bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Germinal cell ectopism in the strepsirhine prosimian Galago crassicaudatus crassicaudatus
Authors: Yoshinaga Kazuya , Hess David L. , Hendrickx Andrew G. , Zamboni Luciano 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe presence of germinal cells outside of the embryonal and fetal gonads of the strepsirhine prosimian Galago crassicaudatus crassicaudatus is described. Forty‐three embryos and fetuses from day 26 or 27 of gestational age to near term were studied: more than 90% possessed germinal cells in ectopic sites situated either far from (extragonadal ectopism) or close to the gonads (perigonadal ectopism). The first sites were the walls of the aorta and mesenteric artery, the stroma between the aorta and the cardinal vein and the retroperitoneal neuroganglia. The second were the mesenchyme dorsal to the gonads and around the vestigia of the mesonephric glomeruli and tubules, and the rete ovarii and testis. The ectopic cells were generally present in conspicuous numbers, in some animals being more numerous than in the gonads. Those situated far from the gonads underwent degeneration and decreased significantly in numbers during post‐embryonal stages of development, while the others remained numerous and functionally active up to near term. While the differentiation of the extragonadal germinal cells after day 60 of gestational age could not be studied due to technical difficulties, the XX and XY cells in perigonadal sites appeared to follow patterns of differentiation identical to those of their entopic counterparts.
Identification of a program of contractile protein gene expression initiated upon skeletal muscle differentiation
Authors: Sutherland Colin J. , Esser Karyn A. , Elsom Vicki L. , Gordon Monica L. , Hardeman Edna C. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe functional diversity of skeletal muscle is largely determined by the combinations of contractile protein isoforms that are expressed in different fibers. Just how the developmental expression of this large array of genes is regulated to give functional phenotypes is thus of great interest. In the present study, we perform a comprehensive analysis of contractile protein isoform mRNA profiles in skeletal muscle systems representing each generation of fiber formed: primary, secondary, and regenerating fibers. We find that in each system examined there is a common pattern of isoform gene expression during early differentiation for 5 of the 6 gene families we have investigated: myosin light chain (MLC)1, MLC2, tropomyosin, troponin (Tn)C, and TnI. We suggest that the common isoform patterns observed together represent a genetic program of skeletal muscle differentiation that is independent of the mature fiber phenotype and is found in all newly formed myotubes. Within each of these contractile protein gene families the program is independent of the isoforms of myosin heavy chain (MHC) expressed. The maintenance of such a program may reflect a specific requirement of the initial differentiation process. © 1993 wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dynamic changes in ovarian c‐kit and Steel expression during the estrous reproductive cycle
Authors: Motro Benny , Bernstein Alan 
Published: February 2005

AbstractW and Steel mutant mice exhibit similar developmental defects in melanogenesis, haematopoiesis, and gametogenesis. Consistent with the cell autonomous and microenvironmental nature of W and Sl mutations, respectively, W encodes the c‐kit receptor tyrosine kinase while Steel enclodes the Kit ligand. Both c‐kit and Steel are expressed in various cells in which no corresponding mutant phenotype has yet been demonstrated. In the adult ovary, certain stromal‐derived cells (theca and interstitial), as well as oocytes, express c‐kit, while granulosa cells express Steel. We show here that the cessation of oocyte growth, at the transition of the follicle to the antral stage, is associated with the cessation of Steel expression in the cumulus granulosa cells in the vicinity of the oocyte. These observations suggest a role for the Kit signaling pathway in oocyte growth or in meiotic arrest. In addition, the cyclic secretion of luteinizing hormone immediately and dramatically results in elevated Steel expression in mural granulosa cells and decreased levels of c‐kit transcripts in stromal‐derived cells. This influence of the estrous reproductive cycle on c‐kit/Steel expression suggests that the Kit signaling pathway, in addition to its previously described role in primordial germ cell development, is involved in follicular development in the adult female. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of CD9 in the developing and mature rat nervous system
