bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Alcohol Consumption on Adipokine Secretion
Authors: DeGroat Ashley R. , Peterson Jonathan M. 
Published: November 2023

The goal of this project was to establish the effect of alcohol consumption on adipose tissue‐derived secreted factors; adiponectin and C1q TNF Related Proteins 1–3 (CTRP1‐3). Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (AFLD) is caused by excessive alcohol consumption and is a leading cause of liver related mortalities, with currently no treatments available. Both adiponectin and CTRP3 have been shown to reduce excessive hepatic lipid accumulation, and CTRP1 and CTRP2 have both been linked to beneficial effects on lipid metabolism. Further, adiponectin has been shown to decrease with alcohol consumption. Therefore, we propose that excessive alcohol consumption will reduce circulating levels of not only adiponectin but other adipokines, specifically CTRP1‐3. The deregulation of adipokine secretion can contribute to the development of hepatic insulin resistance, inflammation, and steatosis. To test the effects of alcohol consumption on adipokines, 12‐week old female mice were fed a Lieber‐Decarli alcohol diet (5% ETOH by volume) for either 10‐days ending with a binge (chronic plus binge model) or for 6‐weeks with no binge added (chronic model). Serum was collected from the mice and CTRP1, CTRP2, CTRP3, and adiponectin levels were examined by immunoblot analysis.RESULTSIn response to the chronic plus binge model adiponectin and CTRP1 levels decreased and no change in CTRP2 or CTRP3 levels were observed. After 6‐weeks of ETOH feeding there were still no differences in circulating CTRP2 or CTRP3 levels, however, adiponectin and CTRP1 levels were both increased. These results indicate that long‐term alcohol consumption effects adipokine secretion in a specific manner. Further research will be needed to explore the physiological relevance of these findings, specifically, to determine if these changes are beneficial compensations to combat the negative effects of excessive alcohol consumption. Lastly, even though CTRP2 and CTRP3 levels were unaffected by chronic alcohol consumption, elevated CTRP2 and CTRP3 may still be beneficial in combating the progression of AFLD.Support or Funding InformationThis research was supported in part National Institute On Alcohol Abuse And Alcoholism of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number R03AA023612 and East Tennessee State University Research Development Committee (E82262).
Functional Expression of TRPV4 in the Mouse Colon
Authors: Poole Daniel , Rajasekhar Pradeep , Nowell Cameron , Christensen Anne , Fichna Jakub , Bunnett Nigel , Veldhuis Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Background and AimsThe Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) family of non‐selective cation channels allow cells to sense diverse physical and chemical stimuli, and also mediate or amplify the actions of many GPCRs. TRPs participate in many physiological and pathophysiological processes and are an emerging therapeutic target for pain and neurogenic inflammation. TRP vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) is activated by stimuli commonly present in the colon, including mechanical stimulation, lipid mediators and GPCR‐dependent signaling cascades. TRPV4 is upregulated in inflammatory bowel disease and may have a proinflammatory role in experimental colitis via a neurogenic mechanism. Although TRPV4 has important roles in colonic function, very little is known about where TRPV4 is expressed in the gut. This study examines novel non‐neuronal sites of TRPV4 expression in the colon and inflammation‐associated changes in TRPV4 signaling.MethodsTRPV4 activity was detected by Ca2+ imaging of myenteric and submucosal wholemount preparations of mouse colon. Cellular identity was confirmed by immunofluorescence using established markers. Functional expression was characterized in relevant primary cells and cell lines in culture.ResultsIncreased intracellular Ca2+ was detected in enteric glial cells, macrophages, and vascular and lymphatic endothelial cells in response to the selective TRPV4 agonist GSK1016790A (100nM). All responses to GSK1016790A were abolished by pre‐treatment with the TRPV4 antagonist HC‐067047 (10μM) and were absent in trpv4−/‐ tissues, confirming specificity. Identity of cells was confirmed by post‐staining with SOX10/GFAP, CD68/F4/80/CD169, CD31, and LYVE1/VEGFR3, respectively. Myenteric glial responses were characterized by transient oscillatory Ca2+ waves within a subset of glia that were attenuated in frequency by the gap junction inhibitors carbenoxolone and 43GAP26. Similar reductions in both the number and type of Ca2+ responses by glial cells were detected in tissue preparations from mice with TNBS colitis. Tissue‐resident macrophages exhibited marked morphological changes in response to TRPV4 activation. Direct activation was confirmed by Ca2+ imaging of isolated glial cells, macrophages (RAW264.7, resident, peritoneal and bone‐marrow derived macrophages) and primary human dermal lymphatic endothelial cells.SummaryWe have defined novel and previously unappreciated sites of functional TRPV4 expression in the colon. These findings differ from those reported using immunofluorescent detection and demonstrate TRPV4 function in cells potentially involved in colonic motility (macrophages, glia) and inflammation (vascular and lymphatic endothelia, macrophages). Thus, these findings have major implications for our current understanding of the proposed neurogenic role of TRPV4 in colonic inflammation and in intestinal motility.Support or Funding InformationNHMRC Australia APP1083480
The Great Reveal: The Virtual Microscopy Database & How to Make It Work for You
Authors: Lee Lisa M.J. , Goldman Haviva M , Hortsch Michael 
Published: November 2023

