bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Teacher, Conductor, Organizer
Authors: Clark Walter Aaron 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Had Granados devoted himself exclusively to performing and composing, his accomplishments would still merit a major biography. We can appreciate his achievements more fully, however, by surveying the many other activities that competed for his limited time and energy. Granados was very committed to teaching, and his con- tributions in the realm of pedagogy are of lasting significance. He was also active as a conductor and organizer of concerts. In fact, he became involved in most aspects of musical life in Barcelona. He undertook these responsibilities at least in part because he needed the income to support a growing family. We begin with his teaching.
Catalan Works with Texts by Apeles Mestres
Authors: Clark Walter Aaron 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Granados wrote music for a total of five stage works with texts by Mestres: Petrarca, Picarol, Follet, Gaziel, and Liliana. Of these, only Follet and Petrarca are true operas; the others alternate various kinds of musical numbers with spoken dialogue. The em- phasis in all of their theatrical collaborations is not on dramatic interaction between the characters but rather on the characters themselves, fleshing out their individual- ity through musical means. In the opinion of Mas-López, “[h]is theater is predomi- nantly picturesque; conflicts and/or psychological analyses are not treated.”
Neurologic Manifestations of Bacterial Infection and Sepsis
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Community-acquired bacterial infections evolving into a sepsis syndrome are common reasons for admission to a medical intensive care unit (ICU). The nervous system is part of the cascade of multiorgan failure or is directly damaged by inflammation, septic emboli, or inflammation-related complications. Furthermore, endoscopic procedures, catheter placements, mechanical ventilation, and emergency surgical procedures may be sources for hospital-acquired infections. In susceptible patients, infection may directly involve the central nervous system.
Neurologic Complications of Cardiac Arrest
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The mortality and morbidity associated with cardiopulmonary resuscitation remain a major public health problem. Rapid defibrillation and intensive care admission may affect survival and the probability of intact neurologic function. Survivors of out-of-hospital arrest continue to overburden intensive care units (ICUs), and the neurologist plays a central role in assessment of coma. Cardiac arrest in critically ill patients is an even more disquieting event and devastating for some. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) during downward spiraling shock, sepsis, or cardiac failure may be considered futile to many intensive care specialists.
Neurologic Complications Associated with Disorders of Thrombosis and Hemostasis
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Epidemiologic studies of coagulopathies targeted to neurologic complications in critically ill patients are notably few, and even in these studies they appear uncommon. In one comprehensive study, for instance, 2 of 118 patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation had neurologic complications. Many unconfirmed clinical vignettes have been reported, and their significance in contributing to the spectrum of hematologic disorders in the intensive care unit (ICU) remains uncertain.
Outcome of Acute Injury to the Central Nervous System
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The delivery of care for critically ill patients has profoundly changed, and there is an incentive to control costs. A sudden major neurologic complication, often producing coma, typically prompts a reassessment of the level of care. In some, dropping all elements of support may be justified; in others, the original plan of critical care should remain unchanged because a functional outcome can be anticipated. Precision in determining outcome is necessary because finite intensive care unit (ICU) resources should not be sacrificed to patients with disorders that are inevitably disastrous.
Ornithological Exploration of Northern Melanesia
Authors: Mayr Ernst , Diamond Jared 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Collections and observations of Northern Melanesian birds began in 1823 and are listed chronologically in appendix 4.1 As reflected in figure 6.1, which plots descriptions of new taxa by decade, the peak periods of discovery were 1875-94, 1900-25, and 1927-35. The first specimens were obtained by French expeditions on New Ireland in 1823 and 1827 and on Ysabel in 1838. A trickle of further specimens continued until the first peak at 1875-1894. During that peak G. Brown, E.L.C. Layard and G.E. Richards, and others obtained the first large collections from the Bismarcks (New Britain, Duke of York, and New Ireland) in 1875-81; the Challenger Expedition of 1875 made the first collection on Manus; many collectors operated in the eastern Solomons in 1878-82; C. M. Woodford made the first significant collections on the Shortlands and New Georgia in 1886-87; and H. Welchman collected on Ysabel in the early 1890s. F. Dahl lived on New Britain in 1896-97 and wrote what are still the most detailed published field observations of New Britain birds (Dahl 1889).
