bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dislocation indentation size effect in KCl single crystals
Authors: Soifer Ya. M. , Verdyan A. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractA systematic range of nanoindentation measurements on (001) KCl single crystals was performed to differentiate between true size effects and other factors that can give rise to an apparent increase in hardness. The hardness and Young's modulus values were determined by combining the load–displacement data with measurement of the topography of the residual indent using atomic force microscopy (AFM). AFM data allowed the estimation of the true contact area, subsequently used to recalculate the hardness and Young's modulus of the material more accurately. It was shown that there was an apparent increase in hardness as the applied load decreased. The results obtained were considered in terms of different dislocation models describing the indentation size effect involving models based on both bulk and surface effects. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The stress field of a dislocation array in an ultra thin anisotropic heterogeneous bicrystal
Authors: Benbouta Rachid , Mihi Abdelkader , Brioua Mourad , Madani Salah , Adami Lahbib 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe problem of a dislocation parallel and close to two free surfaces of a thin foil made up of two plates of different nature, using anisotropic elasticity, is treated numerically. Different applications are presented for the thin homogeneous crystals Al/Al and Cu/Cu and also for the thin bicrystal Al/Cu. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Antioxidant effect of squeezed juice from black radish (Raphanus sativus L. var niger) in alimentary hyperlipidaemia in rats
Authors: Lugasi Andrea , Blázovics Anna , Hagymási Krisztina , Kocsis Ibolya , Kéry Ágnes 
Published: September 2005

AbstractBlack radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. niger) root has been used in folk medicine since antiquity as a natural drug for the stimulation of bile function. According to in vitro studies the squeezed juice from black radish root exhibited significant antioxidant properties. In the present study, the beneficial effect of the black radish juice on some free radical reactions in rats fed with a diet rich in lipids (20% sunflower oil, 2% cholesterol, 0.5% cholic acid in normal chow) was examined. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and conjugated diene concentrations were significantly higher, while the antioxidant enzyme activities and the free radical scavenging capacity were lower in hyperlipidaemic rats compared with normal controls. Supplementation of the lipid‐rich diet with black radish juice resulted in a significant improvement of the parameters mentioned above. Although the exact mechanism of the biologically active compounds in black radish on the lipid metabolism and lipid peroxidation is not clear yet, a beneficial effect of the drug was evident in alimentary hyperlipidaemia. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antibacterial activity of Curcuma longa L. against methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Kim Kang‐Ju , Yu Hyeon‐Hee , Cha Jung‐Dan , Seo Se‐Jeong , Choi Na‐Young , You Yong‐Ouk 
Published: September 2005

AbstractMethicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been emerging worldwide as one of the most important hospital and community pathogens. Therefore, new agents are needed to treat MRSA associated infections. The present study investigated the antimicrobial activity of ethyl acetate, methanol and water extracts of Curcuma longa L. (C. longa) against MRSA. The ethyl acetate extract of C. longa demonstrated a higher antibacterial activity than the methanol extract or water extract. Since the ethyl acetate extract was more active than the other extracts, the study examined whether the ethyl acetate extract could restore the antibacterial activity of β‐lactams and alter the MRSA invasion of human mucosal fibroblasts (HMFs). In the checkerboard test, the ethyl acetate extract of C. longa markedly lowered the MICs of ampicillin and oxacillin against MRSA. In the bacterial invasion assay, MRSA intracellular invasion was significantly decreased in the presence of 0.125–2 mg/mL of C. longa extract compared with the control group. These results suggest that the ethyl acetate extract of C. longa may have antibacterial activity and the potential to restore the effectiveness of β‐lactams against MRSA, and inhibit the MRSA invasion of HMFs. