bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deciduous dental microwear of prehistoric juveniles from the lower illinois River Valley
Authors: Bullington Jill 
Published: August 2005

AbstractScanning electron microscopy was used to study age‐related changes in the dental microwear of 36 prehistoric juveniles ranging from 6 to 27 months of age. Juveniles from horticultural (Middle Woodland) and agricultural (Mississippian) groups were studied to allow an investigation of the impact of diet on deciduous microwear. Inclusion of both molars and incisors in the sample permitted identification of age at earliest appearance of wear and comparisons between the age‐related microwear characterizing different tooth types. Data on feature frequency and enamel surface characteristics were analyzed. Microwear feature frequencies generally increase with age and/or exposure to wear. Enamel surface characteristics show consistent qualitative changes associated with both age and exposure to wear. Molars and incisors differ for such surface characteristics in a way that make biomechanical sense, given the relative bite forces characterizing these teeth. Dietary reconstruction based on deciduous microwear is complex because of the effects of both age and exposure to wear on feature frequencies and enamel surface characteristics. Nonetheless, the present analyses suggest that 1) diets differed for younger and older juveniles within each cultural group and 2) the Middle Woodland juvenile diet was both harder and more varied in physical consistency than the Mississippian juvenile diet.
Radius of Paranthropus robustus from member 1, Swartkrans Formation, South Africa
Authors: Grine F. E. , Susman R. L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractRecently recovered hominid postcrania from Member 1, Swartkrans Formation include the proximal and distal ends of a right radius attributed to a single individual of Paranthropus robustus. These fossils are essentially similar to Australopithecus afarensis, A. africanus, and P. boisei homologues. The head manifests an ape‐like circumferentia articularis, and the distal end has prominent medial, dorsal, and lateral tubercles and a well developed brachioradialis crest, features also commonly exhibited by extant great apes. The volar set of the P. robustus radiocarpal joint, like that of Australopithecus homologues, more closely resembles the neutral condition exhibited by Homo than the greater flexion evinced by living apes. Compared with fossil and recent specimens of Homo, the configuration of the P. robustus radial head suggests enhanced stability against medial displacement during pronation and supination; the strong crest for the attachment of brachioradialis may attest to enhanced forearm flexor capability. In addition, this crest and the prominent dorsal tubercles may indicate enhanced hand extensor and, therefore, hand flexor capabilities. The differences in radial morphology between Paranthropus and Homo may relate to significant behavioral differences between these two synchronic taxa.
Wryneck in the ancient Hawaiians
Authors: Douglas Michele Toomay 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA unique cranial asymmetry previously noted in the skeletal remains from Mokapu, O'ahu, Hawai'i, is described. The anomaly involves an indentation of one or both of the occipital condyles and facial and vault asymmetry. This examination of the asymmetry includes a search for other reported occurrences, a detailed description, and a differential diagnosis. A multiple working hypothesis approach is employed. Comparison of the osseous material with the expected clinical pictures in craniosynostosis, Kleippel‐Feil syndrome, primary basilar impression, and torticollis results in the most likely explanation of congenital torticollis. A high rate of occurrence of the anomaly (1.8%) is found in the skeletal remains from the Hawaiian Islands, but it has been documented in only two instances outside Hawai'i. A survey of patients seen at The Shriner's Hospital for Crippled Children does not reveal a high rate of occurrence of torticollis in Hawaiians relative to other ethnic groups.
