bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stratigraphy and timing of eolianite deposition on Rottnest Island, Western Australia
Authors: Hearty Paul J. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractOver 100 whole-rock amino acid racemization (AAR) ratios from outcrops around Rottnest Island (32.0° S Latitude near Perth) indicate distinct pulses of eolian deposition during the late Quaternary. Whole-rock d-alloisoleucine/l-isoleucine (A/I) ratios from bioclastic carbonate deposits fall into three distinct modal classes or “aminozones.” The oldest, Aminozone E, averages 0.33 ± 0.04 (n= 21). Red palaeosol and thick calcrete generally cap the Aminozone E deposits. A younger Aminozone C averages 0.22 ± 0.03 (n= 63); comprising two submodes at 0.26 ± 0.01 (n= 14) and 0.21 ± 0.02 (n= 49). Multiple dune sets of this interval are interrupted by relatively weak, brown to tan “protosols.” A dense, dark brown rendzina palaeosol caps the Aminozone C succession. Ratios from Holocene dune and marine deposits (“Aminozone A”) center on 0.11 ± 0.02 (n= 15), comprising submodes of 0.13 ± 0.01 (9) and 0.09 ± 0.01 (6). Calibration ofA/Iaverages from Aminozones E and A are provided by U/Th and14C radiometric ages of 125,000 yr (marine oxygen isotope stage (MIS) 5e and 2000–600014C yr B.P. (MIS 1), respectively. The whole-rock A/I results support periodic deposition initiated during MIS 5e, continuing through MIS 5c, and then peaking at the end of MIS 5a, about 70,000–80,000 yr ago. Oceanographic evidence indicates the area was subjected to much colder conditions during MIS 2–4 (10,000 to 70,000 yr ago), greatly slowing the epimerization rate. Eolianite deposition resumed in the mid Holocene (∼6000 yr ago) up to the present. The A/I epimerization pathway constructed from Rottnest Island shows remarkable similarity to that of Bermuda in the North Atlantic (32° N Latitude). These findings suggest that, like Bermuda, the eolian activity on Rottnest occurred primarily during or shortly after interglacial highstands when the shoreline was near the present datum, rather than during glacial lowstands when the coastline was positioned 10–20 km to the west.
Parent–child interaction and children's depression: the relationships between Parent–Child interaction and children's depressive symptoms in Taiwan
Authors: Liu Yih‐Lan 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThis study examines how perceptions of parenting and family messages are associated with the depressive symptoms of early adolescents (N=454, boys=224; girls=210; age,M=12,s.d.=1.01) from East Taiwan. Results show that higher levels of parental care and low levels of parental indifference were associated with lower depression scores. Moreover, perceptions of positive messages regarding children themselves, their world, and their future were found to negatively associate with depression, whereas negative messages had an opposite effect. Basically, girls’ depressive symptoms were more related to maternal messages, and boys’ were more related to paternal messages.
The social distribution of explanations of health and illness among adolescents in São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: De Moura Sérgio Luiz , Harpham Trudy , Lyons Michal 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe present paper reports on a study, which investigated explanations of health and illness among adolescents from three socio‐economic backgrounds in São Paulo, Brazil. Interviews and group discussions were used to elicit definitions of health and illness, explanations of illness causality and prevention and maintenance of health among 31 deprived adolescents with recent experience of living on the streets, 20 adolescents from poor families and 20 adolescents from privileged families. The findings showed that adolescents from different socio‐economic conditions draw upon similar explanatory models to make sense of health and illness. There were also clear distinctions between the groups. Health and illness were presented as being dependent upon multiple factors such as resistance of the body and socio‐economic status among privileged adolescents. In contrast, the explanations offered by deprived and poor adolescents for both health and illness rested on behaviour or exposure to environmental hazards. Moreover, drugs, sexually transmitted diseases and faith in God were prominent features of the accounts from deprived adolescents. The findings suggest a need for health professionals to be sensitive to people's perspectives of health and illness and their link to socio‐economic conditions. To emphasize individuals’ behaviour in the provision of health‐related information among deprived adolescents might be counter productive and reinforce victim blaming.
