bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In Vitro Activities of a Novel Cephalosporin, CB-181963 (CAB-175), against Methicillin-Susceptible or -Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
and Glycopeptide-Intermediate Susceptible Staphylococci
Authors: Huang Vanthida , Brown William J. , Rybak Michael J. 
Published: June 2004

ABSTRACT

We examined the activity of CB-181963, a novel cephalosporin, against methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) (
n
= 200), methicillin-susceptible
S. aureus
(MSSA) (
n
= 50), glycopeptide-intermediate
Staphylococcus
species (GISS) (
n
= 47), and VRSA (
n
= 2) isolates. CB-181963 exhibited MIC profiles similar to those of linezolid against MRSA and GISS; however, activity against MSSA was similar to that of vancomycin. Time-kill study results of investigations of activity against MRSA, MSSA, and GISS at 24 h were as follows: CB-181963 activity = vancomycin activity > linezolid activity (
P
< 0.001); CB-181963 = quinupristin-dalfopristin = vancomycin > linezolid (
P
< 0.05); CB-181963 > linezolid (
P
= 0.003); and CB-181963 = quinupristin-dalfopristin = vancomycin. CB-181963 may provide an alternative treatment for multidrug-resistant staphylococci.
In Vitro Antifungal Susceptibilities of Uncommon Basidiomycetous Yeasts
Authors: Serena Carolina , Pastor Francisco Javier , Ortoneda Montserrat , Capilla Javier , Nolard Nicole , Guarro Josep 
Published: June 2004

ABSTRACT

The in vitro activities of eight antifungal drugs against 50 isolates of basidiomycetous yeasts were determined by a microdilution method. In general fluconazole and micafungin were inactive. Terbinafine was active only against
Sporobolomyces salmonicolor
. The activities of the other antifungals were variable and depended on the species tested. The new triazoles showed the lowest MICs, but amphotericin B and itraconazole were the only drugs active against
Cryptococcus albidus
.
In Vitro Susceptibilities of
Madurella mycetomatis
to Itraconazole and Amphotericin B Assessed by a Modified NCCLS Method and a Viability-Based 2,3-Bis(2-Methoxy-4-Nitro-5- Sulfophenyl)-5-[(Phenylamino)Carbonyl]-2
H
- Tetrazolium Hydroxide (XTT) Assay
Authors: Ahmed Abdalla O. A. , van de Sande Wendy W. J. , van Vianen Wim , van Belkum Alex , Fahal Ahmed H. , Verbrugh Henri A. , Bakker-Woudenberg Irma A. J. M. 
Published: June 2004

ABSTRACT

Susceptibilities of
Madurella mycetomatis
against amphotericin B and itraconazole in vitro were determined by protocols based on NCCLS guidelines (visual reading) and a 2,3-bis (2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-[(phenylamino) carbonyl]-2
H
-tetrazolium hydroxide (XTT) assay for fungal viability. The XTT assay was reproducible and sensitive for both antifungals. Itraconazole (MIC at which 50% of the isolates tested are inhibited [MIC
50
]) of 0.06 to 0.13 mg/liter) was superior to amphotericin B (MIC
50
of 0.5 to 1.0 mg/liter).
Comparison of Artesunate and Chloroquine Activities against
Plasmodium vivax
Gametocytes
Authors: Nacher Mathieu , Silachamroon Udomsak , Singhasivanon Pratap , Wilairatana Polrat , Phumratanaprapin Weerapong , Fontanet Arnaud , Looareesuwan Sornchai 
Published: June 2004

ABSTRACT

The gametocidal activities of chloroquine and artesunate were compared. The relative risk (RR) of having detectable gametocytes appear after treatment initiation was lower in artesunate-treated patients (
n
= 792) than in chloroquine-treated patients (
n
= 695) (RR = 0.29; 95% CI = 0.2 to 0.40;
P
< 0.0001). The duration and magnitude of gametocyte carriage were also lower for artesunate than chloroquine. By reducing the transmission of
Plasmodium vivax
to the vector, artesunate could therefore reduce the incidence of
P. vivax
malaria.
rpoB
Mutations in
Streptococcus mitis
Clinical Isolates Resistant to Rifampin
Authors: Achour Wafa , Guenni Olfa , Fines Marguerite , Leclercq Roland , Ben Hassen Assia 
Published: June 2004

