bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of teat cistern mural biopsy and teatoscopy stab versus longitudinal incision with or without tube implant on incisional healing in lactating dairy cattle
Authors: Tulleners Eric , Hamir Amir 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Effects of teat cistern mural biopsy and full-thickness stab and longitudinal incisional healing were evaluated experimentally on clinically normal teats in 12 lactating dairy cattle. Each teat on each cow was assigned by Latin-square design to 1 of 4 surgical interventions: (I) teatoscopy only; (II) teatoscopy, stab incision, and mural biopsy; (III) longitudinal incision and mural biopsy; and (IV) longitudinal incision, mural biopsy, and tube implantation.
Teatoscopy was done with a 4-mm od arthroscope introduced through the teat canal and attached to a television camera. Teatoscopy was quicker to perform and provided a more detailed videotaped examination of the teat and gland cistern, compared with gross inspection through a longitudinal incision. In intervention-II cows, the Ferris-Smith biopsy instrument jaws introduced through a longitudinal 1-cm midteat stab incision were easy to visualize and manipulate accurately. Stab incisions closed with only 1 or 2 skin sutures healed without complications in all 12 teats. On palpation, stab incisions were significantly (P < 0.01) less thick than longitudinal incisions at 8 weeks and were microscopically indistinguishable from the normal tissue. However, in 24 teatoscopically examined teats, 9 (38%) had microscopic evidence of teat canal injury and 12 (50%) of the quarters developed mastitis. This was attributed to trauma resulting from introduction of the arthroscope through the teat canal.
Intervention III yielded satisfactory results with the least complications. All 12 longitudinal incisions healed by primary intention, and all teats remained patent. Mastitis developed in 4 (33%) quarters.
Intervention IV caused considerable complications associated with the tube implant and no improvement in biopsy site healing, compared with interventions II and III. Eleven longitudinal incisions healed by primary intention. One incision dehisced, 2 (17%) tube implants dislodged, 2 (17%) became obstructed proximally, and irritations of the mucous membrane developed in 2 teats proximally and in 6 teats distally. Mastitis developed in 6 (50%) quarters.
Longitudinal incisions healed with moderate submucosal fibrosis. All sutured incisions had multifocal microgranulomata in which suture material was in various stages of degradation. At 8 weeks, localized teat wall thickening could be detected at incisional and biopsy sites, but did not obstruct milk flow.
Excessive granulation tissue was at the biopsy sites (72 total) at 2 weeks, and at this time, the sites were partially covered by metaplastic squamous epithelium. However, by 8 weeks, 71 (98%) of the areas were replaced by fibrous tissue with minimal protrusion into the teat cistern.
Nephrotomography and ultrasonography for the localization of hyperfunctioning adrenocortical tumors in dogs
Authors: Voorhout George , Rijnberk Ad , Sjollema Bart E. , van den Ingh Ted S. G. A. M. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Nephrotomography and ultrasonography were used in 11 dogs with hyperadrenocorticism to assess the value of these techniques for the localization of biochemically diagnosed hyperfunctioning adrenocortical tumors. Both techniques enabled accurate localization of a unilateral adrenal mass in each of the dogs. Cross-sectional diameters of the masses ranged from 1 to 4 cm. In 1 dog, expansion of tumor into the caudal vena cava was revealed by caudal venacavography and ultrasonography. Mineralization in the tumor mass in 2 dogs was easily recognized by nephrotomography, but not by ultrasonography.
Paracostal laparotomy confirmed the presence of an adrenocortical tumor in each dog, and expansion of tumor into the caudal vena cava in 1 dog. Cross-sectional diameters of the tumors ranged from 1.2 to 4.5 cm and corresponded well with cross-sectional measurements by nephrotomography and ultrasonography.
It was concluded that nephrotomography and ultrasonography have similar diagnostic accuracies for the detection and localization of hyperfunctioning adrenocortical tumors.
Determination of macrophage chemotaxis to atherosclerotic plaque extract in domestic turkeys with hypertension
Authors: Johnson Patricia D. , Klesius P. H. , Krista L. M. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The chemotactic activity of turkey peritoneal macrophages in response to an atherosclerotic plaque extract from a hypertensive strain of turkeys was determined. Atherosclerotic plaque extract stimulated macrophage chemotaxis, whereas normal aortic extract did not stimulate macrophage chemotaxis. However, differences were not revealed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis of extracts of atherosclerotic plaque and normal aorta. Chemotactic activity was diminished with pronase treatment, suggesting the chemoattractant is a protein. Seemingly, atherosclerotic plaque of turkeys contains a macrophage chemotaxin.
