bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kinetic aspects of calcium metabolism in lactating sheep offered herbages with different Ca concentrations and the effect of protein supplementation
Authors: Chrisp J. S. , Sykes A. R. , Grace N. D. 
Published: June 2005

1. Two experiments are described in which kinetic aspects of calcium metabolism were studied in housed lactating sheep consuming different fresh herbage species. The importance of protein supply was also investigated.2. In Expt. 1, two groups (n 4) were offered, ad lib., a freshly cut ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)-white clover (Trifolium repens L.) pasture containing 5·48 g Ca/kg dry matter (DM). One group was supplemented daily with 100 g protected casein. A third group (n 4) was offered, ad lib., freshly cut oats-Tama ryegass (Lolium multiflorum L.) herbage which had a lower Ca content of 3·07 g Ca/kg DM. Stable Ca and nitrogen balances were carried out during the first 7 weeks of lactation. At this stage 180 μCi45Ca were administered for Ca kinetic studies.3. In Expt 2, eight sheep were offered, ad lib., a fresh ryegrass–white clover pasture, and paired on the basis of their udder size. One member of each pair was supplemented daily with 100 g casein via the abomasum and the amount of milk removed was equalized between pairs. Ca and N balances (12 d) and Ca kinetic studies (280 μCi 45Ca) were carried out during weeks 2 and 5 of lactation.4. Rate of absorption of Ca increased, while rate of Ca secretion in milk and resorption from bone decreased as lactation progressed. Ca balances changed from negative to positive as lactation progressed in sheep offered ryegrass–white clover, but, while improving, were always negative in sheep offered oats–Tama ryegrass. Protein supplementation increased (18%) milk production of the ewes in Expt 1 and their retention of N in Expt 2.5. The proportion of utilized Ca derived from the diet, as opposed to the skeleton, tended to increase as a result of protein supplementation.6. Availability of Ca from ryegrass–white clover ranged from 0.19 to 0.32, even though only 50% of the net Ca requirement was derived from the diet. Availability of Ca from the oats–Tama ryegrass diet was similar, though in this case less than 20% of the net Ca requirement was derived from the diet. It was concluded that availability of Ca from forage diets may be lower than previously anticipated.7. Faecal endogenous loss ranged from 16 to 40 mg Ca/kg body-weight per d, and was similar on both diets.8. These and other findings are used to discuss more fully the subject of Ca nutrition in sheep, in particular, the implications of the strong homeostatic control of Ca absorption and the influence of protein status on the relative contribution of the diet and the skeleton in meeting the net Ca requirement of the ewe during lactation.
Faecal endogenous loss of calcium in young sheep
Authors: Chrisp J. S. , Sykes A. R. , Grace N. D. 
Published: June 2005

