bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review Essay: Recent Trends in Comparative Political Economy and their Implications for Japan
Authors: NOBLE GREGORY W. 
Published: June 2003

Books reviewedPeter A. Hall and David Soskice (eds.), Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage, New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.J. Rogers Hollingsworth and Robert Boyer (eds.), Contemporary Capitalism: The Embeddedness of Institutions, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.Torben Iversen, Contested Economic Institutions: The Politics of Macroeconomics and Wage Bargaining in Advanced Democracies, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.Torben Iversen, Jonas Pontusson and David Soskice (eds.), Unions, Employers, and Central Banks: Macroeconomic Coordination and Institutional Change in Social Market Economies, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
Histopathological study of renal transplant artery stenosis: role of rejection and cold ischaemia time in the pathogenesis of intimal hyperplasia in an arterial allograft
Authors: Xenos Eleftherios S , Pacanowski John P , Ragsdale John , Kirkpatrick Stacy , Stevens Scott L , Freeman Michael B , Goldman Mitchell H 
Published: June 2003

Abstract:  Introduction:  Intimal hyperplasia of renal allograft arteries is a cause of hypertension and graft loss and the predisposing factors are poorly understood. We performed a histopathological study focusing on cold ischaemia time and immunological factors and their effect on the donor artery.Methods: Primary renal artery branches were obtained from patients undergoing transplant nephrectomy for chronic rejection. Non‐transplant patients undergoing nephrectomy served as controls. Clinical information including immunosuppression and rejection episodes, cold ischaemia time and graft survival were collected from the patients' charts. Collagen, smooth muscle cells, T cells, macrophages, and neutrophils were quantified using immunohistochemistry. The intima to media ratio was also calculated using imaging software. Statistical analysis was performed using linear regression and the Mann–Whitney test with P < 0.05 significant.Results: Nine transplant patients and five controls were included. All transplant patients received maximum immunosuppression according to clinical standards. The median number of acute rejection episodes was 1 (range 0–5). Cold ischaemia time was 24.3 ± 9.6 h (mean ± SD). Mean allograft longeviy was 87.4 ± 72.9 months (mean ± SD). The intima/media ratio in the transplant group was higher as compared with the control (P = 0.002). The same was true for intima collagen content (P = 0.001) and intima smooth muscle content (P = 0.036). Cold ischaemia time was 19.6 ± 11.1 h (mean ± SD) and did not correlate with intima/media ratio. Also the number of rejection episodes did not correlate with the intima/media ratio.Conclusion: Intimal hyperplasia in the allograft artery has a multifactorial aetiology. We were not able to establish an association between intimal hyperplasia and acute rejection episodes or length of cold ischaemia time. It appears that immunosuppression does not prevent the development of intimal hyperplasia.
A pilot protocol of a calcineurin‐inhibitor free regimen for kidney transplant recipients of marginal donor kidneys or with delayed graft function
Authors: Shaffer David , Langone Anthony , Nylander William A , Goral Simin , Kizilisik A Tarik , Helderman J Harold 
Published: June 2003

Abstract: Background: The worsening shortage of cadaver donor kidneys has prompted use of expanded or marginal donor kidneys (MDK), i.e. older age or donor history of hypertension or diabetes. MDK may be especially susceptible to calcineurin‐inhibitor (CI) mediated vasoconstriction and nephrotoxicity. Similarly, early use of CI in patients with delayed graft function may prolong ischaemic injury. We developed a CI‐free protocol of antibody induction, sirolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and prednisone in recipients with MDK or DGF.Methods: Adult renal transplant recipients who received MDK or had DGF were treated with a CI‐free protocol consisting of antibody induction (basiliximab or thymoglobulin), sirolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and prednisone. Serial biopsies were performed for persistent DGF. Patients were followed prospectively with the primary endpoints being patient and graft survival, biopsy‐proven acute rejection, and sirolimus‐related toxicity.Results: Nineteen recipients were treated. Mean follow‐up was 294 days. Actuarial 6‐ and 12‐month patient survival was 100% and 100% and graft survival was 93% and 93%, respectively. The only graft loss was due to primary non‐function (PNF). The incidence of AR was 16%. Mean serum creatinine at last follow‐up was 1.6 mg/dL. Sirolimus‐related toxicity included lymphocele (1), wound infection (2), thrombocytopenia (1) and interstitial pneumonitis (1).Conclusion: A CI‐free protocol with antibody induction and sirolimus results in low rates of AR and PNF and excellent early patient and graft survival in patients with MDK and DGF. CI‐free protocols may allow expansion of the kidney donor pool by encouraging utilization of MDK at high risk for DGF or CI‐mediated nephrotoxicity.
Delayed graft function may not adversely affect short‐term renal allograft outcome
Authors: Browne Barry J , Holt Cynthia Op't , Emovon Osemwegie E 
Published: June 2003

