bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mid-Span Stall Inception in Low-Pressure-Ratio Transonic Fans
Authors: Verschueren H. , Hall C. A. , Wilson M. J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper, steady and unsteady computational fluid dynamics (CFD) have been used to investigate stall inception for a modern low-pressure-ratio transonic fan. The computational results are validated against measurement data from a high-speed test facility. CFD validation was approached as a blind test case. The results show good agreement between the experiments and computations. Stall is triggered by the growth of a suction surface separation behind the shock around the mid-span of the rotor blade. As the fan is throttled, the separation grows, leading to increased blockage in the blade passages. At the point of instability, the separation grows further, locally increasing incidence and leading to the formation of a stall cell. It is shown that changes to the tip leakage flow leave the stall inception mechanism unaffected. A computational case with a suction surface slip patch between 25% and 75% span shows that the reduction in blockage around the mid-span increases the stall margin by 25%. This demonstrates that for cases with mid-span initiated stalls, it is important to consider the flow away from the tip as well as the flow in the tip region. A redesigned fan is used to illustrate that design changes around the mid-span can be effective in improving flow range. The redesigned fan increases the stall margin by 6.7% while maintaining the design point efficiency within 0.1%.
A Numerical Design Space Investigation of Low-Speed Axial Compressor Stages Using Single-Row and Tandem Bladings
Authors: von Jeinsen Philipp , Eckel Jannik , Giannini Samuele , Gümmer Volker 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The present article numerically investigates the design space of an axial, low-speed compressor stage using tandem and single aerofoil configurations. The investigated rotor and stator designs follow a coupled throughflow and blade-to-blade design approach and will yield quasi-3D designed compressor stages with either single-rotor single-stator or tandem-rotor tandem-stator configurations. In past studies, tandem aerofoil configurations have shown a potential for increasing stage working coefficients, while maintaining their efficiency compared to their single aerofoil reference configuration. However, it was also shown that tandem configurations are able to reduce efficiency due to an increase of secondary flow caused by the higher loading and introduction in the second aerofoil. Currently, there is no clear design guideline on when tandem aerofoil configurations should be preferred over single ones, and under which circumstances they should be avoided. To answer this question, the present article will attempt to create a “Smith chart” for tandem aerofoil stages and compare them to their single aerofoil counterparts. Originally intended for use with turbine stages, the Smith chart maps out the potential efficiencies of turbomachinery designs. It plots the working coefficient (Ψ) over the throughflow coefficient (φ), which gives a direct indication of the shape of velocity triangles in the stage. However, the Smith chart has been well investigated for single aerofoil stages, both numerically and experimentally, as well as for low- and high-speed applications, and this is not the case so far for tandem configurations. The current work presents a fast Q3D design and analysis procedure used on a low-speed axial compressor stage and will yield quasi-3D efficiencies for a large number of different design coefficients. The findings of this work will enable future research to identify preferred combinations of design coefficients for tandem aerofoil configurations, which can then be further analyzed in 3D investigations at a higher fidelity level.
Dose–Response Effect of an Inertia Flywheel Postactivation Performance Enhancement Protocol on Countermovement Jump Performance
Authors: Hall Keegan B. , Immink Maarten A. , Martin David T. , Bennett Hunter , Crowther Robert G. 
Published: January 2024

The purpose of this study was to investigate the dose–response effect of a high-load, 6-repetition, maximum effort inertial flywheel (IFw) squat postactivation performance enhancement (PAPE) protocol on countermovement jump (CMJ) performance metrics. Thirteen subjects completed 5 squat testing sessions: 1 session to determine back-squat 6-repetition maximum, 1 session to determine 6-repetition maximum IFw load, and 3 sessions to investigate the dose–response effect of an IFw PAPE protocol set at the load determined in the second session. In the IFw PAPE sessions, subjects completed either 1, 2, or 3 sets of IFw squats, then performed 5 CMJs over 12 minutes (1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 min post-IFw). All CMJ tests were conducted on a force platform where CMJ performance outcomes and impulse variables were calculated. There was no main time or volume effect for jump height, contact time, reactive strength index, peak force, or any of the impulse variables. A main time effect was identified for flight time (P = .006, effect size = 0.24) and peak power (P = .001, effect size = 0.28). The lack of change in jump height may indicate that too much fatigue was generated following this near-maximal IFw squat protocol, thereby reducing the PAPE effect.
Physical Literacy in the Context of Climate Change: Is There a Need for Further Refinement of the Concept?
Authors: Carl Johannes , Abu-Omar Karim , Bernard Paquito , Lohmann Julia , White Peta , Peters Jacqui , Sahlqvist Shannon , Ma Jiani , Duncan Michael , Barnett Lisa M. 
Published: January 2024

