bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interaction between diazepam and noradrenergic function in man
Authors: Nutt David J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA challenge test of clonidine (1·5 ug kg−1 i.v.) was given to 8 male volunteers, before, after a single acute dose of diazepam (15 mg the previous night), after 3 weeks chronic treatment with diazepam (25 mg/d) and in the withdrawal phase, 4–5 days after stopping diazepam. The effect of clonidine was measured on the clonidine‐induced growth hormone release, hypotension, bradycardia and sedation. Baseline (pre‐clonidine) measures of these, with the exception of increased sedation during the acute treatment, were unaltered during treatment. Clonidine‐induced growth hormone and sedation responses were not different between tests however enhanced hypotension was observed in the chronic phase. These results are discussed in the light of the mechanisms of tolerance development to diazepam.
Combined serotonin‐5‐HT2 and dopamine‐D2 antagonism in schizophrenia: Clinical, extrapyramidal and neuroendocrine response in a preliminary study with risperidone (R 64 766)
Authors: Bersani G. , Bressa G. M. , Meco G. , Marini S. , Pozzi F. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPrevious studies suggested a therapeutic action of the selective serotonin 5‐HT2‐antagonist ritanserin on negative symptoms of schizophrenia and on neuroleptic‐induced parkinsonism. In this open trial the effect of risperidone, a combined serotonin‐5‐HT2‐and dopamine‐D2‐antagonist, was studied on a sample of 31 schizophrenic outpatients with an unsatisfactory response to conventional neuroleptic treatment, predominance of negative symptoms, together with troublesome extrapyramidal side‐effects. After 28 days of oral treatment (2–6 mg daily) the patients showed a significant improvement as measured by means of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms. It is possible that the 5‐HT2 receptor antagonist properties of risperidone may improve negative symptoms. In addition, confirming previous studies, extrapyramidal symptoms showed a reduced incidence compared to previous neuroleptic treatment, suggesting a serotonin‐‐dopamine interaction in the basal ganglia. No electrocardiographic, cardiovascular or laboratory abnormalities were observed.
Performance tests in human psychopharmacology (3): Construct validity and test interpretation
Authors: Parrott A. C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe content, criterion and face validity of human performance tests in psychopharmacology research were examined in an earlier paper. Most evidence on test meaning and interpretation, however, comprises construct validity. This is critically scrutinized here, through a brief analysis of human performance theory (Broadbent, Sanders, Sternberg), and taxonomies of human performance function (Fleishman, Holding). While much construct evidence is rather nebulous and untestable (non‐disprovable), it is probably the most accurate representation of current views on performance assessment. Tests gradually fall out of favour (or) into favour, rather than being shown to be clearly invalid (or) valid. Factor analysis, and task discrimination, are, however, two procedures for placing test interpretation/meaning on a sounder empirical basis. Returning to the overall problem of how best to investigate test validity, several proposals are made. Further criterion information should be sought, in large‐scale studies, designed specifically to compare the practical utility of different tests and test batteries. There needs to be greater atmosphere of critical debate on test meaning, in order to clarify the performance functions being assessed. Factor analysis and task discrimination procedures also need to be more widely employed. Lastly, although many tests can be seen as measures of ‘information processing’, the inference that they provide indices of ‘real‐life performance’, can rarely be made on current evidence.
