bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neural networks for FDTD‐backed permittivity reconstruction
Authors: Yakovlev Vadim V. , Murphy Ethan K. , Eugene Eves E. 
Published: February 2005

PurposeTo outline different versions of a novel method for accurate and efficient determining the dielectric properties of arbitrarily shaped materials.Design/methodology/approachComplex permittivity is found using an artificial neural network procedure designed to control a 3D FDTD computation of S‐parameters and to process their measurements. Network architectures are based on multilayer perceptron and radial basis function nets. The one‐port solution deals with the simulated and measured frequency responses of the reflection coefficient while the two‐port approach exploits the real and imaginary parts of the reflection and transmission coefficients at the frequency of interest.FindingsHigh accuracy of permittivity reconstruction is demonstrated by numerical and experimental testing for dielectric samples of different configuration.Research limitations/implicationsDielectric constant and the loss factor of the studied material should be within the ranges of corresponding parameters associated with the database used for the network training. The computer model must be highly adequate to the employed experimental fixture.Practical implicationsThe method is cavity‐independent and applicable to the sample/fixture of arbitrary configuration provided that the geometry is adequately represented in the model. The two‐port version is capable of handling frequency‐dependent media parameters. For materials which can take some predefined form computational cost of the method is very insignificant.Originality/valueA full‐wave 3D FDTD modeling tool and the controlling neural network procedure involved in the proposed approach allow for much flexibility in practical implementation of the method.
Budgetary procedures in Government ministry libraries in Nigeria
Authors: Akporido Caroline E. 
Published: February 2005

PurposeTo examine the budgetary procedures of Government ministry libraries in Delta State, Nigeria.Design/methodology/approachA questionnaire and interview approach was used to identify the various components of ministry libraries and determine the budgetary process they used.FindingsEven though the Government funds both types of libraries, budgetary procedures differ between ministry libraries and academic libraries. Perhaps the most noteworthy finding is that, unlike academic libraries, ministry libraries are often fully funded, yet they are rarely managed by a librarian. Furthermore, ministry library staff are often not involved in the budgetary process.Originality/valueProvides insights into how the governmental funding process operates in Nigeria and how these processes could be improved.
Thoughts on endowment fundraising for libraries
Authors: Foley Chris 
Published: February 2005

PurposeLibraries rely on endowment revenue for collection development and general operating expenses. Endowment gifts, both for collection development and for general operating expenses, can be a significant priority for a library during this fund‐raising effort. As such, it is this column's goal to summarize the challenges and advantages of these endowment gifts, and strategies for endowment fundraising in libraries.Design/methodology/approachUses lessons learned by endowment efforts at the University of Pennsylvania Library, noting strategies that have worked.FindingsEndowments present unique challenges and opportunities. While their benefits to the library are often less understood and intangible, often they are more accessible to donors due to a low threshold for establishment and the flexibility to give over a period of years.Originality/valueChallenges and advantages are explored and strategies are offered to improve the effectiveness of endowment fundraising including marketing, challenge programs, and bequest encouragement.
Explaining retail offer adaptation through psychic distance
Authors: Evans Jody , Bridson Kerrie 
Published: February 2005

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine empirically the relationship between psychic distance and adaptation of the retail offer across a range of countries.Design/methodology/approachData were collected using a mail survey of randomly selected non‐food retailers that operated stores in at least three foreign countries.FindingsFindings of this study suggest that a substantial proportion of retail offer adaptation is explained by psychic distance. In particular, differences in market structure, business practices and language between the home and foreign market significantly increase the extent to which retailers adapt their offer.Research limitations/implicationsThe research findings may be limited in terms of their generalisability across retail sectors, as the study focused on non‐food retailers only.Practical implicationsThese results have implications for researchers and managers in suggesting that we need to go beyond consumer behaviour differences to explain fully the degree to which international firms standardise or adapt their strategies in foreign markets.Originality/valueMuch of the existing research into standardisation and adaptation is limited in terms of geographic scope and a focus on the marketing strategies of manufacturing and export firms. Thus, this paper addresses a substantial gap in existing research by empirically examining the relationship between psychic distance and adaptation in a retail context and across a range of countries.
A metadata‐based access control model for web services
Authors: Yagüe Mariemma I. , Maña Antonio , Lopez Javier 
Published: February 2005

