bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cage design attenuates display patterns of male chimpanzees
Authors: Rumbaugh Duane M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractChimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) males are well known for their frequent displays toward viewers who approach and stand in front of their cages. If the front of the chimpanzees' cage is vertical and is constructed of bars or chain link framed by steel, the display includes “pant‐hooting,” then lunging onto the cage's front, followed by a series of vigorous attempts to shake the entire structure. The display is intimidating and can include spitting and throwing of materials. Also, displays can incur substantial damage to the cage over time. By sloping the front of the cage toward the center of the cage, the display pattern is profoundly attenuated both in frequency and form. Additionally, it serves to make the males more tranquil. No adverse effects on their health and well‐being over a 2‐year period have been noted.
Functions and social consequences of infant–adult male interaction in a captive group of lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)
Authors: Mitchell Robert W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe functions and social consequences of infant‐adult male interaction in a captive group of lowland gorillas were evaluated. The two males repeatedly attempted to interact with the infant, the infant sometimes attempted to interact with the males, and the mother usually interrupted interactions between male and infant. Infant‐directed actions by the two males frequently showed their interest in the infant and infrequently showed care giving toward her; their other infant‐directed actions occurred near the time of excitement or of playful actions between adults. Male‐directed actions by the infant frequently showed its interest in one male and infrequently showed care seeking from him. All infant‐adult male interactions but one occurred in the less stimulating of the gorillas' two enclosures. Boredom and the mother's frequent thwarting of contact between a male and infant are suggested as influences on the males' interest in the infant. The data suggest that availability of interesting objects alleviated the boredom of captivity for males and thus dissuaded them from seeking stimulation which sometimes resulted in harmful behaviors toward the infant.
Scent‐marking in captive red pandas (Ailurus fulgens)
Authors: Conover Greta K. , Gittleman John L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThree male and three female captive red pandas (Ailurus fulgens) were observed during and outside of the breeding season to examine changes in scent‐marking behavior. Variation in scent‐marking was analyzed with respect to site preferences, sex differences, onset of breeding, behavioral correlates, and environmental factors. Both males and females exhibited significant preferences for particular marking sites, those being prominent points in the enclosures. Males showed significantly higher scent‐marking frequencies than females, except in one enclosure where increased marking behavior was associated with the presence of young. Sexual dimorphism in the pattern of marking was also observed, with males showing a bidirectional mark and females a unidirectional mark. Female marking was greater during the breeding season. Sniffing and number of waddles per mark were associated with scent‐marking. Temperature change was not related to frequency of scent‐marking. These results are compared with scent‐marking behaviors in other species of carnivores and functional explanations are suggested.
Homage to Niko Tinbergen and Konrad Lorenz: Is classical ethology relevant to zoos?
Authors: Robinson Michael H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA personal account of the impact of the founders of ethology is presented. Niko Tinbergen and Konrad Lorenz profoundly affected the attitudes of people toward animals, showing people, for the first time, the sophistication of animal behavior. Also presented is a personal memoir of working with Tinbergen, and speculation on how zoos might benefit from a closer look at the lessons of animal behavior in both the care of the animals and the education of the public.
Digestibility of timothy hay by African elephants
Authors: Roehrs J. M. , Brockway C. R. , Ross D. V. , Reichard T. A. , Ullrey D. E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTwo juvenile, female African elephants (Loxodonta africana) were used in summer and winter trials to determine the apparent digestibility of timothy (Phleum pratense) hay. After 12–14 days of dietary adjustment, dry matter intake and fecal excretion were quantitatively measured for 7 days. Dry matter of timothy hay contained 8.6 and 7.7% crude protein, 57.3 and 44.0% acid detergent fiber, and 6.5 and 6.4% ash during the summer and winter trials, respectively. Estimates of apparent digestibility during summer and winter, respectively, were 39 and 35% for dry matter, 43 and 32% for gross energy (GE), 45 and 30% for crude protein (CP), and 36 and 24% for acid detergent fiber (ADF). While GE and CP digestibility estimates tended (P < .09) to be greater in the summer trial, only the digestibility of ADF was different (P < .05) between summer and winter. Dry matter intake was 1.4–1.6% of body weight (BW), providing an average of 144 kcal of digestible energy per kg BW0.75. This value is similar to that (155 kcal per kg BW0.75) used for estimating digestible energy requirements for maintenance of light‐breed horses.
