bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A petrogenetic grid for aluminous granulite facies metapelites in the KFMASH system
Authors: McDade P. , Harley S. L. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractDue to the retrograde cation exchange problems experienced by conventional geothermobarometers above their closure temperatures, petrogenetic grids are a potentially powerful alternative to unravelling the P–T evolution of ultrahigh‐T granulite terranes. A new qualitative KFMASH (K2O–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O) petrogenetic grid for Mg–Al rich metapelites containing K‐feldspar, sillimanite and quartzofeldspathic melt that successfully accounts for the majority of assemblages composed of variations of sapphirine, spinel, garnet, orthopyroxene, cordierite, biotite and quartz is developed. Univariant reactions are predicted utilizing a newly derived ‘melt projection’ and these reactions are entirely consistent with algebraically calculated reaction coefficients obtained using a set of standard phase compositions. Based upon observations of commonly associated mineral assemblages in natural lithologies the [Spr, Spl], [Qtz, Spl], [Bt, Spl], [Opx, Spr], [Opx, Qtz] and [Bt, Opx] invariant points are assumed to be stable, whilst the [Grt, Spr], [Grt, Qtz], [Spr, Qtz] and [Crd, Qtz] are assumed to be metastable. Biotite‐bearing assemblages are confined to the lowest temperatures, and sapphirine + quartz to the highest temperatures. Orthopyroxene + sillimanite ± quartz assemblages are confined to the highest pressures, whilst spinel‐bearing assemblages are stabilized by lower pressures. The alternative choice of invariant point stability leads to significant differences between this grid and previously proposed topologies. Spinel cannot be stable along with the orthopyroxene and sillimanite assemblage as previously proposed. Further, more subtle differences in topology result from the treatment of H2O in the chemographic projection used to deduce univariant reactions, and projecting from a water‐bearing quartzofeldspathic melt does not yield the same reaction coefficients as projection from H2O. The new grid allows reinterpretation of previously proposed evolutionary P–T paths for Mg–Al rich granulites from the Napier Complex and Rauer Group, East Antarctica, and In Ouzzal, Algeria.
Expression of CTLA‐4 by Human Monocytes
Authors: Wang X.‐B. , Giscombe R. , Yan Z. , Heiden T. , Xu D. , Lefvert A. K. 
Published: March 2003

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte‐associated molecule‐4 (CTLA‐4) is a receptor present on T cells that plays a critical role in the downregulation of antigen‐activated immune responses. CTLA‐4 interacts with the ligands CD80 and CD86 on antigen‐presenting cells (APC), and also directs the assembly of inhibitory signalling complexes that lead to quiescence or anergy. In this study, we show that human monocytes constitutively express CTLA‐4. About 3% of monocytes expressed CTLA‐4 on the cell surface, whereas the intracellular expression was higher and present in about 20% of the monocytes. The sequences of the cDNAs from human monocytes were identical to the sequences of CTLA‐4 from T cells. Expression of CTLA‐4 was also confirmed in the activated myelomonocytic cell lines U937 and THP‐1. Monocytes, but not T cells, activated by interferon (IFN)‐γ also secreted soluble CTLA‐4 in vitro. The CTLA‐4 expression was upregulated upon treatment with phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA) and IFN‐γ. This increased expression could be partially abolished by staurosporine, an inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC). Ligation of CTLA‐4 in the monocyte‐like cell‐line U937 with antibodies against CTLA‐4 partially inhibited the proliferation of cells and the upregulation of cell‐surface markers CD86, CD54, HLA‐DR and HLA‐DQ induced by IFN‐γ and Staphylococcus aureus, Cowan I strain (SAC). Ligation of CTLA‐4 suppressed the PMA‐stimulated activation of transcription activator protein 1 (AP‐1) and nuclear factor (NF)‐κB in the U937 cell line, indicating the involvement of an inhibitory signal transduction. These data provide the first evidence that CTLA‐4 is constitutively expressed by monocytes and thus might be important for the regulation of immune mechanisms associated with monocytes.
