bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Myofascial Pain Disorders
Authors: Argoff Charles E , Wheeler Anthony H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Voluntary muscle is the largest human organ system. Muscular injury can occur when soft tissues are exposed to single or recurrent episodes of biomechanical overloading. Muscular pain is often attributed to a myofascial pain syndrome (MPS), a common condition originally described by Drs. Janet Travell and David Simons.93 Among patients seeking treatment from a variety of medical specialists, myofascial pain (MP) has been reported to vary from 30% to 93%, depending on the subspecialty practice and setting; however, controversy exists among medical specialists regarding the diagnostic criteria for MP and the very existence of this disorder as a pathological entity. Therefore, the mere acknowledgment and inclusion of this entity in a neurology textbook is controversial among neurologists. While challenges exist regarding the nosology, and no specific diagnostic tool is available to validate and accurately identify MPS, it is a common pain disorder that deserves recognition clinically. The purpose of this chapter in covering this subject is to arm the neurologist with the essential tools to understand, diagnose, and treat this condition. As with the management of migraine headache, a painful state that poses similar challenges, we should not confuse the lack of omniscience regarding MPS with the lack of need for assessment and treatment.
Athletic Head Injury
Authors: Polin Richard S , Gupta Nidhi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A ubiquitous feature of participation in organized or recreational athletics is the inherent risk of injury. Although most participants never consider the possibility of head injury, brain trauma remains a major cause of both severe and mild disability after athletic injury. In this chapter, the epidemiology of brain trauma in sports is defined, focusing on the well-established connection of these injuries with some high-profile athletic activities. The literature regarding head injury associated with boxing, football, and several other sports is then reviewed. We differentiate between the short- and long-term effects of athletic head injury, focusing on the neurological examination, neuroradiographic evaluation, and neuropsychological outcome parameters. Next, we discuss the prevention, management, assessment, and treatment of acute injuries, including new pharmacological interventions. A prospective study at our institution of clinical symptoms and neuropsychological deficits in athletes with mild head injury is considered. Finally, several controversies in sports neurotrauma are presented, including the timing of return to activity after head injury and the effect that recurrent mild trauma has on the risk of catastrophic injury and the second impact syndrome.
Movement Disorders: Posttraumatic Syndromes
Authors: Goetz Christopher G , Itin Ilia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We will focus on two types of trauma, central and peripheral nervous system injury, and review a number of movement disorders including parkinsonism, tremors, dystonia, chorea, and myoclonus. Although the pathophysiology of all movement disorders relates primarily to dysfunction of subcortical nuclei and their axonal connections, the interplay between these basal ganglia structures and the cortex as well as the peripheral nervous system is becoming increasingly appreciated. We will mention instances in which nonnervous system injury can cause disorders that may resemble neurologically based movement disorders and emphasize that these orthopedic, muscular, or inflammatory conditions should be considered before a true movement disorder is diagnosed and putatively treated.
Functional Symptoms and Signs in Neurology
Authors: Stone Jon , Sharpe Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A 30-year-old woman presents to a clinical neurology service with a 3-month history of right leg weakness. Her problems began slowly after she tripped and hurt her ankle while running to the assistance of her daughter. The ankle pain resolved, but the weakness gradually got worse. She complains of a number of other recent symptoms including pain, fatigue, poor memory, and bowel disturbance. Her file is noticeably large, with previous medical contacts for hysterectomy, laparoscopy for abdominal pain, and rather brittle asthma. Now her husband has to help her dress and bathe, and she is receiving state disability benefits. She has seen an orthopedic specialist, who has confirmed that there is no evidence of bony or soft tissue injury. On examination she walks with her leg dragging behind her and her hip laterally rotated. There is marked inconsistency between power testing on the bed and ability when walking. She has a strongly positive Hoover’s sign, and although only her arm and face are not symptomatic, she is surprised to find that on testing, temperature and vibration sense are altered on the right side of her body, with a midline split. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain and spine, lumbar puncture, neurophysiology, and other relevant tests are all normal. A diagnosis of functional paralysis is made.
Using Surveys to Assess Professionalism in Individuals and Institutions
Authors: Baldwin DeWitt C , Daugherry Steven R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While surveys have been used by social scientists for more than 50 years in studies of medical education, these early efforts primarily followed the investigators’ disciplinary interests in the process of socialization and professionalization among medical students. They were aimed at gathering extensive amounts of data on student demographics, background, characteristics, expectations, experiences, opinions, and career plans, as well as their values, attitudes, behavior, and self-image during exposure to the intense environmental influence of medical education. A classic example of this type of survey questionnaire can be found in Appendix D of Merton et al.’s The Student-Physician (1957). It was nearly 40 pages in length and consisted of 72 separate and exhaustive questions, each seeking numerous subsets of information. This survey was administered to suc-cessive classes of medical students at Cornell, Case Western Reserve, and the University of Pennsylvania during the 1950s, and the findings constitute a classic study of medical education.
