bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mammographic features of tuberculous axillary lymphadenitis
Authors: Muttarak M , Pojchamarnwiputh S , Chaiwun B 
Published: March 2003

SUMMARYThe clinical and mammographic findings of 10 patients with pathologically proven tuberculous axillary lymphadenitis were reviewed. The cases were identified from 10 173 mammograms performed over 6 years at Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai University Hospital. The 10 patients were aged 31–65 years. All cases were initially diagnosed to have breast carcinoma with axillary nodal metastases. Eight patients presented with axillary swelling, while two presented with breast enlargement. None of these cases had a palpable breast mass. Associated supraclavicular, cervical or groin nodes were found in seven cases, and two patients had evidence of pulmonary tuberculosis. All lesions were unilateral, affecting the right side in eight cases and left side in two cases. On mammogram, the axillary nodes were enlarged and homogeneously dense. The nodes were sized 2.5–5 cm. Nodal margins were variable. Some nodes were matted. Macrocalcifications were noted in three cases. Ipsilateral breast oedema without mass or microcalcifications was present in two cases. Patients with tuberculous axillary lymphadenitis have large homogeneously dense nodes with either well‐ or ill‐defined margins. It is impossible to differentiate tuberculous from malignant nodes. The presence of macrocalcifications might suggest tuberculous axillary lynphadenitis. Biopsy of enlarged axillary nodes is necessary to determine its aetiology.
Multiple sclerosis in a radiosensitive family with low levels of the ATM protein
Authors: Clarke Raymond A , Fang Zhi M , Lee Cheok S , Sarris Maria , Murrell Dédée , Kearsley John H 
Published: March 2003

SUMMARYMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurological disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by demyelination associated with progressive disability. The mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of MS remain a mystery. The highly pleiotropic syndrome known as ataxia telangiectasia (A‐T) overlaps with MS in that it also presents with demyelination in the CNS. Whether demyelination in MS or in A‐T is initiated through neuronal degeneration or immune dysfunction is not yet known. However, unlike MS, the underlying cause of A‐T is known to result from mutations in the A–T gene (ATM) that often result in the complete loss of ATM protein and loss/gain of function. ATM is implicated in neurological degeneration, particularly in the cerebellum, cellular apoptosis, immunodeficiency, double stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) rejoining, VDJ antibody recombination, tumour suppression, particularly T‐lymphoid malignancies, signal transduction, cell‐cycle control and cellular radiohypersensitivity. In this study, we describe a case of MS in a family with cellular radiosensitivity and abnormally low postinduction levels of the ATM protein. Defective DNA repair/rejoining may impact on autoimmunity.
Percutaneous retrieval of a proximally migrated common bile duct endoprosthesis from the right anterior duct
Authors: Gupta Ashu , Frazer Christopher , Brennan Frank 
Published: March 2003

SUMMARYCommon bile duct (CBD) endoprostheses that are inserted at endoscopy are in routine clinical use to decompress the obstructed biliary tract. This case describes the proximal migration of a CBD endoprosthesis into the right anterior duct. An attempt at endoscopic retrieval failed. The endoprosthesis was retrieved by a percutaneous transhepatic approach using an Amplatz goose‐neck snare. To the best of our knowledge, use of the Amplatz goose‐neck snare has not been reported for this application.
Thrombin injection for repair of pseudoaneurysms: A case for caution
Authors: Teh LG , Sieunarine K 
Published: March 2003

SummaryTreatment of pseudoaneurysms by the injection of thrombin have been reported in the literature with a success rate approaching 100%. Complications have been reported with its use. We report a case where thrombin was used to thrombose a superficial temporal artery pseudoaneurysm leading to the development of seizure and ischaemia of the scalp. We advise that thrombin should be not be used to thrombose pseudoaneurysms of arteries supplying critical areas.
Primary parenchymal cerebral cystic haemangiopericytoma: A 5‐year follow up of disease progression
Authors: Kuzeyli Kayhan , Çakir Ertuğrul , Karaarslan Gokalp , Usul Haydar , Reis Abdülkadir , Baykal Süleyman , Dinç Hasan , Sari Ahmet 
Published: March 2003

