bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of RNA amplification in the optimal characterization of global gene expression using cDNA microarrays
Authors: Stoyanova Radka , Upson John J. , Patriotis Christos , Ross Eric A. , Henske Elizabeth P. , Datta Ketaki , Boman Bruce , Clapper Margie L. , Knudson Alfred G. , Bellacosa Alfonso 
Published: March 2004

AbstractMicroarray analysis of human tissue is frequently hindered by the limited amount of RNA available. Although amplification protocols can be utilized, the relative representation of transcripts present in the starting material must remain unaltered. In this study, 200 ng of total RNA derived from cultured renal epithelial cells from tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) carriers and control individuals was amplified by in vitro transcription with T7 RNA polymerase. The resulting Cy‐labeled cDNAs (from total or amplified RNA (aRNA)) were analyzed as direct replicates and dye‐flips on slides containing 10,000 human cDNAs. The Pearson correlation coefficients for the direct replicate experiments were 0.80 (20 μg total RNA), 0.85 (40 μg total RNA), and 0.93 (2 μg of aRNA). Comparisons between the array data revealed that the majority of genes expressed in total RNA (97% for 20 μg and 85% for 40 μg) were also detected in aRNA. The correlation coefficient of the expression ratios for genes detected in both total RNA (40 μg) and aRNA was 0.63. Further, Student's t‐test indicated no significant difference (P = 0.83) between these ratios. These results indicate that the number of expressed genes detected with total RNA is proportional to the amount of RNA used and underscore the requirement of large amounts of total RNA for a comprehensive characterization of gene expression profiles. RNA amplification allows the detection of a large number of genes expressed in the starting RNA population without altering their relative intensities significantly. Thus, an RNA amplification step improves the quality of gene expression results obtained by microarray analysis. This study indicates that high quality microarray data can be generated from small amounts of RNA, including those extracted from limiting clinical samples and microdissected histological specimens. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bioremediation of DDT‐contaminated soil: enhancement by seaweed addition
Authors: Kantachote D , Naidu R , Williams B , McClure N , Megharaj M , Singleton I 
Published: April 2004

AbstractDDT [1,1,1‐trichloro‐2,2‐bis (p‐chlorophenyl) ethane] is a major environmental pollutant and economical methods to remove DDT from the environment are required. In this work we used seaweed (dried and ground) to enhance DDT transformation in waterlogged soils. Initial daily rates of DDT biodegradation increased in the following order relating to the percentage by weight of added seaweed to soil 0.5 > 1 > 0 > 3 > 5 > 13 (w/w). The actual percentages of DDT biodegradation occurring within 6 weeks were 80, 64, 60, 50, 40 and 34 respectively. During soil incubation DDD [1,1,1‐trichloro‐2,2‐bis (p‐chlorophenyl) ethane] was the major metabolite found with small amounts of DDE [1,1,1‐trichloro‐2,2‐bis (p‐chlorophenyl) ethane] produced. The maximum amount of 4,4′‐dichlorobenzophenone (DBP) (2.5%) produced was found in soil amended with 0.5% (w/w) seaweed, indicating that further degradation of DDD occurred. High levels of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), between 309 and 509 mg kg−1 soil, were present in soil amended with 3–13% (w/w) seaweed immediately after seaweed addition. It is possible that the high levels of DOC in soils amended with larger amounts of seaweed significantly retarded DDT biodegradation, possibly due to binding of DDT to DOC and subsequently decreasing the bioavailability of DDT to soil microbes. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Degradation of benzene, toluene ethylbenzene and p‐xylene (BTEX) in aqueous solutions using UV/H2O2 system
