bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Manipulation and control of mixed polysaccharide/ milk protein gels
Authors: Hart Robert J , Lynch Gerard , M.Dea Iain C , Morris Edwin R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Interactions of casein fractions with carrageenan’s have been studied using circular dichroism, polarimetry and small-strain oscillatory rheometry. Circular dichroism indicates the ability of K-carrageenan to alter the conformation of K-casein (but not of a or B-variants) even in the absence of calcium ions. Addition of K-casein to K-carrageenan causes a dramatic increase in the storage modulus (G’), indicating the formation of gel structure. The melting and setting temperature of this gel can be varied in the range 25°-S0°C by suitable control of calcium ion content. Parallel studies of optical rotation suggest that the melting behaviour of the mixed gel is related to the helix-coil transition of the carrageenan.
DSC study on the gel-sol transition of mixed gels of agarose-gelatin, kappa-carrageenan and funoran-gelatin
Authors: Nishinari Katsuyoshi , Kohyama Mineo WataseI Kaoru , Moritaka Hatsue 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The gel-sol transition of mixed gels of agarose-gelatin, kappa-carrageenan-gelatin and funoran-gelatin was studied by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC). Endothermic peaks accompanying the gel-sol transition in heating DSC curves were analyzed by a zipper model approach. The results suggested that kappa-carrageenan and gelatin, and furan and gelatin promote gel formation of each other whilst agarose and gelatin inhibit each other.
Stability of BSA stabilised oil-in-water emulsions in relation to interfacial rheology. Influence of pH and ionic strength
Authors: Bihan Catherine Le , Lefebvre Jacques 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The rheological properties in shear of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) films adsorbed atadodecane/water interface are studied in shear at three pH’s (4, 4.8, 8) in the absence or presence of NaCl, in parallel with centrifugation-induced coalescence of BSA stabilised emulsions in similar conditions. Rheological characterisation includes the analysis of flow curves obtained in the shear rate range 2.3xl0-3-10 s-1, and of stress relaxation after shearing at 2.3xl0-3 s-1
Bridging flocculation in emulsions stabilised by gelatin and a low molecular weight surfactant
Authors: dickinson Eric , goller michael i. , Wedlock david j. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oil-in-water emulsions (20 vol% mineral oil) have been prepared under standard homogenization conditions at pH 7 using a binary emulsifier system, gelatin+ Tween 20. Laser diffraction particle sizing and light microscopy have shown that the state of droplet aggregation is sensitively dependent on the quantity and composition of the emulsifiers. The behaviour is interpreted in terms of bridging flocculation caused by partial displacement of gelatin from the droplet surface by the more surface-active Tween 20.
The distribution of hydrocolloids In low fat spreads
Authors: Hermansson Anne-Marie M , Jordansson Elvy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The process for producing spreads is mainly designed to control fat crystallization and fat crystal interactions. The lower the fat content the more we need to know about the possibilities of controlling the aqueous phase both with regard to composition and processing conditions. This paper will discuss features of the aqueous phase at several structural levels. The distribution between the fat and the aqueous phase is of major importance. Most low-fat spreads are fat-continuous, but there are also bi continuous and water-continuous products on the market. Variations in composition and processing conditions can lead to large variations in the particle size and the shape of aqueous domains. There are also variations within the aqueous phase, both with regard to density fluctuations and the distribution of hydrocolloids.
Low calorie food formulation the use of carbohydrates as fat replacers
Authors: Lawson P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The increasing trend in nutritional and health awareness is leading to a demand from the consumer for new reduced or low calorie foods. Excess fat intake specifically of saturated fats, has been identified by health professionals as a major factor in the ailments of civilised societies. The American Heart Association recommends a reduction in fat consumption so that not more than 30% of total calorie intake is derived from fat. This proposal has been endorsed by the health authorities in many other countries. It is clear, therefore, that we have to reduce fat consumption and to increase our intake of preferably complex carbohydrates.
The surface shear rheology and surface tension of carboxymethylcellulose solutions in the presence of NaCl, sodium lauryl sulphate and phosphate buffer pH 1.9
Authors: challacombe S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
surface films on ageing. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of lM NaCl, phosphate buffer, and sodium lauryl sulphate on the surface properties of 1% and 2% carboxymethyl cellulose solutions. The surface shear modulus was determined using an oscillating ring surface shear rheometer and the surface tension using a Kruss tensiometer Kl2. Results suggest that carboxymethyl cellulose solutions formed elastic films the strength of which were decreased by addition of NaCl, sodium lauryl sulphate or use of a phosphate buffer, pH 1. 9. The failure of NaCl to increase the surface shear modulus of solutions, as has previously been demonstrated for gum acacia, may be due to alterations in the 6 point of the carboxymethyl cellulose solutions.
