bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiscale Modeling and Simulation of Silicon Anode
Authors: Bansal Parth , Li Yumeng 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The growing demand for portable battery power has led to ongoing innovations in battery design, with Silicon (Si) emerging as a promising material for Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs) due to its advantages over traditional graphite anodes. However, Si anodes face challenges such as volumetric changes during charge cycles, which cause internal stresses, delamination, and reduced capacity. To tackle these issues, this study examines the potential of using an Inverse Opal (IO) structure in Si anode design. Investigations are conducted on its effects on cracking, delamination, and capacity loss through a multiscale modeling approach. The multiscale solid mechanics model reveals different patterns of cracking and delamination for various thicknesses of Si anodes, highlighting the role of cohesive zones between Si grains. Additionally, an electrochemical finite element (FE) model, based on the results of solid mechanics simulations, shows that thicker Si anodes experience faster capacity degradation due to increased growth of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer on their larger exposed surfaces. This combined approach provides insights into structural design strategies to address Si anode challenges and enhance LIB performance.
Role of Median Curves and Surfaces and Their Computations in Coordinate Metrology
Authors: Shakarji Craig , Yin Kexin , Qi Qunfen , Morse Edward , Srinivasan Vijay 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This paper explores a novel role for median curves and surfaces in coordinate metrology, and the techniques to compute these curves and surfaces. The role includes the important problem of identifying potential outliers in two- and three-dimensional geometrical measurements and grouping the measured data into zones of containment without any prejudice to the assumption of underlying probabilistic models. It is shown that using the orthogonal l1-norm in the computation of median curves and surfaces leads to several desirable equivariant and invariant properties. It is also shown that using widely available, free, and open-source software packages renders the task of computing median straight lines, planes, circles, and spheres both easy and efficient. This opens a new avenue for interesting research and industrial applications for coordinate metrology.
Void Analysis of Continuous Carbon Fiber Reinforced 3D Printed Thermoset Composites
Authors: Islam Md Zahirul , Aryal Bibek , Rahman Md Atikur , Gibbon Luke , Hall Eric , Ulven Chad 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Light assisted 3D printing of continuous carbon fiber reinforced thermoset composites has gained attention due to their ability to print with low-viscosity resin. Void formation during the 3D printing of continuous carbon fiber reinforced thermosets poses a challenge to improving the mechanical strength of the printed composites. The primary objective of this study is to characterize the voids present within continuous fiber reinforced 3D printed thermoset composites and define their influence on fracture or crack propagation. This study conducted 3D printing of continuous carbon fiber reinforced thermoset composites using a light-assisted printing process. Micro-CT analysis was performed to obtain information about the voids present within the 3D printed composites. The effect of a void on fracture or crack propagation depends on both the size and shape of the void. Results indicate that smaller voids were more spherical in shape, intra-tow in position and thus less conducive for crack propagation. However, inter-tow voids are cylindrical in shape. Proper impregnation of fibers with the thermoset resin is helpful to reduce irregularly shaped cylindrical inter-tow voids, which are conducive to crack propagation.
Minimizing Annealing and Growth Time for Consistent Multilayer Graphene Production
Authors: Velasquez Morquecho Enrique , Li Wei 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This study explores the possibility of minimizing the time required for synthesis, particularly the annealing and growth time, while maintaining consistent production of high-quality multilayer graphene using chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Annealing and growth in conventional thin film growth processes are often lengthy and energy intensive. The investigation presented in this study controlled the growth of multilayer graphene on a suitable substrate. Characterization is done via Raman Spectroscopy. Samples produced with annealing and growth times as minimal as 30 minutes each were able to yield similar quality multilayer graphene as those with longer annealing and growth times of 2 hours each. The samples all had a 2D/G ratio of 0.51 or less indicating multilayer graphene, and the D/G ratio was below 0.12 indicating that minimal defects could be detected on the surface of the samples. This result opens the opportunity for increasing the production rate of large-scale high quality multilayer graphene samples using chemical vapor deposition.
