bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preliminary Tests of Multiscale Modeling with a Two-Dimensional Framework: Sensitivity to Coupling Methods
Authors: Jung Joon-Hee , Arakawa Akio 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Preliminary tests of the multiscale modeling approach, also known as the cloud-resolving convective parameterization, or superparameterization, are performed using an idealized framework. In this approach, a two-dimensional cloud-system resolving model (CSRM) is embedded within each vertical column of a general circulation model (GCM) replacing conventional cloud parameterization. The purpose of this study is to investigate the coupling between the GCM and CSRMs and suggest a revised method of coupling that abandons the cyclic lateral boundary condition for each CSRM used in the original cloud-resolving convective parameterization. In this way, the CSRM extends into neighboring GCM grid boxes while sharing approximately the same mass fluxes with the GCM at the borders of the grid boxes.
With the original and revised methods of coupling, numerical simulations of the evolution of cloud systems are conducted using a two-dimensional model that couples CSRMs with a lower-resolution version of the CSRM with no physics [large-scale dynamics model (LSDM)]. The results with the revised method show that cloud systems can propagate from one LSDM grid column to the next as expected. Comparisons with a straightforward application of a single CSRM to the entire domain (CONTROL) show that the biases of the large-scale thermodynamic fields simulated by the coupled model are significantly smaller with the revised method. The results also show that the biases are near the smallest when the velocity fields of the LSDM and CSRM are nudged to each other with the time scale of a few hours and the thermodynamic field of the LSDM is instantaneously updated at each time step with the domain-averaged CSRM field.
Vertical Structure of Midlatitude Analysis and Forecast Errors
Authors: Hakim Gregory J. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The dominant vertical structures for analysis and forecast errors are estimated in midlatitudes using a small ensemble of operational analyses. Errors for fixed locations in the central North Pacific and eastern North America are selected for comparing errors in regions with relatively low and high observation density, respectively. Results for these fixed locations are compared with results for zonal wavenumber 9, which provides a representative sample of baroclinic waves. This study focuses on deviations from the ensemble mean for meridional wind and temperature at 40°N; these quantities are chosen for simplicity and because they capture dynamical and thermodynamical aspects of midlatitude baroclinic waves.
Results for the meridional wind show that analysis and forecast errors share the same dominant vertical structure as the analyses. This structure peaks near the tropopause and decays smoothly toward small values in the middle and lower troposphere. The dominant vertical structure for analysis errors exhibits upshear tilt and peaks just below the tropopause, suggesting an asymmetry in errors of the tropopause location, with a bias toward greater errors for downward tropopause displacements. The dominant vertical structure for temperature analysis errors is distinctly different from temperature analyses. Analysis errors have a sharp peak in the lower troposphere, with a secondary structure near the tropopause, whereas forecast errors and analyses show a dipole straddling the tropopause and smooth vertical structure, consistent with potential vorticity anomalies due to variance in tropopause position.
Linear regression of forecast errors onto analysis errors for the western North Pacific is used to assess the nonseparable zonal-height structure of errors and their propagation. Analysis errors near the tropopause rapidly develop into a spreading wave packet, with a group speed that matches the mean zonal wind speed of 31 m s−1. A complementary calculation for the regression of 24-h forecast errors onto analysis errors shows that forecast errors originate from analysis errors in the middle and upper troposphere. These errors rapidly expand in the vertical to span the troposphere, with a peak at the tropopause.
The "Statinth" wonder of the world: a panacea for all illnesses or a bubble about to burst
Authors: Shafiq Nusrat , Malhotra Samir , Pandhi Promila , Grover Anil 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
After the introduction of statins in the market as effective lipid lowering agents, they were shown to have effects other than lipid lowering. These actions were collectively referred to as 'pleiotropic actions of statins.' Pleiotropism of statins formed the basis for evaluating statins for several indications other than lipid lowering. Evidence both in favour and against is available for several of these indications. The current review attempts to critically summarise the available data for each of these indications.
Area-Level Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Health Care Spending
Authors: Morenz Anna M. , Liao Joshua M. , Au David H. , Hayes Sophia A. 
