bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regulation of apoptosis of interleukin 2‐dependent mouse T‐cell line protein tyrosine phosphorylation and polyamines
Authors: Min An , Hasuma Tadayoshi , Yano Yoshihisa , Matsui‐Yuasa Isao , Otani Shuzo 
Published: February 2005

AbstractWe examined the effect of inhibitors of tyrosine kinase and tyrosine phosphatase on DNA fragmentation, protein tyrosine phosphorylation, and polyamine metabolism in the murine T‐cell line CTLL‐2. When cells were exposed to herbimycin A, a specific inhibitor of tyrosine kinase (Uehara et al., 1989, Biochem. Biophs. Res. Commun., 163:803–809), in the presence of interleukin 2 (IL‐2), DNA was degraded into oligonucleosomal fragments in a dose‐dependent fashion. Genistein, another inhibitor of tyrosine kinase (Akiyama et al., 1987, J. Biol. Chem., 262:5592–5596), had similar effects. Exposure of CTLL‐2 cells to vanadate, a tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, blocked with the DNA fragmentation induced by herbimycin A. Tyrosine phosphorylation of 55 Kd protein was inhibited by herbimycin A, and the inhibition was reduced by vanadate. Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity decreased rapidly after herbimycin A was added to CTLL‐2 cell cultures, while vanadate increased ODC activity. The exogenous addition of putrescine or spermine, but not that of spermidine, attenuated herbimycin A‐induced DNA fragmentation. These findings suggest that phosphorylation of tyrosine residues of 55 Kd protein prevents DNA fragmentation and that polyamines are involved in regulation of apoptosis. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss Inc.
The effect of clenbuterol on body composition in spontaneously eating tumour-bearing mice
Authors: Hyltander Anders , Svaninger Gösta , Lundholm Kent 
Published: February 2005

