bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantum mechanical study of the oxidation pathway of the oxygen‐evolving catalyst, [(bpy)2(H2O)RuIII–O–RuIII(H2O)(bpy)2]+4*
Authors: Bartolotti L. J. , Pedersen L. G. , Meyer T. J. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractQuantum mechanical density functional calculations are performed for the various oxidized forms of the water‐oxidation catalyst [(bpy)2(H2O)RuIII– O–RuIII(H2O)(bpy)2]+4 (where bpy is 2,2′‐bipyridine). Two possible structural forms of [(bpy)2(H2O)Ru–O–Ru(H2O)(bpy)2]+4 are investigated. One has two of the interior to two waters bpy ligands and the other has the two water ligands exterior. Our calculations show the interior form to be around 4 kcal/mol lower in energy. The calculated electronic structures for the interior form [(bpy)2(H2O)Ru–O–Ru(H2O)(bpy)2]+4 and the exterior from [(bpy)2(H2O)Ru–O–Ru(OH)(bpy)2]+4 compare well with structures determined from X‐ray crystallography. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 83: 143–149, 2001
3D IMPRESS vision expert system for automated construction of three‐dimensional image processing procedures and its performance evaluation
Authors: Zhou Xiang‐rong , Shimizu Akinobu , Hasegawa Jun‐ichi , Toriwaki Jun‐ichiro 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThis paper considers feature extraction from a 3D gray level image and discusses the 3D IMPRESS system, which automatically constructs the 3D image processing procedure needed in the extraction, when the image feature to be extracted is directly specified in the form of a 3D figure (sample figure). The system is based on the fundamental idea of the IMPRESS 2D image processing expert system, which was developed by the authors, extending the components of the system to the 3D case. In this paper, the basic principle of the system is first described. Then a method is presented that automatically constructs the extraction procedure for the given sample figure. A method is discussed in which a more versatile procedure is derived from a large number of constructed procedures. Finally, the proposed system is used to extract various areas from a medical CT image, demonstrating that the procedure is satisfactory. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Syst Comp Jpn, 32(4): 25–37, 2001
Understanding the effects of changes on the cost‐effectiveness of regression testing techniques
Authors: Elbaum Sebastian , Kallakuri Praveen , Malishevsky Alexey , Rothermel Gregg , Kanduri Satya 
Published: November 2004

AbstractRegression testing is an expensive testing process used to validate modified software. Regression test selection and test‐case prioritization can reduce the costs of regression testing by selecting a subset of test cases for execution, or scheduling test cases to meet testing objectives better. The cost‐effectiveness of these techniques can vary widely, however, and one cause of this variance is the type and magnitude of changes made in producing a new software version. Engineers unaware of the causes and effects of this variance can make poor choices in designing change integration processes, selecting inappropriate regression testing techniques, designing excessively expensive regression test suites and making unnecessarily costly changes. Engineers aware of causal factors can perform regression testing more cost‐effectively. This article reports the results of an embedded multiple case study investigating the modifications made in the evolution of four software systems and their impact on regression testing techniques. The results of this study expose tradeoffs and constraints that affect the success of techniques and provide guidelines for designing and managing regression testing processes. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A lifecycle‐based method for the acquisition of commercial‐off‐the‐shelf (COTS) technology to support organizational processes
Authors: Salter Christine P. , Buede Dennis M. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractOrganizations are seeking commercial off‐the‐shelf (COTS) information technology (IT) solutions to enable the innovation of business processes. The ability to acquire IT should impact how an organization designs its processes. Likewise, the design of processes should influence which IT solutions are selected. Selecting IT solutions that support the business processes of an organization is critical for aligning IT with organizational goals. A formal decision process is needed to enable organizations to make an effective decision about which COTS IT solutions it acquires and shapes its organization around. The Stakeholder Life Cycle Method for COTS Solutions (SLIC) was developed to support the lifecycle‐based acquisition of COTS information technology (IT) solutions. A critical step in the lifecycle is the selection of COTS technology that will be used to enable the redesign of organizational processes. The SLIC method uses the IT requirements defined by a process model of the organization to create the criteria for the evaluation of potential IT solutions. The SLIC method was validated with a case study for a group of three newspaper publishing organizations located in southeastern Massachusetts. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Syst Eng 4: 287–304, 2001
System of Systems (SoS) enterprise systems engineering for information‐intensive organizations
