bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Learning and Conceptual Change: The View from the Neurons
Authors: Churchland Paul M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The quest to produce an artificial but genuine intelligence presupposes or anticipates some criterion for recognizing when success has been achieved. Here the ‘Turing Test’ is often cited (Turing, 1950). This narrowly behavioural test gains its appeal from two sources. First, it focuses exclusively on empirically accessible data the output of the candidate system’s teletype. Inaccessible metaphysical and neuronal matters are thus deliberately pushed aside. And second, it evaluates that empirical data by comparison with the behaviour of a paradigm case of intelligence-a human being. The candidate system’s teletyped behaviour must be indistinguish able from the teletyped behaviour of a human in the same situation.
Causation in the Philosophy of Mind
Authors: Jackson Frank , Pettit Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Causation has come to play an increasingly important role in the philosophy of mind, reaching its apotheosis in the doctrine that to be a mental state of kind K is to fill the causal role definitive of that kind of mental state: the typology of mental states is a typology of causal roles. However, ironically, there is, from this very functionalist perspective, a problem about how to understand the causal role of mental properties, those properties which make a mental state the kind of mental state that it is. This problem surfaces in one way or another in the debates over the language of thought (for instance, in the argument that only if intentional states have syntactic-like structure can they play the required causal roles); over the explanatory role of broad content (for instance, in the argument that broad content is explanatorily irrelevant to behaviour because doppelgangers behave alike while possibly differing in broad content); and over the eliminativist implications of connectionism (for instance, in the argument that certain versions of connectionism falsify the propositional modularity component of the folk conception of the causes of behaviour).
Identity and Predication
Authors: Evans Gareth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A translation is one thing, a theory of meaning another. A manual of translation aims to provide, for each sentence of the language under study, a way of arriving at a quoted sentence of another language which has the same meaning. A theory of meaning, on the other hand, entails, for each sentence of the language under study, a statement of what it means. A translator states no semantical truths at all, nor has he any need of the concepts of truth, denotation, and satisfaction. Semantical truths relate expressions to the world, and can be stated only by using, not mentioning, expressions of some language or other. Such truths arise inevitably in the construction of a theory of meaning, for statements of what a sentence means can be made only by using an equivalent sentence of the theory’s language, and, if the theory is to be finite, must be deduced from statements assigning semantical properties to its parts.
Pronouns, Quantifiers, and Relative Clauses (II)
Authors: Evans Gareth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is occasionally tempting, after climbing a mountain, to use the elevation one has gained to dash up to the top of a connected peak which does not have sufficient interest to induce one to climb so high for its sake alone. It is in this spirit that I tum to Geach’s Latin Prose theory of relative clauses. The matter itself is of no very great moment, and some new ground will have to be covered in dealing with Geach’s arguments. Nevertheless we shall primarily be applying the theory constructed in the body of the paper, and when one is in a position to expose bad arguments relatively rapidly, it is perhaps a good idea not to leave them unchallenged, especially when they appear to be gaining currency.
Anamnesis in the Phaedo: Remarks on 73c-75c
Authors: Ackrill J L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Platonic doctrine of reminiscence, that what we call learning is really recalling what we already know, is argued for at length in two places. The argument in the Meno concerns our knowledge of necessary truths. Leibniz spoke well of this argument, saying that Plato’s doctrine ‘is very sound provided that it is taken aright and purged of the error of pre-existence’.More recently Professor Vlastos has shown in detail how the Meno brings out the special character of a priori knowledge. The Phaedo argument differs in that it is about our acquisition of concepts rather than of necessary truths. There is also this difference, that the pre-existence of the soul certainly cannot in the Phaedo be treated as a myth or metaphor; the context makes it impossible to see the doctrine of reminiscence as simply making a point about concept formation and not really referring to the passage of time and the recovery of what was already known.
Aristole's Distinction between Energeia and Kinesis
Authors: Ackrill J L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Metaphysics 0. 6 Aristotle first gives a general explanation of the notion of energeia as opposed to dunamis-actuality as opposed to potentiality. He then draws a distinction between energeia and kin sis. ‘Kin sis’ is Aristotle’s regular word for change, including movement. Kinesis is itself an energeia in the wide sense, an actuality as opposed to a potentiality. So in distinguishing it from energeia, Aristotle is evidently using ‘energeia’ in a new and narrower sense. This distinction between energeia and kinesis occurs in a number of places in Aristotle, and the commentators seem to be fairly happy about it. Yet it is not easy to understand precisely what distinction Aristotle has in mind.
