bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bank resolution in South Africa: Recent developments
Authors: Nyaude Ashley Batsirai , Van Heerden Corlia 
Published: February 2024

AbstractIn this contribution, the authors explore recent developments in South Africa's approach to bank resolution, assessing compliance of its new regime with the Financial Stability Board's Key Attributes of Effective Resolution Regimes for Financial Institutions (KAs). Emphasizing the imperative for orderly resolutions to avert financial crises, the authors scrutinize the post‐2008 Global Financial Crisis regulatory landscape. Until June 2023, South Africa's approach to bank failure was limited to curatorship and liquidation under the Banks Act 94 of 1990. Addressing gaps identified by international bodies such as the Financial Stability Board, International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank, and taking lessons from the failure of African Bank in 2014, South Africa has transitioned to a Twin Peaks regulatory model and also introduced a comprehensive resolution framework effective June 1, 2023, captured in the Financial Sector Regulation Act 9 of 2017. This framework currently applies to banks only. The South African Reserve Bank now holds an explicit financial stability mandate and is designated as the resolution authority. The article discusses the design features for an effective resolution regime as recommended in the KAs to benchmark the new South African resolution regime, noting overall compliance. However, it acknowledges the need for further development in certain respects to enhance alignment.
Transient ischemic attack and pregnancy, delivery and neonatal outcomes—An evaluation of a population database
Authors: Amikam Uri , Badeghiesh Ahmad , Baghlaf Haitham , Brown Richard , Dahan Michael H. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractObjectiveTransient ischemic attack (TIA) is rare in women of reproductive age. We aimed to compare perinatal outcomes between women who suffered from a TIA to those who did not.MethodsA retrospective population‐based cohort study utilizing the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, Nationwide Inpatient Sample (HCUP‐NIS). All women who delivered or had a maternal death in the US (2004–2014) were included in the study. Pregnancy, delivery, and neonatal outcomes were compared between women with an ICD‐9 diagnosis of a TIA to those without.ResultsOverall, 9 096 788 women met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 203 women (2.2/100000) had a TIA (either before or during pregnancy). Women with TIA, compared to those without, were more likely to be older than 35 years of age, white, in the highest income quartile, be insured by private insurance and suffer from obesity and chronic hypertension. Patients in the TIA group, compared to those without, had a higher rate of pregnancy‐induced hypertension (aOR 2.5, 95% CI: 1.55–4.05, P < 0.001), pre‐eclampsia (aOR 3.77, 95% CI: 2.15–6.62, P < 0.001), eclampsia (aOR 28.05, 95% CI: 6.91–113.95, P < 0.001), preterm delivery (aOR 1.78, 95% CI: 1.03–3.07, P = 0.039), and maternal complications such as deep vein thrombosis (aOR 33.3, 95% CI: 8.07–137.42, P < 0.001). Regarding neonatal outcomes, patients with a TIA, compared to those without, had a higher rate of congenital anomalies (aOR 7.04, 95% CI: 2.86–17.32, P < 0.001).ConclusionWomen with a TIA diagnosis before or during pregnancy had a higher rate of maternal complications, including hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and venous thromboembolism, as well as an increased risk of congenital anomalies.
Outpatient cervical ripening with balloon catheters: A Bayesian network meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Zhao Ge , Song Guang , Liu Jing 
Published: February 2024

