bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON ENDOTHELIAL REACTIONS
Authors: Foot Nathan Chandler 
Published: June 2004

1. The epithelioid cell is of definitely endothelial origin.
2. The only reliable means of identifying and tracing this cell is, at the present time, a colloidal suspension of carbon, injected intravenously. Benzidine dyes will not accomplish this if used alone.
3. There is little evidence that the local tissue elements take an active part in the process of tubercle formation, until after the lesion is formed; the reaction is, in a sense, exudative, since the lesion is produced from cells which migrate to the site of inflammation.
4. The lymphocyte appears late and is not to be considered as a potential epithelioid cell; its presence in the tubercles is as yet unexplained.
STUDIES ON ENDOTHELIAL REACTIONS
Authors: Foot Nathan Chandler 
Published: June 2004

1. The injection of a colloidal suspension, or sol, of carbon into the veins of a living animal, as recommended by McJunkin, furnishes an apparently reliable means of tracing the so called epithelioid cell of the pulmonary tubercle from its origin in the vascular endothelium to the lesion.
2. Experimental tubercles are formed in the lung, as in the liver, primarily by cells originating in the capillary endothelium. These cells are probably present in small numbers in the normal lung, lying free both in the alveolar wall and the air vesicles. In response to infection they proliferate in the capillary walls in the vicinity of the invading organisms, migrate in steadily increasing numbers, and, arriving at the site of the infection, further multiply and to some extent fuse to form the syncytia known as giant cells.
3. The epithelial cell takes no active part in the process; its proliferation tends to repair denuded surfaces and is regenerative rather than combative or phagocytic in nature. This cell is free from carbon and stains only diffusely with carmine, in contradistinction to the endothelial cell which readily takes up both pigments in granular form.
4. The cells of endothelial origin not only phagocytose tubercle bacilli, but carry them into the tissues, for example into lymph nodes, by way of the lymphatics, or into other lung lobules by way of the air passages, in which they are readily demonstrable.
STUDIES ON THE ENZYMES OF PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Avery O. T. , Cullen Glenn E. 
Published: June 2004

1. Pneumococci contain an intracellular enzyme or enzymes which (a) hydrolyze to some extent intact protein and (b) hydrolyze with striking avidity peptones. The optimum reaction for hydrolysis is pH 7 to 7.8, which also represents the optimum for the growth of pneumococcus. For convenience the terms "protease" and "peptonase" have been used, but no assumption is made as to whether the two actions, proteolysis and peptolysis, are due to two separate enzymes or are two activities of the same enzyme.
2. Solutions of intracellular substance of comparable enzymic activity may be prepared by dissolving the bacteria in bile, in sodium choleate, or by mechanical and autolytic disintegration of the cell.
3. The rapidity with which peptone is hydrolyzed is proportional to the concentration of the enzyme.
4. Heating the enzyme for 10 minutes at 100°C. destroys its activity.
5. Increasing the acidity to pH 5, the acid death-point of pneumococcus, suspends activity but does not destroy the enzyme, for activity is restored by readjustment to pH 7.8.
6. Attenuation of virulence to 1/1,000,000 of the original virulence had no measurable quantitative effect on the enzyme activity.
IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES WITH A STRAIN OF LEPTOSPIRA ISOLATED FROM A CASE OF YELLOW FEVER IN MERIDA, YUCATAN
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo , Kligler I. J. 
Published: June 2004

Identification of the leptospira isolated from a case of yellow fever in Merida was accomplished by means of an anti-icteroides immune serum prepared in a horse with several Guayaquil strains of Leptospira icteroides. The immune serum showed a protective action of high titer against the Merida strain, thus establishing its efficacy as a therapeutic agent against this strain. Polyvalent anti-icteroides immune serum prepared in the horse or monovalent anti-icteroides immune serums prepared in the rabbit had a definite devitalizing action upon the Merida strain, while immune serums similarly prepared with strains of icterohœmorrhagiœ had no perceptible effect upon the Merida strain.
Serums from yellow fever convalescents in Merida gave a positive Pfeiffer reaction with the Merida strain of Leptospira icteroides. The reactions between the Guayaquil strains (Nos. 1 and 5) and two of these serums from convalescents varied from definitely positive to doubtful, owing probably to the diminution of active immune principles in the serums during the prolonged and unfavorable conditions of their transportation.
STUDIES ON EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMONIA
Authors: Cecil Russell L. , Blake Francis G. 
Published: June 2004

