bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Endocrine
Authors: Singer Mervyn , Webb Andrew R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In severe diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) approximate losses are: water 5™10 litres sodium 400™700 mmol potassium 250™700 mmol The fluid loss is relatively hypotonic (urine sodium concentration is about 55 mmol/1) as about half is derived from the intracellular compartment. Fluid and electrolyte repletion should not follow a strict regimen but must be tailored to individual needs.
Dialysis Amyloid
Authors: Ypersele Charles Van , Droeke Tilman B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Dialysis amyloidosis is a syndrome observed in dialysis patients characterized initially by joint pain, followed later by joint destruction. It is at present one of the few compliations in these patients. The factors involved in the genesis of this syndrome are not yet known with certainty and there is as yet no proven efficacious treatment otehr then renal transplantation. As a result, the interest in this topic among nephrologists remains very high. Dialysis amyloid gives general information on the pathophysiology, and the clinical aspects of all types of amyloidosis. It then goes on to discuss recently discovered B2, type of dialysis amyloidosis, from clinical and pathological features to physiological and pathophysiological aspects of this serious complication which effects patients suffering from chronic renal failure. This book will give nephrologists and rheumatologists a clear understanding of the dialysis amyloidosis syndrome as well as making a valuable contribution to identifying strategies for treatment and prevention.
The travelling athlete
Authors: Reilly T , Atkinson G , Waterhouse J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Competitive sport is now recognized on a global scale and people at many levels, from the Olympic Games athlete to the recreational runner, have the opportunity of competing abroad. Travelling to strange places for purposes of competing in sport seems highly alluring. In reality, this foreign travel makes great demands on team-managers, athletes, and coaches, whether they are planning trips abroad for a single competition or a prolonged tour. Whatever country is the destination, a vast surveillance exercise is called for to glean information about the culture and customs of the host country, the immunization necessary, climatic factors including temperature, seasonal variations in climate, altitude, and so on.
Seasonal variations
Authors: Reilly T , Atkinson G , Waterhouse J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Throughout the chapters of this textbook on biological rhythms, a spectrum of rhythm periods has been examined, ranging from the ultradian stages of sleep, through the circadian fluctuations in physiological and performance variables, to the infradian rhythm of the menstrual cycle. In this chapter, biological rhythms with even longer periods than the circamensal cycle are examined − those that recur once per year. Such rhythms may be defined as ‘circannual’, which denotes a period of about 1 year ± 2 months, or ‘seasonal’. Strictly speaking, seasonal changes are brought about by changes in environmental fluctuations and are not observed in the absence of such changes, whereas circannual rhythms may be endogenous and/or desynchronized from the calendar year.
Transportation of the critically ill
Authors: Mrcp J B Salmon 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A 25-year-old man was admitted to A&E. in a district general hospital following a road traffic accident in .which he was the passenger. After initial assessment and colloid resuscitation in A&E he was conscious and haemodynamically stable. He was breathing with difficulty and complained of pain in the chest, and left leg. His injuries included numerous abrasions; compound fracture, left tibia; and closed fracture, left femur.
Right ventricular infarction
Authors: Mrcp H Montgomery 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A 46-year-old man with a past history of hypertension presents with a 4-hour history of typical cardiac chest pain. The ECG shows ST elevation in the inferior leads consistent with an acute myocardial infarction, and he is treated with streptokinase at once. BP at presentation is 170/110 mmHg. Over the subsequent 30 hours, his pain continues despite treatment with intravenous nitrates and opioids. BP then slowly falls reaching 90/60 mmHg at 48 hours, a mounting sinus tachycardia develops, and he com plains of breathlessness. Aurinary catheter is inserted, upon which urine flow is found to be negligible.
Croup
Authors: Frca D J Macrae 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A two-year-old child presented with a 3-day history of coryzal symptoms. Until that morning her symptoms had apparently been well-palliated with regular administration of paracetamol suspension, and she had continued to eat and drink. However, her parents were awoken at Sam by her coughing, and on the advice of their GP, took the child to the emergency department.
