bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical assessment and diagnosis
Authors: Koponen Hannu , Rockwood Kenneth , Powell Colin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Delirium is a common, costly, and potentially devastating condition for hospitalized older patients. Delirium is a multifactorial syndrome, involving the interrelationship between patient vulnerability, predisposing factors at admission, and the noxious insults and aggravating factors during hospitalization. Despite the prevalence of delirium in hospitals, modern hospital staff tend to be preoccupied with the technological aspects of their practice, and commonly overlook the cognitive and emotional problems of their patients and their carers. No specific diagnostic test for delirium exists, and the diagnosis is made on the basis of its key features. The main challenge in diagnosing delirium is to detect the great variety of fluctuating signs and symptoms of the disorder and to organize them into a definable set of symptoms and signs that span a spectrum of manifestations. The challenge of recognizing delirium is an important one, not just because there are many phenotypes of delirium across this spectrum, from lethargy bordering on coma to agitation bordering on mania, but because the individual features fluctuate. The differential diagnosis of delirium begins with its syndromic distinction and then seeks an aetiological cause. In most cases, the delirium can be distinguished clinically by its unique set of symptoms, its acute onset, and its fluctuating and transient course (Inouye 1994; Meagher 2001).
A ‘final’ assault on the virus
Authors: Tyrrell David , Fielder Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I was the somewhat reluctant young virologist chosen for this one last effort to catch the virus, and I remember reflecting on how strange it was to find myself in such a position. Here I was being selected for this post and yet it was purely by force of circumstance that I became involved in the realm of virology at all. Having graduated in medicine at Sheffield I had originally been training to do clinical work. But that was in 1949 and all the intermediate training posts were being taken by demobilised doctors—quite rightly, in my view—while I had been rejected for military service. So the path I had originally set for myself was temporarily closed. However, my chief, Professor (later Sir) Charles Stuart-Harris, was a virologist as well as a clinician, and he offered me a job in his tiny research laboratory. I took it and entered the fascinating world of viruses. It was the start of a lifelong association.
A community pest
Authors: Tyrrell David , Fielder Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Folklore surrounding colds must surely exceed in quantity and variety the tales associated with almost any other human experience. Question any number of people and you will receive a similar number of theories on how colds are caught, how to prevent them, and how to cure them. Lack of research in the past and therefore a lack of knowledge has left the field wide open to speculation, and the result has been the profusion of remedies that are still proposed today. Some of these are the result of common-sense ideas but most are based on very shaky foundations. A common element is the tenacity with which these ideas are held, however unlikely.
Non-inflammatory musculoskeletal disorders
Authors: Li Suzanne C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to describe those diseases of bones and soft tissues that are not usually associated with an inflammatory arthropathy, but that are causes of persistent or recurrent musculoskeletal pain, and that may, in some cases, be associated with the development of deformities. Musculoskeletal pain is a common complaint in the paediatric population, of which only a small percentage will be found to be due to a chronic rheumatic condition. Many of the musculoskeletal complaints are secondary to mechanical or non inflammatory causes.
Genetic and cytokine associations in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Authors: Thomson Wendy , Woo, Patricia , Donn Rachelle 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a heterogeneous condition of unknown aetiology but both environmental and genetic factors are believed to play a role. The aim of this chapter is to review the evidence that supports a genetic basis to JIA and to detail our current under- standing of the genes involved in JIA susceptibility. Evidence for a genetic component to a disease can come from a variety of sources, such as twin studies, family studies, or association studies. The degree of disease concordance in monozygotic (MZ) twins gives an indication of the level of involvement of genetic factors within a given disease.
Virgil
Authors: Griffin Jasper 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Publius Vergilius Maro, in English normally called Virgil, was a celebrated figure in his own lifetime, and soon after his death a number of writers tried to satisfy the popular curiosity about the life of the greatest of Roman poets. We are consequently much better informed about him than about most poets in antiquity. Like most Roman writers, he was not born in Rome. He came into the world in 70 BC, near Mantua, in what was still called Cisalpine Gaul. Although thoroughly Romanized-we recall that Catullus came from Verona, and Livy from Padua (Patavium)-the area did not receive the Roman citizenship till 49, and it became officially part of Italy only in 42. Virgil’s family seems to have been respectable though by no means prominent. The ultimate origin of the names ‘Vergilius’ and ‘Maro’ was probably Etruscan, but only the credulous will try to explain the poet’s art or his character by invoking Etruscan ancestry.
