bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hyperthermic, Supersaturated Humidification in the Treatment of Xerostomia
Authors: Criswell Mark A. , Sinha Christopher K. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractObjectives To investigate the role of hyperthermic, supersaturated humidification in the treatment of radiation‐induced xerostomia.Study Design A randomized, controlled, crossover pilot study of patients with symptomatic xerostomia following radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. Patients compared a standard bedside humidifier with a new device delivering hyperthermic, supersaturated humidification through a nasal cannula.Methods The patients were randomized to a 2‐week course of standard, cool air bedside humidification or to hyperthermic, supersaturated humidification through a nasal cannula (Vapotherm Inc., Annapolis, MD). After a 1‐week washout period, patients were crossed over to the opposite device for another 2 weeks. The patients underwent physical examination initially and after each trial period using an objective xerostomia scale, and then completed a questionnaire quantifying their symptoms. Patients additionally rated their symptoms at home, twice daily, using a visual analogue scale.Results Using the Oral Assessment Guide, lip scores went from 1.67 initially to 1.67 after control and 1.67 after Vapotherm. Tongue scores were 1.67, 1.5, and 1.83, respectively. Saliva scores were 1.67, 1.5, and 1.5, respectively. Mucous membranes scores were 1.5, 1.67, and 1.5, respectively. The physical examination scores at these four sites were not significantly different between control and Vapotherm (P = .78, .78, .72, and .37, respectively). The patient symptom questionnaire and visual analogue scores also revealed no significant difference between the two devices.Conclusion The Vapotherm MT‐3000 device appears to provide minimal or no additional relief from radiation xerostomia over standard bedside humidifiers. Further investigation may be warranted with newer models of the device and with disorders of mucociliary clearance.
Adenotonsillar Hypertrophy and Epstein‐Barr Virus in Pediatric Organ Transplant Recipients
Authors: Shapiro Nina L. , Strocker Ali M. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis Epstein‐Barr virus–related (EBV‐related) lymphoid hyperplasia of the tonsils and adenoids is a precursor to post‐transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD). The incidence of post‐transplantation adenotonsillar hypertrophy, a potential early sign of PTLD or EBV‐related lymphoid hyperplasia, is not known. We sought to identify potential risk factors for adenotonsillar hypertrophy manifested as EBV‐related hyperplasia and early PTLD in the pediatric solid organ transplant population.Study Design Cross‐sectional analysis.Methods We developed a 65‐point questionnaire concerning obstructive sleep disorder and upper respiratory tract infections and an 8‐point focused physical examination, to identify prevalence of and risk factors for adenotonsillar hypertrophy in the pediatric transplant population. We evaluated 120 pediatric solid organ transplant recipients by parental questionnaire and focused adenotonsillar physical examination.Results Of the 120 patients, 62 had undergone liver transplantation and 58 had undergone kidney transplantation. Overall, the mean questionnaire score was 8.36 (range, 0–40) and the mean physical examination score was 3.86 (range, 1–8). Patients whose EBV serological test result was negative at the time of transplant had higher scores for both the questionnaire (mean score, 10.24) and the physical examination (mean score, 4.56) than those whose EBV serological test result was positive at the time of transplantation (scores of 7.38 and 3.30 for questionnaire and physical examination, respectively). The difference in examination scores was statistically significant (P <.003).Conclusions Epstein‐Barr virus seronegativity at the time of organ transplantation is a known risk factor for PTLD, with associated risk of developing EBV‐related lymphoid hyperplasia. Our results indicate a higher incidence of symptoms and signs consistent with adenotonsillar hypertrophy in the EBV seronegative population. Adenotonsillar hypertrophy may be a precursor to EBV‐related lymphoid hyperplasia and PTLD and must be identified in this patient population.
