bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wave Mechanics
Authors: dinger Erwin Schro¨ , Broglie Louis de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Paul Dirac has offered the opinion that his fellow theorists are guided not only by their hopes, but just as importantly, by their fears. Theoretical researchers find it hard, he says, to ignore fears that their work contains hidden, possibly disastrous, flaws; and their thoughts, influenced by this worry, are not so logical as they might be: “You might think a good research worker would review the situation quite calmly and unemotionally and with a completely logical mind, and proceed to develop whatever ideas he has in an entirely rational way.
Tellingthe Tale of the Quarks
Authors: Gell-Mann Murray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is said that a student once asked Enrico Fermi about the name of a fundamental particle, and that Fermi responded, “Young man, if I could remember the names of these particles, I would have been a botanist.” At that time (the mid-1950s), only a dozen particles were known, but their taxonomy was already a tangled problem. Ten years later the list was approaching one hundred and getting longer as powerful new accelerators came on line and increasingly sensitive devices for particle detection were developed. The “botanists” among particle physicists were in despair.
Autistic Learning Disabilities of Communication: Identifying the Components of Communication
Authors: Siegel Bryna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will deal with defining the ways in which the earliest stages of language development in children with ASDs differ from children with other reasons for their communication difficulties. Communication-based autistic learning disabilities can be seen as emerging from successive failures to normally develop skills like the use of communicative gaze, gestures, and body language. It is these pre-language, paralinguistic failures that eventually lead to a failure to develop any or much spoken language. Receptive and expressive language relies on these earlier-emerging paralinguistic skills as a foundation. This chapter will take a very developmental perspective, laying out a rationale for building these foundational skills when treating communication disabilities in ASDs.
Autistic Learning Disabilities of Communication: Treatments for the Verbal Child
Authors: Siegel Bryna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some children with ASDs have words all along, but do not use those words as much as others their age, or use expressive speech in peculiar ways. Others are very delayed in initial language development, but with speech therapy at two, three, and four years of age develop functional speech and grammar by age five or six. In this chapter, we will focus on verbal children with ASDs and the challenges of improving their language use. This chapter is intended for parents and teachers who focus on children who have moved beyond the “preverbal” or limited verbal “speaking” stage and are speaking in phrases and sentences. By kindergarten or first grade age, these children are often in separate and different educational placements from the children who continue to need the support of visual icon communication curricula. For parents, children at this stage usually present new challenges, like that of getting the child to talk more.
Modeling the Evolution of Phenotypic Plasticity
Authors: Berrigan David , Scheiner Samuel M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mathematical models have long played a critical role in evolutionary biology. Models allow us to systematically characterize complex interactions and to explore the consequences of assumptions about genotypes, phenotypes, and the environment. Models of phenotypic plasticity have shaped research and raised a host of compelling questions for ecologists, physiologists, and geneticists. Most formal models of plasticity evolution are only about 15 years old (e.g., Orzack 1985; Via and Lande 1985; Gavrilets 1986; Stearns and Koella 1986), although the concepts are much older (chapter 2). To some extent models have outrun data, as we discuss in this chapter. Yet substantial gaps still exist among plasticity models. Decades ago, Levins (1968) pointed out that models attempt to maximize three things: generality, precision, and realism. However, only two can ever be maximized within a single model. Until now, models of plasticity evolution have concentrated on the first two factors, generality and precision. Few models have attempted to maximize realism, especially with regard to the melding of genetics with traits such as morphology and life history. One goal of this chapter is to point out potential avenues toward this melding.
Cognitive Social Science
Authors: Turner Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IT 1s no surprise that the fundamental topic of study in cognitive science is mental events, viewed as occurring in single brains or distributively across as few as two brains or as many as all the brains of an entire community and its descendent communities, and lasting as briefly as a few milliseconds or as long as tens of thousands of years. It is also no surprise that political science, economics, sociology, and anthropology share with cognitive science this fundamental topic of study—mental events, however distributed. Nonmental facts (the location of coal, the date of the potato blight in Ireland) can mean something in social science only because they bear on mental events. The distribution of oil in the earth’s crust can mean something in economics because the geological facts of the matter are enmeshed in a mental world of belief, desire, need, demand, value, utility, pricing, judgment, decision, competition, cooperation, conflict, and persuasion. The study of oil without mental events is natural science, not social science.
“everybody knew it was going to happen within months”—bell labs feels safely in the lead
Authors: Hecht Jeff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
TED MAIMAN AND HUGHES RESEARCH LABORATORIES weren’t on the radars at Bell Labs. Bell felt safely in the lead and confident of its staying power. Bell managers didn’t skimp in the pursuit of promising ideas or haggle about spending $1500 on a potentially useful instrument. They sent 18 people to Shawanga Lodge, plus John Sanders, who listed himself as coming from Oxford University. That delegation was more than ten percent of the total attendance. Most returned optimistic that they were well on their way to a working laser. “Everybody knew it was going to happen within months,” recalls Al Clogston, who was in charge of coordinating Bell’s various laser projects.
