bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in Sexual Preference
Authors: Weinberg Martin S , Williams Colin J , Pryor Douglas W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How did the sexual preference of the bisexuals we interviewed change over five years? In our original study, about 40 percent of the bisexuals said a change in their self-definition was possible, but most of them thought it was unlikely (Chapter 3). Compared with heterosexuals and homosexuals, however, the bisexuals in our comparative study seemed more likely to have experienced major changes in their sexual preference (Chapter 15). Five years after we first interviewed the bisexuals in San Francisco, what changes had actually taken place? Did they change along any or all of the three Kinsey scale dimensions? Did they still define themselves as bisexual? Did they remain the same in their sexual identity yet change on the Kinsey dimensions, or vice versa? And what were the reasons for any changes? Was AIDS the main cause or were there other factors?
Adapting to a New World
Authors: Weinberg Martin S , Williams Colin J , Pryor Douglas W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Because of AIDS, bisexuals confronted a different world in 1988 than they had in 1983. Earlier, their major concern had been dealing with how others reacted to their sexual behavior. Now they also had to address the growing belief that bisexuals were carriers of HIV. Not only did this reinforce the conception that many lesbians had about bisexuals; it also increased the fear of those heterosexuals who saw bisexuality as a conduit for AIDS between the homosexual and heterosexual worlds. This chapter examines the reaction of the bisexuals in our study to these problems. Specifically, we examine whether they became more secretive about their bisexuality, whether they felt increasing hostility from heterosexuals and homosexuals, and whether they became less self-accepting in this new environment.
Gender, Health, and Cigarette Smoking
Authors: Walsh Diana Chapman , Sorensen, Glorian , Leonard Lori 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this book is to look at the ways in which social structures and social processes affect health and the quality of life. We are not asking whether society itself produces preventable risks to health—we know that it does—but more searchingly, we are asking how those risks are generated and felt. The social factor that this chapter examines is gender. Gender offers especially rich material for probing relationships between society and health because it is both a basic biological distinction (labeled sex) and a fundamentally social one (labeled gender); both of these are deeply enmeshed in historical and political matrices that are clear creations of human agency.
The Restrictive Reform of the Professions, 1920-1928
Authors: Kovacs Maria M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reform of the professions came with a puzzling urgency after the signing of the peace treaty in Trianon on June 4, 1920, concluded almost a year after the demise of the Communist revolution by the military. The treaty with Hungary reduced Hungary’s old territory by two-thirds and its population by more than half. Over three million Hungarians were assigned to live outside Hungary, in one of the monarchy’s several successor states.1 That the problem of the professions would, in these turbulent times, preoccupy the attention of the first postwar National Assembly is explained by a flow of educated refugees, which led to an unprecedented degree of middle-class unemployment and unrest. For the first time, Hungary also witnessed a major outburst of political anti­ Semitism, which, in tum, made Hungary’s large educated Jewish intelligentsia the focus of public attention.
Professions and Discrimination, 1938-1944
Authors: Kovacs Maria M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1936, the death of Gombos created a brief interval in the drive toward a corporatist transformation of the professions. His death came just in time for Horthy and his conservative inner circle to try to repeat the performance of the early twenties and disengage Hungarian politics from the influence of the radical Right. With the worst years of the crisis over, they hoped to make the “Gombos reform period” a thing of the past, a closed chapter in crisis management. It was believed that the positive effects of the recovery would render Gombos’s corporatist plans needless.
Reimagining Materiality’ after Romanticism: Science, Phenomenology, and Narrative
Authors: Doyle Laura 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The world of soil and trees which had enchanted Wordsworth, and of which he fashioned himself suckled child, warring champion, and poetical master, increasingly absorbed the interest of nineteenth-century British and American intellectuals. Study of the biological order of things, in particular, became a widespread activity among educated men-a “gentleman’s pursuit”-and an authorizing discourse for philosophy, psychology, sociology, and politics. The evidential status of organic materiality increased, the detailing of its powers proliferated, and the challenge of harnessing those powers (in significant part through the written word) loomed large, promising social and intellectual riches.
The Parodic Purge, the Maternal Return: Late-Romantic Narrative in Ulysses
Authors: Doyle Laura 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What has race to do with this most canonical of modernist texts? With its legendary “obscenity” and baroque narrative? Its sexual scenes and language have provoked excellent readings of the role of gender in the novel. But until very recently race has remained an invisible or reductively read signifier in Ulysses. Even more invisible is the entangled affair of race and gender in this text, which for many epitomizes literary modernism. If Ulysses is a representative and important modernist work, then race and gender may well occupy the heart of modernism as they do the heart of this novel.
