bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nanostrukturwissenschaften Uni Kassel
Authors: Faust Rüdiger 
Published: February 2005

AbstractWie optimiert man die Oberfläche von Keramikkacheln, damit Raumfahrzeuge beim Eintauchen in die Erdatmosphäre effektiv vor Hitze geschützt werden? Welchen Einfluss hat die Teilchengröße der Zusätze einer Gummimischung auf den Grip eines Autoreifens? Wie formt man Farbpigmente, damit ein schimmernder Perglanzeffekt entsteht? Wie bringt man einen pharmazeutischen Wirkstoff unverändert und funktionsbereit an seinen zellulären Wirkort? Welche Komponenten benötigt ein optischer Computer?
Neue wässrige Beschichtungssysteme
Authors: Wiese Harm , Xue Zhijian , Leuninger Joerg 
Published: February 2005

AbstractPolymerdispersionen sind wässrige Dispersionen feinster Polymerteilchen. Die Teilchendurchmesser liegen typischerweise zwischen 100 und 300 nm, ein Bereich, den man heute als Nanotechnologie bezeichnet, der jedoch klassisch der Kolloidik zuzurechnen ist.
Die Chemie eines kleinen Spinners
Authors: Roth Klaus 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSchmetterlinge haben aus gutem Grund Angst vor Spinnen, schließlich sind sie deren Lieblingsspeise. Einmal im Spinnennetz gefangen, versuchen sie, durch hektisches Flügelschlagen zu entfliehen. Der kleine Bärenspinner Utetheisa ornatrix bleibt in dieser Situation völlig cool. Die Spinne stürzt herbei, betastet kurz die Beute und schneidet sofort um den Bärenspinner ein Loch ins Netz. Der Schmetterling fällt herunter und bevor er den Boden erreicht, spannt er die Flügel auf und flattert von dannen. Er war sich seiner Sache von Anfang an sicher, sein Geheimnis: von klein auf die richtige Ernährung, ordentlicher Sex und eine gute Portion Chemie.
Mortality trends for cervical squamous and adenocarcinoma in the United States
Authors: Sherman Mark E. , Wang Sophia S. , Carreon Joseph , Devesa Susan S. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDIn the United States, detection of squamous carcinoma in situ (CIS) by screening has led to reduced rates for invasive squamous carcinoma and lower mortality. Adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) rates also have increased, but invasive cervical adenocarcinoma rates have not declined similarly. To make inferences about the effectiveness of screening, the authors assessed mortality trends for squamous and adenocarcinoma in relation to incidence of these tumors, incidence of their precursors and survival.METHODSUsing data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program (SEER), the authors tabulated incidence per 105 woman‐years for invasive carcinomas (1976–2000) and for CIS and AIS (1976–1995) by age (< 50 years, ≥ 50 years) and race (whites, blacks). Cumulative relative survival rates were tabulated for 1976–1995 and mortality rates were estimated for 1986–2000.RESULTSAmong all groups, CIS rates approximately doubled whereas rates for invasive squamous carcinoma declined. Among younger whites, mortality declined from 1.12 to 0.93, and for older whites, mortality decreased from 5.02 to 3.82. Among younger blacks, mortality for squamous carcinoma decreased from 2.69 to 1.96. Among older blacks, the mortality rates declined from 14.88 to 9.15. Although AIS rates have increased dramatically among whites (all ages) and younger blacks, adenocarcinoma incidence and mortality rates have not changed greatly. Survival for patients did not change greatly within these age‐race groups.CONCLUSIONSThe authors concluded that increases in CIS seemed disproportionately large compared with improvements in mortality rates for squamous carcinoma. Despite increased reporting of AIS, declines in mortality for cervical adenocarcinoma have not been demonstrated conclusively. However, future analyses are required to evaluate these trends more completely. Cancer 2005. Published 2005 by the American Cancer Society.
