bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE STERILIZATION OF BACTERIOLOGICAL MEDIA AND OTHER FLUIDS WITH ETHYLENE OXIDE
Authors: Wilson Armine T. , Bruno Pauline 
Published: June 2004

Ethylene oxide is an effective sterilizing agent for bacteriological broths, milk, and serum. A short time after it has exerted its sterilizing effect, the treated fluids again become capable of supporting bacterial growth.
Ethylene oxide has been shown to destroy a number of aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms, aerobic and anaerobic spore-forming bacilli, fungi, and vaccinia virus. No organisms have been encountered which withstand its action.
The quantity of ethylene oxide necessary for sterilization depends to some degree on the character of the medium sterilized. None of the materials tested required more than 1 volume per cent of liquid ethylene oxide.
Ethylene oxide is highly reactive chemically, and its reactions with many of the components of complex biological fluids cannot be fully anticipated. Regardless of the chemical changes produced, ethylene oxide did not permanently alter the essential qualities of the growth factors in broth and milk which are required by fastidious organisms such as group A streptococci and others. However, its effect on the biological activity of any particular organic compound should be assayed before it can be assumed not to have a deleterious effect.
The sterilization of media by ethylene oxide is accompanied by a rise in pH. Fluids which have a relatively high initial pH may require adjustment with sterile acid to return them to the optimal pH for bacterial growth.
A mixture of ethylene oxide and broth was toxic to mice for 6 hours after admixture. Toxicity disappeared on incubating the mixture longer, and no residual toxicity could be demonstrated after 6 hours, even on repeated intraperitoneal inoculations.
As a means of sterilizing bacteriological media and other biological fluids, ethylene oxide deserves consideration when heat and filtration cannot be used.
THE PATHOGENESIS OF DEFERRED CANCER
Authors: Friedewald William F. , Rous Peyton 
Published: June 2004

The ears of young adult rabbits were painted with methylcholanthrene (MC) long enough to call forth a few benign tumors (papillomas, frill horns), and the animals were followed throughout their later lives. Soon after the paintings were stopped the tumors began to dwindle and vanished, yet even while they were disappearing other growths of the same kinds arose, only to vanish later in their turn. For a long while more arose than disappeared, and in consequence the number of tumors increased throughout years. They accumulated at a constant rate despite concurrent changes in the supporting skin, which might have been supposed, on previous experience, to have prevented this from happening. Only in the old age of the animals did the number of tumors eventually fall off, and by this time the skin on which they had arisen, long since normal in the gross to all appearance, had become nearly so microscopically. Even then latent neoplastic potentialities still existed in the cutaneous tissue; where punch holes were healing new tumors arose.
A great multitude of hidden neoplastic cells were present in the MCed skin, and from them many of the growths called forth by the stimulus of healing undoubtedly derived. Yet the facts make it difficult to suppose that the long accumulation, at a constant rate, of tumors visible in the gross was due wholly to the proliferation of cells rendered neoplastic during the period of exposure to MC, and lying hidden afterwards for periods determined by their differing, evenly graded capabilities. Nor can the accumulation be attributed to a sustained carcinogenesis resulting from the pathological state of the skin. As a whole the findings indicate that the linear increase in growths was due for the most part to a continual arrival at the neoplastic state and subsequent proliferation of cells, or the descendants of cells, that had been no more than started on the way toward becoming neoplastic by the carcinogen. There is clinical evidence for such a course of events.
Now and again a carcinoma arose from the skin previously treated with MC, but they were few in all, as would follow from the presence of local conditions unfavorable to malignant change. Some appeared only after years,—in one instance more than 5 years after.
The occurrence of deferred cancer in man can be understood in terms of the findings in rabbits.
EXPERIMENTAL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Schwab Louis , Moll Frederick C. , Hall Thomas , Brean Henry , Kirk Marjorie , Hawn Clinton Van Zandt , Janeway Charles A. ,   With the Technical Assistance of Miriam Ekdahl
Published: June 2004

