bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploiting treaty ambiguity: Public health exceptions in the WTO TRIPS agreement
Authors: Park Sojun , Konken Lauren C. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractTreaty exceptions have long been viewed as essential to the design of international agreements. Yet, agreements also leave ‘room to maneuver’ through the use of constructive ambiguity, that is, by defining treaty terms with deliberately ambiguous words. When are countries more likely to exploit this treaty ambiguity? What does this exploitation look like? We argue that in democratic countries, where states face continued pressures to react to domestic needs, governments are more likely to legislate unambiguous circumstances in which they can apply international treaty exceptions. We argue this should be especially true in developing democracies facing external pressure from foreign firms and developed countries to legislate public policy with their external interests in mind. We test our theory in the context of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement and compulsory licensing legislation for HIV/AIDS drugs between 2000 and 2012. We find that when public access to medicines for HIV/AIDS is limited but in high demand, democratic governments are more likely to legislate explicit public health protection under TRIPS exceptions, especially in developing countries with high rates of foreign patent ownership. We conclude that such exploitation is most likely when countries seek to prevent precedents by action, or adjudication, that better define constructively ambiguous treaty terms.
Using synthetic data to benchmark correction methods for low-cost air quality sensor networks
Authors: Wesseling Joost , Drukker Derko , Gressent Alicia , Janssen Stijn , Joassin Pascal , Lenartz Fabian , van Ratingen Sjoerd , Rodrigues Vera , Sousa Jorge , Thunis Philippe 
Published: January 2024

AbstractA benchmark was performed, comparing the results of three different methodologies proposed by three institutions to calibrate a network of low-cost PM2.5 sensors, on an hourly basis, using synthetically generated real concentrations and sensor measurements. The objective of the network calibrations was to correct the 2000+ sensor measurements in the Netherlands for the sensitivity to (local) environmental conditions. The option to use real measurements was dropped because the number of low-cost sensors sufficiently close to the 40 reference measurement locations was assessed to be spatially insufficient to benchmark the proposed approaches. Instead, synthetic real concentrations were generated to enable validation at all sensor locations. Hourly actual sensor and actual fixed concentrations, as well as interpolated concentration maps, were used as underlying data to generate the synthetic data sets for the period of 1 month. The synthetic sensor measurement errors were constructed by sampling from a collection of differences between actual sensor values and actual measurements. Of the three tested calibration methods, two follow a similar approach, although having differences in, e.g., outlier analyses and method of grouping sensors, leading also to comparable corrections to the raw sensor measurements. A third method uses significantly stricter rules in outlier selection, discarding considerably more sensors because of insufficient quality. Differences between the methods become most apparent when analyzing data at a smaller time scale. It is shown that two network calibration methods are better at correcting the hourly/daily bias.
Temporal Dynamics of Tree Crown Fractal Dimension in Two Species of Deciduous Oaks
Authors: Jiménez-Guzmán Graciela , Vega-Peña Ernesto Vicente 
Published: January 2024

AbstractFractal dimension (D) can be used to characterise temporal changes of crown architecture of individual trees. Our goal in this study was to analyse seasonal changes in tree crown fractal dimension of two species of deciduous oaks (Quercus castanea and Q. obtusata) coexisting in a natural forest in central Mexico using low cost sampling, and relate these changes to morphological attributes and environmental variables.Every two months, from May 2017 to September 2018, for each oak species, we photographed fixed portions of the crowns of individual trees, measured their trunk diameters, and obtained average temperature and accumulated precipitation data recorded for the sampling date. From the obtained images, we calculated D values by the semivariogram method using three different variability estimators (square increment, isotropic, and transect variation).We identified a positive correlation between D and temperature, and a negative correlation between temperature and crown cover.The fractal dimension (D) of crowns of two deciduous oak species changes according to the tree’s phenological stage. D values varied through time in relation to tree crown phenological variation, but not with crown cover dimension. We propose a model of annual D value fluctuation in deciduous trees, characterised by two high complexity peaks and two low complexity valleys, corresponding to the effects on crown cover of annual periods of leaf abscission and development.
Evidence and emerging trends in local therapy for metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer: a narrative review
Authors: Brönimann Stephan , Singla Nirmish , Korn Stephan M , Huebner Nicolai A , Shariat Shahrokh F 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Introduction
Metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC) displays both simultaneous and sequential patterns of metastasis, emphasizing a comprehensive treatment approach that integrates both local therapy and systemic treatment strategies. The increasing use of molecular imaging has led to a rise in mHSPC diagnoses, underscoring the importance of identifying the right patient population and effective treatment concepts for this disease state.

