bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Demonstration of pilot‐scale pervaporation systems for volatile organic compound removal from a surfactant enhanced aquifer remediation fluid II. Hollow fiber membrane modules
Authors: Abou‐Nemeh I. , Majumdar S. , Saraf A. , Sirkar K. K. , Vane L. M. , Alvarez F. R. , Hitchens L. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractPilot‐scale demonstration of pervaporation‐based removal of volatile organic compounds from a surfactant enhanced aquifer remediation (SEAR) fluid has been conducted at U.S. EPA's Test & Evaluation Facility using hollow fiber membrane modules. The membranes consisted of microporous hydrophobic polypropylene fibers having a thin plasmapolymerized silicone layer on the outside surface. The SEAR fluid was allowed to flow through the fiber bores at 35–45° C, while vacuum was pulled on the shell side. The SEAR fluid was obtained from a pilot‐scale demonstration at Hill Air Force Base, Layton, Utah, and contained trichloroethylene (TCE) at 3,000 mg/L, 1, 1, 1‐trichloroethane (TCA) at 450 mg/L and tetrachloroethylene (PCE) at 400 mg/L along with 2.5 wt % anionic surfactant, 1.5 wt % isopropyl alcohol, 1 wt % salt and a small amount of nonvolatile oil/grease. The hollow fiber modules were run at flow rates of 0.25‐1 gpm for a period of 8‐10 hours every day for a total of six weeks along with a continuous 40‐hour run using the SEAR fluid. The modules were never washed with any fluid. The performance of the hollow fiber modules was stable and satisfactory vis‐à‐vis VOC removal and pressure drop considerations.
Effectiveness of very thin soil layers in chemical release from bed sediment
Authors: Talbert Bryan , Thibodeaux Louis J. , Valsaraj Kallait T. T. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe chemical containment effectiveness of both the natural recovery and the “particle broadcasting” processes for remediating contaminated bed‐sediments depend upon very thin soil and/or sand layers millimeters in depth. Conventional capping for in situ chemical containment of bed‐sediment or dredged material typically involves thick layers of 30 to 90 centimeters in depth. Few studies have been conducted with thin layers of candidate natural materials. A steady‐state benzoic acid dissolution test apparatus and procedure, devised to realistically simulate bed‐sediment chemo‐dynamic conditions, was used to measure chemical flux through thin layers (1 to 8 mm) of soil, sand, and ideal porous media. The thin layers were found to be very effective. Flux reductions ranged from 81 to 96%, with fine sand being slightly better than top soil. Design algorithms developed for the thick layers used in conventional capping design will under predict the flux through very thin layers. Advective flow induced by surface roughness is proposed to explain the higher average measure d‐to‐predicted flux ratio of 1.67.
Eliminating a sulfuric acid mist plume from a wet caustic scrubber on a petroleum coke calciner
Authors: Brown Charles A. , Hohne Paul A. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractReducing sulfuric acid mist emissions and eliminating the visible plume that remained after steam dissipation were the objectives of a project recently completed for a petroleum coke calciner. The coke calciner produces flue gas containing SO2 that is treated with a wet caustic scrubber. The scrubber is extremely efficient at removing most of the SO2, but some oxidizes to SO3, catalyzed by vanadium in the coke dust that collects in the waste heat boiler. Submicron droplets of H2SO4 form when the flue gas is quenched by the scrubber liquor, and makes its way through the scrubber. This paper describes the installation of, and performance test results for, a wet electrostatic precipitator (WESP), as well as SO2 scrubber modifications that were re q u i red to make room for the WESP. The successful project significantly reduced sulfuric acid mist emissions, eliminating the visible plume while maintaining a very low SO2 outlet concentration, even after removing one of three gas‐liquid contactors.
