bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Communications Technology and Democracy
Authors: Davis Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like other new technologies, the Internet has been pro­ claimed the instigator of a social revolution.1 “Today we are witnessing the early, turbulent days of a revolution as significant as any other in human history,” one industry executive opines. ‘½. new medium of human communications is emerging, one that may prove to surpass all previous revolutions-the printing press, the telephone, the television, the computer-in its impact on our economic and social life.”2 Admittedly, the Internet has already influenced American life. The most coveted activity of most Americans-leisure-increasingly has included the Web. Time spent online has increased dramatically. By 1997, 85 percent of users said they go online at least daily.3 In 1996, half of users said they were online at least 10 hours a week. One-fifth said they stayed online more than 20 hours per week. Indeed, use can exceed access: America Online was severely criticized and even sued by some of its customers for dumping millions of disks in direct mail campaigns and offering unlimited access time without sufficiently increasing their ability to handle new customers.4 Online services are rushing to increase telephone connections to meet the growing demand.
The Virtual Public
Authors: Davis Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far in this book, the Internet has been described as a communication link between policy makers, the media, or interest groups and the public. Yet, the Internet has produced still another form of political interaction-dialogue among individual citizens. This interaction, via Usenet groups and other bulletin boards, offers a form of virtual association. Hundreds of thousands of messages like those above are posted daily on a multitude of forums. Clearly, an e-mail address and Internet access can offer a window on a world of wide-ranging discussion.
When Women Lead
Authors: Rosenthal Cindy Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until recently, the study of legislative leadership has been the study of men. Scholars have taught students that legislative leadership is transactional, a kind of competitive bargaining procedure to broker particular interests. When Women Lead: Integrative Leadership in State Legislatures brings to light the important contributions that women as legislative leaders make to the institutions in which they operate. Cindy Simon Rosenthal shows us how (and where) women are “integrating” the ranks of the legislative hierarchy, a forum in which they have been all but absent. She also argues that women are “doing leadership” in an innovative, inclusive style that subtly redefines both the appearance and meaning of political leadership. Contradicting the assumption that legislative leadership is inherently transactional, Rosenthal posits an integrative style emphasizing collaboration, shared problem-solving, and consensus. Further, she argues that women committee chairs come to their roles from different life experiences, and so employ motivations, tactics, and visions of leadership that differ in important ways from their male counterparts. Her findings suggest that women tend to see political leadership as something more than the act of satisfying particular interests. This study of women who chair state legislative committees examines one of America’s largest cohorts of women in institutional leadership roles, thus making an important contribution to our understanding of gender, organizational leadership, and state legislatures. Rosenthal ably demonstrates that legislatures are not gender-neutral and that legislative leadership must be understood within a gendered context. Numbers and power therefore constitute critical variables throughout this study. While stereotyping has not disappeared in some states, women across the country--as illustrated in When Women Lead--are effectively redefining the framework and the assumptions central to political leadership in other locales.
Remembering Actions: A Specific Type of Memory?
Authors: Zimmer Hubert D , Cohen Ronald L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Imagine that you came home from the office or from a day trip and someone asked you what had happened during the day. What would you tell him or her? You would probably describe the events that had happened and you would talk about the things you had done. Similarly, if you described your working day, it is very likely that you listed a series of activities that you had performed over the course of the day.
Action Memory: A System-Oriented Approach
Authors: Engelkamp Johannes 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explains why action phrases such as “brush your teeth” are better retained when we perform them than when we only listen to them or watch and imagine them, respectively. This memory advantage of performing actions is called subject-performed task effect (SPT effect). Although there are some boundary conditions for this SPT effect (e.g., Engelkamp & Zimmer, 1997; Zimmer & Engelkamp, 1999), this effect is very robust and has been demonstrated in numerous experiments (see Engelkamp, 1998, for a comprehensive review). In trying to explain this effect, it is proposed that more than one memory system is involved. Demonstrating that one needs several systems to explain the SPT effect is the topic of this chapter.
“The Nation’s Child ... is Dead” The Lindbergh Case
Authors: Fass Paula S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The child was born at an inauspicious time, at the beginning of the most serious economic depression in American history, on June 22, 1930, to parents who were young, handsome, rich, and very famous. Blond and blue-eyed like his father, he was the picture of privilege. The first grandchild on one side of a rich and powerful international banker and ambassador, he was on the other side a grandchild of a quirky, maverick populist and isolationist congressman from Minnesota. After his birth, his parents began to build a mansion, an aerie, far from the madding crowds, to protect them selves and him from the curiosity that had become his birthright and from the cult of celebrity that was beginning to define mass society in the twentieth century.
