bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Storage Protein Accumulation in the Absence of the Vacuolar Processing Enzyme Family of Cysteine Proteases[W]
Authors: Gruis Darren , Schulze Jan , Jung Rudolf 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe role(s) of specific proteases in seed protein processing is only vaguely understood; indeed, the overall role of processing in stable protein deposition has been the subject of more speculation than direct investigation. Seed-type members of the vacuolar processing enzyme (VPE) family were hypothesized to perform a unique function in seed protein processing, but we demonstrated previously that Asn-specific protein processing in developing Arabidopsis seeds occurs independently of this VPE activity. Here, we describe the unexpected expression of vegetative-type VPEs in developing seeds and test the role(s) of all VPEs in seed storage protein accumulation by systematically stacking knockout mutant alleles of all four members (αVPE, βVPE, γVPE, and δVPE) of the VPE gene family in Arabidopsis. The complete removal of VPE function in the αvpe βvpe γvpe δvpe quadruple mutant resulted in a total shift of storage protein accumulation from wild-type processed polypeptides to a finite number of prominent alternatively processed polypeptides cleaved at sites other than the conserved Asn residues targeted by VPE. Although alternatively proteolyzed legumin-type globulin polypeptides largely accumulated as intrasubunit disulfide-linked polypeptides with apparent molecular masses similar to those of VPE-processed legumin polypeptides, they showed markedly altered solubility and protein assembly characteristics. Instead of forming 11S hexamers, alternatively processed legumin polypeptides were deposited primarily as 9S complexes. However, despite the impact on seed protein processing, plants devoid of all known functional VPE genes appeared unchanged with regard to protein content in mature seeds, relative mobilization rates of protein reserves during germination, and vegetative growth. These findings indicate that VPE-mediated Asn-specific proteolytic processing, and the physiochemical property changes attributed to this specific processing step, are not required for the successful deposition and mobilization of seed storage protein in the protein storage vacuoles of Arabidopsis seeds.
Overexpression of an Arabidopsis Formin Stimulates Supernumerary Actin Cable Formation from Pollen Tube Cell Membrane[W]
Authors: Cheung Alice Y. , Wu Hen-ming 
Published: January 2004