This session will introduce a new collaborative tool that will help teachers and researchers to adapt to the changing landscape of histology and pathology education. The use of virtual microscopy has now become the norm in many medical curricula. Numerous advantages of these programs over the optical microscope labs have been well documented in the literature. Unfortunately, the technological parameters, expertise and expense that are required to create virtual microscopy collections, often pose a barrier to the use of such a powerful resource. Funding from the AAA's Innovation Program and support from the AAA's Digital Histology Interest Group made the creation of the Virtual Microscopy Database (VMD) possible. The VMD is a centralized and comprehensive resource share site where educators and researchers from all over the globe can upload and/or download virtual microscope image files. The purpose of the VMD is to offer its users access to a wide selection of virtual images, thereby enhancing and promoting their educational and research endeavors. In this session, the VMD website will be introduced through a hands‐on demonstration. This session will feature a tour of the VMD's expanding image library and its features designed to promote communication and collaboration among its users. Guidelines for uploading and downloading digital files will be discussed along with recommended data file format, annotations, copyright considerations and use of the VMD resources under the conditions of a Creative Commons License. Lastly, preliminary analytics on the VMD web traffic, uploads, downloads, and resource usage will be presented.By the end of this session, the attendees should be able to

create an account and become a member of the VMD,
gain access to the web tools including the virtual tissue library,
upload and/or download data files,
and explore opportunities for interinstitutional and interdisciplinary collaboration.
Support or Funding InformationAmerican Association of Anatomists Innovations Program
HMGB2: A Novel Regulator and Potential Therapeutic Target for Liver Fibrosis
Authors: Huang Yi , Yang Zhihong , Shin Dong‐Ju , Keshipeddy Santosh K , Wright Dennis , Costa Antonio , Burgess Diane , Wang Li 
Published: November 2023

