bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are circle hooks an effective tool for conserving marine and freshwater recreational catch‐and‐release fisheries?
Authors: Cooke S.J. , Suski C.D. 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Circle hooks have rapidly become popular among recreational anglers, based largely on the assumption that their use aids in the conservation of fisheries resources by reducing gut hooking, and hence mortality. In addition, circle hooks are intended to facilitate jaw hooking. Unfortunately, these assumptions have been perpetuated by anecdotal reports with very little rigorous scientific information to support these assertions.
A number of recently published, forthcoming, and grey literature reports provide an opportunity to review briefly and synthesize research conducted on circle hooks. We surveyed literature databases and also used questionnaires to solicit information from unpublished or in‐progress circle hook research.
Although among studies the results have been quite disparate, overall the mortality rates were consistently lower for circle hooks than J‐style hooks. In addition, circle hooks were more frequently hooked in the jaw, and less frequently hooked in the gut than conventional hook types. There is no doubt that in some marine fisheries, such as tuna, billfish, and striped bass, capture efficiency remains high and injury and mortality rates are drastically reduced. However, in other species (e.g. bluegill), injury can actually be more severe from circle hooks relative to some other hook types. In other species, such as largemouth bass, circle hooks have minimal conservation benefit, but have reduced capture efficiency relative to conventional hook designs.
Factors such as hook size, fishing style, fish feeding mode, and mouth morphology all appear to affect the effectiveness of circle hooks. For these reasons, it is difficult to promote the adoption of the use of circle hooks as a panacea for all fish and fisheries. Instead, we recommend that management agencies focus on recommending circle hooks only for instances for which appropriate scientific data exist.
The recent interest in circle hooks has been beneficial for stimulating interest and research on the role of hook designs in reducing hooking‐related injury and mortality. We encourage tackle manufacturers to continue to develop new hook designs that have the potential to provide conservation benefit to caught and released fish. This paper provides direction to management agencies and outdoor media for disseminating responsible information to anglers regarding the application of circle hooks for conserving fisheries resources.
Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Overview of the OMRAS project: Online music retrieval and searching
Authors: Dovey Matthew J. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractUntil recently, most research on music information retrieval concentrated on monophonic music. Online Music Retrieval and Searching (OMRAS) is a three‐year project funded under the auspices of the JISC (Joint Information Systems Committee)/NSF (National Science Foundation) International Digital Library Initiative which began in 1999 and whose remit was to investigate the issues surrounding polyphonic music information retrieval. Here we outline the work OMRAS has achieved in pattern matching, document retrieval, and audio transcription, as well as some prototype work in how to implement these techniques into library systems.
Main Chain Ferrocenyl Amides from 1‐Aminoferrocene‐1′‐carboxylic Acid
Authors: Heinze Katja , Schlenker Manuela 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe non‐natural amino acid 1‐aminoferrocene‐1′‐carboxylic acid is synthesised from ferrocene in eight steps. The folding and association phenomena of amido‐substituted ferrocenes in the crystal as well as in solution are studied by X‐ray crystallography, IR and NMR spectroscopy and DFT calculations. The amino acid is selectively protected at the amino group with the use of the fluorenyl‐9‐methoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) group. An amide‐linked ferrocene dimer is prepared using the HOBt/DCC protocol for amide formation. In the crystal the dimer forms a hydrogen‐bonded sheet structure, while in solution dynamic intramolecular hydrogen bonds are observed by VT 1H NMR and IR spectroscopy. The dynamic flipping process has been rationalised by DFT calculations. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Molecular Alloys: Syntheses and Structures of the Copper−Antimony Clusters [Cu17Sb8(dppm)6(Ph2PCHPPh2)] and [Cu20Sb10(PCy3)8]
Authors: Ahlrichs Reinhart , Anson Christopher E. , Clerac Rodolphe , Fenske Dieter , Rothenberger Alexander , Sierka Marek , Wieber Stephan 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe syntheses, structures and theoretical investigations of the copper‐antimony clusters [Cu17Sb8(dppm)6(Ph2PCHPPh2)] [1, dppm = bis(diphenylphosphanyl)methane] and [Sb10Cu20(PCy3)8] (2, Cy = Cyclohexyl) are reported. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Development of photocrosslinkable hyaluronic acid‐polyethylene glycol‐peptide composite hydrogels for soft tissue engineering
