bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Last of the Cold War
Authors: Banton Michael 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
During the ten years from 1978, the conflict between the Eastern and Western blocs formed the political framework within which CERD had to operate. It was argued, on the one hand, that CERD could not examine a report properly unless it could compare the information within it to information from other sources. On the other hand, it was maintained that the Convention referred only to ‘the examination of the reports and information received from the States Parties’. In 1986, at a time when the press was reporting on a campaign forcibly to assimilate the Turkish‐speaking minority in Bulgaria, the Committee was unable to confirm that the campaign was contrary to the Convention.
Democracy Between Consolidation and Crisis
Authors: Morlino Leonardo 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWhat are the key factors to describe and explain the consolidation of a democracy or its possible internal crisis? After providing a few conceptual guidelines and the empirical indicators of consolidation and crisis, a systematic comparative analysis of the following aspects in the four Southern European countries (Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Greece) is unfolded: consensus and legitimation, party systems and party organizations, and relationships of organized and non‐organized interests with parties and state institutions. The consequent models of consolidation, and the related explanations, are given. What happens later in those countries is analysed with special reference to dissatisfaction, discontent, and perceived inefficacy. The concluding remarks pay attention to the ‘quality’ of democracy.
Features and Explanations of Crises
Authors: Morlino Leonardo 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe main dimensions and explanations of crisis are discussed. Although a greater space is devoted to the Italian case, aspects of crisis are detected in the other three countries. The key aspects that are considered refer to the reactions to the policies and particularly to the attitudes and behaviour in terms of dissatisfaction, protest, and manifest inefficacy. The mix of fading away of constraints and of emergence of incentives is suggested to be at the core of disanchoring process and, consequently, of internal democratic crisis.
Regulation Inside Government
Authors: Hood Christopher , James Oliver , Jones George , Scott Colin , Travers Tony 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Regulation Inside Government analyses the army of inspectors, auditors, grievance‐chasers, standard‐setters, and other bodies overseeing contemporary public organizations. On the basis of a pioneering two‐year inside study of British Government by a team of leading scholars, this book provides an original analytical perspective on regulation within government. Given the limitations of orthodox constitutional checks on executive government, the courts, and elected politicians, regulation inside government deserves more attention than it has hitherto received. As one of the first comprehensive accounts of regulation inside government, this book begins to fill the gap. The empirical data for the study sets out the full range of modes of control applied to the public sector. The authors examine the relationship between formal oversight, of the traditional regulatory sort, with other forms of control based on competition, mutuality, and contrived randomness. They conclude that there is a failure in contemporary public management to deploy each of these modes of control to their full potential.
A Regulatory State Inside the State?
Authors: Hood Christopher , Scott Colin , James Oliver , Jones George , Travers Tony 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Makes a case for reading from understanding and study of business regulation to study and analysis of ‘regulation inside government’ and offers a definition of the phenomenon and a taxonomy of the variety of forms of control that are involved. Three major findings from the project are set out. First, regulation inside government is a surprisingly large enterprise, measured in quantitative terms. Second, it appears to have been increasing in formality, complexity, intensity, and specialization over the last two decades. Third, there is considerable variety in the closeness of the regulators to those they oversee, and this affects, in particular, the relative formality of regulatory processes.
Running the Ruler Over Regulation Inside Government
Authors: Hood Christopher , Scott Colin , James Oliver , Jones George , Travers Tony 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Sets out the results of the quantitative assessment of regulation inside government in the UK and refers to the detailed table of budget and staffing levels contained in Appendix 2. It offers a method for defining what is meant by the term ‘public sector’, which is then deployed to capture the whole set of central regulators of public sector bodies. The pattern of growth in staffing and budgets over a 20‐year period point to nearly exponential growth in regulation inside government, and through highly diverse forms of oversight institution that include auditors, inspectorates, ombudsman, and central agencies.
Eurocratic Regulation
Authors: Hood Christopher , Scott Colin , James Oliver , Jones George , Travers Tony 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Examines European Union oversight of UK public sector activity, over compliance with EU norms and financial rules. EU regulators, and particularly those within the European Commission, possess financial sanctions to an extent unusual among domestic regulators over the UK public sector. However, the tendency towards politicization in many domains appeared to generate what, in terms of the rationality of the EU, looked like under‐enforcement.
