bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of time-variable friction parameters using machine learning
Authors: Ishiyama Ryo , Fukuyama Eiichi , Enescu Bogdan 
Published: October 2023

SUMMARY
The laboratory-derived rate- and state-dependent friction (RSF) law governs rock friction. Although a number of studies have investigated the RSF friction parameters, they are not fully understood yet within a physical framework. In this study, we estimated the variation of RSF parameters during stick-slip cycles, in order to have insights into the temporal variation of fault conditions during slipping, which may help understand the relation between the change in friction parameters and the generation of gouge particles. To get a more refined understanding of the evolution of RSF parameters, we estimated these parameters for each of the hundreds of stick-slip events that occurred on laboratory faults during an experiment. We used experiment data for which the gouge particles were removed from the laboratory faults at the beginning of each experiment; this procedure made possible to evaluate the influence of the gouge layer evolution on the variation of the RSF parameters. Since the amount of data was very large, we adopted a random forest (RF) machine learning approach for data analysis. The RF model was trained on simulated friction data and then applied to the experiment stick-slip event data to estimate the RSF parameters. To generate simulated friction data of stick-slip events, a one-degree-of-freedom spring-slider model governed by the RSF law was assumed. From plots of friction change as a function of displacement, some representative features were extracted to account for the RSF parameters and were used as input to the RF algorithm. Using the RF approach, we captured the variation of the RSF parameters a, $b - a$ and ${D}_{\mathrm{c}}\ $defined in the RSF law. The results show that during a first transient phase, the parameter a becomes smaller, while parameters $b - a$ and ${D}_{\mathrm{c}}$ become larger, as the gouge layer becomes thicker. The variation of the RSF parameters becomes less pronounced during the following steady-state phase. These results suggest that the variation of RSF friction parameters may be related to the evolution of the gouge layer.
Molecular Point-of-Care Testing for Hepatitis C: Available Technologies, Pipeline, and Promising Future Directions
Authors: Ivanova Reipold Elena , Shilton Sonjelle , Donolato Marco , Fernandez Suarez Marta 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) remains a major public health problem, despite the availability of effective treatments. In many areas, the ability to diagnose HCV infection at the point of care is key to scaling up access to care and treatment. To achieve this, an accurate, easy-to-use, and affordable diagnostic tool is required—this would enable decentralized testing and the creation of one-stop centers to eliminate gaps in the care cascade, which would help reach the millions of people with undiagnosed HCV infection in low- and middle-income countries and high-risk populations in high-income countries. In this review, we examine the current state of point-of-care molecular technologies, the advantages and limitations of currently available devices (both near- and true-point-of-care), the potential of molecular testing to transform diagnostic medicine in the future, and the challenges that need to be addressed for broader adoption of this technology in routine clinical practice.
Low birth weight and reduced postnatal nutrition lead to cardiac dysfunction in piglets
Authors: McPeek Ashley C , Patton Breanna , Columbus Daniel A , Olver T Dylan , Rodrigues Lucas A , Sands Jade M , Weber Lynn P , Ferguson David P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Heart disease is the leading cause of death in humans and evidence suggests early life growth-restriction increases heart disease risk in adulthood. Therefore, this study sought to investigate the effects of low birth weight (LBW) and postnatal restricted nutrition (RN) on cardiac function in neonatal pigs. We hypothesized that LBW and RN would reduce cardiac function in pigs but this effect would be reversed with refeeding. To investigate this hypothesis, pigs born weighing &lt;1.5 kg were assigned LBW, and pigs born &gt;1.5 kg were assigned normal birth weight (NBW). Half the LBW and NBW pigs underwent ~25% total nutrient restriction via intermittent suckling (assigned RN) for the first 4 wk post-farrowing. The other half of piglets were allowed unrestricted suckling access to the sow (assigned NN). At 28 d of age (weaning), pigs were weaned and provided ad libitum access to a standard diet. Echocardiographic, vascular ultrasound, and blood pressure (BP) measurements were performed on day 28 and again on day 56 to assess cardiovascular structure and function. A full factorial three-way ANOVA (NN vs. RN, LBW vs. NBW, male vs. female) was performed. Key findings include reduced diastolic BP (P = 0.0401) and passive ventricular filling (P = 0.0062) in RN pigs at 28 d but this was reversed after refeeding. LBW piglets have reduced cardiac output index (P = 0.0037) and diastolic and systolic wall thickness (P = 0.0293 and P = 0.0472) at 56 d. Therefore, cardiac dysfunction from RN is recovered with adequate refeeding while LBW programs irreversible cardiac dysfunction despite proper refeeding in neonatal pigs.