PurposeProvide a secure solution for web services (WS). A new interoperable and distributed access control for WS is presented.Design/methodology/approachBased on the separation of the access control (AC) and authorization function.FindingsMechanisms presented allow seamless integration of external authorization entities in the AC system. The Semantic Policy Language (SPL) developed facilitates specification of policies and semantic policy validation. SPL specifications are modular and can be composed without ambiguity. Also addressed was the problem of the association of policies to resources (WS or their operations) in a dynamic, flexible and automated way.Research limitations/implicationsThe ACProxy component is currently under development. Ongoing work is focused on achieving a richer “use control” for some types of WS.Practical implicationsAdministrators of WS can specify AC policies and validate them to find syntactic and semantic errors. Components for automated validation of policies at different levels are included. This ensures that the AC policies produce the desired effects, facilitating the creation and maintenance of policies. It also provides mechanisms for the use of interoperable authorizations.Originality/valueA practical system that provides a secure solution to AC for WS. To the best of one's knowledge, no other system provides mechanisms for semantic validation of policies based on external authorization entities. Likewise, the mechanisms for interoperability of external authorization entities are also novel. The system provides content‐based access control and a secure, decentralized and dynamic solution for authorization that facilitates the management of complex systems and enhances the overall security of the AC.
Clinical and Professional Role Development Among Experienced Pediatric Nurses: The Pediatric Medical Nursing Certificate Program
Authors: Jakubik Louise D. , Grossman Michael B. , Daly‐Parker Meryl O. , Gaffney Lisa M. , Strauss Kimberly A. , Mars Patricia A. 
Published: February 2005

