bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The extent of soil erosion in upland England and Wales
Authors: McHugh Marianne , Harrod Tim , Morgan Roy 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFollowing recommendations by the 19th Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution, the area, causes and rates of upland soil erosion in England and Wales were investigated between 1997 and 1999. This paper describes the methods and results of the field survey of 1999 in which the extent of eroded ground was determined. 2. The area of degraded soil and the volume of eroded material were both determined from the dimensions of individual erosion features at 399 field sites located on an orthogonal grid across the uplands. Using measurements of individual erosion features, degraded soil extent in upland England and Wales was estimated at almost 25 000 ha, 2·46 per cent of the total upland area surveyed. Half this eroded area was revegetated and no longer subject to continued accelerated soil loss in 1999. The total volume of eroded material was estimated at 0·284 km3. Although deposition of eroded material occurred within 20 per cent of eroded field sites, the total volume of redeposited material was less than 1 per cent of the total volume of eroded soil. 3. Erosion was more extensive on peat soils than on dry, wet mineral or wet peaty mineral soils. In addition, the higher incidence of erosion at high altitudes and on low slopes reinforced the relationship between erosion and areas of peat formation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Essential oil of Lantana camara L. occurring in Iran
Authors: Sefidkon Fatemeh 
Published: August 2002

AbstractHydro‐ and steam‐distilled volatile oils from the leaves and flowers of Lantana camara L. were analysed by a combination of GC and GC–MS. Forty‐four components in the hydrodistilled oil and 25 components in the steam‐distilled oil were identified. The main constituents characterized were sabinene (16.5% and 7.3%), β‐caryophyllene (14.0% and 22.5%), 1,8‐cineole (10.0% and 6.0%), bicyclogermacrene (8.1% and 18.4%) and α‐humulene (6.0% and 10.8%) in the hydro‐ and steam‐distilled oils, respectively. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of hybrid algorithms for the Navier–Stokes equations with respect to hydrodynamic stability theory
Authors: Passoni Giuseppe , Alfonsi Giancarlo , Galbiati Massimo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractHybrid three‐dimensional algorithms for the numerical integration of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations are analyzed with respect to hydrodynamic stability in both linear and nonlinear fields. The computational schemes are mixed—spectral and finite differences—and are applied to the case of the channel flow driven by constant pressure gradient; time marching is handled with the fractional step method. Different formulations—fully explicit convective term, partially and fully implicit viscous term combined with uniform, stretched, staggered and non‐staggered meshes, x‐velocity splitted and non‐splitted in average and perturbation component – are analyzed by monitoring the evolution in time of both small and finite amplitude perturbations of the mean flow. The results in the linear field are compared with correspondent solutions of the Orr–Sommerfeld equation; in the nonlinear field, the comparison is made with results obtained by other authors. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulating three‐dimensional aeronautical flows on mixed block‐structured/semi‐structured/unstructured meshes
Authors: Shaw J. A. , Peace A. J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe design requirements of a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method for modelling high Reynolds number flows over complete aircraft are reviewed. It is found that the specifications are unlikely to be met by an approach based on the sole use of either structured or unstructured grids. Instead, it is proposed that a hybrid combination of these grids is appropriate. Techniques for developing such meshes are given and the process of establishing the data structure defining the meshes described. Details of a flow algorithm which operates on a hybrid mesh are presented. A description is given of the suitability and generation of hybrid grids for a number of examples, and results from flow simulations shown. Finally, issues still to be addressed in the practical use of these meshes are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identifying the Factors that Affect Interest‐Rate Swap Spreads: Some Evidence from the United States and the United Kingdom