The concept of physical literacy (PL) has witnessed enormous popularity in recent years and has undergone substantial theoretical evolvement during the last 2 decades. However, the research field pertaining to PL has not yet initiated discussions around the challenges of climate change and the alignment with conceptualizations of planetary health. Therefore, we argue that the consideration of an “ecological domain” for individual physical activity, in the form of ecological awareness, would further evolve the concept. We illustrate how to potentially integrate adjustments within the most frequent PL definitions of the field (eg, those in Australia, Canada, England, Ireland, the United States, or by the International Physical Literacy Association) without questioning the entire integrity of these elaborate conceptualizations. An ecological domain of PL would not only interact with the postulated physical, cognitive, psychological/affective, and social domains of PL but also have important implications for the (re)design of interventions and practices in physical activity contexts. We call the scientific community, both on national and international scales, to intensify the discussions and initiate a research agenda involving an “ecological domain” of PL.
The metallo-β-lactamases strike back: emergence of taniborbactam escape variants
Authors: Tamma Pranita D. , Munita Jose M. 
Published: January 2024

ABSTRACT

Metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) have evolved relatively rapidly to become an international public health threat. There are no clinically available β-lactamase inhibitors with activity against MBLs. This may change with the introduction of cefepime-taniborbactam. Herein, we review three manuscripts (S. I. Drusin, C. Le Terrier, L. Poirel, R. A. Bonomo, et al., Antimicrob Agents Chemother 68:e01168-23, 2024,
https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.01168-23
; C. Le Terrier, C. Viguier, P. Nordmann, A. J. Vila, and L. Poirel, Antimicrob Agents Chemother 68:e00991-23, 2024,
https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.00991-23
; D. Ono, M. F. Mojica, C. R. Bethel, Y. Ishii, et al., Antimicrob Agents Chemother 68:e01332-23, 2024,
https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.01332-23
) in which investigators describe elegant experiments to explore MBL/taniborbactam interactions and modifications to MBLs, in response, to reduce the affinity of taniborbactam. Challenges with MBL inhibition will not disappear; rather, they will evolve commensurate with advancements in medicinal chemistry.
Microbially catalyzed conjugation of GABA and tyramine to bile acids
Authors: Mullowney Michael W. , Fiebig Aretha , Schnizlein Matthew K. , McMillin Mary , Rose Amber R. , Koval Jason , Rubin David , Dalal Sushila , Sogin Mitchell L. , Chang Eugene B. , Sidebottom Ashley M. , Crosson Sean 
Published: January 2024

ABSTRACT

Bile acids (BAs) are cholesterol-derived molecules that aid in digestion and nutrient absorption, regulate host metabolic processes, and influence physiology of the gut microbiota. Both the host and its microbiome contribute to enzymatic modifications that shape the chemical diversity of BAs in the gut. Several bacterial species have been reported to conjugate standard amino acids to BAs, but it was not known if bacteria conjugate BAs to other amine classes. Here, we show that
Bacteroides fragilis
strain P207, isolated from a bacterial bloom in the J-pouch of a patient with ulcerative colitis pouchitis, conjugates standard amino acids and the neuroactive amines γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and tyramine to deoxycholic acid. We extended this analysis to other human gut isolates and identified species that are competent to conjugate GABA and tyramine to primary and secondary BAs, and further identified diverse BA-GABA and BA-tyramine amides in human stool. A longitudinal metabolomic analysis of J-pouch contents of the patient from whom
B. fragilis
P207 was isolated revealed highly reduced levels of secondary bile acids and a shifting BA amide profile before, during, and after onset of pouchitis, including temporal changes in several BA-GABA amides. Treatment of pouchitis with ciprofloxacin was associated with a marked reduction of nearly all BA amides in the J-pouch. Our study expands the known repertoire of conjugated bile acids produced by bacteria to include BA conjugates to GABA and tyramine and demonstrates that these molecules are present in the human gut.

