bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The heat of combustion of the urine of sheep and cattle in relation to its chemical composition and to diet
Authors: Blaxter K. L. , Clapperton J. L. , Martin A. K. 
Published: June 2005

1. The results of over 500 determinations of the heat of combustion of the urine produced by cattle and sheep have been analysed statistically. 2. The analytical errors for nitrogen, carbon and heat of combustion were ±0.54, ±1.4 and ±2.2%. The error attached to an estimate of the heat of combustion of the urine produced by an individual sheep in 4 days was ± 10%.3. At the maintenance level of feeding, the heat of combustion of the urine (U kcal/ 100 kcal food) was related to the crude protein content of the diet (P%)by the equationU = 0.25P+1.6with a residual standard deviation of ±0.88 kcal/100 kcal.4. Regression analysis of the relation between the heat of combustion of urine and its N content showed significant differences with diet. The heat of combustion of the urine of sheep was 9.7 kcal/g C and of cattle 10.3 kcal/g C, and did not vary with diet. 5. It is shown that the variation in the heat of combustion of urine/g N and its relative constancy/g C arises largely from variation, from diet to diet, in the proportion of the N excreted as hippurate. 6. The results have been combined with the results of a similar analysis (Blaxter & Clapperton, 1965) of methane production by sheep to show that the ratio of metabolizable energy to digested energy varies very little from mean values of 0.82 for roughages, 0.85 for cereals and 0.79 for oilseed cakes and meals.
Severe undernutrition in growing and adult animals
Authors: Lister D. , McCance R. A. 
Published: June 2005

1. Ten pigs which had been undernourished for a year, and weighed about 5.5 kg at that time, were rehabilitated on an excellent dict. They grew fast, but no faster per kg body-weight than normal pigs, and they stopped growing at the same chronological age. Consequently, they did not attain the same adult size as the normally reared pigs.2. The rehabilitated animals appeared to be fatter than the control animals, but the proportions of muscle to bone in the carcasses of the males and females were within the range to be expected in normal animals of the same fat-free weight, although the castrates may have been somewhat less muscular on this basis.3. The weights of the organs per kg of fat-free body weight were within the limits found in normally reared animals of the same fat-free weight.
The effect of uncooked and roll-dried wheat starch, alone and mixed in equal quantity with sucrose, on dental caries in the albino rat
Authors: Green R. M. , Hartles R. L. 
Published: June 2005

1. Eighty weanling albino rats, five from each of sixteen litters were distributed between five dietary groups in sixteen randomized blocks. Each block was formed from within a litter and each animal in the block received a different diet.2. The main features of the diets were: group 1, 72% sucrose; group 2, 72% uncooked wheat starch; group 3, 72% roll-dried wheat starch; group 4, 36% sucrose and 36% uncooked starch; group 5, 36% sucrose and 36% roll-dried starch.3. The rats were killed after 20 days on the diets and assessed for dental caries. The rats consuming diets containing sucrose (groups 1, 4 and 5) had significantly more caries than animals receiving diets in which starch was the sole carbohydrate. The diet containing roll-dried wheat starch produced significantly more caries than uncooked starch. The mixture of uncooked starch and sucrose was more cariogenic than the mixture of roll-dried starch and sucrose.
Transaminase activity in the rumen liquor of sheep
Authors: Rekib Abdur , Sadhu D. P. 
Published: June 2005

1. The presence of transaminase activity in rumen contents has been demonstrated. The level of activity varied with time after feeding and was influenced by the nature of the diet.2. Rumen contents from a sheep given a diet containing casein showed greater transaminase activity at 2 h than at 6 h after feeding. Conversely, with a diet containing urea and maize, the activity was higher at 6 h than at 2 h after feeding.3. The greater part of the transaminase activity of rumen liquor was associated with the fraction containing protozoa and food residues while the cell-free fraction contained no transaminase activity under the experimental conditions.
An investigation of very low calorie intakes reported in Jamaica
Authors: Ashworth Ann 
Published: June 2005

