bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social Media and State Action: Click "Like" and Follow This Two-Part Test
Authors: Spicer Jacob E. 
Published: December 2023

The right to free speech was deemed so important by the Framers of the Bill of Rights that they enshrined this right in the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment. There was, however, no way they could have envisioned how communication would evolve to what it is now in the twenty-first century and the related issues that would arise. The threshold question to all alleged First Amendment violations is whether the action at issue is state action. As means of communication progressively move more online to social media, this question has become more difficult to answer. Many government officials now use social media to espouse their policies and interact with their constituents, which has been beneficial in many senses. But this has also led to many contentious interactions between government officials and private citizens. These contentious interactions have resulted in courts grappling with the question of whether certain actions on social media, such as blocking a person from interacting with an account, constitute state action.
Most of the federal courts of appeals use a purpose and appearance test to answer this question. This test considers the purpose and appearance of the social media account at issue by weighing several factors to determine whether a government official’s activity while using that account is state or private action. The Sixth Circuit, however, has opted to perform the state-official test to determine whether action taken on social media is state action. This test asks whether certain social media activity is part of an official’s actual or apparent duties or could not have happened in the same way without the authority of their office. This has led to a circuit split as to how to best handle this issue.
This Comment examines the federal courts of appeals cases utilizing these tests and proposes a solution to this circuit split by creating a two-part test using both the state-official and the purpose and appearance tests. The first part of this two-part test calls for the use of the state-official test. The stateofficial test is a bright-line test that, if satisfied, would find state action without the need to consider the purpose and appearance of a social media account. If no state action is found, however, then the second part of this two-part test uses the more flexible, multi-factor purpose and appearance test to determine if there is state action. By combining these separate tests into a two-part test, in this order, it both takes advantage of their inherent strengths and mitigates their weaknesses. Social media has established itself as a major tool for private citizens and government officials to interact with each other to an extent previously not possible. It is imperative, therefore, that United States courts be prepared to uniformly handle this issue that has occurred numerous times and will continue to occur as long as social media exists.
THE MICROENVIRONMENT INFLUENCE ON THE CRIMINAL FEMALE BEHAVIOUR
Authors: Кунц Е.В. 
Published: December 2023

В статье системно анализируется влияние микросреды на преступное поведение женщин. Отмечается, что современное российское общество демонстрирует свое развитие, изменчивость, появление новых подходов к пониманию традиционной культуры. В обществе это стало проявляться противоположным отношением к насилию и преследованиям, к социальным нормам, когда было принято замалчивать наличие насильственных методов воспитания в семье, насильственного характера взаимоотношений между супругами, что не может не влиять на преступное поведение женщин. Цель исследования – комплексное научное обоснование влияния микросреды на преступное поведение женщин. В процессе исследования использован диалектико-мировоззренческий подход, который определяет основные направления и общие принципы познания. По итогам проведенного анализа, путем обоснования на теоретическом уровне дается анализ влиянию микросреды на преступное поведение женщин. Установлено, что микросредовое окружение порождает уголовно наказуемые деяния женщин-преступниц, находит свое выражение в той среде, в которой женщина воспитывалась, живет, работает, учится. Круг общения лиц женского пола оказывает непосредственное влияние на их образ жизни, поведение, целевые установки.
The article systematically analyzes the influence of the microenvironment on the criminal behavior of women. It is noted that modern Russian society demonstrates its development, variability, and the emergence of new approaches to understanding traditional culture. In society, this began to manifest itself in an opposite attitude towards violence and persecution, towards social norms, when it was customary to hush up the presence of violent methods of education in the family, the violent nature of relationships between spouses, which cannot influence the criminal behavior of women. The purpose of the study is a comprehensive scientific substantiation of the influence of the microenvironment on the criminal behavior of women. In the research process, a dialectical worldview approach was used, which determines the main directions and general principles of knowledge. Based on the results of the analysis, through justification at the theoretical level, an analysis is given of the influence of the microenvironment on the criminal behavior of women. It has been established that the micro-environmental environment gives rise to criminal acts of female criminals, which find their expression in the environment in which the woman was raised, lives, works, and studies. The social circle of females has a direct impact on their lifestyle, behavior, and goals.
Type I error rates and power of two randomization test procedures for the changing criterion design
Authors: Manolov Rumen , Tanious René 
Published: December 2023

