bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDIES OF LUNG VOLUME
Authors: Garvin A. , Lundsgaard Christen , Van Slyke Donald D. 
Published: June 2004

The total capacity, middle capacity, and residual air have been determined in twenty adult women suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis. The chest volumes have been determined in each case and the normal lung volumes calculated by means of the ratios worked out in Paper I and applied to thirty-one men in Paper II. The excursions of the diaphragm have been determined by fluoroscopy in all cases.
Of eight patients with incipient tuberculosis, five had lung capacities like those of men in the same group; i.e., about normal total capacity, slightly increased residual air, and consequently somewhat decreased vital capacity. Three had considerably diminished total capacity. In these three patients, however, clinical abnormalities were found (extensive miliary tuberculosis, obstruction of bronchus, fixation of diaphragm in expiratory position).
In twelve patients with moderately advanced and advanced tuberculosis, the results agreed with those found in men, the total capacity and vital capacity being decreased, while the residual air was practically normal.
THE SOLVENT ACTION OF ANTISEPTICS ON NECROTIC TISSUE
Authors: Taylor Herbert D. , Austin J. Harold 
Published: June 2004

1. Dakin's hypochlorite solution has the power of dissolving necrotic tissue, pus, and plasma clot in the concentration and reaction used clinically.
2. Chloramine-T and dichloramine-T do not exhibit this action.
3. The solvent action of Dakin's hypochlorite solution of the degree of alkalinity used clinically is due primarily to its hypochlorite content, but its slight alkalinity, while in itself without solvent action, enhances the effectiveness of the hypochlorite.
4. In the degree of alkalinity used clinically, the solvent action of hypochlorite is absent below about 0.2 per cent sodium hypochlorite concentration.
5. The hypochlorite concentration at which the solvent action ceases is lower the more alkaline the solution, and vice versa.
6. None of the antiseptics studied had demonstrable solvent action on blood clot.
A NOTE ON THE PROGRESS OF CICATRIZATION OF WAR WOUNDS
Authors: Tuffler Theodore , Desmarres R. 
Published: June 2004

Some hypothetical conclusions bearing on the evolution of cicatricial tissue can be suggested. The arterial circulation deposits in the wound chemical substances necessary for contraction of the wound and for epithelial proliferation. When the biologic process is not hindered by any special or severe bacterial infection this deposit is as regular as the circulation itself, and enables us to determine in advance the date of cicatrization. It even seems as though when the epidermization process is retarded by a slight infection the substances necessary for epidermization are stored up in the wound, and when the delay due to infection is removed the epithelium finds an accumulation of nutritive substances, and, so to speak, makes up the lost time.
Moreover, when an infection entirely or partially stops epidermization, we have observed (Experiments 3, 4, and 5) that after the infection has disappeared the progress of new epidermization is much more rapid than normally; it even passes the calculated curve. The infection apparently destroyed only the epithelium and left in the wound the chemical substances which activate epidermization.
The existence of these physical or chemical activating agents has been indicated again by two anatomical clinical facts. In treating a scalp wound in which there had been practically no epidermization for many months, we applied over the entire surface of the sterile wound dermo-epidermic grafts of fetal skin. After apparently taking, the grafts were absorbed and disappeared, but epidermization of the periphery of the wound, which hitherto had not progressed, took place abundantly, almost a hundred times as much as before.
We believe that by mathematical measurements we can solve the problem of the action of various organic fluids on the cicatrization of wounds.
CULTIVATION EXPERIMENTS ON THE GLOBOID BODIES OF POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Smillie Wilson G. 
Published: June 2004

