bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the role of syntactic locality in morphological processes: the case of (Greek) derived nominals
Authors: Alexiadou Artemis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A certain amount of consensus exists that the generalization in (1) holds across languages (though expressed from different theoretical viewpoints, see Grimshaw (1990), Bierwisch (1989), Borer (2003b), Borer (to appear), Alexiadou & Grimshaw (2008) among others): Derived nouns that have argument structure inherit this in some form from their verbal source.
A Phonological View of Phases∗
Authors: Shiobara Kayono 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When first characterizing “phase,” Chomsky (2000) states, based on the minimalist view of the grammar, that a phase should be “a natural syntactic object SO, an object that is relatively independent in terms of interface properties” (2000: 106). Among the two interfaces, the focus has been on the “meaning side,” and such SOs have been taken to be the closest syntactic counterparts to a proposition, CP and vP. In Chomsky (2001), he further argues that “the choice of phases has independent support: these are reconstruction sites, and have a degree of phonetic independence” (2001: 12, italics are mine). This chapter focuses on the “sound side” of the two interfaces, and considers potential advantages of the phonologically based approach to phases. I show that the phonological view of phases calls for left-to-right (as opposed to bottom-up) structure-building in the computational component, and brings a conceptually welcome consequence that the grammar is shaped in response to external conditions on the interfaces, namely conditions on parsing.
Hume on Practical Morality and Inert Reason
Authors: Sayre-McCord Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
David Hume’s dramatic conclusions concerning the role of reason in practical life are well known. According to him, ‘‘reason is, and ought only to be the slave of the passions, and can never pretend to any other office than to serve and obey them’’ ( T. 415).¹In serving and obeying the passions, Hume recognizes, reason can of course influence our behavior by changing our view of the world. It might inform us that four dollars are more than two, or that one course of action will have certain effects while another will not, or that what appears to be a glass of wine is one of water. If we are concerned to have more money rather than less, or concerned to bring about certain effects, or concerned to have wine rather than water, reason’s conclusions will make a difference to what we do.
Introduction
Authors: Emery Alan E H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If you have muscular dystrophy, or you have an affected son or daughter or other affected relative, the first thing to remember is that you are not alone and that there are many others who are similarly affected and share the same worries and concerns. Muscular dystrophy or, more accurately, the muscular dystrophies, as there are many different types, are not uncommon. There are nearly 70 000 individuals affected with a severe form of dystrophy in the various countries of western Europe and at least 40 000 in the USA. It has no predilection for any particular group of individuals but affects all races, all strata of society, and occurs throughout the world. Why then is it not more obvious? The simplest answer is that those with a physical disability often avoid society and, moreover, are often avoided by society. Furthermore, in most forms of dystrophy the resulting disability may not be obvious to the casual observer, and affected individuals often become quite adept at disguising their problems. However, for whatever reason, muscular dystrophy has, for a long time, been a neglected subject. It began to reach public awareness as a result of television programmes specifically organized for this purpose, such as the Muscular Dystrophy Campaign’s Annual Meeting in Britain, the Jerry Lewis TV appeal in the USA, and Télethon in France and Italy. All of these raise a great deal of money each year for research and for the treatment of dystrophy.
What Does an Omniscient Being Know about the Future?
Authors: van Inwagen Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I want to consider the question whether the existence of an omniscient being is compatible with human free will. But is this an important question? Well, I believe in free will and I believe in God and omniscience occurs in all the standard lists of the divine attributes, so naturally I find the question interesting. But a question one regards as interesting need not be a question one regards as important. Suppose that Sally believes that God is omniscient and that human beings have free will. If someone convinces her that human free will and divine omniscience are incompatible, why should she not proceed to say something like, ‘Oh, that’s interesting. I see that I must give up at least one of two beliefs I happen to have. If I can find some time to devote to the question which of the two beliefs to give up, I must think about the matter. Until I find the time for such reflection, I’ll just give them both up. I’ll thereby avoid logical inconsistency, and I’ll also avoid making an arbitrary choice about which of them to give up, which is what I’d have to do if I decided to give up only one of them without devoting sufficient thought to the very complex issues they involve.’? If she did say something of that sort, she’d thereby show that she didn’t regard the question whether free will and divine omniscience were compatible as important. I would suppose that one will regard the question of the compatibility of two of one’s beliefs as important only if one is unwilling simply to give them both up.
