bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From small‐scale habitat loopholes to decadal cycles: a habitat‐based hypothesis explaining fluctuation in pelagic fish populations off Peru
Authors: Bertrand Arnaud , Segura Marceliano , Gutiérrez Mariano , Vásquez Luis 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe Peru‐Humboldt Current system (HCS) supports the world's largest pelagic fisheries. Among the world's eastern boundary current systems, it is the most exposed to high climatic stress and is directly affected by El Niño and La Niña events. In this volatile ecosystem, fish have been led to develop adaptive strategies in space and time. In this paper, we attempt to understand the mechanisms underlying such strategies, focusing on the El Niño 1997–98 in Peru from which an extensive set of hydrographic, capture and acoustic survey data are available. An integrated analysis of the data is crucial, as each has substantial shortcomings individually; for example, both catch data and acoustic surveys may easily lead to wrong conclusions. Existing hypotheses on anchovy and sardine alternations lead us to a ‘habitat‐based’ synthetic hypothesis. Using our data, an integrated approach evaluated how fish responded to habitat variation, and determined the consequences in terms of fish‐population variability. Various factors occurring at a range of different spatio‐temporal scales were considered: interdecadal regime (warm ‘El Viejo’/cool ‘La Vieja’ decadal scale); strength and the duration of the El Niño Southern Oscillation event (interannual scale); population condition before the event (interannual scale); fishing pressure and other predation (annual scale); changes in reproductive behaviour (intra‐annual scale); presence of local upwelling (local scale). During El Niño 1997–98, anchovy was able to exploit a small‐scale temporal and spatial ‘loophole’ inside the general unfavourable conditions. Moreover, sardine did not do better than anchovy during this El Niño and was not able to take advantage of the ‘loophole’ opened by this short‐term event. Our results question the traditional view that El Niño is bad for anchovy and good for sardine.
Intergenerational cost–benefit analysis and marine ecosystem restoration
Authors: Sumaila Ussif Rashid 
Published: December 2004

Ghoti papers  Ghoti aims to serve as a forum for stimulating and pertinent ideas. Ghoti publishes succinct commentary and opinion that addresses important areas in fish and fisheries science. Ghoti contributions will be innovative and have a perspective that may lead to fresh and productive insight of concepts, issues and research agendas. All Ghoti contributions will be selected by the editors and peer reviewed. Etymology of Ghoti  George Bernard Shaw (1856‐1950), polymath, playwright, Nobel prize winner, and the most prolific letter writer in history, was an advocate of English spelling reform. He was reportedly fond of pointing out its absurdities by proving that ‘fish’ could be spelt ‘ghoti’. That is: ‘gh’ as in ‘rough’, ‘o’ as in ‘women’ and ‘ti’ as in palatial.AbstractConventional cost–benefit analysis (CBA) tends to show that most ecosystem restoration programmes are not worthwhile in economic terms. This is because discounting puts more weight on current net benefits than future ones. I suggest that this is partly because conventional CBA is based on the current generation's time perspective (termed here the ‘discounting clock’). That is, net benefits are discounted starting when the analysis is carried out (the present). To tackle this problem, I propose the use of an intergenerational CBA, which takes into account the fact that current restoration efforts may produce benefits, in particular, fish protein, to future generations, and that these benefits need to be valued using the respective discounting clocks of the generation receiving them. This approach appears to meet the requirements imposed by most management jurisdictions, where there is an explicit or implied requirement to account for benefits to future generations in decision‐making concerning the use and management of marine resources.
Towards a New Standard Employment Relationship in Western Europe
Authors: Bosch Gerhard 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis paper examines critically the concept of the standard employment relationship (SER), differentiating between form and substance. It explores the social functions served by the SER and its evolution in western Europe. Six major causes underpinning changes in the employment relationship are explored and the contours of a new more flexible SER developed. Two further social functions are added: equal access for men and women to the employment system, and increased internal flexibility in the workplace.
