bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Outsiders
Authors: Marsden George M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite attempts to define the university in terms of the inclusivist ideal of liberal Protestantism, some significant groups were in fact being left out. For the pre-World War I generation who believed in the advance of both science and a higher Christianity, such exclusion might be represented as only temporary, since education would surely eventually eliminate most parochialism and prejudice. By the interwar era, such a view was increasingly problematic. Groups were underrepresented in the leading institutions of the dominant culture for two major reasons. At one end of the spectrum were those who chose to maintain their own cultural identity, usually supported by strong religious convictions. At the other end were those who, while cultivating cultural identities with religious roots, nonetheless aspired to become part of the mainstream. Most religious groups, however, fell somewhere in between, exhibiting various mixes of both tendencies. Roman Catholics were the largest group whose outsider status had a large voluntary component. They maintained their own parochial school system, an extensive network of colleges, and a few modest universities. So while Catholics’ 5 to 10 percent representation among student bodies and faculties of non-Catholic universities was much less than their representation in the population generally, the difference was attributable more to choice and social class than overt religious discrimination. Even at prestigious schools of the East there was little evidence of overt discrimination against Catholics, Even a 5 to 10 percent representation in the nation’s major universities spoke of Catholic division on the question of separation from the dominant culture.
Constitutionalism in Europe Since 1945: Reconstruction and Reappraisal
Authors: Johnson Nevil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Constitutional reconstruction in western Europe in and after 1945, and indeed such imposed reconstruction as then occurred in central and eastern Europe, took place in the aftermath of war, destruction, and defeat. These harsh constraining conditions defined to a large extent the problems and the priorities of those involved. Only in relation to its particular circumstances can we understand the character of the postwar reconstruction.
Constitutions without Constitutionalism: Reflections on an African Political Paradox
Authors: Okoth-Ogendo H W O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are so many reasons for not writing a book on the public law of an African state, not at least that much of the subject-matter of the book tends to be somewhat ephemeral, as several authors (and publishers) have found to their cost, that a book on such a topic might be thought to require some justification.1
Social Movements, Constitutionalism, and Human Rights: Comments from the Malaysian and Indonesian Experiences
Authors: Lev Daniel S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like other complex ideologies, constitutionalism is often obscured by a haze of mythology that makes it difficult to deal with realistically. Believers cannot help but see in it an end to a thousand vices and the source of as many virtues. But uncritical enthusiasm, without pause to examine assumptions, complicates any effort to understand clearly what is at issue. Before turning to constitutionalist claims in Indonesia and Malaysia, therefore, it may be useful to begin with a few premises.
The Theory of the State in the Third World and the Problematics of Constitutionalism
Authors: Ghai Yash 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to try to provide some explanation of why it has proven so hard to establish constitutionalism in many developing countries, but particularly in Africa.1 I attempt this principally by examining the nature of these states and their specific international context, and drawing implications for a system of governance from this analysis. I point to the specificity of the contingencies of governance in these countries by discussing the conditions and ideologies that produced and now sustain constitutionalism or the rule of law in the west. There is a danger in this method of drawing unwarrantably sharp contrasts, and of romanticizing the western experience. I hope I can avoid this danger by focusing on those features of the Third World state that both distinguish them from and ally them to the western states. The primary assumption underlying my approach is that to understand the dynamics and function of constitutionalism, one has to uncover its social and economic bases, and thus transcend the formal boundaries of the law. Legal theory needs to be enriched by sociological perspectives and enquiry.
Reconstructing Political Space: Militarism and Constitutionalism in Africa
Authors: Hutchful Eboe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is probably safe to say that most postind ependence constitutional initiatives in Africa have been associated with military regimes. It is estimated that between January 1956 and the end of 1985 there were 60 successful coups,1 many (or probably most) of these resulting in some form of new constitution. This link between militarism and constitutionalism may at first appear paradoxical. Why would military usurpation, the epitome of constitutional illegality, become the predominant avenue to postin dependence constitutionalism in Africa? At one level this “paradox” is more apparent then real, since the objective of most military-sponsored constitutions was to legitimize and civilianize military rulers rather than to restore constitutional life as such [e.g., the Zairean constitutions of 1965 and 1974, the Congo (Brazzaville) constitution of 1973, and the constitutions adopted in Rwanda and Burundi in 1978 and 1981, respectively]. Nevertheless, some constitutions initiated by the military did lead to a real restoration of the rule of law and civilian participatory activity, although such situations have been, as a rule, short lived. The Ghana constitutions of 1969 and 1979, the Nigerian constitution of 1979, and the constitution under which Sudan returned briefly to civil rule between the two coups of April 1985 and June 1989 are examples of this temporary restoration.
