bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chromatic numbers of quadrangulations on closed surfaces
Authors: Archdeacon Dan , Hutchinson Joan , Nakamoto Atsuhiro , Negam Seiya , Ota Katsuhiro 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIt has been shown that every quadrangulation on any nonspherical orientable closed surface with a sufficiently large representativity has chromatic number at most 3. In this paper, we show that a quadrangulation G on a nonorientable closed surface Nk has chromatic number at least 4 if G has a cycle of odd length which cuts open Nk into an orientable surface. Moreover, we characterize the quadrangulations on the torus and the Klein bottle with chromatic number exactly 3. By our characterization, we prove that every quadrangulation on the torus with representativity at least 9 has chromatic number at most 3, and that a quadrangulation on the Klein bottle with representativity at least 7 has chromatic number at most 3 if a cycle cutting open the Klein bottle into an annulus has even length. As an application of our theory, we prove that every nonorientable closed surface Nk admits an eulerian triangulation with chromatic number at least 5 which has arbitrarily large representativity. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Graph Theory 37: 100–114, 2001
Brave new worlds: Trophallaxis and the origin of society in the early twentieth century
Authors: Sleigh Charlotte 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTrophallaxis, the process of feeding by mutual regurgitation amongst insects, was named by the North American entomologist William Morton Wheeler in 1918. I argue that entomologists, both before and after 1918, saw mutual feeding as an integral part of the behavioral whole of the nest, and moreover related its explanatory power to theories about human society. In particular, feeding behavior was seen as the key to the riddle of the origin of sociality. I show how entomologists' precise interpretations of trophallaxis varied and explore the increasingly functional, sociological, and economic constructions of the phenomenon that they developed—without breaking with earlier tradition—into the early 1930s. The article ends by demonstrating how Aldous Huxley's bleak vision of humanity in the novelBrave New World,and its ambiguous prescription for meaningful life amidst the trappings of modernity, has much in common with metaphors generated by those studying ants. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
National and international redistribution as tools for poverty reduction
Authors: White Howard 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe World Development Report makes the case for redistribution but then fails to give adequate focus to redistributive policies as the core of anti‐poverty strategies. Simple calculations show the power that small amounts of redistribution can have to reduce poverty at both the global and national levels. Mechanisms for global redistribution, through aid, trade, technology and immigration are inadequately utilized. National level policies should encompass the full range of assets and go beyond incremental redistribution. The capacity of the fiscal system to provide safety nets is also important. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effective food and nutrition policy responses to HIV/AIDS: what we know and what we need to know
Authors: Haddad Lawrence , Gillespie Stuart 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper addresses the broad question: ‘How should government policies in the area of food security, nutrition, agriculture and the environment be altered to better meet the needs of the poor within the context of the HIV/AIDS pandemic?’ We review the literature on the impact of HIV/AIDS on livelihoods, with special reference to agriculture, food security and nutrition. We highlight public policy options for effective HIV/AIDS mitigation in the areas of agriculture and nutrition and discuss the role of research in stimulating effective action for AIDS mitigation and ultimately for HIV prevention. The review concludes with a consideration of research priorities. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of carbon‐14 labeled [1‐14C]‐, and [2‐14C]‐L‐tyrosine
Authors: Augustyniak W. , Kański R. , Kańska M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTwo labeled isotopomers of L‐tyrosine, L‐Tyr, have been synthesized using specific properties of the enzymes phenylanine ammonia lyase, PAL, and L‐phenylalanine hydroxylase. In an intermediate step [1‐14C]‐, and [2‐14C]‐L‐phenylalanine, L‐Phe, have been obtained from [1‐14C]‐, and [2‐14C]cinnamic acid, prepared from potassium [14C]cyanate or [2‐14C]malonic acid, and by addition of ammonia in the presence of enzyme PAL. The labeled isotopomers of L‐Phe have been converted into [1‐14C]‐, and [2‐14C]‐L‐Tyr using the enzyme L‐phenylalanine hydroxylase. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Keratohyalin‐like granules in lizard epidermis: Evidence from cytochemical, autoradiographic, and microanalytic studies
