bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extraction of rosemary essential oil by steam distillation and hydrodistillation
Authors: Boutekedjiret C. , Bentahar F. , Belabbes R. , Bessiere J. M. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractRosemary oil was extracted by both steam and hydrodistillations then analysed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The effect of time of extraction enabled us to follow the evolution of the yield and oil composition obtained by both processes. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Candidate gene association analysis for a quantitative trait, using parent‐offspring trios
Authors: Gauderman W. James 
Published: November 2003

AbstractWith the increasing availability of genetic data, many studies of quantitative traits focus on hypotheses related to candidate genes, and also gene‐environment (G×E) and gene‐gene (G×G) interactions. In a population‐based sample, estimates and tests of candidate gene effects can be biased by ethnic confounding, also known as population stratification bias. This paper demonstrates that even a modest degree of ethnic confounding can lead to unacceptably high type I error rates for tests of genetic effects. The parent‐offspring trio design is reviewed, and several forms of the quantitative transmission disequilibrium test (QTDT) are summarized. A variation of the QTDT (QTDTM) is described that is based on a linear regression model with multiple intercepts, one per parental mating type. This and other models are expanded to allow testing of G×E and G×G interactions. A method for computing required sample sizes using direct computations is described. Sample size requirements for tests of genetic main effects and G×E and G×G interactions are compared across various QTDT approaches to infer their efficiencies relative to one another. The QTDTM is found to meet or exceed the efficiency of other QTDT approaches. For example, the QTDTM is approximately 3% more efficient than the QTDT of Rabinowitz ([1997] Hum. Hered. 47:342–350) for testing a genetic main effect, but can be as much as twice as efficient for testing G×E interaction, and three times more efficient for testing G×G interaction. Genet Epidemiol 25:327–338, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Score tests for epistasis models on quantitative traits using general pedigree data
Authors: Wang Kai 
Published: November 2003