Dyed, crosslinked substrates for the assay of polysaccharide endo-hydrolases
Authors: Mccleary Barry V , Francis Ann , Casey Ailin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Highly sensitive and specific substrates for the assay of polysaccharide endo-hydrolases have been developed. These substrates are dyed and crosslinked, high purity polysaccharides and have been incorporated into tablet form for ease of use. Substrates for the measurement of endo-!3-xylanase, a-amylase, limit-dextrinase, endo-arabinanase, cellulase and 13-mannanase are now available and others are under development. The assay format simply involves adding the tablet to an aliquot of the solution to be assayed, incubation for 10 min, termination of the reaction, filtration and measurement of the absorbance of the filtrate.
The molecular structure of tamarind seed polysaccharide
Authors: P.Millane R , V.Narasaiah T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ordered molecular structure of tamarind seed polysaccharide has been studied using x-ray fiber diffraction analysis and molecular modelling. The results show that, in the solid state, the backbone adopts a cellulose-like conformation, and that three types of conformation are sterically accessible to the sidechains. Each sidechain conformation is consistent with sidechain-mainchain interactions that would increase chain stiffness over that of similar, but less substituted, polysaccharides, as is observed.
A new phase transition corresponding to the formation of the amylose-lipid complex in wheat starch
Authors: Oliver G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The presence of an amylase-lipid complex is an important factor in determining the quality of cereal-starch based flours. However, it is not known whether this complex is naturally present in starch or whether it is formed from the components during gelatinisation, as happens when additional lipids are added to starch. The present differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) study examined wheat starch/water mixtures a t 1o°C/min and 2.5°C/min. The slower heat in rate revealed an exothermic phase transition, occurring during gelatinisat1on, that may be associated with the formation an amylase-lipid complex.
Introduction
Authors: Yamamoto Keith R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Molecular biology, beneath its trendiness and jargon, is basically a set of tools. That is, it is not an intellectual niche in the body of biological knowledge, but instead a collection of methodologies that defines and supports reductionist strategies —approaches that seek simplified experimental systems and minimized experimental variables. Be that as it may, this set of tools has absolutely revolutionized biological research. And perhaps nowhere is the influence of this technology more evident than in studies of eukaryotic transcription and the regulation of its initiation.
Transcription of exogenous genes in mammalian cells
Authors: docherty Kevin , Clark Andrew R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The expression of exogenous genes in mammalian cells in culture has proved invaluable in a wide variety of applications. The advantages over the use of E. coli for the large-scale production of biologically active polypeptides stem from the ability of mammalian cells to undertake post-translational modification (e.g. proteolytic processing or glycosylation) of the gene product.
Identification and characterization of eukaryotic transcription factors
Authors: Jackson Stephen p. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An important and widely used mechanism for regulating gene expression in eukaryotic organisms is that of modulating the efficiency of transcriptional initiation. Molecular genetic analysis of transcriptional promoters recognized by RNA polymerase II has revealed that accurate and efficient transcription requires a variety of cisacting sequence elements. These elements are recognized and bound by sequencespecific DNAbinding transcription factor proteins that then serve to either activate, or in some cases repress, transcriptional initiation by the general transcriptional apparatus (1-4). A great many sequencespecific transcription factors exist; they differ from one another in the DNA sequence(s) that they recognize and in the way that they are regulated themselves. For example, some transcription factor are restricted to particular cell types, others are expressed only at certain stages of development, while yet others are activated only in response to a particular physilogoical agent such as a hormone. By employing different combinations of these sequencespecific factors, highly complex and unique patterns of gene expression are achieved. This chapter describes various approaches that are used to define, purify, and characterize sequencespecific transcription factor proteins.
Analysis of protein-DNA interactions
Authors: Garabedian Michael j. , labaer joshua , liu, wei-hong , Thomas jay r. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An important finding of contemporary studies in molecular biology is that much of the process of cellular differentiation is regulated at the level of gene transcription. Analyses of cloned genes have revealed that in a given tissue or cell type, gene expression is determined largely by proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences linked to those genes. This chapter considers in detail numerous procedures for characterizing these important protein-DNA interactions.