Authors: Tole Shubha , Patterson Paul H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractCD9 is a cell surface protein implicated in intercellular signaling that has been identified in selected cell types of the hematopoietic system. To begin a study of the role of CD9 in the developing and adult nervous system, we used the anti‐rat CD9 monoclonal antibody ROCA2 to determine the distribution of this protein. The identity of the antigen in these tissues was confirmed by immunoblotting and peptide sequencing. Early embryonic sympathetic and dorsal root ganglion sensory neurons and adrenal chromaffin cells all express CD9. ROCA2 also labels the somas, axons, and growth cones of cultured sympathetic and sensory neurons. In the central nervous system (CNS), CD9 is transiently and specifically expressed in embryonic spinal motorneurons. In the adult, central and peripheral glia intensely express CD9. Thus, CD9 is developmentlly regulated in a variety of peripheral and central neurons and glia, including proliferating progenitors as well as mature cells. These findings suggest that CD9 may have diverse roles in the nervous system. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Accumulation of mRNAs encoding synaptic vesicle‐specific proteins precedes neurite extension during early neuronal development
Authors: Marazzi Giovanna , Buckley Kathleen M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSynaptic vesicles are essential for neuronal synaptic function. We have analyzed the temporal and spatial pattern of mRNA accumulation of two integral membrane proteins specific for synaptic vesicles (synaptophysin and SV2) and a small GTP‐binding protein associated with the vesicles (rab3a), using in situ hybridization to mouse embryonic tissue sections. Our results indicate that transcription of these mRNAs is not synchronous in the embryo. Detectable levels of synaptophysin and rab3a mRNAs appear during early neurulation (embryonic day [ED] 9.5) both in the CNS and PNS, whereas SV2 mRNA is not observed before ED 10.5. We have also compared the accumulation of these synaptic vesicle protein transcripts during neuroblast proliferation and neuronal differentiation in vitro, using as a model system the embryonic carcinoma cell line P19 which can be induced to differentiate into neurons and glial cells. We observe that transcripts for all three proteins appear in neurons virtually simultaneously soon after withdrawal from the cell cycle. These data suggest that the program of differentiation in vitro is similar to that observed in vivo, but markedly accelerated. In both embryos and P19 cells, transcripts for these three proteins are detectable at a time when most of the neurons have withdrawn from the cell cycle, but prior to neurite extension and synapse formation. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of the chick wing territory as an equipotential self‐differentiating system
Authors: Stephens Trent D. , Baker Wallace C. , Cotterell Joseph W. , Edwards Dale R. , Pugmire Douglas S. , Roberts Steve G. , Shaker Mohammad R. , Willis Howard J. , Winger Kirk P. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractHarrison (1918: J. Exp. Zool. 25: 413–461) described a developmental field as an “equipotential self‐differentiating system.” The present study was undertaken to address the question: To what extent can the pre‐limb territory of a chick embryo be considered a developmental field? To what extent is the chick pre‐limb territory an equipotential self‐differentiating system? Two sets of experiments were undertaken to address these questions: (1) Whole and half limb territories were explanted to the celoma of host embryos, and (2) portions of the wing territories were extirpated. The wing exhibited the quality of self‐differentiation after stage 12, in that the isolated wing territory, grafted to a host celom, could form limbs beginning at stage 12 (however, complete wings formed only from wing territories of stage 16 and older). On the other hand, the chick wing territory did not appear to exhibit equipotentiality. No posterior half limb graft formed normal limbs, and only in two exceptional cases did anterior half limb grafts form limbs. If part or all of the wing territory was removed from chick embryos, normal limbs formed in less than 15% of the cases after stage 15, in about 30% of the cases at stages 13 and 14, but in over half the cases at stages 10–12. Wound healing and reintiation of limb potential may be responsible for the higher incidence of limb formation at the younger ages. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Control of calbindin‐D28K expression in developing mouse kidney
