bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Partnership Ethics and Cultural Discourse: Women and the Earth Summit
Authors: Merchant Carolyn 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAn important aspect of the ‘Earth Summit’ conference held at Rio de Janeiro in 1992 was the extent to which it shifted environmental discourse beyond mere recognition of the environmental crisis towards the basic issue of restructuring society to create an enduring relationship with nature and the non‐human world. One of the important products of the Rio conference was the emergence of a new democratic concept encompassing the rights of women, environmental justice, multiculturalism, and North–South conflicts. This chapter explores the linkages between women's rights and a new concept of human partnership with the natural world. The smaller issue of human partnership opens the door to the larger issue of partnership between mankind and nature, and to a new form of environmental ethics.
Effective Playability in Arithmetical Games
Authors: Velupillai Kumaraswamy 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Class games, called Arithmetical Games, are defined and recursion theoretic questions such as effective playability, diophantine complexity, etc. are posed and formally answered. In the process, classic computable issues are also introduced: the Halting problem for Turing machines, the Busy Beaver, and the Unsolvability of Hilbert's 10th Problem. A complete exposition of Rabin's classic results on arithmetical games is also given in this chapter.
Explorations in Computable Economics
Authors: Velupillai Kumaraswamy 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Three topics are discussed as pointers towards issues at the frontiers of computable economics: effectivizing the fundamental theorems of welfare economics; computable production theory; the effectivity of tâtonnement. Furthermore, in the appendix, an attempt is made to analyse the notion of finding a formally simplest theory of economic fluctuations. Some discursive notes on multiple equilibria in economic models and their possible generation due to various formal uncomputabilities is also presented.
Economic Democracy
Authors: Archer Robin 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis book argues that by pursuing the goal of economic democracy, socialism can return to the centre of political life in the advanced capitalist countries. It seeks to demonstrate, to socialists and non‐socialists alike, that there is both a strong moral case for economic democracy and a feasible strategy for achieving it. In an economic democracy, companies operate in a market economy, but are governed by their workers. The argument that economic democracy is a morally desirable goal rests on an appeal to the value of individual freedom. Since workers are the only individuals who are subject to the authority of companies, it is workers, and not capitalists, who should exercise direct decision‐making control over those companies. The argument that economic democracy is a feasible goal rests on an appeal to the advantages of a corporatist industrial relations system. Corporatism enables workers to pursue economic democracy through a series of trade‐offs in which they exchange wage rises or other goods for incremental increases in control. But rational capitalists and governments—even social democratic governments—will only agree to these trade‐offs if certain conditions are met. The book sets out these conditions and shows that they have in fact been met in recent years.
Freedom and Authority
Authors: Archer Robin 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAppeals to widely held values of individual freedom and equality in order to derive some basic principles of democracy. It also shows that these values constitute the moral basis of socialism. The chapter defends an autonomy‐based conception of liberty and shows that all those, and only those, who are subject to the authority of an association should exercise direct decision‐making control over it. Other affected individuals should exercise indirect control, such as that which consumers exercise through the market.
Potentials and Dangers of Corporatism
Authors: Archer Robin 
Published: October 2003

AbstractArgues that while corporatism poses some serious dangers for labour, it also offers the prospect of making some headway towards economic democracy. Corporatism has three key advantages over other industrial relations systems. First, by requiring workers to overcome collective action problems, it maximizes their strength and enables them to have a sustained power advantage over the employers. Second, it enables workers to pursue income policies, social contracts, and other forms of society‐wide bargaining, in which they exchange goods, such as wage rises, over which they have a lot of influence for goods, such as greater control, over which their direct influence is weaker. And third, it enables the goods that are obtained to be distributed to all workers.
An Unexpected Case of Corporatism
Authors: Archer Robin 
Published: October 2003

AbstractA case study of Australia and the Prices and Incomes Accord that was initiated there between the Labour Party and the unions. The evidence shows that both during the period of stagflation and during the period of structural adjustment the conditions for an incremental increase in workers’ control were met, and the predicted kind of control trade‐off took place. The chapter also shows that the establishment of corporatism is feasible even in a country that is heavily marked by the liberalism of Anglo‐Saxon traditions of industrial relations.