The globoid bodies, identical in morphological and cultural characteristics with the organisms described by Flexner and Noguchi, have been obtained in twenty-two cultures from the tissues of seven monkeys suffering from experimental poliomyelitis.
Twenty of the strains were cultivated from the central nervous organs, all being obtained from the cerebrum except one, which was cultivated from the cervical portion of the spinal cord.
Two strains were cultivated from the spleen.
None of the cultivated strains inoculated produced typical poliomyelitis in monkeys.
The recovery of a strain of the globoid bodies from the inoculated monkey is as difficult as is the original cultivation of the organisms from animals inoculated with the ordinary virus of poliomyelitis.
Nothing in this study has served to implicate the streptococcus in the pathology of the poliomyelitic process; the streptococcus is, however, encountered as a common contaminant or secondary invader, especially in animals which have been etherized while moribund, or which had died some hours previous to the autopsy. When the infected and paralyzed animals are killed while still strong, secondary invading bacteria, including the streptococcus, tend to be absent from the tissues.
A modified, perhaps improved, but alternative method has been devised for the cultivation of the globoid bodies and other microorganisms demanding a high degree of anaerobiosis.
IMMUNITY IN INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION
Authors: Dragstedt Carl A. , Moorhead James J. 
Published: June 2004

1. There is no increased immunity or tolerance to intestinal obstruction after recovery from previous obstruction.
2. Dogs recovered from intestinal obstruction are not more resistant to injections of closed loop fluid than normal dogs.
3. Dogs injected with closed loop fluid are not more resistant to intestinal obstruction than normal dogs.
4. In dogs the normal variation in resistance both to intestinal obstruction and to the injection of closed loop fluid is large.
THE ACTION OF ANTISEPTICS ON THE TOXIN OF BACILLUS WELCHII
Authors: Taylor Herbert D. , Austin J. Harold 
Published: June 2004

1. Dakin's hypochlorite and chloramine-T solutions will protect pigeons against multiple fatal doses of the toxin of Bacillus welch when the antiseptic and the toxin are mixed in vitro and allowed to stand in contact for 5 minutes before injection.
2. The detoxicating action of the solutions is demonstrable also in the presence of serum.
3. Phenol solution, 0.25 per cent, has no such action.
EXPERIMENTAL ACUTE NEPHRITIS
Authors: Goto Kingo 
Published: June 2004

1. In experimental nephritis caused by cantharidin, arsenic, diphtheria toxin, and potassium chromate, in addition to the retention of the non-protein and urea nitrogen and of the chlorides in blood, an acidosis occurs.
2. Sodium bicarbonate given by the stomach has the power of diminishing the acidosis in these types of nephritis.
3. The degree of increase in the non-protein and urea nitrogen content in the blood in mild nephritis varies considerably in different dogs receiving the same dose per kilo of a given poison.
4. Histological examination shows little if any influence resulting from the administration of sodium bicarbonate upon the grade of the nephritis induced by the poisons.
SURVIVAL OF POLIOMYELITIC VIRUS IN THE BRAIN OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Amoss Harold L. 
Published: June 2004

Suspensions of the central nervous tissues of monkeys, containing the active filterable virus of poliomyelitis, may be injected into the brain of rabbits without setting up symptoms, provided the volume of injection does not cause dangerous increased intracranial pressure.
Aside from the pressure effects which develop quickly, no other symptoms or pathological lesions are produced by the suspensions.
The active virus of poliomyelitis survives in the brain of rabbits for 4 days, as determined by tests in the monkey, into which the excised site of injection in the rabbit brain is reinoculated. It cannot be detected by this test after the expiration of 7 days.
The virus of poliomyelitis is unadapted to the rabbit, and neither induces lesions nor survives long in the central nervous organs of that animal. In this respect it differs from certain streptococci cultivated from poliomyelitic tissues.
A monkey immunized to streptococcus cultivated from human poliomyelitic nervous tissues yielded a serum which agglutinated the streptococcus in high dilution, but was without neutralizing action on the filtered virus; and the streptococcus-immune monkey was not protected against the effects of an intracerebral inoculation of the filtered virus.
The experiments recorded provide additional reasons for concluding that the streptococcus cultivated from cases of poliomyelitis differs essentially from the filterable virus and is not the microbic cause of epidemic poliomyelitis.
A STUDY OF THE ANTISEPTIC PROPERTIES OF CERTAIN ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Authors: Kligler I. J. 
Published: June 2004

