bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
One‐component polyurethane adhesives for green wood gluing: Structure and temperature‐dependent creep
Authors: Na Bin , Pizzi A. , Delmotte L. , Lu X. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractCreep and temperature‐dependent creep, characteristic of one‐component polyurethane adhesives for wet and green structural wood gluing are two different parameters. Testing of standards‐approved commercial polyurethane adhesives for this purpose shows that while ambient temperature creep can be avoided or at least greatly limited according to the formulation used, this is not the case for temperature‐dependent creep. The commercial adhesive formulation characteristics that minimize or enhance ambient temperature and temperature‐dependent creep are identified. Basic principles on the structure of simple polyurethane adhesives influencing temperature‐dependent creep are also identified and discussed. The higher the proportion of all hardened network nodes, the lower creep is likely to be at ambient temperature. Instead, due to segment movement and easier disentanglement with increasing temperature, the lower the proportion of covalently linked nodes and the greater the proportion of just physical entanglement nodes, the greater the temperature‐dependent creep will be. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1231–1243, 2005
A Cyclic Hexapeptide Comprising Alternating α‐Aminoxy and α‐Amino Acids is a Selective Chloride Ion Receptor
Authors: Yang Dan , Li Xiang , Sha Yao , Wu Yun‐Dong 
Published: March 2005

AbstractIn nonpolar solvents, the cyclic hexapeptide 2, which comprises alternating D‐α‐amino and D‐α‐aminoxy acids, adopts a C3‐symmetric conformation with alternating eight (NO turns)‐ and seven (γ turns)‐membered‐ring hydrogen bonds. A series of anion‐binding studies has suggested that 2 can function as an effective anion receptor that not only displays a high selectivity for chloride ions, but also the capability to extract chloride ions from aqueous solutions into organic phases.
Capillary electrophoresis‐mass spectrometry in food analysis
Authors: Simó Carolina , Barbas Coral , Cifuentes Alejandro 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis work provides an updated overview (including works published till June 2004) on the principal applications of capillary electrophoresis‐mass spectrometry (CE‐MS) together with their main advantages and drawbacks in food science. Thus, analysis of amino acids, peptides, proteins, carbohydrates, or polyphenols by CE‐MS in different foods is reviewed. Also, other natural compounds (e.g., alkaloids) and toxins analyzed by CE‐MS in foods are revised. Moreover, exogenous substances with a potential risk for human health (e.g., pesticides, drugs) detected in foods by CE‐MS are included in this work. The usefulness of CE‐MS for food analysis and the information that this coupling can provide in terms of processing, composition, authenticity, quality, or safety of foods is also discussed.
Design, optimisation, and evaluation of a sheath flow interface for automated capillary electrophoresis‐electrospray‐mass spectrometry
Authors: Liu Charles C. , Alary Jean‐Francois , Vollmerhaus Pauline , Kadkhodayan Miryam 
Published: March 2005

AbstractA sheath‐flow capillary electrophoresis‐mass spectrometry (CE‐MS) system utilizing a fully integrated large‐bore stainless‐steel emitter electrode tapered at the end for micro‐ionspray operation has been developed and evaluated. A separation capillary with an outer diameter of up to 360 µm was inserted into the electrode thus forming a void volume of less than 15 nL between the capillary end and the electrospray ionisation (ESI) tip. The sheath liquid, usually methanol‐water (80:20) with 0.1% formic acid for positive ion mode or methanol for negative ion mode, was delivered at 0.5–1.0 µL/min. Unlike previously reported CE‐MS interfaces, the CE‐MS probe was incorporated directly onto an Applied Biosystems/MDS SCIEX orthogonal‐spray Turbo “V” ion source for ease of use and automatic operation. This integration enables fast and facile coupling and replacement of the separation capillary without interrupting the ion source configuration, and the sheath liquid supply. The reusable electrospray electrode was precisely fabricated and aligned with the length of the nebulizing gas tube for improved reproducibility. Automation was achieved through software control of both CE and tandem MS (MS/MS) for unattended batch sample analysis. The system was evaluated for attomole‐ to low femtomole‐level profiling of model peptides and protein mixtures, bisphosphates, as well as antiviral nucleosidic drugs in cellular extracts.
