bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON THE GENERALIZED SHWARTZMAN REACTION
Authors: Thomas Lewis , Brunson Joel , Smith Richard T. 
Published: June 2004

Lesions indistinguishable from those of the generalized Shwartzman reaction occured in rabbits when a single intravenous injection of Gram-negative bacterial endotoxin was accompanied, or followed, by an injection of one of the following synthetic, heparin-like, acidic polymers-sodium polyanethol sulfonate, dextran sulfate, or sodium polyvinyl alcohol sulfonate.
These reactions were produced by doses of polymer or of endotoxin which were without demonstrable effect when given singly.
Heparin, in those similar to those previously shown to protect rabbits against the lesions of the generalized Shwartzman reaction, prevented the reaction to the combined injection of endotoxin and acidic polymers.
Nitrogen mustard, which was previously shown to prevent the lesions of the generalized Shwartzman reaction from occurring after two intravenous injections of endotoxin, had no protective action against the lesions produced by the combined injection of endotoxin and polymer.
Cortisone did not affect the reaction to endotoxin and polymer.
The role of fibrinogen in the reaction under study is discussed in the paper which follows.
PROPAGATION OF INFLUENZA VIRUS IN "IMMUNE" ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: Magill Thomas P. 
Published: June 2004

Influenza virus can survive, and can be propagated in immunological environments induced in mice by vaccination with the homologous strain of virus: survival was associated with the emergence of variants which differed from the parent strain in antigenic characteristics.
The data concerning hemagglutinating activity of the variants, on the one hand, and of the antigenicity, on the other, are compatible with the concept that the structure of the influenza virus includes a surface arrangement which is distinct from the inner virus bulk.
The points (a) that propagation was accomplished with difficulty whenever the immunological environment was altered, and (b) that once established, passage was continued without difficulty, are interpreted to indicate that the mechanism of variation may involve a rearrangement of the basic hereditary mechanism.
THE REQUIREMENT OF OVALBUMIN FOR THE GROWTH OF GROUP A HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCUS IN A SYNTHETIC MEDIUM
Authors: Slade Hutton D. , Slamp William C. 
Published: June 2004

Crystalline ovalbumin, when heated under controlled conditions, promoted growth of Streptococcus hemolyticus in a synthetic medium. A similar activation of albumin also was produced by ultraviolet irradiation or by shaking under nitrogen. Untreated albumin failed to permit growth under the same conditions. The activity of treated albumin was destroyed by aeration or by reaction with iodoacetate.
The data suggest that the activity of ovalbumin for the streptococcus depends on the presence of "exposed" SH groups. However, other sulfhydryl-containing compounds (thioglycolate, glutathione, cysteine) could not replace ovalbumin.
A number of crude and crystalline proteins, and di- and tripeptides were inactive. Strepogenin and crystalline bovine serum albumin produced a weak growth response on extended incubation.
Approximately 50 per cent of the original protein in the culture disappeared during growth. Ovalbumin labelled with C14 was added to the synthetic medium. After growth of the culture the isotope was found associated with the cells and in the culture fluid in both dialyzable and non-dialyzable forms.
Under the conditions described, luxuriant growth of 15 strains (10 serological types) of Group A streptococci was obtained in 10 hours from small inocula. The growth was capable of repeated subcultivation.
THE TRANSFER OF LYMPH NODE CELLS IN THE STUDY OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO FOREIGN PROTEINS
Authors: Roberts James C. , Dixon Frank J. 
Published: June 2004

A secondary immune response to the soluble foreign protein antigens I*BSA and I*BGG has been demonstrated when lymph node cells, largely lymphocytes with a few reticulo-endothelial and plasma cells, from previously immunized rabbits were transferred to x-radiated recipient rabbits, and the recipients then challenged with antigen.
The total specific antibody synthesized by the transferred cells during the first 8 days of the secondary response amounted to approximately ⅔ of the wet weight of the transferred cells.
In an attempt to elicit a primary response, lymph node cells were obtained from normal, non-immunized donors, and transferred to x-radiated recipients. No immune response was observed upon antigenic stimulation.
When normal or previously immunized lymph node cells were incubated with antigen for periods up to 1 hour, washed and injected into recipients, no antibody production was observed.
ARE CARCINOGENS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE SUPERIMPOSED NEOPLASTIC CHANGES OCCURRING IN MOUSE TUMOR CELLS?
Authors: Dumbell Keith , Rous Peyton 
Published: June 2004

