bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Icelandic
Authors: Svavarsdóttir Ásta , Kvaran Guórim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The paper is a part of a thematic discussion of English-American influence on the Scandinavian languages. The author treats the matter from a socio-cultural as well as from a linguistic point of view and gives a number of examples of potential English influence on various levels of the language: vocabulary, syntax, phonology, etc.; however, the discussion is mainly speculative.
Italian
Authors: Pulcini Virginia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This compilation lists 2,300 English words collected from newspapers during 1987, grouped under seven subjects (politics, daily news, advertising, jobs, culture, economics, and science) and accompanied by quotations. No linguistic information about the English loanwords is provided. The volume contains a very well-balanced and informative chapter (‘La lingua dell’okey’, 217-45) about the spread of English in Italy. Starting from a historical perspective on linguistic exchange, Beccaria praises the vitality of the English language, condemns purist policies directed against foreign words, as was the case in Italy during the Fascist regime, but also criticizes today’s excessive use of English words in the press.
Arbitrations Involving a State or an International Organization
Authors: Petrochilos Georgios 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we look at ‘mixed’ arbitrations, that is, arbitral proceedings involving a state (including certain state-controlled entities) or an international organization. In such arbitrations, a primary question is whether the arbitral process (and hence the arbitral procedure) is subject to any municipal arbitration law or—on the contrary—to international law.
Though states and international organizations are not treated alike in international or national law, both enjoy immunity from jurisdiction (or ‘immunity from suit’). As will be seen, this immunity from jurisdiction, and the attendant absence of international responsibility of the state of the seat of an arbitration in respect of it, are material for our purposes here.
What Does the Future Hold?
Authors: Petrochilos Georgios 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Running the inevitable risk of saying everything at least once, it is now time to take stock of the developments in international arbitration law that the previous chapters of this book have been concerned with.
The international law aspects of arbitration that this book has tried to tackle did not become apparent before the 1920s or so, when arbitration started becoming a mainstream method for resolving international disputes. Until that time, neither national nor international law had dealt with such questions, because arbitration was a purely national affair, ie, a faster but less sophisticated alternative to litigation in the courts, principally (and often exclusively) for commercial disputes.
Comity In Modern Private International Law
Authors: Collins* Tawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In an unreported decision in the year 2000 Thomas J, sitting in the English Commercial Court, was concerned with a case in which a United States corporation was seeking in the United States an injunction to restrain arbitral and judicial proceedings in London, and a German corporation was seeking an injunction in London to restrain the United States proceedings. He refused the injunction restraining the United States proceedings, and said:
A Culling Of Sacred Cows-The Impact Of The Ec Insolvency Regulation On English Conflict Of Laws
Authors: Fletcher* Tan F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The entry into force of the EC Regulation on Insolvency Proceedings, from 31 May 2002, brought about numerous changes in the law and practice relating to insolvency in all the EC Member States, including the United Kingdom. While some of those changes involve merely modest adjustment to existing procedures, others are of a more radical nature. Among these are a number whose effect is to reverse—or significantly recast—established rules and principles in the realm of English private international law. Although the changes are, strictly speaking, confined to those cases which fall within the ambit of the Regulation, they will almost certainly give rise to a wider consideration of the matters affected, to ascertain whether there are good reasons for maintaining a dissimilar treatment of cases on the basis that the Regulation is applicable to some, but not to others, by reason of the debtor’s modus operandi at the time of the opening of proceedings. The purpose of this paper is to identify some of the more notable changes from the standpoint of English law, and to offer some thoughts on the advisability of retaining the previous rules for parallel application to cases outside the ambit of the Regulation.
Declining Jurisdiction Under The Brussels I Regulation 2001 And The Preliminary Draft Hague Judgments Convention: A Comparison
Authors: Peter Nygh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the purposes of this article, a court can be said to decline jurisdiction when it refuses to exercise a jurisdiction that the plaintiff has regularly invoked under the law of the forum. This is quite distinct from the situation where a court finds that it lacks jurisdiction. There are four situations in which courts can decline jurisdiction:
Victims of Crime and the Victim Movement
Authors: Strang Heather 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In spring 1987 Mr s Cameron’s 14-year-old son was beaten to death at a Canberra school fete. His 17-year-old assailant was charged with murder but pleaded guilty to manslaughter. He was convicted, sentenced to six years’ imprisonment, and served twenty-one months. Mrs Cameron described the treatment that she and her husband received from the justice system as ‘just horrific we had no support whatsoever ... we felt so alienated’. She said that they felt so distressed by the way they were dealt with that they scarcely had time to think about their son’s death.
