bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multipotency of purified, transplanted globose basal cells in olfactory epithelium
Authors: Chen Xueyan , Fang Hengsheng , Schwob James E. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractBy comparison with the rest of the nervous system, the olfactory epithelium has an unparalleled ability to renew and repair itself throughout life. However, the identity and capacity of the various types of progenitor cells that underlie that ability are not well established. We used selective isolation, transplantation, and engraftment of various types of marker‐labeled cells into the epithelium of methyl bromide‐lesioned, unmarked host mice to dissect progenitor cell capacity. Globose basal cells were purified from other potential progenitors using the monoclonal antibody GBC‐2 (GBC, globose basal cell) and fluorescence activated cell sorting. Transplanted globose basal cells engraft and, in aggregate, give rise to globose basal cells, neurons, sustentacular cells, and several other kinds of non‐neuronal cells. Individual clones, derived from single engrafted globose basal cells, can consist of a mixture of neurons and non‐neuronal cells, only neurons, or only non‐neuronal cells. Neurons that arise after transplantation mature to the point of expressing odorant receptors and olfactory marker protein and of projecting axons to the olfactory bulb. In contrast, other kinds of epithelial cells are neither neurogenic nor multipotent. For example, sustentacular and duct cells give rise only to themselves after transplantation. Furthermore, horizontal basal cells do not engraft in mice, in which the endogenous population is spared after lesion. Thus, some subtype(s) of GBC is a multipotent progenitor cell, whose multipotency is activated after destruction of both neurons and non‐neuronal cells. The results suggest that progenitor cell transplantation may prove useful as a therapeutic modality as well as an analytical tool. J. Comp. Neurol. 469:457–474, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of GABA‐immunoreactive cells in the spinal cord of the sea lamprey, P. marinus
Authors: Ruiz Y. , Pombal M.A. , Megías M. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe lamprey spinal cord increases in length and size during all its life cycle; thus, it is expected that new cells will be generated. This expectation suggests that the locomotor circuits must be continuously remodeled. Key elements in the cellular network controlling locomotor behavior are inhibitory cells. Here, we studied the γ‐aminobutyric acid–immunoreactive (GABA‐ir) cells in the lamprey spinal cord during postembryonic development. Three major populations of GABA‐ir cells were identified according to their distribution: those located in the gray matter, those contacting the cerebrospinal liquid (LC cells), and those located in the white matter. The results show (1) the number of GABA‐ir cells per segment increase from prolarvae (<10 mm) to adulthood; (2) the lower number of GABA‐ir cells in 100 μm of spinal cord is 66 ± 7, found in premetamorphic larvae, and the highest is 107 ± 6, found in postmetamorphic animals; (3) the gray matter and LC GABA‐ir cells show different variations in number depending on the developmental period. Thus, in the 10‐mm larvae, the gray matter GABA‐ir cells are more abundant than LC cells, whereas in the young postmetamorphic specimens, the contrary occurs. Most of the GABA‐ir cells located in the white matter were classified as edge cells. They increase in number from the beginning of the prolarval period, where there are not white matter–positive cells, to the middle larval period, where there are 9 ± 4 GABA‐ir edge cells per segment. This value was unaltered in later periods, where GABA‐ir edge cells represent 20–30% of the total number of edge cells per segment. The increase in number of GABA‐ir cells in these populations during a specific point of the lamprey life cycle may indicate different inhibitory requirements of the locomotor circuit at different developmental periods. J. Comp. Neurol. 470:151–163, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Axonal projections from the parasubthalamic nucleus