1. Virulent influenza bacilli, when injected into the nose and throat of monkeys (Cebus capucinus and Macacus syrichtus), excite an acute inflammation of the upper respiratory tract, characterized by swelling and hyperemia of the mucous membrane, infiltration of the mucosa and subrnucosa with leucocytes, desquamation of epithelial cells, and the production of a mucopurulent exudate. The accessory sinuses are often implicated in the infection.
2. Experimental Bacillus influenzæ infections of the upper respiratory tract are frequently accompanied or followed by bronchiolitis, peribronchial infiltration, and bronchopneumonia with hemorrhage and edema in the early stage, emphysema and bronchiectasis in the later stages. In general, the process closely resembles uncomplicated Bacillus influenzæ pneumonia in man.
3. The injection of virulent influenza bacilli directly into the trachea of monkeys induces in them an experimental bronchiolitis and hemorrhagic bronchopneumonia, similar in all respects to spontaneous Bacillus influenzæ pneumonia.
4. In experimental Bacillus influenzæinfections of either the upper or lower respiratory tract the influenza bacillus can usually be recovered during .the acute stage by culture, either pure or in association with other bacteria.
5. In experimental Bacillus influenzæ infections in monkeys characteristic changes occur in the thymus gland—hyperplasia of the follicles, distention of the lymphatic channels, and infiltration of the parenchyma with leucocytes. This enlargement appears to be merely part of a general hyperplasia of the lymphoid structures in the cervical and thoracic regions.
COMPARISON OF THE POTENCY OF POLYVALENT ANTIMENINGOCOCCUS SERUM PRODUCED WITH FOUR AND SIX REPRESENTATIVE STRAINS AND THAT PRODUCED WITH SIXTY STRAINS, AS DETERMINED BY THE AGGLUTINATION TITER
Authors: Wadsworth Augustus B. 
Published: June 2004

The potency of a polyvalent antimeningococcus serum, as tested by its agglutination titer, was sacrificed by immunization with a large number of strains of the meningococcus. By immunization with a limited number of representative strains, four or six, carefully selected on account of their antigenic and agglutination properties, the potency was increased three- to tenfold without sacrificing the polyvalency; that is, as tested with at least 70 heterologous strains of the meningococcus.
The agglutination titer, unfortunately, is not an entirely satisfactory criterion of therapeutic potency, but it is the only practical method available that determines also the polyvalent action of antimeningococcus serum.
QUANTITATIVE DISTRIBUTION OF PARTICULATE MATERIAL (MANGANESE DIOXIDE) ADMINISTERED INTRAVENOUSLY TO THE CAT
Authors: Drinker Cecil K. , Shaw Louis A. 
Published: June 2004

1. Manganese dioxide suspended in an acacia-sodium chloride solution provides a non-toxic injection which in the present experiments has contained no particles larger than 1µ and which, when deposited in the body, can be determined quantitatively and seen microscopically.
2. Intravenous injections have been made under precautions which preclude removal from the blood or deposition in organs through simple capillary blockage.
3. In nine experiments out of thirteen the circulating blood contained no manganese after 18 minutes. In the four remaining instances there was a steady slight elimination which was incomplete at the end of 1 hour. Within certain limits the rate of removal from the circulating blood and the sites of deposition in the animal are not influenced by the concentration of the suspension, the blood pressure, or antecedent introduction of acacia or histamine.
4. In the cat amounts of manganese dioxide varying between 9.8 and 3.9 mg. of manganese and containing from 50,000,000,000 to 10,000,000,000 particles, if injected intravenously, permit recovery at the end of 1 hour of 90 per cent of the material in the lungs, liver, and spleen in the following proportions: lungs 47 per cent; liver 38.3 per cent; spleen 4.3 per cent.
5. These experiments, coupled with correlative results by other investigators, make it clear that in certain organs—the lungs, liver, and spleen of the cat—the vascular endothelium possesses phagocytic power rendering the capillaries permeable to particulate material as well as to gases, liquids, and dissolved substances.
IMMUNOLOGICAL DISTINCTIONS OF ENCEPHALITIS AND POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Amoss Harold L. 
Published: June 2004

