bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF HYDRODYNAMIC PRESSURE TREATMENT AND COOKING ON INACTIVATION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI O157:H7 IN BLADE‐TENDERIZED BEEF STEAKS†
Authors: PATEL J.R. , WILLIAMS‐CAMPBELL A.C. , LIU M.N. , SOLOMON M.B. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACT The efficacy of hydrodynamic pressure (HDP) treatment for inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in blade‐tenderized beef steaks was studied. Beef steaks (N = 48) were inoculated with a five‐strain cocktail of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and treated with blade tenderization (BT), HDP or a combination of BT followed by HDP (BTH). Control and treated steaks were cooked to 54.4C (undercooked), 62.8C (medium rare) and 71.1C (medium) on open‐hearth Farberware grills. HDP treatment reduced E. coli O157:H7 populations by 0.3 log10 cfu/g, which was not different (P > 0.05) from untreated controls. At each endpoint cooking temperature, E. coli O157:H7 survival was always higher in BT‐treated steaks than in untreated steaks cooked to corresponding temperatures. This could be due to migration of surface bacteria to the interior of the muscle thereby protecting bacteria from the lethality of heat. E. coli O157:H7 populations in BTH‐treated steaks cooked to 71.1C were nondetectable and were significantly different from BT‐treated steaks cooked to 71.1C. Results suggest that BT of intact beef muscle does transfer surface bacteria to the interior of the muscle, which would necessitate a combination of elevated cooking temperatures (>71.1C) and a treatment like HDP for inactivation of bacteria.
CRYOPROTECTANTS PRESERVE QUALITY OF RESTRUCTURED TROUT PRODUCTS FOLLOWING FREEZE–THAW CYCLING
Authors: JITTINANDANA S. , KENNEY P.B. , SLIDER S.D. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACT The cryoprotective action of 8% sucrose/sorbitol, 8% trehalose, 8% trehalose/sorbitol and 2% sodium lactate was measured in restructured trout products after 1, 3, 5, 10 and 15 freeze–thaw (FT) cycles (–20C; 8 h and 3C; 16 h). Sucrose/sorbitol, trehalose and trehalose/sorbitol minimized thaw loss and toughening of restructured products following FT cycling. Trehalose and trehalose/sorbitol have the potential to replace sucrose/sorbitol. Products containing sodium lactate were firmer and tougher, especially after three FT cycles, and this effect suggests that sodium lactate cannot be substituted for sucrose/sorbitol to stabilize protein denaturation that results from repeated freezing and thawing. Sodium lactate reduced bacterial growth and lipid oxidation, and it did not affect color of raw, restructured products.
Regression Techniques for the Prediction of Lower Limb Kinematics
Authors: Goulermas J. Y. , Howard D. , Nester C. J. , Jones R. K. , Ren L. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThis work presents a novel and extensive investigation of mathematical regression techniques, for the prediction of laboratory-type kinematic measurements during human gait, from wearable measurement devices, such as gyroscopes and accelerometers. Specifically, we examine the hypothesis of predicting the segmental angles of the legs (left and right foot, shank and thighs), from rotational foot velocities and translational foot accelerations. This first investigation is based on kinematic data emulated from motion-capture laboratory equipment. We employ eight established regression algorithms with different properties, ranging from linear methods and neural networks with polynomial support and expanded nonlinearities, to radial basis functions, nearest neighbors and kernel density methods. Data from five gait cycles of eight subjects are used to perform both inter-subject and intra-subject assessments of the prediction capabilities of each algorithm, using cross-validation resampling methods. Regarding the algorithmic suitability to gait prediction, results strongly indicate that nonparametric methods, such as nearest neighbors and kernel density based, are particularly advantageous. Numerical results show high average prediction accuracy (ρ=0.98∕0.99,RMS=5.63°∕2.30°,MAD=4.43°∕1.52° for inter∕intra-subject testing). The presented work provides a promising and motivating investigation on the feasibility of cost-effective wearable devices used to acquire large volumes of data that are currently collected only from complex laboratory environments.
Numerical Validation of Linear Accelerometer Systems for the
Measurement of Head Kinematics
Authors: Cappa Paolo , Masia Lorenzo , Patanè Fabrizio 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analytically exploit the capabilities of head-mounted systems instrumented with linear accelerometers (ACs) for field use in redundant configurations. We simulated different headsets equipped with uni-, bi- or triaxial sensors with a number of axes that lie in the range of 12–24; the ACs were located on a hemispherical surface by adopting a priori criterion while their orientation was randomized. In addition, for a comparative purpose the nine accelerometer scheme (one triaxial AC and three biaxial ACs addressed in the following as “3-2-2-2 configuration”) was also analyzed in the present paper. We simulated and statistically assessed the performances of hemispherical headsets in the test case of a healthy subject walking freely at normal pace over level ground. The numerical results indicated that a well designed instrumented headset can retrieve the angular acceleration and (a0−g) component with rms errors of about 2% and 0.5%, respectively, and angular velocity with a drift error of about 20% in a 6s trial. On the contrary, the pose of the headset cannot be evaluated because of the drift induced by the integration process. In general, we can state that headsets with uni-, bi- or triaxial ACs have comparable performances. The main implications of the above-mentioned observations are (a) neither expensive triaxial ACs nor assembling procedure based on the use of orthogonal mounting blocks are needed; (b) redundant arrays of low-cost uni- or biaxial ACs can effectively be used to reach adequate performances in biomechanical studies where head acceleration and velocity are investigated; (c) while estimates of angular acceleration with accelerometers are accurate, estimations of angular velocities, linear velocities and pose are not.
Design and Simulation of a Pneumatic, Stored-energy, Hybrid Orthosis
for Gait Restoration
Authors: Durfee William K. , Rivard Adam 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Loss of mobility due to lower limb paralysis is a common result of thoracic level spinal cord injury. Functional electrical stimulation (FES) can restore primitive gait in the vicinity of a wheelchair by using electrical stimulation to generate muscle contractions. A new concept for FES-assisted gait is presented that combines electrical stimulation with an orthosis that contains a fluid power system to store and transfer energy during the gait cycle. The energy storage orthosis (ESO) can be driven through a complete gait cycle using only stimulation of the quadriceps muscles. The conceptual design of the ESO was completed and implemented in a dynamic simulation model and in a benchtop prototype for engineering measurements. No studies were conducted with human subjects. The results demonstrate the potential of the ESO concept for a feasible gait-assist system and the validity of the simulation model as a means for designing the system.
Sex differences in most preferred listening level for telephone speech
Authors: Kames Audrey J. 
Published: October 2005

