bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Topography, cytoarchitecture, and cellular phenotypes of cortical areas that form the cingulo‐parahippocampal isthmus and adjoining retrocalcarine areas in the monkey
Authors: Ding Song‐Lin , Morecraft Robert J. , Van Hoesen Gary W. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe monkey cingulo‐parahippocampal isthmus was identified recently in the depths and lateral bank of the anterior calcarine fissure but was not characterized fully. Cytoarchitectonic and immunohistochemical results presented here reveal that the isthmus is composed of four cortical areas. These include the presubiculum of the isthmus (PrSi), parasubiculum of the isthmus (PaSi), area 29 of the isthmus (area 29i) and area prostriata (Pro), which has anterior (Pro‐a) and posterior (Pro‐p) divisions. The PrSi, characterized by dense calbindin+ (CB+) neuropil in layer III, merges with area 29i at approximately the middle portion of the isthmus; the latter lacking the CB+ neuropil. The PaSi, characterized by a cell‐free lamina dissecans and light parvalbumin+ labeling, is observed in the ventral isthmus. The Pro, located posterior to area 29i and PaSi, and anterior to area 17, has an incipient layer IV, but the density of granule cells gradually increase toward area 17. Pro‐a has an incipient layer IV, contains few SMI‐32+ neurons, and adjoins area 30 dorsally. The latter also has an incipient layer IV but contains, in contrast, more SMI‐32+ neurons. Pro‐p has a clear but thin layer IV, contains a small number of SMI‐32+ neurons, and adjoins both area 23 and area 18 dorsally and area 18 ventrally. Compared with Pro‐p, area 23 contains many more SMI‐32+ neurons, whereas area 18 contains far more SMI‐32+ neurons. These findings reveal that the isthmus is a key cortical zone connecting both the cingulate and parahippocampal gyri, but also the limbic and visual cortices. Emphasizing the former only, which has been the tendency historically, underestimates the anatomic complexity of the isthmus, and likely, its functional correlates. J. Comp. Neurol. 456:184–201, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Paucity of presumptive ruffini corpuscles in the index finger pad of humans
Authors: Paré Michel , Behets Catherine , Cornu Olivier 
Published: January 2003

AbstractClassically recognized as the cutaneous stretch receptors associated with the slowly adapting type II (SAII) primary afferents, Ruffini corpuscles have rarely been reported in the skin, despite numerous histologic investigations. Electrophysiological recordings of the primary afferents in humans suggest that SAII fibers represent approximately 15% of the myelinated mechanosensitive axons in the peripheral nerves innervating the volar surface of the hand. In the present study, an analysis of glabrous skin was conducted in human donors to assess the distribution of Ruffini and Ruffini‐like corpuscles in the distal phalanx of the index finger. Only one presumptive Ruffini corpuscle was found in the skin processed for double immunofluorescence labeling with antibodies against protein gene product 9.5 and neurofilament 200‐kDa subunit. Based on their relatively scattered distributions, we conclude that very few SAII primary afferents are likely to terminate as Ruffini corpuscles in human glabrous skin. J. Comp. Neurol. 456:260–266, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of cholinoceptive glycinergic neurons in the mammalian retina
Authors: Dmitrieva Nina A. , Pow David V. , Lindstrom Jon M. , Keyser Kent T. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe light‐evoked release of acetylcholine (ACh) affects the responses of many retinal ganglion cells, in part via nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). nAChRs that contain β2α3 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors have been identified and localized in the rabbit retina; these nAChRs are recognized by the monoclonal antibody mAb210. We have examined the expression of β2α3 nAChRs by glycinergic amacrine cells in the rabbit retina and have identified different subpopulations of nicotinic cholinoceptive glycinergic cells using double and triple immunohistochemistry with quantitative analysis. Here we demonstrate that about 70% of the cholinoceptive amacrine cells in rabbit retina are glycinergic cells. At least three nonoverlapping subpopulations of mAb210 glycine‐immunoreactive cells can be distinguished with antibodies against calretinin, calbindin, and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptors. The cholinergic cells in rabbit retina are thought to synapse only on other cholinergic cells and ganglion cells. Thus, the expression of β2α3 nAChRs on diverse populations of glycinergic cells is puzzling. To explore this finding, the subcellular localization of β2α3 was studied at the electron microscopic level. mAb210 immunoreactivity was localized on the dendrites of amacrines and ganglion cells throughout the inner plexiform layer, and much of the labeling was not associated with recognizable synapses. Thus, our findings indicate that ACh in the mammalian retina may modulate glycinergic circuits via extrasynaptic β2α3 nAChRs. J. Comp. Neurol. 456:167–175, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synaptic input to the on–off directionally selective ganglion cell in the rabbit retina