Authors: Goto Marina , Swanson Larry W. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe parasubthalamic nucleus (PSTN) is a differentiation of the lateral hypothalamic area, characterized by a distinct population of neurons expressing β‐preprotachykinin (β‐PPT) mRNA. The axonal projections from the PSTN have been analyzed with the PHAL anterograde tract tracing method in rats. The results indicate that the cell group is distinguished by massive projections to parasympathetic preganglionic neurons in the brainstem (especially in the salivatory nuclei and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve) and to parts of the parabrachial nucleus and nucleus of the solitary tract that relay viscerosensory and gustatory information. In addition, the PSTN projects to cortical parts of the cerebral hemisphere (infralimbic, agranular insular, postpiriform transition and lateral entorhinal areas, and posterior basolateral amygdalar nucleus)—directly and also indirectly via thalamic feedback loops involving the paraventricular and mediodorsal nuclei—and to nuclear parts of the cerebral hemisphere (central amygdalar nucleus, striatal fundus, rhomboid nucleus of the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis, and substantia innominata). The PSTN is thus positioned to influence directly many cerebral hemisphere and hindbrain components of the central parasympathetic control network that is active, for example, during feeding behavior and cardiovascular regulation. J. Comp. Neurol. 469:581–607, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunohistochemistry and neural connectivity of the Ov shell in the songbird and their evolutionary implications
Authors: Zeng Shaoju , Zhang Xinwen , Peng Weimin , Zuo Mingxue 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe neuropeptide immunohistochemistry and neural connectivity of areas surrounding the thalamic auditory nucleus (the nucleus ovoidalis [Ov]), as well as the areas to which it is connected, were investigated in a songbird, the Bengalese finch. The results showed that met‐enkephalin was present in the Ov shell and most of the areas connected to it, but not in the Ov core. Anterograde and retrograde tracing studies showed that the Ov shell was more widely connected than the Ov core. The Ov shell was mainly connected to: 1) areas flanking the primary telencephalic auditory field (i.e., fields L2b, L1, and L3) and areas surrounding the robust nucleus of the archistriatum (RA); 2) several hypothalamic areas such as the nucleus ventromedialis hypothalami (VMN) and the nucleus anterior medialis hypothalami (AM). Some of these areas connected to the Ov shell are thought to be involved in auditory mediated neurosecretory activities. These results, which are similar to those reported previously in non‐songbirds, suggest that the Ov shell and other surrounding areas of auditory and song‐control nuclei are conserved in birds. These findings are discussed in terms of the evolution of the core‐and‐surround organization of auditory and song‐control nuclei. J. Comp. Neurol. 470:192–209, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Organization of parabrachial projections from the spinal trigeminal nucleus oralis: An anterograde tracing study in the rat
Authors: Dallel Radhouane , Ricard Olivier , Raboisson Patrick 
Published: January 2004

AbstractIn recent years, we have accumulated data showing that the spinal trigeminal nucleus oralis (Sp5O) contributes to the processing of somatosensory inputs from the orofacial region. Although the parabrachial area (PB) represents the main brainstem relay for autonomic, nociceptive, and gustatory afferents, few data are available regarding the topographical distribution of the efferent projections from the Sp5O to the PB. We have addressed this question with the rat, by using the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin. A dense trigeminoparabrachial pathway from the Sp5O toward, predominantly, the ipsilateral PB was revealed. Projections come mainly from the dorsal part of the Sp5O that was found to innervate densely the medial, external medial, and ventral lateral subnuclei. In contrast, the ventral part of the Sp5O projected almost exclusively to an as yet not formally described region, located dorsally and laterally to the lateral tip of the brachium conjunctivum, close to the Kölliker‐Fuse nucleus. These results suggest that distinct regions within the Sp5O may be involved in the processing of gustatory and nociceptive information. J. Comp. Neurol. 470:181–191, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
OL‐protocadherin expression in the visual system of the chicken embryo
Authors: Müller Karina , Hirano Shinji , Puelles Luis , Redies Christoph 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe expression of OL‐protocadherin, a homotypically binding cell adhesion molecule, was mapped in the visual system of the chicken embryo at intermediate to late stages of development (11–19 days of incubation). The expression was compared with that of four classic cadherins, described previously. OL‐protocadherin is expressed by the isthmooptic nucleus, its retinopetal projection, and possibly its retinal target neurons, the amacrine cells. Ganglion cells begin to express OL‐protocadherin at relatively late stages of development. The layers of the optic tectum, the projection neurons in the stratum griseum centrale, and the tectofugal pathways show differential OL‐protocadherin immunoreactivity. Several of the diencephalic target nuclei of the tectothalamic projection, such as the principal pretectal nucleus, subpretectal nucleus, and