bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oral Hairy Leukoplakia
Authors: Moss Gregory B , Schubert Mark M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Leukoplakia is clinically defined as a white patch on a mucous membrane that will not rub off. “Hairy” refers to keratotic projections on a surface of epithelial hyperplasia when viewed on histologic section.
Oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL), although reported in a variety of immunocompromised hosts, primarily occurs in HIV-infected persons. In one report (Lifson et al., 1994) of HIV-infected patients with newly diagnosed OHL, the median CD4 lymphocyte count of these patients was 468 cells/mm3 Some studies have suggested that OHL is associated with an increased progression to AIDS; in particular, one study (Katz et al., 1992) found that 22 percent of patients with OHL progressed to AIDS within 2 years compared with 9 percent of patients without OHL.
Epstein-Barr virus (EBY) has been detected within OHL lesions and is believed to induce the benign epithelial thickening.
CLINICAL FEATURES
The OHL lesion typically appears as a white, nonremovable lesion with a corrugated surface; in some instances it may appear smooth or folded.
Modules and the Informational Encapsulation of Language Processes
Authors: Siple Patricia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is nearly impossible to discuss the relation between language and cognition without talking about modularity. The currently dominant view of modularity is that of Fodor (1983). In Fodor’s account, the language processor is one of several input systems, and input systems are, by and large, modular. The primary characteristic of modular systems is that they access limited information when analyzing input, or, as Fodor puts it, “informational encapsulation of the input systems is ... the essence of their modularity” (p. 71). It is not surprising, then, that each of the chapters in this volume makes reference, implicitly or explicitly, to modularity, and when we do discuss modularity, we generally take a view akin to that of Fodor. Fodor argues that information encapsulation gives rise to a host of other features of modules. These include domain specificity, innate specification, and hardwiring in fixed neural structure. Modules are not assembled from more primitive processes. In addition, modular processes are fast and mandatory, and their outputs are “shallow.” Central, cognitive processes have limited access to the information encapsulated within modules. Finally, modules show characteristic and specific breakdown patterns, and their development exhibits a characteristic pace and sequencing. If, as Fodor suggests, language processing is modular, the relation between language and cognition is one of independence.
Hypnosis And Hypnotherapy
Authors: Frankel Fred H , Covino Nicholas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Those who undertake to research the nature and practice of hypnosis along with their clinical colleagues are no strangers to controversy. From long before the Viennese physician Mesmer (1734--1815) promoted the use of magnetism to cure patients of their physical ailments and Sigmund Freud (1856--1939) made the trip to the laboratory of Charcot (1825-1893) to apprentice himself to the famous neurologist, practitioners of hypnosis have been ambivalently held, and their craft has been the target of suspicion and criticism matched only by the overly enthusiastic claims of its champions. Over the years, due to the occasionally dramatic and underexplained amelioration of symptoms with hypnosis and the often theatrical personalities of some practitioners in this area, ‘‘the voice of moderation and reason has been rare.’’
Diagnosis, Pathogenesis, And Memories Of Childhood Abuse
Authors: Uyehara Lisa A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The debate about memories of childhood abuse can be conceptualized as a diagnostic argument: on the one hand, that psychopathology resulting from childhood sexual abuse can be diagnosed with reasonable accuracy; and on the other, that clinicians erroneously diagnose a traumatic syndrome when no such events occurred. In the midst of this furor, we are forced to reconsider our theories of diagnosis and pathogenesis and our procedures for evaluating patients and reconstructing their histories.
Ethical And Clinical Risk Management Principles In Recovered Memory Cases: Maintaining Therapist Neutrality
Authors: Simon Robert I , Gutheil Thomas G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The current controversy among mental health professionals, their patients, and families over recovered memories of sexual abuse threatens to undermine the credibility of the mental health professions. The debate has generated intense passions that have driven an increasing number of recovered memory cases into the courts. Patients alleging recovered memories of abuse have sued parents and other perpetrators. In a number of instances, the alleged victimizers have sued therapists, who they claim negligently induced false memories of sexual abuse. In other cases, patients have recanted and joined forces with individuals (usually their parents) to sue therapists.
Child Victims M The Legal System
Authors: Schetky Diane H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Child abuse is usually a crime without witnesses. Perpetrators may select victims who are compliant, easily intimidated, and not likely to disclose, and secrecy is the norm. In most substantiated cases of child sexual abuse there is no physical evidence. In the absence of physical evidence, corroboration, or witnesses, prosecutors may have no choice other than to have a child testify in court if they wish to get a conviction. This decision is not made lightly and must balance the child’s interests with the need to protect her and other potential victims.
Introduction: Where Is Central Europe?