Constitutionalism in Africa: Some Conclusions
Authors: Nolutshungu Samuel C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although all African states attach some importance to their constitutions, as to their national flags and anthems, only very few can be said to abide by them with any consistency. None consider themselves much bound by them on matters such as the limitation of government power, the rights of citizens, the division and separation of powers, or, above all, the objective enforceability of the provi sions of the constitutions. Indeed, those elements of the constitutions that place limits on executive power are least respected.
Vital Circuits
Authors: Vogel Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of us think about our circulatory system only when something goes wrong, but the amazing story of how it goes right -- “magnificently right,” as author Steven Vogel puts it -- is equally worthy of our attention. In Vital Circuits, Steven Vogel gives us a fascinating, often witty, and highly original guide to the heart, vessels, and blood. He takes us through the realm of biology and into the neighbouring fields of physics, fluid mechanics, and chemistry. We relive the discoveries of such scientists as William Harvey and Otto Loewi, and we consider the circulatory systems of such fellow earth-dwellers as octopuses, hummingbirds, sea gulls, alligators, snails, snakes, and giraffes. Vogel is a master at using everyday points of reference to illustrate potentially daunting concepts. And we learn not only such practical information as why you might want to wear support hose on a long aeroplane flight, but also the answers to such seemingly unrelated issues as why duck breasts (but not chicken breasts) have dark meat, and why dust accumulates on the blades of a fan. The author reveals himself to be an eloquent advocate for the cause of science as the most interesting of the humanities, Vogel’s story will appeal to everyone who has ever wondered what “120 over 80” means, who exercises regularly for cardiovascular fitness, or who has an interest in how the heart works.
Introductory note to *19330
Authors: Feferman Solomon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This rich and, in certain respects, remarkable article is drawn from the handwritten text for an invited lecture which Gödel delivered (un der the same title) to a meeting of the Mathematical Association of America, held jointly with the American Mathematical Society in Cam bridge, Massachusetts, 29-30 December 1933. A report of the meeting is to be found in the American Mathematical Monthly, Volume 41, 1934, pages 123-131. According to that report, Godel’s paper was supposed to appear in a later issue of the Monthly.
Introductory note to *1951
Authors: Boolos George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 26 December 1951, at a meeting of the American Mathematical Society at Brown University, Gödel delivered the twenty-fifth Josiah Willard Gibbs Lecture, “Some basic theorems on the foundations of mathematics and their implications”. It is not known when he received the invitation to give this lecture. It is probable, as Wang suggests (1987, pages 117-18), that the lecture was the main project Gödel worked on in the fall of 1951.
Structural Birth Defects
Authors: Leck Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The defects discussed in this chapter are macroscopic abnormalities of structure attributable to faulty development or deformation. With a few exceptions, they are present at birth. The exceptions are patent ductus arteriosus, which only becomes a defect when it persists after birth; “congenital” dislocation of the hip; and infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. The last two conditions have traditionally been regarded as congenital, although in most cases they may not become fully established until after birth.
War in the Hebrew Bible
Authors: Niditch Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Hebrew Bible is rich in texts about war, all of which pose challenging questions in biblical ethics. The passages about war that readers often find most disquieting are those in which God demands the total annihilation of the enemy without regard to gender age, or military status. The ideology of the "ban", however, is only one among a diversity of attitudes towards war preserved in the ancient Israelite literary tradition. Applying insights from anthropology, comparative literature, and feminist studies, Susan Niditch considers the full specutrum of war ideologies in the Hebrew bible, seeking in each case to discover why and how these views might have made sense to biblical writers. The study of war thus also might have made sense to biblical writers. The study of war thus also illuminates the social and cultural history of Israel, as war texts are found to map the world views of biblical writers from various periods and settings. Reviewing ways in which modern scholars have interpreted this controversial material, Niditch sheds further light on the normative assumptions that shape our understanding of ancient Israel.
The Germanization of Early Medieval Christianity
Authors: Russell James C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
European Christians think of their religion as the “normal” expression of Christianity, in contrast to such ethnic offshoots as the Maronite, Coptic, or Russian Orthodox faiths. In fact, however, as James Russell here shows, Europeanized Christianity is highly adapted, arising from the early interaction of Mediterranean Christianity with Northern European culture. This book takes a close look at the ways in which Christianity changed in order to win the allegiance of the Germanic and Anglo-Saxon peoples. Russell argues that the Northern peoples were far more resistant to conversion than the disaffected, urban populace of the Roman Empire had been. Unlike their Mediterranean counterparts, the Northerners displayed a high level of social solidarity. As a result, Russell contends, considerable cultural accommodation was necessary for Christianity to take hold in the Germanic context. In the process of exploring the nature of these changes, Russell develops a suggestive new model of the ways in which religious change occurs in any culture.
