bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prefrontal cortical cell firing during maintenance, extinction, and reinstatement of goal‐directed behavior for natural reward
Authors: Peters Yvette M. , O'Donnell Patricio , Carelli Regina M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe prefrontal cortex (PFC) is important for higher cognitive functioning and the processing of reward‐related information. Here, electrophysiological recording procedures were used to examine cell firing in the PFC in rats (n = 12) during water reinforcement sessions consisting of three phases. In phase one (maintenance), animals pressed a lever (fixed ratio 1) for water reinforcement (0.05 ml/press) paired with an auditory stimulus. Of 62 neurons recorded during maintenance, 39 (63%) exhibited one of three types of patterned discharges relative to the reinforced response for water. Specifically, PFC neurons exhibited increases in firing rate within seconds preceding the response (type PR; n = 9 cells) or increases (type RFe; n = 16 cells) or decreases (type RFi; n = 14 cells) in firing rate immediately following response completion. The remaining neurons did not alter their firing profiles relative to the reinforced response (type nonphasic cells; n = 23 cells). In phase two (extinction), lever press responses had no programmed consequences (i.e., water reinforcement and the auditory stimulus were not presented). After 30 min of no responding, phase three (reinstatement) began, during which each lever press response was again associated with water reinforcement paired with the stimulus. Results indicate differential effects of extinction/reinstatement on cell firing rates and patterns dependent on cell type. These findings are discussed with respect to the adaptive nature of PFC activity during goal‐directed behaviors for “natural” rewards, and are considered relative to prior studies that examined nucleus accumbens cell firing during a similar behavioral task. Synapse 56:74–83, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuropathology of the cerebral cortex observed in a range of animal models of prenatal cocaine exposure may reflect alterations in genes involved in the Wnt and cadherin systems
Authors: Novikova Svetlana I. , He Fang , Bai Jie , Lidow Michael S. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSeveral recent reports show that the cerebral cortex in humans and animals with altered expressions of Wnt/cadherin network‐associate molecules display cytoarchitectural abnormalities reminiscent of cortical dysplasias seen in some (mouse‐, rat‐, and monkey‐based) animal models of prenatal cocaine exposure. Therefore, we employed oligo microarrays followed by real‐time RT‐PCR to compare expressions of genes involved in Wnt and cadherin systems in the cerebral wall of 18‐day‐old (E18) fetuses from cocaine‐treated (20 mg/kg cocaine, s.c., b.i.d., E8–18) and drug‐naive (saline, s.c.) mice. The pregnant mice chronically treated with cocaine in the above‐described manner represent one of the animal models producing offspring with widespread cortical dysplasias. Out of more than 150 relevant genes in the arrays, 32 were upregulated and 9 were downregulated in cocaine‐exposed fetuses. The majority of these genes (30 out of 41) were similarly affected in the frontal and occipital regions of the cerebral wall. We also used Western immunoblotting to examine the ability of cocaine to regulate the protein levels of β‐catenin, the key functional component of both Wnt and cadherin systems. While the total cell levels of β‐catenin were increased throughout the cerebral wall of cocaine‐exposed fetuses, its nuclear (gene‐transcription driving) levels remained unaltered. This suggests a transcription‐unrelated role for cocaine‐induced upregulation of this protein. Overall, our findings point to an intriguing possibility that that cerebral cortical dysplasias observed in several animal models of prenatal cocaine exposure may be at least in part related to alterations in the Wnt/cadherin molecular network. Synapse 56:105–116, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of Feeding Spodoptera littoralis on Lima Bean Leaves. II. Continuous Mechanical Wounding Resembling Insect Feeding Is Sufficient to Elicit Herbivory-Related Volatile Emission
Authors: Mithöfer Axel , Wanner Gerhard , Boland Wilhelm 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Herbivore feeding elicits defense responses in infested plants, including the emission of volatile organic compounds that can serve as indirect defense signals. Until now, the contribution of plant tissue wounding during the feeding process in the elicitation of defense responses has not been clear. For example, in lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus), the composition of the volatiles induced by both the insect caterpillar Spodoptera littoralis and the snail Cepaea hortensis is very similar. Thus, a mechanical caterpillar, MecWorm, has been designed and used in this study, which very closely resembles the herbivore-caused tissue damage in terms of similar physical appearance and long-lasting wounding period on defined leaf areas. This mode of treatment was sufficient to induce the emission of a volatile organic compound blend qualitatively similar to that as known from real herbivore feeding, although there were significant quantitative differences for a number of compounds. Moreover, both the duration and the area that has been mechanically damaged contribute to the induction of the whole volatile response. Based on those two parameters, time and area, which can replace each other to some extent, a damage level can be defined. That damage level exhibits a close linear relationship with the accumulation of fatty acid-derived volatiles and monoterpenes, while other terpenoid volatiles and methyl salicylate respond in a nonlinear manner. The results strongly suggest that the impact of mechanical wounding on the induction of defense responses during herbivore feeding was until now underestimated. Controlled and reproducible mechanical damage that strongly resembles the insect's feeding process represents a valuable tool for analyzing the role of the various signals involved in the induction of plant defense reactions against herbivory.
Salicylic Acid-Dependent Expression of Host Genes in Compatible Arabidopsis-Virus Interactions
Authors: Huang Zhonglian , Yeakley Joanne M. , Garcia Elizabeth Wickham , Holdridge Jaime D. , Fan Jian-Bing , Whitham Steven A. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Plant viruses elicit the expression of common sets of genes in susceptible hosts. Studies in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) indicate that at least one-third of the genes induced in common by viruses have been previously associated with plant defense and stress responses. The genetic and molecular requirements for the induction of these stress and defense-related genes during compatible host-virus interactions were investigated with a panel of Arabidopsis mutant and transgenic plants defective in one or more defense signaling pathways. pad4, eds5, NahG, npr1, jar1, ein2, sid2, eds1, and wild-type Columbia-0 and Wassilewskija-2 plants were infected with two different viruses, cucumber mosaic virus and oilseed rape mosaic virus. Gene expression was assayed by a high-throughput fiber-optic bead array consisting of 388 genes and by RNA gel blots. These analyses demonstrated that, in compatible host-virus interactions, the expression of the majority of defense-related genes is induced by a salicylic acid-dependent, NPR1-independent signaling pathway with a few notable exceptions that did require NPR1. Interestingly, none of the mutant or transgenic plants showed enhanced susceptibility to either cucumber mosaic virus or oilseed rape mosaic virus based on both symptoms and virus accumulation. This observation is in contrast to the enhanced disease susceptibility phenotypes that these mutations or transgenes confer to some bacterial and fungal pathogens. These experimental results suggest that expression of many defense-related genes in compatible host plants might share components of signaling pathways involved in incompatible host-pathogen interactions, but their increased expression has no negative effect on viral infection.
Topolins and Hydroxylated Thidiazuron Derivatives Are Substrates of Cytokinin O-Glucosyltransferase with Position Specificity Related to Receptor Recognition
Authors: Mok Machteld C. , Martin Ruth C. , Dobrev Petre I. , Vanková Radomira , Ho P. Shing , Yonekura-Sakakibara Keiko , Sakakibara Hitoshi , Mok David W.S. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Glucosides of trans-zeatin occur widely in plant tissues, formed either by O-glucosylation of the hydroxylated side chain or N-glucosylation of the purine ring structure. O-Glucosylation is stereo-specific: the O-glucosyltransferase encoded by the Phaseolus lunatus ZOG1 gene has high affinity for trans-zeatin as the substrate, whereas the enzyme encoded by the maize (Zea mays) cisZOG1 gene prefers cis-zeatin. Here we show that hydroxylated derivatives of benzyladenine (topolins) are also substrates of ZOG1 and cisZOG1. The m-OH and o-OH derivatives are the preferred substrate of ZOG1 and cisZOG1, respectively. Among the hydroxylated derivatives of thidiazuron tested, the only enzyme/substrate combination resulting in conversion was cisZOG1/(o-OH) thidiazuron. The abilities of these cytokinins to serve as substrates to the glucosyltransferases were in a large part correlated with their biological activities in the P. lunatus callus bioassay, indicating that there may be similarities between cytokinin-binding sites on the enzymes and cytokinin receptors. Further support for this interpretation is provided by cytokinin recognition studies involving the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) CRE1/WOL/AHK4 and maize ZmHK1 receptors. The AHK4 receptor responded to trans-zeatin and m-topolin, while the ZmHK1 receptor responded also to cis-zeatin and o-topolin. Three-dimensional molecular models of the substrates were applied to explain the results.
Greek university students: a discouraged workforce
Authors: Mihail Dimtrios M. , Karaliopoulou Katerina 
Published: February 2005