ISSUES AND PURPOSE.The development of a multiunit‐based certificate program to promote retention by increasing experienced pediatric nurses' knowledge, skills, and professional role development through a blend of didactic, clinical, and mentoring components.CONCLUSIONS.The certificate group demonstrated an increase in knowledge and skill, advanced leadership role acquisition, promotion, certification, and graduate school matriculation, and achieved a 95% retention rate within the organization.PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS.With support from management and multidisciplinary team members, a certificate program like this can be implemented in a variety of settings and specialties.
Categorizing and Individuating Others: The Neural Substrates of Person Perception
Authors: Mason Malia F. , Macrae C. Neil 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
People are remarkably adroit at understanding other social agents. Quite how these information-processing abilities are realized, however, remains open to debate and empirical scrutiny. In particular, little is known about basic aspects of person perception, such as the operations that support people's ability to categorize (i.e., assign persons to groups) and individuate (i.e., discriminate among group members) others. In an attempt to rectify this situation, the current research focused on the initial perceptual stages of person construal and considered: (i) hemispheric differences in the efficiency of categorization and individuation; and (ii) the neural activity that supports these social-cognitive operations.
Noting the greater role played by configural processing in individuation than categorization, it was expected that performance on the former task would be enhanced when stimuli (i.e., faces) were presented to the right rather than to the left cerebral hemisphere. The results of two experiments (Experiment 1—healthy individuals; Experiment 2—split-brain patient) confirmed this prediction. Extending these findings, a final neuroimaging investigation revealed that individuation is accompanied by neural activity in regions of the temporal and prefrontal cortices, especially in the right hemisphere. We consider the implications of these findings for contemporary treatments of person perception.
Activation of the Human Superior Temporal Gyrus during Observation of Goal Attribution by Intentional Objects
Authors: Schultz Johannes , Imamizu Hiroshi , Kawato Mitsuo , Frith Chris D. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Previous functional imaging experiments in humans showed activation increases in the posterior superior temporal gyrus and sulcus during observation of geometrical shapes whose movements appear intentional or goal-directed. We modeled a chase scenario between two objects, in which the chasing object used different strategies to reach the target object: The chaser either followed the target's path or appeared to predict its end position. Activation in the superior temporal gyrus of human observers was greater when the chaser adopted a predict rather than a follow strategy. Attending to the chaser's strategy induced slightly greater activation in the left superior temporal gyrus than attending to the outcome of the chase. These data implicate the superior temporal gyrus in the identification of objects displaying complex goal-directed motion.
Momentum Flux Spectrum of Convectively Forced Internal Gravity Waves and Its Application to Gravity Wave Drag Parameterization. Part I: Theory
Authors: Song In-Sun , Chun Hye-Yeong 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
The phase-speed spectrum of momentum flux by convectively forced internal gravity waves is analytically formulated in two- and three-dimensional frameworks. For this, a three-layer atmosphere that has a constant vertical wind shear in the lowest layer, a uniform wind above, and piecewise constant buoyancy frequency in a forcing region and above is considered. The wave momentum flux at cloud top is determined by the spectral combination of a wave-filtering and resonance factor and diabatic forcing. The wave-filtering and resonance factor that is determined by the basic-state wind and stability and the vertical configuration of forcing restricts the effectiveness of the forcing, and thus only a part of the forcing spectrum can be used for generating gravity waves that propagate above cumulus clouds. The spectral distribution of the wave momentum flux is largely determined by the wave-filtering and resonance factor, but the magnitude of the momentum flux varies significantly according to spatial and time scales and moving speed of the forcing. The wave momentum flux formulation in the two-dimensional framework is extended to the three-dimensional framework. The three-dimensional momentum flux formulation is similar to the two-dimensional one except that the wave propagation in various horizontal directions and the three-dimensionality of forcing are allowed. The wave momentum flux spectrum formulated in this study is validated using mesoscale numerical model results and can reproduce the overall spectral structure and magnitude of the wave momentum flux spectra induced by numerically simulated mesoscale convective systems reasonably well.
The splenic microenvironment is a source of proangiogenesis/inflammatory mediators accelerating the expansion of murine erythroleukemic cells
Authors: Shaked Yuval , Cervi Dave , Neuman Manuela , Chen Limor , Klement Giannoula , Michaud Crystal R. , Haeri Mehran , Pak Brian J. , Kerbel Robert S. , Ben-David Yaacov 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe stromal compartments of hematopoietic organs (eg, spleen) are known to influence the viability and growth of diseased hematopoietic progenitors. Here we have used Friend murine leukemia virus (F-MuLV)–induced erythroleukemia to investigate factors of the splenic microenvironment that may make it fertile for the expansion and survival of malignant erythroblasts. We found that splenectomized, erythroleukemic mice exhibited extended survival compared with age-matched sham controls. In vitro, the proliferation of primary erythroleukemic cells cocultured with leukemic-derived splenic adherent cells or their conditioned media was found to be significantly higher than that observed in cocultures with healthy-derived adherent splenic cells. Cytokine protein arrays revealed that F-MuLV–infected splenocytes secreted elevated levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), macrophage chemoattractant protein-5 (MCP-5), soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 (sTNFR1), IL-12p70, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and IL-2 over normal splenocytes. Medium supplemented with both VEGF-A and MCP-5 could sustain proliferation of primary erythroleukemic cells in vitro, and significant proliferative suppression was observed upon addition of neutralizing antibodies to either of these factors. Furthermore, in vivo administration of a neutralizing antibody to VEGF-A extended survival times of erythroleukemic mice in comparison with controls. These findings suggest that VEGF-A and MCP-5 are potentially pivotal paracrine mediators occurring within the diseased splenic microenvironment capable of promoting disease acceleration and expansion of erythroleukemic blasts.
Podocalyxin is a CD34-related marker of murine hematopoietic stem cells and embryonic erythroid cells
Authors: Doyonnas Regis , Nielsen Julie S. , Chelliah Shierley , Drew Erin , Hara Takahiko , Miyajima Atsushi , McNagny Kelly M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractPodocalyxin/podocalyxin-like protein 1 [PCLP1]/thrombomucin/MEP21 is a CD34-related sialomucin. We have performed a detailed analysis of its expression during murine development and assessed its utility as a marker of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and their more differentiated progeny. We find that podocalyxin is highly expressed by the first primitive hematopoietic progenitors and nucleated red blood cells to form in the embryonic yolk sac. Likewise, podocalyxin is expressed by definitive multilineage hematopoietic progenitors and erythroid precursors in fetal liver. The level of podocalyxin expression gradually declines with further embryo maturation and reaches near-background levels at birth. This is followed by a postnatal burst of expression that correlates with the seeding of new hematopoietic progenitors to the spleen and bone marrow. Shortly thereafter, podocalyxin expression gradually declines, and by 4 weeks postpartum it is restricted to a rare population of Sca-1+, c-kit+, lineage marker- (Lin-) cells in the bone marrow. These rare podocalyxin-expressing cells are capable of serially reconstituting myeloid and lymphoid lineages in lethally irradiated recipients, suggesting they have HSC activity. In summary, we find that podocalyxin is a marker of embryonic HSCs and erythroid cells and of adult HSCs and that it may be a valuable marker for the purification of these cells for transplantation.
A quantitative survey of intern's knowledge of communication skills: an Iranian exploration
Authors: Tavakol Mohsen , Torabi Sima , Lyne Owen D , Zeinaloo Ali A 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Background
It is a high priority that health care providers have effective communication skills. It has been well documented that the doctor-patient relationship is central to the delivery of high quality medical care, and it has been shown to affect patient satisfaction, to decrease the use of pain killers, to shorten hospital stays, to improve recovery from surgery and a variety of other biological, psychological and social outcomes. This study sought to quantify the current knowledge of interns in Iran about communication skills.

Methods
A cross-sectional study using a self-report questionnaire was conducted among interns. Data analysis was based on 223 questionnaires. The internal consistency of the items was 0.8979.

Results
Overall, knowledge levels were unsatisfactory. Results indicated that interns had a limited knowledge of communication skills, including identification of communication skills. In addition, there was a significant difference between the mean scores of interns on breaking bad news and sex education. The confidence of males about their communication skills was significantly higher than for females. Analysis of the total scores by age and sex showed that there was a statistically significant main effect for sex and the interaction with age was statistically significant. Free response comments of the interns are also discussed.

