bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Principles of Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Ibbotson Sally , McKenna Kevin 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Topical photodynamic therapy (PDT) is widely used as an effective and well‐tolerated treatment for field change actinic keratosis, Bowen disease and superficial basal cell carcinoma. There is a strong evidence base to support its use and guidelines, which summarise the evidence and clinical utility of this therapy. There are also standards available for guidance with respect to establishing PDT services in dermatology and emphasis is placed on the availability of PDT for practitioners affiliated with a skin cancer multi‐disciplinary team. Developments in photosensitisers and light delivery, such as through the increasing application of daylight PDT, have greatly improved the tolerance, acceptability and uptake of PDT, such that this should be widely available through dermatology services. Further refinements in photosensitiser and light delivery will be expected to continue to improve PDT outcomes and the uptake of this invaluable therapeutic approach.
Amplification‐Free, Sequencing‐Free, Detection of Viral RNAs with Variant Specification by Discrete Nanocounting
Authors: Wang Zixun , Zhao Xi , Chan Wan‐Mui , Ji Xianglin , Huang Linfeng , Xie Xi , Li Wei , Zhang Wenjun , To Kelvin Kai‐Wang , Shi Peng 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThis study describes an amplification‐free, sequencing‐free platform (NanoPick‐array) for fast analysis of viral RNAs. The platform combines selective short‐cut of viral RNAs, cherry‐picking isolation of target genes, and micro‐arrayed discrete nanoimaging to enable the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) at a concentration of 60 copies µL−1, a detection limit that is hardly achieved by Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)‐based methods without amplification, regardless of electrochemical or colorimetric approaches. Notably, the NanoPick‐array provides specific virus variant information with differentiation to single‐nucleotide genetic mutation. The avoidance of the amplification procedure gives direct quantification of viral copy number and reduces false positive results caused by amplicon contamination; the sequencing‐free viral variant specification significantly reduces the turn‐over time for the acquisition of a complete diagnostic viral picture within just 2 h. In a demonstration using clinical samples with a wide range of viral loads of cycle threshold (Ct) value ranging from 18 to 36, the technique achieves an overall accuracy of 89.7% viral detection and 100% accuracy for identifying all Delta variants. The viral detection accuracy is further tested to be 100% for the clinical samples with Ct values around or less than 28.
Interface‐Confined Assembly of Layered Molecular Crystal Arrays Toward Wearable UV‐Radiation Monitor
Authors: Qiu Yuchen , Gao Hanfei , Cao Shiqi , Zhang Yu , Wei Yanjie , Wei Xiao , Li Xinyi , Zhang Xuesong , Jiang Lei , Zhao Ziguang , Wu Yuchen 
Published: February 2024

AbstractOrganic semiconductors have significant potential for wearable optoelectronics due to their designable molecular structures, tunable photoelectronic properties, and flexibility. For their integration into optoelectronic devices, organic semiconductors need to be assembled into single‐crystalline arrays with both precise alignment of micro‐/nanostructures and long‐range order of molecules. In this study, an interface‐confined lithography technique is developed for fabricating organic single‐crystalline microwire arrays with layered molecular stacking and ordered crystallographic orientation toward wearable UV radiation monitor. This interface‐confined strategy introduces parallel gas–liquid–solid three‐phase contact line (TPCL) arrays to suppress the lateral growth of single crystals. Meanwhile, TPCLs with controlled dewetting direction promote longitudinal growth, thus universally yielding 1D arrays based on various organic semiconducting small molecules. These 1D single‐crystalline arrays exhibit high average mobility of 12.5 cm2 V−1 s−1 with uniform electronic properties of 9.3% variation, and good mechanical stability after 1000 bending times. Based on organic 1D arrays, wearable devices with robust photoresponsivity of 8.26 × 103 A W−1 and high mechanical flexibility achieve real‐time monitoring of UV radiation to prevent skin disease. This confined‐assembly strategy opens a new avenue to construct wearable optoelectronic devices for health monitoring.
Strong Magnetic–Dielectric Synergistic Gradient Metamaterials for Boosting Superior Multispectral Ultra‐Broadband Absorption with Low‐Frequency Compatibility
Authors: Ma Wenle , Liu Xiaoyan , Yang Tianyue , Wang Jianbin , Qiu Zhengrong , Cai Zhihao , Bai Peijia , Ji Xinyi , Huang Yi 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThe construction of 3D porous structures and metamaterials (MMs) is the most promising approaches to achieve broadband electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption. However, it is still a huge challenge to achieve multispectral ultra‐broadband EMW absorption properties compatible with low‐frequency band (L‐ and S‐band) due to its ultralong wavelength and strong bypass capability. Herein, magnetic–dielectric synergistic gradient MMs (MDSGM) consisting of oriented flaky carbonyl iron (FCI) film and periodical RGO/CNT/CNF aerogel (GTFA) array are demonstrated. Benefiting from the synergistic effect of strong magnetic–dielectric loss, structural loss, and excellent impedance matching, MDSGM harvests an exciting multispectral ultra‐broadband EMW absorption performance with a remarkable effective absorption bandwidth covering the whole measured frequency of 1–40, 50–110 GHz, and 0.1–2.0 THz for the first time. The minimum RL (RLmin) reaches −40.24 dB and average RL is up to −19.3 dB (98.8% EMW being absorbed) in microwave band. Moreover, this multispectral ultra‐broadband EMW absorption property is less affected by the incident angle. This work pioneered realization of multispectral ultra‐broadband EMW absorption compatible with low‐frequency, which provides a great thrust for the development of stealth technology in the upcoming smart era.
Ionic‐Liquid‐Gating‐Induced Hydrogenation in Epitaxial Strontium Ferrite
Authors: Yan Fengbo , Korostelev Vladislav , Cho Eunsoo , Yang Kaichuang , Wu Jingrui , Lu Qiyang , Luo Feng , Ross Caroline A. , Klyukin Konstantin , Ning Shuai 
Published: February 2024