The effect of acute MDMA administration on body temperature, serum corticosterone and neurotransmitter concentrations in male and female rats
Authors: McNamara Mairead G. , Kelly John P. , Leonard Brian E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine the effect of acute administration of (±)3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) (20 mg/kg, i.p.) on colonic temperature, serum corticosterone and brain biogenic amine concentrations in group‐housed male and female rats and to determine if there are any gender differences in susceptibility to MDMA‐induced changes. Prior to treatment, basal colonic temperatures were higher in female than in male rats (p <0·05). Temperatures were significantly increased 30 min following MDMA (20 mg/kg, i.p.) in male rats (p <0·05), and 120 min following MDMA in female rats (p <0·05), and were still elevated 240 min following MDMA administration in both sexes. Basal corticosterone concentrations were also higher in female than in male rats (p <0·05), prior to treatment. Serum corticosterone concentrations were significantly elevated in both male and female rates 15 min after MDMA administration (p <0·001), and remained elevated for up to 4 h following MDMA (p <0·001 and p <0·05 respectively). 5‐Hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) and 5‐hydroxy‐indole‐3‐acetic acid (5‐HIAA) concentrations were significantly depleted in the frontal cortex, hypothalamus and striatum of both male and female rats. However, pineal 5‐HT was resistant to depletion by MDMA in both male and female rats. The 5‐HIAA concentration was significantly reduced in the pineal gland of female rats, probably due to decreased catabolism of pineal 5‐HT. There was a profound decrease in the ratio 5‐HT/5‐HIAA in the frontal cortex but no changes occurred in these ratios in the striatum. hypothalamus or pineal gland in either male or female rats. Dopamine (DA) concentrations were increased and 3,4‐dihydroxyphenyl‐acetic acid (DOPAC) levels decreased in the striatum in both male and female rats 4 h after MDMA administration. The noradrenaline (NA) content of the hypothalamus was increased in male rats 30, 60 and 120 min post MDMA (p <0·05) but no changes were noted in the hypothalamus of female rats. This study indicates that there are slight gender differences in susceptibility to MDMA induced changes in rats.
A controlled comparison of sertraline and fluoxetine in acute and continuation treatment of major depression
Authors: Van Moffaert M. , Bartholome F. , Cosyns P. , De Nayer A. R. , Mertens C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn a double‐blind multicentre trial in patients with major depression, the efficacy and the tolerability of sertraline were compared with those of fluoxetine, during an eight‐week acute treatment phase followed by a 24‐week continuation treatment phase in treatment responders.A total of 165 patients who met DSM III‐R criteria for moderate to severe major depression were randomized to receive either sertraline or fluoxetine for short‐term and continuation treatment with initial daily dosages of either 50 mg of sertraline or 20 mg of fluoxetine. In the event of an inadequate response after 4 weeks of double‐blind therapy these doses could be doubled.Both treatment groups demonstrated similar improvements on both the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM‐D) and the Montgomery and Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), during the acute phase as well as during the continuation phase. Both sertraline and fluoxetine were well tolerated, the most common side‐effects being gastrointestinal symptoms. Significantly more patients in the fluoxetine‐treatment group experienced activationg adverse events.The study demonstrates similar antidepressant efficacy and tolerability for sertraline and fluoxetine in acute and continuation treatment and equivalence of sertraline 50 mg daily with fluoxetine 20 mg daily in the treatment of depression.
Transduction of satellite cells after prenatal intramuscular administration of lentiviral vectors
Authors: MacKenzie Tippi C. , Kobinger Gary P. , Louboutin Jean‐Pierre , Radu Antoneta , Javazon Elizabeth H. , Sena‐Esteves Miguel , Wilson James M. , Flake Alan W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractBackgroundWe have previously reported long‐term expression of lacZ in myocytes after in utero intramuscular injection of Mokola and Ebola pseudotyped lentiviral vectors. In further experiments, we have noted that these vectors also transduce small cells at the periphery of the muscle fibers that have the morphology of satellite cells, or muscle stem cells. In this study we performed experiments to further define the morphology and function of these cells.MethodsBalb/c mice at 14–15 days gestation were injected intramuscularly with Ebola or Mokola pseudotyped lentiviral vectors carrying CMV‐lacZ. Animals were harvested at various time points, muscles were stained with X‐gal, and processed for electron microscopy (EM) and immunofluorescence. To determine whether transduced satellite cells were functionally capable of regenerating injured muscles, animals were injected with notexin in the same area 8 weeks after the in utero injection of viral vector.ResultsTransmission EM of transduced cells confirmed the ultrastructural appearance of satellite cells. Double immunofluorescence for β‐galactosidase and satellite cell markers demonstrated co‐localization of these markers in transduced cells. In the notexin‐injured animals, small blue cells were seen at the areas of regeneration that co‐localized β‐galactosidase with markers of regenerating satellite cells. Central nucleated blue fibers were seen at late time points, indicating regenerated muscle fibers arising from a transduced satellite cell.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates transduction of muscle satellite cells following prenatal viral vector mediated gene transfer. These findings may have important implications for gene therapy strategies directed toward muscular dystrophy. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phagocytosis‐mediated retroviral transduction: co‐internalization of deactivated retrovirus and calcium‐alginate microspheres by macrophages
