bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Failure of Democratic Politics in Fiji
Authors: Lawson Stephanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1987 two military coups in Fiji undermined institutions previously thought to be democratic in character. The coup leader, Colonel Sitiveni Rabuka, claimed that the coups were necessary in order to protect the rights of indigenous Fijians against the demands of the large Indian community. Combining the techniques of the historian, the anthropologist, and the political theorist, Stephanie Lawson discusses the contemporary political situation in Fiji from both a historical and a theoretical viewpoint, and tracing the sources of the current divisions in Fiji to the well-intentioned, but in the end misguided, ambitions of colonial administrators to protect the way of life of indigenous Fijians. Dr Lawson’s analysis reveals many ironies. The very presence in Fiji of a large Indian community, now made a scapegoat by the coup leaders, is a result of the desire of colonial administrators to avoid forcing the indigenous population to become landless labourers, while at the same time securing a source of labour for a plantation-based agricultural system. She argues that post-colonial political institutions, themselves shaped by generations of colonial administrators, exacerbated and possibly created the very tensions between the indigenous population and Indians that they were designed to temper. Dr Lawson demonstrates why race was never really an issue in recent events but why Rabuka could plausibly claim that it was. She comes to the provocative but convincing conclusion that Fiji has never really been a democracy in the Western sense of the word.
Introduction
Authors: Graham Cosmo , Prosser Tony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Privatization, it seems, is sweeping the world. The number of countries adopting policies involving the sale of public enterprises increases constantly, in Europe, in Latin America, and now even in Eastern Europe.
As we shall see, privatization is by no means a new phenomenon. Nevertheless, the scale of disposals does represent something quite new, as does the adoption of ambitious programmes of privatization extending over a number of years. In this respect, there can be no doubt that the British Government has been the world leader in the process. Indeed, a number of overseas privatization programmes are directly modelled on British experience. It is no exaggeration to claim, with the Minister responsible for developing much of its thrust, that ‘Britain’s privatization programme sets [a] world example’ (Moore 1986).
Progress in Game-Theoretical Analysis of International Regimes
Authors: Kydd Andrew , Snidal Duncan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the last decade, regime theory has dominated the analysis of international institutions; over a slightly longer period, non cooperative game theory has enjoyed a tremendous resurgence in the analysis of social, economic, and political phenomena. Both regime and non-cooperative game theory are centrally concerned with problems of competition and co-operation in what international relations scholars refer to as an anarchic environment. These parallels are hardly coincidental, since regime analysis has borrowed some of its intellectual energy from game theory. Understanding the strategic logic of conventions or the importance of the shadow of the future in enforcing co-operation, for example, has been crucial in explaining why regimes matter in international anarchy.
Introduction: Transference of Power, Decision Rules, and Rules of the Game
Authors: Mazey Sonia , Richardson Jeremy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The adoption of the Single European Act (SEA) by the twelve EC Member States in 1986 marked an important stage in the development of the Community. The SEA commits Member States not only to the completion of the internal market by the end of 1992, but also to monetary and financial integration. Other sections of the document strengthen the legal basis and widen the scope of Community policies relating to European political co-operation, economic and social cohesion, research and technological development, the environment, and social policy. In order to facilitate the attainment of these objectives, the Act strengthened the legislative powers of the European Parliament and removed the need for unanimity within the Council of Ministers from those decisions pertaining to the single market.
Lobbying Brussels: A View from Within
Authors: Hull Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I would like to look at the lobbying process and its effects on pol icy-making in the Community from a number of points of view. As a Commission official for the last fourteen years or so, I have been subject to lobbying and the work of pressure groups in a variety of different forms and which from my point of view, have had a widely varying degree of effectiveness. As far as I am aware, no analysis has been produced of the attitudes, either of Commission ers or Commission officials, to the way they are regarded and treated by those who lobby them. I suspect that very few of the organizations or individuals seeking to influence the direction of Community policies have any idea of the mentality of the key players in Brussels. My aim, therefore, is to try to provide a practical guide to lobbying the Community system as seen by someone inside that system. The views expressed are very much my own.
Lobbying in Europe: The Experience of Voluntary Organizations
Authors: Harvey Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Voluntary and community organizations concerned with social pol icy have now joined the ranks of battalions of lobbyists now entrenched in Brussels, hovering around the European Commission, Parliament, Council of Ministers, and the Economic and Social Committee. Because of their small numbers, they need to make an impact out of proportion to their size if they are to influence social policy and put what has been termed a ‘human face’ on the single market of 1992.
