bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regional blood flow in ethylnitrosourea‐induced brain tumors
Authors: Blasberg Ronald G. , Kobayashi Tomowo , Horowitz Marc , M Jerry M. , Groothuis Dennis , Molnar Peter , D Joseph D. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractRegional blood flow was measured in experimental brain tumors using iodoantipyrine labeled with carbon 14 and quantitative autoradiography. A total of fifteen oligodendrogliomas, sixteen mixed gliomas, one astrocytoma, one ependymoma, and three malignant schwannomas were studied in 9 rats. The mean tumor blood flows for all glioma classifications were similar, averaging 45 ± 3 (standard error of the mean) ml · hg−1 · min−1. Flow was fairly uniform within individual oligodendrogliomas and there was no apparent correlation between blood flow and tumor size of location. The mixed gliomas were larger than the oligodendrogliomas and had a wider range of blood flow. Small focal areas of necrosis were observed in 7 mixed gliomas, and low flows were usually measured in these regions; these flows were not always the lowest regional values measured within the mixed gliomas or total group of tumors, however. Small tumor regions with increased vascularity, frequently with endothelial cell proliferation, were observed in oligodendrogliomas and to a greater extent in mixed gliomas; these regions were correlated with small elevations in blood flow (10 to 15 ml · hg−1 · min−1) in comparison with surrounding tumor tissue. Brain adjacent to tumor usually had higher blood flows than that in tumor periphery. Hemispheric differences in blood flow related to the site of primary tumor growth were not observed.
Neurotoxicity of chemotherapeutic agents after blood‐brain barrier modification: Neuropathological studies
Authors: Neuwelt Edward A. , Glasberg Mark , Frenkel Eugene , Barnett Peggy 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe examined in 47 dogs the effects of 5‐fluorouracil, Adriamycin (doxorubicin hydrochloride), cis‐diamminedichloroplatinum cyclophosphamide, and bleomycin given in association with osmotic blood‐brain barrier modification. The dose of drug ranged from 100% to as little as 5 to 10% of the conventional systemic dosage. Serial neurological observation and subsequent postmortem neuropathological evaluation at times varying from 2.5 hours to 52 days after drug administration showed that cis‐platinum and Adriamycin were highly neurotoxic, as evidenced by neurological deficits and pathological changes in the central nervous system parenchyma; 5‐fluorouracil and bleomycin had much less, but consequential neurotoxicity; and cyclophosphamide was not associated with substantial toxicity. Intracarotid cis‐platinum, unlike the other drugs, damaged the blood‐brain barrier and resulted in marked neurotoxicity in the absence of osmotic blood‐brain barrier opening. The neural lesions produced by these agents were not specific but were manifested as foci of hemorrhagic necrosis and edema. In addition, secondary brainstem hemorrhage was observed in animals that developed transtentorial herniation. On the basis of these studies, of five drugs studied at a wide range of doses, only cyclophosphamide appears to be safe enough to evaluate in clinical trials that utilize blood‐brain barrier modification to enhance drug delivery. These studies also suggest that the lack of neurotoxicity associated with the usual administration of most chemotherapeutic agents probably stems from limited entry of drug into the brain through an intact blood‐brain barrier.
Zinc in muliple sclerosis
Authors: Dore‐Duffy Paula , Catalanotto Frank , Donaldson James O. , Ostrom Karin M. , Testa Marcia A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractZinc profiles were examined in 68 patients with multiple sclerosis, 62 normal volunteers, and 13 patients with other neurological diseases. Plasma zinc levels were slightly increased in patients with multiple sclerosis and significantly increased in those with other neurological impairments (p <0.01), compared with control subjects. Albumin‐bound as well as protein‐bound zinc levels were normal in all groups tested. The α2 macroglobulin‐bound zinc level was significantly lower (p < 0.01) in patients with multiple sclerosis than in control subjects. Erythrocyte‐bound zinc levels were significantly increased (p < 0.05) in patients with multiple sclerosis when compared with control subjects. Erythrocyte‐bound zinc was normal in patients with other neurological impairments. Because erythrocyte‐bound zinc levels are relatively independent of daily fluctuations in dietary zinc intake, an increase in these values may suggest alterations in the control mechanisms governing zinc compartmentalization in patients with multiple sclerosis.
