bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deformation behavior of thin, compliant layers under tensile loading conditions
Authors: Shull Kenneth R. , Creton Costantino 
Published: September 2004

AbstractIn this article, a connection is made between the behavior of thin layers of Newtonian liquids under tensile loading conditions and the behavior of highly deformable elastic or viscoelastic solids, which are more commonly used as adhesives. The behavior of Newtonian liquids is understood in the most quantitative detail and serves as a starting point for understanding the origins of fingering and cavitation instabilities that appear when the tensile deformation rates applied to these layers are sufficiently large. Similar instabilities appear in solid systems and can be attributed to common features of the stress distribution for incompressible liquids and solids. A unifying treatment is presented that can be used to understand the overall deformation behavior and adhesive performance of a wide variety of solid and liquid systems that are typically applied as thin layers. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 4023–4043, 2004
Rettungsboote werden nicht im Sturm gebaut: Risk Handling Advice — Eine gesetzliche Auflage wird zum zentralen Element der Unternehmenssteuerung
Authors: Herold Bodo 
Published: September 2004

Abstract„Die Welt ist riskanter geworden”︁ schrieb die FAZ am 19. 02. 2004 — unter anderem durch den neuen Terrorismus, die immer schnellere Technisierung, den Zwang zu kurzfristigem Erfolg, den Spagat der Unternehmensziele zwischen Umsatz‐ und Gewinnsteigerung und schließlich die Irrationalität der Börse.
Der Blick über die Grenzen lohnt — Management von Währungsrisiken bei unsicheren Cashflows
Authors: Wiedemann Arnd , Hager Peter 
Published: September 2004

AbstractIm Währungsmanagement werden zahlreiche Derivate und Optionsstrategien angeboten, deren Weiterentwicklung sich Banken mit Faszination widmen. Damit rückt die Steuerung einer Risiko‐Position in den Vordergrund, deren Messung häufig noch nicht vollständig erfolgt. Eine effiziente Steuerung ist so kaum möglich. Der vorliegende Beitrag widmet sich der Messung von Cashflow‐ und Value‐Exposures bei Unsicherheit über die zukünftige Umsatzentwicklung.
Sprachrohr für Risikomanager
Authors: Sieler Carina , Rauchhaus Rolf 
Published: September 2004

AbstractSeit Inkrafttreten des KonTraG im Mai 1998 sind Kapitalgesellschaften verpflichtet, ihren (Konzern‐)Lagebericht um eine Berichterstattung über die Risiken der künftigen Entwicklung zu erweitern (vgl. §§ 289 (1), 315 (1) HGB). Die Stichhaltigkeit der Darstellung ist zudem vom Abschlussprüfer zu testieren (vgl. § 317 (2) HGB).Da der Lagebericht selbst — zusammen mit Bilanz, Gewinn‐ und Verlustrechung und Anhang — notwendiger Bestandteil des Jahresabschlusses großer Kapitalgesellschaften ist (vgl. § 264 (1) HGB), wird damit auch der Risiko‐Bericht implizit zu einem wichtigen Bestandteil des externen Financial Reporting. In dieser Eigenschaft gewinnt das Risiko‐Reporting immer größere Bedeutung. Analysten, institutionelle Investoren und Rating‐Agenturen fordern höhere Risiko‐Transparenz und honorieren verlässliche Risiko‐Informationen zunehmend durch entsprechend geringere Risiko‐Zuschläge auf ihren Kapitalverzinsungsanspruch.
Ölpest
Authors: Erben Roland Franz 
Published: September 2004

