bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review of Hugh Seton-Watson, The Pattern of Communist Revolution (London: Methuen, 1953)
Authors: Wight Martin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Wight described this book as “a comparative historical analysis of Communist movements throughout the world. … Communism is a product of the European socialist movement, which itself has a double origin: industrialism and the development of democratic ideas. … Outside Europe, Communism appears when industrialism appears, and both have been produced by the impact of the West. ‘The great attraction of Bolshevism [in China], and especially of Lenin’s doctrine of imperialism, was that it could reconcile admiration for Western civilization with resentment against Western policy in China’; and this has a universal application. Lenin’s tactic was a partnership between the disciplined conspiratorial Bolsheviks and the ignorant, gullible masses. … More important, it explains why Communism has had its greatest triumphs in the industrially backward regions of the world. In industrially advanced countries the Communist cadres as well as their followers come chiefly from the workers, but in backward countries the Communist cadres come from the intelligentsia and the followers from the peasants. Mao Tse-tung has written a new chapter in Marxist theory by defining the peasants, instead of the proletariat, as the revolutionary vanguard. … On the relations between the Chinese and Russian régimes he maintains a judicial balance: there is a latent conflict of interest between the two Powers, but it is prudent to assume that in the foreseeable future Mao will show himself more Communist than Chinese. Communism is a substitute for the liberation promised to those who accept the Gospel.”
Review of Rupert Emerson, From Empire to Nation: The Rise to Self-Assertion of Asian and African Peoples (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press; and London, Oxford University Press, 1960)
Authors: Wight Martin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Wight wrote, “The core of the book is a discussion, first of nationalism; secondly of the relation between nationalism and democracy; thirdly of self-determination. All the nineteenth-century doctrines on these matters were already undermined by the experience of Eastern Europe; have they any relevance to Asia and Africa? … The only induction Emerson allows himself is that nationalism is a phase of ‘the expanding Western revolution’, an imprecise term comprising the disruption of traditional communities and the appearance of a money economy, industrialism, urbanization, social mobilization, and mass politics. … He concludes by pointing out that, if historical experience is worth anything, the economic development of these nations will make them more unstable internally and more warlike. Nevertheless, ‘the chances that development will move in acceptable directions are far better if the West is actively engaged in the process than if it either grudgingly holds back or lays its emphasis too heavily on military goals’ (p. 417). The field is prodigiously wide and its edges are left conveniently indistinct. He includes Cyprus, the West Indies, and British Guiana, and uses Eastern Europe and Latin America illustratively. … Emerson does not ask whether new nations which (for the first time in history) have been given independence by a peaceable transfer of sovereignty will survive so well as the great majority which have won independence by blood and struggle—what is a nationalism without its Joan of Arc or Armada victory, its Lexington, Calatafimi, or Easter Rebellion?”
Confronting Colonial Heritage
Authors: Stahn Carsten 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This introductory chapter sets restitution and return of colonial objects into context. It addresses the methodological challenges of confronting object histories, including positionality, post-colonial theories (e.g. Said, Fanon), and the agency and ontology of objects. It shows how civilizatory discourses and tensions between empire, cultural dispossession, and protection of cultural objects have existed since Roman and Greek times and persisted in just war theory. It examines the tension between cultural nationalism and cosmopolitan views of cultural property in the Renaissance and Enlightenment era, and the schizophrenic justification of takings in nineteenth-century practices. It then identifies parallels to contemporary practices, including exploitation of the exotic or spectacular nature of objects, the role of distancing or silencing, as well as new ways to break impasses and confront entangled histories. It illustrates dilemmas through the story of Tipu’s Tiger, an iconic object acquired by the British East India Company in 1799.
Collecting Mania, Racial Science, and Cultural Conversion through Forcible Expeditions
Authors: Stahn Carsten 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter traces the link between evolutionary and racial science and the scramble for objects since the mid-nineteenth century, based on micro-histories of forcible expeditions, carried out by different colonial powers (France, the UK, Belgium, Germany). It argues that ‘scientific’ discourse contributed to central premises of the colonial project: the idea of racial superiority or the image of the ‘vanishing’ of other cultures. It shows that colonial takings were driven by conflicting narratives which centralized colonizers. It demonstrates that cultural takings challenged at the time some of the premises of colonial ideology. The artistic value of objects increased not only the scramble for objects, but forced colonial agents, collectors, and museums to rethink some their world views. The violence behind the takings has prompted calls for return long after the facts. In modern times, objects taken in punitive expeditions have become the forerunners of new engagement with the colonial past.
