bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Craniofacial Dermoids: An Embryological Theory Unifying Nasal Dermoid Sinus Cysts
Authors: Charrier Jean-Baptiste , Rouillon Isabelle , Roger Gilles , Denoyelle Françoise , Josset Patrice , Garabedian Eréa Noël 
Published: January 2005

Objective The nasal dermoid sinus cyst (NDSC) is an uncommon congenital lesion presenting as a large panel of midline craniofacial anomalies. The objective of this study was to review and reanalyze embryological hypotheses concerning NDSCs and to propose an embryological theory unifying the various anatomical characteristics of these lesions. The first case of frontal localization of a NDSC extending within the diploetic bone in a 9-month-old boy, presenting as a median frontal fistula with recurrent frontal swelling, 6 months after a mild frontal trauma is presented. Results Complete surgical removal was performed, and there was no evidence of either persistent or recurrent disease 2 years after his surgery. The embryological and anatomical origins of NDSCs are reviewed. This article reexamines and discusses major embryological theories on NDSC pathogenesis and proposes to refute the “prenasal space” theory of Grünwald and rehabilitate a forgotten embryological hypothesis, which unifies the main various clinical presentations of NDSCs.
A Surgical Conundrum: Tessier Number 4 Cleft
Authors: Coruh Atilla , Gunay Galip K. 
Published: January 2005