Walras‐Type Model of Match‐Box Size
Authors: Morishima Michio 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Introduces multi‐sectoral growth analysis. Mainly devoted to examining a Walrasian general equilibrium model of capital formation on the smallest possible scale. It is assumed that the economy concerned consists of many firms that are classified into two industries: the consumption‐good industry and the capital‐good industry. It is also assumed (as Walras and Leontief assumed) that there is no possibility of joint production: the consumption‐good industry only produces the consumption goods and the capital‐good industry only the capital goods (later in the book this assumption is shown to be undesirable). The remaining parts of the chapter give further mathematical treatment of the existence of short‐run equilibrium, its uniqueness, its Pareto optimality, and the investment function implied—a neoclassical growth.
Economic Implications of the ‘Revolution’
Authors: Morishima Michio 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The neoclassical model so far examined in the book assumes, among other things: (a) that firms can be classified into two or several industries, each producing a single output; (b) that capital goods do not suffer wear and tear, or they depreciate by evaporation; (c) that the stock of capital goods can be transferred freely from one firm to another; and (d) that the neoclassical price mechanism works so as to establish automatically the full employment of capital stocks and the labour force; however, all these assumptions are unrealistic and crucially affect the model's capacity to analyse the capital structure of the economy. According to the neoclassical evaporation treatment of depreciation, capital goods that were produced several years ago and have been subject to wear and tear are considered to be physically equivalent to some smaller amounts of new capital goods of the same kind; this is a useful assumption, but an oversimplification of the age structure of the available endowments, and does not deal well with the mortality of the capital goods. In contrast, von Neumann suggested that used capital goods appearing simultaneously with products at the end of the production period could be treated as by‐products of the manufacturing process; this treatment of capital goods requires the discarding of assumptions (a) and (c). Another task assigned to the theory of capital is to find out when a capital good ceases to be used and is replaced by a new one; in growth theory, this problem is especially important, and the von Neumann device of regarding capital goods at different ages as different goods allows the endogenous determination of their economic lifetime simultaneously with other economic unknowns (in fact, capital goods die economically and become free goods when they become unprofitable). The different sections of the chapter look at technological aspects of the von Neumann revolution, his specification and symbolization of production processes, two interpretations of the original von Neumann model (genuine and bastard), the introduction of consumer choice, equilibrium within a period, the working of the system over time (the temporary equilibrium approach versus balanced growth approach), a ‘Pasinetti’ or ‘anti‐Pasinetti’ solution, and the generalized Leontief model (revisited).
Maximization of Bequests: The First Turnpike Theorem
Authors: Morishima Michio 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The conditions for the Golden Equilibrium have been established earlier in the book and this chapter turns to an examination of the economy for stability; it asks whether a Hicks–Malinvaud competitive equilibrium trajectory starting from the historically given initial point approaches nearer and nearer to the state of Golden Equilibrium when the order of the path gets larger. This problem, which amounts to asking whether an economy obeying the principle of competition can attain a Golden Age, is discussed repeatedly in this chapter and the following one. Convergence of this sort will be compared with another kind of convergence recently dealt with by many writers under the common heading of Turnpike Theorems, particular applications of which may occur in more or less planned economies but not in purely competitive economies. In this chapter, the simple case of ‘L‐shaped’ indifference curves is examined. The different sections of the chapter compare the Hicks–Malinvaud equilibrium trajectory (Hicks–Malinvaud equilibrium growth path) with the DOSSO‐efficient path, discuss the Final State Turnpike Theorem, offer a proof of the theorem by the jyoseki (a formula in the game of go), present a lemma by Gale, discuss the convergence to the Turnpike, discuss yosses (the final part of a game of go) of the proof and cyclic exceptions, and look at the tendency towards the Golden Equilibrium of a competitive economy with no planning authorities.
Oscillations Due to Consumer's Choice
Authors: Morishima Michio 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Earlier chapters in the book have: introduced consumer's choice into the conventional framework of economic growth originated by J. von Neumann, and assumed that consumers are classified into two broad groups of persons—the worker and the capitalist (Ch. 6 ); observed that a balanced growth equilibrium obtained when only the worker consumes and only the capitalist saves is distinguished as the ‘best’ one from all other possible states of balanced growth and is, therefore, referred to as the Golden Equilibrium (Ch. 10); and concentrated on a particular economy where the capitalist is thrifty enough to carry out no consumption of goods at all while the worker is well paid so that he/she can buy goods in the Golden Equilibrium amounts, thus enabling the establishment of convergence to the Turnpike (Ch. 10). The following question is then naturally asked: Is the Golden Equilibrium still stable when the assumption of rigid consumption is replaced by the more realistic one that the worker's demand for consumption goods depends on prices and the wage income? In association with the assumption of rigid consumption, Ch. 10 made another powerful assumption that there is no shortage at all in the supply of labour; an economy was considered where the labour force grows at a constant rate, which is exogenously determined, and it was found that a state of balanced growth is compatible with such a flexible demand schedule. Therefore, it is suspected that the flexible demand for consumption goods is an additional cause of the cyclic behaviour of the Hicks–Malinvaud competitive equilibrium path and the DOSSO‐efficient growth path. The different sections of this chapter look at the possibility that flexible demand for consumption goods may cause cycles, the possibility of a Hicks–Malinvaud path in this case (and a numerical example), the DOSSO efficiency in the case of flexible consumption, and a DOSSO zigzag.
