bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Ides of March
Authors: Tatum W. Jeffrey 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses Antony’s career as consul during the final phase of Caesar’s dictatorship and in the aftermath of his assassination. Topics include: the instability of Caesar’s coalition; Antony’s deployment of the auspices, as an augur, against Dolabella’s election as consul and the controversy this action incites; Caesar’s unclear final plans, including his pretensions to divinity and monarchy; the episode of the Lupercalia and Antony’s role in it; the conspiracy against Caesar led by Decimus Brutus, Marcus Brutus, and Cassius Longinus, including its underlying ideology and explicit justifications; Caesar’s assassination; the significance of Caesar’s sacrosanctitas both to the Liberators’ designs and to the Roman public’s reaction to Caesar’s assassination; the accusation of parricidium against the Liberators and its significance; the immediate reaction of Antony and Aemilius Lepidus to Caesar’s assassination, with emphasis on the imposition of order and feverish negotiations; the reconciliation of Antony and Dolabella; the amnesty of 17 March, its stipulations and implications, and the role of Antony and Cicero in devising it; the role of Caesar’s soldiers and veterans in the aftermath of his assassination; the senate’s acceptance of Caesar’s acta, including his unpublished designs.
My brother’s keeper
Authors: Tatum W. Jeffrey 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Italian affairs during Antony’s reorganization of Rome’s eastern empire. Topics include: Lucius Antonius’ alliance with Fulvia and their opposition to the policies of Octavian; Italian miseries owing to the colonization of veterans; refugees in Rome and the municipalities; military opposition to the triumvirs by Sextus Pompey and Domitius Ahenobarbus, which causes scarcity and anxiety in Rome and Italy; Antonius’ advocacy of the Italian municipalities; his early political successes against Octavian; Octavian’s concessions in the agreement at Teanum; uncertainty in Italy over the position of Antony owing to slow communications between west and east; the unexpected outbreak of civil war, during which Marcus Agrippa becomes central to the operations of Octavian’s forces; the return of Antony’s quaestor, Marcus Barbatius Pollio, and its effect on the politics of the conflict; the siege at Perusia resulting in Antonius’ capitulation; Octavian’s propaganda attacking Antonius and Fulvia; Octavian’s pardon and promotion of Antonius; the aftermath for Perusia; Octavian’s attempts to restore order and avoid further conflict; the departure of Fulvia and Julia, Antony’s mother, for the east.
Fierce wars and faithful loves
Authors: Tatum W. Jeffrey 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses principally on Antony’s invasion of Parthia and his conquest of Armenia. Topics include: Antony’s arrangements in Antioch, where he renewed his relationship with Cleopatra; complications attending any description of Antony’s relationship with Cleopatra, including a discussion of his letter to Octavian on the topic preserved by Suetonius; Antony’s coinage depicting himself with Cleopatra; Antony’s invasion of Parthia; his retreat; celebrations of his invasion in Rome; the defection of Media Atropatene from Parthia to Antony and its implications; Octavian’s victory over Sextus Pompey; his flight to the east; the fall and disgrace of Lepidus; Antony’s conflict with Sextus Pompey; Sextus Pompey’s capture and execution; Octavia’s journey to the east; Antony’s decision to winter with Cleopatra instead of Octavia and its effect on politics in Rome; the deterioration of Antony’s relationship with Octavian; Antony’s conquest of Armenia and its celebration in Alexandria; the Donations of Alexandria and the nature of Ptolemaic ceremony.
Patterns in Multi-Mission Peace Operations and Theoretical Expectations
Authors: Diehl Paul F. , Druckman Daniel , Mueller Grace B. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 begins by providing a taxonomy of eleven UN peacekeeping missions, with a description and example for each. It then examines the frequency of seventy UN peace operations during the period 1948–2016 and identifies the missions that took place in each of the operations. The chapter presents a series of empirical patterns about those missions and how they vary across time and other contexts, as well as in relation to one another. There is also a specification of twelve dimensions along which peace operations can be compared for similarity. The study uses these dimensions to develop three quantitative indicators of compatibility, each with a different underlying theoretical logic. Scores are given for all seventy UN operations across those three indicators, permitting compatibility assessments between individual or groups of missions. Finally, the chapter presents eight different theoretical expectations about how the sequencing and interactions of different missions affect their outcomes.
