bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reduced‐fat Cheddar cheese from a mixture of cream and liquid milk protein concentrate
Authors: Rehman Shakeel‐Ur‐ , Farkye Nana Y , Drake Maryanne 
Published: December 2004

Reduced‐fat Cheddar cheese (RFC) was manufactured from standardized milk (casein/fat, C/F ˜ 1.8), obtained by (1) mixing whole milk (WM) and skim milk (SM) (control) or (2) mixing liquid milk protein concentrate (LMPC) and 35% fat cream (experimental). The percentage yield, total solid (TS) and fat recoveries in the experimental RFC were 22.0, 63.0 and 89.5 compared to 9.0, 50.7 and 87.0 in the control RFC, respectively. The average % moisture, fat, protein, salt and lactose were 40.7, 15.3, 32.8, 1.4 and 0.07%, respectively, in the experimental cheese and 39.3, 15.4, 33.0, 1.3 and 0.10%, respectively, in the control cheese. No growth of nonstarter lactic acid bacteria (NSLAB) was detected in the control or the experimental cheeses up to 3 months of ripening. After 6 months of ripening, the experimental cheese had 107 cfu NSLAB/g compared to 106 cfu/g in the control. The control cheese had higher levels of water‐soluble nitrogen (WSN) and total free amino acids after 6 months of ripening than the experimental cheese. Sensory analysis showed that the experimental cheeses had lower intensities of milk fat and fruity flavours and decreased bitterness but higher intensities of sulphur and brothy flavours than in the control cheese. The experimental cheeses were less mature compared to the control after 270 days of ripening. It can be concluded from the results of this study that LMPC can be used in the manufacture of RFC to improve yield, and fat and TS recovery. However, proteolysis in cheese made with LMPC and cream is slower than that made with WM and SM.
Climate change levy and its application within the dairy industry
Authors: Plemper George S , Stace Gareth 
Published: December 2004

The government's climate change levy on energy use in the nondomestic sector was announced in the March 1999 Budget and came into effect on 1 April 2001. During 1990 it is estimated that 603 million tonnes of carbon dioxide contributed to 79% of the UK's greenhouse gas emissions.  Nationally, energy consumption within the dairy industry contributes to only 0.2% of the UK's annual emissions of carbon dioxide and climate change levy agreements throughout the industry are unlikely to have a major impact on the government's Climate Change Programme.  Paradoxically, the arrangements that dairies are required to put into place as part of their Climate Change Agreements are of paramount importance for the achievement of operational and process efficiency within the dairy sector.
Evaluation of Serpa cheese proteolysis by nitrogen content and capillary zone electrophoresis
Authors: Roseiro Luisa Bivar , Garcia‐Risco Mónica , Barbosa Manuela , Ames Jennifer M , Wilbey R Andrew 
Published: December 2004

Proteolysis of Serpa cheese produced traditionally (B) and semi‐industrially (C) was evaluated for the first time by determination of nitrogen content and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). A citrate dispersion of cheese was fractionated to determine the nitrogen in pH 4.4, trichloroacetic and phosphotungstic acid soluble fractions (pH 4.4‐SN, TCA‐SN and PTA‐SN, respectively). The pH 4.4‐SN was significantly higher for B (P < 0.001), while TCA‐SN was significantly higher for C (P < 0.001). PTA‐SN was also higher for C but at 60 days ripening no significant difference was found between B and C. Degradation of αs1‐ and β‐caseins evaluated by CZE was in good agreement with the maturation index (pH 4.4‐SN/TN).
Cheesemaking with vegetable coagulants—the use of Cynara L. for the production of ovine milk cheeses
Authors: Roseiro Luisa Bivar , Barbosa Manuela , Ames Jennifer M , Wilbey R Andrew 
Published: December 2004

This paper reviews the use of plant extracts as vegetable coagulants for cheesemaking. It covers the plants used as sources of coagulants, with a historical overview and particular emphasis on Cynara species. The genus Cynara L., its composition, milk clotting and proteolytic enzymes (cardosins) and their specificity towards peptide linkages are also described. Cheeses produced in the Iberian Peninsula using Cynara L. as coagulant are documented. Cynara L. is still the most used vegetable coagulant in cheesemaking, and also the most investigated. However, much work remains to be done to understand its action during cheese maturation and further characterization.
Identification and first characterization of lactic acid bacteria isolated from the artisanal ovine cheese Pecorino del Poro
Authors: Caridi Andrea 
Published: December 2004

