bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gaps in the Evidence for Well-Child Care: A Challenge to Our Profession
Authors: Moyer Virginia A. , Butler Margaret 
Published: December 2004

Background. Up to one third of visits to pediatricians involve health supervision (well-child care), and recommendations for office-based preventive interventions have dramatically expanded. We reviewed the evidence for the effectiveness of these interventions.Methods. The well-child care recommendations of 7 major North American organizations were tabulated. Three types of health supervision interventions were recommended, ie, behavioral counseling, screening, and prophylaxis. For recommendations common to at least 2 of the 7 organizations, evidence of effectiveness was sought from systematic reviews and clinical trials. Immunizations were not considered for this review, because they have been reviewed elsewhere.Results. Forty-two preventive interventions were recommended by ≥2 of the organizations. Limited clinical trials show that counseling can change some health risk behaviors; repeated intensive counseling is most likely to be effective. Harmful effects were shown for a few behavioral counseling interventions. Trials have been conducted for only 2 of the recommended screening interventions; therefore, rigorous evidence supporting screening is very limited. Trials support the use of folate to prevent neural tube defects, trials of iron supplementation do not address developmental outcomes, and trials were not found for the other recommended prophylactic interventions.Conclusions. Limited direct evidence was found to support the recommended interventions. Because a large number of interventions are routinely recommended and often mandated and because the implementation of any recommendation may cause harm (including the displacement of other beneficial activities), these recommendations should be based on the strongest possible evidence. When recommendations are made, supporting evidence should be clearly stated.
Thermoplastic elastomers based on recycled high‐density polyethylene, ethylene–propylene–diene monomer rubber, and ground tire rubber
Authors: Grigoryeva O. P. , Fainleib A. M. , Tolstov A. L. , Starostenko O. M. , Lievana E. , Karger‐Kocsis J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractHigh‐performance thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs), based on recycled high‐density polyethylene (HDPER), olefinic type ethylene–propylene–diene monomer rubber (EPDM), and ground tire rubber (GTR) treated with bitumen, were prepared by using dynamic vulcanization technology, and their structure–property relationships were investigated. It was established that special pretreatment of GTR by bitumen confers outstanding mechanical properties on the resulting TPEs. TPEs, containing GTR pretreated by bitumen, exhibit thermal behavior similar to that of the HDPER/EPDM basic blend in the temperature region up to about 340°C. Rheological measurements showed that bitumen acts as an effective plasticizer for the GTR‐containing TPEs. SEM, DSC, and DMTA results revealed improved adhesion between the particles of GTR treated by bitumen and the surrounding thermoplastic matrix, compared to that of the untreated GTR particles. It was concluded that bitumen acts as an effective devulcanizing agent in the GTR treatment stage. In the following steps of TPE production, bitumen acts simultaneously as a curing agent for the rubber components (EPDM/GTR) and as a compatibilizer for the blend components. GTR‐containing TPEs, prepared by extrusion technology, were reprocessed (by passing through the extruder six times) without any observable changes in their tensile properties, thermal stability, and melt viscosity. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 659–671, 2005
Stimuli sensitive copolymer poly(N‐tert‐butylacrylamide‐ran‐acrylamide): Synthesis and characterization
Authors: Save Ninad S. , Jassal Manjeet , Agrawal Ashwini K. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractTemperature sensitive random linear and crosslinked copolymers of N‐tert‐butylacrylamide (NTBA) and acrylamide (Am) were synthesized by the solution polymerization method, using regulated dosing of comonomer Am having a higher reactivity ratio (rAm = 1.5) than NTBA (rNTBA = 0.5). Copolymers with varying feed ratios of NTBA and Am (80 : 20 to 20 : 80 mol %) were synthesized and characterized. For the synthesis of copolymer hydrogels, N′, N‐methylene bisacrylamide (MBA) (1.13 mol %) was used along with monomers. The effect of composition on transition properties was evaluated for the linear copolymers and their hydrogels. A definite trend was observed. The incorporation of a higher percentage of the hydrophilic comonomer Am in the structure resulted in the shifting of the transition temperature towards a higher value. The transition temperatures of the copolymers synthesized with feed compositions of 80 : 20, 70 : 30, 60 : 40, 50 : 50, 40 : 60, 30 : 70, and 20 : 80 mol % were found to be 2, 10, 19, 27, 37, 45, and 58°C, respectively. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies confirmed the formation of random copolymers. The copolymers synthesized with a monomer feed ratio of 50 : 50 with regulated dosing showed a single glass transition temperature (Tg) at 168°C, while the copolymer synthesized with full dosing of Am at the beginning of the reaction showed two Tgs, at 134 and 189°C. The copolymer samples were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) for ascertaining the composition. The composition of the copolymers followed the trend of the feed ratio, but the incorporation of NTBA in the copolymers was found to be lower than the feed ratio because of lower than quantitative yields of the reactions. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 672–680, 2005
Influence of radiation structures on positive‐temperature‐coefficient and negative‐temperature‐coefficient effects of irradiated low‐density polyethylene/carbon black composites
Authors: Xie Hongfeng , Dong Lisong , Sun Jiazhen 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe electrical‐resistivity/temperature behaviors of low‐density polyethylene (LDPE)/carbon black (CB) composites irradiated with 60Co γ rays were studied. The experimental results showed that the irradiated composites could be separated into insoluble crosslinking networks with CB (gel) and soluble components (sol) by solvent‐extraction techniques. When the sol of an irradiated LDPE/CB composite was extracted, the electrical conductivity of the system increased. The positive‐temperature‐coefficient (PTC) and negative‐temperature‐coefficient (NTC) intensities of the gels of the irradiated composites became extremely small and independent of the radiation dose. The sols and gels of the irradiated LDPE/CB composites, which had different thermal behaviors, played important roles in the appearances of the PTC and NTC effects. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 700–704, 2005
Expression of type 1 corticotropin‐releasing factor receptor in the guinea pig enteric nervous system
Authors: Liu Sumei , Gao Xiang , Gao Na , Wang Xiyu , Fang Xiucai , Hu Hong‐Zhen , Wang Guo‐Du , Xia Yun , Wood Jackie D. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractReverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), immunohistochemistry, electrophysiological recording, and intraneuronal injection of the neuronal tracer biocytin were integrated in a study of the functional expression of corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF) receptors in the guinea pig enteric nervous system. RT‐PCR revealed expression of CRF1 receptor mRNA, but not CRF2, in both myenteric and submucosal plexuses. Immunoreactivity for the CRF1 receptor was distributed widely in the myenteric plexus of the stomach and small and large intestine and in the submucosal plexus of the small and large intestine. CRF1 receptor immunoreactivity was coexpressed with calbindin, choline acetyltransferase, and substance P in the myenteric plexus. In the submucosal plexus, CRF1 receptor immunoreactivity was found in neurons that expressed calbindin, substance P, choline acetyltransferase, or neuropeptide Y. Application of CRF evoked slowly activating depolarizing responses associated with elevated excitability in both myenteric and submucosal neurons. Histological analysis of biocytin‐filled neurons revealed that both uniaxonal neurons with S‐type electrophysiological behavior and neurons with AH‐type electrophysiological behavior and Dogiel II morphology responded to CRF. The CRF‐evoked depolarizing responses were suppressed by the CRF1/CRF2 receptor antagonist astressin and the selective CRF1 receptor antagonist NBI27914 and were unaffected by the selective CRF2 receptor antagonist antisauvagine‐30. The findings support the hypothesis that the CRF1 receptor mediates the excitatory actions of CRF on neurons in the enteric nervous system. Actions on enteric neurons might underlie the neural mechanisms by which stress‐related release of CRF in the periphery alters intestinal propulsive motor function, mucosal secretion, and barrier functions. J. Comp. Neurol. 481:284–298, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Drosophila neuroblast 7‐3 cell lineage: A model system for studying programmed cell death, Notch/Numb signaling, and sequential specification of ganglion mother cell identity