Authors: Leach Jennie B. , Bivens Kathryn A. , Collins Chelsea N. , Schmidt Christine E. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractHyaluronic acid (HA; also called hyaluronan) is a naturally derived, nonimmunogenic, nonadhesive glycosaminoglycan that has important roles in several wound‐healing processes. In previous work, we created photocrosslinkable glycidyl methacrylate–HA (GMHA) hydrogel biomaterials that were cytocompatible, biologically active, and had a decreased rate of hyaluronidase degradation compared with native HA. The goal of the studies presented herein was to explore peptide conjugation techniques to further adjust the material and biological properties of the GMHA hydrogels. We conjugated GMHA with acrylated forms of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and PEG–peptides to yield GMHA‐PEG‐peptide composite hydrogels. By varying the reactant concentrations, we created stable hydrogels with high peptide conjugation efficiencies (up to 80%), controllable peptide concentrations (in the range of 1–6 μmol peptide per milliliter of hydrogel), and defined physicochemical properties (e.g., swelling ratio, enzymatic degradation rate). These composite hydrogels may prove to be a promising scaffolding biomaterial for a variety of soft tissue engineering applications. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 70A: 74–82, 2004
Tensile strength and elongation of laser‐welded Ti and Ti‐6AL‐7NB
Authors: Watanabe Ikuya , Topham D. Scott 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThis study established data demonstrating the possible laser‐welded strengths of cast Ti and Ti‐6Al‐7Nb and compared them to those of two dental‐casting alloys. Cast plates of Ti, Ti‐6Al‐7Nb, gold, and Co–Cr alloy were prepared. After polishing the surfaces to be welded, two plates were abutted and welded using an Nd:YAG laser at a pulse duration of 10 ms, spot diameter of 1 mm, and voltage of 200 V. Five specimens were prepared for each metal by welding either three or five spots unilaterally or bilaterally. The fracture load and percent elongation were measured at a crosshead speed of 1.0 mm/min. The bilaterally welded specimens performed significantly greater than unilaterally welded specimens in both fracture load and elongation whether they were welded with three or five spots per side. The bilaterally welded Ti and Ti‐6Al‐7Nb specimens were nearly as strong as their corresponding control specimens, whereas the gold and Co–Cr specimens were approximately half as strong. When a large proportion of the cross‐sectional area of the joint is laser welded, the strength of the laser‐welded portion of the cast Ti and Ti‐6Al‐7Nb may approach or equal that of the nonwelded metal frameworks. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 71B: 46–51, 2004
Involvement of opioid receptors in the CGRP8‐37‐induced inhibition of the activity of wide‐dynamic‐range neurons in the spinal dorsal horn of rats
Authors: Yan Yi , Yu Long‐Chuan 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe present study was performed to explore the involvement of opioid receptors in the calcitonin gene‐related peptide 8‐37 (CGRP8‐37, an antagonist of CGRP receptor)‐induced inhibition of the activity of wide‐dynamic‐range (WDR) neurons in the spinal dorsal horn of rats. Extracellular recording was performed with a multibarrelled glass micropipette, and the chemicals were delivered by micro‐iontophoresis. The discharge frequency of WDR neurons was evoked by subcutaneous electrical stimulation applied to the ipsilateral hindpaw. Iontophoretic application of CGRP8‐37 by an ejection current of 160 nA induced significant inhibition of the discharge frequency of WDR neurons. The inhibitory effect of CGRP8‐37 on the activity of WDR neurons was attenuated by later iontophoretic application of the opioid antagonist naloxone. Furthermore, the effect of CGRP8‐37 was attenuated by either iontophoretic application of the kappa‐receptor antagonist nor‐binaltorphimine (nor‐BNI) or the mu‐receptor antagonist β‐funaltrexamine (β‐FNA) but not by the delta‐receptor antagonist naltrindole. The results indicate that kappa‐ and mu‐opioid receptors on the membrane of WDR neurons are involved in the modulation of CGRP8‐37‐induced antinociception in dorsal horn of the spinal cord in rats. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Controlled/Living Free‐Radical Polymerization in the Presence of Benzyl 9H‐Carbazole‐9‐Carbodithioate under 60Co γ‐Ray Irradiation
Authors: Hua Daoben , Zhang Jianxia , Bai Ruke , Lu Weiqi , Pan Caiyuan 
Published: May 2004

AbstractSummary: Free‐radical polymerizations of vinyl monomers under 60Co γ‐ray irradiation in the presence of benzyl 9H‐carbazole‐9‐carbodithioate (BCCDT) have been studied. The polymers obtained were characterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy. The results for the polymerization of methyl acrylate show that the molecular weight increases linearly with monomer conversion, that the molecular weight distribution is fairly narrow (even equal to 1.01) and that a linear relationship exists between ln([M]0/[M]) and polymerization time. All the evidence suggests that BCCDT is a good control agent and that the polymerization has excellent living characteristics. For styrene, the polymerization is a controlled process, although it is very slow, whereas the polymerization of methyl methacrylate is uncontrolled. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that dithiocarbamate has been used in γ‐ray initiated living free radical polymerization.GPC curve of PMA from the polymerization under 60Co γ‐ray irradiation, in the presence of BCCDT.imageGPC curve of PMA from the polymerization under 60Co γ‐ray irradiation, in the presence of BCCDT.
