bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neuronal transmission stimulates the phosphorylation of Kv1.4 channel at Ser229 through protein kinase A1
Authors: Tao Yanmei , Zeng Rui , Shen Bin , Jia Jiemin , Wang Yizheng 
Published: August 2005

AbstractPhosphorylation of voltage‐gated K+ channels (Kv) is involved in regulation of neuronal excitability, synaptic plasticity and neuronal survival. Among Kv channels expressed in the CNS, Kv1.4 is located in the soma, dendrite and axon terminus of neurones in most regions of the brain. Here, we show that Ser229 found within the highly conserved T1 domain of Kv1.4 in cultured rat cortical neurones is phosphorylated by protein kinase A (PKA), as demonstrated by in vitro protein kinase assay and Western blotting with a polyclonal antibody specific against phosphorylated Ser229. Glutamate, high concentrations of K+ or K+ channel blockers known to increase neurotransmission all stimulated the phosphorylation of Kv1.4 at Ser229 via N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA), but not α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methylisoxazole‐4‐proprionic acid (AMPA) receptor, whereas tetradotoxin (TTX), known to block neuronal transmission, and depletion of extracellular Ca2+ inhibited phosphorylation induced by tetraethylammonium (TEA), a non‐selective K+ channel blocker. Mutation of Ser229 to Ala229 enhanced the current density. Taken together, elevation of the neuronal transmission stimulates the phosphorylation of Kv1.4 at Ser229 via the Ca2+ influx through NMDA receptor. Thus, it is possible that neuronal transmission regulates neuronal excitability partially through the phosphorylation of Kv1.4S229.
Progenitor cell injury after irradiation to the developing brain can be modulated by mild hypothermia or hyperthermia
Authors: Fukuda Aya , Fukuda Hirotsugu , Jönsson Marie , Swanpalmer Janos , Hertzman Sven , Lannering Birgitta , Björk‐Eriksson Thomas , Màrky Ildikó , Blomgren Klas 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIonizing radiation induced acute cell death in the dentate gyrus subgranular zone (SGZ) and the subventricular zone (SVZ). Hypomyelination was also observed. The effects of mild hypothermia and hyperthermia for 4 h after irradiation (IR) were studied in postnatal day 9 rats. One hemisphere was irradiated with a single dose of 8 Gy and animals were randomized to normothermia (rectal temperature 36°C for 4 h), hypothermia (32°C for 4 h) or hyperthermia (39°C for 4 h). Cellular injury, e.g. chromatin condensation and nitrotyrosine formation, appeared to proceed faster when the body temperature was higher. Caspase‐3 activation was more pronounced in the hyperthermia group and nuclear translocation of p53 was less pronounced in the hypothermia group 6 h after IR. In the SVZ the loss of nestin‐positive progenitors was more pronounced (48%) and the size was smaller (45%) in the hyperthermia group 7 days post‐IR. Myelination was not different after hypo‐ or hyperthermia. This is the first report to demonstrate that hypothermia may be beneficial and that hyperthermia may aggravate the adverse side‐effects after radiation therapy to the developing brain.
Functions and pathophysiological roles of phospholipase D in the brain
Authors: Klein Jochen 
Published: August 2005

