bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of keratin fiber for separation of heavy metals from water
Authors: Kar P , Misra M 
Published: September 2004

AbstractNano‐porous keratin fiber is effective in removing heavy metals from solutions. The biosorption of heavy metals from solutions is dependent upon the solution pH, the contact time, surface area and temperature. The intrinsic properties of the keratin fiber, ie stability over a wide range of pH, structural toughness and high surface area, are the positive factors. Alkaline ultrasonic treatment of the keratin fiber resulted in a multi‐fold increase in metal uptake. Adsorption of heavy metals using both batch and column operations was conducted. Multiple elution and adsorption tests indicated that it is possible to reuse keratin fiber as a biosorbent for a number of cycles. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Determination of the efficiency and removal mechanism of cobalt by crab shell particles
Authors: Lee Moo‐Yeal , Hong Kyung‐Jin , Kajiuchi Toshio , Yang Ji‐Won 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe effects of contact time, solution pH and ionic strength on interactions between cobalt (59Co) ions in synthetic liquid waste and particles of raw crab shell, Portunus trituberculatus, in batch reactions were studied. Approximately 19.5 mg dm−3 Co was removed within 6 h after contact with 1.0 g dm−3 crab shell at an initial concentration of 20 mg dm−3 Co. Due to the dissolution of calcium carbonate in the crab shell, the solution pH changed spontaneously to 10, leading to precipitation of cobalt ions. The efficiency of cobalt removal depended on solution pH, but was less pH sensitive than for controls without crab shell. The maximum uptake of Co at an initial pH value of 5.0 was 510 mg g−1 crab shell. The removal efficiency was affected slightly by ionic strength up to 2.0 mol dm−3 of NaCl. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) indicated that the removal mechanism of Co by crab shell resulted primarily from the dissolution of calcium carbonate followed by precipitation of cobalt on the surface of the shell. Compared with commonly used ion‐exchange resins such as natural zeolite, Durasil 70, and Durasil 230, the efficiency of Co removal by a column of mixture of crab shell and activated carbon was at least three‐fold greater, indicating that crab shell is a suitable biosorbent for the removal of cobalt from liquid waste. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Titration methodologies for monitoring of anaerobic digestion in developing countries—a review
Authors: Lahav O , Morgan BE 
Published: September 2004

AbstractAn increase in volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration (or the proportional decrease in carbonate alkalinity concentration) is the first practical measurable indication that an anaerobic treatment system is in a state of stress. If the system is not rectified at this early stage, failure is likely. Current methods for VFA measurement include distillation, colorimetry, gas chromatography and various titration techniques. In terms of simplicity, speed and cost‐effectiveness it is generally accepted that titration methods are superior for the purpose of on‐site routine monitoring and control, particularly in developing countries. This paper reviews the methods published in the last four decades concerning on‐site titration measurement of VFA and carbonate alkalinity concentrations. The review encompasses the following: aquatic chemistry related to the theory on which most of the methods are based, and a detailed description of each of the principal methods published followed by critical and comparative evaluation. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Twin reversed arterial perfusion: Report of four cases
Authors: Malhotra Neena , Sinha Alka , Deka Deepika , Roy Kallol K. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractTwin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP sequence), or acardiaus, is a rare and serious complication of monozygotic multiple gestation. The acardiac fetus suffers from lethal anomalies. The normal co‐twin also runs a high risk of perinatal morbidity and mortality due to heart failure and prematurity. Four cases of acardius are presented. The role of sonography in the condition's diagnosis and management is discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 32:411–414, 2004
Multiseptate gallbladder with acute acalculous cholecystitis
Authors: Erdogmus Besir , Yazici Burhan , Safak Alp Alper , Ozdere Betul Ayca 
Published: September 2004

