bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
America in 1857
Authors: Stampp Kenneth M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A leading American historian examines the crucial events of the year 1857 which moved the nation towards civil war. The year started with a popular new president, James Buchanan, whose long experience in government made him seem ideally suited to deal with the growing crises between North and South over slavery and state rights. But Buchanan proved to be not up to the task, principally because the Democratic Party that he headed became the increasing captive of the Southern states, at the time the North was becoming increasingly against the spread of slavery. The early months of the year were dominated by the Dred Scott Decision, which denied American blacks all legal rights. Stampp presents a memorable picture of America in mid-century, focusing on the growing regional struggle.
A Monarchical Republic
Authors: Wood Gordon S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1789 the Federalists, the leaders of the new Republic who clung to the name used by the supporters of the Constitution in 1787–1788, were optimistic about forming the new government. The results of the elections in 1788 showed that most of the members of the new Congress had been supporters of the Constitution—at least forty-eight of the fifty-nine congressmen and eighteen of the twenty-two senators. And George Washington had been unanimously elected as the first president of the United States. Indeed, expectations were so high that some Federalists worried that disappointment was inevitable.1 By 1789 even the leading opponents of the Constitution, the Anti-Federalists, had come to accept it, though of course with an expectation of it soon being amended. No one wanted to oppose the new national government without giving it what Washington called “a fair chance. “
John Adams and the Few and the Many
Authors: Wood Gordon S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Except for the era of the Civil War, the last several years of the eighteenth century were the most politically contentious in United States history. With no George Washington in office to calm the emotions and reconcile the clashing interests, sectional antagonisms became more and more bitter. Some leaders began predicting a French invasion of the United States and envisioned once again a breakup of the Union. As the Federalist and the Republican parties furiously attacked each other as enemies of the Constitution, party loyalties became more intense and began to override personal ties, as every aspect of American life became politicized. People who had known one another their whole lives now crossed streets to avoid confrontations. Personal differences easily spilled into violence, and fighting erupted in the state legislatures and even in the federal Congress. By 1798 public passions and partisanship and indeed public hysteria had increased to the point where armed conflict among the states and the American people seemed likely. By the end of the decade, in the opinion of the British foreign secretary, the “whole system of American Government ” seemed to be “tottering to its foundations. “
The Jeffersonian Revolution of 1800
Authors: Wood Gordon S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Born in reaction to the popular excesses of the Revolution, the Federalist world could not endure. The Federalists of the 1790s stood in the way of popular democracy as it was emerging in the United States, and thus they became heretics opposed to the developing democratic faith. To be sure, they believed in popular sovereignty and republican government, but they did not believe that ordinary people had a direct role to play in ruling the society. They were so confident that the future belonged to them, that the society would become less egalitarian and more hierarchical, that they treated the people with condescension and lost touch with them. “They have attempted, ” as Noah Webster observed, “to resist the force of public opinion, instead of falling into the current with a view to correct it. In this they have manifested more integrity than address. “1 Indeed, they were so out of touch with the developing popular realities of American life, and their monarchical program was so counter to the libertarian impulses of America’s republican ideology, that they provoked a second revolutionary movement that threatened to tear the Republic apart.
Chief Justice John Marshall and the Origins of Judicial Review
Authors: Wood Gordon S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Just as the Republican party was divided between its radical and moderate factions, so too was the Federalist party. And the most important moderate Federalist in 1801 was newly appointed Chief Justice John Marshall. Marshall had opposed the Alien and Sedition Acts and had been uneasy over Justice Chase’s behavior. Yet like other Federalists he feared the democratic excesses of the Republicans, and in 1801 he set out to save the Supreme Court and the federal judiciary from these popular Republican passions. As chief justice he thought he might be able to drain some of the bitterness from the controversy over the judiciary. In doing so not only did he help to lay the basis for what came to be called judicial review, but he also contributed mightily to the development of an independent judiciary. More than any other single judge, Marshall helped to carve out an exclusive sphere of activity for the judiciary that was separate from politics and popular legislative power.
A World Within Themselves
Authors: Wood Gordon S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the end of the War of 1812 the United States was becoming, in the minds of its citizens, a nation to be reckoned with. Its population, approaching that of England, had grown rapidly, numbering now nearly eight and a half million people, including one and a half million African Americans. The population had more than doubled in the twenty-five years since the first census in 1790—and continued to grow faster than nearly every other nation in the Western world.
