bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Urolithiasis in dogs V: Regional comparisons of breed, age, sex, anatomic location, and mineral type of calculus
Authors: Franti Charles E. , Ling Gerald V. , Ruby Annette L. , Johnson Deedra L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine extent and nature of regional differences in distribution of canine urinary calculi.

Sample population
13,552 calculus specimens: 7,056 (52.1%) from females, 6,492 (47.9%) from males, and 4 from dogs of unrecorded sex.

Procedure
Records were used to compile information from all specimens submitted between July 1981 and December 1995. Results from mixed-breed and various breeds of stone-forming dogs were analyzed. Interrelations of breed, sex, and age of dogs, and anatomic location and mineral composition of specimens were analyzed and compared for 6 US geographic regions.

Results
Struvite-, apatite-, and urate-containing calculi were reported significantly most often from female dogs of the Mountain/Pacific region. Oxalate-, silica-, and brushite-containing calculi were reported significantly most often from male dogs in the New England/mid-Atlantic (NEMA) region. Cystine-containing calculi were reported most frequently from the NEMA and South Central (SC) regions. Dogs from the NEMA region were oldest in average age at diagnosis. Significant regional differences in distribution were found for several breeds. Sex distribution of renal calculi in 11 breeds of dogs (Lhasa Apso, Yorkshire Terrier, Shih Tzu, Basset Hound, Pug, Mastiff, Bichon Frise, Doberman Pinscher, Dalmatian, English Bulldog, and Pekingese) reported to be at high risk of renal lithiasis differed among the 6 geographic regions. Renal and ureteral calculi were reported significantly most often from dogs in the South Atlantic region, and bladder and urethral calculi were reported most often from dogs in the SC region.

Conclusions
Wide regional differences exist in distribution of stone-forming dogs by sex, average age at diagnosis, breed, and minerals contained within and anatomic location of calculi. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:29–42)
Effect of a conjugate of polymyxin B-dextran 70 in horses with experimentally induced endotoxemia
Authors: MacKay Robert J. , Clark Carol K. , Logdberg Lennart , Lake Philip 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine the efficacy of polymyxin B-dextran 70 (PBD) for treatment of endotoxemic horses.

Animals
15 horses during study 1 and 6 horses during study 2.

Procedures
3 groups were used in study 1. Horses in groups 1 and 2 were given 30 ng of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/kg of body weight, IV, over 60 minutes. Horses in group 3 were given saline (0.9% NaCI) solution. Beginning 15 minutes before LPS infusion and continuing for 75 minutes, horses in groups 1 and 3 were given PBD, IV. Horses in group 2 were given dextran 70. Blood samples were obtained for hemograms and determination of cytokine, lactate, and prostanoid concentrations. In study 2, horses were given ketoprofen (2.2 mg/kg) or saline solution 15 minutes before infusion of PBD. Fourteen days later, treatments were reversed, using a crossover design. Blood samples were obtained for measurement of thromboxane B2 (TXB2) concentration.

Results
For study 1, prior treatment with PBD completely blocked endotoxin-induced changes for heart and respiratory rates, rectal temperature, WBC count, and plasma tumor necrosis factor, interleukin 6, TXB2, and prostaglandin F1 concentrations. There was transient tachypnea, sweating, and increased plasma TXB2 concentration in horses given PBD (with or without LPS). Prior treatment with ketoprofen eliminated all PBD-induced signs and prevented the increase in plasma TXB2 concentration.

Conclusions
Signs of endotoxemia were prevented in horses by treatment with PBD, although its use was associated with mild adverse effects.

Clinical Relevance
When used in combination with a cyclooxygenase-inhibiting drug, PBD has potential for treatment of horses with endotoxemia. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:68–75)
Instability-induced osteoarthritis in the metacarpophalangeal joint of horses
Authors: Simmons E. J. , Bertone A. L. , Weisbrode S. E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To establish an instability model of osteoarthritis (OA) that mimics the early changes of naturally acquired OA.