Anaesthetic Algorithms
Authors: Armstrong R F , Aveling W , Grundy E M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The success of the algorithm approach as a means of teaching management strategies has led to their increasing use in teaching texts. In this book, up-to-date strategies are presented in an algorithm format enabling easy review, access, and revision. The algorithms deal with common anaesthetic problems and include reminders of dangers and controversies. Each algorithm is combined with a page of short notes and a small number of selected references. The text is intended to be an easily accessible reference for practising anaesthetists. In addition, it would act as a useful guide for entrance to the FRCA examinations as well as an in-theatre prompt.
Respiratory
Authors: Armstrong R F , Aveling W , Grundy E M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is important to recognize the patient with a potential for developing bronchospasm. A history of nocturnal dyspnoea, cough, wheezing, and morning chest tightness should alert the anaesthetist as should recent chest infections. Smoking increases airway secretions and bronchial hyperreactivity and ideally should be stopped 2-4 weeks before surgery. PEFR is a good objective method of assessing bronchospasm. In patients considered to have a high risk of bronchospasm, P2 agonists(salbutamol 5 mg in 2 ml 0.9% saline by nebulizer) and steroids(hydrocortisone 1-3 mg/kg) should be given 1-2 hours pre-op. Patients withexisting bronchospasmshould have steroids 8-hourly for the preceding 24 hours. Glycopyrrolate will cause significant bronchodilation if given earlyenough (30 mins pre-op.). The Hl receptor blockers such as promethazineare useful and also cause sedation. Though controversy exists, thiopentone, morphine, and curare all producehistamine release and are classically avoided in the asthmatic patient. Pethidine and atropine are known to be bronchodilators. Propofol, vecuronium, and fentanyl are not associated with histaminerelease and are recommended in asthmatics. Lignocaine spray to the trachea will reduce responses to mechanical stimuli. If appropriate, epidural or spinal anaesthesia is probably the best option,though motor blockade of the intercostal muscles should be avoided.
Sleep disorders and hypnotic drugs
Authors: Lader Malcolm , Herrington Reginald 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We spend a third of our lives asleep and yet sleep largely remains an enigma. The purpose of sleep has been speculated about repeatedly but, apart from some relationships with hormone secretion, little of note has been discovered. Yet we all know how unpleasant lack of sleep can be whether this is spontaneous as in insomnia or self-inflicted. The complaint of insomnia is one of the most frequent encountered by the family physician and it is also one of the commonest reasons for prescribing one group of drugs, namely, the hypnotics.
Miscellaneous disorders and drugs
Authors: Lader Malcolm , Herrington Reginald 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we outline the drug treatment of a variety of conditions which the general psychiatrist may be called on to treat or about which his advice may be sought. He may be asked to treat the psychiatric complications of a neurological or general medical condition, or encounter a medical or surgical patient with psychiatric co-morbidity. The many interfaces between psychiatry and neurology, internal medicine, and clinical psychology are moving rapidly and the psychiatnst has to be proficient in adjusting his role, and be aware of changing technologies, practices and views in other specialties, so that his advice is feasible and compatible with other management strategies.
Ventilation and intravenous cannulation
Authors: Skinner David V , Vincent Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is important to point out that the fully conscious non arrested patient suffering an acute myocardial infarction or trauma also needs care of the airway and oxygen. All too often such patients, because they are breathing, are denied the opportunity of enhanced inspired oxygen concentrations-a deprivation which is likely to be to their detriment. The airway must be protected against inhalation of vomit .. There are a variety of methods of ventilating the cardiacarrested patient, and the method used will depend on: the circumstances of the arrest; the skill levels available for airway control; and the availability of an appropriate form of airway for the individual patient.