nucleus rotundus, contain distinct subregions or populations of neurons expressing OL‐protocadherin. In these centers, the expression pattern of OL‐protocadherin differs from that of the four classic cadherins, though it shows partial overlap with them. Other retinorecipient and/or tectorecipient nuclei (ventral geniculate nucleus, lateral dorsolateral nucleus, superficial synencephalic nucleus, pretectal area, and griseum tectale) also show a differential immunoreactivity for OL‐protocadherin and other cadherins. Some of these nuclei and the optic tectum display a similar sequence of cadherin expression from superficial to deep layers, in a pattern that may reflect mutual interconnections. This result indicates a partial conservation of cadherin expression across interconnected embryonic divisions, from the mesencephalon to the ventral thalamus. In conclusion, OL‐protocadherin is a marker for specific functional gray matter structures and neural circuits in the chicken visual system. J. Comp. Neurol. 470:240–255, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Electron microscopy of degenerative changes in the chick basilar papilla after gentamicin exposure
Authors: Hirose Keiko , Westrum Lesnick E. , Cunningham Dale E. , Rubel Edwin W 
Published: January 2004

AbstractWe present a sequential study of the substructural alterations in the chick basilar papilla at the earliest signs of hair cell degeneration. Three‐day posthatch chicks received a single injection of gentamicin (300 mg/kg) and were killed at 6, 8, 12, 15, 18, 21, and 24 hours after the injection. The basilar papillae were studied by conventional transmission electron microscopy. Examination was limited to the basal region, where all hair cells are eliminated by this treatment. As early as 8 hours and clearly by 12 hours, altered fine structure was seen in hair cells. Changes included rounding and swelling of the hair cells, condensation of nuclear chromatin, dissolution of ribosomes, dilatation of the mitochondria, and accumulation of inclusion bodies and lysosomes. By 15–18 hours, lysosomes increased and became denser, afferent terminals appeared swollen, and the first cell extrusion was seen. Efferents were unaffected, and supporting cells, though having inclusion bodies now, retained normal intercellular junctions. By 21–24 hours, large regions of complete hair cell loss were composed of expanded supporting cell processes with normal‐appearing intercellular junctions and portions of extruded hair cells, partially attached to the supporting cell surface. These observations demonstrate that auditory hair cells undergo a rapid and controlled process of hair cell extrusion that allows preservation of the reticular lamina and minimal contamination of surrounding structures by intracytoplasmic contents of the damaged hair cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 470:164–180, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Components of the Reelin signaling pathway are expressed in the spinal cord
Authors: Yip Yee Ping , Capriotti Christine , Magdaleno Susan , Benhayon David , Curran Tom , Nakajima Kazunori , Yip Joseph W. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe Reelin signaling pathway in the brain involves the binding of Reelin to very‐low‐density lipoprotein receptors (VLDLR) and apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2). After Reelin binds the lipoprotein receptors on migrating neurons, the intracellular adaptor protein Disabled‐1 (Dab1) becomes phosphorylated, ultimately resulting in the proper positioning of cortical neurons. Previous work showed that Reelin also affects the positioning of sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPN) in the spinal cord (Yip et al. [2000] Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:8612–8616). We asked in the present study whether components of the Reelin signaling pathway in the brain also function to control SPN migration in developing spinal cord. Results showed that Reelin and reelin mRNA are found adjacent to migrating SPN. In addition, dab1 mRNA and protein are expressed by migrating SPN, and dab1‐null mice show abnormal SPN migration similar to that seen in reeler. Finally, vldlr and apoER2 are also expressed in migrating SPN, and mice lacking both vldlr and apoER2 show aberrant SPN location that is identical to that of reeler and dab1‐null mice. Because molecules known to be involved in Reelin signaling in the brain are present in the developing spinal cord, it is likely that the Reelin signaling pathways in the brain and spinal cord function similarly. The relative simplicity of the organization of the spinal cord makes it a potentially useful model system with which to study the molecular and cellular function of the Reelin signaling pathway in control of neuronal migration. J. Comp. Neurol. 470:210–219, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Retinoic acid signaling in the brain marks formation of optic projections, maturation of the dorsal telencephalon, and function of limbic sites
