bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The First Factor: Spatial Dynamics
Authors: Kieckhefer Richard 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The kinetic dynamism of a classic sacramental church, with its longitudinal space for processions, is exemplified by the design and the use of Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome. The tendency of longitudinal space to become partitioned with screens and other barriers is discussed with reference to Saint Albans Cathedral, in England. The possibility of reconceiving and revitalizing classic sacramental space is demonstrated by the case of Saint Gregory of Nyssa, in San Francisco. The central plan is shown to be a variation on the longitudinal design. The verbal dynamism of a classic evangelical church, with auditorium seating on a ground floor and in a gallery, is exemplified by the early Congregational Chapel in Walpole, England. The tendency toward hybrid arrangements is shown in the Westerkerk at Amsterdam, which, though fundamentally Protestant, retains certain features of medieval design. The use of a modern communal church for gathering of the congregation is illustrated by the Methodist church at Northfield, Minnesota. Problems in the modern communal tradition are discussed with reference to the Church of the Autostrada outside Florence, Italy.
The Margins of Left Behind's Readership
Authors: Frykholm Amy Johnson 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
While the core of Left Behind’s readership is evangelical and white, the popularity of the books has seeped far beyond these boundaries. This chapter explores the response to Left Behind by non-evangelical readers or by readers who struggled to place themselves easily within contemporary evangelicalism. It argues that the series is persuasive as “truth” to those who are already convinced. It is far less convincing to those who stand outside its central doctrines. At the same time, those on the margins of Left Behind’s readership use the books in creative ways to make sense of their own lives and religious realities.
“I'm a Survivor and He's a Survivor”
Authors: Frykholm Amy Johnson 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
This chapter trains its attention on the role that gender plays in how readers interact with Left Behind. It begins with female readers’ denial that gender is important to their reading of the books and their resistance to single out gender for discussion. Male and female readers identified with the stronger, male characters in the books and sought to learn from them how to live in the midst of strife. The chapter continues with a look at the history of gender in dispensationalism and the complex roles that it has played. The chapter concludes that gender has a relevance when it comes to the dispensationalist narrative. It shapes and informs that narrative, but readers themselves emphasize spiritual strength and personal devotion over the policing of gender.
Fear, Desire, and the Dynamics of Left Behind
Authors: Frykholm Amy Johnson 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Left Behind has been a controversial force in American culture, drawing regular criticism from secular and religious corners. This chapter examines that criticism and argues for a stronger understanding of the activity of readers. Readers are active interpreters of fictional texts, and their interaction with these texts is complex and often unpredictable. The dynamics of both fear and desire are at work in creating responses to Left Behind within complex social settings. Evangelicalism is wrongly understood as a “subculture” and instead needs to be conceived as a broad and fluid part of dominant popular culture in the United States. Rapture Culture urges its readers to consider popular fiction reading as a complex and dynamic act of faith in American Protestantism.
Employment Performance and Labor Market Institutions: The Case of Spain
Authors: Llorente Rafael Muñoz de Bustillo 
Published: August 2005

AbstractFrom a stunning 23.9% in 1994, Spain’s unemployment rate fell to 13% in 2001. In this chapter, Bustillo challenges the conventional views that the main culprits of Spain’s high unemployment were overly generous and protective labor market institutions, and that the recent dramatic improvement can be explained by free market oriented institutional reforms. Benefit levels were not nearly as generous as many observers believe—about 30% of the average wage, one of the lowest in the European Union. Spain has been characterized by wage moderation, relatively low labor costs, and relatively high earnings inequality. Nor are employment protection laws particularly onerous: by the mid-1980s dismissal rates were comparable to other leading OECD countries. The author contends that the sources of much of the unemployment problem can be found elsewhere: in the rapid transformation from a highly agricultural to a service economy in a period of political upheaval in which employer-union relations were highly charged; a rapidly growing labor force; low R&D investment; an ineffective system of job training and placement; and limited geographic mobility, due largely to high housing prices which made it risky for workers to relocate.
Investment Policy and Asset Allocation for Defined Contribution Plans
Authors: Baker August , Logue Dennis E. , Rader Jack S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis chapter begins by discussing the trend towards defined contribution (DC) plans over the last 25 to 30 years. This trend has placed more and more sponsors in a situation where the employees are responsible for choosing the asset allocation that will determine their retirement pension income. Employer responsibilities in this setting are discussed. The second section discusses investment policy for DC plans, which includes the choice of investment alternatives and the approach to employee financial education. The third section discusses asset allocation for DC plans. It includes an analytical framework that demonstrates the effect of the asset allocation decision on expected risk and return.
