bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Responses to postruminal infusions of glucose and casein in lactating goats
Authors: Ranawana S. S. E. , Kellaway R. C. 
Published: May 2005

1. A study was made in goats of the response in terms of milk production, nitrogen utilization, plasma amino acids and glucose kinetics to postruminal infusions of glucose and casein. Goats in mid-lactation, housed in metabolism cages, were fed on 2 kg basal ration (containing 112 g crude protein (N × 6.25)/kg)/d alone (control) and with daily infusions into the abomasum of 45 g casein or 45 g glucose.2. Milk production increased with casein infusion (P < 0.01), but not with glucose infusion, being 1.59, 1.86 and 1.62 kg/d with the control, casein and glucose infusions respectively. Milk composition was unaffected except for milk fat, which was decreased by the glucose infusion.3. The goats were in positive N balance on the basal ration. Milk N output increased with casein infusion, by an amount equivalent to 27% of the infused N.4. The concentration of dispensable amino acids in arterial plasma was decreased with casein infusion and increased with glucose infusion.5. Glucose kinetic measurements with control, casein and glucose infusions indicated that pool sizes were 247, 279 and 302 mg/kg live weight0.75, and irreversible losses were 5.5, 6.7 and 7.0 mg/kg live weight0.75 per min respectively. The differences between the results obtained from the glucose and casein infusions were not significant (P < 0.05).6. The results of the experiment indicate that the increased milk production obtained when casein was infused was not due to enhanced gluconeogenesis.
Studies on lipid digestion in the preruminant calf
Authors: Edwards-Webb J. D. , Thompson S. Y. 
Published: May 2005

1. A comparison has been made of the products of lipolysis of the fat in cow's milk by salivary and pancreatic lipases (EC3.1.1.3) from a preruminant calf.2. It was confirmed that salivary lipase releases short-chain acids preferentially, particularly butyric and caproic acids. This was not only true initially but also as the course of lipolysis progressed. Even after 60 min incubation the longer-chain acids were only released to about one-twentieth of the extent of butyric acid.3. Although pancreatic lipase also initially released proportionately more butyric acid than other fatty acids, within 30 min the longer-chain acids were released to about half the extent of butyric acid.4. Since the over-all extent of lipolysis by salivary lipase was limited by its inability to release long-chain acids, the release of these acids (which comprise two-thirds of the total fatty acids of milk fat) in the calf is likely to be dependent on the subsequent action of pancreatic lipase.5. The release of fatty acids by pancreatic lipase was enhanced by pre-incubating milk fat with salivary lipase.
A quantitative study into the role of infection in determining nutritional status in Gambian village children
Authors: Rowland M. G. M. , Cole T. J. , Whitehead R. G. 
Published: May 2005

1. Growth in weight and height in 152 children between the ages of 0.6 and 3 years was investigated in Keneba, a rural Gambian village. By 1 year of age the average weight-for-age of the children was only 75% of the Jelliffe (1966) standard.2. The relationship between the prevalence of nine different categories of diseases and growth was investigated to determine the quantitative contribution of the diseases to the growth faltering observed. There was a highly significant negative relationship between gastroenteritis and both weight gain and height gain. The only other disease category having a similar relationship was malaria, but in this instance only with weight gain.3. Although over-all growth in weight and height was considerably below the standard values, multiple regression analysis indicated that after the age of 1 year, except in July and August, normal and sometimes slow ‘catch-up’ growth would be possible in the absence of gastroenteritis.4. Attention is drawn to the limitations of the use of anthropometry in a settled village community as the only criterion by which dietary adequacy can be judged.
An animal model to study iron availability from human diets
Authors: Narasinga Rao B. S. , Prasad J. Siva , Sarathy C. Vijaya 
Published: May 2005