Long‐term evaluation of an industrial‐scale biofilter for odor control at a large metropolitan wastewater treatment plant
Authors: Zhuang Lian , Keener Tim C. , Siddiqui Kaniz F. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe efficiency of H2S removal by an industrial scale biofilter using a wood‐based mulch at a large publicly owned wastewater treatment plant has been evaluated for over a one‐year time period. The research consisted of developing sampling and analytical methods, validation of experimental methods, and the evaluation of the biofilter's performance. The study showed that removal efficiency strongly depends on the inlet H2S concentration. The elimination capacity increases as inlet loading increases until full elimination is achieved. The H2S removal efficiency was constantly higher than 95% during the one‐year period of this study. The removal efficiency was higher than 99% when the inlet H2S concentration was lower than 100 ppmv, and it dropped sharply when the inlet concentration was higher than 100 ppmv. The removal efficiency dropped from 99% to 95% when the inlet H2S concentration reached about 250 ppmv. At lower H2S concentrations (< 100 ppmv), the elimination capacity equaled the inlet H2S loading. The maximum elimination capacity was determined to be 14 g H2S/m2 hr. The seasonal temperature dependency of H2S production was also investigated based on ambient temperature data. Maximum levels of H2S production corresponded to periods of highest average ambient temperature.
SO2 scrubbing technologies: A review
Authors: Srivastava Ravi K. , Jozewicz Wojciech , Singer Carl 
Published: April 2004

AbstractElectricity generating units may use sulfur dioxide (SO2) scrubbers to meet the requirements of Phase II of the Acid Rain SO2 Reduction Program. Additionally, the use of scrubbers can reduce mercury emissions. It is timely, therefore, to review the commercially available flue gas desulfurization (FGD) technologies that have an established record of performance. Data on worldwide applications reflect that wet FGD technologies have been used at most of the installations, 522 out of 668, completed through 1998.In reviewing the SO2 removal performance of scrubbers, data reflect that most wet limestone and lime spray drying installations appear to be capable of about 90% SO2 removal. Advanced, state‐of‐the‐art wet scrubbers can provide removal in excess of 95%. This paper also reviews recently reported advances in SO2 scrubbing technologies. Some of these advances have been aimed at improving the performance and cost‐effectiveness of established processes. Others, like wet ammonia FGD, have focused on developing new processes. Costs associated with limestone forced oxidation (LSFO) technology are analyzed.
Non‐Thermal organic waste destruction: Characterization of the CerOx system 4
Authors: Varela Juan A. , Oberg Steven G. , Neustedter Thomas M. , Nelson Norvell 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe first commercial system for the CerOx Process Technology for destruction of liquid organic hazardous waste materials has been installed at the Environmental Health and Safety Department (EH&S) at the University of Nevada, Reno, (UNR). A non‐thermal alternative to incineration, CerOx is an electrochemically‐driven, aqueous phase process that oxidizes organic materials at near ambient temperatures and atmospheric pressure in a fully contained tank system consistent with the provisions of 40 CFR 260.10 Subpart J. The tank system classification exempts the CerOx Process from RCRA regulation while its electrochemical basis allows for scaling to accommodate on‐site waste processing ranging from less than a drum per day to plant size applications. The addition of the CerOx System 4 to the UNR waste management program allows the University to reduce the quantity of organic hazardous wastes shipped off‐site for disposal.The data presented in this report were used to show that the operation of the CerOx Process is in compliance with the Washoe County Air District and with the Reno‐Sparks POTW, the governing air and water regulatory agencies for the UNR location. The report covers two series of verification tests that were conducted before and after a major equipment upgrade which included a significant design improvement in the electrochemical cells. The after process releases to the atmosphere, as regulated by the Washoe County Air District, and to the Reno‐Sparks publicly‐owned treatment works(POTW) were well within their defined limits.
An electrocoagulation unit for the purification of soluble oil wastes of high COD
Authors: Calvo L. Sánchez , Leclerc Jean‐Pierre , Tanguy G. , Cames M. C. , Paternotte G. , Valentin G. , Rostan A. , Lapicque F. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractIn spite of abundant literature on the topic, the efficiency of electrocoagulation for a specific effluent cannot be predicted in advance. Prior to designing an industrial wastewater treatment unit, preliminary treatment tests have to be done using different soluble oil wastes with a very high chemical oxygen demand (COD). The influence of various parameters can then be assessed. Coagulant dose, linked to the electrical charge passed and the nature of the waste, seem to be the controlling parameters of process efficiency. The results obtained at the laboratory‐scale have been confirmed in a small pilot cell, and an industrial unit has been designed. A preliminary economic study shows that electrocoagulation may be competitive with current treatment technologies. From knowledge gained at bench‐scale, we concluded that electrocoagulation appears to be a suitable process for treatment of soluble oily wastes with high COD.