Perfection and Devotion: Sati Tradition in Rajasthan
Authors: Harlan Lindsey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although English defines the term suttee as an act, the self-immolation of a widow on her husband’s funeral pyre, the Sanskrit and Hindi term sati literally means “a good woman,” a woman who has become capable of self-immolation. This distinction reveals a crucial presupposition: whereas suttee as an act is something one commits at a particular moment, sati as a person is something one becomes gradually through good behavior. This chapter examines the personal ideal of sati espoused by certain Rajput women—those belonging to the erstwhile aristocracy of Rajasthan. It then articulates two often interrelated ways in which those Rajput women practice good behavior by keeping in mind (that is to say, by remembering) those who have died as satis.1
Supervenience Revisited
Authors: Blackburn Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A decade ago, in an article entitled ‘Moral Realism’, I presented an argument intended to show that two properties, which I called supervenience and lack of entailment, provided together an unpleasant mystery for moral realism. This argument originally was suggested to me in a discussion with Casimir Lewy, which in turn was directed at a paper of G. E. Moore entitled ‘The Conception of Intrinsic Value’. The intervening decade has provided a number of reasons for revisiting my argument. First of all, it was couched in an idiom that subsequent work on modal logic—particularly the distinctions of various kinds of necessity and the general use of possible worlds as models—has made a little quaint. It would be desirable to see if the new notions allow the argument to stand. Second, we have seen a great deal of interest in supervenience as a notion of importance beyond moral philosophy. Thus, in conversation and correspondence I have heard it suggested that my argument must be flawed, because exactly the same combination of properties that I found mysterious occurs all over the place: for example, in the philosophy of mind, in the relationship between natural kind terms and others, in the relation between colours and primary properties, and so on. Since anti-realism in these other areas is not attractive, this casts doubt upon my diagnosis of the moral case. Last, moral realism is again an attractive option to some philosophers; although when I wrote I might have seemed to be shadow boxing, the argument is becoming relevant again. In any case, enough puzzles seem to me to surround a proper analysis of supervenience to warrant a fresh look at it. Suppose we have an area of judgements, such as those involving moral commitments or attributions of mental states.
Watching Sex in Si Le Grain Ne Meurt
Authors: Lucey Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bersani would have us confront the possibility that sexual acts might instead lead to self-loss. As soon as we assume the stability, or even the reinforcement, of our sense of self through sex, we lose our critical edge. Our analytic insightfulness fails, and we fall back inevitably into the perennial and hackneyed realm of sexual warfare: “As soon as persons are posited, the war begins. It is the self that swells with excitement al the idea of being on top, the self that makes of the inevitable play of thrusts and relinquishments in sex an argument for the natural authority of one sex over the other” (Bersani, 218). Not selves, Bersani recommends: just sex. Gide’s memoirs, Si l,e g;rain ne meurt (If It Die). This is a way of opening one of the central problems of this book. For Gide and Bersani are in one way or another each interested in trying to answer the question, Which comes first, sex or politics? Bersani’s article will be helpful in understanding what Gide is up to in his descriptions of sex between men, in his search for a context in which that sex could be pure, “as if the sexual ... could somehow be conceived of apart from all relations of power, were, so to speak, belatedly contaminated by power from elsewhere” (221), says Bersani in another context. The nature of Gide’s virtuoso squirmings in the face of scorn such as Bersani’s might in turn help us to delineate some of the perhaps equally suspicious longings in Bersani’s essay.
Moral Sensationalism and Voracious Readers: Religious Strategies in the Antebellum Book Market
Authors: Moore R Laurence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I thank God there are no free schools nor printing, and I hope we shall not have [either) these hundred years, for learning has brought disobedience, and heresy, and sects into the world; and printing has ivulged them, and libels against the best government.
The Content of the Attack on Greek Art
Authors: Finney Paul Corby 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a complicated subject. For clarity’s sake, two preliminary points need to be noted: first, the attack was in word only, and second, the menu was extremely rich and variegated. As to the former, nothing in the record as we have it supports the view that the earliest apologists (or any of their coreligionists) engaged in iconoclastic1 actions directed against pagan religious art. Admittedly, several apologists employed inflammatory language—it requires little imagination to conjure up a picture of Tertullian smashing statues or Tatian torching temples—but the step from inflammatory rhetoric to acts of violence is one of moment, indeed one that is fraught with consequences (notably reprisals), and it seems unlikely that any Christians took this step before the late fourth century. For .several generations after the beginnings in Palestine, the new religionists were politically and economically impotent and their numbers negligible; hence, Christians who carried out acts of violence directed at pagan religious art in the pre-Constantinian period would have been inviting disaster. None did before 300,2 at least not so far as we can tell.
