bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Iron-Catalyzed Dechlorination of Aryl Chlorides
Authors: Guo Haiqing , Kanno Ken-ichiro , Takahashi Tamotsu 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Electron-rich aryl chlorides such as chloroanisole, chloroaniline, and chlorotoluene were dechlorinated by Grignard reagents in the presence of a catalytic amount of iron chlorides. This is in sharp contrast to the cross-coupling reactions of electron-poor aryl chlorides with Grignard reagents.
Allylimidazolium Halides as Novel Room Temperature Ionic Liquids
Authors: Mizumo Tomonobu , Marwanta Edy , Matsumi Noriyoshi , Ohno Hiroyuki 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Liquid state halide salts composed of imidazolium cations having allyl groups were prepared. Their ionic conductivity, viscosity, and thermal properties were investigated. Introduction of allyl group on N-position effectively suppressed the crystallization of the corresponding salts. 1,3-diallyl imidazolium halides therefore showed considerably lower viscosity and higher ionic conductivity than other halide salts.
Preparation of Protected Nanoparticles of Bismuth Telluride by Laser Ablation in Solution
Authors: Watanabe Norihisa , Kawamata Jun , Toshima Naoki 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) nanoparticles were prepared by laser ablation in the presence and absence of protective agents. Addition of protective agents could decrease the size of particles, and improve the particle size distribution as well as the colloidal dispersion stability. XRD and HR-TEM have clarified that the Bi2Te3 nanoparticles, thus prepared, have a rhombohedral structure.
Ab initio Studies on Synthetic Routes of Glycine from Simple Molecules via Ammonolysis of Acetolactone: Applications of the Scaled Hypersphere Search Method
Authors: Maeda Satoshi , Ohno Koichi 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
New synthetic routes of glycine, the simplest amino acid molecule, have been discovered by theoretical search of ab initio potential energy surfaces. One step reaction of an acetolactone molecule with an ammonia molecule can produce a glycine molecule without byproducts, and its activation energy is only 1.6 kcal·mol−1. Acetolactone can be produced from either carbon dioxide and singlet methylene (CO2 + CH2) or carbon monoxide and formaldehyde (CO + HCHO) with respective activation energies of 3.2 and 36.3 kcal·mol−1.
Description of X-ray powder pattern of turbostratically disordered layer structures with a Rietveld compatible approach
Authors: Ufer Kristian , Roth Georg , Kleeberg Reinhard , Stanjek Helge , Dohrmann Reiner , Bergmann Jörg 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
We address the problem of the quantitative description of X-ray powder pattern of turbostratically disordered layer compounds. The Debye formula is used, which allows the aperiodic description of any arrangement of atoms. With the extension of Yang and Frindt (1996) for the ideal turbostratic case, these calculations are used to generate reference data that are subsequently treated by the Rietveld method. We are able to show that the case of uncorrelated turbostratic disorder can be modelled equally well in a periodic supercell approach with a single layer in the supercell that is suitable for the Rietveld technique. A brief introduction of this new model was given as an oral contribution at EUROCLAY 2003 (Ufer et al., 2003). The fundamental principles are described in this article because of its complexity. The applicability of this approach to real systems is demonstrated for smectite and corundum mixtures.
On the crystal parameters of some representatives of the NiAs family containing platinum group metals and gold
Authors: Ellner Martin 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Unit cell parameters were investigated for the palladium/platinum and the B13…B16 element-containing representatives of the Ni2In, NiAs and CdI2 types in the whole range of homogeneity. For phases belonging to the defect Ni2In type, macroscopic density was also measured to determinate the number of atoms in the unit cell. For the homologous phases Pd2Sn(h) and Pd5Pb3(h2), it has been found that the tin-containing compound shows (at the same Pd/B metal stoichiometry) a higher number of atoms in the unit cell than the lead-containing phase. The d electron concentration of the late transition metals controls predominantly the values of the axial ratio c/a: rhodium and iridium-containing representatives of the NiAs family (possessing the same B element) show a higher c/a ratio than corresponding palladium and platinum-containing phases. Comparing the quasihomologous stannides IrSn, PtSn and AuSn, the largest difference between the sum of atomic radii and the measured shortest atomic distance, Δd = (r
A + r
B) – d
A–B, is observed for IrSn and the smallest one for AuSn. Regarding this, the iridium and platinum-containing stannides possess obviously a larger charge transfer as well as a stronger bond energy than the gold containing compound.
