bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IESEM: INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENT FOR SOFTWARE EVOLUTION MANAGEMENT
Authors: CANFORA GERARDO , LANUBILE FILIPPO , VISAGGIO GIUSEPPE 
Published: November 2004

Software evolution has no common paradigm which practitioners can adhere to. On the contrary, there is a wide range of models, methods, techniques, and tools which are selected according to the specific task, the application domain, the professional experience, and the organizational culture. We argue that different approaches and technologies may be combined into a unique platform to satisfy the needs of software systems which evolve over long periods of time. This paper presents the Integrated Environment for Software Evolution Management (IESEM) which includes software repositories, reverse engineering tools, rationale capture tools, software measurement tools, and a user-friendly interface. It can manage heterogeneous systems characterized by various design methods and programming languages. IESEM is based on a central repository which stores software engineering artifacts, program code, design, and implementation decisions in the form of a traceability graph. The repository stores also software measures computed both from programs and external CASE repositories. Measures are used to control software degradation during its evolution and to support decisions based on quality factors. The key concepts of IESEM, its design, and implementation are presented. The use of IESEM during development and maintenance is discussed. A case study shows IESEM's effectiveness in performing maintenance tasks.
PLANNING, ENTERPRISE PERFORMANCE AND OWNER/MANAGER PERSONAL VALUES
Authors: KOTEY BERNICE 
Published: November 2004

The research demonstrates that owner/managers who undertake planning are distinguishable from those who do not plan in terms of personal values and performance levels. Data was obtained from a mail survey of small business furniture manufacturers in New South Wales, Australia. The analysis was based on 224 responses, a response rate of 34%. A typology of owner/managers was constructed, based on personal value factors, using cluster analysis. Differences among personal value types with respect to planning and enterprise performance were examined by multivariate analyses of variance using deviation contrasts. The results suggest that, in general, owner/managers place little emphasis on planning. However, some owner/managers undertake more planning than others. Owner/managers who placed greater emphasis on planning were identified with entrepreneurial personal values and with higher performance levels than those with lesser emphasis on planning.
VALUE-ADDED APPROACH TO CORPORATE MANAGEMENT: QUALITY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN THE AUSTRALIAN BUSINESS SERVICE INDUSTRY
Authors: SIMON ALAN 
Published: November 2004

A survey was conducted in 1993 on the Chief Executive Officers of large Australian companies such as finance companies, advertising agencies and suppliers of software that provide a service to businesses. The aim of the study was to survey the nature and extent of quality management practices with special reference to inhouse care in these organisations. Questionnaires were sent to 428 companies and 219 (51 per cent) responded. CEOs considered an ability to bring out the best in, motivate and communicate with internal customers (the staff) to be important principles of good management. More than two thirds of the responding companies had quality management practices, usually Total Quality Management, in place. However, only 54% had a mechanism in their companies for formally recording complaints made by external customers. Despite the fact that nearly all the CEOs agreed that they should be concerned with providing a good service to external and internal customers, only about half said they conduct formal customer and/or staff satisfaction surveys. Most important, a statistically significant relationship was found between profitability and the conducting of external customer satisfaction surveys. There was also a relationship between profitability and whether or not firms formally registered customers' complaints.
The Adrenal
Authors: Lin Lin , Achermann John C. 
Published: November 2004

During the past 15 years, considerable progress has been made in our understanding of the genetic basis of adrenal development and function. More than 30 single gene disorders have now been identified that can affect the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in humans (fig. 1, 2; table 1). This review highlights recent advances in the molecular pathology of: (1) adrenal hypoplasia, (2) adrenal destruction, (3) disorders of adrenal steroidogenesis, (4) adrenal steroid resistance and (5) activation of the adrenal axis/tumorigenesis. Characterizing the molecular basis and natural history of these conditions is providing fascinating insight into adrenal development and function and can help to focus treatment and counselling of patients appropriately. However, ongoing translation of research findings into clinical practice is needed if patient care is to be influenced significantly.
