bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Character-Personality Distinction
Authors: Gill Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I want to explore further a distinction which I have used elsewhere in connection with characterization in ancient literature. In one discussion, I used the distinction to discriminate between what I saw as the prevailing approaches of ancient and modern biographers to their subjects, associating the ancient approach with ‘character’ and the modern one rather with ‘personality’. In a subsequent discussion, I used a related distinction (between a ‘character-viewpoint’ and a ‘personality-viewpoint’) to identify different types of audience response to the presentation of figures in Greek tragedy.
Character and Action, Representation and Reading Greek Tragedy and its Critics
Authors: Goldhill Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea of ‘human nature’ tends to attract the rhetoric of ‘essential truth’, and rarely with less critical attention than in the study of characterization in ancient dramatic fiction. The disciplines of philosophy, history, and anthropology have established from their differing viewpoints a need to acknowledge the complex problems involved both in understanding such categorizations as ‘the natural’ or ‘the human’ in other cultures, and also in recognizing or repressing the cultural imperialism of the interpreter’s own system of categorization in such an enterprise.
Ēthos in Oratory and Rhetoric
Authors: Russell D A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To be sure, goodness is a blessed thing for any occasion, wonderful equipment for life. I’ve been talking to this gentleman only for a small part of the day, and now I’m devoted to him. Someone’s going to say: ‘Words are the persuasive thing, especially the words of clever people.’ Well, why then do I detest other people who speak well? It’s the speaker’s personality that carries conviction, not his words.
Hellenic Culture and the Roman Heroes of Plutarch
Authors: Swain S C R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plutarch of Chaeroneia stands almost alone among Greeks of the Roman Empire in displaying in his works an extensive knowledge of, and interest in, Rome and Romans. The knowledge of Roman history and the many notes on Roman institutions and usages seen in the Lives together with the work specifically devoted to Roman customs, the quaest. Rom., and the celebration of Rome’s good fortune, the de fort. Rom., testify to his great sympathy with the Roman way of life. For us Plutarch is a unique bridge between Greece and Rome. But what sort of bridge does he himself envisage between Rome and his own world? In particular, how far does Plutarch believe that Romans share his own Hellenic culture? In answering this question I shall argue that in his presentation of Romans Plutarch often shows himself to be conscious that Hellenic culture had been imported to Rome and could never be fully taken for granted among Romans as it could among Greeks, and that as a consequence it is worth while for him as a student of character to consider how well and with what benefit Romans absorb it.
Plutarch and Roman Politics
Authors: PELLING C B R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Is Plutarch really interested in Roman politics? After all, he is writing biography, not history; and there are certainly times when he disclaims any interest in describing historical background. That sort of thing, he says, may be left to the writers of continuous histories; it is often the little things, the words and the jests, which reveal a man’s character, not the great battles or the sieges of cities. ‘Often’ the little things, we should notice: often, not always. Plutarch’s biography is a very flexible genre, and his interest in historical background is one of the things which vary. Sometimes he does write very personal Lives, sketching the historical setting in only the vaguest lines: the Crassus, for instance; or the Antony, which somehow or other describes the politics of the two years from summer 44 to summer 42 without even mentioning Brutus and Cassius; or the Cato minor, where he contrives to describe the formation of the triple alliance of 60 BC without naming Crassus. But there are other Lives where his interest in history is very clear indeed, and he is evidently concerned to present the same sort of analysis as those ‘writers of continuous history’-though he naturally sets about it in rather different ways. The Caesar is a good example.
