bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LOCAL SPECIFIC THERAPY OF EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMOCOCCAL MENINGITIS
Authors: Stewart Fred W. 
Published: June 2004

1. Fatal Type I pneumococcal meningitis may be produced in rabbits by intracisternal injection of pneumococci.
2. When organisms are of high virulence, the rabbit does not tend to localize them in the meninges, but an early septicemic process results. Death is septicemic rather than meningeal.
3. In such instances very little cellular reaction occurs in the meninges.
4. Active or passive immunization previous to intracisternal infection inhibits partially the septicemia and permits the development of reactional processes in the meninges.
5. The immunization likewise retards the meningeal disease, but multiplicity of factors prevents us from stating precisely to what this retardation is due. It is not correlated with the presence of agglutinins in the spinal fluid at the time of infection.
6. The rapidity of production of meningitis is influenced by the phase of growth of the culture used, and likewise by the growth activity of that culture.
7. To some extent in the partially immune rabbit the meningeal spaces constitute a relatively non-immune reservoir, constantly feeding the blood stream and breaking down systemic resistance.
8. Intrathecal serum treatment causes rapid agglutination and phagocytosis of pneumococci, and has very rarely, possibly, resulted in cure. Essentially no phagocytosis occurs in the absence of immune serum.
9. Phagocyted pneumococci stained supravitally take up the neutral red stain and are therefore probably injured.
10. The treatment employed subsequent to infection only slightly prolongs life in the majority of cases. It does retard septicemia.
11. The treatment improves the cellular reactional processes in the meninges.
12. A study of the pathology of rabbit pneumococcal meningitis shows that the location of pneumococci precludes complete contact with serum introduced intrathecally, and that these locations provide isolated foci, from which organisms may reinfect the meningeal spaces as rapidly as they are removed by lavage or antibody injections.
13. In recovered rabbits postmeningeal symptoms, weakness, ataxia, nystagmus, and paralyses arise.
14. In our opinion there is some objective evidence of benefit of serum therapy. The rabbit is too susceptible, however, and conditions too artificial to admit of definite conclusions.
15. Rough Type I pneumococci introduced in large quantity cisternally may kill and may be recovered 24 hours after infection, from spinal fluids. In a series of eleven passages, no reversion to smooth type occurred. In all animals injected with rough forms, transient bacteremia resulted.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF DIATHERMY
Authors: Christie Ronald V. , Binger Carl A. L. 
Published: June 2004

The principles governing the passage of high frequency currents through various conductors have been discussed and exemplified in experiments done on both non-living and living bodies.
In Part I it was shown: (1) That the current takes the path of least electrical resistance rather than the shortest path; (2) that maximal heating occurs at the point of greatest concentration of the lines of current flow. In a homogeneous medium with parallel electrodes maximal heat production occurs in those portions of the medium adjoining the electrodes and the heat gradient is from without inward. Under these circumstances maximal heating never occurs at the center. In discussing the localization of heat not only the electrical resistance and current concentration, but also the cooling effect, must be considered.
In experiments on the dog's cadaver no evidence of the so called "skin effect" could be demonstrated. This is in contradistinction to the findings of Bettman and Crohn, but the discrepancy is explained on the basis of what we believe to be a technical error in their work. The finding of no "skin effect" is in agreement with the conclusions of Dowse and Iredell, based on both experimental and theoretical considerations.
In Part II three types of experiments were performed on the anesthetized dog. The conclusions to be derived from them are these: (1) The heat gradient of the body is reversed during diathermy and heating occurs from without inward; (2) deep heating during diathermy is greater than that which results from the application of local heat to the skin; (3) the lung can be heated by diathermy in spite of simultaneous cooling of the chest wall.
These experiments we regard as satisfactory evidence of the passage of the current through the interior of the body.
THE OCCURRENCE OF ROUGH PNEUMOCOCCI IN VIVO
Authors: Paul John R. 
Published: June 2004

