bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multivariate calibration
Authors: Brown Philip J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Multivariate regression is concerned with the relationship between two sets of variables. The two sets of variables are treated asymmetrically. The response set is regarded as random and the explanatory set treated as if it is fixed, even though in reality both may be random. Inference may centre on predicting the random set given values of the fixed set, and this is standard regression prediction; or it may concentrate on estimation of the fixed explanatory vector that gave rise to observations on the random set, the calibration problem. Multiple regression in the previous two chapters dealt with the special standard case of just one response variable. Just as in this univariate case, the multivariate calibration problem depends crucially on whether in reality in the training data the explanatory variables are randomly observed or are fixed by design.
Introduction
Authors: Atkinson A C , Doney A N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is concerned with the design of experiments when uncontrollable fluctuations are appreciable compared with the effects to be investigated. Statistical methods are essential for experiments which provide unambiguous answers with a minimum of effort and expense, particularly if the effects of several factors are to be studied. The emphasis is on designs derived using the theory of optimum experimental design. Two main contributions result from such methods. One is the provision of algorithms for the construction of designs, and the other is the availability of quantitative methods for the comparison of proposed experiments. As we shall see, many of the widely used standard designs are optimum in ways to be defined in later chapters. The algorithms of the theory allow the incorporation of non-standard features into designs, often with little loss of efficiency.
The choice of a model
Authors: Atkinson A C , Doney A N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Optimum experimental designs depend upon the model or models to be fitted to the data, although not usually, for linear models, on the values of the parameters of the models. This chapter is intended to give some advice on the choice of an appropriate form for a model. Whether or not the choice was correct can, of course, only be determined by analysis of the experimental results.
Standard designs
Authors: Atkinson A C , Doney A N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The examples in Chapter 6 show that it is not always possible to find a design which is simultaneously optimum for several criteria. When there are only one or two factors, plots of the variance function, like those in Chapter 6, can be used to assess different aspects of a design’s behaviour. But when there are several factors and the model is more complicated, such plots cannot be drawn. Designs satisfying one or several criteria arc then found by numerical optimization of the design criterion, a function of the design points and of the number of trials. Algorithms for the construction of continuous designs, which do not depend on the total number of trials, are described in Chapter 9. The more complicated algorithms for exact designs are the subject of Chapter 15. In this chapter we give a short survey of some standard designs which avoid the use of these algorithms, particularly when the factors arc all quantitative. If particular properties of the design arc important, the equivalence theorems of Chapter 10 can be usd to assess and compare designs.
Optimum Bayesian designs
Authors: Atkinson A C , Doney A N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Optimum designs for non-linear models depend on the values of the vector of unknown parameters θ. fn Chapter 18 this dependence was resolved by replacing Oby a prior point estimate θ0, use of which yielded locally optimum designs. In this chapter we consider instead design when there is a prior distribution for θ, which may be either discrete or continuous. This extra information is incorporated into the design by taking expectations of the design criterion over the prior distribution. A general equivalence theorem for such criteria is given in §19.2. The principal difference between this equivalence theorem and that of §9.2 is that Caratheodory’s Theorem no longer provides an upper bound on the number of trials in the experimental design.
Examples. Random-effects models
Authors: Longford Nicholas T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter random-effects methods are illustrated for the five datasets introduced in Section 2.2. The analyses are incomplete and they highlight the need for analysis with more general patterns of between-cluster variation. After the theoretical groundwork layed in Chapter 4, the same datasets are reanalysed in Chapter 5. Throughout the chapter, statistical significance at the 5 per cent level is used.
A General Theory of Biplots
Authors: Gower JC 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An account is given in this chapter of recent extensions to biplot method ology that permit graphical representations of the samples and variables of multivariate data-matrices whose inter-sample distances may be defined generally and which are approximated by general methods of multidimensional scaling. The extensions admit quantitative and/or categorical variables. An important distinction for the proper interpretation of such biplots is whether their use is for interpolation or prediction. The key to these ex tensions is via generalised coordinate axes or even more general reference systems. Classical linear biplots, based on principal components analysis, and multiple correspondence analysis, are special cases of the generalisations.
