bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Novel Layered Structure of a New Cadmium Chlorophosphate with an Imidazolium Template
Authors: Liu Wei , Chen Hao-Hong , Yang Xin-Xin , Li Man-Rong , Ge Ming-Hui , Zhao Jing-Tai 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
A new organically templated cadmium chlorophosphate, (C3H6N2)[Cd2Cl2(HPO4)2] (C3H6N2 = diprotonated imidazole) with a novel layered structure, was synthesized hydrothermally in the presence of imidazole as a structure-directing agent. This is the first example of a cadmium chlorophosphate with polymeric chains that consist of Cd–O/Cl–Cd units.
Growth of Mesoscale Tubular CdS Crystals via a Hydrothermal Method
Authors: Liu Xinzheng , Guo Fan 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Cadmium sulfide tubular crystals, with the range of 0.5–2 mm in length, 10–20 μm in the external diameter and 3–6 μm in the wall thickness, were successfully grown in sodium hydroxide solution via a hydrothermal method at 350 °C. XRD, SEM, and XPS methods characterized the products. A possible growth mechanism for the tubular structure was also proposed.
Preparation of Mixed-metal Polynuclear Complexes by Stepwise Phosphine-bridging Reaction
Authors: Aizawa Sen-ichi , Kawamoto Tatsuya , Saito Kenji 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
The phosphine-bridged Pd(II)–Pt(II)–Pd(II) trinuclear and Rh(III)–Pd(II)–Pt(II)–Pd(II)–Rh(III) pentanuclear complexes with tris[2-(diphenylphosphino)ethyl]phosphine (pp3) ligands were successfully prepared by stepwise phosphine-bridging reaction of the terminal phosphino groups of the pp3 ligands on the Pd(II) cores.
Selective Production of ε-Caprolactam via Liquid-phase Beckmann Rearrangement of Cyclohexanone Oxime over HUSY Catalyst
Authors: Ngamcharussrivichai Chawalit , Wu Peng , Tatsumi Takashi 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
ε-Caprolactam was selectively produced through the liquid-phase Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime over HUSY catalyst when the by-products formation was effectively retarded by blockage of the corresponding active centers of pre-adsorbed water and benzonitrile molecules.
A Cross‐national Comparison of R&D Expenditure Decisions: Tax Incentives and Financial Constraints*
Authors: KLASSEN KENNETH J. , PITTMAN JEFFREY A. , REED MARGARET P. , FORTIN STEVE 
Published: September 2004

AbstractWe provide evidence on the impact of tax incentives and financial constraints on corporate R&D expenditure decisions. We contribute to extant research by comparing R&D expenditures in the United States and Canada, thereby exploiting the differences in the two countries' R&D tax credit mechanisms and generally accepted accounting principles. The two tax incentive mechanism designs are consistent with differing views of the degree of financial constraints faced by firms in these economies. Our sample also allows us to explore the effects of capitalizing R&D on Canadian firms. Employing a matched design, we document relations between tax credit incentives and R&D spending consistent with both Canadian and U.S. public companies responding as though they are not financially constrained. We estimate that the Canadian credit system induces, on average, $1.30 of additional R&D spending per dollar of taxes forgone while the U.S. system induces, on average, $2.96 of additional spending. We also find that firms that capitalize R&D costs in Canada spend, on average, 18 percent more on R&D. Collectively, this evidence is important to the ongoing debates in both countries concerning the appropriate design of incentives for R&D and is consistent with the assumptions found in the U.S. tax credit system, but not those found in the Canadian system.
Use of Detergents to Study Membrane Rafts: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly
Authors: Shogomori H. , Brown D.A. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Eukaryotic cell membranes contain microdomains
called lipid rafts, which are cholesterol-rich domains
in which lipid acyl chains are tightly packed and highly
extended. A variety of proteins associate preferentially
with rafts, and this raft association is important
in a wide range of functions. A powerful and widely used
method for studying lipid rafts takes advantage
of their insolubility in non-ionic detergents. Here we
describe the basis of detergent insolubility, and review
strengths, limitations, and unresolved puzzles
regarding this method.