The relationship between religiosity and adjustment among African‐American, female, urban adolescents
Authors: Ball Joanna , Armistead Lisa , Austin Barbara‐jeanne 
Published: July 2003

AbstractAfrican‐American female adolescents living in urban environments are at risk for adverse adjustment outcomes, and thus it is imperative to identify protective factors. Religion has been found to be a significant protective resource against many types of maladaptive adjustment outcomes among adolescent samples. The present study accomplishes the following: (1) Provides a description of religiosity in a sample of African‐American female teens; (2) examines religion as a resource for these adolescents by focusing on the association between religiosity and sexual activity, self‐esteem, and general psychological functioning. Four‐hundred ninety‐two African‐American females, ages 12–19, completed measures on religiosity, sexual activity, self‐esteem, and psychological functioning. Most of the adolescents identified as Christian, reported a belief in God, and attended religious services. Greater overall religiosity was associated with greater self‐esteem and better psychological functioning. Adolescents at different levels of self‐religiosity, as well as family religiosity, evidenced significantly different self‐esteem but not psychological distress or sexual activity. Adolescents with varying levels of church attendance demonstrated differences on all three outcomes. By identifying the ways in which religion may exert a positive impact on African‐American female teens, mental health professionals can design interventions that have the potential to help improve the quality of life for these adolescents.
Kinematics of the knee at high flexion angles: An in vitro investigation
Authors: Li Guoan , Zayontz Shay , DeFrate Louis E. , Most Ephrat , Suggs Jeremy F. , Rubash Harry E. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractRestoration of knee function after total knee, meniscus, or cruciate ligament surgery requires an understanding of knee behavior throughout the entire range of knee motion. However, little data are available regarding knee kinematics and kinetics at flexion angles greater than 120° (high flexion). In this study, 13° cadaveric human knee specimens were tested using an in vitro robotic experimental setup. Tibial anteroposterior translation and internal–external rotation were measured along the passive path and under simulated muscle loading from full extension to 150° of flexion. Anterior tibial translation was observed in the unloaded passive path throughout, with a peak of 31.2 ± 13.2 mm at 150°. Internal tibial rotation increased with flexion to 150° on the passive path to a maximum of 11.1 ± 6.7°. The simulated muscle loads affected tibial translation and rotation between full extension and 120° of knee flexion. Interestingly, at high flexion, the application of muscle loads had little effect on tibial translation and rotation when compared to values at 120°. The kinematic behavior of the knee at 150° was markedly different from that measured at other flexion angles. Muscle loads appear to play a minimal role in influencing tibial translation and rotation at maximal flexion. The results imply that the knee is highly constrained at high flexion, which could be due in part to compression of the posterior soft tissues (posterior capsule, menisci, muscle, fat, and skin) between the tibia and the femur. © 2003 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Behaviour of the southern sea lion (Otaria flavescens) and consumption of the catch during purse-seining for jack mackerel (Trachurus symmetricus) off central Chile
Authors: Hückstädt L.A , Antezana T 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe fishery for jack mackerel (Trachurus symmetricus) off central Chile competes for the resource with southern sea lions (Otaria flavescens), and during purse-seining makes the fish more accessible to the pinnipeds. Interactions with sea lions were recorded during 31 purse-seine sets off central Chile during October 1999. The sea lion behaviour associated with the fishing operations was distinctive. Feeding, movement, predator avoidance, and resting displays were identified. The sea lions approached the purse-seiner as soon as net-setting began. The number of sea lions per set (0–50) was seemingly unaffected by school size of jack mackerel, number of purse-seiners on the fishing ground, whether fishing was by night or by day, the presence of killer whales, or the species being targeted. However, the number of sea lions at a purse-seine differed significantly between fishing grounds. Other effects of fishing operations on O. flavescens included incidental mortality and capture. The amount of fish consumed by the sea lions at a set was as much as 0.4% of the catch. The results of the interaction are documented and discussed in the light of likely interaction with the whole sea lion population, as well as the impact of the interaction on the fishery.