Life cycle management as a business strategy for sustainability
Authors: Saur Konrad 
Published: April 2004

AbstractToday's business climate demands signifcant shzfts in how organizations deliver products and services to customers. Firms in many industrial sectors are effectively using management systems and life cycle assessments to understand and improve their operations, products, and services. But, a more comprehensive approach is needed to significantly reduce the pressure on natural systems, and to successfully respond to the increased complexity of business decision‐making in the 21st centuly. This paper discusses life cycle management as an effective business strategy that can continually respond to these unique new challenges.
LCC—The economic pillar of sustainability: Methodology and application to wastewater treatment
Authors: Rebitzer Gerald , Hunkeler David , Jolliet Olivier 
Published: April 2004

AbstractIndustrial applications of supply chain cost management, along with life cycle costing of goods and services, are increasing. Several industrial sectors, in particular the automotive, electronics, and primary materials, have engaged in programs to coordinate upstream and downstream activities to reduce environmental burdens. At the same time, there is an increasing need to pass on information on product, material, and energy flows along the supply chain, as well as to provide data on the use and end‐of‐life phases of goods and services. Therefore, methods to analyze, assess, and manage these flows, from an economic as well as an environmental perspective, are of essential importance, particularly in established large‐scale industries where suppliers are increasingly challenged to provide comprehensive cost and environmental information. In this context, a life cycle costing analysis (LCC), conducted as part of life cycle management activities, can provide important opportunities. Therefore, this paper focuses on a life cycle assessment (LCA)‐based LCC method, which utilizes an LCA model as a basis for cost estimations in product development and planning. A case study on life cycle costing of wastewater treatment illustrates the practical use and benefits of the method.
Implementing life cycle assessment in product development
Authors: Bhander Gurbakhash Singh , Hauschild Michael , McAloone Tim 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe overall aim of this paper is to provide an understanding of the environmental issues involved in the early stages of product development, and the capacity of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) techniques to address these issues. The paper aims to outline the problems for the designer in evaluating the environmental benignity of a product from the outset, and to provide a framework for decision support based on the performance evaluation at different stages of the design process. The barriers that prevent product developers from using LCA are presented, as well as opportunities for introducing environmental criteria in the design process by meeting the designer's information requirements at the different life cycle stages. This can lead to an in‐depth understanding of the attitudes of product developers towards the subject area, and an understanding of possible future directions for product development.This paper introduces an Environmentally Conscious Design method, and presents trade‐offs between design degrees of freedom and environmental solutions. Life cycle design frameworks and strategies are also addressed. The paper collects experiences and ideas around the state‐of‐the‐art in eco‐design, from literature and personal experience, and provides eco‐design life cycle assessment strategies. The end result of this presentation is to define the requirements for performance measurement techniques, and the environment needed to support life cycle evaluation throughout the evaluation of early stages of a product system.
