bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
O21  Malodour in denture wearers
Authors: Verran J 
Published: March 2005

A significant proportion of the adult population wear complete or partial dentures, a proportion increasing with age. Denture plaque has not been studied to the same extent as dental plaque, and although there are many similarities in microbial composition, there are some significant differences. Plaque on denture fitting surfaces, particularly of the upper denture, is associated with denture‐associated stomatitis, with the aetiological agent generally acknowledged as the yeast Candida albicans. In addition, poor denture hygiene and a more acidogenic denture plaque appear to be factors contributing to the condition. Anaerobic microorganisms, although present in denture plaque, have been specifically investigated rarely. Teeth adjacent to partial dentures are also more susceptible to caries and periodontal diseases, perhaps due to an increased plaque buildup at the prosthesis/tooth interface. Dentures are fabricated from polymethylmethacrylate, using casts constructed from impressions taken in the mouth. The denture‐fitting surface is not smooth (although the lingual/labial surfaces are polished) hence plaque accumulates more readily at the relatively stagnant sites. Over time, the epithelial surfaces in the edentulous mouth alter in shape, and dentures may fit less well. Soft liners, or more temporary tissue conditioners are applied to the prosthesis to improve comfort and fit. These materials, are more porous, and may thus entrap and accumulate more plaque biofilm. Little work has been done on malodour associated with denture wearers. There may be a number of reasons for this:(i) the population is deemed to be one which is less cosmetically aware, less likely to invest in products to enhance aesthetics. As the global population ages, and lifespan extends along with enhanced finance, leisure time and health status in selected developed countries, this presumption is perhaps inappropriate.(ii) The nature of malodour in denture wearers is ill defined. The wide age and health range presented by denture wearers poses problems in terms of defining the target populations and specific conditions.(iii) The origin of malodour in denture wearers – and indeed in the elderly in general – is varied: underlying serious illness (malignancy), chronic illness, ulcers, increased medication etc. are all likely to affect breath odour – ammonia, ketones etc.(iv) The increased likelihood of the presence of Candida spp. in the mouth may contribute ‘yeasty’ odours.(v) Poor denture hygiene, accumulation of calculus on prostheses, deterioration and colonization of soft liners will cause significant increases in plaque quantity. Products of deterioration of inert materials in the mouth may also contribute to odour.This presentation will review current status in the area, suggest possible causes of malodour in denture wearers, and consider the need for further work.
O3  Effects of training on experience and non‐experience sensory odor judges
Authors: Nachnani S , Majerus G , Lenton P 
Published: March 2005

In oral malodor research, sensory odor judging is considered the gold standard to evaluate and rate breath odor quality and intensity. Although training and calibration of sensory odor judges has been well documented in other scientific disciplines (foods/beverages, air/water quality, personal care products), little data have been published on training judges for bad breath assessment.Objective  The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the training process, with experienced and novice odor judges, for rating both pleasant and unpleasant odorants.Methods  Six oral malodor sensory judges four with prior experience and two novices were given verbal information on the oral malodor intensity scale (0‐5) and were given the opportunity to sniff a reference sample of n‐butanol, that had been declared to have a level 3 intensity. Subjects then independently assessed 20 odorant samples for odor intensity (pretest). Four unpleasant and two pleasant odorants, in a variety of intensity levels, and a water samplewere included. Subjects then participated in a training program based on the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. Investigators assigned each odorant sample a ‘true’ intensity score. Subjects’ intensity scores were then analyzed as the absolute difference from the ‘true’ intensity. This dependant variable was analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA.Results  Training significantly (P = 0.02) reduced (improved) odor judge error levels, irrespective of previous experience. When comparing improvement between experienced and novice odor judges, there was no significant (P = 0.99) difference in the size of deviations from the ‘true’ scores (errors) between experienced (0.948) and novice (0.950) judges. There was also no difference (P = 0.94) in improvement in error levels from pre‐ to post‐test for experienced (pre = 1.13 and post = 0.76) or novice (pre = 1.13 and post = 0.78) judges. There was consistent improvement from pre‐ to post‐test for all odorants (P = 0.02; pre = 1.10; post = 0.75) except for dimethylsulfide, which became worse (P = 0.01; pre = 0.97; post = 1.58). When comparing the unpleasant vs pleasant odorants, there was a significant (P = 0.006) difference in error levels (unpleasant 1.09; pleasant 0.70). After removing the water blank scores from the pleasant odorant category the difference was no longer significant (P = 0.26).Conclusions  A specific training program for odor judges improved subjects’ ability to assess odor intensity irrespective of previous experience. This type of training is recommended prior to conducting oral malodor‐related clinical research trials.
P12  Halitometry in patients with chronic caseous tonsilitis prior to CO2 laser treatment
Authors: Dal Rio AC , Nicola EM 
Published: March 2005

