bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Worldwide use and impact of the NASA Astrophysics Data System digital library
Authors: Kurtz Michael J. , Eichhorn Guenther , Accomazzi Alberto , Grant Carolyn , Demleitner Markus , Murray Stephen S. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS), along with astronomy's journals and data centers (a collaboration dubbed URANIA), has developed a distributed online digital library which has become the dominant means by which astronomers search, access, and read their technical literature. Digital libraries permit the easy accumulation of a new type of bibliometric measure: the number of electronic accesses (“reads”) of individual articles. By combining data from the text, citation, and reference databases with data from the ADS readership logs we have been able to create second‐order bibliometric operators, a customizable class of collaborative filters that permits substantially improved accuracy in literature queries. Using the ADS usage logs along with membership statistics from the International Astronomical Union and data on the population and gross domestic product (GDP), we have developed an accurate model for worldwide basic research where the number of scientists in a country is proportional to the GDP of that country, and the amount of basic research done by a country is proportional to the number of scientists in that country times that country's per capita GDP. We introduce the concept of utility time to measure the impact of the ADS/URANIA and the electronic astronomical library on astronomical research. We find that in 2002 it amounted to the equivalent of 736 full‐time researchers, or $250 million, or the astronomical research done in France.
Effects of β‐estradiol and propofol on the 4‐methylumbelliferone glucuronidation in recombinant human UGT isozymes 1A1, 1A8 and 1A9
Authors: Mano Yuji , Usui Takashi , Kamimura Hidetaka 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe effects of β‐estradiol and propofol on human UGT1A1, 1A8 and 1A9 activities were investigated using 4‐methylumbelliferone (4‐MU) as a substrate for glucuronidation. The formation of 4‐MU glucuronide (4‐MUG) from 4‐MU, in recombinant human UGT 1A1, 1A8 and 1A9 was determined using HPLC with fluorescence detection. The glucuronidation activity of 4‐MU was the highest in UGT1A9 with an apparent Km value of 8.3 µM, while that in UGT1A1 and 1A8 was linear to at least 100 µM. β‐estradiol had potent inhibitory effects on UGT1A9 as well as on UGT1A1 with IC50 values of 2.1 and 7.2 µM, respectively. Propofol inhibited UGT1A9 activity with an IC50 of 55 µM, while the IC50 value was much higher for UGT1A8. In contrast, β‐estradiol and propofol activated 4‐MU glucuronidation in UGT1A1 and 1A8, respectively. This study therefore indicates that the use of β‐estradiol as a specific inhibitor for UGT1A1 should be used with care in the identification of UGT isozymes responsible for glucuronidation in human liver microsomes. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The somatic mutation theory of cancer: growing problems with the paradigm?
Authors: Soto Ana M. , Sonnenschein Carlos 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe somatic mutation theory has been the prevailing paradigm in cancer research for the last 50 years. Its premises are: (1) cancer is derived from a single somatic cell that has accumulated multiple DNA mutations, (2) the default state of cell proliferation in metazoa is quiescence, and (3) cancer is a disease of cell proliferation caused by mutations in genes that control proliferation and the cell cycle. From this compelling simplicity, an increasingly complicated picture has emerged as more than 100 oncogenes and 30 tumor suppressor genes have been identified. To accommodate this complexity, additional ad hoc explanations have been postulated. After a critical review of the data gathered from this perspective, an alternative research program has been proposed. It is based on the tissue organization field theory, the premises of which are that carcinogenesis represents a problem of tissue organization, comparable to organogenesis, and that proliferation is the default state of all cells. The merits of these competing theories are evaluated herein. BioEssays 26:1097–1107, 2004. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The evolution of arthropod segmentation mechanisms
Authors: Peel Andrew 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, patterns its segments rapidly and simultaneously, via a mechanism that relies on the ability of transcription factors to diffuse between blastoderm nuclei. Ancestral arthropods patterned posterior segments sequentially in a cellular environment, where free diffusion was likely to have been inhibited by the presence of cell membranes. Understanding how the Drosophila paradigm evolved is a problem that has interested evolutionary developmental biologists for some time. In this article, I review what is known about arthropod segmentation mechanisms, and present a model for the evolution of the Drosophila paradigm. The model predicts that the primary pair‐rule genes of Drosophila ancestrally functioned within and/or downstream of a Notch‐dependent segmentation clock, their striped expression gradually coming under the control of gap genes as the number of segments patterned simultaneously in the anterior increased and the number patterned sequentially via a segmentation clock mechanism in the posterior correspondingly decreased. BioEssays 26:1108–1116, 2004. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lysine acetylation and the bromodomain: a new partnership for signaling
Authors: Yang Xiang‐Jiao 
Published: September 2004

