bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On Inversion in Wh-questions in Romance
Authors: Barbosa Pilar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In most Romance languages, a subject may not intervene between a non-d-linked wh-argument and the inflected verb in main questions, as illustrated below for standard Italian (Iberian Spanish, Romanian, European Portuguese, and Catalan behave essentially in the same way):
Several researchers (Ambar 1988; Raposo 1994; Rizzi 1991, 1997; Rizzi & Roberts 1989; Torrego 1984; Uriagereka 1995; among many others) have proposed that obligatory adjacency between fronted wh-arguments and inflection in Romance is due to overt Infl that is raising to the C-system. In this approach, Romance inversion in questions is analyzed on a par with English subject-Aux inversion:
New Thoughts on Stylistic Inversion
Authors: Kayne Richard S , pollock jean-yves 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Stylistic Inversion’ (SI), or more neutrally, nonclitic (see section 5) Subjectrelated Inversion, is the (unfortunate) term used in the generative literature over the last twenty-five years to refer to the syntactic computation(s) responsible for the postverbal position of the subject DP in French sentences like (la, b):
Unlike many other Romance languages, French allows only a limited set of sentence types to take postverbal subjects; thus (2a, b, c) are sharply ungrammatical, unlike their counterparts in Italican or Spanish:
An Old Man’s Toy
Authors: Zee A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On Einstein’s seventy-sixth and last birthday, March 14, 1955, his neighbor Eric Rogers presented him with a toy constructed of a heavy ball, a spring, a broomstick, and other commonly found objects. The contraption is shown in Figures I.la, lb, le. A brass ball attached to a string hangs outside a metal cup into which the ball can fit snugly. The string passes through a hole in the cup and down through a pipe, where it is tied to a spring. This entire assembly is mounted on a curtain rod so that one can hold on to the whole contraption easily. Finally, the cup and ball assembly is enclosed in a transparent glass sphere to give it a finished look.
Ghost Riders in the Sky
Authors: Zee A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the title song from the movie Ghostbusters, Ray Parker, Jr., sang of finding an invisible man sleeping in your bed. Imagine coming home after a tiring day. With a sigh of relief, you flop into bed. But a creepy feeling immediately seizes you—there is somebody else in the bed. You jump up and look around. You see nothing, but from the way the bed sags, you know whoever it is weighs a whole lot. You grope around with your hand, but you feel only thin air. What ya gonna do? Rush out of the room screaming? Who ya gonna call?
Crowned with a Halo
Authors: Zee A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a mystery, until the culprit has actually been apprehended, the detective can only examine the scene of the crime for clues. Similarly, until the experimenters actually catch the wimp, physicists can only study the wimp’s effect on the universe. Since the dark matter outweighs ordinary matter, the physicist detectives reason, the wimp must have had enormous impact on galaxy formation.
The Thinking Man and the Laughing God
Authors: Zee A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have traveled far, through time and space, from the plague years of the late seventeenth century to the plague years of the late twentieth century, from the apple, to the old man’s toy, to wriggling bits of string. From our detour through a universe opened up for us by the old man’s insight as expressed in his toy, we have finally returned to gaze at the mystery of gravity.
Conceptual Categorization
Authors: Mandler Jean M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the past 15 years my research has concentrated on how infants form their first concepts. Because forming a concept usually involves forming a category, I often call concepts conceptual categories. This is a cumbersome expression, but I believe it is important to distinguish two different kinds of mental structures: co ceptual and perceptual categories. Some researchers find this distinction unnecessary, but the view of categorization as a uniform process faces difficulty in accounting for many facets of mental life. As the chapters in this book testify, categorization itself is ubiquitous in mental functioning. But even though some basis of similarity is involved in all kinds of categories, content differs radically. We can categorize on the basis of single or multiple dimensions (square, loud, red), the behavior of things (animate and inanimate), abstract meaning (good and evil), and even ad hoc bases (things to take if the house catches on fire; Barsalou, 1973). This range of content from perceptual dimensions to abstract ideas, combined with the fact that some categorization is deliberate and requires effortful retrieval, whereas other categorization occurs automatically without effort, makes it highly unlikely that all categorization rests on a single process. I refer the reader to a summary of both psychological and neurological evidence showing that adults engage in more than one kind of categorization (Smith, Patalano, & Jonides, 1998). Later in this chapter I summarize some developmental evidence that also militates against the view that all categorization is of the same form. The most obvious example is that we all form perceptual categories as a natural part of perceiving, but on deliberate categorization tasks both children and adults do many different things, such as categorize on the basis of overall appearance, single dimensions, or meaning. This range of variation in the kind of processing that is taking place means that whenever one talks about categorization it is crucial to specify the kind of categories one has in mind. The widespread failure to do so accounts for many of the controversies in this area of research.
