bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrastructural characteristics of the contact zones between langerhans cells and lymphocytes
Authors: Concha Miguel , Figueroa Carlos D. , Caorsi Italo 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe present work was carried out to look for the ultrastructural substrate of the contact zones between Langerhans cells and lymphocytes. A high resolution electron microscopic analysis of the contact zones between Langerhans cells and lymphocytes was performed. The material used for this study was obtained from experimental contact dermatitis in mice, and human cervical squamous carcinoma and mycosis fungoides. Three types of cell—cell binding were found. Type I is a junction‐like structure characterized by the presence of intercellular bridges. It is suggested that this contact might represent a fixation mechanism between the two cells. Type II is characterized by a glycocalyx—glycocalyx continuity. An immunological function—recognition and antigen presentation—is proposed for this type of contact. Type III is a septilaminar tight contact area which seems to be a gap junction.It is suggested that all these types of physical contact might be the morphological expression of interaction between antigen presenting cells and lymphocytes.
Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma characterized by microtubular aggregates in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and tubulin immunoreactivity
Authors: Suzuki Toshimitsu , Kaneko Hiroshi , Kojima Kuniji , Takatoh Masanaga , Hasebe Kei‐Ichi 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA case is reported of a 66‐year‐old female with an extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma which had originated in the lateral region of the right knee. The tumour tissue of the primary, recurrent, and metastatic deposits in the lungs was examined by electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Almost all the sarcoma cells in every tumour specimen harboured immunoreactivity to both a‐ and β‐subunits of S‐100 protein. A large population of cells in the subcutaneous tumour at autopsy had numerous parallel arrays of microtubules within the rough endoplasmic reticulum in addition to the well‐described ultrastructural features indicative of chondroblastic origin. These structures were present in round to polygonal, but not in fibroblastic, tumour cells. Tubulin immunoreactivity in the tumour cells showed the same tendency, being frequently positive in the large cells of the subcutaneous tumour but weakly positive in the fibroblastic and medium‐sized cells of the recurrent and metastatic tumours. The parallel arrays of intracisternal microtubules therefore may be composed of tubulin protein, as in ordinary cytoplasmic microtubules.
Immunocytochemical demonstration of p21ras in normal and transitional cell carcinoma urothelium
Authors: Dunn Timothy L. , Seymour Gregory J. , Gardiner Robert A. , Strutton Geoffery M. , Lavin Martin F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractActivation and/or overexpression of the protein product of the ras gene family (p21ras) has been implicated in the development of various cancers, including bladder carcinoma. We have used the anti‐p21ras monoclonal antibody, RAP‐5, to assess the level and pattern of expression in formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue sections of both normal and malignant urothelium. All 14 random normal bladder biopsies and 67 of 68 transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder were positively stained with the RAP‐5 antibody. In normal urothelium, p21ras staining tended to be localized to the superficial cell layer. With increasing histological grade and/or depth of invasion of the tumour, a greater proportion of tissue sections demonstrated a staining pattern which was more uniform with respect to the different epithelial cell types. Serially diluting the primary antibody did not reveal any significant differences in the staining patterns observed. Despite the change in staining pattern with increasing grade, these results suggest that p21ras expression by itself is not a useful indicator of the malignant phenotype.
Immunohistochemical differences between intracranial germinomas and their gonadal equivalents. An immunoperoxidase study of germ cell tumours with epithelial membrane antigen, cytokeratin, and vimentin
Authors: Nakagawa Yoshio , Perentes Elias , Ross Gary W. , Ross Alan N. , Rubinstein Lucien J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTwenty‐six intracranial germ cell tumours (11 germinomas, 10 teratomas, 2 endodermal sinus tumours, 1 teratocarcinoma, and 2 undifferentiated embryonal carcinomas) and 26 gonadal germ cell tumours (13 testicular seminomas, 2 ovarian dysgerminomas, 9 ovarian teratomas, and 2 myometrial choriocarcinomas) were studied by immunoperoxidase with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), cytokeratin, and vimentin. Typical tumour cells in three of the 11 germinomas (two of the latter being situated in the posterior fossa) expressed both EMA and cytokeratin, whereas those in the seminomas and dysgerminomas did not. In one seminoma, a few multinucleated giant cells expressed cytokeratin. In three of seven germinomas, vimentin‐positive tumour cells were found, but all seminomas and dysgerminomas were negative. In the other forms of intracranial and gonadal germ cell tumours, epithelial and mesenchymal elements displayed the expected patterns of immunoreactivity to the respective determinants.The immunoperoxidase differences between the intracranial germinomas and their gonadal equivalents indicate that, in the former, early epithelial or mesenchymal differentiation of the primordial germ cells may be present. The findings draw attention to the heterogeneous cellular composition of these otherwise morphologically homogeneous‐appearing tumours and, especially in the posterior fossa, to their transitional links to the immature teratomas.
