bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gelsolin
Authors: Yin Helen L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gelsolin and gelsolin-like proteins are found throughout phylogeny from lower eukaryotes such as Dictyostelium up to mammals. They have powerful effects on actin filament length through Ca2+- and polyphosphoinositide-regulated filament severing and/or capping. The family includes gelsolin, villin, adseverin/ scinderin, CapG (also known as MCP, gCap39, and mbh1), flit, severin/fragmin, and several other novel members.
Nebulin
Authors: Wang Kuan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nebulette is a petite nebulin isoform at the Z line region of cardiac myofibril in cardiac muscle. This 107 kDa protein consists of 22 nebulin modules bracketed by a unique N-terminal domain and C-terminal Src homology (SH3) domain. It bears a striking resemblance to the C-terminal region of skeletal muscle nebulin. Nebulette incorporates and aligns with the nascent myofibril early during cardiac myofibrillogenesis.
Protein 4.1
Authors: Conboy John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Erythrocyte protein 4.1, expressed predominantly as a group of alternatively spliced ∼80 kDa polypeptides, is a structural component of the erythroid membrane skeleton. Historically, the name protein 4.1 derived from its relative mobility on SDS-PAGE gels of red cell membranes (migrating slightly faster than the anion exchanger band 3). Purified erythroid protein 4.1 has been well characterized by biochemical, biophysical, and molecular biological approaches, and therefore serves as a paradigm for an expanding but less well understood family of non-erythroid 4.1 proteins.
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP)
Authors: Abo Arie , Symons Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The WASP gene was isolated by positional cloning and was shown to be mutated in patients suffering from the immunodifficiency disorder, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS). WASP expression is restricted to the haematopoietic lineage and encodes a 62 kDa protein. The recent identification of WASP as an effector of Cdc42 and the establishment of a function for WASP in the control of actin polymerization suggests that WASP may play a role in the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton accompanying T cell polarization.
25 kDa inhibitor of actin polymerization (25 kDa IAP)
Authors: Geiger Benjamin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 25 kDa IAP is a low molecular weight heat-shock protein which inhibits actin polymerization and is constitutively expressed in muscle tissues. The protein was originally detected in the vinculin-rich fraction from turkey and chicken smooth muscle and is, at least in part, responsible for the effect on actin viscosity originally attributed to vinculin.
Introduction
Authors: Cleveland Don W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Microtubule assembly in vivo from tubulin and associated proteins is a dynamic process. At one level this is obvious since the interphase array of microtubules radiating from a nuclear bound MTOC is disassembled as the cell enters mitosis and spindle microtubules are formed from the liberated subunits. What came unexpectedly was the discovery, both in vivo and in vitro, that even when assembly has reached an apparent steady state, individual microtubules remain very dynamic, a property termed dynamic instability.1 Microtubules coexist in growing and shrinking populations which interconvert rather infrequently. These states seem to reflect properties of the ends of the lattice and it is likely that cleavage of the GTP bound to the terminal subunit plays an important role in governing the transition between growing and shrinking.
E-MAP-115
Authors: Masson Danièle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
E-MAP-115 was initially identified in human Hela cells in which it colocalizes with subsets or subdomains of microtubules.1 A detailed cellular distribution of murine E-MAP-115 mRNA and protein during embryogenesis and in adult organs indicated that E-MAP-115 is predominantly expressed in several epithelia from 9.5 days of embryogenesis onwards and that its expression levels increase during development.3 Later during embryogenesis and in the adult mouse, E-MAP-115 mRNA and protein are found in some neuronal cells as well.
MAPI A
Authors: Bloom George S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The sequence similarity between E-MAP-115 from both species is 81 per cent. E-MAP-115 has a predicted mass of 84 kDa for the human and 82 kDa for the murine protein and is mainly constituted of a very basic N-terminal domain connected to a neutral to acidic C-terminal region via a proline-and-alanine-rich sequence (PAPA box).
