bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SURVIVAL AND MULTIPLICATION OF THE VIRUS OF POLIOMYELITIS IN VITRO
Authors: Long P. H. , Olitsky P. K. , Rhoads C. P. 
Published: June 2004

The study here reported concerns attempts at bacteriological cultivations with fragments of brain or cord, or with Berkefeld V filtrates of the nervous tissues, from seven monkeys successfully inoculated with poliomyelitic virus. With these materials, 315 tubes were inoculated, of which thirty-six showed minute bodies resembling the globoid bodies described by Flexner and Noguchi. However, a study of subplants from these minute, morphological particles did not convince us that we had in hand actual cultures of the globoid bodies, or indeed of any living microorganism.
Nevertheless, when washed sediments from subplants of one of the strains, representing the seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth transfers, were inoculated into monkeys, the clinical signs and pathological effects characteristic of experimental poliomyelitis could be induced. The virulence of the "cultures" could not be ascribed to carrying over the original material into these remote subplants since the seventh transfer represented a dilution of the original cultivated material to about 1.5 x 10–12, and the tenth, to about 1.3 x 10–18 if one assume, as the transfer technic justifies, a thorough mixing of the contents of each tube. On the contrary, it appears as if the poliomyelitic virus had multiplied in vitro, and had increased as a consequence of being in a medium of a modified living tissue-cell culture. For in practically all specimens we observed many well-preserved kidney tissue cells and leucocytes, the latter probably derived from human ascitic fluid, a component of the Smith-Noguchi medium. In this connection, it should be mentioned that the several lots of ascitic fluid used in the cultivation tests were recently obtained from patients and employed from a week to a month after their collection.
There remains for consideration the problem of the selective pathogenicity of the "cultures:" only the material of those tubes of the ninth and tenth transfers which showed the "globoid bodies" proved pathogenic; those respective tubes of the same transfers which were free from the minute bodies but apparently identical in all other respects, were avirulent. It may be that the virus was adsorbed to the particular bodies which we have found in the "cultures" and which resemble closely the globoid bodies of Flexner and Noguchi. Further elaboration of this study would be necessary, however, before such an inference could be regarded as a definite hypothesis.
THE RELATION OF NATURAL HUMORAL ANTIPNEUMOCOCCAL IMMUNITY TO THE INCEPTION OF LOBAR PNEUMONIA
Authors: Robertson O. H. , Terrell Edward E. , Graeser James B. , Cornwell M. Agnes 
Published: June 2004

A study of the pneumococcidal-promoting action of the serum of lobar pneumonia patients, secured from 4 to 48 hours after the onset of the disease, has revealed the fact that in the majority of instances the serum possessed the power to promote killing of the homologous pneumococcus, isolated in different instances from the lung, blood, and sputum. While in some instances this action was slight, in others it was present to as great a degree as in normal individuals and persisted as long as 48 hours or more after the beginning of the disease. The variations observed from case to case were not related to the extent of the pneumonic lesion or to the virulence of the several pneumococcus strains but appeared to depend on differences in individual human beings in respect to the natural antipneumococcus properties of their blood and their reaction to the invading microorganism. A constant relationship was found to exist between the concentration of immune properties in the serum and blood invasion. In the presence of a well marked pneumococcidal-promoting power pneumococci were not found in the blood stream, and only when this property was greatly diminished or lost did blood invasion occur.
The findings which are supported by certain previous experimental observations, indicate that lobar pneumonia can occur in the presence of a normal circulating antipneumococcus defense mechanism. From this it is inferred that before pneumococcus growth can be initiated there must be present in the lung local changes of such nature as to provide conditions for the multiplication of pneumococci protected from the pneumococcidal action of the blood. Suppositions as to the nature of these changes and the establishment of the pneumonic lesion are discussed.
THE CATALYTIC EFFECT OF METHYLENE BLUE ON THE OXYGEN CONSUMPTION OF TUMORS AND NORMAL TISSUES
Authors: Barron E. S. Guzman 
Published: June 2004

