bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Budgetary Control
Authors: Jordan J. P. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In the influence held by a chief executive over the mentalities of his subordinates, whereby he secures from them the greatest possible producing effort, lies the real secret of his success. Many executives hold this influence by sheer personality. Others hold it by a combination of personality and the careful selection and provision of various schemes whereby the subordinates themselves are more or less automatically spurred on in their efforts.
It is a well-recognized fact that we are a nation of aggressive people; that we take business chances as a matter of course. The widespread interest in sports—golf, baseball, football, tennis, boxing, polo, etc.—is evidence of the sporting angles of the average American mind: the apparent evidence of a desire either to indulge in or to become interested in a game.
Budgetary control supplies to every one in any kind of a business institution a species of a game. The setting of quotas of performance and budgets of expense brings out a cool and calculating thought of the future and what it should yield. The daily watching of the current transactions becomes as fully absorbing as the watching of the electric score board of a World’s Series game. A par has been set and must be beaten.
The psychological effect of budgetary control is its greatest asset, and in this feature alone it takes its place as perhaps the most valuable of all more or less mechanical management aids.
Control of Factory Overhead
Authors: Perkins H. G. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The control of factory overhead is almost synonymous with good management. The so-called uncontrollable items of overhead, as well as the controllable items, are amenable to downward adjustment from many different angles.
Tactful discipline of executives, the education of supervisors in cost of materials and service of their own departments, and study or research to determine better and cheaper materials and methods, are essential to expense control.
Expectancy of promotion, personal recognition and appreciation by the higher executives, assignment of added responsibilities, and payment of bonuses to executives, often greatly influence the esprit de corps of an organization.
Uniformity in output is a factor of greatest importance in the standardization of costs, and for this reason a rate of production not in accordance with current demand for the finished product is often advisable so that costs may be maintained at their proper levels.
A properly designed and vigorously administered budget-control scheme is a very powerful means of overhead control, and should cover such points as the attainability of quotas set, a voice in setting quotas by department heads, the provision of cost data for guidance of department heads, the establishment of well-defined standards of operation for various departments to act as checks on estimates and means of forecasting future performance, and the careful comparison of results with quotas in order to determine possible future economies.
Operating Costs of Electric Industrial Trucks and Tractors
Authors: Crockett C. B. , Payne H. J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The authors attempt to show how direct and indirect costs of a materials-handling system may be classified and estimated, and apply the methods described to the question of operation of electric trucks. The direct costs of operation are here divided into fixed charges and operating charges, both of which are enumerated and, where possible, estimated. Factors affecting the costs are likewise enumerated, and actual figures of cost of operation taken from several plants are presented, and the savings due to truck operation pointed out.
Materials Handling as an Aid to Production
Authors: Eidmann Frank L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The author surveys the materials-handling problem of a plant from eight angles: the design of building and arrangement of equipment, the weight of material handled per pound of finished product, the elimination of hand labor, the effect of the materials-handling methods on inventory, the effect on increased output of the worker, the design of the product to facilitate handling, the selection of the handling equipment, and attempts to facilitate handling in shipment and in customer’s plant. Examples of good and bad practice are quoted, and illustrations of some are included.
The Development of Machine Tools from a User’s Viewpoint
Authors: Spencer F. C. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The author bases his paper on the experiences and practices of the Hawthorne Works of the Western Electric Company, whose development organization is charged with the selection of machine tools. This organization has adopted five standards which affect the design of machine tools: namely, minimum floor-space requirement; elimination of accident hazards by properly designed guards; reduction of physical effort by convenient operating arrangements; cleanliness; and appearance. The effect of these standards on labor is next brought out and is followed by a review of the motor-drive program which has eliminated all but individually motorized machines with motors generally located in the machine base. Examples of several individually motor-driven machines are given. There then follows an account with some details of construction of the development of better and safer punch presses, and machines for drilling small holes in thin metal. The paper ends with a discussion of the possibilities of the hydraulic drive and the importance of giving special attention in the design of all new machine tools to the matter of safety, maintenance, and facility of operation.
The Development of Hydraulic Feeds on Multiple Drilling Machines
Authors: Galloway R. M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The author tells first of the three types of hydraulic pumps in general use for feeding machine tools: namely, the gear pump, arranged to operate at pressures up to 250 lb. and capable of delivering a constant volume at a constant pressure; the multiple-piston pump with variable stroke, built to deliver a variable amount of oil at pressures up to 1000 lb.; and a combination of these two arranged to deliver a large volume of oil at 250 lb. pressure from a gear pump and a smaller volume from a variable-delivery piston pump, both pumps being built into the same housing and interlocked as to control.
