bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in phospholipids of alveolar lining material in calves after aerosol exposure to bovine herpesvirus-1 or parainfluenza-3 virus
Authors: Engen R. L. , Brown T. T. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Pulmonary lavage samples were collected from 90- to 130-day-old calves before and 6 days after aerosol inoculation with bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1) or parainfluenza-3 (pi3) virus. Alveolar lining material was separated from lavage fluids by high-speed centrifugation and phospholipids were extracted from alveolar lining material and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were 74.2 ± 6.5% and 13.3 ± 2.8%, respectively, of the total phospholipid content in the surfactant obtained from calves before virus inoculation. Other phospholipids were represented by substantially lower percentages. Infection with either of the 2 viruses caused a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in the percentage of phosphatidylcholine to 66.0 ± 8.0% and 65.1 ± 10.8% in the calves inoculated with bhv-1 and pi3 virus, respectively. A significant (P < 0.05) increase in the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine to 18.1 ± 2.2% and 17.8 ± 4.5% developed in calves inoculated with bhv-1 and pi3 virus, respectively. Infection with bhv-1 also induced an increase (not significant) in the percentage of phosphatidylinositol from 5.5± 2.8% to 7.8 ± 2.2%. A similar, but not significant, increase in the percentage of phosphatidylinositol was also seen in the calves inoculated with pi3 virus. Less substantial changes in the percentage of other phospholipids were detected after virus infection.
Immunity in swine inoculated with larvae or extracts of a pig isolate and a sylvatic isolate of Trichinella spiralis
Authors: Marinculic Albert , Gamble H. Ray , Urban Joseph F. , Rapic Damir , Zivicnjak Tatjana , Smith Harry J. , Murrell K. Darwin 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Inoculation of swine with a sylvatic isolate of Trichinella spiralis, designated T s nativa, resulted in low numbers of muscle larvae, compared with muscle larvae accumulation in swine inoculated with a pig type of T s spiralis. Despite low infectivity of T s nativa for swine, primary inoculation resulted in high levels of immunity against challenge infection with T s spiralis. This immunity was expressed in accelerated expulsion of challenge adults from the intestine and reduced numbers of muscle larvae. Pigs inoculated with T s nativa developed cellular and humoral responses similar to those in pigs inoculated with T s spiralis. However, in immunoblots, sera from pigs inoculated with T s nativa recognized additional proteins in muscle larvae excretory-secretory (ES) products, compared with sera from pigs inoculated with T s spiralis. Active immunization of pigs with ES products from T s nativa resulted in numerically higher, but not significantly different levels of immunity, compared with pigs immunized with ES from T s spiralis. The highest levels of immunity were obtained in pigs immunized with a T s spiralis newborn larval extract. The combination of ES products and newborn larval extract did not result in additive levels of immunity. These results indicate that the major immune effector response to Trichinella sp in pigs is against the newborn larvae, regardless of the genetic type of Trichinella sp.
Replication of parainfluenza type-3 virus and bovine respiratory syncytial virus in isolated bovine type-II alveolar epithelial cells
Authors: Castleman W. L. , Northrop P. J. , McAllister P. K. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The objectives of our research were to determine whether bovine pulmonary type-II alveolar epithelial cells could be isolated from bovine lung and maintained in tissue culture and to determine whether isolated bovine type-II alveolar epithelial cells would support productive viral replication of bovine parainfluenza type-3 virus and bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Type-II alveolar epithelial cells were isolated from lungs of 4- to 7-day-old male Holstein calves by enzymatic dissociation of pulmonary tissue with trypsin and by separation of cells with the use of filtration and centrifugation on continuous Percoll gradients. Cells were further separated by panning on IgGcoated plastic plates and by lectin binding. Isolated type- II alveolar cells were maintained on basement membrane- coated tissue cultured plates. In culture, type-II cells formed alveolar structures and maintained other cytologic features of type-II cells, including osmiophilic lamellar inclusions. Cell cultures were inoculated with and supported productive replication of bovine parainfluenza type-3 virus and bovine respiratory syncytial virus. This was determined by recovery of infectious viruses from inoculated cell cultures and by identification of viral structures in type-II alveolar epithelial cells by transmission electron microscopy.