Objective Among the rarest of the craniofacial clefts is the Tessier no. 4 cleft; and hence little has been published about its management and treatment. Complete forms of the cleft yield poor surgical results because of the shortened oculoalar and oculo-oral distance and inadequate soft and bony tissue. Multiple sequential corrective operations are required. A primary early concern is the protection of the eye, particularly in severe forms in which corneal exposure occurs. This article presents two cases of Tessier no. 4 clefts, one unilateral and the other bilateral, and discusses the problems encountered during their surgical and postoperative managements.
Polyurethanes
Authors: Adam Norbert , Avar Geza , Blankenheim Herbert , Friederichs Wolfgang , Giersig Manfred , Weigand Eckehard , Halfmann Michael , Wittbecker Friedrich‐Wilhelm , Larimer Donald‐Richard , Maier Udo , Meyer‐Ahrens Sven , Noble Karl‐Ludwig , Wussow Hans‐Georg 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Basic Reactions3.Starting Materials3.1.Polyisocyanates3.1.1.Aromatic Polyisocyanates3.1.2.Aliphatic Polyisocyanates3.1.3.Blocked Isocyanates3.2.Polyols3.2.1.Polyether Polyols3.2.2.Polyester Polyols3.2.3.Polycarbonate Polyols3.2.4.Other Polyols3.3.Diamines and Amino‐Terminated Polyethers3.4.Special Building Blocks3.5.Catalysts and Additives4.Structure and Morphology4.1.Polyurethanes Without Segmented Structure4.2.Polyurethanes with Segmented Structure4.2.1.Hard and Soft Segments4.2.2.Segregation and Morphology4.3.Cross‐linking of Polyurethane4.4.Polyisocyanurates5.Production of Polyurethanes5.1.Stoichiometry5.2.Reaction without Solvents5.2.1.One‐Shot Process5.2.2.Prepolymer Processes5.3.Reaction in Solvents5.3.1.One‐Component Systems5.3.2.Two‐Component Systems5.4.Reactive One‐Pack Systems5.5.Other Processes6.Processing of Polyurethanes6.1.Supply, Storage, and Preparation of Raw Materials6.2.Metering and Mixing Technology6.3.Processing Plants7.Foams7.1.Flexible Foams7.1.1.Flexible Slabstock Foam7.1.1.1.Raw Materials7.1.1.2.Production7.1.1.3.Properties7.1.1.4.Trimming and Processing7.1.1.5.Applications7.1.2.Molded Flexible Foam7.1.2.1.Production7.1.2.2.Molding Process7.1.2.3.Properties7.1.2.4.Applications7.2.Semirigid Foams7.2.1.Applications7.2.2.Production7.2.3.Properties7.3.Rigid Foams7.3.1.Raw Materials7.3.2.Processing7.3.3.Properties7.3.4.Special Types7.4.Integral Skin Foams and RIM Materials7.4.1.Applications7.4.2.Production7.4.3.Properties8.Noncellular Polyurethanes8.1.Cast Elastomers8.1.1.Applications8.1.2.Production8.1.3.Properties8.2.Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomers (TPU)9.Polyurethane Coatings10.Polyurethane Adhesives11.Polyurethane Fibers12.Polyurethanes and Isocyanates as Binders13.Special Products14.Safety and Ecology14.1.Safety Precautions when Handling the Raw Materials14.2.Emissions, Accidental Release, and Waste Disposal14.3.Recycling/Recovery of Polyurethanes14.4.Fire Performance of Polyurethanes15.Economic Aspects
Adsorption
Authors: Bart Hans‐Jörg , von Gemmingen Ulrich 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction1.1.Definition and History1.2.The Development of Adsorption Technology1.3.Adsorbents and Processes for Separation of Gases and Liquids2.Adsorption Apparatus2.1.Gas Phase Adsorption2.2.Liquid‐Phase Adsorption3.Adsorbents3.1.Oxidic Hydrophilic Adsorbents3.2.Carbon‐Containing Adsorbents3.3.Chemical Complexing Sorbents4.Thermodynamics, Equilibria, and Heat of Adsorption4.1.Explicit Equilibria4.1.1.Single‐Component Pure‐Gas Equilibria4.1.2.Temperature Dependence of the Saturation Loading4.2.Adsorption Enthalpy4.2.1.Differential Adsorption Enthalpies4.2.2.Integral Adsorption Enthalpies4.3.Mixture Equilibria4.3.1.Homogeneous Surfaces4.3.2.Mixture BET Equation4.3.3.Ideal Adsorbed Solution Theory4.3.3.1.Spreading Pressure4.3.3.2.Examples for Binary Mixture Calculations4.3.3.2.1.Given Gas‐Phase Concentration4.3.3.2.2.Given Loading4.3.4.Statistical Thermodynamics Model5.Kinetics5.1.External/Internal Transport5.1.1.Internal Resistances5.1.2.Linear Driving Force and Other Models6.Adsorber Dynamics6.1.Modeling the Isothermal Fixed‐Bed Adsorber6.2.Modeling the Adiabatic Fixed‐Bed Adsorber6.2.1.Loading and Breakthrough Curves6.2.2.Simplified Models6.2.3.Coefficients7.Regeneration of Adsorbents7.1.Regeneration by Temperature Swing7.2.Regeneration by Pressure Swing7.3.Regeneration by Displacement7.4.Regeneration by Extraction7.5.Reactivation of Adsorbents7.6.Liquid Phase Desorption8.Gas Phase Processes8.1.Adsorptive Separation of Gas Mixtures8.2.Pressure Swing Processes8.3.Separation of Nitrogen from Oxygen8.4.Adsorptive Purification of Air8.5.Removal of Radioactive Nuclides from Exhaust Gas8.6.Removal of Organic Components from Exhaust Air8.7.Adsorptive Desulfurization Processes8.8.Adsorptive Purification of Methane8.9.Adsorptive Purification of Hydrogen8.10.Separation of Isomers9.Liquid‐Phase Processes9.1.Purification of Drinking Water9.2.Wastewater Treatment9.3.Separation of Nonaqueous Substances
Occurrence, Function and Biosynthesis of Lignins
Authors: Monties Bernard , Fukushima Kazuhiko 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineOccurrence in the Plant KingdomAccording to Type of PlantAccording to Plant TissueContribution to Dry MatterAnnual Global SynthesisUltrastructure of Wood and LignocelluloseRole of Lignin in the Biopolymer MatrixInteractions with Other Cell‐wall PolymersFunctions of LigninStability of Plant TissuesProtection against BiodegradationRegulation of Water TransportOther Functions Related to Plant Evolution and SystematicsPrecursors of BiosynthesisBiosynthesisTransportEstablished PathwaysRadical PolymerizationLabeling ExperimentsRecent Findings, Hypotheses, and ControversiesRegulation of LignificationExpression of Enzymes and GenesEffects of Genetic ManipulationPatents
Methods to Reveal the Structure of Lignin
Authors: Brunow Gösta 
Published: January 2005

