bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diffraction-line broadening analysis of strain fields in crystalline solids
Authors: Vermeulen A C , Delhez R , Keijser Th.H de , Mittemeijer E J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early days of X-ray diffraction analysis, it was recognized that the diffraction-line shape contains information about imperfections in crystalline phases. This realization is of utmost practical importance since the properties of many materials in daily life largely depend on those imperfections. A striking example is mechanical strength: it is one to two orders of magnitude smaller than that of a perfectly crystalline material due to the presence of dislocations.
Paracrystallinity
Authors: Bradaczek Hans 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main idea for developing the theory of the paracrystal was to bridge the gap between the crystalline and the amorphous state of matter. Because of the large variety of structural types, it cannot be expected that the paracrystalline model represents all of them. In most cases, only an approximate or statistical correspondence can be verified. In a paracrystalline structure, the relationship between neighboring particles is the determining element of construction. Contrary to ideal crystals, the location of a nearest neighbor particle cannot be found at a fixed distance and orientation.
The model of the paracrystal and its application to polymers
Authors: Wilke W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term ‘paracrystal’ was used by Rinne (1932) as a method of notation for liquid crystalline structures. Hosemann (1950a,b) introduced the ‘ideal paracrystal’ as a special model for the description of statistical defined lattice structures. Later, he discussed the ‘real paracrystal’ and summarized the ideas and results about para-crystalline structures in a book (Hosemann and Bagchi, 1962). Today, paracrystals can be classified as systems with quasi long-range order (QLRO). For these systems, the translational correlations decay according to a power law (Venkataraman et al.,1989).
Crystallite statistics and accuracy in powder diffraction intensity measurements
Authors: Smith Deane K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Precision and accuracy are important concepts in any science involving measurements, and powder diffraction is no exception. Precision is a measure of the reproducibility of a measurement to obtain the same value. Accuracy is a measure of the correctness of the values measured, i.e. how close the measurements are to the true value. The classic illustration of the distinctions is illustrated in Fig. 17.1. Precision can be determined experimentally by repeating the measurements many times and applying the laws of statistics to the family of values to determine the mean, mode, standard deviation, and other parameters. Determining accuracy is not so easy, especially when one has no knowledge of the true value by any other measurement. One may have to resort to understanding the theory of the measurement technique to set a limit for potential accuracy.
Reciprocal space mapping and ultra-high resolution diffraction of polycrystalline materials
Authors: Fewster Paul F , Andrew Norman L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conventional diffractometry of polycrystalline materials will swamp important features that characterise the microstructure of materials. The large instrumental reciprocal space ‘probe’ (or integration volume) of conventional slit-based instruments is beneficial in that the overall intensity is increased, but valuable information becomes swamped by instrumental artefacts. Ideally, if the material microstructure is poorly understood then a well-defined ‘probe’ should be used. A well-defined ‘probe’ will reduce the uncertainty in the interpretation. In reality, most investigations on ill-defined samples are performed with ill-defined probes. Here we will concentrate on how we can increase the access to more information by increasing the resolution. Ultimately, diffraction is a three-dimensional process and the micro-structure is three-dimensional and, therefore, an understanding of the nature of the full three-dimensional shape of the instrument function is required.
Texture effects in powder diffraction and their correction by simple empirical functions
Authors: Valvoda V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Non-random distribution of orientations of crystallites in powder specimens or compact polycrystalline samples can influence almost all accurate diffraction measurements. This affects mainly quantitative phase analysis and structure determination because both these methods are based on intensities of reflections from a randomly oriented assembly of particles. However, a strongly preferred orientation (texture) also causes problems in phase identification, stress measure-ments and profile analysis, especially in thin films. On the other hand, as has been pointed out by Bunge et al.(1989), texture can also help to separate completely overlapped reflections, like 330 and 411 reflections in the cubic 1-brass structure, if the sample has an appropriate preferred orientation.
Modelling of texture in whole-pattern fitting
Authors: Jiirvinen Matti 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The reliability of intensity measurements in powder diffraction depends greatly on the treatment of sample effects. For instance, the texture of the sample can change the authentic intensity ratios of reflections and may, thus, introduce uncertainty in the results of an analysis. On the other hand, a powder sample, or a polycrystalline sample, with random grain orientation is difficult to prepare so that one is often obliged to use non-ideal samples in intensity measurements and attend mathematically to the texture effect. For this procedure analytical models are needed for the representation of the orientation distribution of the grains in the sample.
