bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decision-making for breast cancer predisposition gene testing:considerations in women at risk, their relatives, and health care professionals
Authors: Eeles R , Ardern-Jones A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Cancer is a genetic disease at the cellular level because a cancer arises when genetic changes occur in the cancer cell. In a proportion of cases, a genetic change is inherited (in the germ line) and predisposes to the other changes causing cancer development.
Radiotherapy treatment
Authors: McPhail G , Habeshaw T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Mastectomy was the treatment of choice for breast cancer until the results of randomized clinical trials published in the 1980s demonstrated no difference in overall survival in women treated by mastectomy or breast-conserving treatment (Veronesi et al. 1981; Fisher et al. 1985). Fisher et al. (1989) subsequently demonstrated that those women who received radiotherapy following breast-conserving surgery had significantly lover local recurrence rates (5% vs 30%). As a result of these clinical trials, women with early breast cancer now typically have a choice of local treatment with either mastectomy or breast-conserving treatment (Street et al. 1995), although Bergh (1997) points out that 60-70% of women receiving breast-conservmg treatment may be overtreated, because they will not experience disease relapse irrespective of postoperative radiation therapy.
Arterial structure and function in end-stage renal failure
Authors: London Gérard M , Marchais Sylvain J , Guérin Alain P , Métivier Fabien 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with end-stage renal failure (ESRF). and clinical studies have shown that damage of large conduit arteries is a major contributing factor. Macrovascular disease develops rapidly in ESRF patients and is responsible for the high incidence of congestive heart failure, left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), ischemic heart disease, sudden death, cerebrovascular accidents, and peripheral artery diseases. Although the most frequent underlying cause of these complications is occlusive lesions due to atheromatous plaques, many vascular complications arise in ESRF patients in the absence of clinically significant atherosclerotic disease.
Endothelial function in end-stage renal failure
Authors: Glassberg Helene L , Loscalzo Joseph 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The vascular endothelium regulates vascular function through synthesis and local release of several substances, including endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF)/nitric oxide (NO), prostacyclin, and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF), that modulate vascular tone and vascular remodeling. Through elaboration of these factors, the normal endothelium supports vasodilation, inhibition of platelet activation, and inhibition of leukocyte adhesion and intimal proliferation, and helps to maintain blood fluidity and tissue perfusion.
Lipoprotein abnormalities in end-stage renal failure
Authors: Kronenberg Florian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Characterization of lipoproteins Cholesterol and triglycerides are hydrophobic substances that can be transported in plasma only as lipoproteins. Therefore, lipoproteins are essential ‘couriers’ which deliver lipids where they are needed and remove them from peripheral cells when in excess. Lipoproteins are macromolecular complexes with a core of hydrophobic triglycerides and cholesteryl esters. The surface of lipoproteins is mainly composed of a monolayer of phospholipids in contact with the lipids of the lipoprotein core on the end official aspect and with the plasma compartment on the official aspect.
Microabuminunia and atherosclerotic vascular disease
Authors: Yi Jong-Yoon , Bakris George L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Microabuminuia (MAU) is defined as the presence of albumin in the urine above the normal range (of less than 30 milligrams per day) but below the detectable range with the conventional dipstick methodology. Data from several pioneering studies over the last two decades demonstrate that MAU is not only a predictor of diabetic complications but also a powerful independent risk factor of cardiovascular disease (CVD).H Moreover, MAU predicts development of ischemic cardiovascular events related to development of atherosclerosis.
Hemodynamic instability, arrhythmias, and dialysis reactions
Authors: Leunissen K M L , Kooman J P , Sande F M van der 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Intermittent hemodialysis induces rapid changes in the fluid and solute status of the patient. This may lead to clinical symptoms which can vary from slight discomfort to life-threatening complications. The most frequently occurring symptom is hypotension. Other, less common complications are chest pain, cardiac arrhythmias, and anaphylactoid reactions. Although these complications are sometimes unavoidable, they can often be avoided with careful clinical judgment and modification of the dialysis regimen. This chapter will discuss the pathophysiology, treatment, and prevention of acute complications during intermittent dialysis.
Glutamatergic contributions to cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia
Authors: Krystal John H , Belger Aysenil , Abi-Saab Walid , Moghaddam Bita , Charney Dennis S , Anand Amit , Madonick Steven , D’Souza Cyril 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Both cognitive neuroscience and schizophrenia research have moved beyond the study of single regions and single neurotransmitters toward an appreciation of the importance of networks and neurotransmitter interactions (Krystal et al., 1998b). One factor driving these shifts in schizophrenia research has been the appreciation that dopamine (DA) is one of many neurotransmitter systems implicated in the symptoms and cognitive dysfunction associated with schizophrenia (Carlsson and Carlsson, 1990). Rapid growth in the molecular neuroscience and psychopharmacology of glutamate systems has provided a number of potential insights into the pathophysiology of schizophrenia related to the N-methyl-n-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist model psychosis (Krystal et al., 1998b). As a result, there is increasing interest in reviewing this progress in order to integrate this body of research more fully into the schizophrenia literature.
