bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
265 Manger Space Restriction Does not Negatively Impact Growth Efficiency of Feedlot Heifers Program fed a Concentrate-Based Diet to Gain 1.36 kg Daily
Authors: Gubbels Erin R , Francis Forest L , Rusche Warren C , Smith Zachary K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The objective of this research was to determine the influence manger space restriction had on program fed feedlot heifers during the growing phase. Charolais × Angus heifers [initial body weight (BW) = 329 ± 22.1 kg] were used in a 109-d backgrounding phase study. Heifers were received from a ranch in western South Dakota approximately 60 days before study initiation. Initial processing (53 days before study initiation) included individual BW measurement, application of a unique identification tag, vaccination against viral respiratory pathogens (Bovi-Shield Gold 5, Zoetis, Parsippany, NJ) and clostridial species (Ultrabac/Somubac 7, Zoetis), and administration of doramectin pour-on (Dectomax, Zoetis) for control of internal and external parasites. All heifers were administered 36 mg of zeranol (Ralgro, Merck Animal Health, Madison, NJ) at study initiation. Upon study initiation, heifers were assigned to 1 of 10 pens (n = 5 pens/treatment with 10 heifers/pen) in a randomized complete block design (blocked by location). Each pen was randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: 20.3 cm (8IN) or 40.6 cm (16IN) of linear bunk space/heifer. Heifers were individually weighed on days 1, 14, 35, 63, 84 and 109. Heifers were programmed to gain 1.36 kg daily based on predictive equations for a medium frame steer calf set forth by the California Net Energy System. To calculate predictive values, a final BW of 575 kg was assumed to be the mature BW of the heifers and tabular net energy values of 2.05 NEm and 1.36 NEg from d 1 to 22, 2.00 NEm and 1.35 NEg from d 23 to 82, and 1.97 NEm and 1.32 NEg from d 83 to 109 were used, because of ingredient inventory changes. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS 9.4 with manger space allocation as the fixed effect and block as the random effect. No differences (P &gt; 0.35) were observed between 8IN or 16IN heifers for initial BW, final BW, average daily gain, dry matter intake, feed efficiency, variation in daily BW gain (within pen standard deviation) or applied energetic measures. No differences (P &gt; 0.50) were observed between treatments for morbidity. Although not statistically analyzed, 8IN heifers appeared to have looser stools during the first two weeks compared with the 16IN heifers. These data suggest restricting manger space allocation from 40.6 cm to 20.3 cm did not negatively influence gain efficiency or the efficiency of dietary net energy utilization in heifers programmed fed a concentrate-based diet to gain 1.36 kg daily. The use of tabular net energy values and required net energy of maintenance and retained energy equations are an effective means to program cattle to a desired daily rate of gain during the growing phase.
12 Amino Acid Nutrition in Dairy Cattle: Beyond Milk Protein
Authors: Cardoso Felipe 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The transition from gestation to lactation, also known as the transition period, is a critical time for dairy cows. This phase is typically defined as 3 weeks before parturition through 3 weeks after parturition. Peak disease incidence (shortly after parturition) corresponds with the time of greatest negative energy balance (NEB) and negative protein balance (NPB), the peak in blood concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids, and the greatest acceleration of milk yield. Decreased fertility in the face of increasing milk production may be attributable to greater severity of postpartum NEB and NPB resulting from inadequate transition management or increased disease rates. The depth and duration of NEB and NPB are highly related to dry matter intake. Formulating and delivering appropriate diets that limit total energy intake to requirements but also provide proper intakes of all other nutrients [including the indispensable amino acids (IAA) Met and Lys] before calving can help lessen the extent of NEB and NPB after calving. Supplementation of rumen-protected methionine (RPM) during the transition period improved uterine immune function through improved glandular morphology, increased neutrophil infiltration after calving, and discovery of neutrophil extracellular trap formation in bovine endometrial tissue. Its supplementation has been reported to reduce the incidence of health complications, better lactation performance, and more favorable biomarker and plasma AA profiles, common in cows with increased liver functionality index. Cows supplemented with rumen-protected lysine (RPL) had decreased liver oxidative stress (SOD1, superoxide dismutase 1) and acute phase response (SAA3, serum amyloid A3) and reduced gene expression of NFKB1 (nuclear factor kappa B1) leading to increased proinflammatory IL1B postpartum, likely indicating improved immune activation when cows consumed RPL, a necessary component of early postpartum health. Our group has reported that a prepartum supply of RPL altered uteroplacental metabolism and glucose transport. This was demonstrated through increased expression of uterine transcripts involved in energy metabolism (GLUT3, glucose transporter 3; PCK1, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1) and placental metabolism (FGF2, fibroblast growth factor 2; FGF2R, fibroblast growth factor 2 receptor; and PGF, placental growth factor). We also have demonstrated that RPL prepartum increased the placental protein abundance of FGF2 and LRP1 (low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1), indicating possible enhanced placental metabolic activity, probably linked to trophoblast proliferation and migration processes. Finally, calves from dams fed RPL prepartum had improved overall growth and intake than calves from dams not receiving RPL. In conclusion, providing RPM and RPL during the transition period impacts dairy cows' health, uterine environment, and offspring.
