bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Chemical Wars
Authors: Montague Peter 
Published: May 2005

The culture of economic growth and rapid innovation has led the chemical industry to contaminate tens of thousands of locales with hazardous chemicals that are poorly understood. As a result, the chemical industry finds itself at war with citizens who are troubled by the widespread dissemination of industrial poisons and alarmed by the power and unaccountability of the corporations themselves. The current chemical regulatory system has not provided an effective or reassuring restraint on chemical contamination because it relies heavily on a technique called risk assessment instead of the newer approach being tried now in Europe and elsewhere, the precautionary principle. Here's a riddle to keep you up at night: How come, at a time when the environmental movement is stronger and richer than ever, our most pressing ecological problems just get worse? It's as though the planet has hit a Humpty-Dumpty moment in which unprecedented amounts of manpower and money are unable to put the world back together again.
Prevalence and Determinants of Depressive Disorders in Primary Care Practice in Spain
Authors: Aragonès Enric , Piñol Josep Lluís , Labad Antonio , Masdéu Rosa Maria , Pino Magdalena , Cervera Josepa 
Published: May 2005

Objective: Depressive disorders are considered to be a public health problem. Primary health care plays an important role in the treatment of such disorders. Our aim is to determine the prevalence and determinant factors of major depression and dysthymia in consecutive primary care attenders. Method: The study took place in medical consultations in 10 Primary Care Centers in Tarragona (Spain). It was designed as a two-phase cross-sectional study. In the first phase we screened 906 consecutive patients according to Zung's Self-Rating Depression Scale. In the second phase the 209 patients whose results were positive and 97 patients whose results were negative (1/7 chosen at random) were given the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders, plus a series of questionnaires. We evaluated the link between major depression and dysthymia and several sociodemographic and clinical variables using non-conditional logistic regression. Results: Weighted prevalence was 14.3% (CI 95%: 11.2–17.4) for major depression and 4.8% (CI 95%: 2.8–6.8) for dysthymia. Independently linked to the presence of major depression were female sex, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, frequency of primary care visits, and clinical presentation in the form of explicitly psychosocial symptoms as opposed to exclusively somatic symptoms. Independently linked to the presence of dysthymia were age, generalized anxiety disorder and psychosocial symptoms. Conclusion: In our area, depressive disorders in primary care attenders are very common. General practitioners should be aware of this fact so that these disorders can be detected and treated correctly.
Prediction of Retention in Methadone Maintenance in a Contextual Model
Authors: Joe George W. , Singh B. K. , Lehman Wayne , Garland John , Sells S. B. , Seder Paul 
Published: May 2005

This study investigated predictors of drug treatment retention of individual clients in terms of a contextual model. The model involved eight components: 1) socioecological factors, 2) clinic attributes, 3) clinic staffing and services, 4) clinic sociodemographic (aggregate) characteristics, 5) clinic deviance (aggregate) characteristics, 6) individual level client sociodemographic characteristics, 7) individual level client deviance characteristics, and 8) individual level client retention outcomes (time in treatment and quit or expelled termination status). The components were represented in the study by variables developed from census data, and National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA) CODAP and NDATUS data bases. This model was analyzed by path analysis for clients in methadone maintenance programs. There was consistent support for the relationships expected among the components of the model. The socioecological variables predicted the types of clients that entered treatment in terms of clinic level (aggregate) variables, and these were found to predict both the corresponding individual level client variables and client outcomes. Clinic attributes were found to predict clinic staffing and services and both of these components were found to be related to client outcomes in several analyses.
Governmental Response to Widespread Marijuana Use as Determined by a Comparison of 1969 and 1971 Statutes
Authors: Ritter David R. 
Published: May 2005

The widespread use of marijuana across all strata of our social system has led to scrutiny and criticism of the state statutes governing its use. The specified punishments of these drug laws have been deemed severe, and the statutes themselves are outdated. The purpose of this article is to determine the extent of state statute amendment and the severity of the incarceration inherent in the revised laws. Data, presented both in context and tabular form reveal that statute revisions have been oriented toward the first-time offender and that the penalties for subsequent possession of marijuana continue to be harsh.
Drug Education to Date: A Review
Authors: Randall Diana , Wong Martin R. 
Published: May 2005

