bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EVALUATION OF THE "LONG CHAIN REACTION" AS A MEANS FOR DETECTING TYPE-SPECIFIC ANTIBODY TO GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI IN HUMAN SERA
Authors: Stollerman Gene H. , Siegel Alan C. , Johnson Eloise E. 
Published: June 2004

Certain strains of Group A streptococci showed striking increase in chain length when grown in liquid media to which was added human sera that contained antibody to M protein of homologous type. This "long chain reaction" was shown to be a highly specific and sensitive biological test for human type-specific antibody and correlated closely with the classical bactericidal test.
Patients infected with Type 12 or Type 3 Group A streptococci showed the appearance of anti-M antibody in their sera by both methods at similar intervals during convalescence. Of 217 sera studied in these patients the two tests showed agreement in all but 11 specimens. Of 99 patients who were bled serially following Type 12 or Type 3 infections, and whose sera were tested by both methods, there was close agreement, the bactericidal test being only slightly more sensitive.
The advantages and limitations of this new biological test for human type-specific immunity are discussed.
THE IMMUNOLOGICAL SPECIFICITY OF TYPE II PNEUMOCOCCUS AND ITS SEPARATION INTO PARTIAL SPECIFICITIES. II
Authors: Heidelberger Michael 
Published: June 2004

Quantitative data are given on the cross reactions in Type II antipneumococcal horse sera of plant gums and hemicelluloses containing multiple terminal groupings of glucuronic acid and/or 4-O-methylglucuronic acid.
Great variability is shown both in the reactivities of the polysaccharides and in the antibodies in the sera of different animals immunized with the same antigen.
The 4-O-methyl substituent on the glucuronic acid residues in a gum often appears to diminish cross-precipitation with antibodies to S II.
THE BINDING OF MYOGLOBIN BY PLASMA PROTEIN
Authors: Lathem Willoughby 
Published: June 2004

When added to dog plasma in vitro and in vivo, myoglobin was bound to plasma protein in a concentration which, maximally, averaged 21 ± 6 mg. per cent. Electrophoretically, bound myoglobin was separated from free myoglobin and migrated between alpha-2 and beta globulin. The electrophoretic characteristics of protein-bound myoglobin were similar to, although not identical with, those of protein-bound hemoglobin. The maximal binding capacity of plasma for myoglobin was less than for hemoglobin, which averaged 123 mg. per cent. At concentrations below the maximal binding capacity, from 15 to 50 per cent of the myoglobin was in the free, unbound state, differing from hemoglobin which was completely bound at all concentrations below the binding capacity.
When myoglobin and hemoglobin were added together to plasma, hemoglobin appeared to interfere with the binding of myoglobin or to replace it at the binding sites. Myoglobin, however, did not appear to interfere with the binding of hemoglobin. These observations suggested that myoglobin and hemoglobin were bound at least in part by the same protein.
When myoglobin was given intravenously, free myoglobin was excreted in the urine, whereas protein-bound myoglobin was not excreted. This suggests that protein-binding contributes to or determines the apparent renal threshold to myoglobin.
THE PATHOLOGIC EFFECTS OF INTRAVENOUSLY ADMINISTERED SOLUBLE ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEXES
Authors: Benacerraf Baruj , Potter Jacobus L. , McCluskey Robert T. , Miller Frederick 
Published: June 2004

The intravenous administration to rats of soluble antigen-antibody complexes in antigen excess resulted in acute glomerulonephritis. This occurred with both rabbit antiovalbumin and rabbit anti-BSA systems.
The rats so treated regularly showed proteinuria and elevation of blood urea nitrogen.
These findings are compared with those reported in rats injected with anti-kidney serum.
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF TWO ß1-GLYCOPROTEINS OF HUMAN SERUM
Authors: Müller-Eberhard H. J. , Nilsson U. , Aronsson T. 
Published: June 2004