Differences in toxicity between men and women treated with 5‐fluorouracil therapy for colorectal carcinoma
Authors: Chansky Kari , Benedetti Jacqueline , Macdonald John S. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDRecent explorations suggest that women may experience more severe 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU)–related toxicity than men. The patient populations from 4 Southwest Oncology Group colorectal carcinoma trials with 5‐FU–containing regimens were examined for toxicity differences between the genders.METHODSThe current study included 1074 patients from 4 trials. Hypotheses regarding differences in specific toxicities were generated via exploratory analyses on the data from the 2 earlier trials (n = 505 patients), using basic univariate techniques and classification tree methods. Validation of these hypotheses was performed on data from the 2 later trials (n = 569 patients) using logistic regression models for dichotomous toxicity outcomes and rank‐sum tests for comparisons of overall toxicity grade.RESULTS5‐FU toxicity was more extensive in women than in men in terms of average maximum toxicity grade (P = 0.005), number of different types of toxicity experienced (P = 0.009), and incidence of severe toxicities (P = 0.02). The incidence of ≥ Grade 2 hematologic toxicity in the 2 later trials was higher in women than in men and women experienced more frequent moderate to severe mucositis compared with men.CONCLUSIONSDifferences in 5‐FU toxicity profiles between men and women were hypothesized after an exploratory analysis, and then verified by an independent confirmatory analysis using data from the 2 later trials. This process provided substantial evidence for gender differences in specific aspects of 5‐FU toxicity that persist across a range of treatment regimens, patient characteristics, and cancer trial settings. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Evidence on purchasing power parity from univariate models: the case of smooth transition trend‐stationarity
Authors: Sollis Robert 
Published: February 2005

AbstractRecent research has found that trend‐break unit root tests derived from univariate linear models do not support the hypothesis of long‐run purchasing power parity (PPP) for US dollar real exchange rates. In this paper univariate smooth transition models are utilized to develop unit root tests that allow under the alternative hypothesis for stationarity around a gradually changing deterministic trend function. These tests reveal statistically significant evidence against the null hypothesis of a unit root for the real exchange rates of a number of countries against the US dollar. However, restrictions consistent with long‐run PPP are rejected for some of the countries for which a rejection of the unit root hypothesis is obtained. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Osteogenic effects of bioactive glass on bone marrow stromal cells
Authors: Radin S. , Reilly G. , Bhargave G. , Leboy P.S. , Ducheyne P. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBioactive glass (BG) is an effective synthetic bone graft material. BG granules of narrow size range (300–355 μm) have the ability to form new bone tissue inside excavations produced by in vivo resorption. Previously, we demonstrated that BG stimulates the differentiation of cultured osteoblast precursors if the glass surface was biomimetically modified by the formation of bone‐like apatite and adsorption of serum proteins. We now report that modified BG can also increase the rate at which multipotential rat bone marrow stromal cells (rMSC) will undergo osteogenesis. BG promoted rMSC osteogenesis both when cells were plated in contact with BG and when cells were not directly in contact with the BG. Alkaline phosphatase activity, a marker of bone cell differentiation, was used as an indicator for osteogenesis. Alkaline phosphatase activity of rMSCs exposed to osteoinducers such as ascorbate, dexamethasone, and BMP‐2 was enhanced in the presence of BG. The stimulatory effect of BG was more pronounced in rMSC cultures with low basal alkaline phosphatase activity than in those with higher activity. The enhanced differentiation of rMSCs was associated with both a change in rMSC morphology and altered chemical composition of the cell culture media. rMSCs cultured on BG in the presence of BMP or dexamethasone exhibited a more rounded osteoblast‐like appearance as compared with cells grown on tissue culture plastic. In the presence of BG, elevated levels of calcium and silicon in the culture medium were observed throughout the 7‐day culture period, suggesting a continuous dissolution of surface‐modified BG and resulting release of BG dissolution products. The data suggest that both surface‐ and solution‐mediated events play a role in the osteogenic effect of BG. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 73A: 21–29, 2005
Increased expression of G11α in osteoblastic cells enhances parathyroid hormone activation of phospholipase C and AP‐1 regulation of matrix metalloproteinase‐13 mRNA