Published: February 2024

ImportancePublicly available, US Census–based composite measures of socioeconomic disadvantage are increasingly being used in a wide range of clinical outcomes and health services research. Area Deprivation Index (ADI) and Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) are 2 of the most commonly used measures. There is also early interest in incorporating area-level measures to create more equitable alternative payment models.ObjectiveTo review the evidence on the association of ADI and SVI with health care spending, including claims-based spending and patient-reported barriers to care due to cost.Evidence ReviewA systematic search for English-language articles and abstracts was performed in the PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane databases (from inception to March 1, 2023). Peer-reviewed articles and abstracts using a cross-sectional, case-control, or cohort study design and based in the US were identified. Data analysis was performed in March 2023.FindingsThis review included 24 articles and abstracts that used a cross-sectional, case-control, or cohort study design. In 20 of 24 studies (83%), ADI and SVI were associated with increased health care spending. No association was observed in the 4 remaining studies, mostly with smaller sample sizes from single centers. In adjusted models, the increase in spending associated with higher ADI or SVI residence was $574 to $1811 for index surgical hospitalizations, $3003 to $24 075 for 30- and 90-day episodes of care, and $3519 for total annual spending for Medicare beneficiaries. In the studies that explored mechanisms, postoperative complications, readmission risk, and poor primary care access emerged as health care system–related drivers of increased spending.Conclusions and RelevanceThe findings of this systematic review suggest that both ADI and SVI can play important roles in efforts to understand drivers of health care spending and in the design of payment and care delivery programs that capture aspects of social risk. At the health care system level, higher health care spending and poor care access associated with ADI or SVI may represent opportunities to codesign interventions with patients from high ADI or SVI areas to improve access to high-value health care and health promotion more broadly.
Weight Loss Treatment and Longitudinal Weight Change Among Primary Care Patients With Obesity
Authors: Henderson James , Ehlers Anne P. , Lee Joyce M. , Kraftson Andrew T. , Piehl Kenneth , Richardson Caroline R. , Griauzde Dina H. 
Published: February 2024

ImportanceAmong individuals with obesity, 5% or greater weight loss can improve health. Weight management treatments (WMT) include nutrition counseling, very low-calorie meal replacement (MR), antiobesity medications (AOM), and bariatric surgery; however, little is known about how these WMT are associated with weight change among individual patients and populations.ObjectiveTo characterize weight status and WMT use among primary care patients and assess associations between WMT and weight trajectories.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsRetrospective, population-based cohort study of primary care patients from 1 academic health system in Michigan between October 2015 and March 2020 using cross-sectional analysis to compare obesity prevalence and WMT utilization. For patients with obesity and WMT exposure or matched controls, a multistate Markov model assessing associations between WMT and longitudinal weight status trajectories was used. Data were analyzed from October 2021 to October 2023.ExposuresCross-sectional exposure was year: 2017 or 2019. Trajectory analysis exposures were WMT: nutrition counseling, MR, AOM, and bariatric surgery.Main Outcomes and MeasuresCross-sectional analysis compared mean body mass index (BMI), obesity prevalence, and, among patients with obesity, prospective WMT use. The trajectory analysis examined longitudinal weight status using thresholds of ±5% and 10% of baseline weight with primary outcomes being the 1-year probabilities of 5% or greater weight loss for each WMT.ResultsAdult patients (146 959 participants) consisted of 83 636 female participants (56.9%); 8940 (6.1%) were Asian, 14 560 (9.9%) were Black, and 116 664 (79.4%) were White. Patients had a mean (SD) age of 49.6 (17.7) years and mean (SD) BMI of 29.2 (7.2). Among 138 682 patients, prevalence of obesity increased from 39.2% in 2017 to 40.7% in 2019; WMT use among patients with obesity increased from 5.3% to 7.1% (difference: 1.7%; 95% CI, 1.3%-2.2%). In a multistate model (10 180 patients; 33 549 patient-years), the 1-year probability of 5% or greater weight loss without WMT exposure was 15.6% (95% CI, 14.3%-16.5%) at reference covariates. In contrast, the probability of 5% or greater weight loss was more likely with year-long exposures to any WMT (nutrition counseling: 23.1%; 95% CI, 21.3%-25.1%; MR: 54.6%; 95% CI, 46.5%-61.2%; AOM: 27.8%; 95% CI, 25.0%-30.5%; bariatric surgery: 93.0%; 95% CI, 89.7%-95.0%).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cohort study of primary-care patients with obesity, all WMT increased the patient-level probability of achieving 5% or greater weight loss, but current rates of utilization are low and insufficient to reduce weight at the population level.