1. A previous dietary survey has reported some very low calorie intakes in a farming community in rural Jamaica. Subsequently, ten subjects were specially selected on the basis of being very poor and underfed and individual dietary surveys were carried out in their homes for 7 days.2. The accuracy of the dietary surveys was tested in a metabolic ward by feeding the subjects with the same meals as were recorded in their homes. Body-weight, calorie and nitrogen intakes, and urinary and faecal N outputs were measured.3. Basal metabolic rates and the calorie expenditure during sleep were measured to investigate whether any metabolic adaptations to the low calorie intakes had occurred. The calorie cost of performing a standard step-test was measured and compared with that of well-fed control subjects to find out if there were differences in physical efficiency.4. Nine of the subjects were found to be thinner than the average person of the same age and sex in their district, and were considerably thinner than the average American.5. Five of the dietary surveys were thought to have given a correct picture of the normal dietary pattern. The remaining five surveys were unsatisfactory.6. In the five correct surveys, calorie intakes were 61, 69, 72, 78 and 98% of the FAO recommended requirements.7. No clear-cut evidence of an adaptive change in basal metabolic rate was found.8. Few calories were available for physical exertion and there was an apparent increase in the physical efficiency of work.
Severe undernutrition in growing and adult animals
Authors: McCance R. A. , Owens P. D. A. , Tonge C. H. 
Published: June 2005

1. Pigs, held by undernutrition to a weight of about 5.5 kg till they were a year old, were then rehabilitated on an excellent growing ration, and killed when they were fully mature.2. Undernutrition of this degree of severity delayed the growth and development of the teeth, but relatively less than that of the body or the jaws.3. The teeth became abnormally sited and the shape of the mandible changed.4. During rehabilitation, some of the crowns and most of the roots of the molar teeth failed to reach their proper size.5. Some of the molar teeth remained permanently impacted and out of alignment.6. The fine structure of the teeth, particularly of those parts formed during the period of undernutrition, was still abnormal when the animals were killed.
Iron metabolism during lactation in the rabbit
Authors: Tarvydas H. , Jordan Susan M. , Morgan E. H. 
Published: June 2005

1. Iron metabolism was studied during lactation in the rabbit by the intravenous injection of59Fe in order to measure plasma Fe turnover, Fe transfer to the milk and Fe absorption by the suckling young.2. Although the plasma and red cell volumes were elevated in the lactating animal a significant increase of plasma Fe turnover was not demonstrated.3. Between 2.5 and 11.5% of the injected dose of59Fe appeared in the milk during the following 2–3 weeks. Secretion into the milk continued for at least 2 weeks, and the specific activity of Fe was higher in milk than in plasma, suggesting that the mammary gland contained a pool of Fe, with a low turnover rate from which milk Fe was derived. On the average, 150–315 μg Fe were secreted in the milk per day.4. Almost all the59Fe ingested by suckling rabbits, either in milk or sodium chloride solution, was absorbed.5. It is concluded that in the rabbit the relatively small increase of body Fe which occurs during suckling is entirely due to the limited supply of Fe available in the milk. The high concentration of Fe-binding protein present in rabbit milk did not appear to aid Fe transfer into the milk or to affect Fe absorption by the young.
The nutritive value of groundnut protein
Authors: Dawson R. 
Published: June 2005

1. The effects of heat treatment on the proteins of the groundnut were studied by examining the electrophoretic patterns of the proteins extracted from samples of a laboratory-prepared groundnut flour after various heat treatments.2. Marked changes in the electrophoretic pattern of the conarachin fraction were found and these changes correlated with changes in nutritive value.3. Marked differences were found between the electrophoretic patterns of the conarachin fractions extracted from twenty commercial groundnut meals, and these differences could be correlated with nutritive value.4. It is suggested that an examination of the electrophoretic pattern of the conarachin fraction could provide a useful and rapid means of determining the nutritive value of a groundnut meal.
The metabolic response of young women to changes in the frequency of meals
Authors: Swindells Yola E. , Holmes Susan A. , Robinson Marion F. 
Published: June 2005

