bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of cortical asymmetry in bipolar disorder
Authors: Caligiuri Michael P , Brown Gregory G , Meloy MJ , Eyler Lisa T , Kindermann Sandra S , Eberson Sonja , Frank Lawrence R , Lohr James B 
Published: April 2004

Objectives:  Individuals with bipolar disorder (BPD) exhibit motor, perceptual, and cognitive disturbances involving predominantly right hemisphere dysfunction. This asymmetry has been used to advance the hypothesis that the pathogenesis of bipolar disorder may be related to disturbances of the right cerebral hemisphere. We employed functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine hemispheric asymmetries in manic and depressed BPD. A secondary goal of the study was to examine effects of psychotropic medications on blood volume changes in the motor cortices.Methods:  We studied 18 right‐handed BPD and 13 right‐handed normal healthy comparison subjects. Blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the primary motor area (M1) and supplementary motor area (SMA) of both hemispheres were elicited during reaction time (RT) tasks.Results:  Healthy subjects activated the SMA in a reciprocal fashion with significantly greater activity in the left SMA for right hand trials and the right SMA for left hand trials. Depressed BPD subjects failed to show this normal reciprocity indicating a failure to suppress unwanted activity in the ipsilateral right SMA, whereas manic BPD subjects failed to suppress unwanted ipsilateral SMA activity in both hemispheres. Manic and depressed BPD subjects exhibited greater activity in the left primary motor area suggesting increased cortical excitability. BPD subjects treated with antipsychotics or mood‐stabilizing medications exhibited longer RTs, lower BOLD responses in M1 and SMA, and a loss of normal hemispheric asymmetry in the SMA than untreated subjects.Conclusions:  The presence of a right hemisphere disturbance in BPD is consistent with the hypothesis that the right hemisphere may be dominant in mood regulation. The presence of both left and right hemisphere disturbances in mania may explain the coexisting psychotic and affective symptoms observed in this condition.
Effects of Ketamine on the Equine Electroencephalogram During Anesthesia With Halothane in Oxygen
Authors: Johnson C.B. , Bloomfield M. , Taylor P.M. 
Published: April 2004

Objective To investigate the effects of ketamine on the electroencephalogram (EEG) of the horse.Study Design Prospective experimental study.Animals Eight Welsh mountain pony geldings weighing between 280 and 330 kg, 5 to 9 years old.Methods During halothane anesthesia at an end‐tidal halothane concentration between 0.75 and 0.85%, the EEG frequency power spectrum and the auditory evoked potential were recorded while an infusion of ketamine was given. Ketamine 200 mg was infused over 5 minutes in 8 ponies. The effects of ketamine on the EEG were recorded continuously during the infusion and for a further 55 minutes.Results The ketamine infusion produced a plasma ketamine concentration that was significantly greater than the baseline until 7 minutes after the start of the infusion. The highest recorded ketamine concentration was 4.2 ± 1.1 μg/ml recorded at 5 minutes after the start of the infusion. The spectral edge and median frequency of the EEG and the midlatency of the auditory evoked potential were compared with those recorded before the start of the infusion. The spectral edge, median frequencies and mid‐latency of the auditory evoked potential were reduced by 21 ± 13%, 31 ± 20% and 19 ± 36% respectively (mean ± SD). Only the reduction in spectral edge frequency reached statistical significance.Conclusions These results compared with those from other anesthetic and sedative agents suggest that the spectral edge frequency is an indicator of general central nervous system depression whereas the median frequency may be an indicator of antinociception.Clinical Relevance Ketamine may be useful in combination with halothane as the antinociceptive component of a balanced anesthetic protocol.
Reoperative Neurosurgery in Dogs With Thoracolumbar Disc Disease
Authors: Dhupa Sarit , Glickman Nita , Waters David J. 
Published: April 2004