AbstractFormins, actin-nucleating proteins that stimulate the de novo polymerization of actin filaments, are important for diverse cellular and developmental processes, especially those dependent on polarity establishment. A subset of plant formins, referred to as group I, is distinct from formins from other species in having evolved a unique N-terminal structure with a signal peptide, a Pro-rich, potentially glycosylated extracellular domain, and a transmembrane domain. We show here that overexpression of the Arabidopsis formin AFH1 in pollen tubes induces the formation of arrays of actin cables that project into the cytoplasm from the cell membrane and that its N-terminal structure targets AFH1 to the cell membrane. Pollen tube elongation is a polar cell growth process dependent on an active and tightly regulated actin cytoskeleton. Slight increases in AFH1 stimulate growth, but its overexpression induces tube broadening, growth depolarization, and growth arrest in transformed pollen tubes. These results suggest that AFH1-regulated actin polymerization is important for the polar pollen cell growth process. Moreover, severe membrane deformation was observed in the apical region of tip-expanded, AFH1-overexpressing pollen tubes in which an abundance of AFH1-induced membrane-associated actin cables was evident. These observations suggest that regulated AFH1 activity at the cell surface is important for maintaining tip-focused cell membrane expansion for the polar extension of pollen tubes. The cell surface–located group-I formins may play the integrin-analogous role as mediators of external stimuli to the actin cytoskeleton, and AFH1 could be important for mediating extracellular signals from female tissues to elicit the proper pollen tube growth response during pollination.
A Unique Set of 11,008 Onion Expressed Sequence Tags Reveals Expressed Sequence and Genomic Differences between the Monocot Orders Asparagales and Poales[W]
Authors: Kuhl Joseph C. , Cheung Foo , Yuan Qiaoping , Martin William , Zewdie Yayeh , McCallum John , Catanach Andrew , Rutherford Paul , Sink Kenneth C. , Jenderek Maria , Prince James P. , Town Christopher D. , Havey Michael J. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractEnormous genomic resources have been developed for plants in the monocot order Poales; however, it is not clear how representative the Poales are for the monocots as a whole. The Asparagales are a monophyletic order sister to the lineage carrying the Poales and possess economically important plants such as asparagus, garlic, and onion. To assess the genomic differences between the Asparagales and Poales, we generated 11,008 unique ESTs from a normalized cDNA library of onion. Sequence analyses of these ESTs revealed microsatellite markers, single nucleotide polymorphisms, and homologs of transposable elements. Mean nucleotide similarity between rice and the Asparagales was 78% across coding regions. Expressed sequence and genomic comparisons revealed strong differences between the Asparagales and Poales for codon usage and mean GC content, GC distribution, and relative GC content at each codon position, indicating that genomic characteristics are not uniform across the monocots. The Asparagales were more similar to eudicots than to the Poales for these genomic characteristics.
The Tomato Homolog of CORONATINE-INSENSITIVE1 Is Required for the Maternal Control of Seed Maturation, Jasmonate-Signaled Defense Responses, and Glandular Trichome Development[W]
Authors: Li Lei , Zhao Youfu , McCaig Bonnie C. , Wingerd Byron A. , Wang Jihong , Whalon Mark E. , Pichersky Eran , Howe Gregg A. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractJasmonic acid (JA) is a fatty acid–derived signaling molecule that regulates a broad range of plant defense responses against herbivores and some microbial pathogens. Molecular genetic studies in Arabidopsis have established that JA also performs a critical role in anther and pollen development but is not essential for other developmental aspects of the plant's life cycle. Here, we describe the phenotypic and molecular characterization of a sterile mutant of tomato (jasmonic acid–insensitive1 [jai1]) that is defective in JA signaling. Although the mutant exhibited reduced pollen viability, sterility was caused by a defect in the maternal control of seed maturation, which was associated with the loss of accumulation of JA-regulated proteinase inhibitor proteins in reproductive tissues. jai1 plants exhibited several defense-related phenotypes, including the inability to express JA-responsive genes, severely compromised resistance to two-spotted spider mites, and abnormal development of glandular trichomes. We demonstrate that these defects are caused by the loss of function of the tomato homolog of CORONATINE-INSENSITIVE1 (COI1), an F-box protein that is required for JA-signaled processes in Arabidopsis. These findings indicate that the JA/COI1 signaling pathway regulates distinct developmental processes in different plants and suggest a role for JA in the promotion of glandular trichome–based defenses.
The art of surveillance or reasonable prevention? The case of cervical screening
Authors: McKie Linda 
Published: January 2004

AbstractIn this article data are presented and analysed which identify and explore a white male working class discourse on cervical screening. This discourse was recounted by women who participated in nine discussion groups held as part of a project concerning the views of working class women on cervical screening.The cervical screening service is often viewed as a valuable component of preventive health services and one which recognises the unique health needs of women. In fact it is now a major component of the GP contract with service provision linked to target payments. However cervical screening does pose a number of risks, not solely medical, for service users. In particular the results of this study demonstrate that the female body, in this case the cervix, is a site for state, professional and male surveillance and control, through a preventive service which many feel obligated to participate in.
‘A healthy lifestyle might be the death of you’: discourses on diet, cholesterol control and heart disease in the press and among the lay public
Authors: Lupton Deborah , Chapman Simon 
Published: January 2004