Authors: Lekkos Ilias , Milas Costas 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe assess the ability of the factors proposed in previous research to account for the stochastic evolution of the term structure of the U.S. and U.K. swap spreads. Using as factor proxies the level, volatility, and slope of the zero‐coupon government yield curve as well as the Treasury‐bill—London Interbank Offer Rate (LIBOR) spread and the corporate bond spread, we identify a procyclical behavior for the short‐maturity U.S. swap spreads and a countercyclical behavior for longer maturity U.S. swap spreads. Liquidity and corporate bond spreads are also significant, but their importance varies with maturity. The liquidity premium is more important for short‐maturity swap spreads, although the corporate bond spread affects long‐maturity swap spreads. For the United Kingdom, swap spreads are countercyclical across maturities. In addition, we find that shocks to the liquidity premium are more significant for long‐maturity swaps and that the links between corporate bond markets and swap markets are much stronger than in the United States. When we look at the links between U.S. and U.K. swap markets, we identify a significant influence of the U.S. factors on the U.K. swap spreads across maturities. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 21:737–768, 2001
Combined copy status of 18q21 genes in colorectal cancer shows frequent retention of SMAD7
Authors: Boulay Jean‐Louis , Mild Gabriele , Reuter Juergen , Lagrange Magali , Terracciano Luigi , Lowy Adam , Laffer Urban , Orth Bernd , Metzger Urs , Stamm Bernhard , Martinoli Sebastiano , Herrmann Richard , Rochlitz Christoph 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDeletions of chromosome band 18q21 appear with very high frequency in a variety of carcinomas, especially in colorectal cancer. Potent tumor suppressor genes located in this region encode transforming growth factor β (TGF‐β) signal transducers SMAD2 and SMAD4, and inactivation of either one leads to impaired TGF‐β‐mediated cell growth/apoptosis. Following the assignment of SMAD7 to 18q21, we first refined the SMAD7 gene position within this region by genetically mapping SMAD7 between SMAD2 and SMAD4. Further, to compare the respective frequencies of genetic alterations of these three SMAD genes in colorectal cancer, we undertook a large‐scale evaluation of the copy status of each of these genes on DNA samples from colorectal tumor biopsy material. Among a subset of 233 DNA samples for which data were available for all four genes, SMAD4, SMAD2, and the nearby gene DCC showed high deletion rates (66%, 64%, and 59%, respectively), whereas SMAD7 was deleted in only 48% of the tumors. Unexpectedly, we found some gene duplications; SMAD7 appears to be more frequently amplified (10%) than the three other genes (4–7%). Compiled data for SMAD genes in each tumor show that the most common combination (26% of all the tumors) consists of the simultaneous deletions of SMAD2 and SMAD4 associated with normal diploidy or even duplication of SMAD7. Since SMAD7 normally counteracts SMAD2 and SMAD4 in TGF‐β signaling, we hypothesize that the tumor might not benefit from simultaneous SMAD7 inactivation, thereby exerting selective pressure to retain or even to duplicate the SMAD7 gene. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel cryptic, complex rearrangements involving ETV6‐CBFA2 (TEL‐AML1) genes identified by fluorescence in situ hybridization in pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Mathew Susan , Shurtleff Sheila A. , Raimondi Susana C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn childhood B‐lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), the most common genetic change, the ETV6‐CBFA2 (TEL‐AML1) fusion resulting from the cryptic t(12;21)(p13;q22) is associated with a favorable outcome. Therefore, it is important to identify patients with this translocation so that they can receive appropriate treatment. To identify new partner breakpoints for ETV6 and CBFA2, we selected 30 patients with childhood ALL in whose leukemic cells a t(12;21) had been detected by RT‐PCR. Conventional cytogenetics revealed that 12p abnormalities were present in 10 patients and that other random abnormalities were present in another 15, including 9 with a numerical or structural abnormality of chromosome 21. Normal karyotypes were observed in the leukemic blasts of five patients. Interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) confirmed the RT‐PCR finding of the t(12;21) in each patient and detected the loss of the wild‐type ETV6 allele in 14 (47%) patients. Metaphase cells from only 20 patients were available for additional FISH analysis. In 13 patients, the expected fusion signal of t(12;21) was observed on der(21)t(12;21), and the reciprocal CBFA2 signal was observed on der(12)t(12;21). However, in six patients with the ETV6‐CBFA2 fusion on chromosome 21, the reciprocal CBFA2 signal was observed not on 12p13 but on 4q21, 4q27, 8q24, 11q24, 14q11.2, or 16p13.1. In four of these six patients, we found interstitial insertions of part of CBFA2. In another patient, the ETV6‐CBFA2 fusion was observed on 4q21 rather than on 21q. Thus, seven (35%) of the 20 patients with a t(12;21) revealed complex rearrangements. Our findings also indicate the importance of analyzing metaphase chromosomes in identifying cryptic and complex rearrangements involving ETV6 and CBFA2. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Truncated product method for combiningP‐values