In a survey of about forty rough methemoglobin-producing colonies in sputum cultures from a series of individuals suffering from respiratory infections, twelve bile-soluble strains of suspected R pneumococci have been isolated for study. Two of these twelve strains have shown both autolysis in saline solution and serological reactions characteristic of R pneumococci.
The findings offer evidence that R pneumococci may occasionally occur in human sputum. Their significance as regards the epidemiology of pneumococcus infections and of host response is alluded to.
EFFECT OF LIVER AND PITUITARY DIGESTS ON THE PROLIFERATION OF SARCOMATOUS FIBROBLASTS OF THE RAT
Authors: Baker Lillian E. , Carrel Alexis 
Published: June 2004

1. A media containing all the essential constituents for the cultivation in vitro of sarcomatous fibroblasts of the rat has been prepared by digesting calf liver and also the anterior lobe of the pituitary body with pepsin.
2. The nutritive action of the pituitary digests is not altered by thorough extraction with ether.
3. After a pure strain of sarcomatous fibroblasts had been cultivated for 3 months in a liver digest, its proliferative activity was as great as at the beginning of the experiment. The same was true of the colonies cultivated for 1 month in a digest of pituitary gland. The increase in the volume of the colonies which takes place in the digests is about as great as that produced by chick embryo juice.
4. Normal chicken fibroblasts also proliferate in both digests, but they undergo fatty degeneration after a more or less prolonged period of cultivation.
A STUDY OF THE MECHANISM OF NUCLEINATE-INDUCED LEUCOPENIC AND LEUCOCYTIC STATES, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE RELATIVE RÔLES OF LIVER, SPLEEN, AND BONE MARROW
Authors: Doan Charles A. , Zerfas Leon G. , Warren Sylvia , Ames Olivia 
Published: June 2004

The leucopenia induced by sodium nucleinate has been followed by repeated counts made simultaneously from the blood of a peripheral vein and from the internal organs, combined with a study of histological sections of the same organs taken with the counts. Measurements with the oncometer of changes in volume of the spleen have been correlated with the leucopenia and the leucocytosis following sodium nucleinate. It has thus been determined that the leucopenia is not the result of a vasomotor phenomenon, or of a change in blood volume, nor is it secondary to a retention of the white cells in the capillaries of lung or liver; it is due to the accumulation of neutrophilic leucocytes in the parenchyma of the spleen. That the spleen is solely responsible for the temporary depression of white cells in the general circulation under these conditions has been shown by splenectomy. In splenectomized rabbits no leucopenia developed, but instead a leucocytosis due to a direct action on the bone marrow.
A profound change occurs in the distribution of the cells in the circulation at the moment of death. The liver, within a minute of the cessation of the circulation, shows a three- to fourfold increase in the number of white cells per c.mm., the differential count remaining unchanged. Thus estimations of the physiological distribution and redistribution of cells in the living state may be made only with the circulation unimpaired.
The injection into normal rabbits of adenine and guanine nucleotides, split products of nucleic acid, gave immediate leucocytosis of bone marrow origin similar to that observed with the more complex molecule when the spleen was eliminated.
The response of the bone marrow to chemotactic stimuli, such as those have used, may be reflected in the general circulation, through an absolute increase of young neutrophilic leucocytes, within a period of less than 1 hour. Within this brief period there takes place maturation from Myelocyte C and metamyelocyte into the early motile leucocyte, and the delivery of these just matured cells into the circulation. The response to one injection of nucleinate or nucleotide may persist into the 3rd and 4th days with a gradual depletion of the normal reserve of Myelocytes C in the bone marrow.
IS THERE AN IMMUNOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HORSE SERUM AND HORSE DANDER?
Authors: Forster George F. 
Published: June 2004

Evidence has been submitted of the existence of a common antigenic substance in horse dander and horse serum. This evidence has been derived from three lines of study:
(a) Cross-precipitation tests involving (1) the titration of antisera against horse serum with saline extract of horse dander and (2) titration of antisera against horse dander with normal horse serum.
(b) Cross-anaphylactic tests by the uterine strip method of Dale.
(c) Cross-anaphylactic tests in living guinea pigs by the usual shock method.
It seems likely from the work here described that the common antigen is present in small proportion in horse dander. Its concentration in horse serum is not indicated by the results obtained.
AGGLUTINATION BY PRECIPITIN
Authors: Jones F. S. 
Published: June 2004