Authors: Carlock Paul G. , Fenton Robert E. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThis article describes the emerging roles of the systems engineering (SE) function in supporting enterprise management in information‐intensive organizations. “Enterprise Systems Engineering” (ESE) comprises three major roles or “levels” of systems engineering for successful and efficient development or procurement of large complex systems of systems (SoS). While the authors' experience focuses predominantly on government organizations acting as their own SoS integrators, the SoS ESE concept has generic applicability for any organization, public or private, seeking to attain competitive advantage through leveraging of information technology resources and systems. The processes and tools described here have been developed and successfully employed to facilitate government project management and investment decisions and control. [Carlock and Decker, 1998] This paper describes a formal three‐level SoS ESE process that, at the top level, organizes and maintains all of the details of the enterprise‐wide SoS architecture and strategic development plan in a flexible framework that accommodates the changes expected over a long SoS evolution. The information maintained in this framework allows the organization to know where it is going, how and when it is going to get there, the required capabilities and interfaces of each SoS component, and the impact of changes to system requirements, budgets, schedules, etc., on the overall SoS. The middle level processes allow the organization to perform trade studies among alternative solutions to implement required capabilities based on what is best for the enterprise‐wide SoS rather than just local considerations. The end result of the middle level processes is a selected and approved solution and its associated cost, schedule, benefits, and technical baselines. The third level processes implement the approved solutions in accordance with the approved baselines. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Syst Eng 4: 242–261, 2001
TQM as a system for quality management
Authors: Hassan Mohsen M.D. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThis article presents an analogy between total quality management (TQM) and systems engineering (SE). The paper demonstrates that TQM has the characteristics of a system such as elements, components, function, hierarchy, and environment. Further, it shows that approaches of SE such as definition of requirements, team approach, top‐down approach, and life‐cycle orientation are inherent in TQM. The usefulness of the analogy between TQM and SE is demonstrated by contrasting attempts that succeed and fail in implementing TQM. The contrast suggests that adhering to concepts and approaches of SE could enhance implementation of TQM. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Syst Eng 4: 262–271, 2001
Artificial molecular‐level machines
Authors: Balzani Vincenzo , Credi Alberto 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe concept of “machine” can be extended to the molecular level by designing supramolecular species capable of performing mechanical‐like movements as a consequence of an appropriate energy supply. Molecular‐level machines operate via electronic and nuclear rearrangements, for example, through some kind of chemical reaction. Like macroscopic machines, they are characterized by: (i) the kind of energy input supplied to make them work, (ii) the kind of movement performed by their components, (iii) the way in which their operation can be controlled and monitored, (iv) the possibility to repeat the operation at will and establish a cyclic process, (v) the time scale needed to complete a cycle of operation, and (vi) the function performed. A crucial issue is that concerning energy supply. Artificial machines powered by chemical energy (“fuels”) produce waste products whose accumulation compromises the operation of the machine unless they are removed from the system. Photochemical and electrochemical energy inputs, however, can be used to make a machine work without formation of waste products. Examples of chemically, electrochemically, and photochemically powered machines investigated in our laboratory are reviewed, and future directions for the construction of novel machines are illustrated. The two most interesting kinds of applications of molecular‐level machines are related to the mechanical aspect, which can be exploited, for example, for molecular‐level transportation purposes, and the logic aspect, which can be exploited for information processing at the molecular level and, in the long run, for the construction of molecular level (chemical) computers. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and The Japan Chemical Journal Forum Chem Rec 1:422–435, 2001
Microfabricated devices for fluid mixing and their application for chemical synthesis
Authors: Kakuta Masaya , Bessoth Fiona G. , Manz Andreas 
Published: November 2004

AbstractOver the last few decades, the processes of miniaturization, integration, and automation have revolutionized the world of science and industry. Within a chemical reaction process the unit operations, mixing, heating, and cooling, can be regarded as key steps. In microreactors, enhanced heat and mass transport, due to small characteristic dimensions together with large surface to volume ratios, are expected to open up a whole range of new possibilities. Increase in reaction yield, reduction of reaction time as well as byproduct formation, inherent process safety, and even completely new process routes are some of the advantages associated with μTAS (micro Total Analysis Systems) or μSYNTAS (micro SYNthesis Total Analysis Systems). This article aims to describe the development of microfabricated devices for fluid mixing, so‐called micromixers, and their application for chemical synthesis. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and The Japan Chemical Journal Forum Chem Rec 1:395–405, 2001
High‐throughput single molecule screening of DNA and proteins