Research Plan
Authors: Diehl Paul F. , Druckman Daniel , Mueller Grace B. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 describes the research plan for this study. Five cases of peace operations are selected as case studies: United Nations Protection Force or UNPROFOR (Bosnia); United Nations Operation in the Congo or ONUC (Congo); United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor or UNTAET (East Timor); United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo or MONUC (Congo); and the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone or UNAMSIL (Sierra Leone). This is followed by a discussion of the issues involved in making causal inferences and establishing valid baselines for assessment. The chapter then summarizes the nine missions that will be explored in the book’s five case studies and the associated information sources used to make judgments about the outcomes of the missions embedded in those operations.
Canada
Authors: Martin Philip 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Canada is a net exporter of agricultural commodities whose farms rely on 60,000 Mexican-born workers to fill seasonal farm jobs. There are several guest worker programs, including the largest, the Seasonal Agricultural Workers Program (SAWP), which the International Labor Organization has deemed a model for bilateral cooperation to manage labor organization. Most farm employers are satisfied with the SAWP, but some NGOs and unions attack the SAWP for exploiting vulnerable workers who are tied to their farm employers by contracts and must leave Canada if they lose their jobs, which advocates say makes SAWP migrants vulnerable to exploitation by their employers. Employers counter that almost all SAWP migrants are returning from the previous year, which they would not do if they were not satisfied.
United States
Authors: Martin Philip 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
American farmers produce food and fiber for over 330 million Americans and export almost 40 percent of the $400 billion worth of crops and livestock they produce each year. Most US farms are operated by families to produce grain and livestock, but most US-produced fresh fruits and vegetables are from large commercial enterprises that each employ hundreds or thousands of seasonal workers, 70 percent of whom were born in Mexico. The settled Mexican-born workforce that arrived illegally in the 1990s is aging and being replaced by younger Mexicans, promising a new era of dependence on legal Mexican guest workers to fill seasonal farm jobs. The bracero programs, begun during World War I and World War II, usually involved workers who lived on and were employed by the farms where they worked. Many H-2A guest workers today are brought to farms by nonfarm employers such as labor contractors and housed in motels in urban areas.
Vegetables
Authors: Martin Philip 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Americans consume a half pound of fresh vegetables daily. Some of the major fresh vegetables are harvested by machine, including carrots, bulb onions, sweet corn, and leaf lettuces, but almost all broccoli, cucumbers, iceberg lettuce, bell peppers, and fresh tomatoes are hand-harvested. The typically large grower-shippers of lettuce use hand workers efficiently, placing machines in front of harvesters who cut and place the heads of lettuce on conveyor belts, with the lettuce packed for consumers in the field. There are fewer mechanical aids in watermelons and cantaloupes, whose US production is shrinking due to rising Mexican and Central American imports. Field production of hand-picked fresh tomatoes is shrinking in the face of rising imports from Mexico and Canada and more production in US greenhouses closer to consumers.
Systems Thinking for Public Health Professionals
Authors: Branscomb Jane , Dills James E. , Landers Glenn , Minyard Karen J. , Lich Kristen Hassmiller 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Public health professionals understand that the causes of, and solutions to, the most stubborn—public health challenges are not confined neatly within a single sector or agency silo. This chapter describes systems thinking in public health: a mindset in which systems are bound not by where they fall organizationally but according to their results, which requires skill in accurately discerning and understanding the systematic drivers of certain results. Common tools and reminders for reflective thinking are presented, including: populations, not persons; patterns, not points; and the importance of acknowledging individual perspectives. The chapter concludes with four examples that describe applications of systems thinking in public health: shifting mindsets and policies through health impact assessment, causal loop mapping in developmental evaluation, cultivating systems thinking and informing policy through modeling, and focusing partnerships with system support maps.
Using Data to Guide Public Health Action and Societal Change
Authors: Slemp Catherine C. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses how to use data strategically in public health and how to employ data-driven decision-making. Data can, and should, be used in combination with other strategic leadership skills. Data are a vital tool both for guiding public health agency practices and programs and for establishing societal policies and environments essential to individual and community health. Public health agencies should assume the role of data collectors and data interpreters for the public, and supporting public understanding of data collection and advancing data literacy are related goals. Data-driven decision-making skills help leaders navigate systems and advance change. These skills must be combined with, and must be used to support and complement, other strategic leadership skills in public health. By applying these skills together, leaders can most effectively and meaningfully shape the systems, policies, and environments—or even create and advance entire movements—that allow individuals, families, and communities to thrive, grow, and change.
