bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Problem of Aspect
Authors: Binnick Robert I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of aspect has been likened to a dark and savage forest full of “obstacles, pitfalls, and mazes which have trapped most of those who have ventured into this much explored but poorly mapped territory.”Tense is perhaps equally confusing, but at least it is a well-known traditional area with concepts intuitively clear to speakers of the familiar Western European languages. Whatever tense, or the tenses, may be, speakers have some sort of notions about them: it is satisfying, for example, to consider the past tense to express past time.
Introduction
Authors: Karras Ruth Mazo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A “common woman” in medieval England was one who had many sex partners, often for money. Any woman not under the dominion of one man-husband, father, master-ran the risk that her independent behavior would lead to her being labeled a whore. Medieval society attempted to control such women by treating them as though they belonged to men in common (though they were not legally property). These women were also “common” in another sense: they were working women trying to make a living. Yet, though taking money for sex characterized their behavior, what defined their nature in the eyes of their contemporaries was their indiscriminate sexuality. Since sex constitutes an important way in which men and women relate to one another, the history of sexuality forms a significant part of the history of gender relations. Norms about sexuality govern, and are governed by, gender roles, and behavior deemed inappropriate for one gender is often denigrated as immoral. The history of sexuality is also peculiarly relevant to women’s history. Sexuality is an important part of the way society constructs masculinity as well as femininity, but in medieval culture women were more closely connected than men with the body and sexuality, and their sexual behavior identified and defined them much more than was usually the case with men. Attitudes toward sexuality were intimately tied to the structure of the family and the economy. “Common women,” whores, or prostitutes, as women entirely defined by their sexuality, provide the extreme case that helps define views of feminine sexuality in general. Money, power, and sexuality were closely intertwined in the Middle Ages, as they are today, and prostitution was a key point of contact.
Mood and Affect
Authors: Trzepacz Paula T , Baker Robert W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mood and affect are terms used to describe emotional or feeling states. A disturbance of mood or affect is the key feature of some of the most common and important psychiatric disorders, including depression and mania.
A mood is a person’s predominant internal feeling state at a given time.
Everyone can be said to be in some particular mood, usually determined by disposition and circumstances. In a mental status report, mood should be empirically described. Virtually no particular mood is necessarily abnormal or pathologic; rather, mood must be assessed in the context of the patient’s entire history and MSE. This chapter focuses on terminology that is used to describe various aspects of mood.
Affect is the external and dynamic manifestation of a person’s internal emotional state, and hence is present in all individuals. It may or may not match a person’s stated mood. Affect is judged in terms of its type, intensity, range, variability, and degree of correspondence to the content of conversation. Normal individuals demonstrate a variety of emotions, of variable intensity, that usually match and change in accordance with the thoughts and feelings being verbally expressed.
Mood and affect are sometimes difficult to distinguish from each other. The beginning examiner can avoid confusion by defining mood as the patient’s subjective description of his or her feeling state, while defining affect as the objectively observable manifestations of the feeling statc(s). However, some psychiatrists rely not on this subjective/objective dichotomy but rather on the aspect of changeability to differentiate mood from affect. In that paradigm, mood is a consistent, sustained feeling state, whereas affect is the moment-to-moment expression of feelings. Both of these conventions can be applied.
Neither Wolf Nordog
Authors: Lewis David Rich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the nineteenth century, Americans looked to the eventual civilization and assimilation of Native Americans through a process of removal, reservation, and directed culture change. Policies for directed subsistence change and incorporation had far-reaching social and environmental consequences for native peoples and native lands. This study explores the experiences of three groups--Northern Utes, Hupas, and Tohono O’odhams--with settled reservation and allotted agriculture in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Each group inhabited a different environment, and their cultural traditions reflected distinct subsistence adaptations to life in the western United States. Each experienced the full weight of federal agrarian policy yet responded differently, in culturally consistent ways, to subsistence change and the resulting social and environmental consequences. Attempts to establish successful agricultural economies ultimately failed as each group reproduced their own cultural values in a diminished and rapidly changing environment. In the end, such policies and agrarian experiences left Indian farmers marginally incorporated and economically dependent.
Perspectives on the Study of Non-Western Popular Musics
Authors: Manuel Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much has been written about the distinctions between folk, classical, and more recently, popular musics. It is often easy to regard such discussions, whether justifiably or not, as gratuitous exercises in abstract taxonomy, and it is clear that they are generally of more import to musicologists than to performers or audiences. Nevertheless, world musics often do lend themselves to broad, if occasionally ambiguous taxonomies, the clarification of which helps us to understand the nature of these genres in terms of the attributes they share or do not share with others. Moreover, many cultures themselves do distinguish between folk, art, and popular music styles. Hence such categories often can and should be employed as “-emic” constructs in understanding ethnic mu¬ sic from the perspective of its own culture. What sh6uld be avoided is not the use of clearly defined classifications, but rather the tendency to attach ethnocentric, class-centric, or idiosyncratic values to such concepts. At the same time, in order to understand the relationship between these different kinds of music, one must define the underlying, generally unarticulated criteria which distinguish them.