The role of whole-pattern databases in materials science
Authors: Smith Deane K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Now that the computer-controlled diffractometer is standard laboratory equipment, the digitized diffraction trace is the basis for most techniques of powder diffraction analysis. In addition to the geometric and structural information contained in the positions and intensities of the peaks in the diffraction pattern, the whole trace also contains the profile information that provides details on the physical state of the crystallites of the sample. Modern diffraction studies are concentrating on this profile information, and many computer programs have been prepared to carry out the calculations. The principal information which is now being exploited from diffraction patterns concerns crystallite size and size distributions, types and concentrations of defects and stacking faults, and texture.
Towards higher resolution: a mathematical approach
Authors: Reefman Derk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the current use of X-ray diffraction, the required instrument precision is constantly increasing. With the advent of high-speed computers, more detailed models can be worked out with high qualitative precision. This in turn leads to the objective of extracting model-specific parameters from accurate experimental data. In order for this approach to be successful, a major prerequisite is that the available experimental data form a true projection of the material under study.
Use of pattern decomposition to study microstructure: practical aspects and applications
Authors: Louër Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since diffraction-line broadening is influenced by structural imperfections and the small size of crystallites (i.e. domains over which diffraction is coherent), powder diffraction is a valuable method for the determination of these properties. The theory of diffraction by imperfect solids was well established half a century after the introduction of X-ray diffraction and many applications were reported from powder diffraction data. These were essentially based on a Fourier analysis of diffraction-line broadening and, to a lesser extent, on an interpretation of the integral breadth, when an approximate characterization was sufficient (see Wagner, 1966). The detailed information, apparent crystallite size, cell-column length distribution and microdistortion, extracted from the theory based on Fourier series, has been found to be attractive and has often influenced the choice of the method for ‘precise’ line-broadening analyses, in spite of constraints (e.g. well-resolved lines are required) and propagation of errors during the treatment (Chapter 26; Young et al.,1967; Delhez et al.,1982). Experimental ‘crystallite size’ distributions are of low precision (see Bertaut, 1950; Le Bail and Louer, 1978) and their interpretation is complex, except in a few cases, such as in the direction perpendicular to uniformly-shaped disk or platelet crystallites (Le Bail and Louer 1978, 1980). As far as ‘size’ effect is concerned, Fourier apparent size ‘may appear to be of no advantage since a simple measurement of the line widths leads to another average function of the diameters’ (Guinier, 1963). Indeed, the theory of diffraction based on the integral breadth is well established (Chapter 5) and shows that average values of sizes and structural imperfections can be extracted from powder diffraction data. The general use of this approach was limited, in the past, by severe approximations (e.g. the correction of the instrumental contribution was based on simple assumptions about line shapes). The recent introduction of pattern modelling techniques, combined with the use of the properties of the Voigt function (Langford, 1978), has contributed to a renewal of interest in the use of the integral breadth for line-broadening analyses. The procedure presents the advantage of speed and convenience over the elaborate Fourier analysis, which may be a serious benefit when a number of samples for the same material have to be studied. Based on all information available in the diffraction pattern, the method is appropriate for characterizing anisotropic microstructural properties.
Pressure-induced profile change of energy-dispersive diffraction using synchrotron radiation
Authors: Yamanaka Takamitsu 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last decade X-ray diffraction study under high pressure has been given a large amount of attention in the fields of solid state physics and geoscience. High pressure research by powder diffraction has developed enormously with the use of synchrotron radiation (SR). SR sources having the nature of polychromatic waves and large photon intensity are a great advantage for high pressure diffraction studies. Pressure-induced structure transition and phase stability have been intensively investigated under compression by in situenergy-dispersive diffraction (ED) studies using a diamond anvil cell or multi-anvil apparatus. The ED method is an efficient diffractometry for high pressure diffraction studies because X-ray optical conditions are capable of being fixed without changing the position of the sample and the detector. Various difficulties encountered in the procedure of profile fitting of the ED spectra have been overcome by empirical corrections with respect to diffraction intensities.
Computations of Flow over Model Hill Forms using Advanced Second-Moment Closure Turbulence Models
Authors: Craft T J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The paper describes the application of a low-Reynolds-number Reynolds stress closure to the flow over a hill form. The model is based on that pro posed by Craft and Launder [1], which is designed to be applicable to arbitrary geometry shapes, and does not require the prescription of wall normal vectors and distances. Results are reported for some simpler flows as well as the hill case, which is designed to test the model’s ability to handle a typical geometry found in environmental flow applications. The model produces results in general agreement with experimental data, al though there are discrepancies in the recirculation zone, pointing to a need for further model refinement.