The influence of ontogeny, physiology, and behaviour on the target strength of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma)
Authors: Horne John K 
Published: July 2003

Abstract
Variability in echo intensities from aquatic organisms is caused by physical factors associated with the transmission of sound through water, and by biological factors associated with the ontogeny, physiology, and behaviour of targets. Acoustic-based density estimates depend on accurately characterizing reflected or backscattered sound from any species of interest. Digitized lateral and dorsal radiographs of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) were used to characterize intra-specific variability among young-of-the-year, juvenile, and adult life-history stages. Kirchhoff-ray mode (KRM) models were used to quantify variability in backscatter intensities at 38 and 120 kHz. At these geometric scattering frequencies, swimbladder surface areas influence echo intensities. Dorsal swimbladder surface areas were proportionate to fish lengths and decreased after fish were fed. Corresponding changes in backscatter were not proportionate to the reduction in dorsal surface area. The ratio of dorsal to lateral swimbladder surface areas was consistent among gravid and non-gravid fish. Walleye pollock tilt angles were centred at 90° and did not differ among densities or between light and dark cycles. Target strength–length regressions and KRM-predicted backscatter models closely matched in situ target-strength measurements for walleye pollock in the Bering Sea. Backscatter variability can be minimized through judicious deployment of equipment and equipment-parameter settings, but the relative influence of biological factors on backscatter amplitude has not been determined.
Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical analysis of proteoglycans in mouse pubic symphysis
Authors: Pinheiro Mônica C. , Joazeiro Paulo P. , Mora Oswaldo A. , Toledo Olga M.S. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractProteoglycans were accurately localized in mouse pubic symphyseal tissues using the cuprolinic blue method. Specific glycosaminoglycans degradative enzymes, together with chondroitin sulfate and decorin antibodies, allowed the identification of glycosaminoglycans.Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans were the main proteoglycans observed in hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, and dense connective tissue. Ultrastructurally, they were seen as electron‐dense granules and filaments. The granules, rich in chondroitin sulfate chains, were exclusively found in hyaline cartilage, whereas filaments were present in cartilage, fibrocartilage, and dense connective tissue. The latter were classified by size and susceptibility to enzyme digestion into F1, F2 and F3 filaments: F1 filaments were small, thin, and collagen fibril‐associated; F2 filaments were thick, heavily stained, and localized around individual collagen fibrils and between bundles of collagen fibrils; and F3 filaments were scattered throughout elastic fiber surfaces. Considering their localization, susceptibility to chondroitinase AC and immunohistochemical detection, the symphysial F1 filaments were found to be preferentially decorin substituted with chondroitin sulfate side chains. The F2 filaments were also susceptible to chondroitinase AC treatment, whereas F3 filaments could be digested by heparitinase.The data thus obtained on the localization and identification of pubic symphyseal proteoglycans in virgin mice may be useful in the study of structural modifications that occur throughout pregnancy.
Structural requirements for lysosomal targeting of the prosaposin precursor protein
Authors: Ham Daniela 
Published: July 2003

AbstractAlthough the Man‐6‐P‐independent lysosomal sorting of prosaposin, a precursor of four saposins (A, B, C, and D) is not understood, a protein/lipid interaction is considered. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed that each single saposin linked to the C‐terminus of prosaposin and to secretory albumin, drives the chimeric protein to lysosomes in COS‐7 cells. Quantitative image analysis demonstrated that saposins are targeted with different efficiency (P<0.05) and in a less smooth manner than the precursor. Despite a very close homology, the charge distribution at the surface of 3D comparative models between saposins appeared different. Western blotting monitored prosaposin in cells also as a di‐ or trimeric form, whereas the chimeric saposins as monomeric. This implies that each amphipathic saposin‐like motif may be a part of the overall structural requirements for binding of the precursor to the membrane lipids of transport vesicle. The crystal structure of saposin B demonstrating two dimeric units for lipid binding supports current findings.
