bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of Yersinia‐infected blood donors by anti‐Yop IgA immunoassay
Authors: Kendrick Chris J. , Baker Bartrum , Morris Arthur J. , O'Toole Paul W. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: From 1991 through 1996, nine transfusion‐related cases of septicemia and endotoxemia occurred in New Zealand, a rate approximately 80 times that in the United States. Eight cases involved the transfusion of Yersinia enterocolitica‐infected blood and one involved Serratia liquefaciens‐infected blood. Six of the recipients died. Donor exclusion by recent gastrointestinal illness failed to prevent the four most recent such infections, and it has led to an estimated 3‐ to 5‐percent rate of donor deferral.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: An antigen preparation containing the released proteins (Yops) of Y. enterocolitica was used to establish an EIA to detect IgA directed against these proteins in donated blood. The assay was tested with serum from donors in transfusion‐related endotoxemia cases, subjects who were stool culture‐positive for Y. enterocolitica, and 495 healthy volunteer blood donors.RESULTS: The assay detected anti‐Yop IgA in the donors of all 6 infected units tested. Ninety‐six percent of culture‐positive subjects tested positive, whereas there was 70‐percent positivity with a commercial immunoassay based on lipopolysaccharide. Five percent of random donors tested positive; only one of these had Y. enterocolitica present in a stool sample, and none were bacteremic.CONCLUSION: The anti‐Yop immunoassay used in this study could be applied to reduce the risk of posttransfusion endotoxic shock caused by Y. enterocolitica.
In vivo and in vitro characteristics of double units of RBCs collected by apheresis with a single in‐line WBC‐reduction filter
Authors: Bandarenko Nicholas , Rose Michael , Kowalsky Richard J. , Baston Robert K. , Brecher Mark E. , Elfath Mahoud D. , Whitley Pam , Heminway Meritt , Holme Stein 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: A novel apheresis procedure for a blood separator (MCS+, Haemonetics) enables the collection of 2 WBC‐reduced RBC units in a single donation by using one disposable set with one in‐line WBC‐reduction filter (RC2H, Pall Corp.). The objective of this study was to evaluate the filtration performance in connection with different prefiltration RBC storage conditions and with the in vitro and in vivo storage quality of the filtered units.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Sixty‐six 2‐unit RBC collection and gravity‐filtration procedures were completed at three sites, resulting in 132 RBC units. Filtration of the double RBC units was performed at room temperature (RT) within 8 hours of collection (n = 36) and under refrigeration (1‐6°C) for up to 24 hours (n = 10) and 72 hours (n = 20) before filtration. RBC quality was compared to that of nonfiltered apheresis RBC units (n = 10).RESULTS : Median filtration time was 6.5 and 14 minutes for units stored at RT and under refrigeration, respectively. All 132 RBC units had residual WBC counts <0.4 × 106. The refrigerated units showed a greater mean log reduction in WBCs: 5.06 ± 0.16 (24 hour) and 4.74 ± 0.48 (72 hour), respectively, than did RT units: 4.47 ± 0.28 (p<0.05). RBC loss was less than 12 percent in all cases (mean, 7.8 ± 1.8%). Minimal differences in volume were observed between the paired RBC units. In vitro RBC storage characteristics of the filtered units were as expected and similar to those of the nonfiltered units. For RBC units held at RT (n = 24), the mean in vivo 24‐hour recovery was 81.8 ± 8.4 percent (double‐label).CONCLUSION: Satisfactory filter performance in terms of WBC removal and RBC loss was observed with all 66 procedures, irrespective of storage conditions before filtration.
