bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of a polyhexamethylene biguanide mouthrinse compared with a triclosan rinse and a chlorhexidine rinse on bacterial counts and 4‐day plaque re‐growth
Authors: Welk A. , Splieth C.H. , Schmidt‐Martens G. , Schwahn Ch. , Kocher Th. , Kramer A. , Rosin M. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractObjectives: For various clinical applications, polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride (PHMB) has been used for many years as an antiseptic in medicine. Recently, a 0.04% and a 0.12% PHMB mouthwash were shown to inhibit plaque re‐growth and to reduce oral bacterial counts. In this study, a 0.2% PHMB mouthrinse (A) was compared with a positive control 0.12% aqueous chlorhexidine solution (B), a commercially available 0.3% triclosan/2.0% polyvinyl methyl ether maleic acid copolymer mouthrinse (Colgate Total Plax®) (C), and a negative control placebo rinse (10% ethanol, flavour) (D).Materials and Methods: The controlled clinical study was a double blind, randomized, four replicate cross ‐ over design. Plaque re‐growth was assessed with the Turesky et al. (1970) modification of the Quigley & Hein (1962) plaque index. The antibacterial effect was assessed by taking bacterial counts on the tooth surface (smears from the buccal surface of 16/26) and mucosa (smears from the buccal mucosa in opposite of area 16/26) after the professional prophylaxis and after the first rinse with the preparations on day 1 and prior to the clinical examination on day 5. Sixteen volunteers participated and, on day 1 of each study period were rendered plaque‐free, ceased toothcleaning, and rinsed twice daily with the allocated mouthrinse. On day 5, plaque was scored and smears were collected according to the protocol. A 10‐day wash‐out period was carried out between each rinse evaluation. Data were analysed using ancova with Bonferroni HSD adjustment for multiple comparisons (colony forming units per sample) with a significance level α=0.05.Results: The 0.2% PHMB mouthrinse (A) was significantly better at inhibiting plaque than the placebo (D), but significant less effective than the 0.12% aqueous chlorhexidine solution (B). There is no significant difference between A and the 0.3% triclosan/2.0% copolymer mouthrinse (C).Bacterial count reductions (tooth surface and mucosa) with PHMB (A) were significantly greater compared with the placebo (D) and triclosan (C), but significantly lower compared with chlorhexidine (B) (tooth surface) and equally effective compared with chlorhexidine (B) (mucosa).Conclusion: Consistent with previous studies, a PHMB mouthrinse was shown to inhibit plaque re‐growth and to reduce oral bacterial counts, indicating that PHMB could be an alternative to established mouthrinses in preventive applications.
Root surface removal and resultant surface texture with diamond‐coated ultrasonic inserts: an in vitro and SEM study
Authors: Vastardis Sotirios , Yukna Raymond A. , Rice David A. , Mercante Don 
Published: April 2005

AbstractBackground: A new diamond‐coated ultrasonic insert has been developed for scaling and root planing, and it was evaluated in vitro for the amount of root surface removed and the roughness of the residual root surface as a result of instrumentation.Methods: 48 extracted single‐rooted human teeth were ground flat on one root surface and mounted (flat side up) in PVC rings of standard height and diameter with improved dental stone. Each tooth surface was treated with either a plain ultrasonic insert (PI), an ultrasonic insert with a fine grit diamond coating (DI) or sharp Gracey curettes (HI). The mounted teeth were attached to a stepper motor which drove the teeth in a horizontal, reciprocal motion at a constant rate. The thickness from the flattened bottom of the ring to the flattened tooth surface was measured before and after 10, 20, and 30 instrumentation strokes for each root surface with each of the experimental instruments. A number of treated teeth were randomly selected for examination with SEM and a profilometer. Statistical analysis (analysis of co‐variance) was performed to compare the amounts of tooth structure removed among the 3 instruments and t‐test was used to compare the roughness of the treated root surfaces.Results: The mean depth of root structure removed was PI 10.7 μm, HI 15.0 μm, and DI 46.2 μm after 10 strokes; and PI 21.6 μm, HI 33.2 and DI 142.0 μm after 30 strokes, respectively. On average, 0.9 μm, 1.3 μm, and 4.7 μm of root surface was removed with each stroke of PI, HI and DI, respectively. PI and HI were not different from each other for all the stroke cycles, while DI was significantly different from PI and HI for all the stroke cycles (p<0.0001). Analysis with the profilometer showed that the smoothest surface was produced by the PI followed by the HI. The DI produced a surface that was significantly rougher than the surface produced by the PI or HI.Conclusion: These results suggest that diamond‐coated ultrasonic instruments will effectively plane roots, and that caution should be used during periodontal root planing procedures. Additionally, the diamond‐coated instruments will produce a rougher surface than the plain inserts or the hand curettes.
