bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE PROTEINS IN UNHEATED CULTURE FILTRATES OF HUMAN TUBERCLE BACILLI
Authors: McCarter Janet R. , Bevilacqua Ellen B. 
Published: June 2004

1. Only two serologically different proteins were found in the unheated culture filtrates of both virulent and slightly virulent tubercle bacilli. One of them was the protein which had a sedimentation constant of 3.4 S, and the other was in filtrate fractions with a constant of 2 S.
2. That these proteins were distinct was demonstrated by three methods: quantitative precipitin and precipitin absorption tests with rabbit antisera, skin tests in guinea pigs actively sensitized with the culture filtrate fractions, and skin tests in passively sensitized guinea pigs.
3. A third antigen of unknown nature was found by means of the precipitin tests, but only in certain fractions from the virulent culture filtrate.
4. The protein with the constant of 3.4 S could not be demonstrated serologically in an O.T. made from the same culture filtrate as the unheated preparation from the virulent organism.
IMMUNOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON BLOOD GROUPS
Authors: Kabat Elvin A. , Bendich Aaron , Bezer Ada E. , Knaub Vesta 
Published: June 2004

Purified blood group A, B, and O substances from hog and human sources precipitate with Type XIV antipneumococcal horse serum and provide an explanation for the observation that Type XIV antibody agglutinates human erythrocytes of all four major blood groups.
Individual preparations of A substance or O substance from either species vary in their capacity to precipitate Type XIV antibody although the hog A substances did not differ in potency toward anti-A. Similarly, no correlation between A activity and reactivity with Type XIV antibody could be found among the human A substances.
THE NATURE OF THE VIRUS RECEPTORS OF RED CELLS
Authors: Hirst George K. 
Published: June 2004

Evidence has been offered that influenza virus which has been heated at 56°C. for 30 or more minutes loses some of its capacity to agglutinate red cells and may completely lose its power to elute from cells on which it has been adsorbed. Such heat-inactivated virus does not possess the capacity to destroy the virus inhibitor in normal rabbit serum and this appears to be the explanation of the higher agglutinin inhibitory levels obtained with serum and heated virus as compared with serum and untreated virus.
The heat-inactivated virus can be used to measure the inhibitor substance in normal rabbit serum. By two different methods it has been demonstrated that the inhibitor is destroyed in the presence of unheated influenza virus, as measured by inhibition titrations with virus inactivated at 56°C. The destruction of inhibitor by virus of either type A or B can be measured by virus of either type with similar results.
TUBERCULOSIS OF RABBITS INDUCED BY DROPLET NUCLEI INFECTION
Authors: Ratcliffe H. L. , Wells W. F. 
Published: June 2004

Rabbits were caused to inhale known numbers of virulent bovine tubercle bacilli as separated cells in droplet nuclei.
For approximately 5 weeks after infection the growth of the bacilli and the response of rabbits to their growth was homogeneous; i.e., all reacted in the same way and to the same degree.
After 6 weeks individual differences in the rate of progress of the initial tubercles and of the infection as a whole became evident. These variations in the response seemed to be influenced by the number of initial tubercles and by the number of bacilli found in the lesions.
It is concluded that, as evidenced by the homogeneous phase of infection, rabbits do not differ in their resistance to initial growth of bovine tubercle bacilli. However, the later, heterogeneous pattern of response suggests that these animals vary widely in their capacity to acquire resistance.
TUBERCULOSIS OF RABBITS INDUCED BY DROPLET NUCLEI INFECTION
Authors: Ratcliffe H. L. , Wells W. F. 
Published: June 2004

