bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Health Promotion Strategies For Women With Comorbid Health and Mental Health Conditions
Authors: Vandiver Vikki L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last decade, there has been increased recognition of the link between mental health conditions and physical disorders—a relationship known as comorbidity. This nexus has had particular implications for women diagnosed with a psychiatric illness and receiving public sector mental health services. This chapter begins by defining and illustrating the terms morbidity and comorbidity, followed by a review of four core health-related concerns that women with psychiatric conditions present to mental health providers. They include psychosocial/personal history, medication-induced weight gain, pregnancy, and substance use. Next, the chapter describes four health promotion strategies (e.g., intentional recovery community, fitness program, health education, and gender-specific treatment groups) and model programs. The remainder of the chapter reviews barriers to the implementation of strategies (e.g., fiscal, clinical, and training) and provides recommendations for organizational shift to a health promotion philosophy. The chapter concludes with a summary of a focus group discussion held by consumers and family members who were asked the following question: “How can the mental health system improve your and your family members ‘ health needs?”
Developmental Costs and the Partitioning of Metabolic Energy
Authors: Rombough Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Energy is the common currency of life. As such, it provides a fundamental link between organisms and their environment and between the various levels of biological complexity. Energy is almost invariably in short supply in the natural world. How animals compete for and utilize it, therefore, is of great interest to ecologists and evolutionary biologists. Among other things, the metabolic rate of an animal provides an indication of its ecological footprint. How an animal allocates energy to various tasks yields insight into the relative importance of those activities. Knowledge of how animals utilize energy also provides insight into structural and functional relationships. All cells utilize energy. The rate at which they do so has profound implications for animal design. The major function of many body systems is the support of energy metabolism, either by assisting in supplying tissues with fuel and O2 or by helping to get rid of metabolic wastes. How these systems are designed is directly dependent on their role in energy metabolism. Knowledge of how energy is partitioned at the cellular level provides insight into how cells work and what activities are particularly important. We know a good deal about how juvenile and adult animals utilize energy at all levels of biological organization, from the cell (e.g., Rolfe and Brown 1997; Hulbert and Else 2000), to the organism (e.g., Brody 1945; Kleiber 1975; Alexander 1999), to the ecosystem (e.g., McNab 2002). We know much less about these processes during early life.
Developmental Physiology: Its Importance for Environmental Conservation and Biomedical Research
Authors: Pelster Bernd , Schwerte Thorsten 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After several decades of very active research in comparative animal physiology, an outside observer currently might get the impression that the situation has changed radically. A recent documentation of the success of comparative animal physiology is, for example, given in the book Biochemical Adaptation: Mechanism and Process in Physiological Evolution by Peter Hochachka and George Somero (2002). With the success of molecular biological techniques, however, sayings like “Everything or everyone goes molecular” are frequently encountered in discussions on future perspectives of scientific work in biological sciences. Departments and institutes are being renamed, the “evolutionary” aspect is replacing the “comparative” angle. More and more referees and thus journals and funding agencies ask for the mechanistic (“molecular”) part of the story, and disapprove of the descriptive (“physiological”) part, irrespective of the fact that the story “Factor A increases during hypoxia, activates transcription factor B, and this results in the expression of protein C” is as descriptive as the reported cardiovascular modifications encountered on hypoxic exposure. Is this the end of comparative physiology?
National Bioethics Commissions and Research Ethics
Authors: Meslin Eric M , Johnson Summer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the more visible features of the current bioethics and public policy landscape is the existence of national and transnational commissions of experts in science, law, bioethics, medicine, religion, and related disciplines. Unlike individual bioethicists, the credentials, expertise, and functions of whom have been the subject of considerable study and commentary, these commissions are less well understood. They exist in many countries, tend to be established in response to particular events, cases, or problems, and are increasingly being referred to by governments, courts, professional organizations, and the media.5–10
The Role of Patient Advocates and Public Representatives in Research
Authors: Dresser Rebecca 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the 1980s and 1990s, patient advocates became vocal participants in debates over biomedical research. Patient advocates helped persuade government officials to change rules governing access to clinical trials and unapproved medications. They joined scientific teams designing, conducting, and reviewing research. They lobbied for more government funds for research that could help their constituents, as well.
