bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bilateral endogenous bacterial endophthalmitis: a report of four cases
Authors: Christensen Steen Rugaard , Hansen Ann‐Brit Eg , La Cour Morten , Fledelius Hans Callø 
Published: December 2004

Abstract.Purpose:  To present and discuss four cases of bilateral endogenous endophthalmitis.Methods:  An observational study of four patients aged 55–80 years, seen within a 2‐year period. All had diagnostic and therapeutic vitrectomy. The antibiotic therapy was guided by analyses of cultures of blood and vitreous.Results:  Blood cultures demonstrated Streptococcus pneumoniae in two patients and Staphylococcus aureus and Morganella morganii, each in one patient. The findings corresponded with culture findings from vitreous material in two patients. The primary foci for the metastatic spread of infection were endocarditis, discitis and a subdural abscess of the lumbar spine, urinary tract infection, and infection of a recent hip alloplasty, respectively, in the four patients. Five eyes became blind, whereas three eyes recovered to visual acuity of 0.25–0.67.Conclusions:  Endogenous bacterial endophthalmitis usually leads to total loss of vision. The disease is acute and the time span for intervention limited. We believe that an active therapeutic approach including intravitreal antibiotics and vitreoretinal surgery saved three eyes from blindness.
Are cataract and iris atrophy toxic complications of medical treatment of acanthamoeba keratitis?
Authors: Ehlers Niels , Hjortdal Jesper 
Published: December 2004

Abstract.Purpose:  Two cases of acanthamoeba keratitis with almost identical clinical courses developed mature cataract and iris atrophy after prolonged treatment with chlorhexidine 0.02% and propamidine isethionate 0.1%. It is suggested that these complications were caused by the chemicals, rather than resulting from the amoebae‐induced inflammation.Methods:  Penetrating keratoplasty was performed in both cases when perforation from peripheral ulceration was threatening.Results and Conclusions:  The immediate results were good. From these two cases it seems possible that there is a maximum level of intensity of the medical treatment and also that surgery should be considered at an earlier stage, before intraocular complications develop.
Sensitivity and specificity of digital retinal images in grading diabetic retinopathy
Authors: Saari Jukka M. , Summanen Paula , Kivelä Tero , Saari K. Matti 
Published: December 2004

Abstract.Purpose:  To assess three novel digital fundus cameras for diabetic retinopathy (DR) screening.Methods:  Digital colour and red‐free retinal imaging (Topcon TRC 50 IA, Canon CR6−45NM, and MediTell) was used to capture 427 images of 70 diabetes patients and control subjects. The images were graded for DR by three readers in a randomized and masked manner using a modified Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study classification. The reference standard was based on mydriatic ophthalmoscopy and colour and red‐free images.Results:  Digital 50 ° red‐free imaging had sensitivity of 97.7%, two‐field 50 ° colour imaging 94.0%, and two‐field 45 ° colour imaging sensitivity of 88.9%. The specificity of these imaging modalities was 98.9−100%, and ungradeable images represented 1.2−1.6%. The hand‐held digital colour videocamera (MediTell) showed a sensitivity of 6.9% and ungradeable images represented 92.3%Conclusion:  Digital 50 ° red‐free and two‐field 50 ° or 45 ° colour imaging were suitable for DR screening, whereas the hand‐held digital videocamera did not fulfil the needs of DR screening.
Gonioscopic view of the trabeculo‐Descemet's membrane after deep sclerectomy
Authors: Vuori Marja‐Liisa 
Published: December 2004

