bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamic theory for efficiency of multiple impurity‐atom doping in diamond
Authors: Miyazaki Takehide , Yamasaki Satoshi 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWe present a simple thermodynamic theory to assess the efficiency of formation of impurity‐atom complexes with various sizes in diamond at a quasi‐equilibrium state where the binding energy of the complexes is one key to formation energetics. We find that the entropy associated with distribution of the complexes in a host crystal is another key factor which competes with the binding energy to gain the free energy. If the variation in the size of the complexes is large, then the entropy‐driven free‐energy gain by small complexes is remarkable so the larger ones are relatively hard to form. Thus we propose that one should design small and tightly bound complexes in order for their selective growth. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Possibilities of molecule‐based spintoronics of DNA wires, sheets, and related materials
Authors: Kawakami Takashi , Taniguchi Takeshi , Hamamoto Tomohiro , Kitagawa Yasutaka , Okumura Mitsutaka , Yamaguchi Kizashi 
Published: August 2005

AbstractOur theoretical efforts toward molecule‐based magnetic conductors and superconductors on the basis of ab initio Hamiltonians and effective model Hamiltonians are summarized in relation to recently developed DNA‐based molecular materials. Guanine and adenine derivatives coupling with organic radicals (R) are investigated as possible π–Rcomponents. To elucidate electronic and magnetic properties of these species, effective exchange integrals (Jab) for magnetic clusters are calculated by ab initio hybrid density functional (HDFT) methods. The ab initioJabvalues are numerically reproduced by using model Hamiltonians such as the t‐J, Kondo, Anderson, and RKKY models. The theoretical possibilities of organic magnetic conductors are elucidated on the basis of these models for self‐assembled DNA wires, sheets, and related materials. The use of these materials for nanoscale molecular electronic devices is also elucidated theoretically in relation to an important role of electron–electron repulsion effect for quantum electron transport, together with the electron‐exchange interaction in the Kondo effect. The implications of the calculated results are finally discussed to obtain a unified picture of manyp–d, π–d,andπ–Rmolecule‐based systems with strong electron correlations. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
A newly described thoracic vascular malformation in fetuses with Down syndrome
Authors: Prefumo F. , Ierullo A. M. , Fulcheri E. , Venturini P. L. , De Biasio P. , Thilaganathan B. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractObjectivesTo report the association between thoracic vascular malformations observed in the first trimester of pregnancy and Down syndrome.MethodsThe clinical features were reviewed of seven fetuses undergoing chorionic villus sampling (CVS) for increased nuchal translucency (NT) thickness, in which color Doppler ultrasonography revealed a vascular malformation in the fetal thorax.ResultsThe crown–rump length of the fetuses ranged from 58 to 78 mm and NT measurements ranged from 2.9 to 10.0 mm. Color Doppler allowed the identification of a highly vascular structure in the posterolateral portion of the fetal thorax, in proximity to the costovertebral angle, at the level of a four‐chamber view of the heart. The lesions had a globular shape and were 4–6 mm in diameter, occupying almost one third of the hemithorax. Down syndrome was diagnosed in five out of the seven cases. In the only affected case that underwent postmortem examination, a hemangioma of the chest wall was demonstrated. In the two fetuses with normal karyotype, the lesion disappeared by mid‐gestation.ConclusionWe report an association between the prenatal Doppler finding of a vascular tumor in the fetal chest and Down syndrome. Copyright © 2005 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Treatment of complete rectal prolapse: To narrow, to wrap, to suspend, to fix, to encircle, to plicate or to resect?
Authors: Kuijpers Han C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSelection of the best surgical procedure for the treatment of complete rectal prolapse is difficult amid the many different techniques for which excellent results are reported. A critical review is given. It is concluded that any surgical procedure with rectal mobilization and fixation as a standard maneuver will lead to a recurrence rate of 2% to 4%. Advocacy of additional maneuvers to make the procedure easier is acceptable if it does not lead to a higher complication rate. But to obtain a better result its benefit has to be proven, either by a large prospective double‐blind study, or by tests from the colorectal laboratory. New surgical techniques for rectal prolapse should therefore be based, not only on a low recurrence and complication rate, but also on tests that evaluate the effect of the procedure on fecal continence.
