bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Orthopaedic measurements with computed radiography: Methodological development, accuracy, and radiation dose with special reference to the weight-bearing lower extremity and the dislocating patella
Authors: Sanfridsson Jan 
Published: January 2005

Sanfridsson J.: Orthopaedic measurements with computed radiography. Methodological development, accuracy, and radiation dose with special reference to the weight-bearing lower extremity and the dislocating patella. Lund 2001. ISBN 87-16-16449-0. The overall aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a measurement system for computed radiography (CR) and Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS), permitting measurements of long distances and angles in and between related images. The developed measurement system, which was based on the QUESTOR Precision Radiography (QPR) system, was applied to the weight-bearing knee with special reference to the dislocating patella. The QPR system modified for CR fulfilled the criteria for measuring the weight-bearing knee. The special measuring assistance tools that were developed were important for the implementation of CR and PACS, particularly in workstations programmed for musculoskeletal radiology. The energy imparted to the patient was reduced by 98% at the lowest exposure of the CR-system, compared with our conventional analogue method, without loss of diagnostic accuracy. The CR technique creates a possibility, to an extent not previously feasible, to differentiate the exposure parametres (and thus minimise the radiation dose to the patient) by carefully considering the purpose of the examination. A radiographic method for measuring the rotation of the femur and the tibia, the, and the patellar translation was developed and applied to healthy volunteers. The introduced patellar variables have yielded new insights into the complex sequence of motions between the femur, tibia, and patella. The patients with a dislocating patella were subdivided into one "clean" group of spontaneous dislocations and one group with various traumas in the history, which thus resulted in two groups with distinct radiographic differences. The Q-angle was decreased in knees that had suffered dislocations, and the traditional surgical treatment with a further reduction of the Q-angle must be challenged. The use of clinical measurements of the Q-angle was not an optimal way to evaluate the mechanical alignment in the patellofemoral joint under physiological conditions. In this study, we have proved that the developed method for CR and PACS is a useful technique for measurements in and between related images, and is superior to the conventional analogue technique .
The CD19 Molecule is Crucial for MID‐Dependent Activation of Tonsillar B Cells from Children
Authors: Hadzic R. , Forsgren A. , Cardell L.‐O. , Riesbeck K. , Wingren A. G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe Moraxella immunoglobulin (Ig) D‐binding protein (MID) induces a strong proliferative response in human peripheral blood IgD+ B cells from adults isolated by positive selection using anti‐CD19‐conjugated microbeads. Here, we show that tonsillar B cells from children isolated with positive selection are unable to respond to MID stimulation. The proliferative response was very low or absent at various concentrations of MID tested and at different time points analysed, whereas the MID response of tonsillar B cells from adults isolated with positive selection was considerably higher. Tonsillar B cells from children isolated with positive selection responded to formalin‐fixed preparations of Moraxella catarrhalis and Staphylococcus aureus Cowan strain I. In comparison to cells isolated with positive selection, a much higher proliferative response was recorded in tonsillar B cells from children isolated with negative selection, indicating that occupation of the CD19 molecule (i.e. positive selection) inhibited the response. Indeed, the addition of anti‐CD19 monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) to MID‐activated tonsillar B cells from children isolated with negative selection strongly inhibited the proliferative response. In contrast, anti‐CD21 MoAb at the same concentration did only show a minor inhibition on the MID‐induced response. Pre‐incubation of tonsillar B cells isolated from children with anti‐CD19 or anti‐CD21 MoAb did not affect the binding of biotin‐conjugated MID as analysed by flow cytometry. These results suggest that MID‐activated tonsillar B cells from children have a strong requirement for signalling through the CD19 molecule. Future experiments will further reveal the importance of CD19 and possibly other molecules for optimal activation of tonsillar B cells isolated from both children and adults.