Applied physiology of the liver
Authors: Stieger Bruno , Mertens Joachim C. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The liver is situated between the gut and the systemic circulation and therefore all substances entering the body via the gut must pass through this organ. The liver produces bile which drains into the upper small intestine and this fluid can therefore be used for excretory functions operating in reverse to the blood flow from the gut. The position of the liver within the circulation is reflected by five key physiological functions of the liver: it is important in the control of body energy homoeostasis, it is central to amino acid homoeostasis and to biotransformation, it synthesizes the majority of plasma proteins, and it forms bile. The aim of this chapter is to summarize these key liver functions and put them for selected processes into a pathophysiological perspective.
Liver function tests and assessment of liver function
Authors: Mousa Omar Y. , Kamath Patrick S. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Liver inspection was used in ancient times to predict health and the future. In the twentieth century, the value of serum transaminases and bilirubin was determined in the diagnosis of liver disease. Assessment of global hepatic function can be achieved using biochemical testing of the liver alone or in combination with complications of portal hypertension. However, measurement of liver enzyme levels does not reflect liver function, therefore it is recommended to use the term liver biochemical tests rather than liver function tests. These tests include serum bilirubin, transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and 5′-nucleotidase. They have many clinical applications and are essential non-invasive tools to evaluate liver diseases, determine severity and progression, and measure treatment outcomes. Albumin and prothrombin time are important tests of hepatic synthetic function. Dynamic tests of liver performance are non-invasive tools that are described in the literature but are rarely used in clinical practice.
Bacterial and parasitic infections of the liver
Authors: Kedarisetty Chandan Kumar , Jain Mayank , Selvan Thamarai S. , Bhargav Varanasi Y. , Venkataraman Jayanthi 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The liver with its unique dual blood supply is susceptible to bacterial and parasitic infections. Fungal infections are usually rare but more often encountered in immunocompromised individuals. Clinical presentation in an individual varies from being asymptomatic to abnormal liver biochemistry (granulomatous liver disorders) to symptomatic hepatitis manifesting with fever, jaundice, or as discomfort/pain being localized to the upper abdomen by space-occupying lesions as in liver abscesses. Diagnosis at times is challenging, but a reasonable knowledge on the regional prevalence of various parasitic infections, a detailed history, and a good physical examination complemented by molecular diagnostic and liver imaging can help one to make an early diagnosis with initiation of appropriate treatment. This chapter considers various aspects of pathogenicity, epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of major bacterial and parasitic infections of the liver and biliary tree.
Benign liver tumours
Authors: Shankar Sadhana , Florou Evangelia , Srinivasan Parthi 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Benign liver tumours are commonly identified and usually asymptomatic, however, upon discovery, may pose a challenge in characterization and management. Cavernous haemangioma is the most common benign liver tumour. It may present in various sizes and numbers and if significantly large can cause clinical symptoms due to thrombosis, rupture, and haemorrhage. Among the benign tumours of hepatocellular origin, hepatocellular adenoma and focal nodular hyperplasia are frequently seen in young females, with the former having variants which carry the potential for malignant transformation. Biliary hamartomas and focal fatty lesions are often encountered intraoperatively and may be misconstrued as malignant deposits. Due to their byzantine clinical behaviour, a thorough knowledge of the vast array of benign liver tumours and their aetiopathogenesis is sine qua non for management.
Medical management of portal hypertension and its complications
Authors: Khan Mohammad Qasim , Kamath Patrick S. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The major complications of advanced liver disease—namely, variceal haemorrhage, ascites, and hepatic encephalopathy—are consequences of portal hypertension. Portal hypertension is a pathological increase in the portal venous pressure defined by an increase in the hepatic sinusoidal pressure to 6 mmHg or greater, most commonly measured by indirect assessment utilizing the gradient between the portal vein and the inferior vena cava, defined as the hepatic venous pressure gradient. Although the diagnosis and management of portal hypertension has advanced over the past decades, substantial morbidity and mortality remain. The natural history, pathophysiology, aetiology, and management of portal hypertension and its complications, including variceal haemorrhage, ascites, and hepatic encephalopathy, are discussed in this chapter.
Budd–Chiari syndrome, veno-occlusive disease, and secondary vascular diseases of the liver
Authors: Sánchez-Velázquez Patricia , Burdío Fernando 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As most of the vascular disorders of the liver are rare and not often encountered by clinicians, the best evidence available has been collected through cohort studies rather than randomized clinical trials. These disorders, although they rarely affect more than 5/10,000 people, are usually focused on the young population and the lack of appropriate disease-specific management could lead to significant morbidity and mortality. The disorders can be differentiated into two groups: those which affect liver inflow, such as non-cirrhotic portal vein thrombosis, the most frequent; and those which involve the liver outflow as the main cause of posthepatic portal hypertension, that is, the Budd–Chiari syndrome and veno-occlusive syndrome. This chapter describes the main features and treatment options of these disorders.
Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Mazzaferro Vincenzo , Droz dit Busset Michele , Virdis Matteo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Surgical options (liver resection and transplantation) represent the mainstay of treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). By providing the only chance of cure they identify prognostic categories and complement a number of locoregional and systemic therapies. Considering the outcome of surgical interventions, HCC ‘operability’ exerts a predominantly prognostic role with the consequence that resectability can be considered at any stage of intrahepatic HCC presentation, either upfront or after non-surgical treatments have reduced or controlled the tumour. In this chapter, the role of guidelines is analysed by comparing different approaches. Although current guidelines only capture part of the potentials of surgical therapies for HCC, common trends will be reviewed. Several technical and strategic innovations have emerged in recent years, such as the laparoscopic/robotic minimally invasive techniques, the predictability and management of postoperative liver failure in patients with chronic liver diseases, and the safe expansion of liver resection to borderline indications. Tumour response to non-surgical therapies is a very effective driver for indicating surgical intervention, with particular reference to liver transplantation in patients with HCC beyond conventional indications. As treatments of primary liver cancer continue to grow with development of new drugs and devices, surgical interventions maintain a central role in any therapeutic algorithm, particularly when curative rather than palliative perspectives are pursued. Although a comprehensive description of modern management of HCC is beyond the scope of this chapter, a focus on the surgical conditions influencing the treatment results in HCC patients is proposed.
Primary neoplasms of the liver
Authors: Lerut Jan , Lai Quirino 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Non-hepatocellular, non-cholangiocellular cancers are rare tumours which cover a broad spectrum. Their diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm is not standardized due to their rare occurrence, protean clinical manifestations, and evolution. This chapter gives an overview about the hepatic vascular tumours and about different types of sarcomatous tumours based on the analysis of the recent literature and the findings of the detailed European Liver Transplant Registry–European Liver Intestine Transplantation Association vascular tumour-study. Special attention is given to the role of liver transplantation (LT). In the case of vascular tumours, surgical resection offers the best results. Unfortunately, partial resection is only possible in a minority (&lt;10%) of patients due to the multifocal nature of the lesions. HEHE, even when limited extrahepatic disease is present, is an excellent indication for LT; conversely, LT is an absolute contraindication in HHS due to the universal and early, deadly recurrence. The outlook of patients harbouring undifferentiated embryonal liver sarcoma and biliary embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma has been markedly improved by combining aggressive (neo-)adjuvant chemotherapy and surgery; radiotherapy does not seem to further improve outcome. LT is without doubt of value in case R0 surgery cannot be reached. Conversely, there is no place for LT in the treatment of carcinosarcoma and leiomyosarcoma. In order to improve the outlook of all these rare liver neoplasms, multimodal treatments combining radical surgery, multidrug and/or target chemotherapies, and eventually external beam radiotherapy are urgently needed. LT will occupy a more and more important place in this field of modern hepatobiliary oncology.
Liver transplantation
Authors: McKenna Greg J. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Liver transplantation is now a widely accepted therapy for liver failure and complications from liver disease. The liver is complex with a multitude of synthetic, metabolic, excretory, and immunoregulatory functions. Understanding these and the pathophysiology of liver injury allows for better managing liver failure and recognizing the role for liver transplantation. When a patient with advanced liver disease is referred to a transplant centre, a multidisciplinary evaluation is undertaken which examines six things: indications, contraindications, cancer screening, anatomical evaluation, psychiatric assessment, and prioritization. Organ allocation systems such as the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease with sodium (MELD-Na) score are used to assess mortality risk and determine priority for transplant. After a liver transplant, there is a high potential for complications, and the key to improving outcomes and reducing mortality is to avoid these complications if possible, and effectively managing any that may occur. Additionally, it is imperative to manage immunosuppression to appropriately suppress the alloimmune response against donor alloantigen to prevent rejection, and also minimize side effects and avoid the drug toxicities that also impact survival. There has been great progress over the last five decades and both short- and long-term survival are excellent, with an approximately 92% survival at 1 year and 60% survival at 10 years.
Live donor liver transplantation
Authors: Finotti Michele , Testa Giuliano 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Liver transplantation is the treatment of choice for end-stage liver diseases and hepatocellular carcinoma. Living donor liver transplantation, in an era of organ shortage and a large number of candidates, can be an additional source of grafts and, in selected cases, can be considered to be the technique of choice. Donor selection, with a step-by-step approach, is crucial for the safety of the donor and the good outcome of the recipient. Left or right donor hepatectomy, performed in an open, laparoscopic, or robotic fashion, is demanding. Some important technical aspects have to be considered before and during the surgical procedure, especially in the biliary tract dissection and graft venous outflow. Complex reconstructions for the venous outflow, the portal vein, the hepatic artery, and the hepatic duct may be necessary. In this context, additional tools to help the surgeon planning the surgical strategy are under evaluation.
