bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biocontrol of Fusarium and Verticillium Wilt of Tomato by Penicillium oxalicum under Greenhouse and Field Conditions
Authors: Larena I. , Sabuquillo P. , Melgarejo P. , De Cal A. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractTreatments with conidia of Penicillium oxalicum produced in a solid‐state fermentation system were applied at similar densities (6 × 106 spores/g seedbed substrate) to tomato seedbeds in water suspensions (T1: 5 days before sowing, or T2: 7 days before transplanting; 15 days after sowing), or in mixture with the production substrate (T3: 7 days before transplanting; 15 days after sowing). Treatments T2 and T3 significantly (P = 0.05) reduced fusarium wilt of tomato in both greenhouse (artificial inoculation) (33 and 28%, respectively) and field conditions (naturally infested soils) (51 and 72%, respectively), while treatment T1 was efficient only in greenhouse (52%). Verticillium wilt disease reduction was obtained with T3 in two field experiments (56 and 46%, respectively), while T1 and T2 reduced disease only in one field experiment (52% for both T1 and T2). Treatment with conidia of P. oxalicum plus fermentation substrate (T3) resulted in better establishment of a stable and effective population of P. oxalicum in seedbed soil and rhizosphere providing populations of approx. 107 CFU/g soil before transplanting. Results indicate that it will be necessary to apply P. oxalicum at a rate of approx. 106–107 CFU/g in seedbed substrate and rhizosphere before transplanting for effective control of fusarium and verticillium wilt of tomato, and that formulation of P. oxalicum has a substantial influence on its efficacy.
Role of birds in transmission of classical swine fever virus
Authors: Kaden V. , Lange E. , Steyer H. , Bruer W. , Langner CH. 
Published: August 2003

SummaryActive transmission of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) was studied in six birds (five ravens, one hooded crow) and two laying hens. Cloacal swabs, blood and organs of birds and hens as well as blood and organ samples of pigs which had been fed with faeces derived from CSFV infected birds or which had come in contact with faeces of infected hens were negative for CSFV. None of the animals seroconverted during the study. This result demonstrates that active virus transmission by these animals is unlikely. Dissemination of CSFV from wild boar to domestic pigs is discussed.
Bacteriological Status of Canine Milk and Septicaemia in Neonatal Puppies – a Retrospective Study
Authors: Schäfer‐Somi S. , Spergser J. , Breitenfellner J. , Aurich J. E. 
Published: August 2003

SummaryResults of the bacteriological examination of milk samples from 46 bitches were evaluated retrospectively, and correlated with findings of the bacteriological examination of organs from dead, septicaemic puppies in their litters (n = 33). The aim of this study was to investigate, in how many cases of clinical and subclinical mastitis of the bitches, the same bacteria can be detected in their septicaemic neonates. One group of lactating bitches was clinically healthy (group I, n = 38), whereas in eight bitches different puerperal disorders were found (group II). Twenty‐five septicaemic puppies were from group I, eight from group II. Out of a broad spectrum of bacteria isolated from the milk of clinically healthy and diseased bitches, only Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and/or ß‐haemolytic (haem.) Streptococcus sp. could be isolated from organs of their septicaemic puppies. This was the case in three bitches with mastitis and in one clinically healthy bitch only. Staphylococcus intermedius, although frequently isolated from canine milk, does not seem to be a cause of septicaemia in neonates. It is assumed that in most cases of neonate septicaemia, bacteria from the bitches’ milk are not the primary cause.
Isolation of Mycoplasmas from Nasal Swabs of Calves affected with Respiratory Diseases and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of their Isolates
Authors: Hirose K. , Kobayashi H. , Ito N. , Kawasaki Y. , Zako M. , Kotani K. , Ogawa H. , Sato H. 
Published: August 2003

SummaryNasal swabs of 293 calves were examined for Mycoplasma. The samples were collected from calves affected with respiratory diseases on 71 farms in various parts of Japan between 1996 and 1997. Mycoplasma bovirhinis was isolated from 47 of 293 calves (16.0%). Mycoplasma alkalescens, M. bovis, M. arginini, M. bovigenitalium and Acholeplasma spp. were isolated from 19 (6.5%), seven (2.4%), four (1.4%), four (1.4%) and 18 (6.1%) calves, respectively. Pasteurella multocida and P. haemolytica were isolated from 60% of Mycoplasma‐positive calves. However, other bacteria were not isolated from calves. To evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility of their isolates, 68 M. bovirhinis, 21 M. alkalescens and 10 M. bovis strains were examined for 12 antimicrobial agents. All isolates showed higher susceptibility to tiamulin than to the other drugs used in the study. However, erythromycin had no effect on any of the Mycoplasma strains studied. The field isolates were less susceptible than the type strains to some drugs, such as spiramycin, oxytetracycline and tylosin.
Spatial Relative Risk Mapping of Pseudorabies‐Seropositive Pig Herds in an Animal‐Dense Region
Authors: Berke O. , Grosse Beilage E. 
Published: August 2003