Histologic and immunochemical study of the pathogenesis of heartwater (Cowdria ruminantium infection) in goats and mice
Authors: Brown Corrie C. , Skowronek Anthony J. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Eleven adult goats and 32 adult outbred mice were inoculated iv with Cowdria ruminantium-infected blood (Kwanyanga isolate), monitored clinically, then serially euthanatized. Predominant clinical signs of disease in goats were depression, head tremors, seizures, and dyspnea. In mice, dyspnea and depression were the only clinical signs of disease noticed. Tissues were examined histologically and immunohistochemically for C ruminantium colonies or antigen. In goats, C ruminantium was detected only in endothelial cells of the brain, even though gross and microscopic lesions were confined to the thorax. In mice, C ruminantium was detected only in endothelial cells of the heart and lungs.
Modulation of arachidonic acid metabolism by bovine alveolar macrophages exposed to interferons and lipopolysaccharide
Authors: O'Sullivan M. G. , Fleisher L. N. , Olson N. C. , MacLachlan N. J. , Brown T. T. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Stimulation of bovine alveolar macrophages with calcium ionophore A23187 resulted in marked production of leukotriene (lt)B4 and a lesser increase in thromboxane (tx)B2, whereas opsonized zymosan (opz) resulted in production of txb2 and relatively small increases in ltb4 and prostaglandin (pg)F2α. Alveolar macrophages incubated with recombinant bovine interferon-γ or lipopolysaccharide, and subsequently stimulated with A23187 or opz, had altered arachidonic acid metabolism, producing markedly increased amounts of txb2 and pgf2α, and slightly increased ltb4. Incubation of alveolar macrophages with lipopolysaccharide had a more profound effect on the increased amounts of txb2 and pgf2α, observed in response to stimulation with A23187 or opz, than did incubation with interferon-γ. Alveolar macrophages incubated with recombinant bovine interferon-α1-1 also produced slightly increased amounts of ltb4 when stimulated with A23187 or opz. Altered arachidonic acid metabolism by alveolar macrophages exposed to interferons and lipopolysaccharide may contribute to the development of pulmonary inflammation, such as in the early stages of bacterial pneumonia following viral infections that induce interferon production.
Experimental infection of the white-footed mouse with Borrelia burgdorferi
Authors: Wright Scott D. , Nielsen Svend W. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Laboratory raised white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) were inoculated experimentally with live spirochetes (Borrelia burgdorferi), the etiologic agent of Lyme disease (borreliosis). Prior to inoculation, mouse sera were tested with an indirect fluorescent antibody test, and all mice were seronegative. All inoculated mice seroconverted. In tick transmission studies, immature stages of Ixodes dammini and Dermacentor variabilis attached and fed to repletion on mice, but only I dammini transferred spirochetes to uninfected mice. Mice were susceptible to oral infection and transmitted infection to each other through direct contact. Infection did not affect reproduction or development of young born from infected dams, nor did spirochetes appear in the tissues of neonates. Borrelia burgdorferi spirochetes were identified in the kidneys, liver, and spleen of infected mice by the use of the modified Steiner silver stain and a tissue indirect fluorescent antibody test. Spirochetes also were isolated in culture of the heart blood of 1 mouse. Regardless of the source of infection, no mice developed clinical signs or had any pathologic change resulting from infection. Spirochetes were always observed extracellularly within interstitial spaces. Antibody titers persisted for over 4 months in some mice and spirochetes were found in the tissues of 1 mouse that had been infected 1 year earlier.
Efficacy of clorsulon for the treatment of experimentally induced infections of Fasciola hepatica in goats
Authors: Sundlof Stephen F. , Bliss Ernest L. , Greiner Ellis C. , Tran Thang Q. , Wertenberger Mary A. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
A dose titration study was undertaken to determine the efficacy of clorsulon against the adult stage of Fasciola hepatica in goats. Thirty-nine goats were experimentally infected with metacercariae of F hepatica. At 14 weeks after infection, each goat was assigned randomly to 1 of 5 groups. Goats in groups 1 to 4 received a single oral administration of clorsulon at dosages of 3.5, 7, 11, and 15 mg/kg of body weight, respectively. The fifth group of goats (control group) was infected with F hepatica, but were not treated with clorsulon. Postmortem examination of goats at 3 weeks after treatment revealed mean reductions in numbers of flukes of 83, 98, 99, and 100% for groups 1 to 4, respectively. Mean percentage of reduction in eggs following treatment of groups was 82, 98, 100, and 100%, respectively.