90 Microbiome-Derived Bioactive Molecules to Reduce Enteric Methane Emissions
Authors: Mantovani Hilario 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Microorganisms are pivotal for the development, health, and productivity of livestock. In adult ruminants, the microbiota colonizing the rumen is essential for efficient depolymerization of indigestible carbohydrates from plant biomass and their conversion into microbial protein and fermentation end-products that are used by the host for growth. In the last decades, next-generation sequencing and omics technologies provided unparalleled insights into the composition, structure, and function of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract microbiome of ruminants and helped improve our understanding of relationships between the rumen microbiota with cattle performance (efficiency) traits, as well as health and disease and greenhouse gas emissions. The ecological interactions between microbes within the rumen ecosystem are complex and involve, among others, cross-feeding, predation, parasitism, antagonism, and competition for novel (empty) niches and available resources. These diverse associations of ecological traits across distinct microbial populations that coexist in the same ecosystem represent a goldmine for the discovery of novel bioactive molecules, including compounds with potential to modulate rumen fermentation and inhibit methane emissions from enteric fermentation. These effects often result from metabolic shifts in the rumen fermentation that lead to increased production of propionate, but can also be caused by direct inhibition of methanogenic archaea or through a reduction in the production of substrates for methanogenesis. Culture-independent approaches based on genome mining and functional metagenomics demonstrated that the rumen is an underexplored resource for bioactive molecules, such as antimicrobial peptides, non-ribosomal peptides, polyketides, and secondary metabolites involved in intercellular (microbe-microbe) communication. Rumen metatranscriptomic data indicate that the expression of genes potentially encoding some of these molecules is increased during the colonization of plant biomass that enters the rumen. Nonetheless, some representatives of key taxa from the core rumen microbiome cannot be found in culture collections, which is critical to validate phenotypic predictions from genomic and metagenomic data and obtain ecological insights about the interplay between individual microbial populations in the microbiome. Culturomic technologies and high-throughput identification and characterization of microbial species that colonize the rumen could contribute to building a unique biotechnological resource that can be explored for sourcing novel bioactive compounds with anti-methanogenic activity and developing fermentation products that could reduce rumen methanogenesis while improving the health status and productivity of cattle.
