bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Impact of some Agricultural Economic Variables on the Value of the Iraqi Agricultural Domestic Product, an Econometric Study Using the Autoregressive Distributed Time Delay (ARDL) Model for the Period (1990-2021)
Authors: Al-Jarjari Taha Muhammad Idan , Al-Douri Basim Fadhil Latteef 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The study aimed to identify the most important agricultural economic variables that have an impact on the trends in the value of the Iraqi agricultural domestic product., using the distributed slow autoregressive model, and the study concluded a set of results, perhaps the most important of which are: The existence of a long-term equilibrium relationship between the economic variables of the Iraqi agricultural sector and the value of the Iraqi agricultural domestic product, as the equipped water resources are actually considered one of the most important agricultural economic variables affecting the agricultural domestic product, followed by mechanical technology in the second rank, then the chemical technology variable comes in the third rank, then The variable of cultivated area ranked fourth, and finally the variable of total agricultural fixed capital formation, As for the short term, the actually equipped water resources are also considered one of the most important structural variables affecting the agricultural domestic product, followed by agricultural labor in the second rank, then mechanical technology in the third rank, then the cultivated area in the fourth rank, and finally the variable of total agricultural fixed capital formation. He presented the study. A set of proposals, the most important of which are: Enhancing the role of agricultural economic variables that contribute to raising the value of agricultural domestic product, due to its crucial role in diversifying sources of national income, increasing gross domestic product, and shifting from a rentier economy to a productive economy.
Estimating the Sustainable Efficiency and Economic Efficiency of Vegetable Crop Growers in Baghdad Governorate
Authors: Ahmed A. F. , Abed M. N. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The research aims to measure the sustainability value and efficiency of sustainable for vegetable crops in the Baghdad governorate. Additionally, it aims to assess the economic efficiency for the agricultural season of 2022-2023. The research sample includes 182 farmers from the studied province, analyzed using the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method. The explanatory variables for sustainability value include factors such as cultivated area, working hours, capital excluding land rent, household consumption of vegetable crops, fuel, and nitrogen fertilizer. The dependent variable is agricultural production value. The variables for sustainable efficiency encompass cultivated area, seed quantity, fertilizer quantity, pesticide quantity, number of workers, and irrigation frequency. The results indicate that there is a sustainable value for the utilized resources, reaching approximately 1.6. Moreover, the sustainability efficiency reaches about (1.2). This implies that despite resource wastage, farmers have positive and satisfactory productivity. However, the average economic efficiency is around 70.81%, revealing that vegetable crop farmers in Baghdad’s province have not achieved full economic efficiency of 100%. There is a notable variation in achieving these levels, necessitating changes in the utilization of production inputs to enhance productivity. The research recommends that farmers should redistribute resources to minimize waste, aiming to reach the optimal combination that maximizes profits while minimizing costs. This could be achieved by seeking guidance from experienced farmers and experts or by providing training on modern technology usage and mechanization of production resources. Furthermore, the research suggests the importance of conducting further studies on cost-return variation and resource utilization to evaluate sustainability.
A study of Physicochemical Parameters, Heavy Metals and Algae in the Euphrates River, Iraq
Authors: Hussein Aasim Jasim , Al-Darraji Mustafa Nuhad , Rasheed Mohammed 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
For many individuals, heavy metal persistence and toxicity are severe problems. Most of these heavy metals collect in wastewater from effluents discharged by various industries. The efficient re-use of these particles as catalysts is another new development in research that complements the success of hazardous metal particle removal. Five locations along the Euphrates River in western Iraq’s Anbar Governorate were the subject of the research (Husaibah Al-Sharqiah, Al-Karābilah, Barwana, Al-Garma, Al-Forat sub district) and for four seasons (Summer, Autumn, Winter, and Spring) from November 2021 to November 2022 in order to examine how the physical and chemical characteristics of the water in the Euphrates River vary over space and time in these areas. Based on these locations of garbage, contaminants, and heavy metal components that may flow into the river without environmental management, sampling locations on the Euphrates River were chosen. In order to better understand the distribution of heavy metals (HMs: Arsenic (As), Antimony (Sb), Selenium (Se), Molybdenum (Mo), Cyanide (CN-), and Chromium (Cr) in river sediments, five locations in western Iraq were chosen for the research. The PH, electrical conductivity (EC), algaes, and sediments (Nitrate (NO3), sulfate (SO4), and HMs content) were all measured in the river’s edge water. A qualitative research was also carried out at various times of year and locations. 104 different kinds of algae were found, and some of them dominated all the research locations. In each station near the beginning of the estuary, the quantitative research revealed a rise in the number of algae species indicative of pollution, confirming that these sites are impacted by the pollutants from untreated sewage discharged into the Euphrates River in those locations. The average concentrations of HMs and compounds in the sediments were as follows: SO4> NO3>Mo>Cn>Cr>Sb>Se>As. According to the investigation, the HMs polluted cities in the following ways: Sediment concentrations are greater in Husaibah Al-Sharqiah, Al-Karbilah, Barwana, Al-Garma, and Al-Forat subdistrict cities.
