bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Minireview: Hexose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase and Redox Control of 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 Activity
Authors: Hewitt Kylie N. , Walker Elizabeth A. , Stewart Paul M. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractHexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH) is a microsomal enzyme that is able to catalyze the first two reactions of an endoluminal pentose phosphate pathway, thereby generating reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) within the endoplasmic reticulum. It is distinct from the cytosolic enzyme, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), using a separate pool of NAD(P)+ and capable of oxidizing several phosphorylated hexoses. It has been proposed to be a NADPH regenerating system for steroid hormone and drug metabolism, specifically in determining the set point of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) activity, the enzyme responsible for the activation and inactivation of glucocorticoids. 11β-HSD1 is a bidirectional enzyme, but in intact cells displays predominately oxo-reductase activity, a reaction requiring NADPH and leading to activation of glucocorticoids. However, in cellular homogenates or in purified preparations, 11β-HSD1 is exclusively a dehydrogenase. Because H6PDH and 11β-HSD1 are coexpressed in the inner microsomal compartment of cells, we hypothesized that H6PDH may provide 11β-HSD1 with NADPH, thus promoting oxo-reductase activity in vivo. Recently, several studies have confirmed this functional cooperation, indicating the importance of intracellular redox mechanisms for the prereceptor control of glucocorticoid availability. With the increased interest in 11β-HSD1 oxo-reductase activity in the pathogenesis and treatment of several human diseases including insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome, H6PDH represents an additional novel candidate for intervention.
Officially recorded convictions for probationers: The relationship with self‐report and supervisory observations
Authors: Farrall Stephen 
Published: March 2005

Objectives. For the past 20–25 years the assessment of the outcomes of probation supervision and its associated variants has relied upon officially recorded offending as the chief determinant of ‘success’ and ‘failure’. A recent assessment of the impact of accredited programmes aimed at reducing offending called for reconviction rates to be supplemented with other outcome measures to give a more accurate picture of treatment effectiveness.Methods. Self‐reports of offending are one such alternative outcome measure, and this paper responds to recent calls for developments in this field. This paper throws further light on the frequency of offending by probationers during their probation orders, the extent to which their officers knew of this offending and the relationship between self‐reported offending and subsequent convictions.Results. The data suggest that about a half of the probationers committed at least one offence during the time they were on probation and that about a third of the probationers reported that they had committed more than four offences during this same time. In the main, probation officers reports mirrored the reports gained from the probationers. Generally speaking, the relationship between self‐reported offending and officially recorded convictions was also very close. However, this varied by the offences/convictions under consideration.Conclusion. There were slightly more probationers found guilty of property offences than had admitted to such offending during their interviews. The explanation for this appeared to have been deliberate concealment on the part of the probationer, rather than recall failure.
Trying to do my best as a mother: Decision‐making in families of children undergoing elective surgical treatment for short stature
Authors: Daniel Emma , Kent Gerry , Binney Val , Pagdin Jonathan 
Published: March 2005

Objectives. To explore how families make decisions about elective leg‐lengthening surgical treatment.Design. Interviews were conducted and analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (Smith, 1995).Methods. Data were gathered using semi‐structured interviews with nine mothers of children who had recently decided to undergo treatment.Results. Overall, the decision process was guided by the mothers' central concern to act responsibly as a parent. Thematic analysis indicated that the decision was taken in a social context where short stature could lead to discrimination and disability. The decision‐making process evolved gradually over several years as mothers and children gathered information about treatment. While mothers emphasized that ultimately it was their child's decision, they monitored the decision process and filtered the information available in an attempt to ensure that the child made a well‐informed and wise choice.Conclusions. The decision was presented as an ongoing process by the mothers, their concerns representing their desire to do their best as parents for their children. Theoretically, the mothers' description of the process can be understood in terms of their attempts to resolve an ethical dilemma. Clinical implications include recognition of the role of the psychologist in supporting mothers in their decision making and thus indirectly helping children.