Crystal structure determination of In3(H3O)(H2PO4)6(HPO4)2 · 4H2O from X-ray powder diffraction
Authors: Ivashkevich Ludmila S. , Lyakhov Alexander S. , Selevich Anatoly F. , Lesnikovich Anatoly I. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
The crystal structure of indium hydrogen phosphate hydrate, In3(H3O)(H2PO4)6(HPO4)2 · 4H2O, has been determined from X-ray powder diffraction data by using direct methods (EXPO program), and refined by FULLPROF package to R
Bragg value of 5.6%. The structure is monoclinic, space group C2/c (No. 15), unit cell dimensions a = 17.0835(5), b = 9.6795(3), c = 17.8776(4) Å, β = 90.301(2)°, V = 2956.2(1) Å3, Z = 4, Dx
= 2.73 g/cm3. Hydrogen atoms were placed on calculated positions. There are two unique indium atoms in the crystal structure. InO6 octahedra are connected together via the corners of PO4 tetrahedra to form layers parallel to the xy plane. The layers are linked together by water molecules, located in the interlayer space, through their hydrogen bonds. Within the layers there are hollows occupied by oxonium cations. The compound was found to be isostructural with salts of the composition M III
3MI(H2PO4)6(HPO4)2 · 4H2O, where M III-trivalent metal, M I-monovalent metal, oxonium or ammonium.
Orthorhombic ε-phases and transitional structures in Al—Pd—(Fe)
Authors: Balanetskyy Sergiy , Grushko Benjamin , Velikanova Tamara Ya. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
The results of an investigation of the structures formed in the range of about Al73Pd27 to Al76Pd14Fe10 by electron diffraction and high-resolution transmission microscopy are reported. The orthorhombic ε
6, ε
16, ε
22 and ε
28 phases were observed in specific compositional sub-ranges. Their lattice parameters a ≈ 2.34 and b ≈ 1.62 nm are essentially the same while the c parameters are ≈1.23, 3.24, 4.49 and 5.70 nm, respectively. Apart from these regular structures, also structures aperiodic along the c-direction are revealed at intermediate compositions. Thus, inside the wide ε-phase range only slight continuous variations of the orthorhombic a and b cell parameters are accompanied by complicated modulations of the c cell parameter.
Structure and characterization of methyl (±)-1-(2-aminophenyl)-2-hydroxy-4-(4-methoxybenzoyl)-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrole-2-acetate
Authors: Arıcı Cengiz , Ülkü Dinçer , Üngören S. Hakan , Saçmacı Mustafa , Akçamur Yunus 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
The stoichiometry of 1 was derived from the results of elemental analysis, IR, 1H, 13C-NMR, UV-Vis and mass spectroscopic techniques. The structure derived from physico-chemical methods is consistent with that of the X-ray diffraction. The compound crystallizes in the triclinic system, space group P1̅, with a = 9.3895(12), b = 11.3759(11), c = 12.8077(14)Å, α = 103.290(3)° β = 98.110(4)°, γ = 105.545(3)°, V = 1252.4(2)Å3, Z = 2. The molecule has a non-planar configuration. The methoxy carbonylmethyl group exhibits an E-configuration. The crystal structure is stabilized by intermolecular C—H…O, N—H…O and O—H…O contacts.
