bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tectonics, History, and the End of the Cold War
Authors: Gaddis John Lewis 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Change in the physical world, we have come to understand, does not always take place gradually: there can be abrupt and at times unexpected jumps from one condition to another. Electrons shift orbits instantly as they spin around atomic nuclei. Animal species evolve at irregular rates, and with periodic extinctions. Metal fatigue reveals its effects all at once: bridges do not collapse gradually, nor do airplanes decompress unhurriedly. Faults in earthquake zones lock themselves into place for decades at a time, releasing accumulated strains rarely but, when they do release them, very dramatically. Events like these are not accidents; they can be understood, accounted for, and at times even predicted. But they often appear to us to be random or capricious occurrences, because explanations for them have to be sought in processes that lie outside our normal range of perception. These processes may operate on a different time scale from the one to which we are accustomed, so that their effects occur too rapidly, or too slowly, for us to notice them. They may take place too far above our heads (like the forces that determine the movements of weather systems) or too far beneath our feet (like those that produce continental drift). The temporal and spatial limits within which we normally operate are inadequate to account for all that affects our lives; hence, the frequency with which-in the physical world at least-we are surprised.
Public Womanhood And The Incorporation Of America
Authors: Matthews Glenna 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If the beginning of industrialization in the early nineteenth century had had a profound impact on public womanhood-and it surely had then it is not surprising to discover that the development of a corporatized industrial economy in the late nineteenth century had at least as strong an impact. The changed scale of doing business in the United States created a vast number of new jobs, many of which were filled by women. As a consequence, increasing numbers of women began to be able to live apart from traditional families. Further, women pioneered institutions to help those suffering from the dislocations of urbanization and industrialization-and in so doing transformed their own lives. On the cultural front, thousands of temperance activists became public women in these years so as to combat the evils of alcohol.
The Circulating Fluid: Blood
Authors: Milnor William R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The blood that circulates through the cardiovascular system performs a multitude of functions. As a vehicle of transport, it carries nutrients and waste products, 02 and CO2, proteins, hormones and simple salts, as well as materials needed for hemostasis and immunity. 02 is a special case, being transported predominantly by the hemoglobin in red cells, whereas the other essentials are carried as solutes. A continuous exchange between blood and the extracellular fluid, carried on through capillary walls, maintains an essentially constant internal environment for all the cells of the body.
Maternal Behavior in Human and Nonhuman Primates
Authors: Nicolson Nancy A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Of all aspects of animal behavior, a mother’s care for her young is probably the most widely admired. The immediate responsiveness of a mother to her new-born infant and her willingness to take great risks in protecting and defending it have been taken as evidence for a “maternal instinct.” Early naturalists were particularly impressed by the maternal behavior of monkeys: the mother’s positioning of the newborn on the breast, cradling, embracing, and gazing at the infant all look like human behaviors.
Lawyer’s Lawyer
Authors: Yarbrough Tinsley E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
“My brother’s success in life,” John Marshall Harlan’s sister Edith has written, was “perhaps due in part to[the] total supportive role played by his three adoring sisters, his mother, and his wife. In their view he could do no wrong.” The latter woman in his life, Ethel Andrews, who in 1928 would become Harlan’s wife, was the daughter of a Yale Colonial History professor. Her marriage to Harlan was not her first. Originally she was married to Henry K. Murphy, a New York architect twenty years her senior. Ethel and Murphy, one of the first architects to blend American and Chinese styles, lived for most of their marriage in China, where he designed several buildings at Peking University. Ethel was a beautiful, charming, artistic woman who found her husband and their lives in China fascinating. But Murphy, as the Harlans’ daughter, Eve, later put it, “just couldn’t stay away from other women.” Ethel’s parents, distraught at the emotional and physical distress Murphy’s philandering caused their daughter, urged her to obtain a divorce. Ethel ultimately complied, but with considerable reluctance. “I think she would have stayed with him,” Eve Harlan has said, “except that my grandparents put a great deal of pressure on her to leave him.
The Politics of Military Despair
Authors: Coetzee Marilyn Shevin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
“The German army . . . appears to . . . be living on a glorious past and to be unequal to the repute to which it is commonly held.” Such was the pronouncement of the respected military correspondent of The Times, Charles a Court Repington, in October 1911. In the journalist’s remark was a sense of deja vu, for it had been the very same newspaper that only a half-century earlier had contended that despite its reputation and size, the Prussian army was in no condition for fighting. In 1911 The Times’s assertion struck the same responsive chord as it had in 1860. Repington’s stinging critique, coming as it did on the heels of Morocco, lent credence to the Army League’s call for expansion and provided Bethmann with greater maneuverability in trying to limit Tirpitz’s grandiose naval plans.