Immigration and the Nation-State
Authors: Joppke Christian 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis book compares the post‐war politics of immigration control and immigrant integration in three liberal states characterized by sharply distinct nationhood traditions and immigration experiences. Mapping out the many variations between these cases, it focuses on the impact of immigration in the two key areas of sovereignty and citizenship. The first part analyses the effect of immigration on state sovereignty, arguing that with respect to immigration control, liberal states are self‐limited by interest‐group pluralism, autonomous legal systems, and moral obligations towards particular interest groups – the weight of these factors differing across particular cases. The second part addresses the ways in which immigration impacts upon citizenship, arguing for the continuing relevance of national citizenship for integrating immigrants, albeit modified by nationally distinct concepts of multiculturalism. The book demonstrates the remarkable resilience of these nation‐states to immigration pressures, and makes a powerful contribution to the growing macro‐sociological literature and political science literature on immigration, citizenship, and the nation‐state.
A Nation of Immigrants Again: The United States
Authors: Joppke Christian 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe USA's re‐opening to large‐scale immigration after World War II, particularly in regard to the legislative reforms of 1986 and 1990, contrasts with Europe's exclusionary policies after the first oil crisis. Two factors help explain this development. First, the impact of the civil rights movement in undermining, in the case of anti‐discrimination, effective controls on illegal immigration and quotas on legal immigration; second, the adoption of a low profile for immigration throughout the 1980s, which allowed well‐organized minority groups to challenge policy devised for protection of the broader public interest.
The Zero‐Immigration Country: Great Britain
Authors: Joppke Christian 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter shows how Great Britain, sometimes described as having a ‘weak’ immigration control policy compared to continental Europe, has in fact displayed an exceptionally strong stance. The principle of parliamentary sovereignty and common law restraints have neutralized the courts as effective opponents of the executive, resulting in absolute Home Office control over immigration policy. Even family reunification and asylum‐granting decisions have been reduced to a trickle.
‘Race’ Attacks the Melting‐Pot: The United States
Authors: Joppke Christian 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe argument between melting‐pot assimilationists and cultural pluralists betrays a fundamental uncertainty about the meaning of American nationhood, and exhibits a certain sterility by being abstracted from empirical processes and outcomes of immigrant integration. The key factor has been the resurgence of ethnicity as a counter‐integrative force, fuelled by the policy of ‘affirmative action’. This policy, implemented across various sectors of US society, has served to reinforce both minority group identity and majority group resentfulness at the special privileges it confers. Furthermore, mechanisms for the protection of civil rights have tended to evolve from white‐black race relations, and are thus ill‐suited for resolving inter‐ethnic disputes. Another obstacle to integration has been the pursuit of multiculturalism in the US education system, which equally encourages minority elites to enhance their own political profiles at the expense of the integration of US society at large.
From Postnational Membership to Citizenship: Germany
Authors: Joppke Christian 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAnalysis of German immigration policy shows the limits to which immigrants can be assimilated without granting them citizenship. Non‐citizen status becomes especially problematic for second‐ and third‐generation immigrants. This chapter examines the problems of integrating Turkish guest workers, whose situation and status is becoming increasingly relevant as European integration proceeds. The widely held assumption, that Islamization was mostly a phenomenon limited to the first‐generation immigrants, has proved to be mistaken, and the outcome of a clear trend towards nationalist and religious retrenchment among the third‐generation immigrants remains worryingly problematic.
Between Citizenship and Race: Great Britain
Authors: Joppke Christian 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe UK has tried to address the problem of immigrant integration through a mixture of a restrictive immigration policy and a liberal race‐relations policy. Its central consensus has been attacked at the level of local politics by a militant anti‐racist left and a nationalist ‘anti‐anti‐racist’ right, and is now further threatened by pressures from the minorities themselves, which show the limits of an approach to integration that focuses on race at the expense of other group markers. In particular, Muslim demands (for example, in relation to separate Islamic schools and book‐banning) illustrate the limits of multiculturalism in a liberal state.
Managing Intellectual Capital
Authors: Teece David J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe profitability and growth of business firms is increasingly dependent upon the development and astute deployment of intangible (knowledge) assets. Wealth creation in an open world economy depends critically on technological innovation. This in turn involves developing, owning, and astutely orchestrating knowledge assets and intellectual property. This is what is meant by dynamic capabilities. The value‐enhancing skills required in management are gravitating away from the administrative towards the entrepreneurial. The determinants of a firm's innovative capacity are rooted in organizational design, incentives, human resources, internal culture, and external linkages. Profiting from innovation is always a challenge, requiring the right business model, integration strategy, and organizational form. Licensing is one of many ways to capture value from innovation, but is generally not the most profitable, except when intellectual property rights are secure. Imitators are prolific and the survival and prosperity of the innovator requires the astute orchestration of intellectual property rights, and complementary assets. Managers designing market entry strategies must also be mindful of the evolution of standards.This book develops managerial principles and illustrates the interplay of these ideas. Technology‐licensing and cross‐licensing experiences are also presented—focusing in particular on semiconductor and the (float) glass industry.
