bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epilogue: The Future of Sex
Authors: Abramson Paul R , Pinkerton Steven D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout this book we have argued that sex for pleasure and sex for reproduction are conceptually distinct entities. With modern forms of birth control, wider acceptance of homosexual behavior, and advances in nonsexual reproductive techniques (e.g., artificial insemination), the perpetuation of this distinction seems assured. But does this mean that we are headed inexorably toward Aldous Huxley’s prophetic Brave New World, with its appropriately named Malthusian belts (containing an unspecified contraceptive) and its sex hormone chewing gum? That is, will the current trend continue unabated, the two functions of sexuality ultimately becoming completely divorced from one another? Or, as the conservative fundamentalist movement would have it, is the sexual liberation of the previous decades simply a fad, ready for reversal? What, in other words, is the future of sex?
Primary Photochemical Processes Of The Aromatic Hydrocarbons And Some Of Their Common Oxidation Products
Authors: Calvert Jack G , Atkinson Roger , Becker Karl H , Kamens Richard M , Seinfeld John H , Wallington Timothy J , Yarwood Greg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene and its alkyl-substituted benzenes, absorb very little of the sunlight present in the troposphere, and as a consequence their photochemistry is unimportant in the urban atmosphere. Substitution of an increasing number of alkyl groups on benzene results in a shift in the absorption of the compounds to longer wavelengths, but even with the trimethyl substituted benzenes, there is no overlap of the absorption region with the wavelengths of sunlight present in the lower troposphere; see figure VII-A-I. Note that all cross sections (symbolized by er in this work) are in the conventional units of cm2 molecule1 with er= In ( /0 / I )/ d [c], where In is the natural logarithm (base e), /0 and/ are the incident and transmitted intensity of light, respectively, dis the path length in centimeters, and [c] is the concentration of the absorbing species in molecules per cubic centimeter.
Aerosol Generation In Atmospheric Oxidation Of Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Authors: Calvert Jack G , Atkinson Roger , Becker Karl H , Kamens Richard M , Seinfeld John H , Wallington Timothy J , Yarwood Greg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Atmospheric aerosol in virtually all areas of the troposphere, but especially in urban areas, contains a significant fraction of carbonaceous material. Atmospheric particulate carbonaceous material is composed of a complex mixture of substances, frequently classified in two main fractions: elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC). Elemental, or black carbon is a primary pollutant, emitted directly as a result of the combustion of fossil and biomass fuels. Particulate organic carbon, a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and oxygenated hydrocarbons, has both primary and secondary origins. Primary particulate OC is emitted during combustion of fuels, cooking of meat, and so on, whereas secondary particulate OC results from gas-to-particle conversion of volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere. This secondary particulate OC is usually referred to as secondary organic aerosol (SOA).
Application Of Findings To Modeling The Atmospheric Chemistry Of Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Authors: Calvert Jack G , Atkinson Roger , Becker Karl H , Kamens Richard M , Seinfeld John H , Wallington Timothy J , Yarwood Greg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The modeling of the atmospheric chemistry of aromatic hydrocarbons and the influence of these hydrocarbons on ozone generation within the urban atmo­sphere is an especially challenging task, since many of the details of the complex reactions that occur are unknown at present. One must resort to parameterized mechanisms, with the yields of surrogate model species representing reactive, uncharacterized products that are adjusted to fit the experimentally measured 03 , NO2, and N02, and possibly other measured products that are observed in smog chamber experiments. Some features of the atmospheric oxidation of the aromatic hydrocarbons are reasonably well established and can be treated in atmospheric chemistry mechanisms with a high degree of confidence. Thus, it is clear that reactions of the OH radical with the aromatic hydrocarbons are the primary, rate-determining steps in the removal of the aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric oxidation. The OH aromatic hydrocarbon rate coefficients in our reaction mechanisms can be formulated accurately (commonly to within (±20%).
Two Governments Go To War Southern Democracy and Northern Republicanism
Authors: Nelson Scott Reynolds , Sheriff Carol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A hundred miles and two major rivers separated the Northern and Southern congresses. In the smoke-filled rooms, oyster bars, hotel lobbies, and congressional chambers in Richmond and Washington, legislators furiously argued over how to represent a people at war. In three areas—funding the war, unifying judicial authority, and underwriting private initiative—the two congresses differed in every possible way. Though the decisive battles took place in forts and fields, an army, Napoleon once noted, marches on its stomach. The military’s capacity to fight rested on what governments gave armies or allowed them to take. Both nations’ congressmen responded to the erosion of slavery, the costs of occupation and guerrilla warfare, and the ballooning casualties. Hoping to solidify their claims to nationhood, they reached into every household.