Optimal timing of elective indirect inguinal hernia repair in healthy children: Clinical considerations for improved outcome
Authors: Stephens Bryon J. , Rice William T. , Koucky Charles J. , Gruenberg James C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractExperience with several incarcerations that resulted in emergent surgery for children with known indirect inguinal hernias prompted this review to determine if there is an optimal time after hernia diagnosis during which elective repair should be undertaken to avoid incarceration. Over a 30 month period, 228 children <10 years of age underwent 303 indirect inguinal hernia repairs. They were analyzed for age, sex, interval between diagnosis and repair, predisposing conditions, major complications, and length of hospitalization. Excluded were 21 children who presented with incarceration of a previously undiagnosed indirect inguinal hernia that required operative reduction, 13 children with conditions predisposing to indirect inguinal hernia, and 53 children for whom the interval between diagnosis and repair was unknown, leaving a study group of 141 children who underwent 190 indirect inguinal hernia repairs. Nearly 13% (18 of 141) of the children developed incarcerated hernia prior to elective repair.Compared to children who underwent repair of a reducible indirect inguinal hernia, those with incarceration were more likely (p<0.05): 1) to have major complications (11% vs 0.6%), 2) to have a shorter interval between diagnosis and repair (26 vs 49 days), 3) to be younger (7.5 vs 25.6 mos), and 4) to require >24 hours of hospitalization.Had children with reducible incancerated indirect inguinal hernia been hospitalized and undergone repair 24 to 48 hours later, 83% of subsequent incarcerations would have been prevented. Furthermore, this experience supports the recommendation that for healthy children <10 years of age, indirect inguinal hernia repair should be performed on a semi‐elective basis within 7 days of diagnosis. This would have prevented 92% of the remaining incarcerations, 86% of emergent surgery for children <4 months of age, and all emergent surgery for older children.
Biliary ascariasis: Surgical aspects
Authors: Wani N. A. , Chrungoo R. K. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractPresentation and management of 204 patients with biliary ascariasis seen over a period of 5 years is reported from a highly endemic area of Kashmir. Ultrasonography is the single most useful means of diagnosis. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is extremely helpful. Most patients respond to conservative management and around one‐fifth of all patients require surgery.
Smoke inhalation: Diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Clark William R. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSmoke inhalation, defined as airway or pulmonary parenchymal injury resulting from the inhalation of toxic combustion products, presents with a wide range of severity in patients with and without skin burns. In patients with severe injuries, the diagnosis is obvious on the basis of the history and clinical presentation; in patients with less severe injuries or those in whom the clinical consequences are delayed, diagnostic precision is difficult because diagnostic clues provide only indirect information. There is no specific treatment so diagnosis is not critical for patient management. Patients at risk include 20% to 30% of flame burn victims who should receive vigorous supportive care. The mortality rate of smoke inhalation victims without a burn is <10%. With a burn the mortality rate is 30% to 50%, suggesting that thermal injury or its treatment is responsible for further lung damage. Endotracheal intubation provides definitive treatment for obstructed or soon‐to‐be obstructed patients. However the diagnosis of smoke inhalationper se is not an indication for airway intubation and respiratory support; 12% of patients without a burn require intubation versus 62% of those with a burn. A translaryngeal tube can be converted to a tracheotomy safely in burn victims; tracheotomies are easier to manage if burns of the neck are excised and grafted prior to placement. Mechanical ventilation with positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) is the treatment for the pulmonary injury. The early lesions of smoke inhalation often progress in the context of sepsis and other complications of the burn illness to a clinical state consistent with adult respiratory distress syndrome.