The Central Cholinergic System and Cognitive Dysfunction in Schizophrenia
Authors: McGurk Susan R , Powchik Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Cognitive impairment of varying degrees of severity is seen in virtually all patients with chronic schizophrenia (Gold and Harvey, 1993). In some cases, the impairment is quite mild, detectable only by neuropsychological examination, and perhaps only in comparison with an identical twin. In other cases, the impairment is obvious and severe enough to warrant an additional diagnosis of dementia (Davidson et al., 1995). Unlike psychotic symptoms, cognitive deficits in schizophrenia do not remit spontaneously nor are they ameliorated by treatment with typical antipsychotic drugs (for a review, see Cassens et al., 1990).
Complications of myocardial infarction
Authors: Jennings Kevin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This can be usefully defined as sudden cessation of cardiovascular function. This is usually a legacy of cardiac arrhythmias. When it occurs early after infarction (primary ventricular fibrillation) it may not be associated with a poor prognosis provided successful resuscitation is performed. All personnel with patient-contact should be trained in efficient cardiac arrest procedures.
Psychiatric disorders mimicking dementia
Authors: Berrios G E , Marková I S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is a sobering thought that in the new brave world of neuroimaging, neuropsychology, and high power discriminators, on occasions clinicians are not yet able to distinguish between the mental state caused by echte ‘dementia’ from its copies or mimics. It is known that the latter can be generated by a variety of clinical states, ranging from mental symptoms and diseases to iatrogenic states. The diagnosis and management of these mimics is hampered by the fact that little is known about their mechanisms. Indeed, at this stage it is even unclear where the problem really lies, namely whether it is due to fuzziness inherent in the clinical concepts themselves (e.g. dementia, depression, cognitive impairment, confusion) or to a mere lack of sensitivity in current discriminators. If the issue is concepts, then the emphasis should be on understanding the genesis of the concepts involved and the creation of more imaginative operational definitions; if it is a matter of sensitivity, then the effort ought to go into empirical research.
Dementia with Lewy bodies
Authors: Salmon David P , Galasko Douglas , Hansen Lawrence A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Recent clinico-neuropathological studies have shown that 15–25% of patients who manifest a syndrome similar to dementia of the Alzheimer type during life have Lewy bodies diffusely dis- tributed in widespread regions of the neocortex (Kosaka et al. 1984; Lennox et al. 1989). This cortical Lewy body pathology occurs along with the typical subcortical changes of Parkinson’s disease (PD) (i.e. Lewy bodies and cell loss), and in many cases with the typical cortical distribution of senile plaques (but often not neurofibrillary tangles) associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) (Hansen et al. 1990). A variety of designations have been applied to this clinico- neuropathological entity including diffuse Lewy body disease (Dickson et al. 1987; Kosaka 1990; Kosaka et al. 1984), Lewy body dementia (Gibb et al. 1985, 1989), and senile dementia of the Lewy body type (Perry et al. 1990a). Recently, the designation dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) has been proposed as a more descriptive and all encompassing label (McKeith et al. 1996b).
Locally Induced Hyperthermia In Bladder Cancer
Authors: Rigatti Patrizio , Lev Avidgor , Pozzo Luigi Filippo Da , Salonia Andrea , Colombo Renzo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For long time now local hyperthermia (LHT) has appeared to be a promisi.ng approach for treating solid tumours, particularly those located on the surface of the body or within a natural body cavity. Unfortunately, lack of a suitable and safe technology has prevented so far the implementation of this therapeutic solution. Based on advances in technology and on knowledge regarding the pathophysiology of the neoplastic diseases, recently acquired, many interesting clinical applications concerning hyperthermia alone or in combination with chemo- and/or radiotherapy in tumour ablation and prevention have been documented. A supra-additive, or at least additive antitumoral effect induced by the associated administration of local hyperthermia and radiation or cytostatic drugs has been indeed demonstrated in vitro, in animal models, as well as in many clinical trials.
Fatigue and depression in cancer patients: Conceptual and clinical issues
Authors: Jacobsen Paul , Weitzner Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There is a growing recognition among oncology professionals that fatigue is one of the most common and distressing symptoms experienced by cancer patients (Winningham et al. 1994; Richardson 1995). In seeking to learn more about the aetiology and treatment of fatigue, clinicians and researchers alike have been challenged to understand how fatigue and depression may be related in patients with cancer.
