bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Local cerebral glucose utilization in the normal conscious macaque monkey
Authors: Kennedy C. , Sakurada O. , Shinohara M. , Jehle J. , Sokoloff L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe [14C] deoxyglucose method for quantitative determination of local cerebral glucose utilization was extended to the macaque monkey. The necessary constants required by its operational equation were evaluated. The lumped constant, measured in 7 normal conscious monkeys, was found to equal 0.344 (SEM, ± 0.036). The rate constants were also estimated and found to be very similar to those obtained previously in the rat.With these essential constants evaluated, the method was applied to normal conscious monkeys. Local cerebral glucose utilization was found to vary markedly throughout the brain but to fall within two distributions, a higher one in gray matter and a lower one in white matter. In general, the values fell in a range to be expected from previous measurements of average energy metabolism in the brain as a whole. The values were considerably lower than those observed previously in the conscious rat.Marked heterogeneity of rates of glucose utilization were observed in a number of anatomical structures. In some cases the patterns of heterogeneity were consistent with known histological cytoarchitecture; in others the heterogeneity did not conform with known cytoarchitectural features but corresponded to patterns previously demonstrated by electrophysiological techniques. Many of the regions of the cerebral cortex showed columnar patterns of distribution of higher and lower rates of glucose utilization. These may be a metabolic reflection of the columnar organization of function within the cerebral cortex.
Fatal long‐term sequela following radiation “cure” for ependymoma
Authors: Bachman David S. , Ostrow Peter T. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThere are no previous reports of glioblastoma occurring following central nervous system irradiation. This report describes a young girl with an ependymoma at age 13 months who was treated by radiotherapy following surgical removal. At age 6 years she presented with a new lesion in the same location. Histologically there was no evidence of recurrent ependymoma. Instead, the pathological picture suggested glioblastoma or a severe radiation‐induced encephalopathy. In either case, it seems likely that the changes were radiation induced.
Friedreich'S Ataxia: I. Normal pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity in platelets
Authors: Stumpf David A. , Parks Janice K. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSeven patients with Friedreich's ataxia had normal activities of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and its components pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1) and lipoamide dehydrogenase (E3) in platelets.
Chiasmal syndrome in sphenoid sinus mucocele
Authors: Goodwin James A. , Glaser Joel S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTwo patients with sphenoethmoid mucoceles developed visual field defects consistent with optic chiasm dysfunction. The presence of chiasmal field defects associated with the clinical syndrome of compressive optic neuropaty should not rule out the diagnosis of sphenoethmoid mucocele since definitive treatment can be carried out via transnasal drainage.
Bihemispheric decreases of regional cerebral blood flow in dementia: Correlation with age‐matched normal controls
Authors: Lavy Sylvan , Melamed Eldad , Bentin Shlomo , Cooper Gerald , Rinot Yosef 
Published: January 2005

AbstractRegional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured by the xenon 133 inhalation method in 20 patients with senile and presenile dementia, and values were compared with flow data obtained in a series of 44 age‐matched normal controls. The rCBF was reduced in patients with both presenile and senile dementia, and the degree of decrease exceeded the age‐related rCBF decline in normal subjects. Similar rCBF reductions were observed in the left and right cerebral hemispheres and in general were homogeneously distributed in the various areas. The rCBF reductions in normal aging and in dementia may be associated with similar underlying cerebral morphological changes. Our findings suggest that the greater rCBF decreases in dementia compared with the values in age‐matched controls may quantitatively reflect more severe pathological alterations in the brains of patients with intellectual deterioration.
Muscle carnitine palmityltransferase deficiency: A case with enzyme deficiency in cultured fibroblasts
Authors: Didonato S. , Cornelio F. , Pacini L. , Peluchetti D. , Rimoldi M. , Spreafico S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA further case of carnitine palmityltransferase (CPT) deficiency in a young man is described, the defect being documented by direct enzyme assays of muscle biopsies. The finding of markedly reduced enzyme activity in the patient's cultured fibroblasts supports the concept that CPT deficiency is a systemic rather than an exclusively muscular condition.
