bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Daily activity of captive giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) at the wolong reserve
Authors: Mainka Susan A. , Zhang Hemin 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDaytime activity patterns of captive giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) (n = 21) were observed for 2 week periods during October 1991 and January, April, and July 1992. A daytime bimodal activity pattern was seen with increased activity coinciding with feeding times at 1000 and 1600 h. The animals spent an average of 40 ± 10% of their time sleeping, 21 ± 10% resting, 25 ± 11% eating, 13 ± 9% walking, and 1 ± 3% interacting with other giant pandas. Adult females were less active than males or juveniles. During July, giant pandas were less active during the daytime than during other seasons of the year. There was no difference in activity patterns between pregnant and non‐pregnant females. Two infants had similar activity patterns to the adults by the time they were 6 months old.Comparison with wild giant pandas (n = 5) at the Wolong Nature Reserve revealed similar bimodal activity cycles, although the time of peak activity differed and foraging/feeding time was greater for wild pandas than for captive animals. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Space use and proximity of captive chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) mother/offspring pairs
Authors: Goff Christopher , Howell Susan Menkhus , Fritz Jo , Nankivell Becky 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis pilot study considers space use and behavior patterns for nine chimpanzee mother‐offspring pairs. Observations were conducted using instantaneous scan sampling, four times daily, five days a week, for four weeks. Mother‐offspring use of vertical space and horizontal space and mother‐offspring proximity were observed and analyzed using a Chi Square test. Results suggest mother‐offspring pairs use levels above the enclosure floor, spending a majority of time in areas near horizontal bench substrates placed 1.2–2.5 m above the floor. Findings provide information that will assist managers in providing appropriate housing for chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) mothers and their offspring. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relatedness estimation of captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximas) by DNA fingerprinting
Authors: Bischof Laura L. , Duffield Deborah A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDNA from eighteen Asian elephants of known relatedness from three North American zoos was fingerprinted with the hypervariable probe M13. Paternity of a calf of known pedigree was verified. Paternity assignment of a calf having two proposed sires was suggested, but could not be conclusively determined due to a unique fragment in the calf and the unavailability of one potential sire for testing. It was concluded that DNA fingerprinting with M13 could provide a reasonable first estimator of relatedness for first degree relatives (mean S = 0.63±.11) and for unrelated animals (mean S = 0.26±.11), but would be unreliable for the discrimination of intermediate degrees of relatedness. DNA fingerprinting can be efficiently used for paternity determination only when all potential sires can be tested. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Urinary steroid evaluations to monitor ovarian function in exotic ungulates: X. Pregnancy diagnosis in Perissodactyla
Authors: Ramsay Edward C. , Moran Francisco , Roser Janet F. , Lasley Bill L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractEnzymeimmunoassays (EIAs) for estrone conjugates (EC), pregnanediol‐3‐glucuronide (PDG), and C‐19 and C‐21 progesterone metabolites (C‐19/C‐21) were used to analyze urine samples from four nondomestic equid species, four tapir species, and two rhinoceros species in an attempt to identify if these assays could be used for diagnosing and monitoring pregnancy. The same urine samples were also analyzed for the presence of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) activity, using a field dipstick test and a radioimmunoassay (RIA). The EC EIA was validated for three equid species and the Malayan tapir. Neither the PDG nor the C‐19/C‐21 EIAs were validated in any species evaluated. In equid species, the EC EIA demonstrated a specificity (the percentage of nonpregnant samples identified correctly) of 100% and a sensitivity (the percentage of pregnant samples identified correctly) of ≥ 88%. With the exception of the Grevy's zebra, the C‐19/C‐21 EIA showed a similar accuracy in identifying pregnant and nonpregnant equids. The PDG EIA was not sufficiently accurate to merit its use in equids or tapirs for pregnancy diagnosis. From the data collected, it appears analysis of a single urine by both the EC EIA and the C‐19/C‐21 EIA would be the best method of pregnancy detection during the last 2 trimesters of gestation, in equid species. In tapirs, the C‐19/C‐21 EIA was slightly more accurate for pregnancy diagnosis than the EC EIA. The C‐19/C‐21 EIA had a specificity of 93%, but a sensitivity of only 73% in tapir species. None of the EIAs evaluated demonstrated a sufficient specificity or sensitivity to be useful, as presently performed, for pregnancy diagnosis from a single sample in the black rhinoceros. The eCG dipstick used in this study did not prove a sufficiently reliable test for routine pregnancy in nondomestic equids. The eCG RIA results in the Przewalski's horses and the Hartman's mountain zebra were positive early in gestation, and indicate that gonadotropin analysis may be useful for pregnancy detection in these species. Only very low amounts of eCG activity was measured by the eCG RIA in the tapir and rhinoceros urine samples. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Leuprolide acetate can reversibly prevent egg laying in cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus)