At intervals from 2 to 11 weeks after normal rabbits had inhaled small numbers of virulent bovine tubercle bacilli as separated cells in droplet nuclei, groups of these animals received a single exposure to reinfection during which each animal inhaled about 20,000 separated bacilli.
Normal control rabbits which inhaled this large number of bacilli died within 4 weeks thereafter. Their deaths were attributed to destruction of the lungs by developing initial tubercles.
Eleven of 12 rabbits which were reinfected within 4 weeks after initial infection seemed to respond as normal animals. Their lungs were largely replaced by developing reinfection tubercles when they died or were killed within 32 days after reinfection.
The inflammatory response of the reinfection tubercles was not consistently different from that of initial tubercles, although reinfection tubercles contained fewer bacilli than initial lesions of the same age.
Within 5 weeks after initial infection rabbits apparently had developed immunity to reinfection with virulent bovine tubercle bacilli inhaled as separated cells in droplet nuclei. In some of them, however, exposure to massive inhaled reinfection seemed to stimulate the progress of initial infection.
It is suggested that in rabbits the development of resistance to tubercle bacilli does not bear a linear relationship to time, but progresses in steps and within 5 weeks after small initial infection by inhalation is adequate to prevent the growth of separated bacilli when these are deposited upon alveolar walls.
It is suggested also that the basic effect of acquired resistance of rabbits to tubercle bacilli is inhibition of multiplication of the bacilli.
IMMUNOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON BLOOD GROUPS
Authors: Kabat Elvin A. , Baer Harold , Bezer Ada E. , Knaub Vesta 
Published: June 2004

1. The effect of heating at varying pH on the cross-reactivity of hog blood group A and 0 substances with Type XIV antibody has been investigated. The hydrolysis of blood group A, B, and O substances from hog and human sources at pH 1.5–1.8 resulted in destruction of blood group activity and a marked increase in cross-reactivity with Type XIV antipneumococcus horse serum.
2. Analysis revealed the liberation of reducing sugar, most of which was dialyzable. It was further shown that the major part of the reducing sugar was fucose with small amounts of free and polymerized galactose and glucosamine. Non-glucosamine nitrogen, probably amino acids, also was found in the dialysate.
3. Paper chromatographic separation of the concentrated dialysate confirmed the presence of fucose and showed that the majority of the galactose and glucosamine occurred in polymeric form.
4. Quantitative analysis of the substances isolated from the paper showed good recovery of the various components, indicating that practically all of the material in the dialysate could be accounted for.
5. The methylpentose of human blood group A substance was identified as fucose.
6. The structure of the blood group substances is interpreted in terms of these results.
THE EFFECT OF WETTING AGENTS ON THE GROWTH OF TUBERCLE BACILLI
Authors: Dubos René J. , Middlebrook Gardner 
Published: June 2004

Tween 80 and Triton A20 are two water-dispersible, non-ionic, surface-active agents which favor dispersed growth of tubercle bacilli in aqueous media probably by wetting the bacterial surface.
Tween 80 is a polyoxyethylene ester of sorbitan monooleate and is liable to enzymatic hydrolysis by lipases. Triton A20 in an arylalkyl polyether of phenol which appears resistant to the known enzymes of animal tissues.
Tween 80 loses its ability to disperse cultures of tubercle bacilli in media containing serum; Triton A20 does not.
Tween 80 increases the yield of growth, probably by supplying oleic acid to the bacilli; Triton A20 does not.
In concentrations sufficient to cause dispersed browth, Tween 80 (purified by removal of unesterified fatty acid) and Triton A20 are completely innocuous for virulent tubercle bacilli. However, Triton A20 exhibits a marked toxic effect on the avirulent variants of mammalian strains; Tween 80 does not.
The two wetting agents also differ in their effects on the morphological aspects of the bacterial cultures. Whereas Triton A20 prevents the formation of large amorphous bacillary clumps, it is less effective in preventing the orientation of the virulent bacilli resulting in the formation of long bacillary strands. Tween 80 on the contrary prevents also the formation of these cords of bacilli and exerts therefore a more effective dispersing effect on cultures of virulent tubercle bacilli.
THE EFFECT OF NUCLEIC ACIDS AND OF CARBOHYDRATES ON THE FORMATION OF STREPTOLYSIN
Authors: Bernheimer Alan W. , Rodbart Marcelle 
Published: June 2004