Meningoencephalitis following enucleation for cryptococcal endopthalmitis
Authors: Birkmann Lewiston W. , Bennett Donald R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA man developed meningoencephalitis 9 months after enucleation of his right eye for proved cryptococcal endophthalmiits secondary to a penetrating injury. The presumed portal of entry of Cryptococcus neoformans into the central nervous system was along the optic nerve subarachnoid sheath.
“Glial bundles” in the spinal cord late after paralytic anterior poliomyelitis
Authors: Iwata Makoto , Hirano Asao 
Published: January 2005

Abstract“Glial bundles” in the proximal portion of the anterior spinal roots, identical to those in Werdnig‐Hoffmann disease, were observed in 3 patients many years after attacks of acute paralytic anterior poliomyelitis. These structures should therefore be considered a nonspecific astrocytic reaction secondary to the destruction of motor neurons and their axons rather than a malformation specific for Werdnig‐Hoffmann disease.
An explanation for the localization of herpes simplex encephalitis?
Authors: Davis Larry E. , Johnson Richard T. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractHerpes simplex virus encephalitis tends to localize to the temporal and orbitofrontal lobes, giving characteristic clinical and pathological findings. Since the virus remains latent in the trigeminal ganglia, we postulate that this localization may be explained by reactivated virus spreading along the fifth nerve fibers, which innervate basal meninges of the anterior and middle fossae.
Comparative cranial CT enhancement in a primate model of cerebral infarction
Authors: Drayer Burton P. , Dujovny Manuel , Wolfson Sidney K. , Boehnke Manfred , Cook Eugene E. , Rosenbaum Arthur E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe value of various enhancement techniques as opposed to nonenhanced CT scanning was compared in 15 baboons with cerebral infarction secondary to embolization of the left middle cerebral artery. The most prominent CT findings in infarction included an area of low absorption in the opercula–basal ganglia–centrum semiovale region and generalized lateral ventricular enlargement. Intravenous enhancement of the low‐density region occurred in 25% of the animals and often obscured the preenhancement abnormality. However, a rapid bolus injection of contrast material followed by immediate consecutive CT scans (computed angiotomography) permitted prominent visualization of early‐shunting veins. Delayed scanning following intrathecal enhancement better defined small infarctions that did not exhibit the usual cerebral blush. The CT imaging of inhaled xenon provides a new technique for evaluating subtle abnormalities in cerebral perfusion, even when the routine CT scan shows no abnormality.
Delayed pentobarbital administration limits ischemic brain damage in gerbils
Authors: Levy David E. , Brierley James B. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe capacity of delayed barbiturate administration to limit brain damage after unilateral cerebral ischemia was examined histologically in gerbils. The right common carotid artery was occluded in 50 animals under brief (3‐minute) halothane anesthesia; 18 animals (36%) developed motor abnormalities consistent with stroke. The arterial clasps were removed after 1 hour and the abnormal animals were divided into treatment and placebo groups. Treated gerbils received sodium pentobarbital (70 mg/kg) intraperitoneally 1 hour after clasp removal and a smaller dose (50 mg/kg) 2 hours later; these animals lost corneal reflexes but retained spontaneous respiration and were kept normothermic. Animals in the placebo group received equivalent volumes of normal saline. Except for the period of anesthesia, both groups had similar postischemic motor behavior.Neuropathological examination of animals killed by perfusion‐fixation after 24 hours revealed fewer pentobarbital‐treated animals with shif of midline structures and with ipsilateral ischemic damage (including infarction). Compared with the placebo group, there was less extensive neuronal ischemic cell change in five regions of the ipsilateral cerebral hemispheres of the pentobarbital‐treated animals (p < 0.05). The results suggest that barbiturates administered as long as 1 hour after the end of an ischemic insult can still limit brain damage.