1. Methylene blue has no catalytic effect on the oxygen consumption of those normal adult tissues which do not possess aerobic glycolysis. The dye increases the oxygen consumption of these tissues when their respiration has been inhibited by the addition of KCN and their fermentative power thus brought into action.
2. Methylene blue increases the oxygen consumption of normal tissues having aerobic glycolysis, and of tumors.
3. The effect of methylene blue is roughly proportional to the fermentative power of tissues.
SPECIFIC PRECIPITATION AND MOUSE PROTECTION IN TYPE I ANTIPNEUMOCOCCUS SERA
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Sia Richard H. P. , Kendall Forrest E. 
Published: June 2004

1. A rapid and simple method is given for the approximate determination of the specifically precipitable protein in Type I antipneumococcus sera.
2. It is shown that a close parallel exists between the specifically precipitable protein and the number of mouse protection units in a wide variety of Type I antipneumococcus sera.
3. Owing to the consistent results obtained and the rapidity, simplicity, and economy of the method, its use is proposed instead of the mouse protection test as a basis for the titration of standard sera and the comparison of others with a standard.
4. A method is given for conveniently preparing highly purified specific polysaccharide of Type I pneumococcus.
THE EFFECT OF INFLAMMATORY REACTIONS ON TISSUE IMMUNITY
Authors: Hanger Franklin M. ,   With the Technical Assistance of Mr. Michael Bauer
Published: June 2004

1. Animals showing natural bacterial allergy to filtrates of B. lepisepticum survive infection by this organism more frequently than weak reactors. This increased resistance is manifested by better localization of infection.
2. Bacterial filtrates injected into skin 24 hours before infection exert a non-specific protection of that area against the organism, even in susceptible animals. The cells of this protected area seldom undergo necrosis when infected.
3. Severe injury of tissues either by chemicals or an antigen-antibody reaction produces a loss of local resistance even in immune animals. Mild injuries have the opposite effect. It is believed that in cases of severe injury, the affected areas undergo a segregation from the circulating antibodies.
4. When bacterial immune serum is injected with a protein antigen into the skin of a sensitized animal, a local alteration occurs in which substances necessary for the effective action of the immune serum are destroyed.
5. A protective action is restored to the altered immune serum by addition of complement to the lesion.
6. It is felt that allergy is not the chief mechanism in cellular resistance to infection, however data are advanced which suggest that allergy does exert local protection by acceleration of the immune processes and by rendering the cells locally refractory to further injury.
7. Chronic infection by a single strain of organism excites cellular reactivity to many strains of bacteria often unrelated biologically. Hence a non-specific mechanism for localizing infections throughout the body may be induced.
HOST FACTORS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF PNEUMOCOCCUS PNEUMONIA
Authors: Sharp Ezra A. , Blake Francis G. 
Published: June 2004

The present study was undertaken in order to determine whether animals exhibiting cutaneous hypersensitiveness to pneumococcus would show an acute inflammatory reaction in the lungs when pneumococcus autolysate was brought into contact with the pulmonary tissues and, if so, whether the pulmonary reaction might be shown to be due to the allergic state of the animal, rather than to intrinsic properties of the autolysate. Twenty young rabbits were sensitized to pneumococcus by various procedures and their degree of hypersensitiveness determined at frequent intervals over varying periods of time by means of intracutaneous injections of pneumococcus autolysate standardized on the basis of nitrogen content and so treated as to be devoid of the known toxic principles. Twenty-four hours after the last skin test each rabbit was injected intratracheally with the same pneumococcus autolysate. Seven non-sensitive controls were similarly injected intratracheally. Twenty-four hours after intratracheal injection the rabbits were killed. The lungs were removed, a portion was cultured, and the rest was examined histologically. Of the twenty sensitized rabbits, three that showed no cutaneous sensitivity and three that were only slightly skin-sensitive at the time of intratracheal injection exhibited no detectable pulmonary reaction to the autolysate; eleven of fourteen that showed moderate to extreme cutaneous hypersensitiveness were found to have an acute exudative inflammation of the lungs. The exudate consisted largely of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and serum. It varied in extent from a slight focal exudate lining the bronchioles and adjacent alveoli to a very marked diffuse involvement of considerable portions of the lung. In all but one of the eleven the cultures of the lungs were sterile. The single animal showing a positive culture (B. lepisepticum) has been excluded. None of the seven non-sensitive controls showed any pulmonary reaction to the autolysate.
From these results it may be concluded that there is in rabbits a fairly close parallelism between cutaneous and pulmonary hypersensitiveness to pneumococcus autolysate and that the inflammatory response of the pulmonary tissue resulting from contact with the autolysate depends upon the allergic state of the animal rather than upon inherently injurious substances in the autolysate. The observations are in harmony with the theory that allergy may play a part in the pathogenesis of pneumococcus pneumonia in man.
STUDIES ON A-AVITAMINOSIS IN CHICKENS
Authors: Seifried Oskar 
Published: June 2004

