bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sources of capabilities, integration and technology commercialization
Authors: Zahra Shaker A. , Nielsen Anders P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn recent years, companies have increased their use of internal and external sources in pursuit of a competitive advantage through the effective and timely commercialization of new technology. Grounded in the resource‐based view of the firm, this study examines the effect of a company's use of internal and external sources on multiple dimensions of successful technology commercialization (TC). The study also explores the moderating role of formal vs. informal integration mechanisms on these relationships. Applying a longitudinal design and data from 119 companies, the results show that internal human and technology‐based manufacturing sources are positively associated with successful TC. Formal and informal integration mechanisms also significantly moderate the relationships observed between capability sources and TC. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards an organic perspective on strategy
Authors: Farjoun Moshe 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe strategy field's core issues—the concept of strategy, causal models relating strategy to other constructs, and models of strategic management and choice—have been previously addressed by two key progressions. The mechanistic perspective based on disciplinary‐based theories, the design model, and a view of strategy as a planned posture, has provided a unified view, but a narrow and increasingly less pertinent one. The advent of organic developments that included strategy process research, evolutionary and process models, and interactive and integrative views, has provided richness and pertinence, but not a unified perspective. These two progressions marked an epistemological shift from mechanistic to organic assumptions: from discrete to incessant time, from directional to interactive flow, and from differentiated to integrated constructs and models. Building on this shift, this paper proposes an organic perspective that combines the insights and coherence of the mechanistic perspective with the more relevant organic ideas. It makes use of the organic assumptions to advance a view of strategy as an adaptive coordination, introduce the Organization–Environment–Strategy–Performance (OESP) integrative theoretical model, and present an organic model of strategic management. The organic perspective provides a basis for an upgraded, more unified, and better‐attuned view on strategy's core issues. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Policy analysis for warranty, maintenance, and upgrade of software systems
Authors: Sahin Izzet , Zahedi Fatemeh ‘Mariam’ 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMaintenance of large software systems is one of the least‐structured problems in information systems. In this paper, we present a framework to analyze warranty, maintenance, and upgrade decisions for software packages under different market conditions. We discuss the impact of various factors, such as quality, market volatility, and technological obsolescence, on the software supplier's policies and economic return. We identify a class of optimal (or near optimal) policies that are surprisingly robust and easy to implement, and report on the effectiveness of these policies under different market conditions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alias burying: Unique variables without destructive reads
Authors: Boyland John 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAn unshared object can be accessed without regard to possible conflicts with other parts of a system, whether concurrent or single‐threaded. A unique variable (sometimes known as a ‘free’ or ‘linear’ variable) is one that either is null or else refers to an unshared object. Being able to declare and check which variables are unique improves a programmer's ability to avoid program faults.In previously described uniqueness extensions to imperative languages, a unique variable can be accessed only with a destructive read, which nullifies it after the value is obtained. This approach suffers from several disadvantages: the use of destructive reads increases the complexity of the program which must continually restore nullified values; adding destructive reads changes the semantics of the programming language; and many of the nullifications are actually unnecessary.We demonstrate instead that uniqueness can be preserved through the use of existing language features. We give a modular static analysis that checks (nonexecutable) uniqueness annotations superimposed on an imperative programming language without destructive reads. The ‘alias‐burying’ intuition is that aliases that are ‘dead’ (will never be used again) can be safely ‘buried’ (made undefined). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A mostly‐copying collector component for class templates
Authors: Nishanov Gor V. , Schupp Sibylle 
Published: August 2002

AbstractClass templates represent a difficulty for C++ garbage collectors since relevant information is available only very late, at instantiation time. Current collectors therefore either fail to work with class templates or have to run in a non‐optimized mode. This paper introduces the template garbage collector (TGC), the first mostly‐copying collector that can handle class templates. It discusses the design decisions that are suggested by the specifics of generic template programming and presents performance results and memory measurements of tests with MTL and GTL, two generic C++ libraries based on the Standard Template Library. The tests show that TGC substantially improves the run times of programs with many small objects with short lifetimes or large objects with long lifetimes. The memory usage at the same time is reasonable. Since TGC modifies the mostly‐copying technique, the heap sizes are in many cases considerably smaller than they are for traditional mostly‐copying collectors. The tests also show that TGC is competitive with the Boehm–Demers–Weiser collector, the most widely used collector for C++. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A process framework for small projects
