bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An accurate and efficient performance analysis technique for multiprocessor snooping cache-consistency protocols
Authors: Vernon M. K. , Lazowska E. D. , Zahorjan J. 
Published: July 2004

A number of dynamic cache consistency protocols have been developed for multiprocessors having a shared bus interconnect between processors and shared memory. The relative performance of these protocols has been studied extensively using simulation and detailed analytical models based on Markov chain techniques. Both of these approaches use relatively detailed models, which capture cache and bus interference rather precisely, but which are highly expensive to evaluate. In this paper, we investigate the use of a more abstract and significantly more efficient analytical model for evaluating the relative performance of cache consistency protocols. The model includes bus interference, cache interference, and main memory interference, but represents the interactions between the caches by steady-state mean collision rates which are computed by iterative solution of the model equations.
We show that the speedup estimates obtained from the mean-value model are highly accurate. The results agree with the speedup estimates of the detailed analytical models to within 3%, over all modifications studied and over a wide range of parameter values. This result is surprising, given that the distinctions among the protocols are quite subtle. The validation experiments include sets of reasonable values of the workload parameters, as well as sets of unrealistic values for which one might expect the mean-value equations to break down. The conclusion we can draw is that this modeling technique shows promise for evaluating architectural tradeoffs at a much more detailed level than was previously thought possible. We also discuss the relationship between results of the analytical models and the results of independent evaluations of the protocols using simulation.
IMPULSE: a high performance processing unit for multiprocessors for scientific calculation
Authors: Boku T. , Nomura S. , Amano H. 
Published: July 2004

In this paper, we propose a high performance processing unit for multiprocessor systems for scientific calculations. This processing unit is called IMPULSE. IMPULSE is equipped with a hardware process control mechanism, and a powerful floating point processor and its controller.
The process control method is based on the concurrent process model called the NC model. In the NC model, the processes and their communicating channels are static, and it is relatively easy to implement the interprocess communication server and process scheduler in hardware according to this model.
To enhance the system performance, IMPULSE is composed of three parts, the TASK ENGINE, IPC ENGINE, and FPP ENGINE. From the results of simulations, it appears that the IPC ENGINE provides efficient process control even if the granularity of the processes is very fine.
Synchronizing processors through memory requests in a tightly coupled multiprocessor
Authors: Seznec A. , Jégou Y. 
Published: July 2004

To satisfy the growing need for computing power, a high degree of parallelism will be necessary in future supercomputers. Up to the late 70s, supercomputers were either multiprocessors (SIMD-MIMD) or pipelined monoprocessors. Current commercial products combine these two levels of parallelism.
Effective performance will depend on the spectrum of algorithms which is actually run in parallel. In a previous paper [Je86], we have presented the DSPA processor, a pipeline processor which is actually performant on a very large family of loops.

In this paper, we present the GREEDY network, a new interconnection network (IN) for tightly coupled multiprocessors (TCMs). Then we propose an original and cost effective hardware synchronization mechanism. When DSPA processors are connected with a shared memory through a GREEDY network and synchronized by our synchronization mechanism, a very high parallelism may be achieved at execution time on a very large spectrum of loops including loops where independency of the successive iterations cannot be checked at compile time as e.g. loop 1:

DO 1 I=1 N

1 A(P(I)=A(Q(I))
A microprogrammed architecture for front end processing
Authors: Zaks Rodnay 
Published: July 2004

The increasing diversity of hardware devices and software procedures developed for remote processing has yielded a multiplicity of new facilities and telecommunication network structures. The corresponding architectures for front-end systems range from specialized device control to sophisticated multi-purpose multi-terminal support. Simultaneously, the very complexity of new data transmission and processing techniques has created a need for flexible and powerful yet transparent communications processors. The functions of a front-end system will be analyzed in order to derive the concepts which will be used to establish a classification.
In a first part, telecommunications and control functions are analyzed in detail, as well as the user facilities at the functional level.
The level of support provided by major commercial operating systems with respect to front-end systems is then examined. Their facilities and shortcomings provide the basis for front-end systems.
Finally, the architecture of a commercial microprogrammed front-end processor is presented. A modular microprogrammed architecture of this type allows efficient and economical system structuring for a wide range of teleprocessing services.
A three-port/three-access register file for concurrent processing and I/O communication in a RISC-like graphics engine
Authors: Anido M. L. , Allerton D. J. , Zaluska E. J. 
Published: July 2004