1. The principal tissue changes in the respiratory tract of chickens caused by a vitamin A deficiency in the food are, first, an atrophy and degeneration of the lining mucous membrane epithelium as well as of the epithelium of the mucous membrane glands. This process is followed or accompanied by a replacement or substitution of the degenerating original epithelium of these parts by a squamous stratified keratinizing epithelium. This newly formed epithelium develops from the primitive columnar epithelium and divides and grows very rapidly. The process appears to be one of substitution rather than a metaplasia, and resembles the normal keratinization of the skin or even more closely the incomplete keratinization of the mucous membranes (e.g., the esophagus or certain parts of the tongue of chickens). In this connection findings have been described which not only afford an interesting insight into the complicated mechanism of keratinization, but also show probable relations between keratinization and the development of Guarnieri's inclusion bodies. Balloon and reticular degeneration of the upper layers of the new stratified epithelium has been frequently observed. All parts of the respiratory tract are about equally involved in the process; and the olfactory region as well, so that the sense of smell may be lost. The lesions, which first take place on the surface epithelium and then in the glands, show only minor differences.
2. The protective mechanism inherent in the mucous membranes of the entire respiratory tract is seriously damaged or even entirely destroyed by the degeneration of the ciliated cells at the surface and the lack of secretion with bactericidal. properties. Secondary infections are frequently found, and nasal discharge and various kinds of inflammatory processes are common, including purulent ones, especially in the upper respiratory tract, communicating sinuses, eyes and trachea. The development of the characteristic histological process is not dependent upon the presence of these infections, since it also takes place in the absence of infection.
3. The specific histological lesions make it possible to differentiate between A-avitaminosis and some infectious diseases of the respiratory tract.
These studies we hope will serve as a basis for further investigations on the relationship between A-avitaminosis and infection in general.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF FRIEDLÄNDER'S BACILLI OF DIFFERENT TYPES
Authors: Julianelle Louis A. 
Published: June 2004

In a study of the distribution of the specific types of Friedländer's bacillus, it is shown that: (1) Of 80 strains 52 per cent belong to Type A, 15 per cent to Type B, 9 per cent to Type C, and 24 per cent to Group X. (2) Type A contains for the most part strains derived from diseases of man and more than 70 per cent are associated with pneumonia in man. (3) Type B includes the greatest number of strains from animal sources, while the heterogeneous strains comprising Group X come from the greatest variety of diseases.
It was demonstrated that in a patient suffering with pneumonia due to Friedländer's bacillus (Type A), a specific precipitin reaction of the urine occurred in the corresponding (Type A) immune serum.
A study of the sugar fermentation reactions of Friedländer's bacillus shows that (1) there is no correlation between serological type and fermentative activity; (2) the fermentation reactions are variable and therefore not reliable for distinguishing Friedländer's bacillus from closely allied organisms; (3) the strains of Group X show the greatest variation in fermentation, and (4) of 15 strains unable to ferment lactose, 13 belong to Type A.
STUDIES ON TYPHUS FEVER
Authors: Castaneda M. Ruiz , Zinsser Hans 
Published: June 2004