Divergence in Part‐Time Work in New Zealand, the Netherlands and Denmark
Authors: Rasmussen Erling , Lind Jens , Visser Jelle 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA comparison of developments in part‐time work in New Zealand, the Netherlands and Denmark shows three very different trends. The Dutch are moving towards a ‘part‐time economy’, the decline in Danish part‐time employment confounds the common expectation of rising atypical employment, while the New Zealand case illustrates some of the negative employment outcomes often associated with part‐time employment and provides a contrast to the negotiated, tripartite solutions found in the Netherlands and Denmark. Overall, the diversity in part‐time work patterns raises important theoretical and public policy questions, such as the interaction between institutional and preference changes, gender patterns and union strategies.
Perspectives on corporate social responsibility in the chemical sector: A comparative analysis of the Mexican and South African cases
Authors: Acutt Nicola J. , Medina‐Ross Veronica , O'Riordan Tim 
Published: December 2004

Abstract In recent years, the debate on corporate responsibility has shifted from a focus on environmental management towards a broader concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR). This article examines the chemical industry's approach to CSR from the perspective of two emerging economies: Mexico and South Africa. The global chemical industry was one of the first to respond to public concerns about environmental pollution, toxic waste and human health by adopting an industry‐wide code of practice, known as Responsible Care. This article examines the extent to which the chemical industry has responded to the broader debate on CSR. On the basis of a comparative case study, this article argues that the response to social issues by Mexican and South African chemical companies has tended to be limited to the ‘community awareness and emergency response’ (CAER) or community dialogue component of the international voluntary management framework, Responsible Care. Similarities and differences in regulatory and institutional conditions, as well as different levels of civil society engagement, reveal additional limitations for CSR, beyond that of the Responsible Care framework. This article argues that the socio‐political context influences the extent to which companies embrace CSR, especially in emerging economies, and highlights several challenges for the chemical industry in moving forward on CSR: credibility, stakeholder engagement, value‐chain accountability, disclosure and transparency. Reflecting on these challenges, the authors conclude by recommending a renewed focus on: (1) developing a broader set of CSR management practices beyond Responsible Care; (2) institutionalizing stronger accountability measures, such as reporting and verification; and (3) developing multi‐stakeholder partnerships that complement regulation and build public sector regulatory and guidance capacity.
The patient’s lament: hidden key to effective communication: how to recognise and transform
Authors: Bub B 
Published: December 2004

“Our dancing is changed into mourning” Lamentations 5:15 to “you turned my lament into dancing” Psalm 30:12.Numerous studies and well publicised complaints from the public have long revealed a pressing need for physicians to improve their communication skills and their ability to interpret and respond appropriately to what they hear from patients. Rushed and dispirited, physicians are routinely urged to become more compassionate and to spend more time listening. This article challenges the myth that listening is a time consuming art propelled by compassion and demonstrates that it is in fact a highly active professional skill that can be greatly clarified and simplified for practising physicians. The lament is offered as a universally encountered, sometimes masked, expression that patients need to have heard and validated. An intellectual understanding of the lament as a symptom of suffering greatly facilitates the listening process and enables the listener to respond therapeutically. This saves time, improves quality of care, and enhances the wellbeing and satisfaction of both physician and patient.
A literature and medicine special study module run by academics in general practice: two evaluations and the lessons learnt: Table 1
Authors: Jacobson L , Grant A , Hood K , Lewis W , Robling M , Prout H , Cunningham A M 
Published: December 2004

This paper describes the design, delivery and evaluation of a nine week special study module on literature and medicine for third year undergraduate medical students, by tutors from an academic department of general practice. Three weeks of taught seminars are followed by three weeks of one on one meetings between individual students and tutors, leading to a seminar led by, and based on, materials prepared by the student. The final three weeks of the course are dedicated to completion of essays about areas chosen by students for in depth study.The course was evaluated on two separate occasions, using two different techniques: the first evaluation used a focus group technique to identify and explore relevant themes; the second used nominal group theory to assess whether the course worked educationally, and how it could be improved.In the main, the course was judged to meets its aims, with generally positive student comments, albeit with caveats and reservations. The subject matter was intellectually challenging for students and tutors. Further research into the optimal size for such groups, and a more formal evaluation of tutors’ experiences is required.