Nutritional considerations in the pathogenesis of hepatic veno‐occlusive disease in captive cheetahs
Authors: Gosselin Sylvie J. , Setchell Kenneth D. R. , Harrington George W. , Welsh Mary‐Beth B. , Pylypiw Harry , Kozeniauskas Raymond , Dollard Denis , Tarr Melinda J. , Dresser Betsy L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractVeno‐occlusive disease (VOD) of the liver has been diagnosed in a large number of captive cheetahs. Some ingredients or contaminants present in the diet were suspected as possible causes for this noninfectious disease with high incidence. Eight different diets fed to cheetahs kept in North American zoos were analyzed for vitamin A levels and the presence or absence of plant estrogens, nitro‐saminines, nitrites, and aflatoxins. Three of the eight diets were considered to contain toxic amounts of vitamin A. In humans and rats, hypervitaminosis A has been associated with hepatic vascular lesions, mainly perisinusoidal fibrosis, which progress eventually to occlusive lesions similar to VOD. Plant estrogens were detected in appreciable amounts only in one of the exotic carnivore diets. The role of plant estrogens in the pathogenesis of VOD in captive cheetahs is not clear at this time and needs further investigation. Based on the liver pathology and diet analyses, nitrosamines or their dietary precursors and aflatoxins can be excluded as possible causes of VOD in cheetahs kept in North American zoos.
Manifestations of vitamin D deficiency in chicks reared under different artificial lighting regimes
Authors: Bernard Joni B. , Watkins Bruce E. , Ullrey Duane E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA problem observed with zoo animals that normally do not consume vitamin D‐containing foods and that are not exposed to natural sunlight is a deficiency of vitamin D. This study was conducted to determine whether the amount of ultraviolet light emitted by certain commercially available lights is sufficient to promote vitamin D3 synthesis as indicated by weight gain and various measures of skeletal calcification. Seventy‐four, day‐old male leghorn chicks were randomly assigned to six treatment groups for a 6‐week trial. All groups were exposed to a cool white fluorescent light. In addition, group 1 was supplemented with 400 IU of vitamin D3/kg diet, group 2 was supplemented with 100 IU of vitamin D3/kg diet, group 3 served as the negative control, group 4 was exposed to a Vita‐Lite for 12 hr per day, group 5 was exposed to a Sylvania sun lamp for 15 min twice daily, and group 6 was exposed to a Sylvania black light for 15 min twice daily. Groups 3 through 6 were not provided with dietary supplements of vitamin D3. At termination of the experiment, groups 1, 2, and 5 all showed healthy beaks and ribs, the highest weight gain, and greatest percentage of bone ash. Group 4, in contrast, had the poorest calcification and lowest bone ash. This finding indicates that supplemental artificial lighting does affect vitamin D3synthesis in chicks and presumably in other species but that certain lights that were presumed to be appropriate for this purpose proved to be unsuitable under the conditions of this study.
Infanticide in captive collared peccaries (Tayassu tajacu)
Authors: Packard Jane M. , Babbitt Kimberly J. , Hannon Patricia G. , Grant William E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractHousing animals in groups that are typical of the normal social system can be very important to the success of captive husbandry. Collared peccaries normally live in mixed‐sex territorial groups of 13–40 individuals with little evidence for movement between groups. We recorded 21–30 cases of infanticide in a captive group composed of animals from several wild groups. In five observed cases, the attacker was a female unrelated to the mother, but related females helped defend neonates. Victims did not differ in sex ratio or size from individuals that survived. We recommend that peccaries be housed as related female lineages.
