bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the in vitro and in vivo Properties of Four Locked Nucleic Acid Nucleotides Incorporated into an Anti‐H‐Ras Antisense Oligonucleotide
Authors: Fluiter Kees , Frieden Miriam , Vreijling Jeroen , Rosenbohm Christoph , De Wissel Marit B. , Christensen Signe M. , Koch Troels , Ørum Henrik , Baas Frank 
Published: April 2005

AbstractLocked nucleic acid (β‐D‐LNA) monomers are conformationally restricted nucleotides bearing a methylene 2′‐O, 4′‐C linkage that have an unprecedented high affinity for matching DNA or RNA. In this study, we compared the in vitro and in vivo properties of four different LNAs, β‐D‐amino LNA (amino‐LNA), β‐D‐thio LNA (thio‐LNA), β‐D‐LNA (LNA), and its stereoisomer α‐L‐LNA in an antisense oligonucleotide (ODN). A well‐known antisense ODN design against H‐Ras was modified at the 5′‐ and 3′‐ends with the different LNA analogues (LNA‐DNA‐LNA gapmer design). The resulting gapmers were tested in cancer‐cell cultures and in a nude‐mouse model bearing prostate tumor xenografts. The efficacy in target knockdown, the biodistribution, and the ability to inhibit tumor growth were measured. All anti H‐Ras ODNs were very efficient in H‐Ras mRNA knockdown in vitro, reaching maximum effect at concentrations below 5 nM. Moreover, the anti‐H‐Ras ODN containing α‐L‐LNA had clearly the highest efficacy in H‐Ras knockdown. All LNA types displayed a great stability in serum. ODNs containing amino‐LNA showed an increased uptake by heart, liver, and lungs as compared to the other LNA types. Both α‐L‐LNA and LNA gapmer ODNs had a high efficacy of tumor‐growth inhibition and were nontoxic at the tested dosages. Remarkably, in vivo tumor‐growth inhibition could be observed at dosages as low as 0.5 mg kg−1 per day. These results indicate that α‐L‐LNA is a very promising member of the family of LNA analogues in antisense applications.
Modeling of Methane Oxidative Coupling under Periodic Operation by Neural Network
Authors: Abdolahi F. , Mortazavi Y. , Khodadadi A. , Hudgins R. R. , Silveston P. L. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractA set of feed forward multilayer neural network models have been proposed to predict CH4 conversion, C2 and ethylene selectivity of methane oxidative coupling under periodic operation. These parameters predicted by the proposed neural network are based on cycle period, cycle split, and CH4 and O2 mole fractions in the first and second part of the period. Due to the dynamic nature of periodic operation and the kinetic complexity of the investigated reactions, the proposed approach is an effective tool to model the system. The agreement between model predictions and experimental data was quite satisfactory. The models could be employed to optimize the experimental conditions in order to get better output from the catalytic reaction. It is concluded that the neural network is an effective tool for modeling catalytic chemical reactions under periodic operation.
Micro‐Macro Breakage Behavior of Elastic‐Plastic Granulates by Compression
Authors: Antonyuk S. , Tomas J. , Heinrich S. , Mörl L. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis paper presents the breakage behavior of a zeolite granulate in compression tests. The compression behavior of this granulate is described by means of a force‐displacement curve, the application of Hertz‐Huber contact theory, and continuum mechanics. The effects of granulate size and stressing velocity on the breakage force and contact stiffness during elastic and elastic‐plastic deformation are examined. It is shown that the zeolite granulates with elastic‐plastic behavior have viscous properties as well. The breakage probability is approximated by the Weibull distribution function. The behavior of the granulates during compression under conditions of repeated loading‐unloading was investigated.
Gasification of Biogenic Solid Fuels
Authors: Osowski S. , Neumann J. , Fahlenkamp H. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAs a result of shrinking fossil fuels, biomass as a regenerative energy source gains importance. To realize biomass projects it is essential to investigate in convenient thermal procedures. On this evidence an analysis and evaluation of diverse gasification technologies with different boundary conditions and diverse biomasses are indispensable. Form and kind of the biomass as well as the type of the gasification plant cause different compositions of the product gas. The gasifiers show advantages and disadvantages concerning the biomass and the produced gas quality, depending on reactor type, kind of heat supply, gasification medium, and the pressure ratio in the reactor. As the ideal gasifier for different biomass is presently not available, it will be shown, which biomass is suitable for fixed bed or fluidized bed gasifiers.