Abstract:Introduction:Delayed graft function (DGF) is commonly believed to adversely impact both short‐ and long‐term renal allograft function. Because immunosuppressive therapy is commonly altered after DGF is identified, retrospective analyses are difficult to interpret. We therefore prospectively sought to examine the natural history of DGF in a controlled patient population under identical immunosuppressive protocols.Methods:Adult patients undergoing cadaveric renal transplantation were treated with sequential triple drug immunotherapy. High‐dose steroids were administered in the operating room and rapidly tapered to 20 mg prednisone by post‐operative day (POD) 6. Cyclosporine (CsA) microemulsion was begun on POD 1, and dosed asymmetrically at 12‐h intervals to reach a daytime Cav of 650 ng/mL (utilizing 2‐h and 6‐h levels), while PM doses were adjusted to an AM trough of 300 ng/mL. Mycophenolate (1000 mg q12 h) was added on POD 3 in most patients and discontinued after 3 months. No induction agents were used. All patients were followed for at least 6 months.Results:Sixty consecutive patients received 64 allografts (four double grafts). In all, 17 patients required dialysis and were considered to have DGF. Eight of these patients received marginal organs turned down by at least one other centre. Cold ischaemia time was significantly longer in patients with DGF (24 h vs. 19 h,P < 0.01) All patients were treated as planned and there were no major protocol violations. One patient had primary non‐function and was excluded from analysis. CsA trough and Cav values were similar between groups. Mean serum creatinine levels (mg/mL) fell more slowly in patients with DGF but there was no significant difference by 3 months (1.7 vs. 1.5) and the creatinine clearance was not significantly different between the groups after 1 year (71 cm3/min in DGF vs. 61 cm3/min,P = 0.13). Our data demonstrate that alterations in routine immunosuppressive strategies may not be necessary to achieve equivalent outcomes in patients with DGF.
Laparoscopic procurement model for living donor liver transplantation
Authors: Pinto Peter A , Montgomery Robert A , Ryan Bradley , Roberts William , Hsu Thomas , Kavoussi Parviz , Klein Andrew S , Kavoussi Louis R , Molmenti Ernesto P 
Published: June 2003

Abstract:  Background/Aims:  Noting the contribution to renal transplantation by the introduction of the laparoscopic approach to donor nephrectomy, we investigated the possibility of performing a laparoscopic hepatic lobe procurement with the goal of performing a live donor liver transplantation. We describe our technique and determine its feasibility for such a goal.Methods:  The surgical technique was developed over a series of 12 adult female pigs and adapted in two human cadavers. The technique included pneumoperitoneum with CO2, mobilization of the liver, and transection of the parenchyma into right and left lobes with a laparoscopic cavitron ultrasonic aspirator. The vascular inflow and outflow structures (hepatic artery, portal vein, hepatic veins) of the anatomical specimen being procured were preserved undisturbed during the hepatic transection. No temporary vascular occlusion techniques were utilized. The vascular structures were stapled and sectioned just prior to removal of the specimen.Results:  Hepatic lobectomies were successfully performed laparoscopically. Vascular and biliary structures were preserved to allow for subsequent transplantation. Operative time from establishment of pneumoperitoneum to lobe procurement was under 4 h.Conclusions:  This study demonstrates the feasibility of laparoscopic living donor procurement for liver transplantation, from both a technical and a physiological perspective.
Recipient outcome following living donor kidney transplantation using kidneys procured laparoscopically
Authors: Reddy K Sudhakar , Mastrangelo Michael , D Johnston Thomas , Khan Taqi , Waid Thomas , McKeown Wade , Lucas Bruce , Ranjan Dinesh 
Published: June 2003