Expression Patterns of Cytokeratins in Retraction Pocket Cholesteatomas
Authors: Kim Hyung‐Jong , Tinling Steven P. , Chole Richard A. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractObjectives To investigate the patterns of cytokeratin (CK) expression in retraction pocket cholesteatoma.Study Design An animal model study.Methods Retraction pocket cholesteatomas were induced by electrocautery of the eustachian tube orifice in 24 mongolian gerbils. They were divided into normal and cholesteatoma groups of clinical stages I to IV. The antibodies to pan‐cytokeratin CK 1/10, CK 5/6, CK 4, and CK 13/16 were used for immunohistochemical staining. The intensity of staining in each group as measured with densitometry was compared regarding anatomical sites and clinical stages.Results In retraction pocket cholesteatoma, CK expression was altered only at focal sites such as the pars tensa of the tympanic membrane. The change of CK expression was observed only at certain stages of cholesteatoma formation. In keratinocytes from cholesteatomas, CK 13/16 was overexpressed compared with control specimens, indicating hyperproliferation. The site with the most prominent change in retraction pocket cholesteatoma was somewhat different from that in canal ligation cholesteatoma in a previous study.Conclusions The results suggested that aural cholesteatoma is a disease with a spectrum of pathological conditions and that the transmigration and hyperproliferation process of squamous epithelium occurs in areas adjacent to the cholesteatoma.
Cycline‐Dependent Kinase Inhibitor, p27 (KIP1), Is Associated With Cholesteatoma
Authors: Bayazít Yíldírím A. , Karakök Metin , Uçak Ramazan , Kanlíkama Muzaffer 
Published: September 2004

AbstractObjective Cyclin‐dependent kinases (CDKis) can arrest the cell cycle, which in turn inhibits the cell proliferation. P27 (KIP1) is a CDKi and acts as a tumor suppressor gene. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of p27 CDKi in cholesteatoma, a disease characterized by the presence of hyperproliferative squamous epithelium.Study Design Immunohistochemical staining of 15 cholesteatoma and 18 control ear canal skin samples, which were taken intraoperatively, was performed for p27 positivity.Methods The monoclonal antibodies to p27 were used for immunohistochemical staining of the sections. The streptavidin‐biotin horseradish method was used. The number of cells staining positive for p27 was calculated, and the intensity of p27 positivity was graded.Results P27 positivity was obtained in 9 (50%) of 18 skin tissues. In the cholesteatoma tissues, p27 positivity was found only in 2 (13.3%) tissue samples. The difference between the groups were statistically significant (P = .03). The mean numbers of p27 positivity were 11.8 ± 15.5 and 1.4 ± 3.8 (mean ± standard deviation) in the skin and cholesteatoma samples, respectively. This difference was also statistically significant (P = .02). The p27 results of primary and secondary cholesteatoma samples were not significantly different (P = .3). The results of p27 were not related to the gender of the patients (P = .8).Conclusion P27 is involved directly or indirectly in the occurrence of cholesteatoma. Alterations of p27 levels in keratinocytes can influence the proliferative state of the keratinocytes. Altered p27 levels in cholesteatoma may suggest a molecular pathology in cholesteatoma. The search for significance of CDKis seems promising to better understand the pathogenesis of cholesteatoma.
The Levels of Expression of Galectin‐3, But Not of Galectin‐1 and Galectin‐8, Correlate With Apoptosis in Human Cholesteatomas
Authors: Sheikholeslam‐Zadeh Reza , Decaestecker Christine , Delbrouck Carine , Danguy André , Salmon Isabelle , Zick Yehiel , Kaltner Herbert , Hassid Sergio , Gabius Hans‐Joachim , Kiss Robert , Choufani Georges 
Published: September 2004

AbstractObjectives To investigate whether galectins 1, 3, and 8 are expressed in human cholesteatomas and whether any such expression does correlate with the level of apoptosis, which is, as we have previously shown, predictive of recurrence. 7Study Design The analysis of 52 cholesteatomas resected by the same surgeon by means of canal wall up and canal wall down procedures.Methods The immunohistochemical levels of expression of galectins 1, 3, and 8 were quantitatively determined (using computer‐assisted microscopy) on conventional histological slides by means of specific anti–galectin‐1, anti–galectin‐3, and anti–galectin‐8 antibodies. The level of apoptosis in each cholesteatoma under study had already been determined 7 by means of the in situ labeling of nuclear DNA fragmentation (Tolt‐mediated dUTP nick end labeling [TUNEL] staining).Results Galectin‐1 was expressed markedly in both the epithelial and the connective tissue areas of all the cholesteatomas under study. The levels of expression of galectin‐3 and galectin‐8 were considerably lower than that of galectin‐1. The level of expression of galectin‐3 correlated both highly and positively with the level of apoptosis.Conclusions An upregulation of galectin‐3 (known to have an antiapoptotic and antianoikis effect in certain model systems) expression, which is associated with pronounced apoptotic activity, could have a physiologically protective effect against the characteristically substantial apoptotic features occurring in recurrent cholesteatomas.
Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, Maxillomandibular Advancement, and the Velopharynx
Authors: Li Kasey K. , Troell Robert J. , Riley Robert W. , Powell Nelson B. , Koester Uta , Guilleminault Christian 
Published: September 2004

AbstractObjective To evaluate the presence of velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) symptoms and the associated changes of the velopharyngeal anatomy in patients who underwent maxillomandibular advancement (MMA) for persistent obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) after uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP).Methods Preoperative and postoperative cephalometric radiographs were analyzed to assess the anatomic changes of the velopharynx. In addition, a questionnaire survey was sent to the patients between 6 to 12 months after MMA. The questionnaires evaluated the presence and extent of VPI symptoms, including nasal regurgitation while eating or drinking as well as hypernasal speech. A 10‐cm visual analog scale (VAS 0‐10) was included to assess the impact of VPI symptoms on the patient's quality of life. In the patients who reported VPI symptoms, telephone interviews were conducted 1 year after the survey to evaluate the changes in VPI symptoms over time.Results Fifty‐two of the 65 questionnaires were returned. Five patients (9.6%) reported nasal regurgitation of liquids when drinking hastily, with 2 patients reporting the occurrences as occasional and 3 patients reporting as rare. The impact of these symptoms on the patient's quality of life was minimal (VAS 0.6 ± 0.4). Regurgitation of food or hypernasal speech was not reported. The telephone interviews 1 year later revealed that the symptoms have completely resolved in all 5 patients. Comparison of the preoperative and postoperative cephalometric radiographs demonstrated the pharyngeal depth increase was 48% of the amount of maxillary advancement and the functional pharyngeal length increased 53% of the maxillary advancement. The functional depth of the pharynx after MMA was significantly greater in the patients with VPI symptoms (P = .01).Conclusion The results of this study suggest that patients who undergo MMA for persistent OSA after UPPP have a low risk of developing VPI. If symptoms occur postoperatively, they are mild and have minimal effect on the patient's quality of life; moreover, the symptoms usually resolve over time.
Is Dissection of Level IV Necessary in Patients With T1‐T3 N0 Tongue Cancer?
Authors: Khafif Avi , Lopez‐Garza Juan R. , Medina Jesus E. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractObjective Dissection of the lower jugular level of lymph nodes (level IV), as part of an elective neck dissection, has been advocated recently for all patients with oral tongue cancer because of the possibility of “skip metastases” to levels III and IV. The current study was undertaken to evaluate the need to perform a dissection of level IV in patients with oral tongue cancer with no clinical evidence of nodal metastases.Methods Fifty‐one patients with T1‐3, N0 squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue were treated with a partial glossectomy and a selective neck dissection of levels I, II, and III. When enlarged nodes were encountered during surgery in level II or III, the dissection was extended to include the nodes in level IV. Involvement of level IV was determined either by the presence of carcinoma on pathological examination or by the development of recurrence in the untreated level IV during a follow‐up period of at least 2 years.Results Level IV was resected as part of the specimen in 17 of the 51 patients and metastatic tumor was found in this level in only one patient. At an average follow‐up of 4.1 years, only one patient recurred at level IV, which had been addressed at the initial neck dissection. Consequently, the rate of metastases to undissected level IV was 2%.Conclusions Metastases to level IV lymph nodes is rare in patients with T1‐T3, N0 oral tongue cancer. Dissection of these nodes only when there is intraoperative suspicion of metastases in levels II or III does not increase the risk or recurrence of tumor in the neck.