Decentralized Clinical Trials as a New Paradigm of Trial Delivery to Improve Equity of Access
Authors: Underhill Craig , Freeman Jessica , Dixon Jacqueline , Buzza Mark , Long Donna , Burbury Kate , Sabesan Sabe , McBurnie Jacqueline , Woollett Anne 
Published: February 2024

ImportanceThe need to maintain clinical trial recruitment during the COVID-19 pandemic has precipitated the rapid uptake of digital health for the conduct of clinical trials. Different terms are used in different jurisdictions and clinical contexts, including digital trials, networked trials, teletrials (TT), and decentralized clinical trials (DCT) with a need to agree to terms.ObservationsThis clinical care review summarized publications and gray literature, including government policies for the safe conduct of clinical trials using digital health. It compares 2 frequently used methodologies, DCT and TT, first developed before the COVID-19 pandemic by trialists and stakeholders in Australia to improve access to cancer clinical trials for geographically dispersed populations. TT uses a networked approach to implement clinical trials to share care between facilities and uses an agreement between sites or a supervision plan to improve governance and safety. Government regulators have adapted existing regulations and invested in the rollout of the TT model. The term DCT emerged in the northern hemisphere and has been the subject of guidance from regulatory agencies. DCT uses digital health to deliver care in nontraditional sites, such as participants’ homes, but does not mandate a networked approach between health facilities or require a supervision plan to be in place.Conclusions and RelevanceTT can be considered as a specific type of DCT with several potential advantages, including upskilling across a network. DCT is a new paradigm for the use of digital health in the safe conduct of clinical trials and is a transformative issue in cancer care, addressing disparities in access to clinical trials and improving clinical outcomes.
Salvage Microsurgery Following Failed Primary Radiosurgery in Sporadic Vestibular Schwannoma
Authors: Marinelli John P. , Herberg Hans A. , Moore Lindsay S. , Yancey Kristen L. , Kay-Rivest Emily , Casale Garrett G. , Durham Allison , Khandalavala Karl R. , Lund-Johansen Morten , Kosaraju Nikitha , Lohse Christine M. , Patel Neil S. , Gurgel Richard K. , Babu Seilesh C. , Golfinos John G. , Roland J. Thomas , Hunter Jacob B. , Kutz J. Walter , Santa Maria Peter L. , Link Michael J. , Tveiten Øystein V. , Carlson Matthew L. 
Published: February 2024

ImportanceManagement of sporadic vestibular schwannoma with radiosurgery is becoming increasingly common globally; however, limited data currently characterize patient outcomes in the setting of microsurgical salvage for radiosurgical failure.ObjectiveTo describe the clinical outcomes of salvage microsurgery following failed primary stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) or fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (FSRT) among patients with sporadic vestibular schwannoma.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis was a cohort study of adults (≥18 years old) with sporadic vestibular schwannoma who underwent salvage microsurgery following failed primary SRS/FSRT in 7 vestibular schwannoma treatment centers across the US and Norway. Data collection was performed between July 2022 and January 2023, with data analysis performed between January and July 2023.ExposureSalvage microsurgical tumor resection.Main Outcomes and MeasuresComposite outcome of undergoing less than gross total resection (GTR) or experiencing long-term facial paresis.ResultsAmong 126 patients, the median (IQR) age at time of salvage microsurgery was 62 (53-70) years, 69 (55%) were female, and 113 of 117 (97%) had tumors that extended into the cerebellopontine angle at time of salvage. Of 125 patients, 96 (76%) underwent primary gamma knife SRS, while 24 (19%) underwent linear accelerator-based SRS; the remaining patients underwent FSRT using other modalities. Postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak was seen in 15 of 126 patients (12%), hydrocephalus in 8 (6%), symptomatic stroke in 7 (6%), and meningitis in 2 (2%). Each 1-mm increase in cerebellopontine angle tumor size was associated with a 13% increased likelihood of foregoing GTR (64 of 102 patients [63%]) or long-term postoperative House-Brackmann grade higher than I (48 of 102 patients [47%]) (odds ratio, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.04-1.23). Following salvage microsurgery, tumor growth–free survival rates at 1, 3, and 5 years were 97% (95% CI, 94%-100%), 93% (95% CI, 87%-99%), and 91% (95% CI, 84%-98%), respectively.ConclusionsIn this cohort study, more than half of patients who received salvage microsurgery following primary SRS/FSRT underwent less than GTR or experienced some degree of facial paresis long term. These data suggest that the cumulative risk of developing facial paresis following primary SRS/FSRT by the end of the patient’s journey with treatment approximates 2.5% to 7.5% when using published primary SRS/FSRT long-term tumor control rates.
