bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Meiotic chromosomes of man
Authors: Falek Arthur , Chiarelli Brunetto 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA study of human meiotic chromosomes led to a classification of the bivalents according to their dimension, general characteristics and chiasma frequency. Particular attention was paid to the X and Y chromosomes. The consistency of pattern shapes in individual chromosomes at diakinesis indicated the potential for karyotyping the meiotic chromosomes of man.
Experimental studies in human tooth wear: II
Authors: Molnar Stephen 
Published: August 2005

AbstractStudies of human tooth wear have been carried on for the past two years using a machine designed to approximate human chewing motions. During this time wear patterns that resemble those frequently found on the teeth of various American Indian skulls have been produced on casts of the definition. Noticeably among these patterns produced are examples of wear on the front end of the dental arches that result in an edge to edge bite. This type of wear was produced by wearing down casts of a modern dentition with a “normal” overbite.The forces applied to the casts mounted on the machine are variable over a wide range and numerous force combinations are possible. By noting these forces and the resulting vectors, the motions necessary to produce different wear patterns can be determined. This has especially aided in understanding the ways in which the oblique molar wear is produced.
The skin of primates. XXXIX. The skin of the white‐browed capuchin (Cebus albifrons)
Authors: Perkins E. M. , Ford D. M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe skin of the white‐browed capuchin (Cebus albifrons), although basically similar to that of the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus), contains several outstanding peculiarities: (1) both the epidermis and dermis of the general body surface are devoid of melanotic melanocytes; (2) the skin of the prehensile tail has no modified, glabrous friction surface; (3) the prehensile surface of the tail has no specialized nerve end‐organs; (4) cholinesterase‐positive, papillary nerve end‐organs rest beneath the epidermal ridges of volar skin; and (5) both the clear cells and dark cells of the eccrine glands contain glycogen but neither shows phosphorylase activity.
Distribution of hereditary blood groups among Indians in South America. VII. In Argentina
Authors: Matson G. Albin , Sutton H. Eldon , Swanson Jane , Robinson Abner 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis seventh and last paper in a series on the distribution of blood groups among Indians in South America reports the findings among Amerinds in Argentina. Blood specimens were procured from putative full‐bloods of the following tribes: 38 Diaguita (Calchaqui), 230 Mataco, 90 Chiriguano, 142 Choroti, 51 Toba, 120 Chané, 96 Chulupi (Ashluslay), and 178 Araucano (Mapuche).These 945 samples were tested for blood factors in the A‐B‐O, M‐N‐S‐s, P, Rh‐Hr, K‐k, Lewis, Duffy, Kidd, and Diego systems. Serum samples were tested for haptoglobins and transferrins. Hemolysates prepared from whole blood were tested for hemoglobin types. The results are presented in tables as phenotype distribution and calculated allele frequencies. Locations of the populations from which blood samples were procured are shown on a map of North and Central Argentina.High frequencies are reported for the O allele. Allele frequencies are high also for M, s, R1 (CDe), R2 (cDE), k, LeH and Fy. They are usually low or absent for alleles B, N, S, Mia, Vw, Ro (cDe), r (cde), K, Le1, and fy. The Di allele ranged from 0.013 in the Araucano (Mapuche) to 0.192 in the Toba.Allele frequencies aberrant for Indians were observed more often in the Araucano (Mapuche) and Diaguita tribes, due probably to greater inflow of non‐Indian genes into their gene pool and perhaps also to genetic drift in small inbred populations.Hp1 allele frequencies varied from 0.43 in the Choroti to 0.80 in the Diaguita.All samples tested for transferrins except six contained the variant Tf C; the six were B1 C present in samples from one Mataco and six Araucano persons.All the specimens tested electrophoretically for hemoglobin types contained only (A) as a major component.
