bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rückführung dynamischer Kraft- und Drehmomentmessungen mithilfe von Laser-Doppler-Interferometrie (Traceabilty of Dynamic Force and Torque Calibrations by Means of Laser-Doppler-Interferometry)
Authors: Bruns Thomas , Kobusch Michael 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Der vorliegende Artikel stellt die neusten Entwicklungen der Physikalisch-Technischen Bundesanstalt (PTB) im Bereich dynamischer Kalibriermethoden für Kraft- und Drehmomentaufnehmer vor. Zusätzlich zu den bereits seit einiger Zeit vorhandenen Einrichtungen zur Kalibrierung mit sinusförmigen Kräften sind zwei neue Geräte im Laufe der letzten drei Jahre entwickelt und aufgebaut worden: eines zur rückführbaren Erzeugung stoßförmiger Kräfte, das andere zur dynamischen Kalibrierung mit (zunächst sinusförmigen) Drehmomenten.
Elektrophile Aktivierung und Cycloisomerisierung von Eninen: ein Weg zu funktionalen Cyclopropanen
Authors: Bruneau Christian 
Published: March 2005

AbstractUmsetzungen von Eninen in Gegenwart von Übergangsmetallkatalysatoren spielen bei selektiven Synthesen cyclischer Verbindungen seit jeher eine wichtige Rolle. Ein bedeutender Fortschritt waren jüngste Entwicklungen bei der Aktivierung von Kohlenstoff‐Kohlenstoff‐Dreifachbindungen durch elektrophile Metallzentren, die neue Ansätze für die selektive Synthese von Cyclopropanderivaten aus Eninen hervorbrachten. Am Mechanismus dieser Reaktionen sind katalytische Spezies mit sowohl ionischem als auch Cyclopropylcarbenoid‐Charakter beteiligt. Diese Art der Aktivierung könnte auch bei anderen ungesättigten Kohlenwasserstoffen sowie für katalytische Reaktionssequenzen angewendet werden. Dieser Kurzaufsatz diskutiert die neuesten Entwicklungen bei der elektrophilen Aktivierung von Eninen und zeigt, dass einfache Katalysatoren wie [Ru3(CO)12], PtCl2 und kationische Goldkomplexe wirksame Vorstufen für die katalytische Synthese von funktionalen polycyclischen Verbindungen sind.
Transport of small molecules through mechanically elongated polymeric membranes
Authors: Puri P. , Hinestroza J. , De Kee D. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis contribution presents an analysis of the problem of diffusion through membranes, incorporating a realistic downstream boundary condition. The analysis can be applied to operations involving geomembranes. Graphs are presented to show the effect of the various dimensionless parameters. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1200–1203, 2005
Synthesis and characterization of novel phenyl‐substituted poly(p‐phenylene vinylene) derivatives
Authors: Tang Rupei , Xu Xinjun , Cheng Caixia , Yu Gui , Liu Yunqi , Xi Fu 
Published: March 2005

AbstractTwo novel phenyl‐substituted poly(p‐phenylene vinylene) derivatives, poly{2‐[3′,4′‐(2″‐ethylhexyloxy)(3″,7″‐dimethyloctyloxy)benzene]‐1,4‐phenylenevinylene} (EDP‐PPV) and poly{2‐[3′,4′‐(2″‐ethylhexyloxy)(3″,7″‐dimethyloctyloxy)benzene]‐5‐methoxy‐1,4‐phenylenevinylene} (EDMP‐PPV), and their copolymer, poly{2‐[3′,4′‐(2″‐ethylhexyloxy)(3″,7″‐dimethyloctyloxy)benzene]‐1,4‐phenylene‐vinylene‐co‐2‐[3′,4′‐(2″‐ethylhexyloxy)(3″,7″‐dimethyloctyloxy)benzene]‐5‐methoxy‐1,4‐phenylenevinylene} (EDP‐co‐EDMP‐PPV; 