bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chronic activity of ectopic type 1 fibroblast growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase in prostate epithelium results in hyperplasia accompanied by intraepithelial neoplasia
Authors: Wang Fen , McKeehan Kerstin , Yu Chundong , Ittmann Michael , McKeehan Wallace L. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractBACKGROUNDEctopic expression of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) tyrosine kinase in epithelial cells is associated with progression of prostate cancer. Ectopic expression by transfection of FGFR1 in premalignant epithelial cells from nonmalignant Dunning tumors accelerated time‐dependent progression of epithelial cells to malignancy. This study was designed to test the effect of chronic androgen‐dependent ectopic activity of FGFR1 in the normal adult mouse epithelium by gene targeting.MATERIALS AND METHODSConstitutively active FGFR1 (caFGFR1) was targeted to prostate epithelial cells using the androgen‐dependent probasin (PB) promoter. Prostate tissues of three strains were characterized over a period of 2 years by HE staining, immunohistochemical analyses for cytokeratin and α‐actin, and rate of androgen‐induced regeneration after castration.RESULTSRelative to wildtype littermates, transgenic mice showed increased overall size, hyperplasia in epithelial, and, to a lesser extent, stromal compartments and nuclear atypia in epithelial cells of the prostate with increasing age. Androgen‐induced regeneration after castration was enhanced at day 3 by two‐fold in mice expressing ectopic caFGFR1.CONCLUSIONSThe ectopic presence and chronic activation of FGFR1 in mouse prostate epithelial cells induces progressive prostate intraepithelial neoplasia. These results confirm results suggested by the transplantable Dunning tumor and cell culture models that, in contrast to homeostasis‐promoting resident FGFR2, chronic ectopic FGFR1 kinase activity in the epithelium disrupts homeostasis between stroma and epithelium. Although insufficient alone, it may cooperate with other oncogenic changes to promote epithelial cells down the path to malignancy. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neutralizing VEGF bioactivity with a soluble chimeric VEGF‐receptor protein flt(1‐3)IgG inhibits testosterone‐stimulated prostate growth in castrated mice
Authors: Lissbrant Ingela Franck , Hammarsten Peter , Lissbrant Erik , Ferrara Napoleone , Rudolfsson Stina Häggström , Bergh Anders 
Published: December 2003

AbstractBACKGROUNDRecent studies show that testosterone‐stimulated growth of the glandular tissue in the ventral prostate in adult castrated rats is preceded by increased epithelial VEGF synthesis, endothelial cell proliferation, vascular growth, and increased blood flow. These observations suggest that testosterone‐stimulated prostate growth could be angiogenesis dependent, and that VEGF could play a central role in this process.METHODSAdult male mice were castrated and after 1 week treated with testosterone and vehicle, or with testosterone and a soluble chimeric VEGF‐receptor flt(1‐3)IgG protein.RESULTSTreatment with testosterone markedly increased endothelial cell proliferation, vascular volume, and organ weight in the ventral prostate lobe in the vehicle groups, but these responses were inhibited but not fully prevented by anti‐VEGF treatment. The testosterone‐stimulated increase in epithelial cell proliferation was unaffected by flt(1‐3)IgG, but endothelial and epithelial cell apoptosis were increased in the anti‐VEGF compared to the vehicle‐treated groups.CONCLUSIONSThis study suggests that testosterone stimulates vascular growth in the ventral prostate lobe indirectly by increasing epithelial VEGF synthesis and that this is a necessary component in testosterone‐stimulated prostate growth. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Messenger RNA levels and enzyme activities of 5 alpha‐reductase types 1 and 2 in human benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) tissue
Authors: Shirakawa Toshiro , Okada Hiroshi , Acharya Bishnu , Zhang Zhujun , Hinata Nobuyuki , Wada Yoshitaka , Uji Tatsuya , Kamidono Sadao , Gotoh Akinobu 
Published: December 2003