Objective To characterize the subset of dogs in our neurosurgical practice that underwent spinal surgery for thoracolumbar (TL) disc herniation and subsequently underwent additional decompressive TL surgery.Study Design A retrospective case series.Sample Population Thirty dogs that underwent reoperation for TL disc herniation. A comparison group of Dachshunds that underwent only one decompressive TL disc surgery was also studied.Methods Dogs that underwent reoperation were divided into two groups based on the interval between their first and second surgery. The early reoperation group included those dogs having a second surgery less than 4 weeks after the initial operation. The late reoperation group included those dogs having a second surgery more than 4 weeks after the initial operation. For each Dachshund in the late reoperation group, two Dachshunds that underwent only one decompressive TL disc surgery were selected and formed the comparison group. Dogs in the comparison group were matched with reoperated cases based on the severity of preoperative neurologic deficit and site of disc herniation. These two groups were compared to determine: (1) if age and body weight were risk factors for reoperation, and (2) if dogs had a poorer functional outcome after their second decompressive surgery than did those in the comparison group after their first (and only) decompressive surgery.Results A total of 30 of 467 (6.4%) dogs that underwent decompressive TL disc surgery were reoperated. In the early reoperative cases (n = 5 dogs), the inciting cause in all cases was residual compression from disc material at the site of the initial surgery. In the late reoperation group, 22 of 25 (88%) cases had a second disc herniation at a site distinct from the initial lesion. Dachshunds had a significantly higher risk for late reoperation (odds ratio and 95% CI = 3.67, 1.46 to 10.03); other small and medium‐sized breeds (<20 kg) were underrepresented. Age and body weight were not significant predictors for reoperation. A total of 21 of 23 (91%) dogs had functional recovery after late reoperation. Complete sensorimotor loss was a significant negative predictor of functional recovery in the late reoperative cases (P = .01). Likelihood of functional recovery in dogs after their second decompressive surgery was identical to the functional recovery of dogs in the comparison group.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Our results show that a second disc herniation occurring at a site distinct from the initial lesion is the most common cause for reoperation and that Dachshunds have a significantly greater risk than other breeds.
Vertebrectomy, Bone Allograft Fusion, and Antitumor Vaccination for the Treatment of Vertebral Fibrosarcoma in a Dog
Authors: Chauvet Anne E. , Hogge Gary S. , Sandin John A. , Lipsitz David 
Published: April 2004

Objective To describe the surgical technique of vertebrectomy with bone allograft fusion and the use of antitumor vaccine for the treatment of a primary vertebral neoplasm in a dog.Study Design Case Report.Animals or Sample Population A 3 year old 32 kg female spayed mixed breed dog with progressive paraplegia.Methods Myelography was performed to identify an L5 lytic lesion with spinal cord compression. A dorsal laminectomy was performed to decompress the spinal cord and obtain biopsies. Pathologic fracture of the vertebral body two days later was treated with L5 vertebrectomy, cortical allograft implantation, and bilateral plating from L4 to L6. Tumor samples were used to create an autologous cytokine‐gene‐engineered tumor cell vaccine. Recheck radiographs and neurologic examinations were obtained 1, 2, 7, and 13 months after surgery.Results The histopathologic diagnosis was fibrosarcoma. Although slight osteopenia of the allograft was noted thirteen months after surgery, the allograft and plate fixation remained stable. The patient tolerated the antitumor vaccination protocol well. Two years after the procedures the dog was able to ambulate normally but remained urinary and fecal incontinent.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Vertebrectomy and cortical allograft implantation with plating permitted this patient to return to a functional lifestyle with its owners.
Inhaled Carbon Monoxide Concentration During Halothane or Isoflurane Anesthesia in Horses
Authors: Dodam John R. , Branson Keith R. , Gross Marjorie E. , Petroski Gregory F. 
Published: April 2004