The Old Regime and the Ruiz Revolution: The Impact of Judicial Intervention on Texas Prisons
Authors: Diiulio John J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As Malcolm M. Feeley and Roger A. Hanson suggested in chapter l, there is no body of empirical research to tell us whether, on balance, judicial intervention has changed prisons for the better, altered correctional practices in a way designed merely to avoid unfavorable rulings, or led to undesirable or simply unanticipated results. As I see it, there are at least three schools of speculation and a prima facie case against each of them.
Politics and Constitutional Interpretation in Prison Reform Litigation: The Case of Guthrie v. Evans
Authors: Chilton Bradley S , Talarico Susette M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Courts give meaning to values in law and equity through adjudication by converting whatever is submitted to them for decisions into claims of right or accusations of fault.1 This process is particularly important in institutional reform litigation where subsequent meanings can shape years of litigation and policy. Contemporary American jurisprudence includes at least three theories related to this kind of constitutional interpretation: (1) adjudication of preexisting principle; (2) adjudication by legislating policy; and (3) adjudication as a practice of rights.
Visionaries and Planners
Authors: Buder Stanley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this book, Stanley Buder examines the Garden City movement from its origins in mid-nineteenth-century England to its subsequent development and elaboration in twentieth- century America. The Garden City movement emphasized green belts around cities but was not identified exclusively with suburban development. Much of the city planning which formed the basis for the Garden City movement was based upon designing the ideal community. But this sense of idealism was soon lost with the transfer of the movement to America, and indeed it was unable to sustain itself in the communities of its origin in England.
Napoleon’s Colonial Design
Authors: Tucker Robert W , Hendrickson David C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the history of the United States, the acquisition of Louisiana is an event that ranks in importance below only the achievements of independence and union. So Henry Adams concluded and his view has been generally shared by historians.23 Although the story of Louisiana has been told many times, to this day it remains unclear in several significant respects. This uncertainty, moreover, must be expected to persist, for it is largely rooted in the refractory character of the two men who dominated the event from beginning to end, Napoleon Bonaparte and Thomas Jefferson.
Jefferson’sDiplomatic Design
Authors: Tucker Robert W , Hendrickson David C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The first year of the second administration—1805—is significant because the administration then fixed upon a diplomatic design that, in its essential features, remained intact until the end of its term. The design consisted of two great desiderata: a peaceful strategy of gaining the Floridas under the auspices of France, and a determination to reaffirm the uncompromising stance (for which the Republicans had always stood) toward British violations of American rights on the high seas.
Conclusion
Authors: Snyder Jack 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The purpose of a volume like this one is not to close questions, but to open them up for further consideration. Consequently, the main aim of these conclusions will not be to summarize our findings. On the contrary, I will devote my main efforts to presenting qualifiers to the themes developed in the preceding chapters, counterarguments from different theoretical perspectives, and counterevidence from cases not considered by the other contributors. These remarks will address the five questions set forth in the introductory chapter:
Banking and the Electrotechnical Industry in Western Europe
Authors: Broder Albert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Banks rarely appear as structural elements in studies of industrial history. If they do it is as suppliers of short-term working capital or seekers after the profits of capital export (for example, in France and Great Britain), or as the creators of cartels or trusts to reduce competition (Germany, perhaps the United States). This situation results from the difficulty of finding precise documentation. Unlike most economic properties, bank assets are volatile and variable.
Women In The World Economy
Authors: Joekes Susan P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this book, emerging long-term trends in the world economy are analysed to show their effect on the economic position of women in developing countries. Stressing the interlinkages between the macro and micro levels of the economy, the book approaches the subject from the perspective of both wage earning women and those in roles of unpaid labour such as housework and farmwork. The book provides the first methodological synthesis of these approaches to portray women in developing countries as active participants in development. Analysing the employment trends for women by geographical region and by sector the author assesses how the emergence of a modern international economy has affected the economic position of women.
Castelo Branco: Cleaning House—April 1964-March 1965
Authors: Skidmore Thomas E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The military-civilian conspirators who overthrew Joao Goulart in March 1964 had two objectives. The first was to “forestall the communist plan for seizing power and to defend miltary institutions”; the second was to “reestablish order so that legal reforms [could) be carried out.”1 The first turned out to be easy. The second proved far more difficult.