Roamin’Free
Authors: Robinson Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of Will’;s best pals at Kemper was Billy Johnston, who hailed from the Texas Panhandle. Billy loved to spin yarns about the wonders of ranch life in Texas, all of which appealed to Will’;s chronic wanderlust. Since he was perennially on the verge of expulsion at Kemper and wasn’;t managing the details of military life in a very exemplary manner, Will made up his mind to call it quits at Kemper in 1898. An added inducement to leave Kemper, without first consulting his father, was that Will had no idea how he could break the news to Clem.
Home Again-for a Minute
Authors: Robinson Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Questions came thick and fast to Will: What was it like “over there?” What places did he like the most and the least? Had he learned any foreign words? What did the men and women wear? How long was he going to stay in Claremore? Had he roped any zebras or kangaroos? As always, Will was accommodating and cheerful. He did explain how homesick he had been while traveling, but he also suggested that he had gotten a taste of the outside world-and a generous swallow of show business.
Political Adventures
Authors: Robinson Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Still, despite all of his renown, Will refused to ignore the real world in which he lived. He appreciated the fact that he was one of the few fortunate ones, a millionaire in a time of endless lines of unemployed. As the black clouds of misery hung over the country, Will was much taken with the charismatic new leader, Franklin Delano Roosevelt. A Democrat with a voice charged with conviction and strength, FDR had become a hero of the radio age. He spoke in arch, cultivated tones, with a pronounced Harvard accent qualities that normally would have given Will ammunition for sly ridicule. Recognizing that this was a crucial moment in American history, Will refused to be sour or malicious about FDR, although he had openly expressed disgust at the ineptitude of President Hoover.
The Last Flight
Authors: Robinson Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
His eyes weren’;t as sharp as they used to be, so he wore glasses more often. His legs weren’;t as sturdy; his fingers on the old portable weren’;t as supple. He often fell asleep early in the evening, even as he perused his beloved newspapers while sitting up in bed. His columns were now more rambling, fragmentary, and free-form than ever, often expressing nostalgic feelings about “the good old days” and “good old pals.” He could get more defensive about criticism, while the crowds of common folks who besieged him for autographs began to represent more of an annoyance than an ego boosting pleasure. He had never sought anonymity, but fame now had its penalties.
Evolution By Association
Authors: Sapp Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Beginning in the 1960s, in the midst of the triumph of molecular biology, a “quiet revolution” in our understanding of ourselves took place. Our evolution and that of all plants and animals is not due solely to the gradual accumulation of gene changes within species. In fact, we evolved from, and are comprised of, a merger of two or more different kinds or organisms living together. Symbiosis is at the very root of our being. Jan Sapp has assembled a systematic history of this emerging field, in this engaging, wide-ranging account of the growth of an important biological idea.
Assessment of Vitamin A Status
Authors: Sommer Alfred , West Keith P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Faced with the challenge of “virtually eliminating vitamin A deficiency and its consequences,” health officials must determine the existence, severity and extent of vitamin A deficiency in the population. Approaches range from accepting findings from similar countries or environments to preliminary “case-finding” and, where warranted, detailed population-based investigations of vitamin A status and its determinants. These are essential in identifying a problem and its cause, and in establishing a baseline against which to assess the impact of subsequent control measures. The reliability of such assessments ultimately depends on the validity and interpretation of the measures of vitamin A “status” employed.
Supplementation
Authors: Sommer Alfred , West Keith P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Giving children a large dose of vitamin A at periodic intervals offers a direct, versatile, and relatively rapid means of improving vitamin A status and preventing associated blindness, morbidity, and mortality. Children twelve months of age and older are provided an oral dose of vitamin A (200,000 IU, 209 µmol, or 60,000 µg retinol equivalents [RE]) contained in a gelatinous capsule or, as in India, an oily solution (Fig. 14–1) every three to six months. A half dose (100,000 IU) is normally administered to infants six to eleven months of age; one-quarter of a dose (or less) may be given to infants under six months of age, particularly if they are not breast-feeding. Women may also be dosed with 200,000 IU within the first two months post-partum or six weeks post-partum if not breast-feeding to prevent vitamin A deficiency (Table 14–1).
The nutritional aim of large-dose, periodic supplementation is to improve vitamin A status by increasing liver stores and tissue concentrations of retinol, thereby reducing the risk and severity of vitamin A deficiency and its ocular and other consequences for several months, while minimizing the risk of acute hypervitaminosis A. Supplementation can be done through a network of health and other sectoral services (discussed later in this chapter).
