bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Monatin and Its Stereoisomers: Chemoenzymatic Synthesis and Taste Properties
Authors: Bassoli Angela , Borgonovo Gigliola , Busnelli Gilberto , Morini Gabriella , Drew Michael G. B. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe sweet natural compound monatin 1 has two stereogenic centres and the (2S,4S) absolute configuration has been attributed to the natural isomer. We obtained all four stereoisomers as pure compounds by a six‐step synthetic sequence. The stereogenic centre at C‐4 was introduced stereoselectively by a regio‐ and enantiospecific enzymatic hydrolysis of the racemic ethyl dicarboxylate 4 using a protease from Aspergillus oryzae. The absolute configuration of the intermediate products was assigned by X‐ray diffraction of chiral derivatives. The stereogenic centre at C‐2 was introduced non‐specifically, and the resulting diastereomeric mixtures were separated by RP‐HPLC. The absolute configurations of the final products were established by comparing retention times on a chiral HPLC column with those of known samples. The four stereoisomers were submitted to tasting trials and three of them, particularly the (2R,4R) isomer, were found to be intensely sweet. A sample of natural monatin analysed under the same conditions is shown to contain all the four stereoisomers. The relative stereoisomeric content in the plant, as well as the possible isomerisation of the chiral centres during extraction and manipulation of monatin samples, are important points that need to be clarified by extensive analysis of the natural extracts. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
A Highly Efficient and Practical New Allylboronate Tartramide for the Asymmetric Allylboration of Achiral Aldehydes
Authors: Chen Wansuo , Liu Yanzhu , Chen Zhirong 
Published: April 2005

AbstractChiral homoallylic alcohols can be prepared from aldehydes upon reaction with two optically pure allylboronatetartramides. The enantiomeric excess is 10–15 % higher for the allylation of benzaldehyde when using N,N'‐dibenzyl‐tartramide auxiliary 5b than when using N,N'‐diphenyl‐tartramide (5a). 2‐Allyl‐N,N'‐dibenzyl‐1,3,2‐dioxaborolane‐4,5‐dicarbamide (2b) affords homoallylic alcohols with 90–99 % ee upon reaction with some representative aldehydes. The derivatised chiral auxiliaries can be recovered by simple recrystallization, in 85 % yield, without any loss of specific rotation. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Aminium Hexachloroantimonate Salts as Latent Sources of Antimony Pentachloride in Pinacolic Rearrangement of Vicinal Diols
Authors: Ciminale, Luigi Lopez Francesco , Nacci Angelo , D’Accolti Lucia , Vitale Floriana 
Published: April 2005

AbstractRearrangements of various vicinal diols (1a–f) induced by hexachloroantimonate aminium salts A or B were found to occur in a similar manner when antimony pentachloride was used instead of aminium salts. Antimony pentachloride is proposed as the active catalytic species, possibly deriving from the oxidation of the hexachloroantimonate anion SbCl6– by the aminium counterpart. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
An Efficient One‐Pot Synthesis of Dihydropyrimidinones by a Samarium Diiodide Catalyzed Biginelli Reaction Under Solvent‐Free Conditions
Authors: Han Xiaoyan , Xu Fan , Luo Yiqin , Shen Qi 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe Biginelli reaction, a one‐pot condensation of aldehydes, urea or thiourea, and β‐dicarbonyl compounds, is efficiently catalyzed by samarium diiodide. The biologically active dihydropyrimidinones are easily synthesized in moderate to excellent yields under solvent‐free conditions. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Diastereoselective Route to Novel Fused or Bridged Tricyclic β‐Lactams through Intramolecular Nitrone–Alkene Cycloaddition of 2‐Azetidinone‐Tethered Alkenylaldehydes – Synthetic Applications to Carbacephams and Cyclic β‐Amino Acid Derivatives
Authors: Alcaide Benito , Sáez Elena 
Published: April 2005

