bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE VIRUS-NEUTRALIZING ACTION OF SERUM FROM MICE INFECTED WITH POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS
Authors: Brown Gordon C. , Francis Thomas 
Published: June 2004

Evidence is presented that the serum of mice paralyzed with the Lansing strain of poliomyelitis virus possesses the capacity to protect normal mice against the same virus when mixtures of virus and serum are inoculated intracerebrally.
The virus-neutralizing action was present mainly in mice paralyzed between the 3rd and 6th days following inoculation and was rarely demonstrable in the serum of mice developing paralysis more than 10 days after inoculation.
Serum from non-paralyzed mice had approximately the same neutralizing capacity when obtained during the same period following inoculation in which serum from paralyzed mice showed the greatest effect.
Neutralization of the virus was not obtained with serum from normal mice or from mice inoculated with normal nervous tissue.
Further investigation of the phenomenon is in progress.
BLOOD VESSELS IN FAT TISSUE. RELATION TO PROBLEMS OF GAS EXCHANGE
Authors: Gersh Isidore , Still Mary A. 
Published: June 2004

1. The ratio of the surface of the capillary bed to the volume of tissue supplied by the vessels (S/V ratio) for both open and closed capillaries in fat-rich tissue of the rat is 51.9, in fat-poor tissue of the same sort 222.2. About one-half of the capillaries in fat-rich tissue, to one-fourth in fat-poor tissue, are open during ordinary activity. The total capillary bed of fat-rich tissue is one-third as great as in muscle; the total capillary bed of fat-poor tissue has about the same density as that of the most poorly supplied muscle. This establishes the fact quantitatively that the capillary bed of fat is relatively inadequate, compared to other tissues, for transferring inert gases from fat tissue at a sufficiently rapid rate to prevent the occurrence of extravascular bubbles following rapid decompression from high pressure atmospheres. It also explains the greater distention of the blood vessels in fat tissue, due to gas, than in any other tissue following decompression. The observations have a bearing also on the estimation of the permeability of the blood-fat barrier to inert gases.
2. The volume of protoplasm of fat cells may be very small; a method is presented for estimating it quantitatively. Since it alone is important in metabolism, recalculation of the basic data on a basis of the ratio of surface area of capillaries to volume of protoplasm of fat cell in fat tissue yields a more useful figure. For fat-rich fat tissue S/V (protoplasm) = 2159.0 (for total capillary surface) or 977.6 (for open capillary surface). This means that for purpose of metabolism, the capillary bed is far richer than that of muscle.
HEMOGLOBIN AND PLASMA PROTEIN
Authors: Miller L. L. , Robscheit-Robbins F. S. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

Hemoglobin (presumably its essential protein globin), given intraperitoneally to a protein-fasting dog, will be used effectively to supply the protein requirements of the body. Nitrogen balance may thus be maintained for 20 days under favorable conditions. New hemoglobin and plasma protein will be formed related to hemoglobin injections in depleted dogs where there is urgent need for these proteins (anemia and hypoproteinemia). Obviously this calls for supplementary amino acids which in globin are low and we assume these amino acids must be contributed from body protein stores.
Plasma proteins (in plasma) tested in the same manner are completely utilized with no loss of nitrogen, positive nitrogen balance, weight balance, and no change in the albumin-globulin ratios.
Hemoglobin (globin) is less effectively utilized as compared with plasma protein given parenterally and there is some increase in urinary nitrogen above control periods. The albumin-globulin ratio may be somewhat modified by hemoglobin injections intraperitoneally. Hemoglobin (globin) digests contribute effectively to body maintenance of nitrogen equilibrium. These digests are about as effective as whole hemoglobin in maintaining nitrogen balance but cause a rise in undetermined nitrogen not seen when hemoglobin alone is given intraperitoneally.
Pigment radicles derived from hemoglobin given intraperitoneally are thrown away and appear as surplus bile pigment even when there is urgent need for all available nitrogenous material—given protein fasting, anemia, and hypoproteinemia in a bile fistula dog. The body evidently prefers to make rather than conserve the pyrrol aggregate (pigment radicle).
We assume that the injected hemoglobin (globin) or hemoglobin digests contribute to the body protein pool and from this pool various proteins emerge to supply protein requirements of tissue or organ cells or to produce new hemoglobin or plasma protein if needed. We have no explanation as to what determines the pattern of this protein flow but new hemoglobin is very high on the priority list.
THE SYNTHESIS, STORAGE, AND EXCRETION OF CREATINE, CREATININE, AND GLYCOCYAMINE IN PROGRESSIVE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY AND THE EFFECTS OF CERTAIN HORMONES ON THESE PROCESSES
Authors: Hoagland Charles L. , Gilder Helena , Shank Robert E. 
Published: June 2004