1. Two groups of eight 6–7-month-old wether lambs were offered either a frozen ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)-white clover (Trifolium repens L.) pasture or a ryegrass-white clover hay, containing 12.1 and 6.4 g calcium/ kg dry matter (DM) respectively. Within groups the amounts offered to individual sheep ranged from 0.5 to 2.0 times the estimated maintenance energy requirements.2. A single intravenous injection of 150 μCi 45Ca as CaCl2. 2H2O, and stable balances were used to determine absorption, faecal endogenous loss and balance of Ca.3. Faecal endogenous loss of Ca increased by 1.2 mg/kg body-weight (W) per d with each g/kg W per d increase in DM intake regardless of the diet. At any DM intake the mean faecal endogenous loss was 5.5 mg/kg W per d higher in the sheep offered the frozen herbage diet when compared with those on the hay diet. At any Ca intake the mean faecal endogenous loss was 6.9 mg/kg W higher in sheep offered the hay diet compared with those on the frozen herbage.4. At feeding levels of about 1.5–2 times the estimated maintenance energy requirement the observed faecal endogenous loss of Ca ranged from 35 to 50 mg/kg W per d, which is two- to threefold greater than the present estimate of the Agricultural Research Council (1980) of 16 mg/kg W per d.5. A simple model to explain the variation in faecal endogenous loss of Ca between the present study with young sheep and that with lactating ewes (Chrisp et al. 1989) also offered herbage diets is developed, which incorporates the concept of a true endogenous loss related to DM intake and a net endogenous loss reflecting the extent of re-absorption of Ca endogenous losses within the gastrointestinal tract.
The influence of dietary fibre and environmental temoperature on the development of the gastrointestinal tract, digestibility, degree of fermentation in the hind-gut and energy metabolism in pigs
Authors: Jørgensen Henry , Zhao Xin-Quan , Eggum Bjørn O. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe present study was undertaken to provide detailed information about the effect of dietary fibre (DF)level on the development of the digestive tract, on nutrient digestibility and on energy and protein metabolism of pigs housed in low (13°) or high (23°) thermal environments. Low- and high-fibre diets (59 v. 268 g DF/kg DM) were studied in three balance periods with fistulated pigs in the weight range 45-120 kg. Heat production was measured using open-circuit respiration chambers. Pea fibre and pectin were used to adjust theDF level in the high-fibre diet. Per kg empty body weight the stomach, caecum and colon and the length of colon were significantly greater in pigs consuming the high-fibre diet than in those on the low-fibre diet. Pigs kept at low temperature had significantly heavier caecums than those kept at the high temperature. Digestibilities of protein, DM and energy were lowest for the high-fibre diet. Only minor amounts of NSP and its constituent sugars were degraded anterior to the ileum, whereas in the hind-gut the fermentation of the total NSP fraction was high, being 0·77 for the high-fibre diet and 0·59 for the low-fibre diet. Feeding the high-fibre diet increased the flow of digesta through the terminal ileum 5-6-fold and an extra 460 g organic matter was fermented daily in the hind-gut compared with pigs fed on the low-fibre diet. The amount of retained energy as a proportion of metabolizable energy decreased in relation to the amount of energy fermented in the hind-gut. Based on the present data it was estimated that the relative value of energy derived from hind-gut fermentation was 0·73 in comparison with energy enzymically digested in the small intestine. There was negligible effect of the temperature –fibre interaction on energy metabolism. However, it could be calculated that the decrease in temperature from 23° to 13° was associated with an increase in heat production by 2.9 MJ/pig per d.
The correlation between the intake of lutein, lycopene and β-carotene from vegetables and fruits, and blood plasma concentrations in a group of women aged 50-65 years in the UK
Authors: Scott K. John , Thurnham David I , Hart David J , Bingham Sheila A , Day Ken 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe correlations between the mean of 4 d weighed intakes of lutein, lycopene and βcarotene and mean plasma concentations during each of the four Seasons were lutein r 0·64, lycopene r 0·47 and βcarotene r 0·45. Intake was not significantly correlated with plasma concentrations during every seasonal time-point. There was a significantly higher intake of lutein during the spring compared with summer and autumn, lycopene intake was significantly higher during the summer and autumn and there were no significant seasonal differences in β-carotene intake. There were, however, significant seasonal differences in plasma carotenoid concentrations, the highest levels occumng between May and October. There were large inter- and intra-individual variations in intake and plasma concentrations of carotenoids. BMI was inversely correlated with plasma βcarotene (r-0·41). The findings suggest that plasma carotenoid concentrations are indicative of dietary intake, but the large intra-individual variation in plasma concentrations indicates that any assessment of longer-term status from data at any one time-point should be treated with caution.
The contribution of breakfast to the diets of a sample of 136 primary-schoolchildren in Edinburgh
Authors: Ruxton C. H. S. , O'sullivan K. R. , Kirk T. R. , Beltons N. R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe contribution of breakfast to mean daily energy and nutrient intakes was investigated in a sample of 7-8-year-old children recruited by letter from five Scottish schools. After eighteen families dropped out of the study and three dietary records were discarded, thefinal sample numbered 136 (51%). Dietary data were collected using the 7 d weighed inventory, while a questionnaire was used to classify children into manual or non-manual social class groups. Mean daily energy intakes were close to estimated average requirements (Department of Health, 1991), while intakes of most micronutrients were in excess of reference nutrient intakes (RNI; Department of Health, 1991). The most popular breakfast consumed by the children was oneincluding a ready-to-eat breakfast cereal (RTEBC). Differences in macronutrient content were seen between breakfasts of boys and girls, while manual-social-class children ate breakfasts which were lower in energy, NSP and certain micronutrients than those of non-manual-class children. Breakfast contributed 14% of energy and 9-36% of micronutrient intakes to the overall diets.Breakfasts including RTEBC contributed significantly more energy and nutrients than other types of breakfast. Children who ate RTEBC nearly every day had overall diets which had a highernutrient density and were lower in fat than those of children who ate RTEBC less frequently ornot at all. Intakes of most micronutrients were above tbe RNI in both these groups, with the exception of folate, Fe and vitamin A, which were below the RNI for those consuming RTEBC infrequently. However, the type of breakfast eaten did not appear to influence energy and nutrient intakes at other meals during the day.Nevertheless, it was concluded that breakfast, particularly one containing RTEBC, had a strong influence on the daily energy and nutrient intakes of 7-8-year-old children, particularly by reducing the proportion of energy from fat.
Purification and Characterization of Adenosine Diphosphate Glucose Pyrophosphorylase from Maize/Potato Mosaics
Authors: Boehlein Susan K. , Sewell Aileen K. , Cross Joanna , Stewart Jon D. , Hannah L. Curtis 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) catalyzes a rate-limiting step in starch biosynthesis. The reaction produces ADP-glucose and pyrophosphate from glucose-1-P and ATP. Investigations from a number of laboratories have shown that alterations in allosteric properties as well as heat stability of this enzyme have dramatic positive effects on starch synthesis in the potato (Solanum tuberosum) tuber and seeds of important cereals. Here, we report the characterization of purified recombinant mosaic AGPases derived from protein motifs normally expressed in the maize (Zea mays) endosperm and the potato tuber. These exhibit properties that should be advantageous when expressed in plants. We also present an in-depth characterization of the kinetic and allosteric properties of these purified recombinant AGPases. These data point to previously unrecognized roles for known allosteric effectors.
Gene Expression Profiles of Blumeria graminis Indicate Dynamic Changes to Primary Metabolism during Development of an Obligate Biotrophic Pathogen
Authors: Both Maike , Csukai Michael , Stumpf Michael P.H. , Spanu Pietro D. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
cDNA microarrays of Blumeria graminis f sp hordei transcript profiles during the asexual development cycle reveal the dynamics of global gene expression as the fungus germinates, penetrates, feeds on its host, and produces masses of conidia for dispersal. The expression profiles of genes encoding enzymes involved in primary metabolism show that there is a striking degree of coordinate regulation of some of the genes in the same pathway. In one example, genes encoding several glycolytic enzymes are significantly upregulated as mature appressoria form and also in infected epidermis, which contain fungal haustoria. In another example, mRNAs for lipid degrading enzymes are initially expressed at high levels in the conidia and the early germination stages and decrease significantly later. We discuss these results and draw inferences on the metabolic status of this obligate biotrophic fungus as it infects its host and completes its life cycle.
Integrating knowledge management technologies in organizational business processes: getting real time enterprises to deliver real business performance
Authors: Malhotra Yogesh 
Published: June 2005

