bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alcohol Consumption and Expenditures for Underage Drinking and Adult Excessive Drinking
Authors: Foster Susan E. , Vaughan Roger D. , Foster William H. , Califano Joseph A. 
Published: March 2003

ContextAlthough estimates of the amount and proportion of alcohol consumed by underage and adult drinkers have been reported, more accurate estimates are possible and the economic impact has not been explored.ObjectivesTo provide accurate estimates of underage and adult excessive drinking and to describe consumer expenditures linked to underage and adult excessive drinking.Design and SettingInformation was obtained from national data sets, including 1999 versions of the National Household Survey of Drug Abuse, the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS), the Behavior Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), 2000 US Census, and national data on consumption and consumer expenditures for alcohol, published by Adams Business Research.ParticipantsA total of 217 192 persons aged 12 years or older across 3 data sources.Main Outcome MeasuresAmount as a proportion of total alcohol consumed and proportion of consumer expenditures on alcohol among underage (12-20 years) and adult excessive (≥21 years) drinkers.ResultsThe proportion of 12- to 20-year-olds who drink was estimated to be 50.0% using data from the YRBS; the proportion of adults aged 21 or older who drink was estimated to be 52.8% using data from the BRFSS. The estimated total number of drinks consumed per month was 4.21 billion; underage drinkers consumed 19.7% of this total. The amount of adult drinking that was excessive (&amp;gt;2 drinks per day) was 30.4%. Consumer expenditure on alcohol in the United States in 1999 was $116.2 billion; of that, $22.5 billion was attributed to underage drinking and $34.4 billion was attributed to adult excessive drinking.ConclusionThese data suggest that underage drinkers and adult excessive drinkers are responsible for 50.1% of alcohol consumption and 48.9% of consumer expenditure.
Impact of Quality Improvement Efforts on Race and Sex Disparities in Hemodialysis
Authors: Sehgal Ashwini R. 
Published: March 2003

ContextBy improving the process of care, quality improvement efforts have the potential to reduce race and sex disparities. However, little is known about whether reductions actually occur. National quality improvement activities targeting hemodialysis patients provide an opportunity to examine this issue.ObjectiveTo determine the effect of quality improvement efforts on race and sex disparities among hemodialysis patients.Design, Setting, and SubjectsLongitudinal study of 58 700 randomly selected hemodialysis patients from throughout the United States in 1993 through 2000.InterventionMedicare-funded quality improvement project involving monitoring of patient outcomes, feedback of performance data, and education of clinicians at dialysis centers.Main Outcome MeasuresChanges in hemodialysis dose (Kt/V), anemia management (hemoglobin level), and nutritional status (albumin level).ResultsThe proportion of all patients with an adequate hemodialysis dose increased 2-fold. In 1993, 46% of white patients and 36% of black patients received an adequate hemodialysis dose compared with 2000 when the proportions were 87% and 84%, respectively. Thus, the gap between white and black patients decreased from 10% to 3% (P&amp;lt;.001). The gap between female and male patients decreased from 23% to 9% over the same period (P = .008). The proportion of all patients with adequate hemoglobin levels increased 3-fold. The proportion of all patients with adequate albumin levels remained unchanged. Race and sex disparities in anemia management and nutritional status did not change significantly.ConclusionsQuality improvement efforts have a variable impact on race and sex disparities in health outcomes. Further work is needed to determine how quality improvement methods can be targeted to reduce health disparities.
