bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Summary Assessment Hearing
Authors: Scott Katharine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Once the court has made the costs order, the summary assessment itself can begin. This is the procedure by which the court determines the amount of the costs due from the paying party to the receiving party. This chapter explains the procedure that is adopted at hearings and examines the substantive issues that are most commonly argued at summary assessments. The issues occur in the chapter in the order in which they should be raised at the summary assessment. This chapter does not, however, deal with issues that may arise in relation to the funding of a claim (typically by way of a CFA). As these issues can be complex and as they are not relevant to all summary assessments, they have been addressed separately in Chapter 6. All the parties and the judge should have a copy of all statements of costs before the summary assessment begins. Copies of any other relevant materials prepared in accordance with the preparation checklists in Chapter 9 must also be made available to the opposing party and the judge. Ordinarily the judge will want to hear from the paying party first so that the issues between the parties can be identified. The receiving party will of course be given an opportunity to respond to each of the issues raised. It is up to the judge whether he hears the paying party make submissions in relation to all the points in issue at one go, or whether he requires each issue to be responded to before going onto the next. A summary assessment hearing is, by its very nature, short. Parties must be ready to deal with the issues they wish to raise succinctly. Arguments need to be marshalled into a sensible order and in such a way as to make the best use of the time available. Thus any submissions that go to the overall recovery of costs (such as submissions relating to the solicitor client retainer, or the enforceability of a CFA, proportionality or costs estimates) should be raised first. Next, arguments over the level of fee earner or the hourly rate claimed should be attacked, and then individual items on the bill. The last matter that should be dealt with by the court is the assessment of any uplift claimed by the receiving party.
Safe Haven? The Bonga Refugee Scheme
Authors: James Wendy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After a series of partially chaotic scenarios extending over the best part of the previous six or seven years, Bonga was an ordered and organized place. The decision to establish this new refugee scheme upstream from Gambela and Karmi, primarily and in the first instance for the Uduk, was made in an agreement between the UNHCR and the Ethiopian government in October 1992.
Dance, Music, and Poetry
Authors: James Wendy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I suddenly heard of the revival of what I had assumed a ‘mythical’ dance, the barangul, in Bonga in 1994. I had never seen it before, and in fact was firmly told in the 1960s it was obsolete. It was quite a surprise, thirty years after my original fieldwork, to be called out to hear the music of this ‘antique’ form and see the dance. A key lyric is the one quoted above. This catchy song can be ‘read’ on three levels.
Categorization Of Territories; Territorial Scope Of The Extradition Act 2003
Authors: Nicholls Clive , Montgomery Clare , Knowles Julian B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historically English extradition law provided different schemes of extradition for different categories of requesting country. In broad terms these categories were foreign states; colonies; and designated Commonwealth countries. The EA 1870 governed extradition from the UK to foreign states, and the Fugitive Offenders Act 1881 (replaced by the Fugitive Offenders Act 1967) governed extradition within the Empire and later the Commonwealth. The EA 1989 repealed the EA 1870 and the Fugitive Offenders Act 1967. Under the EA 1989 requests for extradition by European countries, designated Commonwealth countries, and colonies were dealt with under Part III of the 1989 Act.
Introduction To International Cooperation In Criminal Matters
Authors: Nicholls Clive , Montgomery Clare , Knowles Julian B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In United States of America v Cotroni (1989) 48 CCC (3d) 193, 215, La Forest J of the Supreme Court of Canada said: The investigation, prosecution and suppression of crime for the protection of the citizen and the maintenance of peace and public order is an important goal of all organized societies. The pursuit of that goal cannot realistically be confined within national boundaries. That has long been the case, but it is increasingly evident today. This Part examines the means by which the UK gives effect to this important principle of public policy. It considers the law governing mutual assistance in criminal matters, that is to say, the means by which the UK assists and seeks the assistance of foreign states in the investigation and prosecution of criminal offences.
Innovation, Learning, and Macro-institutional Change: The Limits of the Market Model as an Organizing Principle for Research Systems
Authors: Georghiou Luke 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Current conventional wisdom is that research and innovation policies should be designed on the basis of the ‘systems of innovation’ approach (Freeman 1987; Lundvall 1992). This aims to go beyond the familiar market-failure rationales for public policy that have dominated thinking since the 1980s, and that have their origins in the seminal work of Arrow (1962). Rather than focus on the public-good nature of science and the issue of spillovers, the ‘systems failure’ approach is focused upon the importance of institutions and the linkages between them (Metcalfe 1995; Smith 2000). However, much more attention has been paid to some parts of the system than to others, and little to the overall dynamics.