Measuring Specific Elements of Professionalism: Empathy, Teamwork, and Lifelong Learning
Authors: Veloski Jon , Hojat Mohammadreza 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Professionalism concerns the aims, qualities, and behaviors that characterize a profession or the nature of one who practices such a profession, like medicine. Efforts to foster professionalism in medical education emphasize the qualities and attainments of physicians beyond the requisite medical knowledge and clinical skills. A growing consensus on what this set of personal attributes consists of has led to widespread agreement on the need to inspire professionalism throughout the continuum of medical education. In addition, there is recognition of the need to develop credible instruments to assure that this occurs.
Using Critical Incident Reports and Longitudinal Observations to Assess Professionalism
Authors: Papadakis Maxine , Loeser Helen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter completes the transition from measures of professionalism that are completed by the individual being evaluated through observers outside of the clinical context, to observations of individuals in the daily environments of medical practice. Evaluations in context naturally have greater face validity, because there is no need to extrapolate performance in an artificial setting to the real context of care. Using the analogy from George Miller’s pyramid of assessment presented in chapter 2 (see figure 2-2), this chapter begins to describe observations of what a student “does” rather than “knows, knows how, or shows how.”
Phenomena and Constructs
Authors: Papanicolaou Andrew C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We use the word “memory” to refer, interchangeably, to at least six distinct things, a process that causes a great deal of confusion in ordinary speech and in technical discourse. First, the word refers to a function or operation conceived in the abstract; second, to the brain structures and processes that mediate such operations; third, to the neural codes or traces that, when activated, represent specific memory experiences; fourth, to any such experiences; fifth, to a category label for a particular kind of such experiences; and sixth, to a system consisting of a set of functions and brain structures and a set of mnemonic traces that are also collectively referred to as “contents” of the memory system.
Transient Global Amnesia
Authors: Simos Panagiotis G , Papanicolaou Andrew C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Transient global amnesia (TGA) is an apparently benign disorder of memory of unknown pathophysiology, affecting mostly middle-aged individuals of both genders. It has a sudden and disconcerting onset that resolves almost entirely within a few hours and rarely lasts more than 24 hours. There is usually a permanent memory gap for events that transpired during the episode and for the episode itself. It was first identified and given its current name in the 1950s (Fisher & Adams, 1958, 1964) when the first series of 17 patients were described in detail.
Transient Epileptic Amnesia
Authors: Kosmidis Mary H , Papanicolaou Andrew C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Transient epileptic amnesia (TEA; a term coined by Kapur, 1993) is a unique and perhaps underdiagnosed seizure disorder. It is characterized by a failure to incorporate into long-term memory any events that occurred during the seizure (Mendes, 2002). What is remarkable about the disorder is that cognitive function appears to be intact during the ictal phase. In fact, reliable observers have reported no obvious indication of dysfunction, as patients continued to engage in ongoing activity without interruption (Palmini, Gloor, & Jones-Gotman, 1992; Kapur, 1993). In these accounts, the only behavioral indications of the ictal episode were subsequent reports of amnesia regarding the events, usually manifested as repetitive questioning regarding the amnesic period.
EIectroconvuIsive Therapy-Induced Amnesia
Authors: Kosmidis Mary H , Papanicolaou Andrew C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite its negative portrayal in popular movies as a controlling, even punitive, treatment for patients with psychiatric disorders (e.g., One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest), electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is actually one of the safest and most effective treatments for severe depression (Weiner, 1984; National Institutes of Health [NIH], 1985; Devanand, Dwork, Hutchinson et al., 1994; American Psychiatric Association, 2001), as well as psychotic depression (Fink, 1977; Scovern & Kilmann, 1980; Weiner, 1984; NIH, 1985). Used as a last resort for those who have not responded adequately to antidepressant medications, it is at least as effective, if not superior to, some antidepressant medications (Greenblatt, 1977; Fink, 1978; Scovern & Kilmann, 1980; NIH, 1985). Nevertheless, potential side-effects related to memory disruption have led to controversy about its use.
Psychogenic Amnesias
Authors: Savvidou Ioanna , Bozikas, Vasilis P , Papanicolaou Andrew C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Psychogenic amnesias are all retrograde in nature and usually involve reversible loss of autobiographical memories. As their name implies, they are believed to have psychological causes, a belief justified by the fact that they do not entail gross anatomical lesions. Because they are not precipitated by an apparent “physical” cause as are the other amnesias, and given that they are highly selective, involving only personal memories, they are fascinating to both scientists and laymen alike. Yet, in spite of the fascination they inspire, their nature and cerebral mechanisms still remain largely obscure.
