bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emergency department attendances associated with drug‐related problems in paediatrics
Authors: Easton‐Carter KL , Chapman CB , Brien JE 
Published: May 2003

Objectives:  To determine the frequency and characteristics of paediatric emergency department attendances associated with drug‐related problems (DRP) at three Victorian hospitals.Methods:  All paediatric medical patients attending the emergency department of the Royal Children's Hospital, Geelong Hospital or Box Hill Hospital were considered for inclusion. The investigator and attending medical practitioners screened eligible patients. A multidisciplinary panel reviewed collated data. Causality, preventability and clinical significance classifications were established by the panel.Results:  Combining data from the three hospitals, over 18 weeks of data collection, a total of 8601 patients met the eligibility criteria. Of these, 280 (3.3%, 95% CI 2.9−3.7%) were determined to have emergency department attendances associated with DRP. Of the 187 cases assessed for preventability, 51.3% were judged to be preventable.Conclusions:  Emergency department attendances are associated with DRP in paediatrics. Given that the need to prevent DRP in adults is recognized, it is now time to act to reduce the consequences of DRP in paediatrics.
Archaeal diversity associated with in situ samplers deployed on hydrothermal vents on the East Pacific Rise (13°N)
Authors: Nercessian Olivier , Reysenbach Anna‐Louise , Prieur Daniel , Jeanthon Christian 
Published: May 2003

SummaryTo evaluate possible compositional changes in archaeal communities at a deep‐sea hydrothermal vent field scale, we examined five different samples obtained after deploying in situ collectors for different times on three spatially separated venting sulphide structures on the East Pacific Rise (13°N). Direct cell counts and whole‐cell hybridizations with fluorescently labelled 16S rRNA‐based oligonucleotide probes revealed that the relative abundance of archaeal populations represented from 14 to 33% of the prokaryotic community. 16S rDNA sequence analysis of the archaeal clone libraries indicated that a large percentage of clones were closely related to known archaeal isolates recovered from similar habitats. Among the 24 different phylotypes identified, Thermococcales‐related sequences were dominant in all the libraries that also included representative genera of orders Methanopyrales, Methanococcales, Archaeoglobales and Desulfurococcales. The presence of most of these phylogenetic groups was confirmed in enrichment cultures performed at temperatures from 60 to 90°C. Additional sequences with no known cultivated relatives grouped with the Marine group I Crenarchaeota, Korarchaeota and Deep‐sea Hydrothermal Vent Euryarchaeota (DHVE) within which a novel lineage was identified. Furthermore, the archaeal community composition was distinct from vent to vent within the same vent field and varied within short time scales. This study provides new insights into microbial diversity and distribution at deep‐sea hydrothermal vents.
Marinobacterium sp. strain DMS‐S1 uses dimethyl sulphide as a sulphur source after light‐dependent transformation by excreted flavins
Authors: Hirano Hiroyuki , Yoshida Takako , Fuse Hiroyuki , Endo Takayuki , Habe Hiroshi , Nojiri Hideaki , Omori Toshio 
Published: May 2003

Summary Marinobacterium sp. strain DMS‐S1 is a unique marine bacterium that can use dimethyl sulphide (DMS) as a sulphur source only in the presence of       light. High‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses of the culture supernatant revealed that excreted factors, which could transform DMS to dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) under light, are FAD and riboflavin. In addition, FAD appeared to catalyse the photolysis of DMS to not only DMSO but also methanesulphonate (MSA), formate, formaldehyde and sulphate. As strain DMS‐S1 can use sulphate and MSA as a sole sulphur source independently of light, the excretion of flavins appeared to support the growth on DMS under light. Furthermore, three out of 12 marine bacteria from IAM culture collection were found to be able to grow on DMS with the aid of photolysis by the flavins excreted. This is the first report that bacteria can use light to assimilate oceanic organic sulphur compounds outside the cells by excreting flavins as photosensitizers.
A REASSESSMENT OF HYPERBOLIC MILITARY STATISTICS IN SOME EARLY MODERN BURMESE TEXTS
Authors: Charney Michael 
Published: May 2003

