bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resistance on Trial, 1906-1912
Authors: Nym Mayhall Laura E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Attention to suffragettes’ appropriation of the constitutional idiom highlights the legalistic dimension of suffrage politics. Throughout the Edwardian campaign for women’s suffrage,suffragettes assiduously sought to legitimize their protests and their claim to citizenship by appealing to the law. In her contribution to Frederick John Shaw’s edited collection The Case far Women’s Suffrage (1907), Christabel Pankhurst argued that exclusion of women from the parliamentary franchise was at base a judicial decision. Elaborating upon arguments made by Charlotte Carmichael Stopes and others-that the 1832 Reform Act had introduced the limitation of sex into the parliamentary franchise-Pankhurst traced the judicial steps nineteenth-century women suffragists had taken to remedy their political exclusion. On passage of the 1867 Reform Act, she noted, suffragists in Lancashire had attempted to force the court of common pleas to rule on women’s status as voters in light of Lord Brougham’s Act of 1859, which had stipulated that ‘“in all Acts of Parliament, unless the contrary is expressly stated, words importing the masculine gender shall apply to women as well as men.”‘ Citing the court’s ruling in Charlton v. Lings (1868) that neither common law nor statute law enfranchised women, Pankhurst contended that the judiciary misinterpreted both so as to maintain women’s exclusion from the parliamentary franchise.
At War with and for the State, 1914-1918
Authors: Nym Mayhall Laura E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Britain’s declaration of war with Germany in August 1914 spurred reevaluation among suffragettes of the relationship between resistance and citizenship. During four years of war, the British state defined opposition to the war broadly, so that those who voiced opposition to measures deemed necessary for the war effort were imprisoned, fined, and/or subject to community discipline. Suffragettes and suffragists alike returned to a model of citizenship in which service to the nation was the highest value. Ironically, Britain’s prosecution of war in South Africa at the turn of the century had galvanized a model of citizenship from which resistance had emerged as an important component, whereas the First World War marked a return to a more traditional notion of citizenship for women, one emphasizing service. This may have had to do with the scale of the Great War, which encompassed civilians in a manner wholly unlike the earlier conflict, which had been an imperial war fought at great distance from the metropole. During the Great War, the government took measures to ensure that all members of the body politic participated on the side of the nation, with tremendous consequences for the practice of citizenship, both during and after the conflict.
Promoting Interests Unrelated to Criminal Justice
Authors: Robinson Paul H , Cahill Michael T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Aseventh and final justification offered for departures from desert is that such departures are sometimes necessary to promote an interest external to the criminal law. Sometimes these departures involve rules that impose punishment where none is deserved. For example, criminal liability is sometimes imposed on corporations even though a corporation is a fictitious entity that cannot be blameworthy or be “punished” in any meaningful sense.
Employing Civil Rather Than Criminal Processes
Authors: Robinson Paul H , Cahill Michael T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Several of the reform proposals we have mentioned share the position that the civil law offers a better mechanism for advancing the interests now advanced by a criminal-law doctrine that deviates from desert. In chapter 8, we urged a system of administrative violations to replace criminal liability for regulatory violations or criminal liability for nonhuman entities. In chapter 7, we suggested that civil damages or administrative sanctions may be a better means of dealing with many official violations of rights than the exclusion of reliable evidence or the outright dismissal of charges. In chapter 6, we proposed an explicit system of post – criminal-term civil commitment, which we argued would provide a more honest and effective means of protecting the society from dangerous offenders than would using criminal justice as a system of cloaked preventive detention. We discuss each of these proposals in more detail below.