1. The retention of ferric- and ferrous-iron was determined in guinea-pigs and monkeys using55Fe and59Fe.2. The bioavailability of Fe from two typical Indian diets based on rice and wheat was determined in humans and monkeys using a59Fe tracer and whole-body counting.3. The retention ratio, ferric-Fe; ferrous-Fe was 0.90 in guinea-pigs and 0.33 in monkeys, indicating that monkeys absorb ferrous-Fe preferentially.4. In monkeys retention of Fe from the test diets, as from ferrous ascorbate was lower than that in humans.5. When food-Fe retention was expressed in relation to inorganic-Fe retention the value for retention ratio, food Fe: inorganic Fe in monkeys was similar to that in human subjects.6. The results indicate that the monkey can be used as a model to study Fe absorption from human diets.
Selenium concentrations and glutathione peroxidase activities in whole blood of New Zealand residents
Authors: Thomson Christine D. , Rea Heather M. , Doesburg Veronica M. , Robinson Marion F. 
Published: May 2005

1. A relationship was found between selenium concentrations and glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9) activities in whole blood of 264 New Zealand residents (r 0.71, P < 0.001).2. New Zealand residents returning from visits overseas of 7 months to 3 years had elevated blood Se, but normal GSH-Px activities, whereas for some new settlers in New Zealand both Se and GSH-Px activities were high.
Simulation of energy metabolism in the simple-stomached animal
Authors: Schulz A. R. 
Published: May 2005

1. A computer programme is described which simulates energy metabolism in the whole animal. Simulation was based on representation of the animal as a quasi-steady-state system.2. Input for the programme consisted of the chemical composition of the diet and an estimate of either the maintenance energy requirement or an estimate of energy retention.3. Simulation was performed by estimating the yield of adenosine triphosphate in the major metabolic pathways operative in simple-stomached animals, and on the utilization of adenosine triphosphate in major anabolic processes.x4. Results obtained from simulation were in close agreement with experimental observations reported by McCracken (1975).
The effect of frequency of feeding on the response by growing pigs to supplements of free lysine
Authors: Batterham E. S. , O'neill G. H. 
Published: May 2005

1. Six experiments, involving a total of 320 pigs, were conducted to examine the reponse of growing pigs to diets supplemented with free lysine when fed either once daily or in six equal portions at intervals of 3 h. The effect of dry or wet feeding on the response to free lysine was examined in Expt nos. 4 and 5. The assumption of linear lysine response over the range of lysine supplementation was examined in Expt no. 6.2. A significant (P < 0.01) interaction between lysine supplementation and frequency of feeding occurred for growth rate and food conversion ratio. Growth responses to the supplements of free lysine with once daily feeding were only 67 % of that achieved with frequent feeding.3. Wet feeding had no effect on the growth responses to free lysine supplements.4. The lysine response was linear over the range of lysine supplementation examined.5. The implications of these results to the interpretation of experiments examining the lysine requirements of pigs are discussed.
The utilization of proteins and amino acids in diets based on cassava (Manihot utilissima), rice or sorghum (Sorghum sativa) by young Nigerian men of low income
Authors: Nicol B. M. , Phillips P. G. 
Published: May 2005

1. The net protein utilization (npu, the percentage of dietary nitrogen retained in the body, allowance being made for endogenous urinary and faecal N) of diets composed of Nigerian foodstuffs, based on rice, sorghum (Sorghum sativa) or cassava (Manihot utilissima), was compared to that of a minimal protein diet used to determine endogenous N excretion, supplemented with whole egg. The addition ofdl-methionine andl-tryptophan to the rice diet produced a small but non-significant increase innpu, whereas the addition ofdl-methionine to the cassava diet produced a very significant increase innpu.Thenpuof a diet based on home-pounded, winnowed, sorghum flour was higher than that of a diet based on milled whole-meal sorghum due to the low digestibility of the latter diet.2. The digestibility of the rice and cassava diets were the same, although the total crude fibre content of the rice diets was lower than that of the cassava diets.3. Nigerian men used the proteins of the egg diet and of mixed diets based on rice, sorghum and cassava more efficiently than predicted by applying methods recommended by the FAO/WHOad hocExpert Committee on Energy and Protein Requirements (FAO/WHO, 1973).4. The recommendations of that Committee (FAO/WHO, 1973) to reduce the amounts of sulphur amino acids and tryptophan, contained in the ‘provisional pattern of amino acids’ proposed by the FAO Committee on Protein Requirements (FAO, 1957), are supported, but the increases in lysine and threonine are not supported, by the present results.
Response of lipogenic enzymes to intensity and duration of overfeeding in the adult Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnixjaponica)
Authors: Shapira Niva , Nir I. , BUDOWSKI P. 
Published: May 2005