AbstractScholarly literature has not taken Burmese accounts of warfare seriously. Colonial historians viewed statistics in these sources as fanciful, exaggerated, and unreliable. Later scholars, both indigenous and western, have followed suit. They judge the chronicle accounts of Burmese warfare solely on the merits of the "objective" data. Much of this valuable material thus remains untouched or unconsidered in the secondary literature. This article suggests alternative ways in which the indigenous warfare accounts can be read. Lists of armies and numbers of soldiers convey significant subjective data on indigenous views of precolonial Burmese history, culture, and society.La littérature érudite n'a pas approché avec sérieux les récits de guerre birmans. Les historiens coloniaux ont considéré les chiffres fournis par ces sources, fantaisistes, exagérés et peu fiables. Plus tard, les chercheurs locaux et occidentaux en ont fait de même. Ils jugent les récits de guerre dans les chroniques birmanes uniquement en se fondant sur les données "objectives." Une bonne partie de ces précieuses informations est ainsi délaissée par la littérature secondaire. Cet article suggère des manières alternatives de lire les récits de guerre indigènes. Les listes d'armées et les nombres de soldats transmettent des données subjectives majeures sur les visions indigènes de l'histoire, la culture et la société birmanes.
Idiotype vaccination in multiple myeloma induced a reduction of circulating clonal tumor B cells
Authors: Rasmussen Thomas , Hansson Lotta , Österborg Anders , Johnsen Hans Erik , Mellstedt Håkan 
Published: May 2003

Abstract
Myeloma cells express the idiotype (Id)–specific antigen that may be targeted by Id vaccination. Six patients with stage I IgG myeloma were immunized with the autologous purified M component together with the adjuvant cytokines interleukin 12 (IL-12) alone or in combination with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). The effect of Id vaccination on circulating clonal tumor B cells was monitored by a real-time allele-specific oligonucleotide polymerase chain reaction method. No other treatment was given. Reduction of blood tumor mass was observed in 4 of 6 patients, with one patient achieving a complete molecular remission in blood. In 3 of these 4 patients an Id-specific T-cell response was induced. In the remaining 2 patients with an unchanged level of blood tumor cells, one patient mounted a T-cell response, whereas the other did not. No significant change in the serum M protein level was noted. Id vaccination may target clonal B cells, suggesting that this strategy might be conducive to achieving tumor control. The clinical significance of these findings remains to be established.
Vasoactivity of S-nitrosohemoglobin: role of oxygen, heme, and NO oxidation states
Authors: Crawford Jack H. , White C. Roger , Patel Rakesh P. 
Published: May 2003

Abstract
The mechanisms by which S-nitrosohemoglobin (SNOHb) stimulates vasodilation are unclear and underlie the controversies surrounding the proposal that this S-nitrosothiol modulates blood flow in vivo. Among the mechanistic complexities are the nature of vasoactive species released from SNOHb and the role heme and oxygen play in this process. This is important to address since hemoglobin inhibits NO-dependent vasodilation. We compared the vasodilatory properties of distinct oxidation and ligation states of SNOHb at different oxygen tensions. The results show that SNOHb in the oxygenated state (SNOoxyHb) is significantly less efficient than SNOHb in the ferric or met oxidation state (SNOmetHb) at stimulating relaxation of isolated rat aortic rings. Using pharmacologic approaches to modulate nitrogen monoxide radical (·NO)–dependent relaxation, our data suggest that SNOoxyHb promotes vasodilation in a ·NO-independent manner. In contrast, both SNOmetHb and S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), a putative intermediate in SNOHb reactivity, elicit vasodilation in a ·NO-dependent process. Consistent with previous observations, an increase in sensitivity of SNOHb vasodilation at low oxygen tensions also was observed. However, this was not exclusive for this protein but applied to a range of nitrosovasodilators (including a ·NO donor [DeaNonoate], an S-nitrosothiol [GSNO], and the nitroxyl anion donor, Angelis salt). This suggests that oxygen-dependent modulation of SNOHb vasoactivity does not occur by controlling the allosteric state of Hb but is a property of vessel responsiveness to nitrosovasodilators at low oxygen tensions.
Changes in self‐perceptions of competence and intrinsic motivation among elementary schoolchildren
Authors: Bouffard Thérèse , Marcoux Marie‐France , Vezeau Carole , Bordeleau Luce 
Published: May 2003