Conclusions
It is argued that there is a real need for integrating a communication skills course, which is linked to the various different ethnic and religious backgrounds of interns, into Iranian medical curricula. Some recommendations are made and the limitations of the study are discussed.
Optimal Processing Policies for an e-Commerce Web Server
Authors: Tan Yong , Moinzadeh Kamran , Mookerjee Vijay S. 
Published: February 2005

The explosive growth in online shopping has provided online retailers impressive opportunities to extend revenue and profit. However, retailers may lose considerable online business from slow response times at electronic shopping sites. Although increasing server capacity may improve response time, the resources needed to do so are clearly not free. In this study, we propose a scheme that can improve a server's performance with no more than its current capacity. This scheme is based on priority processing, where the priority assigned to a customer depends on the potential revenue that is likely to be generated from the customer. The results for single-period analysis show that the benefit from priority processing increases as the server becomes more heavily utilized. We have also modeled a multiperiod version of the problem, where the demand in a period depends on the quality of service (QoS) that buyers receive in the previous period. In the multiperiod problem, both the server capacity and the processing policy in each period are determined optimally. Here, it may be optimal for the retailer to sacrifice profit and increase QoS in initial periods in order to increase demand (and revenue) in later periods. Thus, the processing policy of the server evolves from an emphasis on QoS in initial periods, to one on profit in subsequent periods.
Social and Behavioral Determinants of Self‐Reported STD Among Adolescents
Authors: Upchurch Dawn M. , Mason William M. , Kusunoki Yasamin , Kriechbaum Maria Johnson 
Published: February 2005

CONTEXT: Adolescents have among the highest sexually transmitted disease (STD) rates. Rich data are now available to characterize the social and behavioral factors that affect adolescent STD risk.METHODS: Data from Wave 1 (1995) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) are used to estimate school, neighborhood, family and individual level effects on acquiring an STD. Data from Waves 1 and 2 (1996) of Add Health are also used to estimate the effects of prior STD acquisition and other factors on STD occurrence between waves. Random intercept logistic regression and random intercept piecewise exponential hazard regression are used to account for possible clustering in the Add Health data.RESULTS: Seven percent of sexually experienced teenagers reported ever having had an STD as of Wave 1, and almost 7% reported having had an STD between Waves 1 and 2.Respondents' age, gender, race or ethnicity, and their family background, neighborhood and school characteristics affect STD acquisition at Wave 1.Among teenagers who were sexually experienced at Wave 1, younger age at first intercourse elevates STD risk. Other factors contribute, but to a lesser degree. For acquisition of an STD between Waves 1 and 2, females, blacks, teenagers with lower levels of mother's education and those who have had a prior STD are at higher risk.CONCLUSIONS: Multiple social and behavioral factors influence lifetime history of STD. Age at first intercourse and STD history affect subsequent STD acquisition. Self‐reports of STD acquisition in probability samples of the general population are useful.
Photoreceptor differentiation in Drosophila: From immature neurons to functional photoreceptors
Authors: Mollereau Bertrand , Domingos Pedro M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractHow a pool of equipotent cells acquires a multitude of distinct fates is a major question in developmental biology. The study of photoreceptor (PR) cell differentiation in Drosophila has been used to address this question. PR differentiation is a process that extends over a period of 5 days: It begins in the larval eye imaginal disc when PRs are recruited and commit to particular PR fates, and it culminates in the pupal eye disc with the morphogenesis of the rhabdomeres and the initiation of rhodopsin expression. Several models for PR specification agree that the Ras and Notch signaling pathways are important for the specification of different PR subtypes (Freeman [1997] Development 124:261–270; Cooper and Bray [2000] Curr. Biol. 10:1507–1510; Tomlinson and Struhl [2001] Mol. Cell. 7:487–495). In the first part of this review, we briefly describe the different signaling pathways and transcription factors required for the specification and differentiation of the different PR subtypes in the larval eye disc. In the second part, we review the roles of several transcription factors, which are required for the terminal photoreceptor differentiation and rhodopsin expression. Developmental Dynamics 232:585–592, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Organ specification–growth control connection: New in‐sights from the Drosophila eye–antennal disc
Authors: Domínguez María , Casares Fernando 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe eye–antennal disc of Drosophila is serving a guiding role in the studies of how eye identity is specified, as well as how the retina is patterned. However, this system also holds a great potential for studying the coordination between organ growth and specification when various distinct organs form from a common primordium. The eye–antennal disc gives origin not only to the compound eye but also to the head capsule, ocelli, maxillary palp, and antenna, and these organs develop bearing constant size proportions with each other. Here, we review recent results that have shed light on the mechanisms that control the specification and growth of organs of the eye–antennal disc and discuss how these controls are intertwined during the development of neighboring organs to ensure their constant shape and relative sizes. Developmental Dynamics 232:673–684, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.