Authors: Daifullah Abdel Hakim AM , Mohamed Mohamed Mokhtar 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe homogeneous degradation of benzene (B), toluene (T), ethylbenzene (E) and p‐xylene (X) (BTEX) was studied in aqueous solutions, at pH 3.0, of hydrogen peroxide (5.8 mM) under UV irradiation in a photoreactor equipped with a 300 nm lamp of light intensity 3.5 × 10−5 Ein L−1 min−1. BTEX was substantially degraded by the H2O2/UV system, with >90% disappearing in 10 min of irradiation. The decomposition of BTEX was studied either as single or as multi‐component systems. The effects of irradiation time, amounts of H2O2 in molar ratios, rate of degradation and competition between components were thoroughly examined. It can be stated that the rate of BTEX degradation in mixture was higher than those for the individual components due to external effects of the absorption of UV light by the mixture, and their effects on enhancing the formation of OH• radicals. The appropriate figure of merit, the electrical energy per mass (EE/M), was estimated at various molar ratios and it was confirmed that the best value was the one depicted for p‐xylene (0.065 kWh kg−1). A theoretical model for the degradation pathway was proposed. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
11th conference of the central european division e.V. of the international isotope society
Authors: Pounds S. , Hickey M. J. , Kingston L. P. , Mather A. N. , Wilkinson D. J. , Sidorov G. V. , Zverkov Yu. B. , Myasoedov N. F. , Karpenko I. L. , Shirokova E. A. , Yanvarev D. M. , Yasko M. V. , Skoblov Yu. S. , Susan A. B. , Myasoedov N. F. , Nagaev I. Y. , Shevchenko V. P. , Susan A. B. , Rotert G. , Krüger Jens , Fels Gregor , Wuest F. , Mäding P. , Zessin J. , Pleiß U. , Wüst F. , Bloom A. J. , Derdau V. , Oekonomopulos R. , Schubert G. , Andres H. , Burtscher P. , Metz Y. , Moenius Th. , Kaegi F. , Metz Y. , Rodriguez I. , Ruetsch R. , Janssen C. G. M. , Verreet B. , Lenoir H. A. C. , Thijssen J. B. A. , Stuerm Rolf P. , Krins Andreas , Rausch E. , Breyer M. , Hucke K. , Gaefke D. , Schmeer K. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractS Pounds [PerkinElmer Life and Analytical Sciences, Inc., USA]—Preparation of carrier – free [Methyl‐3H] Methyl Nosylate and its Use as a Radiochemically Stable Methylating reagent.DJ Wilkinson, AN Mather, MJ Hickey, LP Kingston [Astra Zeneca, UK]—Tritio‐Dehalogenation: New Variants on an Old Theme.VG Sidorov, YB Zverkov, NF Myasoedov, IMG, Russia; IL Karpenko, EA Shirokova, DM Yanvarev, MV Yasko, YS Skoblov [EIMB, Russia], AB Susan, [IICH, USA]—The Syntheses of Labeled 3 ‘‐Azido‐3’‐Deoxythymidine Derivatives Displaying Anti‐HIV Activity.NF Myasoedov, IY Nagaev, VP Shevchenko [IMG, Russia], AB Susan [IICH, USA], G Rotert [Abbott, USA]—Synthesis of Radiolabeled [3H]ABT‐578 for ADME Studies.J Krueger, E Linnemann, G Fels [University of Paderborn, Germany]—(‐)‐[3H]Galanthamine – Labelling, Derivatization, and Application as Photoaffinity Probe.F Wuest [Research Centre Rossendorf, Germany]—Carbon‐11 Labeled Compounds in the Development of Pharmaceuticals.P Maeding, J Zessin, F Wüst [Research Centre Rossendorf, Germany], U Pleiss [Bayer HealthCare AG, Germany]—11C‐Labeling of a Taxane Derivative by [1‐11C] Acetylation.J Bloom [Amersham Biosciences, UK]—The Preparation of 2‐Methyl [ring‐2‐14C] benzyl chloride.V Derdau, R Oekonomopulos, G Schubert, H Heitsch [Aventis Pharma Deuschland GmbH, Germany]—Synthesis of 14C Labeled Angiotensin‐(1‐7)‐Receptor Agonist AVE 0991.H Andres, P Burtscher, Y Metz, T Moenius [Novartis Pharma AG, Switzerland]—C‐14 Labeling of the β‐Amino Carboxyl Moiety–Alternatives to the Acrylate Approach.F Kaegi, Y Metz, I Rodriguez, R Ruetsch [Novartis Pharma AG, Switzerland]—Effective Carbon‐14 Labelling under Microwave Irradiation.CGM Janssen, B Verreet, HAC Lenoir, JBA Thijssen [Johnson & Johnson, Belgium]—Stable Isotope Labeled Compounds as Internal Standards for LC‐MS/MS, Requirements and Some Synthetic Approaches.RP Stuerm [SafPro AG, Switzerland]—Models for Calculating the Radiation Dose after Incorporation of 3H and 14C.A. Krins [VKTA Nuclear Engineering and Analytics e.V., Germany]—Dosimetry of C‐14 Labeled Organic Compounds.E Rausch [Raytest GmbH, Germany], M Breyer, K Hucke, D Gaefke, K Schmeer [Bayer HealthCare AG, Germany]—A New Option of 14C‐Detection in Combination with Micro HPLC.