AbstractSingle-case experimental design (SCED) data can be analyzed following different approaches. One of the first historically proposed options is randomizations tests, benefiting from the inclusion of randomization in the design: a desirable methodological feature. Randomization tests have become more feasible with the availability of computational resources, and such tests have been proposed for all major types of SCEDs: multiple-baseline, reversal/withdrawal, alternating treatments, and changing criterion designs. The focus of the current text is on the last of these, given that they have not been the subject of any previous simulation study. Specifically, we estimate type I error rates and statistical power for two different randomization procedures applicable to changing criterion designs: the phase change moment randomization and the blocked alternating criterion randomization. We include different series lengths, number of phases, levels of autocorrelation, and random variability. The results suggest that type I error rates are generally controlled and that sufficient power can be achieved with as few as 28–30 measurements for independent data, although more measurements are needed in case of positive autocorrelation. The presence of a reversal to a previous criterion level is beneficial. R code is provided for carrying out randomization tests following the two randomization procedures.
PopSED: Population-level Inference for Galaxy Properties from Broadband Photometry with Neural Density Estimation
Authors: Li 李 Jiaxuan 嘉轩 , Melchior Peter , Hahn ChangHoon , Huang 黄 Song 崧 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
We present PopSED , a framework for the population-level inference of galaxy properties from photometric data. Unlike the traditional approach of first analyzing individual galaxies and then combining the results to determine the physical properties of the entire galaxy population, we directly make the population distribution the inference objective. We train normalizing flows to approximate the population distribution by minimizing the Wasserstein distance between the synthetic photometry of the galaxy population and the observed data. We validate our method using mock observations and apply it to galaxies from the GAMA survey. PopSED reliably recovers the redshift and stellar mass distribution of 105 galaxies using broadband photometry within <1 GPU hr, being 105–6 times faster than the traditional spectral energy distribution modeling method. From the population posterior, we also recover the star-forming main sequence for GAMA galaxies at z < 0.1. With the unprecedented number of galaxies in upcoming surveys, our method offers an efficient tool for studying galaxy evolution and deriving redshift distributions for cosmological analyses.
Quelle thérapie pour les pédophiles ?
Authors: Joulain Stéphane 
Published: December 2023

Il y a une nette différence entre la perception des pédophiles par l’opinion et le regard des thérapeutes. Les considérer comme des « monstres » ne contribue pas à les aider. Qu’est-ce qui peut le faire ? Une attitude d’empathie permet un chemin, sinon de guérison, au moins de réintégration sociale.
Preparing Nurse Educator Students for the New National Council of State Boards of Nursing NCLEX and AACN Essentials
Authors: Cline Genieveve J. , Rinaldi Kailey , Pryor Stacy , Messer Monica 
Published: December 2023

Background:

Graduate nursing education students are required to complete essential core content (such as education theory, accreditation, evidence-based teaching strategies, and evaluation methods) to prepare them to transition into independent practice. The 2021–2022 academic year required a monumental change in the existing curriculum to incorporate the 2021 American Association of Colleges of Nursing
Essentials
and the Next Gen National Council Licensure Examination (NCLEX) content.

Method:
An innovative, prioritized, learner-centered, backward design was used to update the existing curriculum to add the new core content to the nursing education student curriculum.

Results:

The end of program comprehensive exams revealed that the students were able to successfully develop a test blueprint, utilizing case studies with Next Gen NCLEX question types designed to measure clinical judgment, and map to the 2021 AACN
Essentials
.

Conclusion:

The timely implementation of the curriculum revisions resulted in the achievement of desired student learning outcomes.

[
J Nurs Educ
. 2024;63(3):192–196.]
Imipenem/cilastatin-induced acute eosinophilic pneumonia: A case report
Authors: Jesrani Gautam , Gupta Samiksha , Lamba Amtoj Singh , Arora Shreya , Gupta Monica 
Published: December 2023

Rationale:
Acute eosinophilic pneumonia (AEP) is an acute pulmonary illness caused by eosinophilic infiltration of the lung parenchyma. It can happen after using drugs such as daptomycin and minocycline. AEP induced by imipenem/cilastatin is a rare condition.

Patient's Concern:
A 45-year-old male patient, who previously suffered from a urinary tract infection and treated with imipenem/cilastatin antibiotic, was presented to us with acute respiratory distress, soon after the initiation of the antibiotic. Computed tomography identified pulmonary infiltrates in the upper and middle lung fields and eosinophils were found to account for 36% of differential count of the broncho-alveolar lavage fluid. He also developed peripheral eosinophilia as the disease progressed.

Diagnosis:
AEP, secondary to imipenem/cilastatin therapy.

Interventions:
Steroid therapy was administered and imipenem/cilastatin antibiotic was discontinued.

Outcomes:
The patient improved completely following the therapy and had clear lung fields on follow-up.

Lessons:
Imipenem/cilastatin is an uncommon cause of AEP and requires close monitoring during therapy.
Clinical Profile of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and its Correlation with Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Risk
Authors: Vakil Zahaan , Ahire Kiran 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Background:
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been projected, within the next 20 years, to become the major cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality as well as a leading indication for liver transplantation. Affected South Asian Indians are at higher risk for the development of metabolic syndrome (MS), type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. There is a dearth of data related to NAFLD and its various sequelae and correlation with cardiovascular disease in South Asia.