Abstract.Purpose:  To study the appearance of the trabeculo‐Descemet's membrane (TDM) after deep sclerectomy with collagen implant (DSCI).Methods:  All patients who underwent a successful DSCI for open‐angle glaucoma were included in a non‐randomized clinical study. Gonioscopy was performed between 6 and 12 months postoperatively in all patients.Results:  Gonioscopy was performed in 42 eyes of 38 patients after a mean follow‐up time of 8.3 ± 2.5 months after DSCI. The diagnosis was chronic open‐angle glaucoma in 16 eyes and exfoliative glaucoma in 24 eyes. One patient had pigmentary glaucoma and one had normal tension glaucoma. None of the patients were on glaucoma medication postoperatively. Synechias to the TDM were seen in five eyes. Pigment accumulation to the TDM was seen in nine eyes, four of which had capsular glaucoma, three had primary open‐angle glaucoma, one had pigmentary glaucoma and one had normal tension glaucoma. Puncture holes at the TDM were seen in all eight eyes in which Nd:YAG laser goniopuncture had been performed.Conclusion:  Postoperative changes, which may go unnoticed without routine gonioscopy, occur at the TDM after deep sclerectomy with collagen implant. Pigment accumulates relatively shortly after surgery. Whether or not these changes are progressive remains unknown. Careful follow‐up after deep sclerectomy is necessary and should include routine gonioscopy.
Time‐lapse recordings of human corneal epithelial healing
Authors: Hardarson Thorir , Hanson Charles , Claesson Margareta , Stenevi Ulf 
Published: December 2004

Abstract.Purpose:  The aim of this study was to design an experimental set‐up for the study of human corneal epithelial wound healing in a controlled in vitro situation.Methods:  A time‐lapse set‐up was used. This allowed for pictures to be captured with a magnification ranging from × 80 to × 1800. Pictures were captured at 1‐min intervals during the observation period, which lasted up to 4 days. Human corneal tissue was obtained from the Eye Bank or from surgery. A small, rounded lesion was produced in the corneal epithelium with a miniature drill. The specimens were placed in a mini‐incubator; the camera focused on the epithelial lesion and continuously observed using the time‐lapse set‐up.Results:  The healing process of human corneal epithelium could be followed for several days. The initial healing response could be divided into a slow, a rapid and a consolidating phase. The first two phases lasted about 12 hours, and by then, epithelial cells covered the lesion. Depending on the origin of the tissue and the placement of the lesion, variations in the healing response could be seen.Conclusion:  The time‐lapse technique makes it possible to study epithelial wound healing over time at the cellular level. Data collected in this way can fill the gap between in vivo studies, where, by nature, human wound healing studies are restricted, and cell culture techniques, where cellular responses in many cases differ from the in vivo situation.
Chemokine receptors and early activation markers in acute anterior uveitis
Authors: Sørensen Klitgaard Torben L. , Øgard Carsten , Krogh Erik 
Published: December 2004

Abstract.Purpose:  To study the peripheral expression of chemokine receptors and early activation markers in acute anterior uveitis (AU).Methods:  The expression of chemokine receptors CCR1, CCR2, CCR3, CCR5 and CXCR3, and activation markers CD25 (IL2R‐α‐chain), CD122 (IL2R‐β‐chain) and CD69 were studied on peripheral blood mononuclear cells using flow cytometry in 10 patients with acute anterior uveitis and in 10 healthy controls.Results:  We found a highly significant up‐regulation of CCR5 (p < 0.001) on CD4 + T‐cells in the blood of patients with AU compared to in healthy controls. CD69 was significantly higher on both CD4 + and CD8 + T‐cells (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001, respectively). We also found a significantly higher expression of CD25 expressing CD4 + T‐cells in patients with anterior uveitis (p < 0.05). This expression was directly correlated to the severity of disease (ρ = 0.720, p < 0.05).Conclusion:  Our data show that patients with acute anterior uveitis have a specific systemic immune activation.
Exfoliation syndrome in Estonian patients scheduled for cataract surgery
Authors: Kaljurand Kuldar , Puska Päivi 
Published: December 2004

Abstract.Purpose:  To examine the frequency of exfoliation syndrome (XFS) in Estonian patients scheduled for cataract surgery.Methods:  A series of 305 patients (mean age 71.5 ± 8.6 years) scheduled for cataract surgery were examined for the presence of exfoliation syndrome, predominant type of lens opacification and intraocular pressure (IOP).Results:  Exfoliation material was detected in 108 (35.4%) patients, of whom 51 (47.2%) were bilaterally and 57 (52.8%) were unilaterally affected. In the bilaterally phakic patients exfoliation material was detected in 92 (30.2%) patients, of whom 51 (55.4%) were bilaterally and 41 (44.6%) were unilaterally affected. Intraocular pressure was higher in eyes with exfoliation than in eyes without it (19.2 ± 6.5 mmHg and 17.1 ± 3.8 mmHg, respectively; p = 0.006). Nuclear sclerosis predominated in eyes with XFS compared to those without XFS (57.6% and 36.9%, respectively). Cortical (7.6%) and subcapsular (7.6%) cataracts were less common in eyes with XFS than in eyes without XFS (16.9% and 20.2%, respectively). Mature cataract was found in 41.3% of all mixed types of cataracts.Conclusion:  Exfoliation syndrome is common in Estonian patients. It was detected in 35.4% of the patients scheduled for cataract surgery.
Computerized calculation scheme for toric intraocular lenses
Authors: Langenbucher Achim , Seitz Berthold 
Published: December 2004