A Method for Cleaning Heat Exchanger Pipes with Flow Energy Usage
Authors: Grinis L. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis paper describes the application of an effective hydro‐dynamical vibrational device for cleaning inner surfaces of pipes from sediments. The device is based on the phenomenon of vortex shedding behind spheres in fluid flow (Karman vortex street), which leads to vibration and sphere rotation. Forces of impact interactions of a sphere with the pipe wall exceed 25 N. This value allows cleaning of pipe inner surfaces irrespective of the sediment type. The ability to vary the sphere oscillations and a range of up to 125 Hz provide very flexible intensity control for the cleaning process. The pressure pulsations caused by the working device greatly increase the efficiency of sediment removal. Experimental results are provided, showing good agreement between practice and theoretical models. Laboratory tests show the high efficiency of the cleaning device.
Centrifugal Micromixery
Authors: Haeberle S. , Brenner T. , Schlosser H.‐P. , Zengerle R. , Ducrée J. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractWe present a modular centrifugal micromixer comprising a mixing unit hosting a planar network of low‐aspect‐ratio microfluidic channels (“disk”), a fixed rotating drive (“player”) and contact‐free dispensers for the continuous feed of educts. The modular setup allows a simple fabrication and a child's play exchange of the mixing unit. High‐speed micromixing is powered by the Coriolis force at volume throughputs of up to milliliters per minute and microchannel! These outstanding characteristics are demonstrated by experiments and accompanying CFD‐simulations.
Homochiral Conglomerates and Racemic Crystals in Two Dimensions: Tartaric Acid on Cu(110)
Authors: Romer Sara , Behzadi Bahar , Fasel Roman , Ernst Karl‐Heinz 
Published: April 2005

AbstractTwo‐dimensional lattice structures formed by racemic tartaric acid on a single crystalline Cu(110) surface have been studied and compared with the enantiopure lattices. At low coverage, the doubly deprotonated bitartrate species is separated into two‐dimensional conglomerates showing opposite enantiomorphism. At higher coverage, however, a singly deprotonated monotartrate species forms a heterochiral, racemic crystal lattice. While the enantioseparated bitartrate system undergoes decomposition at the same temperature as the enantiopure system, the racemic monotartrate lattice has a lower thermal stability than the enantiopure lattice of identical periodicity and surface density. At monolayer saturation coverage, the pure enantiomers form a denser lattice than the racemate. This is in contrast to the three‐dimensional tartaric acid crystals, where the racemate crystallizes in a lattice of higher density, which is also more thermally stable than the enantiopure tartaric acid crystals.
Acid–Base and Metal‐Ion Binding Properties of the RNA Dinucleotide Uridylyl‐(5′→3′)‐[5′]uridylate (pUpU3−)
Authors: Knobloch Bernd , Suliga Danuta , Okruszek Andrzej , Sigel Roland K. O. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractIt is well known that Mg2+ and other divalent metal ions bind to the phosphate groups of nucleic acids. Subtle differences in the coordination properties of these metal ions to RNA, especially to ribozymes, determine whether they either promote or inhibit catalytic activity. The ability of metal ions to coordinate simultaneously with two neighboring phosphate groups is important for ribozyme structure and activity. However, such an interaction has not yet been quantified. Here, we have performed potentiometric pH titrations to determine the acidity constants of the protonated dinucleotide H2(pUpU)−, as well as the binding properties of pUpU3− towards Mg2+, Mn2+, Cd2+, Zn2+, and Pb2+. Whereas Mg2+, Mn2+, and Cd2+ only bind to the more basic 5′‐terminal phosphate group, Pb2+, and to a certain extent also Zn2+, show a remarkably enhanced stability of the [M(pUpU)]− complex. This can be attributed to the formation of a macrochelate by bridging the two phosphate groups within this dinucleotide by these metal ions. Such a macrochelate is also possible in an oligonucleotide, because the basic structural units are the same, despite the difference in charge. The formation degrees of the macrochelated species of [Zn(pUpU)]− and [Pb(pUpU)]− amount to around 25 and 90 %, respectively. These findings are important in the context of ribozyme and DNAzyme catalysis, and explain, for example, why the leadzyme could be selected in the first place, and why this artificial ribozyme is inhibited by other divalent metal ions, such as Mg2+.