The Male World Of The Camp Domesticity and Discipline
Authors: Nelson Scott Reynolds , Sheriff Carol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the Union army garrisoned itself outside of the Mississippi River town of Helena, Arkansas, in August 1862, its makeshift camp became the largest city in the state. Before the war, the census taker had found just over fifteen hundred souls in Helena, and only four thousand in the Arkansas capital at Little Rock. By the end of August, twenty-two thousand soldiers had set up temporary housing on the plains west of Helena. Built in weeks, the makeshift town was neither orderly, comfortable, nor sanitary. Diarrhea, dysentery, and malaria ravaged the camps, food was hard to procure, and soldiers had nothing to do. The general in command of forces may not have been exaggerating when he declared in November, “[A]ll the Helena troops are sick and broken down and are not able to do much.” Iowa soldiers stationed in the newly expanded town of Helena renamed their little spot “Hell-in-Arkansas.”
The Dilemma of Human Research
Authors: Menikoff Jerry , Richards Edward P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last decades of the twentieth century, there has been a growing attempt to portray participation in a clinical trial—a research study comparing some new treatment to the existing treatment—as often being a great choice for someone with a hard-to-treat medical problem. Such research studies presumably give people access to the best doctors at the best medical centers, provide them with far more medical attention than they would otherwise get, and also give them a chance to receive some cutting-edge treatment. Under this new reality, participation in research has become something to be sought after, replacing in peoples’ minds the old image of a Dr. Frankenstein performing some frightening “experimental” procedure in a dank and dark laboratory.1
The Weakened Legal Protections Given to Research Subjects
Authors: Menikoff Jerry , Richards Edward P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapters, we showed that the American legal system fairly vigorously protects patients from “substandard” care. Most of the time, patients are required to be given standard care. And even when there are departures from standard care, they are acceptable only when the nonstandard care provided to the patient, given the relevant circumstances, is nonetheless in the best interests of the patient.
The Anatomy of a Consent Form
Authors: Menikoff Jerry , Richards Edward P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the space of a few weeks during separate discussions with two of this nation’s leading bioethicists, both prominent figures in research ethics, I (JM) each time heard comments to the effect that, “Of course, consent forms are to a large extent irrelevant.” This is part of the new approach coming from many in the research ethics community: getting informed consent is a process, involving not just the consent form, but also discussions (sometimes extensive) between the subject and the investigators, designed to help the subject understand what will happen to him if he decides to participate in the study. Under this view, the consent form is a relatively minor element of this process, and perhaps even irrelevant.1 As one of these experts noted, it is the integrity of the investigator that ultimately protects the subject, not the consent form.
Should Research Subjects Be Paid?
Authors: Menikoff Jerry , Richards Edward P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea of paying research subjects for their participation in a study remains a controversial one. In this chapter, we first explore the issue of paying subjects for contributing a part of their body—such as tissue or blood—to a study, and then turn to the more general question of whether subjects should be paid for their services. As we show here, paying subjects generates far more controversy than it should—and actually serves a number of valuable purposes, including helping people to distinguish between “good choice” and “bad choice” studies.
Professor Leopold, What Is Education For?
Authors: Kessler Winifred B , Booth Annie L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Aldo Leopold’s view, the essential purpose of education is to inform citizens about their place in the ecosystem as a basis for the intelligent and sustainable use of lands and natural resources. This idea winds like a thread throughout the essays of Leopold’s A Sand County Almanac. Leopold seemed to have a broad educational purpose in writing the essays: to inspire understanding, respect, and ethical reflection to counter society’s destructive tendencies toward land and natural resources. Finch (1989, xxi), while noting the bitterness and pain in these essays, concluded that Leopold “remained convinced that most environmental mistakes are due, not to some inherent baseness in human nature but to ignorance. He understood that his own ability to perceive and understand how nature works was the result of a long period of education and self-education;’ Leopold envisioned a broad and inclusive role for educators in society and for environmental education in the lives of the world’s citizens.
The A-B Dichotomy and the Future
Authors: Pister Edwin P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With his inimitable combination of perception and prophecy, Aldo Leopold presented us in A Sand County Almanac with his ‘‘A-B cleavage;’ a phenomenon that has exerted great influence on the American conservation scene during the second half of the twentieth century. In “The Land Ethic;’ Leopold wrote, “Conservationists are notorious for their dissensions In each field one group (A) regards the land as soil, and its function as commodity­ production; another group (B) regards the land as a biota, and its function as something broader” (Leopold 1949, 221).
What Would Aldo Have Done?-A Personal Story
Authors: Thomas Jack Ward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This essay takes on, of necessity, a very personal tone. I do not fancy myself a Leopold scholar. I have developed a sense of knowing the man only through his writings; through the writings of his children, friends, and students; and through those same people whom I have had the honor to know. These feelings of knowing Aldo Leopold and contacts are personal to me.
