bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of 18F‐FDG positron emission tomography following allogeneic transplantation to guide adoptive immunotherapy with donor lymphocyte infusions
Authors: Hart D. P. , Avivi I. , Thomson K. J. , Peggs K. S. , Morris E. C. , Goldstone A. H. , Linch D. C. , Ell P. J. , Bomanji J. B. , Mackinnon S. 
Published: March 2005

SummaryFluorine‐18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F‐FDG PET) provides valuable prognostic information in the management of lymphoma patients. However, the utility of 18F‐FDG PET following allografting is unclear. We analysed the use of 18F‐FDG PET after allogeneic reduced‐intensity transplantation (RIT) performed in our institution. Between June 1998 and January 2002, 55 patients underwent RIT for either Hodgkin or non‐Hodgkin lymphoma. At least one 18F‐FDG PET scan was performed during the post‐transplant period (median five studies) in 15 (27·2%) of these 55 patients. PET scans were performed after re‐staging computed tomography (CT) and were categorised depending on 18F‐FDG uptake. The first PET scan was informative in 11 of 15 patients (73%) and influenced the administration of donor lymphocyte infusions (DLI) in nine: leading to earlier DLI administration in two patients, earlier dose escalation in one, withholding of DLI administration in five and dose reduction in one. In addition, subsequent monitoring with 18F‐FDG PET scans documented a graft‐versus‐lymphoma effect in five patients (median post‐DLI follow‐up 33 months, range 13–36 months). These preliminary data suggest that 18F‐FDG PET has a role in guiding DLI administration and monitoring the immunotherapeutic effect in patients after allogeneic transplantation. This retrospective pilot study forms the basis for a prospective study to clarify the utility of 18F‐FDG PET/CT in these patients.
Methylation status of the p15 and p16 genes in paediatric myelodysplastic syndrome and juvenile myelomonocytic leukaemia
Authors: Hasegawa Daisuke , Manabe Atsushi , Kubota Takeo , Kawasaki Hirohide , Hirose Imiko , Ohtsuka Yoshitoshi , Tsuruta Toshihisa , Ebihara Yasuhiro , Goto Yu‐ichi , Zhao Xiao Yan , Sakashita Kazuo , Koike Kenichi , Isomura Mariko , Kojima Seiji , Hoshika Akinori , Tsuji Kohichiro , Nakahata Tatsutoshi 
Published: March 2005

SummaryAberrant DNA methylation is frequently observed in adults with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), and is recognized as a critical event in the disease's pathogenesis and progression. This is the first report to investigate the methylation status of p15 and p16, cell cycle regulatory genes, in children with MDS (n = 9) and juvenile myelomonocytic leukaemia (JMML; n = 18) by using a methylation‐specific polymerase chain reaction. The frequency of p15 hypermethylation in paediatric MDS was 78% (7/9), which was comparable to that in adult MDS. In contrast, p15 hypermethylation in JMML was a rare event (17%; 3/18). In JMML, clinical and laboratory characteristics including PTPN11 mutations and aberrant colony formation were not different between the three patients with hypermethylated p15 and the others. Aberrant methylation of p16 was not detected in children with either MDS or JMML. Since p15 and p16 genes were unmethylated in two children with JMML, in whom the disease had progressed with an increased number of blasts, a condition referred to as blastic crisis, we infer that the aberrant methylation of these genes is not responsible for the progression of JMML. The results suggest that demethylating agents may be effective in most children with MDS and a few patients with JMML.
Prediction of individual response to chemotherapy in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia using the chemosensitivity index Ci
Authors: Staib Peter , Staltmeier Elke , Neurohr Katja , Cornely Oliver , Reiser Marcel , Schinköthe Timo 
Published: March 2005

SummaryAs the response to chemotherapy in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) may still not be accurately determined by known prognostic factors, such as karyotype, the ex vivo chemosensitivity profile may help to predict the individual response. The predictive accuracy of an ex vivo assay should be assessed by correlation of assay results with both response rate and survival. We prospectively investigated the prognostic relevance of pre‐therapeutic ex vivo chemosensitivity testing in primary cell cultures from adult AML patients by applying a new evaluation methodology, designated the chemosensitivity index, Ci. This Ci was designed as a prognostic index by taking the area under the curve as an exact measure of the total dose–response relationship. We found an overall predictive accuracy of 98·2% concerning treatment response, which compares favourably with previously published data ranging from 75% to 92%. Moreover, the Ci proved to be the strongest prognostic factor for overall survival in a multivariate Cox regression analysis including karyotype grouping and age (P < 0·001), and enabled the evaluation of response to combination therapies and selection of possible treatment alternatives. Our data suggest that ex vivo chemosensitivity testing evaluated by the Ci could serve as a powerful tool for assay‐directed therapy strategies in AML.
Noonan syndrome with giant cell lesions
Authors: LEE S. M. G. , COOPER J. C. 
Published: March 2005

