bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mobility and the Polis
Authors: Purcell Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Arion of Methymna, the inventor of the song called dithyramb, is not perhaps the most obvious figure to choose as an emblem of early Greek history; but he may begin to seem more representative if the tentative suggestions of this rather general paper are plausible. The singer from Lesbos in the eastern Aegean who voyaged via Corinth, where he resided for some time, to take part in many competitive festivals in the cities of the Ionian and Tyrrhenian coastlands is an apt symbol of personal mobility and of ease of communications. On a more mythic level his delivery from the widest sea of the Mediterranean by the sea god’s dolphin, and voyage to Cape Taenarum which turned seafaring into miracle, may be set as illustration and counterpoint to all that we frequently repeat of the horrors of storm, piracy, shipwreck, and being eaten by fishes, and of the awe felt for the sea by the Greeks and Romans. In stories like these, paradeigmatic or exemplary narratives meet ones which were regarded as literally factual; systems of explanation which depend on the supernatural jostle with those which prefer to leave it aside: they should not be ignored by the historian of the early Greek world.
Military Organization and Social Structure in Archaic Etruria
Authors: Agostino Bruno D’ 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The political and social organization of the Etruscan world is obscure: that is a consequence of the complete loss of those literary texts which we know to have existed, and of the nature of the epigraphic records, whi.ch for the most part consist of funerary inscriptions of a formulaic type.
Collective Activities and the Political in the Greek City
Authors: Schmitt-Pantel Pauline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The importance of patterns of behaviour, actions, and collective activities peculiar to social groups is widely recognized among modern historians and in contemporary studies. It is also becoming a preoccupation of research in ancient history.1 Such studies are not simply a question of rewriting the history of ‘everyday life’ under another name, that is, discussing collective practices such as hunting, athletic training, and banquets while separating them from their historical context. On the contrary, it is necessary to emphasize the close dependence that exists between such varied observances and the groups that practise them, as well as the particular political system (in this case the polis) that created and developed them. In order to avoid the trap of ‘static history’, we must provide a foundation in the history of the cities for practices that have had no place in the historiography of our discipline until now.
The Political Powers of the People’s Court in Fourth-Century Athens
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of the Athenian democratic institutions the two most important were the people’s assembly (ekklesia) and the people’s court (dikasteria). In the assembly some 6,000 citizens met 30-40 times every year to make political decisions relating to both foreign and domestic policy. In the courts panels of 20 1, 401, or 501 jurors selected by lot passed judgement in both private and public actions. The independence of the judiciary in most modern societies has tempted many historians-implicitly or explicitly-to draw an analogy and assert that in the Athenian democracy politics rested with the assembly and jurisdiction with the courts. A closer examination of the sources, however, points to a different and much more complicated relation between the two institutions. The ekklesia was sometimes involved in jurisdiction and, more important, a considerable number of political decisions were made by the courts.
Doomed to Extinction: The Polis as an Evolutionary Dead-End
Authors: Runciman W G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is an exercise in comparative sociology, not in the history of classical Greece. I say this not merely to excuse the ignorance of detail which specialist readers are likely to detect, but also to emphasize that it is addressed not to the question (interesting as it is) ‘how did Macedon become the dominant power in Greece?’ but to the question ‘with or without the rise of Macedon, could the polis have survived?’. In arguing that it could not, I am (so far as I can discover) within the general consensus of specialists. But there does not appear to be a consensus about why not, and my own answer may well be regarded by some readers as sensible but obvious and by others as intriguing but misconceived.