Two immunoelectrophoretically defined, heretofore unidentified ß1-globulins of human serum, provisionally designated ß1C- and ß1A-globulin, were isolated by means of preparative electrophoresis and chromatography on anion exchange cellulose.
The sedimentation coefficient S020, w of ß1C-globulin was shown to be 9.5 S, and that of ß1A-globulin, 6.9 S. Both proteins were found to contain similar amounts of carbohydrate, to be devoid of lipids, and to possess the solubility characteristics of euglobulins. In the Ouchterlony double diffusion test they gave the reaction of partial identity, which revealed ß1A-globulin to be anti-genically deficient as compared to ß1C-globulin.
ß1A-globulin could not be detected in fresh sera and ß1C-globulin was absent from aged sera. Highly purified ß1C-globulin stored at 1°C. was converted to ß1A-globulin within 4 to 6 weeks, and at 37°C. was converted within 6 days. The likelihood of a dimer-monomer relationship between these two proteins was discussed.
HOST-PARASITE FACTORS IN GROUP A STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS
Authors: Watson Dennis W. 
Published: June 2004

The factors present in streptococcal lesion extracts (SLE) which enhanced the lethal and tissue-damaging properties of Gram-negative bacterial endotoxins and streptolysin O were identified with the scarlet fever group of toxins.
Toxic manifestations attributed to this group of toxins included lethality, cardiotoxic and other tissue damage, enhancement of toxicity, and pyrogenicity. Of these, the measurement of febrile response in American Dutch rabbits was the most useful parameter of toxicity.
In rabbits, repeated daily intravenous injections of 0.125 Lf of a purified erythrogenic toxin immunizes specifically against the pyrogenic activity; this technique was used to type the toxins and to distinguish them from exogenous and endogenous pyrogens; non-specific pyrogens, such as streptococcal endotoxin, were not found in SLE.
All types of the Lancefield Group A streptococci tested produced one or or more immunologically distinct toxins in vivo in contrast to Groups B and C which did not produce them; toxins A and B, previously distinguished by neutralization of rash-inducing activity in the skin, were produced in vivo. The A toxin was the most common, as indicated by its presence in extracts prepared with Types 28, 12, 17, and 10 (NY-5); B toxin was found in 10 (NY-5) and 19. A new toxin, designated C, was obtained from a Type 18.
In American Dutch rabbits, purified toxin at a concentration of 15 Lf (900,000 STD) neither gave a Dick test nor prepared the skin for the local Shwartzman reaction; by this route, however, in contrast to classical endotoxins, they enhance the lethal and tissue-damaging properties of sublethal doses of these and other toxins.
These properties of the immunologic distinct exotoxins as demonstrated in American Dutch rabbits suggest by analogy their importance in the pathogenesis of streptococcal disease in man. Evidence that might implicate them in sequelae, in addition to scarlet fever, is discussed.
FURTHER STUDIES ON PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF PHAGOCYTIN
Authors: Hirsch James G. 
Published: June 2004

Phagocytin and histone differ significantly in the following regards: (a) the bactericidal action of histone is rapidly lost on peptic digestion, while that of phagocytin is but little affected; (b) the lethal effect of phagocytin on coliform bacteria is much more resistant than that of histone to antagonism by spermine or by increasing ionic strength of the medium; (c) phagocytin can be extracted from disrupted granulocytes with dilute citric acid whereas effective extraction of histone requires stronger mineral acid or strong salt solution; (d) phagocytin is limited in distribution to polymorphonuclear leucocytes while histone is demonstrable in many tissues.
A new technique has been devised which permits extraction of phagocytin essentially free of lysozyme and histones. Phagocytin thus prepared kills certain Gram-positive bacteria as well as Gram-negative bacilli under appropriate in vitro test conditions. Among susceptible Gram-positive microbes are Group A streptococci and staphylococci.
Phagocytin is demonstrable in citric acid extracts of granulocytes obtained from rabbit, man, horse, and guinea pig, the only species thus far investigated. Circulating blood leucocytes as well as exudate cells contain this bactericidal substance.
The lethal effects of phagocytin on bacteria may be influenced, depending on the particular microorganism, by either pH or ionic strength of the medium.
The bactericidal action of phagocytin is only slightly reduced following digestion with trypsin, chymotrypsin or papain. The active ingredient is, however, non-dialyzable and apparently precipitated by trichloracetic acid. Data available at present are insufficient to define the chemical nature of phagocytin.
HEREDITARY PREMATURE SENESCENCE OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Pearce Louise , Brown Wade H. 
Published: June 2004