WBC content of platelet concentrates prepared by the buffy coat method using different processing procedures and storage solutions
Authors: De Wildt‐Eggen Janny , Schrijver Johanna G. , Bins Maarten 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: The number of WBCs in platelet concentrates (PCs) prepared by the buffy coat (BC) method with different storage solutions can result in low (5 × 106/unit) WBC levels by the use of careful centrifugation techniques without filtration. At present, most blood banks use filtration steps to meet these requirements. The difference in processing methods and suspension solutions prompted the investigation of the influence of the various procedures on the WBC and platelet content of PCs.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: PCs from 5 BCs were harvested without or with inline filtration (AutoStop BC, Pall Corp.) in either plasma (PCs‐plasma) or platelet additive solution (PCs‐PAS‐2). After preparation, samples were taken for counting WBCs and platelets and for analyzing WBC subsets by flow cytometry using specific MoAbs. The WBCs were concentrated before analysis of the WBC subsets. Results less than 2.5 cells per μL were considered below the limit of accuracy of the subset analysis.RESULTS: All filtered PCs met the AABB standard of 5 × 106 per unit and the European guidelines of 1 × 106 per unit. None of the nonfiltered PCs met the European guidelines, but all met the AABB guidelines. All filtered units gave residual WBC counts below the detection limit for subset analysis. Filtered PCs‐plasma gave significantly higher platelet counts than filtered PCs‐PAS‐2 or nonfiltered PCs (p<0.01, ANOVA).CONCLUSION: Careful centrifugation of pooled BCs, with plasma or PAS‐2, can result in PCs with low WBC contamination levels. However, filtered PCs are superior, because of better WBC removal and higher platelet counts.
Survival and function of baboon RBCs released from clotted blood and washed before autologous transfusion
Authors: Valeri C. Robert , Ragno Gina , Pivacek Linda E. , Dennis Richard C. , Hechtman Herbert B. , Khuri Shukri F. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: One alternative to an allogeneic transfusion is the salvaging of the patient's own shed blood. In this study, baboon blood was allowed to clot and the RBCs that were released from the clotted blood lysed with and without urokinase were washed before autologous transfusion.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Forty‐four studies were done in 13 baboons (Papio cynocephalus or Papio anubis) over a 3‐year period. In 24 studies, a 50‐mL volume of blood was collected without an anticoagulant and stored at 22°C for as long as 72 hours before washing and autologous transfusion. In 20 other studies, a 50‐mL volume of blood was collected without an anticoagulant and allowed to clot for 30 to 60 minutes. Urokinase, ranging from 2,500 to 10,000 units per mL, was added, and the blood was stored at 22°C for 24 hours before washing and autologous transfusion.RESULTS: RBCs that were stored at 22°C without urokinase for 24 hours exhibited an in vitro recovery value of 45 percent, a 51Cr 24‐hour posttransfusion survival of 86 percent, and an index of therapeutic effectiveness of 39 percent. The 51Cr T50 value was normal at 14 days, and RBC oxygen‐transport function was slightly reduced. RBCs that were stored at 22°C for 24 hours with 10,000 units per mL of urokinase exhibited an in vitro recovery value of 89 percent, a 51Cr 24‐hour posttransfusion survival value of 86 percent, and an index of therapeutic effectiveness of 76 percent. The 51Cr T50 value was normal at 14 days, and the RBC oxygen‐transport function was only slightly reduced.CONCLUSION: Autologous baboon RBCs isolated from clotted blood treated or not treated with urokinase and washed before transfusion have excellent survival and normal or only slightly reduced oxygen‐transport function.
Immunization of transgenic mice for production of MoAbs directed at polymorphic blood group antigens
Authors: Halverson Gregory R. , Chaudhuri Asok , Huang Tianjun , Yazdanbakhsh Karina , Reid Marion E. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: Antibodies of human origin for blood typing are increasingly difficult to obtain, and, despite aggressive efforts, MoAbs with specificities to several blood group polymorphisms have eluded production. As an approach for the generation of MoAbs with defined specificities, the feasibility of immunizing mice that are transgenic for the target polymorphism, Fya/Fyb of the Duffy blood group system, was tested with a source of the antithetical antigen.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Nontransgenic mice were immunized with recombinant Fyb, and transgenic mice expressing human Fyb were immunized with recombinant Fya.RESULTS: Immunization of the nontransgenic mice resulted in the production of MoAbs to the Duffy protein, but not to the Fya/Fyb blood group polymorphism. However, immunization of the transgenic mice resulted in production of the first example of murine Fya MoAb (MIMA‐19). This antibody is being used to screen for Fy(a–) blood donors and has been evaluated by many laboratories in an international workshop.CONCLUSION: This approach provides an effective method for producing MoAbs with specificities to polymorphic epitopes. These MoAbs are needed in transfusion medicine to identify antigen‐negative donors and to alleviate the critical shortage of blood bank typing reagents, which currently are available only from human‐derived sources.