Objective The purpose of this study was to assess carbon monoxide (CO) exposure during equine anesthesia with either halothane (H) or isoflurane (I) delivered in a circle rebreathing system.Study Design Prospective clinical investigation.Animals Fifty client‐owned horses.Methods Horses were randomly assigned for anesthetic maintenance with H (n = 26) or I (n = 24). Two large animal anesthetic machines were used and assigned to a single agent for 2–4 weeks at a time. Machines were disassembled and soda lime changed prior to switching anesthetic agents. Inhalant anesthetic concentration and CO concentration were measured in gas samples obtained from the inspiratory limb of the anesthetic circuit. Values were recorded at 15 minute intervals for 90 minutes. Soda lime status (new or used) and mode of ventilation (spontaneous or mechanical) were also recorded. Data were analyzed using a five‐factor ANCOVA with repeated measures.Results Inspired CO concentration for H and I increased from 1 ± 3 and 6 ± 11 ppm at baseline to 54 ± 33 and 21 ± 18 ppm at 90 min, respectively (mean ± sd). H was associated with significantly greater CO concentrations than I at 30 to 90 min, although baseline CO was significantly greater in the I group than the H group. Oxygen flow rates were 9.9 ± 0.5 L/min at baseline for H and I, and 5.0 ± 0.4 and 5.0 ± 0.7 L/min at 90 min for H and I, respectively. There were no significant differences between groups for O2 flow at any time point. Neither mechanical ventilation nor new versus used soda lime affected CO concentration.Conclusions Significantly higher concentrations of CO were recorded during the administration of H than I.Clinical Relevance Levels of CO observed during the administration of either H or I for 90 minutes to horses were not clinically significant.
DESIGN LEVEL HYPOTHESIS TESTING THROUGH REVERSE ENGINEERING OF OBJECT-ORIENTED SOFTWARE
Authors: COUNSELL STEVE , NEWSON PETE , MENDES EMILIA 
Published: April 2004

Comprehension of an object-oriented (OO) system, its design and use of OO features such as aggregation, generalisation and other forms of association is a difficult task to undertake without the original design documentation for reference. In this paper, we describe the collection of high-level class metrics from the UML design documentation of five industrial-sized C++ systems. Two of the systems studied were libraries of reusable classes. Three hypotheses were tested between these high-level features and the low-level class features of a number of class methods and attributes in each of the five systems. A further two conjectures were then investigated to determine features of key classes in a system and to investigate any differences between library-based systems and the other systems studied in terms of coupling. Results indicated that, for the three application-based systems, no clear patterns emerged for hypotheses relating to generalisation. There was, however, a clear (positive) statistical significance for all three systems studied between aggregation, other types of association and the number of methods and attributes in a class. Key classes in the three application-based systems tended to contain large numbers of methods, attributes, and associations, significant amounts of aggregation but little inheritance. No consistent, identifiable key features could be found in the two library-based systems; both showed a distinct lack of any form of coupling (including inheritance) other than through the C++ friend facility.
Agonistic Behaviour in Crayfish: The Importance of Sensory Inputs
Authors:   Delgado-Morales,   Ramón,   Hernández-Falcón
Published: April 2004