Authors: Zaykin D.V. , Zhivotovsky Lev A. , Westfall P.H. , Weir B.S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe present a new procedure for combiningP‐values from a set ofLhypothesis tests. Our procedure is to take the product of only thoseP‐values less than some specified cut‐off value and to evaluate the probability of such a product, or a smaller value, under the overall hypothesis that allLhypotheses are true. We give an explicit formulation for thisP‐value, and find by simulation that it can provide high power for detecting departures from the overall hypothesis. We extend the procedure to situations when tests are not independent. We present both real and simulated examples where the method is especially useful. These include exploratory analyses whenLis large, such as genome‐wide scans for marker‐trait associations and meta‐analytic applications that combine information from published studies, with potential for dealing with the “publication bias” phenomenon. Once the overall hypothesis is rejected, an adjustment procedure with strong family‐wise error protection is available for smaller subsets of hypotheses, down to the individual tests. Genet. Epidemiol. 22:170–185, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lagoon–tidal flat sedimentation in an epeiric sea: Proterozoic Bhander Group, Son Valley, India
Authors: Chakraborty Chandan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe Bhander Group, the uppermost stratigraphic unit of the Proterozoic Vindhyan Supergroup in Son Valley, exhibits in its upper part a 550 m thick, muddy siliciclastic succession characterized by features indicative of deposition in a wave‐affected coastal, lagoon–tidal flat environment suffering repeated submergence and emergence. The basic architecture of the deposit is alternation of centimetre‐ to decimetre‐thick sheet‐like interbeds of coarser clastics (mainly sandstone) and decimetre‐thick mudstones. The coarser interlayers are dominated by a variety of ripple‐formed laminations. The preserved ripple forms on bed‐top surfaces and their internal lamination style suggest both oscillatory and combined flows for their formation. Interference, superimposed, ladder‐back and flat‐topped ripples are also common. Synsedimentary cracks, wrinkle marks, features resembling rain prints and adhesion structures occur in profusion on bed‐top surfaces. Salt pseudomorphs are also present at the bases of beds. The mudstone intervals represent suspension settlement and show partings with interfaces characterized by synsedimentary cracks. It is inferred that the sediments were deposited on a coastal plain characterized by a peritidal (supratidal–intertidal) flat and evaporative lagoon suffering repeated submergence and emergence due to storm‐induced coastal setup and setdown in addition to tidal fluctuations.The 550 m thick coastal flat succession is surprisingly devoid of any barrier bar deposits and also lacks shoreface and shelfal strata. The large areal extent of the coastal flat succession (c. 100,000 km2) and its great thickness indicate an extremely low‐gradient epeiric basin characterized by an extensive coastal flat sheltered from the deeper marine domain. It is inferred that the Bhander coastal flat was protected from the open sea by the Bundelkhand basement arch to the north of the Vindhyan basin, instead of barrier bars. Such a setting favoured accumulation of a high proportion of terrigenous mud in the coastal plain, in contrast to many described examples from the Proterozoic. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microglial reaction induced by noncytotoxic methylmercury treatment leads to neuroprotection via interactions with astrocytes and IL‐6 release
Authors: Eskes Chantra , Honegger Paul , Juillerat‐Jeanneret Lucienne , Monnet‐Tschudi Florianne 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMicroglial cells react early to a neurotoxic insult. However, the bioactive factors and the cell‐cell interactions leading to microglial activation and finally to a neuroprotective or neurodegenerative outcome remain to be elucidated. Therefore, we analyzed the microglial reaction induced by methylmercury (MeHgCl) using cell cultures of different complexity. Isolated miroglia were found to be directly activated by MeHgCl (10−10 to 10−6 M), as indicated by process retraction, enhanced lectin staining, and cluster formation. An association of MeHgCl–induced microglial clusters with astrocytes and neurons was observed in three‐dimensional