bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Prenylation Inhibitor Prevents Production of Infectious Hepatitis Delta Virus Particles
Authors: Bordier Bruno B. , Marion Patricia L. , Ohashi Kazuo , Kay Mark A. , Greenberg Harry B. , Casey John L. , Glenn Jeffrey S. 
Published: September 2002

ABSTRACT
Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) causes both acute and chronic liver disease throughout the world. Effective medical therapy is lacking. Previous work has shown that the assembly of HDV virus-like particles (VLPs) could be abolished by BZA-5B, a compound with farnesyltransferase inhibitory activity. Here we show that FTI-277, another farnesyltransferase inhibitor, prevented the production of complete, infectious HDV virions of two different genotypes. Thus, in spite of the added complexity and assembly determinants of infectious HDV virions compared to VLPs, the former are also sensitive to pharmacological prenylation inhibition. Moreover, production of HDV genotype III virions, which is associated with particularly severe clinical disease, was as sensitive to prenylation inhibition as was that of HDV genotype I virions. Farnesyltransferase inhibitors thus represent an attractive potential class of novel antiviral agents for use against HDV, including the genotypes associated with most severe disease.
Inhibition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Replication by a Two-Amino-Acid Insertion in HIV-1 Vif from a Nonprogressing Mother and Child
Authors: Alexander Louis , Aquino-DeJesus Mary Janette , Chan Michael , Andiman Warren A. 
Published: September 2002

ABSTRACTWe studied a 15-year-old girl, patient X, who has maintained consistently low plasma loads of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA, as well as normal and stable CD4+T-cell concentrations. She has presented no clinical manifestations of AIDS, despite having only received zidovudine monotherapy for a part of her life. Patient X's HIV-positive mother (patient Y) has also not progressed to AIDS and has never been treated with antiretroviral agents. HIV-1 isolated from patient X replicated poorly in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). In order to map the determinant of the poor growth of patient X's isolate, viral sequences from patient X were determined and examined for insertion or deletion mutations. These sequences contained a two-amino-acid insertion mutation in the Vif gene, which was also observed in uncultured PBMC acquired at different times. Furthermore, Vif sequences harbored by patient Y contained the identical mutation. These observations suggest that polymorphic HIV-1 was transmitted to patient X perinatally 15 years previously and has been maintained since that time. Recombinant HIV-1, engineered with Vif sequences from patient X, replicated in PBMC to levels approximately 20-fold lower than that of wild type. Removal of the insertion mutation from this recombinant restored replication efficiency to wild-type levels, while introduction of the insertion mutation into wild-type Vif sequences resulted in greatly decreased replication. Furthermore, Vif protein from patient X's HIV-1 was aberrantly cleaved, suggesting a mechanism for loss of Vif function. Since HIV-1 containing these sequences replicates poorly, the implication is that the two-amino-acid insertion mutation in Vif contributes significantly to the nonprogressor status of this mother and child. Further studies of these sequences might provide information regarding contributions of Vif structure and/or function to HIV-1 virulence.
Inactivation of both the Retinoblastoma Tumor Suppressor and p21 by the Human Papillomavirus Type 16 E7 Oncoprotein Is Necessary To Inhibit Cell Cycle Arrest in Human Epithelial Cells
Authors: Helt Anna-Marija , Funk Jens Oliver , Galloway Denise A. 
Published: September 2002

ABSTRACT

The human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 E7 oncoprotein must inactivate the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor (Rb) pathway to bypass G
1
arrest. However, E7 C-terminal mutants that were able to inactivate Rb were unable to bypass DNA damage-induced G
1
arrest and keratinocyte senescence, suggesting that the E7 C terminus may target additional G
1
regulators. The E7 C-terminal mutant proteins E7 CVQ68-70AAA and E7 Δ79-83 (deletion of positions 79 through 83) were further tested in several models of cell cycle arrest associated with elevated levels of p21. C-terminal mutations rendered E7 unable to induce S phase and endoreduplication in differentiated keratinocytes and rendered it less efficient in delaying senescence of human mammary epithelial cells. Interestingly, when cell cycle arrest was induced with a peptide form of p21, the E7 C-terminal mutants were deficient in overcoming arrest, whereas a mutant defective in Rb binding was competent in inhibiting G
1
arrest. These results suggest that the inactivation of both p21 and Rb by E7 contributes to subversion of cell cycle control in normal human epithelia but that neither p21 nor Rb inactivation alone is sufficient.