A Moral Education
Authors: Davidson James West 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
About the time that Marshall County Democrats “redeemed” its government and whites across the South ended Reconstruction, Ida enrolled at Shaw University in Holly Springs. Her schooling, though, began at such an early age, she couldn’t remember learning to read. The urge to learn was not surprising. The coming of emancipation brought with it a fierce desire on the part of freedpeople to master what had long been forbidden. By law, a slave caught reading in Mississippi before the war was liable to receive thirtynine lashes; widespread rumor had it that a thumb could be cut off too (“above the second joint,” recalled George Albright of Holly Springs). No matter. Deep in the woods slaves would dig pits, cover them with vines, then “slip out of the Quarters at night” where “some nigger that had some learning would have a school.” Or a slave might filch a copy of Noah Webster’s dictionary, “the blue-back speller,” as a guide; or listen through a window to a plantation tutor giving lessons. Belle Caruthers, near Holly Springs, took advantage of being a wet nurse in her master’s home.
Edged Tools
Authors: Davidson James West 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As the year 1887 opened, the Tennessee papers were filled with the sordid details of “the Godwin case,” a cheerless tale of infidelity similar to so many that preoccupied the press, yet “shocking” for what it revealed “concerning the morals of high life,” Miss Ida B. Wells noted in her diary. “A silly woman forgot her marriage vows for an equally scatterbrained boy; who boasted of his conquest in Nashville, St. Louis, Marianna, as well as here.” Revenge was swift. The woman’s brother murdered the lover who had been so casual in demeaning his sister’s honor. Wells was horrified, yet of two minds about the crime. “It seems awful to take human life but hardly more so than to take a woman’s reputation & make it the jest & byword of the street; in view of these things, if he really did them, one is strongly tempted to say his killing was justifiable.”
Ambition to Edit
Authors: Davidson James West 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the midst of her conflicts over men and marriage, an escape presented itself. The seeming way out of her dilemma came from the woman who had invited Ida to Memphis in the first place, Aunt Fannie Butler. In January 1886, Butler moved to Visalia, California, a small town in the San Joaquin Valley. She had taken along Ida’s younger sisters, Annie and Lily (then roughly twelve and nine years old), with the understanding that Ida would follow as soon as circumstances permitted. Fanny had three children of her own, including a daughter named Ida about Annie’s age. That spring Wells sent money out whenever she could, often feeling guilty for not sending more. As school let out and summer ripened, a succession of letters and then telegrams arrived from Visalia, each more insistent, urging Ida to come out and take the teachers’ qualifying exam. With her life so full, she delayed, put off, postponed, made excuses. Her railroad suit appeared on the brink of settlement, and she was being invited to perform at the concert given by Mrs. Julia Britton Hooks.
Exiled
Authors: Davidson James West 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Success came to Ida Wells in greater measure than she could have hoped. Little more than four months after arriving in the North, she sat center stage, fashionably dressed, amidst the gaslights of New York City’s Lyric Hall in Manhattan, little more than a block from Madison Square Park. It was Wednesday evening, October 5, 1892. Three months earlier, Ida had celebrated her thirtieth birthday. The guests who arrived—more than two hundred—were among the most distinguished African Americans in the city, in addition to many who had traveled from Boston and Philadelphia. They were shown to their seats by ushers wearing white badges emblazoned with “Iola,” the pen name that had spread her fame. Floral arrangements brightened the room, including a “horn of plenty” donated by the ushers themselves. The program promised music and speeches praising Wells’s campaign against lynching, but the greatest interest was reserved for the talk to be given by the woman of honor herself.
The Past in the Future of Cultural Studies Crystal Palace to Millennium Dome
Authors: Clayton Jay 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On December 31, 1999, Greenwich, England, was the site of an equivocal gathering. Queen Elizabeth II officially opened the Millennium Dome in a ceremony that paid homage to the glorious past of her country and nervously promised a transformed future. The rhetoric leading up to this event was a strange mixture of elation and anxiety, as was the news coverage of the actual ceremony. While the latter focused obsessively on the danger of terrorism and the inadequate heating inside the Dome, the former treated the question of history as a troubling burden. From the moment the government convened a special Panel 2000 to oversee the planning of the nation’s millennium celebrations, the issue of how to deal with England’s decline from her former glory loomed large. History could not be suppressed, for everyone knew it was one of England’s most marketable commodities. Yet the panel worried about dwelling too much on the past.
