bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
L’administration rurale en Afrique peut-elle devenir l’instrument d’un véritable développement ?
Authors: Bugnicourt Jacques 
Published: January 2024

Can rural administration in Africa become a tool for true development ?

The African civil services in rural areas encounter a series of problems when focussing on developmental tasks since they tend to copy European models. Actual functions of civil servants in rural areas in terms of both administration and économie and social aspects, the shaping up of genuine “regal functions” on account of the enormous gap separating, in économie, cultural, and psychological terms, rural populations and the civil service, and, as a resuit, the difficulty of establishing a true dialogue between both worlds, the paucity of means earmarked for rural development, ail these explain the Administration's disfunctioning in the light of rural development.
The only way to get out of this predicament would be to adopt a new strategy for rural development focussing on a restitution or dévolution of decision-making to the rural people and redefining the tasks of civil servants, whereby important changes would hâve to be introduced into the conditions of recruitment, training, and career development of the latter.
Investissements étrangers dans les pays en développement : aspects fiscaux internationaux
Authors: Court Jean-François 
Published: January 2024

Inversiones extranjeras en los países en desarrollo : aspectos tributarios internacionales.
Inversiones extranjeras revierten por su naturaleza a problemas tributarios internacionales. Eso impone a los países de acogida de las inversiones, y más aún a los países en desarrollo, fundamentales opciones de política económica y tributaria que consideren también las interacciones con el sistema tributario de los países de donde vienen estas inversiones.
Esta interacción podrá reglarse o sea por convenios bilaterales especiales o sea por los más clásicos tratados tributarios. Estos últimos presentan ventajas indeniables para inversionistas extranjeros por las garantías que se les conceden allí.
La réforme de l’administration locale en Angleterre et au Pays de Galles, 1957-1980
Authors: Hinings C. Robert 
Published: January 2024

Local government in England and Wales : 1957-1980.
The author describes the process of reform in local government in England and Wales. He shows the context in which the reform was started in 1957, and how it was worked out. He analyses its development, showing the obstacles it encountered and the issues which it brought into debate.
Le processus de réforme locale en Espagne
Authors: Morell Ocaña Luis 
Published: January 2024

El proceso de reforma local en España.
A pesar de fuertes resistencias heredadas del pasado y del carácter reciente de los cambios aplicados al régimen de las colectividades locales en España, notables esfuerzos han sido ya realizados, principalmente en el campo de la autonomía local. Sin embargo, la experiencia sola permitirá apreciar la eficacia y la eficiencia de dichos cambios, en particular su capacidad para poner en tela de juicio el sistema institucional en su conjunto.
Le processus de réforme communale en France
Authors: Dumas Jean , Sadran Pierre 
Published: January 2024

The process of reform of local authorities in France.
Have we, in France, a process of reform or a permanent non-reform ? The authors find the latter to be the case, and attempt to discover the reasons for this situation. They show that in the process which is taking place history and politics are progressively ousting geography and economies. There is a break in the communication between the parties to the negotiation, who are not speaking the same language. There is not, in the process of reform pursued by the Government, a single System of decision, but two (one for the overall design, one for management) ; the delays and adjustments — the permanent non-reform — tend to promote certain changes in the social structuring of the field in which decisions are to be made. It is the failure of the initial ambitions of the government reform which in fact constitute the process of regulation.
Le processus de réforme communale en Italie
Authors: Cassese Sabino 
Published: January 2024

The process of local reform in Italy : 1960-1980.
The reforms accomplished in the last twenty years work successively in two opposing directions : towards increased centralisation from 1960 to 1970, and towards increased decentralisation from 1970 to 1980. During both these periods the central issue in debate was the reorganisation of local authority and the constitution of an “intermediary body” between the commune and the region. But twenty years of discussion have given rise only to partial reforms and not to a general reorganisation of local government.
Les entreprises publiques et le concept d’efficacité
Authors: Delion André Georges 
Published: January 2024

Public enterprise and performance.
What is meant by efficiency as applied to public enterprise? The very notion of efficiency of the public sector has for a long time given rise to confusion; hence the need for clarification. Nationalizations call for an urgent solution of this issue.
This is attempted through an extremely detailed analysis (of the various aspects of the public enterprise specific concept of efficiency), which draws a line between efficient public and efficient private administration. As a result, a new concept is outlined, incorporating the various targets and criteria sorted out earlier in an original assembly.
La maîtrise de l’État sur les entreprises publiques
Authors: Durupty Michel 
Published: January 2024

The sway of the State over public enterprise.
What sort of a control does the State exert over public corporations ? In reply, two aspects are analysed : Public enterprise as a tool of governmental policy and governmental policy regarding public enterprise. It appears in the upshot that State intervention reflects the weaknesses and contradictions of the controling authority. Although the public sector as a whole serves to underpin the economic and social action of govemments, a well-defined public enterprise policy is conspicuous by its absence. Under the previous seven-year presidency there was characteristically enough a complets concordance as regards economic policy between both government and public enterprise. This non-specificity is hence preventing government from steering the national economy through public enterprise, whose strategies and action are pre-eminently in line with those of their private industry counterparts.
Les problèmes financiers des grandes villes
Authors: Richard Pierre 
Published: January 2024

