bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Governance In Germany: The Foundations Of Corporate Structure?
Authors: Clarke Thomas , Bostock Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The definition of corporate governance is often wrongly confined to the practices of the company boardroom, when the institutions and practices of governance influence fundamentally the structure and operations of companies. It is apparent that approaches to corporate governance affect not only company performance, but also have an important effect upon overall economic performance through their impact inter alia upon: There are generally conceived significant differences between the corporate governance structures of Anglo-American companies, and European companies, with the German model of governance often portrayed as the most distinctive of the European types (Tricker 1994; Monks and Minow 1995; Clarke and Bostock 1994). Among the notable features of the German business sector is the relatively strong concentration of ownership of individual enterprises; the importance of small and medium-sized unincorporated companies, with a close correspondence between owners and managers; and the limited role played by the stock market (OECD 1995a).
Introduction: Practising Theory
Authors: Cowton Christopher , Crisp Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE need to write an introduction to a collection of papers presents its editors with a choice. Should they restrict themselves to a brief indication of what is to come, presented as little more than a list; or should they be more ambitious, seeking to produce a coherent account of the contents and significance of the volume for which they are responsible? The answer for a volume which pretends to any kind of academic merit is obvious-at least until the time comes to get down to some serious writing. Conscious of the risks inherent in the more ambitious type of introduction-promising too much, forcing the chapters illegitimately into a mould, or even just boring the reader-we have nevertheless decided to map out some themes relating to the pursuit of business ethics and to show how the various chapters relate to those themes. But before embarking on that task, we thought it useful to provide some indication of how the book came about.
Research in Real Worlds: The Empirical Contribution to Business Ethics
Authors: Cowton Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
BUSINESS ethics is now firmly established as an academic field of study, with its own journals, institutions, and debates. While much of the growth in scholarly activity has been recent, with a dramatic increase over the past decade or so, the field has a considerably longer pedigree (De George 1987). For a long and indefinite period prior to 1960, De George suggests, the ethical analysis of business was primarily theological and religious, to which was subsequently added a strong philosophical contribution. More recently, the ‘sustained and cumulative’ normative contribution (Robertson 1993) of the philosophers and theologians has been augmented by the introduction of various social scientific perspectives, most often from social psychology and organization theory (Victor and Stephens 1994), which bring with them an orientation towards empirical research.
The Potential for a Universal Business Ethics
Authors: Woodward S N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter takes as its departure point an article by Donaldson in the Harvard Business Review which advocates three core values, based on three principles, for application in the relationship between US corporations and other cultures (Donaldson 1996). Such a relationship requires awareness of context, and is predicated on acknowledgement of common humanity. In the first section of this chapter, I shall examine these notions of context and common humanity. However, such principles tend to be denied within corporations themselves, through the dynamics of personal agenda, of organization, and of hierarchy in contemporary economic and civil societies. The remainder of the chapter will consider the nature of these dynamics, suggesting that the tendency is as old as civilization, but emerges starkly and damagingly in corporations through their control over resources and people, enabled by the technologies of progress, where through cultural evolution ‘we have created a world for which we are not biologically made’ (Eibl-Eibesfeldt 1989: 718).
Growth via Politics: Business Groups Italian-Style
Authors: Amatori Franco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A business group is defined as an ensemble of enterprises which, while operatively or juridically independent, are subjected to some manner of unified control or, at the very least, co-ordination. It is a form of industrial organization constantly present in the past century ‘s economic scenario, not only in what are classified as the ‘advanced ‘ countries but also in those which try to catch up with them. There are various elements which out line a typology of a business group, such as the quantity of companies that refer to it, their belonging to related sectors, or their extension into unrelated fields of economic activity, the mechanisms through which control or co-ordination is obtained, etc. Considered from this viewpoint-Le. as tools for control or co-ordination-we may distinguish between associational groups, alliances often cemented by cross-shareholdings that should be characterized by co-ordination and co-operation, and hierarchical groups2 structured as a pyramid on top of which there is a mother company which, thanks to property rights, has the power to allocate resources, even transferring them from one company to another.
