bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical correlates and symptom patterns of anxious depression among patients with major depressive disorder in STAR*D
Authors: FAVA MAURIZIO , ALPERT JONATHAN E. , CARMIN CHERYL N. , WISNIEWSKI STEPHEN R. , TRIVEDI MADHUKAR H. , BIGGS MELANIE M. , SHORES-WILSON KATHY , MORGAN DON , SCHWARTZ TERRY , BALASUBRAMANI G. K. , JOHN RUSH A. 
Published: October 2004

Background. Anxious depression, defined as Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) with high levels of anxiety symptoms, may represent a relatively common depressive subtype, with distinctive features.Objective. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of anxious depression and to define its clinical correlates and symptom patterns.Method. Baseline clinical and sociodemographic data were collected on 1450 subjects participating in the STAR*D study. A baseline Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) Anxiety/Somatization factor score of [ges ]7 was considered indicative of anxious depression. The types and degree of concurrent psychiatric symptoms were measured using the Psychiatric Diagnostic Screening Questionnaire (PDSQ), by recording the number of items endorsed by study participants for each diagnostic category. MDD symptoms were assessed by clinical telephone interview with the 30-item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (IDS-C30).Results. The prevalence of anxious depression in this population was 46%. Patients with anxious MDD were significantly more likely to be older, unemployed, less educated, more severely depressed, and to have suicidal ideation before and after adjustment for severity of depression. As far as concurrent psychiatric symptoms are concerned, patients with anxious depression were significantly more likely to endorse symptoms related to generalized anxiety, obsessive compulsive, panic, post-traumatic stress, agoraphobia, hypochondriasis, and somatoform disorders before and after adjustment for severity of depression. Anxious-depression individuals were also significantly less likely to endorse IDS-C30 items concerning atypical features, and were significantly more likely to endorse items concerning melancholic/endogenous depression features.Conclusion. This study supports specific clinical and sociodemographic correlates of MDD associated with high levels of anxiety (anxious depression).
Familial influence on offspring gambling: a cognitive mechanism for transmission of gambling behavior in families
Authors: OEI TIAN P. S. , RAYLU NAMRATA 
Published: October 2004

Background. The problem-gambling literature has identified a range of individual, cognitive, behavioral and emotional factors as playing important roles in the development, maintenance and treatment of problem gambling. However, familial factors have often been neglected. The current study aims to investigate the possible influence of parental factors on offspring gambling behavior.Method. A total of 189 families (546 individuals) completed several questionnaires including the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) and the Gambling Related Cognition Scale (GRCS). The relationships were examined using Pearson product-moment correlations and structural equation modeling (SEM) analyses.Results. Results showed that generally parents' (especially fathers') gambling cognitions and gambling behaviors positively correlated with offspring gambling behaviors and cognitions. However, SEM analyses showed that although parental gambling behavior was directly related to offspring gambling behavior, parental cognitions were not related to offspring gambling behavior directly but indirectly via offspring cognitions.Conclusion. The findings show that the influence of parental gambling cognition on offspring gambling behavior is indirect and via offspring cognitions. The results suggest a possible cognitive mechanism of transmission of gambling behavior in the family from one generation to the next.
Dexmedetomidine Pharmacodynamics: Part I
Authors: Hsu Yung-Wei , Cortinez Luis I. , Robertson Kerri M. , Keifer John C. , Sum-Ping Sam T. , Moretti Eugene W. , Young Christopher C. , Wright David R. , MacLeod David B. , Somma Jacques 
Published: October 2004

Background
Dexmedetomidine, a highly selective alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist used for short-term sedation of mechanically ventilated patients, has minimal effect on ventilation.

Methods
This study compared the respiratory effect of dexmedetomidine to that of remifentanil. The authors measured and compared respiratory responses of six healthy male volunteers during (1) a stepwise target-controlled infusion of remifentanil, (2) a stepwise target-controlled infusion of dexmedetomidine, and (3) a pseudonatural sleep session.