Lethargic encephalitis is an epidemic disease, the main manifestations of which relate to injury inflicted upon the central nervous system and in particular the basal ganglia of the brain.
Poliomyelitis is an epidemic disease, the main manifestations of which relate to injury inflicted upon the central nervous system and in particular the gray matter of the spinal cord and medulla oblongata.
At the outset of the epidemic of lethargic encephalitis the two diseases tend to prevail at distinct and different seasons of the year, although recently cases of epidemic encephalitis have arisen in the midsummer months. The two maladies therefore are perhaps less distinguished by seasonal prevalence than has been supposed.
They are, however, distinguished by great differences in communicability to monkeys. Epidemic poliomyelitis is readily transmitted through inoculation of the affected central nervous tissues of man to monkeys, while it may still be regarded as doubtful whether lethargic encephalitis has been communicated to monkeys in this manner.
As the experiments reported in this paper show, the two diseases can be distinguished through the power of blood serum under certain circumstances to neutralize the virus of poliomyelitis. The blood serum of convalescent cases of poliomyelitis whether in man or monkey possesses this neutralizing power, while the blood serum of recently convalescent cases of epidemic encephalitis is devoid of it.
On the basis of the distinguishing characters described, it is regarded as desirable at the present time to hold epidemic poliomyelitis and epidemic encephalitis as integrally distinct affections. The latter also may be infectious, yet the main lesions of poliomyelitis are present in the spinal cord, and of epidemic encephalitis in the mid-brain.
STUDIES ON ENDOTHELIAL REACTIONS
Authors: Foot Nathan Chandler 
Published: June 2004

1. Lymphocytes were usually the first cells to migrate out into the plasmic clot from explanted pieces of lymph nodes.
2. Their paths of migration were irregular but in general they proceeded away from the explant.
3. The lymphocytes migrated at rates varying from 0.03 to 0.0013 mm. per minute. The rate of any one varied from minute to minute, and they often came to rest for varying lengths of time.
4. The migrating lymphocytes were very much elongated, with the nucleus always near the anterior end. The elongated tail contained the endoplasm with a few granular mitochondria and usually a few granules which took up neutral red.
5. The lymphocytes in cultures made from normal and pathological lymph nodes in auto and homoplasma showed no differences.
CONDITION OF THE CAPILLARIES IN HISTAMINE SHOCK
Authors: Rich Arnold Rice 
Published: June 2004

1. Histamine exerts a local dilator effect upon capillaries and upon the smallest arterioles and venules which border the capillary system. There occurs also an opening up of large numbers of capillaries of which no trace can be seen before the application of histamine.
2. When injected intravenously in amounts sufficient to produce shock, histamine causes a quickly progressive dilatation of both the visible and the occult capillaries and of their immediately adjacent arterioles and venules, all of which become engorged with blood that moves through them in a strikingly sluggish manner. The circulatory failure which characterizes histamine shock results from the dilatation of the peripheral vascular bed.
STUDIES ON X-RAY EFFECTS
Authors: Murphy James B. , Hussey Raymond G. , Nakahara Waro , Sturm Ernest 
Published: June 2004

Small areas of the skin in the groin of mice were subjected to an erythema dose of x-rays and a week later a cancer graft was inoculated intracutaneously into the area and at the same time a like graft was inoculated in the same manner in the opposite groin protected from x-rays. The graft in the x-rayed area showed a low percentage of takes, while that in the normal skin gave the usual high percentage When the graft was introduced into the subcutaneous tissues it grew equally as well in the x-rayed area as in the protected area.
Histological examination shows the skin layers, a few days after x-ray treatment, to be markedly infiltrated with round cells of the lymphoid type. The reaction did not extend deeper than the skin layers. It is suggested that this local lymphoid reaction induced by the x-rays controls the graft made into the skin, while its absence in deeper tissues accounts for the growth of the grafts more deeply implanted.
GENERAL LEUCOCYTIC RESPONSE OF THE GUINEA PIG DURING THE REACTION OF ARTIFICIAL IMMUNITY IN EXPERIMENTAL TUBERCULOUS INFECTION
Authors: Hussey Raymond G. 
Published: June 2004