Authors: Cheung Ricky , Erclik Mary S. , Mitchell Jane 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn osteoblasts parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates the PTH/PTH‐related peptide (PTHrP) receptor (PTH1R) that couples via Gs to adenylyl cyclase stimulation and via G11 to phospholipase C (PLC) stimulation. We have investigated the effect of increasing G11α levels in UMR 106‐01 osteoblastic cells by transient transfection with cDNA encoding G11α on PTH stimulation of PLC and protein kinase C (PKC) as well as PTH regulation of mRNA encoding matrix metalloproteinase‐13 (MMP‐13). Transfection with G11α cDNA resulted in a 5‐fold increase in PTH‐stimulated PLC activity with no change in PTH‐stimulated adenylyl cyclase. PTH‐induced translocation of PKC‐βI, ‐δ, and ‐ζ to the cell membrane and PKC‐ζ to the nucleus was also increased. Increased G11α protein resulted in increased stimulation of MMP‐13 mRNA levels at all doses of PTH. There was a 2.5 ± 0.35 fold increase in maximal PTH‐stimulation of c‐jun mRNA and smaller but significant increases in c‐fos accompanied by increased basal and PTH‐stimulated AP‐1 binding in cells expressing increased G11α. Runx‐2 mRNA and protein levels were not significantly increased by increased G11α expression. The increase in PTH stimulation of c‐jun, c‐fos, and MMP‐13 in G11α‐transfected cells were all blocked by bisindolylmaleimide I, a selective inhibitor of PKC. These results demonstrate that regulation of the PLC pathway through the PTH1R is significantly increased by elevating expression of G11α in osteoblastic cells. This leads to increased PTH stimulation of MMP‐13 expression by increased stimulation of AP‐1 factors c‐jun and c‐fos. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Career success in a boundaryless career world
Authors: Arthur Michael B. , Khapova Svetlana N. , Wilderom Celeste P. M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis paper compares contemporary career theory with the theory applied in recent career success research. The research makes inconsistent use of career theory, and in particular neglects the interdependence of the objective and subjective careers, and ‘boundaryless career’ issues of inter‐organizational mobility and extra‐organizational support. The paper offers new guidelines for bringing about a rapprochement between career theory and career success research. These guidelines cover adequacy of research designs, further dimensions of career success, broader peer group comparisons, deeper investigation of the subjectively driven person, and seeing new connections between boundaryless career theory and career success research. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strengthening subnational administration in Afghanistan: technical reform or state‐building?
Authors: Lister Sarah , Wilder Andrew 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis article discusses aspects of the reform of public administration, particularly subnational administration, which are often overlooked or neglected by donors in post‐conflict contexts. It analyses findings of research conducted in Afghanistan, mainly in 2002–2003. The research showed that the functioning of subnational administration both shapes and is shaped by complex political dynamics and is part of broader political processes. Interventions to strengthen subnational administration should therefore not only focus on mechanisms and structures designed to increase the collection of revenues and facilitate the more efficient delivery of services. Reform processes are affected by the current distribution of power in Afghanistan and have political effects on the establishment of legitimate authority throughout the territory. The reform of subnational administration should therefore be seen as part of an overarching political strategy of state‐building. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chiefs, money and politicians: rebuilding local government in post‐war Sierra Leone
Authors: Jackson Paul 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThere has been very little written about the interaction between the different elements of local government in Sierra Leone, finance and the diamond trade. This article draws on recent work in Sierra Leone on local government reconstruction by DFID and the World Bank undertaken by the author and draws some of these issues together. It argues that the emphasis on the prefix ‘re’ is actually dangerous in the context of Sierra Leone, and that the reconstitution of the politico‐economic networks surrounding diamond extraction outside of local government may lead to the alienation of the same groups that led the rebellion over the last few years. Local government holds the key to alleviating this alienation and the poverty that causes it, but it is in danger of being undermined by national politicians, trading networks and the local chiefs that control the land. This article analyses this situation and provides a way forward. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Democratic governance in Iraq? Progress and peril in reforming state‐society relations
Authors: Brinkerhoff Derick W. , Mayfield James B. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis article examines the experience of the Local Governance Project (LGP) in Iraq. LGP activities include: establishment of representative councils, service delivery capacity‐building, civil society strengthening, decentralisation policy development and civic dialogue. The article documents how these activities contributed to changing interactions between citizens and government, reaching across individual social and ethnic groups. In post‐war Iraq, such social capital could be a positive contributor. Its potential, however, is limited by the absence of the conditions necessary for stability and reconstruction. Violence and insecurity, the actions of conflict entrepreneurs and the resiliency of the shadow state raise doubts about the prospects for governance reform. Lessons include: a local governance focus can build reform constituencies resistant to reversal by central‐level actors; reformed local governance cannot support democratisation without a security and political framework that raises costs of resorting to violence; donor‐led governance innovations often maintain control of change at the expense of legitimacy; acceptance of governance reforms depends upon the extent to which they are perceived as effective and legitimate, but such changes are likely to be fragile in post‐conflict societies; short‐term reconstruction timetables increase the risk of relying on existing power structures and on weak newly‐created institutions, which lay an insufficient foundation for fundamental governance reform and new state‐society relations. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rebuilding governance in failed states and post‐conflict societies: core concepts and cross‐cutting themes