The impact of job strain on the predictive validity of the theory of planned behaviour: An investigation of exercise and healthy eating
Authors: Payne Nicola , Jones Fiona , Harris Peter R. 
Published: March 2005

Objectives. This study examined the impact of the job strain model on exercise and healthy eating within the framework of the Theory of Planned Behaviour.Design. Participants completed a questionnaire measuring the components of the Theory of Planned Behaviour and the job strain model. A follow‐up questionnaire a week later measured behaviour.Method. The questionnaires were completed by e‐mail. The initial questionnaire was completed by 331 employees, and 286 follow‐up questionnaires were returned.Results. Job demands affected exercise indirectly by lowering perceptions of behavioural control over exercise. However, variables from the job strain model were not related to exercise intentions or behaviour. In contrast, employees in passive jobs intended to eat more sweets and snack foods and employees in low strain jobs were more likely to realize their intentions to eat more sweets and snack foods. However, variables from the job strain model did not influence consumption of fruit and vegetables.Conclusions. While people may consider the impact of job strain on exercise whilst making decisions about whether or not to exercise, job strain has a more direct impact on healthy eating. However, job strain may only affect consumption of so‐called ‘high density’ foods, rather than foods such as fruit and vegetables.
Intense‐personal celebrity worship and body image: Evidence of a link among female adolescents
Authors: Maltby John , Giles David C. , Barber Louise , McCutcheon Lynn E. 
Published: March 2005

Objectives. The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between celebrity worship and body image within the theoretical perspective of intense para‐social relationships with celebrities.Design. Correlation and multiple regression analyses were used to examine the relationships between celebrity worship and body image.Method. Three samples, 229 (102 males and 127 females) adolescents, 183 (88 males and 95 females) full‐time university undergraduate students, and 289 (126 males and 163 females) adults were administered an amended version of the Celebrity Attitude Scale, the Attention to Body Shape Scale, and the Body Shape Questionnaire –Revised.Results. Significant relationships were found between attitudes toward celebrities and body image only among female adolescents. Multiple regression analyses suggested that Intense‐personal celebrity worship accounted for unique variance in scores in body image.Conclusions. Findings suggest that in female adolescents, there is an interaction between Intense‐personal celebrity worship and body image between the ages of 14 and 16 years, and some tentative evidence has been found to suggest that this relationship disappears at the onset of adulthood, 17 to 20 years. Results are consistent with those authors who stress the importance of the formation of para‐social relationships with media figures, and suggest that para‐social relationships with celebrities perceived as having a good body shape may lead to a poor body image in female adolescents.
Optimism, coping style and emotional well‐being in cardiac patients
Authors: Bedi Gillinder , Brown Stephen L. 
Published: March 2005

Objective. Optimism is associated with superior emotional well‐being in people with chronic and acute health problems, possibly because optimists are more likely to implement problem‐focused coping. Another interpretation posits that optimism can be a defensive response designed to diminish affective reactions to health problems. The study objective is to investigate this possibility.Design. A cross‐sectional examination of relationships between dispositional and relative optimism, threat avoidance and emotional well‐being in 85 cardiac patients.Results. Blunting, a measure of threat avoidance, was found to be associated with both optimism and emotional well‐being, and the common variance was predictive of positive affect. As expected, this link was stronger in people with low self‐efficacy for problem‐focused coping.Conclusion. These findings support a defensive interpretation of optimism amongst patients with recently‐experienced cardiac disease, particularly as the effect was more pronounced in the low self‐efficacy subsample. We discuss possible explanations for these findings and implications for the study of coping with serious illness.
Solubilities in supercritical fluids
Authors: Knox Dana E. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Solubilities in supercritical fluids are of great importance in a wide variety of applications. These applications include: production of controlled drug delivery systems, powder processing, pollution prevention and remediation, methods for spraying paints and coatings, precipitation/crystallization processes, bioseparations, and food processing. Examples of some of these applications will be given.