Alfred Zimmern’s Cautious Idealism: The League of Nations, International Education, and the Commonwealth
Authors: Rich Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the first person to hold the Woodrow Wilson Chair of International Relations at the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, Alfred Zimmern was the first professor of the subject anywhere in the world. He was also a notable idealist thinker. His 1935 book The League of Nations and the Rule of Law was considered by Hedley Bull to be the most polished work of the inter-war idealists. J. D. B. Miller has also commended Zimmem’s understanding of the principal tendencies in world politics. Recently, D. J. Markwell has stressed Zimmem’s importance in establishing international relations as an academic subject.
The Edge of the Union
Authors: Bruce Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Northern Ireland Troubles, Ulster's once dominant unionists are an increasingly alienated people. In this timely assessment of the prospects for peace, Steve Bruce examines the embittered world-view of two key sections of Ulster unionism: loyalist terrorists and the evangelical supporters of Ian Paisley. To get to the heart of the unionist position, he asks how they see the last twenty-five years, what they want from the future, what they think they will get, what they will accept, and what they will fight to oppose. Professor Bruce describes the Troubles as a deeply entrenched ethnic conflict. He argues that a failure to appreciate the strength of the loyalist identity has prevented a proper understanding of the Troubles, and that continued neglect of the majority makes strategies for peace pointless or counter-productive.
The Right of Conquest
Authors: Korman Sharon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is an enquiry into the place of the right of conquest in international relations since the early sixteenth century, and the causes and consequences of its demise in the twentieth century. It was a recognized principle of international law until the early years of this century that a state that emerges victorious in a war is entitled to claim sovereignty over territory which it has taken possession. Sharon Korman shows how the First World War - which led to the rise of self-determination and to calls for the prohibition of way - prompted the reconstruction of international law and the consequent abolition of the title by conquest. Her conclusion, which highlights the merits and defects of the modern law as a vehicle for discouraging war by denying the title to the conqueror, challenges many of the assumptions that have come to constitute part of the conventional wisdom of our times. This is a study, not of international law narrowly conceived, but of the place of a changing legal principle in international history and the contemporary world.
Syria and Israel
Authors: Ma’oz Moshe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the first book to deal with the most crucial case of war and peace in the Middle East. Moshe Ma'oz examines the history of relations between Israel and Syria throughout the Middle Eastern conflict. Drawing upon a variety of original sources, the author discusses still little-known episodes in relations between the countries such as Syrian peace offers to Israel in the early 1950s and the mid-1970s; American and Soviet involvement; the role of Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, and the PLO; Israel's contribution to the aggravation of the conflict with Syria, and the new Syrian diplomatic strategy since 1988 and the peacemaking process after the Madrid conference (from late 1991). The book demonstrates the crucial importance of Syrian-Israeli relations for the strategic posture of both countries, for the fate of the Palestinian problem, and for the prospects of an overall Middle East Settlement.
Unemployment and Poverty: Change over Time
Authors: Hauser Richard , Nolan Brian , Mörsdorf Konstanze , Strengmann-Kuhn Wolfgang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The late 1980s and early 1990s were periods characterized by growing inter national competition accompanied by high unemployment in the countries of the European Union. Keynesian policies were substituted by more conservative policies based on neo-classical economic theory or supply-side economics. Deregulation, retrenchment and budget restrictions were key words in the debate about the welfare state all over Europe. The national strategies adopted, however, differed widely. This raises the issue of the implications of such differences both for the overall distribution of income and wealth, and for the living conditions of those at the lower end of the distribution, in particular the unemployed. This chapter examines the change over time in the poverty of the unemployed in countries that differed significantly both in their welfare regimes and in the policies that governments adopted towards the unemployed.
Poverty and Financial Hardship among the Unemployed
Authors: Gallie Duncan , Jacobs Sheila , Paugam Serge 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapter depicted the broad differences between countries in the implications of unemployment for poverty. But to what extent docountries also differ in terms of the distribution of financial deprivation among the unemployed: the types of unemployed people that are most at risk, and the degree of differentiation in the experience of unemployed people? If welfare institutions are of critical importance, it could be expected that countries closest to a universalistic regime would provide relatively equal treatment for different types of unemployed people while those closest to an employment-centred regime should be characterized by sharper differences.