199 Effects of an Additional Injection of Iron Administered to Piglets on Hemoglobin Concentration, Growth Performance, and Carcass Characteristics Through Market Weight
Authors: Chevalier Tyler B , Lyons James W , Paczosa Duncan B , Rentfrow Gregg K , Lindemann Merlin D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of an additional injection of iron dextran (Uniferon, Pharmacosmos Inc.) administered at d 6 to 8 of age. Crossbred pigs [n = 144; equal barrows and gilts; initial body weight (BW) = 2.86 ± 0.01 kg] from 21 litters were assigned to either the control (CON) or an added-injection treatment (+Fe). Pigs were paired by sex and BW within a litter and randomly assigned to the iron treatment within each pair. All pigs had received a 200 mg Fe intramuscular (IM) injection &lt; 24 h after birth. All pigs were weaned at 22 to 24 days, housed 6 pigs/pen for a total of 12 pens/treatment, and received a common corn-soybean meal diet formulated to meet or exceed the NRC (2012) requirement estimates relative to BW until slaughter. Body weight and feed disappearance were recorded at least biweekly to determine average daily gain (ADG) and feed intake (ADFI). Hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations were measured at birth, initiation of experiment (d 6 to 8), weaning, and at the end of the nursery and finisher periods. At the time of slaughter, 1 pig/pen (n = 12 pigs/treatment) was selected and slaughtered for carcass characteristic measures. Data were subjected to ANOVA by the GLM procedure of SAS; the individual pig served as the experimental unit for BW, Hb, ADG, and carcass characteristics whereas pen served as the experimental unit for ADFI, and gain/feed ratio data. The statistical model included sex, treatment, sex × treatment, and allotment pair for Hb and ADG. There were expected sex effects for ADG but no sex × treatment interactions for any response measures. The +Fe pigs had a greater Hb at weaning (13.1 vs. 10.7 g/dL, P &lt; 0.0001) and end of the nursery (12.1 vs. 11.7 g/dL, P = 0.01) compared with CON pigs (Table 1). During the finisher period, +Fe pigs had a greater ADG (P = 0.05) compared with CON pigs. Overall, pigs receiving the added iron injection had an ~ 4% increase in ADG (P = 0.04) from weaning to slaughter. The cumulative improvement in ADG from weaning to slaughter observed for +Fe group resulted in +Fe pigs having a heavier BW at the end of the experiment (115.77 vs. 112.79 kg; P = 0.04). Following slaughter, +Fe pigs had ~ 2.5% heavier cold carcass weight (82.99 vs. 80.93 kg; P = 0.34) and trimmed loin (10.67 vs. 9.95 kg; P = 0.04) compared with the CON pigs. In conclusion, administering an additional iron injection resulted in greater Hb at weaning and the end of the nursery as well as improved growth performance from weaning to slaughter weight and increased carcass measures at slaughter.
198 Differential Gene Expression and Metabolic Pathway Comparisons of Liver and Duodenum from Suckling Piglets Given One or Two Iron Dextran Injections
Authors: Pierce James L , Lyons James W , Chevalier Tyler B , Paczosa Duncan B , Lindemann Merlin D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Six female littermate pairs were used in an experiment to evaluate the mRNA expression in tissues from piglets given one or two 1 mL injections of iron dextran (200 mg Fe/mL, Uniferon, Pharmacosmos Inc. Watchung, NJ). All pigs in the litter were administered the first 1 mL injection &lt; 24 hours after birth and on d 7, pigs were paired by body weight (BW; 1.72 ± 0.13 kg) and one pig from each pair was randomly selected as control (CON) and the other received a second injection (+Fe). At weaning on d 22, each piglet was anesthetized, and samples of liver and duodenum were taken from the anesthetized piglets and placed in DNA/RNA Shield (Zymo, Irvine, CA) for preservation until mRNA extraction. RNA-Seq libraries were sequenced to a depth of at least 30 million read pairs (150 bp paired-end sequencing) per sample. Differential Gene Expression data were analyzed with GeneSpring (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA) with a fold-change (FC) of |1.2| P &lt; 0.05 (Table 1). Pathway analysis was conducted with Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA QIAGEN, Redwood City, CA) software with Z-score cutoff of P &lt; 0.05. In the duodenum 435 genes were significantly changed with a FC ≥|1.2| P &lt; 0.05. Most notably, Claudin 1 and Claudin 2 were inversely affected by the second dose of iron. Claudin 1 (CLDN1, FC = 4.48, P = 0.0423) is responsible for cell-to-cell adhesion in the epithelial cell sheets and serves as a barrier to prevent water and solutes from passing through the paracellular space. Claudin 2 (CLDN2, FC = -1.41, P = 0.0097) was down regulated because it is expressed in cation leaky epithelia. In the liver 362 genes were expressed with a FC ≥|1.2| P &lt; 0.05. The gene most affected by a second dose of 200 mg Fe was HAMP (Hepcidin Antimicrobial Peptide) with an FC of 40.8. HAMP is a liver-produced hormone that is the main circulating regulator of Fe absorption and distribution across tissues. It also controls the major flows of Fe into plasma by promoting endocytosis and degradation of ferroportin (SLC4A1). This leads to the retention of Fe in Fe-exporting cells and decreased flow of Fe into plasma. Metabolic pathway changes in the duodenum and liver provide evidence for the improved feed conversion and growth rates in pigs given two iron injections pre-weaning. In the duodenum, there is a down regulation of gluconeogenesis (P &lt; 0.05). Concurrently, there is a decrease in the production of urea in the liver (P &lt; 0.05). These observations show that there is less need for gluconeogenesis, thus less urea production from deaminated amino acids. The genomic and pathway analyses provided empirical evidence linking gene expression with phenotypic observations of piglet health and growth improvements.