Bioactivatable, Membrane-Permeant Analogs of Cyclic Nucleotides as Biological Tools for Growth Control of C6 Glioma Cells
Authors: Bartsch M. , Zorn-Kruppa M. , Kühl N. , Genieser H.-G. , Schwede F. , Jastorff B. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractIn the present study, the cAMP analogs 8-bromocAMP (8-Brc-AMP), N6-2'O-dibutyryl-cAMP (DBcAMP) and 8-parachlorophenylthio-cAMP (8-CPT-cAMP), as well as the corresponding cAMP-acetoxymethyl (AM)-ester-prodrugs were tested in a HPLC study for their membrane permeability, intracellular accumulation and biotransformation. Antiproliferative activities of these compounds were studied in the rat C6 glioma cell line. Chromatographic analysis revealed that the AM-ester analogs of the cyclic nucleotides penetrate quantitatively into rat C6 glioma cells and generate high amounts of their parent cyclic nucleotides intracellularly within 60 min; however, longterm growth inhibition tested in C6 cells is only slightly enhanced with the AM-ester prodrugs of 8-Br-cAMP or DBcAMP.
HIV TAT Basic Peptide Is Not a High-Affinity Ligand for VEGF Receptor 2
Authors: Demirovic A. Rubio , Canadi J. , Weiglhofer W. , Scheidegger P. , Jaussi R. , Ballmer-Hofer K. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe 'transactivator of transcription' (TAT) protein of human immunodeficiency virus transforms cells in culture and promotes the development of tumors, socalled Kaposi's sarcoma, in AIDS patients. TAT induces growth and differentiation of blood vessels and has been suggested to directly activate VEGF receptor 2 expressed on endothelial cells through a peptide sequence located between amino acids 46 and 64, the so-called basic domain. This peptide mimics many aspects of TAT function when added to endothelial cells, even when expressed in the context of recombinant chimeric proteins. To define the exact sites of interaction between this peptide and VEGF receptor 2 we performed binding studies with recombinant proteins derived from the extracellular ligand binding domain of VEGF receptor 2. These in vitro binding studies showed that the TAT peptide binds with only low specificity to Iglike domain 3 of the receptor, while VEGF interacts with receptor-derived proteins encompassing at least extracellular domains 1 through 3. The original concept that the angiogenic properties of TAT basic peptide result from specific, high-affinity interaction with VEGF receptor 2 must therefore be revised. Apparently this peptide interacts with cells in multiple ways: by directly activating acidic cell surface-exposed receptors, by releasing extracellular matrix-bound growth factors such as bFGF and VEGF which then bind to their cognate receptors, and by activating intracellular signalling molecules with which basic peptide interacts upon translocation into cells.
The Relationship Between Variability of Cell Wall Mass of Earlywood and Latewood Tracheids in Larch Tree-Rings, the Rate of Tree-Ring Growth and Climatic Changes
Authors: Silkin P. P. , Kirdyanov A. V. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
Mass accumulation dynamics in earlywood and latewood cell walls of larch from northern regions
of Central Siberia are investigated and correlations among cell mass of different tree-ring zones,
radial tracheid sizes and tree-ring width are found. A linear relationship exists between cell wall
mass and radial cell size. The deviation of cell mass from the regression line (index of mass deviation)
and the mean density of the respective tree-ring zone are similarly functionally dependent on
the radial cell size and reflect the realization of the potential determined during the period of cell
formation. There is a critical value of larch tree-ring width in relation to cell mass. For the tree-rings
with width less than this critical value the difference in the mass of earlywood and latewood
cells increases with decreasing tree-ring width.The cell wall mass correlates with the monthly temperatures
of June and July. Under favorable growing conditions tracheids with similar mass of cell
walls are formed in earlywood and latewood, while under unfavorable conditions cell wall mass accumulation
in latewood is severly limited. A comparative analysis of the cell wall mass in earlywood
and latewood indicates that mass accumulation is independent of the switching processes
from earlywood production to the production of latewood.
Reactivity of a Fungal Laccase Towards Lignin in Softwood Kraft Pulp
Authors: Lund M. , Eriksson M. , Felby C. 