Our experiments have shown that the Mooser bodies or Rickettsiae derived from guinea pigs with Mexican typhus fever can survive in bedbugs after intra-coelomic injection for 10 days, remaining capable of infection. We have also succeeded in similarly infecting bedbugs by allowing them to feed on benzolized rats in whose blood Rickettsiae had been shown to be present. Injection of the organs of such bedbugs 5 days after the last, 9 days after the first infectious feeding into guinea pigs produced typical Mexican typhus fever.
Some of the guinea pigs infected with such bedbug organs and passing through a typical typhus proved to be immune to subsequent inoculation with the European disease.
Attempts to infect normal guinea pigs by allowing infected bedbugs to feed on them or by rubbing the feces into the uninjured skin have, so far, been unsuccessful.
We have not, therefore, completed the cycle proving that bedbugs can transmit the disease, but we have shown that this is a possibility when dealing with man, obviously more susceptible to the disease than any of our experimental animals.
The ease with which the Rickettsiae seem to survive in the bedbugs suggests the desirability of investigating other common insects for a similar capacity of harboring the typhus Rickettsiae-experiments which we have not yet had the time to carry out.
A COMPARISON OF THE CHEMICAL ALTERATIONS IN THE BLOOD OF RATS INFECTED WITH PATHOGENIC AND NON-PATHOGENIC TRYPANOSOMES
Authors: Linton Richard W. 
Published: June 2004

Blood samples from rats infected with Trypanosoma lewisi give normal values for lipoid phosphorus, lecithin, CO2 combining capacity, and liver glycogen.
When these results are compared with the results of similar experiments with T. equiperdum infections, on the basis of the concentration of trypanosomes in the blood, it is found that the pathogenicity of the latter organism does not depend upon its numbers as affecting the blood, but that it must be in some other way injurious to the host. Whether the injury is due to a true toxin, an endotoxin, or mechanical interference is not yet known.
STUDIES IN THE SEROLOGY OF SYPHILIS
Authors: Eagle Harry 
Published: June 2004

The substance in syphilitic serum which is responsible for the Wassermann reaction, like that which determines the diagnostic flocculation tests, is associated with the globulin fraction of serum.
Every positive Wassermann is accompanied by microscopic (or submicroscopic) aggregation, which is not an essential feature of the reaction; conversely, after every positive flocculation test, the washed precipitate will fix complement. An excess of antigen removes both flocculating and complement-fixing substances completely (&gt;95 per cent). Heating the lipoid-reagin precipitate to 100° for 1 minute destroys the sensitizing film of reagin globulin; the avidity for complement disappears simultaneously.
Both the flocculating and complement-fixing properties of syphilitic serum are therefore determined by the same substance, a specifically altered fraction of the serum globulin, reagin. The Wassermann reaction is thus entirely analogous to complement fixation by any antigen-antibody complex. The same film of denatured serum globulin which sensitizes the antigen particles, whether red cells, bacteria, protein, or colloidal lipoid particles, to discharge and aggregation by electrolytes, also endows them with an avidity for complement.
The pathogenesis of reagin will be discussed in a forthcoming paper.
THE KILLING OF COLON BACILLI BY X-RAYS OF DIFFERENT WAVE LENGTHS
Authors: Wyckoff Ralph W. G. 
Published: June 2004

X-ray beams of wave lengths lying in the range between 4 A and 0.5 A all kill B. coli in a semilogarithmically linear fashion. Interpreted in terms of the known quantized absorption of X-rays, this means that one absorption of any of these radiations is sufficient to kill. Though death results from a single absorption, only about one hit in four with Ag K and one in sixty with Ag L radiation is deadly. The course of curves constructed from these experimental results suggests that the portion of this bacterium which is essential to its continued life has a total of approximately 0.01 of the cell volume.
For copper and harder radiations the biological action of the rays is proportional to their measured air ionization. The same biological change with the softer chromium K. and silver L X-rays seems to require a somewhat more intensely ionizing beam.
SPECIFIC POLYSACCHARIDES FROM FUNGI
Authors: Kesten H. D. , Cook D. H. , Mott E. , Jobling J. W. 
Published: June 2004

From each of five yeast-like fungi and a trichophyton there has been prepared a fraction which appears to be essentially a polysaccharide.
Tested by direct precipitation against the corresponding antisera the polysaccharides from the yeast-like fungi exhibit only partial specificity. Cross-precipitin reactions are frequent. By absorption of precipitin on the intact mycotic bodies, however, a relatively high degree of specific precipitability can be demonstrated for the polysaccharides.
THE PRODUCTION OF INFECTION WITH PNEUMOCOCCI IN RABBITS BY INTRADERMAL INOCULATION OF TYPE III PNEUMOCOCCI, THE TREATMENT WITH SPECIFIC ANTISERUM, AND A COMPARISON WITH TYPE I INFECTIONS
Authors: Watson Elizabeth L. , Cooper Georgia 
Published: June 2004