AbstractTen years after the isoforms of mammalian phospholipase D (PLD), PLD1 and 2, were cloned, their roles in the brain remain speculative but several lines of evidence now implicate these enzymes in basic cell functions such as vesicular trafficking as well as in brain development. Many mitogenic factors, including neurotransmitters and growth factors, activate PLD in neurons and astrocytes. Activation of PLD downstream of protein kinase C seems to be a required step for astroglial proliferation. The characteristic disruption of the PLD signaling pathway by ethanol probably contributes to the delay of brain growth in fetal alcohol syndrome. The post‐natal increase of PLD activities concurs with synapto‐ and myelinogenesis in the brain and PLD is apparently involved in neurite formation. In the adult and aging brain, PLD activity has antiapoptotic properties suppressing ceramide formation. Increased PLD activities in acute and chronic neurodegeneration as well as in inflammatory processes are evidently due to astrogliosis and may be associated with protective responses of tissue repair and remodeling. ARF‐regulated PLD participates in receptor endocytosis as well as in exocytosis of neurotransmitters where PLD seems to favor vesicle fusion by modifications of the shape and charge of lipid membranes. Finally, PLD activities contribute free choline for the synthesis of acetylcholine in the brain. Novel tools such as RNA interference should help to further elucidate the roles of PLD isoforms in brain physiology and pathology.
Roles of transmembrane domain 2 and the first intracellular loop in human noradrenaline transporter function: pharmacological and SCAM analysis
Authors: Sucic Sonja , Bryan‐Lluka Lesley J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe aim was to investigate the roles of transmembrane domain 2 and the adjacent region of the first intracellular loop in determining human noradrenaline transporter (hNET) function by pharmacological and substituted‐cysteine accessibility method (SCAM) analyses. It was first necessary to establish a suitable background NET for SCAM. Alanine mutants of endogenous hNET cysteines, hC86A, hC131A and hC339A, were examined and showed no marked effects on expression or function. hNET and the mutants were also resistant to methanethiosulfonate (MTS), ethylammonium (MTSEA) and MTStrimethylammonium (MTSET). Hence, wild‐type hNET is an appropriate background for production of cysteine mutants for SCAM. Pharmacological investigation showed that all mutants except hT99C and hL109C showed reduced cell‐surface expression, while all except hM107C showed a reduction in functional activity. The mutations did not markedly affect the apparent affinities of substrates, but apparent affinities of cocaine were decreased 7‐fold for hP97C and 10‐fold for hF101C and increased 12‐fold for hY98C. [3H]Nisoxetine binding affinities were decreased 13‐fold for hP97C and 5‐fold for hF101C. SCAM analysis revealed that only hL102C was sensitive to 1.25 mmMTSEA, and this sensitivity was protected by noradrenaline, nisoxetine and cocaine. The results suggest that this region of hNET is important for interactions with antidepressants and cocaine, but it is probably not involved in substrate translocation mechanisms.
Nerve growth factor‐induced expression of the GTP cyclohydrolase I gene via Ras/MEK pathway in PC12D cells
Authors: Ito Takehito , Suzuki Takahiro , Ichinose Hiroshi 
Published: August 2005

AbstractNeurotrophins are essential for the development and survival of the catecholaminergic neurons. GTP cyclohydrolase I (GCH) is the first and rate‐limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of 5,6,7,8‐tertahydrobiopterin (BH4), the required cofactor for tyrosine hydroxylase. Previously, we reported that TH requires the Ras/mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) pathway for its induction by nerve growth factor (NGF). Here, we examined intracellular signals required for NGF‐induced expression of the GCH gene in PC12D cells. The activity of GCH was increased up to 5‐fold after the NGF treatment, and the increase was repressed by pretreatment with U0126, an MEK1/2 inhibitor, but not with protein kinase A (PKA), phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K), p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK), and c‐Jun NH2‐terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitors. Induction of GCH mRNA by NGF was also abolished by pretreatment with U0126. The human GCH promoter activity was significantly enhanced by NGF treatment. Deletion analysis showed that the 465‐bp 5′‐flanking region is responsible for NGF‐enhanced promoter activity. These data suggest that the Ras–MEK pathway is required for coordinate expression of the GCH and TH genes induced by neurotrophins.
An unusual case of dementia: a case of paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis secondary to a non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: WOOD Alice , LOCKINGTON Timothy 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis case report accounts the history of a 71‐year‐old man who presented with a 1‐month history of cognitive decline, the diagnosis of which was only made at post‐mortem, and was found to be paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis secondary to an unsuspected non‐small cell lung cancer. The epidemiology, clinical and pathological features of paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis are then discussed, as are potential mechanisms by which the condition may be produced.
Senile depression with olfactory reference syndrome: a psychopathological review
Authors: KOBAYASHI Toshiyuki , KATO Satoshi 
Published: August 2005