This study of the inhibitive effect of aniline and some of its derivatives and of the triphenylmethane dyes on certain bacteria warrants the following tentative conclusions:
1. The composition and reaction of the medium exert a marked influence on the behavior of the antiseptic. The higher the concentration of organic nitrogenous compounds (peptone) in the medium, the lower is the effective concentration of the dye. The reaction of the medium modifies the specific action of the antiseptic, owing probably to an alteration in the bacterial cell.
2. The germicidal action of the compounds is a function of the benzene nucleus, the added elements or radicals, their number, and, in the case of the dyes, probably the quinoid structure of the nucleus.
3. As far as tested, the increase in the number of alkyl radicals increases the antiseptic power. Methyl green is an interesting exception to this rule, for the change of one of the nitrogens to the quaternary salt is accompanied by an almost complete loss in inhibitive action.
4. The antiseptic power is enhanced to a greater extent by an ethyl than a methyl group, and the second alkyl produces a proportionately greater increase than the first. It appears that the relative position of the introduced group may be a factor in determining the relative improvement in the effectiveness of the compound.
5. The introduction of a methyl group in the nucleus consistently enhances the inhibitive action of the compound and its alkyl derivatives. This is evident from a comparison of the action of aniline and its derivatives with that of toluidine and its corresponding derivatives.
6. The simple aniline derivatives, as well as the dyes, are more toxic for the Gram-positive than the Gram-negative bacteria. Of the former, Bacillus subtilis is more sensitive to the dyes than Staphylococcus aureus, while the reverse is true in the case of the aniline compounds.
7. The most marked specific selective effect is manifested by the triphenylmethane dyes. Bacillus aerogenes and Bacillus typhosus possess a higher resistance to these substances than Bacillus coli orBacfflus dysenterice. The last is exceedingly sensitive. This partial specificity is apparently a function of the molecule as a whole.
THE ELIMINATION OF IRON AND ITS DISTRIBUTION IN THE LIVER AND SPLEEN IN EXPERIMENTAL ANEMIA. II
Authors: Dubin Harry , Pearce Richard M. 
Published: June 2004

In the continuous blood destruction, essentially a chronic experimental anemia, caused by injecting the dog with Trypanosoma equiperdum, no increased elimination of iron is observed in the feces. The storage of iron in the liver and spleen under these experimental conditions is somewhat greater in amount, but of the same general character as in transient experimental anemia.
Splenectomy before or after infection, i.e. the development of anemia, influences neither the elimination of iron in the feces nor its storage in the liver.
The retardation of the course of the trypanosome infection and thus the production of a more chronic anemia by treatment with a trypanocide, arsenobenzol, likewise does not affect iron storage.
These experiments have therefore failed to reproduce the changes in iron metabolism seen in certain of the chronic hemolytic anemias of man.
In the presence of a bile duct-ureter fistula the iroh content of the mixture of urine and bile is not appreciably greater than that of the urine alone. In the dog, therefore, the elimination of iron in the the bile would not appear to be an important factor.
On the other hand, when bile is excluded from the intestine an unusual storage of iron occurs in the spleen. For this no explanation is offered.
A STUDY OF THE LOW BLOOD PRESSURES ASSOCIATED WITH ANAPHYLACTIC AND PEPTONE SHOCK AND EXPERIMENTAL FAT EMBOLISM, WITH SPECIAL. REFERENCE TO SURGICAL SHOCK
Authors: Simonds J. P. 
Published: June 2004

