bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glass contamination in parenterally administered medication
Authors: Preston Stan T. , Hegadoren Kathleen 
Published: October 2004

Aim.  This paper reports a study examining glass particle contamination in two ampoule sizes under three different experimental conditions (n = 18 in each group).Background.  While existing literature is clear that glass contamination occurs on opening single‐dose glass ampoules, the clinical significance of intramuscular administration of glass particles is equivocal. Current nursing practice standards do not adequately address this issue in terms of aspiration or filtration techniques that can minimize risk to patients.Methods.  A computer microscope was used to compare the number and size of glass particles aspirated into a syringe between two needle sizes [18 gauge (G) (130 μm lumen diameter) and 21 gauge (90 μm lumen diameter)] without filters and 19G (110 μm lumen diameter) filtered needles. Data were collected in 2002.Results.  At least one glass particle was found in 22% of the 1‐mL ampoules, and 56% and 39% of the 2‐mL ampoules, using 18G and 21G needles, respectively, had glass contaminants. Many of the 2‐mL ampoules produced multiple glass particles on opening. Use of 19G filtered needles resulted in no glass particles. There was a significant difference in mean particle size between the 18G and 21G groups of 2‐mL ampoules.Conclusion.  Our results support the existing literature in that larger bore unfiltered needles increased the risk of aspirating more glass and other particles than smaller bore or filter needles. These data add further support to the use of filtered needles in administering IM medications to patients who receive ongoing scheduled IM injections.
An assessment form for clinical nursing education: a Delphi study
Authors: Löfmark Anna , Thorell‐Ekstrand Ingrid 
Published: October 2004

Aim.  This paper reports a study to develop further the existing assessment form and to capture new aspects of assessment for the nursing profession of the future for inclusion in the form.Background.  Since nursing education became part of the higher education system, the assessment of clinical periods of the programme has become more complicated and requirements are more demanding. Changes in the health care sector, such as demographic changes and shorter hospitalization, create demands upon the independent nursing role of the future. Many educational documents, such as an assessment form, must continuously be up‐dated and adapted to changes in society.Method.  A Delphi study concerning the content of this assessment form was carried out using two rounds. Through this process, an expert panel gave their opinions about the form and possible changes to it.Results.  There was general acceptance of the content in the current assessment form. Suggested changes were the addition of two factors concerning collaboration with the family and society, and development of the student's independence. Two new area headings were suggested: one about ability to use the nursing process, and the other about development of a professional stance.Conclusions.  The suggested changes in the assessment form match expected changes in the health care sector and the demands of an academic nursing education.
The potyvirus recessive resistance gene, sbm1, identifies a novel role for translation initiation factor eIF4E in cell‐to‐cell trafficking
Authors: Gao Zhihuan , Johansen Elisabeth , Eyers Samantha , Thomas Carole L. , Noel Ellis T. H. , Maule Andrew J. 
Published: October 2004

SummaryFrom the characterization of the recessive resistance gene, sbm1, in pea we have identified the eukaryotic translation initiation factor, eIF4E, as a susceptibility factor required for infection with the Potyvirus, Pea seed‐borne mosaic virus. A functional analysis of the mode of action of the product of the dominant allele revealed a novel function for eIF4E in its support for virus movement from cell‐to‐cell, in addition to its probable support for viral RNA translation, and hence replication. Different resistance specificities in two independent pea lines were explained by different mutations in eIF4E. On the modelled structure of eIF4E the coding changes were in both cases lying in and around the structural pocket involved in binding the 5′‐m7G cap of eukaryotic mRNAs. Protein expression and cap‐binding analysis showed that eIF4E encoded by a resistant plant could not bind to m7G‐Sepharose, a result which may point to functional redundancy between eIF4E and the paralogous eIF(iso)4E in resistant peas. These observations, together with related findings for other potyvirus recessive resistances, provide a more complete picture of the potyvirus life cycle.
Disruption and overexpression of auxin response factor 8 gene of Arabidopsis affect hypocotyl elongation and root growth habit, indicating its possible involvement in auxin homeostasis in light condition
Authors: Tian Chang‐en , Muto Hideki , Higuchi Kanako , Matamura Tomoyuki , Tatematsu Kiyoshi , Koshiba Tomokazu , Yamamoto Kotaro T. 
Published: October 2004