Abstract.Background and Purpose:  While a number of intraocular lens (IOL) power prediction formulae are well established for determination of spherical lenses, no common strategy has been published for the computation of toric IOLs. The purpose of this study is to describe a paraxial computing scheme for tracing an axial pencil of rays through the ‘optical system eye’ containing astigmatic refractive surfaces with their axes at random. The capabilities of this computing scheme are demonstrated with clinical examples.Methods:  Based on a schematic model eye with spherocylindric surfaces, we use two alternative notations for description of vergences or prescriptions: (1) standard notation (refraction in both cardinal meridians and axis), and (2) component notation (spherical equivalent and cylindric component in 0 ° and 45 °. Refractive surfaces are added to the vergence in component notation, whereas the transformation of the vergence through media is performed in the standard notation for both cardinal meridians. For calculation of the toric lens implant, a pencil of rays is traced through the spectacle and the cornea to the estimated lens position as well as backwards from the retina to the estimated lens position. For calculation of residual spectacle refraction, a pencil of rays is traced backwards from the retina through the toric lens implant and the cornea to the spectacle plane.Results:  In example 1 we calculate a ‘thin toric lens’ for compensation of a corneal astigmatism to achieve a spherical target refraction. In example 2 we compute a ‘thick toric lens’, which has to compensate for an oblique corneal astigmatism and rotate the spectacle cylinder to the against the rule position to enhance near vision. In example 3 we estimate the residual refraction at the corneal plane after implantation of a thick toric lens, when the cylinder of the lens implant is compensating the corneal cylinder in part and the axis of implantation is not fully aligned with the axis of the corneal astigmatism.Conclusion:  This novel mathematical concept for computation of toric IOLs or prediction of the refractive outcome with a toric implant in place is a straightforward, computer‐based approach, which may substitute for more or less empirical methods of determining toric IOL implants.
Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and age‐related maculopathy (ARM): cross‐sectional findings from the Blue Mountains Eye Study
Authors: Wu Kathy H. C. , Wang Jie Jin , Rochtchina Elena , Foran Suriya , Ng Martin K. C. , Mitchell Paul 
Published: December 2004

Abstract.Purpose:  To assess the relationship between the use of angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and prevalence of age‐related maculopathy (ARM).Methods:  Eligible residents aged ≥ 49 years were first examined in 1992–94 (Cross‐section 1, n = 3654). Of these, 2335 were re‐examined in 1997–99, together with an additional 1174 who became eligible after 1994 (Cross‐section 2, n = 3509). Information regarding ACEI use was obtained and retinal photographs were graded using the Wisconsin ARM Grading System.Results:  In Cross‐section 1, prevalence rates of late and early stage ARM were 1.3% and 4.3% among current ACEI users, and 2.0% and 4.8% among non‐current users, respectively. In Cross‐section 2, prevalence rates of late and early stage ARM were 2.3% and 11.3% among current ACEI users, and 1.3% and 9.3% among non‐current users, respectively. After adjusting for age, sex and smoking, neither survey found any significant association between ACEI use and prevalence of either late or early ARM.Conclusions:  No significant cross‐sectional associations were found between ACEI use and ARM prevalence in this population.
The prevalence of retinopathy in an unselected population of type 2 diabetes patients from Århus County, Denmark
Authors: Hove Marianne N. , Kristensen Jette K. , Lauritzen Torsten , Bek Toke 
Published: December 2004

