bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF IMMUNITY IN TYPHUS FEVER
Authors: Castaneda M. Ruiz 
Published: June 2004

This study of the lesions produced in the skin of guinea pigs inoculated intracutaneously with Mexican typhus virus, shows that there is an early polymorphonuclear response at the point of inoculation. As early as 24 hours after the virus is given, a mononuclear phagocytic infiltration, which is more pronounced around the larger vessels of the corium, vascularis, and muscularis, replaces the polymorphonuclear infiltration. The endothelial cells of capillaries and small vessels swell up, thus partially occluding the lumina. Rickettsia bodies are found in the swollen cells, in numbers which remind one of the intracellular Rickettsiae of the tunica in typhus infected guinea pigs. The mature Mooser's cells are found in abundance on the 3rd to the 4th day after inoculation. They are found in various positions as follows: (a) in the endothelial cells of capillaries, particularly in places of little or no infiltration; (b) within the mononuclear nodules formed around the larger vessels and within the dense infiltration of the vascularis (the parasitized cells are usually traced to a capillary wall); and (c) less frequently the organisms are found within the swollen cells of arterioles and small veins. The organisms disappear gradually from the zones of increasing polymorphonuclear infiltrations, suggesting that the presence of such polymorphonuclears is due to the bursting of the infected cells.
In the artificial lesions produced in the skin by the inoculation of considerable numbers of Rickettsiae, the tissue reactions are abnormally enhanced. One can see in the same slide different stages of the development of the lesions and their relationship to the infecting agent. The early perivascular infiltration by mononuclear phagocytes does not seem to be related to an actual infection of the endothelial lining by the inoculated virus, but seems rather, when properly controlled, to be primarily due to a nonspecific type of response. The capillaries or small vessels within these infiltrated zones may become parasitized and call forth a polymorphonuclear reaction which may thus transform the cytological picture of the nodule. The subsequent migration of macrophages terminates the histological sequence.
In capillaries apart from areas of cellular infiltrations, the polymorphonuclear reaction is first to appear, when the Rickettsiae are liberated from the cells.
One cannot safely generalize from the results observed in an artificial typhus lesion, but in the light of these observations, it is probable that the Rickettsia bodies are difficult to find in typhus patients or infected animals because they disappear rapidly from the nodules, or perhaps because some nodules are not necessarily related to an infected endothelium. At any rate, a late typhus lesion is not likely to reveal Rickettsiae which most probably have been removed by the early polymorphonuclear invasion.
HUMORAL ANTIBODIES AND RESISTANCE OF VACCINATED AND CONVALESCENT MONKEYS TO POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS
Authors: Sabin Albert B. , Olitsky Peter K. 
Published: June 2004

1. Monkeys convalescent from a paralytic attack of poliomyelitis develop humoral antibodies slowly; in the present series their first appearance in most was at 2 months and in some not until 3 months after the attack.
2. Convalescent monkeys display resistance to reinfection with the same strain by the nasal route long before antibodies become demonstrable in their serum, in this respect differing from many vaccinated monkeys whose serum neutralizes the virus, while they remain susceptible to nasal infection.
3. When antibodies appear in the serum of resistant convalescent monkeys, they are not quantitatively greater than in the serum of vaccinated monkeys which succumb to infection. As regards resistance to infection, humoral antibodies, therefore, do not have the same significance in vaccinated as in convalescent poliomyelitis monkeys.
STUDIES ON AN UNCOMPLICATED CORYZA OF THE DOMESTIC FOWL
Authors: Nelson John B. 
Published: June 2004

The coccobacilliform bodies of fowl coryza were successfully cultivated in the fetal membranes of fertile eggs. Microscopic examination indicated growth in approximately 50 per cent of 94 eggs inoculated on the 3rd to 4th day of incubation. Growth was generally inhibited, however, in eggs inoculated on the 10th day. One strain of the specific bodies was maintained through 11 successive passages in 4 day eggs.
A more consistent growth of the coccobacilliform bodies was obtained in tissue cultures. One strain, originally isolated in November, 1935, has been carried through 100 successive subcultures at intervals of 1–3 days. The specific bodies fail to maintain their morphological identity for any length of time in this medium.
It is noted that growth of the coccobacilliform bodies in fertile eggs and in tissue cultures is not dependent on the presence of living cells.
STUDIES ON AN UNCOMPLICATED CORYZA OF THE DOMESTIC FOWL
Authors: Nelson John B. 
Published: June 2004