SummaryAuxin response factor (ARF) family genes play a central role in controlling sensitivity to the plant hormone auxin. We characterized the function of ARF8  in Arabidopsis by investigating a T‐DNA insertion line (arf8‐1) and overexpression lines (ARF8 OX) of ARF8. arf8‐1 showed a long‐hypocotyl phenotype in either white, blue, red or far‐red light conditions, in contrast to ARF8 OX that displayed short hypocotyls in the light. Stronger and weaker apical dominance, and promotion and inhibition of lateral root formation were observed in arf8‐1 and ARF8 OX respectively. Sensitivity to auxin was unaltered in arf8‐1 hypocotyls with respect to growth inhibition caused by exogenously applied auxin and growth promotion induced by higher temperatures. ARF8 expression was observed constitutively in shoot and root apexes, and was induced in the light condition in hypocotyls. Free IAA contents were approximately 30% reduced in light‐grown hypocotyls of ARF8 OX, but were similar between those of arf8‐1 and wild type. Expression of the three GH3 genes was reduced in arf8‐1 and increased in ARF8 OX, indicating that they are targets of ARF8 transcriptional control. Because the three GH3 proteins may be involved in the conjugation of IAA as suggested by Staswick et al. (2002), and because two of the three GH3 genes are auxin inducible, ARF8 may control the free IAA level in a negative feedback fashion by regulating GH3 gene expression. ARF family genes seem to control both auxin sensitivity and homeostasis in Arabidopsis.
Acne treated successfully with azithromycin
Authors: Kapadia Naseema , Talib Abu 
Published: October 2004

AbstractAim  To study the efficacy, safety, and compliance of 500 mg azithromycin thrice weekly for 12 weeks in acne vulgaris.Methods  An open‐label, noncomparative study was carried out for 12 weeks at the outpatient clinics of Aga Khan University Hospital, Abassi Shaheed Hospital, and Burhani Community Hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. Thirty‐five adolescent and postadolescent patients with moderate to severe papulopustular acne vulgaris were enrolled. All patients completed the study. Azithromycin, 500 mg orally thrice weekly for 12 weeks, was used. After the baseline visit, patients were scheduled to return at four‐weekly intervals for 12 weeks. Efficacy was gauged by the percentage clearance of papulopustular acne lesions. Safety assessments included the monitoring of adverse events, and compliance was checked at the four‐weekly regular visits up to 12 weeks.Results  Twenty‐nine patients (82.9%) showed remarkable improvement in the first 4 weeks with 60% reduction of their inflammatory papulopustular lesions. Maximum clearance (80%) was observed at 12 weeks. Residual postinflammatory pigmentation and pitted and linear scarring represented the aftermath of the relapsing pattern of acne. Six patients (17.1%) showed slow clearance with eruptions of new lesions. Adverse events, such as heartburn and nausea, were reported by four patients (11.4%). All patients completed the 12‐week study period.Conclusion  Azithromycin, 500 mg thrice weekly for 12 weeks, is a safe and effective treatment of acne vulgaris with excellent patient compliance.
Epidemiology of cutaneous tuberculosis in Japan: a retrospective study from 1906 to 2002
Authors: Hamada Manabu , Urabe Kazunori , Moroi Yoichi , Miyazaki Miho , Furue Masutaka 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBackground  Interest in tuberculosis has recently been revived, especially in association with the onset of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In Japan, the incidence of tuberculosis has declined since the 1950s, but has shown a tendency to increase in the past 10 years.Methods  To determine the patterns of prevalence of cutaneous tuberculosis in Japan, data for cutaneous tuberculosis cases recorded between 1906 and 2002 were obtained from the dermatologic clinic of Kyushu University Hospital. The population of tuberculosis‐infected patients was stratified into groups encompassing 10‐year periods. Each patient group was then classified as having true tuberculosis or tuberculid, as well as being classified by gender. The total number of patients with cutaneous tuberculosis analyzed was 1324.Results  The incidence of cutaneous tuberculosis, both true tuberculosis and tuberculid, decreased between 1906 and 1935, increased between 1936 and 1955, and decreased again from 1955. The incidence of true tuberculosis was higher than that of tuberculid between 1906 and 1925. The incidence rates of true tuberculosis and tuberculid were equal from 1926 to 1945, and since 1946 the incidence of tuberculid has been higher than that of true tuberculosis. The incidence of tuberculid decreased between 1986 and 1995, but showed a dramatic increase between 1996 and 2000. The frequency of cutaneous tuberculosis was highest in the 10–49 year age group before 1980, but since 1981 has been highest in groups over 40 years of age.Conclusions  The incidence of cutaneous tuberculosis in Japan is decreasing and shows a shift towards older generations. However, there is an increase in the incidence of tuberculid, especially in elderly female patients.
Verrucous hemangioma
Authors: Wang Gang , Li Chunying , Gao Tianwen 
Published: October 2004