1. Ribonucleic acid of yeast causes the formation of a potent hemolysin in broth cultures of Streptococcus pyogenes.
2. The hemolysin whose formation is induced by yeast ribonucleic acid appears to be identical with streptolysin S.
3. Desoxyribonucleic acid, products of acid or alkaline hydrolysis of ribonucleic acid, or many other substances tested, fail to produce a similar effect.
4. Digestion by ribonuclease increases markedly the streptolysin-inducing activity of certain preparations of ribonucleic acid.
5. A fraction (AF) of yeast nucleic acid has been isolated which possesses approximately 100 times the streptolysin-inducing capacity of the starting material. Some of the properties which distinguish AF, a polynucleotide, from ordinary yeast nucleic acid are described. AF is associated with the ribonuclease-resistant fraction of yeast nucleic acid.
6. Ribonucleic acid prepared from streptococci, wheat germ, and mammalian liver, and subsequently treated with ribonuclease, is about as active in causing streptolysin formation as ribonuclease-treated yeast nucleic acid.
7. Ribonucleic acid of tobacco mosaic virus, tested under comparable conditions, was found to be inactive.
8. Ribonucleic acid prepared from streptococci, wheat germ, and tobacco mosaic virus resembles yeast nucleic acid in possessing a ribonuclease-resistant fraction.
9. In addition to AF, a factor (or factors), present in meat infusion and in peptone, was found to be required for the formation of streptolysin.
10. The factor can be partially replaced by any one of several carbohydrates, the most active being maltose, glucosamine, and trehalose, in that order.
11. When appropriate concentrations of AF, maltose, and glucose are used, the nucleic acid-induced streptolysin can be produced in a medium whose chemical composition is essentially defined.
STUDIES ON NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS
Authors: Bang F. B. 
Published: June 2004

The application of the 50 per cent embryo mortality to a study of the virus of Newcastle is described. It has been evaluated by a series of duplicate titrations of the same sample of virus. In seven such titrations the largest difference between the two was 10–0.4. It is therefore believed that a difference of 0.6 log is probably significant and of 1.0 log almost certainly significant. This would mean that we can almost certainly detect a loss of 90 per cent of activity.
Neither temperature of incubation nor route of inoculation in the test embryos had consistent effect on the measurement of virus activity. The effect of increasing age of the incubated embryo, from 10 days up to 16 days, is slight and inconsistent. The addition of chicken red blood cells to a dilution of virus may lower the titer of the preparation, but the change is not sufficient to be of importance in the routine handling of the virus.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE FEVER CAUSED BY BACTERIAL PYROGENS
Authors: Bennett Ivan L. 
Published: June 2004

The relationship between the fever of acute infection and that following injection of bacterial pyrogen was studied by administering pyrogens to animals convalescent from acute infections.
Rabbits surviving dermal pneumococcal infections or peritonitis due to Escherichia coli were given intravenous injections of typhoid or E. coli vaccine. They showed no evidence of tolerance to the fever-promoting effect of these pyrogenic materials.
Tolerance did develop in infected animals given daily pyrogen injections during the course of the infection.
Certain previous observations upon the ability of rabbits to develop tolerance to pyrogens, the broad nature of the tolerance, and its duration were confirmed.
It is concluded that the pyrogen produced by certain bacteria plays little or no rôle in the production of the fever of infection.
These findings are compatible with the hypothesis that there is a common factor, perhaps a product of cell injury, underlying the fever accompanying diseases of various types.
LEPTOSPIROSIS IN CATTLE
Authors: Baker James A. , Little Ralph B. 
Published: June 2004

From abnormal milk of cows an agent has been transmitted to guinea pigs, rabbits, mice, and embryonated eggs. This agent caused a febrile reaction in guinea pigs and rabbits and an inapparent infection in mice. In early passages embryonated eggs were unaffected but later death of embryos occurred 7 days after inoculation. When blood from infected guinea pigs or chorioallantoic fluid from infected eggs was inoculated subcutaneously or intranasally into young calves, fever with albuminuria and more rarely hemoglobinuria was produced, in lactating cows the infection resembled that seen in animals with natural disease. Pen contact of normal cows and calves with infected calves resulted in inapparent infection. Autopsies showed that in addition to causing altered milk secretion, the agent damaged the kidneys and produced an interstitial nephritis. The agent was recovered from blood and milk during the febrile period and was demonstrated in the urine for periods long afterwards. Antibodies for the spirochete were found in the sera of experimental animals and of cows recovered from the natural disease.
The blood of infected guinea pigs, the chorioallantoic fluid from infected eggs, and the blood or urine from experimentally infected calves yielded a culture of a spirochete which appeared identical with the infective agent in comparative tests of physical, pathogenic, and immunological properties.
EPIDEMIC DIARRHEAL DISEASE OF SUCKLING MICE
Authors: Pappenheimer Alwin M. , Cheever F. Sargent 
Published: June 2004