Enhancing children's responsibility to take action against bullying: Evaluation of a befriending intervention in Italian middle schools
Authors: Menesini Ersilia , Codecasa Elena , Benelli Beatrice , Cowie Helen 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis paper reports on the evaluation of a peer support model implemented in two Italian secondary middle schools as an anti‐bullying intervention. Specifically, the aims of the intervention were (1) to reduce bullying episodes through developing in bullies an awareness of their own and others' behaviour, (2) to enhance children's capacity to offer support to the victims of bullying, (3) to enhance responsibility and involvement on the part of bystanders, (4) to improve the quality of interpersonal relationships in the class group, and (5) to analyse possible age and gender differences related to the effect of intervention.Two middle schools from central Italy took part in the study (age range of pupils, 11–14 years). In the two schools, nine classes (94 boys and 84 girls ) were part of the experimental group, whereas the remaining five classes formed the control group (63 boys and 52 girls). The intervention was implemented for one school year, from October 1998 to May 1999. Before and after the intervention, two measures were administered in the experimental and control classes: (1) a questionnaire on the participants' roles in bully/victim relationships, originally developed by Salmivalli et al. [1996: Aggressive Behavior 22:1–15] and revised for younger children by Sutton and Smith [1999: Aggressive Behavior 25:97–111], and (2) a questionnaire on attitudes toward bullying—an Italian questionnaire comprising 11 attitude items previously developed [Menesini E, et al. 1997: EARLI Conference] on the basis of Rigby and Slee's [1991: Journal of Social Psychology 131:615–627] pro‐victim scale. Given the within‐subjects design of the study, a MANOVA was run using time as the within‐subjects factor and sex and age as between‐subject factors.The results of this short‐term study highlight the fact that a befriending intervention had a positive effect on the experimental classes, preventing the increase of negative behaviours and attitudes reported in the group that did not receive the intervention. The findings that related to the pro‐bullying roles and to the role of outsiders are particularly relevant since these roles remained stable or decreased in the experimental group, whereas they clearly increased in the control group. The opposite trend was registered for children's pro‐victim attitude, which shows a decrease in the control sample and good stability in the experimental group. On the whole, the intervention seemed to prevent the escalation of negative behaviours and attitudes that often develop spontaneously in young people of this age. Aggr. Behav. 29:1–14, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Striped Metal Nanowires as Building Blocks and Optical Tags
Authors: Keating C.D. , Natan M.J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractSequential electrodeposition within a porous template can be used to prepare striped nanowires with tailorable dimensions and composition. Variations in composition along the length of the wire can be used to incorporate electrical functionality, optical contrast, and/or desired surface chemistry. Nanowires can be functionalized with chemical or biochemical reagents appropriate for assembly or biosensing. Therefore, these particles are interesting as building blocks for nanoscale electronics and as “barcodes” for both biological and non‐biological tagging applications. In this article, we briefly discuss the synthesis and optical readout of striped metal nanowires, as well as progress towards each of these potential applications.
Mechanisms for the Shape‐Control and Shape‐Evolution of Colloidal Semiconductor Nanocrystals
Authors: Peng X. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe shape of CdSe and other semiconductor nanocrystals is controlled, producing dots, rods, rice‐shaped particles, tetrapods, or other elongated shapes. Monomer concentration in the growth solution is the determining factor in shape‐control and shape‐evolution. The elongated shapes could be transformed into more spherical shapes if the monomer concentration in the solution was lowered to a certain level, and spherically shaped nanocrystals could grow to elongated shapes by simply increasing the monomer concentration. The precursors are stable, inexpensive, and relatively non‐toxic, and therefore good choices for the growth of nearly monodisperse and shape‐controlled nanocrystals.
