bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Marriage and Nemesis,1816-1828
Authors: Mitchell L G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After 1816, William Lamb’s marriage was something to be endured. His wife became increasingly slovenly and drunken. His son grew physically, but not mentally, stronger. London life became a terrible burden, so refuge was sought at Brocket. In its library, Lamb read voraciously and found a little peace, even if the price he paid was an inability to pursue politics seriously. Contemporaries wondered that the marriage survived at all. The diarist Greville noted that the Lambs had had ‘a sort of half-laughing, half-resentful reconciliation. They lived in this queer way.’ The pattern of extravagant behaviour followed by a penitence that some saw as self-indulgent reasserted itself. In 1817, Caroline assured Michael Bruce that ‘wicked as it may be I should not so much mind errors of the wandering heart, if I had been gentle and made William happy but as it is I am miserable and when I die he will not even be able to love my remembrance’. At this time, both William and Caroline claimed that they had no wish to go on living. They implored their friends to pray for them. There was no career, no acceptance in society, and little sympathy from friends or relations. Nor would there be any respite. From 1816, until her death in 1828, Caroline Lamb endlessly rehearsed her misery before the public by writing more novels and by provoking outrage. Ada Reis, giving a loosely veiled account of the Byron ajfaire appeared in 1823. A year earlier, Graham Hamilton had been published. It tells a familiar tale. Hamilton loves and marries a cousin. Both young people test their innocence and virtue against the decadent values of London society, and both are corrupted by it. They become victims of the ‘censorious, officious, intermeddling world’. The wife dies of grief and remorse. The husband flees to the New World. As in her earlier productions, Caroline portrays herself as destroyed by vicious social conventions against which an amiable but ineffective husband could not defend her.
Apprenticeship in Politics) 1806-1830
Authors: Mitchell L G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
William Lamb entered Parliament in January 1806, six months after his marriage. For the next twenty-two years, with the exception of 1812-16, he was in theory a House of Commons man, representing seven different constituencies. Initially, his prospects were excellent. Lady Holland, a talent spotter of some distinction, hailed him as ‘one of the most rising men in public’. Unfortunately, William Lamb failed to rise. Until 1827, he was a political nonentity, with no offer of office and a blasted reputation. Even when he took on a junior post in Ireland, contemporaries might well have thought that this would be the ceiling of his ambitions. He was a minor figure, whose existence as a politician at all was entirely a matter of inheritance. He had the benefit of being born in influential circles. There was little else to recommend him. His catastrophic marriage was the major factor in his political eclipse, but there were others.
The Last Years, 1841-1848
Authors: Mitchell L G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Melbourne always feared the loss of office. As his government faced one crisis after another, each of them threatening a final dissolution, he grew. adept at rationalizing a determination to stay in power. Duty to friends and duty to country were invoked as justifications, as was the urgent need of a young queen for stable government. He frankly admitted that he ‘preferred being charged with tenacity of office, than with a readiness to abandon the government‘. Yet, power and the manipulation of men and events gave him little pleasure. As has been noted, he had little personal engagement with most of the great issues of his prime ministership.
The Postwar World
Authors: Caine Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The postwar period is a particularly difficult one to deal with when writing a history of modern feminism. Just as the drama of the militant suffrage campaign made the quieter activities of interwar feminists almost invisible, so too the sudden and dramatic rise of the Women’s Liberation movement in the early 1970s has made it very hard to see or understand the feminist activity or debates about women of the preceding decades. The Women’s Liberation movement itself has made this task more difficult: in its concern to safeguard and record its own history it has collected and published a number of accounts which have served to re-enforce a strong sense that the ‘second wave’ of feminism created itself from conflicts experienced by women within left-wing political and youth movements of the 1960s, and that it was almost sui generis in relation to feminist organizations and activities.1 Seeking to emphasize the novelty and the politically and sexually radical character of the Women’s Liberation movement, its spokeswomen have emphasized the discontinuities between it and prior feminist agitation, barely deigning to recognize the campaigns for legal reform, for equal pay, and for an end to discrimination in the workforce which had continued for decades.