Authors: Millam J. R. , Finney H. L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractLeuprolide acetate acts as a superactive gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist in mammals. Its administration to humans in a depot formulation (Lupron Depot 3.75 mg; TAP Pharmaceuticals, Deerfield, IL) consisting of microspheres suspended in a diluent of carboxymethylcellulose and other elements leads to an initial increase in serum gonadotropin levels followed by a prolonged suppression of ∼ 1 month's duration. To test whether it might act in cockatiels to prevent egg laying, we administered Lupron Depot to groups of pairs (at least 6 pairs/group) stimulated to reproduce by provision of nest boxes and exposure to sexually stimulatory daylengths (15:9 L:D). A single intramuscular injection of Lupron Depot, calculated to achieve a daily release rate of 0 (control; diluent only), 17, 52, or 156 μg/kg/day of leuprolide acetate, was administered on day 0, when birds received nest boxes and after daylength had been stepwise increased. Egg production began on day 12 in the 0 and 17 μg dose groups, and on day 31 in the groups receiving the higher doses. Number of eggs per clutch, candled fertility, and percent hatchability were not significantly different among the groups. In a separate experiment in which leuprolide was administered prior to photostimulation and nest box presentation, nest‐inspection behavior was not prevented. We conclude that a single injection of Lupron Depot is effective in reversibly preventing egg laying in cockatiels. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dyadic interactions of infant lowland gorillas in an outdoor exhibit compared to an indoor holding area
Authors: Hoff Michael P. , Forthman Debra L. , Maple Terry L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe behavior of two lowland gorilla mother‐infant pairs living in a social group at Zoo Atlanta was compared in an indoor holding area vs. an outdoor exhibit. Focal animal data were collected for each pair during 30‐min observation sessions over 24 days, alternating between indoors and outdoors. A variety of individual and social behaviors differed in the two conditions, particularly infant behaviors and infant‐controlled behaviors. Mothers and infants spent more time closer together inside than outside, and infants left mothers more and mothers approached infants more outside than inside. Additional differences included more object examination and solitary play by the infants, and more feeding by the mothers, outside. Mothers autogroomed more and infants engaged in more self‐manipulation inside. Additionally, there were significantly more aggressive display behaviors directed toward the mother‐infant pairs inside than outside, and the adults engaged in coprophagy inside but not outside. A variety of other behaviors measured did not change between the two environments. There was a clear effect on behavior of the different housing conditions in which the gorillas were kept. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Artificial incubation and hand‐rearing of 'Alala (Corvus hawaiiensis) eggs removed from the wild
Authors: Kuehler C. , Kuhn M. , McLlraith B. , Campbell G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe wild 'Alala (Corvus hawaiiensis) population has been declining for many years, and only a few pairs of birds are currently reproductively active on the island of Hawaii. A recovery program was initiated in 1993 which included removing eggs from wild nesting birds for artificial rearing and reintroduction. This paper describes the artificial incubation and hand‐rearing techniques. Eleven eggs were removed from three nesting pairs; eight were fertile, and seven hatched and were hand‐reared (fertility, 72.7%; hatchability, 87.5%; survivability, 100%). Eggs were incubated in a forced‐air incubator at 99.5°F (dry bulb), 80.0–86.0°F (wet bulb), and hatched under still‐air conditions at 99.0°F (dry bulb) and 88.0–90°F (wet bulb). Hatched chicks were hand‐fed a diet of fruit, insects, and mouse pups. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Factors influencing stereotyped behavior of primates in a zoo
Authors: Marriner L. M. , Drickamer L. C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractStereotyped behavior is the uniform repetition of a motor pattern that occurs at a higher frequency than considered typical for a species when observed in a natural environment. Stereotypies may be considered atypical behavior and usually indicate that an animal's psychological welfare is at a suboptimal level. Instantaneous scans at 30‐sec intervals during 20‐min observation periods were conducted on eight primate species at the St. Louis Zoo to determine frequency of occurrence of stereotyped behavior. Results indicated that many biotic and abiotic factors were related to the frequency of stereotyped behavior by captive primates, although rearing method was more important than present environmental conditions. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tonic immobility in 12 elasmobranchs: Use as an aid in captive husbandry