Authors: You Jin‐Oh , Peng Ching‐An 
Published: January 2005

AbstractBackgroundEfficiency of retrovirus‐mediated gene transfer has been hampered by short retroviral half‐life due to shedding of retroviral envelope proteins which is of utmost importance to the interaction between retrovirus and cell.MethodsCalcium‐alginate microspheres with average size of 780 nm were prepared by reverse emulsification and characterized by scanning electron microscopy and microelectrophoresis. To obtain deactivated retroviruses produced from 293 packaging cells, retrovirus‐containing media were pre‐incubated at 37 °C for 6, 12, 18, and 24 h, respectively. Murine J774A.1 macrophages were co‐treated with Ca‐alginate microspheres and deactivated retroviruses encoding the enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) gene. Through phagocytosis, deactivated retroviruses and Ca‐alginate microspheres were co‐internalized into macrophages. After retroviral transduction for 24 and 48 h, the percentages of macrophages with eGFP expression were determined by bright‐field and fluorescence microscopy.ResultsAfter 48‐h incubation with Ca‐alginate microspheres and deactivated retroviruses, phagosomes turned into large vacuoles occupied almost half of the cytoplasmic space. This was probably attributed to the erosion of Ca‐alginate microspheres by destructive agents within vacuolar compartments and concomitant osmotic swelling. It was reasoned that deactivated retroviruses escaped such enlarged vesicles easily and underwent reverse transcription in the cytosol. The expression of eGFP in macrophages infected by retroviruses pre‐incubated for 24 h in the presence of Ca‐alginate microspheres was thereby augmented up to tenfold in comparison with the cells treated with 24‐h deactivated retroviruses only.ConclusionsCa‐alginate microspheres performed as auxiliary agents for the enhancement of retrovirus‐mediated gene transfer efficiency even though retroviruses had been deactivated due to the loss of envelope proteins. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of gonadal steroids on the glial fibrillary acidic protein‐immunoreactive astrocyte population in young rat hippocampus
Authors: Conejo N.M. , González‐Pardo H. , Cimadevilla J.M. , Argüelles J.A. , Díaz F. , Vallejo‐Seco G. , Arias J.L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIt is known that expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) as an astrocyte‐specific marker can be regulated by levels of circulating gonadal steroids during postnatal development. In addition, astrocytes play an important role in the physiology of the hippocampus, a brain region considered sexually dimorphic at the neuronal level in rodents. To evaluate the contribution of glial cells to gender‐related differences in the hippocampus, we estimated the number of GFAP‐immunoreactive (GFAP‐IR) astrocytes in the hippocampus (CA1 and CA3 areas, dorsal and ventral regions) of male and female rats aged 30 days. Groups of 30‐day‐old masculinized females (TP‐females; injected with testosterone propionate at birth) and feminized males (FLU‐males, castrated and treated with flutamide, an androgen receptor antagonist) were included to assess the effects of gonadal hormones on these hippocampal astrocytes. Using the optical fractionator method, the total number of GFAP‐IR cells found in CA1 and CA3 areas was significantly higher in males compared to that in age‐matched females. This numerical pattern was reversed in TP‐females and FLU‐males in both hippocampal areas. In addition, more GFAP‐IR cells were found in dorsal hippocampus than in the ventral region in the CA1 area from all experimental groups, whereas this result was found in the CA3 area from males and TP‐females. Our results suggest an essential contribution of gonadal hormones to gender differences found in the astrocyte population of the rat hippocampus during development. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cellular compartmentation of brain metabolism and its functional significance
Authors: Rose Steven P. R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis paper reviews work from our laboratory on the metabolism and interrelations of isolated neuronal and neuropil fractions. The cell preparations are evaluated according to criteria of yield, purity, and integrity. Differences in the levels of activity of six groups of enzymes, of glucose metabolism, amino‐acid metabolism, transmitter metabolism, acid hydrolysis, alkaline hydrolysis, and carbonic anhydrase have been followed, and neuronal and glial marker enzymes are proposed. Lysosomes and their enzymes are concentrated in neuronal perikarya. Metabolically, although no major differences in glucose oxidation have been found, there is considerable evidence of compartmentation of amino acids and their metabolism. At short times after injection of 3H‐lysine as precursor in vivo, neuronal incorporation is high as compared with neuropil; at longer times the ratio is reversed, and we interpret this as evidence for the presence of a rapidly labeling protein fraction present in the neuronal perikarya but subsequently transported out. Neuronal protein incorporation is suppressed in the visual but not the motor cortex of dark‐reared rats and is switched on following exposure to light; there is evidence that the suppressed fraction of neuronal protein synthesis includes the rapidly labeling component. A model for neuronal‐glial metabolic interaction and its state‐dependence in response to changes in the organism's environment and behavior is sketched out.