Africa
Authors: Manuel Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The field of African popular music is as diverse as the African people themselves. Several books and dozens of articles have already been published on the subject, and yet these only begin to describe the breadth and variety of modern African urban musics. Not only do entire areas remain relatively undocumented (such as Angola, Sudan, Mozambique) but published research invariably lags well behind the new styles and genres which constantly proliferate. A short chapter such as this one cannot substitute for the substantial extant literature and can at best outline broad trends and major national genres.
Escaping The Holocaust
Authors: Ofer Dalia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Illegal Jewish immigration to Palestine prior to the founding of the State of Israel forms one of the most fascinating chapters in the history of Zionism and modern Jewish history. Bringing Jews from Europe to Palestine by land and by sea in defiance of restrictive British immigration policies was partly an undertaking of national rescue and partly a calculated strategy of political brinkmanship. Ofer focuses on this important phase in the history of the Holocaust.
Rescue at Work: The Mossad and Aliyah bet from Rumania
Authors: ofer Dalia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By 1943, the Jewish leaders of Rumania were cognizant of the political struggle against their government’s Jewish policy. Led by Wilhelm Filderman, they demonstrated an acute sensitivity to the changing concerns and vulnerabilities of the Rumanian regime. To prevent Rumania’s total capitulation to German demands on “the Jewish issue,” Jewish leaders used an approach that combined appeals to legality and constitutionalism with arguments related to Rumanian national pride and national interests.
Rescue at Work: The War Refugee Board, Ira Hirschmann, Britain, and Aliyah Activities in Istanbul, 1944
Authors: ofer Dalia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Rumanian government, as recounted, had repeated its readiness to allow Jews to leave the country. In the past, such declarations had not produced far-reaching results. But in the fall of 1943, the announcement was linked to a new plan. A year after the Allies had rejected the ransom of the Transnistria Jews, a new threat hung over the Jews of southeastern Europe. As Soviet forces advanced, the Germans began to plan their retreat, and it was feared that this would include the mass murder of the remaining.
Abortion: Complexity and Conflict
Authors: Mahowald Mary Briody 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Abortion is an issue with which many people feel uncomfortable, regardless of the position they take on its morality. The majority of obstetrician-gynecologists in private practice avoid the issue by referring most of their abortion patients to clinics or teaching hospitals. Some acknowledge psychological conflict stemming from the apparent inconsistency of assisting some women to maintain their pregnancies while terminating the pregnancies of others. Theoretically, the conflict can be resolved by viewing either situation as one in which the physician respects the autonomy of the pregnant woman. But a long-standing perception of the physician as one who saves and supports life seems opposed to this. Traditionally, the obstetrician is seen as one who promotes the health of the pregnant woman and the fetus.
In Vitro Development and Childbirth
Authors: Mahowald Mary Briody 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The birth of a child has traditionally signalled entry into the human community. Birthdays celebrate the beginning of a person’s life span as if the individual did not exist before the moment in which the newborn was propelled from womb to world with a mighty push. Census figures do not count fetuses, even if they are viable and thus capable of independent existence. So long as the fetus remains within a woman’s body, its existence is generally unacknowledged.’
Rape and Sexual Assault
Authors: Von Judith M , Kilpatrick Dean G , Burgess Ann W , Hartman Carol R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Contrary to popular belief, rape is not a rare event, but rather something that affects the lives of thousands of people each year. Since 1977 the rate of forcible rape has increased by 21 percent, the largest increase among all major crimes. Although most types of crime have a psychological impact on victims, sexual assault has been found to be particularly deleterious. Rape victims experience significant long-term problems in the areas of fear, anxiety, and depression, as well as difficulties in social adjustment and impaired sexual functioning. Furthermore, being the victim of rape appears to be associated with an increased risk of suicide. Sexual assault claims many indirect victims as well. For example, marriages may be jeopardized, jobs may be lost, and families and social networks disrupted when victims are forced to move themselves and their families because of the fear of further attack. In addition, the fear of being raped serves to restrict the daily mobility of many nonvictimized women.
