bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An atlas of aromatase mRNA expression in the zebra finch brain
Authors: Shen P. , Schlinger B. A. , Campagnoni A. T. , Arnold A. P. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractNeurol conversion of androgen to estrogen by aromatase is an important step in the development and expression of masculine behavior in mammals and birds. In contrast to the low telencephalic levels of aromatase in adult mammals and nonsongbirds, the zebra finch telencephalon possesses high arornatase activity. This study maps, by in situ hybridization, cells that express aromatase mRNA in the adult zebra finch telencephalon, diencephalon, midbrain, and pons. High aromatase mRNA expression was observed in the caudal neostriatum, limbic archistriatum, and hypothalamus. The hippocampus, parahippocampal area, and hyperstria turn accessorium contained cells expressing moderate amounts of aromatase message. Weakly labeled cells were found in the rostral neostriatum, lobus parolfactorius, and mesencephalic reticular formation. These findings are consistent with aromatase activity measurements of zebra finch tissue and document with anatomical precision both the widespread expression of aromatase mRNA in the brain and novel sites of brain aromatase. This study identifies the caudal neostriatum as a major site of telencephalic Aromatase. A previous survey (Gahr et al., 1993: J. Comp. Neurol. 327:112–122) of several avian species found that the presence of estrogen receptors in parts of the caudal neostriatum is unique to songbirds, which are the only birds to possess the elaborated telencephalic song system. Together, these findings suggest that the heightened estrogen synthesis and estrogen sensitivity of the passerine caudal neostriatum may have some functional relation with the telencephalic circuits responsible for song. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ontogeny of the striatal neurons expressing neuropeptide genes in the human fetus and neonate
Authors: Brana C. , Charron G. , Aubert I. , Carles D. , Martin‐Negrier M. L. , Trouette H. , Fournier M. C. , Vital C. , Bloch B. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe distribution patterns of neurons expressing mRNAs for four neuropeptides in the human striatum were studied during ontogeny by the use of in situ hybridization. The results of our study demonstrate that somatostain, enkephalin, dynorphin, and substance P mRNAs are present in striatal neuronal populations from week 12 of fetal life. Each neuronal population undergoes a specific differentiation. Neurons containing somatostatin mRNA are scattered throughout the caudate‐putamen up until birth. Neurons containing enkephalin, dynorphin, or substance P mRNAs evolve throughout fetal life in relation to caudate‐putamen and patch‐matrix compartmentalization. Neurons containing enkephalin mRNA (distinct from those containing substance P or dynorphin mRNAs) are present in the matrix from week 12 of fetal life. These neurons are preferentially distributed in the matrix and, at birth, display higher enkephalin mRNA content in the matrix than in the patches. Dynorphin mRNA is found in the caudate and putamen, preferentially in the patch neurons; nevertheless, a low level of dynorphin mRNA is also present in neurons of the caudate matrix. Substance P mRNA is initially restricted to caudate neurons. At birth, both substance P and dynorphin mRNAs are expressed at high levels in the patches. These results demonstrate that each neuropeptide gene is expressed during human fetal life in neurons with a specific topology and pace of development in relation to caudate‐putamen and patch‐matrix differentiation. These results also contribute evidence that neurochemical evolution of the striatal neuronal populations is not complete at birth in humans. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chemoarchitectonics and corticocortical terminations within the superior temporal sulcus of the rhesus monkey: Evidence for subdivisions of superior temporal polysensory cortex
Authors: Cusick C. G. , Seltzer B. , Cola M. , Griggs E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractCortex of the upper bank of the superior temporal sulcus (STS) in macaque monkeys, termed the superior temporal polysensory (STP) region, corresponds largely to architectonic area TPO and is connectionally distinct from adjacent visual areas. To investigate whether or not the STP region contains separate subdivisions, immunostaining for parvalbumin and neurofilament protein (using the SMI‐32 antibody) was compared with patterns of corticocortical terminations in the STS. Chemoarchitectonic results provided evidence for three caudal‐to rostral subdivisions: TPOc, TPOi, and TPOr. Area TPOc was characterized by patchy staining for parvalbumin and SMI‐32 in cortical layers IV/III and III, respectively. Area TPOi had more