Authors: Henningsen Alan D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTonic immobility (TI), also known as animal hypnosis, has been observed in a wide variety of taxa and reported in all vertebrate classes with the exception of Agnatha. To date, TI has been reported in six species of elasmobranchs. Preliminary results are presented here for five species of galeomorph sharks, one species of squalomorph shark, and six species of batoids. Tonic immobility was induced in the leopard shark. Triakis semifasciata; the whitetip reef shark, Triaenodon obesus; the blacktip reef shark, Carcharhinus melanopterus; the Caribbean reef shark, Carcharhinus perezi; the swellshark, Cephaloscyllium ventriosum; the California round ray, Urolophus halleri; the shovelnose guitarfish, Rhinobatos productus; the clearnose skate. Raja eglanteria; the cownose ray, Rhinoptera bonasus; and the southern stingray, Dasyatis americana. The broadnose sevengill shark, Notorynchus cepedianus and the yellow stingray, Urolophus jamaicensis failed to exhibit the tonic immobility response, but only one individual of each species was tested. The average induction time ranged from 16.7 sec in the shovelnose guitarfish to 45.7 sec in the clearnose skate. Average duration times ranged from 34.3 sec in the clearnose skate to 274.0 sec in the Caribbean reef shark. Depending upon the species involved, TI has been used as an aid in a few husbandry and medical procedures in captive elasmobranches at the National Aquarium in Baltimore. These procedures have included gross examination, measuring lengths, tube feeding, and drawing blood via caudal venipuncture. Using tonic immobility during these procedures is beneficial as once induced, the subject's struggling is minimal and usually requires little restraint. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dominance hierarchies in male lizards: Implications for zoo management programs
Authors: Alberts Allison C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDepending on spatial requirements and the distribution of key resources in the environment, social behavior among lizards varies from defense of exclusive territories to the establishment of dominance hierarchies. In captivity or under conditions where dispersal is not possible, dominance hierarchies often emerge in species that are otherwise territorial. This review explores some of the morphological, behavioral, and hormonal determinants of social status in male lizards and how these may lead to differential reproductive function in dominant and subordinate individuals. Emphasis is placed on the importance of population density, local resource dispersion, and the composition and stability of social groups in promoting hierarchical behavior. Results of these studies have ramifications for several aspects of zoo management, including exhibit design, choice of animals to be housed together, provision of resources in space and time, and orientation of enclosures within captive breeding facilities. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Using training to moderate chimpanzee aggression during feeding
Authors: Bloomsmith M. A. , Laule G. E. , Alford P. L. , Thurston R. H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe effects of human and nonhuman primate interactions on the well‐being of captive nonhuman primates have been studied less rigorously than other forms of environmental improvement. Human intervention might be used to moderate severe aggression of socially housed animals at feeding times, one of the most common behavioral management problems. In this study, positive reinforcement training techniques were applied to reduce a dominant male chimpanzee's aggression and chasing during meals. Verbal commands and food reinforcers were used to train him to sit and remain seated while other group members received and ate their share of produce. Observational data were collected recording all instances of agonism in the group during periods when meals were fed and during times when no meals were offered, both before and after the training was accomplished. Multivariate analysis of variance for repeated measures results indicated that the training program successfully reduced the group's incidence of displaying, submission, and aggression during feeding periods. This effect was specific to the times meals were fed; there was no generalized reduction in the group's agonism after the training. This study exemplifies the use of positive reinforcement techniques to modify chimpanzee social dynamics during a problematic situation and of observational data to evaluate quantitatively the behavioral effects of the training. Training can be employed to help solve behavioral management problems among socially housed animals, and it can help improve the psychological well‐being of captive chimpanzees. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Veterinary care of Asian timber elephants in India: Historical accounts and current observations
Authors: Krishnamurthy V. , Wemmer Chris 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe discuss herein some of the historical factors that have influenced present day veterinary treatment and husbandry of Asian elephants used for timber extraction by Indian state forest departments. The British incorporated both indigenous and European practices into the veterinary management of timber elephants, and invested considerable time and energy to improve care and humane standards. The paper examines selected aspects of preventive and clinical treatment based on records from the Madras Presidency and present day Tamilnadu state. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Training zoo professionals for studbook and species survival plan programs