An immunocytochemical study of the germinal layer vasculature in the developing fetal brain using Ulex europaeus 1 lectin
Authors: Gould Stephen J. , Howard Susan 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe characteristics of the germinal matrix vasculature were studied in the developing fetal brain using immunocytochemical methods. A preliminary comparative immunocytochemical study was made on six fetal brains to compare endothelial staining by Ulex europaeus I lectin with that of antibody to Factor VIII related antigen. Ulex was found to stain germinal layer vessels better than Factor VIII related antigen. Subsequently, the germinal layers of a further 15 fetal and preterm infant brains ranging from 13 to 35 weeks' gestation were stained with Ulex europaeus I to demonstrate the vasculature. With increasing gestation, there was a gradual increase in vessel density, particularly of capillaries. This was not a uniform process. A plexus of capillaries was prominent immediately beneath the ependyma while the more central parts of the germinal matrix contained fewer, but often larger diameter, vessels. The variation in vessel density which was a feature of the later gestation brains may have implications for local blood flow and may be a factor in haemorrhage at this site.
Chronic serum sickness glomerulonephritis: Modification of the immune response influences the rate of removal of mesangial electron‐dense deposits
Authors: Furness Peter N. , Turner David R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe have used a chronic serum sickness model of glomerulonephritis to investigate whether gross interference with the immune system can influence the rate of removal of antigen and established electron‐dense deposits from the glomerulus. Radio‐labelled cationized bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used as antigen. During the 2 weeks after the cessation of injections, the rate of removal of antigen from isolated glomeruli and from renal cortex, liver, spleen, and lung was measured. The rate of removal of mesangial and subepithelial deposits was assessed by point‐counting. Urinary excretion of free and protein‐bound isotope was also measured.Having quantified the rate of removal of antigen and deposits from the glomerulus, we attempted to influence the rate of removal by interfering with the immune response in the course of recovery. Contrary to our expectations, stimulation of the immune system with antigen in Freund's complete adjuvant, 4 days after the last injection of antigen, inhibited the removal of antigen and mesangial electron‐dense deposits. Prednisolone had no detectable effect, but large doses of a non‐nephritogenic form of the antigen (native BSA) enhanced removal. Removal of antigen and mesangial deposits was inversely correlated with the levels of circulating anti‐BSA antibody suggesting that specific antibody, circulating through the mesangium, inhibits the removal of antigen which is already trapped at that site. None of the forms of intervention applied during recovery produced a detectable change in the rate of removal of subepithelial deposits.
p21 ras protein expression in benign and malignant
Authors: Walker Rosemary A. , Wilkinson Nafisa 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe ras oncogenes encode for GTP binding and GTPase active proteins of relative molecular mass 21 000 (p21ras) which are involved in the transduction of stimuli for cell proliferation. There have been conflicting reports about the detection and significance of expression of p21ras protein in human breast disease as determined by immunohistochemistry.The antibody Y13‐259, which detects a single protein of Mr 21 000, has been applied immunohistochemically to frozen sections of normal, benign proliferative breast, fibroadenomas, and carcinomas. Uniform staining of normal breast epithelium and myoepithelium was found, with occasional stronger staining in areas of epithelial hyperplasia in benign breast disease. Contrary to previous reports, decreased expression, usually heterogeneous, was found in half of the carcinomas examined. Thirty per cent of the carcinomas exhibited heterogeneous staining stronger than that of normal breast, interpreted as increased expression of p21ras protein. This did not relate to tumour grade or node status but showed a significant correlation with proliferation rate as determined by the monoclonal antibody Ki‐67.This study confirms previous reports that p21ras protein expression is a feature of normal cells, and has identified increased expression in 30 per cent of tumours associated with higher proliferation rates, which is a lower incidence than previously claimed when a different antibody was employed.