Background: Children's perceived competence and intrinsic motivation are assumed to be very high at the outset of schooling. However, how they change and how they relate to each other and to academic achievement across early schooling years remain open to question.Aims: This 3‐year longitudinal study was aimed at examining the following questions. Do children's perceived competence and intrinsic motivation about reading and mathematics change across the first 3 years of schooling? Do their perceived competence and intrinsic motivation differ according to academic domains? Do their perceived competence and intrinsic motivation relate to their academic achievement in each academic domain?Sample: A total of 115 elementary schoolchildren (63 boys and 52 girls) were examined in first grade (mean age = 84,5 months, SD = .67) and for the next 2 years.Method: Children responded to questionnaires about their perceived competence and intrinsic motivation in reading and mathematics. Year‐end grades in these two subjects were used as a measure of performance.Results: Changes in perceived competence and intrinsic motivation, and between‐year intercorrelations, were observed to differ according to academic domains and gender. Intrinsic motivation did not make a significant contribution to academic achievement at either school grade or in any academic domain, whereas perceived competence was significantly related to achievement at each school grade in both reading and mathematics.Conclusions: Differences between boys and girls observed in this study were not linked to a specific domain and cannot be attributed to gender‐role stereotypes. Girls appeared to be more precocious in differentiating their competence and intrinsic motivation according to academic domain, as well as in being able to process and integrate information about their ability from past performances in a domain to judge their competence in the same domain.
Learning styles and academic outcome: The validity and utility of Vermunt's Inventory of Learning Styles in a British higher education setting
Authors: Boyle Elizabeth A. , Duffy Tim , Dunleavy Karen 
Published: May 2003

Background: Vermunt's (1994) Inventory of Learning Styles (ILS) integrates four components of learning: processing strategies, regulation strategies, mental models of learning and learning orientations. Using explanatory factor analysis, Vermunt (1998) identified four different learning styles, meaning‐directed, reproduction‐directed, application‐directed and undirected, which displayed characteristic patterns of factor loadings across the four components of learning.Aims: The aims of the current study were to test the generalisability of Vermunt's integrated model of learning with a sample of students from a British university and to establish whether different learning styles were associated with different academic outcomes.Sample: A total of 273 students from a British university took part.Methods: Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test Vermunt's four‐factor model of learning styles and compare it with alternative models. Interrelationships between components of the ILS were examined in more detail using regression analyses. The relationship between learning style and academic outcome was also examined.Results: Fit indices indicated that Vermunt's four‐factor model of learning styles provided the best fit for the current sample. Path estimates associated with meaning‐directed and reproduction‐directed learning styles loaded across components as described by Vermunt but application‐directed and undirected learning styles loaded mainly on conceptions and orientations components. Undirected learning style had a low negative association with academic performance, while the meaning‐directed learning style had a low positive association with academic performance.Conclusions: Although the ILS did identify Vermunt's four learning styles, different learning environments influence the precise characteristics of each learning style.
Molecular cloning, expression, and characterization of a cDNA encoding the arylphorin‐like hexameric storage protein from the mulberry longicorn beetle,Apriona germari
Authors: Kim Seong Ryul , Yoon Hyung Joo , Park Nam Sook , Lee Sang Mong , Moon Jae Yu , Seo Sook Jae , Jin Byung Rae , Sohn Hung Dae 
Published: May 2003

AbstractWe describe here the cloning, expression, and characterization of a cDNA encoding the arylphorin‐like hexameric storage protein from the mulberry longicorn beetle,Apriona germari(Coleoptera, Cerambycidae). The complete cDNA sequence ofA. germarihexamerin (AgeHex) is comprised of 2,160 bp with 720 amino acid residues. The deduced protein sequence of AgeHex is most similar toTenebrio molitorhexamerin2 (65.3%). Phylogenetic analysis further confirmed the AgeHex is more closely related toT. molitorhexmerin2 andT. molitorearly‐staged encapsulation inducing protein than to the other insect storage proteins. Southern blot analysis suggested the presence ofA. germarihexamerin gene as a single copy and Northern blot analysis confirmed fat body‐specific expression at the transcriptional level. The cDNA encoding AgeHex was expressed as a 80‐kDa protein in the baculovirus‐infected insect cells. Western blot analysis using the polyclonal antiserum against recombinant AgeHex indicated that the AgeHex corresponds to storage protein 2 (SP2) present in theA. germarilarval hemolymph. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 53:49–65, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Isolation and characterization of a novel venom protein from an endoparasitoid, Cotesia rubecula (Hym: Braconidae)
Authors: Asgari Sassan , Zareie Reza , Zhang Guangmei , Schmidt Otto 
Published: May 2003