E variants found in Japanese and c antigenicity alteration without substitution in the second extracellular loop
Authors: Kashiwase Kouichi , Ishikawa Yoshihide , Hyodo Hironobu , Watanabe Yoshihisa , Ogawa Atsuko , Tsuneyama Hatsue , Toyoda Chizu , Uchikawa Makoto , Akaza Tatsuya , Omine Mitsuhiro , Juji Takeo 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: The molecular basis of E variants in the Japanese population is poorly understood. In this study, molecular analysis of E variants detected in Japanese by serologic methods was carried out.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: E variants from healthy Japanese blood donors were screened by serologic analysis using E MoAbs. Fifteen E variant samples were divided into three types—EFM, EKH, and EKK—on the basis of patterns of reactivity with five distinct E antibodies. The entire coding region of the Rh cDNAs from the E variant samples was analyzed by sequencing.RESULTS: Although the Rh cDNA sequences of the three types were different from each other, those of the EFM‐type variants (RHEFM) had a partial DNA exchange in exon 5 between the RHCE and RHD genes, generating an RHcE variant (Gln233Glu, Met238Val). The cDNA of EKH‐type variants (RHEKH) exhibited a point mutation (G461C) in exon 3 of the RHcE allele that resulted in an Arg154Thr substitution in the third external loop of the RhcE peptide. The EKK‐type variant (RHEKK) carried a hybrid gene structure characterized by replacement of exons 1‐3 (or 2‐3) of the RHCE gene with those of the RHD gene. The RHD gene of a person possessing an E variant of the EKK type was also a hybrid gene, D–cE(2‐3)–D or cE(1‐3)–D (RHDKK). The E variants of types EKH and EKK showed weak c antigenicity.CONCLUSION: In serologic screening of 140,723 Japanese blood donors, 15 were found to possess E variants (0.011%). A new RHCE variant, RHEKH, was identified. On the basis of the variants found in this study, the c antigenicity seemed to be determined not only by Pro‐103 but also by the structure of the third extracellular loop or the amino acids contained in it.
Residual subset population analysis in WBC‐reduced blood components using real‐time PCR quantitation of specific mRNA
Authors: Pennington Joanne , Garner Stephen F. , Sutherland Janet , Williamson Lorna M. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: Implementation of WBC reduction of the blood supply increases the importance of measurement of residual WBC subtypes responsible for immunologic and infectious complications of transfusion.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Real‐time RT‐PCR assays were developed to detect mRNA encoding lineage‐specific WBC markers. Primers and fluorescent probes were designed for CD45 (pan‐WBC), CD3 (T‐lymphocyte), CD19 (B‐lymphocyte), CD14 (monocyte), and CD66 (granulocyte), and the specificity was assessed by comparison with flow cytometric analysis of enriched cell populations. WBC subsets were examined in WBC‐reduced whole blood prepared with filters (WBF2, Pall; and RZ2000, Baxter) and in platelet concentrates prepared with other filters (Autostop, Pall; and PLX‐5, Baxter) and apheresis (COBE Spectra LRS, Gambro).RESULTS: All real‐time RT‐PCR assays were linear over >5 log concentration range, allowing pre‐WBC‐reduction and post‐WBC‐reduction comparisons. Sensitivity limits ranged from 10 cells per mL (CD45) to 200 cells per mL (CD19). Assay specificity was confirmed by the close correlation of real‐time RT‐PCR and immunophenotyping results by flow cytometry. For all subsets, >3.8 log and >3.1 log reduction was obtained during WBC reduction of whole blood and platelets, respectively.CONCLUSION: Real‐time RT‐PCR assays are suitable for analysis of subset removal during WBC reduction. There was no significant difference between the two whole‐blood filters or between platelet filtration and apheresis in the removal of any WBC subset.
Expansion of the Knops blood group system and subdivision of Sla
Authors: Moulds J.M. , Zimmerman P.A. , Doumbo O.K. , Diallo D.A. , Atkinson J.P. , Krych‐Goldberg M. , Hourcade D.E. , Moulds J.J. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: Complement receptor type 1 (CR1), which bears the Knops (Kn [KN]) blood group antigens, is involved in the rosetting of Plasmodium falciparum‐infected RBCs with uninfected cells. As a first step in understanding this interaction, the molecular basis for the blood group antigens encoded by CR1 was investigated. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: An antibody from a white donor who exhibited an apparent anti‐Sla was used for population studies of several racial groups. The donor's genomic DNA was sequenced to identify the Sla mutation and other mutations. RESULTS: The donor with anti‐Sla typed as Sl(a+) with some sera and had the CR1 genotype AA at bp 4828 (R1601). However, she was homozygous for a new mutation (GG) at bp 4855 changing amino acid 1610 from S1610 to T1610 (S1610T). This mutation occurred in heterozygous form in eight white and one Asian donor. The site is only nine amino acids from the previously described Sla polymorphism and appears to produce a new conformational epitope. CONCLUSION: The antigen formerly known as Sla can now be subdivided. A new terminology is proposed that recognizes both linear and conformational epitopes on the CR1 protein. At amino acid 1601, Sl 1 (Sla) is represented by R, Sl 2 (Vil) is represented by glycine, and Sl 3 requires both R1601 and S1610. Sl 4 and Sl 5 are hypothetical epitopes represented by S1610 and T1610, respectively.
