bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Capitalism without Poverty
Authors: Haslett D W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Capitalism today gives rise to greater wealth, and probably more personal freedom, than any other system the world has known. Realization of the ideals of freedom and productivity are capitalism’s strengths. Unfortunately, capitalism, with the vast inequalities to which it gives rise, does not do nearly as well in realizing two vital ideals of equality: equal access for everyone to the basic necessities of life and equal opportunity. Libertarians (arch-conservatives) and central-planning socialists (arch-liberals) often agree, curiously enough, about one basic premise. They agree that these two ideals of equality can never, through any governmental intervention, be realized much more fully than at present without abandoning capitalism.
Formalization of the Analysis
Authors: Courgeau Daniel , Éva Leliévre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We shall now deal with the formalization of event history analysis. This formalization extends the methods developed by biomathematicians for the analysis of mortality, in the presence of restricted samples, to the ‘analysis of the durations of stay’, which does not assume that the studied event is death. Contrary to death, it is entirely possible that marriage, the birth of a child, a migration, or an occupational change may never occur during the life-course of a given individual. The observation of event histories provides us with a certain number of occurrences, the distribution of which we want to study over time. In order that these occurrences can be precisely defined, three conditions must be met.
Extending to More Complex Situations
Authors: Courgeau Daniel , Éva Leliévre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The bivariate situation is the simplest interaction model. The ambit of the analysis may be enlarged to cover more complex situations, such as trivariate or multivariate situations. In this chapter we shall make a brief theoretical presentation of the problem posed by increasing the number of events studied in the same sample. We shall also see just how far the bivariate problem can go, as a result of the rapid multiplication of states. As in the bivariate case, it is possible to consider the other events as time-dependent variables, the influence of which could be measured on the hazard rates of the event chosen; however, rather than envisage a regression study, we prefer here to analyse interactions.
Phenomenological Characterization
Authors: Papandreou Andreas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The growing awareness of pollution and its rise on the political agenda in the early 1960s offered an important focal point for the concept of externality which had been struggling to find a real-world counterpart that would do full justice to the attention economists had bestowed on it. Pollution and extemality became nearly synonymous. This grounding of the term to something tangible or physical, heightened the sense that externality had a separate ‘existence ’ of its own, that it was an identifiable phenomenon. It also intensified the feeling that it was a narrower category than general interdependence or coercion that warranted separate classification, although this has always been the prevailing sense in traditional economic models.
Non-Convexity and Entitlements
Authors: Papandreou Andreas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter the notion of non-convexity came up under three different guises: first, as a cause of ‘absolute market failure ‘, which is the traditional view of non-convexity in general-equilibrium models; secondly, Heller and Starrett (1976) talked about ‘fundamental ’ non-convexities arising from forming markets for detrimental ‘externalities’; and thirdly, non-convexities in the formation of property rights or markets. In this chapter I will take a closer look at the notion of non-convexity and its relationship with externality. I shall be dealing with the first two kinds of non-convexity which are present in models without endogenous transaction costs, i.e. this chapter is about non-convexity in ‘frictionless ’ models. It is from these models that the notion of externality as missing markets has derived.
Transaction Costs, Efficiency, and Counterfactuals
Authors: Papandreou Andreas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If one wants to pass through open doors easily, one must bear in mind that they have a solid frame: this principle, according to which the old professor had always lived is simply a requirement of the sense of reality. But if there is such a thing as a sense of reality—and no one will doubt that it has its raison d ‘etre—then there must also be something that one can call a sense of possibility. The traditional concept of optimality or efficiency found in welfare economics has come under strong criticism from institutional economists1 for using as its reference point a world of zero organizational costs.
The Individual’s and the Society’s Day: Micro- and Macro-Theories of Time Use
Authors: Gershuny Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Talmud lists ten unnatural objects that God created at the end of the sixth day, immediately before the first sabbath; these were the mechanisms necessary to His grand design, which were however not well integrated with the rest of creation. Among these ten was, according to one authority, that particularly unnatural object, the tongs that made the first tongs. Tongs were a crucial tool for workers in bronze in classical antiquity. But they were made of bronze.
Common and Idiosyncratic Components
Authors: Forni Mario , Lippi Marco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this and the following three chapters, which constitute the first part of this book, we analyze univariate aggregation of micro variables whose dynamics typically differ across individuals, like for instance income, wealth, or wage rates. Two main questions are discussed. Firstly, how should dynamic heterogeneity be modeled? Secondly, given the micro model, what are the consequences of aggregation on the univariate properties of the variables? The results presented here, besides being interesting per se, will prove useful in Parts II and III, where the variables just mentioned are embedded within multivariate models based on economic theory.