Authors: Luo Tuanlian , Wagner Elisabeth , Grün Felix , Dräger Ursula C. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractAs retinoic acid (RA) is known to regulate the expression of many neuronal proteins, it is likely to influence overall development and function of the brain; few particulars, however, are available about its role in neurobiological contexts due mainly to problems in RA detection. To ask whether the function of RA in the rostral brain is concentrated in particular neurobiological systems, we compared sites of RA synthesis and actions, as detected by RA signaling in reporter mice, for embryonic and adult ages. We found that most sites of RA actions in the forebrain do not colocalize with RA synthesis, consistent with a dominant RA supply by diffusion and the circulation. The changing RA patterns distinguish preferentially two complex functional schemes. (1) Within the visual system when the first optic axons grow toward their targets, RA signaling delineates the topographical adjustment of the retinal map, which is encoded in the coordinates of the visual world, to central visual maps, which are formed in the segmental brain coordinates. (2) The second scheme begins early in forebrain morphogenesis as a distinction of the dorsal telencephalon. With progressing development, and in the adult, the RA patterns then focus on widely distributed structures, most of which belong to the limbic system. These are sites in which emotional perception is combined with higher cognitive processes and in which normal function requires ongoing remodeling of synaptic connections, indicating that the developmental role of RA in promotion of neuronal differentiation programs continues in the adult brain for highly flexible neural circuits. J. Comp. Neurol. 470:297–316, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Compiling data‐parallel programs for clusters of SMPs
Authors: Benkner Siegfried , Brandes Thomas 
Published: January 2004

AbstractClusters of shared‐memory multiprocessors (SMPs) have become the most promising parallel computing platforms for scientific computing. However, SMP clusters significantly increase the complexity of user application development when using the low‐level application programming interfaces MPI and OpenMP, forcing users to deal with both distributed‐memory and shared‐memory parallelization details. In this paper we present extensions of High Performance Fortran (HPF) for SMP clusters which enable the compiler to adopt a hybrid parallelization strategy, efficiently combining distributed‐memory with shared‐memory parallelism. By means of a small set of new language features, the hierarchical structure of SMP clusters may be specified. This information is utilized by the compiler to derive inter‐node data mappings for controlling distributed‐memory parallelization across the nodes of a cluster and intra‐node data mappings for extracting shared‐memory parallelism within nodes. Additional mechanisms are proposed for specifying inter‐ and intra‐node data mappings explicitly, for controlling specific shared‐memory parallelization issues and for integrating OpenMP routines in HPF applications. The proposed features have been realized within the ADAPTOR and VFC compilers. The parallelization strategy for clusters of SMPs adopted by these compilers is discussed as well as a hybrid‐parallel execution model based on a combination of MPI and OpenMP. Experimental results indicate the effectiveness of the proposed features. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A compiler for multiple memory models
Authors: Midkiff S. P. , Lee J. , Padua D. A. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe design of consistency models for both hardware and software is a difficult task. For a programming language, it is particularly difficult because the target audience for a high‐level programming language is much wider than the target audience for a machine language, making usability a more important criterion. Exacerbating this problem is the reality that the programming language community has little experience designing programming language consistency models, and therefore each new attempt is very much a voyage into uncharted territory. A concrete example of the difficulties of the task is the current Java Memory Model. Although designed to be easy to use by Java programmers, it is poorly understood and at least one common idiom (the ‘double check idiom’) to exploit the model is unsafe. In this paper, we describe the design of an optimizing Java compiler that will accept either as input or as an interface implementation a consistency model for the code to be compiled. The compiler will use Shasha and Snir's delay set analysis, and our CSSA program representation to provide a canonical representation for the effects of different consistency models on optimizations and analysis. The compiler will serve as a testbed to prototype new memory models, and to measure the effects of different memory models on program performance. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Space–time mapping and tiling: a helpful combination
