bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Humoral Immunity to Stress Proteins and Periodontal Disease
Authors: Lopatin Dennis E. , Shelburne Charles E. , Van Poperin Neal , Kowalski Charles J. , Bagramian Robert A. 
Published: February 2005

Background: There is evidence that microbial heat shock (stress) proteins (Hsp) are immunodominant antigens of many microorganisms. Immunity to these proteins has been shown in non‐oral infections to contribute to protection. This study was undertaken to assess the relationship(s) between immunity to human and microbial heat shock proteins, periodontal disease status, and colonization by periodontal disease‐associated microorganisms.Methods: Subgingival plaque and blood samples obtained from 198 patients during an earlier clinical study were examined for the presence of specific periodontal disease‐associated microorganisms and antibodies to selected human and microbial heat shock proteins (Hsp70, Hsp90, DnaK, and GroEL). Particle concentration immunofluorescence assay (PCFIA) was used to detect anti‐Hsp antibodies and slot immunoblot assay (SIB) was used to detect subgingival plaque species. Regression models were used to examine the contribution of age, gender, gingival index, probing depth, attachment loss, calculus index, plaque index, and microbial colonization to the anti‐Hsp antibody concentrations.Results: Our studies demonstrated that, when evaluated by ANOVA, patients with higher anti‐Hsp (Hsp90, DnaK, and GroEL) antibody concentrations tended to have significantly (P ≤0.05) healthier periodontal tissues. This was most obvious when the relationship between mean probing depths and antibody concentrations were studied. For Hsp90 antibodies, 2 variables (probing depth and P. gingivalis concentration) were found to have significant contributions (R = 0.293, P <0.0002). The equation derived from the regression model was y = 12558 − 2070* PD + 1842* PG. This confirmed the inverse relationship with probing depth and the positive relationship with colonization by P. gingivalis. Attempts to model the other stress protein antibodies were not successful.Conclusions: We believe that the present observations reflect the presence of protective anti‐Hsp antibodies, rather than simply the presence of the microorganism in the gingival sulcus. The clinical significance of these observations lies in the potential of identifying patients who are at risk for developing periodontal disease based on their inability to mount an immune response to specific Hsp or Hsp epitopes, as well as the development of vaccines based on Hsp epitopes. J Periodontol 1999;70:1185‐1193.
Arbitrarily Primed‐Polymerase Chain Reaction for Identification and Epidemiologic Subtyping of Oral Isolates of Fusobacterium nucleatum
Authors: Avila‐Campos Mario J. , Sacchi Cláudio T. , Whitney Anne M. , Steigerwalt Arnold G. , Mayer Leonard W. 
Published: February 2005

Background: Fusobacterium nucleatum is the most frequently isolated bacterium in periodontal disease and plays an important role in serious infections in other parts of the body. Arbitrarily primed‐polymerase chain reaction (AP‐PCR) was used to construct primers for specific identification and subtyping of F. nucleatum. Subtypes may differ in virulence and, hence, are important as periodontal pathogens. Subtypes also may differ in antibiotic susceptibility; therefore, knowing the subtypes may influence choice of treatment.Methods: We analyzed 70 DNA samples of F. nucleatum isolated from patients with periodontal disease (PD) (N = 32) or AIDS‐related PD (N = 8) and from healthy carriers (N = 30). From 90 AP‐PCR primers screened, five amplification products were selected, cloned in pCR II vector, and sequenced. These sequences were used to design new pairs of specific primers. Sequences were compared to GenBank entries with BLAST and showed no significant matches.Results: Three primer pairs produced bands of approximately 1 Kb (primer 5059S) or 0.5 Kb (primers FN5047 or M1211) with all F. nucleatum DNAs tested. PCR amplification using primer pair M8171 produced a 1 Kb band with isolates from 7 (22%) PD and 5 (63%) PD‐AIDS patients and 9 (30%) healthy controls. Using the same primer pair, 2 other bands of approximately 0.5 Kb and 0.4 Kb were observed with DNA from isolates from 2 (6%) PD and all PD‐AIDS patients, but were not observed with DNA samples from healthy controls (P <0.0001). All the primer pairs produced no or different amplicon profiles with DNA samples from bacterial species other than F. nucleatum.Conclusions: Our results suggest that PCR primer pairs 5059S, FN5047 or M1211 can be used to specifically identify F. nucleatum isolates and distinguish them from other bacteria. The primer pair M8171 could also be used to differentiate F. nucleatum isolated from periodontal patients or healthy individuals. These specific primers can be used in PCR analysis for specific identification of F. nucleatum and to distinguish it from other bacteria associated with human periodontitis. These approaches appear promising in facilitating laboratory identification, molecular subtyping, and taxonomy of putative periodontopathogens. J Periodontol 1999;70:1202‐1208.
Progression and Treatment of Chronic Adult Periodontitis
Authors: Preshaw Philip M. , Lauffart Brenda , Zak Elena , Jeffcoat Marjorie K. , Barton Ian , Heasman Peter A. 
Published: February 2005

