bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emissions of volatile organic compounds originating from UK livestock agriculture
Authors: Hobbs PJ , Webb J , Mottram TT , Grant B , Misselbrook TM 
Published: July 2004

AbstractIn this paper we estimate the quantity of non‐methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) emitted from UK livestock. The final estimate is derived from published values and from direct measurements of NMVOC emissions from dairy cattle slurry and laying hen manure. Emission rates of NMVOCs were determined for fresh dairy cattle slurry and laying hen manure using a 40 m3 emissions chamber. Dimethyl sulphides dominated emissions from laying hen manure at 753 ± 263 g m−3 day−1. Emissions from dairy cattle slurry were dominated by volatile fatty acids (C2C5, 6.3 ± 3.1 g m−3 day−1) and phenols (2.4 ± 1.2 g m−3 day−1). Many of these NMVOCs are decomposition products from protein sources from which ammonia is also a by‐product. There is a close association between ammonia and NMVOC production from manure, and on this basis we estimated the annual NMVOC emissions from UK livestock as 165 ± 56 kt for 2002. These emissions compare to those from the larger industrial and transport sectors and exceed the 50–100 kt C year−1 currently determined as originating from biogenic sources including agriculture. These findings have implications for air quality, and these NMVOCs may affect the cleansing capacity of the troposphere. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Intestinal function and body growth of broiler chickens on maize‐based diets supplemented with mimosa tannins and a microbial enzyme
Authors: Iji Paul A , Khumalo Kwazi , Slippers Stephen , Gous Robert M 
Published: July 2004

AbstractA study was conducted to evaluate the effects of tannin (0, 5, 15, 20 and 25 g kg−1 diet) and a microbial enzyme supplement (MES) on the feed consumption, body growth and digestive physiology of broiler chickens between hatch and 22 days of age. Feed intake, body weight and body weight gain declined (p < 0.001) with an increase in dietary tannin content. Feed conversion efficiency was increased (p < 0.001) in line with dietary tannin level, up to 15 g kg−1 diet. There were no significant effects of dietary treatment on the protein content of pancreatic tissue or activities of pancreatic and jejunal enzymes. The ileal digestibilities of energy, protein, arginine, alanine and leucine were reduced (p < 0.001) as dietary tannin level rose to 20 g kg−1 diet and beyond. The digestibilities of methionine and phenylalanine were also negatively affected (p < 0.01) at the highest level of dietary tannins, while phosphorus digestion was improved (p < 0.05) on diets containing tannin. Apart from an increase (p < 0.01) in the protein content of the jejunal mucosa of birds on the diet with 20 g tannin kg−1 diet, there were no significant effects of the MES on most of the variables assessed. The results demonstrate the negative effects of tannin, especially at high levels of inclusion in the diet. However, neither tannins nor MES influenced the activities of digestive enzymes assessed, suggesting that a wider range of factors may be involved in regulating the effects of tannins on poultry. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Comparison of simultaneous distillation extraction (SDE) and solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) for the analysis of volatile compounds in dry‐cured ham
Authors: Garcia‐Esteban Marta , Ansorena Diana , Astiasaran Iciar , Martin Diana , Ruiz Jorge 
Published: July 2004

AbstractSimultaneous distillation extraction (SDE) and solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) using a carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane fibre were compared for their effectiveness in the extraction of volatile compounds from dry‐cured ham samples. A higher number of compounds was detected using SPME owing to the use of a solvent delay time in the GC‐MS analysis of SDE extracts. SPME was more efficient in extracting low molecular weight and high volatility compounds, while SDE was able to extract compounds with low volatilities that were not extracted using SPME. Both techniques satisfactorily extracted most volatiles previously highlighted as odour‐active compounds in dry‐cured ham. However, the ratio between some compounds from lipid oxidation and those from degradation of amino acids was much lower in SDE extracts than with SPME, which could be a consequence of the development of Strecker degradation of amino acids during distillation in SDE owing to the high temperatures used. Similarly, diunsaturated aldehydes detected in SDE extracts were absent using SPME, probably owing to oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in SDE as a consequence of the temperature during extraction. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of nitrogen form on yield and nitrate content of subirrigated early potato
Authors: Serio Francesco , Elia Antonio , Signore Angelo , Santamaria Pietro 
Published: July 2004