Resistance to tearing of calf and ostrich pericardium: Influence of the type of suture material and the direction of the suture line
Authors: Páez José María García , Carrera Antonio , Jorge Eduardo , Millán Isabel , Cordon Angeles , Maestro María A. , Rocha Aurora , Castillo‐Olivares José Luis 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe tearing of the valve leaflet of a cardiac bioprosthesis can cause early failure of this device, which is employed to replace a diseased native valve. This report involves the study of the behavior of 312 tissue samples (152 of calf pericardium and 160 of ostrich pericardium) treated with glutaraldehyde and subsequently subjected to tear testing. The samples were cut in the two principal directions: longitudinally, or root to apex, and transversely. They included a series of control samples that were left unsutured, and the remaining samples were repaired with the use of two different suture techniques: a running suture in the direction of the load and a telescoping suture perpendicular to the load. Four commercially available suture materials were employed: Pronova®, nylon, Gore‐Tex®, or silk. The unsutured control samples of both types of pericardium exhibited a similar anisotropic behavior in the tear test. The mean resistance to tearing of the calf pericardium was 24.29 kN m in samples cut longitudinally and 34.78 kN m in those cut transversely (p = .03); the values were 28.08 kN m and 37.12 kN m (p = .002), respectively, in ostrich pericardium. The series repaired with the telescoping suture always exhibited greater resistance to tearing, with values that ranged between 44.34 and 64.27 kN for the samples of calf pericardium and from 41.65 to 47.65 kN for those obtained from ostrich. These assays confirm the anisotropic behavior of calf and ostrich pericardium treated with glutaraldehyde when subjected to tear testing, as well as the loss of this behavior in ostrich pericardium after suturing. Suturing techniques, such as the telescoping model, that provide a greater resistance to tearing should be studied for use in the design of the valve leaflets of cardiac bioprostheses made of biological materials. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 69B: 125–134, 2004
Long‐term strength of ceramics for biomedical applications
Authors: Zhang Yu , Lawn Brian 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe influence of slow crack growth on the initiation of radial cracks at the lower surfaces of ceramic layers bonded to polymeric substrates is studied, with particular relevance to biomechanical systems, e.g., dental crowns and hip replacement prostheses. Critical loads are measured as a function of loading rate (dynamic fatigue) for model bilayers fabricated by epoxy‐bonding selected clinical ceramics to polycarbonate bases. Radial crack initiation is observed in situ by viewing from below the transparent base during loading. Declines in the critical loads with diminishing load rate are consistent with slow crack growth of intrinsic flaws prior to radial crack pop in. A simple fracture mechanics relation incorporating a crack velocity function is used to analyze the data. Extrapolation beyond the data range enables long‐lifetime (10 yr) estimates of sustainable loads. The procedure provides a basis for ranking ceramic types, and in particular for eliminating vulnerable candidate materials, for use in biomechanical systems. While slow crack growth is an important factor in failure, other mechanisms could operate in concert and even dominate under severe testing conditions, especially under cyclic loading. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 69B: 166–172, 2004
Chitosan membrane as a wound‐healing dressing: Characterization and clinical application
Authors: Azad Abul Kalam , Sermsintham Niwet , Chandrkrachang Suwalee , Stevens Willem Frans 
Published: April 2004

AbstractChitosan prepared from natural biopolymer chitin and cast into membranes has been tested as wound dressing at the skin‐graft donor site in patients. Bactigras, a commonly used impregnated tulle gras bandage, served as a control. Chitosan membrane, prepared with a 75% degree of deacetylation and a thickness of 10 μm, was used in nonmesh or mesh form. The progress in wound healing was compared by clinical and histological examination. Itching and pain sensitivity of the wound dressed area was scored with the use of a visual analogue scale. Mesh chitosan membrane in contrast to the nonmesh membrane allowed blood to ooze into the surrounding gauze. After 10 days, the chitosan‐dressed area had been healed more promptly as compared with the Bactigras dressed area. Moreover, the chitosan mesh membrane showed a positive effect on the re‐epithelialization and the regeneration of the granular layer. The data confirm that chitosan mesh membrane is a potential substitute for human wound dressing. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 69B: 216–222, 2004
Prediction of protein‐protein interactions based on surface patch comparison
Authors: Carugo Oliviero , Franzot Giacomo 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA method to predict if two proteins interact, based on their three‐dimensional structures, is presented. It consists of five steps: (i) the surface of each protein, represented by the solvent accessible atoms, is divided into small patches; (ii) the shape of each patch is described by the atom distributions along its principal axes; (iii) the shape complementarity between two patches is estimated by comparing, through contingency table analysis, their atom distributions along their principal axes; (iv) given protein A, with nA surface patches, and protein B, with nB surface patches, nA×nB shape complementarity values are obtained; and (v) the distribution of the latter allows one to discriminate pairs of interacting and of noninteracting proteins. Only a few seconds are necessary to predict if two proteins interact, with accuracy close to 80%, sensitivity over 70% and specificity close to 50%.
