bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predator Recognition and Learned Irrelevance in the Crayfish Orconectes virilis
Authors: Hazlett Brian A. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractWhen individuals of the crayfish Orconectes virilis detect an unlearned danger cue (alarm odor) and a novel cue (goldfish odor) at the same time, they form a learned association and behave as if the novel cue is associated with increased predation risk (Hazlett et al. 2002). This study examined the potential for learned irrelevance in O. virilis and the circumstances under which blockage of the formation of a learned association could occur. If individuals experience a random pattern of alarm odor and goldfish odor over the days prior to the simultaneous detection of those two cues, no learned association is formed (= learned irrelevance). That is, there is no inhibition of responses to a food cue when goldfish odor is added if the crayfish has experienced a random pattern of the two cues. Learning was eliminated if the random pattern of cues was experienced before or after the simultaneous detection. To present the two cues (alarm and goldfish odors) to crayfish independently on separate days, the water containing goldfish odor had to be removed from the aquaria as the odor persisted at least 24 h. The importance of the learned irrelevance phenomenon on predator–prey interactions is discussed.
Natal Dispersal Patterns of a Subsocial Spider Anelosimus cf. jucundus (Theridiidae)
Authors: Powers Kimberly S. , Avilés Leticia 
Published: September 2003

AbstractSpecies that alternate periods of solitary and social living may provide clues to the conditions that favor sociality. Social spiders probably originated from subsocial‐like ancestors, species in which siblings remain together for part of their life cycle but disperse prior to mating. Exploring the factors that lead to dispersal in subsocial species, but allow the development of large multigenerational colonies in social species, may provide insight into this transition. We studied the natal dispersal patterns of a subsocial spider, Anelosimus cf. jucundus, in Southeastern Arizona. In this population, spiders disperse from their natal nests in their penultimate and antepenultimate instars over a 3‐mo period. We tracked the natal dispersal of marked spiders at sites with clustered vs. isolated nests. We found that most spiders initially dispersed less than 5 m from their natal nests. Males and females, and spiders in patches with different densities of nests, dispersed similar distances. The fact that both sexes in a group dispersed, the lack of a sex difference in dispersal distance, and the relatively short distances dispersed are consistent with the hypothesis that natal dispersal results from resource competition within the natal nest, rather than inbreeding avoidance in competition for mates. Additionally, an increase in the average distance dispersed with time and with the number of spiders leaving a nest suggests that competition for nest sites in the vicinity of the natal nest may affect dispersal distances. The similar distances dispersed in patches with isolated vs. clustered nests, in contrast, suggest that competition among dispersers from different nests may not affect dispersal distances.
Predator Inspection Behaviour in a Characin Fish: an Interaction between Chemical and Visual Information?
Authors: Brown Grant E. , Magnavacca Gaelle 
Published: September 2003

AbstractRecent evidence suggests that predator inspection behaviour by Ostariophysan prey fishes is regulated by both the chemical and visual cues of potential predators. In laboratory trials, we assessed the relative importance of chemical and visual information during inspection visits by varying both ambient light (visual cues) and predator odour (chemical cues) in a 2 × 2 experimental design. Shoals of glowlight tetras (Hemigrammus erythrozonus) were exposed to a live convict cichlid (Archocentrus nigrofasciatus) predator under low (3 lux) or high (50 lux) light levels and in the presence of the odour of a cichild fed tetras (with an alarm cue) or swordtails (Xiphophorus helleri, with an alarm cue not recognized by tetras). Tetras exhibited threat‐sensitive inspection behaviour (increased latency to inspect, reduced frequency of inspection, smaller inspecting group sizes and increased minimum approach distance) towards a predator paired with a tetra‐fed diet cue, regardless of light levels. Similar threat‐sensitive inspection patterns were observed towards cichlids paired with a swordtail‐fed diet cue only under high light conditions. Our data suggest that chemical cues in the form of prey alarm cues in the diet of the predator, are the primary source of information regarding local predation risk during inspection behaviour, and that visual cues are used when chemical information is unavailable or ambiguous.
The Cytology of the External Ear Canal in the Normal Dog and Cat
Authors: Tater K. C. , Scott D. W. , Miller W. H. , Erb H. N. 
Published: September 2003