Authors: Davies Jamie 
Published: February 2005

AbstractCalbindin‐D28K, a cytoplasmic calcium‐binding protein located in restricted regions of mature metanephric kidneys, is expressed in a complex manner by kidneys developing in culture. In developing collecting duct, it is present in all regions and is independent of 1,25‐dihydroxy‐vitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3]. In developing nephrons, its expression is restricted to the most distal end of the growing tubule, commences during differentiation of specialized tubule segments, and depends completely on the presence of 1,25(OH)2D3. The Wolffian ducts of mesonephric kidneys also express calbindin independently of 1,25(OH)2D3, as do the Wolffian duct‐derived connecting tubules, but mesonephric nephrons show no expression of the molecule. By displaying separate tissue‐specific controls for calbindin expression, cultured kidney rudiments offer a very accessible system for investigation of the control mechanisms involved. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differentiation, extracellular matrix synthesis, and integrin assembly by Drosophila embryo cells cultured on vitronectin and laminin substrates
Authors: Gullberg Donald , Fessler Liselotte I. , Fessler John H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractTwo contrasting substrates, Drosophila laminin and human vitronectin, caused determined primary Drosophila embryo cells to follow alternate intermediate differentiation steps without affecting the final outcome of differentiation. Integrin αPS2βPS3 was essential for the initial spreading of myocytes on vitronectin: focal contacts rich in βPS3 integrins formed and were connected by actin‐ and myosin‐containing stress fibers. While αPS2βPS3 was unnecessary for myotube formation on laminin, it was required for the subsequent change to a sarcomeric cytoarchitecture. The differentiating primary cultures synthesized integrins and assembled them into detergent‐insoluble, cytoskeleton‐associated complexes. Collagen IV, laminin, glutactin, papilin, and other other extracellular matrix proteins were made primarily by hemocytes and were secreted into the medium. Further differentiation within the cultures was influenced by secreted components and by later addition of vitronectin or bovine serum. Comparison of the differentiation of various cell types on the two substrates showed that vitronectin provided a selective advantage for the differentiation of myocytes, with enrichment over epithelia, epidermal cells, and neurites. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of the platelet‐derived growth factor β receptor during organogenesis and tissue differentiation in the mouse embryo
Authors: Shinbrot E. , Peters K. G. , Williams L. T. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn this study we used in situ hybridization to localize expression of the platelet‐derived growth factor β (PDGFβ) receptor mRNA during organogenesis in the mouse embryo (E 9.5–16.5). Expression was first seen in periaortic mesenchyme (E 9.5–10.5). Later (E 12.5–E 16.5), the receptor was expressed in the mesenchymal component of many developing tissues and organs, particularly derivatives of the primitive gut. The expression was exceptionally high in mesenchyme directly supporting an epithelium, typical of many developing organs such as the trachea and intestine. However, as the mesenchyme differentiated into smooth muscle, PDGFβ receptor mRNA was no longer detected. The expression of the PDGFβ receptor mRNA in mesenchymal components of developing organs, along with its absence in epithelial tissues, indicates that it may play a role in mesenchymal‐epithelial interactions during organ development. Somewhat unexpectedly, the PDGFβ receptor was highly expressed in the endothelium of small blood vessels and vascular structures such as the hyaloid plexus and choroid plexus. In large blood vessels, PDGFβ receptor mRNA was found in the mesenchyme surrounding the endothelium. This suggests that the PDGFβ receptor is involved in growth and development of blood vessels. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stage and tissue‐specific expression of the alcohol dehydrogenase 1 (Adh‐1) gene during mouse development