1. Adult male Japanese quail (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica) were overfed at different intensities during varying periods: (1) by gradually increasing the daily amount of food up to twice the control level in a period of 11 d and keeping this level constant during the subsequent 12 d period (prolonged overfeeding); (2) by gradually increasing the daily amount of food up to approximately twice the control level in a period of 6 d (short, low-intensity overfeeding; SL); (3) by gradually increasing the daily amount of food up to approximately 2.5-fold the control level in a period of 7 d (short, high-intensity overfeeding; SH).2. The activities of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (EC6.4.1.2; CBX), fatty acid synthetase (FAS), ATP citrate lyase (EC4.1.3.8; CCE) and malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (NADP) (EC1.1.1.40; ME) were determined in adipose tissue (AT) and liver of the overfed andad lib.- fed chicks. Size and fat content of carcass, AT and liver were also determined in order to evaluate the extent of obesity.3. The weight of carcass, lean body mass, liver and AT and the extent of fat deposition increased with the total amount of food consumed. Obesity was particularly pronounced in quail after prolonged overfeeding.4. Lipogenic enzymes in liver were much more active than those of AT. The specific activities of CBX, FAS and CCE in liver and AT in overfed Japanese quail increased consistently in the SL and SH groups only and the increase was related to the level of food intake in these groups. ME was the only enzyme whose specific activity increased in all overfed groups. Total AT enzyme activities were increased most strongly after prolonged overfeeding because of the pronounced tissue enlargement in that treatment. But in liver, where tissue enlargement was less and differences in size due to the three overfeeding treatments were less marked, total activities depended mainly on the enhancement of specific activities.5. The results lead to the conclusion that the increase in hepatic lipogenic enzymes roughly reflects the current food intake and may thus be considered to represent the primary adaptation in the overfed Japanese quail. Secondary adaptation, involving tissue enlargement, occurs principally in AT of Japanese quail after prolonged overfeeding, in which situation AT contributes significantly to total lipogenic activity.
The assessment of zinc status of an animal from the uptake of65Zn by the cells of whole blood in vitro
Authors: Chesters J. K. , Will Marie 
Published: May 2005

1.65Zn uptake by blood cells in vitro has been compared with plasma Zn concentration and plasma alkaline phosphatase (EC3.1.3.1) activity as indicators of an animal's Zn status.2. Dietary Zn deficiency, low food intake, reduced dietary protein content and endotoxin administration all reduced plasma Zn concentration in the rat. In each case there was a parallel reduction in plasma alkaline phosphatase activity and an increase in65Zn uptake in vitro by cells of whole blood.3. A similar relationship between the three measurements existed in sheep with lowered plasma Zn concentrations whether these were caused by dietary deficiency or by post-surgical stress.4.65Zn uptake by cells of whole blood did not differentiate dietary Zn deficiency from the other factors which reduce plasma Zn under ‘field’ conditions.5.65Zn uptake by the cells in whole blood in vitro was three to five times less rapid in blood of ruminant origin than in that from non-ruminants. This difference related to the erythrocytes rather than to the leukocytes or the plasma.
The presence of an aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor in animal diets and its effects on the experimental results in alcohol studies
Authors: Tottmar O. , Marchner H. , Karlsson N. 
Published: May 2005

1. The effects of chronic ethanol administration on the metabolism of ethanol and acetaldehyde were studied in rats fed on a commercial diet containing an aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor, calcium cyanamide (calcium carbimide), as a contaminant in the calcinated bone-meal fraction of the diet.2. Rats given an ethanol solution (150 ml/l) for 3 months and fed on a diet containing calcinated bone meal showed two times higher activity of the low-Kmacetaldehyde dehydrogenase in the liver, 26 % higher rate of ethanol elimination, and two to three times lower acetaldehyde levels in blood during ethanol elimination compared with control rats pair-fed on the same diet.3. The results obtained from the ethanol-treated rats were similar to those obtained in experiments on control rats fed on diets not containing calcinated bone meal.4. Experiments performed in vitro and in vivo on the inhibition of the acetaldehyde metabolism by cyanamide suggested that the apparent effects of chronic ethanol intake were really caused by calcium cyanamide in the diet.
The effect of litter size on placental blood flow and placental calcium transfer in the multifoetate guinea-pig
Authors: Symonds H. W. , Bubar R. H. , CRACKEL W. , Twardock A. R. 
Published: May 2005