Background and AimHigh mobility group box 2 (HMGB2) is a member of the non‐histone chromosomal high mobility group protein family. Liver fibrosis is characterized by the excessive deposition of the extracellular matrix proteins largely produced by activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). The current study aimed at elucidating a novel functional role of HMGB2 in hepatic fibrogenesis.MethodsLiver fibrosis was induced by CCl4 in C57BL/6J mice. Overexpression of Hmgb2 in liver was produced by AAV8‐Hmgb2, whereas loss of function studies were performed in HMGB2−/− mice. HMGB2 inhibitor Inflachromene (ICM) and liposome‐shHMGB2 (lipo‐shHMGB2) were used to reverse liver fibrosis. Other methods: liver histology, immunohistochemistry (IHC), qPCR, Western blots, Co‐immunoprecipitation (Co‐IP), and primary stellate cell (HSC) culture.ResultsHepatic HMGB2 expression was high during the embryonic stage but its level drastically decreased in adult liver, as revealed by RNA‐seq. However, the HMGB2 gene was reactivated in CCl4‐induced fibrotic liver in mice and in human fibrotic and cirrhotic liver. Overexpression of HMGB2 initiated fibrogenesis and augmented the effect of CCl4 as determined by Masson Trichrome staining. In contrast, liver fibrosis was prevented in HMGB2−/− mice. Plasma ALT levels were elevated in AAV‐HMGB2 mice and by CCl4 and were diminished in HMGB2−/− mice. Major fibrosis markers were markedly activated by HMGB2. HMGB2 protein expressed by AAV8‐HMGB2 was mainly observed in hepatocytes and HSCs, whereas the majority of endogenous HMGB2 protein induced by CCl4 was found in HSCs. Primary HSCs were culture‐activated as monitored for morphologic changes that are characteristic of transdifferentiation as well as induction of GFAP. As noted, HMGB2−/− HSCs showed impaired transdifferentiation and diminished activation of α‐SMA, AKT and ERK signaling. We introduced lipo‐shHMGB2 to knockdown the endogenous HMGB2 induced by CCl4 and observed a marked reduction in liver fibrosis. Intriguingly, mice treated with a small molecule inhibitor of HMGB2 ICM showed improved liver gross morphology and were prevented from developing liver fibrosis. This was accompanied by the decreased plasma ALT levels and diminished HMGB2 protein. Treatment of ICM in LX2 cells induced HMGB2 protein cytoplasmic localization and degradation, which was associated with its decreasing CCl4‐induced HMGB2 phosphorylation status.ConclusionHMGB2 is a novel regulator of liver fibrosis. Diminishing HMGB2 expression by ICM or lipo‐shHMGB2 provides a promising therapeutic strategy to prevent or reverse liver fibrosis.All authors have nothing to disclose.Support or Funding InformationGrant support: L.W. is supported by NIH R01DK104656, R01DK080440, R01ES025909, R21AA022482, R21AA024935, VA Merit Award 1I01BX002634, and P30 DK34989 (Yale Liver Center, Michael Nathanson).
High Fat Diet Impacts Colonic and Adipose Tissue Differently in Female and Male Sprague Dawley Rats
Authors: Sambolin‐Escobales Lubriel , Rodriguez Yarelis , Cruz‐Rentas Myrella Liz , Appleyard Caroline , Chompre Gladys 
Published: November 2023

IntroductionObesity has been associated with a variety of metabolic disorders such as cardiovascular diseases, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes among many others. Also, high fat diet (HFD) is associated with increased inflammation of the intestinal epithelial barrier. The inflammation might cause disruption of the integrity of the tight junctions of the epithelial barrier increasing intestinal permeability. Previous studies in our lab found higher macroscopic score and microscopic score in the colon, and reduced levels of tight junctions of male rats fed with a high fat diet (HFD) when compared to the control. However, the relation between sex differences consuming HFD in colonic macroscopic and microscopic score has not been studied well. We hypothesized that administration of a HFD will cause damage to the colon tissue, which may be gender dependent.Research Designmale and female two‐month old rats were fed either a HFD (60% fat) or a LFD (10% fat) for 8 weeks. We measured the kilocalories per gram consumed every week and the absolute weight daily. After 60 days, rats were euthanized to examine adipose tissue and the colonic tissue for damage, macroscopically and microscopically.ResultsWe found an increased ingestion of kilocalories per gram in the HFD group compared to the LFD (p<0.05), in both females and males. Both groups showed an increase in the absolute weight of the HFD, however there are no differences in gender. Moreover, both groups, female and male in HFD show higher macroscopic score (p<0.05) than the control group, however there is no significance in the colonic microscopic damage. On the other hand, male HFD group shows significant difference in colonic hyperemia compared with the female HFD (p<0.05). Further, the results did not show significant differences in the mesenteric fat weight or colonic microscopic damage score. In conclusion, the colonic tissue damage shows sex difference colonic macroscopic tissue damage but not microscopically. However, the hyperemia mechanisms behind the tissue damage require further investigation. This study helps us to understand the possible structural consequences in the colon following consumption of a high fat diet in sex differences.Support or Funding InformationSupported by NIGMS/INBRE P20 GM103475‐14 and Ponce Health Sciences University Foundation.
Arrowhead Variation of the Anterior Digastric Musculature
Authors: Holmes J. Scott , Rickards Allen A. , Swearingen Jordan V , Miller Kyle D , Mangus Kelsey R. , Zdilla Matthew J. , Lambert H. Wayne 
Published: November 2023