Plutarch’s Life of Coriolanus
Authors: RUSSELL D A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
am concerned in this paper’ with Plutarch’s treatment of the story of Coriolanus, not with the historical truth of the legend or with its development before Plutarch’s time. I start from the hypothesis that the Life is, in its essentials, a transposition into biographical form of the historical narrative in Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, Books v to viii. This has long been the common view. It was held and defended by Hermann Peter, Mommsen, and Eduard Schwartz. A careful reading of the two texts side by side tempts me to call it certain, so exact and frequent are the echoes. It is at any rate probable enough to justify an attempt to follow out its consequences by treating the differences between Dionysius and Plutarch, in default of other evidence, as Plutarch’s constructions, to be explained in terms of his literary purposes and methods. This is what I shall do in the main part of this paper. I preface the details, however, by a few more general considerations. If Peter’s view is right, Coriolanus affords a unique opportunity of studying Plutarch’s methods.
Patterns of the Proper-Name Vocative
Authors: Kahane Ahuvia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The theme-word patterns studied in the previous chapter relied on precise repetition defined in lexical, grammatical, and metrical terms. In this chapter we examine a more flexible type of repetition embodied in patterns of the proper-name vocative (PNV). Repetition is here defined in grammatical terms and in terms of positioning, but allows for considerable variation of metrical shape (PNVs have many different shapes) and of actual words (there are many different characters in Homer, each with a different PNV).
Category-Shifts
Authors: Wills Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN addition to artful shifts in tense, mood, case, or number, repetition can also be so basic as to involve nothing more than the recurrence of a simple stem. The repetition of verbs through derived participles (§1) may perhaps be seen as a shift within the verbal system itself, but shifts are also seen between verbs and derived nouns or vice versa (§2). The resumption of a verb by a participle is a special favourite of Ovid, who accounts for the majority of this figure’s use in Latin, e.g. credite: credenti nulla procella nocet (Am. 2.11.22) or ille fugit fugiensque ... (Met. 3.390).
Parallelism
Authors: Wills Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE repetition of pronouns, adverbs, and conjunctions in parallel structures is so common and so basic that a discussion is hardly required, nor a catalogue, since examples abound on every page. Particularly frequent are instances of anaphora, the repetition of a word at the beginning of successive units. Yet even the humbler parts of speech are not neglected by poets, who wish to use all words to their full value. Without any attempt to be exhaustive, I have tried to illustrate several ways in which apparently ordinary repetitions of adverbs and conjunctions were configured by poets.
Repeated -que
Authors: Wills Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Ovidian pair recurs at AA 3.653, Pont. 2.9.35; the combination with superas hominesque may play on an early Latin superosque hominesque (cf. Sil. 1.152 superumque hominumque). The Manilian line is a clever renewal which starts from Aen. 1.229 hominumque deumque, now treating deumque as an accusative. The names of winds, stars, and other natural features offer further evidence of Latin variation within this Homeric syntax.
Positional Patterns
Authors: Wills Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
EVERY repetition has a spatial or temporal dimension which may be plotted and appreciated. The importance of repetition in oratory arises in part from the ability of figures to define units and give structure to the continuing flow of words. But in verse, these patterns of repetition must then be integrated with metrical structures, themselves based on recurrent patterns, as suggested by the young Hopkins: The artificial part of poetry, perhaps we shall be right to say all artifice, reduces itself to the principle of parallelism.
Deconstructing Gortyn: When is a Code a Code
Authors: Davies John K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Discussion of Greek law beyond Athens has tended to look first, for good reasons, at Gortyn in Crete, the only alternative source of extensive documentation in the classical period. Even so, and in spite of Margherita Guarducci’s exemplary publication of the material in I 95o, detailed study of it has been very thin on the ground till recently, with the honourable exception of the series of studies by Ronald Willetts which culminated in his re-edition of the Great Code in 1967. Some more recent work, notably by Michael Gagarin, has advanced the discussion, but it remains concentrated very largely on the Code, whether as documentary evidence of substantive law or as the reflection of social customs and values.