Authors: Karcavich Rachel , Doe Chris Q. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractCell lineage studies provide an important foundation for experimental analysis in many systems. Drosophila neural precursors (neuroblasts) sequentially generate ganglion mother cells (GMCs), which generate neurons and/or glia, but the birth order, or cell lineage, of each neuroblast is poorly understood. The best‐characterized neuroblast is NB7‐3, in which GMC‐1 makes the EW1 serotonergic interneuron and GW motoneuron; GMC‐2 makes the EW2 serotonergic interneuron and a programmed cell death; and GMC‐3 gives rise to the EW3 interneuron. However, the end of this lineage has not been determined. Here, we use positively marked genetic clones, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling, mutations that affect Notch signaling, and antibody markers to further define the end of the cell lineage of NB7‐3. We provide evidence that GMC‐3 directly differentiates into EW3 and that the sibling neuroblast undergoes programmed cell death. Our results confirm and extend previous work on the early portion of the NB7‐3 lineage (Novotny et al. [2002] Development 129:1027–1036; Lundell et al. [ 2003] Development 130:4109–4121). J. Comp. Neurol. 481:240–251, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rat retinal dopaminergic neurons: Differential maturation of somatodendritic and axonal compartments
Authors: Witkovsky Paul , Arango‐Gonzalez Blanca , Haycock John W. , Kohler Konrad 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe examined developmental changes in dopaminergic (DA) neurons of rat pups between postnatal (P) days 3 and 21. DA cell bodies and dendrites grew progressively between P3–15. Voltage‐sensitive sodium channels were present in axons at P11, but the ring‐like DA axon terminals appeared only during the third postnatal week. The density of ring terminals increased markedly between P15 and P21. The vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT2) was absent before P13 and became concentrated in DA ring terminals after P17. A steady increase in VMAT2‐containing rings around AII amacrine cells occurred during the third postnatal week. The presynaptic membrane protein SNAP‐25 colocalized with DA terminals, but several other presynaptic proteins tested, including synaptotagmin I, synapsin, bassoon, syntaxin, and synaptogyrin, appeared not to be associated with DA neurons. Our study shows that the somatodendritic compartment of DA neurons matures before the DA axon terminals do. Maturation of DA axons during the third postnatal week corresponds to the period of onset of visual function. J. Comp. Neurol. 481:352–362, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pheromone processing center in the protocerebrum of Bombyx mori revealed by nitric oxide‐induced anti‐cGMP immunocytochemistry
Authors: Seki Yoichi , Aonuma Hitoshi , Kanzaki Ryohei 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe antennal lobe (AL) of the male silkworm moth Bombyx mori contains 60 ± 2 ventrally located antennal glomeruli and a dorsal macroglomerular complex (MGC) consisting of three subdivisions. The response patterns of MGC projection neurons (PNs) to pheromonal stimuli correlate with their dendritic arborization in the subdivisions of the MGC. However, the representation of this pheromonal information in the lateral protocerebrum (LPC), which is the target site of the AL PNs, is not well known. We performed nitric oxide (NO)‐induced anti‐cGMP immunohistochemistry and found that the PNs which respond to the major pheromone component (bombykol) express strong immunoreactivity. They project to a specific area, the delta area in the inferior lateral protocerebrum (ΔILPC), which clearly represents the processing center for the major pheromone component. Furthermore, to examine the projection sites in the LPC from each subdivision of the MGC, we performed double‐labeling of each type of MGC‐PNs, combined with NO‐induced anti‐cGMP immunohistochemistry. We revealed that projections from each subdivision of the MGC overlapped or separated in specific regions of the ΔILPC. These results suggest that integration and segregation of pheromone information may occur in the ΔILPC. J. Comp. Neurol. 481:340–351, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Public reporting: A neglected aspect of nonprofit accountability
Authors: Lee Mordecai 
Published: December 2004

AbstractNonprofit organizations have a compulsory external accountability (largely involving financial reporting) to government agencies such as the Internal Revenue Service and state regulators. They also have a pragmatic “must‐do” accountability to their funders, clients, and other obvious stakeholders. But are nonprofits also accountable to the public at large? If so, how can such accountability be implemented, given the diffuseness and breadth of the public as an audience? This article suggests that nonprofits should consider the citizenry as a stakeholder, if only due to the substantial taxpayer subsidy of the sector. The theory of public reporting that emerged in public administration literature beginning in the 1920s and 1930s can be helpful. Using principles, templates, and examples from public administration, nonprofit organizations can pursue more vigorous public reporting as one method to increase citizen confidence in their activities and in the sector as a whole.