Fetal membrane and tissue culture suspensions of the coccobacilliform bodies are infective for normal fowl. Intranasal injection is commonly followed by a coryza which is serially transmissible and communicable by direct contact. The specific bodies are generally demonstrable in the nasal exudate of birds infected either by injection or contact.
Compared with the original strain of the coryza of slow onset the reaction produced by these suspensions is often less vigorous; the incidence of apparent cases, characterized by a nasal discharge, being 97 per cent and 53 per cent, respectively. The apparent cases are similarly characterized by a long incubation period and a tendency towards chronicity.
IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES ON A NEW PREPARATION OF TYPE SPECIFIC POLYSACCHARIDE FROM PNEUMOCOCCUS TYPE I
Authors: Chow Bacon F. 
Published: June 2004

A type specific polysaccharide has been isolated from the autolyzed broth of Type I Pneumococcus by a modified Avery and Goebel's method.
The newly prepared polysaccharide reacts with the homologous immune rabbit serum which has been completely absorbed with the acetyl polysaccharide of Avery and Goebel.
The newly prepared polysaccharide produces passive immunity in mice and rats and possibly in rabbits.
The antigenicity is not lost on boiling in acid or alkaline medium, but the precipitative activity is decreased.
In conclusion, it has been shown that the polysaccharide from Type I Pneumococcus, as isolated by a slight modification of Avery and Goebel's method, is a more complete antigen.
A QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUE FOR PERFORMING PLASMAPHERESIS
Authors: Melnick Daniel , Cowgill George R. ,   With the Cooperation of Ethel Burack, Ph.D.
Published: June 2004

1. A special apparatus and technique are described which permit one to conduct plasmapheresis quantitatively.
2. The validity of the methods employed, for determining serum protein concentration and blood volume as prerequisites for the calculation of the amount of blood to be withdrawn, are discussed.
THE INFLUENCE OF DIET UPON THE REGENERATION OF SERUM PROTEIN
Authors: Melnick Daniel , Cowgill George R. , Burack Ethel 
Published: June 2004

1. From a consideration of previous work related to the problem of the influence of diet upon the regeneration of serum protein, a plan of study is described which eliminates the many variables shown to be operating in the studies conducted by these pioneer workers.
2. By the administration of a protein-free diet at a high level of caloric intake to the dog subjected to plasmapheresis during which one-fourth of the blood volume of the animal is withdrawn daily, it is possible to reduce the serum protein concentration to the basal level (3.5 to 4.2 per cent) and to deplete the organism of its reserve stores of this protein within 1 week. The subsequent week has been demonstrated to be an equilibrium period.
3. The dog contains a reserve store of serum protein building material equivalent to about 30 to 40 per cent of the total amount normally present in the circulation.
4. When fed the protein-free diet and when subjected to quantitative plasmapheresis, whereby the basal level of the serum protein concentration is maintained constant, the dog is able in 1 week to regenerate approximately 20 to 30 per cent of the total amount of this blood protein normally present in the plasma.
5. The administration of a diet favorable for promoting the regeneration of serum protein requires approximately 4 to 5 days before a constant and maximal response to the dietary stimulus is obtained. Equilibrium data are yielded during the 2nd week, and these are employed in calculating the potency ratio of the dietary protein.
TISSUE CULTURE STUDIES ON BACTERIAL HYPERSENSITIVITY
Authors: Moen Johannes K. 
Published: June 2004

1. Mononuclear exudative cells, obtained from tuberculous guinea pigs by the intrapleural injection of parowax, exhibited characteristic sensitivity to the toxic action of tuberculin when tested in tissue culture.
2. Experiments with these cells, practically free of body fluids, show conclusively that sensitivity to tuberculin is an inherent characteristic of mesenchymal cells from tuberculous animals.
3. Fibroblastic growths which developed from mononuclear exudative cells derived from a tuberculous animal showed persistence of sensitivity to the toxic action of tuberculin on repeated transplantations over a prolonged period in vitro.
EFFECT OF PNEUMOCOCCUS AUTOLYSATE ANTITOXIN ON PNEUMOCOCCUS PNEUMONIA IN GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Weld Julia T. , Gilder Helena 
Published: June 2004