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of cysteinylation of pharmaceutical‐grade human serum albumin by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and low‐energy collision‐induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Kleinova Martina , Belgacem Omar , Pock Katharina , Rizzi Andreas , Buchacher Andrea , Allmaier Günter 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThree samples of albumin derived from human plasma (pharmaceutical grade, HSA) obtained from different commercial sources were investigated for their micro‐heterogeneities by means of electrospray ionization (ESI) ion trap mass spectrometry (ITMS). The study covered MS analyses of the intact proteins as well as on the tryptic peptide level. The intact protein samples were analyzed without any separation step except for simple desalting. With these samples we observed in the positive ion ESI mass spectra that the multiply charged ion signals of HSA consisted of a number of fully or partly resolved peaks with relative intensities depending on the analyzed sample. The non‐modified form of HSA was detected in the three HSA preparations at m/z values of 66448 ± 3.6, 66450 ± 0.6 and 66451 ± 3.2 ([MH]+), respectively. The value calculated from the amino acid sequence was 66439. The second compound present with high intensity (in two cases the base peak in the deconvoluted mass spectrum) is interpreted as a modified HSA, and the molecular mass increase in relation to the unmodified HAS was between 116 and 118 Da (m/z of 66 564, 66 567 and 66 569), suggesting the presence of a covalently bound cysteine residue. A further peak in the deconvoluted ESI spectra was found in all three samples with rather low signal/noise ratio at m/z 66 619, 66 621 and 66 613, respectively, which may correspond to a non‐enzymatic glycation described in the literature. The verification of the proposed covalent HSA modifications was subsequently done on the peptide level using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/ESI‐MS and HPLC/ESI‐MS/MS including low‐energy collision‐induced dissociation (CID). Prior to the tryptic digestion, the HSA samples were alkylated without a prior reduction step. Following this procedure we detected peptides of the sequence T21‐41 that included the Cys‐34 residue in both forms: cysteinylated (m/z 639.15 [M+4H]4+) as well as vinylpyridine‐alkylated (m/z 635.69 [M+4H]4+, which means in its previously native free SH form). In the next step on‐line LC/ESI low‐energy CID MS/MS experiments were performed to verify these two proposed structures. By means of MS/MS analysis of the mentioned ions the described modification (cysteinylation) at the Cys‐34 residue could be proven. This abundant modification of HSA in pharmaceutical‐grade preparations could be unambiguously identified as cysteinylation at the Cys‐34 residue. On the other hand, the proposed non‐enzymatic glycation was not detectable on the peptide level in the on‐line HPLC/ESI‐MS mode, maybe due to the low concentration in the three samples under investigation. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia by rapid determination of 17α‐hydroxyprogesterone in dried blood spots by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry following microwave‐assisted silylation
Authors: Deng Chunhui , Ji Jie , Zhang Lijuan , Zhang Xiangmin 
Published: September 2005

Abstract17α‐Hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP) is considered to be the biomarker of congential adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). Screening for CAH in newborns by measuring levels of the biomarker of 17OHP has become routine. In the work, a rapid, simple and sensitive technique was developed for the diagnosis of neonatal CAH by the quantitative analysis of 17OHP in neonatal blood spots. The technique was based on microwave‐assisted silylation (MAS) followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). In the method, fast derivatization of 17OHP with N,O‐bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide was performed by using microwave irradiation, and the trimethylsilyl derivative thus formed was analyzed by GC/MS. The results of the experiment indicate that MAS followed by GC/MS analysis is a rapid, simple and sensitive method for the determination of 17OHP in blood samples. The proposed technique has been shown to have potential as a powerful tool for the rapid diagnosis of neonatal CAH. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Equation‐free optimal switching policies for bistable reacting systems
Authors: Armaou Antonios , Kevrekidis Ioannis G. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractIn the context of the recently developed equation‐free modelling framework, we present a computer‐assisted approach to locating approximate coarse optimal switching policies between stationary states of chemically reacting systems described by microscopic/stochastic evolution rules. The coarse time‐stepper constitutes a bridge between the underlying stochastic simulation and traditional, continuum numerical optimization techniques formulated in discrete time. The approach is illustrated on a simple CO oxidation on Pt catalytic surface reaction model, implemented through the Gillespie stochastic simulation algorithm. The objective sought is to switch between two coexisting stable stationary states by minimal manipulation of a macroscopic system parameter. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