AbstractLysine acetylation has been shown to occur in many protein targets, including core histones, about 40 transcription factors and over 30 other proteins. This modification is reversible in vivo, with its specificity and level being largely controlled by signal‐dependent association of substrates with acetyltransferases and deacetylases. Like other covalent modifications, lysine acetylation exerts its effects through “loss‐of‐function” and “gain‐of‐function” mechanisms. Among the latter, lysine acetylation generates specific docking sites for bromodomain proteins. For example, bromodomains of Gcn5, PCAF, TAF1 and CBP are able to recognize acetyllysine residues in histones, HIV Tat, p53, c‐Myb or MyoD. In addition to the acetyllysine moiety, the flanking sequences also contribute to efficient recognition. The relationship between acetyllysine and bromodomains is reminiscent of the specific recognition of phosphorylated residues by phospho‐specific binding modules such as SH2 domains and 14‐3‐3 proteins. Therefore, lysine acetylation forges a novel signaling partnership with bromodomains to govern the temporal and spatial regulation of protein functions in vivo. BioEssays 26:1076–1087, 2004. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The calpain‐system of Drosophila melanogaster: coming of age
Authors: Friedrich Peter , Tompa Peter , Farkas Attila 
Published: September 2004

AbstractDrosophila melanogaster is one of the most popular and powerful model organisms that helpour understanding of mammalian (human) life processes at the molecular level. Calpains are Ca2+‐activated cytoplasmic proteases thought to play multiple roles in intracellular signal processing by limited proteolysis of target substrate proteins, thereby changing their function. The calpain superfamily consists of 14 genes in mammals, but only 4 genes in Drosophila. One may assume that the calpain system, i.e. recognizing calpain‐dependent life processes and identifying the substrates cleaved while exerting their functions, would prove easier to solve in Drosophila than in mammals. Recently, major progress has been made in characterizing Drosophila Calpain A, Calpain B and Calpain C. The fourth member, Calpain D (or SOL), was analyzed earlier. At this juncture, it seems justifiable to summarize our knowledge about the Drosophila enzymes, in comparison to the ubiquitous mammalian ones, as regards structure–function relations, mode of activation by Ca2+ and other factors, inhibition, potential targeting, expression pattern in vivo, etc. Equipped with all this information, we may now embark on the genetic modification of family members, interpreting mutant phenotypes in terms of the cell biology of calpains. BioEssays 26:1088–1096, 2004. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hop: more than an Hsp70/Hsp90 adaptor protein
Authors: Odunuga O.O. , Longshaw V.M. , Blatch G.L. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractMolecular chaperones facilitate the correct folding of other proteins under physiological and stress conditions. Recently it has become evident that various co‐chaperone proteins regulate the cellular functions of these chaperones, particularly Hsp70 and Hsp90. Hop is one of the most extensively studied co‐chaperones that is able to directly associate with both Hsp70 and Hsp90. The current dogma proposes that Hop functions primarily as an adaptor that directs Hsp90 to Hsp70‐client protein complexes in the cytoplasm. However, recent evidence suggests that Hop can also modulate the chaperone activities of these Hsps, and that it is not dedicated to Hsp70 and Hsp90. While the co‐chaperone function of Hop within the cytoplasm has been extensively studied, its association with nuclear complexes and prion proteins remains to be elucidated. This article will review the structural features of Hop, and the evidence that its biological function is considerably broader than previously envisaged. BioEssays 26:1058–1068, 2004. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Randomized clinical trial of four-layer and short-stretch compression bandages for venous leg ulcers (VenUS I)
Authors: Nelson E A , Iglesias C P , Cullum N , Torgerson D J 
Published: September 2004

Abstract

Background
A randomized clinical trial was undertaken to determine the relative effectiveness of four-layer and short-stretch bandaging for venous ulceration.