Abstract

Introduction

Historical Outline

Lignin Preparations

Introduction

Milled Wood Lignin (MWL)

Determination of Total Lignin in Lignocellulosics

Methods to Determine the Molecular Mass of Lignin

Introduction

Gel Permeation Chromatography

Vapor Pressure Osmometry

Light Scattering

Ultrafiltration

Degradative Methods of Lignin Analysis

Introduction

Acidolysis and Thioacidolysis

Permanganate Oxidation

Nitrobenzene and Cupric Oxide Oxidation

Ozonolysis

Reductive Cleavage after Derivatization (DFRC)

Functional Group Analysis

Nondegradative Methods of Lignin Analysis

Introduction

Functional Groups

Aromatic Nuclei and Side Chain Structures

Structural Models

Introduction

Softwood Lignin

Hardwood Lignin

Non‐Wood Lignin (Straw, Grass)

Patents
Biodegradation of Lignin
Authors: Hatakka Annele 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineBacteria and MicrofungiActinomycetesOther BacteriaSoft‐Rot Fungi and Other MicrofungiBrown‐Rot BasidiomycetesWhite‐Rot BasidiomycetesMineralization of14C‐Labeled LigninsLigninolytic EnzymesCatabolism of Primary Degradation ProductsOutlook and PerspectivesPatents
Sporopollenin
Authors: Wiermann Rolf , Ahlers Friedhelm , Schmitz‐Thom Ina 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineThe Occurrence of Sporopollenin or Sporopollenin‐like Wall ComponentsChemical StructureIsolation and PurificationChemical AnalysisConclusionBiochemical Studies on Sporopollenin BiosynthesisInhibitor ExperimentsTracer ExperimentsFunction of SporopolleninApplications of SporopolleninBiodegradation of SporopolleninOutlook and PerspectivesPatentsAcknowledgments
Methods to Reveal the Structure of Humic Substances
Authors: Amblès André 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineChemical AnalysesElemental AnalysisChemical DegradationPyrolysis GC/MSAnalytical and Preparative PyrolysisAnalytical and Preparative ThermochemolysisApplication to Soil Organic Matter StudySpectroscopic MethodsUV/Visible SpectroscopyInfrared SpectroscopyNuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) SpectroscopyOther Spectroscopic MethodsMolecular Weight AnalysisGel FiltrationUltrafiltration TechniquesOther MethodsOutlook and PerspectivesAcknowledgments
Biodegradation of Humic Substances
Authors: Kästner Matthias , Hofrichter Martin 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionGenesis and Stability of Humic SubstancesGeneral Aspects of the Degradation of HSAerobic Degradation of HSMethods to Estimate Microbial Degradation of HSBacteriaFungiAnaerobic Transformation of HSOutlook and Perspectives
Biodegradation and Modification of Coal
Authors: Hofrichter Martin , Fakoussa René M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineModification of Hard CoalBacteriaFungiBioconversion of Brown CoalMechanisms: Solubilization, Depolymerization, UtilizationOrganismsSolubilization of Brown CoalDepolymerization of Brown Coal by Oxidative EnzymesAnaerobic and other Approaches to Convert CoalOutlook and PerspectivesPatents
Desulfurization of Coal
Authors: Bogenschneider Bernd , Jung Ralf Günter , Klein Jürgen 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionOrigin and Type of Sulfur in CoalApproaches for Coal DesulfurizationMechanical ProcessesImportance of Raw Material Properties for the Preparation TechniqueMethods of Mechanical Pyrite RemovalCosts and Cost‐efficiencyConclusionsChemical ProcessesBiotechnological ProcessesRemoval of PyriteRemoval of Organosulfur CompoundsConclusions