Clinical presentation of severe anemia in pediatric patients with sickle cell anemia seen in Enugu, Nigeria
Authors: Juwah A.I. , Nlemadim A. , Kaine W. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAnemia is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with sickle cell anemia. In this study, 108 episodes of severe anemia were prospectively evaluated in 108 patients with hemoglobin SS disease attending the pediatric sickle cell clinic of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria. Young children between the ages of 2 and 4 years were found to be at the greatest risk of developing anemic crises (severe anemia). There was a gradual but progressive decline in the incidence of severe anemia in the age range 8–16 years old. Upper respiratory tract infections are the most commonly associated infections in patients with severe anemia. Others included malaria, septicemia, urinary tract infection, acute chest syndrome, and osteomyelitis. Their role in precipitating episodes of severe anemia among the patients studied could not be fully evaluated. Pallor, jaundice, and fever were the most commonly encountered symptoms in patients with severe anemia on admission. About half of the parents/guardians failed to notice severe anemia among the patients studied, perhaps due to the dark color of the African skin. Caregivers need to be educated on how to recognize anemia among patients with sickle cell anemia when they develop febrile episodes. Am. J. Hematol. 72:185–191, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative survival advantage of males with down syndrome
Authors: Glasson E.J. , Sullivan S.G. , Hussain R. , Petterson B.A. , Montgomery P.D. , Bittles A.H. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn virtually all countries life expectancy is longer in females than in males. A multigeneration, population‐based dataset was used to investigate whether a gender‐specific difference in life expectancy could be determined in a large cohort (n = 1,332) of people with Down syndrome resident in Western Australia. Contrary to the established pattern of longevity in the general population, and in most people with intellectual disability, males with Down syndrome had a significantly greater life expectancy than females with the same disorder. The reasons for this atypical finding are discussed in terms of the patterns of morbidity experienced by people with Down syndrome, especially at early and late stages of their lifespan. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 15:192–195, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Center of body mass and the evolution of female body shape
Authors: Pawłowski Bogusław , Grabarczyk Marzena 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAmong primates, the genus Homo has a unique sexual dimorphism in general body shape. The stenotypic female “hourglass figure” has often been attributed to sexual selection. Sexual dimorphism both in shape and in position of the center of body mass (CoM) emerges during puberty and is related to hormonal influences. These are only the proximal and not the ultimate causes of this feature. This article explores the hypothesis that the evolutionary (i.e., ultimate) reason for female body shape and male preference for a lower waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR) is due to the acquisition of bipedal locomotion and different biomechanical constraints on each sex. The demands of pregnancy and subsequently carrying infants may have more tightly constrained CoM in females than in males. A lower‐position of CoM relative to height (RCoM=(CoM/height)*100%) would contribute to better stability during pregnancy and infant carrying. Using body measurements from 119 female students, we show that RCoM correlates negatively with only maximal thigh circumference and positively with only WHR and shoulder width. The relationship between RCoM and traits that best characterize female body shape seems to confirm a hypothesis of biomechanical selection pressure that may have acted on Homo female morphology, thus contributing to sexual dimorphism. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 15:144–150, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Coliforms in the water and hemoglobin concentration are predictors of gastrointestinal morbidity of Bangladeshi children ages 1–10 years
Authors: Bhargava Alok , Bouis Howarth E. , Hallman Kelly , Hoque Bilqis A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe presence of pathogens in the water and children's poor nutritional status are likely to increase morbidity in developing countries. Understanding the interactions between the environmental and nutritional factors is important from the standpoint of improving child health. In this study, we analyzed the effects of fecal and total coliforms in the water available at the source and that stored in the household on the spells of gastrointestinal morbidity of 99 Bangladeshi children at three time points in an 8‐month period. Fecal and total coliforms in the stored water were significant predictors (P< 0.05) of morbidity that was modeled using dynamic random effects models. Moreover, children with better hemoglobin status experienced lower morbidity. An empirical model for the proximate determinants of hemoglobin concentration showed significant negative associations between children's hookworm loads and hemoglobin. While the children's intakes of bioavailable iron, iron from meat, fish, and poultry, and iron from animal sources were not significant predictors of hemoglobin status in this population, the need for broader interventions for improving child health was apparent. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 15:209–219, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Satoyoshi syndrome in a caucasian girl improved with glucocorticoids—A clinical report