Teal
Authors: Mata Juan , Nurse Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fission yeast cells are cylindrical and elongate along a single central axis. In the absence of tea1 growth no longer follows this single axis, causing bending and branching of the cells1,2 (see Fig. 1). The tea1 protein (130 kDa) contains six internal kelch repeats at the N-terminal half and several regions predicted to form coiled coils at the C terminus.
Pericentrin
Authors: Doxsey Stephen J , Kirschner Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pericentrin was originally identified by screening expression libraries with autoimmune sera from scleroderma patients.1 The gene is located on chromosome 21q22.3 in humans (ref. 2; N. Jenkins and S. Doxsey; unpublished observations) and the central region of mouse chromosome 10 (N. Jenkins and S. Doxsey; unpublished observations).
³-Tubulin
Authors: Oakley Berl R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
³-Tubulin is located at microtubule organizing centres (MTOCs) and is often associated with mitotic spindle microtubules. It is essential for formation of functional mitotic spindles, and purified ³-tubulin ring complexes nucleate microtubule assembly and associate with the minus ends of microtubules in vitro. ³-Tubulin ring complexes have been found in centrosomes at the ends of microtubules. ³-Tubulin is, thus, likely to nucleate the assembly of microtubules from MTOCs and may cap the minus ends of other microtubules.
Introduction
Authors: Goldman Robert D , Chou Ying-Hao 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All IF proteins share a tripartite secondary structure with a central α-helical rod domain of about 310 amino acids, flanked at both ends by non-a-helical domains. In the case of the type V IF proteins, the nuclear lamins, the rod domain is 42 residues (six heptad) longer. The variation in the molecular weights of different IF proteins derives mainly from the length of the end domains which can be as short as six amino acids and as long as over 1200 amino acids in the N and the C terminus of human nestin. Conservation of the primary sequence is extensive in the rod domain that forms the centre core of 10 nm filaments. Within the rod domain, two short stretches of sequence at the beginning and the end of the rod domain are the most conserved and have been shown to be the most essential for the building of 10 nm filaments. The sequence in the N- and (-terminal domains bears little homology among different types of IF proteins. These domains appear to be exposed on the surface of the IF and thereby might be responsible for the tissue-specific functions of different IF proteins.
Cytokeratins
Authors: Franke Werner W , Kartenbeck Jurgen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The human genome contains at least 21 different genes encoding epithelial (or ‘soft’) cytokeratin polypeptides, plus another dozen genes for cytokeratin polypeptides characteristic of hair- and nail-forming cells (‘trichocytic’ or ‘hard’ cytokeratins), and these are expressed in different patterns characteristic of the specific epithelial or trichocytic cell type (Fig. 1 and Table 1). The cytokeratin gene complexity in other vertebrate species, from mammals to amphibia and fish, is similar.
Gfap
Authors: Quinlan Roy A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
GFAP, glial fibrilfary acidic protein, is a member of the intermediate filament protein superfamily. It is expressed almost exclusively in astrocytes of the CNS but is also found in some cells of the PNS such as non-myelinating Schwann cells. GFAP is extensively used in histology and pathology as a cell-type marker. It is an a-helical protein which can spontaneously self-associate, via coiled-coil interactions, to form 10 nm filaments. In cells, GFAP filaments are distributed as either individual or bundles of filaments throughout the cytoplasm, extending from around the nucleus out to the cell periphery. It functions in determining cell architecture and knockout of the GFAP gene subtly alters neuronal physiology.
α-lnternexin
Authors: Liem Ronald K H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
α-lnternexin is the first neuronal intermediate filament expressed in differentiated neurones in the rat nervous system and in cultured neurones. Unlike the neurofilament triplet proteins, Ronald K. H. Liem-internexin can self-assemble and may play a role in neuronal differentiation and in the incorporation of the neurofilament triplet proteins into the mature intermediate filament network.