Cortical activation pattern during saccadic eye movements in humans: Localization by focal cerebral blood flow increases
Authors: Melamed Eldad , Larsen Bo 
Published: January 2005

AbstractRegional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured in human subjects during saccadic eye movements by a 254‐channel dynamic gamma camera. Focal rCBF increases were repeatedly observed in an area within the middle precentral and premotor regions which corresponds to the frontal eye field in humans. Our findings suggest that this region is localized between the “face” and “hand” areas in the precentral gyrus and extends anteriorly out of the primary motor strip into the adjacent premotor zone. In addition, saccades were associated with focal blood flow increases in regions corresponding to the frontal supplementary motor area and to the posterior temporooccipital visual association cortex. Similar changes in patterns of rCBF occurred during contralateral and ipsilateral horizontal saccades and also during vertical saccades, and did not differ between the right and left hemispheres. Focal rCBF increases were observed in the frontal eye field during several additional test procedures including ocular fixation and visual perception of a nonmoving target, auditory stimulation with closed eyes, and reading. It is presumed that these focal flow increases reflect increased localized neuronal activity and metabolic rate and therefore permit visualization of the cortical activation pattern associated with saccadic eye movements in humans.
Emery‐dreifuss muscular dystrophy
Authors: Rowland L. P. , Fetell M. , Olarte M. , Hays A. , Singh N. , Wanat F. E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA man had weakness of humeroperoneal distribution associated with limited range of motion of the cervical spine and elbows. At age 25 he developed permanent atrial paralysis, and a cardiac pacemaker was inserted. Although this case was sporadic, most others have been transmitted as an X‐linked recessive trait. Mixed patterns in electromyography and muscle histology have caused nosological confusion, but the unique clinical signs seem to define a distinct form of muscular dystrophy, warranting the designation “Emery‐Dreifuss” type.
Oral phenytoin loading in adults: Rapid achievement of therapeutic plasma levels
Authors: Record Kenneth E. , Rapp Robert P. , Young A. Byron , Kostenbauder Harry B. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractOral loading doses of phenytoin were estimated from a simplified pharmacokinetic model. Twenty patients were administered a calculated average dose of 19.1 mg per kilogram of phenytoin divided into two to four increments given over 3 to 21 hours (10.55 ± 4.74, mean ± SD). Plasma samples drawn 2 to 22 hours (10.75 ± 4.32, mean ± SD) after completion of the loading dose resulted in therapeutic levels ranging from 8.1 to 18.0 μg per milliliter (11.42–11.37 ± 2.41, mean ± SD). Thus, this regimen in which no increment of the loading dose exceeds 600 mg is sufficient to achieve and maintain therapeutic plasma concentrations 18 to 24 hours after initiation of the loading dose.
Musical hallucinations in a deaf elderly patient
Authors: Miller Timothy C. , Crosby T. W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA remarkably observant 89‐year‐old woman experienced the abrupt onset of musical hallucinations on the background of longstanding progressive hearing loss and in the absence of psychosis or major dementia. These hallucinations were nearly constant, well‐formed perceptions of religious hymns, and their content could be altered by several mechanisms. The patient also occasionally heard voices recapitulating childhood experiences. One can speculate that the syndrome relates to sensory deprivation.
Brain electrical activity mapping (BEAM): A method for extending the clinical utility of EEG and evoked potential data
Authors: Duffy Frank H. , Burchfiel James L. , Lombroso Cesare T. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe difficulties inherent in extracting clinically useful information by visual inspection alone from the massive amounts of data contained in multichannel polygraphic recordings have placed limits on the accuracy and range of utility of electroencephalography and evoked potentials. A method for condensing and summarizing the spatiotemporal information contained in recordings from multiple scalp electrodes is described. Data dimensionality is reduced and visibility increased by computer‐controlled topographic mapping and display of data as color television images. Examples are given in which such brain electrical activity mapping (BEAM) (1) localizes tumors in patients with normal or nondiagnostic EEGs, (2) adds additional information to that visible on computerized axial tomography, and (3) demonstrates electrophysiological abnormalities in patients with functional lesions but normal CT scans. A sensitivity to the functional component of a neurological lesion suggests that BEAM may provide complementary information to the anatomical definition provided by the CT scan.
