bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Climate change and human security in coastal regions
Authors: Petzold Jan , Scheffran Jürgen 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Climate change has been recognised as a major concern in coastal hotspots exposed to multiple climate hazards under regionally specific characteristics of vulnerability. We review the emerging research and current trends in the academic literature on coastal climate risk and adaptation from a human security perspective. The ecological and socioeconomic developments are analysed for key risk areas, including coastal infrastructure; water, food and fisheries; health; human mobility; and conflict, taking the different geographical contexts of coastal areas in islands, megacities and deltas into consideration. Compounding and cascading interactions require integrative research and policy approaches to address the growing complexity. Governance mechanisms focus on coastal management and adaptation, nature-based solutions and community-based adaptation, considering their synergies and trade-offs. This perspective allows for a holistic view on climate risks to human security and vicious circles of societal instability in coastal systems and the interconnectedness of different risk dimensions and systems necessary for sustainable and transformative adaptation solutions for the most affected coastal hotspots.
On the use of smart hybrid contracts to provide flexibility in algorithmic governance
Authors: Molina-Jimenez Carlos , Felizia Sandra Milena 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The use of computer technology to automate the enforcement of law is a promising alternative to simplify bureaucratic procedures. However, careless automation might result in an inflexible and dehumanized law enforcement system driven by algorithms that do not account for the particularities of individuals or minorities. In this article, we argue that hybrid smart contracts deployed to monitor rather than blindly enforce regulations can be used to add flexibility. Enforcement is a suitable alternative only when prevention is strictly necessary; however, we argue that in many situations a corrective approach based on monitoring is more flexible and suitable. To add more flexibility, the hybrid smart contract can be programmed to stop to request the intervention of a human or of a group of them when human judgment is needed.
Assessment of Nutritional Composition of Turkish Red Crescent Menus After the M7.8 and M7.6 Earthquakes in Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye
Authors: Günalan Elif , Yoldaş Tuba , Turgut Rana , Yenigün Ayça , Yıldırım Çavak Betül , Parmaksız Ayhan 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Objective:
This study aims to evaluate the nutritional content and quality of the Turkish Red Crescent (TRC) menus delivered to earthquake victims after the 2023 earthquakes in Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye.

Methods:
The menus of general, search-rescue, diabetes, and celiac were obtained from the TRC following the magnitudes of 7.8 and 7.6 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes. The nutrient content of the menus was evaluated with the Nutrient Rich Food (NRF20.3) score. In addition, the menus’ energy, macronutrient, and micronutrient contents were compared with the dietary reference intake values of the Türkiye Dietary Guideline—2022, European Food Safety Authority, and Food and Drug Administration.

Results:
The general menu was insufficient to meet the daily requirements of vitamin D, vitamin K, vitamin C, calcium, and potassium for earthquake victims. The sodium, phosphorous, and omega-6/omega-3 ratios were much higher than the recommended intakes. The NRF20.3 score of the diabetes menu was significantly higher than the search-rescue and celiac menus (P < 0.05). The energy content of the search-rescue menu was significantly higher than that of other menus (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:
The several nutritional risks were determined in TRC menus for earthquake victims who suffered from the Kahramanmaraş earthquakes. Several supplementation programs can be applied to the earthquake regions to obtain strength immunity and effectively challenge posttraumatic stress symptoms.
Understanding precipitation changes through unsupervised machine learning
Authors: Mooers Griffin , Beucler Tom , Pritchard Mike , Mandt Stephan 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Despite the importance of quantifying how the spatial patterns of heavy precipitation will change with warming, we lack tools to objectively analyze the storm-scale outputs of modern climate models. To address this gap, we develop an unsupervised, spatial machine-learning framework to quantify how storm dynamics affect changes in heavy precipitation. We find that changes in heavy precipitation (above the 80th percentile) are predominantly explained by changes in the frequency of these events, rather than by changes in how these storm regimes produce precipitation. Our study shows how unsupervised machine learning, paired with domain knowledge, may allow us to better understand the physics of the atmosphere and anticipate the changes associated with a warming world.
Determinants of substance use among young people attending primary health centers in India
Authors: Venkatesh U. , Aparnavi P. , Mogan K.A. , Durga R. , Pearson Jennifer , Kishore Surekha , Joshi Hari Shanker , Nair Naveen Sukumaran , Nisha B. , Agrawal Renu , Vidusha Karavadi , Chenkual C. Vankhuma , Nath Bhola , Epari Venkata Rao , Kumari Ranjeeta , Goyal Pooja , Ahamed Farhad , Baruah Madhurjya , Anil R. , Swami Amrut Arun , Kamble Bhushan Dattatray , Sharma Gopal Ashish , Sharma Akash , Bera Om Prakash , Grover Ashoo , Verma Shikhar Kishore ,   FASAI Study Group
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Background
Substance use is a complex condition with multidimensional determinants. The present study aims to find the prevalence and determinants of substance use among young people attending primary healthcare centers in India.

