bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The War of Machines
Authors: Kennedy David m. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“I don’t see much future for the Americans,” Adolf Hitler crowed to his cronies in the aftermath of the Pearl Harbor attack. “It’s a decayed country. And they have their racial problem, and the problem of social inequalities. . . . American society [is) half Judaized, and the other half Negrified. How can one expect a State like that to hold together — a country where everything is built on the dollar.” Hitler’s foreign minister, Joachim von Ribbentrop, took a more sober view of the possible consequences of American belligerency. He warned Hitler in December 1941: “We have just one year to cut off Russia from her American supplies. . . . If we don’t succeed and the munitions potential of the United States joins up with the manpower potential of the Russians, the war will enter a phase in which we shall only be able to win it with difficulty.” More than a year earlier Admiral Yamamoto had made the same point to Fumimaro Konoye when he had predicted that Japanese forces would run wild for six months but that he had “utterly no con fidence for the second or third year.”
Introduction
Authors: Dmitriev Sviatoslav 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“We prefer not to live without Roman leadership,” decreed the people of Aphrodisias. “I think then that the safest course, as always, is to keep to the laws of each city,” Emperor Trajan advised Pliny the Younger. These statements reflect the overall division of responsibilities between Greek cities and Roman authorities. In Greek lands, as elsewhere, “Rome neither ignored her provincial cities nor ran them,” busying herself with “initiative and coordination over a large area.” Nevertheless, the Roman presence and the needs of the Roman state affected the development of Greek cities because local administrative and social life had to accommodate the political interests of Rome. The life of Greek cities did not remain static in this period: social relations were transformed, new offices were introduced, and the responsibilities of officials and the features of city offices were modified. Because such changes took place under the Romans, they are often interpreted as results of Romanization, irrespective of whether the latter is understood as an unconscious process or as a deliberate Roman policy.
The Metropoleis: Smyrna and Ephesus
Authors: Dmitriev Sviatoslav 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ancient and modern authors alike refer to Smyrna, Ephesus, and Pergamum as the largest cities, or metropoleL , of Roman Asia, and as competitors for first place in that province. As the largest urban centers, the metropoleis had the most sophisticated administrations, with numerous officials. Therefore, they offer us a much better chance to understand the organization and functioning of Greek city government in provincial Asia. By the amount of available evidence from Smyrna, that city should be placed second after Ephesus, whose published inscriptions, and probably coins as well, clearly surpass those from any other city in the province of Asia.
The Greek Sources of Hyginus and Narrator
Authors: Cameron Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is time to take a closer look at Hyginus. In addition to the Fabulae, he is also credited with another largely mythographic work entitled De astronomia, and on the basis of a number of verbal and thematic parallels it has been generally assumed that both works are by the same hand. It is not in itself a serious objection that they sometimes offer differing versions of the same story, since this can be explained as a consequence of the two books being compiled at different times from different sources (both are of sufficiently low intellectual level to make it unlikely that the writer was committed to the “truth” of any particular version). More telling is the one cross-reference. In a passage otherwise translated fairly literally from Ps-Eratosthenes, the writer cites book 1 of his own Genealogiae (de quo in primo libro Genealogiarum scripsimus) on the subject of the Graeae, and we have already seen that Ps-Dositheus cites the Fabulae under the title Genealogia. Although the text of the Fabulae as extant is not divided into books, even its abridged state is much longer than the average ancient book, and the surviving chapters fall fairly clearly into three categories, the first of which is certainly genealogical. It is true that there is no such discussion of the Graeae in the surviving text of the Fabulae, but that is simply one more indication that the text we have is abridged. In view of its lengh, De astronomia was likewise presumably once divided into at least three books, though there is no trace in the many manuscripts of the four books in which they appear in printed editions.
Mythological Summaries and Companions
Authors: Cameron Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let us turn from sources to models. The fact that Narrator’s learning is derivative does not deprive it of all interest. We have at any rate identified its affinities with a particular type of text, early imperial mythographic treatises. But the Narrationes is not itself a mythographic treatise. Unlike Parthenius and Ps-Apollodorus, it purports to be a guide to a single classical text. Whatever its shortcomings, its form is clearly defined and consistent: a sequence of brief narrative summaries with occasional explanatory notes and source references. Are there any parallels for such a literary form? There are indeed-several. The closest is the Diegeseis to Callimachus’s Aetia and Iambi. The reason the closeness of the parallel was not recognized long ago is that the nature of the Diegeseis itself has never been fully understood.
Chapter One
Authors: Olivelle Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
+1Manu was seated, absorbed in contemplation, when the great seers came up to him, paid homage to him in the appropriate manner, and addressed him in these words: 2”Please, Lord, tell us precisely and in the proper order the Laws of all the social classes, a-; well a’&gt; of those born in between; for you alone, Master, know the true meaning of the duties contained in this entire ordinance of the Self-existent One, an ordinance beyond the powers of thought or cognition.”
