bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seek Balance: A Simple and Temperate Life
Authors: Bryan Charles S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In “The Choice,” William Butler Yeats wrote, “The intellect of man is forced to choose / Perfection of the life or of the work.” As a young man William Osler chose perfection of the work when he set out to rank among the best in his field. Aiming to be the best at anything makes the balanced life a difficult proposition (Figure 8.1). Osler can be faulted for falling short. To concentrate on medicine, he postponed marriage until his early forties with the result that he and his wife felt fortunate to have even one surviving child. His son’s death in World War I broke his heart and, many contemporaries believed, contributed to his own death from pneumonia two years later.
Introduction
Authors: Mcginn Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Writing a philosophy book is an arduous and exacting task. One does not emerge from the experience unscathed. The mental burden lies mainly in the necessity of keeping a complex argument, or set of arguments, in one’s head for a long period of time, constantly repeating and refining them, day and night—until they come to seem either like gibberish or platitudes or both. Bertrand Russell wrote somewhere that the problems of logic are so inhumanly abstract that the philosophical logician only manages really to think about them for five minutes a year. Russellian exaggeration, no doubt, but it gives some idea of the feat of mental contortion needed to sustain the abstracted state of mind required to complete a substantial work of philosophy. It is actually rather amazing that it happens as often as it does (ballet dancing perhaps provides a distant analogy). And then there is the unpleasant sense of insecurity that comes with it—the feeling of being constitutionally inadequate to the task.
Ayer: Old Scores
Authors: Mcginn Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When I was a quivering graduate student at Oxford in 1973, fresh from the northern provinces, I sat for the John Locke Prize, a voluntary two-day examination for Oxford postgraduates in philosophy. As I had hitherto been a psychology student at Manchester, I thought this would be good practice for my upcoming B. Phil. philosophy exams. It was quite an ordeal (I nearly gave up at one point), and afterward I felt I had a long way to go philosophically. A few days later Professor Ayer, who was one of the examiners, informed me that he had been obliged to require that my papers be typed, on account of their extreme illegibility: I would have to dictate them to a typist in the presence of an invigilator, both of whom I would have to pay. I apologized to him for my calligraphic delinquency and expressed some mumbled misgivings about going to all that trouble and expense, in view of my poor performance. To my surprise, he said he thought I was “worth it,” on what basis I am not sure. I therefore did as I was told, spending a couple of wincing days reading out my script to be converted into cold type. I really must improve my handwriting, I thought.
Two or three weeks later Professor Ayer told me that I had been awarded the prize. He seemed almost as pleased as I was, clapping me warmly on the back and congratulating himself on his former perspicacity.
Budd: Wittgenstein’s Philosophy of Psychology
Authors: Mcginn Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sapiently gauging his distance, Malcolm Budd offers us a synoptic view of Wittgenstein’s later thoughts on the mind. His treatment is selective yet representative. Seven dense chapters survey Wittgenstein’s various surveys of meaning and understanding, sensations and sense impressions, the seeing of aspects, images, internal speech and calculation, thought and intention, and feelings, emotions, and bodily awareness. Budd’s expositions are in every way exemplary. He is deeply sympathetic to his subject but by no means uncritical. I know of no other work on Wittgenstein that can match his for clarity, accuracy, concision, and penetration (and there are some fine books our there). He knows exactly what he is talking about and is able to convey this to the reader with unostentatious efficiency. His book would be perfect for students still trying to find their feet with Wittgenstein, but it can be heartily recommended to scholars who think they know their way around the Austrian’s later thought. Here is a book on Wittgenstein that you can trust.
Beginning with a chapter on method, Budd emphasizes the prophylactic character of Wittgenstein’s intentions: the notions of grammar, language game, and perspicuous representation are to be seen in a curative light. He brings out the consequent radical disjuncture Wittgenstein perceived between our ordinary mastery of psychological concepts and our bewilderment once we reflect upon this mastery: we go from genius to dolt simply by taking a downward glance at our concepts;
Searle: Contract with Reality
Authors: Mcginn Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When philosophers concern themselves with what fundamentally exists, they are apt to limit themselves to physical facts and mental facts, with perhaps a soupcon of the abstract thrown in. There are mountains and muons, beliefs and tickles, and maybe numbers and propositions. Then questions are raised about how these broad ontological categories are related, these questions constituting the core of traditional metaphysics. But this is to ignore at least one other broad category of facts: the social ones. We also have incomes and marriages and presidencies. How are facts about sqcieties to be fitted into our general ontological framework? How, in particular, are they to be connected with mental and physical facts? What is, if you will forgive the expression, the ontology of civilization?
