bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insertional Polymorphism and Antiquity ofPDR1Retrotransposon Insertions in Pisum Species
Authors: Jing Runchun , Knox Maggie R , Lee Jennifer M , Vershinin Alexander V , Ambrose Michael , Ellis T H Noel , Flavell Andrew J 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSequences flanking 73 insertions of the retrotransposon PDR1 have been characterized, together with an additional 270 flanking regions from one side alone, from a diverse collection of Pisum germ plasm. Most of the identified flanking sequences are repetitious DNAs but more than expected (7%) lie within nuclear gene protein-coding regions. The approximate age of 52 of the PDR1 insertions has been determined by measuring sequence divergence among LTR pairs. These data show that PDR1 transpositions occurred within the last 5 MY, with a peak at 1–2.5 MYA. The insertional polymorphism of 68 insertions has been assessed across 47 selected Pisum accessions, representing the diversity of the genus. None of the insertions are fixed, showing that PDR1 insertions can persist in a polymorphic state for millions of years in Pisum. The insertional polymorphism data have been compared with the age estimations to ask what rules control the proliferation of PDR1 insertions in Pisum. Relatively recent insertions (&lt; ∼1.5MYA) tend to be found in small subsets of the Pisum accessions set, “middle-aged” insertions (between ∼1.5 and 2.5 MYA) vary greatly in their occurrence, and older insertions (&gt; ∼2.5 MYA) are mostly found in small subsets of Pisum. Finally, the average age estimate for PDR1 insertions, together with an existing data set for PDR1 retrotransposon SSAP markers, has been used to derive an estimate of the effective population size for Pisum of ∼7.5 × 105.
Genetic Evidence That Drosophila frizzled Controls Planar Cell Polarity and Armadillo Signaling by a Common Mechanism
Authors: Povelones Michael , Howes Rob , Fish Matt , Nusse Roel 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The frizzled (fz) gene in Drosophila controls two distinct signaling pathways: it directs the planar cell polarization (PCP) of epithelia and it regulates cell fate decisions through Armadillo (Arm) by acting as a receptor for the Wnt protein Wingless (Wg). With the exception of dishevelled (dsh), the genes functioning in these two pathways are distinct. We have taken a genetic approach, based on a series of new and existing fz alleles, for identifying individual amino acids required for PCP or Arm signaling. For each allele, we have attempted to quantify the strength of signaling by phenotypic measurements. For PCP signaling, the defect was measured by counting the number of cells secreting multiple hairs in the wing. We then examined each allele for its ability to participate in Arm signaling by the rescue of fz mutant embryos with maternally provided fz function. For both PCP and Arm signaling we observed a broad range of phenotypes, but for every allele there is a strong correlation between its phenotypic strength in each pathway. Therefore, even though the PCP and Arm signaling pathways are genetically distinct, the set of signaling-defective fz alleles affected both pathways to a similar extent. This suggests that fz controls these two different signaling activities by a common mechanism. In addition, this screen yielded a set of missense mutations that identify amino acids specifically required for fz signaling function.
Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) Isogenic Recombinant Analysis: A Method for High-Resolution Mapping of QTL Within a Single Population
Authors: Peleman Johan D , Wye Crispin , Zethof Jan , Sørensen Anker P , Verbakel Henk , van Oeveren Jan , Gerats Tom , van der Voort Jeroen Rouppe 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
In the quest for fine mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL) at a subcentimorgan scale, several methods that involve the construction of inbred lines and the generation of large progenies of such inbred lines have been developed (Complex Trait Consortium 2003). Here we present an alternative method that significantly speeds up QTL fine mapping by using one segregating population. As a first step, a rough mapping analysis is performed on a small part of the population. Once the QTL have been mapped to a chromosomal interval by standard procedures, a large population of 1000 plants or more is analyzed with markers flanking the defined QTL to select QTL isogenic recombinants (QIRs). QIRs bear a recombination event in the QTL interval of interest, while other QTL have the same homozygous genotype. Only these QIRs are subsequently phenotyped to fine map the QTL. By focusing at an early stage on the informative individuals in the population only, the efforts in population genotyping and phenotyping are significantly reduced as compared to prior methods. The principles of this approach are demonstrated by fine mapping an erucic acid QTL of rapeseed at a subcentimorgan scale.