Animals
6 mature radiographically normal horses.

Procedure
The collateral and lateral collateral sesamoidean ligaments were transected in a metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint in each horse. Lameness examinations were performed every 7 days after surgery for 8 weeks. Radiographs were taken immediately before and after desmotomy and 8 weeks after surgery. Eight weeks after surgery, bilateral MCP joints were grossly evaluated, specimens of articular cartilage were harvested for histologic examination and tissue culture, and synovial membrane was harvested for histologic examination.

Results
Lameness scores significantly increased over time (mean score of 1.6 for the 8-week study period). Joint circumference was significantly greater and range of motion significantly less in OA joints, compared with contralateral joints. Number and size of osteophytes were significantly greater in OA joints. Amount of newly synthesized proteoglycan (PG) was significantly greater at 18 and 72 hours of cartilage explant culture for OA joints, compared with contralateral joints. Total PG content and PG degradation did not differ between OA and contralateral joints.

Implications for Human Medicine
This instability model in horses may be useful in the study of OA in humans.

Conclusion
Desmotomy of the lateral collateral and lateral collateral sesamoidean ligaments induced instability similar to that of naturally acquired OA in horses, as documented by lameness, clinical signs of OA, osteophyte formation, and erosions of articular cartilage surfaces and score lines in OA joints. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:7–13)
Tissue and plasma enzyme activities in juvenile green iguanas
Authors: Wagner Robert A. , Wetzel Randy 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine activities of intracellular enzymes in 8 major organs in juvenile green iguanas and to compare tissue and plasma activities.

Animals
6 green iguanas < 1 year old.

Procedure
Lysates of liver, kidney, epaxial muscle, heart, lung, spleen, small intestine, and pancreas were analyzed for alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT), creatine kinase (CK), glutamate dehydrogenase (GMD), and amylase (AMS) activities.

Results
In general, low tissue enzyme activity coincided with low plasma activity. The CK activity was high in epaxial muscle and the heart and low in all other tissues tested. The AMS activity was found exclusively in the pancreas. Moderate LDH and AST activities were found in all tissues. Low ALT and ALP activities were found in a variety of tissues. Plasma and tissue activities of GGT and GMD were low or undetectable.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Results suggest that plasma CK activity may be muscle specific in iguanas, but high values may not always indicate overt muscle disease. The AMS activity may be specific for the pancreas, but the wide range of plasma activity would likely limit its diagnostic usefulness. Activities of AST and LDH may reflect tissue damage or inflammation, but probably do not reflect damage to specific tissues or organs. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:201–203)
Evaluation of washing with cold water to facilitate heat dissipation in horses exercised in hot, humid conditions
Authors: Kohn Catherine W. , Hinchcliff Kenneth W. , McKeever Kenneth H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether body temperature of horses exercised in hot, humid conditions and then repetitively washed with cold water will decrease more rapidly than that of horses that are not washed, and to determine whether washing with cold water has deleterious effects on horses.

Animals
5 physically fit Thoroughbred mares, 3 to 10 years old.

Procedures
Horses were exercised on a high-speed treadmill in hot (31.1 ± 0.3 C), humid (relative humidity, 77.7 ± 2%) conditions. Exercise was terminated when pulmonary artery temperature reached 41.5 C. Values for pulmonary artery, rectal, and left gluteal muscle temperatures were compared throughout a 30-minute recovery period after exercise during which horses stood quietly (passive cooling) or were cooled (active cooling) by repeated applications of cold (15.6 ± 0.6 C) water.