Noncontact Laser Doppler Imaging in Burn Depth Analysis of the Extremities
Authors: Riordan Colin L. , McDonough Mark , Davidson Jeffrey M. , Corley Randall , Perlov Cathy , Barton Ronald , Guy Jeffrey , Nanney Lillian B. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy and practical utility of a noncontact laser Doppler imager (PIM-II, Lisca Development AB, Linköping, Sweden) in the estimation of burn depth in the upper and lower extremities. At 48 hours after burn injury, we performed scans of 35 burns in 22 patients and obtained histological samples for burn determination with hematoxylin and eosin and vimentin immunohistochemical staining. Additionally, sequential scans and tissue specimens were obtained on 10 burns at 24, 48, and 72 hours. A statistically significant inverse relationship was noted between burn depth and the laser Doppler perfusion index. Laser Doppler perfusion index values greater than 1.3 predicted a superficial dermal burn with 95% sensitivity and 94% specificity. Superficial dermal burns exhibited increased perfusion in the early burn period. Wounds showed a progressive decline in perfusion and a progressive increase in the depth of injury during a 72-hour period. This study demonstrates the advantage and accuracy of using a noncontact laser Doppler to differentiate deep dermal from superficial partial thickness burns in the extremities.
Predisposing Factors for Self-inflicted Burns
Authors: Pham Tam N. , King Jennifer R. , Palmieri Tina L. , Greenhalgh David G. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Self-inflicted burn injuries, although uncommon, are a significant source of morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study was to delineate the characteristics of these burns and to examine their impact on society. Records of 32 adult patients admitted for self-inflicted burns at our regional burn center between January 1996 and August 2001 were retrospectively reviewed. The mean burn size was 34 ± 29% TBSA, with the majority of burns being the result of self-immolation using a flammable liquid. There was a slight male predominance (59%) and a significant mortality rate (25%). Ninety-one percent of patients had an active psychiatric diagnosis, with 47% having had a previous suicide attempt. Two thirds had a chronic stressor, such as a chronic medical illness and/or long-term disability. Only four patients had private insurance, whereas the remainder relied on underfunded state- and county-sponsored programs or were uninsured. In addition to well-described psychiatric factors, common characteristics predisposing to self-inflicted burns include chronic medical illnesses, long-term disability, and a lack of access to adequate mental health care. Better treatment of mental illness in the underfunded population might ultimately save the high costs of these burn injuries.
Combined Smoke Inhalation and Scald Burn in the Rat
Authors: Quinn D. A. , Moufarrej R. , Volokhov A. , Syrkina O. , Hales C. A. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
The combination of burn injury with smoke inhalation from fires significantly increases mortality. The mechanism of increased mortality is poorly understood but has been associated with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, including cardiac dysfunction. Impaired cardiac function correlates with decreased survival in burn patients. We investigated smoke inhalation from burning cotton combined with a 40% body surface area, third-degree burn during the first 4 hours after injury in rats. In the early phase after injury, burn caused a significant rise in lung neutrophil infiltration but no increase in lung water. Smoke led to a rise in lung water but only a mild increase in neutrophil infiltration. Combined smoke and burn did not increase neutrophil accumulation or lung water above that which occurred with either injury alone. Only in combined smoke and burn was there a drop in cardiac output and stroke volume with pulmonary edema and lung neutrophil influx.
Isolation and Functional Analysis of Arabidopsis Stress-Inducible NAC Transcription Factors That Bind to a Drought-Responsivecis-Element in theearly responsive to dehydration stress 1Promoter[W]
Authors: Tran Lam-Son Phan , Nakashima Kazuo , Sakuma Yoh , Simpson Sean D. , Fujita Yasunari , Maruyama Kyonoshin , Fujita Miki , Seki Motoaki , Shinozaki Kazuo , Yamaguchi-Shinozaki Kazuko 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe MYC-like sequence CATGTG plays an important role in the dehydration-inducible expression of the Arabidopsis thaliana EARLY RESPONSIVE TO DEHYDRATION STRESS 1 (ERD1) gene, which encodes a ClpA (ATP binding subunit of the caseinolytic ATP-dependent protease) homologous protein. Using the yeast one-hybrid system, we isolated three cDNA clones encoding proteins that bind to the 63-bp promoter region of erd1, which contains the CATGTG motif. These three cDNA clones encode proteins named ANAC019, ANAC055, and ANAC072, which belong to the NAC transcription factor family. The NAC proteins bound specifically to the CATGTG motif both in vitro and in vivo and activated the transcription of a β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene driven by the 63-bp region containing the CATGTG motif in Arabidopsis T87 protoplasts. The expression of ANAC019, ANAC055, and ANAC072 was induced by drought, high salinity, and abscisic acid. A histochemical assay using PNAC-GUS fusion constructs showed that expression of the GUS reporter gene was localized mainly to the leaves of transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Using the yeast one-hybrid system, we determined the complete NAC recognition sequence, containing CATGT and harboring CACG as the core DNA binding site. Microarray analysis of transgenic plants overexpressing either ANAC019, ANAC055, or ANAC072 revealed that several stress-inducible genes were upregulated in the transgenic plants, and the plants showed significantly increased drought tolerance. However, erd1 was not upregulated in the transgenic plants. Other interacting factors may be necessary for the induction of erd1 in Arabidopsis under stress conditions.
