bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differences in interproximal and occlusal tooth wear among prehistoric tennessee indians: Implications for masticatory function
Authors: Hinton Robert J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBreadth of the interproximal wear facet between lower P2 and M1 and between lower M1 and M2 was measured in human skeletal samples representing the Archaic, Woodland, and Mississippian periods of Tennessee River Valley prehistory, with the aim of assessing relative magnitudes of applied masticatory forces. When stratified by level of occlusal wear, mean interproximal facet breadth was consistently larger in the Archaic sample than in the Mississippian sample, with the Woodland sample intermediate. An analysis of covariance demonstrated that there was significant (p ⩽ 0.01) differences in facet size among the three groups even when differences in crown breadth were taken into account. Similar results were obtained in regressions of facet size on chronological age (Archaic larger than Mississippian at p ⩽ 0.01). Since rate of occlusal wear appears to be somewhat greater in the Archaic sample than in the later samples, the differences in interproximal wear are probably underestimated. It is suggested that the high levels of interproximal wear in the Archaic are indicative of the large occlusal forces and repetitive chewing required to masticate a diet of seeds, wild plant foods, and small animals, for which prior preparation (e.g., grinding, cooking) was minimal or nonexistent (as indicated by paleofecal samples). The lower amounts of interproximal wear observed in the Woodland and Mississippian samples imply considerable reductions in strenuous mastication, perhaps due to the widespread adoption during these periods of pottery and the earth oven, together with ethnographically‐documented techniques of food preparation that transformed most foods to a soft consistency.
Efficacy of cranial versus dental measurements for separating human populations
Authors: Falk Dean , Corruccini Robert 
Published: August 2005

AbstractCranial and dental measurements were taken on 100 skulls, consisting of 20 specimens each, representing five different human populations. In addition to traditional cranial and dental measurements, sets of nonstandard basicranial and cervical dental measurements were collected. The data were subjected to univariate and multivariate analyses to determine what kinds of data best sort human populations. Both univariate and multivariate analyses indicate that traditional and nontraditional cranial measurements separate major human groups better than do dental measurements, with traditional cranial measurements providing the best sorting criteria. The cervical dental measurements proved to be better sorters of human groups than the traditional maximum dental measurements for univariate, but not for multivariate, analyses. Thus, when utilizing univariate techniques, osteologists can increase sample sizes of teeth by collecting cervical data.
Solomon Islander skin pigmentation: Ultrastructural differences related to genetic variation in Melanesia
Authors: Garcia Raul I. , Mitchell Ruth E. , Bloom Jerry , Szabo George 
Published: August 2005

AbstractGenetic differences between Solomon Islander populations are distinguishable on the basis of melanosome packaging in epidermal keratinocytes. By electron microscopic study of skin pigmentation in various Melanesian populations, we have found distinct inter‐island differences in the mode of melanosome packaging. Melanosomes are found as singlets in the skin of Bougainville Islanders but are found aggregated in melanosome complexes in Malaita Islanders and Ontong Javanese. This variation in melanosome packaging represents an important biologic difference found between Solomon Islanders and may reflect the genetic diversity existing in the original Melanesian founding population or populations.
Failure of linguistic relationships to predict genetic distances between the Waiãpi and other tribes of lower Amazonia
Authors: Black Francis L. , Salzano Francisco M. , Berman Lee L. , Gabbay Yvone , Weimer Tania A. , Franco M. Helena L. P. , Pandey J. P. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractData on blood group, serum protein, erythrocyte enzyme, and histocompatibility antigen (HLA) traits are presented for the Waiãpi, a Tupispeaking tribe of the Brazilian and French Guianas. Intra‐ and intertribal comparisons have been made between these data, and previously published data from French Guiana, from another Tupi tribe and from other tribes of neighboring areas, and from the continent as a whole. For this purpose, we have modified the usual measure of genetic distance to obtain a value which is independent of the number of loci being considered. The intertribal genetic distances do not correlate with linguistic affinity. Social differences, which may have affected the rate of drift from the continental mean, correlate better with genetic distances.
Cross‐sectional geometry of Pecos Pueblo femora and tibiae—A biomechanical investigation: I. Method and general patterns of variation
Authors: Ruff Christopher B. , Hayes Wilson C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractVariation in long bone cross‐sectional geometry can be given a more precise functional interpretation using engineering beam theory. However, difficulties in measurement technique have generally prevented studies of large samples of cross sections in this way. In the present study, an automated system utilizing an electronic digitizer and computer software was used to analyze cross‐sectional geometric properties of 11 femoral and tibial locations in 119 individuals from the Pecos Pueblo, New Mexico site. The data generated allow identification of clear differences in geometric properties between different regions of the femur and tibia. These differences appear to be related to specific in‐vivo mechanical loadings of the lower limb bones, serving to reduce stress and strain under these loadings. The data are also used to investigate possible differences in loading of the femur and tibia in the Pecos and modern samples, and between humans and a nonhuman primate sample.
