bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protein metabolism in growing lambs given fresh ryegrass (Lolium perenne) – clover (Trifolium repens) pasture ad lib
Authors: Barry T. N. , Manley T. R. , Redekopp Carolyne , Davis S. R. , Fairclough R. J. , Lapwood K. R. 
Published: May 2005

1. Glucose metabolism and changes in the concentrations of several hormones in jugular plasma were measured in growing lambs fed on fresh pasture ad lib. One group of lambs acted as control while the second received a continuous abomasal infusion supplying 44 g sodium caseinate + 0·5 g L-methionine/d.2. Hormone concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay procedures and glucose irreversible loss measured from continuous infusion of D-[U–14C]glucose.3. Protein infusion increased plasma concentrations of insulin, glucagon and thyroxine (T4), depressed those of growth hormone, prolactin and somatostatin and had no effect on triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations. Cortisol concentrations also tended to be slightly higher in the plasma of protein-infused lambs.4. Increases in herbage intake within the ad lib. range were associated with increases in plasma insulin and glucagon concentrations and decreases in growth hormone concentration, and it is suggested that these effects could be mediated in part by the accompanying increases in protein absorption from the intestines. The T4:T3 value also decreased with increasing herbage intake, and it is suggested this was due to conversion of T4 to T3.5. After correction by covariance to equal herbage intake, rates of irreversible glucose loss for control and protein-infused lambs were 9·2 and 10·0 mg/min per kg body-weight0·75. It was calculated that respectively 0·12 and 0·19 of the total glucose production in control and protein-infused lambs could be accounted for by net synthesis from protein.6. It was concluded that changes in the circulating concentration of several hormones in protein-infused compared with control lambs were likely to have been implicated in protein deposition forming a greater proportion of energy retention in the infused lambs (0·41 v. 0·27).
Distribution and changes in urease (EC3.5.1.5) activity in Rumen Simulation Technique (Rusitec)
Authors: Czerkawski J. W. , Breckenridge Grace 
Published: May 2005

1. The Rumen Simulation Technique (Rusitec) was used in a series of long-term experiments to study the distribution and changes of urease (EC3.5.1.5) activity in a heterogeneous fermentation system.2. It was shown that in Rusitec the high urease activity from the inoculum decreased to low values, that the rate of decrease was consistent with simple dilution of ureolytic micro-organisms and that the urease activity could be restored to original values by infusion of urea into the reaction vessels. The magnitude of this urease activity was a direct function of the amounts of urea infused. Single daily additions of the same or greater amounts of urea in food or as solid failed to increase the urease activity significantly.3. In general, urease activity increased 2–6 h after feeding and the increases were greater with roughage diets.4. The ureolytic activity per unit volume was always higher in compartment 2 (space occupied by micro-organisms that are loosely associated with the solid) than in compartment 1 (strained rumen contents) or compartment 3 (space occupied by microbial population that cannot be washed out of the solid matrix).5. The distribution of urease activity between the compartments was different from the distribution of certain other enzymes (e.g. protease and alkaline phosphatase (EC3.1.3.1)).6. Apart from the boundary region, the concentrations of urease, ammonia and volatile fatty acids in compartment 2 were constant, while the concentrations of protein, DNA and another enzyme (alkaline phosphatase) increased with the depth of the compartment. Specific urease activity (per unit weight of protein or DNA) was much higher in compartment 1 than in compartment 2 and it decreased markedly with depth of compartment.7. The concentrations of ammonia were always much higher in the solid matrix (compartments 2 and 3) than in the free suspension of micro-organisms (compartment 1). There was a linear relation between these two quantities.8. The results are discussed in relation to published work on the entry and metabolism of urea in the rumen.
Dietary management of obesity: evaluation of the time-energy displacement diet in terms of its efficacy and nutritional adequacy for long-term weight control
Authors: Weinsier Roland L. , Johnston Marjorie H. , Doleys Daniel M. , Bacon Jane A. 
Published: May 2005