Surface Photografting Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate in N,N‐dimethylformamide on Low Density Polyethylene Film
Authors: Yang Peng , Deng Jianyuan , Yang Wantai 
Published: May 2004

AbstractSummary: It was found that without additional photoinitiator, methyl methacrylate (MMA) dissolved in common solvent N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) could be photografted steadily on low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) film surface under UV irradiation. In short irradiation time (4 min) and at room temperature, high grafting efficiency (approaching 100%) and remarkable graft polymer amount (grafting percent is about 4.6%) was obtained. The possible reaction mechanism was based on the photosensitivity of DMF, which induced this photografting polymerization. This finding is useful to develop photoinitiator‐free grafting or photopolymerization system. Using SEM, special discrete globular structure was found on the MMA‐grafted LDPE film surface, and a possible model was proposed to interpret it.image
Nanostructure and Shape Control in Polymer‐Ceramic Hybrids from Poly(ethylene oxide)‐block‐Poly(hexyl methacrylate) and Aluminosilicates Derived from Them
Authors: Renker Sabine , Mahajan Surbhi , Babski Diane T. , Schnell Ingo , Jain Anurag , Gutmann Jochen , Zhang Yuangming , Gruner Sol M. , Spiess Hans W. , Wiesner Ulrich 
Published: May 2004

AbstractSummary: The present study describes the use of poly(ethylene oxide)‐block‐poly(hexyl methacrylate) diblock copolymers (PEO‐b‐PHMA) as structure‐directing agents for the synthesis of nanostructured polymer‐inorganic hybrid materials from (3‐glycidylpropyl)trimethoxysilane and aluminium sec‐butoxide as precursors and organic, volatile solvents. Four different morphologies, i.e., inorganic spheres, cylinders, lamellae, and organic cylinders in an inorganic matrix, are obtained confirmed by a combination of small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The composites are further characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and solid‐state 13C, 29Si, and 27Al NMR. It is demonstrated that the change in the hydrophobic block from polyisoprene (PI) to poly(hexyl methacrylate) (PHMA) has no significant effect on the local structure of the inorganic rich phase. By the dissolution of the composites rich in poly(hexyl methacrylate), nano‐particles of different shapes, i.e., spheres, cylinders, and lamellae, are obtained as demonstrated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and TEM. Finally, calcination of composites with the inverse hexagonal structure at elevated temperatures up to 600 °C results in nanostructured aluminosilicates that retain their structure as evidenced through a combination of SAXS and TEM. The study opens pathways towards tailoring filler‐matrix interactions in model nanocomposites and builds the bases for the preparation of composites from multiblock copolymers with polyisoprene (PI), poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), and poly(hexyl methacrylate) (PHMA) as building blocks.Bright field TEM micrograph of composite T55/1 with inverse hexagonal morphology after calcination.imageBright field TEM micrograph of composite T55/1 with inverse hexagonal morphology after calcination.
