bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pentafluorphenyliod(III)‐Verbindungen. 2. Fluor‐Aryl Substitution an Iodtrifluorid: Synthese von Pentafluorphenylioddifluorid C6F5IF2 und Bis(pentafluorphenyl)iodonium Pentafluorphenylfluoroboraten [(C6F5)2I]+[(C6F5)nBF4−n]−
Authors: Frohn H. J. , Schrinner K. 
Published: December 2004

Pentafluorophenyliodine(III) Compounds. 2. Fluorine‐Aryl Substitution Reactions on Iodinetrifluoride: Synthesis of Pentafluorophenyliodinedifluoride C6F5IF2 and Bis(pentafluorophenyl)iodonium Pentafluorophenylfluoroborates[(C6F5)2I]+[(C6F5)nBF4−n]−Mono‐ and disubstitution can be achieved in the fluorine‐aryl substitution reaction on the low‐temperature phase IF3 in CH2Cl2 at −78°C depending on the aryl transfer reagent. With B(C6F5)3 [(C6F5)2I]+ [(C6F5)nBF4−n]− (68% yield) and with Cd(C6F5)2 C6F5IF2 (97% yield) is obtained whereas with C6F5SiMe3 no fluorine‐aryl substitution takes place on IF3 even under basic conditions (EtCN or F− addition). At −78°C in EtCN solution IF3 does not disproportionate but attacks the solvent under formation of HF.
Octaisopropylchromocen: Das erste Chromocen mit kontinuierlichem low spin/high spin‐Übergang
Authors: Sitzmann Helmut , Schär Marion , Dormann Elmar , Kelemen Marc 
Published: December 2004

Octaisopropylchromocene: The First Chromocene with Gradual low spin/high spin‐TransitionOctaisopropylchromocene (1) exists in a low spin state at very low temperatures and undergoes a gradual spin transition on warming up. At 300 K a high spin state with four unpaired electrons has been found for solid 1 by investigation of its magnetic properties.
Crystal Structure of Mixed Crystals of the Tetra(n‐butyl)ammonium Salts of cis‐Tetrafluorophthalocyaninato(2−)tantalate(V) and cis‐Trifluorophthalocyaninato(2−)tantalate(IV)
Authors: Schweiger Karsten , Hückstädt Heiner , Homborg Heiner 
Published: December 2004

Abstractcis‐Trichlorophthalocyaninato(2−)tantalate(V) reacts with excess tetra(n‐butyl)ammonium fluoride trihydrate yielding mixed crystals of the tetra(n‐butyl)ammonium salts of cis‐tetrafluorophthalocyaninato(2−)tantalate(V) and cis‐trifluorophthalocyaninato(2−)tantalate(IV) in the ratio five to four. These crystallize in the monoclinic space group P21/ n with cell parameters: a = 13.368(2) Å, b = 13.787(2) Å, c = 23.069(3) Å, β = 93.35(1)°, Z = 4. Tav is octacoordinated with four F atoms and four Niso atoms in an antiprismatic cis‐arrangement. The Tav‐F distance varies from 1.919(7) to 1.966(4) Å. TaIV is heptacoordinated with three F atoms in a cis‐arrangement. The TaIV‐F distance varies from 1.74(1) to 1.966(4) Å. The Ta atom is located out of the centre of the N4 plane towards the F atoms by 1.234(3) Å. The Ta–N distances range from 2.261(6) to 2.310(6) Å.
Synthese, Strukturen und Reaktivität von [(2,4,6‐Ph3C6H2)Te(μ2‐O)X]2 (X  Br und I)
Authors: Lang Ernesto Schulz , Abram Ulrich , Strähle Joachim 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDas Ditellurid [(2,4,6‐Ph3C6H2)Te]2 bildet mit Iod das Aryltellurenylhalogenid (2,4,6‐Ph3C6H2)TeI, das mit Sauerstoff weiter zu [(2,4,6‐Ph3C6H2)Te(μ2‐O)I]2 reagiert. Die Verbindungen kristallisiert mit zwei Molekülen Dichlormethan in der monoklinen Raumgruppe P21/c: a = 911,3(4); b = 1153,3(2); c = 2244,1(9) pm; β = 93,53(2), Z = 2. Die analoge Bromverbindung [(2,4,6‐Ph3C6H2)Te(μ2‐O)I]2 entsteht bei der Umsetzung von [(2,4,6‐Ph3C6H2)Te(μ2‐O)I]2 mit NH4Br. Sie kristallisiert mit zwei Molekülen Xylen in der monoklinen Raumgruppe P21/n: a = 1067,5(5); b = 1018,4(4); c = 2486,5(8) pm; β = 101,71(2)°; Z = 2. Beide Verbindungen sind aus jeweils zwei (2,4,6‐Ph3C6H2)TeX‐Einheiten (X  Br, I) aufgebaut, die über zwei Sauerstoffbrücken verbunden sind. Im Zentrum der Te2O2‐Ringe befindet sich jeweils ein Inversionszentrum. Die TeOTe‐Winkel betragen 102°. Es wurden jeweils zwei unterschiedliche TeO‐Abstände gefunden 191,4(2) und 208,6(2) pm in [(2,4,6‐Ph3C6H2)Te(μ2‐O)I] bzw. 189,8(4) und 208,4(5 pm in der Bromverbindung).
The multidimensionality of psychopathology in a community sample
Authors: Mirowsky John , Ross Catherine E. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryOur results show that there are several distinct types of mental problems, rather than one underlying dimension of mental illness. In the past, some researchers have advocated the use of rating scales that measure global constructs such aS “mental health” or “psychological distress.” Others have advocated the diagnosis of discrete psychiatric disorders such as “depression,” “schizophrenia,” or “anxiety disorder.” Our analysis provides support for a synthesis of the two approaches to measuring psychiatric disorders. Psychopathology is multidimensional, and it is therefore most useful to examine distinct types. The symptoms in each cluster can be summed in a scale that represents its content, so researchers can explicitly distinguish among physiological malaise, demoralization, mistrust, antisocial attitudes, alcoholism, and so on without having to diagnose respondents. The use of multiple scales can allow researchers to represent the true diversity of mental problems in the community.
Neurocognitive outcome in pediatric liver transplant recipients
Authors: Krull Kevin , Fuchs Carola , Yurk Helene , Boone Pamela , Alonso Estella 
Published: December 2004