What’s New? General Patterns of Planned Macro-institutional Change
Authors: Campbell John L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Institutional analysis has been revitalized during the last twenty-five years or so. Its long history stretches back at least to the work of Max Weber, Karl Polanyi, E´mile Durkheim, and other social scientists of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. But today there are vast new literatures in sociology, political science, and economics that build on these older traditions; Jerald Hage reviews some of them in the introduction to this section of the volume. Many of these literatures seek to ex- plain how institutions constrain behavior, create incentives, influence decision-making and, in turn, affect a wide variety of social phenomena, including economic performance, technological innovation, politics, and more.
Conclusion
Authors: Hage Jerald , Meeus Marius T H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book began with the claim that there is a need for a new theory of innovation. Its chapters are pieces of the puzzle that is a multi-level, multi-sector theory of knowledge production and innovation. This final chapter begins the task of putting together the pieces that make up that new theory. This book looked first at current theory’s critique of innovation in the organizational sociology and management literatures; this final chapter summarizes how those contributions dealt with these criticisms, corrects the basic ideas in the theory, changes the definitions of the key concepts of complexity, integration and high-risk strategies, and adds others.
Burglary and Related Offences
Authors: Ormerod David , Williams David Huw 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The law relating to burglary and other breaking offences contained in the Larceny Act 1916, ss 24–7, was unnecessarily complex and involved excessively technical distinctions between a ‘bewildering series of offences’.1 The Theft Act 1968 effected a considerable simplification of the law. The Act eliminated entirely the concept of ‘breaking’, which was a requisite of burglary, and most forms of house-breaking under the Larceny Act.
Handling Stolen Goods and Related Offences
Authors: Ormerod David , Williams David Huw 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
English law provides a specific offence of handling and has, since the nineteenth century, treated this conduct as an independent crime rather than one of being an ‘accessory after the fact’ to theft.1 The offence created by s 22 replaced both the indictable offences under the Larceny Act 1916, s 33 and the summary offences under the Larceny Act 1861, s 97. Section 22 provides:
(1) A person handles stolen goods if (otherwise than in the course of the stealing) knowing or believing them to be stolen goods he dishonestly receives the goods, or dishonestly undertakes or assists in their retention, removal, disposal or realisation by or for the benefi t of another person, or if he arranges to do so.
In Defense of Happiness: Why Policymakers Should Care about Subjective Well-Being
Authors: Kesebir Pelin , Diener Ed 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
James Madison, the statesman regarded as the father of the United States Constitution, writes in Federalist 51 that a good government implies two things: first, fidelity to the object of government, which is the happiness of the people; and second, a knowledge of the means by which that object can be attained. For a long time, policymakers have assumed that continuous economic progress embodies the primary means by which that object could be attained, which in turn, led economic indicators such as GDP and its various proxies to acquire immense stature.
Agents Of Infection
Authors: Greenwood David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before the ‘germ theory ‘ took hold towards the end of the nineteenth century, the concept of infection and its spread had no doubt puzzled humankind since the dawn of reflective thought. Problems became evermore acute as settlements were founded, towns and cities grew, civilizations emerged, and trade routes began to offer the paths for unexpected visitations of epidemic disease (1). The unmistakable but apparently random transmission of disease between family members, communities, and their domestic animals was attributed to retribution from the gods, activities of malign spirits, or noxious emanations (miasmata) arising from stagnant pools and marshes, middens, decaying corpses, or other environmental sources.
Wonder Drugs
Authors: Greenwood David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Successful though the sulphonamides were in curing previously untreatable bacterial infections, nothing could have prepared the world for penicillin. Several hundred times as active as sulphonamides against streptococci (including pneumococci), staphylococci, gonococci, and meningococci among other bacteria, and—aside from idiosyncratic hypersensitivity— virtually free from side effects, it was the nearest thing before or since to the magic bullet of which Ehrlich had dreamed. Indeed the reliability and safety, when used in the treatment of syphilis, was so much greater than that of Ehrlich ‘s Salvarsan that penicillin effectively superseded it overnight once its activity had been formally established.
Progress Against Parasites
Authors: Greenwood David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The triumphant progress made in the treatment of bacterial infection in the quarter century that followed the appearance of the first sulphonamide in 1935 obscured the continuing inability of doctors to treat effectively other types of infection. In reality, by 1960—when there was (premature) talk in the air of an end to infectious diseases—relatively little had been achieved in improving the prospects for the many millions of people throughout the world suffering from parasitic, fungal, or viral disease. It is a melancholy truth that, until recently, serious parasitic diseases such as African sleeping sickness, kala-azar, and bilharzia, which afflict countless numbers of sufferers in developing countries, were— and sometimes still are—treated with arsenical and antimonial preparations of which Paracelsus would have approved.