Figueiredo: The Twilight of Military Government
Authors: Skidmore Thomas E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The new president came from a military family. His father, General Euclides Figueiredo, had commanded a contingent of troops in the 1932 Sao Paulo rebellion against President Getulio Vargas’ s government.1Three of his sons, Joao Batista and two brothers, joined the army and made general. Joao graduated first in his class at the Colegio Militar in Porto Alegre and first in his class at the Esco/a Militar (Arma de Cava/aria). He later repeated that standing at the Esco/a de Aperfeiroamento de Oficiais (Cava/aria) and at the Esco/a de Estado-Maior. In 1960 he spent a year at the Higher War College (Esco/a Superior de Guerra), which brought together for a year-long course leading representatives of the military and civilian elites. During Janio Quadros’ s seven-month presidency in 1961 Figueiredo worked under Gen eral Golbery in the National Security Council (Conselho de Seguranra Nacional). He was an early conspirator against Joao Goulart and returned after the coup of 1964 to work under Golbery in the SNI (Serviro Nacional de Informaroes), the powerful new intelligence agency which had both domes tic and foreign jurisdiction. Golbery was its creator and head, and he put Figueiredo in charge of the Rio office. In 1969 Figueiredo moved into the Pianalto when President Medici named him head of the Military Presidential Staff. In the Geisel government Figueiredo became head of the SNI, thus gaining entree to all top-level decision-making.
The Flame of Oratory, The Fireside Chat
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
John Kennedy had been shot in Dallas. Before the first newspaper could carry the news to street corners and doorsteps, television viewers had learned that the president of the United States was dead. In the National Cathedral and on the floor of Congress, eulogists spoke movingly of the meaning of John Kennedy’s life and the tragedy of his death. Senators, ministers, and friends offered words of comfort to the Kennedy family and to the nation. Kennedy would live, they said, in our hearts, in history, and in our efforts to create the world he had envisioned. Two and a half decades later, their words are lost to memory.
Containment and the Primacy of Diplomacy
Authors: Mayers David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Kennan ’s professional advancement in 1946 and 1947 coincided with the crucial transition in postwar history when the Soviet Union and United States lurched from being erstwhile allies to major rivals. Beginning in the summer of 1946, Kennan assumed responsibilities in Washington as the first deputy commandant for foreign affairs at the National War College and one year later started to direct the work of the Policy Planning Staff. In this second capacity he was ensconced in the highest echelons of the foreign policy apparatus and enjoyed ready access to Secretary of State George Marshall.
Dostoevsky, Joyce, and God
Authors: Sultan Stanley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In good Aristotelian fashion, the denouement of James’s The Ambassadors follows directly from a peripeteia-accompanied-by-anagnorisis when its plot is at the point of greatest complication. These occur in a linked sequence of three chapters, immediately after Lambert Strether has finally decided, and acted-at the likely price of his own future security and possible happiness-to support Chad Newsome’s inclination toward Madame de Vionnet. The first of the linked three, Chapter XXX, presents Strether taking a day of respite in the country. The chapter ends abruptly; and XXXI begins (with the words “what he saw “: anagnorisis) when he comes upon the couple-who pretend that they too are down only for the day. The “sequel “ (James’s word) to that blatant coincidence develops directly. In XXXII Madame de Vionnet asks Strether to call, and he learns whom he must really try to protect, who is the spider in the relationship and who the fly.
“Our Modern Experiment “
Authors: Sultan Stanley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The phrase is Pound’s, used the year Ulysses and The Waste Land appeared, 1922. The aging Eliot, declaring “us “ successful in his 1953 retrospective account, specified the historical conditions of “some revolution, or sudden mutation ... in literature “ like theirs: Then ... writing ... is found by a few people ... no longer to respond to contemporary modes of thought, feeling and speech. A new kind of writing appears .... (ToCriticize The Critic, p. 57) These excerpts from the passage are quoted again because in them he describes “A new kind of writing “ as consequent to new “thought, feeling and speech.
Ulysses and The Waste Land
Authors: Sultan Stanley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I hold this book to be the most important expression which the present age has found. It is a book to which we are all indebted, and from which none of us can escape. T. S. Eliot, “Ulysses, Order, and Myth “ Literary influence can work in strange ways. Herbert Howarth points out that the English text of the famous lecture introducing Ulysses, given by the prestigious French critic and editor Valery Larbaud, appeared in the inaugural issue of Eliot’s magazine Criterion (October 1922) in company with the editor’s new poem The Waste Land; that the issue also contained an essay by Yeats’s friend T. Sturge Moore complaining of the neglect of the (Celtic) legend of Tristram and Iseult; and that the next spring Joyce drafted the Tristram fragment of his new work which was to be Finnegans Wake (p. 245). At the very least, the flick of a trout’s tail has disturbed the milk.
The Rise of Gospel Blues
Authors: Harris Michael W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the late 1930s gospel blues, a blend of sacred texts and blues tunes, were first heard in the Protestant black churches of the American Midwest and Northeast. The music especially appealed to the recent black migrants from the Deep South. Michael Harris's book is the story of the development of gospel, one of the major popular music styles of the past half century, as seen through the career of its founding figure, Rev. Thomas A. Dorsey. The discussion of Dorsey is focused on Afro-American religion and culture and on the influence that gospel music had on blacks in general.