Background: The periodontal status of 41 medically healthy adults with untreated chronic periodontitis was monitored before and after scaling and root planing (SRP).Methods: During a 6‐month pretreatment phase, clinical measurements, digital subtraction radiography (DSR) analysis of alveolar bone, and measurement of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels were undertaken. SRP was provided during a 1‐month treatment phase. Clinical, radiographic, and biochemical analyses were repeated in a 6‐month post‐treatment healing period.Results: Pretreatment: no clinically significant changes in mean plaque indices (PI), probing depths (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP), or relative clinical attachment levels (CAL) were detected (P >0.05). DSR revealed small but statistically significant bone height (0.04 mm) and mass (0.97 mg) loss (P <0.001). GCF PGE2 levels gradually increased from 38.8 ng/ml at month 1 to 79.4 ng/ml at month 6. Post‐treatment: statistically and clinically significant reductions were observed in mean PI, BOP, and PD (P <0.05). A statistically significant reduction in CAL was noted (P <0.05). The trend towards progressive bone loss was halted and reversed, and a statistically significant decrease in GCF PGE2 concentrations was detected (P <0.001). Smokers, non‐smokers, and ex‐smokers did not differ significantly in PI, BOP, CAL, radiographic, or biochemical parameters at any time. Mean PD was significantly greater in current smokers than in non‐ and ex‐smokers (P <0.005). PD reduced comparably in all 3 smoking subgroups following treatment (P <0.01).Conclusions: Conventional clinical measurements failed to identify disease progression over a 6‐month period. Significant improvements were observed in clinical parameters after SRP, and a trend towards progressive bone loss was halted and reversed. Regular and frequent maintenance visits are important following treatment to maintain improvements in clinical parameters. Smokers had deeper probing depths than non‐ and ex‐smokers, but pockets were reduced significantly and comparably in all 3 smoking subgroups following efficacious treatment. J Periodontol 1999;70:1209‐1220.
Assessment of a Novel Screening Test for Neutrophil Collagenase Activity in the Diagnosis of Periodontal Diseases
Authors: Mancini Sabrina , Romanelli Raquel , Laschinger Carol A. , Overall Christopher M. , Sodek Jaro , McCulloch Christopher A.G. 
Published: February 2005

Background: Increased levels of active neutrophil collagenase (MMP‐8) in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) are associated with progressive periodontitis. The measurement of this enzyme in GCF could facilitate diagnosis. However, assays with sufficient sensitivity to detect collagenase in whole‐mouth GCF currently use radiolabeled substrates and require several days to complete. To provide more rapid analyses of collagenase activity that are better adapted to clinical studies, we developed and validated a novel assay (soluble biotinylated‐collagen assay: SBA) based on chemiluminescent detection of biotinylated collagen digestion products.Methods: The concordance of the novel SBA assay with a radioactive collagen substrate assay was assessed by parallel analyses of enzyme from 35 neutrophil preparations and from 41 samples of GCF from periodontitis patients, followed by Pearson correlation analysis. To test whether the assay appropriately measured MMP‐8 activity, enzyme activity was assessed after incubation with specific collagenase blockers. We examined the diagnostic utility of the SBA in cross‐sectional and longitudinal analyses of 125 patients with adult periodontitis, 5 patients with early‐onset periodontitis, 1 edentulous patient, and in 32 control patients without periodontitis.Results: The assay detected <56 pg collagen degraded/hour/μl sample, which is comparable to the most sensitive radioactive assay. The total assay time was 22 hours and reproducibility on replicate measurements was high (r = 0.96). In direct comparisons of MMP‐8 activity in GCF with enzyme from peripheral blood neutrophils using the SBA and radioactive assays, there was a high correlation (r = 0.97). As expected, EDTA and TIMP‐1 and ‐2, known inhibitors of MMP‐8, completely blocked enzyme activity with this assay. Cross‐sectional and longitudinal analyses of GCF showed that MMP‐8 activity was >18‐fold higher in severe periodontitis than in stable periodontitis and decreased to < 25% of pretreatment levels following therapy. Based on measurements of collagenase activity in different disease groups, we estimated a value of 80 nano units as a threshold for severe periodontitis.Conclusions: These results indicate that active MMP‐8 is detected in GCF by a novel assay that is specific, simple, rapid, and reproducible and which may facilitate diagnostic discrimination between stable and progressive lesions. J Periodontol 1999;70:1292‐1302.
The Association Between Smoking Cessation and Periodontal Status and Salivary Proteinase Levels
Authors: Liede Kirsti E. , Haukka Jari K. , Hietanen Jarkko H.P. , Mattila Mika H. , Rönkö Hanne , Sorsa Timo 
Published: February 2005

