bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects of menu design on information‐seeking performance and user's attitude on the World Wide Web
Authors: Yu Byeong‐Min , Roh Seak‐Zoon 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAs the Web becomes more popular, the interest in effective navigation is increasing. Menu design is becoming a central issue of human computer interface design as the focus of computer applications moves from the computer as a machine to the human as a user. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of three different Web menu designs (a simple selection menu, a global and local navigation menu, and a pull‐down menu) on users' information‐seeking performance and attitudes. Three Cyber‐shopping mall Web sites were developed for the experiment. These Web sites had the same content and a constant information structure, but each had a different menu design. The results showed different effect of menu design on both searching performance and browsing performance. More specifically, participants' searching performance was superior in the pull‐down menu condition compared to the global and local navigation menu and the simple selection menu conditions. Browsing task performance was the fastest with the global and local navigation menu. However, there were no significant differences among three menu designs in terms of users' perception on appeal of the Web site and disorientation.
On using genetic algorithms for multimodal relevance optimization in information retrieval
Authors: Boughanem M. , Chrisment C. , Tamine L. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis article presents a genetic relevance optimization process performed in an information retrieval system. The process uses genetic techniques for solving multimodal problems (niching) and query reformulation techniques commonly used in information retrieval. The niching technique allows the process to reach different relevance regions of the document space. Query reformulation techniques represent domain knowledge integrated in the genetic operators structure to improve the convergence conditions of the algorithm. Experimental analysis performed using a TREC subcollection validates our approach.
Investigation of the effects of concomitant caffeine administration on the metabolic disposition of pyrazinamide in rats
Authors: Mehmedagic Aida , Verite Philippe , Menager Sabine , Tharasse Christine , Chabenat Christiane , Andre Dominique , Lafont Olivier 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe utility of pyrazinamide (PZA) in the short‐course antituberculous treatment is well established. All available data support the idea that the PZA metabolite pyrazinoic acid (PA) is the active compound against M. tuberculosis. This situation warranted a deeper investigation of possible interactions with respect to its metabolic disposition. Caffeine, which is widely used as a drug and is a common constituent of most diets, shares with PZA the same metabolic enzyme, xanthine oxidase (XO). This study investigated if, and in what manner, concomitant administration of caffeine affects PZA metabolism. PZA and caffeine, in various doses (PZA=50 or 100 mg kg−1 and caffeine= 0, 50, 100, and 150 mg kg−1), were administered to female Sprague‐Dawley rats. PZA and its three main metabolites were quantified in 24 h urine samples by reversed phase‐HPLC Concomitant administration of 100 mg kg−1 caffeine and 50 mg kg−1 PZA increased from the excretion (p<0.05) of the most water‐soluble and the least toxic PZA metabolite 5‐hydroxypyrazinoic acid (5‐OH‐PA) from 66.18±10.87 to 94.56±8.65 μmol/24 h. This effect was more pronounced when 100 mg kg−1 of PZA was administered increasing excretion of 5‐OH‐PA from 113.28±70 to 173.23±17.82 μmol/24 h. These results show that the metabolic disposition of PZA is affected by concomitant caffeine intake. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Initial perceptions in negotiations: evaluation and response to ‘logrolling’ offers
Authors: Moran Simone , Ritov Ilana 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn negotiations, where several issues are under consideration and parties have different priorities among these issues, integrative agreements can be reached through ‘logrolling’: concessions on low priority issues in exchange for gains on higher priority issues. The present research focuses on the potential role of initial offers in the development of integrative agreements. We show first, that in a simulated competitive market the specific composition of initial offers influences the final agreements, beyond the effect predicted by their overall value. In order to obtain some insight into the judgmental processes that might play a role, we explore the way in which inexperienced negotiators presented with a hypothetical negotiation context evaluate and respond to logrolling versus