The lipid composition of isolated brain cells and axons
Authors: Norton William T. , Abe Toshiaki , Poduslo Shirley E. , DeVries George H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe current status of the published work on the lipid composition of isolated brain cells is reviewed and some new work on the sphingolipids of these cells is presented. In spite of considerable differences in isolation techniques between different groups, the lipid analyses of different cell preparations are similar enough to permit several generalizations. This fact is an encouraging sign that cell separation methods have considerable usefulness in defining the composition of normal brain cells. It is a general finding that astrocytes have more lipid than neuronal perikarya but that the gross lipid composition of these two cell types is surprisingly similar. Oligodendroglial lipids are quite different from those of the other two cell types and are characterized by a high galactolipid content. Although such a lipid pattern might be expected in oligodendroglia, which are myelin‐forming cells, axonal lipids have an even higher galactolipid content.In an effort to find more cell‐specific patterns, the glycosphingolipids were examined in more detail. Differences were seen in the distribution and fatty‐acid pattern of these minor lipids in neurons and astrocytes, although it may be premature to conclude that these differences will prove to be cell‐specific. All of the isolated cells were found to contain galactosylceramide, sulfatide, glucosylceramide, dihexosylceramide, and gangliosides. The distribution of these lipids in the normal cells was found to differ considerably from that reported in cultured neuroblastoma cells or astrocytoma cells. Not only were gangliosides present in all cells but the ganglioside patterns of neurons and astrocytes were nearly identical.The fatty‐acid patterns of the neuronal and astroglial sphingolipids generally do not resemble each other, and both are quite different from those found in oligodendroglia and axons. However, the fatty‐acid composition of the sphingolipids from bovine oligodendroglia and from axons are similar and resemble those of myelin lipids. The fatty acids of glucosylceramide and dihexosylceramide are similar in all three cell types. They have rather large amounts of 16:0 and acids longer then C18; thus they are considerably different from the ganglioside fatty acids (which have mostly 18:0) isolated from the same fractions.
Mesencephalic lesions followed by normophagia but decreased body weight
Authors: Bellinger Larry L. , Bernardis Lee L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTwenty mature male Sprague‐Dawley rats were lesioned in the area of the ascending ventral noradrenergic bundle in the mesencephalon. Nine sham‐operated animals served as controls. Food intake between the lesioned and nonlesioned groups was not significantly different except for the first day post surgery. However, body weight of the lesioned group was significantly below that of the controls when measured 15 days after the operation. The lesioned animals weighed significantly less than the controls throughout the rest of the experiment. They also were hypoactive when compared to the sham‐operated rats. Control rats and lesioned rats did not differ significantly in deep rectal temperature.It is suggested that the significant decrease in body weight of the lesioned rats in the presence of normophagia may be caused by alterations in the animal's metabolism.