A comprehensive review is presented of Drug Education programs for school students from 1967 to date, with an eye toward eking out whatever guidance can be obtained for future efforts. Programs are organized into categories beginning with those lacking in any meaningful evaluation to those which reported more elegant designs using appropriate control groups, long term follow up of effect, and some attempt at the collection of behavioral evidence. In general it was found that the great bulk of Drug Education programs reported in the literature were lacking in any meaningful evaluation that would provide data for guidance in the design of future programs. Discussion of the shortcomings revolves around evaluation methodology, measurement, assumptions, and objectives. It is pointed out that given some reasonable assumptions about society, e.g. that drugs will always be available for use, and that ultimately use or non use will be a personal decision, new and more clearly defined objectives for drug education seem to be prescribed. Possible examples of these objectives are given.
Mannerisms of the Elderly and Approaches to Rapport
Authors: French Warren A. , Thorson James A. , Perreault William D. 
Published: May 2005

Creating stereotypes in any behavioral discipline is a risky venture. There will inevitably be overlaps between stereotypes, evolution from mannerism to mannerism, as well as behavior which doesn't fit into any set classification. Yet, in counseling senior citizens it is not unusual to consciously or subconsciously distinguish and then group behavior according to stereotypes. This grouping procedure, while subject to misuse in the counseling process, is in itself defensible. Studies by Neugarten, Havighurst and Tobin [1] and Reichard, Livson and Petersen [2] among others have empirically identified distinguishable mannerisms which the elderly adopt in adjusting to old age. Assuming the existence of these mannerisms, it would be interesting to learn how gerontologists suggest addressing elderly people who exhibit such behavior. Determining successful approaches to these individuals can provide a basis for the rapport necessary to: 1) uncover causes of adjustment problems, 2) assess the seriousness of those problems, and 3) implement counseling suggestions.
Drug Education—Better Late Than Never
Authors: Sinacore John S. 
Published: May 2005

Recognizing that problems arising from human ecology do not represent medical failure so much as educational failure, and that prevention is cheaper in the long run than rehabilitation, the New York State Education Department is implementing a course of study in the Health Sciences incorporating knowledge from the disciplines of medical science and public health, aimed at prevention through education. Curriculum materials for 4th grade through high school, developed by the State Education Department, deal initially with the nature and proper use of drugs as a basis for understanding drug abuse. Drug education, to be effective as a drug abuse deterrent, should be taught by a well prepared health education teacher within the context of health education which touches on areas of mental health, physical health, consumer health, public health, safety and pharmacology. Intensive teacher training programs are underway in six institutions of higher education in New York State to prepare teachers licensed in other educational areas to fulfill state certification requirements in health education. Additional teachers are being trained to teach inservice courses in their own districts; their $600 salary per 30 hour course taught is paid by the State Education Department. The goal is to reach 7500 teachers during this school year. The program participants are brought into contact with consultants from many related fields. A learn-by-doing method is utilized involving group processes and activities designed to encourage individuals to become responsible for their own learning and the learning of others.
Toward a Rational View of Drug Education
Authors: Bedworth David A. 
Published: May 2005

This paper deals with solving the problems which are encountered in the implementation of drug education programs. The author reviews the current teaching methods being used in drug education programs, presents a rationale for program evaluation, and proceeds to make recommendations for comprehensive health and drug education programs. The author concludes that teacher training, classroom activities, university-school district relationships, school-community relationships, and administration of health and drug education programs must be re-examined if one is to come to a rational view of drug education.
Prediction and Prevention of Drug Abuse
Authors: Webb R. A. J. , Egger Garry J. , Reynolds Ingrid 
Published: May 2005

This paper uses the infectious disease model as an approach to the prevention of narcotic or poly drug abuse. More specifically, it follows up the previous paper in which the characteristics of the potential addict were described at an age where preventive intervention was possible. The paper advises on the safe use of information so gained about young individuals and warns of the dangers of labelling. It lists and discusses the productive and counter-productive educational techniques on the basis of research findings and international reports on the outcomes of effective and counter-productive programs.
Methodological Considerations to Improve Anti-Smoking Research
Authors: O'Rourke Thomas W. 
Published: May 2005