Three spontaneous pulmonary adenomas of C mice, morphologically resembling those induced by methylcholanthrene or urethane, were propagated in host after host under conditions such that the neoplastic cells were directly exposed, while proliferating, to one or the other of these agents. The successive periods of test lasted for more than a year in some instances, the total exposure to the carcinogens far exceeding that required to change normal pulmonary cells into adenoma cells. One of the adenomas remained unaltered, and the others underwent cancerous changes; but these took place with equal frequency in the control growths, and their occurrence was neither hastened nor delayed by the carcinogens.
Two polymorphous mammary carcinomas of "milk-factor" type, with the characteristic tendency to form acini and tubules, were exposed to methylcholanthrene in the same way as the pulmonary adenomas and for periods quite as long. Their cells continued to differentiate, and in other respects underwent no significant change.
Urethane had no influence on the rate of growth of the adenomas exposed to it; methylcholanthrene, on the other hand, markedly retarded the enlargement both of them and of the mammary tumors. Its inhibitory influence was not passed on from cell to cell however; when freed of the carcinogen by further transplantation, the retarded tumors grew as fast as the controls. Furthermore the retardation caused no evident delay in the occurrence of cancerous changes in the adenomas.
One of the adenomas was maintained in twelve parallel lines while under test and new tumors arose in nine of them, the earliest appearing more than fifteen months after initial transfer of the growth. Always it was an adenoma solidum, this appearing almost concurrently in eight of the nine lines. In six of them it was soon followed by carcinomas, the sequence of events and the morphological findings both indicating that they had derived from it. Individually the cancers were widely various, but they were similar on the whole from line to line. Carcinomas of a wholly different aspect arose from the other adenoma undergoing cancerous change, and they were not preceded by adenoma solidum. In both instances the character of the superimposed neoplastic alterations seemed to have been determined by some inherent trait of the adenoma concerned.
STUDIES ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION
Authors: Allison Fred , Smith Mary Ruth , Wood W. Barry 
Published: June 2004

A special adaptation of the rabbit ear chamber has been devised to study in vivo, under high magnification, the acute inflammatory reaction to thermal injury. Systematic observations of the cellular response have led to the following conclusions.
1. Contrary to the commonly accepted view, vasodilatation does not always precede the adherence of leucocytes to vascular endothelium.
2. The fact that leucocytes often adhere to one another as well as to the endothelium indicates that the increased adhesiveness characteristic of the early stages of inflammation is not limited to the surfaces of the endothelial cells.
3. The sharing of erythrocytes and platelets in this increased stickiness suggests that a "plasma factor" is involved. There is indirect but as yet inconclusive evidence that the plasma factor may concern the clotting mechanism of the blood.
4. The adherence of leucocytes to the endothelium is usually first noted on the side of the vessel closest to the site of injury. This previously undescribed phenomenon of "unilateral sticking" is in keeping with the concept that the vascular reaction is caused by products of cellular damage which diffuse to the vessel from the site of injury.
5. Leucocytes always become adherent to the endothelium before penetrating the vessel wall. They often migrate about for some time on the endothelial surface before undergoing diapedesis.
6. Although no definite stomata are at any time visible in the endothelium, penetrating leucocytes may leave behind temporary defects through which other leucocytes and even erythrocytes may pass.
7. The diapedesis of leucocytes appears to depend primarily upon cellular motility. It may occur in static vessels where there is presumably little if any hydrostatic pressure.
8. The diapedesis of erythrocytes, on the other hand, is a passive process depending upon intravascular pressure. Its occurrence is greatly exaggerated in areas in which intravascular pressure becomes elevated. Such elevations occur as the result of proximal arteriolar dilatation and distal occlusion of vessels.
9. Once they have reached the extravascular tissues the leucocytes move about more or less at random, apparently uninfluenced by any compelling chemotactic force. Their resultant migration, however, is toward the site of injury around which they eventually tend to congregate.
10. The histiocytes normally present in the connective tissue appear to play no role in the type of acute inflammatory reaction produced in these experiments.
RED CELL STROMA IN DOGS
Authors: Robscheit-Robbins F. S. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

