bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Fall and Rise of Capital Punishment: 1965–1976
Authors: Haines Herbert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Leslie Horton, awaiting execution for rape in Florida, was enjoying a visit with his family the morning of June 29, 1972, when a guard stepped in and asked “Can you stand some more good news today?” The Supreme Court, the guard informed him, had just abolished the death penalty. Earlier that morning, Chief Justice Warren Burger had announced the Court’s decision in the case of Furman v. Georgia (408 U.S. 238, 1972), which by the narrowest of margins declared all existing capital statutes in the United States to be in violation of the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution.
Eighty of the other 86 death-sentenced prisoners at the Florida State Prison Farm got the good news from the radio as they returned from watching a Clint Eastwood movie. Death row erupted in “hollering, hooting, and the exuberant rattling of cell doors.” Some shouted “Right on, Mr. Justices.” Some mockingly cursed President Nixon, who had campaigned on a punitive “law and order” platform. And at least one wept with joy (Waldron 1972).
Abolitionism at the Crossroads
Authors: Haines Herbert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Almost a quarter of a century after its greatest victory in Furman v. Georgia, the anti-death penalty movement is often the object of harsh ridicule. Its enemies mock it for being out of touch with the American people, who are sick and tired of crime, and for whining about unfair treatment of lawbreakers. Death penalty opponents are also mocked for having failed utterly in their effort to stem the tide of tough justice. If the news media is one’s only window, the movement appears to consist solely of dwindling bands of diehards, bewildered by society’s waning interest in their case, holding flickering candles at execution-night vigils.
Much of this ridicule is undeserved. The movement is small, but activity slowly increased in the late 1980s and early 1990s rather than diminished. The nation’s surly mood on crime is real enough, but as we have seen in our discussion of opinion surveys, its enthusiasm for executions has been greatly exaggerated. There are indeed many die-hard proponents of capital punishment in this nation, just as there are some who could never be convinced that any execution could ever be justified. But between the two stands a sizable group that seems to be open to persuasion that there are better solutions to illegal homicides than legal ones. And those who write abolitionists off as “failures” overstate their case. Undoubtedly, capital punishment will survive into the twenty-first century. In fact, its use may be on the upswing as the new millennium arrives. But it is also true that far more convicts would be dead today, including at least a few innocent ones, were it not for the efforts of abolitionist attorneys and their supporting cast. Even their detractors recognize this when they lambast the supposedly ineffectual anti-death penalty forces for jamming the machinery of execution. And there would be no public discussion of the social and ethical dimensions of capital punishment if the 200-year-old flame were not kept alive by ADPM groups.
Backscattered Electrons
Authors: Joy David C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we will concentrate on simulations associated with various aspects of backscattered electrons. We will define backscattered electrons as those incident electrons that are scattered out of the target after suffering deflections through such an angle that they leave the material on the side by which they entered (i.e., for normal incidence, the minimum scattering angle required is 90°). In practice, it is often more useful to define backscattered electrons as those incident electrons that are scattered in the target in such a way as to be collectible by a suitable detector placed on the incident beam side of the specimen. This, of course, implies that the apparent magnitude of the backscattering will be affected by the size and position of the detector relative to the specimen and incident beam. To avoid confusion, we will separate these cases by calling the total number of backscattered electrons per incident electron the backscattering yield 11 and the number per incident electron as measured by some specified detector the backscattered signal. Since every Monte Carlo model tracks each incident electron in its passage through the target, the determination of whether or not a given electron is backscattered is inherent in the simulation. At the same time, the backscattering yield 11 is a convenient macroscopic measure of the interaction of the electron beam with the target and forms a useful experimental test of the predictions of a Monte Carlo model. Before attempting to simulate details of backscattered imaging from complex and inhomogeneous samples, we must therefore demonstrate that the models developed in the previous chapters correctly match experimental values for the backscattering yield from planar and homogeneous materials.