AbstractMultiseptate gallbladder is a rare congenital malformation of the gallbladder. In some cases, right upper quadrant pain, recurrent abdominal pain, and gallstones were present. We present the sonographic findings in a case of multiseptate gallbladder with acute cholecystitis, which (to our knowledge) has not been reported before. We hypothesize that bile sludge accumulated and subsequent cholecystitis developed as a result of bile stasis in our case because the classic predisposing factors that have been described were absent. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 32:423–424, 2004
Expression of VEGFR‐3 and 5′‐Nase in regenerating lymphatic vessels of the cutaneous wound healing
Authors: Ji Rui‐Cheng , Miura Masahiro , Qu Peng , Kato Seiji 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe vascular endothelial growth factor‐C (VEGF‐C), a specific lymphangiogenic growth factor, raises new questions and perspectives in studying lymphatic development and regeneration. Wound healing skins in mice were processed for 5′‐nucleotidase (5′‐Nase) and VEGFR‐3 (the receptor of VEGF‐C) histochemical staining to distinguish lymphatics from blood capillaries and to analyze lymphangiogenesis. In the wounds of 3–5 days after injury, anti‐VEGFR‐3 immunopositive signals unevenly appeared in 5′‐Nase‐positive lymphatic vessels in the subcutaneous tissue. A few small circular and irregular lymphatic‐like structures with VEGFR‐3 expression scattered in the dermal and subcutaneous tissues. Between days 7 and 15 of the wounds, numerous accumulated vasculatures were stained for 5′‐Nase and PECAM‐1, extending irregularly along the wound edge. Von Willebrand factor was expressed in the endothelial cells of blood vessels and lymphatics in the subcutaneous tissue. Ultrastructural changes of lymphatic vessels developed at different stages, from lymphatic‐like structures to newly formed lymphatic vessels with an extremely thin and indented wall. Endothelial cells of the lymphatic vessel were eventually featured by typical intercellular junctions, which deposited with reaction products of VEGFR‐3 and 5′‐Nase‐cerium but lacked VEGF‐C expression. The present findings indicate that VEGF‐C‐induced lymphangiogenesis occurs from the subcutaneous to the dermis along the wound healing edge, especially in the dermal‐subcutaneous transitional area, favorable to growth of regenerating lymphatic vessels. Microsc. Res. Tech. 64:279–286, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The switch mechanism of the cell death mode from apoptosis to necrosis in menadione‐treated human osteosarcoma cell line 143B cells
Authors: Kamiński Marcin , Niemczyk Edyta , Masaoka Makoto , Karbowski Mariusz , Hallmann Anna , Kędzior Jakub , Majczak Anna , Knap Dorota , Nishizawa Yuji , Usukura Jiro , Woźniak Michał , Klimek Jerzy , Wakabayashi Takashi 
Published: September 2004