Metrology of Platinum Nanozymes: Mechanistic Insights and Analytical Issues
Authors: Cursi Lorenzo , Mirra Giulia , Boselli Luca , Pompa Pier Paolo 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThanks to their properties, stability, and multifunctionality, nanozymes are increasingly impacting several fields, including medicine, diagnostics, and environmental science. However, clear information about their catalytic properties and mechanisms is still lacking. Several critical issues are currently under discussions, such as the absence of univocally accepted catalytic mechanisms, standardized protocols for directly comparing nanozymes versus enzymes, and a comprehensive characterization of their performance in different chemical/biological environments. All these issues strongly limit the advancement of the field. Herein, nanozymes metrology and analysis of both catalytic mechanisms and methodological procedures are attempted, taking platinum nanozymes as a case study thanks to their multifunctional catalytic features. The oxidoreductase activities of Pt‐nanozymes (i.e., peroxidase‐, oxidase‐, and catalase‐like reactions) are critically investigated in different physical/chemical environments, clarifying fundamental aspects and providing general methodological guidelines for nanozyme properties characterization. Furthermore, PtNP activities are compared with natural enzymes in different conditions, and their performance and catalytic behavior are evaluated by calculating the turnover frequency (TOF) with different normalization strategies. The results highlight that Pt‐nanozymes are efficient catalysts, exhibiting outstanding catalase‐like activity. This work clarifies several key points concerning Pt‐nanozyme properties and general metrological issues, providing a workflow that can become a reference for several nanozymes characterizations.
Engineered Tumor–Immune Microenvironment On A Chip to Study T Cell–Macrophage Interaction in Breast Cancer Progression
Authors: Manoharan Twinkle Jina Minette , Ravi Kalpana , Suresh Abhirami P. , Acharya Abhinav P. , Nikkhah Mehdi 
Published: February 2024

AbstractEvolving knowledge about the tumor–immune microenvironment (TIME) is driving innovation in designing novel therapies against hard‐to‐treat breast cancer. Targeting the immune components of TIME has emerged as a promising approach for cancer therapy. While recent immunotherapies aim at restoring antitumor immunity, counteracting tumor escape remains challenging. Hence there is a pressing need to better understand the complex tumor–immune crosstalk within TIME. Considering this imperative, this study aims at investigating the crosstalk between the two abundant immune cell populations within the breast TIME—macrophages and T cells, in driving tumor progression using an organotypic 3D in vitro tumor‐on‐a‐chip (TOC) model. The TOC features distinct yet interconnected organotypic tumor and stromal entities. This triculture platform mimics the complex TIME, embedding the two immune populations in a suitable 3D matrix. Analysis of invasion, morphometric measurements, and flow cytometry results underscores the substantial contribution of macrophages to tumor progression, while the presence of T cells is associated with a deceleration in the migratory behavior of both cancer cells and macrophages. Furthermore, cytokine analyses reveal significant upregulation of leptin and RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T Cell expressed and secreted) in triculture. Overall, this study highlights the complexity of TIME and the critical role of immune cells in cancer progression.