A Simplified Diagnostic Model of Orographic Rainfall for Enhancing Satellite-Based Rainfall Estimates in Data-Poor Regions
Authors: Funk Chris , Michaelsen Joel 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
An extension of Sinclair's diagnostic model of orographic precipitation (“VDEL”) is developed for use in data-poor regions to enhance rainfall estimates. This extension (VDELB) combines a 2D linearized internal gravity wave calculation with the dot product of the terrain gradient and surface wind to approximate terrain-induced vertical velocity profiles. Slope, wind speed, and stability determine the velocity profile, with either sinusoidal or vertically decaying (evanescent) solutions possible. These velocity profiles replace the parameterized functions in the original VDEL, creating VDELB, a diagnostic accounting for buoyancy effects. A further extension (VDELB*) uses an on/off constraint derived from reanalysis precipitation fields. A validation study over 365 days in the Pacific Northwest suggests that VDELB* can best capture seasonal and geographic variations. A new statistical data-fusion technique is presented and is used to combine VDELB*, reanalysis, and satellite rainfall estimates in southern Africa. The technique, matched filter regression (MFR), sets the variance of the predictors equal to their squared correlation with observed gauge data and predicts rainfall based on the first principal component of the combined data. In the test presented here, mean absolute errors from the MFR technique were 35% lower than the satellite estimates alone. VDELB assumes a linear solution to the wave equations and a Boussinesq atmosphere, and it may give unrealistic responses under extreme conditions. Nonetheless, the results presented here suggest that diagnostic models, driven by reanalysis data, can be used to improve satellite rainfall estimates in data-sparse regions.
Nocturnal Low-Level Jet in a Mountain Basin Complex. Part I: Evolution and Effects on Local Flows
Authors: Banta Robert M. , Darby Lisa S. , Fast Jerome D. , Pinto James O. , Whiteman C. David , Shaw William J. , Orr Brad W. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
A Doppler lidar deployed to the center of the Great Salt Lake (GSL) basin during the Vertical Transport and Mixing (VTMX) field campaign in October 2000 found a diurnal cycle of the along-basin winds with northerly up-basin flow during the day and a southerly down-basin low-level jet at night. The emphasis of VTMX was on stable atmospheric processes in the cold-air pool that formed in the basin at night. During the night the jet was fully formed as it entered the GSL basin from the south. Thus, it was a feature of the complex string of basins draining toward the Great Salt Lake, which included at least the Utah Lake basin to the south. The timing of the evening reversal to down-basin flow was sensitive to the larger-scale north–south pressure gradient imposed on the basin complex. On nights when the pressure gradient was not too strong, local drainage flow (slope flows and canyon outflow) was well developed along the Wasatch Range to the east and coexisted with the basin jet. The coexistence of these two types of flow generated localized regions of convergence and divergence, in which regions of vertical motion and transport were focused. Mesoscale numerical simulations captured these features and indicated that updrafts on the order of 5 cm s−1 could persist in these localized convergence zones, contributing to vertical displacement of air masses within the basin cold pool.
A Momentum Exchange Model for the Surface Layer over Bare-Soil and Canopy-Covered Surfaces
Authors: Takahashi Atsuhiro , Hiyama Tetsuya 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA multilayered turbulent transport model for the surface layer based on collisions between atmospheric layers is developed. The model can represent the average and perturbed components of turbulence relatively well, for both bare-soil and canopy-covered surfaces. The number of collisions increases linearly with height for a bare-soil surface, and decreases as the leaf-area density increases within the canopy layer. The intermittent nature of turbulent motion is reproduced in the model, even though the model is one-dimensional. The number of collisions increasing with height may cause the intermittent nature of the turbulence and may also relate to the gust motions for canopy flow; such gusts transfer large momentum downward intermittently and cause a secondary maximum in wind velocity in the lower layer within the canopy. In other words, the model can include the large-eddy effect by considering the different number of collisions among layers. Turbulence data measured with an ultrasonic anemometer at 10 Hz in the field were used as model input; plausible results were obtained. The model can represent the overall characteristics of turbulence in the surface layer.
The Effect of Model Resolution in Predicting Meteorological Parameters Used in Fire Danger Rating
Authors: Hoadley Jeanne L. , Westrick Ken , Ferguson Sue A. , Goodrick Scott L. , Bradshaw Larry , Werth Paul 
Published: November 2004

AbstractPrevious studies of model performance at varying resolutions have focused on winter storms or isolated convective events. Little attention has been given to the static high pressure situations that may lead to severe wildfire outbreaks. This study focuses on such an event so as to evaluate the value of increased model resolution for prediction of fire danger. The results are intended to lay the groundwork for using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) as input to the National Fire Danger Rating System to provide gridded predictions of fire danger indices. Predicted weather parameters were derived from MM5 and evaluated at three different resolutions (36, 12, and 4 km). Model output was compared with observations during the 2000 fire season in western Montana and northern Idaho to help to determine the model's skill in predicting fire danger. For application in fire danger rating, little significant improvement was found in skill with increased model resolution using standard forecast verification techniques. Diurnal bias of modeled temperature and relative humidity resulted in errors larger than the differences between resolutions. Significant timing and magnitude errors at all resolutions could jeopardize accurate prediction of fire danger.