Following this, he relates experiences encountered in adapting hydraulic feeds to multiple-spindle drilling machines, and in the development of smaller machines with less expensive pumps.
The success attained led to the development of self-contained units which could be built into designs of special drilling machines, as it was found that a single gear pump could be arranged to supply all the feed cylinders. These have been built into machines having from 2 to 7 units. The paper concludes with a statement of some of the lessons learned during the development.
The Manufacture and Application of Extruded Copper Tubes
Authors: Foisy George A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The paper describes briefly the development of extrusion processes. Soft metals such as lead, tin, and lead-tin alloys have been extruded by heating them to a temperature just below the melting point and forcing them under pressure through dies. Collapsible tubes for holding dentifrice have been formed from cold metal in a press by a process in which a punch, entering a die, forces the metal to flow between it and the sides of the die, the tube being stripped off the punch by hand.
The paper next describes the cold extrusion of copper into tubes 7 mm. in diameter, having wall thicknesses of 0.0035 in. to 0.006 in. and 9 to 15 in. long. Electrolytic copper, 99.9 per cent pure, is extruded hot into bars about ½ in. in diameter. These are cut up into slugs about 7/16 in. long and subjected to two preliminary forming processes which reduce them to cups with wall thickness of about 1/10 in. and pressed bottoms of paper thinness. The cups are then extruded cold in a press by means of a die and punch, the material flowing out of the die around the punch through an annular space which is the exact cross-section of the finished tube. A pressure of 50,000 lb. is applied throughout 1/15 of a second, the energy thus expended causing the copper to assume a plastic state.
A final operation forms hexagonal ends to the extruded tubes which permits their assembly with closely fitting sides into cellular radiators for aircraft and automobile motors, condensers for refrigerants, unit heaters, and other heat-exchanging apparatus.
Efficiencies of Otto and Diesel Engines
Authors: Ellenwood F. O. , Evans F. C. , Chwang C. T. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper gives primarily the results of calculations for the ideal Otto and Diesel engines in which the working substance is a mixture of real gases. The results are presented in the form of convenient tables and curves that may be readily used by any engineer in the determination of the engine efficiencies of internal-combustion motors operating under the various conditions existing today. The general method of procedure is fully explained and the necessary equations are given.
The paper also considers the factors involved in the establishment of “real-mixture standards” on which to base the performance of Otto and Diesel engines, and compares the results obtained by somewhat different conceptions. The use of higher and lower heating values of the fuel in the various calculations involved is discussed, and the tables and curves for the 65 cases considered give the results for both values.
The importance of using engine efficiencies to express performance is stressed, and five illustrative examples indicate that some of the best internal-combustion motors have already been so well designed and built that they give the excellent result of engine efficiencies as high as 76 per cent.
The Construction and Protection of Oil and Natural-Gas Pipe Lines
Authors: Thornhill W. H. T. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
After calling attention to the magnitude of the underground systems required for the transportation of oil and natural gas, the author considers in detail the methods employed in field construction, dealing successively with surveying the route, purchasing and preparing the right of way, “stringing” the pipe along the route, welding pipe joints, excavating the ditches, lowering of line into the ditch, laying all-coupled lines, etc. He then takes up the subject of river crossings, following which he discusses at length methods of protecting pipe lines from soil corrosion, and the principal requirements which a good protective coating should meet. Such a coating, the author states, provides reasonable insurance against the destruction of large investments in permanent underground pipe lines.
Investigation of the Pulp and Paper Industry in the State of Washington
Authors: Ross Bruce Wallace , Konzo Seichi 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper the authors discuss the pulp- and paper-manufacturing industry as it is conducted today and show that, owing to location, source of supply, water supply for both power and process, labor, etc., the state of Washington presents many attractions to the prospective plant builder.
Of the subjects taken up, the first has to do with the materials used in the manufacture of paper. Then the several species of woods found in the United States, with particular emphasis on the state of Washington, are discussed, together with statistics concerning quantities available. One of the sources of supply mentioned is mill waste, and the possibilities of carrying on pulp operations in cooperation with saw-mill activities are discussed.
Pulp-making processes also are treated, those receiving attention being the mechanical process, the soda chemical process, the sulphate process, and the sulphite process.
