bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Margin(al) Maithili
Authors: Nath Pathak Dev 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter delves into the gendered nature of Maithili folklore in northeast Bihar. The goddess Ugratara engenders Maithili folklore at the cusp of Buddhism, tantra, and Hinduism. This chapter unearths the folklore related to the Hinduized Buddhist goddess to present a concrete case of the ironical marginalization of engendered Maithili lore. The goddess’s marginality unfolds at two levels. First, it is vulnerable to the socio-structural patriarchy in Maithil society dominated by the social hierarchy of the Shrotriya Brahmins. Second, the marginality is due to the contemporary social politics around the Ugratara festival that inserts an ideological–political cleansing. The chapter shows how contemporary orchestrations of the regional cultural heritage, centring on Bihar government-sponsored celebrations of the annual festival, Ugratara Mahotsav in Mahishi, Saharsa district, is detached from the complex and layered context of Maithili folklore and seeks to establish a qualitatively different regime of gender norms that repackage old stereotypes in a new milieu. It highlights how the origin myth of Ugratara sits comfortably with the folkloric polyphony of Mithila in which women are central agencies. Maithili folklore also underlines the predominant roles of female and ordinary folk. By contrast, the contemporary Ugratara Mahotsav marginalizes the folkloric polyphony, gendered peculiarities of the goddess, and fragments of the alternative narratives of the diverse caste groups. The chapter underscores how the coming together of the state, the dominant belief system, and a particular version of religion have transformed the engendered intersectionality of polyphonic Ugratara folklore into a monophonic majoritarian deity.
Reading sex in Amores 1.4 and 1.5
Authors: Ingleheart Jennifer 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The practice of reading two elegies closely against each other has proved illuminating for the study of Ovid’s Amores. Often there are clear verbal links between paired elegies. Such pairs provide an implied narrative and dramatic sequence; they allow Ovid to explore elegiac affairs from more than one angle; they surprise and amuse the reader; they showcase Ovid’s skill at manipulating the same theme in different ways. This chapter develops scholarship on Ovidian paired poems by analysing two elegies that tend to be read in isolation but benefit from being read in conjunction: Amores 1.4 and 1.5. Although they do not follow a clear dramatic sequence, a narrative movement from one to the other is implied, and both have highly sexualized subject matter. The first instructs an unnamed female beloved on how to conduct herself at a conuiuium that she will attend with her uir, looks to Ovid’s past sexual exploits with this woman, and ends by telling her that she should be sexually unresponsive to her uir when she leaves to spend the night with him. The much-studied 1.5 relates how Corinna, here named for the first time in the collection, visits Ovid for daytime sex. Ingleheart argues that reading the poems as a pair provides insights into the narrative dynamics of the first book of the Amores, as well as into Ovid’s construction and control of his readership. Moreover, taken closely together, Amores 1.4 and 1.5 can inform our understanding of Ovidian elegiac erotics and style.
Closing time
Authors: Gibson Bruce 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks at the final book of Ovid’s exile poetry, in assessing the nature of Ovid’s farewell to elegy. Ex Ponto 4.16, presented as an utterance from Ovid after death, has inevitably shaped approaches to Ex Ponto 4, but this chapter will show that there are other aspects to the closure that Ovid creates in the second half of this final book of elegies. The chapter begins by considering the significance of Sextus Pompeius, the consul of ad 14, as a way of reflecting on the change of emperor from Augustus to Tiberius, and as a figure who himself is associated with the kind of gratitude from Ovid which might properly be owed to an emperor. Praise of members of the imperial family in Ex Ponto 4 turns out to be something which is limited in coverage, and indeed treated most extensively only in a description of Ovid’s poem composed in the Getic language (Ex Ponto 4.13). A similar kind of transformation is also evident in the way in which Ex Ponto 4.14 revisits the theme from Ovid’s earlier exile poetry of the harm done to him by his own poetry, but shifts the focus from imperial anger to the possibility of giving offence to his hosts in Tomis. Even though the exile poetry as a whole has a tendency to self-characterization in terms of repetition and endless complaints, Ex Ponto 4 paradoxically suggests new directions for Ovid’s poetry even as his life draws to a close.