The Structure of Gunk: Adventures in the Ontology of Space
Authors: Russell Jeffrey Sanford 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Here are two ways space might be (not the only two): (1) Space is ‘pointy ‘. Every finite region has infinitely many infinitesimal, indivisible parts, called points. Points are zero-dimensional atoms of space. In addition to points, there are other kinds of ‘thin ‘ boundary regions, like surfaces of spheres. Some regions include their boundaries— the closed regions — others exclude them — the open regions— and others include some bits of boundary and exclude others. Moreover, space includes unextended regions whose size is zero. (2) Space is ‘gunky ‘. Every region contains still smaller regions— there are no spatial atoms. Every region is ‘thick ‘— there are no boundary regions. Every region is extended.
Spinoza
Authors: Irwin Terence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Both the title of the Ethics and some of its contents imply that Spinoza intends to contribute to moral philosophy. The last three parts of the Ethics, on the affects and on human freedom, are directly about ethical questions. The first two parts, on God and on the origin and nature of the mind, are on topics that many philosophers take to be relevant to moral questions. Moreover, Spinoza suggests that his philosophy supports important practical conclusions. It shows us why we should depart from some ordinary assumptions and outlooks on life. We should not care as much as most people care about the goals, aims, and concerns that we adopt under the influence of emotions.
Hutcheson: For And Against Moral Realism
Authors: Irwin Terence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hutcheson believes, as Cumberland and Shaftesbury do, that Hobbes’s position undermines morality. He agrees with Shaftesbury and Clarke in rejecting Cumberland’s and Locke’s view that morality consists in laws imposed by divine commands. In his view, we can understand moral obligation without reference to any law, by understanding our approval of benevolence. This approval is disinterested; Hutcheson rejects attempts to defend morality within the limits of a hedonist psychology. But he also rejects Clarke’s account of moral judgment and motivation as aspects of rational understanding grasping the fitness of things and properties. He reaches his own position by reflexion on his objections to Clarke. Hence he rejects the extreme rationalism of Clarke by insisting on a role for both reason and desire in moral motivation and justification.
Reid : Action And Will
Authors: Irwin Terence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Price argues against sentimentalism by defending an epistemological position that allows us to know about objective moral properties, not simply about how we react to things that lack moral properties. Reid agrees with him in claiming that we have this sort of moral knowledge. His distinctive contribution is his discussion of questions that are less discussed by Price, on will and action. The most important parts of Active Powers concern the topics of Book ii of Hume’s Treatise, on passion, reason, and will. Reid’s discussion reflects a conviction that he shares with Butler about the importance of moral psychology for the grasp of moral principles.
Consonant Gradation: A Problem in Danish Phonology and Morphology
Authors: Rischel Jørgen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a well-known characteristic of Danish that the patterns of OBSTRUENTS (stops and fricatives) in word-initial and word-final position are phonetically very different but can be made to match each other fairly well if some of the stops and fricatives be considered allophones of the same series of phonemes. It is also well known that the diphthongs found in Danish are related to the class of fricatives, since the second component of the diphthongs (here termed a Semivowel) can be considered to be in allophonic variation with fricatives. (See the distributional survey below.)
On the evolution of complexity: sometimes less is more in East and mainland Southeast Asia
Authors: Bisang Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent functional typological approaches to complexity (McWhorter 2001a, 2005; Dahl 2004) define their Weld of research in terms of grammatical categories and rules as they are manifested in overt morphological and syntactic structures. As will be argued in this chapter, complexity has two sides – one side is accessible through overt morphosyntactic patterns, while the other side is hidden and must be inferred from context. The former side is extensively discussed in the above functional typological approaches and will be referred to as “overt complexity”. The latter side has been neglected in the literature. It will be called “hidden complexity” and will be the main topic of this paper.
An interview with Dan Everett
Authors: Sampson Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most startling recent events in linguistics was the publication in 2005 of an article by Dan Everett (then of the University of Manchester, and since 2006 chairing the Department of Languages, Literatures, and Cultures of Illinois State University) on the language and culture of the Pirahãs, a tribe of a hundred or so people in a remote area of Amazonia. Pirahã, as Everett describes it in his Current Anthropology article, lacks many basic features often seen as essential to any human language. For instance, it is totally devoid of grammatical recursion, and it has no means of making precise statements about quantities – a forthcoming paper describes experiments which appear to establish that the Pirahã cannot distinguish even between “one” and “more than one”.