Hybrid Plans
Authors: Baker August , Logue Dennis E. , Rader Jack S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIn addition to DB and DC plans, many companies are establishing “hybrid” plans — plans that have features of both DB and DC plans. The first section of this chapter describes several types of hybrid plans, including combined plans, cash balance plans, pension equity plans, and target benefit plans. The second section discusses the controversies surrounding these plans. Sponsors who are considering a cash balance plan should consider both the facts about these plans and the public perception of them.
Living the Questions of Learning and Faith
Authors: Jacobsen Douglas , Jacobsen Rhonda Hustedt 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The task of Christian scholarship involves the exploration of the scholar’s own soul as well as the philosophical analysis of the linkages between faith and learning. The ideas of Ernest Boyer and Nancey Murphy illustrate this complex terrain where faith and scholarship overlap and blend together in the scholar’s life. This approach to Christian scholarship requires that ethics and aesthetics be taken into account alongside logic and that “living the questions” of learning and faith take center stage over the merely theoretical discussion of issues.
A Modest (Though Not Particularly Humble) Claim for Scholarship in the Anabaptist Tradition
Authors: Weaver-Zercher David L. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
This essay discusses cultural narratives that shape both American society and Anabaptist scholarship. A key cultural narrative for most Americans is that their nation is at or near the center of God’s purposes. Anabaptist scholars often display a counter-cultural stance toward the American narrative because their own Anabaptist cultural values emphasize nonviolence and commitment to the poor.
Scholarship Defined and Embodied
Authors: Jacobsen Douglas , Jacobsen Rhonda Hustedt 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
This chapter proposes a threefold definition of scholarship that includes analytic, strategic, and empathic modes of reflection. It also underscores the place of ethics, academic etiquette, personal motivation, and vocation in the life of any scholar. These multiple dimensions of scholarship need to be understood before one attempts to map the even more complex terrain of Christian scholarship.
Virtues and the Scientific Revolution
Authors: Sargent Rose‐Mary 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Experimental philosophers of 17th-century England recognized a complex relationship between scientific values and civic virtues. Francis Bacon, motivated by his desire to promote the common good by producing useful knowledge, noted that the advancement of learning required a cooperative research effort guided by civility, charity, toleration, and intellectual modesty. This essay examines how the founders of the Royal Society of London, including Robert Boyle, put his advice into action by their efforts to establish an expanded and inclusive society of investigators that would strengthen the habits of discourse in a civil society, while furthering the economic, political, and social benefits of scientific inquiry.
Conclusion
Authors: Bendroth Margaret Lamberts 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Billy Graham’s New England crusade was an important watershed in the history of Boston’s evangelical Protestants. It marked not only a culmination of several decades of revivalistic efforts, but signaled a new level of social visibility and acceptance for the city’s fundamentalists, increasingly self-identified as more socially engaged “new evangelicals”. Graham’s Boston crusade, with its broadly international agenda for revival, also illustrates the gradual detachment of conservative evangelicals from their urban setting. Local attachments to Boston were clearly secondary to a larger symbolic program for national salvation, in which England served as a colorful mythical backdrop to a campaign for spiritual rather than political salvation.
Karlsruhe: 1919–1920
Authors: Scott William Taussig , Moleski Martin X. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
In preparation for a scientific career in Germany, Polanyi chose Australian citizenship and was baptized as a Roman Catholic. During his doctoral studies at Karlsruhe, Polanyi completed his thesis on adsorption and began to work on reaction kinetics. He became engaged to Magda Kemeny, who was also working on a doctorate at the University.
At the Wheel of the World: 1961–1971
Authors: Scott William Taussig , Moleski Martin X. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Because Polanyi found a great deal of support for his work through philosophers and theologians in the United States, he traveled there frequently and gave dozens of lectures that helped him to distill his understanding of the tacit dimensions of thought. By dwelling in interpretative frameworks, we make new discoveries that allow us to break out of the old worldview, casting all of the data in an entirely new light. Polanyi also found a deep harmony between the epistemology of personal knowledge and existentialism, because knowing is a free act for which the knower must take personal responsibility.
