bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Harem‐male replacement and infanticide in the blue monkey (Cercopithecus mitus stuhlmanni) in the Kibale Forest, Uganda
Authors: Butynski Thomas M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis paper (1) describes the first observations of male replacement and infanticide in the blue monkey (Cercopithecus mitis stuhlmanni), (2) examines these observations in light of those hypotheses put forth to explain infanticide, and (3) presents two basic models through which additional hypotheses are developed. Five groups of blue monkeys were observed for 2,724 hr in the Kibale Forest, Uganda. The pattern of infanticide in the blue monkey was strikingly similar to that reported for other species of primates living in one‐male bisexual groups. Data concerning infanticide in the blue monkey do not support the hypothesis that infanticide is a maladaptive behavioral pathology. The data indirectly support the hypothesis that infanticide is part of a flexible, adaptive reproductive strategy of new harem‐males. According to Model I, two of the hypothese for explaining how infanticide may be adaptive to the perpetrator are not mutually exclusive. Model II suggests that the rate of infanticide is directly related to competition among males for females and indirectly related to tenure length of harem‐males. Models I and II underscore the importance of understanding what variables determine tenure length in haremmales. It is cocluded that length of male tenure is most likely a critical determinant of inclusive fitness not only for males but also for females.
Sexual behavior of captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): Pregnant versus cycling females
Authors: Wallis Janette 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSexual behavior was observed in fifteen female and seven male captive adult chimpanzees over a period of three months. Relative frequencies of successful and unsuccessful copulatory attempts were compared to levels of anogenital swelling and reproductive status. In addition, the data were analyzed in relation to three indicators of female primate sexuality: (1) proceptivity, indicated by female attempts at sexual interaction; (2) attractivity, indicated by male‐initiated attempts; and (3) receptivity, evident when a female responds positively to male initiation. The data suggest that increased level of anogenital swelling enhanced female proceptivity and attractivity, but not receptivity. Comparison of cycling vs pregnant females revealed that attractivity and receptivity increased during pregnancy, while proceptivity was relatively unchanged. The total success rate (copulations/attempts) was 63.3% (42% for female‐initiated attempts and 77% for male‐initiated attempts). Pregnant females copulated at a high rate, almost double that of cycling females. Sexual activity during pregnancy and the occurrence of anogenital swelling during pregnancy are discussed in terms of female reproductive strategies.
Blastogenic response of peripheral blood lymphocytes to mitogens in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)
Authors: Tatsumi Masashi , Fujiwara Tooru , Hayami Masanori 
Published: June 2005

AbstractOptimal conditions for mitogen‐induced transformation of cynomolgus monkey peripheral blood lymphocytes were determined. Maximal stimulation estimated by the incorporation of tritiated thymidine (3H‐TdR) occurred at the concentrations between 25 and 50 μg/ml with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A), and between 50 and 100 μg/ml with poke weed mitogen (PWM) in a culture volume of 120 μl containing 2 × 105 mononuclear cells supplemented with 10% fresh autologous serum. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), however, could induce no significant response. In most animals examined, a high response of blastogenesis was induced by Con A, moderate by PHA, and low by PWM. Optimal stimulation occurred after incubation for 78 hours followed by labeling with 1 μCi of 3H‐TdR per culture for 18 hours. Although the extent of blastogenic response was variable in individual animals, the general pattern of time‐course and dose‐response to mitogens was similar in all monkeys. With 40 monkeys tested, age nor sex did not markedly influence the extent of blastogenic response.
Sign acquisition in a home‐reared/free‐ranging orangutan: Comparisons with other signing apes
Authors: Shapiro Gary L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA young female orangutan that was maintained in a home‐reared/free‐ranging environment acquired 37 signs (Ameslan) after 19 months of training. Analysis and qualitative comparison of the initially produced signs revealed that an orangutan developed a vocabulary of signs in a manner similar to that of a chimpanzee and gorilla. This substantiates the general pongid ability to acquire manual signs.
The social development of an orphaned rhesus infant on Cayo Santiago: Male care, foster mother‐orphan interaction and peer interaction
Authors: Berman C. M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe social development of a free‐ranging male rhesus (Macaca mulatta) infant is described qualitatively and quantitatively from birth to orphaning at nearly 11 weeks of age, and then to 30 weeks of age. Initially the orphan was cared for by four males, but was subsequently adopted by his nulliparous sister. Measures of foster mother‐orphan interaction were compared with measures of mother‐infant interaction for a control sample of 20 mother‐infant pais within the same group. Signs of depression, decreases in play, and atypical patterns of interaction with caretakers gradually diminished over a period of two to three months following orphaning. Through adjustments on the part of both the foster mother and the orphan, their patterns of interaction gradually came to resemble those of mothers and infants of the same age.