Structure analysis and the existence of light-induced long-lived metastable states in Xn[Fe(CN)5NO] with inorganic and organic cations: X
n = Pb, (H3O+CH6N+), (C2N2H7)2 and (C16H36N)2
Authors: Woike Theo , Dahaoui Slimane , Schaniel Dominik , Ponou Simeon , Hansen Niels K. , Petricek Václav 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
The crystal structures of four compounds X
n[Fe(CN)5NO] with the different inorganic and organic cations X
n = Pb, (H3O+CH6N+), (C2N2H7)2 and (C16H36N)2 were determined. (H3O+CH6N+)[Fe(CN)5NO] and (C2N2H7)2[Fe(CN)5NO] crystallize in the non-centrosymmetric space groups Cmc21 and Pca21, respectively. Two metastable states can be excited by irradiation with light in each of these two compounds. Pb[Fe(CN)5NO] and (C16H36N)2[Fe(CN)5NO] crystallize in the centrosymmetric space groups Pnma and P21/n, respectively, but only one metastable state can be obtained at 110 K. In (H3O+CH6N+)[Fe(CN)5NO] and (C2N2H7)2[Fe(CN)5NO] the cations are disordered. The disorder is produced by symmetry related hydrogen bonds. The hydrogen bonds are established for all organic cations, but they are weak in (C16H36N)2[Fe(CN)5NO]. The donor-acceptor relation is fulfilled between the hydrogen atoms of the cations and the nitrogen atoms of the cyanide ligands. The light-induced metastable states, created by irradiation with light in the spectral range Δλ = 410–500 nm at 110 K, were investigated by Differential Scanning Calorimetry. The isothermal measurements show that the decay of the metastable states is purely exponential. From the dynamical measurements of heat flow versus temperature the activations energies and frequency factors of the metastable states are obtained.
Study on β-sheet packing, stabilized by aromatic interactions in a tri-peptide crystal
Authors: Rathore Ravindranath S. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
The role of unconventional aromatic interactions in the β-sheet packing, inside the crystal, has been highlighted. Crystal structure of terminally blocked tri-peptide, Z-L-Ala-L-Ala-L-Leu-pNA has been determined. There are four different conformers of tri-peptide inside the unit-cell, in space group P1. All the four independent molecules are described by semi-extended backbone conformations which form an anti-parallel β-sheet. The inter β-sheet packing is predominantly stabilized by C—H…π and π…π interactions. In π…π interactions, the center-to-center distance between aromatic rings varies from 3.8 Å to 4.6 Å while the closest distance of approach ranges from 3.4 Å to 3.8 Å. The associations of aromatic-aromatic rings are described by either face-to-face or inclined arrangements.
High-pressurein-situcrystallization, structure and phase transitions in 1,2-dichloroethane
Authors: Bujak Maciej , Budzianowski Armand , Katrusiak Andrzej 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe single crystal of 1,2-dichloroethane, C2H4Cl2wasin-situcrystallized in a Merrill-Bassett diamond-anvil cell, and its structure determined at 0.7 GPa and 280 K. The crystals are monoclinic, space groupP21/c. The C2H4Cl2molecules in thes-transconformation are located at the inversion centers. The —H2C—CH2—ethylene group is disordered in two sites, with equal occupancies, one rotated by 180° to the other about the Cl⋯Cl axis of the molecule. The crystal cohesion forces have been attributed mainly to Cl⋯Cl intermolecular interactions, and their role in the mechanism of the phase transition at 177 K has been analysed. It was found that the order-disorder phase transition in the structure of 1,2-dichloroethane is associated with the breaking of the Cl⋯Cl intermolecular interactions in the disordered phase. The crystal amorphization under non-homogeneous strain and subsequent transition to a new pressure-induced polymorph at 1.5 GPa has been observed.
Low-temperature crystal structure of RS-thiocamphor
Authors: Robins E. Louise R. , Brunelli Michela , Mora Asiloé J. , Fitch Andrew N. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
DSC and high-resolution powder X-ray diffraction measurements in the range 295 K–100 K show that RS-thiocamphor undergoes two phase transitions. The first, at around 260 K on cooling, is from the room-temperature body-centred-cubic phase to a short-lived intermediate. At 258 K the low-temperature form starts to appear. The crystal structure of the latter is orthorhombic, space group Pbnm, with a = 9.0643(4) Å, b = 14.6714(8) Å, c = 7.2878(4) Å, Z = 4, ρ
calc = 1.15 g cm–3 at 100 K. The structure is two-fold disordered, with the enantiomers superimposed in the average structure, related by the mirror plane.