Authors: Yeung Edward S. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractWe report a novel imaging technology for real time comprehensive analysis of molecular alterations in cells and tissues appropriate for automation and adaptation to high‐throughput applications. With these techniques it should eventually be possible to perform simultaneous analysis of the entire contents of individual biological cells with a sensitivity and selectivity sufficient to determine the presence or absence of a single copy of a targeted analyte (e.g., DNA region, RNA region, protein), and to do so at a relatively low cost. The technology is suitable for DNA and RNA through sizing or through fluorescent hybridization probes, and for proteins and small molecules through fluorescence immunoassays. This combination of the lowest possible detection limit and the broadest applicability to biomolecules represents the final frontier in bioanalysis. The general scheme is based on novel concepts for single molecule detection (SMD) and characterization recently demonstrated in our laboratory. Since minimal manipulation is involved, it should be possible to screen large numbers of cells in a short time to facilitate practical applications. This opens up the possibility of finding single copies of DNA or proteins within single biological cells for disease markers without performing polymerase chain reaction or other biological amplification. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and The Japan Chemical Journal Forum Chem Rec 1:123–139, 2001
New approaches to developing lithium polymer batteries
Authors: Scrosati Bruno 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe electrochemical and physical–chemical properties of two families of lithium ion conducting membranes, i.e., the blends between high molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide) with a lithium salt commonly named “polymer electrolytes” and the gels of liquid solutions in a polymer matrix commonly named “gel electrolytes,” are reported and discussed. Particular attention is devoted to the newly developed approach of dispersing ceramic powders at the nanoscale particle dimension into the two types of membranes. This leads “nanocomposite” membranes having unique features, such as improved transport and interfacial properties in the case of the polymer electrolytes and enhanced liquid retention capability in the case of the gel electrolytes. Finally, the use of the gel electrolytes for the development of new‐design, plastic‐like, lithium‐ion batteries is illustrated. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and The Japan Chemical Journal Forum Chem Rec 1:173–181; 2001
International franchising in China with Kodak
Authors: Alon Ilan 
Published: November 2004

AbstractAccording to Kodak, China poses unparalleled opportunities for low‐cost production and marketing of
products to the world's largest nation. According to the company's estimate, China will become the
largest market in the world for photographic products and services within the next ten years. This article
reviews Kodak's operations in China and presents an interview with a local franchising manager in
Shanghai—the largest city in China. It provides a unique glimpse into the inner working of the
organization's franchising activities in China. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sonographic cervical length in threatened preterm labor in a South African population
Authors: Tsoi E. , Geerts L. , Jeffery B. , Odendaal H. J. , Nicolaides K. H. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractObjectiveIn a previous study conducted in the UK we demonstrated that only 8% of women with threatened preterm labor deliver within 7 days. Furthermore, delivery within 7 days occurred in less than 1% of women presenting with a sonographically measured cervical length ≥ 15 mm, compared to 37% in those with cervical length < 15 mm. In this study we investigate the potential value of cervical length in the prediction of outcome of threatened preterm labor in a South African population.MethodsWe examined 63 women with singleton pregnancies presenting with regular and painful uterine contractions at 24–36 (mean, 31) weeks of gestation. Women in active labor, defined by the presence of cervical dilatation ≥ 3 cm, and those with ruptured membranes were excluded. On admission to the hospital a transvaginal scan was performed to measure the cervical length. The subsequent management was determined by the attending obstetrician. The primary outcome was delivery within 7 days of presentation.ResultsDelivery within 7 days of presentation occurred in 20/63 (32%) pregnancies, including 20 of the 30 (67%) cases with cervical length < 15 mm and none of the 33 cases with cervical length ≥ 15 mm. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the only significant contributor in the prediction of delivery within 7 days was cervical length (odds ratio 0.67; 95% CI 0.54–0.85; P = 0.001) with no significant independent contribution from maternal age, gestational age, body mass index, parity, use of antibiotics, previous history of preterm delivery, cigarette smoking, contraction frequency or use of tocolytics.ConclusionIn this South African population, which had a high incidence of delivery within 7 days of presentation with threatened preterm labor, sonographic measurement of cervical length is equally effective as in a lower‐risk population in distinguishing between true and false labor. Copyright © 2004 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Outcomes of transcatheter embolization in the treatment of coronary artery fistulas
Authors: Okubo Mataichi , Nykanen David , Benson Lee N. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThirteen children (seven male) with coronary artery fistula underwent percutaneous transcatheter occlusion. The age range was 8 months to 14 years (mean, 6.3 years). The fistulas had their origins from the right coronary artery (six), from the left anterior descending coronary artery (three), and from the left circumflex coronary artery (four). Drainage was to the right ventricle (seven), the right atrium (three), and one each to the pulmonary artery, left atrium, and superior caval vein. The fistulas were closed with coils in 10 patients, a Rashkind double‐umbrella device in 1 patient, and an Amplatzer Duct Occluder in 2 patients. Complete occlusion was achieved in 9 of 13 patients. Complications consisted of migration of coils in four and transient arrhythmias or changes in the resting electrocardiogram in four patients. Follow‐up studies 1 to 31 months (mean, 14.6 months) after occlusion noted only four patients with trivial (clinically insignificant) residual shunts. Owing to various coronary fistula morphologies, transcatheter occlusion requires availability of different embolization techniques. Short‐term follow‐up supports persistent clinical efficacy and transcatheter closure techniques as the initial form of therapy. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;52:510–517. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Suture closure of the femoral arteriotomy following invasive cardiac procedures: A detailed analysis of efficacy, complications, and the impact of early ambulation in 1,200 consecutive, unselected cases