Supercritical fluid processes make use of the significant variation of solubility with pressure when the solvent is a supercritical fluid. This permits the accomplishment of many processes that would be otherwise very difficult to achieve. To fully understand the benefits of such processes, one must understand the phase behavior of such systems. The types of phase behavior that can be observed will be discussed, along with the ways that this behavior can be used to modify solubilities in such fluids.
There have been many methods proposed for the experimental determination of solubilities in supercritical fluids. These will be reviewed in general, and recommendations for preferred methods given.
Solubilities in supercritical fluids can be correlated and predicted by making use of thermodynamic calculations involving equations of state, as well as by other methods. The various methods will be reviewed, and recommendations given for various applications.
Modeling electrolyte solutions with the extended universal quasichemical (UNIQUAC) model
Authors: Thomsen Kaj 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The extended universal quasichemical (UNIQUAC) model is a thermodynamic model for solutions containing electrolytes and nonelectrolytes. The model is a Gibbs excess function consisting of a Debye–Hückel term and a standard UNIQUAC term. The model only requires binary ion-specific interaction parameters. A unique choice of standard states makes the model able to reproduce solid–liquid, vapor–liquid, and liquid–liquid phase equilibria as well as thermal properties of electrolyte solutions using one set of parameters.
Solutions in the “big laboratory”: Toward a model for metals at the Earth’s surface
Authors: Williams Peter A. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Numerous factors control the chemistry of metal ions in natural aqueous systems. These include the presence of a host of complexing agents, speciation among a variety of competing ligands, buffering due to precipitated solid phases, and the relative influences of kinetic versus thermodynamic phenomena. Natural aqueous systems are inevitably complicated, but simple, inorganic models can be constructed to characterize a variety of different environments. While available data sets for these models are large, it is clear that much further research is required in order to develop more sophisticated models. Some of the fields of research that need to be addressed are outlined, and some of the constraints on such research are briefly discussed.
Diagnostic Performance of Quantitative κ and λ Free Light Chain Assays in Clinical Practice
Authors: Katzmann Jerry A , Abraham Roshini S , Dispenzieri Angela , Lust John A , Kyle Robert A 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background: The quantitative assay for free light chains (FLCs) is a recently introduced commercial test reported to be sensitive and specific for detecting FLC diseases such as primary systemic amyloidosis (AL), light chain deposition disease (LCDD), nonsecretory multiple myeloma (NSMM), and light chain multiple myeloma. We evaluated its diagnostic performance in clinical practice.
Methods: All FLC clinical test results generated in 2003 were abstracted from the Laboratory Information System. Diagnoses were obtained from the Dysproteinemia database and the patient medical history.
Results: In 2003, we received samples for FLC assays from 1020 Mayo Clinic patients. The majority of these patients (88%) had bone marrow-derived monoclonal plasma cell disorders (PCDs). The 121 patients who did not have monoclonal gammopathy all had FLC κ/λ ratios within the range of values obtained for a reference population in our laboratory. Among the patients with monoclonal gammopathies were patients with multiple myeloma (330), AL (269), monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (114), smoldering multiple myeloma (72), plasmacytoma (22), NSMM (20), macroglobulinemia (9), LCDD (7), and a variety of other PCDs. Among the 110 AL patients who had not been previously treated and who had a FLC assay performed within 120 days of diagnosis, the FLC κ/λ ratio was positive in 91% compared with 69% for serum immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE) and 83% for urine IFE. The combination of serum IFE and serum FLC assay detected an abnormal result in 99% (109 of 110) of patients with AL.
Conclusion: The performance of the FLC assay in this analysis of clinical laboratory data is consistent with results from published retrospective validation studies.