uniform chemoarchitectonic staining, whereas area TPOr had a thicker layer IV than TPOi. The connectional results showed prefrontal cortex in the location of the frontal eye fields (area8) and dorsal area 46 projected in a columnar pattern to all cortical layers of area TPOc, to layer IV of TPOi, and in a columanr fashion, with a moderate increase in density in layer IV, to TPOr. In TPOc, columns of frontal connections showed a peridicity similar to that of the SMI‐32 staining. The caudal inferior parietal lobule (area 7a) and superior temporal gyrus projected to each subdivision of area TPO, displaying either panlaminar or fourth‐layer terminations. In addition to STP cortex, parvalbumin and SMI‐32 immunostaining allowed identification of caudal visual areas of the STS, including MT, MST, FST, and V4t. These areas received first and sixth‐layer projections from prefrontal cortex and area 7a. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of parvalbumin immunoreactivity in the chick Edinger Westphal nucleus
Authors: Fujii Joanne T. , Lucaj Zef , Peduzzi Jean D. , Crossland William J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTo determine when the calcium‐binding protein parvalbumin appears during development, neurons in the chick Edinger Westphal nucleus were examined for parvalbumin immunoreactivity at a variety of embryonic stages. Parvalbumin immunoreactivity appeared on embryonic day 14 (E14, Hamburger and Hamilton stage 40) in predominantly lateral Edinger Westphal neurons.Cytochrome oxidase activity within the nucleus was examined throughout development, as an indicator of physiological activity, and expression of cytochrome oxidase was compared with that of parvalbumin. Cytochrome oxidase activity was found to be uniformly high in all parts of the Edinger Westphal nucleus throughout development. Either the Edinger Westphal nucleus in physiologically active quite early in its development or other energy demands mask the correlation of cytochrome oxidase with electrical activity. Cytochrome oxidase was expressed well before parvalbumin immunoreactivity appeared.Voltage‐activated calcium currents were characterized in E12 Edinger Westphal neurons. In both amplitude and composition, E12 calcium currents resemble those in E16 neurons, excluding the possibility that calcium currents appear de novo during or just prior to the appearance of parvalbumin.Both cytochrome oxidase activity and calcum currents are observed in Edinger Westphal neurons well before the appearance of parvalbumin during development. These findings do not exclude the possibility that physiological activity affects the expression of parvalbumin since other factors such as changing patterns of synaptic activity or the appearance of calcium conducting NMDA receptors have yet to be examined. However, they raise the possibility that additional factors such as an intrinsic developmental program or a change in the neuron's basal intracellular calcium requirements may also be involved. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular basis of interactions between regenerating adult rat thalamic axons and Schwann cells in peripheral nerve grafts I. Neural cell adhesion molecules
Authors: Zhang Y. , Campbell G. , Anderson P. N. , Martini R. , Schachner M. , Lieberman A. R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTo gain insight into the possible molecular mechanisms underlying axonal regeneration of neurons of the adult central nervous system (CNS), we have investigated, by in situ hybridization and by immunocytochemistry, the localization and sites of synthesis of the neurite outgrowth‐promoting cell surface molecules Li, N‐CAM and its highly sialylated form, N‐CAM‐PSA, in and around peripheral nerve grafts implanted into the thalamus of adult rats. Normal unoperated adult rat thalamus contains N‐CAM and L1 but no N‐CAM‐PSA immunoreactive axons. Between 7 days and 13 weeks after graft implantation, L1, N‐CAM and N‐CAM‐PSA were all present at the surface of axonal sprouts in the brain parenchyma close to grafts and in the central parts of Schwann cell columns within grafts. Schwann cell membranes were L1 and N‐CAM positive at all postgraft survival times, more strongly at 2–4 weeks than other times, but were associated with N‐CAM‐PSA reaction product only where they abutted N‐CAM‐PSA positive axons. Schwann cell membranes apposed to basal laminae (which wereavoided by regenerating CNS axons) were L1, N‐CAM and N‐CAM‐PSA negative. Between 3 days and 8 weeks after grafting, N‐CAM and L1 mRNA were generally weakly upregulated in neurons of the ipsilateral thalamus, but, most conspicuously, L1 mRNA was strongly upregulated in the neurons of the thalamic reticular nucleus; these neurons are known to regenerate axons very effectively into peripheral nerve grafts and are the probable source of most of the axons which enter thalamic grafts. N‐CAM and L1 mRNA were also strongly upregulated in presumptive Schwann cells in the graft. These results show that regenerating CNS axons (re)express N‐CAM‐PSA and upregulate L1 and N‐CAM, suggesting that all of these molecules may play a role in cellular interactions during the regeneration of CNS axons. Furthermore L1 synthesis appears to be particularly well correlated with the ability of CNS neurons to regenerate axons into peripheral nerve grafts. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Patchy and laminar terminations of medial geniculate axons in monkey auditory cortex