Objective  Halitosis is a very common complaint at the ENT clinics. The aim of this study is to assess a population with chronic caseous tonsilitis (CCT) and complaint of halitosis prior to criptolisis with CO2 laser treatment.Methods  Thirty patients were selected for CO2 laser criptolisis. All patients underwent anamnesis, physical examination and halitometry prior to laser treatment. Halitometry technique followed the HalimeterInterscanTM manufacturer's instructions. Results <150 ppb of Volatile Sulphidric Compounds (VSC) were considered normal.Results  Thirty patients, nine male (30%) and 21 female (70%), average age 27.7 years (±10.4) underwent halitometry. The patients were divided into two groups: Group A – abnormal halitometry (>150 ppb) – five patients (16.66%); Group B – normal halitometry (<150 ppb) – 25 patients (83.33%). Group A results: one male, four female, average age 25.2 (±5.6). Halitometry was 315.8 ppb (±164), three patients had caseum at examination (60%). Group B results: eight male, 17 female, average age 28.7 (±11.2). Halitometry was 47.9 ppb (±18.6), three patients had caseum at examination (12%).Discussion  Halitosis is a very common complaint among patients with CCT. Only 16% of the patients with CCT and complaint of oral malodor had abnormal halitometry. Nevertheless this population had a high incidence of tonsillary caseum (60%) comparing to a normal halitometry population (12%).Conclusions  Halitometry of VSC is useful to detect halitosis in patients with CCT. The presence of caseum at the examination is a predictor factor of abnormal halitometry. Further studies must be done to assess how CO2 laser criptolisis could benefit this population.
P22  Clinical efficacy of a triclosan/copolymer/NaF dentifrice and a commercially available breath‐freshening dentifrice on hydrogen sulfide‐forming bacteria
Authors: Vazquez J , Pilch S , Williams M , Cummins D 
Published: March 2005

Objective  The objective of this double blind clinical study was to compare the 4‐h and overnight effects of a triclosan/copolymer/fluoride (TCF) dentifrice and a commercially available breath freshening (CBF) dentifrice containing fluoride for their ability to control H2S‐forming bacteria.Methods  Following a one‐week washout period of brushing with a regular fluoride dentifrice, subjects reported to the clinical site without performing oral hygiene, eating or drinking in preparation for baseline saliva sampling. After providing a baseline saliva sample, subjects were randomly assigned a test dentifrice and instructed to brush their teeth for one minute, twice a day for one week. On the morning of the 8th day, subjects returned to the test site having refrained from oral hygiene, eating and drinking for overnight sampling. Subjects then brushed for 1 min with the assigned dentifrice, and returned for 2‐ and 4‐h postbrushing evaluations. Following a second one‐week washout, subjects repeated the same regimen, but now using the other dentifrice. Oral micro‐flora samples were collected by subjects rinsing with 10 ml of sterile water for 10 s. Each collected sample was serially diluted and plated in duplicate onto lead acetate agar. After incubating for 72 h, dark colonies were counted, expressed as log colony‐forming units ml−1, and reductions from baseline were calculated.Results  Compared to baseline, the TCF dentifrice reduced H2S‐forming bacteria 0.82, 0.80 and 0.22 log units at the 2‐, 4‐ and 12‐h time points compared to 0.60, 0.43 and 0.07 log units for the CBF dentifrice. The TCF dentifrice was statistically significantly better (P < 0.05) than the CBF dentifrice at 4 h and overnight after brushing the teeth.Conclusion  These results support data obtained in organoleptic and gas chromatography studies and strongly suggest that the TCF dentifrice is effective in controlling bacteria implicated in the formation of bad breath.
P32  Saliva incubation as replacement for intra‐oral malodour evaluation
Authors: Quirynen M , Zhao H , Soers C , Pauwels M , Van Steenberghe D 
Published: March 2005