Emergency Research
Authors: Karlawish Jason H T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Research that enrolls people with acute, serious, and life threatening illnesses without their informed consent, referred to as emergency research, presents substantial ethical challenges. These challenges focus on how to justify enrolling critically ill persons when the investigator cannot obtain informed consent from either the participants or their proxies. Many Western nations have struggled to define the appropriate regulations to guide this kind of research. Perhaps the most illustrative of these efforts occurred in the United States during the 1990s. The controversy over appropriate regulations became so contentious that for three years there was a moratorium on the research while researchers, institutional review boards (IRBs), and research regulators debated whether the principles of research ethics were adequate to justify a waiver of informed consent, and if they were, how such a waiver should be implemented.
What Is Fair Participant Selection?
Authors: Meltzer Leslie A , Childress James F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The U.S. regulations for the protection of humans in biomedical and behavioral research were, as Carol Levine notes, “born in scandal and reared in protectionism” Other chapters in this volume identify and discuss research projects that were condemned because they imposed undue risks on research subjects or because they failed to obtain voluntary, informed consent. In addition, some were criticized as violations of standards of fairness, justice, and equity in the selection of subjects, now increasingly called “participants”
Research With Captive Populations Prisoners, Students, and Soldiers
Authors: Bonham Valerie H , Moreno Jonathan D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Today, respect for persons is a bedrock principle governing research with humans. But although Americans have long held the belief, as Justice Cardozo declared in 1914, that “every human being of adult years and sound mind has a right to determine what shall be done with his own body,” they have not always applied this notion equally or scrutinized its significance without prejudice. Following World War II, for example, Americans condemned the Nazi experiments on concentration camp prisoners but asked strikingly few questions about the status of participants in their own research activities. Into the 1960s, the popular understanding of captive populations in research often overlooked the influence of captivity, or inequality of physical, financial, educational, or social status, in making many captive populations seem more willing to participate in research than other groups in society.
Risk-Benefit Assessment in Pediatric Research
Authors: Varma Sumeeta , Wendler David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major turning points in history are often recognized only in hindsight. One example of a significant historical change that went almost unnoticed at the time is the statement made by James A. Shannon, director of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), before the National Advisory Health Council (NAHC) on September 28, 1965.
The Assent Requirement in Pediatric Research
Authors: Wendler David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jimmy, a bright, energetic, and confident 8-year-old, suffered from a serious inborn immune deficiency characterized by a disorder in white cell function. Jimmy spent a significant percentage of his life in the hospital, fighting off obscure infections. Given the rarity of his disease, Jimmy also spent a good deal of time enrolled in clinical research aimed at understanding his condition and immune function in general.
Responsiveness to Host Community Health Needs
Authors: London Alex John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is near universal agreement within the scientific and ethics communities that a necessary condition for the moral permissibility of cross-national, collaborative research is that it be responsive to the health needs of the host community. It has proven difficult, however, to leverage or capitalize on this consensus in order to resolve lingering disputes about the ethics of international medical research. This is largely because different sides in these debates have sometimes provided different interpretations of what this requirement amounts to in actual practice.
Genetic Features Of Scleroderma Did You Get It From Your Parents? Can You Give It To Your Kids?
Authors: Mayes Maureen D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Patients frequently ask whether they can give this disease to their children. My answer to this question has changed over the past few years. For the most part, scleroderma does not run in families. But for 1.6 percent of cases, there is another first-degree family member (parent, brother or sister, or child) with the disease. The flip-side of this, of course, is that 98.4 percent of individuals do not have a family history for the disease. With the human genome project and recent advances in the field of genetics, this has become an area of intense research. So far, this research has resulted in more questions than answers. It is likely that there is a genetic susceptibility to scleroderma that involves several different genes. However, just having the “right” (or “wrong”) set of genes is not enough. There has to be something else that happens, in order for disease to occur.
Epidemiology Of Scleroderma Numbers Of Patients, Occupational Links, And Environmental Concerns
Authors: Mayes Maureen D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How many scleroderma patients are there in the United States? There has been some confusion and contro versy over this number in the past. Studies of scleroderma have been hindered by the following three factors: (1) scleroderma is an uncommon condition, (2) the diagnosis can be difficult to make with certainty (the classification criteria were established only in 1980), and (3) until fairly recently there were few researchers interested in studying this disease.
On Music Fit for a Courtesan: Representations of the Courtesan and Her Music in Sixteenth-Century Italy
Authors: Davies Drew Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For modern-day scholars it is hard to differentiate courtesans’ music-making from women’s musical traditions in general. Dawn De Rycke and Martha Feldman have elaborated on how courtesans’ traditions of solo song, though orally transmitted, can be imagined in practice in the absence of a specific musical canon. By contrast, this essay explores courtesans’ music and music-making as mediated through several compositional, visual, and poetic repertories that do not transmit the courtesan’s voice directly but mediate it through various genres, especially paintings that associate specific musical genres with probable courtesan singers. In the process it confirms claims made by Guido Ruggiero and Courtney Quaintance later in this volume that the social register of Italian courtesans was routinely but ambiguously represented as both “high” and “low,” and suggests that courtesans’ music-making consisted likewise of an erudite or effete practice of performing markedly “lower” musical genres.