Reproductive factors affecting survivorship in captive callitrichidae
Authors: Jaquish Cashell E. , Gage Timothy B. , Tardif Suzette D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractEfforts to breed Callitrichidae in captivity have resulted in high fertility accompanied by high infant mortality. This paper investigates the relationship between reproductive characteristics and survivorship in the Oak Ridge and Associated Universities (ORAU) callitrichid colony. Records of 2,834 individuals were analyzed using Cox Proportional Hazards regression to investigate factors affecting infant survivorship. Species and birth cohort were found to have a significant (P < 0.05) effect on survivorship. Litter size also was an important factor in determining survivorship. Individuals born into singlet and twin litters had significantly (P < 0.001) higher survivorship than triplets. Factors which affect survivorship perinatally (0–1 months of age), prior to breeding age and subsequent to the first month of life were then investigated. Litter size was a significant (P < 0.05) factor in determining survivorship perinatally, with twins having significantly higher survivorship than both singlets and triplets. After the first month of life, litter size no longer showed a significant effect on survivorship. Records of 145 dams were analyzed using the same procedures to investigate reproductive characteristics associated with survivorship. Age at first litter showed a significant (P < 0.01) positive relationship with dam survivorship. These results suggest various factors affect survivorship at specific temporal points during development, and also suggest selection for survivorship perinatally to be strongly associated with litter size, possibly through sibling competition and maternal effects.
Ontogeny and evolution of pelvic diameters in anthropoid primates and in Australopithecus afarensis (AL 288‐1)
Authors: Abitbol M. Maurice 
Published: August 2005

AbstractPelvic diameters (both anteroposterior [AP] and transverse [TR]) were investigated in a series of anthropoid primates. The ratio of diameters (AP/TR) in each of three pelvic planes (inlet, midpelvis, and outlet) was calculated. In addition to the above, the length of the iliac, pubic, and ischial axes and the angles between these axes were determined. The AP/TR ratio at the pelvic inlet is (reported in millimeters, SD, unless otherwise specified) 1.81 ± 0.27 in New World monkeys (Cebidae) and Macaca mulatta; 1.53 ± 0.17 in hylobatids and pongids; 0.87 ± 0.08 in Homo sapiens; and 0.58 in Australopithecus afarensis (AL 288‐1). The AP/TR ratio in the midpelvis is 1.61 ± 0.23 in nonhominid primates (Cebidae, M. mulatta, hylobatids, and pongids), 1.12 ± 0.11 in humans, and 0.59 in AL 288‐1. In monkeys (Cebidae and M. mulatta), hylobatids, pongids, H. sapiens, and AL 288‐1, the ratios of the length of the pubic axis over the ischial axis were 0.84 ± 0.06, 0.95 ± 0.07, 1.10 ± 0.15, and 1.46, respectively; the pubis‐ilium angles were 96 ± 11, 120 ± 10, 131 ± 11, and 147 degrees, respectively; and the ischium‐pubis angles were 106 ± 11,86 ± 8, 96 ± 7, and 68 degrees, respectively. In none of these pelvic features was AL 288‐1 “intermediate” between pongids and H. sapiens. The anatomical peculiarities of the pelvis in AL 288‐1 are explained primarily as the result of early adaptation to erect posture, which resulted in the reduction of the distance between the sacroiliac joint and the hip joint. As a consequence, the sacral promontory moved toward the pubic symphysis, and this resulted in shortening of the AP diameter and widening of the TR diameter at the pelvic inlet.
Sex assessment using the proximal tibia
Authors: Holland Thomas Dean 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe proximal end of the human tibia is sexually dimorphic. Tibial condyles from 100 individuals in the Hamann‐Todd Collection were measured. Regression equations retrodicted known sex with 86–95% accuracy. A test sample of 20 individuals also from the Hamann‐Todd Collection was classified with 85–100% accuracy. A sample of 20 prehistoric individuals provisionally sexed by using crania and innominate bones was classified with 85–100% agreement. Thus, the proximal tibia may be useful in determining the sex of a skeleton.