Nomenclature
Authors: Powell Warren H. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractNames for chemical substances have developed from terms based on their source, properties, or effects into an elaborate system in which names encode precise information about chemical structures. Nomenclature in inorganic chemistry developed first; it is primarily concerned with elemental composition and with ionic and oxidation states. Organic nomenclature at first followed the inorganic pattern, but diverged from it because of the importance of connectivity and isomerism in organic compounds. The present system of organic nomenclature is based on the principles of the Geneva Conference of 1892, developed and expanded by international conferences and commissions into the nomenclature recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). The nomenclatures of inorganic, organic, and macromolecular chemistry and of biochemistry are in a continuing state of development; new recommendations from international bodies are published in appropriate journals, such asPure and Applied ChemistryandBiochemistry.Rules and recommendations are collected in book form at intervals. Computer interactions with different aspects of nomenclature that began during the later years of the twentieth century have increased enormously during the last decade.
Influence of ethylene vinyl acetate on the spinnability and mechanical properties of poly(propylene)/zeolite‐Ag blend fibers
Authors: Yan Yurong , Zhao Yaoming , Liu Minghua 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe spinnability and mechanical properties of poly(propylene) (PP)/zeolite‐supported Ag+ (zeolite‐Ag)/ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) ternary blend fibers were studied. It was found that the spinning temperature of the ternary blend fibers was decreased in the presence of EVA. The addition of 2 wt % EVA substantially improved the spinnability of the blend system by enhancing its flowability. It was also found that the ternary fiber with EVA28 (28 wt % vinyl acetate content) showed balanced improvement of mechanical properties by a concomitant increase in modulus and tensile strength. The improvements of spinnability and mechanical properties suggested that a core–shell structure of zeolite‐Ag/EVA28 particles, with zeolite‐Ag as the core and EVA28 as the shell, was formed and remained during the melt‐mixing process of the blended chips and during the course of fiber processing. EVA probably enhanced the binding between the zeolite‐Ag and the PP matrix, as made evident in SEM microphotographs. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1460–1466, 2005
Plasticity of the cortical dentition representation after tooth extraction in naked mole‐rats
Authors: Henry Erin C. , Marasco Paul D. , Catania Kenneth C. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractNaked mole‐rats (Heterocephalus glaber) have a large cortical representation of their behaviorally important front teeth, accounting for 30% of primary somatosensory cortex (SI). Here we investigated the plasticity of this dental representation after the extraction of a single lower tooth. The representation of the contralateral lower incisor normally accounts for ∼15% of somatosensory cortex in mole‐rats. In five mole‐rats the lower right incisor was extracted on either postnatal day 7 or 21. After 5–8 months the deprived tooth zone in S1 was investigated with multiunit microelectrode recordings. The results revealed a dramatic reorganization of the orofacial representation in SI. Neurons in the cortical lower tooth representation were responsive to tactile inputs from surrounding orofacial structures, including the contralateral upper incisor, ipsilateral lower incisor, tongue, chin, gums, and buccal pad. Neurons in the former lower tooth zone had complex receptive fields that often encompassed multiple sensory surfaces surrounding the extracted tooth in the periphery. These results suggest that the representation of the dentition in mammals is capable of significant reorganization after the loss of sensory inputs from the teeth. These data parallel findings in the somatosensory hand area of primates after deafferentation where cortex can become activated by a mixture of widely spaced surrounding sensory surfaces (e.g., chin and upper arm). J. Comp. Neurol. 485:64–74, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluating the quality of hydraulic conductivity estimates from piezometer slug tests in peat
