bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Meaning of Eugenics: Reflections on the Government of Genetic Knowledge in the Past and the Present
Authors: Koch Lene 
Published: October 2004

ArgumentThe recent development of molecular genetics has created concern that society may experience a new eugenics. Notions about eugenics and what took place in the 1930s and 1940s are actively shaping questions about which uses of the new genetics should be considered illegitimate. Drawing upon a body of historiographical literature on Scandinavian eugenics, this paper argues that the dominant view of eugenics as morally and scientifically illegitimate is not tenable when it comes to the uses of compulsion, political motivation, and scientific acceptability. In spite of a general condemnation of eugenics, health authorities today are trying to prevent individuals with deviant behavior from reproducing or at least from rearing children. This may not be argued with reference to the risk of transmitting defective genes, but rather the risk of producing undesirable social problems. Drawing on a Foucauldian approach, the paper concludes that eugenics and new genetics should be seen as two historically specific forms of biopower.
A Non-Conformist Longing for Unity in the Fractures of Modernity: Towards a Scientific Biography of Richard von Mises (1883–1953)
Authors: Siegmund-Schultze Reinhard 
Published: October 2004

ArgumentThe article describes a special type of scientific and philosophical “non-conformism” as exemplified in the versatile work of Richard von Mises (1883–1953). While the historical impact of von Mises' practical and organizational work in applied mathematics is beyond doubt, it is shown that von Mises' insistence on cognitive connectibility of various scientific domains was not, in the end, successful although it stimulated the theoretical discussion considerably. Von Mises developed a principally critical attitude towards what he considered “one-sided” in several streams of modernity and tended to be “anti-modern” even in those of his activities which belonged to “modernism.” Reasons can be found in his biographical experiences, in particular in his unorthodox academic education and repeated emigrations. Thus biographical research has considerable potential for historical explanation. The paper delves into the existing premises and sources for a scientific biography of Richard von Mises which is yet to be written, and publishes in the appendix a revealing biographical sketch (1959) authored by von Mises' widow, the applied mathematician Hilda Geiringer.
THE FEMINIST IMAGINATION
Authors: LEWIS JAN ELLEN 
Published: October 2004

Barbara Taylor, Mary Wollstonecraft and the Feminist Imagination (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003)Ruth H. Bloch, Gender and Morality in Anglo-American Culture, 1650–1800 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2003)Barbara Taylor entitles her new book Mary Wollstonecraft and the Feminist Imagination. The imagination in question is Wollstonecraft's, but, like Wollstonecraft, Taylor is interested in the imagination more generally, both the problems that the imagination gets women into and the ways in which the feminist imagination can get women out of those problems and help them imagine a more just and equitable future. Ruth H. Bloch's aim in Gender and Morality in Anglo-American Culture, 1650–1800, the newly published collection of her essays, is somewhat more modest. Although her chief objective is to analyze the transformation in American views about women, gender, the family, and religion in the era of the American Revolution, she also offers case studies in the use of a culturalist approach to feminist history. Although there are important differences in approach and subject matter between these two books, their similarities and areas of overlap—not the least of which is that their authors are two of the best feminist intellectual historians at work today—make it instructive to review them together.
TWO APPROACHES TO AMERICAN THEOLOGY
Authors: HOWE DANIEL WALKER 
Published: October 2004

Mark Noll, America's God: From Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002)Brooks Holifield, American Theology: Christian Thought from the Age of the Puritans to the Civil War (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003)Intellectual history, after a generation of neglect, is suddenly getting attention again in the United States. Giving impetus to this renewal of energy are two major works on American religious thought before the Civil War: Mark Noll's America's God and Brooks Holifield's American Theology. Both are big books, over 600 pages each, and they address a big topic stretching across time and space: the grand tradition of American theology, now a lost art. They treat a time when Christian theology as an intellectual activity enjoyed considerably more prestige and cultural influence than it does today, and surely it has seldom been so innovative and diverse as in the period they treat. Both books have been written by highly respected scholars, deeply learned in the relevant primary and secondary sources. The danger in reviewing such large undertakings is that reviewers will not treat them as a whole but simply grumble that their own specialty doesn't get enough attention: the historian of gender wants more about women, the historian of science more about his subject, etc. These books deserve to be evaluated in toto. Having been conceived and written independently, even though more or less simultaneously, they demonstrate contrasting visions of how to deal with their subject. The two books typify the “external” and “internal” approaches to intellectual history respectively, illustrating for the reader strengths and limitations of the two approaches as well as their complementarity.
Microvascular perfusion upon exchange transfusion with stored red blood cells in normovolemic anemic conditions
Authors: Tsai Amy G. , Cabrales Pedro , Intaglietta Marcos 
Published: October 2004

