bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Re‐evaluation of differential phase contrast (DPC) in a scanning laser microscope using a split detector as an alternative to differential interference contrast (DIC) optics
Authors: Amos W. B. , Reichelt S. , Cattermole D. M. , Laufer J. 
Published: May 2003

SummaryIn this paper, differential phase imaging (DPC) with transmitted light is implemented by adding a suitable detection system to a standard commercially available scanning confocal microscope. DPC, a long‐established method in scanning optical microscopy, depends on detecting the intensity difference between opposite halves or quadrants of a split photodiode detector placed in an aperture plane. Here, DPC is compared with scanned differential interference contrast (DIC) using a variety of biological specimens and objective lenses of high numerical aperture. While DPC and DIC images are generally similar, DPC seems to have a greater depth of field. DPC has several advantages over DIC. These include low cost (no polarizing or strain‐free optics are required), absence of a double scanning spot, electronically variable direction of shading and the ability to image specimens in plastic dishes where birefringence prevents the use of DIC. DPC is also here found to need 20 times less laser power at the specimen than DIC.
The locus coeruleus complex of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) as revealed by tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry
Authors: Manger Paul R. , Ridgway Sam H. , Siegel Jerome M. 
Published: May 2003

SummaryUsing tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry we examined the structure of the pontine, or rostral rhombencephalic, catecholaminergic cells groups, which may be collectively termed the locus coeruleus complex (LC), in the bottlenose dolphin. The present study is the first to describe the LC in a cetacean species and, at 1.3 kg, represents the largest non‐human brain to date in which the LC has been investigated. We identified four catecholaminergic cell groups in the dorsal pontine tegementum and peri‐aqueductal gray matter: A6 dorsal (locus coeruleus), A6 ventral (locus coeruleus alpha), A7 (subcoeruleus), and A5 (fifth arcuate nucleus). No patterns of cellular distribution, nuclear subdivision, or cellular morphology indicate specialization of the LC, which might have been anticipated because of the large absolute brain size and unihemispheric sleep phenomenology of cetaceans.
Sensitivity of sleep stages to painful thermal stimuli
Authors: Bentley A. J. , Newton S. , Zio C. D. 
Published: May 2003

SummaryMany modalities of both acute and chronic pain have been shown to disrupt sleep. Any differences in the intensity of thermal noxious stimulus required to produce arousal from stage 2, slow‐wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is unclear. An assessment of reactions of seven male (age 22 ± 2.9 years) and three female subjects (age 21.0 ± 1.0 years) to a range of gradually increasing temperatures was used both when awake and asleep. When awake, subjects assigned five different descriptors to the increasing heat stimulus. During the different stages of sleep, temperatures were increased over the same range as when awake until the subjects aroused from sleep. The possible fluctuations in pain perception due to a time‐of‐night effect were assessed in awake subjects over a 12‐h period from 19:00 to 07:00 hours. During sleep, arousals occurred at significantly higher temperatures during SWS (P < 0.01) and REM sleep (P < 0.05) than during stage 2 sleep. The temperatures causing arousals during SWS and REM sleep were not significantly different and were equivalent to temperatures causing pain tolerance when awake. No changes in pain perception due to time of night were observed. The results show that a higher intensity of thermal noxious stimulus is required to cause arousal from SWS and REM sleep when compared with stage 2 sleep. This would confirm the suspicion that REM sleep and SWS are relatively, and possibly equally, resistant to disruption by noxious stimuli.
A corneal model for slit‐scanning elevation topography
Authors: Cairns G. , Collins A. , McGhee C. N. J. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractComputerised videokeratography is increasing in sophistication and accuracy. The Orbscan II Videokeratographer combines the advantages of Placido derived and slit‐scanning derived topography, to acquire shape information on the posterior surface of the cornea. The purpose of this paper is to construct a model of slit‐scanning elevation topography and highlight potential sources of variation in this methodology. Ray tracing calculations were performed on a defined, theoretical, spherical model to obtain a pachymetric measurement. These calculations were tested by comparing the pachymetry measurement derived from the model, over a refractive index shift from 1.376 to 1.400 with the pachymetry measurement obtained by Orbscan II, of a human eye, with an identical alteration in refractive index. The two methods of measurement differed by only 0.157 μm, suggesting that the model is a good representation of slit‐scanning elevation topography, and that refractive index variations have only a minimal effect on Orbscan II pachymetry measurement.
The detection of small simulated field defects using multifocal VEPs
Authors: Chan H. L. , Tam W. K. , Chen C. L. , Ng N. C. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractIntroduction: The multifocal visual‐evoked potential (mfVEP) has been widely investigated in the study of diseases of the visual system. However, the sensitivity of the mfVEP in objective detection of field defects has not been determined. This study investigates the variation of the mfVEP responses whilst simulating field defects by using different sizes of mask on the stimulus pattern.Methods: Simulated field defects of four different sizes (2, 3, 5, and 7 degrees) at two different eccentricities (10 and 16 degrees) were generated on a standard mfVEP dartboard stimulus using opaque masks. These masks were placed at the centre of each dartboard sector and the modified stimuli were used to elicit mfVEPs from 10 normal subjects. The response densities and latencies of N1, P1 of the mfVEP were compared, without and with small simulated field defects.Results: The minimum size of simulated field defect causing significant response density reduction in P1 and N1 was 5 degrees at both retinal eccentricities. N1 showed similar reduction in response density at both retinal eccentricities, but P1 showed larger reduction at the 10‐degree location than at the 16‐degree location. There was no change in latencies with simulated field defect at either location.Conclusions: The mfVEP is only sensitive to a simulated field defect equal to or larger than 5 degrees in diameter, and mfVEP has greater sensitivity at 10‐degree eccentricity than at 16‐degree eccentricity.
Correlation analysis of visual field thresholds and scanning laser ophthalmoscopic optic nerve head measurements in glaucoma
Authors: Gulati Vikas , Agarwal Harish C. , Sihota Ramanjit , Saxena Rohit 
Published: May 2003

