bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of the introduction of Cubes on the Nasdaq‐100 index spot‐futures pricing relationship
Authors: Kurov Alexander A. , Lasser Dennis J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper examines the impact of the introduction of the Nasdaq‐100 Index Tracking Stock
(referred to as Cubes) on the pricing relationship between Nasdaq‐100 futures and the
underlying index. Observations obtained from tick‐by‐tick Nasdaq‐100 futures transactions
and index value data support the hypothesis that the introduction of Cubes in March 1999 has led to improvements
in the Nasdaq‐100 index futures pricing efficiency. Both the size and frequency of violations in futures
price boundaries appear to be reduced. Furthermore, there appears to be an increase in the speed of the market
response to observed violations. These results are attributed to the increased ease in establishing a spot
Nasdaq‐100 index position after the introduction of the tracking stock. © 2002 John Wiley &
Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 22: 197–218, 2002
Somatic mutation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors in juvenile hemangioma
Authors: Walter Jeffrey W. , North Paula E. , Waner Milton , Mizeracki Adam , Blei Francine , Walker John W. T. , Reinisch John F. , Marchuk Douglas A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractJuvenile hemangiomas are the most common tumors of infancy, occurring in as many as 10% of all births. These benign vascular lesions enlarge rapidly during the first year of life by hyperplasia of endothelial cells and attendant pericytes and then spontaneously involute over a period of years, leaving loose fibrofatty tissue. Several hypotheses have been put forth concerning hemangiogenesis, including the possibility that the tumor is the result of somatic mutation in one or more components of critical vascular growth‐regulatory pathways. To test this hypothesis, we obtained 15 proliferative‐phase hemangiomas after surgical resection and dissected them to enrich for the lesional (endothelial and pericytic) components of each specimen. To determine whether hemangiomas represent a clonal expansion from a single progenitor cell, we assayed X‐inactivation patterns for each lesion by using the polymorphic X‐linked human androgen receptor gene. Twelve of 14 informative hemangiomas showed a significant degree of allelic loss after methylation‐based and transcription‐based polymerase chain reaction clonality assays, suggesting a nonrandom X‐inactivation pattern and, thus, a monoclonal origin. We then sequenced genes encoding the receptors of the vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) as candidates for potential somatic mutation. Mutations were found in two of the 15 hemangioma specimens: a missense mutation (P1147S) in the kinase domain of the VEGFR2 (FLK1/KDR) gene in one specimen and a missense mutation (P954S) in the kinase insert of the VEGFR3 (FLT4) gene in another specimen. In each case, the mutation was detected in tumor tissue but not in adjacent normal tissue. These results suggest that one potential mechanism involved in hemangioma formation is the alteration of the VEGF signaling pathway in endothelial and/or pericytic cells. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of unidentified chromosome abnormalities in human neuroblastoma by spectral karyotyping (SKY)
Authors: Cohen Ninette , Betts David R. , Trakhtenbrot Luba , Niggli Felix K. , Amariglio Ninette , Brok‐Simoni Frida , Rechavi Gideon , Meitar Dafna 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSpectral karyotyping (SKY) is a novel technique based on the simultaneous hybridization of 24 fluorescently labeled chromosome painting probes. It provides a valuable addition to the investigation of many tumors that can be difficult to define by conventional banding techniques. One such tumor is neuroblastoma, which is often characterized by poor chromosome morphology and complex karyotypes. Ten primary neuroblastoma tumor samples initially analyzed by G‐banding were analyzed by SKY. In 8/10 tumors, we were able to obtain additional cytogenetic information. This included the identification of complex rearrangements and material of previously unknown origin. Structurally rearranged chromosomes can be identified even in highly condensed metaphase chromosomes. Following the SKY results, the G‐banding findings were reevaluated, and the combination of the two techniques resulted in a more accurate karyotype. This combination allows identification not only of material gained and lost, but also of breakpoints and chromosomal associations. The use of SKY is therefore a powerful tool in the genetic characterization of neuroblastoma and can contribute to a better understanding of the molecular events associated with this tumor. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chronic myelogenous leukemia: Laboratory diagnosis and monitoring