Governance Modes and Technological Innovation
Authors: Teece David J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter identifies organizational forms (governance structures) and discusses organizational archetypes (such as integrated hierarchies and multiproduct organization, hollow corporations, and conglomerates) that have implications for technological innovation. Profiting from the innovation of a new technology involves considerable challenges and depends on such factors as firm boundaries, degree of vertical integration, the structure of financial markets, and the formal and informal organizational structure; and the different organizational archetype faces, different challenges and different types of capabilities, innovation, and preferred organizational forms.
Imitation Strategies for Owners of Complementary Assets
Authors: Teece David J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe increasing strength of intellectual property laws changes the opportunities for firms to benefit from technological innovation. These opportunities stems in part from the ease of imitation and the amount of vertical disintegration that has occurred among firms, and the disintegration provides new opportunities for firms whose home base is in less‐developed and developing countries. This chapter discusses the design of competitive strategies (imitation and complementary asset strategies) to capture value from technology developed elsewhere.
Outsourcing and Insourcing Strategies for Innovators: Opportunities and Limits
Authors: Teece David J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractManaging virtual corporations confronts a trade‐off between incentives and control, and an alliance can achieve some of the coordination of an integrated company, but the members of an alliance can be driven to enhance their own positions, and their interests may diverge over time. The challenge for managers is to choose the organizational form (virtual, alliance, or otherwise) that best matches the type of innovation (autonomous or systemic) they are pursuing.
Understanding the Licensing Option
Authors: Teece David J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractLicensing is often practised by owners of intellectual capital in particular, when they do not own all the relevant complementary assets. To preserve its returns from innovation, the firm owning intellectual property will find it necessary to place restrictions on how the intellectual property is used. Depending on the strength of the appropriability regime and the intellectual property rights, firms can engage in licensing agreements. Licensing usually leads to faster and more complete diffusion of innovations and allows the innovation to be used in markets different than that of the innovator.
Antitrust Analysis in High Technology Industries
Authors: Teece David J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAnti‐trust economics has not sufficiently recognized the nature of competition and innovation in high‐technology industries, the evolution of those industries and the implications for public policy. This chapter presents some conceptual frameworks and methods for understanding, in particular, issues of monopoly and monopolization. Understanding issues such as the nature of technological change, competition, barriers to entry, and market power are important for anti‐trust policy. Without understanding the limitations of the existing analytical tools for analysing the economics of innovation, antitrust agencies may harm competition in high‐tech industries.
On the Freezing of Party Systems
Authors: Mair Peter 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter results from a presentation made by the author in late 1995 at an occasional seminar series in the University of Bergen, with the overall theme of ‘Law and Structure’. The author’s task was to review the background and development, and discuss the question of the current validity and viability of the ‘classic law’ on ‘the freezing of party systems’, which had first been promulgated by S. M. Lipset and Stein Rokkan almost thirty years before, and which, even now, continues to be one of the most familiar and most frequently cited theses within the field of comparative party studies in western Europe: ‘The party systems of the 1960s,’ wrote Lipset and Rokkan in 1967, ‘reflect, with few but significant exceptions, the cleavage structures of the 1920s … [T]he party alternatives, and in remarkably many cases the party organizations, are older than the majorities of the national electorates.’ This thesis also recurs frequently in the subsequent chapters of this book, with the burden of most of the chapters in Part II being devoted to its defence. It is contended particularly in those first chapters that the freezing hypothesis remains largely valid, with the evidence of long-term continuities in party systems far outweighing the ostensibly more striking and more immediate evidence of change; in other words, and some three decades later, the long-standing party alternatives that had been instanced by Lipset and Rokkan are now even older. The discussion in this introductory chapter is presented in two sections: Laws and Structures; and Constraints, Control, and Adaptation.