No barbiturate protection in a dog model of complete cerebral ischemia
Authors: Steen Petter A. , Milde James H. , Michenfelder John D. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractComplete global ischemia was produced in 39 dogs by temporary ligation of the aorta. Prior to the ischemic episode, pentobarbital (30 to 45 mg per kilogram of body weight) was administered to 19 of these dogs. The neurological effects of cerebral ischemia episodes lasting 8, 9, or 10 minutes were compared in dogs treated with pentobarbital and those not treated. At 48 hours following the ischemic episode most of the dogs made ischemic for 8 minutes were normal, whereas most animals made ischemic for 10 minutes were dead or comatose. The 9‐minute ischemic period resulted in a relatively even distribution of normal and damaged dogs. There were no differences between treated and untreated dogs. Cerebral blood flow, cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen, and various cerebral metabolites were measured in dogs surviving 48 hours. Again, there were no differences between treated and untreated dogs. We conclude that barbiturates provide no protection in this model of complete global ischemia. This conclusion supports the hypothesis that the likely mechanism of barbiturate protection in models of incomplete ischemia or hypoxia is based on cerebral metabolic depression; such a mechanism would not be expected to be effective in complete global ischemia.
Diffuse cerebral ischemia in the cat: III. Neuropathological sequelae of severe ischemia
Authors: Ginsberg Myron D. , Graham David I. , Welsh Frank A. , Budd William W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe neuropathological consequences of severe diffuse cerebral ischemia were investigated in an animal model in which postischemic alterations of regional brain blood flow and energy metabolism had been previously characterized. Pentobarbital‐aneshetized cats received either 15 or 30 minutes of ischemia produced by basilar artery and bilateral carotid artery occlusions plus mild hypotension; this was followed by 60 to 90 minutes of normotensive recirculation. The brains were perfusion‐fixed for light microscopy. Both insult durations resulted in unequivocal ischemic cell change affecting neurons of the cerebral neocortex, striatum, thalamus, and hippocampus and portions of the rostral brainstem. Animals with 30 minutes of prior ischemia differed from those with 15 minutes of ischemia in showing a more apparent regional accentuation of ischemic change in the parasagittal cortical gyri—the sites of previously documented focal postischemic heterogeneities of blood flow and metabolism. In other respects, however, the overall distribution and spectrum of severity of the ischemic alterations were similar for the two insult durations. These data support the view that significant permanent neuronal injury may result from a period of cerebral ischemia as brief as 15 minutes.
Regeneration of the magnocellular system of the rhesus monkey following hypothalamic lesions
Authors: Antunes J. Lobo , Carmel Peter W. , Zimmerman Earl A. , Ferin M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe hypothalamic magnocellular system of the rhesus monkey was studied with specific immunocytochemical techniques in animals that had undergone hypothalamic lesions. The results indicate that this system maintains a regenerative capacity even when its tracts are interrupted within the hypothalamus. New neurohemal units are reconstituted from newly formed vessels within the scar as well as from preexistent blood vessels, such as perforating and pial arterioles, and the vessels of the pars tuberalis of the pituitary gland, which normally do not contain neurosecretory terminals.
The aicardi syndrome: Report of 4 cases and review of the literature
Authors: Bertoni John M. , von Loh Siegrun , Allen Richard J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe findings in 4 cases of Aicardi syndrome (female infants with mental retardation, seizures, characteristic eye lesions, agenesis of the corpus callosum, vertebral anomalies, and abnormal but nondiagnostic electroencephalographic patterns) are compared to 39 previously reported cases. Available information suggests tha the syndrome results from an unknown intrauterine insult occurring no later than the first trimester. No familial cases have been reported, and the cause remains unknown.
Homozygous expression of a dominant gene for charcot‐marie‐tooth neuropathy
Authors: Killian James M. , Kloepfer H. Warner 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA kindred of 68 French Acadians who were heterozygous for a dominant gene of Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease associated with peripheral nerve hypertrophy are described. Marriage between 2 heterozygotes resulted in 2 homozygous offspring. Clinical features of the homozygotes were similar to the classic description of Dejerine‐Sottas disease. Laboratory studies in this family revealed no chemical, metabolic, or chromosomal abnormalities in either the homozygotes or the heterozygotes.
