005

We study a degenerate nonlinear parabolic equation with moving boundaries which arises in the study of the technique of contour enhancement in image processing. In order to obtain mass concentration at the contour, singular data are imposed at the free boundary, leading to a nonstandard free boundary problem.Our main results are: (i) the well-posedness for the singular problem, without monotonicity assumptions on the initial datum, and (ii) the convergence of the approximation by means of combustion-type free-boundary problems.
Regional assessment of articular cartilage gene expression and small proteoglycan metabolism in an animal model of osteoarthritis
Authors: Young Allan A , Smith Margaret M , Smith Susan M , Cake Martin A , Ghosh Peter , Read Richard A , Melrose James , Sonnabend David H , Roughley Peter J , Little Christopher B 
Published: May 2005

AbstractOsteoarthritis (OA), the commonest form of arthritis and a major cause of morbidity, is characterized by progressive degeneration of the articular cartilage. Along with increased production and activation of degradative enzymes, altered synthesis of cartilage matrix molecules and growth factors by resident chondrocytes is believed to play a central role in this pathological process. We used an ovine meniscectomy model of OA to evaluate changes in chondrocyte expression of types I, II and III collagen; aggrecan; the small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) biglycan, decorin, lumican and fibromodulin; transforming growth factor-β; and connective tissue growth factor. Changes were evaluated separately in the medial and lateral tibial plateaux, and were confirmed for selected molecules using immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Significant changes in mRNA levels were confined to the lateral compartment, where active cartilage degeneration was observed. In this region there was significant upregulation in expession of types I, II and III collagen, aggrecan, biglycan and lumican, concomitant with downregulation of decorin and connective tissue growth factor. The increases in type I and III collagen mRNA were accompanied by increased immunostaining for these proteins in cartilage. The upregulated lumican expression in degenerative cartilage was associated with increased lumican core protein deficient in keratan sulphate side-chains. Furthermore, there was evidence of significant fragmentation of SLRPs in both normal and arthritic tissue, with specific catabolites of biglycan and fibromodulin identified only in the cartilage from meniscectomized joints. This study highlights the focal nature of the degenerative changes that occur in OA cartilage and suggests that altered synthesis and proteolysis of SLRPs may play an important role in cartilage destruction in arthritis.
Glutamic Acid-mediated Synthesis of Ultralong Hydroxyapatite Nanoribbons under Hydrothermal Conditions
Authors: Zhang Hui Gang , Zhu Qingshan 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
A facile hydrothermal preparation of hydroxyapatite nanoribbons was successfully established by adding glutamic acid as the modulator. The resultant nanoribbons are elongated along [0001] direction with ≈70 nm in thickness and ≈500 nm in width. The adsorption of glutamate ions on the crystal surfaces led to the formation of uniform ribbon-like morphology.
Synthesis of 3d-Hexagonal (P63/mmc) Mesoporous Material Using CnTEABr-type Surfactants via Acidic Synthesis Route
Authors: Lim SungHyun , Che Shunai , Yoshitake Hideaki , Tatsumi Takashi 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Mesoporous material having the 3d-hexagonal (P63/mmc) structure was synthesized under acidic condition using dodecyl- and tetradecyltriethylammonium bromides at low concentrations. The 3d-hexagonal structure was formed via the formation of the structure.
Laser-flash Photolysis of DMSO–Cl Complexes in Dimethyl Sulfoxide/CCl4 Mixed Solvent
Authors: Sumiyoshi Takashi , Minegishi Hideki , Fujiyoshi Ryoko , Sawamura Sadashi 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
DMSO–Cl complexes were produced by pulse radiolysis of mixtures of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and CCl4 of various compositions, and photochemical reactions were studied by laser flash photolysis. The quantum yields of intramolecular hydrogen abstraction depend strongly on both solvent composition and additives.
Efficient Route to 4-Substituted-2(5H)-furanones, 2(1H)-quinolones, and pyrones by Nickel-catalyzed Cross-coupling of Arenesulfonates with Organozinc Reagents
Authors: Wu Jie , Sun Xiaoyu , Zhang Liang 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Nickel(II)-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of 4-tosyl-2(1H)-quinolone, pyrone, and 2(5H)-furanone with various organozinc reagents provide an efficient and practical method for the high-yielding synthesis of 4-substituted 2(1H)-quinolones, pyrones, and 2(5H)-furanones.