Use of a multivariable indexing score for hygiene variables in relation to egg production
Authors: Mohammed Hussni O. , Carpenter Tim E. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
An indexing system for hygiene variables associated with egg production was developed by use of data collected from chicken flocks in southern California. The data were analyzed by factor and regression analysis.
On the basis of our findings, hygiene index in relation to egg production consists of ventilation system, cooling system, manure removal, and truck movement. Flocks kept under natural ventilation produced, on the average, 2% more hen-day eggs than flocks kept under artificial ventilation. Flocks placed in houses with roof sprinklers produced 3.3% more hen-day eggs, compared with flocks placed in houses with inside foggers and pad. Flocks kept under the system of frequent removal of manure produced 2% more hen-day eggs than flocks kept under the system for which the manure was removed less frequently. Flocks kept in farms that restricted trucks collecting dead birds from entering the premises produced 3.4% more hen-day eggs than those that allowed such trucks to enter the farm.
Effect of age on the concentrations of amino acids in the plasma of healthy foals
Authors: Zicker Steven C. , Spensley Michael S. , Rogers Quinton R. , Willits Neil H. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The concentrations of 23 ammo acids in the plasma of 13 healthy foals were determined before suckling, when foals were 1 to 2 days old, 5 to 7 days old, 12 to 14 days old, and 26 to 28 days old. The ratio of the branched chain amino acids to the aromatic amino acids was also calculated at the 5 time points. Analysis of the concentrations at the 5 ages revealed a significant temporal relationship for each amino acid ranging from a polynomial order of 1 to 4 inclusively. There were significant differences between several concentrations of amino acids in plasma at specific sample times; however, no consistent patterns were revealed. The concentrations of amino acids in healthy foals were markedly different from previously determined values in adult horses. The significant differences in the concentrations of amino acids in plasma of healthy foals at the 5 ages may represent developmental aspects of amino acid metabolism or nutrition.
Efficacy of a pseudorabies virus vaccine based on deletion mutant strain 783 that does not express thymidine kinase and glycoprotein I
Authors: van Oirschot J. T. , Moormann R. J. M. , Berns A. J. M. , Gielkens A. L. J. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The vaccine efficacy of a genetically engineered deletion mutant strain of pseudorabies virus, strain 783, was compared with that of the conventionally attenuated Bartha strain. Strain 783 has deletions in the genes coding for glycoprotein I and thymidine kinase.
In experiment 1, which had a 3-month interval between vaccination and challenge exposure, strain 783 protected pigs significantly (P < 0.05) better against virulent virus challenge exposure than did the Bartha strain. The growth of pigs vaccinated with strain 783 was not arrested, whereas that of pigs vaccinated with the Bartha strain was arrested for 7 days. Of 8 pigs given strain 783, 4 were fully protected against challenge exposure; none of the pigs given strain Bartha was fully protected.
In experiment 2, which had a 3-week interval between vaccination and challenge exposure, the growth of pigs vaccinated with strain 783 was arrested for 3.5 days, whereas that of pigs vaccinated with the Bartha strain was arrested for 6 days.
In experiment 3, pigs with moderate titer of maternal antibodies were vaccinated twice im or once intranasally with either strain 783 or Bartha and were challenge-exposed 3 months after vaccination. Pigs given strain 783 twice im were significantly (P < 0.05) better protected than were the other pigs. They had growth arrest of only 6 days, compared with 9 days for pigs of other groups, and shed less virus after challenge exposure. Results of this study indicate that the vaccine based on the deletion mutant strain 783 is more efficacious than is the Bartha strain of pseudorabies virus.