AbstractBackgroundOne in four labors are induced. The process of cervical ripening can be lengthy and pre‐labor hospitalization is required. Outpatient cervical ripening can be an attractive alternative.ObjectivesTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of outpatient cervical ripening with a balloon catheter compared with inpatient balloon catheter or prostaglandin E2 (PGE2).Search StrategyThe PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Cochrane Library databases were searched from their inception to October 15, 2022.Selection CriteriaRandomized controlled trials comparing the outpatient balloon catheter with inpatient balloon catheter or inpatient PGE2 for term cervical ripening.Data Collection and AnalysisBayesian network meta‐analysis was performed. The primary outcome was the cesarean delivery rate. The secondary outcomes included instrumental delivery, the time from intervention‐to‐birth, oxytocin augmentation, total hospital duration, and maternal/neonatal adverse events.Main ResultsTwenty‐nine randomized controlled trials with a total of 6004 participants were identified. No difference in the cesarean delivery rate was revealed among the three interventions. Compared with inpatient balloon catheter, outpatient balloon catheter had shorter total hospital duration (mean difference −8.58, 95% confidence interval −17.02 to −1.10). No differences were revealed in the time from intervention‐to‐birth, instrumental delivery, postpartum hemorrhage, 5‐min Apgar score less than 7, umbilical cord arterial pH less than 7.1, and neonatal intensive care unit admission among the three interventions.ConclusionsOutpatient balloon catheter in low‐risk term pregnancies is an available option that could be considered for cervical ripening. The safety and effectiveness are comparable to inpatient cervical ripening methods.
Risk factors for early postpartum hemorrhage: A retrospective, population‐based, cohort analysis
Authors: Abecassis Avishag , Wainstock Tamar , Sheiner Eyal , Miodownik Shayna , Pariente Gali 
Published: February 2024

AbstractObjectiveTo identify risk factors for developing early postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) and to examine whether risk factors vary according to severity and mode of delivery.MethodsA population‐based cohort study was conducted in which all deliveries at a tertiary medical center were included. Risk factors for developing early PPH were compared based on the severity of bleeding as well as the mode of delivery. Multiple logistic regression models were used to control for confounders.ResultsAmong 322 497 deliveries included in the analysis, early PPH complicated 1811 (0.56%) of all deliveries. Among all cases of early PPH, 505 deliveries (28%) were complicated with severe PPH. Using a logistic regression model, in vitro fertilization (IVF) pregnancy, previous cesarean delivery (CD), pre‐eclampsia, placental abruption, and uterine rupture were independently associated only with severe early PPH, while non‐progressive second stage of labor, induction of labor, and large for gestational age were independently associated with both severe and mild early PPH. When applying an additional logistic regression model, whereas IVF pregnancy, pre‐eclampsia, and large for gestational age were independently associated with early PPH among vaginal deliveries only, placenta previa was independently associated with early PPH among CD only.ConclusionsIndependent risk factors for developing severe PPH solely include IVF pregnancy, previous CD, pre‐eclampsia, placental abruption, and uterine rupture. IVF pregnancy, pre‐eclampsia, and large for gestational age are independent risk factors for early PPH following vaginal delivery, while placenta previa is independently associated with early PPH after CD only. Due to the recognition of the importance of both the provider and institutional planning and preparation for PPH, the study's results should be viewed within the scope of its retrospective cohort design.
Design and development of artificial intelligence‐based application programming interface for early detection and diagnosis of colorectal cancer from wireless capsule endoscopy images
Authors: Selvaraj Jothiraj , Jayanthy A. K. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThe colorectal cancer (CRC) is gaining attention in the context of gastrointestinal tract diseases as it ranks third among the most prevalent type of cancer. The early diagnosis of the CRC can be done by periodic examination of the colon and rectum for innocuous tissue abnormality called polyp as it has the potential to evolve as malignant in future. The CRC diagnosis using wireless capsule endoscopy requires the dedicated commitment of the medical expert demanding significant time, focus and effort. The accuracy of manual analysis in identifying polyps is extensively reliant on the cognitive condition of the physician, thus emphasizing the requirement for automatic polyp identification. The artificial intelligence integrated computer‐aided diagnosis system could assist the clinician in better diagnosis, thereby reducing the miss‐rates of polyps. In our proposed study, we developed an application program interface to aid the clinician in automatic segmentation of the polyp and evaluation of its dimension by manual placement of four landmarks on the predicted polyp. The segmentation is performed by the proposed light weight Padded U‐Net for the effective polyp segmentation in the colorectal images. We trained and validated the Padded U‐Net with augmented images of Kvasir dataset and calculated the performance parameters. In order to facilitate image augmentation, a graphical user interface called Augment Tree was developed, which incorporates 92 augmentation techniques. The accuracy, recall, precision, IoU, F1‐score, loss achieved during validation of Padded U‐Net were 95.6%, 0.946%, 0.985%, 0.933%, 0.965% and 0.080% respectively. We demonstrated that accuracy was improved and loss was reduced when the model was trained with augmented images rather than only the limited original dataset images. On comparison of our Padded U‐net architecture with recently developed architectures, our model attained optimal performance in all the metrics except accuracy in which it attained marginal performance to the highest value.
Protein Synthesis by Gastric Mucosal Ribosomes During Development in Rats
Authors: Majumdar A. P. N. 
Published: February 2024