Undisciplined Cultures Peacock, Mary Somerville, and Mr. Pickwick
Authors: Clayton Jay 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At the time when Thomas Love Peacock was composing his first novel, i Headlong Hall (1815), the intellectual who claimed to be acquainted with all areas of science was a figure visible enough to be worth satirizing. To qualify, this person had to have mastered not just the fields recognized as science today-chemistry, botany, geology, and so on-but also areas that would now be classified as humanities: philosophy, music, art, and literature. Back then, the “whole circle of the sciences” included more than just natural philosophy. Peacock is thought to have modeled Mr. Panscope on Samuel Taylor Coleridge, although the resemblance is not as strong as the later portraits in Nightmare Abbey (1818) and Crotchet Castle (1831). Still, choosing Coleridge as the original for a man who had run through all the sciences shows how fuzzy the line dividing poet and naturalist could be at that time. In truth, there were men-and in one notable case, a woman for whom such a portrait would be only slightly exaggerated.
Introduction
Authors: LeDonne John P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book is part of an ongoing project devoted to the formation of the Russian Empire from the 1650s to the Polish Revolt of 1830–31, which brought to an end the first and crucial phase of the empire’s expansion. The seven generations separating the Thirteen Years’ War from the crushing of the Polish Revolt witnessed the transformation of Muscovite Russia into a hegemonic empire in the basins of the eastern Baltic, the Black Sea, and the Caspian, the culmination of an offensive that had taken the Russians far beyond their original goals and had given the empire mastery of the continental Heartland, defined as the huge land mass stretching from the Norwegian Alps to the Sea of Okhotsk and bounded by the continuous chain of mountains from the Dinaric Alps of the former Yugoslavia to the Stanovoi Mountains of northern Manchuria. This period deserves to be studied as the most dynamic in modern Russian history, and the concept of grand strategy provides an excellent tool to help us understand its uniqueness.
Two Rivers and the Origins of Olaf Cuaran
Authors: Hudson Benjamin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
THE FIRST FACT about Olaf Cuaran is that his father, Sitric, was active in Ireland and Britain in the first quarter of the tenth century. This simple statement helps to explain Olaf’s career and the preoccupations of his descendants. Like his parent, Olaf ruled kingdoms in two islands, married princesses from among his enemies, and entered legend.
The ancestry of Sitric and two other Vikings named Ragnall and Godfrey has been a matter of dispute. Irish writers describe Sitric, Ragnall, and Godfrey as the “descendants of lvar” (Uilmair) or the “kindred of Ivar” (clann lmair). Are these descriptions of family lineage, or are they a generic designation of Vikings whose ancestry is otherwise unknown? In the contemporary record in the Annals of Ulster the designation “descendant of Ivar” is used only during a period of forty-two years, from 896 to 937. This actually overstates matters a bit. Prior to 914 the phrase is used twice, in 896 for an Amlaim h[ua] lmair and in 904 for mar h[ua]lmair. From 914, and for the next twenty-four years, this identification is used for only four men: Sitric, Ragnall, Godfrey, and Godfrey’s son Olaf. Godfrey’s other sons are described as “sons of Godfrey.”
Battle, Marriage, and Empire
Authors: Hudson Benjamin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
ONE OF THE MAJOR CHARACTERS of Middle English literature is Havelok the Dane. The earliest version of his legend is found in a mid-twelfth-century French verse history composed by Geffrei Gaimar, who seems to have lived in the southern English Danelaw in Lincolnshire. The story begins with an orphan princess named Argentille who is forced by her wicked uncle to marry a kitchen servant named Cuaran, supposedly the son of a fisherman. Cuaran pays no attention to his bride, and at night insists on sleeping face down. Eventually Argentille discovers the reason for her husband’s shyness: he has a flame issuing from his mouth. They visit Cuaran’s family and learn that his real name is Havelok and that he is the son of the king of Denmark. Havelok returns to Denmark and after various adventures is restored to his patrimony.’