Diminished Th1‐Like Response to Autoantigens in Children with a High Risk of Developing Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Karlsson Faresjö M. G. E. , Ludvigsson J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe exact role of T‐helper (Th) cells that precede the clinical manifestation of type 1 diabetes remains unclear. The aim of this investigation was to study the Th1‐ and Th2‐like profile in children and adults with high risk of developing the disease. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected from high‐risk children and adults and from healthy individuals matched for age and gender. Using the sensitive enzyme‐linked immunospot (ELISPOT) technique to divide Th1‐ from Th2‐like lymphocytes, secretion of interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) and interleukin‐4 was analysed from lymphocytes spontaneously and after in vitro stimulation with different antigens, based on present paradigms regarding the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. Compared to the response observed in healthy individuals, we found that individuals with a high risk of developing type 1 diabetes, especially children, responded with less IFN‐γ secretion to the three autoantigens glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65), insulin and tyrosinphosphatase (IA‐2). Thus, a diminished Th1‐like response by in vitro autoantigen stimulation was observed in especially children with a high risk of developing type 1 diabetes. Reduced Th1/Th2 response was related to signs of β cell exhaustion.
Modulation and Source of Procalcitonin in Reduced Renal Function and Renal Replacement Therapy
Authors: Herget‐Rosenthal S. , Klein T. , Marggraf G. , Hirsch T. , Jakob H.‐G. , Philipp T. , Kribben A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSerum procalcitonin (PCT), an accurate marker of severe infection, is moderately increased in chronic kidney disease (CKD), peritoneal dialysis (PD) and haemodialysis (HD). We studied the extent of PCT elevation and factors accounting for elevated PCT in CKD and dialysis, and whether peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) contribute to increased PCT. In 37 controls, 281 CKD, 31 PD, and 65 HD patients without infection, PCT was measured and correlated with CKD stage, PD, HD, C‐reactive protein (CRP), cardiovascular disease (CVD) and other clinical parameters. PCT release by PBMC from controls, advanced CKD, PD and HD patients (12 subjects each) was measured. PCT increased in parallel to the deterioration of CKD. Oliguria, advanced CKD, PD, HD, CVD and elevated CRP were independently associated with PCT elevation. PCT release from PBMC significantly increased in advanced CKD, PD and HD. PCT release from PBMC correlated closely with the corresponding serum PCT values (r = 0.76, P < 0.001). In the absence of infection, PCT may increase due to reduced renal elimination and increased synthesis, as due to PBMC. Furthermore, serum PCT could serve as a marker of low‐grade inflammation and CVD, which substantially increase mortality in CKD and dialysis.
Distinct Leucocyte Redistribution After Glucocorticoid Treatment Among Difficult‐to‐Treat Asthmatic Patients
Authors: Karagiannidis C. , Rückert B. , Hense G. , Willer G. , Menz G. , Blaser K. , Schmidt‐Weber C. B. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractDifficult‐to‐treat asthma (DTA) represents a heterogeneous subgroup of asthma. Up to now, the lack of specific diagnosis not only complicates appropriate specification and control of asthma, but also makes targeted research difficult. The aim of this study is to categorize this heterogeneous group of DTA patients (n = 27; referring to the GINA guidelines) based on the distinct leucocyte redistribution (LR) after glucocorticoid (GC) treatment. Furthermore, the effect of adjuvant therapies was investigated for its impact on LR. The frequency of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD14+, CD19+ and NK cells was analysed in peripheral blood before and 3 h after systemic GC treatment, along with the markers of activation HLA‐DR and CD25. Within 3 h of GC administration, a significant average decrease of 16% in CD3+CD4+ (P ≤ 0.001) and a 12% increase in NK‐cell frequency (P ≤ 0.001) clearly distinguished two groups of patients: LR‐responsive and LR‐unresponsive patients. The CD3+CD8+ T‐cell number and activation marker remained unchanged. Patients who received adjuvant therapy, such as methotrexate or interferon‐α, because of poor clinical response to GC showed an LR similar to that showed by responsive patients. DTA patients comprise at least two immunologically distinct groups: patients showing an immediate decrease in CD3+CD4+ T cells and an increase in NK cells following GC administration and patients lacking an immediate change. Analysis of LR not only may allow the identification of immunologic steroid resistance, but also may be of value for immunologic determination of effective steroid doses.