AbstractDie Metallgesellschaft wurde 1881 gegründet und konzentrierte sich zunächst auf den Metallhandel. Doch sehr rasch entwickelte sich das Unternehmen zu einem erfolgreichen Bergbau‐ und Rohstoff‐Konzern. Im Jahr 1993 ist das breit diversifizierte Unternehmen mit 746 Firmen in zwölf Geschäftsfeldern tätig, die Schwerpunkte in den Bereichen Handel, Maschinenbau und Chemie. Die Metallgesellschaft gehört zu den Top 20 der deutschen Industrie, ihr Börsenwert beträgt etwa 1, 9 Milliarden Euro. Am 17. Dezember 1993 werden der Vorstandsvorsitzende, Heinz Schimmelbusch, sowie vier weitere Vorstände entlassen. Zuvor war bekannt geworden, dass der Frankfurter Konzern bei missglückten Spekulationen auf dem Ölmarkt einen Verlust von über 1, 7 Milliarden Euro erlitten hatte. Die drohende Pleite der Metallgesellschaft konnte nur durch das Eingreifen eines Bankenkonsortiums (insbesondere sind hier die Deutsche und die Dresdner Bank zu nennen) abgewendet werden. Dabei hatte alles ganz harmlos begonnen …
Bausteine für das Risikomanagement: Interview mit Dr. Patrick Adenauer und Dr. Werner Gleißner
Authors: Romeike Frank , Erben Roland Franz 
Published: September 2004

AbstractKaum ein anderer Wirtschaftszweig steht derzeit unter stärkerem Druck als die Bauindustrie: die rückläufige Konjunktur, die klammen öffentlichen Haushalte und die Billigkonkurrenz aus Osteuropa machen der Branche schwer zu schaffen. Wie sprachen mit Patrick Adenauer und Werner Gleißner, welchen Risiken sich die Bauindustrie gegenüber sieht und wie diese optimal gesteuert werden können.
Agil statt labil — Mit Agilem Projektmanagement im globalen Dorf gegen Veränderungen gewappnet
Authors: Roehrl Armin , Schmiedl Stefan 
Published: September 2004