SummaryThis paper describes a new approach for spatial relative risk mapping as a tool for geographical risk assessment. The spatial epidemiological analysis is based on geographically referenced data about pseudorabies (Aujeszky's disease) virus infections at farm level in a region of high animal density in Germany at the beginning of the national eradication project. On the basis of serological findings 186 farms were classified as positive out of a total of 482 investigated farms listed in veterinary administrative registers. Geographical cluster analysis was used to identify two areas of high risk (RR = 2.4 and 3.3). Non‐parametric density estimation was used to estimate the proportion of infected farms per square kilometre. Furthermore, the spatial relative risk function was approximated through the prevalence ratio defined by the ratio of the local prevalence and the overall prevalence of the farms outside the cluster regions. The corresponding approximated relative risk map indicates and quantifies a clear spatial pattern of disease frequency.
Diagnosis of Porcine Proliferative Enteropathy: Detection of Lawsonia intracellularis by Pathological Examinations, Polymerase Chain Reaction and Cell Culture Inoculation
Authors: Dittmar M. , Hoelzle L. E. , Hoelzle K. , Sydler T. , Corboz L. , Miserez R. , Wittenbrink M. M. 
Published: August 2003

SummaryA total of 21 pigs aged 7–17 weeks with clinical symptoms suggestive for Porcine Proliferative Enteropathy were examined for Lawsonia intracellularis by analysing the following parameters: (i) intestinal gross and histological lesions, (ii) presence of comma‐shaped bacteria in enterocytes by Warthin–Starry and a modified Ziehl–Neelsen stain, (iii) PCR amplification of L. intracellularis DNA from intestinal mucosa by using two oligonucleotide primer pairs targeting a 255‐bp DNA fragment of the 16S rDNA‐gene and a 319‐bp DNA fragment of the L. intracellularis chromosome. Specificity of PCR reactions was confirmed by using DNA extracted from the L. intracellularis reference strain N343 (ATCC 55672) as well as by DNA sequence comparisons of PCR amplification products with data bank entries. Intestinal gross lesion indicative for PPE were observed in 20 pigs (95.2%). For all 21 pigs, the L. intracellularis aetiology was confirmed by histological as well as bacterioscopical examinations. Specific PCR amplification products were obtained from 20 pigs (95.2%). Taking PCR positivity as the definite criterion, L. intracellularis was diagnosed in 20 pigs from 11 herds in seven Swiss cantons (Argovia, Berne, Fribourg, Grisons, Lucerne, Schwyz, Thurgovia). To grow L. intracellularisin vitro, the cell culture method of Lawson et al. (J. Clin. Microbiol. 1993: 31, 1136–1142) was adopted. Inocula prepared from heavily infected fresh and frozen ileal mucosa of 15 pigs were cultured in rat enterocytic IEC‐18 cells (ATCC CRL 1589). Six cell culture passages of 10 days each were completed. The reference strain N343 was examined for cultivability, accordingly. Except for occasional specific PCR amplifications from cell cultures up to the second passage, any indications for growth of L. intracellularis in IEC‐18 cells were not found.
Osmosensitive properties of rapid and slow delayed rectifier K+ currents in guinea‐pig heart cells
Authors: Ogura Toshitsugu , Matsuda Hiroyuki , Shibamoto Toshishige , Imanishi Sunao 
Published: August 2003