Guinea pigs have been rendered relatively immune against infection with virulent tubercle bacilli by preliminary inoculation with a suitable quantity of avirulent tubercle bacilli. Blood counts on these animals show that associated with the immune reaction there is a definite general leucocytic response characterized by an absolute increase in the total count, with an absolute and relative increase in the lymphocytes. The period of greatest activity coincides with that known to be the period of greatest reaction, based on anatomical evidence during the course of infection following this method of immunization. Moreover, blood counts made on animals inoculated with avirulent tubercle bacilli alone show an increase in the circulating lymphocytes during the period of greatest reaction to the infection, while blood counts on guinea pigs inoculated with virulent bacilli alone show an erratic course in which the polymorphonuclear forms are much increased, though not regularly so.
These results indicate a parallelism between lymphoid activity and resistance of the animals to tuberculous infection, and suggest an association of lymphocytes with the factors determining this resistance, a relation which warrants consideration of the blood picture in the clinical study of tuberculous infection.
GIANT CELLS IN CULTURES FROM HUMAN LYMPH NODES
Authors: Lewis Warren H. , Webster Leslie T. 
Published: June 2004

Giant cells resembling those found in tuberculous nodes appeared in cultures of various normal and pathological human lymph nodes cultivated in plasma. They migrated out from the explants from normal and tuberculous nodes, from nodes from acute and chronic lymphadenitis and Hodgkin's disease, and from a metastatic sarcoma. They were most abundant in cultures from tuberculous nodes. The giant cells are similar in structure to the large wandering cells and probably arise from them. We are uncertain, however, as to how the giant cells develop. There is no evidence of fusion of the large mononuclear wandering cells; on the other hand, there is some evidence that they arise by amitosis of the nuclei without division of the cytoplasm, which increases in bulk.
They contain a large central area of more or less granular character which takes up neutral red with great avidity. This central area probably consists of dead material, the waste products of metabolism and of digested foodstuffs such as lymphocytes that the cells are unable to get rid of in the abnormal environment, and perhaps also of accumulated non-living foreign substances that have penetrated into the cells and become segregated.
The central area is surrounded by a conspicuous zone of fat globules in which the nuclei are embedded.
The nuclei vary in number from 2 or 3 to 50 or 60. Usually, however, there are not more than 10 or 20, and in the cells that are flattened out on the cover-slip they often have a horseshoe-like arrangement about the equator of the central area.
Mitochondria are abundant and usually in the form of wavy or curly threads. They seem to be most numerous in the ectoplasm immediately about the fat zone. They also extend in among the fat globules and out into the ectoplasm.
A distinct, clear, homogeneous ectoplasm envelops the cell.
RELATION OF ANTIBODY AND ANTIGEN TO SERUM DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY
Authors: Mackenzie George M. , Leake W. H. 
Published: June 2004

1. Studies on nineteen patients to whom foreign serum had been administered for therapeutic purposes are reported. Analysis of the results obtained by following the precipitin and precipitinogen in the circulation and comparing these factors with the time of appearance, intensity, and duration of the symptoms shows that the nineteen patients fall into three groups.
2. The first group includes eleven patients. These were good precipitin formers, they had severe serum disease, and the precipitinogen disappeared from the circulation near the time that the symptoms subsided.
3. The second group includes four patients who had little or no serum disease, in whose circulation little or no precipitin was demonstrable, and in whom the precipitinogen persisted in the circulation as long as the patients could be kept under observation—from 52 to 67 days.
4. The remaining four patients form a more or less distinctly intermediate group.
5. The results lend further support to the conception of serum disease as an antigen-antibody reaction.
6. The possibility that our results indicate a factor which may be important in the mechanism of natural immunity is discussed.
ETIOLOGY OF YELLOW FEVER
Authors: Cohn Alfred E. , Noguchi Hideyo 
Published: June 2004

1. Slowing of the heart occurred in monkeys and guinea pigs during the febrile period of the experimental infection due to Leptospira icteroides. A similar reaction took place in animals inoculated with Leptospira icterohœmorrhagiœ.
2. The mechanism of slowing was usually due to slowing of the whole heart.
3. Once incomplete heart block was seen. Changes in the ventricular complex occurred four times.
STUDIES ON BACTERIAL NUTRITION
Authors: Thjötta Theodor 
Published: June 2004