AbstractEfficient score tests for a two‐locus model for quantitative traits are proposed for general pedigrees. Two search strategies, simultaneous search and conditional search, are considered. These tests are attractive alternatives to the likelihood ratio test for their asymptotic equivalency to their respective likelihood ratio tests and efficiency in computation. The finite‐sample properties of these tests are investigated through simulations. Extensions to more complicated models and to other search strategies are discussed. Genet Epidemiol 25:314–326, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Species and gender differences in the metabolism and distribution of tertiary amyl methyl ether in male and female rats and mice after inhalation exposure or gavage administration
Authors: Sumner Susan C. J. , Janszen Derek B. , Asgharian Bahman , Moore Timothy A. , Parkinson Horace D. , Fennell Timothy R. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractTertiary amyl methyl ether (TAME) is a gasoline fuel additive used to reduce emissions. Understanding the metabolism and distribution of TAME is needed to assess potential human health issues. The effect of dose level, duration of exposure and route of administration on the metabolism and distribution of TAME were investigated in male and female F344 rats and CD‐1 mice following inhalation or gavage administration. By 48 h after exposure, >96% of the administered radioactivity was expired in air (16–71%) or eliminated in urine and feces (28–72%). Following inhalation exposure, mice had a two‐ to threefold greater relative uptake of [14C]TAME compared with rats. Metabolites were excreted in urine of rats and mice that are formed by glucuronide conjugation of tertiary amyl alcohol (TAA), oxidation of TAA to 2,3‐dihydroxy‐2‐methylbutane and glucuronide conjugation of 2,3‐dihydroxy‐2‐methylbutane. A saturation in the uptake and metabolism of TAME with increased exposure concentration was indicated by a decreased relative uptake of total [14C]TAME equivalents and an increase in the percentage expired as volatiles. A saturation of P‐450 oxidation of TAA was indicated by a disproportional decrease of 2,3‐dihydroxy‐2‐methylbutane and its glucuronide conjugate with increased exposure concentration. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vitro protection of red blood cell acetylcholinesterase by metoclopramide from inhibition by organophosphates (paraoxon and mipafox)
Authors: Petroianu Georg , Arafat Kholoud , Kosanovic Melita , Saleh Ayman , Camasamudram Vijayasarathy , Hasan Mohamed Y. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractMetoclopramide (MCP) is a dopamine receptor antagonist and serotonin receptor agonist widely used as an antiemetic and gastric prokinetic drug. In addition, MCP is a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterases from the human central nervous system and blood, and may have a red blood cell (RBC) acetylcholinesterase (AChE) protective effect against inhibition by organophosphates.The purpose of the study was to quantify ‘in vitro’, by means of the IC50 shift, the extent of MCP conferred protection, by using paraoxon (POX) and mipafox (MPFX) as inhibitors. Paraoxon is a widely used non‐neuropathic organophospate responsible for a large number of accidental or suicidal exposures. Mipafox is a neuropathic organophospate.Red blood cell AChE activities in human plasma were measured photometrically in the presence of different POX, MPFX and MCP concentrations and the IC50 was calculated. Determinations were repeated in the presence of increasing MCP concentrations. It appears that the IC50 shift induced by the presence of MCP increases with the MCP concentration in a linear manner.The protective effect of MCP on cholinesterases could be of practical relevance in the treatment of POX and MPFX poisoning. We conclude that in vivo testing of MCP as an organophosphate protective agent is warranted. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The first enzymatic method for C–18F bond formation: the synthesis of 5′‐[18F]‐fluoro‐5′‐deoxyadenosine for imaging with PET
Authors: Martarello Laurent , Schaffrath Christoph , Deng Hai , Gee Antony D , Lockhart Andrew , O'Hagan David 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe use of the key enzyme involved in carbon–fluorine bond formation in Streptomyces cattleya catalysing the formation of 5′‐fluoro‐5′‐deoxyadenosine (5′‐FDA) from fluoride ion and S‐adenosyl‐l‐methionine (SAM) was explored for its potential application in fluorine‐18 labelling of the adenosine derivative. Enzymatic radiolabelling of [18F]‐5′‐FDA was successfully carried out starting from SAM and [18F]HF when the concentration of the enzyme preparation was increased from sub‐mg/ml values to mg/ml values. The purity of the enzyme had no measurable effect on the radiochemical yield of the reaction and the radiochemical purity of [18F]‐5′‐FDA. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fast, high‐resolution in vivo cine magnetic resonance imaging in normal and failing mouse hearts on a vertical 11.7 T system
Authors: Schneider Jürgen E. , Cassidy Paul J. , Lygate Craig , Tyler Damian J. , Wiesmann Frank , Grieve Stuart M. , Hulbert Karen , Clarke Kieran , Neubauer Stefan 
Published: November 2003

AbstractPurposeTo establish fast, high‐resolution in vivo cine magnetic resonance imaging (cine‐MRI) on a vertical 11.7‐T MR system and to investigate the stability of normal and failing mouse hearts in the vertical position.Materials and MethodsTo optimize the method on a high‐field system, various MR‐related parameters, such as relaxation times and the need for respiratory gating, were quantitatively investigated. High‐resolution cine‐MRI was applied to normal mice and to a murine heart failure model. Cardiac functional parameters were compared to matched mice imaged previously on a horizontal MR system.ResultsA T1 of 1.10 ± 0.27 seconds and a T2 of 18.5 ± 3.9 msec were measured for murine myocardial tissue. A quantitative analysis also proved respiratory gating to be essential for obtaining artifact‐free cine images in the vertical position at this field strength. Cardiac functional parameters of mice, obtained within one hour, agreed well with those from previous studies of mice in the horizontal position.ConclusionThis work shows that MR systems with a vertical bore design can be used to accurately measure cardiac function in both normal and chronically failing mouse hearts within one hour. The increased signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) due to the higher field strength could be exploited to obtain higher temporal and spatial resolution compared to previous studies that were performed on horizontal systems with lower field strengths. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2003;18:691–701. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Application of the keyhole technique to T1ρ relaxation mapping
Authors: Wheaton Andrew J. , Borthakur Arijitt , Reddy Ravinder 
Published: November 2003

