bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevention of Hypotension during Spinal Anesthesia for Cesarean Delivery
Authors: Kee Warwick D. Ngan , Khaw Kim S. , Ng Floria F. 
Published: September 2005

Background
Many methods for preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery have been investigated, but no single technique has proven to be effective and reliable. This randomized study studied the efficacy of combining simultaneous rapid crystalloid infusion (cohydration) with a high-dose phenylephrine infusion.

Methods
Nonlaboring patients scheduled to undergo elective cesarean delivery received an intravenous infusion of 100 mug/min phenylephrine that was started immediately after spinal injection and titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure near baseline values until uterine incision. In addition, patients received infusion of lactated Ringer's solution that was given either rapidly (group 1, n = 57) or at a minimal maintenance rate (group 0, n = 55). Maternal hemodynamic changes and neonatal condition were compared.

Results
Six patients were excluded from analysis. Only 1 of 53 patients (1.9% [95% confidence interval, 0.3-9.9%]) in group 1 experienced hypotension versus 15 of 53 patients (28.3% [95% confidence interval, 18.0-41.6%]) in group 0 (P = 0.0001). Compared with group 0, patients in group 1 had greater values for the following: serial measurements of systolic blood pressure (P = 0.02), minimum recorded systolic blood pressure (P = 0.0002), and minimum recorded heart rate (P = 0.013). Total phenylephrine consumption was smaller in group 1 compared with group 0 (P = 0.008). Neonatal outcome and maternal side effects were similar between groups.

Conclusions
Combination of a high-dose phenylephrine infusion and rapid crystalloid cohydration is the first technique to be described that is effective for preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery.
Influence of Nociception and Stress-induced Antinociception on Genetic Variation in Isoflurane Anesthetic Potency among Mouse Strains
Authors: Mogil Jeffrey S. , Smith Shad B. , O'Reilly Meghan K. , Plourde Gilles 
Published: September 2005

Background
Genetic background influences anesthetic potency to suppress motor response to noxious stimulation (minimum alveolar concentration [MAC]) as well as nociceptive sensitivity in unmedicated animals. However, the influence on MAC of baseline sensitivity to the noxious stimuli used to assess MAC has virtually never been studied. The authors assessed room air nociceptive sensitivity and isoflurane MAC in multiple mouse strains. Isoflurane requirement for loss of righting response (MACLORR) was also measured.

Methods
One outbred and 10 inbred mouse strains were tested for latency to respond (in room air) to a tail clip (either 500 g or 2,000 g). Naive mice of the same 11 strains were tested for isoflurane MAC and MACLORR. To assess the role of opioid-mediated stress-induced antinociception, mice were also tested for nociceptive sensitivity after injection of naloxone (10 mg/kg) or saline.

Results
Robust strain differences were observed for all measures. The authors found that tail-clip latency (using a 500-g or 2,000-g clip, respectively) correlated significantly with MAC (r = -0.76 and -0.58, respectively) but not MACLORR (r = -0.10 and -0.26). Naloxone produced strain-dependent reductions in open air tail-clip latencies, and these reductions were also strongly correlated with MAC (r = -0.67 and -0.71).

Conclusions
The authors suggest that genetic variability in isoflurane MAC (but not MACLORR) may reflect genetic variability in the underlying sensitivity to the noxious stimulus being used to measure MAC. This variable sensitivity to nociception in the awake state is at least partially mediated by endogenous antinociceptive mechanisms activated by the tail-clip stimulus itself.
Cholinesterases and the Resistance of the Mouse Diaphragm to the Effect of Tubocurarine
Authors: Nguyen-Huu Tu , Dobbertin Alexandre , Barbier Julien , Minic Jasmina , Krejci Eric , Duvaldestin Philippe , Molgó Jordi 
Published: September 2005

Background
The diaphragm is resistant to competitive neuromuscular blocking agents. Because of the competitive mechanism of action of tubocurarine, the rate of hydrolysis of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction may modulate its neuromuscular blocking effect. The authors compared the neuromuscular blocking effect of tubocurarine on isolated diaphragm and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles and quantified the acetylcholinesterase activity in hetero-oligomers.