Authors: Leung Hareton K. N. , Yuen Terence C. F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMany companies still oppose the CMM because of lack of resources and the common view that the CMM is more suitable for large organizations. Tailoring the Capability Maturity Model (CMM) to small projects is necessary to encourage more organizations to use the CMM. This paper summarizes our experience in developing a process framework for small projects, based on eight key process areas of the CMM. Details of the process framework are presented. A tool set was developed to support the proposed process framework. The proposed process framework was applied to four pilot projects. Results from the pilot projects were compared to similar projects completed earlier. Positive results were obtained in the reduction of documentation and overhead effort, while maintaining the software quality. The proposed process framework has gained a wide acceptance, as developers understand the benefits of a common process. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Product, process and methodology systematization to handle structural and computational complexity in product realization
Authors: Prasad Biren 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper establishes a concept for Product, Process, and Methodology (PPM) systematization to handle both structural complexity (often referred as hard complexity) and computational complexity (also referred as soft complexity) in product realization. A systematization methodology is proposed to handle both these complexities through a four‐stage process: Planning, Systematization, Solution and Unification. Planningis the first stage where system specification is defined. Systematization is a systematic decomposition of the problem into a set of discrete sub‐problems. There are three kinds of systematization that can be employed in product realization: Methodology systematization, Product systematization and Process systematization. During the Solution stage, a number of computational alternatives, solution strategies or topological options for handling soft complexity are obtained for each sub‐problem, and the best solution is selected. Unification is an aggregation or a reconstruction of an overall product solution from various alternative solutions to the sub‐problems.A branching and bounding methodology has been employed here first to branch the complex product and process into ‘sub‐domains’ and ‘loops’ and later bound these loops back into sub‐domains and then further bound those sub‐domains back into an integrated product development system. The branching and bounding methodology provides the product development teams the ability to refine successively the ‘goodness or fitness’ of a baseline product concept as teams proceed from one nested loop to another. PPM systematization is a convenient way of organizing the process necessary for a new product realization or for developing future product upgrades. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bladder preservation in muscle‐invasive bladder cancer by conservative surgery and radiochemotherapy
Authors: Dunst Juergen , Rödel Claus , Zietman Anthony , Schrott Karl M. , Sauer Rolf , Shipley William U. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOrgan preservation has been investigated in muscle‐invasive bladder cancer over the past decades as an alternative to standard radical cystectomy. The results of large prospective protocols and population‐based studies suggest that an organ‐preserving approach is possible without deferring the survival probability. Organ preservation requires a trimodal schedule, including transurethral surgery (transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT)), radiation, and chemotherapy. A complete TURBT is the most important single prognostic factor, and should be attempted. Radiotherapy, in conjunction with concurrent platinum‐based chemotherapy, can control the vast majority of urothelial bladder tumors. The histologically‐proven complete remission rates of macroscopic tumors (unresectable by TURBT) lie in the range of about 70%. After radiochemotherapy, a histological response evaluation with repeated TURBT is recommended. Patients with residual tumor require salvage cystectomy. In cases of complete remission, patients can maintain their bladders but they should be closely followed over years. The risk of severe late‐radiation sequelae is low, in the range of less than 5%. About 75% of long‐term survivors maintain a normally functioning bladder. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 20:24–32, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Facilitation of dopaminergic neural transmission does not affect [11C]SCH23390 binding to the striatal D1 dopamine receptors, but the facilitation enhances phosphodiesterase type‐IV activity through D1 receptors: PET studies in the conscious monkey brain
Authors: Tsukada Hideo , Harada Norihiro , Ohba Hiroyuki , Nishiyama Shingo , Kakiuchi Takeharu 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe present study evaluated the effects of methamphetamine and scopolamine on the striatal dopamine D1 receptor binding, measured by [11C]SCH23390, and D1 receptor‐coupled cAMP messenger system, determined as phosphodiesterase type‐IV (PDE‐IV) activity, were evaluated in the brains of conscious monkeys using positron emission tomography (PET) with microdialysis. When methamphetamine (0.1, 0.3, and 1 mg/kg) or scopolamine (0.01, 0.03, and 0.1 mg/kg) was systemically administered, [11C]SCH23390 binding to D1 receptors was not affected. With administration of methamphetamine, the striatal PDE‐IV activity, as measured with R‐[11C]rolipram (active form) and S‐[11C]rolipram (inactive form), was dose‐dependently facilitated with enhanced dopamine level in the striatal ECF. Administration of scopolamine also induced facilitated PDE‐IV activity without any apparent changes in the ECF dopamine. These facilitations of PDE‐IV activity were abolished by preadministration of SCH23390, but not by raclopride. These results demonstrate that, as evaluated by PDE‐IV activity, the inhibition of muscarinic cholinergic receptors actually facilitated dopamine neuronal signal transduction through D1 receptors, as observed previously on D2 receptors with no apparent increase in the striatal ECF dopamine level, but the enhanced dopamine transmission could not detected by [11C]SCH23390. Synapse 42:258–265, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intracerebroventricular administration of NMDA‐R1 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide significantly alters the activity of ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons: An electrophysiological study