From the data presented in the foregoing experiments it is evident that Bacillus influenzæ will grow in a fluid medium consisting of plain broth to which have been added small amounts of emulsions or extracts of mucoid bacilli or of Bacillus proteus. The bacterial extracts may be made by simple boiling of the bacillary emulsions in broth or saline solution and centrifuging out the bacterial bodies; they may be filtered without losing their growth-inducing property.
Cultures of Bacillus influenzæ in bacterial extract broth, if not too small doses of the extracts were employed, always showed heavier growth than the control cultures in blood broth, and growth occurred at a considerably earlier period than in blood broth. In many instances growth could be seen after 3 to 4 hours, and a bacterial whirl was always visible after 6 hours incubation.
When the nature of the culture used for seeding is not stated, this was 0.1 cc. of the supernatant fluid of a blood broth culture.
All cultures were made in fluid medium; solid medium is much more difficult to use in connection with the extracts.
In explanation of the remarkable growth of Bacillus influenzæ in this blood-free medium, the idea is proposed that the growth-stimulating effect of the bacterial extracts is due possibly to substances of the same nature as the so called vitamines.
Further investigations on this principle of bacterial nutrition will appear in subsequent papers, together with a more thorough study of the sources and character of the growth-inducing substances.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE NASOPHARYNGEAL SECRETIONS FROM INFLUENZA PATIENTS
Authors: Olitsky Peter K. , Gates Frederick L. 
Published: June 2004

During the course of animal experiments with the anaerobic filter-passing organisms cultivated from epidemic influenzal sources, certain pulmonary infections with ordinary bacteria have been observed. The experiments also have shown that the lungs of animals infected with Bacterium pneumosintes are less resistant than normal lungs to infection with ordinary bacteria. The demonstration of this fact invites a comparison of the course of these experimental bacterial infections with the sequence of postinfluenzal pneumonias attributable to similar organisms in man.
These observations furnish additional proof of the identity of Bacterium pneumosintes and the active agent derived from the nasopharyngeal secretions of patients in the early hours of epidemic influenza.
STUDIES ON THE D'HÉRELLE PHENOMENON
Authors: Gratia André 
Published: June 2004

The inhibition produced by the lytic agent on the growth of Bacillus coli is greatly influenced by the reaction of the medium; it is faint in a slightly acid (pH 6.8) or neutral (pH 7) or even slightly alkaline broth (pH 7.4), but is much stronger in a more alkaline medium (pH 8 or 8.5).
We have isolated from the original strain of Bacillus coli two types of organisms; one (Type S) is sensitive to the lytic agent, the other (Type R) is much more resistant. These types are distinguished also by other characteristics: Type S grows quickly in artificial medium and is non-motile; Type R grows more slowly, is extremely motile, much less phagocytable, and more virulent. Both types produce indole and ferment carbohydrates, with the exception of saccharose. Both types keep their individuality even after passage through a guinea pig.
We have also demonstrated that even a culture of a single type, Type S for instance, is not a homogeneous whole but is made up of organisms of varying resistance to the lytic agent; only a few are resistant enough to overcome the strong action of the undiluted lytic agent. On the other hand, only a few as well are sufficiently sensitive to be dissolved even by very dilute lytic agent.
This explains why dilute lytic agent spread on an agar plate seeded with Bacillus coli confines its action only to certain places and produces the small round areas of dissolution that d'Hérelle considered as "colonies of bacteriophage." Moreover, we have observed the same localized action even with non-dilute lytic agent when submitting to its action cultures of greater resistance.
Our original lytic agent was found to be specific; it acted exclusively on the coli with which the guinea pigs were injected. By allowing this original lytic principle to act on broth cultures of our two types of Bacillus coli, we have obtained two new filtrates. The first, resulting from dissolution of the sensitive Strain S, is specific as is the original filtrate. But with the second, obtained from the resistant Strain R, Dr. Wollstein has found a marked action on Shiga, on Flexner, and on Hiss dysentery bacilli. In consequence of this observation, we have been able, by a method of successive passages through appropriate strains, to extend the lytic power to other species, as typhoid and paratyphoid bacilli, and have obtained by this somewhat different technique results similar to those recently published by Bordet and Ciuca.