SummaryThis study was conducted on 50 normal dogs and 52 normal cats in order to characterize the normal cytological findings in specimens taken from the vertical ear canal by swabbing. Yeast were detected in 96% of the dogs and 83% of the cats. Gram‐positive cocci were found in 42% of the dogs and 71% of the cats. Rods were not seen. In dogs, the median numbers per high‐power microscopic field (400× magnification) for yeast, cocci and keratinocytes were 0.2, 0 and 3.9, respectively. In cats, the median numbers were 0.2, 0.3 and 8, respectively. Nucleated keratinocytes were occasionally observed in both species, and should not be mistaken for a pathological process (parakeratotic hyperkeratosis).
Follow‐up Examinations of Bitches after Conservative Treatment of Pyometra with the Antigestagen Aglepristone
Authors: Trasch K. , Wehrend A. , Bostedt H. 
Published: September 2003

SummaryThe aim of this study was to determine the therapeutic success of the medical treatment of canine pyometra with the antigestagen aglepristone and to document the recurrence rate in relation to the time interval after treatment with antigestagens. In 48 (92.8%) of the 52 treated bitches, healing could be achieved within the first 3 weeks after the treatment had been started. One bitch died as a result of renal insufficiency; in three bitches there was no emptying of the uterus, so ovariohysterectomy became necessary. In these three patients, ovarian and endometrial cysts were present. Forty‐one bitches could be followed up for 3 months. Four animals developed a recurrence (9.8%). In three bitches ovarian cysts and cystic endometrial hyperlasia could be found intra operationem. The development of 37 bitches could be followed for at least 1 year. Seven animals developed a pyometra again (18.9%). Two received a repeated treatment with aglepristone and have been free from recurrence for over 12 months. In 37 animals data on the subsequent sex cycles are available. In 22 bitches next heat started at the expected time, in seven animals heat started too early. In eight bitches the period of anoestrus was prolonged. Five of the six bred bitches delivered at least one litter.The presented data show that treatment of pyometra by aglepristone results in a high healing rate. The recurrence rate can be minimized by the selection of bitches without ovarian cysts and cystic endometrial hyperplasia.
Mutualism can mediate competition and promote coexistence
Authors: Schmitt Russell J. , Holbrook Sally J. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractMutualistic interactions are not believed to promote coexistence of competitors because mutualisms produce positive feedbacks on abundances whereas coexistence requires negative feedbacks. Here we show that a mutualism between an anemonefish (Amphiprion) and its sea anemone host mediates the effect of asymmetrical competition for space between the anemonefish and another damselfish (Dascyllus) in a manner that fosters their coexistence. Amphiprion stimulates increases in host area, the shared resource, but social interactions cap the number of anemonefish to two adults per host. Space generated by the mutualism becomes differentially available to Dascyllus because the effectiveness of an anemonefish in excluding its competitor declines with increases in the area it defends. This alters Amphiprion's ratio of per capita intra‐ to interspecific effects and thus facilitates coexistence of the fishes. This mechanism may be prevalent in nature, adding another major pathway by which mutualism can enhance diversity.
Growth rate–stoichiometry couplings in diverse biota
Authors: Elser J. J. , Acharya K. , Kyle M. , Cotner J. , Makino W. , Markow T. , Watts T. , Hobbie S. , Fagan W. , Schade J. , Hood J. , Sterner R. W. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractBiological stoichiometry provides a mechanistic theory linking cellular and biochemical features of co‐evolving biota with constraints imposed by ecosystem energy and nutrient inputs. Thus, understanding variation in biomass carbon : nitrogen : phosphorus (C : N : P) stoichiometry is a major priority for integrative biology. Among various factors affecting organism stoichiometry, differences in C : P and N : P stoichiometry have been hypothesized to reflect organismal P‐content because of altered allocation to P‐rich ribosomal RNA at different growth rates (the growth rate hypothesis, GRH). We tested the GRH using data for microbes, insects, and crustaceans and we show here that growth, RNA content, and biomass P content are tightly coupled across species, during ontogeny, and under physiological P limitation. We also show, however, that this coupling is relaxed when P is not limiting for growth. The close relationship between P and RNA contents indicates that ribosomes themselves represent a biogeochemically significant repository of P in ecosystems and that allocation of P to ribosome generation is a central process in biological production in ecological systems.
Death and people with learning disabilities: empowering carers
Authors: Bennett Dora 
Published: September 2003