SummaryHaemangiopericytoma (HPC) is a rare tumour of the cental nervous system. Previously, HPCs were thought to originate from meninges and ventricular walls. Currently, they are accepted as distinctive mesenchymal neoplasms unrelated to meningiomas. Imaging appearances, clinical progression and haemorrhage into a cystic tumour is documented in  an 18‐year‐old man where the final diagnosis, with histopathological verification, proved to be a cystic HPC. This interesting and illustrative case is discussed with the relevant literature.
MRI of partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (scimitar syndrome)
Authors: Puvaneswary M , Leitch J , Chard RB 
Published: March 2003

SummaryWe report a case of anomalous pulmonary venous drainage into the inferior vena cava (scimitar syndrome). Cine MRI and 3‐D contrast‐enhanced MR angiography provides an non‐invasive diagnostic technique in the evaluation of anomalous pulmonary venous return.
KIDNEY DENERVATION COMBINED WITH ELIMINATION OF ADRENAL–RENAL PORTAL CIRCULATION PREVENTS THE DEVELOPMENT OF HYPERTENSION IN SPONTANEOUSLY HYPERTENSIVE RATS
Authors: Abramczyk Piotr , Zwoliñska Agnieszka , Oficjalski Piotr , Przybylski Jacek 
Published: March 2003

1. Kidney denervation in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) during the prehypertensive stage delays and attenuates the development of hypertension. The same results have been obtained after elimination of the adrenal–renal portal circulation (ARPC). The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of concomitant kidney denervation and elimination of ARPC on hypertension in SHR.2. Experiments were performed on 6‐week‐old male SHR and Wistar‐Kyoto (WKY) rats. In the first group of animals (group I), the ARPC was eliminated by removing the left adrenal gland and the right kidney. In the second group of rats (group II), the right kidney and the right adrenal gland were removed and the left kidney was denervated. In the third group of rats (group III), the right adrenal gland and the left kidney were removed and the right kidney was denervated. In the fourth group of rats (group IV), the right adrenal gland and the right kidney were removed. Group IV served as the control group. Denervations were repeated every 3 weeks. Systolic blood pressure was measured indirectly.3. Elimination of ARPC (group I) and kidney denervation (group II) delayed and attenuated hypertension to the same degree (163±5 and 157±4 mmHg, respectively). Application of the these two methods concomitantly (group III) prevented the development of hypertension (130±6 mmHg).4. We conclude that both intact efferent sympathetic renal nerves and adrenal hormones reaching the kidney through the ARPC may be mandatory factors for the development of arterial hypertension in SHR.
ATP‐SENSITIVE POTASSIUM CHANNEL ACTIVATION MIMICS THE PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF ISCHAEMIC PRECONDITIONING IN THE RAT ISOLATED WORKING HEART AFTER PROLONGED HYPOTHERMIC STORAGE
Authors: Hicks Mark , Du Zu Y , Jansz Paul , Rainer Steven , Spratt Phillip , Macdonald Peter S 
Published: March 2003

