bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reflections on NATO's New Mission: Conflict Prevention in the Struggles for Ethnic Self-Determination
Authors: Gabor Francis 
Published: July 2005

AbstractDuring the Cold War, both NATO's role and purpose were clearly defined by the existence of the threat posed by the Soviet Union. The traditional confrontation between the NATO and the Warsaw Pact military organizations effectively has ceased to exist. The dissolution of the Warsaw Pact—combined with the emerging constitutional democracies in Central and Eastern Europe and the transformation of the Russian Federation—has essentially assured that the future threat of a confrontation between the major armies on the European continent is highly unlikely. However, it soon became obvious that several non-traditional, and quite unexpected, risks would give NATO a new mission and new challenges. One of the greatest challenges for post-Cold War Eastern Europe lies in the unresolved questions of ethnic self-determination. The unprecedented human tragedy of two world wars failed to resolve these questions. The concept of ethnic self-determination has been the central theme of the conflicts in the Yugoslav civil wars. NATO played a significant, if not central, role in the final resolution of the Yugoslav civil wars, particularly in the case of Kosovo. The Kosovo experience creates a real challenge for NATO and international legal scholars to create a more precisely defined body of international law to protect ethnic minorities and to build an effective institutional framework for the observation and implementation of so-called minority rights. which would have prevented the tragedy of the Yugoslavian civil war and can prevent future conflicts.
Potential-Vorticity Characteristics of the Faroe Bank Channel Deep-Water Overflow
Authors: Lake Iréne , Borenäs Karin , Lundberg Peter 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Results from a 71-day deployment of three ADCP current meters on a section across the sill region of the Faroe Bank Channel are reported. The characteristic density structure of the channel, with warm, highly saline North Atlantic Ocean surface water overlying colder, less-saline deep water originating from the Nordic seas, lends itself well to a two-layer description of flow processes in this region. The dataset has been analyzed to describe the spatial and temporal characteristics of the deep-water potential vorticity. The most striking feature is a persistent cross-channel variation of this quantity, with higher values on the Faroe Bank side. In the 1½-layer hydraulic calculations that were undertaken the potential vorticity was approximated as a linear distribution. The ADCP observations indicated that the deep-water flow was hydraulically controlled, and, using the direct observed transport, the analysis yielded diagnostic results for the upstream reservoir interface level that were in good agreement with observations. It was also concluded that the deviation of the potential vorticity from a constant value had no significant effects on the deep-water transport.
Do Eddies Play a Role in the Momentum Balance of the Leeuwin Current?
Authors: Feng Ming , Wijffels Susan , Godfrey Stuart , Meyers Gary 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The Leeuwin Current is a poleward-flowing eastern boundary current off the western Australian coast, and alongshore momentum balance in the current has been hypothesized to comprise a southward pressure gradient force balanced by northward wind and bottom stresses. This alongshore momentum balance is revisited using a high-resolution upper-ocean climatology to determine the alongshore pressure gradient and altimeter and mooring observations to derive an eddy-induced Reynolds stress. Results show that north of the Abrolhos Islands (situated near the shelf break between 28.2° and 29.3°S), the alongshore momentum balance is between the pressure gradient and wind stress. South of the Abrolhos Islands, the Leeuwin Current is highly unstable and strong eddy kinetic energy is observed offshore of the current axis. The alongshore momentum balance on the offshore side of the current reveals an increased alongshore pressure gradient, weakened alongshore wind stress, and a significant Reynolds stress exerted by mesoscale eddies. The eddy Reynolds stress has a −0.5 Sv (Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) correction to the Indonesian Throughflow transport estimate from Godfrey’s island rule. The mesoscale eddies draw energy from the mean current through mixed barotropic and baroclinic instability, and the pressure gradient work overcomes the negative wind work to supply energy for the instability process. Hence the anomalous large-scale pressure gradient in the eastern Indian Ocean drives the strongest eddy kinetic energy level among all the midlatitude eastern boundary currents.
Cross-Shelf Exchange Driven by Oscillatory Barotropic Currents at an Idealized Coastal Canyon
