bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polymerization of high‐solids‐content acrylic latexes using a nonionic polymerizable surfactant
Authors: Aramendia E. , Barandiaran M. J. , Grade J. , Blease T. , Asua J. M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractStable high‐solids‐content methyl methacrylate/butylacrylate latexes with small particle sizes (in the range of 150–180 nm) were obtained with a nonionic polymerizable surfactant (surfmer). Three percent of surfmer with respect to monomer was proven to be enough for the stabilization of the latexes. The influence of different operational variables on the stabilization of the final latex was analyzed, and the conditions needed to obtain coagulum‐free latex were assessed. The inorganic potassium persulfate/sodium metabisulfite initiator system provided better stability than the organictert‐butyl hydroperoxide/ascorbic acid as a result of the end groups. In addition, the feeding of acrylic acid during the second half of the polymerization improved the stability of the final latex. The reduction of the feeding time was effective in the stabilization. Proof of the surfmer incorporation into the particles is presented. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 1552–1559, 2002
Synthesis and proton conductivities of phosphonic acid containing poly‐(arylene ether)s
Authors: Meng Y. Z. , Tjong S. C. , Hay A. S. , Wang S. J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA novel phosphonic acid containing bisphenol was successfully synthesized from phenolphthalein and m‐aminophenylphosphonic acid. A series of homo‐ and copoly‐(arylene ether)s containing phosphonic acid groups were prepared by solution nucleophilic polycondensation. These phosphonic acid containing polymers can readily be dissolved in common organic solvents, such as dimethyl sulfoxide, N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone, and N‐cyclohexylpyrrolidinone, and can be cast into tough and smooth films. The presence of phosphonic acid pendants in the poly‐(arylene ether)s was confirmed by NMR, matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry, and conductivity measurements. This is the first report on the attachment of phenylphosphonic acid groups as side chains to aromatic polyethers. These poly‐(arylene ether)s had very high glass‐transition temperatures ranging from 254 to >315 °C and high molecular weights. The conductivities of the synthesized polymers were analyzed by the Cole–Cole method, and they ranged from 10−5 to 10−6 Scm−1. The synthesized polymers also exhibited good solution processability. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 3218–3226, 2001
Dimensions of branched polymers formed in simultaneous long‐chain branching and random scission
Authors: Tobita Hidetaka 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn free‐radical olefin polymerizations, the polymer‐transfer reactions could lead to chain scission as well as the formation of long‐chain branches. The Monte Carlo simulation for free‐radical polymerization that involves simultaneous long‐chain branching and random scission is used to investigate detailed branched structure. The relationship between the mean‐square radius of gyration 〈s2〉 and degree of polymerization P as well as that between the branching density and P is the same for both with and without random scission reactions—at least for smaller frequencies of scission reactions. The 〈s2〉 values were larger than those calculated from the Zimm–Stockmayer (Z‐S) equation in which random distribution of branch points is assumed, and therefore, the Z‐S equation may not be applied for low‐density polyethylenes. The elution curves of size exclusion chromatography were also simulated. The molecular weight distribution (MWD) calibrated relative to standard linear polymers is much narrower than the true MWD, and high molecular weight tails are clearly underestimated. A simplified method to estimate the true MWD from the calibrated MWD data is proposed. The MWD obtained with a light scattering photometer in which the absolute weight‐average molecular weight of polymers at each retention volume is determined directly is considered a reasonable estimate of the true MWD. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 39: 2960–2968, 2001
Free‐volume variation in polyethylenes of different crystallinities: Positron lifetime, density, and X‐ray studies
