bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molekulares Sieben: Mit Einmachfolie ins Diskontinuum
Authors: Wilms Mareike , Fach Martin , Friedrich Jens , Oetken Marco 
Published: July 2004

AbstractES IST EINES der charakteristischen Kennzeichen der Chemie, experimentelle Beobachtungen nach einer zunächst phänomenologischen Betrachtung anschließend auf der submikroskopischen Ebene zu interpretieren. Schüler lernen deshalb bereits im Anfangsunterricht Chemie das Teilchenkonzept kennen. So wird ihnen das Verstehen vieler aus dem Alltag bekannter Phänomene wie der Wechsel der Aggregatzustände, das Lösen von Zucker in Tee, die Gewinnung von Salz aus Meerwasser oder das Riechen von Düften ermöglicht. Das Teilchenkonzept ist damit ein wichtiger Teil der naturwissenschaftlichen Allgemeinbildung.
Chemie fürs Leben — Sauerstoff aus Oxi‐Reinigern
Authors: Zucht Ulrike , Rossow Marco , Lange Gabriele , Flint Alfred 
Published: July 2004

AbstractGRUNDSÄTZLICHES ANLIEGEN unseres Ansatzes „Chemie fürs Leben”︁ ist die Verbesserung der Akzeptanz und damit auch des Erfolgs von Chemieunterricht durch einen auch für die Schülerinnen und Schüler erkennbaren Beitrag des Faches zur Allgemeinbildung, einen verstärkten Alltagsbezug und möglichst viele Schülerexperimente, ohne dabei die notwendigen fachlichen Grundlagen zu vernachlässigen [1]. Dabei betrachten wir nicht die Alltagschemie als strukturierendes Element des Unterrichts, sondern Stoffe aus dem Alltag als Untersuchungs‐ und Anschauungsmaterial. Wann immer es möglich und sinnvoll ist, wollen wir so genannte „Laborchemikalien”︁ durch Stoffe aus dem Alltag ersetzen. Wie das in der Praxis geschehen kann, haben wir bereits im Rahmen einer von uns entwickelten neuen Unterrichtseinheit zum Thema Säuren, Laugen und Salze vorgestellt [1, 2].Im folgenden Beitrag wollen wir zeigen, dass im Anfangsunterricht, ausgehend von der Untersuchung der bleichenden Wirkung so genannter Oxi‐Reiniger, sich aus diesen nicht nur in nennenswerten Mengen Sauerstoff freisetzen lässt (zur Freisetzung von Sauerstoff aus Fleckenmitteln siehe auch [3‐8]). Sie stellen damit eine interessante Alternative zur Erzeugung von Sauerstoff aus Kaliumpermanganat oder Wasserstoffperoxid dar. Weiterhin können sie auch problemlos in einer ganzen Reihe von Schülerexperimenten direkt eingesetzt werden, um die Oxidations‐ bzw. Redox‐Reaktionen zu erarbeiten.
Das Gesetz der Dynamik von links nach rechts bei chemischen Demonstrationen
Authors: Schmidkunz Heinz 
Published: July 2004

AbstractDAS GESETZ DER DYNAMIK von links nach rechts gehört zu den Gesetzen des Sehens, die von Gestaltpsychologen empirisch gefunden wurden. Die richtige Anwendung der Gesetze führt zu einer prägnanten visuellen Wahrnehmung, die wiederum Voraussetzung für den gewünschten Ablauf von Denk‐ und Lernprozessen ist. Das hier betrachtete Gesetz wurde auf Experimente im Chemieunterricht übertragen und dessen Auswirkung untersucht. In einigen Fallstudien konnte die Wirksamkeit des Gesetzes anschaulich dokumentiert werden.