Consumption En Route: The Second Turnpike Theorem
Authors: Morishima Michio 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Chapter 10 was concerned with the Final State Turnpike Theorem on the assumptions that consumption of each good per worker is fixed throughout the planning period and that the authorities try to maximize the stocks of goods that they can bestow, at the horizon, upon the future citizens; this chapter looks at a Second Turnpike Theorem. The partial optimization for the sake of the future should more properly be superseded by a general mutual optimization, so that the benefits from the properties initially available are shared between the people living in the planning period and those after that; this would inevitably cause confrontation with one of the hardest problems of economics—the interpersonal and intertemporal comparisons of utilities. In this chapter, attempts to solve the crux of the problem are abandoned and the other extreme is addressed: the conditions are derived for Ramsey optimality as distinct from DOSSO efficiency, i.e. optimization is in favour of the people in the planning period, and the satisfaction of the future residents is pegged at a certain level, of which the present residents approve. Among all feasible programmes that leave, at the end of the planning period, necessary amounts of goods for the future residents, the question is whether the people living choose a single one that is most preferable from their own point of view, i.e. there is a switch over of ideology from abstinence for the future to satisfaction in the transient life. The different sections of the chapter include discussion of: two norms of optimum growth—the Golden Balanced Growth path and the Consumption Turnpike; the existence of the Consumption Turnpike; the Silvery Rule of Accumulation’ the singular case where there is no discrimination between the living and the coming people; the Consumption Turnpike Theorem—the cases of the subjective time‐preference factor not being greater than the growth factor of the population, and of the former being greater than the latter; and an example of a cyclic Ramsey‐optimum growth.
Econometric Concepts
Authors: Hendry David F. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe main concepts for empirical modelling of economic time series are explained: parameter and parameter space; constancy; structure; distributional shape; identification and observational equivalence; interdependence; stochastic process; conditioning; white noise; autocorrelation; stationarity; integratedness; trend; heteroscedasticity; dimensionality; aggregation; sequential factorization; and marginalization. A formal data‐generation process (DGP) for economics is the joint data density with an innovation error. Empirical models derive from reduction operations applied to the DGP.
Econometric Tools and Techniques
Authors: Hendry David F. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractLeast squares and recursive methods for estimating the values of unknown parameters and the logic of testing in empirical modelling, are discussed. The tools needed for investigating the properties of statistics in economics, namely, large‐sample distribution theory and Monte Carlo simulation techniques, are described. Ergodicity is explained, as are tools for investigating non‐stationarity due to unit roots.
Exogeneity and Causality
Authors: Hendry David F. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWeak exogeneity sustains conditional inference about parameters of interest without loss of information. Strong exogeneity, weak exogeneity with Granger non‐causality, sustains conditional forecasting. Super exogeneity, weak exogeneity with invariance of parameters to interventions, sustains conditional policy analyses. Concepts of causality, and estimation and inference in conditional models of unit‐root processes are considered.
The Theory of Reduction
Authors: Hendry David F. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractTwelve stages of reduction are delineated from the actions of agents in an economy to an econometric model. The actual measurement process induces the DGP, followed by data transformations and aggregation; formulating parameters of interest; and partitioning the data. Marginalization, sequential factorization, the mapping to I(0), and conditional factorization can involve considerable loss of information if inappropriately implemented. Constancy, lag truncation, and functional form are discussed, leading to the derived model. The main concepts of econometrics arise as measures of ‘no loss of information’ about parameters of interest during a reduction. The reduction sequence also entails a taxonomy of information sets for model evaluation. These clarify the relation of model‐selection criteria to the null hypotheses of test statistics. Implicit model design is criticized in favour of an explicit approach.