Interleukin‐6 Infusion During Human Endotoxaemia Inhibits In Vitro Release of the Urokinase Receptor from Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells
Authors: Ostrowski S. R. , Plomgaard P. , Fischer C. P. , Steensberg A. S. , Møller K. , Høyer‐Hansen G. , Pedersen B. K. , Ullum H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractLeucocyte expression of the urokinase receptor [urokinase‐type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR)] is regulated by inflammatory mediators. This study investigated the in vivo effect of endotoxin, interleukin (IL)‐6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α on uPAR‐release in vivo and in vitro in humans. Healthy subjects received intravenous endotoxin injection [high‐dose, 2 ng/kg (n = 8) and low‐dose, 0.06 ng/kg (n = 7)], coadministration of 0.06 ng/kg endotoxin and 3 h recombinant human (rh)IL‐6 infusion (n = 7) or 3 h infusion of rhIL‐6 (n = 6), rhTNF‐α (n = 6) or NaCl (n = 5). Soluble uPAR (suPAR) was measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay in plasma and supernatants from unstimulated and phytohaemagglutinin and lipopolysaccharide‐stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cultures incubated for 24 h. The spontaneous and stimulated uPAR‐release from PBMC cultures was enhanced 5 h after low‐dose endotoxin (both P < 0.05), but coadministration of rhIL‐6 during low‐dose endotoxaemia abolished this enhanced uPAR release. High‐dose endotoxin increased plasma suPAR levels (P < 0.001) whereas low‐dose endotoxin, rhIL‐6 or TNF‐α did not influence uPAR release in vivo to such degree that a systemic effect on the plasma suPAR level was detectable. Even subclinical doses of endotoxin in vivo enhance the capacity of PBMC to release uPAR after incubation in vitro. The inhibitory effect of IL‐6 on endotoxin‐mediated uPAR‐release in vitro suggests that IL‐6 has anti‐inflammatory effects on endotoxin‐mediated inflammation.
Immunoglobulin Isotype Profile of Tissue Transglutaminase Autoantibodies is Correlated with the Clinical Presentation of Coeliac Disease
Authors: Schilling J. , Spiekerkoetter U. , Wohlrab U. , Wendel U. , Seissler J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractCoeliac disease (CD) is characterized by the appearance of autoantibodies against tissue transglutaminase (tTG‐Ab). Immunoglobulin A (IgA) tTG‐Ab have been described as excellent diagnostic markers, but the Ig subclass distribution and the importance of isotype tTG‐Ab have not yet been established. In this study, using newly developed isotype‐ and subclass‐specific radioligand assays, we examined anti‐tTG IgA1, IgA2, IgG1, IgG4 and IgE antibodies in 30 symptomatic, untreated patients with CD and 22 subjects suspected to suffer from silent CD (sCD). Among 30 patients with CD, 27 (90.0%) were positive for IgA1 tTG‐Ab, whereas only 12 (40.0%) had autoantibodies of the IgA2 subclass (P < 0.001). IgG1, IgG4 and IgE tTG‐Ab were detected in 17 (56.6%), 0 and 3 (10.0%) individuals, respectively. IgA1 was also the predominant anti‐tTG subclass in patients with sCD (n = 20, 90.1%), followed by IgA2 antibodies (n = 7, 31.8%), IgG1 antibodies (n = 4, 18.2%), IgG4 antibodies (n = 1, 4.5%) and IgE antibodies (n = 1, 4.5%). The comparison between both groups revealed a significantly higher prevalence of IgG1 antibodies in patients with symptomatic CD (P < 0.01). In 10 of 11 subjects undergoing an intestinal biopsy, the diagnosis of an sCD was confirmed. In this subgroup, there was a positive association between the presence of IgA2 and IgG1 tTG‐Ab and severe (Marsh 2–3) mucosal abnormalities. In conclusion, patients with symptomatic and sCD predominantly have IgA1 tTG‐Ab. IgG1 tTG‐Ab are associated with symptomatic disease and, when present in patients with sCD, are correlated with a severe mucosal destruction. These data suggest that tTG‐Ab subclasses could reflect inflammatory events associated with epithelial destruction.
