bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protonation-induced Conformational Changes of 2-(N,N-Dimethylamino)ethanethiol. Importance of Strong N–H+···S and N–H+···S− Hydrogen Bonding
Authors: Ohno Keiichi , Matsumoto Shingo , Aida Misako , Matsuura Hiroatsu 
Published: August 2003

Abstract
2-(N,N-Dimethylamino)ethanethiol exists in aqueous solution as a cation, zwitterion, or anion in different pH regions. Me2NH+EtSH and Me2NH+EtS− assume the gauche conformation around the NC–CS bond, as stabilized by strong intramolecular 1,4-N–H+···S and 1,4-N–H+···S− hydrogen bondings, respectively, while Me2NEtS− assumes the trans conformation around the same bond.
Body height estimation based on tibia length in different stature groups
Authors: Duyar Izzet , Pelin Can 
Published: August 2003

AbstractLong bone length is one of the best‐known indicators of human stature. Although the long bone length/height ratio differs in tall and short individuals, no detailed study has investigated whether specific formulae should be used to calculate height in different stature groups. This study proposes a new height estimation method. Body height and tibia length were measured in 121 male subjects aged 18.0–34.3 years. Three subgroups were established according to body height (short, medium, or tall), using the 15th and 85th percentiles as cutoff levels. The general formula and a group‐specific regression formula were used to estimate height in each subgroup. A control group with the same properties as the study group was analyzed in the same manner. Particularly with “short” and “tall” subjects, the difference between true height and the height predicted by the group‐specific formulae was smaller than the difference observed when the general formula was used. These discrepancies were statistically significant. When estimating height based on tibia length, the individual's general stature category should be taken into consideration, and group‐specific formulae should be used for short and tall subjects. Am J Phys Anthropol 121:000–000, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Piecemeal degranulation as a general secretory mechanism?
Authors: Crivellato Enrico , Nico Beatrice , Mallardi Franco , Beltrami Carlo Alberto , Ribatti Domenico 
Published: August 2003

AbstractIn this article we review the ultrastructural findings, functional aspects, and biological significance of piecemeal degranulation (PMD), a unique secretory pathway that has been described in basophils, mast cells, and eosinophils. Recent ultrastructural data suggestive of PMD in enteroendocrine cells of the gastrointestinal tract and chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla are also presented and discussed. Further research on PMD in secretory cells of the endocrine and exocrine glands, as well as in neurons, is recommended, since the current data indicate that PMD has a broader spectrum of expression than was hitherto reported. The identification of the PMD phenotype in different cell types (e.g., basophils, mast cells, eosinophils, enteroendocrine cells, and adrenal chromaffin cells) suggests that PMD is a unique degranulation model for paracrine and endocrine secretion. Further investigation will clarify whether PMD can be considered as a general mechanism for the slow release of bioactive stored materials by granulated secretory cells. Anat Rec Part A 274A:778–784, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Material properties of the human cranial vault and zygoma
Authors: Peterson Jill , Dechow Paul C. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe material properties of cortical bone from the diaphyses of long bones (e.g., the femur and tibia) vary by direction, such that bone is stiffer and stronger along its long axis. This configuration improves the abilities of these structures to resist axial compressive loads coupled with bending. As in long bones, cortical bone from the cranial vault is subject to mechanical loads from various orofacial functions and the contraction of attached muscles. However, experimental studies suggest that the resulting bone strains are at least an order of magnitude smaller than those found in the midshafts of the femur or tibia. The characteristics of the three‐dimensional elastic properties of cortical bone are largely unexplored in regions of low bone strain, including the cranial vault, in which little is known regarding cortical structure and function. In the present study we examined variations in the cortical microstructure and material properties of the bone of the human cranial vault, including the parietal, frontal, temporal, and occipital bones. A facial bone, the zygoma, was also included to contrast the properties of the cranial vault with another craniofacial intramembranous bone that experiences larger strains. Cortical specimens from the outer cortical plate of the cranial vault were removed from 15 frozen human crania. We measured cortical thicknesses and densities, and determined the primary direction of stiffness within the bone specimens prior to ultrasonic testing to determine their elastic properties. There were statistically significant differences in elastic properties between bones and, in some cases, sites within bones, which for most variables were clustered by bone or region. In striking contrast to this pattern, elastic moduli in the direction of primary stiffness were larger in cortical regions underlying muscle attachments than in regions without muscle attachments. Few sites in the cranial vault or zygoma showed a consistent orientation of the material axes among individuals, although specimens from many regions had directional differences similar to those in cortical bone from the mandible, femur, or tibia. Anat Rec Part A 274A:785–797, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of Flk‐1 and Flt‐1 receptors in neonatal and adult rat brains
Authors: Yang Shan‐Zheng , Zhang Ling‐Mei , Huang Ya‐Ling , Sun Feng‐Yan 
Published: August 2003

