bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Layer V in cat primary auditory cortex (AI): Cellular architecture and identification of projection neurons
Authors: Winer Jeffery A. , Prieto Jorge J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe cytoarchitectonic organization and the structure of layer V neuronal populations in cat primary auditory cortex (AI) were analyzed in Golgi, Nissl, immunocytochemical, and plastic‐embedded preparations from mature specimens. The major cell types were characterized as a prelude to identifying their connections with the thalamus, midbrain, and cerebral cortex using axoplasmic transport methods. The goal was to describe the structure and connections of layer V neurons more fully. Layer V has three sublayers based on the types of neuron and their sublaminar projections. Four types of pyramidal and three kinds of nonpyramidal cells were present. Classic pyramidal cells had a long apical dendrite, robust basal arbors, and an axon with both local and corticofugal projections. Only the largest pyramidal cell apical dendrites reached the supragranular layers, and their somata were found mainly in layer Vb. Three types departed from the classic pattern; these were the star, fusiform, and inverted pyramidal neurons. Nonpyramidal cells ranged from large multipolar neurons with radiating dendrites, to Martinotti cells, with smooth dendrites and a primary trunk oriented toward the white matter. Many nonpyramidal cells were multipolar, of which three subtypes (large, medium, and small) were identified; bipolar and other types also were seen. Their axons formed local projections within layer V, often near pyramidal neurons. Several features distinguish layer V from other layers in AI. The largest pyramidal neurons were in layer V. Layer V neuronal diversity aligns it with layer VI (Prieto and Winer [1999] J. Comp. Neurol. 404:332–358), and it is consistent with the many connectional systems in layer V, each of which has specific sublaminar and neuronal origins. The infragranular layers are the source for several parallel descending systems. There were significant differences in somatic size among these projection neurons. This finding implies that diverse corticofugal roles in sensorimotor processing may require a correspondingly wide range of neuronal architecture. J. Comp. Neurol. 434:379–412, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
GDNF and NGF family members and receptors in human fetal and adult spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia
Authors: Josephson Anna , Widenfalk Johan , Trifunovski Alexandra , Widmer Hans‐Ruedi , Olson Lars , Spenger Christian 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe describe the expression of mRNA encoding ligands and receptors of members of the GDNF family and members of the neurotrophin family in the adult human spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Fetal human spinal cord and ganglia were investigated for the presence of ligands and receptors of the neurotrophin family. Tissues were collected from human organ donors and after routine elective abortions. Messenger RNA was found encoding RET, GFRα‐1, BDNF, trkB, and trkC in the adult human spinal cord and BDNF, NT‐3, p75, trkB, and trkC in the fetal human spinal cord. The percentage of adult human DRG cells expressing p75, trkA, trkB, or trkC was 57, 46, 29, and 24%, respectively, and that of DRG cells expressing RET, GFRα‐1, GFRα‐2, or GFRα‐3 was 79, 20, 51, and 32%, respectively. GFRα‐2 was expressed selectively in small, GFRα‐3 principally in small and GFRα‐1 and RET in both large and small adult human DRG neurons. p75 and trkB were expressed by a wide range of DRG neurons while trkA was expressed in most small diameter and trkC primarily in large DRG neurons. Fetal DRG cells were positive for the same probes as adult DRG cells except for NT‐3, which was only found in fetal DRG cells. Messenger RNA species only expressed at detectable levels in fetal but not adult spinal cord tissues included GDNF, GFRα‐2, NT‐3, and p75. Notably, GFRα‐2, which is expressed in the adult rat spinal cord, was not found in the adult human spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 440:204–217, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
GFRα‐1 mRNA in dopaminergic and nondopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area
Authors: Sarabi Arezou , Hoffer Barry J. , Olson Lars , Morales Marisela 
Published: August 2002