Level of Endemism, Habitat Preference, and Abundance of Each Species
Authors: Mayr Ernst , Diamond Jared 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the main problems in understanding speciation of Northern Melanesian birds is to explain why different species differ greatly in their proneness to speciate. Much of this book is devoted to interpreting those differing pronenesses to speciate in terms of species differences in six ecological, evolutionary, and distributional characteristics, tabulated for each species in appendix 5. In this chapter we introduce three of these ecological and evolutionary characteristics: level of endemism, habitat preference, and abundance. Chapter 11 introduces the remaining ecological characteristic, overwater dispersal ability, and chapter 12 interprets the two tabulated distributional characteristics (number of islands occupied and incidence category) in terms of the four ecological and evolutionary characteristics.
Upstream Colonization and Faunal Dominance
Authors: Mayr Ernst , Diamond Jared 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we have seen in chapter 13, the main direction of avian colonization of Northern Melanesia has been from west to east: from Asia through New Guinea to the Bismarcks, and from the Bismarcks to the Solomons. Similarly, for tropical Southwest Pacific archipelagoes east of the Solomons, the main direction of colonization has been from west to east: from the Solomons to the New Hebrides to Fiji to Samoa (Diamond & Marshall 1976). This pattern is to be expected because land masses decrease in area and species richness from west to east, from giant, species-rich Asia to New Guinea to the Bismarcks to the Solomons to the New Hebrides. However, as discussed by Diamond and Marshall (1976), the asymmetry of fauna! exchanges between neighboring tropical Southwest Pacific archipelagoes is quantitatively greater than expected from the ratio of their areas or species numbers. This phenomenon appears to be essentially the same as the phenomenon of faunal dominance often discussed in the biogeographic literature—for instance, in connection with Asian/Australian faunal exchanges in Wallacea, Old World/New World exchanges across the Bering Strait, and North American/South American exchanges across the Isthmus of Panama. In addition, those eastern colonists that do succeed in spreading “upstream” from east to west in the Pacific fit a distinctive pattern of ecological distributions in the colonized archipelagoes to the west. The eastern invaders are concentrated in species-poor western communities, while western invaders establish themselves in species-rich as well as in species-poor eastern communities. We now discuss these asymmetrical faunal exchanges between the New Hebrides and Northern Melanesia, between the Solomons and Bismarcks, and between Northern Melanesia and New Guinea. We then suggest a probable reason for these asymmetries.
Ultimate Origins of Northern Melanesian Populations
Authors: Mayr Ernst , Diamond Jared 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 13 we analyzed the proximate geographic origins of each Northern Melanesian bird population-the geographic source area from which colonizing individuals dispersed to reach Northern Melanesia. Not surprisingly, all three of the proximate source areas identified (New Guinea, Australia, and the New Hebrides) were regions near Northern Melanesia. However, we also noted the distinction between proximate origins and ultimate origins: while the colonizing individuals may have dispersed from some nearby area (e.g., New Guinea), that proximate source population may in turn have been ultimately derived, at some earlier geological time and higher taxonomic level, from a different area more distant from Northern Melanesia. In the present chapter we ask how many of the proximate source populations can be traced back ultimately to Asia, how many instead have had a long evolutionary history in the Australian region, and at what taxonomic level their ultimate origins can thus be traced to Asia or the Australian region. Mayr (1944a) previously sought to discriminate between proximate and ultimate origins of fauna! elementsin analyzing the avifauna of Timor and Wallacea.