Authors: Alibardi Lorenzo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEpidermal sloughing in lizards is determined by the formation of an intraepithelial shedding complex in which keratohyalin‐like granules are formed. The chemical nature of these granules is unknown, as is their role in keratinization. The goal of this study was to test whether they contain some amino acids similar to those found in mammalian keratohyalin. The embryonic and regenerating epidermis of lizards are useful systems to study the formation of these granules. Histochemically keratohyalin‐like granules react to histidine and contain some sulfhydryl groups (cysteine). X‐ray microanalysis shows that these granules contain sulfur and often phosphorus, two elements also present in the mature clear, oberhautchen, and beta layer. Instead the mesos, alpha, and lacunar layers contain only sulfur. Most sulfur is probably in a disulfide‐bonded form, particularly in mature cells of the shedding complex, in large keratohyalin‐like granules, and in the beta‐keratin layer. Early differentiating beta‐keratin cells have the maximal incorporation of tritiated proline, whereas tritiated arginine is slightly more concentrated in the basal layer of the epidermis. A high uptake of tritiated histidine is observed mainly in keratohyalin‐like granules of the clear layer, but also in the oberhautchen layer and forming the alpha‐lacunar layer. Immunogold electron microscopy shows that keratohyalin‐like granules do not localize keratin but are embedded within a keratin network. These results suggest that keratohyalin‐like granules of lizards, like mammalian keratohyalin, contain some sulfur‐rich and histidine‐rich proteins. These granules participate in the process of hardening of the clear layer that molds the spinulae of the deeper oberhautchen to form the superficial microornamentation. J. Morphol. 248:64–79, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Shape changes and growth trajectories in the early stages of three species of the genus Diplodus (Perciformes, Sparidae)
Authors: Loy Angelo , Bertelletti Mauro , Costa Corrado , Ferlin Ludovic , Cataudella S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe larvae of three species of the genus Diplodus (Diplodus vulgaris, D. sargus, and D. puntazzo) colonize shallow waters along the Mediterranean coasts and, after a short period spent in the water column, they settle. For all three species this habitat transition is characterized by important shape changes mostly related to swimming capacity and feeding behavior. In this study, geometric morphometrics are used to characterize shape changes during the early juvenile life of specimens collected in a single locality in order to compare growth curves and allometric relationships. Size‐related shape changes proved to be similar for all three species and are consistent with the ecological transition. A nonparametric smoothing technique (Loess) was used to fit the scatter of shape on size. The graphical representation (of most size‐related shape variability) of this fitting technique shows how major shape changes are rapid for small sizes and slow down successively. The approach allows for the visualization of allometry and the fitting technique might help in defining the allometric growth pattern, thus contributing to the study of the autoecology of the species and in establishing terms for comparison with other ecologically or phylogenetically related species. J. Morphol. 250:24–33, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MRI of the pelvic ring joints postpartum: Normal and pathological findings
Authors: Wurdinger Susanne , Humbsch Kathrin , Reichenbach Jürgen R. , Peiker Gertrud , Seewald Hans‐Joachim , Kaiser Werner A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPurposeTo assess the joints of the pelvic ring postpartum and to discern normal postpartum findings and pathologic lesions using MRI.Materials and MethodsMR images were obtained in six women with severe pelvic ring pain after delivery, in 13 women after uncomplicated vaginal delivery, and in 11 healthy, nulliparous non‐pregnant volunteers. Distances of the pubic gap, signal intensities of the pubic cartilage, and signal changes of the pelvic ring bones were determined and evaluated.ResultsBoth postpartum groups had significantly larger distances of the interpubic gap compared to the nulliparous group (P = 0.0002). The mean signal intensity of cartilage of the symphysis pubis was significantly different on the T1‐weighted and T2‐weighted MR images in postpartum women compared to nulliparous women (P = 0.001), indicating a higher water content of the pubic cartilage. 13 of all 19 postpartum women had bruises of parasymphyseal pubic bones. One pubic symphysis rupture and one sacral stress fracture were detected in two symptomatic women.ConclusionMR imaging is a useful adjunct to clinical examination to identify patients with lesions of the pelvic ring postpartum. MRI of the pelvic ring of asymptomatic postpartum women can demonstrate signal changes of the pubic cartilage and small bruises of the pubic bones. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;15:324–329. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Half‐Fourier acquisition single‐shot turbo spin echo imaging in the diagnosis of Morgagni hernia