Utility and Significance
Authors: Heskett John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Although design in all its manifestations profoundly influences life on many levels, it does so in diverse ways. Again, it is necessary to find some bedrock of basic explanation in order to create a sense of order from the apparent confusion. A useful tool to this end is a distinction between utility and significance, which is an attempt to clarify the enormous confusion in discussion of design surrounding the term ‘function’.
Objects
Authors: Heskett John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
4 Objects
The term ‘objects’ is used to describe a huge spectrum of three-dimensional artefacts encountered in everyday activities in such contexts as the home, public spaces, work, schools, places of entertainment, and transport systems. They range from simple single-purpose items, such as a saltshaker, to complex mechanisms, such as a high-speed train. Some are an expression of human fantasy, others of high technology.
Communications
Authors: Heskett John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
5 Communications
‘Communications’ is here used as a shorthand term to cover the vast array of two-dimensional material that plays such an extensive role in modern life. Two-dimensional media forms have multiplied and expanded to a point where we are continuously bombarded with visual imagery. Their influence is pervasive, in both positive and negative senses: they can inform, direct, influence, arouse, confuse, and infuriate. Switch on the television, browse the Internet, walk down a street, read a magazine, or go into a store, and we are confronted with a huge array of signage, advertising, and social advocacy on a variety of scales.
Visions of the Future
Authors: Bradley Mark Philip 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On 2 September 1945 Ho Chi Minh mounted a raised wooden podium in Hanoi’s central Ba Dinh Square. Before an enthusiastic crowd of more than 400,000, he proclaimed Vietnam free of French colonial rule. The speech marked the culmination of the August Revolution, which brought to power the first post-colonial independent Vietnamese state, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV). Ho began his speech this way: ‘All men are created equal. They are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.’ Drawing on the American Declaration of Independence and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, he contrasted the universal ideals of liberty with the lived realities of more than eighty years of French colonial repression. ‘Vietnam’, Ho concluded, ‘has the right to enjoy freedom and independence, and in fact has become a free and independent country.’
War’s End
Authors: Bradley Mark Philip 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At 2.45 a.m. on 30 January 1968, a team of NLF cadres blasted a hole in the wall surrounding the US Embassy in Saigon and dashed into the courtyard of the compound. For the next six hours, this potent symbol of the US presence in southern Vietnam was the scene of one of the most dramatic episodes of the American war in Vietnam. Unable to get through the heavy door at the main entrance of the Embassy building, the attackers retreated into the courtyard and took cover behind large concrete flowerpots, pounding the building with rockets and exchanging gunfire with a small detachment of military police. They held their positions until 9.15 a.m., when they were finally overpowered.
Bay of Tragedy
Authors: McGhee Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Hudson Bay is a Vast, Frozen Sea that plunges like an icy wedge towards the heart of north america. its waters carry arctic seals and whales, ice and polar bears, deep into the forests of central canada. its southern tip lies less than 700 kilometres north of where I am writing, on the Ottawa River at the edge of urban North America. The geese resting on the autumn river before continuing their southern migration may have left its freezing shores only yes-terday. Dropping out of the northern sky towards the first cornfields they have seen all summer, the wavering lines of tired and quiet birds form a tangible link with that distant northern world.The Bay plays a vital role in the Arctic mythology of Canadians, reflecting the essential part that it occupied in history as the focus of the Hudson’s Bay Company, the fur trade and two centuries of western exploration.
Why?
Authors: Fitzpatrick David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Every protagonist in Ireland’s revolution proclaimed the ideal of liberation. Loyalists, nationalists and republicans, tenants, workers, and women: all felt that their entitlements were menaced or withheld by others. The ideal of liberation drew force from the conviction that these entitlements had been recognized and asserted in the past, before some ulterior and malign influence snatched them away. Vying visions of a golden age gave form and meaning to personal failure or discontent, weaving individual experience into the plot of a familiar historical melodrama.
Black Political Struggles and the Reform Era of P. W Botha, 1973-1984
Authors: Beinart William 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
From the late 1970s, after three decades of power, the Nationalists were showing signs of vulnerability. The major reason was the growth of political opposition on a number of fronts. In this respect, the Natal strikes of 1973 and the Soweto protests of 1976 were major turning points. By the early 1980s domestic opposi tion was beginning to link more effectively to the banned political movements, whose survival, largely in exile, proved to be of great importance.