A novel method that provides extremely fast Input/Output (I/O) data transfer to a RISC-like graphics engine is presented. This method employs a combined two-port / two-access and a three-port / three-access register file used for concurrent processing and I/O data transfer. The three-port cell employed is only 25 % larger than the two-port cell, offering considerable advantages over alternative approaches, such as FIFOs or register banks.
This paper discusses some methods that can provide highly fast I/O data transfer in parallel with execution and focuses on the design and implementation of the CMOS-2um register file employed.

Index Terms
- Computer Architecture, Reduced Instruction Set Computers, VLSI Design, Computer Image Generation, Interprocessor Communication.
The schuss filter
Authors: Gonzalez-Rubio R. , Rohmer J. , Terral D. 
Published: July 2004

This paper describes the basic principles, the architecture and the applications of a processor called the SCHUSS filter*.
The SCHUSS filter can be seen as a device with two inputs and one output; the first input is the filtering criterion (a program); the second input is the data to be filtered (in a sequential way). The output is the data which fulfills the filter criterion.
Under the architectural point of view the SCHUSS filter can be seen as a specialized processor (in filtering) but also as a general purpose processor. Working as a specialized processor, it can process “on the fly” data coming from a disk where “on the fly” means at the normal disk transfer rate. Even if now disk transfers rates are up to 3 Mbyte/sec SCHUSS can execute searches of reasonable complexity in one pass.
The idea is to off-load the host processor of search tasks and other kinds of processing.
The 801 minicomputer
Authors: Radin George 
Published: July 2004

This paper provides an overview of an experimental system developed at the IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. It consists of a running hardware prototype, a control program and an optimizing compiler. The basic concepts underlying the system are discussed as are the performance characteristics of the prototype. In particular, three principles are examined:
system orientation towards the pervasive use of high level language programming and a sophisticated compiler,
a primitive instruction set which can be completely hard-wired,
storage hierarchy and I/O organization to enable the CPU to execute an instruction at almost every cycle.
An analysis of a mesa instruction set using dynamic instruction frequencies
Authors: McDaniel Gene 
Published: July 2004

The Mesa architecture is implemented on a variety of processors, and dynamic instruction frequency data for two programs is used to analyze the architecture in an implementation independent fashion.
The Mesa compiler allocates variables in an order based upon their static frequency of use, and measurements are provided that show that these static predictions predict run time usage as well. We provide an evaluation of the advantages and costs of Mesa's compact byte encoding, its reliance upon an evaluation stack, and its use of memory.
The Mesa language has evolved over time in a hardware environment oriented around 16-bit quantities with growing use of and accommodations to 32-bit quantities. The cost of emulating 32-bit data paths on a 16-bit machine is identified for a program that heavily exploits longer values.
Several potential areas for improving the execution speed of a Mesa processor with special purpose hardware are identified.
Storehouses and Systems At Persepolis
Authors: Aperghis  
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe Achaemenid financial administration at Persepolis controlled a network of commodity storehouses. This paper demonstrates how the Fortification Tablets from this location reveal the method of operation of the storehouses and the functions of the responsible officials. There were two main branches of the administration, a regional one of storehouses where the commodity tax was collected, and a super-imposed flexible system of work-groups and animal management under the control of apportioners. The key to understanding the procedures adopted is a comprehensive analysis of seal use on the tablets.
Definitions and Paradigms: Laches' First Definition
Authors: Rabbås Øyvind 
Published: July 2004