Chemical structure and physical properties of cyclic olefin copolymers (IUPAC Technical Report)
Authors: Shin Ju Young , Park Ji Yong , Liu Chenyang , He Jiasong , Kim Sung Chul 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Cyclic olefin copolymers comprise a new class of polymeric materials showing properties of high glass-transition temperature, optical clarity, low shrinkage, low moisture absorption, and low birefringence. There are several types of cyclic olefin copolymers based on different types of cyclic monomers and polymerization methods. In this work, we have analyzed the chemical structure of the currently commercialized cyclic olefin copolymers by 13C NMR, and investigated their glass-transition temperatures and surface characteristics. It was observed that the glass-transition temperature, T
g, of cyclic olefin copolymers depended on the bulkiness of the main chain, and the number of rings had an important role in increasing the bulkiness of cyclic olefin copolymers. Cyclic olefin copolymers with polar substituents such as ester or ether groups showed high surface energy per area and peel strength.
Polyaniline: Thin films and colloidal dispersions (IUPAC Technical Report)
Authors: Stejskal Jaroslav , Sapurina Irina 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Several workers from various institutions in six countries have prepared thin films and colloidal polyaniline dispersions. The films were produced in situ on glass supports during the oxidation of anilinium chloride with ammonium peroxydisulfate in water. The average thickness of the films, assessed by optical absorption, was 125 ± 9 nm, and the conductivity of films was 2.6 ± 0.7 S cm–1. Films prepared in 1 mol l–1 HCl had a similar thickness, 109 ± 10 nm, but a higher conductivity, 18.8 ± 7.1 S cm–1. Colloidal polyaniline particles stabilized with a water-soluble polymer, poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) [poly(1-vinylpyrrolidin-2-one)], have been prepared by dispersion polymerization. The average particle size, 241 ± 50 nm, and polydispersity, 0.26 ± 0.12, have been determined by dynamic light scattering. The preparation of these two supramolecular polyaniline forms was found to be well reproducible.
Terminology in soil sampling (IUPAC Recommendations 2005)
Authors: De Zorzi Paolo , Barbizzi Sabrina , Belli Maria , Ciceri Giovanni , Fajgelj Aleš , Moore David , Sansone Umberto , Van Der Perk Marcel 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
The scientist must be sure that, within a stated context, the terms used in articles, publications, or the daily conversation among colleagues are intended by all in the same precise way, without any possible ambiguity. As already pointed out by “Nomenclature for sampling in analytical chemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 1990)” [4], it is not acceptable that scientists are not able to orient themselves in a sampling or analytical process. This can occur if the terms used are not well defined. Moreover, to better appreciate the development of new theories or concepts, progressive updates can be necessary. To this end, on the basis of the existing terminology documents and of the most recent knowledge in the field of soil sampling, an updated terminology in sampling (specifically, soil sampling) is recommended.
Numbering of Fullerenes (IUPAC Recommendations 2004)
Authors: Cozzi F. , Powell W. H. , Thilgen C. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Rules for numbering (C60-I
h)[5,6]fullerene and (C70-D
5h(6))[5,6]fullerene were codified in a publication “Nomenclature for the (C60-I
h)[5,6] and (C70-D
5h(6))[5,6]fullerenes” published in Pure Appl. Chem.
74 (4), 629–695 (2002). The current publication contains recommendations for numbering a wide variety of fullerenes of different sizes, with rings of different sizes, from C20 to C120, and of various point group symmetries, including low symmetries such as C
s, C
i, and C
1, as well as many fullerenes that have been isolated and well characterized as pristine carbon allotropes or as derivatives. These recommendations are based on the principles established in the earlier publication and aim at the identification of a well-defined and preferably contiguous helical pathway for numbering. Rules for systematically completing the numbering of fullerene structures for which a contiguous numbering pathway becomes discontiguous are presented.
Transfer of Escherichia coli to Water from Drained and Undrained Grassland after Grazing
Authors: Oliver David M. , Heathwaite Louise , Haygarth Philip M. , Clegg Christopher D. 
Published: May 2005