Leishmania and Trypanosoma
Authors: Williams J E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The genera Leishmania and Trypanosoma belong to the family Trypanoso-matidae of the order Kinetoplastida. All members of this family are parasitic and possess a single locomotory flagellum, which arises from a flagellar pocket. All members of the Kinetoplastida have a DNA-containing organelle, the kinetoplast, which is part of a simple mitochondrion and is located adjacent to the flagellar basal body. Only the Leishmania and Trypanosoma have species which infect and cause disease in man. Two genera of sandfly act as vectors, Phlebotomus in the Old World and Lutzomya in the New World.
Study of protein phosphorylation in intact cells
Authors: Garrison James C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Investigators studying mechanisms of cell regulation often need to establish that certain proteins are phosphorylated in intact cells. The usual technique employed for these studies is to label the cellular ATP pools with 32P prior to applying a stimulus that is expected to change the phosphorylation state of certain proteins or sets of proteins. The phosphorylated proteins are extracted from the cell, resolved on SDS-polyacrylamide gels, and visualized using autoradiography.
Identification of novel protein (serine/threonine) phosphatase genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Drosophila melanogaster, and man by the polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Chen Mao Xiang , Cohen Patricia T W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past decade the rapid development of cloning and sequencing technology has resulted in the identification of many genes, affording the possibility of direct analysis of gene function by gene disruption techniques. Gene cloning has also revealed that many eukaryotic enzymes, such as the major types of protein (serine/threonine) phosphatases, have several isoforms which are encoded by different genes sharing high sequence identity (1). In addition, families of related enzymes can be uncovered by this technique. Another now well-documented feature of proteins is that domains with conservation of amino acid sequence are found in different enzymes, and apparently provide these proteins with a specific property or function, for example, the calcium-binding EF-hand motif (2). The classical way of isolating genes with similar sequences or similar functional domains, is to screen a library with probes derived from one of the known DNA sequences. This method has been very successful in isolating several protein (serine/ threonine) phosphatase genes (3). However, the procedure is time consuming, particularly if there are many, new genes to be uncovered. Moreover, it may be difficult to detect genes with less overall sequence identity, even though the homology within a short region (for example, a functional domain) is significant. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) offers a very powerful approach to isolate such genes, since it may identify many related genes in a single experiment. The overall strategy of the approach we have taken to identify many protein (serine/threonine) phosphatase (PP) genes in several different species is described in the following paragraph.
Fetal DNA analysis
Authors: Old John M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The application of molecular biology techniques to the study of genetic disease has provided a wealth of information about their molecular basis, and this knowledge has been used to establish comprehensive prenatal diagnosis programmes by fetal DNA analysis. The first prenatal diagnosis was for a0-thalassaemia in 1976 using a simple hybridization technique of an a-globin gene probe to amniocyte DNA. The discovery of restriction fragment length polymorphisms enabled sickle cell anaemia and J3-thalassaemia to be diagnosed in amniocyte DNA, but it was not until 1982 with the development of chorionic villus sampling (CVS) that prenatal diagnosis by fetal DNA analysis became widely established.
Intracellular staining in vivo
Authors: Maxwell D J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Intracellular staining techniques are unique because they provide anatomical and physiological data about individual neurones or axons. A number of staining techniques have been developed, but they all depend upon the use of recording micropipettes which contain marker substances such as horseradish peroxidase (HRP) (1, 2), Lucifer Yellow (3), or biocytin (4, 5). In this chapter it is intended to provide a detailed account of the use of HRP in intracellular staining which is arguably still the method of choice for in vivo staining in mammals, especially if the analysis is to be taken to the ultrastructural level. Methods compatible with light microscopy (LM) and combined light and electron microscopy (EM) are described.
Neuronal hybrid cell lines: generation, characterization, and utility
Authors: Wainer Bruce H , Heller Alfred 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The nervous system comprises an extensive array of neuronal pathways that control and modulate virtually all bodily functions. This system develops from a simple neuroectodermal tube, and through a series of processes regulating cell division, commitment, migration, and differentiation, forms functional synaptic connections in a highly specific fashion. These processes involve internal cell programmes controlling stage-specific gene expression, cell-cell interactions, and chemical signalling. The result is an organ system of remarkable complexity, responsible for the full range of physiological and intellectual behaviour of higher organisms. A major challenge to neurobiologists is understanding the specific cellular and molecular interactions that mediate the formation and/or maintenance of functional connections between particular subsets of neurons and their target cells (1). This goal is made exceedingly difficult by the extensive heterogeneity of cell types and connections even within specific brain regions.