1. Ischaemic preconditioning (IP) can significantly reduce the extent of infarct size, contractile dysfunction and necrosis in hearts from a number of animal species. Activation of ATP‐ sensitive potassium channels has been implicated in this process. The aims of the present study were to determine the extent to which IP preserves haemodynamic function in the rat isolated working heart model after prolonged hypothermic storage and to examine the involvement of activation of potassium channels in this process.2. Hearts from Wistar rats were perfused on a Langendorff apparatus. After stabilization in working mode, baseline measurements of heart rate, aortic flow, coronary flow and cardiac output were performed. Hearts were randomized to one of six treatment groups: (i) untreated control; (ii) IP; (iii) 3 min perfusion with 200 μmol/L pinacidil; (iv) pinacidil vehicle; (v) 3 min perfusion with 10 μmol/L glibenclamide before IP; and (vi) 3 min perfusion with glibenclamide then pinacidil. Hearts were stored in an extracellular‐based preservation solution for 6 or 12 h at 2–3°C, remounted on the perfusion apparatus, stabilized as before and then haemodynamic measurements were repeated, after which time heart water contents were determined.3. Recovery of haemodynamic function was markedly enhanced in the IP and pinacidil‐treated groups compared with untreated and vehicle controls. These beneficial effects were completely blocked by glibenclamide. These results suggest that strategies for activating potassium channels in donor hearts may protect organs during hypothermic storage prior to transplantation.
AN ACTION OF ERYTHROMYCIN IN THE INTESTINE THAT IS NOT MEDIATED VIA MOTILIN RECEPTORS
Authors: Furness JB , Clark MJ , Wright T , Bertrand PP , Bornstein JC , Verlinden M 
Published: March 2003

1. Erythromycin lactobionate caused a concentration‐ dependent inhibition of nerve‐mediated contractions of the longitudinal muscle of the guinea‐pig ileum, with a threshold for effect of 10–30 μmol/L. The non‐antibiotic derivative of erythromycin ABT‐229 had a similar effect, but was approximately 10‐fold less potent. At a greater concentration (1 mmol/L), erythromycin also depressed the direct contractile effect of 10 μmol/L carbachol on the muscle.2. Human/porcine motilin (up to 100 μmol/L) did not reduce the nerve‐mediated contractions, although it did contract the muscle (threshold 30 μmol/L). Antagonists of motilin receptors (phe3leu13motilin, up to 1 μmol/L, and GM‐109, up to 3 μmol/L) did not reduce responses to erythromycin.3. Erythromycin contracted the longitudinal muscle of the rabbit duodenum, with a threshold concentration of 0.1 μmol/L and ABT‐229 contracted this tissue at a threshold concentration of 0.01 μmol/L. Effects of both agonists were antagonized by the motilin receptor antagonists phe3leu13motilin (0.3 μmol/L) and GM‐109 (1 μmol/L).4. It is concluded that the site(s) at which erythromycin acts in the guinea‐pig ileum is not a motilin receptor and that ABT‐229 is selective for the motilin receptor in comparison with non‐motilin erythromycin sites and is unlikely to act at the latter site in therapeutic doses.
BRADYKININ‐INDUCED VASCULAR RESPONSES IN DOG ISOLATED LINGUAL ARTERY
Authors: Tsukada Miyoko , Chiba Shigetoshi 
Published: March 2003

1. Kinin‐induced vascular responses were studied and kinin receptor subtypes were characterized in canine isolated and preconstricted lingual arteries.2. A low dose of bradykinin (BK; < 3 × 10–14 mol) induced only vasodilation, while a higher dose of BK (> 3 × 10–13 mol) frequently induced a biphasic response: a transient constriction followed by dilation.3. The BK‐induced vasodilation was mostly endothelium dependent but was also partly endothelium independent because although the dilation response was greatly reduced after removal of the endothelium, it was not completely abolished.4. The dilation response to BK was significantly inhibited by the B2 kinin receptor antagonist HOE 140 and was partly reduced by indomethacin (10 μmol/L) (P < 0.05).5. Bradykinin‐induced vasoconstriction was enhanced in endothelium‐denuded preparations. The constriction was significantly inhibited by HOE 140 (10–10 mol/L). The BK‐induced responses were not affected by the B1 kinin receptor antagonist des‐Arg9‐[Leu8]‐BK (3 × 10–11 mol/L).6. The B1 kinin receptor agonist des‐Arg9‐BK (> 10–12 mol/L) produced vasodilation in 60% of endothelium‐intact preparations. In 20% of the endothelium‐intact preparations des‐Arg9‐BK produced a biphasic response: weak vasoconstriction followed by weak vasodilation. The des‐Arg9‐BK‐induced dilation and constriction were significantly inhibited by des‐Arg9‐[Leu8]‐BK (3 × 10–11 mol/L), but were not affected by HOE 140 (10–10 mol/L).7. In conclusion, it appears that both B1 and B2 kinin receptors are present in the dog lingual artery. Both receptor subtypes mediate either vasodilation or vasoconstriction and BK‐induced vasodilation is mostly endothelium dependent, although it may also be partially prostaglandin dependent.
CEREBROVASCULAR CONTRACTILITY AFTER CLOT REMOVAL IN MONKEY SUBARACHNOID HAEMORRHAGE
Authors: Tsuji Tsutomu , Cook David A , Weir Bryce Ka , Handa Yuji , Chiba Shigetoshi , Kobayashi Shigeaki 
Published: March 2003