Further evidence on relative dental maturation and somatic developmental rate in hominoids
Authors: Simpson Scott W. , Lovejoy C. Owen , Meindl Richard S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractNew data on hominoid dental development are presented. Individual bivariate pairings of all mandibular teeth were made for African apes and humans. Data were analyzed with a full linear regression model. No statistically significant differences were found among apes, although a consistent pattern of earlier incisal development was observed in Pan relative to Gorilla. This is concordant with an earlier fusion of the premaxillary:maxillary suture in Pan. Only one tooth pair differed significantly by sex among apes. Two biologically distinct human samples (Libben and Hamann—Todd), although assessed differently (extraction and radiography) yielded virtually identical results. Humans differ from apes only by earlier relative calcification of their anterior teeth. This can be viewed as a consequence of reduced facial prognathism and a shift in hominid canine function.
Histological age estimation using rib and clavicle
Authors: Stout Sam D. , Paine Robert R. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractHistological methods for estimating age at death using osteon population densities for the rib, clavicle, and rib and clavicle combined are presented. Predicting formulas were generated from a sample of 40 individuals of known age, sex, and race. Independent samples of 12 ribs and 7 clavicles were used to test the formulas. Mean differences between known and predicted ages were 1.1 years, 2.6 years, and 3.4 years for the clavicle, rib and clavicle combined, and rib formulas respectively. An analysis of variance found no significant differences among the means for predicted and known ages. Since the formula based upon rib and clavicle combined has the higher standard error and r2, and includes data from different bones, it should provide better overall accuracy and reliability, and is recommended whenever both bones are available.
Electromyography of pronators and supinators in great apes
Authors: Tuttle Russell H. , Hollowed John R. , Basmajian John V. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWe obtained electromyographic recordings from the supinator, biceps brachii, pronator quadratus, and pronator teres muscles of a chimpanzee and a gorilla and from the supinator, pronator quadratus, and biceps brachii muscles of an orangutan as they stood and walked quadrupedally on horizontal and inclined surfaces, engaged in suspensory behavior, reached overhead, and manipulated a variety of foods and artifacts.In Pan troglodytes and Pangorilla, as in Homo sapiens, the supinator muscle is the prime supinator, with the biceps brachii muscle serving to augment speed or force of supination. Primacy of the pronator quadratus muscle over the pronator teres muscle during pronation is less clear in the African apes than in humans. Possibly, pongid radial curvature or forelimb elongation or both factors are related to the somewhat different patterns of activity that we observed in the pronator muscles of Pan versus those reported for Homo sapiens.In Pongo pygmaeus, as in P. troglodytes and P. gorilla, the pronator quadratus muscle acts as a pronator and the supinator muscle acts to supinate the hand at the radioulnar joints. The biceps brachii muscle isactive at low levels as the organgutan supinates its hand with the elbow flexed.
Dryopithecus crusafonti sp. nov., a new Miocene Hominoid species from Can Ponsic (northeastern Spain)
Authors: Begun David R. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractReanalysis of the sample of Miocene Hominoidea from Spain, together with the entire sample of European Miocene Hominoidea, has revealed a number of distinctive traits among the specimens from the early Vallesian locality of Can Ponsic (Crusafont and Hürzeler, 1969; Crusafont and Golpe, 1973; Hartenberger and Crusafont, 1979; Agusti et al., 1984, 1985). The Can Ponsic sample, while sharing characteristics with other samples of Dryopithecus from Europe, is sufficiently distinctive to form the basis for a new species. Characteristic of the new species are a distinctive lower molar occlusal morphology, large, broad upper molars, and very high crowned upper central incisors with well‐developed lingual pillars. The new species shares characteristics with Dryopithecus laietanus, the only other species of the genus in Spain, and lacks derived features of non‐Spanish Dryopithecus. Four species of Dryopithecus are now known (Begun, 1987, 1988a, and in preparation). Their distribution and morphology have significant implications for the biogeography and phylogeny of this early great ape genus.