Materials and Methods:
It was an observational, prospective study conducted over 2 years on 80 patients in a tertiary care hospital in Mumbai. All patients diagnosed with NAFLD were investigated for MS according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria, and a relationship between NAFLD and MS was correlated.

Results:
MS was found to be present in 72.5% of the patients. Significant results were obtained while correlating MS parameters and fatty liver grading, implying that patients with a higher fatty liver grading were more likely to have derangements in metabolic markers.

Conclusion:
NAFLD was found to be associated with an increased incidence of MS and thereby a higher risk of cardiovascular disease, warranting a high index of suspicion for both. A higher ultrasound grading of fatty liver was found to be associated with an increased incidence of MS.
Assessment of Cardiovascular Parameters on Submaximal Treadmill Exercise in Obese versus Nonobese Adults
Authors: Gupta Aditya , Garg Ravinder , Chawla Sumit Pal Singh , Kaur Sarabjot , Goyal Shiwali 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Background:
Obesity and overweight, irrespective of metabolic status, confer an increased risk of adverse consequences including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The mechanisms underlying altered cardiovascular responses in obese individuals during and after submaximal treadmill exercise are the subjects of great interest to public health. After graded exercise, delayed heart rate recovery (HRR), exaggerated blood pressure (BP) response, and prolongation of QT interval are the powerful predictors of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality that may facilitate timely identification of individuals at risk of CVD and help to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment interventions.

Aim:
To compare the cardiovascular parameters on submaximal treadmill exercise in obese and nonobese adults.

Materials and Methods:
This study was conducted on 80 subjects, 40 obese (cases) and 40 normal-weight individuals (controls), belonging to the age group of 18–60 years. Each participant was subjected to submaximal treadmill exercise according to the Bruce protocol. Heart rate (HR), systolic BP and diastolic BP (SBP and DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), QT and corrected QT (QTc) intervals, and rate pressure product (RPP) were measured preexercise, immediately after exercise, and during passive recovery at 1 min and 5 min after exercise. The Chi-square test and Mann–Whitney U-test, whichever is appropriate, were employed for the comparison of variables between the two study groups. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results:
Mean HR immediately after exercise, at 1 min and 5 min postexercise was significantly higher in obese when compared to nonobese participants (P = 0.006, P = 0.001, P = 0.001) despite similar resting HR in both the groups (P = 0.874). Mean SBP, DBP, MAP, and RPP were significantly higher in obese in comparison to nonobese subjects in all stages, i.e. before exercise, immediately after exercise, at 1 min and 5 min after exercise. QT and QTc intervals were also found to be significantly greater in obese than nonobese subjects in all stages (P = 0.001 each).

Conclusion:
Obese subjects had higher resting BP (SBP, DBP, and MAP), QT/QTc interval, RPP, and increased response to submaximal treadmill exercise activity. Delayed HRR after exercise was also noted in obese subjects which indicates that obese populations are at risk of developing CVDs due to alteration in autonomic functions with sympathetic hyperactivity.
Prevalence of Temporomandibular Joint Osteoarthritic Changes Using Cone-beam Computed Tomography in South Indian Population
Authors: Pattugayathri S. , Harshavardhan B. G. , Poongodi V. , Gopal K. Saraswathi 
Published: December 2023

Introduction:
Osteoarthritis of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a chronic degenerative joint disease characterized by synovitis, cartilage destruction, and subchondral bone remodeling and it is an age-related disorder. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is used for diagnosis of degenerative changes in TMJ, at the same time ensuring lower radiation dose, a shorter exposure time, and a higher spatial resolution.

Aim and Objectives:
The aim of the study is to evaluate the prevalence of osteoarthritic changes of TMJ using CBCT.

Materials and Methods:
One hundred fifty CBCT images were collected from the department database and the condylar morphology and the degenerative changes were evaluated in the coronal and sagittal sections. The CBCT images which had changes were only included in the study. The left and right TMJ were evaluated separately.

Results:
In our study, the prevalence of osteoarthritic changes of TMJ was higher in females than males. TMJ on the right side was more affected than the left side. Among the study population, 40–49 years age group had extensive changes than other age groups, and severity increases in the older age group. The flattening was the most common change, followed by thinning, erosion, osteophyte, and sclerosis.

Conclusion:
The study revealed that there is significant gender- and age-related variation in the osteoarthritic changes of TMJ. This study showed that the occurrence of degenerative changes is much higher in females and the prevalence increases with advancement of age and was also seen in younger age groups. The occurrence of osteoarthritic changes was also much prevalent among the population.
Incidence of refractive surprise after phacoemulsification in patients of cataract with primary pterygium
Authors: Jain Pragati , Nema Nitin 
Published: December 2023

PURPOSE:
The purpose of this study was to find the incidence of refractive surprise in patients of cataract with primary pterygium and compare it with patients of cataract without pterygium after phacoemulsification surgery.