1. The effects of mechanical clot removal during early surgery on pharmacological cerebrovascular reactivity after subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) were investigated in the monkey.2. Contractions to potassium chloride, 5‐hydroxytryptamine and noradrenaline in rings of proximal parts of middle cerebral arteries (MCP), surrounded with clot, and basilar arteries (BAP), far from the clot, were examined 7 days after SAH, in which an autologous blood clot was bilaterally placed around major cerebral arteries.3. Compared with the sham‐operated group, contractions in the clot removal groups at 48 and 72 h after SAH were reduced in MCP and enhanced in BAP.4. These results suggest that divergent vascular contractility may occur according to the distance between artery and clot if the clot is removed later than 48 h after SAH.
SHORT‐ AND LONG‐TERM EFFECTS OF GLYCYRRHIZIC ACID IN REPETITIVE STRESS
Authors: Ainsah O , Nabishah Bm , Osman Cb , Khalid Bak 
Published: March 2003

1. This study was carried out to determine the effect of short‐term and long‐term ingestion of glycyrrhizic acid on the response to 2 h of restraint stress by measuring locomotor activity and plasma corticosterone levels.2. Male Sprague‐Dawley rats were randomly assigned into four groups, each group having eight rats. Group 1 (control) was given ordinary tap water, while groups 2 (short term), 3 and 4 (both long term) were given tap water containing 1 mg/mL glycyrrhizic acid to drink for 10 days, 4 weeks and 9 weeks, respectively. All the rats were subjected to 2 h of restraint stress and the locomotor activity assessed using an activity test in an open field arena followed by blood sampling to determine the plasma corticosterone level. These procedures were repeated daily for 14 days.3. The basal locomotor activity scores for rats given glycyrrhizic acid for 10 days or 4 weeks were similar to those of controls; however, that of the rats treated long term with glycyrrhizic acid was significantly lower (21.0 ± 3.0 squares crossed; P < 0.0005). Following the first period of restraint stress there was a highly significant decrease in locomotor activity, which remained significantly lower until the seventh and subsequent periods, indicating an adaptation to the repeated stress had occurred. Although the decrease in locomotor activity was partially blocked and adaptation to repetitive stress was enhanced in the rats given glycyrrhizic acid for 10 days, this was not seen in rats treated with glycyrrhizic acid for 4 or 9 weeks. The corticosterone levels in control rats were significantly elevated for 4–5 days following the exposure to repetitive stress but decreased gradually from day 7 onwards. However, both short‐ and long‐term glycyrrhizic acid‐treated rats had higher plasma corticosterone levels than the controls (P < 0.05).4. In conclusion, repetitive restraint stress caused decreased locomotor activity associated with increased plasma corticosterone levels, both of which, in normal rats, decreased with adaptation to stress. The stress response was partially blocked and adaptation enhanced in rats given glycyrrhizic acid for 10 days, but not in rats given glycyrrhizic acid for 4 and 9 weeks. Glycyrrhizic acid ingestion caused high plasma corticosterone.
PAEONIFLORIN REVERSES GUANETHIDINE‐INDUCED HYPOTENSION VIA ACTIVATION OF CENTRAL ADENOSINE A1 RECEPTORS IN WISTAR RATS
Authors: Cheng JUEI‐TANG , Wang CHIA‐JANE , Hsu FENG‐LIN 
Published: March 2003