Cage location effects on visitor attendance at three Sacramento Zoo mangabey enclosures
Authors: Mitchell G. , Obradovich Stephanie , Sumner Diana , DeMorris Kristine , Lofton Lisa , Minor Jonathan , Cotton Latrece , Foster Todd 
Published: June 2005

AbstractResearch on the effects of enrichment would do well to consider carefully location and/or visitor habituation effects on animal behavior. In the present series of studies, 19,847 visitors to the Sacramento Zoo were counted and categorized by age and sex as they appeared at each of three mangabey cages having only slightly different locations within the zoo. A cage nearest the exit/entrance received significantly more visitors (had greater attracting power) than did a cage away from the exit but on the main path, while the latter cage had more patronage than a cage that was only a few feet off the main walkway.These effects persisted through both subtle and complete changes in the animal inhabitants of the cages. These very strong effects, which are similar to those described by Melton's (Pychological Bulletin 30:720, 721, 1983; Museum News 14(3):6–8, 1936) classic “exit gradient” as well as to other possible effects of simple location (e.g., visitor habituation) are particularly important for species that are behaviorally responsive to visitors.
Review of medical literature of great apes in the 1980s
Authors: Janssen Donald L. , Bush R. Mitchell 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe medical problems of great apes including gorillas (Gorilla gorilla), orangutans (Pongo pymaeus), and chimpanzees (Pan sp.) published during the last decade are reviewed. Anesthetic techniques, diseases or organ systems, neoplasia, infectious diseases, and reproductive problems are reviewed. Gonadal tumors and atherosclerosis in great apes appear frequently in the literature. Diseases with suspected viral etiology include papillomas in chimpanzees, retrovirus‐associated lymphomas in gorillas, and various herpesvirus disease. Technology developed for human medicine has expanded the diagnostic opportunities for clinicians working with great apes.
Chromosomal distinction between the red‐faced and black‐faced black spider monkeys (Ateles paniscus paniscus and A. p. chamek)
Authors: de Boer L. E. M. , de Bruijn M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe two subspecies of the black spider monkey, Ateles paniscus paniscus and A. p. chamek, can be distinguished by their chromosome number, 2n = 32 in the former and 2n = 34 in the latter. This difference most probably is the result of a tandem fusion between chromosomes 4 and 13 of the original Ateles karyotype (2n = 34) to form a unique metacentric chromosome in A. p. paniscus. Further differences between the subspecies concern the presence of additional interstial or terminal C‐bands in chromosomes 3, 5, and 12 of A. p. paniscus. A third difference is that chromosome 12 is metacentric in A. p. paniscus but is submetacentric in A. p. chamek. A. p. chamek shows dimorphisms caused by pericentric inversions in pairs 1, 5, 6, and 7 as well as in the Y chromosome. Since the dimorphisms in pairs 5 and 7 are only found in homozygous condition, they may indicate the existence of geographic variation within this subspecies. Differences in external characteristics possibly reflect these chromosomal difference. The necessity to lend A. p. paniscus full specific status should be considered, since karyologically this is the most distinct one of all forms of Ateles. In captive breeding A. p. paniscus should evidently be treated as a separate population, as hybridization with A. p. chamek may result in offspring with reduced fertility. The intra‐subspecific karyological variation in A. p. chamek and its possible consequences for taxonomy and captive breeding require further investigation.
Role of cytogenetics for breeding management of squirrel monkey colonies
Authors: Fogle Thomas 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBreeding colonies of squirrel monkeys in zoos are often a mix of Saimiri taxa, which leads to the possibility of hybridization, loss of classification features, and possible reduction of fertility among hybrids. Two zoos, Potawatomi and Brookfield, were used to assess chromosomal composition of colonies. Chromosomes were analyzed from lymphocyte cultures and animals were classified into cytogenetic types. At both zoos there was a predominance of Peruvian types, but hybrids (Peruvian/Colombian) at Potawatomi and (Peruvian/Colombian and Peruvian/Guyanan) at Brookfield were also identified. Analysis of the Brookfield lineage (three generations) revealed karyotypic Peruvians derived from hybrid parents. The Gothic versus Roman arch of periocular white hair shows intermediate or quite variable expression in hybrids and offspring derived from hybrids. Given the relative length of both pericentric inversions and the segments distal to each, a detectable reduction in fertility is predicted when compared with similar‐sized inversions in humans. Somatic segregation of inversion heterozygotes, which would reconstitute homozygosity and elevate fertility, was not detected.