Methods
A total of 387 adults with a venous ulcer, who were receiving leg ulcer treatment either in primary care or as a hospital outpatient, were recruited to this parallel-group open study and randomized to either four-layer or short-stretch bandages. Follow-up continued until the patient's reference leg was ulcer free or for a minimum of 12 months. The primary endpoint was time to complete healing of all ulcers on the reference leg. Secondary outcomes included proportion of ulcers healed, health-related quality of life, withdrawals and adverse events. Analysis was by intention to treat.

Results
Unadjusted analysis identified no statistically significant difference in median time to healing: 92 days for four-layer and 126 days for short-stretch bandages. However, when prognostic factors were included in a Cox proportional hazards regression model, ulcers treated with the short-stretch bandage had a lower probability of healing than those treated with the four-layer bandage: hazard ratio 0·72 (95 per cent confidence interval 0·57 to 0·91). More adverse events and withdrawals were reported with the short-stretch bandage.

Conclusion
Venous leg ulcers treated using a four-layer bandage healed more quickly than those treated with a short-stretch bandage.
Economic analysis of VenUS I, a randomized trial of two bandages for treating venous leg ulcers
Authors: Iglesias C P , Nelson E A , Cullum N , Torgerson D J 
Published: September 2004

Abstract

Background
The study investigated the cost-effectiveness of four-layer and short-stretch compression bandages for treating venous leg ulcers.

Methods
Cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analyses were performed using patient-level data collected alongside the VenUS I leg ulcer study. The perspective for the economic analysis was that of the UK National Health Service (NHS) and Personal Social Service. The time horizon for the analysis was 1 year after recruitment. Health benefit was measured as differences in ulcer-free days and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs).

Results
The mean healing time for ulcers treated with four-layer bandages was 10·9 (95 per cent confidence interval (c.i.) −6·8 to 29·1) days less than that for ulcers treated with short-stretch bandages. Mean average difference in QALYs between compression systems was −0·02 (95 per cent c.i. −0·08 to 0·04). The four-layer bandage cost a mean of £227·32 (95 per cent c.i. £16·53 to £448 ·30) less per patient per year than the short-stretch bandage.