Results
Pulmonary artery temperature was significantly less for actively cooled horses, compared with passively cooled horses 4 minutes into the recovery period. Left gluteal muscle temperature decreased significantly in actively cooled, but not passively cooled, horses during the recovery period. Heart rate and rectal temperature were significantly less for actively cooled horses by 15 minutes of the recovery period. Cooling technique did not effect hydration status, muscle health, or serum electrolyte concentrations. Active cooling did not cause obvious adverse effects.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance
Active cooling by washing with cold water is a safe, effective means for facilitating heat dissipation of horses after exercise in a hot, humid environment. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:299–305)
Comparison of microbiologie and high-performance liquid chromatography assays to determine plasma concentrations, pharmacokinetics, and bioavailability of erythromycin base in plasma of foals after intravenous or intragastric administration
Authors: Lakritz Jeffrey , Wilson W. David , Mihalyi Judith E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of erythromycin base after intragastric administration and erythromycin lactobionate after IV administration to healthy foals and to compare a microbiologic assay with a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method to determine plasma concentrations of erythromycin A.

Animals
6 healthy foals that were 2 to 4 months old.

Procedure
Foals were given single doses of erythromycin (10 mg/kg of body weight, IV, and 25 mg/kg, intragastrically) in a crossover study. Venous blood samples were obtained at specific times after drug administration, and plasma was harvested for determination of erythromycin concentrations by microbiologic assay and a HPLC method. Pharmacokinetic analysis of plasma concentration-time data was performed, and results derived from each method were compared.

Results
Concentration-time profiles for IV administration were best described by a two-compartment open model. Comparing pharmacokinetic data obtained by the 2 methods revealed substantial differences in results. Values for area under the plasma concentration-time curve and area under the first moment of the curve were substantially higher when determined by the bioassay, indicating overestimation of plasma concentration-time data by this method. The derived rate transfer constants (K21 and Ke1) and mean residence time were significantly different, when determined by the bioassay. Systemic bioavailability of erythromycin base was low in all foals.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
The bioassay method overestimated plasma concentrations of erythromycin, compared with the HPLC method. Despite low systemic bioavailability of erythromycin base administered intragastrically, plasma concentrations of erythromycin exceeded, for at least 4 hours, the minimum inhibitory concentration of most Rhodococcus equi isolates. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:414-419)
Examination of metabolism of viscera drained by the portal vein in neonatal calves, using short-term intravenous infusions of glutamine and other nutrients
Authors: Nappert Germain , Zello Gordon A. , Ferguson James , Naylor Jonathan M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To quantify glutamine use in viscera drained by the portal vein in neonatal calves and to assess the relative nutritional importance of glutamine, glucose, and acetate for enterocytes.

Animals
5 healthy neonatal calves.

Procedure
A femoral artery, jugular vein, and the portal vein were surgically cannulated in each calf. Blood flow in the portal vein was measured by use of an ultrasonographic transit-time flow probe. A series of solutions was infused on 4 days for each calf. On the infusion days, acetate, glucose, glutamine, and saline (0.9% NaCl; control) solutions were administered IV during 1-hour periods via the jugular vein. Venous and arterial blood samples were collected during the last 15 minutes of each 1-hour infusion.

Results
Uptake of glutamine and glucose by viscera drained by the portal vein was 0.3 ± 1.1 and 1.9 ± 3.1 µmol/kg0.75/min, respectively, during saline infusion. During acetate, glucose, and saline infusions, glucose was a greater source of energy for the intestines than was glutamine. However, during glutamine infusion, uptake of glutamine by viscera drained by the portal vein increased significantly (29.9 ± 11.2 µmol/kg0.75/min), which was associated with an increase in ammonia production (7.0 ± 0.5 µmol/kg0.75/min). Toxicosis was not associated with IV administration of glutamine.

Conclusion
Glutamine infusion resulted in an increase in glutamine uptake by viscera drained by the portal vein, which was associated with an increase in ammonia production and a slight increase in oxygen consumption.

Clinical Relevance
These solutions may be used to develop treatments that enhance healing of intestines of diarrheic calves. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:437-445)
Seroprevalence of antibodies against gram-negative core antigens in rabbits, using an Escherichia coli J5 antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Authors: Ruble Randall P. , Cullor James S. , Brooks Dale L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine the seroprevalence of antibodies to gram-negative core antigens (GNCA) in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) rabbits (ie, free of Pasteurella multocida) and rabbits of undefined bacterial status (conventional).