1. Six healthy young women residing in a metabolic unit, but continuing their normal activities, received a uniform diet for 27 days, subdivided into four periods of 6 days and a final collection period of 3 days.2. The daily food was divided into equal-sized portions; the subjects ate their daily quota as three meals a day in periods 1, 3, and 5 (control), two meals in period 2 (gorging), and nine meals in period 4 (nibbling).3. The metabolic response of each subject was investigated by measurements of energy expenditure, and by analysis of the food, the urine and the faeces.4.The subjects showed distinct differences in response, but for most subjects the changes in body-weight and in the metabolism of nitrogen and fat appeared unrelated to the frequency of the meals.
Effects of protein and vitamin E on haemoglobin formation in rats
Authors: Bunyan J. , Green J. , Cawthorne M. A. 
Published: June 2005

1. Young rats were given, for 9 weeks, vitamin E-deficient diets containing either 20% or 10% casein, with and without a dietary supplement of 350 ppm D-α-tocopheryl acetate. For the next 5 weeks the casein content of the low-protein diets was decreased to 7%.2. The low-protein diets induced severe growth depression.3. The dialuric acid-induced haemolysis test showed that the rats given the 20% casein vitamin E-deficient diet were depleted of vitamin E, but that the rate of depletion on the lowcasein diet was slower.4. Haemoglobin levels were slightly decreased by the 10% casein diets after 9 weeks, but this difference was not found after 14 weeks, comparing 20% and 7% casein. Dietary vitamin E had no effect on haemoglobin levels or erythrocyte counts.
Assessment of the heart-rate method for determining energy expenditure in man, using a whole-body calorimeter
Authors: Dauncey M. J. , James W. P. T. 
Published: June 2005

1. The heart-rate (HR) method for determining the energy expenditure of free-living subjects has been evaluated using a whole-body calorimete in which individuals lived continuously for 27 h while carrying out normal daily activities. Eight male volunteers each occupied the calorimeter on at least two occasions when HR and energy expenditure were measured continously.2. After each session in the calorimeter a calibration was obtained using standard techniques by determining HR and heat production (HP) over periods of 10–15 min at several levels of activity. Energy expenditure in the calorimeter was then predicted, by each of five methods, from the mean HR in the calorimeter. Additionally, one session in the calorimeter was used to obtain a calibration and was used for predicting the subject's energy expenditure while in the calorimeter on other occasions.3. Standard methods of prediction using one calibration point at rest and several points during activity were unreliable for predicting the energy expenditure of an individual. The 24 h HR was at the lower end of the calibration scale and there were considerable over-estimates or underestimates of energy expenditure, particularly during the night when the mean (±SD) difference between the actual and predicted HP was −66±38±6%. A linear regression fitted to points at the lower levels of activity improved the prediction of 24 h HP while a logistic plot reduced the error even further. The best estimate of energy expenditure was that obtained from a calibration over 24 h within the calorimeter; the mean (±SD) difference between the actual and predicted 24 h HP was +3+10.5% for light activity and −3±6.7% for moderate activity. Thus current procedures for calibrating subjects may lead to large errors which could be reduced by using a respiratory chamber.
The effect of intestinal coccidiosis (Eimeria acervulina) on blood and tissue ascorbic acid concentrations
Authors: Kechik Ishak T. , Sykes A. H. 
Published: June 2005

1. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of intestinal coccidiosis (Eimeria acervulina) on blood plasma and tissue ascorbic acid (AA) concentrations in chicks, and a third experiment was carried out to examine the role of dietary AA in this infection.2. Experimental infection with intestinal coccidiosis (Eimeria acervulina) brought about a depletion in the concentration of AA in blood plasma, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, liver and the adrenal glands. Generally, these changes were obtained after the prepatent period of 4–5 d of the infection.3. Dietary AA at 1000 mg/kg prevented the depletion in plasma and tissue AA levels but did not significantly affect adrenal weight.
Some factors associated with the difference in nutritive value of artificially dried red clover and perennial ryegrass for sheep
Authors: Moseley G. , Jones J. R. 
Published: June 2005