Background  Breath odor is scored by different techniques, each with its own shortcomings. Organoleptic ratings are uncomfortable for the patient, subjective, influenced by external parameters including food and cosmetics, and lack of international calibration. An intra‐oral VSC rating (Halimeter) or gas chromatography can overcome the embarrassing situation for the patient, but not every clinician has this equipment. This project evaluated the reliability of saliva incubation as an indirect, in vitro, test for bad breath.Methods  In a double‐blind, randomized, long‐term, parallel study 45 moderate periodontitis patients that received a ‘one‐stage, full‐mouth’ disinfection, oral hygiene instruction (including tongue scraping) and antiseptics. The intra‐oral VSC ratings (at baseline, and at 3 and 6 months) were compared to in vitro VSC recordings of the headspace air from saliva (0.5 ml, 37°C, 1 and 2 h, anaerobic chamber). The latter recordings were further correlated to the number of CFU in the saliva. At the same time the headspace also received an organoleptic rating.Results  Even though the VSC values remained within a narrow range (90% observation 10–200), a strong correlation was found between the intra‐oral VSC ratings and the 1 h (r = 0.48, P < 0.0001) and 2 h (r = 0.43, P < 0.0001) VSC production of saliva. The VSC values of incubated saliva correlated strongly (r = 0.71) with the CFU for anaerobic species in the saliva. The VSC values and organoleptic ratings of the incubated saliva also correlated strongly (r = 0.64 after 1 h and 0.73 after 2 h incubation).Conclusions  Saliva incubation can be used as an indirect way to score bad breath. Due to its simplicity it can be useful in longitudinal studies as alternative for direct organoleptic recordings.
P33  In vitro perfusion biofilm model for the growth of oral microbes associated with oral malodour
Authors: Spencer P , Greenman J , Mckenzie C , Flanagan A 
Published: March 2005

Objectives  Oral malodour is mainly due to the generation of volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) by oral anaerobes present in the tongue biofilm. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of a biofilm system to model the ecology and VSC physiology of tongue biofilm microcosms. Of particular interest was the use of the model to maintain a high diversity of bacterial groups and study their response to environmental changes including exposure to VSC substrates and inhibitors.Methods  Biofilms were grown using a Sorbarod perfusion model modified by supply of anaerobic gas to grow oral anaerobes. Sorbarods were inoculated using tongue scrape suspension containing 3 × 108 cfu ml−1 and pre‐incubated anaerobically for 24 h at 37°C to promote cell adhesion. After 24 h, the biofilm system was perfused at 12 ml h−1 with BHI (0.74 g L−1) supplemented with haemin, cysteine and/or DTT. Biofilms and eluates (released cells) were sampled up to 96 h and numbers of broad bacterial groups enumerated by selective media. VSC production was measured using a HalimeterTM.Results  Repeated analysis of biofilms showed that a quasi‐steady state was achieved between 48 and 96 h. The mean specific growth rate was 0.018 h−1. Ecological analysis showed all broad groups were maintained at a constant proportion reflecting the original inoculum for both biofilms and eluates. VSC specific activity was upregulated when biofilms were perfused with appropriate VSC‐substrates (cysteine, glutathione and methionine). In situ exposure of the biofilms to pulses of putative inhibitors (Zn, H2O2 and chlorhexidine) at a range of concentrations typically used in vivo gave dose‐dependent inhibition of VSC production (for Zn and H2O2) and reduced viable numbers by one to two log‐fold (H2O2 and chlorhexidine).Conclusions  The modified Sorbarod perfusion model is suitable for maintaining high diversity biofilms representative of the tongue flora in terms of both ecological behaviour and response towards VSC substrates and inhibitors.
P37  Differences in score and inter examiner variation between four organoleptic methods
Authors: Jensdottir T , Nauntofte B , Rasch A , Dynesen AW , Lykkeaa JS , Bardow A 
Published: March 2005