From School To Work
Authors: Shavit Yossi , Moller Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This fascinating comparative study presents the latest research into the value of qualifications for the attainment of first job, and in securing employment. A team of some of the world’s leading scholars in the field examine the ways in which educational qualifications affect the occupational outcomes of men and women in thirteen countries. The book features chapters on each of these countries, together with a lead chapter which integrates them, and analyses them comparatively. The authors present a wealth of rich and detailed information on educational institutions in these various countries, as well as reports on rigorous statistical analyses of the associations between qualifications and occupations. The data reveals marked differences between countries in how education shapes occupational attainment, and indicates that these differences are related, in very systematic ways, to the institutional characteristics of school systems. The book offers a range of insightful policy-oriented observations, for example that vocational education is valuable in countries where training is occupationally specific, but is of little value where the curricula are general in content.
Educational Credentials and Labour-Market Entry Outcomes in Japan
Authors: Ishida Hiroshi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Japanese education is characterized by apparently contradictory features of equality and stratification. Compulsory education, which combines six years of elementary school and three years of lower secondary education, is known for its high degree of uniformity and equality (Cummings 1980). During compulsory education, most Japanese students are enrolled in state schools on the basis of residence. Educational facilities, personnel, and curricula are highly standardized, with students learning by and large the same material at approximately the same time and pace throughout Japan.
Introduction
Authors: Hakim Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nothing stands still. We are aware that the labour market is in constant flux, expanding and contracting with the economic cycle. But like other institutions it is also in a continual process of change and renewal, adapting to new technology and other social and economic innovations, so that the composition and character of jobs and workers do not stand still. These changes are concealed by the highly standardized way in which national statistics are collected and published, and by the fixed concepts, of employment and a job, on which they rest. Labour market statistics have their rigidities too. It is only when researchers gain access to microdata from the large national datasets that we can begin to discover the changes and innovations hidden behind the smooth continuities of official statistics. The release of the 1% and 2% Samples of Anonymised Records from the British 1991 Census provided a golden opportunity to do just this. This book presents the results. As expected, it offers many surprises.
The Place and the Present Role of the Copts in the Egyptian Economy: Traditions and Specializations
Authors: Beshai Adel A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An analysis of the role of the Copts in contemporary economic life can best be done through a historical perspective. This historical perspective will serve at least two purposes: first, it will give an insight into the changes that occurred; second, it would be interesting to see whether behind the current economic situation of the Copts there are factors that existed a century or so ago.The first stage we shall examine is from the 1850s until 1907. This period was characterized by an inflow of foreign capital. Most of the economic activities were in the hands of foreigners. In the course of that period, the Copts played a pivotal role in providing local expertise for foreign companies. To cite one example, in the Beheira company for land reclamation, one finds that most of the technical cadres in these companies were filled by Copts. In this period, the local capital was concentrated in agricultural land. A landed gentry from the Copts began to appear, which was concentrated in Upper Egypt and possessed huge economic resources.
The Christian Communities and the Economic and Social Situation in Lebanon
Authors: Labaki Boutros 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For a clear and precise discussion of the current social and economic situation of Lebanese Christians, it is essential to remember what a ‘religious community’ in Lebanon is and what its specific characteristics are.The religious communities in Lebanon are social groups originally linked by the same faith and the same religious rites. These communities, which have formed during the course of history, have their own religious apparatus which is structured in various ways and is different from one community to another. They have different roles, apart from the strictly religious one: they often control the communities’ school networks and their universities. They also have partial control over the numerous com¬ munity associations, social or charity work, healthcare networks, cultural groups, youth clubs and movements, as well as associations with purely religious purposes. Most of the communities possess property/funds which represent sources of income for their apparatus and their institutions.
Restructuring the Employment Relationship
Authors: Tomlinson Duncan Gallie Michael White Yuan Cheng Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This masterly new study presents the first large-scale empirical analysis of the changes in British work experiences and employment relationships between the 1980s and 1990s. Drawing on the Employment in Britain surveya national survey providing the richest source of evidence to date about individuals’ experience of employmentit examines the impact of new technologies, the emergence of new management policies, the changing forms of employment contract, and the growth of job insecurity on people’s experience of employment. The authors focus on the implications these developments have for the ways in which skills and work tasks have been changing, the nature of control at work, the degree of participation in decision-making, and the flexibility demanded at work. They assess whether there has been a tendency towards either a polarization or convergence of employment experiences between men and women, and between occupational classes. They offer fresh insight into how the changing quality of work in recent years has affected employee’s involvement in their jobs and organizations, the stress they experience at work, and the propensity for absenteeism and staff turnover. While the study provides strong evidence of a marked trend towards upskilling, the authors take issue with the argument that a new type of employment relationship is emerging, arguing instead that the restructuring of the employment relationship has, in fact, reinforced traditional lines of division in the workforce.