Authors: Hashikawa T. , Molinari M. , Rausell E. , Jones E. G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe object of this study was to identify the terminal distributions of thalamocortical axons arising in chemically characterized subdivisions of the medial geriiculate complex. Large injections of wheat germ agglutinin‐conjugated horseradish peroxidase or small injections of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin were made in the medial geniculate complex of Macaca fuscata. The terminal distributions of labeled axons in the cortex were correlated with auditory cortical fields demonstrable by different intensities of immunoreactivity for parvalbumin.Fibers from the ventral nucleus terminated mainly in layer IV and deep portion of layer III (IIIB), with additional terminations in layers I‐IIIA and in layer VI. In layers IIIB‐IV, a major terminal plexus was formed by a small number of dense patches, 300–500 μm in diameter, surrounded by smaller satellite patches. The patches conformed to a similarly lobulated pattern of parvalbumin fiber immunoreactivity. Terminations of some individually labeled thalamocortical fibers were restricted to a single patch, whereas others innervated more than one patch by collateral branches. Fibers from the dorsal nuclei ending in areas of less dense parvalbumin immunoreactivity surrounding the primary auditory cortex formed much larger terminal patches centered largely in layer IIIB. Fibers from the magnocellular nucleus had relatively few terminal branches but innervated extremely wide areas by collaterals of single axons. Two types of axons arose from the magnocellular nucleus, one terminating preferentially in middle cortical layers and the other exclusively in layer I. These may arise respectively from parvalbumin‐ and calbindin‐immunoreactive cell populations in the magrnocellular nucleus. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developmental changes in calretinin expression in GABAergic and nonGABAergic neurons in monkey striate cortex
Authors: Yan Y.‐H. , Van Brederode J. F. M. , Hendrickson A. E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe development of the calcium‐binding protein calretinin (CaR) and its co‐localization with GABA was studied in the striate cortex of Macaca monkeys from fetal day (Fd) 45 to adult. At Fd45, early neurons resembling Cajal‐Retizus cells are stained in the marginal zone (MZ). At Fd55 the MZ is filled with CaR+ Cajal‐Retzius cells and their processes, and scattered CaR+ cells are also found in deep cortical plate (CP), intermediate zone (IZ), and subventricular zone (SVZ). At Fd66, a band of CaR+ fibers appears in the IZ, corresponding to the location of the geniculocortical axons. This fiber band labels heavily until Fd130 but then ceases to be immunoreactive by postnatal (P) 16 weeks. At Fd85–101, the number of CaR+ cells in the CP, SVZ, and ventricular zone (VZ) reaches its highest cell density. After Fd130, CaR+ cells are concentrated in layer II and upper layer III, and this distribution changes little into adulthood. After mid‐gestation, there is a progressive loss of CaR+ cell bodies and processes in the MZ, and these are rare in the adult cortex. Just before birth, a weakly stained CaR+ cell band appears in layer NA at the border between layer NA and IVB, but this band disappears immediately after birth. Another CaR+ cell band appears transiently in upper layer V just below the border with layers IV at P6 months. These results suggest that CaR is expressed early in fetal development in the cell populations that are immunoreactive for CaR in the adult. However, developmental events related to cortical maturation during late prenatal and early postnatal stages result in transient expression of CaR in neurons that are not immunoreactive for CaR in the adult.CaR‐immunoreactivity is colocalized with GABA in almost all CaR+ cells with the exception of Cajal‐Retzius cells in the MZ and some large cells observed at Fd70–101 in the VZ. The band of CaR+ fibers in the IZ is GABA‐. At Fd90, almost all (>96%) CaR+ cells are GABA+ in the CP and he first developed layers V/VI. This percentage declines later, so that on average 80% of CaR+ cells are GABA+ in adult cortex. At Fd135, 53% of GABA+ neurons located in layers II/III are CaR+; this percentage declines to 37% in the adult. These double‐label patterns suggest that early in fetal development the majority of GABA+ cells stain for CaR and that expres of CaR may be related to the migration of these neurons into the cortical plate, Once they attain their final position in the cortex many GABA+ cells loose CaR‐immunoreactivity, so that in postnatal life only a minority of GABA+ neurons contain this calcium‐binding protein. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Axonal regeneration and limited functional recovery following hippocampal deafferentation