AbstractBACKGROUNDBenign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) development requires testicular androgens and aging. The principle prostatic androgen is dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Testosterone is converted to DHT by the enzyme 5 alpha‐reductase. Two distinct 5 alpha‐reductase enzymes, types 1 and 2, have been identified. While some studies have suggested that type 2 isoenzyme predominates in the prostate, studies on the prostatic localization of the two isoenzymes are controversial. The purpose of this study was to determine the quantitative expressions of 5 alpha‐reductase types 1 and 2 in BPH tissues.METHODSWe examined the localizations of types 1 and 2 isoenzymes in BPH tissues using immunohistochemical staining and a real‐time quantitative RT‐PCR assay using the TaqMan system. We measured the enzyme activities of types 1 and 2 at pH values of 7.5 and 5.0, respectively.RESULTSOur immunohistochemical study showed that type 1 isoenzyme was expressed predominantly in epithelial cells, whereas type 2 isoenzyme was expressed in both stromal and epithelial cells. The real‐time RT‐PCR assay demonstrated that the copy numbers of type 1 isoenzyme mRNA were significantly higher than those of type 2 isoenzyme mRNA. There were significant associations between enzyme activity at pH 7.5 and type 1 isoenzyme mRNA expression, and between the activity at pH 5.0 and type 2 mRNA expressions.CONCLUSIONSWe demonstrated that 5 alpha‐reductase type 1 had a specific enzyme activity in the prostate, which supports the hypothesis that the type 1 isoenzyme may play a significant role in maintaining prostate enlargement along with the type 2 isoenzyme. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of a transplantable hormone‐responsive human prostatic cancer xenograft TEN12 and its androgen‐resistant sublines
Authors: Harper Maureen E. , Goddard Lindy , Smith Christopher , Nicholson Robert I. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractBACKGROUNDModels for human prostate cancer can facilitate the study of resistance to endocrine therapy, aid drug discovery, and pre‐clinical assessment.METHODSCharacteristics thought relevant to the growth in athymic nude mice of TEN12, an androgen‐dependent transplantable prostatic cell line derived from a primary prostate carcinoma, and its two androgen‐independent sublines, TEN12F and TEN12C, have been assessed immunocytochemically.RESULTSThe xenografts of the parental TEN12 line are moderately differentiated with both papillary and glandular regions, pleomorphic nuclei and abundant mitotic figures and are extremely vascular. The cells express androgen receptor (AR), PSA, VEGF, EGFR, c‐erbB2, and TGFα. Both TEN12F and TEN12C xenografts possessed a more anaplastic morphology and displayed significantly lower growth rates, reduced blood vessel density (BVD), decreased MIB‐1 antigen and E‐cadherin expression and increased cytoplasmic AR and HSP90 staining. Elevated EGFR (membrane) but not c‐erbB2 expression was demonstrated in the TEN12F line only. Castration of mice bearing TEN12 xenografts rapidly induced the appearance of cytoplasmic AR in the cells, PSA levels decreased initially but recovered to below pre‐castration levels whilst reduced TGFα and loss of VEGF expression was seen in the long‐term castrates.CONCLUSIONSTEN12 and its sublines offer additional in vivo models to study the factors involved in the progression of prostatic cancer to androgen‐independence. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of a short CAG (glutamine) repeat on human androgen receptor function
Authors: Ding Dacheng , Xu Lihua , Menon Mani , Reddy G. Prem Veer , Barrack Evelyn R. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe human androgen receptor (AR) gene contains an uninterrupted CAG repeat that is polymorphic in length in the general population (range, 11–31 CAG's; median, 21). The CAG repeat encodes a glutamine repeat in the N‐terminal transactivation domain of the AR protein. We previously reported that a 17‐CAG AR gene was much more common in a cohort of men with prostate cancer (8.5%) than in the general European American population (1.3%). This suggested that a 17‐CAG repeat may have pathophysiological consequences. The goal of the present study was to directly test the hypothesis that a 17‐CAG repeat might uniquely affect androgen action in human prostate cancer cells.METHODSDU145 cells, lacking endogenous AR, were transiently transfected with an AR expression plasmid (with a CAG repeat ranging in length from 14 to 25) and an androgen‐responsive reporter plasmid (PSA‐luciferase).RESULTSWe found a significant effect of CAG repeat length on AR protein levels per unit amount of DNA transfected (one‐way ANOVA, P = 0.02), indicating the need to express transactivation data per unit amount of AR protein. CAG17 AR had 40% more transactivation activity per unit amount of AR protein than CAG21 AR (P < 0.01).CONCLUSIONSThus, an AR with a 17‐CAG repeat may mediate more efficacious growth stimulation of androgen‐dependent prostate epithelial cells, and thereby increase the risk that prostate cancer cells develop more efficiently into a clinically significant cancer. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chiral response of Oryzeae and Paniceae plants in α‐methylbenzyl‐3‐p‐tolyl urea agar medium