Authors: Dlubek G. , Stejny J. , Lüpke Th. , Bamford D. , Petters K. , Hübner Ch. , Alam M. A. , Hill M. J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractHigh‐quality positron lifetime measurements (70 million total counts) are reported for polyethylenes (PEs) of different crystallinities (Xc= 3–82%). The specific volumes of the crystalline and amorphous phases (VcandVa, respectively) were estimated from density and wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (WAXS) experiments. Some samples (those with low values ofXc) were branched PEs, and those with high values ofXcwere linear PEs for whichXcwas varied with changes in the crystallization temperature. BothVcandVaincrease with decreasingXcin the range 0% ≤Xc≤ 56% (the branched PEs) but are constant forXc≥ 56% (the linear PEs). The lifetime spectra were analyzed with the MELT and LIFSPECFIT routines. Artifacts that can appear in the spectrum analysis were checked via an analysis of computer‐generated spectra. Four lifetime components appeared in all of the PEs; the two long‐lived ones are attributed to pick‐off annihilation ofortho‐positronium (o‐Ps) in crystalline regions (τ3) and in holes of the amorphous phase (τ4). With increasingXc, τ3decreases from about 1.2 to 1 ns, τ4decreases from 3.0 to 2.5 ns, and the intensityI4decreases from 29 to 0%. An increase inI3from 6 to 12% was observed. A comparison with simulations shows that the trueI3value approaches 0 forXc→ 0%. The decrease inI4is weaker than the increase inXc; this leads to the conclusion that the apparent specifico‐Ps yield in the amorphous phaseI4Xcincreases withXc. Possible reasons for this surprising results are discussed. The fractional free hole volume [h= (Va−Vocc)/Va, whereVoccis the crystalline occupied volume] was estimated from density and WAXS results. BetweenXc= 0 and 56%,hdecreases from 0.151 to 0.090, but it does not change further aboveXc= 56%. The mean size (v) of the local free volumes (holes) estimated from τ4decreases from 200 to 150 Å3. The number density of holes (Nh) calculated from these values (Nh=h/v) also decreases from 0.8 to 0.6 nm−3in the range 0% ≤Xc≤ 56%. The values ofVa,Vc,h, andNhincrease with an increasing degree of branching but do not vary for linear PEs. The possible influence of a crystalline–amorphous interfacial phase (three‐phase model) on the observed lifetime parameters is also discussed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 65–81, 2002
Development of progressive pulmonary interstitial and intra‐alveolar cholesterol granulomas (PICG) associated with therapy‐resistant chronic systemic juvenile arthritis (CJA)
Authors: Schultz Rüdiger , Mattila Jorma , Gappa Monika , Verronen Paula 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA girl aged 5 years with therapy‐resistant chronic systemic juvenile arthritis (CJA) developed progressive fibrosing lung disease. Histology of an open lung biopsy revealed pulmonary interstitial and intra‐alveolar cholesterol granulomas (PICG).Since treatment with steroids and immunosupressive drugs did not prevent progression of lung fibrosis, an experimental treatment with a tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) antagonist etanercept was started. Although development of chronic changes in the lung parenchyma could not be prevented, this treatment brought considerable relief and markedly improved the child's physical capacity. By ruling out other causes for development of PICG, we concluded that the primary disease had caused the development of cholesterol granulomata by macrophage activation.We suggest, therefore, that a trial with etanercept in children with otherwise therapy‐resistant CJA should be considered, especially if pulmonary complications have developed. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2001; 32:397–402. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of the Bowman‐Birk inhibitor on growth, invasion, and clonogenic survival of human prostate epithelial cells and prostate cancer cells*
Authors: Kennedy Ann R. , Wan X. Steven 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe Bowman‐Birk inhibitor (BBI) is a soybean‐derived serine protease inhibitor with demonstrated anticarcinogenic activity in both in vitro and in vivo systems.METHODSThe effects of BBI and BBI Concentrate (BBIC), a soybean concentrate enriched in BBI, on cell growth, invasion, and/or survival were evaluated by the sulforhodamine B assay, a colony formation assay, the trypan blue dye exclusion assay and an in vitro invasion assay. The cells used in these studies were normal human prostate epithelial cells and prostate epithelial cell lines derived from embryonic prostate tissue (267B1) or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) tissue (BRF‐55T) and human prostate cancer cells established by Ki‐ras oncogene transfection of 267B1 cells (267B1/Ki‐ras) or from metastatic lesions of human prostate cancer (LNCaP and PC‐3).RESULTSBBIC had a statistically significant inhibitory effect on the growth and clonogenic survival of BRF‐55T, 267B1/Ki‐ras, LNCaP, and PC‐3 cells. BBI also inhibited the growth of LNCaP cells and the clonogenic survival of BRF‐55T and 267B1/Ki‐ras cells and decreased the ability of LNCaP cells to invade across reconstituted basement membrane (Matrigel) when PC‐3 cell‐conditioned medium was utilized as the chemoattractant. BBI or BBIC did not affect the growth of normal prostate epithelial cells.CONCLUSIONBBI and/or BBIC could be a useful agent for treatment of prostate diseases. Prostate 50: 125–133, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Worry and attitude of men in at‐risk families for prostate cancer about genetic susceptibility and genetic testing