Nonintentional Similarity Processing
Authors: Markman Arthur B , Gentner Dedre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Similarity is a compelling part of everyday experience. In the visual world, objects that are similar in shape or color may seem to leap to our attention. In conceptual processing, we have an immediate sense of whether a pair of concepts is similar. The prominence of similarity in conscious experience has made it an important explanatory construct in psychological theories. New problems are assumed to be solved on the basis of their similarity to known problems (e.g., Reed, Ernst, & Banerji, 1974; Ross, 1987). Objects are assumed to be classified on the basis of their similarity to some stored category representation (e.g., Medin & Schaffer, 1978; Reed, 1972). Predictions of new features of an item may be based on what other similar items have those features (e.g., Blok & Gentner, 2000; Heit & Rubinstein, 1994; Osherson, Smith, Wilkie, Lopez, & Shafir, 1990; Sloman, 1993).
The Development of the Intention Concept: From the Observable World to the Unobservable Mind
Authors: Baird Jodie A , Astington Janet Wilde 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Intentions are everywhere: in action (a lover’s embrace), in conversation (an unseemly comment), even on paper (the dimpled chad of a presidential election ballot). As Premack and Woodruff (1978) remark, “It seems beyond question that purpose or intention is the state we impute most widely” (p. 515). But what does it mean to say that someone has an intention? And on what basis are attributions of intention made? Drawing on literature from philosophy and psychology, we define intention, highlighting the complexities of this concept and pointing to features that distinguish intention from related concepts such as desire and action. We then review the literature on the development of the intention concept in infancy and early childhood. Our treatment of the literature reveals that a complete appreciation of intention is acquired only gradually and is characterized by a shift from inferences based on the observable to those based on the unobservable. In a final section, we argue that language development plays an important role in this shift in children’s understanding.
The Unconscious Relational Self
Authors: Andersen Susan M , Reznik Inga , Glassman Noah S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The notion that previous knowledge is brought to bear in extracting and constructing meaning is fundamental in social cognition. This process can be understood in terms of mental representations of self and of others that give both idiosyncratic and shared meaning to experience. The relational self, or the self one experiences in relation to another person, thus reflects the personal as well as the interpersonal. We characterize the relational self as social-cognitive and draw on personality and clinical theory in making the assumption that significant others play a critical role in both self-definition and self-regulation (Andersen & Chen, 2002). According to our model, each individual has an overall repertoire of selves, each of which stems from a relationship with a significant other. The repertoire is a repository for, and later a source of, interpersonal patterns the individual experiences. In short, each relational self is tied to a mental representation of a significant other. When activated, the representation of this significant other and the aspects of the self linked to it end up imbuing current experiences with different meaning, depending on the content of the relationship and the context in which this is evoked. People may, we assume, have nearly as many selves as they have significant interpersonal relationships (Sullivan, 1953; see also Kelly, 1955), and this provides for both contextual variability in the self and for the chronic influence of long-standing patterns.
Going Beyond the Motivation Given: Self-Control and Situational Control Over Behavior
Authors: Trope Yaacov , Fishbach Ayelet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Yaacov Trope and Ayelet Fishbach A basic theme running through much of the social psychological literature is the idea that the immediate situation is a powerful determinant of human behavior. Inspired by Kurt Lewin’s (1935) field theory, social psychologists have sought to demonstrate that a wide range of human behavior, socially desirable as well as undesirable, is under the control of immediate situational forces (Asch, 1952; Cartwright, 1959; Milgram, 1963). Indeed, the field of social psychology has been defined as the study of situational determinants of thought, feeling, and action (Ross & Nisbett, 1991). Research on automaticity has provided a new impetus to the study of situational control over behavior (Bargh, 1990, 1994; Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Wegner & Bargh, 1998). This research suggests that situational cues can govern behavior without being consciously processed and without making a deliberate choice of an appropriate course of action. Situational cues that have been consistently and frequently associated with certain goals acquire the capacity to directly elicit these goals and thus directly control action.
Mormons in the Nation, 1890–1945
Authors: Bushman Claudia Lauper , Bushman Richard Lyman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The end of polygamy and Utah’s admission to the Union marked a turning point in Mormon history. While they clung stubbornly to their “peculiar principle,” the Mormons remained an isolated and alienated people. After losing the polygamy battle, the church’s members moved toward integration with their fellow citizens. As their fortress mentality slowly dissolved, Mormons became good Americans.
