bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Whitman’s Prodigal “Pictures”
Authors: Gray Nicole 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This essay revisits Walt Whitman’s manuscript poem “Pictures,” an early piece described as “pre-natal” to Leaves of Grass. Drawing on a constellation of related manuscripts, it shows that the idea that was “Pictures” evolved over the course of decades. Hovering between manuscript and print, early and late, “Pictures” remains on the periphery of publication and yet informs a number of Whitman’s poems and ideas. His use of “Pictures” manuscripts as poetic compost also turns the desire to date and to categorize back on itself, frustrating critical desires to think of the poem as a single, datable item. More productively, “Pictures” should be understood as a spinal idea that informed manuscripts and published lines for decades. To think of any single manuscript version as complete or authoritative compromises the potential to see the full field of resonances of the project across decades and through multiple printed volumes of poetry.
On Color Metaphors in Organization Studies
Authors: Örtenblad Anders , Alpaslan-Danisman Sumeyra 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter acknowledges color metaphors in organization studies, and focuses on one group of color metaphors that may be the most frequently used—the variety of color-coded versions of the collar metaphor, such as blue- and white-collar workers. The chapter is based on an unsystematic literature review, and identifies and discusses a set of fairly common color metaphors that have occurred in both more academic and more practitioner-oriented writings. The authors make efforts to trace how certain colors have been given certain meanings, as they have been used as metaphors in combination with “collar.” The authors give examples of the many different meanings that there are of any single color, discuss the universality of meaning of any particular color, and suggest that caution is exercised by any organizational researcher who wants to include color metaphors in their research.
Using Metaphors in Research
Authors: Mitterhofer Hermann , Jordan Silvia 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses how organizational visual metaphors translate particular discourses and come to shape shared ways of thinking and acting in organizational contexts. Visual metaphors are found in written documents such as performance reports and risk reports, and they may appear in company interior design (pictures, paintings, sculptures in offices) or in digital media (e.g., in social media debates, self-representations in intranets, or PowerPoint slides when internally promoting a particular program of restructuring or a new strategy or “vision”). The chapter illustrates the relevance of visual metaphors in organizations, and outlines theoretical concepts and methods for analyzing these “metaphors in use.”
Research
Authors: Letiche Hugo , de Loo Ivo 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
“Invitation to research” is a metaphor. However, on the semantic or narrative level, we are rarely “invited” to conduct research. This chapter examines three very different ways of dealing with the metaphorical nature of doing research. The metaphorical grounds to semiotics (words) and semantics (narratives) are crucial to our very ability to do research. The authors first turn to Paul Ricoeur, the 20th century’s leading theoretician of the metaphor in research, linking his views to Gareth Morgan’s (1986) text on organizational metaphor. Then, they describe Jacques Derrida’s and Bernard Stiegler’s challenges to the propriety of metaphorization. What if metaphors endlessly keep referring to one another; or if the choices of metaphor do more harm than good? Thereafter, Henri Lefebvre’s rhythmanalysis is examined as an example of metaphorization as good practice. Finally, the authors discuss how balance may be sought between the necessity, complexities, and pitfalls of metaphor in research.
Do Indigenous Metaphors have Universal Applicability?
Authors: Dell Kiri , Spiller Chellie , Staniland Nimbus 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Indigenous paradigms are renowned for promoting holistic relationships with the environment, connectedness to place, and an intwined sense of belonging to a universal life force. The socially constructed worlds of Indigenous Peoples provoke ways of thinking that create sustainable practices and harmonious living with Earth. The contribution Indigenous metaphors offer are explored through Māori experiences in New Zealand. Four Māori metaphors being enacted in New Zealand’s organization environment are examined: Te Whare Tapa Wha (a house with four walls), whānau (kinship networks), Maui (personifying innovation), and rāranga (life as interwoven). The authors draw on these Māori metaphors and examine the implications of adopting, incorporating, and utilizing them beyond originating contexts. The authors address the political realities of engaging Indigenous metaphors, where the power imbalance of colonial situations creates sensitivities when non-Indigenous people access Indigenous knowledge. They also explore how Indigenous metaphors travel and assess which metaphors might gain uptake.