PurposeThe significance of young, well‐educated workers in the Greek labour market has been largely neglected in studies addressing the issue of low participation rate in the labour force of the country. This study focuses on the reluctance of Greek students to enter the labour market and combine studies with paid work. This article reports on a survey that aimed to examine to what extent university students in Greece seek to work during term‐time and to explore student perceptions of combining studies and work.Design/methodology/approachThe survey was conducted in May 2003 and involved 466 full‐time undergraduate students at the Universities of Macedonia and Aristotle in Thessaloniki, Greece. A structured questionnaire was used in exploring students’ perceptions of working and studying full‐time simultaneously.FindingsThe survey found that only 22 per cent of students have entered wage labour, while inactivity rate is very high, amounting to 55 per cent. Although many students assess employability after graduation as the main motivation for working, the majority of them are discouraged to search for a job because of schedule conflicts and lack of job opportunities.Practical implicationsIn breaking this deadlock the article explores the idea of restructuring the internal labour market in Greek universities by expanding services and offering part‐time job positions to their students.Originality/valueGiven the dearth of empirical research on youth employment in Greece, this paper aims to contribute to debates in the wider academic community on the issue of preparing young, well‐educated people to enter the Greek labour market.
Competence development and learning in British and German subsidiaries of MNCs
Authors: Geppert Mike 
Published: February 2005

