bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Choosing a concomitant chemotherapy and radiotherapy regimen for squamous cell head and neck cancer: A systematic review of the published literature with subgroup analysis
Authors: Browman George P. , Hodson D. Ian , Mackenzie Robert J. , Bestic Nancy , Zuraw Lisa 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundA systematic review was conducted to develop clinical recommendations for concomitant chemotherapy (CT) and radiotherapy (RT) in patients with locally advanced squamous cell head and neck cancer (SCHNC).MethodsResults of published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were pooled using Meta‐analyst0.988 software.ResultsA pooled analysis of 18 RCTs (20 comparisons) involving 3,192 patients detected a reduction in mortality for concomitant therapy compared with RT alone (odds ratio [OR], 0.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.52–0.74; relative risk, 0.83; risk reduction, 11%; p < .00001). Platinum‐based regimens involving 1,514 patients from nine trials (10 comparisons) were most effective (OR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.46–0.71; p < .00001; risk reduction, 12%). Concomitant therapy produced more acute adverse effects than RT alone.ConclusionPlatinum‐based concomitant CT and RT is superior to conventional RT alone in improving survival in locally advanced SCHNC. Subgroup analyses can be used to help in choosing the most appropriate concomitant regimen. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 579–589, 2001.
Theories supporting transfer of training
Authors: Yamnill Siriporn , McLean Gary N. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis article reviews theories and conceptual frameworks necessary to describe three factors affecting transfer of training. This information helps HRD professionals understand why people wish to change their performance after attending a training program, what training design contributes to people's ability to transfer skills successfully, and what kind of organizational environment supports the transfer. This article also provides HRD implementation strategies to help organizations achieve a high level of transfer.
An experimental study on vapor condensation of wet flue gas in a plastic heat exchanger
Authors: Jia L. , Peng X.F. , Sun J.D. , Chen T.B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAn experimental system investigating condensation heat transfer of wet flue gas was set up, and the heat transfer performance of vapor‐gas mixture with vapor condensation was discussed. The experimental results of laminar flow in a plastic longitudinal spiral plate heat exchanger were obtained and are in good agreement with the modified classical film model. It is shown that the plastic air preheater can avoid acid corrosion in the low‐temperature field for the boiler using fuel containing sulfur and recover latent heat of the water vapor of the wet flue gas. Also some SO2 was scrubbed during the vapor condensing process in the heat exchanger. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Heat Trans Asian Res, 30(7): 571–580, 2001
Suspended sediment in the Ganges and Brahmaputra Rivers in Bangladesh: observation from TM and AVHRR data
Authors: Islam Mohammad Rezwanul , Yamaguchi Yasushi , Ogawa Katsuro 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRemote sensing was used to understand the seasonal and spatial variation of suspended sediment in the Ganges and Brahmaputra Rivers in Bangladesh for two different discharge periods. Suspended sediment concentration (SSC) in these rivers was estimated from the reflectance of Landsat TM band 3. During the high discharge period, SSC in the Ganges is higher than that in the Brahmaputra. But in the low discharge period, this is reversed. Both erosional and depositional processes are active on their flood plains. Significant fluctuations in SSC and in suspended sediment load were observed along their courses because of river bank erosion and deposition and/or scouring and aggradation of river beds. Owing to scouring and turbulence, SSC increases markedly at the confluence of these rivers. Reflectance of AVHRR band 1 data was also analysed to study the distribution of suspended sediment along other reaches of these rivers. Like SSC, reflectance at the confluence zone increases compared with that in the Brahmaputra. However, this increase is not marked compared with the Ganges. The influence of their tributaries on the suspended sediment load could be inferred from the pattern of reflectance. Remote sensing data used in this study was corrected for atmospheric effects. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relationship between the common climatic parameters and average drought frequency