Metaphors of Digital Transformation
Authors: Audrin Bertrand , Davoine Eric 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores metaphors used by organizational actors to understand digital transformation and digitalized organizations. Following a “pigeon-holing approach” (Örtenblad 2017), we identify and categorize two sets of metaphors. The first set of metaphors consists of the metaphors of digital transformation: that is, the metaphors that deal with change—the wave metaphor and the digit metaphor. These metaphors help us better understand different dimensions of digital transformation as a technological and organizational change process. The second set consists of the metaphors of digitalized organizations: that is, the metaphors that deal with transformed organizations. Based on Morgan’s (1986) metaphors, the authors identify three root metaphors, namely the machine metaphor, brain metaphor, and instrument of domination metaphor. They argue that using several metaphors as categories helps us identify differences between various phenomena associated with digital transformation and digitalized organizations, and offer an overview of organizational actors’ understandings of these phenomena.
Managers’ Regulatory Focus, Exploration-Exploitation, and Temporal Ambidexterity
Authors: Tuncdogan Aybars , Ritala Paavo , Karhu Päivi 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Micro-foundations of ambidexterity—the psychological underpinnings that enable the individual level exploration-exploitation behavior by managers—is a topic that is attracting increasing scholarly attention. However, the extant research on temporal ambidexterity and the reasoning why managers decide to explore or exploit at a particular point of time is still scarce. In this chapter, drawing upon research on regulatory focus (a trait-like construct that can shift due to contextual influences), we establish a theoretical grounding and build a conceptual model for managers’ temporal ambidexterity. More specifically, we develop a dynamic model where we show how short-term and long-term performance aspirations and the received feedback affect managers’ exploration and exploitation choices. This chapter introduces the regulatory focus construct into the Handbook, and the model provides a feasible starting point for theorizing and empirical work on individual-level temporal ambidexterity.
Moderating Machiavelli
Authors: Hemsey Destiny R. , Dahling Jason J. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the Machiavellianism trait: Contrary to common belief, Machiavellian behavior is sensitive to situations and can be suppressed or exacerbated under certain circumstances. This chapter summarizes and interprets these situational characteristics that moderate the expression of Machiavellian personality specifically in the workplace. The authors apply trait activation theory and situational strength theory to organize findings and identify themes in the literature. Their analysis emphasizes the important moderating roles of normative standards, opportunity-enhancing situational factors, and perceived threats on the expression of Machiavellianism. The chapter concludes by deriving important directions for future research and the effective management of highly Machiavellian workers.
A Typology for Engaging Individuals in Crowdsourcing
Authors: Randhawa Krithika 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Crowdsourcing is an open innovation mechanism by which organizations (seekers) tap into large groups of external individuals (solvers) to generate innovative ideas and solutions. To date, relatively little is known about open innovation at a more micro level than the firm, providing scarce insights into the role individuals (outside an organization) play in crowdsourcing. Yet, successful crowdsourcing depends on the activities and inputs of such individuals. This chapter consolidates the different ways individual solvers can contribute to open innovation in both corporate and social crowdsourcing contexts, and explains how seekers can tap into individuals to produce various open innovation outcomes. Based on this, a typology for engaging individuals in crowdsourcing is developed, unpacking four categories of crowdsourcing strategies that allow firms to design aligned models, based on the type of solver expertise required (for technical problem-solving and for ideation) and different levels of solver interactions (in innovation contests and online communities). Opportunities are outlined for future research to further examine how best to enable and harness solver engagement that will yield valuable contributions to theory and practice.
Intermediaries and Platforms for Open Innovation
Authors: Diener Kathleen , Piller Frank , Pollok Patrick 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Intermediaries are an inherent part of value creation in open innovation, especially crowdsourcing. They connect organizations seeking external input or solutions for an innovation-related problem (seekers) with potential solution providers (solvers). To bridge between the innovation problem and external knowledge sources, intermediaries deploy different search strategies and offer complementary services. Drawing on three market surveys conducted among open innovation intermediaries over the last decade, this chapter introduces the market of open innovation intermediaries, provides descriptive information about their value chain, structures the professional services offered by them, and comments on the ongoing challenges of these essential actors of the larger open innovation ecosystem.
Open Innovation in Smart Cities
Authors: Almirall Esteve 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In a world where societies increasingly compete on innovation, cities are no strangers and aim to go beyond the provision of public services and the regulation of public goods. Open innovation has also taken cities by storm. However, Open innovation in cities has different objectives, methodologies, and aims than in the private sector. Objectives are different because cities seek the common good above all. Methodologies are different because labs, platforms, and city ecosystems are of paramount importance. Actors are different because citizens, non-profits, research organizations, and agencies play a fundamental role. This chapter reviews more than a decade of efforts of open innovation in cities together with the lessons learned. It shows the tensions between the actual city structures and their ambitions, highlighting the importance of open innovation in cities and the urgent need for transformation and renewal.