SummaryOxyntic gland mucosal ribosomes from 7− to 30‐day‐old rats were asayed for their ability to synthesize endogenous messenger RNA (mRNA) and poly(U)‐directed protein in a cell‐free system. Normal rat liver cell sap (105,000 g supernatant) was used as a source for transfer RNA (tRNA) and activating enzymes. Total mucosal DNA and ribosome content [as assessed by ribosomal RNA (rRNA)] were also determined. Although both DNA and rRNA content increased throughout the 4 post‐natal weeks, the rRNA/DNA ratio rose sharply during the 2nd and 4th week after birth. The ability of mucosal polyribosomes to synthesize endogenous mRNA‐directed protein in a cell‐free system remained elevated up to the age of 18 days, then decreased markedly within the next 3 days, and thereafter, declined more slowly. In 21− and 30‐day‐old rats, the rate of endogenous mRNA‐directed protein synthesis by mucosal ribosomes was 50–60% below that of the 7‐day‐old suckling rats. The protein/ polyphenylalanine ratio, which represents a ratio of polysomes to monosomes, was found to be about 57% lower for ribosomes from 30‐day‐old rats as compared to 7‐day‐old suckling animals. The ability of run‐off ribosomes (devoid of endogenous mRNA) to translate poly(U) was also found to be 33% lower for 30‐day‐old rats as compared to the 7‐day‐old suckling animals.
Quantitative Analysis of Small Intestinal Mucosa in Cow's Milk‐Sensitive Enteropathy
Authors: Maluenda C. , Phillips A. D. , Briddon A. , Walker‐Smith J. A. 
Published: February 2024

SummaryThe appearance of the small intestinal mucosa in cow's milk protein intolerance (CMPI) was studied using quantitative morphometry. The parameters under study were the numbers of eosinophil cells in the lamina propria and epithelium, villous height, crypt zone depth, villous height/crypt zone depth ratio, and total mucosal thickness. Tracings of whole sections were analysed using a suitably programmed minicomputer linked to a digitising table. Small bowel biopsy specimens from children with untreated CMPI, from children before and after clinical relapse on cow's milk challenges, and from children with resolved CMPI were compared to each other, to those from control infants, and to those from children with coeliac disease. No change of diagnostic significance could be found in the number of lamina propria eosinophil cells, but levels of intraepithelial eosinophils were significantly increased following cow's milk challenge. Quantification of mucosal dimensions confirmed the presence of a cow's milk‐sensitive enteropathy and established the finding of a thin mucosa in CMPI regardless of clinical disease activity. Mucosal thickness was not different from control values following resolution of the disease. In coeliac disease mucosal thickness was significantly greater than in CMPI (apart from young children with untreated coeliac disease whose mucosa was not thicker than that of children with untreated CMPI) but not different from control values. It is suggested that in CMPI there is a limitation in the capacity of crypt cells to compensate for the loss of villous epithelium.
Mast Cells and Eosinophils in the Jejunal Mucosa of Patients with Intestinal Cow's Milk Allergy and Celiac Disease of Childhood
Authors: Kosnai I. , Kuitunen P. , Savilahti E. , Sipponen P. 
Published: February 2024

SummaryWe counted the number of granulated mast cells with high iron diamine staining, and the number of eosinophils with hematoxyline‐eosin staining, in the lamina propria of the jejunum in 12 untreated patients with intestinal cow's milk allergy (CMA), 47 with celiac disease (CD), and 14 controls. A decreased number of mast cells and an increased number of eosinophils were found in 58% of patients with CMA, and in 60% of those with CD. The number of mast cells showed a significant positive correlation with the villous height, and the number of eosinophils a negative correlation with both the villous height, and the number of mast cells. Appropriate dietary treatment resulted in a rise in the number of granulated mast cells and a decrease in the number of eosinophils in both patient groups.
Sugar Absorption in Healthy Preterm and Full‐Term Infants
Authors: Roggero P. , Mosca F. , Motta G. , Mangiaterra V. , Perazzani M. , Offredi M. L. , Marini A. , Careddu P. 
Published: February 2024