AbstractInsects are important vectors of diseases with remarkable immune defense capabilities. Hymenopteran endoparasitoids are adapted to overcome the host defense system and, therefore, are useful sources of immune‐suppressing proteins. Not much is known about venom proteins in endoparasitoids, especially those that have a functional relationship with polydnaviruses (PDVs). Here, we describe the isolation and characterization of a small venom protein (Vn4.6) from an endoparasitoid, Cotesia rubecula, which interferes with the activation of the host hemolymph prophenoloxidase. The coding region for Vn4.6 is located upstream in the opposite direction of a gene coding for a C. rubecula PDV‐protein (Crp32). Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 53:92–100, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Putative isotocin distributions in sonic fish: Relation to vasotocin and vocal–acoustic circuitry
Authors: Goodson James L. , Evans Andrew K. , Bass Andrew H. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractRecent neurophysiological evidence in the plainfin midshipman fish (Porichthys notatus) demonstrated that isotocin (IT) and arginine vasotocin (AVT) modulate fictive vocalizations divergently between three reproductive morphs. To provide an anatomical framework for the modulation of vocalization by IT and to foster comparisons with the distributions of the IT homologues mesotocin (MT) and oxytocin (OT) in other vertebrate groups, we describe putative IT distributions in the midshipman and the closely related gulf toadfish, Opsanus beta. Double‐label fluorescent histochemistry was used for IT and AVT (by using antibodies for MT, OT, and the mammalian AVT homologue, arginine vasopressin [AVP]). MT/OT‐like immunoreactive (MT/OT‐lir) cell groups were found in the anterior parvocellular, posterior parvocellular, and magnocellular preoptic nuclei. MT/OT‐lir fibers and putative terminals densely innervated the ventral telencephalon and numerous areas in the hypothalamus and brainstem. These distributions included all sites of vocal–acoustic integration recently identified for the forebrain and midbrain and diencephalic components of the ascending auditory pathway. Results were qualitatively comparable across morphs, species, and seasons. In contrast to the widespread distribution of MT/OT‐lir, AVP‐lir somata, fibers, and putative terminals were almost completely restricted to vocal–acoustic regions. These data parallel previous descriptions of AVT immunoreactivity in these species, although the present methods showed a previously undescribed, seasonally variable AVP‐lir cell group in the anterior tuberal hypothalamus, a vocally active site and a component of the ascending auditory pathway. These findings provided anatomic support for the role of IT and AVT in the modulation of vocal behavior at multiple levels of the central vocal–acoustic circuitry. J. Comp. Neurol. 462:1–14, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Octopaminergic modulation of synaptic transmission between an identified sensory afferent and flight motoneuron in the locust
Authors: Leitch Beulah , Judge Sarah , Pitman Robert M. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThe role of the biogenic amine octopamine in modulating cholinergic synaptic transmission between the locust forewing stretch receptor neuron (fSR) and the first basalar motoneuron (BA1) was investigated. The amines 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT, serotonin) and dopamine were also studied. Bath application of octopamine, 5‐HT, and dopamine at concentrations of 10‐4 M reversibly decreased the amplitude of monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) evoked in BA1 by electrically stimulating the fSR axon. These effects occurred without any detectable change in either input resistance or membrane potential of BA1. The amines also reversibly decreased the amplitude of responses to acetylcholine (ACh) pressure‐applied to the soma of BA1. The muscarinic antagonist scopolamine (10‐6 M) had no significant effect on the octopamine‐induced decrease in ACh responses. These observations suggest that these amines potentially could physiologically depress cholinergic transmission between fSR and BA1, at least in part, by altering nicotinic rather than muscarinic cholinergic receptor function. Although the octopaminergic agonists naphazoline and tolazoline both mimicked the actions of octopamine, the receptor responsible for octopamine‐mediated modulation could not be characterized since amine receptor antagonists tested on the preparation had complex actions. Confocal immunocytochemistry revealed intense octopamine immunoreactivity in the anterior lateral association center, thus confirming the presence of octopamine in neuropil regions containing fSR/BA1 synapses and therefore supporting a role for this amine in the modulation of synaptic transmission between the fSR and BA1. 5‐HT‐immunoreactivity, conversely, was concentrated within the ventral association centers; very little staining was observed in the dorsal neuropil regions in which fSR/BA1 synapses are located. J. Comp. Neurol. 462:55–70, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
VEGF expression by ganglion cells in central retina before formation of the foveal depression in monkey retina: Evidence of developmental hypoxia
Authors: Sandercoe Trent M. , Geller Scott F. , Hendrickson Anita E. , Stone Jonathan , Provis Jan M. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractIn macaque monkeys the foveal depression forms between fetal day (Fd) 105 and birth (Fd 172 of gestation). Before this, the incipient fovea is identified by a photoreceptor layer comprising cones almost exclusively, a multilayered ganglion cell layer (GCL), and a “domed” profile. Vessels are absent from the central retina until late in development, leading to the suggestion that the GCL in the incipient fovea may be transitorily hypoxic. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), expressed by both glial and neuronal cells and mediated by the hypoxia‐inducible transcription factor (HIF)‐1, is the principal factor involved in blood vessel growth in the retina. We examined VEGF expression in macaque retinas between Fd 85 and 4 months postnatal. Digoxygenin‐labeled riboprobes were generated from a partial‐length human cDNA polymerase chain reaction fragment, detected using fluorescence confocal microscopy, and quantified using Scion Image. High levels of VEGF mRNA were detected in astrocytes associated with developing vessels. We also detected strong expression of VEGF mRNA in the GCL at the incipient fovea prior to Fd 105, with peak labeling in the incipient fovea that declined with distance in nasal and temporal directions. By Fd 152 peak labeling was in two bands associated with development of the inner nuclear layer (INL) capillary plexus: in the inner INL where Müller and amacrine cell somas are located, and in the outer INL where horizontal cells are found. The findings suggest that at the incipient fovea the GCL is hypoxic, supporting the hypothesis that the adaptive significance of the fovea centralis is in ensuring adequate oxygen supply to neuronal elements initially located within the avascular region. J. Comp. Neurol. 462:42–54, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thalamocortical and intracortical connections of monkey cingulate motor areas
Authors: Hatanaka Nobuhiko , Tokuno Hironobu , Hamada Ikuma , Inase Masahiko , Ito Yumi , Imanishi Michiko , Hasegawa Naomi , Akazawa Toshikazu , Nambu Atsushi , Takada Masahiko 
Published: May 2003