4:1, 1:1, and 1:4), were successfully synthesized according to the Gilch route. The structures and properties of the monomers and the resulting conjugated polymers were characterized with 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, elemental analysis, gel permeation chromatography, thermogravimetric analysis, ultraviolet–visible absorption spectroscopy, and photoluminescence and electroluminescence (EL) spectroscopy. The EL polymers possessed excellent solubility in common solvents and good thermal stability with a 5% weight loss temperature of more than 380°C. The weight‐average molecular weights and polydispersity indices of EDP‐PPV, EDMP‐PPV, and EDP‐co‐EDMP‐PPV were 1.40–2.58 × 105, and 1.19–1.52, respectively. Double‐layer light‐emitting diodes with the configuration of indium tin oxide/polymer/tris(8‐hydroxyquinoline)aluminum/Al devices were fabricated, and EDP‐co‐EDMP‐PPV (1:1) showed the highest EL performance and exhibited a maximum luminance of 1050 cd/m2 at 19.5 V. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1259–1266, 2005
An EPR and ENDOR Investigation of a Series of Diazabutadiene–Group 13 Complexes
Authors: Baker Robert J. , Farley Robert D. , Jones Cameron , Mills David P. , Kloth Marc , Murphy Damien M. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractParamagnetic diazabutadienegallium(II or III) complexes, [(Ar‐DAB)2Ga] and [{(Ar‐DAB.)GaX}2] (X=Br or I; Ar‐DAB={N(Ar)C(H)}2, Ar=2,6‐diisopropylphenyl), have been prepared by reactions of an anionic gallium N‐heterocyclic carbene analogue, [K(tmeda)][:Ga(Ar‐DAB)], with either “GaI” or [MoBr2(CO)2(PPh3)2]. A related InIII complex, [(Ar‐DAB.)InCl2(thf)], has also been prepared. These compounds were characterised by X‐ray crystallography and EPR/ENDOR spectroscopy. The EPR spectra of all metal(III) complexes incorporating the Ar‐DAB ligand, [(Ar‐DAB.)MX2(thf)n] (M=Al, Ga or In; X=Cl or I; n=0 or 1) and [(Ar‐DAB)2Ga], confirmed that the unpaired spin density is primarily ligand centred, with weak hyperfine couplings to Al (a=2.85 G), Ga (a=17—25 G) or In (a=26.1 G) nuclei. Changing the N substituents of the diazabutadiene ligand to tert‐butyl groups in the gallium complex, [(tBu‐DAB.)GaI2] (tBu‐DAB={N(tBu)C(H)}2), changes the unpaired electron spin distribution producing 1H and 14N couplings of 1.4 G and 8.62 G, while the aryl‐substituted complex, [(Ar‐DAB.)GaI2], produces couplings of about 5.0 G. These variations were also manifested in the gallium couplings, namely aGa ∼1.4 G for [(tBu‐DAB.)GaI2] and aGa ∼25 G for [(Ar‐DAB.)GaI2]. The EPR spectra of the gallium(II) and indium(II) diradical complexes, [{(Ar‐DAB.)GaBr}2], [{(Ar‐DAB.)GaI}2], [{(tBu‐DAB.)GaI}2] and [{(Ar‐DAB.)InCl}2], revealed doublet ground states, indicating that the GaGa and InIn bonds prevent dipole–dipole coupling of the two unpaired electrons. The EPR spectrum of the previously reported complex, [(Ar‐BIAN.)GaI2] (Ar‐BIAN=bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenylimino)acenaphthene) is also described. The hyperfine tensors for the imine protons, and the aryl and tert‐butyl protons were obtained by ENDOR spectroscopy. In [(Ar‐DAB.)GaI2], gallium hyperfine and quadrupolar couplings were detected for the first time.