AbstractIncorporating hydrogen into complex oxides holds promise for discovering exotic phenomena and novel functionalities by promoting couplings between ion and lattice/charge/spin/orbital degrees of freedom. Here, electrolyte gating‐driven hydrogenation is investigated in epitaxial brownmillerite SrFeO2.5 thin films in which the hydrogenation‐induced lattice distortion is qualitatively different from its counterpart SrCoO2.5. The achievable lattice expansion in hydrogenated SrFeO2.5 is weaker than in SrCoO2.5 and primarily occurs along the normal of the stacked octahedral FeO6 and tetrahedral FeO4 layers. Upon the substitution of Fe with Co, the lattice expansion monotonically increases with increase of Co/Fe ratio, implying an intrinsic difference in accommodating hydrogen between Fe‐ and Co‐based brownmillerites. Moreover, a net magnetic moment in hydrogenated SrFeO2.5 films is observed above room temperature, which gradually weakens with the increase of Co substitution, suggesting a stronger canted magnetism in Fe‐based hydrogenated brownmillerites. This work clarifies the electrolyte gating‐driven hydrogenation mechanisms in brownmillerite SrFeO2.5 epitaxial thin films and those with Co substitution, particularly the deterministic role of Co/Fe ratio in the evolution of structure and properties upon hydrogenation.
From Synthesis to Mechanisms: In‐Depth Exploration of the Dual‐Atom Catalytic Mechanisms Toward Oxygen Electrocatalysis
Authors: Lei Lei , Guo Xinghua , Han Xu , Fei Ling , Guo Xiao , Wang De‐Gao 
Published: February 2024

AbstractDual‐atom catalysts (DACs) hold a higher metal atom loading and provide greater flexibility in terms of the structural characteristics of their active sites in comparison to single‐atom catalysts. Consequently, DACs hold great promise for achieving improved catalytic performance. This article aims to provide a focused overview of the latest advancements in DACs, covering their synthesis and mechanisms in reversible oxygen electrocatalysis, which plays a key role in sustainable energy conversion and storage technologies. The discussion starts by highlighting the structures of DACs and the differences in diatomic coordination induced by various substrates. Subsequently, the state‐of‐the‐art fabrication strategies of DACs for oxygen electrocatalysis are discussed from several different perspectives. It particularly highlights the challenges of increasing the diatomic loading capacity. More importantly, the main focus of this overview is to investigate the correlation between the configuration and activity in DACs in order to gain a deeper understanding of their active roles in oxygen electrocatalysis. This will be achieved through density functional theory calculations and sophisticated in situ characterization technologies. The aim is to provide guidelines for optimizing and upgrading DACs in oxygen electrocatalysis. Additionally, the overview discusses the current challenges and future prospects in this rapidly evolving area of research.
Regulating d‐Orbital Hybridization of Subgroup‐IVB Single Atoms for Efficient Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Zhao Xue , Sun Yong , Wang Jinming , Nie Anmin , Zou Guodong , Ren Liqun , Wang Jing , Wang Yong , Fernandez Carlos , Peng Qiuming 
Published: February 2024