Growth fractions in human prostatic carcinoma determined by Ki‐67 immunostaining
Authors: Raymond Wendy A. , Leong Anthony S‐Y. , Bolt John W. , Milios Jim , Jose John S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractUntil recently, [3H]‐thymidine incorporation, DNA analysis by flow cytometry, and cell doubling times have been the main methods of studying tumour cell kinetics. All these techniques are laborious, expensive, and difficult to perform in a routine diagnostic laboratory. This study examined fresh frozen sections from 31 prostatic biopsy specimens with the hybridoma antibody Ki‐67, a marker of proliferating cells, using a modified avidin—biotin—peroxidase complex technique. The percentage of glandular cells decorated by this antibody, representing the growth fraction, was determined for both benign and malignant samples. Benign prostatic glands showed an average Ki‐67 score of 4 per cent, significantly less than the 16·3 per cent mean growth fraction found in prostatic carcinomas. There was a significant correlation between the tumour growth fraction as assessed by Ki‐67 staining, and the histological grade. A positive correlation was also found between the Ki‐67 score and the intensity of staining, and a definite trend was noted between the Ki‐67 score and the tumour clinical stage. Ki‐67 promises to be a useful marker in determining the prognosis of prostatic cancer.
Control of differentiation in human colorectal carcinoma cell lines: Epithelial—mesenchymal interactions
Authors: Richman Paul I. , Bodmer Walter F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMesenchymal elements have been investigated for their effects on the growth and differentiation of seven human colorectal carcinoma‐derived cell lines. Epithelial cells were cultured as monolayers on plastic; they were also grown on fibroblast lawns and in collagen matrices, with and without fibroblasts. In each case, differentiation was assessed morphologically with monoclonal antibodies directed against components of normal goblet and columnar cells. The results were compared with those obtained when the cell lines were grown in vivo as xenografts in athymic mice.The xenografts allowed the greatest potential for differentiation, although two cell lines showed little or no response to mesenchyme either in vivo or in vitro. The presence of fibroblasts induced branched structures in all the remaining lines when these were cultured in collagen matrices. The collage matrix alone induced the formation of well‐defined glandular structures in SW 1222 cells, reminiscent of those seen in SW 1222 xenografts and normal colonic crypts.Epithelial response to mesenchymal factors may require specific receptors, the expression of which dictates phenotype. Isolation and analysis of such receptors and factors could lead to clarification of the mechanisms underlying normal tissue morphogenesis and the growth and spread of neoplastic cells.
Silver‐stained nucleoli and nucleolar organizer region counts are of no prognostic value in thick cutaneous malignant melanoma
Authors: Howat Alec J. , Giri Dilip D. , Wright Andrew L. , Underwood James C. E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractNucleolar organizer regions (NORs) can be stained by a simple one‐step silver technique; the black dots formed are termed AgNORs. Often AgNORs are tightly clustered, appearing as one silver‐stained nucleolus (AgNu). We have assessed this technique as a possible prognostic indicator for thick (> 3·0 mm) primary cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM). Three groups were studied: (A) seven thick CMM that had not metastasized 8–20 years after excision; (B) three thick CMM that developed metastases 6–9 years after excision; and (C) twelve CMM that presented with metastases or developed them within 4 years of excision. Two methods of counting silver‐stained black dots in nuclei were employed: one method counted easily discernible black dots consisting of AgNus and dispersed AgNORs; the other attempted to count actual AgNORs both dispersed and clustered within AgNus. Scores per nucleus by the first method were 1·5–6·7 in group A, 1·1–2·6 in group B, and 1·4–5·4 in group C. AgNOR counts by the second method were 6·2–13·0 in group A, 5·4–8·9 in group B, and 5·3–10·5 in group C. No significant difference was present between groups for scores by either method. Due to the subjectively, technical difficulty, non‐reproducibility, and tedium associated with the second method of attempting to count individuals AgNORs, the first method is recommended. It is concluded that this technique is of no value in predicting prognosis for CMM.