ABSTRACT

Activity of rifampin against 129
Streptococcus mitis
isolates obtained from patients with hematologic cancer was investigated. One hundred twenty-five strains were susceptible to rifampin, and 4 were resistant (MIC = 32 to 64 μg/ml). Resistance to rifampin was related to mutations in the
rpoB
gene: His
526
Asn in three strains and His
526
Asp in one strain.
Performance of HS-HR Flexible Foams in Small Open-flame Combustibility Tests
Authors: Hagery Stanley , Skorpenske Richard , Blaszkiewicz Michael , Masciantonio Michael 
Published: June 2004

The development of small open-flame tests for measuring or predicting the combustibility characteristics of flexible polyurethane foams continues to be a subject of broad interest and active research. Notable recent activities in the residential furniture area include: (1) efforts by the California Bureau of Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation to improve CAL TB 117; (2) work towards a national standard by the Consumer Products Safety Commission; and (3) the development and/or evaluation of test methods by the API, PFA, ASTM, and AFMA. In this paper, we report the results of a systematic study in which several high support, high resilience (HS-HR) flexible polyurethane foams were tested by various small-scale open-flame combustibility tests. These tests include the current CAL TB 117 A Part 1, the February, 2002 draft proposal of the new CAL 117 (Section 3 Options A and B, and Section 5 using a fabric compliant with the current CAL TB 117 E), and a cone calorimeter test. The HS-HR foam variables included level of flame retardant, density, SAN versus PHD solids type and the level of solids. Various performance criteria in the test methods were modeled against each other and against the foam variables. These results highlight the difficulties in correlating performance between different small open-flame tests and provide insights into the factors contributing to passage or failure in these tests. New technology for improving the combustibility performance of HS-HR foams in these tests will be discussed.
Impact of Silicone Surfactants on the Flammability of Flexible Slabstock Foam – Comparison of California TB 117/draft 2002 with Established Flammability Tests
Authors: Boinowitz T. , Borgogelli R. , Gower W. 
Published: June 2004

It is well known that silicone surfactants have an influence on the flammability of the manufactured foam. Generally silicone surfactants have a negative impact on flammability, e.g., higher levels of flame-retardants (FRs) are necessary to pass the required FR test. During the recent years, Degussa has put a lot of resources into the development of optimized chemical structures that have a minimal impact on flammability. The challenge is to make these changes without impacting other key properties, like stabilization potency and processing latitude. In early 2002, the State of California proposed a change to the old CAL TB 117, the industry flammability standard for furniture foam in the US since 1975. Even though it is still in draft form (no final decision on roll-out date and exactcontent has been made), the optimization of formulations with respect to FR-properties will be one of the key technical issues for all foamers supplying to the US furniture industry. This paper deals with the evaluation of universal and FR-surfactants concerning their contribution to flammability as well as other performance characteristics. The CAL TB 117/draft 2002 will be applied as well as CAL TB 117/march 2000, MVSS 302, ASTM 1692, and BS 5852 (Crib 5). It will give guidance to foamers on how to minimize the flammability of their foams with the correct choice of the silicone surfactant.
A novel role for STAT1 in regulating murine erythropoiesis: deletion of STAT1 results in overall reduction of erythroid progenitors and alters their distribution
Authors: Halupa Adrienne , Bailey Monica L. , Huang Kai , Iscove Norman N. , Levy David E. , Barber Dwayne L. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractErythropoietin (EPO) activates many distinct signal transduction cascades on engagement of its receptor. Deletion of the EPO, EPO receptor (EPO-R), or JAK2 genes in mice results in embryonic lethality due to a fatal anemia. EPO activates signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), STAT3, and STAT5a/b transcription factors in erythroid cell lines. Studies have focused on STAT5 as the primary target of EPO-dependent JAK2 activation. However, STAT5a/b–/– mice are viable, displaying a nonfatal anemia during embryogenesis, and delayed differentiation in adult erythropoiesis. Importantly, EPO-R cytoplasmic tyrosines are dispensable for viability in vivo. Interestingly, no cytoplasmic tyrosines are required for phosphorylation of STAT1. This led us to examine whether STAT1-deficient mice have altered erythropoiesis. A shift in erythropoiesis was observed in STAT1–/– mice, with reduced bone marrow-derived erythroid colony-forming units (CFU-Es) and a compensatory increase in splenic burst-forming units (BFU-Es) and CFU-Es. Both types of splenic-derived cells displayed EPO hyperresponsiveness. A 1.6-fold reduction in total CFU-Es was observed in STAT1-deficient mice, whereas total BFU-Es were comparable. Flow cytometry of STAT1-deficient erythroid cells revealed a less differentiated phenotype, associated with increased apoptosis of early erythroblasts. STAT1-deficient erythroblasts from phenylhydrazine-primed mice displayed enhanced phosphorylation of STAT5a/b, Erk1/2, and protein kinase B (PKB)/Akt. These results illustrate that STAT1 plays an important role in the regulation of erythropoiesis.
Activated polymorphonuclear neutrophils disseminate anti-inflammatory microparticles by ectocytosis
Authors: Gasser Olivier , Schifferli Jürg A. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractOn activation, human neutrophils release microparticles, called ectosomes, directly from the cell surface membrane. Microparticles from platelets, endothelial cells, and monocytes were reported to support coagulation or to modulate vascular homeostasis by activating monocytes as well as endothelial cells. We find that neutrophil ectosomes have no proinflammatory activity on human macrophages as assessed by the release of interleukin 8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). On the contrary, ectosomes increase the release of transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1), suggesting that ectosomes down-modulate cellular activation in macrophages. Polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) ectosomes are able to block inflammatory response of macrophages to zymosan and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We show that an early-phase TGFβ1 secretion and the exposure of phosphatidylserine on the surface of ectosomes independently contribute to this effect. Ectosome-cell contact was sufficient for their immunomodulatory function as shown by blocking phagocytosis with cytochalasin D. Thus, neutrophils release potent anti-inflammatory effectors, in the form of ectosomes, at the earliest stage of inflammation, already providing a drive to its resolution.
Azithromycin for Improving Pulmonary Function in Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Carr Roxane R , Nahata Milap C 
Published: June 2004

