bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Christopher Rouse
Authors: McCutchan Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
““1, hristopher Rouse grew up in Baltimore, where he developed an early ‘ interest in both classical music and rock and roll. He began composing at age seven and studied the guitar and drums. His composition “rs included Richard Hoffman at Oberlin Conservatory and Karel Husaat Cornell University, where he earned a doctorate in composition. He also worked privately with George Crumb in Philadelphia.
Libby Larsen
Authors: McCutchan Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Libby Larsen grew up in Minneapolis and was educated at the University of Minnesota, where she studied composition with Dominick Argento, Paul Feder, and Eric Stokes. She is a prolific composer who has written fo’r che ra, dance, opera, chorus, theater, and chamber and solo instruments’.0M ch of her music makes use of American folk and popular idioms, and it is often inspired by historic and literary figures.
David Lang
Authors: McCutchan Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
David Lang was born in Los Angeles and received his education at Stanford University, the University of Iowa, and the Yale School of Music. He studied composition with Jacob Druckman, Hans Werner Henze, and Martin Bresnick. Lang’s musical life thrives in “downtown” New York, where he is cofounder and coartistic director of Bang on a Can, an organization dedicated to adventurous new music (best known for its annual new music marathon). He has been a visiting professor of composition at Yale and composer-in-residence at the American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco.
Crossroads, 1954-55
Authors: Patterson James T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The long-awaited Brownruling aroused great excitemem among blacks during the next few days, many of whom shared Ralph Ellison’s belief that it could open up a ‘‘wonderful world of possibilities” for black children. News of the case, indeed, carried to the byways of the South. Julius Chambers, a black teenager in rural North Carolina who was later to become director-counsel for the Fund, remembered hearing about the decision and gathering his schoolmates and teachers to celebrate. “We assumed that Brownwas self-executing. The law had been announced, and people would have to obey it. Wasn’t that how things worked in America, even in white America?” Other black people wept with joy. Sara Lightfoot, a ten-year-old black girl, vividly recalled the moment that news of Brown reached her house.
Counselors Who Teach and Teachers Who Counsel: Some Conflicts of Interest in Psychological and Philosophical Counseling
Authors: Cohen Elliot D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter develops two case studies that explore morally problematic dual role relationships arising from the blending of teaching and counseling. The first case pertains to psychological counseling; the second to philosophical counseling. Although similarities between both forms of counseling will become apparent, the newly instituted practice of philosophical counseling, with its less clearly delineated role expectations, will be shown to present special problems for philosophical practice. Standards of practice regarding ethical management of dual role relationships, which expand on existing codes of ethics in psychological and philosophical counseling, will be adduced from analyses of each case. The method used to articulate these practical guidelines resemble that of legal reasoning in which case analyses provide precedents (stare decises) from which rules can be derived.
Strategies
Authors: Kellogg Ronald T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Few topics in writing research engender as much controversy and produce such differing views as the value of various strategies for applying a writer’s knowledge. Expert opinions on prewriting strategies, for example, range from recommendations to use elaborate notecard systems arranged and embedded in complex patterns to foregoing prewriting altogether. Views on strategies for composing first drafts and revising subsequent drafts are equally at odds with each other.
HIV and Blood in Japan Transforming Private Conflict into Public Scandal
Authors: Feldman Eric A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The profound importance of blood, the symbolic weight and social meaning that Titmuss identifies as shared in all cultures, is illustrated by the fierce controversy caused by the distribution of HIV-contaminated blood products in Japan. In July 1996, the Tokyo and Osaka District Courts supervised an out-of-court settlement that transformed Japanese hemophiliacs from the victims of corporate malevolence and greed into victors who achieved the most lucrative HIV/blood settlement in the industrialized world. The Ministry of Health and Welfare (MHW) and five pharmaceutical companies agreed to apologize for the HIV infection of 1800 Japanese hemophiliacs, and to pay each plaintiff 45 million yen (US$ 375,000).2 That figure went well beyond the money paid to infected hemophiliacs in France, where government officials were jailed for their role in the HIV/blood scandal; it made the absence of any compensation in the United States look even more anomalous. What had once appeared to be a hopeless lawsuit by a group of marginalized and dying hemophiliacs became one of the most volatile medical and political scandals of the postwar era.
Resonance in Soprano Voices
Authors: Miller Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whereas resonance goals among pop and ethnic vocal idioms are widely divergent, there are common resonance expectations for the classical singer. For the professional musician, “classical” refers to music composed in the late eighteenth century; in lay parlance, classical designates non-pop idioms such as opera, oratorio, lieder, melodie, and the art song. Here the more general usage pertains. The classical singer is expected to exhibit an evenly modulated scale with good resonance balance, based on the relationship of the fundamental to its generated harmonic partials (overtones).