AbstractIn Australia and other western countries, research on the relationship between dietary intake and coronary heart disease has attracted wide news media coverage. One of the most recent issues to receive media attention is the role of cholesterol control in reducing the risk of coronary heart disease. News reports on cholesterol and diet have vacillated confusingly from supporting health promotional orthodoxy in warning individuals to monitor carefully their intake of certain substances such as fats, salt and cholesterol, to questioning the validity of such dietary control. This paper presents the findings of a study investigating media coverage of and the responses of members of the lay public to recent diet and cholesterol control controversies.Analysis found that while the participants commonly articulated concern about their diet, they also expressed a high degree of cynicism both in the news media's coverage and health promotional advice on diet and cholesterol control. Respondents drew upon discourses relating to the pleasurable nature of indulging oneself in eating, but also expressed moralistic discourses concerning the need to ‘work’ at being healthy, thus juggling the dialectic of health as control and health as release. The adage that ‘everything in moderation’ was the way to live one's life, regardless of official advice concerning dietary regulation, was commonly expressed as a strategy of coping with the confusions around diet.
Inequalities in health: the interaction of circumstances and health related behaviour
Authors: Kooiker Sjoerd , Christiansen Terkel 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThis paper derives its main hypothesis from results of the Health and Lifestyle Survey as reported in Blaxter's monograph Health and Lifestyles. In this book it is argued that in a favourable social environment a healthy lifestyle matters but in a unfavourable social environment a healthy lifestyle does not make much difference. This hypothesis is tested with data from health surveys from the Netherlands and Denmark. The Dutch data showed a highly significant relationship of unfavourable material and social circumstances with both poor health and an unhealthy lifestyle. In turn, an unhealthy lifestyle was also related to poor health. The Danish study showed similar, although generally weaker, associations. When the British findings would apply to Denmark and the Netherlands, we should find an interaction between material and social circumstances and health related behaviour in their association with health and illness. Neither the Dutch nor the Danish data showed an interaction of the type that the British study assumes. The paper concludes with a discussion of the reasons why the findings from the UK could not be replicated.
Adding insult to injury: homelessness and health service use
Authors: Shiner Michael 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThis qualitative study considers why homeless people in the least secure forms of accommodation make little use of the primary health care services provided by the National Health Service. Current approaches to this question have tended to develop in a sociological vacuum, unaffected by relevant developments in medical sociology and broader social theory. An approach informed by Alfred Schutz's phenomenology has been used in this article to develop a more theoretical account of homeless people's use of health services than has hitherto been offered. Running throughout this article is the claim that, amongst rough sleepers, there is a distinct culture which makes use of mainstream health services unlikely. Sleeping rough, it is argued transforms the way mainstream health services are seen and renders inappropriate the rules of thumb which govern health and illness behaviour in wider society. In developing these arguments, the view, presented in previous work, that homeless people do not value their health and are apathetic about seeking health care is rejected. Rough sleepers, it is suggested, will use health services if they feel these are provided in an accessible and sensitive way.
Elitism and professional control in a saturated market: immigrant physicians in Israel
Authors: Shuval Judith T. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractUsing Israel as a case study, Che paper considers the social mechanisms by means of which the medical profession seeks to maintain its boundaries and control in a social context characterised by the recent arrival of twelve thousand immigrant physicians from the former Soviet Union. This situation poses a threat to the veteran medical profession which is described as combining elitist and proletarian elements in an uneasy balance. In the past the principal mode of resolution with regard to this duality has taken the form of demonstrative assertions of the elitist component. With the large influx of immigrant doctors, three mechanisms geared to maintain control have been utilised: (1) the formal licensing examination for general practice; (2) full control of employment options in the health care system and (3) a widespread negative stereotype regarding the level of immigrant physicians' professional skills. The paper discusses these mechanisms and their implications for the profession.
Causality, responsibility and blame ‐ core issues in the cultural construction and subtext of prevention
Authors: Sachs Lisbeth 
Published: January 2004