AbstractGlial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a survival factor for several types of neurons, including dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons. GDNF binds with high affinity to the GDNF family receptor α‐1 (GFRα‐1), which is highly expressed in the midbrain. Using anatomical and lesion techniques, we demonstrated that GFRα‐1 was expressed in DAergic and non‐DAergic neurons in the rat midbrain. Immunohistochemical characterization of GFRα‐1‐expressing neurons indicated that most of the neurons that were immunopositive for the DAergic marker tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expressed GFRα‐1 in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNC). In contrast, fewer TH‐containing neurons expressed GFRα‐1 in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNR) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Depletion of GFRα‐1/TH neurons was observed in the SNC following treatment with the neurotoxin 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA); however, GFRα‐1 expression remained in some neurons located in the SNR. The γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic nature of GFRα‐1‐expressing neurons located in the SNR, which were resistant to (6‐hydroxydopamine) 6‐OHDA, was established by their expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD; the synthesizing enzyme for GABA). Further analysis indicated that coexpression of GFRα‐1 and GAD varied in a rostrocaudal gradient in the SNR, substantia nigra pars lateralis (SNL), and VTA. Midbrain DAergic and GABAergic neurons have been previously classified according to their Ca2+ binding protein (CaBP) content; thus, we also sought to investigate the proportion of midbrain GFRα‐1‐expressing neurons containing parvalbumin (PV), calbindin (CB), and calretinin (CR) in the midbrain. Although GFRα‐1 expression was found mainly in CB‐ and CR‐immunoreactive neurons, it was rarely observed in PV‐immunolabeled neurons. Analysis of the proportion of GFRα‐1‐expressing neurons for each CaBP subpopulation indicated the coexistence of GFRα‐1 with CR in the VTA and all subdivisions of the SN; double‐labeled GFRα‐1/CR neurons were distributed in the SNC, SNR, SNL, and VTA. GFRα‐1/CB neurons were also detected in the SNC, SNL, and VTA. Expression of GFRα‐1 in DAergic and non‐DAergic neurons in the rat SN and VTA suggests that GDNF, via GFRα‐1, might modulate DAergic and GABAergic functions in the nigrostriatal, mesolimbic, and nigrothalamic circuits of the adult rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 441:106–117, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thermomechanical coupling at finite elastic strain: covariant formulation and numerical implementation
Authors: Ibrahimbegovic Adnan , Chorfi Lotfi , Gharzeddine Fadi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe present a theoretical formulation of finite strain thermoelasticity in the general setting of manifolds and a very efficient computational framework for its finite element implementation, obtained by generalizing Hill's principal axis methodology. The proposed formulation is further illustrated by a detailed presentation of a 4‐node axisymmetric finite element and numerical simulations. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unified approach to KdV modulations
Authors: El Gennady A. , Krylov Alexander L. , Venakides Stephanos 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe develop a unified approach to integrating the Whitham modulation equations. Our approach is based on the formulation of the initial‐value problem for the zero‐dispersion KdV as the steepest descent for the scalar Riemann‐Hilbert problem [6] and on the method of generating differentials for the KdV‐Whitham hierarchy [9]. By assuming the hyperbolicity of the zero‐dispersion limit for the KdV with general initial data, we bypass the inverse scattering transform and produce the symmetric system of algebraic equations describing motion of the modulation parameters plus the system of inequalities determining the number the oscillating phases at any fixed point on the (x, t)‐plane. The resulting system effectively solves the zero‐dispersion KdV with an arbitrary initial datum. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Droplet spreading: Intermediate scaling law by PDE methods
Authors: Giacomelli Lorenzo , Otto Felix 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe consider the spreading of a thin droplet of viscous liquid on a plane surface driven by capillarity. The standard lubrication approximation leads to an evolution equation for the film height h that is ill‐posed when the spreading is limited by the no‐slip boundary condition at the liquid‐solid interface due to a singularity at the moving contact line. The most common relaxation of the no‐slip boundary condition removes this singularity but introduces a new physical length scale: the slippage length b. It is believed that this microscopic‐length scale only enters logarithmically in the effective (that is, macroscopic) spreading behavior.In this paper, we rigorously show that the naively expected spreading rate is indeed only altered by a logarithmic term involving b. More precisely, we prove a scaling law for the diameter of the apparent (that is, macroscopic) support of the droplet in time. This is an intermediate scaling law: It takes an initial layer to “forget” the initial droplet shape, whereas after a long time, the droplet is so thin that its spreading is governed by the physics on the scale b.Our proof works by deriving suitable estimates for physically relevant integral quantities: the free energy, the length of the apparent support, and their respective rates of change. As opposed to matched asymptotic methods, this PDE approach closely mimics a simple heuristic argument based on the gradient flow structure. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Distributed data integration by object‐oriented mediator servers