Authors: Tajiri Koji , Emori Kenji , Murata Masahiko , Tanaka Kodai , Suzuki Michio , Uehara Takashi , Sumiyoshi Tomiki , Ashby Charles R. , Kurachi Masayoshi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this study, we determined the activity of midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons in male albino rats following the intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (aODN) against the mRNA for the NR1 subunit of the NMDA receptor. In addition, the effect of aODN on the specific binding of the NMDA receptor ligand [3H]MK‐801 was also examined in various brain areas, including the midbrain. Antisense ODN against the NR1 mRNA, the corresponding sense ODN (sODN) or saline was continuously administered into the right ventricle of rats by osmotic minipumps for 7 days (20 nmol/day). Autoradiographic binding studies indicated that aODN significantly reduced the density of [3H]MK‐801 binding by an average of 20–30% in several forebrain regions, including the anterior cingulate cortex, caudate putamen, and nucleus accumbens. However, [3H]MK‐801 binding was not significantly altered in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) or substantia nigra pars compacta (SNC). Subsequently, using the technique of extracellular single‐unit recording, the number, as well as the firing pattern, of spontaneously active DA neurons was determined in the VTA and SNC. The administration of aODN did not significantly alter the number of spontaneously active VTA and SNC DA neurons compared to saline‐ of sODN‐treated animals. Furthermore, the firing pattern of spontaneously active SNC DA neurons was not significantly altered. However, for spontaneously active VTA DA neurons, the administration of aODN significantly decreased the percent events in bursts, number of bursts, and percentage of DA neurons exhibiting a bursting pattern compared to saline‐ and sODN‐treated animals, i.e., neurons show less bursting activity. The present results suggest that subchronic aODN treatment against the mRNA for the NR1 subunit of the NMDA receptors can reduce NMDA receptor number and can result in an altered activity of spontaneously active VTA DA neurons in anesthetized rats. Synapse 40:275–281, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tonic opioid inhibition of the subiculo‐accumbens pathway
Authors: Hakan Robert L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThere is evidence to suggest that medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in the nucleus accumbens (NAS) should be sensitive to opiate compounds. However, neuronal responses in the NAS evoked by fimbria stimulation (F‐D) are insensitive to systemically or iontophoretically administered morphine. The hypothesis of this study was that fimbria‐evoked NAS responses may fail to demonstrate sensitivity to morphine because they are under tonic opioid inhibition and can't be further inhibited by opiates. If correct, then pharmacological inhibition of opioid actions on these NAS neuronal responses should result in an increase of response to fimbria stimulation. The effects of systemic and iontophoretic administrations of naloxone on NAS responses evoked by fimbria stimulation were observed. Systemically and locally administered naloxone selectively increased the excitability of accumbens single‐unit responses to fimbria stimulation. Conversely, systemic or iontophoretic administration of morphine was without effect on the same types of NAS responses. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that a tonic opioid inhibition may regulate this pathway. In contrast, naloxone and morphine effect other NAS circuit responses differently than F‐D NAS responses. In some cases naloxone and morphine tests have been conducted on different evoked responses from the same neuron. Those results have shown that different responses from the same cell may be differentially affected. Consequently, opioid modulation of activity in the NAS is probably pathway‐specific rather than neuron‐specific. Synapse 41:71–85, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The difficult problem of establishing measures of effectiveness for command and control: A systems engineering perspective
Authors: Sproles Noel 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFormulating Measures of Effectiveness (MOEs) for complex sociotechnical systems is a difficult task. This can be seen in particular in the difficulties experienced when this is attempted for military command and control (C2). The intent of this paper is to demonstrate why this is so for C2 and for similar sociotechnical systems. Systems such as these only become purposeful when they are integrated as part of a parent system. Without this parent system they are purposive and are unable to perform a mission. The MOEs of these component systems are tightly linked to the contribution they can make to the achievement of the parent system's mission. In military operations, the purposeful system is the result of the synergy generated by the component systems that constitute the force assigned to the commander to accomplish a mission. These components combine to provide the emergent properties necessary to satisfy the need, and their individual effectiveness is assessed on the contribution they make to the parent system. An essential component of this purposeful system is Command and Control (C2), but it is difficult to separate the contribution that C2 makes to its parent system from those made by other component subsystems or to treat C2 as an isolated system. Because of this, the formulation of MOEs for C2, and for similar systems in other areas, is a difficult task. It is possible that the behavioral or “soft” sciences will offer a solution. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Syst Eng 4: 145–155, 2001