Early Kinetics of Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHNV) Infection in Rainbow Trout
Authors: Ogut Hamdi , Reno P. W. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
A series of experiments was carried out with infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV; 193-110 isolate) in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (weight, ∼1.2 g) to determine the duration of the patent period and the timing of onset of the infectious periods. We first attempted to transmit IHNV to recipient fish from infected rainbow trout 2–3 d after they had been exposed. No infection transfer occurred despite high titers (104.79 to 104.91 plaque-forming units 5–8 d postexposure (dpe). To determine the number of secondary cases produced by one infectious individual, we exposed approximately 50 rainbow trout (weight, ∼1.5 g) in each of seven replicate tanks to a donor fish that had been infected with virus by bath exposure 3 d earlier. The prevalence of infection in recipient fish rose from 0.84% at 2 dpe to 7.9% at 6 dpe. Maximum incidence (22 cases) occurred between 2 and 4 dpe. No disease-specific mortalities occurred in recipient fish during the experiment. The titer of virus in both recipient and donor fish increased from 2 to 4 dpe. There was a positive correlation between the level of infection among donors and prevalence values among recipient fish (r2 = 0.60). The level of challenge by one infectious fish under the conditions provided was enough for infection transfer from sick cohabitant to susceptible fish but was not enough for initiation of a full-scale epizootic among recipients.
Effectiveness of Praziquantel Bath Treatments against Bothriocephalus acheilognathi in Grass Carp
Authors: Mitchell Andrew J. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Many states ban the importation of fish infected with the Asian tapeworm Bothriocephalus acheilognathi. Treatment with an effective tapeworm parasiticide prior to shipment would allow fish to be imported that might otherwise be rejected. In this study, extended praziquantel bath treatments of infected grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella were tested to determine their efficacy against Asian tapeworms. Preliminary praziquantel treatments of 0.7 mg/L or more for an exposure period of 24 h at grass carp densities of 69 g/L were effective in eliminating all tapeworms from 22-g fish. When the treatment duration was lowered to 12 h, a praziquantel concentration of 2.8 mg/L was required for effective treatment. In replicated studies, significantly reduced tapeworm numbers (0–5 tapeworms per treated fish compared with 30+ tapeworms per control fish) were observed following 24-h exposures to praziquantel at 0.5, 0.7, 1.0, and 1.5 mg/ L. Tapeworm elimination occurred only at the maximum concentration of 1.5 mg/L when 88-g grass carp were stocked at a density of approximately 6 g/L. When fish density was raised to 60 g/L, the 1.5-mg/L treatment did not eliminate all tapeworms: 4 of 30 fish contained a single tapeworm.
Discriminating between a Neurotropic Myxobolus sp. and M. cerebralis, the Causative Agent of Salmonid Whirling Disease
Authors: Hogge Carla , Campbell Matthew , Johnson Keith 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
While screening salmonids for Myxobolus cerebralis, the causative agent of whirling disease, we detected a neurotropic Myxobolus sp. that is morphologically similar to the M. cerebralis spore in brain and other nervous tissue. We developed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)–based diagnostic technique to differentiate the two species of Myxobolus. Primers were designed for a 277-base-pair (bp) sequence within the 18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) gene, and the restriction enzyme Mse-I was chosen to cut the amplified product into diagnostic fragments. When electrophoresed in an acrylamide gel, M. cerebralis yielded a two-band pattern while the neurotropic Myxobolus sp. yielded a three-band pattern. This diagnostic method has resolved cases in which the pepsin–trypsin digest screening test indicated Myxobolus spores but histological examination or PCR was negative for M. cerebralis. We were also able to eliminate M. kisutchi as the neurotropic Myxobolus sp. using spores from infected coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch obtained from Minter Creek, Washington (the type host and type location for M. kisutchi), by designing primers to amplify a larger 683-bp amplicon within the 18S rDNA gene. Sequencing of this 683-bp product from the neurotropic Myxobolus sp. and M. kisutchi was then performed. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis on the neurotropic Myxobolus sp. and M. kisutchi as well as M. cerebralis, M. arcticus, M. neurobius, M. insidiosus, and M. squamalis suggest that the neurotropic Myxobolus sp. is a new species.