SUMMARY1. Intravenous injection of paeoniflorin, a glycoside purified from the root of Paeonia lactiflora, reversed guanethidine‐induced hypotension in Wistar rats.2. Pretreatment with the adenosine A1 receptor antagonist 8‐cyclopentyl‐1,3‐dipropylxanthine inhibited this effect of paeoniflorin in a dose‐dependent manner.3. The action of paeoniflorin was not modified by 8‐(p‐ sulfophenyl)theophylline, the polar antagonist of the adenosine A1 receptor, which is not able to enter the central nervous system.4. We conclude that paeoniflorin can reverse guanethidine‐induced hypotension via activation of adenosine A1 receptors in the brain of Wistar rats.
EXPERIMENTAL THERAPY OF A PLATELET‐ACTIVATING FACTOR ANTAGONIST (GINKGOLIDE B) ON PHOTOCHEMICALLY INDUCED THROMBOTIC CEREBRAL ISCHAEMIA IN TREE SHREWS
Authors: Li SHUQING , Meng QIANG , Zhang LINENG 
Published: March 2003

SUMMARY1. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of a platelet‐activating factor (PAF) antagonist (ginkgolide B; GB) on brain oedema, ion homeostasis, monoamine neurotransmitter disturbances in ischaemic penumbra and the neuroprotective mechanisms of the PAF antagonist.2. Photochemically induced thrombotic cerebral ischaemia in tree shrews was used as the experimental model and changes in histopathology and the content of monoamine neurotransmitters (measured by a spectrofluorometer), water content (measured by a specific gravimetric method), sodium and calcium (measured by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer) in the penumbra were observed.3. Results show that content of noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA) and 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) decreased in the penumbra, while 5‐HT metabolite 5‐hydroxyindole‐3‐acetic acid, sodium, calcium and water contents increased markedly (P < 0.01) after photochemical reaction.4. In tree shrews treated with GB (5 mg/kg, i.v.) 6 h after photochemical reaction, cortical NA, DA and 5‐HT contents recovered to control levels and water and calcium contents decreased significantly (P < 0.01).5. The results suggest that PAF may play an important role in inducing calcium overload, brain oedema and secondary brain damage in penumbra and that GB produces its neuroprotective effects by inhibiting the pathological manifestation of PAF.
THE ‘ABC’ OF GABA RECEPTORS: A BRIEF REVIEW
Authors: Chebib Mary , Johnston Graham A R 
Published: March 2003

SUMMARY1. In the mammalian central nervous system, GABA is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter. GABA is a highly flexible molecule and, thus, can exist in many low‐energy conformations. Conformationally restricted analogues of GABA have been used to help identify three major GABA receptors, termed GABAA, GABAB and GABAC receptors.2. GABAA and GABAC receptors are members of a superfamily of transmitter‐gated ion channels that include nicotinic acetylcholine, strychnine‐sensitive glycine and 5HT3 receptors. GABAA receptors are hetero‐oligomeric Cl– channels that are selectively blocked by the alkaloid bicuculline and modulated by steroids, barbiturates and benzodiazepines. To date, 16 human GABAA receptor cDNA have been cloned.3. GABAB receptors are seven transmembrane receptors that are coupled to G‐proteins and activate second messenger systems and Ca2+ and K+ ion channels. To date, three GABAB receptor proteins have been cloned and these resemble metabotropic glutamate receptors. GABAB receptors are hetero‐oligomeric receptors made up of a mixture of a combination of the subunits. These receptors are selectively activated by (–)‐baclofen and CCGP27492 and are blocked by phaclofen, the phosphonic acid analogue of baclofen.4. In contrast, GABAC receptors represent a relatively simple form of transmitter‐gated Cl– channel made up of a single type of protein subunit. Two human GABAC receptor cDNA have been cloned. These receptors are not blocked by bicuculline nor are they modulated by steroids, barbiturates or benzodiazepines. Instead, GABAC receptors are selectively activated by the conformationally restricted analogues of GABA in the folded conformation cis‐4‐aminocrotonic acid and (1
S,2
R)‐2‐(aminomethyl)‐1‐carboxycyclopropane. (1,2,5,6‐Tetrahydropyridine‐4‐yl)methylphosphinic acid, a methylphosphinic acid analogue of GABA in a partially folded conformation, is a selective antagonist at GABAC receptors.
SEDATION WITH PROMETHAZINE PROFOUNDLY AFFECTS SPONTANEOUS AIRWAY PROTECTION IN SLEEPING NEONATAL PIGLETS
Authors: McKelvey George M , Post Elizabeth J , Jeffery Heather E , Wood Andrew Kw 
Published: March 2003