AbstractOlfactory reference syndrome (ORS) is a psychiatric condition characterized by a persistent preoccupation with body odor and is regarded as a common clinical entity known as jiko‐shu‐kyofu or jiko‐shu‐sho in published Japanese medical reports. However, the condition has not been assigned appropriate significance in recent operational diagnostic criteria. While adolescent patients with ORS seem to nosologically range from patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder to patients with schizophrenia, ORS is likely to be observed in depressive patients during presenile and senile periods. In this paper, two elderly patients with depression and ORS are presented and the relationship between depression and ORS is discussed from the viewpoint of psychopathology. The first case involved a 60‐year‐old woman with depression who complained that she was emitting a decaying body odor. Six years prior to this episode, she had been plagued by typical depression with inhibition; in the next phase of her illness, she manifested little inhibition, but developed ORS, which was effectively treated with clomipramine. The second case was an 88‐year‐old woman with depression and mild senile dementia who was placed in a nursing home for the elderly. After a delirium‐like episode, she became depressed and complained that she was emitting a bad body odor. Clomipramine was efficacious in providing relief from her symptoms. These case studies show two aspects of the relation between depression and ORS. First, ORS appears to arise from the ambiguity surrounding the onset of depressive delusion, in line with S. Kato's discussion of the ‘semantic horizon of evil’. Second, ORS appears to be equivalent to the mixed state defined by T. Miyamoto as ‘the matrix of both mania and depression’.
Determinants of the Level of Knowledge Application: A Knowledge‐Based and Information‐Processing Perspective*
Authors: Song Michael , Van Der Bij Hans , Weggeman Mathieu 
Published: August 2005

Knowledge application is of key importance in the development of successful new products. Knowledge application refers to an organization's timely response to technological change by utilizing the knowledge and technology generated into new products and processes. This study uses the knowledge‐based theory of the firm and considers its roots in the information‐processing approach to organization theory to identify and structure potential antecedents of knowledge application.This study develops four hypotheses concerning antecedents of knowledge application. The hypotheses are tested using data collected from 277 high‐technology firms. Empirical results indicate that a long‐term orientation supported by a research and development (R&D) budget, formal rewards, and information technology directly increases the level of knowledge application, while R&D co‐location indirectly increases the level of knowledge application. It is surprising to find that an increase in the level of organizational redundancy reduces the level of knowledge application. The findings also suggest that information technologies, lead‐user, and supplier networks do not appear to significantly influence organizational redundancy.
Sub‐Solidus Synthesis and Microwave Dielectric Characterization of Plagioclase Feldspars
Authors: Krzmanc Marjeta Macek , Valant Matjaz , Jancar Bostjan , Suvorov Danilo 
Published: August 2005

NaxCa1−xAl2−xSi2+xO8 plagioclase solid solutions (0≤x≤1) were synthesized under sub‐solidus conditions using a solid‐state reaction technique. The plagioclase formation and the sintering temperature decreased with an increase in x from the anorthite (CaAl2Si2O8; x=0) to the albite (NaAlSi3O8; x=1). Microwave (MW) dielectric measurements revealed that slow‐cooled (P1) anorthite exhibited higher Q×f values than fast‐cooled (I1) anorthite. Slow cooling also considerably improved the Q×f values of the sodium‐rich NaxCa1−xAl2−xSi2+xO8 solid solutions (0.8≤x≤1), where the highest Q×f value of 17 600 GHz was obtained for slow‐cooled Na0.8Ca0.2Al1.2Si2.8O8. The temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (τf) approached zero for 0.8≤x≤1.
The effect of periodontal therapy on uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus in older subjects
Authors: Promsudthi A , Pimapansri S , Deerochanawong C , Kanchanavasita W 
Published: August 2005

Objective:  The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of periodontal therapy on glycemic control in older type 2 diabetic patients.Methods:  Fifty‐two diabetic patients, age 55–80 years (mean age = 61 years), with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) 7.5–11.0% (mean ± s.d. = 8.98 ± 0.88) and severe periodontitis were included in the present study. The treatment group received mechanical periodontal treatment combined with systemic doxycycline, 100 mg day−1 for 14 days. The control group received neither periodontal treatment nor systemic doxycycline. Clinical periodontal parameters, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and HbA1c levels were measures at baseline and 3 months.Results:  Periodontal treatment significantly improved periodontal status of the treatment group (P < 0.05), however the reduction in the level of FPG and HbA1c did not reach significance. In the control group, no significant changes in clinical periodontal parameters, FPG and HbA1c levels were observed, except for significant increase in attachment loss (P < 0.05). Comparing the two groups, although the 3‐month level of HbA1c of the treatment group was lower than that of the control group, the difference did not reach significance.Conclusions:  The results of the present study indicate that the periodontal condition of older Thais with uncontrolled diabetes is: (a) significantly improved 3 months after mechanical periodontal therapy with adjunctive systemic antimicrobial treatment, and (b) rapidly deteriorating without periodontal treatment. The effect of periodontal therapy on the glycemic control of older uncontrolled diabetics will require further studies that will have to include much larger sample sizes.
A morphological study of the development of the second inflorescences in strawberry (Fragaria×ananassa Duch.)
Authors: KUROKURA T , INABA Y , NERI D , SUGIYAMA N 
Published: August 2005