1. An unsupplemented 4200 kJ (1000 kcal) diet emphasizing large quantities of relatively unrefined complex carbohydrates was evaluated among sixty obese adults for its effectiveness and nutritional adequacy in a long-term weight-control programme. Patients were followed individually as outpatients by a physician and dietician–an average of thirteen visits over 26 weeks. Assessment of health indices included anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, lipid levels and assays for seven vitamins, β–carotene and iron.2. Weight loss averaged 8.2 kg or 24% of excess weight during the 6 months of active treatment. Over an average of 17 months of post-treatment follow-up, 44% of patients continued to lose weight and 92% remained below pretreatment levels.3. Average skinfold thickness fell 7mm (p< 0·001) whereas muscle mass was maintained (arm muscle circumference+10mm, not significant; creatinine-height index + 3% of standard (Bistrianet al.1975; not significant). Systolic and diastolic bleed pressure fell 7 and 5 mmHg respectively (P< 0·01). Total serum cholesterol and triglyceridesfell 200 and 660 mg/1 respectively (P< 0·01), while high-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol remained statistically unchanged. Mean serum levels of retinol, β-carotene, folate, vitamin B12, ascorbic acid, Fe and transferrin saturation, and activity coefficients for thiamin, riboflavin and pyridoxine were within normal limits after periods of treatment ranging from 5 to 84 weeks.4. An earlier age of onset of obesity tended to be associated with greater weight lossduring treatment and lesser weight rebound during follow-up.5. The results indicate that the experimental diet, without supplementation, was nutritionally adequate as well as effective for long-term weight control.
Hepatic function in rats with dietary-induced fatty liver, as measured by the uptake of indocyanine green
Authors: Jahoor F. , Jackson Alan A. 
Published: May 2005

1. The hepatic uptake of indocyanine green (ICG) has been measured in rats receiving a 50 g protein/kg diet for 6, 12 or 20 d or a choline-deficient diet for 2 or 6 d.2. There was no effect on ICG uptake on the choline-deficient diet, although all the rats developed an intense fatty infiltration of the liver by 6 d.3. The rats on the 50 g protein/kg diet showed impaired uptake of ICG at 6, 12 and 20 d, which appeared to be related to the extent of fatty infiltration.4. It is concluded that ICG uptake is predominantly a function of the periportal zone of the liver lobule, and therefore likely to be sensitive to insults that exert their predominant effect in this zone.
Diet and health of people with an ileostomy
Authors: Bingham Sheila , Cummings J. H. , McNeil N. I. 
Published: May 2005

1. People with an ileostomy experience digestive problems with some foods. Why these foods are avoided is not known nor is it certain whether this interferes with the nutritional adequacy of their diet.2. A detailed dietary assessment has therefore been made of thirty-seven subjects with ileostomies and a similar number of age-and sex-matched healthy controls. All food and drink eaten over 1 week was weighed and recorded. In addition, a larger group of seventy-nine ileostomy subjects and seventy matched controls answered a questionnaire designed to identify foods which upset them and which they avoided.3. Total nutrient and energy intakes were similar in the two groups but the subjects with an ileostomy ate less dietary fibre (g/d; mean ± SD: ileostomy subjects 18·0±5·9, controls 20·9±5·5; P < 0·05) mainly due to lower fruit and vegetable intakes. Iron and vitamins A and C intakes were also less.4. A majority of ileostomy subjects had a pattern of food intake different from the controls, taking more of their energy in the morning and less at night. A variety of food items upset more than half of them including nuts, pips, seeds, skins, onions, beetroot, lettuce, raw cabbage and carrot, peas, sweetcorn, mushrooms and dried fruit.5. On the basis of the results it is possible to formulate general dietary advice for people with an ileostomy.
Diet and health of people with an ileostomy
Authors: McNeil N. I. , Bingham Sheila , Cole T. J. , Grant A. M. , Cummings J. H. 
Published: May 2005

