bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photoluminescent properties of flexible PVC compounds and their interpretation for performance analysis of automotive exterior parts
Authors: Kann Yelena , Billingham Norman C. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractStudy of fluorescence emission from flexible PVC‐based formulations, colored by exposure to road asphalt or degraded thermally or by UV aging, shows that fluorescent species are formed during the interaction of PVC with road asphalt. For the conditions found in exterior automotive applications, no other known degradation causes development of fluorescence. Flexible PVC‐based formulations discolored by asphalt staining or degraded thermally at moderate temperatures bleach completely under conditions of natural or artificial weathering. A simple technique, using visually observed photoluminescence and photobleaching, can thus identify photoactive groups formed during the interaction of PVC with road asphalt. Application of this test method will allow selective improvement of failed asphalt resistance without treating the “overall” stability of a compound.
Enhanced impact modifier for rigid PVC formulations
Authors: Effler Lawrence J. , Berard Mark T. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA new chlorinated polyethylene has been developed for the impact modification of rigid PVC. In addition to imparting excellent impact, the modifier promotes faster PVC fusion and enhances the melt strength of the formulation. Faster fusion allows for economic savings by reducing fusion‐promoting ingredients and via higher output. The enhanced melt strength results in better part quality, especially for complex profiles.
Environmental degradation of highly loaded polypropylene
Authors: Benavides R. , Ponce‐Ibarra V. H. , Reyes‐Vielma B. , Billingham N. C. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractSix formulations of polypropylene (PP) containing combinations of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), stearic acid, and a light stabilizer were prepared and placed in the environment for their degradation. Samples were taken at proper time intervals for following the consequences of the outdoor conditions. Impact resistance and elongation at rupture were evaluated as mechanical properties. On the other hand, size exclusion chromatography, chemiluminescence, and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to follow chemical changes. Polypropylene by itself showed a slow but stable aging, while PP + CaCO3 had improved initial mechanical properties but was more sensitive to degradation. The treatment of CaCO3 with stearic acid before its addition to PP resulted in an improved material but with an induction time to degradation greatly reduced to 2 weeks of environmental exposure. The addition of the UV stabilizer reduced the negative effect of the stearic acid to some extent but did not compensate for it completely.
Effect of extrusion melt temperature on properties of flexible PVC
Authors: Rabinovitch Elvira B. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis paper provides an insight on the relationship between the physical properties of profiles extruded from flexible PVC compounds and the extrusion melt temperature. The properties include tear resistance, tensile properties, brittleness temperature, and compression set. The effect of heat history on surface characteristics of the extrudate, such as surface roughness and gloss, and their relationship with the processing morphology are also discussed.
Fundamental aspects of wood as a component of thermoplastic composites
Authors: Stokke Douglas D. , Gardner Douglas J. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractIn order to utilize wood‐based particles and fibers effectively as fillers or reinforcements in thermoplastic composites, a fundamental understanding of the structural and chemical characteristics of wood is required. Wood is the secondary xylem of trees, shrubs, and woody lianas (vines). Although the physiological function of wood is similar among different groupings of trees, significant differences are found in the basic anatomical structure of the broadest groupings of gymnosperms (coniferous trees or “softwoods”) and angiosperms (broad‐leaved trees or “hardwoods”). In addition, there are anatomical differences in wood structure among the various species of trees. These structural differences may have effects on the use of these materials in composites. Wood cell walls comprise three major organic constituents, namely, cellulose hemicelluloses, and lignin. In addition to these structural polymers, numerous other organic materials (“extractives”) may be present within the wood. The chemical composition of wood varies between species. The basic characteristics of anatomy and structure combine to impart variations in permeability, bulk chemistry, and surface chemistry. Characterization of particle size and shape, as well as surface tension characteristics as indicators of wettability, becomes important as we try to understand how these biopolymeric materials will behave when introduced into synthetic polymer systems.