AbstractTime‐dependent changes in the cell death mode from apoptosis to necrosis were studied in cultured 143B cells treated with menadione, an anti‐cancerous drug, excluding a possible involvement of “secondary necrosis.” The population of apoptotic cells judged by FITC‐Annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) double staining reached its maximum at 6 hours after 100 μM menadione treatment followed by an abrupt decrease thereafter, while that of necrotic cells continuously increased reaching 90% at 24 hours. Electron microscopically, cells attached to the culture dish at 6 hours after the treatment consisted of two different types of cells: cells with typical apoptotic features occupying the major population and those with condensed nuclei and swollen cytoplasm. Cells attached to the culture dish at 8 hours after the treatment consisted exclusively of those with condensed nuclei and swollen cytoplasm. Mitochondria in these cells showed various structural changes: those swollen to various degrees with deposition of flocculent densities, or those with highly condensed matrix. Distinct decreases both in intracellular levels of ATP and caspase‐3‐like activities and remarkable elevations of intracellular levels of superoxide, which were partly suppressed by NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitors, occurred at 6 hours after the treatment. These results may suggest that distinct increases of the intracellular level of superoxide derived from plasma membrane NAD(P)H oxidase besides that from mitochondria have triggered the transition of cell death mode from apoptosis to necrosis. Transition of highly condensed mitochondria to extremely swollen ones may reflect necrotic processes in menadione‐treated cells. The present study strongly suggests that time‐dependent study is essential using the electron microscopic technique to analyze detailed processes in the changes of the cell death mode. Microsc. Res. Tech. 64:255–268, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New satellite DNA in Lacerta s. str. lizards (Sauria: Lacertidae): Evolutionary pathways and phylogenetic impact
Authors: Ciobanu Doina , Grechko Vernata V. , Darevsky Ilya S. , Kramerov Dmitri A. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractA new tandemly repeated (satellite) DNA family namely Agi160, from Lacerta agilis and Lacerta strigata (Lacerta sensu stricto (s. str.), Linnaeus 1758) have been cloned and sequenced. Agi160 is found in the above two species, as well as two other representatives of the same genus, L. viridis and L. media. DNA hybridization did not reveal it in Darevskia, Podarcis, Zootoca, Eremias, Ophisops, and Gallotia – the other genera of the family Lacertidae. The results suggest that Agi160 is a Lacerta s. str. specific family of tandem DNA repeats. However, a comparison between sequences of Agi160 and CLsat repeat units revealed 60 bp regions 62–74% identical. The latter is a satellite DNA family typical for Darevskia (syn. “L. saxicola complex”) (Grechko et al., Molecular‐genetic classification and phylogenetic relatedness of some species of Lacertidae lizards by taxonoprint data. Mol Biol 32:172–183, 1988.). Both Agi160 and CLsat tandem repeats share several common features (e.g., the same AT content and distribution of multiple short A‐T runs, internal structure of repeated units, the presence of conservative regions). These data are indicative of their common origin and a possibly strong selective pressure upon conserving both satellites. A comparative analysis of structure, organization, and abundance of these two families of satDNA reveals evolutionary pathways that led to their formation and divergence. The data are consistent with the hypotheses of the concerted evolution of satellite DNA families. The possibility of use of Agi160 as a phylogenetic tool, defining relationships within Lacerta s. str., as well as within the whole family of Lacertidae is discussed. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 000:1–12, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of tissue‐specific promoters in carcinomas of the cervix uteri
Authors: Rein Daniel T. , Breidenbach Martina , Nettelbeck Dirk M. , Kawakami Yosuke , Siegal Gene P. , Huh Warner K. , Wang Minghui , Hemminki Akseli , Bauerschmitz Gerd J. , Yamamoto Masato , Adachi Yasuo , Takayama Koichi , Dall Peter , Curiel David T. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractBackgroundGene therapy is a novel approach for treatment of patients with advanced, recurrent, or metastatic cervical cancer. One effective way to direct transgene expression to specific tissues or tumors is the use of tissue‐specific‐promoters (TSPs). In the context of adenovirus (Ad)‐mediated cancer gene therapy it is rational to choose a TSP which is highly expressed in the tumor but has potentially low activity in non‐tumor cells, especially the liver. In this study, we have investigated several promoters which fulfill these criteria. Candidate cervical cancer specific TSPs include promoters of the genes for secretory leukoprotease inhibitor (SLPI), cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2), Midkine (MK), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor type 1 (flt‐1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Survivin and the receptor for chemokine SDS‐1 (CXCR4).MethodsTo evaluate the specific gene expression of the different promoters in the context of cervical cancer, we constructed a panel of E1‐deleted Ads that express luciferase under the control of the promoters of interest. We investigated various established cervical cancer cell lines, as well as purified primary cancer cells and normal control cells from the cervix uteri.ResultsIn all cell lines tested, promoters for MK, VEGF and CXCR4 showed the highest activity. Both MK and VEGF promoters also resulted in a high activity in primary cervical cancer cells. Interestingly, gene expression profiles correlate with luciferase activity in both cell lines and primary cancer samples.ConclusionsOur study demonstrates that the promoters for MK and VEGF are active in cervical cancer. We believe that both promoters can be successfully employed as TSPs for gene therapy targeted to cervical cancer. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of carbon‐14 labelled gemifloxacin
Authors: Shin Hyun Il , Rim Jong Gill , Lee Ki Seung , Kim Young Seok , Nam Do Hyun , Shin Hyun Ik , Chang Jay Hyok , Oh Chang Young , Ham Won Hun 
Published: September 2004

AbstractA new antibacterial agent gemifloxacin was labelled with carbon‐14 for studies of pharmacokinetics and metabolism, the label was located in position 3 of the quinolone ring system. The overall radiochemical yield of the 14‐step synthesis, starting from [2‐14C]sodium acetate was 16.6%, and the radiochemical purity 97.5%. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling of the gas‐phase ion chemistry of protonated arginine
Authors: Csonka István Pál , Paizs Béla , Suhai Sándor 
Published: September 2004