Social play in differentially reared infant and juvenile baboons (Papio sp)
Authors: Coelho Anthony M. , Bramblett Claud A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractEffects of early experience and peer‐group socialization on later play behavior of baboons (Papio sp) was assessed. The potential for development of sex differences in play behavior in the absence of sex‐role models was of particular concern. Social play of nursery‐reared baboons was contrasted with that of mother‐reared conspecifics during late infancy (6–12 mo) and the late‐juvenile period (36–42 mo). Males played more than did females and infants played more than did juveniles. There was no significant influence of early rearing conditions on play behavior despite effects on other behaviors. There were consistent sex differences in play behavior even for the individuals with no early access to sex‐role models. This result is consistent with previous research indicating a strong hormonal basis of sex‐differences in primate play behavior.
One‐armed brachiation in gibbons (Hylobates lar)
Authors: Gibbons Edward F. , Lockwood Randall 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe locomotor and postural behavior of Hylobates lar was studied in a seminaturalistic environment at the New York Zoological Park. A particular locomotor pattern, one‐armed brachiation, was observed and filmed. Analysis indicated that the occurrence of one‐armed brachiation as a preferred locomotor pattern was rare and was limited to the carrying of food. The limb and joint movements of one‐armed brachiation closely resembled those of two‐armed brachiation with differences occurring in the angular rotations of the support and the free arms. Analysis showed how a gibbon could maximize its forward momentum during one‐armed brachiation. The adaptive value of one‐armed brachiation is discussed in reference to brachiating while carrying food and to brachiating with a fracture of a forelimb. Finally, one‐armed brachiation is discussed as an example of the concepts of locomotor totipotentiality and locomotor habit.
Operant elevation of blood pressure in unrestrained olive baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis)
Authors: Mitchell Daniel S. , Graham Janis R. , Castracane V. Daniel 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis report describes an operant conditioning method for producing increases in the blood pressure and heart rate of baboons in which (A) chair restraint is completely eliminated by a tether system for continuous direct monitoring of arterial pressure, and (B) electric shock is replaced by blasts of compressed air. In our computer‐automated procedure, the home‐caged subject receives a banana‐flavored reward pellet each time it accumulates 120 s during which its diastolic pressure is above a prespecified criterion. Conversely, the animal receives a blast of compressed air each time it accumulates 120 s during which its diastolic pressure is below criterion. After 20‐70 8‐h sessions of conditioning, 44%, 28%, 24%, 22%, and 17% elevations over baseline diastolic pressures were observed in five baboons. Systolic pressures also increased from 5% to 28%, and heart rate increased from 7% to 51%. The conditioning procedure was associated with an attenuation of the normal afternoon decline in plasma cortisol levels. These results demonstrate that compressed‐air blasting can be used as an alternative to electric shock for operant conditioning of autonomically mediated responses in nonhumn primates. This model may be useful for the study of hypertension, atherosclerosis, and related cardiovascular diseases.
An intergroup encounter with fatal consequences in yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus)
Authors: Shopland Jennifer M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis paper describes the fatal wounding of an infant yellow baboon (Papio cynocephalus) and the severe injury of its mother during an encounter between two baboon groups with overlapping home ranges in Amboseli National Park, Kenya. Also, a description is given of the apparent use of the infant as an agonistic buffer by an adult male in fights with other males.
Repeated separations of 2‐year‐old squirrel monkeys from familiar mother surrogates
Authors: McGrogan H. J. , King J. E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSix squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) during their first year of life were isolated and repeatedly separated from cloth mother surrogates. Subsequently, they were returned to the colony for 1 year and received visual access to normally reared squirrel monkeys. At 2 years of age, the surrogates were reintroduced to the monkeys under conditions identical to those of their first year through cycles of separation and reunion of the surrogate. These monkeys displayed increased high‐energy activity, indicative of the classic protest response upon separation, but did not display a depressive phase. Also, during the 2‐year test, the monkeys manifested enhanced levels of several self‐directed behaviors compared to a group of socially reared control monkeys.