Islet Function Phenotype in Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptor Gene-Deficient Mice
Authors: Persson Kristin , Pacini Giovanni , Sundler Frank , Ahrén Bo 
Published: September 2002

AbstractGastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) is an islet neuropeptide that stimulates insulin secretion. To explore whether islet GRP contributes to neurally mediated insulin secretion, we studied GRP receptor (GRPR)-deleted mice. By using RT-PCR we showed that GRPR mRNA is expressed in islets of wild-type mice, but is lost in GRPR-deleted mice. Functional studies revealed that GRP potentiates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in wild-type animals, but not in GRPR-deleted mice. This shows that GRPR is the receptor subtype mediating GRP-induced insulin secretion and that GRPR-deleted mice are tools for studying the physiological role of islet GRP. We found that GRPR-deleted mice display 1) augmentation of the insulin response to glucose by a mechanism inhibited by ganglionic blockade; 2) increased insulin responsiveness also to the cholinergic agonist carbachol, but not to arginine; 3) impaired insulin and glucagon responses to autonomic nerve activation by 2-deoxyglucose; 4) normal islet adaptation to high fat-induced insulin resistance and fasting; and 5) normal islet cytoarchitecture, as revealed by immunocytochemistry of insulin and glucagon. In conclusion, 1) GRPR is the receptor subtype mediating the islet effects of GRP; 2) GRP contributes to insulin secretion induced by activation of the autonomic nerves; and 3) deletion of GRPR is compensated by increased cholinergic sensitivity.
Lecanora Schistina (nyl) Arnold, a Lichen with Dimorphic Conidia
Authors: Etayo J. , Diederich P. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe lichen Lecanora schistina (Nyl.) Arnold has two kinds of conidia: filiform microconidia and obpyriform macroconidia. Both appear mixed in the same conidioma, the former being much more abundant. Sometimes these conidiomata contain a third type of conidia (microconidia) belonging most probably to a lichenicolous coelomycete living in the conidiomata of the lichen.
An Sem Study of Injury Symptoms in Parmotrema Reticulatum Treated With Paraquat or Growing in Sulphur Dioxide-Polluted Air
Authors: Modenesi P. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe effect of Paraquat, a herbicide known to stimulate oxygen-centred free-radical production in green plants, is compared with visible injury symptoms due to air pollution in Parmotrema reticulatum, an SO2-sensitive lichen species. This is in order to verify the hypothesized SO2 toxicity mechanism via the generation of free radicals. A new SEM-visible symptom is described: the production of heavy crystalline deposition on the thallus surface in SO2-stressed and Paraquat-treated specimens. The examination of the crystalline deposition by X-ray diffraction, correlated with SEM studies, showed that it is calcium oxalate (weddellite).
Musaespora, a Genus of Pyrenocarpous Lichens With Campylidia, and Other Additions to the Foliicolous Lichen Flora of New Guinea
Authors: Aptroot A. , Sipman H. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe new lichen genus Musaespora is described from Java and Papua New Guinea. It is the first known pyrenocarpous lichen genus with campylidia, and appears to belong to the Aspidotheliaceae. Three species are described, two foliicolous species from Papua New Guinea and one corticolous species from Java. In addition, a list is given of the foliicolous lichen flora of the site in Papua New Guinea, where the foliicolous Musaespora species have been found, two more new foliicolous species are described, Echinoplaca hispida and Sporopodium lucidum, and 19 species are recorded for the first time form Papua New Guinea.
An Assessment of the Sampling Procedure for Estimating air Pollution Using Epiphytic Lichens as Indicators
Authors: Pirintsos S. A. , Vokou D. , Diamantopoulos J. , Galloway D. J. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractUsing the response of epiphytic lichens in and around the city of Thessaloniki (Greece) to an air pollution source, the value of sampling lichens at breast height and the base of trees was compared. The data obtained were processed with detrended correspondence analysis and polythetic divisive two-way indicator species analysis, and IAP (index of atmospheric purity) values were estimated for each experimental site. The tree base IAP values were higher than those at breast height, reflecting the higher number of species present, the generally increased cover and frequency of occurrence. IAP values at the two sampling heights suggest a linear relationship and the same holds for the tree base IAP values and the first axis ordination scores. Sampling at the base resulted in better discrimination of sites, and may, therefore, offer more accurate monitoring of changes induced by air pollution.