Notes for a Theory of Memory
Authors: Papanicolaou Andrew c. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our primary aim in this book has been to identify and segregate the symptoms and the signs of amnesia into distinct syndromes in order to create a practical guide for the clinician. A secondary aim was to provide a service to the theorists who would have to accommodate such facts into any model of memory if the latter were to be complete. But the construction of such a model was never in the blueprints of this work—which is one of the reasons for the rather vague and noncommittal title of this concluding chapter. A second reason for it is the incompleteness of the factual record as it now stands; the many gaps in our understanding of the nature of the phenomena of memory and of the amnesias. And, to the degree that theories must be about phenomena, a theory of memory at this point would be, in all probability, a precarious one, having to rest at least partially on the quicksands of conjecture rather than on solid factual foundations.
The Role of the Genome in the Initiation of Meiotic Recombination
Authors: Borts Rhona H , Kirkpatrick David T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Initiation of recombination is an essential and highly regulated process. Recombination during meiosis is important for enabling exchange of information between the paternal and maternal contributions to a genome. In addition, in most organisms, the absence of meiotic crossovers causes homologous chromosomes to segregate aberrantly. Recombination is not randomly distributed along or between chromosomes. Rather, the genomes of many species contain regions that have an elevated level of recombination (“hotspots”) or a decreased level (“coldspots”). Factors that determine the level of recombination at a specific site are the primary sequence, the configuration of the chromatin, and the nature and function of the DNA sequence. Also, prior recombination initiations repress additional events in their vicinity. The probability of recombination within a region of the genome is very context dependent. It can be modulated by factors that include the nutritional state of the cell, the base composition of the region, and the level of primary sequence variation present between the maternally and paternally inherited chromosomes, as well as the action of DNA repair proteins on sequence mismatches occurring in regions of recombination between maternal and paternal chromosomes. Thus, initiation of meiotic recombination is tightly controlled. Due to the importance of the DNA sequences themselves and their interaction with meiotic proteins, there are regions where the probability of meiotic recombination can be considered to be encoded implicitly in the DNA sequences as a result of interactions with the meiotic protein complement.
Transcendence without God: On Atheism and Invisibility
Authors: Laden Anthony Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This essay is about seeing, about what to look for, and what difference that might make. I start, however, with a story that helps explain the nature of my own atheism. At the heart of Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics lies a puzzle that no one who wishes to teach it can ignore. Aristotle tells us that the aim of his book is to investigate what form of life is the “best for man.” He then devotes almost the entire book to a discussion of the life of moral virtue, seemingly arguing that such a life is the best life. In the final sections of the book, however, he appears to change his mind and very quickly concludes that a life of contemplation, of the exercise of intellectual virtue, is in fact the best life, better than the active life of moral virtue. The puzzle, then, is how to make sense of these final pages. Were they a mistake, not meant to appear in a text that, after all, was assembled by his students and has had a complex and not unbroken history? Was it a merely self-serving but essentially ad hoc addition that allows the author to put himself at the top of the heap, claiming with satisfaction that the philosopher leads the best life? Or can one find hints that this is what was coming all along, so that the discussion of moral virtue is, after all, merely a preparation and a prelude to the final conclusion in favor of philosophy? Clearly, this final alternative would make the text more coherent, not to mention more interesting, but it can be hard work figuring out how to make that case. It was not until I was in the middle of teaching the Ethics for the third time that I came upon a strategy that I liked for solving this problem.
Without the Net of Providence: Atheism and the Human Adventure
Authors: Taylor Kenneth A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At first glance, it may appear that those who believe in divine providence have a happier lot and are much less prone to despair than those who reject god and divine providence altogether. That alone may seem to give us good reason to prefer belief to non-belief. I shall argue in this essay that there is almost nothing to be said for either the view that belief in providence provides invincible armor against despair or for the view that the atheist who rejects providence need surrender to a paralyzing despair. Many theists evidently do take comfort in the belief that there exists a god who both loves humanity and who guarantees, through divine providence, that human history will ultimately culminate in an unqualifiedly good outcome. Such comfort is not entirely unreasonable. If history is guided by divine providence, then whatever apparent ills may befall us along the way, we may be assured that moral darkness will not ultimately triumph over light and that the innocent are not destined to suffer injustice at the hands of their persecutors for eternity.