AbstractIn a cross‐sectional study of 50 consecutive primary open‐angle glaucoma cases, full threshold 30‐2 visual fields on Humphrey Visual Field Analyser were correlated to stereometric parameters obtained using a scanning laser ophthalmoscope (HRT II). The strength of linear correlation between the stereometric parameters and visual thresholds was used to generate a correspondence map between the optic disc and the visual field. Rim/disc area ratio and cup/disc area ratio correlated with the visual thresholds at the highest number of points in the visual fields. Thresholds at superior hemifield locations correlated best with the rim/disc area ratio and cup/disc area ratio in the inferonasal sector and the ones in the inferior hemifield correlated best with the rim/disc area ratio and cup/disc area ratio in the superotemporal sector. Optic disc parameters correlated better with inferior field locations and non‐edge points than superior field locations and edge points. The data indicate that rim/disc area ratio and cup/disc area ratio measurements on HRT II have a good correlation with visual field damage seen on automated visual fields.
Oculocardiac reflex caused by contact lenses
Authors: Mimura Tatsuya , Amano Shiro , Funatsu Hideharu , Araie Makoto , Kagaya Fumie , Kaji Yuichi , Oshika Tetsuro , Yamagami Satoru , Okada Eichi 
Published: May 2003

AbstractPurpose: To report two cases of patients who fell unconscious because of the oculocardiac reflex when attempting to wear contact lenses.Case reports: Case 1: A 15‐year‐old healthy boy came to our clinic to be fitted with contact lenses. As soon as a hard contact lens was inserted forcibly, he became unconscious. Case 2: A 22‐year‐old man fell unconscious the instant that the eye was compressed with a hard contact lens. Neither patient had used glasses or contact lenses before. Their blood pressure was decreased while unconscious. They recovered consciousness after about 10 min, and nausea and vomiting settled subsequently. Contact lens insertion was tried again carefully after 1 week avoiding compression of the eyes and there were no problems. They are currently using contact lenses without any problems.Conclusion: Insertion of contact lenses may rarely provoke the oculocardiac reflex.
The Structure of Budget Demands in Denmark, Norway And Sweden
Authors: Borre Ole 
Published: May 2003