When Prophecy Never Fails
Authors: Tumminia Diana G. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis ethnography details the UFO religion, Unarius Academy of Science, and their belief system, which includes visions, channeling, dreams, myths, healing, past-life therapy, and recovered memories. From the theoretical perspective of the social construction of reality, it analyzes the way members create their own social world of contact with extraterrestrials. Based on lengthy field research, the everyday life and history of one of America’s oldest contactee groups is described. The text explicates the lives of the founders, Ernest and Ruth Norman, who claimed to be Space Brothers from higher realms of knowledge that offer a celestial science to Earth. Max Weber’s theory of charisma is used to analyze Ruth Norman, who led the group as Uriel the Archangel, Goddess of Love. Since Unarius had a failed millennial prophecy of spaceships landing in 2001, the author compares them to the group Leon Festinger studied in the 1950s. In looking at the interpretive methods Unarius used to explain success rather than failure, the text discusses the reasons why prophecies rarely fail in the eyes of believers.
The Second Meditation and Objections to Cartesian Dualism
Authors: Ayers Michael 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIn 1978, two books were published that became standard commentaries on Descartes's Meditations. One was Bernard Williams's Descartes: The Project of Pure Enquiry, the other Margaret Wilson's Descartes. This chapter starts from an issue of interpretation to which both books give some prominence, and which concerns the structure of Descartes' argument for his distinction between mind and body. It suggests that what are presented and can appear as two stages of Descartes's argument in the Second and Sixth Meditations are distinct arguments, although both build on the skeptical argument of the First Meditation and Descartes sees them as related by a certain informal movement of thought. The conclusion of the first plays no formal role in the second, and it is argued that despite some features of the Second Meditation persuasively discussed by Wilson, Descartes does not conflate them. It is shown how these different, but connected, arguments relate to a significant difference among certain classic reactions to Cartesian dualism — a difference that continues to resonate in present-day philosophy. The chapter ends by offering some considerations in favor of the most radical line of criticism considered.
Animal Minds
Authors: Yarri Donna 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe question of animal minds is a central one in the debate on the ethical treatment of animals in general, and on the issue of animal experimentation in particular. This chapter argues that animals possess at least rudimentary levels of cognition, including rationality, language, intelligence, consciousness, beliefs and desires, autonomy, and personhood. The existence of marginal humans, who lack to some degree the cognition of normal adult humans, challenges the notion of speciesism, in which automatic favor is granted to or denied to one simply by virtue of species membership. Thus, the conclusion is reached that the differences between humans and animals are differences of degree rather than differences of kind.
Christian Theology
Authors: Yarri Donna 
Published: August 2005

AbstractHistorically, the Christian tradition has not been generally favorable toward animals, and in fact has often been used to demonstrate the dominion of humans over animals. However, there are doctrines within Christian theology that can be interpreted more positively with regard to the treatment of experimental animals. These include creation, sin, Christology (focusing on both the earthly Jesus and the risen Christ), and eschatology (including the idea of animal souls). Thus, the Christian view of God and life can include a view toward experimental animals in which they are valued as having intrinsic value rather than simply instrumental value.
Conclusion
Authors: Yarri Donna 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe ultimate goal in animal experimentation is not necessarily to eliminate all experiments, but rather to establish a benign ethic for its practice. An interim ethic is described, which includes changes in current animal legislation, specifically with regard to the Animal Welfare Act. Paying attention to animal husbandry conditions and utilizing preference tests can go a long way in establishing a more humane practice of animal experimentation. Finally, the idea of pet keeping is offered as a model for treating experimental animals much as we would pets. The result would be a movement away from simply an instrumental and often harmful use of animals, to one which is based on the intrinsic value of animals.
Empires Ancient and Modern
Authors: Bryan Christopher 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
There are differences as well as parallels between Roman and post-enlightenment imperial experiences. Romans had many shared assumptions in common with those they colonized. Later strife between Christianity and Rome was not because Christians were or were perceived as political rebels. It was about religion. Romans accused Christians of superstitio and meant it. Pax Romana depended upon pax deorum. Rome’s part was pietas — honoring the gods. Christians (atheoi), by refusing to honor the gods, endangered the empire. Roman imperium was often violent and exploitative, though not more so than other polities of its time; it also had positive elements, notably a measure of peace and security. Men like Pliny, Virgil, and P. Petronius regarded defense of Roman peace as a matter of honor. We must beware of colonizing the past. Jesus, Josephus, Romans, and Jews should be listened to for their own sake before we attempt to apply what they say to ourselves.
Meaning, Truth, and Evidence
Authors: Davidson Donald 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Quine revolutionized the understanding of verbal communications by taking seriously the fact that there can be no more to meaning than an adequately equipped person can learn and observe. Thus, the interpreter’s point of view is the revealing one to bring to the subject. By espousing a distal rather than a proximal theory of meaning, he recognized and fully exploited the active role of the interpreter; a role that requires the interpreter to correlate his own responses and those of the speaker by reference to the mutually salient causes in the world of which they speak.