Prognosis of ocular myasthenia
Authors: Bever Christopher T. , Aquino Abdias V. , Penn Audrey S. , Lovelace Robert E. , Rowland Lewis P. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA retrospective study of 108 patients with myasthenia gravis who had solely ocular symptoms and signs at onset was carried out to identify factors influencing prognosis. Increasing duration of pure ocular myasthenia was associated with a decreasing risk of late generalized symptoms; only 9 (15%) of the observed generalizations occurred after more than 2 years of solely ocular symptoms. Increasing age at onset was associated with greater risk of respiratory crisis or death caused by myasthenia, whereas patients younger at onset had a greater chance of a benign outcome. Neither systemic curare tests nor responses to repetitive nerve stimulation had prognostic value.
Chronic subdural hematoma with transient neurological deficits: A review of 15 cases
Authors: Moster Mark L. , Johnston David E. , Reinmuth Oscar M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFifteen patients with chronic subdural hematomas had transient neurological deficits. The important clinical features were aphasia in 9 patients, absence of headache in 8, and head injury in 8. Computed tomographic scan correctly identified all 15 cases of chronic subdural hematoma and should be considered mandatory before initiating anticoagulation in patients with transient ischemic attacks.
Diffuse bone marrow metastasis by glioblastoma: Premortem diagnosis by peroxidase‐antiperoxidase staining for glial fibrillary acidic protein
Authors: Yung W. K. A. , Tepper S. J. , Young D. F. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractExtraneural metastases from malignant glioma and glioblastoma are believed to be rare. The most common sites of metastases are lung, lymph nodes, bone, and liver. We recently encountered two patients with glioblastoma multiforme who presented with pain and thrombocytopenia caused by diffuse metastasis to bone marrow. A premortem diagnosis was established in the first patient with the aid of peroxidase‐antiperoxidase staining of the bone marrow biopsy specimen for glial fibrillary acidic protein, a glial‐specific marker. In the second patient glial fibrillary acidic protein staining confirmed the glial nature of the primary brain tumor as well as the metastatic tumor in bone marrow. The first patient also had metastatic nodules on the pleural surface and on the fifth rib. All three metastatic foci had similar cellular morphology, suggesting selection of a population of tumor cells with extraneural metastatic potential.
Electrophysiological studies in Tourette's syndrome
Authors: Krumholz Allan , Singer Harvey S. , Niedermeyer Ernest , Burnite Rose , Harris Kenneth 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe value of standard electrophysiological studies using electroencephalography and evoked responses was evaluated in patients with Tourette's syndrome. Sixteen‐channel electroencephalograms were obtained in 40 patients (36 males,4 females) awake and asleep, and evoked responses were obtained in a subgroup of 17 patients. Evoked response variables evaluated included latencies and amplitudes of visual evoked responses, brainstem auditory evoked responses, and somatosensory evoked responses to median and peroneal nerve stimulation. Only 5 of the 40 patients (12.5%) demonstrated electroencephalographic abnormalities, which included central spikes, generalized and paroxysmal slow activity, and slowing of the normal basic frequency. Evoked response studies demonstrated no consistent differences between the patients with Tourette's syndrome and age‐ and sex‐matched controls. The data demonstrate no notable diagnostic or therapeutic value for routine electroencephalographic or evoked response studies in Tourette's syndrome.
Thin axons relative to myelin spiral length in hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy, type I
Authors: Nukada Hitoshi , Dyck Peter James , Karnes Jeannine L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe relationship of axonal to myelin area in semithin transverse sections of myelinated fibers obtained from sural nerves at the ankle level was morphometrically assessed using computer imaging. Ten patients with hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy, type I and 41 control subjects were examined. In large‐ and intermediate‐diameter myelinated fibers of diseased nerves, axons were significantly attenuated relative to the amount of myelin. Using electron micrographs, a similar finding was obtained when axon area was regressed on myelin spiral length. The altered relationship was found to be greater with more severe fiber loss. These data, plus other evidence, indicate that in this disorder there is a progressive atrophy of axons, usually most severe in distal aspects of lumbosacral neurons and associated with secondary segmental demyelination and remyelination and hypertrophic neuropathy, preceding distal axonal loss. Because the process may begin in utero or in infancy, not only atrophy but also maldevelopment of axons may be involved.