Aristotle on ‘Good’ and the Categories
Authors: Ackrill J L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the Nicomachean Ethics 1. 6, 1096323-9 Aristotle argues that goodness is not a single common universal: if it were, it would be ‘said’ in only one category, whereas in fact it is, like being, ‘said’ in all the categories. Aristotle discusses in many places the transcategorial character of and of , but most of his accounts of types of goodness or senses of ‘good’ do not rest upon the point about categories-a point which is, however, taken up in the traditional treatment of bonum along with ens and unum as categorially unclassifiable. The Ethics passage is therefore of considerable interest, and it has not, I think, received sufficient attention or final elucidation from the commentators. The present discussion will be far from exhaustive, but it may raise some questions worth further examination. It is perhaps a matter for apology that in a paper written in honour or Dr Walzer I have neglected to consider the relevant passage of the Eudemian Ethics (A. 8, 1217b25-34); but since the argument there may be different from that in the Nicomachean version, it seems safer to start by looking at the latter on its own.
Spontaneous Spoken Language
Authors: Miller Jim , Weinert Regina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jim Miller and Regina Weinert investigate syntactic structure and the organization of discourse in spontaneous spoken language. Using data from English, German, and Russian, they develop a systematic analysis of spoken English and highlight properties that hold across languages. The authors argue that the differences in syntax and the construction of discourse between spontaneous speech and written language bear on various areas of linguistic theory, apart from having obvious implications for syntactic analysis. In particular, they bear on typology, Chomskyan theories of first language acquisition, and the perennial problem of language in education. In current typological practice written and spontaneous spoken texts are often compared; the authors show convincingly that typological research should compare like with like. The consequences for Chomskyan, and indeed all, theories of first language acquisition flow from the central fact that children acquire spoken language but learn written language.
Thinking that One Thinks
Authors: Rosenthal David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are two distinct kinds of things we describe as being conscious or not conscious, and when we describe the two kinds of thing as being conscious we attribute two distinct properties. The term ‘conscious’ thus conceals a certain ambiguity. In one use, we speak of mental states as being conscious or not conscious. Mental states, such as thoughts, desires, emotions, and sensations, are conscious if we are aware of them in some intuitively immediate way. But we also apply the term ‘conscious’ to the creatures that are in those mental states. A creature’s being conscious consists, roughly, of its being awake and being mentally responsive.
The Child as Patient
Authors: Ross Lainie Friedman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of the medical care which children receive from physicians is not experimental. Non-experimental medical care includes preventive health care (e.g. immunizations), the treatment of acute illnesses or injuries, and the treatment of chronic conditions. The care may be sought electively or emergently; and the treatment may serve to prevent disability, to enhance quality of life, to alleviate pain, or to treat life-threatening conditions.
Formlessness and the Priority of Form: Metaphysics: Z 7-9 and A 3
Authors: Judson Lindsay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is about the integrity of A 3. In philosophy, as in life, integrity comes in a number of forms. I am concerned both with what might be called the internal integrity of the chapter—does it have a unified aim or line of thought? —and with its external integrity: is it integrated in a satisfactory way with the surrounding chapters, and for that matter with the overall project of A? In other words, what, if anything, is A 3 about, and if it is about something, is that what this part of A ought to be about?’ These questions may seem all too easy to answer. A 3 is the ugly duckling of A: at first glance, at least, it looks like a set of discrete passages with no purpose that unifies it internally or externally.
Some Remarks on Metaphysics A 5
Authors: Code Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Metaphysics A 5 consists of a set of fairly unpolished notes, assembled in aid of an inquiry into the causes and principles of substances. It clearly belongs to that part of the inquiry that concerns the causes of perceptible substances. The class of perceptibles includes, but is not limited to, these perceptible substances, and this chapter is intended as the conclusion of a discussion answering the questions (i) what are the principles of perceptibles? (ii) how many principles of perceptibles are there? (iii) in what way are the principles of perceptibles the same? and (iv) in what way are the principles of perceptibles different?’ Progress towards answering all of these had already been made by the end of the previous chapter. The opening lines of chapter 4 had stated that in one way the causes and principles of different things are different, but in another way-speaking generally and analogically-the causes and principles of all things are the same. There are four principles that are the same in an analogical sense for all perceptibles: matter, form, privation, and a mover that effects change. My matter and the matter for a colour are, for instance, analogically the same in that as my matter stands to me, so the matter for that colour stands to it. However, these four principles are different for different perceptibles.
Unmoved mover(s) as efficient cause(s) in Metaphysics A 6
Authors: Berti Enrico 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are three kinds of substance—one that is sensible (of which one subdivision is eternal and another perishable; the latter is recognized by all men, and includes e.g. plants and animals), ... ; and another that is immovable, and this certain thinkers assert to be capable of existing apart, some dividing it in two, others identifying the Forms and the objects of mathematics, and others positing, of these two, only the objects of mathematics. The former two kinds of substance are the subject of the physics (for they imply movement); but the third kind belongs to another science, if there is no principle common to it and to the other kinds.