The oat mitochondrial permeability transition and its implication in victorin binding and induced cell death
Authors: Curtis Marc J. , Wolpert Thomas J. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe mitochondrion has emerged as a key regulator of apoptosis, a form of animal programmed cell death (PCD). The mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT), facilitated by a pore‐mediated, rapid permeability increase in the inner membrane, has been implicated as an early and critical step of apoptosis. Victorin, the host‐selective toxin produced by Cochliobolus victoriae, the causal agent of victoria blight of oats, has been demonstrated to bind to the mitochondrial P‐protein and also induces a form of PCD. Previous results suggest that a MPT may facilitate victorin's access to the mitochondrial matrix and binding to the P‐protein: (i) victorin‐induced cell death displays features similar to apoptosis; (ii) in vivo, victorin binds to the mitochondrial P‐protein only in toxin‐sensitive genotypes whereas victorin binds equally well to P‐protein isolated from toxin‐sensitive and insensitive oats; (iii) isolated, untreated mitochondria are impermeable to victorin. The data implicate an in vivo change in mitochondrial permeability in response to victorin. This study focused on whether oat mitochondria can undergo a MPT. Isolated oat mitochondria demonstrated high‐amplitude swelling when treated with spermine or Ca2+ in the presence of the Ca2+‐ionophore A23187, and when treated with mastoparan, an inducer of the MPT in rat liver mitochondria. In all cases, swelling demonstrated size exclusion in the range 0.9–1.7 kDa, similar to that found in animal mitochondria. Further, MPT‐inducing conditions permitted victorin access to the mitochondrial matrix and binding to the P‐protein. In vivo, victorin treatment induced the collapse of mitochondrial transmembrane potential within 2 h, indicating a MPT. Also, the victorin‐induced collapse of membrane potential was clearly distinct from that induced by uncoupling respiration, as the latter event prevented the victorin‐induced PCD response and binding to P‐protein. These results demonstrate that a MPT can occur in oat mitochondria in vitro, and are consistent with the hypothesis that an MPT, which allows victorin access to the mitochondrial matrix and binding to the P‐protein, occurs in vivo during victorin‐induced PCD.
Arabidopsis RPP4 is a member of the RPP5 multigene family of TIR‐NB‐LRR genes and confers downy mildew resistance through multiple signalling components
Authors: Van Der Biezen Erik A. , Freddie Cecilie T. , Kahn Katherine , Parker Jane E. , Jones Jonathan D. G. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryIn Arabidopsis, RPP4 confers resistance to Peronospora parasitica (P.p.) races Emoy2 and Emwa1 (downy mildew). We identified RPP4 in Col‐0 as a member of the clustered RPP5 multigene family encoding nucleotide‐binding leucine‐rich repeat proteins with Toll/interleukin‐1 receptor domains. RPP4 is the orthologue of RPP5 which, in addition to recognizing P.p. race Noco2, also mediates resistance to Emoy2 and Emwa1. Most differences between RPP4 and RPP5 occur in residues that constitute the TIR domain and in LRR residues that are predicted to confer recognition specificity. RPP4 requires the action of at least 12 defence components, including DTH9, EDS1, PAD4, PAL, PBS2, PBS3, SID1, SID2 and salicylic acid. The ndr1, npr1 and rps5‐1 mutations partially compromise RPP4 function in cotyledons but not in true leaves. The identification of RPP4 as a TIR‐NB‐LRR protein, coupled with its dependence on certain signalling components in true leaves, is consistent with the hypothesis that distinct NB‐LRR protein classes differentially signal through EDS1 and NDR1. Our results suggest that RPP4‐mediated resistance is developmentally regulated and that in cotyledons there is cross‐talk between EDS1 and NDR1 signalling and processes regulating systemic acquired resistance.