AbstractPurposeTo demonstrate the feasibility of using the keyhole technique to minimize error in a least squares regression estimation of T1ρ from magnetic resonance (MR) image data.Materials and MethodsThe keyhole method of partial k‐space acquisition was simulated using data from a virtual phantom and MR images of ex vivo bovine and in vivo human cartilage. T1ρ maps were reconstructed from partial k‐space (keyhole) image data using linear regression, and error was measured with relation to T1ρ maps created from the full k‐space images. An error model was created based on statistical theory and fitted to the error measurements.ResultsT1ρ maps created from keyhole images of a human knee produced levels of error on the order of 1% while reducing standard image acquisition time approximately by half. The resultant errors were strongly correlated with expectations derived from statistical theory.ConclusionThe error model can be used to analytically optimize the keyhole method in order to minimize the overall error in the estimation of the relaxation parameter of interest. The keyhole method can be generalized to significantly expedite all forms of relaxation mapping. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2003;18:745–749. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Magnetic resonance imaging of the liver with ultrashort TE (UTE) pulse sequences
Authors: Chappell Karyn E. , Patel Nayna , Gatehouse Peter D. , Main Janice , Puri Basant K. , Taylor‐Robinson Simon D. , Bydder Graeme M. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractPurposeTo assess the feasibility of imaging the liver in volunteers and patients with ultrashort echo time (UTE) pulse sequences.Materials and MethodsSeven normal controls as well as 12 patients with biopsy‐proven generalized liver disease and three patients with focal disease were examined using pulse sequences with initial TEs of 0.08 msec followed by three later echoes, with or without frequency‐based fat suppression. T2* values were calculated from regions of interest in the liver.ResultsGood image quality was obtained in each subject. There was a highly significant difference in the mean T2* values between the normal controls and patients with generalized liver disease (P = 0.001). T2* was significantly decreased in hemochromatosis (P = 0.002) and increased in cirrhosis (P = 0.04), compared with controls. T2* also correlated with functional status assessed by Child's grade (P = 0.001). A hepatocellular carcinoma showed reduced short T2 components in the region of thermal ablation and evidence of a subcapsular hematoma which were not apparent with conventional imaging.ConclusionsImaging of the liver with UTE sequences showed good image quality and tolerance of abdominal motion. T2* was specifically correlated with the presence of hemochromatosis, cirrhosis, and functional grade. Imaging of short T2 relaxation components may provide useful information in disease. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2003;18:709–713. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Eigenvalues in spectral gaps of a perturbed periodic manifold
Authors: Post Olaf 
Published: November 2003

AbstractWe consider a non‐compact Riemannian periodic manifold such that the corresponding Laplacian has a spectral gap. By continuously perturbing the periodic metric locally we can prove the existence of eigenvalues in a gap. A lower bound on the number of eigenvalue branches crossing a fixed level is established in terms of a discrete eigenvalue problem. Furthermore, we discuss examples of perturbations leading to infinitely many eigenvalue branches coming from above resp. finitely many branches coming from below. (© 2003 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Toric Fano varieties with divisorial contractions to curves
Authors: Sato Hiroshi 
Published: November 2003

AbstractIn this paper, we obtain a complete classification of smooth toric Fano varieties equipped with extremal contractions which contract divisors to curves for any dimension. As an application, we obtain a complete classification of smooth projective toric varieties which can be equivariantly blown‐up to Fano along curves. (© 2003 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Subthalamic somatosensory evoked potentials in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Pesenti Alessandra , Priori Alberto , Locatelli Marco , Egidi Marcello , Rampini Paolo , Tamma Filippo , Caputo Elena , Chiesa Valentina , Barbieri Sergio 
Published: November 2003

AbstractDeep brain stimulation (DBS) of subthalamic nucleus (STN) is an effective treatment for advanced Parkinson's disease. It also provides an opportunity to record neural activity from the human basal ganglia. In this study, to investigate the involvement of the human STN in sensory functions, we recorded somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) elicited by contralateral median‐nerve stimulation, from STN electrodes implanted for DBS in patients with Parkinson's disease. We suggest that the STN N18 component of SEPs in Parkinson's disease is a mainly local field potential elicited by muscle afferent input to the nucleus. © 2003 Movement Disorder Society
Coherence analysis in the myoclonus of corticobasal degeneration
Authors: Grosse Pascal , Kühn Andrea , Cordivari Carla , Brown Peter 
Published: November 2003