Authors: Tyrell Dean , Mohamed Feroze , Pavlides Constantinos , Kutalek Steven , Mulhern Charles , Nunes Linda W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMagnetic resonance (MR) imaging with multi‐planar, gated Half‐Fourier Acquisition Single‐Shot Turbo Spin‐Echo (HASTE) imaging was performed to evaluate a woman with dysrhythmia. MR examination for right ventricular dysplasia revealed a Morgagni hernia. The HASTE images depicted well the diaphragmatic defect and the organs involved, yielding valuable diagnostic and pre‐operative information. HASTE imaging may be beneficial in the evaluation of Morgagni hernia. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;14:653–657. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gas‐phase electrophilic fluorination of methanol by XeF+. Formation and characterization of protonated methyl hypofluorite and hypoxenite
Authors: Attinà Marina , Cacace Fulvio , Cartoni Antonella , Rosi Marzio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe reactivity of XeF+ ions towards methanol was investigated in the gas phase by a combination of mass spectrometric techniques and theoretical methods. The charged reagent, generated from the chemical ionization of xenon difluoride, undergoes both fluorine and xenon transfer to methanol, following dissociation of primary (CH3OH)XeF+ electrostatic adducts. Structural analysis performed by low‐energy collisionally activated dissociation and reactivity probing techniques, and the results of calculations carried out up to the B3LYP/CCSD(T) level of theory, concur in suggesting the formation of two different primary adducts of O—Xe—F and O—F—Xe connectivity that evolve into CH3O(H)Xe+ and CH3O(H)F+, upon loss of F and Xe, respectively. Evidence was obtained for the structure of the fluorinated species, identified as O‐protonated methyl hypofluorite. This finding allowed the first experimental evaluation of the proton affinity of CH3OF, which falls in the range 648.0–680.5 kJ mol−1, not inconsistent with the 644.8 kJ mol−1 value calculated at the CCSD(T) level and 298 K. The proton affinity of methyl hypoxenite, CH3OXe, was theoretically calculated to amount to 747.7 kJ mol−1. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proteomics: the move to mixtures
Authors: Peng Junmin , Gygi Steven P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractProteomics can be defined as the systematic analysis of proteins for their identity, quantity and function. In contrast to a cell's static genome, the proteome is both complex and dynamic. Proteome analysis is most commonly accomplished by the combination of two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) and mass spectrometry (MS). However, this technique is under scrutiny because of a failure to detect low‐abundance proteins from the analysis of whole cell lysates. Alternative approaches integrate a diversity of separation technologies and make use of the tremendous peptide separation and sequencing power provided by MS/MS. When liquid chromatography is combined with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) and applied to the direct analysis of mixtures, many of the limitations of 2DE for proteome analysis can be overcome. This tutorial addresses current approaches to identify and characterize large numbers of proteins and measure dynamic changes in protein expression directly from complex protein mixtures (total cell lysates). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Localization of hepatitis B surface antigen epitopes present on variants and specifically recognised by anti‐hepatitis B surface antigen monoclonal antibodies