Authors: Surridge Ben W. J. , Baird Andrew J. , Heathwaite A. L. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAlthough widely used in wetland hydrological studies, hydraulic conductivity (K) estimates from piezometer slug tests are often of questionable validity. Frequently, this is because insufficient attention is paid to the details of the test procedure. Further, in a potentially heterogeneous and anisotropic medium such as peat, the use of slug tests is prone to error. In this paper we address some of the methodological issues surrounding piezometer slug tests in peat. We compare slug test data with laboratory determinations of vertical and horizontal K obtained using a new method. Piezometers were installed at three depths in a floodplain fen peat in Norfolk, UK. Slug tests were initiated by both slug insertion and slug withdrawal, and repeat tests were conducted to examine the robustness of our K estimates. Most of the tests displayed departures from the log‐linear model of Hvorslev, the form of departure being consistent with compressible soil behaviour. The results suggest that insertion tests gave similar results to those initiated by withdrawal. Repeat testing showed that withdrawal data, in particular, gave highly reproducible normalized responses that were independent of the initial head. Values for K estimated using the slug tests were in the range 1 × 10−4 to 1·6 × 10−3 cm s−1, which is towards the upper end of the range reported for peats generally. Laboratory tests yielded similar values of K to those obtained from the slug tests. Although the laboratory tests showed that the peat was anisotropic, the K values generated by slug testing proved relatively good estimates of both vertical and horizontal K. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temporal changes in DNA synthesis of prothoracic gland cells during larval development and their correlation with ecdysteroidogenic activity in the silkworm, Bombyx mori
Authors: Gu Shi‐Hong , Chow Yien‐Shing 
Published: March 2005

AbstractDNA synthesis in prothoracic gland cells of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, was studied immunocytochemically after in vivo labeling with 5–bromo–2'–deoxyuridine (BrdU), and its developmental changes during the 3rd, 4th, and last larval instars were examined. During the early stages of both the 3rd and 4th larval instars, a dramatic increase in the number of DNA‐synthesizing cells of the prothoracic glands was detected. However, during the latter stages of each instar, the number of DNA‐synthesizing cells greatly decreased. The determination of glandular protein content showed that dramatic increases occurred during the latter stages of each larval instar. Comparison of changes in prothoracic gland cell DNA synthesis with ecdysteroidogenic activity showed that the increase in DNA synthesis precedes ecdysteroidogenesis. The cellular mechanism underlying changes in prothoracic gland cell DNA synthesis during the last two larval instars was further analyzed by determining the in vitro DNA synthesis of the glands, their responsiveness to hemolymph growth factors, and changes in the growth‐promoting activity of hemolymph during development. It was found that both growth factors and the responsiveness of the prothoracic gland cells to growth factors from hemolymph may play roles in regulating DNA synthesis of gland cells. J. Exp. Zool. 303A:249–258, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aktuelle Entwicklungen bei Schichtsystemen für die Trockenbearbeitung. Recent developments in coating systems for dry machining
Authors: Holland‐Letz Klaus 
Published: March 2005

AbstractDie Trockenbearbeitung, d. h. die Bearbeitung ohne bzw. mit Minimalmengen an Kühlschmierstoffen hat sich in den letzten Jahren, auch unter dem Eindruck eines Bewusstseinswandels in der Gesellschaft und verschärfter Umweltauflagen zu einer ökologischen und ökonomischen Alternative herkömmlicher Fertigungsverfahren entwickelt. Eine wesentliche Rolle in der Umsetzung dieser Technologie spielt dabei die Temperaturbeständigkeit der Werkzeugwerkstoffe.Mit einer Vielzahl neu entwickelter Hartstoffschichten wird versucht, die Warmfestigkeit der Werkzeugschneiden wesentlich zu erhöhen unter Beibehaltung der Härte. Neueste Entwicklungen auf dem Schichtsektor wie die Supernitride und Nanokompositschichten weisen insbesondere für die Trockenbearbeitung beträchtliche Potenziale auf.
LEEM – ein vielseitiges Werkzeug in der Nanotechnik. LEEM – a versatile tool in Nanotechnology
Authors: Duden Thomas 
Published: March 2005

AbstractDer folgende Artikel soll die Mikroskopie mit langsamen Elektronen auf einfache und anschauliche Weise vorstellen. Neben einer kurzen Beschreibung der Methode und ihrer Möglichkeiten, mit typischen Beispielen aus dem Bereich der ultradünnen Schichten, wird für den Praktiker auch auf konstruktive Aspekte bei der Auslegung des Vakuum‐ und Hochspannungssystems eingegangen. Einige Beispiele heutiger Ausführungsformen des ELMITEC LEEM‐Instrumentes demonstrieren am Ende ein derzeit verwendetes Konzept. Die angegebenen Zitate erlauben eine Vertiefung der hier nur angedeuteten Thematiken.