Cross‐sectional geometry of Pecos Pueblo femora and tibiae—A biomechanical investigation: II. Sex, age, and side differences
Authors: Ruff Christopher B. , Hayes Wilson C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIntra‐populational variation in cross‐sectional geometric properties of the femur and tibia are investigated in the Pecos Pueblo skeletal sample. Sex differences in geometric parameters suggest that male lower limb bones are more adapted for A‐P bending, females for M‐L bending. Proposed explanations for this finding include sexual dimorphism in pelvic structure and culturally prescribed sex‐related activities at Pecos. With aging, both males and females undergo endosteal resorption and cortical thinning, greater among females. Both sexes also demonstrate an increase with age in subperiosteal area and second moments of area, supporting results reported in some studies of modern population samples. Sex and site‐specific remodeling of the femur and tibia with aging also occur. These localized remodeling changes appear to selectively conserve more compact cortical bone in areas of high mechanical stress. Side differences in cross‐sectional geometric properties indicate that left lower limb bones are generally larger than right lower limb bones, with asymmetry greater among females. In particular, left femora and tibiae are relatively stronger in A‐P bending, again more so in females.
Growth of the masseter muscle in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Carlson David S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe growth of the masseter muscle in eight infant, juvenile, and adolescent female rhesus monkeys (M. mulatta) was examined over a 2.5 year period using serial radiographic cephalometric techniques with the aid of radiopaque muscle markers. The radiopaque markers, which are composed of small pieces of root canal broach inserted into the muscle belly, make it possible to determine longitudinal masseter muscle growth as well as migration of the masseter muscle relative to the mandible. It was found that the masseter muscle increased in length by 64% during the total growth period, most of which occurred between 6 and 18 months of age. Relative to the cranium, the masseter muscle grew markedly inferiorly and only slightly posteriorly. Relative to the mandible, the masseter migrated in a posterior and slightly superior direction, keeping pace with the ramus and condyle as they grew posteriorly and posterosuperiorly throughout the study period. It was concluded that: 1) radiopaque muscle markers are a valuable tool for analysis of muscle growth and alteration of muscle location; 2) the masseter muscle in the rhesus monkey undergoes elongation, probably due to addition of sarcomeres at the fiber‐tendon junctions; and 3) posterior migration of the masseter muscle relative to the corpus of the mandible, probably due to the nature of its periosteal attachment, results in a stability of the anteroposterior position of the masseter muscle despite the anterior displacement of the mandible.
A note on the effect of asymmetry in suture closure in mature human skulls
Authors: Živanović Srboljub 
Published: August 2005

AbstractStudies on suture closure in mature European and East African Bantu skulls revealed marked differences in the degree of suture closure on the left and right side. Asymmetrical closure of sutures may lead to erroneous conclusions being made in ageing skulls if only one‐half of the skull is available for examination. Asymmetry in suture closure was rather common in recent skulls, being particularly noticeable in the bregmatic and complicate parts of the coronal suture and in intermediate portions of lambdoid sutures.
Principal components for allometric analysis
Authors: Corruccini Roberts S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractLogarithmic bivariate regression slopes and logarithmic principal component coefficient ratios are two methods for estimating allometry coefficients corresponding to a in the classic power formula Y = BXa. Both techniques depend on high correlation between variables. Interpretation is logically limited to the variables included in analysis. Principal components analysis depends also on relatively uniform intercorrelations; given this, it serves satisfactorily as a method for summarizing many bivariate combinations. Unmodified major principal component coefficients cannot represent scaling to body weight; rather, they represent scaling to a composite size vector which usually is highly correlated with body size or weight but has an unspecified allometry. Thus, the concepts of proportionality and of isometry must be kept distinct.
Dental indicators of growth disturbance in a series of ancient Lower Nubian populations: Changes over time
Authors: Rudney Joel D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractPrevious studies of accentuated striae of Retzius in tooth enamel suggest that early childhood growth disturbance tends to be severe in state‐level agricultural societies. The present study investigates the diachronic stability of levels of growth disturbance with a series of Lower Nubian agricultural states broadly similar in terms of mode of subsistence and way of life. The sample consists of 114 first permanent molars from the Meroitic (100 B.C. to 300 A.D.) and X‐Group (300 to 600 A.D.) cultures. These teeth were sectioned according to standard histological technique. Data on the frequency and severity of accentuated striae of Retzius were then used to derive estimates of the magnitude of individual growth disturbance. Populations were compared by means of a two‐way ANOVA, with growth disturbance as the dependent variable, and age and population as the independent variables. The results show that those dying in childhood experienced significantly higher levels of early childhood growth disturbance than did those surviving to adulthood. The results also show a decline in growth disturbance levels over time. Both X‐Group children and X‐Group adults experience significantly less early childhood growth disturbance than their Meroitic counterparts. These results suggest an improvement in child health status from Meroitic to X‐Group times. Tentative explanatory hypotheses imply an increase in village autonomy, an increase in helminthic disease related to a change in irrigation technology, or direct and indirect effects of consumption of naturally‐occurring tetracyclines. These hypotheses are not mutually exclusive, and further research is needed before any of them can be tested.