Data on people's attitudes to items on the public budgets are found in the International Social Science Programme (ISSP) Role of Government surveys and Danish national election surveys 1990–1998. These data are factor analysed to validate a three‐way agenda that postulates three main goals or functions of the state: the authoritarian state, the welfare state, and the humanitarian state. The factor solution is very similar in Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and the four largest European Union (EU) countries, and on many points consistent with theories of value change and new politics.Based on the factor analysis, the support for each of the three agendas is analysed for voters of different parties in the three Scandinavian party systems. We find that all three systems are structured in at least two dimensions, the welfare dimension and the humanitarian vs. authoritarian dimension. These data therefore point to the existence of a ‘new politics’ dimension that is similar in the three party systems insofar as it contains the same five budget items. However, the opinion climate differs somewhat between the three countries. The support for the humanitarian agenda is lowest in Norway, whereas the support for the authoritarian agenda is highest in Denmark.
Formation of Disulfide-Linked Complexes between the Three Minor Envelope Glycoproteins (GP
2b
, GP
3
, and GP
4
) of Equine Arteritis Virus
Authors: Wieringa Roeland , de Vries Antoine A. F. , Rottier Peter J. M. 
Published: May 2003

ABSTRACT

Equine arteritis virus (EAV) is an enveloped, positive-stranded RNA virus belonging to the family
Arteriviridae
of the order
Nidovirales
. Six transmembrane proteins have been identified in EAV particles: the nonglycosylated membrane protein M and the glycoprotein GP
5
(previously named G
L
), which occur as disulfide-bonded heterodimers and are the major viral envelope proteins; the unglycosylated small envelope protein E; and the minor glycoproteins GP
2b
(formerly designated G
S
), GP
3
, and GP
4
. Analysis of the appearance of the GP
2b
, GP
3
, and GP
4
proteins in viral particles by gel electrophoresis under reducing and nonreducing conditions revealed the occurrence of two different covalently linked oligomeric complexes between these proteins, i.e., heterodimers of GP
2b
and GP
4
and heterotrimers of GP
2b
, GP
3
, and GP
4
. Shortly after their release from infected cells, virions contained mainly cystine-linked GP
2b
/GP
4
heterodimers, which were subsequently converted into disulfide-bonded GP
2b
/GP
3
/GP
4
trimers through the covalent recruitment of GP
3
. This process occurred faster at a higher pH but was arrested at 4°C. Furthermore, the conversion was almost instantaneous in the presence of the thiol oxidant diamide. In contrast, the sulfhydryl-modifying agent
N
-ethylmaleimide inhibited the formation of disulfide-bonded GP
2b
/GP
3
/GP
4
trimers. Using sucrose density gradients, we could not demonstrate a noncovalent association of GP
3
with the cystine-linked GP
2b
/GP
4
dimer in freshly released virions, nor did we observe higher-order structures of the GP
2b
/GP
4
or GP
2b
/GP
3
/GP
4
complexes. Nevertheless, the instantaneous diamide-induced formation of disulfide-bonded GP
2b
/GP
3
/GP
4
heterotrimers at 4°C suggests that the three minor glycoproteins of EAV are assembled as trimeric complexes. The existence of a noncovalent interaction between the cystine-linked GP
2b
/GP
4
dimer and GP
3
was also inferred from coexpression experiments showing that the presence of GP
3
increased the electrophoretic mobility of the disulfide-bonded GP
2b
/GP
4
dimers. Our study reveals that the minor envelope proteins of arteriviruses enter into both covalent and noncovalent interactions, the function of which has yet to be established.
Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Portal Protein UL6 Interacts with the Putative Terminase Subunits UL15 and UL28
Authors: White Colleen A. , Stow Nigel D. , Patel Arvind H. , Hughes Michelle , Preston Valerie G. 
Published: May 2003

ABSTRACT
The herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) UL6, UL15, and UL28 proteins are essential for cleavage of replicated concatemeric viral DNA into unit length genomes and their packaging into a preformed icosahedral capsid known as the procapsid. The capsid-associated UL6 DNA-packaging protein is located at a single vertex and is thought to form the portal through which the genome enters the procapsid. The UL15 protein interacts with the UL28 protein, and both are strong candidates for subunits of the viral terminase, a key component of the molecular motor that drives the DNA into the capsid. To investigate the association of the UL6 protein with the UL15 and UL28 proteins, the three proteins were produced in large amounts in insect cells with the baculovirus expression system. Interactions between UL6 and UL28 and between UL6 and UL15 were identified by an immunoprecipitation assay. These results were confirmed by transiently expressing wild-type and mutant proteins in mammalian cells and monitoring their distribution by immunofluorescence. In cells expressing the single proteins, UL6 and UL15 were concentrated in the nuclei whereas UL28 was found in the cytoplasm. When the UL6 and UL28 proteins were coexpressed, UL28 was redistributed to the nuclei, where it colocalized with UL6. In cells producing either of two cytoplasmic UL6 mutant proteins and a functional epitope-tagged form of UL15, the UL15 protein was concentrated with the mutant UL6 protein in the cytoplasm. These observed interactions of UL6 with UL15 and UL28 are likely to be of major importance in establishing a functional DNA-packaging complex at the portal vertex of the HSV-1 capsid.
Acute glomerulonephritis
Authors: Vinen C S , Oliveira D B G 
Published: May 2003