The acute form of hereditary premature senescence in 79 rabbits, among which the 20th generation of the condition was represented, has been described. The manifestations did not differ in kind from those previously described in connection with the chronic form (1) of the complex but their degree and, in particular, the severity and the rate of progression of systemic degeneration were much greater. The rabbits either did not survive to 2 years 6 months, of age or their physical condition had become critical by this time. A senile appearance, largely due to deteriorative changes of the coat, was frequently observed.
The essential nature of the senescence condition was obviously a degeneration and one in which vital mechanisms essential to the maintenance of health were involved.
STUDIES OF MOUSE POLYOMA VIRUS INFECTION
Authors: Law Lloyd W. , Rowe Wallace P. , Hartley Janet W. 
Published: June 2004

The relationship of polyoma (parotid tumor) virus infection to spontaneous and x-ray induced lymphocytic neoplasms (leukemia) in mice has been studied in two sublines of the high leukemic AKR strain, in the high leukemic C58 strain and in the x-ray responsive C3Hf/Bi strain. There was found to be no correlation of hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibody with leukemia appearing at various times throughout life, and there was no evidence of increased risk of developing leukemia in mice with prior antibody to polyoma virus. Virus isolation experiments accomplished with AKR leukemic mice showed that HI antibody status of these mice had the same significance with regard to presence or absence of detectable virus as was previously observed for non-leukemic mice from infected colonies.
The results of this study were interpreted as supporting the concept that the repeated association of polyoma virus and experimental transmission of leukemia is fortuitous.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANTIBODIES TO PENICILLIN IN RABBITS
Authors: Josephson Alan S. 
Published: June 2004

A method for the production of antibodies specifically directed against penicillin is described.
The inability of this antibody to significantly reduce the antibiotic activity of penicillin is noted.
Evidence to show the variability of specificities of various sera, some directed for the most part against the side chain, others against the nucleus is presented.
Studies on serum fractions separated electrophorectically indicate that the antibody migrates in the fast γ-globulin and ß-globulin fractions and requires dextran or albumin to effect agglutination.
The inability of penicilloic acid, an hydrolysis product of penicillin to provoke antibody formation despite its ability to inhibit the antibody is shown and the implications of this observations are discussed.
THE ROLE OF THE RETICULOENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM IN MOUSE ANAPHYLAXIS AS TESTED WITH HOMOLOGOUS ANTIBODY-ANTIGEN COMPLEXES
Authors: Wistar Richard , Treadwell Perry E. , Rasmussen A. F. 
Published: June 2004

Blockade of the RES was accomplished by the intravenous injection of carbon particles, thorotrast, zymosan, or a suspension of Bordetella pertussis. The blockade resulted in a decrease in sensitivity to anaphylaxis produced by the intravenous injection of soluble antigen-antibody complexes consisting of an optimal shocking mixture of bovine plasma albumin and mouse antibody to this antigen. The decrease in sensitivity to anaphylaxis was dependent on the dose of blockading agent and on the time between blockade and challenge with complex. The loss of sensitivity to anaphylaxis could not be restored by the administration of fresh serum from normal mice nor by guinea pig complement. Antigen-antibody complexes were rapidly removed from the blood with an average half-time of 11.9 minutes in normal mice. Complexes were cleared at significantly more rapid rates in mice previously sensitized to antigen.
Although not all the results can be explained on the basis of blockade the facts indicate that the RES does play an important but as yet undefined role in passive homologous anaphylaxis in the mouse.
FUNCTIONAL AND METABOLIC PROPERTIES OF POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUCOCYTES
Authors: Cohn Zanvil A. , Morse Stephen I. 
Published: June 2004

The phagocytosis and intracellular destruction of bacteria by rabbit polymorphonuclear leucocytes has been studied in vitro under defined conditions.
The efficient and continuing ingestion of bacteria was dependent upon (a) opsonic factors present in fresh rabbit serum as well as upon, (b) the availability of an adequate supply of glucose in the medium.
The effects of selected enzymatic inhibitors on the metabolic and functional activities of the leucocytes was investigated. Cyanide which inhibited oxygen consumption had no effect on the ingestion or inactivation of bacteria, Iodoacetate and arsenite which blocked glycolysis produced a marked inhibition in particle ingestion. 2,4-Dinitrophenol which stimulated both oxygen consumption and glycolysis, depressed phagocytosis after a 1 hour latent period. It was concluded that phagocytosis was an energy-requiring process in which glycolysis served as the most important source of energy.
Leucocytes which were ingesting heat-killed bacteria exhibited increases in oxygen consumption, glucose utilization, and lactic acid synthesis. The effect of particle ingestion on glycogen metabolism was characterized by an initial period of glycogenolysis followed by an enhanced rate of glycogen synthesis.
Leucocytes which had previously ingested heat-killed bacteria also demonstrated increased rates of phagocytosis.
COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF PAPAIN AND VITAMIN A ON CARTILAGE
Authors: Thomas Lewis , McCluskey Robert T. , Potter Jacobus L. , Weissmann Gerald 
Published: June 2004