Abstract: Studies have shown that children with liver transplants demonstrate deficits on intellectual, academic, and language measures. However, limited information is known about the long‐term cognitive development of these children. In this study, 15 children who were at least 2 yr post‐liver transplantation (LT) were compared on cognitive measures to an equated group of 15 children with cystic fibrosis (CF). Children with CF were selected as a clinical control given similarities in disease onset and chronicity, as well as physical growth and development. Results indicated that children with LT tended to have lower verbal intelligence quotient scores and performed significantly lower than CF children on language measures, particularly on receptive language tasks. No significant differences were obtained on measures of academic achievement or visual–spatial performance. In the LT group, days in the intensive care unit, total number of days spent in the hospital during the first year following the transplant, and elevated pretransplant bilirubin levels significantly predicted the speech and language delays.
Effect of UV on the susceptibility of acid‐soluble Skh‐1 hairless mouse collagen to collagenase
Authors: Menter J. M , Cornelison L. M , Cannick L , Patta A. M , Dowdy J. C , Sayre R. M , Abukhalaf I. K , Silvestrov N. S , Willis I. 
Published: December 2004

Background/Purpose: Photoaging of the skin is a result of chronic exposure to environmental ultraviolet radiation (UV). The milieu provided by the extracellular matrix, which significantly influences the behaviour of resident fibroblasts, depends critically on the supermolecular collagen structure. We ask whether direct photochemical treatment of type I collagen with solar wavelengths capable of reaching the dermis can modify the substrate's susceptibility to collagenase in a model in vitro system. Methods: Acid‐ extracted Skh‐1 hairless mouse collagen samples were irradiated with 0–140 J/cm2 of radiation from bank of filtered FS lamp (UVB/UVA = 0.33, fluence rate = 0.81 mW/cm2). Subsequent to UV irradiation, collagen samples were coupled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and assayed for susceptibility to bacterial collagenase by monitoring the appearance of supernatant FITC fluorescence (a measure of lysed collagen) over time of incubation. As a ‘reference’, unirradiated commercial FITC‐labelled citrate‐soluble collagen (Elastin Products, Owensville, MO 65066, USA) was similarly analysed. Results: Unirradiated mouse collagen had a lower rate of cleavage than did the calfskin sample. Irradiation of unlabelled mouse collagen for 0–48 h (0–140 J/cm2 total UV) rendered the sample more soluble, with concomitant chain degradation, cross‐linking and loss of intrinsic collagen fluorescence. At irradiation time's ≥ 4 h (≥11.7 J/cm2), the irradiated collagen was significantly more susceptible to bacterial collagenase digestion. Discussion: It appears that the rate of cleavage depends on the superstructure of the collagen, since the kinetics of collagen cleavage differ for two collagen samples having essentially the same primary structure. Cleavage kinetics may depend on the ‘maturity’ (solubility) of the collagen. The observation that UV‐damaged mouse collagen is a better substrate for collagenase than the intact sample may be illustrative of a mechanism whereby damaged collagen targets itself for selective attack by collagenase.
Topical glycolic acid enhances photodamage by ultraviolet light
Authors: Kaidbey Kays , Sutherland Betsy , Bennett Paula , Wamer Wayne G. , Barton Curtis , Dennis Donna , Kornhauser Andrija 
Published: December 2004