Polymorphisms of the interleukin‐18 gene in periodontitis patients
Authors: Folwaczny Matthias , Glas Jürgen , Török Helga‐Paula , Tonenchi Laurian , Paschos Ekaterini , Bauer Bernhard , Limbersky Olga , Folwaczny Christian 
Published: April 2005

AbstractBackground: Interleukin (IL)‐18 regulates the expression of the proinflammatory cytokine interferon (IFN)‐γ. The present study sought to test the putative involvement of six different IL‐18 gene polymorphisms in pre‐disposition to destructive periodontal disease.Methods: A total of 123 patients with periodontitis and 121 healthy controls were genotyped for six IL‐18 polymorphisms at position −656, −607, −137, +113, +127 and codon 35/3. Genotyping has been performed by PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. The frequencies of alleles and genotypes as well of haplotypes within both study groups were compared using the Pearson Chi‐square test at a level of significance of 5% (p<0.05).Results: Coseggregation was found to be 100% for the two polymorphisms at position −656 and −607 as well as for the polymorphisms at position −137, +113, and +127. The distribution of genotypes for the IL‐18 gene polymorphism at position −656/−607 (p=0.854), at position −137/+113/+127 (p=0.320), and at codon 35/3 (p=0.481) was not significantly different among periodontitis patients if compared with healthy control subjects. The distribution of haplotype combinations for the −607 and −137 polymorphism also showed not significant difference between the both study groups (p=0.545).Conclusion: Herein the six different IL‐18 gene polymorphisms were not associated with destructive periodontal disease.
CONDUCTING SENSORY RESEARCH WITH CHILDREN
Authors: POPPER RICHARD , KROLL JEFFREY J. 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACT Sensory testing with children can provide important insight into their likes and dislikes. Sensory professionals need to use methods that are appropriate for different age groups. This article reviews the current state of knowledge in this area and stresses the importance of considering the sensory, cognitive and social factors that may impact how best to conduct testing with children.
Characterization of a myeloma patient with a life-threatening hemorrhagic diathesis: presence of a lambda dimer protein inhibiting shear-induced platelet aggregation by binding to the A1 domain of vonWillebrand factor
Authors: Shinagawa Atsushi , Berndt Michael , Kaneko Shin , Suzukawa Kazumi , Hasegawa Yuichi , Shigeta Osamu , Nagasawa Toshiro , Kojima Hiroshi 
Published: April 2005

SummaryWe have identified a patient with IgD λ-type multiple myeloma who was characterized by a severe bleeding tendency, especially after puncture of arterial vessels. Both the bleeding time (>25 min) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) were prolonged. To clarify the underlying pathogenesis, we purified the APTT-prolonging activity from the patient’s serum. The purified protein was a highly negatively-charged homodimer of the λ light chain. The λ dimer protein (M-protein) inhibited ristocetin-and high shear-induced platelet aggregation, dependent on platelet glycoprotein Ibα (GPIbα), but not epinephrine-, collagen-, ADP-, thrombin-, or botrocetin-induced platelet aggregation. The λ dimer protein inhibited the binding of platelets to immobilized or ristocetin-treated von Willebrand factor (VWF). Furthermore, a 39/34 kD fragment of VWF encompassing the A1 domain specifically bound to the immobilized λ dimer protein in the presence of ristocetin, suggesting that the λ dimer protein directly binds to the A1 domain of VWF. To help elucidate the binding site within the A1 domain, binding of ristocetin-treated VWF to the immobilized λ dimer protein was assayed in the presence of various anti-A1 domain monoclonal antibodies. Based on these data, we conclude that the λ dimer protein binds to the region of the A1 domain composed of helices α3 and α4 and thus interferes with VWF-GPIbα interaction. The existence of a protein that inhibits high shear-induced platelet aggregation in acquired von Willebrand disease (VWD) has only rarely been reported. The results suggest that the hemostatic function in arteries with high shear force is profoundly disrupted if the binding of GPIbα to VWF is abrogated, supporting the relevance of shear-induced VWF interaction with GPIbα in the initiation of the hemostatic process.
