bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early Foundation: Paul and Augustine
Authors: James Frank A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I. Apostolic Foundation: Paul If one could ask Vermigli the true source of his doctrine of predestination, he would undoubtedly give much the same answer as he gave to the divinity students at Oxford: ‘Let us return, I say, let us return to the first fountains of the scriptures.’ This exhortation to study the scriptures reflected his innermost conviction that scripture must form the marrow of theology. Like every predestinarian before him, Vermigli drew particular inspiration from Pauline writings. There are three Pauline texts which repeatedly appear in Vermigli’s discussion: Romans 8: 28–30, Romans 9: ro-24, and Ephesians 1: 1–11. It is the ninth chapter of Paul’s epistle to the Romans, however, which above all serves as the biblical epicentre ofVermigli’s doctrine of predestination.
Renaissance Manifestation: Juan de Valdés
Authors: James Frank A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Italian Renaissance saw cultural transformation not only in the arts and literature but also in the realm of religious ideas. The Spaniard Juan de Valdes was one of those early sixteenth-century humanists who took seriously the slogan ad fontes (to the fount, that is, return to the original sources) and followed its logic back to a direct experience of the Bible in its original language. Valdes found himself on the cusp of a paradigm shift which produced in him a receptivity to the new theology emanating from Germany. Having fled the Spanish Inquisition sometime around 1530, he found refuge in Italy, where he made the acquaintance of many like-minded Italians, including the theologian Peter Martyr Vermigli. Simler’s brief reference to Valdes, in his account of Vermigli’s Italian period, belies the Spaniard’s profound influence on Vermigli’s life, for it was under the tutelage of Valdes that he began to read Protestant literature. Both men became key players in an Italian reform movement—a movement which provides our study with the overarching historical context in which Vermigli’s theological development must be understood.
Greek Apologists of the Second Century
Authors: Young Frances 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the second-century Greek apologists the key issues, it seems to me, lay with ancestral customs and literary canons. Their primary motive was justification, justification of their unpopular-indeed, potentially dangerous-decision to turn their backs on the classical literature inherited from antiquity and the customs of their fore fathers, thus abandoning the comfortable ethos of the Graeco-Roman synthesis into which they had been born, nurtured, and educated.What these people had done was somewhat analogous to the Westerner today who converts to Islam: they had taken leave of their senses by adopting what was regarded by most people, ignorant as they were of its high moral and philosophical tone, as a suspiciously alien culture. In order to mount this justification, this apologia for conversion, the apologists borrowed many genres, many traditions, many well-worn arguments, from the very culture they challenged, manipulating them for a new, unexpected purpose.
Latin Christian Apologetics: Minucius Felix, Tertullian, and Cyprian
Authors: Price Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some thoughts about the definition of ‘ apologetics’ are essential at the outset. There is a certain amount of confusion around in the handbooks that we need to scotch. TheShorter Oxford English Dictionary defines one of the meanings of apologetic as ‘ the defensive method of argument, often specifically the argumentative defence of Christianity’. Obviously Christian apologetics deal with the relations between Christianity and other faiths or practices; it concerns the creation and maintenance of boundaries. However, I would stress that not all texts relating to boundaries should be counted as apologetic: it depends whether the text is addressed internally to those already members of the faith, or externally to outsiders. As Martin Goodman shows (Ch. 3), Josephus’Against Apion is a work of apologetic, addressed to a non-Jew, which aimed to persuade Gentiles of the falsity of certain charges against the Jews. On the other hand, the lvlishnaic treatiseAboda Zara, stating what pagan practices Jews must avoid, is aimed at Jews, and is for internal consumption.
Origen’s TreatiseAgainst Celsus
Authors: Frede Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Origen (184/5-254/5 CE) was a notoriously prolific writer.1 Even taking into account that the ancients tended to measure literary productivity in terms of books, rather than writings, so that a work such as a commentary on John’s Gospel might count not as one, but as more than thirty-two books, Epiphanius’ claim(Panarion, 64. 63) that Origen wrote 6,000 books sounds fantastic, but reflects the correct belief that Origen wrote a great deal. According to Jerome(Against Rufinus, 2. 22), Eusebius in book 3 of hisLife of Pamphilus, listed no fewer than 2,000 books by Origen. Almost all of these writings have been lost; some of them are extant only in fragments; and very few have come down to us in their entirety. One of these is Origen’sAgainst Celsus, or, to be more precise, ‘Against the So-TitledTrue Account of Celsus’, in eight books.
