bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Red planet portraits
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: September 2002

More than 25,000 images of Mars taken by cameras aboard the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) were released and made available to the public over the Internet on May 22. The archive of MGS images now covers a period that spans one Mars year—687 Earth days—according to NASA.“These are exciting times for Mars scientists, and this release of images is in my opinion something unprecedented in the Mars science business,” said Ken Edgett, staff scientist at Malin Space Science Systems, San Diego, Califomia. The company built and operates the Mars Global Surveyor camera system. “People everywhere with Internet access will be able to take their own personal journey of exploration and discover Mars via these pictures. They can experience them the same way that Mars Global Surveyor scientists do—one at a time, no captions or explanations, just ‘Here it is. What does it show me?”’
Chandra provides new eye on the universe
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: September 2002

When the sun shade door on the Chandra X‐Ray Observatory opened on August 12, it was “like an infant opening his eyes for the first time,” said Robert Kirshner, associate director of the Harvard‐Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge, Mass.During that initial period with the door unlatched, scientists directed one of Chandra's instruments, the Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer (AGS), to snap several images. These exposures helped to test the calibration of the world's most powerful X‐ray telescope.The images—unexpectedly stunning pictures of the Cassiopeia A (Cas A) supernova remnant and distant quasar PKS 0637‐752—also are providing scientists with early examples of how the space observatory promises to help with the study of some of the hottest and most violent parts of the universe. These include exploding stars, collapsing galaxies, dark matter, and black holes.
Electron Acceleration in the Aurora and Beyond
Authors: Schulz Michael 
Published: September 2002

Charged particles that populate Earth's space environment span an enormous range of kinetic energies, from less than 1 eV in the ionosphere to millions of GeV in the spectrum of cosmic rays. Duncan Bryant's ambitious new book, Electron Acceleration in the Aurora and Beyond, spans approximately this range as well. This is a delightful book, in which the author uses mainly words and diagrams to provide clear explanations of a large variety of space plasma topics, all related in some way to charged particles in space.The scope of the book extends well beyond mechanisms of electron acceleration. It begins at a very elementary level by introducing the mass and charge of an electron, and it ends (apart from appendices) with careful discussions of first‐order and second‐order Fermi acceleration of galactic electrons to cosmic ray energies.
Position statement on climate change and greenhouse gases
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: September 2002

Adopted by Council December 1998Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases have substantially increased as a consequence of fossil fuel combustion and other human activities. These elevated concentrations of greenhouse gases are predicted to persist in the atmosphere for times ranging to thousands of years. Increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases affect the Earth‐atmosphere energy balance, enhancing the natural greenhouse effect and thereby exerting a warming influence at the Earth's surface. Although greenhouse gas concentrations and their climatic influences are projected to increase, the detailed response of the system is uncertain. Principal sources of this uncertainty are the climate system's inherent complexity and natural variability.The increase in global mean surface temperatures over the past 150 years appears to be unusual in the context of the last few centuries, but it is not clearly outside the range of climate variability of the last few thousand years. The geologic record of the more distant past provides evidence of larger climate variations associated with changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide. These changes appear to be consistent with present understanding of the radiative properties of carbon dioxide and the influence of climate on the carbon cycle.There is no known geologic precedent for the transfer of carbon from the Earth's crust to atmospheric carbon dioxide, in quantities comparable to the burning of fossil fuels, without simultaneous changes in other parts of the carbon cycle and climate system.This close coupling between atmospheric carbon dioxide and climate suggests that a change in one would in all likelihood be accompanied by a change in the other.
Rhodococcus equi pulmonary infection in a pancreas‐alone transplant recipient: consequence of intense immunosuppression
Authors: Lo A. , Stratta R.J. , Trofe J. , Norwood J. , Egidi F. , H. Shokouh‐Amiri M. , Grewal H.P. , Alloway R.R. , Gaber A.O. 
Published: September 2002