River dredging, channel dynamics and bedload transport in an incised meandering river (the River Semois, Belgium)
Authors: Gob F. , Houbrechts G. , Hiver J. M. , Petit F. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractDredging in the rivers of the Ardenne is generally carried out on a smaller scale to that described in the literature and is not conducted for commercial purposes. Extractions within the river channel are made in order to prevent flooding; hence the quantity of gravel extracted is limited. This study aims to evaluate the impact of dredging and the resilience of the riverbed in the Semois. This river is found in the south of the Ardenne region and is characterized by large incised meanders, a narrow floodplain, few pebble bars, numerous bedrock outcrops and a limited stock of sediment. The bed is particularly flat and shallow and the bankfull discharge (130 m3 s−1) is frequently attained (0.9 yr). Pebble tracers allowed the critical parameters (discharge, Shields criterion, and stream power), the diameter of mobilized sediment and the distance of sediment transport to be determined. A major dredging campaign resulted in the formation of a channel nearly 1 km long and 2 m deep which functioned as a sediment trap. Topographical cross‐sections made before and after the dredging campaign and again 4 yr later allowed bedload discharge to be estimated (1.1 t km−1 yr−1). In order to examine the efficiency of the sediment trap, the sediment transport equations of Meyer‐Peter and Müller, Schoklitsch, Bagnold and Martin were applied. With the exception of Bagnold's equation (1980), the observed transport values and those calculated theoretically are relatively close. Between October 1997 and June 2001, 5010 t were caught in the sediment trap. For the same period the equations calculate values between 6147 and 10 571 t. The overestimation from the theoretical calculations may result from a lack of sediment supply due to the characteristics of the basin and the frequency and magnitude of flood events during the study period. From the magnitude of the sediment transport rate, a return to the initial state of the riverbed (before dredging) may be expected after approximately 10 yr. Despite the scale of the dredging campaign for a river of this size, its results are limited in terms of flood prevention. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sediment mining in alluvial channels: physical effects and management perspectives
Authors: Rinaldi M. , Wyżga B. , Surian N. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractBased on a review of a number of documented case studies from various countries and a detailed analysis of sediment exploitation from five rivers in Italy and Poland, we discuss alluvial river response to extensive sediment mining. A sediment deficit caused by in‐stream mining typically induces upstream‐ and downstream‐progressing river incision, lateral channel instability and bed armouring. The resultant incision alters the frequency of floodplain inundation along the river courses, lowers valley‐floor water tables and frequently leads to destruction of bridges and channelization structures. Mining also results in the loss or impoverishment of aquatic and riparian habitats. In the rivers of Italy and southern Poland studied, where mining coincided with other human activities that reduce sediment delivery to the channels, deep river downcutting, changes in channel pattern and, in one case, transformation from alluvial to bedrock boundary conditions were recorded over recent decades.The type and magnitude of channel response to sediment mining depend mainly on the ratio between extraction and sediment replenishment rates. The effects of mining will be especially severe and difficult to reverse: (i) where material is extracted at a rate greatly exceeding the replenishment rate; (ii) in single‐thread rivers, that are generally associated with relatively low rates of catchment sediment supply; (iii) in channelized reaches; (iv) where rivers are underlain by a thin cover of alluvium over bedrock; and (v) where mining coincides with other human activities that reduce upstream sediment delivery. With a large number of detrimental effects of instream mining, the practice should be prohibited in most rivers except aggrading ones. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of wind turbine flexibility on loads and power production
Authors: Ahlström Anders 
Published: September 2005