1. Placental blood flow rate and calcium transfer rate were measured at 61 d of pregnancy in guinea-pigs carrying between one and eight foetuses.2. Placental blood flow rate was significantly correlated with foetal weight. Ca transfer rate was related to placental size. Irrespective of litter size the mean amount of Ca transferred across a placenta was between 0.22 and 0.34 mg/h per g placental tissue.3. It was concluded that there was a limit to the rate of transfer which was produced by a combination of limitations in placental blood flow rate, maternal plasma Ca concentration and placental tissue transfer capacity.
Prospective comparison of modified-fat–high-carbohydrate with standard low-carbohydrate dietary advice in the treatment of diabetes: one year follow-up study
Authors: Hockaday T. D. R. , Hockaday J. M. , Mann J. I. , Turner R. C. 
Published: May 2005

1. A prospective randomized study of two dietary regimens has been started in newly-diagnosed diabetics to determine their effect on circulating metabolites and on diabetic complications.2. During the first year of treatment the fasting plasma glucose concentrations on both the low-carbohydrate diet and the high-carbohydrate, modified-fat (MF) diet showed a similar decrease.3. Plasma cholesterol showed a sustained decrease only in patients recommended a MF diet. Transient changes in plasma triglyceride concentrations occurred in patients on both dietary regimens.4. Increased plasma cholesterol levels are associated with atheromatous disease which is common in diabetics in Europe and North America. A MF diet may therefore have an advantage in that it lowers the plasma cholesterol as well as being effective in lowering the plasma glucose.
The hypercholesterolaemic effect of caffeine in rats fed on diets with and without supplementary cholesterol
Authors: Fears R. 
Published: May 2005

1. The effect of caffeine (2.5 g/kg diet) on lipid metabolism was examined in rats fed on a stock (low-cholesterol) diet or on a cholesterol plus cholic acid-supplemented (high-cholesterol) semi-synthetic diet.2. When caffeine was included in the stock diet fed to rats for 7 d, there was a moderate but significant increase in the concentration of serum cholesterol compared to the levels observed in the control rats. This change can be accounted for by the increase that was observed in the rate of cholesterogenesis in the liver.3. After 25 d of caffeine in the stock diet, hepatic cholesterogenesis was still increased but the concentration of serum cholesterol was now the same as in the control rats. During the experimental period there was a progressive increase in the faecal excretion of neutral sterols in the rats receiving caffeine.4. When caffeine was added to a cholesterol plus cholic acid-supplemented diet, there was a marked increase in the concentration of serum cholesterol but hepatic cholesterogenesis was now reduced.5. Caffeine in the high-cholesterol diet appeared to delay, but probably did not reduce, the absorption of an oral dose of radio-labelled cholesterol. This conclusion was confirmed using rats which had not previously received either caffeine or cholesterol in the diet.6. When the effect of caffeine in the high-cholesterol diet was investigated during a 24 h period, an exacerbation of the hypercholesterolaemia was seen only at certain times.7. After a 4-month period of feeding rats on the caffeine-supplemented high-cholesterol diet, histological examination did not detect any damage to the heart and aorta.8. The metabolic regulations involved in the effects of caffeine in the two diets are discussed and the relevance of the present results to observations made with human subjects is considered.
Effect of age, weight and adequacy of zinc intake on the balance between alkaline ribonuclease and ribonuclease inhibitor in various tissues of the rat
Authors: Chesters J. K. , Will Marie 
Published: May 2005