Tear duct size differences of age, sex and race
Authors: Post Richard H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMeasurements of the external opening of the tear duct (naso‐lachrymal canal) of skulls of American colored males and white males indicate larger apertures among the former at corresponding ages. Duct length is somewhat shorter among colored males. In both racial samples the older skulls have slightly larger apertures than those under 40. A sample of white female skulls corroborates this, and manifests smaller average size than the white male skulls at ages below 50 whereas older skulls reveal no sex difference. The race difference in aperture size among male skulls is highly significant statistically and may reflect ecological adaptation.
Saguinus nigricollis—physical growth and dental eruption in a small population of captive‐barn individuals
Authors: Chase John E. , Cooper Robert W. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA group of 16 captive‐born hairy‐faced, white‐lipped, black‐mantled tamarins, Saguinus nigricollis, were observed from birth to maturity. The data for the parameters, body weight, head‐body length, right foot length and dental eruption age was recorded at monthly intervals. Linear growth was complete at approximately 12 months of age. Body weight reached the level of the wild‐caught parents at 16 to 17 months of age. Deciduous dentition was complete at eight weeks of age and all permanent teeth were present by 41 weeks of age. While this sampling is too small for statistical verification, the data provides guidelines on the parameters recorded.
Apparent influence of the X chromosome on timing of 73 ossification centers
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Rohmann Christabel G. , Hertzog Keith P. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAmong 73 postnatal ossification centers, sister‐sister (SS) corretions involving age at appearance tend to exceed brother‐brother (BB) and sister‐brother (SB) correlations by an average of 0.16. This excess of SS over BB and SB ossification timing similarity is not a function of type of center, limb or location, and is in accordance with the hypothesis of partial X‐linkage. It is estimated that the larger proportion of genetically determined variance in postnatal ossification timing may be attributed to genes on the X chromosome.
β‐aminoisobutyric acid (BAIB) excretion in urine of residents of eight communities in the states of Michoacán and Oaxaca, Mexico
Authors: Lasker Gabriel W. , Mast Jeffrey , Tashian Richard 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe ratio of β‐aminoisobutyric acid to neutral amino acids (BAIB/N) in urine was determined in 474 Mexicans from three communities in the state of Michoacán and five in Oaxaca. The frequency curves vary significantly between the three communities in Michoacán and between the two states. The proportion of high excretors (BAIB/N 0.300) varies from 14 to 41% (all intermediate between European white and North American Indian values), but were generally higher in the more “Indian” communities.
Inheritance of the cephalic index
Authors: Sekla B. , Soukup F. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractUsing data from 462 paternity examinations, it was found that, (1) The cephalic index of an infant does not correlate at all closely to those of his or her parents as a pair, nor with that of the like sexed parent, but (2) The cephalic index of an infant, in a majority of cases, falls within a single percentage point of one of the two parents. Because of this it is hypothesized that this aspect of skullshape in inherited in a unitary fashion.
Subperiosteal gain and endosteal loss in protein‐calorie malnutrition
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Guzmán Miguel A. , Wagner Betty 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSubperiosteal and medullary cavity diameters of 91 Guatemalan boys hospitalized with a diagnosis of protein‐calorie malnutrition show a slight but significant increase in total width but a marked reduction at the endosteal surface, and in cortical area and percent cortical area, indicative of continuing subperiosteal apposition and a dramatic excess of endosteal resorption.
A reconstruction of the femur of Australopithecus africanus
Authors: Lovejoy C. Owen , Heiple Kingsbury G. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractUp to the present, no complete femur of Australopithecus has been discovered. Several proximal and distal femoral fragments are available and a fairly complete pelvis. Using this material and the biomechanical requirements of the femur implicit in an erect biped, we have calculated the bicondylar length of the femur of A. africanus to have been about 28 cm. This is smaller than most previous estimates and is consistent with a body size as small as 42–43 inches and a weight of between 40 and 50 pounds.