Association between laminin‐8 and glial tumor grade, recurrence, and patient survival
Authors: Ljubimova Julia Y. , Fugita Manabu , Khazenzon Natalya M. , Das Asha , Pikul Brian B. , Newman Daniel , Sekiguchi Kiyotoshi , Sorokin Lydia M. , Sasaki Takako , Black Keith L. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe authors previously sought to identify novel markers of glioma invasion and recurrence. Their research demonstrated that brain gliomas overexpressed a subset of vascular basement components, laminins, that contained the α4 chain. One of these laminins, laminin‐8, was found to be present in highly invasive and malignant glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) (Grade 4 astrocytoma); its expression was associated with a decreased time to tumor recurrence, and it was found in vitro to promote invasion of GBM cell lines.METHODSIn the current study, the authors studied glial tumors of different grades in an attempt to correlate laminin‐8 expression with tumor recurrence and patient survival. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis were used to detect laminin isoforms of interest.RESULTSUsing immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis, the authors confirmed high levels of laminin‐8 expression in approximately 75% of the GBM cases examined and in their adjacent tissues, whereas astrocytomas of lower grades expressed for the most part a different isoform, laminin‐9, which also was found in low amounts in normal brain tissue and benign meningiomas. Overexpression of laminin‐8 in GBM was found to be associated with a statistically significant shorter time to tumor recurrence (P < 0.0002) and a decreased patient survival time (P < 0.015).CONCLUSIONSThe data suggest that laminin‐8, which may facilitate tumor invasion, contributes to tumor regrowth after therapy. Laminin‐8 may be used as a predictor of tumor recurrence and patient survival and as a potential molecular target for glioma therapy. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Adenocarcinoma of the small bowel
Authors: Dabaja Bouthaina S. , Suki Dima , Pro Barbara , Bonnen Mark , Ajani Jaffer 
Published: July 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDPrimary adenocarcinoma of the small bowel is a rare neoplasm, and to the authors' knowledge, few studies to date have addressed the topic.METHODSIn the current study, the records of 217 patients with small bowel adenocarcinoma were reviewed retrospectively for the presentation, prognostic factors, treatment modalities, and outcome.RESULTSThe median age of the patients was 55 years and there were 133 (61%) males. Tumors originated in the duodenum in 113 (52%) patients, the jejunum in 54 (25%) patients, the ileum in 28 (13%) patients, and in nonspecified sites in 22 (10%) patients. Patients with proximal tumors were diagnosed for the most part using endoscopy (i.e., 46 of 108 [43%]), whereas laparotomy enabled diagnosis in 16 of 28 (57%) patients with distal tumors. Based on TNM staging, 9 (4%) patients had Stage I disease, 43 (20%) patients had Stage II disease, 86 (39%) patients had Stage III disease, and 75 (35%) patients had Stage IV disease. The liver was the most common site of metastasis in 44 (59%) patients. Cancer‐directed surgery was performed in 146 (67 %) patients, including the Whipple procedure in 36 patients (17%). The median overall survival time was 20 months. The 5‐year overall survival rate was 26%. Cancer‐directed surgery, early‐stage disease, and lymph node involvement ratio were significantly associated with overall survival by univariate analysis. However, only cancer‐directed surgery and lymph node involvement ratio were independent predictors of overall survival in a multivariate analysis (adjusted rate ratio = 0.14; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.04–0.46; P = 0.001 and adjusted rate ratio = 0.25; 95% CI, 0.12–0.53; P < 0.001, respectively).CONCLUSIONSPerforming an oncologic surgery resulted in the best outcome in patients with nonmetastatic disease. Because cancer‐directed surgery is associated with high morbidity and mortality in primary centers, these patients should be referred to a tertiary center for adequate treatment. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
5‐HT5A receptor localization in the rat spinal cord suggests a role in nociception and control of pelvic floor musculature
Authors: Doly Stéphane , Fischer Jacqueline , Brisorgueil Marie‐Jeanne , Vergé Daniel , Conrath Marie 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe 5‐HT5A receptor is a seven‐transmembrane receptor negatively coupled to adenylate cyclase, whose activation opens K+ channels. The 5‐HT5A receptor may thus exert an inhibitory effect on neuronal activity. However, the function of this receptor is still largely unknown, in particular at the spinal level, and this is partly due to lack of specific ligands. Immunocytochemistry using specific anti‐5‐HT5A antibodies reveals a particularly dense labeling in the two superficial layers of the dorsal horn, suggesting that the 5‐HT5A receptor may be involved in the spinal modulation of pain. In addition, a very intense staining in the lumbar dorsolateral nucleus (Onuf nucleus) in both males and females suggests that the 5‐HT5A receptor is also involved in micturition through the control of urethral sphincter muscles. Colchicine pretreatment allows the