Distinction between hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, and metastatic carcinoma based on immunohistochemical staining for carcinoembryonic antigen and for cytokeratin 19 on paraffin sections
Authors: Balaton A. J. , Nehama‐Sibony M. , Gotheil C. , Callard P. , Baviera E. E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn antiserum to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and a monoclonal antibody to cytokeratin 19 (CK 19) were studied for their suitability as diagnostic reagents for the differential diagnosis of primary and secondary malignant epithelial tumours of the liver, on paraffin sections. With the antiserum to CEA, positive bile canalicular structures were found in 60 per cent of the hepatocellular carcinomas. All the cholangiocarcinomas and 66·6 per cent of the metastatic carcinomas were positive for CEA, without displaying a canalicular staining pattern. All the hepatocellular carcinomas were negative for CK 19. All the cholangiocellular carcinomas and the metastatic carcinomas were positive for CK 19. This staining profile may prove helpful in difficult diagnostic cases.
Flow cytometric DNA analysis of 199 histologically favourable or unfavourable non‐Hodgkin lymphomas
Authors: Lehtinen Tuula , Aine Risto , Lehtinen Matti , Kallioniemi Olli‐Pekka , Leino Timo , Hakala Tapani , Leinikki Pauli , Alavaikko Martti 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe have studied the nuclear DNA content of histologically favourable (n = 82) or unfavourable (n = 117) non‐Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) diagnosed between 1957 and 1978 in the Tampere University Central Hospital. The DNA analysis was done by applying a trypsin digestion method to archival tumour samples. DNA aneuploidy was seen in 40 per cent of the unfavourable cases and in 10 per cent of the favourable cases, but varied considerably between different histological subtypes. The unfavourable cases showed high proliferative activity (S‐phase fraction, SPF), while considerable variation in the SPF among the favourable NHLs was noted. Among the unfavourable NHLs, cases with DNA‐aneuploid tumours had significantly (P < 0.01) worse prognosis than stage and treatment matched cases with DNA‐diploid tumours. In general, survival of the patients who had high SPF tumours was significantly lower compared with patients with low SPF tumours (P < 0.01). However, SPF was not related to the prognosis in the unfavourable NHLs. We conclude that the flow cytometric DNA analysis revealed characteristic features in the favourable and unfavourable NHLs and may be useful in predicting the clinical outcome of patients.
Antigenic specificity of human alveolar macrophages and blood monocytes studied by an immunofluorescence technique
Authors: Nakstad Britt , Lyberg Torstein , Baklien Kåre , Boye Nils P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractLung alveolar macrophages (AM) and blood monocytes (BM) are part of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) and have been shown to be composed of several functionally and biochemically distinct subsets. AM and BM were each fractionated into four subfractions by centrifugation over Percoll, 95 per cent of the monocytes having a higher buoyant density than the high‐density AM fraction. Antigen distribution within the cell subfractions was studied by an immunofluorescence technique using a panel of ten monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) reacting with separate antigenic determinants previously found on mononuclear phagocytes. Several antigens were present on both types of cells (Ki‐M1, Ki‐M6, Leu‐M3, Leu‐M5, 1D5, Dako‐Ma, and HLA‐DR), while other antigens were expressed exclusively on BM (MAS 072 and MAS 081) or on AM (Ki‐M8). Ki‐M1, Leu‐M3, Leu‐M5, and HLA‐DR were expressed to a greater degree on the surface of AM (95–96 per cent of cells) than on BM (5668 per cent), while an inverse relationship was noted for 1D5 antigen (present on 41 per cent of BM and 11 per cent of AM). Ki‐M6 and Dako‐Ma MoAbs recognized an intracellularly restricted antigen present in both AM and BM. Ki‐M1, Ki‐M8, MAS072, MAS081, Leu‐M3, Leu‐M5, 1D5, and HLA‐DR were expressed both in the cytoplasm and at the cell surface. Some antigens (1D5, Leu‐M3, MAS 072, MAS 081, and Dako‐Ma) showed an uneven distribution among subsets of both AM and BM. The variability found in the expression of both membrane and intracellular antigens underlines the remarkable heterogeneity among mononuclear phagocytes and emphasizes the potential value of MoAbs to study the sequential stages of maturation/differentiation within the monocyte/macrophage lineage.