Hepatitis C and pregnancy: An update
Authors: Giles Michelle , Hellard Margaret , Sasadeusz Joe 
Published: July 2003

AbstractHepatitis C is a slowly progressive disease with significant long‐term sequelae including cirrhosis, liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma. Many women of childbearing years are infected with this virus and are at risk of transmitting it to their offspring. Despite this, there are many unanswered questions about hepatitis C and pregnancy including who to screen, the risk factors associated with infection, how these women should be managed during pregnancy and the options available to them after delivery.
Revised key messages for hormone replacement therapy from the New Zealand Guidelines Group
Authors: Roberts Helen , Lethaby Anne 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe publication of the Women's Health Initiative Study in 2002 has led to changes in the advice for women considering hormone replacement therapy (HRT) use. Along with other organisations worldwide, the New Zealand Guidelines Group (NZGG) revised their key messages for the appropriate prescribing of HRT. Long‐term HRT use was not recommended, nor was the use of HRT for the prevention of coronary heart disease and stroke. While acknowledging the effectiveness of HRT for relief of menopausal symptoms, the group felt that women needed to be informed of the potential risks. Methodological criticisms of Women's Health Initiative (WHI) are discussed along with suggestions of how the study findings may be used for individual decision‐making. In addition to presenting the new advice from the NZGG, the present paper compares these findings with other international bodies and seeks to present some consensus that may help decision‐making for women who are symptomatic at menopause.
Clinical aspects of gestational trophoblastic disease: A review based partly on 25‐year experience of a statewide registry
Authors: Khoo Soo‐Keat 
Published: July 2003

AbstractBackground:  Gestational trophoblastic disease is a fascinating group of pregnancy disorders characterised by abnormal proliferation of trophoblast, ranging from benign to malignant. Because the disease is uncommon, there is a need to formulate management with the assistance of collective information.Methodology:  A review of available information from English written literature was undertaken, especially data reported by registries around the world (Charing Cross Hospital in England, the North‐western University and the New England area in the USA as well as our own experience in Queensland, Australia). Where possible, collated data from relevant studies were analysed to answer some of the questions posed in clinical practice, with reference to metastatic disease to liver and brain, twinning of molar gestation and coexisting fetus, and placental‐site tumour.Results:  We found that molar gestation can be classified according to its clinical presentation which influences the time taken to reach human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) ‘negativity’ and the risk of persisting disease. Categorisation of risk is the basis for choice of chemotherapy to achieve good outcomes. Metastases to liver and brain remain problems in management; the development of ‘new’ metastases during chemotherapy is a very poor prognostic factor. In the variant of twinning with molar gestation and coexisting fetus, it is important to elucidate the fetal karyotype in planning management: a 69XXX fetus is not salvageable but a normal 46XX or 46XY fetus faces the prospect of early preterm delivery. The placental‐site tumour is very rare; localised disease is curable by surgery; chemotherapy is less effective in disseminated disease. From collated worldwide data, the recurrence rate after one mole is 1.3% and after two or more is 20%. Reproductive outcome in subsequent pregnancies, even after multidrug chemotherapy, is not different from the general population. Because of the increased risk long‐term of second tumours after multidrug chemotherapy a closer surveillance of these patients is necessary.Conclusion:  In general, the disease in its persisting or malignant form is ‘a cancer model par excellence’ because of an identifiable precursor condition, a reliable HCG marker, and sensitivity of the disease to cytotoxic drugs. With current management, retention of fertility is possible and normal reproductive outcome assured.