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a selective β2-adrenoceptor agonist, clenbuterol, on body composition in tumour-bearing adult and growing mice. Therefore, adult female C57/BL6 mice (n = 20) were inoculated subcutaneously with a 3-methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma and divided into two identical groups. One group received injections twice a day of clenbuterol corresponding to 1 mg/kg body weight, the other group received sham injections. Growing mice (n = 20) were similarly divided after tumour inoculation into one study group with clenbuterol injections and one control group. The growing animals were sacrificed on day 11 after commencement of treatment, the adult mice on day 16.Clenbuterol treatment had no statistically significant effect on accumulated food intake or body composition in the adult mice. However, fooe intake in these animals increased numerically compared to control animals after day 12 of the study. Tumour growth was also unaffected. The growing animals displayed an increased carcass dry weight with borderline significance (p = 0.06) and an increased quadriceps muscle fat free dry weight after clenbuterol treatment. Tumour growth was not affected. Food intake measured on a daily basis was significantly increased in the growing clenbuterol treated animals and accumulated food intake was increased with a trend towards statistical significance (p = 0.06). The results support the suggestion that treatment with a selective β2-adrenoceptor agonist does not improve body composition in tumour-bearing adult mice relying on spontaneous food intake while growing animals may benefit from such treatment.
Auxin-Dependent Cell Division and Cell Elongation. 1-Naphthaleneacetic Acid and 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid Activate Different Pathways
Authors: Campanoni Prisca , Nick Peter 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
During exponential phase, the tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cell line cv Virginia Bright Italia-0 divides axially to produce linear cell files of distinct polarity. This axial division is controlled by exogenous auxin. We used exponential tobacco cv Virginia Bright Italia-0 cells to dissect early auxin signaling, with cell division and cell elongation as physiological markers. Experiments with 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) demonstrated that these 2 auxin species affect cell division and cell elongation differentially; NAA stimulates cell elongation at concentrations that are much lower than those required to stimulate cell division. In contrast, 2,4-D promotes cell division but not cell elongation. Pertussis toxin, a blocker of heterotrimeric G-proteins, inhibits the stimulation of cell division by 2,4-D but does not affect cell elongation. Aluminum tetrafluoride, an activator of the G-proteins, can induce cell division at NAA concentrations that are not permissive for division and even in the absence of any exogenous auxin. The data are discussed in a model where the two different auxins activate two different pathways for the control of cell division and cell elongation.
Global Transcription Profiling Reveals Comprehensive Insights into Hypoxic Response in Arabidopsis
Authors: Liu Fenglong , VanToai Tara , Moy Linda P. , Bock Geoffrey , Linford Lara D. , Quackenbush John 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Plants have evolved adaptation mechanisms to sense oxygen deficiency in their environments and make coordinated physiological and structural adjustments to enhance their hypoxic tolerance. To gain insight into how plants respond to low-oxygen stress, gene expression profiling using whole-genome DNA amplicon microarrays was carried out at seven time points over 24 h, in wild-type and transgenic PSAG12:ipt Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Transcript levels of genes involved in glycolysis and fermentation pathways, ethylene synthesis and perception, calcium signaling, nitrogen utilization, trehalose metabolism, and alkaloid synthesis were significantly altered in response to oxygen limitation. Analysis based on gene ontology assignments suggested a significant down-regulation of genes whose functions are associated with cell walls, nucleosome structures, water channels, and ion transporters and a significant up-regulation of genes involved in transcriptional regulation, protein kinase activity, and auxin responses under conditions of oxygen shortage. Promoter analysis on a cluster of up-regulated genes revealed a significant overrepresentation of the AtMYB2-binding motif (GT motif), a sugar response element-like motif, and a G-box-related sequence, and also identified several putative anaerobic response elements. Finally, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions using 29 selected genes independently verified the microarray results. This study represents one of the most comprehensive analyses conducted to date investigating hypoxia-responsive transcriptional networks in plants.
The evolutionary species pool hypothesis and patterns of freshwater diatom diversity along a pH gradient
Authors: Pither Jason , Aarssen Lonnie W. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAim  To interpret the unimodal relationship between diatom species richness and lake pH within the context of the evolutionary species pool hypothesis (SPH). We test the following primary prediction arising from the SPH: the size of the potential species pool (PSP) will increase along a gradient representing the historical commonness of different pH environments (pH commonness). To do this we assume that the present‐day spatial dominance of near‐neutral pH conditions compared with acidic and alkaline conditions reliably mimics the relative spatial availabilities of historical pH conditions among freshwater lakes. We also determine whether local richness represents a constant proportion of PSP size along the pH commonness gradient.Location  Two hundred and thirty‐four lakes distributed over a 405,000 km2 region of the north‐eastern United States of America.Methods  Sediment diatom morphospecies lists and pH data were acquired from the US Environmental Protection Agency's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) website. Using 248 morphospecies that occurred in at least 10 of the 234 lakes, four different measures of PSPs were calculated along the pH gradient. Local species richness was equated with the number of species occurring within the lake. Alpha diversity was equated with the average species richness of lakes with similar pH values. A combination of statistical methods were employed, including correlations, quadratic regression and piecewise regression.Results  PSP size increased significantly with pH commonness for all four measures of PSP size, thus supporting the primary prediction of the evolutionary SPH. Local richness comprised a larger proportion of the PSP within acidic lakes than within circumneutral lakes. Alpha diversity and lake species richness both increased significantly with pH commonness, but the former did so in a two‐step fashion. We test and reject several alternative contemporary time‐scale explanations for our findings.Main Conclusions  Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that diatom taxonomic richness is presently lower within acidic and highly alkaline lakes than in circumneutral lakes owing to the limited opportunity in space and/or time for the evolution of suitably adapted species. Whereas ecological processes can explain why certain species are excluded from particular habitats, e.g. acidic lakes, they cannot account for why so few species are adapted to those habitats in the first place.
Biogeographical patterns in the Western Palearctic: the fasting‐endurance hypothesis and the status of Murphy's rule
Authors: Meiri Shai , Dayan Tamar , Simberloff Daniel 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAim  In Europe, winter severity is positively correlated with longitude. We test how this climatic cline affects biogeographical patterns in Western Palearctic homeotherms.Location  Eurasia, west of 60° longitude.Methods  We test the effects of longitude on body size of carnivores, using cranial measurements of 2002 specimens belonging to 11 species. We test the effects of longitude on migration patterns of birds by comparing which populations of partial migrants are sedentary and which undergo winter migration.Results  Carnivore body size does not vary consistently with longitude. Populations of partial migrants are more likely to be sedentary in western Europe and to migrate from eastern Europe than vice versa.Main conclusions  Longitudinal patterns in climate exert a selective force on birds but do not affect carnivore size in a consistent, predictable manner. We find no support for the mechanism suggested to promote size change, namely the fasting‐endurance hypothesis.
Cost effectiveness of a community based research project to help women quit smoking
Authors: Secker-Walker R H , Holland R R , Lloyd C M , Pelkey D , Flynn B S 
Published: February 2005