The nature and the role counselling in primary care
Authors: Bond Tim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The development of counselling services in primary health care is at a critical and fairly unpredictable phase. By 2000, it was estimated that over half the practices in Britain had counsel1ors as members of the primary care team (Mellor-Clark et al., 2001). The introduction of primary care group purchasing has created a period of uncertainty and change, with some practices losing counselling services either temporarily or in the longer term. Equally, in some areas, there has been a growth in pro vision with counselling being made available to more practices. The management of counselling services also appears to be changing with a trend towards delivering counselling within psychological therapy teams through mental health trusts. Coincidental with all these changes are strong indications that government is deter mined to introduce statutory regulations for the psychological therapies.
Counselling the sceptical view
Authors: Harris Myles 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In rather leaden prose, the Concise O&gt;.ford Dictionary ( 1990) defines counselling as ‘The process of assisting and giving guidance to clients especially by a trained person on a professional basis to resolve (esp.) personal, social, psychological problems and difficulties.’ This tight, bureaucratic language does scant justke to one of the great phenomena of the twentieth O:’.ntury. There are said to be more counsellors in Britain today than GPs, and in the NHS the number of surgeries having direct access to a counsellor (usually in-house) has risen from around 511/0 in the early 1980s, to dose to 40(),h today. An editorial in J 993 described ‘an explosion of counselling’ taking place in the UK (Laverty 1993).
Japan
Authors: Asai Atsushi , Miura Yasuhiko , Nagata Shizuko , Fukurhara Shunichi , Kurokawa Kiyoshi 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In Japan as in many other countries, health care professionals and society as a whole have become increasingly aware of a growing number of ethical issues in health care since the 1980s. Many issues remain controversial even today; they include to what ex tent respect for patient autonomy is relevant in decision making; whether or not brain death is the death of the individual; and how decisions about life-prolonging treatments and end-of-life issues should be determined, to name only a few. Under these circumstances, it was not until the end of the 1990s that ethical problems in nephrology began to attract physicians’ attention.
Depression
Authors: Ballard Clive , O’Brien John , James Ian , Swann Alan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Depression and dementia are the two most common psychiatric disorders in the elderly, so it is not surprising that they often co-exist. The prevalence of dementia is usually quoted as 5% among those aged &gt;65 years, while the corresponding prevalence of major depression is 1-3%. However, approximately 10-20% of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (Burns et al. 1990) and probably a higher pro portion of those with vascular dementia, also suffer from depression (Newman 1999), demonstrating that the two co-exist more often than would be expected on the basis of chance.
Consumer health informatics in the Internet age
Authors: Eysenbach Gunther , Jadad Alejandro R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For the past 100,000 years, people have been able to produce, distribute, and process information in a synchronized manner. About 500 years ago, the situation started to change rapidly. With the advent of the mobile type press, our ability to produce and distribute information started to accelerate, outpacing our capacity to process information. During the past 10 years, we have witnessed how the Internet and the World Wide Web have led to a hyper-production and hyper-distribution of information, which have clearly overwhelmed our capacity to process it.
Oral zolmitriptan for acute Migraine
Authors: Moore Andrew , Edwards Jayne , Barden Jodie , McQuay Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Comprehensive searches of the following databases were made: MEDLINE (1966–July 2001), EMBASE (1980–June 2001), Cochrane Library (Issue 3, 2001), PubMed (to September 2001) and the Oxford Pain Relief Database (1950–1994). A series of free text searches were undertaken, using generic and trade names. There was no restriction to language. Retrieved reports were searched for additional trials. Neither individual authors nor pharmaceutical companies were contacted for unpublished data.
Antidepressants for diabetic neuropathy and postherpetic neuralgia
Authors: Moore Andrew , Edwards Jayne , Barden Jodie , McQuay Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For over 30 years the management of neuropathic pain has involved the use of both antidepressants and anticonvulsants, but which drug class should be the first-line choice remains unclear. The dogma that the character of the pain was predictive of the response, burning pain responding to antidepressants and shooting pain to anticonvulsants, was shown to be incorrect in diabetic neuropathy, where patients experiencing both burning and shooting pain responded to tricyclic antidepressants. Most studies on neuropathic pain have involved diabetic neuropathy and post herpetic neuralgia, because these conditions represent the majority of patients with neuropathic pain with discrete diagnoses.
Systemic local anaesthetic-type drugs in chronic pain
Authors: Moore Andrew , Edwards Jayne , Barden Jodie , McQuay Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Clinical bottom line. Sodium channel blockers can be used to reduce pain due to nerve damage. Intravenous lignocaine and oral mexiletine both reduce neuropathic pain. Intravenous lignocaine is effective in fibromyalgia (based on small patient numbers), but not in cancer related pain. Intranasal lignocaine is not effective in myofascial pain (based on small patient numbers). Lignocaine and related local anaesthetic-type drugs which block sodium channels have been used to relieve clinical pain, as a last resort in cancer-related pain and in other conditions when more traditional treatments fail. It has been demonstrated that the neuroma and the dorsal root ganglion display spontaneous activity and increased sensitivity after peripheral nerve injury.