Strigula Mediterranea, a New Name for the Forgotten Lichen Porina Schizospora
Authors: Etayo J. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe little known Porina schizospora Vainio is transferred to the genus Strigula as Strigula mediterranea Etayo nom. nov. Strigula mediterranea differs from S. taylorii only in its conidia and its Mediterranean distribution.
The Weathering of Mafic Rocks by Lichens
Authors: Adamo P. , Marchetiello A. , Violante P. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe weathering phenomena resulting from the growth of six foliose and crustose lichens (Parmelia subrudecta, Xanthoria ectaneoides, Parmelia conspersa, Aspicilia radiosa, Caloplaca sp. and Ochrolechia parella) on three mafic rocks have been studied. The bioweathering results in more or less extensive fragmentation and corrosion of the mineral surfaces immediately beneath the lichen thalli and in the formation, in the thallus or at the rock-lichen interface, of secondary products. The significant amounts of whewellite found in all interfaces, and the bipiramids of weddellite detected at the serpentine rock-Ochrolechia parella interface, suggest that the oxalic acid secreted by the mycobiont is the chemical substance principally involved. The capacity of the lichens to alter their rock substrata does not appear to be related to their thallus morphology.
Biatoropsis usnearum Räsänen, and Other Heterobasidiomycetes on Usnea
Authors: Diederich Paul , Christianse M. Skytte 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe pinkish galls on Usnea, often called Biatoropsis usnearum are shown to represent basidiomata of a previously unrecognized genus of heterobasidiomycetes with transversely septate basidia, to which the generic name Biatoropsis can be applied. The new genus is tentatively included in the Platygloeales. The hyphomycetous anamorph strongly resembles the genus Hormomyces. Biatoropsis usnearum is very frequent and widely distributed on Usnea, but has also been collected on Protousnea; the galls have been found parasitized by Abrothallus usneae and three species of Lichenoconium. Two other heterobasidiomycetes growing on Usnea are described: Tremella santessonii Diederich sp. nov. from Africa has transversally 1- septate basidia; T. stevensiana Diederich sp. nov. from Australia has longitudinally 1-3-septate basidia and a type of hyphomycetous anamorph poorly known in other species of Tremellales. Several other Tremella–like or gall-forming fungi on Usnea are briefly discussed.
Consumption and Decomposition of Lichen Litter in a Temperate Coniferous Rainforest
Authors: McCune Bruce , Daly William J. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractNylon mesh litter–bags markedly reduced the rate of weight loss of lichen litter, as compared to unconfined (free) lichens, suggesting that herbivores and detritivores larger than the mesh size make a significant contribution to the disappearance of lichen litter. The half–life of free lichen litter was 1·5 months for Alectoria sarmentosa, 2·5 months for Hypogymnia inactiva, 3·5 months for Platismatia glauca, and 7 months for Lobaria oregana. The half–lives were 2·9 times longer for the same species in litter–bags. Because A. sarmentosa showed the greatest difference between free litter and litter–bags, we conclude that, of the four species studied, it had the highest rate of consumption by larger herbivores and detritivores.
Distribution and Succession of Epiphytic Lichens on Picea Abies Branches in a Boreal Forest, Central Norway
Authors: Hilmo Olga 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe distribution of epiphytic lichens on branches of a stand of Picea abies has been mapped, and patterns of succession and community structure are described. Many crustose species are of particular interest since little is known about their ecological requirements (e.g. Fuscidea pusilla Tønsb., Japewia subaurifera Muhr & Tønsb. and Gyalideopsis alnicola Noble & Vězda). Numerical treatment (correspondence analysis and canonical correspondence analysis) of the species data was used to study the lichen distribution in relation to measured environmental variables. Tree age, tree height and branch height above ground are shown to be the most important variables to explain the species distribution. No significant relationship was found between branch compass point and the distribution of lichens. The species composition and cover changed from young to old trees. The largest variation in the lichen vegetation was found on the branches of young trees. A more homogeneous and stable lichen community appears on branches of mature trees. A clear zonation of the epiphytic vegetation develops as the branches grow, resulting in the occurrence of typical ‘branch-tip’ and ‘branch-base’ species. The highest number of species was recorded on the outermost part of branches before lichen cover reached the maximum. Hyperepiphytic thalli were mainly located in specific areas with high lichen cover on the branches. Lichens with reduced vitality were most common at the base of branches.