Roman Marriage
Authors: Treggiari Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Marriage, a fundamental institution in human societies, takes varying forms. This book seeks to explore the practicalities, the cultural assumptions, and the affective possibilities of marriage during the later Republic and the Principate (c.100 BC-AD 235). It takes a fresh view of the interaction of law and reality within Roman marriage, and builds on the accumulation of legal scholarship in the field, as well as on the latest insights into Roman society. Through detailed examination of original sources (which are translated), Professor Treggiari shows that marriage affected a Roman woman's social status and might entail legal consequences. The socio-legal effect on a man as an individual was less striking but it enabled him to father legitimate children, which was the main object of the institution. The creation of new family alignments, shifts in the distribution of property, and the birth of new generations were important for society as a whole. Professor Treggiari also examines the dynamics of the various influences on the choice of partner; behavioural norms; and the motives for divorce.
Graeco-Roman Theories of Marriage
Authors: Treggiari Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let us take as an initial example the sententia of a censor of the late second century BC on the mixed advantages and disadvantages of marriage: ’If we could manage without wives ... we would all do without the annoyance (molestia), but since nature has taught us that we cannot live comfortably with them, nor live at all without them, we must take thought for our eternal welfare rather than our temporary pleasure.Stobaeus gives a list of quotations on this precise topic ofthe mixture of advantages and disadvantages. His topoi-headings derive from much earlier sources. The anthology here includes tags to show that you cannot have a household without evil, that although the rich wife stops her husband doing what he wants she produces one good result, children, and that marrying is an evil but a necessary evil.2 All of these, but especially the last, are part of the climate of opinion which produced Metellus’ remark.
Coniugalis Amor
Authors: Treggiari Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A woman may achieve greatness, or at any rate great renown, by merely being a wonderful wife and mother, like the mother of the Gracchi; whereas the men who have achieved great renown by being devoted husbands and fathers might be counted on the fingers of one hand.IN a seminal article in 1958, Gordon Williams traced specifically Roman ideas of marriage, drawing particularly on Plautus and Catullus.’ He suggested that the poets who insist on the wife’s duty to be morigera or morem gerere to her husband-or (in comedy) a mistress’ to her lover-are drawing on a formula from the ancient marriage ceremony, perhaps spoken by the pronuba at the moment of the joining of hands.
Sexual Relations
Authors: Treggiari Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have already discussed the positive theories of conjugal virtues and the prominence given to wifely fidelity. It has also been suggested that the marital relationship was expected by ordinary Romans to give scope for both love and sexual expression. The task of this chapter is to explore attitudes to the extra-marital sexual activity of either partner during a marriage. The object is to cast light on sexual relations between husband and wife.Something about attitudes may be deduced from vocabulary and construction. The technical language is more robustly native and more sharply defined when it describes the infidelity of a wife. The verb adulterare seems to have been prior to the abstract noun adulterium and the nouns which describe the agents, adulter and adultera.
Ancient Greek Music
Authors: West M L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ancient Greece was permeated by music, and the literature teems with musical allusions. For most readers the subject has remained a closed book. Here at last is a clear, comprehensive, and authoritative account that presupposes no special knowledge of music. Topics covered include the place of music in Greek life; instruments; rhythm; tempo; modes and scales; melodic construction; form; ancient theory and notation; and historical development. Thirty surviving examples of Greek music are presented in modern transcription with analysis, and the book is fully illustrated. Besides being considered on its own terms, Greek music is here further illuminated by being seen in ethnological perspective, and a brief Epilogue sets it in its place in a border zone between Afro-Asiatic and European culture. The book will be of value both to classicists and historians of music.
Fathers and Sons
Authors: Eyben Emiel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter the stress is on Roman fathers who took care of the moral education of their male children: not so much small children but growing children from about fifteen to twenty-five/thirty years, men in their youth (adulescentia). The extremes of poverty and bad conduct6 are omitted, and intellectual training has been dealt with elsewhere (Eyben 1968).
The authority a Roman father possessed over his children (and grandchildren) is claimed by the lawyer Gaius as ‘typically Roman’: ‘There are hardly any people who wield as much power over their sons as we do’ (1. 557).
