bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modulation of phenotype of human prostatic stromal cells by transforming growth factor‐betas
Authors: Hisataki Toshihiro , Itoh Naoki , Suzuki Kazuhiro , Takahashi Atsushi , Masumori Naoya , Tohse Noritsugu , Ohmori Yuki , Yamada Shizuo , Tsukamoto Taiji 
Published: January 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDWe investigated the effects of transforming growth factor (TGF)‐betas on morphological and receptor phenotypes, as well as proliferation of four currently established human prostatic myofibroblast cell lines and one commercially available prostatic stromal cell line.METHODSThe effects of TGF‐betas on morphological changes and proliferation of the cells were studied by immunohistochemistry and bromodeoxyuridine assay, respectively. The expression of alpha 1‐receptor subtypes was measured by real time quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and the radioligand binding assay for the receptors was also performed.RESULTSTGF‐betas 1, 2, and 3 induced expression of desmin and myosin of cells of the established cell lines, and significantly inhibited their growth. The alpha 1a‐receptor was expressed only in the commercially available cell line and alpha 1b and 1d, in all cell lines. TGF‐beta 1 suppressed the expression of all three subtypes of the alpha 1‐receptor. The binding sites of cells of all the cell lines were reduced by treatment with this growth factor.CONCLUSIONSTGF‐betas may induce human prostatic stromal cells to express the smooth muscle phenotype and inhibited their growth. However, the growth factor reduced the binding sites of the receptor and suppressed mRNA expression of its subtypes, suggesting that morphological and receptor phenotypes may be regulated via more than one pathway by TGF‐beta(s). © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Apolipoprotein‐D: A novel cellular marker for HGPIN and prostate cancer
Authors: Hall R.E. , Horsfall D.J. , Stahl J. , Vivekanandan S. , Ricciardelli C. , Stapleton A.M.F. , Scardino P.T. , Neufing P. , Tilley Wayne D. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDHigh grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) is a putative pre‐malignant lesion of the prostate. While apolipoprotein‐D (Apo‐D), an androgen‐regulated hydrophobic transporter protein, is expressed in prostate tumors, its expression in HGPIN is unknown.METHODSImmunoreactivity for Apo‐D and another androgen‐regulated protein, prostate specific antigen (PSA), was investigated in 64 radical prostatectomy tissues by video image analysis.RESULTSEighty two percent of prostatectomy specimens demonstrated moderate to strong Apo‐D immunoreactivity in areas of HGPIN. In comparison, weak Apo‐D immunoreactivity was observed in non‐malignant areas in only 24% of specimens. The median (range) percentage cellular area of HGPIN immunopositive for Apo‐D (9.7%, 0–42.9), and the cellular concentration of Apo‐D (MIOD 3.1, 0–13.3), were intermediate between that of normal (area 0%, 0–53.5%, MIOD 0, 0–12.6) and early stage prostate cancer tissues (area 29.2%, 0–90.8%, MIOD 6.7, 0–28.1). This increase in Apo‐D expression from non‐malignant, through HGPIN to prostate cancer was statistically significant (P < 0.001), and contrasted with the decrease observed in PSA staining between adjacent areas of normal glands, HGPIN, and cancer (P = 0.026).CONCLUSIONSThe presence of high levels of immunoreactive Apo‐D in HGPIN and prostate cancer, but not in non‐malignant epithelial cells, is consistent with HGPIN being an intermediate lesion in the transition to prostate cancer, and suggests that cellular Apo‐D expression is a marker of malignant transformation of the prostate. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Generalized electronic diabatic scheme: Diagonalizing the electronic Hamiltonian for artificial molecular systems. How do molecular meccanos move?