Objective:To estimate the cost effectiveness of a four year, multifaceted, community based research project shown previously to help women quit smoking.Design:A quasi-experimental matched control design.Setting:Two counties in Vermont and two in New Hampshire, USA.Subjects:Women aged 18–64 years.Methods:Costs were the grant related expenditures converted to 2002 US$. Survey results at the end of the intervention were used to estimate the numbers of never smokers, former smokers, light smokers, and heavy smokers in the intervention and comparison counties, and 1986 life tables for populations of US women categorised by smoking status to estimate the gain in life expectancy.Main outcome measures:Cost effectiveness ratios, as dollars per life-year saved, for the intervention only and for total grant costs (intervention, evaluation and indirect costs).Results:The cost effectiveness ratio for the intervention, in 2002 US$ per life-year saved, discounted at 3%, was $1156 (90% confidence interval (CI) $567 to ∞), and for the total grant, $4022 (90% CI $1973 to ∞). When discounted at 5%, these ratios were $1922 (90% CI $1024 to $15 647), and $6683 (90% CI $3555 to $54 422), respectively.Conclusion:The cost effectiveness ratios of this research project are economically attractive, and are comparable with other smoking cessation interventions for women. These observations should encourage further research and dissemination of community based interventions to reduce smoking.
A prospective study of off-label use of, abuse of, and dependence on nicotine inhaler
Authors: Hughes J R , Adams E H , Franzon M A , Maguire M K , Guary J 
Published: February 2005

Objective:To determine the incidence of off-label use of, abuse of, and dependence on prescription nicotine inhaler.Design:Prospective telephone and internet interviews for six months.Participants:535 new inhaler users.Main outcome:Structured interview about off-label use (that is, use of inhaler for non-cessation reasons or concurrent use of inhaler and cigarettes) andDiagnostic and statistical manual, fourth edition (DSM-IV) andInternational classification of diseases, 10th edition (ICD-10) criteria for abuse and dependenceResults:Although many used inhaler and cigarettes concurrently at some time (43–55%), few used inhaler for non-cessation reasons (4–9%) and few persisted in off label use (8–16%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 5% to 19%). No participant met ICD-10 criteria for harmful use/abuse (95% CI 0% to 3.3%). Eight subjects (1.4%) appeared to meet DSM-IV or ICD-10 criteria for dependence on inhaler, but none were found dependent in a clinical expert interview (95% CI 0% to 3.3%).Conclusions:Although transient concurrent use of inhaler and cigarettes often occurs, use for non-cessation reasons, abuse and dependence are rare.
Genome wide analysis of Arabidopsis core promoters
Authors: Molina Carlos , Grotewold Erich 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Background
Core promoters are the gene regulatory regions most proximal to the transcription start site (TSS), central to the formation of pre-initiation complexes and for combinatorial gene regulation. The DNA elements required for core promoter function in plants are poorly understood. To establish the sequence motifs that characterize plant core promoters and to compare them to the corresponding sequences in animals, we took advantage of available full-length cDNAs (FL-cDNAs) and predicted upstream regulatory sequences to carry out the analysis of 12,749 Arabidopsis core promoters.