Mutation analysis of the MYH gene in an Australian series of colorectal polyposis patients with or without germline APC mutations
Authors: Kairupan Carla F. , Meldrum Cliff J. , Crooks Renee , Milward Elizabeth A. , Spigelman Allan D. , Burgess Bronwyn , Groombridge Claire , Kirk Judy , Tucker Kathy , Ward Robyn , Williams Rachel , Scott Rodney J. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe MYH gene has recently been shown to be associated with a recessive form of colorectal adenomatous polyposis. Two common mutations in the MYH gene have been identified that lend themselves to rapid screening. We have examined a series of 302 individuals comprising 120 control subjects, 120 patients diagnosed with adenomatous polyposis but without germline mutations in the APC gene and 62 patients diagnosed with familial adenomatous polyposis all harbouring confirmed causative APC germline mutations. The results reveal that MYH accounts for 16 percent of polyposis patients without germline mutations in the APC gene and that it does not appear to be a modifier gene in FAP patients diagnosed with APC germline mutations. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
p53 mutation profile of squamous cell carcinomas of the esophagus in Kashmir (India): A high‐incidence area
Authors: Mir Mohammad Muzaffar , Dar Nazir Ahmad , Gochhait Sailesh , Zargar Showkat Ali , Ahangar Abdul Gani , Bamezai R.N.K. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractEsophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) has been reported to show geographical variation in its incidence, even within areas of ethnic homogeneity. Kashmir valley, in north of India, has been described as a high‐risk area for ESCC. Here, we make a preliminary attempt to study mutations in exons 5–8 (the DNA binding domain) of the tumor suppressor gene, p53, in 55 ESCC patients from Kashmir. Polymerase chain reaction followed by direct sequencing analysis revealed the presence of mutations in 36.36% (20/55) tumors, assessed for the extent of allelic instability. The 20 mutations, found in 20 patients, comprised of 17 single‐base substitutions (11 transitions + 6 transversions) and 3 deletions. The 17 single‐base variations represented 12 missense mutations, 2 nonsense mutations and 3 variations located in intron 6, 1 of which resulted in a splicing variant. The patients when compared for the incidence of p53 mutation with various demographic features revealed females to be at increased risk (p = 0.016; OR = 4.13; 95% CI = 1.26–13.46). Comparison of mutation profile with other high‐risk areas reflected both differences and similarities indicating coexposure to a unique set of risk factors. This might be due to the special dietary and cultural practices of Kashmir that needs validation, as does the gender‐based difference in the incidence of p53 mutation observed in this study. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Localization and regulation of phospholipase D2 by ARF6
Authors: Hiroyama Masami , Exton John H. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractPhospholipase D (PLD) and ADP‐ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6) have been implicated in vesicular trafficking and rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton. We have explored the co‐localization of rat PLD1b and rat PLD2 with wild type and mutant forms of ARF6 in HeLa cells and studied their activation by ARF6 and the role of the actin cytoskeleton. GFP‐tagged PLD1 had a similar pattern to multivesicular and late endosomes and the trans‐Golgi apparatus, but not to other organelles. When wild type or dominant negative ARF6 and PLD1 or PLD2 were co‐expressed, they had a similar localization in cytosolic particles and at the cell periphery. In contrast, dominant active ARF6 caused cell shrinkage and had a similar localization with PLD1 and PLD2 in dense structures, containing the trans‐Golgi apparatus and actin. Disruption of the actin cytoskeleton with cytochalasin D did not induce the formation of these structures. To determine, if ARF6 selectively activated PLD1 or PLD2, wild type and mutant