AbstractHighly active single‐atom electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction are crucial for improving the energy conversion efficiency, but they suffer from a limited choice of metal centers and unsatisfactory stabilities. Here, this work reports that optimization of the binding energies for reaction intermediates by tuning the d‐orbital hybridization with axial groups converts inactive subgroup‐IVB (Ti, Zr, Hf) moieties (MN4) into active motifs (MN4O), as confirmed with theoretical calculations. The competition between metal‐ligand covalency and metal‐intermediate covalency affects the d‐p orbital hybridization between the metal site and the intermediates, converting the metal centers into active sites. Subsequently, dispersed single‐atom M sites coordinated by nitrogen/oxygen groups have been prepared on graphene (s‐M‐N/O‐C) catalysts on a large‐scale with high‐energy milling and pyrolysis. Impressively, the s‐Hf‐N/O‐C catalyst with 5.08 wt% Hf exhibits a half‐wave potential of 0.920 V and encouraging performance in a zinc‐air battery with an extraordinary cycling life of over 1600 h and a large peak power‐density of 256.9 mW cm−2. This work provides promising single‐atom electrocatalysts and principles for preparing other catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction.
Recent Progress in Implantable Drug Delivery Systems
Authors: He Guang‐Qin , Li Haimei , Liu Junyi , Hu Yu‐Lin , Liu Yi , Wang Zhong Lin , Jiang Peng 
Published: February 2024

AbstractIn recent years, tremendous effort is devoted to developing platforms, such as implantable drug delivery systems (IDDSs), with temporally and spatially controlled drug release capabilities and improved adherence. IDDSs have multiple advantages: i) the timing and location of drug delivery can be controlled by patients using specific stimuli (light, sound, electricity, magnetism, etc.). Some intelligent “closed‐loop” IDDS can even realize self‐management without human participation. ii) IDDSs enable continuous and stable delivery of drugs over a long period (months to years) and iii) to administer drugs directly to the lesion, thereby helping reduce dosage and side effects. iv) IDDSs enable personalized drug delivery according to patient needs. The high demand for such systems has prompted scientists to make efforts to develop intelligent IDDS. In this review, several common stimulus‐responsive mechanisms including endogenous (e.g., pH, reactive oxygen species, proteins, etc.) and exogenous stimuli (e.g., light, sound, electricity, magnetism, etc.), are given in detail. Besides, several types of IDDS reported in recent years are reviewed, including various stimulus‐responsive systems based on the above mechanisms, radio frequency‐controlled IDDS, “closed‐loop” IDDS, self‐powered IDDS, etc. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of various IDDS, bottleneck problems, and possible solutions are analyzed to provide directions for subsequent research.
Pressure‐Induced Enhancement of Photoluminescence and Photocurrent in Organic Semiconductor Rubrene
Authors: Zhang Haiwa , Zhang Guozhao , Cui Shouxin , Feng Haocheng , Chen Lin , Wang Qinglin , Li Qian , Li Yinwei , Liu Cailong 
Published: February 2024

AbstractAs a typical organic semiconductor material, rubrene plays a prominent role in the field of optoelectronic devices. Here, a notable photoluminescence (PL) and photocurrent enhancement of rubrene by 8‐ and 2.5‐fold is reported under compression, respectively. The shortening of the π−π stacking distance and the twisting of the lateral phenyl are crucial reasons for the decrease in the bandgap, resulting in the enhancement of PL emission and photocurrent. Pressure can effectively suppress the excitons transition from a free exciton state to a self‐trapped exciton state and improve the emission efficiency. The photocurrent is subject to dual regulation by bandgap and resistance. Interestingly, rubrene undergoes an electronic structure transition at about 4.8 GPa, which is responsible for the weakening of PL emission and photocurrent. This work provides a strategy for optimizing the performance of rubrene‐based optoelectronic devices and designing novel optoelectronic materials.
Concentrated formate produced through co‐electrolysis of CO2 and methanol in a zero‐gap electrolyzer
Authors: Lin Jianlong , Chi Haoyuan , Liu Hai , Fan Qun , Yan Tianxiang , Kuang Siyu , Wang Hui , Li Minglu , Yan Yabo , Zhang Tianying , Zhang Sheng , Ma Xinbin 
Published: February 2024