Authors: Brinkerhoff Derick W. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis overview article looks at the emergence of failed and post‐conflict states on the international relations and assistance agenda, and at the importance of governance in establishing peace, pursuing state reconstruction and preventing conflict. It introduces the topic of the special issue, how effective governance can be re‐established following societal conflict or war. After a brief review of the terminology of failed states, post‐conflict and governance, the article discusses governance reconstruction in terms of three dimensions: reconstituting legitimacy, re‐establishing security and rebuilding effectiveness. The article summarises key points made by the contributors to the special issue, who look at donor governance reconstruction agendas, security‐sector governance and subnational governance. Several common themes emerge and are elaborated upon: similarities between development and post‐conflict assistance; linkages among governance's legitimacy, effectiveness and security dimensions; rebuilding versus creating governance systems; local versus national governance reconstruction; formal versus informal governance. The article concludes with a call for further work to elaborate frameworks that can incorporate the particulars of individual countries in addressing legitimacy, security and effectiveness. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proteomic analysis of livers of patients with primary hepatolithiasis
Authors: Nabetani Takuji , Tabuse Yo , Tsugita Akira , Shoda Junichi 
Published: February 2005

AbstractPrimary hepatolithiasis or intrahepatic calculi (IHC), which is characterized by the formation of gallstones in the intrahepatic bile duct, is an intractable liver disease and suspected to be one of the causes of cholangiocellular carcinoma. To obtain an insight into the disease, we performed proteomic analysis of liver tissue specimens of paired affected and unaffected hepatic segments from patients with primary hepatolithiasis by two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by identification of proteins. For the specimens from the unaffected segments, 125 spots out of 613 spots were identified, defining 83 unique protein names. For the specimens from the affected segments, 102 spots out of 671 spots were identified, defining 74 unique protein names. To further precisely compare, we used two‐dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis. Consequently we identified 12 up‐regulated proteins and 21 down‐regulated proteins. The up‐regulated proteins contained the proteins related to liver fibrosis and to cellular oxidoreduction. The down‐regulated proteins contained RAF kinase inhibitor protein, chaperonin and proteins related to principal liver function.
An efficient proteomics based strategy for the functional characterization of a novel halophilic enzyme from Halobacterium salinarum
Authors: Choi Jiyeon , Joo Won‐A , Park Soo‐Jin , Lee So‐Hee , Kim Chan‐Wha 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe extremely halophilic archaeon, Halobacterium salinarum grows in environments containing over 25% NaCl. The enzymes of this organism have thus been adapted to be active and stable in hypersaline conditions, which makes them strong candidates as robust industrial enzymes. In this study, the proteomics approach was applied to screen novel halophilic enzymes. We focused initially on proteins that are differentially expressed under different salt concentrations in culture media. After two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis over a pH 3.5–4.5 range, 29 differentially expressed protein spots were identified by tandem mass spectrometry and six of these had no similarity to preexisting genes of known function. To predict the function of them, we used various bioinformatic methods. Among other proteins, we selected Vng0487h, which showed a high similarity to acetyltransferases. As a step toward assaying the enzymatic activity of this protein, we cloned the Vng0487h gene of H. salinarum and expressed and purified the recombinant protein with a glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST) tag in Escherichia coli. Using a GST‐pulldown assay, a protein fragment derived from E. coli could interact with recombinant Vng0487h, and was identified to be the ribosomal protein L3. This protein showed high sequence homology with ribosomal protein L7 / 12 from E. coli and ribosomal protein L13p from H. salinarum. This suggests that Vng0487h acetylates a subunit of ribosomal protein, possibly L13p, in H. salinarum. During the present study, an efficient procedure was established to screen novel halophilic enzymes, and to predict and assess their functions.