The fact is shown that collodion particles sensitized with various proteins adsorb sufficient protein to agglutinate in the presence of precipitin specific for the adsorbed protein. The amount of adsorption, judged by agglutination, is not dependent on the concentration of the sensitizing protein beyond a certain maximum. The agglutination resulting from the addition of immune serum to particles sensitized with protein is immunologically specific.
Particles exposed to a number of antigenic substances in succession are agglutinated by all of the appropriate antisera.
Particles exposed to immune serum and subsequently washed fail to agglutinate in the presence of antigen although some of the protein constituents of the immune serum are fixed upon them and its antibody content diminishes.
VIRUS NEUTRALIZATION EXPERIMENTS WITH ROSENOW'S AND PETTIT'S ANTIPOLIOMYELITIC SERA
Authors: Stewart Fred W. , Haselbauer Peter 
Published: June 2004

1. The Rosenow antistreptococcic poliomyelitis serum concentrated or unconcentrated does not neutralize the virus of poliomyelitis as tested in monkeys.
2. The Pettit antipoliomyelitis horse serum neutralizes the virus only occasionally.
3. "Immune" sheep sera prepared according to the method of Pettit have not neutralized virus even when the normal sera of the same animal have given neutralization.
4. The reason for such chance neutralizations is obscure and should not be confused with the constant virus-neutralizing action of both human and monkey convalescent sera.
5. Experimental evidence affords no basis for the use of either the Rosenow or the Pettit serum in the therapy of poliomyelitis.
STUDIES OF CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS METABOLISM
Authors: Bauer Walter , Aub Joseph C. , Albright Fuller 
Published: June 2004

1. Bone trabeculae are easily depleted by the prolonged administration of parathormone, long continued negative calcium balance and growth.
2. A long continued high calcium diet results in a rapid accumulation of the trabeculae.
3. Alizarin red, as has previously been shown in the literature, is deposited in newly formed bone. Its use has made clear that easily mobilizable calcium is not deposited in the shafts of adult animals, but in the trabeculae of bone.
4. The bone trabeculae therefore serve as the storehouse of readily available calcium.
5. The shafts have a slow progressive exchange of inorganic salts and are not influenced except in the case of unusual body demands.
6. It is suggested that the absence of trabeculae in premature infants and their depletion at the end of 4 months in a normal baby might well be an etiological factor in rickets.
7. In our observations, parathormone administration to growing or adult cats has been without effect.
8. Daily injections of parathormone in growing rats results in an increased number of trabeculae and smaller bones.
BLOOD REGENERATION IN SEVERE ANEMIA
Authors: Robscheit-Robbins F. S. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

A liver extract No. 343, N.N.R. known to be fully potent in pernicious anemia shows but 10 to 20 per cent of the potency of whole liver feeding in severe continuous secondary anemia due to bleeding in dogs. There are wide individual variations which are not noted with whole liver feeding.
Supplementing this liver extract with whole bile does not modify the reaction.
Supplementing this liver extract with liver ash or apricot ash shows the sum of the two expected feeding reactions.
When we supplement this liver extract with small amounts of whole liver (50 to 100 gm.) we may observe hemoglobin and red cell production in excess of the sum of the expected separate reactions. Whether the liver extract increases the potency of the whole liver feeding or vice versa, it suggests similar possibilities in various human secondary anemias.
Liver and kidney fractions of varied types deserve much study to ascertain their effect upon widely divergent types of human anemias.
STUDIES OF THE LYMPHATIC TISSUE
Authors: Ehrich Wilhelm 
Published: June 2004

1. On subcutaneous infection of rabbits with staphylococci of low virulence there appears at the place of injection first a hemorrhagicpurulent inflammation and later a localized purulence. In the regional lymph nodes there is lymphatic hyperplasia, and in the blood a lymphocytosis.
2. In the regional lymph nodes there is first a regressive change of Flemming's secondary nodules and of transition forms. Then follows lymphatic hyperplasia, starting apparently from solid secondary nodules and progressing by way of pseudo-secondary nodules to a diffuse lymphoid hyperplasia. The increase of lymphocytes in the blood parallels this development.
3. Only after the highest point of the lymphocytosis has been reached or passed do we find the first Flemming's secondary nodules, which thereafter increase in number and size while the number of lymphocytes in the blood falls, and reach their maximum development when the number of lymphocytes in the blood is again normal. Therefore, the original conception of Flemming that the site of formation of the lymphocytes of the blood is in Flemming's secondary nodules, cannot be accepted.
4. The lymphocytes of the blood originate in the pseudo-secondary nodules as in embryonic life. The mother cells of the lymphocytes would appear to be Marchand's proliferating endothelial (reticular) cells.
OUTLYING ACIDOSIS DUE TO FUNCTIONAL ISCHEMIA
Authors: Rous Peyton , Drury Douglas R. 
Published: June 2004