Summary.Noonan syndrome is characterised by short stature, unusual facies, congenital heart disease, chest deformity and mild mental retardation. It may be sporadic or inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and occurs between one in 1000–2500. Cherubism is a giant cell lesion of the jaws thought to be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. It is usually recognised by age two to four years, follows a variable course, and is not known to be related to other genetic disorders. The purpose of this article is to report a case of multiple giant cell lesions of the mandible that occurred in a patient with phenotypic features of Noonan syndrome. The emerging relationship between these cherubism‐like findings and Noonan syndrome will be discussed.
Anaphylactic shock as the only clinical manifestation of hepatic hydatid disease
Authors: Georgiou Sophia , Maroulis John , Monastirli Alexandra , Pasmatzi Efi , Pavlidou Despina , Karavias Dionysios , Tsambaos Dionysios 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe case of a 35‐year‐old man is reported who developed a spontaneous anaphylactic shock as the only clinical manifestation of hepatic hydatidosis. Dermatologists should consider asymptomatic hydatid disease in the differential diagnosis of anaphylactic reactions, particularly in patients from regions in which echinococcosis is endemic.
Facing the Future: America's Post‐multiculturalist Trajectory
Authors: King Desmond 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAmerica's multicultural struggles are now relatively dated. The policies about which multicultural‐type struggles now occur are quite modest (compared, for instance, with the much more extensive measures implemented in Canada and Australia). The reforms of the 1960s not only heralded unexpected consequences (such as the growth of the Asian and Latino populations) but were unavoidable if the US polity was to satisfy the basic criteria of democracy. These civil rights reforms and connected public policy measures, such as affirmative action or multicultural educational curricula, shape US politics—but in a way which interacts more genuinely with the country's vast diversity of peoples. Group‐based divisions are deep and enduring but they are expressed in an individualist political culture whose political institutions are responsive to individualist‐based demands, even when these demands are expressed through group loyalties.
THE NATIONAL BALANCE SHEET OF THE UNITED KINGDOM
Authors: Revell Jack 
Published: March 2005

SUMMARYThe paper discusses national balance sheets in the light of the proposals for their inclusion in the revised SNA. The author uses his own estimated national balance sheet of the United Kingdom as a basis for discussing the problems encountered in the compilation of national balance sheets, and the greater part of the paper is concerned with questions of valuation, classification and statistical source material. The concluding section deals briefly with the structure of the national balance sheet of the United Kingdom and compares its structure with that of the national balance sheet of the United States. Provisional national balance sheets of the United Kingdom for each of the five years 1957 to 1961 are presented.
NATIONAL ACCOUNTS AT CONSTANT PRICES
Authors: Broderick J. B. 
Published: March 2005

This article discusses the problem of compiling a balanced set of national accounts at constant prices. The method adopted is based on earlier work on this subject by Burge and Geary. Commodity flows, which are uniquely deflatable, are expressed at constant prices and savings in constant prices is obtained by preserving a balanced set of equations in real terms. The deflation of the external account is discussed.A method is suggested for expressing the national income account in real terms and an “income gain” is deduced for each industrial sector which represents the difference between real income and real product in that sector. The sum of the income gains for the domestic sectors is zero.The constituents of the income/expenditure accounts of households, corporations and general government are expressed at constant prices by selecting suitable deflators in a consistent manner. The accounts in real terms are now unbalanced and are balanced again by inserting a balancing item which is shown to represent a gain to the sector arising from changes in the terms of trade between the sectors. This item is called an “expenditure gain”. The sum of the expenditure gains for the institutional sectors is zero.The system suggested can be extended to cover additional items in the accounts and thus a complete set of national accounts in real terms can be derived.
USES OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTS IN MONETARY ANALYSIS
Authors: Wallich Henry C. 
Published: March 2005