Background: Alpha‐hydroxy acids (AHAs) are widely used as ingredients in cosmetics. Several studies suggest that AHAs can increase the sensitivity of skin to ultraviolet (UV) light. Purpose: This study was performed in order to determine whether short‐term dermal treatment with glycolic acid, a representative AHA, can enhance the damaging effects of UV light. The duration of the effect of AHAs on the sensitivity of skin to UV light was also examined. Methods: The backs of 29 Caucasian subjects were treated, once daily, 6 days per week with either 10% glycolic acid (pH 3.5) or placebo in a randomized double‐blinded study. At the end of 4 weeks, sites within each treated area were exposed to 1.5 MED of UV light, determined on previously untreated skin. Specimens were obtained for enumeration of sunburn cells (SBCs) in the first group of subjects (n = 16), whereas cyclobutyl pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) in DNA were determined in the second group (n = 13). The minimal erythema dose (MED) in each site was also determined in the first group of subjects. Sunburn cells and MEDs were re‐evaluated in the first group 1 week after discontinuing AHA applications. Results: Glycolic acid caused enhanced sensitivity to UV light measured as increased SBC induction and lowered MEDs. Cyclobutyl pyrimidine dimers were elevated but not to a statistically significant level. No differences in SBCs or MEDs were evident after a week of discontinued treatments. Conclusion: Short‐term application of 10% glycolic acid sensitizes the skin to the damaging effects of UV light. This photosensitivity is reversed within a week of terminating treatments.
Narrow‐band ultraviolet B treatment for vitiligo, pruritus, and inflammatory dermatoses
Authors: Samson Yashar Sharam , Gielczyk Robert , Scherschun Lubomira , Lim Henry W. 
Published: December 2004