OBJECTIVE: To review the literature concerning the use of azithromycin in the treatment of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). DATA SOURCES: A search of MEDLINE (1966–April 2004), Embase (1980—April 2004), and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1971–April 2004) was performed. Search terms included cystic fibrosis, macrolide, and azithromycin. DATA SYNTHESIS: Four studies have been performed in 7–185 patients (children and adults) over a 3- to 6-month period. The azithromycin dosage ranged from 250 mg 3 times weekly to 500 mg daily. The trials reported an improvement in percent predicted forced expiratory volume ranging from 2.95% to 6.2% in patients treated with azithromycin compared with those receiving placebo. CONCLUSIONS: Azithromycin appeared to improve pulmonary function in adults and older children with CF and was well tolerated when administered for 6 months. Further research is needed to determine an optimal dosage regimen, duration of treatment, effects on quality of life, and cost-effectiveness of azithromycin therapy.
Reducing Clinically Significant Gastrointestinal Toxicity Associated with Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs
Authors: Jacobsen Ryan B , Phillips Beth Bryles 
Published: June 2004

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of treatment strategies to reduce clinically significant gastrointestinal adverse effects associated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). DATA SOURCES: A MEDLINE search (1966–November 2003) was performed to identify relevant articles. Key search terms included proton-pump inhibitors, histamine H2 antagonists, misoprostol, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) selective inhibitors, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents, stomach ulcer, prevention, and economics. Additional references were obtained from cross-referencing the bibliographies of selected articles. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: All information obtained from the MEDLINE search was reviewed. To provide the most clinically relevant information, only randomized controlled trials are included in this review. DATA SYNTHESIS: Clinically significant upper gastrointestinal adverse events, such as ulcers and ulcer complications, associated with NSAIDs are a cause of significant morbidity and mortality in the US. Interest in strategies to reduce the risk of these adverse events is high among clinicians and patients. Misoprostol, high-dose H2-receptor antagonists, proton-pump inhibitors, and COX-2 inhibitors have been shown to reduce this risk. Misoprostol and proton-pump inhibitors are more effective than H2-receptor antagonists; dose-related diarrhea limits the clinical utility of misoprostol. These strategies may not provide enough protection in patients taking concomitant low-dose aspirin therapy or patients with a history of ulcer complications. CONCLUSIONS: COX-2 inhibitors and proton-pump inhibitors are effective and well-tolerated therapies to reduce clinically significant upper gastrointestinal adverse events associated with NSAIDs.
Performance of small herschel‐type venturi tubes
Authors: Walker P. L. , Foresti R. J. , Rusinko F. , McCormick B. W. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe characteristics of five Herschel‐type Venturi tubes with throat diameters ranging from 0.073 to 0.359 in, and throat‐to‐pipe—diameter ratios from 0.0882 to 0.4340 have been investigated.
Heat and mass transfer in packed beds
Authors: Plautz Donald A. , Johnstone H. F. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractEddy mass diffusivities, effective thermal conductivities, and wall heat transfer coefficients were measured in an 8‐in. tube packed with 1/2‐ and 3/4‐in. glass spheres. Superficial mass velocities ranged from 110 to 1,640 Ib./(hr.) (sq. ft.), corresponding to modified Reynolds numbers of 100 to 2,000. Air was the main stream fluid in all cases.The modified Peclet group (DpV/E*td) was found to be constant at a value of about 12 in the region of fully developed turbulence. At lower Reynolds numbers this group varied with the flow rate. Effective thermal conductivities were correlated by an equation. Modified Peclet numbers for heat transfer were about 25% less than those for mass transfer. The wall heat transfer coefficient varied with the superficial mass velocity as hw = 0.090 (Go0.75).An explanation is suggested for the similarity in velocity dependence between these values and those for turbulent flow in an empty tube, based on channeling at the wall.