Authors: Tapia O. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractA quantum–classic model is presented and used to describe systems ranging from normal molecules up to electronic systems sensed in real space. The quantum system is a set of n‐electrons; a positive background in real space completes the model. A generalized electronic diabatic (GED) theory is introduced. The diabatic functions diagonalize the electronic Hamiltonian for any arrangement of the positive background. Physical quantum states are represented as linear superpositions in the diabatic basis; this latter is always fixed. For systems sensed in real space, the coefficients of the linear superposition are functions of the real space configuration coordinates. Physical changes are produced by interactions with external sources/sinks of energy. An interaction couples different diabatic states; diagonalizing the electronic Hamiltonian plus the couplings leads to new coefficients describing physical states. Among other things, these couplings can be used to simulate the effects produced by scanning tunneling microscopy, atomic force, and transmission electron microscopy on substrates located in real space. The important thing is that time–evolution in electronic Hilbert space can be related to actual motion in real space. The experiment of lateral hopping of a substrate on a metallic surface induced by vibration excitation and followed with scanning tunneling microscope is discussed. A result of the present work is that motion of molecular meccanos reflects then time–evolution in electronic Hilbert space. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004
A measure of electron localizability
Authors: Kohout M. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractA functional of the same‐spin electron pair density is proposed as a measure of electron localizability. This functional yields the average number of same‐spin electron pairs in a region Ω enclosing a fixed charge. The functional equals zero if the fixed charge in Ω originates from one electron only, with all other same‐spin electrons outside the region Ω. Then, the correlation of the electronic motion in Ω and thus the localizability of an electron is high. If the motion of the same‐spin electrons becomes less correlated, more electrons participate in the fixed charge contained in Ω, the average number of same‐spin electron pairs (the functional) increases. In the Hartree–Fock approximation the Taylor expansion of the proposed localizability functional can be related to the electron localization function of Becke and Edgecombe without using an arbitrary reference to the uniform electron gas. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004
Finite‐element calculations for the helium atom
Authors: Zheng Weiying , Ying Lung‐An 
Published: January 2004

AbstractWe give the explicit form of the Hylleraas–Breit transform in the current paper and apply it to fixed‐nucleus problems of heliumlike ions. Employing the relation between the total angular momentum and the Hamilton, the six‐dimensional Schrödinger equation is transferred into three‐dimensional systems of equations. We use the Lagrange finite‐element method to obtain numerical solutions for some low‐lying S, 1s2p 3P, and 1s3d 3D states of the helium atom. The relative errors of our approximate energies are: O(10−8) a.u. for S states, O(10−7) a.u. for 1s2p 3P state and O(10−5) a.u. for 1s3d 3D state. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004
The quantum measurement problem
Authors: Fidder Henk , Tapia O. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe measurement problem in quantum mechanics still appears to be an unresolved issue. Here we present a new quantum theory of measurement that overcomes many of the difficulties previously found. It is based on a consistent use of the linear superposition principle and distinguishes two aspects: recording and observation. A recording elicits the full interaction of the object quantum system with the quantum measuring apparatus. No wavefunction collapse is introduced. Statistics may appear at the observation of the recording only and depends on filtering processes. The theory presented here uses the existing mathematical structure of quantum mechanics but requires no ad hoc measurement postulates. Well‐known paradoxical aspects in standard quantum mechanics, for instance, wave–particle duality, Schrödinger's cat, and Zeno effects do not appear in the current formulation. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004
Hepatitis B virus genotypes: comparison of genotyping methods