The administration of large amounts of vitamin A to rabbits has been shown to result in depletion of cartilage matrix. The normal basophilic, metachromatic, and Alcian blue staining properties of the matrix are lost, especially in articular and epiphyseal cartilage. The cartilage cells remain intact, but are reduced in size.
These changes sometimes appeared as early as 48 hours after the initiation of daily injection of 1 million units of vitamin A, and were usually well established by 5 days. Some rabbits failed to show changes in cartilage, even after 5 daily injections.
Increased amounts of material presumed to be chondroitin sulfate were present in the sera of vitamin A-treated rabbits, usually by 72 hours after the first injection. This was demonstrated by a turbidimetric procedure using hexamminecobaltic chloride.
In rabbits given sulfur-35 (Na2S35O4) 5 days before the initiation of vitamin A treatment, it was shown that sulfur-35 was lost from articular and epiphyseal cartilage. This was associated with an increase in the non-dialyzable sulfur-35 in both serum and in the cobalt-precipitable material. These rabbits also excreted more sulfur-35 than rabbits not given vitamin A. There was a reduction in sulfur-35 activity in chondromucoprotein extracted from the ear cartilage of vitamin A-treated rabbits.
The changes are interpreted as indicating that the administration of large amounts of vitamin A to rabbits results in removal of chondroitin sulfate from cartilage matrix.
The administration of small amounts of crude papain causes histologic changes in cartilage that are remarkably similar to those seen in vitamin A-treated rabbits.
The possibility is suggested that the changes in cartilage produced by administration of vitamin A to rabbits may be the result of activation of a proteolytic enzyme or enzymes, with properties similar to those of papain.
COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF PAPAIN AND VITAMIN A ON CARTILAGE
Authors: Fell Honor B. , Thomas Lewis 
Published: June 2004

The effects of papain protease and of vitamin A on explanted limb bone rudiments from 7- and 13-day chick embryos and fetal mice have been studied and compared.
The incubation of cartilaginous rudiments from 7-day chick embryos in a solution containing papain and cysteine resulted in complete loss of the metachromasia of the cartilage matrix within 1 hour; explants treated in this fashion recovered normal metachromatic staining properties when grown in normal medium for 4 days.
The incubation of 7-day chick cartilage rudiments in a solution containing papain without cysteine resulted in partial loss of metachromasia from cartilage within 1 hour; the addition of vitamin A to the solution did not enhance the effect of papain during this period.
The addition of papain to the culture medium in which 7-day chick embryo cartilage rudiments were grown resulted in uniform loss of the metachromasia of the cartilage matrix; similar explants grown in the presence of excess vitamin A also showed loss of the metachromasia of cartilage, but certain regions of the cartilage were affected earlier and more severely than others. Changes in cartilage cells, including loss of glycogen, occurred when the rudiment was grown in medium containing excess vitamin A, but not when it was grown in the presence of papain.
Bone rudiments from 13-day chick embryos showed changes in cartilage similar to those seen in 7-day chick embryo rudiments when grown in the presence of papain or of excess vitamin A; the existing bone was not affected under these conditions. When grown in the presence of papain or excess vitamin A, the cartilage of late fetal mouse bone underwent changes similar to those already described in chick embryo rudiments.
In contrast to the chick embryo rudiments, those from the fetal mouse showed rapid resorption of bone when grown in the presence of excess vitamin A. Papain had no effect on bone from either source.
The changes seen in cartilage of explants grown in the presence of vitamin A and papain together were greater than those seen with either agent alone. The changes seen in fetal mouse bone grown in the presence of vitamin A were not enhanced by the additional presence of papain.
On the basis of these observations, it is suggested that the changes in cartilage seen in experimental hypervitaminosis A may be the result of activation of a proteolytic enzyme or enzymes with properties similar to papain.
HEREDITARY DISTAL FORELEG CURVATURE IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Pearce Louise 
Published: June 2004