Intradermal lesions and subsequent bacteremia were produced in rabbits by the intradermal inoculation of Type III strains freshly isolated from pneumonia cases. Slight intradermal lesions were produced but no bacteremia was found in rabbits inoculated with an old stock Type III strain.
The intradermal lesions and the bacteremia produced by the inoculation of Type III cultures in rabbits were usually less severe than those produced by the inoculation of Type I culture.
The bacteremia in rabbits was checked and the rabbits protected by suitable amounts of Type III concentrated antiserum given intravenously 24 hours after the infecting dose.
The amount of Type III antiserum necessary to protect rabbits inoculated intradermally with virulent Type III cultures was not appreciably greater than the amount of Type I antiserum required to protect against Type I.
THE REACTION OF THE ALBINO RAT TO THE INTRA-AURAL ADMINISTRATION OF CERTAIN BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH MIDDLE EAR DISEASE
Authors: Nelson John B. 
Published: June 2004

The infective capacity of three bacteria commonly encountered during a study of natural middle ear disease in a rat colony has been determined by direct intra-aural injection in young rats. One week after the introduction of B. actinoides 75 per cent of the rats showed a purulent exudate in the injected middle ear cavity and 65 per cent yielded pure cultures of the organism. With hemolytic and non-hemolytic streptococci 75 per cent showed a serous or mucoid exudate and 12 per cent yielded the organism in culture. With a diphtheroid 18 per cent showed a gross reaction in the middle ear which was sterile in every case.
The experimental findings are discussed in relation to the etiology of middle ear disease.
THE RÔLE OF MICROBIC VIRULENCE, DOSAGE, AND HOST RESISTANCE IN DETERMINING THE SPREAD OF BACTERIAL INFECTIONS AMONG MICE
Authors: Webster Leslie T. 
Published: June 2004

1. Three strains of Pasteurella native to rabbits, introduced into mouse communities failed to spread or survive.
2. One strain of fowl Pasteurella, so introduced, survived for 2 months without causing death, after which, it gave rise to a 5 day epidemic, fatal to 77 per cent of the population. Subsequently, no further deaths from this source occurred and the strain died out completely.
3. At the height of the epidemic, caused by the fowl strain of Pasteurella, 6 cultures were obtained which, on direct inoculation, proved to have a degree of virulence for mice and rabbits equal among themselves and the same as the strain originally employed.
THE RÔLE OF MICROBIC VIRULENCE, DOSAGE, AND HOST RESISTANCE IN DETERMINING THE SPREAD OF BACTERIAL INFECTIONS AMONG MICE
Authors: Webster Leslie T. 
Published: June 2004

1. In September, 1925, explosive and highly fatal epidemics of a Friedländer-like bacillus infection arose in three of four experimentally controlled mouse populations. In the populations to which daily additions were made, characteristic secondary waves ensued. These waves appeared at definite population levels, lasted a definite number of days, and reduced the population to a definite low census. Subsequently, endemic periods intervened, followed by the disappearance of the disease during March, 1926.
2. In August, 1926, renewed epidemics of the infection arose in all four populations. These outbreaks resembled one another but were more enduring than the preceding ones. Moreover, fewer secondary waves followed, and the disease disappeared in February, 1927.
3. The virulence or disease-producing power of the Friedländer-like organisms, as determined by the ability to spread and induce typical epidemics among populations of previously unexposed mice, and by direct inoculation titrations remained constant during pre-epidemic, epidemic, post-, and inter-epidemic phases of the infection.
4. The Friedländer-like organisms were not recovered in cultures from bedding, food, or feces, but they were obtained from the nasal passages. Mice harboring the organisms usually died within a few days of the test; a few, however, survived and ceased to be carriers. The carrier rate in a given community was found to increase prior to epidemic outbreaks and to decrease shortly before the time of peak mortality.
5. The substitution of relatively susceptible for "standard" immigrants in a population was followed by an increase in severity and spread of the disease, whereas a substitution of "standard" for resistant immigrants was followed by a fall in severity and extent of disease.