AbstractPotato is classified among the vegetables with low nitrate content but, in diet, it contributes most to the daily intake of nitrate, because of its highper capitaconsumption. Two trials were carried out in winter–spring and autumn–winter cycles using a trough bench subirrigation system. Potato seedlings were transplanted into pots containing peat, pumice and vermiculite in a 3:1:1 volume ratio. Both trials were carried out to compare three nutrient solutions having the same nitrogen concentration (6.4 mM), but different ammonium:nitrate (NH4‐N:NO3‐N) percentage ratios (100:0, 50:50 and 0:100). In the winter–spring cycle, tubers were lower in weight and were more numerous than in the autumn–winter cycle. The tuber yield of ammonium‐fed plants was lower than with the mixed form and 100% NO3‐N, but only in the trial carried out in the winter–spring period. Nitrate‐fed plants yielded a number of tubers almost 3‐fold higher than ammonium‐fed plants. The NO3content of tubers harvested in spring in the presence of 100% NH4‐N in the nutrient solution was a 25% of that in nitrate‐fed plants (44 vs 169 mg kg−1of fresh mass); in tubers harvested in winter, with worse light conditions, nitrate content increased with increasing NO3‐N in the nutrient solution (26, 109, and 225 mg kg−1of fresh mass with NH4‐N:NO3‐N 100:0, 50:50 and 0:100, respectively). The substrate electrical conductivity increased with increasing ammonium concentration in the nutrient solution, and was higher in the upper layer of the substrate. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Thermal recovery of antioxidant activity from carnosol quinone, the main antioxidation product of carnosol
Authors: Masuda Toshiya , Kirikihira Takuya , Takeda Yoshio , Yonemori Shigetomo 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe antioxidant reaction of carnosol, a phenolic diterpene of sage and rosemary, produced ortho‐ and para‐quinone derivatives. Although the orthoquinone derivative of carnosol (CARQ) is stable in a lipophilic solution and has a very weak antioxidant activity, the thermal treatment of CARQ in lipid restored strong antioxidant activity. HPLC analysis of the thermal recovery reaction clarified that the strong activity was mainly due to the reproduced carnosol. A possible mechanism for the production of carnosol from CARQ is the self‐redox reaction of CARQ. Two of the oxidation products from CARQ in the thermal recovery reaction were identified to be rosmariquinone and dehydrorosmariquinone. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Correlated changes in skeletal muscle connective tissue and flesh texture during starvation and re‐feeding in brown trout (Salmo trutta) reared in seawater
Authors: Bugeon Jérôme , Lefèvre Florence , Fauconneau Benoit 
Published: July 2004