Theoretical Foundations Speciﬁc to Electron Crystallography
Authors: Glaeser Robert M , Downing Kenneth , DeRosier David , Chiu Wah , Frank Joachim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The extremely short wavelength that is normally encountered in electron crystallography, about 4 pm (0.04) or less, results in such a small curvature of the Ewald sphere that the sphere can be closely approximated by a plane in the region close to the origin of reciprocal space. Approximation of the surface of the Ewald sphere as a plane results in very useful simlications of crystallographic theory, some of which have already been introduced in our preliminary discussion of the phase contrast transfer function in chapter 3.
Specimen Preparation
Authors: Glaeser Robert M , Downing Kenneth , DeRosier David , Chiu Wah , Frank Joachim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ﬁrst step in preparing a sample for electron microscopy (or electron diffraction) is to mount it in an appropriate way, so that it can be put onto the specimen stage in the objective lens. The majority of specimen preparation procedures involve the use of thin metal grids, normally 300 mesh (300 holes per inch) or 400 mesh copper (molybdenum, titanium) grids, which are used to support some type of continuous, thin film (Bozzola and Russell, 1999; Hayat, 2000). Evaporated carbon films, 5 to 30 nm in thickness, are usually the most appropriate support film. Thin polymer films, which in turn should be stabilized by an additional layer of evaporated carbon, are also useful for many routine purposes.
Strategies for the Search for Genetic Influences on Alcohol-related Phenotypes
Authors: Mcclearn Gerald E , Plomin Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The field of alcohol research provides an interesting case study of change in scientific attitude toward nature and nurture. From a pervasive and scarcely challenged view a few decades ago, that alcoholism was caused exclusively by environment, there has been a shift toward general acceptance of a significant etiological role of heredity, and in some forums even an air of expectancy that the identification of the gene for alcoholism is simply a matter of time. There are reasons for judging this expectation to be, at best, overly optimistic. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss some of the considerations underlying this cautionary note, and to provide a framework for reasonable expectations about the gene chase in alcoholism and other alcohol-related attributes.
Introduction
Authors: Farr James r. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early 1590s during the latter stages of the Wars of Religion, a Royalist-inspired woodcut appeared entitled, “An Allegory on the Poverty and Lamentation of the [Holy] League.” Dominating the picture space is an old woman, one breast exposed, dark hair flying uncontrollably in all directions. Her hair reproduces the flames blazing from a burning town in the background. This female figure, labelled “The League” (La Ligue), is clad in tattered clothes and grasps a frayed rope labelled “ambition,” which is tethered to a crown in the upper right of the picture.
The Order of Morality, the Morality of Order
Authors: Farr James r. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the wreckage of the late sixteenth century, France’s increasingly powerful and dominant elite embarked upon a systematic and extensive attempt to reorder its world. An authoritarian ethic emerged with the “new” order, an order whose defining and interrelated characteristics were discipline of the passions (especially concupiscent), the reinforcement of social hierarchy, and the maintenance of patriarchy. This new order was voiced in the prescriptive moralistic literature of the age and was adopted by many men, especially in the increasingly powerful and wealthy legal community.
Bartered Bodies: Infanticide, Lasciviousness, and Prostitution
Authors: Farr James r. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1671 an informant notified the procureur ryndicofDijon that Estiennette Dumeney was reaching term in her pregnancy and was staying at the home of a master tailor.1 The informant added that Dumeney “had the intention of concealing the birth.” Because Dumeney had not yet declared her pregnancy, the syndic assumed that she also intended to dispose of the child, by suffocation or abandonment. To prevent such an occurrence, the syndic hastened to the tailor’s house and interrogated Dumeney. At first she denied that she was pregnant, speciously protesting that she was there on business. The syndic reminded her that she was under oath, but in spite of appearing pregnant (as the syndic noted in his report), she still denied her condition.
Theseus And Athens
Authors: Walker Henry J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Theseus is celebrated as the greatest of Athenian heroes. This work explores what he meant to the Athenians at the height of their city-state in the fifth century B.C. Assembling material that has been scattered in scholarly works, Henry Walker examines the evidence for the development of the myth and cult of Theseus in the archaic age. He then looks to major works of classical literature in which Theseus figures, exploring the contradictions between the archaic, primitive side of his character and his refurbished image as the patron of democracy. His ambiguous nature as outsider, flouting accepted standards of behavior, while at the same time being a hero-king and a representative of higher ideals, is analysed through his representations in the work of Bacchylides, Euripides, and Sophocles. This is the only work of scholarship that examines the literary representation of Theseus so thoroughly. It brings to life a literary character whose virtues, flaws, and contradictions belong in no less a degree to his creators, the people of Athens.