Prevention and treatment of postburn scars and contracture
Authors: Robson Martin C. , Barnett Richard A. , Leitch Ian O. W. , Hayward Peter G. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe management of postburn reconstruction is complicated by the frequent occurrence of multiple reconstructive needs in a single patient. This article presents a simple, comprehensive approach to burn scar reconstruction. The primary aim of the surgeon is to prevent burn scar deformity by rapid wound closure, correction of tissue deficiencies, and assiduous attention to postoperative splinting and compression therapy. The initial step in managing secondary deformities is to prioritize reconstructive needs. Reconstruction is then carried out in a stepwise fashion aiming to restore active function first, followed by passive function, and finally addressing aesthetic reconstruction. Reconstructive techniques are applied in a hierarchy from simplest to most complex. Primary excision and closure of scars by reorientating the scar to the lines of relaxed skin tension can significantly improve appearance. The use of z‐plasty, flap repair, and tissue expansion are also reviewed. Skin expansion, in particular, has become the standard management of postburn alopecia and, although associated with a relatively high rate of complication, has significantly improved the aesthetic appearance of such patients. The management of common problems affecting the face is discussed with particular reference to management of the eyelids, oral commissure, and lips. These areas need to be reconstructed as aesthetic units and each requires individualized management of donor tissue. The reconstruction of the burn patient is often a long process requiring multiple procedures. The approach presented here advocates a stepwise, prioritized approach aiming at both maximum function as well as optimal appearance.
“Endemic” idiopathic portal hypertension: Report on 32 patients with non‐cirrhotic portal fibrosis
Authors: Vakili Cyrus , Farahvash Mohammad J. , Bynum T. Edward 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe clinical features, surgical management, and long term follow up of 32 patients from Iran with idiopathic portal hypertension are reported. Many features of the disease are similar to those reported from India and Japan. The unsuspected finding was a 46% history of marked pica of clay (geophagia) in a subset of 26 patients. In addition, 81% of our patients had a prolonged prothrombin time, despite otherwise normal to minimally abnormal liver function tests. Liver biopsies revealed intrahepatic periportal fibrosis with subintimal thickening of terminal branches, and in many specimens a striking peri‐ductular fibrosis was seen in the adjacent bile ducts. The spleen was very large with a dilated artery (external diameter: 11 mm to 15 mm). Portal venous pressure (PVP) was measured intra‐operatively before and after clamping the splenic artery (SA). Clamping the SA consistently caused a decreased in PVP which ranged from 2.0 to 18.2 cm water with the mean ± SEM of 9.7 ± 1.5 cm water (p < 0.001, paired t‐test). It was equivalent to 32.3 ± 3.6% decrease in PVP. Fifteen selected patients (Group I) were managed with splenectomy with excellent short and long term results. The selection criteria for splenectomy included a decrease in PVP to <24 cm of water after clamping the SA. Three patients from this group were re‐examined 10 to 12 years following splenectomy. Cirrhosis had not developed, but the minimal abnormalities in the liver function tests had persisted. Of 17 patients (Group II) requiring a shunting procedure, none of those who survived surgery developed bleeding during the 12 years follow up, however, 2 (12.5%) patients developed encephalopathy.
Impact of Intraoperative Parathyroid Hormone Levels on Surgical Results in Patients with Renal Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Weber Theresia , Zeier Martin , Hinz Ulf , Schilling Tobias , Büchler Markus W. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe aim of our study was to evaluate the impact of intraoperative parathyroid hormone (PTH) measurement on surgical results in patients with renal hyperparathyroidism (HPT). From December 1999 to February 2004, a series of 95 consecutive patients underwent total parathyroidectomy and intraoperative PTH measurement for renal HPT. Intraoperative PTH was measured before and 15 minutes after parathyroidectomy with the Immulite DPC assay for intact PTH. The median PTH levels before surgery were 133.0 pmol/L, which declined to 5.9 pmol/L at the end of the operation. At follow‐up, 91 of 95 (96%) patients presented with normal calcium levels. Persistent renal HPT was seen in three patients, and recurrent HPT was diagnosed in another. In 99% of the patients the intraoperative PTH levels declined more than 50% and in 73% the PTH decay was more than 90%. In 64% of the patients PTH levels dropped into the normal range (< 7.6 pmol/L). Altogether, 97% of the patients with an intraoperative PTH decrease of more than 90% presented with normal PTH levels postoperatively (p = 0.0237), as did all of the patients whose intraoperative PTH dropped into the normal range (p = 0.0432). Intraoperative PTH measurement with a decrease in intraoperative PTH of at least 90% is highly predictive of successful parathyroidectomy and normalization of postoperative calcium and PTH levels.