Prosody In Oral Narratives
Authors: Wennerstrom Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the oral narrative, as in other discourse genres discussed in this volume, the phonological functions of prosody will again play a role. For example, storytellers use paratones to mark component shifts in narratives just as lecturers do to delineate topics. However, this chapter also emphasizes the paralinguistic aspects of prosody. Within the genre of the oral narrative, I will argue that intensified prosody can bring particular story events to the foreground. Certain key words, for example, may be uttered with a higher-than-usual pitch; vowels may be lengthened; pauses may be used strategically to provoke tension; volume may be increased at crucial points for a crescendo effect. The use of such prosodic “performance features” (Wolfson, 1982) is not an all-or-nothing choice but a matter of degree, depending on the speaker’s leyel of emotional involvement with the text, the situation, the audience, and the norms of the speech community. Unlike the phonological aspects ofintonation, which have a finite inventory of forms and corresponding functions, pitch, volume, voice quality, and timing can be manipulated to achieve an infinite variety of emotional, attitudinal, and stylistic effects.
The Adventures of a Social Poet:Langston Hughes from the Popular Front to Black Power
Authors: Smethurst James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the peculiar things about critical assessments of Langston Hughes’s career is the still pronounced tendency to think of Hughes as primarily a Harlem Renaissance writer. In recent years there have been critical efforts to rethink Hughes’s post–Harlem Renaissance work, particularly that of his “revolutionary” period in the 1930s and his work during the civil rights and Black Power eras. However, critics still quite commonly regard the “red” poetry as second-rate didactic efforts lacking the lyricism and nuance of voice found in other periods of Hughes’s work and dismiss the early Black Power–period poems as weak and opportunistic efforts to repackage Hughes’s work in order to find a niche in changing times (Ford; Sundquist; Vendler). What is peculiar about these assessments is that the later Hughes resonates with popular African American audiences so strongly, the fame of such early poems as “The Negro Speaks of Rivers” and “Mother to Son” notwithstanding. It is largely the later poetry, drama, fiction, and sketches, the “Simple” stories, such poems as “Harlem,” “Theme for English B,” and “Let America Be America,” such plays as Black Nativity and Simply Heavenly, that have made Hughes among the most beloved writers for a general black readership—and for many post–World War II black artists and intellectuals.
Decoding de Gaulle
Authors: Connelly Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On June 4, 1958, three days after he had accepted full powers from an assembly that could seemingly deny him nothing, Charles de Gaulle stood before a vast, cheering crowd at the Forum in Algiers. He began his speech with a few simple words: Je vous ai compris. “I have understood you.” The crowd erupted again as men and women openly cried.3
A Normal Asset With Cultural Differences
Authors: Ronningstam Elsa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The extensive interest in disordered narcissism has usually overshadowed studies of narcissistic functioning within what can be considered the normal range. Less is known about the overall vicissitudes within and interactions between normal healthy and exceptional forms of narcissism and how they contrast or interweave in an individual with depreciated or pathological narcissism. Likewise, the importance of normal narcissistic functioning for individual mental health and capacity to live an optimal life has mostly been taken for granted. Healthy narcissistic functions, such as a sense of the right to one’s own life, striving for the best in life, appreciation of health and beauty, and ability to compete as well as to protect and defend oneself, are usually first attended to when they are absent or noticed as extreme. Nevertheless, healthy narcissism plays a crucial role in the human capacity to manage challenges, successes, and changes; to overcome defeats, illnesses, trauma, and losses; to love and be productive and creative; and to experience happiness, satisfaction, and acceptance of the course of one’s life.
Developmental Aspects of Kin Bias in Behavior
Authors: Berman Carol M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Immatures in many nonhuman primate species both show varying degrees of kin bias in their social interaction with other members of their group and may be subject to the effects of kin bias on the part of group members from an early age. Although recent studies raise the possibility of a role for phenotypic matching in kin bias, current perspectives view preferences for kin among young primates primarily as outcomes of early association with the mother and her close associates (who tend to be kin) and with similarlyaged peers (chapter 13). However, this is usually where the discussion of the development of kin preference ends. Relatively little research has focused on the processes and precise mechanisms by which early associations translate into preferences for kin. Nor do we understand the processes by which preferences for kin remain stable or change over the course of development. In many cases, early kin-based preferences endure until adulthood and appear to form the basis for long-term affiliation and exchange of benefits. In other cases, the effects are more temporary, and hence potentially provide only shorter term benefits.