Abstract:  Background:  Laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy is becoming increasingly popular as it has been shown to minimize donor morbidity, length of hospital stay and length of time to return to work. Initial experience suggested that kidneys procured laparoscopically had higher rates of delayed graft function and ureteric complications but with increasing experience, these complications have become less common.Methods: Retrospective chart review of all patients who underwent living donor kidney transplant using kidneys procured laparoscopically at our centre was performed. From the initiation of the laparoscopic donor nephrectomy programme at our institution in November 1998 until February 2002, we performed 71 living donor kidney transplants (69 kidneys procured laparoscopically and two procured by open donor nephrectomy after failed laparoscopic approach). Donor left kidney was used in all except in one patient. Mean duration of warm ischaemia time was 206 ± 79 s.Results: The mean age of the recipients was 42 ± 15 years (range 1–68) including five paediatric recipients (age < 18 years). There were 48 males and 23 females. Nine (13%) were retransplants (seven second transplants and one each of third and fourth transplants). Two patients died with functioning grafts and four patients lost the graft (three thrombosis, one anastomotic rupture). No patient developed ureteric complications. The incidence of delayed graft function (need for dialysis in the first week post‐transplant) was 4%. Patient and graft survival rates (actual) were 97% and 91%, respectively. Mean length of hospital stay was 9 ± 7 days (median 7 days).Conclusions: Recipient outcome is not compromised and excellent results can be achieved with living donor kidney transplantation using laparoscopically procured kidneys.
Point‐of‐care testing in an organ procurement organization donor management setting
Authors: Baier K A , Markham L E , Flaigle S P , Nelson P W , Shield C F , Muruve N A , Aeder M I , Murillo D , Bryan C F 
Published: June 2003

Abstract: Purpose:  Our organ procurement organization (OPO) evaluated the clinical and financial efficacy of point‐of‐care testing (POCT) in management of our deceased organ donors.Methods: Before we implemented point‐of care testing with the i‐STAT into routine clinical donor management, we compared the i‐STAT result with the result from the respective donor hospital lab (DHL) for certain analytes on 15 consecutive donors in our OPO from 26 March to 14 May 2001. The financial impact was studied by reviewing 77 donors from July 2001 to March 2002.Results: There was a strong correlation for each analyte between the POC and DHL test results with r‐values as follows: pH 0.86; PCO2 = 0.96; PO2 = 0.98; sodium = 0.98; potassium = 0.95; chloride = 0.94; BUN = 0.98; glucose = 0.92; haematocrit = 0.87 and creatinine = 0.95. Since our OPO coordinators began using i‐STAT in their routine clinical management of organ donors, they can now more quickly maximize oxygenation and fluid management of the donor and make extra‐renal placement calls sooner. Finally, since we are no longer being billed for the testing performed on the i‐STAT, average financial savings to our OPO are $733 per case.Conclusions: Point‐of‐care testing in management of our OPO donors provides a result that is equivalent to that of the donor hospital lab, has quicker turn‐around time than the donor hospital laboratory, allowing more immediate clinical management decisions to be made so that extra‐renal offers may begin sooner.
Depletion of anti‐Gal antibodies by the intravenous infusion of Gal type 2 and 6 glycoconjugates in baboons
Authors: Teranishi Katsuhito , Alwayn Ian P.J. , Bühler Leo , Gollackner Bernd , Knosalla Christoph , Huck Jennifer , Duthaler Rudolf , Katopodis Andreas , Sachs David H. , Schuurman Henk‐Jan , Awwad Michel , Cooper David K.C. 
Published: June 2003