SummaryTo clarify the timing of the differentiation of the first and second inflorescences in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.), morphological changes on shoot apices during short day and low night temperature treatments were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy. Axillary buds just below the first inflorescence (axillary bud 1) became visible when sepal primordia of the primary flower were differentiated. By this time, other axillary buds had already developed. Axillary bud 1 developed four leaf primordia, and then a differentiated inflorescence at its summit. The phase transition of shoot apices from the vegetative to the reproductive phase may therefore trigger the differentiation of axillary bud 1 which is destined to develop into extension crowns.
Adapting wheat cultivars to resource conserving farming practices and human nutritional needs
Authors: TRETHOWAN R M , REYNOLDS M , SAYRE K , ORTIZ‐MONASTERIO I 
Published: August 2005

SummaryAs farmers increasingly adopt resource conserving farming practices, there is a need for wheat cultivars that better adapt to the changing environment and the nutritional needs of people, particularly those living in developing countries. Improved adaptation to zero and minimum tillage, better water use efficiency, improved root health, durable resistance to foliar diseases and enhanced nutritional value of the grain are key selection criteria for plant breeders. Significant responses to selection for these constraints have been achieved at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), by selecting segregating populations and advanced lines in carefully managed tillage, moisture deficit and heat stressed environments, that correlate with key spring wheat growing environments globally. Root health has been improved through a combination of marker assisted selection and disease bioassays, and the nutritional value of wheat grain has been enhanced using genetic variation for high Fe and Zn grain content found among tetraploid wheat ancestral species.
Evaluation of a damage threshold for two‐spotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), in hop culture
Authors: WEIHRAUCH F 
Published: August 2005