Developments in economic theory have in many ways enhanced the opportunity for using financial accounts data in monetary analysis. This is true in such areas as the role of assets, the development of portfolio choice theory, the demand for money, and the behavior of intermediaries. At the same time, theory has increasingly emphasized behavioral relationships. These developments give rise to new data needs. An inquiry was addressed to some 25 specialists, whose responses illustrate these needs. Some of the desired data are “more of the same,” such as more sectoring, more detail on financial instruments, data on stocks as well as flows. Some data needs, reflecting behavioral theorizing, point beyond traditional financial accounts data and call for maturity distributions, interest rates, rates of return on equities and real assets, and the parameters of their frequency distributions. The degree of economic development and the degree of openness are found to be important determinants of the kind of data to be sought and employed in particular countries.Public policy is finding increasing use for financial accounts data in coordinating the flow of financial resources with the planning of physical investment. Nevertheless, many policy purposes call for more detailed data than can be provided by an integrated system. This has led to a selective use of data sources outside the financial accounts. Builders of financial models, likewise, have found it preferable to work with more flexible data selected ad hoc than with integrated financial accounts. Hope of applying the techniques of modern model building to financial accounts data, such as econometric estimation of a flow of funds table, or its conversion into an input‐output matrix, seems tenuous for the time being. Thus, financial accountants, competing with financial model builders for the attention of theorists and policy makers, must broaden the scope of their data in the hope that there is room for the growth of both disciplines.
REGIONAL SOCIAL ACCOUNTS FOR THE UNITED KINGDOM1
Authors: Brown A. J. , Woodward V. H. 
Published: March 2005

Estimates of gross domestic product have been produced by various writers or agencies for Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, and for Wales there are estimates of expenditure also; but only a very tentative attempt has hitherto been made at estimates for the English regions, mainly because the data present difficulties. In the present investigation, in which the estimates in the Bluebook on National Income and Expenditure are partitioned between regions, item by item, a production method was first explored, but this was replaced by use of Inland Revenue data on employment and self‐employment income, and production and miscellaneous sources on profits etc. Estimates of expenditure raise particular difficulties in regard to private capital formation and, for different reasons, some parts of public current expenditure.The estimates have been used to throw light on interregional variations in income produced per head and earnings per head, and their relation to activity rates and industrial structure. The flows of property income, and of public transfers of purchasing‐power and benefits between regions are also explored, along with regional current balances and evidence bearing on differences in pressure of demand. Finally, the scope for the development of regional social accounting in the United Kingdom is discussed.
THE RATE OF CHANGE IN THE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF WAGES AS A VECTOR
Authors: Cassidy Henry J. 
Published: March 2005

This paper attempts to measure the rate of change in the size distribution of wages over time in a rigorous, analytic way, and to relate that change to the business cycle. The basic problem for which this paper provides a solution is to relate changes in a size distribution to levels of and changes in single‐dimensioned variables (unemployment, Gross National Product, and the consumers price index). Let F stand for the cumulative relative size distribution of wages, a function of wages. F takes on values zero through one. Let F̄ be a given value of F, e.g., F̄= 0.25. The proposed solution to the basic problem is to measure the rate of change in consecutive F's at F̄. The composite of such measurements at F̄ over time forms a vector, the length of which depends upon the number of time periods observed. The number of vectors thus derived depends upon the number of values of F̄ selected. The various vectors are then related to the general economic conditions and the respective values of F̄. The general economic conditions have a differential effect on the various vectors; e.g., those wage earners with relatively low wages are affected differently by a given turn of the business cycle than are those with high wages.The paper includes several supplementary investigations: (a) estimating each of the annual cumulative relative size distributions of wages for a specific analytic function, (b) relating analytically the size distribution construct to the Lorenz curve concept and the Gini coefficient, (c) predicting and simulating size distributions for various economic conditions, (d) formulating tax trade‐offs, and (e) suggesting further uses and extensions.
INCOME DISTRIBUTION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN PUERTO RICO, ARGENTINA, AND MEXICO*
Authors: Weisskoff Richard 
Published: March 2005

Has economic growth in developing countries led to increasing inequality in the size distribution of income? Following a brief review of the advantages and deficiencies of several traditional measures of income distribution, the author examines the evidence from Puerto Rico, Argentina, and Mexico in recent years. The findings suggest that the income shares received by the lower half and by the top 5 per cent of families in Puerto Rico and Mexico have declined from 1950 to 1963, while the income shares received by the bottom nine deciles of families in Argentina have also fallen during the same period. The rising Gini ratio and standard deviation of the logs of income, both indicating greater inequality, contrast with a declining coefficient of variation for all three countries.More detailed sectoral distributions for each year reveal greater equality within agriculture than non‐agriculture for Puerto Rico and Mexico, while Argentina and the United States demonstrate less equality within agriculture. The trends in the countrywide distributions are consistent with the observation of the increasing differential between sectors, the increasing weight of the more unequal sector, and the increasing level of inequality within both sectors. These trends, however, are qualified by the particular set of measures which are applied to the data. Finally, the author speculates on possible explainations for these trends in terms of changes in the crop and industry mix.
MEASUREMENT OF CAPITAL IN DENMARK
Authors: Groes Nils 
Published: March 2005