forms of the ARF isoform were transfected together with PLD1 or PLD2. Wild type ARF6 did not affect either PLD isozyme, but dominant active ARF6 selectively activated PLD2 and dominant negative ARF6 selectively inhibited PLD2. In contrast, dominant active ARF1 or Rac1 stimulated both PLD isozymes but the ARF1 effect on PLD2 was very small. Cytochalasin D did not affect the activation of PLD by phorbol ester. The localizations of PLD and ARF6 were also analyzed by fractionation after methyl‐β‐cyclodextrin extraction to deplete cholesterol. The results showed that all PLD isoforms and ARF6 mutants existed in the membrane fraction, but only wild type ARF6 was dependent on the presence of cholesterol. These experiments showed that wild type ARF6 had a similar location with PLD isoforms on cell staining, but it did not colocalize with PLD isoforms in fractionation experiments. It is proposed that activated ARF6 translocates to the cholesterol independent microdomain and then activates PLD2 there. It is further concluded that PLD2 is selectively activated by ARF6 in vivo and that disruption of the actin cytoskeleton does not affect this activation. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Serological protein profiling of neuroblastoma by ProteinChip SELDI‐TOF technology
Authors: He Qing‐Yu , Zhu Rui , Ren Yi , Tam Paul K.H. , Chiu Jen‐Fu 
Published: March 2005

AbstractSerological proteins of neuroblastoma were profiled and analyzed by ProteinChip‐SELDI‐TOF MS technology with five types of protein chips. By comparing with normal control, a number of protein or polypeptide signals were found significantly and consistently different in their intensities (expression levels) in tumor sera. Interestingly, nine polypeptide peaks in these proteomic features can be simultaneously detected with consistent variations by more than one type of protein chips. None of the expression differences of these nine polypeptides was found in similar comparisons between healthy controls and hepatomas. Preliminary protein identification showed hints for that some of these proteomic alterations may be closely related to the tumorigenesis of neuroblastoma. These results demonstrated the potential of serological biomarker identification for neuroblastoma by ProteinChip‐SELDI technology. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Symmetries that latin squares inherit from 1‐factorizations
Authors: Wanless Ian M. , Ihrig Edwin C. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractA 1‐factorization of a graph is a decomposition of the graph into edge disjoint perfect matchings. There is a well‐known method, which we call the 𝕂‐construction, for building a 1‐factorization ofKn,nfrom a 1‐factorization ofKn + 1. The 1‐factorization ofKn,ncan be written as a latin square of ordern. The 𝕂‐construction has been used, among other things, to make perfect 1‐factorizations, subsquare‐free latin squares, and atomic latin squares. This paper studies the relationship between the factorizations involved in the 𝕂‐construction. In particular, we show how symmetries (automorphisms) of the starting factorization are inherited as symmetries by the end product, either as automorphisms of the factorization or as autotopies of the latin square. Suppose that the 𝕂‐construction produces a latin squareLfrom a 1‐factorizationFofKn + 1. We show that the main class ofLdetermines the isomorphism class ofF, although the converse is false. We also prove a number of restrictions on the symmetries (autotopies and paratopies) whichLmay possess, many of which are simple consequences of the fact thatLmust be symmetric (in the usual matrix sense) and idempotent. In some circumstances, these restrictions are tight enough to ensure thatLhas trivial autotopy group. Finally, we give a cubic time algorithm for deciding whether a main class of latin squares contains any square derived from the 𝕂‐construction. The algorithm also detects symmetric squares and totally symmetric squares (latin squares that equal their six conjugates). © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Combin Designs 13: 157–172, 2005.