Ontological Realism*
Authors: Sider Theodore 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1987, Peter van Inwagen asked a good question. (Asking the right question is often the hardest part.) He asked: what do you have to do to some objects to get them to compose something — to bring into existence some further thing made up of those objects? Glue them together or what? Some said that you don̓ have to do anything.
Criticism, Logical Empiricism, and the General Theory of Relativity
Authors: Hughes R I G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alfred Tarski’s Introduction to Logic and to the Methodology of Deductive Sciences opens with this assertion: ‘Every scientific theory is a system of sentences which are accepted as true and which may be called laws or asserted statements or, for short, simply statements’ (1965: 3). The ‘statement view of theories’, as we may call it, was shared by the logical empiricists, and went almost unchallenged in the philosophy of science during the middle decades of this century.
Models and Representation
Authors: Hughes R I G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A major philosophical insight, recognized by Heinrich Hertz and Pierre Duhem at the turn of the nineteenth century, and recovered eighty years later by proponents of the semantic view of theories, is that the statements of physics are not, strictly speaking, statements about the physical world. They are statements about theoretical constructs. If the theory is satisfactory, then these constructs stand in a particular relation to the world. To flesh out these claims, we need to say more about what kinds of constructs are involved, and what relation is postulated between them and the physical world. To call these constructs ‘models’, and the relation ‘representation’, does not get us very far. Scientific models, as I pointed out in Essay 4, are many and various. If our philosophical account of theorizing is to be in terms of models, then we need both to recognize this diversity and to identify whatever common elements exist within it.
The Ising Model, Computer Simulation, and Universal Physics
Authors: Hughes R I G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a curious fact that the index of The New Physics (Davies 1989), an anthology of eighteen substantial essays on recent developments in physics, contains only one entry on the topics of computers and computer simulation. Curious, because the computer is an indispensable tool in contemporary research. To different degrees, its advent has changed, not merely the way individual problems are addressed, but the sort of enterprise in which theorists engage. Consider, for example, chaos theory. Although the ideas underlying the theory were first explored by Poincare´ at the turn of the century, their development had to await the arrival of the computer. In The New Physics, the striking pictures of fractal structures that illustrate the essay on chaos theory (Ford 1989) are, of course, computer generated. Yet, perhaps because it runs counter to the mythology of theoretical practice, that fact is mentioned neither in the captions that accompany the pictures nor elsewhere in the text. The indispensable has become invisible.
How effective are patient decision aids?
Authors: Stacey Dawn , Bennett Carol , Saarimaki Anton , Khangura Sara , Eden, Karen , Col Nananda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first randomized controlled trials of patient decision aids, published in 1983, were focused on the decision to circumcise a newborn boy (Maisels et al., 1983; Herrera et al., 1983). Findings revealed that compared to usual care, couples exposed to patient decision aids were more likely to make a decision and were more knowledgeable, but there was no significant difference between groups on whether they chose to have their baby circumcised. Subsequently, there have been over 10 systematic reviews of patient decision aids, most recently with the updated Cochrane review of patient decision aids including 55 randomized controlled trials (Coulter and Ellins, 2007; O’Connor et al., 2007a). This chapter summarizes the evidence on the effectiveness of patient decision aids, highlights evidence changes over time, and reports quality rating of publicly available patient decision aids.
Global Justice, Human Rights, and Health∗
Authors: Macklin Ruth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Global bioethics embodies two overarching concerns. The first relates to the international research enterprise, which I shall refer to as global research ethics. The second concern is how — not whether— the fruits of research can be made available throughout the world. I refer to this as global justice in health. More specifically, the unprecedented growth of research across national borders, especially in developing countries, poses the following question: How does research in widely different social and economic contexts challenge the accepted norms of research or even compel their revision? The gap between industrialized nations and developing countries in their populations ‘ access to essential medications and health services prompts the question of whether there is a right to health care services that all human beings possess.
American ‘ ‘Medical Professionalism ‘ ‘: At Home and in the World
Authors: Martensen∗ Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the 1990s, leaders in U.S. and Western European medicine have gen- erated ‘‘medical professionalism’’ initiatives as means to enhance medicine’s social contract. This chapter explores their recent and self-conscious atten- tion to physician values, behaviors, and relationships in medical teaching, research, and ‘‘the clinical enterprise.’’ Major questions this chapter addresses include the following: Along with scientific and technical training, how should medical educators educate medical students, residents, and fellows to make sound judgments in the face of uncertainty, which I expect most readers would agree is the hallmark of good medical practice? How should medical leaders guide organized medicine for the twenty-first century? How does American ‘‘medical professionalism’’ resonate in international contexts, especially in developing nations? In form, this essay is a hybrid: part history, part memoir, and part prescriptive advice. My intention is to stimulate reflective analysis, not to provide a synoptic overview of the professionalism movement.