Authors: Risch Tore , Josifovski Vanja 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIntegration of data from autonomous, distributed and heterogeneous data sources poses several technical challenges. This paper overviews the data integration system AMOS II based on the wrapper‐mediator approach. AMOS II consists of: (i) a mediator database engine that can process and execute queries over data stored locally and in several external data sources, and (ii) object‐oriented (OO) multi‐database views for reconciliation of data and schema heterogeneities among sources with various capabilities. The data stored in different types of data sources is translated and integrated using OO mediation primitives, providing the user with a consistent view of the data in all the sources. Through its multi‐database facilities many distributed AMOS II systems can interoperate in a federation. Since most data reside in the data sources, and to achieve high performance, the core of the system is a main‐memory DBMS having a storage manager, query optimizer, transactions, client–server interface, disk backup, etc. The AMOS II data manager is optimized for main‐memory access and is extensible so that new data types and query operators can be added or implemented in some external programming language. The extensibility is essential for providing seamlessaccess to a variety of data sources. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploring the evolution of complexity in signaling networks
Authors: Holland John H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSignaling networks are exemplified by systems as diverse as biological cells, economic markets, and the Web. After a discussion of some general characteristics of signaling networks, this article explores the adaptive evolution of complexity in a simple model of a signaling network. The article closes with a discussion of broader questions concerning the evolution of signaling networks. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Flow cytometric cytotoxicity assay for measuring mammalian and avian NK cell activity
Authors: Vizler Csaba , Nagy Tünde , Kusz Erzsébet , Glavinas Hristos , Duda Ernő 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundFlow‐cytometric assays are convenient alternatives to classic radioactive natural killer (NK) tests. MitoTracker Green FM, a green fluorescent intracellular probe serving originally for staining mitochondria, seemed especially suitable for labeling NK target cells.Materials and MethodsNK target cells were labeled with MitoTracker Green FM. After incubation with effector spleen cells, cell suspensions were stained with propidium iodide (PI), and flow‐cytometric analysis was performed.ResultsMitoTracker Green FM stained efficiently each cell type we assayed, including resting cells, and it was not released from dead cells. NK assays were set up using mouse spleen effector cells and K562 NK target cells. MitoTracker Green FM and PI double staining allowed a discrimination of live and dead target cells, and the cytotoxicity values were in the expected range. Then the method was applied to a less well‐known chicken model. We found that chicken‐skin fibroblasts had a definite sensitivity to autologous splenic NK cells, sometimes as high as the sensitivity of classic NK targets.ConclusionsConvenient flow‐cytometric NK tests can be performed by MitoTracker Green FM and PI staining. Using this method, we demonstrated that chicken fibroblasts are sensitive to the cytotoxic effect of autologous NK cells. Cytometry 47:158–162, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of radiation‐induced apoptosis in human lymphocytes: Flow cytometry using Annexin V and propidium iodide versus the neutral comet assay
Authors: Wilkins R.C. , Kutzner B.C. , Truong M. , Sanchez‐Dardon J. , McLean J.R.N. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundThe neutral comet assay was devised to measure double‐stranded DNA breaks, but it has also been used to measure apoptosis based on its characteristic DNA fragmentation patterns. There is still uncertainty about the reliability of this method. By comparing the comet assay with a flow cytometry method that uses Annexin V binding to apoptotic cells, we have provided further evidence for evaluating the usefulness of the comet assay for detecting apoptosis.MethodsApoptosis was induced in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by ionizing radiation and measured using the comet assay and a flow cytometry method that measures Annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) staining.ResultsThe Annexin V flow cytometry assay distinguished among early apoptosis, late apoptosis, and an apoptotic or necrotic phase in which the cells were labeled with both Annexin V and PI. The comet assay detected only the latter two phases of apoptosis.ConclusionsThe comet assay is a useful tool for measuring the late stages of apoptosis whereas the Annexin V assay measures higher amounts of apoptosis because it can detect cells in an earlier stage of the apoptotic pathway. Cytometry 48:14–19, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prospective clinical study comparing DNA flow cytometry and HPV typing as predictive tests for persistence and progression of CIN I/II