Acidic Groundwater Discharge and in Situ Egg Survival in Redds of Lake‐Spawning Brook Trout
Authors: Warren Dana R. , Sebestyen Stephen D. , Josephson Daniel C. , Lepak Jesse M. , Kraft Clifford E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSpawning of brook troutSalvelinus fontinalisin lakes occurs over areas of groundwater discharge. The rate and chemistry of groundwater discharge influence brook trout egg survival and reproductive success. While most studies have reported that groundwater discharge in brook trout redds is buffered relative to the surrounding lake water, we documented brook trout spawning over an area of acidic groundwater discharge (pH as low as 4.7) in a lake with circumneutral surface waters (pH > 6.1). A follow‐up experiment that assessed in situ egg survival indicated 0% survival in redds with either low‐pH groundwater or adequate groundwater pH but low groundwater discharge. More than 80% of eggs survived in a reference lake with well‐buffered groundwater and adequate discharge rates. These results suggest that both low pH and low groundwater flow rates may contribute to brook trout egg mortality. Low‐pH groundwater may be a factor to consider in brook trout restoration efforts, especially in lakes where whole‐lake liming has been unsuccessful in reestablishing wild brook trout populations.
Soil Properties Affecting Wheat Yields following Drilling‐Fluid Application
Authors: Bauder T. A. , Barbarick K. A. , Ippolito J. A. , Shanahan J. F. , Ayers P. D. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTOil and gas drilling operations use drilling fluids (mud) to lubricate the drill bit and stem, transport formation cuttings to the surface, and seal off porous geologic formations. Following completion of the well, waste drilling fluid is often applied to cropland. We studied potential changes in soil compaction as indicated by cone penetration resistance, pH, electrical conductivity (ECe), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), extractable soil and total straw and grain trace metal and nutrient concentrations, and winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL. ‘TAM 107’) grain yield following water‐based, bentonitic drilling‐fluid application (0–94 Mg ha−1) to field test plots. Three methods of application (normal, splash‐plate, and spreader‐bar) were used to study compaction effects. We measured increasing SAR, ECe, and pH with drilling‐fluid rates, but not to levels detrimental to crop production. Field measurements revealed significantly higher compaction within areas affected by truck travel, but also not enough to affect crop yield. In three of four site years, neither drilling‐fluid rate nor application method affected grain yield. Extractions representing plant availability and plant analyses results indicated that drilling fluid did not significantly increase most trace elements or nutrient concentrations. These results support land application of water‐based bentonitic drilling fluids as an acceptable practice on well‐drained soils using controlled rates.
Orientated crystallization in discontinuous aramid fiber/isotactic polypropylene composites under shear flow conditions
Authors: Larin Boris , Marom Gad , Avila‐Orta Carlos A. , Somani Rajesh H. , Hsiao Benjamin S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMelt blends of short aramid fibers (AF) and isotactic polypropylene (iPP) are subjected to shear at 145°C and the structural evolution and final morphology are examined by in situ synchrotron X‐ray scattering/diffraction and high‐resolution scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The results indicate that the presence of short AFs significantly enhances the crystallization of iPP. It is argued that shear flow in this system exerts a twofold orientating action, namely, on the bulk iPP molecules and on the short AFs. The resultant crystalline morphology reflects the combined effects of crystallization on orientated iPP molecules to facilitate a shish kebab morphology and at the interface of the aligned fibers, to form transcrystallinity. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 1113–1118, 2005
Effect of temperature on the dispersion properties of polypropylene fibers
Authors: Belal A. E. , Hamza A. A. , Sokkar T. Z. N. , El‐Bakary M. A. , Yassien K. M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA Biolar PI polarizing interference microscope (a Pluta microscope) attached to a special hot stage was used to study the influence of temperature on the dispersion properties of polypropylene fibers with different deniers (6 D and 90 mm, 6 D and 150 mm, and 12 D and 150 mm) over the temperature range of 30–50°C. This study was carried out with a variable‐wavelength interferometry technique. Constant A of Cauchy's dispersion formula and the oscillation and dispersion energies for light vibrating parallel and perpendicularly to the fiber axis were determined at different temperatures. Microinterferograms are given for illustration. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 1135–1141, 2005
Synthesis and characterization of sulfonated poly(ethylene terephthalate)/montmorillonite nanocomposites