distributive initial offers. Three hypotheses were tested: logrolling offers convey an implicit message of cooperation, logrolling offers promote understanding of the mutual interest structure of the task, and, finally, logrolling offers establish within‐issue anchors. Results do not support the first two hypotheses: logrolling offers were not necessarily judged more attractive than distributive ones, and they did not seem to affect the deeply rooted fixed‐pie assumption. However, initial offers did establish within‐issue anchors: counter‐offers were affected by the specific composition of the initial offers beyond the effect of their overall value. This anchoring process resulted in logrolling offers yielding a higher profit for their initiator, as well as higher combined profits for both parties. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Myoblast fusion in Drosophila
Authors: Dworak Heather A. , Sink Helen 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSomatic muscle formation is an unusual process as it requires the cells involved, the myoblasts, to relinquish their individual state and fuse with one another to form a syncitial muscle fiber. The potential use of myoblast fusion therapies to rebuild damaged muscles has generated continuing interest in elucidating the molecular basis of the fusion process. Yet, until recently, few of the molecular players involved in this process had been identified. Now, however, it has been possible to couple a detailed understanding of the cellular basis of the fusion process with powerful classical and molecular genetic strategies in the Drosophila embryo. We review the cellular studies, and the recent genetic and biochemical analyses that uncovered interacting extracellular molecules present on fusing myoblasts and the intracellular effectors that facilitate fusion. With the conservation of proteins and protein functions across species, it is likely that these findings in Drosophila will benefit understanding of the myoblast fusion process in higher organisms. BioEssays 24:591–601, 2002. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Potential genetic variance and the domestication of maize
Authors: Gottlieb Tanya M. , Wade Michael J. , Rutherford Suzanne L. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSince Darwin, there has been a long and arduous struggle to understand the source and maintenance of natural genetic variation and its relationship to phenotype. The reason that this task is so difficult is that it requires integration of detailed, and as yet incomplete, knowledge from several biological disciplines, including evolutionary, population, and developmental genetics. In this ‘post‐genomic’ era, it is relatively easy to identify differences in the DNA sequence between individuals. However, the task remains to delineate how this abundant genetic diversity actually contributes to phenotypic diversity. This necessitates tackling the problem of hidden genetic variation. Genetic polymorphisms can be conditionally cryptic, but have the potential to contribute to phenotypic variation in particular genetic backgrounds or under specific environmental conditions. A recent paper by Lauter and Doebley highlights the contribution of hidden genetic variation to traits characterizing the morphological evolution of modern maize from its wild grass‐like progenitor teosinte.1 This work is the first to demonstrate hidden variance for selected (agronomically ‘adaptive’) traits in a well‐characterized model for morphological evolution. BioEssays 24:685–689, 2002. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Structural analysis of peptide helices containing centrally positioned lactic acid residues
Authors: Aravinda S. , Shamala N. , Das Chittaranjan , Balaram P. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe effect of insertion of lactic acid (Lac) residues into peptide helices has been probed using specifically designed sequences. The crystal structures of 11‐residue and 14‐residue depsipeptides Boc–Val–Val–Ala–Leu–Val–Lac–Leu–Aib–Val–Ala–Leu–OMe (1) and Boc–Val–Ala–Leu–Aib–Val–Ala–Leu–Val–Lac–Leu–Aib–Val–Ala–Leu–OMe (3), containing centrally positioned Lac residues, have been determined. The structure of an 11‐residue peptide Boc–Val–Ala–Leu–Aib–Val–Ala–Leu–Aib–Val–Ala–Leu–OMe (2), analog of a which is an amide previously determined Lac‐containing depsipeptide, Boc–Val–Ala–Leu–Aib–Val–Lac–Leu–Aib–Val–Ala–Leu–OMe I. L. Karle, C. Das, and P. Balaram, Biopolymers, Vol. 59, (2001) pp. 276–289], is also reported. Peptide 1 adopts a helical fold, which is stabilized by mixture of 4→1 and 5→1 hydrogen bonds. Peptide 2 adopts a completely α‐helical conformation stabilized by eight successive 5→1 hydrogen bonds. Peptide 3 appears to be predominately α‐helical, with seven 5→1 hydrogen bonds and three 4→1 interaction interspersed in the sequence. In the structure of peptide 3 in addition to water molecules in the head‐to‐tail region, hydration at an internal segment of the helix is also observed. A comparison of five related peptide helices, containing a single Lac residue, reveals that the hydroxy acid can be comfortably accommodated at interior positions in the helix, with the closest CO…O distances lying between 2.8 and 3.3 Å. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 64: 255–267, 2002