AbstractQuantitative and qualitative changes to muscle and collagen were analysed following starvation and re‐feeding of brown trout (Salmo trutta) reared in seawater. Fish were submitted to starvation for 2 months followed by re‐feeding for 1 month and compared with a control group continuously fed. Classical effects of starvation on growth and morphometrics traits were observed with only a partial recovery of these parameters after 1 month of re‐feeding. Muscle composition of starved fish was significantly affected (lower dry matter content and higher post‐mortem pH) compared with control fish and was partially recovered in re‐fed fish compared with continuously fed fish. Muscle structure and composition were affected with thinner muscle fibre and higher connective tissue content for the starved fish but similar thickness of myosepta compared with the control group. No difference was observed after 1 month of re‐feeding. Characteristics of the connective tissue were significantly affected by starvation (more high weight molecular collagen form, higher thermal stability of skin collagen). These differences remained significant after the re‐feeding period. Starved fish showed also higher mechanical resistance of the raw flesh compared with the control group, but no difference in rheological measurements was observed after 1 month of re‐feeding. The changes in texture and their relationships with muscle composition, muscle structure and collagen characteristics are discussed. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Activation of a calcium entry pathway by sodium pyrithione in the bag cell neurons of Aplysia
Authors: Knox Ronald J. , Magoski Neil S. , Wing David , Barbee Steven J. , Kaczmarek Leonard K. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe ability of sodium pyrithione (NaP), an agent that produces delayed neuropathy in some species, to alter neuronal physiology was accessed using ratiometric imaging of cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in fura PE‐filled cultured Aplysia bag cell neurons. Bath‐application of NaP evoked a [Ca2+]i elevation in both somata and neurites with an EC50 of ≈300 nM and a Hill coefficient of ≈1. The response required the presence of external Ca2+, had an onset of 3–5 min, and generally reached a maximum within 30 min. 2‐Methyl‐sulfonylpyridine, a metabolite and close structural analog of NaP, did not elevate [Ca2+]i. Under whole‐cell current‐clamp recording, NaP produced a ≈14 mV depolarization of resting membrane potential that was dependent on external Ca2+. These data suggested that NaP stimulates Ca2+ entry across the plasma membrane. To minimize the possibility that a change in cytosolic pH was the basis for NaP‐induced Ca2+ entry, bag cell neuron intracellular pH was estimated with the dye 2′,7′‐bis(carboxyethyl‐5(6)‐carboxy‐fluorescein acetoxy methylester. Exposure of the neurons to NaP did not alter intracellular pH. The slow onset and sustained nature of the NaP response suggested that a cation exchange mechanism coupled either directly or indirectly to Ca2+ entry could underlie the phenomenon. However, neither ouabain, a Na+/K+ ATPase inhibitor, nor removal of extracellular Na+, which eliminates Na+/Ca2+ exchanger activity, altered the NaP‐induced [Ca2+]i elevation. Finally, the possibility that NaP gates a Ca2+‐permeable ion channel in the plasma membrane was examined. NaP did not appear to activate two major forms of bag cell neuron Ca2+‐permeable ion channels, as Ca2+ entry was unaffected by inhibition of voltage‐gated Ca2+ channels using nifedipine or by inhibition of a voltage‐dependent, nonselective cation channel using a high concentration of tetrodotoxin. In contrast, two potential store‐operated Ca2+ entry current inhibitors, SKF‐96365 and Ni2+, attenuated NaP‐induced Ca2+ entry. We conclude that NaP activates a slow, persistent Ca2+ influx in Aplysia bag cell neurons. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 411–423, 2004
Loss of steroidogenic factor 1 alters cellular topography in the mouse ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus
Authors: Davis Aline M. , Seney Marianne L. , Stallings Nancy R. , Zhao Liping , Parker Keith L. , Tobet Stuart A. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractKnockout (KO) mice lacking the orphan nuclear receptor steroidogenic factor 1 (SF‐1) exhibit marked structural abnormalities of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH). In this study, we sought to determine the molecular mechanisms underlying the VMH abnormalities. To trace SF‐1‐expressing neurons, we used a SF‐1/enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) transgene. Although the total numbers of eGFP‐positive cells in wild‐type (WT) and SF‐1 KO mice were indistinguishable, cells that normally localize precisely within the VMH were scattered more diffusely in adjacent regions in SF‐1 KO mice. This abnormal distribution is likely due to the loss of SF‐1 expression in VMH neurons rather than secondary effects of deficient steroidogenesis, as redistribution also was seen in mice with a CNS‐specific KO of SF‐1. Thus, the absence of SF‐1 alters the distribution of cells that normally form the VMH within the mediobasal hypothalamus. Consistent with this model, the hypothalamic expression patterns of the transcription factors islet‐1 and nkx2.1 also were displaced in SF‐1 KO mice. Independent of gene expression, birthdate analyses further suggested that cells with earlier birthdates were affected more severely by the loss of SF‐1 than were later born cells. We conclude that the absence of SF‐1 causes major changes in cellular arrangement within and around the developing VMH that result from altered cell migration. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 60: 424–436, 2004
Neonatal handling increases sensitivity to acute neurodegeneration in adult rats
Authors: Horvath Katalin M. , Harkany Tibor , Mulder Jan , Koolhaas Jaap M. , Luiten Paul G.M. , Meerlo Peter 
Published: July 2004