Methods
Adult Swiss-Webster and collagen Q-deficient (ColQ) mice were used. The blocking effect of tubocurarine on nerve-evoked muscle twitches was determined in isolated diaphragm and EDL muscles, after inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by fasciculin-1, butyrylcholinesterase by tetraisopropylpyro-phosphoramide, or both acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase by neostigmine, and in acetylcholinesterase-deficient ColQ muscles. The different acetylcholinesterase oligomers extracted from diaphragm and EDL muscles were quantified in sucrose gradient.

Results
The EC50 for tubocurarine to decrease the nerve-evoked twitch response was four times higher in the diaphragm than in the EDL. The activity of the different acetylcholinesterase oligomers was lower in the diaphragm as compared with the EDL. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by antagonists resulted in an increased dose of tubocurarine but an unchanged resistance ratio between the diaphragm and the EDL. A similar diaphragmatic resistance was found in ColQ muscles.

Conclusion
The current study indicates that, despite differences in acetylcholinesterase activity between the diaphragm and EDL, the diaphragmatic resistance to tubocurarine cannot be explained by the different rate of acetylcholine hydrolysis in the synaptic cleft.
Intraoperative Epidural Analgesia Combined with Ketamine Provides Effective Preventive Analgesia in Patients Undergoing Major Digestive Surgery
Authors: Lavand’homme Patricia , De Kock Marc , Waterloos Hilde 
Published: September 2005

Background
As a broader definition of preemptive analgesia, preventive analgesia aims to prevent the sensitization of central nervous system, hence the development of pathologic pain after tissular injury. To demonstrate benefits from preventive treatment, objective measurement of postoperative pain such as wound hyperalgesia and persistent pain should be evaluated. The current study assessed the role and timing of epidural analgesia in this context.

Methods
In a randomized, double-blinded trial, 85 patients scheduled to undergo neoplastic colonic resection were included. All the patients received a thoracic epidural catheter, systemic ketamine at a antihyperalgesic dose, and general anesthesia. Continuous infusion of analgesics belonging to the same class was administered by either intravenous or epidural route before incision until 72 h after surgery. Patients were allocated to four groups to receive intraoperative intravenous lidocaine-sufentanil-clonidine or epidural bupivacaine-sufentanil-clonidine followed postoperatively by either intravenous (lidocaine-morphine-clonidine) or epidural (bupivacaine-sufentanil-clonidine) patient-controlled analgesia. Postoperative pain scores (visual analog scale), analgesic consumption, wound area of punctuate hyperalgesia, residual pain, and analgesics needed from 2 weeks until 12 months were recorded.

Results
Analgesic requirements, visual analog scale scores, and area of hyperalgesia were significantly higher in the intravenous treatment group (intravenous-intravenous), and more patients reported residual pain from 2 weeks until 1 yr (28%). Although postoperative pain measurements did not differ, postoperative epidural treatment (intravenous-epidural) was less effective to prevent residual pain at 1 yr (11%; P = 0.2 with intravenous-intravenous group) than intraoperative one (epidural-epidural and epidural-intravenous groups) (0%; P = 0.01 with intravenous-intravenous group).

Conclusion
Combined with an antihyperalgesic dose of ketamine, intraoperative epidural analgesia provides effective preventive analgesia after major digestive surgery.
Somatotopy in Human Primary Somatosensory Cortex in Pain System
Authors: Ogino Yuichi , Nemoto Hidenori , Goto Fumio 
Published: September 2005

Background
Compared with somatotopical organization (somatotopy) in the postcentral gyrus in the tactile system, somatotopy in the pain system is not well understood. The aim of this study is to elucidate whether there is somatotopy in the human pain system.

Methods
To elucidate the somatotopy of nociceptive neurons in the postcentral gyrus, the authors recorded pain-evoked cortical responses to noxious intraepidermal electrical stimulation applied to the left hand and left foot in 11 male subjects, using magnetoencephalography.

Results
Brief painful stimuli evoked sustained cortical activity in the primary somatosensory cortex (SI) in the hemisphere contralateral to the stimulated side and in the secondary somatosensory cortex in both hemispheres. In SI, representations of the hand and foot were distinctly separated, with a more medial and posterior location for the foot, whereas no significant difference was found in the locations for the secondary somatosensory cortex dipole. The SI arrangement along the central sulcus was compatible with the homunculus revealed by Penfield using direct cortical stimulation during surgery.