Results
Compared with baseline, remifentanil infusions resulted in respiratory depression as evidenced by a decrease in respiratory rate and minute ventilation, respiratory acidosis, and apnea episodes resulting in desaturations. Remifentanil disturbed the natural pattern of breathing and flattened the distribution of ventilatory timing (inspiratory time/ventilatory cycle time). The respiratory effects of dexmedetomidine markedly contrasted with those of remifentanil. When compared with baseline, during dexmedetomidine infusions, the respiratory rate significantly increased, and the overall apnea/hypopnea index significantly decreased. The distribution of inspiratory time/ventilatory cycle time showed an increased peak. In addition, dexmedetomidine seemed to mimic some aspect of natural sleep. While the subjects were breathing a 5% CO2 mixture, hypercapnic arousal phenomena (documented by the Bispectral Index, the electroencephalogram, and sudden increase in the minute ventilation) were observed during dexmedetomidine infusions. Similar phenomena during natural sleep have been reported in the literature.

Conclusions
In comparison with remifentanil, dexmedetomidine infusions (1) did not result in clinically significant respiratory depression, (2) decreased rather than increased the apnea/hypopnea index, and (3) exhibited some similarity with natural sleep.
Acute Care Skills in Anesthesia Practice
Authors: Murray David J. , Boulet John R. , Kras Joseph F. , Woodhouse Julie A. , Cox Thomas , McAllister John D. 
Published: October 2004

Background
A recurring initiative in graduate education is to find more effective methods to assess specialists' skills. Life-sized simulators could be used to assess the more complex skills expected in specialty practice if a curriculum of relevant exercises were developed that could be simply and reliably scored. The purpose of this study was to develop simulation exercises and associated scoring methods and determine whether these scenarios could be used to evaluate acute anesthesia care skills.

Methods
Twenty-eight residents (12 junior and 16 senior) managed three intraoperative and three postoperative simulation exercises. Trainees were required to make a diagnosis and intervention in a simulation encounter designed to recreate an acute perioperative complication. The videotaped performances were scored by six raters. Three raters used a checklist scoring system. Three faculty raters measured when trainees performed three key diagnostic or therapeutic actions during each 5-min scenario. These faculty also provided a global score using a 10-cm line with scores from 0 (unsatisfactory) to 10 (outstanding). The scenarios included (1) intraoperative myocardial ischemia, (2) postoperative anaphylaxis, (3) intraoperative pneumothorax, (4) postoperative cerebral hemorrhage with intracranial hypertension, (5) intraoperative ventricular tachycardia, and (6) postoperative respiratory failure.

Results
The high correlation among all of the scoring systems and small variance among raters' scores indicated that all of the scoring systems measured similar performance domains. Scenarios varied in their overall difficulty. Even though trainees who performed well on one exercise were likely to perform well in subsequent scenarios, the authors found that there were considerable differences in case difficulty.

Conclusion
This study suggests that simulation can be used to measure more complex skills expected in specialty training. Similar to other studies that assess a broad content domain, multiple encounters are needed to estimate skill effectively and accurately.
Comparison of Cisatracurium and Vecuronium by Infusion in Neonates and Small Infants after Congenital Heart Surgery
Authors: Reich David L. , Hollinger Ingrid , Harrington Donna J. , Seiden Howard S. , Chakravorti Sephali , Cook D Ryan 
Published: October 2004

Background
Neonates and infants often require extended periods of mechanical ventilation facilitated by sedation and neuromuscular blockade.

Methods
Twenty-three patients aged younger than 2 yr were randomly assigned to receive either cisatracurium or vecuronium infusions postoperatively in a double-blinded fashion after undergoing congenital heart surgery. The infusion was titrated to maintain one twitch of a train-of-four. The times to full spontaneous recovery of train-of-four without fade, extubation, intensive care unit discharge, and hospital discharge were documented after drug discontinuation. Sparse sampling after termination of the infusion and a one-compartment model were used for pharmacokinetic analysis. The Mann-Whitney U test and Student t test were used to compare data between groups.

Results
There were no significant differences between groups with respect to demographic data or duration of postoperative neuromuscular blockade infusion. The median recovery time for train-of-four for cisatracurium (30 min) was less than that for vecuronium (180 min) (P < 0.05). Three patients in the vecuronium group had prolonged train-of-four recovery: Two had long elimination half-lives for vecuronium, and one had a high concentration of 3-OH vecuronium. There were no differences in extubation times, intensive care unit stays, or hospital stays between groups.