Antennulary sensory organs in cyprids of Octolasmis and Lepas (Crustacea: Thecostraca: Cirripedia: Thoracica): A scanning electron microscopic study
Authors: Blomsterberg Mikkel , Høeg Jens T. , Jeffries William B. , Lagersson Niklas C. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractCypris larvae of the pedunculate barnacles Octolasmis angulata (Poecilasmatidae), Lepas australis, L. pectinata, and Dosima fascicularis (Lepadidae) were studied with scanning electron microscopy, focusing on the sensory setae and the attachment disc on the antennules. The antennules of O. angulata did not exhibit any remarkable trait, but carry the same number of setae as seen in most other thoracicans. The third segment is bell‐shaped and quite distinct from the second and its attachment disc is surrounded by a skirt. We found several potential synapomorphies in antennulary morphology between cyprids of the lepadid species but none of them were shared with the cyprids of Octolasmis; the list of unique lepadid characters includes: one additional, preaxial seta on the second segment; multiple similar (up to eight) postaxial setae (PS3) on the third segment, unlike all other thoracicans, where there is only a single PS3; the third segment consists almost entirely of the attachment disc, which is distended and surrounded by two parallel rows of radial setae; on the fourth segment the terminal seta E is diminutive. We found no traits in cyprids of Octolasmis that seem to be adaptations to their attachment site within the branchial chamber of swimming crabs and, in particular, no similarities with cyprids of rhizocephalan barnacles, many of which also attach in the gill chamber. The synapomorphies between cyprids of the lepadid species may be adaptations to their life in the neuston. J. Morphol. 260:141–153, 2004 © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Growth and molting in epizoic pedunculate barnacles genus Octolasmis (Crustacea: Thecostraca: Cirripedia: Thoracica)
Authors: Blomsterberg Mikkel , Glenner Henrik , Høeg Jens T. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractScanning electron microscopy, light microscopy, and histology were used to study growth in species of the pedunculate barnacle genus Octolasmis (O. angulata, O. cor, O. californiana, O. mülleri). These species are epizoic in the gill chamber of portunid crabs and have highly reduced capitular shell plates, with large areas of general cuticle in between. The external integument grows by means of a system of narrow growth zones, one encircling the peduncle and a Y‐shaped system on either side of the capitulum. Growth is by a regular series of molts, but shedding of old cuticle and production of new layers is entirely restricted to the growth zones. Just prior to ecdysis, the new cuticle lies in a highly folded fashion beneath the old cuticle that is about to be shed. At ecdysis, the old cuticle breaks along the margins of the growth zones and the resulting scars remain as a system of “ecdysial lines” along either side of the zone. Once exposed after ecdysis, the new cuticle remains as a part of the permanent external integument. The growth zones divide the externa into five cuticular areas, two on the peduncle and three on the capitulum. The calcareous shell plates (carina, paired scuta, and, when present, paired terga) all lie within the capitular regions and the ecdysial lines pass across, not around, these mineralized areas. The number, relative spacing, and topology of the ecdysial lines form a record of the growth history of the specimen. These and other growth patterns demonstrate that size increase is due to the formation of new cuticle by molting in the growth zones, while expansion of the shell plates by mineralization follows only after production of the new cuticle. Thus, although specialized, growth in Octolasmis still complies with the general crustacean model, complicated only by the mineralization of parts of the capitular cuticle into shell plates. The results are compared with the very scarce information on molting in other barnacles. We argue that at least the circular peduncular growth zone is omnipresent in the Cirripedia Thoracica. J. Morphol. 260:154–164, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differentiation of the cardiac outflow tract components in alevins of the sturgeon Acipenser naccarii (Osteichthyes, Acipenseriformes): Implications for heart evolution
Authors: Guerrero Alejandro , Icardo José M. , Durán Ana C. , Gallego Alejandro , Domezain Alberto , Colvee Elvira , Sans‐Coma Valentín 
Published: March 2004

AbstractPrevious work showed that in the adult sturgeon an intrapericardial, nonmyocardial segment is interposed between the conus arteriosus of the heart and the ventral aorta. The present report illustrates the ontogeny of this intermediate segment in Acipenser naccarii. The sample studied consisted of 178 alevins between 1 and 24 days posthatching. They were examined using light and electron microscopy. Our observations indicate that the entire cardiac outflow tract displays a myocardial character during early development. Between the fourth and sixth days posthatching, the distal portion of the cardiac outflow tract undergoes a phenotypical transition, from a myocardial to a smooth muscle‐like phenotype. The length of this region with regard to the whole outflow tract increases only moderately during subsequent developmental stages, becoming more and more cellularized. The cells soon organize into a pattern that resembles that of the arterial wall. Elastin appears at this site by the seventh day posthatching. Therefore, two distinct components, proximal and distal, can be recognized from the fourth day posthatching in the cardiac outflow tract of A. naccarii. The proximal component is the conus arteriosus, characterized by its myocardial nature and the presence of endocardial cushions. The distal component transforms into the intrapericardial, nonmyocardial segment mentioned above, which is unequivocally of cardiac origin. We propose to designate this segment the “bulbus arteriosus” because it is morphogenetically equivalent to the bulbus arteriosus of teleosts. The present findings, together with data from the literature, point to the possibility that cells from the cardiac neural crest are involved in the phenotypical transition that takes place at the distal portion of the cardiac outflow tract, resulting in the appearance of the bulbus arteriosus. Moreover, they suggest that the cardiac outflow tract came to be formed by a bulbus arteriosus and a conus arteriosus from an early period of the vertebrate evolutionary story. Finally, we hypothesize that the embryonic truncus of birds and mammals is homologous to the bulbus arteriosus of fish. J. Morphol. 260:172–183, 2004. © 2004 Wiley–Liss, Inc.