Open Innovation in Regional Innovation Clusters and Entrepreneurial Ecosystems
Authors: Radziwon Agnieszka 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The geographical dimension of open innovation consists of (geographical) proximity, economic growth, and inter-organizational networks. On one hand, clusters are characterized by spatial affordances and non-random co-location of economic activity—especially innovation. On the other hand, digital and traditional entrepreneurial ecosystems may benefit from both spatial and digital affordances. Firms embedded in a particular geographical location may experience advantages not only due to geographical proximity but also because of knowledge flows between the key actors forming relationships around shared technology and interests. This is where open innovation can play an important role in further development and growth while improving policy support, entrepreneur-to-entrepreneur knowledge exchange, and ecosystem orchestration. Therefore, this chapter explores open innovation in regional clusters and entrepreneurial ecosystems.
Connecting The (Invisible) Dots
Authors: Ferràs Xavier , Nylund Petra , Brem Alexander 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Open innovation requires the correct diagnosis of the situation, a differentiated value proposal, and a coherent, consistent action plan. In at least the first phases of this related funnel, open innovation can profit tremendously from artificial intelligence (AI) applications. How? Today, numerous sources of unstructured and scattered information, which may provide strategic insights, are accessible and can be automatically and systematically scanned and analyzed by AI algorithms. For example, the main sources of a company’s strategic information are the evolving scientific research on its core competencies; the emergence of synergistic startups; the company’s expansion decisions, new product launches, patents, and research and development investments; and its economic and financial results. While open innovation is subject to human cognitive biases, AI applications help overcome these biases and use metadata far beyond human respective ecosystems. This chapter explores the possibilities and limits of AI-enabled open innovation.
Open Innovation in The Context of Digital Ecosystems
Authors: Tatipamula Mallik 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Digital technologies are transforming the landscape of business around the world. Yet it is challenging to construct the necessary platforms and ecosystems to provide commercial digital technologies, and to incorporate these technologies into one’s own business practices. The rollout of 5G technologies demonstrates many of these points vividly. This chapter will follow 5G from its early days in the lab, to its technically complex development, through to the ecosystem relationships that are driving adoption of 5G around the world. An open innovation perspective is shown to be useful for navigating this long journey of a general-purpose technology, from the lab through to the market.
Tantric Studies
Authors: Payne Richard K. , Hayes Glen A. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This introductory chapter addresses ongoing academic debates regarding the origins and earliest forms of tantra, as well as defining it and methodologies for its study. Did it begin as a movement within Hinduism, or Buddhism, or perhaps in some less-documented “pre-tantric” traditions, and what were the interactions between traditions? And what about “tantra” as a category term, regarding which there are a diversity of scholarly opinions. Any study of tantra must also consider the dynamics of gender, embodiment, sexuality, the roles of goddesses, and historical gender biases in scholarship. Because there are many flourishing communities of “lived tantra” across Asia, a survey of ethnographic and anthropological studies is included. Cognitive scientific and neuroscientific approaches to tantric studies are also reviewed. And an appendix discusses scholarly institutions and collaborations that focus on tantric studies, including a survey of archives of available tantric texts and images.
The Next Frontier
Authors: Sweijs Tim , Ellison Davis 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
At the dawn of the Second Space Age, the evolution of space as a warfighting domain is keeping brisk pace alongside its increasing economic and societal importance. A clear understanding of strategic dynamics in space is a necessary prerequisite to enhancing the stability and peaceful uses of space. This chapter proposes concepts that are central to developing a strategic theory for space. It first provides descriptions of both why space is important and why it is different and links these considerations to a rationale for new strategic theorizing. The chapter engages with previous thinking from other military domains, namely land, maritime, and airpower, to probe the literature on strategy and ascertain those most fundamental elements applicable to the space domain. It then offers three foundational concepts for a strategic theory for space: power, access, and command. Finally, it considers theory both in relation to orbital uses for space as well as in the emerging commercial and military uses of cislunar and deep space.
US National Security Interests in Space
Authors: Pace Scott 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Given its dependence on space-derived information and an increase in potential adversary threats to space assets, the United States has taken a number of steps in recent years to protect its national security interests in space. Most visibly, it created a distinct military service for space, the United States Space Force. This chapter considers US national space policy and the way in which it addresses deterrence in the space domain and describes measures to shape the international space environment in a manner conducive to US interests. While realism provides the context for understanding US competition with adversaries such as Russia and China in space, other theories can be more useful in understanding specific international engagements. These include complex interdependence with respect to like-minded allies and partners in space exploration, and constructivism with respect to the creation of international norms of behavior. As the chapter shows, this suggests analytical eclecticism as a pragmatic approach to understanding US international activities in space.