Type I Glanzmann thrombasthenia caused by an apparently silent β3 mutation that results in aberrant splicing and reduced β3 mRNA
Authors: Xie Jingli , Pabón Dina , Jayo Asier , Butta Nora , González-Manchón Consuelo 
Published: April 2005

SummaryWe report a novel genetic defect in a patient with type I Glanzmann thrombasthenia. Flow cytometry analysis revealed undetectable levels of platelet glycoproteins αIIb and β3, although residual amounts of both proteins were detectable in immunoblotting analysis. Sequence analysis of reversely transcribed platelet β3 mRNA showed a 100-base pair deletion in the 3’-boundary of exon 11, that results in a frame shift and appearance of a premature STOP codon. Analysis of the corresponding genomic DNA fragment revealed the presence of a homozygous C1815T transition in exon 11. The mutation does not change the amino acid residue but it creates an ectopic consensus splice donor site that is used preferentially, causing splicing out of part of exon 11. The parents of the proband, heterozygous for this mutation, were asymptomatic and had reduced platelet content of αIIbβ3. PCR-based relative quantification of β3 mRNA failed to detect the mutant transcript in the parents and showed a marked reduction in the patient. The results suggest that the thrombasthenic phenotype is, mainly, the result of the reduced availability of β3-mRNA, most probably due to activation of the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay mechanism. They also show the convenience of analyzing both genomic DNA and mRNA, in order to ascertain the functional consequences of single nucleotide substitutions.
Diagnostic management of pulmonary embolism using clinical assessment, plasma D-dimer assay, complete lower limb venous ultrasound and helical computed tomography of pulmonary arteries
Authors: Cazanave Alain , Elias Marie , Chabbert Valérie , Juchet Henri , Paradis Hélène , Carrière Philippe , Nguyen Françoise , Didier Alain , Galinier Michel , Colin Cyrille , Lauque Dominique , Joffre Francis , Rousseau Hervé , Elias Antoine 
Published: April 2005

SummaryThe objective of the study was to assess the clinical validity of a non-invasive diagnostic strategy for acute pulmonary embolism using clinical assessment combined with both ELISA D-dimer and complete lower limb ultrasound (US) examination of proximal and distal veins, before single-detector helical computed tomography (CT) of pulmonary arteries. We expected the strategy to have a high diagnostic exclusion power and to safely decrease the number of CT scans. This prospective, multicenter outcome study included 274 consecutive outpatients. All underwent a priori clinical probability, D-dimer and bilateral complete lower limb US assessments. Only patients with a high clinical probability and both tests negative, or positive D-dimer and negative US assessments, underwent CT. This was deemed necessary in 114 patients (42%). At baseline, venous thromboembolism (VTE) was detected in 110 patients (40%), either by US showing proximal (n=65) or distal (n=36) thrombosis, or by CT (n=9). Anticoagulant was withheld in the remaining patients with negative results in both D-dimer and US but a non-high clinical probability (n=59), or in both US and CT (n=90), or with negative US (n=6) and inadequate CT (n=9). All patients underwent a three-month clinical follow-up. VTE occurred in one patient with inadequate CT, yielding an incidence of 0.6% [95% confidence interval: 0.1–3.4]. No patient died from VTE or had major bleeding. Using clinical probability, ELISA D-dimer and complete US before helical CT is a safe strategy resulting in a substantial reduction in CT scans.