Multi-Physics Simulation Study of 3-D Bi-Continuous Silicon Anode for Li-Ion Batteries
Authors: Bansal Parth , Li Yumeng 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are indispensable for various applications due to their high energy density, yet the energy storage capacity of current carbon-based anodes has plateaued. Silicon (Si) emerges as a promising alternative due to its high capacity, abundance, and low toxicity. However, Si anodes face challenges such as significant volume changes during charge cycles, leading to issues like material pulverization and electrical isolation. To address these challenges, nano-sized Si and diverse microstructures, including 3D porous Si, have been investigated. Triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMSs), notably Inverse Opal and Gyroid structures, offer potential advantages in Si anode design due to their customizable pore sizes and interconnected networks. This paper compares the performance of these structures in mitigating stresses, strains, cracking, and delamination using multiscale finite element models. By establishing a link between macroscale stress development and microscale failure mechanisms, the study aims to enhance understanding of anode morphology’s impact on LIB performance and reliability, offering insights crucial for advancing battery technology.
Performance Assessment of a Novel PNIPAM Polymer Desiccant Coated Heat Exchanger
Authors: Islam Md , Choudhari Mahmadrafik , Abdalla Ahmad , Mittal Hemant , Qureshi O. A. , Al Alili Ali 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Desiccant assisted air conditioners provide an approach to meet the humidity and temperature needs of buildings by decoupling latent and sensible loads, hence improving the efficiency of air conditioning systems for hot and humid environments. The desiccant coated heat exchangers are used to control the latent load. This research work was carried out to evaluate desiccant coated heat exchangers (DCHX) system performance in terms of moisture removal rate, moisture removal capacity, moisture mass ratio, regeneration specific heat input. Poly (N-isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAM), a novel thermo-responsive polymer, has been produced and coated to heat exchangers in order to absorb atmospheric water vapor. DCHX went through a cyclic test (adsorption/desorption process) that may be regulated by adjusting its temperature with thermoelectric devices, such as Peltier devices. The development and investigation of cyclic performance of desiccant coated heat exchanger is made as per ASHRAE standard 139. The experiments were performed under different conditions by altering the temperature and humidity using a controlled environment chamber. The performance parameters like moisture removal capacity, moisture removal rate, moisture mass ratio, and regeneration specific heat input are calculated for measuring the cyclic performance of DCHX. It is observed that at higher relative humidity conditions, the moisture removal capacity and moisture removal rate are higher. At 90% relative humidity, the observed maximal moisture removal capacity and moisture removal rate are 0.121 kg/hr and 0.116 kg/hr respectively. Furthermore, the values of regeneration specific heat input are calculated, and they are dependent on humidity levels. Its values are lower at high relative humidity.
Multiphysics Modeling and Simulation of Gas Sensor for NO2 Detection
Authors: Bansal Parth , Jiang Yuan , Li Zhou , Cordero Sergio , Heussen Zahra , Senesky Debbie , Wang Pingfeng , Li Yumeng 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Amid rising environmental concerns, this study looks into the importance of advanced gas sensing technologies through computational modeling and simulation. Utilizing the capabilities of COMSOL Multiphysics software, an examination is conducted on the performance of an innovative gas sensor featuring SnO2/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanocomposites designed for Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) detection. The integration of modules for laminar flow, electric current, heat transfer, and electric species transport facilitates a thorough analysis of the sensor’s behavior under varied operational conditions. Through finite element simulations, the complex interaction between material characteristics, surface morphology, and environmental factors is explored, offering predictive insights into NO2 sensing mechanisms. Anchored in experimental data, the sensor design serves as the foundation for simulation, enabling virtual exploration of performance improvements and optimization strategies. Validation against experimental results, reported by Zhang et al., ensures the credibility and reliability of the computational model, confirming its usefulness as a predictive tool for sensor development. This approach shows promise in accelerating the advancement of gas sensing technologies, thus aiding in the creation of high-performance sensors with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity for critical environmental monitoring and industrial applications.