Authors: Wang Y. Lynn , Bagg Adam , Pear Warren , Nowell Peter C. , Hess Jay L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRapid developments have occurred both in laboratory medicine and in therapeutic interventions for the management of patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). With a wide array of laboratory tests available, selecting the appropriate test for a specific diagnostic or therapeutic setting has become increasingly difficult. In this review, we first discuss, from the point of view of laboratory medicine, the advantages and disadvantages of several commonly used laboratory assays, including cytogenetics, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and qualitative and quantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). We then discuss, from the point of view of clinical care, the test(s) of choice for the most common clinical scenarios, including diagnosis and monitoring of the therapeutic response and minimal residual disease in patients treated with different therapies. The purpose of this review is to help clinicians and laboratory physicians select appropriate tests for the diagnosis and monitoring of CML, with the ultimate goal of improving the cost‐effective usage of clinical laboratories and improving patient care. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic evidence that Sil is required for the sonic hedgehog response pathway
Authors: Izraeli Shai , Lowe Linda A. , Bertness Virginia L. , Campaner Stefano , Hahn Heidi , Kirsch Ilan R. , Kuehn Michael R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSummary: The Sil gene encodes a cytosolic protein required for mouse embryonic midline and left/right axial development. Based on the phenotype of Sil mutant embryos, we hypothesized that Sil may be required for the activity of Sonic Hedgehog (Shh), a secreted signaling molecule also critically important for the development of the embryonic axes and found mutated in multiple types of cancer. Here we tested the genetic interaction between Sil and the Shh pathway by generating and analyzing embryos carrying mutations in both Sil and Patched (Ptch), a Shh receptor that normally inhibits the signaling pathway in the absence of ligand and when mutated leads to constitutive activation of the pathway. We find that Sil−/− Ptch−/− embryos do not activate the Shh pathway and instead have a phenotype indistinguishable from Sil−/− embryos, in which there is a loss of activity of Shh. These results provide genetic evidence that Sil is an essential component of the Shh response, acting downstream to Ptch. genesis 31:72–77, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
hGFAP‐cre transgenic mice for manipulation of glial and neuronal function in vivo
Authors: Zhuo Lang , Theis Martin , Alvarez‐Maya Ikuri , Brenner Michael , Willecke Klaus , Messing Albee 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWith the goal of performing astrocyte‐specific modification of genes in the mouse, we have generated a transgenic line expressing Cre recombinase under the control of the human glial fibrillary acidic protein (hGFAP) promoter. Activity was monitored by crossing the hGFAP‐cre transgenics with either of two reporter lines carrying a lacZ gene whose expression requires excision of loxP‐flanked stop sequences. We found that lacZ expression was primarily limited to the central nervous system, but therein was widespread in neurons and ependyma. Cell types within the brain that notably failed to activate lacZ expression included Purkinje neurons of the cerebellum and choroid plexus epithelium. Onset of Cre expression began in the forebrain by e13.5, suggesting that the hGFAP promoter is active in a multi‐potential neural stem cell. genesis 31:85–94, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oosp1 encodes a novel mouse oocyte‐secreted protein