Methods
A multicentric cross-sectional study was conducted across 15 states in India on 1,630 young people (10–24 years) attending primary health centers. The Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) was used to capture data on substance use. The degree of substance involvement was assessed and multivariate regression analysis was conducted to determine the risk factors of substance use.

Results
The prevalence of substance use was 32.8%, with a median substance initiation age of 18 years. Among the substance users, 75.5% began before completing adolescence. Tobacco (26.4%), alcohol (26.1%) and cannabis (9.5%) were commonly consumed. Sociodemographic determinants included higher age, male gender, urban residence, positive family history, northeastern state residence and lower socioeconomic class. Over 80% of users had moderate or high involvement.

Conclusions
High substance use prevalence among young people in Indian healthcare centers underscores the urgency of targeted intervention. Insights on determinants guide effective prevention strategies for this complex public health issue.
EDGE WEIGHTING FUNCTIONS ON THE SEMITOTAL DOMINATING SET OF CLAW-FREE GRAPHS
Authors: CHEN JIE , CHEN HONGZHANG , XU SHOU-JUN 
Published: February 2024

AbstractIn an isolate-free graph G, a subset S of vertices is a semitotal dominating set of G if it is a dominating set of G and every vertex in S is within distance 2 of another vertex of S. The semitotal domination number of G, denoted by
$\gamma _{t2}(G)$
, is the minimum cardinality of a semitotal dominating set in G. Using edge weighting functions on semitotal dominating sets, we prove that if
$G\neq N_2$
is a connected claw-free graph of order
$n\geq 6$
with minimum degree
$\delta (G)\geq 3$
, then
$\gamma _{t2}(G)\leq \frac{4}{11}n$
and this bound is sharp, disproving the conjecture proposed by Zhu et al. [‘Semitotal domination in claw-free cubic graphs’, Graphs Combin.33(5) (2017), 1119–1130].
Faith and the Absurd: Kierkegaard, Camus and Job’s Religious Protest
Authors: Verbin N. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractReligious protest, such as the protest that Job expresses, reveals the manners in which believers experience the absurd while hanging on to God. The purpose of this article is to explore the “grammar” of this paradoxical faith stance by bringing Kierkegaard and Camus to bear upon it, and thereby to show the “family resemblance” between Job, Camus’s “absurd man,” and the Kierkegaardian believer. I begin with a discussion of experiences of the absurd that give rise to religious protest. I then turn to Kierkegaard to explore the manners in which “faith’s thought” renders the “experience of the absurd” a religious one, while pushing the believer further into the absurd. I end with a discussion of Job as an absurd rebel in Camus’s sense.
An overview of nutritional factors in the aetiopathogenesis of myocardial fibrosis in great apes
Authors: Van Mulders Laurens , Locquet Laurent , Kaandorp Christine , Janssens Geert P. J. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The main cause of mortality in great apes in zoological settings is cardiovascular disease (CVD), affecting all four taxa: chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), bonobo (Pan paniscus), gorilla (Gorilla spp.) and orangutan (Pongo spp.). Myocardial fibrosis, the most typical histological characterisation of CVD in great apes, is non-specific, making it challenging to understand the aetiopathogenesis. A multifactorial origin of disease is assumed whereby many potential causative factors are directly or indirectly related to the diet, which in wild-living great apes mainly consists of high-fibre, low-carbohydrate and very low-sodium components. Diets of great apes housed in zoological settings are often different compared with the situation in the wild. Moreover, low circulating vitamin D levels have recently been recognised in great apes housed in more northern regions. Evaluation of current supplementation guidelines shows that, despite implementation of different dietary strategies, animals stay vitamin D insufficient. Therefore, recent hypotheses designate vitamin D deficiency as a potential underlying factor in the pathogenesis of myocardial fibrosis. The aim of this literature review is to: (i) examine important differences in nutritional factors between zoological and wild great ape populations; (ii) explain the potential detrimental effects of the highlighted dietary discrepancies on cardiovascular function in great apes; and (iii) elucidate specific nutrition-related pathophysiological mechanisms that may underlie the development of myocardial fibrosis. This information may contribute to understanding the aetiopathogenesis of myocardial fibrosis in great apes and pave the way for future clinical studies and a more preventive approach to great ape CVD management.
Associations between food insecurity and diabetes risk factors in US adolescents in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007–2016
Authors: Fulay Aarohee P , Lee Joyce M , Baylin Ana , Wolfson Julia A , Leung Cindy W 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Objective:
To evaluate the associations between household food insecurity and diabetes risk factors among lower-income US adolescents.