Herodotus on Alexander I of Macedon: A Study in Some Subtle Silences
Authors: Badian E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is not much Macedonian history in Herodotus, and what there is is difficult to interpret, for it touches upon Persian and Athenian history, and it must be viewed in the light of Herodotus’ habits and prejudices. It is in any case marginal to his interest in the great war between Greeks and barbarians and therefore comes up only incidentally. There is, on the other hand, a good deal of myth, but I shall not be concerned with it here, since it has been ably sorted out by N. G. L. Hammond. Herodotus seems to repeat it as he heard it, as a backdrop to his treatment of Alexander I, who is the only Macedonian relevant to his narrative in the books about the war. Alexander does indeed appear at some crucial points in the war, and his character clearly aroused the historian’s interest: he fashioned an elaborate prelude in order to introduce him, and the themes stated in that prelude are developed on the occasions of Alexander’s appearances in the war. I am not here concerned with the character of Alexander, but rather with the way in which Herodotus depicts that character. We shall find that he employs a great deal of subtle art even on this incidental actor in his drama, and the very fact that the author’s treatment of him on each of his appearances after the prelude is brief makes it easier to study that art. The focus of this study is historiographic and not historical; but as is usually the case, there will be some incidental accretion of historical knowledge–or at least conjecture.
The Tradition about the First Sacred War
Authors: Davies John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every historian of archaic Greece has to come to terms with the First Sacred War. Located with welcome precision in time by the source material in the 5 90s and 5 Sos, involving many of the major Greek cities and powers of the period, and significantly affecting the life and functions of one of the major sanctuaries and oracles of Greece, the war has to be incorporated into any narrative or analysis. Yet for the modern historiography of archaic Greece it presents acute dilemmas of method and credibility. The problems are not those presented by Athenian history, where it is the historicity or otherwise of a growing list of documents (or of ‘documents’) which poses the major challenge, compounded by growing awareness of the rolling nature of oral tradition and its impact on ‘history’.1 Rather, with the First Sacred War we have to deal with a tradition which suddenly appears in crystallized written form long after the event, so that modern scholarship has an unwelcome choice between cautious acceptance en bloc and a quasi-archaeological disinterment of the various layers which inevitably deconstructs the whole. The exposition which follows here will therefore have to oscillate between the registers of modern and ancient historiography, I hope without loss of clarity, in an effort to reach a formulation which stands some chance of conveying the truth.
Diodorus and his Sources: Conformity and Creativity
Authors: Hornblower Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When in his great commentary on Thucydides Arnold Gomme comes to discuss the merits of Diodorus, he adds the expletive: alas! Gomme, of course, only echoes the judgement of most scholars. Diodorus’ Bibliotheke extends from the mythological period before the Trojan War to Diodorus’ lifetime in the first century BC, and its range has been its saving grace. We depend on it for much of what is known of the mid-fourth century, Alexander the Great, his Successors, and almost the entirety of Sicilian history. And throughout the Bibliotheke, even when the text is fragmentary, there are occasional bits of information which close important gaps in our knowledge.
Christian Origins
Authors: Mitchell Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The story of Christianity in Anatolia begins at the beginning. The Acts of the Apostles place the evangelization of the south Galatian communities of Pisidian Antioch, Iconium, Lystra, and Derbe at the centre of St Paul’s first missionary journey outside Syria and Palestine. More still, there is good reason to think that the Epistle to the Galatians was written soon after this journey, and thus becomes, quite simply, the earliest surviving document of the Christian church. These two sources together offer an unhoped-for, if elusive, glimpse into the Jewish, pagan, and nascent Christian communities of central Asia Minor in the middle of the first century AD. The information which they provide is hard to interpret, both because it is so isolated and because there is so much room for argument about the sources from which it comes, but it is a privilege to have so much with which to work.