Ugandan colorblinds revisited
Authors: Adam Avinoam , Mwesigye Enoch , Tabani Elisio 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA rapid examination with the Ishihara plates of secondary schoolboys in Kampala was followed by anomaloscopy of those who failed or hesitated on the screening test.The average rate of all red‐green deficiencies among 1626 lads of various Bantu and Nilotic origins is 3.9%. This is twice a previous estimate, obtained by methods which apparently failed to detect anomalous trichromates.An exceptionally high rate of defects (13.8%) and particularly of deuteranopia (7.3%) was found in a sample of 261 Ismailites. The average rate of all defects among 288 boys of other Indian and Pakistani communities is 4.5%, which is not significantly different from the rate found among Africans.Deutan/protan ratio among indigenous Ugandan colorblinds is 1.07, considerably lower than the ratio of Europeans and Asians.Africans' rate of dichromatic red‐green blindness, 2.5%, is at about the average found elsewhere.
Gaits of monkeys and horses: A methodological critique
Authors: Prost J. H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIn a previous paper it was shown that the traditional methodology used to analyze quadrupedal gaits is inadequate when applied to the gaits of monkeys. The traditional methods were modified for use with the monkey sample (Prost, '65). Was the modification a general improvement of the traditional approach or was it dictated by peculiarities of monkey locomotion?The traditional analysis receives its support primarily from its usefulness in handling horse gaits. If it can be shown that the modified methods improve the analysis for horses, then it can be claimed that the system is not a special case designed uniquely for use with monkeys.Motion pictures were taken of an American Saddle Bred, five‐gaited horse performing several classic gaits. The films were analyzed using the modified methods developed to analyze monkey gaits. The analysis was superior to the traditional approach. All of the organizing principles which structure horse gaits were found to be identical to those which structure monkey gaits.
A cross sectional study of growth in five somatometric traits of Punjabi boys aged eleven to eighteen years
Authors: Singh Raghbir 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIn the present paper, the mean values, standard deviations and rate of growth of five somatometric traits; namely height, weight, sitting height, height minus sitting height, and bicristal diameter of Punjabi Hindu Khatri (an endogamous caste) boys aged 11 to 18 years are represented. Simple forms of distance and velocity curves for each trait are also given and the ages of adolescent spurts are discussed. Data on the appearance of pigmented axillary and facial hair are also included. An interesting observation of the present study is that up to 13 years of age the lower segment of the body, represented by height minus sitting height measurement, grows at a faster rate while after 13 years, the upper segment of the body represented by sitting height measurement grows at a faster rate. These observations are exactly in line with the earlier observations of Tanner ('62).
Cytogenetic studies in the Hottentot population: Count distribution, report of a fragment, and preliminary description of morphology
Authors: Heltne Paul G. , Singer Ronald 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAs part of a general investigation of the biology and morphological variation of the Hottentot population, this study deals with the karyotype analysis of a sample from that population. The modal number overall is 46; however, a high percentage of aneuploid cells, both hypomodal and hypermodal, is found. The rate of increase of aneuploidy with age is considered in detail. The rates for hypomodality with age for Hottentot females are positive and significantly higher than those for other populations previously reported.A fragment of chromatin is described. The fragment occurs in the two Hottentot males and in 22 of the 23 Hottentot females studied. Cells from the one non‐steatopygic female successfully cultured show fragments, as do cells from a Bushman female. In the Hottentots the average incidence of the single anomaly equals or exceeds the incidence of the total of all chromosome lesions in published studies giving control data.Metaphases from five individuals are figured, and several unusual features of the chromosomes are described.The findings are discussed in terms of functional integration at a cytological level karyotype pictures to be expected in hybridization between demes long isolated, and microevolution of the Hottentot population.
Observations on the teeth of the mountain gorilla (Gorilla gorilla beringei)
Authors: Booth Sandra N. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMeasurements of a sample of mountain gorilla (Gorilla gorilla beringei) teeth are presented: when compared with other Gorilla series, the dimensions of the maxillary teeth fall in the upper end of the observed range for the genus. All of the upper teeth except the canine show a greater sex difference in the bucco‐lingual diameter than in the mesio‐distal dimension. This is also true for the other hominoids which have been studied, man, the chimpanzee, and the orang‐utan, but to a lesser degree in man and the chimpanzee.
