bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative cognitive effects of bilateral subthalamic stimulation and subcutaneous continuous infusion of apomorphine in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Alegret Montse , Valldeoriola Francesc , Martí MaJosé , Pilleri Manuela , Junqué Carme , Rumià Jordi , Tolosa Eduardo 
Published: July 2004

AbstractBilateral subthalamic deep brain stimulation (STN‐DBS) and continuous subcutaneous infusion of apomorphine (APM‐csi) can provide a comparable improvement on motor function in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease (PD), but the mechanisms by which both therapies exert their effects are different. We analyzed the cognitive effects of APM‐csi. We also compared neuropsychological effects induced by STN‐DBS and APM‐csi in advanced PD to ascertain the neuropsychological aspects relevant in determining the therapeutic procedure that is the most appropriate in a particular patient. We studied 9 patients treated with STN‐DBS and 7 patients with APM‐csi. Neuropsychological measures included Rey's Auditory‐Verbal Learning, Stroop, Trail Making, phonetic verbal fluency, and Judgment of Line Orientation tests. In the APM‐csi group, significant changes were not observed in the neuropsychological tests performance. By contrast, in the STN‐DBS group, moderate worsening was found in phonetic verbal fluency and Stroop Naming scores that was partially reversible at long‐term follow‐up and did not have consequences on regular activities. Consequently, these findings could be interpreted as being not relevant in deciding the most suitable treatment in a given patient. © 2004 Movement Disorder Society
Inverse boundary value problem for ocean acoustics using point sources
Authors: Ikehata M. , Makrakis G. N. , Nakamura G. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractWe prove the uniqueness for the identification of the refraction index for an inhomogeneity of compact support in an oceanic acoustic waveguide, assuming as observation data the Green's function on the surface of a vertical cylinder surrounding the inhomogeneity. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
AAA architecture for mobile IPv6 based on WLAN
Authors: Wang R. C. , Chen R. Y. , Chao Han‐Chieh 
Published: July 2004

AbstractMobility support for Internet devices is quite important for consumer electronics. The number of the hand‐held devices is growing quickly. However, there are not enough IP addresses for the number of the rapidly growing devices in the All‐IP generation. Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) was therefore adopted to solve these problems. Our purposed structure is based on IEEE 802.11. However, IEEE 802.11 has a serious security drawback. Further, from the Internet Service Providers' point of view, accounting is a potential problem. A mechanism combining Mobile IPv6 and AAA based on IEEE 802.11 to overcome these problems is essential.Both Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) and IPv6 support IP security (IPsec) when data packets are exchanged across the IP network. IPsec operates at the IP layer. It can support system authentication and authorization, However, it lacks a system accounting function. Therefore ISPs cannot establish correct billing for their services. This is the reason why we chose to combine the wireless network and AAA functions.In this paper, the AAA mechanism is used to protect security, with the architecture having authentication, authorization, and accounting functions. We will discuss the benefits of AAA and state the reason why we choose to combine AAA with the mobility architecture. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Autoregressive video conference models
Authors: Alheraish A. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractVideo conferencing is an important application that has been extensively used in IP, ATM networks, and TV broadcasting as a means of interactive communications. Teleconferencing video traffic consists of video scenes in which one or more people are talking with low to medium motion and almost unchanged background. To reflect the properties of video signals in the design of communication and transmission networks, modeling this teleconference video has received considerable attention.For over a decade, there has been an enormous amount of interest and research in traffic modeling of compressed variable bit rate (VBR) video. An essential class of video models that has received much attention lately is regression models. This paper presents a survey of the state of the art regression traffic studies that have been proposed in the literature to model teleconference video. After an introduction to the basic definition of the regression process, the third section begins with a discussion of the earlier regression models. Then, a number of recent regression models are discussed. The paper concludes with a comparison of all the models, recommendations, and open problems. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of e‐government: a STOPE view
Authors: Bakry Saad Haj 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe transition from conventional government services to e‐government services is becoming an international trend in various parts of the world. This transition is useful in two main ways. It provides benefits not only to the government, but also to all organizations and people, contributing to what is now known as the digital economy and the well being of the society. The transition is also an opportunity for the government to reorganize its services and reduce, or even eliminate, unnecessary overheads and inefficiencies that may exist in its traditional services. This paper uses the STOPE (Strategy / Technology / Organization / People / Environment) development profile to explore the transition to e‐government, and to support its continuous improvement. The paper identifies e‐government within the broad scope of e‐development towards the digital economy using STOPE. It describes its basic processes, and emphasizes its potential benefits. The paper also discusses maximizing these benefits using proven techniques, including TQM (Total Quality Management), BPR (Business Process Re‐engineering), and Six Sigma; in addition to experience accumulated by early e‐government adaptors. Based on STOPE, recommendations on maximizing the benefits are then introduced. Finally conclusions and potential future work are discussed. In this respect, a specific future work concerned with STOPE‐based development of typical e‐government services is proposed. The work would be useful for standardizing basic e‐government services at the national and international levels, so that well‐designed e‐government services can be globalized. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self‐aware management of IP networks with QoS guarantees
Authors: Krief Francine 
Published: July 2004