Authors: Haidvogel D. B. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Numerical simulations are used to study on-shelf transport of dense water by oscillatory barotropic currents incident upon an isolated coastal canyon. The physical system is a laboratory-scale annulus in which forcing is provided by an oscillatory modulation in the rotation rate and for which the external nondimensional parameters match those from an appropriate oceanic analog. The numerical simulations were conducted for comparison with a companion set of laboratory experiments, and these prior studies have shown good qualitative and quantitative agreement between the two. Here the numerical simulations are examined in further detail to determine the three-dimensional structure of the time-mean currents and density field on the shelf, to quantify the resulting onshore transport of dense water, and to expose the underlying nondimensional parameter dependencies. The incident barotropic currents produce, in equilibrium, an extensive pool of anomalously dense fluid on the shelf surrounding the canyon. This dense pool is maintained on the shelf by a combination of cross-shelf mean and eddy density fluxes. The associated time-mean pools of dense water on the shelf have considerable spatial structure, most prominently a vertically thick lens of anomalously dense water along the upstream limb of the canyon, accompanied by strong anticyclonic residual currents. The dense pool occupies an area and volume that are large when compared with that of the canyon itself. Several bulk measures of on-shelf exchange of dense water are devised to facilitate comparison across the simulations performed. This comparison of bulk measures indicates that net on-shelf transport of dense water varies linearly with forcing period (inverse temporal Rossby number) and quadratically with forcing strength (Rossby number). Variations in on-shelf pumping with Burger number are found to be weak. A simple dynamical scaling argument is consistent with the observed dependencies.
The Tsushima Warm Current through Tsushima Straits Estimated from Ferryboat ADCP Data
Authors: Takikawa Tetsutaro , Yoon Jong-Hwan , Cho Kyu-Dae 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Current structures across the Tsushima Straits are studied using results from long-term acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) observations by a ferryboat between Hakata and Pusan conducted since February 1997. Two maxima of the northeastward current are observed in the central parts of the eastern and western channels, and the maximum velocity in the western channel is stronger than that of the eastern channel. Downstream of the Tsushima Islands, a southwestward countercurrent is observed associated with a pair of cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies. In the western channel, the deep countercurrent is observed pronouncedly on the bottom slope of the Korean side from summer to winter. The volume transport of the Tsushima Warm Current through the straits has strong seasonal variation with a minimum in January and two maxima from spring to autumn (double peaks). The spring peak of the volume transport through the eastern channel is more pronounced than the autumn peak, and the autumn peak of the western channel is more pronounced than the spring peak. The inflow volume transport into the Japan Sea through the western channel significantly increases in autumn because of an incrementation of the freshwater transport. The total volume transport averaged over the observation period (5.5 yr) is 2.64 Sv (Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1). The average volume transports through the eastern and western channels are 1.10 and 1.54 Sv, respectively.
The Structure and Driving Mechanisms of the Baltic Intrusions
Authors: Kuzmina Natalia , Rudels Bert , Stipa Tapani , Zhurbas Victor 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Data from closely spaced CTD profiling performed in the eastern Gotland Basin after the 1993 inflow event are used to study thermohaline intrusions in the Baltic Sea. Two CTD cross sections display abundant intrusive layers in the permanent halocline. Despite the overwhelming dominance of the salinity stratification, diffusive convection is shown to work in the Baltic halocline enhancing diapycnical mixing. To understand the driving mechanisms of observed intrusions, these are divided into different types depending on their structural features. Only two types of observed intrusions are suggested to be strongly influenced by diffusive convection: 1) relatively thin (3–5 m) and long (up to 8 km) intrusions inherent to high-baroclinicity regions and 2) relatively thick (∼10 m) and short (2–5 km) intrusions inherent to low-baroclinicity regions. To verify this hypothesis the linear stability models of 3D and 2D double-diffusive interleaving in approximation of a finite-width front were used. It is shown that the horizontal and vertical scales of thick and short intrusions correspond well to the 3D rotational mode for a pure thermohaline front. Since mesoscale thermohaline fronts in the Baltic halocline are shown to be essentially baroclinic, the influence of baroclinicity on the rotational mode was studied, which resulted in more adequate estimates of the growth rate of the unstable modes. The thin and long intrusions are shown to be likely driven by 2D baroclinic instability triggered by diffusive convection. The model results demonstrated that diffusion convection can be considered as a possible driver for some intrusions observed in the Baltic halocline, while most of the intrusions have a non-double-diffusive origin. Nevertheless, diffusive convection can affect all types of observed intrusions, for example, by tilting them relative to isopycnals and thereby promoting diapycnal mixing and ventilation in the Baltic halocline.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Patients Older than 40 Years
Authors: Barrett Gene , Stokes David , White Miranda 
Published: July 2005