Abstract We report the case of a pancreas‐alone transplant recipient who developed Rhodococcus equi pneumonia after receiving multiple courses of antilymphocyte therapy for the treatment of recurrent acute pancreas allograft rejection. We also review and discuss the diagnosis, clinical course, and treatment of 18 cases of R. equi infection reported in solid organ transplant recipients.The lung is the most common primary site of infection, but R. equi infection is difficult to diagnose because of the pleomorphic, gram‐positive, and partially acid‐fast nature of the organism. Treatment usually involves a combination of antibiotics including rifampin, macrolides, vancomycin, and ciprofloxacin. The optimal duration of therapy is unknown, but relapse is common if the duration of treatment is less than 14 days. The duration of therapy should be guided by clinical recovery, culture results, and radiographic findings. Monitoring levels of immunosuppressive agents—such as tacrolimus and cyclosporine—is needed in order to avoid clinically significant drug interactions with rifampin or the macrolides when these agents are used in order to treat R. equi infection in the transplant population.
A new ligand for the urotensin II receptor
Authors: Camarda Valeria , Guerrini Remo , Kostenis Evi , Rizzi Anna , Calò Girolamo , Hattenberger Almut , Zucchini Marina , Salvadori Severo , Regoli Domenico 
Published: September 2002

The cyclic peptide human urotensin II (U‐II) has been recently recognized as the endogenous ligand of an orphan GPCR, subsequently named the UT receptor. No synthetic ligands are available for investigating this novel peptide‐receptor system. A novel UT receptor ligand, [Orn8]U‐II, was synthesized and evaluated in calcium functional assays performed on HEK293 cells expressing the recombinant rat and human UT receptor and in the rat aorta bioassay. [Orn8]U‐II behaves as a full agonist (pEC50≈8) at both human and rat UT receptors in the FlipR calcium assay eliciting similar maximal effects as the natural ligand U‐II. On the contrary, in the rat aorta bioassay, [Orn8]U‐II behaves as a competitive and selective antagonist (pA2=6.56) showing however a small but consistent residual agonist activity. It is therefore proposed that [Orn8]U‐II is a partial agonist at UT receptors.British Journal of Pharmacology (2002) 137, 311–314. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704895
EFFECTS OF THE FOLLOWER FORCE ON THE STATIC BUCKLING OF BEAMS
Authors: WANG Q. 
Published: September 2002

The paper discusses the effect of a follower force on the buckling capacities of a beam structure subjected to a non-follower force. The potential of the research is on the application of smart materials in the buckling enhancement of beams, since the follower force is always modeled at the interaction between the smart materials and the substrate. The buckling capacities of beams with different boundary conditions are obtained analytically. Trivial solutions are found for the simply supported beam, beam with two fixed ends, and propped cantilever beam. However, the result from the analysis of a cantilever beam shows that, when the value of follower force is small, the buckling load decreases with the increase of the follower force. Nevertheless, the buckling capacity of the cantilever beam "jumps" to a big value if the follower force on the beam is relative large and beyond a critical value. This observation indicates that by properly applying the follower force with smart materials, the buckling capacities of the beam can be enhanced dramatically for the cantilever beams. It is hoped that this work will enable designers to capitalize on the effectiveness of using piezoelectric actuators or SMA in enhancing the buckling capacities of beams.
Chirality and Stereogenicity for Allene Derivatives. Observance and Violation of Chirality Fittingness
Authors: Fujita Shinsaku 
Published: September 2002

Abstract
Allene derivatives have been combinatorially enumerated under a point group D2d as well as under a permutation group S9[4], which is a subgroup of the symmetric group of degree 4 and is isomorphic to the point group D2d. These enumerations have been compared in terms of the observance and the vilolation of chirality fittingness, where two types of Young’s tableaus (point-group symmetry and permutation-group symmetry) have been used to clarify the relationship between stereochemistry and permutability of allene derivatives. The concept of chirality/achirality for stereochemistry has been compared with the concept of stereogenicity/astereogenicity for permutability. Enantiomers, which have been characterized by equivalency under point-group symmetry, have been classified into two classes according to whether or not they have been assigned to orbits (equivalence classes) under permutation-group symmetry. On the other hand, diastereomers have been related to equivalence classes (orbits) under permutation-group symmetry only. The terms enantiostereogenic and diastereogenic have been coined to discuss the behavior under permutaiton-group symmetry. The CIP (Cahn–Ingold–Prelog) system is examined in terms of stereogenicity/astereogenicity. A new combination of chirality and stereogenicity described in the present paper provides us with a tool for restructuring stereochemistry.
Photoreaction of Cinnamate with Nitrogen Monoxide Catalyzed by Metallosalen Complexes
Authors: Furusho Yoshio , Sohgawa Yow-hei , Kihara Nobuhiro , Takata Toshikazu 
Published: September 2002