Cyanide‐Bridged Vitamin B12–Cisplatin Conjugates
Authors: Mundwiler Stefan , Spingler Bernhard , Kurz Philipp , Kunze Susanne , Alberto Roger 
Published: April 2005

Abstractcis‐[PtCl(OH2)(NH3)2]+, the monoactivated form of cisplatin, reacts with the cyano ligand of cobalt in vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) to form a CoCNPt conjugate (1). Compound 1 is prepared in good yield directly in aqueous solution. The remaining chloride ligand of PtII is labile. It hydrolyzes slowly in aqueous solution and can be exchanged by stronger coordinating ligands, such as 9‐methylguanine or 2′‐deoxyguanosine, to yield vitamin B12–nucleobase conjugates. X‐ray structures of the vitamin B12–cisplatin conjugate 1 as well as of the product with coordinated 9‐methylguanine (2) are presented. The coordination geometry at PtII is almost perfectly square‐planar. The structure of the cobalamin compound remains essentially unchanged when compared with the original B12 structure. The guanine moiety of compound 2 binds in a 45° angle to the cisplatin molecule and interacts with neighboring molecules by means of π stacking and hydrogen bonds.
Self‐Supported Heterogeneous Titanium Catalysts for Enantioselective Carbonyl–Ene and Sulfoxidation Reactions
Authors: Wang Xisheng , Wang Xingwang , Guo Hongchao , Wang Zheng , Ding Kuiling 
Published: April 2005

AbstractA new strategy for the heterogenization of chiral titanium complexes was developed by the in situ assembly of bridged multitopic BINOL ligands with [Ti(OiPr)4] without using a support. The assembled heterogeneous catalysts (self‐supported) showed excellent enantioselectivity in both the carbonyl–ene reaction of α‐methylstyrene with ethyl glyoxylate (up to 98 % ee) and the oxidation of sulfides (up to >99 % ee). The catalytic performance of these heterogeneous catalytic systems was comparable or even superior to that attained with their homogeneous counterparts. The spacers between the two BINOL units of the ligands in the assembled catalysts had significant impact on the enantioselectivity of the carbonyl–ene reaction. This demonstrates the importance of the supramolecular structures of the assemblies on their catalytic behavior. In the catalysis of sulfoxidation, the self‐supported heterogeneous titanium catalysts were highly stable and could be readily recycled and reused for over one month (at least eight cycles) without significant loss of activity and enantioselectivity (up to >99.9 % ee). The features of these self‐supported catalysts, such as facile preparation, robust chiral structure of solid‐state catalysts, high density of the catalytically active units in the solids, as well as easy recovery and simple recycling, are particularly important in developing methods for the synthesis of optically active compounds in industrial processes.
Nuclear factor kappa B activation is a potential target for preventing pancreatic carcinoma by aspirin
Authors: Sclabas Guido M. , Uwagawa Tadashi , Schmidt Christian , Hess Kenneth R. , Evans Douglas B. , Abbruzzese James L. , Chiao Paul J. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDPancreatic carcinoma exhibits a unique genetic profile of mutations that may play key roles in its progression to malignant phenotypes. Constitutive activation of transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) is a frequent molecular alteration in pancreatic carcinoma, suggesting a possible link between inflammation and cancer. The aims of the current study were to determine the effects of aspirin on pancreatic carcinoma prevention and to reveal a possible mechanism of aspirin‐mediated cancer chemoprevention.METHODSAn orthotopic mouse model with human pancreatic carcinoma cell lines PANC‐1, PANC‐1/Puro, and PANC‐1/IκBαM was used to study the inhibitory effects of aspirin on pancreatic tumor formation.RESULTSAspirin inhibited constitutive NF‐κB activity in culture and, in turn, decreased the expression of the NF‐κB downstream target gene, Cox‐2, in PANC‐1 or PANC‐1/Puro cells, without significantly inhibiting the in vitro growth of PANC‐1/Puro cells. All animals inoculated with either PANC‐1 or PANC‐1/Puro cells, and not given aspirin, developed pancreatic tumors, whereas none of the mice injected with PANC‐1/IκBαM cells showed any evidence of pancreatic tumor formation. Animals given aspirin for 6 days before, or at the time of, orthotopic tumor cell injection showed a significantly lower incidence of tumor formation compared with those receiving aspirin 2 weeks after inoculation and controls receiving no aspirin.CONCLUSIONSAspirin repressed tumor formation by PANC‐1 cells in vivo in a prophylactic setting, suggesting a possible mechanism for aspirin's preventive effect in pancreatic carcinoma through inhibition of NF‐κB activation and a mechanistic link between inflammation and tumorigenesis. Aspirin‐mediated antiinflammatory approaches might be an effective strategy to prevent pancreatic carcinoma. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Species and sex differences in brain distribution of corticotropin‐releasing factor receptor subtypes 1 and 2 in monogamous and promiscuous vole species