Covering the World
Authors: Higgins Peter M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1852, Francis Guthrie, a mathematics student of University College London, asked himself how many colours are required so that a map may be coloured to ensure that neighbouring regions are coloured differently. He became convinced that four colours were enough for any map but could not prove it and so the problem was brought to the attention of his teacher, the famous logician, De Morgan. The problem looks so natural and simple it is difficult at first sight to believe that it could be very hard. A professional mathematician would be wary of admitting of having tried unsuccessfully to solve such a problem in case it turned out to be as simple as it looks. It was, however, a completely fresh problem and all the centuries of mathematics that had gone before were hardly any use at all in the face of this little question and so all investigators of the four colour problem began on an equal footing, knowing practically nothing about how to tackle it.
Possible and Impossible Constructions
Authors: Higgins Peter M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Constructions with a straight edge and compasses formed a cornerstone of mathematical training for many hundreds of years until the latter part of the 20th century. They are now only taught in passing and are at best a peripheral part of school geometry. This is a pity as they are really quite fun—many people who are not at home with other parts of mathematics, notably algebra, find to their surprise and delight a natural ability at this aspect of geometry. On the one hand, the topic itself is visual and tactile in a way that mathematics often is not, while on the other it embodies the geometric ideal as it explores what can be built and transferred from one figure to another without the intervention of coordinates and scales. There is no corner of mathematics that represents such a happy marriage of practical skill and pure mathematical ideals.
Passing it on: redescribing scientific explanation
Authors: Turney Jon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scientists often describe that eureka moment. The struggle to fathom some phenomenon, or to extract meaning from some experimental results, is suddenly rewarded with a flash of understanding. Common to many such accounts is the idea that part of the pleasure lies in seeing something no one else has seen before. But that benefit carries a price: then the newly enlightened one has to explain it all to everyone else.
That explanation is hard enough when it is directed at fellow professionals. If there is a radical reconceptualization involved there will, of course, be scope for numerous misunderstandings, for uncomprehending rejection as well as glad acknowledgement.
Revolution and Restoration: Literature 1620— 1690
Authors: Sanders Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the feast of the Epiphany (6 January) 1620, the year in which the Pilgrim Fathers set sail for America, Ben Jonson’s masque News from the New World Discovered in the Moon was presented at court before King James I. The masque formed the climax to the celebration of the twelve days of Christmas and it offered to the King a fantastically contrived vision of his own greatness. Moon creatures, formed in the image of man, and ‘animated, lightned, and heightened’ by a rapt contemplation of royal virtues, descended from a frosty stage heaven, shook off their icicles, sang of the King’s perfection, and danced to represent the harmony of his rule. Chief amongst the dancers was the King’s heir, Charles, Prince of Wales. The contrast between the extravagant courtly theatre of the masque and the determined refugees from James’s religious policies who were to establish Plymouth Plantation could not be more extreme. Those extremes characterize both the politics and the literature of the seventeenth century. The masque celebrated an ideal monarch whose merits could be studied, like the Bible, as ‘the booked of all perfection’; the narrow Bible-centred Puritanism of the Pilgrims demanded a rejection of a cornerstone of James’s idea of kingship, an integrated union of the English state with the English Church through the person of the King himself and the bishops appointed by him.
Eighteenth—Century Literature 1690—1780
Authors: Sanders Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alexander Pope’s epitaph for the monument erected to the memory of Sir Isaac Newton in Westminster Abbey in 1731 succinctly proclaims the extra ordinary intellectual virtue of the greatest scientific innovator of the age. A Latin inscription witnesses to Newton’s immortality, an immortality triply safeguarded by Time, Nature, and Heaven; a couplet in English, the sublime confidence of which has served to provoke later generations, unequivocally asserts that the systematized vision which he offered was divinely inspired. ‘Nature and Nature’s Laws lay hid in Night, I God said, Let Newton be! and All was Light.’ Pope’s epitaph is more than a personal tribute to a great man; it is a public statement displayed in a much frequented national church which sums up the gratitude of a proud civilization. Newton (1642-1727), ‘the Miracle of the present Age’ as Joseph Addison called him, had given his eighteenth century heirs a carefully reasoned theoretical framework on which a whole range of additional theories could be hung. His Principia of 1687 and his Opticks of 1704 suggested that there were indeed intelligible laws in nature which could be demonstrated by physics and mathematics, and, moreover, that the universe exhibited a magnificent symmetry and a mechanical certainty. This universe, Newton had declared, could not have arisen ‘out of a Chaos by the mere Laws of Nature’; such a ‘wonderful Uniformity in the Planetary System’ had to be the handiwork of an intelligent and benevolent Creator. To the many eighteenth century propagators of Newton’s thought, the great could be related to the less, the cosmic to the terrestrial, and the divine to the human by means of a properly tutored understanding of the natural scheme of things. By inter pretation, Newton’s heavens declared that there was order, law, and indeed design in creation. Largely thanks to the propagandist work of the Royal Society in London and European-wide advances in astronomy, mathematics, mechanics, physics, and optics, natural philosophy had shed the taint of forbidden knowledge. Religious mystery could be enhanced, and sometimes even replaced, by rational wonder. The revolution in scientific thought begun by Copernicus 150 years earlier was to be fulfilled as popular enlightenment.