Stages of Geographic Speciation Among the Birds of Northern Melanesia
Authors: Mayr Ernst , Diamond Jared 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If speciation is an on-going process that is not closely synchronized among a region’s species, then it should be possible to find different stages of speciation represented among a region’s species. This expectation is confirmed for Northern Melanesian birds, as shown in tables 17.1-17.3, based on 191 out of the 195 breeding land and freshwater bird species of Northern Melanesia. Our unit is the “zoogeographic species,” or “species” for short (i.e., superspecies, plus species not belonging to superspecies). Thus, when a superspecies breaks up into several allospecies, we consider the superspecies (not each allospecies) as a single unit, comparable to an isolated species that does not belong to a superspecies.
Geographic Variation Allospecies
Authors: Mayr Ernst , Diamond Jared 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Closely related allopatric populations are often so distinct that little doubt exists that they have passed from the subspecies to the species level. Such species are called “allospecies,” and a set of allospecies is called a “superspecies.” A superspecies is defined as a monophyletic group of closely related and largely or entirely allopatric species-that is, a group of taxa that have achieved reproductive isolation but little or no geographic overlap. Completely allopatric distributions suggest one of three possible interpretations: that colonists of one such taxon arrive too rarely at the geographic range of the other to become established; that the two taxa are still so similar ecologically that they cannot achieve sympatry by occupying distinct niches, and that arriving colonists are thus prevented by competitive exclusion from becoming established; or that arriving colonists hybridize with the resident population, and their genes thus become lost in the large gene pool of residents.
Barriers Within the Bismarcks
Authors: Mayr Ernst , Diamond Jared 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having discussed in the preceding chapter the barriers separating Northern Melanesia from the archipelagoes to the east and west, and the barrier dividing Northern Melanesia into the Bismarcks and Solomons, we now devote this chapter to barriers between Bismarck islands. In so doing, we initially treat as wholes those groups of islands that were connected to each other during Pleistocene drops of sea level, because the modern barriers between islands within each such group arose only within the last 10,000 years. For much of the Pleistocene, the barriers within the Bismarcks were those between such Pleistocene islands, not the barriers between modern islands. There were two major Pleistocene islands in the Bismarcks: the large island formed by the accretion of modern Umboi, Lolobau, and Duke of York islands to New Britain, and the large island formed by the accretion of modern New Hanover to New Ireland (fig. 3.3). In chapters 32 and 33 we discuss the post-Pleistocene barriers between the modern fragments of those former large islands.
Barriers Within the Solomons
Authors: Mayr Ernst , Diamond Jared 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The preceding chapter having discussed barriers between Bismarck islands, we devote this chapter to barriers between Solomon islands. At Pleistocene times of low sea level, the Solomons consisted of four main islands or island groups, plus several, much smaller, isolated islands (fig. 1.3). The four main groups were 1) the Bukida group, consisting of the chain from Buka to Florida and Guadalcanal, which are the modern fragments of the Pleistocene island Greater Bukida; 2) the New Georgia group (from Vella Lavella to Gatukai), consisting of modern fragments of the three nearby Pleistocene islands Greater Vellonga, Greater Gatumbangra, and Greater Rendipari, plus Gizo and Simbo; 3) Malaita; and 4) San Cristobal. While all four of these groups or islands share most species and many widespread Solomon endemics, they differ from each other by local endemism and differences in species composition. This is illustrated by table 31.1, which shows how geographic borders between allospecies, mega subspecies, and distributional gaps for seven species that are geographically highly variable coincide with the division of the Solomons into these four major island groups.