Generation of neural cell lines by transfer of viral oncogenes
Authors: Rouget Pierre , Bert Marc Le , Borde Isabelle , Evrard Claudine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many aspects of the regulation of expression of genes involved in neural differentiation and cellular interactions within the nervous system remain to be elucidated. This is largely due to the difficulty of establishing phenotypically untransformed permanent neural cell lines that retain most of the functional properties of their normally differentiated cell counterparts (1). Most established neural cell lines are transformed and have lost some aspects of normal regulation of cell division and differentiation. Even though presenting transformed or tumoral characteristics, however, some of these cell lines have provided useful models of neuronal function. Such lines have been obtained from spontaneous or chemically induced tumours (2, 3), or by transformation with oncogenic viruses (4, 5). Other cell lines have been derived from embryonal carcinoma (ref. 6 and Chapter 4) or from clones proliferating spontaneously in long-term primary cultures (7).
Embryonal carcinoma cells and embryonic stem cells as models for neuronal development and function
Authors: Mccarrick James W , Andrews Peter W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For many years teratocarcinomas and their stem cells, embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells, have been well established tools for investigating cell differentiation as it relates to early embryogenesis, especially in the mouse (1, 2). More recently, lines of human EC cells have been characterized to extend this approach to human embryogenesis (3), while the isolation of embryonic stem (ES) cells (4, 5) has opened up important new approaches for the study of gene function during embryonic and fetal development. Many general aspects concerning the use of such cells were extensively covered in an earlier volume in this series (6), and the interested reader is encouraged to consult the relevant chapters of that volume for more comprehensive information. In the present chapter we shall repeat only the basic details necessary for working with these cells, and aim to supplement that earlier work with information more directly relevant to neurobiologists, and with newer techniques, such as homologous recombination and gene ‘knock-out’ experiments, which were not covered in detail previously.
Callose and Callose Synthase
Authors: Kauss Heinrich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past century numerous cytochemical studies have shown that after various types of stress the polysaccharide callose is deposited, at selected sites, on to the plant cell wall. Callose mainly consists of linear 13-1, 3-glucanase (1-4), and one of its functions is to close the connections that unite protoplasts of contiguous cells(plasmodesmata, sieve pores). This process occurs within minutes of mechanical injury. Following fungal invasion there is a rapid formation (within hours) of callose-rich papillae basipetal to the sites of penetration. Such a deposition of papillae contributes to the resistance response of the host and can begin about one hour before fungal penetration pegs become visible microscopically. close formation also appears to tighten those cell wall parts neighbouring virus-induced lesions, or it can line the walls of cells that have undergone the hypersensitive response.
Embryological assays for growth factors
Authors: Slack J M W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Evidence for two classes of biologically active substance existed for many years before examples of either were purified. There were substances that promoted cell growth in tissue culture (growth factors), and there were substances that controlled the pathways of differentiation followed by cells in developing embryos (inducing factors). In recent years it has become clear that in many cases the same molecule can play both roles, and that the specificity of the biological effect depends as much on the characteristics of the responding tissue as on the identity of the factor.
Clinical HLA typing by cytotoxicity
Authors: Darke Christopher , Dyer Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The microlymphocytotoxicity test is universally employed for serological HLA-A, -B, -C, -DR, and -DQ typing. Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) (consisting of approximately 80% T and 10-15% B cells in healthy subjects) or T cells are generally used as targets for HLA-A, -B, and -C typing. B cell enriched suspensions are used for typing HLA-DR and -DQ antigens which are not expressed on resting T cells. Lymphocytes are tested with a set of HLA specific alloantibodies which are polyclonal antisera or monoclonal antibodies (see Chapter 2) each selected to react with one (monospecific), or sometimes two or more (polyspecific/ multispecific) HLA antigens. For full HLA typing the antibody set should cover as many of the various HLA antigens as possible. Reagents for HLA typing should ideally be selected to give strong reliable positive and negative results.
Post-transcriptional regulation of human retroviral gene expression
Authors: Parslow Tristram G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The compact structure of retroviral genomes forces these viruses to rely heavily on post-transcriptional mechanisms of gene regulation. Each integrated provirus is transcribed from the single promoter in its 5’ long terminal repeat (LTR) to produce a single primary transcript that spans the entire genome. Yet, from this single transcript, the virus must express a minimum of three structural proteins (Gag, Pol, and Env) and often additional regulatory and accessory proteins as well. To express all of these products, the primary transcript must first be spliced in multiple alternative ways to generate a host of different mRNAs that specify the individual proteins. The virus must then ensure that each mRNA is delivered to the cytoplasm in appropriate amounts for translation. Moreover, unlike cellular mRNAs, retroviral mRNAs often encode two or more proteins in tandem, and so pose special problems for translation.