AbstractProjekte sind auch nicht mehr das, was sie einmal waren. In einer Zeit knapper Budgets und kurzer Planungshorizonte sind für erfolgreiches Projektmanagement neue Ansätze gefragt, die mit den garantiert auftretenden Änderungen besser umgehen können, als es die althergebrachten Methoden können. Gerade in der IT‐Branche scheinen Projekte notorisch unpünktlich zu sein oder den veranschlagten Kostenrahmen zu sprengen. Und das Resultat wird oft als unbrauchbar eingestuft. Woran liegt das?
Cholesterol esterification in human monocyte‐derived macrophages is inhibited by protein kinase C with dual roles for mitogen activated protein kinases
Authors: Napolitano Mariarosaria , Avella Michael , Goode Nigel T. , Botham Kathleen M. , Bravo Elena 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe possible role of protein kinase C (PKC) and mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinases in the stimulation of cholesterol esterification by acetylated low density lipoprotein (acLDL) in human monocyte‐derived macrophages (HMDM) was studied. Cholesterol esterification, as assessed by the rate of incorporation of [3H]‐oleate into cholesteryl ester, was markedly higher in HMDM incubated with acLDL as compared to native LDL (nLDL). In the presence of the phorbol ester, phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA, 100 nM), however, the rate of incorporation was reduced by about 50% and 85% in incubations with nLDL and acLDL, respectively. Thus, the difference in the rate of cholesteryl esterification induced by the two types of lipoprotein was abolished by PMA, indicating that PKC activation inhibits the process, and this was confirmed by the finding that the PKC inhibitor calphostin C reversed the PMA‐induced inhibition of cholesterol esterification. Incubation of HMDM with PMA was found to cause a considerable increase in the activation of p42/44 extracellular signal‐regulated MAP kinases (ERK) and p38 MAP kinases, reaching a maximum at 30 min. In the presence of acLDL, the ERK inhibitor PD98059 decreased cholesterol esterification in HMDM by about 35%. In contrast, the p38 inhibitor SB203580 had no effect. However, when PMA was present in addition to SB203580, esterification was reduced to a level lower than that observed with PMA alone. These findings suggest that activation of ERK, but not p38, MAP kinases is involved in the induction of cholesterol esterification by acLDL in HMDM, while p38 MAP kinases may modulate the inhibitory effect of PKC, and thus provide evidence that MAP kinases play a role in the regulation of foam cell formation in human macrophages.
Significance of abnormalities in developmental trajectory and asymmetry of cortical serotonin synthesis in autism
Authors: Chandana Sreenivasa R. , Behen Michael E. , Juhász Csaba , Muzik Otto , Rothermel Robert D. , Mangner Thomas J. , Chakraborty Pulak K. , Chugani Harry T. , Chugani Diane C. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe role of serotonin in prenatal and postnatal brain development is well documented in the animal literature. In earlier studies using positron emission tomography (PET) with the tracer alpha[11C]methyl‐l‐tryptophan (AMT), we reported global and focal abnormalities of serotonin synthesis in children with autism. In the present study, we measured brain serotonin synthesis in a large group of autistic children (n = 117) with AMT PET and related these neuroimaging data to handedness and language function. Cortical AMT uptake abnormalities were objectively derived from small homotopic cortical regions using a predefined cutoff asymmetry threshold (>2 S.D. of normal asymmetry). Autistic children demonstrated several patterns of abnormal cortical involvement, including right cortical, left cortical, and absence of abnormal asymmetry. Global brain values for serotonin synthesis capacity (unidirectional uptake rate constant, K‐complex) values were plotted as a function of age. K‐complex values of autistic children with asymmetry or no asymmetry in cortical AMT uptake followed different developmental patterns, compared to that of a control group of non‐autistic children. The autism groups, defined by presence or absence and side of cortical asymmetry, differed on a measure of language as well as handedness. Autistic children with left cortical AMT decreases showed a higher prevalence of severe language impairment, whereas those with right cortical decreases showed a higher prevalence of left and mixed handedness. Global as well as focal abnormally asymmetric development in the serotonergic system could lead to miswiring of the neural circuits specifying hemispheric specialization.
Maturation of cultured hippocampal slices results in increased excitability in granule cells
Authors: Lindroos Markus M. , Soini Sanna L. , Kukko‐Lukjanov Tiina‐Kaisa , Korpi Esa R. , Lovinger David , Holopainen Irma E. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe preparation of hippocampal slices results in loss of input neurons to dentate granule cells, which leads to the reorganization of their axons, the mossy fibers, and alters their functional properties in long‐term cultures, but its temporal aspects in the immature hippocampus are not known. In this study, we have focused on the early phase of this plastic reorganization process by analyzing granule cell function with field potential and whole cell recordings during the in vitro maturation of hippocampal slices (from 1 to 17 days in vitro, prepared from 6 to 7‐day‐old rats), and their morphology using extracellular biocytin labelling technique. Acute slices from postnatal 14–22‐day‐old rats were analyzed to detect any differences in the functional properties of granule cells in these two preparations. In field potential recordings, small synaptically‐evoked responses were detected at 2 days in vitro, and their amplitude increased during the culture time. Whole cell voltage clamp recordings revealed intensive spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents, and the susceptibility to stimulus‐evoked bursting increased with culture time. In acutely prepared slices, neither synaptically‐evoked responses in field potential recordings nor any bursting in whole cell recordings were detected. The excitatory activity was under the inhibitory control of γ‐aminobutyric acid type A receptor. Extracellularily applied biocytin labelled dentate granule cells, and revealed sprouting and aberrant targeting of mossy fibers in cultured slices. Our results suggest that reorganization of granule cell axons takes place during the early in vitro maturation of hippocampal slices, and contributes to their increased excitatory activity resembling that in the epileptic hippocampus. Cultured immature hippocampal slices could thus serve as an additional in vitro model to elucidate mechanisms of synaptic plasticity and cellular reactivity in response to external damage in the developing hippocampus.
A graph-theoretic approach for the separation of b and y ions in tandem mass spectra
Authors: Yan Bo , Pan Chongle , Olman Victor N. , Hettich Robert L. , Xu Ying 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Motivation: Ion-type identification is a fundamental problem in computational proteomics. Methods for accurate identification of ion types provide the basis for many mass spectrometry data interpretation problems, including (a) de novo sequencing, (b) identification of post-translational modifications and mutations and (c) validation of database search results.
Results: Here, we present a novel graph-theoretic approach for solving the problem of separating b ions from y ions in a set of tandem mass spectra. We represent each spectral peak as a node and consider two types of edges: type-1 edge connecting two peaks probably of the same ion types and type-2 edge connecting two peaks probably of different ion types. The problem of ion-separation is formulated and solved as a graph partition problem, which is to partition the graph into three subgraphs, representing b, y and others ions, respectively, through maximizing the total weight of type-1 edges while minimizing the total weight of type-2 edges within each partitioned subgraph. We have developed a dynamic programming algorithm for rigorously solving this graph partition problem and implemented it as a computer program PRIME (PaRtition of Ion types in tandem Mass spEctra). The tests on a large amount of simulated mass spectra and 19 sets of high-quality experimental Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance tandem mass spectra indicate that an accuracy level of ∼90% for the separation of b and y ions was achieved.
Availability: The executable code of PRIME is available upon request.
Contact: xyn@bmb.uga.edu
Modelling cellular systems with PySCeS
Authors: Olivier Brett G. , Rohwer Johann M. , Hofmeyr Jan-Hendrik S. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Summary: The Python Simulator for Cellular Systems (PySCeS) is an extendable research tool for the numerical analysis and investigation of cellular systems.
Availability: PySCeS is distributed as Open Source Software under the GNU General Public Licence and is available for download from http://pysces.sourceforge.net
Contact: bgoli@sun.ac.za
Improving promoter prediction Improving promoter prediction for the NNPP2.2 algorithm: a case study using Escherichia coli DNA sequences
Authors: Burden S. , Lin Y.-X. , Zhang R. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractMotivation: Although a great deal of research has been undertaken in the area of promoter prediction, prediction techniques are still not fully developed. Many algorithms tend to exhibit poor specificity, generating many false positives, or poor sensitivity. The neural network prediction program NNPP2.2 is one such example.Results: To improve the NNPP2.2 prediction technique, the distance between the transcription start site (TSS) associated with the promoter and the translation start site (TLS) of the subsequent gene coding region has been studied for Escherichia coli K12 bacteria. An empirical probability distribution that is consistent for all E.coli promoters has been established. This information is combined with the results from NNPP2.2 to create a new technique called TLS–NNPP, which improves the specificity of promoter prediction. The technique is shown to be effective using E.coli DNA sequences, however, it is applicable to any organism for which a set of promoters has been experimentally defined.Availability: The data used in this project and the prediction results for the tested sequences can be obtained from http://www.uow.edu.au/~yanxia/E_Coli_paper/SBurden_Results.xlsContact: alh98@uow.edu.au
Weighted analysis of microarray gene expression using maximum-likelihood
Authors: Bakewell David J. , Wit Ernst 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Motivation: The numerical values of gene expression measured using microarrays are usually presented to the biological end-user as summary statistics of spot pixel data, such as the spot mean, median and mode. Much of the subsequent data analysis reported in the literature, however, uses only one of these spot statistics. This results in sub-optimal estimates of gene expression levels and a need for improvement in quantitative spot variation surveillance.
Results: This paper develops a maximum-likelihood method for estimating gene expression using spot mean, variance and pixel number values available from typical microarray scanners. It employs a hierarchical model of variation between and within microarray spots. The hierarchical maximum-likelihood estimate (MLE) is shown to be a more efficient estimator of the mean than the ‘conventional’ estimate using solely the spot mean values (i.e. without spot variance data). Furthermore, under the assumptions of our model, the spot mean and spot variance are shown to be sufficient statistics that do not require the use of all pixel data.
The hierarchical MLE method is applied to data from both Monte Carlo (MC) simulations and a two-channel dye-swapped spotted microarray experiment. The MC simulations show that the hierarchical MLE method leads to improved detection of differential gene expression particularly when ‘outlier’ spots are present on the arrays. Compared with the conventional method, the MLE method applied to data from the microarray experiment leads to an increase in the number of differentially expressed genes detected for low cut-off P-values of interest.
Availability: The Matlab code is available at http://www.stats.gla.ac.uk/~microarray/software/
Contact: d.bakewell@beatson.gla.ac.uk
Calcium Extrusion Protein Expression in the Hippocampal Formation of Chronic Epileptic Rats after Kainate‐induced Status Epilepticus
Authors: Ketelaars Susan O. M. , Gorter Jan A. , Aronica Eleonora , Wadman Wytse J. 
Published: September 2004