Earthquake responses of RC moment frames subjected to near‐fault ground motions
Authors: Liao Wen‐I , Loh Chin‐Hsiung , Wan Shiuan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThere are three objectives in this paper. The first objective is to compare the dynamic behaviour of a reinforced concrete building structure subjected to near‐fault and far‐field ground motions. A twelve‐storey and a five‐storey reinforced concrete building with moment resisting frames were selected in this study. The Chi‐Chi earthquake was selected as a first set in this study to test near‐fault earthquake characteristics. Further, another earthquake record of an event at the same site was selected to test the far‐field earthquake characteristics for comparison. Through nonlinear time history analyses, the results show that the near‐fault earthquake results in much more damage than the far‐field earthquake. The second objective of this paper is to compare the predictions for ductility demand by the nonlinear time history analyses with those obtained by the pushover analysis procedure. The third objective is to explore the parameters that will more significantly affect the the building structure's dynamic response characteristics of base shear reduction and displacement amplification. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of DNA strand breaks, DNA‐protein crosslinks, and telomerase activity in nickel‐transformed BALB/c‐3T3 cells
Authors: Lei Yi‐xiong , Chen Jia‐kun , Wu Zhong‐liang 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAlthough nickel compounds are known carcinogens, the underlying carcinogenic mechanisms are not fully understood. The objective of this research was to determine if the genotoxic lesions of DNA strand breaks and DNA‐protein crosslinks are present in nickel‐transformed BALB/c‐3T3 cells, and to further elucidate the potential carcinogenesis of insoluble and soluble nickel compounds through telomerase activity in nickel‐transformed BALB/c‐3T3 cell lines. DNA strand breaks, DNA‐protein crosslinks and telomerase activity were investigated by single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay), 125I‐postlabelling techniques, and the TRAP‐silver staining assay, respectively. Results showed that both DNA strand breaks and DNA‐protein crosslinks were present in nickel‐transformed BALB/c‐3T3 cells. However, the highest levels of DNA strand breaks and DNA‐protein crosslinks were found in insoluble crystalline NiS‐transformed cells and high levels of DNA strand breaks and DNA‐protein crosslinks were also found in the transformed cells induced by two water‐soluble NiCl2 and NiSO4 at moderate concentrations of cytotoxicity. These data suggest that these two genetic endpoints are useful biomarkers and are associated with cell transformation and carcinogensis of insoluble and soluble nickel compounds. Also, we found that the crystalline NiS‐ and NiCl2‐transformed cells possessed a high telomerase activity. A weak telomerase was found in NiSO4‐transformed cells. The results seem to indicate that in addition to crystalline NiS, some water‐soluble nickel compounds such as NiCl2 are also highly carcinogenic. These results may partly explain the cell transformation and relative carcinogenic potency of insoluble crystalline NiS, soluble NiCl2, and NiSO4. Teratogenesis Carcinog. Mutagen. 21:463–471, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mesoscopic Structure and Properties of Liquid Crystalline Mesophase Pitch and Its Transformation into Carbon Fiber
Authors: Mochida Isao , Yoon Seong‐Ho , Korai Yozo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe history and present state of the art in the chemistry of mesophase pitch, which is an important precursor for carbon fiber and other high‐performance industrial carbons, are reviewed relative to their structural properties. The structural concepts in both microscopic and macroscopic views are summarized in terms of the sp2 carbon hexagonal plane as a basic unit common to graphitic materials, its planar stacking in clusters, and cluster assembly into microdomains and domains, the latter of which reflect the isochromatic unit of optical anisotropy. Such a series of structural units is described in a semiquantitative manner corresponding to the same units of graphitic materials, although the size and stacking height of the hexagonal planes (graphitic sheets) are very different. Mesophase pitch is a liquid crystal material whose basic structural concepts are maintained in the temperature range of 250 to 350 °C. The melt flow and thermal properties are related to its micro‐ and mesoscopic structure. The structure of mesophase‐pitch–based carbon fiber of high tensile strength, modulus, and thermal conductivity has been formed through spinning, and has inherited the same structural concepts of mesophase pitch. Stabilization settles the structure in successive heat treatments up to 3000 °C. Carbonization and graphitization enable growth of the hexagonal planes and their stacking into units of graphite. Such growth is governed and controlled by the alignment of micro‐ and mesoscopic structures in the mesophase pitch, which define the derived carbon materials as nanostructural materials. Their properties are controlled by the nanoscopic units that are expected to behave as nanomaterials when appropriately isolated or handled. © 2002 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 2:81–101, 2002: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.10016