Illinois’s Old State Capitol A Tale Lf Twl Speeches
Authors: Johannsen Robert W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the heart of downtown Springfield, Illinois, flanked by modern office buildings, stands the Old State Capitol. I cannot now recall my sensations when I first noted the incongruity of the scene-the small, stately building amid all the noise and movement of a modern city-but in subsequent years, whenever I mounted the steps into the cool, quiet interior, insulated from the bustle, it was like stepping back in time. Constructed in the r830s and r840s of a warm yellowish-brown dolomite limestone cut from a nearby quarry, the building became known beyond the state’s borders as a distinctive example of early nineteenthcentury Greek Revival architecture.
The Grand Canyon
Authors: Worster Donald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Crossing a dry plateau covered by a wearisome labyrinth of pinyon and juniper, the Spanish conquistador Garcia U1pez de Cardenas and his small band of men came suddenly to the edge of the greatest natural wonder in the world. What those tired and thirsty travelers actually said to each other at first sight of the Grand Canyon in a.d. 1540 is skimpily recorded. Regrettably, they did not bring along a Cervantes or El Greco, who might have risen to the occasion and produced an extraordinary work of art. The soldiers did not need writers or artists to tell them how to react to the scene, but we can wish they had them to record the moment and leave us an account.
Phaeacians and Phoenicians: Overseas Trade
Authors: Dougherty Carol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the Phaeacians care nothing for the bow or the quiver, but rather for the masts and oars of ships and for the balanced ships in which they take pleasure as they traverse the hoary sea.And then Phoenician men, famed for their ships, came, gnawers, bringing thousands of trinkets in their black ship.Odyssey, Book 15With the help of Athena’s advice and directions, Odysseus approaches the city of the Phaeacians and the palace of Alcinous at the beginning of Book 7. The general tenor of this initial encounter sets the tone for Odysseus’ entire stay among the Phaeacians.
Personality And Personality Disorders
Authors: Taylor Michael Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Personality represents a combination of stable, habitual patterns of behavior that are characteristic of a person and that develop over the first two decades of life and then change little. Personality patterns are termed traits because they are longstanding and consistent, just like other traits such as eye color, hair texture, and height. State behavior refers to behaviors that come and go, such as a mood state and many DSM axis I conditions. Abnormal behavioral states are assumed to represent illness and underlying brain dysfunction or disease. Abnormal behavioral traits are assumed not to reflect brain dysfunction or disease, but rather a deviance that has developed during a person’s formative years.
Bipolar Mood Disorders
Authors: Taylor Michael Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bipolar mood disorder is defined as the presence sometime during a person’s life of mania, hypomania, or variants of these intense mood states. The number and severity of depressions are irrelevant to the category. A patient with only recurrent mania is bipolar. A patient with many recurrent depressions and only one mania is bipolar. Table 8.1 displays the bipolar disorders and their definitions.
Practical Reason
Authors: Buchanan David R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The distinction between practical reasoning and scientific reasoning, while wellestablished in philosophical circles, is virtually unknown among health researchers. The idea that the process of getting answers to questions about what ought to be done in the sociopolitical domain--derived from judgment, deliberation, and wisdom-is different from the process of getting answers to questions about the nature of relationships between objects in the natural world, has a long history.1 But this difference has never been seriously considered in public health promotion and, in the perennial discussions about the gap between theory and practice, practitioners find themselves constantly on the defensive for not demonstrating stronger scientific foundations for their efforts. This chapter describes practical reason and explains why it is a more viable and more coherent intellectual frame of mind for guiding the practice of public health promotion. In these pages, public health promoters will see that practical reason is an essential and quotidian part of their work. Let me give an example.
Physicians and Rural America
Authors: Rosenblatt Roger A , Hart L Gary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Large numbers of rural Americans have limited access to health care. This problem stems from two defining and interrelated characteristics of the health care system: the large number of Americans without health care insurance and the tendency of health care professionals to locate and practice in relatively affluent urban and suburban areas. Although the problem of health insurance exists in both urban and rural areas, the problem of an inadequate number of health professionals is concentrated in rural areas.
Medicaid Managed Care in Rural Areas
Authors: Slifkin Rebecca T , Casey Michelle M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Medicaid is a government-sponsored health insurance program for eligible individuals. States determine their own eligibility requirements and benefits, working within guidelines set by the federal government. The cost of the Medicaid program is borne by both state and federal governments, with the federal contribution determined by relative indicators of state wealth. In 1996, for every dollar spent on Medicaid, the federal government paid 60 cents, on average, and states contributed 40 cents (Lamphere et al., 1997).