Summary1. Changes in cell volume affect a variety of sarcolemmal transport processes in the heart. To study whether osmotically induced cell volume shrinkage has functional consequences for K+ channel activity, guinea‐pig cardiac preparations were superfused with hyperosmotic Tyrode's solution (1.2–2‐fold normal osmolality). Membrane currents and cell surface dimensions were measured from whole‐cell patch‐clamped ventricular myocytes and membrane potentials were recorded from isolated ventricular muscles and non‐patched myocytes.2. Hyperosmotic treatment of myocytes quickly (< 3 min to steady state) shrank cell volume (approximately 20% reduction in 1.5‐fold hyperosmotic solution) and depressed the delayed rectifier K+ current (IK). Analysis using different activation protocols and a selective inhibitor (5 µmol/L E4031) indicated that the IK inhibition was due to osmolality and cell volume‐dependent changes in the two subtypes of the classical cardiac IK (rapidly activating IKr and slowly activating IKs); 1.5‐fold hyperosmotic treatment depressed the amplitudes of IKr and IKs by approximately 30 and 50%, respectively.3. Superfusion of muscles and myocytes with 1.5‐fold hyperosmotic solution lengthened the action potentials by 14–17%. Hyperosmotic treatment also caused 6–7 mV hyperpolarization that is most likely due to a concentrating of intracellular K+.4. The inhibition of IK helps explain the lengthening of action potentials observed in osmotically stressed heart cells. These results, together with the reported IK stimulation by hyposmotic cell swelling, provide further support for cell volume‐sensitive properties of cardiac electrical activity.
Diethylenetriamine NITRIC oxide adduct relaxes precontracted mouse tracheal smooth muscle*
Authors: Lam Chen Fuh , Lan Rommel S , Van Heerden Peter V , Ilett Kenneth F , Henry Peter J 
Published: August 2003

Summary1. Inhaled diethylenetriamine nitric oxide adduct (DETA/NO) has been shown to be a selective pulmonary vasodilator in animal and human studies. The aims of the present study were to investigate the effect of DETA/NO on mouse precontracted isolated tracheal smooth muscle preparations and to determine the active component of this compound.2. Mouse isolated tracheal smooth muscle rings were precontracted with carbachol (10−7 mol/L). Changes in isometric tension were recorded after cumulative addition of DETA (30–300 µmol/L; n = 6), DETA/NO (30–300 µmol/L; n = 9) or diluent control (n = 3). In addition, some preparations (n = 5) were pretreated with the soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) inhibitor 1H‐[1,2,4]‐oxadiazolo[4,3,‐a]quinoxalin‐1‐one (ODQ; 30 µmol/L) before precontraction and exposure to DETA/NO.3. Addition of DETA/NO caused a concentration‐dependent relaxation of tracheal smooth muscle at 100 and 300 µmol/L, with an EC25%R of 109 µmol/L (95% confidence interval 72.6–164 µmol/L). The nucleophile amine carrier DETA had no effect on isometric tension. However, the relaxant effect of DETA/NO was completely abolished by pretreatment with ODQ.4. We conclude that DETA/NO induces a concentration‐dependent relaxation of mouse carbachol‐contracted isolated tracheal smooth muscle that is mediated by NO released from DETA/NO via the activation of sGC.
Intermittent hypobaric hypoxia increases the ability of neutrophils to generate superoxide anion in humans
Authors: Hitomi Y , Miyamura M , Mori S , Suzuki K , Kizaki T , Itoh C , Murakami K , Haga S , Ohno H 
Published: August 2003

Summary1. We investigated the effect of intermittent exposure to hypobaric hypoxia on the ability of neutrophils to generate ·O2–.2. Seven male volunteers were exposed intermittently to hypobaric hypoxia, equivalent to an altitude of 4500 m, for 7 successive days. Peripheral blood samples were collected before and after the 2 h course of hypobaric hypoxia on days 1 and 7 and neutrophils were subjected to a chemiluminescence assay for ·O2– production.3. On day 1, 2 h exposure to hypobaric hypoxia induced granulocytosis (P < 0.01), but the ability of neutrophils to generate ·O2– was unchanged.4. On day 7, such granulocytosis was not observed, suggesting acclimatization to hypobaric hypoxia.5. The ability of neutrophils to generate ·O2– was significantly increased on day 7 (P < 0.01), although there was no definite change in the mRNA expression of NADPH oxidase subunits in the cells.6. The results suggest that the ability of neutrophils to generate ·O2– may be gradually potentiated by intermittent exposure to hypobaric hypoxia, even after the number of neutrophils in peripheral blood stabilizes.
Approaches for introducing peptides into intact and functional arteriolar smooth muscle: manipulation of protein kinase‐based signalling‡
Authors:   Kay Richards,, Davis Michael J , Potocnik Simon J , Murphy Timothy V , Bishara Nour B , Rajanayagam MA Sharmini , Darby Ian A , Hill Michael A 
Published: August 2003