Authors: Cormier Luc , Valéri Antoine , Azzouzi Rahmene , Fournier Georges , Cussenot Olivier , Berthon Philippe , Guillemin Francis , Mangin Philippe 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe aim of this study was to evaluate worry about genetic susceptibility and the attitude of men with family history of prostate cancer (CaP) toward genetic testing.METHODSThree hundred seventy‐five eligible first‐degree relatives (FDR) of men with CaP, were asked to participate in a screening and to fill out a survey covering the worry about genetic susceptibility and interest in genetic testing.RESULTSOf the 375 candidates contacted, 277 completed the survey, and had undergone PSA measurement. Sixty‐four percent worried a little or not at all about inherited predisposition to CaP, while the remainder worried a lot or extremely. The candidates who worried a lot or extremely were men with high levels of durable anxiety disposition (STAI trait), who had undergone a previous screening procedure and men with sons. Ninety‐eight percent of men expressed their interest in undergoing genetic testing. The most motivated candidates to have the test done were men with several relatives with CaP.CONCLUSIONSThe level of worry about genetic susceptibility was low and there was a concrete interest in genetic testing in FDR of men with CaP. This interest increased with the number of CaP in the family. Prostate 51: 276–285, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fast and accurate side‐chain topology and energy refinement (FASTER) as a new method for protein structure optimization
Authors: Desmet Johan , Spriet Jan , Lasters Ignace 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe have developed an original method for global optimization of protein side‐chain conformations, called the Fast and Accurate Side‐Chain Topology and Energy Refinement (FASTER) method. The method operates by systematically overcoming local minima of increasing order. Comparison of the FASTER results with those of the dead‐end elimination (DEE) algorithm showed that both methods produce nearly identical results, but the FASTER algorithm is 100–1000 times faster than the DEE method and scales in a stable and favorable way as a function of protein size. We also show that low‐order local minima may be almost as accurate as the global minimum when evaluated against experimentally determined structures. In addition, the new algorithm provides significant information about the conformational flexibility of individual side‐chains. We observed that strictly rigid side‐chains are concentrated mainly in the core of the protein, whereas highly flexible side‐chains are found almost exclusively among solvent‐oriented residues. Proteins 2002;48:31–43. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Crystal structure of a mutant human lysozyme with a substituted disulfide bond
Authors: Inaka Koji , Kanaya Eiko , Kikuchi Masakazu , Miki Kunio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe three‐dimensional structure of a mutant human lysozyme, W64CC65A, in which a non‐native disulfide bond Cys64Cys81 is substituted for the Cys65Cys81 of the wild type protein by replacing Trp64 and Cys65 with Cys and Ala, respectively, was determined by X‐ray crystallography and refined to an R‐value of 0.181, using 33,187 reflections at 1.87‐Å resolution. The refined model of the W64CC65A protein consisted of four molecules, which were related by two noncrystallographic twofold axes and a translation vector. Although no specific structural differences could be observed among these four molecules, the overall B‐factors of each molecule were quite different. The overall structure of W64CC65A, especially in the α‐helical domain, was found to be quite similar to that of the wild type protein. Moreover, the side‐chain conformation of the newly formed Cys64Cys81 bond was quite similar to that of the Cys65Cys81 bond of the wild‐type protein. However, in the β‐sheet domain, the main‐chain atoms of the loop region from positions 66–75 could not be determined, and significant structural changes due to the formation of the non‐native disulfide bond could be observed. From these results, it is clear that the loop region of the mutant protein does not fold with the specific folding as observed in the wild‐type protein. Proteins 2001;43:413–419. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Contact and fumigant activities of constituents of Foeniculum vulgare fruit against three coleopteran stored‐product insects