There is a reason that philosophers tend not to be powerfully exercised by questions of social ontology, and it is that social facts are less primitive than the other facts. Social facts depend for their existence on mental and physical facts, but the opposite is not the case. This is the basic intuition from which John Searle starts his inquiry: the ontological dependence of the social on the nonsocial. Searle’s aim is to develop a theory that spells out the nature and consequences of this dependence.
The Call for American Combat Troops
Authors: Jones Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most controversial aspect of the Truman Doctrine in Greece was its military orientation. According to critics, the administration exaggerated the dangers to convince Congress and the American people to support a policy of interventionism. Yet even if the rhetoric was strong, policymakers in Washington did not give light regard to the military question; their many discussions of the matter provide a model of analysis and decisionmaking. They examined the availability of personnel; they scrutinized the impact that direct military involvement would have, both domestically and internationally; and they considered the repercussions of either success or failure. Even more important, they examined the steps toward terminating involvement if events did not follow the desired course. At a crucial time in the war, during the autumn of 1947, the Truman administration debated the wisdom of sending American soldiers to establish the domestic order vital to the long-range economic reconstruction of Greece.
Toward the Spring Offensive of 1948
Authors: Jones Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shortly after General Van Fleet took command in late February 1948, the deputy chief of the Greek General Staff, Lieutenant General Stylianos Kitrilakis, presented him a study describing the war as “unconventional, manysided and simultaneously civil and international.” The guerrillas received help from a significant part of the population-about 150,000 people, including women and young males-who comprised the “reserve and potential army” and followed the “KKE line consciously and actively.” A large number of Greeks-the “fellow travellers”-were not communists but were “so confused in their ideological thinking” that they became supporters. The rural people were passive: they would not fight the guerrillas, nor would they provide the army with information.
“On All Fronts”
Authors: Jones Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The internal and external problems continuing to face Greece and its allies substantiated their belief that the communists had changed tactics without giving up the struggle. Both inside and outside the country, the government had to deal with demands for amnesty and leniency toward those who had been its enemies, while also having to resolve matters regarding Albania. In the course of attempting to settle these issues, the Greek government increasingly realized that the United States had become occupied with problems elsewhere. The focus of the Cold War was shifting to Asia, causing the White House to adjust its strategy. Attention had turned to the communists’ victory in China and, soon, to the outbreak of war in Korea.
Space & Time
Authors: Vailati Ezio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the topic of space and time, Clarke and Leibniz were in direct opposition. To be sure, they agreed on the topological features of space and time, but their agreement ended there. For Clarke, space and time are properties of God which share in the necessary existence of the divinity; for Leibniz, they are relations and mere entia rationis, like mathematical entities. In previous chapters we considered Leibniz’s theological objection to Clarke’s view of space and time.
Miracles & Nature
Authors: Vailati Ezio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At first sight, the reference to miracles as one of the main issues of the correspondence may seem odd. When considering miracles and the seventeenth century, one is likely to think about Spinoza’s impassioned attempt to prove that they are impossible.1 Indeed, one may even think of miracles as belonging to an odd and antiquated frame of thought in fundamental antithesis with the new worldview brought about by modern science and soon to be swept away. How ever, this view would be wrong.
Responsible Action and Virtuous Character
Authors: Audi Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much of the literature on moral responsibility is dominated by the question whether moral responsibility is compatible with determinism. Indeed, sometimes philosophers assume that actions for which we bear moral responsibility are equivalent to free actions, and they often say little about moral responsibility beyond illustrating the equivalence claim and discussing the relation between free action and determinism. There is, however, much about moral responsibility that needs clarification; and even when we understand what moral responsibility is, questions about its scope persist. My aim is to clarify both its nature and its scope. I particularly want to explore responsibility for character. In doing this I shall partially assess the Aristotelian idea that our character traits are under our voluntary control.
Autonomy, Reason, and Desire
Authors: Audi Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The notion of autonomy is often pivotal in recent ethical literature. One common theme is rights of autonomy, such as the right to direct one’s medical treatment; another focus is ideals of autonomy, for instance those determining how much freedom is allowed by legitimate government; and still another theme is the value of autonomy, for example as the basis of human dignity, a moral notion often stressed by Kantians. One easily gets a general sense of what autonomy is thought to be, but it is quite difficult to characterize philosophically, if indeed there is any single conception that can be plausibly taken as basic. This chapter has two aims: to sketch an account of autonomy useful in understanding its place in descriptive and normative contexts, and to explore its relation to what seem the two dominant lines in the theory of value: instrumentalism as expressed in the Humana tradition, and axiological realism — or at least objectivism — as expressed in the Kantian tradition.