Background: Little information is available about the effects of the cessation of cigarette smoking on oral health, although cigarette smoking has been shown to be associated with a variety of oral diseases. The aim of this study was to compare periodontal status, salivary proteolytic activity, especially collagenase‐2 (MMP‐8) levels, and oral mucosal status in individuals who had quit smoking for at least 6 months (mean 3.5, SD 1.3 years) and in regular smokers.Methods: The subjects were 409 white male smokers aged 55 to 74 years with 15 or more remaining teeth. They had participated in a major cancer prevention study (ATBC Study). Eighty‐two of the men had given up smoking and 327 were smokers. The subjects were examined clinically to determine the prevalence of periodontal pockets, gingival bleeding (BOP) and suppuration, and prevalence of keratotic oral mucosal lesions. The loss of alveolar bone was determined radiographically. Candida albicans was cultivated, and lesions showing leukoplakia were examined histopathologically. General proteolytic activity and collagenase‐2 or matrix metalloproteinase‐8 (MMP‐8) levels in saliva, salivary pH, and buffering capacity were measured. Linear regression, logistic regression, or Fisher's exact test were used in statistical analysis.Results: Salivary general proteolytic activity and MMP‐8 levels were lower in current smokers than in ex‐smokers (P <0.05 and P <0.05, respectively). The prevalence of ≥ 4 mm deep pockets, gingival suppuration, and loss of crestal bone were statistically significantly lower (P = 0.003, P <0.001, and P <0.05, respectively) and salivary buffering capacity higher (P <0.05) in those who had quit smoking compared to current smokers; there was no difference in BOP. The prevalence of oral leukoplakia did not differ significantly between smokers and quitters, but was higher in those who smoked >15 cigarettes per day compared to quitters (odds ratio 3.5, 95% CI, 0.8 to 15.3).Conclusions: These data suggest that periodontal status and oral mucosal health are better in those who have quit cigarette smoking compared to current smokers. However, the data further suggest that smoking may significantly lower both general proteolytic enzyme activity and MMP‐8 levels in saliva. Thus, care should be taken in interpreting results revealing salivary/mouthrinse proteinases as diagnostic markers for oral/periodontal disease activity. J Periodontol 1999;70:1361‐1368.
A Comparative Evaluation of Hemostatic Agents in the Management of Soft Tissue Graft Donor Site Bleeding
Authors: Rossmann Jeffrey A. , Rees Terry D. 
Published: February 2005

Background: Periodontal plastic surgery has increased the use of palatal wounds for donor tissue, with the most common complication being excessive bleeding from the palate after harvesting tissue. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of 3 methods for achieving hemostasis on the palate after harvesting donor tissue for autogenous soft tissue grafts.Methods: Thirty sites were evaluated at surgery for hemostasis and followed over 21 days for healing and adverse events. Three treatment groups were randomly selected and patients received either a test product or control comprising: 1) oxidized regenerated cellulose; 2) absorbable gelatin sponge; or 3) sterile gauze with external pressure as the control. All patients received a surgical stent for the palate.Results: The results were analyzed for smokers and non‐smokers, and the median time to hemostasis was significantly shorter when a hemostatic agent was applied to the palatal wounds compared to controls in both groups. Pain assessment showed no differences across treatment groups. However, by 21 days, only the oxidized regenerated cellulose group had complete healing based on blinded clinical evaluation with all sites rated as normal to rapid healing, compared to the absorbable gelatin sponge group where 40% of the sites were rated as slow healing. Adverse events, primarily bleeding episodes during the first 7 days after surgery, were found in 40% of the oxidized regenerated cellulose and gauze control groups, while no sites in the absorbable gelatin sponge group had an adverse event. The patients were followed for an average of 10 months and demonstrated a mean shrinkage of their recipient grafts of 24% in total surface area.Conclusions: This study concluded that the use of hemostatic agents for palatal wounds is confirmed as the treatment of choice when performing free soft tissue grafts. J Periodontol 1999;70:1369‐1375.
Association Between Periodontitis and Hyperlipidemia: Cause or Effect?
Authors: Cutler Christopher W. , Shinedling Edward A. , Nunn Martha , Jotwani Ravi , Kim Byung‐Ock , Nares Salvador , Iacopino Anthony M. 
Published: February 2005