1. Three sheep fitted with duodenal re-entrant cannulas and three with large rumen fistulas were given red clover, perennial ryegrass and a 2:1 (w/w) mixture of grass and clover in two Latin square arrangements. Measurements were made of voluntary intake, digestibility, flow of nutrients into the duodenum and the flow of Cr-EDTA marker through the reticulo-rumen.2. Organic matter (OM) digestibility was similar for the three feeds but the voluntary intake decreased in the order mixture > red clover > perennial ryegrass. There was an increase in the rate of marker flow from the rumen and a decrease in retention time of the same order. Rumen volume did not change significantly.3. There was a reduction in the mean particle size of rumen contents in the order perennial ryegrass > clover > mixture. The in vitro digestibility of particles decreased with size; the reduction being more rapid for clover than perennial ryegrass.4. The proportion of ingested digestible OM appearing at the duodenum increased from 18.4% to 26.7% to 30.0% for perennial ryegrass, clover and the mixture respectively.5. A higher proportion of digestible cellulose and hemicellulose disappeared over the stomach for the perennial ryegrass feed compared to the clover and the mixture but over 96% of water soluble carbohydrates and starch disappeared over the stomach for all three feeds.6. The apparent digestibility of nitrogen was similar for all three feeds but the proportion of undigested feed N appearing at the duodenum was calculated to be greater by a factor of 1.71 and 2.52 for clover and mixture feeds compared to grass.7. It was concluded that the higher nutritive value of red clover compared to perennial ryegrass was due to an increased rate of flow of nutrients througth the reticulo-rumen and an increase in the proportion of digestible OM digested post ruminally.
The effect of a low-protein ration on milk yield and plasma metabolites in Friesian heifers during early lactation
Authors: Oldham J. D. , Broster W. H. , Napper D. J. , Siviter J. W. 
Published: June 2005

1. Sixteen first-calf Friesian heifers were used in a continuous treatment design experiment. For 2 weeks after calving they were given a 750 g concentrate, 250 g hay/kg ration with 169 g crude protein (nitrogen × 6.25; CP)/kg dry matter (DM). They were then divided into two groups of eight and given a high-protein (223 g CP/kg DM) or low-protein (107 g CP/kg DM) ration at the rate of 10.8 kg concentrates+3.6 kg hay for 8 weeks.2. Milk yield and composition, live weight and blood composition were monitored throughout. A digestibility trial was carried out with six animals on each treatment.3. The low protein ration reduced DM, organic matter, energy and fibre digestibility significantly (P < 0.001) so that intakes of digestible energy were not equal and the low-protein group lost more weight than the high-protein group.4. Milk yield and the fat content of milk were lower in heifers given the low-protein ration (P < 0.01). The lactose content of the milk was not affected and protein content only slightly reduced (P < 0.1) by low-protein feeding. When the heifers were all changed onto an adequate protein (190 g CP/kg DM) ration in mid-lactation, those which had previously been under-fed protein appeared to recover in milk yield to the point they might have been expected to reach if given an adequate-protein ration throughout.5. Concentrations of urea (P < 0.001) and albumin (P < 0.05) were reduced by underfeeding protein, but albumin concentration was affected less by diet than by stage of lactation. Blood concentrations of total protein, glucose, sodium, potassium, calcium, inorganic phosphate, iron, copper, haemoglobin and packed cell volume were unaffected by treatment. Blood magnesium concentration was slightly lower (P < 0.1) with low-protein feeding.
A new method for measuring the body density of obese adults
Authors: Garrow J. S. , Stalley Susan , Diethelm R. , Pittet Ph. , Hesp R. , Halliday D. 
Published: June 2005

