bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
U
nited
S
tates‐
M
exico Border Waters: Conventions, Treaties, and Institutions
Authors: Lowery Nancy A. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

Cooperation over shared United States–Mexico waters dates back to the
Treaty of Peace, Friendship, Limits, and Settlements
, know as the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed in 1848. This treaty established the international boundary from the Gulf of Mexico along the Rio Grande to El Paso, Texas, then west to the Pacific Ocean just south of San Diego Harbor, a stretch of 3141 km. For 2001 km of that border, the Rio Grande serves as the boundary line. This is a long and complex boundary with topography ranging from coastal plains to mountain ranges and high desert. The climate is predominately semiarid to arid, has two major watersheds, the Rio Grande (called the Rio Bravo in Mexico) and the Colorado River, many smaller watersheds, and numerous groundwater basins. This was a treaty of intent, not of specifics. The treaty did not deal with details of the boundary line, management of water between the two countries, fluctuation of the river courses, water quality, or groundwater resources. Subsequent agreements would have to deal with these issues.
Transboundary Waters in
L
atin
A
merica: Conflicts and Collaboration
Authors: Whiteford Scott , Jimenez Alicia 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
In the Americas, there are approximately 70 international basins shared by Latin American countries (32 in North America and 38 in South America). Of those, 15 of the North American international basins and six of the South American international basins are governed by international treaties (2). These treaties refer to agreements where there is a concern with water as a scarce or consumable resource, a quantity to be managed, or an ecosystem to be improved or maintained (see Table 1).
Although treaties and agreements of cooperation exist, countries of the Americas face a great challenge in collaborating to achieve sustainable development on both sides of their borders. This is particularly important where the actions of one nation can directly or indirectly affect the well‐being of its neighbors. Frequently, projects that threaten water quality are located near international borders and create winner–loser confrontations. These situations generate serious international conflicts, sometimes violent, which may extend for years. To resolve these types of prolonged conflicts, collaborative agreements are negotiated which facilitate shared water and land management. This article presents examples of conflicting situations and cooperative efforts among Latin American countries in North America, Central America, and South America. This article examines key examples of binational development that has threatened the quality of water used by two nations and created binational conflict and negotiation.
A Brief History of the Water Pollution Control Act in the
U
.
S
.
Authors: Russell David L. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The earliest significant start for water pollution control legislation in the United States began with the formation of the Ohio River Sanitary Commission (ORSANCO) in the 1940s. It was formed as a result of efforts by individuals from the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) and many of the state Departments of Health. The ORSANCO compact culminated more than 10 years of work to promote public health and reduce the incidence of waterborne disease in communities along the Ohio River. ORSANCO started as an initial effort among four states, and by 1940, the compact had six states. In 1948, the seventh and eighth states signed the compact on the same day that President Harry Truman signed the first comprehensive water pollution control legislation that directed the U.S. Public Health Service to control water pollution to promote public health.
Negotiating between Authority and Polluters: An Approach to Managing Water Quality
Authors: Šauer Petr , Dvořák Antonín 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Water pollution reduction is one of the most complicated challenges of environmental policy. Technical solutions exist that are already economically efficient for the polluters. However, many projects exist that bring net control costs for the polluters, so the polluters do not have an economic interest in them. These projects can still be efficient from the social point of view and polluters should be motivated in their realization. Our contribution is to present a relatively new approach that could lead to cost‐effective solutions of water pollution reduction problems. It is based on voluntary (multiple‐round) negotiations between an authority and polluters, where economic tools of environmental policy (environmental fees and subsidies) are used. The principle of the approach is explained in the chapter. An illustration on a simple economic laboratory experiment follows. Various potential practical applications of the approach are mentioned. The help with an efficient initial distribution of tradable water pollution rights is probably the most interesting application. It also could contribute to resolving complicated situations (characterized by many pollutants, synergic effects, etc.) before the rights are allocated for a limited number of the pollutants.
Interface between Federal Water Quality Regulation and State Allocation of Water Quantity
Authors: Kassen Melinda R. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

In the United States, separate systems regulate water quality protection and water allocation. The Clean Water Act regulates water quality, although the Act gives states certain responsibilities and allows the Federal Government to delegate states others. States have the primary authority to allocate quantities of water to various users, with Western states generally using the system of
prior appropriation
, and eastern states following the
riparian system
.