The Growth of Job Insecurity
Authors: Tomlinson Duncan Gallie Michael White Yuan Cheng Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most salient changes in the labour market over the last two decades was the return of mass unemployment. It was a period marked by two major recessions in the early 1980s and the early 1990s in which unemployment returned to a level comparable with the interwar years. The broad pattern of change is familiar from official statistics. In this chapter, we want to consider how the rise of unemployment has affected people’s experience of employment. Did the rise in unemployment mean that there was an overall decrease in the stability of people’s experience of employment? What factors accounted for people’s vulnerability to unemployment? What was the effect of unemployment on individuals’ subsequent work careers? Taking a historical perspective, we first consider how employment stability has changed over time, looking at the way that career trajectories have altered since the 1950s.
Discussion and Conclusions
Authors: Crompton Rosemary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book has examined one of the major changes in the organization of work in the second half of the twentieth century: the division of labour between men and women. In many of the chapters in this book we have used the male-breadwinner model as an ideal type from which to begin to analyse these changes. In this final chapter, I will draw together some of the themes we have been exploring previously. First, there is the question of national variations in the way in which the male-breadwinner model has evolved and been modified. A major sub-theme structuring our discussion here will be the question of equality-both between women and men, and within society as a whole. In this book, from Chapter 6 onwards, we have seen that different national patterns of gender arrangements are cross-cut by systematic similarities, in which occupational differences play a major role. This raises the important question of the significance-or otherwise-of individual choice in shaping the gender division of labour, and the nature of gender relations, amongst particular individuals and their families. Finally, there is the question of how individual choices are reflected in the transformation of institutions and gender norms, and vice versa.
Zionism and Diaspora Nationalism*
Authors: Smith Anthony D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are two main views of Zionism. The first regards it as a unique phenomenon, the second as yet another of the many ethnic nationalisms of small peoples. The first view is internal: it proceeds from the specifics of the Jewish historical experience. The second view is largely external: it locates and explains Jewish nationalism, and Zionism, within the broader European experience of nationalism. Neither approach has much to commend it. The first fails to consider the different kinds of Jewish nationalism and the changes within Zionism in response to a changing world. The second is unable to deal with the many continuities between Jewish nationalism and Jewish traditions and experiences through the ages, except in a very superficial manner.
On Sociology
Authors: Goldthorpe John H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On Sociology brings together a collection of essays all written in the last ten years by one of the best-known and influential British sociologist, John H. Goldthorpe. The essays are concerned with the intellectual discovery of contemporary sociology. The collection begins with essays critical of various current tendencies in sociology and moved on to essays that outline a programme for a new sociological mainstream. The essays combine the established strengths of quantitative sociology with recent developments in the theory of social action, especially rational action theory. It then turns to essays illustrative of this style of sociology. The book deals with substantive topics in the field of social stratification. The final essay takes up some of the relevant issues in the history of sociology.
Introduction
Authors: Goldthorpe John H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
OVER RECENT decades, a state of crisis in sociology has been so frequently proclaimed, and on so many different grounds, that to do so yet again can have little dramatic impact. I can, however, only report that, as the end of the twentieth century has approached, I have come to believe with ever greater conviction that sociology is indeed in a condition that cannot for much longer continue without seriously adverse, and possibly quite disastrous, effects ensuing. It is then this intensifying belief that has primarily motivated these essay’all written within the last ten years”and their collection in this volume. It might, of course, be thought that little more is here involved than a bad case of fin-de-siécle apocalyptic gloom. Before introducing the essays themselves, I therefore try to explain why I regard the present state of sociology as giving cause for such concern and also to indicate how in general I would think it best to respond.