Speciation on Fragmented Pleistocene Islands
Authors: Mayr Ernst , Diamond Jared 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having considered geographic variation across permanent water barriers in Chapters 29-31, we now consider geographic variation across fluctuating water barriers. Six pairs or groups of Northern Melanesian islands are surrounded today by shallow-water shelves that must have been dry land at Pleistocene times of low sea level. Hence these modern island pairs or groups must have been intermittently joined into enlarged Pleistocene islands at such times of low sea level (fig. 1.3). The six are Greater Bukida (now fragmented into the island chain from Buka to Florida and possibly Guadalcanal), Greater Gatumbangra (now fragmented into the chain from Kulambangra to Gatukai), Greater Vellonga (now Vella Lavella, Bagga, and Ganonga), Greater Rendipari (now Rendova and Tetipari), Greater New Ireland (now New Ireland and New Hanover), and Greater New Britain (now New Britain, Umboi, and Duke of York).
Species Differences, Taxon Cycles, and the Evolution of Dispersal
Authors: Mayr Ernst , Diamond Jared 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout this book we have noted many examples of colonizing species changing their habitat preference or dispersal ability in the course of their evolutionary history in Northern Melanesia. For example, many initially vagile species become sedentary (chapter 11), some open-country colonists shift into forest (chapter 10), and some lowland colonists shift into the mountains (chapter 24). Does the course of evolution in Northern Melanesian birds evince any general tendencies? How greatly do colonizing species differ in their evolutionary histories? We shall begin by summarizing Wilson’s (1959, 1961) influential study of these questions for Melanesian ants. Next, we systematically compare, for those bird species that colonized Northern Melanesia from New Guinea, their preferred habitat in New Guinea and Northern Melanesia. We then divide all Northern Melanesian species into four groups distinguished by level of endemism, habitat, and vagility, and we tabulate 12 features of the species in each group. These tabulations permit us to assess evolutionary trajectories and their variation for Northern Melanesian bird species. We specifically examine the origins of one of the most distinctive subsets of the Northern Melanesian avifauna, the montane avifauna. Finally, we reconsider the evolution of dispersal ability.
Promising Directions for Future Research
Authors: Mayr Ernst , Diamond Jared 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this final chapter we call attention to five promising sets of directions for future research. We begin with directions that depend on gathering new data: molecular evidence of relationships, bird fossils, archival searches for early European observations, refined measurements of vagility and abundance, searches for undiscovered bird populations and species, and surveys within the two longest Northern Melanesian islands. The second set involves improved analytical techniques for quantifying effects of island area, distance, and elevation. The third set consists of approaches for estimating the absolute time scale of speciation. Fourth is the effort to recognize which, among our attempts to explain bird distributions parsimoniously, are parsimonious but wrong, and to replace them with more complicated but correct explanations. Finally, generalizing about speciation will require comparing our study of Northern Melanesian birds with studies of other biotas, such as biotas of remote archipelagoes, continental biotas, temperate-zone biotas, and taxa other than birds.
Introduction
Authors: Tait William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this introduction is not to systematically introduce the es­ says collected here, but rather to supplement them, filling in some gaps and commenting on particular deficiencies in them. With two exceptions, this introduction will be, at most, tangentially concerned with the his­ torical essays. One exception concerns Plato and what seems to be the crucial question for the validity of my reading of Plato in chapters 7 and 8. Wittgenstein’s later philosophical writings on the ideas of meaning, understanding and existence, my understanding of which is expounded in chapter 9, play a large, but background, role in the discussion of math­ ematical reasoning in, for example, chapters 3 and 4 and in section 1 of the introduction, and the writings of Plato, Cantor, Dedekind, and Hilbert very much inform my understanding of existence and truth in mathemat­ ics. This would seem to align Wittgenstein with Plato, Cantor, Dedekind, and Hilbert here; but this is certainly not because of his expressed views about mathematics, but because of his general analysis of the meaning of existential statements (e.g., see section 402 of Philosophical Investigations), which he fails to apply correctly in the case of mathematics. At any time during the writing of these essays, I would have included Frege with Plato, Cantor, Dedekind, and Hilbert here, because, in spite of his explicit opposi­ tion to the foundational views of Dedekind and Hilbert, I saw his so-called context principle as a license for their conception of mathematics. But I now believe that he understood the context principle in a very different way than I do, and that it is rather Wittgenstein’s development of it that lends a general support to their conception of mathematics-and this is the subject of the second exception to the avoidance of purely historical matters in this introduction. The opposition between the conceptions of Cantor and Dedekind (and Hilbert) and those of Frege that is discussed in chapter 10 seems to me now to be more of a surface manifestation of the deeper conflict, but I didn’t clearly understand that when I wrote it.