Defending Hellenism: Philostratus,In Honour of Apollonius
Authors: Swai Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the period of the High Roman Empire apologetic literature was largely confined to Christian authors. But the justification of religion and culture is not of itself ‘Christian’, as (for example) Goodman’s study of Josephus’Against Apion well shows (see Ch. 3). The present chapter offers another text from this period,In Honour of Apollonius of Tyana (hereafterApollonius),which can be read as apology without straining the bounds of a necessarily loose category.Behind Christian apologetic stand the hostility and suspicion of non-Christian society and, to some extent, the internal disagreements and polemics of Christians themselves. Comparable factors cannot be found in Greek pagan society, at least in the first and second centuries. Here there is no sign of serious debate about the fundamental cultural and religious principles of Greek life. Polemic between philosophers exists, as it always has (see, for example, Plutarch’s anti-Stoic and anti-Epicurean tracts or Galen’s denunciations of rival logics). But this functions at an entirely abstract level, and is not in any way analogous to the bitter disputes and antagonisms of Christian schism and heresy.
The Flowering of Latin Apologetic: Lactantius and Arnobius
Authors: Edwards Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a previous chapter, Simon Price considers the Latin apologists who wrote before the accession of a Christian emperor. He notes that they exhibit certain generic similarities, employing as they do a range of arguments which, far from being original or peculiar to Christianity, were the stock-in-trade of pagan rhetoric. He also shows that, despite their African origins and the indifference of their Greek contemporaries, they are all aware of being in some sense Roman, though they cannot be said to speak of Rome in accents of conventional patriotism. All these traits can be discerned again in the last two authors who regarded the defence of Latin Christendom as their principal occupation; yet Arnobius and Lactantius, though by far the most voluminous, are also the most neglected of the tribe. This, no doubt, is because, unlike their forerunners, they tell the historian little of their own times, and they offer even less to the theologian, who can at least read Tertullian and Cyprian with an eye to the development of dogma. A kinder way of putting this is to say that their endeavors are essentially-one could even say, quintessentially-rhetorical; I shall argue here that both, in their capacity as teachers, chose to flaunt their education and play host to a wider variety of arguments, in order to rob the pagans of that arsenal which Greek writers had employed in their attacks on Christianity, and to make their readers ask themselves what it is to be a citizen of Rome.
Eusebius’ Apologetic Writings
Authors: Frede Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Eusebius is the author of a good number of writings, some of them of very considerable length, which traditionally are classified as ‘apologetic’. It is easy to see why the treatises thus classified-for example,Against Hierocles andAgainst Porphyry, could be called ‘apologetic’. They answer questions, objections, and accusations raised against Christianity. It is not so easy to see why certain other treatises by Eusebius, not classified as ‘apologetic’ by patrologies like Bardenhewer’s or Quasten’s,should not be similarly regarded as ‘apologetic’, given such a wide notion of apology. Thus Eusebius wroteQuestions Arising in the Gospels and their Solutions, also entitledOn Discrepancy between the Gospels (Jerome,On Famous Men, 81;idem, Commentary on Matthew, 1, 16), only extant in fragments.On Discrepancy came in two parts, the first, dedicated to Stephanus, dealing with the accounts of Jesus’ youth. It is clear, from what seems to be a reference to this text in Eusebius’Demonstration of the Gospel, 7. 3. 18, that it dealt at some length with the discrepancy in Jesus’ genealogy.
Bargaining Power
Authors: Martin Roderick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bargaining Power examines the balance of power between management and unions, showing why some managements-and some trade unions-are more powerful than others. Bargaining power has long been recognized as central to industrial relations, but no previous work has taken the issue as its central focus. Using both sociological and economic evidence, the author shows how managements and unions approach negotiations and how they use power to achieve their bargaining objectives. In turn he analyses different perspectives on power, negotiations, the industrial relations context, and human resources management. The book concludes with an examination of the changing position of trade unions in Britain in the 1980s, arguing that union bargaining power remains more significant than suggested by the decline in union membership.
Environmental Influences on Bargaining Power
Authors: Martin Roderick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines environmental influences upon bargaining power, following a disaggregated ‘building block’ approach. The first part of the chapter is concerned with economic influences upon union and management power, focusing upon product-markets and labour-markets. The chapter then considers ‘operating system’ variables, most importantly size, technology, and payment systems. The third part of the chapter is concerned with non-economic contextual factors, primarily the political and judicial framework, the media and public opinion, and ideology. Each factor is treated separately, although of course any management union bargaining situation reflects a complex of several factors, interacting with each other and often pulling in different directions: examining the variables individually is a necessary first step.