Use Unio Tigridis as a Bioindicator of Heavy Metal Contamination in the Diwaniyah River
Authors: Omran Karrar Ali , Khoen Mohammed Kadhim 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The current study aims to estimate the concentrations of lead and cadmium in the water of the Diwaniyah River, based on investigation and study of the concentrations of these elements within the body of the vital indicator, where this organism will be taken from 4 different stations with varying distances to know the concentrations and compare them with the national determinants. The study showed that the main sources of pollution the water of the Diwaniyah River is due to the river’s passage within the city center and the discharge of sewage into it directly and in the role of a treatment agent and throwing waste of all kinds and the increase of human activities in the center, which causes an increase in the concentration of pollutants, including heavy elements. Highly efficient treatment units to reduce pollutants that are disposed directly into the river water, as well as increasing the environmental awareness of the population.
Some Chemical Properties of Wastewater from the Pharmaceutical Production Processes in the State Company for Drug and Medical Appliances Samarra
Authors: Hamed Ziad Hilal , Erdeni Abid Ahmad , Khaleel Rana Ibrahim 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The study was conducted during six months, from September 2022 to February 2023, in the General Company for the Industry of Medicines and Medical Supplies in Samarra, one of the companies affiliated to the Ministry of Industry and Minerals. For the purpose of evaluating the efficiency of the biological treatment units for the liquid waste disposed by the company, the water discharged to the treatment units was divided into four sampling stations. : Primary collection basin water or equalization basin (water resulting from industrial processes), aeration basin water (water treated in the treatment unit), sedimentation basin water (water leaving the treatment plant) and liquefaction water (water entering the company). The study includes two aspects: the first is related to the measurement of the chemical properties of the water of the four stations, while the second aspect is that some water determinants were studied and local and international standards and classifications were adopted to compare them. The chemical parameters included pH, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen requirement, total alkalinity, total hardness, and chloride. The results showed that the pH values tended to be low alkaline with a limited range of variation, as it ranged between 7.1-8.3, while the dissolved oxygen value ranged between 7.0-4.0 mg/l, and the biological oxygen requirement ranged between 1.0-95 mg/l. The results indicate that the values of BOD5 increased in the stations (St.1, St.2, and St.3), in contrast to the station (St.4) for the liquefied water, as it recorded very low values, with significant temporal and spatial differences in most stations within months. the study. As for the total alkalinity, it ranged between 110-200 mg/l in terms of CaCO3 and showed significant temporal and spatial differences in most stations during the months of the study. While the chloride values ranged between 38-255 mg/l. The results of the current study showed a significant variation in the chloride values from one month to the next. The study also confirmed that the chloride values increased during the winter compared to the summer.