Abstract.Purpose:  To determine the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and the causes of visual impairment in an unselected population of type 2 diabetes patients, and to describe the risk factors for developing diabetic retinopathy in this population. Methods:  A total of 10 851 type 2 diabetes patients were identified in the county of Århus. A representative sample of 378 patients underwent a routine ocular examination, including fundus photography. Blood pressure and serum haemoglobin A1c, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride and apolipoprotein a were measured. Results:  The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in the type 2 diabetes population was 31.5%. In all, 2.9% had proliferative diabetic retinopathy and 5.3% had clinically significant macular oedema. Of the latter, 8/20 (40%) were newly identified and had not yet been laser‐treated. There was a positive correlation between severity of retinopathy and duration of diabetes, HbA1c, systolic blood pressure and treatment with insulin. None of the patients had social blindness (visual acuity < 0.1), but 15/378 (4.0%) had developed visual impairment (VA < 0.3). Conclusion:  The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and visual impairment in this unselected type 2 diabetes population was lower than anticipated from the existing literature, and causes other than diabetic retinopathy contributed significantly to the occurrence of visual loss. A substantial number of the patients with vision‐threatening diabetic maculopathy had not been referred for timely photocoagulation treatment.
Multifocal electroretinography and optical coherence tomography in two patients with solar retinopathy
Authors: Schatz Patrik , Eriksson Urban , Ponjavic Vesna , Andréasson Sten 
Published: December 2004

Abstract.Purpose:  Clinical investigation of central retinal dysfunction in two cases of solar retinopathy. Methods:  Two patients were examined for best corrected visual acuity (VA), fundus inspection, visual fields, multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) with a stimulus pattern of 241 hexagons and, at follow‐up, also with optical coherence tomography (OCT). Results:  At the initial examination, mfERG revealed central retinal dysfunction, which had improved by the time of follow‐up. In Case 1, a foveal oedema regressed over time, although VA remained slightly reduced. In Case 2, OCT showed spots of increased reflectivity corresponding to the patient's symptoms. Conclusion:  Central retinal dysfunction due to solar retinopathy may improve over time. However, structural and functional changes may persist. This report illustrates that mfERG and OCT are useful tools for objective documentation of the pathology in solar retinopathy.
Longterm results in surgical removal of subfoveal choroidal neovascularization in age‐related macular degeneration
Authors: Guthoff Rainer , Schrader Wolfgang 
Published: December 2004

Abstract.Purpose:  This study aimed to analyse visual outcome, surgical complications and recurrence rates 3 years after removal of subretinal choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in patients with age‐related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods:  The study involved a retrospective analysis of 50 eyes of 50 patients who underwent surgical removal of CNV in AMD between February 1996 and June 1998. The minimum follow‐up period was 36 months. Improvement or worsening of visual acuity (VA) was defined as a change of more than two lines. Results:  The mean reduction in VA was 2.2 ± 6.9 lines. Visual acuity improved in 12 eyes, remained stable in 16 eyes and worsened in 22 eyes. Recurrence of CNV occurred in three eyes. Conclusion:  After surgical excision of age‐related subfoveal CNV, VA improved or stabilized in a large group of patients. Considering the development of VA and the low recurrence rate, surgical treatment seems to be beneficial compared to the natural course of CNV over a longterm follow‐up of more than 3 years.
Longterm follow‐up of patients with multifocal choroiditis and panuveitis
Authors: Vianna Raul N. G. , Özdal Pinar Ç. , Filho João Pessoa Souza , Ventura Marcelo Palis , Saraiva Vinicius S. , Deschênes Jean 
Published: December 2004

Abstract.Purpose:  To report the visual prognosis and longterm complications in patients with multifocal choroiditis and panuveitis (MCP). Methods:  A retrospective study was performed with patients who met inclusion criteria for MCP at the Uveitis Clinic, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada. Information collected included duration of follow‐up, visual acuity (VA) measured at each clinical visit, ocular and systemic treatment and ocular complications observed during follow‐up. Results:  Nineteen patients (37 eyes) with MCP with a mean follow‐up of 76.9 months were studied. Kaplan−Meier survival analysis showed a decrease in the proportion of patients with a final VA ≥ 20/40 over time. Cystoid macular oedema was seen in 29.7% of the eyes and was the most frequent macular abnormality observed in our group. On the other hand, choroidal neovascularization was detected in only six (16.2%) of the eyes, but was related to VA < 20/200 in four of these eyes. Glaucoma was detected in 10.8% of the eyes. Cataract (posterior subcapsular and/or nuclear) was the most common longterm complication, occurring in 40% of affected eyes. Cataract surgery improved the VA in 83.3% of these eyes. Conclusion:  The visual acuity of patients with MCP decreases with time. Visual loss can occur from complications following the inflammation itself and/or iatrogenic induced by the chronic use of corticosteroids.
Vitrectomy in vitreomacular traction syndrome evaluated by ocular coherence tomography (OCT) retinal mapping
Authors: Larsson Jörgen 
Published: December 2004