The Lived Experience of Victims
Authors: Strang Heather 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores whether the lived experience of RISE victims coincided with what the literature suggests about the experience of justice that victims seek, both in the processing and outcome of their cases. The data consist of the responses of 232 victims of property crime or violent crime to the structured questionnaire described in Chapter 4 (see Appendix 1 ). These data are supplemented by qualitative comments from the victims made in the course of the interviews. These 232 victims, of l 96 separate cases, represent a response rate of 89 per cent of all personal victims (see Chapter 4 for a discussion of response rates).
Victim Satisfaction with the Restorative Justice Alternative
Authors: Strang Heather 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 showed that victims whose cases were assigned to the restorative alternative of conferencing consistently expressed relatively high levels of approval about most aspects of their experience. On many of these aspects we do not have comparable data for victims whose cases were dealt with in court: so few of them actually attended their court cases that it was not possible to gather enough information to compare their experience meaningfu1ly with that of the conference victims. This does not necessarily mean that court victims were unhappy with the way their cases were dealt with. Indeed, some victims, especially small-shop proprietors and managers who are repeatedly victimized, were pleased to have as little to do with their cases as the court provided.
Cosmopolitanism and Organized Violence
Authors: Kaldor Ma Ry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I argue for a cosmopolitan political project as a way of responding to the spread of what I call ‘new wars’. And I suggest that this argument can be treated as a way of deducing the more general case for a cosmopolitan political project for three reasons. First, the rupture with classical modernity that is associated with the process of globalization is perhaps most decisively illustrated by the changes in the pattern of organized violence. The twentieth century can be described as the period in which the nation-state system reached its apogee, and this period will probably be best remembered for the terrible barbarity of totalitarianism and war. But the twentieth century was also the moment when the nation-state system exhausted itself and when these statist phenomena (totalitarianism and inter-state war) were abolished, like slavery in an earlier period.
Saving the victims of violence
Authors: Seybolt Taylor B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The rules of war prohibit combatants from attacking unarmed civilians. In most conflicts today, however, warriors do not care about the rules. In fact, they go to great lengths to kill men, women and children who belong to a different ethnic or communal group. The Rwandan Government created the Interaham we militia, armed it with machetes and trained it to kill all Tutsi. The militiamen ‘worked’ with the Rwandan military to devastating effect, slaughtering their neighbours and any Hutu who opposed them. In Bosnia and Herzegovina the Serbian Government of Slobodan Milosevic formed and armed Bosnian Serb militias to act with the FRY and Bosnian Serb armies to kill tens of thousands of Bosnian Muslims and drive hundreds of thousands more from their homes. In Sierra Leone murdering and torturing civilians was the main occupation of the Revolutionary United Front (RUF). The number of civilian deaths in these conflicts and in many others far exceeded the number of military deaths.
Now’s the Time! Consumption and Time-Space Disruptions in Postmodern Virtual Worlds
Authors: Odih Pamela , Knights David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is little doubt that virtual reality and advances in global electronic communication involve a more intense compression of time and space than we have previously experienced. In the microelectronic world of virtual commun ication, time has to be seen much more as tied to the social context of its use rather than as an unproblematic medium whose neutrality permits comparison and communication across diverse boundaries. These very boundaries are in disarray as we begin to realize that every communication is a prosthesis or projection of a unique identity. Instantaneous communication and consump tion mean that we no longer experience a common time ‘in’ which we all live in more or less mutual relevance, but, on the contrary, events in cyberspace are simultaneously global and local, representing a unique and unrepeatable period of time (Adam 1990; Ermarth 1992).
Contested Presents: Critical Perspectives on ‘Real-Time’ Management
Authors: Purser Ronald E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The real-time perspective has served as the foundation for the formation of new economy companies, as well as the adoption of e-commerce business models. Regis McKenna’s book, Real Time (1997), seized the day, as it opens with the invitation: ‘Imagine a world in which time seems to vanish and space seems completely malleable. Where the gap between need or desire and fulfillment collapses to zero. Where distance equals a microsecond in lapsed connection time’ (1997: 3). The ideal for McKenna is to eliminate time entirely, to shrink to zero the gap or temporal distance between desire and the object of desire. With the emergence of digital technology, time negation is becoming a reality, for digital technology compresses the distance between ‘here and there’, ‘now and then’.
Discriminatory, Status-based Wages among Tradition-oriented, Stochastically Trading Coconut Producers
Authors: Akerlof George A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A robust model of discrimination is presented; even if there is a significant minority without a taste for discrimination and even if there is capital transfer among entrepreneurs with different tastes for discrimination, no entrant can profit by violating the mdiscriminatory custom. The key innovation in this model of discrimination is that markets are in some sense smaller than the Walrasian market. All traders have a chance of trading with one another. And at the time of trade there is no other equally satisfactory alternative trading partner.