Conclusions
Our results parallel data from adults demonstrating a markedly shorter recovery of neuromuscular transmission after cisatracurium compared with vecuronium. Decreased clearance of vecuronium and the accumulation of 3-OH vecuronium may contribute to prolonged spontaneous recovery times. Cisatracurium is associated with faster spontaneous recovery of neuromuscular function compared with vecuronium but not with any differences in intermediate outcome measures in neonates and infants.
Intravenous Emulsified Halogenated Anesthetics Produce Acute and Delayed Preconditioning against Myocardial Infarction in Rabbits
Authors: Chiari Pascal C. , Pagel Paul S. , Tanaka Katsuya , Krolikowski John G. , Ludwig Lynda M. , Trillo Raul A. , Puri Navneet , Kersten Judy R. , Warltier David C. 
Published: October 2004

Background
Preconditioning against myocardial infarction by volatile anesthetics is well known. The authors tested the hypothesis that new emulsified formulations of halogenated anesthetics administered intravenously reduce myocardial infarct size when administered either 1 or 24 h before prolonged ischemia and reperfusion.

Methods
Pentobarbital-anesthetized rabbits (n = 39) were instrumented for measurement of hemodynamics and randomly assigned to receive intravenous saline (control), lipid vehicle, or infusions (3.5 ml . kg . h for 30 min) of emulsified isoflurane (6.9%), enflurane (7.1%), or sevoflurane (7.5%). Infusions were discontinued 30 min before a 30-min coronary occlusion and 3 h of reperfusion. In three additional groups, conscious rabbits (n = 21) received saline, lipid vehicle, or emulsified sevoflurane (7.5%) infusions (3.5 ml . kg . h for 30 min) 24 h before ischemia and reperfusion. Infarct size was determined using triphenyltetrazolium staining.

Results
Lipid vehicle produced transient increases in heart rate, whereas emulsified volatile anesthetics had no effect on hemodynamics before coronary occlusion. Lipid vehicle did not affect infarct size (38 +/- 2% of the area at risk; mean +/- SEM) as compared with saline control (41 +/- 4%). In contrast, emulsified isoflurane, enflurane, and sevoflurane reduced infarct size (20 +/- 3%, 20 +/- 3%, and 21 +/- 2% of the area at risk, respectively; P < 0.05). Administration of lipid vehicle or emulsified sevoflurane did not produce sedation or respiratory depression in conscious rabbits. Emulsified sevoflurane (18 +/- 2%) but not lipid vehicle (44 +/- 2%) reduced infarct size as compared with control in delayed preconditioning experiments.

Conclusions
Intravenous emulsified halogenated anesthetics produce acute and delayed preconditioning against myocardial infarction.
Propofol and Sevoflurane Depress Spinal Neurons In Vitro via Different Molecular Targets
Authors: Grasshoff Christian , Antkowiak Bernd 
Published: October 2004

Background
The capacity of general anesthetics to produce immobility is primarily spinally mediated. Recently, compelling evidence has been provided that the spinal actions of propofol involve gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors, whereas the contribution of glycine receptors remains uncertain. The relevant molecular targets of the commonly used volatile anesthetic sevoflurane in the spinal cord are largely unknown, but indirect evidence suggests a mechanism of action distinct from propofol.

Methods
The effects of sevoflurane and propofol on spontaneous action potential firing were investigated by extracellular voltage recordings from ventral horn interneurons in cultured spinal cord tissue slices obtained from embryonic rats (embryonic days 14-15).

Results
Propofol and sevoflurane reduced spontaneous action potential firing of neurons. Concentrations causing half-maximal effects (0.11 microm propofol, 0.11 mm sevoflurane) were lower than the median effective concentration immobility (1-1.5 microm propofol, 0.35 mm sevoflurane). At higher concentrations, complete inhibition of action potential activity was observed with sevoflurane but not with propofol. Effects of sevoflurane were mediated predominantly by glycine receptors (45%) and GABAA receptors (38%), whereas propofol acted almost exclusively via GABAA receptors (96%).