AbstractA convenient, regio‐ and stereoselective direct route to optically pure unusually fused or bridged tricyclic β‐lactams has been developed by use of intramolecular nitrone–alkene cycloaddition (INAC) reactions of easily available monocyclic 2‐azetidinone‐tethered alkenylaldehydes as the key synthetic step. The regioselectivity of the cycloaddition can be tuned by moving the alkene substituent from N1 to C3 on the 2‐azetidinone ring. In addition, some simple, interesting transformations were tested on representative examples of the different types of tricyclic systems prepared, in order to demonstrate their potential as intermediates in the preparation of differently polyfunctionalized compounds, including carbacepham derivatives and related unconventional bicyclic systems containing medium‐sized rings fused to the β‐lactam nucleus, as well as several types of cyclic β‐amino acid derivatives. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Preparation of Bicyclo[4.3.0]nonanes by an Organocatalytic Intramolecular Diels–Alder Reaction
Authors: Selkälä Sami A. , Koskinen Ari M. P. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe bicyclo[4.3.0]nonane substructure is an abundant structure found in several natural compounds. A novel enantioselective organocatalytic cycloaddition was used to prepare the bicyclo[4.3.0]nonane skeleton. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Dynamics of Predator‐Prey Interactions in Continuous Cultures
Authors: Alhumazi K. , Ajbar A. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis paper studies the behavior of a general unstructured kinetic model for continuous bioreactors involving interactions between predator, prey and a limiting substrate. The analysis carried out in this paper shows how closed analytical conditions for arbitrary growth rates can be derived that describe the conditions for the existence of the interacting species in an oscillatory behavior. It is also demonstrated how practical diagrams in terms of operating and kinetic parameters can be constructed that classify the different behavior predicted by the model. Applications of these general results to a number of experimentally validated models have revealed that the saturation model always predicts hard oscillations for a certain range of dilution rates, for any values of model parameters. Bifurcation diagrams in the operating parameter space permitted the delineation of regions of hard oscillations, regions of static coexistence, regions of predator washout and regions of total washout. The analysis of the double saturation model has proven its ability to predict two Hopf points. Hard oscillations are therefore expected within the dilution rates corresponding to the two Hopf points. Practical diagrams were also constructed to delineate the boundaries separating hard oscillations from static coexistence and washout conditions.
Inactivation of E. coli in Cranberry Juice by a High Voltage Pulsed Electric Field
Authors: Sen Gupta B. , Masterson F. , Magee T. R. A. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe aim of this work was to study the effect of a high voltage pulsed electric field (PEF) on the inactivation of E. coli in cranberry juice to achieve the regulatory requirement of a 5‐log reduction in the microbial count. PEF processing involved the application of high voltage pulses to liquid or semi‐solid materials, placed between two electrodes at ambient, sub‐ambient, or supra‐ambient temperature. In this work, cranberry juice, inoculated with E. coli was subjected to 60 pulses in the voltage range of 5 to 40 kV/cm. The experiments were carried out at 20 °C. The temperature rise was less than 2 °C at the average treatment time of 80 s. PEF is an emerging non‐thermal technology for food preservation that retains the natural taste of food. It has mainly been applied to improve the shelf life of such foods as milk, liquid eggs and fruit juices.
Enzyme Production of the Edible Mushroom Pleorotus ostreatus in Shaken Cultures Completed with Agro‐Industrial Wastes
Authors: Morais H. , Forgács E. , Cserháti T. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe enzyme production of the white‐rot fungus, the edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus, was determined in shaken culture media containing extracts of agro‐industrial wastes (tomato, potato and pepper residues) as an unique carbon source. The activity of β‐glucosidase, xylanase, laccase as well as manganese‐dependent and independent peroxidases was measured at 0, 3.5, 7.0, 10.5, 14.0, 17.5, 21.0, 24.5, 28.0 and 31.5 days of cultivation. A spectral mapping technique and non‐linear mapping were employed for the calculation of the relationships among the fermentation parameters, such as fermentation time, enzyme activity and selectivity of enzyme production. It was established that P. ostreatus produced β‐glucosidase, xylanase, laccase, manganese‐dependent and independent peroxidases in each culture medium and that the enzyme activities were higher in cultures containing agro‐industrial wastes than in the control containing glucose as a carbon source. The spectral mapping technique allowed demonstrating that the enzyme activities were the highest in the culture completed with pepper extract followed by cultures containing potato and tomato extracts. The differences among the selectivity of the enzyme activities were negligible up to 21.0 days of fermentation and reached the maximum at the end of the fermentation process. The production of laccase as well as manganese‐dependent and independent peroxidases showed similar patterns while the selectivity patterns of xylanase and β‐galactoside production were different. In addition, it became evident that the agro‐industrial wastes influenced the enzyme production in a distinct way.
Partially overlapping time series: a new model for volatility dynamics in commodity futures
Authors: Smith Aaron 
Published: April 2005