Late Victorian and Edwardian Literature 1880—1920
Authors: Sanders Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ON the title-page of his Past and Present of 1843 Thomas Carlyle had quoted Schiller’s strident sentiment ‘Ernstistdasleben’ (‘Life is earnest’). Some seven years later, in chapter 42 of David Coppetfield, Dickens’s hero expresses the opinion that ‘there is no substitute for thorough-going, ardent, and sincere earnestness’. By the closing years of the nineteenth century such mid-Victorian moral confidence had begun to sound oppressively, even comically, outmoded. Oscar Wilde, for one, mocked at the very idea in the title of his ‘Trivial Comedy for Serious People’, The Importance of Being Earnest (1895) and it was scarcely casually that Samuel Butler selected Ernest as the Christian name of the intellectually and morally flabby hero of his The Way of All Flesh (HJ03). By the 1880s, when Butler was working on his novel, the virtues of old-fashioned earnestness-which entailed moral probity, religious orthodoxy, sexual reserve, hard work, and a confident belief in personal and historical progress were open to question or had been supplanted by a new and more probing seriousness. In retrospect, the mid-Victorians looked both wrong, and, when their influence could be escaped, funny.
The Socio-Political Map of Europe, 400—1500
Authors: Dodgshon R A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The political map of Europe was repeatedly redrawn over the period AD 400—1500. The divide between Roman and Barbarian Europe began to dissolve into a more complex political geography from the fourth century onwards as large areas, including most of the western empire, were overwhelmed by the migration of Germanic tribes like the Goths, Sueves, Vandals, and Saxons. Out of these dislocations emerged the outlines of a new ordering of political space, one whose formative concepts and institutional forms are fundamental to any definition of the medieval world. In trying to understand this new ordering, and the processes which shaped its development over the medieval period, we need to look closely at four aspects of the problem. First, we need to grasp the nature and extent of the migrations which redrew the tribal and ethnic map of early medieval Europe; secondly, we need to consider how political space was redefined over the medieval period, notably through the institution of the state; thirdly, we need to review the actual pattern of European states as it unfolded over the medieval period; and, fourthly, we need to consider whether political space was structured in ways other than through the state system.
Towns and Trade, 400—1500
Authors: Verhulst A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Chapter 2 has shown, the city, both as a geographical phenomenon and as a way of life, was introduced into Mediterranean Europe by the Greeks and spread through western Europe the Romans. Its diffusion through the latter paralleled the expansion of the Roman Empire. That is particularly true for north-west Europe, whose geographical position between the Rhine and Britain was particularly favourable for the implantation and development of towns like Paris, Trier, Rheims, Amiens, Cambrai, Arras, and several others. Towns and military camps were also established along the Rhine and the Danube, notably at Xanten, Neuss, Cologne, Bonn, and Mainz, and at Augsburg, Regensburg, and Passau. The same was true in England, where the coloniae of York, Lincoln, Gloucester, Colchester, and London were founded, as well as a large number of chief towns of civitates (for example Carlisle, ‘Wroxeter, Leicester, Winchester, Exeter, Canterbury) and other important towns (Bath, Ikhester, Chelmsford). Their foundation goes back to the first and second centuries AD.