Summary:We have studied carbohydrate absorption in 40 healthy term infants and 10 preterm neonates (31‐35 weeks gestation) by respiratory H2, fecal pH, and chromatographic analysis of stools. Sequential studies of H2 excretion (24‐h collection) in response to breast feeding were carried out in premature infants during the first 8 weeks of life. Five expired H2 during the first 2 weeks, and two continued to do so in the 3rd to 4th weeks. Breath H2 excretion fell below 10 ppm by 8 weeks and was not related to feeding or sleep. In term neonates, the frequency of incomplete carbohydrate absorption (4‐h test) at the end of the first week was 36% for 14 breast‐fed, 42% for 12 formula‐fed, and 64% for 14 mixed‐fed neonates (not significant differences). There were no significant differences between the absorbing and malabsorbing subjects in fecal pH. Chromatographic analysis showed only small quantities of sugars. In summary, incomplete carbohydrate absorption occurred in a high percentage of the newborns studied; the 24‐h test evaluated better than the 4‐h test; and negative breath H2 excretion indicated development of the capacity of the small intestine to hydrolyze carbohydrates. In the majority of the preterm malabsorbing babies, completely functional lactase occurs within the first month of life. The growth modulators in human milk may increase the rate of maturing of the small intestine.
Gastrointestinal Enhanced Insulin Release in Response to Glucose in Newborn Infants
Authors: Oliven Anita , King Katherine C. , Kalhan Satish C. 
Published: February 2024

Summary:The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether or not gastrointestinal (GI) enhanced insulin response occurs in newborn infants soon after birth. Glucose infusion by intravenous or orogastric routes was given to infants during the first 4 days of life, aiming at achieving similar plasma glucose concentrations. Their plasma insulin responses were then compared. Thirty term, new‐born infants (10 appropriate for gestational age, 8 small for gestational age, 6 large for gestational age, and 6 infants of diabetic mothers) were studied. With intravenous glucose infusions of 8 mg/kg/min or orogastric infusion of 16 mg/kg/min, the plasma glucose concentrations achieved were similar and approximated 110 mg/dl. Plasma insulin responses were greater in infants receiving glucose via the GI route. The finding was in contrast to our previous data, in which no GI enhancement of insulin response was demonstrated. The present data suggest that in the term newborn infant, GI enhanced insulin release occurs only when a threshold of plasma glucose concentration has been exceeded. It appears that the enteroinsular axis is functional in newborns soon after birth.
Pooled Pasteurized Breast Milk and Untreated Own Mother's Milk in the Feeding of Very Low Birth Weight Babies
Authors: Stein H. , Cohen D. , Herman A. A. B. , Rissik J. , Ellis U. , Bolton K. , Pettifor J. , MacDougall L. 
Published: February 2024

Summary:It has been shown that milk derived from mothers with term infants is not optimal for premature babies. There is also concern about the effect of heat sterilizing breast milk. At Baragwanath Hospital, the majority of mothers remain with and care for their premature babies. Over many years, pooled pasteurized breast milk has been fed to these babies before direct breast feeding is instituted. A study was done to compare feeding pooled pasteurized breast milk and untreated own mother's milk to very low birth weight babies. There was a significantly more rapid weight gain both in terms of regaining birth weight and, from this point, to reaching a weight of 1,800 g when using untreated own mother's milk. This occurred in spite of the fact that there was little difference, especially in terms of energy content, between the two types of breast milk. This was due to the fact that the pooled pasteurized milk was also largely obtained from mothers of premature babies. It is suggested from our data that slower weight gain in the group receiving the pooled pasteurized milk could be due to the pasteurization, which probably destroys heat‐labile milk lipase.
Insulin Involvement in Intestinal Macromolecular Transmission and Closure in Neonatal Pigs
Authors: Svendsen Lorraine S. , Weström Björn R. , Svendsen Jørgen , Ohlsson Bertil G. , Ekman Rolf , Karlsson Börje W. 
Published: February 2024

