bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mercy Otis Warren’s Revolutionary Letters
Authors: Davies Kate 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines what Edith Gelles has termed the ‘domestic patriotism’ of wartime New England.1 This idiom (perhaps conservative in origin yet nonetheless suggestive of women’s understanding of their own political legitimacy) can be traced in the revolutionary correspondence of Mercy Otis Warren and her female friends. It has been usual to treat Warren as an eighteenth-century American exception: a woman with enough extraordinary acumen and ambition to dare to enter the ‘public’ sphere of print.2 Yet here I am more interested in the literary form that made her a conventional figure among the women of her politics and position in revolutionary New England: the familiar letter.
Great Britain
Authors: McKibbin Ross 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Of all the major European powers, Britain’s history between 1914 and 1945 is probably the most exceptional. Alone of these powers she fought in both world wars from their beginning to their end. In 1914 she was one of five (six if we include Italy) European states of roughly comparable power. In 1945 she was one of only two; and much weaker militarily than the other, the Soviet Union. But undefeated she remained. She was the first European state to be affected by mass unemployment; but the international depression of the 1930s struck her comparatively lightly. For a substantial part of the population the 1930s meant steadily rising living standards and ‘modernity’ in social and economic life. Despite real class tension in the early 1920s, the decline of the great Liberal Party, and the rapid growth of a mass working-class party, the Labour Party, Britain’s political institutions— unlike those of the other major European states— retained a high degree of legitimacy and supported a remarkably stable political and social structure.
The Successor States
Authors: Evans R J W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In East-Central Europe, empires went to war in 1914; nation-states emerged after it. Few there in 1914 had doubted the future of their existing empires (except the Ottoman one, by now marginal to the region anyway). During the war, émigrés in the West were first to urge a radical restructuring, especially of Austria-Hungary, to facilitate the defeat of the Central Powers. But the possibility of a separate peace with the Habsburgs, and fears of revolution following the collapse of Tsarist Russia, blunted their campaign. By 1918, dismemberment became an Allied war aim, but the main determinant of that outcome was a domestic upsurge against the imperial regimes, channelled by existing political groupings at home.
When Do the ICE Regulations Apply?
Authors: Squire Nicholas , Healy Kathleen , Broadbent Joanna 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The ICE Regulations apply to ‘undertakings’ with a specified number of employees. This chapter considers: what will constitute an undertaking for these purposes; consequently which organizations will be caught by the ICE Regulations, either from 6 April 2005 if the undertaking has 150 or more employees, or subsequently for smaller undertakings with 50 or more employees; how to calculate whether the undertaking has the relevant number of employees to trigger the application of the ICE Regulations; and
The I(2) model: Specification and estimation
Authors: Juselius Katarina 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Even though the statistical theory of the I(2) model has been available since the beginning of the 1990s, only few applications can be found in the literature. There seem to be several reasons for this. One frequent argument is that I(2) prices would lead to economically implausible conclusions if the model is taken to infinity and, hence, that the I(2) ‘ness can be disregarded from the outset. As already argued in Chapter 2, this argument is flawed because it confuses a statistical approximation with a structural economic parameter. Another argument is that I(2) trends can only be found over very long time periods and, hence is of no concern in the analysis based on 10–30 years of data.
Wage, price, and unemployment dynamics
Authors: Juselius Katarina 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The main purpose of this chapter is partly to illustrate the stepwise procedure to gradually identify a long-run structure discussed in Chapter 19, partly to learn about the relative importance of the labour market for the determination of nominal prices, real income, and interest rates. The data to be analysed consist of wages, consumer and output prices, productivity, unemployment, inflation rate, the long-term bond rate and the real exchange rate. We begin with a VAR analysis of the first five variables and extend the model first adding the bond rate and then the real exchange rate.
Ordering the World: Creation Narratives and Spatial Control
Authors: Michelet Fabienne L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In chapter 24 of the fourth book of his Ecclesiastical History of the English People, Bede tells the story of Cædmon, who becomes the first Anglo-Saxon poet to compose religious verse in the vernacular. Cædmon, embarrassed because he cannot sing, leaves the feast he is attending when he sees the harp approaching and his turn to contribute to the entertainment drawing near. He goes to his shed, falls asleep, and is visited in a dream by someone who enjoins him to recite poetry. The cowherd asks his supernatural visitor what he should sing about, and the answer is:’Canta principium creaturarum’.
Integrating New Spaces: Saint’s Lives and Missions of Conversion
Authors: Michelet Fabienne L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
GUthlac, A, the Old English poetic life of St Guðlac, recounts how the holy man settles in the wilderness to lead a life of prayer and worship. He chases out hostile fiends who constantly harass him and trouble his solitary retreat, and who want him to leave the beorg where he at present dwells. They enjoin him to find another home where he has friends, an injunction to which the saint answers: ‘Wid is þes westen, wræcsetla fela, eardas onhæle earmra gæsta’.He points out that the wasteland is vast and he advises them simply to move further away.