One of the most extensively studied areas of health behavior is that related to smoking. However, significant methodological limitations often limit the usefulness of research efforts. The purpose of this paper is to identify several of the more significant limitations found in the present research and to present suggestions to improve further research in smoking behavior. Several significant limitations of smoking research include the lack of common definitions of various behaviors, honesty of subject response, the lack of prospective studies and the problems inherent in such a design, and the preponderance of univariate types of analyses. Also, evaluation of program effectiveness is often limited by lack of appropriate criteria of what is meant by “success.” Lastly, much of the current research appears to focus on cessation or modification of the smoking habit. Less emphasis is directed at the area of prevention, especially involving an educational approach. Suggestions for improving anti-smoking research efforts are presented.
Another Alternative: A Ninety-Day Contractual Detoxification Treatment Program
Authors: Kahn Robert B. , Schramm Norman T. , Daoud Fawzi 
Published: May 2005

In May, 1974, Fresno County's Narcotic Abuse Treatment Program began a twenty-one-day outpatient methadone detoxification treatment modality. This short-term detoxification treatment was offered in addition to the maintenance program begun in November, 1973. During the course of its operation, an on-going evaluation of the program was accomplished to assess the efficacy of further utilization of this expensive and difficult treatment modality [1]. The results of the evaulation suggested an alternative treatment modality [2]. A ninety-day contractual detoxification program was offered to a group of patients who were eligible for admission to the maintenance program. The purpose of this paper is to examine this alternative treatment modality, its characteristics, its therapeutic outcomes and the rationale for its use.
The Generative Effects of Instructional Organizers with Computer-Based Interactive Video
Authors: Kenny Richard F. 
Published: May 2005

Sixty-one nursing students and faculty were studied to compare the use of participatory graphic organizers to final form graphic organizers and advance organizers as adjunct instructional aids for computer-based interactive video. The participatory form was hypothesized to be more representative of Wittrock's generative learning hypothesis. The more generative form was thought to engage the learner in a more active, overt learning activity than the other two forms, which depend upon their nominal stimulus characteristics for effect and, therefore, to be more effective in assisting the learning and retention of the program material. Results did not support this hypothesis. The participatory group actually achieved the lowest mean scores. Moreover, the difference between the mean scores of the final form and participatory graphic organizer treatment groups was statistically significant at the p ≤ 0.01 level on both posttests. Interview data indicated the effectiveness of the final form graphic organizer treatment likely derived from the guided discovery approach of the CBIV program which appeared to cause considerable learner disorientation. The final form graphic organizer contained specific information to allow that treatment group to successfully navigate the disorienting sequences and to concentrate more fully on the content of the program.
Educational Implications of Drug Abuse
Authors: Hochhauser Mark 
Published: May 2005

Observing the steady decrease in SAT scores during the past decade, while noting the steady increase in licit and illicit drug use during the same time period, several conclusions emphasized the potentially deleterious effects of such drug use upon emerging adolescent cognitive processes, especially learning and memory. Possible drug-behavior relationships were viewed from a developmental perspective (e.g., sex, age, and maturation rate), insofar as drug effects will be directly related to the level of physiological and psychological maturation achieved by the drug user. Consequently, proposals were made dealing with drug education in the schools, as well as the need for graduate and undergraduate programs in substance abuse.
Drug Education: What it is and Isn't
Authors: Grant Richard H. 
Published: May 2005

Drug education is a term that has many meanings. It is important that the drug educator assess his own values regarding drug use in our society, then share them freely. His values, however, should not dictate or completely overshadow rationality and honesty. Youth particularly need to know where the educator stands. To think that one can develop drug education programs that are value-free is naive. The drug educator's values, coupled with some operational assumptions, will provide the basis and direction of drug education. Drug education content must include the physiological, pharmacological, psychological, legal, moral, spiritual, and political implications of drug use in our society. This content must be presented in a way that utilizes peer values and settings. The use of ex-drug abusers should be approached rationally and humanly. Drug educators aren't going to make any difference at all, in terms of preventing drug abuse, until they view their role as being that of a “change agent.”
Some Dynamic Considerations in the Resistance to Methadone Maintenance
Authors: Krueger David W. 
Published: May 2005