Coastal Boundary Layer Influence on Pollutant Transport in New England
Authors: Angevine Wayne M. , Senff Christoph J. , White Allen B. , Williams Eric J. , Koermer James , Miller Samuel T. K. , Talbot Robert , Johnston Paul E. , McKeen Stuart A. , Downs Tom 
Published: November 2004

AbstractAir pollution episodes in northern New England often are caused by transport of pollutants over water. Two such episodes in the summer of 2002 are examined (22–23 July and 11–14 August). In both cases, the pollutants that affected coastal New Hampshire and coastal southwest Maine were transported over coastal waters in stable layers at the surface. These layers were at least intermittently turbulent but retained their chemical constituents. The lack of deposition or deep vertical mixing on the overwater trajectories allowed pollutant concentrations to remain strong. The polluted plumes came directly from the Boston, Massachusetts, area. In the 22–23 July case, the trajectories were relatively straight and dominated by synoptic-scale effects, transporting pollution to the Maine coast. On 11–14 August, sea breezes brought polluted air from the coastal waters inland into New Hampshire.
Full-Spectrum Correlated-k Distribution for Shortwave Atmospheric Radiative Transfer
Authors: Pawlak Daniel T. , Clothiaux Eugene E. , Modest Michael F. , Cole Jason N. S. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
The full-spectrum correlated k-distribution (FSCK) method, originally developed for applications in combustion systems, is adapted for use in shortwave atmospheric radiative transfer. By weighting k distributions by the solar source function, the FSCK method eliminates the requirement that the Planck function be constant over a spectral interval. As a consequence, integration may be carried out across the full spectrum as long as the assumption of correlation from one atmospheric level to the next remains valid. Problems with the lack of correlation across the full spectrum are removed by partitioning the spectrum at a wavelength of 0.68 μm into two bands. The resulting two-band approach in the FSCK formalism produces broadband rms clear-sky flux and heating rate errors less than 1% and 6%, respectively, relative to monochromatic calculations and requires only 15 quadrature points per layer, which represents a 60%–90% reduction in computation time relative to other models currently in use.
An evaluation of fluxes calculated by the FSCK method in cases with idealized clouds demonstrates that gray cloud scattering in two spectral bands is sufficient to reproduce line-by-line generated fluxes. Two different approaches for modeling absorption by cloud drops were also examined. Explicitly including nongray cloud absorption in solar source function-weighted k distributions results in realistic in-cloud heating rates, although in-cloud heating rates were underpredicted by approximately 8%–12% as compared to line-by-line results. A gray cloud absorption parameter chosen to fit line-by-line results optimally for one cloud or atmospheric profile but applied to different cloud combinations or profiles, also closely approximated line-by-line heating rates.
Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height over the Eastern Pacific: Data Analysis and Model Evaluation
Authors: Zeng Xubin , Brunke Michael A. , Zhou Mingyu , Fairall Chris , Bond Nicholas A. , Lenschow Donald H. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
The atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) height (h) is a crucial parameter for the treatment of the ABL in weather and climate models. About 1000 soundings from 11 cruises between 1995 and 2001 over the eastern Pacific have been analyzed to document the large meridional, zonal, seasonal, and interannual variations of h. In particular, its latitudinal distribution in August has three minima: near the equator, in the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), and over the subtropical stratus/stratocumulus region near the west coast of California and Mexico. The seasonal peak of h in the ITCZ zone (between 5.6° and 11.2°N) occurs in the spring (February or April), while it occurs in August between the equator and 5.6°N.
Comparison of these data with the 10-yr monthly output of the Community Climate System Model (CCSM2) reveals that overall the model underestimates h, particularly north of 20°N in August and September. Directly applying the radiosonde data to the CCSM2 formulation for computing h shows that, at the original vertical resolution (with the lowest five layers below 2.1 km), the CCSM2 formulation would significantly underestimate h. In particular, the correlation coefficient between the computed and observed h values is only 0.06 for cloudy cases. If the model resolution were doubled below 2.1 km, however, the performance of the model formulation would be significantly improved with a correlation coefficient of 0.78 for cloudy cases.
An Evaluation of Mass Flux Closures for Diurnal Cycles of Shallow Cumulus
Authors: Neggers R. A. J. , Siebesma A. P. , Lenderink G. , Holtslag A. A. M. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThree closure methods for the mass flux at cloud base in shallow cumulus convection are critically examined for the difficult case of a diurnal cycle over land. The closure methods are first evaluated against large-eddy simulations (LESs) by diagnosing all parameters appearing in the closure equations during simulations of two different observed diurnal cycles of shallow cumulus. This reveals the characteristic behavior of each closure mechanism purely as a result of its core structure. With these results in hand the impact of each closure on the development of the cloudy boundary layer is then studied by its implementation in an offline single-column model of a regional atmospheric climate model. The LES results show that the boundary layer quasi-equilibrium closure typically overestimates the cloud-base mass flux after cloud onset, due to the neglect of significant moisture and temperature tendencies in the subcloud layer. The convective available potential energy (CAPE) adjustment closure is compromised by its limitation to compensating subsidence as the only CAPE breakdown mechanism and the use of a constant adjustment time scale. The closure method using the subcloud convective vertical velocity scale gives the best results, as it catches the time development of the cloud-base mass flux as diagnosed in LES.