Because a river has aspects of both flow and quality, actions taken pursuant to either quality or quantity regulation can affect regulatory actions in the other system. Such overlap creates substantial friction between both the different government decision‐makers and between the governments and those using the nation's waters. States' approaches range from Colorado, with a complete separation between the two systems, to California, which practices complete integration. In many states, resistance to applying Clean Water Act requirements to the exercise of water rights has hampered protection of water quality. Meanwhile, a growing number of Clean Water Act programs, including permitting for dredge and fill activities, state certifications of water quality for federal permits, and addressing impaired waters through total maximum daily loads, may limit the exercise of water rights.
Reserved Water Rights for
I
ndian and Federal Lands
Authors: Woods Eve 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Historically, the United States set aside land from the public domain for federal purposes such as parks and national forest without taking the actions necessary to establish a water right under state law. It also negotiated treaties with American Indian Tribes that failed to address the question of a water supply for the lands set aside for the tribe. The doctrine of reserved water rights is based on the contract law theory that the federal government intended to reserve adequate water for itself when it set aside land for federal purposes, even though it did not say so expressly in the document setting aside the land (1). Likewise, when an Indian tribe reserved some of its land for itself while ceding the rest to the United States by treaty, this doctrine recognizes that the tribe must have intended to reserve some waters for itself, to make the land it reserved useable.
The United States Supreme Court first recognized a reserved water right in the 1908 case of “Winters v. United States”.
Water Assessment and Criteria
Authors: Winger Parley V. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe most useful measures of biotic integrity of aquatic systems reflect the biological responses of organisms and their populations to the prevailing (past and present) environmental conditions. The ability to classify the quality of streams and rivers (with indigenous biological assemblages) provides information that is integral for making management decisions and identifying anthropogenic impacts (35). Development of an “Index of Biotic Integrity” (IBI) using a combination of 12 community parameters (metrics) for fish assemblages provided direction into a new and innovative way of obtaining this type of information (24). The combination of these community attributes (multimetrics) into an IBI provided a classification of the quality of fish communities as a measure of water/habitat quality. The metrics used in the construction of the IBI encompassed several levels of fish community structure and function—species composition/richness and information on ecological factors (trophic structure and health). Successful application of multimetric indices depends on selecting the appropriate metrics used to describe and delineate the biological assemblages (36). The use of multimetrics provides a way of measuring the response of biological assemblages at several levels of organization (e.g., composition, condition, and function) to anthropogenic influences, and these measurable biological attributes can be tested, verified, and calibrated for use in the respective geographical areas of study.
Microbial Detection of Various Pollutants as an Early Warning System for Monitoring of Water Quality and Ecological Integrity of Natural Resources, inRussia
Authors: Dimitrieva‐Moats Galina 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe author of this paper had long‐term extensive experience working with water quality control and ecological integrity monitoring using microbial indices. This practice includes eight years of microbial bioassessments and the development of biocriteria implications for the detection of various organic pollutants, a number of heavy metals, and biological contamination in seawaters of Russia, which provided impressive results, demonstrating the advantages of such an approach for monitoring ecological integrity and water quality of estuaries and shallow and pelagic regions of marine coastal zones. The composition alteration of aquatic sediment or plankton microbial assemblages subjected to pollution resulted in an increase of pollutant‐resistant (indicator) groups that detected expected and unexpected pollutants and their levels. The analysis of the proportion between all indicator groups assisted us in drawing conclusions about the natural or anthropogenic process or factors causing impairment of water resources.
Water Quality Aspects of Dredged Sediment Management
Authors: Jones‐Lee Anne , Lee G. Fred 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

About 500 million yd
3
of sediment are dredged annually to maintain navigation depth in the United States' approximately 25,000 miles of navigable waterways. Sediments in some of these waterways are contaminated with potential pollutants (e.g., heavy metals, organics including pesticides, PCBs, and nutrients) from municipal, industrial, and agricultural sources. As a result of this contamination, concern exists about the potential water quality impacts that could be caused by the dredging and disposal of these sediments. In the 1970s, the U.S. Congress authorized the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to conduct a $30 million, five‐year Dredged Material Research Program (DMRP) to evaluate, with laboratory and field studies, the potential water quality impacts associated with dredged sediment management and to develop protocols for evaluating sediments for their potential to cause adverse impacts on disposal. Those studies showed that open water disposal of dredged sediment would not be expected to be adverse to water quality, aquatic organisms, or other beneficial uses of waterbodies. However, on land, so‐called “confined” disposal of dredged sediments could lead to water quality impacts to surface and groundwaters because of the release of heavy metals and some other pollutants. The DMRP studies and subsequent studies also reaffirmed that the concentration of contaminants in sediments does not predict the potential for contaminant release from sediments during or after disposal. More recent attempts to develop numeric, cooccurrence‐based sediment quality criteria are also technically unsupportable and unreliable for screening, evaluation, or regulatory purposes.