cultures. Close proximity was found between the clusters of lectin‐stained microglia and astrocytes immunostained for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), which may facilitate interactions between astrocytes and reactive microglia. In contrast, immunoreactivity for microtubule‐associated protein (MAP‐2), a neuronal marker, was absent in the vicinity of the microglial clusters. Interactions between astrocytes and microglia were studied in cocultures treated for 10 days with MeHgCl. Interleukin‐6 release was increased at 10−7 M of MeHgCl, whereas it was decreased when each of these two cell types was cultured separately. Moreover, addition of IL‐6 to three‐dimensional brain cell cultures treated with 3 × 10−7 M of MeHgCl prevented the decrease in immunostaining of the neuronal markers MAP‐2 and neurofilament‐M. IL‐6 administered to three‐dimensional cultures in the absence of MeHgCl caused astrogliosis, as indicated by increased GFAP immunoreactivity. Altogether, these results show that microglial cells are directly activated by MeHgCl and that the interaction between activated microglia and astrocytes can increase local IL‐6 release, which may cause astrocyte reactivity and neuroprotection. GLIA 37:43–52, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glial cells as targets for cytotoxic immune mediators
Authors: Benn Tracey , Halfpenny Christopher , Scolding Neil 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOligodendrocytes and Schwann cells are the glia principally responsible for the synthesis and maintenance of myelin. Damage may occur to these cells in a number of conditions, but perhaps the most studied are the idiopathic inflammatory demyelinating diseases, multiple sclerosis in the CNS, and Guillain‐Barré syndrome and its variants in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). This article explores the effects on these cells of cytotoxic immunological and inflammatory mediators: similarities are revealed, of which perhaps the most important is the sensitivity of both Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes to many such agents. This area of research is, however, characterised and complicated by numerous and often very substantial inter‐observer discrepancies. Marked variability in cell culture techniques, and in assays of cell damage and death, provide artifactual explanations for some of this variability; true inter‐species differences also contribute. Not the least important conclusion centres on the limited capacity of in vitro studies to reveal disease mechanisms: cell culture findings merely illustrate possibilities which must then be tested ex vivo using human tissue samples affected by the relevant disease. GLIA 36:200–211, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cortical sources of the early components of the visual evoked potential
Authors: Di Russo Francesco , Martínez Antígona , Sereno Martin I. , Pitzalis Sabrina , Hillyard Steven A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study aimed to characterize the neural generators of the early components of the visual evoked potential (VEP) to isoluminant checkerboard stimuli. Multichannel scalp recordings, retinotopic mapping and dipole modeling techniques were used to estimate the locations of the cortical sources giving rise to the early C1, P1, and N1 components. Dipole locations were matched to anatomical brain regions visualized in structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to functional MRI (fMRI) activations elicited by the same stimuli. These converging methods confirmed previous reports that the C1 component (onset latency 55 msec; peak latency 90–92 msec) was generated in the primary visual area (striate cortex; area 17). The early phase of the P1 component (onset latency 72–80 msec; peak latency 98–110 msec) was localized to sources in dorsal extrastriate cortex of the middle occipital gyrus, while the late phase of the P1 component (onset latency 110–120 msec; peak latency 136–146 msec) was localized to ventral extrastriate cortex of the fusiform gyrus. Among the N1 subcomponents, the posterior N150 could be accounted for by the same dipolar source as the early P1, while the anterior N155 was localized to a deep source in the parietal lobe. These findings clarify the anatomical origin of these VEP components, which have been studied extensively in relation to visual‐perceptual processes. Hum. Brain Mapping 15:95–111, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multiresolution analysis in fMRI: Sensitivity and specificity in the detection of brain activation