AbstractSelf‐aware management allows the network to react and to adapt to changes of situation. In this paper an architecture is described for self‐aware management of IP networks offering QoS guarantees. This architecture uses policy‐based management and multi‐agent systems. The originality of the present approach lies in the intention to give a real autonomy to the components intervening in the chain of services in terms of internal decisions and configuration. Our solution allows the self‐configuration, self‐provisioning and self‐monitoring of service as well as the proactive service level agreement management. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A distributed networking system for multimedia Internet access service using ATM over ADSL
Authors: Hong Daniel Won‐Kyu , Hong Choong Seon 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis paper proposes a distributed networking system architecture for Internet‐access service provision using ATM over xDSL technology. We describe the hierarchical network model in deploying ADSL services across the ATM access networks, which can easily accommodate the explosive growth of ADSL subscribers in the future. In addition, this paper describes the distributed networking system and its capability to provide a systemic network management using the principal networking concepts of service ordering, addressing, routing, adaptation and switching. All of the networking system components with CORBA objects in favor of the distribution and location transparency are defined and described using the CORBA interface description language (IDL) for commonality. Lastly, we present its implementation and operation in Korea Telecom. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An integrated simple approach for the analysis of Internet backbone networks
Authors: Bakry Saad Haj , Al‐Bassam Bassam , Alheraish Abdulmohsen 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis paper presents an integrated and simple approach for the analysis of Internet backbone networks, emphasizing the need for a balance between the network resources utilization requirements of the Internet services providers (ISPs) and the services delay constraints of the Internet users (IUs). The integration of the approach is achieved by putting together the various issues associated with the target analysis, including network topology, capacity, traffic load, routing, traffic flow, and performance; and by considering the analysis both at the link level and at the path level. The simplicity of the approach is achieved by eliminating unnecessary details; and by allowing the approach to be applied in easy steps, using an open source, straightforward computer program. A typical example is used to illustrate the practical application of the approach. The work would be useful to the designers and administrators of ISP networks facing the continuous challenge of newer e‐services and higher user traffic.  Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DRED‐MP: Queue management with multiple levels of drop precedence
Authors: Aweya James , Ouellette Michel , Dasylva Abel , Montuno Delfin Y. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThere is current interest in differentiated service architectures where packets with different priorities can share the same queue. In the case of congestion, packets marked with higher drop probability are preferentially dropped in order to make buffer room for packets marked with lower drop probability. Active queue management (AQM) based on randomized packet dropping has become a key component of this packet forwarding model. This paper extends our previously developed AQM algorithm called DRED with multiple packet drop precedence to allow for priority treatment of traffic in a network. The main advantage of using the DRED algorithm is the lower parameter configuration complexity it offers and the ease of configuration for a wide range of network conditions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, characterization, and curing kinetics of novel ladder‐like polysilsesquioxanes containing side‐chain maleimide groups
Authors: Krishnan P. Santhana Gopala , He Chaobin , Shang Christine Tay Shang 
Published: July 2004