Authors: Li Yang , Ma Jinghong , Wang Yiming , Liang Borun 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSulfonated poly(ethylene terephthalate) (SPET)/montmorillonite nanocomposites were prepared by in situ intercalative polymerization. The microstructure, morphology, and properties of the nanocomposites were studied with wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. The results indicated that an increase in the SO3Na content improved the dispersion of organically modified montmorillonite in the SPET ionomer matrix, and the dispersed layered silicates in the SPET matrix acted as nucleating agents in SPET crystallization processes and improved the thermal stability of SPET. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 1150–1156, 2005
Synthesis and properties of polymer film modified electrodes to detect metal ions
Authors: Rivas Bernabé L. , Pooley S. Amalia , Brovelli Francisco , Pereira Eduardo , Basaez Luis , Osorio Felipe , Moutet Jean‐Claude , Saint–Aman Eric 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIn order to obtain modified polymeric electrodes, polymers were synthesized that are insoluble in water but soluble in common organic solvents and contain different functional groups that are able to coordinate metal ions from low concentrations. Poly(acrylic acid‐co‐styrene), poly(acrylamide‐co‐4‐vinyl pyridine), and poly(styrene‐co‐4‐vinyl pyridine) were synthesized by radical polymerization. The copolymers were characterized by FTIR, 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, scanning electron microscopy, and thermal analysis. The molecular weight and molecular weight distribution were determined by size exclusion chromatography. These complexing polymers were used in the preparation by spin coating of complexing chemically modified electrodes. The polymer film modified electrodes were then tested for the detection of metal ions using the chemical preconcentration and anodic stripping technique. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 1192–1197, 2005
Synthesis and characterization of poly(2‐ethylaniline)–poly(styrenesulfonic acid) and poly(o‐phenetidine)–poly(styrenesulfonic acid) complexes
Authors: Lin Der‐Shyu , Yang Sze‐Ming 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis research focuses on the synthesis of ethyl and ethoxy substituted polyaniline with poly(styrenesulfonic acid) comprising a poly(o‐phenetidine)–poly(styrenesulfonic acid) [P(OP)‐PSSA] and poly(2‐ethylaniline)–poly(styrenesulfonic acid) [P(2‐E)‐PSSA]. The complexes P(OP)‐PSSA and P(2‐E)‐PSSA were prepared by chemical polymerization of monomer (o‐phenetidine, 2‐ethylaniline) with PSSA using an oxidant of ammonium persulfate in 1M HCl solution; polyaniline (PANI), poly(2‐ethylaniline) (P2E), poly(o‐pheneditine) (POP), and polyaniline‐poly(styrenesulfonic acid) (PANI‐PSSA) also were prepared by chemical polymerization to be the reference samples. The products were characterized by IR, VIS, EPR, water solubility, elemental analysis, conductivity, SEM, and TEM. IR spectral studies shown that the structure of P(2‐E)‐PSSA and P(OP)‐PSSA complexes is similar to that of polyaniline. EPR and visible spectra indicate the formation of polarons. The morphology of the blend was investigated by measured SEM and TEM, indicating the conducting component and electrically conductive property of the polymer complexes. The pH value for deprotonation [pH ≥ 9.5 for P(2‐E)‐PSSA and pH ≥ 8.0 for P(OP)‐PSSA] are higher than that of corresponding HCl salts, indicating an intimate interaction between polymer chains. Elemental analysis results show that P(OP)‐PSSA has a nitrogen‐to‐sulfur ratio of ∼52%, larger than that for P(2‐E)‐PSSA, ∼41%. The conductivity of the complexes is around 10−2S/cm, and the solubility of P(2‐E)‐PSSA and P(OP)‐PSSA in water is 2.9 and 1.9 g/L, respectively. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 1198–1205, 2005
Separation of polyunsaturated fatty acids by selective inclusion in guanidinium‐1,5‐naphthalenedisulfonate‐2‐methoxyethanol host networks
Authors: Voogt Jason N. , Blanch Harvey W. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractHydrogen‐bonded networks composed of guanidinium (G) and 1,5‐naphthalenedisulfonate (NDS) have been developed for the selective inclusion and separation of fatty acid esters based on their degree of unsaturation. Porous crystalline networks have been synthesized and include fatty acid esters during crystallization from both methanol and 2‐methoxyethanol. Crystalline networks formed in methanol are selective for the inclusion of saturates in preference to polyunsaturated fatty acid methyl esters, but their applicability is limited by the competing inclusion of the solvent methanol. In 2‐methoxyethanol, a three‐component host structure is formed that provides 4.1 × 4.7 Å2 pores which are also selective for saturated fatty acid ester inclusion. These networks do not suffer from the competing inclusion of the solvent 2‐methoxyethanol as is the case with methanol, and thus complete removal of initial saturated fatty acid 2‐methoxyethyl esters is possible. Binary selectivity experiments on mixtures of the 2‐methoxyethyl esters of saturated stearic acid and the omega‐3 fatty acid α‐linolenic acid reveal that this three‐component network structure provides nearly complete resolution of these two guests in the crystal and filtrate fractions. Separation of the 2‐methoxyethyl esters of α‐linolenic acid from the monounsaturated oleic acid is also possible, although with decreased efficiency in comparison to removal of the saturated fatty acid ester. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The intelligence community and the war on terror: the role of behavioral science