Talking heads, talking statues
Authors: Dixon Helen M. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents the first edition and commentary of a fifteenth-century Latin elegiac poem by Pompeo Pazzaglia on the Roman Pantheon and a prophecy by its supposed ‘presiding deity’, the goddess Cybele, about the arrival of a second Aeneas who will transform Rome from a Christian city back to a ‘pagan’ one. Exploration of textual detail, historical context and intertextual interpretation, involving a wide range of ancient authors, as well as medieval traditions (e.g. the Mirabilia Vrbis Romae) and contemporary accounts of the physical state of ancient Rome by Biondo Flavio, Poggio, and Leon Battista Alberti, leads to larger questions about Christianity and paganism, and attitudes towards a looming Ottoman invasion of Europe. The rough versification of the poem leaves some questions about grammatical construction and interpretation difficult to resolve.
Recalcitrant Desires in Addiction
Authors: Burdman Federico 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This paper argues that the crucial feature of the drug-related desires experienced by addicted agents is not that they “push” the agent with a force she cannot oppose, but that they are not easily undermined by things that normally have the ability to undermine desires—in other words, that they are extraordinarily recalcitrant. As a result, the disposition to experience these desires is very persistent over the long-term, manifesting itself in particular episodes of wanting to use drugs that recur with great frequency. Both the persistence and the recurrence of these desires, it is argued, contribute to a diminished ability to respond to relevant reasons that speak against drug use.
Negligence and Self-Trust
Authors: Murray Samuel 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Why are we accountable for negligent wrongdoing? This chapter develops a contractualist account of accountability for negligent wrongdoing rooted in maintaining self-trust. Displays of negligence threaten the self-trust needed to exercise planning agency. People thus have reason to take responsibility for being negligent to defeat higher-order evidence about the unreliability of one’s planning agency. Individuals are rationally required to take responsibility for negligence in virtue of the demands of planning agency. One novel implication of this view is that taking responsibility for negligence grounds our holding others responsible for negligence.
On Having the Status “Responsible Person”
Authors: Calhoun Cheshire 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Taking a practice-based approach to responsibility, we might ask, “What conception of the default status ‘responsible person’ is presupposed by the structure of social practices?” The chapter argues that social practices presume that responsible persons are, first, capable of living up to normative expectations—they are accountability responsible; second, they are in fact disposed to satisfy minimal normative expectations—they are compliance responsible; and, third, they are both capable of taking, and disposed to at least sometimes take, responsibility for promoting goods in ways they are not obligated to do—they are responsibility takers.
The Risks (and Powers) of Praise
Authors: Bingeman Emily 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that a common assumption of risk asymmetry about praise and blame is mistaken. I argue that either the risk asymmetry is not as pronounced as is commonly assumed (modest conclusion) or that the risks of praise and blame are roughly symmetrical (ambitious conclusion). I begin by detailing what I take to be the content of the risk asymmetry assumption and argue that the prevalence of this assumption arguably enhances the moral riskiness of praise. Next, I briefly outline the understanding of praise that I am working with and then, building on first person testimony and recent work in philosophy and psychology, I develop a series of examples of the ways in which praise can be morally risky. Finally, I consider how praise can be empowering and liberatory for some of the same reasons that it can be problematic—because it has the ability to interact with and change our norms and hermeneutical structures. I add an important caution about how moral missteps can easily happen in attempts at liberatory praise as well.
The Reflectivist Approach
Authors: Boyle Matthew 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, the author argues that only a “reflectivist” account of transparency can meet the conditions identified in the previous chapter, and that one can find the materials for constructing such an account in some neglected ideas of Jean-Paul Sartre. On the resulting, Sartre-inspired approach to the Problem of Transparency, one’s entitlement to treat questions about one’s own mental states as transparent to questions about the non-mental world depends on the presence, in one’s first-order awareness of the non-mental world, of a form of implicit or “nonpositional” self-awareness, whose presence enables one to make explicit psychological self-ascriptions through mere reflection. The author shows how such nonpositional self-awareness is present in first-order intention, perception, and belief, and gives a preliminary account of how reflection can transform nonpositional self-awareness into explicit, “positional” self-knowledge.
Reflection and Rationality
Authors: Boyle Matthew 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the crucial notion of reflection: the activity by which one can move from an implicit, non-conceptualized awareness of one’s own mental states to an explicit, conceptual knowledge of these states. A venerable philosophical tradition sees a close connection between the capacity for reflective awareness of one’s own mental states and general rationality. The author argues that, in order to understand this link between rationality and reflection on one’s own mental states, one must first appreciate a more general link between rationality and the capacity reflectively to transform an understanding exercised in applying rules in first-order thinking into an understanding of these rules themselves. The author illustrates this point by reference to some famous problems about inference, and goes on to show how the point can be brought to bear in dissolving various puzzles about the nature of reflection.