The submental musculature is important in numerous head and neck surgeries including rhytidectomy, the submental artery flap, and anterior digastric muscle transfer. Variations can lead to complications during surgery and may necessitate appropriate contingency plans when encountered. Further, variations of the anterior digastric musculature are common; however, few attempts have been made to categorize commonly occurring anterior digastric variations. This report documents the prevalence of a variation of the anterior digastric musculature previously thought to occur as an entirely unique variation. The variation appears as sheet‐like bilateral anterior digastric musculature variations converging at the mylohyoid raphe to form an ‘arrowhead.’ The results of this study demonstrate that the variation is not completely unusual. Surgeons should be aware of the potential for an arrowhead variation of the anterior digastric musculature to contribute to difficulty in regional surgeries. Understanding the anatomy and prevalence of arrowhead anterior digastric variations is of particular importance because current screening methods have not been demonstrated to identify such sheet‐like variations of the submental musculature.Support or Funding InformationFunding for Holmes JS, Rickards AA, Swearingen JV, and Miller KD was provided by the WVU Initiation to Research Opportunities (INTRO) Summer Research program. Funding for Mangus KR was provided by the WV Research Challenge Fund [HEPC.dsr.14.13].
Rare Muscular Variations Identified in a Single Cadaveric Upper Limb: A Four‐headed Biceps Brachii and Coracobrachialis Brevis Muscle Variant
Authors: Moore Colin W , Rice Charles L 
Published: November 2023

IntroductionSupernumerary, or accessory, heads of the biceps brachii are variations associated with the biceps brachii and can vary in number and location in the arm. Variations in other arm muscles, such as the coracobrachialis, can accompany variations in supernumerary biceps brachii musculature. Testut (1899) described two classes of anatomical variations associated with the coracobrachialis muscle: the coracobrachialis longus and coracobrachialis brevis. While they share a common origin at the coracoid process, the coracobrachialis longus and brevis are differentiated by their insertions at the medial epicondyle, and the surgical neck of the humerus, respectively. The objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive description of two rare variant muscles identified in a single cadaveric upper limb: a four‐headed biceps brachii and the tendinous elevator of the latissimus dorsi, a rare coracobrachialis brevis variant.MethodsThe anatomical variations were identified during routine dissection of the brachial plexus of a left upper limb from an 83‐year old male cadaver. Use of cadaveric material for research purposes was approved by the local research ethics council in the Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology at the University of Western Ontario (REF#: 21082015).ResultsWe observed a four‐headed biceps brachii muscle consisting of both an infero‐medial and infero‐lateral head both originating from the humeral surface. The humeral heads shared a common insertion with the biceps brachii tendon. The tendinous elevator of the latissimus dorsi originated from the coracoid process and inserted on the anterior surface of the latissimus dorsi tendon. A thick fascial structure, considered to be an ancestral remnant of the dorsal epitrochlearis muscle, extended from the latissimus dorsi tendon to the fascia covering the long head of the biceps brachii. Furthermore, an accessory brachialis muscle was also identified in this cadaveric specimen. A variant innervation pattern consisting of a communicating branch between the median and musculocutaneous nerves was also observed.ConclusionThese anatomical variations are clinically relevant to surgeons and radiologists as they have potential to compress neurovasculature in the shoulder and arm. Supernumerary heads of the biceps brachii could complicate bone fracture injuries and, subsequent, surgical interventions by causing unusual fracture patterns of the humerus due to their size, orientation and forces produced by these muscles. Furthermore, coracobrachialis brevis variants have been associated with chronic shoulder pain in some individuals. The variants identified here are considered rare, and their co‐occurrence in a single upper limb has not been documented in the literature to our knowledge.Support or Funding InformationSupported by NSERC
Lymph nodes of the level VI: anatomic study of lymph nodes located between the recurrent laryngeal nerve and the right common carotid artery
Authors: Saleh Samir , Hojaij Flávio , Camargo Cristina , Itezerote Ana Maria , Andrade Mauro , Akamatsu Flávia Emi , Jacomo Alfredo Luiz 
Published: November 2023