X-radiation and nitrogen mustard administration inhibit the formation of precipitins for whole bovine serum and bovine serum gamma globulin in the rabbit.
When specific antibody formation is inhibited by these agents, intravenous injection of a single large dose of bovine serum gamma globulin is not usually followed by the development of tissue lesions 9 to 11 days later, as occurs fairly regularly in control animals.
A fall in titre of serum complement to very low levels for 3 to 5 days is closely correlated in time with the disappearance of antigen from the circulation following the intravenous injection of single large doses of bovine serum albumin and bovine serum gamma globulin. A rise in complement titre to normal levels occurs as antibodies appear in the serum.
This sudden fall in complement titre is correlated with the development of characteristic lesions, and does not occur when antibody formation is inhibited.
The data presented are interpreted as evidence in favor of the concept that the lesions are due to a reaction between antigen fixed in or on tissue cells and circulating antibody.
The possible significance of serum complement in the pathogenesis of anaphylactic tissue lesions is discussed.
PRODUCTION OF THE SHWARTZMAN PHENOMENON BY A SINGLE-INJECTION TECHNIC
Authors: Black-Schaffer B. , Milam J. W. , Brockman D. D. , Coonrad E. V. , Silverman S. B. 
Published: June 2004

In the hypersensitive animal a single inoculation of homologous antigen mixed with Shwartzman preparatory toxin may lead to the production of a Shwartzman reaction which functions as an amplifier of the antigen-antibody tissue response.
The combination of antigen and bacterial toxin does not alter the antigenicity of purified bovine gamma globulin.
This form of the Shwartzman phenomenon may be useful in the investigation of hyperergic tissue reactions.
POLIOMYELITIS IN CHIMPANZEES
Authors: Horstmann Dorothy M. , Melnick Joseph L. 
Published: June 2004

The response of eighteen chimpanzees to poliomyelitis virus administered orally and cutaneously has been studied. There were no signs of weakness or paralysis in any of the animals. Sixteen of the eighteen (89 per cent) became infected as measured by intestinal carriage of virus. Only one of twelve was reinfected when challenged with an homologous (or homotypic) strain by the same routes, but seven of ten were reinfected on heterologous challenge. A correlation between the development of humoral antibodies and resistance to reinfection was demonstrated.
During the course of these experiments, two chimpanzees acquired inapparent poliomyelitis by accidental contagion in the laboratory.
CHEMICAL STUDIES IN HOST-VIRUS INTERACTIONS
Authors: Cohen Seymour S. , Arbogast Rachel 
Published: June 2004

A method has been described for following purine and pyrimidine synthesis in intact cells by measuring the ultraviolet absorption of a bacterial suspension. It has been shown that in cells infected with active virus, the rate of increase of ultraviolet absorption at 2600 Å corresponded to that of DNA, although preceding DNA synthesis slightly. The amount of separation of the curves in time was determined by the multiplicity of infection.
Under conditions of mutual reactivation of ultraviolet-irradiated virus, DNA synthesis was inhibited but not the increase in ultraviolet absorption. Thus a continuing purine and pyrimidine synthesis was indicated by the increase in this function. When an intact virus particle could be found within these bacteria, however, DNA synthesis began at the rate characteristic of normal infections. Certain peculiarities of lysis in this system were noted.
The significance of these observations for various genetic theories has been discussed. It would appear that Luria's hypothesis of independent gene pool synthesis has probably been disproven. It has also been shown that the lesion produced by irradiation of a virus particle with ultraviolet light probably occurs in the DNA of the particle. The validity of these conclusions will depend on a knowledge of the relation of virus protein synthesis to DNA synthesis in this system.
RELATION OF VIRULENCE OF PNEUMOCOCCAL STRAINS FOR MICE TO THE QUANTITY OF CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE FORMED IN VITRO
Authors: MacLeod Colin M. , Krauss Marjorie R. 
Published: June 2004

The amount of capsular polysaccharide formed in vitro by strains of pneumococcus types II, III, and VII of different virulence for mice has been measured by quantitative precipitin reactions. The quantity produced by strains of high virulence was greater for all three types than that formed by moderately virulent or avirulent strains.
It is suggested that an important factor concerned in variations of virulence of pneumococci for mice is the genetic apparatus that controls the amount of SSS synthesized by the cells.
THE SPLANCHNIC REMOVAL IN RABBITS DURING FATAL BACTERIEMIAS OF THE CIRCULATING ORGANISMS AND OF SUPERIMPOSED NON-PATHOGENIC BACTERIA
Authors: Martin Samuel P. , Kerby Grace P. 
Published: June 2004