Opulence and Glory
Authors: Langford Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The success of the Seven Years War bred a certain complacency about Britain’s place in the world. It was temporarily shattered by the American War and replaced by a cautious optimism about a future which was not meant to include imperial ambitions. War in general was an inescapable experience for Englishmen born after 1720, but for most of them it was acquired at second hand or viewed more as theatre than reality. There was some sentimental dismay at the horrors of armed conflict, rarely developing into authentic pacifism. War had important economic consequences, though it is difficult in retrospect accurately to assess them. At the time there was concern about the under lying economic trends. In the absence of reliable statistics, it was possible to believe that the population was diminishing. The need to increase the nation’s stock of manpower was a characteristic preoccupation of the age. There was matching concern about the size of the National Debt, and the consequent strains imposed on.fiscal policy. Pessimism on these scores was offset, especially after 1760, by growing faith in the commercial vitality of British society. Technological advance aroused great enthusiasm. Voluntary organizations and associations expressed the contemporary interest in practical enlightenment. Particularly among businessmen, the emphasis was on marketing as much as mechanics. Industrial advance provoked some opposition, including violent resistance to the introduction of labour-saving machinery.
Death, Art, and Memory in Medicoal England
Authors: Saul Nigel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this innovative and compelling book Nigel Saul approaches the world of the medieval gentry through the monuments they left behind them. The Cobham family left the largest and most spectacular collection of brasses in Britain in their church at Cobham, and other magnificent brasses in Lingfield, and elsewhere. Medieval brasses have hitherto been studied chiefly from an antiquarian or technical perspective; Nigel Saul for the first time shows how they served as a link between the living and the dead. Commemoration was inseparable from the wider dynamics of society. Through the brasses and through family history he takes us to the heart of gentry aspirations and fears, successes and disappointments. This extensively illustrated study offers a new paradigm for the study of medieval church monuments and makes a major contribution to our understanding of gentry culture.
Teaching with Henry Mayr-Harting
Authors: Goldman Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Henry returned to Oxford from Liverpool in1968 on his election to a fellowship (and an associated university lectureship) at St Peter’s College. Founded in1929 for the education of poor men in the evangelical tradition, St Peter’s had been granted its charter in 1961. Henry arrived at a singular moment, as the fellow¬ ship expanded rapidly during the late 1960s and as St Peter’s moved from the more enclosed atmosphere of a permanent private hall to take its place as a full college of the university. Few members of St Peter’s played a larger role than Henry in building up the reputation of the college, both in Oxford and outside. In three decades as a fellow he fashioned St Peter’s into a centre for historical learning and established a tradition of undergraduate excellence.
Gregory The Great’s Pagans
Authors: Markus R A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Pagan’ is a notoriously difficult word for historians. We think we know what we mean by it, and only the most pernickety among us keep insisting that we don’t, and that we had better be clear and define it. I have been as tiresomely insistent as anyone that we must at least begin with a preliminary clarification: we should be clear as to whether we are speaking of ‘pagans’ in our own terms, in which case we must be prepared to say what we mean by the word; or of ‘pagans’ as they were conceived by whoever is the subject of our discussion-early or medieval Christians, bishops, writers, missionaries-in which case we must be clear as to what they meant by it. For one thing is certain: the word has been slippery in the extreme, and its history—which is, of course, by no means over-is complex, interesting, and largely uninvestigated.
Duke Tassilo of Bavaria and the Origins of the Rupertus Cross
Authors: Scharer Anton 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The confidence to embark in new directions and to attempt as a historian to interpret a work of art I owe to the honorand, who has in such a grand and convincing manner illuminated our understanding ‘of the interaction of religion and politics in an art closely connected with the court of the Saxon emperors’,1 and of Charlemagne as a patron of art. But my personal and intellectual debts to him, incurred over decades, are much greater than can be expressed here. May he accept the following as a modest expression of gratitude. I shall begin with a brief discussion of the Rupertus Cross itself I shall then put forward some suggestions as to its function and context, which will lead us finally to the wider issues of works of art connected with Duke Tassilo and their significance for court culture.
The Church of Worcester and St Oswald
Authors: John Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
St Oswald’s part in the revival of monasticism known as the Tenth-Century Reformation was the subject of an important study by Dean Armitage Robinson. He was mainly concerned with the part Oswald played in the transformation of the cathedral community at Worcester into a fully Benedictine monastery. This transformation has since been the subject of varying interpretations. The present enquiry reconsiders the question in a broad chronological framework, continuing across the Norman conquest. The outcome will, I hope, be a clearer view of the history of the mensa, extending from Oswald’s pontificate to the twelfth century.
The religious patronage of Robert and william of mortain
Authors: Golding Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The book of benefactors to St Albans (c.1380) is an extraordinary and unique compilation intended to commemorate all the significant benefactors of that great Benedictine house. Not only does it summarize the grants, but over 200 patrons are portrayed in naive miniatures. Amongst the men and women so memorialized we find Robert of Martain and Almodis his wife, as well as Alured, Robert's steward and a prominent vassal. At first sight this is appropriate, for some time between ro86 and his death in 1095 Count Robert granted half a hide in Redbourne and a virgate in Codicote (Herts.). Moreover, one of Robert's daughters, Mabel, was buried in the abbey.