Authors: Johnson Lonnie R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historical memory, the presence of a past that is so remote that it bears little or no resemblance to the so-called realities of the contemporary world, is an important Central European attribute. History in this part of the world is epic and tragic; small nations frequently have struggled against larger ones and have lost regularly. The past consists of inexcusable transgressions and missed opportunities; the present is filled with unfinished business from the past; and the future is a chance finally to rectify a historical record that has been inauspicious at best and unjust at worst.
Nations Without States, States Without Nations 1790-1848
Authors: Johnson Lonnie R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If reason and revolution are concepts frequently used to characterize those eighteenth-century trends that culminated in the French Revolution, then Romanticism and reaction are concepts regularly employed to describe the early-nineteenth-century responses to the Enlightenment and the upheavals that shook France and then the rest of Europe after 1789. The French Revolution abruptly ended royal and imperial experimentation with enlightened reform in Central and Eastern Europe.
The Demise of Imperial Austria and the Rise of Imperial Germany,1848-1890
Authors: Johnson Lonnie R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1815 the Congress of Vienna diplomatically sealed the victory of the old European dynastic order over revolutionary France, an event that marked the beginning of thirty-three years of peace and stability in Europe. In the same year, the czar of Russia, the king of Prussia, and the emperor of Austria concluded the “Holy Alliance,” an anti-revolutionary pact that obligated them as Christian sovereigns to adhere to patriarchal principles of government, and this triad of absolutists cooperated relatively well until the middle of the nineteenth century.
Effects of Alcohol on Brain Circulation
Authors: Altura Burton M , Altura Bella T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over 250 years ago, Sedgwick (1725) wrote that alcohol may compromise the cerebral circulation, but it was probably Trotter in 1804 who first stated that alcohol could precipitate cerebrovascular disease. This idea lay dormant until 40 years ago when Pakkenberg (1954) reported that one-third of young male patients presenting with cerebral infarction were heavy drinkers. Many years later case reports supporting this association began to appear (Bengesser and Weiser, 1974; Hillbom and Kaste, 1978; Lee, 1979). At about the same time, large-scale epi-demiological studies (reviewed by Ashley, 1982) revealed that the risk for cerebrovascular disease increases with increasing alcohol consumption.
Lads Will Be Men
Authors: Ingle H Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a child George Fox was something of a prig; as he himself put it, he exhibited “a gravity and staidness of mind and spirit not usual in children.” He was serious beyond his years and never strayed from the straight and narrow way. Shunning the company of other children, he never succumbed to the snares that tempted him “almost to despair,” never after his eleventh year forgot the “pure¬ ness and righteousness” he had adopted by that early age. Both his countenance and speech betrayed a marked “sadness of spirit.” Overseen by zealous Presbyterian parents, young Fox learned how “to walk to be kept pure.” His early training took. By the time he was a youth and apprenticed to a shoe¬ maker, he was so downright officious in importuning his fellows that they could hardly endure his company. To escape them and their worldliness, he betook himself to some hidden garret or hid himself in a dark corner. In the last memoir he dictated, he described himself as “afraid” of all, young as well as old, the profane as well as those who professed religion. He adopted as his own the rigid and austere standards of the religious reformers who were trying to change the habits of England. Probably without knowing it, certainly without fully knowing why, he had accepted the authority of people he did not know and had not seen. George was not something of a prig, he was a prig, and a little prig at that.
No Time like the Present
Authors: Ingle H Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the disgrace of Nayler behind him, Fox resumed his preaching schedule and missionary activities with a vigor redolent of earlier days; he would try, single-handedly, to breathe new energy into his compatriots. His burst of activity, some of it confrontational, suggested he was figuratively thumbing his nose at the Westminster worthies who thought that they had so easily squashed their so-called Quaker threat by throwing Nayler into jail. With his competitor jailed, Fox did not have to attend to that aspect of his movement’s internal problems and could concentrate on increasing its numbers and deepening its influence. Wales, where concentrations of Naylerites remained, was one venue, but he also traveled in southern and western England. Before 1657 ended he ventured northward into the dark land called Scotland, seeking not only to convert the natives but also to make contact with the growing number of Quakers in the Lord Protector’s army there.