Thermal decomposition of chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) (CPVC)
Authors: Elakesh Esmail O. , Richard Hull T. , Price Dennis , Carty Peter 
Published: April 2004

AbstractChlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) (CPVC) shows reductions in flammability and smoke production over PVC. The thermal decomposition of pure CPVC (without stabilizer or lubricant) was studied by dynamic thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) at heating rates from 5 to 100°C/min in atmospheres of nitrogen, air, and oxygen. In each case, a two‐step decomposition was observed similar to that for PVC where dehydrochlorination is followed by pyrolysis/oxidation of the carbonaceous residue. The rate of dehydrochlorination was dependent on atmosphere, occurring slightly slower in nitrogen than in air, and slightly more quickly in oxygen than in air. The decomposition of the residual char was clearly dependent on the conditions in which it was formed. Under dynamic conditions, chars formed at high heating rates appeared more resilient to oxidative degradation than those formed more slowly. However, when chars were formed by heating at different rates and then held at 500°C, the char formed at the slowest heating rate was the slowest to be oxidized. The uptake of oxygen by the char appears to be rate‐limiting. At low heating rates char oxidation is similar in both air and oxygen. As the heating rate is raised, the rate of mass loss of char in air becomes progressively closer to that in nitrogen until at 100°C/min they are almost identical. This work is important to the understanding of the decomposition and flammability of CPVC and flame‐retarded CPVC, where the char formation is one of the flame‐retardant mechanisms.
Mechanism of organotin stabilization of poly(vinyl chloride). 6. Compatibility of organotin stabilizers with PVC
Authors: Safronov A. , Somova T. , Suvorova A. , Fisch M. H. , Stewen U. , Bacaloglu R. , Dooley T. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractCompatibility of PVC with liquid alkyltin alkylthioglycolate stabilizers was studied by thermal methods, including isothermal calorimetry of mixing, DSC, DMA, and dielectric relaxation. The enthalpy of mixing of PVC with the series of alkyltin alkyl thioglycolates was measured over the entire concentration range at ambient conditions. It was found that all tested compounds are compatible with PVC in a broad concentration range and form homogeneous mixtures. The results are discussed in terms of the superposition of glassy state and molecular interaction contributions to the enthalpy of mixing of the glassy polymer with liquid additives. The influence of organotin stabilizers on the glassy structure of PVC films was studied by means of DSC and the dielectric relaxation spectrum. The enhancement of the glassy structure of PVC by alkyltin alkyl thioglycolates is interpreted as the result of strong multi‐site molecular complexes between organotin molecules and PVC chains, which act as additional clips in the entanglement network of polymer chains.
Mechanical properties of poly(vinyl chloride)/wood flour/glass fiber hybrid composites
Authors: Jiang Haihong , Pascal Kamdem D. , Bezubic Bill , Ruede Paul 
Published: April 2004

AbstractShort glass fibers were added to poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)/wood flour composites as reinforcement agents. Unnotched and notched impact strength of PVC/wood flour/glass fiber hybrid composites could be increased significantly without losing flexural properties by adding type L glass fibers and over 40% of PVC. There was no such improvement when using type S glass fiber. The impact strength of hybrid composites increased along with the increment of the type L glass fiber content at a 50% PVC content. At high PVC contents, impact fracture surfaces were characterized by wood particle, glass fiber breakage and pullout, whereas interfacial debonding was the dominant fracture mode at higher filler concentrations. The significant improvement in impact strength of hybrid composites was attributed to the formation of the three‐dimensional network glass fiber architecture between type L glass fibers and wood flour.
Review of PVC dispersion and blending resin products
Authors: Shah Ashok C. , Poledna David J. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe world consumption of PVC (2001) was around 25 MM MT (55 billion pounds), second only to low density polyethylene. Total PVC consumption in North America (2001) was 15 billion pounds. This represents almost 17% of all domestic plastics sales of 88 billion pounds. Dispersion and blending (extender) PVC resins are truly specialty resins, and they represent no more than 5% of the total PVC sales. This paper reviews the manufacturing processes, markets, plastisol/organosol compounding, applications, and technical challenges for the dispersion and blending resin industry. It also discusses some guidelines to help the formulator select the most cost‐effective resin package.