Balancing strategy and accountability: A model for the governance of professional associations
Authors: Friedman Andrew , Phillips Mary 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAn erratum has been published for this article in Nonprofit Management and Leadership 15(4) 2005, 487 [].Professional associations are operating in a context of uncertainty and change, with which their traditional governance structures struggle to manage. After describing this context and presenting a brief overview of relevant governance literature, a project aimed at supporting the redesign of governance structures and procedures among five professional associations in the United Kingdom is outlined. Three specific governance issues are examined: size of councils (council is the term used for a governing body of a U.K. professional association), their composition in relation to electoral processes, and the development of inner councils, or executive boards, within councils. Finally, we present a normative model, the cupped hands model, that has arisen from the research. This model offers a possible means of balancing the representation required by their status as membership associations with the requirement that professional associations become more strategic and proactive.
Glass transitions and mixed phases in block SBS
Authors: Masson J‐F. , Bundalo‐Perc Slađana , Delgado Ana 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDifferential scanning calorimetry (DSC) does not allow for easy determination of the glass‐transition temperature (Tg) of the polystyrene (PS) block in styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) block copolymers. Modulated DSC (MDSC), which deconvolutes the standard DSC signal into reversing and nonreversing signals, was used to determine the (Tg) of both the polybutadiene (PB) and PS blocks in SBS. The Tg of the PB block was sharp, at −92 °C, but that for the PS blocks was extremely broad, from −60 to 125 °C with a maximum at 68 °C because of blending with PB. PS blocks were found only to exist in a mixed PS–PB phase. This concurred with the results from dynamic mechanical analysis. Annealing did not allow for a segregation of the PS blocks into a pure phase, but allowed for the segregation of the mixed phase into two mixed phases, one that was PB‐rich and the other that was PS‐rich. It is concluded that three phases coexist in SBS: PB, PB‐rich, and PS‐rich phases. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 276–279, 2005
Flexibility transitions and looped adsorption of wormlike chains
Authors: Dalhaimer P. , Wagner O. I. , Leterrier J.‐F. , Janmey P. A. , Aranda‐Espinoza H. , Discher D. E. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWhen deposited from a solution onto a surface, superpolymeric chains display revealing transitions in their apparent stiffness. With simulated chains in adsorption, we varied the backbone rigidity and measured the chain persistence length (lPads). As the three‐dimensional persistence length (lP3) increases toward the contour length, a transition can be seen from lPads = lP2 (i.e., the two‐dimensional persistence length) to lPads = lP3. Looped conformations decrease in frequency with a distinct nonlinear dependence. Finally, comparisons with experiments on polymeric worm micelles and purified neurofilaments demonstrate a simple new method for assessing the flexibility of these novel superpolymers. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 280–286, 2005
Can Ca2+ Fluxes to the Root Xylem Be Sustained by Ca2+-ATPases in Exodermal and Endodermal Plasma Membranes?
Authors: Hayter Meghan L. , Peterson Carol A. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
The pathway of Ca2+ movement from the soil solution into the root stele has been a subject of controversy. If transport through the endodermis is assumed to be through the cytoplasm, the limiting factor is believed to be the active pumping of Ca2+ from the cytoplasm into the stele apoplast through the plasma membrane lying on the stele side of the Casparian band. By analogy, for similar transport through the exodermis, the limiting step would be the active pumping into the apoplast on the central cortical side of the layer. Such effluxes are mediated by Ca2+-ATPases. To assess whether or not known Ca2+ fluxes to the stele in onion (Allium cepa) roots could be supported by Ca2+-ATPases, the percentages of total membrane protein particles required to effect the transport were calculated using measured values of membrane surface areas, an animal literature value for Ca2+-ATPase V max, plant literature values for Ca2+-ATPase K m, and protein densities of relevant membranes. Effects of a putative symplastic movement of Ca2+ from the exo- or endodermis into the next cell layer, which would increase the surface areas available for pumping, were also considered. Depending on the assumptions applied, densities of Ca2+ pumps, calculated as a percentage of total membrane protein particles, varied tremendously between three and 1,600 for the endodermis, and between 0.94 and 1,900 for the exodermis. On the basis of the data, the possibility of Ca2+ transport through the cytoplasm and membranes of the exodermis and endodermis cannot be discounted. Thus, it is premature to assign an entirely apoplastic pathway for Ca2+ movement from the soil solution to the tracheary elements of the xylem. To verify any conclusion with certainty, more detailed data are required for the characteristics of exo- and endodermal Ca2+-ATPases.