1. In rabbits, guinea pigs, and mice pneumococcus autolysate antitoxin has no effect against generalized infection by the pneumococcus.
2. In a large proportion of cases of pneumonia and sepsis caused by the intratracheal inoculation of large amounts of living pneumococci in normal or sensitized guinea pigs, autolysate antitoxin saves the animal.
3. The autolysate antitoxin is protective in most cases of pneumonia and sepsis caused by the intratracheal inoculation of small amounts of living pneumococci combined with sublethal doses of staphylococcus toxin.
4. These experiments indicate that in pneumococcus pneumonia of guinea pigs the autolysate toxin or toxins are elaborated only in the lungs.
THE EFFECT OF EXPERIMENTAL REDUCTION OF KIDNEY SUBSTANCE UPON THE PARATHYROID GLANDS AND SKELETAL TISSUE
Authors: Pappenheimer Alwin M. ,   With the Assistance of Anna Hart
Published: June 2004

Reduction of renal tissue in young rats regularly leads to a marked increase in the volume of the parathyroid glands.
If partially nephrectomized rats are maintained on a low calcium diet, growth is stunted, and skeletal lesions are produced, of far greater severity than can be ascribed to the dietary calcium deficiency alone. The picture closely resembles that found in cases of renal rickets in children.
THE BACTERICIDAL ACTION OF HUMAN SERUM ON HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Tillett William S. 
Published: June 2004

Sera obtained from patients at the time of acute active infections were found, in every instance, to be bactericidal for hemolytic streptococci. The observations were made with sera from twenty-five patients. The group consisted of cases of pneumococcus, hemolytic streptococcus, staphylococcus, meningococcus, tubercle bacillus, and malarial infections; the etiology of the diseases in other patients was either uncertain or may have been a mixed infection.
In sera taken from the same group of patients, soon after recovery or marked improvement had taken place, the streptococcidal property was absent or greatly diminished in potency.
By comparative tests made with sera from twenty healthy adults, the streptococcidal action was not demonstrable.
Three different strains of Streptococcus hemolyticus of the beta type were employed in the experiments. Differences in susceptibility of the strains to the killing power of the serum were noted.
THE BACTERICIDAL ACTION OF HUMAN SERUM ON HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Tillett William S. 
Published: June 2004

Although sera derived from patients at the time of acute, active infection were found to be capable of destroying hemolytic streptococci under aerobic conditions, the organisms retained viability when the tests were performed in the environment of anaerobiosis afforded by a vaseline seal or an anaerobic jar.
Within the limitations of the experimental procedures which were employed, the aerobic or anaerobic effect was found to be a reversible reaction.
Heating sera at 60°C. for 1 hour inactivated the streptococcidal element in most instances, but not in every case; heating at 56°C. for 1 hour impaired the killing power of half of the specimens which were tested.
Sera retained the capacity to destroy hemolytic streptococci when kept in the ice box for 3 weeks; a slight diminution in killing power was noted after 4 weeks.
By the methods which were employed, the streptococcidal property of sera could not be correlated with either true antibacterial agglutination or with pseudo-agglutination.
The significance of the findings as a basis for analyzing the mechanism of the streptococcidal phenomenon is discussed.
STUDIES ON THE SOMATIC C POLYSACCHARIDE OF PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Abernethy Theodore J. 
Published: June 2004

The capacity of the serum of rabbits following intradermal pneumococcus infections to precipitate in the presence of pneumococcus C polysaccharide has been studied during the resultant periods of active infection and during recovery. In rabbits infected with Type I, III, or VIII pneumococci, large hemorrhagic lesions are produced which frequently bring about death of the animals after a febrile illness of 3 to 4 days. Repeated precipitation tests with the sera of these animals have been uniformly and consistently negative, not only during the acute illness but in the recovery period as well.
On the other hand, the sera of monkeys of the Macacus cynomolgos species actively ill with experimental Type III pneumonia have been shown to react in precipitation tests with the C substance. The serum reaction appears within the first 24 hours after infection, remains positive in high titer for 2 to 3 days during the acute illness, and disappears with the onset of recovery. The precipitation reaction with C also occurs with the sera of monkeys following intradermal and intraperitoneal infection with pneumococci. The results of precipitation tests of the serum of monkeys during experimental pneumonia are similar to those obtained with the sera of patients suffering from pneumococcus lobar pneumonia.
From the results of these studies it would appear improbable that the demonstration of the serum precipitation phenomenon with C polysaccharide in monkeys, and possibly also in man, is conditioned by previous exposure to pneumococcus antigen.
EXPERIMENTAL ATTEMPTS TO INCREASE THE BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE DOG'S HEART BY MEANS OF CORONARY SINUS OCCLUSION
Authors: Gross Louis , Blum Lester , Silverman Gertrude 
Published: June 2004