“Missing”
Authors: Fass Paula S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Just before 8 A.M. on Friday, May 25, 1979, six-year-old Etan Patz emerged confidently from his parents’ co-op apartment in the SoHo district of New York to begin the two-block walk to the school bus stop. Etan had been eager for some time to do this on his own as a sign of a new maturity, and his mother had finally assented. She watched him briefly from her loft’s third floor fire escape as he proceeded from their home on 113 Prince Street to the intersection of Wooster. She then turned back into the apartment, and Etan vanished into the New York crowds.
The Structure of Tone
Authors: Bao Zhiming 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book argues a fresh theory about the structure of tone. Bao investigates a wide range of tone sandhi data from various Chinese dialects and other Asian tone languages, providing empirical support for his proposal that tone is a formal entity which consists of register and contour. Bao establishes a clear typological distinction between register tone languages and contour tone languages whose contour tones have a more complex structure.
Cognition in Emotion: Always, Sometimes, or Never?
Authors: Clore Gerald L , Ortony Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A not uncommon reaction to claims about the role of cognition in emotions is to agree with the proverbial farmer, who, when asked for directions to the city, replied “You can’t get there from here.” Certainly, emotions have many characteristics that seem to justify skepticism about any involvement of cognition in them. For example, the fact that we can be surprised by our own emotions suggests that we sometimes have little insight into them, and the fact that emotions occur automatically suggests that we have little control over them. We cannot, for instance, simply decide to feel an emotion the way we can decide to think about one. Furthermore, it is not unusual for people to report emotional reactions that conflict with cognitive ones. For example, in a vivid account of his struggle with anxiety and depression, one author (Solomon, 1998) recalls lying frozen in bed, crying because he was too frightened to take a shower while at the same time knowing full well that showers are not scary. One of our goals in this chapter is to examine the implications of such observations for the idea that emotions always involve cognitive appraisal processes; we argue that a cognitive account of emotion has implications that are both more fundamental and less restrictive than the skeptical view that emotions do not necessarily involve cognition seems to imply.
Measuring Emotion: Behavior, Feeling, and Physiology
Authors: Bradley Margaret M , Lang Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What are emotions? What are feelings? How can they be both central events of our experience as human beings and ephemera that seem to occur unbidden by the mind and beyond our control? Do feelings prompt behavior, or is a feeling merely the shadow of an action? Why is the expectation of pain often worse than the pain itself? Philosophers have searched for answers to such questions over centuries of thought and study. All of us wonder why emotion is sometimes so destructive, and so often the focus of mental disorder. Is a wholly rational consciousness the true ideal? Are emotions of any use?
No One Was Turned Away
Authors: Opdycke Sandra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For more than a century, New York City’s public hospitals have played a major role in ensuring that people of every class have had a place to turn for care. This comparison of the history of Bellevue Hospital with that of the private New York Hospital illuminates the unique contribution that public hospitals have made to the city and confirms their continued value today. Portraying the hospital as an urban institution that reflects the social, political, economic, demographic, and physical changes of the surrounding city, this book links the role of public hospitals to the ongoing debate about the place of public institutions in American society.
Toward a Reconceptualization of the Coming-Out Process for Adolescent Females
Authors: Schneider Margaret S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The modem wave of psychological research on sexual orientation began with Evelyn Hooker’s study comparing a nonclinical sample of gay men with a nonclinical sample of heterosexual men on a variety of psychological characteristics (Hooker, 1957). It provided the impetus for a line of research comparing gay men and lesbians to heterosexual men and women on a variety of psychological characteristics. These studies demonstrated that homosexuality was not a mental illness and, in and of itself, posed no barrier to the ability of an individual to be a productive and healthy member of society (see Gonsiorek, 1982). This resulting line of research eventually formed the basis for removing homosexuality from the DSM-II (Bayer, 1981). It provided the scientific foundation for viewing a gay or lesbian sexual orientation as a normal variant of psychosexual development. While there had been considerable theorizing about the etiology of homosexuality using a disease model, this new perspective invited the question of how a same-sex sexual orientation develops in a social context in which same-sex desire is stigmatized and everyone is assumed to be heterosexual.