1. In peptone shock there is a marked, precipitate fall in arterial pressure. At the same time there is a fall in venous pressure.
2. In experimental fat embolism, (a) the fall in blood pressure is always gradual; (b) approximately 1 cc. of oil for each pound of body weight must be injected before a lasting fall in arterial pressure is produced; (c) it makes only a slight difference whether this amount is injected in small doses at a time or in relatively large quantities; and (d) when the arterial pressure falls, but not till then, the venous pressure rises.
3. In peptone shock, dyspnea, by its suction and force-pump action upon the reservoir of stagnating blood in the liver, brings more blood to the heart and causes a rise in arterial pressure. By repeatedly inducing short periods of dyspnea at frequent intervals, permanently beneficial results are obtained and the life of the animal can be saved.
4. In experimental fat embolism, dyspnea will cause a rise in blood pressure. But permanently beneficial results have not been obtained by this method. If dyspnea is found to bring permanent improvement in surgical shock, it is indirect evidence that this condition is not due to fat embolism. Respiratory suction is probably not responsible for the rise in blood pressure in experimental fat embolism. It seems more likely that the dyspnea in some way facilitates the passage of blood through the embarrassed pulmonary circulation. Artificial respiration with a bellows will also frequently cause a rise in blood pressure in experimental fat embolism.
5. In peptone shock the respiration is usually not affected, although there is some evidence that the respiratory center may be in a state of increased irritability. In experimental fat embolism, in some animals a violent dyspnea develops spontaneously. This is usually accompanied by edema of the lungs. In other instances, an apnea occurs, even before the blood pressure has begun to decline.
EXPERIMENTS OUTLINING THE LIMITATIONS OF OPERATIONS ON THE ABDOMINAL AORTA
Authors: Goodman Charles 
Published: June 2004

1. Injuries of the abdominal aorta in dogs may be corrected with subsequent perfect restoration of the continuity of the vessel.
2. The complete occlusion of the aorta for a period of 30 minutes is not necessarily followed by serious consequences.
3. In cases in which a portion of the aorta must be resected, an arterial segment taken from another animal can be safely utilized as a transplant.
4. While the reestablishment of the continuity of the severed aorta by the circular suture is possible, the approximation of the severed ends during the suture entails such injury that thrombosis frequently occurs. Therefore, when the aorta is completely severed, the introduction of a transplanted segment is indicated.
5. An arterial tube of increased caliber made of smaller vessels such as the carotid lends itself readily as a transplant to the severed aorta, with a reasonable assurance of reestablishing the continuity of this vessel.
6. Defects in the aorta can be readily corrected by the use of fascial transplants with a minimum danger of thrombosis.
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND NOMENCLATURE OF LEPTOSPIRA (SPIROCHÆTA) ICTEROHÆMORRHAGIÆ (INADA AND IDO)
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo 
Published: June 2004

The present study deals with the morphology and systematic position of the causative agent of infectious jaundice. There are several features which are not found in any of the hitherto known genera of Spirochætoidea which led me to give this organism an independent generic name, Leptospira, denoting the peculiar minute elementary spirals running throughout the body. The absence of a definite terminal flagellum or any flagella, and the remarkable flexibility of the terminal or caudal portion of the organism are other distinguishing features. Unlike all other so called spirochetes the present organism resists the destructive action of 10 per cent saponin.
A detailed comparative study of related genera, including Spirochæta, Saprospira, Cristispira, Spironema, and Treponema, has been given with the view of bringing out more strongly the contrast between them and the new genus.
A study has been made to discover whether any differential features exist among the strains of Leptospira icterohæmorrhagiæ derived from the American, Japanese, and European sources, but none has been found.
It is hoped that the creation of a new genus may facilitate a more exact morphological description than has hitherto been possible, due to the vague use of the term Spirochæta which indiscriminately covered at least six large genera of spiral organisms.
THE AUTODIGESTION OF NORMAL SERUM THROUGH THE ACTION OF CERTAIN CHEMICAL AGENTS. I
Authors: Yamakawa Shotaro 
Published: June 2004