Conclusions
The authors' results suggest that glycine and GABAA receptors are the most important molecular targets mediating depressant effects of sevoflurane in the spinal cord. They provide evidence that sevoflurane causes immobility by a mechanism distinct from the actions of the intravenous anesthetic propofol. The finding that propofol acts exclusively via GABAA receptors can explain its limited capacity to depress spinal neurons in the authors' study.
Molecular dynamics simulation of the interaction between the complex iron–sulfur flavoprotein glutamate synthase and its substrates
Authors: Coiro Vincenza M. , Di Nola Alfredo , Vanoni Maria A. , Aschi Massimiliano , Coda Alessandro , Curti Bruno , Roccatano Danilo 
Published: October 2004

AbstractGlutamate synthase (GltS) is a complex iron–sulfur flavoprotein that catalyzes the reductive transfer of L‐glutamine amide group to the C2 carbon of 2‐oxoglutarate yielding two molecules of L‐glutamate. Molecular dynamics calculations in explicit solvent were carried out to gain insight into the conformational flexibility of GltS and into the role played by the enzyme substrates in regulating the catalytic cycle. We have modelled the free (unliganded) form of Azospirillum brasilense GltS α subunit and the structure of the reduced enzyme in complex with the L‐glutamine and 2‐oxoglutarate substrates starting from the crystallographically determined coordinates of the GltS α subunit in complex with L‐methionine sulphone and 2‐oxoglutarate. The present 4‐ns molecular dynamics calculations reveal that the GltS glutaminase site may exist in a catalytically inactive conformation unable to bind glutamine, and in a catalytically competent conformation, which is stabilized by the glutamine substrate. Substrates binding also induce (1) closure of the loop formed by residues 263–271 with partial shielding of the glutaminase site from solvent, and (2) widening of the ammonia tunnel entrance at the glutaminase end to allow for ammonia diffusion toward the synthase site. The Q‐loop of glutamate synthase, which acts as an active site lid in other amidotransferases, seems to maintain an open conformation. Finally, binding of L‐methionine sulfone, a glutamine analog that mimics the tetrahedral transient species occurring during its hydrolysis, causes a coordinated rigid‐body motion of segments of the glutaminase domain that results in the inactive conformation observed in the crystal structure of GltS α subunit.
THE EFFECT OF LABELING INTENSITY, ESTIMATED BY REAL‐TIME CONFOCAL LASER SCANNING MICROSCOPY, ON FLOW CYTOMETRIC APPEARANCE AND IDENTIFICATION OF IMMUNOCHEMICALLY LABELED MARINE DINOFLAGELLATES1
Authors: Vrieling Engel G. , Draaijer Arie , van Zeijl Wilhelmus J. M. , Peperzak Louis , Gieskes Winfried W. C. , Veenhuis Marten 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTTwo different fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugates were used to analyze the effect of labeling intensity on the flow cytometric appearance of marine dinoflagellates labeled with antibodies that specifically recognized the outer cell wall. Location of the labeling was revealed by epifluorescence and real‐time confocal laser scanning microscopy using an anti‐rabbit IgG/FITC‐conjugated secondary antiserum. Flow cytometric measurements showed that cells ofProrocentrumspecies labeled this way could not always be distinguished from unlabeled cells. The labeling intensity increased several times when a biotinylated anti‐rabbit IgG secondary antiserum was used in combination with a streptavidin/FITC conjugate. Flow cytometry indicated that the labeling intensity had increased 50%, which resulted in an improved separation of clusters of labeled and unlabeled cells.
BIOCHEMICAL AND CYTOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR THE STIMULATION OFCLATHRIN‐COATED PIT (VESICLE) FORMATION BY EXOGENOUS FOLIC ACID IN DUNALIELLA SALINA (CHLOROPHYTA)1
Authors: Zhang Xiao Qing , Dubacq Jean‐Paul , Alfsen Annette 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTThe effects of two kinds of molecules, Pb2+ and folic acid, on the formation of clathrin‐coated pits and vesicles were studied in the unicellular green alga, Dunaliella salina Teod. Measurable amounts of algal clathrin were obtained in the postmicrosomal fraction from cells treated with folic acid. In contrast, algal clathrin heavy chains were below the detection limit in the postmicrosomal fraction from control and lead nitrate‐treated cells. Consistent with the biochemical evidence, electron microscopy showed more clathrin‐coated pits and vesicles in folic acid‐treated cells compared to control cells or cells treated with lead nitrate alone. Observations of folic acid/lead nitrate‐treated cells confirmed the endocytosis of Pb2+ through clathrin‐coated pits and vesicles. As additional evidence for clathrin in the folic acid‐stimulated cells of Dunaliella salina, clathrin was isolated and, for the first time in algae, the calcium‐dependent reconstitution of clathrin cages was successfully obtained in vitro.