Messenger RNA Imaging in Living Cells for Biomedical Research
Authors: Fusco Dahlene , Bertrand Edouard , Singer Robert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent advances in messenger RNA (mRNA) visualization technology have placed biomedical imaging at an interface between molecular biology and cellular biology. It is now increasingly possible to study in vivo gene expression at the transcript level. Analyses of mRNA expression, movement, interactions, and localization will enhance understanding of cellular responses to various conditions and will complement studies of protein expression. Live cell mRNA imaging technology can add new information about where and when transcription and translation occur, as well as provide a single cell expression profile that cannot be achieved with microchip or biochemical analyses. Simultaneous analysis of multiple transcription sites can provide a single cell profile of gene expression that can be linked precisely to cellular morphology (Levsky et al., 2002), and observation of these transcription sites in living cells will provide novel information about the time course of gene expression in normal and pathological samples.
Quantitative Absorption and Scattering Spectra in Thick Tissues Using Broadband Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy
Authors: Jakubowski Dorota , Bevilacqua Frederic , Merritt Sean , Cerussi Albert , Tromberg Bruce J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Near-infrared spectroscopy is a well-established technique that has been applied to a variety of medical diagnostic problems. Recent examples include detecting peripheral vascular disease, compartment syndrome, and various forms of cancer (Fantini et al., 1998; Zonios et al., 1999; Benaron et al., 2000; Giannotti et al., 2000; Tromberg et al., 2000; Wariar et al., 2000; Cerussi 2001). Because near-infrared light penetrates bone, near-infrared spectroscopy is also widely used for noninvasive brain imaging to monitor cortical activation, neonatal cerebral oxygenation, and hematomas (Adcock et al., 1999; Fantini et al., 1999; Benaron et al., 2000; Springett et al., 2000). The use of model-based photon migration methods to separate light absorption from scattering quantitatively in multiply scattering tissues is a type of near-infrared spectroscopy broadly referred to as diffuse optical spectroscopy or DOS.
Diffuse optical spectroscopy methods can be categorized as time independent and time resolved. Time-independent, steady-state methods use a CW source. They are capable of acquiring a full wavelength-dependent spectrum of diffuse reflectance at one time, but the data cannot be resolved into their scattering and absorbing components without additional information. Research groups using this approach have employed multiple source–detector separations to provide this additional information (Farrell et al., 1992). Short (e.g., millimeter) source–detector separations are more sensitive to scattering properties, whereas far (e.g., centimeter) source–detector separations are sensitive to both scattering and absorption. This method provides fast and accurate results for homogenous systems. However, because two overlapping but different volumes are sampled, accuracy may suffer if the system is heterogenous or layered, as is commonly the case in tissue.
Defining Conservation Medicine
Authors: Tabor Gary M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1827, Charles Darwin, founder of modern evolutionary biology, decided to leave medical school at the University of Edinburgh to pursue studies in religion and natural history at Cambridge. This was a period in medical training when natural history and zoology were considered integral disciplines of the medical arts. Although Darwin never completed his medical training, the combination of his exposure to multiple disciplines and his worldly experience aboard the HMS Beagle led to his penning On the Origin of Species. Perhaps the power and depth of his observations that led to his groundbreaking work were based in part on his diverse training and intellectual pursuits. Like Darwin, health practitioners in his era and before were routinely trained in both medicine and natural history; these were disciplines that were once closely aligned.
Ecological Context of Lyme Disease: Biodiversity, Habitat Fragmentation, and Risk of Infection
Authors: Ostfeld Richard S , Keesing Felicia , Schauber Eric M , Schmidt Kenneth A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rapid, human-induced erosion of biological diversity may have enormous consequences for the transmission of infectious diseases to humans. The consequences of biodiversity loss for human health are only beginning to be understood. The development of theory linking biodiversity to risk of infectious diseases has been slow, and empirical studies based on a solid theoretical foundation are few. How might biodiversity loss influence the probability of human exposure to infectious diseases? At one extreme, imagine that all the natural habitats surrounding a town are converted into parking lots, resulting in a massive loss of local biodiversity.
Why Entitlements Matter
Authors: Jost Timothy Stoltzfus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Health care is different from other goods and services. Health care entitlements matter a great deal because health care is different.
To begin, a striking fact about health-care costs is that their distribution is remarkably skewed. In any given year, the 1% of the population that spends the most on health care is responsible for 27% of health-care costs, and the most expensive 2% are responsible for 38%. The top 5% are responsible for over 50% of health-care costs, and the top 10% are responsible for nearly 70%. By contrast, the least expensive 50% of the population accounts for only 3% of health-care expenditures (see Figure 2–1).
This distribution has been remarkably stable for decades. It has not changed significantly under managed care and remains almost identical among health maintenance organization, other managed-care, and indemnity plans. The skewed concentration of health-care costs also holds regardless of age, although health care costs more for the elderly than for younger populations. It also seems to hold true in other countries.