Field-work and methods
Authors: Pennington Renee , Harpending Henry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The collection of good data is not a well studied aspect of demography. Since the quality and nature of data affect the scope of their usefulness and determine the validity of any conclusions drawn from them, we discuss in detail how we collected our data and how our methods may lead to various sources of bias. We also compare anthropological data collection techniques with those standard in demography. While the methods differ in scale and detail, there are big advantages in terms of data quality in smaller studies. We also discuss features of the Herero population by examining peculiarities in their age-sex pyramid.
Modelling Frequency and Count Data
Authors: Lindsey J k. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Categorical data analysis is a special area of generalised linear models, which has become the most important area of statistical applications in many disciplines, from medicine to social sciences. This text presents the standard models and many newly developed ones in a language which can be immediately applied in many modern statistical packages such as GLIM, GENSTAT, S-Plus, as well as SAS and LISP-STAT. The book is structure around the distinction between independent events occurring to different individuals, resulting in frequencies, and repeated events occurring to the same individuals, yielding counts. The book demonstates that much of modern statistics can be seen as special cases of categorical data models; both generalized linear models and proportional hazards models can be fitted as log linear models. More specialized topics such as Markov chains, overdispersion and random effects, are also covered.
Larger tables
Authors: Lindsey J k. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 1, we studied some models for patterns in one-way tables. These methods can often be extended directly to larger tables. Here, we shall be interested in the dependence of a response distribution on explanatory variables in a variety of contexts. Thus, as often in statistics, we shall distinguish between response variables and explanatory variables af!-d look for patterns in the dependence of (the distribution of) the former on the latter. In some cases, we may even be able to expect a certain precise pattern of dependence for theoretical reasons; in the latter context, we shall conclude the chapter by looking at an example from genetics.
Ordinal variables
Authors: Lindsey J k. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the analysis of categorical data, ordinal variables are commonly encountered. The categories are known to have an order but knowledge of the scale is insufficient to consider them as forming a metric. Although they may be treated simply as nominal categories, as in the first two chapters, valuable information is being lost. At the same time, they cannot be handled as continuous variables, using the models of the previous chapter, without making often unjustified assumptions. Occasionally, a linear scale can be used for an ordinal variable, but the goodness of fit of such a model should be checked, as we shall always do below. However, in most cases, special models are required for such variables. Thus, ordinal variables lie in between nominal and continuous variables. In this chapter, we shall employ several approaches to modelling them.
Zero frequencies
Authors: Lindsey J k. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When several categorical variables are cross-tabulated to form a table of several dimensions, some cells often contain zero frequencies of response. Such a situation may arise in at least three ways. The zero may have occurred simply because the sample size was not large enough and that combination of categories is not represented. A large enough sample would theoretically include such combinations. In the other two cases, the combination of categories is actually impossible, either a structural zero or a model zero, the latter being produced by excluding the combination from the model for some theoretical reason. In the first case, the expected frequencies or fitted values should be positive. In the latter two cases, the expected frequencies for any model must be zero. In the next section, we shall consider the first case, that of sampling zeros. In subsequent sections, as well as in Part II, various forms of incomplete tables with structural and model zeros will be covered.
Counting processes
Authors: Lindsey J k. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this part, we shall look at dependent events. These will usually be events occurring to the same individual unit, instead of to independently sampled units, as was the case for the frequencies of events in the first part. Often a sequence of events over time will be available. One way to model such data is to look at the probability, called the risk or intensity, of an event in each small interval of time. Models will describe how this changes, over time, since a previous event or since the process began, and with various explanatory variables. Another equivalent way is to look at the accumulating number of events. As its name suggests, this counting process is a random variable over time, N(t), which counts the number of events which have occurred up to t. Then the intensity is just the (local average) rate at which the counting process changes over time, so that the two approaches are very closely related.
Markov chains
Authors: Lindsey J k. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Section 7.3, we briefly introduced models for Markov chains in the simple case where there were only two possible responses: an event occurs or not. However, such models have much wider application. In continuous time models, where each subject is in one of several possible states at any given point, they are often called semi-Markov processes or Markov renewal processes and may be analysed by the counting process methods of Chapter 7. The intensities, then, refer to the transition probabilities between states, as we saw in Section 7.7. In this chapter and the next, we shall be looking at Markov chains in discrete time, where the response is only recorded a few times, but where several states are usually possible. In such cases, observations are usually made on a large number of units. Here, we shall consider some traditional aspects of such chains, such as their order and whether or not the transition matrix is stationary. In the next chapter, we study how to impose more complex structures on the transition matrix.