Simultaneous Equations Systems
Authors: Hendry David F. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractLinear system modelling is structured in 10 stages from the general to the specific. The dynamic statistical system is the maintained model, defined by the variables of interest, their distributions, whether they are modelled or non‐modelled, and their lag polynomials. An econometric model is a (possibly) simultaneous‐equations entity, which is intended to isolate autonomous, parsimonious relationships based on economic theory. That model must adequately characterize the data evidence and account for the results in the congruent statistical system. Model formulation, identification, estimation (using an estimator generating equation), encompassing, and evaluation are considered.
Testing and Evaluation
Authors: Hendry David F. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe non‐central chi‐squared distribution frequently results when hypothesis testing, so the large‐sample properties of such tests are analysed for sequences of local alternatives. Test power depends only on the distance of the null from the alternative, not the direction of departure. Likelihood ratio, Wald, and Lagrange‐multiplier tests are compared, and the methodological implications of evaluation are highlighted.
Modelling Issues
Authors: Hendry David F. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractData mining has three distinct meanings, but is detectable when it denotes ignoring, or camouflaging, conflicting evidence in a prejudiced search for an acceptable model. The twin dangers of excessive theory dependence and sample dependence are investigated, as are progressive research strategies to determine structure. Pyrrho's lemma reveals that any desired regression outcome can be obtained by adding one more regressor to any model. The properties of dummy variables, the impacts of seasonal adjustment on integrated–cointegrated data, the adequacy of approximating moving‐average processes by autoregressive schemes and models of second moments are investigated.
A Critique of Monetary Policy
Authors: Dow J. C. R. , Saville I. D. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This book has been written to work on two levels. On the one hand, it provides a theory of monetary policy, focusing on the role of the central bank in determining and effecting policy. It also examines the relationship of the central banks to the public and private sectors. Both authors have extensive experience working in the Bank of England, and so are attempting to transfer this experience to the area of economic theory. The theoretical analysis is complemented by an examination of the successes and failures of monetary policy in the UK from the mid‐1960s. As such, the book acts as an important work for students of economics and economic theory, but is also accessible to those involved in policy‐making, journalism, and other interested parties.
The Macroeconomic Behaviour of the Banking System
Authors: Dow J. C. R. , Saville I. D. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe focus is on the banking system and how it is likely to operate if it is able to function without state interference. It presents a discussion as to how an economy with rising money incomes leads to a growth in the stock of money (an analysis important for later discussions of monetary control). It focuses on the flows of money from lenders to borrowers and analyses the differences between public‐ and private‐sector borrowing on potential bank growth. There is also a brief analysis on the relationships of banks to money markets.
The Behaviour of Interest Rates Continued
Authors: Dow J. C. R. , Saville I. D. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This is a continuation of the previous chapter, but focuses on the institutional process at work in a central bank rather than theory. It examines the effects of central‐bank policy on base interest rates and on what basis policy is formed. It comments on the relationship between the rates set by the central bank in relation to other banking institutions. The authors compare their discussion to Keynes's general theory and found some similarities, but also some differences. They also examined it in comparison to Hick's IS/LM curve. The chapter ends with an analysis of interest rates since 1971.
The Behaviour of Exchange Rates
Authors: Dow J. C. R. , Saville I. D. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The focus shifts from a closed economic environment to the effects of exogenous factors such as overseas trading, with exchange rates being key. To this end, the chapter is split into two main arguments. The first offers a more theoretical account of the role of official action on exchange rates. The authors discuss their ideas in relation to Dornbusch‐type models. After this, the chapter discusses the adoption of flotation rates in 1973 in place of the Bretton Woods. The chapter ends with a brief discussion on how arguments developed in previous chapters are influenced by exogenous factors such as exchange rates.
Government Transactions, Money, and Interest Rates
Authors: Dow J. C. R. , Saville I. D. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
In this chapter, the area of interest is the public sector. It begins by assessing the major theoretical implications of government action such as government spending and public‐sector debt. It examines the effects of fiscal policy on public debt and interest rates and the role of the state in the issuing of coinage and notes. It concludes with a discussion on fiscal and monetary policy in the UK, and the role of banks in public borrowing.
Monetary Growth Since the Mid‐1960s
Authors: Dow J. C. R. , Saville I. D. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe chapters up to this point have presented a theory of economic analysis. This chapter expands on this and presents a detailed analysis of monetary growth in the UK since the mid‐1960s. The discussion is split into four sections. The first section presents a survey of the data and provides many graphs and tables to illustrate the argument. The second section is concerned with the patterns of lending by banks and building societies to the private sector. The third section is concerned with the consequences of increased lending patterns on spending, whilst also providing a historical analysis. The final section offers some conclusions about the behaviour of the financial system and implications for monetary analysis and control.