In Vivo Stimulation of Therapeutic Antigen‐Specific T Cells in an Artificial Lymph Node Matrix
Authors: Livingston Natalie K. , Hickey John W. , Sim Hajin , Salathe Sebastian F. , Choy Joseph , Kong Jiayuan , Silver Aliyah B. , Stelzel Jessica L. , Omotoso Mary O. , Li Shuyi , Chaisawangwong Worarat , Roy Sayantika , Ariail Emily C. , Lanis Mara R. , Pradeep Pratibha , Bieler Joan Glick , Witte Savannah Est , Leonard Elissa , Doloff Joshua C. , Spangler Jamie B. , Mao Hai‐Quan , Schneck Jonathan P. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractT cells are critical mediators of antigen‐specific immune responses and are common targets for immunotherapy. Biomaterial scaffolds have previously been used to stimulate antigen‐presenting cells to elicit antigen‐specific immune responses; however, structural and molecular features that directly stimulate and expand naïve, endogenous, tumor‐specific T cells in vivo have not been defined. Here, an artificial lymph node (aLN) matrix is created, which consists of an extracellular matrix hydrogel conjugated with peptide‐loaded‐MHC complex (Signal 1), the co‐stimulatory signal anti‐CD28 (Signal 2), and a tethered IL‐2 (Signal 3), that can bypass challenges faced by other approaches to activate T cells in situ such as vaccines. This dynamic immune‐stimulating platform enables direct, in vivo antigen‐specific CD8+ T cell stimulation, as well as recruitment and coordination of host immune cells, providing an immuno‐stimulatory microenvironment for antigen‐specific T cell activation and expansion. Co‐injecting the aLN with naïve, wild‐type CD8+ T cells results in robust activation and expansion of tumor‐targeted T cells that kill target cells and slow tumor growth in several distal tumor models. The aLN platform induces potent in vivo antigen‐specific CD8+ T cell stimulation without the need for ex vivo priming or expansion and enables in situ manipulation of antigen‐specific responses for immunotherapies.
Planar Cation Passivation on Colloidal Quantum Dots Enables High‐Performance 0.35–1.8 µm Broadband TFT Imager
Authors: Liu Yuxuan , Liu Jing , Deng Chengjie , Wang Bo , Xia Bing , Liang Xinyi , Yang Yang , Li Shengman , Wang Xihua , Li Luying , Lan Xinzheng , Fei Peng , Zhang Jianbing , Gao Liang , Tang Jiang 
Published: February 2024

AbstractSolution‐processed colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) are promising candidates for broadband photodetectors from visible light to shortwave infrared (SWIR). However, large‐size PbS CQDs sensitive to longer SWIR are mainly exposed with nonpolar (100) facets on the surface, which lack robust passivation strategies. Herein, an innovative passivation strategy that employs planar cation, is introduced to enable face‐to‐face coupling on (100) facets and strengthen halide passivation on (111) facets. The defect density of CQDs film (Eg≈ 0.74 eV) is reduced from 2.74 × 1015to 1.04 × 1015cm−3, coupled with 0.1 eV reduction in the activation energy of defects. The resultant CQDs photodiodes exhibit a low dark current density of 14 nA cm−2with a high external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 62%, achieving a linear dynamic range of 98 dB, a −3dB bandwidth of 103 kHz and a detectivity of 4.7 × 1011Jones. The comprehensive performance of the CQDs photodiodes outperforms previously reported CQDs photodiodes operating at >1.6 µm. By monolithically integrated with thin‐film transistor (TFT) readout circuit, the broadband CQDs imager covering 0.35‐1.8 µm realizes the functions including silicon wafer perspectivity and material discrimination, showing its potential for wide range of applications.
Kinetics of N‐ to M‐Polar Switching in Ferroelectric Al1−xScxN Capacitors
Authors: Guido Roberto , Lu Haidong , Lomenzo Patrick D. , Mikolajick Thomas , Gruverman Alexei , Schroeder Uwe 
Published: February 2024

AbstractFerroelectric wurtzite‐type aluminum scandium nitride (Al1−xScxN) presents unique properties that can enhance the performance of non‐volatile memory technologies. The realization of the full potential of Al1−xScxN requires a comprehensive understanding of the mechanism of polarization reversal and domain structure dynamics involved in the ferroelectric switching process. In this work, transient current integration measurements performed by a pulse switching method are combined with domain imaging by piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) to investigate the kinetics of domain nucleation and wall motion during polarization reversal in Al0.85Sc0.15N capacitors. In the studied electric field range (from 4.4 to 5.6 MV cm−1), ferroelectric switching proceeds via domain nucleation and wall movement. The currently available phenomenological models are shown to not fully capture all the details of the complex dynamics of polarization reversal in Al0.85Sc0.15N. PFM reveals a non‐linear increase of both domain nucleation rate and lateral wall velocity during the switching process, as well as the dependency of the domain pattern on the polarization reversal direction. A continuously faster N‐ to M‐polar switching upon cycling is reported and ascribed to an increasing number of M‐polar nucleation sites and density of domain walls.