From Payday to Payday
Authors: Deak Istvan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cost of living and officers’ pay had only the vaguest relationship to one another in the old dynastic armies. Pay scales were arbitrarily determined, for eternity as it were, with no provision for price increases. The practice of paying an officer a salary worthy of his education, social standing, and needs originated with a few eighteenth-century enlightened monarchs, but it became customary only in nineteenth-century bourgeois-liberal societies. Characteristically, when the near sovereign Hungarian liberal state was established in the spring of 1848, and a national army created, its officers and men were given considerably better pay than their comrades serving the same Habsburg prince in the Austrian army.
The Ascendancy of Growth Liberalism
Authors: Collins Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The prosperity of the 1950s and 1960s proved just how wrong the pessimists of the 1930s had been in their estimation of the fundamental strength of the economy. Jump-started by the demands of war and sustained—to just what degree would become the subject of heated debate—by the subsequent mobilization for a Cold War, the economy moved into a period of unparalleled affluence that would last until the early 1970s, an era that appears in retrospect to have been America’s economic golden age. Alvin Hansen’s dark vision of secular stagnation brightened considerably during the war, and in 1963 even he observed that the postwar period “must be regarded as one of high stability and growth.”1
Sex Differenee and the “Separate Spheres”
Authors: Nye Robert A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the course of the years between 1789 and the end of the Napoleonic era, the values central to bourgeois social reproduction were enshrined in the nation’s laws and embedded in its institutions. The bourgeois virtues of individual merit, social mobility and self-perfection were advanced with the destruction of the economically restrictive corporations, the opening of the public sector to men of wealth and learning, and the creation of a state system of centralized higher education.
The Problem of the Homeless in American History
Authors: Kusmer Kenneth L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Photographs of Soup Lines and destitute farm families making their way to California during the Great Depression have been indelibly etched on the American imagination. Long before the 1930s, however, the homeless were an important element on the American scene. Known during the colonial era as “the wandering poor,” “sturdy beggars,” or simply as vagrants, the homeless first became noticeable in the late eighteenth century, then grew significantly in number after 1820, when urbanization and industrial development began to take hold in the young nation. By the 1840s and ‘50s, municipalities were setting aside rooms in police stations for overnight lodging of the destitute, and organized charities began to grapple with the problem of the homeless for the first time.
The Emergence of the Tramp, 1865 –1880
Authors: Kusmer Kenneth L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One Positive Effect Of The Civil War, an author commented in the United States Service Magazine in 1864, will be the development of “an orderly spirit and a settled regard for law Men trained in the stern, unyielding discipline of the camp, knowing by experience its power and value, will not be apt hastily to violate the law of the land themselves or excuse its violation in others.” It is likely that a new respect for discipline was one of the most important lessons learned by the average soldier. Yet the effects of the Civil War in inculcating order were far from unambiguous. Not all habits born of the wartime experience—even those that involved organized and regulated behavior—could be readily adapted to civilian life. If the war made some men more settled and orderly, perhaps even more accepting of the new mechanized factory work that was coming into being, it produced in others precisely the opposite result. Indirectly, the war helped to transform the experience of homelessness in the late nineteenth century.
A Stress and Coping Model of Adoption Adjustment
Authors: Brodzinsky David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the past two decades, social casework personnel, clinicians, and researchers alike have begun to pay increased attention to the psychological complications associated with adoption. Their attention has been prompted by numerous reports of high rates of referral of adopted children and youth to outpatient and inpatient mental health facilities. For example, although adopted children constitute approximately 2% of the total population of children in the United States (Zill, 1985), they represent between 4 and 5% of the children referred to outpatient mental health facilities (Kadushin, 1980; Mech, 1973) and between 10 and 15% of the children in residential care facilities (R. Colburn, personal communication, 1986; K. Donley, personal communication, 1986).
Contrasting Adoption, Foster Care, and Residential Rearing
Authors: Triseliotis John , Hill Malcolm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we aim to contrast three different types of rearing or caring by comparing the current personal and social circumstances of adults and older children who, as children, were separated from their biological parents and subsequently adopted, fostered with a family, or cared for in residential institutions. Our central claim is that those growing up adopted, even if placed when older, appear in adulthood to have a stronger sense of self and to function more adequately at the personal, social, and economic level compared with those who were formerly fostered and, particularly, those who grew up for a large part of their lives in institutions. Furthermore, adoption, as a substitute form of care, has a greater potential for reversing earlier adverse experiences, than foster and residential care.
The Magic Tablecloth
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One facet of”makingfairy tales come true” was particularly dear to Soviet citizens: the promise that socialism would bring abundance. This was literally an excursion into the world of Russian fairy tales, whose furniture included a Magic Tabkdoth that, when laid, produced an extravagant array of food and drink of its own accord. Perhaps the hope of future abundance made the scarcity of the present easier to bear. In the mid 1930s, in any case, food, drink, and consumer goods came to be celebrated with a fervor that even Madison Avenue might have envied.