PurposeTo provide executives and scholars with pragmatic understanding about integrating knowledge management strategy and technologies in business processes for successful performance.Design/methodology/approachA comprehensive review of theory, research, and practices on knowledge management develops a framework that contrasts existing technology‐push models with proposed strategy‐pull models. The framework explains how the “critical gaps” between technology inputs, related knowledge processes, and business performance outcomes can be bridged for the two types of models. Illustrative case studies of real‐time enterprise (RTE) business model designs for both successful and unsuccessful companies are used to provide real world understanding of the proposed framework.FindingsSuggests superiority of strategy‐pull models made feasible by new “plug‐and‐play” information and communication technologies over the traditional technology‐push models. Critical importance of strategic execution in guiding the design of enterprise knowledge processes as well as selection and implementation of related technologies is explained.Research limitations/implicationsGiven the limited number of cases, the framework is based on real world evidence about companies most popularized for real time technologies by some technology analysts. This limited sample helps understand the caveats in analysts' advice by highlighting the critical importance of strategic execution over selection of specific technologies. However, the framework needs to be tested with multiple enterprises to determine the contingencies that may be relevant to its application.Originality/valueThe first comprehensive analysis relating knowledge management and its integration into enterprise business processes for achieving agility and adaptability often associated with the “real time enterprise” business models. It constitutes critical knowledge for organizations that must depend on information and communication technologies for increasing strategic agility and adaptability.
Understanding computer‐mediated interorganizational collaboration: a model and framework
Authors: Chi Lei , Holsapple Clyde W. 
Published: June 2005

PurposeTo develop a process model of interorganizational systems (IOS) collaboration and systematic framework for understanding and classifying IOS technologies for interorganizational collaboration.Design/methodology/approachThis paper synthesizes relevant concepts and findings in the IOS, economics, and management literature. It also presents empirical examples to illustrate key issues, practices, and solutions involved in IOS collaboration.FindingsAn integrative model of IOS collaboration is introduced and knowledge sharing, participative decision making, and conflict governance identified as three behavioral process elements underlying effective interorganizational collaboration. Extending Kumar and van Dissel's IOS framework to directly recognize these elements, a more complete collaboration‐oriented framework for characterizing key elements of interorganizational collaboration and classifying IOS technologies is developed.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper brings together diverse ideas into a systematic view of collaboration via interorganizational systems. It contributes to a deeper, fuller understanding of issues involved in achieving collaborative advantage with IOS technologies. The paper also identifies factors and relationships that researchers should consider in designing empirical studies, posing hypotheses about collaboration via IOS, and analyzing results.Practical implicationsThe model and framework can serve as a check‐list of considerations that need to be dealt with by leaders of collaboration‐oriented IOS initiatives. The IOS framework and technology classification may also suggest ways in which IT vendors might provide better technological solutions, services, and software for interorganizational collaboration.Originality/valueThis new IOS collaboration model and framework provide more complete and useful guidance for researchers, educators, and practitioners.
Linking social network analysis with the analytic hierarchy process for knowledge mapping in organizations
Authors: Liebowitz Jay 
Published: June 2005