How Many Common Shocks?
Authors: Forni Mario , Lippi Marco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter we discussed a model with many common shocks and response functions which may differ across agents. Since the simpler model (1.1), with only one common shock, encompasses almost all time series models with heterogeneous agents proposed in recent literature, one may wonder whether such a generalization is really needed. In the present chapter we conduct an empirical analysis based on US incomes and wages data, in order to get some indication about the number of common shocks. The result is that the single common shock hypothesis is strongly rejected. Moreover, even small numbers of common shocks, like two or three, appear inadequate. Other evidence on the number of common shocks in macroeconomic data will be presented in Part III. Our purpose here is to show with a paradigmatic case that current models have poor empirical performance, so that a richer heterogeneity not only is theoretically interesting but also has a solid empirical motivation.
Japan
Authors: Charkham Jonathan P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is not necessary to delve too deeply into history or geography-not because either is unimportant-but because as time goes on it is impossible to ascribe precise causes and origins to what exists today. Suffice it to rehearse briefly the main factors that everyone knows. Geographically Japan has a large population on a series of extended islands without good natural resources and with much of its usable landmass subject to earthquakes. Spiritually it has tolerated many faiths and has woven into the fabric of thought and principle many threads of Confucianism and Buddhism: politically and economically Its modem history starts with the convulsion of the Meiji restoration over 125 years ago.
The Interaction of Financial and Expenditure Decisions
Authors: Hay Donald , Morris Derek , Liu, Guy , Yao Shujie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Previous chapters have looked at a range of financial and expenditure characteristics of Chinese state-owned enterprises. In particular we have looked at the pattern of inflows and outflows of funds (Chapter 7), identified the role of bonus payments in determining efficiency (Chapter 4), and examined the determinants of investment expenditure (Chapter 8). Bonus payments appear to be particularly important in influencing efficiency in the short term, and investment is likely to be the main determinant of longer-term development. Both must compete with other claims on finance and both ultimately depend on the availability of funds, internally generated and externally available. The main purpose of this chapter is to take some first steps towards understanding the pattern of interactions of financing and expenditure occurring in Chinese enterprises.
A Complete Model of the Firms and Policy Simulations
Authors: Hay Donald , Morris Derek , Liu, Guy , Yao Shujie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In previous chapters different aspects of firms ‘ behaviour during the reform period have been analysed. In Chapter 4 a model of the employment and wage decisions of the firm was presented, in which the constraints of the wage bill imposed by the labour bureau were found to be significant. An important feature of that analysis was the relation of the bonus to the efficiency of the firm as measured indirectly by value added per worker. The policy mechanism behind this is that firms are permitted to retain some profits for the payment of bonuses. In Chapter 5, the production and cost behaviour of the firm was explored within a production function framework. The major impact of the bonus/wage ratio on efficiency was identified. However, other policy variables, such as measures of firm autonomy in input and product markets, appeared to have no discernible effects.
Introduction
Authors: Heller Frank , Pusić Eugen , Strauss George , Wilpert Bernhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The title of the book appropriately reflects the dilemma facing the authors, who have set out to describe and evaluate nearly half a century of research and experimentation with the democratization of organizational life. The reality of the experiments and the extensive support participation research and action have received in many parts of the world are undeniable. At the same time many questions remain unanswered and some are still ill-formulated. Protagonists and sceptics have found some common ground, but are still divided by ideology, political philosophy, and scientific orientation. Nowhere have the ideals of a fully participative organization been fulfilled, but then there is no agreement on what such an organization should do. Ideals easily transcend into Utopias. Leaderless and non-hierarchical organizations have been championed and may have worked in laboratory or small-group situations.
Organization Theory and Participation
Authors: Heller Frank , Pusić Eugen , Strauss George , Wilpert Bernhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a sense, participation is the essence of organization in both its empowering and its limiting aspects. Participation implies a field of self-determined choices, but among possible actions (cf. Wilpert, Chapter 2, this volume). And what is possible is predetermined by, among other criteria, the participants’ commitment to collective activity—just as organization itself is the enhancement of individual effort through the differentiated and integrated work of many and at the same time the constraint of coordinated cooperation imposed upon individual will and representation.
