bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stimulus characteristics and task category dissociate the anterior and posterior aspects of the novelty P3
Authors: Gaeta Helen , Friedman David , Hunt Gregory 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe novelty P3 is an event‐related potential component that is most often elicited by environmental sounds within the “novelty oddball” paradigm. Within the context of this paradigm, it is not clear if the novelty P3 can be elicited by deviant stimuli regardless of whether they serve as target or nontarget deviants, or to what extent the physical characteristics of the stimulus contributes to the amplitude of the novelty P3. The current study examines this issue by systematically switching target and nontarget deviants between environmental sounds and tonal stimuli. Participants were 36 young adults. Auditory stimuli were 48 unique tones and 48 unique environmental sounds presented under three experimental conditions. The results showed that target and nontarget deviants elicited novelty P3s with anterior and posterior aspects. The major determinant of the extent of the anterior aspect was the degree of difference between the physical characteristics of the deviant stimuli and the standards. By contrast, the major determinant of the posterior aspect was the task relevance of the deviant stimuli.
2001 Division 35 Presidential Address: Context Matters: Understanding Tokenism Processes and Their Impact on Women's Work
Authors: Yoder Janice D. 
Published: March 2003

Awarded for your spectacular contributions to feminist psychology, Division 35 presents to you the Carolyn Wood Sherif Award. A prodigious researcher and theorist, you break down the artificial distinctions between basic and applied work and between erudition and accessibility. In your scholarship you have raised to the forefront neglected variables such as ethnicity, social class, and disability. Your creativity, courage, warmth, and generosity of spirit make you an inspiration to scholars across a spectrum of disciplines, many of whom you have mentored, nurtured, and helped. Nor does your indefatigable advocacy stop at the campus gates. With humor, wisdom, and abundant determination, you have used the tools of our discipline to create community and to advance the cause of social justice. It is with gratitude that we honor you and your work, Michelle Fine. While the power of her absence can't yet find words, this paper is dedicated, of course, to our friend, colleague, the fountain of energy, commitment, deep throated laughter, always searching for silver linings, the very missed Sue Zalk.
Differences in Performance of Independent and Finance‐Affiliated Venture Capital Firms
Authors: Wang Kangmao , Wang Clement K. , Lu Qing 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe examine the differences in the investment behavior of independent and finance‐affiliated venture capital firms (VCFs). We find that differences in internal management mechanisms and staff backgrounds lead to external performance differences. Using VC‐backed companies listed in Singapore as our sample, we find significant differences between these two types of VCFs in industry preference, investment duration, VCF syndication, number of board seats, initial underpricing, and long‐term market returns. Independent VCFs add more value to their portfolios. Thus, we conclude that the participation of independent VCFs is an important corporate‐level factor for the success of the venture capital market.
Life Insurance Liabilities at Market Value: An Analysis of Insolvency Risk, Bonus Policy, and Regulatory Intervention Rules in a Barrier Option Framework
Authors: Grosen Anders , Jørgensen Peter Løchte 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis article takes a contingent claim approach to the market valuation of equity and liabilities in life insurance companies. A model is presented that explicitly takes into account the following: (i) the holders of life insurance contracts (LICs) have the first claim on the company's assets, whereas equity holders have limited liability; (ii) interest rate guarantees are common elements of LICs; and (iii) LICs according to the so‐called contribution principle are entitled to receive a fair share of any investment surplus. Furthermore, a regulatory mechanism in the form of an intervention rule is built into the model. This mechanism is shown to significantly reduce the insolvency risk of the issued contracts, and it implies that the various claims on the company's assets become more exotic and obtain barrier option properties. Closed valuation formulas are nevertheless derived. Finally, some representative numerical examples illustrate how the model can be used to establish the set of initially fair contracts and to determine the market values of contracts after their inception.