Variable Rate Sprayer System
Authors: Zhuta Largim , Ott Katie , Sharma Manoj , Kitts Christopher 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Precision spraying is a technique that relies on a precisely targeted metered delivery of a desired fluid. It utilizes sensors and automation to optimize the application of chemicals. By adjusting the application rate in real-time based on specific crop needs variable rate sprayers minimize chemical use, reduce environmental impact, and increase crop yield. In this paper, we present a sprayer system for our in-house modular rover that can administer fluid in a controlled manner. It offers discrete left and right independent spray control, each within the range of 120–400 L/h. Tests conducted in the field show the performance within 0.1–4.8 % of the commanded value. Furthermore, we lay out the framework for a high-level sprayer-rover interface controller to intelligently adapt and command the desired flow rates.
Unveiling Structural Integrity Through Data Driven Reconstruction
Authors: Zhang Yang , Tang Jiong 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Full-field online sensing provides dense spatial information about vibrating structures in real-time. Such compact sensing is crucial for accurately pinpointing potential damage locations in the structures. To effectively utilize these dense time histories, the sensors must be densely distributed. However, when structures are in operation, long-term deployment of such technologies can be cost-inefficient and often infeasible in real-life scenarios. Additionally, sensor malfunctions in structural health monitoring systems can result in missing measured data, reducing the accuracy of damage detection. In this regard, we propose a framework to estimate full-field vibration responses from the time histories of a few sensors based on the compressive sensing technique. Specifically, under controlled conditions, we obtain dense measurement data of the structure, and through these data, learn the spatial basis functions needed for compressive sensing operations using the Dictionary learning technique. This framework does not require any prior information on the structural model, making it entirely data driven. In the data reconstruction phase, we use the measurement data from a small number of sensors, combined with the learned dictionary, to reconstruct the full-field structural responses. However, the challenge lies in how to determine the number of limited sensors and how to arrange them. To tackle these challenges, this study transforms full-field data reconstruction into a sparse binary multi-objective optimization problem. One objective is to maximize the reconstruction correlation, and the other objective is the sparsity constraint on the number of sensors, i.e., the L0 norm. Through tests on a three-story building structure, our proposed method yields multiple solutions and can reconstruct full-field structural responses with high precision. Simultaneously, we emulate structural damage cases and detect structural damage through reconstruction indicators.
Optimizing Cold Spraying Parameters of Metallic Coatings Deposited Onto Polymer Substrate
Authors: Abubakar Abba Abdulhamid , Arif Abul Fazal M. , Al-Athel Khaled S. , Akhtar Syed Sohail , Ankah Nestor , Sorour Ahmad A. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Polymer-based composites offer several advantages, such as high strength-to-weight ratio, exceptional corrosion resistance, and tailored mechanical properties. However, they may also have limitations, such as poor surface finish, low thermal conductivity, and limited wear resistance especially when fabricated through 3D printing technologies. Therefore, through surface metallization, cold spray can overcome these limitations by depositing metallic composite coatings onto polymer-based components. This study investigates the optimization of cold spraying parameters to achieve effective polymer metallization via cold spraying of anti-bacterial coating onto PEEK. A combination of Cu and Al2O3 particles is used in the feedstock to effectively metallize PEEK. The cold spray parameters (such as gas temperature, particle velocity, powder feed rate, scan speed, step size, spray path pattern, and spray distance) are optimized to achieve high-quality metallic coatings using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations that investigate particle flow dynamics. Finite element and smooth particle hydrodynamics simulations are used in a hybrid computational technique to evaluate the impact characteristics of the deposited particles. The optimized parameters are used to make coating samples and evaluate their microstructure, phase composition, and mechanical properties using various analytical tools. A gas pressure of 6 bar and a temperature of 400 °C were identified as optimized conditions for metallizing PEEK. Dendritic Cu particles resulted in shallower penetration depth and less PEEK erosion compared to spherical Cu particles. A dense and defect-free Cu-Al2O3 coating layer with a thickness of ∼ 290 μm. The presence of Al2O3 particles enhanced interfacial bonding and hardness of the coating layer. The results demonstrate ways of achieving effective metallization of polymers through precise control of cold spraying parameters.