Authors: Bartholomeusz Angeline , Schaefer Stephan 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThere are eight genotypes of HBV designated A to H based on greater than 8% nucleotide variation over the entire genome. Hepadnaviruses infecting primates like the chimpanzee, orangutan and gibbon are very similar and can be regarded as genotypes of HBV. The eight genotypes of HBV show a distinct geographical distribution and influence the course of disease and the prognosis of treatment. Due to the variability of HBV, diagnostic procedures risk giving false‐negative results or reporting an inaccurately low quantitative result. Thus, the variability of HBV genotypes can influence the interpretation of diagnostic data and the therapeutic decisions thereof in an unwanted way.HBV genotypes differ in the length of their genomes. The old system of numbering HBV nucleotides from the start of a non‐conserved EcoRI site in the genome leads to difficulties in comparing nucleotide positions between genotypes. A numbering system is presented which avoids this problem. In addition we discuss the currently available methods for genotyping HBV. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Herpes simplex virus gene products: the accessories reflect her lifestyle well
Authors: Nishiyama Yukihiro 
Published: January 2004

AbstractHerpes simplex virus (HSV) genomic DNA contains at least 74 distinct genes. A set of 40 genes, termed the ‘core genes’, is commonly found in all herpesviruses; their products include four capsid proteins, six DNA replication proteins, seven DNA packaging/cleavage proteins, four envelope glycoproteins, as well as several others. Although approximately half of the HSV genes are not essential for replication in cell cultures, all accessory gene products are predicted to play indispensable roles for viral replication and dissemination in vivo. Intensive studies have been undertaken to elucidate the functions and roles of HSV gene products, and we are now able to address, at least partially, the biological aspects of all HSV encoded proteins. This article is a brief summary of our present knowledge of the functions and roles of HSV gene products with special attention focused on UL14, UL34, UL51, UL56 and US3, all of which are thought to be involved in HSV egress. Furthermore, efforts are discussed to generate replication‐competent HSV lacking a single or multiple accessory gene(s) for potential use in gene therapy or as anti‐cancer therapeutics. Finally, specific HSV gene products are being explored as therapeutic agents. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Paste and Gel Properties and In Vitro Digestibility of Tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] Starch
Authors: Bultosa Geremew , Taylor John R. N. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractProperties of tef starch from five varieties were compared with commercial maize starch. In most tef varieties the paste clarity (measured as % T) was similar to that of maize starch, but the paste was visually less white in colour. Tef starch gel texture was short and in most varieties was slightly firmer than that of maize starch. Tef starch adhesiveness was less than maize starch. Retrogradation extent of tef starch evaluated, as % gel syneresis under storage at 4 °C and ‐18 °C at 3, 7, 10 and 21 storage test days, was lower than that of maize starch. Storage with three freeze‐thaw cycles (‐18 °C 24 h; 23 °C 6 h) gave a similar trend. In tef starch initial digestion by α‐amylase and hydrolysis by mild HCl treatment was slightly higher than in maize starch, probably in part because of the smaller granule size and higher amorphous portion of tef starch. Alpha‐amylase degradation of tef starch granules was by surface erosion, probably due to the absence of surface pores in the granules.
Estimating the Specific Heat Capacity of Starch‐Water‐Glycerol Systems as a Function of Temperature and Compositions
Authors: Tan Ihwa , Wee Chong C. , Sopade Peter A. , Halley Peter J. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractIncreasing interests in the use of starch as biodegradable plastic materials demand, amongst others, accurate information on thermal properties of starch systems particularly in the processing of thermoplastic starch (TPS), where plasticisers (water and glycerol) are added. The specific heat capacity of starch‐water‐glycerol mixtures was determined within a temperature range of 40‐120 °C. A modulated temperature differential scanning calorimeter (MTDSC) was employed and regression equations were obtained to predict the specific heat capacity as a function of temperature, water and glycerol content for four maize starches of differing amylose content (0—85%). Generally, temperature and water content are directly proportional to the specific heat capacity of the systems, but the influence of glycerol content on the thermal property varied according to the starch type.
The social worlds of immigrant youth
Authors: Suárez‐Orozco Carola , Todorova Irina L. G. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThis introductory chapter uses a detailed case study to illustrate the interconnection of multiple social influences on one particular youth's path of migration. It further identifies some of the major influences on immigrant youth development, including the stresses of migration, separations and reunifications, changing networks of relations, poverty and segregation, and identity formation.