Authors: Kim Do‐Hyoung , Ahn Young‐Joon 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe insecticidal activities of materials derived from the fruit of fennel, Foeniculum vulgare, against adults of Sitophilus oryzae, Callosobruchus chinensis and Lasioderma serricorne were examined using direct contact application and fumigation methods. The biologically active constituents of the Foeniculum fruits were characterized as the phenylpropenes (E)‐anethole and estragole, and the monoterpene (+)‐fenchone, by spectroscopic analysis. Responses varied with insect species, compound, dose and exposure time. In a filter paper diffusion test, estragole at 0.168 mg cm−2 caused 91% mortality to S oryzae adults within 1 day after treatment (DAT), whereas (+)‐fenchone and (E)‐anethole gave over 90% mortality at 2 and 4 DAT, respectively. Against C chinensis adults, all test compounds revealed potent insecticidal activities at 0.021 mg cm−2 at 2 DAT. Against L serricorne adults at 0.105 mg cm−2, (E)‐anethole gave 100% mortality at 1 DAT, whereas 90 and 60% mortality at 4 DAT was achieved with estragole and (+)‐fenchone, respectively. In a fumigation test, the test compounds were much more effective against adults of S oryzae, C chinensis and L serricorne in closed cups than in open ones, indicating that the insecticidal activity of test compounds was largely attributable to fumigant action. As naturally occurring insect‐control agents, the F vulgare fruit‐derived materials described could be useful for managing field populations of S oryzae, C chinensis and L serricorne. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Evaluation of medium treatments for management of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thripidae: Thysanoptera) and Bradysia coprophila (Diptera: Sciaridae)
Authors: Ludwig Scott W , Oetting Ronald D 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTwo greenhouse experiments, each comprising two trials, were conducted to evaluate medium drenches of insect growth regulators and conventional insecticides to reduce emergence of adult western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), and fungus gnats, Bradysia coprophila (Lintner) from the medium. In the insect growth regulator trials, diflubenzuron and pyriproxyfen provided the greatest reduction in thrips emergence, and fenoxycarb, pyriproxyfen and azadirachtin resulted in the most significant reduction of fungus gnat emergence. Treatments with the contact insecticides, methiocarb and chlorpyrifos, resulted in the greatest reduction of thrips and fungus gnat populations. These data suggest that fungus gnats are susceptible to many compounds used in commercial greenhouse production. Even though medium drenches are not currently used for thrips management, drenches with diflubenzuron, pyriproxyfen, methiocarb and chlorpyrifos could aid in reducing thrips populations in greenhouse management programs.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Temporal, environmental and management factors influencing the epidemiological patterns of sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) infestations on farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Scotland
Authors: Revie Crawford W , Gettinby George , Treasurer James W , Rae Gordon H , Clark Norman 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn association with industry, an extensive database has been established on measurements of sea louse counts on farmed Atlantic salmon for the years 1996 to 2000 from 33 Scottish fish farms. These data include extensive counts on the sea louse species, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, at various stages of the life cycle and in particular the chalimus and mobile stages. There has been considerable speculation as to what factors might affect the abundance of sea lice, much of which is based on limited evidence. Our analyses show that there is tremendous variation in sea louse infestation patterns from year to year, whereas stock type, geographical region and coastal exposure do not appear to affect mean levels of abundance. In contrast, treatments lead to pronounced cycles of sea louse infestation with peaks and troughs at 3‐week intervals, and these interventions are important if the sea louse levels on fish are to be controlled. There was no evidence of water temperature affecting the mean annual abundance of sea louse infestation.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis, conformational analysis and biological activities of lanthionine analogs of a cell adhesion modulator
Authors: Li Haitao , Jiang Xiaohui , Goodman Murray 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCell adhesion is critical for many biological processes, such as hemostasis, wound healing, tumor metastasis and inflammation. Integrins are important mediators of cell adhesion. The integrin α4β1, also known as VLA‐4, is a cell surface receptor involved in inflammation. A cyclic peptide, 1‐FCA‐Arg‐c[Cys‐Asp‐Thz‐Cys]‐OH, is a potent antagonist to VLA‐4 with an IC50 of 2.4 n𝓂. In the current study, we synthesized the lanthionine analogs of 1‐FCA‐Arg‐c[Cys‐Asp‐Thz‐Cys]‐OH and determined the conformations of both the parent compound and its lanthionine analog in solution by NMR and computer simulations. The lanthionine analog retains its selectivity to VLA‐4 with high nanomolar potency. Both molecules adopt similar topological arrangements in their conformations, while some important differences remain in the sulfur bridge region, which may cause the difference in potency. Copyright © 2001 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antioxidant capacities of ten edible North American plants
Authors: Acuña Ulyana Muñoz , Atha Daniel E. , Ma Jun , Nee Michael H. , Kennelly Edward J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe EtOAc extract obtained from ten edible North American plants, Acorus calamus, Clintonia borealis, Gaultheria shallon, Juniperus osteosperma, Opuntia polyacantha, Prunus americana, Prunus virginiana, Sambucus cerulea, Sorbus americana and Vaccinium parvifolium, were tested in the 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical assay. High antioxidant activity was obtained from the extracts of three fruits, Gaultheria shallon, Sambucus cerulea and Prunus americana and one extracted rhizome, Acorus calamus. Catechin and epicatechin, potent polyphenolic antioxidants, were identified in the EtOAc extracts of Gaultheria shallon and Sambucus cerulea by reversed‐phase thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) and reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predicting and determining the bending stiffness of thin films and laminates
Authors: Wyser Y. , Pelletier C. , Lange J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThree different techniques for experimentally determining the bending stiffness of flexible films and laminates have been evaluated using a number of different packaging materials. The results showed that a cantilever test was the best, giving reliable data for all kinds of films and laminates. A three‐point bending test proved to be sensitive to misalignment, whereas a bending‐under‐own‐weight test was incapable of handling curled samples and generally gave lower stiffness values. A model for predicting the bending stiffness of multilayer laminates from the elastic modulus of the constituents was developed and used to examine the influence of layer position and composition on the overall bending stiffness. Model calculations showed that thin layers, such as adhesives, print and barrier coatings, can have a large influence on the bending stiffness and that the influence often goes against what would be intuitively expected. The calculations also showed that layer modulus often is less important than layer thickness and that the position of the layer in the laminate can have a major influence on the overall stiffness. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theoretical ab initio study of NO and CO depollution reaction catalyzed by copper
Authors: Bouhlel O. , Zina M. , Boughdiri S. , Tangour B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe reaction between NO and CO leading to N2 and CO2 is the most studied depollution process of the former molecules. An ab initio study of a multistage mechanism of this reaction catalyzed by copper was performed at SCF level. Many intermediates intervene in the proposed mechanism, such as CuCO, CuNO, CuO, and NCO. Geometrical parameters, atomic charge, dipole moment, vibrational normal mode wave number, and dissociation energy of intervening molecules were calculated. Thermochemistry parameters (ΔH, ΔG, ΔS) were also obtained. Transition state has also been determined and has allowed us to discuss the reaction mechanism. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2001
Phosphopeptide analysis by positive and negative ion matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Janek Katharina , Wenschuh Holger , Bienert Michael , Krause Eberhard 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis article describes a simple procedure for the detection of phosphorylated peptides by comparable positive and negative ion mode matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry measurements. Based on studies with phosphorylated peptides (EAIXAAPFAK, X = pS, pT, pY) and their corresponding non‐phosphorylated analogs, it was found that phosphopeptides, which are characterized by a low ionization efficiency in the positive ion mode, exhibit drastically increased signal intensities in the negative ion mode compared to their non‐phosphorylated analogs. The effect was successfully used to identify phosphorylated sequences of the commonly used phosphoprotein standards, protein kinase A and β‐casein, by peptide mass fingerprint analyses of the corresponding Lys C and trypsin digests using both (positive and negative) ion modes. The comparison of positive and negative ion spectra of a given protein digest (relative intensity[M − H]−/relative intensity[M + H]+) can be used to identify any phosphopeptides present which may then be separated and analyzed further. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.