Authors: Jolivet‐Reynaud Colette , Lésenéchal Mylène , O'Donnell Barbara , Becquart Laurence , Foussadier Agnès , Forge Françoise , Battail‐Poirot Nicole , Lacoux Xavier , Carman William , Jolivet Michel 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSmall hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is considered to be the best marker for the diagnosis of Hepatitis B virus infection. However, HBsAg variants with mutations within the “a” determinant may be poorly or not detected by diagnostic assays. Three anti‐HBsAg monoclonal antibodies (6H6B6, 27E7F10, and 2G2G10), directed against conformational epitopes, were tested for their ability to detect the wild‐type HBsAg as well as variant forms and their respective epitopes were localised on the HBsAg sequence by using the phage‐displayed peptide library technology. Whereas 6H6B6 did not detect mutations T123N, S143L, D144A and G145R, 27E7F10 binding was affected by mutations P120T and G145R. In contrast, 2G2G10 reacted strongly with all tested variants including variant with the G145R mutation. Part of the 6H6B6 epitope was located in the major hydrophilic region (MHR) at residues 101–105, the 27E7F10 epitope (residues 214–219) was located near the C‐terminal end of the antigen and the 2G2G10 epitope at residues 199–208, within the theoretical fourth transmembrane helix. The 2G2G10 epitope localisation brings information about the HBsAg structure and the validity of established topological models. Finally, 2G2G10 is a valuable tool for HBsAg variant detection that is used as capture phase in a new bioMérieux diagnostic assay, which is currently in development. J. Med. Virol. 65:241–249, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence for persistence of parvovirus B19 DNA in livers of adults
Authors: Eis‐Hübinger Anna Maria , Reber Ulrike , Abdul‐Nour Thair , Glatzel Ulrich , Lauschke Holger , Pütz Uwe 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRecent studies have suggested a pathogenic role of human parvovirus B19 (B19) in the development of acute fulminant liver failure in children. The hypothesis was based on the detection of B19 DNA in 8 of 10 explanted livers of children requiring liver transplantation. In the present study, explanted livers from 43 adults selected at random undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation for various reasons were examined. Pre‐transplant sera were available from 40 patients of whom 35 (88%) were anti‐B19 IgG‐seropositive. All but one serum were negative for anti‐B19 IgM antibody. By polymerase chain reaction, B19 DNA was detected in the livers of 15/35 (43%) anti‐B19 IgG‐positive patients, in 2/3 livers of patients with unknown anti‐B19 antibody status, and in the initial transplant of an anti‐B19 IgG‐positive patient who underwent liver retransplantation, and whose own liver was negative for B19 DNA. In a second study group, liver and bone marrow samples from 23 autopsied adults selected at random were tested. Serum specimens were available from 22 individuals, of whom 17 (77%) were anti‐B19 IgG‐seropositive. All sera were negative for anti‐B19 IgM antibody. B19 DNA was detected in the livers of 4/17 (24%) anti‐B19 IgG‐positive individuals, three of whom had also B19 DNA in their bone marrow. This is the first report demonstrating that B19 DNA is frequently present in livers of anti‐B19 seropositive adults suggesting persistence of B19 in the liver. Further studies are needed to address whether B19 is an innocent bystander in the liver or whether the presence of B19 in liver is of biological and clinical significance. J. Med. Virol. 65:395–401, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Virological and serological analysis of rhinovirus infections during the first two years of life in a cohort of children
Authors: Blomqvist S. , Roivainen M. , Puhakka T. , Kleemola M. , Hovi T. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe occurrence of rhinovirus infections in a cohort of 329 children during the first 2 years of life was determined by virus detection and serological methods. Rhinovirus detection on nasopharyngeal aspirates and middle ear fluids comprised a combination of virus isolation in HeLa Ohio cells and a reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR)‐hybridization assay on the inoculated cell cultures. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected when the child was referred to the study clinic because of respiratory symptoms. Nasopharyngeal aspirates and middle ear fluids were collected after clinical diagnosis of an acute otitis media. Complement‐fixing antibodies to rhinovirus were determined from scheduled serum specimens collected at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months of age and from paired sera taken in the cases of acute otitis media. Rhinovirus infections were shown to be common in infants, 24% of the children had complement‐fixing antibodies at the age of 6 months and 22% had had at least one rhinovirus episode indicated by virus detection. At the age of 2 years, 91.3% of the children had rhinovirus‐specific antibodies, while 79% of the children had experienced rhinovirus infection as judged by the virus detection tests. However, the complement‐fixation assay was poor as a diagnostic test. Of 458 acute otitis media episodes studied, 41% were shown to be associated with a rhinovirus by RT‐PCR‐hybridization, while significant fourfold rise in rhinoviral antibodies was detected only in 7% of the cases. J. Med. Virol. 66:263–268, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Concordance between semen‐derived HIV‐1 proviral DNA and viral RNA hypervariable region 3 (V3) envelope sequences in cases where semen populations are distinct from those present in blood