Lords of the Isles
Authors: Hudson Benjamin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Ater A Period of obscurity in the middle of the eleventh century, by the last quarter the dynasty of Olaf Cuaran had gained a new prominence in the kingship of the Isles. Medieval writers assigned the triumph to Godred Crovan. When he briefly added Dublin to his domain in the waning years of the century, the Irish Sea Vikings gained a few final years of glory. More important, Godred established his dynasty in one of the few places where they could flourish. His island empire was too poor and remote for the great princes surrounding him. They busied themselves with more profitable and convenient prey. Godred could hurl defiance to one and all from his island redoubts.
New Shapes of Power, 1570–1610
Authors: Wills John E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1694 Sir Josiah Child, at that time the dominant ﬁgure in the English East India Company, wrote, “Trade does contribute in a very great measure to the honor, strength, wealth, and preservation of our government.” The idea that there can be a synergy of proﬁt and power, that increase of private wealth and proﬁt, and increase of the coercive power of the state can, indeed must, support each other and interact positively, is a commonplace today. Rulers who do not facilitate the growth of their national economies lose legitimacy almost as quickly as those who are bullied by other countries. Strong economies are in themselves sources of the “soft power” of aid, commercial expansion, and cultural inﬂuence, and they pay for military power.
Time of Troubles, 1640–1670
Authors: Wills John E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Between 1630 or 1640 and 1670, several parts of the world that were only loosely interconnected with each other suffered through years of war, rebellion, and plague. In just one decade, 1640–1650, Parisian mobs rampaged through the city and threatened the boy king in his bedroom in the Louvre palace; a revolutionary military government in England executed King Charles I, the executioner holding up the severed head to a huge, silent crowd; and the citizens of Yangzhou, one of China’s richest and most sophisticated cities, suffered through ten days of random killing, looting, and burning by Manchu soldiers with their alien language and shaved foreheads. But by 1690 at the latest, France, England, China, and many other areas had entered a new phase of stability and rising prosperity.
Home Ownership and Youth Well-Being
Authors: Scanlon Edward , Adams Deborah 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Interest in asset-based social welfare proposals has grown among antipoverty scholars since the early 1990s. Advocates of this perspective argue that U.S. policy is overly reliant on income transfers to promote economic security. They contend that income transfers, which tend to be consumed almost immediately, do not provide poor families with resources they can draw upon when they face difficult economic times. Instead, asset-based advocates recommend welfare policies that would assist low-income citizens to accumulate wealth in the form of personal savings and home and business ownership (Sherraden, 1991). In addition to arguing that this approach is more effective for poverty reduction than are income transfer strategies, they also claim that asset holding has positive sociobehavioral outcomes: increased household stability, stronger future orientation, greater personal efficacy, higher levels of social and civic participation, and improved intergenerational welfare (Page-Adams and Sherraden, 1997; Sherraden, 1991). Asset-based welfare policy resonates with many policy makers and citizens, due to its consistency with the historical U.S. emphasis on property owning and the clarity with which these policy concepts have been articulated (Zundel, 1995).
Introduction
Authors: Echevarría Roberto González 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the early d ays of 1605, Miguel de Cervantes, a minor author, former soldier, and tax collector published in Madrid a book titled El ingenioso hidalgo don Quixote de la Mancha, or, The Witty Hidalgo Don Quixote of la Mancha (an hidalgo being a member of the low aristocracy). Fifty-eight years old at the time and largely unsuccessful in his previous literary ventures, Cervantes seems to have decided to gamble it all with this bold and original book: the story of a middle-aged, sedentary man who suddenly decides to become a knight-errant and sets out in search of adventures. Don Quijote and his creator both invent themselves in a quest for freedom that their advanced age makes urgent, breaking on the one hand with literary tradition and on the other with social expectations.