1. By a method of hepatic venous catheterization previously described, comparative data have been obtained concerning the removal of pneumococci from the splanchnic circulating blood of the intact rabbit in bacteriemias secondary to a dermal infection and in bacteriemias induced by a continuous infusion of organisms into the blood stream. The average splanchnic removal in secondary pneumococcal bacteriemias was 8 ± 14 per cent (S.D.), in induced bacteriemias 9 ± 15 per cent (S.D.).
2. Similar data were obtained in induced M. aureus bacteriemias in normal rabbits and in induced M. aureus bacteriemias superimposed upon pneumococcal bacteriemias secondary to dermal infection. The average splanchnic removal of M. aureus in normal rabbits was 62 ± 20 per cent (S.D.). The splanchnic removal of M. aureus in rabbits with a simultaneous pneumococcal bacteriemia of infection was of the same order of magnitude as in normal rabbits.
3. The efficiency of the mechanism of splanchnic removal for a given organism is an important factor in the establishment and maintenance of a bacteriemia. Present evidence indicates that the maintenance of a bacteriemia requires a constant introduction into the blood stream of organisms from some source.
4. Pneumococci do not acquire a resistance to removal from the splanchnic circulating blood during the course of fatal infection in rabbits.
5. No final exhaustion of the mechanism of splanchnic removal can be demonstrated in fatal pneumococcal bacteriemias in rabbits.
A QUANTITATIVE ANTIBODY RESPONSE OF MAN TO INFECTION OR VACCINATION WITH PASTEURELLA TULARENSIS
Authors: Alexander Mary M. 
Published: June 2004

A polysaccharide antigen, prepared from a virulent strain of Past. tularensis by phenol extraction, was employed in assaying the antibody in sera from persons recovered from infection with, or vaccinated with Past. tularensis, using the serological technique of quantitative precipitation.
Antibody levels in sera of individuals vaccinated with or recovered from infection with Past. tularensis were found to resemble those observed in similar studies by other investigators, such as the antibody response to pneumococcal antigen, meningococcal polysaccharide, and blood group substances.
It is suggested that the value of actively or of passively acquired antibody to an individual exposed to tularemia is dependent not on the amount of antibody alone, but also on the amount of antigen with which the antibody is capable of combining.
HOST-PARASITE RELATIONSHIPS IN EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMONIA DUE TO PNEUMOCOCCUS TYPE III
Authors: Wood W. Barry , Smith Mary Ruth 
Published: June 2004

Experimental pneumonia was produced with a highly virulent strain of type III pneumococcus which synthesizes, during rapid growth, large amounts of capsular polysaccharide. The type III pneumonia differed from that caused by pneumococcus I in that (a) death occurred more promptly in the type III infection, (b) the local pulmonary lesion became more heavily infected, and (c) frank suppuration was common even after otherwise effective chemotherapy. The greater pathogenicity of the type III organism was shown by special histologic techniques to be due primarily to its capsular slime layer which interferes with surface phagocytosis. Capsular polysaccharide shed from the organism during growth was also demonstrated in high concentration in certain parts of the pneumonic lesion. Removal of the excess polysaccharide from the alveoli resulted from (a) lymphatic drainage to regional lymph nodes and (b) phagocytosis, particularly by macrophages. The possible relationship of the free carbohydrate to the malignancy and the characteristically viscous exudate of type III pneumonia was discussed.
The lung abscesses which resulted from type III infection were observed to occur in those areas in which the maximum number of organisms had accumulated. Evidence was obtained that suppuration was due, not to necrotoxic products peculiar to the type III pneumococcus, but rather to the survival of large numbers of bacteria in the tissues, brought about primarily by the antiphagocytic effect of the slime layer.
When pneumonia was produced with an intermediate type III mutant lacking the protective slime layer, back mutation to the mucoid parent occurred during the course of the infection, and the mucoid form eventually predominated in the lung as a result of selective phagocytosis of the intermediate organisms. Similar mutation to the maximally virulent type III form was noted with a transformed intermediate type III strain grown from single cell preparations.
THE RENAL MECHANISM FOR URATE EXCRETION IN THE DALMATIAN COACH-HOUND
Authors: Wolfson William Q. , Cohn Clarence , Shore Clarice 
Published: June 2004