Results
Using a combination of expectation maximization and Gibbs sampling methods, we identified several motifs overrepresented in Arabidopsis core promoters. One of them corresponded to the TATA element, for which an in-depth analysis resulted in the generation of robust TATA Nucleotide Frequency Matrices (NFMs) capable of predicting Arabidopsis TATA elements with a high degree of confidence. We established that approximately 29% of all Arabidopsis promoters contain TATA motifs, clustered around position -32 with respect to the TSS. The presence of TATA elements was associated with genes represented more frequently in EST collections and with shorter 5' UTRs. No cis-elements were found over-represented in TATA-less, compared to TATA-containing promoters.

Conclusion
Our studies provide a first genome-wide illustration of the composition and structure of core Arabidopsis promoters. The percentage of TATA-containing promoters is much lower than commonly recognized, yet comparable to the number of Drosophila promoters containing a TATA element. Although several other DNA elements were identified as over-represented in Arabidopsis promoters, they are present in only a small fraction of the genes and they represent elements not previously described in animals, suggesting a distinct architecture of the core promoters of plant and animal genes.
Canavanine-induced longevity in mice may require diets with greater than 15.7% protein
Authors: Brown Dan L 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Background
Dietary administration of 1% canavanine had been shown to improve survival in female BALB/c mice consuming diets containing 23.4% protein (dry matter basis).

Methods
In order to determine if this effect also obtains at more moderate dietary protein concentrations, 30 female BALB/c mice were fed a basal diet with 14% protein (15.7% dry matter basis) and another 30 were fed the same diet plus 1% canavanine.

Results
Neither mean (Control 873.2 d, Canavanine 870.0 d; SEM = 34.2 d; P = 0.949 from ANOVA) nor median (Control 902 d, Canavanine 884.5 d; P = 0.9058 from Mann-Whitney) lifespans differed between groups.
Although mean antinuclear antibody (ANA) titers did not differ between control and canavanine-treated mice at 833 days of age (19.84 vs 20.39 respectively; SEM = 2.64; P = 0.889 from ANOVA), one canavanine-treated mouse displayed an outlying ANA value of 50 (next lower value = 30) denoting possible early sign of incipient autoimmune disease in that individual.