Continuities, Changes, and the Vulnerability of Party
Authors: Mair Peter 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis is the first of three chapters on persistence and change in political parties. Its theme is continuities, changes, and the vulnerability of the party in western Europe, and the aim is to emphasize the link between party organization or styles of organizational intervention and electoral (de)stabilization. The discussion is presented in seven sections: (1) What Parties Are and What Parties Do –– respectively, their historic political identity and their contemporary appeals, with the latter often bearing little relation to historic identities; (2) Left, Right, and Policy Competition; (3) Left, Right, and Voter Alignments; (4) A Crisis of Party? (5) Catch-All Politics and Party Vulnerability; (6) Organizational Change and Electoral Change; and (7) Organizational Change: A Research Agenda.
The Problem of Party System Change
Authors: Mair Peter 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis is the second of three chapters on persistence and change in political parties. Its theme is the problem of party system change in western Europe, and its purpose, rather than to propose some rigorous definition of it, is simply to identify some of the problems involved in the understanding of party system change, and, through this approach, to place some key questions on the agenda for future debate and future research. The discussion is presented in six sections: (1) Party Change versus Party System Change; (2) Party System Change; (3) Electoral Volatility and Cleavage Change –– a discussion of the role of ‘social’ cleavage change (resulting from changes in the cleavage structure or social make-up of support to individual parties) in electoral change and party system change in the context of Lipset–Rokkan ‘law’ on ‘the freezing of party systems’; (4) How Much Electoral Change?; (5) The Electoral Bias; and (6) Key Problems.
Myths of Electoral Change and the Survival of the ‘Old’ Parties
Authors: Mair Peter 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis is the second of three chapters on persistence and change in political parties, and discusses myths of electoral change and the survival of the ‘old’ parties in western Europe. It starts by presenting the three main sources of evidence (trends in aggregate electoral volatility; evidence of the mobilization and success of new parties; (imputed) evidence of the decline of party and the emergence of new forms of interest mediation) that are usually cited against the contemporary applicability of the Lipset–Rokkan ‘law’ on the ‘freezing of party systems’, showing that each of these three patterns of change is more or less rooted in varieties of electoral change. The author then contends in the rest of the chapter that this popular image of electoral change is largely mythical, and lacking in foundation (bearing little or no relation to the actual patterns of electoral alignments in contemporary Europe). It is argued that the empirical evidence suggests that European electorates continue to be stable, that alignments continue to be relatively frozen, and that the old parties continue to survive; in other words, that much of what Lipset and Rokkan contended in the late 1960s concerning freezing, ageing, and stability, still continues to be valid today. The argument is presented in four sections: (1) Levels of Electoral Volatility; (2) The Survival of Traditional Parties; (3) What Sustains the Myths of Electoral Change?; and (4) The Neglect of Party.
Party Organization, Party Democracy, and the Emergence of the Cartel Party (With Richard S.Katz)
Authors: Mair Peter 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis is the first of two chapters on political party organizations and party systems, and discusses party organization, party democracy, and the emergence of the cartel party. It notes that a common thread running through the literature on political parties has been the view that they are to be classified and understood on the basis of their relationship with civil society, and that this has had two implications: a tendency to set up the mass party model as the standard against which everything should be judged, and an undervaluation of the extent to which differences between parties may also be understood by reference to their relations with the state. The chapter contends that both these implications are ill-founded, arguing that the mass party model is tied to a conception of democracy and to a particular, and now dated, ideal of social structure, neither of which is characteristic of postindustrial societies. Moreover, the mass party model implies a linear process of party development that suggests a suspect end-point from which the only options are stability or decay, while it can in fact be argued that the development of parties in western democracies has been reflective of a dialectical process in which each new party type generates a reaction which stimulates further development, thus leading to yet another new party type, and so on. The factors that facilitate this dialectic are not derived solely from changes in civil society, but also from changes in the relations between parties and the state. In particular, it can be argued that there has been a tendency in recent years towards an ever closer symbiosis between parties and the state, and that this then sets the stage for the emergence of a new party type, ‘the cartel party’, which, like previous party types, implies a particular conception of democracy, stimulates further reactions and sows the seeds for yet further development. The discussion is presented in seven sections: (1) The Mass Party and the Catch-All Party; (2) Stages of Party Development; (3) Parties and the State; (4) The Emergence of the Cartel Party; (5) The Characteristics of the Cartel Party; (6) Democracy and the Cartel Party; and (7) Challenges to the Cartel Party.