Case Requirements on Traces
Authors: Epstein Samuel David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The central observation concerning such ill-formed examples has been that wh-movement originates from a position that is not Case-marked. Given this, structures such as (1) and (2) could be readily excluded by somehow formally expressing the following observation: Wh-trace must be Case-marked Within recent analyses there have been two general approaches to capturing (3): the Case-filter approach and the Visibility Condition. We shall now briefly review these two accounts, arguing that each is problematic. Following this, we offer a new approach to the problem of formally expressing the generalization (3).
Acadian Beginnings
Authors: Johnson Richard R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Nelson was one immigrant among many to North America during the late seventeenth century. He never amassed great power or wealth; he wrote no books; and he passed the last decades of his long life in peaceful, self-imposed retirement. In his time, however, he was a man of note, celebrated for his adventurous spirit and hailed even by his enemies as “a very gallant man.” From a longer perspective, too, his career weaves together a rich tapestry of international, provincial, and individual ambitions and enterprises, a tapestry utterly familiar to Nelson and his contemporaries but since overshadowed by the simpler primary colors of histories more concerned with tracing the course of particular European nationalisms and the origins of the United States. At the center of this tapestry, and of Nelson’s story, stands a particular place in time: Acadia and the northeastern seaboard of North America during the first stirrings of the century-long contest for New World supremacy between France and England.
Ruth Crawford Seeger
Authors: Tick Judith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ruth Crawford Seeger (1901-1953) is frequently considered the most significant American female composer in this century. Joining Aaron Copland and Henry Cowell as a key member of the 1920s musical avant-garde, she went on to study with modernist theorist and future husband Charles Seeger, writing her masterpiece, String Quartet 1931, not long after. But her legacy extends far beyond the cutting edge of modern music. Collaborating with poet Carl Sandburg on folk song arrangements in the twenties, and with the famous folk-song collectors John and Alan Lomax in the 1930s, she emerged as a central figure in the American folk music revival, issuing several important books of adaptations (transcriptions and arrangements) and pioneering the use of American folk songs in children’s music education. Radicalized by the Depression, she spent much of the ensuing two decades working aggressively for social change with her husband and stepson, the folksinger Pete Seeger. This engrossing new biography emphasizes the choices Crawford Seeger made in her roles as composer, activist, teacher, wife and mother. The first woman to win a Guggenheim Foundation Fellowship in music composition, Crawford Seeger nearly gave up writing music as the demands of family, politics, and the folk song movement intervened. It was only at the very end of her life, with cancer sapping her strength, that she returned to composing. Written with unique insight and compassion, this book offers the definitive treatment of a fascinating twentieth-century figure.
A Minister’s Daughter
Authors: Tick Judith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sometime around 1927 or 1928-it was hard for Martha Beck to remember just exactly when-Ruth Crawford stood in the doorway of Beck’s studio at the American Conservatory of Music in Chicago and wondered, “How does one ever write work without a reminiscence of something that has been written before!” That modernist fantasy merged patriotic pride with personal ambition. Ruth Crawford’s “before” encompassed the past of European tradition. Her present glowed with the promise of her own youth. Born in 1901, she believed that the late 1920s were a time when American music sounded richer and more compelling than ever before. Even if she had discovered her musical calling as a composer just a few years earlier, she placed herself among a small band of “moderns” whom the critic Paul Rosenfeld praised as pioneer voices of national autonomy, starting “to represent the forces of American life, to interpret them in a large way:’
"Dear Superwoman”
Authors: Tick Judith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps had they been together, less might have been said. Ruth believed that “we have 4000 miles to thank for telling us things we might not have known: the discovery of sympathies and often incredible one-pathedness in thoughts and reactions across an ocean does certainly preclude proximity as an inter-influence;“ They typed and numbered their letters because they did not trust transatlantic mail, following the shipping news of arrivals and de partures of the ships Europa and Bremen more closely than the weather. Over the year the voluminous correspondence totaled about a hundred letters from Ruth and fifty from Charles. In fact, they had produced a diary of their relationship.
“Music as a Weapon in the Class Struggle”
Authors: Tick Judith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I came home from school,” Pete Seeger recalled, “and I found Father and Ruth up to their ears in radical politics. They were both enthusiastic mem- hers of the Pierre Degeyter Club, and they worked hard.” One of twenty-odd left-wing musicians’ groups in the Workers Music League, organized in 1931 within the labor federations of the American Communist Party, the Pierre Degeyter Club was devoted to the creation of proletarian culture. Henry Cowell invited Charles to deliver a lecture to the group and Ruth went to that meeting in 1932. The next year they took Pete around, and together they sang Degeyter’s most famous song, the Communist anthem “L’Internationale.” “There was nothing sissy about this music,” Pete said. “ ‘Arise friends and workers, we’re ready for battle, Advance Proletarians to conquer the world.’” Armed with the Communist slogan, “Music as a Weapon in the Class Struggle,” the Workers Music League logo of a hammer and sickle backdropped against a musical staff symbolizes the political milieu for these reconstructed modernists from 1932 through 1935.