As Easy as Removing Tottenham Wood
Authors: Ingle H Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By April 1659 the time had run out for Richard Cromwell’s Protectorate. On Thursday, April 21, when the capital’s attention would normally have turned to the warming weather that heralded spring, Cromwell requested his commander in-chief to appear at Whitehall to explain his and the army’s opposition. Charles Fleetwood, married to the Lord Protector’s sister, simply ignored the summons. Even Richard Cromwell could find a backbone when dealing with a man his father had likened to a “milksop.” He sent his bodyguard to bring the commander in by force. They too refused. It was a startling omen. When Cromwell on his own announced a rendezvous of loyal troops at Whitehall to counter one planned by Fleetwood, the men in the ranks would not obey their officers. Still committed to the Good Old Cause, the army was convinced that Cromwell was on the verge of disbanding them so the Stuarts could return and restore the monarchy. Though the young Lord Protector may have been irresolute, he was not stupid. Under pressure he agreed to dissolve Parliament. It was a military coup, pure and simple.
What Is a Man but His Mind?
Authors: Ingle H Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the middle of George Fox’s fifth decade, when he was forty-six, he underwent another one of those spells of depression that he struggled with throughout his life. Whether it was the worst one he ever experienced or whether simply more information survived regarding this episode, he reached the bottom in the fall and winter of 1670. Returning from a preaching mission in the counties around London, he arrived in Hornchurch east of the city and literally fell apart. He described himself as “so oppressed” he was unable to speak to a scheduled meeting and momentarily unable to hear or see. By the time he made it back to Stratford, where his condition worsened, he was thought to be near death. When his nurses refused to heed his call for his clothes, considered a sign he knew he was ready to die, he railed at them. He insisted on going to Enfield, northeast of London, where he lodged throughout the winter at a widow’s home, sometime site of the local meeting. His attending in-laws wrote to Swarthmoor about his “distemper,” a common term indicating a double derangement of mind and body, and the fevers that made his body shake as though invaded by malaria. In early October, stepdaughter-in-law Margaret Rous thought he was getting better, but in November he was too weak to be moved across London to her home in Kingston.
Discourse, Society, and the Individual
Authors: Johnstone Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We all have our individual styles in conversation and considered address, and they are never the arbitrary and casual things we think them to be. There is always an individual method, however poorly developed, of arranging words into groups and of working these up into larger units. It would be a very complicated problem to disentangle the social and individual determinants of style, but it is a theoretically possible one. This book takes up the problem Sapir describes, namely, that of disentangling the linguistic from the social individual. As Sapir warns, the problem is complicated; the tangle is not the kind through which one can simply run a comb but one that takes picking and tugging at strands. In this Chapter I try to straighten out some strands in order to examine them carefully. My goal is to suggest some of the theoretical and methodological ramifications of thinking about language from the perspective of the individual speaker rather than, as we usually do, from the perspective of the social aggregate or the abstract linguistic system. The project has several parts. For one thing, I examine differences among individual language-knowers and language-users. In part, this involves demonstrating something we already know: no two people have the same knowledge of language or the same ways of speaking.
Riddles and Their Use
Authors: Øj Annikki Kaivola-Bregenh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Riddles are a genre of oral tradition familiar in most cultures. The rapid cultural change that has taken place in Western countries in the past few decades has either dealt a death blow to the traditional genres of oral folklore or challenged them to adapt to new values, new interests, and meanings. The contexts in which tradition is performed and used have also undergone a complete change. In many cultures “true riddles” have passed out of use, and their place has been taken by trick questions, jokes, and crazy riddles following fast on the heels of one another as fashions change. Even the walls between genres have been broken down: the present-day jest cast in the form of a question and answer often comes closer to a joke than to a riddle.
“I’ll Give You Three Guesses:” The Dynamics of Genre in the Riddle-Tale
Authors: Bauman Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Riddles and related enigmatic genres turn, characteristically, on ambiguity and multiplicity of meaning. Hence, it is scarcely surprising that these enigmatic forms are themselves generically ambiguous. Certainly, the definition and classification of such forms is notoriously problematic, as observed by Laurits B0dker in offering the rationale for his dictionary of riddle terms in the Nordic languages: The riddle is so short and concise that, unlike e.g. the ballad and the folktale, it is easy to handle. But as regards content, and very often form as well, it is at the same time so richly faceted and ambiguous that it easily lends itself to classification in any of several groups, a fact which is well-known to everybody who has tried to find a certain riddle in the published collections.
“Spinning Threads of Sand”: Riddles as Images of Loss in the Midrash on Lamentations
Authors: Hasan-Rokem Gaut 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Loss and destruction are central themes in the Hebrew and Aramaic literature of Late Antiquity. The lives of individuals often become stories told about the cosmic destruction of the temple in Jerusalem, much as the story of the loss of the temple cannot be told but via the suffering of individuals. It may be considered a special stroke of genius, however, that these grim themes have been integrated in the literature of the rabbis into a playfully intricate design-the Midrash. Exegetically motivated, this textual practice weaves threads of mystical meditation, philosophical speculation, and most of all legendary, mythical, and fantastic narratives around the base text, the Hebrew biblical canon.