In various functional conditions involving peripheral vasoconstriction a more or less widespread change toward acidity takes place within certain tissues. The change is frequently independent of any in the blood. Indeed the blood can become more alkaline while the tissue acidosis is developing.
When the blood volume is diminished abruptly but not too greatly, by hemorrhage or by anhydremia, the acidosis which develops in the superficial connective tissue and in the skeletal muscles is patchy in distribution, being limited to areas of local ischemia themselves the result of a compensatory vasoconstriction which affects certain regions only. There is a second type of patchy ischemia (and of acidosis) which occurs under circumstances of moderate depletion and is referable to local pressure differences that are so slight as to be ineffective under normal circumstances. A generalized acidosis throughout the superficial tissue develops when depletion is extreme. All these are outlying acidoses, since they lie without the influence of the blood. In the viscera no such acidoses have been found.
REACTIONS OF RABBITS TO NON-HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Derick C. L. , Swift Homer F. 
Published: June 2004

1. Accompanying and following the evolution of a secondary reaction in the skin of rabbits after inoculation with suitable doses of certain non-hemolytic streptococci there quickly develops a general state of hypersensitiveness or allergy towards these streptococci.
2. This state is made evident by ophthalmic reactions following corneal inoculations, by much increased reactivity of the skin following intracutaneous reinoculations, and by lethal reactions, resembling tuberculin shock, following intravenous inoculations.
3. In a given hypersensitive rabbit there is a rough parallelism in the intensities of these different kinds of reactions.
4. This type of hypersensitiveness or bacterial allergy does not follow primary intravenous inoculation of rabbits with comparable doses of the streptococci employed.
5. As the development of this type of hypersensitiveness or bacterial allergy seems to accompany the production of focal lesions of a certain intensity, it is probable that in these foci are produced the substances or conditions which lead to this type of bacterial allergy.
REACTIONS OF RABBITS TO NON-HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Swift Homer F. , Derick C. L. 
Published: June 2004

Rabbits immunized intravenously with living culture or nucleoproteins of non-hemolytic streptococci react to subsequent intracutaneous inoculations with homologous streptococci with smaller and harder lesions than are shown by normal animals similarly inoculated; and they do not develop the general manifestations of hypersensitiveness such as are shown by animals previously inoculated into the tissues with the same cultures.
A rabbit may react to intracutaneous inoculation with non-hemolytic streptococci in one of four ways, depending on whether it is normal, hypersensitive, immune or cachectic. Most normal animals show a secondary reaction about 10 days after inoculation with suitable strains of non-hemolytic streptococci; hypersensitive, allergic, or hyperergic animals show much larger lesions than do normals with the corresponding doses of the same streptococci, and practically never show secondary reactions; immune animals show smaller and harder early lesions and usually do not have secondary reactions if they are fairly well immunized. Cachectic animals show very soft and rapidly fading primary reactions and no secondary reactions.
THE PRODUCTION AND TITRATION OF POTENT HORSE ANTIPNEUMOTOXIN
Authors: Parker Julia T. , McCoy Mary Van S. 
Published: June 2004

1. The serum of horses immunized with increasing doses of certain anaerobically produced autolysates of pneumococci contain potent neutralizing antibodies for the pneumotoxin.
2. The method for the in vitro titration of these horse antipneumotoxic serums is given.
FURTHER NOTES ON THE FILTRATION OF THE VIRUS OF VACCINIA
Authors: Ward Hugh K. 
Published: June 2004