AbstractMost aeroelastic codes used today assume small blade deflections and application of loads on the undeflected structure. However, with the design of lighter and more flexible wind turbines, this assumption is not obvious. By scaling the system mass and stiffness properties equally, it is possible to compare wind turbines of different degrees of slenderness and at the same time keep system frequencies the same in an undeformed state. The developed model uses the commercial finite element system MSC. Marc, focused on non‐linear design and analysis, to predict the structural response. The aerodynamic model AERFORCE, used to transform the wind to loads on the blades, is a blade element momentum model. A comparison is made between different slenderness ratios in three wind conditions below rated wind speed. The results show that large blade deflections have a major influence on power production and the resulting structural loads and must be considered in the design of very slender turbines. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bathymetric shift in the distribution of Atlantic surfclams: response to warmer ocean temperature
Authors: Weinberg James R. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Standard research vessel surveys during the 1980s and early 1990s demonstrated that Atlantic surfclams (Spisula solidissima solidissima) were common in the southern portion of their range (37–38°N) along the east coast of North America in the Delmarva region. Based on data from these surveys, the probability of capturing surfclams in shallow water (i.e. 20 m) tows of the Delmarva region was 75–85% in 1994 and 1997. In 1999 and 2002, this probability declined to 40–55%. The probability of capturing surfclams in survey tows from deeper waters (40–50 m) also declined, but this change was relatively small compared with that in shallower water. These changes were not the result of commercial clam fishing. Unusually warm water, which induces thermal stress in S. s. solidissima, was prevalent within the period from 1999 to 2002 over the Delmarva continental shelf during fall when annual bottom temperature was peaking. The combined effects of poor physiological condition and thermal stress likely resulted in mortality of Atlantic surfclams in shallow water habitats in the Delmarva region. This resulted in a shift in the bathymetric distribution of the population to deeper water. Between 1982 and 1997, most of the surfclams in the Delmarva region occurred at depths between 25 and 35 m, whereas in 1999 and 2002, most of the Delmarva population occurred at 35–40 m.
Evidence for involvement of α1D‐adrenoceptors in contraction of femoral resistance arteries using knockout mice
Authors: Zacharia Joseph , Hillier Chris , Tanoue Akito , Tsujimoto Gozoh , Daly Craig J , McGrath John C , MacDonald Allan 
Published: September 2005

The role of α1D‐adrenoceptors in vasoconstrictor responses to noradrenaline in mouse femoral resistance arteries was investigated using wire myography in α1D‐adrenoceptor knockout (α1D‐KO) and wild‐type (WT) mice of the same genetic background.
α1D‐KO mice were 2.5‐fold less sensitive than WTs to exogenous noradrenaline and BMY 7378 was significantly less potent against noradrenaline in α1D‐KO mice than in WTs, showing a minor contribution of α1D‐adrenoceptors in response to noradrenaline.
Prazosin and 5‐methyl‐urapidil were equally effective against noradrenaline in α1D‐KO and WT mice. Chloroethylclonidine produced a significantly greater attenuation of the response to noradrenaline in α1D‐KO mice than in WTs.
Responses to electrical field stimulation (EFS), at 2–20 Hz for 10 s and 0.09 ms pulse width were significantly smaller overall in α1D‐KOs than in WTs although no significant differences were seen at the different frequencies.
BMY 7378 produced significantly greater inhibition of responses at 2 and 5 Hz than at higher frequencies in WTs. In α1D‐KOs, this greater sensitivity to BMY 7378 at lower frequencies was not apparent, confirming that the effect of BMY 7378 was due to blockade of α1D‐adrenoceptors.
Prazosin and 5‐methyl‐urapidil had similar inhibitory effects on responses to EFS in α1D‐KO and WT mice. Chloroethylclonidine inhibited responses to EFS to a significantly greater extent in α1D‐KO mice.
The present study with α1D‐KO mice shows that α1D‐adrenoceptors contribute to vasoconstrictor responses to exogenous and neurally released noradrenaline in femoral resistance arteries.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 146, 942–951. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706395
Innovation, Skill Needs and Training in a Rural Community
Authors: Selby Smith Chris , Ferrier Fran 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Difficult challenges face the Gannawarra Shire in northern Victoria, including competing increasingly in global markets, environmental degradation and changing consumer preferences. Education, training and skill development are one way of addressing the challenges. A survey of 68 enterprises (distinguishing between growing, consolidating and declining enterprises) suggested, inter alia, that innovation is an essential element in Gannawarra’s response to the challenges it faces and that enterprises requiring more training differ significantly from those requiring different types of education and training. The ‘story’ of Gannawarra’s challenges and its efforts to address them provide insights which are likely to be useful elsewhere.
