bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Right Arm and Hand
Authors: Quine Hector 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen from the remarks concerning posture and grip how the right arm, placed on the edge of the guitar, provides one of the three main points of support for the instrument. It has another, and no less important function: to provide a stable ‘base’ for the complex and precise movements of hand and fingers, which, as I have said, need to perform to within an accuracy of a millimetre or even less. The effect of a ‘floating’ right arm on this degree of precision can be imagined, particularly as, applying the principle of leverage, any movement at the elbow is greatly magnified at the fingertip. Instability at the ‘pivoting-point’ (i.e. the point of contact between arm and guitar edge) causes a feeling of insecurity, which in turn makes for weak and tentative playing, or tensing of the arm in the attempt to maintain a fixed position.
Introduction
Authors: Sarris Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first lesson one learns almost immediately after undertaking to write a comprehensive and critically weighed history of the American sound film is that one can never finish; one can only stop. After many years I have decided to stop, at least as far as the period between 1927 and 1949 is concerned. I could work until the next millennium sifting the endless trivia for clues to the tantalizing mysteries of the medium, but my marvelously patient editor has urged me to cease and desist, and I do so with a sense of relief.
The Hollywood Studios
Authors: Sarris Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The pre-eminence of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer among Hollywood studios from the twenties through the forties has been for so long a generally accepted bit of folk wisdom that it is difficult to dispute it. The Leo the Lion trademark, the Lion’s Roar, The Lion’s Share by Bosley Crowther, The Last Tycoon by F. Scott Fitzgerald, More Stars Than There Are in Heaven, Garbo Talks! Garbo Laughs! Gable’s Back and Carson’s Got Him!-indeed, the many clever publicity ploys of the genuinely witty Howard Dietz-have all combined to cast an aura of invincibility and infallibility around the studio and its output. With the bravos has come the inevitable backlash. As the quintessential Hollywood studio, MGM has been made to take the blame for most of Hollywood’s alleged vices. It was always more a producer’s studio than a writer’s studio, and more a writer’s studio than a director’s studio, but, above all, it was the studio of the stars: Garbo, Gable, Gilbert, Shearer, Crawford, Garson, Tracy, Beery, Dressler, the Barrymores, Powell, Loy, Montgomery, Harlow, Rooney, Garland, Kelly, Taylor (both Robert and Elizabeth), et al.
Mutants Affecting Flower and Fruit Development
Authors: King John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the “typical” life history of an herbaceous flowering plant there is usually an initial phase of vegetative growth, which sooner or later is followed by the reproductive phase, that is, flowering and seed production. In Chapter 5 there are four case studies dealing with the first of these processes, flowering. Chapter 6 is devoted to seed physiology.
Children Play War Games
Authors: Tuttle William M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whether Chanted while jumping rope or skipping on the way to school, or read from the ubiquitous Burma-Shave signs by the side of the road, for children rhymes became an important connection to the war. In their rhymes and jingles, children put words to age-old tunes as well as to those of more recent vintage, such as “Whistle While You Work” from Walt Disney’s 1937 film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. Related to rhyming and chanting was another of the children’s homefront activities-telling war jokes. One of the homefront girls recalled that a popular joke among the boys was: What did the Germans say whenever a baby was born? “‘Hotsy-totsy! Another little Nazi!’” The war inspired even little children’s wit. A four-year-old boy was telling his little brother the Christmas story, but when he described Mary and Joseph’s futile search for a place to stay, he changed the inn keeper’s words to: “
A Physically Based Approach To Our Survival
Authors: Unger Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is not my aim to provide a highly detailed account of our identity over time, not even one that is adequate only relative to the general truth of our accepted world view. Rather, I aim only to sketch the outlines of a realistic account of our survival. As I see it, the best attempt toward this more modest goal may begin with the physical approach to our survival. Then it may look for ways to refine this rather pure and simple approach. Because it will retain the main spirit of the physical approach all the while, it is appropriate to call the account that we will be working toward, but never fully reaching, a physically based approach to our survival.
Human Bodies Revealed Hospitals of Post Revolutionary Paris
Authors: Risse Guenter B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Around Christmas 1818, Jacques Dumesnil, a married 60-year-old shawl maker and retired soldier living in Paris, experienced intense back pains, for which he decided to consult a doctor. Formerly in good health, Jacques now felt his vitality ebbing. For almost two years now, he had been bothered by a nagging cough followed by expectoration of viscous, partly transparent phlegm. Although the cough was now almost continuous, Jacques had gradually gotten used to it, trying to perform his daily chores. Nothing is known about his family or friends, and he may have lived alone. In any event, getting older was not a good prospect.