Chapter Three
Authors: Olivelle Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
He should carry out the observance relating to the three Veda’i at his teacher’s house, an observance lasting thirty-six years, or one-half or one-quarter of that time, or else until he has learnt them. After he has learnt in the proper order the three Vedas* or two of them, or at least one, without violating his chastity, he should undertake the householder’s order of life. 3When he has returned in accordance with the Law proper to him and received his vedic inheritance from his father, he should be honored at the outset with the gift of a cow, as he sits on a couch wearing a garland. After he has taken the concluding bath with his teacher’s permission and performed the rite of returning home according to rule, the twice-born should marry a wife belonging to the same class and possessing the right bodily characteristics.
Chapter Nine
Authors: Olivelle Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For a husband and wife who stay on the path pointed out by the Law, I shall declare the eternal Laws for both when they are together and when they are apart.Guarding the Wife 2Day and night men should keep their women from acting independently; for, attached a’&gt; they are to sensual pleasures, men should keep them under their control. 3Her father guards her in her childhood, her husband guards her in her youth, and her sons guard her in her old age; a woman is not qualified to act independently (5.147-9). A father is reprehensible,* if he does not give her away at the proper time; a husband, if the does not have sex with her at the right time (3.45 n.); and a son, if he fails to guard his mother when her husband is dead 5Women in particular should be guarded against even the slightest evil inclination, for when they are left unguarded, they bring grief to both families (5.149 n.).+ 6Seeing that this is clearly the highest Law of all social classes, even weak husbands strive to guard their wives; 7for by carefully guarding his wife, a man guards his offspring, his character, his family, himself, and the Law specific to him.
Chapter Twelve
Authors: Olivelle Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Action produces good and bad results and originates from the mind, speech, and the body. Action produces the human conditions-the highest, the middling, and the lowest. 0ne should understand that the action of the embodied self-action that in this world is of three kinds, ha.., three bases, and contains ten characteristics-is set in motion by the mind. Coveting the property of others, reflecting on undesirable things in one’s mind, and adhering to false doctrines are the three kinds of mental action. 6Harshness, falsehood, slander of every sort, and idle chatter are the four kinds of verbal action. 7Taking what has not been given, unsanctioned killing, and sex with another’s wife are given in tradition as the three kinds of bodily action.
Abusive Fractures
Authors: Moore Joyce K , Smith Jean C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Estimates of fractures occurring in children who are physically abused vary from 11% to 55% depending on the child’s age and the radiographic imaging techniques used (Cooperman & Merten, 2001). In 1946, Dr. John Caffey described infants with unexplained long bone fractures and subdural hematomas. Later, in 1962, Dr. C. Henry Kempe used these early diagnostic imaging findings in developing the concept of the battered child syndrome. Radiology can confirm the presence of fractures, identify other “hidden” fractures, provide an estimate of when fractures occurred, and give possible causes. Children less than 2 years old have most of the abusive fractures in child abuse situations. From 55% to 70% (Cooperman & Merten, 2001) of all abusive fractures occur in infants that are less than 1 year old. Only about 2% of accidental fractures are found in infants less than 18 months old (Cooperman & Merten, 2001). In some instances, the discovery of a fracture is the first indication to consider the possibility of child abuse. In assessing whether or not a fracture is the result of child abuse, the worker must work closely with the medical team to combine the details of the entire history with the radiographic and other medical findings (see chapter 2).
Substance Abuse and Child Maltreatment
Authors: Wells Kathryn M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Substance abuse and child maltreatment are intricately related, putting children from families where substance abuse is present at risk for abuse and neglect. Parental addiction to alcohol, marijuana, heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, and other drugs has led to one of the more complex and devastating problems in the field of child welfare. Data from the 1996 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA) reveal that an estimated 8.3 million children, 11% of all children in the United States, live with at least one parent who is in need of substance abuse treatment (Huang, Cerbone, & Gfroerer, 1998). Substance abuse includes the abuse of legal drugs (alcohol, prescription drugs, over-the-counter drugs) as well as illegal drugs (cocaine, heroin, marijuana, and methamphetamines). Many substance abusers are also polysubstance users and the abuse of legal substances may be as detrimental to parental functioning as abuse of illicit substances.