Background: Narrow‐band ultraviolet B (NB‐UVB) therapy has been used successfully for the treatment of inflammatory and pigmentary skin disorders including atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, mycosis fungoides, polymorphous light eruption, and vitiligo.Methods: This is a retrospective review of the treatment outcomes of 117 consecutive patients with vitiligo, pruritus, and other inflammatory dermatoses, excluding those with psoriasis and CTCL, who were treated with NB‐UVB between 1998 and 2001 at our institution.Results: Approximately 80% of all patients showed improvement in their condition. NB‐UVB phototherapy was well tolerated, with no serious adverse effects. In patients with vitiligo, 6.4% had an abnormal thyroid‐stimulating hormone level and 6.5% had anemia.Conclusion: NB‐UVB may be considered as a viable therapeutic option in the treatment of vitiligo, pruritus, and other inflammatory dermatoses. Long‐term adverse effects and cost–benefit analysis of NB‐UVB therapy compared to other treatment modalities remain to be determined.
Thellungiella halophila, a salt‐tolerant relative of Arabidopsis thaliana, possesses effective mechanisms to discriminate between potassium and sodium
Authors: VOLKOV V. , WANG B. , DOMINY P. J. , FRICKE W. , AMTMANN A. 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACT Thellungiella halophila is a salt‐tolerant close relative of Arabidopsis thaliana. Significant mRNA similarity was confirmed by hybridization of T. halophila mRNA with the A. thaliana GeneChip ATH1. To establish a platform for future molecular comparison of the two species several physiological mechanisms, which may confer high salt tolerance to T. halophila, were investigated. Determination of ion content in shoots and roots of A. thaliana and T. halophila indicated different strategies of ion uptake and translocation from root to shoot in the two species. During salt stress T. halophila accumulated less sodium than A. thaliana. Tissue concentrations of sodium and potassium showed negative correlation in A. thaliana but not in T. halophila. Electrophysiological experiments proved high potassium/sodium selectivity of root plasma membrane channels in T. halophila. In particular, voltage‐independent currents were more selective for potassium in T. halophila than in A. thaliana. Single cell sampling of T. halophila leaves during salt exposure revealed increased concentrations of sodium and decreased concentrations of potassium in epidermal cells suggesting that this cell type could function to ensure storage of sodium and exchange of potassium with the rest of leaf. Application of salt resulted in a sharp drop of transpiration in A. thaliana. By contrast, transpiration in T. halophila responded more slowly and was only slightly inhibited by salt treatment, thus maintaining high water uptake and ion transport.
Genetic diversity of wild and cultivated soybeans growing in China revealed by RAPD analysis
Authors: Xu D. H. , Gai J. Y. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractTo evaluate the genetic diversity and to clarify the genetic relationships of wild and cultivated soybeans growing in China, 21 wild soybean accessions and 27 cultivated soybean landraces were analysed by using the random amplified polymorphic DNA method. The data show that wild soybean has a higher genetic variation than cultivated soybean, indicating that genetic variation has been reduced by domestication of wild soybean. Based on Nei's genetic similarity coefficient, all the accessions were classified into two major clusters, corresponding to wild and cultivated varieties of soybean. Furthermore, within each species, the accessions tend to form sub‐clusters that are in agreement with their geographical origins, demonstrating that an extensive geographical genetic differentiation exists in both species. For cultivated soybean, the varieties from the same geographical region but with different seasonal types were found to have closer genetic relationships than varieties from different geographical regions but with the same seasonal type. This result indicates that geographical differentiation plays a key role in the genetic differentiation of both wild and cultivated soybeans. Cultivated soybean varieties with different seasonal types in a region might have been established mainly from the local genotypes.
DNA fingerprinting studies in coloured cotton genotypes
Authors: Punitha D. , Raveendran T. S. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA collection of 11 coloured cotton Gossypium hirsutum genotypes and four white linted genotypes of different origin were evaluated by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. These 15 cotton genotypes were evaluated using 32 different 10‐mer primers of arbitrary sequences. All 32 primers were polymorphic ‐ in total, 287 amplified fragments were observed in these patterns. Out of the 287 fragments, 219 were polymorphic accounting for 76.31% of the total number of fragments. Similarity indices were calculated using the Dice coefficient and a dendrogram showing relationships between genotypes was obtained by Unweighted Pair Group Method of Arithmetic Average (UPGMA) cluster analysis. Cluster analysis showed clear‐cut separation of the coloured and white linted genotypes and thus formed three clusters (I, II and III). Among the coloured linted genotypes, all except ‘Parbhani American’ and ‘Lousiana brown’ clustered together. Cluster II contained white linted genotypes orginating from the same breeding station. The results indicate that RAPDs may constitute a relatively simple and efficient method for analysing genetic variation in coloured and white linted G. hirsutum collections.
Exhaled breath condensate in children: Pearls and pitfalls
Authors: Rosias Philippe P. R. , Dompeling Edward , Hendriks Han J. E. , Heijnens Jan W. C. M. , Donckerwolcke Raymond A. M. G. , Jöbsis Quirijn 
Published: December 2004

Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is a rapidly growing field of research in respiratory medicine. Airway inflammation is a central feature of chronic lung diseases, like asthma, cystic fibrosis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia and primary ciliary dyskinesia. EBC may be a useful technique for non‐invasive assessment of markers of airway inflammation. The non‐invasive character of EBC ‘inflammometry’ and the general lack of appropriate techniques makes it particularly interesting for paediatrics.We provide a detailed update on the methods currently used for EBC collection and measurement of mediators. We emphasize on paediatric data. The apparent simplicity of the EBC method must not be overstated, as numerous methodological pitfalls have yet to overcome. Comparison and interpretation of data on this rapidly growing field of research is mainly hampered by the lack of standardization and the lack of specific high‐sensitivity immunochemical or colorimetric assays. The initiative of the European Respiratory Society to institute a task force on this topic is a first step towards a uniform technique of EBC. Meanwhile, when using this technique or when interpreting research data, one should be fully aware of the possible methodological pitfalls.
Evaluation of Adjustments for Partial Non-Response Bias in the US National Immunization Survey
Authors: Smith Philip J. , Hoaglin David C. , Rao J. N. K. , Battaglia Michael P. , Daniels Danni 
Published: December 2004