Introduction
Authors: Thompson John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most important developments in the field of theology in the last two decades has been a genuine revival of interest in the doctrine of the Trinity. “Its roots are hard to isolate, and the styles of theology within it vary widely, but the current trinitarian revival itself is unmistakable. … [V]irtually every serious theological movement of recent years has sought in its own terms to state and shape trinitarian doctrine.”1 Feminists, liberationists, process thinkers, and more traditionalist Catholic and Protestant theologians as well as Eastern Orthodox desire to free the Trinity from its isolation in traditional statements with the consequent lack of relation to practical Christian faith and life. The realization that in the economy of salvation we have to do with God as he is in himself has radically focused thought in a new way on the being and act of God as triune. Further, the emphasis on the liberation of human beings and the concomitant social and political thrust has undoubtedly been a contributing factor. This poses a question: Is God as triune not only the source of our salvation but also the ground and paradigm of true social life and liberation?
The Trinity: The Mystery of Salvation
Authors: Thompson John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen that the doctrine of the Trinity has its basis in God’s selfrevelation in Israel and in Jesus Christ his Son by the Holy Spirit. In other words, it is to be found exclusively in this revelation as the Scriptures bear witness to it. This positive affirmation carries a negative within it. Since the unity of God is a unity in trinity no other conceived or supposedly proven unity of God is a Christian conception of the true God. Traditional doctrine has sometimes been at fault here. It brought a division into the whole conception of God beginning with a general doctrine of the one God and his attributes on the basis of some biblical material or philosophical proofs and then went on to speak of God as triune.1 This clearly has various dangers which are being recognized today. It could lead to the Trinity being subordinated to an already preconceived idea of God with a consequent weakening and undermining of its true nature in a modalistic way. Again, it could be seen as a creator God as Father being largely divorced from Son and Holy Spirit so that the Father was known otherwise than by faith, whereas Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit were the true objects of our belief and worship. This could bring a serious division into our conception of the Trinity, endangering the equality and nature of the persons and misunderstanding their mutual relationships.2 This dichotomy in the doctrine of God meant a real difficulty too in relating it to Christian life, faith, and worship.
The Cultural Landscape of Child Abuse in the United States
Authors: Costin Lela B , Karger Howard Jacob , Stoesz David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1978 Cristina Crawford published Mammie Dearest, her account of the abuse she had suffered at the hands of her mother, the actress Joan Crawford. In many ways, this book was to the middle-class child abuse movement what Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring was to the environmental movement-pollution was no longer a question of garbage disposal but a matter of poisoning essential elements consumed by us all. While Mammie Dearest did not break new ground because of its literary style or prose, it did help dispel the social myth that child abuse occurs only among the poor. The public discovered that child abuse occurs not only in the middle class; it occurs even among the rich and famous. A flood of books followed, many written by children of successful people wanting to unburden themselves of horrible memories and, not coincidentally, to make a few dollars on the side. As souls were bared in print, child abuse was seen as a social problem af­fecting the middle class as well as the poor.
Dictionary Of Celtic Mythology
Authors: Ellis Peter Berresford 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Celts were one of the great founding civilizations of Europe and the first North European people to emerge into recorded history, producing a vibrant labyrinth of mythological tales and sagas that have influenced the literary traditions of Europe and the world. The first A-Z reference of its kind, Dictionary of Celtic Mythology is fascinating and accessible guide to the gods and goddesses, the heroes and heroines, the magical weapons, fabulous beasts, and otherworld entities that populate the myths of this rich European culture. Like A Dictionary of Irish Mythology before it, this is a who’s who and what’s what of the epic Celtic sagas and tales. Predated only by Greek and Latin by virtue of the fact that the Celtic languages were not written until the early Christian era, Celtic mythology is a development from a far earlier oral tradition containing voices from the dawn of European civilization. The peoples of these Celtic cultures survive today on the western seaboard of Europe--the Irish, Manx, and Scots, who make up the Goidelic- (or Gaelic) speaking branch of Celts, and the Welsh, Cornish, and Brentons, who represent the Brythonic-speaking branch. And it is in these languages that their vibrant and fascinating mythology has been recorded and appreciated throughout the world. In his introduction, Ellis discusses the roles of these six cultures, the evolution (or demise) of the languages, and the relationship between the legends, especially the Irish and Welsh, the two major Celtic cultures. From Celtic legends have come not only the stories of Cuchulainn and Fionn MacCumhail, of Deidre of the Sorrows and the capricious Grainne, but the stories of the now world-famous Arthur, and the romantic tragedy of Tristan and Iseult. An easy-to-read handbook, The Dictionary of Celtic Mythology presents a fascinating window to centuries of rich oral and written tradtion from the mists of Europe’s origins.
