bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of fast spin echo for phase shift magnetic resonance thermometry
Authors: Vogel Mika W. , Pattynama Peter M.T. , Lethimonnier Franck L. , Le Roux Patrick 
Published: September 2003

AbstractPurposeTo propose a modified fast spin echo (FSE) magnetic resonance imaging sequence for MR thermometry, employing the proton resonance frequency (PRF) shift by means of MR phase maps. Despite their obvious advantages of speed and high signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR), FSE sequences have not until now been used for this purpose due to the restraints imposed by the Carr‐Purcell‐Meiboom‐Gill (CPMG) conditions.Materials and MethodsThe new FSE combines a new phase modulation scheme that maintains magnetization that ordinarily is destroyed under CPMG conditions, while employing conventional FSE gradient waveforms. The echoes are read in a single shot using 128 readouts in 650 msec, with a phase sensitive preparation using an optional time shift τ before the start of the refocusing gradient waveforms. This feature allows the quantification of temperature dependent phase shifts. We tested the sequence by imaging a heated agar gel phantom while cooling, using different values for τ.ResultsThere was good correlation between FSE and fiberoptic‐based temperature measurements in the phantom(r2 ≥ 0.95). Temperature sensitivity could be adjusted by varying the τ value.ConclusionWith the proposed non‐CPMG FSE sequence it is feasible to quantify temperature changes by means of the PRF shift. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2003;18:507–512. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Radiation therapy alone in early stage non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Zimmermann Frank B. , Bamberg Michael , Molls Michael , Jeremic Branislav 
Published: September 2003

AbstractAmong the patients with early stage (I/II) non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), there are those who, due to medical comorbidities, advanced age, or refusal, never undergo surgery. For them, exclusive radiation therapy (RT) has been the treatment of choice, achieving median survival times of 30 months and 5‐year survival of up to 42%. Doses of ≥65 Gy with standard fractionation (or its radiobiological equivalent when altered fractionation is used) are necessary for long‐lasting local control of the disease, with smaller tumors having a more favorable prognosis. The issue of elective nodal irradiation (ENI) remains controversial, since failure patterns identified local failure as the predominant pattern. None of the potential pretreatment patient‐ and tumor‐related prognostic factors has been shown to clearly influence survival. Toxicity is generally mild to moderate, although high doses (e.g., 80 Gy) may carry a risk for an excessive rate of side effects. Conformal treatment and consideration of comorbidities such as altered lung function may be essential, since simultaneous supportive treatment of acute sequelae (mainly acute esophagitis) is necessary. RT is an effective treatment modality in technically operable, but medically inoperable patients with early stage NSCLC and offers a long‐lasting cure. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 21:91–97, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Treatment of recurrent disease in lung cancer
Authors: Zimmermann Frank B. , Molls Michael , Jeremic Branislav 
Published: September 2003

AbstractRecurrence is a common event after treatment of lung cancer. Retreatment options depend on previous therapies, location of recurrence, and physical condition of the patient. Locoregional relapse can be treated the same way as initial lung cancer, including surgery, radiotherapy (RT), and chemotherapy (CHT), or combined treatment. Approximately 1% to 2% of all recurrent lung cancer is treated with curative reoperation, with somewhat dismal results. RT has been used for either postsurgical or post‐RT locoregional recurrences. In the former case, external beam RT was particularly effective in isolated bronchial stump recurrences, with median survival time of approximately 28.5 months and a 5‐year survival of approximately 31.5%. In the latter case, reirradiation, generally with endobronchial brachytherapy, was successful in palliation of intrathoracic symptoms (in at least two‐thirds of cases), carrying a low incidence of radiation pneumonitis (up to 5%) although cumulative doses went up to 120–150 Gy. Besides external beam RT, endobronchial RT was used to treat symptomatic intraluminal recurrences, with the vast majority of studies using high‐dose rate brachytherapy. Finally, CHT has been used in relapsed/refractory advanced or metastatic non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) with the major emphasis on the third‐generation drugs that show good response after previously used platinum‐based CHT. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 21:122–127, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Complex and controversial issues in locally advanced non‐small cell lung carcinoma
Authors: Machtay Mitchell , Jeremic Branislav 
Published: September 2003