Authors: Griebl Martin , Faber Peter , Lengauer Christian 
Published: January 2004

AbstractTiling is a well‐known technique for sequential compiler optimization, as well as for automatic program parallelization. However, in the context of parallelization, tiling should not be considered as a stand‐alone technique, but should be applied after a dedicated parallelization phase, in our case after space–time mapping. We show how tiling can benefit from space–time mapping, and we derive an algorithm for computing tiles which can minimize the number of communication startups, taking the number of physically available processors into account. We also present how the use of a simple cost model reduces real execution time. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parallel object‐oriented framework optimization
Authors: Quinlan Daniel J. , Schordan Markus , Miller Brian , Kowarschik Markus 
Published: January 2004

AbstractSophisticated parallel languages are difficult to develop; most parallel distributed memory scientific applications are developed using a serial language, expressing parallelism through third party libraries (e.g. MPI). As a result, frameworks and libraries are often used to encapsulate significant complexities. We define a novel approach to optimize the use of libraries within applications. The resulting tool, named ROSE, leverages the additional semantics provided by library‐defined abstractions enabling library specific optimization of application codes. It is a common perception that performance is inversely proportional to the level of abstraction. Our work shows that this is not the case if the additional semantics can be leveraged. We show how ROSE can be used to leverage the semantics within the compile‐time optimization. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SWARP: a retargetable preprocessor for multimedia instructions
Authors: Pokam Gilles , Bihan Stéphane , Simonnet Julien , Bodin François 
Published: January 2004

AbstractIn this paper, we propose SWARP, a retargetable preprocessor for exploiting multimedia instructions. The system mixes loop distribution, unrolling and pattern matching to exploit complex multimedia instructions. Contrary to all available systems, it can be extended at the user level. Using with a TriMedia processor we show that our system achieves important good code quality with a set of frequently used loop kernels for multimedia applications. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of Herceptin resistance in breast cancer cells
Authors: Kute Timothy , Lack Christopher M. , Willingham Mark , Bishwokama Bimjhana , Williams Holly , Barrett Kathy , Mitchell Tanita , Vaughn James P. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractBackgroundHerceptin, a humanized antibody to HER‐2, is now utilized in the clinic for metastatic breast cancer treatment. The response rate for HER‐2+ patients is only 30% and little is known as to mechanisms of resistance. The mechanism of Herceptin action is also unknown but has been related to cell cycle inhibition.MethodsThe effects of Herceptin and other antibody treatments were determined by cell counting and cell cycle analysis. HER‐2 and p27 expression levels were analyzed by flow cytometry and levels of activated AKT were compared by Western blot analysis. Cellular HER‐2 and p27 expression was measured by immunofluorescence.ResultsHerceptin treatment of BT‐474 cells results in inhibition of cell growth and arrest in the G1 phase. The efficacy of growth arrest was not directly correlated to the binding affinity of antibodies to Her‐2. Our laboratory has developed cell lines that are resistant to Herceptin treatment. In resistant cell lines, binding of antibodies is not hindered. However, Herceptin has completely lost the ability to inhibit cell proliferation. Yet, the mouse isotype 4D5 maintains significant inhibitory activity upon Herceptin‐resistant clones.ConclusionsHerceptin binds effectively to Her‐2 on the cell surface of Herceptin‐resistant cell lines and the level of Her‐2 expression on the cell surface is not downregulated. Herceptin resistance is not due to downregulation of levels of AKT protein expression, although, phosphorylation of AKT is enhanced in resistant lines and could have a role in resistance. Resistance appears to correlate with the loss of nuclear expression of the cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor, p27, as defined by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry studies and cdk‐2 binding studies. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.