Abstract
Glomerulonephritis is an important cause of renal failure thought to be caused by autoimmune damage to the kidney. While each type of glomerulonephritis begins with a unique initiating stimulus, subsequent common inflammatory and fibrotic events lead to a final pathway of progressive renal damage. In this article the different forms of inflammatory glomerulonephritis and their diagnosis are discussed. In a review of therapy both immediate life saving treatment given when glomerulonephritis causes acute renal failure and more specific treatments designed to modify the underlying mechanisms of renal injury are considered.
Iron deficiency anaemia: are the British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines being adhered to?
Authors: Patterson R N , Johnston S D 
Published: May 2003

Abstract

Background
The British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) issued guidelines on the investigation of iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) ensuring standardised and comprehensive gastrointestinal investigation in all patients. It was apparent that not all patients in the authors’ hospital were investigated according to these guidelines.

Objective
To determine whether patients who were referred for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy for investigation of IDA were confirmed to be iron deficient, and whether the BSG guidelines were being fully implemented.

Methods
All patients referred for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy over an 18 month period on a computer database (Endoscribe) were reviewed. Haematology, biochemistry, and radiology results were obtained and the frequency of the various diagnoses recorded.

Results
A total of 320 patients (133 male; mean age 71.5 years) were initially referred for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy for investigation of IDA, of whom 95 were iron deficient. Of these, 44 (46%) had duodenal biopsies performed, three (7%) of whom were diagnosed with coeliac disease. Five patients were diagnosed with upper gastrointestinal carcinoma (one oesophageal, four gastric). Of the remaining 87 patients, 65 (75%) underwent lower gastrointestinal investigations with four having colorectal carcinoma, four colonic polyps, and one angiodysplasia.

Conclusions
Duodenal biopsies were performed in less than half of the patients. In those not diagnosed with coeliac disease or upper gastrointestinal carcinoma, only three quarters underwent lower gastrointestinal assessment. Approximately 10% were diagnosed with gastrointestinal malignancy as a cause for their anaemia and in 66% of patients no gastrointestinal cause was found. All physicians need to be made fully aware of the BSG guidelines for investigation of IDA.
Iatrogenic injury to the breast bud causing breast hypoplasia
Authors: Goyal A , Mansel R E 
Published: May 2003

Abstract
A 14 year old girl with iatrogenic breast asymmetry is reported. She had multiple operations to the left anterior chest wall in the neonatal period for diaphragmatic hernia that resulted in multiple scars, which damaged the left breast bud. A better thoracotomy incision avoiding the breast bud could prevent later breast hypoplasia.
Unusual cause of infective discitis in an adolescent
Authors: Sayana M K , Chacko A J , Mc Givney R C 
Published: May 2003

Abstract
The first case of infective discitis caused by Eikenella corrodens in an adolescent is presented. The need for anaerobic cultures when dealing with infective pathology in the spine is stressed. A 14 year old boy presented with acute exacerbation of back pain, which showed characteristics of infective discitis after magnetic resonance imaging. Computed tomography guided biopsy grew E corrodens in anaerobic cultures that was sensitive to ampicillin, co- amoxiclav, cefadroxil, and cefotaxime. This patient responded well to co-amoxiclav and recovered without any surgical intervention.
The Impact of Peripartum Factors on the Onset and Duration of Lactation
Authors: Sievers E. , Haase S. , Oldigs H.-D. , Schaub J. 
Published: May 2003

Knowledge of peripartum indicators of those mother-infant pairs that are at increased risk of early failure of lactation may improve specific support of breastfeeding. Mode of delivery, labor complications, hyperbilirubinemia, milk intake and weight development were evaluated in healthy term infants in a hospital (n = 338). Delayed onset of lactation was observed in primiparae and in study participants with peripartum complications. The quantitative intake of human milk, assessed by test weighing 0–24 h and 24–48 h after the onset of lactation, was not significantly different between these groups. In addition, volume intake, weight gain and lactation success were tracked in 77 infants. Partial feeding of infant formula or an intake of <150 g of human milk per day 24–48 h after the onset of lactation was linked to weaning within 4 weeks. Ninety-one percent of the infants were exclusively breastfed at discharge; this value had declined to 49, 35 and 20% at 4, 12 and 20 weeks, respectively. Peripartum factors may contribute to early lactation failure; the long-term success of breastfeeding was predominantly determined outside the hospital.
Relation between Total Homocysteine Levels and Beer Intake in Patients with Diabetes mellitus Type 2
Authors: de Luis Daniel Antonio , Fernandez Nuria , Aller Rocio , de Luis J. , Arranz Marisa , Izaola Olatz 
Published: May 2003