Femur/stature ratio and estimates of stature in children
Authors: Feldesman Marc R. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe present study examines the relationship between femur length and stature in children between the ages of 8 and 18 years. In previous investigations, my colleagues and I reported the surprising finding that femur length bears a nearly constant relationship to stature in adult humans regardless of ethnicity or gender. This earlier study revealed that the femur/stature ratio averages 26.74% in adult humans, and that using the ratio to predict stature from femur length yields remarkably accurate estimates. The current study shows that femur/stature ratios of children between the ages of 8 and 11 differ significantly from their older counterparts. Between the ages of 12 and 18, there are no significant differences due to age in the femur/stature ratio; however, there are significant differences in this age group attributable to gender. This study also shows that the worldwide average adult femur/stature ratio does not adequately describe children in this age range. This study strongly documents the adolescent growth spurt in the femur/stature ratios of both males and females at the precise time one would expect to see the spurt occur (10–12 in females; 12–14 in males). This growth follows a nearly identical trajectory in both genders, with relative femur growth dominating before the peak years of the growth spurt, and relative stature growth dominating afterward. This accounts for the ratio's rise to maximum values just before peak growth, and its decline toward the adult ratio thereafter. These findings require us to use separate adolescent femur/stature ratios of 27.16 (females) and 27.44 (males) to estimate the stature of children between the ages of 12 and 18. Preliminary testing shows these ratios to be more accurate in estimating stature than the properly selected Trotter and Gleser adult regression equation. Use of the adolescent male ratio with the Homo erectus juvenile WT 15000 results in a lower stature estimate (157.4 cm) than previously reported. It is suggested that continued testing of the ratio occur, but that the values herein derived may be useful in routine forensic cases involving children in this age range, and with subadult paleontological specimens.
Nonmetric cranial variation and the populational affinities of the Pacific peoples
Authors: Ishida Hajime , Dodo Yukio 
Published: August 2005

AbstractNonmetric traits of Hawaiian and Chamorro skulls were examined for evidence bearing on their populational affinities. Distance analyses reveal that the Hawaiian and Chamorro people, although not very near each other, are both closer to the East Asian than to the Jomon‐Ainu or to the Arctic peoples. Our study of nonmetric cranial variation does not suggest an affinity between the Jomon and Pacific peoples. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Further observations on a method for estimating hominoid dental developmental patterns
Authors: Lampl Michelle , Monge Janet M. , Mann Alan E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSeveral recent studies have concluded that early hominines resembled apes in patterns of dental ontogeny and have inferred from this conclusion that they were ape‐like in other aspects of growth and development as well. Prior to their employment on fossil junveniles, the comparative methods used in these studies were not first tested for their predicitive accuracy in distinguishing modern humans from apes on the basis of proposed patterns of dental ontogeny. We find that 92% of a smaple of 48 modern children are classified as ape‐like or nonhuman by the criteria employed in one of these studies and overlap entirely with fossil juvenile dental patterns. The use of these methods to characterize early hominines as “ape‐like” or distinctly divergent from humans is thus shown to be unwarranted. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of annular cranial vault modification on the cranial base and face
Authors: Kohn Luci Ann P. , Leigh Steven R. , Jacobs Susan C. , Cheverud James M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractArtificial modification of the cranial vault was practiced by a number of prehistoric and protohistoric populations, frequently during an infant's first year of life. We test the hypothesis that, in addition to its direct effects on the cranial vault, annular cranial vault modification has a significant indirect effect on cranial base and facial morphology.Two skeletal series from the Pacific Northwest Coast, which include both nonmodified and modified crania, were used: the Kwakiutl (62 nonmodified, 45 modified) and Nootka (28 nonmodified, 20 modified). Three‐dimensional coordinates of 53 landmarks were obtained using a diagraph, and 36 landmarks were used to define nine finite elements in the cranial vault, cranial base, and face. Finite element scaling was used to compare average nonmodified and average modified crania, and the significance of the results were evaluated using a bootstrap test.Annular modification of the cranial vault produces significant effects on the morphology of the cranial base and face. Annular modification in the Kwakiutl resulted in restrictions of the cranial vault in the medial‐lateral and superior‐inferior dimensions and an increase in anterior‐posterior growth. Similar dimensional changes are observed in the cranial base. The Kwakiutl face is increased anterior‐posteriorly and reduced anterior‐laterally to posterior‐medially. Similar effects of modification are observed in the Nootka cranial vault and cranial base, though not in the face. These results demonstrate the developmental interdependence of the cranial vault, cranial base, and face. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Radiographic estimation of long bone cross‐sectional geometric properties