John and Adam
Authors: Bremer Francis J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Six-Year-Old Adam Winthrop was entranced with the new world in which he found himself following his father ‘s move to Groton, Suffolk, in 1554. The air was free of the coal-smoke miasma of London but filled with the smells of the open fields of the countryside. Cattle and sheep grazed along the local streams, and hares were a common sight. The sounds also differed from those of Cornhill, but, more important, sounds in the country- side were distinct, striking against a general quietness as opposed to the backdrop of constant noise that characterized the urban soundscape. Walking the local lanes, Adam and his brother and sisters could hear the rustling of leaves as the wind blew through the trees, the chirping of birds, the gurgle of brooks. Birds in the trees, frogs in ponds, dogs barking on nearby farms, and the grunts of pigs, lowing of cattle, and neighing of horses all put their stamp on life in Groton. Mixed with these, of course, were some familiar sounds, such as the peal of church bells marking the time, calling to worship, tolling the passing of a neighbor. Men in the fields talked and argued, shouted and sang.
The Decision to Migrate
Authors: Bremer Francis J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
July 28, 1629. John Winthrop and Emmanuel Downing were riding toward the Sempringham estate of the earl of Lincoln. They had left the rolling hills of Suffolk a few days before and were traversing the East Anglian fens, twelve hundred square miles of low-lying land that is a mixture of water, bog, and swamp. The underlying peat nourished grasses, sedges, rushes, and wild- flowers along the fringes of the open waters. They moved along narrow causeways from village to village, each perched on high ground rising out of the marshy landscape. Some of those primitive roads dated back to the days of the Romans. In the morning the mists rising off the slow-moving, almost stagnant water obscured the path until burned off by the summer sun. In the evening there were brilliant sunsets over the flat terrain. On this particular day, as they approached the crossing of the River Ouse near Littleport, they could see in the distance the Isle of Eels, where, many years before, Hereward the Wake had held out against the forces of William the Conqueror. On the highest point of that island, the sun was reflecting off the lantern tower of the cathedral of Ely. Riding along, they saw locals fishing for eels, abundant in the surrounding waters and a staple of the local diet.
New Trials and Disappointments
Authors: Bremer Francis J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
May 1640. It was a cool evening, such as one often experiences in a New England spring, and John and Margaret Winthrop sat by the fire in their Boston hall discussing the new tests God had delivered. While his judgment and leadership were valued when the colony was threatened, in normal times old jealousies resurfaced. Recently a delegation had urged him not to stand for the governorship in the 1640 election. Probably the freemen would have returned Winthrop to office, but some deputies and assistants had again raised concerns that he was becoming too powerful, and the delegation had expressed fears that if he was elected again the breach would widen. John had bowed to their wishes. Now, the election was over and Thomas Dudley had been chosen governor, with Richard Bellingham as deputy governor.
Polls, Priming, and the Politics of Welfare Reform
Authors: Weaver R Kent 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Welfare reform was one of the most contentious legislative issues in the early and mid-199os. The Clinton administration in 1992 and the new Republican congressional majority in 1994 both came into office with ambitious policy agendas for low-income families generally and for reform of the Aid to Families with Dependent Children program (AFDC) in particular.
Family Medicine
Authors: Catinella A Peter , Leiser Jennifer Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Family practice is an official medical specialty under the jurisdiction of the American Board of Family Practice. To qualify as a specialty, a field carries a unique focus of care and special training to justify that designation. Specialties define their unique focus of care using several criteria. Some specialties, such as pediatrics or internal medi-cine, focus on patients of a certain age. Some, like obstetrics and gynecology, care for patients of one gender. Some care for patients experiencing cer-tain kinds of disease or disease of certain organs, such as oncology or cardiology. Some focus on a certain set of therapeutic skills, such as general surgery. Family physicians describe themselves as another kind of specialist.
Pediatrics
Authors: Korsch Barbara M , Chen Alex Y , Lewis Sara M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pediatrics is the specialty devoted to the care of children. Pediatrics requires expert knowledge about children, not only regarding childhood dis-eases. Pediatricians care for patients between birth and 18 years of age. In 1996, there were approxi-mately 34,100 pediatricians in the United States (Chang & Halfon, 1997; Randolph & Pathman, 2001). Pediatricians are distributed somewhat unevenly in the United States; there are relatively more pediatricians available in urban areas as compared to rural areas. On average, there is 1 pediatrician per 7,150 children in urban areas and 1 pediatrician per 24,400 children in rural America (Randolph & Pathman, 2001).