AbstractCrayfish have well developed sense organs, but clear-cut relationships with their behavioural use have hardly been established. We studied the possible use of vision, olfaction, and touch during agonistic behaviour, assuming that the outcome of agonistic interactions primarily depends on the input from one of these sensory organs. Agonistic encounters were studied in triads of crayfish, intact and with reversible blockage of vision, olfaction, or touch. Tension actions (threat, strike, fight, or avoidance) categorized as positive or negative depending on the crayfish initiating them, allowed us to identify the dominant and submissive animals. The contribution of sense organs to the outcome of interactions was tested during agonistic behaviour by blocking them (one at a time) after the establishment of a hierarchy (after-experiments) of before it (before-experiments). Under control conditions, a large number of contacts allowed animals to establish a dominance order on the first day of agonistic interactions, and the number of positive contacts between animals diminished in subsequent days. Visual or chemical blockage in after-experiments did not change the dominance order, but positive contacts decreased or increased, respectively. Blinded-before animals established a dominance order in the first 3 days of agonistic interactions showing an elevated number of positive contacts during the observation period. A similar result occurred in anosmic-before animals. Results from crayfish in which antennae were immobilized were similar to those from controls. Results suggest that at least two sensory modalities are necessary to gather information about conspecifics. Once the order is established (learned) any one of the senses is sufficient to maintain it. We speculate that if a chemical compound is involved in the maintenance of the dominance order, it is released after localization of a conspecific by vision or touch, a manoeuvre that could minimize expenditure of a costly resource.
Postembryonic Development of Pseudocyclops Umbraticus Giesbrecht, 1893 (copepoda, Calanoida) from Coastal Waters of Sicily
Authors: Costanzo Giuseppe , Crescenti Nunzio , Zagami Giacomo 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe authors describe the six naupliar and five copepodid stages of Pseudocyclops umbraticus raised in the laboratory. These are the first data on the ontogenetic stages of a species of the genus Pseudocyclops. On the basis of these results and the adult morphology (Giesbrecht, 1893), the authors place P. umbraticus in an intermediate position between the lepidotus-kulai and crassiremismagnus groups of Ohtsuka et al. (1999).
ABRAHAM AS CHALDEAN SCIENTIST AND FATHER OF THE JEWS: JOSEPHUS, ANT. 1.154-168, AND THE GRECO-ROMAN DISCOURSE ABOUT ASTRONOMY/ASTROLOGY
Authors: Reed Annette Yoshiko 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis article analyzes Josephus' approach to Abraham and astronomy/astrology in Ant. 1.154-168. This retelling of Genesis 12 describes Abraham as inferring the one-ness of God from the irregularity of the stars, thereby implying his rejection of "the Chaldean science" for Jewish monotheism. Soon after, however, Josephus posits that the patriarch transmitted astronomy/astrology to Egypt, appealing to the positive connotations of this art for apologetic aims. Towards explaining the tension between these two traditions, I first map the range of early Jewish traditions about Abraham and the stars, and then consider the Hellenistic discourse about astral wisdom as the domain of ancient "barbarian" nations, as it shaped Hellenistic Jewish traditions that celebrate Abraham's astronomical/astrological skill. I conclude with Josephus' own cultural context, proposing that the attitudes towards astronomy/astrology among his Roman contemporaries may help to account for the ambivalence in his characterization of Abraham as both Chaldean scientist and father of the Jews.
DOES πρoσευχας πoιεισαι, IN JOSEPHUS' ANTIQUITIES OF THE JEWS 14.257-58, MEAN 'BUILD PLACES OF PRAYER'?
Authors: Catto Stephen 
Published: April 2004

AbstractIn Antiquities of the Jews 14.257-58, Josephus records a decree by the people of Halicarnassus in which the Jews are, according to the Loeb translation by Marcus, allowed to "build places of prayer." However, this could also be translated as "offer prayers." In this article I first assess the arguments made by scholars who propose translating it in either of these ways, arguing that the solutions offered are inadequate. I then discuss Josephus' use of πoιεω in the middle voice pointing out that he never uses it to describe the construction of a whole building, only parts of a building. A comparison with the use of πoιεω in the New Testament, Philo and other sources confirms that in this decree "offer prayers" is the translation that should be adopted.
Mental Illness in One District of Uganda
Authors: Kasoro S. , Sebudde S. , Kabagambe-Rugamba G. , Ovuga E. , Boardman A. 
Published: April 2004

Aims: To estimate the prevalence of psychiatric disorder in one district of Uganda. Methods: Data were collected from a survey of a random sample of households in Kabarole, West Uganda. Interviews were carried out with household members. Further information was obtained from interviews of key community informants and from Focus Group discussions conducted in each Parish. Results: Some 384 households were surveyed. Of these, 99 households identified members with a mental illness in the previous year and a total of 130 individuals were identified, 12 of whom were children. Few individuals had been seen by formal mental health services and traditional methods of treatment were commonly used. Conclusions: The estimated prevalence of 30.7% in adults is higher than that of 25.3% found in the only other community based survey of mental illness previously conducted in Uganda. A well conducted study using modern case defining methods needs to be carried out in Uganda.
Quality of Life and Other Characteristics of Viennese Mental Health Care Users
Authors: Lang Andrea , Steiner Egbert , Berghofer Gerlinde , Henkel Helga , Schmitz Margot , Schmidi Friedrich , Rudas Stephan 
Published: April 2004