Modern Surgery in Hospitals: Development of Anesthesia and Antisepsis
Authors: Risse Guenter B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the afternoon of March 7, 1845, an 18- year-old “domestic from Ireland,” Alice Mohan, limped into the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) in Boston with a swollen right knee. She told the admitting house surgeon, possibly Charles F. Heywood, that the problem had started two months earlier, in the middle of the winter, after she had slipped on the ice and struck her knee. Considerable swelling, acute pain, and bruises followed, with persistent tenderness and discomfort, especially when the leg was in motion. Perhaps the accident was God’s punishment for her sins. At this time, most Irish immigrants were denied admission; instead the hospital referred them to the local almshouse.
The Limits of Medical Science: Hospitals in Fin-de-Siècle Europe and America
Authors: Risse Guenter B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The indigent sick of this city and environs without regard to sex, age, or color who may require surgical or medical treatment . . . and the poor who are stricken down by any casualty, shall be received into this hospital without charge ... you will also provide for the reception of a limited number of patients who are able to make compensation for the room and attention they may require.
In the middle of February 1891, John S., a bartender, suddenly fell ill at work. Originally from New Jersey, John, who was 34 years old and single, lived in Baltimore at Patterson Avenue and Monroe St., in Ward 19. This small, mostly white neighborhood at the western fringes of town had sprung up recently between the Fulton Station of the Western Maryland Railway, the Baltimore-Potomac tracks, and St. Peter’s cemetery. Surrounded by warehouses and tire and scrap metal companies, this industrial area lacked the usual stores and markets, forcing its few dwellers to seek their supplies as well as employment farther east.2
Hospitals as Biomedical Showcases: Academic Health Centers and Organ Transplantation
Authors: Risse Guenter B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Transplantation became a very large miracle, perhaps the least anticipated and potentially the most important one in the history of medicine.
On September 23, 1984, two women were admitted to the Kidney Transplantation Unit of the University of California at San Francisco (UCSF). Faith T., a 29-year-old clinical dietitian from nearby Fremont, and Nancy P., a 31-year-old nurse from San Jose, were both long-standing diabetics suffering from end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and had been kept alive for the past year by frequent dialysis treatments. Their choice of hospital was easy. In both instances, physicians and dialysis nurses had strongly recommended UCSF, a world leader in renal transplantation and conveniently located nearby. Working in the health-care field, both Faith and Nancy knew about the institution’s famous surgeons and state-of-the-art technology. the 1930s.
The New Orleans Rhythm Kings
Authors: Sudhalter Richard M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Winter 1919 was a restless time for Americans. The Great War might be over at last, but life across the United States was far from peaceful. More than four million white workers walked off the job nationwide, many protesting mass black immigration from the South, which had flooded the industrial North with cheap labor. Resentment flared into bloodshed as race riots swept twenty-five U.S. cities between April and October, killing thirty-eight in Chicago alone and prompting NAACP spokesman James Weldon Johnson to speak of the “Red Summer” of 1919.
White New Orleans Jazz in the 1920s
Authors: Sudhalter Richard M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The early history of jazz often seems nothing so much as a litany of arrivals and departures. Arrivals of new populations and heroes, new ways of thinking and wanting and doing. And departures, leave-takings, mass flights of people and music to other germination points. It’s in the peripatetic nature of the music, hence in the lives of those who played it. Nomads, some of them, wandering wherever fortune, the railroad, or a beat-up Model T happened to take them. Young men on the make, following the imperatives of heart, hope, and hormones. Workers—husbands, fathers, even grandfathers—uprooting themselves for the sake of enough work to keep food on the family table, a roof overhead.
Red Norvo and Mildred Bailey (I): Early Careers
Authors: Sudhalter Richard M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
0tis Ferguson, whose commentaries on jazz and other lively arts for the mid- 1930s New Republic can still surprise, wrote with particular insight about Red Norvo. “A special conception of music” was Ferguson’s verdict in a 1938 review. “Balance, restraint, clean ensembles and no tricks ... And under a complete delicacy of taste he had the urgent carrying beat without which music like this must be sick or pseudo.”
The Real Self View
Authors: Wolf Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 1 I presented the related problems of responsibility and free will as problems the forcefulness and structure of which could be understood by reference to the dilemma of autonomy. Through the recognition that autonomy appears at once necessary for responsibility and impossible to realize or achieve, I suggested, the concepts of responsibility and free will can be seen to be deeply problematic or obscure. For if autonomy is necessary for responsibility, there is reason to think that responsibility and free will are impossible. And if autonomy is not necessary for responsibility, then there is reason to think that we are fundamentally confused about what responsibility and free will are. In this context, the question “What kinds of beings must we be if we are ever to be responsible for the results of our wills?” takes the shape of a demand to know whether or not we must, in particular, be autonomous beings.
