bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative surface chemical‐state microscopy by x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy
Authors: Walton J. , Fairley N. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe realization of surface chemical‐state microscopy by x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy requires the resolution of overlapped chemical states, an adequate background description and the ability to quantify data. This can be achieved only by the acquisition and analysis of multi spectral data sets. Here we describe the software to perform this analysis, which is capable of allowing for small amounts of differential charging and for incorporation of knowledge about the sample. We demonstrate its use on a patterned silicon dioxide on silicon sample, and suggest ways to reduce oversampling and therefore acquisition times. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of highly resolved x‐ray photoelectron Cr 2p spectra obtained with a Cr2O3 powder sample prepared with adhesive tape
Authors: Ünveren E. , Kemnitz E. , Hutton S. , Lippitz A. , Unger W. E. S. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractBy using modern XPS systems it is possible to obtain spectra with well‐resolved spin orbit, multiplet and field splitting even with powder samples mounted using adhesive tape. Measurement of Cr2O3 powder with the latest generation of XPS spectrometers, which are able to analyse non‐conductive powders with ultimate energy resolution, revealed multiplet splitting features and satellite emission in the Cr 2p spectrum. Therefore, peak‐fit analysis of Cr 2p XPS spectra of Cr(III) compounds requires a more appropriate approach and common practice has to be reconsidered. One possible way to analyse this spectrum is proposed, based on the experimental and theoretical work of other authors. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Further neuroendocrine evidence of enhanced vasopressin V3 receptor responses in melancholic depression
Authors: DINAN T. G. , O'BRIEN S. , LAVELLE E. , SCOTT L. V. 
Published: January 2004

Background. In situations of chronic stress vasopressin plays an important role in regulating the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. The aim of the current study was to investigate the role of anterior pituitary vasopressin V3 receptors in maintaining the hypercortisolism seen in melancholic depression.Method. Fourteen patients with major depression and 14 age- and sex-matched healthy comparison subjects were recruited. Desmopressin (ddAVP) 10 μg was given intravenously and ACTH and cortisol release was monitored for 120 min.Results. The mean±S.E.M. ACTH response in the depressives was 28·4±4·3 ng/l and in the healthy subjects was 18·8±4·9 ng/l (P=0·04). The mean±S.E.M. cortisol response in the depressives was 261·8±46·5 nmol/l and in the healthy subjects was 107·3±26·1 nmol/l (P<0·01).Conclusions. Patients with major depression have augmented ACTH and cortisol responses to desmopressin indicating enhanced V3 responsivity.
Lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and increased omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in first-degree relatives of bipolar patients
Authors: SOBCZAK S. , HONIG A. , CHRISTOPHE A. , MAES M. , HELSDINGEN R. W. C. , DE VRIESE S. , RIEDEL W. J. 
Published: January 2004

Background. Lower serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and increased ratio of omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids have been reported in unipolar and bipolar depressed patients. Changes in cholesterol and fatty acids have been suggested to affect membrane viscosity and consequently serotonergic neurotransmitter expression.The goal of this study was to investigate whether lower baseline cholesterol and increased omega-6 and lower omega-3 fatty acids are present in healthy first-degree relatives of bipolar patients compared with controls and whether these changes were associated with neuroendocrine responses to an i.v. tryptophan challenge or mood.Method. Baseline cholesterol, fatty acids and mood were determined in healthy first-degree relatives of patients with bipolar disorders (N=30) and healthy matched controls (N=15) (parallel-group design). Prolactin and cortisol were measured following tryptophan infusion.Results. First-degree relatives showed significantly lower plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and increased total omega-6 fatty acids in phospholipids. Lower total omega-3 and higher total omega-6 fatty acids in phospholipids were positively correlated with peak prolactin response to tryptophan. Lower total omega-3 fatty acids in phospholipids and cholesteryl esters were associated with lower mood.Conclusions. Abnormalities of lower plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and increased total omega-6 fatty acids in phospholipids in these subjects are in agreement with findings in bipolar and major depressed patients. Changes in fatty acids show an association with central serotonergic parameters. It is suggested that these abnormalities in cholesterol and fatty acids may constitute a trait marker for bipolar disorders.
The Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology, Clinician Rating (IDS-C) and Self-Report (IDS-SR), and the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology, Clinician Rating (QIDS-C) and Self-Report (QIDS-SR) in public sector patients with mood disorders: a psychometric evaluation
Authors: TRIVEDI M. H. , RUSH A. J. , IBRAHIM H. M. , CARMODY T. J. , BIGGS M. M. , SUPPES T. , CRISMON M. L. , SHORES-WILSON K. , TOPRAC M. G. , DENNEHY E. B. , WITTE B. , KASHNER T. M. 
Published: January 2004

