bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Goodness and Corruption of Power
Authors: Mott Stephen Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Power is denounced frequently in religious circles. In the words of James Luther Adams, however, “Religion cannot be adequately described without employing the conception of power; likewise, power cannot be properly described without employing religious concepts. Power is the basic category of being and the basic category of social action.”2 Using power appropriately, therefore is both essential for political action and for the life in faith and society that precedes politics.
The Origin of Soft-Tissue Ultrasonic Echoing and Early Instrumental Application to Clinical Medicine
Authors: Wild John J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In writing this chapter, intended to convey my motivations and my own peculiar attributes that somehow enabled me to make a unique contribution to our body of scientific medical knowledge, I found it necessary to indulge in a great deal of intro spection. My path as an investigative clinical scientist has not been easy, in part because of social restrictions imposed on creative individuals who are sometimes characterized as having overinflated egos. I use the word “inflated” advisedly because of society’s leveling propensities. I think I must have come into this world with a propensity for making chaos out of order, since I always seem to be upsetting those concerned with maintaining conventional standards of orderliness and hum bleness. I have tried to analyze the reasons people become upset when presented with new concepts, even after the concepts have been proved.
The Synthesis of Diamonds
Authors: Wentorf Robert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This story is about some inventions, or discoveries, that took place at General Elec tric in a lab that was working on synthesis of diamonds at very high pressures. I hope that it will show how, in research, one thing leads to another in ways that are hard to foresee. In this case the path led from the synthesis of small grains of abrasive diamond, to large single diamond crystals or gems, and thence to large pieces of sintered diamond for cutting tools and wire-drawing dies.
The Origin and Development of the First Zeolite Catalyst for Petroleum Cracking
Authors: Rosinski Edward J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents the circumstances surrounding the development of a new catalyst that would enhance the catalytic cracking of crude petroleum. The catalytic cracking process, one of the petroleum refiner’s most important technologies, upgrades low-value petroleum fractions with high molecular weights to lower weight, higher-value products such as gasoline and fuel oil (diesel). We received U.S. Patent 3,140,249, for our invention. The historical value of catalytic cracking of petroleum crude fractions is well known. In World War II it made possible generation of a sufficient amount of the high-octane gasoline necessary to fuel all the aircraft participating in the European campaign. Prior to the advent of catalytic cracking, reduction in molecular weights was achieved in distillation units known as “stills,” where the high-molecular weight petroleum fractions were raised to a high temperature, a process known as “thermal cracking.” Catalytic cracking was pioneered by Eugene Houdry in the late 1920s; improvements in the cracking catalysts followed through the mid-1930s.
Stone Age Knife to Swiss Army Knife: An Invention Prototype
Authors: Weber Robert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every discipline needs a model system to study. That system should be both simple and complex: simple enough to understand and readily manipulate, and complex enough to embody important phenomena of interest. Genetics has Drosophila, or fruit flies (Morgan, 1926), and medical research has tissue cultures and mice. Cognitive psychology has candidate Drosophila in the form of various tasks devoted to problem-solving: the pendulum problem (Maier, 1931), the Tower of Hanoi problem, the cannibal/missionary problem, anagram problems, crypt-arithmetic problems (Newell & Simon, 1972), and finally chess problems (Chase & Simon, 1973). While all of these tasks are suitable for the study of various problem-solving facets, they do not readily lend themselves to the study of invention. Either they are not sufficiently open-ended or they do not deal with the physical world of device, process, and effect. In the context of invention, they fall short of either the simplicity or the complexity standard: they are not really simple enough to understand and manipulate, or they do not seem to embody the complex requirements of invention-something that is new, useful, and unobvious (U.S. Department of Commerce, 1985). A better candidate model system, a Drosophila of invention and creativity, is all about us. It is the simple hand tool as revealed in forms like needles, knives, forks, hammers, and shovels (Weber & Dixon, 1989; Weber & Perkins, 1989). The simplicity of the hand tool is obvious, but there is an underlying complexity also. Any given hand tool embodies function, structure, human interface and grip, actions, internal materials (what it is made of), and external materials (what it operates on). In microcosm the hand tool links our intentions to our actions via means; it must fit the mind, the hand, the world of action and effect, and the world of material, design, and construction. It is both simple and complex.
Nerve Fibers
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The nerve fiber is simply a continuation of the neuron’s axon or functional process. Thus, it is not a distinct component of nervous tissue, and would have been considered along with the neuron if a separate description were not justified by special features displayed on the way to its terminal arborizations. Three types of fiber are present in the vertebrate nervous system. In increasing Three types of order of fine structural complexity, they are: (I) nerve fibers in the sympathetic nerve fiber. trunk, known as Remak fibers; (2) fibers in the central nervous system; and (3) fibers in the peripheral nervous system or nerves.