1. The renal mechanism for urate excretion in the Dalmatian dog resembles that in birds. Urate is cleared at a rate considerably greater than the glomerular filtration rate, indicating that its excretion is the result of both glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion. The basic physiological mechanisms involved in the anomalous purine metabolism of the Dalmatian are indicated and their possible biological significance briefly discussed.
2. A new enzymatic method for the direct estimation of true urate in biological fluids is described, which does not require the estimation of total urate and urate chromogen, followed by the calculation of true urate as a difference.
THE ROLE OF NON-PRECIPITATING ANTIBODIES IN THE PASSIVE SENSITIZATION OF HUMAN SKIN BY RABBIT ANTI-OVALBUMIN
Authors: Sherman William B. , Menzel Arthur E. O. , Seebohm Paul M. 
Published: June 2004

Sera of fourteen rabbits injected with alum-precipitated recrystallized ovaltumin, containing 0.046 to 0.604 mg. of precipitable antibody nitrogen per ml. (average 0.299 mg.), passively sensitized human skin, while the sera of nine rabbits injected with dissolved recrystallized ovalbumin, containing from less than 0.05 to 0.420 of antibody nitrogen per ml. (average 0.176 mg. or less), were inactive in human skin. The skin-sensitizing activity of the sera bore no relation to the precipitin content.
Removal of 68 to 90 per cent of the precipitin nitrogen by a single addition of antigen did not affect the activity of the sera in sensitizing human skin.
Removal of all precipitable antibody nitrogen in one serum by a single addition of antigen removed the skin-sensitizing activity.
The "univalent" antibody remaining after complete removal of precipitin by fractional addition of antigen showed the same activity in passive sensitization of human skin as the original serum.
THE EFFECT OF ORGANIC ACIDS ON MAMMALIAN TUBERCLE BACILLI
Authors: Dubos René J. 
Published: June 2004

The growth of tubercle bacilli in vitro was inhibited by the addition of the sodium salts of very low concentrations of certain organic acids to a variety of liquid and agar culture media containing whole serum or serum albumin.
Capric acid was the most active of the compounds tested, but inhibition of growth occurred also with the shorter aliphatic acids. Lactic acid was also growth-inhibitory, whereas the keto and dicarboxylic acids tested were inactive in this respect.
The inhibitory activity of the aliphatic acids and of lactic acid increased as the pH of the medium was lowered by addition of HCl. It was greater in media enriched with serum or with oleic acid-albumin complex, but was otherwise fairly independent of the composition of the medium.
The inhibitory effect appears to be bacteriostatic rather than bactericidal and to depend upon a disturbance of the normal metabolic processes of the bacilli.
Some of the long chain fatty acids caused a marked enhancement of growth when used in low concentrations and in admixture with enough serum albumin to overcome their toxicity.
The significance of these findings is discussed with reference to the survival and multiplication of tubercle bacilli in vivo within inflammatory and caseous areas, which are known to be often acidic and to contain high concentrations of organic acids.
RADIOIRON ABSORPTION IN ANEMIC DOGS
Authors: Stewart Wellington B. , Yuile Charles L. , Claiborne Herbert A. , Snowman Richard T. , Whipple George H. 
Published: June 2004

The control of iron absorption appears to reside in the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract.
The normal dog absorbs very little iron, but the anemic iron-depleted dog may absorb 10 to 20 times as much.
This "mucosal block" of the normal dog probably is due largely to iron stores in the mucosa.
"Mucosal block" can be effected in the anemic iron-depleted dog by feeding of iron salts, but the degree of "mucosal block" under these conditions never reaches the high degree of "mucosal block" in the normal dog.
Rapid movement of iron through the mucosa may explain the short duration of "mucosal block" due to iron feeding in the anemic iron-depleted dogs (18 to 20 hours, Fig. 1).
The colon absorbs very little iron under the conditions described. The stomach and duodenum seem to be most active in its absorption. This suggests the existence of a gradient in the capacity of the gastrointestinal tract to absorb iron.
EFFECT OF THE REMOVAL OF LIPIDS ON SPECIFIC PRECIPITATION
Authors: Krueger Robert C. , Heidelberger Michael 
Published: June 2004