The Rise of Monasticism from the Fourth to the Sixth Century
Authors: Mitchell Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Around AD 420 Palladius of Ancyra compiled his Lausiac History, a collection of biographical sketches of eastern monks and other ascetics, who now occupied so large a place on the ecclesiastical stage. Most of these edifying portraits depicted the heroic achievements of Christian holy men in the Egyptian wastes, or in the desert penumbra around the cities of Palestine and Syria. A handful, not altogether in the same style, concerned his native region. There was the octogenarian priest Philoromus, child of a citizen by a slave woman, who had openly defied Julian, thereby incurring tortures which were modest indeed compared to the self-imposed discipline which followed—eighteen years of seclusion, wearing chains, and abstinence from wheaten bread and all cooked foods—all designed to strengthen his defences against the temptations of lust and greed. Thereafter he spent forty years in the same monastery, earning his keep as a copyist, evidently of sacred books, and donated his earnings to the support of cripples. He made four pilgrimages in his life, all on foot and at his own expense, to the shrine of St Peter at Rome, to the tomb of St Mark at Alexandria, and twice to the Holy Places in Jerusalem. Never had his faith in God wavered, even in his private thoughts.
Ovid and the Fasti
Authors: Herbert-Brown Geraldine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the death of contemporary witnesses for the late Augustan and early Tiberian Principates, Ovid's Fasti has remained curiously neglected as an historical source for the period. The aim of this new research is to show that the poem of some five thousand lines on the Roman calendar, written and revised in the years between AD 4-16, provides students of the Augustan age with a wealth of information, both about the author himself, and about his cultural and political environment. The author discovers important new insights into the way in which Augustus and his family were incorporated into the ancient religion of the city of Rome, and reveals Ovid as a unique contemporary witness of the last decade of Augustus' life and the first years of Tiberius' rule. From his poem the Fasti, Dr Herbert-Brown finds new evidence of the processes which marked the transition from the Republic to Empire.
Zones of Interaction
Authors: Batty Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Pontic-Danubian area mostly falls within the jurisdiction of several modern states: Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine, the Republic of Macedonia, and the Republic of Moldova. In this vast geographical space, areas of true steppes form one common identifiable physical feature, especially for the more northerly of these territories. To the south, the links between the mountain ranges and the lowlands are the key to the region’s geography; the mountain chains fragment the region, breaking it up into several easily distinguished areas (Fig. 2.1).
Dying for the Law: The Martyr ‘s Portrait in Jewish-Greek Literature
Authors: Rajak Tessa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The anonymous author of the fourth book of Maccabees summarizes, in one long Greek sentence, the achievements of the heroes and of the heroine whose dreadful deaths he has recounted. Good rhetorician as he is, he presents the events in a variety of perspectives. At one stage they are imagined as a picture, a visual portrayal of piety in action, which cannot fail to make any spectator shudder; he now parades the ingenious device of an imaginary epitaph.
The Armenian Gates
Authors: Birley Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The geographical knowledge acquired and acted upon by traders and soldiers in antiquity was slow to find its way into military manuals. Historians can seldom be complimented for adequate attention to geography. As concerns the Tigris, however, Sallust (and even Livy) surely outshone the professional purveyors of information. Sallust’s account of the campaigns of Lucullus beyond Euphrates was probably very good. Plutarch’s narrative, of which Sallust is the main or ultimate source, though deplorably lacking in precise indications of locality and direction, cannot be convicted of any enormities; and a younger contemporary of Livy, Pompeius Trogus, knew that the Tigris rises, not south of Lake Van, but a long way to the west, in the region called Sophene.
Sophene and Gordyene
Authors: Birley Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sophene and Gordyene crop up more than once as disputed territories in the various intrigues and negotiations concerning the disposal of Tigranes’ vast and transient empire. Sophene was indubitably Armenian. Two principalities broke loose from Seleucid control after the defeat of Antiochus the Great by the Romans, Armenia proper ruled by Artaxias, Sophene by Zariadres. The last ruler of the latter dynasty, Artanes, was deposed by Tigranes, who annexed Sophene. In his southward expansion towards Mesopotamia Tigranes also brought under his sway Gordyene, a Parthian vassal state. A king of that land, Zarbienus, was won over by the diplomatic arts of the envoy Ap. Claudius Pulcher in 70 B.C., suppressed in time by Tigranes, and posthumously honoured by Lucullus with a magnificent funeral.