Authors: Read Bruce 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn 1989 a proposal to establish a Zoo Curator's Training Academy was distributed to more than 30 zoo professionals attending the annual conference of the American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums (AAZPA). Receiving a positive response, we tabulated the results and re‐evaluated the proposal. A task force was created in August 1990 to further define the target audience and to develop a curriculum and budget. The proposal was submitted to the AAZPA Board of Directors at the annual conference in September 1990, and the Board agreed to fund creation of an AAZPA Conservation Academy. The Academy's first course, Studbook I, was presented in February 1991 and taught methods for collecting and entering data into a specially tailored computer program. The course was well received by the students and their institutions. A second course, SSP Coordinator Training, was piloted in 1992 and achieved similar results by teaching standardized methods, including the use of a publishing format for the AAZPA's SSP programs. In 1993 the Institute of Museum Services (IMS) approved funding for development of a third course, the Science of Zoo and Aquarium Animal Management. This course, introduced in February 1994, fulfills the second of the Association's mandates for the Academy—to address animal husbandry by integrating scientific methods with animal management techniques and thereby establish standards for data bases and management plans. All Academy courses have been designed to be “hands‐on” participatory experiences and, combined with lectures, effectively train students to “do the job.” © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Remote monitoring of parental incubation conditions in the greater sandhill crane
Authors: Gee George F. , Hatfield Jeff S. , Howey Paul W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTo monitor incubation conditions in nests of greater sandhill cranes, a radiotrans‐mitting egg was built using six temperature sensors, a position sensor, and a light sensor. Sensor readings were received, along with time of observations, and stored in a computer. The egg was used to monitor incubation in nests of six pairs of cranes during 1987 and 1988. Ambient temperature was also measured. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to relate highest egg temperature, core egg temperature, and lowest egg temperature to ambient temperature, time since the egg was last turned, and time since the beginning of incubation. Ambient temperature had the greatest effect on egg temperature (P < 0.0001), followed by the time since the beginning of incubation and time since the egg was last turned. Pair effect, the class variable in the ANCOVA, was also very significant (P < 0.0001). A nine‐term Fourier series was used to estimate the average core egg temperature versus time of day and was found to fit the data well (r2 = 0.94). The Fourier series will be used to run a mechanical incubator to simulate natural incubation conditions for cranes. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Growth of morelet's crocodile (crocodylus moreletii) during the first three years of life
Authors: Pérez‐Higareda Gonzalo , Rangel‐Rangel Antonio , Chiszar David , Smith Hobart M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractGrowth of Crocodylus moreletii, an endangered species, was observed under protected conditions in the native range, from hatching through the third year of life. The goal of this project was to provide baseline growth data for eventual comparison with data from specimens reared in thermally controlled zoo facilities. Length increase averaged 1.6 cm/mo in our study. Under farming conditions in Mexico, however, C. moreletii increased in length by 2.4–3.0 cm/mo. Hence, we suspect that specimens raised under zoo conditions will exceed our values and approach the latter ones, as is the case for American alligators raised in controlled conditions. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Propagation of endangered birds in US institutions: How much space is there?
Authors: Sheppard Christine 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCaptive breeding is often touted as a way to preserve species disappearing in the wild. Zoos and related institutions have limited space for animals, however, and use of what space exists may be restricted by conflicting demands of entertainment, education, and propagation. Curators of US bird collections sponsored an analysis of space available for long‐term captive management. Seventy‐three collections responded to a survey, providing data on 3,174 exhibits and holding areas under their control. The most optimistic analysis indicates room for fewer than 141 long‐term management programs. To use space resources optimally for conservation, there is a strong need to develop priorities within management groups. New models and strategies for using captive propagation as a short‐term tool to bolster wild populations should be created. Immediate attention should be paid to the most effective and efficient ways of improving husbandry and management techniques for birds. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of chronic melengestrol acetate contraceptive treatment on perineal tumescence, body weight, and sociosexual behavior of hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas)
Authors: Portugal Mariette M. , Asa Cheryl S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMelengestrol acetate (MGA) subcutaneous implants were used in seven adult female Hamadryas baboons to study the effects of chronic progestin administration on perineal swelling, behavior, and weight gain. At the dose level used (≥8 mg/kg body weight), cycles of perineal tumescence ceased and swellings subsided. Social dynamics were not significantly altered during treatment, and only minor changes in agonistic interactions were noted following implant removal. Body weight increased by 17.3–47.6% during treatment despite decreased time spent foraging. This paradox may be explained by 1) foraging time not necessarily corresponding to total intake and 2) the nonsignificant trend toward lower levels of activity during treatment. Treatment with MGA can be recommended based on its ability to suppress ovarian cyclicity without causing social disruption. However, because this and other progestins stimulate weight gain, their use is contraindicated in overweight or obese animals. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.