Abstract
Ethyl cinnamate was allowed to react with nitrogen monoxide (NO) by photoirradiation in the presence of metallosalen complexes (4), oxygen, and axial ligands for 4 to yield furoxan derivatives (6). Oxygen and axial ligands are indispensable for this reaction. Photoirradiation enhanced the yield of 6. Lowering the reaction temperature increased the yield of 6 up to 55% (at −5 °C).
Studies on Confirming the Type of Dried Urushi Film and Its Formation Mechanism (Urushi Hardening Study Report II)
Authors: Shiihara Isao 
Published: September 2002

Abstract
In a previous report (Ref. 1), the author described the chemical structure of acetone powder (AP, the so-called laccase) of the Japan urushi sap, and dope obtained by the classic Kurome process is interpreted as urushiol orthosilicate. In this paper, the further discussion is given about flake pieces which were accidentally obtained from a broken Al tube containing raw urushi during the summer; also described is dope obtained under a special treatment (three ceramic rolls mill (TR) compounding) and hardening while keeping at room temperature and 80% humidity. Precise studies have shown that both have hexagonally and octahedrally oriented oxygen atoms around the center Si atom of the acetone powder. It has been found that three kinds of urushiol silicate and inorganic bond (peroxide) bridging formation, such as –H2C–O–OCaOH or –H2C–O–OMgOH, are the true hardening mechanisms, instead of a hitherto considered enzyme action.
Synthesis of Metal-Azo Dyes and Their Optical and Thermal Properties as Recording Materials for DVD-R
Authors: Park Hyeyoung , Kim Eung-Ryul , Kim Dong Jin , Lee Haiwon 
Published: September 2002

Abstract
Four kinds of azo dyes and their metal-azo dyes were synthesized in order to obtain a high reflective index and better thermal stability as a recording material for DVD-R. Several kinds of novel azo dyes based on benzoic acid, 6-methoxybenzothiazole, benzothiazole-6-carboxylic acid, and benzimidazole have been synthesized. These azo dyes reacted with metal ions, such as Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, and Co2+, as ligands. All structures of the compounds were confirmed by 1H-NMR and FT-IR analyses. The optical and thermal properties of azo dyes and their metal-azo dyes were characterized by UV-vis and TGA analyses. In the UV-vis spectra, the absorption maxima of metal-azo dyes show at longer wavelength than those of azo dyes. These spectral shifts are affected by substituent groups, electron-donating or -withdrawing groups, of azo dyes and metal ions. The metal-azo dyes were thermally stable up to 300 °C, which were confirmed by TGA analyses. Particularly, in the case of an azo dye complexed with Zn based on 6-methoxybenzothiazole, good absorption at 635 nm was observed, and its thermal stability was maintained up to 300 °C, with high refractive index of about 2.08.
Phytoplankton distribution in the western and eastern Black Sea in spring and autumn 1995
Authors: Eker Elif , Georgieva Ludmila , Senichkina Ludmila , Kideys Ahmet E. 
Published: September 2002