Interpersonal and Family Systems Perspectives
Authors: Ross David Waters Nina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we address the importance to primary care psychologists of an interpersonal-systemic view of persons and their medical and psychological problems. Although the interper-sonal aspects of health care have been particularly important in family medicine, a field whose name bespeaks commitment to each patient’s context, it is important in all aspects of primary care. Awareness of context facilitates sensitivity to the interpersonal aspects of the practice of medicine. Furthermore, delivery of the highest quality health care requires attention to each patient’s unique social context. Psychologists can help physicians look beyond each disease episode to the web of relationships in which the patient is integrated, thereby facilitating broader systemic thinking that may ultimately bring greater healing to pa-tients and their families.
Depression and Mood Disorders
Authors: Freedland Kenneth E , Carney Robert M , Skala Judith A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Depression is one of the most common disorders seen in primary medical care clinics (Katon, 1987), and more patients are treated for depres-sion by primary care providers than by mental health specialists (Regier et al., 1993). Depressive disorders cause substantial emotional distress, functional impairment, and disability (Wells & Sherbourne, 1999). They are associated with high utilization of primary care and other medical ser-vices (Carbone et al., 2000), and they are among the most expensive disorders in the United States in terms of health care expenditures and lost pro-ductivity (Simon et al., 2000).
Sleep Disorders
Authors: Czajkowski Laura A , Casey Kenneth R , Jones Christopher R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sleep disorders are prevalent, treatable, and fre-quently undiagnosed. Approximately one third of the adult population complains of occasional insomnia. Some 70 million Americans have clini-cally significant sleep problems. Daytime sleepi-ness resulting from sleep deprivation is very com-mon. The average total sleep time has decreased by an estimated 25% over the last century in the U.S. Sleep disorders such as obstructive sleep ap-nea (OSA), restless legs syndrome/periodic limb movement syndrome (RLS/PLMS), and narco-lepsy frequently result in sleepiness. Excessive daytime sleepiness produces impaired quality of life, diminished attention/concentration and cog-nitive performance, impaired productivity, and increased risk of vehicle and occupational acci-dents. The National Sleep Foundation (2002) re-ported that 51% of the American workforce ex-periences symptoms of sleepiness that interfere with productivity.
Stress
Authors: Carpenter Bruce N , Steffen Patrick R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stress is a process so widespread and fundamental to our conceptions of functioning that it is difficult to imagine practicing primary care psychol-ogy without frequently encountering it. Nearly everyone reports experiencing stress from time to time, even though it is often so embedded in daily activities that one may not recognize symp-toms or conceptualize experiences from a stress perspective. Although commonplace, stress is hard-ly benign, with significant numbers of primary care patients experiencing major problems arising primarily from stress and many others having medical and psychological difficulties exacerbated by stress.
The Tropical Downpour
Authors: Emanuel Kerry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 4, I described why cumulus convection occurs in the Tropics and how it serves to transport heat and moisture away from the ocean surface. Now let’s have a closer look at the individual clouds that do this work. Everyone who lives in maritime tropical climates, or who as had a holiday in the Tropics, is familiar with the “tropical downpour.” Nice weather lasts for many hours or days, but eventually, an impressive cumulonimbus cloud, often capped with a cirrus “anvil,” bears down, usually from the east. An example of such a cumulonimbus cloud is shown on p. 33. As the cloud approaches, the sky near the horizon darkens, the wind shifts and blows away from the storm, and the air temperature drops by several degrees, providing temporary relief from the heat and humidity. Then the rain comes in torrents, usually lasting only a few minutes, and it is often followed by an hour or so of light, steady rain. Then it is all over. On land, these tropical showers are most frequent in the late afternoon, but over the ocean, they occur more frequently at night or early morning. In the late 1940s, researchers fat with surplus aircraft from World War II conducted a series of investigations of ordinary convective showers and thunderstorms, by flying through the clouds at various stages of their development. The “Thunderstorm Project,” as it was called, described in detail the structure and evolution of convective showers, characterizing their life cycle as evolving through three stages, as shown in Figure 6.1.
Nature’s Steam Engine
Authors: Emanuel Kerry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thus the great nineteenth-century French scientist Carnot attributed to the flow of heat the grand motions of the atmosphere, the flow of rivers, and the forces inside the earth that drive earthquakes and volcanoes. Physicists such as Carnot were motivated, in part, by a desire to understand the theory underlying the operation of steam engines, and they were particularly concerned to determine how efficient such engines can be made. Carnot showed that for any engine to convert heat energy into mechanical energy, heat has to flow from a high-temperature reservoir to a low-temperature reservoir, and he suggested that the fraction of heat energy that can be converted is proportional to the difference between the temperatures of the two reservoirs. Carnot’s other great contribution to thermodynamics was his demonstration that a particular kind of heat engine maximizes the conversion of heat energy to mechanical energy. This ideal heat engine works on a particular thermodynamic cycle in which a working substance is transformed in four steps, ending up in the same state that it began.