Diabetic neuropathy
Authors: Brown Mark J. , Asbury Arthur K. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPeripheral nerve disorders are important late complications of diabetes mellitus. Polyneuropathy, which may involve varying proportions of sensory, motor, and autonomic fibers, is considered the consequence of metabolic derangements that result from chronic hyperglycemia. Symmetrical proximal motor neuropathy (“diabetic amyotrophy”) also may have a metabolic basis. Mononeuropathies in diabetes may have an ischemic or compressive cause. Advances have been made in understanding the biochemical basis for diabetic polyneuropathy. The treatment of symptomatic diabetic neuropathy should be directed toward long‐term normalization of blood glucose until more specific therapies become available.
Extraction of clinical information from electroencephalographic background activity: The combined use of brain electrical activity mapping and intravenous sodium thiopental
Authors: Duffy Frank H. , Jensen Frances , Erba Giuseppe , Burchfiel James L. , Lombroso Cesare T. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTraditional visual inspection of electroencephalographic (EEG) tracings and computer‐assisted topographic mapping were compared in thier abilities to detect and locate supratentorial lesions following intravenous sodium thiopental administration. Of the 13 subjects, 8 had atrophic and 5 had mass lesions, all defined by computed tomographic scan and 11 confirmed at operation. EEGs made before and after thiopental administration were evaluated separately from topographic maps of statistical difference between EEGs at multiple frequency ranges amde before and after thiopental injection. Topographic mapping of statistical difference accurately detected all thirteen lesions, whereas EEG detected eight. In addition to demonstrating reduced beta production overlying structural abnormalities, topographic mapping revealed regionally augmented beta, especially over irritative lesions. Moreover, localization was possible with the topographic method after the first thiopental injection, whereas a second injection was required for EEG localization by visual inspection. Changes in slow (delta) activity were also useful in delineation of atrophic lesions, in which delta was usually augmented but occasionally regionally reduced. Multielectrode studies with topographic mapping appear essential in delineating cerebral abnormalities, because both slow and fast activities may be increased or reduced over such areas. The relative response of EEG background activity to thiopental at different frequencies may assist lesion characterization as well as localization.
Selective memory improvement and impairment in temporal lobectomy for epilepsy
Authors: Novelly Robert A. , Augustine Elizabeth A. , Mattson Richard H. , Glaser Gilbert H. , Williamson Peter D. , Spencer Dennis D. , Spencer Susan S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractReexamination of 23 patients 1 year after elective anterior temporal lobectomy for intractable complex partial (psychomotor) seizures showed a reduction in certain memory functions combined with an improvement in others. Both improvement and impairment in selective memory functions were related to the degree of postoperative seizure reduction as well as to the side of the remaining temporal lobe. The results imply that uncontrolled seizures interfered with the memory functions of the temporal lobe contralateral to the epileptogenic focus.
Encephalopathy following arteriography: A possible toxic effect of contrast agents
Authors: Haley E. Clarke 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThree elderly men being evaluated for cerebrovascular disease developed acute confusional states following teriography with approximately 50 ml of meglumine iothalamate. Two patients became stuporous. All covered in several days, and no specific cause was found for the disorder. In the absence of other demonstrated abnormalities, we suggest that in each patient the cephalopathy may have been a toxic reaction to the contrast agent.