Metaphysics A 9: Divine Thought
Authors: Kosman Aryeh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The chapter is to be about thought; (2) the burden of the discussion is to be aporetic, the exploration of perplexities generated by or presupposed in what has been said in earlier chapters (particularly A 7) about thought and its relation to the divine. Note that in this opening Aristotle expresses perplexity simply about thought, not about the particular workings of divine thought. This fact should suggest to us that the chapter is predicated not so much on difficulties that we may associate with the thought of a divine being as on difficulties with thought itself, or, given the location of the discussion, with the identification of thought as divine or of the divine as something importantly connected to thought. And indeed, this suggestion is confirmed in the very next sentence:
Systematic Lexicography
Authors: Apresjan Juri 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book unites lexicography with theoretical linguistics. The two fields tend to ignore each other: lexicographers produce dictionaries, linguists grammars. As a result grammars and dictionaries are often discordant and sometimes glaringly incompatible. In Systematic Lexicography Juri Apresjan shows the insights linguistics has to offer lexicography, and equally that the achievements and challenges of lexicography provide a rewarding field for linguistic inquiry. The author presents the vocabulary of a language as a complicated system reflecting a specific view of the world. He does so within an integrated theory of language, in which grammatical and lexical meanings, and the conceptualizations underlying them, blend and interact. Each lexeme, he argues, is a point of intersection of various lexicographic types classes of lexemes with shared semantic, syntactic, pragmatic or mental properties, that are sensitive to the same rules, and which should thus be uniformly described in the dictionary. When any lexeme is viewed against the whole set of linguistic rules, new facets emerge, and these reveal, he shows, key characteristics of words that dictionaries do not currently record. Professor Apresjan not only presents an original, unified theory of language, inspired by the Moscow school of semantics. He also works out its consequences and describes the problems he faced in applying it to the description of Russian. The reader will find that travelling with the author through Russian semantic space is both enlightening and entertaining. The books wealth of lexical facts, illuminated by systematic thought, give it unique character and importance: it will be of great interest to theoretical linguists and to all concerned with writing of dictionaries as well as to semanticists and students of Russian.
Fungu la nane Matamshi — Pronunciation
Authors: Maw Joan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The letter a in Swahili represents a vowel sound somewhere between that represented by ‘a’ in the English word ‘man’ and that in ‘father’. The native English learner should aim at making that same vowel wherever it may occur in the Swahili word. He/she should particularly beware of making the ‘reduced’ sound as heard in the first syllable of the English word ‘about’, or as in the last syllable of ‘fella’.
Fungu la kumi na sita Kwenda Mombasa (2) Behewa la kulalia — In the sleeping—car
Authors: Maw Joan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You will have noticed some nouns with new plural forms, e.g. kitanda ‘bed’: vitanda ‘beds’. Nouns which have ki∼ in the singular have vi— in the
plural. Other examples in the text are kitu ‘thing’: vitu ‘things’, and kitabu ‘book’: vitabu ‘books’. A few words in this class have ch—: vy— as their prefixes; such nouns are those whose stems begin with a vowel, e.g. choo ‘lavatory, toilet’: vyoo. chakula ‘food’ (plural vyakula) is also in this class, which is given the numbers 7/8 in the Bantu system of class numbering; in other words, chakula may be said to be In’ class 7, and vyakula In’ class 8.
— Fungu la ishirini Kutodanganywa — Not being cheated
Authors: Maw Joan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
corresponding roughly in English to ‘this/these’ and ‘that/ those’; and the third a kind of reference, somewhat as in colloquial English ‘that—there’ or ‘yon’. In Swahili we have already used some place words: pale ‘there’, hapa ‘here’, hapa hapa ‘right here’, and huko ‘the place referred to’. Bw. Harris said once, speaking of Bi.
Fungu la ishirini na tatu Ajali — An accident
Authors: Maw Joan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This ‘tense’ is much used in narrative, and its meaning is to express a sequential action, often causally related or naturally arising out of the first. So in the text, Bwana Harris says Gari iliteleza kutoka njiani, tukagongana na mti, basi ‘The car skidded off the road and we collided with a tree, and that was that’. The collision was seen as a natural progression after the skid. A story might begin:
Fungu la ishirini na sita Kwenda Tamarind — Going to the Tamarind
Authors: Maw Joan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You will have noticed examples of the prefix vi— (and now vyo) used adverbially. Unit 12 had vizuri ‘well’ (manner); Unit 20 had hivi ‘thus’, and vibaya ‘badly’; Unit 18 had hivyo ‘thus, like that’; and now we have a relative form with ndi—: ndivyo like this is’, and a verbal form, e.g. tulivyopotea ‘how we got lost’. (We could also have sivyo ‘not like this, not this way’
Fungu la thelathini na moja Kuibiwa — A robbery
Authors: Maw Joan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The stative extension, as its name implies, normally is used to express a state of affairs. It is formed by the addition of a morpheme including k to the verb root. If the root ends in a consonant, the stative morpheme is —ik— or —ek— according to the rules of vowel harmony, e.g.