Authors: Yan Changning , Pendola Frank L. , Jacob Renu , Lau Anthony L. , Eppig John J. , Matzuk Martin M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSummary: Oocyte‐somatic cell communication is necessary for normal ovarian function. However, the identities of the majority of oocyte‐secreted proteins remain unknown. A novel cDNA encoding mouse oocyte‐secreted protein 1 (OOSP1) was identified using a modified subtractive hybridization screen. The Oosp1 cDNA encodes a 202‐amino acid protein that contains a 21‐amino acid signal peptide sequence, 5 putative N‐linked glycosylation consensus sequences, and 6 cysteines that are predicted to form 3 disulfide bonds. OOSP1 shares amino acid identity with placental‐specific protein 1 (PLAC1), a secreted protein expressed in the placenta and the ectoplacental cone. The Oosp1 mRNA is approximately 1.0 kb and is present at high levels in the oocytes of adult ovaries and at lower levels in the spleen. The mouse Oosp1 gene is 5 exons, spans greater than 16.4 kb, and localizes to chromosome 19 at a position that shares synteny with human chromosome 11q12–11q13. The identification of OOSP1 as a new oocyte‐secreted protein permits future in vitro and in vivo functional analyses to define its role in ovarian folliculogenesis. genesis 31:105–110, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glucose deprivation decreases nitric oxide production via NADPH depletion in immunostimulated rat primary astrocytes
Authors: Shin Chan Young , Choi Ji Woong , Ryu Jae Ryun , Ko Kwang Ho , Choi Jung‐Jin , Kim Hyun‐Soo , Kim Hee‐Sun , Lee Jae‐Chul , Lee Sun Jung , Kim Hyoung Chun , Kim Won‐Ki 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe have previously reported that the production of nitric oxide (NO) in immunostimulated astrocytes was markedly decreased under glucose‐deprived conditions. The present study was undertaken to find the contributing factor(s) for the decreased NO production in glucose‐deprived immunostimulated astrocytes. NO production in rat primary astrocytes was stimulated for 24–48 h by cotreatment with lipopolysaccharides (1 μg/ml) and interferon‐γ (100 U/ml). Decreased NO production in immunostimulated astrocytes by glucose deprivation was mimicked by the glycolytic inhibitor 2‐deoxyglucose and reversed by addition of pyruvate and lactate. Glucose deprivation did not alter the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in immunostimulated astrocytes. Addition of β‐NADPH, but not tetrahydrobiopterine, both of which are essential cofactors for NOS function, completely restored the NO production that was decreased in glucose‐deprived immunostimulated astrocytes. Glucose deprivation and immunostimulation synergistically reduced intracellular NADPH level in astrocytes. The results indicate that glucose deprivation decreases NO production in immunostimulated astrocytes by depleting intracellular NADPH, a cofactor of iNOS. GLIA 37:268–274, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ischemia‐induced neuronal expression of the microglia attracting chemokine secondary lymphoid‐tissue chemokine (SLC)
Authors: Biber Knut , Sauter André , Brouwer Nieske , Copray Sjef C.V.M. , Boddeke Hendrikus W.G.M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRecently, it has been demonstrated that secondary lymphoid‐tissue chemokine (SLC) is constitutively expressed in secondary lymphoid organs and controls the homing of naive T‐cells and mature dendritic cells. By screening cDNA isolated from ischemic mouse brain, we found expression of SLC mRNA 6 h up to 4 days after the onset of ischemia. In situ hybridization combined with immunohistochemistry showed neurons expressing SLC mRNA in the ischemic area of the cortex. SLC mRNA expression was also found in cultured neurones after various treatments known to induce neuronal death, but not in cultured glial cells. Stimulation with SLC induced intracellular calcium transients and chemotaxis in cultured microglia. Since mRNA encoding CXCR3, an alternative receptor for SLC, but no CCR7 mRNA was found in microglia, we suggest that the effects of SLC on microglia are mediated by CXCR3. This assumption was corroborated by cross‐desensitization experiments using IP‐10 as a ligand for CXCR3. The inducible expression of SLC in neurones acting on microglia suggests a new and important role of SLC in the neuroimmune system. We propose that SLC is part of a neurone‐microglia signaling system which is related to pathological conditions of the brain like ischemia. GLIA 34:121–133, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microglial cells protect cerebellar granule neurons from apoptosis: Evidence for reciprocal signaling