Sudden occlusion of the left anterior descending branch approximately 2 cm. below the ostium of the left circumflex coronary artery in the dog's heart produces a mortality rate of approximately 50 per cent. In dogs weighing approximately 15 kilos surviving more than 24 hours (average 1 week), an infarction is produced which almost invariably measures 5 x 5 cm. on surface. Following coronary sinus obturation such secondary sudden occlusion of the left anterior descending branch is followed either by no infarction or by a reduction in the size of the infarct. The success of the procedure, quite apart from the mortality rate, depends upon the completeness of the coronary sinus obturation. On the other hand, sudden and complete coronary sinus obturation by itself is associated with a high operative mortality and apparently does not affect the mortality rate following subsequent sudden left anterior descending branch occlusion. Partial persistent obturation of the coronary sinus, however, is in itself associated with a low operative mortality. Furthermore, its experimental production in dogs appears to lower the mortality rate following subsequent sudden occlusion of the left anterior descending branch and to diminish the extent of the infarction.
In the introduction to this report it was pointed out that there are three important desiderata to the problem of improving the coronary circulation in the human heart. The findings herein reported fulfill these requisites to an encouraging degree. It has been shown that following the outlined procedures, a functional increase in the blood supply to the heart can be produced in a significant proportion of experimental animals, this varying with the nature of the experimental procedure. The manipulation is simple, can be performed in the dog within approximately 20 minutes, and does not lead to appreciable pericardial adhesions. Increase in the nutrition of the myocardium is noted 1 week after the experimental procedure. Although no experiments employing sudden left anterior descending coronary branch occlusion were carried out sooner than 1 week, there is available anatomic evidence that within possibly 24 hours after coronary sinus occlusion a dilatation of the vascular bed occurs. In subsequent experiments attempts will be made to determine whether this early vascular dilatation is adequate to compensate for subsequent sudden left anterior descending branch occlusion.
A discussion is given of the results following various coronary sinus occlusion procedures in which it is indicated that it is desirable to produce a partial or gradual occlusion in order to lower the mortality rate both of the initial procedure as well as of the subsequent sudden arterial occlusion. Experiments thus far reported on cardiopexy operations are lacking in evidence that they are associated with appreciable improvement in the vascular nutrition of the myocardium.
THE EFFECTS OF GONADOTROPIC HORMONES IN THE TREATMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Steinbach M. Maxim , Klein Sidney J. 
Published: June 2004

Experimental tuberculosis in rabbits and guinea pigs was favorably influenced by the administration of antuitrin-S, pregnant mare serum, and, to a lesser extent, follutein. No retardation of disease was obtained by the use of either anterior pituitary extract or emmenin.
The results suggest that the gonadotropic hormone may be a factor in the temporary amelioration of symptoms observed in tuberculous women during pregnancy.
THE ANTIBODY RESPONSE OF HUMAN SUBJECTS VACCINATED WITH THE VIRUS OF HUMAN INFLUENZA
Authors: Francis Thomas , Magill T. P. 
Published: June 2004

Human influenza virus cultivated in tissue culture medium may be administered subcutaneously or intradermally to human individuals without causing evidence of infection. Subjects so treated develop a good titer of circulating antibodies effective against mouse passage virus and, if antibodies were previously present, vaccination stimulates the production of more antibody. The antibodies so induced persist for at least 5 months, although in this period of time some decline in titer may have begun. The antibody response to vaccination parallels both in extent and persistence that occurring as a result of the naturally acquired disease.
The available data do not enable one to evaluate the effect of vaccination in preventing human infection with influenza. It seems not unlikely that the increase in circulating antibody will be accompanied by an increased ability to combat the natural infection.
INHERITANCE OF RESISTANCE OF MICE TO ENTERIC BACTERIAL AND NEUROTROPIC VIRUS INFECTIONS
Authors: Webster Leslie T. 
Published: June 2004