AbstractLocally advanced non‐small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) presents enormous challenges to clinicians and researchers. Because of the absence of metastatic disease, it is a potentially curable condition, greatly differentiating it from stage IV NSCLC. The median and actuarial survival rates are poor, though clearly improved in the past decade, and clearly better than several other types of locally advanced malignancies (e.g., pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma). As demonstrated in Table I, the combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy has earned the designation of “standard of care” for most good‐performance‐status patients with locally advanced NSCLC. It is likely that improvements in radiotherapy have also contributed to the enhanced survival and local control rates in this disease. With concurrent chemoradiotherapy, the majority of patients can receive a substantial local response (Fig. 1). Many achieve durable local control, only to succumb to eventual distant metastatic failure. There remains much room for improvement, and there are several avenues for clinical and translational research that offer promise. These include new systemic chemotherapy options (and newer ways of combining these drugs with radiotherapy), improvements in radiotherapy fractionation and dose intensity, methods of protection from chemoradiotherapy toxicity, specific therapies to prevent brain metastatic failure, and the integration of biologically targeted molecules into chemoradiation programs. This article summarizes the advances in the treatment of locally advanced NSCLC over the past several decades and explores some of the many remaining controversies and areas for future investigation. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 21:128–137, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Surgery in small‐cell lung carcinoma. Where is the rationale?
Authors: Leo Francesco , Pastorino Ugo 
Published: September 2003

AbstractChemotherapy and radiotherapy are the keys of current management of SCLC. For many years, the diagnosis of small cell lung cancer has been considered a contraindication to surgery because radiotherapy was at least equivalent in terms of local control and the rate of resetcability of SCLC patients was poor. The role of surgery has been defined by evidence accumulated in the last 30 years but conclusions are limited by the fact that the most important studies are dated and conducted when the main staging tool was exploratory thoracotomy. The rationale for surgery in the context of SCLC is based on 3 factors 1) Several historical series on patients operated for limited SCLC reported some long term survivors, showing that permanent cure can be achieved. For this reason, it is now accepted that for the rare patients with very limited stage disease (T1–T2 tumors) surgical resection followed by platinum‐based chemotherapy could be offered. 2) After chemotherapy and radiotherapy, the rate of local relapse is 20–30%. The assumption that surgery might be superior to radiotherapy in local control of limited SCLC has been suggested but not still proved. 3) Surgery can precisely assess pathological response to chemotherapy, identify carcinoids erroneously diagnosed as SCLC, treat the NSCLC component of tumors with a mixed histology. In the case of planned surgery, preoperative investigations should be completed by MRI of the brain, mediastinoscopy (to rule out subclinical N2/N3 patients) and probably PET scan. Even if some controversies exist, it is accepted that surgery can be proposed as the first treatment in patents with T1–T2 lesions without sign of lymph nodes involvement, followed by adjuvant chemotherapy. Surgery in stage II and III must be planned on a multidisciplinar basis, in the context of controlled clinical trials. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 21:176–181, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The use of debrided human articular cartilage for autologous chondrocyte implantation: Maintenance of chondrocyte differentiation and proliferation in type I collagen gels
Authors: Chaipinyo Kanda , Oakes Barry W. , Van Damme Marie‐Paule I. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractAutologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) is the most promising surgical treatment for large full thickness knee joint articular cartilage (AC) defects where cells from healthy non‐weight bearing area AC are multiplied in vitro and implanted into such defects. In the routine surgical procedure for symptomatic knee full thickness AC defects, damaged AC surrounding the edge and the base of such defects is usually debrided and discarded. The purpose of this study was to examine if chondrocytes from this ‘debrided’ AC can proliferate, synthesize a cartilage specific matrix and thus can be used for ACI. Methods: Biopsies were retrieved from 12 patients (debrided articular cartilage: DAC, aged 35–61) and from two autopsies (normal articular cartilage: NAC, aged 21 and 25). Chondrocytes were isolated, seeded at low density in type I collagen gels and as monolayer cultures for 4 weeks without passage.Results: After 4 weeks cultures in type I collagen gels, cell proliferation from DAC (18.34±1.95 fold) was similar to cells from NAC (11.24±1.02 fold). Syntheses of proteoglycan and collagen in DAC were also similar to NAC. Newly synthesized matrices in gel cultures consisted predominantly of type II collagen as shown by immuno‐labelling and SDS‐PAGE followed by fluorography. Chondrocytes from ‘debrided human AC’ cultured at low density in type I collagen gels may be used for the ACI procedure as they provide sufficient viable cell numbers for ACI and maintain their chondrocyte phenotype as they synthesize a cartilage‐like matrix. © 2003 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Spatial analysis and abundance estimation of the southernmost population of purple clam, Amiantis purpurata in Patagonia (Argentina)
Authors: Morsan Enrique Mario 
Published: September 2003