Polyelectrolyte Capsules Modified with YF3 Nanoparticles: An AFM Study
Authors: Dubreuil Frédéric , Shchukin Dmitry G. , Sukhorukov Gleb B. , Fery Andreas 
Published: May 2004

AbstractSummary: We studied changes in the mechanical properties of polyelectrolyte‐multilayer capsules induced by YF3‐nanoparticle formation inside the layers. Using direct‐deformation measurements by colloidal probe atomic force microscopy (AFM), we found that the nanoparticle formation increases the capsule stiffness by one order of magnitude. At the same time, we observed that buckling instabilities of the capsules are suppressed after the nanoparticle modification.RICM picture of an initial PAH/PSS capsule under high deformation.imageRICM picture of an initial PAH/PSS capsule under high deformation.
Prevalence of progressive supranuclear palsy in Yonago, Japan
Authors: Kawashima Mika , Miyake Masahiro , Kusumi Masayoshi , Adachi Yoshiki , Nakashima Kenji 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThere have been few reports of the prevalence of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP): the present study examines its prevalence in Japan and compares the findings with those in Europe and the United States. The prevalence per 100,000 was 5.82 (men, 9.14; women, 2.75), and the 95% confidence interval was 1.78 to 9.86 (men, 1.82–16.47; women, −1.08–6.65). Our data were comparable to those of studies in Europe and the United States. © 2004 Movement Disorder Society
Quantitative determination of curcuminoids in Curcuma rhizomes and rapid differentiation of Curcuma domestica Val. and Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. by capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Lechtenberg Matthias , Quandt Bettina , Nahrstedt Adolf 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe three major curcuminoids, curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bis‐demethoxycurcumin, from Curcuma domestica Val. (Curcuma longa L.) and Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. (Zingiberaceae) were fully separated and quantiﬁed in less than 5 min using a capillary zone electrophoresis method with standard fused‐silica capillaries and photodiode array detection. An electrolyte solution of 20 mm phosphate, 50 mm sodium hydroxide and 14 mm β‐cyclodextrin was found to be appropriate. Quantiﬁcation was performed with 3,4‐dimethoxy‐trans‐cinnamic acid as internal standard, and the limit of detection was 0.01 mg/mL. Extraction, stabilisation during sample storage and quantiﬁcation procedures were optimised and carried out with drugs and commercial curry powder from different provenances. The results were compared with the photometric method of the monograph Curcumae xanthorrhizae rhizoma of the European Pharmacopoeia. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A direct liquid, non‐equilibrium solid‐phase micro‐extraction application for analysing chemical variation of single peltate trichomes on leaves of Salvia ofﬁcinalis
Authors: Grassi Paolo , Novak Johannes , Steinlesberger Heidi , Franz Chlodwig 
Published: May 2004

AbstractA non‐equilibrium solid phase micro‐extraction application was tested for the rapid extraction of essential oil from single oil glands of sage and the oil components compared with those determined by solvent extract and distillation. Oil glands were directly ruptured with a polydimethylsiloxane‐coated fused silica ﬁbre and the essential oil was sorbed. Three insertion levels of an individual plant of Salvia ofﬁcinalis involving an immature apical young leaf, an expanding and a fully developed leaf, respectively, were used to determine the applicability of this method. Thirty‐eight components in the oil could be identiﬁed by GC‐MS. The method only showed small semi‐quantitative differences compared with conventional methods. Chemical variation of single oil glands within the immature and premature leaf was higher than within the homogeneous mature leaf. The intermediary, stillexpanding leaf was used to carry out a detailed study of the glands. The basal region of the intermediary leaf contained compounds in high conformity with the young leaf trichomes. The remaining oil glands of this leaf showed inconsistent accumulation patterns. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exact results in a non‐supersymmetric gauge theory
Authors: Armoni A. , Shifman M. , Veneziano G. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractWe consider non‐supersymmetric large N orientifold field theories. Specifically, we discuss a gauge theory with a Dirac fermion in the anti‐symmetric tensor representation. We argue that, at large N and in a large part of its bosonic sector, this theory is non‐perturbatively equivalent to 𝒩 = 1 SYM, so that exact results established in the latter (parent) theory also hold in the daughter orientifold theory. In particular, the non‐supersymmetric theory has an exactly calculable bifermion condensate, exactly degenerate parity doublets, and a vanishing cosmological constant (all this to leading order in 1 / N).