AbstractLaches' first definition is rejected because it is somehow formally inadequate, but it is not clear exactly how this is so. On my interpretation, the failure of this definition cannot be explained by reference to the distinction between universals and particulars. Rather, it provides a paradigm of courage, which is inadequate because it fails to make clear how it is to be projected into other, non-paradigmatic cases. The definition is interesting because it articulates essential elements of the dominant moral tradition, including both its normative content (it is is too conservative and aristocratic) and its form (it is sustained by a certain limited canon of ideals, idols, and images of excellence). Socrates' elenchus of this definition thus amounts to a challenge to this tradition.
Rofecoxib for dysmenorrhoea: meta-analysis using individual patient data
Authors: Edwards Jayne E , Moore R Andrew , McQuay Henry J 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Background
Individual patient meta-analysis to determine the analgesic efficacy and adverse effects of single-dose rofecoxib in primary dysmenorrhoea.

Methods
Individual patient information was available from three randomised, double blind, placebo and active controlled trials of rofecoxib. Data were combined through meta-analysis. Number-needed-to-treat (NNT) for at least 50% pain relief and the proportion of patients who had taken rescue medication over 12 hours were calculated. Information was collected on adverse effects.

Results
For single-dose rofecoxib 50 mg compared with placebo, the NNTs (with 95% CI) for at least 50% pain relief were 3.2 (2.4 to 4.5) at six, 3.1 (2.4 to 9.0) at eight, and 3.7 (2.8 to 5.6) at 12 hours. For naproxen sodium 550 mg they were 3.1 (2.4 to 4.4) at six, 3.0 (2.3 to 4.2) at eight, and 3.8 (2.7 to 6.1) at 12 hours. The proportion of patients who needed rescue medication within 12 hours was 27% with rofecoxib 50 mg, 29% with naproxen sodium 550 mg, and 50% with placebo. In the single-dose trial, the proportion of patients reporting any adverse effect was 8% (4/49) with rofecoxib 50 mg, 12% (6/49) with ibuprofen 400 mg, and 6% (3/49) with placebo. In the other two multiple dose trials, the proportion of patients reporting any adverse effect was 23% (42/179) with rofecoxib 50 mg, 24% (45/181) with naproxen sodium 550 mg, and 18% (33/178) with placebo.

Conclusions
Single dose rofecoxib 50 mg provided similar pain relief to naproxen sodium 550 mg over 12 hours. The duration of analgesia with rofecoxib 50 mg was similar to that of naproxen sodium 550 mg. Adverse effects were uncommon suggesting safety in short-term use of rofecoxib and naproxen sodium. Future research should include restriction on daily life and absence from work or school as outcomes.
Complementary and alternative medical therapies for chronic low back pain: What treatments are patients willing to try?
Authors: Sherman Karen J , Cherkin Daniel C , Connelly Maureen T , Erro Janet , Savetsky Jacqueline B , Davis Roger B , Eisenberg David M 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Background
Although back pain is the most common reason patients use complementary and alternative medical (CAM) therapies, little is known about the willingness of primary care back pain patients to try these therapies. As part of an effort to refine recruitment strategies for clinical trials, we sought to determine if back pain patients are willing to try acupuncture, chiropractic, massage, meditation, and t'ai chi and to learn about their knowledge of, experience with, and perceptions about each of these therapies.

Methods
We identified English-speaking patients with diagnoses consistent with chronic low back pain using automated visit data from one health care organization in Boston and another in Seattle. We were able to confirm the eligibility status (i.e., current low back pain that had lasted at least 3 months) of 70% of the patients with such diagnoses and all eligible respondents were interviewed.