Design:
Cross-sectional analysis. Household food security status was measured using the 18-item Food Security Survey Module. Simple and multivariable linear and logistic regressions were used to assess the association between food security status and fasting plasma glucose (FPG), oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), HbA1C and homoeostatic model assessment – insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). The analyses were adjusted for household and adolescent demographic and health characteristics.

Setting:
USA.

Participants:
3412 US adolescents aged 12–19 years with household incomes ≤300 % of the federal poverty line from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey cycles 2007–2016.

Results:
The weighted prevalence of marginal food security was 15·4 % and of food insecurity was 32·9 %. After multivariate adjustment, adolescents with food insecurity had a 0·04 % higher HbA1C (95 % CI 0·00, 0·09, P-value = 0·04) than adolescents with food security. There was also a significant overall trend between severity of food insecurity and higher HbA1C (Ptrend = 0·045). There were no significant mean differences in adolescents’ FPG, OGTT or HOMA-IR by household food security.

Conclusions:
Food insecurity was associated with slightly higher HbA1c in a 10-year sample of lower-income US adolescents aged 12–19 years; however, other associations with diabetes risk factors were not significant. Overall, this suggests slight evidence for an association between food insecurity and diabetes risk in US adolescents. Further investigation is warranted to examine this association over time.
Exploring public health nurses’ acceptability of clinical assessment tools in a Norwegian child health centre
Authors: Barrett Elisabeth Ovanger , Laholt Hilde , Lorem Geir Fagerjord , Wang Catharina Elisabeth Arfwedson 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Background:
Infants’ symptoms of mental struggle are often diffuse and undifferentiated, and health services do not identify many infants at risk of poor development. However, primary health care is advantageous for early identification, given there are frequent consultations during the infant’s first two years. Health policy encourages using evidence-based screening but use varies in primary health care. The Alarm Distress Baby Scale (ADBB) is an assessment tool targeting social withdrawal in infants 2-24 months of age.

Aim:
To explore contextual factors related to public health nurses’ (PHNs) acceptability of clinical assessment tools in a Norwegian child health centre.

Methods:
Prior to an upcoming ADBB training, we used focus group discussions with PHNs to explore their views on their professional role and practice and how this concurs with using assessment tools.