Abstract: Background:  Natural anti‐Gal antibodies (NAb) to Gal epitopes play a key role in the rejection of pig cells or organs transplanted into primates. We have investigated the effect on NAb return after extracorporeal immunoadsorption (EIA) of the continuous intravenous (i.v.) infusion of (i) bovine serum albumin conjugated to Gal type 6 oligosaccharides (BSA‐Gal) or (ii) a poly l‐lysine backbone conjugated to Gal type 2 or 6 oligosaccharides (PLL‐Gal).Methods:  Porcine mobilized peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPC) obtained by leukapheresis from MHC‐inbred miniature swine (n = 9) were infused intravenously (i.v.) into baboons: Group 1 baboons (n = 4) received whole body and thymic irradiation, splenectomy, antithymocyte globulin, cobra venom factor, cyclosporine, mycophenolate mofetil, anti‐CD154mAb, porcine hematopoietic growth factors, and EIA before transplantation of high doses (2 to 4 × 1010 cells/kg) of PBPC; Group 2 baboons (n = 3) received the Group 1 regimen plus a continuous i.v. infusion of BSA‐Gal for up to 30 days; Group 3 baboons (n = 5) received the Group 1 regimen plus a continuous i.v. infusion of PLL‐Gal type 2 (n = 2) or both PLL‐Gal types 2 and 6 (n = 3) for up to 30 days.Results:  Group 1: NAb returned to pre‐PBPC levels within 20–30 days, but there was no induction of antibody to Gal or non‐Gal determinants; Group 2: NAb was undetectable or at very low level during BSA‐Gal therapy. In one baboon, however, IgG to Gal type 2, but not to type 6, returned during BSA‐Gal therapy; Group 3: NAb was undetectable or at very low level during PLL‐Gal therapy. In two baboons that received PLL‐Gal type 2, NAb to Gal type 6, but not to type 2, returned during PLL‐Gal treatment. Two of five baboons, however, developed systemic infection. Four of five baboons died within 14 days; autopsy revealed focal hemorrhagic injury to their hearts, lungs, and small intestines, with histologic abnormalities that varied between animals from hemorrhage and/or thrombosis in some organs (heart, lungs, or intestine) to signs of infections (bacteria in intestine, cytomegalovirus in liver).Conclusions:  (i) BSA‐Gal and PLL‐Gal therapy maintained depletion of NAb. (ii) Some heterogeneity in specificity of NAb was identified, indicating that the infusion of a combination of Gal type 2 and 6 glycoconjugates may be required. (iii) The addition of PLL‐Gal to the immunosuppressive regimen was associated with a high incidence of morbidity and mortality without a clear histopathologic entity underlying the cause of death.
Displacement amplitude of ultrasonic scaler inserts
Authors: Lea S.C. , Landini G. , Walmsley A.D. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractObjectives: Scanning laser vibrometry is a noninvasive method of measuring the velocity, displacement amplitude and oscillation frequency of vibrating objects. The purpose of this study was to assess, using a scanning laser vibrometer (SLV), the performance of different designs of commercially available ultrasonic scaler generators by measuring the oscillatory characteristics of various scaler tips.Methods: Four ultrasonic generators were tested (Cavitron SPS and Cavitron Select (Dentsply, York, PA, USA) and Piezon Master 400 and Mini Piezon (Electro‐Medical Systems, Switzerland)) with various designs of scaler tip. The tips were positioned with their anterior surface perpendicular to the direction of the laser. A graduated scale, placed over the manufacturer's power dial, enabled incremental power setting selection. For each power setting, the laser beam from the SLV was scanned over the surface of the oscillating tip.Results: The ranges of longitudinal displacement amplitudes (in micrometres) were as follows: Mini Piezon (P‐tip): 12.90±1.44 to 44.03±7.80; Piezon Master 400 (P‐tip): 16.02±2.66 to 35.85±5.29; Cavitron SPS (TFI‐10 tip): 7.81±0.51 to 29.70±1.12; Cavitron Select (TFI‐10 tip): 13.13±1.44 to 33.77±4.27; Cavitron SPS (TFI‐3 tip): 5.50±0.46 to 31.35±3.62.Conclusions: This study shows that there are differences between commercially available generators and that tip movement varies between tips of the same style as well as between the generator and tip design. Users of ultrasonic scalers should be made aware of this inherent variability that may influence clinical procedures.
Efficacy of subgingival calculus removal with Er:YAG laser compared to mechanical debridement: an in situ study
Authors: Eberhard Jörg , Ehlers Heiko , Falk Wolfgang , Açil Yahya , Albers Hans‐Karl , Jepsen Sören 
Published: June 2003