The Evolution of High Incomes in Canada, 1920–20001
Authors: Saez E , Veall M R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The evolution of income inequality during the process of development has attracted enormous attention in the economics literature as well as in the political sphere. Understanding the relative roles of ‘natural ‘ economic progress such as technological change versus policy interventions such as taxation, redistribution, and regulation in shaping the distribution of income requires analysing long-term series on inequality. Income tax statistics are the only source of income distribution data available on a regular annual basis for extended periods of time, and are still the best source to study upper income groups. Recent studies, gathered in this volume, have used income tax statistics to construct inequality time series for various countries over the course of the twentieth century.
Legal Framework
Authors: Knights Samantha 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Freedom of religion has always been one of the most controversial of rights at the international level. It is no less so in the domestic setting. While the freedom privately to hold particular religious or philosophical views is unlikely to give rise to practical difficulties, the extent to which manifestations of religious belief are considered acceptable in society is a vexed issue. The diversity of views on substantive beliefs, on the position of religion in the public sphere, and the balance between the right to express and manifest religious views on the one hand, and the legitimate restrictions that may be imposed by the state on the other, all create considerable challenges for society today.
Liability in Tort for Pure Economic Loss
Authors: Gordley James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In some legal systems, the victim of a tort cannot recover for ‘ pure economic loss’. If the defendant had harmed his person or property or some other legally protected right, he can recover for the economic loss consequent on the injury. Otherwise, in principle, he cannot. This rule has been adopted in some jurisdictions such as Germany, England and the United States and not in others such as France, Italy, and the Netherlands. Nevertheless, exceptions in special cases have been made by courts both in the jurisdictions that have adopted and in those which have rejected the rule. The first part of this chapter will examine why the rule was adopted in jurisdictions such as Germany, England and the United States. AB we will see, it was a creation of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Before that time, recovery for what we call economic loss was permitted, and the late scholastics of the 16th and early 17th centuries developed sophisticated reasons why it should be. The rule excluding recovery for economic loss was adopted for reasons which commended themselves to the 19th century conceptualists. Now that concepcualism has been discredited, these reasons have little appeal. The rule against the exclusion of economic loss survives largely because during the concepcualist era it became entrenched in the German Civil Code and the Anglo-American case law.
Who Owns the Tower of London? The Production and Consumptions of a Historical Monument, 1840–1940
Authors: Melman Billie 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If ‘everything’ in the culture of history, ‘not this or that thing, but literally everything, was soaked’ in the one event of the French Revolution, then it was practically drenched in images and vestiges of the Tudor era. The early and mid-Victorians discovered and appropriated an abundance of traces of Tudor life and culture, inscribed in the architecture of mansions, halls, churches, and cottages, in paintings of different scales, in objects, and in literature. Material traces were reproduced and percolated in and through antiquarian writing and a vast popular historical literature, the latter moulding a new kind of historical tourism, more plebeian than ever before.
The Perfect Enemy: Reflections of an Intelligence Officer on the Cold War and Today’S Challenges
Authors: Kerr Richard J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the late 1940s and 1950s, there was an’iron curtain’ around the Soviet Union. Russian Communism was on the march, expanding its control over neighbouring countries and supporting nationalist causes throughout the world. Most important from the perspective of the US and its Western allies, the Soviets presented a major strategic threat to Western Europe and the United States’ homeland. Its military forces, missile test facilities and nuclear production plants were hidden behind a barrier of secrecy and, moreover, spread throughout a sizeable country that was largely inaccessible. Developing confident judgments about the size, capability and location of Soviet forces became the primary goal of US and Allied intelligence. This challenge played to the strength of the US—technology, innovation, industrial know-how and resources. Although easier to say in hindsight and with contemporary eyes—the Soviet Union was the perfect enemy at least compared to the intelligence challenges faced by the US today.
Intelligent Partnership
Authors: Lewis Sarah 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes a model for partnership-working that has been developed by the Greater Manchester Community Safety Partnership Team (GMCSPT). Application of the model to partnership-working has led to collaborative successes and has identified ways in which partnership-working can be improved. With recent government emphasis on locally delivered neighbourhood policing in partnership with other community-safety actors (Home Office, 2004; 2008), the innovation and initiative being developed in Manchester may offer food for thought for agencies in other geographical areas planning knowledge-based collaboration and intelligent partnership.