Background: The purposes of this study are (1) to characterise patients with different treatment experiences, (2) to evaluate differences in quality of life (QoL) among patients with different treatment experiences, (3) to evaluate changes in QoL following community resettlement, and (4) to find predictors of overall life satisfaction (OLS). Methods: Treatment experiences are defined according to service use as follows: (a) user of inand outpatient services (overall users), (b) user of inpatient (inpatients) or (c) outpatient facilities only (outpatients). Demographic and clinical data of 425 psychiatric patients are analysed cross-sectionally in relation to their treatment experiences. QoL of former inpatients is followed up after hospital discharge. Results: Long-term `overall users' have a significantly higher QoL than long-term `outpatients' or `inpatients'. QoL of former inpatients increases after discharge. Predictors of higher OLS are high income, high subjective social functioning (SFQ), good self-rated health, satisfactory QoL domains as well as being single or cohabiting, diagnosis of schizophrenia, `outpatients', and `overall users'. Together they explain 63% of the variance in patients' subjective OLS. Conclusion: QoL is independent of illness severity. Deinstitutionalisation improves QoL and OLS is mainly predicted by subjective variables.
Pharmacoepidemiological Patterns of Antidepressant Prescribing in Primary Care in Rural Spain (1995-1999)
Authors: Ruiz-Doblado Sergio , De La O Caraballo-Camacho María 
Published: April 2004

Background: The prescribing of psychoactive drugs is increasing progressively in western countries. The new psychiatric care modalities, in contact with the primary care centres and closer to the population, might be determining this increase in a major way. Methods: Official data of prescription were collected from the Public Primary Care Department of Pharmacy, to monitor the use of antidepressants during a five year period in a rural health area (140,359 inhabitants). Daily defined dosage (DDD) was used as the measuring unit. Results and conclusions: The total use of antidepressants increased progressively during the period studied from 10.47 DDD/1000 inhabitants/day in 1995 to 18.50 in 1999 (an increase of 77.08%). The majority of this increase is explained by the greater use of SSRIs for which prescribing multiplied by 2.5. It is significant that the figure for the use of tricyclics has not fallen parallel to the increase of SSRIs. General practitioners might be losing their fear of diagnosing and treating mood disorders. Probably a pool of patients is included who were not receiving the correct treatment a few years ago, but to what level are we going to lower the symptomatic threshold for prescribing antidepressants?
Psychiatric Units in Brazilian General Hospitals: A Growing Philanthropic Field
Authors: Botega Neury Jose 
Published: April 2004

Background: Some countries, mainly in North America and Europe, have adopted psychiatric wards in the general hospital as an alternative to the classic psychiatric hospital. In Brazil there are 6, 169 general hospitals, 1.3% of which with a psychiatric unit. This service strategy is scarcely developed in the country and comprises only 4% of all psychiatric admissions. There was no information on the facilities and functioning of the psychiatric units in general hospitals. Objective: To determine the main characteristics of psychiatric units in Brazilian general hospitals and to assess the current trends in the services provided. Method: A mailing survey assessed all 94 Brazilian general hospitals which made psychiatric admissions. A two-page questionnaire was designed to determine the main characteristics of each institution and of the psychiatric unit. Results: Seventy-nine (84%) questionnaires were returned. In contrast to the 1970s and 1980s, in the last decade the installation of psychiatric units has spread to smaller philanthropic institutions that are not linked to medical schools. A fifth of hospitals admit psychiatric patients to medical wards because there is no specialist psychiatric ward. They try to meet all the local emergency demands, usually alcohol-dependent patients who need short term admission. This could signal the beginning of a program through which mental health professionals may become an integral part of general health services. Conclusion: The inauguration of psychiatric wards in philanthropic hospitals, as well as the admission of psychiatric patients in their medical wards, is a phenomenon peculiar to this decade. The installation of psychiatric services in these and other general hospitals would overcome two of major difficulties encountered: prejudice and a lack of financial resources.
Psychiatric Emergencies and the Millennium: an International Study
Authors: Sauer Justin , Ayonrinde Oyedeji , Lawal Rahman , Finn Michael , Ojo Abayomi 
Published: April 2004

Background: The millennium posed an unknown challenge to mental health services worldwide. In anticipation, contingencies were implemented in preparation for the unexpected impact on psychiatric morbidity. Results: This study evaluates the impact of the millennium on psychiatric emergency service utilization in the Northern and Southern hemispheres the UK, Nigeria and Australia. Findings did not demonstrate a notable “millennium effect” on mental health services. A number of patients presented psychopathology incorporating millennium themes. A post-Christmas and post-New Year increase in presentation was observed. Conclusion: There was no change in service needs.