Colonial and Post-colonial Continuities in Culture Heritage Protection: Narratives and Counter-narratives
Authors: Stahn Carsten 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter traces the contrasting faces of legal frameworks throughout the twentieth century, including their interplay with market economies. It argues that the political economy of takings and the market value of objects contributed to patchwork regulation of entangled cultural objects, which protected the status quo. It shows that legal instruments in the inter-war period, the post-Second World War era, and decolonization have strengthened protection but have also upheld unequal power relations or legitimized the retention of objects. It investigates the extent to which indigenous rights (UNDRIP) and human rights law serve as frames to challenge historical gaps and blind spots and promote resistance to cultural extraction and epistemic violence. It examines lessons from settler colonial contexts, including the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act. It identifies alternative property, guardianship (kaitiakitanga), or object conceptions (e.g. Radin, Atuahene, Rassool), which are able to accommodate different world views on cultural colonial objects.
Agonistic Legislation in Hadrian’s Time
Authors: Hervás Rocío Gordillo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
During the second century ad the number of agones celebrated across the Roman empire underwent a considerable increase. Consequently, the emperor Hadrian issued by means of a series of edicts a new set of regulations that encompassed the norms that had to be followed by all, and a new calendar including all the main agones of the empire, all of which has survived in stele found in Alexandria Troas. This paper analyses the implications of the method of dissemination of Hadrian’s mandate throughout the Roman territories, the possible role of the synods of artists and athletes as a mean of propagation of the new imperial dispositions, the range of diffusion of the calendar, and the potential presence of analogues to the Alexandria Troas’ stele in both cities whose games were included in the calendar and those whose agones were not part of it.
Tokens from Roman Imperial Athens
Authors: Gkikaki Mairi 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The tokens discovered in and around the Stoa of Attalos in Athens and within the destruction layers which resulted from the sack of the city by the Heruli in ad 267 form a coherent lot of particular importance. Careful examination of the legends and the designs they carry as well as key-facts concerning find spot, manufacture, and countermarks provide evidence for their function in festivals of Roman imperial Athens. The chapter places special emphasis on the imagery of these tokens and the multiple readings they enabled. Symbols of Athenian cultural identity converge with images from the glorious past of Greece; models of Athenian elite self-representation collide with Roman views on exploiting the Greek past and appealed equally to Greeks and Romans. The festival communities, enchanted by the aura of classical Athens, profited from the city’s heritage and celebrated the cultural exchange of their own age in the broader spectrum of pan-imperial ideology.
Festivals and the Performance of Community and Status in the Theatres at Hierapolis and Perge
Authors: Newby Zahra 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Theatres were a crucial stage not only for the theatrical performances which took place as part of festivals, but also for other forms of social rituals and performances, such as processions, libations and public honours. This chapter explores the decoration above the central doorway of two theatres in Asia minor, those at Hierapolis and Perge, and explores the ways in which it presented a normative view of the most important aspects of civic festivals to both citizens and visitors. Drawing on the insights of both performance theory and the ‘spatial turn’, it explores the ways in which the decoration of these theatres exerted agency onto those who used the space, offering up a vision of the meaning of the activities in which they were involved, and identifying a hierarchy of activities, individuals, and groups. At Hierapolis the porta regia frieze asserts the importance of Hierapolis’ festivals and her cult of Apollo, and the involvement in this of officials, performers, and civic bodies as well as sacred envoys from the wider region. At Perge the concentration is narrower, focussing particularly on the different ages groups which took part in religious processions in honour of the patron goddess Artemis Pergaia. In both, the decorative programme sets forth messages which acted to frame and inform the human activities which took place within the space, and to solidify a particular version of festival in civic memory.
An Epigraphic Stage
Authors: Unwin Naomi Carless 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The function of inscriptions in the civic landscape depended on their architectural and spatial contexts; this in turn moulded how they should be ‘read’. This paper will trace the epigraphic development of the theatrical complex at Aphrodisias in Caria, through the construction of the scaenae frons, the erection of victors’ statues, the modification of the orchestra to accommodate gladiatorial fights, and the choice of this venue for the display of the so-called ‘archive wall’. It will consider the cumulative impact of such epigraphic choices, exploring how the different types of inscription helped to project a particular civic image, whether commemorating notable individuals, modelling euergetic behaviour, or celebrating the history and prestige of the city. It will also consider the audience responses to this quintessential civic space, exploring the ‘informal’ epigraphy found in the auditorium and on the stage. The moulding of festival space at Aphrodisias will be contextualized within the festival culture of the Greek world during the imperial period.