Authors: Curran Rebecca , Ball Jonathan K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSequence analysis of the third hypervariable region (V3) of the envelope gene of the HIV‐1 was carried out on HIV proviral and viral populations present in blood and semen. Phylogenetically distinct populations of virus were observed in three of the 10 patients analysed. Although the majority of the viruses were predicted to have an R5 phenotype, amino acid differences between blood and semen‐derived virus and provirus sequences were observed at sites previously shown to affect cell tropism. Importantly, the semen proviral population was representative of that observed for cell‐free virus. This indicates that seminal fluid mononuclear cells are possible sources for the cell‐free virus in found in semen. J. Med. Virol. 67:9–19, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tumor necrosis factor expressed by primary hippocampal neurons and SH‐SY5Y cells is regulated by α2‐adrenergic receptor activation
Authors: Renauld A.E. , Spengler R.N. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNeuron expression of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF), and the regulation of the levels of TNF by alpha2‐adrenergic receptor activation were investigated. Adult rat hippocampal neurons and phorbol ester (PMA)‐differentiated SH‐SY5Y cells were examined. Intracellular levels of TNF mRNA accumulation, as well as TNF protein and that released into the supernatant were quantified by in situ hybridization, immunocytochemistry and bioanalysis, respectively. Both neuron cultures demonstrated constitutive production of TNF. Activation of the alpha2‐adrenergic receptor increased intracellular levels of TNF mRNA and protein in SH‐SY5Y cells after addition of graded concentrations of the selective agonist, Brimonidine (UK‐14304) to parallel cultures. Intracellular levels of mRNA were increased in a concentration‐dependent fashion within 15 min of UK‐14304 addition and were sustained during 24 hr of receptor activation. In addition, the levels of TNF in the supernatant were increased in both types of neuron cultures within 15 min of alpha2‐adrenergic receptor activation. Furthermore, levels of TNF significantly increased in the supernatants of both neuron cultures after potassium‐induced depolarization. A reduction in this depolarization‐induced release occurred in hippocampal neuron cultures after exposure to the sympathomimetic tyramine with media replacement to deplete endogenous catecholamines. This finding reveals a role for endogenous catecholamines in the regulation of TNF production. Potassium‐induced depolarization resulted in the release of TNF in hippocampal neuron cultures within 15 min but not until 24 hr in SH‐SY5Y cultures demonstrating a temporally mediated event dependent upon cell type. Neuron expression of TNF, regulated by alpha2‐adrenergic receptor activation demonstrates not only how a neuron controls its own production of this pleiotropic cytokine, but also displays a normal role for neurons in directing the many functions of TNF. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The MAGE proteins: Emerging roles in cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and neurogenetic disease
Authors: Barker Philip A. , Salehi Amir 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSince the identification of the first MAGE gene in 1991, the MAGE family has expanded dramatically, and over 25 MAGE genes have now been identified in humans. The focus of studies on the MAGE proteins has been their potential for cancer immunotherapy, as a result of the finding that peptides derived from MAGE gene products are bound by major histocompatibility complexes and presented on the cell surface of cancer cells. However, the normal physiological role of MAGE proteins has remained a mystery. Recent studies are now beginning to provide insights into MAGE gene function. Necdin acts as a cell cycle regulatory protein and plays a key role in the pathogenesis of Prader‐Willi syndrome, a neurogenetic disorder. MAGE‐D1, identified as a binding partner for the p75 neurotrophin receptor, the apoptosis inhibitory protein XIAP, and Dlx/MSX homeodomain proteins, blocks cell cycle progression and enhances apoptosis. This review provides an overview of the human MAGE genes and proteins, summarizes recent findings on their cellular roles, and provides a baseline for future studies on this intriguing gene family. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.