bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perioperative Complications of Neuraxial Anesthesia
Authors: Wardhan Richa , Adaralegbe Adejuyigbe Olusegun 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Spinal and epidural anesthesia is commonly referred to as neuraxial anesthesia. Neuraxial anesthesia is a routinely performed anesthetic procedure for a variety of surgical procedures. There are numerous advantages of neuraxial anesthesia including decreased bleeding, lower risk of deep vein thrombosis, decreased risk of nausea and vomiting, and minimal risk of postoperative cognitive dysfunction. However, neuraxial anesthesia can be associated with some major and minor complications. The major complications are high/total spinal, systemic toxicity, and epidural hematoma. High/total spinal can lead to cardiac arrest and death, while epidural hematoma can result in debilitating paraplegia. The goal of this chapter is to review the life-threatening complications of neuraxial anesthesia and discuss ways to treat and avoid them.
Malignant Hyperthermia
Authors: Smith Cameron R. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a rare but life-threatening condition that manifests almost exclusively as a result of exposure to volatile anesthetics such as sevoflurane or isoflurane, or succinylcholine. It is, at its core, a situation of hypermetabolism intrinsic to the muscle, resulting in signs and symptoms such as tachycardia, hypercapnia, increasing oxygen consumption, muscle rigidity, dark-colored urine, and rising core temperature. Successful treatment requires prompt action. A large number of people will be required, so help should be called for early. Early focus should be directed at preparation and administration of dantrolene, the only treatment available for MH, as each 30-minute delay in administration nearly doubles the rate of complications including death. Once this has been completed, care shifts to more supportive measures, such as correcting lab abnormalities and cooling. Additional support with diagnosis and treatment can and should be sought from the MH Hotline, which is staffed by MH experts at all times. Lastly, once the acute event is complete, one should consider contacting the MH registry so that the event can be added to the data repository, helping further MH research and understanding.
Anesthetic Management of Emergency Cesarean Delivery
Authors: Cometa M. Anthony , Wendling Adam L. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Cesarean delivery has increased in recent years. A classification system for urgency of cesarean delivery has been described to assist with communication and clinical decision-making surrounding the time of delivery. This system rated urgency on a 1 to 4 scale: Category 1—immediate threat to life of woman or fetus; Category 2—maternal or fetal compromise that is not immediately life-threatening; Category 3—needing early delivery but no maternal or fetal compromise; and Category 4—elective. Such a system can assist the anesthesiologist in clinical decision-making surrounding allocating resources (prioritizing/delaying other surgical care, calling in more help from outside the hospital) and anesthetic options. One of the most impactful factors associated with performing general anesthesia for cesarean section is the Category 1 indication for delivery. Considerations for the safe management of emergency abdominal delivery will be discussed.
Anesthesia Machine Failures
Authors: Luria Isaac , Loeb Robert G. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Anesthesia machine failures can be confusing for anesthesia providers. It can be difficult in some cases to distinguish a patient’s medical problems from a failure of equipment. Under general anesthesia the anesthesia machine functions as a life support system for the operative patient. While anesthesia machine or infrastructure failures are rare, they do happen. Their rarity can make them difficult to diagnose, but the correct diagnosis cannot be made if it is not even on the list of considerations. The steps outlined in this chapter are important in their own right, but an important overarching lesson is to include equipment malfunction in the differential diagnosis of any intraoperative problem. Caring for the safety of the patient first and foremost is vital when trying to diagnose what could be a machine problem. Resolving anesthesia machine failures should only be attempted after the safety of the patient has been otherwise secured. Such safety measures may include switching to a self-inflating rescue breathing device, also known as a bag-valve mask; calling for help; or using a portable oxygen tank to completely remove the anesthesia machine variable from patient care. A complete pre-use check will prevent many anesthesia machine problems, but the focus in this chapter is on failures that can appear during anesthesia despite a thorough pre-use check. This chapter provides an approach to the diagnosis and management of low breathing circuit pressure, breathing circuit obstruction, oxygen pipeline failure, hypoxic oxygen pipeline mixture, and anesthesia machine power failure.
Motivational Interviewing and Dietetics
Authors: Douaihy Antoine , Kelly Thomas M. , Bermudez Augusto , Bell David 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the relationship between unhealthy diet, low activity level and associated morbidity. A review of recent literature indicates that MI can be integrated with nutrition counselling to help patients increase physical activity, e.g., walking while decreasing cholesterol levels, risk for cardiovascular illness, depression, and type 2 diabetes. The chapter discusses the importance of avoiding scare tactics and the “righting reflex” in nutrition counselling.