Burns and scalds
Authors: Morton Rosemary J , Phillips Barbara M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
1 Thermal injuries may be extremely painful and analgesia should be a priority after resuscitation.
2 Children with injuries of over 10 per cent of their body surface always require admission and intravenous fluids.
3 Inhalation injury is potentially fatal and its possibility should be actively considered.
4 Even trivial burns should be followed up as they may develop complications.
5 Consider the possibility of non-accidental injury.
Office hysteroscopy and suction curettage in the evaluation of abnormal uterine bleeding
Authors: Goldrath Milton 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The dilatation and curettage (D&C) has long been considered the method of choice for investigating abnormal uterine bleeding and obtaining samples of endometrium for histologic examination. In 1975, approximately 977, 000 patients underwent diagnostic D&C in short stay, non-federal hospitals (Grimes 1982). This number had dropped by 65 per cent by 1991 according to data from the National Health Survey. This probably still makes D&C one of the most commonly performed operations in the United States today. Because of the current emphasis on cost containment for health care there has been increasing motivation to find less expensive procedures to substitute for the routine hospital diagnostic curettage. In addition, a hospital procedure is inconvenient and time-consuming. Initially we moved to outpatient procedures instead of the usual two-day admission. This has reduced costs. However, the increasing costs of hospital operation necessitated raising the charges even for out patient surgery to very high levels.
Fetal origins of adult disease
Authors: Parker Louise 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Life expectancy has increased dramatically over the last century as a consequence of improved social conditions, better nutrition, and advances in medicine. A baby born in 1900 had a life expectancy of under 50 years whereas a child born in 2000 will be expected to live for over 80 years (Central Statistics Office: Social Trends 1996). This dramatic change is due in part to the fact that infectious diseases are now both preventable and curable and are no longer a major cause of death. In 1921, 15% (70 497) of deaths in England and Wales were from infection (Registrar-General’s Statistical Review of England and Wales 1921). By 1971 this figure had dropped to 3300, and the rate continues to fall (Registrar General’s Statistical Review of England and Wales 1921, 1971, 1992). Deaths from infection now make up fewer than 0.5% of all deaths in England and Wales.
The primary care physician’s perspective
Authors: Marcusson Jan , Sloan John P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Epidemiological studies show that 5 to 15 per cent of persons over 70 years of age exhibit signs of dementia. Thus, the primary care or general practitioner often meets persons with possible dementia and is in an important position in the basic investigation and further management of the case (Fig. 20.1). The general practitioner, who often cares for the whole family, has unique opportunities to detect early cases of dementia through contact with the patient and his or her relatives. In many countries, the general practitioner also has the medical responsibility for special living facilities for elderly people where dementia often occurs. In recent years, specific treatments for Alzheimer’s disease (tacrine and donepezil) have become available in North America and parts of Europe. As such treatments have been largely studied in patients with mild or moderate disease, it is important at the primary care level to detect possible Alzheimer patients early in the disease process.
Emergency Management of Hand Injuries
Authors: Wilson G R , Nee P A , Watson J S , Harrison R K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This compact yet comprehensive handbook will allow Accident and Emergency staff to investigate and treat hand injuries with confidence - and just as importantly, to see at a glance which patients should be referred immediately to a specialist hand surgeon. Written in a concise and accessible style, it is illustrated throughout with clear and informative diagrams.
Introduction
Authors: Wilson G R , Nee P A , Watson J S , Harrison R K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Patients with hand injuries or non-traumatic disorders of the hand commonly present to accident and emergency (A&E) departments. Although rarely life threatening in themselves, such injuries are the cause of considerable morbidity and loss of earnings. The majority are assessed initially by junior doctors in the A&E department where injuries may be overlooked or their severity underestimated.
Onward referral
Authors: Heath Iona 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Whereas the responsibilities of the general practitioner in relation to both child abuse and domestic violence are relatively clearly defined, the correct response to elder abuse remains elusive (Fig. 18.1). In child abuse, the practitioner must prioritize the interests and protection of the child; in domestic violence, the prime responsibility is to respect and promote the autonomy of the abused women and support her in making her own decisions. In elder abuse, a delicate balance must be struck depending on the mental competence of the abused older person.