Public Health Informatics, Big Data, Advanced Analytics, and Emerging Technology
Authors: Kassler William J. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the public health function that involves sifting through large amounts of raw data to glean information and synthesize that information into actionable knowledge for achieving program and policy goals. Today, public health practitioners use data that are large, messy, and often unstructured; arise from multiple, nontraditional sources; and often do not fit neatly into standard databases. This presents both opportunities and challenges to public health systems and to those who practice in those systems. This chapter defines big data and machine learning for public health and outlines strategies for developing public health policy to support societies’ transformation as AI transforms healthcare. In healthcare, AI sometimes is defined as “augmented intelligence,” to emphasize that achieving results from AI requires keeping humans in the loop. To do this, public health must invest in people to develop a modern, tech-savvy workforce.
Afterword
Authors: Levine Marissa J. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This final chapter concludes the discussion of the strategic skills and tools that form the mindset of a public health leader who is open to change and innovation. Such a mindset sees the opportunities presented by change and builds on strengths in a manner that inspires others to align and focus their efforts for equitable collective impact. The chapter outlines an aspirational future that works intentionally to promote aligned and focused collaboration of leaders from all sectors and at all levels of organization and community. Through effective engagement, grounded in a deeply held belief in embracing our diversity and inclusivity, public health practice and leadership can chart a course toward the collective vision of a world where all people have the opportunity to thrive and maximize their well-being.
A Little Throat-Clearing Before Dinner
Authors: Thompson Paul B. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A very concise overview of main schools of thought within philosophical ethics is followed by an introduction to the philosophical method used throughout the book. In contrast to methods in applied ethics that try to persuade a reader of what to eat on the basis of a previously conceptualized ethical theory, the approach emphasizes inquiry—a manner of proceeding that remains open to novel results. Both persuasion and inquiry are contrasted with discourses of social control, which are both linguistic and extra-linguistic efforts to shape conduct, irrespective of rational belief. Yet attempts to do ethics without appreciating unavoidable aspects of social control often end badly. The upshot is that the author does not try to convince the reader what they should eat or what types of food they should buy.
The Ethics of Food Aid and Famine Relief
Authors: Thompson Paul B. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Peter Singer’s 1972 article “Famine, Affluence and Morality” set the stage for philosophical debate over food security and international development policy for a half century. Paired with articles criticizing the impact of food aid programs, philosophy professors approached the problem in terms of whether better-off people have an obligation to give aid. Though initially focused on food aid, the trend has been to subsume Singer’s original focus on famine relief with a more general emphasis on ending poverty. These analyses ignore aspects of hunger that are ethically significant, as well as facts about the structure and operation of international assistance operations and their use of agricultural commodities. As argued in From Field to Fork, food aid can be damaging to local producers, who are often among the most vulnerable members of their respective societies. However, this does not subvert Singer’s original argument, which was focused on a food emergency, rather than poverty relief. Indeed, we should maintain Singer’s early focus on food, supporting food aid in response to both natural and human-caused emergencies. Programs to promote economic and social development are more complex and must be subjected to more extensive and empirically informed ethical analysis.
U.S. Expansion and the Development of a National Firearms Industry
Authors: Regele Lindsay Schakenbach 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter tells the story of how government funding supported firearms development and manufacturing in the early American republic. Government contracts and increasing government supply needs helped give rise to private gun manufacturing and provided the assistance necessary to the early development of the industry. As the United States pushed westward expansion, firearms were increasingly sought as tools to subjugate, dominate, and defeat those living on the lands into which the country was expanding. Firearms became a staple of state power, and the government demand for guns aided both production and transformations in firearms technology.
“A Well-Regulated Militia”
Authors: Mosvick Nicholas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that the Second Amendment was understood throughout the nineteenth century as a federalism provision. During this time, the Second Amendment was understood to protect state sovereignty and the institution of the militia in light of historic concerns associated with a standing army and an unbounded federal government capable of nullifying traditional state institutions. The chapter traces early arguments that deployed the Second Amendment in discourse surrounding the struggle to maintain capable state militias and the prospect of a national draft. Those arguments centered the notion that the Amendment guaranteed federal support and protection for state militias which maintained the independence of the militias. The debates and early understanding show that Americans in the antebellum era viewed the Second Amendment’s preamble to contain both a mandate that states and their citizens maintain an active fighting force with federal support in the form of militias and a limitation on federal interference with these civic institutions.