The Experiences of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youths in University Communities
Authors: Evans Nancy J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The college years are a time of self-exploration, personal growth, and determination of the roles one will assume in society. Lesbian, gay, and bisexual students face the added challenge of resolving issues related to their sexual orientation. Until students develop a sense of themselves as gay, lesbian, or bisexual people, addressing the other developmental tasks is difficult. Career decision making, establishing close friendships and intimate relationships, and determining a personal set of religious beliefs and values are issues greatly influenced by how one chooses to live one’s life with regard to sexual orientation. As a result of the hostile climate facing gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals in our society, the task of lesbian/ gay /bisexual identity development and the decisions associated with this process can contribute to significant psychological stress and mental health problems (Buhrke & Stabb, 1995; Evans & D’Augelli, 1996). Isolation and feelings of being different from their heterosexual peers are commonplace among lesbian, gay, and bisexual students (D’Augelli, 1993). Without support, the development of a healthy identity is particularly challenging (Slater, 1993).
Retrieval Strategies as a Rehabilitation Aid for Cognitive Loss in Pathological Aging
Authors: Camp Cameron J , Bird Michael J , Cherry Katie E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Research on memory interventions for persons with dementia and other cognitive impairments is rapidly expanding, as the existence of this volume testifies. In this chapter, we will describe the use of active retrieval strategies as an aid in cognitive rehabilitation for pathological aging. More than 20 years have passed since the original research on which this chapter is based was published. In the late 1970s, Landauer and Bjork (1978) described a technique designed to allow new in formation, such as the name of a person in a photograph, to be learned efficiently. They called this phenomenon “spaced retrieval” (SR). Their study was published as a book chapter—part of the proceedings of the first Practical Aspects of Memory conference held in the United Kingdom. Today, SR is being implemented as a rehabilitation aid for cognitive loss associated with an increasingly diverse set of pathologies found in older adults. The SR technique described by Landauer and Bjork has been shown to allow persons with profound memory deficits characteristic of dementia to be able to learn new information and successfully recall it across clinically meaningful periods of time (days, weeks, months). Interventions using this approach, in combination with other techniques, can alleviate behavioral problems associated with dementia in real-world settings. Use of SR by therapists in different disciplines has recently been noted.
Blessed Assurance: Religion, Personal Empowerment, and African-American Political Activism
Authors: Harris Fredrick C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One minister in brooklyn, new york, asked by a newspaper reporter whether he felt “scared” organizing to rid a half-abandoned apartment building of drugs and prostitution, mentioned a source of political empowerment that scholars rarely acknowledge. Reverend Hardy Smallwood answered that it was “but the grace of God” that kept him from danger.1 He noted that he could not have succeeded alone; it was the “police and community working together” that made his organizing effective. Police and sympathetic neighbors may well have provided the minister with earthly reassurances in the face of the dangers of vengeful drug dealers and pimps, but Reverend Smallwood made it quite clear that, more than anything else, his belief in divine protection was what enabled him to overcome fears of retribution for his political activism. Game theorists, following self-interest models of political action, argue that the promise of cooperation with others can move some people to participate in collective action. Likewise, for activists like Reverend Smallwood, the perceived cooperation of a divine force-what could be described as sacred assurance-may provide incentives for participation.
Ties That Bind: Linking Religion and Intermediary Resources to Political Action
Authors: Harris Fredrick C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This brief chapter provides a statistical conclusion to my quantitative analyses in chapters 5 and 6 by examining the combined effects of religion’s macro and micro resources on black political mobilization. I consider here the multidimensionality of religious beliefs and practices and estimate not only the direct effects of different religious factors on political action but their indirect impact-through intermediary resources that are psychological and organizational in nature.1 Intermediary resources, like participation in social organizations and feelings of political empowerment, foster political participation by linking individuals to political action.
Audience Attitudes
Authors: Davis Richard , Owen Diana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we have seen, there are a variety of characteristics that set the audiences for new media apart from other citizens. They are demo graphically more specialized than the audiences for newspapers, television news, and radio news. They use new media to gratify particular needs, some of which are not met satisfactorily by the mainstream press. New media users welcome the opportunity to obtain a different variety and style of information that is offered through these sources and to participate in discussions that occur in a public forum. Further, the information disseminated via new media and received by audience members is often opinionated, even highly ideological, in content.