AbstractIt is suggested that preventive thinking is founded in part on perceptions of causal connections, responsibility and blame. The perceived ability of health care and the individual to take active steps towards keeping the body healthy is incorporated in the preventive message. It would be wrong to suppose that these messages amount to a morally neutral description of an objective reality. Descriptions of causal relationships, be they by individual citizens or medical professionals, are inevitably selective, based on assessments and experience in daily life and clinical practice. Messages from preventive campaigns and information about health risks thus contain a hidden script, a culturally constructed subtext which is interpreted and dealt with by the actors involved. Explanations and interpretations of health risks among 40‐year‐old men going through a preventive programme of cholesterolemia in a farming region in Sweden is described. How these explanations and interpretations are communicated and constructed in the health care situation, and what implications they have in the every day life of these men, is discussed.
Behavioural and structural factors in the explanation of socio‐economic inequalities in health: an empirical analysis
Authors: Stronks Karien , van de Mheen H. Dike , Looman Casper W.N. , Mackenbach Johan P. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the importance of ‘cultural/behavioural’ and ‘materialist/structuralist’ explanations for socio‐economic inequalities in health, and to examine the interrelationship between them. We used data from a survey among a sample of the population in the southeastern part of the Netherlands. When analysed separately, both behavioural and structural factors contributed substantially to observed inequalities in health. In a simultaneous analysis, both groups of factors had a substantial part of their contribution in common. We denned the overlap as an indirect contribution of structural conditions, through behaviour. If that overlap is ignored, this could lead to an overestimation of the behavioural explanation. In our analysis, the total (direct plus indirect) contribution of structural factors is larger than that of behavioural factors. However, because of, in particular, the cross‐sectional character of the data, these analyses must not be considered a final answer as to the question of the relative contribution of behavioural and structural factors. Instead, they are an illustration of the way their importance could be assessed, taking the effect of structural conditions on lifestyle into consideration.
Accounts of the NHS reforms: macro‐, meso‐ and micro‐ level perspectives
Authors: Mohan John 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to review the various strands of academic commentary on the origins of the reforms of the British NHS announced in Working for Patients and implemented from 1991. The intention is to point to the very different ways in which this major event was interpreted and to question some of the interpretations advanced of the reforms. Ranging the various perspectives along a continuum from macro‐level accounts (at the level of global or international trends) to micro‐level perspectives (which concentrate on developments internal to health care systems), the paper draws attention to the multifaceted character of the various explanations that have been advanced and argues that no one perspective can satisfactorily account for the reforms. A degree of ecleticism may therefore be involved in producing a comprehensive explanation, and the paper draws attention to some parallels between accounts written from rather different ideological perspectives.
Differential urbanisation in Russia
Authors: Nefedova Tatyana , Treivish Andrei 
Published: January 2004

Rapid yet delayed urbanisation close to that seen in the Third World, a history full of troubles, and a demographic condition that today has a Western look – such a combination makes the Russian case not an easy one for the differential urbanisation theory. Testing the latter for over 100 years by a period of time and population dynamic (with a sliding city class scale), the authors find that the all–Russian advances in the urbanisation stage were interrupted twice by the cataclysms of the century. After its third start, the stage lasted until the 1980s when signs of polarisation reversal were observed (this time in migration). The recent crisis was marked first by a steep turn to a premature counter–urbanisation, and then by a ‘swing back’. On ‘average’, the reversal looks most ‘normal’ for the 1990s’ stage.Several regional and local studies proved that the dates of stages depend on the general and the urban development level, although the relationship may be far from linear or even paradoxical (in the South and in the East of Russia). Also, the size–distance regularity is observed for the case of the Moscow agglomeration, prescribed by the differential urbanisation theory during the polarisation reversal stage.All these lead to the conclusion that the theory can explain the Russian trends when they are not deeply distorted by some extraordinary events, which, however, were and are so common in this country.
The explicit and implicit dance in psychoanalytic change
Authors: Fosshage James L. 
Published: January 2004