Background Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is the recommended treatment for patients of all ages who are involved in sports and have symptoms of knee instability. Hypothesis In patients older than 40 years, allograft reconstruction will have better subjective and objective results than autograft reconstruction, proving allograft to be a better graft source for this patient population. Study Design Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods The authors identified 63 patients meeting the criteria for this study, including 38 patients in the allograft group and 25 patients in the autograft group. All patients were older than 40 years and had at least 2 years’ follow-up. Objective parameters included preinjury and postoperative Tegner activity rating scale and Lysholm scores, range of motion, thigh circumference differences, side-to-side difference at maximum manual force in anterior displacement by KT-1000 arthrometer, and clinical examination for Lachman and pivot-shift tests. Using a 15-point visual analog scale, the authors performed subjective evaluations. Results Both groups’ Tegner activity rating scale scores returned to preoperative levels. Visual analog scales and range of motion data were similar for both groups. KT-1000 arthrometer data showed a mean maximum difference of 1.46 mm for the allograft group and 0.10 mm for the autograft group (P=. 398). Three patients in the allograft group showed greater than 5 mm difference, compared with none in the autograft group. There was 1 clinical failure in the allograft group. In the allograft group, 57% of patients had returned to sports by 6 months versus 25% of patients in the autograft group (P=. 005), increasing to 71% and 43%, respectively, at final follow-up (P=. 127). Conclusion Allograft bone–patellar tendon–bone advantages include quicker return to sporting activities; disadvantages include increased laxity and higher incidence of failure. The advantage of autograft bone–patellar tendon–bone is that it appears to be a tighter graft. The authors found that allograft was not a superior graft source in this patient population, leading them to offer both options.
Time-Dependent Changes in Failure Loads of 3 Biceps Tenodesis Techniques
Authors: Kilicoglu Onder , Koyuncu Ozgur , Demirhan Mehmet , Esenyel Cem Zeki , Atalar Ata Can , Ozsoy Serhat , Bozdag Ergun , Sunbuloglu Emin , Bilgic Bilge 
Published: July 2005