Cross-Border Liaison and Intelligence: Practicalities and Issues
Authors: Block Ludo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Most European law enforcement agencies are currently aware that the coordination of criminal intelligence at local, regional, and national levels is at the heart of combating serious and organized crime. Nonetheless, putting this to practice effectively and efficiently remains difficult to accomplish, particularly as activities undertaken within the boundaries of the territorial jurisdiction increasingly do not suffice to successfully investigate serious and organized crime. A few decades ago neither the places where offences were carried out, nor the places where damage or harm from crime occurred varied considerably. The competent authority to investigate and prosecute, the citizenship of offender, investigator, and victim—and last but not least the actual whereabouts of offender, victim, and proceeds of the crime—were largely territorially based and relatively more clearly defined and fixed than they are today (Marx, 1997). Nowadays serious and organized crime almost by definition involves activities in more than one jurisdiction. Successfully combating this new dimension of crime requires law enforcement to seek partnerships across borders in order to obtain adequate intelligence on the criminal activities they are facing and investigating.
Strategic Intelligence: Methodologies for Understanding
What Police Services Already ‘Know’ to Reduce Harm
Authors: Stanko Betsy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Criminological research has argued for some time that there are some evidence-based ways of working to better prevent crime and minimize harm. Focusing on the places, most vulnerable victims, and the people who cause the most harm to communities should—by all reviews of the literature—mould an intelligence-led strategy leading to the reduction of harm. I use a definition of ‘intelligence’ here that is eclectic, drawing from Legg and Hutter’s (2007) musings on the definitions of intelligence.
Intelligence, Knowledge, and the Reconfiguration of Policing
Authors: Harfield Clive , Kleiven Maren Eline 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Another day, another buzzword? Barely a decade after the first British articulation of intelligence-led policing as the foundation for policing the twenty-first century (HMIC, 1997), a rather similar-sounding phrase is emerging and gaining widespread currency: ‘Knowledge-Based Policing’. In Britain the nascent UK Serious Organised Crime Agency (SOCA) is focusing on knowledge, rather than intelligence, as driving the new approaches to tackling organized crime. Also, the Lothian and Borders Police in Scotland assert that ‘promotion of a culture of knowledge-based policing through better information management and analysis’ will help them achieve their strategic aim of ‘making best use of existing and emerging technology’ as part of their overall corporate communication strategy which seeks to develop a knowledge-based communication culture (Lothian and Borders Police, 2006: 11).
The Home Office and the Police: The Case of the Police Funding Formula
Authors: Pease Ken 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Those of my former students who have become community safety practitioners, and seek references from me to support their case for promotion, give prominence in their CVs to central government cash attracted to their Crime and Disorder Reduction Partnerships, not to any crime reductive impact to which such funding may have led (Pease, 2007). This oddity led me to the realization that in one guise or another, funding arrangements reveal the exercise of power in relationships and distinguish the essential from the incidental purposes of those involved. From the parental allocation of pocket money to subsidies under the European Common Agricultural Policy, the basis on which money is disbursed and the form which objections to that disbursement take tell one much about how individuals and groups relate to each other. In 1948, the bulk of the public supported the notion of a National Health Service, but the medical profession, especially its most senior members, did not. Aneurin Bevan’s method for their conversion, famously, was to ‘stuff their mouths with gold’ (see Foot, 1975; Tobias, 1994). Senior consultants in medicine perhaps were (and remain) in a particularly powerful position to open their mouths and expect riches to be available for ingestion. Medical consultants, by dint of their professional prestige and political influence, can make life difficult for governments wishing to constrain their earning power.
Eccentricity and the Cultural Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Paris
Authors: Gill Miranda 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
What did it mean to call someone ‘eccentric’ in nineteenth-century Paris? And why did breaking with convention arouse such ambivalent responses in middle-class readers, writers, and spectators? From high society to Bohemia and the demi-monde to the madhouse, the scandal of nonconformism provoked anxiety, disgust, and often secret yearning. In a culture preoccupied by the need for order yet simultaneously drawn to the values of freedom and innovation, eccentricity continually tested the boundaries of bourgeois identity, ultimately becoming inseparable from it. This interdisciplinary study charts shifting French perceptions of the anomalous and bizarre from the 1830s to the fin de siècle, focusing on three key issues. First, during the July Monarchy eccentricity was linked to fashion, dandyism, and commodity culture; to many Parisians it epitomized the dangerous seductions of modernity and the growing prestige of the courtesan. Second, in the aftermath of the 1848 Revolution eccentricity was associated with the Bohemian artists and performers who inhabited ‘the unknown Paris’, a zone of social exclusion which middle-class spectators found both fascinating and repugnant. Finally, the popularization of medical theories of national decline in the latter part of the century led to decreasing tolerance for individual difference, and eccentricity was interpreted as a symptom of hidden insanity and deformity. Drawing on a wide range of sources, including etiquette manuals, fashion magazines, newspapers, novels, and psychiatric treatises, the study highlights the central role of gender in shaping perceptions of eccentricity. It provides new readings of works by major French writers and illuminates both well-known and neglected figures of Parisian modernity, from the courtesan and Bohemian to the female dandy and circus freak..
