bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analytical Mechanics: Canonical Perturbation Theory
Authors: Fasano Antonio , Marmi Stefano 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The so-called ‘perturbation methods’ for studying differential equations are traditionally of great importance for their applications to celestial mechanics (indeed, this field of study initially motivated their development). In spite of the efforts of generations of celebrated mathematicians (Lagrange, Laplace, Weierstrass and above all Poincare, who can be considered the father of the modern theory) until recently the majority of techniques used did not have a rigorous mathematical justification. Proving the convergence (or divergence) of the perturbation series is not just an abstract goal, of secondary interest for physicists. On the contrary, it stems from the need to understand in depth the domains of applicability to physical problems, and the limitations, of perturbation techniques.
Evolutionary considerations
Authors: Krause Jens , Ruxton Graeme D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter investigates how grouping has evolved in animals. The preceding chapters, in particular Chapters 2 and 3, provided information on the effects of grouping on factors such as foraging efficiency and predation risk of individuals. Increasing group size has the potential for reducing predation risk and for increasing foraging efficiency (up to a certain threshold group size). What is the evidence then that these conditions select for grouping behaviour over evolutionary time? And in what way do they shape the social organization of animal groups? Before we can address these questions we have to deal with another issue.
Mechanisms
Authors: Krause Jens , Ruxton Graeme D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Grouping behaviour requires the recognition and localization of suitable group mates, which can be either conor heterospecifics (Section 9.2). Most of the research, however, has centred on the question of how conspecifics are recognized. As we discussed in Chapter 1, groups are brought about by social attraction between individuals that are usually found in close spatial proximity. In this chapter, we take a closer look at what the term ‘social attraction’ actually means (Section 9.3) and how it can be measured and modelled in terms of inter-individual distance regulation (Sections 9.3 and 9.5). First we will consider group formation under predation threat.
Remote Memory in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Bright Peter , Kopelman Michael D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ribot’s ‘law’ in 1882 stated that the ‘progressive destruction’ of memory would result in the most remote memories being spared relative to recent memories. While some studies of organic amnesia have failed to find evidence for such a pattern of memory loss (e.g. Sanders and Warrington 1971; Warrington and Sanders 1971), the majority have demonstrated a temporal gradient, although the size of gradient has differed considerably across patients and diagnostic groups (Kopelman et al.1999).
The Cognitive Psychopharmacology of Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Curran H Valerie , Kopelman Michael D , Rusted Jennifer M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much recent research on Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has focused on molecular genetics, biological markers of dementia, and the neuropsychology of dementia. One goal of such studies is to identify ways forward for developing therapeutic agents. In this respect, it is still highly relevant to know which neurotransmitters are depleted in Alzheimer’s disease, and the functional roles that these neurotransmitters play in cognition (even though the sensitivity and specificity of these changes as diagnostic indexes tend to be low; Davies et al.1998). These two topics are the focus of this chapter. The related topic of the efficacy of pharmacological agents in replacement therapy is discussed elsewhere in this volume.
Cannabinoid receptors
Authors: Kendall D A , Alexander S P H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cannabinoid receptors are seven transmembrane receptors that mediate the central and peripheral actions of extracts from the cannabis plant. Although many endogenous agonists of cannabinoid receptors have been described, a categorical role of these (mainly fatty acid derived) molecules as the endogenous ligand for cannabinoid receptors is currently lacking. Putative endogenous ligands of the cannabinoid receptors, which have been termed endocannabinoids, include anandamide, 2-arachidonylethanolamide, homoγ-linolenylethanolamide, docosatetra-7,10,13,16-enylethanolamide and 2-arachidonyl glyceryl ether. It should be pointed out, however, that the putative endocannabinoid anandamide is also a full agonist at the VR1 vanilloid receptor (Smart et al . 2000). This is a Ca2+-gating ion channel receptor that is located on the central and peripheral terminals of sensory nerves as well as in a number of different brain regions (Guo et al . 1999).
Dopamine receptors
Authors: Gazi Lucien , Strange Philip G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dopamine is one of the major neurotransmitters in the central nervous system. Central dopaminergic systems participate in a number of important physiological functions. These systems control voluntary as well as involuntary motor movements, execution of learned motor programs, and regulate the secretion of prolactin and corticotrophin. In addition, central dopaminergic systems mediate reward, enhance mood, and are important for functions like working memory and goal-oriented behaviour. The effects of dopamine tend to be relatively slow so that it may be considered to be a modulator of fast synaptic transmission. The physiological functions of dopamine are mediated by several receptors, which belong to the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Here, we present the main features of these receptors, from their molecular and pharmacological properties to the clinical perspective.