Conclusion
On average, four-layer bandaging was associated with greater health benefits and lower costs than short-stretch bandaging.
Perianal Crohn's disease (Br J Surg 2004; 91: 801-814)
Authors: Olaison G , Almer S , Anderson P 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
The Editors welcome topical correspondence from readers relating to articles published in the Journal. Responses can be sent electronically via the BJS website (www.bjs.co.uk) or by post. All letters will be reviewed and, if approved, appear on the website. A selection of these will be edited and published in the Journal. Letters must be no more than 250 words in length. Letters submitted by post should be typed on A4-sized paper in double spacing and should be accompanied by a disk.
Phase‐Transfer Agents as Catalysts for a Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction in Microemulsions
Authors: Häger Maria , Holmberg Krister 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe reaction between 4‐tert‐butylbenzyl bromide and potassium iodide was carried out in microemulsions based on different nonionic surfactants, and the reaction rates were compared with those obtained in two‐phase systems with added phase‐transfer agent, either a quaternary ammonium salt or a crown ether. The reactions were relatively fast in the microemulsions and extremely sluggish in the two‐phase systems without additional phase‐transfer agent. Addition of a phase‐transfer agent did not accelerate the reaction when a hydrocarbon was used as organic solvent, neither in the two‐phase system nor in the microemulsion. When a chlorinated hydrocarbon was used as solvent, phase‐transfer catalysis became effective and the rate obtained in the two‐phase system with an equimolar amount of phase‐transfer agent added was higher than that obtained in the microemulsion. When a catalytic amount of phase‐transfer agent was used, the rate in the two‐phase system was about the same as the rate obtained in the microemulsion without the phase‐transfer agent. The combined approach, that is, use of a microemulsion as the reaction medium and addition of a phase‐transfer agent, gave the highest reaction rate. The quaternary ammonium salt (tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate) was a more efficient catalyst in the microemulsion system than the crown ether ([18]crown‐6).
A Convenient Synthetic Route to Benz[cd]azulenes: Versatile Ligands with the Potential To Bind Metals in an η5, η6, or η7 Fashion
Authors: Balduzzi Sonya , Müller‐Bunz Helge , McGlinchey Michael J. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractA facile method for preparing the 2H‐benz[cd]azulene system, based upon an elaboration of the guaiazulene framework, is presented. Aerial oxidation to the corresponding 8‐(2‐propylidene)‐benz[cd]azulene, and also cycloaddition reactions with tetracyanoethylene (TCNE), are described. The first X‐ray crystal structure of a 2H‐benz[cd]azulene, as an η6‐coordinated Cr(CO)3 complex, is reported.
Resource assignment method on Internet service with a unidirectional link
Authors: Takei Jun , Izumiyama Hidetaka 
Published: September 2004

AbstractWith the rapidly spreading use of the Internet, many systems for connection to the Internet using various media and methods have appeared. One is a system using a satellite link as a unidirectional link, which is expected to provide broadband Internet service to areas in which a ground Internet environment has not yet been developed. However, most of the protocols which are regarded as standard on the Internet assume that the links composing the Internet can provide bidirectional communications. Consequently, when a unidirectional link is used as a part of the network, it is difficult to make direct use of the protocols which are considered standard on the Internet. Consequently, this paper considers the situation in which Internet connection service is provided by using a unidirectional link, and proposes and implements the required dynamic assignment of network resources and the associated management scheme. The system is also evaluated in the actual environment. It is shown that by applying the proposed method, it becomes possible to utilize a unidirectional link combined with a bidirectional link on the ground, resulting in an efficient Internet connection environment. It is also shown that the connection to the network is provided without constraints on its use. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 88(1): 82–90, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10104
Node placement algorithms for shuffle‐like packet‐switched networks with wavelength‐division multiplexing
Authors: Yokohira Tokumi , Okamoto Takuji 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe shuffle‐like network (SL‐Net) is known as a logical topology for WDM‐based multihop packet‐switched networks. We propose two heuristic node placement algorithms for the SL‐Net to decrease the average end‐to‐end packet transmission delay for a given traffic matrix. The principal idea is to prevent too many traffic flows from overlapping on any link. To attain this objective, one algorithm selects nodes one by one in decreasing order of the sums of their sending and receiving traffic requirements, and places them so that the maximum traffic in the links is minimal. The other selects nodes in the same way, and places then so that the average distance among the nodes which have already been placed is as large as possible. Numerical results for four typical traffic matrices show that either of the proposed algorithms has better performance than the conventional algorithms for each matrix. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 88(1): 72–81, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10184
Avoiding TCP false retransmission in LEO satellite network using TTL information
Authors: Tsunoda Hiroshi , Ohta Kohei , Kato Nei , Nemoto Yoshiaki 
Published: September 2004