IMPORTANCE
BAs are modified in multiple ways by host enzymes and the microbiota to produce a chemically diverse set of molecules that assist in the digestive process and impact many physiological functions. This study reports the discovery of bacterial species that conjugate the neuroactive amines, GABA and tyramine, to primary and secondary BAs. We further present evidence that BA-GABA and BA-tyramine conjugates are present in the human gut, and document a shifting BA-GABA profile in a human pouchitis patient before, during, and after inflammation and antibiotic treatment. GABA and tyramine are common metabolic products of the gut microbiota and potent neuroactive molecules. GABA- and tyramine-conjugated BAs may influence receptor-mediated regulatory mechanisms of humans and their gut microbes, and absorption of these molecules and their entry into enterohepatic circulation may impact host physiology at distal tissue sites. This study defines new conjugated bile acids in the human gut.
Unveiling the role of host kinases at different steps of influenza A virus life cycle
Authors: Dey Soumik , Mondal Arindam 
Published: January 2024

ABSTRACT
Influenza viruses remain a major public health concern causing contagious respiratory illnesses that result in around 290,000–650,000 global deaths every year. Their ability to constantly evolve through antigenic shifts and drifts leads to the emergence of newer strains and resistance to existing drugs and vaccines. To combat this, there is a critical need for novel antiviral drugs through the introduction of host-targeted therapeutics. Influenza viruses encode only 14 gene products that get extensively modified through phosphorylation by a diverse array of host kinases. Reversible phosphorylation at serine, threonine, or tyrosine residues dynamically regulates the structure, function, and subcellular localization of viral proteins at different stages of their life cycle. In addition, kinases influence a plethora of signaling pathways that also regulate virus propagation by modulating the host cell environment thus establishing a critical virus-host relationship that is indispensable for executing successful infection. This dependence on host kinases opens up exciting possibilities for developing kinase inhibitors as next-generation anti-influenza therapy. To fully capitalize on this potential, extensive mapping of the influenza virus-host kinase interaction network is essential. The key focus of this review is to outline the molecular mechanisms by which host kinases regulate different steps of the influenza A virus life cycle, starting from attachment-entry to assembly-budding. By assessing the contributions of different host kinases and their specific phosphorylation events during the virus life cycle, we aim to develop a holistic overview of the virus-host kinase interaction network that may shed light on potential targets for novel antiviral interventions.
Within-host evolutionary dynamics and tissue compartmentalization during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection
Authors: Farjo Mireille , Koelle Katia , Martin Michael A. , Gibson Laura L. , Walden Kimberly K. O. , Rendon Gloria , Fields Christopher J. , Alnaji Fadi G. , Gallagher Nicholas , Luo Chun Huai , Mostafa Heba H. , Manabe Yukari C. , Pekosz Andrew , Smith Rebecca L. , McManus David D. , Brooke Christopher B. 
Published: January 2024

ABSTRACT
The global evolution of SARS-CoV-2 depends in part upon the evolutionary dynamics within individual hosts with varying immune histories. To characterize the within-host evolution of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, we sequenced saliva and nasal samples collected daily from vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals early during infection. We show that longitudinal sampling facilitates high-confidence genetic variant detection and reveals evolutionary dynamics missed by less-frequent sampling strategies. Within-host dynamics in both unvaccinated and vaccinated individuals appeared largely stochastic; however, in rare cases, minor genetic variants emerged to frequencies sufficient for forward transmission. Finally, we detected significant genetic compartmentalization of viral variants between saliva and nasal swab sample sites in many individuals. Altogether, these data provide a high-resolution profile of within-host SARS-CoV-2 evolutionary dynamics.