The Genesis of Don Quixote
Authors: Pidal Ramón Menéndez 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
From the twelfth century onward, France, relying primarily on Bretonian legends, had set the model for the versified romance of chivalry, the taste for which spread throughout Europe, thanks to the charm of works such as Tristan, Lancelot, Perceval, and, Merlin, by Chrétien de Troyes or Robert de Boron, and to that of a body of prose literature that made its appearance in the first half of the thirteenth century. Heroic verse, which reflected traditional, political, and martial ideas and was characterized by domestic austerity and the absence of love as a poetic theme, was now succeeded by a new kind of narrative poetry, which, like the lyric, assumed the essential character of love poetry, with its scenes unfolding in a courtly, elegant world far removed from the stern feudalism of the epic.
Literature and Life in Don Quixote
Authors: Riley E C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The interaction of literature and life is a fundamental theme of Don Quixote. The subject is not literary theory itself (no one would be so foolish as to suggest that Don Quixote was a sort of dramatized treatise), but it is useful to approach it from the standpoint of Cervantes’ novelistic theory, with which it is firmly connected. This may throw more light not only on the theory but on the motivation and methods of the author in what looks at times like a waggish, bewildering, and complicated game or a protracted private joke. We must confine ourselves to the literary and artistic aspects of matters susceptible of unlimited philosophical extension. The epistemological questions which the Quixote poses are also literary problems of professional interest to Cervantes as a novelist. There is a basic preoccupation with literary fiction in the expressed purpose of the book and in the most elemental conception of the hero. However far the author transcended his purpose, his declared aim was to debunk the novels of chivalry. Whatever else the hero may be, he is, quite simply, a man who cannot distinguish between life and literary fiction: ‘everything that our adventurer thought, saw or imagined seemed to him to be done and to happen in the manner of the things he had read’ (I, 2).
The Narrator in Don QuijoteMaese Pedro’s Puppet Show
Authors: Haley George 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the chivalric romances, Cervantes found a subject ripe for parody and, with it, a way of telling stories that called for the same treatment. He made them both serve the ends of comic enjoyment and instruction in Don Quijote. But in the course of poking fun at the narrative technique of the chivalric novelists, Cervantes used and enlarged it with such skill that, in his hands, the overworked devices became expressive instruments once more. Through his ingenious manipulation of one of the chivalric novelist’s favorite devices, the fictitious author, Cervantes was able to set before the reader a novel viewed in the round and depicted in the process of becoming: the dynamic interplay of a story, its dramatized tellers and its dramatized readers. It is this aspect of Don Quijote that I should like to consider.
Chindi and Garment Stitchers
Authors: Bhatt Ela R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the late 1970s, Ahmedabad was the largest trade center for chindi, which are scrap strips of fabric two to eight inches in length-byproducts of the textile manufacturing process. Every year, some 3,500,000 kilos of chindi came out of the mills, while another 200,000 kilos were discarded by powerloom factories and processing houses that paid contractors to clear the waste from their premises.1 Calcutta, the largest producer of children’s clothes in India, bought the best quality chindi from the stock. About a fifth of the chindi was used as rags for cleaning machines, tools, and other factory equipment. The used, dirty, oily chindi, called daghi chindi, was also sold, but to small, local traders who in turn sold it by the kilo to the poor khol makers of Dariapur. A khol is a quilt cover made by joining pieces of chindi together. Initially the mills paid contractors to remove the chindi from the mills, and then they started to give it away for free before the 1960s. By the 1960s, chindi was sold-its price ranged from 1 to 4 rupees per kilo. In the 1970s, it hovered for years at 4 rupees a kilo and then jumped to 11 rupees a kilo in the 1980s.