Findings:
Thematic analysis resulted in the following themes: (1) A Role requiring Supporting the Parents and Safeguarding the Infant; (2) The Challenge of Interpreting Infant Expressions; and (3) Organisational Preconditions for Accepting New Methods.

Conclusion:
Our findings show that PHNs regard assessment tools as an aid to detect infants at risk, but that systematic use of such tools can hinder their ability to be flexible, egalitarian, and resource-focused. We also find that acceptability of assessment tools requires a system for continuous training and a well-established referral routine.
Ottoman subjects and prisoners of war in the Semirechye Oblast during the First World War
Authors: Abdukadyrov Nurzhigit , Mukhazhanova Tolkyn , Sabdenova Gulmira 
Published: February 2024

AbstractAmidst the upheavals of the First World War, a considerable number of prisoners of war from the Ottoman Empire found themselves in Russia, resettled primarily in the central regions of the Russian Empire. The regions of Volga, Siberia, Ural, and Western Siberia played host to Ottoman prisoners, who were accommodated in camps and barracks across cities and rural areas. Over time, a noteworthy migration led some prisoners to the territory of modern Kazakhstan, with cities like Samara, Orenburg, and Omsk serving as pivotal points before further dispersion into the central regions of Kazakhstan. As a result, Ottoman citizens found themselves under suspicion and were dispersed akin to prisoners. The Semirechye Oblast (Zhetisu region) emerged as a focal point where both Ottoman subjects and prisoners of war were dispersed during this tumultuous period. This article investigates the political and social dynamics, as well as the fate, of Turkish prisoners of war and citizens within the Semirechye Oblast during the war. The analysis delves into the status of Ottoman Empire subjects who acquiesced to the authority of the Russian Empire, offering insights into the lives of prisoners of war in this specific region.
Responses of soil seedbank and aboveground weed communities to globe artichoke–cropping systems: an on-farm analysis
Authors: Scavo Aurelio , Restuccia Alessia , Di Martino Alessandro , Mauromicale Giovanni 
Published: February 2024

AbstractGlobe artichoke [Cynara cardunculus L. var. scolymus (L.) Fiori] is one of the most important crops across the Mediterranean basin, where weeds are an important biotic constraint limiting crop yields. However, the effects of globe artichoke–cropping systems on weeds have been rarely tested. Following the demand for eco-friendly weed management practices, a multi-location trial (13 farms) was carried out, measuring weed seedbanks and aboveground communities within four globe artichoke–cropping systems: globe artichoke monoculture (ART), past cultivation of globe artichoke (8 to 10 yr ago) (past-ART), a globe artichoke–durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) rotation (ART-WHEAT), and a control where globe artichoke was never grown. Both below- and aboveground weed communities were dominated by annual therophytes, but a low correspondence was found between both types of communities. Averaged over farms, ART highly reduced both the weed soil seedbank (1,600 seeds m−2 on average) and the aboveground weed biomass (only 3.4 g dry weight m−2) compared with the control, with a decrease of 72% in the soil seedbank and 99% in the aboveground flora. Moreover, on the farms where globe artichoke was previously grown, a very low aboveground weed biomass (77% less than control) was found. In addition, ART contributed to the preservation of high levels of weed diversity (except for aboveground communities) and therefore avoided the creation of a specialized weed flora. In conclusion, we suggest the inclusion of globe artichoke into crop rotation schemes in Mediterranean agroecosystems as a sustainable tool for reducing both the soil weed seedbank and aboveground weeds, thus reducing the requirement of direct weed control methods and preserving the environment.
Marine Aluminum Phosphate–Sulfate Authigenesis as a Phosphorus Sink During Mid‐Proterozoic Oxygenation
Authors: Xie Baozeng , Lechte Maxwell , Shi Xiaoying , Wang Xi , Zhou Limin , Zhou Xiqiang , Huang Kang‐Jun , Wang Zhenfei , Wang Xinqiang , Tang Dongjie 
Published: February 2024