From Russia to the Paris Exhibition
Authors: Blakeman Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After several years when Taffanel wrote virtually nothing in his Notes biographiques, these two entries for 1887 suddenly stand out. The three wind players, Taffanel with oboist Georges Gillet and clarinetist Charles Turban, were invited to Russia by Saint-Saëns under the auspices of the French Red Cross, which had engaged him for seven concerts during Easter Week with the Imperial Opera Orchestra. In the days before passport photographs, Taffanel’s visa for this trip carried a concise description of him (see fig. 14): Saint-Saëns went on ahead to begin rehearsals and was greeted rapturously— particularly when he demonstrated that he could count in Russian during rehearsals. Taffanel, Gillet, and Turban left Paris by train on 12 April and traveled via Berlin, where Taffanel had hoped to meet Joachim Andersen, but a letter was waiting to say that he had had to stand in for a colleague and conduct a concert.
The Production and Appropriation Of Chemical Signals among Plants, Herbivores, and Predators
Authors: Greenstone Matthew H , Dickens Joseph C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Interactions among plants, prey, and predators are shaped by a complex blend of interspecific chemical signals (allomones, synomones, and kairomones) and intraspecific chemical signals (pheromones). Prey-induced chemical cues are prominent among chemicals released by plants that mediate predator-prey interactions among arthropods. These chemical cues, like the alarm, marking, sex, and aggregation pheromones produced by prey and predators, may be appropriated for communication by other players in the system. Hence, there are trade-offs for the signalers in producing them. The behavioral outcomes, mediated by predator-prey chemical communication, are determined largely by the capacities and constraints of sensory receptors. In addition, the role of chemical communication in predator-prey interactions is determined by the higher order processing of information in the brain.
The Consequences of Predator and Prey Adaptations for Top-Down and Bottom-Up Effects
Authors: Abrams Peter A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Early theory regarding top-down and bottom-up effects in food chains and ecosystems was based on very simple models. The predictions of that theory have been successful in describing the responses of some systems to impacts on top or bottom levels, but there are at least as many cases that are inconsistent with the theory. In this chapter, this theory is extended to include the possibility of adaptive change in the interactions between levels. The models have two or three trophic levels and include direct density dependence on all levels. The analysis considers the change in abundance of each level in response to a standardized perturbation (i.e., an increase in the per capita mortality rate). The combination of adaptive change and direct density dependence greatly increases the range of potential responses of trophic-level abundances to altered mortalities. The equilibrium abundance of the top level in a consumer-resource system may increase in response to an increase in its own per capita mortality rate, because of either its foraging adaptations or the resource species’ antipredator adaptations. In three-level systems, the interaction of direct density dependence with adaptive foraging makes it possible for most of the responses of abundance of one species or level to mortality, at its own or another level, to be positive or negative. Whether a given level increases or decreases often can be determined, with sufficient knowledge about the shapes of the relationships between densities and fitness. In particular, knowing the sign of the immediate response of foraging effort to a change in food density allows the signs of several effects to be determined. The ability of this analysis to account for observations that are inconsistent with earlier theory is reviewed.
Armored Cruisers And Empire The Battle of Manila Bay May 1, 1898
Authors: Symonds Craig L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In The Third Of A Century Between The End Of The Civil War in 1865 and the American declaration of war against Spain in 1898, the United States was transformed. Even as the nation struggled painfully through the period of broken pledges and sectional resentment that history has labeled Reconstruction, it also strengthened its hold on the North American continent, strapping it together with railroads and telegraph wires and stamping out the last resistance from the native tribes. At the same time, American industry became a force of historic proportions. Triggered in part by the mass production of war materiel from 1861 to 1865, fueled by new developments in engineering and metallurgy, and fed by a cheap labor pool of immigrants, the United States became an economic and industrial powerhouse by the 1890s, establishing the foundation that would eventually make it the most powerful nation on earth. If the rest of the world failed to take sufficient note of this historic phenomenon, it was in part because until the very end of the century the transformative significance of these developments was not immediately evident beyond America’s insulating and protecting oceans.
Who Develops SJogren’s Syndrome?
