bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Absent Parents, Law, and Social Policy
Authors: Hegar Rebecca L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What rights do parents have in the situations just described? Is sues surrounding the rights of parents with respect to their children, always complex and charged topics in our society, are further complicated when parents separate or divorce, or when one parent is absent. The notion of “parental rights” has evolved over time and has developed differently in various cultures. In countries that share the English (common law) legal tradition, we take it for granted that when children are born, they will live where the parents decide, usually with the parents. We assume that parents must and will authorize medical care and sign other consent documents on behalf of their children, and we know that American parents have considerable latitude in how they educate their children, whether at public, religious, or nonsectarian private schools, or at home.
Introduction
Authors: Desjarlais Robert , Eisenberg Leon , Good Byron , Kleinman Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the past fifty years, the world beyond North America and Western Europe has seen improvements in health care and living conditions as breathtaking in their sweep as the technological changes experienced in richer areas of the Northern Hemisphere. Average life expectancy in low-income nations such as Zaire, Egypt, and India has risen from forty to sixty-six years; smallpox, which once killed millions of people annually, has been eradicated; average infant mortality rates have fallen from 28% to 10% of live births; and close to half the adults in the world are now literate. Average real incomes have more than doubled, the percentage of rural families with access to safe water has increased from less than 10% to almost 60%, and more than three quarters of children now attend school.1 Control of water and sewage, effective vaccination campaigns, and the availability of primary health care services have eased the lot of many people. The burden of pain and suffering from chronic diseases such as asthma and diabetes, but also leprosy, epilepsy, and depression, has been lessened by medical interventions. This century has also witnessed the attainment of nationhood by many former colonies, which has meant a marked reduction in the worst of economic and racial abuses in Asia and Africa.
Dislocation
Authors: Desjarlais Robert , Eisenberg Leon , Good Byron , Kleinman Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fear, uncertainty, and despair voiced by Mozambican refugees are increasingly common concerns among other peoples throughout the world. The various wars and conflicts in Asia, Africa, and South and Central America have forced millions from their homes. Economic problems in poor countries and regions have sparked a new wave of economic refugees. While some of these forced migrants live and work in rich, industrialized nations of Europe and North America, many more end up working within exploitative settings in slightly more prosperous regions elsewhere. The causes of dislocation, the nature of the journeys, and the conditions of life where a person or family resettles all pose dangers for personal and social well-being.
Children and Youth
Authors: Desjarlais Robert , Eisenberg Leon , Good Byron , Kleinman Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gains in child health the world over during the past several decades have been impressive. A combination of family planning and low-cost health measures (vaccines, the promotion of breast feeding, growth monitoring, and oral rehydration therapy) has saved lives and decreased morbidity. UNICEF estimates that immunization programs prevent some 3 million deaths each year; yet shortfalls in immunization result in 1.7 million vaccine-preventable deaths each year. Between 1975 and 1990, mortality in children under five (5Q0) decreased in sub-Saharan Africa from 212 per 1,000 live births to 175, from 195 to 127 in India, from 85 to 43 in China, from 174 to 111 in the Middle Eastern Crescent, and from 104 to 60 in Latin America and the Caribbean. Despite these impressive gains, 5Q0 rates for the leastdeveloped countries (180) are ten times greater than those for industrialized countries (17). Averages obscure substantial differences among countries. Some countries have made little or no progress. In 1960, one child in five died before reaching age five in Indonesia as well as Ghana. By 1990, that rate had been halved for Indonesia but remained the same for Ghana; during the 1980s, Gross National Product per capita grew by 3.9% per annum in Indonesia but fell by 0.3% 1:-..::r annum in Ghana.
Conclusions and an Agenda for Action
Authors: Desjarlais Robert , Eisenberg Leon , Good Byron , Kleinman Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This volume was undertaken with a sense of deep concern about the magnitude of mental health problems in the societies of Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East. For too long, social, behavioral, and mental health problems have been inadequately addressed by scholars and agencies committed to health and international development. The World Bank’s 1993 World Development Report Investing in Health offers an example. The Bank’s decision to focus its annual development report on health and health care in low- and middle-income countries is enormously welcome. The Report reflects a growing awareness among policymakers that particular strategies of development have important consequences for health, and that health indicators rank with economic indicators as markers of the benefits of development policies. Furthermore, the authors of that report recognize that since ill health has negative consequences for a society’s economic development, “investing” in health is crucial for development as well as for alleviating human misery.