1. Most subjects who have their large intestine removed and an ileostomy formed lead a healthy life after operation, although they are prone to a variety of metabolic problems. In order to determine the factors likely to lead to these metabolic disturbances a detailed assessment of ileostomy output and composition and of dietary intake in relation to nutritional and metabolic status has been made in a group of ileostomy patients living at home.2. Thirty-six volunteers with established ileostomies (twenty-six ulcerative colitis (UC) patients and ten, Crohn's colitis (CC) patients) made a 24 h collection of urine and ileostomy effluent and kept a 7 d record of dietary intake and the frequency with which they emptied their ileostomy bag. Blood was collected for haematological and biochemical indices of nutritional status and height, weight and skinfold thickness were measured.3. Effluent output for the whole group was 760±322 g/day (range 273–1612) and was very closely related to effluent sodium output (R 0·98). Stepwise multiple regression analysis of dietary and other variables identified the amount of ileum resected as the main determinant of both effluent output and effluent sodium. The CC group had significantly greater effluent output (1084±340 g/d) compared with the UC patients (635±215g/d) (P< 0·001); and excreted significantly more nitrogen, carbohydrate and sodium than the UC group.4. The CC patients particularly showed evidence of salt depletion. The mean (±SD) 24 h urine Na loss for CC patients was 31±30 mmol and for UC patients 67±34 mmol (P< 0·01) with five of the ten CC patientsv. four of the twenty-six patients with UC having raised urinary or plasma aldosterone levels.5. All subjects had normal haematological and biochemical indices of nutritional status in the blood. Height and percentage body fat were also within the normal range when compared with a control population matched for age, sex and occupation, but patients with an ileostomy weighed on average 4·1 kg less than the controls.6. These studies show that patients with an ileostomy come within the range of the normal population for most nutritional indices although are at increased risk of salt depletion. Effluent volume, which is probably the determining factor in most metabolic complications of ileostomy, is related more to the extent of the small bowel resection than to diet.
Early life undernutrition in rats
Authors: Bedi K. S. , Birzgalis A. R. , Mahon M. , Smart J. L. , Wareham A. C. 
Published: May 2005

1. Male rats were undernourished either during the geslational and suckling periods or for a period of time immediately following weaning. Some rats were killed at the end of the period of undernutrition; others were nutritionally rehabilitated for lengthy periods of time before examination. Two muscles, the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus (SOL) were studied from each rat. Histochemically-stained transverse sections of these muscles were used to determine total number of fibres, the fibre cross-sectional areas and the relative frequency of the various fibre types.2. All rats killed immediately following undernutrition showed significant deficit sin body-weight, muscle weight and fibre cross-sectional area compared to age-matched controls.3. Animals undernourished during gestation and suckling and then fed normally for 5 months showed persistent and significant deficits in body-weight, muscle weight and total fibre number. There were also significant deficits in mean fibre cross-sectional area of each fibre type except for red fibres in the EDL. No difference in the volume proportion of connective tissue was found.4. Rats undernourished after weaning and then fed ad lib. for approximately 7 months had normal body-and muscle weights. Their muscles showed no significant differences in total fibre number, relative frequency of the various fibre types, fibre size or volume proportion of connective lissue.5. These results indicate that, although the effects on rat skeletal muscle of a period of undernutrition after weaning can be rectified, undernutrition before weaning causes lasting deficits.
Early life undernutrition in rats
Authors: Wareham A. C. , Mahon M. , Bedi K.S , Smart J. L. 
Published: May 2005

1. The contractile properties of soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles from animals at 12 months of age whose mothers had been undernourished during pregnancy and lactation (PU rats) have been compared with those of muscles from age-matched controls.2. Body-weight and muscle wet weight of PU rats was significantly reduced. Muscle: body-weight values were, however, no different from controls.3. No significant alterations in whole muscle speeds of contraction or relaxation could be delected when compared with those of age-matched controls.4. Twitch and tetanic forces of both SOL and EDL were greater per unit weight of muscle in PU rats. Apart from SOL twitch these differences were significant. The tetanus:twitch values were, however, not different.
Effects of feeding a palatable ‘cafeteria’ diet on energy balance in young and adult lean (+/?) Zucker rats
Authors: Rothwell Nancy J. , Stock Michael J. 
Published: May 2005