Authors: Eagle K. S. , Chalmers G. R. , Clary D. O. , Gage F. H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAlthough central neurons do not naturally recover following injury, damaged adult septal neurons can regenerate when nerve growth factor (NGF) is provided along with a suitable cellular substrate. This study investigates the outgrowth of axotomized septal neurons grafted with primary fibroblasts genetically modified to produce NGF. Confocal microscope images of double staining for neuritic markers (neurofliament or low‐affinity NGF receptor) and the astrocytic marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) demonstrated that regenerating neurites crossed dense buildups of astrocytic processes at the edges of NGF‐producing grafts and were in apposition with astrocytic processes within NGF‐producing grafts. Immunoreactivity for acetylcholinesterase and low‐(p75) and high‐affinity (TrkA) NGF receptors was dense in NGF‐producing grafts but absent in control grafts. NGF‐grafted rats exhibited significantly increased hippocampal density of p75‐immunoreactive fibers and significantly decreased ectopic hippocamoal sympathetic ingrowth as compared to control‐grafted rats. Rats with unilateral fimbria‐fornix lesions and NGF‐producing grafts exhibited ameliorated performance on a simple memory task. These findings demonstrate that implantation of NGFproducing grafts to the lesion cavity allows axotomized septal cholinergic neurons to reinnervate the hippocampus, and that rats receiving these grafts show a partial recovery of function. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Topographical organization of the motoneuron pools that innervate the muscles of the pinna of the cat
Authors: Populin Luis C. , Yin Tom C. T. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe topographical organization of the 22 motoneuron pools that innervate the pinna muscles of the cat was examined by injecting the B‐subunit of cholera toxin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase into individual muscles. All 22 pools are found in the facial nucleus, organized as rostro‐caudally oriented columns, and arranged according to the action of the muscles they innervate. Pools innervating muscles that pull the pinna dorsally are located in the dorsal two thirds of the medio‐dorsal subdivision, and those innervating muscles that pull the pinna ventrally are located in the ventral one half of the nucleus. Motoneurons innervating muscles that pull the pinna cranially are located laterally, those that pull the pinna caudally are located medio‐ventrally, and those that change the shape of the pinna are located along the entire dorso‐ventral extent in the center of the medio‐dorsal subdivision. This topographical layout is consistent with the somatotopic organization of the entire facial nucleus as demonstrated in a variety of species. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sensory and premotor connections of the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex of macaque monkeys
Authors: Carmichael S. T. , Price Joseph L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSensory and premotor inputs to the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex (OMPFC) were studied with retrograde axonal tracers. Restricted areas of the lateral and posterior orbital cortex had specific connections with visual‐, somatosensory‐, olfactory‐, gustatory‐, and visceral‐related structures. More medial areas received few direct sensory inputs.Within the lateral and posterior orbital cortex, area 121 received a substantial projection from visual areas in the inferior temporal cortex (TE). Area 12m received somatosensory input from face, digit, or forelimb regions in the opercular part of area 1–2, in area 7b, in the second somatosensory area (SII), and in the anterior infraparietal area (AIP). Areas 13m and 131 also received a projection from the opercular part of areas 1–2 and 3b. The posteromedial and lateral agranular insular areas (Iapm and Ial, respectively) received fibers from the ventral part of the parvicellular division of the ventroposterior medial nucleus of the thalamus (VPMpc) that may represent a visceral afferent system. The dorsal part of VPMpc projected to the adjacent gustatory cortex. These restricted inputs from several sensory modalities and the convergent corticocortical connections