Influence on Spontaneous Tissue Inflammation by the Major Histocompatibility Complex Region in the Nonobese Diabetic Mouse
Authors: Lindqvist A.‐K. B. , Nakken B. , Sundler M. , Kjellén P. , Jonsson R. , Holmdahl R. , Skarstein K. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe investigated the role of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region in the specificity of autoimmunity by analysing specifically the development of sialadenitis, but also insulitis, nephritis and autoantibody production in autoimmune‐prone nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice where the MHC H2g7 haplotype had been exchanged for the H2q (NOD.Q) or H2p (NOD.P) haplotype. The exchange of H2 haplotype did not affect the frequency of sialadenitis because the H2q and H2p congenic NOD strains developed sialadenitis with the same incidence as NOD. However, the severity of sialadenitis varied among the strains, as NOD.Q > NOD > NOD.P. At 11–13 weeks of age, the NOD.Q (H2q) female mice developed more severe sialadenitis compared to NOD.P (H2p) (P = 0.038). At 20 weeks, the NOD (H2g7) female mice showed more severe sialadenitis than NOD.P (P = 0.049). This is in contrast to the development of insulitis in the present strains, because the incidence of insulitis was almost completely inhibited by the replacement of the H2g7 haplotype of NOD. The incidence of insulitis in NOD.Q was 11–22%, compared to 75% in NOD, which correlated well with lower titres of anti‐glutamic acid decarboxylase (anti‐GAD) antibodies in NOD.Q compared to NOD (P = 0.009). However, the introduction of the H2q haplotype into the NOD strain instead directed the autoimmune response towards the production of lupus types of autoantibodies, because the incidence of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) in NOD.Q was 89% compared with 11% in NOD.P and 12% in NOD mice, which in turn correlated with a high incidence of nephritis in NOD.Q compared to NOD. Consequently, we show that different haplotypes of MHC are instrumental in directing the specificity of the spontaneous autoimmune inflammation.
Fireblight monitoring in Lithuania1
Authors: Baranauskaitė L. 
Published: January 2005

Lithuania has requested that its whole territory should be recognized by the EU as a protected zone for Erwinia amylovora. Fireblight monitoring was performed in 1998/2002 with the aim of detecting and identifying the bacterium, and of determining its distribution in the country. The study consisted of periodic surveys (at least twice a year) of nurseries, orchards, collective farms and host plants, growing individually or in small groups, as well as the surrounding zone within a radius of 250 m. Tests, under conditions of quality control, were applied to host plants with and without symptoms, using detection methods such as ELISA and immunofluorescence (with polyclonal antibodies), semi‐selective plating and pathogenicity.
Low‐angle subgrain misorientations in deformed NaCl
Authors: PENNOCK G. M. , DRURY M. R. 
Published: January 2005

SummaryThe development of subgrain boundary misorientations with strain in NaCl polycrystals has been investigated. At low strains, a power law relationship exists between strain and average misorientations. The accuracy of this relationship is assessed in terms of material and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) processing parameters and is found to hold for a material of constant grain size deformed in compression, providing EBSD mapping and processing conditions were similar. Average misorientations are strongly influenced by grain orientation, suggesting that the misorientation–strain relationship may also be texture dependent in materials with high plastic anisotropy. A slight grain size dependency of the average misorientations was observed.
Estimation of dislocation densities in cold rolled Al‐Mg‐Cu‐Mn alloys by combination of yield strength data, EBSD and strength models
Authors: WANG S. C. , ZHU Z. , STARINK M. J. 
Published: January 2005

SummaryAl‐Mg‐Cu‐Mn alloys have been developed for the packaging industry, in which large cold‐working deformations are normally applied that can produce high dislocation densities. In this study, we present a simplified model for the yield strength contributions and apply that to obtain the dislocation densities by determining the orientation factors, which can be obtained via the crystal information of electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). One alloy subjected to three cold‐rolling reductions (10%, 40% and 90%) has been analysed by EBSD, and the density of dislocations are estimated using the strengthening model. This assessment suggests that dislocation densities by the Taylor model are roughly consistent but slightly lower than those determined by transmission electron microscopy.
Conservation biological control with the fungal pathogen Pandora neoaphidis: implications of aphid species, host plant and predator foraging
Authors: Ekesi S. , Shah P. A. , Clark S. J. , Pell J. K. 