The process of making paper is touched upon, but owing to the fact that complete treatises on this subject may be obtained without difficulty, little more than a brief review is given.
Interesting statistics on the consumption of wood pulp, its production in the United States, particularly in Washington, and its exportation appear in the paper.
The Application of the Principle of Least Work to the Primary Stress Calculations of Space Frameworks
Authors: Burgess C. P. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
A structure similar to the framework of a rigid airship is analyzed by three approximate methods commonly applied to such structures, and also by the mathematically exact method of least work. It is shown that the approximate methods may be very considerably in error. A short-cut method of least work, giving very satisfactory results, is described and applied to the structure.
Problems in Flying
Authors: Doolittle J. H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper the author discusses many things that are now receiving attention to make flying safer. More and better airports are needed, and a low landing speed is essential. More attention is being given to airplane construction. The cockpit should be strong to protect the pilot in case of a crash, and there should be sufficient material between the pilot and ground to absorb the shock.
Work being done by the Weather Bureau in notifying pilots of weather conditions along the route is of great value. More frequent points for giving information will add to the service. Recent developments provide a satisfactory instrument for measuring altitude. More improvements are needed in the compass for blind flying. Flying in fog makes it necessary to direct pilots to landing ports, and to make it possible to land without seeing the ground. Much work is being done to solve these problems.
The Metalclad Airship
Authors: Fritsche Carl B. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper sets forth the advantages to be obtained from the employment of all-metal construction in dirigibles, and discusses at length costs and other economic questions involved. Extended particulars are then given regarding the design, all-metal construction, erection, and assembly of the U. S. Navy Dirigible ZMC-2, together with data on dimensions, weight arrangement, shape and stress analysis, and performance, as well as conclusions on the test flights.
Journal Running Positions
Authors: Howarth H. A. S. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The classic theory of bearing lubrication propounded by Reynolds and extended by Sommerfeld has shown that when a journal runs in a full bearing with a complete film, the journal center will run opposite the center of the bearing when the journal load acts directly downward against the bearing. The classic theory has, the author believes, also shown that the journal will never rise higher than opposite the bearing center, if the bearing measures 180 deg. long and if the load line bisects that angle.
Consequently the impression has gained ground that under no circumstances will the journal rise higher than the bearing center in any clearance bearing—if the classic theory is correct. The present investigation was therefore undertaken to find out whether that current impression was reasonable. A study of journal running positions was undertaken for clearance bearings whose resultant pressures do not bisect the bearing angle.
The 120-deg. bearing was chosen for the present study because it approximates the bearings widely used in steam turbines. Other angular lengths will be studied later if the results of the present study indicate that an extension of the work is desirable, much of the preliminary work already having been done.
The result of our analysis proves that the current impression is erroneous. The journal may run with its center higher than that of the bearing, if the load, speed, viscosity, clearance ratio, and α/β ratio are compatible therewith. This must be so if the classical theory is correct.
The present analysis indicates that the load direction upon a partial bearing has an amazing influence upon the running position of the journal. It also indicates that no matter how high above the bearing center the journal may run at any finite speed, it will return to run concentric with the bearing at infinite speed.
This study disclosed other interesting phenomena that are explained in the text. Side leakage was neglected. The viscosity was assumed constant. Influence of friction upon the direction of the resultant pressure was estimated. Consequently the present work is readily comparable with that of Reynolds, Sommerfeld, Harrison, and with previous work of the author.
Combustion at High Pressures
Authors: Lichty L. C. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In the author’s experiments hydrogen-air mixtures ranging from 1 H2 + 0.85 Air to 1 H2 + 6.5 Air were investigated, first, by varying the length of combustion chamber, holding the initial temperature constant at 80 deg. fahr., and second, by varying the initial temperature from 80 to 400 deg. fahr., holding the length of combustion chamber constant. Records were obtained from which the effect of mixture on maximum pressure was studied, as well as the effect of surface-volume relationships on maximum pressure, effect of mixture on time of pressure rise, rate of flame propagation, heat loss during pressure rise, etc.