Ambiguous Democracy
Authors: Sellers Charles 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As Disruptive boom brought insurgency to a crest in the mid-18 30s, Old Hickory executed the Jeffersonian legacy by pushing the American political system to its democratic limits. Where Jefferson’s patrician assurance had trusted farmers and workers to follow high-minded gentlemen, Jackson’s patriarchal afflatus forced majority will on recalcitrant politicians. Where the philosopher/statesman conducted a Fabian defense of the yeoman republic, the soldier/ tribune brought to politics the sanguinary maxims of the Roman sack of Carthage. Favoring “warr to the knife, and the knife to the hilt,” he was ever ready to “carry the warr into affrica.”
The Revival of Feminism
Authors: Chafe William H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the fall of 1962, the editors of Harper’s observed a curious phenomenon. An extraordinary number of women seemed “ardently determined to extend their vocation beyond the bedroom, kitchen and nursery,” but very few showed any interest in feminism. Both observations were essentially correct. In the years during and after World War II, millions of women had joined the labor force, many of them leaving the home to take jobs; but the expansion of their “sphere” occurred without fanfare and was not accompanied either by progress toward equality or an organized effort to protest traditional definitions of “woman’s place.” If many women were dissatisfied with what one housewife called the endless routine of “dishwashing, picking up, ironing and folding diapers,” they had no collective forum to express their grievances. Women examined their futures privately and with an unmilitant air. There seemed to be no sanctioned alternative.
Perils of Professionalism
Authors: Jarausch Konrad H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the grim spring of 1945, German professionals faced a defeat that was ‘‘ so immense as to be unprecedented in history.’’ Anti-Fascists welcomed liberation as “a hopeful and passionately desired new beginning,” while many practitioners were “above all glad that everything was over, the fear of the Nazis and the bombing-raids.” To nationalists the “nearly unimaginable chaos” left by the Third Reich appeared to confirm Oswald Spengler’s gloomy prediction of the decline of the West.
Crucible of Conflict: Industrial Languedoc Under the July Monarchy
Authors: Johnson Christopher H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The complex interplay among market forces, the changing power structure of the French state, and conflict at the point of production that made the history of industrial Languedoc moved to a new and climactic stage during the July Monarchy. As in so much of France, the Revolution ofl830 marked a fundamental economic and social-as well as political-turning point in the Languedoc woolens district. For its chief towns, it ushered in an era of unprecedented economic growth, Lodeve benefiting immediately from huge army and National Guard orders, Bedarieux skyrocketing from 18,000 pieces to 50,000 from 1831 to 1833, as commerce responded to Orleanist stability.
A Railroad That Never Was
Authors: Johnson Christopher H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this same 1874 inquiry, an unnamed correspondent from Lodeve complained bitterly about the price of coal, which he attributed entirely to high freight rates. But underproduction due to the Graissessac railroad’s technical bottlenecks clearly had an impact as well. In the last five years, the cost of steam-engine coal in Lodeve had risen from Fr 26.75 to Fr 33 per tonne. Surprisingly, this was almost the same price industrialists were paying in Montpellier. How was this possible? By road, Montpellier was 85 kilometers from Graissessac while Lodeve was less than 25. By rail, Mont pellier was a good 130 kilometers via Cette.
Introduction: “Pure Soil, Endlessly Deep, Dark, and Sweet”
Authors: Cobb James C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Approximately fifteen thousand years ago, during the final cycle of worldwide glaciation, the Mississippi River and its tributaries cut deep valleys within the Lower Gulf coastal plain. As the glaciers melted and the level of the sea around the mouth of the Mississippi rose, these engorged and sediment-laden streams backed up, flooding the lower Mississippi valleys over an area as much as eighty miles wide at some points and covering them with a thick coating of alluvium drained from a land area encompassing what now amounts to 41 percent of the continental United States. One of the many basins marking the irregular surface of this vast alluvial bed is the Yazoo-Mississippi Delta, which is actually more diamond or oval than deltoid in shape. The Mississippi River, which runs southwestward from Memphis to Greenville, where it then bends slightly eastward toward Vicksburg, forms the western boundary of the area. On the east, the Yazoo Delta is defined by a line of bluffs, some reaching two hundred feet in height. These bluffs run from slightly below Memphis south to Greenwood and thence southwesterly along the Yazoo River, which meets the Mississippi at Vicksburg. The Yazoo-Mississippi Delta is approximately two hundred miles long and seventy miles across at its widest point. The area within its boundaries is approximately 7,110 square miles.