Abstract
Species composition, abundance, and biomass of micro- (&gt;15 μm) and nano- (&lt;15 μm) phytoplankton were studied in the western and eastern Black Sea during March–April and October 1995. A total of 142 species were identified, of which &gt;50% were dinoflagellates. Abundance and biomass values were lower during the March–April period (average 129 ± 28 thousand cells l−1 and 330 ± 124 μg l−1) than during the October period (average 364 ± 161 thousand cells l−1 and 1794 ± 515 μg l−1) and compared with previous investigations. Values for the north-westerly region were higher than for the southerly areas, probably owing to effects of the Danube river, but were much lower than previously reported, possibly indicating improved ecological conditions. In March–April, dinoflagellates (mainly Heterocapsa triquetra and Scrippsiella trochoideum) were the most important groups, whereas, in October, diatoms (mainly Pseudosolenia calcar-avis) and coccolithophores (Emiliania huxleyi) were dominant. Nanophytoplankton constituted 57% and 84% of total abundance and 8% and 3% of total biomass in spring and autumn, respectively. Microphytoplankton were dominant in the western Black Sea, whilst nanophytoplankton were dominant in the eastern region in spring.
Baltic Sea ice as a medium for storage of particulate matter and elements
Authors: Granskog M. A. 
Published: September 2002

Abstract
Ice samples taken along the Finnish coast were used to determine the amount and chemical composition of particulate matter. The amount of particulate matter varied substantially (from 2.8 to 12 405 mg l−1), some samples indicating entrainment of bottom sediments from water depths down to 10–15 m. The composition of particulate matter was highly divergent, but on average was comparable to the observed composition of suspended matter in the Baltic Sea.
Influence of salinity and suspended matter on benthos of an Arctic tidal flat
Authors: Weslawski Jan Marcin , Szymelfenig Maria , Zajaczkowski Marek , Keck Alexander 
Published: September 2002

Abstract
An Arctic tidal flat in Spitsbergen (Svalbard Archipelago) was studied along a transect from the river on the landward side to the adjacent fjord in July 1996 and 1997. The concentration of suspended particulate matter ranged from 500 mg l−1 in the river to 50–200 mg l−1 over the tidal flat and to less than 20 mg l−1 in the surface water of the fjord. Sedimentation rates ranged from 10 g m− 2 d− 1 close to the river mouth to 60 g m− 2 d− 1 on the tidal flat and reached maximum values of over 500 g m− 2 d− 1 just across the tidal flat break, characterized by a sharp salinity and depth gradient. Macrozoobenthos biomass increased from 1 g ww m− 2 in the tidal flat to over 50 g ww m− 2 in the fjord basin. The number of macrobenthos species increased from 3 to 70 across the steep depth/salinity gradient. Diversity was little different between stations exposed to heavy and low sedimentation in the fjord. The critical zone of environmental change appears to be very narrow and is situated just on the tidal shelf break, where zoobenthos changes as sharply as the salinity/depth gradients.
Current state of zoobenthos in two estuarine bays of the Barents and Kara Seas
Authors: Denisenko Stanislav , Sandler Henrick , Denisenko Nina , Rachor Eike 
Published: September 2002

Abstract
Benthic studies in two seasonally ice-covered Arctic estuaries include description of the faunal composition, biodiversity, quantitative distribution, and biogeographic structure of the fauna. Water temperature and salinity variations, bottom relief, and sediment composition are important features influencing the zoobenthos of Pechora Bay and Ob Bay. The inner parts of the bays are occupied by freshwater and brackish water fauna, while marine species occupy the mouths of the bays. Species diversity increases from the inner parts to the open sea, while the homogeneity of the community reflects the opposite tendency.
On the regularity of the blow-up set for semilinear heat equations
Authors: Zaag Hatem 
Published: September 2002

We consider

u(x,t)

a blow-up solution of

u_t=Δu+|u|^{p−1}u

where

u:ℝ^{N} \times \left[0,T\right)\rightarrow ℝ

,

p>1

,

(N−2)p<N+2

and either

u(0)⩾0

or

(3N−4)p<3N+8

. The blow-up set

S \subset ℝ^{N}

of

u

is the set of all blow-up points. Under a nondegeneracy condition, we show that if

S

is continuous, then it is a

C^1

manifold.