The Peripheral Endings Of Spinal Ganglion Cells
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have pointed out repeatedly that the unipolar trunk of spinal ganglion cells bifurcates into two branches, one of which is thin and extends to the spinal cord, whereas the other is thicker and extends to the periphery. The latter enters the corresponding spinal nerve and courses as a sensory nerve fiber to end in the skin, mucosae, or muscles and tendons. Throughout the length of their course-from ganglion to peripheral endingsensory fibers are indistinguishable from motor fibers; like motor fibers, they have a myelin sheath, nodes of Ranvier, and all of the other fine structural characteristics of myelinated fibers.
General Features Of The Medulla; Hypoglossal Nucleus
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have already pointed out that two kinds of center are found within the medulla: (a) some nuclei and fiber tracts are unique to the medulla, and thus do not have equivalents in the spinal cord; and (b) other nuclei and fiber tracts do have counterparts in the spinal cord. We shall begin our examination of brainstem histology with the latter, and shall see that, although they obey the general rules of spinal cord structure, their organization presents special features that make the following type of description necessary.
The Accessory Spinal Or Xlth Cranial Nerve
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The accessory spinal nerve, which is still known as the accessory nerve of Willis, is entirely motor in function, and consists of two roots. One is spinal and ascending (in humans, it extends for about 5 cm, from the inferior olive to the fifth cervical segment), whereas the other is medullary or cranial and extends laterally from the dorsolateral sulcus, dorsal to the inferior olive and caudal to the roots of the vagus nerve.
The Facial Or Vllth Cranial Nerve
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Motor Nucleus. In humans, the motor nucleus of the facial nerve lies in the pons, Location and medial to the spinal root of the trigeminal nerve and dorsal to the most caudal surroundings. fibers of the trapezoid body and what remains of the lateral funiculus; it is surrounded laterally, dorsally, and medially by the lateral or gray reticular formation. In rodents such as the mouse and rabbit, as well as in carnivores such as the cat and dog, the facial nucleus lies closer to the ventral surface of the medulla because the trapezoid body and pons are thinner. The motor nucleus of the VII th nerve also descends farther in these animals, as illustrated in Fig. 368A, where one may see roots of the vagus nerve along with their sensory nucleus. The nucleus is elongated in the rostrocaudal dimension and displays irregular, lobate borders; in particular, one may note a ventral depression that is occupied by fascicles associated with the lateral funiculus. The rostral tip of the nucleus extends almost to the superior olive, whereas the caudal tip reaches the rostral end of the nucleus ambiguus.
The Lateral Funiculus And Its Medullary Nuclei
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Lateral Funiculus in the Medulla. It is difficult to outline precisely the region of medullary white matter occupied by fibers of the lateral funiculus. Broadly speaking, however, they may be said to extend into the general topographic region of the lateral or gray reticular formation. Two pathways may be distinguished in the latter. The first is a superficial or ventral pathway that lies ventral to the nucleus ambiguus and is a rostral extension of the principal or ventrolateral component of the lateral funiculus (excluding, of course, the dorsal spinocerebellar and pyramidal tracts). The second is a deep or dorsal pathway in the lateral reticular formation between the nucleus ambiguus on the one hand and the floor of the fourth ventricle on the other; this pathway is bordered medially by roots of the hypoglossal nerve and laterally by the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve.
Topical Areas of Interest for Promoting Health: From the Perspective of the Physician
Authors: Irwin Charles E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapters 8 to 14 of this book highlight the critical problems confronting adolescents today and raise the complex issues involved in studying or trying to under­ stand health-related behaviors. The authors note that each system that interacts with adolescents (school, health clinics, drug stores, restaurants, churches, transit systems) needs to assume responsibility for the health of our youth. Efforts must be broad-based, with the assistance of regulating agencies and clinicians. For example, in the State of California during the l 990’s, there is a major effort to change the social environment regarding tobacco use through laws that restrict access to cigarette machines and prohibit smoking in all public places.