Association between Mannose-Binding Lectin Gene Polymorphisms and Susceptibility to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Zhang Hongxing , Zhou Gangqiao , Zhi Lianteng , Yang Hao , Zhai Yun , Dong Xiaojia , Zhang Xiumei , Gao Xue , Zhu Yunping , He Fuchu 
Published: September 2005

AbstractBackgroundGenetic determinants of susceptibility to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection remain unknown. We assessed whether mannose-binding lectin (MBL) gene polymorphisms were associated with susceptibility to SARS-CoV infection or disease severity in an ethnically homogeneous population born in northern ChinaMethodsThe frequencies of 1 mutation in codon 54 and 3 promoter polymorphisms at nt −550, −221, and 4 were ascertained in 352 patients with SARS and 392 control subjects, by means of polymerase chain reaction direct sequencingResultsOf 352 patients with SARS and 392 control subjects, 120 (34.4%) and 91 (23.2%) were carriers of the codon 54 variant, respectively (odds ratio [OR], 1.73 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.25–2.39]; P=.00086). A total of 123 (36.0%) of 352 patients with SARS and 100 (25.5%) of 392 control subjects had haplotype pairs associated with medium or low expression of MBL (OR, 1.67 [95% CI, 1.21–2.29]; P=.00187). The population-attributable fraction of patients with SARS that was associated with having the codon 54 variant was 20.1% (95% CI, 7.9%–32.3%)Conclusions MBL gene polymorphisms were significantly associated with susceptibility to SARS-CoV infection; this might be explained by the reduced expression of functional MBL secondary to having the codon 54 variant
Irrwege Der Orthographie – und Ein Ausweg
Authors: Ickler Theodor 
Published: September 2005

AbstractAn einem breiten Querschnitt aus allen wesentlichen Bereichen wird gezeigt, daß die Rechtschreibreform zu einer flächendeckenden Qualitätsminderung deutscher Texte geführt hat. Dafür verantwortlich sind nicht nur die allerdings auffallend häufigen Fehlinterpretationen der neuen Regeln, sondern gerade auch bei deren ‘korrekter’ Anwendung kommt es zu elementaren Verstößen gegen die Grammatik. Es waren die Verfasser der Reform selbst, die aufgrund dieser Erfahrung schon Ende 1997 eine Korrektur des Regelwerks für unumgänglich notwendig erklärten. Die Unstimmigkeiten der Regeln sowie die seither inoffiziell vorgenommenen Änderungen haben bei Journalisten und Autoren den folgenreichen Eindruck entstehen lassen, daß nunmehr beinahe alles möglich sei. Es wird gezeigt, daß auf der Grundlage einer derart verwirrenden Vorlage keine sprachrichtige Einheitsorthographie wiederhergestellt werden kann. Die einfachste Lösung wäre ein Moratorium über 2005 hinaus, d. h. ein Weitergeltenlassen der alten Regelung, verbunden mit der gleitenden Beendigung des verfehlten Reformexperiments.
Scleromyxedema‐like lesions of patients in renal failure contain hyaluronan: a possible pathophysiological mechanism
Authors: Neudecker Birgit A. , Stern Robert , Mark Leslie A. , Steinberg Steven 
Published: September 2005

Background:  Patients with renal failure have been identified recently, some on dialysis, others with renal transplants, who have scleromyxedema‐like skin changes. These lesions are characterized grossly by extensive thickening of skin, brawny pigmentation, papules, and subcutaneous nodules. Mucinous deposits are observed histologically that resemble those in scleromyxedema.Methods:  Biopsies of these lesions were stained with a biotinylated hyaluronan (HA)‐binding protein coupled to an avidin‐peroxidase reaction.Results:  These lesions are associated with marked deposition of HA in the papillary dermis.Conclusions:  HA turnover is cleared rapidly in the circulation by both liver and kidney. Evidence suggests that high molecular size HA chains, which are anti‐inflammatory, antiangiogenic, and immuno‐suppressive are cleared by the liver. By contrast, intermediate‐size fragments, which are highly angiogenic, inflammatory, and a stimulus for fibrous deposition, are cleared by the kidney. The accumulation of such fragments in renal failure can account for HA deposition in the dermis and may be a mechanism for the nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy that can accompany these lesions.