bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lévy walk of pions in heavy-ion collisions
Authors: Kincses Dániel , Nagy Márton , Csanád Máté 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The process of Lévy walk, i.e., movement patterns described by heavy-tailed random walks, plays a role in various phenomena, from chemical and microbiological systems through marine predators to climate change. Recent experiments have suggested that this phenomenon also appears in heavy-ion collisions. However, the theoretical interpretation supporting such findings is still debated. In high-energy collisions of heavy nuclei, the strongly interacting Quark Gluon Plasma is created, which, similarly to the early Universe, undergoes a rapid expansion and transition back to hadronic matter. In the subsequent expanding hadron gas, particles interact until kinetic freeze-out, when their momenta stop changing, and they freely transition toward the detectors. Measuring spatial freeze-out distributions is a crucial tool in understanding the dynamics of the created matter and the interactions among its constituents. In this paper, we introduce a three-dimensional analysis of the spatial freeze-out distribution of pions (the most abundant particles in such collisions). Utilising Monte-Carlo simulations of high-energy collisions, we show that the chain of processes ending in a final state pion has a step length distribution leading to Lévy-stable distributions. Subsequently, we show that simulated pion freeze-out distributions indeed exhibit heavy tails and can be described by a three-dimensional elliptically contoured symmetric Lévy-stable distribution.
Preserving and combining knowledge in robotic lifelong reinforcement learning
Authors: Meng Yuan , Bing Zhenshan , Yao Xiangtong , Chen Kejia , Huang Kai , Gao Yang , Sun Fuchun , Knoll Alois 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Humans can continually accumulate knowledge and develop increasingly complex behaviours and skills throughout their lives, which is a capability known as ‘lifelong learning’. Although this lifelong learning capability is considered an essential mechanism that makes up general intelligence, recent advancements in artificial intelligence predominantly excel in narrow, specialized domains and generally lack this lifelong learning capability. Here we introduce a robotic lifelong reinforcement learning framework that addresses this gap by developing a knowledge space inspired by the Bayesian non-parametric domain. In addition, we enhance the agent’s semantic understanding of tasks by integrating language embeddings into the framework. Our proposed embodied agent can consistently accumulate knowledge from a continuous stream of one-time feeding tasks. Furthermore, our agent can tackle challenging real-world long-horizon tasks by combining and reapplying its acquired knowledge from the original tasks stream. The proposed framework advances our understanding of the robotic lifelong learning process and may inspire the development of more broadly applicable intelligence.
Effects of crystal structure of TiO2 on Pd-based catalysts
Authors: Lu Fangxu , Wen Song , Jiang Jie , Zhao Jinchong , Zhang Changsheng , Feng Junjie , Zhang Jing , Sun Bing , Xu Wei 
Published: February 2025

Pd/TiO2 catalysts were designed with different crystals to study the SMSIs effects. The temperature at which 90% O2 conversion was achieved on Pd/a-TiO2 could reach up to 150 °C, which is ∼1.4 times (107 °C) that of the Pd/r-TiO2.
Fast batch gradient descent in quantum neural networks
Authors: Shim Joo Yong , Kim Joongheon 
Published: February 2025

AbstractA novel batch gradient descent algorithm for parameterized quantum circuits that significantly reduces the time complexity in terms of batch size for training quantum neural networks is proposed. Batch data constructed to quantum random access memory (qRAM) structure is mapped to one circuit that estimates average loss. As the number of circuits decreases, the range to which quantum amplitude estimation can be applied increases, speeding up with a quadratic scale in batch size.
Stochastic optimization of integrated electricity‐heat‐gas energy system considering uncertainty of indirect carbon emission intensity
Authors: Qi Ning , Su Juan 
Published: February 2025

AbstractThe inherent intermittency and fluctuation of renewable energy generation introduce uncertainty in electricity carbon emission intensity, posing challenges to the low‐carbon and economic scheduling of integrated energy systems. To this end, this paper proposes an optimization model for integrated electricity‐heat‐gas energy system operation considering uncertain indirect carbon emission intensity. First, considering the tiered carbon trading mechanism, an optimization framework for a park‐level model is developed. Then, polyhedral uncertainty sets are introduced to capture the uncertainties in renewable energy generation and carbon emission intensity, offering a flexible and intuitive approach to handling diverse uncertainty types. These uncertainty sets are integrated into the optimization problem to enhance robustness. Finally, the uncertainty set‐based stochastic optimization method is introduced to improve the model's robustness, addressing both cost minimization and carbon reduction under uncertain conditions. Case studies using data from a Mediterranean‐region hospital demonstrate the model's effectiveness in addressing uncertainties at park‐level systems and providing robust solutions that balance cost efficiency and environmental impact.
The role of the external toroidal magnetic field on the large-angle rotation of magnetic flux ropes
Authors: Zhang Xiaomeng , Guo Jinhan , Guo Yang , Ding Mingde 
Published: February 2025

Context. It is accepted that magnetic flux ropes might exhibit large-angle rotation in magnetic configurations, including strong external toroidal magnetic fields. The specific mechanisms leading to rotation still remain elusive, however.
Aims. We examine the mechanisms by which the external toroidal magnetic field facilitates the flux-rope rotation, and we explore potential alternative rotation mechanisms beyond the effects of sheared fields and kink instability.
Methods. We performed three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations to model the eruption of magnetic flux ropes in a magnetic configuration with and without external toroidal magnetic fields. We compared the morphology, the dynamics, the magnetic topology, and the Lorentz force acting on the flux rope.
Results. The behavior of flux ropes in two simulations is significantly different. The flux rope that evolved without external toroidal fields successfully erupted was accompanied by minor rotation, and the flux rope that evolved with an external toroidal field was confined by large-angle rotation. The evolution of the magnetic topology, the Lorentz force, and the torque showed distinctive patterns in each scenario. Furthermore, the flux ropes in both simulations displayed observable signs of a drifting footpoint.
Conclusions. We reveal that external toroidal magnetic fields facilitate the flux-rope rotation, which in turn releases initial twists and amplifies the lateral Lorentz force exerted on the flux rope. The slipping magnetic reconnection between the flux-rope field lines and sheared-arcade field lines can contribute to the rotation, as does the lateral Lorentz force and the kink instability, which is determined by the initial twist number. Moreover, our result suggests that the initial twist of the flux rope cannot determine the rotation angle. The rotation angle of the flux rope does not strictly increase with the initial twist. The rapid release of the twist number necessitates external toroidal magnetic fields.
Method of Satisfaction Based On-board Acoustic Comfort Classification and Its applications
Authors: Zhao Huanqi , Chen Ke'an , Li Hao , Luo Jianfeng , Dang Jie 
Published: February 2025

Acoustic comfort is an important factor that passengers and crew usually consider for their on-board wellness. The classification is an efficient way to show the level of acoustic comfort on board. Most of the existing classification approaches of on-board noise in different spaces are based on the decibel based indicators which describes the loudness. However, acoustic comfort is not only relevant to decibel based indicators but also perceptual attributes such as timbre and pitch. In order to provide more perceptual support, a satisfaction based classification method for acoustic comfort is modified, determining the limits of the noise in different task-oriented spaces on board. Perceptual assessments were carried out to obtain numerical values for acoustic comfort as noise comfort index (NCI) and measured satisfaction (SM) of each noise sample. Analysis made on these two descriptors indicated that the NCI has a strong relationship with SM. Therefore, satisfaction can be regarded as a basic perceptual guideline to classify the acoustic comfort and determine the limits of each level for each task-oriented space. A linear acoustic comfort model was established to predict the NCI based on the acoustic parameters. Comparison with the previous classification of on-board noise showed that there is a mismatch between the NCI and sound pressure level (SPL), and NCI can not be fully represented by SPL.
Die Ergebnisse der RATS und VATS bei anatomischen Resektionen in der Anfangsphase
Authors: Szöke Tamas , Großer Christian , Schemm Rudolf , Bruckmeier Martin , Hofmann Hans Stefan 
Published: February 2025

ZusammenfassungDie robotergestützte (RATS) anatomische Resektion ist eine neue, aber wegen ihrer
Kosten umstrittene Methode in der Behandlung von Lungentumoren. Das Ziel unserer
retrospektiven Studie war der Vergleich klinischer Daten der anatomischen RATS- und
VATS-Resektionen.Die ersten 100 VATS- und RATS-Resektionen wurden hinsichtlich Tumorstadium, intra-
und postoperativer Komplikationen, Konversion, OP-Zeit, Krankenhausaufenthalt und
Länge der Drainagebehandlung, postoperativer Schmerzen (numerische Rating-Skala NRS)
und Letalität analysiert. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit Chi-Quadrat-, Fisher- und
unabhängigem t-Test verglichen.In der VATS-Gruppe war das Stadium I häufiger, das Stadium II seltener (St. I:
73,4%; St. II: 19,2%) als in der RATS-Gruppe (St. I: 65,5%; St. II. 23%; p = 0,695).
Die OP-Zeit war bei RATS länger (213,5 min vs. 190,3 min; p = 0,008), bedingt durch
die An- und Abdockzeiten des Robotersystems an den Patienten. In der RATS-Gruppe war
die Rate der sublobären Resektionen signifikant höher (28% vs. 7%; p < 0,001).
Der Anteil intraoperativer Komplikationen (7% vs. 14%; p = 0,073) und die
Konversionsrate (9% vs. 11%; p = 0,407) waren niedriger bei den RATS-Operationen.
Die Anzahl der entfernten Lymphknoten war in beiden Gruppen hoch, jedoch nicht
signifikant unterschiedlich (VATS: 21,6; RATS: 22,1). Der Krankenhausaufenthalt war
kürzer nach RATS (8,8 Tage) als nach VATS (12,5 Tage; p < 0,001), ebenso die
Länge der postoperativen Drainagebehandlung (5,6 vs. 8 Tage; p < 0,001). In der
RATS-Gruppe waren die postoperativen Schmerzen am 1. und 2. postoperativen Tag
deutlich niedriger ermittelt anhand der numerischen Rating-Skala (1,68 vs. 2,83;
p < 0,001; 0,99 vs. 2,41; p < 0,001). Nach VATS war die Komplikationsrate
signifikant höher als nach RATS (57% vs. 33%; p = 0,001), ebenso gab es weniger
Reoperationen in der RATS- (3%) im Vergleich zur VATS-Gruppe (8%; p = 0,121). In
VATS-Gruppe starben 4 Patienten, nach RATS kein Patient (p = 0,043).Die robotergestützte Technik ermöglicht anatomische Resektionen zur Entfernung von
Lungentumoren, bei geringerer Konversions- und Komplikationsrate bzw. Letalität
sowie geringeren postoperativen Schmerzen. Die Roboteroperationen zeigen sich somit
als sicher und onkologisch vergleichbar mit den anatomischen VATS-Resektionen bei
Lungenkarzinom.
Re-Intervention nach Mitralklappenreparatur oder -ersatz
Authors: Gröger Matthias , Keßler Mirjam 
Published: February 2025

ZusammenfassungErkrankungen der Mitralklappe sind im klinisch-kardiologischen Alltag allgegenwärtig.
Versagen medikamentöse Therapien, so erfolgt oft eine chirurgische oder interventionelle
Behandlung. Zwar sind die heutigen technischen Möglichkeiten vielfältig, dennoch ist ein
beträchtlicher Anteil der Patienten im Verlauf von einer erneuten relevanten
Klappendysfunktion betroffen. Hier kann ein erneuter Reparaturversuch erwogen werden,
wobei insbesondere bei voroperierten Patienten ein stark erhöhtes perioperatives Risiko
im Rahmen eines Re-Eingriffs beachtet werden muss. In diesen Fällen können, bei
anatomischer Eignung, interventionelle Verfahren erwogen werden. Umgekehrt kann eine
Dysfunktion der Mitralklappe nach stattgehabter Intervention einen chirurgischen
Zweiteingriff erforderlich machen. Der interdisziplinären Entscheidung im Herzteam kommt
bei diesen stets komplexen Patienten eine entscheidende Bedeutung zu, um das
individualisierte, optimale Vorgehen festzulegen.
Mitralklappeninsuffizienz bei eingeschränkter LV-Funktion
Authors: Kassar Mohammad , Gerçek Muhammed 
Published: February 2025

ZusammenfassungDie Mitralklappeninsuffizienz (MI) ist die häufigste Herzklappenerkrankung bei Patienten mit Herzinsuffizienz (HF) und wird meist als funktionelle Mitralklappeninsuffizienz (FMR) diagnostiziert. Diese sekundäre Erkrankung entsteht durch eine linksventrikuläre Dysfunktion, die zu einer pathologischen Belastung des Klappenapparats führt, obwohl dieser strukturell intakt bleibt. Die resultierende Volumenbelastung des linken Herzens verursacht eine Dilatation und erhöht den Füllungsdruck, was zu einem Circulus vitiosus mit rechtsseitiger Herzbeteiligung führt.Therapeutische Optionen umfassen leitliniengerechte medikamentöse Therapien, chirurgische Interventionen und interventionelle Verfahren wie die transkatheterbasierte Mitralklappenrekonstruktion (M-TEER). Studien wie MITRA-FR, COAPT und RESHAPE-HF2 haben die Wirksamkeit von M-TEER untersucht, wobei Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Patientenselektion und das Ausmaß des ventrikulären Remodelings entscheidend für den Therapieerfolg sind. Die MATTERHORN-Studie hebt die vergleichbare Wirksamkeit und höhere Sicherheit von M-TEER gegenüber der Chirurgie bei ausgewählten Patienten hervor.Dieser Artikel beleuchtet die Pathophysiologie, prognostische Bedeutung und aktuelle therapeutische Ansätze bei MI in Kombination mit linksventrikulärer Dysfunktion, wobei die Herausforderungen in der Patientenselektion und der Optimierung bestehender Therapien im Vordergrund stehen.
Exploring the Role of Intraoperative Prolactin Levels in Surgical Management of Prolactinomas: Predicting Operative Success and Enhancing Surgical Decision-Making
Authors: Cohen-Cohen Salomon , Michalopoulos Giorgos , Bancos Irina , Gruber Lucinda M. , Neto Carlos D. Pinheiro , Gompel Jamie J. Van 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Objective Prolactinomas comprise half of all pituitary adenomas. This study explores the significance of measuring intraoperative (IO) prolactin (PRL) levels in guiding surgical decision-making and predicting operative success.
Methods Retrospective cohort study design of consecutive patients with prolactinomas who underwent transsphenoidal resection from June 2021 to May 2023. IO PRL was measured after tumor resection was completed. Remission was defined as normalization of PRL levels during follow-up without medication. Outcomes included factors associated with remission, utilizing significance thresholds at p < 0.05.
Results Thirteen patients were included with a 5.3-month median follow-up (range, 3–15 months). Most of the tumors were microadenomas (61%), with a median preoperative PRL level of 116 ng/mL (range, 25–471). Gross total resection was achieved in 69% of patients, all of whom attained remission. The median IO PRL was 19.8 ng/mL (range, 1–329), the postoperative day 1 PRL of 3.6 ng/mL (range, 1–203), and the latest PRL at 9.3 ng/mL (range, 1–137). A ≥40% decline in IO PRL from baseline was identified as the optimal cutoff for predicting biochemical remission, with 89% sensitivity, 75% specificity, and 85% accuracy.
Conclusion Monitoring PRL levels intraoperatively may be a useful biomarker aiding surgeon's assessment of the extent of tumor resection and guide surgical decision-making. Further refinement of the immunoassay assay and clinical testing with more extensive prospective studies are needed.
A Guide to Intracranial Bypass Suture
Authors: Ajmera Sonia , Kvint Svetlana , Graffeo Christopher S. , Barbosa Ronald R. , Srinivasan Visish M. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Introduction Cerebrovascular bypass surgery is technically demanding, with dozens of modifiable parameters influencing operative decision-making. Thoughtful selection of needle and suture materials is critical to success in these operations.
Methods Based on the authors' experiences and existing literature, a brief guide to needle and suture selection is provided.
Results Recommendations for needle and suture have taken into consideration key features of bypass constructs, such as bypass type, vessel caliber, and working space. Specific suture and needle are highlighted from two of the most common industry suppliers.
Conclusion This guide synthesizes clinical insights and practical guidelines to support neurosurgical trainees and practitioners in mastering cerebrovascular bypass techniques.
Epidemiology of Cancer Incidence Estimates and Statistics 2000–2025: Analysis from National Cancer Registry Programme in India
Authors: Vemula Sadanandam , Dhakshanamoorthy Kalpanapriya 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Introduction Several hospital-based and population-based cancer registries (PBCRs) have been collecting cancer data systematically since 1982, according to the National Cancer Registry Programme-National Centre for Disease Informatics and Research, an initiative of the Indian Council of Medical Research.
Objective Planning, observing, and assessing cancer control efforts require knowledge of current cancer statistics. This article's goal is to provide an update on cancer incidence projections for India by age groups, sex, and anatomical sites for the period 2020 to 2025.
Materials and Methods The cancer incidence, patterns, trends, projections, and mortality from 28 PBCRs were analyzed in this study, along with the kind of therapy and stage of presentation of cancer patients from 58 HBCRs (N = 667,666) from the pooled analysis for the composite period 2012 to 2016. Data regarding the population at risk were obtained from the Indian Census (2001 and 2011) to estimate the age- and sex-stratified population. To gain a better understanding of the epidemiology of cancer, the states and areas of the nation were divided into PBCR groups.
Result For both males and females, the districts with the highest age-adjusted incidence rates were Aizawl (269.4) and Papum Pare (219.8). It is anticipated that there will be 1392,179 cancer patients in India by 2020 and 1569,793 by 2025. In Delhi, the northern region of India, the incidence rates of tobacco-related malignancies were high (62.1% for men and 18.5% for women). High incidence rates were seen in the southern districts of Kollam (males: 52.9) and Bangalore (20.1), respectively. Age-adjusted rates (AARs) for males and females in Kolkata, East, were 42.3 and 13.7, respectively. Western cities with high AARs were Mumbai (18.2) and Ahmedabad Urban (54.3) for men and women, respectively. For lung cancer, in terms of male and female incidence rates, Aizawl district ranked highest at 38.8 and 37.9 per 100,000, respectively.
Conclusion This study offers a methodology for evaluating cancer trends and status in India. To meet the national targets for noncommunicable diseases and the sustainable development goals, it will direct adequate support for action to boost efforts to promote cancer prevention and control.
Comparative Analysis of Postoperative Radiotherapy Dose Escalation in Oral Cavity Cancer Patients with Positive Margins: A Propensity Score-Matched Study
Authors: Sarawagi Rashmi , Padmanabhan Aravind , Prajapati Raju , Gupta Manish , Das Saikat , Kharade Vipin , Tiwari Arnav , Reddy B. Srinivas , Shrivastava Neelesh , Pasricha Rajesh 
Published: February 2025

Introduction This study aimed to determine the impact of postoperative (PO) radiotherapy (RT) dose escalation in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC) patients with positive margin (PM) in terms of local control (LC), duration of RT interruption, and toxicity in a tertiary care center.
Materials and Methods Patients with OCSCC who were candidates for adjuvant RT were categorized into PM and negative margin (NM) arms depending on the margin status as per the histopathology report retrospectively. PM and NM patients received a total dose of 66 Gy to the site of the PM and 60 Gy for the NM. LC, acute and chronic toxicities, and duration of RT interruption were evaluated.
Results A total of 56 patients were included in the study, of whom 39 had NM and 17 had PM. After propensity score matching, 11 patients were matched in each arm. The mean duration of RT treatment in the PM and NM arms were 49.5 days (standard deviation [SD] = 5.4) and 50.7 days (SD = 10.15) (p = 0.3), with mean interruptions of 3.9 days (SD = 3.9) and 3.8 days (SD = 6.2), respectively (p = 0.39). LC was 72.7% in the PM arm and 81.8% in the NM arm (p = 0.6). Acute and chronic toxicities were comparable between the two arms.
Conclusion Dose escalation to 66 Gy for PM during adjuvant RT for PO OCSCC can be used as an alternative strategy to reresection, especially in patients who have poor performance status, who have negative consent for surgery, and who have more than one adverse prognostic factor with comparable LC and toxicity as in the NM. However, further prospective studies are needed to establish its role as an alternative, which is highly unlikely in modern oncology practice, as PM patients are rarely seen in clinics currently with good surgical oncology practices.
1.2 Deoxyfluorination of Aliphatic Alcohols
Authors: Joosten A. , Brioche J. 
Published: February 2025

AbstractThe selective incorporation of fluoroalkyl motifs into complex organic molecules represents a significant challenge in fluorine chemistry. Among the various methods allowing the synthesis of alkyl fluorides, the deoxyfluorination of aliphatic alcohols remains one of the most practical, especially because substrates are readily available. This transformation has been popularized by the use of diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (DAST) and N,N-bis(2-methoxyethyl)aminosulfur trifluoride (Deoxo-Fluor) reagents. However, the safety and chemoselectivity issues related to these reagents have led to the development of innovative reagents and protocols to perform this key reaction. This review aims to highlight the recent progress made in the field of deoxyfluorination of aliphatic alcohols and to provide the reader with useful guidelines with a view to performing such a transformation.
1.4 Recent Developments in Enantioselective Fluorination
Authors: Arimitsu S. , Cahard D. 
Published: February 2025

AbstractThis review describes the main advances in enantioselective fluorination over the last decade, while also recalling early developments in this area. Three strategies have been employed to achieve concomitant introduction of a fluorine atom by C(sp3)—F bond formation with stereocon-trol at the same carbon center: (1) the use of chiral fluorinating agents, (2) diverse organocatalytic approaches, and (3) transition-metal-catalyzed fluorinations. These complementary strategies ap-ply to both electrophilic and nucleophilic fluorinations.