Background. The present study provides additional data on the psychometric properties of the 30-item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (IDS) and of the recently developed Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS), a brief 16-item symptom severity rating scale that was derived from the longer form. Both the IDS and QIDS are available in matched clinician-rated (IDS-C30; QIDS-C16) and self-report (IDS-SR30; QIDS-SR16) formats.Method. The patient samples included 544 out-patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and 402 out-patients with bipolar disorder (BD) drawn from 19 regionally and ethnicically diverse clinics as part of the Texas Medication Algorithm Project (TMAP). Psychometric analyses including sensitivity to change with treatment were conducted.Results. Internal consistencies (Cronbach's alpha) ranged from 0·81 to 0·94 for all four scales (QIDS-C16, QIDS-SR16, IDS-C30 and IDS-SR30) in both MDD and BD patients. Sad mood, involvement, energy, concentration and self-outlook had the highest item-total correlations among patients with MDD and BD across all four scales. QIDS-SR16 and IDS-SR30 total scores were highly correlated among patients with MDD at exit (c=0·83). QIDS-C16 and IDS-C30 total scores were also highly correlated among patients with MDD (c=0·82) and patients with BD (c=0·81). The IDS-SR30, IDS-C30, QIDS-SR16, and QIDS-C16 were equivalently sensitive to symptom change, indicating high concurrent validity for all four scales. High concurrent validity was also documented based on the SF-12 Mental Health Summary score for the population divided in quintiles based on their IDS or QIDS score.Conclusion. The QIDS-SR16 and QIDS-C16, as well as the longer 30-item versions, have highly acceptable psychometric properties and are treatment sensitive measures of symptom severity in depression.
Suicide at 50 years of age and older: perceived physical illness, family discord and financial strain
Authors: DUBERSTEIN P. R. , CONWELL Y. , CONNER K. R. , EBERLY S. , CAINE E. D. 
Published: January 2004

Background. Mental disorders amplify suicide risk across the lifecourse, but most people with mental disorder do not take their own lives. Few controlled studies have examined the contribution of stressors to suicide risk.Method. A case–control design was used to compare 86 suicides and 86 controls aged 50 years and older, matched on age, gender, race and county of residence. Structured interviews were conducted with proxy respondents for suicides and controls.Results. Perceived physical illness, family discord and employment change amplified suicide risk after controlling for sociodemographic covariates and mental disorders that developed [ges ]1 year prior to death/interview. Only the effect of physical illness (OR 6·24, 95% CI 1·28–51·284) persisted after controlling for all active mental disorders.Conclusions. Interventions to decrease the likelihood of financial stress and to help families manage discord and severe physical illness may effectively reduce suicides among middle-aged and older adults.
Saving clinicians' time by delegating routine aspects of therapy to a computer: a randomized controlled trial in phobia/panic disorder
Authors: MARKS I. M. , KENWRIGHT M. , McDONOUGH M. , WHITTAKER M. , MATAIX-COLS D. 
Published: January 2004