Oaths and Dispute Settlement in Ancient Greek Law
Authors: Thur Gerhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a lawyer I feel a little uncomfortable when addressing historians. Our common interest is, generally speaking, human behaviour. The historian is interested in its descriptive aspect, ‘as it is or was’, the lawyer in a normative one, ‘as it ought to be’ (cf. Foxhall, this volume). A legal historian falls between the two stools; my field of study is law as part of everyday life in Greek antiquity–’law as it was’. Naturally I am also concerned with the ideas the ancient Greeks had about what law ought to be. One might expect to find such ideas in the writings of the Greek philosophers, but in fact the Greek philosophers never considered everyday legal problems in the ways ancient Roman jurists did and modern jurists continue to do. Consequently one has to reconstruct both the details and the principles of Greek law by studying every available source: literature (including philosophy), inscriptions, papyri–evaluating every piece of evidence in its special local and temporal context. The so called legal texts–laws (nomoi), contracts, judgements, and forensic speeches–are no more significant than epic, lyric, tragic, or historiographic writings. References to the principles of Greek law as an everyday phenomenon may be found in all sorts of statements of ancient Greek contemporaries. From the beginning of this century legal historians, particularly Ernst Rabel and Hans Julius Wolff, have emphasized that modern legal categories are not adequate tools with which to understand ancient Greek legal sources.
Plato on the Treatment of Heretics1
Authors: Saunders Trevor J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before embarking on this summary the reader needs to be made aware of the key features of Platonic penology. In his Laws and else where Plato argues, in a radically utilitarian spirit, that punishment ought not to be inflicted with an eye to the past, retributively and vindictively, but solely with a view to the future: it should be so calculated as to ‘cure’ the offender, not merely by brute deterrence, but by affecting his mental state and moral outlook for the better. But efficient ‘cure’ demands efficient diagnosis; and at many points in the model penal code he describes in the Laws Plato there fore pays close attention to the analysis of many different criminal states of mind. The chapter here summarized is a study of how in pursuit of this reformative policy he adopted and adapted the Athenian legislation on ‘impiety’ (asebeia); we observe a philoso pher working creatively on the raw material of contemporary law.
Lysias against Nikomachos: The Fate of the Expert in Athenian Law1
Authors: Law Athenian , Todd Stephen 
Published: November 2023

abstract
There are six preliminary questions which scholars traditionally ask about any surviving Athenian forensic (i.e. lawcourt) speech. Three of these questions concern the personalities of the trial: who wrote the speech? who was the speaker? and who was the opponent? The other three questions are about issues: what was the date of the trial? under what legal procedure did it take place? and what was the result? In terms of our level of knowledge, Lysias 30, Against Nikomachos is a typical speech: we are neither particularly well nor particularly badly informed. Out of the six preliminary questions outlined here, we know the answer to three (subject in each case to qualification), and the other three are unknown (although we may be able to guess at the answer to one of these).
The Law and the Lady: Women and Legal Proceedings in Classical Athens
Authors: Foxhall Lin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The title of this paper is derived from Wilkie Collins’s virtually unknown legal thriller, The Law and the Lady. In Collins’s novel the heroine persistently accumulates sufficient evidence to change a Scottish verdict of ‘not proven’ to ‘not guilty’ in the case of her hus band, accused of murdering his first wife. True love, of course, wins out. But though the plot turns on a peculiarity of Scottish law (the possibility of delivering a verdict of ‘not proven’), it derives its real interest and poignancy from the brave struggle of a woman in a man’s world of detection and lawcourts.
Christian Sarcophagi
Authors: Huskinson Janet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The inclusion of Christian sarcophagi in this study allows comparisons and contrasts to be made. Their background contains both continuity and discontinuity with the non-Christian traditions: Christian art of this period drew heavily on earlier imagery, yet Christian religious beliefs involved new perspectives on life and death and on the status of the child. By looking at the decoration of Christian child sarcophagi, first against their pagan equivalents, and then against adult Christian examples, we might expect to see how these aspects were balanced out. In this section I am primarily concerned with form; discussions of content follow in Section 21.