Unemployment, Gender, and Attitudes to Work
Authors: Gallie Duncan , Alm Susanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For some, vulnerability to unemployment and, even more, vulnerability to long-term unemployment are seen as strongly linked to deficiencies in employment commitment among unemployed people. There are different views about the causes of this, but perhaps the most influential is the argument that it is the result of a calculative response to the incentives or disincentives for work provided by welfare systems. This has inspired, in several countries, an attempt by governments to cut back on welfare payments to the unemployed. Yet despite the prevalence and influence of such views, the evidence that has been adduced to date to support the underlying assumption that there is a problem of the ‘work motivation’ of the unemployed is remark ably slim, and there is correspondingly little well-grounded evidence about its determinants. This chapter sets out to use data from a new European survey to provide a more satisfactory description of the work attitudes of the unemployed, and to make an initial assessment of how far these are affected by the characteristics of benefit systems.
The Permanent Effects of Labour Market Entry in Times of High Unemployment
Authors: Vreyer Philippe De , Layte Richard , Wolbers Maarten , Hussain* Mohammad Azhar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Are young workers that first participated in the labour market in times of high aggregate unemployment permanently disadvantaged, compared to other workers that entered in more favourable periods, or do they catch up later? In this chapter we address this issue by looking at the career paths of several generations of workers, focusing on their relative risk of unemployment in relation to the level of aggregate unemployment when they first participated in the labour market.
Who Exits Unemployment? Institutional Features, Individual Characteristics, and Chances of Getting a Job. A Comparison of Britain and Italy
Authors: Bernardi Fabrizio , Layte Richard , Schizzerotto Antonio , Jacobs Sheila 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years numerous scholars have taken up the challenge of explaining the variations in unemployment rates in Western countries. The debate on the causes of unemployment has focused on the institutional regulation of the labour market and on how this regulation hinders market clearing (Grubb and Wells 1993; Siebert 1997).
SDP
Authors: Crewe Ivor , King Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Launched on a wave of euphoria in 1981, the SDP aroused the hopes and enthusiasm of millions of people. Promising to break the mould of British politics, its leaders included four of the most respected figures in British public life – Roy Jenkins, David Owen, Bill Rodgers, and Shirley Williams. But the SDP failed. Despite winning with the Liberals a quarter of the vote in two general elections, by the autumn of 1987 it had disintegrated amidst acrimony and bitter in-fighting. This book, based on unprecedented access to the SDP’s archive and extensive interviews with all the leading players, chronicles the party’s short but turbulent history and analyses in detail the reasons for its early success and its ultimate demise.
A ‘Partnership of Principle’
Authors: Crewe Ivor , King Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The average Labour MP, if asked during the 1960s or 19 70s what he thought of the Liberal party, would probably have replied that he barely thought of it at all. One might or might not like the Liberals; one might or might not agree with them. But they were not serious. Of the twenty-eight Labour MPs who eventually defected to the SDP, twenty-six had had Liberal opponents at the 19 79 general election; in twenty-five of the twenty-six cases, the Liberal candidate had finished third or worse. It is doubtful whether in more than a handful the Liberal’s intervention had made any difference to the outcome.
The Owen Ascendancy I: 1983–1985
Authors: Crewe Ivor , King Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1983 election took place on Thursday, 9 June, and the following day, within hours of the final result being declared, David Owen in an interview in The Times refused to rule out the possibility that he might challenge Roy Jenkins for the SDP leadership.1 That weekend he went further, phoning Jenkins at home and telling him bluntly that, unless he resigned the leadership immediately, he, Owen, would declare his intention to stand against him. Jenkins had originally intended to soldier on until at least the autumn, but on Monday, 13 June, at a private lunch party for the Gang of Four and a few others who had been prominent in the campaign, he announced he was going. He said he hoped that Owen would succeed him without a contest.2 When the six surviving SDP MPs met for the first time on 15 June, noone emerged to challenge Owen, and he formally became leader a week later.3
Organized Interests in European Integration: The Evolution of a New Type of Governance ?
Authors: Kohler-Koch Beate 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The role of organized interests has changed throughout the long process of West European integration. This is no surprise in that the creation of the European Community (EC) had a deep impact on the two environments, which, it is argued, shape the logic of interest intermediation (Schmitter and Streeck, 1981): the ‘logic of membership’, the material conditions under which actors are constituted and operate; and the ‘logic of influence’, i.e., the institutional structure and prevailing processes within the relevant political arena. It is a commonplace that the organization of interest representation has adjusted to the changing conditions of European integration. What is contested is whether this has been just an adjustment process or whether the way private interests have been configured has shaped the polity and politics of Europe as well.