AbstractObjectives: The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of subgingival calculus removal from periodontally involved root surfaces with an Er:YAG laser compared to hand instrumentation in situ.Methods: The mesial and distal surfaces of 30 single‐rooted teeth with untreated periodontitis were treated either by hand instrumentation (scaling and root planing (SRP)) or by Er:YAG laser irradiation with the aim of achieving a calculus‐free root surface. Subgingival plaque samples were obtained before and immediately after treatment for microbiological evaluation by culture and DNA probe analysis. The teeth were extracted and the residual calculus was measured by means of digitized planimetry. The morphology of the root surface was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, and undecalcified sections were analyzed to determine residual calculus and the extent of cementum removal following both treatments.Results: Following laser irradiation, 68.4±14.4% of the root surface was calculus free in contrast to 93.9±3.7% after SRP when both treatments were performed for the same time (2:15±1:00 min). If laser irradiation was allowed twice the time used for hand instrumentation, 83.3±5.7% of the root surface was devoid of calculus. The effectiveness of both treatments was not related to initial probing depth. The histologic evaluation showed that after SRP 73.2% of root dentin was completely denuded from cementum, while only a minimal cementum reduction was apparent after laser irradiation. Both treatment modalities resulted in a similar reduction of periodontopathogens.Discussion: The present investigation could demonstrate the in vivo capability of the Er:YAG laser to remove calculus from periodontally involved root surfaces, although the effectiveness did not reach that achieved by hand instrumentation. The lack of cementum removal in contrast to SRP may qualify the laser as an alternative approach during supportive periodontal therapy.
Tumor necrosis factor‐alpha gene (TNF‐α) −1031/−863, −857 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with severe adult periodontitis in Japanese
Authors: Soga Yoshihiko , Nishimura Fusanori , Ohyama Hideki , Maeda Hiroshi , Takashiba Shogo , Murayama Yoji 
Published: June 2003

AbstractObjectives: Tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) participate in the establishment of inflammatory lesions in periodontitis. High production of these cytokines may relate to the severity of periodontitis. There have already been several studies examining the association between periodontitis and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that affect cytokine productivity. Recently, new SNPs of TNF‐α, −1031, −863 and −857, variants of which are observed in a relatively large proportion in Japanese, have been identified. The variant alleles of these SNPs have been suggested to be related to high TNF‐α production. For a better understanding of the genetic factors associated with the severity of periodontitis, further analysis including these newly identified SNPs is essential. In addition, previous reports on TNF‐α or IL‐1β SNPs associated with periodontitis were mainly for Caucasian populations. Therefore, the aim of this study is to examine the association between severe periodontitis in Japanese and the following SNPs: five in the TNF‐α gene promoter (−1031, −863, −857, −308, −238) and three in the IL‐1β gene (−511, −31, +3953).Material and Methods: A total of 128 Japanese individuals were enrolled in this study. They were 64 patients with severe adult periodontitis and 64 healthy subjects. TNF‐α and IL‐1β SNPs were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism for all subjects. TNF‐α and IL‐1β production from LPS‐stimulated monocytes/macrophages was also measured for 15 healthy male subjects.Results: TNF‐α production in TNF‐α−1031/−863 (linkage disequilibrated) or –857 SNP variant allele carriers tended to be elevated, and the frequency of subjects who carried at least one variant allele in TNF‐α–1031, –863 or –857 SNPs among severe periodontitis patients was significantly higher than in healthy subjects.Conclusion: Since the frequency of subjects who carried at least one variant allele in TNF‐α–1031, –863 or –857 SNPs was higher in periodontitis patients than in healthy subjects, TNF‐α−1031, −863 and −857 SNPs appear to be associated with severe adult periodontitis in Japanese populations.