SummaryMany health surveys conduct an initial household interview to obtain demographic information and then request permission to obtain detailed information on health outcomes from the respondent's health care providers. A ‘complete response’ results when both the demographic information and the detailed health outcome data are obtained. A ‘partial response’ results when the initial interview is complete but, for one reason or another, the detailed health outcome information is not obtained. If ‘complete responders’ differ from ‘partial responders’ and the proportion of partial responders in the sample is at least moderately large, statistics that use only data from complete responders may be severely biased. We refer to bias that is attributable to these differences as ‘partial non-response’ bias. In health surveys it is customary to adjust survey estimates to account for potential differences by employing adjustment cells and weighting to reduce bias from partial response. Before making these adjustments, it is important to ask whether an adjustment is expected to increase or decrease bias from partial non-response. After making these adjustments, an equally important question is ‘How well does the method of adjustment work to reduce partial non-response bias?’. The paper describes methods for answering these questions. Data from the US National Immunization Survey are used to illustrate the methods.
Resistance to carbosulfan in Anopheles gambiae from Ivory Coast, based on reduced sensitivity of acetylcholinesterase
Authors: N'Guessan R. , Darriet F. , Guillet P. , Carnevale P. , Traore‐Lamizana M. , Corbel V. , Koffi A. A. , Chandre F. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract.Resistance to carbosulfan, a carbamate insecticide, was detected in field populations of the malaria vector mosquito Anopheles gambiae Giles (Diptera: Culicidae) from two ecologically contrasted localities near Bouaké, Ivory Coast: rural M'bé with predominantly M form of An. gambiae susceptible to pyrethroids; suburban Yaokoffikro with predominantly S form of An. gambiae highly resistant to pyrethroids (96% kdr). The discriminating concentration of 0.4% carbosulfan (i.e. double the LC100) was determined from bioassays with the susceptible An. gambiae Kisumu strain. Following exposure to the diagnostic dosage (0.4% carbosulfan for 1 h), mortality rates of female An. gambiae adults (reared from larvae collected from ricefields) were 62% and 29% of those from M'bé and Yaokoffikro, respectively, 24 h post‐exposure. Exposure for 3 min to netting impregnated with the operational dosage of carbosulfan 200 mg/m2 gave mortality rates of 88% of those from M'bé and only 12.2% for Yaokoffikro. In each case the control untreated mortality rate was insignificant. Biochemical assays to detect possible resistance mechanism(s) revealed the presence of insensitive AChE in populations of An. gambiae at both localities, more prevalent in the S form at Yaokoffikro than in M form at M'bé, as expected from bioassays results. Our study demonstrates the need to monitor carbamate resistance among populations of the An. gambiae complex in Africa, to determine its spread and anticipate vector control failure if these insecticides are employed.
Accuracy of reporting of sexual activity during late pregnancy
Authors: Sayle Amy E. , Savitz David A. , Williams Jude F. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryWomen recalled their sexual activity during pregnancy in telephone interviews occurring during and after the third trimester, as part of a study of preterm delivery in central North Carolina in 1996–97. This retrospective information was compared with prospective daily records for the same time periods in a subsample of 88 women. Relative to the daily records, women reported fewer episodes of intercourse and longer intervals since the most recent orgasm when they recalled this information in interviews. Recall of sexual activity over short, recent time periods during pregnancy appears to be a source of some misclassification. Reliance on retrospective reports may suffice for general measures of objective events, such as any vs. no intercourse over a short time period.
A population‐based birth defects surveillance system in the People's Republic of China
Authors: Li Song , Moore Cynthia A. , Li Zhu , Berry R. J. , Gindler Jacqueline , Hong Shi‐xin , Liu Yecai , Mulinare Joseph , Wong Lee‐Yang , Gu Hai‐qin , Erickson J. David 
Published: December 2004

SummaryWe describe a unique birth defects surveillance system in the People's Republic of China. The system was instituted in March 1992 as a component of an evaluation of the effectiveness of a public health campaign using periconceptional folic acid supplementation to prevent neural tube defects, and currently surveys birth cohorts of ≈ 150 000 infants per year. Local health care providers collect information in the form of detailed written descriptions and photographs of affected infants. The system allows for detection of birth defects at the local level with later definitive classification and coding; however, information is limited to structural anomalies that are visible on physical examination. This birth defects surveillance system provides an extensive database of infants with major and minor external structural anomalies, including the unique feature of a photographic record for most cases. These data can be used for aetiological studies, descriptive epidemiology and identification of unusual trends.