An innovative plasticizer for sensitive applications
Authors: Wadey Brian L. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractDi(isononyl) cyclohexane‐1,2‐dicarboxylate (HEXAMOLL® DINCH) is a new plasticizer for PVC. In the tests used, it has no indication of toxicity or genotoxicity; it is biodegradable; and it has low sensitizing properties. Its properties in PVC compare favorably to those of other plasticizers having well‐balanced properties. This plasticizer should be well‐suited for sensitive applications.
A dual slit in‐line die for measuring the flow properties of S‐PVC formulations
Authors: Thorsteinsen P. , Hinrichsen E. L. , Glomsaker T. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractWe have developed an instrumented dual slit die mounted on a twin‐screw extruder. This device allows us to distinguish the predominant flow pattern and calculate the shear viscosity, Cogswell elongational viscosity, and a Mooney wall‐slip velocity. The melt‐down process is also monitored by measuring the screw torque together with temperatures and pressures along the screw barrel. So far, we have seen that many pipe and profile formulations have a predominant plug or slip‐dominated flow behavior in the die, while others can be more sticky. Generally, the sticky highly viscous formulations will be more affected by shear heating effects when exposed to high rates during processing. We also give a detailed discussion, with examples, of how data from the device are to be analyzed and how the correct flow boundary condition is to be identified.
New developments in melt rheology aid formulating rigid vinyl compounds with improved extrusion processing
Authors: Shah Pravin L. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis paper describes a new approach to the rheological characterization of PVC compounds using a capillary rheometer. Since the control of the thermal degradation rate of rigid PVC is very critical in extrusion, a new quantitative method of measuring the true degradation rate of PVC is proposed for formulating rigid vinyl compounds. The usefulness of this new technique is demonstrated in formulating PVC compounds with the lowest rate of degradation measured on the Kayeness capillary rheometer. This study shows a very good correlation between the capillary rheometer data and the extrusion melt temperature, melt viscosity, and the rate of degradation of PVC. The ideal melt temperature for extrusion is determined from the rheology data of each PVC compound to attain the longest run time. The study also shows how to measure the true melt temperature in extrusion, an important variable, to control the rate of degradation in processing. The results of this study show how the new rheology technique can be used as a practical tool for product development, quality control of the PVC compounds, and the development of optimum extrusion parameters.
Contributions to fogging from phthalate plasticizers
Authors: Jachowski D. , Poppe A. C. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe minimization of fogging in cars is an ongoing subject of discussion. Among many substances, plasticizers have been identified to contribute to fogging. Differences in their fogging performance are discussed and it is shown that present by‐products have a significant impact. Long chain branched phthalates (C11) can compete with currently widely used linear specialities.
Study on poly(vinyl chloride) paste blending resins
Authors: Zhang Liucheng , Tai Huiwen , Zhang Jinwei , Liu Yudi 
Published: April 2004

AbstractPolyvinyl chloride paste blending resins were prepared by a suspension polymerization process, and the optimum ingredients and technological conditions were studied experimentally. The effect of dispersant, surfactant, and agitator design on the particle morphology was discussed. In order to improve the thermal stability of the blending resin, stabilizer was added to the polymerization system, and a special after‐treatment was adopted. The effect of blending resins on the rheological and gelation characteristics of the plastisols formed and on mechanical properties, thermal stability, and foamability of the finished articles is demonstrated.
Analysis of the main parameters affecting the change of color and physical properties of weathered PVC profiles
Authors: Gervat L. , Morel P. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA review of good weatherability requirements for PVC profiles is presented. Analytical tools to assess these requirements are recalled and justified. Detailed analysis of the various parameters that may affect PVC weatherability show that except for a few additives, the key point is the level of thermal degradation undergone by PVC during its processing.