A STERILIZATION PROTOCOL FOR THE DICTYOTALES (PHAEOPHYCEAE)1
Authors: Aguirre‐Lipperheide Mercedes , Evans Leonard V. 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTFollowing a study on the effect of several physical (brushing and ultrasound) and chemical (antiseptic and antibiotic) treatments on the brown seaweedStypopodium zonale(Lamoroux) Papenfuss (Dictyotales, Phaeophyceae), bactericidal treatments that were not phytotoxic to the alga were selected. The sterilization protocol consisted of 1) surface brushing of the explants, 2) incubation in the antiseptic betadine (0.50%) for 5 min, and 3) incubation in an antibiotic mixture (650 mg · L−1kanamycin, neomycin, and penicillin G) for 48 h. The response of the material to the treatments was assessed by means of an oxygen electrode, and a bacterial test was performed to test bactericidal efficiency. The protocol rendered photosynthetically active axenic explants ofS. zonaleand other members of the order (e.g.Zonaria tournefortii(Lam.) Montagne).
BENTHIC DIATOMS FROM THE NORTH CAROLINA CONTINENTAL SHELF: INNER AND MID SHELF1
Authors: Cahoon Lawrence B. , Laws Richard A. 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTSediment samples collected by SCUBA divers at two times and three sites on inner and middle continental shelf of North Carolina a well‐developed benthic diatom flora. The most abundant species included the pennate forms Cocconeis disculoides, Diploneis papula, Naticula pullus, Delphineis surrirella, Amphora sublaevis, and A. tenerrima. Biomass of this distinct benthic microflora ranged from 16 to 97 mg chl a + m−2 and is comparable to sediment chlorophyll a values reported in previous studies.
ULTRASTRUCTURE AND 18S RRNA GENE SEQUENCE FOR PELAGOMONAS CALCEOLATA GEN. ET SP. NOV. AND THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW ALGAL CLASS, THE PELAGOPHYCEAE CLASSIS NOV.1
Authors: Andersen Robert A. , Saunders Gary W. , Paskind Michael P. , Sexton Julianne P. 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTPelagomonas calceolata gen. et sp. nov., an ultra‐planktonic marine alga, is described using electron microscopy and the cytoplasmic small subunit (18S) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequence. Cells are uniflagellate, about 1.5 × 3 μm in size. The flagellium has two rows of bipartite hairs, the paraxonemal rod has a dentate appearance, and a two‐gyred transitional helix is present between two transitional plates. Microtubular roots, striated roots, and a second basal body are absent. A thin organic theca surrounds most of the cell. There is a single chloroplast with a girdle lamella and a single, dense mitochondrion with tubular cristae. A single Golgi body with swelled cisternae lies beneath the flagellum, and each cell has an ejectile organelle that putatwely releases a cylindrical structure. A vacuole, or cluster of vacuoles, contains the putative carbohydrate storage product. The 18S rRNA gene was sequenced completely in both directions, excluding three primer regions. When compared to the same gene sequence from other organisms, Pelagomonas calceolata gen. et sp. nov. occupies an unresolved position among other chromophyte algae and is distinct from members of any of these classes. Based on morphological, ultrastructural, and molecular data, we describe this alga as a new species, and we place this highly unusual new species in a new genus, family, order, and class.
DISTRIBUTION AND SYSTEMATICS OFBATRACHOSPERMUM(BATRACHOSPERMALES, RHODOPHYTA) IN NORTH AMERICA. 3. SECTIONSETACEA1
Authors: Sheath Robert G. , Vis Morgan L. , Cole Kathleen M. 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTSix populations ofBatirachospermumsectionSetaceafrom North America were compared to eight type specimens using multivariate morphometrics and image analysis. From this analysis, four species in this section were distinguished worldwide:B. atrum(Hudson) Hartley [syn.B. gallaeiSirodot]; B. orrthostichumSkuja,B. sertularina(Bory) Bory]; B. diatychesEntwisle; B. androinvolucrumsp. nov.; andB. puiggarianumGrunow in Wittrock et Nordstedt (syn.B. angolenseWelwitsch ex West et West,B. nigrescensWelwitsch ex West et West).Two of these species were found in North America: B. atrumin California and Texas andB. androinvolucrumin British Columbia, Washington State, and Alabama. The new species,B. androinvolucrum, is distinguished by having spermatangia restricted to one‐celled involucral bracts of the carpogonial branch.