The clinical effects of clorsulon in 24 goats that were not infected with F hepatica were studied. Goats in groups 1 to 3 received a single oral administration of clorsulon at dosages of 7, 21, and 35 mg/kg, respectively, every other day for a total of 3 doses/goat. Group-4 goats (control group) received a vehicle placebo. Goats in group 3 were subject to postmortem examination at 14 days after dosing. Abnormal signs or lesions that could be attributed to clorsulon were not found in any goat.
von Willebrand factor in lysates of washed canine platelets
Authors: Parker Michael T. , Turrentine Mark A. , Johnson Gary S. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Canine and human platelets (washed 4 times in a solution containing edta, prostaglandin E1, and theophylline to prevent release of agranule constituents) were lysed by being frozen and thawed in the presence of detergent. Radioelectroimmunoassay for von Willebrand factor (vWf) in 5 human platelet lysates produced precipitin rockets, shaped like those produced from vWf in plasma from healthy human beings, and indicated that the mean von Willebrand factor antigen (vWf:Ag) content in platelets from healthy human beings was 526 ± 87 human U/ 1012 platelets. Radioelectroimmunoassay for vWf in platelet lysates from 17 healthy dogs with normal plasma vWf:Ag concentration produced precipitin rockets that looked different from those produced from canine plasma and indicated vWfAg content of 59 ± 35 canine U/1012 platelets. Inclusion of protease inhibitors in the lysing solution did not normalize the appearance of the precipitin rockets or substantially alter the measured platelet content of vWf:Ag. The array of vWf multimers revealed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-agarose gel electrophoresis of canine platelet lysates had a distinct appearance that differed from that of vWf in canine or human plasma and platelets; the intensity of the canine platelet vWf multimer bands was skewed, with relatively greater density in the lower molecular weight region and faint or undetectable multimer bands in the higher molecular weight region. Electrophoretograms with visible multimers in the high molecular weight region had vWf components that had higher molecular weight than did any vWf components in canine plasma. Radioelectroimmunoassay for fibronectin in these same canine platelet lysates indicated that the fibronectin content in platelets was 2.89 ± 1.10 mg/1012 platelets. An Airedale Terrier with type-I von Willebrand disease (vWd), but lacking clinical signs of vWd, had normal platelet content of vWf:Ag (28 ± 12 canine U/1012 platelets), whereas a German Shorthaired Pointer with moderately severe type-II vWd and a mildly affected Doberman Pinscher with type-I vWd had only a trace or undetectable amounts of vWf:Ag in their platelets. The concentration of vWf: Ag in platelet lysates from the Doberman Pinscher with vWd remained undetectable when the platelets were isolated from the Doberman Pinscher's blood mixed with citrated plasma from dogs with normal plasma vWf:Ag concentration. In all 3 dogs with vWd, platelet fibronectin content was within the normal range.
Cardiopulmonary function values before and after heartworm removal in dogs with caval syndrome
Authors: Kitagawa H. , Sasaki Y. , Ishihara K. , Kawakami M. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Cardiopulmonary function values were determined before and after surgical removal of adult heartworms in 25 dogs with spontaneous and 4 dogs with drug-induced caval syndrome (cs). Fifteen dogs with spontaneous cs (recovery group) and 4 dogs with drug-induced cs (drug-induced cs group) recovered after removal, and 10 dogs with spontaneous cs were euthanatized or died (nonsurviving group). Before heartworm removal, injected radiographic contrast medium was regurgitated from the right ventricle to the right atrium. Mean pulmonary arterial pressure and total pulmonary resistance were not statistically different between the recovery and nonsurviving groups of dogs, but the end-diastolic right ventricular pressure (mean ± sd, 6.9 ±9.1 mm of Hg) and the a (8.7 ± 9.2 mm of Hg)- and v (6.3 ± 8.5 mm of Hg)-waves of the right atrial pressure curve in the recovery group were less, respectively, than the end-diastolic right ventricular pressure (17.3 ± 6.0 mm of Hg) and the a (15.8 ± 6.1 mm of Hg)- and v (21.4 ± 6.9 mm of Hg)-waves in dogs of the nonsurviving group. After heartworm removal, contrast