bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Time course of morphological alterations of fungiform papillae and taste buds following chorda tympani transection in neonatal rats
Authors: Sollars Suzanne I. , Smith Peter C. , Hill David L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe time course of structural changes in fungiform papillae was analyzed in rats that received unilateral chorda tympani nerve transection at 10 days of age. Morphological differences between intact and denervated sides of the tongue were first observed at 8 days postsection, with an increase in the number of fungiform papillae that did not have a pore. In addition, the first papilla with a filiform‐like appearance was noted on the denervated side at 8 days postsectioning. By 11 days after surgery, the total number of papillae and the number of papillae with a pore were significantly lower on the transected side of the tongue as compared to the intact side. At 50 days postsection, there was an average of 70.5 fungiform papillae on the intact side and a mean of only 20.8 fungiform papillae the denervated side. Of those few remaining papillae on the cut side, an average of 13.5 papillae were categorized as filiform‐like, while no filiform‐like papillae occurred on the intact side. Significant reduction in taste bud volume was noted at 4 days posttransection and further decrements in taste bud volume were noted at 8 and 30 days postsection. Electron microscopy of the lingual branch of the trigeminal nerve from adult rats that received neonatal chorda tympani transection showed normal numbers of both myelinated and unmyelinated fibers. Thus, in addition to the well‐characterized dependence of taste bud maintenance on the chorda tympani nerve, the present study shows an additional role of the chorda tympani nerve in papilla maintenance during early postnatal development. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 51: 223–236, 2002
Surface wavelets: a multiresolution signal processing tool for 3D computational modelling
Authors: Amaratunga Kevin , Castrillon‐Candas Julio Enrique 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper, we provide an introduction to wavelet representations for complex surfaces (surface wavelets), with the goal of demonstrating their potential for 3D scientific and engineering computing applications. Surface wavelets were originally developed for representing geometric objects in a multiresolution format in computer graphics. These wavelets share all of the major advantages of conventional wavelets, in that they provide an analysis tool for studying data, functions and operators at different scales. However, unlike conventional wavelets, which are restricted to uniform grids, surface wavelets have the power to perform signal processing operations oncomplex meshes, such as those encountered in finite element modelling. This motivates the study of surface wavelets as an efficient representation for the modelling and simulation of physical processes. We show how surface wavelets can be applied to partial differential equations, stated either in integral form or in differential form. We analyse and implement the wavelet approach for a model 3D potential problem using a surface wavelet basis with linear interpolating properties. We show both theoretically and experimentally that anO(h) convergence rate,hnbeing the mesh size, can be obtained by retaining onlyO((logN)7/2N) entries in the discrete operator matrix, whereNis the number of unknowns. The principles described here may also be extended to volumetric discretizations. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Finite element interface models for the delamination analysis of laminated composites: mechanical and computational issues
Authors: Alfano G. , Crisfield M. A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe finite element analysis of delamination in laminated composites is addressed using interface elements and an interface damage law. The principles of linear elastic fracture mechanics are indirectly used by equating, in the case of single‐mode delamination, the area underneath the traction/relative displacement curve to the critical energy release rate of the mode under examination. For mixed‐mode delamination an interaction model is used which can fulfil various fracture criteria proposed in the literature. It is then shown that the model can be recast in the framework of a more general damage mechanics theory. Numerical results are presented for the analyses of a double cantilever beam specimen and for a problem involving multiple delamination for which comparisons are made with experimental results. Issues related with the numerical solution of the non‐linear problem of the delamination are discussed, such as the influence of the interface strength on the convergence properties and the final results, the optimal choice of the iterative matrix in the predictor and the number of integration points in the interface elements. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Parkinsonian neurotoxin 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine on membrane currents and intrasynaptosomal calcium
Authors: Mohanakumar K P , Ray S Samanta , Büsselberg D 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEffects of the neurotoxin, 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and its metabolite, 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl pyridinium (MPP+) were investigated on neuronal membrane currents and intrasynaptosomal calcium levels employing whole cell patch clamp and FURA‐2AM respectively. Membrane currents elicited by voltage ramps as well as voltage activated potassium‐currents were studied in the cultured rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons. These neurons contained 0.36 ± 0.04 pmol/mg of dopamine as detected employing HPLC‐electrochemistry. MPTP and MPP+ (1 μM) respectively caused significant increase (25 ± 4%) or inhibition (53 ± 10%) of the total membrane current. Potassium‐currents elicited by voltage jumps from –80 to 0 mV were significantly inhibited (68 ± 8%) by MPP+, but MPTP caused no effect. MPP+‐induced increase in the FURA‐2 fluorescence signal was insensitive to extrasynaptosomal calcium, indicated intrasynaptosomal mobilization by the neurotoxin. These results suggest involvement of ion channels in MPTP neurotoxicity, and imply its role in the etiopathology of Parkinson’s disease.