Patients with unstable control have a poorer dietary intake of vitamin K compared to patients with stable control of anticoagulation
Authors: Sconce Elizabeth , Khan Tayyaba , Mason Jennifer , Noble Faye , Wynne Hilary , Kamali Farhad 
Published: April 2005

SummaryEvidence suggests that alterations in the dietary intake of vitamin K can affect anticoagulation response to warfarin. It is possible that a low and erratic intake of dietary vitamin K is at least partly responsible for the variable response to warfarin in patients with unstable control of anticoagulation. Twenty-six patients with unstable and twenty-six with stable control of anticoagulation completed dietary records of all foods and drinks consumed on a daily basis for two consecutive weeks. The mean daily intake of vitamin K in unstable patients was considerably lower than that for stable patients during the study period (29±17μg v. 76±40µg). The logarithm of vitamin K intake was consistently and significantly lower in the unstable patients than the stable patients over the two week period (5.9±0.4µg v. 6.9±0.5µg; p<0.001; 95% CI: 0.7–1.2). Changes in vitamin K intake between weeks 1 and 2 of the study were negatively correlated with changes in International Normalised Ratio (INR) amongst the unstable patients, however this failed to reach significance (r=-0.25; p=0.22). Daily supplementation with oral vitamin K in unstable patients could lead to a more stable anticoagulation response to warfarin.
A Statistical Method for Correcting Salinity Observations from Autonomous Profiling Floats: An ARGO Perspective
Authors: Durand Fabien , Reverdin Gilles 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The Profiling Autonomous Lagrangian Circulation Explorer (PALACE) float is used to implement the Array for Real-Time Geostrophic Oceanography (ARGO). This study presents a statistical approach to correct salinity measurement errors of an ARGO-type fleet of PALACE floats. The focus is on slowly evolving drifts (typically with time scales longer than a few weeks). Considered for this case study is an ensemble of about 80 floats in the Irminger and Labrador Seas, during the 1996–97 period. Two different algorithms were implemented and validated based on float-to-float data comparison at depth, where the water masses are relatively stable over the time scales of interest. The first algorithm is based upon objective analysis of the float data, while the second consists of a least squares adjustment of the data of the various floats. The authors’ method exhibits good skills to retrieve the proper hydrological structure of the case study area. It significantly improves the consistency of the PALACE dataset with in situ data as well as with satellite altimetric data. As such, the method is readily usable on a near-real-time basis, as required by the ARGO project.
Evaluation of the Dropsonde Humidity Sensor Using Data from DYCOMS-II and IHOP_2002
Authors: Wang Junhong 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The dropsonde humidity data have not been fully utilized due to lack of knowledge on performance of the dropsonde humidity sensor. This study evaluates the performance of the dropsonde humidity sensor using data collected from two field experiments, the Dynamics and Chemistry of Marine Stratocumulus Phase II: Entrainment Studies (DYCOMS-II) and the International H2O Project (IHOP)_2002. During DYCOMS-II, 63 dropsondes were dropped above marine stratocumulus clouds. It provides a unique opportunity to evaluate the performance of the dropsonde humidity sensor within clouds. Relative humidity (RH) inside clouds did not reach 100% all the time, but the maximum RH reached 100% for 28% of soundings and was within the sensor accuracy range (94%–100%). This suggests that the dropsonde humidity sensor displays no systematic dry bias near saturation. The dropsonde humidity sensor experienced large time-lag errors when it descended from a dry environment above clouds into clouds. The mean estimated time constant of the sensor is 5 s at 15°C, which is much larger than 0.5 s at 20°C given by the manufacturer. The humidity sensor still reported near-saturation RH after it exited clouds because of water on the sensor. The approximately coincident dropsonde and aircraft temperature data during DYCOMS-II show that the dropsonde underestimates temperatures inside and below clouds by averages of 0.21° and 0.93°C, respectively. Seventy-one pairs of dropsonde and radiosonde soundings during IHOP_2002 were launched within a half hour and 50 km and sampled the same air mass based on the visual examination. The comparisons show that the dropsonde and radiosonde RH data agree with each other within ±2% RH, suggesting no systematic dry bias in dropsonde humidity data. However, dropsonde-measured temperature is consistently colder than that by radiosonde by ∼0.4°C.