Chemical Structures of Synthetic Polyisoprenoids
Authors: Inoue Seiichi , Honda Kiyoshi 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineSynthetic Polyisoprenoids(E)‐1,5‐Polyene Isoprenoids(Z)‐1,5‐Polyene IsoprenoidsSaturated PolyisoprenoidsAroisoprenoids (Hybrid Polyisoprenoids)Outlook and Perspectives
Biosynthetic Routes to the Building Blocks of Isoprenoids
Authors: Rohmer Michel , Seemann Myriam , Grosdemange‐Billiard Catherine 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroduction: Recognition of the Isoprene Unit and IsoprenoidsHistorical OutlineThe Classical Mevalonate PathwayThe Recently Discovered Methylerythritol Phosphate PathwayLabeling Experiments: Discovery and Elucidation of the MEP PathwayOrigin of the Carbon Skeleton of Isoprene UnitsIdentification of Deoxyxylulose and Methylerythritol Derivatives as the First C5Isoprenoid PrecursorsEnzymology and Genetics1‐Deoxy‐D‐xylulose 5‐phosphate Synthase1‐Deoxy‐D‐xylulose 5‐phosphate Isomero‐reductaseFrom Methylerythritol Phosphate to Methylerythritol CyclodiphosphateOn the Origin of the Hydrogen Atoms in Isoprene Units: Indications on Further StepsDistribution of the MEP Pathway and Evolutionary ImpactsOutlook and Perspectives
Natural Rubber and Structure of Latex, Biochemistry of
Authors: Wititsuwannakul Dhirayos , Wititsuwannakul Rapepun 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineDiscovery of Rubber and Improvement of Rubber PropertiesHistory of Rubber Trees and Rubber PlantationsLatex ofHevea brasiliensisComposition ofHeveaLatexNon‐Rubber Constituents ofHeveaLatexRubber Particles inHeveaLatexRubber Particle MembraneC Serum ofHeveaLatexLutoids ofHeveaLatexLutoids and Colloidal Stability of LatexHeveaLatex MetabolismFactors Affecting Rubber and Latex YieldsLatex of Other PlantsLatex of GuayulePossible Role or Functions of the Latex in PlantsLatex of FungiDiseases Related to Natural Rubber Latex (Latex Allergy)Latex AllergyLatex Protein AllergensProteins and Allergens in Latex GlovesCross‐Reactivity of AllergensAllergens and Antigens of Latex ProductsRemarks onHeveaLatex Usage and AllergyLatex Protein Allergens from cDNA ClonesOutlook and PerspectivesRelevant Patents
Synthetic Rubbers, Technical Production and Properties of
Authors: Asai Harumi 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistoryIsoprenePolyisopreneOther CopolymersChemical SynthesisIsoprenecis‐1,4 Polyisoprenetrans‐1,4 Polyisoprene3,4 PolyisopreneOthersTechnical ProductionIsoprenePolyisopreneOthersPropertiesIsoprenecis‐1,4 Polyisoprenetrans‐1,4 Polyisoprene3,4 PolyisopreneOthersOutlook and PerspectivesIsoprenecis‐1,4 Polyisoprenetrans‐1,4 Polyisoprene3,4 PolyisopreneSBIROthersRelevant Patents
Biodegradation of Natural and Synthetic Rubbers
Authors: Linos Alexandros , Steinbüchel Alexander 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineGeneral ConsiderationsEarly Investigations on the Biodegradation of Natural RubberBiodegradation of Rubber Pipe Joint RingsDegradation by FungiRecent DevelopmentsInvestigations in the Authors' LaboratoryConclusionsMicroorganisms Capable of Rubber BiodegradationActinomycetesMicroorganisms Other than ActinomycetesOptimization of Rubber BiodegradationPrevious ExperiencesRecent EffortsEnzymatic Mechanisms and Genetic BasisPrimary Degradation Reaction forcis‐1,4‐PolyisopreneAnalogous Degradation Known from Other IsoprenoidsCatabolism of Rubber Degradation ProductsRecent Investigations in the Authors' LaboratoryBiodegradation of Synthetic RubbersBiodegradation oftrans‐1,4‐PolyisopreneAnaerobic Biodegradation ofcis‐1,4‐PolyisoprenePerspectives and Biotechnological ApplicationsAcknowledgements