Causes of Death Among the Oldest Old
Authors: Hadley Evan C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews recent data on causes of death among the oldest old, with particular regard to two topics: the relative incidence of specific causes of death in extreme old age and differences among specific causes of death in their rate of in crease with age. Information on these points is of public health value for decisions about health services and disease prevention programs and for monitoring changes in the health of the very old. Such information is also useful for projections of future trends in morbidity and mortality as mortality rates from specific diseases of old age change over time (Brody and Schneider 1986). In addition, data on causes of death at various ages provide clues to the rates of failure of various physiological systems with advancing age. International comparisons of causes of death in very old age also can suggest genetic or environmental factors that may affect late-life mortality.
The Impact of Alzheimer’s Disease in the United States Population
Authors: Evans Denis A , Scherr Paul A , Cook Nancy R , Albert Marilyn S , Beckett h. Harris Funkenstein,* Laurel A , Hebert Liesi E , Wetle Terrie T , Branch Laurence G , Chown Marilyn J , Hennekens Charles H , Taylor James O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Awareness of Alzheimer’s disease as a major public health problem has increased strikingly among clinicians, researchers, policy makers and the general public over the past several years. As described by Alzheimer (1907), this term was used only for dementia arising in middle age. Such “presenile” dementia exhibits characteristic neuropathological findings, including neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. The term “Alzheimer’s disease” is now applied, as well, to the much more common primary degenerative dementia occurring in later life, previously referred to as “senile dementia,” because of apparent clinical and neuropathological (Tomlinson, Blessed, and Roth 1970) similarities regardless of age of onset. Many conditions other than Alzheimer’s disease cause dementia among older persons, including certain strokes, Parkinson’s disease, deficiency of vitamin B12, and a wide range of uncommon conditions. Most population studies, however, suggest that the majority of moderate to severe cognitive impairment in older age groups is due to Alzheimer’s disease, at least by clinical (rather than pathological) criteria for the disease. Regardless of age of onset, Alzheimer’s disease is often devastating for affected individuals and their families. In terms of the total number of persons affected, however, Alzheimer’s disease is predominantly a problem of the oldest old, that is, those aged 85 and older. The occurrence of Alzheimer’s disease is strongly associated with increasing age among those 65 years of age and older. With increasing life expectancy in developed countries, the impact of Alzheimer’s disease will continue to increase.
The Nature of Suffering
Authors: Cassell Eric J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book looks at the change that is taking place in medicine from a basic concern with disease to a greater focus on the sick person. Cassel contends that although medicine has theoretically broadened its focus to encompass not just the disease, but the treatment of the patient and the relief of his or her suffering, humane considerations remain in fact secondary to twentieth century medicine’s scientific and technological imperatives. Recent trends in medicine and society, Cassell believes, show that it is time for the sick person to be not merely an important concern for physicians but the central focus of medicine. He addresses the exciting problems involved in such a shift, looking at the philosophical and theoretical issues, and using case studies to illustrate his discussion. In this new medicine, doctors would have to know the person as well as they know the disease. The exploration of the person will engage medicine in the 21st century just as understanding the body has occupied the last hundred years.
Ideas in Conflict: The Rise and Fall of New Views of Disease
Authors: Cassell Eric J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I was chagrined and embarrassed. In all those visits to at least three medical residents, not one of us had overcome our misconceptions about young women with back pain to find out what had happened or had examined her adequately to discover her trouble. The new set of X rays-of her upper spine-showed a healing fracture of a part of her vertebra. At her next visit I explained what the source of her pain was, that there was nothing that could be done for it, but that it was not at all serious.
The Pursuit of Disease or the Care of the Sick?
Authors: Cassell Eric J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Starting with the making of a diagnosis, it is helpful to examine the place of symptoms in medical care. Virtually all medical care starts with a symptom-a person notices that something is wrong. The experience of a symptom is the patient’s first step toward illness. [For this discussion, illness is the affliction of the whole person, whereas disease is something an organ has (2).] When the symptom is taken to a doctor, it is the doctor’s first acquaintance with the illness. As we will see, although patients and doctors speak of symptoms as though they are referring to the same thing, that is far from true.
The Measure of the Person
Authors: Cassell Eric J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN OUR ERA of medicine the only real knowledge is thought to be scientific knowledge: that which is gleaned from natural science and is objective, or measurable. Other kinds of knowing are considered of lesser value. Scientists believe that science must deal only with facts about the objective world because only facts can be valid. Facts can be verified-empirically demonstrated; everything that is not a fact is unavoidably doubtful and uncertain. However, it is not doubtful and uncertain things in themselves that are therefore suspect, but rather things that can never be other than doubtful and uncertain.