Nature and Nurture: Children Without Human Parenting
Authors: Candland Douglas Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
0nasummer day, at the time when hay was being harvested near the now German town of Hameln, Jürgen Meyer, who had been working the fields, met “a naked, brownish, black-haired creature, who was running up and down, and was about the size of a boy of twelve years old. It uttered no human sound, but was happily enticed (into the town] by its astonished discoverer showing it two apples in his hand, and entrapped within the Bridge-gate. There it was at first received by a mob of street boys, but was very soon afterwards placed for safe custody in the Hospital of the Holy Ghost, by order of the Burgomaster [Mayor) Severin.”1
Thinking About the Mind
Authors: Candland Douglas Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With Out speech with which to communicate, how are we to imagine the experiences, the minds, of these si lent subjects? The silent minds of feral children, whether human or animal, remain intriguing but awesome to us. The stories told of the five children provide empirical information about the pupils, but also tell us the teachers’ views of human nature and of how we try to penetrate the human mind. The various views thus set the kinds of questions we ask of both silent children and the necessarily silent animals.
The Psychology of Experimentalism and Behaviorism: Clever Hans and Lady Wonder
Authors: Candland Douglas Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Term behaviorism is now used to describe almost any epistemology that sets hypotheses and tests them by measuring behavior itself. Often it is incorrectly used to describe any experimental work with animals. By measuring the behavior only, the status of mind is put outside the scheme. At first, it strikes us odd to have a science of psychology that is uninterested in the mind, but upon consideration we can understand the logic. Mind is yet one more example of the human invention of categories. Unless we can define it accurately and meaningfully, the concept can become a trap. The trap is one not unlike Freud’s description of “suggestion,” and we moderns may add “instinct” to the list of examples. Behaviorism does not have a simple, specifiable, time of birth. But the analysis of the horse, Clever Hans, illustrates so well the tenets and powers of the experimental method when applied to behavior that it is the centerpiece of this chapter. The chapter that follows pursues the story of Clever Hans, not for what it says about behaviorism, but for what the end of Hans’s life tells us about human and animal interaction.
Experimentation and the Experimenter: Clever Hans)s Companions
Authors: Candland Douglas Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Major premise of this book is that observation and experimentation involving both animals and human beings alter the observer as well as the observed. Everyone known to us who came into Hans’s life found that their relation to him and to one another changed. Hr. Schillings, who at first was a skeptic, became a true believer in the horse’s ability to demonstrate humanlike intelligence. Professor Stumpf felt the need to defend his professional competence in many ways: by defending his work on the September Commission and by assigning the student Pfungst to clear up the mess created by the report of the Commission. Pfungst, we have described.
Peter and Moses: Chimpanzees Who Write
Authors: Candland Douglas Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Wish To design and erect a Mental Ladder, one that arranged animal species by their intelligence, followed by half a century the understanding of how to build such a ladder based on structure. Darwin’s initial understanding of the evolution of the physical aspects of species set in motion the building of a metaphorical ladder of structure, a hierarchy of species based on physical traits.
Language and Meaning: Sarah and Lana, Sherman and Austin, Kanzi and Ai
Authors: Candland Douglas Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
That Animals , including human beings, can be taught to make gestures is not astonishing. Hans’s taps, Van’s fetches, Peter the chimp’s writing-all these are examples of the animal’s ability to invent or modify motor actions. The motor actions, the gesticulations, and the signs do not necessarily imply meaning or the transfer of information. Let us speak to a horse through a telephone (as did Krall), the receiver of which is placed to the horse’s ear. Let us say to the horse “What is seven plus thred” Or, if we wish, “Was ist seben und zwei?” or “ Cuanto es siete y tres?” The horse taps the hoof ten times.
Not Quite Brotherly Love
Authors: Keiser Richard A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1983 Wilson Goode was elected as the first Black mayor of Philadelphia. He was one among a cadre of prominent Black politicians in Philadelphia who had gained legitimacy and could garner votes in both the Black and White communities. Unlike the situation in Chicago, or other cities in which Blacks enjoyed a sudden and unexpected breakthrough to political power after a long period of political subordination that left the Black community with few leaders capable of commanding diffuse support, in Philadelphia Black leaders had been participating in biracial coalitions that had been delivering incremental political empowerment for quite some time and that continue to do so in the post-Goode era. This chapter presents a history and analysis of the formation of the biracial, reform-oriented alliance in Philadelphia that was the forerunner of the coalition that elected Wilson Goode as mayor in 1983. I explain how and why biracial coalitions emerged from the conditions created by competitive electoral politics in the “City of Brotherly Love.” The chapter also documents the intermittent success of the biracial reform coalition in gaining the political empowerment of Blacks, and the strategies that the coalition members used to maintain their trust during periods when they lost elections and were excluded from the dominant coalition. I also examine the opposition a biracial coalition dedicated to an incrementalist strategy faces from within the Black community and from Whites. Concluding with a discussion of the current biracial coalition, which is headed by a White Democrat with liberal credentials, this chapter suggests that such alliances are no longer limited to the reform variety.