Classification and Environmental Quality Assessment in Aquatic Environments
Authors: Feng Huan , Onwueme Victor , Schneider Lewis 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Water plays an important role in our daily life. Natural water in each compartment on Earth is balanced through a hydrological cycle. With the population increase, industrialization, and rapid urbanization, water quality has been affected and an increased demand for water use has occurred. Anthropogenic substances are discharged into our aquatic environment. As a consequence, water contamination has been found in many rivers, streams, and lakes globally. Facing our current water environmental problems, water resources management and aquatic environmental protection and restoration are important issues to us. In the United States, water quality has been improved significantly since 1972 when the Clean Water Act was enacted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. In this article, we introduce the classification of waters based on the reservoir they reside in and discuss the water quality, water pollution, and aquatic environmental legislations. This article gives a general overview of water classification, quality assessment, and legislations. Greater efforts are still needed to protect the aquatic environment and improve water quality.
Shellfish Growing Water Classification
Authors: Andrews Linda S. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Seafood‐related illnesses in the United States are primarily associated with the consumption of bivalve molluscan shellfish. These animals are water filter feeders and are often consumed raw, and the quality of their growing waters affect the safety and quality of the shellfish. Water authorities, usually producer states, monitor the quality of the water in and around the shellfish beds or reefs according to guidelines adopted by the National Shellfish Sanitation Program. For commercial markets, harvesting is only permitted from approved growing areas. Growing areas are classified for their microbiological acceptability on the basis of a sanitary survey of the shoreline to detect potential pollution sources and bacteriological analysis of water samples taken from the area. In general, each growing area is classified as approved, conditionally approved, restricted, conditionally restricted, or prohibited based on the results of the surveys. Rules for classification of shellfish growing waters have been established to provide the safest shellfish possible. Illness caused by the consumption of human pathogens that are present in raw molluscan shellfish are rare because of these rules for classification.
Watershed Protection
Authors: Mishra A.K. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractDevelopmental pursuits globally have witnessed a substantial increase in the amounts of pollutants into the world's environment and water bodies (lakes, rivers, wetlands, estuaries, coastal waters, ground waters, etc.) in the last century. The adverse impacts of such actions have negatively affected the resources, environment, and the health of the populace. The importance of environmental protection has been well realized by one and all, governments and people alike. The quality of water bodies can be best protected from being deteriorated by following the principles of watershed protection. To safeguard the degrading quality of water bodies because of increasing population pressure and rapid urbanization, domestic and industrial nonpoint source pollution, and so on, a systematic scientific strategy is presently in vogue throughout the world which is referred to as the watershed protection approach. Watershed protection is a scientifically correct and technically achievable strategy for effectively managing water resources by protecting and restoring the health of natural resources and aquatic ecosystems from getting polluted vis‐à‐vis protecting human health.
Cartridge Filters for Iron Removal
Authors: Vayenas D.V. , Lyberatos G. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe presence of iron in a water supply at concentrations exceeding the secondary drinking water standards of 0.2 mg/L is undesirable for aesthetic and operating reasons. Groundwater iron is in its ferrous state in the deeper layers of some water reserves that lack oxygen. Aeration followed by solid–liquid separation is the most commonly used physicochemical treatment method for iron removal. The rates of ferrous iron oxidation may be increased through the action of microorganisms. There are several genera of bacteria that oxidize dissolved iron by different mechanisms under specific conditions of pH and oxidation potential. The presence of ammonia and manganese may inhibit biological iron removal. The engineering systems that have been developed for biological iron removal can be classified based on the type of water flow and on aeration into pressurized filters, gravity‐flow units, and trickling filters. Cartridge filters combine physicochemical and biological iron removal. The type of the filter which should be used in each case depends on the physicochemical water characteristics, iron concentration, volumetric flow rate, and costs.
Chlorination
Authors: Kazmi Absar A. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Chlorine in its various forms is invariably and almost universally used for disinfecting water supplies. It is cheap, reliable, easy to handle, easily measurable, and above all, it is capable of providing residual disinfecting effects for long periods, thus affording complete protection against future recontamination of water in distribution system. At low concentrations, chlorine probably kills microorganisms by penetrating the cell and reacting with the enzymes and protoplasm. At higher concentrations, oxidation of the cell wall destroys the organism. Chlorination also removes soluble iron, manganese, and hydrogen sulfide from water.