Biotechnological Processes for Recycling of Rubber Products
Authors: Bredberg Katarina , Christiansson Magdalena , Stenberg Bengt , Holst Olle 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionGrinding of Rubber MaterialRecycling of Rubber MaterialBiotechnological ProcessesHistorical OutlineRubber Products to which Biotechnological Recycling is AppliedMicrobial Degradation of RubberSurface ModificationMicrobial DetoxificationCurrent StateRubber as a Carbon Source for Fermentative ProcessesPutative ProductsOutlook and DevelopmentsAcknowledgements
Biotechnological Processes for Desulfurization of Rubber Products
Authors: Bredberg Katarina , Christiansson Magdalena , Stenberg Bengt , Holst Olle 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionRubber MaterialGrinding of Rubber MaterialHistorical OutlineRubber Products to which Desulfurization is AppliedSulfur‐Oxidizing MicroorganismsSulfur‐Reducing MicroorganismsBioreactorsAnalytical Tools and TechniquesToxic EffectsProperties of Rubber Material Containing Microbially Treated RubberCurrent StateOutlook and DevelopmentsRelevant PatentsAcknowledgements
Microbial Water‐insoluble Aliphatic Polyesters (PHAs)
Authors: Merrick Joseph M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroduction to PHAsDiversity of PHAsBiosynthesis of PHAsShort‐chain‐length PHAsMedium‐chain‐length PHAsOrganization of Genes Required for PHA BiosynthesisDegradation of Poly(3HB)Intracellular Degradation of Poly(3HB)Properties of Native Poly(3HB) GranulesExtracellular Degradation of PHAPHA Granule‐associated ProteinsConversion of 3HB to Acetyl‐CoARegulation of PHA metabolism
Non‐Storage Poly‐(R)‐3‐hydroxyalkanoates (Complexed PHAs) in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Authors: Reusch Rosetta N. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineComplexes of cPHB with Inorganic Polyphosphates (cPHB/polyP)Protein‐associated cPHAsOccurrence and Distribution of cPHAsSynthesis and Degradation of cPHAsPhysical Properties of cPHAsTransbilayer Ion Transport by OHBTransbilayer Ion Transport by cPHB/polyP ComplexescPHB/polyP Complexes fromE. coliin Planar Lipid BilayersSynthetic Ion Channels from cPHB128and PolyPCharacteristics of cPHB/PolyP Ion ChannelsStructure of cPHB/PolyP ComplexesMechanism of cPHA/PolyP Channel ActivityPutative Functions of cPHB/PolyP ComplexesProtein‐associated cPHAsEubacteriaEukaryotescPHA as Agents in Human DiseaseAtherosclerosisDiabetesMethodsIsolation of cPHA ProteinsDetermination of cPHAsEvolutionary Aspects and ConclusionsOutlook and Perspectives
Metabolic Pathways and Engineering of Polyhydroxyalkanoate Biosynthesis