SummaryThis study investigates the provision of loss and bereavement education to carers of people with learning disabilities within a small community home. The literature that informs this study reviews the history of care of people with learning disabilities, theories of education and theories of loss and bereavement. The research approach is a micro ethnographic one. It considers the results of an evaluation of an educational session based on 12 individual needs assessment interviews. Results show increased personal insight as a result of the educational session with carers being able to identify areas of change to care provision as an outcome. In conclusion, this study shows the place and value of a ‘small scale approach to training’ and promotes proactive care provision around loss and bereavement to people with learning disabilities.
Secure care and treatment needs of individuals with learning disability and severe challenging behaviour
Authors: Vaughan Phillip J. 
Published: September 2003

SummaryA survey was undertaken within the catchment area of the Wessex Consortium (population 1.8 million) to identify the number of individuals with learning disabilities and challenging behaviour who were placed in or needed to be placed in secure care. Twenty‐nine men and six women were identified, the majority of whom were in out‐of‐area placements.There is a need to develop a local long‐stay secure service offering a range of security measures and focusing on individuals who exhibit problems of violence and sexually inappropriate behaviour. Consideration should be given to providing small domestic style functional units as the preferred model of provision with a separate facility for a small number of women. The service should also be closely integrated with local community learning disability services.
The assessment of the sexual knowledge of a person with a severe learning disability and a severe communication disorder
Authors: Bell Dorothy M. , Cameron Lois 
Published: September 2003

SummaryThis paper arose as a consequence of joint working between therapists of two different disciplines – clinical psychology and speech and language therapy – on a case involving a young woman who required an assessment of her sexual knowledge and attitudes. It explains how the recent development of a method of communication for those with a severe communication disorder (Talking Mats) has meant that it has become possible to work with those who have a severe learning disability and poor communication. In the past, clients with both severe learning disability with poor communication may have been excluded from traditional and cognitive therapy, which was dependent to a large extent on verbal communication. This paper, therefore, is of value in extending the range of methods for assessment and intervention that may be used by a range of disciplines with people showing severe learning disabilities and severe communication disorder.
Occupational therapists' perceptions of the role of community learning disability teams
Authors: Lillywhite Alison , Atwal Anita 
Published: September 2003

SummaryMultiprofessional working is a central aspect of current health and social care policy. A key aspect of teamwork is role perception. This article presents the findings of a small‐scale study of occupational therapists' perceptions of their core roles in specialist learning disability teams. It presents the views of community occupational therapists regarding the roles of other team members. The findings of this study suggest that occupational therapists emphasize their and other health and social care professionals' uniqueness through role delineation. There was little evidence of integration of roles and/or joint working. Recommendations are made to enhance multiprofessional working that should ensure that professionals respond more effectively by providing person‐centred quality services.
Dialysis Membrane and Modality in Acute Renal Failure: Understanding Discordant Meta‐Analyses
Authors: Teehan Geoffrey S. , Liangos Orfeas , Lau Joseph , Levey Andrew S. , Pereira Brian J. G. , Jaber Bertrand L. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractMeta‐analyses of the published literature are increasingly being used, allowing similar clinical trials to be combined quantitatively, thereby increasing the precision of the estimation of treatment effect. Four meta‐analyses were recently published comparing the impact of dialysis membranes or dialysis modality on clinical outcomes of patients with acute renal failure (ARF) requiring renal replacement therapy. Two studies compared dialysis membranes in intermittent hemodialysis (IHD) and two studies compared continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) to IHD. The findings between each pair of meta‐analyses were discordant. This was due in part to the differences among meta‐analyses in inclusion and exclusion criteria, the paucity of randomized controlled trials, variation in individual study quality, and heterogeneity in the study populations and settings. Understanding these issues is important to properly interpret results from these meta‐analyses.
Ethical Issues in Dialysis Alan Spital, Series Editor: The Ethics of Organ Transplantation for Prisoners
Authors: Kahn Jeffrey 
Published: September 2003