AbstractTwo ladder‐like polysilsesquioxanes (LPS) containing side‐chain maleimide groups have been synthesized successfully by reacting N‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)maleimide (HPM) with LPS containing 100 mol % of chloropropyl groups (Ladder A) and 50 mol % of each methyl and chloropropyl group (Ladder B). HPM was synthesized by reacting maleic anhydride with 4‐aminophenol, and the resulting amic acid was imidized using p‐toluenesulfonic acid as a catalyst (Scheme 1). The LPSs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), proton‐decoupled 13C NMR, 29Si NMR, wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Characterization indicated that these polymers had ordered ladder‐like structures with possible defects. These polymers were soluble in common solvents at ambient temperature, which suggested that they were not crosslinked. Both the polymers and the HPM were cured, and their kinetics were followed by dynamic DSC. The Ozawa and Kissinger methods were used to calculate activation energies for curing. Curing increased the temperature at which both 5% weight loss and maximum rate of weight loss were observed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 4036–4046, 2004
Direct measurement of structural diversity in single molecules of a chiral helical π‐conjugated polymer
Authors: Shinohara Ken‐ichi , Kitami Takeshi , Nakamae Kouichi 
Published: July 2004

AbstractUsing a noncontact atomic force microscope, we found that single molecules in a chiral helical π‐conjugated polymer could form a unique periodic structure having a pitch of about 20 nm on the surface of a mica substrate. The diversity of the periodic structures is also discussed. Some basic insights into the characteristics of single molecules (or their individual characteristics) in π‐conjugated polymers are revealed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 3930–3935, 2004
Mechanistic aspects of ester–carbonate exchange in polycarbonate/cycloaliphatic polyester with model reactions
Authors: Jayakannan M. , Anilkumar P. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe reactive blending of bisphenol A polycarbonate (PC) with poly(1,4‐cyclohexanedimethylene‐1,4‐cyclohexanedicarboxylate) (PCCD) was investigated with a new high‐temperature solution‐blending methodology. The ester–carbonate exchange reaction (transesterification) in the blends was studied with NMR and Fourier transform infrared. The composition analysis of the PC/PCCD blends was performed with 1H NMR, and the molecular weights were determined with viscosity methods. 1,4‐Dimethylcyclohexanedicarboxylate, 1,4‐cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, and 1,4‐cyclohexanedimethanol were reacted with PC to study the tendency of polyester chain‐end reactions such as transesterification, acidolysis, and alcoholysis. These model reactions revealed that the reactive blending was affected by both alcoholysis and transesterification, whereas acidolysis was absent. The model reaction products were used to study the mechanistic aspects of PC/PCCD reactive blending, which indicated the formation of three stable triads; two corresponded to symmetrical and unsymmetrical aromatic–cycloaliphatic esters, and the other corresponded to aromatic–cycloaliphatic ethers. The composition analysis confirmed that in PC/PCCD reactive blending, the exchange reaction predominantly occurred in the polymer main chains, and the influence of the end groups was insignificant. The effect of the catalyst concentration and PC/PCCD composition on the extent of the exchange reaction was also investigated. Thermal analysis by differential scanning calorimetry revealed that the ester–carbonate exchange enhanced the compatibilization of PC/PCCD, and a single glass‐transition temperature was observed for the miscible blends. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 3996–4008, 2004
What did he know, and when did he know it? Putting Glenn Trewartha's call for population geography into historical perspective
Authors: Weeks John R. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractGlenn Trewartha's Presidential Address to the AAG in 1953 sought to establish population as the connective tissue between physical and human geography. In discussing the important role of population studies in the discipline, Trewartha was not a voice in the wilderness; rather he was one of a growing body of voices calling for increased understanding of the role that demographic change can play not just in the social world, but in the way in which humans interact with, use, and interpret the physical environment. It is a point still worth repeating and pushing forward, but in general the field of geography responded only by creating a subdiscipline of population geography, and we are still fighting to get out of that cul‐de‐sac and on to the main road. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The past, present and future of population geography: reflections on Glenn Trewartha's address fifty years on
Authors: Graham Elspeth 
Published: July 2004

AbstractOn re‐reading Trewartha's address 50 years after it was written, I am prompted to reflect on both the historical and geographical situatedness of his conception of a disciplinary space for population geography, as well as on my own concerns about population geography in the early twenty‐first century. Trewartha's case for population geography, I suggest, reveals its cultural embeddedness within American geography of that time. However, it remains of more than historical interest since a similar case has yet to be articulated by the present generation of Anglo‐American population geographers. I argue that, despite evident successes, population geography is currently facing two problems relating to its identity. The first arises from its marginalised position within human geography; and the second is associated with what might be called an ‘imbalance’ in the subject matter of research, where migration studies have become increasingly dominant. Both problems raise questions about the geographical credentials of population geography, and I ask what the future research agenda should be. New research frontiers appear to be re‐mapping the spaces of knowledge in ways that could produce new configurations of the academy. In this context, the future of population geography seems uncertain. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the boundaries of a subfield: social theory's incorporation into population geography
Authors: Silvey Rachel 
Published: July 2004