staining of numerous cell bodies in lamina II. Fewer labeled cell bodies are seen in laminae I and III–VI, in the lateral spinal nucleus, and in lamina X. Electron microscope examination of 5‐HT5A receptor immunoreactivity in spinal cords from untreated animals confirmed the postsynaptic labeling in all regions studied (dorsal horn, dorsolateral nucleus, and lamina X). The morphological heterogeneity of labeled dorsal horn cell bodies suggests that they belong to functionally distinct neurons (projection neurons and interneurons). In the lumbar dorsolateral nucleus, the labeling is preferentially localized on dendrites, suggesting that in this nucleus 5‐HT preferentially acts at the dendritic level. Finally, the dense labeling of postsynaptic specializations suggests that the receptor may be in stock before being addressed to the synaptic differentiation. J. Comp. Neurol. 476:316–329, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Amygdaloid inputs define a caudal component of the ventral striatum in primates
Authors: Fudge Julie L. , Breitbart Michael A. , McClain Crystal 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe ventral striatum mediates goal‐directed behavior through limbic afferents. One well‐established afferent to the ventral striatum is the amygdaloid complex, which projects throughout the shell and core of the nucleus accumbens, the rostral ventromedial caudate nucleus, and rostral ventromedial putamen. However, striatal regions caudal to the anterior commissure also receive inputs from the amygdala. These caudal areas contain histochemical and cytoarchitectural features that resemble the shell and core, based on our recent studies. Specifically, there is a calcium binding protein (CaBP)‐poor region in the lateral amygdalostriatal area that resembles the “shell.” To examine the idea that the caudal ventral striatum is part of the “classic” ventral striatum, we placed small injections of retrograde tracers throughout the caudal ventral striatum/amygdalostriatal area and charted the distribution of specific amygdaloid inputs. Amygdaloid inputs to the CaBP‐poor zone in the lateral amygdalostriatal area arise from the basal nucleus, the magnocellular subdivision of the accessory basal nucleus, the periamygdaloid cortex, and the medial subdivision of the central nucleus, resembling that of the shell of the ventral striatum found in our previous studies. There are also amygdaloid inputs to CaBP‐positive areas outside the shell, which originate mainly in the basal nucleus. Taken together, the “limbic‐related” striatum forms a continuum from the rostral ventral striatum through the caudal ventral striatum/lateral amygdalostriatal area based on histochemical and cellular similarities, as well as inputs from the amygdala. J. Comp. Neurol. 476:330–347, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mesostriatal and mesolimbic projections of midbrain neurons immunoreactive for estrogen receptor beta or androgen receptors in rats
Authors: Creutz Lela M. , Kritzer Mary F. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe dopamine (DA) inputs to the caudate putamen, the nucleus accumbens, and the amygdala in rats are sensitive to circulating estrogens and androgens. One mechanism for the hormone modulation of these systems may be via actions at cognate intracellular estrogen and androgen receptors. However, although it is known that specific subsets of midbrain DA neurons are immunopositive for estrogen receptor β (ERβ) or androgen receptors (ARs), it is not known where these receptor‐bearing cells project. To address this issue, we combined double‐label immunocytochemistry with retrograde tract tracing to identify the forebrain projections of ERβ‐ or AR‐immunoreactive (IR) midbrain neurons. Specifically, Fluoro‐Gold and/or cholera toxin were injected into discrete subregions of the caudate‐putamen, the nucleus accumbens, or the amygdala. Evaluations of the resultant midbrain labeling revealed that ERβ‐IR neurons sent collateral projections mainly to both the ventral caudate‐putamen and the amygdala, but not to the dorsal caudate or nucleus accumbens. In contrast, AR‐IR neurons projected either to the amygdala or the nucleus accumbens but not to the caudate‐putamen. The organization of these forebrain projections concurs with some of the known hormone sensitivities of mesostriatal and mesolimbic DA systems in rats and provides an anatomical model that predicts separate influences for androgens and estrogens over mesostriatal and mesolimbic DA systems. J. Comp. Neurol. 476:348–362, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide receptors (VPAC1, VPAC2, and PAC1 receptor) in the rat brain
Authors: Joo Kyeung Min , Chung Yoon Hee , Kim Min Kyu , Nam Ryoung Hee , Lee Byung Lan , Lee Kyung Hoon , Cha Choong Ik 
Published: July 2004