Disruptive Legal Technologies
Authors: Susskind Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I am often asked what technologies, techniques, and applications of information technology (IT) are most significant for lawyers of today. Underlying this question, more often than not, is a grim sense of foreboding rather than a refreshing enthusiasm. Many more lawyers are inclined to set up fortifications to protect themselves from new developments than to rush forward and embrace them. In any event, I respond directly to the query in the discussion that follows, largely in this chapter, concerning those technologies that I call ‘disruptive legal technologies’.
Conclusion—the Future of Lawyers
Authors: Susskind Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The future for lawyers could be prosperous or disastrous. The arguments and findings of this book can support either end game. I predict that lawyers who are unwilling to change their working practices and extend their range of services will, in the coming decade, struggle to survive. Meanwhile, those who embrace new technologies and novel ways of sourcing legal work are likely to trade successfully for many years yet, even if they are not occupied with the law jobs that most law schools currently anticipate for their graduates.
I.Atmospheric Pollution
Authors: González-Calatayud* Alexandra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
2006 started with not one, but two new reports by the European Environment Agency (EEA) on Europe ‘s unsustainable transport trends. Both of them high-light the urgent need to tackle vehicle pollution, firstly, through the draft Euro 5, which was published by the European Commission (Commission) in 2005 and, secondly, through the decision on how to continue the voluntary agreement with car manufacturers on CO2 emissions from new cars, which will expire in 2008. :e other focal point should be the :ematic Strategy on Air Pollution and its accompanying Proposal for a new Air Quality Directive in the European Union (EU), this Strategy and its lack of ambition being one of the major disappointments in 2005.
IV.Chemicals
Authors: Molyneux* Candido Garcia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the middle of an icy chemicals labyrinth, a new European Chemicals Agency has been left with the mission of subduing the REACH Minotaur, but will this Agency even be able to survive? After more than seven years of discussions, 2006 was the year the European Parliament (EP) and the Council finally adopted Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 on the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) and establishing a European Chemicals Agency (REACH Regulation). Its adoption was accompanied by the highest expectations as a measure that ‘may prove to be one of the most significant measures that [the European Union] has ever taken ‘ and that will become ‘some of the most advanced legislation in the world ‘.
VII.Water
Authors: Stallworthy* Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
:e year 2006 saw further progress in updating legislative coverage in the aquatic policy field, particularly in support of the gradual, staged progress towards full implementation of Directive 2000/60/EC establishing a Framework for Community Action in the Field of Water Policy (Water Framework Directive). :e range of protection strategies pursued reflects the need for synergies to be accorded with the Framework Directive. :ese legislative themes have included in particular a newly updated and extended Bathing Water Directive, as well as considerable progress towards finalizing the shape and content of proposed Directives to establish further dangerous substance controls for both ground-waters and surface waters.
I.Introduction
Authors: Etty Thijs 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
:is Reviews of Books chapter explores recent environmental law scholarship in three distinct subsections. Firstly, in Section II, two review articles explore the state of the art literature in the policy areas of the law of the sea (analysed through the lens of positive political theory), by Katrina Wyman, and sustainable development law, by Marie-Claire Cordonnier Segger and Ravi Shankar Kuar Singh). Secondly, in Section III, a further selection of noteworthy recent publications on topical issues in European and international environmental law and policy is critically discussed by a panel of established European and North-American scholars, in their respective areas of expertise.
III. Book Reviews
Authors: Davies Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
:e year 2006 saw further progress in updating legislative coverage in the aquatic policy field, particularly in support of the gradual, staged progress towards full implementation of Directive 2000/60/EC establishing a Framework for Community Action in the Field of Water Policy (Water Framework Directive). :e range of protection strategies pursued reflects the need for synergies to be accorded with the Framework Directive. :ese legislative themes have included in particular a newly updated and extended Bathing Water Directive, as well as considerable progress towards finalizing the shape and content of proposed Directives to establish further dangerous substance controls for both ground-waters and surface waters.
What is epilepsy?
Authors: Betts Tim , Clarke Harriet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Epilepsy is a disorder of the brain and is comparatively common.
It can occur in anyone, at any age: no one is immune.
It is conventionally divided into those seizures that:
Start in the midbrain—primary generalized.
Start in the grey matter (the cerebral cortex)—partial seizures.
Start in the cortex and spread to the midbrain—secondarily generalized.
Partial seizures are simple if consciousness is retained, complex if not.
The physical causes and emotional triggers of epilepsy
Authors: Betts Tim , Clarke Harriet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A woman who suddenly develops, or eventually realises that she has, a potentially life changing and frightening condition like epilepsy will want to know why, and will turn to her doctor for support and information. Unfortunately, although epilepsy is common, we often do not know why a particular individual has acquired it. Indeed, a British study (in adult patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy) failed to find an identifiable cause for the epilepsy (after careful searching by acknowledged experts) in over 60%.