Intraventricular SHH inhibition proves efficient in SHH medulloblastoma mouse model and prevents systemic side effects
Authors: Kresbach Catena , Holst Lea , Schoof Melanie , Leven Tara , Göbel Carolin , Neyazi Sina , Tischendorf Jacqueline , Loose Carolin , Wrzeszcz Antonina , Yorgan Timur , Rutkowski Stefan , Schüller Ulrich 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Background
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant brain tumor in children and requires intensive multimodal therapy. Long-term survival is still dissatisfying and, most importantly, survivors frequently suffer from severe treatment-associated morbidities. The sonic hedgehog pathway (SHH) in SHH MB provides a promising target for specific therapeutic agents. The small molecule Vismodegib allosterically inhibits SMO, the main upstream activator of SHH. Vismodegib has proven effective in the treatment of MB in mice and in clinical studies. However, due to irreversible premature epiphyseal growth plate fusions after systemic application to infant mice and children, its implementation to pediatric patients has been limited. Intraventricular Vismodegib application might provide a promising novel treatment strategy for pediatric medulloblastoma patients.

Methods
Infant medulloblastoma-bearing Math1-cre::Ptch1Fl/Fl mice were treated with intraventricular Vismodegib in order to evaluate efficacy on tumor growth and systemic side effects.

Results
We show that intraventricular Vismodegib treatment of Math1-cre::Ptch1Fl/Fl mice leads to complete or partial tumor remission only 2 days after completed treatment. Intraventricular treatment also significantly improved symptom-free survival in a dose-dependent manner. At the same time, intraventricular application prevented systemic side effects in the form of anatomical or histological bone deformities.

Conclusions
We conclude that intraventricular application of a SHH pathway inhibitor combines the advantages of a specific treatment agent with precise drug delivery and might evolve as a promising new way of targeted treatment for SHH MB patients.
HER2-Low Status Was Associated With Better Breast Cancer-Specific Survival in Early-Stage Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Ma Youzhao , Jiao Dechuang , Zhang Jingyang , Lv Minhao , Chen Xiuchun , Liu Zhenzhen 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Background
Based on the association between the hormone receptor and the status of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-low, we investigated the clinicopathological and prognostic characteristics of the HER2-low status in early-stage triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC).

Methods
We collected the data of patients with TNBC who received treatment at our hospital and compared the pathological complete response (pCR) rate, overall survival (OS), and breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) between the HER2-0 and HER2-low subtypes.

Results
A total of 1445 patients were included in the study, of which 698 patients (48.3%) showed HER2-low status. A similar pCR rate was observed between HER2-0 and HER2-low patients (34.9% vs. 37.4%; P = .549). T staging, N staging, and HER2 status were associated with BCSS, whereas T staging and N staging were associated with OS. Patients with the HER2-low status showed better BCSS than those with the HER2-0 status (96.6% vs. 93.7%; log-rank P = .027). In patients with non-pCR, the BCSS of the HER2-low subgroup was better than that of the HER2-0 subgroup (log-rank P = .047); however, no similar result was observed in patients with pCR. In patients with stage III, the BCSS and OS of the HER2-low subgroup were better than those of the HER2-0 subgroup (BCSS, log-rank P = .010; OS, log-rank P = .047). No similar results were observed in patients with stages I and II.

Conclusion
The HER2-low expression was associated with better BCSS in TNBC, especially in the high-risk groups, suggesting that HER2-low breast cancer is a potential independent biological subtype.
Introduction
Authors: Espinosa Gastón , Redling Erik , Stevens Jason 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The Introduction defines religion, discusses its importance to filmmakers and studio marketing, and analyzes how religious traditions, symbols, and archetypes can add depth and meaning to characters and storytelling. It provides a brief history of Protestantism and its beliefs, explores Protestant film aesthetics, and then extensively recounts the history of Protestantism in American and European films, covering writers, directors, producers, actors, industry agencies, and critics. Major studio films, genre films, independent films, are art cinema are all covered. This historical overview is the overarching context for all of the chapters that follow. The Introduction concludes by summarizing the book’s chapters by topic area and then identifying recurring Protestant motifs and themes, matched with corresponding films.
Protestant Responses to Hollywood, Censorship, and Art Cinema
Authors: Romanowski William D. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter helps to correct the impression that Protestants were critical of the religious censorship of movies primarily because Catholics were enforcing it. On the contrary, it demonstrates that Protestants, who believed in the positive potential of film, objected to censorship in principle and sought a structural approach to influencing the content of motion pictures, which eventuated in the creation of the movie ratings system still used today. In 1915, the U.S. Supreme Court denied movies free speech protection, rendering them subject to censorship by a city, a state, or even a federal board—a ruling that was not reversed until 1952. Will Hays, president of the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America, hoped the Protestant establishment, his natural constituency, would serve as a bulwark against legalized censorship. Drawing on their religious heritage, Protestants favored industry self-regulation and were averse to legalized censorship.