Life values before versus after a breast cancer diagnosis*
Authors: Lampic Claudia , Thurfjell Erik , Bergh Jonas , Carlsson Marianne , Sjödén Per‐Olow 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe main aim of this study was to investigate whether women's life values change with a breast cancer diagnosis. In addition, associations between life values and anxiety/depression ratings were investigated. Life value changes were prospectively studied in 517 women recalled for further examination after attending mammographic screening, 38 of whom were diagnosed with primary breast cancer. Life values were assessed by a study‐specific version of a life value questionnaire, including ratings of the perceived attainment and importance of seven life value dimensions. Three months after being recalled, women diagnosed with primary breast cancer reported a reduction of the attainment and the importance of Health. In addition, these women reported changes in the perceived importance of Responsibility and Involvement. High levels of anxiety and depression in particular were associated with large discrepancies between attainment and importance for some life values. This suggests that changes in the perceived importance of some life values may constitute one part of women's psychological adaptation to a breast cancer diagnosis. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 25:89–98, 2002
The role of donors: how to combine sector programme support with devolution? A comment from a practitioner to James Wunsch: ‘decentralization, local governance and “recentralization” in Africa’
Authors: Nielsen Henrik A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn commenting on ‘Decentralization, Local Governance and ‘Recentralization’ in Africa’ (Wunsch, 2001), this article concurs with the general thesis of Wunsch that the actual implementation as distinct from the rhetoric of decentralization in Africa has featured lingering central retention of power and resources and that genuine local control over important services and investments remains elusive. However, there is evidence that this is not invariably the case and that donors may have decisive roles to play in encouraging local assertiveness in the medium term in providing leverage for change through budget support and technical assistance to civic education, training local councillors, monitoring local government elections and encouraging local government associations to put to the test the national commitment to genuine local governance. These roles include helping to ensure the transparency of central transfers and, as in Uganda and Malawi for example, assisting with the development of intermediary fiscal mechanisms in this regard. Learning from such promising experiences will be vital in nurturing the longer term optimism heralded by Wunsch. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced rigidity of recycled polypropylene from packaging waste by compounding with talc and high‐ crystallinity polypropylene
Authors: Tall Stefan , Albertsson Ann‐Christine , Karlsson Sigbritt 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPolypropylene (PP) constituted 30% of the collected material in a Swedish collection system for rigid plastic packaging waste. The PP fraction was however a complex mixture of grades with widely different properties. In order to enhance the rigidity of the recycled PP, modified grades were prepared by compounding with talc and/or a virgin high‐crystallinity PP grade. Adding 20–40% of high‐crystallinity PP enhanced the stiffness and yield strength without impairing the impact resistance. A composite material consisting of 20% of this grade, 20% talc and 60% recycled PP gave mechanical properties similar to those of a commercial talc‐filled PP compound used for demanding engineering applications. The present study demonstrates that recycled PP derived from post‐consumer packaging waste can also be made useful for demanding engineering applications. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation and use of polymer‐supported chiral ruthenium complex catalyst