Results
Two prospective trials, HORRAD and STAMPEDE, investigated prostate radiotherapy (RT) for mHSPC; however, they did not show an overall survival (OS) benefit in the unselected cohort. Nonetheless, RT showed favorable outcomes in patients with fewer than five bone metastases, resulting in a 7% 3‑year survival improvement and supporting the integration of RT in multimodal treatment for men with oligometastatic mHSPC. Regarding cytoreductive prostatectomy (cRP), the TRoMbone Trial confirmed its feasibility and safety. In addition, findings from the FUSCC-OMPCa Trial demonstrated improved 3‑year radiographic progression-free survival and OS rates with acceptable rates of complications and incontinence. Recent data from the LoMP registry have further supported superior OS and cancer-specific survival (CSS) in patients undergoing cRP compared to systemic therapy alone. Notably, no significant differences in OS and CSS were observed between the cRP and RT groups. However, cRP-treated patients exhibited superior 2‑year local event-free survival when compared to those treated with RT.

Conclusion
RT in combination with systemic therapy remains the established first-line treatment for low-burden mHSPC, though the exact definition of low metastatic burden remains contentious. Precise assessment of metastatic burden is vital to identify patients who would derive the greatest benefit from RT. As treatment paradigms evolve, embracing multimodal approaches holds potential for optimizing outcomes in patients with mHSPC. Further research is needed to solidify the role of cRP as a standard therapeutic approach and to refine treatment strategies for improved patient outcomes.
Adolescent School Belonging and Mental Health Outcomes in Young Adulthood: Findings from a Multi-wave Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Allen Kelly-Ann , Greenwood Christopher J. , Berger Emily , Patlamazoglou Lefteris , Reupert Andrea , Wurf Gerald , May Fiona , O’Connor Meredith , Sanson Ann , Olsson Craig A. , Letcher Primrose 
Published: January 2024

AbstractSchool belonging, sometimes referred to as school belonging or school connectedness, involves dimensions like positive affect towards school, relationships with teachers, and feeling socially valued. Previous research points to immediate benefits for students’ mental health and wellbeing; however, evidence on the potential long-term benefits of school belonging for mental health—once young people leave the school setting—is limited. This study used data on 1568 adults from the Australian Temperament Project (ATP), a 16-wave longitudinal study which has tracked participants since infancy. The short form of the Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER) School Life Questionnaire was used to assess secondary school belonging at age 15–16 years whilst young adult mental health symptoms were evaluated using the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS-21) at 19–20, 23–24, and 27–28 years. Generalised Estimating Equation models were used to examine the link between secondary school belonging and mental health symptoms in young adulthood. Results showed that higher levels of all aspects of school belonging were associated with lower mental health symptoms across young adulthood (β range − 0.05 to − 0.20). Associations were similar by gender. These findings underscore the importance of adolescent school belonging and in particular school status in reference to feeling socially valued, as a long-term protective factor that can mitigate against later depression, anxiety, and stress.
Wear behavior of copper material removal during fluid jet polishing: A comparative study between experiment and simulation
Authors: Zhang Wenjing , Zhang Xin , Ai Tiancheng , Guo Dan , Pan Guoshun 
Published: January 2024

AbstractAs a crucial part in micro-electromechanical manufacture, local ultra-precision processing of highly ductile copper is expected to be realized by fluid jet polishing (FJP), which widely utilized in optical elements. Since copper exhibits different wear behavior from stiff and brittle material, there is currently no abrasive wear prediction model applicable for copper to investigate the polishing mechanism. This research reveals that the copper material removal is dominated by deformation wear rather than cutting wear through abrasive jet impact experiments and localized wear scars analysis. A three-dimensional gas-liquid-particle triphasic wear model for copper in FJP is developed by considering impact energy and wear mechanism simultaneously. Ultimately, validation assessments at various working pressures and impingement angles achieve the goodness-of-fit up to 0.92–0.97 in quantitative comparison between simulations and experimental measurements, which demonstrate the wear prediction ability of the proposed model. This investigation facilitates a better understanding of copper wear mechanism and provides theoretical guidance for FJP process optimization.
Modification of POSS and their tribological properties and resistant to space atomic oxygen irradiation as lubricant additive of multialkylated cyclopentanes
Authors: Wang Xingwei , Zhang Chaoyang , Zhao Chen , Liang Yijing , Zhang Ming , Yang Wufang , Yu Bo , Yu Qiangliang , Cai Meirong , Zhou Feng , Liu Weimin 
Published: January 2024