1. A new apparatus is described with which it is possible to measure the volume (and hence density) of obese patients without requiring them to immerse totally in water. Replicate measurements of subjects with 6, 23 and 38 kg body fat had a standard deviation not greater than 0.3 kg fat.2. In nineteen obese women body fat was measured by density, total body water, and total body potassium at the beginning, and again at the end, of a period of 3–4 weeks on a reducing diet, during which they lost 5.43 (SD 1.83) kg in weight. The composition of weight loss was also estimated both by energy balance and nitrogen balance during the interval between the two measurements of body composition.3. The estimates of fat content of the nineteen women at the start of the balance period were 45.63 (SD 14.50)kg by density, 48.07 (SD 13.88) kg by K and 47.09 (SD 13.85) kg by water. The correlation coefficient between the density and K estimate was 0–949, and for the density and water estimate it was 0.971.4. It is concluded that measurement of density by the new method provides a convenient method for estimating body fatness, and change in fat content, which compares favourably with estimates based on total body water or total body K. However, these methods cannot be used to provide an accurate estimate of the composition of a small weight loss in an individual since deviations up to 4 kg fat occur between fat loss based on change in density and those based on the more reliable (but more tedious) energy balance method.
Experiments with the long-term rumen simulation technique (Rusitec); response to supplementation of basal rations
Authors: Czerkawski J. W. , Breckenridge Grace 
Published: June 2005

1. It is shown that a basal roughage diet can be successfully supplemented with glucose, as long as nitrogen is not limiting. Lack of N depresses the digestibility of the basal ration, results in incomplete fermentation and the increased recoveries of N are consistent with fixation of atmospheric N2.2. Using a complex, but soluble supplement (whey powder) it is shown that reproducible incremental measurements can be made and that the supplement used gives increases in production of characteristic end-products only (carbon dioxide, methane, acetic and butyric acids).3. The location of the solid dietary components within the reaction vessel is not important and it is possible to measure changes in a particular component in the presence of others. It is shown that there is sequestration of bacteria and protozoa on the solid digesta.
Nτ-Methylhistidine content of organs and tissues of cattle and an attempt to estimate fractional catabolic and synthetic rates of myofibrillar proteins of skeletal muscle during growth by measuring urinary output of Nτ-methylhistidine
Authors: Nishizawa N. , Toyoda Y. , Noguchi T. , Hareyama S. , Itabashi H. , Funabiki R. 
Published: June 2005

1. Distribution ofNτ-methylhistidine (3-methylhistidine; Me-His) among organs and tissues in cattle was determined. From the amount of Me-His in skeletal muscle protein and daily urinary output of Me-His, fractional catabolic and synthetic rates of myofibrillar proteins of skeletal muscle during growth were calculated.2. More than 93.4% of the total Me-His (35.6 mg/kg body-weight) in the analysed cattle tissues occurred in skeletal muscle protein. The amount of Me-His in tissues other than skeletal muscle was relatively small. Daily urinary excretion of Me-His in the cattle which were fed on hay and concentrate was 135 mg at a growing stage of 217 kg body-weight and 145 mg at a stage of 312 kg. The Me-His content of foodstuffs was also carefully checked in the present investigation. Assuming that absorbed dietary Me-His in quantitatively excreted in the urine without delay, the contribution of Me-His in foodstuffs was calculated to be approximately 30 % of the urinary Me-His. Rumen protozoa and bacteria contained little Me-His.3. From these results, fractional catabolic and synthetic rates of myofibrillar proteins of the cattle at a growing stage of 217 kg body-weight were calculated to be 1.22%/d (half-life 56 d) and 2.73%/d, while these rates at a stage of 312 kg body-weight were 1.02%/d (half-life 67 d) and 1.51%/d respectively. These values were calculated on the same assumptions as those for the rat (Younget al.1972; Funabikiet al.1976). Of the Me-His present in foodstuffs 94% was tentatively assumed to be excreted into urine.