Physiological and Ecological Study of some Algae and Aquatic Plants
Authors: Kati Hana Jassim , Ayal Abdul Wahab Raysan , Ayal Abdal Wahab , Abbas Yas Khudair 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The aim of the study was to find out the chemical content of some algae, Enteromorpha and Cladophora, and some selected aquatic plants, Typha domingensis, Phragmites australis and Schoenoplectus lacustris. were studied Ashes, fats and mineral elements, which include magnesium, phosphate and nitrogen, in addition to studying the physical and chemical properties of water at different times of the seasons. Enteromorpha moss showed the highest percentage of ash which amounted to (14.32%), magnesium (0.43%) and phosphate (2.73%) while Cladophora moss showed the highest percentage of fat which amounted to (7.28%) and nitrogen (3.92%). The plants showed clear significant differences in different seasons where the results showed that the highest value of ash for Typha domingensis was in spring (11.11%), for Phragmites australis in summer (12.43%) and for Schoenoplectus lacustris in autumn (16.21%). As for fats the highest value of fats was in the spring season for the Typha domingensis plant (3.10%), for the Phragmites australis plant in the autumn season (1.51%), and for the Schoenoplectus lacustris plant in the summer season (2.21%). As for magnesium, the highest value of magnesium was in the winter season for the Typha domingensis plant (0.25%), for the Phragmites australis plant in the summer season (0.76%), and for the Schoenoplectus lacustris plant in the autumn season (2.45%). As for phosphateits highest value was in the autumn season for the Typha domingensis plant (0.26%), for the Phragmites australis plant in the spring season (0.32%), and for the Schoenoplectus lacustris plant in the autumn season (0.24%). Also the physical and chemical properties of water showed great variations in different seasons as the highest recorded value of air and water temperature in summer was (41) and (40) Celsius respectively. As for the pH, the highest value was recorded in the winter season (8.16), and the nitrates recorded the highest value in the autumn season (45.35) mg / L.
Effect of Mechanical and Chemical Treatments on Astragalus spinosus (Forssk.) Muschl. Seed Dormancy
Authors: Al-Otaibi Sara S. Y. , Al-Mayah Abdulridha A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In this study, two specific methods of breaking seed dormancy were chosen to break the dormancy of Astragalus spinosus (Fabaceae) seeds. The first is sulfuric acid with a soaking time of seeds in it. The treatment of seeds with acid 98% at 15 minutes, the treatment with sulfuric acid 50% for soaking for 30 minutes, the treatment with acid 10% at a soaking period of 60 Minutes and for 24 hours, and all these treatments were in different degrees of incubation 16, 20, 22, 25 °C, while the second method that treated the seeds by scarification at degrees of incubation 16, 20, 22, 25 °C with the observation of no damage to the embryos when scarified the seeds, as well as the application of not treat seeds with any method (control) in same degrees for seven days of incubation, and such methods are considered inexpensive and effective. The results showed that when applying the treatment of seeds with sulfuric acid 98% at a soaking period 15 min and incubation degree 20 °C the germination rate have reached 86.66%, while the best germination rate of seeds when treated with scarification at an incubator of 22 and 25 °C and the germination rate reached 100%. We conclude from the present study that the seeds of A.spinosus has dormancy and the lack of optimal conditions from late winter rains under optimal temperatures will lead to the lack of the environmentally important desert species A.spinosus, or it will be absent or loss.
The Effect of Anthropogenic Sources on the Total Numbers of Rotifera in Shatt Al-Hillah
Authors: Ali Ameer Hamza , Marhoon Khitam Abbas 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
From September 2022 to February 2023, zooplankton (Rotifera) numbers were measured at three sites in Shatt Al-Hilla. Zooplankton samples were collected every month. A 10-liter bucket was used to transfer 100 liters of station water into a plankton net with holes of 50 m in diameter, and 10 ml was taken. Air and water temperatures, salinity, pH, sulfate, nutrients, and phosphate were measured at each site. The water temperature ranged between 15 and 29.4 degrees Celsius. Salinity readings ranged from 0.85 to 1.2 %. The pH was greater than 7. The Rotifera numbers were lowest (910.8 ind/m3) and highest (7487.6 ind/m3) in station 2.