Abstract:  How the implicit/non‐declarative and explicit/declarative cognitive domains interact is centrally important in the consideration of effecting change within the psychoanalytic arena. Stern et al. (1998) declare that long‐lasting change occurs in the domain of implicit relational knowledge. In the view of this author, the implicit and explicit domains are intricately intertwined in an interactive dance within a psychoanalytic process.The author views that a spirit of inquiry (Lichtenberg, Lachmann & Fosshage 2002) serves as the foundation of the psychoanalytic process. Analyst and patient strive to explore, understand and communicate and, thereby, create a ‘spirit’ of interaction that contributes, through gradual incremental learning, to new implicit relational knowledge. This spirit, as part of the implicit relational interaction, is a cornerstone of the analytic relationship. The ‘inquiry’ more directly brings explicit/declarative processing to the foreground in the joint attempt to explore and understand. The spirit of inquiry in the psychoanalytic arena highlights both the autobiographical scenarios of the explicit memory system and the mental models of the implicit memory system as each contributes to a sense of self, other, and self with other. This process facilitates the extrication and suspension of the old models, so that new models based on current relational experience can be gradually integrated into both memory systems for lasting change.
Mechanisms of vasomotor rhinitis
Authors: Garay R. 
Published: January 2004

SummaryNonallergic non‐infectious perennial rhinitis (NANIPER) is a heterogeneous disorder comprising several pathophysiological entities. The etiology of some of these disorders (e.g. drug‐induced rhinitis, nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome [NARES], occupational rhinitis, hormonal rhinitis, emotion‐induced rhinitis, physical/chemical irritant‐induced rhinitis) is well established. In contrast, the aetiology of idiopathic forms of rhinitis (also known as vasomotor rhinitis) is largely unknown. Mechanistic studies have suggested that non‐IgE‐mediated inflammatory and/or neurogenic processes may be involved. There is evidence that localized inflammation is the underlying cause of symptoms in drug‐induced rhinitis and NARES, since eosinophilia is an important pathophysiological component in these conditions. In contrast, neurogenic reflex mechanisms initiated by environmental factors appear to be involved in idiopathic rhinitis. It has been suggested that there may be an imbalance of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, with parasympathetic hyper‐activity and sympathetic hypo‐activity resulting in nasal congestion and rhinorrhoea. Indirect evidence suggests that C‐fibres may also play an important role in the pathophysiology of idiopathic rhinitis.
Zimmermann–Laband syndrome with bilateral developmental cataract – a new association?
Authors: Shah N. , Gupta Y. K. , Ghose S. 
Published: January 2004

Summary.An unusual case of Zimmermann–Laband syndrome in a young male child with an unreported association of bilateral developmental cataract is presented. The pathognomonic triad of gingival fibromatosis, aplastic or hypoplastic distal phalanges with absent nails, and enlargement of soft tissues of the face were obvious, besides the known moderate learning disability and mild hearing loss. The case is discussed in the light of relevant literature. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of early developmental cataracts in association with the Zimmermann–Laband syndrome. Besides detection and timely recognition of the syndrome to allow adequate dental care, ophthalmic screening at periodic intervals is merited to improve the overall quality of life for these patients.
Variations in expression of oral–facial–digital syndrome (type I): report of two cases
Authors: Driva T. , Franklin D. , Crawford P. J. M. 
Published: January 2004

Summary.Two case reports are presented, both clearly demonstrating the diagnosis of oral–facial–digital syndrome, type I, but widely different in the expression of the condition. The first patient showed only mild expression of the syndrome. On examination at the age of 4 years there were no obvious extra oral signs, intraoral findings included the presence of supernumeraries in the primary dentition, spacing in two areas and the presence of an extra frenum. The second can be considered as a more severe case. This patient had many of the typical manifestations, including frontal bossing, a degree of zygomatic hypoplasia and clinodactyly. Orally, the most striking finding was a bilateral cleft palate which had not been diagnosed prior to examination at the age of 6 years. Other findings included multiple frena and a bifid tongue.