SummaryDamage caused by two‐spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae) at harvest to yield, quality (measured in percentage α‐acids content) and cone infestation was assessed on hop cvs Hallertauer Magnum, Hallertauer Tradition and Perle. Acaricide‐untreated hop plants with known levels of T. urticae infestation were compared with neighbouring acaricide‐treated plants. Although in 24 of the 36 experimental harvests the untreated hop plants had spider mite infestations of > 100 mites leaf−1, yields and α‐acids content from the untreated plants were significantly lower than the treated plants in only four instances. However, although mite infestation of cones from untreated hops were significantly higher than acaricide‐treated plants in 27 of the 36 cases, in only one instance did that cause economic loss. Spider mite infestation levels of c. 90 mites leaf−1 are tolerable at harvest time with little or no risk of causing economic loss to hop growers.
Soft gamma-ray repeater giant flares in the BATSE short gamma-ray burst catalogue: constraints from spectroscopy
Authors: Lazzati Davide , Ghirlanda Giancarlo , Ghisellini Gabriele 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The giant flare observed on 2004 December 27 from SGR 1806−20 has revived the idea that a fraction of short (&lt;2 s) gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are due to giant flares from soft gamma-ray repeaters (SGRs) located in nearby galaxies. One of the distinguishing characteristics of these events is the thermal (blackbody) spectrum with temperatures ranging from ∼50 to ∼180 keV, with the highest temperature observed for the initial 0.2-s spike of the 2004 December 27 event. We have analysed the spectra of a complete sample of short GRBs with peak fluxes greater than 4 photon s−1 cm−2 detected by BATSE. Of the 115 short GRBs so selected, only 76 had sufficient signal-to-noise ratio to allow the spectral analysis. We find only three short GRBs with a spectrum well fitted by a blackbody, with 60 ≲kT≲ 90 keV, albeit with a considerably longer duration (i.e. ≳1 s) and a more complex light curve than the 2004 December 27 event. This implies a stringent limit on the rate of extragalactic SGR giant flares with spectral properties analogous to the December 27 flare. We conclude that up to 4 per cent of the short GRBs could be associated with giant flares (2σ confidence). This implies that either the distance to SGR 1806−20 is smaller than 15 kpc or the rate of Galactic giant flares is lower than the estimated 0.033 yr−1.
X-rays from the Type II quasar in the hyperluminous infrared galaxy IRAS F15307+3252
Authors: Iwasawa K. , Crawford C. S. , Fabian A. C. , Wilman R. J. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
We report the detection of X-ray emission from the hyperluminous infrared galaxy IRAS F15307 + 3252 at z= 0.93 and its properties obtained from XMM–Newton observations. Although the X-ray emission is very faint and the data are noisy, a prominent line-like feature in the observed 3–4 keV range is inferred from both photometric and spectroscopic techniques. It indicates an X-ray spectrum dominated by 6.4-keV Fe Kα emission and the presence of a Compton-thick active galactic nucleus. Our estimate of the luminosity of the illuminating source (L2–10 keV≥ 1 × 1045 erg s−1), required to produce the observed Fe Kα emission in reflection from cold matter, means that the hidden quasar nucleus accounts for a significant fraction of the large bolometric luminosity. The soft X-ray emission below 2 keV is found to be spatially extended and probably of a separate origin. The temperature and bolometric luminosity (kT≃ 2 keV and LCLbol≃ 1 × 1044 erg s−1) obtained from a thermal spectrum place this X-ray source on the L–TX relation of galaxy clusters. The possible association with a galaxy cluster can be added to the list of remarkable similarities between IRAS F15307 + 3252 and another hyperluminous infrared galaxy IRAS 09104 + 4109 (z= 0.44), both of which have bolometric luminosities dominated by hidden quasar nuclei. Our result on IRAS F15307 + 3252 illustrates how difficult it is to detect Compton-thick Type II quasars at z= 1, particularly if their bolometric outputs do not rival the hyperluminous population.
Expectations for the Deep Impact collision from modelling of cometary nuclei
Authors: Mousis O. , Marboeuf U. , Petit J.-M. , Klinger J. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Using the cometary nucleus model developed by Espinasse et al., we calculate the thermodynamical evolution of Comet 9P/Tempel 1 over a period of 360 yr. Starting from an initially amorphous cometary nucleus which incorporates an icy mixture of H2O and CO, we show that, at the time of Deep Impact collision, the crater is expected to form at depths where ice is in its crystalline form. Hence the subsurface exposed to space should not be primordial. We also attempt an order-of-magnitude estimate of the heating and material ablation effects on the crater activity caused by the 370-kg projectile released by the Deep Impact spacecraft. We thus show that heating effects play no role in the evolution of crater activity. We calculate that the CO production rate from the impacted region should be about 300–400 times higher from the crater resulting from the impact with a 35-m ablation than over the unperturbed nucleus in the immediate post-impact period. We also show that the H2O production rate is decreased by several orders of magnitude at the crater base just after ablation.
On the frequency of close binary systems among very low-mass stars and brown dwarfs
Authors: Maxted P. F. L. , Jeffries R. D. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
We have used Monte Carlo simulation techniques and published radial velocity surveys to constrain the frequency of very low-mass star (VLMS) and brown dwarf (BD) binary systems and their separation (a) distribution. Gaussian models for the separation distribution with a peak at a= 4 au and 0.6 ≤σlog(a/au)≤ 1.0, correctly predict the number of observed binaries, yielding a close (a &lt; 2.6 au) binary frequency of 17–30 per cent and an overall VLMS/BD binary frequency of 32–45 per cent. We find that the available N-body models of VLMS/BD formation from dynamically decaying protostellar multiple systems are excluded at &gt;99 per cent confidence because they predict too few close binary VLMS/BDs. The large number of close binaries and high overall binary frequency are also very inconsistent with recent smoothed particle hydrodynamical modelling and argue against a dynamical origin for VLMS/BDs.