Insurance Fraud
Authors: Derrig Richard A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractInsurance fraud is a major problem in the United States at the beginning of the 21st century. It has no doubt existed wherever insurance policies are written, taking different forms to suit the economic time and coverage available. From the advent of “railway spine” in the 19th century to “trip and falls” and “whiplash” in the 20th century, individuals and groups have always been willing and able to file bogus claims. The termfraudcarries the connotation that the activity is illegal with prosecution and sanctions as the threatened outcomes. The reality of current discourse is a much more expanded notion of fraud that covers many unnecessary, unwanted, and opportunistic manipulations of the system that fall short of criminal behavior. Those may be better suited to civil adjudicators or legislative reformers. This survey describes the range of these moral hazards arising from asymmetric information, especially in claiming behavior, and the steps taken to model the process and enhance detection and deterrence of fraud in its widest sense. The fundamental problem for insurers coping with both fraud and systemic abuse is to devise a mechanism that efficiently sorts claims into categories that require the acquisition of additional information at a cost. The five articles published in this issue of theJournal of Risk and Insuranceadvance our knowledge on several fronts. Measurement, detection, and deterrence of fraud are advanced through statistical models, intelligent technologies are applied to informative databases to provide for efficient claim sorts, and strategic analysis is applied to property‐liability and health insurance situations.
Innovating in Digital Government in the American States*
Authors: McNeal Ramona S. , Tolbert Caroline J. , Mossberger Karen , Dotterweich Lisa J. 
Published: March 2003

Objective.The purpose of this research is to examine why some states have embraced digital government more extensively than others.Methods.Multivariate regression analysis is used to empirically test explanations for state innovation in e‐government. The primary dependent variable is the percent of state‐level government websites offering online services to citizens.Results.Republican‐controlled legislatures are more likely to embrace e‐government, implying that efficiency concerns may drive reliance on digital government. Innovators in e‐government were states with fewer households with Internet access and less use of the initiative process, indicating that citizen demand was not a factor. More extensive use of e‐government is also associated with legislative professionalization and professional networks—factors that may be useful for explaining the diffusion of other administrative reforms, and technical issues lacking political salience.Conclusions.These data suggest e‐government implementation is driven by legislative professionalism and, to a lesser extent, state professional networks, rather than citizen demand. These indicators fitLowi's (1972)conception of “constituent policy” as a top‐down process, confined to administrative or legislative circles, compared to distributive, regulatory, and redistributive policy. We hypothesize that other administrative reforms, particularly those lacking political salience, may exhibit similar relationships with legislative professionalization and professional networks.
Risk Aversion, Transparency, and Market Performance
Authors: De Frutos M. Ángeles , Manzano Carolina 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTUsing a model of market making with inventories based on Biais (1993), we find that investors obtain more favorable execution prices, and they hence invest more, when markets are fragmented. In our model, risk‐averse dealers use less aggressive price strategies in more transparent markets (centralized) because quote dissemination alleviates uncertainty about the prices quoted by other dealers and, hence, reduces the need to compete aggressively for order flow. Further, we show that the move toward greater transparency (centralization) may have detrimental effects on liquidity and welfare.
How Accurate Are Value‐at‐Risk Models at Commercial Banks?
Authors: Berkowitz Jeremy , O'Brien James 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTIn recent years, the trading accounts at large commercial banks have grown substantially and become progressively more diverse and complex. We provide descriptive statistics on the trading revenues from such activities and on the associated Value‐at‐Risk (VaR) forecasts internally estimated by banks. For a sample of large bank holding companies, we evaluate the performance of banks trading risk models by examining the statistical accuracy of the VaR forecasts. Although a substantial literature has examined the statistical and economic meaning of Value‐at‐Risk models, this article is the first to provide a detailed analysis of the performance of models actually in use.
Learning, Asset‐Pricing Tests, and Market Efficiency
Authors: Lewellen Jonathan , Shanken Jay 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTThis paper studies the asset‐pricing implications of parameter uncertainty. We show that, when investors must learn about expected cash flows, empirical tests can find patterns in the data that differ from those perceived by rational investors. Returns might appear predictable to an econometrician, or appear to deviate from the Capital Asset Pricing Model, but investors can neither perceive nor exploit this predictability. Returns may also appear excessively volatile even though prices react efficiently to cash‐flow news. We conclude that parameter uncertainty can be important for characterizing and testing market efficiency.