Integration of reactive membrane extraction with lipase‐hydrolysis dynamic kinetic resolution of naproxen 2,2,2‐trifluoroethyl thioester in isooctane
Authors: Lu Chu‐Hsun , Cheng Yu‐Chi , Tsai Shau‐Wei 
Published: October 2002

AbstractLipases immobilized on polypropylene powders have been used as the biocatalyst in the enantioselective hydrolysis of (S)‐naproxen from racemic naproxen thioesters in isooctane, in which trioctylamine was added to perform in situ racemization of the remaining (R)‐thioester substrate. A detailed study of the kinetics for hydrolysis and racemization indicates that increasing the trioctylamine concentration can activate and stabilize the lipase as well as enhance the racemization and non‐stereoselective hydrolysis of the thioester. Effects of the aqueous pH value and trioctylamine concentration on (S)‐naproxen dissociation and partitioning in the aqueous phase as well as the transportation in a hollow fiber membrane were further investigated. Good agreements between the experimental data and theoretical results were obtained when the dynamic kinetic resolution process was integrated with a hollow fiber membrane to reactively extract the desired (S)‐naproxen out of the reaction medium. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 79: 200–210, 2002.
Active site titration as a tool for the evaluation of immobilization procedures of penicillin acylase
Authors: van Langen Luuk M. , Janssen Michiel H. A. , Oosthoek Natasja H. P. , Pereira Sílvia R. M. , Švedas Vytas K. , van Rantwijk Fred , Sheldon Roger A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractNative and immobilized preparations of penicillin acylase from Escherichia coli and Alcaligenes faecalis were studied using an active site titration technique. Knowledge of the number of active sites allowed the calculation of the average turnover rate of the enzyme in the various preparations and allowed us to quantify the contribution of irreversible inactivation of the enzyme to the loss of catalytic activity during the immobilization procedure. In most cases a loss of active sites as well as a decrease of catalytic activity per active site (turnover rate) was observed upon immobilization. Immobilization techniques affected the enzymes differently. The effect of increased loading of penicillin acylase on the average turnover rate was determined by active site titration to assess diffusion limitations in the carrier. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 79: 224–228, 2002.
Low‐temperature electron microscopy for the study of polysaccharide ultrastructures in hydrogels. I. Theoretical and technical considerations
Authors: Serp D. , Mueller M. , von Stockar U. , Marison I. W. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe high‐pressure freezing (HPF) technique was applied to the cryo‐immobilization of alginate gels and the quality of the freezing analyzed on a TEM by comparison of the segregation pattern of samples of decreasing thickness. Dynamic simulations of heat transfer within an idealized slab of pure water surrounded by two walls of aluminium were performed to illustrate the effect of the heat‐transfer coefficient by convection on the cooling rate of the sample. Heat‐transfer coefficients in liquid nitrogen and liquid propane at ambient pressure were measured using a carefully characterized thermocouple and the values incorporated as parameters in heat‐transfer simulations to compare the efficiency of the plunge‐freezing technique with the high‐pressure freezing technique. Values of the heat‐transfer coefficient in liquid nitrogen and liquid propane, calculated between 273 K and 173 K were 670 and 18420 W/m2/K, respectively. Based on TEM observations and the results of heat‐transfer simulations, the HPF technique was adapted to the cryo‐fixation of 50‐μm‐thick alginate gels. The occurrence of artifacts was rejected because no differences were observed in the pattern of cryo‐fixed and freeze‐substituted samples of various thickness, with and without ethanol as cryo‐protectant. A sample thickness of 50 μm was found to ensure an adequate preservation of structures as small as a few nanometers, as verified by TEM and SEM observations. Finally, DSC measurements on alginate solutions and alginate beads revealed that under the experimental conditions (0–3%), alginate cannot be considered to be an efficient cryo‐protectant. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 79: 243–252, 2002.