The diminished excretion of creatinine in progressive muscular dystrophy is a more striking and specific phenomenon than the excess excretion of creatine, marked though this is. While creatinuria is invariably encountered in all cases of long-standing dystrophy, the extent to which the excretion of creatinine is decreased provides a more reliable indication of the severity of the disease since an excess output of creatine may occur physiologically in normal human subjects and in many pathological conditions not known to be associated with muscle disease.
In progressive muscular dystrophy the residual muscle mass, as inferred from the excretion of creatinine, provides a useful index of the state of the disease at any given time.
Although there is excessive creatinuria in progressive muscular dystrophy, there is no evidence that a deprivation of methyl stores occurs through a loss of urinary creatine. The loss of methyl groups contained in the excess creatine is, under ordinary conditions of diet, almost exactly compensated for by a drop in the excretion of methyl groups in the urinary creatinine.
Testosterone propionate, administered over variable periods of time, resulted in the retention of creatine both in normal male children and in male children with progressive muscular dystrophy, as shown in the normal subjects by a diminution in creatine output, and in both by an excess creatinuria for variable periods of time following withdrawal of the hormone. An increase in the excretion of creatine in progressive muscular dystrophy occurred following the administration of methyl testosterone. Neither testosterone propionate nor methyl testosterone appeared to effect any consistent change in the output or urinary creatinine.
No effects on the excretion of creatine and creatinine were observed following the prolonged administration of concentrate of gonadotropic and thyrotropic principles of the hypophysis, or from the administration of desoxycorticosterone acetate to patients with progressive muscular dystrophy.
Except in one case, in which marked improvement was observed following the administration of testosterone propionate, no effects on the clinical course of the patients with progressive muscular dystrophy were observed as a result of treatment by any of the various hormones employed in this study.
PLASMA PROTEIN METABOLISM—ELECTROPHORETIC STUDIES
Authors: Zeldis L. J. , Alling E. L. 
Published: June 2004

Electrophoretic patterns of normal dog plasma in veronal buffer at pH 8.5 are shown to be essentially similar to patterns of human plasma. Dog albumin has a higher mobility than human albumin and in a mixture of dog and human plasmas migrates as a partially separated peak. Normal dog plasma frequently shows four alpha globulin peaks.
Rates of restoration of plasma protein components in dogs subjected to acute plasmapheresis have been studied by electrophoresis. During the first 24 hours following such acute depletion, appreciable quantities of all electrophoretic components of the plasma proteins enter the circulating blood stream even when food is not given and has not been given for 12 hours before plasmapheresis. In such fasting periods albumin and total globulin appear in approximately the proportions present in normal plasma. Alpha and beta globulins continue relatively elevated during subsequent days in which caloric and protein intakes are adequate for weight and nitrogen gains. Initial albumin levels, however, are regained more slowly than those of total globulin.
The relative proportions of the electrophoretic components of plasma proteins may be disturbed from normal following a single acute depletion for as long as 2 to 3 weeks after the total protein level has returned to normal.
Abnormally high beta globulin and fibrinogen, but a low albumin, were found in a dog with an acute and chronic cholangitis and hepatitis. Similar elevation of gamma globulin was noted in a dog in which a hemolytic reaction occurred.
INDIVIDUAL BLOOD DIFFERENCES IN MEXICAN INDIANS, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE Rh BLOOD TYPES AND Hr FACTOR
Authors: Wiener Alexander S. , Zepeda J. Preciado , Sonn Eve B. , Polivka H. R. 
Published: June 2004