Authors: Vonesch Jean‐Luc , Nakshatri Harikrishna , Philippe Murielle , Chambon Pierre , Dollé Pascal 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe Adh‐1 gene product, ADH‐A2, the only known murine class I alcohol dehydrogenase, is able to oxidize retinol (vitamin A) into retinaldehyde, the first enzymatic step in the conversion of retinol into its biologically active metabolite retinoic acid. We have investigated the developmental expression pattern of Adh‐1 transcripts by in situ hybridization. Transcripts were first detected by embryonic day 10.5 in the mesonephros mesenchyme. During the following gestational days, Adh‐1 transcripts were detected in several mesenchymal areas, such as nasal, laterocervical, and genital regions. Adh‐1 transcripts were also detected in a small ectodermal domain at the anterior margins of both forelimbs and hindlimbs. During late fetal development, Adh‐1 transcripts were found essentially in the epidermis and in a number of tissues which continue to express the gene after birth, such as liver, kidney, gut epithelium, adrenal cortex, testis interstitium, and ovarian stroma. In contrast, a strong expression of Adh‐1 was found in the mesenchyme of developing lungs, but not in the adult organ. This highly regulated expression of Adh‐1 is discussed with respect to the local synthesis of retinoic acid during development. Although the promoter of the human counterpart of Adh‐1 contains a retinoic acid response element (Duester et al. [1991] Mol. Cell. Biol. 11:1638–1646), we report that this element is not conserved in the murine gene. Consistently, Adh‐1 promoter‐containing reporter constructs were not retinoic acid‐inducible in cotransfections assays with RARs and/or RXRs, suggesting that retinoic acid regulation of Adh‐1 differs from that of the human gene. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rearrangement of epithelial cell types in an insect wing monolayer is accompanied by differential expression of a cell surface protein
Authors: Nardi James B. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe distribution of adhesive molecules on surfaces of cells represents covert information for specifying positions of cells within a tissue. In insect wing epithelia where cells are arranged in two monolayers separated by an extracellular space, these adhesive molecules are found on basal and lateral surfaces of cells. Protein 3B11 is one surface protein whose expression changes in concert with movement and alignment of cells in wing monolayers of Manduca as well as with migration of tracheoles between the two monolayers of the wing. As epithelial cells segregate into periodic, transverse rows of alternating cell types (scale cells and generalized epithelial cells), the expression of 3B11 changes from a uniform distribution throughout the epithelial monolayer to a distribution correlated with a cell's final position and phenotype. Initially protein 3B11 is uniformy expressed on nonadherent surfaces of cells, but with the inception of cell rearrangement, differential expression of 3B11 on basolateral surfaces of cells—both adherent and nonadherent surfaces—becomes a function of epithelial cell type. At the completion of the cell movements associated with segregation of cell types, 3B11 is once again uniformly expressed throughout the wing epithelium. Also, as the upper and lower epithelial monolayers interact at their basal surfaces during adult development, 3B11 is expressed at the interface between the two epithelial monolayers and presumably functions in the nonspecific interaction between these monolayers. Examining the expression pattersn of this protein as well as other adhesion molecules in wing epithelia should reveal general rules about either the simplicity or the complexity of the molecular prepatterns that orchestrate overt tissue patterns in epithelial monolayers. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gene encoding a novel murine tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP), TIMP‐3, is expressed in developing mouse epithelia, cartilage, and muscle, and is located on mouse chromosome 10
Authors: Apte Suneel S. , Hayashi Kimiko , Seldin Michael F. , Mattei Marie‐Genevieve , Hayashi Masando , Olsen Bjorn R. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractRemodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is an essential component of normal development and is also involved in the pathogenesis of arthritis and the spread of cancer. The matrix metalloproteinases and their natural inhibitors, the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), play an important role in this context. We have isolated mouse cDNA clones encoding a novel member of the TIMP family, designated TIMP‐3. We have assigned the Timp‐3 locus to the [C1–D1] region of mouse chromosome 10 using both genetic and cytogenetic methods. The conceptual translation product of the Timp‐3 cDNA shows a high degree of similarity with ChIMP‐3, a