Authors: Cecchin Cláudia Rafaela , Félix Têmis Maria , Magalhães Richard B. , Furlanetto Tânia Weber 
Published: March 2003

AbstractSatoyoshi syndrome (OMIM 600705) is a rare disorder of unknown cause characterized by progressive painful intermittent muscle spasms, amenorrhea, alopecia, malabsorption, and skeletal abnormalities mimicking a skeletal dysplasia. In this report, we describe a Caucasian 12‐year‐old girl that presented with characteristic manifestations, including alopecia, muscle cramps, and short stature with onset at age 7. Prednisone 60 mg/m2 every other day and amytriptiline 25 mg QD were administered. After 2 months, alopecia had significantly improved and muscle cramps had almost disappeared, so that glucocorticoid treatment was tapered. Follow‐up, 9 months later, showed a normal looking and asymptomatic girl. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Allelic variants interaction of dopamine receptor D4 polymorphism correlate with personality traits in young Korean female population
Authors: Lee Heon‐Jeong , Lee Hong‐Seock , Kim Yong‐Ku , Kim Seung‐Hyun , Kim Leen , Lee Min Soo , Joe Sook‐Haeng , Jung In‐Kwa , Suh Kwang‐Yoon , Kim Sangduk 
Published: March 2003

AbstractPolymorphism in exon III of the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene has been implicated to be associated with the human personality trait of novelty seeking (NS). For this study, we have investigated the possible association between 48‐bp VNTR in exon III and −521 C/T SNP of the DRD4 and personality traits among young (≈14 years of age) Korean female population. We found that the interaction between the two alleles of DRD4 polymorphism, 48‐bp VNTR and −521 C/T, were significantly high on NS (F = 4.88, P = 0.029) and persistence (P) (F = 5.05, P = 0.027) personality scores, suggesting that the variants of DRD4 gene influence the NS and P (persistent) personality traits. When analyzed independently, however, the two different alleles of DRD4 polymorphisms, 48‐bp VNTR and −521 C/T, there was no direct correlation with the personality traits. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A “line item” approach to the identification of genes involved in polygenic behavioral disorders: The Adrenergic α2A(ADRA2A) gene
Authors: Comings D.E. , Gonzalez N.S. , Li S‐C Cheng , MacMurray J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe usual approach for using single base pair polymorphisms (SNPs) for the investigation of the genetics of behavioral disorders is to examine a single diagnostic syndrome or personality trait based on variables relating to a cluster of behavioral symptoms. However, since some of these variables may address behaviors that are associated with one allele while others are associated with the other allele, the overall association may be non‐significant and significant sub‐syndromal associations may be missed. Thus, we have reversed the process in a technique we term a “line item” approach. As a test of the technique we have examined the association between genotypes of a C‐ > G‐1291 Msp I promotor SNP of the ADRA2A gene and 390 individual symptoms from a structured review of DSM‐IV criteria for twelve different groups of symptoms. We examined 334 individuals consisting of controls and subjects with Tourette syndrome (TS). Based on the mean scores for each genotype, those symptoms that were individually significant at α ≤ 0.05 fell into three major groups by mode of inheritance: allele 1 codominant (11 > 12 > 22), allele 2 codominant (22 > 12 > 11), and negative heterosis (12 < 11, 22). Within each mode of inheritance group, the number of symptoms that were significant for the twelve symptom clusters was compared by chi‐square analysis. This showed that symptoms were drawn from the diagnostic groups in a significantly non‐random fashion. Thus, the allele 1 codominant symptoms came from the anxiety, affective, schizoid, and somatization diagnostic groups (internalizing symptoms) (χ2 = 80.0, d.f. = 11, P ≤ 0.0000001), while the allele 2 codominant symptoms came from the ADHD and oppositional defiant/conduct disorder diagnostic groups (externalizing symptoms) (χ2 = 81.0, d.f. = 11, P ≤ 0.0000001). The questions that fell in the negative heterosis type of inheritance were not significantly associated with specific diagnostic groups (P = 0.87). These results showed that the ADRA2A gene was associated with symptoms of autonomic, sympathetic dysfunction from different diagnostic groups. The advantages of the “line item” approach include (a) the identification of the symptoms associated with each allele, (b) the identification of symptom clusters independent of DSM diagnoses, (c) the elucidation of heterosis and other mode of inheritance effects, (d) the distinction between an association with a primary disorder versus a comorbid disorder, (e) the identification of associations with sub‐syndromal symptom clusters that do meet full DSM‐IV criteria, and (f) the identification of symptom clusters across databases. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative analysis of Neanderthal temporal bone morphology using three‐dimensional geometric morphometrics
Authors: Harvati Katerina 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe temporal bone is the location of several traits thought to differentiate Neanderthals from modern humans, including some proposed Neanderthal‐derived traits. Most of these, however, are difficult to measure and are usually described qualitatively. This study applied the techniques of geometric morphometrics to the complex morphology of the temporal bone, in order to quantify the differences observed between Neanderthal and modern human anatomy. Two hundred and seventy modern human crania were measured, representing 9 populations of 30 individuals each, and spanning the extremes of the modern human geographical range. Twelve Neanderthal specimens, as well as Reilingen, Kabwe, Skhul 5, Qafzeh 9, and 4 Late Paleolithic European specimens, were included in the fossil sample. The data were collected in the form of three‐dimensional (3‐D) landmark coordinates, and specimen configurations were superimposed using generalized Procrustes analysis. The fitted coordinates were then analyzed by an array of multivariate statistical methods, including principal components analysis, canonical variates analysis, and Mahalanobis D2. The temporal bone landmark analysis was very successful in separating Neanderthals from modern humans. Neanderthals were separated from modern humans in both the principal components and canonical variates analyses. They were much further in Mahalanobis distances from all modern human populations than any two modern human groups were from each other. Most of the previously described temporal bone traits contributed to this separation. Am J Phys Anthropol 120:323–338, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Kupfer‐Carben‐Komplexe: hochentwickelte Katalysatoren, neue Erkenntnisse
Authors: Kirmse Wolfgang 
Published: March 2003

AbstractDie Steuerung der Selektivität reaktiver Zwischenstufen ist ein wichtiges Ziel in der organischen Chemie. Photochemisch oder thermisch aus Diazoverbindungen erzeugte Carbene lassen sich nicht von außen beeinflussen und bilden Produktgemische. Dagegen führt die katalytische Zersetzung von Diazoverbindungen zu selektiven Carbenoiden, die häufig in der Synthese verwendet werden – bei geringer Kenntnis ihrer Eigenschaften. Andererseits sind zahlreiche Carben‐Metall‐Komplexe bekannt, denen die carbenoide Reaktivität fehlt. Das Zusammenwirken von Experiment und Theorie liefert Informationen über die labilen Zwischenstufen der katalytischen Zersetzung von Diazoverbindungen. Im Mittelpunkt dieses Kurzaufsatzes stehen Kupfer‐Komplexe, doch werden auch andere Metalle berücksichtigt.
Effect of curing time and sulfur content on the dielectric relaxation of styrene butadiene rubber
Authors: Abd‐El‐Messieh S. L. , Abd‐El‐Nour K. N. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractDielectric investigations were carried out on styrene–butadiene rubber cured by an increase in either the sulfur content or curing time in a wide range of frequencies from 100 Hz up to 10 MHz and at room temperature (≈25°C). After subtraction, the losses due to the Maxwell–Wagner effect, the dielectric data showed deviation from the Debye formula but were found to be fitted in the frequency domain by the Havriliak–Nagami function, which is a combination of Cole–Cole and Cole–Davidson functions. This function describes the relaxation mechanisms of the aggregates caused by the movement of the main chain that were expected to be formed by the addition of the different ingredients to the investigated rubber. These mechanisms are also discussed in terms of the distribution function of Fröhlich between two limiting values of relaxation times τ1 and τ2. The relaxation times obtained from both functions increased with an increase in either sulfur content or curing time. The data obtained are discussed in terms of the crosslinking density determined from the Flory–Rehner relation. The effect of thermal aging on such systems was also studied, and the data obtained were compared with those before aging. This investigation led us to conclude that to get an end product that is highly resistant to thermal aging, the system should be cured for a time greater than 30 min with the addition of more than 5 phr sulfur. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 1613–1621, 2003