AbstractEnvironmental stimuli during the perinatal period can result in persistent individual differences in neural viability and cognitive functions. Earlier studies have shown that brief daily maternal separation and/or handling of rat pups during the first weeks of life reduces stress reactivity during adulthood and attenuates neuronal loss and cognitive decline during aging. In the present study we examined whether neonatal handling also affects the sensitivity of the adult brain to an acute neurotoxic insult. Postnatally handled and nonhandled control rats were left undisturbed from weaning onwards until the age of 11 months. At this age, the animals were subjected to a neurotoxic challenge by unilateral infusion of 60 mM of the glutamate analogue N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) into the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM). The brains were collected to measure cholinergic cell and fiber loss. In the nonlesioned side of the brain, cholinergic cell number in the NBM and fiber density in the cortex were not different between postnatally handled and control rats. However, in the lesioned hemisphere handled animals exhibited a significantly higher loss of choline‐acetyltransferase‐immunoreactive and acetylcholinesterase‐positive fibers in the somatosensory cortex. The present results provide evidence for an enhanced vulnerability of postnatally handled rats to acute neurodegeneration in contrast to the previously reported attenuation of spontaneous aging‐related neurodegenerative processes. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 60: 463–472, 2004
Changes in the content and distribution of microtubule associated protein 2 in the hippocampus of the rat during the estrous cycle
Authors: Reyna‐Neyra Andrea , Arias Clorinda , Ferrera Patricia , Morimoto Sumiko , Camacho‐Arroyo Ignacio 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus during the estrous cycle of the rat are not completely understood. Because this process implicates changes in neuronal cytoskeleton organization, we analyzed the content of microtubule associated protein 2 (MAP2) and Tau in the hippocampus and the frontal cortex of the rat by Western blot, as well as the hippocampal distribution of MAP2 during the estrous cycle by immunohistochemistry. In the hippocampus the lowest content of MAP2 was found on diestrus day, and it significantly increased at proestrus. This increase was maintained on estrus and metestrus days. In the frontal cortex MAP2 content did not significantly change during the estrous cycle. In contrast, the content of Tau did not vary during the estrous cycle in either the hippocampus or the frontal cortex. The immunohistochemical analysis showed an increase in dendrite thickness and in dendritic branching in the CA1 region on proestrus day, as well as an aggregation of MAP2 in apical dendrites near to pyramidal somata on this day in comparison with diestrus. We suggest that changes in the content and neuronal distribution of MAP2 are involved in the structural changes that occur in the hippocampus of the rat during the estrous cycle, and that these variations are related to changes in estradiol and progesterone levels. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 60: 473–480, 2004
A role for the cytoskeleton in heat‐shock–mediated thermoprotection of locust neuromuscular junctions
Authors: Klose Markus K. , Armstrong Gary , Robertson R. Meldrum 
Published: July 2004

AbstractA prior hyperthermic stress (heat shock) can induce thermoprotection of neuromuscular transmission in Locusta migratoria extensor tibiae muscle measured 4 h after the onset of the heat shock. It is not clear what effect an acute hyperthermic stress may have on the nervous system's ability to tolerate thermal stress, that is, before increased expression of heat‐shock proteins. We found that over consecutive thermal stress tests, failure temperature was not altered in either heat‐shock or control animals. This suggests that protective mechanisms are not established in the short term (within one hour). Various members of the heat‐shock protein family interact with elements of the cytoskeleton. We found that preexposure of the preparation to cytoskeletal stabilizing drugs induced thermoprotection, while preexposure to cytoskeletal disrupting drugs disrupted the ability to confer and maintain thermoprotection. We conclude that thermoprotection relies on a stable cytoskeleton and suggest that members of the heat shock protein family are involved. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 60: 453–462, 2004
A finite element formulation to identify damage fields: the equilibrium gap method
Authors: Claire D. , Hild F. , Roux S. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractIt is proposed to determine damage parameters in two dimensions (surface of a material) or three dimensions (in the bulk of a solid) by using full‐field displacement measurements. A finite‐element approach is developed to evaluate piece‐wise constant elastic parameters modeled by an isotropic damage variable. Two sets of examples are discussed. The first series deals with mechanical fields obtained by finite element simulations to assess the performance of the approach. The second series is concerned with displacement measurements performed during a biaxial test on a composite material. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Local modal reduction in explicit dynamics with domain decomposition. Part 2: specific interface treatment when modal subdomains are involved
Authors: Faucher Vincent , Combescure Alain 
Published: July 2004