SUMMARY1. Phenothiazine use in infants has been implicated in apparent life‐threatening events, sleep apnoea and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome.2. The aim of this study was to investigate the cumulative effects of a commonly used antihistamine medication containing promethazine on airway protective mechanisms and cardiorespiratory responses in 42 healthy neonatal piglets (21 naturally sleeping, 21 sedated sleeping).3. Sedated piglets were given 1.5 mg/kg, p.o., promethazine 2 h prior to each recording session. Control animals slept naturally with no sedative given. On three consecutive days in all piglets, physiological recordings were made during sleep; on at least one of these days, simultaneous physiological and radiological observations were made.4. Following sedation, sleep time and time in active sleep were increased significantly (P < 0.01). The spontaneous occurrence of swallowing, arousal, body movement, gastro‐oesophageal reflux and apnoea was compared between naturally and sedated sleeping piglets. Sedation with promethazine significantly decreased the spontaneous occurrence of swallowing (P < 0.05) and arousal (P < 0.05) and increased the occurrence of both central (P < 0.05) and obstructive sleep apnoea (P < 0.0001).5. By the third day, a cumulative effect of promethazine was seen; the rate of swallowing and body movement significantly decreased (P < 0.01).6. In summary, a low dose of promethazine profoundly altered sleep characteristics, airway protective mechanisms and cardiorespiratory responses in normal healthy sleeping piglets. Continued use of promethazine over several days may attenuate airway protective mechanisms to a potentially life‐threatening degree. Our findings support continued caution in the use of promethazine‐containing medications for the sedation of infants.
INHIBITORY EFFECT OF NITRIC OXIDE ON THE RENIN–ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM IN DAHL SALT‐SENSITIVE RATS
Authors: Kasuya Akira , Satoh Sachi , Yoshida Makoto , Hisa Hiroaki , Suzuki‐Kusaba Mizue , Satoh Susumu 
Published: March 2003

SUMMARY1. To explore the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the regulation of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) in Dahl salt‐sensitive (DS) rats, the effects of NG‐nitro‐
L‐arginine methyl ester (
L‐NAME) on plasma renin activity (PRA), and concentrations of angiotensin (Ang)I and AngII in the plasma, aorta and kidney were investigated in DS and Dahl salt‐resistant (DR) rats.2. NG‐Nitro‐
L‐arginine methyl ester (12–18 mg/kg per day) administration for 1 week increased mean arterial pressure (MAP) in DS and DR rats fed a 0.3% NaCl diet and in DR rats fed an 8% NaCl diet compared with corresponding vehicle (water)‐treated groups. However,
L‐NAME administration did not change MAP in DS rats fed an 8% NaCl diet.3. NG‐Nitro‐
L‐arginine methyl ester administration increased PRA in DS rats fed an 8% NaCl diet, but not in DR rats fed an 8% NaCl diet. NG‐Nitro‐
L‐arginine methyl ester administration increased AngI and AngII concentrations in plasma, aorta and kidney only in DS rats fed an 8% NaCl diet. The ratio of AngI to AngII did not change following
L‐NAME administration in any rats.4. These results suggest that NO has an inhibitory role on renin release in DS rats fed a high‐salt diet.