An inwardly directed curvature of the distal segment of both forelegs of the rabbit has been described. The condition was detected at 2 to 3 weeks of age, developed rapidly, and reached its final and permanent stage at 2 to 3 months of age. Only the distal epiphysis of the ulna was primarily affected and this in the form of a massive chondrodystrophic lesion accompanied by a progressive curvature of the shaft. The curvature of the growing radius was a secondary effect due to the firm, immovable, anatomical connection of the ulna and radius. The positional changes of the wrist and paw were likewise effects secondary to the changed form of the ulna and radius.
The bowing abnormality occurred only in certain families of pure bred Beveren, Belgian, French Silver, and Dutch rabbits and was found to be inherited. The mode of inheritance was on the basis of a single recessive unit factor (5).
STUDIES ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF FEVER
Authors: Rafter Gale W. , Collins Robert D. , Wood W. Barry 
Published: June 2004

Study of the chemical properties of the pyrogenic component of rabbit polymorphonuclear leucocytes reveals it to contain an essential, non-dialyzable protein which: (a) is precipitated by perchloric acid, (b) is removed by extraction with phenol, (c) is soluble in 50 per cent methanol and 33 per cent saturated ammonium sulfate, and (d) is destroyed by the proteolytic action of both trypsin and pepsin.
By combined chemical and chromatographic techniques the leucocytic pyrogen has been purified approximately 50-fold. The partially purified material contains less than 1 per cent carbohydrate, is resistant to periodate oxidation, is unaffected by extraction with butanol and contains at least two immunologically active components when tested by the Ouchterlony gel-diffusion technique. Its chemical properties distinguish it from other known pyrogenic substances which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of fever.
THE EFFECTS OF X-RAYS AND BETA RAYS (TRITIUM) ON THE GROWTH OF RICKETTSIA MOOSERI AND RICKETTSIA AKARI IN EMBRYONATE EGGS
Authors: Greiff Donald , Powers E. L. , Kisieleski Walter E. , Pinkerton Henry 
Published: June 2004

The growth of Rickettsia mooseri was accelerated and quantitatively increased in embryonate eggs containing tritium oxide at levels of 180, 90, and 45 mc./egg during the growth period. The eggs of a group containing 22.5 mc./egg showed only a slight increase in the rate of growth of organisms; the infections in the eggs of a group given 11.2 mc./egg did not differ significantly from those of the control group. On the other hand, growth of R. akari was inhibited in embryonate eggs containing tritium oxide at levels of 180, 90, and 45 mc./egg, and partially inhibited in groups containing 22.5 and 11.2 mc./egg. The patterns of growth of R. mooseri and of R. akari exposed to tritium oxide for 6 hours prior to inoculation into embryonate eggs did not differ significantly from that of the control group.
Single and divided doses of x-rays to the host resulted in partial inhibition of the growth of R. akari.
COMPARATIVE BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITIES OF BLOOD SERUM AND PLASMA SERUM
Authors: Hirsch James G. 
Published: June 2004

Rabbit and human plasma can be prepared without resort to anticoagulants by employing low temperatures and non-wetting surfaces. Serum formed after clotting of rabbit plasma devoid of cells and platelets manifests essentially no bactericidal activity on Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, and a strain of Staphylococcus aureus. In contrast, rabbit blood serum exhibits this activity to a high degree.
Rabbit plasma rich in platelets gives rise to a serum with capacity to kill these Gram-positive microbes equal to that of serum prepared from whole blood. This heat-stable antibacterial agent is efficiently formed or released when platelets are present during the coagulation of plasma, but not on incubation of platelets in heparinized or citrated plasma or in saline. Leucocytes and red cells appear to play no significant role in its production.
Rabbit blood serum and plasma serum have similar heat-labile lethal effects on enteric bacilli.
Human serum, whether from blood or plasma, manifests much less bactericidal activity on Bacillus subtilis than does rabbit blood serum.
These findings serve to emphasize the fact that substances formed or released during coagulation of whole blood may impart to the serum activities not present in circulating plasma.