Authors: Dacheux Ramon F. , Chimento Melissa F. , Amthor Franklin R. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractA physiologically identified on–off directionally selective (DS) ganglion cell with its preferred‐null axis defined was stained with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and prepared for electron microscopy. A continuous series of thin sections were used to examine the cell's synaptology. Although the DS cell dendrite received the majority of its synaptic input from a heterogeneous population of amacrine cell processes, a frequently observed synaptic profile consisted of a DS cell dendrite receiving synapses from a cluster of several amacrine cell processes. These clusters of processes were assumed to be from a fascicle of amacrine cells, most of which probably belonged to several different cholinergic starburst amacrine cells. The most frequently observed presynaptic profile within the clusters consisted of a synaptic couplet in which two processes synapsed with each other before one of them finally synapsed with the DS ganglion cell dendrite; occasionally, a chain of three serial synapses was seen. In addition, a specific microcircuit that has the potential to exert lateral feedforward inhibition was also observed. This microcircuit consisted of two cone bipolar cell terminal dyad synapses where one dyad contained an amacrine cell process making a reciprocal synapse and a DS ganglion cell dendrite receiving direct excitation; the other dyad synapse, found lateral to the first dyad, contained two amacrine cell processes that both made reciprocal synapses, but one fed forward to make a putative inhibitory synapse with the DS cell dendrite. J. Comp. Neurol. 456:267–278, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Patterned Purkinje cell degeneration in mouse models of Niemann‐Pick type C disease
Authors: Sarna Justyna R. , Larouche Matt , Marzban Hassan , Sillitoe Roy V. , Rancourt Derrick E. , Hawkes Richard 
Published: January 2003

AbstractNiemann Pick disease type C1 (NPC1) is an inherited, autosomal recessive, lipid‐storage disorder with major neurological involvement. Purkinje cell death is a prominent feature of the neuropathology of NPC. We have investigated Purkinje cell death in two murine models of NPC1, BALB/c npcnih and C57BLKS/J spm. In both cases, extensive Purkinje cell death was found in the cerebellum. The pattern of Purkinje cell death is complex. First, zebrin II‐negative Purkinje cells disappear, to leave survivors aligned in stripes that closely resemble the pattern revealed by using zebrin II immunocytochemistry. Subsequently, as the disease progresses, additional Purkinje cells die. At the terminal stages of the disease, the surviving Purkinje cells are concentrated in lobules IX and X of the posterior lobe vermis. Purkinje cell degeneration is accompanied by the ectopic expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and the small heat shock protein HSP25, both associated preferentially with the surviving cells. The pattern of cell death thus reflects the fundamental compartmentation of the cerebellum into zones and stripes. J. Comp. Neurol. 456:279–291, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuron‐specific age‐related decreases in dopamine receptor subtype mRNAs
Authors: Hemby Scott E. , Trojanowski John Q. , Ginsberg Stephen D. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractAge‐related decline in dopamine receptor levels has been observed in regional studies of animal and human brains; however, identifying specific cellular substrates and/or alterations in distinct neuronal populations remains elusive. To evaluate whether age‐related decreases in dopamine receptor subtypes are associated with specific cell populations in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex, antisense RNA amplification was combined with cDNA array analysis to examine effects of aging on D1–D5 dopamine receptor mRNA expression levels in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons and entorhinal cortex layer II stellate cells from post‐mortem human brains (19–92 years). In CA1 pyramidal neurons, significant age‐related decline was observed for dopamine receptor mRNAs (D1–D4, P < 0.001; D5, P < 0.05) but not for the cytoskeletal elements β‐actin, three‐repeat (3R) tau, and four‐repeat (4R) tau. In contrast, no significant changes were observed in stellate cells across the same cohort. Thus, senescence may be a factor responsible for cell‐specific decrements in dopamine receptor gene expression in one population of neurons within a circuit that is critical for learning and memory. Furthermore, these results support the hypothesis that alterations in dopaminergic function may also be related to behavioral abnormalities, such as psychosis, that occur with aging. J. Comp. Neurol. 456:176–183, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of the human superior olivary complex by calcium binding proteins and neurofilament H (SMI‐32)