Organizing Industrial Coalitions: A Challenge for the Future?
Authors: Cowles Marta Green 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The political activities of multinational enterprises (MNEs) and their industrial coalitions have changed the face of policy-making in Brussels. Today, members of the European Round Table of Industrialists (ERT) spell out their industrial agenda in private meetings with heads of state and government and in public documents. Hundreds of company representatives in the EU Committee of the American Chamber of Commerce (EU Committee)—one of the most powerful lobbying organizations in Brussels-operate a legislative intelligence network. MNEs now occupy key policy positions within the Union of Industrial and Employers’ Confederations of Europe (UNICE) and, through the UNICE Advisory and Support Group (UASG), contribute funding directly to the European peak association. Participants of the European Enterprise Group (EEG) quietly co-ordinate the large firms’ activities behind the scenes.
Island Epidemics
Authors: Cliff A D , Haggett P , Smallman-Raynor M R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ever since Charles Darwin landed on the Gal-pagos islands in September 1835, small islands have had a special place in scientific history. In Island epidemics, the authors show that the complex warfare of invasion and extinction observed by Darwin for plants and animals applies today with equal force to the micro-organisms which lie behind many human diseases. Growing from their earlier studies of Iceland and the Fijian islands, they provide a broad world picture of diseases which range from the familiar (influenza and German measles) to the exotic (kuru and tsutsugamushi), and islands which range in remoteness from the nearby Faroes and Scillies to the inaccessible Tristan da Cunha and Easter island. A constant theme in the book is the way in which technical developments over the last 150 years, notably in vaccination and transport, are fundamentally affecting the ways in which waves of epidemic diseases circle around the globe. As Darwin argued, islands form natural laboratories in which processes can be observed which are too complex to track in the fast-interacting city worlds, which dominate the crowded continents. The arrival of Ross River virus in the Cook islands or the decline of motor-neurone diseases on Guam can be followed with a precision, which owes much to an islands small size and limited accessibility. The revolution in molecular biology at the end of this century is emphasising how an islands genome, with peoples less mixed than in mainland communities, can provide unique genetic insights into diseases and heredity; the book reports on several examples including the interest in Icelands DNA bank.
Principles of Electoral Reform
Authors: Dummett Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A country’s electoral system has a profound effect on its politics; its citizens ought therefore to ask themselves at frequent intervals whether that currently in force is satisfactory. This book does not argue for a particular answer, but aims to help people think about the question. Few realize how much thought it needs. One should not begin by asking whether this or that system is better, but by trying to make precise what we want an electoral system to do. A general election has two effects: it decides the composition of Parliament; and it decides who is going to represent each constituency. The question of what we want an electoral system to do therefore splits in two: how should Parliament be divided between the parties, given the voter’s preferences? and which are the most representative local candidates, given the voter’s preferences? Neither question is straightforward, but this timely new book helps to explain on what basis we should decide which electoral system we should have.
Hypotheses on Vulnerability: Are Terrorists and Drug Traffickers Coerceable?*
Authors: Lepgold Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When can state-authored coercion be expected to stop or constrain such trans-state threats as terrorism and drug traffickers? Is this objective even feasible at costs that coercer governments are willing to pay? Policymakers became interested in these questions in the 1970s as trans-state political violence and drug operations mushroomed, often beyond the full control of state authorities. While policy-makers have an obvious interest in understanding these questions, scholars ought also to care about them.
British—West German Relations, 1973—1989
Authors: Smith Julie , Edwards Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Britain’s accession to the European Community on 1 January 1973 altered the context of British—West German relations, but it did not fundamentally alter the nature of the relationship. Neither country saw their bilateral relations as its first priority. For much of the period from 1973 to 1989 Britain continued to perceive its ties with the United States as more important, despite difficult moments during the 1970s and growing tensions in the 1980s that the close personal relationship between Mrs Thatcher and President Reagan only partially masked. Germany, despite its support for British membership of the EC, continued to look to France as its primary partner. Yet it, too, remained preoccupied with its relationship with the United States over issues of security and detente. Nevertheless, for most of the time between Britain’s accession to the European Community and the end of the cold war, Britain and Germany typically worked well together, albeit with little warmth, differing priorities, and, perhaps, a latent suspicion of each other’s motives. While the Franco-German relationship continued to be central to the development of the Community during the period, relations between Britain and German were typically more low-key, often producing positive results, but with rather less drama than sometimes surrounded Franco-German co-operation.