Abstract.Purpose:  To evaluate vitreomacular traction syndrome with ocular coherence tomography (OCT) retinal mapping before and after vitrectomy. Methods:  A prospective study of 11 eyes with vitreomacular traction syndrome was carried out. Ocular coherence tomography retinal mapping was performed before vitrectomy and 6 months postoperatively. Visual acuity (VA) was measured with the ETDRS chart. Results:  All patients showed a reduction in the thickness of the macular area postoperatively. The mean thickness in the central macular area was 609 µm preoperatively and 243 µm 6 months postoperatively (p < 0.001). Ten patients had an increase in VA of at least two lines on the ETDRS chart and in one patient VA was unchanged. The mean improvement in VA was 3.1 lines. Conclusion:  Retinal mapping with OCT is a good method of evaluating the thickness of the macula before and after surgery in vitreomacular traction syndrome and vitrectomy improves VA in most cases
The effect of the menstrual cycle on optic nerve head analysis in healthy women
Authors: Akar Munire Erman , Taskin Omur , Yucel Iclal , Akar Yusuf 
Published: December 2004

Abstract.Purpose:  To determine the effect of the menstrual cycle on optic nerve head topographic analysis in normally menstruating, healthy women. Material and Methods:  The study included single eyes selected randomly from each of 52 healthy women with regular menstrual cycles. All subjects underwent a complete ocular examination. Optic nerve head topographic analyses were performed using a confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope, the Heidelberg Retinal Tomograph II (HRT II, software version 1.6). The analyses were repeated three times during the menstrual cycle: in the follicular phase (days 7−10 of the cycle), at ovulation, and in the late luteal phase (days 1–3 before menstrual bleeding). Serum oestradiol, progesterone and luteinizing hormone levels were measured at each menstrual phase. Results:  Fourteen subjects were excluded from the study. The mean age of the subjects (n = 38) was 25.6 ± 3.7 years (range 21–34 years). Blood oestradiol levels were significantly lower in the late luteal phase (35.8 pg/ml) (p < 0.0001). The mean disc area of the subjects was 1.94 ± 0.33 mm2. The neuroretinal rim area decreased significantly during the luteal phase (p < 0.001). However, the linear cup : disc ratio, cup : disc area ratio and the cup area were significantly higher during the luteal phase (p < 0.001). Conclusion:  These observations raise the possibility that sex hormone fluctuations which occur during a normal menstrual cycle in healthy women significantly alter neuroretinal rim area and cup variables of the optic nerve head. These findings should be taken into consideration in the clinical follow‐up of young women with glaucoma.
Co‐existence of intraocular and orbital lymphoma
Authors: Neudorfer Meira , Kessler Ada , Anteby Irene , Goldenberg Dafna , Barak Adiel 
Published: December 2004

Abstract.Background: The concomitant occurrence of both intraocular and periocular lymphomas is extremely rare. Periocular involvement by lymphoproliferative disease ranges from benign lymphoid hyperplasia to malignant lymphoma. Intraocular lymphomas usually appear in conjunction with primary central nervous system lymphoma.Case Reports: We describe clinical characteristics, standardized A‐ and B‐scan ultrasonography, colour Doppler, computerized tomographic and magnetic resonance imaging, and immunohistological findings in three cases of concurrent choroidal and periocular involvement of lymphoma.Discussion: The clinical presentation of diffuse choroidal tumours may be variable, making diagnosis of intraocular lymphoma troublesome on clinical grounds alone. The high accuracy of colour Doppler imaging is known to be effective in differentiating the benign from the malignant and adds valuable information in the differential diagnosis of a low reflective lesion. We suggest the use of auxiliary examinations such as ultrasonography and colour Doppler imaging to help in the differential diagnosis of choroidal and orbital tumours.