bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Main Patterns of Employment Change at the Global Level
Authors: Torrejón Pérez Sergio , Fernández-Macías Enrique , Hurley John 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the main findings of the book, focusing first on variations in employment trends across countries and periods. We identify job upgrading and polarization as the primary patterns of employment restructuring. Our analysis of 17 countries reveals that occupational upgrading has been the dominant trend in the early twenty-first century, with notable instances of job polarization primarily occurring in France, the US and South Korea. These findings align with recent sociological literature while challenging economic perspectives that emphasize widespread job polarization. Factors such as technological advancements, educational attainment, deagrarianization and tertiarization are significant drivers of these patterns, though country-specific elements like institutional settings and socio-demographic changes also play crucial roles. Secondly, regarding trends by gender, we highlight a global shift towards feminization and increased female participation in the labour market, which has generally led to occupational upgrading for women. However, exceptions exist where feminization aligns with job polarization, particularly in countries such as the US, South Korea and France. Finally, sectoral employment shifts indicate that private services have been the primary driver of job growth, followed by public services. While private services tend to grow in a polarized manner, public services generally promote job upgrading. South Korea is notable exception in this regard for its high proportion of low-paid public service jobs. This comprehensive overview underscores the complex interplay of global, national and sectoral factors in shaping employment patterns worldwide, although some common trends are found.
The Debate: Context and Literature Review
Authors: Fernández-Macías Enrique , Torrejón Pérez Sergio , Hurley John , Staffa Elisa 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
In this chapter, we review the specialized literature and identify the key factors influencing employment structures over the past few decades. We examine the impacts of globalization and international trade, deindustrialization, tertiarization, deagrarianization, technological change, population ageing, migration, shifts in gender relations and female labour market participation, economic and employment policies, consumption spillovers and cyclical economic developments. For each factor, we explore how it may affect employment and discuss the surrounding debates regarding its potential impacts. Also, we review the evidence and theories of occupational change, analysing the main findings (such as prevailing patterns of change in different places) and the drivers and hypotheses proposed as explanations. The aim of this chapter is to establish a theoretical and conceptual framework for the subsequent analytical chapters, providing a toolkit to interpret subsequent findings.
Imaging of Chest Trauma
Authors: Nguyen-Kim Thi Dan Linh 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Thoracic trauma is a significant concern in emergency medicine, encompassing a wide array of injuries to the chest wall, lungs, heart, and major vessels. These injuries often result from incidents such as motor vehicle collisions, falls, or penetrating wounds, leading to complications like aortic injury, cardiac trauma, or pulmonary contusions. Timely recognition and effective management are crucial for improving patient outcomes in these cases.
Recent advancements in diagnostic imaging, particularly MDCT, have enhanced the ability to detect thoracic injuries accurately and efficiently. Minimally invasive techniques have also evolved, providing new treatment options that can reduce recovery times and associated risks. Despite these developments, the complexity of thoracic trauma continues to present challenges, requiring a multidisciplinary approach and careful consideration of each patient’s unique circumstances.
This chapter offers a comprehensive exploration of thoracic trauma, examining the mechanisms of injury, clinical presentations, and current strategies for diagnosis and management. Each section delves into specific types of injuries—including acute traumatic aortic injury, pneumothorax, and chest wall trauma—highlighting the importance of precise diagnostics and collaborative care. By understanding these critical aspects, readers will gain valuable insights into the effective treatment of thoracic injuries and the ongoing advancements shaping trauma care today.
Micronodular Lung Disease
Authors: Gruden James F. , Steinberger Sharon , Green Daniel B. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Accurate CT evaluation of micronodular lung disease requires accurate nodule localization based on the underlying anatomy of the lungs at the level of both the secondary pulmonary lobule (SPL) and pulmonary interstitium. Identifying each specific micronodule distribution leads to a unique set of differential diagnoses and may prompt specific, focused clinical evaluation.
Endovascular Aortic Repair: What the Interventionalist Needs to Know from the Radiologist
Authors: Chang De-Hua 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the essential imaging assessments required for endovascular aortic repair, emphasizing the critical role of radiology in pre-procedural planning and post-procedural surveillance. The discussion covers essential anatomical factors, including proximal and distal landing zones, aneurysm morphology, and vascular access, along with the use of advanced imaging for accurate diagnosis and complication management. Radiologists play a pivotal role in detecting and addressing issues like endoleaks, graft migration, and structural failures, ensuring the long-term success of these interventions.
Cardiac CT: Coronary, Valves, and Function
Authors: Nils Planken R. , Verpalen Victor , Hoek Roel , Jukema Ruurt , Hallett Richard L. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Cardiac computed tomography (CT) has become an essential tool in routine clinical practice. This chapter reviews the present role of cardiac CT in key applications, including diagnosing coronary artery disease (CAD) and evaluating heart valve function, heart valve thrombosis, and infection as well as assessment of cardiac function and morphology. This chapter also highlights the role of cardiac CT for pre-procedural planning for structural heart procedures.
Key takeaways include the recommendation of coronary CTA as a first-line diagnostic tool for stable CAD, the importance of CT in pre-procedural planning for TAVI, and the modality’s effectiveness in evaluating heart valve morphology and function. The chapter also underscores CT’s role in diagnosing infective endocarditis and its complementary use in assessing prosthetic heart valve dysfunction.
This chapter affirms cardiac CT’s expanding role in cardiovascular care, driven by technological advancements and its ability to provide detailed anatomical and functional insights critical for both diagnosis and treatment planning.
Cardiac MR for the Noncardiac Radiologist
Authors: Cummings Kristopher W. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Cardiac MR has emerged as a powerful tool in the evaluation and management of many cardiovascular diseases. As a result, incremental information provided by MR is increasingly incorporated into consensus diagnostic and management algorithms endorsed by major subspecialties. Therefore, it is important that the imager have a strong understanding of the fundamental components of a cardiac MR examination, familiarity with the more common indications for referral, and the important MR-specific imaging findings that impact patient care. Overall, cardiomyopathies are the most common reason cardiac MR is requested and, thus, the most common ischemic and nonischemic etiologies will be reviewed.
Mastering Mediastinal Imaging: Tips, Tricks, and Key Diagnoses
Authors: Goldin Jonathan 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Imaging plays a pivotal role in diagnosing, managing, and monitoring mediastinal and hilar diseases, which encompass a diverse range of benign, malignant, infectious, and inflammatory conditions. These diseases are localized within the complex mediastinum, which is anatomically divided into prevascular, visceral, and paravertebral compartments. Each compartment is associated with specific pathologies, enabling imaging-based localization to narrow differential diagnoses and guide clinical management. This review explores the imaging features, clinical presentations, and implications for the eight most common mediastinal and hilar diseases: mediastinal and hilar lymphadenopathy, thymoma, bronchogenic cyst, neurogenic tumor, substernal thyroid goiter, lymphoma, teratoma, and sarcoidosis.
Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are the primary modalities for characterizing these conditions, while positron emission tomography (PET) aids in assessing metabolic activity, particularly in malignancies and active inflammation. Key imaging features such as location, attenuation, calcifications, enhancement patterns, and metabolic activity inform differential diagnoses and management decisions. Clinical implications include determining disease extent, staging malignancies, planning surgical interventions, and guiding biopsies. Understanding the characteristic imaging patterns and their clinical correlations is essential for radiologists and referring physicians to optimize patient care in these complex and often overlapping conditions. This review provides practical insights and imaging pearls to improve diagnostic accuracy and treatment planning for these diseases.
Pediatric and Adolescent Lung Diseases
Authors: Rajderkar Dhanashree , Masand Prakash M. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Pediatric and adolescent lung disorders are characterized under different categories including congenital, infectious, inflammatory, and diseases associated with chromosomal abnormalities or systemic disorders. The pulmonary diseases are also based on the anatomy and are associated with airways, parenchyma/alveoli, interstitium, lymphatics, and vessels. The imaging characteristics pertaining to various diseases are included in this chapter.
Current Concepts in the Diagnosis and Staging of Lung Cancer
Authors: Klein Jeffrey 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Diagnostic imaging plays a central role in the evaluation and management of patients with lung cancer. This ranges from screening high-risk current or former smokers with low-dose CT, interpreting imaging studies performed for chest or systemic symptoms showing suspicious abnormalities, the incidental detection of findings in asymptomatic patients that are concerning for lung cancer, providing a clinical stage of disease to help direct diagnostic biopsy, guiding disease management, and assessing the patient’s response to or detecting the complications of treatment. This chapter begins with a brief review of the epidemiology, risk factors, and pathology of lung cancer, and describes the most common presenting symptoms and their correlative imaging findings that tend to differ based on tumor histology. Common radiographic and CT findings associated with lung cancer are detailed, followed by a description of the TNM classification system used to determine the clinical stage of disease that helps direct diagnostic biopsy and determine appropriate treatment options and disease prognosis. The recent ninth edition of the TNM system and the changes to the nodal and metastatic disease characterization are highlighted. The staging groups for lung cancer that range from stage I (solitary pulmonary nodules) to stage IV (metastatic disease) are summarized.
General Aspects of Jackson Calculus in Clifford Analysis
Authors: Zimmermann Martha Lina , Bernstein Swanhild , Schneider Baruch 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
We consider an extension of Jackson calculus into higher dimensions and specifically into Clifford analysis for the case of commuting variables. In this case, Dirac is the operator of the first q-partial derivatives (or q-differences)

$${_{q}}\mathbf {\mathcal {D}}= \sum _{i=1}^n e_i\,{_{q}}\partial _i$$

q

D
=

∑

i
=
1

n

e
i

q

∂
i

, where

$${_{q}}\partial _i$$

q

∂
i

denotes the q-partial derivative with respect to

$$x_i$$

x
i

. This Dirac operator factorizes the q-deformed Laplace operator. Similar to the case of classical Clifford analysis, we then consider the q-deformed Euler and Gamma operators and their relations to each other. Nullsolutions of this q-Dirac equation are called q-monogenic. Using the Fischer decomposition, we can decompose the space of homogeneous polynomials into spaces of q-monogenic polynomials. Using the q-deformed Cauchy–Kovalevskaya extension theorem, we can construct q-monogenic functions. Overall, we show the analogies and the differences between classical Clifford and Jackson-Clifford analysis. In particular, q-monogenic functions need not be monogenic and vice versa.
Llama 3.1 405B Is Comparable to GPT-4 for Extraction of Data from Thrombectomy Reports—A Step Towards Secure Data Extraction
Authors: Lehnen Nils C. , Kürsch Johannes , Wichtmann Barbara D. , Wolter Moritz , Bendella Zeynep , Bode Felix J. , Zimmermann Hanna , Radbruch Alexander , Vollmuth Philipp , Dorn Franziska 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Purpose
GPT‑4 has been shown to correctly extract procedural details from free-text reports on mechanical thrombectomy. However, GPT may not be suitable for analyzing reports containing personal data. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of the large language models (LLM) Llama3.1 405B, Llama3 70B, Llama3 8B, and Mixtral 8X7B, that can be operated offline, to extract procedural details from free-text reports on mechanical thrombectomies.

Methods
Free-text reports on mechanical thrombectomy from two institutions were included. A detailed prompt was used in German and English languages. The ability of the LLMs to extract procedural data was compared to GPT‑4 using McNemar’s test. The manual data entries made by an interventional neuroradiologist served as the reference standard.

Results
100 reports from institution 1 (mean age 74.7 ± 13.2 years; 53 females) and 30 reports from institution 2 (mean age 72.7 ± 13.5 years; 18 males) were included. Llama 3.1 405B extracted 2619 of 2800 data points correctly (93.5% [95%CI: 92.6%, 94.4%], p = 0.39 vs. GPT-4). Llama3 70B with the English prompt extracted 2537 data points correctly (90.6% [95%CI: 89.5%, 91.7%], p < 0.001 vs. GPT-4), and 2471 (88.2% [95%CI: 87.0%, 89.4%], p < 0.001 vs. GPT-4) with the German prompt. Llama 3 8B extracted 2314 data points correctly (86.1% [95%CI: 84.8%, 87.4%], p < 0.001 vs. GPT-4), and Mixtral 8X7B extracted 2411 (86.1% [95%CI: 84.8%, 87.4%], p < 0.001 vs. GPT-4) correctly.

Conclusion
Llama 3.1 405B was equal to GPT‑4 for data extraction from free-text reports on mechanical thrombectomies and may represent a data secure alternative, when operated locally.
Multiple cryptic lineages and restricted gene flow in the decorator worm Diopatra Cuprea
Authors: Ziegler Adam J. , Bell Tina M. , Berke Sarah K. , Strand Allan E. , Sotka Erik E. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The decorator worm Diopatra cuprea Bosc, 1802 (Annelid; Polycheate; Onuphidae) is an ecosystem engineer within high-salinity estuaries of the southern and eastern United States. A previous study revealed five morphologically cryptic mitochondrial lineages across its broad geographic distribution. Here, we explore mitonuclear concordance of these lineages using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) genotyped with RADseq. We genotyped 3,162 SNPs from 233 D. cuprea and detected four deep lineages in the nuclear genome: a northern US clade (Massachusetts), a single nuclear clade within mid-Atlantic populations (i.e., Virginia south through northeastern Florida), a southeastern Florida clade, and a Gulf of Mexico clade. There was mitonuclear concordance within most individuals for three lineages, while two mitochondrial lineages were detected in a single mid-Atlantic nuclear lineage. Thus, there appear to be four cryptic lineages of D. cuprea that suggest four distinct species that rarely hybridize. Within the mid-Atlantic lineage, we detected increasing genetic isolation of populations with increasing geographic distance, a pattern consistent with low dispersal of D. cuprea larvae. Cryptic diversity within the D. cuprea complex is consistent with other common and geographically widespread annelid and Diopatra species that are now being revealed using high-throughput sequencing.
Model-informed development of a cost-saving dosing regimen for enfortumab vedotin
Authors: Op ’t Hoog Catharina JP , Rieborn Amy , Moes Dirk Jan AR , Hendrikx Jeroen JMA , van der Heijden Michiel S. , Franken Mira D. , van der Hulle Tom , van Kruchten Michel , Willemsen Annelieke ECAB , Koolen Stijn LW , Boerrigter Emmy , ter Heine Rob 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Aim
Enfortumab vedotin is an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) that has been approved for locally advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer, as monotherapy and in combination with pembrolizumab, and has shown significant benefit in progression-free survival and overall survival for these patients. The economic burden of enfortumab vedotin hampers widespread patient access. The aim of this study was to develop a model-informed alternative dosing regimen that results in equivalent drug exposure while reducing the costs and prevent drug spillage.

Methods
Population pharmacokinetic modelling was used to simulate a dosing regimen leading to equivalent exposure by using the published population pharmacokinetic model in the registration reports. The alternative dosing regimen was based on weight-bands derived from the established non-linear relationship between body weight and systemic exposure, and the usage of whole vials based on fixed doses to prevent spillage. Equivalent exposure compared to the approved body weight-based dosing regimen was defined as conservative equivalent boundaries of 90–111% for the calculated geometric mean ratios (GMRs) of area under the concentration-time curve and trough concentration.

Results
A weight-band based dosing regimen for each dose level of enfortumab vedotin was developed. The GMRs for all pharmacokinetic outcomes were within the predefined equivalence boundaries. In addition, a more even exposure distribution was observed across the body weight quartiles. The average costs savings across all dose levels and per weight-band were approximately 15%.

Conclusion
The proposed alternative dosing regimen shows that drug costs and spillage of enfortumab vedotin can be reduced while maintaining an equivalent and more evenly distributed exposure in treated patients.
New experimental constraints on seismic velocities and densities across the $$\alpha $$–$$\beta $$ quartz transition at deep crustal conditions
Authors: Mingardi Giulia , Gasc Julien , Ardit Matteo , Angel Ross J. , Crichton Wilson A. , Druzhbin Dmitrii , Aubry Jerome , Schubnel Alexandre , Alvaro Matteo 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
At the pressure and temperature conditions of the lower crust, quartz undergoes a displacive phase transition from a trigonal (
$$\alpha $$
) to a hexagonal phase (
$$\beta $$
). At room pressure, the
$$\alpha $$
–
$$\beta $$
quartz transition occurs at 574.1 °C and it is associated with large changes in the thermodynamic and elastic properties. For that reason, it is interpreted as the cause of significant seismic velocity contrasts in the crust seen by seismic tomography. Existing thermodynamic models and Equations of State (EoS) of quartz are mostly constrained by data collected at room pressure (or at high pressure and room temperature). In this work we characterized the
$$\alpha $$
–
$$\beta $$
quartz transition experimentally at simultaneous HP–HT conditions using synchrotron X-ray diffraction and acoustic measurements, and derived values of
$$V_p$$
,
$$V_s$$
, the adiabatic bulk modulus (
$$K_s$$
) and the shear modulus (G). The data collected in the
$$\alpha $$
field agree with the models from the literature, so entrapment pressures of
$$\alpha $$
-quartz inclusions calculated via elastic barometry with these EoS should be reliable. However, our measured
$$V_p$$
,
$$V_s$$
, and
$$K_s$$
are significantly lower than those predicted for
$$\beta $$
-quartz. Whatever the cause of this discrepancy, interpretations of seismic data in terms of the properties of
$$\beta $$
-quartz in the lower crust and calculations of entrapment conditions of quartz inclusions in the stability field of
$$\beta $$
-quartz should be treated with caution.
Death and diminishment: parasitoid flies (Diptera: Conopidae) reduce foraging efficiency before killing their bumblebee host
Authors: Roulston T’ai H. , Larsen Anne , Slatosky Amber D. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Host–parasitoid interactions typically result in either a dead parasitoid or a dead host. Understanding the effects of parasitoid success on a host can be estimated primarily as how much an early death curtails host reproduction. When parasitoids attack the nonreproductive caste of social insects, however, the effects are not the reduced reproduction of the host but rather the sum reduction in host contributions to its colony. In addition to the loss of host workdays due to premature death, there is potential for additional cost through reduction in foraging efficiency as the infection develops. To better understand these pre-lethal effects, we allowed conopid parasitoid flies (Conopidae) to infect workers from a colony of the bumblebee Bombus impatiens (Apidae) in the lab and then moved the colony to an outdoor location. Bumblebee foragers were monitored using RFID technology and an automated analytical balance positioned between the colony and the outside environment. We found that infected bumblebees foraged similarly to uninfected workers halfway through their fatal infections. Starting at day 6–7, however, infected bees took fewer trips per day, which resulted in a significant reduction in resources returned to the colony over the last 3 days of the experiment. Both infected and uninfected bees were likely to remain out of the colony at night after their fourth day foraging, but infected bees started staying out sooner. These pre-lethal effects of a developing parasitoid add to the negative effects of a shortened lifespan on host contribution to its colony.
Kidney involvement during the course of febrile urinary tract infection
Authors: Pietropaolo Gaia , Di Sessa Anna , Tirelli Paola , Miraglia del Giudice Emanuele , Guarino Stefano , Marzuillo Pierluigi 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Febrile urinary tract infections (fUTIs) are among the most common severe infections in the pediatric population, posing a significant risk to kidney health. The pathophysiology of fUTIs involves the direct bacterial invasion of kidney tissue, which triggers an inflammatory response. While this response is effective in eradicating the infection, it can also cause substantial kidney damage at multiple levels. In this review, we explore the various forms of kidney involvement in fUTIs, along with their clinical, radiological, and biochemical presentations. We also discuss the implications of these events for the long-term prognosis of kidney function. Understanding these manifestations can assist clinicians in making prompt diagnoses and initiating appropriate treatment to minimize complications such as sepsis, kidney scarring, and long-term kidney damage.

Graphical Abstract