Yom Kippur
Authors: Schoenbaum David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It took another war, in October 1973, to make people aware that what was remarkable in the aftermath of Jordan was not so much what had happened as what had not. In some ways, the new war was the most frightening to date, a kind of geopolitical Big Bang, that not only shook the earth from Gibraltar to the Persian Gulf but rattled windows as far away as Moscow and Washington. The aftershock was felt around the world. But this time the impact was compounded and amplified by political, economic, even social fallout as diverse and spectacular as suspension of diplomatic relations between Israel and twenty-three black African states, an awkward face-off between the United States and its NATO allies, a worldwide nuclear alert, a 7 percent decline in oil supply, a 300 percent jump in oil prices, carless Sundays in most of Western Europe, and block-long lines at U.S. gas stations.
Step by Step
Authors: Schoenbaum David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This time, to a point and for awhile, the quest for Arab-Israeli peace, “balance,” even new friends and influence in the Middle East seemed actually to pay off. Between fall 1973 and spring 1979, “the peace process,” as it was now called, produced a series of successes, even triumphs, like none before, or any that would follow for years afterward. By now, it appeared, U.S. diplomacy had established a kind of pattern. Republican or Democratic, new administrations fantasized about grand designs and comprehensive solutions on taking office, but sooner or later, they settled for what they could get.
Present in the Flesh
Authors: May Gary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
“In delicate balance” was the way one official described life at the federal penitentiary at Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, in the fall of 1954. Perched atop a hill overlooking the Susquehannah River, Lewisburg was undergoing a transition from a minimum-security facility that originally housed Prohibition violators to a maximum-security facility for men found guilty of rape, assault, murder, and lesser crimes. Guarding an overcrowded prison population of twelve hundred was a custodial staff of just a hundred eighty-seven men, who considered themselves underpaid, overworked, and physically at risk. Events beyond the walls also affected the institutional climate. The Supreme Court’s recent Brown decision ordering the desegregation of public schools seemed to many of Lewisburg’s southern inmates a threat to the prison’s segregated housing system Another problem bedeviled prison officials-the Communist issue. In the eating hall, at daily chapel, or exercising in the yard, were men whose names were notorious to Lewisburg’s killers, rapists, and thieves. Daily they saw David Greenglass and Harry Gold, associates of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg who were convicted of atomic espionage and executed in June 1953. Most infamous was Alger Hiss, whose imminent release on November 27 enraged some who faced longer sentences than the three and a half years Hiss served for perjury. Also, there was 37-year-old William Walter Remington. “Brilliant of mind, handsome in appearance, engaging in manner,” noted the New York Herald-Tribune. “Remington was a rising young government economist of outstanding promise in 1948 . . . when Communist accusations against him blasted his career and started him on his road to prison....”
The New Student— Dartmouth, 1934-1936
Authors: May Gary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
“There was nothing outstanding about Bill Remington when he arrived in Hanover during September 1934, with the other 700 Pea Greens that composed the class of ‘38,” noted the college’s newspaper, The Dartmouth, in 1954: The Greenbook showed he compiled an average record at his hometown high school ... and above his activities there was a picture of a skinny-faced youngster with unruly blond hair and a sheepish grin. If anyone had bothered to check the birth date of the tall, lanky freshman, they might have been surprised to find that he was only 16, but other than that there was nothing out of the ordinary about Bill Remington. This was probably the only time that The Dartmouth described Remington as ordinary. By the time he was a senior, he was perhaps the most controversial man on campus-liked by a few, disliked by many, and a source of irritation, confusion, and, frequently admiration to faculty and administrators. Political scientist Hugh Elsbree thought him “one of the most unusual undergraduates I have encountered in ten years of teaching,” while economist Malcolm Kier confessed that, for a time, he “wasn’t certain whether this man was crazy or a genius.”
Fighting Back
Authors: May Gary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
“Don’t you think someone should spend the night with you?” William Rogers asked Remington as he left the committee room following Bentley’s testimony. “Oh, nuts!,” Remington replied. “I’m not going to commit suicide.” Still, that next hour was “one of the blackest ... of his life.” He wandered aimlessly for a time, then decided to visit Jane, who provided both solace and good advice. “ ... I was stunned,” he later recalled. “I saw my career ruined. Bentley’s motives were obscure to me, but the Senators’ motives weren’t. Why this public hearing, with Senators Ferguson, McClellan and Ives trying to be district attorneys? Why didn’t they let a loyalty board hear evidence in private?” Remington believed the answer was the political struggle between Republicans and Democrats in that election year. Truman had ordered the Republican-controlled 80th Congress back into session, and his antagonists countered with a special investigation of the Loyalty Program designed to embarrass the President. And he was caught in the middle. Remington wanted to resign immediately, but Jane encouraged him to stay and fight. “I’d been put in the position of being a cause, the last thing I ever wanted to be.... Other government officials were already under suspicion just for knowing me. If I quit under fire, they, too, might be out.”