Innovation, Technological Opportunity, and Market Structure
Authors: Geroski Paul A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Discussions of the social cost of monopoly invariably end with a long list of caveats, of which the Schumpeterian hypothesis is perhaps the best known and most frequently invoked. The notion that monoply deadweight loss is the price that must be paid for high levels of innovative activity has attracted less support than attention, but still has enough adherents to ensure that it remains in the forefront of thinking about competition policy. The importance of the question demands that one examine the evidence available on the issue, and this chapter does so in the context of interindustry comparisons using cross-section data. (In what follows, we propose to explore the correlation between innovativeness and monopoly power by examining the effect of rivalry using more information on market structure than just concentration ratios, by correcting for interindustry variations in technological opportunity, and by distinguishing the effect that rivalry has on innovativeness for a given level of post-innovation returns from the effect that rivalry has on innovativeness through its effects on post-innovation returns.)
Problems of Ascendancy: Trade Associations and the Formation of the Distillers Company, 1856–1877
Authors: Weir Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1822 Thomas Smith of the Mile End distillery in London had regarded it as inevitable that distilling should fall into the hands of a few, because ‘the application of machinery to various parts of the manufacture’ would give competitive advantage to large producers.1 The Coffey still symbolized the transition to ‘factory’ distilling and the contrast between pot and patent still distillers was evident. In 1854, when the output of patent still distilleries passed that of pot, there were thirteen patent still distilleries in Scotland whose combined output was over 7 million gallons. Pot still distilleries numbered 119, a reduction of forty-nine since 1840, and they shared an output of 4¾ million gallons. The position was little different in the United Kingdom as a whole. In 1860, 27m.p.g. of spirit were distilled, of which 63 per cent came from patent stills, concentrated in twenty-eight distilleries.
Moderation and Modernity The Distillers Company, 1914–1918
Authors: Weir Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The war brought government intervention in the drink trade to an extent unimaginable before 1914. By 1918 most stages of the manufacture and distribution of Scotch whisky were subject to control. Prohibition and nationalization were both seriously considered; had the latter come to pass this might well have been a study of British Drinks Ltd. rather than the Distillers Company. Although most controls were lifted between 1919 and 1921, this outcome was neither certain nor inevitable. Relations between the trade and the government thus assumed an importance unusual even for an industry which normally operated under close official supervision. In this relationship DCL, through its managing director, W. H. Ross, played a leading part. Much later (in 1932), reminiscing about the war, Ross thought it had been the time when ‘I went through the hardest work of my life, because I had to keep the Distillers Company going and travel backwards and forwards to London, sometimes more than twice a week’.3 Unfortunately, Ross never wrote an account of his wartime experiences (characteristically he felt to do it in a scrappy fashion would be 1 D. Lloyd George, War Memoirs of David Lloyd George (London, 1934), i. 194.
DCL and the Big Three: ‘A Scheme for Amalgamation’, 1909–1915
Authors: Weir Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The men who carved out a distinctive niche in the spirits market for Scotch whisky and transformed it from a drink of purely local significance into one with an international reputation were not distillers but blenders. Blending, the mixing of different distillates, produced a more homogenous product yet one which, because of the different costs of malt and grain whisky, could be moulded to suit a wide range of tastes and pockets. This much was common to all blenders, but what distinguished the more successful ones was their creation of national firms with centralized blending plants and a countrywide network of branches. This concept of mass marketing, implemented first in the home market and then in the export trade, was accompanied by the registration of trade marks, the introduction of standard brands, and advertising. Such was the supremacy of blended whisky by 1908 that the Royal Commission on Whiskey reported that ‘the market for blended whiskeys is greater than that for individual whiskeys; so much so that the majority of Englishmen who drink whiskey seldom drink anything but a blend’. When William Ross asserted that the blenders had been responsible for the great increase in whisky consumption since 1860, few in the trade would have disagreed with him, not even the most diehard malt distiller.
‘The Altered Circumstances of the Trade’s, 1919–1924
Authors: Weir Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the big combine was to be achieved Ross had to secure his board’s support as well as the Big Three’s. The board was worried about how DCL’s other customers might react. Before the war the Big Three accounted for 20 per cent of DCL’s grain whisky fillings, and hostility to a combine might result in orders being switched to other grain distilleries, or, worse still, the foundation of a new grain distillery. This was why Ross originally wanted a large-scale restructuring, which embraced most of the grain distillers-DCL, North British, and Calder-and the large blending—houses-the Big Three, Mackie, Usher, Robertson & Baxter, and Watson. Even then, blenders outside the combine might turn to English or Irish grain distillers. The ‘big question’ could only be resolved if the Big Three absorbed the majority of DCL’s output and DCL controlled all, or nearly all, the grain distilleries.