BACKGROUND:  Transfusions are intended to augment oxygen‐carrying capacity. The ability of fresh and stored red blood cells (RBCs) to maintain microvascular perfusion and oxygen delivery to the tissue has not been directly measured.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:  Microvascular responses to exchange transfusion with fresh and stored RBCs after acute isovolemic hemodilution with a plasma expander were investigated with the hamster window chamber model. In‐vivo functional capillary density (FCD), blood flow, and high‐resolution oxygen distribution in microvascular networks were measured by noninvasive methods.RESULTS:  Exchange transfusion with an RBC suspension after a 60 percent isovolemic hemodilution with dextran 70 (6% MW = 70 kDa) resulted in a hematocrit of 18 percent (5.6 ± 0.2 g/dL hemoglobin [Hb]). All other systemic variables were unchanged. Stored RBCs (28 days in citrate‐phosphate‐dextrose‐adenine‐1) resuspended in fresh frozen plasma matched to the Hct and Hb concentration were exchange transfused until 25 percent of the circulating RBCs were stored RBCs. Stored RBCs reduced microvascular flow and FCD by 63 and 54 percent, respectively, of the level achieved when fresh RBCs were exchange transfused. Microvascular oxygen extraction by the stored RBC was 54 percent lower than that of the fresh RBCs. The tissue oxygen levels were 3.5 and 14.4 mmHg for the stored and fresh RBCs, respectively.CONCLUSION:  Circulation of stored RBCs in a hemodiluted animal resulted in significantly malperfused and underoxygenated microvasculature that was not detectable at the systemic level.
Paired comparison of Gambro Trima Accel versus Baxter Amicus single‐needle plateletpheresis
Authors: Burgstaler Edwin A. , Winters Jeffrey L. , Pineda Alvaro A. 
Published: October 2004

BACKGROUND:  Gambro BCT recently introduced the Trima Accel Version 5 (TR) plateletpheresis machine. Platelet (PLT) yields, collection efficiencies (CEs), numbers of white blood cells (WBCs), and processing times of the TR versus the Amicus (Version 2.51) single‐needle (AM) procedures were evaluated by use of a prospective paired comparison.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:  Target yields of 3.0 × 1011 to 6.8 × 1011 PLTs in up to 100 minutes of processing time were used. To detect a difference of 1.0 × 1011 PLTs with a power of 80 percent, 26 paired comparisons were needed.RESULTS:  The mean amount of whole blood processed was significantly higher for TR than for AM (3795 vs. 3520 mL). The TR and AM were equivalent in regard to mean preprocedure PLT count (259 × 109 vs. 251 × 109/L), PLT yields (6.7 × 1011 vs. 6.5 × 1011), split rate (65% vs. 65%), processing time (73 vs. 78 min), and collection rate (0.090 × 1011 vs. 0.084 × 1011 PLTs/min). The TR had a significantly lower CE than the AM (76% vs. 86%). All of the products (after splitting) had fewer than 5 × 106 WBCs.CONCLUSIONS:  The Trima Accel machine processed significantly more whole blood with equivalent PLT yields, processing time, and number of PLTs per minute compared to the Amicus single‐needle procedure, but had a significantly lower CE.
Patterns of age‐ and sex‐specific prevalence of major blood‐borne infections in United States blood donors, 1995 to 2002: American Red Cross blood donor study
Authors: Zou Shimian , Notari IV Edward P. , Stramer Susan L. , Wahab Fawzi , Musavi Fatemeh , Dodd Roger Y. ,   ARCNET Research Group
Published: October 2004