The use of amino acids to enhance the aerosolisation of spray‐dried powders for pulmonary gene therapy
Authors: Li H.‐Y. , Seville P. C. , Williamson I. J. , Birchall J. C. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractBackgroundPulmonary delivery of gene therapy offers the potential for the treatment of a range of lung conditions, including cystic fibrosis, asthma and lung cancer. Spray‐drying may be used to prepare dry powders for inhalation; however, aerosolisation of such powders is limited, resulting in poor lung deposition and biological functionality. In this study, we examine the use of amino acids (arginine, aspartic acid, threonine, phenylalanine) to enhance the aerosolisation of spray‐dried powders containing model non‐viral gene vectors.MethodsLipid/polycation/pDNA (LPD) vectors, in the presence or absence of amino acids, were dispersed in lactose solutions, and spray‐dried to produce appropriately sized dry powders. Scanning electron microscopy and laser diffraction were used to determine particle morphology and diameter, respectively. Gel electrophoresis was used to examine the influence of amino acids on the structural integrity of the LPD complex. In vitro cell (A549) transfection was used to determine the biological functionality of the dry powders, and the in vitro aerosolisation performance was assessed using a multistage liquid impinger (MSLI).ResultsBoth gel electrophoresis and in vitro cell transfection indicated that certain amino acids (aspartic acid, threonine) can adversely affect the integrity and biological functionality of the LPD complex. All amino acids significantly increased the aerosolisation of the powder, with the arginine and phenylalanine powders showing optimal deposition in the lower stages of the MSLI.ConclusionsAmino acids can be used to enhance the aerosolisation of spray‐dried powders for respiratory gene delivery, allowing the development of stable and viable formulations for pulmonary gene therapy. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A non‐contact low‐cost sensor for improved repeatability in co‐evaporated CIGS
Authors: Repins I. L. , Fisher D. , Batchelor W. K. , Woods L. , Beck M. E. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractA low‐cost, non‐contact sensor that provides endpoint detectionfor each stage in a three‐stage CuInxGa1−xSe2(CIGS( deposition is described. CIGS and precursoremissivity data providing the fundamental basis for the sensor's operation are presented.In situoperation of the sensor is outlined and sensor‐predicted film thickness, maximum Cu ratio during growth, as well as final Cu ratio are compared with those derived by other methods. Characteristics of the sensor relevant to automated and continuous processing are discussed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measurement Uncertainty in the Calibration of Low‐flow Ambient Air Samplers
Authors: Wulff Shaun S. , Weitz Mark A. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis paper considers the quality of measurement for a new standard used to assess ambient airflow measurements. The quality is quantified through the uncertainty associated in the measurements of this device. While guidelines are available for these analyses, this case study presents a set of additional challenges since the flow rate measurements are based on a linear relationship between two functions where the variables making up these functions are measured with non‐negligible error. In order to estimate the parameters describing this linear relationship, it is necessary to account for the variability associated with these errors. Measurement error modeling approaches can be used to estimate the linear regression parameters and the associated uncertainties. Ordinary least squares procedures are simpler, but must be used with care since the estimates can be biased and the resulting uncertainties can be underestimated. Once estimates for the linear relationship are obtained, measurements from the device are used to calculate a predicted flow rate. Techniques are presented for estimating the uncertainty associated with this predicted flow rate. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transition Monitoring and Adjustment for Dynamic Systems in a Process Improvement Environment
Authors: Nembhard Harriet Black , Kao Ming Shu 
Published: March 2005

AbstractIn manufacturing applications, we often encounter process transitions due to a changeover in the production or perhaps an unknown perturbation. The main process improvement goal is to shorten the transition time by monitoring the process in order to quickly identify the start and end of the transition period and by actively adjusting the process during the transition. To address these issues, we propose a transition monitoring and adjustment methodology. A polymer process is used to illustrate this methodology. Using simulation, we characterize the impact of the transition adjustment on the effectiveness of monitoring. We show that the adaptive monitoring procedure is robust to small transition adjustments, thus supporting a complimentary application of process monitoring and process adjustment to improve process transitions. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A General Framework for Constructing Control Charts
Authors: Polansky Alan M. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractA general framework for the construction of control charts is presented. The method is based on using the density of the sample subgroup statistic as a measure of how unusual newly observed subgroups are. This methodology includes, as special cases, many common control chart techniques. The method is also easily applied to multivariate and multimodal situations. A non‐parametric control chart is implemented by estimating the density of the sample subgroup statistic using a kernel estimator of the bootstrap distribution of the observed subgroup statistics. Several examples of the method are presented in the parametric and non‐parametric situations. The potential performance of the non‐parametric version of the method is demonstrated through an empirical study of average run length properties. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generating random elements of abelian groups
Authors: Lukács András 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAlgorithms based on rapidly mixing Markov chains are discussed to produce nearly uniformly distributed random elements in abelian groups of finite order. Let A be an abelian group generated by set S. Then one can generate ϵ‐nearly uniform random elements of A using 4|S|log(|A|/ϵ) log(|A|) additions and the same number of random bits. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2005
An assessment of seismic design practice of steel structures in the United States since the Northridge earthquake
Authors: Sabol Thomas A. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe 1994 Northridge earthquake served as a watershed event in the practice of seismic design of structural steel buildings. Damage to steel moment frame and concentrically braced buildings in this earthquake as well as similar types of damage observed in the 1995 Hyogoken‐Nambu earthquake illustrated the need to address design, construction, and quality shortcomings in design standards, methods of construction, and inspection practices. Research demonstrated that moment frame performance could be improved by shifting the location of the plastic hinge from the face of the column, use of higher notch‐tough welding electrodes, rigorous attention to proper fabrication and erection practices, and improved inspection practices emphasizing visual inspection. Changes to braced frame design provisions have emphasized development of full member strength in the connections, which has led to development of buckling restrained systems to better match tensile and compression brace capacities. This paper assesses the impact of post‐earthquake observations and some of the research initiatives that have changed the way in which structural steel seismic systems are designed. It attempts to identify the trends relative to selection of various steel seismic systems in response to perceived performance issues, limitations imposed by design standards and regulatory agencies, and economic factors. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variable energetic responses to clutch size manipulations in white‐throated dippers Cinclus cinclus
Authors: Engstrand Susan M. , Ward Sally , Bryant David M. 