Authors: Wallace Daniel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since Sjogren’s IS A SYNDROME and a disease, ascertaining how many people have it and elucidating its epidemiologic features have proven to be difficult undertakings. Although there are a variety of reasons for this, the most important is that an international consensus on how to define Sjogren’s has only recently been agreed upon. This chapter will review how many people have Sjogren’s and the principal identifying features of those individuals, as well as issues relating to genetic predisposition.
Generalized Symptoms and Signs of Sjogren’s Syndrome
Authors: Soloman Nehad R , Carsons MD Steven E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IT Has Been LONG realized that Sjogren’s syndrome is a complex disease, with the principal symptoms being dry eye and dry mouth. Over the course of many years it has been realized that there are a myriad of extraglandular symptoms encompassed by this disorder. These may include constitutional symptoms such as fatigue, achiness, fever, adenopathy (swollen glands), myalgias (muscle pain), and weight loss. Dryness in this disease is predominantly of the eyes and mouth, but it is not limited to these areas and commonly occurs in the skin, respiratory tract, and vaginal lining. Patients with Sjogren’s syndrome may also suffer from shortness of breath, cough, joint pain and swelling, rashes, reflux, muscle weakness, urinary dysfunction, peripheral or central nervous system disease, thyroid disease, and even depression. This chapter will provide a brief overview, with focus on the various extra glandular signs and symptoms associated with Sjogren’s syndrome (Table 6.1), whereas the next chapters will focus on specific organ manifestations.
Adjunctive Measures, Comorbidities, and Reproductive Issues in Sjogren’s
Authors: Solsky Marilyn , Weisman Michael H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Patients With Sjogren’S Syndrome are well aware of their symptoms of dry eye and dry mouth; however, Sjogren’s is a systemic illness, and patients need to be aware of certain risk factors and comorbidities that exist with this disease. Patients with Sjogren’s secondary to another rheumatic condition such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or rheumatoid arthritis (RA) need to be cognizant of the potential additional complications of these conditions.
Can I Work?
Authors: Hallegua David S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sjogren’s Syndrome is known to cause eye and mouth dryness, fatigue, fever, joint pain, and muscle pain, but it also involves organs such as the lung, kidney, brain, and lymph glands. The severity of the illness varies widely; it can even be life-threatening and result in disability and inability to work. The mean age of a patient with Sjogren’s syndrome is around 55, which suggests that many of these patients may qualify for Medicare benefits and Social Security payments at age 65.
What Will Happen To Me?
Authors: Mavragani Clio P , Kassan MD Stuart S , Moutsopoulos Haralampos M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sjogren’s Syndrome is a chronic disease without a cure. It’s a tough disease to live with day in and day out. However, many tools are available to Sjogren’s patients to help them live a long and productive life, as we have seen in previous chapters. No one can tell a patient what will happen to her or him over time, but we can talk about some of the potential complications. Sjogren’s is said to be a “lifestyle-threatening” but not life-threatening disease. In fact, although the symptoms of Sjogren’s syndrome, such as dry mouth and eyes, can negatively impact quality of life and are long-lasting, this disorder rarely completely incapacitates or shortens life span. In cases of secondary Sjogren’s syndrome, outcome is related to the underlying disorder. Complications from primary Sjogren’s syndrome can occur at various levels, depending on the organs involved.
Vocational Rehabilitation
Authors: Malec James F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Regional surveys of people with traumatic brain injury (TBI), family/significant others (Kolakowsky-Hayner et al., 2001; “A vision for the future: TBI town meetings 1994,” 1994) and the professional literature (Malec & Basford, 1996) identify employment services, along with service coordination and public awareness, as primary needs after significant TBI. Nonetheless, almost 20 years of data on vocational outcomes after TBI indicate that no more than 40% (and possibly less than 30%) of people with moderate to severe TBI obtain and maintain community- based employment (CBE) after their injuries. In contrast, reports on specialized programs and demonstration projects have reported marked improvement (over 70% of people served in CBE) over the historical benchmark of less than 40% in CBE.
Prologue
Authors: Jones Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At 6:00 a.m. on April 17, 1961, a lone B-26 roared out of the dim light of the distant western horizon to challenge the Cuban brigade as it hurried to complete a night-time landing at Red Beach in southern Cuba. The pilot, one of Fidel Castro’s best, circled the Barbara J before zeroing in on the huge gunboat with rhythmic blasts of machine-gun fire that disabled two engines and almost sank it on a return assault. But those on board the ship returned the volleys with the steady hammer of BARs and machine guns, hitting the plane on its third pass and sending it down in a fiery crash beyond the dense mangrove trees and into the swamp.