Cosmological billiards and oxidation
Authors: de Buyl S. , Henneaux M. , Julia B. , Paulot L. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractWe show how the properties of the cosmological billiards provide useful information (spacetime dimension and p‐form spectrum) on the oxidation endpoint of the oxidation sequence of gravitational theories. We compare this approach to the other available methods: GL(n,R) subgroups and the superalgebras of dualities.
On mirror symmetry with fluxes
Authors: Fidanza S. , Minasian R. , Tomasiello A. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractWe review a proposal for mirror symmetry on general six‐dimensional backgrounds involving manifolds admitting SU(3) structure and NS three‐form flux. The action of twisted covariant derivatives on invariant spinors leads to definition of complexified intrinsic torsion and most of the information about the geometry and the flux is encoded in terms of (real part of) a certain six‐by‐six matrix. Mirror symmetry exchanges the (1,1) and (2,0) components of this matrix.
Plane wave matrix theory vs. 𝒩 = 4 D= 4 super Yang‐Mills
Authors: Kim N. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractA mass deformed, supersymmetric, Yang‐Mills quantum mechanics has been introduced recently as the matrix model of M‐theory on plane‐wave backgrounds. Here we point out that the massive matrix model can be obtained as a dimensional reduction of 𝒩 = 4, D = 4 Super Yang‐Mills theory on S3. The hamiltonian of the matrix model can be matched with the dilatation operator of the conformal field theory, and we discuss how they behave in the perturbative computations.
Noncommutative instantons and solitons
Authors: Lechtenfeld O. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractI explain how to construct noncommutative BPS configurations in four and lower dimensions by solving linear matrix equations. Examples are solitons in D=2+1 Yang‐Mills‐Higgs, instantons in D=4 Yang‐Mills, monopoles in D=3 Yang‐Mills‐Higgs.
Unified theories from fuzzy extra dimensions
Authors: Aschieri P. , Madore J. , Manousselis P. , Zoupanos G. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractWe combine and exploit ideas from Coset Space Dimensional Reduction (CSDR) methods and Non‐commutative Geometry. We consider the dimensional reduction of gauge theories defined in high dimensions where the compact directions are a fuzzy space (matrix manifold). In the CSDR one assumes that the form of space‐time is MD = M4 × S / R with S / R a homogeneous space. Then a gauge theory with gauge group G defined on MD can be dimensionally reduced to M4 in an elegant way using the symmetries of S / R, in particular the resulting four dimensional gauge is a subgroup of G. In the present work we show that one can apply the CSDR ideas in the case where the compact part of the space‐time is a finite approximation of the homogeneous space S / R, i.e. a fuzzy coset. In particular we study the fuzzy sphere case.
Sorption, mineralization and mobility of N‐(phosphonomethyl)glycine (glyphosate) in five different types of gravel
Authors: Strange‐Hansen Rikke , Holm Peter E , Jacobsen Ole S , Jacobsen Carsten S 
Published: May 2004

AbstractSorption, mineralization and mobility of glyphosate were studied in six substrates: the five types of gravel most frequently used as surfacing in Denmark and a sandy agricultural soil from Simmelkær that served as a reference soil. Cumulative mineralization of [methyl‐14C]glyphosate in batch studies was highest in coarse gravel, amounting to 14% after 4 days at 30 °C and 32% after 31 days. Mineralization was slowest in the sandy reference soil, amounting to only 2% after 31 days. The adsorption coefficient (Kd) of glyphosate in gravel ranged from 62 to 164 litre kg−1, while that in the sandy reference soil was 410 litre kg−1. The results indicate that the relatively low Kd in gravel allows a relatively high rate of glyphosate mineralization by the biomass. When Kd is high, in contrast, mineralization is slow. Lowering the temperature to 10 °C decreased mineralization by 50% in one of two gravels. The leaching of glyphosate was screened in simple columns of gravel or soil in which precipitation events (20 mm over a 2‐h period) were simulated on three occasions, starting either immediately after or 2 days after application of glyphosate. [14C]Glyphosate was applied as a tracer mixed with the commercial product Roundup® Garden at the recommended rate of 2.4 kg glyphosate ha−1, equivalent to 1 µg g−1 soil. The highest concentration of [14C] compounds (expressed in terms of glyphosate concentration) in leachate from the columns exceeded 1300 µg litre−1, and was detected in rounded gravel after the first rain event. No glyphosate was detected in leachate from the sandy reference soil. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry