bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Euclid and the Sceptic: A Paper on Vision, Doubt, Geometry, Light and Drunkenness
Authors: Berryman Sylvia 
Published: February 2003

AbstractPhilosophy in the period immediately after Aristotle is sometimes thought to be marked by the decline of natural philosophy and philosophical disinterest in contemporary achievements in the sciences. But in one area at least, the early third century B.C.E. was a time of productive interaction between such disparate fields as epistemology, physics and geometry. Debates between the sceptics and the dogmatic philosophical schools focus on epistemological problems about the possibility of self-evident appearances, but there is evidence from Euclid's day of a quite different response. The sceptical challenge provoked the development of theories explaining error formation, showing how illusions can be studied systematically and are subject to prediction. Such theories do not legitimate claims about the nature of the underlying entities perceived, but provide justification for forming expectations about future perceptions. While it overtly focuses on purely geometrical considerations, the Euclidean model of optics nonetheless provides support for certain views about the nature of vision and the physics of light. Moreover, by offering a model in which the image received is not thought to be a perspicuous mirroring of the object seen, Euclid may have helped promote a view of perception as something reconstructed from information received, not as a mere form transferred into the eye. The ancient sceptic may indeed have fulfilled his promise to promote inquiry by focusing attention on problems that escape the attention of a hasty theorist.
Analysis of rapid manufacturing—using layer manufacturing processes for production
Authors: Hopkinson N , Dicknes P 
Published: February 2003

Rapid prototyping (RP) technologies that have emerged over the last 15 years are all based on the principle of creating three-dimensional geometries directly from computer aided design (CAD) by stacking two-dimensional profiles on top of each other. To date most RP parts are used for prototyping or tooling purposes; however, in future the majority may be produced as end-use products. The term ‘rapid manufacturing’ in this context uses RP technologies as processes for the production of end-use products. This paper reports findings from a cost analysis that was performed to compare a traditional manufacturing route (injection moulding) with layer manufacturing processes (stereolithography, fused deposition modelling and laser sintering) in terms of the unit cost for parts made in various quantities. The results show that, for some geometries, it is more economical to use layer manufacturing methods than it is to use traditional approaches for production in the thousands.
The emerging debate over the shape of informed consent: can the doctrine bear the weight?
Authors: Petrila John 
Published: February 2003

AbstractInformed consent has traditionally focused on treatment‐related issues. However, since the mid‐1990s, courts have debated whether informed consent should be stretched to accommodate other concerns. For example, some courts have considered whether economic limitations on treatment availability must be made known to a patient as part of the informed consent process. Other courts have considered whether characteristics of the treatment provider (e.g., experience with a particular procedure) should be disclosed as part of informed consent. Consideration of these issues turns in large part on whether the information in question would be considered “material” to a decision to accept or reject treatment. This article discusses these developments, and suggests that expanding informed consent beyond treatment‐related issues in some circumstances may erode trust in the clinical relationship, thus undermining one of the central values of the informed consent doctrine. It concludes with some suggestions on how research could inform this debate. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling the chromatographic enantioseparation of aryl‐ and hetarylcarbinols on ULMO, a brush‐type chiral stationary phase, by 3D‐QSAR techniques
Authors: Fabian Walter M.F. , Stampfer Wolfgang , Mazur Monika , Uray Georg 
Published: February 2003

AbstractThe enantiomers of a series of chiral aryl‐ and hetaryl‐carbinols were separated on a chiral stationary phase (ULMO) based on (S,S)‐3,5‐dinitrobenzoylated 1,2‐diphenylethane‐1,2‐diamine. In all cases, the homochiral analogs of (S)‐1‐phenylethanol (mostly also S‐enantiomers) were retained more. Log α values were modeled with the aid of the 3D‐QSAR techniques CoMFA (comparative molecular field analysis) and CoMSIA (comparative molecular similarity indices analysis) as well as a descriptor based on normal mode eigenvalues (EVA). Partial least‐squares analysis with two (CoMSIA) or three (CoMFA, EVA) latent variables on a set of 22 training analytes gives cross‐validated correlation coefficients q2 = 0.85–0.91 and conventional correlation coefficients r2 = 0.94–0.99. The quantitative structure–enantioselective retention relationships derived thereby were used to predict the separation factors of the test set, containing also hetaryl‐carbinols, e.g., furan and thiophene analogs, with good accuracy. Chirality 15:271–275, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Self‐administered treatment for smoking cessation
Authors: Curry Susan J. , Ludman Evette J. , McClure Jennifer 
Published: February 2003

AbstractSelf‐administered treatment for smoking cessation has the potential to reach a broad spectrum of the population of smokers. This article focuses on self‐administration of behavioral and pharmacological treatments for smoking cessation. Evidence for the effectiveness of written manuals to self‐administer behavioral treatment is mixed. There is no evidence that self‐help manuals alone are effective. However, they do increase quit rates when combined with personalized adjuncts such as written feedback and outreach telephone counseling. Efficacy trials of first‐line pharmacotherapies (nicotine gum, nicotine patch, and bupropion) result in doubling of cessation rates compared to placebo. It is difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of pharmacotherapies when self‐administered under real‐world conditions. The general consensus is that they improve quit rates, although poor compliance and early discontinuation reduce their effectiveness. Areas for further research include randomized trials of the use of new technologies (e.g., hand‐held computers and the Internet) to disseminate self‐administered treatments as well as improved surveillance of the use of self‐administered treatment in population‐based health surveys. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 59: 305–319, 2003.
Kinetics of the reaction of 4,4′‐biphenol with bromoethane and 1‐bromobutane by phase‐transfer catalysis
Authors: Wang Maw‐Ling , Tseng Yao‐Hsuan 
Published: February 2003

AbstractThe reaction of 4,4′‐biphenol and two species of bromoalkanes (e.g., bromoethane and 1‐bromobutane) to synthesize two symmetric products (4,4′‐diethanoxy biphenyl and 4,4′‐dibutanoxy biphenyl) and one asymmetric product (4‐ethanoxy, 4′‐butanoxy biphenyl) was successfully carried out under two‐phase phase‐transfer catalysis conditions. A rational mechanism and kinetic model were built up by considering the reactions both in aqueous phase and in organic phase. The first active catalyst (QO(Ph)2OQ) was also synthesized under two‐phase reaction and was identified by instruments. The experimental data were explained satisfactorily by the pseudo‐steady‐state hypothesis. Two sets of rate constants of organic reactions, i.e. primary (k1 and k2) and secondary (k11, k12, k21, and k22) rate constants participate in the kinetic model. The two primary rate constants were obtained individually via experimental data for synthesizing the symmetric products. The ratios of the other four secondary rate constants were obtained from the reaction of synthesizing asymmetric products and determined from the initial yield rates of symmetric products. The effects of the ratio of bromoethane and 1‐bromobutane, temperature, organic solvents, amount of catalyst, and amount of sodium hydroxide on the reaction rate and the selectivity of products were investigated in detail. The results were explained satisfactorily by the interaction between the reactants and the environmental species. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 35: 139–153, 2003
Conditional stimulatzion of the dorsal penile/clitoral nerve may increase cystometric capacity in patients with spinal cord injury
Authors: Dalmose A.L. , Rijkhoff N.J.M. , Kirkeby H.J. , Nohr M. , Sinkjaer T. , Djurhuus J.C. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractAimsTo investigate the feasibility of conditional short duration electrical stimulation of the penile/clitoral nerve as treatment for detrusor hyperreflexia, the present study was initiated.MethodsTen patients with spinal cord injury, 4 women and 6 men, with lesions at different levels above the sacral micturition center had a standard cystometry performed. During a subsequent cystometry, conditional short duration electrical stimulation of the penile/clitoral nerve was performed as treatment for one or more detrusor hyperreflexic contractions.ResutsIn all patients, at least one contraction (mean, 7.8; range, 1–16 contractions) was inhibited by the stimulations. The mean cystometric capacity was increased significantly by conditional electrical stimulation, from 210 mL in the control cystometries to 349 mL in the stimulation cystometries (P=0.016). The maximal detrusor pressure during the first contraction in the control cystometries was mean 51 cm H2O, whereas the maximal pressure of the first contraction in the stimulation cystometries was reduced to mean 33 cm H2O (P=0.045).ConclusionsThe authors conclude that repeated conditional short duration electrical stimulation significantly increased cystometric capacity in patients with spinal cord injury. The increase was caused mainly by an inhibition of detrusor contractions. The need for a reliable technique for chronic bladder activity monitoring is emphasized, as it is a prerequisite for clinical application of this treatment modality. Neurourol. Urodynam. 22:130–137, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An improved algorithm for the minmax regret median problem on a tree
Authors: Averbakh Igor , Berman Oded 
Published: February 2003

AbstractWe consider the 1‐median problem with uncertain weights for nodes. Specifically, for each node, only an interval estimate of its weight is known. It is required to find a “minmax regret” location, that is, to minimize the worst‐case loss in the objective function that may occur because the decision is made without knowing which state of nature will take place. For this problem on a tree, the best published algorithm has complexity O(n2). We present an algorithm with complexity O(n log2 n). © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Markers for the development of early prostate cancer
Authors: Slater Michael D , Lauer Christopher , Gidley‐Baird Angus , Barden Julian A 
Published: February 2003

AbstractBiochemical and genetic changes precede histologically identifiable changes accompanying cell transformation often by months or years. De‐expression of the extracellular matrix adhesive glycoprotein tenascin and the cell‐to‐cell adherent protein E‐cadherin have been suggested as markers of early neoplastic change in prostate epithelial cells. Previous studies have been inconclusive, probably due to epitope masking. This study examined 2378 biopsy cores from 289 prostates using a heat antigen retrieval protocol at low pH to improve the accuracy of detection. Tenascin and E‐cadherin de‐expression was correlated with purinergic receptor and telomerase‐associated protein labelling, as well as prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) levels and Gleason scores. E‐cadherin was a poor marker, as it was expressed in all lesions except carcinomas of the highest Gleason score. Tenascin was maximally expressed in the extracellular matrix and acinar basement membrane in normal and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia tissue. In prostate cancer tissue, tenascin expression did not correlate with Gleason score but was significantly de‐expressed as purinergic receptor and telomerase‐associated protein expression increased. Marked changes in tenascin, telomerase‐associated protein, and purinergic receptor expression were apparent before any histological abnormalities were visible by haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain, making these potential markers for early and developing prostate cancer. Moreover, the potential increased accuracy of diagnosis of underlying prostate cancer using purinergic receptor translocation (PRT) assessment suggests that PSA levels may be more accurate than has generally been supposed when apparent false negatives arising from H&E‐based diagnoses are correctly categorized. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Concomitant expression of p16INK4a and p14ARF in primary breast cancer and analysis of inactivation mechanisms
Authors: Silva Javier , Silva José M , Domínguez Gemma , García José M , Cantos Blanca , Rodríguez Rufo , Larrondo Francisco J , Provencio Mariano , España Pilar , Bonilla Félix 
Published: February 2003

AbstractThe INK4a/ARF locus encodes two tumour suppressor proteins, p16INK4a and p14ARF, which act in the two main cell‐cycle control pathways, p16–Rb and p14–p53 respectively. The present study examined the mRNA expression of these genes by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), and the inactivation mechanisms that alter these levels, in 100 primary breast carcinomas. Furthermore, the interdependence of these mechanisms was examined, since it has been reported that p14ARF is altered in most tumours in concordance with p16INK4a. The results show that promoter hypermethylation, tested by methylation‐specific PCR (MSP), was the major mechanism of inactivation of these genes and was present in 31 (31%) and 50 (50%) of the tumours that showed decreased p16INK4a and p14ARF expression, respectively. Hemizygous deletion was the second cause of down‐regulation. Homozygous deletion was rare and mutation was absent. In most tumours overexpressing p16INK4a or p14ARF, no detectable inactivation mechanisms were observed. Finally, the results indicate that these proteins are often co‐altered in primary breast tumours and that p16INK4a and p14ARF had non‐independent behaviour, since they were silenced or overexpressed concomitantly with a significant correlation (p < 0.05). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reinventing warranty at HP: an engineering approach to warranty
Authors: Kakouros Steve , Cargille Brian , Esterman Marcos 
Published: February 2003

AbstractThe mechanisms used to understand and reduce warranty costs often focus exclusively on the analysis of product failures. However, warranty costs can also be incurred by events such as support calls that do not involve a product failure. We describe a method used by a major electronics manufacturer to understand warranty costs by modeling warranty events. Furthermore, event modeling that uses a time‐dependent warranty event rate instead of the more standard average rate of failure allows the improved prediction of warranty costs and better accruals. As a result of the modeling, warranty engineers can help product managers more accurately predict the costs associated with removing certain warranty events, changing warranty policies and offering extended warranties for their electronic products. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Planting Seeds for the Revolution: The Rise of Russian Agricultural Science, 1860–1920
Authors: Elina Olga 
Published: February 2003

ArgumentState patronage and the modernizing role of the government have been considered crucial for the development of science in Russia during both Imperial and Soviet periods. This paper argues, on the contrary, that the start of Russian agricultural science had predominantly local and non-governmental sources of support. Amateur experiments by nobles aspiring to become “cultured” landlords, university professors applying their scientific knowledge to their own estates, and the efforts by local community administrations, zemstvo, to compete for grain markets all contributed, by 1900, to the establishment of various stations for agricultural research. The Imperial government became involved in this process rather belatedly, with an effort to further stimulate and coordinate the institutional network of agricultural science. By 1917, this network included more than 300 breeding and experimental stations. Despite revolutionary violence and the loss of former patrons, most of these stations managed to maintain their functions throughout the Civil War and formed the basis of Soviet agricultural science.
Bgs3p, a Putative 1,3-β-Glucan Synthase Subunit, Is Required for Cell Wall Assembly in
Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Authors: Martín Victoria , García Blanca , Carnero Elena , Durán Angel , Sánchez Yolanda 
Published: February 2003

ABSTRACT

β-Glucans are the main components of the fungal cell wall. Fission yeast possesses a family of β-glucan synthase-related genes. We describe here the cloning and characterization of
bgs3
+
, a new member of this family.
bgs3
+
was cloned as a suppressor of a mutant hypersensitive to Echinocandin and Calcofluor White, drugs that interfere with cell wall biosynthesis. Disruption of the gene is lethal, and a decrease in Bgs3p levels leads to rounded cells with thicker walls, slightly reduces the amount of the β-glucan, and raises the amount of α-glucan polymer. These cells finally died.
bgs3
+
is expressed in vegetative cells grown in different conditions and during mating and germination and is not enhanced by stress situations. Consistent with the observed expression pattern, Bgs3-green fluorescence protein (GFP-Bgs3p) was found at the growing tips during interphase and at the septum prior to cytokinesis, always localized to growth areas. We also found GFP-Bgs3p in mating projections, during the early stages of zygote formation, and at the growing pole during ascospore germination. We conclude that Bgs3p localization is restricted to growth areas and that Bgs3p is a glucan synthase homologue required for cell wall biosynthesis and cell elongation in the fission yeast life cycle.
Cell Biology of Mating inCandida albicans
Authors: Lockhart Shawn R. , Daniels Karla J. , Zhao Rui , Wessels Deborah , Soll David R. 
Published: February 2003