Chlorine Residual
Authors: Andrews Linda S. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Chlorine is a disinfectant added to drinking water to control microbial contamination. Both commercial water bottlers and public water systems use chlorine for this purpose. Levels added are calculated to maintain a disinfectant (chlorine) residual throughout the distribution system from the treatment facility to the end user. Chlorine may be applied as chlorine gas, hypochlorite solutions, or other chlorine compounds in solid or liquid form. Hypochlorous acid present in aqueous chlorine solutions is the biocidal “active chlorine.” In recent years, some health concerns have developed over the discovery of potentially carcinogenic by‐products generated during chlorination in the presence of organic material. Continuous chlorination is a necessity for surface water supplies from lakes, springs, ponds, or cisterns, and it typically uses a chlorine residual of 3–5 ppm. Higher levels of chlorine residual may cause an objectionable flavor and odor. Many health risks are associated with water that has not been disinfected, and health risks are associated with total residual chlorine.
Perchloroethylene (
PCE
) Removal
Authors: Inniss Enos C. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

Perchloroethylene (C
2
Cl
4
) or PCE, an industrial solvent and common groundwater contaminant, can be degraded by several means, both biological and chemical. Its recalcitrance in the environment has been due in part to the fact that initial biological degradation must be a reduction of this highly oxidized compound, sequentially replacing each of the chlorines with hydrogen through the use of dehalogenase enzymes. Once reduced, dechlorination products of PCE may be further transformed by either reductive or oxidative pathways. The biological oxidation of the lesser chlorinated ethylenes requires particular oxygenase enzymes that perform cometabolic chemistry on the carbon–carbon double bond. Similarly, chemical transformation of PCE can be by either reduction or oxidation. The chemical reductive dechlorination process typically occurs using zero valent metals and is very similar to the biological process. Oxidation of the compound requires a strong chemical oxidant, such as potassium permanganate, or photooxidation using a titanium dioxide catalyst, which also attacks the carbon–carbon double bond of the chlorinated ethylene.
Ciliated Protists as Test Organisms in Toxicity Assessment
Authors: Nicolau Ana , Dias Nicolina , Lima Nelson 
Published: July 2005

AbstractIn recent years, much research has been done to assess the toxicity of various compounds in a series of biotests using several organisms. The appeal of these tests lies in their simplicity and high degree of reproducibility (2). On the other hand, test organisms for assessing environmental risk and impact must possess a lot of desirable features: they must be eukaryotic, their biology and general responses must be well known, the laboratory handling must be relatively easy, and a short generation time is desirable whenever studies of long‐term effects are necessary (3).Ciliated protists fulfill all those requirements. Furthermore, as they have a wide distribution and ecological significance, performing key functions in energy flow and elementary cycling in aquatic foodwebs, they can be ideal early warning indicators of aquatic ecosystem deterioration. Recently, the use of ciliates in toxicological tests has been investigated and their potential in standard bioassays has been demonstrated in aquatic environments and even elsewhere.
The Control of Algal Populations in Eutrophic Water Bodies
Authors: Davies Joanna , Scarlett Peter M. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe process of eutrophication is accompanied by increased algal growth, which, without appropriate management, can develop to nuisance proportions. The presence of excessive algae can disrupt the use of many water bodies by restricting navigational and recreational activities and interfering with domestic and industrial water supplies. In particular, algal blooms can have a severe impact on water quality, causing noxious odors, tastes, discoloration, and, in the case of blue‐green algae, may also pose a serious health hazard. Ultimately, the presence of excessive algae will inhibit macrophyte growth and reduce biodiversity. The options for controlling algae can be categorized as follows:Environmental methods involve limiting the availability of those nutrients that are essential for algal growth. These methods involve reducing nutrient inputs from external sources by the processes of diversion, effluent treatment, the use of constructed wetlands, buffer strips, and good agricultural practice. Methods for reducing internal nutrient concentrations include dilution and flushing, hypolimnetic withdrawal, hypolimnetic aeration, artificial circulation, sediment sealing, or sediment removal.Chemical methods involve the application of herbicides, or products such as barley straw, that have a direct toxic effect on algae.Biomanipulation involves the control of zooplanktivorous fish to favor algal grazing by invertebrates but also describes the use of microbial products.
Algal Toxins in Water
Authors: Ji B. , Wong M. H. , Wong R. N. S. , Jiang Y. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractAlgal toxins have various adverse implications on the ecosystem directly and indirectly. Cyanotoxins, a group of algal toxins produced by toxic cyanobacteria, are of great concern. The understanding of their occurrence, properties, detection, and removal from water bodies is of importance for monitoring and management of cyanotoxins in freshwater bodies.