Proteomic analysis of mouse mammary terminal end buds identifies axonal growth cone proteins
Authors: Morris Joanna S. , Davies Claire R. , Griffiths Matthew R. , Page Martin J. , Bruce James A. , Patel Thakor , Herath Athula , Gusterson Barry A. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractDuctal morphogenesis in the mouse mammary gland occurs mainly postnatally and is driven by specialized structures at the ends of the developing ducts, the terminal end buds (TEBs), which later regress once ductal growth is complete. To identify proteins that are specifically associated with migration of TEBs we developed a novel method of isolating TEBs, which eliminated the mammary stroma. The protein expression profile of the TEBs was then compared with that of isolates taken from the 4th inguinal mammary gland of adult virgin mice using two‐dimensional (2‐D) gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry (MS) analysis (matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization and quadrupole time of flight). Following construction of an integrated protein expression database, 44 protein features which showed differential expression levels between the two sets were chosen for MS analysis. Of these, 24 gave protein annotations whereas the other 20 produced unidentified peptides. Fourteen unequivocal proteins were identified from these 24, whereas the remaining 10 matched more than one protein within a single 2‐D gel feature. Several of the identified proteins were associated with the cytoskeleton and have previously been reported in axonal growth cones, suggesting that they may influence cell shape and motility within the advancing TEBs, in a similar fashion to migrating axons.
Prediction of the subcellular localization of eukaryotic proteins using sequence signals and composition
Authors: Reczko Martin , Hatzigerrorgiou Artemis 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA tool called Locfind for the sequence‐based prediction of the localization of eukaryotic proteins is introduced. It is based on bidirectional recurrent neural networks trained to read sequentially the amino acid sequence and produce localization information along the sequence. Systematic variation of the network architecture in combination with an efficient learning algorithm lead to a 91% correct localization prediction for novel proteins in fivefold cross‐validation. The data and evaluation procedure are the same as the non‐plant part of the widely used TargetP tool by Emanuelsson et al. The Locfind system is available on the WWW for predictions (http://www.stepc.gr/~synaptic/locfind.html).
Effects of d‐wave symmetry in high‐TC grain boundary Josephson junctions
Authors: Barone Antonio , Lombardi Filomena , Monaco Antonia , Sarnelli Ettore , Tafuri Francesco , Testa Gianluca 
Published: April 2004

AbstractRecent experimental results on the physics of high temperature superconductivity (HTS) related to coherent phenomena and unconventional pairing symmetry are discussed. Some consequences of the d‐wave order parameter symmetry on the phenomenology of HTS junctions of different type are investigated. The attention is focused on recent experiments based on biepitaxial YBa2Cu3O7−δ Josephson structures where junctions with a π shift in the phase have been reproducibly obtained. Anisotropy measurements confirm the relevance of effects of d‐wave order parameter symmetry on the properties of the junctions, and prove that intrinsic d‐wave effects can be predominant over extrinsic effects. The possibility to obtain some kind of tunnel‐like barriers and to tune d‐wave effects through a suitable geometry has been demonstrated opening some perspectives towards novel device concepts within the framework of π circuitry and “quiet qubit”. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Coexistence of superconductivity and magnetism in low dimensional conductors
Authors: BenAli A. , Charfi‐Kaddour S. , Pasquier C. , Bennaceur R. , Héritier M. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractCoexistence of superconductivity and antiferromagnetism in low dimensional conductors can be explained by a phase segregation scenario: (i) In quasi 1D or 2D conductors in which the (T, pressure) phase diagram exhibits a border line between superconducting and spin density wave (SDW) phases, it is favourable to create a phase segregation in the direct space by forming alternatively superconducting and magnetic slabs (ii) a phase segregation may also occur in reciprocal space. A d‐wave superconducting order is established, with lines of zero gap on the Fermi surface, as in cuprates. In the node region, superconductivity is weak enough to leave room for a confined SDW gap. These models can explain consistently various recent experimental data observed in low dimensional conductors