Objective  Organoleptic measurements are important tools for measuring halitosis. Many different methods have been applied, but an internationally recognized standardized method has not yet been agreed on. We hypothesized that four various organoleptic methods: (A) the open mouth method, (B) the counting method, (C) the ‘HA‐HA‐HA’ method (determining breath while the subject says HA‐HA‐HA), and (D) the glass straw method, may produce different scores and inter examiner variations. Thus the aim of this study was to compare the scores and inter examiner variations obtained by these four methods.Methods  Five trained (UWE Bristol) odour judges (OJs) assessed the breath of 20 test persons (17–71 years) by the methods A to D (see above), in a randomised and blinded set up. The 0–5 organoleptic scale by Rosenberg et al. (1991) was used for determining the intensity of oral malodour. OJs were allowed to score in fractions of 0.25 score. Inter examiner variation was calculated as the average percentage deviation for the scores of each OJ (computed from the mean score of the five OJs).Results  The mean organoleptic score of the 20 subjects differed significantly depending on the method applied (P < 0.001). Method (A) produced a score of 1.20 ± 0.88, (B) 1.69 ± 0.83, (C) 1.80 ± 0.89, and (D) a score of 2.11 ± 0.92. Further a significant difference was obtained for the inter examiner variation between the four methods (P < 0.001). The inter examiner variation for method (A) was 55%, for (B) 30%, for (C) 31%, and for (D) 26%. Finally a significant correlation was obtained between the organoleptic score and the inter examiner variation (rs = −0.70, P < 0.001) becoming lower with higher scores.Conclusion  Due to the higher mean scores and the lower inter examiner variation the glass straw method may be preferable for organoleptic research studies of halitosis.
P43  Effectiveness of a mechanic‐chemical method in reducing malodor of dentures
Authors: Sazvar SMR , Dashti MH , Afshan BK 
Published: March 2005

Objective of investigation  To assess effectiveness of a mechanic‐chemical denture cleansing to reduce malodor in denture wearers in comparison with a brushing only method.Methods  Twenty‐nine denture wearers between 50 and 60 years old, 6 months after denture delivery were trained to clean their dentures with denture brush and soak in normal saline at nights for 1 month. The malodor of dentures was detected with a bad breath detector (VSC monitor: Tanita, Japan). In the following month the subjects were trained to clean with a denture brush but additionally soak in antiseptic mouthwash (Listerine, USA) each night and soak in 5% sodium hypochlorite twice a week for 5 min. At the end of 1 month the malodor of dentures was again assessed using the VSC monitor.Results and discussion  For denture brush alone all cases showed severe malodor VSC levels. Following the mechanic‐chemical cleansing, 20 cases gave moderate and nine cases gave mild malodor VSC levels. Statistical analysis with Wilcoxon test determined the mechanic‐chemical method to have been significantly effective (P‐value <0.05). The results show that for reducing malodor of dentures, denture brush alone is insufficient and use of antiseptic materials are necessary. Some studies have stated that allergic reactions to sodium hypochlorite are possible and in addition denture cleansing may be difficult for disabled or elderly patients. Therefore, future studies should focus on non‐allergic disinfectants and/or simpler/easier methods (recommended protocols) to carry out effective disinfection.Conclusion  The mentioned mechanic‐chemical method proved to be effective at reducing malodor of dentures whilst brushing alone was insufficient.
P44  Management of volatile sulphur compounds with ozone
Authors: Holmes J 
Published: March 2005

Volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs) are responsible for oral malodour (bad breath). There are many otc products for people for use, based on an oxidative reaction system. This paper examines the effect of ozone on VSCs.Objective  To test the efficacy of Ozone (O3) dissolved in water on VSCs and the management of bad breath in a small pilot study in a general dental practice environment, test the Halimeter, and test a new bad breath Index, the Ks Index.Method  Twenty subjects were recruited into this study. After olfactory assessment, they were assigned to a Ks Index (The Kissability Index) and measured with the Halimeter (Interscan Corp, USA) after calibration, to establish their base‐line VSCs. Each subject gargled with ozonated water for 30 s, and were re‐assessed with the Halimeter. This was repeated after 5‐, 30‐ and 60‐min intervals. Ozone (O3) was bubbled under pressure into 1 l of cooled, distilled water at a concentration of 2100 ppm for 1 min for each subject.Results  After just 1 min of gargling and mouth rinsing with 100 ml ozonated water, there was an average VSC reduction of 42.5% from the pretreatment baseline value. Five minutes after treatment, the VSCs rose an average of 14.2%; after 30 min, a further 18.9%, and after 60 min, the VSC values had risen by a further 24.6%. Ozone is a powerful oxidant, and in gaseous form, is used to reverse caries (1). When dissolved in water (maximum 5% volume in distilled, cooled and pressurised water) ozone is safe, and has been extensively used in reducing cfu's in dental water lines (2). Studies in Russia (3) have shown ozone to be an effective oral hygiene adjunct. This study showed that low concentrations of ozonized water is cheap and easy to make. It is a very effective product to reduce VSC's, and further research is proposed in this area.Conclusion  Ozone dissolved in water may offer a cheap alternative to the more expensive and less effective commercial mouth rinses to combat bad breath. However it is unstable (half‐life of about 2–3 h if kept cold) and needs to be manufactured when required. It may have a greater role in the control of oral hygiene or as a presurgical mouth rinse.
P45  Microbiological culture analysis of the tongue microflora in subjects with and without halitosis
Authors: Donaldson AC , McKenzie D , Flanagan AJ , Riggio MP 
Published: March 2005