AbstractIn commodity futures markets, contracts with various delivery dates trade simultaneously. Applied researchers typically discard the majority of the data and form a single time series by choosing only one price observation per day. This strategy precludes a full understanding of these markets and can induce complicated nonlinear dynamics in the data. In this paper, I introduce the partially overlapping time series (POTS) model to model jointly all traded contracts. The POTS model incorporates time‐to‐delivery, storability, seasonality and GARCH effects. I apply the POTS model to corn futures at the Chicago Board of Trade and the results uncover substantial inefficiency associated with delivery on corn futures. The results also support two theories of commodity pricing: the theory of storage and the Samuelson effect. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Increased expression of calcineurin in human colorectal adenocarcinomas
Authors: Lakshmikuttyamma Ashakumary , Selvakumar Ponniah , Kanthan Rani , Kanthan Selliah Chandra , Sharma Rajendra K. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractColorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cause of cancer death in the Western world. Calcineurin (CaN), a Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM)‐dependent protein phosphatase, is important for Ca2+‐mediated signal transduction. The main objective of this study is to examine the potential role of Ca2+/CaM‐dependent protein phosphatase in both normal and in invasive tumor components of human samples. In this study, we carried out 45 cases of CaN activity, 13 cases of CaN protein expression by Western blot analysis, and 6 cases for immunohistochemical analysis in both normal and invasive tumor components of human samples. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that strong cytoplasmic staining of varying intensity was observed in colon tumors of all patients compared to normal mucosa. In addition, Western blot analysis revealed a prominent overexpressed immunoreactive band with an apparent molecular mass of 60 kDa catalytic alpha subunit (CaN A) as well as CaN Aα and β in colon tumor samples. Elevated CaN protein expression appears to be a possible link between Ca2+ signaling and oncogenic processes. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Validating the organizational climate measure: links to managerial practices, productivity and innovation
Authors: Patterson Malcolm G. , West Michael A. , Shackleton Viv J. , Dawson Jeremy F. , Lawthom Rebecca , Maitlis Sally , Robinson David L. , Wallace Alison M. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis paper describes the development and validation of a multidimensional measure of organizational climate, the Organizational Climate Measure (OCM), based upon Quinn and Rohrbaugh's Competing Values model. A sample of 6869 employees across 55 manufacturing organizations completed the questionnaire. The 17 scales contained within the measure had acceptable levels of reliability and were factorially distinct. Concurrent validity was measured by correlating employees' ratings with managers' and interviewers' descriptions of managerial practices and organizational characteristics. Predictive validity was established using measures of productivity and innovation. The OCM also discriminated effectively between organizations, demonstrating good discriminant validity. The measure offers researchers a relatively comprehensive and flexible approach to the assessment of organizational members' experience and promises applied and theoretical benefits. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The case for the ability‐based model of emotional intelligence in organizational behavior
Authors: Daus Catherine S. , Ashkanasy Neal M. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractIn this second counterpoint article, we refute the claims of Landy, Locke, and Conte, and make the more specific case for our perspective, which is that ability‐based models of emotional intelligence have value to add in the domain of organizational psychology. In this article, we address remaining issues, such as general concerns about the tenor and tone of the debates on this topic, a tendency for detractors to collapse across emotional intelligence models when reviewing the evidence and making judgments, and subsequent penchant to thereby discount all models, including the ability‐based one, as lacking validity. We specifically refute the following three claims from our critics with the most recent empirically based evidence: (1) emotional intelligence is dominated by opportunistic ‘academics‐turned‐consultants’ who have amassed much fame and fortune based on a concept that is shabby science at best; (2) the measurement of emotional intelligence is grounded in unstable, psychometrically flawed instruments, which have not demonstrated appropriate discriminant and predictive validity to warrant/justify their use; and (3) there is weak empirical evidence that emotional intelligence is related to anything of importance in organizations. We thus end with an overview of the empirical evidence supporting the role of emotional intelligence in organizational and social behavior. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of trust and confidentiality on strategic organizational change programmes: a case study of post‐acquisition integration
Authors: Harwood Ian , Ashleigh Melanie 
Published: April 2005