98 Mexican Indians were tested for the blood properties A-B-O, A1-A2, M-N, P, Rh'-Rh''-Rh0-rh, and Hr. Of the 98 Indians, 90.8 per cent belonged to group 0, 6.1 per cent belonged to A1, and 3.1 per cent to group B. There were 61.2 per cent of type M, 3.1 per cent of type N, and 35.7 per cent of type MN. Of the 95 Mexican Indians tested with anti-P serum, 21.1 per cent were found to lack the P agglutinogen.
In tests for the Rh blood types, 48.0 per cent of the Indians were found to belong to type Rh1, 9.2 per cent to type Rh2, 41.8 per cent to type Rh1Rh2, and 1 per cent to type Rh0. There were no bloods giving intermediate reactions. Of the 95 Indians tested for the Hr factor 44.2 per cent were found to lack this property.
The reactions for the Rh blood types and Hr factor were correlated with each other and the results supported the conclusion of Race et al. that in addition to the six standard allelic genes and the so called intermediate genes, there is one or possibly two genes having the property of determining agglutinogens which react with anti-Rh' and anti-Rh'' sera, but not with anti-Hr serum. This gene (or genes) appears to be relatively common among Mexican Indians (approximately 3.3 per cent) in contrast to its rareness in white individuals.
INDUCED ANTIBODIES THAT REACT IN VITRO WITH SEDIMENTABLE CONSTITUENTS OF NORMAL AND NEOPLASTIC TISSUE CELLS
Authors: Friedewald William F. , Kidd John G. 
Published: June 2004

Antibodies were found in the blood of certain rabbits carrying one or another of four transplanted cancers (Brown-Pearce and V2 carcinomas; RSI and Kato sarcomas) which will fix complement in vitro in mixture with saline extracts of various normal and neoplastic rabbit tissues—including liver, kidney, spleen, and the four tumors mentioned—and chick embryo tissue as well. These antibodies, which have been called induced tissue antibodies, are similar to the natural antibodies previously described (2) in that they react with those constituents of the various tissue cells that prove readily sedimentable in the high speed centrifuge; they differ from the natural antibodies in being absent from the blood of normal rabbits and in withstanding 65° C. for 30 minutes.
Certain quantitative differences suggest that the induced tissue antibodies have somewhat various affinities, depending in part upon the type of neoplasm carried by the host. They may perhaps be consequent on antigenic differences between the sedimentable constituents of the tumor cells and those of the new hosts; for they were not found in the blood of rabbits carrying papillomas and cancers composed of the animals' own cells, and not in that of rabbits in which multiple vaccinia or fibroma virus lesions had recently regressed.
The characters of the sedimentable constituents of normal and neoplastic tissue cells, as revealed thus far by chemical, morphological, and serological studies, have recently been discussed (2,8). In this relation, it has seemed essential to recognize the induced antibodies here described, particularly since they may complicate serological studies aimed at disclosing distinctive sedimentable substances in tissue cells. In an associated paper experiments are reported which bear upon the relation between the induced tissue antibodies and an antibody that reacts specifically with a distinctive sedimentable constituent of Brown-Pearce carcinoma cells (7).
PLASMA PROTEIN METABOLISM—ELECTROPHORETIC STUDIES
Authors: Zeldis L. J. , Alling E. L. , McCoord A. B. , Kulka J. P. 
Published: June 2004

The findings on electrophoretic analysis of plasma proteins during many weeks of low protein feeding in dogs accord in general with those of chemical analysis as concerns the alterations in plasma albumin and globulin concentrations. Long continued restriction of dietary protein results in decreased albumin levels while plasma globulin concentrations remain essentially normal. The degree of depletion of electrophoretic albumin is, however, considerably greater than that of chemical albumin.
When large amounts of protein are fed to such depleted dogs complete restoration of normal plasma albumin concentrations requires several weeks. During these weeks large quantities of nitrogen are retained, presumably as tissue protein reserves. Prompt production of plasma globulin is apparent during such periods. These relationships are more clearly shown in electrophoretic than in chemical analyses and are more conspicuous when only moderate protein intakes are fed. These data may indicate that plasma globulins and certain tissue proteins, in contrast to plasma albumin, enjoy prior demands on the total available pool of body protein materials under emergency conditions. Total electrophoretic globulin areas are increased during depletion. Such increases result largely from elevated alpha globulin peaks and are not disclosed by chemical analysis. They are found to be associated with elevated plasma lipid levels which occur in these depleted dogs.
These experiments suggest that in potency tests for dietary protein materials, factors other than the quality of fed protein may influence the relative production of plasma albumin and globulin.
THE PROTECTIVE ACTION OF TRYPAN RED AGAINST INFECTION BY A NEUROTROPIC VIRUS
Authors: Wood Harland G. , Rusoff Irving I. 
Published: June 2004