Directionality and Crest Length Statistics of Steep Waves in Open Ocean Waters
Authors: Scott Nicholas , Hara Tetsu , Hwang Paul A. , Walsh Edward J. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
A new wavelet analysis methodology is applied to open ocean wave height data from the Southern Ocean Waves Experiment (1992) and from a field experiment conducted at Duck, North Carolina, in 1997 with the aim of estimating the directionality and crest lengths of steep waves. The crest directionality statistic shows that most of the steep wave crests are normal to the direction of the mean wind. This is inconsistent with the Fourier wavenumber spectrum that shows a broad bimodal directional spreading at high wavenumbers. The crest length statistics demonstrate that the wave field is dominated by short-crested waves with small crest length/wavelength ratios. The one-dimensional steep wave statistic obtained from the integration of the directional (two dimensional) steep wave statistic is consistent with the one-dimensional steep wave statistic obtained from the one-dimensional analysis at high wave slope thresholds.
Ly49 and CD94/NKG2 receptor acquisition by NK cells does not require lymphotoxin-β receptor expression
Authors: Stevenaert Frederik , Van Beneden Katrien , De Colvenaer Veerle , Franki Ann Sophie , Debacker Veronique , Boterberg Tom , Deforce Dieter , Pfeffer Klaus , Plum Jean , Elewaut Dirk , Leclercq Georges 
Published: April 2005

AbstractA crucial step in murine natural killer (NK) cell development, mediated by bone marrow stromal cells, is the induction of Ly49 and CD94/NKG2 receptor expression. The signals that regulate Ly49 receptor expression are still largely undetermined. It has been shown that interaction between lymphotoxin α1β2 (LTα1β2) and LTβ receptor (LTβR), expressed on lymphoid progenitor cells and nonlymphoid bone marrow stromal cells, respectively, is important for both quantitative and functional NK cell development. Therefore, we have investigated the role of LT-LTβR–mediated signaling in Ly49 and CD94/NKG2 receptor acquisition. We show that the NK receptor repertoire of LTβR–/– mice can only be partially analyzed because of the residual 129/Ola mouse genetic background, due to a physical linkage of the LTβR locus and the loci encoding the Ly49 and CD94/NKG2 receptors. Therefore, we transferred wild-type B6 lymphoid-committed progenitor cells into LTβR–/– mice, which differentiated into NK cells with a normal NK cell receptor repertoire. Also, administration of LTβR-immunoglobulin (Ig), which acts as a soluble receptor for LTα1β2, resulted in reduced NK cell percentages but did not influence the Ly49 and CD94/NKG2 receptor acquisition on remaining NK cells. These results indicate that LTβR-mediated signals are not required for Ly49 and CD94/NKG2 receptor acquisition.
Regional induction of adhesion molecules and chemokine receptors explains disparate homing of human B cells to systemic and mucosal effector sites: dispersion from tonsils
Authors: Johansen Finn-Eirik , Baekkevold Espen S. , Carlsen Hege S. , Farstad Inger Nina , Soler Dulce , Brandtzaeg Per 
Published: April 2005

AbstractEthical constraints restrict direct tracking of immune-cell migration throughout the human body in vivo. We, therefore, used deletion of the immunoglobulin M (IgM) heavy-chain constant-gene (Cμ) segment as a marker to provide a dispersal signature of an effector B-cell subset (IgD+IgM-CD38+) induced selectively in human tonsils. By DNA analysis, the Cμ deletion identified dissemination of such blasts and their plasma-cell progeny to peripheral blood, lymph nodes, and bone marrow, as well as to mucosae and glands of the upper airways. Also the endocervix was often positive, while the small intestine was mainly negative, as could be expected from the identified homing-molecule profile of the marker cells, with relatively low levels of integrin α4β7 and CC chemokine receptor 9 (CCR9). Of further importance for vaccine design, the circulating cells expressed abundantly CD62L (L-selectin) and CCR7, which provided a mechanism for integration of respiratory and systemic immunity. Most mucosal vaccines are at present administered perorally, and our results suggested that the nasal route is no alternative for vaccination against rotavirus or other small-intestinal infections in humans. However, immunization of nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue clearly appears preferable to target respiratory pathogens and may to some extent also protect against infections of the female genital tract. (Blood. 2005;106:593-600)