Skeletal maturity and bone growth in twins
Authors: Kimura Kunihiko 
Published: August 2005

AbstractHeritability of skeletal maturity and bone growth is discussed on the basis of intrapair resemblances (correlation coefficients) and differences (revised percent deviations) in mono‐ and dizygotic twins and random pairs of unrelated children. A series of 1072 radiographs of the right hand and wrist in 63 male and 70 female pairs of monozygotic twins, and 25 male and 21 female pairs of dizygotic twins aged 12 to 18 years studied longitudinally in Tokyo were used. Skeletal maturity based on the TW2 age suggests higher heritability than bone growth based on the second metacarpal dimensions. In the latter, length has higher heritability than width and cortical thickness. A dosage effect seems to be suggested in width and some indices in the second metacarpal, but is not confirmed in skeletal maturation.
The development of the vermiculate pattern in the brow region of crania from Indian Knoll, Kentucky
Authors: Tappen N. C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA convoluted brow surface consisting of fine ridges, grooves, and depressions, first identified in ancient fossil hominids and termed the vermiculate pattern (VP), is often low in frequency and of moderate rugosity in crania of anatomically modern human populations. Burials at Indian Knoll, Kentucky, constitute an excellent series for study of the development of the VP, since cranial surfaces are usually well preserved, there are hundreds of immature and mature individuals previously assessed for age, and the VP is high in frequency and rugosity. While a surface pattern resembling a miniature VP is found on the supraorbital surface of all newborns, it is not found on any children age 2 or older. This newborn pattern is probably different in structure and origin from the adult VP. The smooth surface characteristic of children shows evidence of changing to the VP in some adolescents, but the fullest development of the VP occurs in adults. The VP continues to develop in rugosity into the fourth decade, especially in males. These observations indicate that the human VP is different in etiology from somewhat similar brow surfaces found sporadically in immature individuals of some species of nonhuman primates. Statements lumping all vermiculate bone surfaces as “fine cancellous bone” are premature. The human VP development shows no apparent relationship to phases of tooth eruption, as postulated for the appearance of areolar surfaces on brow ridges of immature nonhuman primates.
Intergroup loud calls, range size, and spacing in Callicebus torquatus
Authors: Kinzey Warren G. , Robinson John G. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractObservations are reported on the response of a free‐ranging group of Callicebus torquatus to recordings of loud intergroup calls. When the recording consisted of the call of a solo adult male, the group fled from the recording. When the recording consisted of the adult male and female duetting together, the group remained in place and called back to the recording. These results contrast with previously described vocal and spatial responses of C. moloch and suggest that range size influences the mechanisms that regulate between‐group spacing. The consequence of intergroup loud calls in C. moloch is to define and reinforce the location of boundaries, whereas in C. torquatus, homologous calls maintain spacing between groups.
Cortical bone loss and measurements of the second metacarpal bone: II. Hypodense bone in postwar Guamanian children
Authors: Plato C. C. , Greulich W. W. , Garruto R. M. , Yanagihara R. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractHand‐wrist radiographs from 326 Guamanian children (180 boys and 146 girls) were evaluated for total width, medullary width, length, and combined cortical thickness of the second metacarpal. Bone measurements as well as standing height and weight were compared to similar published data from U.S. mainland black, white, and Mexican‐American children. The results demonstrated that the second metacarpal bones of Guamanian boys and girls of all age groups (5–17 years) have a narrower width and shorter length with less combined cortical thickness than any of the other groups. Guamanian children also weighed less and were of shorter stature than their black, white, or Mexican‐American counterparts. These results agree closely with those comparisons between Guamanian and U.S. mainland white adults published earlier. It is not possible from the present data to ascertain whether these differences were due to genetic variability or nutritional deficiency.
The assessment of jaw movement direction from dental microwear
Authors: Gordon Kathleen D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIn order to resolve several controversies about unusual jaw movements such as thegosis and orthal retraction, information about direction of jaw movement is essential. Ryan (1979a,b) proposed that asymmetry of microwear striations might provide such data. In vivo occurrences of asymmetric striations on chimpanzee molars are presented and analyzed. Results suggest that either thegosis contacts commonly occur on chimpanzee molars or that Ryan's model, as developed in vitro, does not accurately apply to naturally occurring molar microwear.