Galanin receptors
Authors: Kahl U , Langel Ü , Bartfai T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Galanin was discovered in 1983 by Tatemoto et al . who isolated the 29 amino acids long neuropeptide from porcine intestine, by using a chemical method for detection of amidated C-terminals of peptides (Tatemoto et al . 1983). Since then, the galanin sequence from a large number of species has been determined (Table 16.1). In all species so far, apart from man, galanin has 29 amino acids and is C-terminally amidated. In humans the galanin sequence is 30 amino acids long, without C-terminal amidation, and instead has a free carboxyl group in its C-terminal end. The N-terminal 14 amino acids of the molecule are 100 per cent homologous in all species, with the exception of galanin from tuna fish, where the ordinary serine in position 6 is exchanged for a proline. The first 13 amino acids of galanin also constitute the part of the molecule that has been shown to be crucial for binding of galanin to galanin binding sites in the central nervous system (CNS) (Table 16.2) (Land et al . 1991).
Histamine receptors
Authors: Hough Lindsay B , Leurs Rob 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Histamine [2-(4-imidazolyl)ethylamine, HA] is an endogenous biogenic amine synthesized in and released from several kinds of cells, and involved in many kinds of biological signalling (Uvnas 1991). Mast cells (a family of bone marrow-derived secretory cells) store much of the body’s HA in very high concentrations. These cells respond with HA release to a myriad of diverse signals (including tissue damage, antigen exposure, and some kinds of drugs), yet the significance of mast cell HA under strictly physiological conditions remains unknown. In contrast, HA in the gastric mucosa is stored in and released from specialized cells resembling enterochromaffin cells, where it plays a vital physiological role as a mediator of normal gastric acid secretion.
Tachykinin receptors
Authors: Medhurst Andrew D , Hay Douglas W P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The mammalian tachykinins, also known as neurokinins, are a family of small peptides that share the common COOH-terminal sequence, Phe-X-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2, whereX isa Val or Phe residue, and NH2 represents amidation of the COOH-terminus which is important for biological activity (Maggio 1988; Maggi et al . 1993; Otsuka and Yoshioka 1993). The name ‘tachykinin’—from the Greek words tachys (‘swift’) and kinesis (‘movement’)—originally referred to the fast onset of action of these peptides compared to the slower acting peptide bradykinin (Maggio and Mantyh, 1994). Tachykinin peptides exert their major biological effects through activation of 7TM spanning tachykinin receptors (Simon et al . 1991; Strader et al . 1994).
GABAB receptors
Authors: Bowery Norman G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The GABAB receptor was originally described based on pharmacological observations. In studies focusing on GABA control of transmitter release it was noted that the GABA receptor responsible for modulating the evoked release of transmitters, in a variety of isolated tissue preparations, appeared to have different pharmacological characteristics from that of the receptor responsible for the Cl− dependent preand post-synaptic action of GABA. The modulatory action of GABA could not be blocked by bicuculline, was not mimicked by isoguvacine, was activated by only high concentrations of the normally potent agonist, muscimol and was not dependent on [Cl−] but was dependent on [Ca2+] or [Mg2+]. Most striking of all was that the therapeutic agent, baclofen (β-chlorophenyl GABA), which had already been introduced into therapeutics as an antispastic agent on the basis that it would mimic the effect of endogenous GABA (Bein 1972; Keberle and Faigle 1972), was stereospecifically active at this novel receptor.
Bioinformatic mining for GPCRs
Authors: Duckworth D Malcolm , Michalovich David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The advent of large-scale cDNA and genome sequencing efforts has revolutionized how we identify new genes and has also helped established the discipline of bioinformatics as a major component of both academic and industrial research programs. The mining for novel GPCRs is a good case in point with both industrial and academic researchers utilizing expressed sequence tag (EST) and genomic sequence data (see later) as their starting point to hunt for new receptors. In recent years bioinformatic search strategies have yielded the second GABAB receptor subunit (Jones et al . 1998; Kaupmann et al . 1998; see chapter 28), the human orexin receptors (Sakurai et al . 1998) and the third and fourth histamine receptors [reviewed by (Hough 2001); see chapter 17] to name just a few examples.
Mappings Of Finite Distortion
Authors: Iwaniec Tadeusz , Martin Gaven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we introduce the classes of mappings whose study will occupy the majority of the remainder of this book. A first point of departure from our earlier discussion and from the extant texts in the area [336, 283, 289, 342] is that these monographs discuss mappings which have uniformly bounded distortion. We will relax this assumption by only requiring that the distortion is finite almost every-where and shall see that in this greater generality many important facts are more transparent and even easier to prove. Of course there is the additional advantage that the results have wider applicability. However, much of our motivation and many subsequent results come from the classical setting of bounded distortion.