Female listeners were found to prefer to hear speech significantly lower in volume than male listeners. A series of three studies was conducted to evaluate the preferred listening level for speech heard over a standard telephone handset [G-type]. Equal numbers of men and women listened over a G-type handset to recorded speech samples. Hearing threshold and age of the listener were obtained. The sex of the talker, the transmitter device and room conditions, ambient noise and reverberation time, were varied systematically during preparation of the speech samples. Subjects adjusted the loudness level with a slide attenuator. In the three studies the mean preferred listening levels were as follows.
Women Men
Study 1 −33.5 VU −29.3 VU
Study 2 −41.7 VU −39.1 VU
Study 3 −49.8 VU −45.3 VU
On a method of superresolution of a limited number of point targets using ultrasonic scanning
Authors: Ikeda Osamu , Sato Takuso 
Published: October 2005

To get high−resolution reconstructed images under the conditions of a restricted scanning size and a long wavelength of ultrasonic waves, a method of superresolution imaging is proposed. The basic idea is to multiply computationally the phase of the detected signals and to eliminate the extra deteriorating terms also by means of computational manipulations, and to reconstruct the image using the resulting signals. The principle and some results by computer simulation showing the effectiveness of the method are shown, though the technique is useful only for a limited number of a few point targets at most, and it also requires a priori knowledge of the target.
Subject Classification :35.65.
Velocity−dispersion measurements in liquids between 3.3 MHz and 70.2 MHz
Authors: Rogez D. , Bader M. 
Published: October 2005

An improved differential phase−comparison method for the measurement of small changes in ultrasonic velocity is described. Velocity dispersion measurements can be carried out in the frequency range from 3.3 to 70.2 MHz; the relative accuracy is one part in 105; only 12 cm3 of liquid are required. Results are presented for aqueous and organic solutions, which are in good agreement with known ultrasonic−absorption data.
Subject Classification: 35.24, 35.35.
Radial vibrations of axially polarized piezoelectric ceramic cylinders
Authors: Adelman Nachman T. , Stavsky Yehuda , Segal Emanuel 
Published: October 2005