Abstract

This paper explores the dynamics of trust and confidentiality during post‐merger and acquisition integration planning. The case of a four‐year integration programme in a FTSE100 healthcare organization provides the context, with a specific focus on the scenario planning phase where participants were bound by a confidentiality agreement.

Factors relating to trust and confidentiality are identified as being problematic within the project integration team. Conflicts were apparent in communication needs, enforced short project timescales and value incongruence. Recommendations are suggested to alleviate the tensions created by these factors.

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Managing distance in a global virtual team: the evolution of trust through technology‐mediated relational communication
Authors: Henttonen Kaisa , Blomqvist Kirsimarja 
Published: April 2005

AbstractVirtual teams offer the potential for the efficient combination of a dispersed workforce and the potential for leveraging diffuse knowledge and skills effectively for collaborative innovation. Information technology plays an important role in virtual teams, but virtual teamwork also involves significant social redesign. Trust is argued to be an important component in team development and effectiveness, and within this paper we explore the role and development of trust in the early stages of a virtual team.On the basis of findings from a web‐based questionnaire and interviews with global virtual team members in a major telecommunications company it appears that communications technology supports relationship building in tasks related to information sharing and storing and relational communication to a lesser degree. The antecedents of trust in the virtual team identified are similar to the antecedents of trust in a traditional collocated team context, and it appears that virtual team leaders and members approach virtual teams as an extension of traditional teamwork.On the basis of the research results it is argued that relational communication and psychosocial factors such as trust, commitment and communication play an important role in the functioning of virtual teams. It is also suggested that where virtual team leaders and members attempt to approach virtual teams as an extension of traditional teamwork, many of the potential benefits may not be realized while much of the expense related to virtual teamwork remains.Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differential reflectance spectroscopies of semiconductor surfaces
Authors: Borensztein Y. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAn outline of optical spectroscopies of semiconductor surfaces based on reflectance of ultraviolet and visible light is presented. The principle of the two main differential techniques which are widely used are discussed: the surface differential reflectance spectroscopy (SDRS) gives the change of reflectance of a clean surface due to chemisorption of foreign atoms or molecules; the reflectance anisotropy spectroscopy measures the difference along the two principal directions in reflectances of an anisotropic surface, either clean or adsorbate‐covered.The ability of these techniques for investigating surfaces is illustrated by examples on different semiconductors (Si, Ge, III–V). In particular, it is shown that the comparison of experiments with theoretical studies allows us to get deep information on the structure of the surfaces, their reconstruction, and their changes induced by temperature or by adsorption. Monitoring the adsorption of gas, including the determination of adsorption sites and the kinetics of chemisorption, is also addressed. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Sample Size Matters: A Guide for Surgeons
Authors: Guller Ulrich , Oertli Daniel 
Published: April 2005