The First Team
Authors: Nevshemal —Lt. Martin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Walking the perimeter of the camp, Marine Colonel Michael Lehnert squinted in the sun before entering the enclosure surrounded by concertina wire. Ordinary looking, of average height and weight, with medium brown hair and eyes, yet identifiable by bushy eyebrows and a square jaw, Lehnert tried to take it all in with one glance. There they were, hundreds of them, clustered in groups of twos and threes and more, talking and waving their lightbrown arms, animated and, to the naked eye, innocuous. He was coming in on the heels of a few rough months. There had been two rapes, numerous instances of arson, and periodic rioting. The rate of attempted suicides was on the rise.
Filling the Void
Authors: Supervielle (Retired) —Col. Manuel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Since the end of the Second World War, few have doubted the authority of the Geneva Conventions. Originating in 1864 and updated throughout the 20th century with the intent of protecting the wounded and sick and the medical teams that attended to them, the Geneva Conventions have been amended and supplemented over time to cover “prisoners of war, civilians, children, even cultural property.” The First Convention (from 1864) is aimed at enabling the International Committee of the Red Cross to have access to the wounded and sick. The Second Convention (1906) adds the shipwrecked to those who can safely be attended to by medical personnel, namely the Red Cross (the ICRC). The Third Convention (1929) includes prisoners of war among protected persons. The Fourth Convention (1949) protects civilians in times of war.
‘Now for a Likeness to Illustrate the Surprising Scene’
Authors: Shepherd Lynn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
You wonder Madam, that the same Hand which could draw a Pamela & Clarissa, could draw a Mr. B. & an odious Jewkes; a Lovelace, & a vile Sinclair—From the amiable Character of a good Person, it is not hard to draw a bad one. But tho I have had Ideas of this or that Person before me in parts no one Person Man or Woman sat before me for the Whole of any of my Pictures. Few of Richardson’s letters survive from the period when he was writing Pamela, but there is quite extensive correspondence covering the writing and revision of Clarissa, and the composition of Grandison. Passages in these letters, such as those cited above, are therefore the nearest approximation we have to an exposition of Richardson’s literary practice in his own words. It is clearly impossible to draw any conclusions about earlier letters that may have been lost, or how such letters might have differed from what survives, but when Richardson writes about the two later novels it is striking how often and how consistently he resorts to the vocabulary of painting and portraiture in describing his art. Again and again he explains to his correspondents how his characters are ‘drawn’ and his scenes ‘painted’, whether ‘in strong colours’ or with ‘soft and tender Pencillings’. Such a synaesthetic conceit was, of course, commonplace, and dates back as far as the Horatian dictum ut pictura poesis, but Richardson takes the traditional analogy between painting and writing far further, making an explicit connection with contemporary portraiture. For Richardson the representation of character in the two later novels is made explicitly comparable to the process of taking a portrait likeness, when he uses the image of ‘a Model before [his] Eyes’ sitting for his picture, or the family group gathered together in a ‘busy Scene’ of ‘Domestic Happiness’. And his correspondents respond in the same terms. While Pamela is experienced verbally, as a text to be read, it is striking how often the special qualities of the following two novels are defi ned as the capacity to ‘turn readers into spectators’.5 Astraea and Minerva Hill extol ‘that never to be enough admired Power of natural Picture drawing’; and another anonymous correspondent praised the way the novelist has ‘drawn [Sir Charles Grandison’s] Picture in most beautiful colouring’; Aaron Hill takes the analogy even further, saying ‘there are many, many Qualities, wherein I wish I cou’d but never shall be able to resemble him!—One of them is, the strong, yet natural Easiness of those inimitable Paintings, so replete with Life that Any single Stroke effaced seems hazarding a kind of Murder’.
The foundations of money and payments
Authors: Manning Mark , Nier, Erlend , Schanz Jochen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we step back to examine the historical evolution of central bank roles in payment systems, beginning with the early emergence of money and banking. From these foundations, we plot the subsequent development of banks, and then of payment and settlement systems. We then describe the development of central banks in the context of their settlement function, laying the foundation for the discussion in Chapter 2 of central banks ‘ monetary and financial stability roles and their position in today ‘s increasingly complex infrastructural landscape. A further ob- jective of this chapter is to set the historical context for the directions in which payments may develop in future – some aspects of which are covered in Part IV of this volume.