AbstractRecently, more research attention has been focused on LEO (Low Earth Orbit) satellite networks connected to ISL (Inter Satellite Link). If terrestrial and LEO satellite networks are seamlessly interconnected by TCP/IP protocols, a global network that covers the whole earth can be integrated into the Internet. However, handover and rerouting issues in LEO satellite networks cause delay variance, and the delay variance can degrade performance of TCP, originally designed for wired networks, because of unnecessary retransmission. In this paper, we propose a method for avoiding the unnecessary retransmission by using the TTL (Time To Live) field in IP headers. Our simulation results show how our mechanism is effectively avoiding unnecessary retransmissions. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 88(1): 64–71, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley. com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10205
A cavity‐backed spiral antenna with an unbalanced feed system—analyses using FD‐TD and moment methods
Authors: Hirose Kazuhide , Saito Naoto , Nakano Hisamatsu 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe FD‐TD method and the moment method are used to analyze a two‐wire square spiral antenna backed by a conducting square cavity (SAC). The SAC is fed from a coaxial line without a balun circuit. First, the SAC is analyzed using the FD‐TD method. The SAC design is based on radiation characteristics of a two‐wire square spiral antenna backed by a conducting plane reflector (SAR). It is found that the frequency bandwidth for a 3‐dB axial‐ratio criterion is 12% (18% for SAR), with a gain of 7 dBi (8 dBi for SAR). Second, the moment method is used to analyze a wire‐grid model of the SAC. Grid sizes appropriate for the analysis are determined on the basis of the FD‐TD solutions. It is revealed that the grid size for the cavity side plates is 1.3 times larger than that for the cavity bottom plate. Third, a two‐SAC array is analyzed to reveal the mutual coupling. Calculation shows that the decoupling factor is larger than that for a two‐SAR array by approximately 3 dB. The computation time and memory size required for the analyses are compared between the two cases for the FD‐TD and the moment methods. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 88(1): 53–63, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10211
Multilevel zone‐based hierarchical link state routing with location search technique applying hierarchical request for mobile ad hoc networks
Authors: Takahashi Michito , Bandai Masaki , Sasase Iwao 
Published: September 2004

AbstractTo reduce communications overhead and location search overhead and to realize a hierarchical network, we propose multilevel zone‐based hierarchical link state (ZHLS) routing with a location search technique applying hierarchical request for mobile ad hoc networks. The proposed protocol reduces the communication overhead by hierarchizing the network into multilevel zones. In this protocol, a high‐level zone consists of several low‐level zones. To reduce location search overhead, location search is performed by each higher‐level gateway node searching its own lower‐level zones. The proposed protocol enables the source node to request the zone ID of the destination node for each zone. By mathematical analysis and simulations, we show that the proposed protocol reduces communications overhead and location search overhead. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 88(1): 44–52, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10228
Effect of propagation delay and RTS packet recognition time on MACA
Authors: Matsuno Hiroshi , Ishinaka Hideyuki , Shigeyasu Tetsuya 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe authors analytically derive the throughput performance of the media access control (MAC) protocol MACA, which has become the prototype of options used in IEEE802.11 for reducing the effects of hidden terminals. This derivation indicates that the MACA throughput performance basically is affected by the propagation delay and RTS recognition time. Also, by comparing MACA with CSMA, which is a typical contention mode MAC protocol, the authors show that (1) if the RTS recognition time is sufficiently small, MACA has better performance than CSMA even in a network in which no hidden terminal exists, and (2) when relatively large data packets are transmitted and received, MACA functions effectively. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 88(1): 21–31, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20147
Packet size based dynamic scheduling for assured services in Diffserv network
Authors: Minagawa Tadasuke , Kitami Tokuhiro 
Published: September 2004

AbstractDiffserv (Differentiated Service) [1] is a promising technique to realize scalable QoS control in the Internet. Therefore, extensive efforts have been made regarding the practical use of this technique. Diffserv has already been introduced in some networks. Control functions for Diffserv are installed in the edge router and core router. This enables a scalable QoS control as mentioned above. Herein we propose a new active queue management scheme for AF services guaranteeing minimum bandwidth provided that RIO and WFQ are used as the basic QoS control mechanisms. The proposed method dynamically controls queue threshold values of RIO and bandwidth allocation of WFQ taking into account the packet sojourn time and packet size of each head of line packet. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme reduces the packet delay time for higher‐priority QoS classes when packets with longer size are frequently transmitted. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 88(1): 12–20, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20151