The Artists of Dionysos and the Festivals of Boiotia
Authors: Grigsby Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The artistic guilds of Dionysus were one of the major players in Hellenistic and Roman festival culture, providing competitors and helping organize agonistic festivals across the Greek world. This chapter examines the conspicuous role played by these guilds in the organization of the festivals in Hellenistic and Roman Boiotia and in the development of Boiotia as an artistic agonistic hub as revealed primarily through inscriptions, such as those prominently displayed at Delphi and the Boiotian festival sites including Thebes, Thespiai, and Akraiphia. During the third century bc, various Boiotian poleis were granted honours for their sanctuaries and associated agones, with Boiotia undergoing an agonistic boom quite unlike any other region on the Greek mainland at this time. As this chapter argues, the presence in Thebes and Thespiai of branches of the guilds of Technitai of Dionysos of Isthmos and Nemea was integral both for this agonistic boom as well as the bestowals of honours such as asylia. Additionally, it will examine how under the guilds’ influence Boiotia developed a new artistic agonistic culture which harked back to the days of Hesiod, cementing the reputation of Boiotia as something of an artistic centre into the Roman period, when the games most closely aligned to the Technitai became a locus for establishing relations with Rome.
Classicism
Authors: Fritz Peter 
Published: October 2023

AbstractA range of coarse-grained views of propositional identity are considered, with an eye towards strong and simple views. The first is Extensionalism, the view that materially equivalent propositions are identical. It is argued that this is untenable, since some truths are necessary while others are contingent. This raises the question whether there are any views of coarse propositional identity which are distinguished in terms of simplicity and strength, without entailing Extensionalism. An argument is made that a view called Propositional Booleanism satisfies these criteria. This view is extended and strengthened in a number of steps, culminating in a view called Classicism. Roughly, Classicism can be characterized as a view according to which any provably equivalent sentences express identical propositions.
Actuality, and the Necessity of Distinctness and Possibility
Authors: Fritz Peter 
Published: October 2023

AbstractAn actuality operator is introduced, governed by two principles according to which p if possibly actually p, and necessarily actually p if p. With actuality added to Classicism in this way, two new principles, namely the necessity of distinctness and the necessity of possibility, become derivable. Relative to Classicism, these two principles are equivalent. Setting aside the actuality operator, this motivates extending Classicism by the necessity of possibility; the resulting view is called C5. It is shown that this leads to the strong and well-known modal logic S5.
Spiritual Translatio in the French Lives of Saint Catherine of Alexandria
Authors: Campbell Emma 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Focusing on Latin and French versions of Saint Catherine of Alexandria’s legend, this chapter examines the gendering of translation in medieval hagiography. It is argued that, by integrating intertextual translation into a more pervasive translation of divine truth, hagiography configures gendered power relations differently from later source-oriented models influentially analysed by feminist translation scholars. Latin and vernacular versions of Catherine’s passio emphasize women’s visibility as spiritual and textual mediators. The Latin Vulgate’s association of Catherine with spiritual translatio is, in the French texts by Gui and Clemence, further aligned with the hagiographer’s translational agency. In these French texts, the revelatory capacities of intertextual translation work alongside Catherine’s revelation of divine truth, simultaneously designating and overcoming the limit of what is translatable in human terms. This model of translation values female bodies and voices as points of contact with the divine, authorizing and restricting women’s translational agency in historically specific ways.
Translating Nature in French Verse Bestiaries
Authors: Campbell Emma 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
French verse bestiaries participate in translatio as an interlinguistic mode of textual transmission that disseminated the Greek Physiologus; they also use multiple, intersecting forms of translation to uncover the spiritual truths that the world was thought to contain. By engaging with the untranslatability of bestiary creatures, French bestiaries derived from the B-Isidore branch of the Latin Physiologus activate the ontological potential of translation as well as its epistemological capacities. Translation in these works is a way of understanding the world and of reflecting on (human) being itself. This use of translation is compared with Derrida’s concept of the ‘animot’, which uses linguistic translation to think beyond the supposed human–animal divide. Bestiaries expose the historical limitations of Derrida’s concepts of language and of the human–animal binary he deconstructs, while nonetheless sharing Derrida’s interest in translation as a process that reveals what animal and human natures have the potential to become.
Conclusion
Authors: Campbell Emma 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Conclusion returns to Evrat’s French translation of the Genesis narrative as a means of teasing out the broader implications of the book’s main arguments. Evrat’s account of Babel was first published in print by nineteenth-century French philologist Paul Meyer as part of a collection of texts that Meyer used for teaching a first-year class on Romance languages. The inclusion of Evrat’s work in Meyer’s collection helps to underscore the political and cultural stakes of historically variable conceptions of linguistic unity and diversity—conceptions for which Babel is a cipher. This example introduces the Conclusion’s reflection on the importance of cross-period, interdisciplinary conversation for critically re-examining the legacies of nineteenth-century linguistic and literary histories.