Conclusions
The human pain system contains a somatotopical representation in SI but with less somatotopical organization in the secondary somatosensory cortex. The current results provide supporting evidence of SI involvement in human pain perception and suggest that human SI subserves the localization of the stimulated site in nociceptive processing.
Preoperative Clinic Visits Reduce Operating Room Cancellations and Delays
Authors: Ferschl Marla B. , Tung Avery , Sweitzer BobbieJean , Huo Dezheng , Glick David B. 
Published: September 2005

Background
Anesthesiologist-directed preoperative medicine clinics are used to prepare patients for the administration of anesthesia and surgery. Studies have shown that such a clinic reduces preoperative testing and consults, but few studies have examined the impact of the clinic on the day of surgery. The authors tested whether a visit to an anesthesia preoperative medicine clinic (APMC) would reduce day-of-surgery case cancellations and/or case delays.

Methods
The authors conducted a retrospective chart review of all surgical cases during a 6-month period at the University of Chicago Hospitals. Case cancellations and rates of first-start case delay over the 6-month period were cross-referenced with a database of APMC attendees in both the general operating rooms and the same-day surgery suite. The impact of a clinic visit on case cancellation and delay in both sites were analyzed separately.

Results
A total of 6,524 eligible cases were included. In the same-day surgery suite, 98 of 1,164 (8.4%) APMC-evaluated patients were cancelled, as compared with 366 of 2,252 (16.2%) in the non-APMC group (P < 0.001). In the general operating rooms, 87 of 1,631 (5.3%) APMC-evaluated patients were cancelled, as compared with 192 of 1,477 (13.0%) patients without a clinic visit (P < 0.001). For both operating areas, APMC patients had a significantly earlier room entry time than patients not evaluated in the APMC.

Conclusions
An evaluation in the APMC can significantly impact case cancellations and delays on the day of surgery.
Review article: hepatitis C virus and calcineurin inhibition after renal transplantation
Authors: FABRIZI F. , BROMBERG J. , ELLI A. , DIXIT V. , MARTIN P. 
Published: September 2005

SummaryThe impact of hepatitis C virus on patient and graft survival after renal transplantation remains controversial. However, recent studies have given emphasis on the detrimental role of hepatitis C on long‐term patient and graft survival after renal transplantation. Various mechanisms can promote the lower survival in hepatitis C virus‐positive recipients, i.e. post‐transplant diabetes mellitus, liver disease and infections.Novel evidence has been accumulated showing the inhibitory activity of ciclosporin on the hepatitis C virus replication rate in human hepatocytes; ciclosporin has been shown in vitro to suppress hepatitis C virus replication as effectively as interferon alpha. This effect has not been seen with tacrolimus and is separate from its immunosuppressive activity. Data from patients with normal kidney function or after bone marrow transplantation show that ciclosporin inhibits hepatitis C virus replication. It appears that the progression of liver fibrosis is slower in hepatitis C virus‐positive liver transplant recipients treated with ciclosporin than tacrolimus. In contrast, the clinical outcome of hepatitis C in hepatitis C virus‐positive patients after liver transplantation treated with ciclosporin vs. tacrolimus has given mixed results. No information after renal transplantation is available.Various parameters can promote the worsening of hepatitis C after renal transplantation but choice of calcineurin inhibition is one of the few risk factors that can potentially be modified by the physician. Prospective, comparative trials of ciclosporin and tacrolimus with large size and adequate follow‐up after renal transplantation are in progress.
Coeliac disease case finding and diet monitoring by point‐of‐care testing
Authors: KORPONAY‐SZABÓ I. R. , RAIVIO T. , LAURILA K. , OPRE J. , KIRÁLY R. , KOVÁCS J. B. , KAUKINEN K. , FÉSÜS L. , MÄKI M. 
Published: September 2005