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to determine the load of Escherichia coli transferred via drainage waters from drained and undrained pasture following a grazing period. Higher concentrations (ranging between 104 and 103 colony forming units [CFU] g−1) of E. coli persisted in soil for up to 60 d beyond the point where cattle were removed from the plots, but these eventually declined in the early months of spring to concentrations less than 102 CFU g−1 The decline reflects the combined effect of cell depletion from the soil store through both wash‐out and die‐off of E. coli No difference (P > 0.05) was observed in E. coli loads exported from drained and undrained plots. Similarly, no difference (P > 0.05) was observed in E. coli concentrations in drainage waters of mole drain flow and overland plus subsurface interflow. Intermittent periods of elevated discharge associated with storm events mobilized E. coli at higher concentrations (e.g., in excess of 400 CFU mL−1) than observed during low flow conditions (often <25 CFU mL−1). The combination of high discharge and cell concentrations resulted in the export of E. coli loads from drained and undrained plots exceeding 106 CFU L−1 s−1 The results highlight the potential for drained land to export E. coli loads comparable with those transferred from undrained pasture.
Gene Expression Profiling in Pediatric Appendicitis
Authors: Dhillon Bhavjinder K. , Kortbeek Simone , Baghela Arjun , Brindle Mary , Martin Dori-Ann , Jenne Craig N. , Vogel Hans J. , Lee Amy H. Y. , Thompson Graham C. , Hancock Robert E. W. 
Published: February 2024

ImportanceAppendicitis is the most common indication for urgent surgery in the pediatric population, presenting across a range of severity and with variable complications. Differentiating simple appendicitis (SA) and perforated appendicitis (PA) on presentation may help direct further diagnostic workup and appropriate therapy selection, including antibiotic choice and timing of surgery.ObjectiveTo provide a mechanistic understanding of the differences in disease severity of appendicitis with the objective of developing improved diagnostics and treatments, specifically for the pediatric population.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThe Gene Expression Profiling of Pediatric Appendicitis (GEPPA) study was a single-center prospective exploratory diagnostic study with transcriptomic profiling of peripheral blood collected from a cohort of children aged 5 to 17 years with abdominal pain and suspected appendicitis between November 2016 and April 2017 at the Alberta Children’s Hospital in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, with data analysis reported in August 2023. There was no patient follow-up in this study.ExposureSA, PA, or nonappendicitis abdominal pain.Main Outcomes and MeasuresBlood transcriptomics was used to develop a hypothesis of underlying mechanistic differences between SA and PA to build mechanistic hypotheses and blood-based diagnostics.ResultsSeventy-one children (mean [SD] age, 11.8 [3.0] years; 48 [67.6%] male) presenting to the emergency department with abdominal pain and suspected appendicitis were investigated using whole-blood transcriptomics. A central role for immune system pathways was revealed in PA, including a dampening of major innate interferon responses. Gene expression changes in patients with PA were consistent with downregulation of immune response and inflammation pathways and shared similarities with gene expression signatures derived from patients with sepsis, including the most severe sepsis endotypes. Despite the challenges in identifying early biomarkers of severe appendicitis, a 4-gene signature that was predictive of PA compared to SA, with an accuracy of 85.7% (95% CI, 72.8-94.1) was identified.ConclusionsThis study found that PA was complicated by a dysregulated immune response. This finding should inform improved diagnostics of severity, early management strategies, and prevention of further postsurgical complications.
A deep learning‐based framework (Co‐ReTr) for auto‐segmentation of non‐small cell‐lung cancer in computed tomography images
Authors: Kunkyab Tenzin , Bahrami Zhila , Zhang Heqing , Liu Zheng , Hyde Derek 
Published: February 2024