Spatial distribution of the southernmost population of the purple clam, Amiantis purpurata (Bivalvia: Veneridae), was described from systematic survey data (density and local biomass), and was related to environmental variables (depth and sediment). Geostatistical techniques were used to model and map density, and to estimate absolute biomass.Spatial distribution was highly contagious: half of the population lives at densities up to 240 clams m−2. Higher clam abundance occur only at sites with finer and well sorted sediment and intermediate depth. Even when the demographic structure of the population was composed of three year-classes recruited between 1978 and 1980, local biomass and density exhibited a non-linear relationship between them, and discrepancies between their distributions of frequency, their relationship with depth, and variographic analysis.The spherical model was fitted to the experimental variograms. Anisotropy was explored and introduced into the model. The resulting map shows the location and extension of the patches in the study area; they conform a fringe where the highest concentrations are oriented parallel to the coast line, interrupted by small shoals. No anisotropism was evident in the variographic analysis of local biomass. The kriged mean was 3369 g m−2; and estimated total biomass was 53,290 tn.Such differences between density and local biomass seem to be linked to compensatory processes involving biomass, growth and mortality, originated at the scale of individual overlapping neighbourhoods.
The effects of agriculture on farmland bird assemblages on the Agulhas Plain, Western Cape, South Africa
Authors: Mangnall Michael J. , Crowe Timothy M. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractCoastal Fynbos on the Agulhas Plain of the Western Cape, South Africa, has been transformed extensively by crop and pastoral agriculture. Many bird species, e.g. sunbirds, nightjars and mousebirds have consequently been affected negatively by the reduction of suitable habitat for daily requirements. However, populations of certain bird species, especially granivores and omnivores, such as sparrows, larks and pipits, as well as Egyptian Geese and Helmeted Guineafowl have proliferated on the Agulhas Plain. This study investigates the effects of agricultural development on overall bird diversity on the Agulhas Plain. In 1998, twice monthly transect counts at 13 farmland sites recorded 106 bird species. Fifteen species occurred at 75% or more of the sites. Highest avian diversity was recorded at the sites with a mixture of crops and Coastal Fynbos (Mixed regime). A small number of species, e.g. sunbirds, are reliant on the natural Coastal Fynbos for their survival. With the exception of the Mixed regime that gained 50 species, all the other agricultural regimes reflected a loss of diversity when compared with Fynbos. To provide more suitable habitat for a greater diversity of birds, mixed landscapes should be maintained, and further destruction of natural Fynbos habitat should be prevented.
Taurine status in normal dogs fed a commercial diet associated with taurine deficiency and dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Tôrres C. L. , Backus R. C. , Fascetti A. J. , Rogers Q. R. 
Published: September 2003