Background. The demand for time-consuming psychotherapy of phobia/panic exceeds the supply of trained therapists. Delegating routine therapy aspects to a computer might ease this problem.Method. Ninety-three out-patients with phobia or panic disorder were randomized in a 2[ratio ]2[ratio ]1 ratio to have self-exposure therapy guided either mainly by a stand-alone computer system (FearFighter) or entirely face-to-face by a clinician, or to have mainly computer-guided self-relaxation as a placebo. Both computer groups (FearFighter and relaxation) had brief back-up advice from a clinician. Primary outcome measures were self- and blind-assessor ratings of Main Problem and Goals, and Global Phobia.Results. Drop-outs occurred significantly more often in the two self-exposure groups (43% if mainly computer-guided, 24% if entirely clinician-guided) than with self-relaxation (6%); the difference between the two self-exposure groups was not significant. Even with all drop-outs included, the mainly computer-guided exposure group and the relaxation group had 73% less clinician time per patient than did the entirely clinician-guided exposure group. The two self-exposure groups had comparable improvement and satisfaction at post-treatment and at 1-month follow-up, while relaxation was ineffective. Mean improvement on the primary outcome measures (self- and assessor-rated) was 46% computer, 49% clinician, 9% relaxation at post-treatment (week 10) and 58% computer, 53% clinician and −4% relaxation at 1-month follow-up (week 14). Mean effect sizes on the primary outcome measures were 2·9 computer, 3·5 clinician and 0·5 relaxation at post-treatment; and 3·7 computer, 3·5 clinician and 0·5 relaxation at 1-month follow-up. The assessor did not rate patients at follow-up.Conclusions. Despite its (non-significantly) higher dropout rate, self-exposure therapy for panic/phobia cut clinician time per patient by 73% without losing efficacy when guided mainly by a computer rather than entirely by a clinician. The finding needs confirmation at a follow-up that is longer and includes a blind assessor. Self-relaxation had the highest rate of completers but was ineffective.
Does diagnosis determine delivery? The Islington study of older people's needs and health care costs
Authors: NELSON T. , FERNANDEZ J.-L. , LIVINGSTON G. , KNAPP M. , KATONA C. 
Published: January 2004

Background. Little is known about the factors associated with the receipt of care by older people. This study investigates the use, costs and factors associated with service usage among people aged 65 or older living in inner London.Method. A community-based survey, using questionnaires, examined psychiatric and physical morbidity, formal and informal care. The relationships between demographic, pathological features and the costs of health and social care were explored using multivariate regression.Results. A total of 1085 people were interviewed at home of these 18% did not receive any service at all. The total cost of services per week for people with dementia was £109, with activity limitation £14 and with depression £12. The greatest effect of physical limitation was on the receipt of social care. Dementia had the strongest effect on receipt of social care services. Depression increased health care costs to a much greater degree than social care costs. Despite presenting to services, black elders received significantly less health care than other people with the same needs. Older people living alone were more likely to receive social care support and appeared less likely to use health services.Conclusions. Physical dependency significantly affects both health and social care costs. Increasing cognitive impairment mainly leads to increasing social care costs. Overall costs are increased by physical dependency, dementia, depression, subjective health problems, living alone and are negatively affected by being black.
Cutaneous Lymphangiosarcoma in a Young Dog: Clinical, Anatomopathological and Lectinhistochemical Description
Authors: Diessler M. E. , Castellano M. C. , Massone A. R. , Portiansky E. L. , Allende M. G. , Idiart J. R. , Gimeno E. J. 
Published: January 2004

SummaryLymphangiosarcoma is a rare tumour in domestic animals arising from lymphatic endothelial cells. Occasionally, microscopic differentiation with haemangiosarcoma may be difficult. The aim of the present study was to describe a lymphangiosarcoma in a 1‐year‐old female Doberman Pinscher dog and to characterize its lectinhistochemical binding pattern as compared with that of haemangiosarcoma. The dog was presented because of a cutaneous painful swelling located in the left axilla. Histological diagnosis confirmed lymphangiosarcoma. The dog was killed. Necropsy revealed mediastinal lymph nodes’ involvement. Twenty lectins were tested in tissue sections of this case as well as in four haemangiosarcomas from other dogs. Staining intensity was issued upon optical density determinations. Percentage of lectinhistochemical staining area was also conducted. RCA‐I showed the most intense and wide distributed labelling pattern for lymphangiosarcoma. PHA‐E was the counterpart for haemangiosarcoma. Should similar results be obtained in further studies, such differences could aid in the differential diagnosis between lymphangiosarcoma and haemangiosarcoma when histological pictures were not conclusive.
Impaired Pancreatic Endocrine and Exocrine Responses in Growth‐Retarded Piglets
Authors: Harada E. , Shizuyama M. , Ihara N. , Takeuchi T. 
Published: January 2004