Introduction
Authors: Ellis Peter Berresford 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Celtic languages contain one of Europe’s oldest and most vibrant mythologies. By virtue of the fact that they were written down only early in the Christian period, the Celtic languages and therefore Celtic mythology are predated by Greek and Latin. But the mythology is a development from a far earlier oral tradition. Contained in many of the stories are voices from the dawn of European civilisation, for the Celts were one of the great founding peoples of Europe. It is generally thought they commenced their spread across Europe from their original homeland around the headwaters of the Rhine, Rhone, and Danube rivers, which still bear their original Celtic names, at the start of the first millennium B.c. By the third century B.c. the Celts were settled from the central plain of Turkey in the east through the Balkans, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Switzerland, and north ern Italy to France, Belgium, Spain, and Britain and Ireland. They were the first Transalpine European civilisation to emerge into re corded history.
A
Authors: Ellis Peter Berresford 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Abarta. [I] “The performer of feats.” A mischievous member of the Tuatha De Danaan who sought to become the servant of Fionn Mac Cumhail. He was also known as Giolla Deacair (“The Hard Servant”). He captured some of the Fianna and took them to the Otherworld. Fionn chased after him with Faruach, who could make a ship by magic, and Foltor, the best tracker in Ireland, and man aged to rescue them.
B
Authors: Ellis Peter Berresford 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bach Bychan. [W] “Little Little-one.” Trystan’s servant. Badb. [I] A goddess of death and battles who is regarded as a triune deity: Badb, Nemain, and Macha meeting under the name the M6rrfgan. Badb’s name signifies a crow or raven, which is a constant Celtic symbol of the war goddess. She was married to Net, who appears as an even more shadowy war god. In an account of the historical battle of Clontarf, A.O. 1014, it is said that Badb appeared shrieking over the heads of the warriors during the battle.
F
Authors: Ellis Peter Berresford 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fachtna. [I] There are several of this name but the most famous is the king of Ulster who married Nessa, daughter of Eochaidh Salbuidhe. Conchobhar Mac Nessa was brought up as his son, although the tradition has it that he was the natural son of the druid Cathbad, who had an amorous affair with Nessa.
M
Authors: Ellis Peter Berresford 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mabinogi. [W] “The Four Branches of the Mabinogion” is a collection of medieval Welsh tales that form the mainstream of Welsh mythology. The tales are preserved in two Welsh sources: The White Book of Rhydderch (1300-1325) and the Red Book of Hergest(l375- 1425). The evidence is that these tales originated far earlier than the surviving forms. The style used in the story of “Culhwch and Olwen,” for example, shows forms of eleventh century style, vocabulary, and custom. This is, incidentally, the earliest surviving Arthurian tale in Welsh. Archaism in language and custom reflect that the tales belonged to an ancient time and had been handed down by oral tradition until being written down.