Discovering “Unmusical" America
Authors: Tick Judith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Seegers arrived in Washington at the end of 1935, as Roosevelt’s third year in office was drawing to a close. The move to Washington promised a new start on many fronts, not the least of which was the end of their hand to-mouth existence. As soon as a regular salary started coming in, Ruth began to pay back their New York debts, including a milk bill for the last six months and one from the pediatrician. After subsisting for a few weeks in Spartan liv ing quarters, she wrote him that they had found a small brick house at 3007 Pershing Street in Clarendon, Virginia (now part of Arlington), quite close to the district. She was so relieved that her unusually expansive letter voiced enough optimism to mention hopes for her own professional future: “Our house thank God has sunshine and light (shades of New York apartments!) a new stove and a frigidaire (smile at the housewife) and a comfortable desk room (the composer hopes to be able to work again):“
American Folk Songs Go To School
Authors: Tick Judith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dio is very nice. She loves us too. She used to sit up all night working on that old book and when I woke up in the morning she was still there. So then she would come out and get our breakfast and make my sandwiches for lunch. When she doesn’t drink coffee at night and goes to bed at night she is different. Sort of quiet and comfortable and mends our clothes and lets us sew and even teaches Peggy to crochet. I hope when I marry, my wife won’t want to write a book.
A Fork in the Road
Authors: Tick Judith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Finally, after surmounting so many obstacles like Doubleday’s “incredible” and “unforgivable” delay and wartime paper shortages, Crawford reached a milestone in her life when American Folk Songs for Children appeared on November 4, 1948. Margaret Lesser sent a telegram-”Folk Songs Officially Published Today with an advance order of more than 2000. Three Cheers for you and the book:’ Doubleday launched the book with a splash, taking photographs and collecting blurbs from Carl Sandburg, who gave the book “sweeping and unqualified endorsement” for their press packets.
The Diffusionist Revolt
Authors: Smith Woodruff D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before Ratzel made his switch to full-time academic employment in the mid-1870s, he had spent brief periods studying under some of the leading figures in geography and Volkerkunde, including Bastian in Berlin.1 But he had not stayed at Berlin. Because of his irregular entry into academic life and the fact that his first appointment was at a technical institute in Munich, Ratzel was more or less destined to operate outside the Berlin establishment. This, combined with the antagonism toward the previous generation of social scientists, partly manifested in Ratzel’s politics and his Darwinism, led Ratzel to see himself as a potential leader of a revolt against the neoliberal theoretical pattern identified with the Berlin establishment.
The Case of the Innocuous Prayer
Authors: Cohen Naomi W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As part of an instructional program in moral and spiritual values, the New York State Board of Regents suggested in 1951 that school children begin their day with a short, nonsectarian prayer. Unlike released time or Bible reading, both the program and prayer were new ideas on the postwar educational scene. The Regents’ prayer was adopted in some school districts; ultimately it came to the Supreme Court for review in the landmark case of Engel v. Vitale. &gt;The ruling climaxed eleven years of public debate on a broader issue, the use of the classroom to cultivate religious sensibilities and impart rudimentary knowledge about religion. From the Jewish perspective, the full significance of the decision can be understood best only when it is examined within that historical context. Indeed, the setting of the case as well as the ensuing backlash are as important to the story of Jewish activity on public religion as the case itself.
American Salons
Authors: Crunden Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is a study of the beginnings of the modernist tradition in American culture, with special emphasis on the interchange of Americans with modernism in Europe. The first section discusses American precursors of modernism including Whistler, William and Henry James, and James Gibbons Huneker. There is a section on the influence of specific US cities on modernism. The final section concentrates on the interaction of Americans in European culture, first in London (with emphasis on Ezra Pound), Paris (the photographer Edward Steichen and the Stein family), and finally New York (the salon scene and the 1913 Armory Show of modern art).
Maternal and Newborn HIV Screening: Implications for Children and Families
Authors: Hutton Nancy , Wissow Lawrence S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The overwhelming majority of AIDS cases among children are the result of mother-child transmission of HIV either during pregnancy or at the time of delivery. Thus two important reasons to consider HIV screening for women of childbearing age are the potential for slowing the advance of HIV infection from generation to generation and the early identification of infected infants who might benefit from medical intervention. The notion that these goals can be considered derives both from experience with other illnesses (Chapter 3) and from preliminary work in programs established to treat HIV-seropositive children. In this chapter, we argue that in the context of a system of ongoing, high uality pediatric care, the benefits of HIV screening of pregnant women or newborns outweigh the risks.