Droplet Combustion Behaviors of Liquid Fuel Doped With Carbon Dots
Authors: Parveg A. S. M. Sazzad , Ratner Albert 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Nanofuels, incorporating sub-micron particles to enhance combustion and reduce emissions, hold promise in various industries. While metal-nanoparticle-based nanofuels offer benefits, concerns over environmental and health impacts drive exploration of safer alternatives such as carbon nanoparticles. Carbon dots (CDs), with their nanoscale dimensions and biocompatibility, emerge as potential candidates for improving combustion efficiency, particularly in liquid fuels. This study investigates the combustion characteristics of liquid fuel doped with gel-like carbon dots (G-CDs) at the droplet scale to understand their impact on combustion behavior. n-Dodecane is chosen as the representative liquid fuel due to its resemblance to real-life multicomponent fuels, allowing for the isolation of the impact of multicomponent fuels and accurate assessment of G-CDs’ role. Sorbitan monooleate (Span 80) is selected as the surfactant for effectively dispersing G-CDs into the liquid phase. Nanofuels with G-CDs concentrations ranging from 0.01% to 1.00% are prepared for droplet combustion experiments. Additionally, droplet combustion dynamics of Dodecane with surfactants at concentrations of 0.05%, 0.50%, and 2.50% w/w are examined to understand surfactant effects on combustion. Experimental setups utilize suspended isolated single droplets for detailed examination under normal gravity and standard atmospheric conditions (∼25°C, 1 atm). Key droplet combustion characteristics analyzed include combustion rate, pre-ignition time, and droplet dynamics. Findings reveal that surfactant concentrations up to 0.50% w/w minimally affect base fuel combustion dynamics. At higher concentrations (2.50% w/w), pre-ignition time increases by approximately 9.00%, indicating a threshold for surfactant influence. G-CDs show significant enhancements in combustion dynamics at concentrations ≤ 0.10% w/w, with combustion rate augmentations ranging from 4.00% to 16.00%, and improvements in pre-ignition time ranging from 7.00% to 10.00%. The highest enhancement in combustion rate, observed at 0.10% w/w G-CDs concentration, reaches 16.46%, while a decrease of about 5.63% is noted at 1.00% w/w G-CDs concentration. Pre-ignition time experiences its highest decrease of approximately 10.19% at 0.10% w/w G-CDs concentration, contrasting with a 9.63% increase at 1.00% w/w G-CDs concentration. These findings suggest concentration-dependent effects of G-CDs on liquid fuel combustion behavior. In conclusion, this study provides insights into the combustion dynamics of liquid fuels doped with G-CDs, highlighting their potential as additives for enhancing combustion efficiency and reducing emissions in liquid fuel systems.
Investigating the Effects of Spray Nozzle Clogging in Continuous Casting of Steel
Authors: Meng Dianzhi , Nandipati Sai Bhuvanesh , Silaen Armin , Zhou Chenn 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The secondary cooling zone of continuous casting is typically equipped with air-mist nozzles. Nozzle clogging, however, poses a significant industry challenge, impacting cooling efficiency and, consequently, product quality.
This study aims to explore the effects of nozzle clogging on heat transfer behavior during continuous casting. An integrated three-dimensional CFD model, incorporating the actual nozzle layout of a full-scale continuous caster is used to explore the effects of nozzle clogging on the cooling process. The enthalpy-porosity method is employed to model the solidification process. The cooling provide by the air-mist nozzles on the slab surface is defined using HTC correlation.