Trypan red, when injected intraperitoneally into mice, has been found greatly to lower the incidence of the infection of mice inoculated intraperitoneally with the neurotropic MM virus. The protective action of the dye is overcome if the virus is inoculated in too high concentration. The lowered incidence of infection was observed in mice inoculated with virus for as long as 29 days after the last dye injection. Of a number of dyes tested, trypan red, brilliant vital red, and Congo red were found effective.
In cotton rats inoculated intraperitoneally with MM virus, trypan red was likewise found to lower the incidence of infection.
With monkeys and a typical poliomyelitis virus no protection was observed against the virus inoculated intraperitoneally. The latter experiment is considered to have been inadequate for a critical test of the effect of trypan red on poliomyelitis infection.
When either the MM virus or Lansing virus were inoculated intracerebrally into mice, the effect of the dye on incidence of infection was small. In the case of the Lansing virus the difference was statistically significant, however. The possible relation of alteration in the permeability of the barrier between the blood and the central nervous system as a cause of the effect of trypan red is discussed.
STUDIES ON THE ETIOLOGY OF PRIMARY ATYPICAL PNEUMONIA
Authors: Eaton Monroe D. , Meiklejohn Gordon , van Herick William , Corey Marilla 
Published: June 2004

Experiments to determine the optimum conditions for propagation of the virus of atypical pneumonia in chick embryos are described. Variations in the activity of infected chick embryo material were investigated.
The highest dilution of chick embryo suspension producing pulmonary lesions in hamsters and cotton rats is not over 10–3. Dilutions of 10–4 infect chick embryos.
The virus is unstable at room temperature and also loses activity when stored in a dry-ice refrigerator unless the suspensions are kept in sealed glass tubes.
Filtration experiments indicate a maximum particle size of 180 to 250 mµ.
The virus propagated in chick embryos produces pulmonary lesions in hamsters and cotton rats which have been immunized to their own non-bacterial agents inducing pulmonary lesions. Of these, the pneumonia virus of hamsters most frequently causes intercurrent respiratory infections, and methods of controlling epizootics due to this agent are described.
PLASMA PROTEIN METABOLISM—ELECTROPHORETIC STUDIES
Authors: Zeldis L. J. , Alling E. L. , McCoord A. B. , Kulka J. P. 
Published: June 2004

Electrophoretic patterns of human and dog plasma are markedly altered by the extraction of a large part of the plasma lipids. Total electrophoretic areas, relative areas of individual electrophoretic components, and electrophoretic albumin: globulin ratios undergo change.
For human plasma, such extractions confirm previous observations that a particularly rich lipid content characterizes beta globulin. Abnormally large beta peaks regularly occur in the presence of elevated plasma lipids. Marked increases in gamma globulin, however, are also found to be due in large part to elevated plasma lipid levels in certain abnormal human plasmas.
The greatest relative amount of lipid in dog plasma, in contrast to human plasma, is associated not with the beta globulin, but with components usually designated as alpha globulins. Not only the areas, but the configuration and the number of alpha globulin peaks in dog plasma are altered by the extraction of plasma lipids. The results demonstrate that increased alpha globulin areas which occur in the plasma of hypoproteinemic dogs are due in large part to elevated plasma lipid levels.
STUDIES ON PNEUMONIA VIRUS OF MICE (PVM)
Authors: Horsfall Frank L. , Curnen Edward C. 
Published: June 2004

The results of neutralization tests with PVM and serum obtained from numerous animal species indicate that antibodies agaiust this virus were present in the blood of all mammalian species tested, as not in that of fowls, and that their incidence in various species was widely different. They indicate, also, that in certain species, particularly the cotton rat, there were marked seasonal variations in the incidence of such antibodies; in the late winter and spring the incidence was much higher than during the summer and fall seasons. Cotton rats and hamsters which did not possess neutralizing antibodies against PVM were susceptible to manifest pulmonary infection with this virus, irrespective of the effects of previous experiments upon them, whereas those which possessed such antibodies were immune. It is suggested that circulating antibodies against PVM were present as a result of preceding infection with a latent virus; either PVM or an agent closely related to it in antigenic composition.
Appropriate non-specific stimuli, e.g. the intranasal injection of suspensions of normal chick embryos, induced the development of neutralizing antibodies against PVM with significantly greater frequency in each of three species than occurred in control animals. Materials derived from patients with primary atypical pneumonia yielded results almost identical to those obtained with normal chick embryo suspensions. It is suggested that such materials, like the other non-specific stimuli employed, were effective in evoking a specific antibody response, because they unbalanced an equilibrium which previously existed between animal host and latent pneumotropic virus.
Effects of regular consumption of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of simvastatin
Authors: Lilja Jari J. , Neuvonen Mikko , Neuvonen Pertti J. 
Published: June 2004