Diet and Food Contaminants
Authors: Manuel Posada DE LA PAZ 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Diseases caused by food have long been a major concern of humankind and have also been a major concern of environmental epidemiology. Historically, food contamination by microbial agents has caused most outbreaks. Contamination of food by infectious agents such as cholera continues to be extremely important in developing countries, as witnessed by the cholera outbreak in Peru in 1995, for example.
Radiation I:Radon
Authors: Brownson Ross C , Alavanja Michael C R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Radon is a gas that is often attached to particles. Inhaled radon emits ionizing radiation to the lung. Radon’s effects have been studied extensively among miners, who were historically exposed to high levels. Although this might generate optimism that the health effects of indoor radon, which involves much lower exposures, would be readily understood as well, this has not been the case.
Famine
Authors: Yip Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Famine represents the most severe form of food insecurity, during which mass starvation and death take place within a relatively short span of time. Hence famine is often viewed as an acute and discrete event (1). There is compelling evidence, however, that a long-term process is responsible for the development of the underlying socioeconomic vulnerability that is required for famine to occur (2). In fact, famine represents failure to recognize or respond to increasing food insecurity over time. In times of famine, public health workers traditionally have participated in reactive relief efforts to control morbidity and mortality; potentially greater roles are available for public health workers in proactive efforts to prevent and mitigate famine (3). Although many of the underlying factors leading to increasing vulnerability are related to fundamental issues such as political stability and developmental policy-issues that may seem outside the reach of public health-it would be helpful, at least in the process of assessing vulnerability to famine, for public health workers to take some of the fundamental factors into consideration.
Air Pollution
Authors: Etzel Ruth A , French Jean G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pollutants may enter the air from natural or synthetic sources. Air always carries natural pollutants such as pollens, spores, molds, yeast, fungi, and bacteria; and forest fires, windstorms, volcanic eruptions, and droughts cause smoke, dust, and other pollutants to enter the air. Yet all the pollution wrought by nature counts for little when compared with the effects of pollutants associated with human activity (112). The major sources of synthetic air pollutants include the burning of fossil fuels, particularly coal; emissions from smelters, steel plants, and other heavy manufacturing facilities; and emissions from mobile sources such as automobiles, trucks, and airplanes. The primary pollutants from these major sources are sulfur dioxide (S02), nitrogen dioxide (N02), carbon monoxide (CO), suspended particulates, ozone, hydrocarbons, acid aerosols of sulfates and nitrates, and heavy metals. Although emissions from chemical manufacturing may affect the area immediately surrounding the source, they do not have the same impact on regional air pollution as the aforementioned pollutants.
Evolutionary Psychology and Marital Conflict: The Relevance of Stepchildren
Authors: Daly Martin , Wilson Margo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The specific focus of this chapter concerns one particular source of conflict between women and men in marital or marital-like relationships, namely the existence or presence of children from prior unions. In explaining our rationale for suggesting that such children might be expected to engender or exacerbate marital conflict, however, we have to synopsize theories of much broader applicability. Our argument is predicated on a more general account of the nature of the marital relationship from the perspective of evolutionary biology, which in turn is predicated on a still more general evolutionary understanding of the nature of sociality and of the male-female phenomenon. Thus, we start with these most basic issues and work toward the specific question of the possible relevance of stepchildren to marital disharmony.
Where are the Gender Differences? Where are the Gender Similarities?
Authors: Hyde Janet Shibley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I discuss what psychologists consider to be basic phenomena or “facts” about gender differences. I use the term facts in quotation marks because we do not have facts in psychology–rather, we have theories and scientific data, but we sometimes start thinking that we have facts. My analyses, then, emanate from a social constructionist epistemology (e.g., Gergen, 1985; Hare-Mustin & Marecek, 1988) and a feminist theoretical perspective.
Social constructionism stands in opposition to positivism, the latter having been the epistemology of most psychological scientists until recently. Positivism assumes that we can know reality, facts, or phenomena directly and objetively. Constructionism, in contrast, argues that people–including scientists–do not discover reality; instead, they construct or invent it based in part on prior experiences and predispositions. Constructionism, then, questions whether science and scientists can be completely objective.
Male Aggression Against Women: An Evolutionary Perspective
Authors: Smuts Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The worldwide prevalence of male violence toward women has recently become disturbingly evident. Russell’s (1984) careful survey of 930 San Franciscan women indicates that one-quarter of American women will experience a completed rape at some time in their lives, and nearly one-half will be victims of attempted or completed rape. Since the age of 14, 27.5% of college women have experienced an attempted or completed rape (Koss, Gidycz, & Wisniewski, 1987). Each year, approximately 1.8 million American wives are beaten by their husbands (Strauss, 1978), and one-eighth of all murders involve husbands killing their wives (Hutchings, 1988).