Authors: Polazzi Elisabetta , Gianni Tatiana , Contestabile Antonio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe microglia are the immune cell population of the nervous system and play important roles both in normal function and in disease. Reciprocal neuron–microglia interactions are not well understood, in particular those concerning the crosstalk between the two cell populations when neuronal damage does occur. We have used a well‐established model of apoptosis in cerebellar granule neurons to test the effect of co‐culturing microglial cells with them or of exposing them to microglia‐conditioned medium. Microglial cells, derived from cortical or cerebellar mixed glial cultures and plated over cerebellar granule neurons, protected these neurons from apoptosis induced by shifting them, at 7 days in vitro, for 24 h from a depolarizing (high‐potassium) to a nondepolarizing (low‐potassium) medium. The same result was achieved when microglial cells obtained from mixed glial cortical cultures were plated over a membrane well insert in the culture chamber, permitting medium exchange without physical contact with granule neurons. A similar result was obtained when the low‐potassium, apoptosis‐inducing medium was conditioned by 48‐h exposure to microglial cells; 24‐h exposure to microglial cells was not enough to confer neuroprotective capability to the conditioned medium. However in double‐conditioned medium experiments, in which the medium was first exposed to apoptotic neurons and then to microglial cells, unknown signal(s) released by apoptotic neurons, conferred to the 24‐h conditioned medium a strong neuroprotective action, similar to that observed in the co‐cultures experiments. This finding, together with the results from co‐culture experiments, is explained by admitting that molecules released in the medium by apoptotic neurons potentiate the anti‐apoptotic activity of microglia. Our results, therefore, demonstrate not only that normally microglial cells release in the medium molecule(s) able to rescue neurons from apoptotic death, but that unknown diffusible signal(s) from apoptotic neurons enhance(s) microglial neuroprotective properties as well. GLIA 36:271–280, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular characterization of cell substratum attachments in human glial tumors relates to prognostic features
Authors: Belot Nathalie , Rorive Sandrine , Doyen Isabelle , Lefranc Florence , Bruyneel Erik , Dedecker Robert , Micik Sibel , Brotchi Jacques , Decaestecker Christine , Salmon Isabelle , Kiss Robert , Camby Isabelle 
Published: August 2002

AbstractGlioma cell attachments to substratum play crucial roles in the invasion by glioma cells of normal brain tissue. These attachments are mediated through interactions between extracellular matrix (ECM) components, integrins, focal adhesion‐linked molecules, and the actin cytoskeleton. In the present study, we investigate the molecular elements involved in cell substratum attachments in human glial tumors and their potential relationships to prognostic features. We used 10 human glioma cell lines, for which we characterized glial differentiation by means of quantitative RT‐PCR for nestin, vimentin, and GFAP mRNA. We quantitatively determined the amounts of laminin, fibronectin, vitronectin, and thrombospondin secreted by these glioma cell lines in vitro, as well as the amount of each of the eight β integrin subunits and the adhesion complex‐related molecules, including talin, vinculin, profilin, zyxin, α‐actinin, paxillin, and VASP. After quantification of the levels of migration and invasion of these 10 cell lines in vitro and, through grafts into the brains of nude mice, of their biological aggressiveness in vivo, it appeared that the levels of the β5 integrin subunit and α‐actinin were directly related to biological aggressiveness. These experimental data were clinically confirmed because increasing immunohistochemical amounts of the β5 integrin subunit and α‐actinin were directly related to dismal prognoses in the case of astrocytic tumors. In addition, we show that the β4 integrin subunit are expressed significantly more in oligodendrogliomas than in astrocytic tumors. A potential role for the β8 integrin subunit in glioma cell substratum attachments is also emphasized. GLIA 36:375–390, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Naproxen in heterocyclic chemistry: Novel syntheses of triazoles, triazolothiadiazines, triazolothiadiazoles, and triazolothiadiazepine bearing an asymmetric carbon atom and radiostability of the biologically active compounds