The SHINE Clade of AP2 Domain Transcription Factors Activates Wax Biosynthesis, Alters Cuticle Properties, and Confers Drought Tolerance when Overexpressed in Arabidopsis[W]
Authors: Aharoni Asaph , Dixit Shital , Jetter Reinhard , Thoenes Eveline , van Arkel Gert , Pereira Andy 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe interface between plants and the environment plays a dual role as a protective barrier as well as a medium for the exchange of gases, water, and nutrients. The primary aerial plant surfaces are covered by a cuticle, acting as the essential permeability barrier toward the atmosphere. It is a heterogeneous layer composed mainly of lipids, namely cutin and intracuticular wax with epicuticular waxes deposited on the surface. We identified an Arabidopsis thaliana activation tag gain-of-function mutant shine (shn) that displayed a brilliant, shiny green leaf surface with increased cuticular wax compared with the leaves of wild-type plants. The gene responsible for the phenotype encodes one member of a clade of three proteins of undisclosed function, belonging to the plant-specific family of AP2/EREBP transcription factors. Overexpression of all three SHN clade genes conferred a phenotype similar to that of the original shn mutant. Biochemically, such plants were altered in wax composition (very long fatty acid derivatives). Total cuticular wax levels were increased sixfold in shn compared with the wild type, mainly because of a ninefold increase in alkanes that comprised approximately half of the total waxes in the mutant. Chlorophyll leaching assays and fresh weight loss experiments indicated that overexpression of the SHN genes increased cuticle permeability, probably because of changes in its ultrastructure. Likewise, SHN gene overexpression altered leaf and petal epidermal cell structure, trichome number, and branching as well as the stomatal index. Interestingly, SHN overexpressors displayed significant drought tolerance and recovery, probably related to the reduced stomatal density. Expression analysis using promoter-β-glucuronidase fusions of the SHN genes provides evidence for the role of the SHN clade in plant protective layers, such as those formed during abscission, dehiscence, wounding, tissue strengthening, and the cuticle. We propose that these diverse functions are mediated by regulating metabolism of lipid and/or cell wall components.
From Endonucleases to Transcription Factors: Evolution of the AP2 DNA Binding Domain in Plants[W]
Authors: Magnani Enrico , Sjölander Kimmen , Hake Sarah 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
All members of the AP2/ERF family of plant transcription regulators contain at least one copy of a DNA binding domain called the AP2 domain. The AP2 domain has been considered plant specific. Here, we show that homologs are present in the cyanobacterium Trichodesmium erythraeum, the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila, and the viruses Enterobacteria phage Rb49 and Bacteriophage Felix 01. We demonstrate that the T. erythraeum AP2 domain selectively binds stretches of poly(dG)/poly(dC) showing functional conservation with plant AP2/ERF proteins. The newly discovered nonplant proteins bearing an AP2 domain are predicted to be HNH endonucleases. Sequence conservation extends outside the AP2 domain to include part of the endonuclease domain for the T. erythraeum protein and some plant AP2/ERF proteins. Our phylogenetic analysis of the broader family of AP2 domains supports the possibility of lateral gene transfer. We hypothesize that a horizontal transfer of an HNH-AP2 endonuclease from bacteria or viruses into plants may have led to the origin of the AP2/ERF family of transcription factors via transposition and homing processes.