A total of 225 lactic acid bacteria, isolated from the artisanal raw ovine milk cheese Pecorino del Poro, were identified and given an initial characterization; the best 18 strains were tested for their antagonistic activity against autochthonous Escherichia coli. An intense antagonistic activity against E. coli growth, induced by strains of Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. paracasei or L. curvatus, was observed; the E. coli inhibition can be ascribed to the production of bacteriocin‐like compounds. The lactobacilli seem able to improve the hygienic quality of other artisanal raw milk cheeses.
Microbiological study of Manura, a hard cheese made from raw ovine milk in the Greek island Sifnos
Authors: Gerasi E , Litopoulou‐Tzanetaki E , Tzanetakis N 
Published: December 2004

Changes in the microbial flora of Manura, a raw ovine milk cheese, were studied during ripening. In general, the various microbial groups developed better on the cheese surface than in the interior, but red wine treatment had an inhibitory effect on their growth and microbial counts decreased (P < 0.05) more rapidly on the cheese surface than in the interior. NaCl and moisture of the cheese affected microbial levels significantly. Thus, Enterobacteriaceae and coliforms were reduced sharply (P < 0.05) during ripening on a straw bed (∼3 months) and they were not detected in mature cheese. Lactic acid bacteria predominated over the other microbial groups throughout ripening. Leuconostoc mesenteroides ssp. cremoris, Pediococcus pentosaceus and Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. paracasei, frequently found in maturing cheese, could be used as starters to make this cheese. Moreover, the lactic acid bacteria predominating in mature cheese, such as Weissella paramesenteroides, Lactobacillus bifermentans and Lactobacillus brevis, may contribute to cheese ripening through their biochemical activities.
Retention of β‐galactosidase activity in crude cellular extracts from Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus 11842 upon drying
Authors: Vasiljevic T , Jelen P 
Published: December 2004

Crude cellular extracts (CCEs) containing active β‐galactosidase from
Lactobacillus delbrueckii
ssp.
bulgaricus
11842 were spray‐dried at three different outlet air temperatures (45, 55 or 65°C) or freeze‐dried, with or without whey proteins, casein, whey or skim milk as drying adjuncts. The use of whey or skim milk resulted in significantly (
P < 0.05) higher β‐galactosidase activity retention in comparison to all other CCEs. This effect was not related to the initial total solids (TS) content (4–10%) of the feedstock solutions, but was presumably caused by the presence of lactose in the whey or skim milk CCE preparations.
Sex‐specific patterns in baseline corticosterone and body condition changes in breeding Red‐footed Boobies Sula sula
Authors: LormÉe Herve , Jouventin Pierre , Trouve Colette , Chastel Olivier 
Published: December 2004

Plasma levels of corticosterone often mirror changes in body condition and parental effort. In seabirds, the brooding of young chicks is often paralleled by a marked decline in adult body condition. This may reflect the trade‐off between the needs of the chick to be fed regularly and brooded, and that of the adult to spend enough time at sea to restore its body reserves and find food for the chick. In this paper, we describe changes in body condition and baseline corticosterone levels in a tropical seabird, the Red‐footed Booby Sula sula, in which the chick is continuously brooded for 5–6 weeks. Body condition did not decline during the brooding period. Female body condition remained stable throughout breeding whereas male body condition declined significantly during the late chick‐rearing period. Baseline corticosterone levels were low during the prelaying phase, increased significantly during incubation and were highest during the brooding period. Later in the chick‐rearing period, baseline corticosterone levels decreased markedly in females, but stayed elevated in males. There was no correlation between baseline corticosterone and body condition. Because of the chick's slow growth and reduced daily need for food, brooding in Red‐footed Boobies may not require a marked increase in parental effort, and the rise in corticosterone levels is probably more a reflection of slight changes in foraging activity. Red‐footed Booby males are 15% smaller than females and we suggest that the decline in male body condition during the late chick‐rearing period is likely to result from higher energetic flight costs or a lower foraging efficiency imposed by a smaller body size.
Group living, breeding behaviour and territoriality in the Subdesert MesiteMonias benschi
Authors: Seddon Nathalie , Tobias Joe A. , Butchart Stuart H. M. 
Published: December 2004