Published: September 2004

SummaryThe reactivity of a fungal laccase to lignin of six different spruce kraft pulps with kappa numbers ranging from 15 to 110 was studied. Enzymatic oxidation of lignin was investigated by monitoring the oxygen consumption in a suspension of the pulp and the number of radicals generated in the pulp, as measured by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. The laccase catalyzed oxidation of lignin in kraft pulp followed a double exponential function. This indicates the presence of two types of substrates oxidized by the enzyme at different rates. The two substrates were interpreted as lignin located on the surface of the pulp fibers and as lignin in the cell wall. A linear relationship was found between the kappa number of the pulps and the observed first-order rate constant for oxidation of substrate in the cell wall. Quantification of free radicals in the pulp showed a linear dependence on the lignin content and the number of free radicals generated upon oxidation with laccase.
Investigation of Lignin Oligomers Using Electrospray Ionisation Mass Spectrometry
Authors: önnerud H. , Palmblad M. , Gellerstedt G. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
Electrospray ionisation Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (MS) and
size exclusion chromatography (SEC) was utilised for analysis of milled wood lignin (MWL) and
lignin model compounds degraded by thioacidolysis. MS and SEC showed that thioacidolysis was
an efficient method for degradation of the β-O-4 bond in lignin. Moreover, the molecular weight of
thioacidolysed pinoresinol and MWL were analysed using matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation
time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Tandem MS was successfully applied for the structural determination
of thioacidolysed pinoresinol with and without acetylation of the product. The MS results
of thioacidolysis on MWL resulted in the identification of a tetrameric lignin structure
containing a 5-O-4, 5-5, β-1 linkage pattern.
The Reactions of Lignin Model Compounds with Hydrogen Peroxide at Low pH
Authors: Kishimoto T. , Kadla J. F. , Chang H.-m. , Jameel H. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
In peroxymonosulfuric acid bleaching, the presence of hydrogen peroxide is dependent on the reaction
conditions and the conversion ratios used to generate the peroxy acid. Substantial amounts
of hydrogen peroxide may be present in the reaction system under certain conditions. An understanding
of the reactions of hydrogen peroxide under these conditions would be beneficial. Therefore,
several simple lignin model compounds were reacted with acidic hydrogen peroxide, pH 1-3,
at 70°C. In all cases the phenolic lignin model compounds reacted much faster than their non-phenolic
counterparts. In fact, the extent of reaction was very much dependent on the structure of the
lignin model compound. The α-hydroxyl compounds, 4-(1-Hydroxy-ethyl)-2-methoxy-phenol and
1-(3,4-Dimethoxy-phenyl)-ethanol, reacted faster than the corresponding α-carbonyl compounds
with both reacting much faster than the aromatic compounds, with simple alkyl substituents. A
new reaction mechanism for α-hydroxyl compounds is proposed, in which benzyl carbocation formation
is followed by nucleophilic addition of hydrogen peroxide. Unlike the mechanisms proposed
in the past, no evidence of aromatic hydroxylation via perhydronium ion was observed. The
reactivities were very pH dependent, in that higher reactivity was associated with lower pH. Decreasing
pH further increased the amount of condensation products identified, such that condensation
was competitive with degradation. These condensation reactions were also present under
the Caro's acid bleaching conditions at pH below 2. However, under all conditions the reactivity of
acidic peroxide was found to be much less than that of peroxymonosulfuric acid.
Ultrastructural Localisation of Glucomannan in Kraft Pulp Fibres
Authors: Duchesne I. , Takabe K. , Daniel G. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
The localisation of glucomannan on the surface of Norway spruce kraft pulp fibres with varying
glucomannan (GM) contents (10.3 and 3.8%) was studied using immunogold labelling, rapid
freeze deep etching (RFDE) followed by metal replication and transmission electron microscopy
(TEM). The ultrastructure of P, S1 and S2 of pulp fibres with low hemicellulose content tended to
be more compact than that of pulp fibres with high hemicellulose content, suggesting aggregation
of cellulose microfibrils upon hemicellulose removal. The degree of immunogold labelling visualised
as globular structures was similar for the two pulps, despite the large difference in total glucomannan
content. Thus, no correlation between the bulk and surface contents of glucomannan
was found. The globular structures were heterogeneously located along the cellulose macrofibrils
(fibril aggregates) and their frequency varied greatly within and between TEM micrographs.