Authors: Bazwinsky Ivonne , Hilbig Heidegard , Bidmon Hans‐Jürgen , Rübsamen Rudolf 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThis study provides a morphologic characterization of the human superior olivary complex as revealed by immunohistochemistry by using antibodies against the calcium binding proteins parvalbumin, calbindin, calretinin, and the nonphosphorylated neurofilament H SMI‐32. By combining these markers, it was possible to establish the neuronal architecture and details of the morphologic organization (including axonal terminals) of the different nuclei. The medial superior olivary nucleus is formed by a sheet of parallel‐oriented cells. A clear segregation of axon terminals was noticed on the medially and laterally oriented dendrites of the mostly bipolar neurons. The lateral superior olivary nucleus lacked a distinct nuclear shape but was formed by several patches of rather irregularly arranged neurons. Calretinin or parvalbumin immunoreactive afferent terminals were observed which contacted somata or dendrites of these neurons. The immunolabeling also revealed the boundaries of the dorsal periolivary nucleus and morphologic detail of its neurons. A coherent nuclear structure that could be addressed as the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body was not identified by any single one or by combinations of the markers used. The data were also used to establish a three‐dimensional‐reconstruction of the three major subnuclei of the superior olivary complex. The results are discussed with respect to the possible role of the superior olivary complex in the processing of spatial acoustic information in the azimuthal plane. J. Comp. Neurol. 456:292–303, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential expression of the GDNF family receptors RET and GFRα1, 2, and 4 in subsets of motoneurons: A relationship between motoneuron birthdate and receptor expression
Authors: Homma Shunsaku , Yaginuma Hiroyuki , Vinsant Sharon , Seino Miho , Kawata Megumi , Gould Thomas , Shimada Takako , Kobayashi Nobumi , Oppenheim Ronald W. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractPrevious studies have demonstrated the expression of specific members of the glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) receptor family α (GFRα) in subsets of motoneurons (MNs) in the developing mouse spinal cord. We examined the expression pattern of GFRα and RET in the avian lumbar spinal cord during the period of programmed cell death (PCD) of MNs by using double labeling in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. In the lateral motor column (LMC) of the lumbar spinal cord, a laminar organization of GFRα expression was observed: GFRα1‐positive MNs were located in the medial LMC; GFRα1‐, 2‐, and 4‐positive MNs were situated in the lateral LMC; and GFRα4‐positive MNs were located in the intermediate LMC. The species of GFRα receptor that was expressed in MNs was found to be related to their birthdates. The expression of subpopulation‐specific transcriptional factors was also used to define MNs that express a specific pattern of GFRα. This analysis suggests that motor pools as defined by these transcriptional factors have unique expression patterns of GFRα receptor. Early limb bud ablation did not affect the expression of GFRα in the spinal cord, indicating that regulation of receptor expression is independent of target‐derived signals. Finally, GDNF mRNA expression was found in the limb during the PCD period of MNs. In conclusion, these results indicate that time of withdrawal from the mitotic cycle may specify the expression pattern of GFRα in subsets of MNs and that GDNF may function as a target‐derived neurotrophic factor for specific subpopulations of MNs. J. Comp. Neurol. 456:245–259, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Small‐scale pattern formation in a cortical area of the embryonic chicken telencephalon