In 1997–2000 we studied a population of Subdesert MesitesMonias benschiconsisting of 35–68 adults comprising 32 groups of two to nine birds (modal group size of four). The study population was significantly male‐biased in 1999 but not in 1997 or 1998. Overall, both sexes were philopatric, but when dispersal (or eviction) occurred, it appeared to be female‐biased. Over 40% of groups contained more than two adult males, whilst < 15% contained more than two adult females. Whilst there was no evidence of behavioural dominance by females, intrasexual aggression within groups was observed only amongst females. In contrast to other birds occupying the same habitat, breeding in mesites was not tied to rainfall, and occurred throughout the year. Each breeding unit constructed several nests every year, only one of which was used. All adult males and at least one adult female co‐operated to raise one or two clutches of one or two eggs per year. Males and females contributed equally to incubation. Chick production and chick survival were not related to group size or territory size. Groups defended large, permanent, and multipurpose territories and all group members contributed to territory defence. Territory size was positively correlated with the number of males in groups, but not with overall group size. Territories were tightly packed with very few areas unoccupied. Transect surveys conducted throughout the narrow geographical range of this species revealed its presence in a range of semi‐arid habitat types. Small groups were more likely to be detected in intact, high‐stature forest, whilst large groups were more likely to be detected in low‐stature forest containing numerous spiny, xerophytic treesDidierea madagascariensis.
The role of food supply in the dispersal behaviour of juvenile Tawny OwlsStrix aluco
Authors: Coles C. F. , Petty S. J. , Mackinnon J. L. , Thomas C. J. 
Published: December 2004

We investigated the effects of food supply on decisions made by dispersing juvenile Tawny OwlsStrix alucoin Kielder Forest, Northumberland, in 1996 and 1997. Field VolesMicrotus agrestiswere the main food of the owls and clear‐cuts the main habitat for voles. A vole sign index was used to estimate vole abundance. In areas near to roosting owls, mean vole densities were 83 and 115 ha−1in 1996 and 1997, respectively. The prediction that birds would perform area‐restricted searches when prey was more abundant was not confirmed. Moreover, we found no evidence that juveniles avoided conspecifics. Owls appeared to have an imperfect knowledge of the environment as they responded to variability in Field Vole densities by altering the time spent in different areas rather than by moving to areas with successively greater vole densities. Vole abundance explained 25.7% of the variation in the time spent in different areas. Movements did not decrease with time after dispersal, although the detection of such movements was prone to error. This study supports recent work suggesting that although dispersal may be initiated by a variety of proximate and ultimate factors, individual decisions made during dispersal may depend partly on environmental conditions encountered during the process itself.
Market Reform in New Jersey and the Effect on Mortality from Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Volpp Kevin G. M. , Williams Sankey V. , Waldfogel Joel , Silber Jeffrey H. , Schwartz J. Sanford , Pauly Mark V. 
Published: December 2004

Objective. To determine whether mortality rates for patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) changed in New Jersey after implementation of the Health Care Reform Act, which reduced subsidies for hospital care for the uninsured and changed hospital payment to price competition from a rate‐setting system based on hospital cost.Data Sources/Study Setting. Patient discharge data from hospitals in New Jersey and New York from 1990 through 1996 and the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS).Study Design. A comparison between states over time of unadjusted and risk‐adjusted mortality and cardiac procedure rates.Data Collection. Discharge data were obtained for 286,640 patients with the primary diagnosis of AMI admitted to hospitals in New Jersey or New York from 1990 through 1996. Records of 364,273 NIS patients were used to corroborate time trends.Principal Findings. There were no significant differences in AMI mortality among insured patients in New Jersey relative to New York or the NIS. However, there was a relative increase in mortality of 41 to 57 percent among uninsured New Jersey patients post‐reform, and their rates of expensive cardiac procedures decreased concomitantly.Conclusions. The introduction of hospital price competition and reductions in subsidies for hospital care of the uninsured were associated with an increased mortality rate among uninsured New Jersey AMI patients. A relative decrease in the use of cardiac procedures in New Jersey may partly explain this finding. Additional studies should be done to identify whether other market reforms have been associated with changes in the quality of care.
Chronic Disease Medication Use in Managed Care and Indemnity Insurance Plans
Authors: Stafford Randall S. , Davidson Stephen M. , Davidson Harriet , Miracle‐McMahill Heidi , Crawford Sybil L. , Blumenthal David 
Published: December 2004