Sample Population
Serum samples were obtained from 7 groups of rabbits. The SPF rabbits comprised 2 adult groups and 1 immature group, whereas the 4 groups of conventional rabits were all adults.

Procedure
A seroprevalence survey was conducted on rabbit sera for antibodies against GNCA, using an Escherichia coli J5 antigen-capture ELISA.

Results
Collective geometric mean titer (GMT) of adult rabbits was 1:6,463. The GMT of each of the 6 groups of adult rabbits was 1:956, 1:1,133, 1:4,525, 1:5,338, 1:7,669, and 1:25,600. Titers of populations differed significantly.

Conclusion
Data analysis revealed there were anti-GNCA antibodies in rabbits. Similar to other species, the prevalence of IgM and IgG anti-GNCA antibodies increased with age. The IgG response was more marked than the IgM response. The SPF rabbits had lower IgG anti-GNCA titers than conventional rabbits, indicating possible cross-reactive epitopes between P multocida and Enterobacteriaceae. Rabbits with the highest anti-GNCA titers were those used in polyclonal antibody production, possibly stemming from endotoxin contamination of antigen or adjuvant.

Clinical Relevance
The possible cross-reactive antibodies directed at homologous wall components of Pasteurellaceae and Enterobacteriaceae could prove to be a possible heterotypic vaccination strategy for the protection of rabbits against pasteurellosis. investigators should determine whether antigen impurity (endotoxin contamination) influences epitope focus during polyclonal antibody production and whether it affects sera variability among rabbits. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:501-506).
Interday variation in vertical ground reaction force in clinically normal Greyhounds at the trot
Authors: Rumph Paul F. , Steiss Janet E. , West Mark S. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine the effect of interday variation on vertical ground reaction force variables in dogs.

Animals
52 clinically normal Greyhounds of either sex weighing between 22 and 35 kg.

Procedure
Dogs were led at a trot across a floor-mounted force platform to determine vertical ground reaction force variables (peak [PFz] and impulse [IFz]) from hind limbs. Data were collected from each dog on 3 consecutive days. Variance components were estimated, using maximal likelihood to evaluate contributions of interday variation within dogs and variation attributable to dogs and repetitions. An ANOVA was used to test significance of interday variation within dogs and day within dog interactions.

Results
PFz, IFz, or both differed significantly from day to day for 29 of 52 dogs. Only PFz differed significantly among days for 16 dogs, and only IFz differed among days for 5 dogs. The PFz and IFz differed significantly from day to day in 8 dogs. Using ANOVA, the difference for PFz and IFz among days within dogs was significant.

Conclusions
Effect of day within dog variation (interaction) should be considered as a component in statistical models in which data from 1 day are evaluated against data from the same subject on another day. We propose a statistical model that incorporates an accommodation for interday variation. Investigators should determine the factors that affect their studies, including the extent of interday variation, and compensate for the variation attributable to each factor in the statistical models used to analyze their data. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:679–683)
Evaluation of 2-deoxy-D-glucose for induction of a stress response in pigs
Authors: Stabel Thomas J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine the most effective route and dose for 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) administration in swine, kinetics of 2DG, endogenous glucose concentration in the blood, effects of 2DG on Cortisol concentration, and effects of 2DG administration in vivo on lymphocyte proliferation in vitro.

Animals
14 Salmonella-free male and female mixed-breed pigs.

Procedure
A cannula was inserted in the femoral artery of each pig to allow for frequent blood collection with minimal external stress. The concentration and duration of 2DG in the blood was monitored while varying dose (250, 500, or 750 mg/kg of body weight) and route (IV, SC, IM, or IP) of 2DG administration. Blood samples were collected at various time points and assayed for lymphocyte response to concanavalin A and Cortisol, endogenous glucose, and 2DG concentrations.