1. Deficiency of zinc inhibits growth and also increases the activity of alkaline ribonuclease in certain tissues of the rat (Prasad & Oberleas, 1973). Zn could influence ribonuclease activity by direct effects on the enzyme or its natural inhibitor, or non-specifically as occurs when growth rate is affected by various other factors. These possibilities were studied.2. Alkaline ribonuclease was shown to be inhibited by Zn in vitro, but the concentrations of Zn required were so high that the enzyme was probably not directly affected by changes in tissue Zn concentration caused by dietary deficiency.3. At lower concentrations, Zn added in vitro increased the activity of alkaline ribonuclease in tissue homogenates probably by inactivating the inhibitor of the enzyme.4. Age, weight and particularly food restriction caused tissue-specific alterations of ribonuclease and ribonuclease inhibitor concentrations in liver, kidney, oesophagus, testis and thymus.5. The ribonuclease activities in liver, kidney and testis of Zn-deficient rats were unaltered in comparison with those of pair-fed rats. In thymus, which decreased in weight in the Zn-deficient animals, there was a concomitant increase in ribonuclease activity, but in oesophagus, the deficiency reduced the activity of ribonuclease.6. The effects of Zn deficiency upon alkaline ribonuclease and its inhibitor are probably secondary consequences of reductions in food intake or growth.
Serum ferritin as an index of iron nutrition in rural and urban South African children
Authors: Derman D. P. , Lynch S. R. , Bothwell T. H. , Charlton R. W. , Torrance J. D. , Brink B. A. , Margo G. M. , Metz J. 
Published: May 2005

1. Serum ferritin concentrations were measured in 378 Zulu children aged 1–4 years living in Nqutu, KwaZulu and in 342 children of mixed race (Cape coloureds) aged between 1 and 16 years living near Johannesburg.2. The pattern of serum ferritin concentrations encountered in the children at different ages tended to parallel the changes in iron stores which are known to occur during development.3. Serum ferritin concentrations showed a significant direct correlation with age, haemoglobin, serum Fe and percentage saturation of transferrin values.4. Anaemia was most prevalent in the younger children. Of the rural and urban children aged 13–24 months 60 and 53% respectively were anaemic while only 11% of those over 24 months had haemoglobin concentrations that were below normal.5. The prevalence of anaemia among children who had serum ferritin values below 12 μg/l was only slightly higher than that for the groups as a whole (38.8 %v.24.3%), while the prevalence in those with values of 12 μg/l or more was only slightly less (18.2%). However, when a ferritin concentration of less than 12μg/l was associated with a percentage saturation of transferrin of less than 16%, the prevalence of anaemia was 70.0%, and only 10.2% of children in whom both values were within the normal range were anaemic.6. Since 67% of children had either a normal serum ferritin and a normal percentage saturation of transferrin or both values below the normal range, the two measurements taken together provided a useful means of separating the children who had significant Fe deficiency from those whose Fe stores were sufficient to make the appearance of anaemia unlikely.
Trace nutrients. Selenium in British food
Authors: Thorn Janet , Robertson Jean , Buss D. H. , Bunton N. G. 
Published: May 2005

1. The amount of selenium in nationally representative samples of prepared and cooked groups of foods, and in a variety of raw individual foods, was determined fluorimetrically.2. The average British diet was calculated to provide approximately 60 μg Se/d, of which half was derived from cereals and cereal products and another 40% from meat and fish. Milk, table fats, fruit and vegetables provided little or no Se.3. Individual foods which were particularly rich in Se (>0.2 mg/kg) included ‘bread-making’ and wholemeal flours, kidney, fatty fish, brazil nuts (Bertholletia excelsa) and several other varieties of nut. In contrast, breast milk and other foods for babies (except some cereal products) contained little Se.4. The total intake, and the amounts of Se in major foods, were lower than in most other studies. This is probably the result of the comparatively low levels of this element in British soil.
The development of obesity in preweanling obob mice
Authors: Thurlby P. L. , Trayhurn P. 
Published: May 2005

1. The body compositions of obob and lean (ob+ and + +) mice at 10, 12, 17 and 28 d of age were investigated using a ‘cold stress’ test to identify the two groups.2. At each of these ages the obob mice were found to contain significantly more fat than the lean. At 10 d 20 % more fat was present and by 17 d the increase was 72 %. The obob mice at 28 d contained nearly three times as much fat as the lean.3. Carcass energy was significantly higher in obob mice at all ages investigated.4. Other changes in body composition found in the 28 d obob mice, i.e. a reduction in total carcass nitrogen and water content, were already established in the 17-d-old mice but differences at 10 and 12 d were not apparent.5. The livers of obob mice were significantly heavier than those from lean control mice at 28 d but no differences were detected at the earlier ages.6. The results are discussed with reference to the early origin of obesity in obob mice.