The technology of halogen‐free flame retardant phosphorus additives for polymeric systems
Authors: Davis John , Huggard Mark 
Published: April 2004

AbstractHalogen‐free flame retardant additives based on phosphorus function by developing a protective char. A variety of additives are available, ranging from the element itself, in the form of amorphous red phosphorus, to specialty organophosphorus compounds, and examples of their use in a range of thermoplastics are given. Intumescent formulations based on phosphates are especially designed for polyolefins. The behavior of a typical intumescent system is described with respect to flame retardant performance, thermal stability, water sensitivity, and filler compatibility.
Lubricated, high heat polycarbonate
Authors: Harding Jeff A. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA polycarbonate resin based on a copolymer of bisphenol‐A and bisphenol‐trimethyl‐cyclohexanone was modified with a dispersion of PTFE powder and compared to a standard PTFE lubricated, general purpose BPA‐polycarbonate, PTFE is used to lower friction and wear rates in thermoplastics. Mechanicals, thermal properties, limiting PV behavior, and wear rate were measured and compared.
Finding the information that you need
Authors: Coleman Ernest A. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractTechnical libraries have been and continue to be the place where the most information about plastics and polymer additives is to be found. Information specialists who work with these libraries are generally the best informed in the broad areas of information and data acquisition and retrieval. Technical libraries with their access to electronic databases (some in disc form and some over the various networks) are essential sources of technical information. In libraries and on data‐bases, technical journals along with patents are valuable for at least three reasons: (a) cutting edge technology is often presented first in these formats, (b) reading reviewed journals and patents will provide unexpected insight into other technology that may be currently important to you or your company, and (c) peer‐reviewed journals and patents are the basis of all the modern databases. Independent information experts can help greatly in suggesting which database to use and in cost effective retrieval of that information and data. In addition, several low cost and quite valuable data sources such as your professional colleagues, professional society publications, technical salespersons, trade magazines and newspapers, and information hot lines are all available at low cost to members of the Society of Plastics Engineers and others at the same or slightly higher prices.
Comparison of glass transition measurements between carrimed rheometer and differential scanning calorimetry using methylacrylate‐vinylidene chloride copolymer
Authors: Rakesh L. , Howell B. , Rajaram C. V. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe potential of the Carrimed CSL 500 rheometer for the thermal analysis of methylacrylate‐vinylidene chloride (MA‐VDC) random copolymer was evaluated by comparing the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the copolymers with the value obtained from the differential scanning calorimeter. The major relaxation phenomenon in amorphous polymers, namely the glass transition temperature, could be identified clearly using the Carrimed rheometer. Samples of varius contents of methylacrylate in methylacrylate‐vinylidene chloride copolymer were prepared as solvent cast films. Small amplitude oscillatory measurements showed as a function of temperature, that methylacrylate‐vinylidene chloride copolymer between 12% and 70% methylacrylate (MA) content showed glass transition temperatures between 48°C and 63°C. For the methylacrylate content ranging from 4% to 70%, the saran copolymers had glass transition temperatures between 12°C and 56°C. Both techniques showed the Tg of the methylacrylate‐vinylidene chloride copolymer first increased and then decreased with increasing methylacrylate content. Both methods show a peak in the Tg vs. percent methylacrylate content of the copolymer at around 50% methylacrylate content. Small angle amplitude measurements also showed that it is very sensitive to the frequency. The Tg obtained using the Carrimed CSL 500 rheometer is very reproducible and is comparable with that obtained using the standard DSC.
Extrusion‐rotomolding of plasticized PVC formulations
Authors: Mendizábal Eduardo , Candia Juan M. , Jasso Carlos F. , Cruz Luis 
Published: April 2004

AbstractIn this work, we present a novel process to produce plasticized PVC articles. Plasticized PVC dispersion resin (dry blend) was extruded and poured into a hot mold. The mold was transferred to a rotomolding machine, where the final geometry was obtained. Formulations using commercial PVC suspension resin and three different types of plasticizers were prepared under different processing conditions. The physical appearance of the articles and the tensile properties of the materials were evaluated.