Authors: Gao Jing‐Xing , Yi Xiao Dong , Tang Chun‐Liang , Xu Pian‐Pian , Wan Hui‐Lin 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe chiral diiminodiphosphine ligand, [(R,R)‐P2N2],­has been prepared by the condensation of o‐(diphenylphosphino)benzaldehyde and 1,2‐diaminocyclohexane. [(R,R)‐P2N2] was reduced with excess NaBH4 in refluxing ethanol to afford the corresponding diaminodiphosphine ligand [(R,R)‐P2(NH)2]. The interaction of [(R,R)‐P2(NH)2] with trans‐RuCl2(DMSO)4 gave the chiral ruthenium complex [(R,R)‐RuP2(NH)2] in 84% yield. The reaction of [(R,R)‐RuP2(NH)2] with poly‐(acrylic acid) using dicyclohexylcarbodiimine as the coupling agent, gave water soluble poly(acrylic acid salt)‐supported chiral ruthenium complex [PAA‐(R,R)‐RuP2(NH)2]. These chiral ligands and ruthenium complexes have been fully characterized by microanalysis and IR, NMR spectroscopic methods. The polymer‐bound ruthenium complex [PAA‐(R,R)‐RuP2(NH)2] as catalyst was used in asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of acetophenone in 2‐propanol, producing the 1‐phenylethanol in 95% yield and 96% ee. The catalyst was reused twice with some loss of activity and enantioselectivity. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adverse drug reactions as a cause for admissions to a department of internal medicine
Authors: Mjörndal Tom , Boman Marit Danell , Hägg Staffan , Bäckström Martin , Wiholm Bengt‐Erik , Wahlin Anders , Dahlqvist Rune 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPurposeTo assess the occurrence and pattern of adverse drug reactions as a cause for acute hospital admission.MethodsIn 681 randomly selected patients, acutely admitted to a clinic of internal medicine at a Swedish university hospital, information was collected from their medical records about current symptoms and use of drugs, previous diseases and the results of medical investigations and tests. In addition, a standardized interview according to a questionnaire was carried out. A group of experts in clinical pharmacology assessed the data obtained from the patients' case records and the results of the interviews, and then, according to WHO criteria, judged the probability that an adverse drug reaction could have caused or contributed to the actual admission to hospital.ResultsOut of the 681 cases included, 94 (13.8%) had symptoms and signs that were judged as drug‐related and that had caused or contributed to the admission. Eighty‐two patients (12.0%) had altogether 99 symptoms that were classified as adverse drug reactions. Of these, 91% were type A reactions. The relationship between the medication and the reaction was judged certain in eight, probable in 17, and possible in 74 cases. The most common adverse drug reactions were cardiovascular (36.3%). Twelve patients (1.8%) had symptoms indicating intoxications.ConclusionsThe prevalence of drug‐related problems causing or contributing to admission to a clinic of internal medicine is high and is dominated by type A reactions, i.e. reactions in principle predictable and preventable. This implies a possibility to increase drug safety by preventive measures. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Viscoelastic properties of branched polyacrylate melts
Authors: Ahmad Nasir M , Lovell Peter A , Underwood Sylvia M 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe viscoelastic properties of poly(n‐butyl acrylate), poly(ethyl acrylate) and poly(methyl acrylate) melts have been studied using samples that varied in both molar mass and the mol% branched repeat units, these properties having been previously determined by gel permeation chromatography and 13C NMR spectroscopy, respectively. Poly(n‐butyl acrylate) was studied most extensively using seven samples; one sample of poly(n‐butyl acrylate), two samples of poly(ethyl acrylate) and one sample of poly(methyl acrylate) were used to study the effect of side‐group size. Storage and loss moduli were measured over a range of frequency (1 × 10−3 to 1 × 102 rad s−1) at temperatures from Tg + 20 °C to Tg + 155 °C and then shifted to form master curves at Tg + 74 °C through use of standard superposition procedures. The plateau regions were not distinct due to the broad molar mass distributions of the polyacrylates. Hence, the upper and lower limits of shear storage modulus from the nominal ‘plateau’ region of the curves for the seven poly(n‐butyl acrylate) samples were used to calculate the chain molar mass between entanglements, Me, which gave the range 13.0 kg mol−1 < Me < 65.0 kg mol−1. The Graessley–Edwards dimensionless interaction density and dimensionless contour length concentration were calculated for poly(n‐butyl acrylate) using the mean value of plateau modulus (1.2 × 105 Pa) and three different methods for estimation of the Kuhn length; the data fitted closely to the Graessley–Edwards universal plot. The Williams–Landel–Ferry C1 and C2 parameters were determined for each of the polyacrylates; the data for the poly(n‐butyl acrylate) samples indicate an overall reduction in C1 and C2 as the degree of branching increases. Although the values of C1 and C2 were different for poly(n‐butyl acrylate), poly(ethyl acrylate) and poly(methyl acrylate), there is no trend for variation with structure. Thus the viscoelastic properties of the polyacrylate melts are similar to those for other polymer melts and, for the samples investigated, the effect of molar mass appears to dominate the effect of branching.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