“The Governtnent Will Protect Us ”
Authors: Young Louise B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Weeks of correspondence and consultation with lawyers and government agencies revealed the surprising and shocking fact that in Ohio (as well as in many other states) there was no public body that had the power to pass on the design of electric installations or the responsibility for protecting the health and safety of the citizen in these matters. Furthermore, there is no federal body with jurisdiction over most of these electric installations. The Federal Power Commission has authority only over facilities related to hydroelectric projects. The Army Corps of Engineers has jurisdiction only where lines cross navigable rivers. Even the Environmental Protection Agency has the right to require review of only those projects that are licensed or financed by a federal agency. There is no mechanism by which a citizen or group of citizens can seek protection from installations they consider to be dangerous without incurring large legal expenses. In designing the equipment, choosing the route, distributing the “benefits,” the only party that has any rights is the power industry.
David and Goliath
Authors: Young Louise B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the general store in Laurel, Irma Kellenberger began to sort the day’s mail. The mailboxes were little glass-fronted partitions in a high wall of golden oak. Along the top of the wall above the boxes a dozen “Wanted by the FBI” notices had been tacked and hung at crazy angles. Irma knew the location of each box by heart. She had been sorting the mail into these same boxes for more than thirty years. The Jacobs had a postcard from their son in Germany. And the Helms finally had a letter from their boy in Vietnam. Again today, the Muellers had more mail than anyone else. There was one letter from the Federal Power Commission in Washington and one from a state senator. But Irma noticed that both the letters were one sheet thin and obviously contained only a line or two of type. Two more turn-offs, she thought.
The Common School and Other Institutions
Authors: Zboray Ronald J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of all the literacy-promoting institutions of the first half of the nineteenth century, perhaps none so likely explains the expansion of the reading public as the common school. During the antebellum years particularly, Americans boasted of their emerging public school system as part of their democratic achievement. “For the people do the voting and the children go to school” went the nationalistic song popularized by the Hutchinson family of singers. Yet a host of other institutions also stimulated literacy: young men’s institutions, maternal associations, mechanics’ institutes, libraries of all sorts, and lyceums.
Numeracy, the News, and Self-culture
Authors: Zboray Ronald J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the antebellum United States boasted one of the highest rates of adult literacy in the world, fiction little benefited from this large potential readership. As noted, the sales phenomenon of the century, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, sold only 310,000 copies. This number represents just 1.2 percent of the American population in 1852, the year of the book’s publication. The wide distribution of Stowe’s novel was singular. The next-ranked best-selling novel of the fifties accounted for only 0.3 percent of the population. Publishers deemed sales of twenty-five thousand copies unusual successes. Even in periodicals, the space accorded fiction diminished by midcentury. And the commercial circulating libraries, those bastions of fiction reading, were in decline during the period. In short, strong cultural biases were shaping reader preferences.
Structured Representations in Connectionist Systems?
Authors: Horgan Terence , Tienson1 John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fodor and Pylyshyn (1988, henceforth F&P) argued that connectionism must either be too weak to account for fundamental aspects of cognition or it must be a mere implementation of the ‘classical’ picture of cognition. Cognition is systematic, they argued, and systematicity can only be explained by syntactic structure. But if a connectionist system incorporates syntactically structured representations, they maintain, it will be nothing more than a novel implementation of the classical picture of cognition as rule governed symbol manipulation, in which case connectionism will not be able to live up to its advance billing as an alternative view of cognition.
Connectionisn and the Computational Neurobiology of Curve Detection
Authors: Zucker Steven W , Dobbins Allan , Iverson Lee 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the pillars on which modem theories of vision are based is the discovery that there exist neurons in the visual cortex with receptive fields tuned for orientation (Hubel and Wiesel 1977). Such neurons are typically interpreted as ‘curve detectors,’ and it is widely held that their responses are then simply fed forward to enable more abstract spatial pattern vision. Similar notions pervade other areas of vision as well, for example, motion and stereoscopic perception and can be taken to define the first paradigm in computational vision (Zucker 1986, 1991).This feedforward view of curve detection into pattern vision is seductive in its simplicity; however, it stands at odds with much of what is otherwise known about vision and gives rise to more dilemmas than it resolves. For example, the initial measurement of orientation information is broadly tuned, which suggests the averaging necessary to counteract retinal (sensor) sampling, quantization, and noise. However, the end result of curve detection is unexpectedly precise: comers can be distinguished from arcs of high curvature, and nearby curves can be distinguished from one another to a hyperaccurate level, even though they might pass through the same receptive field.