A note on the status of “Adapis” priscus Stehlin, 1916
Authors: Schwartz J. H. , Tattersall Ian 
Published: June 2005

AbstractReappraisal of the morphology of the type (and only) lower jaw of the Swiss middle Eocene primate “Adapis” priscus shows that it is wrongly attributed to the genus Adapis. Indeed, its closest affinities do not lie with other European primates of the early Tertiary, but rather with the North American genus Smilodectes, to which we transfer the species priscus. The presence in Europe of a species of Smilodectes emphasizes that the separation of the Eocene primate faunas of Europe is substantially less complete than generally believed.
Induction of marginal zinc deficiency in female rhesus monkeys
Authors: Golub Mari S. , Gershwin M. Eric , Hurley Lucille S. , Hendrickx Andrew G. , Baly Deborah L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAlthough severe zinc deficiency has been previously induced in rhesus monkeys, marginal zinc deprivation, a state more analogous to that found in human populations has not been characterized. To address this issue, zinc deficiency was induced in mature female rhesus monkeys by restriction of dietary zinc in a semipurified diet based on sprayed egg white as the protein source. Groups of monkeys were fed dietary levels of 0.5, 2, 4, 8, 12, 20, or 100 ppm zinc. Plasma zinc concentration fell from an initial level of 92–148 μg/100 ml to levels between 40 and 90 μg/100 ml in monkeys fed 8 ppm zinc or less. This reduction in plasma zinc concentration was associated with alterations in peripheral blood lymphocyte mitogen responsiveness, taste sensitivity, and behavior similar to those seen in human zinc deficiency. However, in contrast to studies of severe zinc deprivation, our animals did not manifest alopecia, dermatitis, anorexia, or weight loss. It was concluded that marginal dietary zinc deficiency can be readily produced in primates and that depressed zinc levels achieved by this selective dietary restriction can lead to quantitative physiological changes without overt pathology. These findings are important for the development of a relevant animal model of marginal zinc deficiency.
Visual and social responses in infant rhesus monkeys
Authors: Mendelson Morton J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis paper reviews a program of research on the development of visual functions and social responsiveness in infant rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). One study involved a clinical examination of simple visual reflexes (e.g., orienting) and more complex visuo‐motor responses (e.g., gaze aversion and reaching). Such responses changed dramatically over the first two weeks of life. Two other studies used infrared corneal‐reflection techniques to monitor visual scanning: One determined when infant monkeys become sensitive to the direction of aconspecific's gaza. By week three, rhesus monkeys scanned faces looking back at them less than faces looking away. The other study investigated whether, like human infants, Young monkeys shift from scanning external contours of a pattern to scanning internal details. Unlike human infants, however, young monkeys shifted from proportionally more internal scanning to proportionally more external scanning. As a whole, the studies demonstrated rapid development of visual functions and visually cued social responses and raised important questions for future research.
Puberty in male Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata): Social and sexual behavior in a confined troop
Authors: Rostal David C. , Eaton G. Gray 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe social and sexual behaviors of four groups of males (4, 5, 9, and 10 years old) were compared throughout one complete mating season in a confined troop of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). The aim of this research was to document social behavior changes that occurred during adolescence and to relate them to changes in sexual behavior that occurred at puberty. The 4‐year‐old males all mounted females and ejaculated but they had significantly fewer ejaculations and female partners than did the older males. The 4‐year‐old males also showed a pattern of delayed development in tail carriage and courtship, and they played more frequently than the older males. There were no significant differences in the frequency of aggression among the groups, but both 4‐year‐old and 5‐year‐old males were displaced by adult males and females more frequently than were the older males. We concluded that the development of adult patterns of social behavior in this genus is not climactic, but occurs slowly one to two years after physiological puberty has been reached.
Karyotypic evolution in Aotus
Authors: Galbreath Gary J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractGreat karyotypic diversity exists within the platyrrhine genus Aotus. Primarily by comparing banded karyograms of different forms of Aotus, the pattern of karyotypic evolution can be assessed. Out‐group comparisons are used to establish primitive and derived states of particular chromosomes, and a parsimonious cladogram is constructed. Other karyotypic changes are then positioned at appropriate nodes of the cladogram. The resulting phylogenetic hypothesis is entirely self‐consistent, is in accord with out‐group comparisons, does not invoke hybridization between ancestral forms, and, importantly, indicates a single origin for each rearrangement of euchromatic segments. Moreover, it is consistent with the hypothesis, derived from pelage studies, that the more southerly Aotus taxa constitute a holophyletic group. The reconstructed ancestral karyotype had a diploid number of 54. There has been little loss of euchromatic material during Aotus evolution.
