bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sodium‐calcium exchanger (NCX‐1) and calcium modulation: NCX protein expression patterns and regulation of early heart development
Authors: Linask Kersti K. , Han Ming‐Da , Artman Michael , Ludwig Cheryl A. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractOuabain‐induced inhibition of early heart development indicated that Na/K‐ATPase plays an important role in maintaining normal ionic balances during differentiation of cardiomyocytes (Linask and Gui [1995] Dev Dyn 203:93–105). Inhibition of the sodium pump is generally accepted to affect the activity of the Na+‐Ca++ exchanger (NCX) to increase intracellular [Ca++]. These previous findings suggested that Ca++ signaling may be an important modulator during differentiation of cardiomyocytes. In order to identify a connection between heart development and NCX‐mediated Ca++ regulation, we determined the embryonic spatiotemporal protein expression pattern of NCX‐1 during early developmental stages. In both chick and mouse embryos, NCX‐1 (the cardiac NCX isoform) is asymmetrically expressed during gastrulation; in the right side of the Hensen's node in the chick, in the right lateral mesoderm in the mouse. At slightly later stages, NCX‐1 is expressed in the heart fields at comparable stages of heart development, in the chick at stage 7 and in the mouse at embryonic day (ED) 7.5. By ED 8 in the mouse, the exchanger protein displays a rostrocaudal difference in cardiac expression and an outer curvature‐inner curvature ventricular difference. By ED 9.5, cardiac expression has increased from that seen at ED8 and NCX‐1 is distributed throughout the myocardium consistent with the possibility that it is important in regulating initial cardiac contractile function. Only a low level of expression is detected in inflow and outflow regions. To substantiate a role for the involvement of calcium‐mediated signaling, using pharmacologic approaches, ionomycin (a Ca++ ionophore) was shown to perturb cardiac cell differentiation in a manner similar to ouabain as assayed by cNkx2.5 and sarcomeric myosin heavy chain expression. In addition, we show that an inhibitor of NCX, KB‐R7943, can similarly and adversely affect early cardiac development at stage 4/5 and arrests cardiac cell contractility in 12‐somite embryos. Thus, based upon NCX‐1 protein expression patterns in the embryo, experimental Ca++ modulation, and inhibition of NCX activity by KB‐R7943, these results suggest an early and central role for calcium‐mediated signaling in cardiac cell differentiation and NCX's regulation of the initial heartbeats in the embryo. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sequential expression of three receptor subtypes for extracellular ATP in developing rat skeletal muscle
Authors: Ryten Mina , Hoebertz Astrid , Burnstock Geoffrey 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIn this study, we investigated the expression of the P2X receptor subtypes (P2X1–7) during the development of skeletal muscle and in relation to acetylcholine receptors in the rat embryo and pup. By using immunohistochemistry, we showed that three receptor subtypes, P2X2, P2X5, and P2X6, were expressed in developing skeletal muscle. The timing and pattern of receptor expression seemed to be precisely regulated. P2X2, P2X5, and P2X6 were expressed in a sequential manner, which was consistent for all regional muscles tested (intercostal, paravertebral, and lower limb): P2X5 expression appeared first (E15–E18) followed by P2X6 (E16–E18), and finally P2X2 (E18–adult). At no developmental stage did we observe colocalization of P2X2 and acetylcholine receptors. In the case of P2X2 and P2X6, immunoreactivity was found to be widespread, immunopositive cells being apparent throughout the muscle. However, staining for P2X5, both at the beginning and end of expression, was restricted to regions of muscle close to the myotendinous junctions. Because the timing of receptor expression is closely related to key events in skeletal muscle development, notably the generation of secondary myotubes and the redistribution of acetylcholine receptors, it is possible that ATP‐signaling by means of P2X receptors could be involved in these processes. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of aging effect on behavior of field emission sites in a broad‐area vacuum gap
Authors: Takahashi Eiji , Ebe Akinori , Ogata Kiyoshi , Komuro Shigehiro , Mitsui Hideo , Sone Mototaka 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIn order to discuss the characteristics of field emission sites, an aging effect on field emission current was measured in terms of cathodes subjected to two different surface treatments: mechanical polishing and thin film formation. A field was applied to the test cathodes up to an emission current of 10–11A. Such measurement was repeated 50 times. It was found that the field emission current decreased with increasing number of test runs, and the amount of such degradation was larger for the case of mechanical polishing than for thin film formation. The field enhancement factor β evaluated by F–N plot was kept constant with increasing test runs for the mechanical polishing, while β increased with increasing test runs for the thin film formation. It was estimated by means of emission site observation that the emission sites on the mechanically polished cathode were related to the adsorption gases or weakly attached foreign particles, while the emission sites on the thin film formation cathode were related to the metallic whiskers. The characteristics of emission sites could be controlled by the surface treatment, especially by the thin film formation. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 136(3): 10–18, 2001
Optical guiding of intense laser pulses by fast Z‐pinch discharge
Authors: Hosokai Tomonao , Kando Masaki , Dewa Hideki , Kotaki Hideyuki , Kondo Syuji , Kanazawa Syuhei , Hasegawa Noboru , Horioka Kazuhiko , Nakajima Kazuhisa 
Published: September 2002

AbstractWe have proposed the optical guiding of intense laser pulses by fast Z‐pinch for channel‐guided laser wakefield acceleration (LWFA). The method has been developed based on capillary discharge‐pumped X‐ray laser technique. A discharge through preionized helium gas driven by a current of 4.8 kA with a rise time of 15 ns proved able to produce a uniform guiding channel with good reproducibility, less than the time jitter of 1.8 ns. The observed guiding channel formation process was corroborated by 1D‐MHD simulation. With this new guiding method, an intense Ti‐sapphire laser pulse (λ = 790 nm, 2.2 TW, 90 fs, 1 × 1017 W/cm2) was transported through the channel over a distance of 2 cm, corresponding to 12.5 times the Rayleigh length. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 136(3): 19–27, 2001