AbstractRecent progresses have highlighted the enormous potentials of renewable electricities driven carbon dioxide (CO2) electrolysis in achieving carbon neutrality. However, its further industrial application is limited by low liquid product concentrations, which requires energy‐intensive downstream separation processing. Herein we report a CO2 and methanol co‐electrolysis strategy to produce formate at both electrodes and collect highly concentrated formate in zero‐gap CO2 electrolyzers. An anion exchange membrane was employed to enable formate product crossover from cathode to anode. A bismuth silicate derived nanofiber electrocatalyst with rich grain boundaries was synthesized and exhibited excellent formate selectivity (Faradaic efficiency >95%), high activity (partial current density >500 mA cm−2), as well as good stability (>120 h). Coupled with NiOX anode catalyst for methanol selective oxidation to formate in a zero‐gap electrolyzer, we demonstrate a ~180% of formate Faradaic efficiency and a full‐cell voltage of 2.43 V at an industrially relevant current density of 0.2 A cm−2. By decoupling product generation and collection, our electrolyzer produced a highly concentrated formate of 3.24 M, which could be directly used as anode fuel for fuel cells.
Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence Imaging of Single‐Atom Nanocatalysts
Authors: Kong Yan‐Chen , Ye Daixin , Xu Cong‐Hui , Ma Zijian , Zhao Hongbin , Zhao Wei 
Published: February 2024

AbstractSingle‐atom catalysts (SACs), distinguished by their maximum atom efficiency and precise control over the coordination and electronic properties of individual atoms, show great promise in electrocatalysis. Gaining a comprehensive understanding of the electrochemical performance of SACs requires the screening of electron transfer process at micro/nano scale. This research pioneers the use of electrogenerated chemiluminescence microscopy (ECLM) to observe the electrocatalytic reactions at individual SACs. It boasts sensitivity at the single photon level and temporal resolution down to 100 ms, enabling real‐time capture of the electrochemical behavior of individual SACs during potential sweeping. Leveraging the direct correlation between ECL emission and heterogeneous electron transfer processes, we introduced photon flux density for quantitative analysis, unveiling the electrocatalytic efficiency of individual SACs. This approach systematically reveals the relationship between SACs based on different metal atoms and their peroxidase (POD)‐like activity. The outcomes contribute to a fundamental understanding of SACs and pave the way for designing SACs with diverse technological and industrial applications.
Thermal degradation behavior and kinetics of porous polymer based on high functionality components
Authors: Luo Yumei , Pu Kefu , Gao Jie , Zhou Yun , Wan Jinyu , Bai Xiaodong 
Published: February 2024