Relative Wages and the Rate of Inflation
Authors: Akerlof George A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Monetary theory in the post-Keynesian era has, to a good extent, centered around the question ‘is money neutral?’. This is an important question, of course, because the existence of such economic animals as the Phillips Curve may well depend on the answer. Patinkin’s famous book argues for the neutrality of money: with different levels of the money supply in a perfectly competitive world all equilibrium real variables will be the same.
The Microeconomic Foundations of a Flow of Funds Theory of the Demand for Money
Authors: Akerlof George A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Traditional transactions models of the demand for money view money holdings as the resultant of two different types of decisions. The first type of decision concerns payments which shall be denoted autonomous because these payments are both in magnitude and in frequency independent of the level of the bank account. The second type of decision concerns a monitoring rule, whereby payments are made to prevent the bank account from becoming too large or too small. Because of their dependence, either in magnitude or in frequency on the level of the bank account, such payments will be denoted as induced.
Jobs as Dam Sites*
Authors: Akerlof George A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much economic analysis is based on stylized relations between the nature of economic processes and the functions economists use as their tools of analysis. For example, if production processes are duplicable, constant returns to scale production functions are obtained. The student of elementary economics is told that if goods are difficult to substitute, their demand is inelastic; if easy to substitute their demand is elastic. In similar fashion it is the purpose of this paper to categorize the nature of jobs and to show that it has implications for the elasticity of demand for labour with respect to the wage.
The Human Rights Act And Statute Law
Authors: Clayton Richard , Tomlinson Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In R v Lambert [200 l] 3 WLR 206, 242, para 110, Lord Hope accepted that the 4.04 interpretative obligation in section 3(1) applied to the provisions of the Human Rights Act 1998 in exactly the same way as it applies to any other statute.
Human Rights And Public Authorities
Authors: Clayton Richard , Tomlinson Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The distinction between standard public authorities, functional public author- 5.08 ties and courts and tribunals drawn in the Main Work was adopted and approved Chapter 5: Human Rights and Public Authorities by Lord Woolf CJ in Poplar Housing and Regeneration Community Association Ltd v Donoghue [2002] QB 48, 68, para 63.
Court Of Human Rights Procedure
Authors: Clayton Richard , Tomlinson Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 2001 a total of 13,858 applications were registered (compared with 8,396 in 23.07 1999 and 10,486 in 2000). The largest number from one state was again Russia with 2,108 (1,325 in 2000) followed by Poland with 1,763 (775 in 2000) and France with 1,117 (1,033 in 2000).
‘Be Truly Feminine’: Contradictory Obligations And Ambivalent Representations
Authors: Rose Sonya O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the previous chapter suggested commentary about citizenship focused primarily on obligations. It restated ideas associated with the much older republican or civic humanist tradition-one stressing sacrifice and civic virtue in contrast to liberal citizenship’s emphasis on individual rights. But as I will explain in the first part of this chapter, when women fulfilled their wartime duties of citizenship, conflict was generated over both traditional gender norms and women’s civil and social rights. Additionally, as I have suggested previously, diverse public conversations and widely disseminated representations depicted the British people as belonging to a unified national community that shared a common national identity.
The French Context of Coordination: A Fractured Indivisible Republic
Authors: Hayward Jack , Wright Vincent 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Due to its inordinate impulse to impart a state-organized monolithic unity to an inherently diverse and conflict-ridden society, achieving cohesion and cooperation in France has posed problems to those officially in power that few have successfully resolved in a sustained way. The persistent temptation has been to impose top-down comprehensive solutions, provoking periodic upsurges of resistance against ill informed failures to understand the complexity of specific problems and the need to secure at least the acquiescence if not the enthusiastic support of the subjects of such authoritative intervention. While the ensuing difficulties are not peculiar to France, it is the overweening self-confidence of the political and administrative directorate in its capacity to command that raises false expectations about its ability to attain its objectives.
Coordinating the Response to Immigration Pressures: An Unending Quest
Authors: Hayward Jack , Wright Vincent 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early 1980s, the issues of nationalization versus privatisation of France’s major firms and banks, and of national integration or repressive exclusion of immigrants in the name of’ national preference’, came to the fore as the main ways of distinguishing ideologically the Left and Right in France. By the late 1990s, both these issues were much more depoliticized than they had been. Part of the reason that this proved possible has been that there was a perverse contradiction between theassertive rhetoric of imperative principle and the embarrassed reality of inconsistent practice. We have already examined this in the case of privatisation, with the Left shamefacedly coming to accept the retreat from public ownership it had earlier espoused with enthusiasm. Immigration policy, which had not been a controversial party issue in a country that had for a century been accustomed to accept massive foreign inward migration without demur, became so in a context of increasing unemployment.