Parametric Statistical Inference
Authors: Lindsey J K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Inference involves drawing conclusions about some general phenomenon from limited empirical observations in the face of random variability. In a scientific context, the general must include the completely unforeseen if all possibilities are to be considered. Many of the statistical models most used to describe such phenomena belong to one of a small number of families--the exponential, transformation, and stable families. In the past 25 years, the likelihood function has been recognized as the fundamental element of approach to drawing scientific conclusions. This book brings together for the first time these two components of statistics as the central themes of statistical inference. Chapters focus on model building, approximations, and examples. There are also appendices on the elements of measure theory, probability theory, and numerical methods. The discussions are appropriate for students of mathematical statistics.
The patient with insomnia
Authors: Mynors-Wallis Dr Laurence , Moore Dr Michael , Maguire Mr Jon , Hollingbery Mr Timothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Advising those with sleep problems on what to do is an activity common in both general practice and everyday life. Much of such advice is common sense, some evidence based and some folklore. There are a range of effective drug and non-drug interventions for insomnia. This chapter will set out a systematic approach to the management of sleep problems in primary care. Insomnia is the perception, or complaint, of inadequate or poor-quality sleep because of one or more of the following:
The patient with an eating disorder
Authors: Mynors-Wallis Dr Laurence , Moore Dr Michael , Maguire Mr Jon , Hollingbery Mr Timothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In adolescent girls, eating disorders are the third most common disorder behind obesity and asthma. Rates for males are about 5-10% those for females. The prevalence of eating disorders is directly related to rates of dieting behaviour, although only a minority of young people who diet go on to develop an eating disorder. When dieting and the desire to be thin combine with problems of self-esteem and interpersonal relationships, an eating disorder is a possible outcome.
Perspectives in higher-order motor deficit rehabilitation. Which approach for which ecological result?
Authors: Rossetti Yves , Rode, Gilles , Goldenberg Georg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a wide variability of motor impairments. Motor deficits can result from the damage of pure motor, sensory, or cognitive systems, or from combinations of the three. While sensory deficits can be partially compensated by learning specific strategies to use the remaining senses, motor deficits due to lesion of the motor output areas and from cognitive functions linked to action planning or to space representation have strong debilitating consequences. As examples of these conditions, in this chapter we will discuss the methods used to rehabilitate some intrinsic or extrinsic motor disorders such as hemiplegia, apraxia, and those disorders resulting from misrepresentation of space.
The Story Of Life
Authors: Southwood T R E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How did life begin? What really was 'snowball earth'? Why did the dinosaurs go extinct? Are we all descended from 'African Eve'? Will humans be responsible for the next major extinction? All these are addressed in this fascinating book. The story unfolds with the formation of the earth around four thousand million years ago, though it took until after massive bombardment by asteroids a hundred million years later for life to emerge and another fifteen million years until more complex life began to appear. Periods of relatively calm, like a kaleidoscope held still, were punctuated by five vigorous shakes of the kaleidoscope representing major extinctions, with innumerable minor jolts along the way. Five million years ago an able ape evolved that gradually came to dominate and control the other animals and plants. Evolution in all its complexity has been put aside and the future lies in the hands of single species. Southwood's love for his subject, and for the life he describes, shines through this carefully and straightforwardly crafted story. It is generously illustrated with line drawings showing the creatures and plants that inhabited the changing world and reconstructions of entire habitats, with maps of the globe that show the progress of the land itself.
Sand, Mud and Shallow Seas
Authors: Southwood T R E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During this period—;the Silurian and Devonian—;the continental land masses were, in the main, slowly approaching each other. Gondwana was a single entity, moving over the South Pole. So the continental land masses that now constitute Central Africa, Southern Africa, and South America all passed over the pole until Gondwana was clear of the pole, only to move back again at the end of the period (fig. 6.1). The northern edge of Gondwana was fringed by extensive shallow seas and at one stage these were contiguous with those of the land mass that now includes China—;one of several land masses in the north, that would come together to form the supercontinent Laurasia. The North American and Northern European (Baltica) continents came together, forcing up mountain ranges such as the Appalachians and the ‘Caledonide’of Scotland and Norway.