Acquired cystic disease and renal tumors in long-term dialysis patients
Authors: Ishikawa Isao 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Advances in dialysis treatment have prolonged the lives of many dialysis patients, but long-term dialysis has led to a new set of complications, such as beta-2 microglobulin¬ induced amyloidosis, renal osteodystrophy, and aluminum intoxication; as well as acquired cystic disease and renal cell carcinoma (Dunnill et al., 1977; Ishikawa, 1991b). Autopsy examination (Dunnill et al., 1977) and diagnostic imaging (Ishikawa et al., 1980) have revealed acquired cystic disease of the diseased kidney and its complications. In 1977, Dunnill et al. described the very important observation that 14 cases with acquired cysts, including six accompanied by renal tumors, were found among 30 autopsy cases—one of the patients had died due to metastasis of a renal cell carcinoma. In 1980, Ishikawa et al. reported the findings, using computed tomographic scanning of the diseased kidneys, in 96 of their patients undergoing dialysis due to chronic glomerulonephritis.
Men’S Troubles
Authors: Greaves Mel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Whilst women have been getting a raw deal from cancer, the tables may now be turning. Cancer of the male prostate gland is fast becoming the most commonly diagnosed cancer in the USA and will overtake lung cancer as a leading cause of mortality in men. And it’s out of the closet with the likes of golfer Arnold Palmer and Stormin’ Norman Schwarzkopf confronting their own diagnoses on prime time TV. What was previously endured in embarrassed silence is now the talk of boardrooms, golf courses, and the pub. Current treatments for prostate cancer are crude and provide a sad parallel with breast cancer - surgical prostectomy plus chemical castration with antiandrogens for metastatic disease. The treatment is feminizing and not particularly effective.
Drugs commonly encountered in patients with cardiac disease
Authors: Hwang Dr Nian Chih , Sinclair Dr Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The aim of treatment is to restore the balance of myocardial oxygen supply and demand. Three classes of compounds commonly employed are nitrates, -blockers, and calcium-channel blockers. Recently, potassium-channelactivators have been included. Nitrates relieve both exertional (stable and unstable) and vasospastic angina. The mechanism of action appears to depend on their conversion to the nitrite ion (No2-) which is believed to generate nitric oxide (NO•). The predominant effect of nitrates is venodilatation of the capacitance vessels. This allows venous pooling and reduces venous return to the heart. The reduction in preload reduces left ventricular enddiastolic volume and pressure and hence oxygen consumption. The reduction of afterload achieved through arteriolar dilatation also decreases myocardial work and oxygen consumption. Nitrates also appear to redistribute myocardial blood flow to improve perfusion of ischaemic regions.
Theatre preparation
Authors: Hwang Dr Nian Chih , Sinclair Dr Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Drugs Induction drugs Fentanyl (1 mg) Etomidate (10 mg) Pancuronium (8 mg) Suxamethonium (100 mg) Vasoactive drugs For bolus doses (resuscitation drugs) Atropine (0.6 mg/ml) Metaraminol (10 mg diluted to 10 ml, 1 mg/ml) Isoprenaline (100 µg diluted to 10 ml, 10 µg/ml) Phentolamine (10 mg diluted to 10 ml, 1 mg/ml) Calcium chloride (10 ml undiluted, 13.4 per cent)
Preoperative visit and premedication
Authors: Hwang Dr Nian Chih , Sinclair Dr Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As well as obtaining information such as the age and weight of the child, the medical therapy (diuretics with or without digoxin are prescribed to treat excessive pulmonary flow and heart failure), and the history of previous operations (reoperations require external defibrillation pads and availability of blood in the theatre prior to opening of the chest), review the echocardiography, Doppler, and cardiac catheterization reports to understand the cardiac anomalies. Determine whether there is excessive or restricted blood flow to the pulmonary or systemic circulation. An understanding of the pathology will aid planning of resuscitative measures if the child deteriorates during anaesthesia. The limbs should be examined for potential venous and arterial access. Infants and children with congenital heart diseases are usually scheduled for either palliative or definitive surgery because of severe hypoxaemia, excessive pulmonary blood flow, congestive heart failure, obstructive left heart lesions, or dysrhythmias. Older children may need surgical intervention to prevent impairment of ventricular function by chronic volume overload due to aortic or mitral regurgitation or septal defects.