AbstractTo examine the distributions of VIP/PACAP receptors (VPAC1, VPAC2, and PAC1 receptors) in the brain and to identify the cell types that express these receptors, we performed immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence in the rat brain with specific antibodies. The immunohistochemistry revealed that the receptors had distinctive, complementary, and overlapping distribution patterns. High levels of the VPAC1 receptor were expressed in the cerebral cortex, hippocampal formation, deep cerebellar nuclei, thalamus, hypothalamus, and brainstem. The VPAC2 receptors were concentrated in the cerebral cortex, hippocampal formation, amygdalar regions, cerebellar cortex, deep cerebellar nuclei, hypothalamus, and brainstem. On the other hand, the PAC1 receptors had a more restricted distribution pattern in the brain, and high levels of the PAC1 receptors were confined to the cerebellar cortex, deep cerebellar nuclei, epithalamus, hypothalamus, brainstem, and white matter of many brain regions. Also, many fibers expressing the PAC1 receptors were observed in various areas, i.e., the thalamus, hypothalamus, and brainstem. The double immunofluorescence showed that the VIP/PACAP receptors were confined to the neuroglia as well as the neurons. All three types of the VIP/PACAP receptors were expressed in the astrocytes, and the PAC1 receptors were also expressed in the oligodendrocytes. These findings indicate that VIP and PACAP exert their functions through their receptors in specific locations in different combinations. We hope that this first demonstration of the distributions of the VIP/PACAP receptors provides data useful in the investigation of the mechanisms of the many functions of VIP and PACAP in the brain, which require further elucidation. J. Comp. Neurol. 476:388–413, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Projections from the amygdaloid complex to the piriform cortex: A PHA‐L study in the rat
Authors: Majak Katarzyna , Rönkkö Seppo , Kemppainen Samuli , Pitkänen Asla 
Published: July 2004

AbstractProjections from the amygdala to the piriform cortex are proposed to provide a pathway via which the emotional system can modulate the processing of olfactory information as well as mediate the spread of seizure activity in epilepsy. To understand the details of the distribution and topography of these projections, we injected the anterograde tracerPhaseolus vulgaris‐leucoagglutinin into different nuclear divisions of the amygdaloid complex in 101 rats and analyzed the distribution and density of projections in immunohistochemically processed preparations. The heaviest projections from the amygdala to the piriform cortex originated in the medial division of the lateral nucleus, the periamygdaloid and sulcal subfields of the periamygdaloid cortex, and the posterior cortical nucleus. The heaviest terminal labeling was observed in layers Ib and III of the medial aspect of the posterior piriform cortex. Lighter projections to the posterior piriform cortex originated in the dorsolateral division of the lateral nucleus, the magnocellular and parvicellular divisions of the basal and accessory basal nuclei, and the anterior cortical nucleus. The projections to the anterior piriform cortex were light and originated in the dorsolateral and medial divisions of the lateral nucleus, the magnocellular division of the basal and accessory basal nuclei, the anterior and posterior cortical nuclei, and the periamygdaloid subfield of the periamygdaloid cortex. The results indicate that only selective amygdaloid nuclei or their subdivisions project to the piriform cortex. In addition, substantial projections from several amygdaloid nuclei converge in the medial aspect of the posterior piriform cortex. Via these projections, the amygdaloid complex can modulate the processing of olfactory information in the piriform cortex. In pathologic conditions such as epilepsy, these connections might provide pathways for the spread of seizure activity from the amygdala to extra‐amygdaloid regions. J. Comp. Neurol. 476:414–428, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tyrosine hydroxylase expression is affected by sexual vigor and social environment in male Cnemidophorus inornatus
Authors: Woolley S.C. , Sakata J.T. , Crews D. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractAlthough the distribution of catecholamine‐synthesizing cells has been described for a variety of taxa, less is known about the functional significance of particular populations in nonmammalian species, especially reptiles. To understand the role of these populations in the display of social behaviors in lizards, we studied the interactive effects of sexual vigor (sexually vigorous vs. sluggish) and social condition (housing in isolation vs. with females) on the number and somal areas of cells expressing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), a rate‐limiting enzyme in catecholamine synthesis, in male whiptail lizards, Cnemidophorus inornatus. We found that, regardless of social condition, sexually vigorous males had more TH‐immunoreactive (TH‐ir) cells in the dorsal hypothalamus (DH) relative to sluggish males. Sexually vigorous males also had more TH‐ir cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), but this difference was significant only among males housed with females. Sexually vigorous males that had been housed with females had smaller TH‐ir cells in the preoptic area (POA) than vigorous males housed in isolation. On the other hand, no significant differences were found in the anterior hypothalamus. These results highlight the regional heterogeneity in the plasticity of TH expression and suggest that, just as in other species, the DH, SNpc, and POA might be involved in the expression of social behaviors and in behavioral plasticity following social experiences in lizards. J. Comp. Neurol. 476:429–439, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomical and functional organization of somatosensory areas of the lateral fissure of the New World titi monkey (Callicebus moloch)