Objective  Determination of the microflora present on the tongue dorsum of subjects with and without halitosis using conventional microbiological culture methods.Methods  Twenty‐one halitosis and 20 control patients were recruited using a strict clinical protocol. Samples were collected from the posterior dorsum of the tongue using a sterile brush. Each sample was vortex mixed for 30 s and serial 10‐fold dilutions to 10−7 were carried out. Samples were plated onto fastidious anaerobe agar (FAA) and FAA enriched with vancomycin. These were incubated under anaerobic conditions for 10 days at 37°C. Strict anaerobes were identified by metronidazole sensitivity and bacteria were identified to genus level by a combination of colony morphology, Gram staining and biochemical and enzymatic tests (rapid ID 32 A).Results  The predominant species in test and control groups were Veillonella and Prevotella. Greater species diversity was found in the halitosis samples compared to controls. The halitosis samples contained a larger number of unidentifiable gram‐negative rods, gram positive rods and gram negative coccobacilli.Conclusions  There was no obvious association between halitosis and any specific bacterial genus. The increased species diversity found in halitosis samples suggests that halitosis may be the result of complex interactions between several bacterial species. The role of uncultivable bacteria may also be important in contributing to this process.
Immobilization ofEscherichia coliCells by Use of the Antimicrobial Peptide Cecropin P1
Authors: Gregory Kalvin , Mello Charlene M. 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACTAn immobilization scheme for bacterial cells is described, in which the antimicrobial peptide cecropin P1 was used to trapEscherichia coliK-12 and O157:H7 cells on microtiter plate well surfaces. Cecropin P1 was covalently attached to the well surfaces, andE. colicells were allowed to bind to the peptide-coated surface. The immobilized cells were detected colorimetrically with an anti-E. coliantibody-horseradish peroxidase conjugate. Binding curves were obtained in which the signal intensities were dependent upon the cell concentration and upon the amount of peptide attached to the well surface. After normalization for the amount of peptide coupled to the surface and the relative binding affinity of the antibody for each strain, the binding data were compared, which indicated that there was a strong preference forE. coliO157:H7 overE. coliK-12. The cells could be immobilized reproducibly at pH values ranging from 5 to 10 and at ionic strengths up to 0.50 M.
Efficient DNA Fingerprinting of
Clostridium botulinum
Types A, B, E, and F by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis
Authors: Keto-Timonen Riikka , Nevas Mari , Korkeala Hannu 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACT

Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis was applied to characterize 33 group I and 37 group II
Clostridium botulinum
strains. Four restriction enzyme and 30 primer combinations were screened to tailor the AFLP technique for optimal characterization of
C. botulinum
. The enzyme combination HindIII and HpyCH4IV, with primers having one selective nucleotide apiece (Hind-C and Hpy-A), was selected. AFLP clearly differentiated between
C. botulinum
groups I and II; group-specific clusters showed <10% similarity between proteolytic and nonproteolytic
C. botulinum
strains. In addition, group-specific fragments were detected in both groups. All strains studied were typeable by AFLP, and a total of 42 AFLP types were identified. Extensive diversity was observed among strains of
C. botulinum
type E, whereas group I had lower genetic biodiversity. These results indicate that AFLP is a fast, highly discriminating, and reproducible DNA fingerprinting method with excellent typeability, which, in addition to its suitability for typing at strain level, can be used for
C. botulinum
group identification.