Decentralized load frequency based on H∞ control
Authors: Ishii Toshiyuki , Shirai Goro , Fujita Goro 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis paper presents a decentralized load frequency control (LFC) based on H∞ optimal control theory with an observer. A few LFC schemes have been proposed based on the optimal control theory, but they have not considered the change of system parameters in operation and the characteristics of load disturbances in a target system. In this paper, H∞ robust control is introduced to address such problems. Owing to its practical merit, the proposed control scheme is a decentralized LFC. Employing observer theory, the proposed method requires only frequency and tie‐line power deviation in each area. Numerical simulations are shown to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. H∞ control was proven to show greater effectiveness of damping disturbance over the conventional optimal control by the design of control systems aimed at restricting the H∞ norm of its transfer function. In particular, when a decentralized LFC is applied, by reducing the system size, H∞ norm is easier to dampen; thus H∞ control is more effective in the decentralized control. Future research topics include the design of H∞ control system with a weight on frequency response. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 136(3): 28–38, 2001
Studies on the method of combining an analog simulator and a real‐time digital simulator for power system analysis
Authors: Tanaka Yukao , Nishigaito Hidetoshi , Konishi Hiroo , Nishimura Masashi 
Published: September 2002

AbstractAn advanced real‐time power system simulator consisting of a conventional real‐time analog simulator and a real‐time digital simulator has been developed. EMTP simulations were carried out to verify the advanced power system simulator concept and to evaluate the effects of various parameters. A prototype of the advanced power system simulator using the Bergeron method was tested. The test results confirmed the feasibility of the real‐time power system simulator. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 136(3): 49–57, 2001
GMDH‐based autonomous modeling and compensation for nonlinear friction in a table drive system
Authors: Iwasaki Makoto , Shibata Tomohiro , Matsui Nobuyuki 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis paper presents a novel mathematical model‐based compensation algorithm for the nonlinear friction in table drive systems using Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH). In the proposed compensation, the nonlinear friction can be autonomously modeled as a polynomial expression of appropriate control state variables according to the process of GMDH and, as a result, the complicated structural modeling and its parameterization, indispensable in conventional model‐based strategies, can be completely eliminated. In addition, since the proposed GMDH‐based model can easily achieve the generalization ability for table drive condition, the robust compensation for friction can be attained against the change of drive conditions. The proposed algorithm has been verified by experiments using a table drive system of actual machine tools and proved the significant performance improvement in the trajectory control with velocity reversal motion. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 136(3): 58–66, 2001
On the design of high‐efficiency linear induction motors for linear metro
Authors: Higuchi Tsuyoshi , Nonaka Sakutaro , Ando Masahiro 
Published: September 2002

AbstractLinear metro with single‐sided linear induction motor (SLIM) propulsion and wheel‐on‐rail support and guidance came into service in April 1990 in Osaka and in December 1991 in Tokyo, and is under construction or planned for Yokohama, Kobe, and Fukuoka. Since the new traffic system is used widely, it is of great importance to decrease its energy consumption.In this paper, the design of the SLIM for the linear metro is formulated as a constrained nonlinear programming problem, and optimum design is carried out to maximize efficiency. Seven parameters are chosen as independent variables: number of poles, pole pitch, stack height, secondary aluminum sheet thickness, overhang length, slot width/slot pitch ratio, and rated slip. The output KW/input KVA ratio, maximum flux density in teeth, temperature rise, primary length, stack height, overhang length, maximum thrust, and vertical force are selected as constraint functions.In the optimization procedure, the performance characteristics are formulated by space harmonic analysis taking account of the end effect, skin effect, and air gap leakage. The accuracy of the formulas is verified against experimental results.Effective ways of increasing efficiency include the addition of a copper reaction plate and minimization of the mechanical clearance. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 137(2): 36–43, 2001
Publish or perish! An exploration of ‘options’ in the green business and sustainability arena
Authors: Holt Diane 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis paper identifies and explores the options available to scholars in the green business and sustainability disciplines to disseminate their research. It provides a ‘snapshot’ of a range of journals pertinent to scholars in the green business, environmental management, clean technology, sustainability, environmental policy, practice and law fields. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Environmental performance evaluation and sustainability performance evaluation of organizations: an evolutionary framework
Authors: Dias‐Sardinha Idalina , Reijnders Lucas 
Published: September 2002

AbstractPerformance evaluation linked to different environmental strategic objectives of organizations is discussed. The strategic objectives that are dealt with are compliance/pollution control, pollution prevention, eco‐efficiency, eco‐innovation, eco‐ethics and sustainability. The most common environmental strategic objective of organizations is compliance with the law. Other companies go beyond compliance and may take on board one or more of the other strategic objectives. This may lead to an evolutionary improvement of environmental performance status and to integration of the economic and social aims in the way organizations operate. Hence, the choice of strategic objective(s) may have consequences for the performance evaluation‐linked activities in the different organizational domains. The status of performance is derived from comparing actual performance with predetermined performance goals. Performance goals are proposed for each strategic objective. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