Authors: Kovjanic Dragica , Redies Christoph 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe parahippocampal area is a cortical region of the avian dorsomedial telencephalon. In the chicken embryo, it contains discrete clusters of cadherin‐7–positive cells, which are embedded in a cadherin‐7–negative matrix. In the present work, the development and spatial distribution of these clusters is studied in whole‐mount specimens. The clusters form a complex, coherent pattern of patches of variable size, spacing, and staining intensity. The pattern is especially prominent and regularly spaced in the rostral part of the caudolateral parahippocampal area. Here, it consists of stripes and connecting bridges with an average periodicity of approximately 0.3 mm. This pattern vaguely resembles some animal fur patterns and the ocular dominance domain of the mammalian visual cortex. The cadherin‐7–positive patches also differ from their surrounding area by their cytoarchitecture and their increased acetylcholinesterase activity, suggesting that they represent functionally specialized subregions within the parahippocampal area. During development, the patchiness is first observed between 9 and 10 days of incubation and gradually becomes more prominent until 15 days of incubation. Our results indicate that the patchy organization of cortical gray matter on a small scale of periodicity (below 1 mm), which is well studied in the mammalian neocortex, is also found in the avian telencephalon. J. Comp. Neurol. 456:95–104, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
False dichotomies and asking the right questions
Authors: Wade John 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThis is a comment on a recent article entitled “Enacting and Reproducing Social and Individual Identity Through Mediation” by Ho‐Beng Chia, Chee‐Leong Chong, Joo‐Eng Lee‐Partridge, Chantel Chu Shi Hwee, and Sharon Francesca Koh Wei‐Fei, in Conflict Resolution Quarterly, 2000, 19(1).
Modelling conditions for nanoelectronics, and elaboration for set circuits
Authors: van Roermund Arthur H. M. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThis paper addresses in a conceptual way the criteria for modelling nanoelectronics. Model domains and property domains are introduced and discussed, and their interdependences are addressed and put into a framework. The validity of a model domain is coupled to inter‐property domain and intra‐property domain scale conditions. These in turn depend on the chosen physical phenomena for information processing. The relations are visualized in the figures. The generalized concepts, global and local, play an important role in this discussion. The situation for nanoelectronics and SET circuits, in particular, is further elaborated. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Eye openings in WDM transmission systems with optical SSB modulation using a Hilbert transformer and with electrical low‐frequency band equalization
Authors: Tanaka Kikuji , Takano Katsumi , Kondo Kazuhiro , Nakagawa Kiyoshi 
Published: January 2003

AbstractA narrowband optical modulation model was devised based on an optical single sideband (SSB) modulator using a finite‐order Hilbert transformer. The model's wavelength multiplexing transmission characteristics were analyzed by evaluating the eye openings obtained by computer simulation. First, we evaluated a transmission model with no adjacent channels and found that the transmission eye openings after demodulation were degraded by the characteristics of the optical SSB modulation and the frequency response of a channel separation filter. The degradation of the eye openings could clearly be corrected by applying electrical attenuation equalization in the low‐frequency band after baseband demodulation. Next, we evaluated the eye openings obtained by the optimum channel separation filter determined as a function of the order of the Hilbert transformer by evaluating the transmission model extended to three‐channel multiplexing that includes adjacent channels. It was found that applying electrical attenuation equalization improved the received signal characteristics as the order of the Hilbert transformer increased. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 86(5): 1–11, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10058
Radio channel assignment system for cellular mobile communications
Authors: Fujii Teruya , Nakazima Nobuo 
Published: January 2003

AbstractTo use finite spectral resources more efficiently, the cellular mobile communications method reuses frequencies (radio channels) repeatedly. With the cellular method, channel assignment that efficiently allocates radio channels to each base station while guaranteeing fixed communication quality becomes harder as the number of base stations grows, making it difficult to achieve optimization in a short time. This paper looks at the autonomous function for learning the channel used by each base station in autonomous distributed channel assignment and proposes a new channel assignment algorithm for determining channel assignments from the results that are obtained. It also clarifies the application results in a channel assignment system that incorporates the proposed algorithm. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 86(5): 59–71, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience. wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.1162