AbstractOrgan transplantation for prisoners raises numerous ethical issues. Questions immediately emerge about how to justify the use of scarce organs for prisoners when law‐abiding citizens are waiting. The answer to whether and why we ought to perform organ transplants for prisoners lies in how we understand society's commitments to prisoners' health and health care, and whether being incarcerated changes the priority of a patient waiting for a transplant. While prisoners forfeit many freedoms, access to and the provision of adequate health care are guaranteed to them, and ought to include access to organ transplants.
Ethical Issues in Dialysis Alan Spital, Series Editor: Do Not Resuscitate Orders and Iatrogenic Arrest During Dialysis: Should “No” Mean “No”?
Authors: Ross Lainie Friedman 
Published: September 2003

AbstractAn iatrogenic arrest is a cardiopulmonary arrest induced by a therapeutic effort. Frequently cardiopulmonary arrests during hemodialysis (HD) are iatrogenic. In this article I consider the question of what to do when a cardiopulmonary arrest occurs during HD in a patient with a do not resuscitate (DNR) order. I consider and reject four arguments to override the DNR order: the principle of nonmaleficence, the efficacy of resuscitation, proximate cause, and physician error. Instead, I argue that respect for patient autonomy and patient goals means that DNR orders must be respected unless there is compelling evidence that overriding the DNR would be consistent with the patient's goals. If such evidence is lacking, the physician has no moral choice but to follow the DNR order literally. As such, nephrologists need better communication with their patients regarding advance care planning and better documentation of their communication once it has occurred.
Rehabilitation of Dialysis Patients Series Editor, Nany G. Kutner: An Integrated Approach to Care for Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Curtin Roberta Braun , Becker Bryan , Kimmel Paul L. , Schatell Dori 
Published: September 2003

AbstractAlthough the Kidney Disease Outcomes and Quality Initiative (K/DOQI) guidelines serve to integrate the multiple stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD), in practice, the treatment of kidney disease over its progressive course may be somewhat fragmented. Because the provision of integrated care across the stages of kidney disease, is likely to be advantageous for both patients and care providers, a conceptual framework which graphically depicts the complex and chronic nature of kidney disease may prove useful. The Life Options Rehabilitation Advisory Council (LORAC) proposes a cycle diagram to reflect the chronicity and complexity of kidney disease and to emphasize a holistic perception of kidney disease the notion that kidney disease, from its inception to the worst‐case scenario outcome of kidney failure. The kidney disease cycle conceptualization can serve as a patient teaching aid and as a reminder of the communication, collaboration, and cooperation that are required among primary care physicians and practitioners in each of the specialty areas that address the spectrum of kidney disease.
Editorial Focus: Dialysis and Pregnancy: Pregnancy in Dialysis Patients: Where Do We Go From Here?
Authors: Hou Susan 
Published: September 2003