AbstractConsiderations of sample size computations in the medical literature have gained increasing importance over the past decade and are now often mandatory for scientific grant proposals, protocols, and publications. However, many surgeons are ill‐prepared to understand the parameters on which the appropriate sample size is based. The present article has several objectives: first, to review the need for sample size considerations; second, to explain the ingredients necessary for sample size computations in simple, nonmathematic language; third, to provide options for reducing the sample size if it seems impracticably large; and fourth, to help avoid some of the more common mistakes encountered when computing sample sizes.
Changes in the structure and function of the North Sea fish foodweb, 1973–2000, and the impacts of fishing and climate
Authors: Heath Michael R. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
North Sea environmental and biological data were analysed to examine 30-year changes in production and consumption in the fish foodweb. The analysis revealed that the demand for secondary production placed on the ecosystem by fish declined from approximately 20 g C m−2 y−1 in the 1970s to 16 g C m−2 y−1 in the 1990s. Over the same period, the proportion of demand provided by zooplankton production increased from around 70% to 75%. The overall decrease was mainly due to a reduction in piscivorous demersal fish. Average secondary production by omnivorous zooplankton was estimated to be 35 g C m−2 y−1, and annual fluctuations were positively correlated with the gross production of planktivorous fish. The results suggest a “bottom-up” control of the pelagic foodweb. Individual planktivore species have been impacted by fishing, but the populations of other functionally similar species have expanded to fill the vacant niches, thus maintaining the planktivore role in the system. In contrast, the results indicate that benthos production was more “top-down” controlled. Overall, demersal fish species have been depleted by fishing, with no obvious species expansions to fill the vacant niche, releasing the benthos from predation pressure, and leading to an increase in benthic production and fisheries for invertebrates.
Estimation of Atlantic salmon smolt carrying capacity of rivers using expert knowledge
Authors: Uusitalo Laura , Kuikka Sakari , Romakkaniemi Atso 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
A mixed salmon fishery with both natural wild salmon stocks and reared salmon exists in the Baltic Sea. The agreed-upon goal of management is to safeguard the wild stocks, and the practical management objectives have been agreed to attain at least a 50% maximum salmon production capacity in each river. This natural production capacity is, however, largely unknown. Here, a new approach has been used to estimate the salmon maximum production capacity of northern Baltic Sea rivers. A probabilistic salmon production capacity model was built entirely upon expert knowledge. The model describes the external physical and biological factors of the rivers and the juvenile salmon stocks' response to these factors. We found that the experts estimated the carrying capacity to be considerably higher than former estimates. A very high uncertainty was, however, connected with these estimates. We also found considerable disagreement over the general carrying capacity level among the experts; the major uncertainty emerged from the conflicting views of the experts. The result implies that perhaps operational management objectives other than those based on maximal smolt production levels should be considered to decrease the uncertainty connected with evaluation of management success.
Morphometric variation of yellowtail flounder
Authors: Cadrin Steven X. , Silva Vaughn M. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Significant variation in morphometry was found between sexes of yellowtail flounder and among eight geographic areas, from the Grand Bank to the Mid-Atlantic Bight. Females had relatively deeper abdomens and larger heads than males. Newfoundland samples had relatively shorter bodies, deeper abdomens and longer heads than those from south of Nova Scotia. Morphometric analyses classified 71–95% of yellowtail to the correct Canadian area, but accuracy was lower for areas off the northeastern United States (43–76%). Morphometric differences are consistent with differences in ontogenetic rates among groups. However, shape differences were not strong enough to delineate geographic stocks off the northeastern United States.
UNNATURAL INTERBREEDING: H. G. WELLS'SA MODERN UTOPIAAS SPECIES AND GENRE
Authors: Quamen Harvey N. 
Published: April 2005

Does a theory of literary kinds involve the supposition that every work belongs to a kind? The question is not raised in any discussion we know. If we were to answer by analogy to the natural world, we should certainly answer ‘yes’: even the whale and the bat can be placed; and we admit of creatures who are transitions from one kingdom to another.—René Wellek and Austin Warren,Theory of Literature(1942)