Normal red blood cells in dogs contain stroma in fairly uniform amounts. This red cell stroma is rich in proteins and lipides.
Anemia due to blood loss causes an increase in stroma protein. The highest levels of stroma protein are found in the severe anemias. As the anemia is corrected by red cell regeneration, the stroma protein level falls to normal.
Anemia due to blood destruction (phenylhydrazine) presents very high levels of stroma protein—almost double the increase noted in anemia due to blood loss.
Hypoproteinemia added to anemia due to blood loss causes no significant change on the stroma protein level.
Abscesses due to the subcutaneous injection of turpentine during the anemia cause slight decreases in the stroma protein levels. Chloroform poisoning has no effect on the stroma protein levels.
The total lipides of the stroma are rather stable and are little influenced by anemia. In certain experiments with hemolytic anemia and with hypoproteinemia, there is a significant rise in total lipide figures.
EFFECTS OF CORTICOSTERONE, HYDROCORTISONE, AND CORTICOTROPIN ON PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODIES IN RABBITS
Authors: Kass Edward H. , Kendrick Mary I. , Finland Maxwell 
Published: June 2004

The effects of hydrocortisone, corticosterone, and pituitary adrenocorticotropin on antibody production were studied immunochemically in rabbits.
Hydrocortisone in doses as low as 2.5 mg. per day (approximately 1.0 mg. per kg. per day) markedly depressed antibody production whereas corticosterone in doses four times as large exerted no significant effect.
Corticotropin in doses of 15 units daily exerted an effect similar to that of corticosterone, but its effect was more like that of hydrocortisone when given in doses twice as great. This finding is in agreement with observations that the prolonged administration of corticotropin in sufficient dosage leads to increased output of hydrocortisone by the adrenal cortex of the rabbit.
Corticosterone did not antagonize the effect of hydrocortisone on antibody production, but seemed to act additively with it.
Although each of the hormones tested induced some adverse effect on nitrogen balance as measured by the weights of the animals, and hydrocortisone induced the more striking decreases in weight, there was no direct correlation between the effects of these hormones on antibody production and their effects on weight.
THE EFFECT OF DINITROPHENOL AND THYROXIN ON THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF MICE TO STAPHYLOCOCCAL INFECTIONS
Authors: Smiths J. Maclean , Dubos René J. 
Published: June 2004

Mice were given daily per os amounts of dinitrophenol or of thyroid extract sufficient to prevent or retard the normal weight gain of uninfected animals, but not large enough to cause their death.
When mice maintained on these regimens for 1 or 2 weeks were infected with staphylococci, most of them died within 12 days—much more rapidly than did mice fed a normal diet. Deaths occurred even when the organism injected was a non-virulent staphylococcus, unable to cause fatal disease in mice fed a normal diet.
There was some suggestion that thyroid treatment interfered with the bactericidal mechanism in the liver, spleen, and kidneys of mice during the initial phase of infection. In contrast there was no clear evidence at any time thereafter that either thyroid extract or dinitrophenol caused the staphylococci to multiply more rapidly in the various organs.
ANTITUBERCULOUS IMMUNITY INDUCED BY METHANOL EXTRACTS OF TUBERCLE BACILLI—ITS ENHANCEMENT BY ADJUVANTS
Authors: Weiss David W. , Dubos René J. 
Published: June 2004