Functions of a Twelfth-Century Recluse Revisited: The Case of Godric of Finchale
Authors: Ridyard Susan J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a summer day, early in the twelfth century. A group of peasants from the countryside around Finchale, near Durham, look with fierce resentment at the grain slowly ripening on the very spot where they, and their fathers before them, have been accustomed to pasture their sheep and cattle. It has been planted by a newcomer-brought in and given the land by the Bishop o f Durhama would-be hermit named Godric, a useless individual who shuns their company while threatening their livelihood.
Robert of Lewes, Bishop of Bath, N36-N66: A Cluniac Bishop in his Diocese
Authors: Ramsey Frances 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The twelfth-century English church was notable for bishops of distinguish ed quality, and amongst such figures as Anselm and Becket, Henry of Blois and Theobald, Robert of Lewes cannot hope to rank highly. Yet he is not without interest. He was a Cluniac monk, one of only a handful to attain episcopal office in this period, and so the question arises as to whether there was anything specifically monastic, or more particularly Cluniac, about the way in which her an his diocese. He was also almost certainly the author of the Gesta Stephani, and thus a man of scholarly as well as administrative capacity.
Caricature And French Political Culture 1830–1848
Authors: Kerr David S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Charles Philipon (1800-1862) was the founder of the satirical illustrated press in France. With the newspapers he owned and directed, La Caricature and Le Charivari, he led an unprecedentedly coherent and vitriolic campaign of disrespect against King Louis-Philippe and his regime. Using a group of young caricaturists (the most talented of whom were Daumier, Grandville, and Travies) and the collaboration of a gifted team of writers (including Balzac) he crafted a new language of opposition. This book is the first full scholarly study of the structure of the illustrated press in the 1830s, its contribution to political debate in France, the dissemination of caricature and its potential as political propaganda, and the links between caricature and other forms of political-cultural discourse under the July Monarchy.
Caricature and Political Culture in Orléanist France
Authors: Kerr David S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Revolution of 1830 fundamentally altered the relationship between the government and people of France. The rigid distinction between the pays légal (the small elite of notables which alone had the right and the opportunity to participate in politics) and the pays réel, which had formed the heart of the Charter of 1814 and the basis of political life under the Restoration, broke down on the streets of Paris on 27, 28, and 29 July. In the euphoria which followed, the people of Paris believed that they were reliving the glorious days of 1789; the July Revolution revivified the concept of the sovereignty of the people and widened the political world by encouraging classes previously excluded from the political process to reassert a claim to political influence. Although the new regime quickly passed an electoral law which reinstated a means-tested enfranchised elite only slightly larger than the pays légal of the Restoration, it took several years of increasingly aggressive repression to convince the populace that it had no place in politics.
The Collection of Data
Authors: Roffe David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite Their Inconsistencies, both GDB and LDB are marvels of administrative planning. Within the span of 850 folios economy of expression is linked to a systematic format that facilitates easy use to create a formidable work of reference. It is a work of genius and, not unnaturally, historians have sought the mind that masterminded the enterprise. Galbraith identified ‘the man behind the survey’ as Samson the chaplain, a Frenchman, probably from Bayeux, who subsequently became bishop of Worcester. His argument is a circumstantial one, being based on the observation that a manor held by Samson of the bishop of Bayeux at Templecombe in Somerset was entered in an abbreviated form in Exon in the same hand as that of the greater part of GDB. Curiously, the scribe incorrectly valued part of the estate, and this is perhaps surprising had he been entering his own land.
The Domesday Inquest and Domesday Book
Authors: Roffe David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thus Far The analysis of the Domesday inquest has proceeded in terms of processes, namely, the collection of data, executive action, the formulation of reports, and finally, the production of Domesday Book itself Two stages have been identified in the garnering of evidence. Initial sessions were held in local centres and were overseen by the regular personnel oflocal government. Their brief was limited, being confined to, in the words of the Anglo-Saxon chronicler, ‘how many hundred hides there were in the shire, or what land and cattle the king himself had in the country, or what dues he ought to have in twelve months from the shire’. Thereafter, further sessions were held in regional courts before commissioners who were charged with receiving presentments from tenants-in-chief on the resources of their estates. Executive action, notably the resolution of disputes, was thereby set in train in a process which was to continue independently but in parallel with the ongoing Domesday inquest. In the mean-time reports of one sort or another were drawn up and sent to a central point, and GDB was subsequently abbreviated from these materials.