Pupillary dysfunction in myasthenia gravis
Authors: Lepore Frederick E. , Sanborn George E. , Slevin John T. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe constriction‐dilation cycles of pupils exposed to a stationary, discrete slit‐lamp beam were significantly prolonged in 25 myasthenic patients (1,060.4 ± 45.8 msec) undergoing therapy with steroids, anticholinesterases, or both, compared to normal controls (801.9 ± 8.6 msec) or subjects receiving steroids for nonneurological disease (860.9 ± 14.9 msec). The duration of myasthenia correlated with the slowing of the cycle time. Myasthenia gravis may affect ectodermally derived smooth muscle or the autonomic neuromuscular junction or both, and not be restricted to the well‐demonstrated alterations of neuromuscular junction in striated muscle of mesodermal origin. Alternatively, prolonged pupillary cycles could be attributed to dysfunction of central pathways of the pupillary light reflex.
Biogenic amine metabolism in tourette syndrome
Authors: Butler Ian J. , Koslow Stephen H. , Seifert William E. , Caprioli Richard M. , Singer Harvey S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractBiogenic amine metabolism in the central nervous system of 9 children with Tourette syndrome was evaluated by quantitation of their metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid by a gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric method. Homovanillic acid (HVA), 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5‐HIAA), and 3‐methoxy‐4‐hydroxyphenylethylene glycol (MHPG) were measured in CSF before and after oral administration of probenecid. Dopamine metabolism appeared defective, as both baseline and accumulated levels of HVA after probenecid were decreased. Serotonin metabolism also appeared defective in some patients with low baseline and low accumulated levels of 5‐HIAA after probenecid. Taken together with other clinical features of this disease, the results suggest an underlying disorder of dopamine and serotonin metabolism in Tourette syndrome.
The cubital tunnel syndrome: Diagnosis and precise localization
Authors: Miller Robert G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe cubital tunnel syndrome is a subgroup of ulnar neuropathies arising at the elbow, with nerve entrapment under the aponeurosis connecting the two heads of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle. To separate this condition more clearly from tardy ulnar palsy, the clinical and electrophysiological features of 9 patients are presented, 6 of whom had the syndrome bilaterally. There was no history of trauma and no clinical or roentgenographic evidence of joint deformity in any of the patients.In 9 of the 15 ulnar nerves, abnormal conduction was localized to the level of the cubital tunnel (1.5 to 3.5 cm distal to the medial epicondyle). The findings were confirmed intraoperatively in 7 patients and corresponded to a tight band compressing the ulnar nerve and causing narrowing at the cubital tunnel with swelling proximally. This syndrome represents a common and distinct subgroup of ulnar neuropathies at the elbow.
Ophthalmoplegia and bulbar palsy in variant form of maple syrup urine disease
Authors: Chhabria Shakuntala , Tomasi Lawrence G. , Wong Paul W. K. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis is the third reported case of a neonate with ophthalmoplegia in whom the diagnosis of maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) was delayed into infancy. In this case, the demonstration of significant residual branched‐chain ketoacid decarboxylase activities suggests that this atypical presentation may be characteristic of the MSUD variant form.
Lidase treatment of spinal cord transected rats
Authors: Kowalski Timothy F. , Lee Vahlsing H. , Feringa Earl R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractRussian investigators have recently reported clinical recovery of enzyme treated, spinal cord transected rats. Using the exact protocols outlined by Matinian and Andreasian, we repeated a portion of their experiment using a Lidase preparation manufactured in the USSR. Animals were evaluated for return of bladder function, clinical evidence of hind limb motor function, cortical evoked response after sciatic nerve stimulation, and axonal transport of cortically injected tritiated proline by regenerated corticospinal axons.The only difference between treated and control animals was that the mean total body weight of the treated animals increased more than that of controls (p < 0.05). No animal walked, had return of voluntary motor activity, showed cortical evoked response, or had evidence for transport of tritiated proline over regenerated corticospinal axons.