Insights into the Holley– and Joseph– phenotypes
Authors: Rios Maria , Hue‐Roye Kim , Øyen Ragnhild , Miller Jeffrey , Reid Marion E. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: The Dombrock blood group system consists of two antithetical antigens (Doa and Dob) and three high‐incidence antigens (Gregory [Gya], Holley [Hy], and Joseph [Joa]). Hy and Joa have an unusual phenotypic relationship. All Hy– RBCs are Jo(a–), but not all Jo(a–) RBCs are Hy–. The molecular background associated with Hy– and Jo(a–) phenotypes is reported. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: DNA from 18 probands with Gy(a+w) Hy– Jo(a–) RBCs (Hy– phenotype) and from 13 probands with Gy(a+) Hy+w Jo(a–) RBCs (Jo[a–] phenotype) was tested. RESULTS: Sequencing and PCR‐RFLP revealed 323 G>T (Gly108Val) and 378 T>C (silent mutation) changes on a DOB background (HY) associated with the Hy– samples. The sister of the original Hy– proband and the majority of samples had an additional mutation of 898 C>G (Leu300Val) (HY1); others had 898C (300Leu) (HY2). In the Jo(a–) phenotype, there is a 350 C>T (Thr117Ile) and a 378 C>T (silent mutation) change on a DOA background (JO). CONCLUSION: The results provide an explanation for the variation in typing results in antibody producers. The ablation of Joa in the Hy– phenotype and the weakening of Hy in the Jo(a–) phenotype may be due to the close proximity of these antigens. The 898 C>G mutation, within the sequence motif for glycosylphosphatidylinositol linkage, may cause reduced efficiency of anchoring the protein to the RBC membrane, thereby weakening the expression of Gya and Dob.
Detection and quantitation of ABO RBC chimerism by a modified coil planet centrifuge method
Authors: Takahashi Junko , Seno Taiko , Nakade Toru , Yamashita Naoko , Tanaka Mitsunobu , Sako Masahiro , Yoshihara Takao , Hayashi Kunio , Tomiyama Yoshiaki , Hirayama Fumiya , Shibata Hirotoshi , Tani Yoshihiko 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND : Differential agglutination procedures and flow cytometric analysis have been used for detecting and quantitating mixed cell populations. For more than 20 years in our laboratory, a differential agglutination method using the coil planet centrifuge and polyclonal anti‐A or anti‐B has been used. However, it is now difficult to obtain polyclonal antisera, and it is unknown whether MoAbs can take the place of polyclonal antisera in the coil planet centrifuge method. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS : Polyclonal antisera and MoAbs were filled into a coil first and then unsensitized packed RBCs from ABO variants, and from chimeras and patients after ABO‐incompatible HPC trans‐ plantation (HPCT) were loaded. After centrifugation, agglutinated and nonagglutinated RBCs were collected, hemolyzed, and subjected to colorimetric analysis for quantitation. RESULTS : ABO chimerism was quantitatively estimated with detection as low as 0.1 percent. ABO variants showed different patterns of agglutination and nonagglutination. The reconstitution status of the erythroid lineage after ABO‐mismatched HPCT was also quantitatively evaluated. CONCLUSION : A modified coil planet centrifuge method is established by which ABO chimerism could quantitatively be analyzed and ABO variants identified to the same degree of accuracy as the other differential methods and flow cytometry. The monitoring of ABO chimerism might also help the diagnosis of early relapse or rejection after ABO incompatible HPCT.