IMPORTANCE
We detail the within-host evolutionary dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 during acute infection in 31 individuals using daily longitudinal sampling. We characterized patterns of mutational accumulation for unvaccinated and vaccinated individuals, and observed that temporal variant dynamics in both groups were largely stochastic. Comparison of paired nasal and saliva samples also revealed significant genetic compartmentalization between tissue environments in multiple individuals. Our results demonstrate how selection, genetic drift, and spatial compartmentalization all play important roles in shaping the within-host evolution of SARS-CoV-2 populations during acute infection.
Histopathology and quantification of green fluorescent protein-tagged
Fusarium oxysporum
f. sp.
luffae
isolate in resistant and susceptible
Luffa
germplasm
Authors: Namisy Ahmed , Chen Shu-Yun , Huang Jin-Hsing , Unartngam Jintana , Thanarut Chinnapan , Chung Wen-Hsin 
Published: January 2024

ABSTRACT

Fusarium oxysporum
f. sp.
luffae
(Folu) is a severe plant pathogen that causes vascular wilt and root rot in
Luffa
plants worldwide. A green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged isolate of Folu (Fomh16-GFP) was utilized to investigate the infection progress and colonization of Fomh16-GFP in resistant (LA140) and susceptible (LA100)
Luffa
genotypes. Seven days post-inoculation (dpi), it was observed that Fomh16-GFP had successfully invaded and colonized the vascular bundle of all LA100 parts, including the roots, hypocotyl, and stem. Pathogen colonization continued to increase over time, leading to the complete wilting of plants by 14–17 dpi. In LA140, the Fomh16-GFP isolate colonized the roots and hypocotyl vascular system at 7 dpi. Nevertheless, this colonization was restricted in the hypocotyl and decreased significantly, and no fungal growth was detected in the vascular system at 21 dpi. Thus, the resistant genotype might trigger a robust defense mechanism. In addition, while the pathogen was present in LA140, the inoculated plants did not exhibit any symptoms until 28 dpi. Quantitative PCR was utilized to measure the Fomh16-GFP biomass in various parts of LA100 and LA140 at different time points. The findings indicated a positive correlation between the quantity of Fomh16-GFP DNA and disease development in LA100. Alternatively, a high amount of Fomh16-GFP DNA was identified in the roots of LA140. Nonetheless, no significant correlations were found between DNA amount and disease progression in LA140. Aqueous extracts from LA140 significantly reduced Fomh16-GFP spore germination, while no significant reduction was detected using LA100 extracts.

IMPORTANCE

Fusarium wilt of
Luffa
, caused by
Fusarium oxysporum
f. sp.
luffae
(Folu), causes great losses in
Luffa
plants worldwide. This study used a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged isolate of Folu (Fomh16-GFP) to investigate the infection progress and colonization dynamics of Fomh16-GFP in the resistant and susceptible
Luffa
genotypes, which could be important in understanding the resistance mechanism of Folu in
Luffa
plants. In addition, our work highlights the correlations between DNA amount and disease progression in resistant plants using real-time PCR. We observed a positive correlation between the quantity of Fomh16-GFP DNA and disease progression in LA100, while no significant correlation was found in LA140. These results could be valuable to further investigate the resistance mechanism of
Luffa
genotypes against Folu. Gaining a better understanding of the interaction between Folu and
Luffa
plants is crucial for effectively managing Fusarium wilt and enhancing resistance in
Luffa
rootstock and its varieties.
LA-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb ages, geochemistry, and genesis of Paleozoic granites from Biezhentao Mountain, Western Tianshan, Xinjiang
Authors: Li Xiang , Xia Fang , Gao Ling-Ling , Chen Chuan , Du Xiao-Fei , Li Shun-Da 
Published: January 2024