Peroxide Bleaching of Parquet Blocks and Glue Lams
Authors: Möttönen V. , Asikainen A. , Malvaranta P. , Öykkönen M. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
The lack of a suitable method on an industrial scale has so far restricted the use of bleaching of
solid wood in the woodworking industry. In this study, a new method ‘Wood-Brite™’, based on
bleaching solid wood blocks with hydrogen peroxide solution, was investigated. According to our
measurements, the lightness of all the wood species studied could be increased and the increase
could be controlled by the intensity of peroxide treatment. Differences were observed in the
change of chroma and hue of different wood species. Redness usually decreased regardless of the
treatment intensity, except with teak, in which it increased markedly. At every treatment intensity,
the yellowness of originally light birch wood decreased, but in other wood species it increased.
Easily Degradable Chlorinated Compounds Derived from Glucuronoxylan in Filtrates from Chlorine Dioxide Bleaching of Eucalyptus globulus Kraft Pulp
Authors: Freire C. S. R. , Silvestre A. J. D. , Neto C. Pascoal , Silva A. M. S. , Evtuguin D. V. , Cavaleiro J. A. S. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
Three mono-chlorinated compounds derived essentially from glucuronoxylan were identified as
the major components of the ethyl acetate extract from chlorine dioxide bleaching filtrates of E.
globulus kraft pulp; one of them is reported for the first time. It was demonstrated that these components
are responsible for an important fraction of the total AOX of the filtrates. The ecological
risk associated with these compounds is expected to be negligible since they are easily degraded
and not detected in the final mill effluent.
Bending Creep of High-Temperature Dried Spruce Timber
Authors: Bengtsson C. , Kliger R. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
In this paper, bending creep test results from high-temperature (HT) dried Norway Spruce timber
are presented. The results are compared with creep tests of conventional low-temperature (LT)
dried timber. The HT drying was performed at 115°C and the LT drying was performed at 70°C.
The creep tests were performed in a varying climate with 20°C and 30–90% relative humidity. A
total number of 24 specimens, 45 × 70 × 1100 mm, were loaded in bending during approximately
240 days. Both the HT-dried and the LT-dried material were cut from the same four trees to have
as equal raw material as possible for the two drying methods.
The results show smaller bending creep deformations of HT-dried timber (approximately
30%) as compared to the LT-dried timber. The variation in magnitude of creep for HT-dried timber
was equal to or smaller than for LT-dried timber. Additionally, the variation in deformation between
the moisture cycles was smaller for HT-dried timber. These observations indicate a less pronounced
mechano-sorptive effect for HT-dried timber. The free shrinkage in the grain direction
was significantly smaller for the HT-dried material than for the LT-dried material.
Optimisation of Soda Pulping Variables for Preparation of Dissolving Pulps from Oil Palm Fibre
Authors: Rosli W. D. Wan , Leh C. P. , Zainuddin Z. , Tanaka R. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
A water prehydrolysis-soda pulping sequence for the preparation of dissolving pulps from oil palm
fibre (empty fruit bunches) was investigated using a response surface methodology (RSM) statistical
experiment design. Five response variables of screened yield, Kappa number, α-cellulose, viscosity
and ash content were statistically analyzed with respect to the three input variables of pulping
temperature (T), time-at-temperature (t) and alkali level (A), while keeping the prehydrolysis
conditions constant. Optimum conditions were: T = 161°C, t = 100 min and A= 26.1%. Values predicted
by RSM for screened yield, Kappa number, α-cellulose, viscosity and ash content at the optimum
are 31.2%, 6.0, 96.9%, 16.1 cps and 0.15%, respectively. These values were experimentally
verified and very close agreement between experimental and predicted values was obtained.