“we were astounded”—a stunned reaction
Authors: Hecht Jeff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
RIPPLES OF REACTION began spreading as soon as the reporters left the Hughes press conference. Walter Sullivan, the science editor for the New York Times, didn’t attend, but afterward he tried to reach Townes, whom he often asked questions about physics. Townes was away from Columbia, but the physics department announced the call over its public address system, and Abella picked it up, identifying himself as a graduate student.
Antisense Disruption of Gene Expression in the Preimplantation Embryo
Authors: Barcroft Lisa C , Jones-Taggart D Holstead , Watson Andrew J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Development of techniques such as reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT- PCR), differential display RT-PCR, and, more recently, the use of gene-array chips has allowed a number of developmentally regulated gene products within the preimplantation embryo to be identified and characterized. Many of these gene products are involved in cell adhesion (1–10), inter- and intracellular signaling (11–19), cell cycle regulation (20–23), autocrine regulation (24–36), embryo metabolism (37–46), and ion transport (47–56). Despite extensive investigation of the timing of mRNA and protein expression of these gene products, there have been few studies examining the effect of disrupting the expression of a given gene. Most studies investigating gene function within somatic cells and preimplantation embryos have used one or two means of disrupting gene expression: antigene strategies or anti-mRNA strategies.
The Mighty Shall Be Weak
Authors: Zee A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When my son Andrew was about four years old, he asked me whether gravity or Superman were stronger. Clearly, I replied, Superman’s got to be stronger, since he can zip away from the earth’s gravity at a moment’s notice. But on second thought, is Superman strong enough to move galaxies around? Can Superman rein in the expansion of the whole universe? Only gravity is strong enough to get the universe to perform.
Darkness at Night
Authors: Zee A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Night after night, the darkness came. Strange noises filled the jungle, and our ancestors huddled closer together. For eons, the darkness of night frightened and mystified us, but nowadays, nobody thinks the darkness puzzling. Every person in the street knows, presumably, the explanation taught to schoolboys: The earth rotates on its axis as it moves around the sun, and every twenty-four hours night falls on that half of the world facing away from the sun.
The Rich Get Riche
Authors: Zee A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the history of the universe, the formation of galaxies was a particularly momentous event. Before that, the universe was an undifferentiated, uniform cloud of matter. But about forty thousand years after the big bang, bits of matter started to come together, forming enormous structures that eventually condensed into galaxies. Galaxy formation marked the first step in the emergence of structures in our universe: Within the galaxy, protostars soon formed. The rest, as they say, is history. The debris around some stars eventually cooled into lumps. On some of these lumps, biological evolution began. What happened afterward, some cosmologists might say, is a yawning anticlimax. Certainly, from the cosmological point of view, nothing much of significance had transpired since the lumping of matter made the universe take on its present look—a vast and inconceivable emptiness dotted here and there by a few specks of matter.
From Hair Whorls to the Edge of Creation
Authors: Zee A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When I was in the first or the second grade, we boys used to examine the backs of each other’s heads. We would pretend to count the number of whorls in our friends’ hair, all the while chanting, “One whorl means that you are a man; two whorls, you are a goblin; and three whorls, well, you must be a monkey in disguise!” With malicious glee, we would gang up on some poor soul and tell him that he had three whorls in his hair. The victim, in disbelief, would ask a friend to check the back of his head. At this point, the so-called friend would examine the victim’s head with exaggerated care, saying, “Let’s see, here is one whorl. Mmm, oh, no, here is another one! And, here is a third!” The victim, after trying in vain to examine the back of his own head in a mirror and now utterly unsure whom among his “friends” he could trust, would reluctantly go ask the teacher to examine his head.
The Fall and Rise of Gravity
Authors: Zee A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When I was a child, I came across a book in which there was a picture of a double-decker bus tilting at a precarious angle. The author explained that physicists can actually calculate how far the bus can be tilted before tipping over. This passage impressed me deeply, partly because I was taken by the notion that we can predict how Nature will behave, and partly because I had ridden some weeks earlier on a doubledecker bus—no, not only that, but I had sat in the front row on the top deck—and the thought that it might tip over was deliciously titillating.
Commentary on Part I
Authors: Cohen Leslie B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a pleasure to be able to contribute to this excellent book on early categorization and its development. I have had the good fortune to collaborate with some of the authors in the infant section of the book and I am delighted by the way that they, and others, have built on the early demonstration studies we and others reported in the 1970s. Today infant categorization is one of the foremost areas within infant cognition, and rightly so.