SummaryBackground : Immunoglobulin A class transglutaminase autoantibodies are highly predictive markers of active coeliac disease, a disorder difficult to recognize solely on clinical grounds.Aims : To develop and evaluate a simple rapid test for point‐of‐care detection of coeliac autoantibodies.Methods : The novel whole blood test utilizes the patient's endogenous transglutaminase in red blood cells for detection of transglutaminase‐specific immunoglobulin A antibodies present in the blood sample, with normal plasma immunoglobulin A detection as positive test control. We evaluated 284 patients under suspicion of coeliac disease and undergoing jejunal biopsy, and 263 coeliac patients on a gluten‐free diet, 383 being tested prospectively in a point‐of‐care setting. Results were compared with histology, conventional serum autoantibody results and dietary adherence.Results : The rapid test showed 97% sensitivity and 97% specificity for untreated coeliac disease, and identified all immunoglobulin A‐deficient samples. Point‐of‐care testing found new coeliac cases as efficiently as antibody tests in laboratory. Coeliac autoantibodies were detected onsite in 21% of treated patients, while endomysial and transglutaminase antibodies were positive in 20% and 19%, respectively. The positivity rate correlated with dietary lapses and decreased on intensified dietary advice given upon positive point‐of‐care test results.Conclusions : Point‐of‐care testing was accurate in finding new coeliac cases and helped to identify and decrease dietary non‐compliance.
Distribution of larval fishes among water masses in Onslow Bay, North Carolina: implications for cross‐shelf exchange
Authors: QUATTRINI A. M. , LINDQUIST D. G. , BINGHAM F. M. , LANKFORD T. E. , GOVONI J. J. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe Gulf Stream (GS) is a major oceanographic feature with potential to influence the recruitment of larval fishes to continental shelf habitats in the southeastern United States. To test the hypothesis that the GS is a source of certain larval fishes to Onslow Bay, North Carolina, we (i) classified water masses as shelf, GS, GS front (GSF), or GS/shelf mixture (GS/S); (ii) compared larval fish assemblages and concentrations among these water masses; and (iii) compared length–frequency distributions and length–concentration relationships of indicator and commercially important taxa among water masses. A total of 21,222 larvae were collected with bongo and neuston nets from April 2000 to December 2001. Non‐metric multidimensional scaling analyses revealed distinct larval assemblages associated with different water masses. For bongo catches, bothids were abundant in all water masses, gobiids, callionymids, and labrids were abundant in shelf waters, and myctophids and scombrids were abundant in the GS. For neuston catches, carangids dominated in GS/S, GSF, and GS waters, whereas triglids were abundant in shelf water. Larval concentrations in neuston catches were lower in shelf waters and higher in GS and GSF waters. Concentrations of most taxa in bongo catches were low in the GS and higher in shelf waters. We used trends in myctophid (offshore/GS) and gobiid (shelf) length–concentration data as indicators of the sources of commercially important serranids. Length distributions and concentrations of larval indicator taxa suggested local, shelf spawning, and transport of larvae from offshore.
Leukotrienes modulate cytokine release from dendritic cells
Authors: Jozefowski Szczepan , Biedroń Rafał , Bobek Malgorzata , Marcinkiewicz Janusz 
Published: September 2005

SummaryLeukotriene B4 (LTB4) and cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) are known as potent mediators of inflammation, whereas their role in the regulation of adaptive immunity remains poorly characterized. Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen‐presenting cells, uniquely capable to initiate primary immune responses. We have found that zymosan, but not lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulates murine bone marrow‐derived dendritic cells (BM‐DCs) to produce large amounts of CysLTs and LTB4 from endogenous substrates. A selective inhibitor of leukotriene synthesis MK886 as well as an antagonist of the high affinity LTB4 receptor (BLT1) U‐75302 slightly inhibited zymosan‐, but not LPS‐stimulated interleukin (IL)‐10 release from BM‐DCs. In contrast, U‐75302 increased zymosan‐stimulated release of IL‐12 p40 by ∼23%. Pre‐treatment with transforming growth factor‐β1 enhanced both stimulated leukotriene synthesis and the inhibitory effect of U‐75302 and MK886 on IL‐10 release from DCs. Consistent with the effects of leukotriene antagonists, exogenous LTB4 enhanced LPS‐stimulated IL‐10 release by ∼39% and inhibited IL‐12 p40 release by ∼22%. Both effects were mediated by the BLT1 receptor. Ligands of the high affinity CysLTs receptor (CysLT1), MK‐571 and LTD4 had little or no effect on cytokine release. Agonists of the nuclear LTB4 receptor peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐α, 8(S)‐hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and 5,8,11,14‐eicosatetraynoic acid, inhibited release of both IL‐12 p40 and IL‐10. Our results indicate that both autocrine and paracrine leukotrienes may modulate cytokine release from DCs, in a manner that is consistent with previously reported T helper 2‐polarizing effects of leukotrienes.
Imaging spectroscopy as a tool for mapping Ellenberg indicator values
Authors: SCHMIDTLEIN SEBASTIAN 
Published: September 2005