Human alpha‐fetoprotein–rich fraction inhibits galactocerebroside antibody–mediated lysis of oligodendrocyte in vitro
Authors: Lubetzki‐Korn Isabelle , Hirayama Mikio , Silberberg Donald H. , Eccleston P. Ann , Schreiber Alan D. , Pleasure David , Brenner Talma , Abramsky Oded 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPolyclonal rabbit antiserum to galactocerebroside (anti‐GalC) produces titer‐dependent lysis of cultured Percollisolated bovine and rat oligodendrocytes. In this study anti‐GalC produced complement‐dependent lysis of 76% of the bovine cells and 65% of the rat cells maintained for 3 to 6 days in vitro. With the concomitant addition of human umbilical cord serum fractions containing fetal alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP), lysis was decreased to 31% and 39%, respectively. Control antisera (anti–complete Freund's adjuvant/albumin) showed a cytotoxicity index of 15% for bovine cells and 23% for rat cells. Neither albumin, nor normal human serum, nor any of several pregnancy‐associated hormones reduced the lysis produced by anti‐GalC. AFP‐rich fraction reduced oligodendrocyte lysis when mixed with anti‐GalC or complement, but not when first incubated with the cells. Similar findings were obtained when AFP was assayed in specific oligodendrocyte radioimmunoassays utilizing anti‐GalC antibody. Our experiments indicate that AFP activity may result from its binding to anti‐GalC antibody; it is possible that the Fc portion of the antibody is involved. These data provide in vitro evidence of a possible immunosuppressive role of AFP in the central nervous system.
Baclofen in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia: Double‐blind study and long‐term follow‐up
Authors: Fromm Gerhard H. , Terrence Christopher F. , Chattha Amrik S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA double‐blind crossover study of the effects of baclofen was conducted on 10 patients with typical trigeminal neuralgia. Baclofen significantly decreased the number of painful paroxysms in 7 of the 10 patients. An open trial in another 50 patients with trigeminal neuralgia refractory to or unable to tolerate carbamazepine showed that 37 (74%) were relieved of their attacks by baclofen, either alone (12 patients) or in combination with previously ineffective doses of carbamazepine or phenytoin (25). On long‐term follow‐up of one to five years (mean, 3.0 years), 18 of the 60 patients (30%) continued pain free while receiving baclofen; 10 (17%) went into remission after 3 to 6 months; 13 (22%) became refractory to baclofen after 1 to 18 months; and 2 (3%) elected operation despite a good response to baclofen. The results indicate that baclofen is a useful drug in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia.
Medullasin activity in granulocytes of patients with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Aoki Yosuke , Miyatake Tadashi , Shimizu Natsue , Yoshida Mitsuo 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMedullasin activity in mature granulocytes was measured in the blood of 22 patients with multiple sclerosis (definite type, 16; probable type, 6). The activity was elevated in every patient in relapse; it decreased to nearly normal levels at the beginning of improvement and further decreased to normal levels with remission. Serial determinations of the level of medullasin activity in 3 patients revealed that activity increased several days before the onset of acute excerbation. Medullasin activity level in mature granulocytes obtained from patients with neurological diseases other than multiple sclerosis was largely within the normal range, except in 2 patients with spinocerebellar degeneration. Measurement of medullasin activity in mature granulocytes may become useful in both diagnosis and evaluation of multiple sclerosis.
Juvenile progressive dystonia: A new phenotype of GM2 Gangliosidosis
Authors: Meek David , Wolfe Leonhard S. , Andermann Eva , Andermann Frederick 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA 10‐year‐old boy developed progressive dystonia and dementia. His symptoms had begun at age 2½ years, and he had been unable to walk by 8 years. At age 10 he was severely dystonic, unable to use his hands to feed himself, and almost anarthric. He had dysphagia and urinary incontinence, and functioned at a 4‐year‐old level of mental development. The mean percentages of β‐hexosaminidase A measured in serum, leukocytes, and fibroblasts by the heat denaturation method, each on three separate assays, were 5.9,9.8, and 13.0%, respectively. These values are higher than in Tay‐Sachs disease but are similar to levels seen in late‐onset or adult cases of GM2 gangliosidosis. This patient appears to represent a new phenotype of juvenile GM2 gangliosidosis having dystonia as the dominant symptom.
Patterns of local cerebral glucose utilization determined in Parkinson's disease by the [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose method
Authors: Kuhl David E. , Metter E. Jeffrey , Riege Walter H. 