1. Cytoplasmic inclusions were found in the epithelial cells of the small intestine in a major proportion of suckling mice suffering from the spontaneous or experimentally produced diarrheal disease now prevalent in this laboratory.
2. They were not found in healthy stock mice of corresponding age.
3. Feeding of intestinal extract from healthy mice did not produce diarrhea or inclusions.
4. Feeding of boiled extract from diarrheal mice did not lead to the formation of cytoplasmic inclusions, when precautions were taken to prevent accidental infection.
5. The inclusions were regularly present only in the first few days of the disease. The inclusion-bearing cells desquamated. There was no inflammatory reaction.
6. Attention is called to the frequent presence of large numbers of Gram-positive coccoid bodies in the intestinal contents of suckling mice with diarrhea.
THE INFLUENCE OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY ON THE INFECTIVITY OF AIR-BORNE INFLUENZA A VIRUS (PR8 STRAIN)
Authors: Lester William 
Published: June 2004

White mice were exposed to atmospheres containing known amounts of atomized influenza A virus (PR8 strain) of constant potency under conditions of varying humidity. It was found that an amount of atomized virus suspension which produced a 100 per cent mortality rate in animals exposed at 30 and 80 per cent relative humidity, respectively, resulted in the death of only 22.5 per cent of mice at a humidity of 50 per cent. The humidities between these values gave intermediate results.
The infectivity of the air-borne virus decreased so rapidly at a humidity of 50 per cent that it was impossible to secure a 100 per cent mortality rate in the exposed mice even by greatly increasing the dose of virus atomized.
The use of a dialyzed virus suspension at a humidity of 50 per cent resulted in the death of all exposed mice. This suggested that the deleterious influence of humidity was related to the presence of sodium chloride in the atomized suspension.
These findings with influenza virus closely resembled those obtained by Dunklin and Puck with pneumococci, streptococci, and staphylococci which would suggest that the factor responsible for the lethal effect of humidity is common to moist particles containing either the above-mentioned bacteria or influenza A virus.
THE HUMAN ANTIBODY RESPONSE TO SIMULTANEOUS INJECTION OF SIX SPECIFIC POLYSACCHARIDES OF PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , MacLeod Colin M. , Di Lapi Marie M. 
Published: June 2004

A new experimental procedure for the production of arteriosclerosis in the bird is described. The subcutaneous implantation of diethylstilbestrol by means of which a sustained increase in the concentration of cholesterol, phospholipid, and neutral fat can be readily established, is shown to induce atherosclerosis of the aorta.
The atherosclerosis has been compared with that artificially induced in the bird by the prolonged feeding of cholesterol and also with that occurring spontaneously. The stilbestrol-induced lesion more closely resembled the spontaneously occurring one in the bird than did that produced by cholesterol feeding. But all 3 lesions were fundamentally similar, differing only in the amounts and proportions of the various lipid constituents present.
The concentrations of cholesterol in plasma of the stilbestrol-treated and cholesterol-fed birds were of the same order. Yet cholesterol constituted a greater proportion of the lipids deposited in the arterial wall of the cholesterol-fed than in that of the stilbestrol-treated birds. This finding suggests that the cholesterol content of the vascular lesion depends not only on the absolute concentration of cholesterol in plasma, but also on the proportion of cholesterol to other lipid constituents in plasma.
STUDIES ON A PROTEOLYTIC ENZYME IN HUMAN PLASMA
Authors: Ratnoff Oscar D. 
Published: June 2004