A Sanaʿa Court: The Family and the Ability to Negotiate
Authors: Würth Anna 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn this article, I explore how social change has affected families in Sanaʿa, the capital of Yemen, drawing on court judgments and my observation of court cases in the family law section of a primary court. Social change has affected lower-class urban families by diminishing the significance of kinship relations for marital arrangements, and, more importantly, by reducing the family's embeddedness in surrounding social communities. As a result, the role of communities in the settlement of marital disputes has decreased, and such disputes are increasingly taken to court. In this context, the court appears to be less an arena for the (re)-negotiation of social ties and the reconciliation of spouses than for the dissolution of such ties and the normative assessment of familial roles.
Religious Policies of the Caliphs from Al-Mutawakkil to Al-Muqtadir, A.H. 232-295/A.D. 847-908
Authors: Melchert Cristopher 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe judicial appointments of the ʿAbbāsid caliphs reveal their religious policies better than the chronicles alone. Al-Mutawakkil has been characterized as reestablishing traditionalism, but his judicial appointments suggest only limited support for that tendency. His successors al-Muntaṣir, al-Mustaʿīn, and al-Muʿtazz did not pursue substantially different policies. Al-Muhtadī did: he sacked all but ḥanafī qādīs and promoted the rationalist ḥanafī al-Khaṣṣāf. It was almost a restoration of the policy of his father, al-Wāthiq. He was overthrown and his policy immediately reversed by the regent, al-Muwaffaq, who sponsored a middle system of jurisprudence between the extremes of ḥadīth and raʾy. His successors, al-Muʿtadid and al-Muktafī, did not maintain this policy; however, it was the tendency out of which grew the classical schools of law in the fourth/tenth century.
Violations of Founders' Stipulations in the Sharīʿa Court of Jaffa During the British Mandate
Authors: Ginio Eyal 
Published: December 2004

AbstractClaims submitted by beneficiaries concerning violations of founders' stipulations are motivated in part by normative differences between the Islamic inheritance rules and the stipulations of founders regarding the devolution of entitlements to family waqfs. In these claims, the beneficiaries interpret the founder's stipulations in a manner different than that enforced by the administrator of the endowment. My examination of such claims submitted to the sharīʿa court of Jaffa during the British Mandate reveals that the claims reflect two opposing trends: the desire of female agnates and cognatic descendants to be included in entitlement to the endowment's revenues, and the desire of agnatic descendants to deprive them of this right. Other claims derived from differing views regarding the principle of representation (tanzīl). I conclude that the prevailing consideration of the qādīs when adjudicating such claims was their perceived obligation to adhere to the written text of the founder, and not any social consideration.
The Waqf as a Prop for the Social System (Sixteenth — Twentieth Centuries)
Authors: Baer Gabriel 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn this essay I argue that an important function of the Muslim waqf in the Near and Middle Eastern social system between the sixteenth and twentieth centuries was to support and reinforce social units or groups based on kinship or quasi-kinship (such as relations between master and freed slave), or on criteria of social class, profession, territory, religion, linguistic-ethnic identity, and ethnic or national identification.