Bacteria and Archaea
Authors: Doolittle W Ford 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The collection of chapters in this volume and the symposium for which they were assembled celebrate one of the signal achievements of 20th century biology: the integration of molecular sequence analyses with more traditional comparative and paleontological approaches in the construction of a universal Tree of Life. Integration is one of the key words here. Without molecular data, we would still find it easy to tell birds from bees or to distinguish any bird or bee from broccoli, brewer’s yeast, or bacteria. But we would have no strong basis for deciding, as we have (see Baldauf et al., ch. 4 in this vol.), that all birds and bees are closer kin to yeast than to broccoli. Nor would we have much reason to be as confident as we are that, despite the manifest differences in size, shape, and lifestyle, organisms in the first four groups—all eukaryotes, with nucleated cells—share a common ancestor with the nonnucleated prokaryotes (Bacteria and Archaea). For all the very deep branchings, only molecular data—in the form of DNA or protein sequence, or sometimes three-dimensional protein structure—can provide unarguable evidence for common ancestry and define lines of descent.
Arthropod Systematics: The Comparative Study of Genomic, Anatomical, and Paleontological Information
Authors: Wheeler Ward C , Giribet Gonzalo , Edgecombe Gregory D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Arthropods are perhaps the most diverse creatures on Earth, with the number of known species approaching one million, and perhaps 10 times as many left to discover. Comprised today of Hexapoda (insects and relatives), Myriapoda (centipedes, millipedes, and allies), Crustacea (shrimps, crabs, lobsters, crayfish, barnacles, etc.), and Chelicerata (arachnids, horseshoe crabs, and sea spiders), the arthropods vary over four orders of magnitude in size (from &lt;1 mm mites and parasitic wasps to &gt;4 m spider crabs), are herbivores and carnivores, free-living and parasitic (endo and ecto), and solitary and social, and constitute the great majority of animal biomass. Arthropods are ubiquitous. They are found on all continents, the deepest oceans, and highest mountains. Extinct groups include trilobites, marrellomorphs, anomalocaridids, and euthycarcinoids, some of which may well be equal in taxonomic status to those we know today. As members of the triploblastic Metazoa, arthropods are characterized by a segmented, hardened, chitinous cuticular exoskeleton and paired, jointed appendages. This exoskeleton is composed of a series of dorsal, ventral, and lateral plates that undergoes molting (ecdysis), sometimes periodically. Primitively, arthropods share a compound eye with a subunit structure that is unique within the animal kingdom.
From the Rubber-Core Ball to the First World War
Authors: Sommers Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No one had ever been totally happy with the gutta-percha ball. Like base-balls of the day, it was dead. A good feather ball could be driven farther, and man, with his restless nature, constantly experimented. Aball called the Eclipse was introduced during the 1880s. A mixture of cork and rubber, it bounded along the ground, leaping over bunkers and flying totally out of control on pitches to greens. It soon disappeared. Someone else developed a ball called the Putty, equally lively and uncontrollable. It failed too.
Introduction
Authors: Lewis Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of the articles, studies and lectures assembled in this volume date from the period of my professional life which began in the autumn of 1949, when I was appointed to the newly-created chair of the History of the Near and Middle East at the School of Oriental and African Studies in the University of London. I first set foot in the school as an undergraduate student in 1933. Already then I was not entirely a newcomer to Middle Eastern studies. My initiation had begun at an early age, when I was confronted with the need to study a difficult, ancient Middle Eastern text—to be precise, part of Chapter 26 of the Book of Leviticus. At the age of eleven or twelve, along with most Jewish children, I was instructed in the rudiments of Hebrew to prepare me for my Bar Mitzvah, the synagogue ceremony by which Jewish boys—and in modern times also girls—are formally recognized as full, adult members of the community. At that time and in that place, this normally implied only learning the alphabet, memorizing the tunes, and acquiring a sufficient command of the Hebrew script to read and chant the text without understanding it. In the normal course of events, no more than that was expected of pupils; no more was provided by teachers. But for me, another language, and more especially another script, offered new excitement, and led to the joyous discovery that Hebrew was not merely a kind of decipherment of prayers and rituals, to be memorized and recited parrot-fashion.
An Islamic Mosque
Authors: Lewis Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Suleymaniye Mosque in Istanbul was begun in 1550 and completed in 1556. It is one of the supreme masterpieces of Mimar Sinan (c. 1489– 1588), by common consent the greatest of Ottoman architects. It bears the name of Sultan Suleyman, known to Europe as the Magnificent. His reign (1520–66) is generally regarded as the apogee of Ottoman Imperial greatness. The structure and decoration of this mosque, begun almost a century after the Turkish conquest of Constantinople, illustrate both the enrichment of Islam by earlier streams of tradition and the essential originality of its own religious and aesthetic creations. Though the mosque shows clear signs of both Persian and Byzantine influence, there is something distinctively and characteristically Ottoman in the harmonious contrast of minarets and dome, in the lightness of touch in the use of the dome itself, and in the spacious and elegant interior.