The Giant Continent Forms
Authors: Southwood T R E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the start of this period Gondwana and Laurasia had just started to collide; by the end of it, the giant continent of Pangaea stretched from the South Pole to near the North Pole with the Palaeo-Tethys Sea on its east-ern side, almost entirely enclosed by ‘continents’ that have come to be parts of China and south-east Asia. In the tropical regions, around the Palaeo-Tethys Sea there were, particularly in the Carboniferous period, extensive forested swamps, now represented by deposits of coal, oil and gas; later in the Permian period coal was deposited further away from the equator. In the early Carboniferous an ice sheet formed over the southern portion of Gondwanaland which became increasingly more extensive until the late Permian.
Alcohol, drugs: having fun or playing with fire?
Authors: Graham Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most parents would find it impossible to give a straight answer to that question. They might perhaps say that they would be very unhappy about their child drinking at 13 years of age, but feel quite relaxed about it by the time their child was at the end of the teens. But the way they behave to their children makes it likely that their attitudes are a great deal more complicated than that would suggest. Many parents who would be horrified if their 13-year-old went to a party where unlimited alcohol was on offer would think it quite normal to let their child have a glass of wine when the family was having a celebratory meal at home. And why not? In contrast, they would probably not feel at all relaxed if their 19-year-old son or daughter was frequently drunk, drinking to relieve feelings of depression, getting into fights while drunk, or having unprotected sex with numerous different partners while drunk. So the answer to the question about how parents feel about their children and alcohol is not straightforward. Clearly the age of the child in question is a major consideration, but so is the amount drunk and the circumstances in which drinking is taking place.
The geological time frame
Authors: Fenchel Tom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the beginning of the 19th century it became possible to establish a relative geological time-scale on the basis of the layering of different types of rock. A given stratum could be expected to be younger than underlying strata, and older than overlying ones. Some rocks may be sedimentary-deposited in water to become sandstone, shale, or limestone. Metamorphosed rocks resulted from the melting and subsequent solidification of other types of rocks. Igneous rocks were solidified lava or magma.
What is life?
Authors: Fenchel Tom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Something with eyes or antennae that crawls or walks is easily recognized as ‘life’. When shown a dried seed or a slimy bacterial film, many people would be less certain. In fact, it is not easy to define life. Among many other difficulties it is a problem that we know of only one kind of life. It is possible to rephrase the question by asking what sort of scientific equipment should be placed in a space probe that is sent off into space to investigate whether there is life on some other planet. This was topical when planning the Viking mission that landed two probes on Mars in 1976 and again today in connection with future Mars missions.
Transitions during the evolution of life
Authors: Fenchel Tom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Contemporary understanding of evolution (often referred to as the Neo-Darwinian Synthesis) explains directional evolution as the replacement of alleles in species populations driven by natural selection. An overwhelming amount of theoretical and experimental documentation as well as data deriving from palaeontology and natural history shows that this description is fundamentally correct. It is not, however, always appreciated that the effect of natural selection is often the mainte nance of stable phenotypes over long periods of geological time.
Implications
Authors: Gaston Kevin J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the major, and arguably the most important, driving forces behind recent, on-going, and planned studies in the field of aerography is concern about some of the significant environmental problems that humanity is facing at present (Section 1.2.1). These include such issues as the loss of biodiversity, the impacts of climate change, the spread of invasive species, and the control of pests and diseases.
Miscellaneous enhancements
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter collects together a number of miscellaneous enhancements made in Fortran 2003 that do not fit into any convenient category. The intent attribute has been extended to include pointers. For a pointer, the intent refers to the pointer association and not to the value of the target; that is, it refers to the descriptor. An intent (out) pointer has undefined association status on entry to the procedure; an intent(in) pointer cannot be nullified or associated during execution of the procedure; and the actual argument for an intent (inout) pointer must be a pointer variable (that is, it cannot be a reference to a pointer-valued function).
Graphical models in credit scoring
Authors: Sewart Pete , Whittaker Joe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Graphical models simplify the analysis of multivariate observations by summarizing conditional independences in the data. Variables are represented by nodes. and the absence of an edge between two nodes signifies their conditional independence. While graphical modeling has been used in several applications of statistics. credit scoring has only recently been suggested as a suitable candidate.
This chapter suggests the following potential uses for graphical models: to display and interpret the associations between variables taken from a credit-card application form; to compare the credit scoring of sub-populations; to give a description of the credit-scoring selection process in terms of influence diagrams; and to assess the effect of selection bias and stratification on the interdependency of variables.