Summary:  Purpose: The plasma membrane Ca2+‐adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) (PMCA) and (potassium‐dependent) sodium‐calcium exchange [NC(K)X] represent two main calcium‐extrusion mechanisms that are important for the restoration of [Ca2+]i levels after electrical activity. We investigated whether the expression of these calcium‐extrusion proteins is altered in the course of epileptogenesis. Methods: Hippocampal‐parahippocampal protein expression of NCX1, 2, and 3, PMCA1‐4, and NCKX2 at an early and late stage after kainate‐induced status epilepticus (SE) was compared with that in control rats by using immunocytochemistry. Results: Several alterations were found in chronic epileptic rats: (a) NCX1 expression was permanently decreased in the inner molecular layer (IML) of the dentate gyrus (DG) and entorhinal cortex layer III (ECIII), related to neuronal loss in hilus and ECIII, respectively; (b) PMCA and NCKX2 expression was transiently upregulated in the IML, and decreased in several areas where cell loss had occurred, (c) NCX3 expression, which in control rats is abundant in presynaptic terminals of mossy fibers (MF), was extensively and permanently decreased in stratum lucidum and hilar region. In addition, newly formed MF sprouts that project to the DG iml did not noticeably express NCX3; (d) NCX2 and NCKX2 were (transiently) upregulated in astrocytes of epileptic rats throughout the hippocampal formation, including ECIII. Conclusions: These region‐specific changes in calcium‐extrusion proteins reflect a change in calcium regulation. Whether these regional‐specific changes of calcium‐extrusion proteins are associated with an abnormal calcium homeostasis must be determined. Because some alterations of calcium‐extrusion protein expression are already present at an early stage of epileptogenesis, they could be involved in this process.
Neuropsychological Predictors of Academic Underachievement in Pediatric Epilepsy: Moderating Roles of Demographic, Seizure, and Psychosocial Variables
Authors: Fastenau Philip S. , Shen Jianzhao , Dunn David W. , Perkins Susan M. , Hermann Bruce P. , Austin Joan K. 
Published: September 2004

Summary: Purpose:Academic underachievement is common in pediatric epilepsy. Attempts to identify seizure and psychosocial risk factors for underachievement have yielded inconsistent findings, raising the possibility that seizure and psychosocial variables play a complex role in combination with other variables such as neuropsychological functioning. This study cross‐validated a neuropsychological measurement model for childhood epilepsy, examined the relation between neuropsychological functioning and academic achievement, and tested the degree to which demographic, seizure, and psychosocial variables moderate that relation.Methods:Children with chronic epilepsy (N = 173; ages 8 to 15 years; 49% girls; 91% white/non‐Hispanic; 79% one seizure type; 79% taking one medication; 69% with active seizures) completed a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. Children diagnosed with mental retardation were excluded.Results:Structural equation modeling identified a three‐factor measurement model of neuropsychological function: Verbal/Memory/Executive (VME), Rapid Naming/Working Memory (RN/WM), and Psychomotor (PM). VME and RN/WM were strongly related to reading, math, and writing; PM predicted writing only. Family environment moderated the impact of neuropsychological deficits on writing (p ≤ 0.01) and possibly for reading (p = 0.05); neuropsychological deficits had a smaller impact on achievement for children in supportive/organized homes compared with children in unsupportive/disorganized homes.Conclusions:These findings lend partial support for our theoretical model showing direct effects of neuropsychological function on achievement and the moderating role of family factors. This study suggests that a subgroup of children with epilepsy (those who have not only neuropsychological deficits but also disorganized/unsupportive home environments) are particularly at risk for adverse academic outcomes. Implications for intervention are discussed.