1. By means of certain chemical reagents, normal guinea pig serum can be brought to autodigestion without the presence of any foreign substrate. There exists in normal sera a highly characteristic protease.
2. The serum ferment survives heating at 55°C. for 30 minutes, but is completely inactivated at 60°C. for the same length of time.
3. The autodigestion of serum requires a temperature of about 37°C., and no noticeable digestion takes place at a temperature of 16°C. or lower.
4. Autodigestion of the serum may be brought about by chloroform and various saturated monovalent ketones and alcohols of the lower series.
5. The ketones and alcohols have a certain narrow limit of concentration for activating serum, beyond which the ferment is destroyed, even at room temperature.
6. The ketones and alcohols in concentrations regulated to activate serum at room temperature destroy the ferment when allowed to act on serum at 37°C. for 30 minutes. The elimination of the concentrated reagents from serum by evaporation or dialysis protects the ferment from their destructive action.
7. A certain length of time is required for the chemical activators to complete their action. In this respect chloroform is much slower than acetone.
8. The chemical activators may be removed from the activated serum by means of vacuum, dialysis, or extraction with certain indifferent chemicals without causing a return of the serum to its original non-autolytic state. Once activated by these reagents, the serum remains in the activated state, in spite of the removal of the activators.
9. The ferment is highly sensitive to the reaction of the medium, being readily inactivated when the reaction exceeds a certain narrow limit towards acid or alkaline. The optimal digestion is obtained with a faintly alkaline or neutral reaction.
ANTIBODY PRODUCTION AFTER PARTIAL ADRENALECTOMY IN GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Gates Frederick L. 
Published: June 2004

By careful aseptic operation it was found possible to remove approximately three-quarters to seven-eighths of the adrenal tissue of guinea pigs without causing symptoms of adrenal insufficiency. Guinea pigs were immunized to Bacillus typhosus or to hen corpuscles at varying intervals before or after the operation, and the curves of antibody formation traced for 2 to 3 months after immunization. Comparisons with the antibody curves of control animals similarly immunized fail to show that the adrenalectomy had any influence upon the rise or persistence of antibodies in the blood.
For the purposes of the study it was not deemed necessary to produce an acute adrenal insufficiency. If the adrenal glands were the site of antibody formation or played an essential part in immunity processes, it does not seem probable that the small remainder of adrenal tissue left in situ to sustain life would affect quantitatively the antibody response to a given antigen injection as do the entire normal glands. We therefore interpret the experiments to indicate that not only are the adrenal glands not one of the important sources of typhoid agglutinins, or of hemagglutinins or hemolysins, but they play no essential part in the mechanism by which these antibodies are produced and maintained in the body.
COCCIDIOSIS IN YOUNG CALVES
Authors: Smith Theobald , Graybill H. W. 
Published: June 2004

Discharges of blood per rectum, associated with oocysts of coccidia, were observed occurring in young calves during the warmer season of the year. In a small percentage of the cases death was probably due directly to the coccidiosis. Although the disease, known as red dysentery in Switzerland, may have existed in this country for some time, there seems to have been no knowledge of its existence and no reports of it have thus far been published. The coccidia have been artificially cultivated and shown to produce four spores. Two oocysts of quite different dimensions and having minor differential characters were encountered in the same animal in several instances.
The invasion of the epithelium of the small intestine was slight. The chief seat of the parasitism was the large intestine. The lesions following the loss of epithelium were superficial hemorrhages and filling up of the denuded tubules with polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
STUDIES IN BOVINE MASTITIS
Authors: Jones F. S. 
Published: June 2004

It seems clearly established that non-hemolytic streptococci are responsible for a considerable number of cases of bovine mastitis. Of the 81 animals examined, 31 were suffering from infections of this type. The lesions produced in invaded quarters varied from an involvement of only the lining epithelium of the large milk ducts to severe degeneration and necrosis of the secreting epithelium. In one instance a considerable portion of the glandular elements had been replaced with connective tissue.
The streptococci fall into two groups when their action on the various carbohydrates is considered. Thirty-four strains fermented dextrose, lactose, saccharose, maltose, and salicin; five others attacked the first four sugars but failed to produce acid in salicin. All mastitis streptococci failed to act upon raffinose, inulin, or mannite. One species isolated from a mammary abscess produced acid in all the carbohydrates.
All the strains were agglutinated with an antiserum prepared from one typical strain. The agglutination titer varied over wide limits, although all the streptococci were agglutinated at a dilution of 1:500. None of the strains inoculated proved pathogenic for rabbits. A pig fed on the milk from two typical cases of mastitis remained well.