The Neuroidal Model
Authors: Valiant Leslie G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We do not know how difficult the task of understanding the actual circuits of the brain will tum out to be. A simple strategy of trial and error, in which one posits and tests a succession of particular algorithms, is unlikely to work if there are too many plausible algorithms to consider. It appears that in order to make headway a model that embodies some broad flexibility is needed, so that wide classes of hypotheses can be investigated together. This means that instead of considering, one by one, theories that have some specific algorithms deeply embedded in them, we should start rather with models that are programmable.
Supervised Memorization
Authors: Valiant Leslie G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We formalize the problem of supervised memorization in a similar way to that of the unsupervised case. The main difference is that now the neuroids representing the item being learned are already allocated at the start of this process. This makes the problem both easier and harder than the unsupervised case. It is easier in the sense that no memory allocation mechanism is needed.
Diverticula Diverticulosisl and Diverticulitis
Authors: Janowitz Henry D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The colon is composed of two groups of muscle layers: an inner, circular layer that surrounds the colon and an outer, longitudinal layer. Although they may occur anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract, diverticula (diverticulum, singular) are most often found in the colon. They are little pouches that line the outer layer of the colon and are formed by its inner and outer layers. They occur at weak points in the colon’s wall. When pressure in the colon rises as the muscles contract to move the contents along, these thin-walled sacs balloon through the outer wall (see Figures 6.1 and 6.2). The location of the diverticula is not due to chance; they form where the blood vessels that supply nutrition and oxygen to the colon enter the bowel and pierce its walls, creating areas of potential weakness.
Your Gut Feelings
Authors: Janowitz Henry D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If philosophy, as someone is reported to have said, is finding better reasons for what one believes on instinct, then psychosomatic medicine is the attempt to prove by science what one feels about the intestine on instinct. This belief that the discomforts and disturbances of the gut arise from disturbances in our feeling and emotions has a long history. We “know” that fear can make our heart beat faster, dilate our pupils, dry our mouths, and loosen our bowels. We knew all about this long before the term psychosomatic was coined.
Thee South Becomes a Cause
Authors: Cobb James C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many Northerners had seemed to find the romantic legend of the planterCavalier a pleasurable escape from the disconcerting tumult of Jacksonian Era popular politics and other potentially destabilizing encroachments of modernity on their own lives. By the middle of the nineteenth century, however, ardor for the southern fantasy had waned considerably (for the time being at least) among whites in the North, giving way to a vision of the South as not merely a benign aberration from the American norm but an invasive, potentially mortal threat to the nation’s health and progress.
Academic Functions and Genres: Communication, Evaluation, and Debate
Authors: Weisz George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This examination of the academy’s activities begins with two quotations. The first is from the initial article of the ordinance that created the academy and clearly stated its mandate:
This academy is instituted especially to respond to the requests of the government for everything that concerns public health, and principally epidemics, the illnesses specific to certain regions, epizootics, the different cases of legal medicine, the propagation of vaccine, the examination of new remedies and secret remedies, both internal and external, mineral waters that are natural or artificial, etc.
The Self-Made Mandarin: The Eulogies of Pariset
Authors: Weisz George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I will examine the éloges and funeral orations of Etienne Pariset, the first permanent secretary of the Academy of Medicine, serving from 1823 until his death in 1847. My intent is to ascertain through these writings the values and self images of the medical elite during the first half of the nineteenth century. I do not claim that Pariset’s depictions of medicine and its practitioners are necessarily “true” in any literal sense. I merely suggest that they constitute one representation among many of the medical elite of this era. This representation, however, was uniquely influential because of its thematic coherence and because it was reiterated regularly by the authorized representative of the most prestigious medical institution in France.
Elite Medical Careers in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
Authors: Weisz George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Members of the Academy of Medicine may not have been the best doctors in France but they have certainly been among the most successful. A close look at the academy’s membership thus provides an illuminating perspective from which to view the professional and social conditions of success in French medicine. Since many different types of professional powers have traditionally been concentrated in the hands of these academicians, or doctors very much like them, an examination of this sort may also prove relevant to understanding both the strengths and weaknesses of French medicine during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.