Downside Risk Implications of Multinationality and International Joint Ventures
Authors: Reuer Jeffrey J , Leiblein Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Corporate flexibility has recently been emphasized as a key concern for management research (e.g., Buckley and Casson, 1998; Hitt, 1998). This observation presents a challenge to both positive and normative theory given the divergent views on issues surrounding both the flexibility of firms and the specific benefits that firms might derive from flexibility. For instance, studies in population ecology (e.g., Hannan and Freeman, 1984), competitive strategy (e.g., Dierickx and Cool, 1989; Ghemawat, 1991), and behavioral theory (Cyert and March, 1963) point to internal complexity, path dependencies, and uncertainty avoidance, respectively, as factors limiting flexibility or its potential advantages.
Working Abroad, Working with Others: How Firms Learn to Operate International Joint Ventures
Authors: Barkema Harry G , Shenkar Oded , Vermeulen Freek , Bell John H J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
International joint ventures have become a prevalent mode of entry into global markets (Berg, Duncan, and Friedman, 1982; Harrigan, 1985; Hergert and Morris, 1988; Wysocki, 1990). Publications on the topic mostly focus on the motivations behind international joint venture formation (Buckley and Casson, 1988; Contractor and Lorange, 1988; Harrigan, 1985; Hennart, 1988; Hergert and Morris, 1988; Kogut, 1988) and the conditions encouraging it (Agarwal and Ramaswami, 1992; Gatignon and Anderson, 1988; Gomes-Casseres, 1989; Hennart, 1991; Madhok, 1997; Stopford and Wells, 1972). Little has been done, however, to identify the factors that underlie success and failure in such ventures; this is a remarkable omission, given their high failure rate (Chowdhury, 1992; Gomes-Casseres, 1987; Hill and Hellriegel, 1994; Levine and Byrne, 1986).
Because It Is There: The Challenge of Mountaineering ... for Utility Theory
Authors: Loewenstein George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper began as the solution to a self-control problem. I wrote it during the year that I spent at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford along with Colin Camerer, Drazen Prelec, Matthew Rabin, and Dick Thaler. Although I think it’s often difficult to assess how much one enjoys experiences (see Chapter 10), without a doubt this was the best year of my life. I was living in a place that offered all the things I love most: a supportive research environment where I could live with my family and near several of my closest friends and without any teaching responsibilities—all in an outdoor enthusiast’s paradise.
The Economics of Meaning
Authors: Karlsson Niklas , Loewenstein, George , Mccafferty Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One important recent development in economics is a new interest in happiness research. This research, I believe, is at least partly motivated by two concerns: a questioning of whether people know what is best for them (see Chapter 13 on projection bias) and a questioning of whether, due to self-control problems, people are able to act in their own self-interest even when they do know what’s best for them (see Chapters 18–22). To the extent that people don’t know what’s good for them, or can’t pursue it successfully on their own, it may be useful to attempt to determine what in fact makes people happy and to think about ways to help people achieve happiness.
Experimental Economics from the Vantage-Point of Behavioural Economics
Authors: Loewenstein George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper was published in 1999, a few years before Daniel Kahneman and Vernon Smith won the 2002 Nobel Prize in economics. Many of us in the field of behavioral economics suspected that a Nobel Prize was in the works for our field, and we worried that it would be jointly conferred on behavioral economics and experimental economics by people who couldn’t tell the difference between them. The paper starts by pointing out that behavioral economics and experimental economics are entirely different enterprises. Behavioral economics is the application of insights from psychology (and sometimes other disciplines) to economics. Experimental economics is the application of experimental methods to economics.
“Coherent Arbitrariness”: Stable Demand Curves without Stable Preferences
Authors: Ariely Dan , Loewenstein, George , Prelec Drazen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Months into this project, I suddenly realized that I had been studying coherent arbitrariness starting with the very first study I ever ran—a survey I did of students in the Yale library (see Chapter 14). In that study I asked the students to specify the most they would pay to receive a kiss from the movie star of their choice at various points in time. Suppose that the idea of a kiss from the movie star of your choice is appealing (as seems to be almost universally true of men but much less consistently for women). How much should you be willing to pay for such a kiss? Three dollars?; after all, it only lasts a very short time. But it could be a very fulfilling short time. Ten dollars? One hundred? Think of what an amazingly unique and unusual experience it would be— something you would no doubt remember for the remainder of your life. One thousand? Ten thousand? For me, the answer is indeterminate within several orders of magnitude.