The ability to categorize is so fundamental that even young infants must possess it to some degree. It allows infants and adults alike to represent groups of objects and events in the world and to act on the basis of those representations. Infants, as well as adults, must be able to acquire at least some types of categories. Consider what life would be like if they could not. Given that no two experiences are identical, learning from prior experience would be nonexistent and anticipating regularities in the world would be impossible. Oakes and Madole (chap. 6) make a similar point, albeit more conservatively. According to them, “the ability to categorize may be especially important in infancy, when an enormous amount of new information is encountered every day. By forming groups of similar objects, infants can effectively reduce the amount of information they must process, learn, and remember” (p. 132). But even if we can agree that from the outset young infants possess the ability to categorize, some of the most significant issues still remain. For example, what exactly is the nature of these earliest categories and how do they change with development and experience?
Transaction of Child Cognitive-Linguistic Abilities and Adult Input in the Acquisition of Lexical Categories at the Basic and Subordinate Levels
Authors: Mervis Carolyn B , Pani, John R , Pani Ariel M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Studies of category development typically are cross-sectional, use a group design, and focus on one or at most a few categories or category labels. Furthermore, designs usually are experimental rather than observational. This approach is highly practical and the chapters in this book provide ample evidence of its success in advancing our understanding of category and conceptual development and early lexical acquisition (for the latter, see also Golinkoff et al., 2000). Developmental timetables have been provided for changes in the types of information an infant or child uses in forming categories, as measured by habituation, preferential looking or handling, or sequential touching or sorting. Similarly, developmental timetables have been proposed for changes in the lexical principles governing the extension of toddlers’ and preschoolers’ object labels, as measured by comprehension or production of object names. Developmental timetables also have been offered for children’s attention to particular aspects of the social/pragmatic context when acquiring new words. Given their practicality, particularly in terms of the (relative) speed at which the research can be carried out and results obtained, narrowly focused cross-sectional studies using experimental designs are likely to continue to be the dominant approach to category or lexical development.
Austen’s Nostalgics
Authors: Dames Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Protesting against Edward Ferrars’s conversational decorum, Sense and Sensibility’s Marianne Dashwood proclaims: “I love to be reminded of the past, Edward—whether it be melancholy or gay, I love to recall it—and you will never offend me by talking of former times” (SS, 92).1 Marianne’s preference is not, however, reflected in the texts of her creator, which seem more interested in maintaining Edward’s tentative avoidance of the past than in cultivating a love of remembrance. Jane Austen’s novels do not bask in reminiscence, do not seek out obscure memories, and are not illuminated by sudden bursts of recollection—a tendency amply demonstrated by the fact that, having stated her love of memory, Marianne returns immediately to the topic at hand: how one might dispose of a purely hypothetical fortune. Memory may be invoked, but it does not become a topic in its own right.
Amnesiac Bodies Phrenology, Physiognomy, and Memory in Charlotie Brontë
Authors: Dames Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the summer of 1851 Charlotte Brontë and her publisher George Smith visited a London phrenologist of some fame, a Dr. J. P. Browne, to have their faces and skulls “read” in the popular manner of the day.1 Into this encounter both Brontë and Smith went metaphorically masked, preferring the pseudonyms “Mr. and Miss Fraser’’ to their everyday identities. Remaining silent before Browne’s trained gaze, with the ambiguous, tangled, and often painful facts of their respective pasts temporarily irrelevant, and with only the immutable signs of their heads offered for inspection, both author and publisher were clinically examined; within days Browne issued two written reports of his findings, and soon thereafter Brontë, back in the haven of Haworth, received the reports from Smith. It did not take long for Brontë to register her enthusiasm about the success of the readings.
The Birth of Amnesia Collins, Sensation, Forgetting
Authors: Dames Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our record of the reactions to Collins’s sensation novels of the 1860s reads like a record of forgettings.1 Responding to the 1860 publication in book form of The Woman in White, an anonymous reviewer in the Saturday Review describes the consumable nature of Collins’s mysteries, which, like yesterday’s meals, leave little memory behind them: “Nobody ever leaves his tales unfinished. This is a great compliment to his skill. But then very few feel at all inclined to read them a second time. Our curiosity once satisfied, the charm is gone.”2
Drifting
Authors: Gillham Nicholas Wright 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the fall of 1844 Galton took rooms in London near Hyde Park with two Cambridge friends, W. F. Gibbs and H. Vaughan Johnson. Gibbs was later tutor to the Prince of Wales while Johnson became involved in legal work with Galton’s friend Eben Kay. During 1845 the affairs surrounding Tertius’s estate were wound up and the family began to scatter. Emma, a spinster, lived with their mother either at Leamington or at Claverdon, a Warwickshire estate Tertius had purchased in 1824 as a summer residence. Delly married Robert Shirley Bunbury on May 18, 1845, only to be widowed a year later and left with their baby, Millicent. Milly would become close to Galton late in his life. In December Bessy married Edward Wheler. Lucy, wed for some time to James Moilliet, was suffering from the effects of rheumatic fever contracted as a child and had only three years to live. Darwin, Galton’s eldest brother, was married to his second wife. They were living with her mother at her country house near Stratford-on-Avon. Erasmus, Galton’s other brother, was farming his estate at Loxton in Somersetshire.