This paper is concerned with the steady−state radial−shear vibrations of an axially polarized piezoelectric ceramic tube of infinite length, whose cylindrical surfaces are either traction−free or subjected to a relative displacement. Open− and short−circuit resonant frequency equations are formulated and the deviation between frequency pairs examined numerically. Fundamental resonant frequency curves are given for traction−free PZT−4 cylinders having arbitrary geometry, which approach the infinite plate solutions for large radius/thickness ratios. The theory is applied to the vibrations of annular accelerometers operating in the radial−shear mode.
Subject Classification: 40.26.
Intensity fluctuations of aircraft flyover noise
Authors: Gonter Robert H. 
Published: October 2005

Aircraft flyover noise was recorded and played back with a peak detector to detect the intensity fluctuations. The intensity fluctuations were digitized and plotted. Jet noise fluctuations appear more jagged, while prop noise fluctuations are smoother. Spectral analysis of fluctuations shows most of the power is at low frequencies and decreased by 80 dB between 0 and 5 Hz.
Subject Classification: 28.45; 50.50, 50.55.
Acoustic diffraction by two concentric coaxial rigid spherical caps
Authors: Vaid B. K. , Jain D. L. 
Published: October 2005

The paper deals with the diffraction of time−harmonic axisymmetric low−frequency acoustic waves by two concentric coaxial rigid spherical caps. An integral equation technique is used to solve this boundary value problem. Formulas are derived for the farfield amplitude as well as the scattering cross section when the incident wave is a low−frequency plane wave traveling along the common axis of the two caps. By taking an appropriate limit, the solution for the corresponding problem for a rigid spherical cap is also presented.
Subject Classification: 20.30.
SOFAR transmission fluctuations produced by a Rossby wave
Authors: Baer R. N. , Jacobson M. J. 
Published: October 2005

SOFAR ray geometry, travel time, and spreading loss are considered for a still−ocean region in which the sound speed is a bilinear function of depth. A sound source is placed above and a receiver below the SOFAR axis at depths corresponding to the same sound speed. Next, an assumed Rossby wave is introduced, and its effect on the phase of the total acoustic field is determined. It is found that the amplitude of phase variation can vary by a factor of three as the source and receiver depths are altered. Our theory is applied to sound transmission in the Sargasso Sea area, and phase variation values are determined which are in general agreement with experimental results.
Subject Classification: 30.20.
Evaluation of the intensity method of sound power determination
Authors: van Zyl B. G. , Anderson F. 
Published: October 2005

If the sound power of a source is obtained by forming the surface integral of the normal component of the sound intensity vector, the shape of the surface of measurement is unimportant and projection error only occurs as a result of nonideal polar response of the composite microphone. Furthermore, the sound power of the source may be determined selectively in the presence of background noise originating outside the closed surface. If a sufficient number of points of measurement are taken, the error depends mainly on the signal−to−noise ratio at each point and on the accuracy of the measuring system.
Subject Classification: 50.25, 50.85.
Preservation of information in matrix filtering of a coherent signal correlated with noise
Authors: Bordelon Derrill J. 
Published: October 2005

With the concept of mutual information about a coherent signal in additive noise, where signal and noise are assumed jointly Gaussian, it is shown that information is preserved, in a trivial way, by block diagonal matrix filters of full rank and by weighting and summing matrix filters of rank 1 which are identical, within a multiplicative scalar, with the following matrix estimator filters: (1) maximum signal−to−noise ratio estimator, (2) best linear unbiased estimator, (3) minimum mean−square error estimator, (4) maximum liklihood estimator, and (5) maximum a posteriori estimator.
Subject Classification: 60.XX.
Invariant Gauss−Gauss detection in colored noise
Authors: Beckham L. W. , Austin M. E. 
Published: October 2005