Patients who presented with a request for a dosage change of their maintenance methadone were intensively evaluated to understand the dynamic significance and precipitating factors of this request. The types of precipitating stresses and the meanings of these stresses to the patient were studied. While 100 per cent of the patients presented with medication change as a chief and sole request or complaint, 74 per cent of the patients were clinically depressed at the time of their presentation. Ninety-three per cent of these patients had precipitants of major entrances or exits (separations) into or out of their life within the seven days prior to presentation; most of these events occurred within forty-eight hours of presentation. In examining the dynamically significant predecessors to these events and the implication of sensitivities subsequently in the patient, 74 per cent of these patients were found to have lost a parent during their development (up to age eighteen) by a divorce, death, or separation. Implications of these findings are discussed regarding the meaning of “methadone-maintenance resistance,” the dynamic significance of drugs (heroin and methadone), and treatment intervention.
A Community-School Problem-Solving Approach to the Drug Situation
Authors: Wolk Donald J. , Tomanio Anthony J. 
Published: May 2005

The following paper describes a program designed to involve school and community persons in an action-oriented problem-solving process related to increased drug use in the schools. A total of 104 persons attended the one full day and two followup sessions. Results from three evaluative methods revealed that participants experienced personal learning, increased understanding and sensitivity to others; and they examined, evolved and worked on concrete plans to resolve identified school-community problems related to drugs and communication. Recommendations for future programs are stated.
The Juvenile Intervention Program: Results of the Process, Impact and Outcome Evaluations
Authors: Iverson Donald C. , Roberts Tom E. 
Published: May 2005

Data were analyzed for a random sample of sixty-four juvenile participants who completed the program between January 1, 1977 and April, 1978 and a random sample of forty-seven juvenile participants who completed the program between May, 1978 and August, 1979. In order to assess program impact, all the juvenile participants are administered a pretest during the first JIP session and a posttest after the last session. Follow-up data on impact measures are collected six months after program completion. In addition, participants are asked to complete a one-page questionnaire assessing their participation at the completion of each of the seven JIP sessions. Analysis of the data indicates that the program positively affected family communication patterns, self-esteem levels and drug knowledge levels at follow-up. The follow-up data indicated that drug-related school system and drug-related criminal justice system contacts were significantly reduced. The data also indicated that there was a reduction in drug usage by regular users for selected drugs.
The Application of Autogenic Feedback Training in a Smoking Termination Program
Authors: Boullion Jean K. , Chen W. William 
Published: May 2005

The tremendous potential for autogenic feedback training in helping smokers to deal with their anxiety before and after termination as well as the need to make autogenic feedback training in a practical method for smoking termination prompted this study which: (1) investigated the changes in smoking activity in subjects who have had autogenic feedback training and those who have not; (2) investigated the relationship between the success in performing autogenic feedback and the success in smoking termination; and (3) investigated the effect of autogenic feedback training on anxiety reduction before and after smoking termination. Twenty-three subjects were randomly assigned to two groups. The first group received the autogenic feedback training initially while the second group served as the control. This control group became a second experimental group upon the completion of the first phase. The results of the study revealed that the autogenic feedback training was an effective adjunct to a smoking termination program. Eighty-one per cent reduction in smoking activity was found for the subjects that received the training.
Developing a Drug Abuse Curriculum in the School System
Authors: Quinones Mark A. , Wolfson Edward A. , Einstein Stanley 
Published: May 2005

The authors have attempted to outline in the form of model methodology the most effective way for implementing an overall drug curriculum in the existing school structure. They have given special attention to the importance of the following crucial points: The urgency of understanding the problem. Identifying goals and establishing priorities. Development of appropriate committees. Coordinating the findings of the committees. Early preparation of the budget for the program. Development of appropriate evaluative instruments and continual involvement of the school administration as the program evolves. Involvement between the faculty and staff as the program is developed is stressed.
Satisfaction with Retirement Housing: Attitudes, Recommendations and Moves
Authors: Sherman Susan R. 
Published: May 2005

This paper reports on the satisfaction of 600 persons who had chosen to live in special group housing for the well-elderly. Six widely varying types of housing facilities comprised the choices: retirement hotel, urban high-rise, life-care home and retirement villages appealing to three different socioeconomic groups. Responses were compared to those given by matched controls who lived in conventional housing. Satisfaction was measured in three ways: a direct global question; a series of projective questions; and the behavioral measure of moves away from the site: both those that had already taken place and those that were being contemplated. All satisfaction criteria were combined into a summed satisfaction score as well as analyzed separately. The elements related to satisfaction with retirement housing were concluded to be: proximity, security, balance of independence-dependence, proper amount of age-segregation, degree of financial commitment, psychological readiness, provision of creature comforts, reference group and relative satisfaction, and alienation or integration.