Alpha Interferon Induces Distinct Translational Control Programs To Suppress Hepatitis C Virus RNA Replication
Authors: Wang Chunfu , Pflugheber Jill , Sumpter Rhea , Sodora Donald L. , Hui Daniel , Sen Ganes C. , Gale Michael 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is treated with interferon (IFN)-based therapy. The mechanisms by which IFN suppresses HCV replication are not known, and only limited efficacy is achieved with therapy because the virus directs mechanisms to resist the host IFN response. In the present study we characterized the effects of IFN action upon the replication of two distinct quasispecies of an HCV replicon whose encoded NS5A protein exhibited differential abilities to bind and inhibit protein kinase R (PKR). Metabolic labeling experiments revealed that IFN had little overall effect upon HCV protein stability or polyprotein processing but specifically blocked translation of the HCV RNA, such that the replication of both viral quasispecies was suppressed by IFN treatment of the Huh7 host cells. However, within cells expressing an NS5A variant that inhibited PKR, we observed a reduced level of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha subunit (eIF2α) phosphorylation and a concomitant increase in HCV protein synthetic rates, enhancement of viral RNA replication, and a partial rescue of viral internal ribosome entry site (IRES) function from IFN suppression. Assessment of the ribosome distribution of the HCV replicon RNA demonstrated that the NS5A-mediated block in eIF2α phosphorylation resulted in enhanced recruitment of the HCV RNA into polyribosome complexes in vivo but only partially rescued the RNA from polyribosome dissociation induced by IFN treatment. Examination of cellular proteins associated with HCV-translation complexes in IFN-treated cells identified the P56 protein as an eIF3-associated factor that fractionated with the initiator ribosome-HCV RNA complex. Importantly, we found that P56 could independently suppress HCV IRES function both in vitro and in vivo, but a mutant P56 that was unable to bind eIF3 had no suppressive action. We conclude that IFN blocks HCV replication through translational control programs involving PKR and P56 to, respectively, target eIF2- and eIF3-dependent steps in the viral RNA translation initiation process.
CC Chemokine Ligand 3 (CCL3) Regulates CD8+-T-Cell Effector Function and Migration following Viral Infection
Authors: Trifilo Matthew J. , Bergmann Cornelia C. , Kuziel William A. , Lane Thomas E. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTChemokines induce the directional migration of targeted populations of leukocytes during periods of inflammation. Moreover, these molecules also regulate T-cell activation and differentiation following antigenic stimulation. In the present study, the contributions of the CC chemokine ligand 3 (CCL3) to the differentiation and migration of effector T cells in response to viral infection of the central nervous system (CNS) were analyzed. CCL3−/−mice infected with mouse hepatitis virus exhibited a significant reduction of virus-specific CD8+T cells within the CNS, correlating with delayed viral clearance. Decreased infiltration of CD8+T cells into infected CCL3−/−mice was associated with enhanced accumulation of primed CD8+T cells in cervical lymph nodes. Although virus-specific CD8+T cells from CCL3−/−mice were CD44high, they remained CD62Lhighand CD25low, retained CCR7 expression, and contained limited transcripts of the proinflammatory chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR3 compared with virus-specific CD8+T cells from CCL3+/+mice. Furthermore, the absence of CCL3 impaired the cytokine production and cytolytic activity of CD8+T cells. In addition, macrophage accumulation within the CNS was significantly decreased in infected CCL3−/−mice, correlating with reduced demyelination. These results suggest that CCL3 not only mediates macrophage chemotaxis but also significantly enhances differentiation of primed CD8+T cells into effector cells and their release into circulation, thus potentiating effective migration to the site of infection.