Coxibs for treating rheumatoid and osteoarthritis
Authors: Moore Andrew , Edwards Jayne , Barden Jodie , McQuay Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The key issue is this. Cyclooxygenase-1 is largely constitutive and responsible for, among other functions, protecting the stomach and duodenum from acid attack. Inhibition leads to poorer protection, and the development of erosions and ulcers, bleeding, and even death from a bleeding ulcer (see section 5.6). Cyclooxygenase-2 is largely inducible and responsible for actions that lead to pain. Inhibition should reduce pain.Cyclooxygenase-2 is constitutive in brain and kidney.
TNF antibodies and rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Moore Andrew , Edwards Jayne , Barden Jodie , McQuay Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A real difficulty with original treatments is that evidence emerges slowly. This is particularly the case for chronic diseases where treatments may have to be assessed over long periods. This slow emergence means that initially there can be some difficulty in assessing whether the treatment works, how well it works, in whom it works, and what the economics are if it does work. There comes a point, though, when there is sufficient evidence on which to pass a judgement, which is one reason the UK government set up its National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE). As part of its work, NICE now publishes on its Internet site the evidence on which its judgements are based. The way in which it assessed the evidence on anti-TNF treatments for rheumatoid arthritis [1] demonstrates a growing quality and maturity in its processes.
Palliative care delivery Systems
Authors: Moore Andrew , Edwards Jayne , Barden Jodie , McQuay Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Forty-one studies were included: they were published between 1978 and 1996. Thirty-three were found in electronic databases and eight were found in reference lists. Eighteen were published in 1988 and later. All were published in English. 11 were RCTs; 30 were nonrandomised comparative studies. Only four of the 41 studies provided information on all of the clinically relevant elements selected a priori: type of care provided, type of health care providers, setting, and outcomes. It was clear that most efforts have focused on adults with cancer and little has been done to increase understanding of palliative care in paediatric or non-cancer populations.
Contemporary Approaches to the Study of Hysteria
Authors: Halligan Peter W , Bass Christopher , Marshall John C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Patients with striking physical symptoms suggestive of a neurological disease, but no evidence of nervous system damage are typically labelled as suffering from “hysterical conversion”. Despite claims that conversion disorders have disappeared from clinical practice, patients with conversion symptoms continue to present diagnostic conundrums to clinicians. The disorder accounts for 4% of all referrals to neurology services. This book covers aspects neglected by previous works on this controversial condition, moving away from traditional historico-sociological accounts towards neuroscientific theories about the causes and categorization of hysteria. Recent investigations using functional imaging and hypnosis are covered, as are the neuropsychological accounts inspired by them, alongside more traditional psychodynamic accounts. A section on medico-legal aspects is innovative and timely. The key causal role of life events is also addressed, along with the influence of military conflict and culture in shaping and modifying clinical presentations, and changes in physical manifestations of hysteria through the centuries. With contributions from a distinguished international team, representative of all interested specialty groups, this books aims to demonstrate that hysterical conversion remains clinically important, with potential for empirical research in both social and medical sciences, as well as offering a fertile source for advancing neuroscience.
Factitious disorders and malingering
Authors: Bass Christopher 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Factitious disorders are characterized by ‘physical or psychological symptoms that are intentionally produced or feigned in order to assume the sick role’ (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). The judgement that a particular symptom is intentionally produced is made both by direct evidence and by excluding other causes of the symptom. In factitious disorder, the motivation for producing the symptom is deemed to be a psychological need to assume the sick role, as evidenced by ‘an absence of external incentives for the disorder’ (American Psychiatric Association, 1994).
Non-epileptic seizures
Authors: Trimble Michael R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The motor and sensory symptoms of hysteria are amongst the most dramatic of its presentations. They have been observed since ancient times, and the hysterical anaes- thetic areas were deemed witches’ ‘patches’ in the Middle Ages. The extravagant move- ment disorders formed part of the dancing manias which occurred around the same time. In the mid- to late nineteenth century it was the French physicians in particular who described the glorious clinical manifestations of a large number of patients with hysteria, and again it was the motor and sensory pictures which dominated attention. Charcot’s book, Clinical Lectures on Diseases of the Nervous System , is illustrated with pictures of contortions, contractures, and anaesthetic areas.
Colds through the centuries
Authors: Tyrrell David , Fielder Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
My involvement with the common cold seemed to come about almost by accident, though I suspect that very little in life occurs purely by chance. In 1957 I was running a virus research laboratory in Sheffield. The work was going well and I was looking forward to pursuing my line of research to a successful conclusion. And then an informal message, an even more informal interview, and I found myself transplanted, complete with family, to a remote site in the south of England. I was to run the research programme of the CCU.