BACKGROUND:  The American Red Cross has been maintaining a research database of all blood donations, including all testing results for infectious disease markers, since 1995. This study analyzes the temporal trends of major blood‐borne infections among blood donors.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:  Temporal trends for age‐ and sex‐specific prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and syphilis infections in US blood donors were analyzed based on linear trend or time series model or other models as appropriate.RESULTS:  From 1995 to 2002, significant declines have been observed for infections that used to be at relatively higher levels. Declines in prevalence were slower among first‐time donations than repeat donations. There was an increase in prevalence of anti‐HCV among first‐time male donors of 50 to 59 years of age. Anti‐HIV prevalence appeared to have increased among first‐time male donors of 30 to 39 years of age since 2000.CONCLUSION:  Different sex and age groups showed various patterns of decline and even signs of increase. The increasing prevalence among some age and sex groups may merit further investigation.
An examination of hospital satisfaction with blood suppliers
Authors: Carden Robert , DelliFraine Jami L. 
Published: October 2004

BACKGROUND:  The purpose of this study was to identify factors that predict overall hospital satisfaction with blood suppliers.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:  The data for this study came from a 2001 satisfaction survey of hospital blood bank managers conducted by the National Blood Data Resource Center. A total of 1325 blood‐utilizing hospitals were included in the final study database. The measurement of hospital satisfaction with its blood supplier encompasses the five composites of the SERVQUAL model. The five composites are 1) tangibles, 2) reliability, 3) responsiveness, 4) assurance, and 5) empathy. Linear regression was performed with overall hospital satisfaction as the dependent variable and the five composites of the SERVQUAL model and control variables as predictors of overall hospital satisfaction with blood suppliers.RESULTS:  Significant predictors of hospital satisfaction with blood suppliers are satisfaction with medical and clinical support provided by the blood center, satisfaction with the routine delivery schedule, and price (service fee) of red cells.CONCLUSION:  Prior studies have demonstrated the importance of customer satisfaction to organizations. As organizations, blood centers can benefit from improved satisfaction from their hospital customers. Blood center strategies that focus on improving these three predictors of overall hospital satisfaction with primary blood suppliers will be the most likely to improve and/or maintain hospital customer satisfaction with primary blood suppliers.
Triggers for switching from minipool testing by nucleic acid technology to individual‐donation nucleic acid testing for West Nile virus: Analysis of 2003 data to inform 2004 decision making
Authors: Custer Brian , Tomasulo Peter A. , Murphy Edward L. , Caglioti Sally , Harpool Dennis , McEvoy Patrick , Busch Michael P. 
Published: October 2004

BACKGROUND:  Concern about West Nile virus (WNV) transfusion‐transmitted infections missed by minipool (MP) nucleic acid testing (NAT) has prompted consideration of the use of individual‐donation (ID) NAT. Strategies were investigated for the application of limited ID‐NAT capacity in 2004.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:  Patterns of WNV MP‐NAT‐reactive donations tested by the Blood Systems Laboratory each week for 79 blood centers from June 29 to November 23, 2003 (196 MP‐NAT repeat‐reactive [RR] donations among 801,697 units), were analyzed. ID‐NAT initiation strategies were developed consisting of counts of RR donations and/or weekly RR rates, together with three ID‐NAT discontinuation strategies, and ID testing burden was assessed based on these combined start and stop strategies.RESULTS:  The effectiveness, reported as the percentage of MP‐RR donations that would trigger ID‐NAT based on each initiation strategy, ranged from 57 to 100 percent. The addition of a 1‐ or 2‐week no‐yield requirement for ID discontinuation substantially increased testing burden. Combined strategies resulted in projected ID‐NAT of between 10 and 50 percent of donations for a 10‐ to 20‐week period. For this organization, the most feasible ID‐NAT initiation strategy was 2 MP‐reactive donations and a weekly rate of 1 in 1000, which had an effectiveness of 81 percent and led to peak weekly ID‐NAT of 20 to 25 percent of donations depending on the discontinuation rule.CONCLUSION:  This new approach of targeted ID‐NAT based on ongoing monitoring of MP‐NAT yield may prove to be a rational policy for agents like WNV that cause seasonal and regional epidemics.
Book Reviews
Authors: Smith Preston G. 
Published: October 2004