An investigation of 1H and 13C longitudinal relaxation and relaxation in the rotating frame in solid poly(N‐vinylcarbazole)
Authors: Heatley Frank , Karali Aglaia , Dais Photis 
Published: August 2002

Abstract1H and 13C longitudinal relaxation times (T1) and relaxation times in the rotating frame (T1ρ) have been measured for poly(N‐vinylcarbazole) in the solid state in air and nitrogen atmospheres in an attempt to elucidate molecular motions. In air, the T1 relaxation of both 1H and 13C was dominated by interaction with absorbed paramagnetic oxygen. In nitrogen, the 13C T1 relaxation times were long (>300 s) and were averaged by 13C–13C spin diffusion. The 13C T1ρ relaxation times showed an exponential dependence on the strength of the rotating 13C magnetic field and were thus controlled by spin–spin processes rather than spin–lattice processes.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Photo‐oxidative degradation in polyisoprene: surface characterization and analysis by atomic force microscopy
Authors: Blach Jolanta A , Watson Gregory S , Busfield W Ken , Myhra Sverre 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSurface adhesion and surface mechanical properties of natural rubber cast films have been investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) before and after UV irradiation. Analysis in the force versus distance (F–d) mode probed changes in tip‐to‐surface adhesion. Adhesion was observed to increase as a result of exposure, in accord with the prediction that generation of polar groups in the surface should promote a hydrophilic transition. The hydrophilicity also gives rise to a stronger adhesive contribution from a meniscus force, as demonstrated by comparison of results obtained in air for irradiated and as‐received samples. Calculated values of work of adhesion, based on the Johnson–Kendall–Roberts model, reflected the changes in surface chemistry and the effects of the fluid environment. The outcomes of F–d analyses revealed both tip indentation and polymer extension; the former was fitted to expressions derived from the Snedden formalism, followed by calculation of an effective Young's modulus. Good agreement was obtained for as‐received surfaces with bulk measurements. The photochemistry predicts chain scission events which are likely to account for the observed softening of the polymer.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Preparation and properties of EPDM/organomontmorillonite hybrid nanocomposites
Authors: Chang Young‐Wook , Yang Yungchul , Ryu Seunghoon , Nah Changwoon 
Published: August 2002

AbstractHybrid nanocomposites based on organophillic montmorillonite (MMT) and ethylene–propylene–diene rubber (EPDM) have been prepared by a melt compounding process. From analysis by X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, the rubber molecules were found to be intercalated into the galleries of organoMMT and the silicate layers of organoMMT are uniformly dispersed as platelets of 50–80 nm thickness in the EPDM matrix. Dynamic mechanical studies reveal a strong rubber–filler interaction in the hybrid nanocomposite which is manifested in the lowering of tan δ at the glass transition temperature. The hybrid nanocomposites exhibit great improvement in tensile and tear strength, and modulus, as well as elongation‐at‐break. Moreover, the permeability of oxygen for the hybrid nanocomposite was reduced remarkably.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Lambertian light trapping in textured solar cells and light‐emitting diodes: analytical solutions