Compactness
Authors: Iwaniec Tadeusz , Martin Gaven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we discuss the compactness properties of the various families of mappings which will be of interest to us in particular, those mappings of finite distortion with prescribed bounds on the volume integral and the distortion function. Such families of mappings will turn out to be normal and closed under local uniform convergence or, equivalently, under weak convergence of the derivatives. In order to establish these claims we will first need to answer a number of questions concerning the convergence of ,Jacobians.
The Gehring Lemma
Authors: Iwaniec Tadeusz , Martin Gaven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The theory of a PDE usually begins with estimates in the norms of its natural Sobolev space. These estimates are called energy estimates. The important point to note is that energy estimates imply a higher degree of integrability of the derivatives of a solution. This is something we have already seen in the solution to the Liouville theorem and also in our discussion of the complex Beltrami equation. In higher dimensions this idea goes back at least to F.W. Gehring [102] who proved that the differential of a quasiconformal mapping of a domain ft C R&#x94; is locally integrable with a power greater than n. Gehring’s ideas have been greatly extended to treat more general non-linear problems arising in the theory of PDEs, including non- injective mappings of bounded distortion (that is, quasiregular mappings).
The Governing Equations
Authors: Iwaniec Tadeusz , Martin Gaven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is devoted to the study of the governing partial differential equations for the theory of mappings of finite distortion. We have already met a number of these equations, principally the Cauchy-Riemann system and the Beltrami system. Here, the goal is to put these equations in a more general framework and discuss them from a number of perspectives. For instance, when lifted to the level of exterior algebra, the Beltrami system takes on a somewhat nicer form indeed, in special cases it linearizes. Studying these equations at the level of differential forms has led to major new advances in the theory of quasiregular mappings and conformal geometry. Also there is a close connection between mappings of finite distortion and the minima of certain variational integrals. We shall outline this connection and set up the associated Euler—Lagrange equations. This leads to the non-linear potential theory which we mention only briefly; the book [134] contains a detailed study of this area.
Topological Properties Of Mappings Of Bounded Distortion
Authors: Iwaniec Tadeusz , Martin Gaven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the great motivations for the development of geometric function theory in IRn has been its use as a tool to explore variational methods and the properties, both topological and analytic, of solutions to problems such as minimizing energy integrals. As noted earlier, geometric problems that arose from attempts to generalize aspects of the theory of holomorphic functions led naturally to the Beltrami system,
PainlevÉ’S Theorem In Space
Authors: Iwaniec Tadeusz , Martin Gaven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have already seen how the Caccioppoli estimate (14.29) witJ1 the exponent s= n,together with Gehring’s lemma, implies higher integrability results for quasiregular mappings. Although a little surprising, it is the Caccioppoli estimate below the dimension which will be the basic tool of this chapter.
Even Dimensions
Authors: Iwaniec Tadeusz , Martin Gaven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The equations governing mappings of finite distortion are, in general, quite difficult to deal with because they are non-linear and not uniformly elliptic if the distortion function is unbounded. However it is in just this setting that the modern geometric theory of mappings finds its most important connections with harmonic analysis and non-linear elasticity.
Estimating The Roc Curv
Authors: Pepe Margaret Sullivan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having defined the ROC curve and explored some of its properties in the previous chapter, we turn now in this chapter to statistical methodology for making inferences about the ROC curve from data. We consider three approaches for estimating the ROC curve and its summary indices. The first is to apply non-parametric empirical methods to the data to obtain the empirical ROC curve, from which empirical summary measures can be calculated. Empirical methods have been the popular choice for settings involving continuous test results.
One hundred years of the design of experiments on and off the pages of Biometrika
Authors: Atkinson Anthony C , Bailey R A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The earliest important papers on planned experiments in Biometrika appeared within a year of each other in 1917 and 1918. Roughly speaking, one was concerned with design optimality and industrial experiments, the other with agricultural trials and blocking. We find this approximate division of the subject into two parts helpful in describing its development and growth. As a result of the hostility between Fisher and Karl Pearson, much of the development of designs for agriculture in the 1920s and 1930s occurred off the pages of Biometrika. Despite this, we are able to trace a coherent history of the development of the subject from field trials and response surface methods to clinical trials and Bayesian versions of design optimality.
Biometrika Centenary: Survival analysis
Authors: Oakes David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although papers relating to survival analysis have appeared in Biometrika since the very first issue, the current emphasis on the topic in this journal is fairly new, especially as it relates to applications in biostatistics. This survey traces the development of survival analysis throughout the twentieth century as reflected in the pages of Biometrika, focusing primarily on work published since 1980.
Biometrika Centenary: Sample surveys
Authors: Smith T M F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite Karl Pearson’s stated aim that the ‘evolutionist has to become in the widest sense of the words a registrar-general for all forms of life’, the papers published in Biometrika on sample surveys have been mainly theoretical and do not start to appear until the 1940s. There has been little work on sampling in the life sciences, with the exception of capture-recapture methods. The major areas have been in variable probability designs, the foundations of inference for finite populations, analytic surveys and the role of selection mechanisms in inference. In recent years the work on survey analysis has been the outcome of an interaction between sample selection mechanisms and mainstream theory, with interesting consequences for both areas.