Methods are described for the assay of chloroform-activated and fibrinolysin-activated plasma proteolytic enzyme, and for the determination of the inhibitory activity of plasma or other substances against chloroform-activated enzyme.
The inhibitory activities of plasma, serum, and crude plasma albumin against chloroform-activated plasma proteolytic enzyme were proportional to the logarithm of the concentration of the inhibitory substance tested. This suggests that enzyme and inhibitor react in accordance with the law of mass action.
The rate of fibrinolysis of recalcified plasma clots could not be related to the total proteolytic activity available in the plasma, nor to the inhibitory activity of fresh plasma or serum against plasma proteolytic enzyme.
During the incubation of a recalcified plasma clot at 37°C., the inhibitory activity of its serum against plasma proteolytic enzyme decreased until a minimal stationary level was reached. The clot lysis time could be correlated directly with the time which elapsed until this minimal level was reached.
CELL BLOCKADE IN NEWCASTLE DISEASE OF CHICKENS AND CHICKEN EMBRYOS
Authors: Bang F. B. 
Published: June 2004

The problem of cell blockade or interference has been studied using Newcastle disease of chickens as a model. Embryos may be protected against the uniformly lethal effect of the virus by previous inoculation with ultraviolet-irradiated virus. It was necessary to use 0.5 to 1 mg. of partially purified washed virus in order to demonstrate this effect. Blockade by inactive virus in the embryo was not complete, since it could be overcome by inoculating increasing amounts of active virus or by injecting the active virus into the allantoic sac instead of placing it on the membrane. The lethal effects of small doses of Newcastle virus could also be blocked by previous infection of the embryo with either swine influenza virus or human influenza A. Again this blockade may be overcome by using larger doses of active Newcastle virus.
Simultaneous injection of chickens with viruses of equine encephalomyelitis and a virulent strain of Newcastle disease virus merely delayed the incubation period of the Newcastle virus a day or so. Simultaneous inoculation of chickens with virulent and avirulent Newcastle strains caused complete blocking of the virulent strain. This blocking or interfering effect of the avirulent strain could be demonstrated 1 or 2 days after the inoculation of the virulent strain but was not effective after symptoms of the virulent disease had set in.
THE EFFECT OF DIET ON THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE MOUSE TO PNEUMONIA VIRUS OF MICE (PVM)
Authors: Leftwich William B. , Mirick George S. ,   With the Technical Assistance of Miss Elizabeth I. Corddry
Published: June 2004

Young mice fed diets deficient in pyridoxine or fed desoxypyridoxine after the inoculation of the pneumonia virus of mice were more resistant to infection than well nourished controls.
The susceptibility of young mice to PVM increased with the duration of pyridoxine administration after inoculation.
Dietary protein restriction when pyridoxine was provided did not affect the susceptibility of mice to PVM.
The PVM-combining capacity of mouse lung and the titer of humoral antibody against PVM were the same in mice fed a complete or pyridoxine-deficient diet for 6 days.
The amount of PVM in mouse lungs 6 days after inoculation was greater by both infectivity and hemagglutination titrations in mice fed pyridoxine than in pyridoxine-deficient controls. This suggests that pyridoxine was essential during the postinoculation period for optimal virus multiplication.
THE MOVEMENT OF WATER IN TUMOR TISSUE REMOVED FROM THE BODY
Authors: Opie Eugene L. 
Published: June 2004

When immersed in water cells of hepatomas produced by p-dimethyl-aminoazobenzene (butter yellow) take in less water than liver cells from which they are derived and more rapidly undergo disintegration; cholangiomas produced by butter yellow undergo similar changes.
As a result of the injury of the tumor cells by water the osmotic exchange, characteristic of the normal liver cells under the same conditions, is impaired within the initial half hour of immersion.
Solutions of sodium chloride isotonic for hepatoma tissue have a concentration approximating 0.16 molar and for cholangioma, 0.2 molar, whereas solutions isotonic for normal liver tissue approximate 0.34 molar.
Water exchange of hepatoma and of cholangioma tissue in solutions of sodium chloride of various concentrations deviates from a proportional relation to the concentration more than does normal liver tissue under the same conditions.
Water exchange of sarcoma of the subcutaneous tissue produced by benzpyrene when immersed in water resembles that of interstitial fibrous tissue of normal animals, but by the procedures that have been used water exchange of the tumor cells alone has not been measurable. Microscopic examination indicates that the sarcoma cells are as susceptible to injury as those of the other tumors that have been examined.
Intake of water by adenofibromas of the subcutaneous tissue is apparently dominated by changes in the dense stroma of the tumor and has the anomalous character of intake bycompact fibrous tissue of the corium of the skin and of the wall of the aorta.