Values, Beliefs, Objectives, and Bargaining Power
Authors: Martin Roderick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapter outlined the environmental influences on management-union power relations, showing how different factors influence the balance of power between management and unions. But management and unions do not respond automatically to environmental pressures- there is no inevitable logic of power relations. Exercising power is a conscious act. Managers and workers respond to environmental pressures in the light of their own values, beliefs, and objectives. By values I mean views of how industrial relations ought to be carried out, by beliefs views of how industrial relations are actually carried out, and by objectives what managers and workers are attempting to achieve in industrial relations. Understanding power relations therefore involves understanding the relevant values, beliefs, and objectives of managers and workers. Some of the relevant issues concern the enterprise as a whole-whether it is viewed as a family, as an alliance of convenience between stakeholders whose individual interests temporarily overlap, or as an arena in which one group exploits another.
Trade Union Power at the Beginning of the 1990s
Authors: Martin Roderick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Previous chapters have examined the factors affecting the balance of power between management and unions, and the processes involved in using power in collective bargaining, both in general and at industry level. Changing contexts, capabilities, and objectives cause power relations to be inherently unstable. This concluding chapter brings the threads of the argument together by reviewing changes in the power of trade unions in Britain in the 1980s in the light of the previous analysis and in doing so summarizing many of the issues covered. Two major alternative views are identified. According to one view, trade union power has declined sharply since 1979, and Mrs Thatcher is seen to have ‘solved the union problem’. Declining trade union power enabled Britain’s ‘productivity miracle’ of the early 1980s to occur. An alternative view stresses the continuities in trade union power, indicated most importantly in the continuing rise in real wages, despite sharp increases (and falls) in unemployment.
The Employer Counter-Attack
Authors: Fulcher James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the national organizations of the British and Swedish unions have been markedly different in character, so too have the national organizations of the British and Swedish employers. In Sweden a centralized national employers’ association, Svenska Arbetsgivare forefinger (SAF), was founded in 1902 and had by 1906 negotiated a central agreement with the LO. The British employers lacked permanent national organizations until the period of the First World War, and it was not until 1965 that the Confederation of British Industries (CBI) came into existence. This body has never engaged in Swedish-style central negotiations with the TUC, and the two have only met formally in consultative bodies such as the National Economic Development Council.
Sects and the State: Some Issues and Cases
Authors: Wilson Bryan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In most Western countries, religious sects—and the term is used to include what are more generally referred to as new religious movements—are generally accorded at least formal equality before the law. Paradoxically, it was the first secular state, the first state which did not embrace specific religious principles as part of its legitimation, that is to say, the United States, which became also the first guarantor of religious freedom. The religious diversity of immigrants gradually compelled those states, such as Virginia, Massachusetts, and Connecticut, which had given privileged or established status to one religious denomination, to accept the equality of all faiths. Even in the United States, however, complete toleration has at times been in jeopardy; while in other countries the extension of religious freedom has been patchy and uneven. None the less, the general course of development throughout the Western world has been clear.
Scientology: A Secularized Religion
Authors: Wilson Bryan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whether a particular ideological or therapeutic system can properly be designated a religion is an issue that is not solely academic. In order to acquire charitable status or to have premises registered as a place of religious worship, official recognition that an organization is a religious body is, in England and other English speaking countries, a matter of real importance at law. New movements—among them Scientology—have sought to have their religious status acknowledged, and in so doing have brought into prominence fundamental questions about the definition of religion, as the judgment delivered by the Australian High Court demon strates. What becomes apparent from such a case is that religion itself is a phenomenon which changes, and the conception of what constitutes religion must, therefore, also change. In practice, there is a distinct cultural lag before legal conceptions catch up with changes in social reality.
Pluralism and Religious Vitality
Authors: Bruce Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In descriptions and explanations of secularization, the notion of religious or denominational pluralism is deployed by a number of scholars for competing purposes. In the sociology of knowledge perspective of Peter Berger and those influenced by him, pluralism threatens the plausibility of religious belief systems by exposing their human origins.1 By forcing people to do religion as a matter of personal choke rather than as fate, pluralism universalizes ‘heresy’. A chosen religion is weaker than a religion of fate because we are aware that we choose the gods rather than the gods choosing us.