The Child as Adult
Authors: Huskinson Janet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Here, as in the last section, my principal aim is to view the material for what it reflects of the standing of living children in Roman society. But the situation is more complex, since rep resentations of the child as an adult fall into two different categories. The first depicts youths, children who had grown out of childhood to reach the physical stage of young adulthood. The second shows younger children represented with the attributes of mature adults. Within the conventions of funerary art the imagery ranges from realism to metaphor.
Images of Death
Authors: Huskinson Janet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thiss section concentrates on two particular aspects of this imagery which have a special relevance for children. The first is to do with leisure and tranquillity and the second with premature death.
This is a central strand of Roman funerary imagery which combines experiences of this world (feasting, fishing, the abundant produce of earth and sea, activities of leisure) with elements of fantasy (idyllic settings, cupids, fanciful beasts). Read prospectively(pace Nock 1946) it offers a happy fate after death which is perhaps especially attractive for children, and not just because it contradicts the miseries which allegedly await those who die young (see Sect. 14). The decoration of the tomb of the young Octavia Paulina, with its images of recreation and a flowery paradise, illustrates a world of peace and plenty which a child can safely enjoy for eternity: even the ‘rape’ by untimely death is enacted prettily by cupids (Sect. u).
Introduction
Authors: Lyne R O A M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Aeneid is an unusually complex and rich poem. Its dense texture conveys a multiplicity of meanings. More particularly, I would say, it conveys a multiplicity of opinions; it offers a variety of ways of interpreting the events enacted. It is as if one heard different voices speaking to one in and behind the action. And 'voices' is the term I find most useful in trying to explain how this complex poem works; I use it not wholly metaphorically. I shall now proceed to outline with all brevity what I mean by the 'further voices' of the Aeneid. I would not wish to dignify my approach with the title of 'theory'. It is simply one way of looking at the communicative methods of Vergil's poetry. After my outline account I shall turn straight to examples, the core of the book. At the end I shall return to expound my approach, my way of viewing the Aeneid, more fully. But I should like to stress at the beginning that my book is designed to stand or fall not by the impressive way in which I choose to phrase my approach, but by the practical exegetical value of the examples.
Euripidea
Authors: Diggle James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
James Diggle is well known among classicists as one of the foremost Euripidean scholars of our time. His ground-breaking studies on the text of Euripides, culminating in his new edition of the complete plays in the Oxford Classical Texts series, have won him a wide reputation as one of the leading authorities on Euripides. This collection comprises forty one papers and reviews (including five papers not previously published) designed as a companion to the Oxford Text. The published papers and reviews have been lightly revised and updated and equipped with copious cross-references. There are full indexes. The collection not only offers a commentary on an extensive range of problematic passages in the plays; it also provides an up-to-date grammar of Euripidean usage - linguistic, stylistic, and metrical - and deals with many aspects of the manuscript tradition. It will be an indispensable handbook for all future serious students of Euripides.
Apologies to Bothe (and Others)
Authors: Diggle James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
F. H. Bothe (1770(?)-1855), before he published his text of Euripides with commentary (Leipzig 1825-6), had already published two separate editions of a German translation of Euripides (Berlin and Stettin 1800-3; Mannheim 1823-4, reprinted 1837). The first edition of the translation was accompanied by extensive textual notes, the second by much sparser notes, many of them new. In his text and commentary Bothe ignored most of the conjectures published with the translations. These two sets of textual notes remained unknown, until they were rediscovered by David Sansone.
Proclus: The Elements of Theology
Authors: Dodds E R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Proclus' Elements of Theology is a concise summa of the Neoplatonic system in its fully developed form; and for the student of late Greek thought second in importance only to the Enneads of Plotinus. Professor Dodds has provided a critical text based on a personal examination of some forty manuscripts, together with an English translation and a philosophical and linguistic commentary. First published in 1933, this second edition includes an Appendix of Addenda et Corrigenda and is widely regarded and respected as the definitive edition of the text today.