Ireland before 3000 b.c.
Authors: Kelly M J O’ 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the succeeding era, the quaternary, which opened about two million years ago, Ireland, in common with the rest of Europe, experienced a great ice age. This was not a single extended period of severe glaciation, but rather consisted of alternating phases of extreme temperature change. Each major advance of the ice sheet was succeeded by a period of higher temperature when the ice melted and disappeared. These warm interglacial periods varied greatly in duration, as did the so-called interstadial periods when the ice was either stationary or in minor recession.
The Place: A Changing Village in the Saarland
Authors: Blackbourn David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Immediately after his inauguration in November 1867, Bishop Eberhard of Trier issued a pastoral letter, in which he reflected on the great variations within his diocese. Alongside the ‘noise and bustle’ of new industrial regions to which people were thronging, stimulated by ‘the railway lines along which the iron horse rushes’, were rural areas that were ‘completely remote, cut off from communications, isolated, sometimes almost inaccessible’. Ostensibly at least, Marpingen belonged to the second category as surely as did those parts of the diocese in the Eifel and the Hunsrtück. The village was situated in the Saar-Nahe hill country, with its raw climate and difficult terrain. The Als valley in which Marpingen lay was over 800 feet above sea-level, and surrounding peaks—notably the local landmark of the Schaumberg—reached nearly 2,000 feet. To the east of the village were old Roman roads that had once linked Straßburg to Trier and Mainz to Metz, but in the nineteenth century the main lines of communicationpassedMarpingen by. During the 1850s and 1860s, as the railway expanded and communities pushed their claims for inclusion in the network, Marpingen remained miles distant from the nearest railhead. As one writer noted in the 1870s, it was ‘not marked on normal maps’.
Theatres of Cruelty
Authors: Evans Richard J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In August 1616 the Englishman John Taylor-poet, wit, traveller, and eccentric-embarked at Gravesend on a brief trip to the north German seaport of Hamburg. Not long after his arrival, he ‘saw at the common jail of the town, a great number of people were clustered together. I asked’, he wrote, ‘the cause of their concourse, and I was certified that there was a prisoner to be broken upon the wheel the next day, and that these idle gazers did press to gape upon him for want of better employments.’ Being ‘as inquisitive after novelties, as a traveller of my small experience might be’, Taylor made some further enquiries. He discovered that the prisoner had been found guilty of murdering his small daughter with an axe in a fit of rage. He determined to attend the execution, which was scheduled for the next day.
Denouement
Authors: Vital David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The curtain was rung down on the history of the Jews of Europe on 1 September 1939. With one moderately sized exception (the British) and three very small ones (the Finnish, the Swedish, and the Swiss) each of the continent’s communities would end by being placed either entirely or, as in the case of Russian Jewry, at any rate in great part at the mercy of Germany’s army, police, and civil administration. In German-occupied Poland this was immediate. In Hungary this occurred only in the final stages of the war. But the result everywhere was much the same. What transpired throughout the continent was Proskurov,1 but a Proskurov writ immensely large, not so much another instance of riders descending on a civil population in the tried and true manner of marauding bandits throughout the ages, but the work of a skilled and disciplined official apparatus of government operating under the helpful eye of a fighting army that, regiment for regiment, commanding officer for commanding officer, was probably the finest the continent had known since the Romans at their peak. Having failed to extrude the Jews, it became the purpose of the German state to destroy them. There having been little opposition to their policy towards the Jews in the years leading up to the war, the masters of Germany were left to conclude, correctly as things turned out, that they and their many allies would have an entirely free hand in the business of disposing of the Jews once and for all once the war was in progress. Multitudes of Jews were worked to death as slaves of the German war machine. Very much greater numbers still were rounded up and done to death without any delay at all.
Witchcraft and Catholic Theology
Authors: Baroja Julio caro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
AT a time when so many works of great learning and discernment have been written concerning the history of magic in general and witchcraft in particular, it may appear foolhardy to seek to add to them. However, the present author would point out by way of excuse that he merely wishes to throw light on a specific subject, namely, how the figure of the witch, already known in pagan antiquity, took on different characteristics in subsequent periods, after the triumph of Christianity. Finally, as will be seen, the witch-figure became the basis of an immense theological and juridical construction, superimposed on far more ancient and simple facts; and this construction was the work of intellectuals, although their culture was of a very special type. As has been said, the theme is a limited one; but it is of particular theoretical interest, and may be relevant to a revision of the basic concepts of modern anthropology: functionalism on the one hand, structuralism on the other, and, finally, historicism.