The purpose of this paper is to present a method of solving the Gaussian signal in Gaussian noise detection problem when the additive noise influence is not white and the signal and noise strength parameters are unknown to the receiver. This problem has been solved for a finite−dimensional receiver when the channel noise is white. By using a ’’simultaneous diagonalization of covariance matrices,’’ the problem of colored noise can be transformed into the previously considered problem. Furthermore, when the finite−dimensional representation does not apply, a ’’simultaneous orthogonal expansion of covariance kernels’’ will prove to be the medium through which the general problem can be transformed into a white−noise problem. For the restricted case when the finite−dimensional case does apply it will be shown that the same expansion leads to a receiver of the type previously proposed with minor modifications.
Subject Classification: 60.XX.
Underwater frequency discrimination in the bottlenosed dolphin (1–140 kHz) and the human (1–8 kHz)
Authors: Thompson Roger K. R. , Herman Louis M. 
Published: October 2005

Frequency difference limens (DLs) were obtained for frequencies (F) from 1 to 140 kHz for the bottlenosed dolphin, Tursiops truncatus (Montagu), and from 1 to 8 kHz for two human subjects tested underwater. Discriminations were required between constant-frequency (pure-tone) signals and frequency-modulated signals, using a successive discrimination procedure. Relative DLs (DL/F) for the dolphin generally ranged from 0.002 to 0.004 between 2 and 53 kHz, and never exceeded 0.008 through to 130 kHz; at 1 and 140 kHz, relative DLs increased to 0.014. No responses were obtainable at 150 kHz. These findings demonstrate excellent frequency discrimination throughout the audible spectrum (above 1 kHz) of Tursiops and support electrophysiological evidence of highly sensitive frequency detection mechanisms. Results for the humans showed smaller DLs than the dolphin at 1 kHz, approximately equal DLs at 2 kHz, and progressively larger DLs at 4 and 8 kHz. The human underwater thresholds were generally consistent with typical human in-air measurements of frequency DL.
Subject Classification: 65.54, 65.22; 80.50.
Nonlinear propagation of a wave packet in a hard-walled circular duct
Authors: Nayfeh Ali Hasan 
Published: October 2005

The method of multiple scales is used to derive a nonlinear Schrödinger equation for the temporal and spatial modulation of the amplitudes and the phases of waves propagating in a hard-walled circular duct. This equation is used to show that monochromatic waves are stable and to determine the amplitude dependance of the cutoff frequencies.
Subject Classification: 25.20; 20.45.
Nonlinear oscillations of gas bubbles in liquids. Transient solutions and the connection between subharmonic signal and cavitation
Authors: Prosperetti Andrea 
Published: October 2005

The transient nonlinear oscillations of a spherical gas bubble in an incompressible, viscous liquid subject to the action of a sound field are investigated by means of an asymptotic method. Approximate analytical solutions are presented for the frequency regions of the fundamental resonance, the first and second subharmonic, and the first and second harmonic. Based on the results of this investigation, a new hypothesis to explain the connection between subharmonic signal and cavitation is put forward. It is suggested that bubbles emitting the subharmonic signal act primarily as monitors of cavitation events, and are smaller than resonance size. Finally, the free oscillations of the bubble are briefly considered.
Subject Classification: 35.10.
Effect of atmospheric absorption on the acoustic power spectrum of thunder
Authors: Bass Henry E. , Losey Robert E. 
Published: October 2005

Recordings of six thunder events have been analyzed in 1/3-octave bands over the frequency range 50–500 Hz to determine the relative acoustic power spectrum. The received power spectra have been corrected for propagation loss due to viscosity, thermal conductivity, and molecular relaxation. The correction, which is strongly dependent upon atmospheric conditions that were not measured, yields spectra so nearly identical to suggest that the six thunder events have identical spectra (within 5 dB) in the frequency range considered.
Subject Classification: 28.20; 20.35.
Scaling loudness, noisiness, and annoyance of aircraft noise
Authors: Berglund Birgitta , Berglund Ulf , Lindvall Thomas 
Published: October 2005

The capacity of man to differentiate and scale aircraft noise with regard to three psychological attributes frequently encountered in social survey research on ambient noise was tested. Calibrated scales for the attributes evolved from the two-step psychological scaling procedure employed. It was demonstrated that observers in carefully designed laboratory situations are able to use and produce scales of loudness, noisiness, and annoyance for aircraft noise. The relationships between the attributes were satisfactorily described by linear functions. In general, aircraft noise was judged to be more annoying than noisy and more noisy than loud. For all three attributes, the psychophysical relationships were best described by power functions with dB(A)max as the physical measure (exponents 0.21–0.24).
Subject Classification: 65.50, 65.75.
Dispersion of flexural elastic waves in honeycomb sandwich panels
Authors: Thompson R. B. , Alers G. A. , Thompson D. O. , Tennison M. A. 
Published: October 2005