Self-organization of foraging behaviour: From simplicity to complexity without goals
Authors: Provenza Frederick D , Villalba Juan J , Cheney Carl D , Werner Scott J 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA herbivore faces challenges while foraging—ongoing changes in its physiological condition along with variation in the nutrient and toxin concentrations of foods, spatially and temporally—that make selecting a nutritious diet a vital affair. Foraging behaviours arise from simple rules that operate across levels of resolution from cells and organs to individuals and their interactions with social and physical environments. At all these levels, behaviour is a function of its consequences: a behaviour operating on the environment to induce changes is itself changed by those events. Thus, behaviour emerges from its own functioning—behaviour self-organizes-not from that of its surroundings. This ostensible autonomy notwith-standing, no self-organizing system (cell, organ, or individual) is independent of its environs because existence consists of an ongoing exchange of energy and matter. According to this view, the notion of cause and effect is replaced with functional relationships between behaviours and environmental consequences. Changes in physical environments alter the distribution, abundance, nutritional, and toxicological characteristics of plants, which affect food preference. Social interactions early in life influence behaviour in various ways: animals prefer familiar foods and environments, and they prefer to be with companions. Animals in unfamiliar environments often walk farther, ingest less food, and suffer more from malnutrition and toxicity than animals in familiar environments. An individual's food preferences—and its ability to discriminate familiar from novel foods—arise from the functional integration of sensory (smell, taste, texture) and postingestive (effects of nutrients and toxins on chemo-, osmo-, and mechano-receptors) effects. The ability to discriminate among foods is critical for survival: all problems with poisonous plants are due to an inability to discriminate or a lack of alternatives. Animals eat a variety of foods as a result of nearing or exceeding tolerance limits for sensory and postingestive effects unique to each food. After eating any food too frequently or excessively, the likelihood increases that animals will eat alternative foods owing to exceeding sensory-, nutrient-, and toxin-specific tolerance limits. Cyclic patterns of intake of a variety of foods reflect seemingly chaotic interactions among flavours, nutrients, and toxins interacting along continua.
A longitudinal study of iron status in children at 12, 24 and 36 months
Authors: Freeman VE , Mulder J , van't Hof MA , Hoey HMV , Gibney MJ 
Published: August 2005

AbstractObjectives:To assess iron status in a sample of clinically well, Caucasian children and explore the complex factors which contribute to iron deficiency during infancy.Design:Infants recruited at birth and followed longitudinally at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 12, 24 and 36 months; feeding practices and socioeconomic data recorded. Iron status assessed using venous blood at 12, 24 and 36 months.Setting:Baseline data recorded in the maternity unit. Follow-up visits took place in the infants' homes and blood sampling in a paediatric hospital.Subjects:Subjects comprised a mixed socioeconomic group of healthy children (n=121). Blood samples taken from 85, 72 and 67% at 12, 24 and 36 months, respectively.Results:Prevalence of anaemia (Hb < 110 gl−1) in the longitudinal sample (n=76) increased from 2.6% at age 12 months to 9.2% at 24 months, and at age 36 months (n=70) was 8%. The most significant finding was that at age 12 months, cows' milk consumption was negatively associated with iron status. Other variables also had an influence. At both 24 and 36 months the most significant predictor of iron status was earlier iron status.Conclusions:Infants born to anaemic mothers or mothers who smoke and infants who consume cows' milk during infancy are at increased risk of developing anaemia. Breast milk is the ideal, but for the infant who is not breast fed an iron fortified formula should be used. Advice to mothers should focus on the importance of introducing nutrient dense complementary foods, such as meat, which contains readily absorbable iron.