EP(D)M structural and thermal property effects in polypropylene compounds
Authors: Brignac Stephen D. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractEPDM rubber is an important ingredient in thermoplastic polyolefin elastomers (TPOs). Such key properties as impact strength, flexibility, and flow are significantly affected by EPDM polymer properties. In this work, a set of EPM and EPDM polymer is used to produce via melt processing a series of TPOs, consisting of simple binary blends of rubber and polypropylene of varying composition. Various structural and thermal properties of the EPDM are correlated with the TPO compound properties. Significant property relationships are explored.
Process emissions for vinyl pipe industry
Authors: Ernes D. A. , Griffin J. P. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe vinyl pipe industry consumed approximately 1.9 million metric tons of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in 1994. This resulted in 2.1 million metric tons of extruded pipe in the same time interval. If one uses an emission factor contained in the 1978 USEPA contractors report, this industry would result in 117,000 metric tons of emissions. This factor was acknowledged to be too high, however; no data was available to indicate a more realistic factor. The current work involves a study commissioned by the Vinyl Institute and UNI‐BELL to establish a more realistic factor using accepted EPA protocols as well as newly developed laboratory techniques. The results of this work has yielded an emission factor that is 1000 times lower than that appearing in the 1978 report. Laboratory procedures have also been shown to accurately reflect the results obtained from the plant monitoring study.
The performance of ultrafine talc in rigid PVC
Authors: Wiebking Henry E. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis paper demonstrates how ultrafine talc can be used in a rigid PVC formulation to design a compound with increased stiffness and high impact strength. The talc's shape and particle size, combined with the affects of increased levels of impact modifier, produce a PVC material with an outstanding impact stiffness balance. Although more expensive than conventional PVC formulations, it can compete with other resins, such as ABS, in high performance applications.
Poly(vinyl chloride) in medical device and packaging applications
Authors: Hong K. Z. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractPoly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) is the leading polymeric material used in medical device and packaging applications in terms of total volume consumed. It offers a uniquely broad range of properties for a wide variety of applications in the medical and health care industry. It fulfills an extensive range of performance and processing requirements such as gloss, transparency, chemical resistance, scuff resistance, flexibility, bondability, sterilizability by steam, ETO, or high energy irradiation. This paper examines fundamental chemsitry and physical structure of PVC to provide a clear insight and a better understanding on how versatile properties and performance are rendered. The paper also illustrates how specific mechanical and thermal properties can be tailored via compounding and fabrication processes to serve specific purposes in medical applications.
Ambient mechanical properties of impact‐modified polyvinyl chloride and methyl methacrylate copolymer blends
Authors: Burke Dennis Mechael 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe objectives of this study were to determine the compatibility of various blends of commercially available rigid, unplasticized, impact‐modified polyvinyl chloride (UPVC) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) copolymers. The effects of acrylic type and loading level on compatibility were investigated. The resultant alloys or blends were subsequently evaluated for compatibility through examination of the following properties: processability, rigidity, strength, impact resistance, heat resistance, clarity, and ultra‐violet aging. This report limits itself to the discussion of the ambient mechanical properties of rigidity, strength, and impact behavior.
Processability and optical properties of impact‐modified polyvinyl chloride and methyl methacrylate copolymer blends
Authors: Burke Dennis Michael 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe objectives of this study were to determine the compatibility of various blends of commercially available rigid, unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (UPVC) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) copolymers. The effects of acrylic type and loading level on compatibility were investigated. The resultant alloys or blends were subsequently evaluated for compatibility through examination of the following properties: processability, rigidity, strength, impact resistance, heat resistance, clarity, and ultraviolet aging. This report limits itself to the discussion of processability and the optical properties of clarity and UV color stability.