Summary1. An exact understanding of signal transduction pathways within intact and functional arteriolar smooth muscle is made difficult by limited access to the intracellular environment due to the cell membrane. The aim of the present studies was to determine the feasibility of using polycationic lipids and reverse permeabilization for the introduction of peptide inhibitors into smooth muscle cells of the intact arteriolar wall.2. Isolated cannulated arterioles were exposed to polycationic lipid preparations together with varying concentrations of the protein β‐galactosidase (30–90 µg/mL). Similar experiments were also performed using cultured smooth muscle cells. Staining for the chromogenic substrate of β‐galactosidase (5‐bromo‐4‐chloro‐3‐indolyl‐β‐d‐galactosidase; X‐gal) demonstrated incorporation of the protein into cultured cells but not intact arteriolar smooth muscle. Similarly, polycationic lipid treatment did not enable loading of arteriolar smooth muscle (as assessed by cAMP‐mediated vasodilation) with the protein kinase (PK) A inhibitory peptide PKI.3. In contrast, reverse permeabilization, using high ATP concentrations in the presence of EGTA enabled introduction of PKI and inhibition of forskolin‐mediated vasodilatation. Furthermore, arterioles maintained full viability following reverse permeabilization, as demonstrated by an ability to develop spontaneous myogenic tone.4. Reverse permeabilization provides a method for introducing peptide inhibitors into functional arteriolar smooth muscle and manipulating signal transduction. Protein transfection using polycationic lipids appears to be limited by the barrier provided by the adventitia or inherent differences between cells under cultured conditions compared within the intact arteriole.
P2Y receptor‐mediated enhancement of permeation requires Ca2+ signalling in vascular endothelial cells
Authors: Tanaka Naoko , Kawasaki Kumiko , Nejime Namie , Kubota Yoko , Takahashi Koichi , Hashimoto Michio , Kunitomo Masaru , Shinozuka Kazumasa 
Published: August 2003

Summary1. We investigated the effects of 2‐methylthioATP (2meS‐ATP; a P2Y receptor agonist) on the permeation of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)‐labelled dextran, transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and intracellular calcium levels ([Ca2+]i) in cultured endothelial cells isolated from the rat caudal artery.2. The cellular transport of FITC‐labelled dextran was enhanced and TEER of the endothelial monolayer was reduced by 2meS‐ATP. Both these effects were prevented by pyridoxalphosphate‐6‐azophenyl‐2′,4′‐disulphonic acid, a P2Y receptor antagonist, which also inhibited the increase in [Ca2+]i induced by 2meS‐ATP in endothelial cells.3. The increase in [Ca2+]i induced by 2meS‐ATP was inhibited by thapsigargin (a Ca2+ pump inhibitor) and by U‐73122 (a phospholipase C inhibitor).4. These findings suggested that activation of the P2Y receptor enhances the passage of material in the endothelium, which is associated with Ca2+ signalling in endothelial cells.
Oxidized low‐density lipoprotein inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor‐induced endothelial progenitor cell differentiation
Authors: Imanishi Toshio , Hano Takuzo , Matsuo Yoshiki , Nishio Ichiro 
Published: August 2003

Summary1. Bone marrow‐derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) in the peripheral blood of adult animals and humans have been shown to be incorporated into neovascularization. In contrast, hypercholesterolaemia impairs angiogenesis and collateral vessel formation in response to regional tissue ischaemia. We investigated whether oxidized LDL (oxLDL) affected human EPC differentiation.2. When isolated human mononuclear cells (MNC) were incubated with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), the number of differentiated, adherent EPC, as assessed by an in vitro culture assay, was increased in a dose‐dependent manner (P < 0.01). When MNC were incubated with oxLDL at 1, 5 and 10µg/mL in the presence of 100 ng/mL VEGF for 24 h, oxLDL dose‐dependently reduced the number of differentiated, adherent EPC.3. Vascular endothelial growth factor‐induced EPC differentiation was significantly inhibited by pharmacological phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase blockers (either 10 nmol/L wortmannin or 10 µmol/L LY294002). Interestingly, immunoblotting analysis revealed that oxLDL dose‐dependently led to dephosphorylation and, thus, deactivation of Akt in the presence of VEGF. Finally, these inhibitory effects induced by oxLDL were abolished by pretreatment with 1 µmol/L atorvastatin (P < 0.01).4. Our data indicate that oxLDL inhibits VEGF‐induced EPC differentiation through the dephosphorylation of Akt.
Effect of ATP on Ca2+ uptake in the presence of high glucose in renal proximal tubule cells
Authors: Han Ho Jae , Park Soo Hyun , Lee Yun Jung , Lee Jeong Chi , Lee Jang Hern 
Published: August 2003

Summary1. Calcium regulation has been reported to be associated with the development of diabetic nephropathy. Thus, changes in Ca2+ uptake induced by ATP, an important regulator of Ca2+ uptake, in the diabetic condition and related signal pathways were examined in primary cultures of rabbit renal proximal tubule cells (PTC).2. Under low (5 mmol/L) glucose conditions, 10−4 mol/L ATP inhibited Ca2+ uptake early on (< 30 min), whereas Ca2+ uptake was stimulated at later time points (> 2 h). However, under high (25 mmol/L) glucose conditions, ATP stimulated both the early and late uptake of Ca2+.3. The adenylate cyclase inhibitor SQ 22536, the protein kinase (PK) A inhibitor PKI amide 14–22, Rp‐cAMP, staurosporine, bisindolylmaleimide I and H‐7 (PKC inhibitors) blocked the change in ATP effect on Ca2+ uptake in the presence of 25 mmol/L glucose. However, none one of these drugs blocked the effect of ATP on Ca2+ uptake in the presence of 5 mmol/L.4. At 25 mmol/L, glucose increased cAMP content and PKC activity, whereas ATP had no effect on either parameter.5. In conclusion, high glucose levels alter ATP‐induced Ca2+ uptake via cAMP and PKC pathways in the PTC.
Oestrogen improves glucose metabolism and insulin signal transduction in HepG2 cells
Authors: Xie Ping , Liu Mei‐Lian , Gu Ya‐Peng , Lu Jin , Xu Xia , Zeng Wei‐Min , Song Hui‐Ping 
Published: August 2003

Summary1. Many clinical studies have suggested a relationship between oestrogen and insulin sensitivity. In the present study, HepG2 cells were divided into four groups: (i) control, incubated with 1 nmol/L insulin; (ii) the HI group, which was incubated with 100 nmol/L insulin to induce insulin resistance; (iii) the E2 group, in which control cells were incubated with 1 nmol/L insulin plus 1 nmol/L oestradiol; and (iv) the HI + E2 group, in which insulin‐resistant cells were incubated with 100 nmol/L insulin + 1 nmol/L oestradiol.2. A high concentration of insulin decreased the activity of phosphofructo‐1‐kinase (PFK), pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) and glycogen synthase (GS), as well as decreasing the expression of insulin receptor (IR) and insulin receptor substrate‐2 (IRS‐2). High insulin had no effect on glucose transport or the expression of insulin receptor‐1 (IRS‐1).3. The addition of oestradiol to control cells increased glucose transport, the activity of PFK, PDH and GS and the expression of IRS‐1 and IRS‐2, but had no effect on the expression of IR.4. Treatment of insulin‐resistant HepG2 cells with oestradiol attenuated HI‐induced decreases, except for IR, and the expression of IRS‐1 was significantly higher than control, attaining levels seen in group 3. The expression of IRS‐2 was significant higher than in insulin‐resistant cells, but did not reach control levels. Changes in the activity of PFK, PDH and GS were the same as the changes seen in the expression of IRS‐2.5. These results suggest that high concentrations of insulin induce insulin resistance in HepG2 cells, whereas oestradiol improves glucose metabolism and insulin signal transduction of cells by enhancing the activity of key enzymes involved in glucose metabolism and the expression of IRS‐1 and IRS‐2.
The unbearable whiteness of being (in nursing)
Authors: Puzan Elayne 
Published: August 2003

The unbearable whiteness of being (in nursing) My purpose in writing this paper is to uncover some of the ways in which nursing participates in, reproduces, and resists the detrimental practices associated with white cultural privilege and to share some instances of its personal and social costs. It draws upon the body of scholarship which interrogates racism as it is enacted through whiteness in North America. Whiteness is depicted not as a preordained biological property, but as a socially constructed category of race, wherein non‐white people are racially designated, while whites escape such designation and occupy positions which allow them to carry on as if what they say is neutral, rather than historically and ideologically situated. While the concept of whiteness may not have much resonance in nursing, it offers another way to talk about racism, one that does not stop with the scrutiny of the racialized Other. The presumed neutrality of whiteness has been institutionalized so that its authority to define knowledge, membership, and language, as well as its ability to stipulate and enforce the rules and regulations of everyday concourse and discourse within nursing is concealed.