The Portuguese version of the Eating Disorders Inventory: evaluation of its psychometric properties
Authors: Machado Paulo P. P. , Gonçalves Sonia , Martins Carla , Soares Isabel C. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe objective of the present study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI; Garner et al., 1983). Three groups participated in the current study: 274 female and 67 male non‐patients, and 83 females with a diagnosis of eating disorder. Results clearly support the reliability and the factor structure of the EDI in a Portuguese sample. In addition non‐patient and eating disordered participants' score significantly differently in all EDI scales, emphasizing the clinical usefulness of the measure. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Multiple family therapy with eating disordered adolescents: concepts and preliminary results
Authors: Scholz Michael , Asen Eia 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis paper describes therapeutic work with eating disordered adolescents and their families in a multiple family setting. Theory and practice of the multiple family approach are presented and details of the treatment programme outlined. Preliminary results show that this form of treatment is not only acceptable to patients and their families, but that there are also significant positive changes in the patients' symptomatology and recovery rates. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Determination of the sediment transport in an armoured gravel‐bed river
Authors: Duizendstra H. D. (Don) 
Published: September 2002

AbstractInformation about sediment transport in the Common Meuse, an armoured gravel‐bed river, can be obtained by the determination of the relationship between sediment transport and discharge and integrating the relationship with respect to time, or by computing the differences between series of measured bed‐levels along the Common Meuse and integrating these differences. For three periods of 9, 8 and 17 years sediment transport computations are made with two series of relationships between sediment transport (Qb) and discharge (Q) in which the condition of the armour layer is taken into account. These sediment‐transport–discharge (Qb&#38;sol;Q) relationships are determined by local bed‐load transport measurements in the Common Meuse. At the beginning and the end of the first period (1978–1987) and at the end of the second period (1987–1995) bed levels have been measured by soundings. By the analysis of the measured bed levels at the beginning and the end of the two periods the sediment transport along the Common Meuse is estimated. The same analysis was carried out for the combined period (1978–1995). The yearly mean sediment transport computed by these two methods are compared. The necessity of carrying out bed‐load transport measurements at several locations in a cross‐section and over the entire range of discharges is clearly shown. Attention is paid to the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods and the need for applying more than one method to compute sediment transport. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of the flow‐through analyses of ammonia and calcium in ice core and fresh water by fluorometric detection
Authors: Maruo Masahiro , Nakayama Eiichiro , Obata Hajime , Kamiyama Kokichi , Kimoto Takashi 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA flow‐through analyzer that can determine trace amounts of chemical components in ice cores was examined. To obtain the vertical profiles of ammonia and calcium in the ice core, which can be a measure of the climate change, sensitive fluorescence signals were examined. For the determination of ammonia, a reaction with o‐phthalaldehyde and sulfite salt was performed. This system had the potential to measure down to 2 nM, with a 1‐mm ice‐core resolution, equivalent to the thickness of the monthly ammonia profiles during the last interglacial maximum. A trace calcium analyzer was simultaneously examined, with the use of the fluorescent enhancement of Fura2 with a detection limit of 15 nM. Ammonia and calcium in the Antarctic ice core showed similar variation patterns, different from that of the Greenland ice core. The ammonia analyzer was also applied to the analysis of lake water. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 5: 29–36, 2001
Encroachment Impacts on Army Installations and How to Deal with Them
Authors: Van Antwerp R. L. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractAt the 27th Environmental Symposium and Exhibition, held recently in Austin, Texas, by the National Defense
Industrial Association (NDIA), Major General Van Antwerp gave a clear and comprehensive presentation
on the challenges to Army training and readiness posed by encroachment. This presentation was in line with Army
testimony provided to the House Government Reform Committee and the House and Senate committees on the armed
services. What follows are the slides and accompanying notes used by General Van Antwerp in his NDIA
presentation. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Environmental Protection Activities in the Balkan Operations: The Experience in Bosnia, Albania, Kosovo, and Macedonia
Authors: Dale Debra A. , Zettersten Garry C. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractEnvironmental issues are playing a pivotal role in the ongoing operations in the Balkan states. U.S. Army
commanders have realized that environmental issues have strategic and operational implications. Each of the
Balkan countries where the Army has had missions is of unique character and state of development. The Army is
developing a doctrine in facilities support and environmental protection that enables the Army to achieve all
mission objectives. The Army serves as a role model of how a military force should operate, from an
environmental protection standpoint, in a free society. Environmental protection is now seen by the command as a
mission enabler and as a force protection issue. The evolution in command thinking from the start of the mission
in Bosnia to the inception of the mission in Kosovo is dramatic. The recognition by the command of the
relationship between environmental issues and mission accomplishment grows with each deployment of forces.