Thermodynamic properties of l‐butene
Authors: Weber James H. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe thermodynamic properties of 1‐butene have been calculated over a temperature range of 32° to 480°F. and at pressures up to 1,000 lb./sq. in. abs. These properties were determined from vapor‐pressure, volumetric, heat‐capacity, and latent‐heat of vaporization data through the application of rigorous thermodynamic relationships. The calculated data have been found to be internally consistent. The enthalpy values are believed to be accurate to within ±0.5 B.t.u./lb. and the entropy values to ±0.0005 B.t.u./(lb.) (°R.).
Performance of packed columns. III. Holdup for aqueous and nonaqueous systems
Authors: Shulman H. L. , Ullrich C. F. , Wells N. , Proulx A. Z. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractTotal, static, and operating holdups have been measured for 1‐in porcelain and carbon Raschig rings and 1‐in. porcelain Berl saddles, employing aqueous solutions of calcium chloride, sorbitol, and a wetting agent as well as pure methanol and benzene. The range of variables covered by this investigation includes liquid rate, 1,000 to 10,000 1b./(hr.) (sq. ft.); viscosity, 0.6 to 185 cp.; surface tension, 23 to 86 dynes/cm.; specific gravity, 0.8 to 1.32.Equations and charts are presented for estimating holdups for all liquids. The application of holdups for estimating mass transfer coefficients, kG, and effective interfacial areas, a, is discussed.The total holdups for water, methanol, and benzene can be used to explain why mass transfer coefficients obtained by vaporization of pure liquids in packings seem to depend on gas diffusivity raised to the 0.15 power instead of the 0.67 power, as found in other mass transfer studies. The larger total holdups of nonaqueous liquids result in larger effective interfacial areas in the packing, which mask the effect of the change in gas diffusivity.
Fundamentals of the hydrodynamic mechanism of splitting in dispersion processes
Authors: Hinze J. O. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe splitting of globules is an important phenomenon during the final stages of disintegration processes. Three basic types of deformation of globules and six types of flow patterns causing them are distinguished.The forces controlling deformation and breakup comprise two dimensionless groups: a Weber group NWe and a viscosity group NVi. Breakup occurs when NWe exceeds a critical value (NWe)crit. Three cases are studied in greater detail: (a) Taylor's experiments on the breakup of a drop in simple types of viscous flow, (b) breakup of a drop in an air stream, (c) emulsification in a turbulent flow.It is shown that (NWe)crit depends on the type of deformation and on the flow pattern around the globule. For case (a) (NWe)crit shows a minimum value ∼ 0.5 at a certain value of (NVi) and seems to increase indefinitely with either decreasing or increasing ratio between the viscosites of the two phases. For case (b) (NWe)crit varies between 13 and ∞, depending on NVi and on the way in which the relative air velocity varies with time, the lowest value refers to the true shock case and Nvi→0. For case (c) (NWe)crit, which determines the maximum drop size in the emulsion, amounts to ∼1, and the corresponding values of NVi appear to be small. A formula is derived for the maximum drop size.
Diffusional film characteristics in turbulent flow: Dynamic response method