AbstractAlthough there has been an increasing interest in motor functions of the cingulate motor areas, data concerning their input organization are still limited. To address this issue, the patterns of thalamic and cortical inputs to the rostral (CMAr), dorsal (CMAd), and ventral (CMAv) cingulate motor areas were investigated in the macaque monkey. Tracer injections were made into identified forelimb representations of these areas, and the distributions of retrogradely labeled neurons were analyzed in the thalamus and the frontal cortex. The cells of origin of thalamocortical projections to the CMAr were located mainly in the parvicellular division of the ventroanterior nucleus and the oral division of the ventrolateral nucleus (VLo). On the other hand, the thalamocortical neurons to the CMAd/CMAv were distributed predominantly in the VLo and the oral division of the ventroposterolateral nucleus‐the caudal division of the ventrolateral nucleus. Additionally, many neurons in the intralaminar nuclear group were seen to project to the cingulate motor areas. Except for their well‐developed interconnections, the corticocortical projections to the CMAr and CMAd/CMAv were also distinctively preferential. Major inputs to the CMAr arose from the presupplementary motor area and the dorsal premotor cortex, whereas inputs to the CMAd/CMAv originated not only from these areas but also from the supplementary motor area and the primary motor cortex. The present results indicate that the CMAr and the caudal cingulate motor area (involving both the CMAd and the CMAv) are characterized by distinct patterns of thalamocortical and intracortical connections, reflecting their functional differences. J. Comp. Neurol. 462:121–138, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.