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) system in the lung of Rana esculenta
Authors: Tei Simonetta , Di Rosa Ines , Clarioni Romina , Vagnetti Daniela 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)‐system was examined in Rana esculenta lung with cytochemical and immunocytochemical methods. The results showed a cellular type that synthesizes the hormone and the presence of receptors in various components of the lung. The lung, therefore, produces ANP and at the same time is a target organ for the hormone. ANP may play an important physiological role in pulmonary function and in protecting against pulmonary edema. J. Morphol. 260:184–192, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Induction and improved embryonic development by the nucleus of pander in associated avian blastoderm parts: Influence of δ or γ ooplasm
Authors: Callebaut Marc , Van Nueten Emmy , Harrisson Fernand , Bortier Hilde 
Published: March 2004

AbstractAfter placing in vitro, central subgerminal ooplasm (containing a central nucleus of Pander) from a quail germ disc of a prelaid egg (before symmetrization) on the upper layer of an isolated chicken antisickle, we observed the induction of a radially oriented preneural plate (without interference of chordamesoblast). This observation suggests the primary existence during the period of symmetrization in utero of an until now unknown temporospatially linked “vertical” effect, emanating from the nucleus of Pander, on the parallel (pre)neural plate anlage forming part of the area centralis in the overlying blastoderm. For comparison, we “sandwiched” in vitro a quail sickle endoblast fragment between the deep side of the upper layer of an isolated chicken antisickle region and a central subgerminal ooplasmic mass. This resulted in a colonization of the subgerminal ooplasmic mass by quail sickle endoblast cells followed by improved neurulation and/or gastrulation phenomena. The latter never occurs in the absence of central subgerminal ooplasm. In both types of experiments there seems to exist a common link between the observed induction phenomena: the presence of δ ooplasm in the involved deep structures. Indeed, the nucleus of Pander contains δ ooplasm as well as the structures derived from it, i.e., endophyll with primordial germ cells (Callebaut [1987] Arch Biol (Brux) 98:441–473) and sickle endoblast‐derived cells after colonization of the neighboring central ooplasm (present study). Therefore, we think that the preneural plate‐inducing effect observed after placing a nucleus of Pander on the antisickle region is due to the presence of a factor in the δ ooplasm that diffuses in the neighborhood. The appearance of gastrulation phenomena in the second type of experiment seems to be due to colonization of the more peripheral part of the central subgerminal ooplasm containing the more superficial and peripheral γ ooplasm in which Rauber's sickle material can develop. This suggests that the kind of involved ooplasm (δ or γ) can predetermine the inductive activity of the deep structures that contain it: the central part of the nucleus of Pander and/or endophyll for preneurulation phenomena and sickle endoblast (in the presence of central subgerminal ooplasm) for gastrulation and/or neurulation phenomena. J. Morphol. 260:201–208, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Muscles of the pes of hylid frogs
Authors: Burton Thomas C. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractComplete or partial dissection of the foot musculature of 404 hylid frogs representing 247 species and 33 genera, along with representatives of eight other families, revealed a number of apomorphic characters that distinguish the hyloid frogs (Hylidae plus Allophryne and Centrolenidae) from other bufonoid frogs. Additional characters were found to define some of the hylid subfamilies. Addition of characters from the foot musculature to Duellman's (2001) phylogenetic tree of the hyloids produced a tree in which Allophryne and Centrolenidae are nested within Hylidae. Support was found for the monophyly of the 30‐chromosome group within Hyla, and for a large number of the groups that comprise “Boana,” viz., the Hyla albomarginata, H. albopunctata, H. boans (except H. vasta), H. geographica, and H. pulchella groups, but foot muscle characters provide no information relating to relationships of the West Indies hylines. J. Morphol. 260:209–233, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sexual dimorphism of the flounder Bothus robinsi (Pisces: Bothidae)