medium regurgitation disappeared, and cardiac output of the right ventricle increased in dogs of the recovery (from 2.08 ± 0.72 to 2.38 ± 0.68 L/min; P < 0.05) and drug-induced cs (from 1.42 ± 0.19 to 1.88 ± 0.26 L/ min, P < 0.05) groups. However, regurgitation remained, and cardiac output did not increase in some dogs of the nonsurviving group. Mean pulmonary arterial pressure decreased significantly (from 37.7 ± 18.3 mm of Hg to 32.0 ± 16.1 mm of Hg; P < 0.01) at 1 week after heart-worm removal in dogs of the recovery group, but not in those of the nonsurviving group. Total pulmonary resistance (from 12,612 ± 7,670 dynes·sec·cm-5·kg of body weight to 9,776 ± 6,089 dynes·sec·cm-5·kg; P < 0.01) and right atrial pressure (a-wave: from 8.7 ± 9.2 mm of Hg to 4.1 ± 5.6 mm of Hg; v-wave: from 6.3 ± 8.5 mm of Hg to 2.1 ± 4.6 mm of Hg) decreased after heartworm removal in dogs of the recovery group. Total pulmonary resistance (from 20,309 ± 9,682 dynes·sec·cm-5·kg to 15,970 ± 6,798 dynes·sec·cm-5·kg; P < 0.05) and right atrial pressure (a-wave: from 15.8 ± 6.1 mm of Hg to 10.1 ± 6.3 mm of Hg; v-wave: from 21.4 ± 6.9 mm of Hg to 11.1 ± 3.7 mm of Hg) also decreased in dogs of the nonsurviving group. However, pressures in the right side of the heart and total pulmonary resistance after heart-worm removal were greater in dogs of the nonsurviving group than in dogs of the recovery group. At necropsy, pulmonary arterial emboli containing dead heartworms were found in almost all dogs with spontaneous cs, but not in dogs with drug-induced cs. The severity of pulmonary arterial embolism correlated significantly with mean pulmonary arterial pressure before (r = 0.710; P < 0.01) and 1 week after (r = 0.728; P < 0.01) heartworm removal.
Measurement of anal and genitoanal reflexes in cats
Authors: Cook James R. , Oliver John E. , Purinton Paul T. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Noninvasive determination of anal and genitoanal reflexes was evaluated in clinically normal cats. Thirty adult mixed-breed cats (15 sexually intact or castrated males, 15 sexually intact or spayed females) were sedated by iv administration of ketamine, acetylpromazine, and atropine. Anal reflexes were recorded from the anal sphincter muscle after ipsilateral and contralateral electrical stimulation of the perineal skin. Genitoanal reflexes were recorded from the anal sphincter muscle after electrical stimulation of the penis or clitoris. An anal sphincter response to tibial nerve stimulation was attempted.
Anal reflexes from ipsilateral and contralateral stimulations and a genitoanal reflex were detected in all cats. Anal sphincter responses to tibial nerve stimulation were inconsistent (4/30) and were not included in any analyses. Anal reflexes had response latencies of 7.5 to 12.0 ms (ipsilateral stimulation) and 6.5 to 13 ms (contralateral stimulation). Genitoanal reflexes had latencies of 9.0 to 13.0 ms (males) and 6.5 to 9.0 ms (females). Anal reflex latencies were significantly (P < 0.05) longer for contralateral, opposed to ipsilateral, stimulation and were significantly (P < 0.05) longer in males than in females. Genitoanal reflex latencies were also significantly (P < 0.05) longer in males than in females, reflecting the more peripheral stimulation site in males.
Anal reflex responses could be recorded in 2 feline clinic patients with such severe perineal trauma that pudendal nerve function could not be manually evaluated. A potentially favorable prognosis was given in each instance on the basis of detection of the response. One cat eventually recovered. The other was euthanatized because of other problems, and the sacral part of the spinal cord, sacral nerve roots, and pudendal nerves were found to be intact at necropsy.
Lysozyme concentrations in the tears of cattle, goats, and sheep
Authors: Brightman Alan H. , Wachsstock Rand S. , Erskine Ron 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Tear samples were collected from 1 eye of each of 40 cows, 27 sheep, 5 goats, and 5 human beings. Additionally, 10 bovine tear samples were pooled and concentrated. Spectrophotometric assays, using Micrococcus lysodeikticus, were performed on each sample to detect lysozyme activity expressed in hen egg lysozyme (hel) equivalents. Lysozyme activity was not detected in tears of cows, but 158.8 ± 159.3 mg of hel/ml was detected in tears of sheep, 220.7 ± 37.5 mg of hel/ml in tears of goats, and 216.3 ± 86.2 mg of hel/ml in tears of human beings.