Reactions of Alkenes with 0(3P)-Atoms and N02
Authors: Calvert J G , Atkinson R , Kerr J A , Madronich S , Moortgat G K , Wallington, T J , Yarwood G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reactions of 0(3 P)-atoms with alkenes are of little importance in the ambient atmosphere, but can become significant in laboratory irradiations of NOx -alkene-air mixtures (especially as an initial source of radicals (Paulson et al., 1992b; Carter and Atkinson, 1996), and probably also in plumes that contain elevated concentrations of N02 . As with the OH, N03 , and 03 reactions reviewed in previous chapters, the 0(3 P)-alkene reactions largely involve addition to the double bond. The good correlation between the rate coefficient measured for 0(3 P)-atoms reacting with a given alkene to that for the OH-radical reacting with the same alkene, shown for all the available data in Figure V-1, gives strong evidence of this. For all classes of alkenes for which both rate coefficients have been determined, the consistency of the entire data set is good. The mechanism of the 0(3 P)-alkene reaction is illustrated in figure V-2 for cis-2-butene (Cvetanovic, 1987).
Important Areas for Further Laboratory Studies
Authors: Calvert J G , Atkinson R , Kerr J A , Madronich S , Moortgat G K , Wallington, T J , Yarwood G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our knowledge of alkene atmospheric chemistry has grown significantly since the 1980s, although many of the findings and the interpretations presented in the pioneering work of Criegee (1957), Cvetanovic (1976), and others, remain essentially intact. For example, the mechanistic suggestions of Cvetanovic related to the nature of the primary reaction of alkenes with OH radical, 03, and 0(3P)- that is, the dominance of addition to the double bond of alkene for the conditions of the troposphere-has been well substantiated in the many studies that have followed Cvetanovic’s work.
Introduction
Authors: Levinger Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The year 1806 marked a turning point in the history of Prussia and the other German states. With the establishment of the Confederation of the Rhine in July 1806, Napoleon consolidated France’s control over much of German-speaking Europe. The following month, he forced the abolition of the Holy Roman Empire, which had been the supreme political entity in Central Europe for more than 800 years. Though the empire had long exercised only limited power, it had provided a legal and institutional framework that established a formal unity among the various German territories, which was now lost entirely. Finally, on 14 October 1806, Prussia’s famed army collapsed in a single day, routed by the French in the battles of Auerstädt and Jena. Napoleon’s military conquest left Prussia’s government intact but stripped the country of nearly half its territory and imposed a humiliating punitive treaty, which was signed at Tilsit in July 1807. The war and the subsequent occupation ravaged all sectors of the population: food prices soared while land values plunged, and both the countryside and the cities were devastated by epidemics and famine.1
A Nation Of Romantics
Authors: Levinger Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Though the immediate reception of Fichte’s lectures was more modest than reported in patriotic legends, the philosopher may still have found cause to believe that the resurrection of the German nation could coincide with the resurrection of his own career. A student of Kant’s in Königsberg, Fichte had won a chair in philosophy at the University of Jena in 1794 at the age of thirty-two, only to lose it five years later under the accusation of atheism. After several nomadic years, Fichte settled in Berlin; and by the eve of the Napoleonic invasion of Prussia, he had achieved renown as an independent scholar, lecturing to prominent members of Berlin’s society and civil service.
Conclusion
Authors: Levinger Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study has addressed two questions. First, can Prussian political culture of the early nineteenth century rightly be said to have followed a Sonderweg, or special path, of historical development? Second, to what extent were the political struggles in Prussia during this era shaped by ideological as opposed to material forces? Though the analysis here is confined to Prussia, it has important implications for understanding not only the history of nineteenth-century Germany at large but also the evolution of modern political culture elsewhere in Europe and the world.
Logit Modeling and Logistic Regression: Aphids, Ants, and Plants
Authors: Floyd Ted 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ecological data are often discontinuous or categorical. This means that measurement variables tend to have values like “present vs. absent” or “treatment vs. control.” The example that I consider in detail in this chapter involves categorical data at nearly every level of analysis: patterns of association among predatory ants in the genus Pheidole, herbivorous aphids in the genus Aphis, and host plants in the genus Piper. Categorical measurements include experimental manipulation of ant abundance (ants present vs. ants removed), experimental manipulation of host plant quality (fertilized plants vs. control plants), observations of aphid abundance (colony present vs. colony absent), characterization of aphid diet breadth (specialist vs. generalist), year of study (year 1 vs. year 2), and so forth.