The Urbanization of Europe since 1500
Authors: Sutcliffe A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thanks to the central role of the town in European development in the Middle Ages, almost all of the western part of the continent was integrated into a mature urban system by the sixteenth century (see e.g. De Vries, 1984: 9—10). Town foundations were very rare in western Europe after 1500. In eastern Europe, and especially in Russia, on the other hand, the very low level of economic development sustained a sparse distribution in which towns could grow, contract, or even disappear in just a few years of fickle fortune or tragedy (Bairoch, 1988: 170—2). In Russia, no functioning urban network existed. Most Russian towns were virtually isolated, with Bairoch estimating a national urbanization level of 3—6 per cent in 1500 (Bairoch, 1988: 179). Even the capital, Moscow, had a population of only 36,000 in 1500, and the largest cities in Russia were the Black Sea port of Feodosia and the Dnieper river port of Smolensk, both with about 50,000 inhabitants (Bairoch, et al., 1988: 60—5).
Sensorial Exploration of Environmental Information
Authors: Camara Anrfonio S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Multimedia environmental information systems and models produce multi dimensional information: symbolic and numerical data, static and dynamic images, and sounds. Scientific visualisation (and auralisation) enables the trans formation of the symbolic and numerical data into geometric computer gen erated images (and sounds). Static and dynamic images and sounds, obtained either from the above transformation or reflecting realistic phenomena, can be explored using methods such as exploratory data analysis, data mining, anima tion, and real-time generation of three-dimensional graphics and sounds.
Interaction Design for Environmental Applications
Authors: Camara Anrfonio S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Interaction’ means that when one performs an action, there will be changes in what happens next (Robinett, 1994). In today’s major computer user interfaces, one acts through an input device and can then see the results of that action on the computer screen. This type of interface, called direct manipulation (Shneiderman, 1988), requires the user to initiate all tasks explicitly and to over view all the events. Most environmental software is based on this user interface. Developments on direct manipulation interface designs for environmental applications include the use of filters, sketching, sound, virtual environments, ubiquitous computing, and collaborative tools.
Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827)
Authors: Phillips Lois 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lonely your friend wanders in the spring garden, wrapped in a soft, enchanted light, that trembles through swaying blossoms, Adelaide!
In the mirroring waves, in the snow of the Alps, in the golden clouds of declining day, in the firmament of stars your image shines, Adelaide!
Evening breezes whisper in the delicate foliage; little silver bells of May stir in the grass; waves murmur and nightingales call: Adelaide!
Richard Wagner (1813–1883)
Authors: Phillips Lois 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When I was very young, I often heard tell of angels, who left the sublime joys of heaven for the sunny earth,
where hidden from the world a heart was pining in anxious grief, silently bleeding and wasting away mid floods of tears;
its prayer fervently begging only for deliverance. Then an angel would descend and bear it tenderly to Heaven.
Johannes Brahms (1833–1897)
Authors: Phillips Lois 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Sink,O sink your grief, my child, in the ocean, the deep ocean!’ A stone will stay at the bottom of the sea, but my grief will always rise again.
‘And the love that you bear in your heart–tear it out, tear it out, my child!’ A flower that is plucked may die, but not so soon true love.
‘True love, true love, are only words–throw them to the winds!’
Hugo Wolf (1860–1903)
Authors: Phillips Lois 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At night, at night, grief steals silently in, and if you wake, 0 my sorrow, you will greet the dawn with weeping and with care.
At night, at night joy steals silently in, and if you wake,0 blessed destiny, the dark dream is banished and joy is triumphant.
At night, at night joy and sorrow both steal in, and quick as thought, they leave you, and go to the Lord to tell Him how you have borne them.
Gustav Mahler (1860–1911)
Authors: Phillips Lois 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The day my sweetheart weds will be my saddest day. I will go in my room, my little dark room, and weep for my treasure, my dear treasure!
Little blue flower, do not wither! Little singing bird, on the green heath–how beautiful is the world! Tchk!
Sing no more, bloom no more–for spring is now past–all singing is at an end. Each night when I go to bed, I think of my grief.