Riding High with the Royal
Authors: Gillham Nicholas Wright 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In May 1854, married and enclosed in a carapace of Victorian respectability, Calton was elected to the Council of the Royal Geographical Society, the Society’s command and control center. The hard-charging Murchison was ever-present either as president, vice-president, or in some other capacity. Two unpaid honorary secretaries, appointed from the Council, supervised Society meetings. The Council’s Expeditions Committee provided instructions to explorers, which were then published. Once the Council decided favorably on a project, members sought funding through public subscription and from the Foreign Office. The Council also nominated candidates for the two gold medals the Society awarded annually. From his Council perch Calton watched a great drama unfold as Baker, Burton, Grant, Livingstone, Speke, and Stanley in search of the Nile’s source discovered Africa’s Great Lakes in the process. But Calton was no bystander. He wrote instructions for explorers, helped to raise subscriptions for their expeditions, and questioned measurements they reported. The Council Calton joined included his old master at Trinity, Whewell, and his Cambridge drop-out friend Mansfield Parkyns, whom he had last seen in Khartoum. It also boasted luminaries like Lt. Col.
The Mendelians Trump the Biometricians
Authors: Gillham Nicholas Wright 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Francis Galton’s Ancestral Law of Heredity (1897) had its roots in the pedigrees he had analyzed for Hereditary Genius. The underlying as­ sumption was that the closest male relatives of the eminent man were the most likely to be eminent, with eminence diluting over hereditary distance. The ancestral model seemed to accommodate continuous variation satisfactorily and would be adopted by both Pearson and Weldon. However, for Bateson discontinuities were what counted in heredity and evolution, and this belief found strong reinforcement in Galton’s hypothesis of organic stability. The rediscovery of Mendel’s paper in 1900 at once provided the key for the hereditary cipher and unlocked in Bateson one of the first great geneticists. This chapter chronicles the ensuing controversy.
Greek Gifts
Authors: Benson Donald C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Ancient Greeks Embarked Humanity on the scientific voyage of discovery that continues to the present day. The greatest of the Greek mathematical gifts to us from antiquity was the notion of proof In this chapter, we look at certain fundamental accomplishments of rigorous Greek mathematical thought-two alternate developments of the theory of ratio and proportion, subtle methods of filling in the gaps between the whole numbers. Thereby the Greeks carried forward the development of the number system.
Tubeland
Authors: Benson Donald C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IS THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH curved or flat? Despite the superficial appearance of flatness, learned people as far back as Pythagoras in the sixth century BCE have agreed that the surface of the earth is not flat but spherical. In fact, the Alexandrian mathematician and astronomer Eratosthenes of Cyrene (276?-195? BCE), gave a close approximation of the circumference of the earth using measurements of the shadows of objects of known height at different latitudes. It is a myth-probably initiated by Washington Irving in his History of Christopher Columbus {1828)-that in the time of Columbus there was a widely held belief in a flat earth.
The Calculating Eye
Authors: Benson Donald C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN this chapter, we look at a mathematical innovation that promotes visual-spatial thinking-a geometric innovation that is used primarily for purposes that are not geometric and not even mathematical-an innovation that is so much a part of modem life that it is difficult to think that there was a time when it did not exist. I refer to the commonplace graphs that we see in every newspaper-for example, graphs showing the price of stocks and bonds day by day or hour by hour. A graph expresses the relationship between two variables with an effectiveness that is impossible to achieve with words alone. Graphs give instant insight into complex matters. Surprisingly, graphs were seldom seen before the twentieth century.
The Root of the Problem
Authors: Benson Donald C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Say “Algebra” and one thinks “equations.” Indeed, equations are a central concern of classical algebra. An equation poses a mathematical “whodunit.” The culprit x-the unknown x-left clues in the form of an equation, and the mathematical detective must determine its identity, the root (or roots) of the equation. As we will see, for certain Italian mathematiciansof the sixteenth century, equations led to high intrigue, but probably no actual crimes.
Symmetry Without Fear
Authors: Benson Donald C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Symmetry Is Organized Repetition, seen both in the tiger’s stripes and in Blake’s poetry; also, in the tile work of the Alhambra} the fugues of Bach, the biology of the starfish, the growth of crystals, the shape of galaxies, and the theory of subatomic particles. The bilateral symmetry of the human body is only the first page of the intricate book of symmetry.