AbstractDouble‐fluorescence staining was combined with confocal laser scanning microscopy to localize fetal liver kinase‐1 (Flk‐1) and fms‐like tyrosine kinase‐1 (Flt‐1) in the neonatal rat brain. The results showed that Flk‐1 and Flt‐1 immunostaining was observed in the cells with neuron‐specific enolase, a neuronal marker, and with factor VIII (F VIII), an endothelium marker, but not in cells with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a glial marker, of brain sections from rats on postnatal day 7 (P7). This indicates that both vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors were distributed in the neurons and the vascular endothelium. A regional analysis showed that Flt‐1 was distributed most densely in the hippocampus, followed by the retrosplenial agranular cortex and the striatum, and Flk‐1 was evenly distributed throughout the brain. In a comparison of the density of immunopositive staining neurons, Flt‐1 was much higher than Flk‐1 in most of the brain regions. A time‐course analysis showed that both Flt‐1 and Flk‐1 were highly expressed in the cerebral vessel of rats on P1, P7, and P14, and then declined in adults, consistent with the development of angiogenesis in neonates. In the neurons, Flt‐1 was highest in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of P1–P14 rats, and then gradually decreased, whereas Flk‐1 abruptly increased and reached its highest level in adults. The results suggest that Flt‐1 and Flk‐1 are expressed in the neurons with their individual time‐dependent manners and regional distribution in the brain. However, the significance of the neuronal distribution of Flt‐1 and Flk‐1 remains to be determined. Anat Rec Part A 274A:851–856, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stereoselective pharmacokinetics of clausenamide enantiomers and their major metabolites after single intravenous and oral administration to rats
Authors: Zhu Chuan Jiang , Zhang Jun Tian 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe pharmacokinetics of clausenamide (CLA) enantiomers and their metabolites were investigated in Wistar rat. After intravenous and oral administration at a dose of 80 and 160 mg/kg each enantiomer, plasma concentrations of (−)‐ or (+)‐CLA and its major metabolites were simultaneously determined by reverse‐phase HPLC with UV detection. Notably, stereoselective differences in pharmacokinetics were found. The mean plasma levels of (+)‐CLA were higher at almost all time points than those of (−)‐CLA. (+)‐CLA also exhibited greater tmax, Cmax, t1/2β, AUC0–12h, and AUC0→∞ and smaller CL (or CL/F) and Vd (or Vd/F), than its antipode. The (+)/(−) isomer ratios for t1/2β, tmax, AUC0–12 h, and AUC0→∞, which ranged from 1.26 to 2.08. The ratio for CL (or CL/F) was about 0.5, and there were significant differences in these values between CLA enantiomers (P < 0.05), implying that the absorption, distribution, and elimination of (−)‐CLA were more rapid than those of (+)‐CLA. Similar findings for (−)‐7‐OH‐CLA, the major metabolite of (−)‐CLA, and (+)‐4‐OH‐CLA, the major metabolite of (+)‐CLA, can be also seen in rat plasma. The contributing factors for the differences in stereoselective pharmacokinetics of CLA enantiomers appeared to be involved in their different plasma protein binding, first‐pass metabolism and interaction with CYP enzymes, especially with their metabolizing enzyme CYP 3A isoforms. Chirality 15:668–673, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enantioselective synthesis of (S)‐2‐amino‐4‐phenylbutanoic acid by the hydantoinase method
Authors: Lo Hsueh‐Hsia , Kao Chao‐Hung , Lee Dong‐Sheng , Yang Teng‐Kuei , Hsu Wen‐Hwei 
Published: August 2003

AbstractBiosynthesis of (S)‐(+)‐2‐amino‐4‐phenylbutanoic acid (1) was performed by nonenantioselective hydantoinase and L‐N‐carbamoylase using racemic 5‐[2‐phenylethyl]‐imidazolidine‐2,4‐dione (rac‐2) as a substrate. The compounds involved in this biocatalysis process could be simultaneously resolved by high‐performance liquid chromatography using Chirobiotic T column with a mobile phase of EtOH/H2O = 10/90 at pH 4.2–4.5. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the successful production of 1 by the combination of recombinant hydantoinase and L‐N‐carbamoylase. Chirality 15:699–702, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Type II estrogen binding site agonist:
Authors: Pretlow Lester , Williams Roy , Elliott Mark 
Published: August 2003