Authors: Melsheimer Peter , Klaes R. , v. Knebel Doeberitz M. , Bastert G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA cohort of 70 consecutive women at a university hospital colposcopy clinic with untreated CIN I and CIN II (CIN I/II) confirmed by cytology and histology was followed for 1 year in the setting of a prospective trial. In the lesions, the presence of DNA from HPV types was examined by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Aneuploid cell lines were demonstrated by aneuploid histograms generated by high‐resolution DNA flow cytometry. HPV type 16 infection and the existence of aneuploid cell lines proved to be significant risk factors for CIN I/II lesions to persist or progress to CIN III in the 1‐year follow‐up period in the same cohort of patients. The relative risks and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were 1.81 (1.44–2.76) for aneuploid cell lines and 1.74 (1.10–2.76) for HPV type 16 infection in CIN I/II lesions. As a predictive diagnostic test for CIN I/II lesions to persist or progress, the specificity and positive predictive value (PPV) for aneuploid histograms were 100% (CI, 73.5–100%) and 100% (CI, 86.8–100%), respectively. The low sensitivity of 27.3% (CI, 14.9–42.8%) restricted the clinical application of the test, leaving 32 of 44 women with persisting or progressing CINI/II with diploid histograms. HPV type 16 positivity by FRLP had a PPV of 68.4% (CI, 43.5–87.4%) as a prognostic test. Six of 19 HPV 16 infected women showed complete remission of their CIN lesion. A combination of the two tests did not provide any additional information. Cytometry (Comm. Clin. Cytometry) 46:166–171, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of monensin and brefeldin A for flow cytometric determination of interleukin‐1 beta, interleukin‐6, and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha in monocytes
Authors: Schuerwegh A.J. , Stevens W.J. , Bridts C.H. , De Clerck L.S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFlow cytometry has become a powerful technique to measure intracellular cytokine production in lymphocytes and monocytes. Appropriate inhibition of the secretion of the produced cytokines is required for studying intracellular cytokine expression. The aim of this study was to compare the capacity of cytokine secretion inhibitors, monensin and brefeldin A, in order to trap cytokine production (interleukin‐1 beta [IL‐1β], IL‐6, tumor necrosis factor‐alpha [TNF‐α]) within peripheral blood monocytes. A two‐color flow cytometric technique was used to measure intracellular spontaneous and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α production in monocytes (CD14+) of whole blood cultures. The viability of monensin‐treated monocytes was slightly lower than that of brefeldin A‐inhibited monocytes, as measured with propidium iodide (PI). The percentage of IL‐6 and TNF‐α–producing monocytes after 8 h of culture without stimulation revealed significant lower values for monensin‐treated than for brefeldin A‐treated monocytes. The percentages for stimulated cells did not differ. The spontaneous intracellular production in molecules of equivalent soluble fluorochrome units (MESF) of IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α after 8 h of culture was higher in brefeldin A than in monensin‐inhibited monocytes. The LPS‐stimulated intracellular production of IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α was increased in brefeldin A‐inhibited monocytes. In conclusion, for flow cytometric determination of intracellular monocytic cytokines (IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α), brefeldin A is a more potent, effective, and less toxic inhibitor of cytokine secretion than monensin. Cytometry (Comm. Clin. Cytometry) 46:172–176, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human immunodeficiency virus gag and pol‐specific CD8 T cells in perinatal HIV infection