Presuming a Patient’s Consent to Risk
Authors: Menzel Paul T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A doctor skeptically wonders, “what is the patient’s interest in reducing ... the aggregate cost of health care by foregoing ... a CAT scan?”1 This simple doubt constitutes a powerful moral challenge to rationing medical care in the interest of overall efficiency in the society. In Chapter 1, I argued that there is often a way for health-care providers to extricate themselves from this conflict: their commitment to patients is compatible with rationing their care if they were previously willing to take the risk of having later care withheld. But this willingness is prior to the time of actual, often urgent need, and even then it will seldom have been overtly expressed.
Consent and the Pricing of Life
Authors: Menzel Paul T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People value life in many ways, in many different contexts. Intrinsically: We say it is great to be alive. Relative to other people: How does the value of my very life compare with yours? The same, probably, but what about an infant’s, a child’s, or an octogenarian’s? Relative to other things in life: Do I risk my life to climb this mountain? Should I save on premiums by subscribing to a plan that doesn’t cover transplants? How many of its resources should society spend to save me? As compensation to my survivors if I die: For how much should I insure my life? What damages should you pay if you wrongfully cause my death? Responses to these questions express some kind of valuation of life.
Real Competition
Authors: Menzel Paul T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Corporate, for-profit medicine is growing rapidly. Will community hospitals be able to survive? Will financial pressures allow clinics and hospitals to provide care for patients unable to pay? Will physicians and nurses become so business-minded that they lose their ultimate loyalty to patients? I will focus on only one aspect of this nest of problems: not for-profit arrangements pe se but competition. Many people take the two to be the same, for competition and its pressure to keep prices down and services appealing is associated with profit seeking.
Malpractice and the Costs of Complaint
Authors: Menzel Paul T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Suppose we endorse restraining health care according to its costs and benefits. Providers take account of the resources they use, not just the individual medical needs of their patients. Ideally, decisions to forgo possibly beneficial care are based on patients’ actual prior consent, but where that is not feasible providers act according to policies patients would have presumably accepted. Currently uninsured segments of the population are covered by an expanded Medicaid program. There, in Medicare, and in private insurance, devices such as DRGs (payment by diagnostic related group) turn on the heat of com­ petition.
The Duty to Die Cheaply
Authors: Menzel Paul T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Americans spend roughly 10 percent of their health-care dollars and more than I percent of their GNP on health care for elderly people in their last year of life. Other estimates seem even higher: for all ages, 18 percent of medical expenses are run up in the last year of life, 12 percent in the last month. More than 20 percent of health-care monies are spent on patients who are in some sense “terminally” ill.
A View from the Bottom: 1930 to 1933
Authors: Greenberg Cheryl Lynn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The stock market crash and ensuing economic contractions affected everyone, but the resulting hardships burdened some groups more than others. While every occupational class suffered losses in income and job availability, the unskilled saw the sharpest cut in employment and wages. Because they were concentrated so heavily in those ranks, blacks as a group suffered greater losses than did whites. Further more, racism and discrimination intensified during this period of hardship, which meant blacks received fewer of the existing opportunities in each occupational class. The small middle class of Harlem found its numbers reduced by a wave of layoffs and business failures that affected blacks even more than whites and forced hundreds of white-collar workers into the ranks of the laboring classes and the unemployed.
Roots of Organizing
Authors: Greenberg Cheryl Lynn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Spurred by earlier mass movements such as Marcus Garvey’s Universal Negro Improvement Association, by the increasing public and government receptiveness to political demands in the New Deal period, by the greater difficulty in finding jobs, and by the frustration of educated, middle-class blacks unable to maintain their employment level or their standard of living, grass-roots activism in places like Harlem stretched the limits of existing black organizations and led to the creation of new ones.
Mean Streets
Authors: Greenberg Cheryl Lynn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whether on relief or employed in private industry (and most black families experienced both at some point in the Depression), few managed to make ends meet without some sort of extra income. People with little helped those with less; ties of family and community proved strong and durable. Men and women picked up temporary work whenever possible. Families took in lodgers or boarders or moved into the homes of relatives. Many borrowed money from friends or kin or bought groceries on credit from local merchants. Some engaged in illegal activities. A large proportion of Harlem arrests during the Depression were for possession of policy slips, prostitution, and illegal distilling, all income-producing rather than violent crimes. These activities were certainly not new to the 1930s; blacks had been poor before this. But more families resorted to them in the years of the Depression.
Lasers for the Generation and Excitation of Ions in Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Emary W Bart , Hand Owen W , Cooks R Graham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Generation of gas phase ions for mass spectrometric analysis historically has been performed using particle-particle interactions such as electron impact (EI) of an evaporated organic sample. The high flux of electrons necessary to create nanoamperes of ion current is available by simple resistive heating of a filament.