A 13‐year‐old female presented complaining of swelling of the skin and purplish red papules and nodules on her left leg. These lesions had been present from early childhood and had slowly enlarged, increased in number, and become more verrucous. At the age of 8 years, one of the nodules had been excised by laser, but recurrence was noted within a few months. There was occasional pain and bleeding from the lesion. Physical examination revealed a group of several well‐circumscribed, hyperkeratotic, blue‐red, vascular plaques arranged linearly along the inside aspect of her left lower extremity, ranging in size from 0.5 to 4.0 cm in diameter (Fig. 1). Smaller, discrete satellite nodules with a similar appearance were noted in the vicinity.Blue‐red, hyperkeratotic vascular plaques arranged linearly along the left lower extremityimageHistopathologic examination showed hyperproliferation and hyperkeratosis of the epidermis. The superficial dermis showed multiple, thin‐walled, dilated blood‐filled spaces (Fig. 2). Similar spaces were present in the lower dermis and subcutaneous tissue. A diagnosis of verrucous hemangioma was made.Dermatohistopathology revealing hyperproliferation and hyperkeratosis of the epidermis, and multiple dilated blood‐filled spaces in the dermis and subcutaneous tissue (hematoxylin and eosin, ×20)image
Evaluation of CO2 laser efficacy in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis
Authors: Asilian A. , Sharif A. , Faghihi G. , Enshaeieh Sh. , Shariati F. , Siadat A. H. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBackground  Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a common disease in Iran, especially in the north‐east, central and southern parts of the country. Many treatments have been suggested for this disease but none is completely effective and without side‐effects such as pain, arthralgia and renal or cardiac complications. Lasers have been used for treatment of several skin diseases since 1970, and CO2 lasers are now being used for treatment of leishmaniasis. In this study, a CO2 laser (Sonic 500 machine) was used as a source of a continuous CO2 laser wave.Methods  A total of 123 patients (68 female and 55 male) with 183 lesions were treated with the CO2 laser. The maximum power was 100 W and the pulse width was 0.5–5 s. For the control group, 110 patients (with 250 lesions) were treated with glucantime 50 mg/kg/day for 15 days and, after 15 days of rest, this treatment was repeated (Glucantime Amps, 1.5 g in a 50‐mL solution, was used). For follow‐up, the patients were visited 1, 3, 4, 8, 12 and 24 weeks after treatment and any complications, recurrences or other wound characteristics were recorded. In the second group, Finally, all collected data were analyzed statistically.Results  Statistical analysis with the χ2 test showed that treatment with the CO2 laser was more effective than treatment with glucantime (P = 0.0007). Complications were also seen less often with the laser treatment than with glucantime and were limited to the ulcer site. The CO2 laser was more effective in treating cutaneous leishmaniasis than glucantime (1.12 times), had fewer side‐effects (4.5% vs. 24%) and resulted in a shorter healing time (1 month vs. 3 months), and treatment could be applied in a single session.Conclusions  The results of this and previous studies suggest that cutaneous leishmaniasis can be treated effectively with CO2 laser if those providing the treatment are sufficiently experienced. Laser treatment is more cost‐effective than other treatments and can be used as first‐line therapy for cutaneous leishmaniasis (wet and dry types).
Parvovirus B19 infections
Authors: Vafaie Janet , Schwartz Robert A. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractParvovirus B19 infections cause a wide range of clinical findings, including erythema infectiosum, “glove‐and‐socks” syndrome, arthropathies, red cell aplasia, and intrauterine infections. The condition can be diagnosed serologically. The prognosis is excellent in healthy, immunocompetent individuals.
Ecological risk assessment of transgenic pasture plants: a community gradient modelling approach
Authors: Godfree Robert C. , Young Andrew G. , Mark Lonsdale W. , Woods Matthew J. , Burdon Jeremy J. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe extension of transgene technology to pasture species presents new challenges for ecological risk assessment because, unlike most crops, pasture plants are well adapted for persistence in mixed plant communities and are an important source of invasive species worldwide. Despite this, the impact of transgenic pasture plants on native ecosystems remains relatively unstudied. Here we use a community gradient modelling approach to investigate the performance of subterranean clover containing a nutrition‐enhancing transgene over a range of ecologically important grassland communities at a study site in south‐eastern Australia. Our data, which were collected over a full annual growing season, show that the transgenic clover line has different seedling survival and seed dormancy breakdown rates than the commercial non‐transgenic line, which suggests that transgenic populations will decline faster than non‐transgenic ones in perennial native grassland communities but could, under optimal climatic conditions, have potentially higher growth rates in grazed annual grasslands. These results demonstrate that changes to ecologically important demographic parameters can occur in plants containing transgenes that are not typically considered fitness enhancing, and that genotype by environment interactions and management regimes that impact on these parameters may influence the invasiveness of transgenic plants. Our study also demonstrates the utility of incorporating plant community gradient modelling into ecological risk assessment protocols designed for transgenic pasture plants.
Greenhouse gas buildup, sardines, submarine eruptions and the possibility of abrupt degradation of intense marine upwelling ecosystems
Authors: Bakun Andrew , Weeks Scarla J. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractWidespread hypoxia and massive eruptions of noxious, radiatively active gases currently characterize the world's strongest eastern ocean upwelling zone. Theory, modelling results and observations suggest that the world's coastal upwelling zones will undergo progressive intensification in response to greenhouse gas buildup. This presents the prospect of progressive development of similarly degraded marine ecosystems in additional regions and of a contributing feedback loop involving associated additions to the global buildup rate of greenhouse gases, resulting further increases in upwelling intensity, creation of additional sources of greenhouse gas emissions, and so on. Abundant sardine stocks might be a mitigating factor opposing the process.
Stoichiometric relations in an ant‐treehopper mutualism
Authors: Kay Adam D. , Scott Sara E. , Schade John D. , Hobbie Sarah E. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractCarbon : nitrogen : phosphorus (C : N : P) stoichiometry can underlie physiological and life history characteristics that shape ecological interactions. Despite its potential importance, there is much to learn about the causes and consequences of stoichiometric variation in terrestrial consumers. Here we show that treehoppers (Publilia modesta) tended by ants (Formica obscuripes) contained lower N concentrations than treehoppers on plants from which ants were excluded. Ant presence also affected nutrient concentrations in host plants: on plants with ants, leaves contained uniformly low concentrations of N; on plants without ants, N concentrations were low only in the few leaves fed upon by treehoppers at the time of collection. We suggest treehopper feeding reduces leaf nutrient levels and ants positively affect treehopper abundance, producing a top–down effect on plant quality. Determining the causes of these stoichiometric changes should help elucidate factors guiding the dynamics of conditional mutualisms between ants and homopterans.
Parasites mediate the relationship between host diversity and disturbance frequency
Authors: Morgan Andrew D. , Buckling Angus 
Published: October 2004