Survey of parasite control programs used in captive wild ruminants
Authors: Isaza Ramiro , Courtney Charles H. , Kollias George V. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to document, through a mailed questionnaire survey, the methods of parasite control currently used in captive wild ruminants. There was a 69% overall response to the survey. The majority of respondents indicated that they used parasite surveillance and identification techniques similar to those used for domestic ruminants. Of the four major anthelmintic drug classes, the benzimidazoles and ivermectin were used most commonly. Many of the parasite control programs had high treatment frequencies which were similar to dosing frequencies reported to result in anthelmintic resistance in domestic animals. Lack of effectiveness by benzimidazoles was perceived to be a problem by many respondents.
Genetic variation in Sri Lankan leopards
Authors: Miththapala S. , Seidensticker J. , Phillips L. G. , Goodrowe K. L. , Fernando S. B. U. , Forman L. , O'brien S. J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractElectrophoretic variation of 50 gene‐enzyme systems was typed in a population of 33 captive leopards (Panthera pardus) from the island of Sri Lanka. The captive leopard population was composed of several lineages: (1) wild‐caught leopards of the island subspecies (P. p. kotiya), (2) captive‐born animals of the same subspecies, (3) a melanistic lineage whose founders were obtained from Malaysia (P. p. delacouri), and (4) leopards of known mixed lineage and unknown status. Two loci, APRT and PGD, were polymorphic in all samples, whereas 48 loci were invariant. Percent polymorphism (P) and percent average heterozygosity (H) were calculated as 4% and 1.4%, respectively, for the wild‐caught leopards; 4% and 1.2% for the captive‐born kotiya leopards; and 4% and 2.0% for the melanistic lineage. The overall results revealed a detectable decrease in genetic variability compared with a previous study of captive leopards from mainland origins. The mainland leopards had three additional polymorphic loci, ADA, ESI, and HBB. Reexamination of the TF locus using a revised protocol resolved a new allele in the sample of mainland leopards but not in the Sri Lankan sample. With this new polymorphism, recalculated P and H values for the mainland sample are 10% and 3.1%, respectively. No significant differences in polymorphic loci were observed between the leopard subspecies examined.
Giant chacoan peccary: Feeding and social behavior of a captive group in natural habitat
Authors: Handen Cynthia E. , Benirschke Kurt 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSocial behavior of the giant Chacoan peccary, also known as the taguá, is relatively unknown due to the harsh environment and endangered status of the population. In order to characterize feeding and social behaviors, a group of 7 adults, 2 juveniles, and 3 infants was observed in their feeding area for 99.25 hours over 18 days during October and November 1989. All animals were housed in a 2 ha natural‐habitat enclosure in the Chaco of Paraguay. It was determined that these peccaries fed in intervals throughout daylight hours and that juveniles spent more time per approach in the feeding area than adult males. It was also observed that infants were accepted and well tolerated by the entire group, including adult males. These observations have relevance to taguá behavior in the wild and provide new insights into social patterns of this recently discovered species.
Simple method for calculating confidence limits around inbreeding rate and effective population size estimates from pedigrees
Authors: Reed J. Michael , Blackwell Bradley F. , Emigh Ted H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn important concept in population genetics is effective population size (Ne), which describes the expected rate of loss of genetic variability from a population. One way to estimate Ne is using a pedigree. However, there are no methods for comparing the Ne estimated from a pedigree with that expected from life‐history models. In the paper we show how Ne can be estimated from the change in inbreeding rate (f) estimated from a pedigree. The mean individual inbreeding rate in a population at a given time must be calculated from averaged values for males and females, where each age class is weighted by its reproductive value. We show an exact method for placing confidence intervals around f and Ne using a binomial distribution, and present a method for approximating this interval for large Nes using a Poisson distribution. These confidence intervals can be used to compare f and Ne from a pedigree to expected values from demographic models, and to compare Nes of two populations.