recently cloned chicken metalloproteinase inhibitor, as well as significant structural similarity with the amino acid sequences of the previously isolated members of this family, TIMP‐1 and TIMP‐2. The pattern of expression of Timp‐3 in the developing mouse embryo is distinct from that previously reported for Timp‐1. Timp‐3 is expressed in cartilage and skeletal muscle, in myocardium, in the skin, oral and nasal epithelium, in the newborn mouse liver, in the epithelium of some tubular structures such as the developing bronchial tree, oesophagus, colon, urogenital sinus, bile duct, in the kidney, salivary glands, and in the choroid plexus of the brain. The patterns of Timp‐3 expression in surface epithelia and in the epithelial lining of many tubular organs suggests that TIMP‐3 may be involved in regulating ECM remodeling during the folding of epithelia and during the formation, branching, and expansion of epithelial tubes. In the mouse placenta, expression is seen in the trophoblast, raising the possibility that TIMP‐3 may be involved in regulating trophoblastic invasion of the uterus. We propose a role for TIMP‐3 in musculoskeletal and cardiac development, in the morphogenesis of certain epithelial structures, and placental implantation. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Low intracellular pH is involved in the early embryonic death of DDK mouse eggs fertilized by alien sperm
Authors: Leclerc Catherine , Becker David , Buehr Mia , Warner Anne 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIntracellular pH was measured in normal 8‐cell stage mouse embryos and in embryos from a cross between DDK females and C3H males. DDK/C3H embryos display the DDK syndrome and spontaneously begin to decompact toward the late 16‐cell stage. Ultimately, 90% fail to form blastocysts. Normal embryos have a resting intracellular pH close to neutrality. In DDK/C3H embryos a substantial proportion (46%) has an intracellular pH below 6.7. An equivalent proportion of DDK/C3H embryos was found previously to show slow communication through gap junctions at the 8‐cell stage. This is probably a consequence of low intracellular pH. In normal embryos the weak acid, butyric acid, decreased intracellular pH and slowed the transfer of Lucifer Yellow through gap junctions. Normal embryos treated with butyrate for between 1 and 6 hr beginning at the 8‐cell stage and cultured for 24 hr, reproduced the DDK/C3H phenotype. After 48 hr some butyrate treated embryos recovered, while others remained as decompacted morulae. Treatment of control and DDK/C3H 8‐cell stage embryos with dibutyryl cyclic AMP or forskolin, which will increase intracellular cyclic AMP, speeded gap junctional communication. Forskolin treatment prevented expression of the DDK syndrome in DDK/C3H embryos, although the rescue was transient and the syndrome returned when forskolin was removed. The finding that the DDK syndrome is manifested as low intracellular pH may provide clues to the molecular basis of the defect. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vascular anomalies of the face and neck
Authors: Blair Charles B. , Nandy Kalidas , Bourne G. H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractDissection of a female cadaver revealed striking vascular anomalies in facial and neck regions.The left facial artery was completely absent; its functions were assumed by two branches of the maxillary. These branches supplied structures normally supplied by them and carried blood to structures typically supplied by the facial artery and its branches. The infraorbital artery replaced the superior labial, lateral nasal and angular arteries; the buccal artery replaced the inferior labial artery.Venous drainage of the left side of the face and anterior neck regions involved chiefly a single facial vein which arose typically, crossed the mandible, entered the neck and coursed to the suprasternal space. Turning laterad it entered the subclavian vein lateral to the entrance of the internal jugular.Vascularization of the right side of the face and neck was typical.Additional anomalies involved branches of the subclavian arteries. On the left side, a vertebral artery originated from the thyrocervical trunk and gave off a small inferior thyroid artery and a much smaller muscular banch. No left ascending cervical artery was evident. A dorsal scapular artery arose fom the third part of the subclavian. On the right side, thyrocervical and costocervical trunks were present branching typically but originating in reverse mediolaterad order.All branches from the right subclavian artery, including a dorsal scapular, arose from the first part of the subclavian.