Authors: Lim Miranda M. , Nair Hemanth P. , Young Larry J. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractCorticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF) receptor subtypes 1 and 2 have been implicated in rodent models of anxiety, but much less is known about the CRF system and social behavior. Both corticosterone and central CRF receptors modulate pair bonding in the monogamous prairie vole. Using receptor autoradiography, we mapped CRFR1 and CRFR2 in the brains of two monogamous vole species, the prairie vole and pine vole, and two promiscuous vole species, the meadow vole and montane vole. We found markedly different patterns of brain CRFR1 and CRFR2 binding among the four species, including species differences in the olfactory bulb, nucleus accumbens, lateral septum, hippocampus, laterodorsal thalamus, cingulate cortex, superior colliculus, and dorsal raphe. Interestingly, we also observed striking sex differences in voles: CRFR2 binding was higher in the encapsulated bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in males than females for all four vole species. These results suggest possible sites of action for CRF‐induced facilitation of pair bond formation in prairie voles, as well as potential sex differences in the CRF modulation of pair bonding. Further examination of CRF receptors in vole species may reveal a novel role for CRF in social behavior. Ultimately, our results identify several brain regions with conserved CRF receptor patterns across rodent and primate species, in contrast to several brain regions with phylogenetically plastic CRF receptor patterns, and have interesting implications for the evolution of CRF receptor patterns and behavior. J. Comp. Neurol. 487:75–92, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Critical review of oral drug treatments for diabetic neuropathic pain—clinical outcomes based on efficacy and safety data from placebo‐controlled and direct comparative studies
Authors: Adriaensen Hugo , Plaghki Léon , Mathieu Chantal , Joffroy Alfred , Vissers Kris 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe present review aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a selection of oral treatments for the management of painful diabetic neuropathy. A literature review was conducted retrieving placebo‐controlled and direct comparative studies with a selection of oral treatments for painful diabetic neuropathy. All studies were analyzed with regard to efficacy and tolerability. Efficacy was evaluated as the percentage improvement in pain intensity between baseline and endpoint. Tolerability was evaluated by means of study discontinuations due to adverse events and by incidence of drug‐related adverse events.The analyzed trials enrolled different patient populations with mostly small numbers of patients. The great variability in dosages and dose titration schemes, cross‐over designs with variable wash‐out periods, and other design schemes made comparison between the different studies difficult. Gabapentin, lamotrigine, tramadol, oxycodone, mexiletine, and acetyl‐L‐carnitine were the only treatments studied in large (at least 100 patients), placebo‐controlled parallel group trials.It is concluded that standardization in design and reporting for comparison of treatments is needed. Validated questionnaires for evaluation of the efficacy and safety should be further developed. Based on the reviewed randomised controlled trials, gabapentin shows good efficacy, a favourable side‐effect profile with lack of drug interactions and therefore it may be a first choice treatment in painful diabetic neuropathy, especially in the elderly. However, head to head trials of current treatments are lacking and therefore randomized controlled trials are required to address this issue. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Embryonic staging system for the short‐tailed fruit bat, Carollia perspicillata, a model organism for the mammalian order Chiroptera, based upon timed pregnancies in captive‐bred animals