Objective. To evaluate the impact of managed care on the use of chronic disease medications.Data Source. Claims data from 1997 from two indemnity and three independent practice association (IPA) model managed care insurance plans.Research Design. Cross‐sectional analysis of claims data.Data Collection. Adult patients with diabetes mellitus (DM, n=26,444), congestive heart failure (CHF, n=7,978), and asthma (n=9,850) were identified by ICD‐9 codes. Chronic disease medication use was defined through pharmacy claims for patients receiving one or more prescriptions for drugs used in treating these conditions. Using multiple logistic regression we adjusted for patient case mix and the number of primary care visits.Principal Findings. With few exceptions, managed care patients were more likely to use chronic disease medications than indemnity patients. In DM, managed care patients were more likely to use sulfonylureas (43 percent versus 39 percent for indemnity), metformin (26 percent versus 18 percent), and troglitazone (8.8 percent versus 6.4 percent), but not insulin. For CHF patients, managed care patients were more likely to use loop diuretics (45 percent versus 41 percent), ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (50 percent versus 41 percent), and beta‐blockers (23 percent versus 16 percent), but we found no differences in digoxin use. In asthma, managed care patients were more likely to use inhaled corticosteroids (34 percent versus 30 percent), systemic corticosteroids (18 percent versus 16 percent), short‐acting beta‐agonists (42 percent versus 33 percent), long‐acting beta‐agonists (9.9 percent versus 8.6 percent), and leukotriene modifiers (5.4 percent versus 4.1 percent), but not cromolyn or methylxanthines. Statistically significant differences remained after multivariate analysis that controlled for age, gender, and severity.Conclusions. Chronic disease patients in these managed care plans are more likely to receive both inexpensive and expensive medications. Exceptions included older medications partly supplanted by newer therapies. Differences may be explained by the fact that patients in indemnity plans face higher out‐of‐pocket costs and managed care plans promote more aggressive medication use. The relatively low likelihood of condition‐specific medications in both plan types is a matter of concern, however.
Patterns and Correlates of Contacting Clergy for Mental Disorders in the United States
Authors: Wang Philip S. , Berglund Patricia A. , Kessler Ronald C. 
Published: December 2004

Objective. To present nationally representative data on the part played by clergy in providing treatment to people with mental disorders in the United States.Data Sources. The National Comorbidity Survey (NCS), a nationally representative general population survey of 8,098 respondents ages 15–54.Study Design. Cross‐sectional surveyData Collection. A modified version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview was used to assess DSM‐III‐R mental disorders. Reports were obtained on age of onset of disorders, age of first seeking treatment, and treatment in the 12 months before interview with each of six types of professionals (clergy, general medical physicians, psychiatrists, other mental health specialists, human services providers, and alternative treatment providers).Principal Findings. One‐quarter of those who ever sought treatment for mental disorders did so from a clergy member. Although there has been a decline in this proportion between the 1950s (31.3 percent) and the early 1990s (23.5 percent), the clergy continue to be contacted by higher proportions than psychiatrists (16.7 percent) or general medical doctors (16.7 percent). Nearly one‐quarter of those seeking help from clergy in a given year have the most seriously impairing mental disorders. The majority of these people are seen exclusively by the clergy, and not by a physician or mental health professional.Conclusions. The clergy continue to play a crucial role in the U.S. mental health care delivery system. However, interventions appear to be needed to ensure that clergy members recognize the presence and severity of disorders, deliver therapies of sufficient intensity and quality, and collaborate appropriately with health care professionals.
Developing and Testing a Model to Predict Outcomes of Organizational Change
Authors: Gustafson David H. , Sainfort François , Eichler Mary , Adams Laura , Bisognano Maureen , Steudel Harold 
Published: December 2004