6 Sow Farm Costs and Hurdles to Execution
Authors: Wade Dave 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
How do we control costs that may be in our control? In sow farms, probably the single most important item to controlling cost is throughput. Maximizing the number of quality weaned pigs per mated female through management, genetics, health and nutrition. Feed cost per weaned pig is the single highest cost. Disciplined use of the sow caliper can put science behind the Body Condition Scores (BCS) and bring a control to the number of overweight sows. The next cost item is Labor. A necessary element to production that recently has come down to supply and demand. Local labor is nearly extinct. We are relying on the TN Visa program for our labor force. This program comes to us with a “huge” cost i.e. recruiting, legal fees, visa costs, travel, temporary living accommodations, etc. The third largest expense is sow replacements (gilts) and their cost to the system. Reduced death loss and increasing sow retention is key to minimizing replacement cost. The industry is now spending more time and energy understanding sow retention. Facility/rental costs can vary greatly. Some producers lump maintenance, depreciation, utilities, waste management, and carcass removal, under facility costs. However, it may be best to carve out M&R, carcass removal and utilities to a separate line item(s) for more focus. There are other cost items that still need attention, like Vet Related, Feed Medication, Farm Supplies, Management support, G&A, Transport, etc. The hurdle to execution is information and competition. Having financial and production report(s) that are easy to read/interpret and accountable to the farm staff, is essential to driving out cost. However, given the last couple of years during the pandemic, there is a cost that is almost impossible to manage/predict and that’s “inflation”.
37 Effects of Creep Feeding Duration on Rumen Fermentation Characteristics Using an Ex Vivo Model
Authors: Silver Jack T , Pugh Lindsey M , Meteer William T , McCann Joshua C , Shike Daniel W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The objective was to determine the effects of creep feeding duration on ruminal fermentation using an ex vivo model. Simmental × Angus, spring-born calves (n = 72) were stratified by age (83 ± 14 d) and body weight (BW) into 12 pens with 6 calves per pen. Pens were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: calves fed creep for 105 d (105dCF) or final 21 d (21dCF) before weaning. Cow-calf pairs were housed on concrete drylots with open-front buildings. Cows were limit-fed at maintenance a total mixed ration (TMR) that consisted of corn, grain coproducts, and corn stalks. Calves (n = 16) were utilized for ex vivo experiments. Experiment 1 was conducted on d 76, before the 21dCF calves having access to creep feed. Rumen fluid was collected from 8 calves per treatment via esophageal tubing and mixed with McDougall’s buffer (1:2 ratio). Each rumen fluid inoculum was combined with 2 substrates (cow TMR or creep feed) in a split-plot design and incubated for 24 h at 39°C. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4. In Exp. 1, there was no creep feeding duration by substrate interaction (P ≥ 0.16) for 24-h pH, butyrate, acetate, or IVDMD. Molar proportions of acetate and butyrate were greater (P ≤ 0.001) for the 105dCF calves than for the 21dCF calves. There was a treatment by substrate interaction (P = 0.02) for total VFA. The 105dCF calves had greater total VFA than 21dCF calves with a greater magnitude of difference observed with TMR substrate. Calves on 105dCF had greater (P &lt; 0.01) IVDMD than 21dCF calves regardless of substrate (64% and 59%, respectively). Experiment 2 was conducted on day 105 after all calves were abruptly weaned and transported 263 km to the feedlot. Procedures were similar to Exp. 1, except substrates included creep feed and feedlot receiving diet. In Exp. 2, no treatment by substrate interaction (P ≥ 0.13) was observed for 24-h pH, acetate, propionate, total VFA, or IVDMD. Although acetate was greater (P &lt; 0.01) for the 105dCF calves, propionate was greater (P &lt; 0.01) for the 21dCF calves. There was no treatment effect (P = 0.57) for total VFA; however, it was greater (P &lt; 0.01) for the creep feed substrate than for the receiving diet substrate. In Exp. 2, IVDMD tended to be greater (P = 0.06) for 21dCF calves than 105dCF calves. In conclusion, results indicated creep feeding improved ruminal fermentation ex vivo, but even a short-term creep feeding duration of 21 d appears to be adequate in preparing rumen microbial community to degrade the receiving diet as there were fewer differences in rumen fermentation characteristics at feedlot arrival.