Coupling of Waves with the Atmosphere
Authors: Makin V K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Momentum flux above sea depends in general both on the wind speed and the sea state. Dynamical coupling of waves with the atmosphere allows to relate the sea drag to the properties of the momentum exchange at the sea surface. The approach is based on the conservation of momentum in the marine surface boundary layer, which implies that the total stress is independent of height, so that the momentum flux at a given height is equal to the momentum flux at the sea surface.
Wind Generated Waves on Fabric Structures
Authors: Mabon L , Williams C J .K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A fabric acts as a vortex sheet due to the discontinuity in the tangential components of fluid velocity on either side. As such it is basically unstable and a certain tension is required to stop it “flapping” even in a steady wind. This, together with the necessity of resisting wind pressure and snow load, are the controlling factors in design. This paper discusses the problem using classical potential flow to predict the speed of waves travelling across the fabric. At low wind speeds waves can travel up-wind or down-wind, but at a critical wind speed the up-wind wave becomes stationary and there is a loss of static stiffness. In certain structures such as sails, the tension in the fabric may increase sufficiently with wind speed for there to be no critical wind speed.
Solitary Waves on Deep Water
Authors: Longuet-Higgins Michael S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Capillary-gravity waves of solitary type on deep water were discovered theoretically, and have since been found to be common on wind-ruffied surfaces. Experiments to generate them in the laboratory and to measure their properties are described. A calculation of the rate of damping of nonlinear capillary-gravity waves, including solitons, are presented and compared with experiment. This shows that in very steep capillary-gravity waves the dissipation may increase by two orders of magnitude, owing to the sharp curvature and increased velocity gradients in the wave troughs. At low wave steepnesses a deep-water soliton resembles a wave packet, whose carrier wavelength is about 1.73 cm. The wave envelope extends horizontally in inverse proportion to the maximum wave amplitude. Hence the maximum steepness decays at twice the rate corresponding to an infinite
wave train.
The Surface Modulation of Internal Waves and their Properties in Response to the Wind Field at the Shelf Break
Authors: Oikonomou Emmanouil K , Robinson Ian S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Multiple SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) images from ERS-1 and ERS-2 satellites revealed the signature of internal wave (IW) surface mod ulation around the Malin/Hebrides shelf break. The satellite data covered mainly summer and early autumn months when IWs are known to exist in the area from in situ measurements.
Effect of Particle Inertia on the Diffusion of Small Particles in Turbulent Wall Boundary Layers
Authors: Aldridge J N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The effect of particle inertia on small particles diffusing in a turbulent wall bounded flow is calculated. The equation for a single particle is simplified assuming the particle response time is small compared to the time scale associated with turbulent fluctuations. Continuum equations are obtained from the single particle equation by consideration of mass and momentum conservation in a control volume by the use of volume averaging. Turbulent averaging is then carried out and the resulting correlations are modelled using results borrowed from second moment turbulence clo sure theory. Simplified forms are obtained for the constant stress region in a wall boundary layer, where the effect of inertia is found to enhance the particle flux. Finally, a numerical calculation of flow structure and the suspended sediment concentration over rippled bed under surface wave motion, using second moment turbulence closure model, is performed in order to simulate the characteristic phenomenon such as the vortex for mation and vortex lift-off over a sand rippled bed. A good agreement is obtained between the calculated values and experimental data.
A Simplified Model for Spatio-Temporal Distributions of Ocean Spray Droplets
Authors: Lighthill Sir James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between ocean and atmosphere, there exists at extreme wind speeds a thick layer of “a third fluid”: ocean spray, consisting of a relatively tall cloud of droplets. Many of the smaller ones (with radii not more than about 20µm) appear when bubbles burst at the sea surface, although [I] a greater mass of droplets is gen erated by ejection of “spume” at whitecaps (in the form of droplets with radii ranging from 20µm to much larger values). A recent survey [2] estimated that, at a wind speed of 40m/s (the speed at which the fraction of ocean surface covered by whitecaps is expected to reach unity),
Dimerization partners
Authors: Littlewood Trevor D , Evan Gerard I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dimerization is a prerequisite for sequence– specific DNA binding by several classes of transcription factors. Examples of both homo- and heterodimerization occur - with precise dimerization specificity dependent upon the protein in question. Whereas some bHLH and bHLHZ proteins can form both homodimers and heterodimers ( e.g. MyoD and Max), others appear exclusively as homodimers (e.g. USF) or heterodimers (e.g. Myc and Mad). The dimerization specificities of various bHLH and bHLHZ proteins are summarized in Table 6, and some are discussed in detail below.