Japan’s Grand Strategy in Outer Space
Authors: Pekkanen Saadia M. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The international space order is marked by a rising number of spacefaring countries, unprecedented commercial trends, and a slide toward weaponization. These deeply intertwined trends present threats, challenges, opportunities, and uncertainties for all states. Using the lens of grand strategy, this chapter illuminates how Japan is producing prosperity and security in its national interest. Given its deeply developmental and historically realist orientation, the Japanese state is doing so by proactive positioning on all fronts in the space domain—economic, military, diplomatic. Through whatever means, processes, and forums available, the Japanese state’s all-fronts vision keeps it attentive to locking in specific national advantages, big or small, concrete or nebulous. The Japanese state is not so much sprinting in some finite space race as it is proactively positioning in an unbounded marathon. On that field, it matters less who is first and what was won and more whether Japan is present.
Security Dilemma, Debris, and the Future of Space Operations
Authors: Townsend Brad 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Orbital debris generated by the ongoing use of space is a limiting factor on the future use of space. No feasible way of removing more than a small fraction of the debris already in orbit exists, which makes each future space launch or satellite collision an enduring hazard that nations must cooperatively manage. This chapter looks at the challenges associated with tracking and removing debris as well as the impact that national security competition extending into space could have on the space environment. It concludes with two primary recommendations that could ensure the future sustainability of Earth orbit. First, elevating debris mitigation guidelines to the level of international law combined with developing enforcement mechanisms for malign actors will reduce debris generation for normal space operations. Second, extending the laws of armed conflict to ban usage of debris-generating weapons in orbit will mitigate the threat of armed conflict extending into space.
Space-Based Data and Human Security
Authors: Borowitz Mariel 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Data from Earth observation satellites has great potential to contribute to human security—focusing on security at the level of the individual and addressing issues such as environmental security, food security, and health security. However, this potential has not been fully realized. Human security requires that we focus on individuals not only as referents of security but also as actors able to influence the security landscape. Space activity has been, and largely remains, the province of state actors. However, the trend toward open data policies, the growth of the commercial remote sensing sector, and the increasing availability of data analysis tools and training have created more opportunities for non-state actors to utilize satellite data and become meaningful actors in the realm of human security. While these trends are opening new opportunities for involvement, there are still important inequities that remain. This chapter explores how the shifting roles and capabilities of state and non-state actors within the remote sensing satellite sector have affected the contribution of this technology to human security.
Geopolitics of Global Navigation Satellite Systems
Authors: Larsen Paul B. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are in geopolitical crisis. The United States, Russia, European Union, and China have each established international satellite positioning, navigation, and timing systems. As this chapter shows, these four systems both compete with and serve as back-ups for each other. With the exception of European Galileo, they are all linked to confrontational national military operations. All provide free services for civilian uses which have become pillars of economic and social society. However those services are made insecure by intentional harmful interferences, and the chapter shows, undermines the reliability of GNSS and places stress on the regulatory structure. GNSS is subject to national regulation by the states and international regulation by the UN Charter, the Outer Space Treaty and by the other space law treaties. Additionally, GNSS open civilian radionavigation signals are coordinated and supported by the UN Committee on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS), which has established an international GNSS Committee with an active working groups to resolve civilian GNSS operating problems.
Commercial Space Peace Theory
Authors: Whitman Cobb Wendy N. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
As home to a significant number of assets that underpin the global economy, space has been largely underappreciated in treatments of globalization and the economic ties that stem from it. Capabilities that are intrinsic to the global economy such as communications, financial transactions, and environmental and weather monitoring all depend on space-based systems. This chapter argues that economic interdependence between states depends to a great extent on these space systems thereby raising the cost of potential conflict in the domain. The chapter begins by highlighting the physical differences between the terrestrial and space domains that make operations in space more difficult. After highlighting the ways in which space systems facilitate global economic behavior, this chapter then lays out the five propositions of the commercial space peace theory. The theory not only has implications for how conflict in space may be discouraged by increasing the commercialization of space but also suggests ways in which international relations writ large may deal with unique issues such as the power of private companies. As a whole, the chapter represents a means by which traditional international relations theories may be applied in the space domain.