N
Authors: Ellis Peter Berresford 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Naked Warriors. There are many references to the Celtic custom of stripping naked to do battle or to engage in single combat. They did so from their religious concepts. Naked and at one with the world around them, the “aura” and life force of the warriors was increased. Polybius recorded, in his account of the Battle of Telamon in 225 B.C., that a Celtic tribe he designates as the Gaesatae hurled them selves naked into battle against the Romans. He did not realise that the word meant “spearmen” (Irish gae, Welsh gwayw = spear) and that they were probably a group of elite warriors like the Fianna, the Red Branch warriors, or Gamhanrhide. See Knights.
O
Authors: Ellis Peter Berresford 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oak. Of all the trees, it is the oak that has been most associated with the druids as their sacred tree. Some scholars argue that the very word “druid” derives from the word “oak-knowledge” (dru-vid), mainly because Pliny the Elder associated it with being cognate with the Greek word for oak. Certainly veneration of the oak was widespread among the Celts wherever they were. In Galatia, the state set up by the Celts on the central plain of Turkey, the capital was recorded by Strabo as Drunemeton-the oak sanctuary. Maxi mum Tyrius went further and claimed that the Celts saw the father of the gods (Zeus) in the image of a lofty oak. However, in Irish mythology the yew, hazel, and rowan trees are more frequently referred to than the oak. Certainly sacred trees were common and used as totems. Each clan had its sacred tree, and the most demoralising thing a hostile clan could do to another was to invade and fell the sacred tree. These were regarded as the crann bethadh, or “tree of life.” In early Christian tradition we find many churches significantly sited by druidic oaks in Ireland: Cill Daire (Kildare), the “Church of the Oak,” founded by Brigid; the great monastic school of Daire Maugh (Durrow), “Plain of the Oaks,” in Wexford; and Daire Calgaich (Derry), Colmcille’s favourite spot, which was the “Oak Grove of Calgaich.” Mistletoe, associated with the Continental Celts, is not a native Irish plant and was only transported to Ireland in the eighteenth century.
U
Authors: Ellis Peter Berresford 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Uaithne. [I] Sometimes Uathe. The harp of the Dagda. An enchanted instrument that would only sound when summoned to do so by the Dagda. It was stolen by the Fomorii, but the Dagda traced it to their feasting house and called to it. It leapt forward, killing nine Fomorii, and began to sing a paean of praise to the Dagda. Uaithne was also the name of the Dagda’s harpist, who had an affair with Boann. They had three sons, Goltrade, Gentrade, and Suantrade, who played such sad music that it was said twelve men once died listening to it and weeping for sorrow.
The Government: From Client To Customer To Citizen
Authors: Blau Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although democratization of the workplace may be vital for reasons both of efficiency and equity, it will only help those who already have jobs. Those who do not have jobs, or whose jobs pay too little, need some other means of support. Over the last hundred years, the usual form of support has been social protection from the government. For those who prize the market, this development violates the natural order. Determined to reduce or even eliminate social provision, they have pursued it to its source.
The Next Deal
Authors: Blau Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the moment, the shift toward the market both reflects and extends the disconnection of American citizens from their government. This shift sets most of the citizenry up for a terrible fall. Markets do bring benefits-to the more affluent under virtually all circumstances and to the nonpoor in periods of economic recovery. Although these benefits are sometimes just enough to persuade a majority of the population that they might be better off going it alone, they are rarely sufficient or sufficiently long-lasting to provide a firm foundation for economic security. Usually, when markets fail, government provides a cushion. Next time, however, the political success of markets means that the cushion is much less likely to be there. And there will be another downturn. But this time, without new government policies to assure the economic well-being of every citizen, that economic downturn will be the first absent a safety net since the Great Depression of the 1930s.