Results
The 2 best routes for administration of 2DG were IV and SC. If the IV route was chosen, the optimal dose was 500 mg of 2DG/kg; the optimal dose for SC administration was 750 mg/kg.

Conclusions
2DG induces a stress response in pigs similar to that in rodents. The use of 2DG in a porcine stress model should be effective for studying the possible role of stress in the pathogenesis and shedding of microorganisms. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:708–713)
Development of a snapback method of single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis for genotyping Golden Retrievers for the X-linked muscular dystrophy allele
Authors: Honeyman Kaite , Carville Kylie S. , Howell John M. , Fletcher Sue , Wilton Steve D. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To develop a snapback method of single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis for genotyping Golden Retrievers for the X-linked muscular dystrophy allele.

Animals
20 Golden Retriever puppies from a colony with X-linked muscular dystrophy.

Procedure
DNA spanning the canine dystrophin mutation was amplified by means of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using a primer modified to have an additional sequence at the 5′ terminus. The primer was designed so that 1 terminus of the single-stranded PCR product could anneal to the normal sequence flanking the region of the mutation in the allele but not in the mutant allele. True disease status of the dogs was determined by means of a PCR and restriction digest protocol.

Results
Snapback SSCP analysis allowed for accurate and unambiguous genotyping of unaffected, carrier, and affected dogs, whereas conventional SSCP analysis, using the unmodified primer, did not. Creatine kinase activities measured within 24 hours after birth were not consistent with genotype.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance
Snapback SSCP analysis provided a simple, fast, and accurate method for genotyping Golden Retrievers for the mutation known to cause X-linked muscular dystrophy. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:734–737)
Comparison of stance time and velocity as control variables in force plate analysis of dogs
Authors: Renberg Walter C. , Johnston Spencer A. , Ye Keying , Budsberg Steven C. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To investigate effects of the use of stance time or velocity as control variables on ground reaction forces in lame dogs.

Animals
12 dogs with pelvic osteotomies.

Procedure
Data for ground reaction forces were obtained preoperatively and at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, and 28 weeks postoperatively, using velocity and stance time as control variables. Ground reaction forces obtained were compared between the 2 methods of data collection, as were velocities and stance times of the trials.

Results
Significant differences in ground reaction forces were not found between the use of velocity or stance time as a control variable at any time. Also, significant differences in stance times or velocities were not found between the 2 methods of data collection. Greatest variation in stance time and velocity was found during periods of greatest lameness.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Use of stance time as a control variable in force plate analysis does not lead to significantly different results from use of velocity as a control variable, indicating that either method may be used in force plate analysis of dogs. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:814–819)
Influence of restricted food intake on estrous cycles and pseudopregnancies in dogs
Authors: Lawler Dennis F. , Johnston Shirley D. , Keltner D. Glenn , Ballam Joan M. , Kealy Richard D. , Bunte Thomas , Lust George , Mantz Sandra L. , Nie Robert C. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To examine effects of restricted food intake on estrous cycle frequency, interestrus interval, and pseudopregnancy prevalence in dogs.

Animals
28 female Labrador Retrievers.

Procedure
Dogs were paired by body weight when they were 6 weeks old and fed so that the limit-fed pair-mate received 75% of the amount of food offered to its maintenance-fed counterpart. Estrous cycle, interestrus interval, and pseudopregnancy data were recorded.

Results
Mean annual frequency of estrous cycles and duration of interestrus intervals did not differ between feeding groups. Prevalence of clinically evident pseudopregnancy was significantly greater among females that were maintenance fed, although results of endocrinologic testing did not identify a mechanism for this observation.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Pseudopregnancy in dogs can be influenced by physiologic factors related to nutrition. Clinicians should consider a variety of physiologic and environmental factors when evaluating reproductive function in dogs. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:820–825)