Authors: Desco M. , Hernandez J.A. , Santos A. , Brammer M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMultiresolution analysis of fMRI studies using wavelets is a new approach, previously reported to yield higher sensitivity in the detection of activation areas. No data are available, however, in the literature on the analytic approach and wavelet bases that produce optimum results. The present study was undertaken to assess the performance of different wavelet decomposition schemes by making use of a “gold standard,” a realistic computer‐simulated phantom. As activation areas are then known ‘a priori,’ accurate assessments of sensitivity, specificity, ROC curve area and spatial resolution can be obtained. This approach has allowed us to study the effect of different factors: the size of the activation area, activity level, signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR), use of pre‐smoothing, wavelet base function and order and resolution level depth. Activations were detected by performing t‐tests in the wavelet domain and constructing the final image from those coefficients that passed the significance test at a given P‐value threshold. In contrast to previously reported data, our simulation study shows that lower wavelet orders and resolution depths should be used to obtain optimum results (in terms of ROC curve area). The Gabor decomposition offers the maximum fidelity in preserving activation area shapes. No major differences were found between other wavelet bases functions. Data pre‐smoothing increases ROC area for all but very small activation region sizes. Hum. Brain Mapping 14:16–27, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On the empirical association between poor health and low socioeconomic status at old age
Authors: Salas Christian 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEpidemiologic studies using mortality rates as indicators of health fail to find any meaningful association between poor health and low socioeconomic status in older age‐groups, whereas economic studies using self‐assessed health consistently find a significant positive correlation, even after controlling for self‐reporting errors. Such contradictory results have not been reported for working age individuals. A simple explanation might be that the elderly samples on which the epidemiologic and economic studies are based come from different populations. However, this paper shows that similar contradictory results are obtained even whenthe same samplesare used, simply by switching between self‐assessed health and mortality as health indicators. An alternative explanation is proposed, namely that these health indicators yield different results because they relate to different ranges of the latent health variable at old age. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radiosurgery for paraganglioma of the temporal bone
Authors: Feigenberg Steven J. , Mendenhall William M. , Hinerman Russell W. , Amdur Robert J. , Friedman William A. , Antonelli Patrick J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPurposeTo report the outcome of patients with paraganglioma of the temporal bone treated with stereotactic radiosurgery at the University of Florida.Methods and MaterialsBetween January 1997 and June 1999, five patients with paraganglioma of the temporal bone were treated with Linac‐based stereotactic radiosurgery at the University of Florida. The ages of the three female and two male patients were between 40 and 88 years (median, 49 years). Four patients were treated at initial presentation, and one had recurrent disease. Treatment volumes ranged from 4.9 cm3 to 18.4 cm3, with a mean of 10.84 cm3. The dose applied to the margin of the tumor varied from 12.5 to 15 Gy (median, 15 Gy). The treatment dose was specified to the 80% isodose shell in two cases and to the 70% isodose shell in three cases. The median follow‐up time was 27 months, ranging from 14 to 50 months.ResultsOne of four previously untreated patients had a relapse at the primary tumor site. Treatment failure occurred at the field margin 6 months after radiosurgery; the patient was subsequently treated with fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy and at the time of analysis had no evidence of disease, 21 months after initiation of salvage therapy. The patient treated at the time of recurrence after conventional radiotherapy had a local recurrence 40 months after radiosurgery. At the time of this recurrence, the patient had biopsy‐proven metastatic disease in two cervical lymph nodes, and no salvage therapy was performed. All patients were alive at the time of the analysis, one with disease present. Presenting symptoms improved in two patients and stabilized in one. The two patients who had local recurrence develop had worsening of their symptoms. One patient had a cranial nerve V palsy develop 6 months after treatment, which resolved after a few months.ConclusionsIn this series, the results with stereotactic radiosurgery are discouraging compared with our results with conventional fractionated radiotherapy in patients with paraganglioma of the temporal bone. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 384–389, 2002; DOI 10.1002/hed.10064