AbstractTwo kinds of porous polymer were prepared based on high functionality components. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is used to compare the thermal degradation behavior and kinetics of these two materials. The thermogravimetric tests of rigid polyurethane foam (H‐RPUF) and polyurea aerogel (H‐PUA) were carried out in nitrogen atmosphere at different heating rates. The thermal degradation characteristics of the porous polymer were obtained. The apparent activation energy (Ea) of thermal degradation of the porous polymer was investigated by model‐free methods. The results showed that the thermal degradation temperature and ash content of H‐RPUF were higher than those of H‐PUA, and the volatile content was lower. With the rise of heating rate, thermal hysteresis effect of the two porous polymer was relatively high, while the release amount of volatiles was unchanged. For the Kissinger method, Ea of H‐PUA and H‐RPUF was 212.8 kJ mol−1 and 157.4 kJ mol−1, respectively. According to Starink method, the average activation energy of H‐PUA and H‐RPUF was 220.2 kJ mol−1 and 107.2 kJ mol−1, respectively. Obtained by Flynn‐Wall‐Ozawa model, the average activation energy of H‐PUA and H‐RPUF was 219.0 kJ mol−1 and 111.5 kJ mol−1, respectively. The data obtained from the three models all show that Ea of thermal degradation of H‐PUA is higher than that of H‐RPUF, and it is less likely to decompose.
Multifunctional aptamer grafted targeted nano‐drugs execute molecular cross‐talks with cancer cells
Authors: Manna Sounik , Mahata Rumi , Dey Surya K. , Das Chaudhuri Angsuman , Choudhury Sujata M. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThe biggest obstacles in treating cancer with traditional chemotherapy are unpleasant side effects and drug resistance. A growing amount of interest has been exhibited in using aptamers as target ligands for targeted cancer therapy and specific cancer cell identification due to their distinct benefits. Aptamer‐conjugated nano‐materials have recently provided new prospects in cancer treatment with their improved therapeutic efficacy and capability of reducing toxicity. Consequently, they are not perceived as alien substances our body, which allows their comfortable acceptance. Several tumor markers such as nucleolin, mucin, and the epidermal growth factor receptor can be effectively recognized by aptamers. In addition, glycoproteins on the surface of tumor cells can be recognized using aptamers. So surface modification of drug by aptamer are accomplished for enhanced tumor‐specific recognition by which drug‐specific accretion, internalization, and drug retention in tumors increased through specific ligand‐mediated interactions and thus therapeutic index is increased. Here, we highlight some promising classes of aptamer‐conjugated nanoparticles for the specific recognition of cancer cells and targeted drug delivery and the molecular mechanism and immunomodulatory regulation of these aptamer have been focused.
Use of electrolyte leakage to assess floral damage after freezing
Authors: Savage Jessica A. , Hudzinski Sydney J. , Olson Mady R. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractPremiseWith growing interest in the impact of false springs on plant reproduction, there is the need to develop reliable, high‐throughput methods for assessing floral freezing damage. Here we present a method for use with floral tissue that will facilitate more comparative work on floral freezing tolerance in the future.Methods and ResultsWe examined the effectiveness of a modified electrolyte leakage protocol to assess floral freezing damage. By comparing data from temperature response curves to an estimate of visual tissue damage, we optimized the protocol for different floral types and improved the signal‐to‐noise ratio for floral data.ConclusionsOur modified protocol provides a quick and straightforward method for quantifying floral freezing damage that can be standardized across floral types. This method allows for cross‐species comparisons and can be a powerful tool for studying broad patterns in floral freezing tolerance.
Chiral Magnetic Phases in Moire Bilayers of Magnetic Dipoles
Authors: Tapia Ignacio , Cazor Xavier , Mellado Paula 
Published: February 2024

AbstractIn magnetic insulators, the sense of rotation of the magnetization is associated with novel phases of matter and exotic transport phenomena. Aimed to find new sources of chiral magnetism rooted in intrinsic fields and geometry, twisted square bilayers of magnetic dipoles with easy plane anisotropy are studied. For no twist, each lattice settles in the zig‐zag magnetic state and orders antiferromagnetically to the other layer. The moire patterns that result from the mutual rotation of the two square lattices influence such zig‐zag order, giving rise to several phases that depict non‐collinear magnetic textures with chiral motifs that break both time and inversion symmetry. For certain moire angles, helical and toroidal magnetic orders arise. Changing the vertical distance between layers can further manipulate these novel phases. It is shown that the dipolar interlayer interaction induces an emergent twist‐dependent chiral magnetic field orthogonal to the direction of the zig‐zag chains, which is responsible for the internal torques conjugated to the toroidal orders.
Amino acid degradation pathway inhibitory by‐products trigger apoptosis in CHO cells
Authors: Martínez Verónica S. , Rodriguez Karen , McCubbin Timothy , Tong Junjie , Mahler Stephen , Shave Evan , Baker Kym , Munro Trent P. , Marcellin Esteban 
Published: February 2024

AbstractChinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are widely used to produce complex biopharmaceuticals. Improving their productivity is necessary to fulfill the growing demand for such products. One way to enhance productivity is by cultivating cells at high densities, but inhibitory by‐products, such as metabolite derivatives from amino acid degradation, can hinder achieving high cell densities. This research examines the impact of these inhibitory by‐products on high‐density cultures. We cultured X1 and X2 CHO cell lines in a small‐scale semi‐perfusion system and introduced a mix of inhibitory by‐products on day 10. The X1 and X2 cell lines were chosen for their varied responses to the by‐products; X2 was susceptible, while X1 survived. Proteomics revealed that the X2 cell line presented changes in the proteins linked to apoptosis regulation, cell building block synthesis, cell growth, DNA repair, and energy metabolism. We later used the AB cell line, an apoptosis‐resistant cell line, to validate the results. AB behaved similar to X1 under stress. We confirmed the activation of apoptosis in X2 using a caspase assay. This research provides insights into the mechanisms of cell death triggered by inhibitory by‐products and can guide the optimization of CHO cell culture for biopharmaceutical manufacturing.