The Vexed Man: Oliver Cromwell and the English Reformation and Civil War on Screen
Authors: Espinosa Gastón 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the film Cromwell (1970) and addresses the difficulties that writer-director Ken Hughes faced bringing the highly controversial Puritan figure Sir Oliver Cromwell (1599–1658) to British and American screens amid the Cold War and the countercultural ferment of the late 1960s. It explores the different interpretations that Cromwell’s actions have solicited: liberal, conservative, authoritarian, and Marxist-revolutionary. For Hughes, Cromwell is neither a conniving hypocrite, a dictatorial tyrant, a religious zealot, or a proto-Marxist revolutionary, but rather a psychologically contradictory modern man—a vexed man—with religiously garbed secular goals who sought to replace a bygone era of the divine right of kings with a modern parliamentary-led constitutional monarchy. He portrays him as a relatively progressive, modern, and forward-looking political reformer and champion of Western-style democratic values. Cromwell emerges as a fascinating record of Hughes’s attempt to wrestle the various facets of Cromwell into a coherent vision about the man and his legacy and how his story (perhaps unwittingly) might provide social commentary and a road map on how to navigate current social problems of the 1960s and 70s via the Troubles in Northern Ireland, the British Empire and colonialism, countercultural movements, growing racial-ethnic and religious divisions, and secularism.
“Holy Ghost Power!” in Robert Duvall’s The Apostle
Authors: Espinosa Gastón , Stevens Jason 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter, on Robert Duvall’s The Apostle (1997), argues that the film counters decades of screen misrepresentations of Holiness-Pentecostal churches in the American South. Though often playing (like most Hollywood films) to Black and Latinx archetypes, such as the Black spiritual mentor and excitable Latinx Pentecostal preacher, The Apostle approaches its subject with creative empathy, showing how Pentecostal churches have fostered redemption, healing, and interracial friendships among poor and working-class whites and Blacks. The dynamic energy holding together these communities of worship is “Holy Ghost power,” a much misunderstood, but central, experience of charismatic evangelicalism.
The Religious Motif of Mountains in Tyler Perry’s Why Did I Get Married?
Authors: Johnson Melanie 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
ssThis chapter highlights African American actor, writer, director, and producer Tyler Perry, whose films show the grace of Jesus being manifested amid gritty and often graphic portrayals of the human condition. These are not sanitized versions of middle-class evangelical Protestant Christian families, but depictions of familial and community loyalty in the face of hardships. Such portrayals, as in the romantic drama Why Did I Get Married?, tap into the message of the Bible itself as well as a long Black Protestant Christian tradition of Jesus as an ever-present help in times of need. Perry’s Black characters—who are generally more complex than church lady Madea, his famous screen alter ego—enact cinematic parables that interpret Jesus as consistently present, accessible, and One with oppressed Black men and women in their darkest times.
Latinx Youth
Authors: Organista Kurt C. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a selective overview of the clustering of interrelated psychosocial and health problems over-affecting most Latinx youth in America: school failure, depression and suicidality, sexual reproductive health challenges, problem alcohol and substance use, and gang affiliation. These problems are framed here as generally resulting from unmet developmental needs due to the destabilization of conventional social and cultural resources and controls within the family, ethnic/local community, and greater society, especially in the poorest of barrio-dwelling youth. Risk and protective factors are reviewed within their larger sociocultural context, as are state of the art and cutting edge interventions, including family focused, school, and community-based programs.
You talkin’ to me?
Authors: Roache Rebecca 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores how the relationship between the speaker and the listener can affect how objectionable swearing is. It notes the long tradition of viewing swearing as worse when it’s directed at or in the presence of certain people. Additionally, women and children have historically been considered delicate. The chapter mentions how considerations of avoiding swearing in the presence of other people’s children guide people's behavior in other ways. It also explains that the person doing the swearing can also make a difference to the offensiveness of swear words, citing how people known to be a model of politeness and decorum have a greater capacity of shocking or offending others with swearing.