AbstractIn recent years, migration research has contributed to developing the connections between population geography and social theory. Critical and feminist geographers have played a central role in bringing into dialogue the concerns of objectivist and interpretivist research on spatial mobility. This article reviews some of this recent work, and argues that the issues at the core of critical migration studies are also those animating the discipline of geography more broadly. Inasmuch as migration research is engaging population geography with social theoretical debates, it is contributing towards the achievement of Trewartha's goal of placing population research in a pivotal position within the discipline of geography. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On being part of population geography's future: population–environment relationships and inter‐science initiatives
Authors: Conway Dennis 
Published: July 2004

AbstractLooking to the future, why not err on the adventurous side? Accordingly, I would like to promote two ‘geographies of population relations’, which can be framed as post‐disciplinary, inter‐science initiatives: namely, population–environment relationships, and migration–development–environment interactions and relationships. Population geographers may therefore need to reposition themselves to become involved in inter‐science research and participate with environmental, natural and physical scientists and GIS specialists in an evolving realm that is ‘post‐disciplinary’ rather than within our longstanding (and quite comfortable) subdiscipline. And, we can embark on team efforts and such post‐disciplinary projects in the firm knowledge that the global scientific community has at last recognised the central importance of population study in the pursuit of answers to how we might make today's and tomorrow's world more sustainable and healthy. Finding paths to human and environmental sustainability must be one of our academic missions, because it is public health that is under threat, not just environmental deterioration. Population–environment geographers, therefore, have common cause with medical geographers and those in the public health sphere, as well as environmental scientists, development geographers and political ecologists, among others. Population–environment–development interactions and interrelationships are an ‘inter‐science’, effort, and tomorrow's population geographers should be encouraged to join. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The post‐Trewartha boom: the rise of demographics and applied population geography
Authors: Plane David A. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis essay focuses on the rise of applied population geography coincident with the lifecourse of persons born 50 years ago when Glenn Trewartha presented ‘A case for population geography’. Applied population geography and demographics came of age along with the post–Second World War baby boom generation. At the present time and in coming decades, new sources of population data and modes of analysis should lead to an ever‐expanding role for ‘geographic method’ in population research, the business world and governmental realms. The paper concludes with some thoughts on geographical education in the face of a robust job market for students trained for careers in demographics and local scale planning. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Searching for a residential resting place: population in‐migration and circulation in Mid‐Wales
Authors: Walford Nigel 
Published: July 2004

AbstractMid‐Wales has experienced considerable fluctuation in its intercensal population change over many decades. Having undergone a protracted period of depopulation, mainly connected with industrial restructuring in various sectors and the general process of urbanisation, its population levels started to rise in the 1960s and 1970s. A significant part of this growth is attributed to a change in the direction of migration, with people moving into rather than out of the area, although analysis of aggregate movements has often obscured differential patterns at the settlement scale. Using empirical information from quantitative surveys of some 260 households and 690 individuals separated by a five‐year time interval within the area, this paper explores issues relating to people's migration history and to attitudinal differences between indigenous and outsider households. In particular it looks at the geographical range of migratory circulation within the Mid‐Wales region, and whether population changes at the community scale are connected with this circulatory process or with the arrival of people from outside. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lowest low fertility in an urban context: the role of migration in Turin, Italy
Authors: Michielin Francesca 
Published: July 2004

AbstractIn countries with so‐called ‘lowest‐low’ fertility, the lowest fertility levels are seen in the cities. The main reason for this is the difference in the cost of living, combined with income constraints in cities, compared with rural areas. If we focus our attention on the centre of an urban area, migration needs to be taken into account, since migrants may have particularly low fertility levels. In this paper we use the Turin Longitudinal Study, which has data on all people who have ever been residents of Turin (Italy) during the period 1971–2001. We study the interdependencies between fertility and out‐migration choices for a selected group from the 1956 birth cohort. Our findings underline the important role of economic resources and life‐cycle events which seem to guide both fertility and migration behaviours. Moreover, while having a child significantly hampers long‐distance migration, it has less impact on short‐distance moves. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.