Summary:The involvement of insulin in the intestinal transmission of macromolecules to blood and the cessation of this transport (intestinal closure) was studied in neonatal pigs by measuring the serum levels of the markers bovine serum albumin and fluorescein isothiocyanate labelled dextran 70,000 (FITC‐D) at 4 h after gavage feeding. In naturally suckled pigs, intestinal closure at 18 h was shown to be associated with an increase in serum immunoreactive insulin (IRI) levels. Similarly, intestinal closure obtained at ?? lactose/kg, was accompanied by an increase in serum IRI levels. Neither high serum IRI levels nor closure were observed in fasted pigs or in pigs gavage fed a total of 12 g lactose/kg. The effect of exogenous insulin on intestinal macromolecular transmission was studied by injecting 5 IU insulin/kg subcutaneously at 3 and 6 h, respectively, in newborn pigs gavage fed 10 ml sow colostrum/kg at 3 h intervals. This resulted in a reduction in the transmission of the markers when tested at 12 h, in comparison to littermates receiving the same amount of colostrum and littermates suckling the sow. It appears as if insulin, reflected as high serum levels over an extended period of time, is involved in the regulation of macromolecular trans?? ?? ulated that insulin may be involved in these processes by initiating the synthesis of membrane structural proteins in the enterocytes.
Cholelithiasis in an Infant with Polycythemia
Authors: Tay Jean S. , Werlin Steven L. 
Published: February 2024

SummaryAn 11‐week‐old infant with polycythemia presented with cholestasis secondary to cholelithiasis. It is likely that hemolysis secondary to polycythemia predisposed our patient to cholelithiasis. We suggest that polycythemia may be a new cause of cholelithiasis in infancy.
The Pancreatic Duct Cell
Authors: Githens Sherwood 
Published: February 2024

Summary:The pancreatic duct cell, although a minor cell type of the pancreas, plays an important role in fluid/ electrolyte and mucin secretion, and has been implicated in the development of pancreatic cancer, alcoholic pancreatitis, and cystic fibrosis. In the normal pancreas, the duct cell has the same low proliferative rate as acinar and endocrine cells. Under certain pathological circumstances, duct cells, as well as acinar and islet cells, may be stimulated to proliferate more rapidly. Pancreatic duct cells exhibit certain features not shared by acinar and/or endocrine cells, including a variety of antigens, mucins, enzymes, and morphological features. Adult duct cells resemble fetal pancreatic duct‐like cells morphologically, but they have differentiated to at least a limited extentfrom their precursor cell type. Although there is no evidence that duct cells differentiate into acinar cells after pancreatic morphogenesis is complete, some islet cells develop from duct epithelium in the early postnatal period. Some pathological conditions may lead to the postnatal formation of islet cells from duct cells and may cause acinar cells to become duct‐like in morphology or to die and be replaced by duct cells. A better understanding of duct cells is now possible because of the development of techniques for their isolation and culture free from other cell types. Several such techniques are reviewed.
Fecal Secretory Immunoglobulin A in Breast Milk Versus Formula Feeding in Early Infancy
Authors: Koutras A. K. , Vigorita V. J. 
Published: February 2024

Summary:We studied the effects of breast milk feeding versus formula feeding during the first 8 weeks of life on the development of local gastrointestinal humoral immune response by measuring fecal secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA). Forty‐four infants were studied and classified into two groups: breast milk (n = 21) and standard Enfamil without iron (n = 23). The fecal specimens were analyzed at birth and 2, 4, and 8 weeks of age. Radial immune diffusion (RID) technique was used to assay the fecal SIgA during these four ages. Marked SIgA changes were detected in the breast milk‐fed group. At birth, no fecal SIgA was detected in either group. At 2, 4, and 8 weeks, significant differences were found between the two groups (p4 ≤ 0.001 and p8 ≤ 0.001).This phenomenon of enhanced fecal SIgA in breast‐fed infants versus standard formula‐fed infants is not caused solely by the presence of IgA in breast milk; it represents a stimulatory effect of breast milk on the gastrointestinal humoral immunologic development. The possible active stimulatory role of breast milk on the development of immunologic competence and host defense is discussed. These data suggest an additional advantage of breast milk feeding during early life by the protective role of the earlier and enhanced production of SIgA in the gastrointestinal tract.