It is possible to prepare from tubercle bacilli a fraction soluble in methanol which is capable of eliciting in mice a marked degree of resistance against virulent tuberculous infection. The immunity was evident whether the infective dose was large and caused a disease with a rapid course, or was very small and caused a disease of many months duration.
Active material has been obtained by extraction with methanol at 55°C. of bacterial cells killed with 2 per cent phenol, and washed with acetone. The methanol extracts used in the present study have been prepared from the phenol-killed cells of a culture of BCG, and of the avirulent culture H37Ra.
Vaccination of mice bas been carried out by the intraperitoneal route, and the challenge infection (with a highly virulent bovine culture), by the intravenous route.
Weight for weight, the protective activity of the methanol extract is smaller than that of the bacterial cells from which it is extracted, but its primary toxicity for mice is also considerably lower. The protective activity can be increased, and the immunity prolonged, by using certain adjuvants as vehicle for injection of the vaccine. An oil adjuvant mixture, and small amounts of a highly purified preparation of the somatic antigen of typhoid bacilli, have been found capable of enhancing and prolonging the antituberculous immunity induced by the methanol extract.
Under appropriate conditions the resistance resulting from intraperitoneal injection of the methanol extract is of the same order as that which follows vaccination with whole killed tubercle bacilli or with living BCG.
THE IMMUNOLOGICAL SPECIFICITY OF TYPE II PNEUMOCOCCUS AND ITS SEPARATION INTO PARTIAL SPECIFICITIES
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Adams John 
Published: June 2004

The specificity of Type II pneumococcus determined by its capsular polysaccharide (S II) may be separated into three partial specificities, each characteristic of one of the three component sugars of S II, namely, glucuronic acid, glucose, and rhamnose.
By far the largest portion of antibodies in Type II antipneumococcus horse sera which cross-react with carbohydrates containing one or more of these sugars are reactive with those characterized by multiple groupings of glucuronic acid. This confirms, extends, and explains earlier observations.
In confirmation of predictions based upon existing information tamarind seed polysaccharide (jellose), in which much of the glucose exists as 1,4,6-branch points, was found to react in Type II antisera.
Several instances are given of cross-reactions in these antisera apparently due to the L-rhamnose component of the reacting polysaccharides.
The antisera contain far more antibody capable of precipitating with substances with multiple units of glucuronic acid than with those so far tested containing multiple 1,4,6-branch points of glucose or multiple groupings of rhamnose.
The long known increase of titer of gum arabic on partial hydrolysis is now fully explained and discussed, and a chemical picture is given of the change in "avidity."
The sum of the partial specificities measured does not equal the whole.
Quantitative data illustrating these points are given.
AN ENDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF ENTERIC VIRUS INFECTIONS
Authors: Honig Edward I. , Melnick Joseph L. , Isacson Peter , Parr Robert , Myers Ira L. , Walton Mary 
Published: June 2004

An endemiological study of enteric viruses was conducted among 136 normal children, living in households in two socio-economic groups, over a 29 month period in Charleston, West Virginia.
A repeatable seasonal incidence of enteric virus excretion was noted with over 90 per cent of isolations occurring in the months of June to October. Of 592 stools examined in District I, a lower socio-economic group, 8.3 per cent yielded virus as compared to 3.1 per cent of 966 stools examined in District IV, an upper middle class district with good environmental sanitation. Among the 77 viruses isolated in tissue cultures of monkey kidneys, 44 per cent were ECHO or orphan viruses, 37 per cent Coxsackie viruses, and 19 per cent poliomyelitis viruses.
Among poliovirus carriers, and 15 family contacts, 10 individuals had simultaneous heterotypic and type-specific antibody responses. The heterotypic ones were usually present at low levels and were transient in nature.
Family infection with certain orphan viruses was also evident from antibody development which occurred following isolation of virus in the sentinel child.
INFLUENZA VIRUS AND ITS MUCOPROTEIN SUBSTRATE IN THE CHORIOALLANTOIC MEMBRANE OF THE CHICK EMBRYO
Authors: Schlesinger R. Walter , Karr H. Valerie 
Published: June 2004