Background Failure load of the tendon–fixation material–bone unit has a crucial importance for the rehabilitation protocol after tenodesis procedures. Purpose To investigate and compare the time-dependent changes in fixation strengths of 3 proximal biceps tenodesis techniques. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Two intraosseous techniques (suture sling and tenodesis screw) and 1 extraosseous technique (2 suture anchors) were investigated. Biceps tenodesis was performed on 45 shoulders of 26 sheep, 15 shoulders for each technique. Twelve similar cadaveric sheep shoulders (4 for each technique) provided the day 0 results. Sheep were sacrificed at 3, 6, and 9 weeks, and specimens were tested for the failure load of the tenodeses. Results All 3 tenodesis techniques were found to have similar failure loads at all time intervals tested. All 3 curves remained below the failure load of the intact tendon (862 ± 96 N) and above their day 0 results for the study period; similarly, at each time interval, results tended to be better compared to the previous test. The tenodesis screw group exhibited significantly higher failure loads at week 3 (419 ± 53 N) compared to day 0 values (164 ± 45 N) (P=. 009). The same level of significance was observed at week 6 in the remaining 2 groups. Conclusion Tenodesis of the biceps tendon on the proximal humerus at an extra-articular site does not weaken after surgery. The tenodesis screw group had a significantly higher increase in the fixation strength within the first 3 weeks. Clinical Relevance No significant differences could be found between the failure loads of all 3 investigated tenodeses for the first 9 weeks.
MDM2 antagonists induce p53-dependent apoptosis in AML: implications for leukemia therapy
Authors: Kojima Kensuke , Konopleva Marina , Samudio Ismael J. , Shikami Masato , Cabreira-Hansen Maria , McQueen Teresa , Ruvolo Vivian , Tsao Twee , Zeng Zhihong , Vassilev Lyubomir T. , Andreeff Michael 
Published: July 2005

AbstractAlthough TP53 mutations are rare in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), inactivation of wild-type p53 protein frequently occurs through overexpression of its negative regulator MDM2 (murine double minute 2). Recently, small-molecule antagonists of MDM2, Nutlins, have been developed that inhibit the p53-MDM2 interaction and activate p53 signaling. Here, we study the effects of p53 activation by Nutlin-3 in AML cells. Treatment with MDM2 inhibitor triggered several molecular events consistent with induction of apoptosis: loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, caspase activation, phosphatidylserine externalization, and DNA fragmentation. There was a positive correlation in primary AML samples with wild-type p53 between baseline MDM2 protein levels and apoptosis induced by MDM2 inhibition. No induction of apoptosis was observed in AML samples harboring mutant p53. Colony formation of AML progenitors was inhibited in a dose-dependent fashion, whereas normal CD34+ progenitor cells were less affected. Mechanistic studies suggested that Nutlin-induced apoptosis was mediated by both transcriptional activation of proapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins, and transcription-independent mitochondrial permeabilization resulting from mitochondrial p53 translocation. MDM2 inhibition synergistically enhanced cytotoxicity of cytosine arabinoside and doxorubicin in AML blasts but not in normal hematopoietic progenitor cells. p53 activation by targeting the p53-MDM2 interaction might offer a novel therapeutic strategy for AML that retain wild-type p53.
The influence of N-linked glycosylation on the function of platelet glycoprotein VI
Authors: Kunicki Thomas J. , Cheli Yann , Moroi Masaaki , Furihata Kenichi 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Using recombinant human glycoprotein VI (GPVI), we evaluated the effect of N-linked glycosylation at the consensus site Asparagine92-Glycine-Serine94 (N92GS94) on binding of this platelet-specific receptor to its ligands, human type I collagen, collagen-related peptide (CRP), and the snake venom C-type lectin convulxin (CVX). In COS-7 cells transiently transfected with GPVI, deglycosylation with peptide-N-glycosidase F (PNGase F; specific for complex N-linked glycans) or tunicamycin decreases the molecular weight of GPVI and reduces transfected COS-7 cell binding to both CRP and CVX. In stably transfected Dami cells, the substitutions N92A or S94A, but not L95H, resulted in a 30% to 40% decrease in adhesion to CVX, but a 90% or greater decrease in adhesion to CRP and a 65% to 70% decrease in adhesion to type I collagen. Treatment with PNGase F, but not Endoglycosidase H (Endo H) (specific for high-mannose N-linked glycans), produced an equivalent decrease in molecular weight. Neither N92A nor S94A affected the expression of GPVI, based on the direct binding of murine anti–human GPVI monoclonal antibody 204-11 to transfected Dami cells. These findings indicate that N-linked glycosylation at N92 in human GPVI is not required for surface expression, but contributes to maximal adhesion to type I collagen, CRP and, to a lesser extent, CVX.
The beta2 integrin CD11c distinguishes a subset of cytotoxic pulmonary T cells with potent antiviral effects in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Beyer Marc , Wang Hongwei , Peters Nina , Doths Sandra , Koerner-Rettberg Cordula , Openshaw Peter JM , Schwarze Jürgen 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Background
The integrin CD11c is known as a marker for dendritic cells and has recently been described on T cells following lymphotropic choriomeningitis virus infection, a systemic infection affecting a multitude of organs. Here, we characterise CD11c bearing T cells in a murine model of localised pulmonary infection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).