Limited Breadth of a T-Helper Cell Response to a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Protein
Authors: Zhan X. , Slobod K. S. , Surman S. , Brown S. A. , Lockey T. D. , Coleclough C. , Doherty P. C. , Hurwitz J. L. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTSingle-envelope human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccines have been studied for more than a decade, with some successes in homologous challenge experiments in nonhuman primates but with no clear successes in clinical trials. To gain insight into the breadth of the immunity elicited by such vaccines, we have dissected the T-helper cell response of C57BL/6 mice to an individual, molecularly cloned envelope protein. Here, we report that T-helper cells responsive to HIV type 1 1035 envelope are very highly restricted in C57BL/6 animals: seven different hybridomas recovered from five separate mice recognized the same peptide, PKVSFEPIPIHYCAP, located in the C2 region of gp120. Three of these hybridomas were tested on a natural variant of the peptide but failed to respond. A more extensive analysis of whole splenic populations from other C57BL/6 mice immunized with the 1035 envelope reproducibly confirmed that the gp120-specific T-helper response was almost exclusively focused on a single epitope. We conclude that single-envelope vaccines may frequently fail to provoke an immune response sufficiently diverse to recognize variant sequences among circulating HIV. The results encourage the inclusion of more than one envelope in future vaccines to enhance the potential diversity and respective surveillance capacities of responding T-helper cell populations.
Three-Dimensional Localization of pORF65 in Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Capsid
Authors: Lo Pierrette , Yu Xuekui , Atanasov Ivo , Chandran Bala , Zhou Z. Hong 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT
Of the six herpesvirus capsid proteins, the smallest capsid proteins (SCPs) share the least sequence homology among herpesvirus family members and have been implicated in virus specificity during infection. The herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) SCP was shown to be horn shaped and to specifically bind the upper domain of each major capsid protein in hexons but not in pentons. In Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), the protein encoded by the ORF65 gene (pORF65) is the putative SCP but its location remains controversial due to the absence of such horn-shaped densities from both the pentons and hexons of the KSHV capsid reconstructions. To directly locate the KSHV SCP, we have used electron cryomicroscopy and three-dimensional reconstruction techniques to compare the three-dimensional structure of KSHV capsids to that of anti-pORF65 antibody-labeled capsids. Our difference map shows prominent antibody densities bound to the tips of the hexons but not to pentons, indicating that KSHV SCP is attached to the upper domain of the major capsid protein in hexons but not to that in pentons, similar to HSV-1 SCP. The lack of horn-shaped densities on the hexons indicates that KSHV SCP exhibits structural features that are substantially different from those of HSV-1 SCP. The location of SCP at the outermost regions of the capsid suggests a possible role in mediating capsid interactions with the tegument and cytoskeletal proteins during infection.
Human Coronavirus 229E: Receptor Binding Domain and Neutralization by Soluble Receptor at 37°C
Authors: Breslin Jamie J. , Mørk Irene , Smith M. K. , Vogel Lotte K. , Hemmila Erin M. , Bonavia Aurelio , Talbot Pierre J. , Sjöström Hans , Norén Ove , Holmes Kathryn V. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT
Truncated human coronavirus HCoV-229E spike glycoproteins containing amino acids 407 to 547 bound to purified, soluble virus receptor, human aminopeptidase N (hAPN). Soluble hAPN neutralized the infectivity of HCoV-229E virions at 37°C, but not 4°C. Binding of hAPN may therefore trigger conformational changes in the viral spike protein at 37°C that facilitate virus entry.