AbstractArginine is often involved at the C‐terminus of peptides obtained from tryptic digests of proteins. The very basic guanidine group of the side‐chain of arginine has a large effect on the backbone fragmentation of protonated peptides. Furthermore, arginine exhibits specific fragmentation reactions involving its side‐chain. Various tautomerization states, conformers and side‐chain dissociation channels of protonated arginine were studied using theoretical methods. The guanidine loss of protonated arginine is proved to be an SN2 substitution on the δ‐carbon of the side‐chain, starting from species containing the NεH—C+(NηH2)(Nη′H2) or —Nε+H2—C(NηH)(Nη′H2) moieties and leads to formation to either protonated guanidine or protonated proline. In the corresponding transition structures the proline moiety is protonated. Under low‐energy collision conditions the extra proton transfers to the guanidine moiety, leading to the formation of C+(NH2)3. On the other hand, the lifetime of the fragmenting species under high‐energy collision conditions is shorter, resulting in enhanced formation of protonated proline and its dissociation products. The first step of ammonia loss is the leaving of a preformed NH3 from tautomers containing the —NεH—C(NηH3+)(Nη′H) or —Nε—C(NηH3+)(Nη′H2) moieties. The resulting protonated carbodiimide group can be stabilized by intramolecular nucleophilic attack, leading to ring formation. Overall, reactions involved in the ammonia loss from protonated arginine can be considered as an SN1 substitution on the central ζ‐carbon of the guanidine group. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Entropy considerations in kinetic method experiments
Authors: Wesdemiotis Chrys 
Published: September 2004

AbstractIn extended kinetic method experiments, relative binding enthalpies (‘affinities’) and relative entropies are obtained based on unimolecular dissociation kinetics. A series of ion‐bound dimers AXBi is formed, in which the sample (A) and structurally similar reference molecules (Bi) are bridged by a central cation or anion (X). The branching ratios of the AXBi set to AX and BiX are determined at different internal energies, usually by subjecting AXBi to collisionally activated dissociation at various collision energies. The dependence of the natural logarithm of the branching ratios on the corresponding BiX bond enthalpies (X affinities of Bi) is evaluated as a function of internal energy to thereby deduce the AX bond enthalpy (X affinity of A) as well as an apparent relative entropy of the competitive dissociation channels, Δ(ΔSapp). Experiments with proton‐ and Na+‐bound dimers show that this approach can yield accurate binding enthalpies. In contrast, the derived Δ(ΔSapp) values do not correlate with the corresponding thermodynamic entropy differences between the channels leading to AX and BiX, even after scaling. The observed trends are reconciled by the transition state switching model. According to this model, the kinetics of barrierless dissociations, such as those encountered in kinetic method studies, are dominated by a family of tight transition states (‘entropy bottlenecks’) lying lower in energy than the corresponding dissociation thresholds. In general, the relative energies of these tight transition states approximately match those of the dissociation products, but their relative entropies tend to be much smaller, as observed experimentally. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Systematic and random errors in ion affinities and activation entropies from the extended kinetic method
Authors: Ervin Kent M. , Armentrout P. B. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractAn evaluation of the extended kinetic method with full entropy analysis was conducted using RRKM theory to simulate data for collision‐induced dissociation under single‐collision conditions. A rigorous method for analyzing kinetic method data, orthogonal distance regression, is introduced and compared with previous methods in the literature. The results demonstrate that the use of the extended kinetic method is definitely superior to the standard kinetic method, but final ion affinities and activation entropies differ intrinsically from the correct values. Considering the effects of both systematic and random error in Monte Carlo simulations of the full entropy analysis, error distributions of ±4 to ±12 kJ mol−1 for ion affinities and of ±9 to ±30 J mol−1 K−1 for activation entropy differences are found (±2 standard deviations of the sample populations). The systematic errors in ion affinities are larger for systems with large activation entropy differences. These uncertainties do not include any error in the absolute calibration of the reference ion affinity scale. We argue that application of an empirical correction factor is inadvisable. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phylogenetic analysis of the full‐length SARS‐CoV sequences: Evidence for phylogenetic discordance in three genomic regions
Authors: Magiorkinis G. , Magiorkinis E. , Paraskevis D. , Vandamme A.M. , Van Ranst M. , Moulton V. , Hatzakis A. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe origin of the severe acute respiratory syndrome‐coronavirus (SARS‐CoV) remains unclear. Evidence based on Bayesian scanning plots and phylogenetic analysis using maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian methods indicates that SARS‐CoV, for the largest part of the genome (∼80%), is more closely related to Group II coronaviruses sequences, whereas in three regions in the ORF1ab gene it shows no apparent similarity to any of the previously characterized groups of coronaviruses. There is discordant phylogenetic clustering of SARS‐CoV and coronaviruses sequences, throughout the genome, compatible with either ancient recombination events or altered evolutionary rates in different lineages, or a combination of both. J. Med. Virol. 74:369–372, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐term clinical and virological outcomes of chronic hepatitis C after successful interferon therapy
Authors: Tsuda Natsuko , Yuki Nobukazu , Mochizuki Kiyoshi , Nagaoka Takayuki , Yamashiro Masatoshi , Omura Masao , Hikiji Kazumasa , Kato Michio 
Published: September 2004