AbstractWe investigated whether myoclonus in corticobasal degeneration (CBD) is cortical or subcortical in origin. Many authors have suggested that the myoclonus in CBD is a subtype of cortical myoclonus, despite the fact that back‐averaging fails to detect a cortical correlate to spontaneous or action induced jerks and giant sensory evoked potentials are seldom found. Electroencephalographic–electromyographic (EEG–EMG) and EMG–EMG frequency analysis may be more sensitive to cortical drives when EMG bursts occur at a high frequency and at low amplitudes as in CBD. We evaluated EEG–EMG and EMG–EMG coherence and phase in 5 patients with clinically probable CBD and unilateral, action‐induced and stimulus‐sensitive myoclonus. We found negligible corticomuscular coherence despite a dramatically exaggerated EMG–EMG coherence. We conclude that an inflated EMG–EMG coherence is found in some patients with CBD and that this is unlikely to be due to an exaggerated cortical drive. © 2003 Movement Disorder Society
Survival time, mortality, and cause of death in elderly patients with Parkinson's disease. A 9‐year follow‐up
Authors: Fall Per‐Arne , Saleh Avin , Fredrickson Mats , Olsson Jan‐Edvin , Granérus Ann‐Kathrine 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis community‐based study of Parkinson's disease (PD) investigated age at death and cause of death in a cohort of 170 previously studied patients. The current study is a 9‐year follow‐up, and the results are compared to 510 sex‐ and age‐matched controls from the same area. A total of 170 patients were diagnosed with PD on August 31, 1989, within a defined area of Sweden. A control group of 510 persons from the same area and with the same age and sex distribution was also examined regarding age at death and cause of death. After 9.4 years, 121 cases (71.1%) and 229 controls (44.9%) were no longer alive. Thus, the mortality rate ratio was 1.6 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3–1.8) when comparing PD patients with controls. The all‐cause hazard ratio for cases compared to controls was 2.4 (95% CI, 1.9–3.0). The mean age at death for the cases was 81.9 (95% CI, 80.3–83.0) years and for the controls 82.9 (95% CI, 82.0–83.7) years. Survival analysis also showed a shorter survival time (P < 0.001) for PD patients. Only 53% of the death certificates for the deceased patients recorded PD as an underlying or contributory cause of death. Many PD patients reached a high age but had a shorter survival than the controls. There was a significant increase in deaths from pneumonia. © 2003 Movement Disorder Society
Psychogenic movement disorders in two children
Authors: Özekmekçi Sibel , Apaydin Hulya , Ekinci Burçak , Yalçinkaya Cengiz 
Published: November 2003

AbstractTwo schoolboys with diagnostic criteria for psychogenic movement disorder (PMD) are described: one with bizarre tremor of the right hand and a very slow and cautious gait, another with exaggerated trunk sway and collapses during standing and walking. © 2003 Movement Disorder Society
Transient ischemic attacks presenting as hemiballism
Authors: Kim Jae Woo , Choi Seoung‐Ho , Kim Wook‐Joo , Chun Sang‐Myung 
Published: November 2003