AbstractPatterns of community and population diversity are likely to be dependent on interactions between ecological variables. Here we address how two important ecological variables – extrinsic periodic mortality events (disturbances) and the presence of obligate‐killing parasites – interact to affect the diversity of niche‐specialist genotypes in laboratory populations of the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens. Consistent with previous studies, diversity was maximized at intermediate frequencies of disturbance in the absence of parasitic bacteriophages (phages). By contrast, no relationship was found between diversity and disturbance frequency in the presence of phage. The results can be explained in part by differential effects of phage on bacterial densities, and hence resource competition, under different disturbance regimes.
Is maximizing protection the same as minimizing loss? Efficiency and retention as alternative measures of the effectiveness of proposed reserves
Authors: Pressey Robert L. , Watts Matthew E. , Barrett Thomas W. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractWe used two measures to compare the effectiveness of 52 conservation criteria in achieving conservation targets for forest types. The first measure was efficiency. Although widely used, efficiency assumes no loss or reduction of biodiversity features before conservation is implemented. This is invalid in many situations. Often, it is more realistic to assume gradual implementation accompanied by incremental, predictable reduction and loss of biodiversity features. We simulated future landscapes resulting from the annual interplay of loss and conservation of forest types. We then based our second measure, retention, on how well criteria scheduled conservation action to prevent targets being compromised. The simulations partly support predictions about the best criteria for scheduling implementation with continuing biodiversity loss. Retention was weakly related or unrelated to efficiency across 52 criteria. Although retention values were sensitive to changes in targets and rates of conservation and forest loss, one criterion consistently produced highest retention values.
What are the Links Between Theory of Mind and Social Relations? Review, Reflections and New Directions for Studies of Typical and Atypical Development
Authors: Hughes Claire , Leekam Sue 
Published: October 2004