Published: January 2005

Abstract 1 Pandora neoaphidis is an important aphid‐specific fungal pathogen in temperate agroecosystems. Laboratory studies were carried out to obtain baseline data on factors that may affect its performance in conservation biological control.2 Virulence of P. neoaphidis was assessed in dose–response bioassays against Microlophium carnosum on nettle, Uroleucon jaceae on knapweed, Acyrthosiphon pisum on bean and bird's‐foot trefoil Lotus corniculatus, and Metopolophium dirhodum on barley and Yorkshire fog Holcus lanatus. The most susceptible aphid was A. pisum feeding on bean with an LD50 of 19 conidia per mm2, whereas U. jaceae had an LD50 of 104 conidia per mm2 and was least susceptible to infection.3 The presence of foraging adult ladybirds, Coccinella septempunctata, increased transmission of P. neoaphidis from infected cadavers to apterae of M. carnosum, U. jacea, and A. pisum by 7–30% at the largest cadaver density tested. Adult coccinellids that had previously foraged on nettle, knapweed, bean or bird's‐foot trefoil transfered conidia to A. pisum on bean and induced infections in 2–13% of aphids.4 Conidia of P. neoaphidis dispersed passively in the airstream from sporulating M. carnosum cadavers on nettle plants and initiated infections in A. pisum colonies feeding on bean (4–33%) or M. dirhodum on barley (3%) located within 1.0 m of the nettle source.5 The results suggest that M. carnosum and A. pisum may be more useful as reservoirs for P. neoaphidis in noncrop and crop areas than U. jaceae or M. dirhodum, and infection and dispersal between habitats could be enhanced in the presence of coccinellids.
Genetic variation and origin of red turpentine beetle (Dendroctonus valensLeConte) introduced to the People's Republic of China
Authors: Cognato Anthony I. , Sun Jiang‐Hua , Anducho‐Reyes Miguel A. , Owen Donald R. 
Published: January 2005

Abstract1 The red turpentine beetle,Dendroctonus valensLeConte, is a recent New World introduction to the People's Republic of China. An outbreak of these beetles has infested over 0.5 million hectares of pine forests.2 Efforts are underway to suppress this outbreak using biological control measures. However, the wide distribution in the native range ofD. valenssuggests regional variation of the beetle's biology, predators, and parasitoids. Thus, knowledge of the origin of these beetles can help devise precise and effective control measures.3 A portion of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene was sequenced for 218 individuals from 32 populations throughout the native range ofD. valensand in China.4 Haplotype diversity was high. A total of 131 haplotypes were found and Jukes–Cantor corrected nucleotide difference ranged from 0 to 16%. Haplotype diversity ranged from 0.53 to 0.98 and unique haplotypes were found in most populations.5 Parsimony and statistical parsimony analyses of these haplotypes support the hypothesis that the introduction ofD. valensto China was recent and originated from the Pacific North‐west of the U.S.A.6 In addition, the high haplotype diversity also suggests a large or multiple introductions. However, based on the genetics of the beetle's reproductive behaviour, this diversity may also be explained by a limited number of individuals or introductions.
Spatial autocorrelation as a tool for identifying the geographical patterns of aphid annual abundance
Authors: Cocu Nadège , Harrington Richard , Hullé Maurice , Rounsevell Mark D. A. 
Published: January 2005

Abstract 1 A spatial autocorrelation analysis was undertaken to investigate the spatial structure of annual abundance for the pest aphid Myzus persicae collected in suction traps distributed across north‐west Europe.2 The analysis was applied at two different scales. The Moran index was used to estimate the degree of spatial autocorrelation at all sites within the study area (global level). The contributions of each site to the global index were identified by the use of a local indicator of spatial autocorrelation (LISA). A hierarchical cluster analysis was undertaken to highlight differences between groups of resulting correlograms.3 Similarity between traps was shown to occur over large geographical distances, suggesting an impact of phenomena such as climatic gradients or land use types.4 The presence of outliers and zones of similarity (hot‐spots) and of dissimilarity (cold‐spots) were identified indicating a strong impact of local effects.5 Several groups of traps characterized by similarities in their local spatial structure (correlograms, value of Moran's Ii) also had similar values for land use variables (the area occupied by agricultural zones, forest and sea).6 It is concluded that trap data can provide information about Myzus persicae that is representative of large geographical areas. Thus, trap data can be used to estimate the aerial abundance of this species, even if the suction traps are not regularly and densely distributed.