Intronic sequence variants of the CDKN2A gene in melanoma pedigrees
Authors: Harland Mark , Taylor Claire F. , Bass Sylvia , Churchman Michael , Randerson‐Moor Juliette A. , Holland Elizabeth A. , Mann Graham J. , Bishop D. Timothy , Newton Bishop Julia A. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractGerm‐line mutations of the tumor‐suppressor gene CDKN2A predispose individuals to melanoma in families worldwide. However, coding mutations of CDKN2A have not been detected in a significant proportion of those affected. The identification of a disease‐associated intronic mutation of CDKN2A in UK families, which has proved to be the most common CDKN2A mutation as yet identified in this population, has highlighted the possibility that additional causal mutations may lie within the intronic sequence of the gene. In this article, we describe the comprehensive screening of 109 English and 26 Australian melanoma pedigrees for intronic mutations of CDKN2A. In total, 24 sequence variants were identified across the two introns of the gene. We show evidence that two of the CDKN2A intronic variants (IVS1+1104 C > A and IVS1−1104 C > G) predispose to melanoma. IVS1+1104 was shown to result in the aberrant splicing of both p16INK4a and p14ARF mRNA. Overall, however, the proportion of English melanoma families with these variants is small. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Conformation and dynamics of a self‐avoiding sheet: Bond‐fluctuation computer simulation
Authors: Pandey Ras B. , Anderson Kelly L. , Heinz Hendrik , Farmer B.L. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe conformation and dynamics of a self‐avoiding sheet are analyzed by the bond‐fluctuating Monte Carlo method. The mean‐square displacement of the center of mass of the sheet and that of its center node (R) show asymptotic diffusive behavior. The segmental dynamics in short and long time regimes can be deduced from the motion of the center node described by the power law$R_n^2 \simeq C_1 t^{2\mu } + C_2 t^{2\nu }$with μ ≃ 0.13 and ν ≃ ½, whereC1andC2are fitting constants andtis the time. The radius of gyration,Rg, scales with the linear size,Ls, of the sheet asRg≃Nγwith γ ≃ ½ andN=L, and this is consistent with the conformational analysis of open tethered membranes with excluded‐volume constraints. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 1041–1046, 2005
Specific heat of RNi4Al (R = Y, Ce, Nd) compounds
Authors: Toliński T. , Szewczyk A. , Gutowska M. , Kowalczyk A. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe temperature dependence of the specific heat for the YNi4Al, CeNi4Al and NdNi4Al compounds has been studied. The first one is nonmagnetic and serves as a reference material. The Ce‐based compound is paramagnetic and shows an anomaly related to a Kondo and/or antiferromagnetic interaction, whereas the Nd‐based compound reveals a peak at 6 K connected with a transition to the ferromagnetic order. The specific heat has been analyzed considering the electronic contribution, the Schottky anomaly, and the lattice contribution in frames of the Debye model.Anomaly in specific heat and minimum in resistivity [8].imageAnomaly in specific heat and minimum in resistivity [8].(© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Pairwise non‐parametric non‐inferiority tests in 3 × 3 cross‐over trials: should we adjust for period?
Authors: Duchateau Luc , Janssen Paul 
Published: March 2005

AbstractBefore an active compound can be registered as a drug, it needs to be demonstrated that it does not cause particular unwanted compound specific side effects. Demonstrating non‐inferiority of an active drug with placebo with respect to an unwanted side effect is often based on pharmacodynamic 3 × 3 cross‐over trials, with the third treatment arm consisting of a positive control. The main comparison then is the pairwise comparison between active drug and placebo. In this paper, two different non‐parametric methods with adjustment for period effect are compared with the non‐parametric non‐adjusted test and the parametric period‐adjusted test with respect to size and power. The non‐parametric test with period adjustment based on rank alignment has generally the largest power, but its size exceeds the nominal significance level. The non‐parametric test with period adjustment based on stratification has low power for trials with a small number of subjects. The non‐parametric test without period adjustment is a valid alternative in such cases, but its power decreases substantially in the presence of period effects. In the case of unbalanced designs, however, only the non‐parametric test with period adjustment based on stratification can be used. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Review article: 13C‐urea breath test in the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection – a critical review
Authors: Gisbert J. P. , Pajares J. M. 
Published: March 2005

SummaryThe urea breath test is a non‐invasive, simple and safe test which provides excellent accuracy both for the initial diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection and for the confirmation of its eradication after treatment.Some studies have found no differences between urea breath test performed under non‐fasting conditions. The simplicity, good tolerance and economy of the citric acid test meal probably make its systematic use advisable. The urea breath test protocol may be performed with relatively low doses (<100 mg) of urea: 75 mg or even 50 mg seem to be sufficient. With the most widely used protocol (with citric acid and 75 mg of urea), excellent accuracy is obtained when breath samples are collected as early as 10–15 min after urea ingestion.A unique and generally proposed cut‐off level is not possible because it has to be adapted to different factors, such as the test meal, the dose and type of urea, or the pre‐/post‐treatment setting. Fortunately, because positive and negative urea breath test results tend to cluster outside of the range between 2 and 5‰, a change in cut‐off value within this range would be expected to have little effect on clinical accuracy of the test.
Factors relating to soil fertility and species diversity in both semi‐natural and created meadows in the West Midlands of England
Authors: McCrea A. R. , Trueman I. C. , Fullen M. A. 