Physiological functions and role in diseases
Authors: Kirschke Heidrun , Barrett Alan J , Rawlings Neil D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The locations of the cysteine proteinases described here are the lysosomes. At the acidic pH values in lysosomes these enzymes degrade proteins that have been taken up by the cells or that originate from the same cell, e.g. from cytosol. No disease is known yet that can be attributed to deficiency or inactivity of one of the lysosomal cysteine proteinases. A protein storage disease such as Batten's disease has been shown not to be caused by the failure of lysosomal proteinases but possibly by the abnormal post-translational modification of the stored proteolipid subunit c of the mitochondrial ATP synthase complex [841,985).
Nonlinear oscillations and chaos
Authors: Acheson David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the ‘simplest’ dynamical systems exhibiting chaos is the equation This is just a nonlinear counterpart to the classical forced oscillator of Section 5.2, with the restoring force due to the ‘spring’ being proportional to x rather than to x itself. A typical numerical solution is shown in Fig. 11.1, with a fairly large forcing amplitude, A = 7.5.
A Priori
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prior to the eighteenth century, the pair of terms ‘a priori’/’a posteriori’ (Latin for ‘from what is earlier’/’for what comes after’) was used to distinguish between modes of reasoning: ‘The mind can discover and understand the truth … by demonstration. When the mind reasons from causes to effects, the demonstration is called a priori; when from effects to causes, the demonstration is called a posteriori’ (Arnauld 1662). Only later were these non identical terminological-twins used to refer to types of knowledge: knowledge independent of experience is ‘a priori’, that which is grounded in experience is ‘a posteriori’ (Kant 1781).
Aplysia
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aplysia, a hind-gilled (opistobranch) marine snail (Kandel 1979), is one of the heroes of the cellular revolution in the neurosciences. Its external resemblance to the rabbit earned it the name sea-hare. Yet it is the insides of Aplysia that has turned it into such a highly successful *system in the cellular analysis of simple memory. Quinn (pers. comm.) had defined an ideal *subject for the neurobiological analysis of learning as a creature with 10 large neurons, 10 genes, a generation time of 1 week, and the ability to play the cello and recite Shakespeare. Indeed this is not a faithful description of Aplysia, but in the real world, the sea-hare became a useful compromise.
Associative learning
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The notion of ‘association’ is central to both the philosophical and the experimental study of the mind. In philosophy it can be traced back to Aristotle, who proposed that similarity, contrast, and contiguity of images sub serve recollection (On memory; Sorabji 1972). ‘Associationism’, the philosophical doctrine that the mind learns and construes the world bottom-up by associating elementary events, has emerged with British empiricism in the seventeenth century (Warren 1921).
Attention
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So prominent is the position of attention in the scientific discourse on behaviour, that Titchner (1908) regarded it as ‘the nerve of the whole psychological system’, and added that ‘as men judge of it, so shall they be judged before the general tribunal of psychology’. James (1890) was convinced that ‘everybody knows what attention is’ and described it as ‘… the taking possession by the mind in clear and vivid form of one of what seem several simultaneous objects or trains of thought’. James was right in stating that intuitively we know what attention is, but, probably because the concept is so inclusive, a consensus on its definition is not easy to attain.
Behaviourism
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Psychology as the behaviorist views it is a purely objective experimental branch of natural science. Its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behaviour. Introspection forms no essential part of its methods, nor is the scientific value of its data dependent upon the readiness with which they lend themselves to interpretation in terms of consciousness. The behaviorist, in his efforts to get a unitary scheme of animal response, recognizes no dividing line between man and brute.
Binding
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are several facets of ‘binding’ (definition 1) that excite philosophers. A classical aspect has to do with the persistence of the identity of things whose constituents turn-over with time, such as the self (see the ‘Ship of Theseus’ problem in *persistence). Neuroscience and the philosophy of mind presently focus on a distinct type of the ‘binding problem’, which refers to the ability of the brain to bind, within a fraction of a second, the features of a complex *stimulus into a coherent, meaningful percept (definition 2). Interest in this type of problem has a long history (e.g. Hume 1739).
Birdsong
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Male birds sing to selected audiences. The male is a landlord and potential warrior, notifying other males that it is ready to defend its territory. It is also a charming troubadour attempting to convince females that it is the best in town. The song occupies such a cardinal role in the male’s life that it may even dream about it (Dave and Margoliash 2000). Whereas we humans could enjoy the song repertoire regardless of gender, the male and the female of songbirds are probably each tuned to understand only that part of the song that speaks to their heart (Williams and Nottebohm 1985). The *plasticity of birdsong has been well known to bird fanciers in the Orient since ancient times, and expert manipulations of song were exploited for aesthetic and commercial purposes (Konishi 1985).