The geologic history of the Western Tianshan region is important for understanding the evolution of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt and accretionary orogenesis. Paleozoic and Mesozoic igneous rocks are present along the northern margin of the Yili Block; however, studies of Paleozoic subduction and collisional events have been relatively limited. Published geochronologies of Middle Devonian magmatic rocks in this region are also lacking. Therefore, this study analyzed the zircon U–Pb ages and major and trace elemental compositions of three granite types collected from Biezhentao Mountain (Wenquan County, Western Tianshan). The medium-grained diorite (384.1 ± 3.6 Ma) and diorite–porphyrite (382 ± 3.2 Ma) are silica-rich, weakly peraluminous, alkali-rich, enriched in large-ion lithophile elements, depleted in high field strength elements, and belong to the calc–alkaline series, with A-type granite characteristics. The monzogranite (423.3 ± 9.4 Ma) exhibits A-type granite characteristics and belongs to the peraluminous calc–alkaline series. The findings suggest that the granitoids recorded two stages of tectonomagmatism during the Middle Devonian–Late Silurian. The Middle Devonian medium-grained diorite and diorite–porphyrite formed in a back-arc extensional setting, whereas the Late Silurian monzogranite formed in an active continental margin setting during the subduction of the North Tianshan Ocean. These results provide insights into the tectonic and magmatic processes that occurred during the evolution of the Western Tianshan region and the formation and evolution of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt.
Electroweak loop contributions to the direct detection of wino dark matter
Authors: Ellis John , Nagata Natsumi , Olive Keith A. , Zheng Jiaming 
Published: January 2024

AbstractElectroweak loop corrections to the matrix elements for the spin-independent scattering of cold dark matter particles on nuclei are generally small, typically below the uncertainty in the local density of cold dark matter. However, as shown in this paper, there are instances in which the electroweak loop corrections are relatively large, and change significantly the spin-independent dark matter scattering rate. An important example occurs when the dark matter particle is a wino, e.g., in anomaly-mediated supersymmetry breaking (AMSB) and pure gravity mediation (PGM) models. We find that the one-loop electroweak corrections to the spin-independent wino LSP scattering cross section generally interfere constructively with the tree-level contribution for AMSB models with negative Higgsino mixing, $$\mu < 0$$

μ
<
0

, and in PGM-like models for both signs of $$\mu $$
μ
, lifting the cross section out of the neutrino fog and into a range that is potentially detectable in the next generation of direct searches for cold dark matter scattering.
Utilizing Human Genetics to Develop Chemoprevention for Cancer—Too Good an Opportunity to be Missed
Authors: Peters Ulrike , Tomlinson Ian 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Large-scale genetic studies are reliably identifying many risk factors for disease in the general population. Several of these genetic risk factors encode potential drug targets, and genetics has already helped to introduce targeted agents for some diseases, an example being lipid-lowering drugs to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disease. Multiple drugs have been developed to treat cancers based on somatic mutations and genomics, but in stark contrast, there seems to be a reluctance to use germline genetic data to develop drugs to prevent malignancy, despite the large numbers of people who could benefit, the potential for lowering cancer rates, and the widespread current use of non-pharmaceutical measures to reduce cancer risk factors such as tobacco, alcohol, and infectious diseases. We argue that concerted efforts for cancer prevention based on genetics, including genes influenced by common polymorphisms that modulate cancer risk, are urgently needed. There are enormous, yet underutilized, opportunities to develop novel targeted agents for chemoprevention of cancer based on human germline genetics. Such efforts are likely to require the support of a dedicated funding program by national and international agencies.
See related commentary by Winham and Sherman, p. 13
Leveraging GWAS: Path to Prevention?
Authors: Winham Stacey J. , Sherman Mark E. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractDeveloping novel cancer prevention medication strategies is important for reducing mortality. Identification of common genetic variants associated with cancer risk suggests the potential to leverage these discoveries to define causal targets for cancer interception. Although each risk variant confers small increases in risk, researchers propose that blocking those that produce causal carcinogenic effects might have large impacts on cancer prevention. While a promising concept, we describe potential hurdles that may need to be scaled to reach this goal, including: (i) understanding the complexity of risk; (ii) achieving statistical power in studies with binary outcomes (cancer development: yes or no); (iii) characterization of cancer precursors; (iv) heterogeneity of cancer subtypes and the populations in which these diseases occur; (v) impact of static genetic markers across complex events of the life course; (vi) defining gene–gene and gene–environment interactions and (vii) demonstrating functional effects of markers in human populations. We assess short-term prospects for this research against the backdrop of these challenges and the potential to prevent cancer through other means.See related commentary by Peters and Tomlinson, p. 7