Labour, birth, and the immediate aftermath in women with epilepsy
Authors: Betts Tim , Clarke Harriet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Labour may be natural, induced, speeded up, or circumvented.
Labour, and its immediate aftermath, is the most likely time to have a seizure but this can almost invariably be prevented with a little thought.
Women with epilepsy often fear labour and 'losing control'.
They shouldn't have the baby at home—despite its advantages.
Take a copy of a summary of your epilepsy care with you (unless shared clinic).
Take some of your epilepsy medication with you and make sure you get it on time
Make sure the obstetric unit knows what to do if you have a seizure (there should be a plan).
Make sure there is a plan in case of frequent vomiting in labour.
Germany
Authors: Haag Dr Hendrik , Peglow Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to section 241 I Civil Code (Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch—BGB), the legal term ‘receivable’ is defi ned as the creditor’s right to demand performance from the debtor. This performance can mean the payment of money, but also any other act or omission which need not necessarily have a fi nancial value. Once existent, receivables may be transferred, pursuant to section 398 Civil Code (BGB), by contract from one creditor to another creditor, who will take its place and thus will forthwith be entitled to demand performance from the debtor.
Kuwait
Authors: Kohina Jasmin Paurus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term receivables has not been defi ned under Kuwaiti laws. The concept of receivables is used widely in the profession of accountancy to mean book debts or something which is due or owing to a person or entity. The signifi cance of taking proper security is to ensure that the creditor, upon the insolvency of the debtor, will rank in priority to other unsecured creditors. Equality among creditors may result in causing a detriment to some of them in case of insolvency of the debtor. Hence, the purpose of taking a special security in accordance with the provisions of the law will ensure that the secured creditor has priority over other unsecured creditors.
Scotland
Authors: Stephen Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scots law does not attribute a particular technical meaning to receivables. Books debts are a class of receivable in Scotland and there is often debate over what is or is not a book debt, partly due to accounting treatment and partly due to security registration requirements which in the Scottish context relate only to security over book debt receivables and not receivables generally. Another example of a receivable is the obligation to pay rent being a receivable in the hands of the landlord. Essentially, all receivables constitute obligations to pay. They are generally assumed to be under contractual arrangements although there are examples of statutory receivables being used as collateral for funding arrangements (eg NHS prescription reimbursement payments).
Ukraine
Authors: Gregirchak Yaroslav 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term ‘receivables’ as such is not defi ned in the primary legal sources comprising Ukraine’s secured transactions regime. Nonetheless, in accounting legislation the term ‘receivables’ is generally defi ned as a ‘total amount of indebtedness owed to an enterprise … by legal entities and individuals … and which entitles an enterprise to claim from such parties’ monetary funds, their equivalents or other assets’. To the extent ‘receivables’ are viewed in Ukraine as the universality of claims owing to an enterprise, they belong to the legal category of the ‘right of monetary claim’ defi ned to mean circumstances when one party is entitled to demand fulfi lment of a payment obligation from one or several parties.
Talking with other health professionals and patients’ families
Authors: Washer Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Clinical communication is often conceived as being only about doctors talking with their patients. How-ever, just as important is communication with other doctors, with other healthcare professionals, with other professionals such as social workers, managers and lawyers, and with patients’ families. One major trend in healthcare generally is an increasing flexibility in the workforce: the breaking down of previous occupational barriers and the opening up of new opportunities for the development of skills to fill perceived shortages. For example, the number and diversity of specialist nurse practitioners, GPs with ‘a special interest’ in specific types of patient, and new occupations such as non-medically qualifled ‘surgical care practitioners’ have increased to undertake tasks that previously were the sole reserve of doctors (Sanders & Harrison, 2008). These developments again underline the need for effective team working.
Talking with people from other cultures
Authors: Washer Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Often when people talk about ‘culture’ – the customs and institutions of a particular group of people – they only think in terms of black and minority ethnic (BME) people. However, culture is not something that only other people have. We are all the products of a distinct and unique culture, whether we ascribe to our own culture’s values or not. It is easy to be blind to the influence of your own culture, and to see your own world view as ‘universal’, ‘natural’, or ‘taken for granted’ in comparison with the views of other cultures, which by comparison seem exotic, strange, or bizarre.
Miner (1956), writing in the journal American Anthropologist, described a tribe called the ‘Nacirema’, who lived in the territory between the Canadian Cree, the Yaqui and Tarahumare of Mexico, and the Carib and Arawak of the Antilles.