Problems and Issues in the Study of Mortality Differentials
Authors: Ruzicka Lado 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Demographers and epidemiologists have long been aware that chances of a child surviving through infancy and early childhood are primarily determined by the resources available in the child’s family. These resources are not only economical, such as family income, quality of housing, and, associated with these, the physical environment in which the family lives and social amenities to which it can gain access. Equally important are the social resources: characteristics of the parents, such as education, beliefs, social norms, and traditions they hold. These affect the family life-style and behaviour in many respects which are directly or indirectly related to the active promotion and protection of health, and intervention in the case of ill health. The economic resources are usually measured by a range of indicators, such as income (of individual members or of the family as a whole), possession of household chattels, occupation of household head, type of house in which the family lives (construction material, number of rooms and the density of their occupation), and so on. Among the social resources the indicators most often encountered are the educational level of the parents, family type and size, religion (or some measure of religiosity), and caste (or other indicator of social status).
Socio-economic Differentials in Infant and Child Mortality in Indonesia in the 1970s: Trends, Causes, and Implications
Authors: Utomo Buoi , Iskandar Meiwita Budiharsana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Indonesia, data on infant and child mortality are almost invariably based on indirect techniques of measurement. Soemantri (1983) has shown that estimates from different censuses and surveys provide evidence of a general decline in infant and child mortality levels, though there is a 10 per cent gap between the trends obtained from the 1971 population census and from the 1976 intercensal population survey (Figure 7.1). Hull and Sunaryo (1978) suggested that this was due partly to age misstatements and partly to the design of the questions.
French Influences on Technical and Managerial Education in England, 1870-1940
Authors: Sanderson Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
French views on Technical Education may be said to demand attention ... we may well look to France for some light on a subject to which the state, in conjunction with the best authorities of the country has devoted close attention for more than 20 years. (C. C. Perry, 1898) As Britain faced economic competition from industrial rivals in the later nineteenth century so she looked inward to supposed defects of her own education as a cause of retardation. She also looked outward to other countries to learn from their educational arrangements. Germany was seen as the exemplar for technical and scientific education and America for business. Yet the educational relations with France have been much less emphasized.1 Unjustly, it may be argued, since the French experience has had a pervasive and sometimes decisive influence in the areas of technical, vocational, and managerial education in England.
Mergers and the Transformation of the British Brewing Industry, 1914-80
Authors: Gourvish Terry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While this chapter is empirical in character-it is concerned with the transformation of British brewing ‘s industrial structure after 1914-there is a theoretical observation underpinning the study. It is that because markets are complex and differ from country to country, the causes and extent of increased industrial concentration differ also. In addition, corporate motivations require careful evaluation, since entrepreneurial and/ or managerial responses are ultimately critical to the process. Increasing concentration has been a characteristic feature of modern brewing industries in the developed world. However, the extent of this concentration, and its timing, have varied from country to country. In the UK, the degree of concentration, measured by output per plant or per company, was more limited than in most European countries, with the exception of Germany and Belgium. British brewing was certainly less concentrated than in France. Thus, while the top five French enterprises enjoyed a market share of 90 per cent in 1990, and the two leading French companies, Boussois Souchon Neuvesel (BSN) and Frarn;aise de Brasserie, had 75 per cent of the market, the figures for the UK were 70 per cent and 36 per cent (Bass and Allied) respectively. Only in Germany was there a lower level of concentration. Here, the top five companies (in West Germany) enjoyed a mere 28 per cent of the market.
Clusters and Competitiveness: A Policy Perspective
Authors: TEMPLE PAUL 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over long periods of time, economic growth and prosperity have depended upon a progressive development of international specialization. Much of this volume is devoted to showing empirically that the industry cluster is an important means of understanding that process in both computing and biotechnology. This chapter addresses some of the policy issues that emerge from this analysis, setting them in the broader context of knowledge-based specialization. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 9.1 describes the challenges currently facing economic policy in the advanced economies, especially those posed by unemployment and rising inequality. It argues that, if the dangers of protectionism are to be avoided, then successful policy will require, among other things, the development of knowledge as a strategic resource. Section 9.2 examines some of the policy implications that emerge from viewing knowledge as a resource, concluding that the concept of the industry cluster is sufficiently flexible to embrace the complex processes that describe technological change. Section 9.3 looks at the issue of cluster performance.