Prenatal diagnosis of isolated unilateral pulmonary agenesis in the second trimester
Authors: Viora E. , Sciarrone A. , Bastonero S. , Errante G. , Campogrande M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractUnilateral pulmonary agenesis is a very rare developmental malformation that is often associated with other anomalies including non‐immune hydrops. We describe a case of isolated unilateral pulmonary agenesis diagnosed in the second trimester by gray‐scale and color Doppler ultrasound. Copyright © 2002 ISUOG
Uterine artery Doppler at 11–14 weeks of gestation in chromosomally abnormal fetuses
Authors: Bindra R. , Curcio P. , Cicero S. , Martin A. , Nicolaides K. H. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether the major chromosomal abnormalities are associated with impaired placentation in the first trimester of pregnancy.MethodsThis was a prospective study of 692 singleton pregnancies undergoing fetal karyotyping at 11–14 weeks of gestation. Uterine artery Doppler was carried out and the mean pulsatility index was calculated just before chorionic villus sampling.ResultsThe fetal karyotype was normal in 613 pregnancies and abnormal in 79, including 39 cases of trisomy 21, 11 of trisomy 18, 11 of trisomy 13, eight of Turner syndrome and 10 with other defects. There were no significant differences in the median value of uterine artery mean PI between any of the individual groups. Although in the combined group of trisomy 18, trisomy 13 and Turner syndrome fetuses, the median pulsatility index (1.60) was significantly higher than in the chromosomally normal group (median pulsatility index, 1.51; P = 0.021), in the majority of abnormal fetuses (24 of 30) mean pulsatility index was below the 95th centile of the normal group (mean pulsatility index, 2.34). There was no significant association between uterine artery mean pulsatility index and fetal nuchal translucency thickness or fetal growth deficit.ConclusionsThe high intrauterine lethality and fetal growth restriction associated with the major chromosomal abnormalities are unlikely to be the consequence of impaired placentation in the first trimester of pregnancy.Copyright © 2001 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Monitoring of fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction: a longitudinal study
Authors: Hecher K. , Bilardo C. M. , Stigter R. H. , Ville Y. , Hackelöer B. J. , Kok H. J. , Senat M. V. , Visser G. H. A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the time sequence of changes in fetal monitoring variables in intrauterine growth restriction and to correlate these findings with fetal outcome at delivery.MethodsThis was a prospective longitudinal observational multicenter study on 110 singleton pregnancies with growth‐restricted fetuses after 24 weeks of gestation. Short‐term variation of fetal heart rate, pulsatility indices of fetal arterial and venous Doppler waveforms and amniotic fluid index were assessed at each monitoring session. The study population was divided into two groups: Group 1 comprised pregnancies with severely premature fetuses, which were delivered ≤ 32 weeks and Group 2 included pregnancies delivered after 32 completed weeks. Logistic regression was used for modeling the probability for abnormality of a variable in relation to the time interval before delivery. Trends over time were analyzed for all variables by multilevel analysis.ResultsNinety‐three (60 in Group 1 and 33 in Group 2) fetuses had at least three data sets (median, 4; range, 3–27) and had the last measurements taken within 24 h of delivery or intrauterine death. The percentage of abnormal test results and the degree of abnormality were higher in Group 1 compared to Group 2. Amniotic fluid index and umbilical artery pulsatility index were the first variables to become abnormal, followed by the middle cerebral artery, aorta, short‐term variation, ductus venosus and inferior vena cava. In Group 1, short‐term variation and ductus venosus pulsatility index showed mirror images of each other in their trend over time. Perinatal mortality was significantly higher if both variables were abnormal compared to only one or neither being abnormal (13/33 (39%) vs. 4/60 (7%); P = 0.0002; Fisher's exact test).ConclusionDuctus venosus pulsatility index and short‐term variation of fetal heart rate are important indicators for the optimal timing of delivery before 32 weeks of gestation. Delivery should be considered if one of these parameters becomes persistently abnormal.Copyright © 2001 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Controlled fetal blood‐letting of the recipient twin as a new method for the treatment of severe twin–twin transfusion syndrome: preliminary results