Cytotoxicity against autologous, allogeneic, and xenogeneic tumor targets by human recombinant interleukin-2-activated lymphocytes from healthy dogs and dogs with lung tumors
Authors: Mitchell Dawn H. , Withrow Stephen J. , Johnston Michael R. , Kruse Carol A. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Before dogs with lung tumors were treated by adoptive immunotherapy, the ability of canine blood lymphocytes (pbl) from the peripheral circulation to differentiate in vitro in the presence of human recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) and become tumoricidal was investigated. The pbl from healthy dogs (n = 6) and dogs with lung tumors (n = 5) were grown in culture medium alone, in the presence of rIL-2 to generate lymphokine-activated killer (lak) cells, or with phytohemagglutinin (pha) and rIL-2 to generate autologous-stimulated lymphocytes (asl). After 4 days, cytotoxicity by the asl, lak, and pbl was determined in a 4-hour 51chromium-release assay. Target cells in the assay were short-term cultured enzyme digests of autologous (self), allogeneic (genetically different) primary tumors, and Raji, the xenogeneic human lymphoma cell line. The pbl cultured without rIL-2 were not cytotoxic against any tumor. However, when a dog's pbl were activated in vitro, they killed the dog's own tumor, asl more effectively than lak cells. Pulmonary adenocarcinomas and an osteosarcoma metastasis to lung were among the autologous tumors assayed. Against an allogeneic canine osteosarcoma, asl generated from healthy dogs were significantly more cytolytic than lak from healthy dogs, or than asl generated from tumorbearing dogs. Cytotoxicity was greater against allogeneic tumor than against Raji. Lectin-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, tested by including pha in the assay medium with lymphocytes and Raji cells, by asl and lak was greater than cytotoxicity of Raji without pha. Because asl were more cytolytic than lak against all targets in vitro, they may be more beneficial than lak for immunotherapy of canine tumors.
Differences in signs and lesions in sheep and goats with enterotoxemia induced by intraduodenal infusion of Clostridium perfringens type D
Authors: Blackwell Timothy E. , Butler Daniel G. , Prescott John F. , Wilcock Brian P. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Enterotoxemia was induced in 4 lambs and 4 goat kids by continuous intraduodenal infusion of a whole culture of Clostridium perfringens type D. Clinical signs, hematologic values, biochemical alterations, and postmortem lesions in the lambs and goat kids were compared. The 4 lambs and 4 goat kids died within 25 hours of beginning the infusions. Lesions were not observed in the gastrointestinal tract of the 4 lambs; however, severe hemorrhagic enterocolitis was found in the 4 goat kids. This difference between the lambs and goat kids in the lesions caused by experimentally induced enterotoxemia may explain the discrepancies reported between sheep and goats in clinical signs, response to treatment, and efficacy of vaccination observed in naturally induced enterotoxemia in the 2 species.
Kinetics of uptake and effects of topical indomethacin application on protein concentration in the aqueous humor of dogs
Authors: Spiess Bernhard M. , Mathis George A. , Franson K. L. , Leber A. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The pharmacokinetic properties of indomethacin and its effects on aqueous protein values were studied in 15 clinically normal Beagles. The dogs were treated every 6 hours with 1% indomethacin suspension in 1 eye, with the other eye serving as a control. After 24 hours, the dogs were anesthetized and samples of aqueous humor (ah) were drawn by aqueocentesis at 0, 15, 30, 60, and 90 minutes after initial paracentesis. Additional samples were drawn at the time of euthanasia, 180 (6 dogs) and 360 minutes (9 dogs) minutes after initial paracentesis. Blood samples were obtained at each treatment and at each aqueocentesis. The eyes were enucleated after dogs were euthanatized. Aqueous protein concentrations and indomethacin concentrations in ah, plasma, and different ocular tissues were determined.
Topical indomethacin administration had no effect on baseline protein concentrations of ah. It reduced protein concentrations in ah significantly at all times after initial aqueocentesis. This reduction was approximately 30%. Indomethacin in the ah is mostly protein-bound. Concentrations were 350 ng/ml in primary ah and 1,305 ng/ml in secondary ah, 90 minutes after initial aqueocentesis. Free-drug concentrations were relatively constant at about 220 ng/ml.
Indomethacin administered topically is readily absorbed by the ocular adnexae, reaching a steady-state concentration of 25 ng/ml in blood plasma 18 hours after the start of treatment. Plasma concentrations were 50 times lower than therapeutically effective concentrations. High indomethacin concentrations were found in the cornea only. Low concentrations were found in the iris and ciliary body, the lens, and in the choroid. On the basis of our findings, we conclude that topically administered indomethacin is effective in reducing protein concentrations in secondary ah and is rapidly eliminated from the eye.