Worldwide somatic comparisons among contemporary human groups of adult females
Authors: Meredith Howard V. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis paper aggregates and compares findings on 300 groups of women studied in different parts of the world. Variables considered are stature, sitting height, head width and length, face width and height, shoulder and hip widths, and limb girths. Most of the groups were measured between 1950 and 1965.Mean stature approximates 137 cm to 139 cm on Bambuti women of Africa, Asai women of New Guinea, and Sierra de Parija women of South America. Means are near 143 cm for Pahira and Telefolmin women; 148 cm for Bundi, Quechua, and Vietnamese women; 154 cm for Ethiopian and Japanese women; and 159 cm for Coniagui, Italian, Jamaica Negroid, Polish, and Russian women. Groups taller than 162 cm include Amerind women of the Blackfeet tribe; European women of German, Norwegian, Swedish, and Swiss descent; and United States women of northwest European ancestry.The body stem component of stature is relatively short in Australian aborigines and women of several Negroid and Amerind tribes; relatively long in Japanese and Quechua women; and intermediate in women of India, Taiwan aborigines, and United States Caucasoid women.In mean head width, Apache women exceed Pahira women by 2.4 cm, or 18%. In head length, Easter Island natives average 2.0 cm, or 12% longer than Paiwan women of Taiwan.Means for biiliocristal diameter are below or near 24 cm on Bujeba, Hutu, Quechua, Shirisna, Tutsi, and Yecuana women, and above 28 cm on Basque, French, Hungarian, Sicilian, and United States Caucasoid women. For biacromial diameter, means are near 30 cm on Sinhalese women, and near 36 cm on several groups of European women.
Hemoglobin and red cell enzyme variation in some populations of the republic of Vietnam with comments on the malaria hypothesis
Authors: Bowman James E. , Carson Paul E. , Frischer Henri , Powell Robin D. , Colwell Edward J. , Legters Llewellyn J. , Cottingham Andrew J. , Boone Stephen C. , Hiser Wesley W. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe blood of Vietnamese, Khmer, Cham, Rhade, Sedang and Stieng populations of the Republic of Vietnam was studied for hemoglobins, glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and adenylate kinase by starch gel electrophoresis. Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasite rates were obtained in all groups but the Stieng. The prevalence of glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency was lowest in the Sedang (0.004), the Vietnamese (0.014) and the Rhade (0.023). The highest prevalence of glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency was found in the Stieng (0.153). The lowest frequencies of hemoglobinE were in the Vietnamese (0.025) and the Sedang (0.029). All other groups had high frequencies of hemoglobinE, the highest being the Stieng (0.365). The prevalence of phosphogluconate dehydrogenaseB ranged from 0.000 in the Stieng to 0.054 in the Vietnamese. The Vietnamese were not differentiated from the Sedang at the glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase or the hemoglobin loci but were differentiated at the phosphogluconate dehydrogenase locus. Using the three markers most of the populations studied in South Vietnam were distinguishable one from the other. There was variable correlation between the frequency of hemoglobinE and the prevalence of glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. A correlation of the endemicity of falciparum malaria and the frequency of glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and of hemoglobinE was inconclusive. The frequency of the adenylate kinase2 allele was low to absent. Adenylate kinase3 was found in the Khmer and in the Stieng.
Basic morphological data of external genitals in 177 healthy central European men
Authors: Farkas L. G. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractFive basic measurements were made of the penis, the scrotum and the testicles of 177 healthy Bohemian (Czechoslovakian) men, 18–20 years of age. The average length of the penis was 72.18 mm. The average circumference of the penis was 95.65 mm. The length of the right testicle was 47.37 mm, the length of the left was 45.17 mm.In 16.2% of those examined slight deformations of the urethral opening and mild malformations of the prepuce and the frenum were found. These defects did not disturb function. The method of measurement used has been described.