1. The effects of feeding a palatable and varied ‘cafeteria’ diet on energy balance were studied in young (5·5 week) and adult (5·5 month) lean male Zucker (+/?) rats.2. Estimates of metabolizable energy (ME) intake derived from food composition tables were almost identical to values obtained from bomb calorimetry of foods, urine and faeces, and ME intake was elevated by approximately 73% in all ‘cafeteria’ animals compared to stock-fed controls.3. ‘Cafeteria’ feeding had no effect on the body-weight of young rats but induced excess weight gains in the older animals and resulted in increased deposition of fat and energy in both groups. Energy expenditure, calculated from ME intake and body-energy gain, was elevated by 77 and 57% in young and adult cafeteria rats respectively. The energy cost of fat deposition could account for only a small proportion of this increased expenditure.4. The present results confirm previous findings in another strain of rat and show that the increased energy expenditure (i.e. diet-induced thermogenesis, DIT) which occurs in response to hyperphagia is not restricted to young animals but is also seen in older rats. Measurements of resting oxygen consumption after injections of noradrenaline or a β-adrenergic antagonist (propranolol), and changes in brown adipose tissue mass are consistent with the suggestion that the DIT of ‘cafeteria’-fed rats results from sympathetic activation of brown fat.
The distribution of ascorbic acid between various cellular components of blood, in normal individuals, and its relation to the plasma concentration
Authors: Evans Richard M. , Currie Lilias , Campbell Allan 
Published: May 2005

1. A study was undertaken to investigate the distribution of ascorbic acid between various cellular components of blood, in normal individuals, and its relation to the plasma concentration. Forty-one unsupplemented individuals and sixteen supplemented (2 g/d for 5 d) individuals were studied.2. Granulocytes, mononuclear leucocytes, platelets and erythrocytes were separated by differential sedimentation and centrifugation. Ascorbic acid contents were measured by the dinitrophenylhydrazine method.3. Ascorbic acid content per cel was higher in mononuclear leucocytes and granulocytes than in platelets and erythrocytes. Intracellular ascorbic acid concentrations, calculated from published values for cell volumes, when compared with the plasma concentration showed a marked ability to concentrate ascorbic acid in mononuclear leucocytes (80 times), platelets (40 times) and granulocytes (25 times).4. Erythrocytes showed little ability to concentrate ascorbic acid over the normal range of plasma concentration but because of their relative numbers they and the plasma fraction accounted for most of the blood-borne ascorbic acid (> 70%).5. The ascorbic acid content of granulocytes, platelets and erylhrocytes showed a significant positive correlation with the plasma concentration and supplementation with ascorbic acid significantly increased the content of these cell types. Mononuclear leucocytes in contrast did not show any such relationship.6. The ability of the mononuclear leucocytes to maintain the highest levels of ascorbic acid in the cell types studied, despite variation in plasma availability, warrants further study, particularly in view of the importance of these cells in immunocompetence.
High-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol in protein–energy malnutrition
Authors: Taylor G. Oladunni , Agbedana E. O. , Johnson A. O. K. 
Published: May 2005

1. Plasma total cholesterol, high-density-lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol total protein, albumin and globulin levels were estimated in blood samples from thirty children with kwashiorkor, thirty-five with marasmus, twenty-eight with marasmic-kwashiorkor and twenty-seven control children.2. HDL-cholesterol was estimated after the very-low-density and low-density lipoproteins were precipitated from the plasma with heparin and manganese chloride.3. The distribution of HDL-cholesterol in the control and in the children with PEM was skewed and the range of values was wide. The values were independent of age and sex.4. After logarithmic transformation of the HDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol: total cholesterol values, the geometric mean values for the three groups of children with PEM were significantly decreased when compared with values for the control children.5. The decrease in the mean HDL-cholesterol value for the children with kwashiorkor was more than for children with marasmus and marasmic-kwashiorkor.
Effect of experimental folate deficiency on lipid metabolism in liver and brain
Authors: Åkesson B. , Fehling C. , Jägerstad M. , Stenram U. 
Published: May 2005