Objective. To test the effectiveness of a Bayesian model employing subjective probability estimates for predicting success and failure of health care improvement projects.Data Sources. Experts' subjective assessment data for model development and independent retrospective data on 221 healthcare improvement projects in the United States, Canada, and the Netherlands collected between 1996 and 2000 for validation.Methods. A panel of theoretical and practical experts and literature in organizational change were used to identify factors predicting the outcome of improvement efforts. A Bayesian model was developed to estimate probability of successful change using subjective estimates of likelihood ratios and prior odds elicited from the panel of experts. A subsequent retrospective empirical analysis of change efforts in 198 health care organizations was performed to validate the model. Logistic regression and ROC analysis were used to evaluate the model's performance using three alternative definitions of success.Data Collection. For the model development, experts' subjective assessments were elicited using an integrative group process. For the validation study, a staff person intimately involved in each improvement project responded to a written survey asking questions about model factors and project outcomes.Results. Logistic regression chi‐square statistics and areas under the ROC curve demonstrated a high level of model performance in predicting success. Chi‐square statistics were significant at the 0.001 level and areas under the ROC curve were greater than 0.84.Conclusions. A subjective Bayesian model was effective in predicting the outcome of actual improvement projects. Additional prospective evaluations as well as testing the impact of this model as an intervention are warranted.
Interdigitating dendritic cell sarcoma: a report of four paediatric cases and review of the literature
Authors: Pillay K , Solomon R , Daubenton J D , Sinclair‐Smith C C 
Published: December 2004

Aims:  To report a series of four paediatric cases of interdigitating dendritic cell sarcoma (IDCS) and add to the known extranodal sites of occurrence for this tumour. Neoplasms derived from interdigitating dendritic cells are rare, with only 33 cases being reported in the literature (Medline search). These tumours usually occur in lymph nodes in the adult population.Methods and results:  The patients were a 10‐year‐old girl with a large soft tissue mass bulging into the left chest, a 12‐year‐old girl with a right paraspinal mass, a 21‐month‐old boy with generalized lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly and a 6‐year‐old girl with a large bladder mass. Paraffin blocks and haematoxylin and eosin slides were available in all cases. In addition, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy were performed. A diagnosis of IDCS was made in all cases.Conclusion:  The diagnosis of IDCS can rarely be entertained on clinical information alone. Microscopically, there is a wide spectrum of features. Thus, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy are crucial in making the diagnosis. The differential diagnosis includes inflammatory pseudotumour, follicular dendritic cell sarcoma, true histiocytic lymphoma, malignant Langerhans cell histiocytosis, anaplastic large‐cell lymphoma, melanoma, and a range of sarcomas. IDCS displays aggressive behaviour and approximately half of the patients die of the disease.
Clinicopathological significance of hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α expression in human pancreatic carcinoma
Authors: Kitada T , Seki S , Sakaguchi H , Sawada T , Hirakawa K , Wakasa K 
Published: December 2004

Aims:  The transcription factor hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α) plays a key role in the cellular adaptation to hypoxia and the activation of several genes that have been implicated in tumour growth. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinicopathological significance of HIF‐1α expression in pancreatic carcinoma.Methods and results:  We investigated HIF‐1α expression immunohistochemically in pancreatic carcinoma tissues and regional lymph node metastasis. In cases of pancreatic ductal carcinoma, the relationship between HIF‐1α expression and various clinicopathological parameters including cellular proliferation, apoptosis, and microvessel density, was also examined. Over‐expression of HIF‐1α was frequently (29 of 49 cases, 59.2%) detected in pancreatic carcinoma and regional lymph node metastasis (19 of 25 cases, 76.0%), whereas HIF‐1α expression was almost absent in non‐cancerous pancreatic tissues. HIF‐1α expression was significantly associated with tumour size (P = 0.023) and advanced TNM stage (stage I/II versus stage III, P = 0.039; stage I/II versus stage IV, P = 0.027). Moreover, HIF‐1α expression positively correlated with cellular proliferation (P = 0.024) and microvessel density/neo‐angiogenesis (P = 0.038), but not with apoptosis.Conclusions:  HIF‐1α may play a critical role in the progression of pancreatic carcinoma.