Scope and Strategies of Genetic Epidemiology
Authors: Khoury Muin J , Beaty Terri H , Cohen Bernice H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the mid-1980s a new discipline emerged, an offspring that resulted from many years of interaction between genetics and epidemiology. This new field, called genetic epidemiology, focuses on the role of genetic factors and their interaction with environmental factors in the occurrence of disease in human populations. The growth of genetic epidemiology has been enhanced by remarkable advances in molecular biology that have expanded our understanding of genetic diseases at the molecular level and have had numerous applications to the classification, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of many Mendelian disorders. The study of genetic variation at the molecular level promises to contribute to the understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of the major chronic diseases that appear to have a genetic component, such as coronary heart disease, cancer, and birth defects (Bishop, 1984; Slamon, 1987; Gibbs and Caskey, 1989; Holtzman, 1989; Taylor, 1989). These prospects are being nurtured by the initiation of the Human Genome Project, a long-term scientific effort whose goal is to map and sequence the entire human genome (McKusick, 1989; Antonorakis, 1990; Watson, 1990; Watson and Cook-Dugan, 1991). Accompanying this progress, however, are growing concerns regarding the ethical implications of genetic testing and the potential misuse of information about each person’s genetic constitution (Holtzman, 1989; McKusick, 1989; Suzuki and Knudston 1989; Chapman, 1990; Huggins et al., 1990; Fast, 1992).
After Columbus
Authors: Axtell James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This volume comprises a new collection of essays--four previously unpublished--by James Axtell, author of the acclaimed The European and the Indian and The Invasion Within: The Contest of Cultures in Colonial North America, and the foremost contemporary authority on Indian-European relations in Colonial North America. Arguing that moral judgements have a legitimate place in the writing of history, Axtell scrutinizes the actions of various European invaders--missionaries, traders, soldiers, and ordinary settlers--in the sixteenth century. Focusing on the interactions of Spanish, French, and English colonists with American Indians over the eastern half of the United States, he examines what the history of colonial America might have looked like had the New World truly been a “virgin land,” devoid of Indians.
The Washingtonians “Set New England Dance Crazy” (1927)
Authors: Tucker Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Black newspapers, Dave Peyton took note of Ellington’s rising fortunes, reproducing an arti cle by one “W.E.B.” that supposedly appeared in the New York Tribune.’ W.E.B.’s generous praise for the Washingtonians suggests the growing reputation of Ellington’s band some months before it entered the Cotton Club on 4 December 1927. Especially striking is W.E.B.’s favorable comparison of the Washingtonians to some of the leading white orches tras of the day. As a black bandleader, Ellington was moving into the position of pre-emi nence that a year or two earlier had been occupied by Fletcher Henderson.
Abbe Niles on Ellington (1929)
Authors: Tucker Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the mass of American music, or something, that has been thus passed through my ears, I select a few examples as the richest in the strangeness, the bitter, salty wit and humor, and the flashes of defiant, unwilling beauty which characterize good jazz; examples, in short, by hearing which anyone who will take the trouble may learn whether he likes jazz or not. They are presented, not as great music, nor as the American music, but as good jazz. Some are harsh, raucous and unrefined. Only two might be said to have individual importance.But they have ideas and vitality, of a peculiarly American flavor; and on the proposition that that flavor is worth knowing, I rest their case....
On the Air in London (1933)
Authors: Tucker Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The biggest thrill we have had for ages has come and gone! I refer, of course, to Duke Ellington’s broadcast from the studio on June 14th. The band’s pre cision and polish was even more marked on the air than it is on the records, and on the whole the programme was well chosen, comprising most of the numbers we wanted to hear at the Palladium, but didn’t. But with all that it was a disappointment.
Roger Pryor Dodge on Black and Tan Fantasy, from “Harpsichords and Jazz Trumpets” (1934)
Authors: Tucker Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dodge built his discussion around solos he had notated from recordings. Although the musical examples are rough in form and contain errors-the theme, for example, should be in B-tlat minor, not major-they represent an early use of transcription for the purpose of jazz analysis. Dodge (1898-1974) was a dancer in ballet and vaudeville, later a critic who wrote on jazz from the mid-twenties through the fifties. His acquaintance with Bubber Miley dated from 1931 when the two performed together in Billy Rose’s show Sweet and Low. Dodge produced an early historiography of jazz, “Consider the Critics,” that appeared as the final chapter in Frederic Ramsey, Jr., and Charles Edward Smith’s Jazzmen (1939). Later he wrote for H.R.S. Rag, Jazz, The Record Changer, and other small jazz publications.’