AbstractA high‐affinity ligand for the type II estrogen binding site (EBS) was identified. Methyl para‐hydroxyphenyllactate (MeHPLA) was observed to suppress the cellular proliferation of estrogen‐sensitive MCF‐7 breast cancer cells in vitro and to suppress the growth of rat uteri in vivo. The high affinity of MeHPLA for the type II EBS suggests that this interaction is responsible for the observed suppression of cell growth. In this study, the enantiomers of MeHPLA were synthesized and separated by three methods and evaluated for biological activity. When the methods were compared, it was found that the method using an optically pure amine to form the diastereomers of the enantiomers gave the superior yield. Binding studies for the enantiomers to the type II EBS showed that the S‐MeHPLA had a higher affinity for the binding site. However, higher binding affinity did not translate into superior cell growth suppression. Both enantiomers suppressed cell growth equally. Chirality 15:674–679, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Measurement‐based admission control scheme with priority and service classes for application in wireless IP networks
Authors: Jamalipour Abbas , Kim Jade 
Published: August 2003

AbstractWireless IP networks will provide voice and data services using IP protocols over the wireless channel. But current IP is unsuitable to provide delay or loss bounds and insufficient to support diverse quality of service, both required by real‐time applications. In order to support real‐time applications in wireless IP networks, in this paper a measurement‐based admission control (MBAC) with priority criteria and service classes is considered. First we have shown the suitability of MBAC in wireless IP networks by comparing its performance with a parameter‐based scheme. Next, we have investigated the performance of strictly policy‐based MBAC and policy plus traffic characteristic‐based MBAC schemes in terms of (1) increasing the user mobility, (2) changing traffic parameters and (3) the presence of greedy users. The efficiency and fairness of each scheme are measured in terms of lower class new and handoff traffic performance. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reach‐scale sediment transfers: an evaluation of two morphological budgeting approaches
Authors: Fuller Ian C. , Large Andrew R. G. , Charlton Martin E. , Heritage George L. , Milan David J. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThis paper compares two approaches used to derive measures of annual sediment transfers within a 1 km long piedmont reach of the gravel‐bed River Coquet in Northumberland, northern England. The techniques utilize: (i) channel planform and cross‐section surveys based on a theodolite/electronic distance measurement (EDM) survey of 21 monumented channel cross‐sections and channel and gravel bar margins; and (ii) theodolite‐EDM survey generating a series of x,y,z coordinates, from which digital elevation models (DEMs) of the reach were constructed. Calculating the difference between DEM surfaces provided a measure of volumetric change between surveys carried out during the spring of 1999 and 2000. The use of kriging in DEM generation and differencing permits computation of estimate variances and conﬁdence intervals for sediment transfer. Error analysis, validating the DEMs using surveyed cross‐sections, indicated a mean error between surveyed and DEM‐generated cross‐sections of around twice the value of the D50 of the surface sediment in the reach. Comparison of sediment volumes derived from the two approaches suggests that, compared with the DEM method, monumented cross‐sections underestimate the magnitude of volumetric changes that occur within the reach. The cross‐section approach relies on a simplistic integration of the volumes, whereas DEM differencing provides an estimate at a resolution under the control of the analyst. Furthermore, the cross‐section approach does not permit a reliable estimate of the uncertainty of the volumes calculated. In addition, the DEM methodology based on the morphological unit scale provides an explicit identiﬁcation of spatial patterns of erosion and deposition, a feature that cross‐section‐based approaches may fail to include. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Floodplain evolution in a small, tectonically active basin of northern California
Authors: Constantine José A. , Pasternack Gregory B. , Johnson Michael L. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractSediment cores were collected along ﬂoodplains in the Navarro River basin of coastal northern California to examine the controls on ﬂoodplain evolution in a tectonically active setting. Sedimentary strata were subsampled for organic content, bulk density, and grain size measurements. Organic samples were analysed for 14C age, which yielded net‐averaged sedimentation rates for all cores. Overbank deposition rates decreased at all study sites through time and declined in the downstream direction. The ability of intermediary‐order streams to store sediment in ﬂoodplains decreased the ability of highest‐order streams to record sediment‐pulse events. The effects of anthropogenic disturbance, primarily logging, on long‐term overbank deposition rates were minimal. Climatic variability, by affecting sediment loading in the channel network, is the principal control on ﬂoodplain evolution through the Holocene. A hypothetical model is proposed to explain overbank deposition rates in the Navarro basin, which may be extrapolated to the northern‐coastal California region during the late Pleistocene and Holocene. The complexities observed in sediment storage and routing in this study imply that caution should be made when extrapolating sediment‐yield measurements obtained at river mouths or coastal shelves to geomorphic events within small, tectonically active basins. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cortisol as an indicator of dopaminergic effects on nicotine craving
Authors: Reuter M. , Hennig J. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThere is evidence that glucocorticoids mediate the activity of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons which play an important role in drug‐seeking behaviour and that the absence or presence of glucocorticoids determines the intensity of drug self‐administration. Moreover, some experiments indicate that corticoids are increased after substance induced dopaminergic stimulation. These findings could imply (a) that differences in basal glucocorticoid levels are associated with differences in craving or (b) that dopamine (DA) induced corticoid release is an indicator of the sensitivity of the dopaminergic system.Therefore, in a sample of 36 male smokers whose DA system was challenged by a DA agonist (lisuride = LIS) and a DA antagonist (fluphenazine = FLU) in a balanced placebo controlled double‐blind crossover design, it was investigated if (a) basal cortisol differences and (b) drug induced cortisol responses are related to the amount of nicotine craving after 3.5 h of deprivation from smoking.There were no differences in craving between subjects with high and low basal cortisol levels irrespective of the pharmacological treatment. However, the size of the cortisol change after the DA challenge and deprivation emerged as a good predictor for the amount of craving in that drug condition in which the cortisol response was most pronounced.Findings were interpreted as evidence for the role of cortisol as an indicator of DA sensitivity. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differential period of onset of action of fluvoxamine, paroxetine and milnacipran for depression
Authors: Morishita Shigeru , Arita Seizaburo 
Published: August 2003

AbstractIntroductionSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and dual serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are the most commonly prescribed class of antidepressants, yet it is not known whether one is superior to another.AimsThe purpose of this clinical practice was to compare the periods of onset of action of fluvoxamine, paroxetine and milnacipran.MethodsA retrospective cohort analysis was carried out among out‐patients with depression treated in the Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School Hospital, Kurashiki, Japan, in 2000 and 2001. A total of 206 patients receiving fluvoxamine, paroxetine and milnacipran were identified.ResultsThe cumulative percentage of responders receiving milnacipran reached over 80% after 4 weeks, but it did reach this level for fluvoxamine or paroxetine until after 6 weeks.ConclusionsThe differential period of onset of action should help guide clinicians in determining a suitable duration of antidepressants for depression. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of three antipsychotics in the emergency psychiatric setting
Authors: Raja Michele , Azzoni Antonella 
Published: August 2003

AbstractIn the present naturalistic study, the effectiveness and safety of quetiapine, risperidone and olanzapine were compared in the treatment of non selected acutely psychotic patients. It was observed that the rate of antipsychotic switch because of a lack of efficacy or side effects was higher in the quetiapine treated cases in comparison with the risperidone or olanzapine treated cases. The proportion of cases concomitantly treated with typical neuroleptics was significantly higher in the quetiapine group compared with the other two groups. In the outcome of non crossover cases, there were more improvements in the risperidone and olanzapine groups than in the quetiapine group. The results of this study suggest that quetiapine is not as efficacious as risperidone or olanzapine in the emergency psychiatric setting. Due to the methodological limitations of the study, these results must be considered preliminary and need confirmation. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficacy of diazepam as an anti‐anxiety agent: meta‐analysis of double‐blind, randomized controlled trials carried out in Japan
Authors: Inada Toshiya , Nozaki Shoko , Inagaki Ataru , Furukawa Toshiaki A. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractDiazepam is one of the most widely used, broad‐spectrum anti‐anxiety agents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of diazepam, and to establish whether it is more effective than a placebo in improving the various neurotic anxiety states seen in patients with neurosis or psychosomatic disease. Of the recently established comprehensive register of psychotropic drug trials carried out in Japan, a total of 17 double‐blind, randomized controlled trials were identified on the treatment of neurosis using anti‐anxiety compounds, in which both diazepam and placebos were used. Meta‐analysis of these 17 studies demonstrated that diazepam is significantly more effective than a placebo (relative risk 1.35, 95% confidence interval 1.21–1.51, number needed to treat 9). The maximal effective dose of diazepam seems to be 12 or 18 mg/day with a treatment duration of 2 or more weeks. There was no significant difference between the effects of placebo and a diazepam dose of 6 mg/day. Caution should be exercised in assessing these results, however, since this is the first meta‐analysis showing the significant effectiveness of diazepam in the treatment of neurosis or psychosomatic disease. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in urinary monoamine excretion in hyperkinetic children
Authors: Uzbekov Marat G. , Misionzhnik Eduard Y. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe pathogenetic mechanisms of hyperkinetic syndrome are not clear and need further investigation. The aim of the study was to find certain features of monoamine metabolism that are characteristic of children with hyperkinetic syndrome (HKS) with special regard to different degrees of severity (i.e. mild HKS and severe HKS ). The levels of L‐dopa, dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, homovanillic, vanillylmandelic and 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acids were measured in daily urine of children (7–11 years old) with mild and severe HKS using fluorimetric and chromatographic methods. Severe HKS was characterized by a significant increase of L‐dopa (by 186%), dopamine (by 201%) and adrenaline (by 160%) excretion but an unchanged excretion of noradrenaline compared with those with mild HKS. The study revealed principle differences in monoamine metabolism between the mild and severe forms of HKS which may be of importance in deciding different pharmacotherapeutic approaches to use in patients with HKS of differing severity. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.