Relationship between alcohol and nutrient intakes and blood status indices of older people living in the UK: further analysis of data from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey of people aged 65 years and over, 1994/5
Authors: Walmsley CM , Bates CJ , Prentice A , Cole TJ 
Published: August 2005

AbstractObjective:To examine the relationships between alcohol consumption and a range of nutrient intakes and blood status indices in older people.Design:National Diet and Nutrition Survey: cross-sectional survey of nationally representative sample of people aged 65 years or over.Setting:Mainland Britain during 1994/5.Subjects:1198 people (623 males, 575 females) aged 65 years or over, of whom 925 were living in private households and 273 were living in institutions.Results:Intermediate alcohol consumption (particularly 0.1–14 units week−1; 1 unit = 8g) derived from a 4-day diet diary or a 12-month recall questionnaire, was associated with higher intakes of vitamins C, E, B1, iron, calcium, energy from food, carbohydrate and non-starch polysaccharides than heavy alcohol consumption (28 + units week−1) or abstinence, after adjustment for a number of factors (age, sex, domicile, social class, cigarette smoking, self-reported health, grip strength and total energy intake). Intermediate alcohol consumption was also associated with higher blood concentrations (independent of intake) of vitamin C, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein and calcium, with the lowest concentrations being found in heavy alcohol users. The lowest concentrations of serum ferritin were found in light drinkers and the highest levels in heavier alcohol drinkers. Alcohol consumption ranging from 0.1 to > 28 units week−1 was directly correlated with intakes of B vitamins, total energy and fat, with blood concentrations (independent of intake) of lycopene. high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, plasma pyridoxal phosphate and retinol, and with blood pressure and grip strength.Conclusions:Compared with abstinence and heavy drinking, light to moderate alcohol consumption in older people is associated with higher intakes of certain nutrients, and higher blood concentrations (independent of intake) of some micronutrient status indices, including antioxidants. The explanation for the latter associations remains unclear and further investigation is recommended. Heavier alcohol consumption is associated with both beneficial and adverse effects with respect to nutrient intakes and health status.
Effectiveness of a dietary intervention strategy in general practice: effects on blood lipids, health and well-being
Authors: Træden UI , Holm L , Sandström B , Andersen PK , Jarden M 
Published: August 2005

AbstractObjectives:To evaluate the effect of a dietary treatment programme on blood cholesterol concentration in hypercholesterolaemic patients in general practice and to analyse subjectively experienced side-effects.Design:A 1-year parallel trial comparing a new treatment programme with conventional treatment.Setting:General practitioners in Roskilde county, Denmark.Subjects:355 men and women, aged 20–60 years, with a persistent blood cholesterol concentration above age- and gender-specific cut-off points (265 in an intervention group and 90 in a control group).Intervention:A treatment strategy based on collaboration between doctor and dietitian using individual dietary advice and feedback from measured biological parameters.Main outcome measures:Serum lipids, body weight, blood pressure, dietary behaviour, health parameters, quality of life parameters and acceptance by patients and general practitioners.Results:Total blood cholesterol concentration decreased by 14% (1.07 mmol l−1, P < 0.0001) in 159 patients in the intervention group, not having any lipid altering drug during treatment, in addition to 3% from screening to start of treatment. In 65 patients in the control group, without any lipid altering drug, the reduction of cholesterol concentration was 4% (0.27 mmol l−1, P < 0.01; intervention vs. control P < 0.001). In the intervention group overweight subjects (body mass index > 30) reduced body weight by 6% (P < 0.0001). Systolic blood pressure was reduced by 11% (P < 0.0001) and diastolic blood pressure by 10% (P < 0.0001) and 19% (P < 0.003) for intervals 90–110 mmHg and > 110 mmHg, respectively. Risk score decreased and self-assessed health, physical and psychological well-being improved.Conclusions:The treatment strategy tested proved to be efficient, without side-effects and well accepted by patients and general practitioners. The results strongly suggest that hypercholesterolaemia can efficiently be treated non-pharmacologically in general practice.