Authors: Green Martin A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractLight trapping by texturing solar cell surfaces has produced significant gains in solar cell performance over recent decades, particularly for cells based on the relatively weakly absorbing semiconductors, such as crystalline silicon and amorphous silicon–hydrogen alloys. Previous solutions for the properties of the resulting textured optical sheets have been based on approximations valid in the weak absorption limit or have been obtained numerically. Analytical solutions are described for ideal Lambertian light trapping and these results used to deduce simple solutions that apply in other than the weak absorption limit. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cross‐survey analysis of school violence and disorder
Authors: Coggeshall Mark B. , Kingery Paul M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSchool psychologists and administrators are often asked to respond to student violence and disorder based on incomplete or inaccurate information about the nature and scope of these problems in their schools. Records of disciplinary actions and incidents may reflect only the tip of the proverbial iceberg. In national surveys, school administrators report rates of violence and disorder that are only a small fraction of the rates reported by students in national self‐report surveys. Student self‐report surveys on school violence and disorder may offer school officials a means of more accurately appraising the prevention needs of their students. This article compares the methods and findings of three national surveys of students in an effort to understand what methodological characteristics have the most salient impact on their findings. The article examines measures of school‐related weapon carrying and fear from all three national surveys contrasting their modes of administration and question phrasing. Estimates from even the most expertly designed and administered survey will include some error. However, the stability and comparability of the national surveys across time and across surveys suggest that student self‐report surveys are valuable tools for school‐level needs assessment. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Legal implications of profiling students for violence
Authors: Bailey Kirk A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPredicting violent activity with a youth violence profile in schools raises a host of legal concerns focusing on the validity and use of profiles as social science evidence: the impact of potential discrimination, search and seizure, and the implications for privacy. Schools differ from airports or other settings where profiles are used. Profiles are useful if they properly establish reasonable suspicion to stop an individual. They raise more problematic constitutional issues when they support referring a student to alternative educational services. Where a profile identifies students based on race, gender, or proxies for these characteristics, it is invalid. It can also be invalid if it is not a reasonable method of achieving the government's interest in safe schools. In addition, profiles present significant problems for confidentiality. These issues rest on fundamental concerns about the general validity of profiles as scientific tools: their objectivity, accuracy, sensitivity, overinclusiveness, and general scientific acceptance. Consequently, the use of profiles in a school setting is highly problematic and controversial. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Neighboring group participation in the gas phase. The homogeneous elimination kinetics of 5‐(N‐phenylamino)‐1‐pentyl acetate and 5‐(N‐methyl‐N‐phenylamino)‐1‐pentyl acetate
Authors: Chuchani Gabriel , Al‐Awadi Nouria , Domínguez Rosa M. , Kaul Kamini 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe elimination kinetics of the title compounds were determined over the temperature range 370–420 °C and pressure range of 36–91 Torr (1 Torr = 133.3 Pa). The reactions carried out in seasoned vessels with the free radical suppressor toluene always present are homogeneous, unimolecular and obey a first‐order rate law. The overall rate coefficient is expressed by the following Arrhenius equations: for 5‐(N‐phenylamino)‐1‐pentyl acetate, log k1 (s−1) = (13.56 ± 0.19) − (211.8 ± 2.2) kJ mol−1 (2.303RT)−1 and for 5‐(N‐methyl‐N‐phenylamino)‐1‐pentyl acetate, log k1 (s−1) = (12.29 ± 0.41) − (182.9 ± 5.2) kJ mol−1 (2.303RT)−1. The formation of N‐phenylpiperidine in both reactions suggests the anchimeric assistance of the PhNH and Ph(CH3)N groups for a backside displacement. An intimate ion‐pair type of mechanism is assumed in the pyrolytic elimination of these phenylaminoalkyl acetates. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.