Authors: Ammar Y. A. , Ghorab M. M. , El‐Sharief A. M. Sh. , Mohamed Sh. I. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSeveral s‐triazoles 2, 7a, 10, 12; s‐triazolo[3,4‐b][1,3,4]thiadiazines (3–5); s‐triazolo[3,4‐b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles (6, 8, 11, 15); and s‐triazolo[3,4‐b][1,3,4]thiadiazepine (14) were synthesized starting from 2‐(6‐methoxy‐2‐naphthyl)propanoic acid (1) (Naproxen). The structures of the synthesized compounds were elucidated by elemental analyses and spectral data. Compounds 2, 5, 11, 12, 14, and 15 exhibited a remarkable antifungal activity compared with the standard fungicide Mycostatine. Radiosterilization of the biologically active compounds 2, 5, 11, and 14 in the dry state may prove to be applicable (retaining their structures unchanged up to 40 kGy). © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 13:199–206, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10019
One pot syntheses of thiazol‐2‐hydrazone, pyridino[2,3‐d]pyridazine, pyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyridazine, and isoxazolo[4,5‐d]pyridazine derivatives
Authors: Mohareb Rafat M. , Fleita Daisy H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractReactions of the pyridazine derivatives 1a–c with phenyl isothiocyanate followed by heterocyclization with ethyl chloroacetate gave the thiazolidinone derivatives 6a–c. The reactivity of 6a towards some chemical reagents was studied. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 13:258–262, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10026
A facile synthesis of pyrrolo[3,2‐d]pyrimidines from 6‐azidouracils and ylide phosphoranes
Authors: Abdou Wafaa M. , Fahmy Amin F. M. , Kamel Azza A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA series of the title compounds, 9‐deazaxanthines, was regioselectively prepared in reasonable yields as major products from the reactions of 6‐azidouracils 1a,b with stabilized ester‐2a,b or keto‐2c ylide phosphoranes and a moderated phosphorus ylide 3, instead of the expected triazoles. Side products were also observed wherein pyrimido[5,4‐g]pteridine‐2,4,5,7‐tetrone (15) and other fused ring systems or acyclic‐substituted uracil derivatives were isolated. A comparative study on the reactivity of 1a in analogy to 1b toward phosphoranes is also described. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 13:357–365, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10048
Metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the neck from an unknown primary: Management options and patterns of relapse
Authors: Iganej Shahrokh , Kagan Robert , Anderson Paul , Rao Aroor , Tome Michael , Wang Ricardo , Dowlatshahi Morteza , Cosmatos Harry , Morgan Thomas 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPurposeManagement of squamous cell carcinoma of undetermined primary tumors in the head and neck region is controversial. Here we report the Southern California Kaiser Permanente experience with these patients.Methods and MaterialsFrom January 1969 through December 1994, 106 patients were eligible for this retrospective analysis. Distribution of nodal staging was as follows: 14 N1, 27 N2A, 39 N2B, 2 N2C, and 24 N3. Initial treatment included excisional biopsy alone in 12, radical neck dissection alone in 29, radiotherapy alone in 24, excisional biopsy followed by radiotherapy in 15, and radical neck dissection plus postoperative radiation in 26 patients.ResultsExcept for two patients, all patients have had a minimum follow‐up of 5 years. Overall, 57 patients (54%) have had recurrences. Only two patients (3%) who had received radiotherapy as part of their initial treatment had an appearance of a potential primary site inside the irradiated field vs 13 patients (32%) who had not received radiotherapy (p = .006). Combined modality therapy resulted in fewer neck relapses, particularly in patients with advanced neck disease. Including salvage, surgery alone as the initial treatment resulted in 81% ultimate tumor control above the clavicle for patients with N1 and N2a disease without extracapsular extension. The 5‐year survival for the entire population was 53%. Radiotherapy alone resulted in poor survival in patients with advanced/unresectable neck disease. No significant difference in survival based on the initial treatment was found. The statistically significant adverse factors in determining survival included advanced nodal stage and the presence of extracapsular extension.ConclusionsRadiotherapy is very effective in reducing the rate of appearance of a potential primary site. However, in the absence of advanced neck disease (N1 and N2A without extracapsular extension), radiotherapy can be reserved for salvage. Radiotherapy alone results in poor outcomes in patients with advanced/unresectable neck disease, and incorporation of concurrent chemotherapy and cytoprotective agents should be investigated. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 236–246, 2002; DOI 10.1002/hed.10017