Literature on Lichens and Biodeterioration of Stonework. I
Authors: Piervittori R. , Salvadori O. , Laccisaglia A. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis bibliographic review includes 316 works specifically devoted to lichens and biodeterioration of stonework and covers the time-span from 1825 to 1992. The list is accompanied by an analytical index in which the number of the articles is referred to under the appropriate topic category.
Studies on The Lichen Genus Sticta (Schreber) Ach.: I. Southern South American Species
Authors: Galloway D. J. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractTwelve species of Sticta are recorded from southern South America,(Argentina and Chile including Juan Fernandez) south of latitude 30°S, viz., S ainoae, S. caulescens, S. fuliginosa, S. gaudichaldia, S. hypochra, S. hypopsila, S lineariloba, S. limbata, S. longipes, S. sublimbata and S. weigelii, and S. santessonii D Galloway is newly described. A key is provided, and details of anatomy, morphology, distribution, ecology and taxonomy are discussed.
The Corticolous Species of the Genus Rinodina with Biatorine or Lecideine Apothecia in Southern Europe and Macaronesia
Authors: Giralt Mireia , Matzer Mario 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe morphology, anatomy, chemistry, ecology and distribution of ‘Buelli’ lindingeri and Rinodina anomala, R. biloculata, R. euskadiensis, R. kalbiiR. madeirensis are treated.Rinodina kalbii from Corsica and Sardinia is described as new. A key to the species is provided.
Notes on British Lichenicolous Fungi: VII
Authors: Hawksworth D. L. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractPhoma evemiae sp.nov. on Evemia prunastri and Polycoccum slaptoniense sp.nov. (on Xanthoria parietind) are described as new to science. Three further species are reported from the British Isles for the first time: Dactylospora microspore Etayo,Monodictys anaptychiae (Lindau) D. Hawksw., and Sphaerellothecium araneosum (Arnold) Zopf. Notes are also presented on Bispora lichenumDiederich, Opegrapha physciaria (Nyl.) D. Hawksw. & Coppins, Polycoccum kerneri Steiner, Pronectria xanthoriae Lowen & Diederich, Stigmidium degelii R. Sant., and S. hagenii(Rehm) Hafellner.
Additions to the Family Megalosporaceae in Tasmania and Mainland australia
Authors: Kantvilas Gintaras 
Published: September 2002

AbstractTwo new species are described: .Megalospora occidentalis Kantvilas from Western Australia, with solitary muriform ascospores; M. pulverata Kantvilas from Tasmania, with typically two-spored asci and bicellular ascospores. The new combination M. melanodermia var. galactocarpa (Zahlbr.) Kantvilas is proposed. Megalospora taylori Dodge, described from Tasmania, is a synonym of M. gompholoma subsp. fuscolineata Sipman. New records are reported for Megaloblastenia flavidoatra(Nyl.) Sipman (from Tasmania), .Megalospora disjuncta Sipman (from New South Wales and Queensland), and M. subtuberculosa (Knight) Sipman (from New South Wales). Additional data for Austroblastenia pupa Sipman, M. gompholomasubsp. fuscolineata Sipman and M. lopadioides Sipman, and a key for the family in Australia are presented. M. disjuncta Sipman is lectotypified. Biogeographical and ecological patterns are discussed briefly.
Lichens of the Blair Atholl Limestone
Authors: Purvis O.W. , Gilbert O.L. , Coppins B.J. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractSaxicolous and terricolous lichen communities associated with the Blair Atholl limestone are described by reference to two main sites—the Meall Breac area and Tulach Hill (including Creag Odhar). Several rare arctic-alpine lichens occur in the Meall Breac area, including the first population of Cetraria nivalis to be found outside acidic lichen-moss heaths in Great Britain. Tulach Hill and Creag Odhar, in contrast, are at relatively low altitudes and more sheltered, supporting a range of species not normally seen in the Highlands. These communities, most of which lie in the anthropogenic zone that was formerly covered by woodland, are compared with those of major montane calcareous sites in Scotland that have always been above the tree line.
The Corticolous and Lignicolous Sorediate, Blastidiate and Isidiate Species of the Genus Rinodina in Southern Europe
Authors: Giralt Mireia , Mayrhofer Helmut , Sheard John W. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe morphology, anatomy, chemistry, habitat and distribution of eight southern-Huropean sorediate, blastidiate or isidiate species of the genus Rinodina are treated. One species, R. nimisii, from Corsica and Sardinia, is new to science. Rinodina erysiphaea, R. sorediata and R. sipmanii are synonyms of R. colobinoides. A key is provided. Other known sorediate, blastidiate or isidiate species arc briefly discussed.