Theatre preparation
Authors: Hwang Dr Nian Chih , Sinclair Dr Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Drugs Induction drugs Fentanyl Thiopentone (4-7 mg/kg) Pancuronium (diluted to 0.4 mg/ml for a child less than 20 kg)) Suxamethonium (undiluted) Vasoactive drugs For bolus doses (resuscitation drugs) Atropine in 1 ml syringe (0.6 mg)
Metaraminol (diluted to either 0.1 or 1 mg/ml) or phenylephrine (10 µg/ml)
Isoprenaline (10 µg/ml)
Ectopic and familial polyglandular syndromes ( C finical)
Authors: Laycock John , Wise Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In regard to ectopic hormone syndromes (the production of hormones from non endocrine tumour tissue), which of the following is/are true? The incidence and spectrum of hormone excess is similar whatever primary tumour is considered The syndromes most commonly result from tumour synthesis and release of simple peptides resembling those of normal hypothalamic origin Hormone secretion is an epiphenomenon of advanced tumour status, and is normally of minor clinical significance.
Doing good?
Authors: Lomas Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Over the past decade, psychotherapy and counselling have become more and more popular, with many people turning to therapists in the hope of finding a better, happier, more fulfilling life. In this cogently argued and beautifully written book, Peter Lomas, argues that as psychotherapy enters the mainstream, therapists have become dependent on the technical aspects of their profession at the expense of the many moral issues involved. Indeed, they have become so afraid of moralizing or of departing from what Lomas views as a spurious scientific neutrality that the dialogue between therapist and patient tends to be distorted, potentially confusing, and too remote from the healthy reality of ordinary conversation. In this provocative analysis, drawing on his day-to-day experience of working with patients, Peter Lomas explores the consequences of this dichotomy, such as the loss of spontaneity and avoidance of closeness which may hinder rather than help the healing process. He looks at the problems associated with issues of power, and its abuse, which is central to psychotherapy, and explores the dilemmas involved when there is a clash of moral beliefs between the two people. This is a lucid and thought-provoking addition to the literature on psychotherapy, and will appeal both to trainee and practising therapists and counsellors, for people in therapy, and for those considering embarking upon it.
Nerve blocks-simple injections, epidurals, spinals, and more complex blocks
Authors: Breivik Harald 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The skillful practice of diagnostic and ‘prognostic’ local anaesthetic nerve blocks, followed by selective neurolytic blocks with ethanol or phenol, was the basis for the pioneering anaesthesiologists’ involvement in relief of ‘intractable’ pain (Bonica 1953; Swerdlow 1983). During the last three decades knowledge of the pharmacology and toxicology of opioid analgesics has improved. At the same time development and availability of more effective forms of administration of opioid analgesic drugs has also contributed to improved medical management of severe cancer pain (Twycross 1994).
Selected surgical approaches
Authors: Dunn Geoffrey 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Diagnosis and treatment of pain is an appropriate reason for referral to a general surgeon at any time in the course of a malignant disease. The surgeon has many tasks in the palliation of cancer including: staging of disease, control of disease, control of pain and symptoms, reconstruction, and rehabilitation. The preparation of the patient for possible surgical intervention begins with the referring physician. The chances of a helpful surgical encounter are enhanced by offering realistic expectations before the referral is made. This requires knowledge on the part of the non-surgeon concerning prerequisites and principles of surgical intervention. The surgeon has a valuable opportunity to assess non-physical components of ‘total pain’ (Saunders and Sykes 1993).