Horse antisera to rabbit albumin and globulins and to Type III pneumococci were extracted at low temperatures with alcohol-ether.
The precipitin reactions given by these sera deprived of lipids were studied by quantitative analytical methods.
With longer periods of standing and slightly higher speeds of centrifugation than those usually required for lipid-containing sera, precipitation may be made complete in immune sera from which the lipids have been removed.
The function of lipids in immune reactions is discussed, as well as the effects on antibody globulin of the procedures used in their removal.
THE RELATION OF PLEUROPNEUMONIA-LIKE ORGANISMS TO THE CONJUNCTIVAL CHANGES OCCURRING IN MICE OF THE PRINCETON STRAIN
Authors: Nelson John B. 
Published: June 2004

A selected colony free from ocular infection with pleuropneumonia-like organisms of the conjunctival type was developed from young Princeton mice delivered by cesarean section and reared by uninfected Swiss foster mothers. Young mice from this colony continued to show sporadic ocular manifestations similar to those observed in infected mice. This reaction was non-inflammatory in nature.
The organisms previously recovered from the altered conjunctivae of Princeton mice were established on the conjunctivae of selected mice of the special colony both by direct contact and by the local implantation of ocular washings and concentrated cultures.
The factors associated with the conjunctival reaction in infected Princeton mice are discussed.
STUDIES ON ENTRY AND EGRESS OF POLIOMYELITIS INFECTION
Authors: Faber Harold K. , Silverberg Rosalie J. , Luz Lester A. , Dong Luther 
Published: June 2004

Excretion of poliomyelitis virus has been demonstrated in monkeys after four different parenteral routes of inoculation. Virus has been found in both the pharyngeal secretions and the stools after infraorbital nerve dip and after inoculation of the Gasserian ganglion; in the pharyngeal secretions after intrathalamic inoculation; and in the stools after inoculation of the celiac ganglion.
Excretion began as early as the 2nd and as late as the 7th day after inoculation, in all instances before the onset of symptoms.
The immediate source of the excreted virus appeared to be infected peripheral ganglia with neural connections to the mucous membranes of the upper and lower portions of the alimentary tract, notably the pharynx.
Primary infection of the body surfaces was excluded in the experiments and therefore could not account for the excretion of virus.
The mode of elimination was probably by centrifugal spread through axons of peripheral nerve fibers and not by way of the blood stream or lymphatics.
Evidence was obtained that when excretion of virus has once occurred, reinvasion from the implicated surface to other, previously uninfected peripheral ganglia ensues, thus providing new sources for excretion and other potential pathways for invasion of the CNS. It is suggested that such reinvasion may occur serially until the immunological defenses come into play.
Our experiments lend support to the view that during the initial stage of poliomyelitis, and perhaps throughout its course in some cases, e.g. the asymptomatic and the mild cases without central nervous symptoms, infection is confined to the peripheral nervous system. Involvement of the CNS when it occurs is a secondary phase of the infective process and is not a necessary prelude to elimination of the virus.
Excretion is explainable on the basis of the established neurocytotropism and axonal conduction of the virus without resort to the hypothesis of extraneural infection.
HEREDITARY OSTEOPETROSIS OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Pearce Louise 
Published: June 2004

Gross and microscopic observations on the skeleton of rabbits with hereditary osteopetrosis have been described. All the bones were invariably and similarly affected.
The outstanding abnormalities included the persistence of spongy bone and the presence of fibrous tissue together with the failure of development of a marrow cavity and medullary marrow. The amount of hemopoietic tissue, which was present only in comparatively small foci, was greatly reduced.
The character of the lesions and their development as determined by examination of material at various stages of the disease suggested that the essential defect concerned the mesenchymal cell.
The pathologic features observed generally resembled those of human osteopetrosis as did the manifestations of the disease during life (1, 2).