1. Rats were given a purified folate-deficient diet containing 5 g succinylsulphathiazole/kg for 4–5 months in two experiments. Control rats were supplemented with folic acid in the drinking-water.2. Weight gain was much below normal in the folate-deprived rats after the first month. Very low folate levels were recorded in blood, liver and peripheral nerve (12–33% of control). In Ihe central nervous system, including the cerebrospinal fluid, the folate depletion was less conspicuous (50–80% of control). Only marginal signs of anaemia were found and no signs of neurological dysfunction were detected, using nerve conduction velocity measurement and co-ordination tests.3. Light and electron microscopy of the folate deficient liver revealed fatty infiltration, and enlargement of liver parenchymal cells, nuclei and nucleoli. There was often a considerable amount of bile ductular cells in the lobuli but no cirrhosis. The morphological changes resembled those observed in choline deficiency.4. Phospholipid N-methylation in liver was depressed in folate deficiency. This was probably due to a decreased availability of S-adenosylmethionine caused by the low concentrations of methylated folate in liver. Intraperitoneal administration of methionine did not normalize phospholipid methylation.5. In folate deficiency the proportion of ethanolamine phosphoglyceride in liver was increased at the expense of choline phosphoglyceride, which is consistent with a decreased phospholipid methylation. Also an increase in liver triacylglycerol was noted, in accordance with the morphological observations. Brain lipid composition was unchanged.6. After the injection of labelled ethanolamine, isotope accumulated in liver phosphoethanolamine in folate deficiency, probably due to an impairment of the CTP: ethanolaminephosphate cytidylyltransferase(EC2.7.7.14) reaction. The mechanism of this impairment is discussed.7. Although the low concentrations of folate was the main nutritional change in the deprived animals, changes with respect to vitamin B12and maybe also choline cannot be excluded. We conclude that some of the changes in folate deficiency, i.e. fatty liver and decreased biosynthesis of liver phospholipids may be due to a precipitated deficiency of lipotropic agents, whereas other differences may be specific for deficiency of folateper se, such as changes in liver phospholipid fatty acids and some of the morphological aberrations.
Intragastric infusion of nutrients in cattle
Authors: MacLeod N. A. , Corrigall W. , Stirton R. A. , Ørskov E. R. 
Published: May 2005

1. A method of continuous alimentation of cattle by total infusion of nutrients has been developed. Friesian steers within the weight range 100–400 kg live weight and dairy cows were used.2. A multi-channel peristaltic pump was used to infuse solutions of volatile fatty acids (VFA), minerals, and buffer through a cannula in the rumen and a case in–vitamin solution into the abomasum.3. The method described was successfully used with two cows and four steers in a series of trials over intervals of approximately 2 months. The levels of infusion were up to twice maintenance and with various relative proportions of VFA and protein. Blood metabolite levels, rumen osmotic pressure and pH were monitored and effectively controlled.
Properties of a novel series of inhibitors of rumen methanogenesis; in vitro and in vivo experiments including growth trials on 2,4-bis (trichloromethyl)-benzo [1, 3]dioxin-6-carboxylic acid
Authors: Davies A. , Nwaonu H. N. , Stanier G. , Boyle F. T. 
Published: May 2005

1. A procedure for measuring methane production by rumen contents incubated anaerobically in vitro is described. Assessments of methane production in vivo, in both sheep and cattle, were made by withdrawal of rumen contents and measuring their capacity to produce methane in vitro.2. Many members of a series of 6-substituted 2,4-bis (trichloromethyl)-benzo[1,3]dioxins were potent inhibitors of methanogenesis by rumen contents in vitro. The most potent compound inhibited methane production by 70% or more at a concentration of 1 μg/ml (approximately 2.5 μmol/l).3. Two compounds, namely the 6-carboxylic acid (IC1 13409) and the 6-carboxamide (ICI 43586), caused a large inhibition of methanogenesis sustained for many hours, following a single intrarumen injection in sheep or cattle. Inhibition was maintained for long periods by single daily dosing directly into the rumen or by dietary administration.4. In a 28-week growth trial in beef cattle inclusion of ICI 13409 in the concentrate element of the diet, at a level of 6 mg/kg body-weight, improved live-weight gam by 8·0% (P< 0·05) with respect to untreated animals whilst reducing food intake by 5·0% (P< 0·05). Smaller and not statistically-significant effects were seen with this compound at 3 mg/kg body-weight and with the antibiotic monensin(Romensin; ElancoPLC). All treatments significantly improved the retention of dietary energy into the carcass, offal and intestinal tracts of the trial animals and significantly reduced the quantity of methane eructed into expired gases.