AbstractPurposeDeep learning‐based auto‐segmentation algorithms can improve clinical workflow by defining accurate regions of interest while reducing manual labor. Over the past decade, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have become prominent in medical image segmentation applications. However, CNNs have limitations in learning long‐range spatial dependencies due to the locality of the convolutional layers. Transformers were introduced to address this challenge. In transformers with self‐attention mechanism, even the first layer of information processing makes connections between distant image locations. Our paper presents a novel framework that bridges these two unique techniques, CNNs and transformers, to segment the gross tumor volume (GTV) accurately and efficiently in computed tomography (CT) images of non‐small cell‐lung cancer (NSCLC) patients.MethodsUnder this framework, input of multiple resolution images was used with multi‐depth backbones to retain the benefits of high‐resolution and low‐resolution images in the deep learning architecture. Furthermore, a deformable transformer was utilized to learn the long‐range dependency on the extracted features. To reduce computational complexity and to efficiently process multi‐scale, multi‐depth, high‐resolution 3D images, this transformer pays attention to small key positions, which were identified by a self‐attention mechanism. We evaluated the performance of the proposed framework on a NSCLC dataset which contains 563 training images and 113 test images. Our novel deep learning algorithm was benchmarked against five other similar deep learning models.ResultsThe experimental results indicate that our proposed framework outperforms other CNN‐based, transformer‐based, and hybrid methods in terms of Dice score (0.92) and Hausdorff Distance (1.33). Therefore, our proposed model could potentially improve the efficiency of auto‐segmentation of early‐stage NSCLC during the clinical workflow. This type of framework may potentially facilitate online adaptive radiotherapy, where an efficient auto‐segmentation workflow is required.ConclusionsOur deep learning framework, based on CNN and transformer, performs auto‐segmentation efficiently and could potentially assist clinical radiotherapy workflow.
A general update rule for Lyapunov‐based adaptive control of mobile robots with wheel slip
Authors: Burghi T. B. , Iossaqui J. G. , Camino J. F. 
Published: February 2024

SummaryIn this article, we introduce a novel family of Lyapunov‐based adaptive kinematic control laws developed to solve the trajectory tracking problem for a differential‐drive mobile robot under the influence of both longitudinal and lateral wheel slip. Each adaptive controller in this family is constructed by augmenting a nonadaptive nominal controller, originally designed for the slip‐free case, with an update rule capable of estimating the longitudinal slip. In the absence of lateral slip and under constant longitudinal slip, we establish the convergence of the trajectory tracking error to zero and, assuming a persistent excitation condition, we also demonstrate the convergence of the slip estimate error to zero. When lateral slip is present, we analyse a particular control law from our family of adaptive controllers. This law ensures the trajectory tracking error is uniformly ultimately bounded around the origin, demonstrating the robustness of our adaptive control scheme in dealing with time‐varying longitudinal and lateral slip. The validity of our approach is assessed through comprehensive numerical simulations.
CoP Quantum Dots Embedded in Carbon Polyhedra through Co─P─C Bonding Enabling High‐Energy Lithium‐Ion Capacitors
Authors: Li Shani , Xu Yanan , Zhang Xudong , Guo Yang , Ma Yibo , Sun Xianzhong , Zhang Xiong , Ning Puqi , Wang Kai , Ma Yanwei 
Published: February 2024

AbstractPhosphides with high theoretical capacity are considered ideal anode materials for lithium‐ion capacitors (LICs), but poor electronic conductivity as well as unsatisfied cyclic stability limits the performance of the phosphides. Here a covalently bonded CoP@C heterostructure is reported, which consists of 5 nm CoP quantum dots (QDs) like pomegranate seeds pinned in carbon polyhedron through interfacial Co─P─C bonding. The ultrafine size of CoP QDs provides more reactive sites and a shorten electrons/ions diffusion path, boosting the specific capacity. The Co─P─C bond induces the energy band variation of CoP and increases the interfacial charge density, bringing about fast kinetics. Besides, the Co─P─C bond introduces a robust pining effect among CoP QDs and carbon polyhedra, greatly improving the structure stability of 5 nm CoP QDs. The CoP@C heterostructure electrode exhibits high capacity (nearly 1000 mAh g−1) and superior cycling stability. It is worth noting that a prototyped LIC full‐cell of YP80//CoP@C presents an impressive high energy density of 172 Wh kg−1 and a power density of 10.8 kW kg−1. Moreover, the LIC possesses an ultra‐long life, retaining 80% after 20,000 cycles. This study offers an effective design for phosphides achieving fast kinetics and superior structure stability through an interfacial bonding approach.