AimsSimvastatin, a substrate for CYP3A4, is extensively metabolized during the first pass. Our aim was to investigate the effect of regular consumption of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of simvastatin.MethodsIn a randomized cross‐over study with two phases, 10 healthy volunteers ingested grapefruit juice 200 ml or water (control) for 3 days. On day 3, a single 40‐mg dose of simvastatin was administered with grapefruit juice 200 ml or water. Plasma concentrations of simvastatin and simvastatin acid were determined up to 24 h.ResultsGrapefruit juice increased the area under the plasma concentration–time curves from 0 to 24 h [AUC(0–24)] of simvastatin 3.6‐fold (range 1.8–6.0‐fold; P < 0.01) and that of simvastatin acid 3.3‐fold (range 2.1–5.6‐fold; P < 0.01), respectively. The peak concentrations (Cmax) of simvastatin and simvastatin acid were increased 3.9‐fold (range 2.3–9.3‐fold; P < 0.01) and 4.3‐fold (range 2.7–7.9‐fold; P < 0.01) by grapefruit juice.ConclusionsEven one glass of grapefruit juice, taken daily, considerably increases the plasma concentrations of simvastatin and simvastatin acid. Grapefruit juice may increase both the cholesterol‐lowering effect and the risk of adverse effects of simvastatin.
Comparative cardiac safety of low‐dose thioridazine and low‐dose haloperidol
Authors: Hennessy Sean , Bilker Warren B. , Knauss Jill S. , Kimmel Stephen E. , Margolis David J. , Morrison Mary F. , Reynolds Robert F. , Glasser Dale B. , Strom Brian L. 
Published: June 2004

Aim To compare the rate of ventricular arrhythmia, sudden death and unexplained or unattended death among users of thioridazine and haloperidol.Methods Observational cohort study of thioridazine and haloperidol users in the UK General Practice Research Database (GPRD) using data from 1987 through 29 June 2000. Patients were followed for 30 days following each study prescription. The event of interest was a diagnosis of ventricular arrhythmia, sudden death, or unexplained or unattended death. Cox regression was used to calculate rate ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), to examine potential confounding factors, and to examine dose–response relationships.Results Use of thioridazine and haloperidol in the GPRD was primarily in older patients, at low dose (median daily dose 31 mg thioridazine, 1.8 mg haloperidol). There was no association between thioridazine use and the rate of ventricular arrhythmia, sudden death, and unexplained or unattended death (adjusted RR 0.9, 95% CI 0.7, 1.1). The rate did not appear to increase with dose for either drug over the range observed.Conclusions These results suggest that low‐dose thioridazine and haloperidol have similar cardiac safety.
Thiopurine S‐methyltransferase genetic polymorphism in the Thai population
Authors: Srimartpirom Somrudee , Tassaneeyakul Wongwiwat , Kukongviriyapan Veerapol , Tassaneeyakul Wichittra 
Published: June 2004

AimsTo determine the incidence of the thiopurine S‐methyltransferase (TPMT) genetic polymorphism in the Thai population.MethodsGenomic DNAs were isolated from peripheral blood leucocytes of 200 healthy Thais. The frequencies of five allelic variants of the TPMT gene, TPMT*2, *3A, *3B, *3C and *6 were determined using allele specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or PCR‐Restriction fragment length polymorphism technique.ResultsOf the 200 Thai subjects participating in this study, 181 subjects (90.5%) were homozygous for TPMT*1, 18 subjects (9.0%) were heterozygous for TPMT*1/*3C. Only one subject (0.5%) was homozygous for TPMT*3C. The frequency of TPMT*3C mutant allele was 0.050.ConclusionsAlthough the TPMT*3C is the most prevalent mutant allele in Asian populations, the frequency of this defective allele is significantly higher in Thais than has been reported in other Asian populations.