Protein‐mediated isolation of plasmid DNA by a zinc finger‐glutathione S‐transferase affinity linker
Authors: Woodgate John , Palfrey David , Nagel David A. , Hine Anna V. , Slater Nigel K. H. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe sequence‐specific affinity chromatographic isolation of plasmid DNA from crude lysates of E. coli DH5α fermentations is addressed. A zinc finger‐GST fusion protein that binds a synthetic oligonucleotide cassette containing the appropriate DNA recognition sequence is described. This cassette was inserted into the SmaI site of pUC19 to enable the affinity isolation of the plasmid. It is shown that zinc finger‐GST fusion proteins can bind both their DNA recognition sequence and a glutathione‐derivatized solid support simultaneously. Furthermore, a simple procedure for the isolation of such plasmids from clarified cell lysates is demonstrated. Cell lysates were clarified by cross‐flow Dean vortex microfiltration, and the permeate was incubated with zinc finger‐GST fusion protein. The resulting complex was adsorbed directly onto glutathione‐Sepharose. Analysis of the glutathione‐eluted complex showed that plasmid DNA had been recovered, largely free from contamination by genomic DNA or bacterial cell proteins. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 79: 450–456, 2002.
Anchorage of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase on the outer membrane of Escherichia coli
Authors: Wan Hsiao‐Ming , Chang Ban‐Yang , Lin Sung‐Chyr 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe gene encoding cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) was successfully cloned from B. macerans by PCR. A recombinant plasmid pCS005 with a gene encoding the Lpp‐OmpA‐CGTase trifusion protein was constructed and transformed into E. coli for the surface display of CGTase. Results of immunoblotting analysis and protease accessibility on the fractionated cell membranes confirmed that the Lpp‐OmpA‐CGTase trifusion protein was successfully anchored on the outer membrane of E. coli. However, only 50% of the membrane‐anchored trifusion proteins were displayed on the outer surface of E. coli with the remaining 50% un‐translocated. The low efficiency of surface display is attributed to the large size of CGTase. Only a trace amount of CGTase activity was detected for both the whole cells and the cell debris fractions. Because the results of the protease accessibility study suggested that the trypsin‐resistant conformation of CGTase was preserved in the membrane‐anchored CGTase, we believe that the lack of enzyme activity is mainly due to the inaccessibility of the CGTase active site, near the N‐terminus, for substrate molecules. It can be estimated that the critical size for surface display of protein in E. coli is approximately 70 kDa. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 79: 457–464, 2002.
p27Kip1‐mediated controlled proliferation technology increases constitutive sICAM production in CHO‐DUKX adapted for growth in suspension and serum‐free media
Authors: Meents Heiko , Enenkel Barbara , Werner Rolf G. , Fussenegger Martin 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe have engineered dihydrofolate reductase‐deficient (dhfr−) Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)‐DUKX B11 cells adapted for growth in serum‐free suspension cultures for unlinked muristerone‐inducible expression of the cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 and constitutive expression of the soluble intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (sICAM), a potent common cold therapeutic. Conditional overexpression of p27Kip1 resulted in a sustained G1‐specific growth arrest of transgenic CHO‐DUKX associated with up to fivefold‐increased specific sICAM productivity. Herein we exemplify the implementation of controlled proliferation technology in a major biopharmaceutical production cell line that is compatible with key requirements for large‐scale production procedures, including constitutive transgene expression and anchorage‐independent growth in serum‐free media. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 79: 619–627, 2002.