Intention and Method in Sanhūrī's Fiqh: Cause as Ulterior Motive
Authors: Arabi Oussama 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn his attempt to bring classical Islamic jurisprudence closer to the legal and judicial norms of modernity, the Egyptian master-jurist ʿAbd al-Razzāq al-Sanhūrī identified a structural similarity between the ḥanbalī doctrine of intention (nīya) in contracts and contemporary French law, which upholds the legal effect of the driving motive in validating or nullifying a contract. Sanhūrī demonstrated that the same pietist ethical dimension of the medieval Church-jurists' theory of subjective motivation, which is the historical source of modern French and Egyptian judicial practice, is also present in the Islamic legal tradition. Through a comparative and critical analysis of the major Sunnī law schools' doctrines of intention in contracts, Sanhūrī corrected Chehata's conclusions of 1936. It emerges that in contrast to ḥanafī and Shāfiʾi jurisprudence, which ignore ultimate motive when it is not apparent from the terms of the contract, ḥanbalī and Mālikī law stress the licitness of the subjective cause of the contract as a sine qua non condition for its validity.
Islamic and Secular Criminal Law in Nineteenth Century Egypt: The Role and Function of the Qadi
Authors: Peters Rudolph 
Published: December 2004

AbstractUntil the introduction of French law in 1883, Egyptian criminal law during the nineteenth century had been governed by both statute law and Islamic law. The criminal codes were enforced by administrative and judicial bodies called majālis or councils; Islamic law was applied by the qadi. In this article, I define the qadi's competence in criminal matters and analyze his role and function as revealed in the texts of the criminal codes and nineteenth-century court records preserved in Egyptian archives. I conclude that the judicial councils dealt with criminal offenses from the point of view of public order and security and that the main task of the qadi was the adjudication of private claims connected with crime. Such claims were either punitive (e.g., retribution for manslaughter, punishment for violation of a person's honor), or financial (bloodmoney, revindication of stolen property).
Cash Waqfs of Bursa, 1555-1823
Authors: Çizarça Murat 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBy organizing as well as financing expenditures on education, health, welfare and a host of other activities, cash endowments played a vitally important role in the Ottoman social fabric and did so without any cost to the state. This article aims at analyzing the way these endowments functioned and contributed to the society over the long term, covering almost three hundred years.
Borders, Territory and Nationality in the Ancient Near East and Armenia
Authors: Grosby Steven 
Published: December 2004

AbstractExamination of evidence from the ancient Near East spanning a period of more than a thousand years indicates the existence of conceptions of relatively precise boundaries, territories, and perhaps also nations. Of course, the bounded territorial relation constitutive of certain ancient collectivities was not based, in part, on a conception of citizenship derived from birth in the land as in many instances of the modern national state. Nonetheless, one is justified in recognizing in antiquity instances of a consciousness of a bounded, trans-local territorial relation and, thus, perhaps nationality. The evidence for the existence of various conceptions of such relations constitutive of respectively various collectivities in the ancient Near East is by no means limited to the complicated example of the nation of ancient Israel. There are a number of other examples among which are Edom, ancient Aram, and ancient Armenia. There is merit in considering the examples of Edom, Aram, and Armenia together, specifically in elucidating the problem of both the nature of our evidence and the categories, especially nationality, which we employ in examining that evidence.
Tropical Rain Characteristics and Microphysics in a Three-Dimensional Cloud Model
Authors: Takahashi Tsutomu , Shimura Kazunori 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
The rain characteristics of convective clouds have been investigated numerically. Five different microphysical model settings have been used to study the roles of various mechanisms influencing rain formation: maritime ice (full microphysics, low cloud nuclei), maritime frozen (neglecting ice nuclei, enhancing drop freezing), maritime warm (only warm rain), continental ice (high cloud nuclei), and continental warm. Rain patterns and accumulation, drop growth modes, cell organization, heating rate profiles, and the alignment of rain cells in rainbands all differ greatly with different microphysics.
Rainfall amounts were highest with maritime ice. With ice, a single, large rain cell was formed by absorbing small cells from the front and sides of the main cell. Forward in the cell, frozen drop formation dominated. Graupel-based hail fell from the storm center. A unique rain accumulation process produced heavy rain in a sloped updraft. Graupel fell from above, producing a high hail water content near the freezing level by collecting many supercooled drops from merging cells.