Disenchantment
Authors: Owens David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The tension between religion and intellectual knowledge definitely comes to the fore wherever rational, empirical knowledge has consistently worked through to the disenchantment of the world and its transformation into a causal mechanism. For then science encounters the claims of the ethical postulate that the world is a God-ordained, and hence somehow a meaningfully and ethically oriented cosmos. Weber speaks of a tension, but for many, science’s disenchantment of the world is instead a liberation. Science empowers us; it gets us what we want. Two things stand in the way of our getting what we want: technical obstacles and superstitions. Science eliminates them both. It removes the technical obstacles by giving us a technology, a recipe for constructing machines that help us get what we want. Beyond that, science conquers superstitions; it gives us a picture of the world, a theory of how the world works, which disenchants that world. The scientific picture of the world leaves out much that used to prevent us from doing what we want. It excludes from reality all sorts of imaginary beings, forces, and powers that used to constrain us. Once these mind-forged manacles are broken, we can take advantage of the technology science provides.
Science, Society, and Mental Retardation: A History
Authors: Smith Moyra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we trace a history of societal attitudes to mental retardation during the period when it was becoming evident that mental retardation is due to biological factors. We will discuss the history of the study of mental retardation beginning in the second half of the nineteenth century, when interest in brain structure and function intensified. In addition, we will consider a number of scientific developments in the fields of biochemistry and genetics that were, in due course, to impact our understanding of the causes of mental retardation.
Mental Retardation Associated with Other Neurological Defects
Authors: Smith Moyra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we discuss disorders that are due to a specific gene defect and where mental retardation occurs along with a striking neurological deficit. The neurological deficits described include epilepsy, episodes of acute illness, seizures and/or coma, movement disorders, and sensorineural abnormalities such as blindness, deafness, and muscle defects.
Mental Retardation That Develops after a Period of Normal Cognition
Authors: Smith Moyra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we will review disorders that disrupt development and the maturation of cognition in children with no previous evidence of delay. We will focus primarily on genetic diseases that are associated with abnormal storage of normal substances, i.e., lysosomal storage diseases, peroxisomal disorders, and copper storage disease. We include a discussion of Rett syndrome since in this condition girls who have developed normally for I or more years undergo regressive changes. There are also environmental conditions that lead to disruption of normal development. We will review neurodevelopmental effects of malnutrition in early childhood and neurocognitive deficits in children exposed to certain pesticides and heavy metals.
Mannose-Binding Lectin Genes
Authors: Bellamy Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is an important component of the innate immune system. MBL belongs to the family of proteins called collectins, which contain both collagen-like domains and C-type lectin domains. The human collectin family includes MBL and lung surfactant proteins A and D (Holmskov et al., 1994; Lu, 1997; Lu et al., 2002).
Complement Genes
Authors: Crawford Keith D , Alper Chester A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a broad overview of the human complement system, its component proteins and interactions, and the functions generated by its activation. We broadly outline the genetics of complement proteins with special emphasis on inherited deficiencies. We seek thereby to explain some of the clinical consequences of genetic defects in the system. For more details on the complement system and its components, see the comprehensive reviews in Muller-Eberhard (1988) and Volanakis and Arlaud (1998).
Tuberculosis, Leprosy, and Other Mycobacterial Diseases
Authors: Cooke Graham , Hill Adrian V S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mycobacteria are slow-growing, gram-positive organisms protected by a complex outer cell wall. In common with gram-positive bacteria, this wall contains peptidoglycan (PG). Unlike gram-positive organisms, this PG is linked to arabinogalactan (AG), which in turn is covalently linked to long chain mycolic acids. These and other lipids, including liparabinomannan (LAM), phosphoinositol mannosides found within the cell wall (figure 22.1.) contribute to the organisms’ environmental resilience. Despite similar biochemical characteristics, mycobacteria cause diverse human diseases. Mycobacterium tuberculosis alone is responsible for most of the 1.8 million deaths annually attributed to clinical tuberculosis (WHO 2003), while M. leprae continues to be responsible for enormous morbidity, causing 700,000 cases of leprosy (WHO 2002) (see table 22.1). Many other mycobacteria are found in environmental sources, including soil and water, and rarely cause disease except in an immunocompromised host. Such immune compromise can be acquired (e.g., due to HIV infection) or genetic. The rare examples of genetic susceptibility to these ‘‘atypical’’ mycobacteria are discussed below and of interest, not only in the treatment of affected individuals but also because the lessons they can teach are relevant to the major mycobacterial killer, tuberculosis.
Genuine and Sham Effects
Authors: Schenker Heinrich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Body, time, unfolding in space and time, goal setting, the pleasure of the journey, protraction of that pleasure, remembrance, repetition, contrast, expectation, striving, fulfilling, deception, and similarly fundamental experiences of the human soul, to name only the most essential, are also repeated in music as a human art. Nothing human is foreign to it, only genius—and genius alone— adds synthesis. The non-genius is not familiar with the genius’s experience and does not attain the genius’s success, not in art, not in life.