Utilization of long‐chain fatty acids in human skeletal muscle during exercise
Authors: Kiens B. , Roepstorff C. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractLong‐chain fatty acids (LCFA) are important sources of energy in contracting skeletal muscle: during the course of endurance exercise the contribution of LCFA in energy metabolism increases whereas when the intensity of exercise increases, the energy need is covered more and more by carbohydrates. Although this has been known for nearly 100 years, the mechanisms controlling fatty acid uptake and oxidation during various exercise modes are still not completely elucidated. Besides passive diffusion, data suggest that both membrane‐associated and cytosolic fatty acid binding proteins are involved in the uptake of LCFA into skeletal muscle. However, data from human studies suggest that the regulation of fatty acid utilization in skeletal muscle during exercise lies mainly within the entrance into the mitochondria or metabolism within the mitochondria. Although possible compartmentalization within the cell makes definitive conclusions difficult, available evidence suggests that changes in malonyl CoA concentration in muscle do not play a major regulatory role in controlling LCFA oxidation during exercise in man. In contrast, it is suggested that the availability of free carnitine may play a major regulatory role in oxidation of LCFA during exercise.
Plasmalemmal fatty acid transport is regulated in heart and skeletal muscle by contraction, insulin and leptin, and in obesity and diabetes
Authors: Bonen A. , Benton C. R. , Campbell S. E. , Chabowski A. , Clarke D. C. , Han X.‐X. , Glatz J. F. C. , Luiken J. J. F. P. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractIt has been assumed that the uptake of long chain fatty acids (LCFAs) into skeletal muscle and the heart muscle, as well as other tissues, occurred via passive diffusion. In recent years our work has shown that the LCFA uptake into skeletal muscle is a highly regulated process. The use of giant sarcolemmal vesicles obtained from skeletal muscle and heart has been used to demonstrate that LCFA uptake into these tissues occurs via a protein‐mediated mechanism involving the 40 kDa plasma membrane associated fatty acid binding protein (FABPpm) and the 88 kDa fatty acid translocase, the homologue of human CD36 (FAT/CD36). Both are ubiquitously expressed proteins and correlate with LCFA uptake into heart and muscle, consistent with the known differences in LCFA metabolism in these tissues. It has recently been found that FAT/CD36 is present in an intracellular (endosomal) compartment from which it can be translocated to the plasma membrane within minutes by muscle contraction and by insulin, to stimulate LCFA uptake. In rodent models of obesity and type 1 diabetes LCFA uptake into heart and muscle is also increased, either by permanently relocating FAT/CD36 to the plasma membrane without altering its expression (obesity) or by increasing the expression of both FAT/CD36 and FABPpm (type 1 diabetes). Chronic leptin treatment decreases LCFA transporters and transport in muscle. Clearly, recent evidence has established that LCFA uptake into heart and muscle is regulated acutely and chronically.
The role of uncoupling proteins in the regulation of metabolism
Authors: Erlanson‐Albertsson C. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractInvestigations of variations in metabolic efficiency and thermogenesis have a short and turbulent history. In small animals, non‐shivering thermogenesis and diet‐induced thermogenesis have a great impact on overall body weight, and the question is whether mechanisms to waste energy have evolved also in human energy metabolism. The candidate molecules for this adaptive thermogenesis are the uncoupling proteins. This is a newly discovered family of proteins, consisting of at least five proteins, namely UCP1, UCP2, UCP3, UCP4 and UCP5. Although a role for UCP1 in thermogenesis is unequivocal, the physiological function of the newer uncoupling proteins is as yet unclear. UCP1 is present in brown adipose tissue and has a well‐documented role in cold‐induced thermogenesis. The targeted disruption of the UCP1‐gene rendered animals that were cold sensitive, but not obese. UCP2 mRNA has a ubiquitous distribution in tissue, namely, in skeletal muscle, white and brown adipose tissue, the gastro‐intestinal tract, the lung and the spleen. By targeting the UCP2‐gene there was no effect on whole body energy metabolism, but instead, a reduced ability to protect against free‐radical oxygen species. UCP2 has also been shown to act as a negative regulator for insulin secretion. UCP3 is present in skeletal muscle. Targeted disruption of the UCP3‐gene gave no effect on whole body energy metabolism, but showed the mitochondria in muscle to be more coupled. In conclusion, the uncoupling proteins may be important in various specific ways, as protectors of free radical oxygen species and as regulators of ATP‐dependent processes.