The fate of heat-stable inhibitors (HI) of hemagglutination by influenza viruses in the infected chorioallantoic membrane has been studied. The amount of soluble HI extractable from the normal CAM is taken as a measure of the total mucoprotein substrate derived from the allantoic cells.
It has been shown that a decrease in HI is demonstrable when all or nearly all cells of the allantois are involved in the infectious process. Once this condition is fulfilled, viral multiplication in the CAM is associated with stepwise breakdown and partial restoration of HI. The periodicity of these steps is in close agreement with earlier reports by others on the duration of primary and secondary cycles of viral multiplication. Periodicity of viral multiplication and of HI breakdown with subsequent restoration is particularly pronounced in eggs pretreated with metaperiodate or with mixtures of periodate and glucose or glycerol.
The stepwise nature of the HI breakdown indicates that it is in some way related to intracellular phases of viral reproduction, and that individual cells produce virus in cycles rather than continuously. A possible mechanism of this process is proposed.
STUDIES ON SERUM PROTEOLYTIC ENZYME INHIBITION
Authors: Moll Frederic C. ,   With the Technical Assistance of Shirley Sunden And Burton Palmer
Published: June 2004

Serial studies of the serum levels of trypsin inhibitor have been performed on monkeys following injection of turpentine-falba, total body irradiation, thermal injury, splenectomy, administration of cortisone acetate and egg albumin. Following the injection of turpentine-falba mixture there was a prompt elevation in the trypsin inhibitor power of the serum. A similar response accompanied the administration of cortisone acetate. The response to cortisone was not inhibited by removal of the spleen. Animals premedicated with cortisone acetate for 3 and 4 weeks showed no statistically significant change in the level of the serum inhibitor following injection of the turpentine-falba.
Total body irradiation and immunization with egg albumin were accompanied by a very slight rise in the inhibitory power of the serum despite a prompt and extensive drop in the total white blood cell count in the irradiated animals, and development of precipitins in all of the immunized animals. The significance of these findings is discussed.
5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE AND HISTAMINE AS MEDIATORS OF THE VASCULAR INJURY PRODUCED BY AGENTS WHICH DAMAGE MAST CELLS IN RATS
Authors: Rowley Donald A. , Benditt Earl P. ,   With the Technical Assistance of Margaret Arase And Elizabeth Roeper
Published: June 2004

Each of the four agents, ovomucoid, dextran, 48/80, and testis extract, when injected beneath the skin of the dorsa of the paws of rats produces a local vascular injury characterized by a protein-rich edema. Each agent also produces damage to mast cells.
Either 5-hydroxytryptamine or histamine produces a response similar in the gross to that elicited by the agents which damage mast cells; however, neither of these two agents produces mast cell damage. On a weight basis 5-hydroxytryptamine is a much more potent edema-producing agent than histamine.
The edema-producing action of 5-hydroxytryptamine can be differentiated from the similar action of histamine by the use of specific antagonists; dibenamine is a 5-hydroxytryptamine antagonist and pyrilamine a histamine antagonist.
The edema produced by the mast cell-damaging agents is partially inhibited by dibenamine but is not diminished by pyrilamine. It is completely inhibited by treatment of rats with both drugs.
The drugs which inhibit edema do not prevent mast cell damage by ovomucoid, dextran, 48/80, or testis extract.
The observations are consistent with the hypothesis that agents which damage mast cells, "release" both 5-hydroxytryptamine and histamine and that in the rat the edema associated with mast cell damage is mediated largely by 5-hydroxytryptamine.
RATES OF ANTIBODY SYNTHESIS DURING FIRST, SECOND, AND HYPERIMMUNE RESPONSES OF RABBITS TO BOVINE GAMMA GLOBULIN
Authors: Dixon Frank J. , Maurer Paul H. , Weigle William O. , Deichmiller Maria P. 
Published: June 2004

Determinations of the rates of antibody synthesis during first, second, and hyperimmune responses to bovine gamma globulin using S35-labelle aminod acids indicate the following:
1. In all three responses the rate of antibody synthesis increases while antigen is circulating and then begins to decline rapidly after elimination of detectable circulating antigen.
2. The initial rates of decline of antibody synthesis are approximately the same for all three responses.
3. There is a relatively persistent source of antibody production which appears after repeated stimulation and increases in proportion to the number of repeated stimuli.