Authors: Keyes John J. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractApplication of a dynamic or unsteady‐state technique to the problem of radial mixing in a tube is described. Measurement of the amplitude attenuation suffered by a sinusoidally modulated gas composition wave as it flows within an open (unpacked) tube makes possible the direct determination of an “equivalent gas film thickness” from which a mass transfer film coefficient may be readily calculated.A brief summary of the method employed for obtaining the necessary mathematical relationships is presented, along with descriptions of the techniques developed for measurement of small amplitude differences at wave frequencies as high as 10 cycles /sec.Experimentally, conditions were varied to include a range of Schmidt number from 0.18 to 1.24 and of Reynolds number from 4,000 to 50,000. The results of this work appear to fall nearly in line with the semitheoretical equation of Martinelli as written for mass transfer. Generally speaking, a was found to be an increasing function ofNSc, varying from about 0.5 to a maximum of 0.77; β, in turn, was found to increase withNRefrom 0.3 to 0.5.A suggestion for extending the method to measurement of eddy diffusivities in the axial direction is included.
Low‐temperature oxidation of ammonia in fixed and fluidized beds
Authors: Johnstone H. F. , Batchelor J. D. , Shen C. Y. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe oxidation of ammonia in the presence of manganous oxide‐bismuth oxide catalyst supported on small alumina spheres was studied in both fixed and fluidized beds in the temperature range from 205° to 250°C. The column used was 4½ in. in diameter and 43 in. high. The experiments were made so that the transport effects in the fluidized bed might be separated from the chemical kinetic effects.In accordance with the theory of two‐phase fluidization proposed in a previous paper, comparison is made between the reaction rate associated with the discontinuous phase and that associated with the continuous phase as estimated from the results in the fixed bed. The over‐all reaction‐rate constants in the fluidized bed can be related to those in the fixed bed by an exponential term in the superficial gas velocity, Vn; n is a constant which depends on the reaction system and the size and type of the reactor.
Effect of void volume and prandtl modulus on heat transfer in tube banks and packed beds
Authors: Weisman Joel 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA correlation is presented relating the heat transfer characteristics of cross‐flow heat exchangers to the void‐volume‐and‐tube‐pitch ratio. A similar correlation is found to be applicable to heat and mass transfer in packed and fluidized beds and through screens.A limited amount of data has been obtained on the effect of the Prandtl modulus at high Reynolds numbers. These data seem to indicate, as do those for flow through tubes, that the Prandtl number exponent is a function of Reynolds number.
Gas‐solid contact in fluidized beds
Authors: Shen C. Y. , Johnstone H. F. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAccording to the concept of two‐phase fluidization, a part of the gas in a fluidized reactor passes through the uniform dispersed solid‐gas phase in the form of bubbles, channels, and slugs. Material transport by mixing or diffusion takes place at the phase boundaries. A mass transfer coefficient between the two phases may be used to evaluate the effectiveness of contact between the gas and solid. The reaction rate for the catalytic decomposition of nitrous oxide was determined in a fluidized bed of impregnated alumina particles and compared with the corresponding rate in a fixed bed. Simultaneous rate equations were established based on the assumption that the continuous phase is either completely unmixed or uniformly mixed, and the discontinuous phase passes without mixing. The effects of the velocity of the gas, the particle size, and the bed depth on the transfer coefficient were investigated. Applications to heat transfer in fluidized beds and equipment design are discussed.
Dynamics of vapor bubbles and boiling heat transfer
Authors: Forster H. K. , Zuber N. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAnalytical expressions for bubble radii and growth rates derived by the authors are applied in an analysis of surface boiling at high heat transfer rates. It is shown that the product of bubble radius and radial velocity is a constant, independent of the bubble radius. This circumstance permits the formulation of a Reynolds number for the flow in the thin superheated liquid layer adjacent to the heating surface. The result of the analysis is then applied to maximal heat transfer rates in pool boiling.