AbstractDeveloping functional additive resistant to space atomic oxygen (AO) irradiation through simple molecular design and chemical synthesis to enhance the lubricating performance of multialkylated cyclopentanes (MACs) oil is a significant challenge. Herein, sulfur-containing polyhedral oligomere silsesquioxane (POSS) were synthesize via a click-chemistry reaction of octavinyl polyhedral oligomeric with alkyl sulfide. The reduce-friction (RF), anti-wear (AW) properties and anti-AO irradiation of POSS-S-R as MACs base oil additives in atmospheric and simulated space environments were systematically investigated for the first time. Results demonstrate that POSS-S-R not only possesses outstanding anti-AO irradiation capacity but also effectively improves the RF and AW of MACs in atmospheric or simulated space surroundings. This improvement is due to the excellent anti-AO irradiation properties of the POSS structure itself and the high load-carrying ability of silicon-containing and sulfur-containing compounds generated by tribo-chemical reactions, which effectively separates the direct contact of the friction interface. We believe that this synthesized POSS-S-R is a promising additive for space lubricants.
Exploring advances in nanofiber-based face masks: a comprehensive review of mechanical, electrostatic, and antimicrobial functionality filtration for the removal of airborne particulate matter and pathogens
Authors: Le Bao , Omran Nada , Elnabawy Eman , Hassanin Ahmed H. , Mahmoud Kamal , Shehata Nader , Shyha Islam 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe filtration of airborne particulate matter (PM) and aerosols utilizing nonwoven fibrous materials has received significant research concern due to the continuing global pandemics, especially the outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), and particularly for face masks as a measure of personal protection. Although spun-bond or melt-blown nonwoven fabrics are among the pioneer materials in the development of polymer microfiber-based face masks or air filters on a large scale, relatively new nonwoven manufacturing processes like electrospinning and solution blow spinning (SBS) are gaining momentum among manufacturers of filter membranes. The high filtration performance of nanofiber face masks is due to their high surface area to volume ratio which increases the interaction between the nanofiber and PM and improves the electrostatic charge distribution of electret filters, allowing enhanced capture capability based on electrostatic deposition. Moreover, the small diameter of nanofibrous filters improves the breathability of the face mask by providing the slip effect, which in turn reduces the pressure drop through the membrane. This paper provides a comprehensive review of contemporary advances in nanofiber face masks, detailing the working mechanism involved, reviewing recent experimental studies, and discussing improvements in filtration efficiency for three main nanofibrous air filtration strategies, including mechanical and electrostatic filtration and antimicrobial functionality. Furthermore, prospective research is introduced which considers the synergistic combination effects of the three filtration mechanisms in designing a multifunctional nanofiber structure that can efficiently capture a wide range of PM with higher filtration efficiency and lower drops in pressure. New trends in the antimicrobial activity of smart material-based nanofibrous membranes in the fight against infectious airborne agents are also described.
Numerical investigation of the carrying capacity of single polyurethane foam pile in clay and sand soils
Authors: Hassona Faek , Hakeem Beshoy Maher 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe definition of soil stabilization is a method to enhance the engineering properties. Polyurethane grout is one of the least expensive methods and can be used in construction. Polyurethane injection resin systems for crack injection, slab lifting, soil stabilization, leak sealing, and structural crack repair have been used for the last two decades. Polyurethane foam hasn't been used or understood as a loaded structural element in soils like as embedded piles. In this piece of work, a trial was made to numerically study the behavior of polyurethane foam when used as piles embedded in the clay and sand soils. Plaxis 3D software was adopted to carry out this study. Polyurethane piles of varying diameters and lengths were modelled as embedments in the clay and sand soil, and then incremental loads were applied. Moreover, the study involved the behavior of polyurethane piles when the clay strength was increased. The results indicated that embedded pile resistance to loading increased with the increase in length and pile diameter. When the loading results of polyurethane foam embedded in loose sand are compared with the loading results of piles in soft clay, the ultimate capacity of piles in loose sand, was much higher than that in soft clay. The results also indicated that the polyurethane pile load-carrying capacity increased when L/D ratio decreased for both soft and stiff clay. In this study concrete piles in clay and sand soil were modelled to examine the percentage of loading capacity of concrete piles to that of polyurethane piles for clay and sand soil.
Validation of numerical results of complex seismic analysis through simple analytics
Authors: Brandonisio Giuseppe , Naqash Muhammad Tayyab 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe paper analyzes the application of the numerical findings of the program, which is becoming increasingly difficult for civil and structural design. Since, as in many other countries, the verification of design using a software model is now required by current Italian codes as well. Given this, the structural engineer must provide a technical report using a licensed software tool, attached to other project documents to get the Seismic Authorization at the local Civil Engineering Department offices. Following a brief explanation of structural analysis methodologies, this study presents a criterion for assessing the applicability of numerical findings obtained using any structural software. Three case studies of this criterion are shown to demonstrate how to check them using simple manual calculations: (i) the normal stress in RC columns subjected to gravity loads; (ii) the periods of vibration, participating masses, and seismic base shear derived from dynamic modal analysis; and (iii) the main parameters characterizing the pushover curves of existing buildings. Finally, this work underlines the significance of confirming the application of numerical results obtained by software in civil and structural design. The offered criteria and scenarios exhibit realistic techniques to ensure accuracy and reliability in structural performance assessment, according to the structural requirements imposed by current codes in Italy and similar countries.
Knowledge, perception, and willingness of emerging Public Health Advocates to effectively communicate about smoking cessation and Tobacco Harm Reduction in Africa
Authors: Oke Gabriel Ilerioluwa , Ademola Peter Sunday , Utaka Edith Nnenna , John Eyinaikanan , Adam Mohammed Fathelrahman , Okereke Blessed , Onyia Ifunanya Mary-Ann , Adebisi Yusuff Adebayo 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Background
Media campaigns targeting young people are a valuable tool for promoting awareness about tobacco harm reduction (THR). Advocacy and communication efforts that inform about the risks of tobacco use, THR strategies, and smoking cessation methods can enhance policy compliance, minimize tobacco-related damages, and motivate individuals to quit smoking. This study investigates the understanding, perceptions, and capabilities of burgeoning public health advocates in effectively communicating smoking cessation and THR strategies in Africa.