Authors: Bellotti M. , Rognoni G. , de Gasperi C. , Panteghini M. , Berlanda N. , Ferrazzi E. , Buscaglia M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the feasibility of withdrawal of blood from the recipient twin as a new method for the treatment of severe twin–twin transfusion syndrome.MethodsSeven consecutive monozygotic monochorionic twin pregnancies affected by severe twin–twin transfusion syndrome were treated. Fetal blood was withdrawn from the recipient twin using cordocentesis. The volume of blood to be removed was determined using the formula for intrauterine blood transfusion of anemic fetuses. Fetal outcome was evaluated in relation to changes in the amniotic fluid and in growth curves (comparing the differences between the centiles of the estimated fetal weight before the procedure and the centiles of weight at birth), fetal mortality, gestational age at delivery, neonatal weight and neurological damage.ResultsOverall, seven of the 14 (50%) fetuses survived; at least one fetus survived in five (71%) pregnancies, both fetuses survived in two (29%) pregnancies, while in two (29%) pregnancies there were no survivors. No maternal complications were observed. At follow‐up, one (14%) baby had minor neurological damage.ConclusionsWithdrawal of blood from the recipient twin in the treatment of severe twin–twin transfusion syndrome was associated with survival similar to that of the alternative techniques of serial amniodrainage and fetoscopic laser surgery, with some possible advantages such as reduced neurological damage compared with serial amniodrainage. It is also less invasive compared with fetoscopic laser surgery.Copyright © 2001 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Fetal aortic isthmus growth and morphology in late gestation
Authors: Nomiyama M. , Ueda Y. , Toyota Y. , Kawano H. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectiveTo establish normal values for fetal aortic isthmus diameter in late gestation and to identify any changes in aortic isthmus dimensions and morphology in pathological conditions.MethodsIn this prospective study, the fetal aortic isthmus was evaluated in 110 low‐risk pregnant women at between 30 and 40 weeks of gestation and 42 pregnant women who were at high risk for congenital heart defects. From coronal echocardiographic images of the connection between the aorta and ductus arteriosus, the internal diameter of the aorta was measured at the middle of the isthmus, at the point of the isthmus just proximal to the entry of the ductus arteriosus and at the descending aorta below the entry of the ductus arteriosus.ResultsCorrelation coefficients for the diameter of each aortic segment when related to gestational age varied from r = 0.60 to r = 0.80 (P < 0.001 for each), and growth curves were derived from the third and 97th percentiles about each linear regression analysis. The mean and the third percentile for the ratio of the isthmus just proximal to the entry of the ductus arteriosus to the middle of the isthmus were 1 and 0.81. In one fetus of the high‐risk patients, a contraductal shelf and the accompanying area of tubular isthmic hypoplasia were suspected and a diagnosis of coarctation of the aorta was subsequently confirmed after birth. In two fetuses with growth restriction and one fetus with intestinal atresia, the isthmus diameters were below the third percentile but the ratios of the isthmus end to the middle of the aortic isthmus were all normal and no cardiac anomalies were detected after birth.ConclusionsWe could establish normal values for aortic isthmus diameters in late gestation from a coronal view and identify even minimal changes in aortic isthmus dimensions and morphology in pathological conditions. Copyright © 2002 ISUOG
Prenatal detection of mesoblastic nephroma by sonography and magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Won H. S. , Jung E. , Lee P. R. , Lee I. S. , Kim A. , Kim J. K. , Cho K. S. , Nam J. H. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractCongenital mesoblastic nephroma is the most common neonatal kidney tumor and surgical excision is almost always curative. We report the prenatal detection of congenital mesoblastic nephroma by sonography and magnetic resonance imaging. After birth, a right nephrectomy was performed and the baby recovered well. Copyright © 2002 ISUOG
Organization and developmental expression of the mosquito vitellogenin receptor gene
Authors: Cho K.‐H. , Raikhel A. S. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractVitellogenin is a precursor of the major yolk protein, vitellin. It is internalized by developing oocytes via receptor‐mediated endocytosis. Previously, we characterized the vitellogenin receptor (VgR) from oocytes of the mosquito Aedes aegypti[Sappington, T.W., Kokoza, V.A., Cho, W.L. and Raikhel, A.S. (1996) Molecular characterization of the mosquito vitellogenin receptor reveals unexpected high homology to the Drosophila yolk protein receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 8934–8939]. The VgR receptor has a unique structure with two putative ligand‐binding domains. In order to understand the regulation of this important molecule, we characterized the VgR gene structure and its expression during vitellogenesis in the mosquito A. aegypti. We report here that the VgR gene was separated by five introns that have an average length of 60 bp, except for the second intron which was more than 20 kb long. Most introns were located within the coding regions of the first protein domain. We isolated two allelic variations of the VgR gene, VgR1 and VgR2, the nucleotide sequences of which differing only in their 5′‐flanking regions. Considering their frequency in the mosquito genome, VgR2 appeared to be a major allele. The expression of VgR mRNA was studied by the Northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization. The level of the VgR transcript started to rise in the ovary one day post‐eclosion. It continued its dramatic rise during the vitellogenic period, reaching its peak at 24 h PBM. The VgR transcript was present exclusively in ovaries where it was seen in oocytes and nurse cells of primary follicles and germ‐line cells of the germarium.
