bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intact
mutS
in Laboratory-Derived and Clinical Glycopeptide-Intermediate
Staphylococcus aureus
Strains
Authors: Muthaiyan Arunachalam , Jayaswal Radheshyam K. , Wilkinson Brian J. 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACT

The
mutS
gene of the methyl-directed mismatch repair system was sequenced in 10 parent and glycopeptide-intermediate
Staphylococcus aureus
strains. The
mutS
gene was intact in all strains studied. Hence, mutations in this gene had played no role in the development of vancomycin resistance in these strains.
Class 1 Integron Containing Metallo-β-Lactamase Gene
bla
VIM-2
in
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Clinical Strains Isolated in Japan
Authors: Yatsuyanagi Jun , Saito Shioko , Harata Seizaburo , Suzuki Noriyuki , Ito Yuko , Amano Ken-ichi , Enomoto Katsuhiko 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACT

Four
bla
VIM-2
gene-harboring
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
strains were identified. These strains possessed a class 1 integron harboring
ORF1
,
bla
VIM-2
, and
aacA4
gene cassettes. The transposon-mediated horizontal spread of the
bla
VIM-2
gene among these strains was suggested, which increases the threat that the
bla
VIM-2
gene will disseminate among diverse genera of bacteria.
CTX-M-12 β-Lactamase in a
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Clinical Isolate in Colombia
Authors: Villegas Maria Virginia , Correa Adriana , Perez Federico , Zuluaga Tania , Radice Marcela , Gutkind Gabriel , Casellas José María , Ayala Juan , Lolans Karen , Quinn John P. ,   the Colombian Nosocomial Resistance Study Group
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACT

We describe the detection of the CTX-M-12 β-lactamase from a clinical isolate of
Klebsiella pneumoniae
in Colombia. Screening of nosocomial
Klebsiella
spp. and
Escherichia coli
isolates from a network of teaching hospitals revealed the presence of CTX-M enzymes in multiple cities. This is the first description of CTX-M in Colombia.
Differential Diffusions of Indinavir and Lopinavir in Genital Secretions of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Women
Authors: Launay Odile , Tod Michel , Louchahi Kamel , Belarbi Linda , Bouchaud Olivier , Mémain Nathalie , Petitjean Olivier , Robineau Michel , Guillevin Loïc , Lortholary Olivier 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACT

Plasma and cervicovaginal secretion (CVS) samples were collected from 19 human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected women on lopinavir- or indinavir-containing regimens. Lopinavir and indinavir were detectable in 29 and 93% of CVS samples, respectively, a finding that may be ascribed to these drugs' differences in protein binding and pK
a
. The relationship between lopinavir and indinavir pharmacodynamics and viral evolution in the female genital tract should be assessed over time.
Plasma Pharmacokinetics of Sulfadiazine Administered Twice Daily versus Four Times Daily Are Similar in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients
Authors: Jordan M. Kelli , Burstein Aaron H. , Rock-Kress Diane , Alfaro Raul M. , Pau Alice K. , Kovacs Joseph A. , Piscitelli Stephen C. 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACT
The pharmacokinetics of 2,000 mg of sulfadiazine administered twice daily (BID) versus those of 1,000 mg administered four times a day were compared in eight human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. No differences in pharmacokinetic parameters were detected between the regimens. These data provide a pharmacokinetic rationale for BID dosing of sulfadiazine for the treatment and suppression of toxoplasmosis.
Moxifloxacin Penetration in Bronchial Secretions of Mechanically Ventilated Patients with Pneumonia
Authors: Leone Marc , Albanèse Jacques , Sampol-Manos Emmanuelle , Simon Nicolas , Lacarelle Bruno , Bruguerolle Bernard , Martin Claude 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACT
The pharmacokinetics of moxifloxacin was studied in 17 mechanically ventilated patients with pneumonia. Patients were given 400 mg of moxifloxacin intravenously. Blood samples and bronchial secretions were taken on days 1 and 4. A dose of 400 mg of moxifloxacin allows one to achieve efficient concentrations in bronchial secretions and plasma.
Safety and Efficacy of Antimicrobial Peptides against Naturally Acquired Leishmaniasis
Authors: Alberola J. , Rodríguez A. , Francino O. , Roura X. , Rivas L. , Andreu D. 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTLeishmaniases, which are important causes of morbidity and mortality in humans and dogs, are extremely difficult to treat. Antimicrobial peptides are rarely used as alternative treatments for naturally acquired parasitic diseases. Here we report that the acylated synthetic antimicrobial peptide Oct-CA(1-7)M(2-9) is safe and effective for treating naturally acquired canine leishmaniasis.
Comparison of the Dynamics of Resistance-Associated Mutations to Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors, Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors, and Protease Inhibitors after Cessation of Antiretroviral Combination Therapy
Authors: Wirden Marc , Delaugerre Constance , Marcelin Anne Genevieve , Ktorza Nadine , Ait Mohand Hocine , Dominguez Stephanie , Schneider Luminita , Ghosn Jade , Pauchard Michele , Costagliola Dominique , Katlama Christine , Calvez Vincent 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACT
The dynamics of mutations associated with resistance to antiretroviral drugs were analyzed after cessation of therapy. The results showed that the kinetics of the shift to wild-type amino acid residues were significantly faster for protease inhibitors, intermediate for nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and slower for nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
Emergence in
Klebsiella pneumoniae
and
Enterobacter cloacae
Clinical Isolates of the VIM-4 Metallo-β-Lactamase Encoded by a Conjugative Plasmid
Authors: Luzzaro Francesco , Docquier Jean-Denis , Colinon Céline , Endimiani Andrea , Lombardi Gianluigi , Amicosante Gianfranco , Rossolini Gian Maria , Toniolo Antonio 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACT

Resistance to carbapenems is an emerging problem among gram-negative hospital pathogens. A transferable plasmid encoding the VIM-4 metallo-β-lactamase was detected in isolates of
Klebsiella pneumoniae
and
Enterobacter cloacae
obtained from a single patient under carbapenem therapy. Thus, enterobacteria appear to increasingly contribute to the spread of VIM-type enzymes.
Inhibition of the Subgenomic Hepatitis C Virus Replicon in Huh-7 Cells by 2′-Deoxy-2′-Fluorocytidine
Authors: Stuyver Lieven J. , McBrayer Tamara R. , Whitaker Tony , Tharnish Phillip M. , Ramesh Mangala , Lostia Stefania , Cartee Leanne , Shi Junxing , Hobbs Ann , Schinazi Raymond F. , Watanabe Kyoichi A. , Otto Michael J. 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACT
2′-Deoxy-2′-fluorocytidine (FdC) is a potent inhibitor of the hepatitis C virus RNA replicon in culture, and FdC-5′-triphosphate is an effective inhibitor of the NS5B polymerase. Dynamic profiling of cell growth in an antiviral assay showed that FdC caused cytostasis due to an S-phase arrest. These observations demonstrate that FdC treatment is affecting both a viral target and a cellular target.
Effects of Ascorbic Acid, Glutathione, Thiocyanate, and Iodide on Antimicrobial Activity of Acidified Nitrite
Authors: Fite Alemu , Dykhuizen Rolf , Litterick Audrey , Golden Michael , Leifert Carlo 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACT

It has been hypothesized that dietary nitrite augments the antimicrobial activity of gastric acid after conversion to nitric oxide and other reactive nitrogen intermediates, thus resulting in increased resistance against gastrointestinal infection. In this study, we showed that the reducing agents ascorbic acid and glutathione reduced the activity of acidified nitrite against
Yersinia enterocolitica
(
P
< 0.001). In contrast, iodide and thiocyanate increased the antimicrobial activity (
P
< 0.001), whereas hydroxyacids (citrate, lactate, and tartarate) had no measurable effects.
Pharmacokinetics of DA-7867, a New Oxazolidinone, after Intravenous or Oral Administration to Rats: Intestinal First-Pass Effect
Authors: Bae Soo K. , Chung Won-Suk , Kim Eun J. , Rhee Jae K. , Kwon Jong W. , Kim Won B. , Lee Myung G. 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTPharmacokinetic parameters of DA-7867 were dose independent after both intravenous administration and oral administration (at doses of 1 to 20 mg/kg of body weight) to rats. After oral administration of DA-7867 to rats at a dose of 10 mg/kg, approximately 8.27% of oral dose was not absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract,Fwas 70.8%, and approximately 21.8% of the oral dose was eliminated by the intestine (intestinal first-pass effect).
Bifunctional Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Small Molecules with Two Novel Mechanisms of Action
Authors: Huang Li , Yuan Xiong , Aiken Christopher , Chen Chin Ho 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACT
A class of betulinic acid derivatives was synthesized to target two critical steps in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication cycle, entry and maturation. Each mechanism of HIV-1 inhibition is distinct from clinically available anti-HIV therapeutics. The viral determinants of the antientry and antimaturation activities are the bridging sheet of HIV-1 gp120 and the P24/p2 cleavage site, respectively.
Class 1 Integrons Increase Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole MICs against Epidemiologically Unrelated
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
Isolates
Authors: Barbolla Raquel , Catalano Mariana , Orman Betina E. , Famiglietti Angela , Vay Carlos , Smayevsky Jorgelina , Centrón Daniela , Piñeiro Silvia A. 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACT

Twenty-five plasmid-specified antimicrobial resistance determinants common to gram-negative bacilli from nosocomial infection were investigated from 31
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
isolates. Twenty-four clones were identified by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and in three clones that exhibited an increased trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole MIC, the
sul1
determinant was found. These results support not only the higher spread of class 1 integrons compared to other mechanisms but also the potential limitation of using trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for therapy of severe
S. maltophilia
infections.
Clonal Multidrug-Resistant
Shigella dysenteriae
Type 1 Strains Associated with Epidemic and Sporadic Dysenteries in Eastern India
Authors: Pazhani Gururaja Perumal , Sarkar Bhaswati , Ramamurthy Thandavarayan , Bhattacharya S. K. , Takeda Yoshifumi , Niyogi S. K. 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACT

Multidrug-resistant strains of
Shigella dysenteriae
type 1 were implicated in three outbreaks and sporadic cases of dysentery in eastern India in 2002 and 2003. After a hiatus of 14 years, this pathogen reemerged with an altered antibiotic resistance pattern. In addition to ampicillin, co-trimoxazole, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and nalidixic acid, all the recent strains were resistant to norfloxacin, lomefloxacin, pefloxacin, and ofloxacin and showed reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis identified a new clone of
S. dysenteriae
type 1 that was associated with the recent outbreaks and sporadic cases. Based on the spatial and temporal spread of multidrug-resistant
S. dysenteriae
type 1, we predict that this clonal type may spread further in this region.
Effects of Positively Selected Sequence Variations in Human and
Macaca fascicularis
β-Defensins 2 on Antimicrobial Activity
Authors: Antcheva Nikolinka , Boniotto Michele , Zelezetsky Igor , Pacor Sabrina , Falzacappa Maria Vittoria Verga , Crovella Sergio , Tossi Alessandro 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACT

The evolution of orthologous genes coding for β-defensin 2 (BD2) in primates has been subject to positive selection during the divergence of the platyrrhines from the catarrhines and of the
Cercopithecidae
from the
Hylobatidae
, great apes, and humans. Three peptides have been selected for a functional analysis of the effects of sequence variations on the direct antimicrobial activity: human BD2 (hBD2),
Macaca fascicularis
BD2 (mfaBD2), and a variant of the human peptide lacking Asp
4
, (−D)hBD2, which is characteristic only of the human/great ape peptides. hBD2 and mfaBD2 showed a significant difference in specificity, the former being more active towards
Escherichia coli
and the later towards
Staphylococcus aureus
and
Candida albicans.
Asp
4
in the human peptide appears to be important, as (−D)hBD2 was less structured and had a markedly lower antimicrobial activity. The evolution of β-defensin 2 in primates may thus have been driven, at least in part, by different environmental pressures so as to modulate antimicrobial activity.
Mucosal Vaccination Increases Endothelial Expression of Mucosal Addressin Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 in the Human Gastrointestinal Tract
Authors: Lindholm Catharina , Naylor Andrew , Johansson Eva-Liz , Quiding-Järbrink Marianne 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTHoming of leukocytes to various tissues is dependent on the interaction between homing receptors on leukocytes and their ligands, addressins, on endothelial cells. Mucosal immunization results in homing of antigen-specific lymphocytes back to the mucosa where they first encountered the antigen. However, it is unknown whether this homing of antigen-specific cells is mediated by an altered endothelial addressin expression after vaccination. Using different immunization routes with an oral cholera vaccine, we show that the endothelial expression of mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1) is increased in the gastric and upper small intestinal mucosae after immunization through various local routes in the upper gastrointestinal tract. In contrast, rectal immunization did not influence the levels of MAdCAM-1 in the gastric or duodenal mucosa. Furthermore, we show that MAdCAM-1 can be induced on human endothelial cells by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and gamma interferon. The vaccine component cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) increased MAdCAM-1 expression on endothelial cells in cultured human gastric explants, an effect that seemed to be mediated by TNF-α. In conclusion, MAdCAM-1 expression is increased in the upper gastrointestinal tract after local immunizations with a vaccine containing CTB. This strongly suggests the involvement of MAdCAM-1 in the preferential homing of mucosal lymphocytes to their original site of activation.
Members of the Merozoite Surface Protein 7 Family with Similar Expression Patterns Differ in Ability To Protect againstPlasmodium yoeliiMalaria
Authors: Mello Kerrianne , Daly Thomas M. , Long Carole A. , Burns James M. , Bergman Lawrence W. 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTPreviously, we described the isolation of thePlasmodium yoeliisequence-related moleculesP. yoeliiMSP-7 (merozoite surface protein 7) andP. yoeliiMSRP-2 (MSP-7-related protein 2) by their ability to interact with the amino-terminal end ofP. yoeliiMSP-1 in a yeast two-hybrid system. One of these molecules was the homologue ofPlasmodium falciparumMSP-7, which was biochemically isolated as part of the shed MSP-1 complex. In the present study, with antibodies directed against recombinant proteins, immunoprecipitation analyses of the rodent system demonstrated that bothP. yoeliiMSP-7 andP. yoeliiMSRP-2 could be isolated from parasite lysates and from parasite culture supernatants. Immunofluorescence studies colocalizedP. yoeliiMSP-7 andP. yoeliiMSRP-2 with the amino-terminal portion of MSP-1 and with each other on the surface of schizonts. Immunization withP. yoeliiMSRP-2 but notP. yoeliiMSP-7 protected mice against a lethal infection withP. yoeliistrain 17XL. These results establish that bothP. yoeliiMSP-7 andP. yoeliiMSRP-2 are expressed on the surface of merozoites and released from the parasite and thatP. yoeliiMSRP-2 may be the target of a protective immune response.
Transcutaneous Immunization with Combined Cholera Toxin and CpG Adjuvant Protects againstChlamydia muridarumGenital Tract Infection
Authors: Berry Linda J. , Hickey Danica K. , Skelding Kathryn A. , Bao Shisan , Rendina Amanda M. , Hansbro Philip M. , Gockel Christine M. , Beagley Kenneth W. 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTChlamydia trachomatisis a pathogen of the genital tract and ocular epithelium. Infection is established by the binding of the metabolically inert elementary body (EB) to epithelial cells. These are taken up by endocytosis into a membrane-bound vesicle termed an inclusion. The inclusion avoids fusion with host lysosomes, and the EBs differentiate into the metabolically active reticulate body (RB), which replicates by binary fission within the protected environment of the inclusion. During the extracellular EB stage of theC. trachomatislife cycle, antibody present in genital tract or ocular secretions can inhibit infection both in vivo and in tissue culture. The RB, residing within the intracellular inclusion, is not accessible to antibody, and resolution of infection at this stage requires a cell-mediated immune response mediated by gamma interferon-secreting Th1 cells. Thus, an ideal vaccine to protect againstC. trachomatisgenital tract infection should induce both antibody (immunoglobulin A [IgA] and IgG) responses in mucosal secretions to prevent infection by chlamydial EB and a strong Th1 response to limit ascending infection to the uterus and fallopian tubes. In the present study we show that transcutaneous immunization with major outer membrane protein (MOMP) in combination with both cholera toxin and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides elicits MOMP-specific IgG and IgA in vaginal and uterine lavage fluid, MOMP-specific IgG in serum, and gamma interferon-secreting T cells in reproductive tract-draining caudal and lumbar lymph nodes. This immunization protocol resulted in enhanced clearance ofC. muridarum(C. trachomatis, mouse pneumonitis strain) following intravaginal challenge of BALB/c mice.
Systemic Th1 Immunization of Mice againstHelicobacter pyloriInfection with CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides as Adjuvants Does Not Protect from Infection but Enhances Gastritis
Authors: Sommer Frank , Wilken Henning , Faller Gerhard , Lohoff Michael 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTRecent reports have suggested that oral vaccination of mice againstHelicobacter pyloriis dependent on a Th1-mediated immune response. However, oral vaccination in mice neither induces sterilizing immunity nor leads to complete protection from disease. Therefore, in this study we investigated whether a systemic subcutaneous immunization againstH. pyloriby using CpG oligodeoxynucleotides as a Th1 adjuvant could achieve protection in a mouse model ofH. pyloriinfection. CpG oligodeoxynucleotides are known for their ability to induce nearly entirely Th1-biased immune responses and may be approved for human use in future. Immunization of mice withH. pylorilysate and CpG induced a strong local and systemic Th1 immune response. Despite this strong Th1 response, mice were not protected from infection withH. pyloriyet had a 10-fold reduction in the number ofH. pyloriin the gastric mucosa compared to nonimmunized mice. Of note, reduction of the bacterial density in immunized mice was accompanied by a significantly enhanced gastritis. Hence, systemic Th1 immunization of mice, even though being able to reduce the bacterial load in the stomach, is associated with aggravated pathology.
Salmonella enterica
Serovar Typhimurium Requires Nonsterol Precursors of the Cholesterol Biosynthetic Pathway for Intracellular Proliferation
Authors: Catron Drew M. , Lange Yvonne , Borensztajn Jayme , Sylvester Matthew D. , Jones Bradley D. , Haldar Kasturi 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACT

We have previously shown that
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium infection perturbs the host cholesterol biosynthetic pathway. Here we show that inhibiting the first step of this pathway (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase) reduces the growth of intracellular
S. enterica
serovar Typhimurium and has no effect on extracellular bacterial growth. Selectively inhibiting synthesis of downstream sterol components has no effect on infection, suggesting that the effect of statins on host nonsterol intermediates is detrimental to bacterial growth. Furthermore, statins also reduce bacterial proliferation in the
S. enterica
serovar Typhimurium mouse model. This suggests that blocking the production of nonsterol precursors in the host cell can be used to reduce infection.
Functional Analysis of thecagPathogenicity Island inHelicobacter pyloriIsolates from Patients with Gastritis, Peptic Ulcer, and Gastric Cancer
Authors: Backert Steffen , Schwarz Tobias , Miehlke Stephan , Kirsch Christian , Sommer Christian , Kwok Terry , Gerhard Markus , Goebel Ulf B. , Lehn Norbert , Koenig Wolfgang , Meyer Thomas F. 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTHelicobacter pyloriis the causative agent of a variety of gastric diseases, but the clinical relevance of bacterial virulence factors is still controversial. Virulent strains carrying thecagpathogenicity island (cagPAI) are thought to be key players in disease development. Here, we have comparedcagPAI-dependent in vitro responses inH. pyloriisolates obtained from 75 patients with gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer (n= 25 in each group). AGS gastric epithelial cells were infected with each strain and assayed for (i) CagA expression, (ii) translocation and tyrosine phosphorylation of CagA, (iii) c-Src inactivation, (iv) cortactin dephosphorylation, (v) induction of actin cytoskeletal rearrangements associated with cell elongation, (vi) induction of cellular motility, and (vii) secretion of interleukin-8. Interestingly, we found high but similar prevalences of all of thesecagPAI-dependent host cell responses (ranging from 56 to 80%) among the various groups of patients. This study revealed CagA proteins with unique features, CagA subspecies of various sizes, and new functional properties for the phenotypic outcomes. We further showed that induction of AGS cell motility and elongation are two independent processes. Our data corroborate epidemiological studies, which indicate a significant association ofcagPAI presence and functionality with histopathological findings in gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer patients, thus emphasizing the importance of thecagPAI for the pathogenicity ofH. pylori. Nevertheless, we found no significant association of the specificH. pylori-induced responses with any particular patient group. This may indicate that the determination of disease development is highly complex and involves multiple bacterial and/or host factors.
Chemokine Receptor 5 Is Dispensable for Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses toListeria monocytogenesInfection
Authors: Zhong Maggie X. , Kuziel William A. , Pamer Eric G. , Serbina Natalya V. 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTChemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) binds macrophage inflammatory protein 1α (MIP-1α), MIP-1β, RANTES, and members of the monocyte chemotactic protein family and is also a receptor for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). CCR5 ligands can suppress HIV-1 entry into cells. In humans, homozygous mutations of theccr5gene confer resistance to HIV-1 infection. The role of CCR5 in defense against microbial infection is unclear. In this study we examined the innate and adaptive immune responses of CCR5-deficient mice to the intracellular bacterial pathogenListeria monocytogenes.We found that migration of monocytic cells, formation ofL. monocytogenes-containing lesions, and bacterial clearance occurred normally in the spleens and livers of CCR5-deficient animals. Activation of macrophages and dendritic cells during the first 3 days postinfection was normal in the absence of CCR5, as demonstrated by intact expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and production of the cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha, gamma interferon, and interleukin-12. Priming ofL. monocytogenes-specific CD8 T cells also occured independently of CCR5 expression. Previously immunized, CCR5-deficient animals mounted normal secondary CD8 T-cell responses and cleared bacteria from infected organs similarly to wild-type controls, suggesting that CCR5 is dispensable for migration and activation of memory CD8 T cells. Our data indicate that CCR5-mediated chemotaxis is not required for defense against infection withL. monocytogenes.