Community-Level Approaches to Spatial Conservation Prioritization
Authors: Ferrier Simon , Faith Daniel P , Arponen Anni , Drielsma Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Quantitative approaches to spatial conservation prioritization require information on the distribution of biodiversity, often at relatively fine spatial resolutions across large geographical areas (Margules and Sarkar 2007; see also Chapter 1). Yet there is no region anywhere in the world for which there exists even a complete list of species (including all invertebrates, lower plants, and microbes) occurring within that region, let alone adequate spatial information on the distribution of these species (Rodrigues and Brooks 2007). In the face of such incomplete knowledge, conservation assessment is commonly based on two major types of surrogate: (a) species-level surrogates that employ mapped (or modelled) distributions of individual species from better-studied biological groups as indicators of spatial pattern in the distribution of biodiversity as a whole (see Chapter 6); and (b) community-level surrogates that work with spatial descriptors, or correlates, of emergent patterns in the distribution of biodiversity at the level of whole ecological communities or ecosystems (Ferrier 2002). Community-level surrogates can take many different forms – for example, mapped vegetation types, abiotic environmental classifications, or continuous surfaces of modelled richness or compositional turnover (see Section 7.3 for a comprehensive overview of options). Species-level and community-level surrogates are best viewed not as competing alternatives, but rather as highly complementary strategies for making best use of sparse biodiversity information in conservation assessment.
Climate Change and Spatial Conservation Planning
Authors: Araújo Miguel B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Spatial conservation planning methodologies have traditionally been implemented under the assumption that species distributions change relatively slowly, unless they are directly affected by human activities. However, over the past 100 years, Earth’s climate has become warmer and precipitation regimes have changed. For example, from 1850–99 2001–05, global temperatures increased 0.76°C with warming in the past 50 years being nearly twice that for the last 100 years (IPCC 2007). Climate projections forecast even greater changes in the century to come, with impacts on biodiversity being expected to parallel changes in the climate (e.g. Thomas et al. 2004). Interactions of climate and land-use changes are only likely to compound the individual effects of climate change on biodiversity (e.g. Jetz et al. 2007; Pyke and Andelman 2007; Araújo et al. 2008). Environmental changes challenge the conventional approach to conservation planning, because they can alter the quantity, quality, and distribution of suitable areas for many species (e.g. Peters and Darling 1985; Hannah et al. 2002b). Some species will persist only if they can colonize new areas, although in some cases their dispersal abilities might be very limited and dependent on the existence of suitable ‘stepping stones’ between protected areas. In other cases, species might persist in areas where they can retain parts of their former ranges (i.e. ‘range retention areas’); the question is whether such range retention areas and/or stepping stones for species dispersal have been captured by existing conservation areas and, if not, whether there are tools available for helping the identification of such critical areas for biodiversity conservation in a changing world.
The Aquatic Panda
Authors: Turvey Samuel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the years following the death of Chairman Mao and the end of the Cultural Revolution, Western scientists were able to venture back into China for the first time in decades. The first cetacean biologist to have the opportunity to work with Chinese researchers in this brave new world was Professor Giorgio Pilleri from the Institute of Brain Anatomy in Berne, who was privileged to be able to help Zhou Kaiya and his team with their dolphin surveys in the lower reaches of the Yangtze around Nanjing. Pilleri was not only able to observe several baiji in their natural habitat, but was also impressed by the concerns already being widely voiced in China about the need to try to conserve the species. He observed in 1979 that ‘as I was able to see for myself from talks with authorities during my stay in China in a number of Chinese institutes, all the responsible officials and all the scientists working with dolphins are without exception aware of the dangerous position of Lipotes.
Aristotle’s Criteria for Happiness
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Plato ‘s Philebus Socrates argues that happiness cannot be identified either with pleasure nor wisdom: only a mixed life involving both would be a life worth choosing. He bases his argument on the premiss that the supreme good must be both final (τελειον)andself-sufficient(αταρκε). This passage, as several scholars have pointed out, is a key to understanding important passages of Aristotle ‘s Ethics, and in particular to the concepts that Aristotle extracts as criteria for eudaimonia.