Authors: Taguchi Kazunori , Taguchi Seiichi , Sudesh Kumar , Maehara Akira , Tsuge Takeharu , Doi Yoshiharu 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionMetabolic Pathways for PHA BiosynthesisOrganization of the Genes Involved in PHA BiosynthesisMonomer‐supplying Enzymes for PHA Biosynthesisβ‐Ketothiolase (PhaA)Acetoacetyl‐CoA Reductase (PhaB)(R)‐3‐Hydroxyacyl‐ACP–CoA transferase (PhaG)(R)‐Specific Enoyl‐CoA Hydratase (PhaJ)Metabolic Engineering and Improvements in PHA BiosynthesisMetabolic Engineering for PHA Production in RecombinantEscherichia coliMetabolic Improvement for PHA Production inRalstonia eutrophaPHB‐4 and PseudomonadsOutlook and Perspectives
Metabolic Flux Analysis on the Production of Poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate)
Authors: Lee Sang Yup , Hong Soon Ho , Park Si Jae , van Wegen Richard , Middelberg Anton P. J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineProduction of Poly(3HB) byRalstonia eutrophaProduction of Poly(3HB) by RecombinantEscherichia coliConclusions and ProspectsPatentsAcknowledgments
In vitro Biosynthesis of Polyhydroxyalkanoates
Authors: Zhang Shiming , Lenz Robert W. , Goodwin Steve 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineCharacterization of PHA Synthase ActivityIsolation and Activity of Soluble PHA SynthaseProperties of PHA SynthasesLag Phase in Polymerization ReactionElimination of Lag PhaseSubstrate SpecificityMechanism of Polymerization ReactionIn vitroPolymerization of HACoA MonomersControl of Polymer PropertiesNew Types of PHAsDiversity of PHA SynthasesCoA Recycling SystemsPatentsOutlook and Perspectives
Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) in Transgenic Plants
Authors: Poirier Yves , Gruys Kenneth J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical PerspectiveSynthesis of PHA in PlantsSynthesis of Poly(3HB) inArabidopsis thalianaSynthesis of Poly(3HB) in Other PlantsSynthesis of Poly(3HB‐co‐3HV) Copolymer in PlantsSynthesis of MCL‐PHA in PlantsNovel Uses for PHA in PlantsPHA to Modify Fiber PropertiesPHA as a Feed SupplementPHA as a Tool to Study Plant Metabolic PathwaysPatents on PHA in plantsPerspective on PHA Production in Agricultural Crops
Extracellular Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) Depolymerases: The Key Enzymes of PHA Degradation
Authors: Jendrossek Dieter 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineIdentification and Isolation of Extracellular d‐Poly(HA)‐Degrading MicroorganismsCharacterization of Poly(HA)‐Degrading MicroorganismsBiochemical Properties of Extracellular d‐Poly(HA) DepolymerasesMolecular Biology and Functional Analysis of d‐Poly(3HASCL) DepolymerasesPhaZ7, a new Type of Thermoalkalophilic Hydrolase ofP. lemoigneiwith high Specificity for Amorphous Poly(HASCL)Molecular Biology and Functional Analysis of d‐Poly(HAMCL) DepolymerasesEnantioselectivity and Hydrolysis Products of Poly(HA) DepolymerasesRegulation of Poly(HA) Depolymerase SynthesisInfluence of Physico‐chemical Properties of the Polymer on its BiodegradabilityOutlook and PerspectivesPatentsAcknowledgments
Molecular and Material Design of Biodegradable Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)
Authors: Abe Hideki , Doi Yoshiharu 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroduction and Historical OutlineStructure and Properties of PHAsPoly[(R)‐3‐hydroxybutyrate] HomopolymerCopolymers of (R)‐3‐hydroxybutyrate with HydroxyalkanoatesPoly[(R)‐3‐hydroxybutyrate]‐based Polymer BlendsMedium‐chain‐length Poly[(R)‐3‐hydroxyalkanoates]Biodegradability of PHAsEnvironmental Degradability of PHA MaterialsEnzymatic Degradability of PHA MaterialsOutlook and Perspectives