Women and the Miners' Strike, 1984-1985
Authors: Sutcliffe-Braithwaite Florence , Thomlinson Natalie 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Women and the Miners’ Strike, 1984–1985 is the first academic study of women’s experiences in the miners’ strike of 1984–5, in coalfields all around England, Scotland, and Wales. It uncovers how women’s activism to support the strike developed, the struggles activists had to support the strike, and their achievements—though it also qualifies the popular impression that the support movement was a mass uprising of apolitical coalfield women who were transformed for ever by their activism. It looks at experiences that are typically much less visible in accounts of the strike: the women who went out to work to support their families, who remained within the home during the strike, and even those who opposed the strike, offering their support to husbands who chose to work through the strike, or to return to work early. Through examining the stories of women and their varied experiences during the strike, the book sheds new light on working-class women’s relationship to ‘feminism’, to the ‘political’, and the ‘ordinary’, and demonstrates the ways in which gender roles, working-class lifestyles, and coalfield communities, had changed in Britain over the postwar period.
Crisis and Drift: Autumn 1984
Authors: Sutcliffe-Braithwaite Florence , Thomlinson Natalie 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the events of autumn 1984, when the strike began to falter. It explores what drove some women to support a return to work, examining the right-wing Miners’ Wives Back to Work Campaign, but also looking at those women who were not motivated mainly by ideology or politics, but simply by the desperate need to feed their families and provide for them for the upcoming Christmas. This chapter also looks at how the support movement responded to the unfolding crisis, examining how provisioning of food was undertaken during this difficult period. It analyses how the politics of the women’s support movement was framed, both by the women who were involved in it, and by left-wing supporters and media; it explores the complex relationship that many in the support movement had with feminism, and indeed, the idea of the political more broadly. Finally, this chapter unpicks what kept so many women united in the cause by examining the moral economy structuring the activism of those who supported the strike.
Personhood and Technology
Authors: Zimmermann Jens 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, Jens Zimmermann argues that the implicit philosophical anthropology that undergirds transhumanist visions of an imminent post-human future is indicative of a more generally accepted reductive anthropology in modern culture. We believe, for example, in the superiority of Artificial Intelligence (and the implied threat of rendering human agents inferior or superfluous); in functionalist theories of the human mind; and in a quasi-mechanistic view of biological life itself only because we have become ignorant of the qualities that characterize a true human person. Drawing on the philosophies of Hans Jonas (The Phenomenon of Life), Paul Ricœur (Oneself as Another, Freedom and Nature), and Hermeneutic Theory (Heidegger, Gadamer), together with ancient and modern theological sources (Gregory of Nyssa, Dietrich Bonhoeffer) and personalist philosophy (Max Scheler, Jacques Maritain, Robert Spaemann), Zimmermann demonstrates that the embodied, relational, historical, and transcendent nature of human, indeed personal, consciousness reveals the stark reductionism and consequent misunderstanding of the person in contemporary views of human identity.
Transhumanism, Embodied Cognition, and Psychiatry
Authors: Fuchs Thomas 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, Thomas Fuchs argues, from a psychiatrist’s perspective and against the intrinsically mind-body-dualistic understanding of human beings advocated by transhumanists, that processes of life and processes of consciousness are inseparably linked through the living body as a whole. In the unity of the person, both aspects are intertwined: the body is alive and therefore also mindful; the mind is alive and therefore also truly embodied. Fuchs also demonstrates the importance of embodied cognition for psychiatry. This medical discipline is increasingly dominated by brain-centered research that focuses on drug treatment, deep-brain stimulation, and neuroenhancement designed only to change the person’s psyche. Fuchs argues that such an approach neglects both the embodied and relational structure of the human mind and risks rendering the patient dependent on mere technical support. Durable therapeutic changes can only be achieved through personal, i.e., embodied and interactive experiences—and these over time also influence the neuronal substrate through a circular interaction of ‘process’ and ‘structure.’
Death and Glory in a Technological World
Authors: Burdett Michael 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
What role ought reflection on death play in any vision of life and, indeed, in the Christian vision of attaining to a glorified life? Michael Burdett answers this question by engaging technological culture—specifically secular humanist and futuristic transhumanist ideologies—by way of the Christian tradition. He shows that secular humanism ‘transcendentalizes’ death; in other words, it considers death the most definitive feature of being human, and it is largely allergic to speaking about the ‘glorious and perfected human being.’ Secular humanists hypocritically argue that the best life possible is one lived in the acknowledgment of one’s limitation and finitude, even though striving for self-transcendence remains central. Burdett then turns to transhumanism, which does not even acknowledge but rather denies death as a feature of human existence and prefers to define humanity by the technological transcendence it seeks to achieve through a kind of ‘virtual glory.’ Burdett then argues that Christianity, in contrast to both secular humanism and transhumanism, can fully acknowledge death as a genuine reality of human life—and it can also assert that our current finite and vulnerable condition is not all we are meant to be. As such, Christianity’s relation of death to glory overcomes the deficiencies of both secular humanism and transhumanism. Moreover, Christianity provides a more convincing account of the human being as a transcendent ‘creature bound for glory.’