The Examined Life
Authors: Boyle Matthew 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
If there is a kind of implicit self-awareness that necessarily informs first-order mental states, then it is natural to ask why the step to explicit self-knowledge matters—why it is valuable for people actually to reflect on their own thought and choices. This chapter argues that one can understand the value of self-knowledge only if one recognizes how reflection can transform the character of a person’s first-order knowing and acting, rather than merely supplying further information relevant to the management of such first-order activities. The author argues that this observation help to clarify why self-knowledge might be thought to represent a problem for human beings in a way that it does not for nonrational animals, and so why the Delphic injunction to “Know thyself” can claim to state, not just an arbitrary demand made by some ancient deity, but a necessary and proper task in a human life.
Gendering the History of the Labor Movement
Authors: Hammad Hanan 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Gender matters to labor history and labor matters to gender history. This chapter aims to gender the history of the Egyptian labor movement by tracing the origin and development of women’s labor activism in the interwar period and examining women’s experiences in proletarianization, or dependency on the sale of labor power for survival. It attempts to illuminate how gender shaped working-class activism by counting the emotional, social, economic, and political labors shouldered by women to sustain the labor movement and male activists. Women in workers’ families creatively employed gendered traditions to win public awareness and sympathy for their causes. Their practices highlight working-class women’s immense contributions to labor history and how their gendered practices enhanced their activism rather than presenting barriers to it.
Refashioning the Shari‘a Courts in the Semi-colonial Period
Authors: Kholoussy Hanan 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This paper uses the recently unearthed Egyptian court registers of the revamped Islamic religious (shari‘a) legal system to explore the ways in which men and women understood their legal rights and duties in marriage, divorce, and the family during a wave of legal reforms between 1897 and 1931. It examines a sample of personal status cases filed in the Cairo Shari‘a Court in order to situate them within the widespread press debates over the role the completely reorganized and revamped—albeit more bureaucratized and hierarchical—Islamic courts should play. This paper argues that they resulted in a comprehensive transformation that centralized, formalized, and enlarged the role these courts played in the familial and national lives of Egyptians. This paper not only reflects on the use of shari‘a records as a source for both legal and social history but also argues that scholars of the courts must transcend the theoretical and methodological divide between academic works that rely primarily on periodicals, and hence marginalize the illiterate masses, and those that make use of court records and rarely situate their litigants and personnel beyond the walls of the courtroom. By merging court records with press sources, this paper aims to produce a more nuanced conceptualization of early twentieth-century Egyptian history while also demonstrating discrepancies as well as convergences between legal practices and social perceptions of marriage and family, on the one hand, and the law, the courts, and the state, on the other hand.
Rethinking the Greeks of Egypt
Authors: Gorman Anthony 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The Greeks were the largest of the ethnic communities resident in Egypt during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The product of extensive migration from Greece and other parts of the Eastern Mediterranean, the Greeks of Egypt came to occupy a significant place in Egyptian society, being represented across a wide spectrum of occupations from the working class to the professional classes and wealthy bourgeoisie, living in different parts of the country, and adopting a range of political and cultural positions. Despite this diversity, their presence has generally been understood in the literature in largely collective terms, whether as a European colony, a diasporic national community, or a foreign minority. This chapter seeks to critique this homogenizing perspective by exploring the lives of three Egyptian Greek individuals who were active during the first half of the twentieth century. The cases of Apostolos Skouphopoulos, labor leader, local councilor, and man of letters in Port Said; Giorgis Dimou, artist, writer, communist, and pro-peace campaigner in Cairo; and Semele Tsotsou of Alexandria, women’s activist and teacher of the deaf in Alexandria, demonstrate the complex and embedded character of Greek life in multiethnic Egyptian society. Their personal trajectories suggest our understanding not only of Egyptian Greek life but of that of other ethnic of national groups should not be limited within the confines of a particular community but should also be understood within a broader political, social, and economic canvas.
Rethinking Literacy during the Nahda
Authors: Yousef Hoda A. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter uses methodological approaches from the field of literacy studies to explore nahda texts and literacies as situated, contextual practices engaged in by a wide variety of Egyptians during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This approach stems from the notion that literacies (in the plural) are practices—some oral, some written—that could be pursued by anyone, regardless of a person’s ability to read or write. Likewise, textual sources themselves had “many lives” as one locale within larger networks of textual interactions that served diverse audiences. From this vantage point, this chapter uses handwritten petitions as a case study to trace how texts were deployed throughout Egyptian society, well beyond the literate elite. Sources such as these petitions—which sat at the nexus of the oral and written—can be particularly helpful as we investigate the complex negotiations underway in the modern period, as more people became interested in social reforms, economic advancement, and political movements. When we also incorporate an awareness of the roles that women, working classes, and rural communities played in textual practices, we can trace how ideas not only filtered through society but also were adapted to new uses along the way.