Identity of sensory and motor systems that are critical to the immobility reflex (“animal hypnosis”)
Authors: Klemm W. R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis review presents an analysis of the sensory and motor mechanisms as they are now understood that cause the immobility reflex (IR). Of the sensory systems that conceivably could trigger and sustain the IR, as commonly induced experimentally by inversion and manual restraint, evidence has been presented to eliminate some senses (vestibular, vision, sound, many visceral sensations, olfaction, taste, temperature), while incriminating tactile and proprioceptive influences. Of the motor systems which could cause the profound immobility during IR, neurosurgical and electrophysiological evidence identifies the locus of the inhibitory neurons in the brain stem and/or spinal cord.The evidence reviewed leads to a unified working hypothesis of IR mechaisms. IR is considered to be caused by a group of neurons in the brain stem which inhibit spinal motoneurons, either directly or indirectly, when those inhibitory neurons are activated by a specific pattern of tactile and proprioceptive input.Modulation of the IR control system appears to come from the limbic system, which under fear‐producing conditions, potentiates the IR in part by release of epinephrine. Inhibition of the IR control system appears to come from the neocortex, as well as the brain stem reticulum, when it is activated by nonspecific, arousing somaesthetic sensations that produce generalized activation of the neocortex and skeletal muscle.
Effect of serum deprivation on myelinating mouse cerebellum cultures
Authors: Kim Seung U. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn order to investigate the effect of nutrient deprivation on brain development, mouse cerebellum cultures were grown in nutrient media with reduced serum concentration. After 9–18 days in vitro, experimental cultures grown in media with low serum concentration exhibited a delayed and retarded myelination. Electron microscopic examination of experimental cultures revealed profiles of deficient myelination, but showed normal neuronal and synaptic structures. The amount of myelin basic protein measured by radioimmunoassay was markedly reduced in experimental cultures. Activity of cholinesterase in these experimental cultures was also decreased.
Effects of neonatal hypothyroidism on cerebral and cerebellar synaptosome development
Authors: Verity M. Anthony , Brown W. J. , Cheung M. , Huntsman H. , Smith R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe effect of hypothyroidism on cerebral and cerebellar synaptosome development has been studied. Neonatal hypothyroidism was induced following addition of 0.3% propylthiouracil to the diet of nursing mothers. Maturation profiles of total synaptosome fraction and specific activities of lactate dehydrogenase, Na+K ATPase, cytochrome c oxidase, and protein were obtained from days 6 to 32 on synaptosomes isolated from Ficoll‐sucrose gradients. The greatest changes were found in the total activities of enzymes isolated from the cerebellum. Hypothyroidism induced a retardation of LDH and cytochrome c oxidase in cerebellar synaptosomes, but no change in corresponding specific activities. Maximum rates of 14C‐leucine incorporation into cerebellar synaptosome protein was found at 16–20 days, after which a rapid decline occurred to adult levels at 32 days. In neonatal hypothyroidism, synthesis was significantly reduced at 8 and 14 days, but reached control levels or above at 21–32 days. In the cerebrum, maximum rates of 14C‐leucine incorporation into synaptosome protein were identified at 8–12 days in normal with a rapid drop to adult levels at approximately 20 days. In neonatal hypothyroidism, peak activities were identified at 14 days and increased activities over control were noted at 14, 20 and 30 days.These observations demonstrate the sensitivity of the developing cerebellar synaptic apparatus to neonatal hypothyroidism, with a protraction in the peak levels of synaptosome protein synthesis in cerebrum and cerebellum.
RNA release from isolated brain cell nuclei: Influence of the postnatal cerebral development
Authors: De Guglielmone Alicia E. Ramirez , Duvilanski Beatriz H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA method to measure the “in vitro” RNA release from rat brain cell nuclei was described. Nuclear RNA was prelabelled “in vivo” for 30 or 120 min. In the first case the released RNA was heterogeneous and its electrophoretic mobility was similar to that of cytoplasmic messenger RNAs; nuclei prelabelled for 120 min mostly released the two major species of ribosomal RNAs. The release of mRNA form the nuclei increased during cerebral development while that of the ribosomal RNAs did not. The increased capacity of the nuclei to release “rapidly labeled” RNA with age neither determined an increase of the polysomal population, nor seemed to be dependent on cytoplasmic macromolecules.