This study explores the relationship between nozzle clogging and its effects on slab surface temperature, cooling rates, and metallurgical length (ML) in continuous casting. It finds that clogs can raise surface temperature by up to 100 K and slightly increase ML, with more clogs leading to longer ML. Clogs near the meniscus are especially influential, emphasizing the role of early cooling in solidification. Even a single clog can cause up to a 3.2% increase in ML, highlighting the significant impact of nozzle clogging on the casting process.
Optimizing Lithium-Based Battery Cooling: A Numerical Simulation of Phase Change Materials Partially Filled With Metal Foam Based Liquid Cooling Technique
Authors: Arumugam Aanandsundar , Buonomo Bernardo , Nardini Sergio , Manca Oronzio 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Focusing on thermal management within electric vehicles, this research focuses on the key challenges surrounding the effective control of rechargeable electric battery temperatures. Employing a three-dimensional cylindrical model of a lithium manganese oxide single battery module, this numerical study explores the various thermal control cooling mechanisms involved during the discharge process. The control techniques involve the application of phase change material (PCM) which are associated with metal foams of different porosity and pore densities. The module is placed alongside convective channels through which cooling liquid is allowed to pass through. The metal foams which are embedded with the PCMs, are varied both in geometry as well as configuration. The model is assumed to be adiabatic in nature and implemented using finite volume technique. The internal resistance of the module is estimated using the Generalized Reduced Gradient algorithm (GRG) for two specific C-rates of 0.5C and 1C respectively during the process of discharge. The model assumes three configurations based on the dimensions of the battery and four different pore densities. The study compares the temperature distribution on the battery and the PCM along with the liquid fraction during the process of thermal cooling for the different cases.
Comparison of Dominant vs Non-Dominant Achilles Tendon Stiffness and the Effect of Fatigue
Authors: Salman Muhammad , Butler Carolyn , Salman Fatima , Shah Iti , Housen Nahtecia 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The Achilles tendon plays a crucial role in various movements such as walking, running, and jumping. It’s stiffness is an important factor in determining overall function and performance. A comparison between dominant and non-dominant Achilles tendon stiffness is studied using a shear wave elastography method. Wave speed changes between different levels of contraction can be precisely detected. Tendon load can be monitored using shear wave elastography using surface mounted accelerometers. The dominant side typically refers to the limb that is used more frequently or is stronger in activities such as kicking a ball (for example, the right leg for a right-handed person). We also investigated the effect of doing the fatigue exercise on the Achilles tendon after a fatigue exercise of stair climbing, and then checked the stiffness of the tendon again using shear wave elastography. Five healthy subjects, including males and females, with ages ranging from 20 to 50 years old, were taken as subjects to find the differences in their tendon. In individuals who engage in asymmetrical activities or sports, the dominant Achilles tendon may experience greater loading and stress compared to the non-dominant side. Asymmetrical activities refer to tasks or movements that are primarily performed using one side of the body over the other. These activities involve a preference or dominance of one limb or side of the body, resulting in unequal use or loading between the left and right sides. As a result of increased use and loading, the dominant Achilles tendon may exhibit higher stiffness compared to the non-dominant side. Dominant Achilles tendon may provide better support and stability during activities that heavily involve the dominant limb. The non-dominant side typically refers to the limb that is used less frequently or is weaker in asymmetrical activities. The non-dominant Achilles tendon may experience less loading and stress compared to the dominant side, particularly in activities where the dominant limb takes precedence. It’s essential to note that the difference in stiffness between the dominant and non-dominant Achilles tendons may vary among individuals based on factors such as activity level, training history, and any asymmetries in biomechanics or muscle strength. Additionally, any significant difference in stiffness between the two sides may have implications for injury risk and performance, highlighting the importance of addressing asymmetries through appropriate training and rehabilitation strategies.