Recent Developments
Authors: Avery Dulles S J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The end of Vatican II does not mark a sharp break with the past, even in Catholic theology. Many of the theologians who had prepared the way for the Council, and participated in its work, continued to publish for decades after the Council, maintaining approximately the same positions as before. An example would be Henri de Lubac, whose work has already been examined, although his The Christian Faith was not published in French until 1969 and first translated into English in 1986. No mention has yet been made of the work of Karl Rabner, which belongs predominantly to the post-conciliar period, although he was active for two decades before Vatican II, and strongly influenced the Council documents. The present chapter, therefore, should not be read in isolation from the preceding. We shall here discuss the theology of the generation after the Council, both Catholic and Protestant, as represented by a few leading figures. It will not be possible in a survey of this type to include all the important literature.
Models and Issues
Authors: Avery Dulles S J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In our systematic reflection, which begins at this point, we shall be concerned with deciding what faith really is, how faith is grounded, whether it is free, certain, and supernatural, whether it is clear or obscure, how it is born, grows, declines, and dies, whether it is necessary for salvation, sufficient for salvation, and so forth. As previous chapters have shown, theologians disagree about all these questions. In some cases they operate on the basis of fundamentally different concepts of faith.
The Classical ĀŚrama System
Authors: Olivelle Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In contrast to the original system, the classical formulation considers the āśramas not as alternative paths open to an adult male but as obligatory modes oflife suitable for different periods of a man’s life. Choice, which was a central element in the original formulation, is eliminated, and the āśramas are transformed from permanent and lifelong vocations to temporary periods, the only exception being renunciation, which in the new formulation occupies the final days of a man’s life. The strictly ascetical modes of lifethose of the hermit and the renouncer-are recast as institutions of old age. At least ideally, an individual is expected to pass from one āśrama to the next in an orderly manner and at specific periods in his life. We can see here clearly the influence of the sacramentary model discussed in the previous chapter. The āśramas accompany an individual as he grows old and assumes new and different duties and responsibilities. The entry into each āśrama is a rite of passage that signals the closing of one period of life and the beginning of another.
Biblical Offense at Work: Defilement and Blindnes
Authors: mccracken David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first half of Matthew 15 is a good place to begin looking at the workings of the biblical offense since it contains a plethora of offenses. Jesus’s fame as teacher, preacher, and healer has spread sufficiently by this point in Matthew’s narrative that Pharisees and scribes have come to Galilee from Jerusalem, many miles away, to encounter the man. The first action that is reported of the Pharisees and scribes, however, is that they are offended not at Jesus but at his disciples, who have transgressed the tradition of the elders by not washing their hands when they eat. They approach Jesus with their complaint in the form of a question. Instead of answering the question, Jesus questions them: “And why do you break the commandment of God for the sake of your tradition?” !Matt. 15:3). God’s commandment, he charges, contradicts what they say. He explains their offense against God, and he goes on to insult them directly and unmistakably, quoting Scripture against them personally. In no uncertain terms, Jesus confronts the Pharisees with the possibility of offense: “You hypocrites! Isaiah prophesied rightly about you when he said: ‘This people honors me with their lips, but their hearts are far from me; in vain do they worship me, teaching human precepts as doctrines”‘ !Matt. 15:7-9).
Impacts Of Silviculture: Overview And Management Recommendations
Authors: Thompson Frank R , Probst John R , Raphael Martin C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent declines in population sizes of Neotropical migratory birds (NTMBs) have been attributed to problems on the breeding grounds as well as nonbreeding areas (Hutto 1988, Robbins et al. 1989a, Askins et al. 1990, Wilcove and Robinson 1990). Habitat loss and fragmentation, and the resultant area and edge-related decreases in reproductive success, are at least partially responsible for some local declines or extirpations (see Faaborg et al., Chapter 13, this volume, Freemark et al., Chapter 14, this volume, for reviews). Silvicultural practices alter land scape structure, forest age and structure, and create edges, causing concern for the impacts of these practices on NTMBs. This concern is often greater when timber is harvested on public forest lands because they are some of the least fragmented forests remaining in parts of North America (Wilcove 1988). Much research and management effort have been directed at the impacts of silvicultural practices on forest songbirds, partly evident by a series of regional workshops on management of forest birds from 1975 to 1980 (Smith 1975, DeGraaf 1978, 1979, 1980).