The apparent heating source peaked at two different levels: one by drop condensation growth at about 3 km, and the other by depositional growth at about 5 km. With maritime ice, a 60-km rain ring appeared and persisted. In the cases of the rainband model, lines of rain cells moved intermittently through the formation of cells at the cloud's leading edge in maritime ice.
The results of these investigations, with and without ice, indicates the importance of diffusive and riming growth of ice particles and the associated release of latent heat in the development of convection and rain.
Gap Flows through Idealized Topography. Part I: Forcing by Large-Scale Winds in the Nonrotating Limit
Authors: Gaberšek Saša , Durran Dale R. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Gap winds produced by a uniform airstream flowing over an isolated flat-top ridge cut by a straight narrow gap are investigated by numerical simulation. On the scale of the entire barrier, the proportion of the oncoming flow that passes through the gap is relatively independent of the nondimensional mountain height ε, even over that range of ε for which there is the previously documented transition from a “flow over the ridge” regime to a “flow around” regime.
The kinematics and dynamics of the gap flow itself were investigated by examining mass and momentum budgets for control volumes at the entrance, central, and exit regions of the gap. These analyses suggest three basic behaviors: the linear regime (small ε) in which there is essentially no enhancement of the gap flow; the mountain wave regime (ε ∼ 1.5) in which vertical mass and momentum fluxes play a crucial role in creating very strong winds near the exit of the gap; and the upstream-blocking regime (ε ∼ 5) in which lateral convergence generates the strongest winds near the entrance of the gap.
Trajectory analysis of the flow in the strongest events, the mountain wave events, confirms the importance of net subsidence in creating high wind speeds. Neglect of vertical motion in applications of Bernoulli's equation to gap flows is shown to lead to unreasonable wind speed predictions whenever the temperature at the gap exit exceeds that at the gap entrance. The distribution of the Bernoulli function on an isentropic surface shows a correspondence between regions of high Bernoulli function and high wind speeds in the gap-exit jet similar to that previously documented for shallow-water flow.
Formation of the South Pacific Shallow Salinity Minimum: A Southern Ocean Pathway to the Tropical Pacific
Authors: Karstensen Johannes 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
In the eastern South Pacific Ocean, at a depth of about 200 m, a salinity minimum is found. This minimum is associated with a particular water mass, the “Shallow Salinity Minimum Water” (SSMW). SSMW outcrops in a fresh tongue (Smin) centered at about 45°S. The Smin appears to emanate from the eastern boundary, against the mean flow. The watermass transformation that creates SSMW and Smin is investigated here. The Smin and SSMW are transformed from saltier and warmer waters originating from the western South Pacific. The freshening and cooling occur when the water is advected eastward at the poleward side of the subtropical gyre. Sources of freshening and cooling are air–sea exchange and advection of water from south of the subtropical gyre. A freshwater and heat budget for the mixed layer reveals that both sources equally contribute to the watermass transformation in the mixed layer. The freshened and cooled mixed layer water is subducted into the gyre interior along the southern rim of the subtropical gyre. Subduction into the zonal flow restricts the transformation of interior properties to diffusion only. A simple advection/diffusion balance reveals diffusion coefficients of order 2000 m2 s−1. The tongue shape of the Smin is explained from a dynamical viewpoint because no relation to a positive precipitation–evaporation balance was found. Freshest Smin values are found to coincide with slowest eastward mixed layer flow that accumulates the largest amounts of freshwater in the mixed layer and creates the fresh tongue at the sea surface. Although the SSMW is the densest and freshest mode of water subducted along the South American coast, the freshening and cooling in the South Pacific affect a whole range of densities (25.0–26.8 kg m−3). The transformed water turns northward with the gyre circulation and contributes to the hydrographic structure of the gyre farther north. Because the South Pacific provides most of the source waters that upwell along the equatorial Pacific, variability in South Pacific hydrography may influence equatorial Pacific hydrography. Because one-half of the transformation is found to be controlled through Ekman transport, variability in wind forcing at the southern rim of the subtropical gyre may be a source for variability of the equatorial Pacific.