Pigment epithelial function in canine retina
Authors: Kommonen Bertel , Dawson William W. , Farmer Ronald 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The lateral distribution and temporal changes in the eye standing potential of 15 dogs with normal eyes (as determined by use of an ophthalmoscope and electroretinography) were measured by use of noninvasive methods. The standing potential was converted to an alternating potential by controlled eye movement. The light peak occurred 6 minutes after a stimulus intensity increase of 4 log units. The ratios of the highest measured voltage after the light step divided by the voltage measured immediately before the light step ranged from 1.27 to 2.07 (mean 1.74 ± sem-, 0.064). The responses typically decayed slowly after the light peak. The potential after the light peak did not return to prelight step values during the observation period. The field potential of the standing potential decreased nonlinearly in temporal direction from the outer canthus.
Developmental changes in the regulation of plasma growth hormone concentrations in Holstein calves
Authors: Sartin J. L. , Kemppainen R. J. , Cummins K. A. , Marple D. N. , Williams J. C. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
A study was initiated to determine whether development of a functional ruminant digestive system was associated with alterations in plasma growth hormone (gh) concentration. Holstein bull calves were fed milk or milk with grain until studied at the age of 1 month (n = 12). Calves placed on pasture with some grain supplementation were studied at the age of 3 months (n = 6) to determine plasma gh concentration in an animal with fully developed ruminant metabolism. Blood samples were taken at 10-minute intervals for 5 hours, followed by administration of bovine gh-releasing factor (0.075 μg/kg of body weight) and subsequent blood sample collection for 1 hour. On the following day, a blood sample was collected via jugular cannula, clonidine (10 μg/kg) was administered, and blood samples were subsequently obtained. Data indicated that milk-fed calves had higher mean plasma gh concentration than did either milk/grain-fed or older calves. The difference in mean plasma gh concentration was related to higher secretory pulse amplitude. Pituitary responses to bovine gh-releasing factor did not differ among the 3 groups, but response to clonidine were greater in milk-fed calves than in calves of the other groups. These data indicate that the change from a nonruminant to a ruminant-type gastrointestinal tract, perhaps attributable to subsequent changes in metabolism, may induce changes in hypothalmic function to decrease gh concentration.
Luteinizing hormone and progesterone concentrations and induction of estrus after use of norgestomet ear implants or constant infusion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in anestrous, nonlactating dairy goats
Authors: Bretzlaff K. N. , Nuti L. C. , Scarfe A. D. , Elmore R. G. , Capehart J. , Varner D. D. , Weston P. G. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Plasma luteinizing hormone and progesterone concentrations, time to onset of estrus, and pregnancy rates were determined in nonlactating anestrous does given 1 of 4 treatments: subcutaneous ear implants containing 3 mg of norgestomet for 9 days (nor; n = 6); subcutaneous administration, using osmotic minipumps, of 250 ng of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)/h for 48 hours (GnRH; n = 6); 3 mg of nor for 9 days, followed immediately by 250 ng of GnRH/h for 48 hours (nor + GnRH; n = 6); or no treatment (control; n = 6). During the 72-hour period after removal of nor or insertion of GnRH pumps, 6 of 6, 0 of 6, 6 of 6, and 3 of 6 does were observed in estrus at a mean (± se) of 49 (± 3.0), 0(± 0), 32 (± 2.0), and 35 (± 13.8) hours in groups nor, GnRH, nor + GnRH, and control, respectively. Time from end of treatment to peak concentrations of luteinizing hormone were 56 ± 4.0, 28 ± 4.7, 34 ± 4.3, and 41 ± 9.7 hours (mean ± se) for nor, GnRH, nor ± GnRH, and control, respectively. Peak concentrations of luteinizing hormone were significantly greater and occurred significantly later in does given nor. Progesterone concentrations in does that became pregnant increased to concentrations ≥ 1.0 ng/ml 3 to 5 days after breeding and remained high.