Summary

Maps of averaged plant indicator values can supply spatially explicit information about environmental gradients and are therefore tools of broad relevance in applied ecology. However, field‐based mapping demands extensive sampling and thus most assessments are at the level of plots rather than covering a whole area. To address these limitations, this study evaluated the potential of remote sensing to produce Ellenberg indicator maps.
Ellenberg indicator values for water supply, soil pH and soil fertility were derived using species data from vegetation plots in montane rangeland. The extrapolation of these data was accomplished by partial least‐squares (PLS) regression between indicator values and plot reflectance values extracted from airborne ‘hyperspectral’ imagery. Applying the regression to the imagery resulted in three largely accurate maps giving the spatial distribution of certain soil attributes as indicated by Ellenberg values (R2 = 0·58–0·68 in cross‐validation).
Synthesis and applications. Mean indicator values express floristic composition as a single, comparable, continuous and mappable variable. This makes them an appealing tool for vegetation monitoring. Imaging spectroscopy provides fast access to spatially contiguous and explicit information about soil conditions as indicated by plants. The technique allows the investigation to advance beyond plots and supplies indicator maps at a stand‐level resolution. The mapped gradients of environmental attributes are of direct relevance to plant growth. The maps depict life‐span growth conditions rather than ‘snap‐shots’ given by measurements that are often limited in space and time, cost intensive and difficult to implement.
An empirical test of source–sink dynamics induced by hunting
Authors: NOVARO ANDRÉS J. , FUNES MARTÍN C. , WALKER R. SUSAN 
Published: September 2005

Summary

Under the source–sink model, persistence of populations in habitat sinks, where deaths outnumber births, depends on dispersal from high‐quality habitat sources, where births outnumber deaths. The persistence of the regional population depends on the proportion of sink relative to source habitat.
Hunting that occurs in some parts of the landscape and not in others can create patches where deaths outnumber births. We tested whether hunting of culpeo foxes Pseudalopex culpaeus, which is patchily distributed in relatively homogeneous habitat in Argentine Patagonia, induces source–sink dynamics.
On Patagonian sheep ranches, culpeos are hunted for fur and to protect sheep, and on cattle ranches hunting is usually banned. We monitored culpeo densities using scent stations and estimated survival, fecundity and dispersal by radio‐tracking 44 culpeos and analysing carcasses collected from hunters on two cattle and four sheep ranches between 1989 and 1997.
Survival of juvenile culpeos was lower on hunted than unhunted ranches, mainly as a result of hunting mortality. Reproduction could not compensate for high mortality on hunted ranches. Interruption of hunting led to an increase in juvenile survival, indicating that hunting and natural mortality were not compensatory. We concluded that sheep ranches were sinks because of the high mortality and that sink populations may be maintained by dispersal from cattle ranches.
We used a simulation model to assess implications of changes in the proportion of source and sink areas on population dynamics. The percentage of land on cattle ranches in the study area was 37%. Current hunting pressure on culpeos would not be sustainable if that percentage fell below 30%.
Synthesis and applications. Source–sink dynamics may occur in landscapes where hunting is intense and spatially heterogeneous. Wildlife management traditionally monitors demographic rates to evaluate the sustainability of hunting, but our results suggest that the size and spatial arrangement of areas with and without hunting should be considered as well. In regions where enforcement and monitoring are limited, securing large and regularly distributed source areas for hunted species may be more effective than trying to regulate harvest size.