SummaryThe alteration of pancreatic endocrine and exocrine secretory responses induced by secretagogues and neural input was investigated in post‐weaning growth‐retarded (GR) piglets. Blood and pancreatic juice were collected from these animals (6–8‐weeks old). Plasma insulin and pancreatic digestive enzymes induced by nutrients, drugs and vagal stimulation were measured biochemically. The pancreas was inspected by immunohistochemical analysis. In GR piglets, the plasma glucose and insulin concentrations at the resting state were very low, and the secretory response was also markedly reduced, with maximum inhibition of 90% by glucose administration and 83% by arginine administration. The insulin secretion was not increased by 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose administration in GR piglets. The pancreatic juice secretions induced by vagal stimulation and secretagogues in GR piglets were not different from those induced in the control piglets. However, amylase activity in the pancreatic juice and in the pancreas was significantly decreased in GR piglets, although trypsin and chymotrypsin activities were not different. In the immunohistochemical analysis, the numbers of islets and the staining degree for insulin antibody also declined in the pancreases of GR piglets. These results indicated the reduction of insulin and amylase secretions from the pancreas in GR piglets, suggesting that a dysfunction of pancreatic endocrine and exocrine secretion during growth after weaning may be an important factor in the induction of growth retardation in piglets.
An In vitro Study on Spontaneous Cervical Contractility in the Cow During Oestrus and Diestrus
Authors: Hirsbrunner G. , Reist M. , Keller C. , Steiner A. 
Published: January 2004

SummaryCervical smooth muscle specimens were collected from slaughtered cows in oestrus and diestrus. Longitudinal and circular specimens were mounted in organ baths and after equilibration time and 2 g pre‐load, their physiologic isometric contractility was recorded for 2.5 h. Area under the curve (AUC), maximal amplitude (Amax), mean amplitude (Amean) and minimal amplitude (Amin) were studied. Differences between cycle phases, between muscle layers and over the recorded time periods were statistically evaluated using linear mixed‐effect models. In the cow, physiologic contractility of the cervix decreased significantly over time for all variables evaluated (time as covariate on a continuous scale). Furthermore, for Amax, there was a tendency for an influence of muscle layer (longitudinal > circular). Contractility was not influenced by cycle phases.
Surgical Treatment of Gastric Impaction in Farmed Ostriches
Authors: Komnenou A. Th. , Georgiades G. K. , Savvas I. , Dessiris A. 
Published: January 2004

SummaryPartial or complete impaction of the proventriculus and/or the ventriculus is usually seen in juvenile ostriches. Common impaction materials include stones, sand, hay stems and leaves, and even plastic and metallic objects. Six live ostriches showing signs of impaction and three dead ones suspected to have impacted stomachs were presented to the Department of Clinical Sciences of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. The birds manifested anorexia, whitish and decreased urine output, scant defecation, unwillingness to rise and consume water. Clinical examination revealed distended and firm proventriculi, while radiographs showed foreign objects in the proventriculi of all birds and the ventriculus of one of them. The living birds were successfully treated surgically and medically. Autopsy of the three dead ostriches revealed severe dehydration and impaction of the stomachs. Bacteriological and parasitological examination was negative. Amendments in management practices were important to minimize losses caused by impaction of the stomachs in ostriches, while proventriculotomy remains the most effective approach to the problem.
Cardiovascular causes of airway compression
Authors: Kussman Barry D. , Geva Tal , McGowan Francis X. 
Published: January 2004