Writing Against Expulsion
Authors: Herd David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Across the mid-century texts with which the book is concerned, and in the face of the geopolitical non-place, there was a drive to envision a non-expulsive spatiality. This chapter details the importance of thinking about the Universal Declaration in spatial and relational terms. The commitment to envisioning a non-expulsive spatiality is established through the 1951 Convention on Refugees with its emphasis on non-refoulement. Drawing on the defining terminology of the Universal Declaration, an evolving image of ‘reciprocal recognitions’ is traced through Olson’s manifesto, Arendt’s Human Condition and Fanon’s Black Skin, White Masks. Across these texts, ‘recognition’ is identified as a transitional term, not generating a politics in itself but opening up the intersecting intention to articulate non-expulsive spatiality.
How financiers access knowledge resources
Authors: Meyer David R. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Financiers require access to a wide range of knowledge to effectively execute their job, but they face constraints on the time they can spend accessing knowledge versus performing their jobs. Non-confidential sources such as the World Wide Web provide few competitive advantages. Cohesive colleagues within a firm share confidential knowledge from their external networks. Financiers use their own external networks to directly access confidential resources. The most important external network contacts are friends, peers, and colleagues; intermediaries; and clients. Financiers access significant structural social capital in the form of the network and the resources that can be accessed through network ties. Many of these contacts are not linked, which means that the financier accesses substantial non-redundant knowledge. Typically, financiers deal directly with clients, and they are highly valued as confidential knowledge resources. Financiers felt compelled to specifically cite experience as a key mechanism for accumulating knowledge resources.
How financiers view meetings
Authors: Meyer David R. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Face-to-face meetings are integral to financiers’ network behaviour. Venues include formal settings, such as around a conference table, or informal settings such as an office, meal, or coffee/tea. Financiers’ network behaviour exhibits a significant degree of formality in subsequent meetings with actors for whom the financier supplies execution/transaction services, actors under control of the financier’s firm, actors who prefer to maintain a formal relationship, and government officials. When financiers possess an extreme diversity of contacts and many of them are not linked, they can act as the tertius gaudens, the one between who benefits. Most financiers prefer an informal approach in meetings. They are mechanisms to build strong relationships and promote reciprocal sharing of sophisticated insights and strategies. Informal meetings of a cohesive group generate extensive relational social capital. Some financiers operate in a small world in which financiers readily reach each other, and various sub-networks have some overlap.
The relevance of alumni networks
Authors: Meyer David R. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is widely assumed that graduates of elite schools benefit from superior alumni networks. Elite undergraduate schools in the United States and United Kingdom, top US Masters in Business Administration (MBA) schools, and Indian Institutes of Management and Technology make this claim. Presumably, financiers leverage their alumni networks to advance their careers. Financiers from these schools socially identify with fellow alumni, and their interactions in social events and business directly and indirectly transfer high status to each other. However, for most financiers, alumni networks have little or no relevance for their current business networks. The reason is that financiers build their own networks as their career advances. They access substantial relational social capital and extensive structural social capital from their network ties. A focus on alumni ties significantly hinders financiers’ performance. Elite schooling supplies access to influential alumni, but most benefits derive from social identification with their prestigious schools.
The role of organizations in financiers’ networks
Authors: Meyer David R. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Organizations whose membership includes financiers seem to be optimal settings for financiers to enhance their network relationships. Many of them are prestigious organizations with which financiers socially identify, and the organizations confer high status on financiers. This implies that they are high-quality professionals. Only a small share of financiers, mostly senior executives, gain social capital from their participation in business organizations. A significant minority of them do not belong to any, and this includes senior executives. Family-orientated organizations, such as those related to schools, sports activities, and country clubs, generate few network benefits. Special-purpose clubs are venues for the elite to meet, but they are rarely used for business. Financiers do not combine business with participation in religious organizations. They also do not leverage network contacts from organizations based on social concerns. Their key network relationships are created throughout their career as part of their ongoing business.
Universality
Authors: Russell Gillian K. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter formulates and proves an initial version of the particular/universal barrier theorem. A key step is coming up with appropriate characterisations of particular and universal for use in the theorem. It introduces and defines the broad model-theoretic properties of fragility and anti-fragility with respect to the relation of model-extension, and uses them to define classes of sentences. It formulates and proves a universal barrier to entailment and then analyses counterexamples from Chapter 1 to see why they fail.