Exposure to Perchlorate Induces the Formation of Macrophage Aggregates in the Trunk Kidney of Zebrafish and Mosquitofish
Authors: Capps Tim , Mukhi Sandeep , Rinchard Jacques J. , Theodorakis Chris W. , Blazer Vicki S. , Patiño Reynaldo 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Environmental contamination of ground and surface waters by perchlorate, derived from ammonium perchlorate (AP) and other perchlorate salts, is of increasing concern. Exposure to perchlorate can impair the thyroid endocrine system, which is thought to modulate renal and immune function in vertebrates. This study with zebrafish Danio rerio and eastern mosquitofish Gambusia holbrooki examined the histological effects of perchlorate on the trunk kidney, which in teleosts serves excretory and hemopoietic functions and therefore may be a target of perchlorate effects. Adult zebrafish of both sexes were exposed in the laboratory to waterborne, AP-derived perchlorate at measured concentrations of 18 mg/L for 8 weeks. Adult male mosquitofish were exposed to waterborne sodium perchlorate at measured perchlorate concentrations of 1–92 mg/L for 8 weeks. Control fish were kept in untreated water. The region of the body cavity containing the trunk kidney was processed from each fish for histological analysis. Macrophage aggregates (MAs), possible markers of contaminant exposure or immunotoxic effect, were present in the hemopoietic region of the kidney in both species exposed to perchlorate. The estimated percent area of kidney sections occupied by MAs was greater in zebrafish exposed to perchlorate at 18 mg/L (P &lt; 0.05) than in controls. In male mosquitofish, the incidence of renal MAs increased proportionally with sodium perchlorate concentration and was significantly different from that of controls at 92 mg/L (P &lt; 0.05). These observations confirm that in fish the kidney is affected by exposure to perchlorate. The concentrations of perchlorate at which the effects were noted are relatively high but within the range reported in some contaminated habitats.
On the use and value of new media and how medical students assess their effectiveness in learning anatomy
Authors: Jastrow Holger , Hollinderbäumer Anke 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe new media have become widely used tools in medical instruction today. But are they regarded as useful by students training to become medical doctors? What are students' most important criteria for a good CD‐ROM or valuable Internet resources? To answer these questions, and to obtain definite data on the use of new media, we distributed a questionnaire to preclinical medical and dental students of the Johannes Gutenberg University in Mainz, Germany. The evaluation of 397 questionnaires demonstrates that 94.9% of the students use personal computers; 91.6% of the 85.8% who own a computer have access to the Internet. The Internet is used at least once a week by 70.1% of students for private and by 59.9% for study purposes. Offers of course‐relevant material (Workshop Anatomy for the Internet) are of major interest. CD‐ROMs with anatomy applications are used by 58.9% of the students. The subjective effectiveness regarding various aspects of learning using books versus CD‐ROMs is compared and the students' views of the importance of different features of electronic media are outlined, including course‐relevant high‐resolution and quality material, key word search, state‐of‐the‐art information, and clearly laid‐out tables. The findings of this survey demonstrate high student demand for computer‐aided instruction and anatomy applications offered on the Internet and on CD‐ROMs. The students' main focus of interest was found to be examination‐relevant material and supplemental study material for courses offered locally. The present results may serve as a basis for the development of valuable educational aids. Anat Rec (Part B: New Anat) 280B:20–29, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Perspective on the vestibular cortex throughout history
Authors: Duque‐Parra Jorge Eduardo 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe human vestibular organ transmits sensory information to various components of the central nervous system related to head movement and, obviously, among these components, to its terminal region(s) in the vestibular parts of the cerebral cortex. Study of vestibular structures dates back to historical epochs when primitive considerations on cerebral global function were made without knowledge of a cerebral cortical region related to vestibular function. At the time of Menière in the 19th century, patients with vertigo were defined as having cerebral congestion. Cerebral mapping and computational anatomy in the 20th century significantly expanded our knowledge of cerebral structure and its function and the concept of cerebral processing of a variety of types of information, including that generated by the vestibular system. These modern techniques include nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, functional magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography. These techniques have allowed researchers to define the cortical representation of the vestibular system in human beings and in other species, a representation generally assumed to be located in various cerebral temporal and parietal regions. Although vestibular activation has been recorded in frontal lobe regions, the main vestibular cortical zone has been defined as being located in the parietal lobe; others have recognized a vestibular cortical function in the insula. Anat Rec (Part B: New Anat) 280B:15–19, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.