Megaris, Corinthia And Sikyonia
Authors: Legon Ronald p. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Megaris, Corinthia and Sikyonia constitute the Isthmus of Corinth and the territory immediately south of the Isthmus in the north-eastern Peloponnese. See Maps 57–58. This region has no specific identity in Greek nomenclature. It is set off from the territory of Attika and Boiotia by the mountains of Kithairon, Pateras and Kerata, but, despite these physical barriers, the Athenians regarded Megaris as originally part of Attika (Strabo 8.1.5–7). The region was conquered and settled by the Dorian Greeks between C11 and C9.
Achaia
Authors: Morgan Catherine , Hall Jonathan M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Achaia spans the north coast of the Peloponnese, from the border with Sikyon at the river Sythas in the east to the river Larisos which marked the Eleian frontier in the west (Strabo 9.5). Mt. Skollis served as a common frontier between Elis, Dyme and Tritaia (Strabo 8.3.10) and in the south, Mts. Erymanthos, Aroania and Kyllini in northern Arkadia formed a striking natural barrier dividing Achaia from the central Peloponnese (Paus. 8.15.8–9, 17.5). Geographically and culturally, Achaia may be divided into four sub-regions, which show great variety in the pace and pattern of local development (Morgan and Hall (1996) 166–93).
Argolis
Authors: Piérart Marcel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the western end of an alluvial plain of c.250 km², on the site where later the city of Argos grew up, habitation is attested from the Neolithic period. From MH onwards the site had become a nucleated settlement of some size, but not large enough to deserve the name of “city” or “town”. Further extended in LH, it was still smaller than Mykenai and Tiryns.
Makedonia
Authors: Hatzopoulos M B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The collective use of the ethnic is attested externally for the first time in the C5l treaty between Perdikkas II and Athens (IG i3 89.26) and internally in the C4l list of priests of Asklepios from Kalindoia (Hatzopoulos (1996b) ii. no. 62.6) and in the dedication of Kassandros from Dion, also C4l (ibid. no. 23). For the oldest individual and external use, see, perhaps, IG i3 422.i.79–80 (414/13) (a slave) and SEG 34 355.4–6 (365).
Thrace From Axios To Strymon
Authors: Flensted-Jensen Pernille 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 356 Philip took Poteidaia (no. 598), and in 348 Olynthos (no. 588) was taken and destroyed, a fate it probably shared with Stagiros (no. 613). Dem. 9.26 asserts that Philip destroyed thirty-two cities, which is probably an exaggeration (see useful discussion in Hammond and Griffith (1979) 365–79).
Aiolis And South-Western Mysia
Authors: Rubinstein Lene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The communities in this part of Asia Minor are relatively poorly documented in the extant Archaic and Classical authors and inscriptions, and archaeological evidence for the settlements in our period is sparse. Only a few sites have been excavated, and most of the architectural remains observed by travellers and archaeologists in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries date from the Roman period.
Ionia
Authors: Rubinstein Lene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although Herodotos draws attention to dialectal differences between individual Ionian poleis (1.142.3–4)⁴ and is aware of differences between the Ionian and Dorian dialects (1.139), the Ionian dialect plays only a marginal role in his definition both of regional ethnic identity and of the region itself. Herodotos’ narrow definition of the Asiatic Ionians includes only the inhabitants of the Ionian dodekapolis (1.142.3–4, 145–46.1).
Stasis
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Spain and France
Massalia C6–C4
Sikelia
Adranon 340s
Akragas c.570, 554, 488, 471,
450s, 413, 394
Gela C7–C6e, 505, 498, 491,406
Henna C4f
Himera C5e
Kamarina 425
Synoikismos
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
syn. X created by synoecism persists: partial synoecism, X persists after the synoecism disappears: full synoecism, X disappears in consequence of the synoecism reappears: X disappears but is refounded later with Y population of X moved to Y reinf. X reinforced by population from pol.