The Confluence Model of Sexual Aggression: Feminist and Evolutionary Perspectives
Authors: Malamuth Neil M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The research that I describe in this chapter was initially inspired by the feminist movement and was designed to test some of the ideas put forth by its writers. Later, however, both in response to findings emerging from the research and in light of my growing interest in evolutionary psychology, my colleagues and I began also to conceptualize some of the work in the framework of evolutionary psychology. In this chapter, I attempt to summarize key points of the feminist and evolutionary analyses concerning causes of sexual coercion and relate them to the research we conducted.
Police Responses to Battered Women: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Roberts Albert R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was 1400 hours on September 6, 2010. Two police officers were dispatched by headquarters on a report of a domestic violence complaint. Upon arriving at the scene, the officers spoke to the victim, Wilma R. She stated that her boyfriend, Louis, had been drinking the night before and became involved in an argument with her that ended with his punching her in the face and choking her. The officers observed that Wilma had a cut on her upper lip and swelling in the area between her nose and mouth.
When the police officers questioned Louis, he said he never touched her. He insisted that the bruises on her face resulted from her being clumsy and falling down the steps while carrying the laundry. He said she was making up the story of being beaten because she was angry at him for staying out late with his buddies the previous night.
In order to determine whether or not Louis had choked his girlfriend, the police officer went to the car and brought in the compact portable laser unit. By aiming the laser at Wilma’s neck, the officer immediately obtained laser fingerprints, which he compared with Louis’s. The results showed an identical match. While the first officer was matching the fingerprints, the second officer went to the car and turned on the MDT computer to run a computerized criminal history on Louis. In less than thirty seconds, Louis’s history appeared on the screen: two prior convictions for simple assault against a former girlfriend and resisting arrest. The incidents had occurred three years earlier in another state. In addition, Louis’s record showed two arrests during the past three years for driving while intoxicated.
Bangs, Crunches, Whimpers, And Shrieks
Authors: Earman John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Almost from its inception, Einstein’s general theory of relativity was known to sanction spacetime models harboring singularities. Until the 1960s, however, spacetime singularities were thought to be artifacts of the idealizations of the models. This attitude evaporated in the face of a series of theorems, due largely to Stephen Hawking and Roger Penrose, which showed that Einstein’s general theory implies that singularities can be expected to occur in a wide variety of conditions in both gravitational collapse and in cosmology. In the light of these results some physicists adopted the attitude that, since spacetime singularities are intolerable, general relativity contains within itself the seeds of its own destruction. Others hoped that peaceful coexistence with singularities could be achieved by proving a form of Roger Penrose’s cosmic censorship hypothesis, which would place singularities safely inside black holes. Whatever the attitude one adopts toward spacetime singularities, it is evident that they raise a number of foundational problems for physics and have profound implications for the philosophy of space and time. However, philosophers of science have been slow to awaken to the significance of these developments. Indeed, this is the first serious book-length study of the subject by a philosopher of science. It features an overview of the literature on singularities, as well as an analytic commentary on their significance to a number of scientific and philosophical issues.
Drawn with The Sword
Authors: McPherson James M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
James M. McPherson is acclaimed as one of the finest historians writing today and a preeminent commentator on the Civil War. Battle Cry of Freedom, his Pulitzer Prize-winning account of that conflict, was a national bestseller that Hugh Brogan, in The New York Times, called “history writing of the highest order.” Now, in Drawn With the Sword, McPherson offers a series of thoughtful and engaging essays on some of the most enduring questions of the Civil War, written in the masterful prose that has become his trademark. Filled with fresh interpretations, puncturing old myths and challenging new ones, Drawn With the Sword explores such questions as why the North won and why the South lost (emphasizing the role of contingency in the Northern victory), whether Southern or Northern aggression began the war, and who really freed the slaves, Abraham Lincoln or the slaves themselves. McPherson offers memorable portraits of the great leaders who people the landscape of the Civil War: Ulysses S. Grant, struggling to write his memoirs with the same courage and determination that marked his successes on the battlefield; Robert E. Lee, a brilliant general and a true gentleman, yet still a product of his time and place; and Abraham Lincoln, the leader and orator whose mythical figure still looms large over our cultural landscape. And McPherson discusses often-ignored issues such as the development of the Civil War into a modern “total war” against both soldiers and civilians, and the international impact of the American Civil War in advancing the cause of republicanism and democracy in countries from Brazil and Cuba to France and England. Of special interest is the final essay, entitled “What’s the Matter With History?”, a trenchant critique of the field of history today, which McPherson describes here as “more and more about less and less.” He writes that professional historians have abandoned narrative history written for the greater audience of educated general readers in favor of impenetrable tomes on minor historical details which serve only to edify other academics, thus leaving the historical education of the general public to films and television programs such as Glory and Ken Burns’s PBS documentary The Civil War. Each essay in Drawn With the Sword reveals McPherson’s own profound knowledge of the Civil War and of the controversies among historians, presenting all sides in clear and lucid prose and concluding with his own measured and eloquent opinions. Readers will rejoice that McPherson has once again proven by example that history can be both accurate and interesting, informative and well-written. Mark Twain wrote that the Civil War “wrought so profoundly upon the entire national character that the influence cannot be measured short of two or three generations.” In Drawn With the Sword, McPherson gracefully and brilliantly illuminates this momentous conflict.