Design of Ellipsoidal Heads for Pressure Vessels
Authors: Greene T. W. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper, after dealing theoretically with the stresses set up in cylindrical pressure vessels provided with ellipsoidally dished heads, gives results of tests made on a propane storage tank 7 ft. in diameter, 38 ft. 4 in. long, and designed for a working pressure of 200 lb. per sq. in., the heads being ellipsoidal with a 2-to-1 ratio of axes. From these results the author concludes that (1) heads with dish and large knuckle radii proportioned to closely approximate true ellipsoidal shapes with a ratio of axes of 2 to 1, are far superior to the flat dished heads with small knuckle radii commonly used in pressure vessels; (2) that the stress distribution in such heads closely approximates that set forth by theory, and that in consequence the formulas presented in the paper can be safely used for design.
Analysis of the Uniform-Rise and Uniform-Pressure-Angle Cam Curves: A Method of Designing Cams by Means of Prepared Charts
Authors: Mallina R. F. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The practical design of cams sometimes requires a thorough investigation of the practical limits to which a designer may go without greatly changing the leverage ratio from cam shaft to cam-lever shaft and without putting unnecessary strain on the follower stud.
It is the purpose of this paper to point out methods of obtaining such limits and to provide tables and charts which will enable the draftsman to determine certain cam curves with a minimum of effort.
The results of this investigation are as laid down in two appended charts.
Friction of Journal Bearings as Influenced by Clearance and Length
Authors: McKee S. A. , McKee T. R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
An investigation at the Bureau of Standards is described, the object of which was to determine the effects upon the frictional resistance of small-bore full-journal bearings of changes in the length-diameter and clearance-diameter ratios. A journal-bearing friction machine provided a method for measuring the frictional resistance when operating under different conditions of load on the bearing, speed of the journal, and viscosity of the lubricant. By a suitable correlation of these factors a measure of the effects of changes of clearance and length with bearings of the same diameter was obtained. The results indicate that changes in the length-diameter ratio as well as in the clearance-diameter ratio have marked effects upon the frictional characteristics of journal bearings in normal operation. Suitable corrections to a theoretical equation for journal friction are derived from these experiments for bearings of all normal clearances and lengths. In the conclusion, further steps toward a more complete understanding of journal-bearing performance are indicated.
A New High-Speed Fan
Authors: Fechheimer Carl J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The author describes a centrifugal fan of novel construction for use on steam-turbine-driven generators. In the impeller, straight blades of sheet metal are bulged with respect to a plane passing through the longitudinal axis, and are riveted to the supporting rings. Further to reduce stresses, the blades are made of duralumin, having low density and good physical properties. A partition ring lowers the stresses still more. An analysis of the stresses set up in operation is given, as well as test data of an experimental fan built to deliver 50,000 cu. ft. of air per minute and having a peripheral velocity of 25,500 ft. per min. at 1800 r.p.m. The experimental fan was run up to 83 per cent overspeed.
Refrigeration and Ventilation as Aids to National Efficiency
Authors: Bloom S. C. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper describes developments in air cooling and air circulation that are being incorporated in modern office buildings. The amount of refrigeration required is large and current practice is to recirculate and recool 50 to 75 per cent of the air used. The volume of cooled air introduced is sufficient, usually, to change the air of a building 5 to 8 times per hour. The period during which cooling is required is but a small part of the year and current practice is to provide refrigerating equipment of capacity sufficient to handle the peak load. The power demand resulting is high and intermittent, and much expensive apparatus must remain idle a preponderant part of the time.
Coordination of Industrial-Plant and Central-Station Power
Authors: Gaudy P. J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper, the author discusses the generation of power for use of industrial plants. In general, he finds that central stations are able to deliver power as required by industrials, cheaper than the latter can produce it themselves. An industrial can generate electric energy for power purposes profitably only when the utility does not maintain proper service or charge a reasonable rate or when the industrial has energy available in some form, for conversion to power, which is a by-product, or natural result, of its major manufacturing process.
Steam-Generating Capacities of Boilers
Authors: Raymond Fairfield E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper the author gives reasons why the maximum steam-generating capacity of any complete boiler unit should be calculated entirely on a heat-liberation basis, except in so far as the features of design are reflected in the value used for the weight or volume of fuel consumed per hour in the furnace and in the overall efficiency. He presents formulas which represent the fundamental conditions, and gives several examples of their use.
Analysis of Costs of Variable-Load and Multiple Power Supply
Authors: Scofield Edward H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This study is based upon the actual performance of a plant in operation and includes a classification of costs designed to facilitate the calculation of the influence made thereon by a load of variable demand. Also it attempts to simplify the consideration of load characteristics and to determine the value of constants relating to certain factors of operation. Reference is made to the application of the results to a study for determining the economics of a power supply for the local electric railway system.