Applications of Laser Desorption-Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry to Polymer and Surface Analysis
Authors: Cody Robert B , Bjarnason Asgeir , Weil David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The use of lasers with Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS)1-s is well established for a variety of applications. High-power pulsed lasers have been extensively used to generate atomic metal ions for gas-phase ion-molecule reaction studies.9-16 Multiphoton ionization has been combined with FTMS’ and used for both surface analysis19and as an efficient and selective ionization source for GC-FTMS.20 Both single and multiphoton photodissociation have been employed for structural and thermochemical studies.
What Is Transcendental Psychology?
Authors: Kitcher Patricia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
P.F.Strawson opens his important essay on Kant ‘s Critique of Pure Reason with these brief denunciations of transcendental psychology in order to justify a particular interpretive strategy. Although he is forth right that “[t)he idiom of the work is throughout a psychological idiom,” he will not read the book psychologically, but as an analytical argument. He describes this strategy as one of “disentangling” the psychological and the analytical sides of the Critique. In the discussions of the Aesthetic, Analytic, and Dialectic that follow, however, there is little disentangling.
The Limits of Transcendental Psychology
Authors: Kitcher Patricia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like the Critique as a whole, transcendental psychology offers both positive and negative doctrines. To this point, I have considered only the positive results of Kant ‘s explorations of cognition. He also drew important negative conclusions about what philosophy could not tell us about t e mind in the “Paralogisms of Pure Reason.” The Paralogisms chapter is standardly regarded as an extremely successful critique of Kant ‘s predecessors ‘ pretensions to pneumatology. Robert J. Richards ‘s summation is typical: [Kant ‘s) incisive exposition of the paralogisms of rational psychology the uncritical, a priori deductions asserting the ego to be a substance, a simple entity, an enduring personality, and related in specific ways to the external world-slashed the roots of Wolffian rational psychology and withered its derivative claims about the soul ‘s immateriality, spirituality, and immortality. ‘
Hawthorne, Melville, And The Fiction Of Prophecy
Authors: Brodhead Richard H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As AN INSTANCE OF TRADITION FORMATION, Melville’s relation to Hawthorne is peculiar on at least two grounds. Figures of tradition stand as the great past for their successors. But Hawthorne was emphatically not past when Melville encountered him. Hawthorne was 46, or still in mid life, when Melville (then 31) met him in August 1850; and Hawthorne was still very much in mid-career. In the summer of 1850 Hawthorne was the writer of the two collections Twice-Told Tales and Mosses from an Old Manse, and only just of The Scarlet Letter: three of the four long romances we think of as Hawthorne’s major work were still unwritten when Melville discovered him.
James, Realism, And The Politics Of Style
Authors: Brodhead Richard H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the inner life of man, its essential traits and essential conflicts can be truly portrayed only in organic connection with social and historical factors. LUKACS, Studies in European Realism “If you knew more about me you’d understand what has led me to turn my attention to the great social questions. I’m convinced that we’re living in a fool’s paradise, and that the ground’s heaving under our feet.” “It’s not the ground, my dear; it’s you who are turning somersaults.” JAMES, The Princess Casamassima THE NOVELS that James wrote between 1881 and 1886-The Bostonians and The Princess Casamassima-are linked by a set of emphases that, while not identically managed, are equally marked in both books. These novels insist on their relation to the world outside them.
Body, Figure, Embodiment: The Paradoxes of Heroine Description
Authors: Michie Helena 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the sixth chapter of The Small House at Allington, Anthony Trollope gives a delayed description of his sister-heroines, the “two pearls of Allington,” Lily and Bell Dale. He opens the chapter with an admission that he has so far been remiss in avoiding a physical description of the two girls: I am well aware that I have not as yet given any description of Bell and Lilian Dale, and equally well aware that the longer the doing so is postponed the greater the difficulty becomes. I wish it could be understood without any description that they were two pretty, fair-haired girls, of whom Bell was the tallest and prettiest, whereas Lily was almost as pretty as her sister, and perhaps was more attractive.
Students: At the Edges Looking In
Authors: Hill Carolyn Ericksen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of my most dispiriting realizations as a writing consultant has been that many organizational settings or corporate cultures have the same kind of mindset toward writing that we composition teachers so often notice in individual students: entire groups in the work world seem more dedicated to learning better ways to save face and avoid conflict about what they write than to learning new ways to understand the conflict and negotiate it.
Grammar, Style, and Politics
Authors: Hill Carolyn Ericksen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Students of composition who find grammar a less-than-stimulating body of rules might be puzzled if they could hear the passionate tones with which its place in their classrooms is sometimes argued; we teachers so seldom seem neutral about whether or not we should teach them rules of grammar. After Patrick Hartwell argued against such teaching in the pages of College English, for instance, the “Comment and Response” sections of later issues brought readers a lively debate, one that had actually begun with the publication in 1963 of the famous Braddock, Lloyd-Jones, and Schoer report and its famous conclusion: “the teaching of formal grammar has a negligible or, because it usually displaces some instruction and practice in composition, even a harmful effect on improvement in writing” (37-38).