Published: January 2005

Abstract[18F]Fluorodeoxyglucose scans were performed on 9 patients with Parkinson's disease and 14 normal subjects. Five patients were restudied after an interval of 3 to 4 years. We found no selective metabolic change in striatum, where dopamine deficit is known to be greatest, in affected patients; cerebral glucose metabolism was reduced uniformly throughout the parkinsonian brain (average 18% decrease). With increased severity of bradykinesia and the development of mild to moderate dementia, global brain metabolism in Parkinson's disease decreased further. In one moderately demented patient with Parkinson's disease, severe parietal cortex hypometabolism was found, similar to that seen in Alzheimer's disease. In contrast, mildly to moderately demented patients with Huntington's disease have marked caudate hypometabolism, but cerebral glucose metabolism is normal elsewhere. It appears that in addition to the wellknown neurotransmitter loss in the nigrostriatal system, there is an abnormal metabolic process involving neurons throughout the parkinsonian brain.
Computed tomography of the brain in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
Authors: Krawiecki Nicolas S. , Dyken Paul R. , El Gammal Taher , Durant Robert H. , Swift Andrea 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTwenty‐four computed tomographic scans of 12 patients with confirmed subacute sclerosing panencephalitis were studied using standardized techiques of radiological assessment. Abnormalities encountered were of four types–s(1) lateral ventricular dilatation, (2) cerebral cortical atrophy and sylvian fissure widening, (3) low parenchymal attenuation, and (4) brainstem atrophy and cerebellar atrophy‐and of varying degrees. The abnormalities correlated best with the stage and duration of disease, but not necessarily well with the patient's mental state. The fewest radiological abnormalities were encountered in the acute or early stages, whereas more signs of parenchymal disturbances in the form of low attenuations emerged during intermediate periods. Chronic periods were accompanied by atrophic changes in the form of cortical atrophy, ventricular dilatation, and brainstem cerebellar atrophy.
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome and multiple tract degeneration in a homosexual man
Authors: Horoupian D. S. , Pick P. , Spigland I. , Smith P. , Portenoy R. , Katzman R. , Cho S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA 35‐year‐old homosexual man with acquired immune deficiency syndrome developed progressive dementia and spastic quadriparesis over a two‐month period. Severe symmetrical, bilateral degeneration of the corticospinal and frontopontine fibers and cerebellar white matter were found postmortem. Several glial nodules in the brainstem and cerebellum suggested “smoldering” brainstem encephalitis. The possible association of the adenovirus that was isolated from the patient's cerebrospinal fluid to these obscure changes in the central nervous system is discussed.
Focal cerebral ischemia in the rat: Topography of hemodynamic and histopathological changes
Authors: Tyson George W. , Teasdale Graham M. , Graham David I. , McCulloch James 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe studied local cerebral blood flow, as measured by autoradiography with digital image processing and by tissue morphology, in six rats 4 hours after occlusion of the proximal middle cerebral artery. A consistent, three‐dimensional pattern of graded reductions in local cerebral blood flow involved the affected hemisphere, with a densely ischemic zone (local cerebral blood flow less than 3 ml/100 gm/min) in the doesolateral caudate putamen and the adjacent frontoparietal cortex. In the frontoparietal cortex, the normal laminar pattern of local cerebral blood flow was disrupted, and there was a transcortical gradient in flow, with pronounced ischemia in deeper layers and relatively preserved superficial flow. Comparisons of autoradiographic finding with histopathological abnormalities in adjacent forzen sections showed that the region of ischemic damage corresponded closely with the area of greatest reduction in blood flow. Although around this region local cerebral blood flow increased centrifugally, a striking finding was that flow density changed abruptly (a tenfold variation in flow within a 1 to 2 mm interval) at the edge of the pathological lesion. Penumbral conditions may therefore exist in only a very narrow zone 4 hours after onset of focal ischemia. After occlusion of a major cerebral artery, the pattern of local cerebral blood flow changes appears to depend on interactions among vascular architecture, reductions in perfusion pressure, alterations in metabolic demands, and variations in local vascular resistance.