Decline of Donnish Dominion
Authors: Halsey A H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
British higher education is internationally perceived as being in crisis. In this book A. H. Halsey examines how the present-day situation developed. Beginning with the 1963 Robbins Report, he argues that, despite the subsequent expansion of higher education, this initiative represented a failed thrust towards mass higher education. He shows how the rise of liberal economic policies was irrelevant to the long-term decline of academic power and demonstrates how power has ebbed away from academics towards government, and towards students and industry as consumers of education and research. Professor Halsey's arguments are buttressed by extensive surveys, carried out in 1964, 1976, and 1989, which chart the development of academic opinion in universities and polytechnics. The survey reveals low morale, disappointment, and resentment; but these feelings are still combined with a persistent belief in the British idea of university. Professor Halsey's discussion and analysis provide vital information about the current state of Britain's higher education system and offer an important contribution to the fierce debate about educational and training policies which is currently one of the central topics of British political debate.
Ideas Of The University
Authors: Halsey A H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE modern university, and indeed the polytechnic, began with the Victorians. I have mentioned Weber and Veblen, who published highly relevant essays in 1918. But further back, in 1873, there appeared two views of educational expansion, the one Catholic and clerical, the other Protestant and secular, by John Henry Newman on The Idea of a University and Alfred Marshall on ‘The Future of the Working Classes’ (A. Marshall 1925).
Calendar dates, of course, give false clarity to the ebb and flow of ideas; otherwise, in these two discourses we might identify 1873 as the end of the ecclesiastical and the beginning of the lay conception of education. A truer chronology would note that Marshall stood on the shoulders of John Stuart Mill, modernizing the chapter from the latter’s Principles of Economics on ‘The Futurity of the Labouring Classes’.
The Evolving Hierarchy Before Robbins
Authors: Halsey A H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE history of British higher education from Victorian times is one of evolving hierarchy. It is briefly traced here as a developing relation between Oxford and the system of higher education for reasons bluntly expressed by Edward Shils in 1955.
‘If a young man, talking to an educated stranger, refers to his university studies, he is asked “Oxford or Cambridge?”. And if he says Aberystwyth or Nottingham, there is disappointment on the one side and embarrassment on the other. It has always been that way’ (Shils 1955: So). Whether in the pages of eternity twentieth-century Oxford was a ‘good thing’ is an open question; the cultural fact of its superior image is a closed one. Not only was it a famous university but frequently the symbol of all universities. And it was more than a university. It was an integral part of an ancient establishment along with the crown and the aristocracy. So members of Hebdomadal Council (the elected central committee of the university) would refer to each other as the Warden (of All Souls) or the Dean (of Christ Church) with the same ceremonious attribution of dignified office as was used in the House of Lords. University College, London was seen as ‘provincial’ while University College, Oxford was metropolitan. Of course, ‘wherever two or three are gathered together’ there also shall be a sociological commonplace: invidious comparisons will emerge.
Religious Vision and Political Reality
Authors: Martin David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the major problems for Christians as they contemplate the social and political realm is the extent to which their faith seems to have been converted into its opposite. Faith claims to have ‘overcome the world’ but in truth the ‘world’ has absorbed and overcome faith. This reversal is not only sadly observed by Christians but sardonically commented upon by marginal believers and non-believers.
Religious Comment on Politics
Authors: Martin David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I Am not concerned with some miniature enquiry into the influence of religion on society. I am interested rather in the nature, role, and impact of Christian social comment, particularly of recent years. I want to elucidate certain resistances built into social arrangements and processes which I think Christian social comment likely to encounter and also likely to misunderstand or ignore. However, I will also indicate in summary form how Christian social comment may vary in impact and direction according to different types of situation.
A Meditation on Secular Process and Notes towards a Theological Response
Authors: Martin David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I Suspect that we are close to an end-time for the kind of relation between Church and Society that has obtained in Europe for over a millennium. That does not mean wiping the slate clean but finding the right balance between disentanglement and retention. In what follows I speak of how the vines of faith can be entwined around deteriorating social frames. I also suggest that disentanglement entails unique costs in Europe, be cause that is where the church has been most deeply embedded and where the secular impulse was first generated, both from within faith as well as poised against it.
Part-Time Work and Gender Inequality in the Labour Market
Authors: Rubery Jill , Horrell Sara , Burchell Brendan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Women’s fortunes in the labour market have been increasingly linked to the seemingly inexorable growth of part-time employment. This type of work now accounts for over 42 per cent of women’s jobs and over 23 per cent of the total stock of jobs in the economy. Moreover, part-time work is the fastest growing sector of employment: between 1984 and 1987 female part-time jobs increased by 6.8 per cent compared to a growth of 5.7 per cent in female full time. Male full-time jobs actually declined by over 2 per cent while male part-time jobs grew by no less than 14 per cent.