Hemoglobin New York in Chinese subjects in Taiwan
Authors: Blackwell R. Q. , Liu C.‐S. , Wang C.‐L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractHemoglobin K Kaohsiung has been found, during our population survey in Taiwan, in nine unrelated Chinese subjects with provincial origins from several parts of Mainland China and Taiwan. It also was seen in four relatives of the nine subjects. Present chemical structure studies indicate that it has the same structural anomaly as that previously reported in a variant found in members of a Cantonese Chinese family in New York. That variant, called Hemoglobin New York, has the structural change, β113 Valine→Glutamic acid. Preliminary evaluation suggests that this hemoglobin is one of the most common variants in Chinese population groups although it frequently may be undetected by the usual electrophoretic screening procedures. All of the subjects detected thus far were heterozygotes with nearly equal amounts of Hemoglobin Ao and K Kaohsiung. Hemoglobin K Kaohsiung exhibits slightly reduced heat stability compared with that of Hemoglobin Ao; however, its presence in the heterozygote apparently causes no more than mild anemia.
Human skeletal remains from the cave of Hearths, Makapansgat, Northern Transvaal
Authors: Tobias Phillip V. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA detailed study has been made of the oldest South African Upper Pleistocene hominid remains found in Acheulian context in a well‐stratified sealed cave deposit, the Cave of Hearths, Makapansgat, Northern Transvaal. Possibly 55,000 years of age, the remains comprise a juvenile right mandibular body with teeth, and part of a right radius. The mandible is highly robust, markedly prognathous, has a slight to moderate bony chin, an appreciable planum alveolare, a low supraspinous foramen, large alveolar part with big tooth roots, parallel upper and lower borders, a superior transverse torus and poorly developed genial apophysis. The teeth are fairly large, narrow and elongate; M2 is smaller than M1; both molars have a +5 cusp pattern, and the first molar shows moderate taurodontism. There is good evidence that the jaw shows congenital lack of M3: after the Chinese Lantian jaw, this is the second oldest hominid mandible and the first African fossil man with this feature. The radius has a relatively large head atop a disproportionately narrow neck; marked angulation of neck on shaft; and a strongly developed bicipital tubercle. The remains show a cluster of features which ally them with African Neandertaloids and earlier hominids of N.W. Africa. These geographically widespread African remains may represent a transitional population between H. erectus and H. sapiens neanderthalensis. This population has been called by Campbell, this author and others H. sapiens rhodesiensis (after the first‐discovered specimen from Broken Hill): to this taxon the Cave of Hearths bones are tentatively assigned.
Survivorship in gracile and robust Australopithecines: A demographic comparison and a proposed birth model
Authors: McKinley Kelton R. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe age distributions for the two australopithecine types are examined and found to differ significantly as does the difference in average age at death: 22.9 years for Australopithecus africanus and 18.0 years for Australopithecus robustus. Survivorship curves for the two types are constructed. In addition, the survivorship curve for the australopithecine sample is compared to one group of pre‐urban Homo sapiens and found to be much the same, if it is assumed the young australopithecines are not adequately represented. A proposed birth model is presented and it is concluded that both australopithecine types followed a human model of reproduction.
Taste sensitivity to phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) and endemic goiter in the Indian natives of Peruvian highlands
Authors: Paolucci A. M. , Ferro‐Luzzi A. , Modiano G. , Morpurgo G. , Kanashiro V. K. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIn 263 Peruvian Indians, natives and residents of Andean villages in the Department of Pasco, where goiter is endemic, very low frequencies of PTC non‐tasters were found in agreement with other data on South America Indians.The data suggest that in this population the risk of developing goiter either is not associated with the tasting non‐tasting dimorphism, or is greater in the taster class.
A method for making an endocranial cast through the foramen magnum of an intact skull
Authors: Murrill Rupert I. , Wallace Donald T. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIt is possible to make an endocranial cast through the foramen magnum of an intact skull by using several layers of liquid latex. The technique described here includes the preparation of the skull; the method of pouring and curing the layers of liquid latex; the loosening and removal of the latex cast; and lastly making the final endocranial cast.