AbstractEnhanced continental phosphorus input into the ocean has been suggested as a potential trigger for the transient oxygenation events during the mid‐Proterozoic; however, the response of phosphorus cycling to these marine oxygenations remains unclear. Here, we report the changes in phosphorus cycling associated with a ∼1.7 Ga transient oxygenation. Abundant authigenic aluminum phosphate–sulfate mineral svanbergite (SrAl3(PO4) (SO4) (OH)6; 8.02 ± 4.92 wt%) is identified within the ∼1.7 Ga Yunmengshan ironstones from the Xiong'er Basin, North China and other contemporaneous basins. This observation provides new evidence to support the suggestion that early diagenetic aluminum phosphate‐sulfate minerals could have represented a critical sink of marine phosphorus during the Proterozoic. We suggest that atmospheric oxygenation and concomitant changes in porewater redox chemistry may have enhanced the formation of early diagenetic phosphates, leading to a negative feedback on the oceanic phosphorus reservoir and atmospheric oxygen levels.
Tracking Lightning Through 3D Thunder Source Location With Distributed Acoustic Sensing
Authors: Hong Heting , Wang Baoshan , Lu Gaopeng , Li Xiao , Ge Qishuai , Xie Ao , Wu Yue , Qiu Xuexing , Chen Jian 
Published: February 2024

AbstractInvestigating lightning is of key significance in understanding the lightning mechanism and mitigating lightning hazards. We reported an experiment of investigating lightning through three‐dimensional (3D) thunder locating using a Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) array in Hefei, China. In this experiment, we recast a 7.7 km long urban telecom optical fiber cable as 3,850 sensors using the DAS technique. From dense DAS recording, we manually identified 101 thunder events during six positive cloud‐to‐ground (CG) lightning flashes within 20 min. The DAS recorded thunder signals are dominated by direct acoustic waves rather than air‐ground coupled surface waves. The thunder events were then located using the arrival times of thunder signals. The locations and amplitudes of thunder events are generally consistent with those from the conventional lightning detection data set and broadband magnetic field. There is likely a correlation between the maximum strength of thunder events and the highest peak current for individual CG flashes. Moreover, the comparison with weather radar observations indicates that lightning usually originated from areas of high reflectivity (e.g., ≥50dBz) with diffusely distributed (from ground surface to ∼5 km altitude) thunder events and extended in a narrow altitude range of 3–5 km to areas with low radar reflectivity.
New Method for Determining Azimuths of ELF Signals Associated With the Global Thunderstorm Activity and the Hunga Tonga Volcano Eruption
Authors: Kubisz J. , Gołkowski M. , Mlynarczyk J. , Ostrowski M. , Michalec A. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractA new method is proposed for deriving extremely low frequency (ELF) wave arrival azimuths using the wide range of signal amplitudes, contrary to previously applied high amplitude impulses only. The method is applied to observations from our new magnetic sensor in the Hylaty station with an 18 bit dynamic range and a 3 kHz sampling frequency. We analyzed a day of 15 January 2022, to test the procedure against the ability to extract ELF signals generated during the Hunga Tonga volcano eruption. With complementary filtering of power line 50 Hz signatures, precise azimuth information can be extracted for waves from a multitude of thunderstorms on Earth varying during the day at different azimuths. A phenomenon of successive regular variation—decay or activation—of thunderstorms activity with varying azimuth is observed, possibly due to passing over the solar (day/night) terminator, and signatures of azimuth direction change during this passage can be noted. We also show that the erupting Hunga Tonga volcano associated impulses dispersed due to a long propagation path are clearly revealed in the azimuth distribution with analysis using parameters fitted to measure slowly varying signals, but not for fast varying impulses. We show that the Hunga Tonga related signals arrive from the azimuth ≈10° smaller than the geographic great circle path. The discrepancy is believed to be due to propagation through the polar region and in the vicinity of the solar terminator.