1. A very active filtrate can be obtained from vaccinia lesions by grinding up the fresh tissue with glass fragments, emulsifying in hormone broth, centrifuging the emulsion and filtering the supernatant fluid through a Berkefeld V filter.
2. The sterile filtrate so obtained has been shown by comparative titration on rabbits to have about one-sixteenth of the activity of the non-sterile emulsion used in human vaccination.
3. Centrifugation of such a filtrate shows a partial concentration of the virus in the lowermost layer.
4. The virus survives for a long time, if the filtrate is kept near the freezing point, and probably will survive indefinitely if kept frozen. The addition of glycerine is not necessary.
THE EFFECT OF UNILATERAL NEPHRECTOMY ON THE TOTAL NUMBER OF OPEN GLOMERULI IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Moore Robert A. , Lukianoff Gregory F. 
Published: June 2004

1. Under the experimental conditions employed, from 44 to 78 per cent of the glomeruli of the normal rabbit kidney contain circulating blood at any one moment.
2. After unilateral nephrectomy the number of glomeruli in the remaining kidney, which contain circulating blood, is increased to 91 to 99 per cent.
3. Compensation for the removal of one kidney is accomplished during the first 10 days at least, by an increase of the number of open glomeruli in the opposite kidney.
THE EFFECT OF CATAPHORESIS ON POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS
Authors: Olitsky P. K. , Rhoads C. P. , Long P. H. 
Published: June 2004

1. Under ordinary conditions of hydrogen ion concentration the virus of poliomyelitis, as such, or associated with particles in fine suspension, migrates in an electrical field to the anode. It follows that the virus bears an electronegative charge.
2. By means of cataphoresis, the virus can be recovered from a non-infective mixture of virus and specific immune serum.
3. By the same means it is possible to reveal the presence of virus in the central nervous system of a monkey which has recovered from the active stage of experimental poliomyelitis.
A STUDY OF THE GENERALIZATION OF VACCINE VIRUS FROM ENHANCED SKIN LESIONS
Authors: Stewart Fred W. , Duran-Reynals F. 
Published: June 2004

Rabbits bearing very intensive skin lesions resulting from the intracutaneous injection of neurovirus plus testicular extract show typical histological alterations in the gonads, suprarenals, liver, spleen, lung, lymph nodes, and bone marrow.
Similar but less wide-spread alterations are found after intravenous injection of neurovirus.
Although testicle extract injected intracutaneously with neurovirus has a marked enhancing action upon the activity of the latter, the same mixture injected intravenously yields no sign of any such enhancement.
The significance of these observations as regards the question of the ectodermotropism of vaccine virus is discussed, and the doctrine of specific organ affinities is considered.
SEROLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION OF STERIC ISOMERS (ANTIGENS CONTAINING TARTARIC ACIDS)
Authors: Landsteiner K. , van der Scheer J. 
Published: June 2004

In continuation of studies on the stereochemical specificity of serum reactions, antigens were examined containing the acyl radicals of the levo-, dextro-, and meso-tartaric acids. It was found that in this case also, immune sera can readily be obtained which differentiate sharply the three antigens identical in every other respect but possessing stereoisomeric groups.
Since the tartaric acids by their chemical constitution belong to the same class of substances as sugar acids the results have a bearing upon the question of the specificity of natural antigens containing carbohydrates such as have been described by Avery and Heidelberger.
THE ANTIBODY RESPONSE IN THE HUMAN BEING AFTER INJECTION WITH NORMAL HORSE SERUM
Authors: Tuft Louis , Ramsdell Susan Griffith 
Published: June 2004

After the injection of normal horse serum in the human being, serum sickness occurs even more regularly than in cases treated with the various immune sera, but this is not accompanied by the production, to any notable degree, of circulating antibodies of the various types that are regularly to be demonstrated after the administration of immune serum and its resulting serum sickness.
Since normal horse serum therefore appears to be weakly antigenic, and immune serum highly antigenic for the human being, one must assume that this difference is the result of some alteration in its antigenic characteristics produced during the course of the immunization or of its preparation for use; or that the specific antibody which is responsible for the phenomenon of serum sickness has not yet been identified; or that this phenomenon is not in any way dependent on the presence of the various known antibodies to normal horse serum.