Determination of Forecast Errors Arising from Different Components of Model Physics and Dynamics
Authors: Krishnamurti T. N. , Sanjay J. , Mitra A. K. , Vijaya Kumar T. S. V. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThis paper addresses a procedure to extract error estimates for the physical and dynamical components of a forecast model. This is a two-step process in which contributions to the forecast tendencies from individual terms of the model equations are first determined using an elaborate bookkeeping of the forecast. The second step regresses these estimates of tendencies from individual terms of the model equations against the observed total tendencies. This process is executed separately for the entire horizontal and vertical transform grid points of a global model. The summary of results based on the corrections to the physics and dynamics provided by the regression coefficients highlights the component errors of the model arising from its formulation. This study provides information on geographical and vertical distribution of forecast errors contributed by features such as nonlinear advective dynamics, the rest of the dynamics, deep cumulus convection, large-scale condensation physics, radiative processes, and the rest of physics. Several future possibilities from this work are also discussed in this paper.
Precipitation Uncertainty Due to Variations in Precipitation Particle Parameters within a Simple Microphysics Scheme
Authors: Gilmore Matthew S. , Straka Jerry M. , Rasmussen Erik N. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
This work reports on the sensitivity of accumulated precipitation to the microphysical parameterization in simulations of deep convective storms using a three-dimensional, nonhydrostatic cloud model with a simple liquid–ice microphysics scheme. Various intercept parameters from an assumed Marshall–Palmer exponential size distribution are tested along with two particle densities for the hail/graupel (qh) category. These variations allow testing of unique qh distributions that have been observed and documented in previous literature. Tests are conducted for a single thermodynamic profile and three idealized wind shear profiles.
The amount of accumulated precipitation at the ground is very sensitive to the way the qh category is parameterized. Distributions characterized by larger intercepts and/or smaller particle density have a smaller mass-weighted mean terminal fall velocity and produce smaller qh mixing ratios spread over a larger area. For example, for a qh category weighted toward graupel, only a fourth as much precipitation accumulates on the ground over 2 h (and none is hail) compared to a qh category weighted toward large hail (with baseball-sized stones common).
The inherent uncertainty within the qh distribution for this simple cloud-scale three-class ice microphysics scheme suggests limited usefulness in the forecasting of ground-accumulated precipitation and damaging hail.
The Boreal-Summer Intraseasonal Oscillations Simulated in a Hybrid Coupled Atmosphere–Ocean Model*
Authors: Fu Xiouhua , Wang Bin 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
The boreal-summer intraseasonal oscillation (BSISO) simulated by an atmosphere–ocean coupled model is validated with the long-term observations [Climate Prediction Center (CPC) Merged Analysis of Precipitation (CMAP) rainfall, ECMWF analysis, and Reynolds' SST]. This validation focuses on the three-dimensional water vapor cycle associated with the BSISO and its interaction with underlying sea surface. The advantages of a coupled approach over stand-alone atmospheric approaches on the simulation of the BSISO are revealed through an intercomparison between a coupled run and two atmosphere-only runs.
This coupled model produces a BSISO that mimics the one presented in the observations over the Asia– western Pacific region. The similarities with the observations include 1) the coherent spatiotemporal evolutions of rainfall, surface winds, and SST associated with the BSISO; 2) the intensity and period (or speed) of the northward-propagating BSISO; and 3) the tropospheric moistening (or drying) and overturning circulations of the BSISO. However, the simulated tropospheric moisture fluctuations in the extreme phases (both wet and dry) are larger than those in the ECMWF analysis. The simulated sea surface cooling during the wet phase is weaker than the observed cooling. Better representations of the interaction between convection and boundary layer in the GCM and including salinity effects in the ocean model are expected to further improve the simulation of the BSISO.
The intercomparison between a coupled run and two atmospheric runs suggests that the air–sea coupled system is the ultimate tool needed to realistically simulate the BSISO. Though the major characteristics of the BSISO are very likely determined by the internal atmospheric dynamics, the correct interaction between the internal dynamics and underlying sea surface can only be sustained by a coupled system. The atmosphere-only approach, when forced with high-frequency (e.g., daily) SST, introduces an erroneous boundary interference on the internal dynamics associated with the BSISO. The implications for the predictability of the BSISO are discussed.