Authors: Busch Kenneth G. , Weissman Sidney H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe United States intelligence community has been under intense scrutiny from both inside and outside in the aftermath of September 11. Post mortem assessments of intelligence breakdowns may judge the events as more predictable than was in fact the actual reality. In a troubled world, when threats to national security can materialize very quickly, the intelligence community must be able to effectively and swiftly develop and implement plans to prevent further terrorist attacks on the homeland. Numerous scenarios need to be considered for the management of crisis situations. Intelligence actions must make it more difficult for terrorists to strike at their targets. The war on terror must confront a new generation of enemies who threaten to attack the United States with weapons of mass destruction. This essay will focus on the role of behavioral science and how related reforms within the intelligence community could improve its capability to respond to a huge challenge. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Al‐Qaeda's operational evolution: behavioral and organizational perspectives
Authors: Borum Randy , Gelles Michael 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAl‐Qaeda is widely regarded by the military, law enforcement, diplomatic, and intelligence communities as being the foremost threat to U.S. national security and safety. The nature of this threat, however, has changed since al‐Qaeda first emerged in the late 1980s. This article describes the emergence of a new form of transnational terrorism and details al‐Qaeda's progression from being an organization to an ideological movement. Drawing on a theory of social movements, we analyze its trajectory and the levels of influence. We also offer a behavioral perspective in explaining how al‐Qaeda has adapted as a learning organization with new leadership, tactics, and patterns of recruitment and training. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Terrorism‐related risk management for health care facilities
Authors: Reid Daniel J. , Reid William H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractClinicians should have a basic understanding of the physical and financial risk to mental health facilities related to external threat, such as (but not necessarily limited to) terrorism. Patient care and accessibility to mental health services rest not only on clinical skills, but on a place to practice them and an organized system supported by staff, physical facilities and funding. Clinicians who have some familiarity with the non‐clinical requirements for care are in a position to support non‐clinical staff in preventing care from being interrupted by external threats or events such as terrorist activity, and/or serving at the interface of facility operations and direct clinical care. Readers should note that this article is an introduction to the topic and cannot address all local, state, and national standards for hospital safety, or insurance providers' individual facility requirements. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unique Nanoscale Morphologies Underpinning Organic Gel‐Phase Materials
Authors: Hirst Andrew R. , Smith David K. , Harrington John P. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis study investigates the self‐assembly of simple aliphatic diamines with a dendritic peptide. By controlling the molar ratio of this two‐component system, new nanoscale morphologies were generated. In the presence of relatively long aliphatic chains (C10, C12) a transition from nanoscale fibres to platelets was observed on changing the molar ratio, whereas, for shorter spacer chains (e.g., C9 and C8), interesting and unique morphological changes were observed by low voltage field emission gun scanning electron microscopy (SEM), with “nanosquares” or nanoscale “rosette” structures being formed. Remarkably, these discrete nanoscale structures were able to form sample‐spanning networks capable of supporting a gel‐phase material; whereas, most gels are usually based on fibrillar assemblies. In addition to SEM, the gels were characterised by using thermal measurements and circular dichroism spectroscopy. The length of the diamine spacer and the molar ratio of components controlled the self‐assembly process by modifying the spatial organisation of the dendritic head groups at the molecular level, which is transcribed into the aspect ratio of the self‐assembled state at the microscopic level. Ultimately, this led to diamine‐induced control of the macroscopic material's behaviour. When present in excess, the diamine controlled the observed nanoscale morphology as a consequence of undergoing a dendritically controlled nanocrystallisation process to form a network, an unusual and significant result.