Shark bite wounds of the valvular intestine: The cause of an acute mortality syndrome of captive blacktip reef sharks, Carcharhinus melanopterus
Authors: Crow Gerald L. , Brock James A. , Howe Jeffrey C. , Linnon Beth E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDuring 1987–1990 nine cases of mortality in captive blacktip reef sharks (Carcharhinus melanopterus) were attributed to bite wounds to the valvular intestine. Necropsies revealed lacerations, amputation of the scroll valve folds, or complete severance of the valvular intestine. Wounding resulting from attack by tankmates occurred during episodes of intestinal eversion, an apparently regular event of unclear physiological function in sharks with a scroll valve intestine. This paper adds intestinal biting as a putative cause of mortality in captive shark species having a scroll valve intestine.
Simple toys do not alter the behavior of aged rhesus monkeys
Authors: Line Scott W. , Morgan Kathleen N. , Markowitz Hal 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSimple toys and sticks have frequently been suggested as inexpensive forms of environmental enrichment for nonhuman primates. Most descriptions of these items do not provide quantitative data on their use, or the effects that their presence have on general behavior. We tested wooden sticks and four different dog toys with aged and young adult rhesus monkeys to determine whether or not they led to decreases in abnormal behaviors, or increases in activity. We monitored object‐use, abnormal behaviors, and general activity in a series of three experiments. Use of all objects tested declined sharply by the second day after they were placed in the cage. High levels of use were seen each time new objects were introduced, suggesting that a regular schedule of object rotation would lead to increased interest from the monkeys. No changes in abnormal behaviors or general activity were attributed to the presence of the objects. We conclude that sticks and simple toys have limited effectiveness as environmental enrichment options for aged rhesus monkeys. Where possible, socialization and/or actively responsive enrichment devices may be more effective in enhancing the lives of captive primates. In the case of animals in zoos, responsive environments and increased social opportunities also contribute to the educational, aesthetic, and health diagnostic missions of the institutions.
Reproduction of the lesser kudu (Tragelaphus imberbis) at Dvůr Králové Zoo
Authors: Váhala Jiří 
Published: June 2005

AbstractReproductive data on captive lesser kudus (Tragelaphus imberis) were collected from 1972 to 1990. The estrous cycles of two females were 21 and 22 days. Mean gestation length of 18 pregnancies was 244 ± 5.5 days (range = 235–256 days), and 71.2% of interbirth intervals (n = 146) were from 248 to 365 days. Births occurred throughout the year, but 55% were from September to December. Females always gave birth to a single calf (n = 215), and the sex ratio did not differ from unity. Neonatal weights (1–3 days postpartum) of 32 males and 28 females surviving at least 30 days were 6.4 ± 0.8 kg and 5.8 ± 0.7 kg, respectively. Males and females reached sexual maturity at the ages of 16 and 19 months, respectively. The oldest male lived to slightly more than 14 years, 5 months, and the oldest female to more than 18 years, 11 months. Males were fertile until at least 14 years and females minimally to 14–18 years of age; however, the maximum age of successful lactation was 13–14 years. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Serum and urinary levels of reproductive hormones associated with the estrous cycle in white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)
Authors: Knox W. M. , Miller K. V. , Collins D. C. , Bush P. B. , Kiser T. E. , Marchinton R. L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractConcentrations of estradiol‐17β (E2), progesterone (Po), and luteinizing hormone (LH) in serum and estrone glucuronide (E1G) and pregnanediol glucuronide (PdG) in urine were determined by direct radioimmunoassay in five yearling and three adult female white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from 14 October to 20 December 1985. Elevated levels of LH were recorded before the first estrus of the breeding season and immediately preceding or during behavioral estrus. Urinary E1G and PdG concentrations were poorly correlated with serum levels of E2 and Po, respectively. Serum Po levels prior to the first estrus of the breeding season indicate that pubertal yearlings experience silent ovulations and suggest that silent ovulations may be important in the transition from adolescence to cycling adult in white‐tailed deer. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.