Authors: McCloskey Thomas W. , Haridas Viraga , Pahwa Raj , Pahwa Savita 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground:Binding of fluorochrome‐conjugated MHC class I tetramers is a powerful means to detect antigen‐specific CD8 T lymphocytes. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, cellular immune response is essential in curtailing HIV disease progression but gaps persist in our understanding of HIV‐specific cells during the disease course. In this study, we evaluated tetramer binding HIV‐specific CD8 T cells in HIV‐infected children.Methods:Fluorescently labeled tetramers for HIV gag and pol were utilized to quantify antigen‐specific cells by flow cytometry using a whole blood labeling method in a cohort of 19 HLA‐A2+ HIV‐ infected children (age range 1 month to 17 years).Results: Fourteen children had detectable gag (median 0.4%) and pol (median 0.1%) binding CD8 T cells, three children had gag binding cells only, and two had neither. Numbers of gag and pol binding cells correlated with each other and each correlated independently with total CD8 T cells and total CD4 T cells.Conclusions:HIV gag and pol‐specific CD8 T cells are maintained during the chronic phase of HIV infection in children and CD4 lymphocytes appear to be important for sustaining their levels. Cytometry (Comm. Clin. Cytometry) 46:265–270, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytologic diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors of the stomach by endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration biopsy: Cytomorphologic and immunohistochemical study of 12 cases
Authors: Gu Mai , Ghafari Sofia , Nguyen Phuong Thivan , Lin Fritz 
Published: August 2002

AbstractGastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is an uncommon tumor, which was usually diagnosed by endoscopic biopsy or surgical resection. This study evaluated the efficacy and accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) ‐guided fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy in the diagnosis of GIST and reported its cytomorphologic features. Twelve patients with gastric GIST were diagnosed through EUS‐guided FNA. Immediate on‐site evaluation and cytologic diagnoses were given in nine cases (75.0%) with an average of three passes. Cell blocks provided diagnostic material in three cases (25.0%). Spindle cells were present in the cytologic material in all cases. Two patients had subsequent surgical resections. Immunohistochemical (IHC) studies performed in cell blocks and two surgical specimens all supported the original diagnoses. In the two cases with surgical resections, IHC results in cell blocks were similar to that in the resected specimens. This study demonstrated that when combining smears and cell blocks, EUS‐guided FNA is accurate and efficient in the diagnosis of GIST. IHC reactivity in cell blocks correlated with that of the main tumors. Diagn. Cytopathol. 25:343–350, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of benign and malignant adenomyoepithelioma: Report of two cases
Authors: Kurashina Masanori 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCytological features of a malignant spindle‐cell variant and a benign tubular variant of adenomyoepithelioma were examined to improve diagnosis of this tumor. Fine‐needle aspiration cytology, of both a malignant and a benign case, characterized cellular and cohesive cell clusters composed of epithelial and myoepithelial cells. The smears of the malignant case were rich in spindle‐shaped myoepithelial cells, admixed with a few epithelial cells. In about a fourth of the clusters, atypical cells with enlarged hyperchromatic nuclei and prominent nucleoli comprised more than 20% of cells. The smears of the benign case were composed of tubular epithelial cells surrounding one to several layers of myoepithelial cells with clear cytoplasm. Mild atypia was occasionally noticed. A review of the literature showed that a cytological diagnosis of malignancy is not warranted, if nuclear atypia is not generally severe. Focal severe atypia is not definitively indicative of benignity or malignancy. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;26:29–34. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diagnosis of histoplasmosis in urine cytology: Reactive urothelial changes, a diagnostic pitfall. Case report and literature review of urinary tract infections
Authors: Mukunyadzi Perkins , Johnson Michael , Wyble Joseph G. , Scott Margie 
Published: August 2002

AbstractHistoplasmosis not uncommonly causes systemic infection, particularly in immunocompromised patients. In systemic infection, the urinary tract is often involved, although the diagnosis of histoplasmosis in urine cytologic specimens has never been reported. Urinary tract histoplasmosis may present with gross hematuria, raising clinical suspicion for malignancy. The index case presented with intermittent gross hematuria, suprapubic pain, significant weight loss, hoarse voice, and a painful tongue ulcer. Examination of the patient revealed an ulcerated tongue lesion, an anal ulcer, a polypoid lesion on the vocal cord, and cystoscopic examination of the urinary bladder revealed erythematous patchy areas. Surgical biopsy sections from the vocal cord and tongue lesion were diagnostic of histoplasma infection. Urine cytologic examination showed atypical urothelial cells suspicious for malignancy. However, fungal stains performed on the urine specimen showed histoplasma organisms. We conclude that with a high index of suspicion, and the use of special stains, histoplasma organisms can be identified in urine. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;26:243–246. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.