Adaptive predistortion of COFDM signals for a mobile satellite channel
Authors: Rodriguez Nibaldo , Soto Ismael , Carrasco Rolando 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn this paper, we consider the optimization of the performance of QPSK and 16‐QAM coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (COFDM) signals over the non‐linear and mobile satellite channel. A high power amplifier and Rician flat fading channel produces non‐linear and linear distortions; an adaptive predistortion technique combined with turbo codes will reduce both types of distortion. The predistorter is based on a feedforward neural network, with the coefficients being derived using an extended Kalman filter (EKF). The conventional turbo code is used to mitigate Rician flat fading distortion and Gaussian noise. The performance over a non‐linear satellite channel indicates that QPSK COFDM followed by a predistorter provides a gain of about 1.7 dB at a BER of 3×10−3when compared to QPSK COFDM without the predistortion scheme and 16‐QAM COFDM provides a gain of 0.5 dB output back‐off and 1.2 dB signal to noise ratio at a BER of 3×10−5when compared with an adaptive predistorter based on the Harmmerstein model. We also investigate the influence of the guard time interval and Doppler frequency effect on the BER performance. When the guard interval increases from 0 to 0.125Tsamples and the normalized Doppler frequency is 0.001, there is a gain of 0.7 and 1 dB signal to noise ratio at a BER of 6×10−4for QPSK and 16‐QAM COFDM, respectively. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A switching function of a quantum dot surrounded by four tunnel junctions
Authors: Amemiya Katsuki , Ueta Tsuyoshi 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe resonant tunneling effect is considered in a system consisting of a square quantum dot with quantum wires connected to each side via tunnel junctions. Due to resonance in the dot, it is possible to distinguish the case with forward transmission only for the incidence at a certain probe and the case in which transmission into the left and right probes appears. Further, by considering the asymmetry of the tunnel junctions, the possibility of using this structure as a switching element is explored. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 86(4): 10–17, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10102
A permanent magnet‐assisted synchronous reluctance motor
Authors: Murakami Hiroshi , Honda Yukio , Morimoto Shigeo , Takeda Yoji 
Published: March 2003

AbstractPermanent magnet motors have attracted a lot of attention recently for their potential for saving energy. However, they are only used for certain applications because the magnets are expensive. This paper discusses the optimum design of the low‐cost, highly efficient magnet‐ assisted reluctance motors with a minimum amount of magnets. The motor considered in this study is a multi‐flux barrier reluctance motor. The configuration by which permanent magnets are embedded to the innermost side of the rotor to obtain maximum output with the minimum amount of magnets was evaluated through simulation and experiments with a prototype motor. As a result, we established a method for designing motors capable of realizing the same efficiency as permanent magnet motors with only one‐fourth the amount of magnets. In our experiments, we achieved a high efficiency of 94.5% with a 750‐W motor. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 142(4): 66–74, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10123
An HLA‐B null allele (B*0808N) caused by a nucleotide deletion in exon 3, found in the family of a bone marrow transplant recipient
Authors: Carter V. , Dunn P.P.J. , Cavanagh G. , Day S. , Ross J. , Chapman C. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:We have identified a variant HLA‐B allele, B*0808N, segregating through two generations of healthy individuals, whilst HLA typing the family of a bone marrow patient. Serological typing identified a disparity between the father (A1, A3 B7 DR7) and the brother (A1, A2 B56 DR1, DR7) of the patient. Low/medium resolution polymerase chain reaction using sequence‐specific primers (PCR‐SSP) revealed a B*08 allele undetectable by serological methods. High resolution DNA typing by polymerase chain reaction‐sequencing based typing (PCR‐SBT), revealed a nucleotide deletion at position 131 (C) in exon 3, the only difference between the new allele and B*0801. The deletion results in a frame shift in the protein coding sequence, introducing a premature termination codon (TGA) in exon 4. Although a B*08 allele is present in these individuals, the deletion prevents correct expression of the antigen on the cell surface ( Note).
Complete sequence analysis of the A*1103 allele
Authors: Tijssen H.J. , Sistermans E.A. , Van Den Beucken M. , Krausa P. , Joosten I. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:Here we report the full‐length sequence of a novel A*11 variant. The variant was identified by ARMS‐PCR and serology, the sequence was confirmed by cloning and subsequent sequencing. This variant, A*1103, found in a family of oriental origin, resembles the A*1101 sequence in exon 2 but differs in exon 3 with regard to codons 151 and 152.The polymorphism’s result in two amino acid substitutions (one conserved (His‐>Arg), one introducing a negative charge (Ala‐>Glu)) located in the α2 helical region. The arginine at amino acid position 151 is rare amongst A‐locus alleles and is besides A*1103 only observed in A*29 variants, the glutamine at amino acid position 152 is shared with A*0301, A*25, *26, *34 variants and the A*02 subtypes A*0203, *0213 and *0226. In fact, the amino acid motif comprising codons 151 and 152 is unique to A*1103 among A‐locus alleles, but is common to C‐locus alleles ( Note).