Amino Acid Metabolism in Maize Earshoots. Implications for Assimilate Preconditioning and Nitrogen Signaling
Authors: Seebauer Juliann R. , Moose Stephen P. , Fabbri Bradon J. , Crossland Lyle D. , Below Frederick E. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is an essential requirement for kernel growth in maize (Zea mays); however, little is known about how N assimilates are metabolized in young earshoots during seed development. The objective of this study was to assess amino acid metabolism in cob and spikelet tissues during the critical 2 weeks following silking. Two maize hybrids were grown in the field for 2 years at two levels of supplemental N fertilizer (0 and 168 kg N/ha). The effects of the reproductive sink on cob N metabolism were examined by comparing pollinated to unpollinated earshoots. Earshoots were sampled at 2, 8, 14, and 18 d after silking; dissected into cob, spikelet, and/or pedicel and kernel fractions; then analyzed for amino acid profiles and key enzyme activities associated with amino acid metabolism. Major amino acids in the cob were glutamine (Gln), aspartic acid (Asp), asparagine (Asn), glutamate, and alanine. Gln concentrations dropped dramatically from 2 to 14 d after silking in both pollinated and unpollinated cobs, whereas all other measured amino acids accumulated over time in unpollinated spikelets and cobs, especially Asn. N supply had a variable effect on individual amino acid levels in young cobs and spikelets, with Asn being the most notably enhanced. We found that the cob performs significant enzymatic interconversions among Gln, alanine, Asp, and Asn during early reproductive development, which may precondition the N assimilate supply for sustained kernel growth. The measured amino acid profiles and enzymatic activities suggest that the Asn to Gln ratio in cobs may be part of a signal transduction pathway involving aspartate aminotransferase, Gln synthetase, and Asn synthetase to indicate plant N status for kernel development.
Effect of the Colorless non-ripening Mutation on Cell Wall Biochemistry and Gene Expression during Tomato Fruit Development and Ripening
Authors: Eriksson Emma M. , Bovy Arnaud , Manning Ken , Harrison Liz , Andrews John , De Silva Jacquie , Tucker Gregory A. , Seymour Graham B. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
The Colorless non-ripening (Cnr) mutation in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) results in mature fruits with colorless pericarp tissue showing an excessive loss of cell adhesion (A.J. Thompson, M. Tor, C.S. Barry, J. Vrebalov, C. Orfila, M.C. Jarvis, J.J. Giovannoni, D. Grierson, G.B. Seymour [1999] Plant Physiol 120: 383–390). This pleiotropic mutation is an important tool for investigating the biochemical and molecular basis of cell separation during ripening. This study reports on the changes in enzyme activity associated with cell wall disassembly in Cnr and the effect of the mutation on the program of ripening-related gene expression. Real-time PCR and biochemical analysis demonstrated that the expression and activity of a range of cell wall-degrading enzymes was altered in Cnr during both development and ripening. These enzymes included polygalacturonase, pectinesterase (PE), galactanase, and xyloglucan endotransglycosylase. In the case of PE, the protein product of the ripening-related isoform PE2 was not detected in the mutant. In contrast with wild type, Cnr fruits were rich in basic chitinase and peroxidase activity. A microarray and differential screen were used to profile the pattern of gene expression in wild-type and Cnr fruits. They revealed a picture of the gene expression in the mutant that was largely consistent with the real-time PCR and biochemical experiments. Additionally, these experiments demonstrated that the Cnr mutation had a profound effect on many aspects of ripening-related gene expression. This included a severe reduction in the expression of ripening-related genes in mature fruits and indications of premature expression of some of these genes in immature fruits. The program of gene expression in Cnr resembles to some degree that found in dehiscence or abscission zones. We speculate that there is a link between events controlling cell separation in tomato, a fleshy fruit, and those involved in the formation of dehiscence zones in dry fruits.