AbstractClinical relevance of occult hepatitis C virus (HCV) and/or hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection(s) remains uncertain years after interferon (IFN) therapy for chronic hepatitis C. By 1993, 38 sustained virological responders (SVRs) showing HCV RNA clearance at 6 months post‐treatment and 37 biochemical responders (BRs) with end‐of‐treatment alanine aminotransferase (ALT) normalization and subsequent 6‐month stabilization within 2 × the upper limit of normal (ULN) were enrolled. They were monitored for 4.4–12 years (median 6.8), then 15 SVRs and 15 BRs underwent paired liver biopsies. Biopsy samples were tested for positive and negative HCV RNA strands, and HBV DNA surface and X sequences. All SVRs showed sustained serum HCV RNA clearance during follow‐up, but hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) developed in 4 (11%) SVRs. On paired liver biopsies, histological improvement was significant, but mild inflammation persisted in 87% of SVRs. Nonetheless, no HCV RNA sequence was amplified from liver tissues, and HBV DNA sequences were found in only one SVR. As for BRs, biochemical flare‐up of >2 × ULN occurred at a 5‐year risk of 41% (95% CI 24.7–56.4). The event was unpredictable but controllable by retreatment in 70%. Liver tissues after follow‐up contained positive and negative HCV RNA strands, but no HBV DNA sequence was amplified. These results suggest that SVRs, albeit free of occult HCV and/or HBV infection(s) over a decade, retain mild liver inflammation and the risk of HCC. Occult HBV was also shown uninvolved in flare‐up during follow‐up of BRs. J. Med. Virol. 74:406–413, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessment of human cytomegalovirus specific T cell immunity in human immunodeficiency virus infected patients in different disease stages following HAART and in long‐term non‐progressors
Authors: Tamarit Amparo , Alberola Juan , Mira Josep Vicent , Tornero Carlos , Galindo María José , Navarro David 
Published: September 2004

AbstractT cell immunity to human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) was assessed in HAART‐treated HIV‐1 infected patients (9 asymptomatic, CDC group A; and 22 symptomatic, CDC group B), and in eight HIV‐1 long term non‐progressors. Patients were either prospectively or cross‐sectionally examined for CD4+ T cell counts, HIV RNA load, HCMV leukoDNAemia, HCMV DNA in urine, lymphoproliferative response (LPR) to HCMV and phytohemagglutinin (PHA), and cytokine secretion (IFN‐γ and IL‐4) by HCMV‐stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cultures. No patient either progressed to clinical AIDS or developed HCMV active infection during the study period. Twenty‐nine patients responded to HAART, though 12 patients failed to recover the LPR to HCMV over the study period (three from CDC group A and nine from CDC group B). In contrast to healthy control individuals, most patients displaying positive LPRs LPRs to HCMV had unstable responses. Sustained LPRs to HCMV were significantly associated with high pre‐HAART nadir CD4+ T cell counts. Long‐term suppression of HIV viremia correlated with recovery of LPR to HCMV. Sequential PBMC cultures from most patients secreted IFN‐γ (but not IL‐4) at normal levels upon HCMV stimulation, irrespective of the pre‐HAART nadir CD4+ T cell counts and CDC group to which patients belonged. Failure to reconstitute IFN‐γ response was associated with very low pre‐HAART nadir CD4+ T cell counts. Control of HCMV infection in the cohort was associated with either recovery or maintenance of IFN‐γ response rather than with reconstitution of LPR to HCMV. A LPR to HCMV was absent in three out of eight long term non‐progressors; contrarily, all patients showed preserved IFN‐γ responses. J. Med. Virol. 74:382–389, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.