AbstractCurrent guidelines for dialysis in pregnant women have been developed in response to occasional dialysis patients who unexpectedly become pregnant. These include prolonged dialysis times, generally 20 or more hours per week. The increased dialysis time requires careful monitoring of phosphorus and potassium which may be removed in excessive amounts. Target serum bicarbonate for a pregnant woman is 18–20 mEq/L. Patients require increased supplementation of water soluble vitamins particularly folate. Increased doses of erythropoietin are needed to meet the demands for increased red cell production occasioned by pregnancy. Hypertension is the greatest danger to the mother and extreme vigilance is required up to six weeks postpartum. Volume status is difficult to predict and can only be determined by repeated clinical assessment. Only 50% of pregnancies result in a surviving infant and in the best subgroups, no more than 75% of pregnancies are successful. Over 80% of live born infants are premature, often severely premature. The key to improving the outcome of pregnancy in dialysis patients lies in decreasing premature labor and premature rupture of membranes in the late second and early third trimester. To this end, it is important for obstetricians to recognize that the risk of prematurity in pregnant dialysis patients is as higher or higher than in any other group and that any intervention, including such measures as progesterone and oxytocin antagonists, used to prevent premature labor in other groups should be considered in dialysis patients.
Dialysis in Pregnant Women with Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Shemin Douglas 
Published: September 2003

AbstractPregnancy occurs uncommonly in women with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and fetal outcome tends to be poor, with high rates of prematurity and mortality. Dialysis, by complementing residual renal function, may improve fetal outcome in pregnant women with CKD. Although there are no prospective or randomized trials that examine the relationship between dialysis and fetal outcome, there is evidence that increased solute clearance, by early initiation of or intensification of dialysis, is beneficial for the health of the fetus. Case reports and observational studies from the United States, Belgium, and Saudi Arabia suggest that there is a relationship between successful pregnancy and the amount of dialysis received. Unfortunately, in these reports, measures of residual renal function and dialysis adequacy are lacking or incomplete. Nonetheless, compared to nonpregnant patients with CKD, in pregnant women with CKD it is reasonable to begin dialysis at a higher level of residual renal function in the hope of improving fetal outcome.
Endocrinology and Dialysis: Issue and Therapies Series Editor: Jean L. Holley: Pregnancy in Dialysis Patients: A Review of Outcomes, Complications, and Management
Authors: Holley Jean L. , Reddy Sai Subhodhini 
Published: September 2003

AbstractAlthough uncommon, pregnancy occurs in women on chronic dialysis. In 1980 the incidence of pregnancy in women on dialysis was 0.9%. Studies from 1992 to 2003 indicate that pregnancy occurred in 1–7% of women on chronic dialysis. Half of the infants born to women on chronic dialysis survive. Of importance is that “intensive dialysis” of 16–24 hr/week is associated with improved infant survival. In this article, the incidence, duration, fetal and maternal complications, and outcomes of pregnancy in women on chronic dialysis are reviewed. The management of anemia, hypertension, electrolytes, bone minerals, and acid‐base parameters in the pregnant dialysis patient is also summarized. Recommendations regarding the dialysis prescription for the pregnant woman on hemodialysis (HD) or peritoneal dialysis (PD) are also made. The complex and precarious condition of the pregnant woman on dialysis requires close collaboration between the patient, nephrologist, dialysis staff, obstetrician, and neonatologist to maximize the chance of a successful pregnancy.
American Society of Diagnostic and Interventional Nephrology: Section Editor: Stephen Ash: Catheter Management Protocol for Catheter‐Related Bacteremia Prophylaxis
Authors: Beathard Gerald A. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThis study reports a prospective observational study in which an infection prophylaxis protocol based on the National Kidney Foundation's Kidney Disease Outcomes and Quality Initiative (NKF‐K/DOQI) guideline 15 describing guidelines for the care of the tunneled dialysis catheter at the time of catheter hook‐up for dialysis was used. Catheter‐related bacteremia (CRB) incidence data were collected for a 24‐month study period and compared to retrospectively collected control data for the immediately preceding 9 months in the same patient population under the same conditions except for the prophylaxis protocol. The incidence of CRB fell from an average level of 6.97 per 1000 catheter‐days during the control period to an average of 1.68 during the study period. This change was statistically significant. Although the lowered incidence required 6 months to reach its maximum, the decreased infection rate was sustained. The average incidence during the last 18 months of the study period was 1.28 per 1000 catheter‐days. Staff compliance with the protocol did require repetitive education and assessment.