<i>Background/Aim:</i> The evaluation of the significance of hyperhomocysteinemia in type 2 diabetes is further complicated by the multiple ways of considering impaired renal function, vitamin status, and lifestyle. The aim of our study was to investigate the relation between macro- and micronutrient intakes and homocysteine levels in a population having diabetes type 2. <i>Methods:</i> A total of 155 patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 attending our Diabetes Service (90 females and 65 males) were enrolled in a consecutive way. All patients underwent determination of fasting blood homocysteine, glycated hemoglobin, glucose, vitamin B<sub>12</sub>, and folate levels. Microalbuminuria was evaluated on the basis of a 24-hour urine. The patients were instructed to keep 3-day written food records incorporating the use of food scales and models to enhance portion size accuracy. Alcohol drinking, physical activity, and smoking habits were also registered. <i>Results:</i> The mean homocysteine levels were 10.5 ± 4.3 µmol/l. The mean glucose and Hb A<sub>Ic</sub> levels were 9.5 ± 3 mmol/l and 7.8 ± 1.4%, respectively. The vitamin status was normal: 592.6 ± 522 pg/ml vitamin B<sub>12</sub> and 10.5 ± 5.5 ng/ml folic acid. Mean microalbuminuria was 81.7 ± 238 mg/day. The calorie intakes were normal (carbohydrates 43%, proteins 23.8%, and lipids 33.1%). A decrease in daily intakes of vitamins (A, B<sub>1</sub>, D, and E) and trace elements (Zn, Mg, Se, and Ca) was detected. High daily intakes were detected for protein, P, and vitamins C, B<sub>12</sub>, K and P 29.7% of the patients drank beer and 18% other alcoholic beverages. 11.7% of the patients smoked, and 77.7% maintained daily physical activity (mean/day 25.7 ± 20.9 min). Only protein (g/day; r = 0.25; p < 0.005) and beer (ml/day; r = –0.46; p < 0.05) correlated with the total homocysteine levels. The daily intakes of vitamin B<sub>12</sub> and folic acid were inversely correlated with the total homocysteine levels: r = –0.29; p < 0.05) and (r = –0.12; p < 0.05), respectively. Physical activity and smoking habits were not correlated. In the multivariate analysis with a dependent variable (total homocysteine) adjusted for age, sex, microalbuminuria, and nutrient intakes (proteins, folic acid, and vitamin B<sub>12</sub>) and beer remained in the model. <i>Conclusion:</i> The present study shows that protein intake and beer could modify the levels of total homocysteine in patients with diabetes type 2.
Retrospective Evaluation of Patient Compliance in Continuous Oxygen Therapy
Authors: Demirel Hande , Demir Tuncalp , Umut Sema 
Published: May 2003

<i>Background:</i> Prescription of continuous oxygen therapy (COT) for correct indications, adequate education of the patients, and a regular and sufficient oxygen intake are essential. <i>Objective:</i> To evaluate the indications of COT prescriptions in six different centers around Istanbul and patient compliance. <i>Methods:</i> The initial data of the cases were taken from hospital records and throughout the study personal visits were done as well as arterial blood gas (ABG) analyses. <i>Results:</i> 86 patients out of 110 (78.1%) were found to be eligible candidates for COT. Daily duration of therapy was more than 15 h in 55 (43.3%) and more than 12 h in 14 (11%) of the cases. During therapy, mean PaO<sub>2</sub> values have increased from 52.1 ± 11 to 58.6 ± 12 mm Hg (p < 0.001), while mean PaCO<sub>2</sub> values have decreased from 50.16 ± 9.6 to 48.02 ± 9 mm Hg (p < 0.05). 98 of the cases (77.1%) stated that they had benefited from the therapy. <i>Conclusions:</i> We conclude that COT is an effective treatment modality, but patient compliance remains a problem.