PurposeTo provide an interesting approach for determining interval measures, through the analytic hierarchy process, for integration with social network analysis for knowledge mapping in organizations.Design/methodology/approachIn order to develop improved organizational and business processes through knowledge management, a knowledge audit should be conducted to better understand the knowledge flows in the organization. An important technique to visualize these knowledge flows is the use of a knowledge map. Social network analysis can be applied to develop this knowledge map. Interval measures should be used in the social network analysis in order to determine the strength of the connections between individuals or departments in the organization. This paper applies the analytic hierarchy process to develop these interval measures, and integrates the values within the social network analysis to produce a meaningful knowledge map.FindingsThe analytic hierarchy process, when coupled with social network analysis, can be a useful technique for developing interval measures for knowledge‐mapping purposes.Research limitations/implicationsThe analytic hierarchy process may become tedious and arduous for use in large social network maps. More research needs to be conducted in this area for scalability.Practical implicationsAs social network analysis is gaining more prominence in the knowledge management community, the analytic hierarchy process may be able to provide more valuable measures to determine the strengths of relationships between actors than simply using ordinal numbers.Originality/valueCoupling the analytic hierarchy process with social network analysis provides a novel approach for future knowledge‐mapping activities.
Knowledge management systems: finding a way with technology
Authors: Edwards John S. , Shaw Duncan , Collier Paul M. 
Published: June 2005

PurposeTo consider the role of technology in knowledge management in organizations, both actual and desired.Design/methodology/approachFacilitated, computer‐supported group workshops were conducted with 78 people from ten different organizations. The objective of each workshop was to review the current state of knowledge management in that organization and develop an action plan for the future.FindingsOnly three organizations had adopted a strongly technology‐based “solution” to knowledge management problems, and these followed three substantially different routes. There was a clear emphasis on the use of general information technology tools to support knowledge management activities, rather than the use of tools specific to knowledge management.Research limitations/implicationsFurther research is needed to help organizations make best use of generally available software such as intranets and e‐mail for knowledge management. Many issues, especially human, relate to the implementation of any technology. Participation was restricted to organizations that wished to produce an action plan for knowledge management. The findings may therefore represent only “average” organizations, not the very best practice.Practical implicationsEach organization must resolve four tensions: between the quantity and quality of information/knowledge, between centralized and decentralized organization, between head office and organizational knowledge, and between “push” and “pull” processes.Originality/valueAlthough it is the group rather than an individual that determines what counts as knowledge, hardly any previous studies of knowledge management have collected data in a group context.
The role of IT in KM: where are we now and where are we heading?
Authors: Tsui Eric 
Published: June 2005

PurposeTo provide a summary of the major trends in the evolution of knowledge management (KM) technologies in the last five years.Design/methodology/approachDrawing from a range of literature published in the academic and industry arenas including the articles accepted in the special issue, the author also applied his own personal experience and practice knowledge in the field to summarize the three major trends in the use of KM technologies for the workplace and individual knowledge workers.FindingsFirst, KM is becoming more and more process‐centric and relevant technologies are gradually being aligned to support process‐based KM activities. Second, there is the emergence of personal networks and applications. Third, knowledge sharing and capturing are becoming more instantaneous (i.e. on‐demand and just‐in‐time).Practical implicationsKM is becoming more and more just‐in‐time. Large‐scale KM programmes still prevail but, in future, the technical infrastructure and information content of these programmes also need to support ad hoc, spontaneous but intensive intra‐ and inter‐organizational collaborations.Originality/valueWhile most articles on KM technologies tend to focus on individual technique(s)/system(s), this paper provides a succinct and high‐level summary of the evolution of KM technologies from a commercial and practical perspective.
Ranking Football Players
Authors: McHale Ian , Scarf Phil 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
The Actim index is the official player rating system of the Barclays Premiership, which was introduced for the 2004–2005 football season. It was devised by Ian McHale and Phil Scarf for the Press Association in partnership with the Premier League and Football Data Co. Here they describe the development of the index and take a look at player performance this season.
RPI: A Really Profligate Index?
Authors: Whelan Shane 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
High on the list of the top 10 most important statistics in any country must be the consumer (or retail) prices index. So it is not surprising to find that enormous effort goes into its calculation. But is this effort justified? Looking at lessons from history, Shane Whelan argues that, on the contrary, the index is profligately overengineered.