Colonizing and Decolonizing Egyptian Medicine
Authors: Bayoumi Soha 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The story of colonizing and decolonizing medicine in Egypt is a story of how the vagaries of power have translated into different configurations for the practice of medicine: from the rise of state medicine with the inception of the Egyptian modern state to the ultimate collapse of said medicine with the neoliberal turn in the 1970s and beyond. Relying on a combination of primary and secondary sources and oral history interviews, this chapter traces the trajectory of modern medicine in Egypt and explores how medicine has served, on the one hand, as a tool of biopower and social control, and, on the other, as a site for claims-making and a tool of resistance to abuses of power. It argues that medicine represents what has been described as “an assemblage of colonial modernity”—a site that combines colonial, decolonial, and postcolonial anxieties that reflect the tensions between the local and the global, the national and the international, and the particular and the universal. Through a brief exploration of several topics in the history of modern medicine in Egypt, from the categorization of diseases to medical professionalization, and from the place of race and gender in the medical establishment to the political instrumentalization of medicine and the social and political roles of doctors, this chapter explores some of the manifestations of the circuitous trajectory of colonization and decolonization in Egyptian medicine and invites further scholarly focus on these topics.
African American Film History Beyond Cinema
Authors: Field Allyson Nadia 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter approaches William Foster, one of the first African Americans to produce motion pictures, through an intermedial lens, attentive to the interrelated performance milieux of popular theater and cinema in the early twentieth century. Foster’s career demonstrates how, for Black popular culture, valences of representation were contingent on the context of performance and reception. The dynamics of race, performance, and audience shaped the Black theatrical world of the end of the nineteenth century—and, in turn, informed the emerging Black cinematic landscape of the early twentieth. Foster played a crucial role in this transition and through him we gain insight into Black theatrical ambitions at a time rife with possibilities for African American creative workers, even while they were stymied by the entrenched racism of the broader culture.
Copying Technologies
Authors: Gaines Jane M. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter compares two technologies a century apart and two entrepreneurs who figured out how to circulate copies of popular moving-image entertainment before US copyright law caught up with technological change. Early cinema’s “Pirate King,” Siegmund Lubin, founder of the Philadelphia Lubin Company, is contrasted with Kim Dotcom, whose Megauploads company pioneered the cyberlocker storage as a means of distributing popular television and motion pictures on the internet. Intellectual property doctrine is tested as another way of approaching technological change over the cinema century. The time frame ranges from the heyday of film piracy (1897–1907) through the 1984 Betamax television case to the corporate media legal cases against Megauploads beginning in 2012. The approach illustrates Thomas Elsaesser’s media archaeology method, in which early cinema is used to study new media while new media serves as a way into early cinema, supplemented by the philosophy of history.
The Decline of Middlebrow Taste in Celebrity Culture
Authors: Higashi Sumiko 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
-As the first fan magazine, Motion Picture Story Magazine (later Motion Picture Magazine) exemplified middlebrow culture by validating film as narrative but soon capitulated to female fans clamoring for publicity about the stars. Founded in 1911, MPSM affirmed the didactic and moral value of the movies by publishing storyized versions with stills. A product of Progressive-Era stewardship, it sanctioned uplift and upheld class, ethnic, and racial divisions. But a cultural transformation based on the emergence of modern personalities was occurring. What MPSM and MPM failed to anticipate was the significance of gender at a time when women and girls were fast becoming ardent fans—first of romantic heroes and then of daring serial heroines. As a result, storyizations were superseded by publicity about stars consuming fashion, mansions, and roadsters. Such stories provided lower-class fans with compensatory experience while stimulating the purchase of aspirational goods—a practice that is still pervasive today.
The Many Genders and Sexualities of American and European Silent Cinema
Authors: Horak Laura 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
From the 1890s through the early 1930s, American and European silent cinema represented a varied and diverse field of genders and sexualities, participating in the shifting definitions and possibilities of such categories over these volatile years. Silent dramas used high-culture frameworks—often adaptations of literature and theater—as a means of presenting alternative genders and sexualities, whereas slapstick trod more taboo territory with parodic performances of effeminate “pansies” and cross-dressing that led to more sexualized same-sex encounters. Only a couple of films dared to advance outright pleas for the acceptance of homosexual and intersex people. Lesbian and gay actors and directors were responsible for some of these representations, their sexualities open secrets associated with European artistic social circles that were sometimes even promoted by studios and fan magazines.