Methods of Treating Produced Water During Oil and Gas Production Processes
Authors: Al-Rubaye Ameer H. , Jasim Dheyaa J. , Jassam Safiyya A. , Jasim Hayder M. , Ameen Hawzhen Fateh M. , Al-Robai Hazim Aziz 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In generally, the total volume of produced water, also known as water cut, varies from well to well, as well as based on the type of reservoir, whether it is a gas or oil reservoir, as well as the characteristics of the reservoir rocks, including permeability. Based on the type of reservoir (oil or gas), where it is located of the field, the geologic formation, and the type of hydrocarbons product being produced, the physical and chemical characteristics of produced water, such as hardness, PH, total suspended solids, conductivity, alkalinity, total dissolved solids, and chloride, vary significantly. Oil and gas extraction produces water that is considered as wastewater and requires expensive control. There are three fundamental approaches for avoiding or reducing the damage and pollution caused by water. These include employing inside-the-reservoir ways to limit generated water, applying contemporary methods of treatment and making this water harmless, and re-injecting the water into the reservoir. On another hand, Between 1987 and 1999, chemicals might be used during drilling and processing to reduce solid deposit on equipment and casings, according to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This study aims to provide a quick overview of produced water issues and treatment solutions applied during the oil and gas production processes.
The Effect of Using some Integrated Pest Management Factors on the Life Aspects of the Citrus Leaf Miner Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in the Laboratory
Authors: Jawad Niran Mousa , Alnomani Khudheyer A. A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of some integrated management factors in controlling the citrus leaf miner insect in the laboratory and to choose the best of them for field use to reduce the damage of this pest. The factors which used in this study involved two chemical pesticides Movento and Oxymatrine, as well as the use of growth regulators Match and biological fungi Beauveria bassiana (B.b..) and Metarhizium anisopliae (M.a..) and the interaction among them to get the most effective way to control the pest. The results of the study showed Movento is the most studied factor affecting the citrus miner insect in terms of the death rate on the larvae, as it recorded 96.52%, while the growth regulator Match recorded the lowest death rate of 49.20%. As for pupae, the chemical pesticide Movento also excelled by recording the highest death rate, reaching 62.59%, while the growth regulator Match recorded the lowest death rate for pupae stage, which amounted to 23.96%. It is clear from the results that the pupae are more resistant to factors that been used in this study compared with larvae. Results also proved that adults of insect were more effective with factors that used in this study compared with larvae and pupae stage. Movento pesticide showed mortality percentage reached to 100% for adults compared with growth regulator Match, which scored 73.62%, while it did not differ from the pesticide Oxymatrine, which gave 99.14%. The results of interactions among the factors on the larvae of the citrus leaf miner showed that the treatments Movento, Oxymatrine and Match, Movento+B.b.., total interaction had the highest mortality rate for the larvae stage which recorded 100% followed by the treatments Oxymatrine and the Movento + M.a. which recorded 95.56% each. While B.b. and M.a. treatments and the interaction between them, recorded the lowest mortality rate, reaching 9.25, 23.80, and 23.33%, respectively, as for pupae stage. The total interaction treatment only gave the highest mortality rate for pupae of the citrus leaf miner insect, as it recorded 100% and followed by the treatments Movento + B.b. and Movento + Match, which recorded 95.56% for each, while the treatments B.b. and M.a. was recorded the lowest death rate, which amounted to 6.68, 18.73, and 16.66%, respectively.