AbstractHemiballism is continuous, nonpatterned involuntary movement characterized by irregular, coarse, flinging movement involving the limbs on one side. Hemiballism is most commonly caused by stroke. However, very rarely a transient ischemic attack (TIA) presents as hemiballism. We describe 2 such patients with hemiballism presenting as TIA. © 2003 Movement Disorder Society
Complete NMR assignment of (+)‐10β,14‐dihydroxy‐allo‐aromadendrane
Authors: Vizzotto Lucinéia , Muzzi Rozanna Marques , de Lima Dênis Pires 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe assignment of 1H and 13C NMR of the sesquiterpene (+)‐10β,14‐dihydroxy‐allo‐aromadendrane by means of two‐dimensional NMR is reported. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conformational analysis of 14‐hydroxymodhephene by NMR, x‐ray diffraction and molecular modeling studies
Authors: Reyes‐Trejo Benito , Morales‐Ríos Martha S. , Alvarez‐Cisneros E. Celina , Joseph‐Nathan Pedro 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe conformational state of the [3.3.3]propellane framework for 14‐hydroxymodhephene was determined by extensive application of one‐ and two‐dimensional 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy combined with x‐ray diffraction studies of a synthesized derivative, spectral simulation and molecular modeling. The conformational rigidity of the molecule in solution, established at room temperature, revealed the existence of envelope conformers for both cyclopentane fragments, with C‐7 puckered endo and C‐10 exo with respect to the mean plane containing the B and C rings. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The refractory period of transmission is impaired in axonal Guillain–Barré syndrome
Authors: Kuwabara Satoshi , Bostock Hugh , Ogawara Kazue , Sung Jia‐Ying , Kanai Kazuaki , Mori Masahiro , Hattori Takamichi , Burke David 
Published: November 2003

AbstractGuillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) is classified as acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN) or acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP). Motor nerve conduction block is frequently found in both subtypes of GBS. To compare patterns of conduction block and the safety factor for impulse transmission in AMAN and AIDP, pairs of supramaximal stimuli at intervals of 1–5 ms were delivered to stimulate the median nerve at the wrist. At the 2‐ and 3‐ms intervals, compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) to the second stimulus were significantly smaller in AMAN patients (n = 7) than in normal subjects (n = 10) and AIDP patients (n = 6). Over 4 weeks from onset, the amplitude of both conditioned and unconditioned CMAPs returned toward normal, consistent with improvement in the safety factor for impulse transmission. The refractory period of transmission is impaired in AMAN, and the site of transmission failure is likely to be the motor nerve terminals. In addition to axonal degeneration, the critically but reversibly reduced safety factor is important in the pathophysiology of AMAN, and consistent with the rapid resolution of distal conduction block often seen in AMAN patients. Muscle Nerve 28: 683–689, 2003
Prevalence and progression of mitochondrial diseases: A study of 50 patients
Authors: Arpa Javier , Cruz‐Martínez Antonio , Campos Yolanda , Gutiérrez‐Molina Manuel , García‐Rio Francisco , Pérez‐Conde Concepción , Martín Miguel A. , Rubio Juan C. , Del Hoyo Pilar , Arpa‐Fernández Ana , Arenas Joaquín 
Published: November 2003

AbstractWe report 50 patients with various clinical phenotypes of mitochondrial disease studied over the past 10 years in a large urban area (Madrid Health Area 5). The clinical phenotypes showed a large variety of abnormalities in molecular biology and biochemistry. The prevalence of mitochondrial diseases was found to be 5.7 per 100,000 in the population over 14 years of age. Clinical and electrophysiological assessment reveal signs of neuropathy in 10 patients. Electromyographic findings consistent with myopathy were obtained in 37 cases. Six patients died of medical complications. Disease phenotype influenced survival to some degree (P< 0.01). Age of onset and gender were not associated with differences in survival. Mitochondrial disease is thus far more common than expected and a common cause of chronic morbidity. Muscle Nerve 28: 690–695, 2003
The incidence of local government allocations in Tanzania
Authors: Boex Jameson 
Published: November 2003

AbstractSince 1999, Tanzania has been actively pursuing reforms of the way in which the central government finances local government activities. This article looks at the potential problems with the mechanism that the central government currently uses to distribute budget resources among the 114 local government authorities and sets out to reveal the incidence of central government allocations to local authorities in Tanzania. Two strands of economics literature—the public choice literature and the political economy literature—consider the distribution of central government resources across local governments. Using regression analysis, this study specifies an incidence model that reveals the determinants of variations in local government allocations in Tanzania. The empirical analysis only finds weak evidence supporting the presumed pro‐poor allocation of some local government resources by the central government in Tanzania. Instead, the study finds more convincing support for substantial pro‐wealthy and pro‐urban tendencies in the way in which central government officials divide public resources across local government units. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.