Amphoteric, buffering chromatographic beads for proteome prefractionation. I: Theoretical model
Authors: Fortis Frédéric , Girot Pierre , Brieau Olivier , Boschetti Egisto , Castagna Annalisa , Righetti Pier Giorgio 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe possibility is reported here of fractionating proteins on amphoteric, buffering resins via ion‐exchange chromatography. A given protein's adsorption to a particular amphoteric buffering resin is characterized by a bell‐shaped curve in which the maximum protein binding capacity is observed at an optimum pH value lying approximately midway between the isoelectric point values (pI) of the resin and the protein. On either side of this maximum the protein binding capacity declines steadily, reaching zero at the pI of either the protein or exchanger. For instance, on beads of pI equal to 8, four proteins, two acidic (bovine albumin and ovalbumin) and two basic (cytochrome c and lysozyme), exhibit binding curves reaching zero values for the whole set when the exchanger is conditioned at pH 8.0. Away from the pI, and on both sides of the pH scale, the bell‐shaped adsorption curves reach a maximum, for each protein, at a pH located at the midpoint between the pI values of each protein and that of the exchanger, and decline steadily to reach zero at the pI value of each protein species. Separation of model proteins using different amphoteric buffering resins of various pI was possible at different pH values according to both the pI of the proteins and of the exchangers. It was also demonstrated, using surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry and two dimensional electrophoretic mapping, that separation of an Escherichia coli cell lysate on columns packed with amphoteric buffering resins of different pI and titrated to a particular pH value, delivered two distinctly different fractions, i.e. characteristically composed of, on the one hand, proteins having a pI below the buffer pH (the ‘adsorbed’ fraction), and on the other, of alkaline proteins possessing a pI above the pH of the buffer (the ‘unadsorbed’ fraction). This approach represents an attractive addition and/or alternative to the armory of protein pre‐fractionation techniques currently employed in proteomics.
Different isoforms and post‐translational modifications of human salivary acidic proline‐rich proteins
Authors: Inzitari Rosanna , Cabras Tiziana , Onnis Giuseppina , Olmi Chiara , Mastinu Andrea , Sanna Maria Teresa , Pellegrini Maria Guiseppina , Castagnola Massimo , Messana Irene 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe human salivary acidic proline‐rich proteins (aPRPs) complex was investigated by different chromatographic and mass spectrometric approaches and the main aPRPs, namely PRP‐1, PRP‐2 and PIF‐s (15 515 amu), Db‐s (17 632 amu) and Pa (15 462 amu) proteins, were detected. All these isoforms are phosphorylated at Ser‐8 and Ser‐22 and have a pyroglutamic moiety at the N‐terminus. Apart from Pa, all the other aPRPs undergo a proteolytic cleavage at Arg‐106 residue (Arg‐127 in Db‐s protein), that generates the small PC peptide (4371 amu) and PRP‐3, PRP‐4, PIF‐f (11 162 amu) and Db‐f (13 280 amu) proteins, all of which were detected. With regard to the Pa protein, the main form detected was the dimeric derivative (Pa 2‐mer, 30 922 amu) originated by a disulfide bond involving Cys‐103 residue. Besides these known isoforms, several previously undetected aPRP derivatives were found (in minor amounts): (i) the triphosphorylated derivatives of PRP‐1/PRP‐2/PIF‐s and Db‐s, showing the additional phosphate group at Ser‐17; (ii) the mono‐phosphorylated forms at either Ser‐22 or Ser‐8 of PRP‐1/PRP‐2/PIF‐s, PRP‐3/PRP‐4/PIF‐f, Db‐s and Db‐f; (iii) a nonphosphorylated form of PRP‐3/PRP‐4/PIF‐f; (iv) the triphosphorylated and diphosphorylated forms of Pa 2‐mer. Moreover, minor quantities of PRP‐3/PRP‐4/PIF‐f lacking the C‐terminal Arg (11 006 amu), and of Pa 2‐mer lacking the C‐terminal Gln (30 793 amu) were found. By this approach the different phenotypes of PRH1 locus in 59 different subjects were characterized.