Results
Except for chiropractic, knowledge about these therapies was low. Chiropractic and massage had been used by the largest fractions of respondents (54% and 38%, respectively), mostly for back pain (45% and 24%, respectively). Among prior users of specific CAM therapies for back pain, massage was rated most helpful. Users of chiropractic reported treatment-related "significant discomfort, pain or harm" more often (23%) than users of other therapies (5–16%). Respondents expected massage would be most helpful (median of 7 on a 0 to 10 scale) and meditation least helpful (median of 3) in relieving their current pain. Most respondents indicated they would be "very likely" to try acupuncture, massage, or chiropractic for their back pain if they did not have to pay out of pocket and their physician thought it was a reasonable treatment option.

Conclusions
Most patients with chronic back pain in our sample were interested in trying therapeutic options that lie outside the conventional medical spectrum. This highlights the need for additional studies evaluating their effectiveness and suggests that researchers conducting clinical trials of these therapies may not have difficulties recruiting patients.
Algorithms for optimizing drug therapy
Authors: Wanger Peter , Martin Lene 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Background
Drug therapy has become increasingly efficient, with more drugs available for treatment of an ever-growing number of conditions. Yet, drug use is reported to be sub optimal in several aspects, such as dosage, patient's adherence and outcome of therapy. The aim of the current study was to investigate the possibility to optimize drug therapy using computer programs, available on the Internet.

Methods
One hundred and ten officially endorsed text documents, published between 1996 and 2004, containing guidelines for drug therapy in 246 disorders, were analyzed with regard to information about patient-, disease- and drug-related factors and relationships between these factors. This information was used to construct algorithms for identifying optimum treatment in each of the studied disorders. These algorithms were categorized in order to define as few models as possible that still could accommodate the identified factors and the relationships between them. The resulting program prototypes were implemented in HTML (user interface) and JavaScript (program logic).

Results
Three types of algorithms were sufficient for the intended purpose. The simplest type is a list of factors, each of which implies that the particular patient should or should not receive treatment. This is adequate in situations where only one treatment exists. The second type, a more elaborate model, is required when treatment can by provided using drugs from different pharmacological classes and the selection of drug class is dependent on patient characteristics. An easily implemented set of if-then statements was able to manage the identified information in such instances. The third type was needed in the few situations where the selection and dosage of drugs were depending on the degree to which one or more patient-specific factors were present. In these cases the implementation of an established decision model based on fuzzy sets was required. Computer programs based on one of these three models could be constructed regarding all but one of the studied disorders. The single exception was depression, where reliable relationships between patient characteristics, drug classes and outcome of therapy remain to be defined.

Conclusion
Algorithms for optimizing drug therapy can, with presumably rare exceptions, be developed for any disorder, using standard Internet programming methods.
Color Doppler imaging of cervicocephalic fibromuscular dysplasia
Authors: Arning Christian , Grzyska Ulrich 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Background
Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is a possible cause of stroke, especially in middle-aged women. However, only few reports are available on ultrasonographic detection and monitoring.

Methods
Among the 15,000 patients who underwent color Doppler imaging (CDI) of the cervicocephalic arteries during the study period, all cases fulfilling ultrasound criteria of FMD were included into the case series. Criteria of FMD were: 1. Segmental string-of-beads pattern, 2. Localization in the distal extracranial part of internal carotid artery (ICA) or vertebral artery (VA), and 3. (optional): Direct and/or indirect criteria of stenosis.

Results
CDI detected FMD in 39 vessels (37 ICA and 2 VA segments) of 21 patients. 16 patients had bilateral manifestation on ICA, one of those also on VA, bilaterally. CDI disclosed 4 symptomatic high-grade ICA stenoses, 3 of them underwent endovascular treatment. 5 patients with moderate symptomatic ICA stenoses got medical treatment. In 6 patients FMD was the most likely cause of headache and in one patient FMD was diagnosed as a cause of vertigo.