Monarchy in the Middle East
Authors: Lewis Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The word monarchy has been, and at times still is, used in two different senses. One of them is indicated by its etymology, from two Greek words, the first meaning “single” or “alone,” the second meaning “rule.” In this sense monarchy means one-man personal rule—the rule of an individual—as contrasted in ancient and medieval times with aristocracy and oligarchy, or in modern times with democracy. Often the term also carries a connotation of arbitrary rule. The Arabic term used to render monarchy in this sense, istibdād, usually has this connotation and is contrasted with shūrā or mashwara (consultation). Istibdād conveys the idea of a ruler who governs in accordance with his personal desires and caprice without consulting those whom it would be appropriate to consult.1 Traditional Islamic literature lays great emphasis on the importance of consultation, with both statesmen and men of religion.
From Pilgrims to Tourists
Authors: Lewis Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let me begin with a word or two of definition. By travel, I mean what one might call personal journeys, undertaken by an individual, either by his own decision or by the decision of some other individual who chose and sent him for a particular reason. I am including neither the migrations of nomads nor the invasions of armies. These are obviously of far greater historical importance, but they are not my present subject, which is limited to individual travel, and of course, necessarily and inevitably, to journeys that left some kind of record. I start with pilgrims, not because they are the earliest chronologically (they are not); but because the pilgrimage—more specifically the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina—is the first really major factor of personal travel over vast distances in human history, and for long it remained the most important single factor.
Pan-Arabism
Authors: Lewis Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pan-Arabism as a political doctrine and a political movement is an application to the Arabic-speaking peoples of the 19th century European conception of the nation, namely that the nation is the basic entity into which the human race is divided, that it is defined by certain varying but ascertainable characteristics and is endowed with certain corporate political attributes, purposes and rights and, finally, that the nation thus defined is the only rightful basis of statehood. Any nation, according to this doctrine, which has not expressed its nationhood in statehood is deprived of its rights; any state in turn not based on a nation is wrongful and illegitimate.
Islam and the West
Authors: Lewis Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until the nineteenth century, Muslims commonly spoke neither of the West nor of Europe when they wished to designate the Western or European world. The term West, when used in a cultural and political sense, was applied inside and not outside the Islamic oecumene. In the form maghrib—literally the land of the sunset—it designated North Africa west of Egypt, that is the western part of the Islamic world, contrasted with mashriq, the eastern half or land of the sunrise. The term Europe occurs in a few places in early Arabic geographical literature, then disappears. It entered through translations from the Greek, as part of the Greek geographical system of continents, which was adopted in a fragmentary form by Muslim geographical writers and dropped at an early date. Even when it was used, the term Europe was purely geographical, and was never injected with the cultural, historical, and latterly even political content which the names of the continents acquired in European and subsequently, under European influence, in universal usage.
The Middle East, Westernized Despite Itself
Authors: Lewis Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent decades have seen Western political influence reduced to a minimum in the Middle East, but, in every other respect, Western influence grew apace. The most visible, the most pervasive, and the least recognized aspects of Western influence are in the realm of material things—the infrastructure, amenities, and services of the modern state and city, most of them initiated by past European rulers or concession holders. There was clearly no desire to reverse or even deflect the processes of modernization. Nor indeed were such things as aeroplanes and cars, telephones and televisions, tanks and artillery, seen as Western or as related to the Western philosophies that preceded and facilitated their invention.
Right and Left in Lebanon
Authors: Lewis Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a fact well known to all students of the press that the recent civil war in Lebanon was basically a conflict between right and left and, furthermore, that in Lebanon as everywhere else in the world, the right represented the wealthy who wished to preserve the existing order while the left represented the poor who wished to change it. Some of the more intellectually ambitious newspapers sometimes spoke of “Christian rightists” and “Muslim leftists,” indicating that there might be some connection between Christendom and the right on the one hand and Islam and the left on the other. But this was easily explained by the equally well-known fact that Christians were rich and Muslims were poor and that consequently Muslim hostility to Christians—like all authentic hostility— was socioeconomic in origin.
The Other Middle East Problems
Authors: Lewis Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Not long ago I was having lunch with a Saudi Arabian in Washington, and in the course of the conversation he rounded on me and said: “Why is it that when you Westerners want to talk about the Arab-Israeli conflict, you call it the Middle East problem?” “Do you think,” he said “that it is the only problem we have? Do you think that is the worst problem we have? I wish it were; it would be a piece of cake.” “Piece of cake” was no doubt an exaggeration, but he had a valid point. Certainly the Arab-Israeli conflict is not the only problem of the Middle East, nor is it by a long chalk the bloodiest. The Iraq-Iran war produced more casualties than all the Arab-Israeli wars put together, including all the participants. The Gulf War of 1990–91, not to mention the civil wars in Lebanon and Iraq and elsewhere, would also score higher in sheer destructiveness. On a scale of bloodiness, the Arab-Israeli conflict would indeed rank rather low.