In pooled bovine tear samples, lysozyme activity was not detected on plate assay and lysozyme protein was not detected on Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, column chromatography, or immunoelectrophoresis with rabbit anti-bovine tear antibodies. On the basis of these observations, we concluded that the basic ocular protective mechanism in bovine tears is not lysozyme. Other antibacterial proteins such as lactoferrin, transferrin, complement, or β-lysin may, therefore, be of primary importance in protecting the bovine eye.
Gram-negative bacterial infections of the mammary gland in cows
Authors: Todhunter Deborah A. , Smith K. Larry , Hogan Joseph S. , Schoenberger Pamela S. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Naturally acquired gram-negative bacterial intramammary infections (n= 160) were studied in 99 cows over a 2-year period. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp, Serratia spp, Enterobacter spp, and unidentified gram-negative bacteria were isolated from 28.8, 39.4, 9.4, 5.0, and 11.2%, respectively, of infected mammary glands. A majority (61%) of intramammary infections were first detected during the nonlactating period. Gram-negative bacteria isolated during the first half of the nonlactating period were predominantly Klebsiella spp, Serratia spp, and Enterobacter spp. Onset of E coli intramammary infections was more prevalent during the second half of the nonlactating period and during the first 7 days of lactation. The majority (59%) of infections were < 28 days in duration, but Klebsiella spp and Serratia spp infections were of significantly (P < 0.05) greater duration than infections with E coli. The greatest percentage (47%) of gram-negative bacterial intramammary infections were first detected during the summer.
Lesions and localization of viral antigen in tissues of cattle with experimentally induced or naturally acquired muscosal disease, or with naturally acquired chronic bovine viral diarrhea
Authors: Wilhelmsen Catherine L. , Bolin Steven R. , Ridpath Julia F. , Cheville Norman F. , Kluge John P. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Tissues from cattle that died of experimentally induced mucosal disease (n = 3), naturally acquired mucosal disease (n = 6), or naturally acquired chronic bovine viral diarrhea (n = 4) were examined. Consistent findings were lymphocytic depletion of lymphoid tissues, degeneration of myenteric ganglion cells, and mild adrenalitis. Intracytoplasmic viral antigen was detected in myenteric ganglia and in endocrine glandular cells. Noncytopathic virus was isolated from all cattle, and cytopathic virus was isolated from 12 of 13 cattle.
Biochemical study of repair of induced osteochondral defects of the distal portion of the radial carpal bone in horses by use of periosteal autografts
Authors: Vachon Anne M. , McIlwraith C. Wayne , Keeley Fred W. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Periosteal autografts were used for repair of large osteochondral defects in 10 horses aged 2 to 3 years old. In each horse, osteochondral defects measuring 1.0 × 1.0 cm2 were induced bilaterally on the distal articular surface of each radial carpal bone. Control and experimental defects were drilled. Periosteum was harvested from the proximal portion of the tibia and was glued into the principal defects, using a fibrin adhesive. Control defects were glued, but were not grafted.
Sixteen weeks after the grafting procedure, the quality of the repair tissue of control and grafted defects was assessed biochemically. Total collagen content and the proportion of type-II collagen were determined. Galactosamine and glucosamine contents also were determined. From these measurements, contents of chondroitin and keratan sulfate and total glycosaminoglycan, and galactosamine-to-glucosamine ratio were calculated. All biochemical variables were compared with those of normal equine articular cartilage taken from the same site in another group of clinically normal horses. Total collagen content was determined on the basis of 4-hydroxyproline content, using a colorimetric method. The proportions of collagen types I and II in the repair tissue were assessed by electrophoresis of their cyanogen bromide-cleaved peptides on sodium dodecyl sulfate slab gels. Peptide ratios were computed and compared with those of standard mixtures of type-I and type-II collagens. Galactosamine and glucosamine contents were determined by use of ion chromatography.
In general, the biochemical composition of repair tissue of grafted and nongrafted defects was similar, but clearly differed from that of normal articular cartilage. Total glycosaminoglycan content, galactosamine and glucosamine contents, and galactosamine-to-glucosamine ratio of grafted and nongrafted defects were all significantly (P < 0.05) less than corresponding values in normal equine articular cartilage. By contrast, total collagen content of neocartilaginous tissues of grafted and nongrafted defects was greater than that of normal articular cartilage, although the difference was not significant. The proportion of type-I and type-II collagens in repair tissue in grafted and nongrafted defects was 70 and 30%, respectively. The fibrous nature of the repair tissue reported in a companion morphologic and histochemical study was substantiated by the biochemical results. We concluded that use of periosteal autografts did not improve the healing of osteochondral defects.