PurposeThis paper develops a deeper understanding of the origin, development and implementation of overall change management strategies in multinationals and their implications for competence development and learning practices in UK and German subsidiaries.Design/methodology/approachThe cross‐national research project applies mainly qualitative research methods.FindingsDespite increased integrative attempts by headquarters, especially in two out of three cases, significant differences were found between German and UK subsidiaries in key capabilities and strategic competences as well as in knowledge sharing and learning.Research limitations/implicationsFuture research should focus more on micro‐political issues of learning and knowledge sharing, a topic hardly addressed in international management research.Originality/valueThis study shows the enduring influence of national institutional diversity on the management of the MNC.
Assisting cross‐border manager adjustment
Authors: Fish Alan 
Published: February 2005

PurposeThis research aimed to identify cross‐cultural adjustment interventions to assist the personal wellbeing (psycho‐cultural) and cultural interaction (socio‐cultural) of managers on foreign assignments. Both pre‐departure and in‐country interventions were sought.Design/methodology/approachA questionnaire was employed and comprised two adjustment measures. Data were collected from 244 Australians in south‐east Asia working in two industry groups – manufacturing/industrial and financial/services. Exploratory factor analysis was employed to identify adjustment constructs. Pearson correlations, as well as ANOVAs and t‐tests, were employed to explore the effect of industry group, respondent group, number of cross‐border assignments, age and gender.FindingsEight adjustment interventions were identified and were labelled: quality of life awareness; host business and cultural awareness; family impact awareness; staff and business colleague awareness; home country networks; cultural reinforcement and support; cultural inclusion; and host language skills.Research limitations/implicationsThe research was limited to a specific business region, to one cross‐border manager cultural grouping and an exploratory technique was employed. Hence further work is needed to confirm the constructs and to assess the generalisability of the results to other business regions and to other cross‐border manager groups.Originality/valueWhilst some important differences existed, the implications and value of the research may be evident in assisting psycho‐cultural problems such as anxiety and stress, and to encourage socio‐cultural interaction such as involvement in and with cultural environments and decreasing the potential for failed assignments.
Bioinformatics librarian
Authors: Tennant Michele R. 
Published: February 2005

PurposeIn the Fall semester of 2001, a new position – Bioinformatics Librarian – was developed jointly by the University of Florida's Health Science Center Libraries (HSCL) and Genetics Institute (UFGI). Aims to give an overview of this post.Design/methodology/approachThis paper describes the development of the position and the services provided.FindingsFunded by the Genetics Institute and housed in the library, this position was created to meet the information needs of the university's faculty, students and staff involved in genetics and bioinformatics research and study. The responsibilities of the position were in part patterned after those performed via the HSCL's existing Liaison Librarian program. Librarians with only an undergraduate degree in the biosciences can still make an important, albeit usually less complete, contribution in this area.Originality/valueThe University of Florida's Bioinformatics Librarian position may serve as a model for the Information Specialist in Context (ISIC; Informationist; Bioinformationist) in the research arena.
Online pathfinders
Authors: Hemmig William 
Published: February 2005

PurposeLooks at the pathfinder approach to library instruction, which was developed in the 1960s by Patricia Knapp. Knapp's system focused, not on the simple provision of answers to questions, but on the teaching of the effective use of the library and its resources– in other words, on the finding of one's “way” in the library.Design/methodology/approachA traditional theoretical model for the creation and evaluation of pathfinders (subject research guides) can be identified through study of the literature. This model, expressed in the design criteria of consistency, selectivity, transparency and accessibility, sprang from an impulse to serve the inexperienced user by emulating or facilitating the user's search process.FindingsA gap in this model can be detected, in the form of a missing multi‐dimensional picture of the user and the user's experience of the information service via the pathfinder. In an attempt to fill the gap, literature examining information behavior, the search process, the design of user‐centered services, and the information retrieval interaction is discussed.Originality/valueAn experience‐centered model for online research guide design and evaluation is derived from the findings.
Information‐seeking behavior for recreational activities and its implications for libraries
Authors: Ernest Douglas J. , Level Allison V. , Culbertson Michael 
Published: February 2005