Post-cholecystectomy biliary injury
Authors: Mohkam Kayvan , Mabrut Jean-Yves , Rode Agnès , Lesurtel Mickaël 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Iatrogenic biliary injury is the most severe complication of cholecystectomy associated with costly management, impaired quality of life, and increased mortality compared to the general population. Its main risk factors are anatomical, nature of the pathology (acute cholecystitis), and surgeon dependent. There are several classifications which provide an anatomical description of the injury, guide therapy, and allow comparison of outcomes between series. An optimal workup should precede any treatment of post-cholecystectomy biliary injury to fully understand the extent of the biliary damage and identify potential associated vascular injury. Therapeutic management is complex and requires early referral to a tertiary expert centre with a multidisciplinary approach involving hepatobiliary surgeons, interventional radiologists, and endoscopists. More importantly a continuous effort should be sustained to encourage a culture of safety in laparoscopic cholecystectomy to decrease the risk of biliary injury.
Biliary atresia
Authors: Ramachandran Priya 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Neonatal cholestasis syndrome includes a wide spectrum of diseases with varying clinical phenotypes all of which present with cholestasis in infancy. Biliary atresia is one of the causes of cholestasis and mandates early diagnosis and corrective surgery. Biliary atresia is also the commonest cause for liver transplantation in children. The disease predominantly affects the extrahepatic biliary tree. A sequential treatment strategy of a Kasai portoenterostomy followed by liver transplantation in unsuccessful cases has resulted in a survival rate of about 90% in these children. It is important to differentiate biliary atresia from the other diseases in the neonatal cholestasis spectrum. The diagnostic algorithms have evolved to include more non-invasive procedures with high diagnostic accuracy. The outcome of the Kasai operation depends on several factors and optimizing the outcome results in jaundice clearance in approximately half of the children. Understanding the multifactorial aetiology of biliary atresia and the consequent pathogenic pathways involved will enable the development of novel therapeutic measures which will help reduce the disease burden.
Cystic diseases of the biliary system
Authors: Heinrich Stefan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Cystic diseases of the biliary system are generally rare with choledochal cysts being most frequent. The differentiation of uncomplicated cysts from cystic or even premalignant or malignant diseases may be challenging. Therefore, knowledge of the clinical and radiological appearances of these abnormalities is crucial for clinical judgement. Intraductal papillary neoplasms of the bile duct carry a comparatively high risk for malignancy and reveal biological characteristics comparable to the main duct type of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas. Depending on the assumed disease, conservative management is possible or oncological surgery mandatory.
Primary sclerosing cholangitis
Authors: Neuberger James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a rare disease affecting both adults and children. In adults, PSC may present asymptomatically, with symptoms or signs of cholestasis or with liver failure. In children, PSC usually presents with a syndrome resembling autoimmune hepatitis. Diagnosis depends primarily on demonstrating strictures and dilatations of the biliary tree; liver histology is rarely indicated to make the diagnosis. Treatment is symptomatic: ursodeoxycholic acid is not recommended for newly diagnosed patients; those with PSC/autoimmune hepatitis overlap syndrome should be offered immunosuppressive therapy. Biliary dilatation may be helpful for those with a dominant extrahepatic biliary stricture. PSC is closely linked to inflammatory bowel disease (mainly ulcerative colitis). The most common causes of death are liver failure and cholangiocarcinoma. Cholangiocarcinoma is often diagnosed during the first year after presentation but may occur at any time. In those with PSC and colitis, there is a significantly increased risk of colon cancer so annual colonoscopy is recommended. Liver transplantation is effective treatment for those with end-stage liver disease or intractable symptoms, but survival is reduced compared with other indications because of recurrent disease.
Arterial thrombosis: pathophysiological background
Authors: Badimon Lina , Vilahur Gemma 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The formation of a complex blood clot within a coronary artery triggers the thrombotic events. Arterial thrombosis comprises four basic pathways: platelet activation and aggregation, blood coagulation with fibrin formation, inflammation, and fibrinolysis. These pathways interact with each other and with the vessel wall, in the special regulatory conditions set by the local blood flow to trigger the formation of a thrombus with a determined growth rate, mass, and stability on top of an atherosclerotic plaque. In this chapter, cellular and molecular mechanisms of thrombus formation, from platelet aggregation to coagulation, fibrinolysis, and inflammation, are described. Determinants of thrombus growth, comprising both local factors, as well as severity and type of exposed atherosclerotic tissue, and systemic thrombogenic risk factors and comorbidities, are also conveyed as important drivers in the final thrombotic episode. The thrombus mass and stability at the time of coronary plaque disruption/destabilization influences the severity of clinical symptoms.