ABSTRACTIt was recently demonstrated that strains homozygous for either of the mating type-like lociMTLaandMTLα ofCandida albicansundergo white-opaque switching and that expression of the opaque-phase phenotype greatly enhances mating between strains. Exploiting the latter property to obtain high-frequency mating, we have characterized the cell biology of the mating process ofC. albicans. Employing continuous videomicroscopy, computer-assisted three-dimensional reconstruction of living cells, and fluorescence microscopy, we have monitored the mating-associated processes of conjugation, tube formation, fusion, budding, septum formation, and daughter cell development and the spatial and temporal dynamics of nuclear migration and division. From these observations, a model for the stages inC. albicansmating is formulated. The stages include shmooing, chemotropism of conjugation tubes, fusion of tubes and nuclear association, vacuole expansion and nuclear separation in the conjugation bridge, asynchronous nuclear division in the zygote, bud growth, nuclear migration into the daughter cell, septation, and daughter cell budding. Since there was no cytological indication of karyogamy, genetic experiments were performed to assess marker segregation. Recombination was not observed, suggesting that mating takes place in the absence of karyogamy between naturally occurring, homozygousaand α strains. This study provides the first description of the cell biology of the mating process ofC. albicans.
Constitutively Active Protein Kinase A Disrupts Motility and Chemotaxis inDictyostelium discoideum
Authors: Zhang Hui , Heid Paul J. , Wessels Deborah , Daniels Karla J. , Pham Tien , Loomis William F. , Soll David R. 
Published: February 2003

ABSTRACTThe deletion of the gene for the regulatory subunit of protein kinase A (PKA) results in constitutively active PKA in thepkaRmutant. To investigate the role of PKA in the basic motile behavior and chemotaxis ofDictyostelium discoideum,pkaRmutant cells were subjected to computer-assisted two- and three-dimensional motion analysis.pkaRmutant cells crawled at only half the speed of wild-type cells in buffer, chemotaxed in spatial gradients of cyclic AMP (cAMP) but with reduced efficiency, were incapable of suppressing lateral pseudopods in the front of temporal waves of cAMP, a requirement for natural chemotaxis, did not exhibit the normal velocity surge in response to the front of a wave, and were incapable of chemotaxing toward an aggregation center in natural waves generated by wild-type cells that made up the majority of cells in mixed cultures. Many of the behavioral defects appeared to be the result of the constitutively ovoid shape of thepkaRmutant cells, which forced the dominant pseudopod off the substratum and to the top of the cell body. The behavioral abnormalities thatpkaRmutant cells shared withregAmutant cells are discussed by considering the pathway ERK2 —| RegA —| [cAMP] → PKA, which emanates from the front of a wave. The results demonstrate that cells must suppress PKA activity in order to elongate along a substratum, suppress lateral-pseudopod formation, and crawl and chemotax efficiently. The results also implicate PKA activation in dismantling cell polarity at the peak and in the back of a natural cAMP wave.
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Dependent Protein Trafficking in Bloodstream Stage
Trypanosoma brucei
Authors: Triggs Veronica P. , Bangs James D. 
Published: February 2003

ABSTRACT

We have previously demonstrated that glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors strongly influence protein trafficking in the procyclic insect stage of
Trypanosoma brucei
(M. A. McDowell, D. A. Ransom, and J. D. Bangs, Biochem. J. 335:681-689, 1998), where GPI-minus variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) reporters have greatly reduced rates of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) exit but are ultimately secreted. We now demonstrate that GPI-dependent trafficking also occurs in pathogenic bloodstream trypanosomes. However, unlike in procyclic trypanosomes, truncated VSGs lacking C-terminal GPI-addition signals are not secreted but are mistargeted to the lysosome and degraded. Failure to export these reporters is not due to a deficiency in secretion of these cells since the N-terminal ATPase domain of the endogenous ER protein BiP is efficiently secreted from transgenic cell lines. Velocity sedimentation experiments indicate that GPI-minus VSG dimerizes similarly to wild-type VSG, suggesting that degradation is not due to ER quality control mechanisms. However, GPI-minus VSGs are fully protected from degradation by the cysteine protease inhibitor FMK024, a potent inhibitor of the major lysosomal protease trypanopain. Immunofluorescence of cells incubated with FMK024 demonstrates that GPI-minus VSG colocalizes with p67, a lysosomal marker. These data suggest that in the absence of a GPI anchor, VSG is mistargeted to the lysosome and subsequently degraded. Our findings indicate that GPI-dependent transport is a general feature of secretory trafficking in both stages of the life cycle. A working model is proposed in which GPI valence regulates progression in the secretory pathway of bloodstream stage trypanosomes.