Tom On The Cross
Authors: McPherson James M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“So You’Re The Little Woman Who Wrote The Book That made this great war,” said Abraham Lincoln to Harriet Beecher Stowe when they met at the White House in the fall of 1862. Lincoln’s remark was far from facetious. The extraordinary impact of Uncle Tom’s Cabin may have done more to arouse antislavery sentiments in the North and to provoke angry rebuttals in the South than any other event of the antebellum era—certainly more than any other literary event.
The War that Never Goes Away
Authors: McPherson James M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Americans Just Can’t Get Enough of The Civil War.” So says a man who should know, Terry Winschel, historian of the Vicksburg National Military Park. Millions of visitors come to Vicksburg and a score of other Civil War battlefield parks every year. More than forty thousand Civil War reenactors spend hundreds of dollars each on replica weapons, uniforms, and equipment; many of them travel thousands of miles to help restage Civil War battles. They constituted the thousands of extras in the movies Glory and Gettysburg.
From Limited to Total War 1861–1865
Authors: McPherson James M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Few Years After The Civil War, Mark Twain Described that great conflict as having “uprooted institutions that were centuries old, changed the politics of a people, transformed the social life of half the country, and wrought so profoundly upon the entire national character that the influence cannot be measured short of two or three generations.” This profound transformation was achieved at enormous cost in lives and property. Fully one-quarter of the white men of military age in the Confederacy lost their lives. And that terrible toll does not include an unknown number of civilian deaths in the South. Altogether nearly 4 percent of the Southern people, black and white, civilians and soldiers, died as a consequence of the war.
Why Did The Confederacy Lose?
Authors: McPherson James M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ever Since The Guns Ceased Firing In 1865, Efforts to Explain the causes of Confederate defeat have generated a great deal of controversy. The debate began with the publication in 1866 of The Lost Cause by Richmond journalist Edward Pollard, who blamed Jefferson Davis. Many books and articles since then have addressed the issue explicitly in their titles, as did the anthology of essays published in 1960, Why the North Won the Civil War, and the volume published in 1986 coauthored by four historians, Why the South Lost the Civil War.
How The Confederacy Almost Won
Authors: McPherson James M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many Americans Read Books or Watch Video Documentaries about the Civil War as part of their national history; people south of the Potomac and Ohio rivers still live the war. No Southerner can escape the legacy of the Civil War; few white Southerners have escaped its bewitching spell. “Like more than one present-day Southerner,” wrote the Tennessee-born novelist and literary historian John Bowers in the preface to his biography of Stonewall Jackson, “I fought [against] knowing more about the Civil War then I needed to know. It was too much around me. . . . It was a dark abyss you might fall into and never be heard from again.”
A New Birth of Freedom
Authors: McPherson James M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1984 I Lectured On Lincoln’s Birthday To The Lincoln Group of Delaware, one of many similar organizations dedicated to preserving the memory of our sixteenth president. I spoke about Lincol n’s leadership in the “Second American Revolution” that abolished slavery and overthrew the power of the planter class. After the talk I agreed to an interview with a Wilmington radio station. The first question the interviewer asked was: “If Lincoln were alive today, what would he do about abortion and the budget deficit?”
This question was my initial encounter with a phenomenon familiar to seasoned Lincoln scholars: the “What Would Lincoln Do” syndrome. I was tempted to answer, as did Senator George Norris when asked in the 1930s what Lincoln would do about the Depression, that “Lincoln would be just like me. He would n’t know what the hell to do.”
Cognition and Commibnent in Hume’s Philosophy
Authors: Garrett Don 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is widely believed that Hume often wrote carelessly and contradicted himself, and that no unified, sound philosophy emerges from his writings. Don Garrett demonstrates that such criticisms of Hume are without basis. Offering fresh and trenchant solutions to longstanding problems in Hume studies, Garrett's penetrating analysis also makes clear the continuing relevance of Hume's philosophy.