Thyroid carcinoma is the most prevalent endocrin malignant neoplasm and lymphatic metastasis are common, mostly to lymph nodes of the ipsilateral central compartiment, in level VI, such as the paratraqueal and the pretraqueal lymph nodes. However, there is a specific area, not previously described that should be considered when performing radical neck lymph node resection.In this anatomical study we described the region located among the right recurrent laryngeal nerve, right common carotid and right inferior thyroid artery. A surgical approach to this area is likely to cause more morbidity due to the proximity to the recurrent nerve. Also we compared anthropometric and demographic data with the presence of lymph nodesWe found lymph nodes in 22/32 individuals (68,75%); number of lymph nodes ranged from 0 to 6. In those cadavers which lymph nodes were found, the average was 1,65 ± 0,29 lymph nodes.We found a positive correlation between There are lymph nodes in corpses classified as (não tem esta expressão em inglês, peça para o Samir achar o sinônimo)by accurate Ficher's Test(p= 0,03) and of the white race by accurate Ficher's Test(p=0,04). BMI was not related to the presence of lymph nodes, by Spearman's correlation test(p=0,461).
Arteries of the skin. Anatomical study with guided CT scan dissections of the legs
Authors: Settembre Nicla , Bouziane Zakaryiae , Labrousse Marc , Braun Marc , Malikov Sergueï 
Published: November 2023

INTRODUCTIONAll surgical intervention need skin incision. Section of afferent vessels can cause skin necrosis.The knowledge of skin vascularization can be helpful for surgeons to avoid complications.The most important study on the arteries of the skin was performed in 1936 by Salmon. He performed dissection associated to radiography of the skin. This technique that was innovative at the time presented some limits and many questions remained unsolved.Thanks to the new imaging technology (Hight resolution CT scan) associated to the dissections of the specimens we can obtain more data about arteries of the skin.The aim of our study was to demonstrate the feasibility of guided CT scan dissections of the arteries of the skin.MATERIALS AND METHODSIn 10 cadaver dissections of the lower extremity were performed.A barium sulfate suspension (Micropaque®) with colored liquid latex (25%: 75%) was injected under low pressure via femoral artery. Two days after the injection, a CT scan of the specimen was performed using a 64‐row MDCT (Lightspeed, General Electric Healthcare, Milwaukee, USA). Image processing and compilation of MDCT data were used to reconstruct the images in curvilinear two‐dimensional modes: multiplanar reconstruction (MPR) and voluminal surface three dimensional modes: maximum intensitity projection (MIP).As a second step we dissected the arteries and marked the skin vessels guided by the CT images MPR and MIP.RESULTSThe CT scan of the legs allowed us to identify the principal arteries of the skin and to planify the dissection.The guided CT dissection allowed us to performed the dissections paying attention to the afferent arteries et to show the course of the vessels in order to avoid a bad manipulation of the specimens.CONCLUSIONSThe guided CT scan dissections of the legs is faisable and can be helpful for the study of skin arterial network with 3D visualization of afferternt arteries.Support or Funding InformationNo funding for this study
Development and Structure of the Chorioallantoic Membrane of the Ostrich, Struthio camelus Egg
Authors: Maina John N , Willoughby Bronwyn 
Published: November 2023

In amniotic eggs, the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) is formed by fusion of the allantoic‐ and the chorionic membranes. Because in the cleidoic egg the CAM provides O2 and nutrients to the developing embryo, it is analogous to the placenta of mammals. Since the needs for nutrients and O2 increase with embryonic development, we speculated that surface area and the vascularization of the CAM should increase with incubation time. The CAM is very instructive model for the study of angiogenetic mechanisms, especially in cancers and other diseases and conditions that affect the hemopoietic system. In birds, the development and structure of CAM has mostly been studied in the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus variant domesticus). Here, the CAM of the egg of the ostrich (Struthio camelus), the largest extant bird that weighs as much as 150 kg, lays the largest egg that may weigh as much as 1.5 kg, has one of the longest incubation periods of 40–42 days and one having particularly poor hatching success was studied. Seven ostrich eggs were weighed and incubated an Inco Term Incubator under a temperature of 36.3°C and a relative humidity 40%. The eggs were manually rotated at least 3 times a day to avert adhesion of the CAM to the internal shell wall. At days 14, 16, 21, 25 and 28, at least one egg was removed from the incubator, the shell removed and the CAM carefully laid out flat. Its surface area was determined using a quadratic lattice grid with squares of known areas. Tissue samples taken from different regions of the CAM and fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehye buffered in sodium cacodylate (osmolarity 350mOsm; pH 7.4) for light‐ and scanning electron microscopy. The surface area and the vascularity of the CAM increased greatly with the incubation time. The blood capillaries budged towards the inner shell wall. Because of the large size of CAM of the ostrich, it is more convenient to use in study of normal and abnormal vascular development. Its functional design may explain the particularly low hatchability of the ostrich egg.Support or Funding InformationNational Research Foundation of South Africa