Moral Judgment and Reasons for Action
Authors: Audi Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The relation between intellect and will is a major concern of the theory of practical reason. In moral philosophy the central focus of this concern is the relation between reason and morality. Here the perennial question is often taken to be whether a rational person has reason to be moral. But there is really more than one question here, because there are at least two quite different though overlapping kinds of reasons: motivational reasons, roughly the kind that explain why an agent does a particular thing, and normative reasons, roughly the kind that indicate what an agent ought to do. The former are the kind an agent in some way responds to (else they could not explain); the latter are the kind that rational agents respond to and that can at least partially justify the action in question. There are also two directions of entailment to consider if we are to understand the relation between reason and morality: whether being rational entails being moral and whether being moral entails being rational.
Intrinsic value and the Dignity of Persons
Authors: Audi Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is obvious that some things are good for certain purposes, others are good of their kind, and still others are good as one thing or another. But is anything good in itself, independently of its relations to anything else — intrinsically good, to use the most common term for this notion? Many philosophers have thought so, including most who are central figures in “the tradition.” Others have denied this. Many philosophers have also held not only that there is something good in itself but also that the intrinsically good is what makes life worth living.
Conclusion
Authors: Audi Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ethical theory developed in this hook is a moderate intuitionism that is epistemologically internalist, normatively objective, ontologically realistic, valuationally pluralist, and qualifiedly naturalistic. This theory is not fully expressed in any one chapter. One aim of this one is to present a rounded though still less than complete account of the theory. But I also want to propose a normative ethical position that puts the theory in the context of a set of standards that can guide moral conduct and inform ethical character. I begin with a major unifying idea that controls much of what is said in the book.
Introduction
Authors: Haji Ishtiyaque 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our day-to-day behavior serves to confirm the rather unremarkable conviction held by almost all of us that most, if not all, persons are morally responsible agents. So, for instance, we are willing to adopt, and do in fact adopt, a whole cluster of attitudes toward persons-such as moral abhorrence and resentment, moral admiration and forgiveness, some of the so-called “reactive attitudes” which it seems inappropriate to have toward creatures, like koala bears, which we don’t take to be morally responsible agents.
Appraisability, Alternative Possibilities, and Ultimate Control
Authors: Haji Ishtiyaque 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historically, there has been a venerable association of moral appraisability with control. Aristotle, for example, gives powerful expression to the idea that a person is morally appraisable for performing an action only if that action is in his control. He says that whatever “is done in ignorance, or though not done in ignorance is not in the agent’s power, or is done under compulsion, is involuntary”; and “[s]ince virtue is concerned with passions and actions, and on voluntary passions and actions praise and blame are bestowed, on those that are involuntary pardon, and sometimes also pity, to distinguish the voluntary from the involuntary is presumably necessary for those who are studying the nature of virtue, and useful also for legislators with a view to the assigning both of honours and of punishments” (Nicomachean Ethics 1109b30-35).
An Epistemic Dimension of Appraisability
Authors: Haji Ishtiyaque 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last chapter I ended with the suggestion that moral praiseworthiness and moral blameworthiness are closely affiliated with our “inner” attitudes; they are tied to our beliefs or perceptions about what is objectively obligatory or wrong, respectively, and not with what is in fact objectively obligatory or wrong.
Varieties of Normative Appraisability
Authors: Haji Ishtiyaque 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is nothing out of the ordinary in the aged idea that a course of action is open to appraisal from many different evaluative perspectives. As examples, one can assess someone’s act aesthetically, or legally, or from the point of view of etiquette, rational long-term self-interest, or morality. There is in addition to the wealth of evaluative perspectives, long-standing skepticism about whether evaluations deriving from any one perspective, like the moral perspective, “really” or “objectively” trump those deriving from any others; the concern here is one of “objective overridingness.”
Addiction and Control
Authors: Haji Ishtiyaque 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last two chapters, I have explored some implications of the epistemic condition of appraisability for various issues. In this chapter, I devote attention to what the control condition implies for drug-related behavior. Specifically, the is sue here is this: Do drug users, addicted to such drugs as heroin or cocaine, have the sort of control required for moral appraisability over their actions, or their actional elements like desires, intentions, or decisions, which, in some important fashion, owe their.
Preparations for the Ball
Authors: Cuellar Jose Tomas De , Carson Margaret , Glantz Margo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It all begins with a birthday celebration for Matilde, the young lady of the house, and her papa-who loves her dearly, and has just turned a splendid business deal-is going to spare no expense. More than anything, Matilde wants to dance, despite all the objections of her mama, a respectable, simple woman from the countryside. It is important to please Matilde, and this idea triumphs over all scruples.