SummaryTaurine (Tau) deficiencies have been associated with the feeding of commercial lamb‐meal and rice diets to dogs. We hypothesized that the poor digestibility of some lamb‐meals may limit sulphur amino acids availability for Tau synthesis and/or increase of Tau degradation in the gut. Growing dogs were fed either a lamb‐meal‐based (Diet A) or poultry by‐product‐based (Diet B) commercial diet. Plasma, whole blood and urinary Tau were measured for 22 weeks. Plasma and whole blood Tau concentrations were similar between the groups throughout the study. Urinary excretion of Tau in dogs fed diet A was 3.2 times greater than that from dogs fed Diet B, suggesting greater renal reabsorption and the need for conservation of Tau in the Diet A group. Food restriction affected Tau status as indicted by a positive correlation of food intake and urinary Tau. Dogs fed Diet A were given antibiotics to inhibit bacterial activity in the gut. Increases in breath hydrogen, indicative of increased bacterial activity, correlated negatively with urinary Tau. Urinary Tau increased by 54% when methionine (Met) was supplemented to Diet A, supporting the suggestion of a low bioavailability of sulphur amino acids and/or an increased fecal loss of Tau in dogs consuming Diet A.
An Investigation on the Effect of Transport and Lairage on the Faecal Shedding Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 in Cattle
Authors: Minihan D. , O'Mahony M. , Whyte P. , Collins J. D. 
Published: September 2003

SummaryThe aim of the study was to investigate the effect of transport and lairage on the prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 faecal shedding and the subsequent contamination of beef carcasses. Individual rectal faecal samples were taken from two cohorts of cattle (109 and 59) at the farm before transport and at the abattoir post‐transport and lairage. The entire outer and inner surfaces of the carcass of each animal were swabbed immediately following slaughter and dressing. The prevalence of E. coli O157 shedding in cattle sampled at farm, post‐transport and lairage was 18% (20), 13% (14) and 12% (13) for cohort A and 1.7% (1), 1.7% (1) and 0 for cohort B, respectively. No E. coli O157 was recovered from the 168 dressed carcasses. In total, 98% (46 of 47) of the E. coli O157 isolates from cohort A were potentially pathogenic to man. Transport and lairage do not cause an increase in the prevalence of E. coli O157 faecal shedding in cattle. This study demonstrates that even positive cohorts of cattle may be slaughtered and processed to produce clean carcasses by following good hygienic practices.
Neospora caninumInfection and Congenital Transmission: Serological and Parasitological Study of Cows up to the Fourth Gestation
Authors: Piergili Fioretti D. , Pasquali P. , Diaferia M. , Mangili V. , Rosignoli L. 
Published: September 2003

SummaryIn this paper, a parasitological and serological study performed in three cows up to the fourth gestation is reported in order to clarify the extent of vertical propagation and, secondly, in which period of gestation the recrudescence of previous infection occurs. The cows selected for the study delivered healthy but congenitally infected calves in first pregnancy. The parasite was found, by biological tests in Swiss mice, in all the placentas of the three cows examined, during the three subsequent gestations, at calving. The parasite was found, at slaughtering, in the brains of all nine calves born clinically healthy from the three cows as well. The serological profile, performed at monthly intervals on serum of the cows, showed that IgG and IgM increased in the third trimester of gestation; this rise of antibodies was constantly observed during the three gestations and in all three cows. In the calves, the IgG titres increase after colostrum consumption and an IgM peak at birth, were indicative of a late infection. These findings, along with negative results obtained by a serological study conducted simultaneously on 38 cows housed in the same stable as the experimental animals and the negative results obtained in isolating parasite or antibodies from farm dogs, suggest thatN. caninuminfection can be maintained over several bovine generations and that recrudescing persistent infection, rather than a new infection, explains theNeosporainfection of calves.
Anticipatory cortical responses during the expectancy of a predictable painful stimulation. A high‐resolution electroencephalography study
Authors: Babiloni Claudio , Brancucci Alfredo , Babiloni Fabio , Capotosto Paolo , Carducci Filippo , Cincotti Febo , Arendt‐Nielsen Lars , Chen Andrew C. N. , Rossini Paolo Maria 
Published: September 2003