Authors: Omokawa Hiroyoshi , Murata Hiroshi , Kobayashi Shoko 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe results presented here support the hypothesis that plants of the tribe Oryzeae respond enantioselectively and homogeneously to optically active 1‐α‐methylbenzyl‐3‐p‐tolylurea (MBTU) in root growth inhibition, in contrast to Echinochloa species. The Oryzeae plants tested in this study belong to different genera (Oryza, Leersia, Chikusichloa and Zizania), to different species (O sativa, O glaberrima, O alta, O coarctata, O latifolia, O minuta, O rufipogon), to various ecospecies of Oryza (japonica, indica, japonica × indica, javanica) and to different levels of evolution [cultivated rice (O sativa and O glaberrima) and ancestral wild rice species]. In spite of their different phylogenic status and diverse sensitivity, the root growth of all members of the genus Oryza was inhibited more by R‐MBTU than by S‐MBTU. Zizania palustris, Z latifolia, Leersia oryzoides and Chikusichloa aquatica belonging to the tribe Oryzeae exhibited similar chiral recognition to the Oryza plants, suggesting that Oryzeae have a common chiral recognition mechanism in their response to optically active MBTUs. In contrast, Echinochloa plants (E crus‐galli (L) Beauv var crus‐galli and E colonum (L) Link), belonging into subfamily Panicoideae tribe Paniceae, responded in a different way, where their root growth was more sensitive to S‐MBTU than to the antipodal R‐MBTU. A reverse chiral response between the tribe Oryzeae and the genus Echinochloa was clearly indicated in this study. This diverse response may be relevant to Gramineae classification. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Distribution and persistence of emamectin benzoate at efficacious concentrations in pine tissues after injection of a liquid formulation
Authors: Takai Kazuya , Suzuki Toshio , Kawazu Kazuyoshi 
Published: December 2003

AbstractIn an earlier paper the authors reported the creation of a novel emamectin benzoate 40 g litre−1 liquid formulation (Shot Wan Liquid Formulation). The injection of this formulation exerted a preventative effect against the pine wilt disease caused by the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner & Buhrer) Nickle, and this effect lasted for at least 3 years. The present study was carried out to show experimentally that the marked effect of this formulation was due to the presence and persistence in pine tissues of sufficient amounts of emamectin benzoate to inhibit nematode propagation. A cleanup procedure prior to quantitative analysis of emamectin benzoate by fluorescence HPLC was devised. The presence of the compound in concentrations sufficient to inhibit nematode propagation in the shoots of current growth and its persistence for 3 years explained the marked preventative effect. Non‐distribution of emamectin benzoate in some parts of the lower trunk suggested that the formulation should be injected at several points for large trees in order to distribute the compound uniformly to lower branches. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Herbicide safety relative to common targets in plants and mammals
Authors: Shaner Dale L 
Published: December 2003

AbstractMost modern herbicides have low mammalian toxicity. One of the reasons for this safety is that the target site for the herbicides is not often present in mammals. There are approximately 20 mechanisms of action that have been elucidated for herbicides. Of these, some do share common target sites with mammals. The mechanisms include formation of free radicals, protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PROTOX), glutamine synthetase (GS) and 4‐hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD). PROTOX, HPPD and GS inhibitors have been shown to inhibit these enzymes in both plants and mammals and there are measurable effects in mammalian systems. However, the consequences of inhibiting a common target site in plants can be quite different than in animals. What may be a lethal event in plants, eg inhibition of HPPD, can have a beneficial effect in mammals, eg treatment for tyrosinemia type I. These chemicals also have low mammalian toxicity due to rapid metabolism and/or excretion of the herbicide from mammalian systems. Published in 2003 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cross‐resistance pattern and alternative herbicides for Cyperus difformis resistant to sulfonylurea herbicides in Korea
Authors: Kuk Yong In , Kim Kyung Hyun , Kwon Oh Do , Lee Do Jin , Burgos Nilda R , Jung Sunyo , Guh Ja Ock 
Published: December 2003