In December 1973, the so‐called 2nd Perspective Plan was published by the Danish Ministry of Finance. It included some 5 and 15 year forecasts of investments in the private sector, based on the projected development of production and labour. The forecasts were made by use of a simple Cobb‐Douglas production function, taking as capital‐input the stock of buildings and machinery, using the perpetual inventory method (assuming sudden death).Since the publication of these forecasts, an attempt has been made to refine the capital concept, measuring its services as factor input. Thus, it has been necessary to introduce an exogenous rate of interest. Inspired by Danish findings for private cars, depreciation functions for stocks and utility of machinery are developed. These functions may not seem very realistic for the heterogenous class of durables called machinery, but other possibilities appear even less convincing.Together with an assumption of exponential decay for buildings, it is possible to produce alternative time‐series for changes in input of capital in the production process. Some of the resulting estimates of parameters in the Cobb‐Douglas function give a better fit than the original version. But no value of the elasticity of production of capital is firmly established, e.g. it is obviously dependant upon the period of estimation, and therefore of no great value in forecasting. No firm connection between labour productivity and capital input (in short as well as the long run) has so far been revealed in Denmark, so no measure of capital is yet of great use in forecasting, except when future growth in production resembles that of the past fairly closely.
SURVEY OF COUNTRY PRACTICES IN COMPILING BALANCE‐SHEET STATISTICS
Authors: Blades Derek W. 
Published: March 2005

From a survey of the 150 members of the United Nations it appears that only one country could at present provide the full range of balance‐sheet statistics called for in the United Nations guidelines on this topic. Seven countries could compile balance sheets confined to conventional types of assets and liabilities–excluding assets like consumer durables and mineral deposits. A further 31 countries presently publish some statistics on certain balance sheet items, but as the data have generally not been collected with a view to constructing national balance sheets they tend to be deficient for such purposes both in coverage and valuation. In other countries only rather trivial kinds of balance‐sheet data are available, such as certain banking statistics collected by the central monetary authority for purposes of bank regulation.A review of sources and methods shows that for financial assets and liabilities extensive use is made of company accounts and enterprise surveys. The estate multiplier method is used in several countries for measuring household assets and net worth. As regards producers' fixed assets, countries with centrally‐planned economies generally take direct surveys of assets, while in countries with market economies the perpetual inventory method is preferred.It is noted that many of the purposes for which balance‐sheet statistics are used can be adequately served without constructing a complete set of accounts. To date balance‐sheet statistics have therefore tended to be developed in a piecemeal fashion with priority going to those parts of the accounts whose uses for economic analysis are most obvious. Chief among these are statistics on the financial assets and liabilities of corporate enterprises and statistics on the stock of producers' fixed assets. These two areas also predominate in countries' plans for the future development of balance‐sheet statistics.
AN EXTENDED MEASURE OF GOVERNMENT PRODUCT: PRELIMINARY RESULTS FOR THE UNITED STATES, 1946–76
Authors: Eisner Robert , Nebhut David H. 
Published: March 2005

Expanded measures of government output include imputed values of the services of government capital, uncompensated factor services of military draftees and jurors, and net revaluations, as well as the usually included compensation of employees. The government output is allocated to consumption, capital formation and product intermediate to other sectors, on the basis of its classification in ten broad functions: defense, space research, education, health, sanitation, transportation, parks and recreation, natural resources, welfare, and general administration. Final government product in 1976, including $116 billion in defense and $125 billion in education, amounted to $450.5 billion, which was 26.5 percent of the 1976 GNP. This final government product corresponded to the BEA measure of $191.6 billion.Total capital formation related to government is defined to include both government product which enters into capital formation in other sectors and government expenditures for its own capital accumulation. After a more rapid rate of growth in previous years, this total government capital formation in the United States in 1976 is found to exceed gross private domestic investment. A significant but only minor portion was found to be constituted by government expenditures for capital goods and change in government inventories. Investment in research and development, health and, particularly, education and training, were dominant components in capital formation related to government.
INTERFAMILY TRANSFERS AS ALTERNATIVES TO GOVERNMENT TRANSFERS TO PERSONS*
Authors: Lampman Robert J. , Smeeding Timothy M. 
Published: March 2005

How have government transfers altered the distribution of income, the level of work effort, and the rate of personal saving? Most scholars approach this question by comparing the current level of government transfers with the unrealistic counterfactual of a zero‐transfer situation. This method overlooks the fact that nongovernment transfers existed before government transfers and the possibility that private transfers might have grown more if government transfers had grown less.This paper explores the significance of one private alternative to government transfers‐namely, direct interfamily giving of cash, food, and housing. Fragmentary evidence suggests that such interfamily transfer was quantitatively more important than governmental transfer for these purposes thirty years ago, but is now only half as great. If current government transfers are conversions of, or substitutes for, interfamily transfers, then it follows that some of the benefits of government transfer “slide” over to “secondary beneficiaries,” i.e. those who would have made the private transfers. Further, it follows that the effects of government transfers are not much different from those of the private transfers which they replace.