Conclusion
There may be an interaction between dietary protein level and canavanine with respect to lifespan in mice.
Innervation of the pulmonary artery bifurcation of the cat
Authors: Verity M. Anthony , Hughes Trevor , Bevan John A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe gross and microscopic innervation of the bifurcation and extrapulmonary portion of the pulmonary artery in the adult cat is described. Morphopharmacologic studies indicated that the major efferent and afferent innervation is contributed by the right recurrent cardiac nerve, a branch of the recurrent laryngeal.A morphologic description of the adventitial nerve bundles, preterminal axon plexus and medial, fine unmyelinated neurites as seen in methylene blue and Bielschowsky silver preparations is given. Rare, classical, pressoreceptor arborizations of de Castro type II were identified, but evidence was presented of degenerative and regenerative neural activity in the adventitial and pre‐terminal plexus manifested by irregular axonic swellings, myelin ellipsoids with vacuolation, terminal growth cones and collateral sprouting. In these degenerative zones, the plexus assumed a more discontinuous organization showing features very suggestive of a simple pressoreceptor system composed predominantly of de Castro type I terminations.The in vitro pharmacologic studies using the isolated pulmonary artery‐nerve preparation confirmed the existence of effector, vasoconstrictor adrenergic sympathetic fibers in the recurrent cardiac nerve. Small unmyelinated perivasal and perivasal collateral fibers disappear or show severe degenerative changes following bilateral sympathectomy, and are considered to represent the sympathtic autonomic component.
Ultrastructure of developing muscle cells in the chick embryo
Authors: Allen E. Raworth , Pepe Frank A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSectioned as well as negatively stained preparations of developing myotomal cells from the chick embryo were studied with the electron microscope. The application of these two techniques to similar material made it possible to observe developing muscle cells in successive stages of differentiation and at the same time visualize some of the isolated components making up these cells.The thick and thin filaments observed in the embryonic muscle were morphologically indistinguishable from those observed in adult muscle. The thin filaments, found randomly dispersed in the cytoplasm of the early cells, were present in large concentrations before the first appearance of thick filaments. The first observed thick filaments had lengths of 1.5 μ, equal to that of adult thick filaments. The appearance of large polyribosomes was correlated with the first appearance of the thick filaments. Single and small groups of ribosomes were always present. Early formed thick and thin filament aggregates were found in the same hexagonal array that is typical to the organization of myofilaments in adult myofibrils. Non‐striated myofibrils, associated with a periodic transverse tubular system, were found before striated myofibrils could be observed. Some preliminary observations were made concerning the appearance of glycogen particles.
Spinal cord segments. B. Gross structure in the adult monkey
Authors: Thomas Carolyn Eyster , Combs C. Murphy 
Published: February 2005

AbstractDorsal and ventral roots were dissected bilaterally on spinal cords of adult monkeys: six rhesus, six irus and three baboons. Measurements made were: the distance between the uppermost cord attachments of successive nerve roots (segment length); the distance between the uppermost and lowermost fila within each root (root attachment length); and the distance beween the lowermost fila of one root and the uppermost fila of the subjacent root (interroot length). Segment lengths, dorsally and ventrally, are essentially alike within each species. In rhesus the average at various levels ranges from 4½ mm in cervical and sacral to 12½ mm in lower thoracic; in irus, from 4 mm in cervical and sacral to 10 mm in lower thoracic; in the baboon, from 5½ mm in cervical and sacral to 19 mm in lower thoracic. Within each species the dorsal and ventral root attachment lengths are similar, as are the interroot lengths, except in the lower thoracic levels. There dorsal interroot lengths range up to 3 mm longer than ventral. Cross sectional areas of the various levels were planimetrically determined. Within each species the largest areas are at lower cervical and lower lumbar levels. Individual segment volumes were calculated. In rhesus and irus these vary only about 60 mm3 from the largest to the smallest segment, excluding sacrocaudal levels. In baboon this difference is as much as 260 mm3.
Further evidence for the presence of nigro‐neostriatal dopamine neurons in the rat
Authors: Andén Nils‐Eric , Dahlström Annica , Fuxe Kjell , Larsson Knut 
Published: February 2005

AbstractWith the help of the highly specific and sensitive histochemical fluorescence method of Falck and Hillarp for the cellular demonstration of monoamines the catecholamine‐containing cell‐bodies within the brain stem have been studied after unilateral removal of a large part of the neostriatum 1 to 28 days after the operation.Most of the catecholamine‐containing cell‐bodies within the substantia nigra — but no other monoamine‐containing cell‐bodies — appeared to be distinctly increased in fluorescence intensity and somewhat swollen 2 to 4 days after operation while after 3 to 4 weeks they showed a marked to very marked decrease in fluorescence intensity together with marked degenerative changes. Parallel with the changes in the cell‐bodies there occurred a rapid and marked accumulation of catecholamines within very abundant swollen nerve fibers in the internal capsule. These nerve fibers were traced caudally via the retrolenticular part of the internal capsule down to the crus cerebri. These results together with those in a previous paper (Andén, Carlsson, Dahlström, Fuxe, Hillarp and Larsson, 1964) seem to provide conclusive evidence for the presence of nigro‐neostriatal dopamine neurons.