The Irrelevance of the Milligan Decision
Authors: Neely Mark E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
After General John A. Dix produced his controversial ruling on military com missions while reviewing the cases of blockade-runners, he told General Halleck that he would like to hear Francis Lieber’s answer to the key question: “Can any military court or commission, in a department not under martial law, take cognizance of, and try a citizen for, any violation of the law of war, such citizen not being connected in any wise with the military service of the United States?” The political-science professor’s answer differed from the negative opinion of the Dix commission:
Unwelcome Strangers
Authors: Wertheimer Jack 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When East European Jews migrated westward in ever larger numbers between 1870 and 1914, both German government officials and the leaders of German Jewry were confronted by a series of new challenges. What policies did government leaders devise to cope with the seemingly unending tide of Jews flooding across Germany’s borders? What was the actual, as opposed to the perceived, character of these Jewish migrants? How did native Jews respond to the arrival of coreligionists from the East? Drawing on archival research conducted in East and West Germany, Israel, and the United States, Unwelcome Strangers probes into these questions, touching on some of the most troubling issues in modern German and Jewish history—the behavior of Germans toward strangers in their midst, the status and self-perception of emancipated Jews in pre-Nazi Germany, and the responses of “privileged” Jews to needy, but alien, coreligionists.
Treaties as Stories
Authors: Williams Robert A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For Indians, the language of connection that sustained tribal life provided a foundational discourse for treaty relationships with communities at a distance. But the diversity of peoples on the multicultural frontiers of Encounter era North America frequently required Indian diplomats to supplement this language. Particularly when negotiating with strange and alien-seeming European peoples, Indians had to narrate more precisely what they meant by their vision of treaty partners behaving as relatives toward each other.
The records of treaty councils and negotiations relate the remarkable creativity of Encounter era Indian diplomats who would gesture, dance, sing songs, use metaphors, and weave extended stories to explain their visions of a treaty relationship. The variety of narrative devices used by Indian diplomats in the treaty literature, in fact, suggests that only the best storytellers in a tribe were sent to negotiate multicultural alliances during the Encounter era.
Stories are told throughout the treaty literature of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. There are long stories, short stories, stories told through songs and dances, stories of sorrow and shared sufferings, stories of burying the hatchet and of rejoicing, stories about connections made, broken, and renewed, and stories that envision all humankind as one people united under a Great Tree of Peace. Stories play a central role in the language of Indian diplomacy.
The Educational Disadvantaging of Women
Authors: Lerner Gerda 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In The 1850s Sarah Grimke (1792-1873), then sixty-two years old, left the household of her sister and brother-in-law, Angelina and Theodore Weld, and made an effort to pursue a career of her own. She corresponded with lawyers and doctors of her acquaintance and explored the possibility of getting professional training. She worked in public libraries, hoping to create a compilation of laws pertaining to women in the different states in order to expose their unfairness. All her inquiries resulted in discouragement. The study of law was still dosed to women; the study of medicine was unthinkable for a woman her age. Sarah Grimke, having seventeen years earlier produced the first coherent argument for the emancipation of women penned by an American, felt deeply discouraged.
The Landscape of History
Authors: Gaddis John Lewis 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A young man stands hatless in a black coat on a high rocky point. His back is turned toward us, and he is bracing himself with a walking stick against the wind that blows his hair in tangles. Before him lies a fog-shrouded landscape in which the fantastic shapes of more distant promontories are only partly visible. The far horizon reveals mountains off to the left, plains to the right, and perhaps very far away—one can’t be sure—an ocean. But maybe it’s just more fog, merging imperceptibly into clouds. The painting, which dates from 1818, is a familiar one: Caspar David Friedrich’s The Wanderer above a Sea of Fog. The impression it leaves is contradictory, suggesting at once mastery over a landscape and the insignificance of an individual within it. We see no face, so it’s impossible to know whether the prospect confronting the young man is exhilarating, or terrifying, or both.
Seeing Like A Historian
Authors: Gaddis John Lewis 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I began and ended the first chapter in this book with two images, created 180 years apart, of backs turned toward us: Caspar David Friedrich’s 1818 painting The Wanderer above a Sea of Fog, in which a young man standing on a promontory contemplates a landscape he knows is there but can’t see; and the final scene from John Madden’s 1998 film, Shakespeare in Love, in which Gwyneth Paltrow, as Viola at the beginning of Twelfth Night, wades ashore alone on a deserted beach, which, as the camera pulls back, is revealed to be an uncharted continent. I suggested that if you think of the past as a kind of landscape, then the historian is in something like the position of the two figures portrayed here: the simultaneous sense of significance and insignificance, of detachment and engagement, of mastery and humility, of adventure but also of danger. Being suspended between these polarities, I argued, is what historical consciousness is all about.