Authors: Pandey R. P. , Ramasastri K. S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe parameters commonly considered to define climate are the mean annual precipitation and mean annual potential evapotranspiration. In this study an attempt has been made to develop a relationship between average drought frequency and the evapotranspiration/precipitation ratio for the arid, semi‐arid and subhumid climatic regions of India. The climatic regions are delineated using two climatic indices: namely (i) the ratio of mean annual precipitation (Pa) to global terrestrial mean annual precipitation (Pg), and (ii) the ratio of mean annual potential evapotranspiration (Ep) to mean annual precipitation (Pa). It was noted that the average drought frequency (i e., year−1.) decreases gradually from dry to wet regions. The return period varies from 2 to 3 years in the arid regions (12>Ep&#38;sol;Pa≥5), 3 to 5 years in semi‐arid regions (5>Ep&#38;sol;Pa≥2), and 5 to 8 years in sub‐humid regions (2>Ep&#38;sol;Pa≥3&#38;sol;4). Another relationship was developed between the average frequency of drought occurrence and the ratio of mean annual deficit to mean annual precipitation, (Ep−Pa)&#38;sol;Pa. The results have been compared with the drought experiences documented for other regions of the world. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intelligent control for modelling of real‐time reservoir operation
Authors: Chang Li‐Chiu , Chang Fi‐John 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper presents a new approach to improving real‐time reservoir operation. The approach combines two major procedures: the genetic algorithm (GA) and the adaptive network‐based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). The GA is used to search the optimal reservoir operating histogram based on a given inflow series, which can be recognized as the base of input–output training patterns in the next step. The ANFIS is then built to create the fuzzy inference system, to construct the suitable structure and parameters, and to estimate the optimal water release according to the reservoir depth and inflow situation. The practicability and effectiveness of the approach proposed is tested on the operation of the Shihmen reservoir in Taiwan. The current M‐5 operating rule curves of the Shihmen reservoir are also evaluated. The simulation results demonstrate that this new approach, in comparison with the M‐5 rule curves, has superior performance with regard to the prediction of total water deficit and generalized shortage index (GSI). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soil frost effects on soil water and runoff dynamics along a boreal forest transect: 1. Field investigations
Authors: Nyberg Lars , Stähli Manfred , Mellander Per‐Erik , Bishop Kevin H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTo determine how soil frost changes flowpaths of runoff water along a hillslope, a transect consisting of four soil profiles directed towards a small stream in a mature forest stand was investigated at Svartberget, near Vindeln in northern Sweden. Soil temperature, unfrozen water content, groundwater level and snow depth were investigated along the transect, which started at the riparian peat, and extended 30 m upslope into mineral soils. The two, more organic‐rich profiles closest to the stream had higher water retention and wetter autumn conditions than the sandy mineral soils further upslope. The organic content of the soil influenced the variation in frost along the transect. The first winter (1995–96) had abnormally low snow precipitation, which gave a deep frost down to 40–80 cm, whereas the two following winters had frost depths of 5–20 cm. During winter 1995–96, the two organic profiles close to the stream had a shallower frost depth than the mineral soil profile higher upslope, but a considerably larger amount of frozen water. The fraction of water that did not freeze despite several minus degrees in the soil was 5–7 vol.% in the mineral soil and 10–15 vol.% in the organic soil. From the measurements there were no signs of perched water tables during any of the three snowmelt periods, which would have been strong evidence for changed water flowpaths due to soil frost. When shallow soil layers became saturated during snowmelt, especially in 1997 and 1998, it was because of rising groundwater levels. Several rain on frozen ground events during spring 1996 resulted in little runoff, since most of the rain either froze in the soil or filled up the soil water storage. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Manawatu aquifers, North Island, New Zealand: Clarification of hydrogeology using a multidisciplinary environmental tracer approach