Chemical Modification of the α‐Mannosidase Inhibitor Mannostain A: Synthesis of a Potent Inhibitor 1L‐(1,2,3,5/4)‐5‐Amino‐4‐O‐methyl‐1,2,3,4‐cyclopentanetetrol
Authors: Ogawa Seiichiro , Morikawa Takayuki 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDemethylthio‐, S‐demethyl‐, and S‐ethyl derivatives of the α‐mannosidase inhibitor, mannostasin A, were synthesized and evaluated for their inhibition of Jack bean α‐mannosidase with the prime objective of elucidating the role of the methylthio group. All methylthio derivatives had significantly lowered inhibitory potentials. However, one mannostatin A analogue with a methoxyl instead of the methylthio group exhibited about twofold enhancement of the activity. The structure and inhibitory activity relationships of mannostatin A and related compounds are discussed in light of our results. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Exact family‐based association tests for biallelic data
Authors: Schneiter Kady , Laird Nan , Corcoran Chris 
Published: August 2005

AbstractFamily‐based study designs have an important role in the search for association between disease phenotypes and genetic markers. Unlike traditional case‐control methods, family‐based tests use within‐family data to avoid identification of spurious associations that may result from population admixture. Many family‐based association tests have been proposed to accommodate a variety of ascertainment schemes and patterns of missing data. In this report, we describe exact family‐based association tests for biallelic data. Specifically, we discuss test of the null hypotheses “no linkage and no association” and “linkage, but no association”. These tests, which are valid under various models for inheritance and patterns of missingness, utilize the procedure proposed by Rabinowitz and Laird [2000: Hum Hered 50:211–223] that provides a unified framework for family based association testing (FBAT). The conditioning approach implemented in FBAT makes an exact test conceptually straightforward, but computationally difficult since the minimum sufficient statistics upon which we condition do not have a conventional form. An exact test may be especially critical when accurate computation of the extreme area of the FBAT statistic is needed, such as when the study design necessitates multiple comparisons adjustments. We describe the exact approach as a useful alternative to the aymptotic test and show that the exact tests for biallelic data may be most useful for the recessive disease model. Genet. Epidemiol. 2005 © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dramatic synergistic anticancer effect of clinically achievable doses of lovastatin and troglitazone
Authors: Yao Chih‐Jung , Lai Gi‐Ming , Chan Chin‐Feng , Cheng Ann‐Lii , Yang Ya‐Yu , Chuang Shuang‐En 
Published: August 2005

AbstractLovastatin (an HMG‐CoA reductase inhibitor) and troglitazone (a PPAR‐γ agonist) have been intensively studied prospectively for their application in cancer treatment. However, clinical trials of lovastatin or troglitazone in cancer treatment resulted in only limited responses. To improve their efficacy, lovastatin and troglitazone have, respectively, been tried to combine with other anticancer agents with varied outcomes. In our study, we found a dramatic synergism between lovastatin and troglitazone in anticancer at clinically achievable concentrations. This synergism was found in far majority of cell lines tested including DBTRG 05 MG (glioblastoma) and CL1‐0 (lung). This amazing synergism was accompanied by synergistic modulation of E2F‐1 and p27Kip1, which were reported to mediate the anticancer activities of lovastatin and troglitazone, respectively, and other cell cycle regulating proteins such as CDK2, cyclin A and RB phosphorylation status. With this dramatic combination effect of lovastatin and troglitazone, a promising regimen of cancer therapy may be materialized in the future. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.