Published: March 2005

We used the doubly‐labelled water technique to measure daily energy expenditure (DEE) of a free‐living uniparental incubator, the white‐throated dipper Cinclus cinclus, in Scotland. DEE was 205±8 (s.e.m.) kJ d−1 for 17 females incubating their natural clutch sizes, equivalent to 3.2±0.1×basal metabolic rate (BMR). To investigate the influence of clutch size on the energy budget, we measured the DEE of 14 females with clutches increased or reduced by a single egg. Birds with reduced clutch sizes had an energy expenditure with a mean and variance that did not differ from those of birds with unmanipulated clutches. Enlarging the clutch led to an increase in energy expenditure to over 4×BMR for some individuals but not for others, resulting in greater variance in energy expenditure for birds with enlarged clutches. Individual variation in energy expenditure could not be fully explained by environmental conditions, by patterns of behaviour or clutch size.

Incubating females received a maximum of only 4 kJ d−1 (2% of DEE) from provisioning by the male, and mobilised up to 6 kJ d−1 (3% of DEE) from reserves. Females spent 2.9±0.2 h (n=20) away from the nest each day, so a foraging rate of 95 kJ h−1 was required during incubation recesses to balance DEE. This ‘required foraging rate’ is double previous estimates of the maximum rates of energy acquisition for birds of this size. We suggest that the greater likelihood of a raised energy expenditure associated with larger clutches, combined with the difficulties in maintaining energy supplies, may constitute a constraint on avian clutch size.
Adsorption controls mobilization of colloids and leaching of dissolved phosphorus
Authors: Siemens J. , Ilg K. , Lang F. , Kaupenjohann M. 
Published: March 2005

SummaryLoss of phosphorus (P) from agriculture contributes to the eutrophication of surface waters. We have assessed the magnitude and controls of P leaching and the risk of colloid‐facilitated transport of P from sandy soils in Münster. Concentrations of soluble reactive P in drainage water and groundwater were monitored from 0.9 to 35 m depth. Total P concentrations, P saturation, and P sorption isotherms of soil samples were determined. Concentrations of dispersible soil P and colloidal P in drainage water and groundwater were investigated. The concentrations of soluble reactive P in drainage water and groundwater were close to background concentrations (< 20 µg P l−1). Median concentrations in excess of 100 µg P l−1 were found down to 5.6 m depth at one of four research sites and in the lower part of the aquifer. Experimentally determined equilibrium concentrations and the degree of P saturation were good predictors of P concentrations of drainage water. Large concentrations of dispersible P were released from soil with large concentrations of oxalate‐extractable P and addition of P induced further dispersion. Colloidal P was transported in a P‐rich subsoil when there was a large flow of water and after nitrate had been flushed from the soil profile and total solute concentrations were small. We conclude that the concentration of soluble reactive P in drainage water is controlled by rapid adsorption in the sandy soils. Subsurface transport of dissolved P contributes substantially to the loss of P from the soils we investigated. Accumulation of P in soils increases the risk of colloid‐facilitated leaching of P.