to orbital areas 13l and 13m suggest a network related to feeding.The OMPFC was also connected to premotor cortex in ventral area 6 (areas 6va and 6vb), in cingulate area 24c, and probably in the supplementary eye field. Area 6va projected to area 12m, whereas a region of area 6vb projected to area 131. The region of the supplementary eye field projected to areas 121, 120, and 12r. Area lal received fibers from area 24c.Lighter and more diffuse projections also reached wider areas of the OMPFC. For example, injections in several orbital areas labeled a few cells scattered through the anterior part of area TE and the superior temporalrus. There was also a projection to the intermediate agranular insular area (Iai) and to areas 13a and 12o from the apparently multimodal areas in the superior temporal sulcus and gyrus. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cellular expression of mRNAs encoding monoamine oxidases A and B in the rat central nervous system
Authors: Luque Juan M. , Kwan Sau‐Wah , Abell Creed W. , Prada Mosé Da , Richards J. Grayson 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMonoamine oxidases A and B (MAO‐A and MAO‐B) oxidatively deaminate neurotransmitter and xenobiotic amines The cellular localization of these isoenzymes in the central nervous system (CNS) differs markedly and only partly reflects the distribution of their presumed natural substrates. In the present study, by using in situ hybridization with 35S‐labelled oligonucleotide probes, we examined the distribution of mRNAs encoding MAO‐A and MAO‐B in the rat CNS. Probes for tyrosine hydroxylase, histidine decarboxylase, and tryptophan hydroxylase mRNAs were used to demonstrate the catecholaminergic, histaminergic, or serotoninergic nature of some cell populations in adjacent sections. The radioligands [3H]‐Ro 41‐1049 and [3H]lazabemide (reversible and selective inhibitors of MAO‐A and MAO‐B, respectively) were used to reveal the protein distribution by enzyme radioautography. The distribution and abundance of transcripts for both isoenzymes in the tissues investigated differed markedly but, in general, correlated with the protein distribution. MAO‐A mRNA and protein were most abundant in noradrenergic neurons. However, moderate levels of transcript expression and protein were also detected in the serotoninergic neurons, and low but significant levels were detected in the dopaminergic neurons. An unexpectedly remarkable degree of hybridization signal was apparent in nonaminergic cell populations, e. g., in the cerebral cortices, the hippocampal formation (CA1–3, dentate gyrus), the cerebellar granule cell layer, and the spinal cord motoneurons. In contrast, MAO‐B mRNA and protein were most abundant in serotoninergic and histaminergic neurons, Bergmann glial cells, and circumventricular organs, including the ependyma. MAO‐B transcripts were also weakly expressed in nonaminergic cells, e. g., in the hippocampal formation (CA1‐2). A further nonneuronal localization of MAO‐B transcripts was also resolved, e. g., in the glia limitans, the olfactory nerve layer, and the cerebellar peduncle. These findings reveal further the potential of various cell populations to synthesize the isoenzymes, and homologous (aminergic) and heterologous (nonaminergic) patterns of expression as well as coexpression of MAO mRNAs are described. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The number and size of the nerve fibers innervating the skin and muscles of the thigh in the frog (Rana virescens brachycephala, cope)
Authors: Dunn Elizabeth Hopkins 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
The innervation of the thigh in the American frog, Rana virescens, shows no marked variation from that of the European frog, Rana esculenta.
An enumeration of all the nerve fibers concerned in innervating the hind legs reveals only a slight numerical inequality for the two sides.
The nerve fibers concerned in the innervation of the skin and muscles of the thigh are more numerous and of greater average caliber than those innervating the remainder of the leg. Hence in the leg of the frog the fibers of greater diameter run the shorter course.
The nerve fibers to the muscles of the thigh surpass both in number and average diameter those which supply the skin of the thigh.
From the results of enumeration we conclude that of the fibers which innervate the thigh about 8% divide, one division passing in the main trunk of the sciatic nerve at least to the level S2 (Fig. II), distal to the last branch of the sciatic nerve. Direct observation reveals some large fibers dividing dichotomously where the branches from the sciatic to the thigh are given off. They are sufficient in number to render the explanation probably correct.
The cutaneous nerve fibers of the thigh bear to the cutaneous area which they supply a relation of one fiber to each 1.13‐1.58 square millimeter of this area.