SummaryCompression of the paediatric airway is a relatively common and often unrecognized complication of congenital cardiac and aortic arch anomalies. Airway obstruction may be the result of an anomalous relationship between the tracheobronchial tree and vascular structures (producing a vascular ring) or the result of extrinsic compression caused by dilated pulmonary arteries, left atrial enlargement, massive cardiomegaly, or intraluminal bronchial obstruction. A high index of suspicion of mechanical airway compression should be maintained in infants and children with recurrent respiratory difficulties, stridor, wheezing, dysphagia, or apnoea unexplained by other causes. Prompt diagnosis is required to avoid death and minimize airway damage. In addition to plain chest radiography and echocardiography, diagnostic investigations may consist of barium oesophagography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography, cardiac catheterization and bronchoscopy. The most important recent advance is MRI, which can produce high quality three‐dimensional reconstruction of all anatomic elements allowing for precise anatomic delineation and improved surgical planning. Anaesthetic technique will depend on the type of vascular ring and the presence of any congenital heart disease or intrinsic lesions of the tracheobronchial tree. Vascular rings may be repaired through a conventional posterolateral thoracotomy, or utilizing video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) or robotic endoscopic surgery. Persistent airway obstruction following surgical repair may be due to residual compression, secondary airway wall instability (malacia), or intrinsic lesions of the airway. Simultaneous repair of cardiac defects and vascular tracheobronchial compression carries a higher risk of morbidity and mortality.
Chronic upper airway obstruction and cardiac dysfunction: anatomy, pathophysiology and anesthetic implications
Authors: Blum Richard H. , McGowan Francis X. 
Published: January 2004

SummaryThe causes of obstruction to airflow in the pediatric upper airway include craniofacial disorders, subglottic stenosis, choanal atresia, syndromes associated with neuromuscular weakness, and the most common, hypertrophy of the tonsils and adenoids. Abnormal breathing can adversely affect craniofacial growth, and abnormal craniofacial development can promote upper airway obstruction. Chronic upper airway obstruction often presents with evidence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome; in severe cases these children also present with pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale. The development of pulmonary hypertension and right heart dysfunction from chronic upper airway obstruction is complex. Hypoxemia and hypercarbia‐induced respiratory acidosis are potent mediators of pulmonary vasoconstriction that can lead to reversible and irreversible chronic changes in the pulmonary vasculature. It is likely that production of various neurohumoral factors in response to hypoxemia and respiratory distress may further promote pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular dysfunction, and consequent impairment of systemic cardiac output. The anesthetic considerations for children undergoing adenotonsillectomy for chronic airway obstruction are significant. These children are at high risk for complications such as laryngospasm, desaturation, stimulation of pulmonary hypertension and cardiac dysfunction, pulmonary edema, postoperative upper airway obstruction, and respiratory arrest. Because of underlying condition(s) (facial abnormalities, neuromuscular disease, etc.), successful adenotonsillar surgery may not improve upper airway obstruction significantly, especially in the immediate postoperative period when edema, bleeding and the effects of anesthetics and analgesics are present.
Microlaryngoscopy‐airway management with anaesthetic techniques for CO2 laser
Authors: Werkhaven Jay A. 
Published: January 2004

SummaryCarbon dioxide laser microlaryngoscopy requires planning and cooperation of both the anaesthesiologist and surgeon. While there are potentially significant complications, such as fire and difficulty ventilating the patient, laser microlaryngoscopy techniques provide the benefit of allowing for precise management of a wide range of upper airway conditions. Laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy require that the surgeon and anaesthesiologist cooperate in order to maximize exposure for the surgeon and allow for adequate ventilation of the patient. The type of airway the anaesthesiologist may use is dictated by whether access is needed to the hypopharynx, supraglottis, larynx, or subglottis. When the carbon dioxide laser is used for airway surgery, ventilation techniques that may be used include jet ventilation (subglottic or supraglottic) and intermittent or continuous endotracheal intubation, with a variety of tubes. The major complication to be avoided is airway fire. Each technique has advantages and disadvantages for avoiding fire and providing adequate ventilation. Fire is not a concern when the carbon dioxide laser bronchoscope is used, but the humidifier must be eliminated from the anaesthesia circuit to avoid vapour obstructing the bronchoscope coupler.
Anaesthetic management for the child with a mediastinal mass
Authors: Hammer Gregory B. 
Published: January 2004

SummaryAdministering anaesthesia to a child with an anterior mediastinal mass may lead to respiratory or circulatory collapse, even in those without symptoms. Institutions should have algorithms to manage children with mediastinal masses. Preoperative evaluations should include computed tomography, echocardiography and flow‐volume studies. Anaesthesia may be induced with inhalation agents and maintained with spontaneous respiration via facemask or laryngeal mask airway. Alternatively, positive‐pressure ventilation may be used, including tracheal intubation without muscle relaxants. Rigid bronchoscopy may be life‐saving in the event of tracheal or bronchial collapse under anaesthesia.