Interlude: Into the 1880s
Authors: Taylor Mark Zachary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The United States entered the 1880s subtly, but fundamentally, transformed. The Panic of 1873 and ensuing recession had wreaked havoc on the country, but they also catalyzed American economic development, with important consequences for politics and the presidency. Bankruptcies throughout the railroad sector forced the industry to consolidate and mature. To recoup their losses, some rail investors created the first American industrial farms. Taking advantage of both these developments, the first modern manufacturing corporations emerged. Industrialization pulled people into the cities, which exploded in size and density. Much new economic activity was powered by steam, making coal the nation’s primary energy source. Together these advances constituted the first wave of modern mass production in America. Meanwhile, the railways, the telegraphs, and the new telephone were quickly knitting the economy into a nationwide market, bringing competition, threats, and opportunities where previously there had been none. In response, farmers and labor organized in new ways to defend their interests. These changes were reflected in new political parties and social movements. Democrats and Republicans flexed to accommodate them, while spoilsmen battled to retain their loosening hold on patronage and elections. Even public intellectuals and scholars began to rethink their ideas about political economy as individual firms acquired unprecedented monopoly power and economic inequality grew inexplicably. The presidents of the 1880s would respond differently to these pressures and opportunities: as victor and victim (Garfield), as shrinking bystander (Arthur), as strident conservative (Cleveland).
Chester Arthur and the Smoldering Depression of 1881–1885
Authors: Taylor Mark Zachary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chester A. Arthur (1881–1885) oversaw one of the most dismal economies of any American president. After he entered office, the country gradually sank into a now forgotten “smoldering” depression that dragged on for years. The federal government had the means by which to avoid the 1881–1885 depression and the financial panic it produced. The US Treasury was flush with cash at the time. And although countercyclical fiscal policy and the welfare state were considered eccentric concepts during the Gilded Age, other government solutions were available. The federal surplus could have been distributed to the state governments, used on infrastructure projects, spent to pay down state debts, offered as pensions to veterans, or ladled out as pork. Tariffs could have been cut. Even more potent would have been a decisive move on monetary policy. Each of these actions was well within the historical experience and political acceptability of the 1880s. In fact, Arthur himself suggested many of these ideas to Congress. But he did so only rarely. And he never followed up with any sort of action. Instead, he stood by as the economy toppled. As unemployment and business failures mounted, Arthur spent lavishly on himself and on transforming the White House into a fabulous social hub. At times he appeared to fall back into unseemly meddling in state and party machine politics. Where possible, he mostly just ignored the presidency. Hence, Arthur reveals that presidential inactivity during crisis can have dire consequences.
William McKinley and the Developmental State, 1897–1901
Authors: Taylor Mark Zachary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
William McKinley was one of the most economically successful presidents of any era. Elected amid the Great Depression of 1893–1897, he ushered in a period of fantastic growth and recovery. His solution was to embrace what political economists today call the “developmental state”: export-led industrialization shielded behind a protectionist wall and supported by strategic government intervention in finance and exchange rates. He got to work soon after election day rather than await inauguration. And within a year he had actively coordinated with Republicans in Congress to increase tariffs so as to repair federal revenues. McKinley then deftly maneuvered the United States onto the gold standard, thereby fixing the dollar’s value and reassuring investors in American assets. Meanwhile, his administration held back on antitrust enforcement. This enabled a massive wave of industrial combinations that brought incredible economies of scale and scope, as well as widespread technological change. The dislocations for labor were significant, but nationwide unemployment fell, wages gradually rose, and inequality dropped to its lowest levels in fifteen years. All the while, McKinley led a campaign of education and consensus-building. He thereby renewed trust in the country’s major political-economic institutions, including the presidency. McKinley’s muscular foreign policy further enhanced America’s economic position. It increased confidence in the United States, both at home and abroad, as a rising military power, well capable of defending its economic interests.
Conclusions
Authors: Taylor Mark Zachary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
How does the evidence presented in this book square with existing debates over presidential performance? And what new hypotheses, if any, are generated by the preceding case studies? This chapter attempts to tackle these questions. It begins with some important caveats and a brief review of the conventional wisdom. It then argues that presidents do matter for the nation’s economic performance. Most clearly, presidential (in)action during economic crises appears to matter most. Otherwise, a president’s effectiveness as an economic leader flows from three less obvious sources. First, the president’s vision for the country, for the federal government, and for the presidency itself are far more important than other factors, even his policy agenda. Second, political skill and enthusiasm matter, for leadership success is partly a function of a president’s willingness and ability to forge and leverage coalitions with other important political-economic actors, including the American people. Thus, the president’s role as an educator is a significant component of his leadership ability. Finally, trust is all-important. As economic actors, we value the predictability and reliability of others in the economy as well as that of the major political-economic institutions upon which our economic activities rely. Hence a president’s ability to build or maintain trust in institutions such as the financial system, the American currency, the federal government, even the presidency itself is crucial. In sum, not only do presidents matter for the nation’s economic performance, but they matter in subtle and unexpected ways.