Background: Epidemiological studies suggest a relationship between periodontitis and coronary artery disease, but the mechanism has not been established. Recent studies in animals indicate that low dose endotoxin, as in a Gram‐negative infection, can induce hyperlipidemia and myeloid cell hyperactivity. The association between periodontitis, systemic exposure to Porphyromonas gingivalis, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and hyperlipidemia has not been examined in humans.Methods: Sera were obtained from 26 adult periodontitis patients and 25 healthy control (C) subjects selected from patients and staff. Serum antibodies against Porphyromonas gingivalis and its LPS were analyzed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting, respectively. Serum triglycerides (TG) and cholesterol (CHOL) were assayed by a commercial laboratory. The associations between AP and blood levels of TG, CHOL, and anti‐P. gingivalis whole cells and LPS were examined by logistic regression analysis. Peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) from 6 healthy fasted donors were incubated with purified TG (0.1 mg/ml) for 2 hours at 37°C, stimulated with 100 ng/ml P. gingivalis LPS, and the release of IL‐1β measured by ELISA.Results: The presence of periodontitis was significantly associated with age (odds ratio = 3.5, P = 0.04), elevated TG levels (odds ratio = 8.6, P = 0.0009), elevated CHOL levels (odds ratio = 7, P = 0.004), elevated ELISA titer (odds ratio = 35, P = 0.003) and reactivity with P. gingivalis LPS (odds ratio = 41, P = 0.001). PMNs from all 6 healthy patients released modest levels of IL‐1β (10 to 60 pg/ml) when stimulated with 100 ng/ml P. gingivalis LPS. Addition of TG resulted in a significant increase (P <0.05) in IL‐1β secreted that ranged from 7 to 150% over LPS alone. No IL‐1β was elicited by TG or vehicle alone.Conclusions: The results of this study indicate the presence of a significant relationship between periodontitis, hyperlipidemia, and serum antibodies against P. gingivalis LPS that warrants further examination in a larger patient population. Furthermore, these studies indicate that elevated triglycerides are able to modulate IL‐1β production by PMNs stimulated with P. gingivalis LPS. J Periodontol 1999;70:1429‐1434.
Effects of Butyrate and Propionate on the Adhesion, Growth, Cell Cycle Kinetics, and Protein Synthesis of Cultured Human Gingival Fibroblasts
Authors: Jeng Jiiang‐Huei , Chan Chiu‐Po , Ho Yuan‐Soon , Lan Wan‐Hong , Hsieh Chi‐Chuan , Chang Mei‐Chi 
Published: February 2005

Background: Various periodontal and root canal pathogens, such as the Bacteroides species, can produce significant amounts of short chain fatty acids (SCFA). The roles of SCFA in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease are still not fully understood.Methods: We therefore investigated 2 main SCFA, butyrate and propionate, on the functional behavior of cultured human gingival fibroblasts (GF) such as cell growth, protein synthesis, cell adhesion capacity, and cell cycle progression.Results: Butyrate and propionate inhibited the growth of healthy (HGF) and inflamed gingival fibroblasts (IGF) in a dose dependent manner. At concentrations of 4, 8, and 16 mM, butyrate suppressed the cell growth by 11 to 58%, 16 to 60%, and 50 to 71%, respectively. The response of cultured gingival fibroblasts to SCFA showed individual differences. Morphologically, GF became larger and more flattened in appearance following exposure to butyrate (>8 mM) and propionate (>24 mM) for 5 days. Inhibitory effects of butyrate (>2 mM) and propionate (>8 mM) on the growth of GF were due possibly to their inhibition of cell‐cycle progression. At concentrations of 2 and 8 mM, butyrate led to G0/G1 arrest. Elevation of the exposure concentration to 8 to 24 mM further result in G2/M phase arrest of GF. On the other hand, propionate, at concentrations ranging from 4 to 24 mM, led to G0/G1 arrest. Butyrate (>2 mM) inhibited the proline‐rich protein synthesis of GF. At concentrations of 4, 8, 16, and 24 mM, butyrate inhibited the protein synthesis of HGF‐1 by 42%, 43%, 51%, and 54%, respectively. In all strains of cultured GF, the suppressive effect of propionate is less than that of butyrate. At concentration range of 4 to 24 mM, propionate suppressed the protein synthesis of HGF‐1 by 23 to 43%. However, both butyrate and propionate (4 to 48 mM) exerted little effects on the adhesion of GF to type I collagen within 3 hours of incubation.Conclusions: These results suggested that SCFA released by pathogenic microorganisms can contribute to the gingival tissue dysfunction and breakdown through their actions on specific biological functions of GF. J Periodontol 1999;70:1435‐1442.
Periodontal Findings and Systemic Antibody Responses to Oral Microorganisms in Behçet's Disease
Authors: Çelenligil‐Nazliel Haviye , Kansu Emin , Ebersole Jeffrey L. 
Published: February 2005