AbstractA Cyperus difformis L accession from Chonnam province, Korea was tested for resistance to the sulfonylurea herbicide, imazosulfuron. The accession was confirmed to be resistant (R) and was cross‐resistant to other sulfonylurea herbicides, bensulfuron‐methyl, cyclosulfamuron and pyrazosulfuron‐ethyl, the pyrimidinyl thiobenzoate herbicide, bispyribac‐sodium, and the imidazolinone herbicide imazapyr, but not to imazaquin. Multiple resistance was tested using twelve herbicides with target sites other than acetolactate synthase (ALS). The R biotype could be controlled by other herbicides with different modes of action such as butachlor, carfentrazone‐ethyl, clomeprop, dithiopyr, esprocarb, mefenacet, oxadiazon, pretilachlor, pyrazolate and thiobencarb, applied to soil at recommended rates. Several sulfonylurea herbicide‐based mixtures can control both the R and S biotypes of C difformis, except sulfonylurea plus dimepiperate, molinate or pyriftalid, and pyrazolate plus butachlor. Although mixtures of sulfonylurea herbicides might be more effective, they should be avoided and used only in special cases. In terms of in vitro ALS activity, the R biotype was 1139‐, 3583‐, 1482‐, 416‐, 5‐ and 9‐fold more resistant to bensulfuron‐methyl, cyclosulfamuron, imazosulfuron, pyrazosulfuron‐ethyl, bispyribac‐sodium and imazapyr, respectively, than the S biotype. The in vivo ALS activity of the R biotype was also less affected by the sulfonylurea herbicides, imazosulfuron and pyrazosulfuron‐ethyl, than the S biotype. Results of in vitro and in vivo ALS assays indicated that the resistance mechanism of C difformis to ALS inhibitor herbicides was primarily due to an alteration in the target enzyme, ALS. Greenhouse experiments showed delayed flowering and reduced seed production of the R biotype, which could possibly result in reduced fitness. This unusual observation needs to be confirmed in field situations. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
The discovery of pyridalyl: a novel insecticidal agent for controlling lepidopterous pests
Authors: Sakamoto Noriyasu , Saito Shigeru , Hirose Taro , Suzuki Masaya , Matsuo Sanshiro , Izumi Keiichi , Nagatomi Toshio , Ikegami Hiroshi , Umeda Kimitoshi , Tsushima Kazunori , Matsuo Noritada 
Published: December 2003

AbstractSynthesis of analogues of two compounds with known insecticidal activity, both of which contain a 3,3‐dichloro‐2‐propenyloxy group, produced 2‐(trifluoromethyl)‐4‐phenoxyphenyl 3,3‐dichloro‐2‐propenyl ether, which had weak activity against lepidopterous larvae. Structural modifications around this lead compound led to the development of pyridalyl [Pleo®, S‐1812; 2,6‐dichloro‐4‐(3,3‐dichloroallyloxy)phenyl 3‐[5‐(trifluoromethyl)‐2‐pyridyloxy]propyl ether], which belongs to a new class of insecticides. Pyridalyl gives very good control of various lepidopterous and thysanopterous pests on cotton and vegetables, without phytotoxicity. It controls populations of Heliothis virescens F and Plutella xylostella (L) which are resistant to various currently used insecticides. It also produces unique insecticidal symptoms, so it may have a different mode of action from other existing insecticides. Pyridalyl is also less harmful than existing insecticides to various beneficial arthropods, so it should provide an important tool in IPM and insecticidal management programmes for the control of lepidopterous and thysanopterous pests. The first market introduction is expected in Japan and some Asian countries in the years between 2004 and 2005. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Use of PRZM‐3 to validate a laboratory to field degradation conceptual model
Authors: Jackson Scott H 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe test substance, boscalid, was applied at two field sites, but, depending on how kinetic calculations were performed, the time required for 50% of the initial compound concentration to dissipate (half‐life) ranged from 27 to 200 days. Laboratory aerobic soil studies indicated that the DT50 for the compound was about 108 days, and since compound dissipation rates are typically shorter in the field than those observed in the laboratory, confidence in the field half‐life calculations was questioned. Researchers have asked whether exposure models might be useful for relating laboratory to field behavior, especially when results are difficult to reconcile between the two systems. In order to determine how realistic field dissipation‐time kinetic calculations were, a 60‐day DT50 (some masked data), 150‐day DT50 and a 196‐day rate constant (t1/2) kinetic result were entered into the Pesticide Root Zone Model (PRZM‐3) for a California site. A 27‐day DT50, and a 200 day t1/2 kinetic result were also entered into the model for a Florida site. Results indicate that using the shortest DT50 solution in PRZM‐3 provided the best fit to actual field data. Results from this study suggest that PRZM‐3 can be used successfully to address uncertainty between a laboratory conceptual understanding of a compound's behavior and the actual behavior observed in the field. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Detection of immune complexes by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Schlosser Gitta , Pocsfalvi Gabriella , Malorni Antonio , Puerta Angel , de Frutos Mercedes , Vékey Károly 
Published: December 2003

AbstractMatrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI‐MS) was used to detect an immune complex formed between β‐lactoglobulin and polyclonal anti‐β‐lactoglobulin antibody in the gas phase. The most important experimental parameters to detect such a specific antibody–antigen complex by MALDI were the use of solutions at near‐neutral pH and of sinapinic acid matrix prepared by the dried‐droplet method. Under such conditions, predominantly one but also two molecules of antigen protein were complexed by the antibody. Specific formation of the antibody–antigen complex was confirmed by performing competitive reactions. Addition of antibody to a 1:1 mixture of β‐lactoglobulin and one control protein resulted not only in the appearance of the expected antibody–antigen complex, but also in a strong decrease in the free β‐lactoglobulin signal, while the abundance of the control protein was not influenced. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic calibration and dissolved gas analysis using membrane inlet mass spectrometry for the quantification of cell respiration
Authors: Yang Tae Hoon , Wittmann Christoph , Heinzle Elmar 
Published: December 2003

AbstractA membrane inlet mass spectrometer connected to a miniaturized reactor was applied for dynamic dissolved gas analysis. Cell samples were taken from 7 mL shake flask cultures of Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032, and transferred to the 12 mL miniaturized reactor. There, oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide and its mass isotopomer production rates were determined using a new experimental procedure and applying nonlinear model equations. A novel dynamic method for the calibration of the membrane inlet mass spectrometer using first‐order dynamics was developed. To derive total dissolved concentration of all carbon dioxide species (CT) from dissolved carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]aq), the ratio of CT to [CO2]aq was determined by nonlinear parameter estimation, whereas the mass transfer coefficient of CO2 was determined by the Wilke–Chang correlation. Subsequently, the suitability of the model equations for respiration measurements was examined using residual analysis and the Jarque–Bera hypothesis test. The resulting residuals were found to be random with normal distribution, which proved the adequacy of the application of the model for cell respiration analysis. Hence, dynamic changes in respiration activities could be accurately analyzed using membrane inlet mass spectrometry with the novel calibration method. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enzymatic strategies for the characterization of nucleic acids by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Null Allison P. , Benson Linda M. , Muddiman David C. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractElectrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) is a powerful technique used for the identification and characterization of DNA polymorphisms. Continual improvement in instrument design assures high mass measurement accuracy, sensitivity, and resolving power. This work describes an eclectic array of enzymatic strategies we have invoked in order to detect single‐nucleotide polymorphisms by ESI‐MS, although other applications may be envisioned. One strategy combines the use of two enzymes, exonuclease III and lambda exonuclease, to provide a ladder of single‐stranded DNA fragments for straightforward sequence identification by mass spectrometry. A second strategy combines restriction enzymes to screen for polymorphisms present within specific amplicons. Finally, we describe the use of stable‐isotope‐labeled nucleotides for the determination of length and base composition of a PCR product. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry using atmospheric pressure photoionization for high‐resolution analyses of corticosteroids
Authors: Greig Michael J. , Bolaños Ben , Quenzer Terri , Bylund Jessica M. R. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractFourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICRMS) was coupled with atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) for the first time and used for the analysis of several corticosteroids.1 The analytes showed excellent response using APPI when compared with both electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI). APPI has the advantage of requiring less heat for desolvation, resulting in less thermal degradation of the analytes and higher signal‐to‐noise than APCI. In terms of ultimate sensitivity, APPI is more efficient than either ESI or APCI for the analysis of corticosteroids. With some compounds, the high‐resolution capability of FTICRMS was necessary to obtain an accurate mass due to contributions of the M+. 13C isotope in the [M+H]+ ion peak. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.