The Efficiency of Fungicides on Fungal Growth Inhibition in Cultured Tissues of Banana (Musa acominata), and Their Effect on Tissues Traits
Authors: Hussein Saba Sadeq , Maturud Abdulnabi Abdul Amir , Abass Mohammed Hamza 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The goal of this study was to identify fungicides with a broad-spectrum effectiveness and their capacity to inhibit fungal contaminants in banana tissue cultures. Numerous fungi were isolated from tissues of banana cultures of the Grand 9 variety. Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium oxysporum, Penicillium digitatum, P. expansum, and Penicillium sp. were among the contaminated fungi isolated. These fungi were inhibited successfully using the fungicides Beltanol, Agrisave, and Zoxis. Hoever, Beltanol was outperformed compared with Agrisave and Zoxis fungicides, with an inhibition rate of 100% for concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, and 1 ml/l. Thus, the addition of Beltanol fungicide to the banana culture medium had a positive influence on the fresh and dry weight of the tissues, with the average fresh weight increasing to 2.93 g compared with 2.4 g in the control treatment. Also, the dry weight was increased from to 0.21 g while it was 0.17 g in the control treatment. Additionally, the results demonstrated the enzymatic effectiveness (cellulase enzyme) of isolated fungi without treatment, that showed high effectiveness in P. digitatum fungus with an activity rate reached 2.33 mm. In contrast, C. oxysporum and P. expansum fungi displayed moderate efficiency with activity rates that reached 1.5 and 1.41 mm respectively. On the other hand, A. flavus and A. niger fungi exhibited low efficacy with activity rates of 1.25 and 1.12 mm respectively. Furthermore, the results revealed that P. expansum fungus had a high enzymatic effectiveness index with a rate of 1.85 mm, while C. oxysporum, P. digitatum, and A. flavus fungi had moderate enzymatic effectiveness with rates of 1.46, 1.34, and 1.26, respectively. A. niger fungus had the lowest enzymatic effectiveness with a rate of 1.23. The enzymatic secretion of the isolated fungi was inhibited efficiently via addition of the fungicide Beltanol to these fungi.
A new Record of the Genus Carduus Curtis. (Asteraceae) for Iraq
Authors: Ali Lubab Gatea , Al-Mussawy Ali Hussein 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Carduus tenuiflours Curtis is record as a new study in Iraq. This species has been collected from Al-Nahrain university and Baghdad university in Baghdad town in the middle of Iraq. The morphological characters, habitat of the species with a key to Carduus L. species in Iraq have been provided. The study showed that C. tenuiflorus a winter annual plant weed distributed in West Europe, China, India and Pakistan. Possess a broad leaves plant is similar in appearance to Italian thistle, C. pycnocephalus. Plants grow up to 100 cm tall with triangular shape stem wings that are up to 1 cm tall and are tipped with a spine. Leaves are oblanceolate to lanceolate with 6-8 pairs of spine-tipped lobes, while the inflorescence are capitulum consist of 3-10 in clusters with many series of phyllaries the inner one is longer and broader than the outer and median phyllaries with purplish tinged. The flowers purple tubular with distinct lobes about 10-12 mm long, hermaphrodite and have white pappus while the fruit is cypsela about 2.5-3.5 mm.
Replacing Part of the Mineral Fertilizer by using Organic and Biological Fertilizers in the Sunflower
Authors: Al-Zaidy M. K. A. , Al-Hilfy Intsar H. H. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
A field experiment was conducted in one of the fields of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad - Jadriya during the spring season of 2022, with the aim of assessing the possibility of replacing chemical fertilizers with organic and biological fertilizers as an alternative for a portion of the chemical fertilizers and their impact on the yield and quality of sunflower seeds. Randomized Complete Bock Design (RCBD) with three replications was used, using split plot arrangement. The main plots included four fertilizer treatments: (100% mineral fertilizers (recommended), 50% recommended mineral fertilizers + organic fertilizer represented by Trichoderma harzianum fungus and Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria, 50% recommended mineral fertilizers + organic fertilizer represented by Trichoderma harzianum fungus and Azotobacter chroccocum bacteria, and 50% recommended mineral fertilizers + organic fertilizer represented by Orgevit poultry waste supplemented with macro and micronutrients). The sub-plots included three cultivars (Ishaqi1, Flami, and Lilo). The results showed that the Ishaqi1 cultivar outperformed and gave the highest fertility percentage (75.22%) and number of seeds per head (757.78 seeds head -1), and weight of 300 seeds (15.80 grams) and a total seed yield (2.942 tons ha-1), and an oil content percentage of 41.00%. On the other hand, the Flami cultivar excelled in the percentage of filling (47.115%). The fertilizer treatment of 50% recommended mineral fertilizers + organic fertilizer represented by (Trichoderma harzianum fungus and Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria) showed superiority in fertility percentage (79.69%), number of seeds per head (771.20 seeds head -1), filling percentage (47.397%), total seed yield (3.041 tons ha-1), and oil content percentage (42.17%).