Physiological and social influences on mounting behavior of troop‐living female monkeys (Macaca fuscata)
Authors: Gouzoules Harold , Goy Robert W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFemale mounting behavior was studied in a troop of Japanese macaques during one breeding season. Of 79 sexually active females, mounting behavior during consortships was shown by 50 females; 13 only with males, 20 with both males and females, and 17 only with females. Several factors associated with reproductive state influenced the expression of mounting activity. Recency of parturition influenced the mounting by females regardless of the type of partner. Females that had not given birth the previous spring (four to six months prior to the period of observation) were more likely both to mount partners and to produce an infant the following spring. These findings suggest the existence of a common factor, perhaps associated with lactation, inhibitory both to expression of mounting and to female fertility. Additionally, females that mounted were more likely to do so in consortships that followed than in those that preceded conception. This last finding suggests that, in this social context, the endocrine conditions of early pregnancy facilitated mounting to a greater extent than those associated with the cyclic ovary. Separate statistical analyses examined possible influences of age, dominance rank, and kinship on the likelihoods of mounting and being mounted. None of these factors influenced female mounting. Results suggest that the expression of mounting by females was more influenced by reproductive state than by social characteristics of the partner.
Use of females by male olive baboons (Papio anubis)
Authors: Strum Shirley C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWild male olive baboons (Papio anubis) used females and infants as agonistic buffers. Male residency status determined whether a male used females or whether they were used against him. The success of the strategy depended on the cooperation of the female and the context of the interaction. Female cooperation correlated with preexisting social affiliation with the male user. Male choice of female or infant buffers represented a compromise between the potential effectiveness of each in different situations and the social and spatial availability of females and infants. Nonreproductive social relationships may provide long‐term strategic benefits to the individuals who invest in them.
Diet and dominance among female vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops)
Authors: Whitten Patricia L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBehavioral observations of free‐ranging female vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) suggest that priority of access to food enhances individual fitness. Seventeen adult females living in two social groups were observed for 26 months in the Samburu/Isiolo Game Reserves, northern Kenya. Priority of access to feeding and sitting sites was associated with significant differences in diet and reproduction. Food species distribution altered rank‐related differences in diet. Rank‐related differences in diet occurred when food items were clumped in distribution, but not when they were randomly distributed. The relation of individual food items to reproduction influenced rank‐related differences in reproduction. Rank was significantly correlated with birth rate when a preferred food species was clumped in distribution.
Seasonal breeding in rhesus monkeys: Influence of the behavioral environment
Authors: Herndon James G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe accepted model of breeding seasonality in rhesus monkeys states that females become reproductively active in response to an environmental cue and that males become sexually active in response to ovulating females. This model must be modified to include direct responses of the male to the physical environment, endocrine responses of males to sexual activity, and responses of the female to the sexual activation of fellow group members. The complex set of social stimuli that influences the breeding readiness of both sexes may serve to delimit more precisely the annual periods of conception and birth than would be the case if each individual responded only to the changing physical environment.
Brief report: Infant‐killing and infant disappearance following male takeovers in a group of free‐ranging howling monkeys (Alouatta palliata) in Costa Rica
Authors: Clarke Margaret R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractEvents surrounding an infant‐killing following a male takeover are described for a group of free‐ranging howling monkeys in Costa Rica, and additional evidence is presented for infant disappearances following three previous male takeovers. Infant‐killing is best interpreted in this context as a male reproductive strategy, as infant‐killing did effectively shorten the interbirth interval, and only infants of high‐ranking females died or disappeared following a male takeover. Due to the exclusive access of the dominant male to high‐ranking estrous females, an incoming male who had lived as a peripheral male before taking over the group would run little risk of eliminating his own offspring in the course of killing the offspring of high‐ranking females.
Brief report: Newborn adoption in a confined group of Japanese macaques
Authors: Fuccillo R. , Scucchi S. , Troisi A. , D'Amato F. R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn a group of Japanese macaques, a multiparous high‐ranking female gave birth to an infant and, two days later, adopted a neonate abandoned right after birth by a primiparous low‐ranking female. Both infants were reared successfully. Whereas the “selfish” explanation does not accord with the evidence from the present case, the “altruistic” explanation cannot be discarded definitively. However, the context and the consequences of the adoption suggest reproductive error on the part of the adoptive mother as the most likely explanation.