The Palliative Care Unit as a Focus for Professional Education
Authors: Muir J Cameron , von Gunten Charles F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Deficiencies in the provision of palliative care have been widely documented. The 1992 U.S. Census confirmed that the vast majority of Americans (63%) die in a hospital. An additional 17% die in other institutional settings such as nursing homes. Only 15% of Americans die while cared for in a hospice program in which palliative care is provided predominantly at home. Furthermore, the SUPPORT study, one of the largest studies of hospitalized critically ill patients, demonstrated that death in the hospital is still often associated with prolonged, painful suffering.
Treatment of Delirium at the End of Life: Medical and Ethical Issues
Authors: Fainsinger Robin L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Delirium in dying patients is a complicated phenomenon. There is lack of uniformity in descriptors and assessments of what constitutes delirium. It is difficult to define the “end of life” and to determine whether a separate condition called terminal delirium or terminal restlessness should be delineated. There is also likely to be disagreement over what would be considered a reasonable approach to the assessment, including investigations, and pharmacological management of delirium at the end of life. The frequency with which the treatment of delirium requires sedative pharmacological management is of major importance in understanding this problematic issue. As with many palliative care topics, the medical problems cannot be considered in isolation from the ethical dilemmas that they evoke. In reviewing the literature on these topics, this chapter will attempt to clarify the areas of consensus and controversy.
Truth-Telling in Cancer Care: The Japanese Perspective
Authors: Uchitomi Yosuke 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the 1990s, the Japanese people talked more openly about cancer and death. Some high profile public figures disclosed their own battle with cancer, and bereaved family members and journalists wrote about dying cancer patients. In 1989, a Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare (JMHW) task force recommended the practice of telling the truth to terminally ill patients, and in 1995, JMHW promoted the practice of obtaining the patients’ informed consent before every medical practice.
Journey’s End
Authors: Hallett Garth L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sent to investigate Jefferson’s surmise that a water route might link the Louisiana Territory with the Pacific Ocean, Lewis and Clark followed three main rivers—the Missouri, the Snake, and the Columbia—and only near the end explored two interesting tributaries, the Yellowstone and the Marias. Many tributaries that tempted them to right and left-the Kansas, Platte, Big Sioux, Cheyenne, Milk, and a score of others—they merely noted in passing, since they had neither the time nor the need to investigate them all. Here, in figure, is the present inquiry. The surmise to be checked was Plantinga’s parity thesis (“if my belief in other minds is rational, so is my belief in God”). The three main lines of thought explored were the mystical, analogical, and teleological, with two others—the “best explanation” argument and the cosmological argument—briefly reconnoitered near the end. Many other arguments and considerations, passed by for reasons of space and relevance, remain merely to be noted.
Classic Asian Philosophies as Guides to Life
Authors: Kupperman Joel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It should be abundantly clear that each of the eight classic texts that have been discussed is distinctive, offering something of importance (that is worth arguing about) not to be found in the other seven. Readers with a taste for generalization sometimes are tempted to suppose that there is some central element, some core of spirituality or “perennial philosophy” that most or all share. If what is looked for is deep doctrine, or a common specific emphasis, this is simply nottrue. Nevertheless, there are one or two common features in the pursuitthat these eight texts all represent, even if these features are extremely nonspecific and even if the results of the pursuits vary considerably. All of the texts attempt to present features of the human condition that many people will not have taken in. They then draw conclusions about how, in the light of these findings, we ought to live. Someone whose exposure to Asian philosophy has been limited might be given the impression, especially by the selection of texts, that Asian philosophy is oriented toward problems of life in a way that is often not paralleled in Western philosophy. There is some truth to this. There certainly are classic Indian and Chinese texts that center on abstract issues, such as those in formal logic, that have little immediate connection with problems of life. But these simply lack the fame and the influence of the texts I have discussed.
The Kluane Region
Authors: Krebs Charles J , Boonstra Rudy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Kluane Region of the Yukon has been particularly well studied for two reasons. The Arctic Institute of North America established a research station on the south shore of Kluane Lake in 1959. This is one of few research stations north of 60° in Canada, and it has focused scientific studies in this part of the Yukon for the last 40 years. In 1972 The Canadian government established Kluane National Park just to the west of Kluane Lake, and the designation of the park has brought with it a flurry of studies on the descriptive ecology of the Kluane area. In this chapter we summarize the general setting of the Kluane region and what is known about its physical and biological setting.