Functional corpora lutea (cl) was found in 6 does that did not become pregnant, 1 cl was associated with pseudopregnancy and 1 cl was associated with ovulation prior to placement of the GnRH pumps. Functional cl failed to form in 10 of the 12 does in groups GnRH and control. Does had either continual low concentrations of progesterone (3 does) or short-term increases in concentrations of progesterone (7 does). Conception rates for does in groups nor, GnRH, nor + GnRH, and control were 83%, 0%, 50% and 0%, respectively. Four does given GnRH and 3 control does were observed in estrus and were bred during the subsequent 2-week period. All of these does, except 1 control became pregnant subsequent to these breedings.
The treatments nor and nor + GnRH were effective in inducing a synchronized estrus in dairy goats. However, the use of bucks to detect estrus may have introduced the buck effect and enhanced the performance of nor alone, which has not been this effective in other studies with small ruminants.
Fluorophotometric evaluation of experimental blood-aqueous barrier disruption in dogs
Authors: Ward Daniel A. , Ferguson Duncan C. , Kaswan Renee L. , Green Keith , Bellhorn Roy W. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
A protocol for performing slit-lamp fluorophotometry of the anterior chamber in dogs was established. The technique was then used to develop a model of blood-aqueous barrier disruption that can be used for comparative testing of ophthalmic anti-inflammatory drugs. It was determined that barrier disruption induced by a slow, controlled paracentesis of a small volume of aqueous humor may provide the most reliable model for drug testing. Additionally, fluorophotometry proved to be a sensitive and accurate means of detecting breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier.
Use of orthopedic markers for quantitative determination of proximal radial and ulnar growth in foals
Authors: Smith Barbara L. , Auer Joerg A. , Taylor Tex S. , Hulse Donald S. , Longnecker Michael T. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Cortical bone screws were implanted into the proximal portion of the right and left radius and ulna of 6 newborn Quarter Horse foals as radiographic markers for measurement of growth. Distance between markers on a lateral radiographic view was measured. Radiographs were taken at 2-week intervals until the horses were 8 weeks old, at 4-week intervals until they were 48 weeks old, and at 12-week intervals until they were 72 weeks old.
The proximal radius and ulna grew at similar rates during the 72-week period of evaluation, and growth continued throughout 72 weeks. The proximal radius grew 3.5 cm, and the ulna grew 3.4 cm. Although the rates of growth were similar, growth from the ulnar physis contributed only to the length of the olecranon; growth was not transmitted to the ulnar diaphysis distal to the cubital joint. The proximal radius slid distally in relation to the ulna as growth occurred at the proximal radial physis.
These findings suggest that transfixing the ulna to the radius while growth is occurring at the proximal radial physis impedes the natural shifting process, and subluxation of the elbow can result. Severity of subluxation would be inversely related to the age of the horse at the time of transfixation.
Effect of humidification on the airways of cats during high-frequency ventilation
Authors: Whitfield J. B. , Bjorling D. E. , Munnell J. F. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The effect of humidity on the histologic lesions induced by high-frequency jet ventilation was investigated in 12 healthy cats. After 16 hours of ventilation, the appearance of the tracheal epithelium ranged from normal to necrotic. The damage was considerably more severe in the trachea of cats of the group ventilated without added humidity. Increasing the relative humidity to 63% at 24 C had a protective effect, but further increasing the relative humidity to 92% at 35 C did not appear to provide significantly more protection. The bronchi and distal airways had minimal, if any, damage in all groups.
Comparison of phenotypic characteristics of Salmonella spp isolated from healthy and ill (infected) chickens
Authors: Nolan Lisa K. , Wooley Richard E. , Brown John , Payeur Janet B. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Phenotypic characteristics of 12 paired, Salmonella serotypes isolated from healthy and ill chickens were compared. Variables compared included antibiotic resistance profiles, production of colicins and siderophores, mannose-sensitive hemagglutination of erythrocytes, resistance to serum complement, carbon source utilization, presence and transmissibility of R plasmids, and invasiveness in primary chicken kidney cell culture. Differences were found between pairs for utilization of carbon sources, mannose-sensitive hemagglutination of erythrocytes, and invasiveness in cell culture.