James Joyce and Humpty Dumpty
Authors: Davidson Donald 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
This essay explores the tension between the idea that what the speaker intends by his words determines what he means, and the idea that what a speaker means depends on what he can expect the listener to understand. It is argued that this is a false choice. Meaning is a function of what the speaker intends, but this intention includes what the speaker expects his listener to understand. Thus, Humpty Dumpty’s theory of meaning, “When I use a word it means just what I choose it to mean”, omits the crucial interpersonal element. As Joyce himself thought, his daring use of words put him in a sense beyond his own language, society, and self.
Laws and Cause
Authors: Davidson Donald 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Davidson believes that the argument for anomalous monism partly rests on the claim that every true singular causal statement relating two events is backed by a law that covers those events when those events are properly described. This essay seeks to clarify and defend this claim by discussing conceptual relations between event, law, and object. It argues that singular causal statements entail the existence of strict laws even at the quantum level, but these laws will not meet the standards of Hume, Kant or Einstein.
Gadamer and Plato's Philebus
Authors: Davidson Donald 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
This essay focuses on the Gadamer’s discussions on Plato’s Philebus and the nature of understanding, truth, and language. Both Davidson and Gadamer agree that conversation is the route to share understanding, that conversation presumes a shared world, and that language has its true being only in conversation. However, against Gadamer, Davidson insists that conversation does not presuppose a common language.
Spinoza's Causal Theory of the Affects
Authors: Davidson Donald 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
This essay explores the difficulty of reconciling Spinoza’s ontological monism; his thesis that mind and body, extension and thought, are two different and mutually irreducible way of describing the universe; his insistence on the reality of the mental; and his denial of mind-body interaction. According to Spinoza, while a particular event described in one vocabulary may cause a particular event described in the other, a fully adequate explanation of a mental event cannot be given in physical terms and vice versa. This thesis is what Spinoza had in mind in denying mind-body interaction.
Basil of Caesarea and the Development of Pro‐Nicene Theology
Authors: Ayres Lewis 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Focuses on Basil of Caesarea as both a key figure in the developments of these years and as a key example of wider theological shifts. Shows how Basil slowly developed towards his mature theological position, distinguishing between God’s unity at the level of ousia and the distinctions between the persons at the level of idiomata. Also considers developing the use of hypostasis, his pneumatological reserve and the continuing presence of older terminologies in his thought. Also argues that Basil is not guilty of the subordinationism that has frequently been seen in his formulations.
‘The First and Brightest Light’
Authors: Ayres Lewis 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Focuses on some shared pro-Nicene Christological and cosmological principles. In the first place, pro-Nicenes see Christ as the agent of salvation and understand the nature of unity in the body of Christ through meditation on the mysterious presence of one who is the Word and Image of the Father and as such distinct from the world. Across different idioms, accounts of salvation and Christian existence are thus shaped by pro-Nicene concerns. These common themes begin to shape a common perception of Christian identity as mysterious and of the language of faith as inherently paradoxical. In the second half of the chapter, the author argues that this picture is reinforced when we see how pro-Nicenes shape common accounts of the semiotic structure of reality existing in the world. Through these accounts we begin to see a common aesthetics of faith emerging. This aesthetics forms the context for pro-Nicene Trinitarian theology.
The Grammar Of Augustine's Trinitarian Theology
Authors: Ayres Lewis 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Turns to Augustine of Hippo, arguing that the fundamental grammar of his Trinitarian theology also reflects common pro-Nicene dynamics. Focuses on Augustine’s use of divine simplicity both to articulate the logic of relations in the Triune Godhead and to emphasise that this logic remains beyond human epistemological grasp. When Augustine is read in the pro-Nicene context we see that he does not favour the unity of God over the diversity of persons: in fact, we see that in the late fourth century Latin, Greek, and, Syriac theology share common fundamental Trinitarian dynamics.
Predetermined Variables
Authors: Arellano Manuel 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis chapter analyses models in which the time-varying error are uncorrelated with current and lagged values of certain conditioning variables but not with their future values, so that these are predetermined with respect to the time varying errors. It emphasises an incomplete model that specifies orthogonality conditions between a structural error and predetermined instruments. Predeterminedness is defined relative to a specific structural error.
The Growth in Non-standard Employment Relations
Authors: Rebick Marcus 
Published: August 2005

AbstractFocuses on the growing use of atypical labour in non-standard forms of employment, especially part-time employment in Japan. Examines a number of different possible explanations for this ongoing trend and concludes that the major factors are cost-cutting by employers, demands for greater flexibility in working hours, and the decline of the family enterprise and self-employment.