Additions and Corrections to the Foliicolous Lichen Flora of Costa Rica. The Family Arthoniaceae, with Notes on the Genus Stirtonia
Authors: Lücking Robert 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe taxonomy of the foliicolous members of Arthoniaceae (Anhonia, Arthothelium, Cryptothecia, Eremothecella) in Costa Rica is revised. Cryptothecia farkasiae sp. nov. is described, being closely related to Stirtonia sprucei, and bearing pycnidia reminiscent of Eremothecella. Anhonia lividofusca is placed in synonymy with A. aciniformis. Pycnidia and pycnospores are further described for Anhonialeptosperma, A. cyanea, A. palmulacea, A. trilocularis, Anhothelium cingulatum, Stinonia sprucei and S. macrocephala, and campylidia were found on thalli of Anhonia aciniformis. Anhonia nigratula and Cryptothecia Candida are reported for the first time from Costa Rica, and new localities are given for previously reported species. Ecological data are provided, and the relationships between foliicolous members of the Arthoniaceae are discussed.
Cyanopyrenia Japonica Gen. Et Sp. Nov., a Peculiar Pyrenocarpous Cyanolichen from Japan
Authors: Harada H. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractCyanopyrenia japonica Harada, gen. et sp. nov. is described. It is characterized by having a coccoid cyanobiont, perithecia, sparsely branched paraphyses, thin-walled bitunicate asci, and simple hyaline spores. It resembles Verrucaria, Pyrenocollema, and some Lichinaceae in certain morphological respects, but has no clear affinities. It is known only from the type locality in Shikoku, southwestern Japan, where it grows on frequently submerged rocks in the main flow of a river.
Transplanted Epiphytic Lichens as Biomonitors of Air-Contamination by Natural Radionuclides Around the Žirovski VRH Uranium Mine, Slovenia
Authors: Jeran Z. , Byrne A. R. , Batič F. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractSamples of Hypogymnia physodes were transplanted to the environment of the former uranium mine at Žirovski vrh, Slovenia for two exposure experiments. The levels of the long-lived radionuclides, 238U, 226Ra and 210Pb in lichen material were measured after 4 and 7 months in the first experiment, and 4, 8 and 12 months in the second, and compared with the levels in lichens growing in-situ from the same sampling locations. They were also compared with the nuclide levels found in air particulates by gamma spectrometry obtained at the regular site monitoring stations. The results showed that each of the radionuclides had its own distribution pattern in this environment. The highest 226Ra levels were found in lichens in the near vicinity of the dry-tailings pile, while U concentrations were high in the valley of the confluence of the Todraščica and Brebovščica streams close to the former yellow-cake production plant in Todraž, and then decreased downstream. 210Pb was the most uniformly distributed radionuclide and exhibited the highest level. The results also confirm that active biomonitoring with transplanted lichens can be a useful and cheap supplement to instrumental air pollution monitoring.
Standing Crop of the Coastal Macrolichen Mastodia Tesselata, and its Relationship to Nutrient Concentrations, on Petermann Island, Antarctica
Authors: Gremmen N. J. M. , Huiskes A. H. L. , Francke J. W. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe standing crop of the epilithic foliose lichen Mastodia tesselata and some other species, the nutrient status (chloride, phosphate, nitrate and ammonium) of the substratum, slope and moisture availability were studied in 29 sample plots on Petermann Island (65°10'S, 66°30'W), Antarctica. The observed standing crop values for Mastodia ranged from 49 to 614 g m 2, with an average of 310 g m 2 (17 sample plots), and were 542 g m−2 for Rinodina petermannii (one sample plot) and 314 g m−2 for the alga Prasiola crispa in two meltwater pools. A regression equation with log-transformed ammonium and phosphate concentrations as predictors explained 75% of the observed variance in Mastodia standing crop. No significant influence of chloride or nitrate concentration on the Mastodia standing crop was detected, indicating that Mastodia is a salt-tolerant lichen species, but is not an obligate halophyte. The maximal standing crop of Mastodia on Petermann Island proved to be lower than maximal values found for fruticose macrolichen vegetation in maritime and continental Antarctic. The Mastodia standing crop on Petermann Island was similar to the standing crop of this species on subantarctic Marion Island.