AbstractIn the present study, high‐resolution electroencephalography techniques modelled the spatiotemporal pattern of human anticipatory cortical responses preceding expected galvanic painful stimuli (non‐painful stimuli as a control). Do these responses reflect the activation of associative other than somatosensory systems? Anticipatory processes were probed by alpha oscillations (6–12 Hz) for the evaluation of thalamocortical channels and by negative event‐related potentials for the evaluation of cortical excitability. Compared with the control condition, a progressive reduction of the alpha power was recognized over the primary somatosensory cortex from 2 s before the painful stimulation. In contrast, the anticipatory event‐related potentials were negligible during the expectancy period. The results on the alpha power suggest that the expectancy of the painful stimulation specifically facilitated the somatosensory thalamocortical channel. Remarkably, the associative frontal‐parietal areas were not involved, possibly due to the predictable and repetitive features of the painful stimulus. The present results also suggest that negative event‐related potentials are modest preceding warned stimuli (even if painful) with a simple information content.
Retinal function and morphology in two zebrafish models of oculo‐renal syndromes
Authors: Bahadori Ronja , Huber Matthias , Rinner Oliver , Seeliger Mathias W. , Geiger‐Rudolph Silke , Geisler Robert , Neuhauss Stephan C.F. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractWe characterized visual system defects in two recessive zebrafish mutantsovalandelipsa. These mutants share the syndromic phenotype of outer retinal dystrophy in conjunction with cystic renal disorder. We tested the function of the larval visual system in a behavioural assay, eliciting optokinetic eye movements by high‐contrast motion stimulation while recording eye movements in parallel. Visual stimulation did not elicit eye movements in mutant larvae, while spontaneous eye movements could be observed. The retina proved to be unresponsive to light using electroretinography, indicative of a defect in the outer retina. Histological analysis of mutant retinas revealed progressive degeneration of photoreceptors, initiated in central retinal locations and spreading to more peripheral regions with increasing age. The inner retina remains unaffected by the mutation. Photoreceptors display cell type‐specific immunoreactivity prior to apoptotic cell death, arguing for a dystrophic defect. Genomic mapping employing simple sequence‐length polymorphisms located both mutations on different regions of zebrafish linkage group 9. These mutants may serve as accessible animal models of human outer retinal dystrophies, including oculo‐renal diseases, and show the general usefulness of a behavioural genetic approach to study visual system development in the model vertebrate zebrafish.
Involvement of poly ADP ribosyl polymerase‐1 in acute but not chronic zinc toxicity
Authors: Sheline Christian T. , Wang Hongmin , Cai Ai‐Li , Dawson Valina L. , Choi Dennis W. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractWe have previously suggested that zinc‐induced neuronal death may be mediated in part by inhibition of the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), secondary to depletion of the essential cosubstrate NAD+. Given convergent evidence implicating the NAD+‐catabolizing enzyme, poly ADP ribosyl polymerase (PARP) in mediating ATP depletion and neuronal death after excitotoxic and ischemic insults, we tested the specific hypothesis that the neuronal death induced by exposure to toxic levels of extracellular zinc might be partly mediated by PARP. PARP was activated in cultured mouse cortical astrocytes after a toxic acute Zn2+ exposure (350 µm Zn2+ for 15 min), but not in cortical neurons or glia after exposure to a toxic chronic Zn2+ exposure (40 µm Zn2+ for 1–4 h), an exposure sufficient to deplete NAD+ and ATP levels. Furthermore, the neurotoxicity induced by acute, but not chronic, Zn2+ exposure was reduced in mixed neuronal‐glial cultures prepared from mutant mice lacking the PARP gene. These data suggest PARP activation may contribute to more fulminant forms of Zn2+‐induced neuronal death.