Authors: Fram Daniel B. , Giri Satyendra , Jamil Gohar , Mitchel Joseph F. , Boden William E. , Din Salah , Kiernan Francis J. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of using a percutaneous suture device to close femoral arteriotomies following invasive cardiac procedures. All patients presenting for invasive cardiac procedures performed from the femoral artery were considered for suture closure. Patients were carefully assessed for access site complications, oozing, and the impact of suture closure on the safety of early ambulation. Clinical follow‐up at 3–6 months was performed to assess for late complications. Femoral artery suture closures were performed in 1,200 consecutive cases in 1,097 patients. In 12.8% of cases, the patients ambulated within 1 hr. The success rate was 91.2% and the complication rate was 3.4%. Complications included the development of a hematoma (2.1%), the need for vascular surgery (0.6%), retroperitoneal hemorrhage (0.3%), blood transfusion (0.7%), local infection (0.5%), and pseudoaneurysm formation (0.1%). Factors found to be independently predictive of procedural failure were an age > 70 years, an ACT > 300 sec, left femoral artery access, and the performance of primary angioplasty. Follow‐up at 3–6 months revealed no major hemorrhagic complications. We conclude that percutaneous suture closure effectively achieves femoral artery hemostasis in patients undergoing invasive cardiac procedures. The technique permits early ambulation and is associated with a relatively low incidence of complication. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;53:163–173. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Production of precise microbiology standards using flow cytometry and freeze drying
Authors: Morgan C. A. , Bigeni P. , Herman N. , Gauci M. , White P. A. , Vesey G. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBackgroundQuality control standards provide a quantity of microorganisms for routine use in microbiology to demonstrate the efficacy of testing methods and culture media. Standards are normally prepared by diluting a culture of microorganisms to obtain a suspension that contains an estimated number of colony‐forming units per milliliter. The variability and inaccuracy of these standards increase the potential for false results. Flow cytometry has been used extensively to prepare precise standards of Cryptosporidium and Giardia that contain exact numbers of organisms in a volume of liquid (1). However, the same levels of accuracy have yet to be obtained for bacterial quality control standards.MethodsA modification of a Becton Dickinson FACScalibur flow cytometer enabled 30 bacterial cells to be sorted into a single droplet, mixed with a cryoprotective solution within the droplet, and frozen in liquid nitrogen. The frozen droplets were then freeze dried for stable preservation of the viable bacterial cells.ResultsA freeze‐dried sphere 3 mm in diameter was produced, which contained 30 microorganisms. The within‐batch variation for these freeze‐dried spheres was no greater than two standard deviations, and the between‐batch variation was less than one standard deviation.ConclusionsBacterial reference controls can now be produced with consistent accuracy and unparalleled precision, thus enabling harmonization across the microbiological testing industry. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biocatalytic Enantio‐Convergent Preparation of sec‐Alcohols using Sulfatases
Authors: Wallner S.R. , Pogorevc M. , Trauthwein H. , Faber K. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe deracemization of sec‐alcohols via enantioconvergent processes is of high interest in order to overcome the 50 % yield limitations of kinetic resolution. As enantioconvergent processes are characterized by two reactions with one crossing the plane of symmetry, one of these reactions has to proceed with inversion of configuration. In lipase catalyzed resolutions the enzymatic step proceeds with retention of configuration, and the remaining enantiomer is converted by the Mitsunobu reaction or activated esters under inversion of configuration to achieve complete deracemization. In contrast, alkyl sulfatases, which catalyze the enantioselective hydrolysis of sulfate esters, are one of the rare hydrolytic enzymes which work under inversion of configuration. In this minireview we give an overview of the state of the art in enantioconvergent processes for the deracemization of sec‐alcohols, with the focus on recently developed alkyl‐sulfatases from Rhodococcus spp.
Local to unity, long‐horizon forecasting thresholds for model selection in the AR(1)
Authors: Turner John L. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThis article introduces a novel framework for analysing long‐horizon forecasting of the near non‐stationary AR(1) model. Using the local to unity specification of the autoregressive parameter, I derive the asymptotic distributions of long‐horizon forecast errors both for the unrestricted AR(1), estimated using an ordinary least squares (OLS) regression, and for the random walk (RW). I then identify functions, relating local to unity ‘drift’ to forecast horizon, such that OLS and RW forecasts share the same expected square error. OLS forecasts are preferred on one side of these ‘forecasting thresholds’, while RW forecasts are preferred on the other. In addition to explaining the relative performance of forecasts from these two models, these thresholds prove useful in developing model selection criteria that help a forecaster reduce error. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.