The Measurement of Suffering
Authors: Mayerfeld Jamie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses problems associated with the measurement of suffering. Specifically, I ask how we can assess whether and with what intensity other people are suffering, and how we should conceive and estimate the cardinal intensity of suffering. I turn first to the issue of interpersonal comparisons.
In order to discover whether and with what intensity someone is suffering, one must determine how that person feels. This seems to present a difficulty: we seem much better placed to observe our own feelings than the feelings of other people. Of course even our assessment of our own feelings can be distorted.
Russell’s Hidden Substitutional Theory
Authors: Landini Gregory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book explores an important central thread that unifies Russell’s thoughts on logic in two works previously considered at odds with each other, the Principles of Mathematics and the later Principia Mathematica. This thread is Russell’s doctrine that logic is an absolutely general science and that any calculus for it must embrace wholly unrestricted variables. The heart of Landini’s book is a careful analysis of Russell’s largely unpublished “substitutional” theory. On Landini’s showing, the substitutional theory reveals the unity of Russell’s philosophy of logic and offers new avenues for a genuine solution of the paradoxes plaguing Logicism.
Introduction
Authors: Landini Gregory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book concerns the historical development of Bertrand Russell’s ramified type theory from the 1903 Principles of Mathematics to the 1910 Principia Mathematica. Its central theme is to show that one doctrine dominated Russell’s thinking throughout the history. The doctrine is quodlibet ens est unum. “Whatever is, is one,” according to Russell, and by this he meant that any calculus for pure logic must treat all entities alike; it must adopt only one style of pure and unrestricted “entity” variable which regards as one whatsoever is.
The Logic of Principia Mathematica
Authors: Landini Gregory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many different renditions of the formal system of Principia Mathematica. To name just a few, there are Church (1978), Hatcher (1968), Copi (1971), and Chihara (1973). The source of the contention between them lies in the degree of significance each attributes to certain features of the philosophical explanations set out in the Introduction of the work. All regard the explanations as inconsistent and concur that pruning is necessary for coherence. This presentation offers a new rendition of the formal system a rendition which at last shows that the real Principia comports with its Introduction.
Newton Gets It Completely Wrong
Authors: Silver Brian L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Matter, in the everyday world, comes in three forms: solid, liquid, and gas. Gas is the simplest form of matter, the form that we understand best. We live in a gas, in fact, a mixture of gases-air. The way that scientists see gases is not the way that our eyes see them. In fact our eyes don’t see air at all, but it is typical of science that it starts off with the somewhat thin evidence of the senses and then proceeds, by experiment and +, to build a model that explains the properties of whatever system we are interested in. One of the most successful models is that constructed to explain the behavior of gases.
From Rousseau to Blake: The Revolt against Reason
Authors: Silver Brian L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When he was at school at Eton, Shelley spent much of his leisure in the study of “the occult sciences, natural philosophy and chemistry,” and his pocket money was spent on “books relative to these pursuits, on chemical apparatus and materials.” Shelley was fascinated by the voltaic pile of Volta and had dreams of a world transformed by electricity. At Oxford University the contents of his room included “crucibles, ... an electric machine, an air pump, the galvanic trough, a solar microscope, and large glass jars and receivers.” This was the door to nature chosen by the archetypal Romantic poet who was later to approach the natural world almost solely through the gates of his imagination: “Earth and Ocean seem, To sleep in one another’s arms, and dream.”
Lodestone, Amber, and Lightning
Authors: Silver Brian L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lodestone, amber, and lightning were nature’s hints that there were strange forces in Heaven and Earth. Lodestone, a naturally occurring magnetic oxide of iron, attracted nails and, if suspended, aligned itself roughly along a north-south line. If rubbed with suitable material, a piece of amber attracted pieces of thread or paper. These weird properties still intrigue children-and adults. The compass needle fascinated Einstein as a child. How did the needle know which way to point? Even as late as the seventeenth century, many believed that magnets had souls. The pull of a magnet was likened to the lure of a siren for a sailor.
The Slow Birth of Biology
Authors: Silver Brian L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For centuries no area of science flaunted such a small ratio of meaningful “practick” to empty theory, as biology. The early history of biology was a catastrophe because of man’s inability to put “practick” before authority and “speculative” thought. Observation was downgraded to an irrelevancy. It is difflcult to excuse the immense durability of Aristotle’s descriptions of the form and functioning of animals and plants. There is very little in his writings on biology that has stood the test of time, and much of what he wrote could have been shown to be wrong by simple use of the naked eye. But no one dared to seriously challenge the master until the late Middle Ages. Unfortunately, he was not the only sacred bull.