Authors: Runestad Jacqueline A. , Ruff Christopher B. , Nieh James C. , Thorington Richard W. , Teaford Mark F. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBecause of their biomechanical significance, cross‐sectional geometric properties of long bone diaphyses (areas, second moments of area) have been increasingly used in a number of form/function studies, e.g., to reconstruct body mass or locomotor mode in fossil primates or to elucidate allometric scaling relationships among extant taxa. In the present study, we test whether these biomechanical section properties can be adequately estimated using biplanar radiographs, as compared to calculations of the same properties from computer digitization of cross‐sectional images. We are particularly interested in smaller animals, since the limb bone cortices of these animals may not be resolvable using other alternative noninvasive techniques (computed tomography). The test sample includes limb bones of small (25–5,000 g) relatively generalized quadrupedal mammals—mice, six species of squirrels, and Macaca fascicularis. Results indicate that biplanar radiographs are reasonable substitutes for digitized cross‐sectional images for deriving areas and second moments of area of midshaft femora and humeri of mammals in this size range. Potential application to a variety of questions relating to mechanical loading patterns in such animals is diverse. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Age differences in stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in a population of prehistoric maize horticulturists
Authors: Katzenberg M. Anne , Saunders Shelley R. , Fitzgerald William R. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractStable carbon isotope ratios in prehistoric human bone collagen have been used extensively to document the introduction and intensification of maize horticulture in northeastern North America. Most previous studies are based on small samples of adults who are assumed to characterize the diet of the population. In this study, all 29 individuals buried within an Ontario Iroquoian village site dated A.D. 1530–1580 were analysed for stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen. Age distribution of the sample ranges from preterm to elderly. Significant negative correlations between age and δ13C, and age and δ15N values were found. High δ13C values in infants and young children (δ13C = −;6.8 to −12.3) suggest a weaning diet high in maize. High δ15N values in infants relative to adults suggest a trophic level effect during breast‐feeding which has been reported in a modern sample by Tuross et al. (Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 1993).In addition to the isotopic evidence for extremely high carbohydrate (maize) intake, the MacPherson sample includes two juveniles aged 3–4 years, exhibiting circular caries. No other cases of this condition are known in the extensively studied southern Ontario skeletal collections. Together the evidence from dentition and stable carbon isotopes indicates a very high carbohydrate diet in subadults. Circular caries result from developmental stress during enamel formation with subsequent caries formation in areas of thinner enamel. These findings are relevant to studies of infant and early childhood morbidity and mortality among prehistoric maize horticulturists. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sexual dimorphism in large‐bodied primates: The case of the subfossil lemurs
Authors: Godfrey Laurie R. , Lyon Sarah K. , Sutherland Michael R. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractLarge body size has evolved repeatedly in the order Primates, not merely among anthropoids but also among prosimians. Whereas high degrees of sexual size dimorphism characterize many of the large‐bodied anthropoids, this is not the case for extinct large‐bodied lemurs. This paper uses finite mixture analysis and other techniques to ascertain just how much skull length dimorphism might be embedded in the generally unimodal distributions of skull lengths of giant extinct lemurs from single localities, and then compares these results with known skull length dimorphisms in extant lemurs and large‐bodied catarrhines. We show that low levels of skull length sexual dimorphism (or none at all) characterize subfossil lemurs, and we explore several possible explanations for this phenomenon. Traditional explanations of sexual size dimorphism generally focus on body size or mating systems. These are not sufficient to explain the variation in sexual dimorphism that can be observed in the order Primates. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.