AbstractTwenty years after research on children's ‘theory of mind’ began, this field continues to be a leading influence in the study of developmental psychology and psychopathology. In this review we examine the contribution of research on children's theories of mind to our understanding of children's developing social relationships. Evidence shows that for both typical and atypical populations this relationship is neither uniform nor unidirectional. Theory‐of‐mind skills are multifaceted and the nature of the developmental relationship between different aspects is not yet known, and there is evidence that theory‐of‐mind skills both transform and are transformed by interpersonal and family relationships and by language communities. To understand the multifaceted and complex nature of development in this area, we need clearer definitions of the skills under investigation, as well as research designs that capture the transactional nature of the relationship between theory of mind and social relations. Addressing these issues should help to clarify (i) the processes by which children's developing understanding of others is influenced by the social environment, and (ii) issues concerning the specificity of theory‐of‐mind impairments in atypical populations and the processes by which these impairments develop.
ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF THE POSTED WORKERS DIRECTIVE
Authors: Meier Volker 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTThe consequences of an increase in the minimum wage for foreign workers in the construction sector, implied by the EU Posted Workers Directive, are analyzed. Due to the rising price of construction services, the factor demand for both construction services and capital in the tradeable good sector falls, and the wage rate in this sector declines. While the share of domestic workers increases with respect to both foreign workers and capital in the construction sector, this need not suffice to reduce unemployment. A possible higher level of employment of natives is not sufficient to raise natives’ welfare.
Social Services and CAMHS: A National Survey
Authors: Kerfoot Michael , Panayiotopoulos Christos , Harrington Richard 
Published: October 2004

Background:  Links between Social Service Departments (SSDs) and CAMHS are explored and described through a national survey and a number of site visits.Method:  Data were collected via (1) a national questionnaire survey yielding a response rate of 75%, and (2) pre‐selected site visits to seven SSDs.Results:  Additional to existing CAMHS assessment and treatment provision to SSDs, there is increasing outreach consultation and support, some provided through primary mental health workers and dedicated clinical psychology sessions. Some SSDs have developed innovative in‐house provision for Tier 2 type referrals.Conclusions:  Outreach and core CAMHS provision to SSDs need equal investment and development.