Fungu la thelathini na nne Mwanasesere — The doll
Authors: Maw Joan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The passage in section I is an example of modern prose style, not too difficult, since the work it comes from is a piece of fiction, intended to entertain as well as instruct. The story is set on the coast of East Africa and the Swahili has some features typical of Zanzibar Swahili.
On Being and Essence: II
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far, the teaching of St Thomas in On Being and Essence has been comparatively straightforward. We have been introduced to a number of concepts, such as matter and form, genus and species, that are the common stock-in-trade of the Aristotelian tradition. These concepts have been related to the notion of essence, which is the main theme of the book: but the entities whose essences have been investigated have been the everyday entities of our familiar world: human beings and other animals, statues and puddings. True, there has been discussion of the souls of human beings; but for all that has been said so far, these need not in any way be spiritual or supernatural beings. St Thomas, as a good Aristotelian, believed that plants and animals had souls, no less than human beings. A soul was simply the principle of life–something that might, on investigation, turn out to be material or immaterial. If (as Aquinas believed) a human soul was immortal, that was not because it was a soul, but because of features peculiar to humanity. No appeal to these features is necessary to understand the concept of soul as employed in the first half of the treatise.
Summa Contra Gentiles
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Summa contra Gentiles was the major achievement of the middle period of St Thomas’s life, begun just before he left Paris for Italy in 1259 and completed while he was living in Orvieto around 1265. Its title, literally translated, means Summary, or Synopsis, against Unbelievers; its most frequently used English translation bears the title On the Truth of the Catholic Faith. I shall refer to it by its Latin title. According to a fourteenth-century tradition, now often discounted by scholars, the book was a missionary manual, written at the request of the Spanish Dominican Raymond of Penafort, who was evangelizing non-Christians in Spain and North Africa. Whatever the truth of this story, the book differs from St Thomas’ other major treatises in taking its initial stand (throughout the first three of its four books) not on Christian doctrine, but on philosophical premisses that could be accepted by Jewish and Muslim thinkers versed in Aristotelian learning. It is a work not of revealed theology, but of natural theology; and natural theology is a branch of philosophy. This makes it, naturally, a treatise particularly attractive to philosophers, even though Aquinas’s more theological works contains a great deal of philosophical interest.
Questions Disputed in Rome
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Summa contra Gentiles was completed at Orvieto in 1264. In 1265 St Thomas went to Rome, to establish a Dominican institute at Santa Sabina. While acting as regent master there, he presided over a number of disputations. The first group of these, Disputed Questions on Power (DP), probably dates from 1265-6. Several important passages in these questions throw light on Aquinas’ theory of being. A particularly long question, the third question of nineteen articles, is devoted to the topic of creation. The first of these articles is entitled ‘Can God create anything from nothing?’ and begins with seventeen arguments for a negative answer. St Thomas, of course, on the basis of the book of Genesis, believed that the answer was positive; and in his reponses to the negative arguments he displays great skill in disentangling the complexity and ambiguity of phrases like ‘making out of nothing’ and ‘coming to be from nothing’.
The Sun-Language Theory and After
Authors: Lewis Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sometime in 1935 Ataturk received a forty-seven-page typescript in French, entitled ‘La Psychologic de quelques elements des langues turques’, by a Dr Hermann F. Kvergic of Vienna. The theme was that man first realized his own identity when he conceived the idea of establishing what the external objects surrounding him were. Language first consisted of gestures, to which some significant sounds were then added. Kvergic saw evidence for his view in the Turkish pronouns. M indicates oneself, as in men, the ancient form of ben ‘I’, and elim ‘my hand’. N indicates what is near oneself, as in sen ‘you’ and elin ‘your hand’. Z indicates a broader area, as in biz ‘we’ and siz ‘you’. Further, Kvergic considered that Turkish was the first human language to take shape. Nothing could have been more timely.
Atay, Ataç, Sayili
Authors: Lewis Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two people besides Ataturk made significant contributions to the vocabulary of modern Turkish: Falih R1fk1 Atay and Nurullah Ataü. The third subject of this chapter, Aydin Sayih, did not, but his efforts to do so deserve to be commemorated. Atay and Ataç both believed that the language had to be modernized and both saw the futility of merely producing lists of neologisms; the new words had to be used in the sort of newspaper and magazine that ordinary people read. As Atay was fond of saying, the neologisms were dead butterflies pinned into collections; what they needed was the life and colour they could be given by stylists. On how the new words were to be arrived at, however, the two men’s views could not have been more different.