Performance of Waterborne Cu(II) Octanoate/Ethanolamine Wood Preservatives
Authors: Humar M. , Pohleven F. , Šentjurc M. , Veber M. , Razpotnik P. , Pogni R. , Petrič M. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
Various aqueous wood preservative solutions containing Cu(II) in the form of copper(II) sulphate or copper(II) octanoate, ethanolamine and in one case octanoic acid were investigated by spectrophotometry, polarography and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Results have shown the same coordination environment around Cu(II) in all solutions with ethanolamine. Computer simulation of the EPR spectra also revealed that the coordination in the first coordination sphere of copper is the same at low concentration of ethanolamine. At 20% ethanolamine concentration, a mixture of two complexes (one with two nitrogens and the other with three) could be detected. The active compound in the investigated ethanolamine containing solutions is the same when previously synthesised copper(II) octanoate was used, or when copper(II) sulphate and octanoic acid were utilized instead. Fungicidal and leaching experiments with the treated wood resulted in the same conclusion: it is not necessary to use pre-synthesised copper(II) octanoate for the preparation of waterborne copper/ethanolamine wood preservatives. Preservative preparation time and costs can be reduced by simply dissolving copper(II) sulphate and octanoic acid in aqueous ethanolamine solutions.
Wood Essential Oils of Juniperus foeticissima Willd
Authors: Tunalier Z. , Kirimer N. , Başer K.H.C. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
Essential oils from heartwood and sapwood of the root and stem of J. foetidissima were analyzed by GC/MS. Cedrol, widdrol, 8,14-cedranoxide, 14-hydroxy-β-caryophyllene, widdrene and α-cedrene were found as main components in the oils. The oil from the root heartwood which was collected as fractions during steam distillation was used for the isolation of constituents. Eight compounds were isolated using chromatographic techniques (such as CC, FC, MPLC, prep HPLC and prep TLC) and characterized by spectral methods as cedrol, widdrol, 8,14-cedrandiol, 8,14-cedranoxide, 14-hydroxy-β-caryophyllene, thujopsenal, α-cedrenal and cadalene.
Cambial Growth of Swietenia macrophylla King Studied under Controlled Conditions by High Resolution Laser Measurements
Authors: Dünisch O. , Schulte M. , Kruse K. 
Published: September 2004

SummaryThe kinetics of phloem and xylem formation of two-year-old plants ofSwietenia macrophyllaKing (true mahogany) was studied in a model system along the shoot circumference (experiment 1) and along the shoot axis (experiment 2). The radius increment of the shoot was registered by high resolution laser measurements (accuracy: ±2 μm) in a spatial resolution of 7.8 to 41.3 μm along the stem circumference and 1.5 mm along the stem axis. The temporal resolution of the measurements was 2 s in experiment 1 and 20 s in experiment 2. The radius increment of the shoot detected by the laser measurements was predominately due to the radial enlargement of the phloem and xylem derivatives. On the phloem side the reinitiation of radial cell enlargement after a cambial dormancy occurred first in sieve tubes with contact to ray parenchyma cells, while on the xylem side the radial cell enlargement of vessels and paratracheal parenchyma was induced almost simultaneously along the shoot circumference. In the phloem and xylem derivatives, which were formed first after the cambial reactivation, radial cell enlargement was induced almost simultaneously along the shoot axis. In more advanced phases of phloem and xylem formation, radial cell enlargement of phloem and xylem derivatives was induced shoot downwards with a rate of approximately 13 mm per min. The mean rate of radial cell enlargement of the phloem and xylem derivatives was 2.26 and 4.37 μm per min, respectively. These findings suggest that the kinetics of cambial growth of tropical tree species differ significantly from kinetics observed in trees from temperate regions. The laser measurements might provide a useful experimental approach for studies of cambial activityin situ.
Inhomogeneities in the Chemical Structure of Hardwood Lignins
Authors: Önnerud H. , Gellerstedt G. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
Bauer-McNett fractions of an aspen chemi-thermomechanical pulp showed a significant variation
with respect to lignin content and sugar composition, and two of the fractions were found to be
particularly rich in middle lamella and secondary wall material, respectively. The secondary wall
lignin of aspen was found to contain larger amounts of non-condensed β-O-4 aryl ether structures
than the middle lamella lignin and the difference was attributed to a larger amount of syringyl
structures as revealed by thioacidolysis. Size exclusion chromatography of the thioacidolysis products
from birch and spruce wood showed a larger part of lignin oligomers being present in the degraded
spruce lignin. Moreover, birch lignin had a lower phenolic content than both aspen and
spruce lignin. Thioacidolysis followed by Raney-nickel desulphuration was used for the analysis of
hardwood lignin trimers.