Water and glucose gradients in the substrate measured with NMR imaging during solid‐state fermentation with Aspergillus oryzae
Authors: Nagel Frank‐Jan , Van As Henk , Tramper Johannes , Rinzema Arjen 
Published: October 2002

AbstractGradients inside substrate particles cannot be prevented in solid‐state fermentation. These gradients can have a strong effect on the physiology of the microorganisms but have hitherto received little attention in experimental studies. We report gradients in moisture and glucose content during cultivation of Aspergillus oryzae on membrane‐covered wheat‐dough slices that were calculated from 1H‐NMR images. We found that moisture gradients in the solid substrate remain small when evaporation is minimized. This is corroborated by predictions of a diffusion model. In contrast, strong glucose gradients developed. Glucose concentrations just below the fungal mat remained low due to high glucose uptake rates, but deeper in the matrix glucose accumulated to very high levels. Integration of the glucose profile gave an average concentration close to the measured average content. On the basis of published data, we expect that the glucose levels in the matrix cause a strong decrease in water activity. The results demonstrate that NMR can play an important role in quantitative analysis of water and glucose gradients at the particle level during solid‐state fermentation, which is needed to improve our understanding of the response of fungi to this nonconventional fermentation environment. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 79: 653–663, 2002.
Pattern analysis techniques to process fermentation curves: Application to discrimination of enological alcoholic fermentations
Authors: Roger Jean‐Michel , Sablayrolles Jean‐Marie , Steyer Jean‐Philippe , Bellon‐Maurel Véronique 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn fermentation processes, kinetic curves are generally aimed at control purposes. However, these curves could also contain information about inherent features of the product (such as origin, quality, etc.). This article presents several pattern analysis techniques used to classify fermentation curves. An application to alcoholic fermentation is presented as an illustration: it aims at retrieving the origin of a must from its fermentation curve. The fermentation kinetics of five vineyard musts, harvested over 9 years on the same parcels, were recorded. From these curves two sets of variables were generated: The first (p1) gathers all the kinetic curve points. The second (p2) contains a restrained number of variables, generated by the expert knowledge of the enologist. The set p2 was processed by two very different techniques: a linear one (factorial discriminant analysis) and a nonlinear one (artificial neural networks). The set p1 was processed by a new chemometric technique, the discriminant partial least‐squares regression. For all the sets and the techniques used the selection of variables was studied. The interest in the latter is largely demonstrated both by theoretical and practical discussions. The discrimination results (up to 94% of good predictions) enhance the interest of the on‐line measurements and their use in such pattern analysis tools. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 79: 804–815, 2002.
From moral theory to penal attitudes and back: a theoretically integrated modeling approach
Authors: de Keijser Jan W. , van der Leeden Rien , Jackson Janet L. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractFrom a moral standpoint, we would expect the practice of punishment to reflect a solid and commonly shared legitimizing framework. Several moral legal theories explicitly aim to provide such frameworks. Based on the theories of Retributivism, Utilitarianism, and Restorative Justice, this article first sets out to develop a theoretically integrated model of penal attitudes and then explores the extent to which Dutch judges' attitudes to punishment fit the model. Results indicate that penal attitudes can be measured in a meaningful way that is consistent with an integrated approach to moral theory. The general structure of penal attitudes among Dutch judges suggests a streamlined and pragmatic approach to legal punishment that is identifiably founded on the separate concepts central to moral theories of punishment. While Restorative Justice is frequently presented as an alternative paradigm, results show it to be smoothly incorporated within the streamlined approach. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
William Hunter's Gravid Uterus: The specimens and plates
Authors: McCulloch N.A. , Russell D. , McDonald S.W. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWilliam Hunter's collection of anatomical specimens of the pregnant uterus forms one of the finest displays in the Anatomy Museum at the University of Glasgow. We were interested to know which specimens in the Museum matched the plates in Hunter's The Anatomy of the Human Gravid Uterus Exhibited in Figures (1774). In our investigation we were greatly assisted by Teacher's Catalogue of the Anatomical and Pathological Preparations of Dr William Hunter (1900). Thirteen specimens in the Museum and one from the pathological collection at the Royal Infirmary are represented in Hunter's book. The specimens can be recognized in 25 of its illustrations. A further three specimens may correspond to figures but we could not prove this. With one possible exception, all the specimens matching plates noted in Teacher's catalogue remain in the Museum and one believed missing in Marshall's (1970) revision of the catalogue has been found. Clin. Anat. 15:253–262, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.