Noise suppression of spectrum‐sliced light using semiconductor optical amplifiers
Authors: Yamatoya Takeshi , Koyama Fumio 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe spectrum slicing method for slicing incoherent light by using an optical filter can easily generate large‐scale multiwavelength light in bundles, but has the problem of beat noise in the spontaneously emitted light. We proposed noise suppression of spectrum‐sliced light by using the characteristic of the gain saturation of the semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA). In this paper, we quantitatively measure noise suppression by gain saturation of this SOA and improve the noise suppression in the high‐frequency domain by lengthening the SOA. We also measure the bit error rate (BER) of the spectrum‐sliced light that was noise suppressed by a gain‐saturated SOA and demonstrate its possible application to light sources for high‐speed optical transmission. Finally, we propose and demonstrate a gain‐saturated SOA modulator that simultaneously suppresses noise and modulates. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 86(2): 28–35, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10077
Audio data hiding using band elimination
Authors: Ikeda Mikio , Toyoshima Ryouzoh , Takeda Kazuya , Itakura Fumitada 
Published: January 2003

AbstractIn this paper, we will propose a data hiding technique for audio signals using the combinations of center frequencies and bandwidths of band elimination. For that reason, we have investigated, by subjective evaluation, the detection limits of the center frequencies and bandwidths of band elimination. From the results of the subjective evaluation, the center frequencies and bandwidths of band elimination for data hiding are determined. As a result of actually performing data hiding, it was learned that the degradation due to process distortion was scarcely perceived. When data of about 10.8 bits/s per channel are actually embedded in an audio signal of CD quality, the extraction error of the data can be reduced below 1%. However, when MPEG coding of low bit rate is performed on a TSP signal, it was learned that the extraction error becomes larger. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 86(2): 57–67, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10120
The secret‐key block cipher MKC1
Authors: Matsukawa Koichi , Kobayashi Kunikatsu 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThis paper proposes a new secret‐key block cipher algorithm called MKC1. MKC1 is a Feistel‐type block cipher with variable block length, key length, and number of rounds. The merits of this algorithm are that numerous structures can be formed by selecting the encryption functions and that cellular automata, which can ensure an immense number of structures, and power functions over a finite field, which have strong resistance to differential and linear attacks, are used for the encryption functions. These features increase MKC1's resistance to exhaustive key searches and analytical cryptanalysis. In addition, rules that are relatively powerful as encryption functions among the total of 256 rules for one‐dimensional, two‐state, neighborhood‐three cellular automata were found to practically correspond to Class 3 of Wolfram's classification scheme. The results of computer experiments indicate that MKC1 is several times faster than DES. The industrial value of this algorithm was confirmed by implementing it in an automatic electronic ticket system using a contactless IC card. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 86(2): 68–83, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10123
A study on performance of pitch extraction by BPFP method under pitch variation, wave disturbance, and noise
Authors: Miyabayashi Hideo , Funada Tetsuo 
Published: January 2003

AbstractDetection of the pitch frequency as the basic characteristic of the voice is one of the most important research subjects in voice analysis and synthesis. In this paper we study, in comparison with the cepstrum method and the modified correlation method, how the BPFP method using bandpass filter pairs and the BPFP‐NN method combining the BPFP banks and the neural network (NN) proposed by the authors perform in the presence of pitch disturbance, waveform variation, and added noise when applied to voiced/unvoiced (U/V) detection and pitch extraction. According to the experimental results, the BPFP method and the BPFP‐NN method exhibit more stable performance and more effective pitch extraction with U/V detection than the typical cepstrum method and modified correlation method, and the effect is particularly evident at low frequencies due to the logarithmic expression of the center frequency spacing of the BPFP banks. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 86(5): 24–35, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10045