Crystallization and Material Properties of Polyhydroxyalkanoates PHAs)
Authors: Marchessault Robert H. , Yu Ga‐er 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineGeneral Use PropertiesOptical Rotation of PHAsCrystalline Unit Cell and Conformation of Bacterial Poly(3HB) and Poly(3HV)Crystalline Structure of Syndiotactic Poly(3HB)Crystalline Conformation of Poly(4‐hydroxybutyrate)Crystalline Structure and Properties of MCL‐PHAFolded Chain Lamellar Single CrystalsSplintering of Poly(3HB) Single Crystals by DepolymerasesMolecular Chirality and Polymer MorphologyKinetics of Crystallization of PHAThermal DegradationCrystalline Structure of Poly(3HB) OligomersDependence of Lamellar Thickness andTmon the Molecular Weight of Poly(3HB)Chemical Degradation of Lamellar Poly(3HB) CrystalsOutlook and PerspectivesAcknowledgements
Structure and Hydrolysis of Polyester Single Crystals
Authors: Iwata Tadahisa , Doi Yoshiharu 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroduction and Historical OutlineCrystal Structure and MorphologyPoly([R]‐3‐hydroxybutyrate)Poly([R]‐3‐hydroxybutyrate) copolymersPoly([R]‐3‐hydroxyvalerate)Poly(4‐hydroxybutyrate)Poly(β‐propiolactone)Poly(l‐lactic acid)Poly(ɛ‐caprolactone)Poly(ethylene succinate)Poly(ethylene adipate)Poly(tetramethylene succinate)Poly(tetramethylene adipate)Biodegradation of Single CrystalsPoly([R]‐3‐hydroxybutyrate) and its CopolymersPoly(ethylene succinate)Poly(l‐lactic acid)Other Aliphatic Polyesters and Chemical HydrolysesOutlook and PerspectivesAcknowledgements
Fermentative Production of Building Blocks for Chemical Synthesis of Polyesters
Authors: Lee Sang Yup , Park Sang Hyun , Hong Soon Ho , Lee Young , Lee Seung Hwan 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineDicarboxylic AcidsSuccinic AcidAdipic AcidDiols1,2‐Propanediol1,3‐Propanediol1,4‐ButanediolHydroxy AcidsLactic AcidLactones and Other Cyclic EstersOutlook and PerspectivesAcknowledgementsPatents
General Methodology for Chemical Synthesis of Polyesters
Authors: Seppälä Jukka V. , Korhonen Harri , Kylmä Janne , Tuominen Jukka 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionCondensation PolymerizationCondensation of Hydroxy AcidsCondensation of Aliphatic Diols with Dicarboxylic Acids or AnhydridesEster Exchange ReactionsPolycondensation of Diols and Acyl ChloridesPolycondensation of Aromatic CopolyestersEnzymatic Synthesis of PolyestersRing‐opening PolymerizationThermodynamicsRing‐opening Polymerization MechanismsEffect of Polymerization ConditionsTailoring of Macromolecular Architecture and MicrostructureSide Reactions, Thermal Degradation, and StabilitySynthesis of Polyester DerivativesPoly(ester‐urethanes)Poly(ester‐amides)Poly(ester‐ethers)
Properties and Application of Aliphatic Polyester Products
Authors: Mochizuki Masatsugu 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionClassification and Properties of Aliphatic PolyestersPoly(α‐hydroxy acid)Poly(β‐hydroxyalkanoate)Poly(ω‐hydroxyalkanoate)Poly(alkylene dicarboxylate)Processability of Aliphatic PolyestersStructural Effects on Biodegradation of Aliphatic Polyester FibersPCL fiberPoly(butylene succinate) FiberPoly(lactic) AcidManufacture of PLA and its ProductsKey Performance FeaturesEnvironmental DegradationPLA Products and their Potential ApplicationsConclusions