Authors: Coq Jacques‐Olivier , Qi Huixin , Collins Christine E. , Kaas Jon H. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe organization of anterior and lateral somatosensory cortex was investigated in titi monkeys (Callicebus moloch). Multiunit microelectrode recordings were used to identify multiple representations of the body, and anatomical tracer injections were used to reveal connections. (1) Representations of the face were identified in areas 3a, 3b, 1, S2, and the parietal ventral area (PV). In area 3b, the face was represented from chin/lower lip to upper lip and neck/upper face in a rostrocaudal sequence. The representation of the face in area 1 mirrored that of area 3b. Another face representation was located in area 3a. Adjoining face representations in S2 and PV exhibited mirror‐image patterns to those of areas 3b and 1. (2) Two representations of the body, the rostral and caudal ventral somatosensory areas (VSr and VSc), were found in the dorsal part of the insula. VSc was roughly a reversal image of the S2 body representation, and VSr was roughly a reversal of PV. (3) Neurons in the insula next to VSr and VSc responded to auditory stimuli or to both auditory and somatosensory stimuli. (4) Injections of tracers within the hand representations in areas 3b, 1, and S2 revealed reciprocal connections between these three areas. Injections in areas 3b and 1 labeled the ventroposterior nucleus, whereas injections in S2 labeled the inferior ventroposterior nucleus. The present study demonstrates features of somatosensory cortex of other monkeys in titi monkeys, while revealing additional features that likely apply to other primates. J. Comp. Neurol. 476:363–387, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The role of functional genomics in selecting disease targets for antibody‐based therapy
Authors: Davis C. Geoffrey 
Published: July 2004

AbstractAntibodies have clearly established themselves as comprising a significant segment of marketed drugs. The rapid evolution of technologies for generating antibodies and optimizing them for therapeutic applications has led to a succession of approvals over the last decade. The success of genomics in elucidating the contents of the human genome has provided a vast number of new potential targets for antibody therapy. Future development of antibody drugs will depend upon our ability to identify new targets from the tens of thousands of recently identified genes. This effort, too, will be technology‐driven. This review provides a general overview of the technologies available for enabling new target selection, technologies that are collectively referred to as “functional genomics.” For organizational purposes, the technologies are divided into the following broad categories: expression profiling, comparative genomics, loss of function strategies, proteomics, and computational biology. Through judicious application of combinations of these functional genomics technologies, we can anticipate a steady stream of novel well‐validated targets for antibody therapy for years to come. Drug Dev. Res. 61:155–171, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Commercial manufacturing scale formulation and analytical characterization of therapeutic recombinant antibodies
Authors: Harris Reed J. , Shire Steven J. , Winter Charles 
Published: July 2004

AbstractStable therapeutic antibody dosage forms present production technology challenges, particularly when high‐concentration formulations are needed to meet the elevated dose requirements that are generally required for successful antibody therapy. Solid dosage forms, such as lyophilized powders, are generally more stable than liquid formulations. High‐concentration drug products can be achieved by reconstitution of the lyophilisate in a smaller volume than its initial (pre‐lyophilization) volume, but requires a significant vial overfill. High‐concentration liquid formulations are becoming feasible as new techniques and technologies become available. Analytical methods to detect subtle molecular variations have been developed to demonstrate manufacturing consistency. Some molecular heterogeneity is contributed by conserved sites, such as Asn297 glycosylation and the loss of heavy chain C‐terminal Lys residues. Characteristics that affect potency, stability, or immunogenicity must be elucidated for each therapeutic antibody. Drug Dev. Res. 61:137–154, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Improving monoclonal antibodies for cancer therapy
Authors: Robinson M. K. , Weiner L. M. , Adams G. P. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractMonoclonal antibodies have emerged as a promising class of pharmaceuticals for the treatment of many human diseases, including cancer. Historically, an inability to target monoclonal antibodies to solid tumors in sufficient quantities and with high enough specificity has hampered the effectiveness of antibodies as therapeutics. This review focuses on recent efforts in the field of antibody‐engineering directed at improving both the targeting of antibody‐based therapeutics as well as enhancing the efficacy of those therapeutics once they have been targeted to tumor. Drug Dev. Res. 61:172–187, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.