Methods
Mice were infected intranasally with RSV and expression of β2 integrins and T lymphocyte activation markers were monitored by flow cytometry. On day 8 post RSV infection CD11c+ CD8+ and CD11c- CD8+ T cells were assessed for cytokine production, cytotoxic activity and migration. Expression of CD11c mRNA in CD8+ T cells was assessed by quantitative PCR.

Results
Following RSV infection CD11c+ CD8+ T cells were detectable in the lung from day 4 onwards and accounted for 45.9 ± 4.8% of CD8+ T cells on day 8 post infection, while only few such cells were present in mediastinal lymph nodes, spleen and blood. While CD11c was virtually absent from CD8+ T cells in the absence of RSV infection, its mRNA was expressed in CD8+ T cells of both naïve and RSV infected mice. CD11c+, but not CD11c-, CD8+ T cells showed signs of recent activation, including up-regulation of CD11a and expression of CD11b and CD69 and were recruited preferentially to the lung. In addition, CD11c+ CD8+ T cells were the major subset responsible for IFNγ production, induction of target cell apoptosis in vitro and reduction of viral titres in vivo.

Conclusion
CD11c is a useful marker for detection and isolation of pulmonary antiviral cytotoxic T cells following RSV infection. It identifies a subset of activated, virus-specific, cytotoxic T cells that exhibit potent antiviral effects in vivo.
Does Alendronate reduce the risk of fracture in men? A meta-analysis incorporating prior knowledge of anti-fracture efficacy in women
Authors: Sawka Anna M , Papaioannou Alexandra , Adachi Jonathan D , Gafni Amiram , Hanley David A , Thabane Lehana 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Background
Alendronate has been found to reduce the risk of fractures in postmenopausal women as demonstrated in multiple randomized controlled trials enrolling thousands of women. Yet there is a paucity of such randomized controlled trials in osteoporotic men. Our objective was to systematically review the anti-fracture efficacy of alendronate in men with low bone mass or with a history of prevalent fracture(s) and incorporate prior knowledge of alendronate efficacy in women in the analysis.

Methods
We examined randomized controlled trials in men comparing the anti-fracture efficacy of alendronate to placebo or calcium or vitamin D, or any combination of these. Studies of men with secondary causes of osteoporosis other than hypogonadism were excluded. We searched the following electronic databases (without language restrictions) for potentially relevant citations: Medline, Medline in Process (1966-May 24/2004), and Embase (1996–2004). We also contacted the manufacturer of the drug in search of other relevant trials. Two reviewers independently identified two trials (including 375 men), which met all inclusion criteria. Data were abstracted by one reviewer and checked by another. Results of the male trials were pooled using Bayesian random effects models, incorporating prior information of anti-fracture efficacy from meta-analyses of women.

Results
The odds ratios of incident fractures in men (with 95% credibility intervals) with alendronate (10 mg daily) were: vertebral fractures, 0.44 (0.23, 0.83) and non-vertebral fractures, 0.60 (0.29, 1.44).

Conclusion
In conclusion, alendronate decreases the risk of vertebral fractures in men at risk. There is currently insufficient evidence of a statistically significant reduction of non-vertebral fractures, but the paucity of trials in men limit the statistical power to detect such an effect.