Authors: Taylor C. B. , Trompetter V. J. , Brown L. J. , Bekesi G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA recently developed approach to carbon isotope methodology (process recognition via isotope diagrams) is applied in a multidisciplinary study of precipitation‐recharged aquifers of the lowlands–plains area of the Manawatu (south‐west North Island). Urban and rural areas rely on groundwater from the upper levels of a deep basin sequence comprising marine and terrestrial sediments of Pleistocene age. Hydrochemical and isotopic (18O, 3H, 13C and 14C) data are merged with known details of geology and hydrogeology to reveal two separate confined aquifers within the depth range to 200 m. The shallower of these, below unconfined, locally recharged groundwater, is recharged on the foothills of the Ruahine Range to the north‐east of the study area; flow direction is NE–SW. The deeper confined aquifer is recharged on the Tararua Range to the immediate east; flow direction essentially is transverse (SE–NW) to that in the shallower aquifer. Two processes are identified as dominant contributors to concentration and isotopic composition of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), namely addition of CO2 from decay of organic materials and carbonate dissolution. Limitations of carbon isotope methods in determining residence times are illustrated by the data. Although the confined groundwater is essentially tritium‐free, only a few samples showed conclusive evidence of significant ageing on the time‐scale of 14C. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of grid size on effective parameters and model performance of the MIKE‐SHE code
Authors: Vázquez R. F. , Feyen L. , Feyen J. , Refsgaard J. C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe present study discusses the application of the physically based distributed MIKE‐SHE code to a medium size catchment using different grid sizes to investigate scale effects on the model results. First a 600 m grid‐square model was calibrated. This was then subjected to a multi‐resolution (MR) validation test by using the effective parameters of the calibrated model in a 300 m and a 1200 m grid‐square model. The MR test indicated that the models for the resolutions analysed only differ marginally. Secondly, the effect of grid size on both the calibrated effective model parameters and the model performance was analysed in the scope of a multi‐calibration test in which the calibration and validation processes were kept as unique and standard as possible for every grid size. The model was calibrated and validated for every grid size against both daily catchment discharge measurements and observed water levels using both a split sample procedure and a multi‐site validation test. The investigation indicated that the best validation results, in terms of river discharge, were obtained with a 600 m grid‐resolution, independent of the stream‐flow station. This, together with the exponential increase in computation time when reducing the grid size, indicates that, for the given level of data input and quality, the model type and structure, and the time step, a 600 m grid‐resolution is most appropriate for the catchment under study. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The developmental change in strategies parents employ to settle young children to sleep, and their relationship to infant sleeping problems, as assessed by a new questionnaire: the Parental Interactive Bedtime Behaviour Scale
Authors: Morrell Julian , Cortina‐Borja Mario 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe development of a new parental self‐report questionnaire, the Parental Interactive Bedtime Behaviour Scale (PIBBS) is described. The PIBBS was designed to capture a wide range of parental behaviours used to settle infants off to sleep. The commonest behaviours employed were giving a feed, talking softly to the child, cuddling in the arms, and stroking. A factor analysis revealed five settling strategies; ‘active physical comforting’ (e.g. cuddling in arms); ‘encouraging infant autonomy’ (e.g. leaving to cry); ‘movement’ (e.g. car rides), ‘passive physical comforting’ (e.g. standing next to the cot without picking the infant up), and ‘social comforting’ (e.g. reading a story). Excessive ‘active physical comforting’ and reduced ‘encourage autonomy’ strategy use was associated with infant sleeping problems. Regarding developmental change in strategy between 1 and 2 years, the later the onset at which ‘encourage autonomy’ became the principal strategy used, the more likely that persistent infant sleeping problems would be present. Factors accounting for the change in strategy use over time were: (i) parental adaptation to infant developmental maturation; (ii) the interaction between maternal cognition and strategy, and, to a lesser extent; (iii) the interaction between infant temperament and parental strategy. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Body mass and stage of breast cancer at diagnosis