Surfing the “model minority” wave of success: How the school context shapes distinct experiences among Vietnamese youth
Authors: Conchas Gilberto Q. , Pérez Cristina C. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractVietnamese students must contend with the burden of the myth of being a model minority. As a result of adults' high expectations of them, Vietnamese youth receive structural and ideological advantages over other nonwhite racial groups. Further, the students themselves reinforce the model minority image as they attempt to attain educational mobility. The authors examine the role of two distinct school contexts within the same school that shape the academic outcomes of Vietnamese students contending with the pressures of being considered members of the model minority.
“He is everything”: Religion's role in the lives of immigrant youth
Authors: Thompson Nora E. , Gurney Andrea G. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractUsing emergent theme analysis of qualitative interview data in combination with quantitative survey data, the role of religion in the lives of immigrant youth was explored. Latino, Haitian, and Chinese teenagers described, in their own rich words, the significance of religion to them; their responses are reflected in themes that point to the potential protective role of religion for some immigrant groups.
Gendered expectations and gendered experiences: Immigrant students' adaptation in schools
Authors: Qin‐Hilliard Desirée Baolian 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThis chapter draws on longitudinal data to examine the role of gender in immigrant students' educational adaptation. Analyses show that over time girls receive higher grades and express higher future expectations than do boys. Compared with boys, immigrant girls are more likely to be protected from risk factors, such as harsh school environments, by a supported network of teachers, friends, and parents, and to benefit from the shield of ethnicity more than their male counterparts in their pursuit of education.
Media in the lives of immigrant youth
Authors: Louie Josephine 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThis chapter uses data from the Longitudinal Immigrant Student Adaptation Study to examine media use patterns among immigrant teens. Similarities and differences in media ownership levels, use patterns, and content preferences between immigrant teens and the U.S. teen population as a whole, as well as across immigrant groups and gender, are explored. Implications for educators and others who work with immigrant youth include active discussion with youth about their media choices and media messages.
An iterative solution procedure for Winkler‐type contact problems with friction
Authors: Angelov T.A. , Liolios A.A. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractA class of contact problems with friction in elastostatics is considered. The existence and uniqueness results, the finite element approximation and the mostly used iterative methods are briefly summarized. An algorithm, based on the nonlinear alternating direction method of R. B. Kellogg, is proposed and used to solve an example problem with different contact boundary conditions.
A note on coupling of velocity components in the Navier‐Stokes equations
Authors: Skalák Z. , Kučera P. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractWe show that if the third component v3 of the velocity v in the Navier‐Stokes equations belongs to L4(0,T,W1,3(D)), where D is a subdomain of Ω, then v has no singular points in D × (0,T).
The computation of Lie derivatives and Lie brackets based on automatic differentiation
Authors: Röbenack K. , Reinschke K.J. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractMany algorithms in the field of nonlinear control theory require Lie derivatives or Lie brackets. Up to now, the computation of these derivatives was practical only for simple systems or for systems with a special structure due to the amount of symbolical computations involved. The authors suggest a new approach which is based on automatic differentiation. This approach circumvents several disadvantages of symbolic computations. Moreover, the methods presented here are applicable not only to systems described by explicitly given mathematical expressions but also to systems given by algorithms using conventional programming languages or dedicated modelling languages, respectively.
Aspects of nitrogen use efficiency of cauliflower II. Productivity and nitrogen partitioning as influenced by N supply
Authors: KAGE H. , ALT C. , STÜTZEL H. 
Published: January 2004

Based on studies concerning dry matter (DM) partitioning, DM production, root growth, nitrogen
(N) contents of cauliflower organs and soil nitrate availability (first part of the
paper Kage et al.