Finitism
Authors: Tait William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The crux to understanding Hilbert’s conception of finitist mathematics (Hilbert, 1925, 1927) and (Hilbert and Bernays, 1934) is this question: In what sense can we prove general propositions, such as Vxy(x+y=y+x) about the natural numbers, without assuming the infinitude of numbers or some other infinite totality? For, if there is to be nontrivial finitist mathematics, one must be able to prove such propositions. Indeed, Hilbert was concerned with consistency proofs for formal systems, which are proofs of just this sort. Moreover, the ‘finite’ in ‘finitism’ means precisely that all reference to infinite totalities should be rejected.This chapter is in the first instance an attempt to answer this question. That is, I shall explain a sense in which one can prove such general propositions without assuming infinite totalities. In so doing I shall also be explicating the concept of finitism.
Remarks on Finitism
Authors: Tait William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The background of these remarks is that in “Constructive reasoning” (Tait, 1968), I sketched an argument that finitist arithmetic coincides with primitive recursive arithmetic (PRA) and in “Finitism” (Tait, 1981), reprinted here as chapter 1, I expanded on the argument. But some recent discus­ sions and some of the more recent literature on the subject lead me to think that a few further remarks would be useful. The question “What is finitism?” is really two questions, which I did separate in Tait (1981), but perhaps not sufficiently clearly. First, and, in truth, for me most important, there is the conceptual problem of making sense of the idea of a ‘finitist’ function or ‘finitist’ proof of a finitist arithmetic proposition such as Vxy[x + y = y + x], which seems to refer to the infinite totality of numbers. And second, there is the historical question of what Hilbert-or perhaps better, Hilbert and Bernays1-meant by “finitism.” The two questions are not entirely independent, of course, since it was Hilbert and Bernays who originally marked out the conception of finitist mathematics. But, if we take as the central issue the question of the ‘finite’ in finitism, we may be led to reject some aspects of the Hilbert-Bernays account. Indeed, my analysis rejects the Kantian element in their discussions. Their account of finitist mathematics begins with the restriction to objects representable in intuition or obtained by ‘intu­ itive abstraction’-’formal objects’ as Bernays calls them (Hilbert, 1926; Bernays, 1930-31). For Bernays the finiteness of mathematical objects is a consequence of their representability in intuition. (See Bernays, 1976, p. 40.) But our problem is, of course, not the finiteness of a number, but the infinity of numbers. There is, I think, a difficulty with Bernays’s notion of formal object, where this is intended to extend to numbers so large as not only to be beyond processing by the human mind, but possibly to be beyond representability in the physical world (Bernays, 1976, p. 39). This difficulty ought to be discussed more adequately than I have so far done, but I won’t take it up here.
Truth and Proof: The Platonism of Mathematics
Authors: Tait William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is the relation in mathematics between truth and proof? An arithmetical proposition A, for example, is about a certain structure, the system of natural numbers. It refers to numbers and relations among them. If it is true, it is so in virtue of a certain fact about this structure. And this fact may obtain even if we do not or (e.g., because of its relative complexity) cannot know that it does. This is a typical expression of what has come to be called the Platonist (or platonist or realist) point of view toward mathematics. On the other hand, we learn mathematics by learning how to do things­ for example, to count, compute, solve equations, and more generally, to prove. Moreover, we learn that the ultimate warrant for a mathematical proposition is a proof of it. In other words, we are justified in asserting A-and therefore, in any ordinary sense, the truth of A-precisely when we have a proof of it.