Introduction
Authors: Oakes Guy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alert Today-Alive Tomorrow, a film produced by RKO for the Federal Civil Defense Administration in 1956, opens in the seemingly innocuous but uncomfortably ominous fashion characteristic of Alfred Hitchcock, the camera slowly panning down from a sweeping panorama of a small American town to focus on a single residential street. The houses all are remarkably alike-modest, two story, white frame, with scrupu lously trimmed lawns. As the announcer observes, “It could be any street, any town, USA.” Homeowners are engaged in light gardening. Parents walk their young children along the sidewalks. One neighbor assists another with some yard work. The streets are immaculate, the residents neatly dressed and friendly, the children well behaved and smiling. This is the postwar paradise of the American middle class, in which everyone is well-off, white, and civil-a triumph of residential real-estate development, landscape architecture, and social homogeneity.
The Ar1tinomies of Cold War Culture
Authors: Oakes Guy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The civil defense programs of the 1950s reveal several contradictions, two of which will be considered here. Neither is the product of a the oretical or academic exercise disconnected from actual civil defense plans. On the contrary, both emerged in the earliest stages of Cold War civil defense planning, and both were explored in detail by the national security establishment during the Eisenhower presidency, when they were the subject of sober, but ultimately inconsequential, debate. The doctrine of nuclear terror held that without civil defense, the public response to the prospect of a nuclear attack would defeat the objectives of American national securitv policy. Either Americans would be paralyzed by fear and collapse into a state of stupefaction, or the horror of impending total destruction would drive them into a frenzy. Both re actions were incompatible with the steady resolve regarded as essential to the credibility of deterrence. The solution to this problem was civil defense, which would enligbten Americans concerning the true dangers of nuclear war and teach them how to survive. When they learned how to beat the bomb, nuclear terror would vanish.
The Misgovernment Of Woman’S Tongue
Authors: Kamensky Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps the cold came as a relief. The “extremity of weather” that marked the winter of 1637–1638-cold so deep that “the bay was all frozen up, save a little channel”-cost some in Massachusetts their fingers and toes, others their cattle, and still others their lives. Yet metaphorically, at least, the chill in the air must have offered a welcome antidote to the heated rhetoric that had engulfed Boston and surrounding villages during the preceding months: an epidemic of “foul errors,” bred “secretly,” that had “tainted” the colony’s public discourse. The austerity of a New England winter certainly provided the appropriate backdrop to the scene that unfolded in Boston’s First Church that March, when the congregation’s elders came together to freeze Anne Hutchinson out of their circle of godly fellowship. If Hutchinson could be driven beyond the Massachusetts pale, they reasoned, spring might indeed mark a rebirth for the colony, the inauguration of a new order embodied by new languages of deference and authority.
Revenge, The End Of Politics, And Justice, The Beginning
Authors: Shriver Donald W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It did happen again, and they called it World War IL Almost every observer of that first half of our century acknowledges, ruefully, that the seeds of the “second round” were sown in the Versailles Treaty, as clear an illustration of vengeful international politics as the century was to yield. In the midst of that second round, in the year 1943, Edwin Muir, a Scot, wrote a poem about his near despair over the murderous “wheel” of history that corrupts one generation with the crimes of the last one. The question has haunted morally reflective people for many centuries, and no ancient people wrestled with the question more soberly than did the Greeks, particularly the Athenian dramatic poets and at least one Athenian historian. The first preoccupation of these Athenians, as the virtual inventors of European political philosophy, was their painful experience of the truth: nothing is more “natural” in human relations than revenge, and nothing is less political. It seems right to begin this study of forgiveness in politics with this truth and to document it in two versions: first, the drama that Aeschylus wrote to portray the triumph of justice over revenge as the most primitive, and most necessary, step that any group of citizens can take if they mean to form a political association; and second, the next-generation history that Thucydides wrote to remind the Greeks that in fact, not just in poetry, revenge is one of the great destroyers of politics. Against the background of great evils done and great evils suffered in the relations of human groups to each other, they stand at a fork in the road: if they take the fork of revenge, they will never emerge from a political culture truly primitive. If they take the other fork, they may learn to call it “justice” and to distinguish it from the revenge with which it is sometimes confused.