Published: March 2005

SummaryThe post‐war decline in the area and diversity of neutral meadows in Britain, resulting from agricultural intensification, has prompted schemes to restore and create new habitats. Their success relies on understanding the relations between soil fertility and species diversity. We have investigated these relations, using multivariate analysis, in 28 semi‐natural meadows and eight artificially created urban meadows. Mineralizable nitrogen was the most important soil characteristic in the semi‐natural sites; the more N the soil contained the fewer were the species characteristic of traditional meadows. Both potassium and total magnesium favoured diversity, perhaps because their deficiency in many traditionally managed meadows jeopardizes the survival of broad‐leaved species in competition with grasses. Available lead, at sub‐lethal concentrations and measured as a Pb:Ca ratio, appeared to favour diversity in the semi‐natural sites, possibly by inhibiting the uptake of P by competitive grasses and allowing the less competitive species associated with diversity to flourish. The main differences between the soils of the artificial and the semi‐natural meadows were that the former contained more extractable P and less mineralizable N and organic matter. It seems that large soil phosphorus concentrations may be the main reason why relatively few species colonize or survive in grassland on many urban soils.
Attraction of garden chafer, Phyllopertha horticola, to floral Japanese beetle lure
Authors: Ruther J. , Tolasch T. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract:Field experiments using funnel traps were performed on a golf course to investigate the attractiveness of a floral Japanese beetle lure for adults of the garden chafer, Phyllopertha horticola, a common European turf pest. Traps baited with 10 mg of the floral lure consisting of phenylethyl propionate + eugenol + geraniol (3 : 7 : 3) captured more adult garden chafers of both sexes than non‐baited control traps. In contrast, 1,3‐dimethyl‐2,4‐(1H, 3H)‐quinazolinedione, the sex pheromone of the closely related pale‐brown chafer P. diversa, neither influenced alone nor in combination with the floral lure the behaviour of adult garden chafers. The results suggest that the floral Japanese beetle lure might be used for monitoring or control of P. horticola.
Reproductive biology and pollinator limitation in a deceptive orchid, Serapias vomeracea (Orchidaceae)
Authors: PELLEGRINO GIUSEPPE , GARGANO DOMENICO , NOCE MARIA ELENA , MUSACCHIO ALDO 
Published: March 2005

AbstractDeceptive orchid species that offer no floral rewards to pollinators often experience pollinator limitation. Serapias vomeracea is considered a particular example of terrestrial orchids using deceptive strategies because its sepals, petals and the lateral lobes of the hypochile form a small tube imitating a little hole that the insects use to rest. The pollination biology and breeding system were investigated in two populations of S. vomeracea in order to examine the extent of pollinator limitation. Visiting insects were immobile in the Serapias flowers during the early morning and late evening. The main pollinators were Oedemeridae and Lymexylidae (Coleoptera), but Hymenoptera (Ceratina, Eucera, Osmia) were also observed. Fruit set did not vary in response to floral display size, suggesting that variations in flower number per inflorescence and plant height were not responsible for attracting pollinators and thus reproductive success. Although S. vomeracea is self‐compatible, bagged inflorescences produced no fruits. Artificial pollination resulted in 95–100% fruit set by induced autogamy, 95–100% by geitonogamous pollination and 90–95% by xenogamous pollination. Fruit set in the open‐pollinated control was 13–18%. Fruit production was not related to the size, number or position of flowers. Pollinator observation and supplemented hand‐pollination indicated a positive relationship between fruit set and pollinator visitations in this species.
Gene fusions and gene duplications: relevance to genomic annotation and functional analysis
Authors: Serres Margrethe H , Riley Monica 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
Escherichia coli a model organism provides information for annotation of other genomes. Our analysis of its genome has shown that proteins encoded by fused genes need special attention. Such composite (multimodular) proteins consist of two or more components (modules) encoding distinct functions. Multimodular proteins have been found to complicate both annotation and generation of sequence similar groups. Previous work overstated the number of multimodular proteins in E. coli. This work corrects the identification of modules by including sequence information from proteins in 50 sequenced microbial genomes.

Results
Multimodular E. coli K-12 proteins were identified from sequence similarities between their component modules and non-fused proteins in 50 genomes and from the literature. We found 109 multimodular proteins in E. coli containing either two or three modules. Most modules had standalone sequence relatives in other genomes. The separated modules together with all the single (un-fused) proteins constitute the sum of all unimodular proteins of E. coli. Pairwise sequence relationships among all E. coli unimodular proteins generated 490 sequence similar, paralogous groups. Groups ranged in size from 92 to 2 members and had varying degrees of relatedness among their members. Some E. coli enzyme groups were compared to homologs in other bacterial genomes.