METHODS:
The present observational study included 30 patients who had cataract with pterygium and 30 patients of cataract without pterygium. A detailed ophthalmic examination was done in all the cases. Horizontal corneal encroachment of pterygium from the limbus was measured. Keratometry and biometric measurements were performed preoperatively to determine the target refraction which was kept between − 0.50D and + 0.50D. The achieved spherical equivalent (SE) and prediction error were calculated postoperatively. A difference of >± 1.00D SE from the targeted postoperative refraction was considered a refractive surprise.

RESULTS:
The mean age of patients was 61 ± 8.32 years. The mean extension of pterygium on the cornea was 2.3 ± 0.91 mm. Refractive surprise was seen in 16.7% of cases of cataract with pterygium and 10% of cases of cataract without pterygium.

CONCLUSION:
Only cataract surgery can be performed in patient having cataract with primary pterygium of up to 2.3 ± 0.91 mm horizontal corneal length, and the incidence of refractive surprise in these cases is comparable to that in patients of cataract without pterygium.
Can chromatic text/background improve Arabic reading performance?
Authors: Alsalem Norah I. , Almustanyir Ali , Alhassan Mosaad , Almutleb Essam , Alluwimi Muhammed , Alabdulkader Balsam 
Published: December 2023

PURPOSE:
Colors have been shown to improve reading performance; however, the effect of colors on Arabic orthography has not been studied. This study aimed to design and create a chromatic acuity chart to evaluate the effect of chromatic contrast on Arabic reading performance.

METHODS:
Color selection for the newly developed chromatic acuity chart was based on the contrast between the L, M, and S cones. The colors were chosen to have a luminance of approximately 13.6 cd/m2 with red text on a green background. A Pantone color guide set was used to choose the colors. Fifteen healthy individuals aged 19–27 years were recruited. Reading performance was measured using the newly developed red-green (R-G) chart and compared with the original achromatic Balsam Alabdulkader-Leat (BAL) chart with a luminance of 95 cd/m2. The outcomes were maximum reading speed in standard-length words per minute (SLWPM), reading acuity (RA), and critical print size (CPS).

RESULTS:
The mean R-G SLWPM of 201 wpm was similar to that of the BAL chart (P < 0.05). The mean RA for the R-G chart was − 0.05 logMAR and − 0.20 logMAR for the BAL chart (P < 0.05). The CPS for the R-G chart was 0.36 logMAR, significantly higher than the original chart of 0.17 logMAR (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION:
This study showed that the reading performance for a text that varies only in chromatic contrast along the R-G axis reduces the reading performance for CPS and RA. Individuals showed an approximate decline of two lines on an Arabic continuous text chart compared with a high-contrast achromatic chart. This information can be used to further develop a set of near-reading charts that can efficiently determine whether there is a differential loss in chromatic and achromatic sensitivity in patients with various vision disorders.
Effect of pranayama and mindfulness meditation on emotional distress and fatigue in adult hematological cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy
Authors: Joshi Anjali Mangesh , Mehta Suchitra Ajay , Dhakate Nishad Gajanan , Mehta Ajay Omprakash 
Published: December 2023

ABSTRACT

Introduction:
Hematological cancer patients often experience anxiety, depression, and fatigue during chemotherapy. Addressing these issues can improve the quality of life and long-term well-being. This study evaluated the effects of pranayama and mindfulness meditation intervention on emotional distress and fatigue in hematological cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy.

Materials and Methods:
Adult hematological cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy (n = 27) were randomized into the intervention group (n = 12) or control group (n = 15). Baseline and post-6 weeks assessment was made using the Emotion Thermometer (ET) and Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS). The intervention included daily practice of slow-paced pranayama and mindfulness meditation for 15 min each.

Results:
Statistical software SPSS v20.0 was used for data analysis. Within the intervention group, the pre–post comparisons indicated a statistically significant reduction in distress (p = 0.002), anxiety (p = 0.02), anger (p = 0.03), depression (p = 0.004), and need for help (p = 0.0005) scores of ET. Total fatigue (p = 0.002), physical fatigue (p = 0.002), and mental fatigue (p = 0.002) scores of FAS declined significantly within the intervention group. There was no statistically significant improvement for any parameter of ET or FAS within the control group. Between the groups, comparison showed a statistically significant reduction in distress (p = 0.004), anxiety (p = 0.02), anger (p = 0.03), need for help (p < 0.0005), total fatigue scores (p < 0.0001), physical fatigue (p < 0.0001), and mental fatigue (p < 0.0001) in the intervention group as compared to the control group.

Conclusion:
The results suggest the potential role of integrated pranayama and mindfulness meditation intervention in reducing emotional distress and fatigue in hematological cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Further validation with a larger sample size is required.