Résumé

On considère

u(x,t)

une solution singulière de

u_t=Δu+|u|^{p−1}u

où

u:ℝ^{N} \times \left[0,T\right)\rightarrow ℝ

,

p>1

,

(N−2)p<N+2

et soit

u(0)⩾0

, soit

(3N−4)p<3N+8

. On définit l'ensemble singulier

S \subset ℝ^{N}

de

u

comme étant l'ensemble de tous les points d'explosion. Sous une certaine condition de non dégénérescence, on montre que si

S

est continu, alors c'est une variété de classe

C^1

.
Simultaneous selection for high yield and stability in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) genotypes
Authors: MEKBIB F. 
Published: September 2002

Phenotypic yield stability is a trait of special interest for plant breeders and farmers. This value can be quantified if genotypes are evaluated in different environments. Common bean is the main cash crop and protein source of farmers in many lowland and mid-altitude areas of Ethiopia. An experiment was undertaken to evaluate common bean genotypes for yield performance at Alemaya, Bako and Nazreth in Ethiopia for 3 years. The yield performance of genotypes was subjected to stability analysis and yield-stability statistics were generated to aid the selection of genotypes that were high yielding and very stable. The significant genotype by environment interaction indicated that the relative performance of the varieties altered in the different environments. Genotype yield performance varied ranging from 1511–2216 kg/ha. Simultaneous selection for yield and yield-stability statistics using YS(i) statistics indicated that A 410, GLP x92, Mx-2500-19, G 2816, A-195, 997-CH-1173, Diacol calima, ICA 15541 and AND 635 were both high yielding and stable. Following this study, using farmers’ evaluation and other criteria, GLP x92 and G-2816 were identified as preferred genotypes and were released for further production.
Intercropped field beans (Vicia faba) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) for whole crop forage: effect of nitrogen on forage yield and quality
Authors: GHANBARI-BONJAR A. , LEE H. C. 
Published: September 2002

Sole crops and intercrops of field beans (Vicia faba L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), at three nitrogen rates, were evaluated for production of whole crop forage in two field experiments, one spring and one autumn drilled, on Imperial College at Wye farm, UK, during 1997–1998. Forage quality attributes measured were crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and ash content. In both experiments, dry matter (DM) and percentage dry matter (DM%) were improved by intercropping compared with beans sole crops. Intercropping enhanced CP and NDF contents and WSC compared with beans and wheat sole crops, respectively. Nitrogen (N) applications up to 75 kg/ha produced the optimal intercrop forage yield and crude protein content. This input of N is smaller than that for other forage crops.
Partnerships, performance and primary care: developing integrated services for older people in England
Authors: GLENDINNING CAROLINE , COLEMAN ANNA , RUMMERY KIRSTEIN 
Published: September 2002

The development of health services in England is currently shaped by three key factors: the active involvement of front-line health professionals (particularly family doctors – general practitioners) in decisions about resource allocation and service development priorities; the promotion of ‘partnerships’ between health and other organisations in order to deliver ‘joined-up’ services; and the close performance management of organisations and professionals to ensure that they meet externally prescribed objectives and targets. This paper considers the implications and impact of these factors on the development of services for older people. It discusses whether, under these circumstances, health service developments are likely to address some of the most pressing needs of older people.
Prevalence of the genes for shigella enterotoxins 1 and 2 among clinical isolates of shigella in Israel
Authors: YAVZORI M. , COHEN D. , ORR N. 
Published: September 2002

Two enterotoxins, shigella enterotoxin 1 (SHET1) and shigella enterotoxin 2 (SHET2) have been recently characterized and are believed to play a role in the clinical manifestation of shigellosis. One hundred and twenty-one isolates of Shigella spp. of 13 different serotypes and variants and 10 isolates of enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) isolated in Israel, were examined by polymerase chain reaction for the presence of SHET1 and SHET2 genes. SHET1 was only prevalent among isolates of S. flexneri 2a while SHET2 was found in all the serotypes that were tested except for several isolates of S. flexneri 1b that lost their virulence plasmid during storage. In addition, we found that the S. flexneri 2a vaccine strain T-32 Istrati contains the gene encoding for SHET1 but not that encoding for SHET2, suggesting that the latter is located within a large deletion occurring in the 140 Mda plasmid of this S. flexneri 2a non-invasive vaccine strain.