Under the conditions specified, there may be selected promptly from a hybrid stock of mice, of which 40 to 50 per cent die following a standard dose of B. enteritidis or St. Louis encephalitis virus, lines in which as high as 95 per cent and as low as 15 per cent succumb. Three lines,—one bacteria-susceptible-virus-susceptible, one bacteria-susceptible-virus-resistant, and one bacteria-resistant-virus-susceptible,—are regarded as remaining relatively stable after approximately twelve generations of selection and brother to sister or line inbreeding.
Crossing susceptible with resistant lines and testing F1, F2, F3, and backcross progeny resulted in mortality percentages in the neighborhood of those expected on the basis that resistance to B. enteritidis and to encephalitis virus is each inherited independently on a single factor basis with resistance dominant over susceptibility.
A bacteria-resistant-virus-resistant line is being developed from a cross between bacteria-susceptible-virus-resistant and bacteria-resistant-virus-susceptible lines.
All selected lines proved uniformly susceptible to a strain of mouse passage rabies virus.
CHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS ON THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF THE PHENOMENON OF LOCAL SKIN REACTIVITY TO BACTERIAL FILTRATES
Authors: Shwartzman Gregory , Morell Sam , Sobotka Harry 
Published: June 2004

A quantitative biological assay of the products obtained from the dialysis of B. typhosus, meningococcus, and B. coli culture filtrates has been undertaken. It was found that the active principles of the phenomenon of local skin reactivity to bacterial filtrates were retained by cellophane membranes. An appreciable purification was thus effected, amounting, on the average, to about a threefold increase in reacting potency per milligram of dry weight and of nitrogen.
Attempts to purify bacterial filtrates by the fractional precipitation of their concentrates with dilute alkali, acid, and alcohol were unsuccessful.
A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF THE CROSS REACTION OF TYPES III AND VIII PNEUMOCOCCI IN HORSE AND RABBIT ANTISERA
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Kabat Elvin A. , Shrivastava D. L. 
Published: June 2004

1. A preparation of the specific polysaccharide of Type VIII pneumococcus is described in which the use of heat, strong acid, and alkali were avoided.
2. Quantitative estimations are given of the homologous and cross reacting precipitin and agglutinin in Types III and VIII antisera produced in the rabbit and in the horse. Quantitative data are also given on the mechanism of the Type VIII precipitin reaction and the cross reaction between the Type III polysaccharide and Type VIII antipneumococcus horse serum.
3. The significance of the data is discussed.
REINFECTION (SECOND ATTACK) IN EXPERIMENTAL POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Flexner Simon 
Published: June 2004

Monkeys which have recovered from an attack of experimental poliomyelitis are subject to reinfection by the nasal route.
Second attacks of the disease result from inoculation with the specimen of virus used to produce the first attack and with specimens of different origin.
Reinfection takes place in monkeys which have recovered from mild and from severe attacks and in convalescent animals which have been subjected to hyperimmunization.
The 2 year quiet period proposed by Still to separate relapses from second attacks, judging from the monkey, is probably excessive. Until greater attention is given the reinfections of varying intensities in man, conclusions on this point must be wholly tentative.
EXPERIMENTAL NEPHRITIS IN RATS INDUCED BY INJECTION OF ANTI-KIDNEY SERUM
Authors: Smadel Joseph E. 
Published: June 2004

Administration of the relatively organ specific antibody, so called nephrotoxin, present in anti-kidney serum, is followed by a diffuse glomerulonephritis. This is characterized early by swelling of the intercapillary substance of the glomerular tuft and by tubular degeneration. Fibrin thrombi are only present in the glomerular capillaries when the injection of anti-kidney serum results in a severe anaphylactoid reaction, and are due to factors other than nephrotoxin.
The urinary abnormalities which develop in all rats after a suitable injection of nephrotoxin usually continue until the animal dies or is sacrificed. Microscopic renal lesions of the early phase merge into scarring of the glomeruli and tubules. Histological study of those animals which die from 3 to 11 months after treatment reveals a chronic progressive glomerulonephritis with generalized vascular lesions.