Authors: Cui Yadong , Whiteman Maura K. , Flaws Jodi A. , Langenberg Patricia , Tkaczuk Katherine H. , Bush Trudy L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObesity is a well‐known risk factor for postmenopausal breast cancer. In contrast, the relationship between obesity and stage of breast cancer at diagnosis is less clear. We hypothesized that increased breast size in obese women may delay discovery of breast tumors. Thus, the purpose of our study was to examine whether there is an association between body mass and stage of breast cancer at diagnosis using hospital medical records. Newly diagnosed breast cancer cases (n = 966) in the Baltimore metropolitan area from 1991 to 1997 were included in our study. Patient information including age, ethnicity, weight, height and pathology data were obtained from hospital medical records. High body mass was significantly associated with late stage of breast cancer at diagnosis. Women who were obese (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 27.3) were more likely to be at an advanced stage at diagnosis compared with women with a BMI of < 27.3 (multivariate‐adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.57, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.15–2.14). The association between body mass and stage at diagnosis was stronger among women younger than 50 years (OR 2.34, 95% CI 1.34–4.08) compared with women 50 years or older (OR 1.30, 95% CI 0.89–1.91). Our study suggests that higher body mass is associated with advanced stage of breast cancer at diagnosis. This finding may be of considerable concern, given the increasing prevalence of obesity in women in the United States and the poor prognosis associated with late‐stage tumors. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ovarian cancer antigen CA125 is encoded by the MUC16 mucin gene
Authors: Yin Beatrice W.T. , Dnistrian Ann , Lloyd Kenneth O. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSerum assays based on the CA125 antigen are widely used in the monitoring of patients with ovarian cancer; however very little is known about the molecular nature of the CA125 antigen. We recently cloned a partial cDNA (designated MUC16) that codes for a new mucin that is a strong candidate for being the CA125 antigen. This assignment has now been confirmed by transfecting a partial MUC16 cDNA into 2 CA125‐negative cell lines and demonstrating the synthesis of CA125 by 3 different assays. Of the 3 antibodies (OC125, M11 and VK‐8) tested on the transfected cells, only the first 2 were strongly positive, indicating the differential expression of the CA125 epitopes in these cells. The cloning and expression of CA125 antigen opens the way to an understanding of its function in normal and malignant cells. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High frequency of serum DNA alterations in renal cell carcinoma detected by fluorescent microsatellite analysis
Authors: von Knobloch Rolf , Hegele Axel , Brandt Heidrun , Varga Zoltan , Wille Sebastian , Kälble Tilman , Heidenreich Axel , Hofmann Rainer 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTo date there are no reliable serological markers for renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We applied fluorescent microsatellite analysis (MSA) to detect serum DNA alterations in patients with RCC. Fresh tumour, peripheral blood and serum specimens from 60 consecutive patients treated for malignant renal tumours (n= 53 RCC and n= 7 non‐RCC) were prospectively collected. After DNA extraction, we performed MSA with a total of 9 markers from the chromosomal regions 3p, 5q, 7p, 7q, 9p, 13q, 17p and 17q to identify tumour specific serum DNA alterations in Group I (n= 53 RCC); 11 additional markers were used in the first 23 RCCs (Group II) in order to increase sensitivity; and 20 healthy controls were investigated with 10 markers. Besides the histomorphological diagnosis the RCCs were genetically stratified according to the “Heidelberg Classification” of renal tumours. Detection of allelic imbalance and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) was carried out on an automated laser sequencer. In Group I we identified serum DNA alterations in 74% (39/53) of cases. When applying 20 markers, the sensitivity was elevated to 87% (20/23) in Group II. Investigating 20 healthy controls with 10 markers, the method rendered 85% specificity. The highest incidence of alterations was detected for chromosomal regions 3p and 5q. The presence of serum DNA alteration was not associated with tumour nuclear grade but exhibited a trend towards advanced stages (p = 0,044). In RCC, the microsatellite analysis has a high sensitivity in the detection of serum DNA alterations when a sufficient number of markers from various chromosomal regions are used. Advanced tumours tend to express serum DNA alterations more frequently. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Activation of Kupffer cells inhibits tumor growth in a murine model system