AbstractDuring the last 2 years, a multidomain formalism for structural dynamics based on a multi‐time‐step algorithm and local linear modal reduction was proposed by Gravouil, Combescure, Herry & Faucher. In the first part of this paper, we extended modal reduction to subdomains undergoing finite rigid‐body rotations. Here, we focus on the consequences of local modal projection (either linear or geometrically non‐linear) on the treatment of interface problems between subdomains. In particular, we address the issues of the invertibility and efficiency of the solution process. We illustrate our propositions with specific interpretations of the examples presented in Part 1 and present an additional example to demonstrate the properties of special sets of modes. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Homogenization of sandwich structures
Authors: Rabczuk T. , Kim J. Y. , Samaniego E. , Belytschko T. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractA homogenization method is proposed for sandwich structures consisting of two plates interlaced with beams and shells in a periodic, lattice structure. The proposed method is a quasi‐continuum approach where the constitutive response is obtained from the generalized forces of the interlacing elements. Buckling is studied as part of this model. Comparison of the homogenized model with fully discrete models show reasonable to very good agreement. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Klinik und Neurobiologie: Das Krankheitsbild der Depression
Authors: Bondy Brigitta 
Published: July 2004

AbstractDie Depression gehört zu den häufigsten Erkrankungen in zivilisierten Ländern und ist gekennzeichnet durch charakteristische Veränderungen der Stimmungslage und des Aktivitätsniveaus, begleitet von zahlreichen somatischen und vegetativen Symptomen, welche den Ausschluss organischer Ursachen erforderlich macht. Obwohl im Laufe eines Lebens meist mehrere Rezidive auftreten, kommt es in der Mehrzahl der Fälle zwischen den Episoden zur vollständigen Wiederherstellung der psychischen Gesundheit. Ätiologisch ist die Depression eine multifaktorielle Erkrankung, genetische Faktoren spielen ebenso eine Rolle wie Störungen im zerebralen Stoffwechsel und Umgebungsfaktoren. Obwohl kein Zweifel daran besteht, dass ein funktionelles Defizit der serotonergen und noradrenergen Systeme von wesentlicher Bedeutung ist, kommt nun vor allem den vielfältigen Interaktionen der Neurotransmittersysteme untereinander und mit anderen Systemen des Gehirns, wie dem Neuroendokrinen System und vor allem der Reaktion auf Stress eine zunehmende Bedeutung zu. Eine detaillierte Aufklärung dieser komplexen Interaktionen wird zur Entwicklung neuer und effektiverer Antidepressiva führen.
Was kann/will sich das Gesundheitssystem leisten? Pharmakoökonomie moderner Antidepressiva
Authors: Laux Gerd 
Published: July 2004

AbstractIn dieser Übersichtsarbeit wird der derzeitige Stand zum Themenkreis Kosten‐Nutzen‐Analysen neuerer versus älterer Antidepressiva zusammengestellt. Nach einer allgemeinen Einführung wurden die wichtigsten pharmakoökonomischen Untersuchungen (Modellrechnungen und Vergleichsstudien) für Antidepressiva referiert. Die vorliegenden Daten sind noch nicht ausreichend, insbesondere fehlen prospektive randomisierte Kosten‐Nutzen‐Analysen aus Deutschland völlig. Empirisch gesicherte Aussagen zur pharmakoökonomischen Evaluierung sind deshalb bislang noch nicht möglich. Die schwer messbare Perspektive “Lebensqualität/psychosoziale Kosten” muss als Herausforderung für sozial‐gesundheitspolitische bzw. medizinethische Diskussionen angesehen werden.
A new universal Web interface to quantum chemistry programs
Authors: Moskovsky Alexander A. , Vanovsky Vitaly V. , Granovsky Alexander A. , Firsov Denis A. , Nemukhin Alexander V. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractA new software package has been developed, aiming to create a uniform user interface to various quantum chemistry program systems. The interface is based on Web technologies, and therefore it can be used to provide remote access to supercomputing resources and facilitate teamwork in geographically distributed research groups. A special feature of our approach is that any new quantum chemistry program can be easily integrated into the system by rewriting configuration files only. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004