Background: Behçet's disease is a multisystem disorder of unknown etiology, affecting predominantly the oral mucosa, skin, and eyes. Recurrent and painful episodes of oral ulcerations interfere with regular oral hygiene leading to rapid bacterial plaque accumulation. The aims of this study were to evaluate the periodontal status of patients with Behçet's disease and determine serum antibody responses to selected oral microorganisms, including major periodontopathogens in these patients.Methods: Thirty‐three patients with Behçet's disease and 15 healthy subjects were included in the study. Plaque, sulcular bleeding, periodontal index scores, probing depths, and total number of teeth were recorded. Serum IgG antibody levels to a panel of 13 oral microorganisms were determined.Results: Significantly higher values for each of the clinical measures were observed in patients with Behçet's disease compared to healthy subjects (P <0.0001). Antibody levels to selected members of plaque, including Actinomyces viscosus, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus oralis, Eikenella corrodens, Campylobacter rectus, and Prevotella intermedia were significantly lower in patients with Behçet's disease than in controls (P <0.001‐0.05). In contrast, these patients exhibited significantly elevated antibody levels to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans Y4 compared to controls (P <0.01).Conclusions: Our data indicate that the patients with Behçet's disease generally exhibit clinical findings of established periodontal disease. Decreased antibody responses to early colonizers of both supra‐ and subgingival plaque were observed along with the elevation in antibody levels to A. actinomycetemcomitans. These results suggest that the bacterial plaque ecology and/or immune responses to these microorganisms may be affected in Behçet's disease which could lead to changes in the expression of periodontal disease. J Periodontol 1999;70:1449‐1456.
Increased Interleukin‐1β Concentration in Gingival Crevicular Fluid as a Characteristic of Periodontitis
Authors: Figueredo C.M.S. , Ribeiro M.S.M. , Fischer R.G. , Gustafsson A. 
Published: February 2005

Background: The levels of interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) have been reported to be higher in sites with periodontitis than in healthy controls. This may be the result of a more severe inflammation and/or constitutional differences in IL‐1β production. Our aim was to test the hypothesis that the level of IL‐1β in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) is a characteristic trait of periodontitis, regardless of the degree of tissue destruction. As a secondary aim, we investigated the correlation between IL‐1β and neutrophil elastase. An untreated population was used.Methods: GCF samples from inflamed sites in 13 patients with gingivitis (GG), and from inflamed sites with shallow (GP) and deep (PP) pockets in 18 patients with periodontitis were collected. Interleukin‐1β, elastase‐α‐1‐antitrypsin complex (E‐A1AT), α‐1‐antitrypsin (A1AT), and α‐2‐macroglobulin (A2MG) were measured with ELISA. Elastase activity was measured with a specific substrate.Results: The concentration of IL‐1β was significantly higher in PP than in GG, but no significant differences were detected between PP and GP. A weak positive correlation between the elastase activity and IL‐1β was also observed. The elastase activity had a tendency to be higher in PP, although no significant difference was found among the 3 groups. The concentrations of E‐A1AT, A1AT, and A2MG were similar in the 3 types of sites.Conclusions: The levels of IL‐1β in GCF were increased in samples from periodontitis patients, regardless of the severity of disease at the sampled site, suggesting that the levels of IL‐1β are typical of a given patient. J Periodontol 1999;70:1457‐1463.