Authors: Chen George G. , Lau Wan Y. , Lai Paul B.S. , Chun Ying S. , Chak Ernest C.W. , Leung Billy C.S. , Lam Isa K.Y. , Lee Janet F.Y. , Chui Albert K.K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractKupffer cells, a liver organ‐specific macrophage, play an important role in preventing the development of malignant tumors. The mechanism responsible for their tumoricidal activities is not completely known. In our study, we established in vivo models involving a rat malignant cell line, rat Kupffer cells and tumor implantation in nude mice. A series of relevant in vitro experiments were also carried out to determine possible pathways. LPS‐activated Kupffer cells produced significant amounts of NO, TNFα and IFNγ. Malignant cells treated with either Kupffer cells or culture supernatant of the activated Kupffer cells had an increase in caspase‐8 activity. Implanted tumors originated from malignant cells treated with either Kupffer cells or culture supernatant of the activated Kupffer cells grew much smaller than those from malignant cells without treatment or treated with control supernatants. The alteration of anti‐apoptotic Bcl‐2 was inversely associated with the change of pro‐apoptotic caspase‐8 and their levels in the tumor tissues matched the size of the tumors and treatments they received. It appeared that the above changes resulted in an increase in cellular DNA damage and apoptosis seen in malignant cells. Therefore, Kupffer cells execute their anti‐tumor effect via increasing the production of NO, TNFα and IFNγ and these cytotoxic molecules inhibit the growth of tumor by damaging cellular DNA and inducing apoptosis that was featured by downregulation of Bcl‐2 but upregulation of caspase‐8. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human capital and financial development in economic growth: new evidence using the translog production function
Authors: Dwyfor Evans Alun , Green Christopher J. , Murinde Victor 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper we evaluate the contributions of human capital and financial development to economic growth in a panel of 82 countries covering 21 years. The main innovations in the paper stem from the fact that we use a translog production function as a framework for estimating the relationships among economic growth and factor inputs. The factor inputs considered are: labour, physical capital, human capital (deriving from endogenous growth theory), and a monetary factor (money or credit, deriving from the theory of money in the production function). The translog production function enables a richer specification of the relationships among growth and factor inputs, than the more commonly used Cobb–Douglas approach, as it allows for interactions among factor inputs. We find significant evidence of such interactions, suggesting that studies which ignore such interactions are likely to be misleading. Overall, our results suggest that financial development is at least as important as human capital in the growth process. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exposure of Rana ridibunda to lead II. Impact of lead on various parameters of liver metabolism of the frog Rana ridibunda
Authors: Vogiatzis Angelos K. , Loumbourdis Nikolaos S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThere are no data at present on the impact of lead (Pb) on amphibian metabolism, although declines of amphibian populations due to man‐made changes in the environment have been recorded in recent years. We studied the impact of Pb on the liver metabolism of the frog Rana ridibunda by measuring the hepatic levels of glycogen, lactate, total fat, protein and glucose. Liver is one of the primary target organs of Pb bioaccumulation. Frogs were exposed for 4, 10 and 30 days to 14 mg l−1 of Pb (in the form of Pb(NO3)2 dissolved in water) and compared with matched controls. The level of glycogen in the liver increased until day 30. The increase of the metabolite was time‐dependent because there was a positive correlation (r = 0.994, P = 0.006) between glycogen concentration and the days of Pb exposure. Lactate concentration declined continuously up to day 30. Liver fat content decreased from day 10 to day 30. Protein concentration declined continuously until day 30. Glucose concentration increased up to day 30. Glycogen concentration was correlated negatively with liver fat content (r = −0.474, P = 0.005), liver protein content (r = −0.562, P = 0.0004) and lactate concentration (r = −0.472, P = 0.005), whereas it was correlated positively with the Pb burden of the liver (r = 0.578, P = 0.0005). The frog appeared to face a metabolic stress over the 30 days of Pb exposure, without being able to control it. We concluded that the increase of liver glycogen concentration was due to gluconeogenesis via lactate and lipolysis. Further experimentation on key gluconeogenic and lipolytic enzymes over the 30 days of Pb exposure would elucidate the mechanisms that may lead to such phenomena. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.