Notes on Bias in Estimation
Authors: Quenouille M H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1. One of the commonest problems in statistics is, given a series of observations x 1, x 2, … , x n, to find a function of these, tn(x 1, x 2, … , x n), which should provide an estimate of an unknown parameter θ.The desirable properties of estimation procedures have been discussed fully elsewhere. They are:(a) That the estimator should be efficient according to some .definition of efficiency previously arranged. Most commonly, the reciprocal of the variance of the estimates is taken as a measure of its efficiency, as this is most useful where central limit theory may be relevant.
Studies in the History of Probability and Statistics. XX
Authors: Pearson E S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Letters or extracts from letters which passed between W. S. Gosset, R. A. Fisher and Karl Pearson during the years 1912-20 are reproduced. They throw light on the start of Fisher’s statistical career. In the notes accompanying the correspondence, attention is drawn to the problems in estimation and significance testing which were brought to the front at that date by the unusual character of the sampling distribution of the correlation coefficient. An early disagreement between Pearson and Fisher on estimation through minimizing χ and maximizing likelihood is covered.
Monte Carlo sampling methods using Markov chains and their applications
Authors: Hastings W K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A generalization of the sampling method introduced by Metropolis et al. (1953) is presented along with an exposition of the relevant theory, techniques of application and methods and difficulties of assessing the error in Monte Carlo estimates. Examples of the methods, including the generation of random orthogonal matrices and potential applications of the methods to numerical problems arising in statistics, are discussed.
W
Authors: Dodge Yadolah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
waiting time In the theory of queues this term is self-explanatory, but in renewal theory residual waiting time is the period from a given point in time t to the next renewal point. Spent waiting time is the time elapsed since the last renewal. The sum of the two waiting times is the length of recurrence interval. In the theory of random walks residual waiting time is called ‘point of first entry’ or ‘hitting point’ for the interval (t, ∞).
Y
Authors: Dodge Yadolah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Yates, Frank (1902–1994) A British statistician. After reading mathematics at Cambridge, he worked for some years in Africa on surveying. He was then appointed to Rothamsted Experimental Station, initially to work with R.A. Fisher, and he remained there until his retirement. He made major contributions to the design of experiments, to sampling methods and to the systematic use of computers in statistics.
Measurement of distribution functions
Authors: Egelstaff P A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An introductory account of the methods used and information obtained via radiation scattering experiments was given in Sections 1.8 and 1.9. It was seen that some distribution functions could be obtained from the Fourier transformation of intensity data. In this chapter we consider this subject in greater detail, beginning with a discussion (Section 3.2) of scattering using the examples listed in Table 1.4. This is the foundation for the treatment of scattering by fluids. The treatment given here is divided into sections on atomic liquids (class 1 in Section 1.1), on molecular fluids (e.g. classes 2 or 4) and on liquid metals (class 3). However, at this stage the discussion will be restricted to the static structure factors and to the distribution functions discussed in Chapter 2.
Properties and models of the dynamic structure factor
Authors: Egelstaff P A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we begin the discussion of non-equilibrium properties. The vehicle used for this purpose will be the van Hove space-time distribution function, that is, the generalization of the pair distribution function to the time-dependent case. As a starting point we shall discuss some general questions that affect the understanding of the liquid state, beginning with a discussion of the classical limit to S(Q, ω) and its limiting behaviour as Q → ∞ or Q → 0. Another problem of importance is the relation between macro- and microscopic properties, and therefore the way macroscopic properties may be obtained from microscopic correlation functions will be discussed. Part of the discussion of transport properties (Chapter 11 onwards) will be concerned with the macroscopic limiting behaviour of the liquid, and, as a prelude, this chapter includes a discussion of the size of the region in (ω, Q) space to which macroscopic properties may be applied.
Diffusion and single-particle motion
Authors: Egelstaff P A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapters 11 and 12 are concerned with one of the basic phenomena occurring in a liquid —the allowed motion of a single atom. This chapter deals with the scale (in distance and time) of the diffusion process, and is thus concerned with those motions that are observed on a relatively long time scale. In contrast, Chapter 12 deals with motion on a relatively short time scale. For that discussion the important quantity is the velocity correlation function, and some methods of measuring or calculating it will be described in Chapter 12. Chapter 11 commences with a discussion of the random walk theory of diffusion and continues with accounts, from several points of view, of the basic step in the random walk. To conclude this chapter a brief discussion of rotational diffusion, for the case of spherical molecules, will be given.