Racial and ethnic composition of volunteer cord blood donors: comparison with volunteer unrelated marrow donors
Authors: Ballen Karen K. , Hicks Julie , Dharan Bernie , Ambruso Daniel , Anderson Kenneth , Bianco Celso , Bemiller Lynn , Dickey William , Lottenberg Richard , O'Neill Mary , Popovsky Mark , Skerrett Donna , Sniecinski Irena , Wingard John R. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND : Umbilical cord blood is an alternative peripheral blood progenitor cell source for patients who need transplantation. A presumed advantage of cord blood is the ability to increase minority recruitment. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS : The racial composition of five member cord blood banks of the National Marrow Donor Program (NMDP) was compared, representing 9020 cord blood donors with NMDP marrow donors from comparable geographic areas, representing 417,676 donors. Cord blood and marrow donors self‐reported racial designations on questionnaires. Donor statistics were compared with baseline racial data of deliveries from participating hospitals for cord blood donors and with geographic census data for marrow donors. RESULTS : The California, Florida, and Massachusetts cord blood banks recruited a lower percentage of minorities than the corresponding marrow donor centers. In New York and Colorado, minority recruitment was equivalent. In California, Florida, Massachusetts, and New York, the cord blood banks recruited a lower percentage of minorities than those delivering at the respective hospitals. The cord blood banks in California, Colorado, Florida, and Massachusetts recruited a lower percentage of minorities compared with delivery data than the corresponding marrow donor centers compared with census population (p < 0.001). In New York, the percentages were similar. CONCLUSION : The problem of insufficient minority recruitment of cord blood has not yet been solved. Better strategies are needed to recruit minority donors.
Coagulant stability and sterility of thawed S/D‐treated plasma
Authors: Nifong Thomas P. , Light Jan , Wenk Robert E. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND : Units of frozen S/D‐treated plasma (SDP) must be transfused within 24 hours after thawing. To avoid waste, an attempt was made to determine how long SDP could be therapeutically effective after thawing and storing it at 20°C. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS : The microbiologic safety and the activity of labile coagulation factors were evaluated in units stored at 20°C of thawed SDP units and FFP within 24 hours of collection (FFP24). Five SDP and FFP24 samples of each ABO blood group were cultured and assayed for coagulation factors daily over 5 days. Assays included FV, FVII, FVIIa, FVIII, F IX, FXI, protein S, antiplasmin, fibrinogen, prothrombin times (PTs), and activated partial thromboplastin times (aPTTs). RESULTS : None of the 80 bacterial cultures demonstrated growth under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions. FV, FVIII, F IX, FXI, fibrinogen, and the aPTT appeared to be stable in both thawed FFP24 and SDP. The PT increased slightly in thawed FFP24 and insignificantly in SDP. FVII decreased slightly in FFP24 but remained in the normal range, and FVIIa was low and constant. FVII was increased in SDP and FVIIa was markedly increased. Protein S decreased from initial normal values in FFP24 to very low values. Protein S was very low immediately after thawing in the SDP and continued to decline. Antiplasmin was normal and stable in thawed FFP24 but was low in SDP and remained constant after thawing. CONCLUSION : Sterile SDP that is stored at 20°C provides sufficient coagulant activity of labile FV and FVIII to transfuse it for up to 5 days after thaw. Caution is warranted by decreases in Protein S and antiplasmin, clinical evidence of coagulopathy in some recipients of SDP, and a recent manufacturer's warning.
Screening for alloantibodies in the serum of patients receiving platelet transfusions: a comparison of the ELISA, lymphocytotoxicity, and the indirect immunofluorescence method
Authors: Levin Mark‐David , De Veld Jos C. , Van der Holt Bronno , Van't Veer Mars B. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND : For screening of alloimmunization in patients repeatedly receiving platelet transfusions, different tests are used, none of which is the standard. Here we describe a comparison of four tests most commonly used for detection of alloimmunization in a group of nonselected patients receiving platelet transfusions. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS : In 99 patients with hematologic malignancies who received platelet transfusions, 192 random serum samples were tested in the ELISA, the lymphocytotoxic test (LCT), the lymphocyte immunofluorescence test (LIFT), and the platelet immunofluorescence test (PIFT). Results of all tests were compared. RESULTS : The results of all tests were significantly correlated with each other (p < 0.005). ELISA and LIFT were more often positive than LCT and PIFT. ELISA and LIFT showed the best correlation (chi‐square test = 63.7, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION : ELISA, the least time‐consuming test, detects alloimmunization as often as LIFT and more often than LCT and PIFT.