Whitman and the Gay American Ethos
Authors: Killingsworth M Jimmie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historical critics have gradually come to see that Walt Whit ‘s striking images of the ‘‘body electric”-the human arged with sexual energy, open to entreaties of companions male and female, driven by consuming desire, containing the sources of psychological, as well as political, power-were not exclusively the product and property of an inspired individual but were “socially constructed.” During Whitman’s time, the sexualized body became an increasing source of both anxiety and fascination, fully acknowledged and explicitly voiced in medical writings, social purity pamphlets, self-help books, and popular science, as well as pulp fiction, pornography, and under ground confessional literature. Only a literary history focused entirely on the literature of parlors, schoolrooms, and highbrow literary journals could view Whitman’s “poetry of the body” as unalloyed in its originality.
Emerson and Religion
Authors: Robinson David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This belief in the presence and power of the soul is the core of Ralph Waldo Emerson’s religious thought and the vital principle his entire intellectual achievement. His doctrine of the soul developed in the 1820s and 1830s as he fused the Unitarian theology of self-culture with the spiritual and idealistic doctrines from several Neoplatonic, oriental, and European Romantic sources, and as his interest was kindled in the new scientific discoveries of his day. His doctrine of the soul blossomed into a passionate and visionary expression of the premises of Transcendentalism in key works of the late 1830s and early 1840s.
Investigations
Authors: Kauffman Stuart A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It may be that I have stumbled upon an adequate description of life itself. These modest yet profound words trumpet an imminent paradigm shift in scientific, economic, and technological thinking. In the tradition of Schrödinger’s classic What Is Life?, Kauffman’s Investigations is a tour-de-force exploration of the very essence of life itself, with conclusions that radically undermine the scientific approaches on which modern science rests--the approaches of Newton, Boltzman, Bohr, and Einstein. Building on his pivotal ideas about order and evolution in complex life systems, Kauffman finds that classical science does not take into account that physical systems--such as people in a biosphere--effect their dynamic environments in addition to being affected by them. These systems act on their own behalf as autonomous agents, but what defines them as such? In other words, what is life? Kauffman supplies a novel answer that goes beyond traditional scientific thinking by defining and explaining autonomous agents and work in the contexts of thermodynamics and of information theory. Much of Investigations unpacks the progressively surprising implications of his definition. Significantly, he sets the stages for a technological revolution in the coming decades. Scientists and engineers may soon seek to create autonomous agents--both organic and mechanical--that can not only construct things and work, but also reproduce themselves! Kauffman also lays out a foundation for a new concept of organization, and explores the requirements for the emergence of a general biology that will transcend terrestrial biology to seek laws governing biospheres anywhere in the cosmos. Moreover, he presents four candidate laws to explain how autonomous agents co-create their biosphere and the startling idea of a “co-creating” cosmos. A showcase of Kauffman’s most fundamental and significant ideas, Investigations presents a new way of thinking about the fundamentals of general biology that will change the way we understand life itself--on this planet and anywhere else in the cosmos.
Reparations, Truth, and Reconciliation
Authors: Soyinka Wole 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From within the same continent, two strategies of confrontation with one’s history. They are off-springs of the same age, sprung from minds of a shared identity, and they appear to complement yet contradict each other. Both depend on a process of baring the truth of one’s history in order to exorcise the past and secure a collective peace of mind, the healing of a bruised racial psyche. Both concepts even appear to play a game with each other—in the mind at least—since some form of mental reconciliation appears to be provoked for their cohabitation. How on earth does one reconcile reparations, or recompense, with reconciliation or remission of wrongs? Dare we presume that both, in their differing ways, are committed to ensuring the righting of wrongs and the triumph of justice?
The undeniable differences merely complicate matters—one proposal originates from a history of Africa that has become somewhat remote, attenuated by time and becoming blurred by global relationships, while the other owes its birth to an ordeal that is so immediate that both victims and violators are alive and locked within the necessity of cohabitation. This contrast in itself provides a paradox—in expectations. If anything, it is the latter condition, the contemporary one, that should mandate a call for reparations in one form or another. The victims are alive and in need of rehabilitation while their violators—as a recognizable group—pursue a privileged existence, secure in the spoils of a sordid history. Indeed, it is within the enclosure of that nation called South Africa that the principle of reparations presents itself as something quite practical and feasible, indeed, clamorous, unlike the context of slavery that continues to be increasingly contumacious in the determination of responsibilities.