Texture and Authority: Telugu Riddles and Enigmas
Authors: Rao Velcheru Narayana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is about Telugu riddles; the data comes from Telugu sources from the south Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. In Telugu there are several native forms that correspond to the riddle. One of them-the closest to what folklorists call a true riddle-is pŏ,dupukatha. As in other cultures, it is used in a contest between two individuals. You hit (pŏducu) your opponent with a riddle which he/she has to resolve (vippu, “untie”). The participants are often young, aged ten to twelve, and the riddling sessions, if so they can be called (since they are not consciously organized), are almost exclusively theirs; no adults participate. Adults do have an interest in riddles, but they do not actively show it in a competitive context for fear of being considered childish. Adult interest in riddles of a different kind will be discussed later in this chapter.
Riddles in The Dream of the Red Chamber
Authors: Eber Irene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historians and critics of Chinese literature generally agree that The Dream of the Red Chamber (Honglou meng) by Cao Xueqin (1716?-1763) is the greatest masterpiece of traditional Chinese fiction. Yet few of the many experts who have studied the novel in the past two hundred years agree on what the book is about. The Dream is a complex and many-layered work, its texture ri.ch and manifold, making it difficult to decide what the nature of this novel, in fact, is.
Squaring the Circle
Authors: Amit Ilan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mathematical problems differ from traditional riddles in a number of ways. Some of these differences are discussed in the first section of this chapter. The second section deals with the phenomenon of mathematical problems that seem to migrate out of their original domain and into the general culture. Some common features between logical-mathematical problems and traditional narratives are associated with self¬ reference and the separation of levels. These are discussed in the third section.
Southern Churches Resurgent
Authors: Stowell Daniel W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To reinvigorate their sectional religious identity, white southerners had to reestablish their denominational organizations. In the late 1860s white congregations could barely sustain themselves, and they could do little for religious education or missions without uniting with other congregations. If southern denominations failed to reorganize themselves, local churches would either exist in isolation or be forced to accept an even worse fate—union with the northern denominational organizations. Fierce sectional loyalty insured that few churches or even individuals would choose the latter option. Revulsion at the idea of reunion with the haughty northern churches spurred white evangelicals to greater efforts to rebuild their religious institutions on an explicitly southern basis.
“A Pure and Loyal Gospel”
Authors: Stowell Daniel W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While black and white southerners implemented their plans for religious reconstruction, northern evangelicals supported a major missionary effort in the South. Determined to spread “a pure and loyal gospel” in this benighted region, as northerners deemed it, hundreds of missionaries and teachers traveled south under the banners of their denominations. According to northern Church leaders, God had issued His stem decree upon slavery and had crushed the government and armies that upheld it and had given northern evangelicals a vast mission field to occupy. They would be disregarding His manifest will if they failed to meet the challenge. Initially, northern Christians approached religious reconstruction with much confidence, but their aspirations increasingly clashed with the competing visions held by black and white southerners. Ultimately, they had to reevaluate their mission in the South and concentrate on a few more limited goals.
Voting the Bible
Authors: Stowell Daniel W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As with religious reconstruction, the three major groups of Christians had different attitudes toward political reconstruction in the aftermath of the Civil War. White southerners urged the rapid restoration of the antebellum patterns in southern political, as well as religious, life. The resumption of political “home rule,” they believed, would enhance the viability of their sectional religious organizations. White northerners believed that the sins of slavery and secession had corrupted southern political institutions as well as southern churches and deemed it necessary to rebuild the South politically to protect the reunited nation from further treasonous activities. A politically reconstructed South would protect the civil and religious liberties of the freed people, southern Unionists, and northerners who had immigrated into the South. Most freed people likewise felt that political reconstruction was crucial to the survival of their new freedoms, both civil and religious. Acquiring basic civil rights would allow them to protect the religious liberties they had gained through emancipation. Political activism was hardly a novel concept for American Christians in 1865.
Conclusion
Authors: Stowell Daniel W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Stonewall Jackson lay mortally wounded near Chancellorsville in 1863, the religious life of the South was still immersed in the preoccupations of the antebellum era. By 1877 the foundations of southern faith had been shaken, both by the outcome of the war itself and by the emerging forces that the war unleashed. The failure of the Confederacy s bid for independence opened the South to new opportunities, though hardly ones that were welcomed by white southern evangelicals. Southern Baptist, Methodist, and Presbyterian organizations were by no means dead, and they all reasserted themselves as guardians of sectional identity and religious purity in the postwar period. The impulse was to return as quickly as possible to the old conventions and familiar issues, but circumstances required considerable readjustment.