Variation in the pattern of cranial venous sinuses and hominid phylogeny
Authors: Kimbel William H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIn 1967 Tobias noted that Australopithecus boisei cranium O.H.5 exhibited a cranial venous sinus pattern in which the occipital sinus and the marginal sinuses of the foramen magnum appeared to have replaced the transverse‐sigmoid sinuses as the major venous outflow track. Specimens of A. robustus and several more recently recovered A. boisei crania also show evidence of enlarged occipital‐marginal sinuses. In contrast, A. africanus and H. habilis retain a dominant transverse‐sigmoid system that characterizes the great majority of extant apes and modern human cadaver samples. Pliocene A. afarensis exhibits a high frequency of occipital‐marginal drainage systems.An examination of several series of precontact North American Indian crania shows that the frequency distribution of the occipital‐marginal sinus pattern is spatiotemporally disjunct, ranging from 7.5% to 28%. The Late Pleistocene sample from Předmost, Czechoslovakia, also shows a very high incidence of occipital‐marginal sinus patterns ( ∼ 45%). These observations suggest that occipital‐marginal and transverse‐sigmoid sinus patterns are adaptively equivalent character states. This conclusion is supported by the fact that enlarged occipital‐marginal and transverse‐sigmoid sinus systems often coexist on the same and/or contralateral sides of the head. It is well known that the frequencies of such adaptively neutral traits are often heavily influenced by population‐specific epistatic interactions.The utilization of such traits in phylogenetic reconstruction entails a substantial risk of mistaking parallelism for synapomorphy. It is concluded that using functional‐adaptive criteria in the definition of morphologic characters is a more reliable method to guide phylogeny reconstruction. In light of this, the distribution of venous sinus variants in Plio‐Pleistocene hominids gives little or no basis for revising the phylogenetic scheme of Johanson and White (1979), or the functional‐adaptive interpretation offered by White et al. (1981).
ABO blood typing of human skeletal remains in Hungary
Authors: Lengyel I. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe author reports about the theoretical effects of his paleoserologic investigations on some historical population genetics problems. First he refers to the essence of the two modifications by the help of which the fluorescent antibody method can be made suitable for blood typing of archeological skeletal remains and determines his working units (sample, series, “population”) used in the paleoserologic researches.The benefits of the projection of the ABO blood typing results on the map of the cemetaries are demonstrated. The distribution of the several phenotypes are collated to the character or richness of the grave goods and to the taxonomic features of the late individuals. The thorough examination of the serogenetic distances among the several samples of a given historical period may cast more light on the ethnic interrelations of the earlier populations living in the same geographic area. Following up the serogenetic changes of a population during subsequent historical periods, new ideas can be gained about the importance of the environmental, economic, and demographic factors shaping the serogenetic profile of the population.
Hemoglobin levels in a Himalayan high altitude population
Authors: Beall C. M. , Reichsman A. B. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis report presents data on hemoglobin concentrations in a sample of Himalayan high altitude natives measured at their habitual altitude of residence. In this sample of 270 healthy Tibetan adults resident at 3250–3560 m in Upper Chumik, Nepal, the mean hemoglobin concentration is 16.1 ± 1.2 gm/dl among adult males, 14.4 ± 1.4 gm/dl among premenopausal and 15.0 ± 1.1 gm/dl among postmenopausal adult females. 123 of 126 (98%) males, 96 of 100 (96%) premenopausal and 36 of 44 (82%) postmenopausal females have hemoglobin concentrations within two standard deviations of the sea level mean. These data demonstrate that a healthy population may reside at high altitude without the degree of elevation in hemoglobin widely known and cited for Andean highlanders. Comparing published data on mean hemoglobin concentrations of adult Himalayan and Andean samples residing between 3200 m and 4100 m reveals that Himalayan means are systematically lower. This in turn may account for the reported population differences in the prevalence of chronic mountain sickness (Monge's disease). It is hypothesized that Himalayan and Andean highlanders represent alternative patterns of high altitude hematological adaptation.
Human red cell glycolysis in high altitude chronic hypoxia
Authors: Arnaud J. , Gutierrez N. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWe have found that glycolysis in human red blood cells under the hypoxic conditions found at high altitudes is connected with changes in enzyme activities and levels of various metabolic intermediates.The sensitivity of the four kinases to hypoxia results in 1) glycolytic hyperactivity leading to a higher intracellular energy state, and 2) accumulation of 2–3 DPG, whose role in the adaptation of red blood cell respiration to high altitude has been shown by previous research.PEP, 3PG, and G6P appear to be the main regulating intermediates in glycolysis in this system. The reason for the very large increase in G1‐6DP is still not clear.