© 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Air Force Materiel Command Is Implementing a Compliance through Pollution Prevention (CTP2) Process to Reduce Environmental Burden and Total Ownership Cost to the War Fighter
Authors: Colson Robert , Coyle Steven , Kachel Wayne , Dhar Nalni 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe Air Force Materiel Command's (AFMC's) Compliance through Pollution Prevention
(CTP2) Process has been established to ensure that future investments in pollution prevention focus on
reducing total ownership cost (TOC). In support of the CTP2 Process's goals and objectives, AFMC
has established a dynamic relationship between headquarters planning and base‐level implementation to
ensure that the program takes a consistent approach across the command, while addressing issues specific to each
installation. This article provides an overview of AFMC's CTP2 process, outlines the program's goals
and objectives, and summarizes AFMC's methodology for conducting process‐specific opportunity
assessments (PSOAs) in support of its overall program. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Camp Lejeune Sustainable Development—A Plan for the Installation's Future
Authors: Sylvester Emily , Piner Doug , Allen Davis H. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractMarine Corps Base Camp Lejeune is the primary amphibious warfare training base for the U.S. Marine Corps.
Located along the lower central coast of North Carolina, the base encompasses more than 153,000 acres, with 14
miles of beach on the Atlantic Ocean. Base infrastructure includes 450 miles of roads; 37 miles of
railroads; an advanced wastewater treatment plant; five water treatment plants; a lined landfill
for municipal solid waste; and 6,800 buildings and facilities supporting 144,000 marines, sailors, and
their families. Because Camp Lejeune is a very active and growing installation, it is important to establish a
sustainable development plan that will lead the installation into the new millennium.The primary objective of the Camp Lejuene Sustainable Development Plan is to build upon the
well‐established and recognized environmental quality and natural resource management programs at the
base. The major initiatives in Camp Lejeune's program include the Environmental Sustainability
Guidance Manual, The Natural Step Training, and a Sustainable Development Base Order. The
Environmental Sustainability Guidance Manual establishes the importance of becoming sustainable, a
vision of a sustainable Camp Lejeune in 2025, an implementation strategy, barriers to implementation, and
projects (current and future) that will make Camp Lejeune a sustainably built, operated, and managed
military facility. The plan presents the basis for defining sustainability at Camp Lejeune and provides an
approach for developing metrics that allows the determination of progress towards this goal. As such, the plan
is the first of its kind within the Department of Defense (DOD) and will, therefore, guide other DOD
facilities in their progress toward sustainability. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Army, NEPA, and Risk Communication
Authors: Flannery Mike , Fulton Keith 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIn the short period of two or perhaps three days of training, you can become aware of and practice the skills
required to incorporate risk communications into your management philosophy. Risk communications training, to be
effective, must incorporate role‐playing and include the following: effective listening; a stress on
nonverbal communications; conflict handling modes; trust and credibility; dialogue; and
positional and principled negotiation.Learning by doing is the best axiom in developing these oral communications skills. And while these skills
are related to public relations, they are very different from public affairs skills you may have been exposed to
such as dealing with media “sound bites.” Besides, most public relations are handled by the public
affairs office. Risk communications is for when you're on your own.Seek out this training for yourself or even your entire environmental staff so that your effectiveness as an
environmental manager is enhanced. You will never be able to win emotionally charged activists over to your
position. However, by employing risk communication skills in addressing their opposition in public meetings, you
will have a positive impact on open‐minded, undecided individuals who witness this exchange.You will most likely win them over to your position and thereby incrementally increase those who support a
reasoned, balanced, and environmentally sound decision. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.