Conclusions
CDI may be used for detection of cervicocephalic FMD. Due to the unfavourable localisation of FMD for CDI, the sensitivity of CDI is lower in comparison to angiography. However, high-grade FMD stenoses that require invasive treatment can be recognized on the basis of indirect hemodynamic criteria.
Karyomegaly of tubular kidney cells in human chronic interstitial nephropathy in Tunisia: respective role of Ochratoxin a and possible genetic predisposition
Authors: Hassen Wafa , Abid-Essafi Salwa , Achour Abdellatif , Guezzah Noureddine , Zakhama Abdelfettah , Ellouz Farielle , Creppy Edmond E , Bacha Hassen 
Published: July 2004

Karyomegalic nephropathy associated to bizarre enlargement of nuclei in renal tubular epithelial cells was first described by Mihatch in 1979. We present herein additional cases occurring in three siblings suffering from chronic interstitial nephropathy (CIN) of unknown aetiology where the renal biopsies showed numerous enlarged and hyperchromatic nuclei. CIN of unknown aetiology has been previously characterized and showed striking similarities with Balkan Endemic Nephropathy (BEN). Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a nephrotoxic mycotoxin suspected to be the causal agent of the BEN as well as the Tunisian CIN of unknown aetiology. OTA is incriminated in the onset of these disclosed cases of karyomegalic nephropathy since high OTA concentrations were found in blood (505.83 ng/ml, 102.63 ng/ml and 1023 ng/ml) and in urine (94.40 ng/ml and 10.18 ng/ml) of two of them. Moreover, we have investigated OTA in blood and urine as well as in food samples of the entire household (21 people). Our findings suggest (i) a link between OTA and the outcome of this karyomegalic nephropathy, and (ii) the possible involvement of a genetic factor since the three cases have the same haplotype B27/35.
Dynamics of jet streaks in a stratified quasi‐geostrophic atmosphere: Steady‐state representations
Authors: Cunningham Philip , Keyser Daniel 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe structure and dynamics of jet streaks in the extratropical upper troposphere are examined in the context of a continuously stratified quasi‐geostrophic (QG) framework. It is hypothesized that jet streaks may result from the superposition of monopolar or dipolar vortices of mesoscale dimensions with the enhanced potential‐vorticity gradients constituting the tropopause. Based on this hypothesis, steady‐state monopolar and dipolar vortices in a uniform zonal background flow on an f‐plane are investigated for their applicability as idealized dynamical representations of jet streaks. The representations of jet streaks satisfy the nonlinear governing equations of the continuously stratified QG framework: the monopolar vortex is specified in terms of axisymmetric distributions of QG potential vorticity in the interior of the domain and perturbation potential temperature on upper (tropopause) and lower (surface) boundaries, whereas the dipolar vortex is adapted from a closed‐form analytical solution for the geostrophic stream function. Through the incorporation of vertical structure and divergent circulations, these representations of jet streaks extend those presented previously by the authors using a non‐divergent barotropic model.It is shown that these vortex representations display characteristic signatures similar to those observed in atmospheric jet streaks. In particular, both the monopole and the dipole exhibit an ageostrophic wind directed towards lower geopotential height in the entrance region of the streak and towards higher geopotential height in the exit region. For the monopole, this ageostrophic wind is entirely rotational and there is no vertical motion. For the dipole, the rotational part of the ageostrophic wind dominates the divergent part; the latter is associated with a four‐cell pattern of vertical velocity similar to that described in conceptual models of straight jet streaks. For both the monopole and the dipole, the jet streak is induced by the vortex structure such that the wind speed maximum translates at the same speed as the individual vortices; this translation speed is slower than the maximum wind speed in the core of the speed maximum, consistent with observations of jet streaks.It is proposed that the above representations provide a formal theoretical foundation for the conceptual models of jet streaks prevalent in the literature; these conceptual models typically are based on heuristic kinematic or parcel arguments and not on consistent solutions to a physically plausible set of equations. The representations also provide a foundation upon which to explore the unsteady behaviour of jet streaks in terms of the superposition of monopolar and dipolar vortices with non‐uniform zonal background flows. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society.