Conclusion
The deleterious effects of multimodular proteins on annotation and on the formation of groups of paralogs are emphasized. To improve annotation results, all multimodular proteins in an organism should be detected and when known each function should be connected with its location in the sequence of the protein. When transferring functions by sequence similarity, alignment locations must be noted, particularly when alignments cover only part of the sequences, in order to enable transfer of the correct function. Separating multimodular proteins into module units makes it possible to generate protein groups related by both sequence and function, avoiding mixing of unrelated sequences. Organisms differ in sizes of groups of sequence-related proteins. A sample comparison of orthologs to selected E. coli paralogous groups correlates with known physiological and taxonomic relationships between the organisms.
A Novel Triaxial Apparatus for Thermo-Mechanical Testing of Soils
Authors: Cekerevac C , Laloui L , Vulliet L 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
This paper describes a new triaxial apparatus for testing the thermo-mechanical behavior of soils. This triaxial apparatus accommodates samples 55 mm in diameter and 110mm in height. The cell is designed to perform compression tests under pressures up to 2 MPa and with temperatures ranging from 5°C to 90°C. The calibration of the device, as well as its precision and accuracy, is widely discussed in the paper. The related experimental procedures are also discussed. Finally, the results of tests performed on Kaolin are presented in order to highlight the features of the apparatus and to show some induced thermal effects on soils.
Measuring Soil Contact Pressure on a Solid Boundary and Quantifying Soil Arching
Authors: Talesnick M 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The paper presents the design, development, and calibration of a soil contact pressure transducer, based on the null method. Air pressure regulated in a tightly controlled PID loop balances the output of a strain gage bridge bonded to the sensing element. This action maintains the sensing element in an underflected state. The result is that the membrane does not interact with the surrounding soil, and errors due to arching are eliminated. In theory, the air pressure required to keep the sensing element in its undeflected state should be equal to the soil contact pressure applied at the soil boundary interface.
Calibration of the sensor reveals that its response is exactly as anticipated. The ratio between the required null pressure and applied soil pressure at the boundary interface is 1:1 and independent of soil type, soil stiffness, and load history. The paper presents calibration of the sensor for two very different sands, each at two significantly different levels of relative density.
The sensitivity of the sensor is a function of the control software. In its present version the sensor responds accurately to pressure imbalances of 0.3 kPa.
Zur Modellierung und aktiven Schwingungsunterdrückung in Stahlwalzanlagen (On Modelling and Active Vibration Rejection in Steel Rolling Mills)
Authors: Schlacher Kurt , Holl Johann , Fuchshumer Stefan 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Dieser Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der systemtheoretischen Analyse und der aktiven Unterdrückung eines Vibrationsproblems bei (Stahl-) Walzanlagen, das unter der Bezeichnung Chatter bekannt ist. Als Grundlage für die Systemanalyse und den Reglerentwurf wird ein mathematisches Modell einer mehrgerüstigen Walzanlage vorgestellt, das speziell den Bandumformvorgang unter Berücksichtigung eines nicht kreisförmigen Kontaktbereiches zwischen Walze und Band sowie die Kopplung der Gerüste beschreibt. Anhand dieses Modells kann nachgewiesen werden, dass in Abhängigkeit des Betriebspunktes der Anlage eine mechanische Rückkopplung zur Instabilität des dynamischen Systems führen kann, womit auch der so genannte Dritte Oktav Chatter erklärt wird. Zu seiner aktiven Unterdrückung werden unter Berücksichtigung der wesentlichen Nichtlinearitäten des Systems zwei Regelungskonzepte vorgestellt, zum einen ein passivitätsbasierter Reglerentwurf und zum anderen eine Regelung basierend auf der Theorie der differentiellen Flachheit.
Odor control using hollow fiber membrane modules
Authors: Tan Xiaoyao , Li K. , Teo W. K. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractOdor control using hollow fiber membrane modules has been investigated both theoretically and experimentally. First, a mathematical model for the odor gas removal from gas streams in hollow fiber membrane modules was developed, with which the effects of the liquid flow rate and the reactant concentration in solution on the odor removal were studied. As a result, a criterion to determine the optimum liquid flow rate and reactant concentration required for the odor removal was established. Second, experimental studies on the odor removal, that is, H2S removal from N2 streams in PVDF hollow fiber membrane modules were carried out. The results indicate that H2S with low concentrations can be removed from gas streams effectively and economically, and a very high removal rate could be expected. All the experimental data can be estimated satisfactorily with the presented mathematical model. Finally, application of the hollow fiber membrane module fitted in air conditioners for the indoor air purification was explored and a quick graphic method for designing the membrane module was presented. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005