Books reviewed in this issue:

Beyond Software Architecture: Creating and Sustaining Winning Solutions
Service Innovation: Organizational Responses to Technological Opportunities & Market Imperatives
The Future of Competition: Co‐Creating Unique Value with Customers
The Power of Strategy Innovation: A New Way of Linking Creativity and Strategic Planning to Discover Great Business Opportunities

Editor's note: This group of reviews includes one of a software development book, and another such review is in the pipeline. Software is edging into products increasingly: automobiles, toys, appliances, and telephones, for instance. More importantly, software developers have had more than their share of spectacular failures. But they have taken the time to learn from these failures, and I believe that product developers can learn a great deal by adapting software development learnings. Other allied trends that we plan to introduce are globalization and “green,” as they apply to product development. If you have thoughts on such expansions of scope of this section or if you see other trends we should cover, please e‐mail preston@NewProductDynamics.com.
Interaction Between Norepinephrine, Oxytocin, and Nitric Oxide in the Stimulation of Gonadotropin‐Releasing Hormone Release From Proestrous Rat Basal Hypothalamus Explants
Authors: Selvage D. J. , Johnston C. A. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractIn the proestrous female rat, norepinephrine, oxytocin and nitric oxide (NO) all participate in the regulation of the preovulatory gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) surge. Recent studies from our laboratory have demonstrated that oxytocin induces dose‐dependent release of GnRH from proestrous basal hypothalamus explants. The present studies were undertaken to determine whether norepinephrine could also stimulate GnRH release from similar explants, to identify the receptors responsible for this effect and to investigate interactions between norepinephrine, oxytocin and NO. Norepinephrine significantly stimulated GnRH release from proestrous basal hypothalamus explants, and coadministration of the α1‐adrenergic antagonist prazosin blocked this effect. Combined administration of oxytocin and norepinephrine stimulated significantly more GnRH release than either drug alone, and this stimulation was blocked by inhibition of NO synthase, or by an oxytocin receptor antagonist. NO production was measured from the same samples using a modified Griess reaction. Oxytocin, but not norepinephrine, significantly increased NO production, as did norepinephrine and oxytocin in combination. Oxytocin receptor antagonist administration attenuated the stimulation of NO production by norepinephrine/oxytocin. These results demonstrate for the first time that oxytocin and norepinephrine dramatically stimulate GnRH release from basal hypothalamus explants harvested on the afternoon of proestrus, and indicate that this involves oxytocin receptor and NO‐dependent mechanisms.
Voltage‐ and Ca2+‐Dependent Burst Generation in Neuroendocrine Dahlgren Cells in the Teleost Platichthys flesus
Authors: Brierley M. J. , Bauer C. S. , Lu W. , Riccardi D. , Balment R. J. , McCrohan C. R. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe neuroendocrine Type 1 Dahlgren cells of the caudal neurosecretory system of the flounder display characteristic bursting activity, which may increase secretion efficiency. The firing activity pattern in these cells was voltage‐dependent; when progressively depolarized, cells moved from silent (approximately −70 mV), through bursting and phasic to tonic firing (< −65 mV). Brief (10 s) evoked bursts of spikes were followed by a slow after‐depolarization (ADP; amplitude up to 10 mV, duration 10–200 s), which was also voltage‐dependent and could trigger a prolonged burst. The ADP was significantly reduced in the absence of external Ca2+ ions or the presence of the L‐type Ca2+ channel blocker, nifedipine. BayK 8644 (which increases L‐type channel open times) significantly increased ADP duration, whereas the Ca2+‐activated nonselective cation channel blocker, flufenamic acid, had no effect. Pharmacological blockade of Ca2+‐activated K+ channels, using apamin and charybdotoxin, increased the duration of both ADP and evoked bursts. However, action potential waveform was unaffected by either apamin/charybdotoxin, nifedipine, BayK 8644 or removal of external Ca2+. The short duration (approximately 100 ms), hyperpolarization‐activated, postspike depolarizing afterpotentials (DAP), were significantly reduced by nifedipine. We propose that long duration ADPs underlie bursts and that short duration DAPs play a role in modulation of spike frequency.