The Uses of History in Sociology: Reflections on Some Recent Tendencies
Authors: Goldthorpe John H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
TO TAKE up again the question of the uses of history in sociology may well appear regressive. For to do so implies, of course, making a distinction betweenhistory and sociology, which would now be widely regarded as untenable. Thus, for example, Philip Abrams, in his highly influential book, Historical Sociology (1980), has advanced the argument that, since ‘history and sociology are and always have been the same thing’, any discussion of the relationship of one to the other must be misguided; and Abrams in turn quotes Giddens (1979: 230) to the effect that ‘there simply are no logical or even methodological distinctions between the social sciences and history”appropriately conceived’.
The Quantitative Analysis of Large-scale Data Sets and Rational Action Theory: For a Sociological Alliance
Authors: Goldthorpe John H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN SOCIOLOGY today, the quantitative analysis of large-scale data sets (QAD) and the deployment of rational action theory (RAT) are not closely related activities. In this chapter, however, it is my aim to show that they could with advantage become highly complementary features of the sociological enter- prise; and, further, that the desirability of creating stronger ties between QAD and RAT is in fact well brought out by an examination of the main lines of criticism that each presently encounters.
Explaining Educational Differentials: Towards a Formal Rational Action Theory (with Richard Breen)
Authors: Goldthorpe John H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN THE light of recent research in the sociology of education, which has involved extensive over-time and cross-national analyses (see esp. Shavit and Blossfeld 1993; Erikson and Jonsson 1996b), it would seem that the following empirical generalizations can reliably be made and constitute explananda that pose an evident theoretical challenge.
Outline of a Theory of Social Mobility
Authors: Goldthorpe John H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IT WOULD be widely recognized among sociologists that the field of social mobility research is that in which quantitative techniques of data collection and, especially, of data analysis have reached their highest levels of sophistication. However, such recognition could not be taken to imply approval. A series of articles by sociologists both within and outside the field could be cited in which it is charged that the concern with technique has become excessive and has had seriously detrimental consequences in at least two respects (for a recent example, see Miller 1998). On the one hand, it is held, the problems that are pursued by mobility researchers are to an undue degree chosen in the light of technique”that is, because they appear readily treatable via some favoured procedure; while, on the other hand, the preoccupation with quantitative analysis and the results that it produces has led to a crude empiricism and to an avoidance, or at least a disregard, of central theoretical issues.
Choice and Religion
Authors: Bruce Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The orthodox view is that the democracies of the western world have become increasingly secular over the twentieth century. Fewer and fewer people have chosen to believe, and the church has declined markedly as religion has changed from being part of an identity ascribed at birth to being a matter of personal choice. Choice and Religion provides a detailed critique of the 'rational choice' approach to religion to demonstrate that industrialisation has secularised the western world and that diversity, far from making religion more popular by allowing individuals to maximize their returns, undermines it. The claim that diversity and competition promote religion is refuted with evidence from a wide variety of western societies. Bruce examine the Nordic countries and the ex-communist states of eastern Europe to explore the consequences of different sorts of state regulation, and to show that ethnicity is a more powerful determinate of religious change than market structures. Where religion matters, it is not because individuals are maximising their returns, it is because it defines group identity and is heavily implicated in social conflict.
Introduction
Authors: Bruce Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A brief account of why this book was written might also explain its tone. If there are occasional hints of exasperation, it is because the whole project was born out of frustration with the malign influence of a small clique of US sociologists of religion. I know that my country is markedly less religious now than it was in my childhood or the childhood of my father and grandfather. Scottish towns are decorated with redundant and converted churches; within five miles of me there are six churches that have been converted into private houses. There are no new churches. I know enough of the history of my country to have no doubt that most Scots of the seventeenth century attended the religious rituals of the church, prayed, read their Bibles, tried to follow the social teachings of the clergy, gave money to the church, and celebrated the significant events of their lives, their community, and the agricultural year in church to a far greater extent than do my contemporaries. In early 1998 two things brought the extent of secularization home to me. First, I read that, for the first time in its 150-year history, the Free Church of Scotland had no students training for the ministry. Secondly, I was invited by a group of leading Scottish Methodists to a meeting in Stirling to discuss the Church’s future. Fewer than thirty people, most of them elderly, met in a church badly in need of renovation and looked at membership figures that showed, quite unambiguously, that Scottish Methodism would disappear within my lifetime.