Authors: Cretekos Chris J. , Weatherbee Scott D. , Chen Chih‐Hsin , Badwaik Nilima K. , Niswander Lee , Behringer Richard R. , Rasweiler John J. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThere are approximately 4,800 extant species of mammals that exhibit tremendous morphological, physiological, and developmental diversity. Yet embryonic development has been studied in only a few mammalian species. Among mammals, bats are second only to rodents with regard to species number and habitat range and are the most abundant mammals in undisturbed tropical regions. Bat development, though, remains relatively unstudied. Here, we describe and illustrate a staging series of embryonic development for the short‐tailed fruit bat, Carollia perspicillata, based on embryos collected at timed intervals after captive matings. As Carollia can be readily maintained and propagated in captivity and is extremely abundant in the wild, it offers an attractive choice as a chiropteran model organism. This staging system provides a framework for studying Carollia embryogenesis and should prove useful as a guide for embryological studies of other bat species and for comparisons with other orders of mammals. Developmental Dynamics 233:721–738, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative expression analysis of transcription factor genes in the endostyle of invertebrate chordates
Authors: Hiruta Jin , Mazet Francoise , Yasui Kinya , Zhang Peijun , Ogasawara Michio 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe endostyle of invertebrate chordates is a pharyngeal organ that is thought to be homologous with the follicular thyroid of vertebrates. Although thyroid‐like features such as iodine‐concentrating and peroxidase activities are located in the dorsolateral part of both ascidian and amphioxus endostyles, the structural organization and numbers of functional units are different. To estimate phylogenetic relationships of each functional zone with special reference to the evolution of the thyroid, we have investigated, in ascidian and amphioxus, the expression patterns of thyroid‐related transcription factors such as TTF‐2/FoxE4 and Pax2/5/8, as well as the forkhead transcription factors FoxQ1 and FoxA. Comparative gene expression analyses depicted an overall similarity between ascidians and amphioxus endostyles, while differences in expression patterns of these genes might be specifically related to the addition or elimination of a pair of glandular zones. Expressions of Ci‐FoxE and BbFoxE4 suggest that the ancestral FoxE class might have been recruited for the formation of thyroid‐like region in a possible common ancestor of chordates. Furthermore, coexpression of FoxE4, Pax2/5/8, and TPO in the dorsolateral part of both ascidian and amphioxus endostyles suggests that genetic basis of the thyroid function was already in place before the vertebrate lineage. Developmental Dynamics 233:1031–1037, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Second branchial arch lineages of the middle ear of wild‐type and Hoxa2 mutant mice
Authors: O'Gorman Stephen 
Published: April 2005

AbstractOur current understanding of the evolution of the mammalian middle ear was first suggested by embryological studies from the 19th century. Here, site‐specific recombinase‐mediated lineage tracing was used to define the second branchial arch contribution to the middle ear of wild‐type and Hoxa‐2 mutant embryos. The processus brevis of the malleus was found to arise from second arch tissues, making it the likely homologue of the retroarticular process of nonmammalian tetrapods. The second arch also formed a portion of the otic capsule. In light of avian lineage studies, second arch cells were probably incorporated into the otic capsule before avian and mammalian lineages diverged. In Hoxa2 mutant embryos, middle ear skeletal duplications occurred at sites where first and second arch elements are normally apposed. The dorsoventral positions at which second arch skeletal elements formed and the early migration of second arch neural crest cells were not altered by the absence of Hoxa2 function. Developmental Dynamics 234:124–131, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preparation and Characterization of Ag@TiO2 Core‐Shell Nanoparticles in Water‐in‐Oil Emulsions
Authors: Zhang Dan , Song Ximing , Zhang Rongwei , Zhang Ming , Liu Fengqi 
Published: April 2005

AbstractWe report a simple route for the effective synthesis of Ag@TiO2 nanoparticles in water‐in‐oil (w/o) emulsions and provide detailed characterization of the materials with TEM, TG‐DTA, IR, XRD, and SPS measurements. Such core‐shell hybrid nanoparticles can be fabricated in two simple steps: the formation of the silver core by the reduction of a Tollens reagent with glucose in the water phase, and the hydrolysis of Ti(OC4H9)4 at the water/oil interface for the formation of the amorphous TiO2 shell. The procedure led to the formation of nanocomposites with a crystalline core in a size range from 5 to 15 nm in diameter and an amorphous shell of 6–10 nm thickness in a typical synthesis. The shell was converted to crystalline oxide upon thermal treatment. Surface photovoltaic spectroscopy (SPS) measurements indicate that the materials have potential for application in photoinduced electron storage and photocatalysis. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)