Central Neuropeptide B Administration Activates Stress Hormone Secretion and Stimulates Feeding in Male Rats
Authors: Samson W. K. , Baker J. R. , Samson C. K. , Samson H. W. , Taylor M. M. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractNeuropeptide B (NPB) was identified to be an endogenous, peptide ligand for the orphan receptors GPR7 and GPR8. Because GPR7 is expressed in rat brain and, in particular, in the hypothalamus, we hypothesized that NPB might interact with neuroendocrine systems that control hormone release from the anterior pituitary gland. No significant effects of NPB were observed on the in vitro releases of prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) or growth hormone (GH) when log molar concentrations ranging from 1 pM to 100 nM NPB were incubated with dispersed anterior pituitary cells harvested from male rats. In addition NPB (100 nM) did not alter the concentration response stimulation of prolactin secretion by thyrotropin‐releasing hormone, ACTH secretion by corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF) and GH secretion by GH‐releasing hormone. However, NPB, when injected into the lateral cerebroventricle (i.c.v.) of conscious, unrestrained male rats, elevated prolactin and corticosterone, and lowered GH levels in circulation. The threshold dose for the effect on corticosterone and prolactin levels was 1.0 nmol, while that for the effect on GH release was 3.0 nmol NPB. Pretreatment with a polyclonal anti‐CRF antiserum completely blocked the ability of NPB to stimulate ACTH release and significantly inhibited the effect of NPB on plasma corticosterone levels. NPB administration i.c.v. did not significantly alter plasma vasopressin and oxytocin levels in conscious rats. It did stimulate feeding (minimum effective dose 1.0 nmol) in sated animals in a manner similar to that of the other endogenous ligand for GPR7, neuropeptide W. We conclude that NPB can act in the brain to modulate neuroendocrine signals accessing the anterior pituitary gland, but does not itself act as a releasing or inhibiting factor in the gland, at least with regard to prolactin, ACTH and GH secretion.
Central and Peripheral Administration of Kisspeptin‐10 Stimulates the Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Gonadal Axis
Authors: Thompson E. L. , Patterson M. , Murphy K. G. , Smith K. L. , Dhillo W. S. , Todd J. F. , Ghatei M. A. , Bloom S. R. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractKisspeptin is the peptide product of the KiSS‐1 gene and the endogenous agonist for the GPR54 receptor. Recent evidence suggests the kisspeptin/GPR54 system is a key regulator of the reproductive system. We examined the effect of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) and peripheral administration of the active kisspeptin fragment, kisspeptin‐10, on circulating gonadotrophins and total testosterone levels in adult male rats. The effect of kisspeptin‐10 in vitro on the release of hypothalamic peptides from hypothalamic explants and gonadotrophins from anterior pituitary fragments was also determined. The i.c.v. administration of kisspeptin‐10 dose‐dependently increased plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) and increased plasma follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and total testosterone at 60 min postinjection. In a separate study investigating the time course of this response, i.c.v. administered kisspeptin‐10 (3 nmol) significantly increased plasma LH at 10, 20 and 60 min, FSH at 60 min and total testosterone at 20 and 60 min postinjection. Kisspeptin‐10 stimulated the release of luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone (LHRH) from in vitro hypothalamic explants. Peripheral administration of kisspeptin‐10 increased plasma LH, FSH and total testosterone. However, doses of 100–1000 nM kisspeptin‐10 did not influence LH or FSH release from pituitary fragments in vitro. Kisspeptin therefore potently stimulates the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐gonadal axis. These effects are likely to be mediated via the hypothalamic LHRH system.