PurposeSeeks to prove that studies conducted over the past several decades repeatedly indicate that information‐seeking behavior by members of the general public involves consultation of a variety of potential information sources, including libraries.Design/methodology/approachThis article focuses on information seeking with regard to recreation activities in wilderness areas including, but not limited to, hiking.FindingsThe study results indicate that respondents do turn to the internet for some of their information needs. Web sites providing information on three hiking areas were also analyzed to determine their accuracy and access to information. The study concludes that information‐seeking behavior on the internet represents investigation of sources that existed in the pre‐internet era but that access has altered from earlier mechanisms, such as paper mail, telephone, or on‐site visits, to electronic investigation.Originality/valueLibraries continue to represent a potential information source, provided that they take advantage of electronic access.
Cancer‐related web sites
Authors: Liddell Jean 
Published: February 2005

PurposeThere are thousands of web sites about cancer and cancer‐related topics on the internet today; this webography offers an annotated list of selected sites.Design/methodology/approachThe article begins with a brief explanation of how the web sites were evaluated and chosen. The generally accepted rules of authority, currency, purpose, objectivity, accuracy and audience were used in each case.FindingsThe sites included cover cancer in general, specific cancers, patient information, clinical trials and medical centers that treat cancer. Information on each site includes the name of the site, the URL and a brief abstract explaining what the site is about.Originality/valueThe information may be used by librarians as a quick reference, by physicians and other health‐care workers and by the patients and their families.
Changing management paradigms: implications for educational institutions
Authors: Jamali D. 
Published: February 2005

PurposeThe greatest competitive challenge facing companies today is said to be embracing change. The business environment is in constant flux and companies must grapple with a host of new realities. This backdrop of change has catalyzed a reassessment of traditional managerial concepts and practices. Aims to trace the evolution of a new management paradigm and identifies its main drivers.Design/methodology/approach – The paper provides narrative and analysis.Findings – Assesses the implications of the change in management paradigms for the educational system, highlights needed adjustments in orthodox management education and lingering challenges for management education providers.Originality/value – Provides help in understanding the perspectives of the various business stakeholders that can help academics allocate resources and design programs that cater for the needs of managers in the 21st century.
The impact of theory of constraints (TOC) in an NHS trust
Authors: Lubitsh Guy , Doyle Christine , Valentine John 
Published: February 2005

PurposeThe study investigated the impact of theory of constraints (TOC), a change methodology previously employed in the private sector and now adapted to the health sector, on three NHS Trust departments, Neurosurgery, Eyes and ENT, especially in relation to reducing waiting lists in the system and improving throughput of patients.Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected over a period of 40 months, on a number of NHS performance indicators, before and after the TOC intervention. An interrupted time series design with switching replications was used to investigate the impact of the intervention.Findings – An overall ARIMA analysis indicated that TOC had an impact in both Eyes and ENT. Out of 18 measures, 16 went in the direction of the hypotheses, the probability of these changes in the predicted direction by chance alone was 0.0006. However, there was a lack of significant improvements in neurosurgery that was associated with the size of the system, complexity of treating neurological disorder, heavy reliance on support services, impact of emergencies on elective work and the motivation and receptiveness of staff to the proposed changes.Practical implications – In order for organisations to maximise the benefits of TOC organisations should take into account the social environment in which they exist.Originality/value – The importance of customising the intervention to the local needs of each department, and the requirements for leadership and robust project management are highlighted in this study. Failure to do so can potentially derail the change process.
The effect of PCB surface finish on lead‐free solder joints
Authors: Nurmi Sami T. , Sundelin Janne J. , Ristolainen Eero O. , Lepistö Toivo K. 
Published: February 2005

PurposeTo study the behaviour of voids in PBGA solder joints and their influence on the lifetime of lead‐free solder joints.Design/methodology/approachThe behaviour of voids was studied using micro via and land pad PWBs, PBGA components, and by measuring voids in the solder joints. The lifetimes of solder joints were tested using accelerated temperature tests.FindingsNumber of factors affecting the solder joint lifetimes were found. The voids were discovered to have a significantly large influence on the solder joints.Practical implicationsThe findings can be used to achieve better soldering results, methods, and designs.Originality/valueIn this paper, the effect and the behaviour of voids were studied profoundly. The findings can be valuable to researchers and process personnel.