Measurement of the S‐phase duration in normal and abnormal human endometrium by in vitro double labelling with bromodeoxyuridine and tritiated thymidine
Authors: Thornton James G. , Wells Michael , Hume William J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe duration of the S phase of the cell cycle (ts) in the glands and stroma of normal, hyperplastic, and malignant endometrium was measured in vitro using a double labelling technique. Endometrial organ cultures were incubated sequentially in tritiated thymidine (3HTdR) and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) each for 1 h. Labelled cells were visualized in tissue sections using 3HTdR autoradiography and immunohistochemistry with an anti‐(BrdU) antibody. Three populations of cells, single labelled with either 3HTdR or BrdU, and double labelled cells, were easily identified and ts was calculated from both the rate of influx into, and efflux out of S. There were no significant differences in ts in the different tissue types or between influx and efflux in the glands. However, in the stroma ts calculated from the rate of efflux was significantly shorter than that calculated from the rate of influx, suggesting that during the cell culture period the rate of cell efflux from S was greater than influx. This is the opposite to what would be expected in an exponentially growing cell population and suggests that there may be an effect from the culturing conditions.
Changes in the cancer spectrum at autopsy: 1975–1984
Authors: Karwinski B. , Svendsen E. , Hartveit F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn an autopsy series of 8571 cases from 1975 to 1984, cancer deaths increased significantly, particularly in those cases over 60 years of age. A similar trend was seen in the mortality statistics from the district. Study of the degree of correlation between the frequency for the different types of cancer and the total deaths from that cancer at autopsy in the population supplies guidelines for use in assessing the relevance of autopsy findings to epidemiological research. It is stressed that without autopsy control monitoring of cancer in a population is incomplete and unreliable. An autopsy frequency of 40 per cent or more for the cancer in question in the population as a whole is required combined with series of 5–600 cases if satisfactory studies are to be initiated. Such conditions are difficult to fulfil for the less common types, but offer a valid approach to the monitoring of those types of cancer that are numerous enough to merit such attention.
Histological evidence of natural killer cell aggregation against malignant melanoma induced by adoptive immunotherapy with lymphokine‐activated killer cells
Authors: Yamamura T. , Fujitani Y. , Kawauchi T. , Wada E. , Kobayashi Y. , Yoshikawa K. , Ogawa H. , Sugiyama H. , Ohsawa M. , Aozasa K. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAdoptive immunotherapy with lymphokine‐activated killer (LAK) cells and systemic administration of recombinant Interleukin‐2 (RIL‐2) was carried out in a case of malignant melanoma with lung metastases. Histological specimens from the lung showed a metastatic melanoma heavily invaded by atypical lymphoid cells with convoluted nuclei of varying size. Immunohistochemistry revealed that these cells had the characteristic exclusively of natural killer cell (Leu‐7+). Nodules of these cells mimicked the appearance of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma of pleomorphic type. Molecular cytogenetic analysis, however, showed the absence of rearranged bands for the T‐cell receptor beta‐chain gene, indicating the absence of T‐cell clones. At autopsy, 1 month after the LAK therapy, the heavy invasion of convoluted cells had disappeared. These findings clearly indicate that the LAK cell plus RIL‐2 therapy induced Leu‐7+ lymphoid cells, phenotypically suggestive of natural killer cell aggregation in the tumours.
Paucity of fibronectin in invasive lobular carcinoma of breast
Authors: d'Ardenne A. J. , Barnard N. J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFifty‐four cases of invasive carcinoma of breast were immunostained for fibronectin and laminin. They included 36 cases of invasive ductal carcinoma and 18 cases of invasive lobular carcinoma. Although there was some heterogeneity within tumours, it was found that whilst the majority of ductal carcinomas (31/36) had abundant fibronectin at cell/stroma boundaries or diffusely throughout stroma, a substantial proportion of lobular carcinomas (12/18) had very little (P<0.001). This difference could not be related to differences in laminin immunoreactivity, which was most commonly scanty or absent in both tumour types. It is postulated that the characteristic infiltration pattern of lobular carcinoma may be attributed in part to paucity of stromal fibronectin.