2003b), an integrated simulation model for the cauliflower/soil system is constructed, parameterized and evaluated.Dry matter production of cauliflower is described and predicted using a simple light use efficiency (LUE) based approach assuming a linear decrease of light use efficiency with increasing differences between actual, NCAProt, and ‘optimal’, NCAoptProt area based leaf protein concentrations. For 2 experimental years the decline of LUE with decreasing nitrogen concentration was at 0·82 and 0·75 (g DM×m2/(MJ×g N)). Using the parameters obtained from the first experimental year shoot DM production data of cauliflower from five independent experiments with varied N supply containing intermediate harvests could be predicted with a residual mean square error (RMSE) of 72 g/m2 for intermediate harvest DM values ranging from about 50 to 900 g/m2. Nitrogen uptake and partitioning of cauliflower was simulated using functions describing an organ size dependent decline of N content. Leaf nitrate was considered explicitly as a radiation intensity dependent pool, mobilized first under N deficiency. The curd was assumed to have a sink priority for nitrogen. The model predicted shoot N uptake including data of intermediate harvest with a RMSE of 2·4 g/m2 for intermediate harvest N values ranging from about 3 to 30 g/m2. Nitrogen uptake of cauliflower at final harvest was correlated to final leaf number.A scenario simulation was carried out to quantify seasonal variation in N uptake of cauliflower cultivars under unrestricted N availability. Due to variations in the length of the vernalization phase, simulated shoot N uptake ranged from about 260 kg N/ha for spring planted crops to about 290 kg N/ha for summer planted crops of the cultivar ‘Fremont’. The cultivar ‘Linday’, which shows a more severe delay of vernalization under high temperatures, shows on average a larger shoot N uptake for summer planted crops of about 320 kg N/ha and a much larger variation of shoot N uptake.
Reports and Surveys
Authors: Rudall B. H. 
Published: January 2004

ADVANCES IN BlOROBOTIC VlSlONThe Australian National University Biorobotic Vision Group has described its innovative researches and developments in the field of robotic vision. The group has been researching the principles by which insects see, control flights and navigate, in order to transfer their findings to their work in robotic vision. They believe this work will help them in their aim to devise algorithms for machine vision and autonomous, visually guided robots. In particular, this work is in reference to using optic flow to measure image motion.The researchers have already successfully developed a hover controller that can
hover over an arbitary set of landmarks with no manual intervention.They have also designed an autonomous helicopter that will hover and fly without using GPS.
Rate dependence of mechanically induced electrophysiological changes in right ventricle of anaesthetized lambs during pulmonary artery occlusion
Authors: Chen R. , Penny D. J. , Greve G. , Lab M. J. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractAim:  Mechanically induced early afterdepolarization (EAD) is morphologically similar but different in the mechanisms with drug‐induced EAD, which lead to arrhythmia. Pacing suppresses the drug‐induced EAD and arrhythmia, however the effect of pacing on mechanically induced EAD and arrhythmia is not clear. This study addressed this issue in right ventricle (RV) of anaesthetized lambs.Methods:  Six lambs were anaesthetized, and their hearts exposed. Nine monophasic action potential (MAP) electrodes were placed on RV apex, outflow and inflow regions, and recorded before, during, and after a 10 s occlusion of pulmonary artery at a number of pacing rates.Results:  Pacing significantly reduced the baseline MAP duration at 90% repolarization (MAPD90), decreased the reduction of MAPD at early repolarization at the peak of occlusion. Nonetheless, the percentage of reduction was not significantly different among them. Pacing was able to reduce the frequencies, size of mechanically induced EADs. MAPD90 at the peak of occlusion was all shortened during pacing rather than some lengthened at intrinsic rate. Therefore, the dispersion of MAPD90 at the peak of occlusion reduced from 86 ± 6 ms at intrinsic rate to 42 ± 4 ms at 120 beats min−1 , 38 ± 3 ms at 150 beats min−1 and 26 ± 3 ms at 170 beats min−1. Ultimately, pacing reduced/suppressed mechanically induced premature ventricular beats. These alterations were inversely related to heart rates.Conclusion:  Pacing reduces/suppresses both stretch‐induced EADs and arrhythmia. These modulations are remarkably similar to those on other EADs by the pacing.