Authors: Kobelkowsky Abraham 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe anatomical organization of the reproductive system of the flounder, Bothus robinsi, is similar to other fish in the order Pleuronectiformes. Accentuated, external secondary sexual characters are observed in males such as increased body length, larger left pectoral fin, and greater interorbital distance. As a qualitative character, the rostral spine, which is part of the maxillary bone, is pronounced. The interorbital distance implies noticeable internal sexual differences, such as the broadening of the left frontal and lateral ethmoid bones, and a greater length of the oblique muscles of both eyes, the optic nerves, and the left olfactory nerve. Five male specimens examined had female external secondary sexual characters. J. Morphol. 260:165–171, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vasculature of the parotoid glands of four species of toads (bufonidae: bufo)
Authors: Hutchinson Deborah A. , Savitzky Alan H. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe parotoid glands of toads (Bufonidae) consist of large aggregations of granular glands located between the otic region of the skull and the scapular region. To determine the circulatory pattern of these glands, we perfused the vascular systems of Bufo alvarius, B. marinus, B. terrestris, and B. valliceps with either India ink or Microfil, a fine latex. The perfused glands were studied by gross dissection, microscopic examination, and histology. The vascular patterns of the parotoid glands were compared to the arrangement of vessels in the dorsal skin of Rana sphenocephala (Ranidae), a frog that lacks parotoid glands. The parotoid glands of the four species of toads are supplied with blood by the lateral and dorsal cutaneous arteries and are drained by one or more branches of the internal jugular vein. The dorsal cutaneous artery supplies most of the blood to the parotoid glands in B. terrestris and B. valliceps. In B. alvarius and B. marinus, both the lateral and dorsal cutaneous arteries serve major roles in the blood supply of the glands. These patterns of blood flow have not been described previously for parotoid glands and conflict with earlier accounts for B. alvarius and B. marinus. The arteries and veins associated with the parotoid glands of toads are present in R. sphenocephala, but are arranged differently. In R. sphenocephala, the lateral cutaneous artery supplies the dorsal and lateral skin posterior to the shoulder region, whereas the dorsal cutaneous artery supplies the skin of the shoulder region. In toads, both the lateral and dorsal cutaneous arteries supply the skin of the shoulder region and ramify into subcutaneous capillaries that surround the secretory units of the parotoid glands. Extensive vasculature presumably is important for delivering cholesterol and other precursor molecules to the parotoid glands, where those compounds are converted into toxins. J. Morphol. 260:247–254, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrastructure of the calcium‐sequestering gastrodermal cell in the hydroid Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa)
Authors: Dandar‐Roh Alicia M. , Rogers‐Lowery Constance L. , Zellmann Erhard , Thomas Mary Beth 
Published: March 2004

AbstractLarge, free‐floating crystals of calcium carbonate occur in vacuoles of gastrodermal cells of the hydroid Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus. Here, morphological details about the process by which these cells accumulate and sequester calcium are provided by a cytochemical method designed to demonstrate calcium at the ultrastructural level. Electron‐dense material presumably indicative of the presence of calcium was EGTA‐sensitive and was shown by parallel electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and energy spectroscopic imaging (ESI) to contain calcium. Calcium occurred in only one cell type, the endodermally derived gastrodermal cell. In these cells, the electron‐dense material appeared first as a fine precipitate in the cytosol and nucleus and later as larger deposits and aggregates in the vacuole. During the life cycle, gastrodermal cells of the uninduced planula and the planula during metamorphic induction sequestered calcium. In primary polyps and polyps from established colonies, gastrodermal cells sequestered calcium, but the endodermal secretory cells did not. Our observations support the hypothesis that gastrodermal cells function as a physiological sink for calcium that enters the organism in conjunction with calcium‐requiring processes such as motility, secretion, and metamorphosis. J. Morphol. 260:255–270, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.