Tigranocerta
Authors: Birley Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No discussion of the borderlands of Armenia and Mesopotamia can hope to avoid the problem of Tigranocerta. The controversy about the site of Tigranes’ new capital has thrown up endless argumentation, illustrious partisans, strong opinions—and changes of opinions; and rival theories about the Battle of Tigranocerta have been expounded with a confidence and a precision that ancient accounts of military operations are seldom explicit enough to justify.
Atropatene and Matiane
Authors: Birley Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Media Atropatene possessed an abundance of natural resources and frontiers easy to define or defend. On three sides it was guarded by mountain ranges; along the fourth ran the River Araxes, followed by a wide tract of desolate steppe. These conditions favoured the growth and the survival of a separate political unit with its nucleus round about Lake Urmia. The annals of Assyria and of Urartu (Van) are familiar with the realm of Mannai; and Atropatene maintained a Persian dynasty and virtual independence throughout the Hellenistic period.
Pompeius and the Parthians
Authors: Birley Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The campaigns of the Romans against Mithridates Eupator led to hostilities with Tigranes, the ruler of Armenia, and thereby brought another power, the Parthians, into the ambit of their diplomacy through an ephemeral compact quickly ignored by the stronger party. Tigranes had earned signal disasters and complete humiliation. The wide territories that he had seized one after another since his accession (c.95 B.C.) were now forfeit. Syria and Cilicia he had no hope of regaining. East of the Euphrates his principal gains had accrued from Parthia, or rather from the vassals of Parthia, in the period of disturbances and debility after the death of Mithridates II (c.87 B.C.). The region Sophene which he annexed was Armenian land. Not so Atropatene, Adiabene, and Gordyene, the rulers of which he forced to own his allegiance. Tigranes took the title ‘King of Kings’: four monarchs were ever at his beck and call, whether he sat or rode.
The Euphrates Crossings
Authors: Birley Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rome now commanded three routes of prime military importance leading across Asia Minor towards Armenia and Mesopotamia. In the north a new province was largely built up around the Pontic highway; the road to Melitene and the river-crossing at Tomisa traversed the dependent kingdoms of Cappadocia; and in the south the main artery of Seleucid rule through the Cilician Gates reached the Euphrates at Zeugma, Nicator’s famous foundation. Pompeius saw no reason to restrict Rome’s influence to the western bank of the Euphrates. Osrhoene is proof of that. Further evidence has been adduced, and it is generally believed that Pompeius assigned Sophene to Ariobarzanes of Cappadocia and gave to Commagene a strip of territory beyond the river with a bridgehead facing Samosata.
The Accession of Archelaus Philopatris
Authors: Birley Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Archelaus, on whom Pompeius Magnus bestowed the principality of Comana in Pontus, met his end on an ambitious venture, fighting for a bride and a throne in Egypt (s 5 B.C.). His son inherited Comana, but did not hold it for long. Caesar installed an adherent of his own, Lycomedes the Bithynian, of royal ancestry. After that, Fontus knows the family no more. The wife—or rather the widow-of the dynast of Comana, a lady called Glaphyra, subsequently turns up in Cappadocia along with her young son, another Archelaus. Cappadocia, afflicted with a feeble and discordant dynasty, an unruly baronage, was a refuge for an adventurer with a pedigree. The grandfather of young Archelaus claimed to be a bastard of Mithridates Eupator; and there was a genuine link between Pontus and Cappadocia in the person of Athenais, the queen-mother, widow of Ariobarzanes II—she was a daughter of Eupator. As for Glaphyra, one historian describes her as a ‘hetaera’. The term baffles exact definition but implies an active and variegated existence. Glaphyra had talent as well as charm.