26 Effect of Steroidal Implants and Zinc Supplementation on Circulating Metabolites and Insulin Sensitivity in Feedlot Steers
Authors: Baumhover Allison M , Smerchek Dathan T , Rients Emma L , McLaughlin Amy M , Thornton-Kurth Kara J , Hansen Stephanie L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Angus-cross steers (n = 144; 362 kg ± 20.4) were used to determine the interaction of Zn and steroidal implants on circulating metabolites and insulin sensitivity in feedlot steers. Steers (n = 6 steers/pen) were stratified by BW in a 3 × 2 factorial design. Dietary treatments were fed for 60 days pre-implant, during this time cattle were transitioned from a roughage-based to a high concentrate diet. Dietary treatments (8 pens per treatment; Zn as ZnSO4) included: 1) no supplemental Zn (analyzed 54 mg Zn/kg DM; Zn0); 2) 30 mg supplemental Zn/kg DM (Zn30); 3) 100 mg supplemental Zn/kg DM (Zn100). Within Zn treatment, steers received a steroidal implant treatment on d 0: 1) no implant; NO; or 2) high potency combination implant (TE-200, Elanco, Greenfield, IN; 200 mg TBA, 20 mg E2; TE200). Blood was collected from all steers on d 0, 20, 40, and 84 for analysis of serum glucose, insulin, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), and urea-N (SUN) in a subset of steers (n = 12 steers/treatment). Glucose, NEFA, and insulin concentrations were used to determine revised quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (RQUICKI) which was calculated as: RQUICKI = 1/[log(Glucose) + log(Insulin) + log(NEFA)]. Data were analyzed as repeated measures in Proc Mixed of SAS. A tendency for a Zn x day effect on serum insulin (Zn × day; P = 0.07) showed no difference between Zn treatments on d 0, 20, or 40 but on d 84 Zn100 was greater than Zn30 while Zn0 was intermediate. An implant × day effect (P = 0.02) for serum insulin was driven by a 45% increase from d 0 to 20 in NO while TE200 cattle did not change in that time. Serum insulin increased with days on feed (P = 0.01). Day 0 serum glucose concentration was greatest in Zn0 and Zn 100; however, on days 40 and 84, Zn100 had greater serum glucose concentration compared with Zn0 while Zn30 was intermediate (Zn × day; P = 0.07). Overall, serum glucose was unchanged over time until a decrease from day 40 to 84 (P = 0.01). A three-way interaction was noted for serum NEFA (Zn × implant × day; P = 0.04) driven by variation in serum NFEA concentration at d 0. Serum urea-N differed by day (P = 0.01) but was otherwise unaffected (P ≥ 0.16). RQUICK1 was greater for TE200 (P = 0.03) cattle on d 40 compared with NO cattle, indicating implanted cattle were more insulin sensitive. RQUICKI index value decreased with days on feed (P = 0.01) indicating lesser insulin sensitivity over time. These data indicate implants influence insulin sensitivity of late-stage finishing cattle and Zn and implants influence circulating metabolites indicative of energetic state.