The phase velocity of flexural waves traveling along a 1-in.-thick honeycomb sandwich panel has been experimentally determined from 170 Hz to 50 kHz by using three techniques: measurement of resonant frequencies of beam-shaped samples in forced vibration, measurement of nodal spacing in standing wave patterns on beam-shaped samples, and measurement of the change in time delay of a particular phase feature of a wave packet as a function of propagation distance on large plate samples. The experimentally determined velocities ranged between 2.2×104 cm/sec at 170 Hz to 1.18×105 cm/sec at 40 kHz. This dispersion arises primarily from the geometrical effect of the finite thickness of the panel and agrees well with two theoretical models; a plate theory and an elasticity theory, each of which treats the core as a continuum. Above 40 kHz, the predictions of the two models differ greatly for the particular panel geometry studied. The experimental phenomena become more complex and appear to agree with neither model, quite possibly due to the neglect of the periodicity of the core. A brief description of these results is given.
Subject Classification: 40.24; 35.26.
Experimental investigation of subharmonic generation in an acoustic interferometer
Authors: Yen Nai-chyuan 
Published: October 2005

The author has shown previously [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 49, 119(A) (1971)] that the nonlinear properties of the medium can induce coupling among the modes in a multiresonant system and that the threshold and steady-state response of subharmonic components can be predicted. In the present work, coupling induced by nonlinear properties is further illustrated by observing the subharmonic generation phenomenon in an acoustic interferometer. The experimental investigation was conducted with a 1.5-MHz driving signal and used filtered and degassed water as the medium. Data concerned with the actual modes of the interferometer, the loss factor associated with the subharmonic modes, and the threshold of subharmonic generation, with length of the interferometer and the driving frequency varying, are consistent with the analytic results, provided that cavitation is carefully avoided.
Subject Classification: 25.15, 25.20; 30.75.
Optimum signal processing for passive sonar range and bearing estimation
Authors: Hahn William Robert 
Published: October 2005

Optimum signal processing for passive sonar target range and bearing estimation is discussed for the case where the sonar array consists of an M-element linear array of hydrophone point detectors whole individual outputs are corrupted by sensor-to-sensor-independent self-noises of arbitrary power spectra. By comparing the measurement error covariance matrix to the Cramér–Rao matrix bound the system performance, relative to the theoretical optimum, is determined. Further, the Cramér–Rao bound is used to determine an optimum signal processor. The optimum processor is configured as a set of M (M-1)/2 cross-correlator delay estimators (one for each hydrophone pair), followed by a Gauss–Markov estimation of the array delay vector (target steering vector), which in turn is followed by a linear weighting of the estimated delay vector elements to determine a bearing estimate and a range estimate. The processor is shown to have the Cramér–Rao matrix bound for its measurement error covariance matrix.
Subject Classification: 60.30; 30.82.
Motor vehicle noise spectra, their characteristics and dependence upon operating parameters
Authors: Hillquist Ralph K. , Scott William N. 
Published: October 2005

Data obtained from many sources are used to describe the physical characteristics of traffic noise, its individual components, and some of the means for reducing motor vehicle noise. The noise characteristics of trucks, automobiles, and motorcycles are discussed separately. The composite of all motor vehicle noise (traffic noise) is described in terms of the operating parameters of interest, including vehicle speed, engine speed, throttle position, engine type, tire-tread type, and road surface smoothness.
Subject Classification: 10.60; 50.25, 50.50.
Noise isolation in an infrasonic hydrophone calibrator
Authors: Bobber R. J. 
Published: October 2005

Suspending a heavy hydrophone calibrator from pneumatic springs produced an order of magnitude improvment in isolation of the calibrator from strong sources of noise in the 5- to 10-Hz frequency range over that provided by a cork-nested foundation.
Subject Classification: 85.62; 30.85; 40.75; 28.30.