Repression of Manduca sexta ferritin synthesis by IRP1/IRE interaction
Authors: Zhang D. , Albert D. W. , Kohlhepp P. , D.‐Pham D. Q. , Winzerling J. J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractMammalian ferritin subunit synthesis is controlled at the translational level by the iron regulatory protein 1 (IRP1)/iron responsive element (IRE) interaction. Insect haemolymph ferritin subunit messages have an IRE in the 5′‐untranslated region (UTR). We have shown that recombinant M. sexta IRP1 represses the in vitro translation of both the heavy and light chain ferritin subunits from this species without altering transcription. Deletion of either the 5′‐UTR or the IRE from the mRNA abolishes IRP1 repression. Our studies indicated that the translational control of ferritin synthesis by IRP/IRE interaction could occur in insects in a manner similar to that of mammals. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the control of insect ferritin synthesis by IRP1/IRE interaction. Furthermore, this is the first indication that the synthesis of a secreted ferritin subunit can also be controlled in this manner.
Germ‐line transformation of the Australian sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina
Authors: Heinrich J. C. , Li X. , Henry R. A. , Haack N. , Stringfellow L. , Heath A. C. G. , Scott M. J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina, is the most important economic insect pest for the sheep industries in Australia and New Zealand. piggyBac‐mediated germ‐line transformation of L. cuprina was achieved with a helper plasmid that had the Drosophila melanogaster hsp70 promoter controlling expression of the transposase and a piggyBac vector with an EGFP marker gene. Two transformant lines were obtained, at a frequency of approximately 1–2% per fertile G0. One of these lines has a single copy of the transgene, the other most likely has four copies. This is the first report of germ‐line transformation of L. cuprina and is an important step towards the generation of engineered strains that would be suitable for male‐only release eradication/suppression programmes.
Population‐scale laboratory studies of the effect of transgenic plants on nontarget insects
Authors: Schuler T. H. , Denholm I. , Jouanin L. , Clark S. J. , Clark A. J. , Poppy G. M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractStudies of the effects of insect‐resistant transgenic plants on beneficial insects have, to date, concentrated mainly on either small‐scale ‘worst case scenario’ laboratory experiments or on field trials. We present a laboratory method using large population cages that represent an intermediate experimental scale, allowing the study of ecological and behavioural interactions between transgenic plants, pests and their natural enemies under more controlled conditions than is possible in the field. Previous studies have also concentrated on natural enemies of lepidopteran and coleopteran target pests. However, natural enemies of other pests, which are not controlled by the transgenic plants, are also potentially exposed to the transgene product when feeding on hosts. The reduction in the use of insecticides on transgenic crops could lead to increasing problems with such nontarget pests, normally controlled by sprays, especially if there are any negative effects of the transgenic plant on their natural enemies. This study tested two lines of insect‐resistant transgenic oilseed rape (Brassica napus) for side‐effects on the hymenopteran parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae and its aphid host, Myzus persicae. One transgenic line expressed the δ‐endotoxin Cry1Ac from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and a second expressed the proteinase inhibitor oryzacystatin I (OC‐I) from rice. These transgenic plant lines were developed to provide resistance to lepidopteran and coleopteran pests, respectively. No detrimental effects of the transgenic oilseed rape lines on the ability of the parasitoid to control aphid populations were observed. Adult parasitoid emergence and sex ratio were also not consistently altered on the transgenic oilseed rape lines compared with the wild‐type lines.