Methods
This research adopts a concurrent explanatory sequential design. The target demographic population consists of public health enthusiasts, healthcare students, health communicators, and budding journalists aged 18–30 in Nigeria. The questionnaire, validated through an extensive literature review, was distributed via Google Forms. From 450 individuals expressing interest in the THRjourno project, 415 agreed to participate, responding to open-ended questions on smoking cessation and THR among young people. Data were analysed with Microsoft Excel and IBM SPSS for quantitative aspects, while Atlas.ti was used for the qualitative interpretation of open-ended responses.

Results
Of the 415 participants, 73.7% lacked prior knowledge or proper understanding of THR. Most respondents (60.0%) regarded Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT) as the most effective THR strategy, with 26.7% favoring e-cigarettes. A majority (73.3%) perceived NRT to be safer than smoking, while 48.3% believed e-cigarettes were safer. Approximately 70.8% agreed that THR products aid in smoking cessation. However, 38.3% were uncertain if these products are addictive. Participants referenced strategies/activities for creating awareness for THR, which include, “More advocacy and sensitization programs should be organized”, and “These programs should engage people who smoke tobacco and nicotine products themselves as champions.”Ambassadorial roles in public Universities should be granted to students as a medium to proliferate the central message of the THR.

Conclusion
Identified barriers to effective THR communication included misinformation propagated by health professionals and the media, religious and cultural constraints, and challenges in reaching remote areas. Strategies to enhance THR communication encompass increased advocacy and communication, government engagement and policy development, simplification of THR messages, and capacity building and engagement of advocates and stakeholders.
Can corn straw and its pyrolytic biochar be used to mitigate the toxicity of CuO NPs to wheat seedlings?
Authors: Yang Qian , Luo Mingyang , Liu Yinghao , Li Helian 
Published: January 2024

AbstractIn order to understand whether corn straw (CS) and straw-derived biochar (CB) can be used as soil amendments to alleviate soil contaminated with metal oxide nanoparticles, CS and CB prepared by pyrolysis at 300 °C (with a weight ratio of 2% and 5%) were added to two types of soil contaminated with copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) to study the effects of CS and CB application on soil properties, wheat seedling growth, and metal transport. Our results showed that both 2% and 5% additions of CS and CB enhanced the nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertility of both soils. In red earth (acidic), the addition of 2% and 5% of CB significantly increased soil pH (9.24% ~ 18.4%), wheat growth (12.2% ~ 14.9%), chlorophyll content (significantly increased by 32.3% for 2% CB treatment), and decreased antioxidant enzyme activity and membrane lipid peroxidation. In fluvo-aquic soil (alkaline), CS and CB did not increase soil pH, only 5% of CB significantly promoted wheat growth (by 11.0%), and decreased antioxidant enzyme activity, whereas 2% of CB reduced chlorophyll content (by 22.2%). Furthermore, 2% and 5% of CS and CB affected the transport of Cu in wheat, decreasing the translocation factor in red earth but increasing it in fluvo-aquic soil. Principal component analysis showed that 5% of CB had the best alleviating effect on CuO NPs toxicity in red earth, compared to CS. Taken together, CB obtained by pyrolysis at 300 °C appears to be an effective soil amendment specifically for red earth.Highlights• Corn straw (CS) and straw-derived biochar (CB) were used to mitigate CuO NP toxicity• 5% of CB showed the best mitigation effect on CuO NP toxicity in red earth• CS and CB had no significant mitigation on CuO NP toxicity in fluvo-aquic soil
Graphical Abstract