Los problemas financieros de las grandes ciudades.
Todas las ciudades en el mundo han hoy día de confrontarse con un desafío mayor, el de una gestión eficaz. En efecto, parece necesario de contener las imposiciones obligatorias cayendo sobre la economía bajo forma de impuestos, para no poner en peligro el sector productor de empleos. Esto necesita la organización de una gestión tan rigorosa qué posible, estricta y económica, para la cual el autor propone un modelo a base de un análisis del ejemplo francés, con las características siguientes : 1° un sistema de control exterior por defensa de las finanzas públicas ; 2° promoción de las relaciones entre el Estado y las ciudades para una maduración de las responsabilidades de cada uno ; 3° el desarrollo de una gestionaría comunal.
La croissance urbaine de Caracas
Authors: Perez Olivares Enrique 
Published: January 2024

El crecimiento urbano de Caracas.
Entre 1936 y 1971, la población del Aérea metropolitano de Caracas (AMC) pasó de 273 mil a 2 325 mil habitantes para llegar a 3 330 mil estimados en 1980. Teniendo en cuenta las limitaciones topográficas (de los 66 300 hectáreas que cuenta el AMC, solo 37 200 son urbanizables, 24 000 ya estando construidos), la concentración demográfica es muy fuerte, lo que dificulta el proceso de urbanización. Este último encuentra en el AMC esencialmente tres tipos de dificultades : un porcentaje elevado de marginalidad ; una inadecuación de los servicios ; la vetusta y el retraso en los equipos. Para remediar a estas dificultades y controlar el proceso de urbanización, el VI° Plano a definido región por región un conjunto de objetivos y en particular para el AMC : la creación de subregiones para crear empleos permanentes y correctamente retribuidos fuera del AMC, con autonomía frente al AMC pero integrándose sin embargo en la economía nacional ; la construcción de un sistema de transportes regional, integrando varios medios.
La politique culturelle française
Authors: Holleaux André 
Published: January 2024

La politica cultural francesa.
Este articulo, al dar un vastisimo panorama de la política cultural francesa, analiza sis grandes líneas de ella, indicando para cada una las principales orientaciones seguidas desde el ministerio de André Malraux, así como los principales problemas encontrados. Se discutan así la política patrimonial nacional, el eje liberal de la política cultural francesa, la puesta de relieve de identidades culturales nacionales y locales, la política musical, cinematográfica y la decentralización.
Le développement de la politique culturelle en Égypte
Authors: El Dine Gamal 
Published: January 2024

Development of cultural policy in Egypt.
This paper discusses the 1954 founded Egyptian ministry of culture’s activity which has evolved along two main lines : the development of audio-visual media, radio and TV, and the collection and preservation of national monuments and inherited works of art. This has in particular contributed to the introduction of an important change in rural modes of life and thinking. The promotion of living arts has led to the establishment of Egyptian cultural centres abroad to présent both Egyptian culture and traditions.
Les instituts italiens de la Culture à l’étranger : une mission impossible ?
Authors: Romano Sergio 
Published: January 2024

The italian cultural centres abroad, an impossible mission, Sergio Romano.
After the second world war, Italian cultural policy abroad was radically changing by discontinuing to serve political window-dressing purposes while upholding, nevertheless, the general trend towards recuperating the great literary and artistic tradition for determining and upbuilding Italian cultural presence worldwide as inherited from the Unità movement. As the authors States, this policy is dictated both by its past and by parallel endeavours by its rivais, in particular the French and German Cultural Centres whose performance is taken as a yardstick for self-evaluation purposes.
Politisation de la fonction publique et alternance en France
Authors: Costa Jean-Paul 
Published: January 2024

El Ministerio de Educación Nacional, de lejos el mayor empresario de Francia (un millón de empleados) cuenta unos cincuenta empleos a la discreción del gobierno.
En el momento de la alternancia de mayo de 1981, la filosofía relativa a estos empleos era : es legítimo cambiar algunos titulares de estos empleos, es necesario hacerlo rápidamente (a nueva política, hombres nuevos) ; hay que hacerlo cuando estos altos funcionarios aunque legales, son no credibles ; ellos mismos pueden y deben dimitir si se encuentran mal a gusto ; por fin se tienen que tratar lo más humanamente los altos funcionarios remplazados.
Se aplicó esta filosofia : en el año que sucedió a las elecciones de mayo-junio de 1981, 60 % de los directores, un poco más de 60 % de los rectores, 30 % de los directores de establecimientos públicos administrativos dimitieron o fueron remplazados. Es una proporción importante, pero poco superior a lo que sucedió durante alternancias menos radicales.
En fin, si se comentan estos cambios, se debe estimar que fueron operados de manera no sistemática y sin sectarismo, que los altos funcionarios remplazados han sido tratados humanamente y que muchos de ellos han sido el objeto de halagüeños nombramientos, que solo los empleos a la discreción del gobierno dieron lugar a emplazamientos y que por fin los nuevos titulares, si parte de ellos tenían simpatías por el nuevo poder o una sensibilidad claramente cercana de él, fueron contratados sobre criterios de competencia a los que, en mayoría, respondieron.
Progrès et lacunes des données statistiques sur l’activité médicale
Authors: Delanoé Jean-Yves , Rochefort Robert 
Published: January 2024

Headway and handicaps in health care statistics.
In-house statistical services for social security and guardianship administration have shown strong sustained growth in the past decade. Such services were started decades after comparable services for business, industry and agriculture. Quality has improved and the scope of investigation has broadened despite recent budget restrictions.
However :
1. Statistical services grew in specific directions that served the purposes of the sponsoring institutions : the regulation of health care made available, and hospital management and, on the other hand, a detailed knowledge of private practice to lay the groundwork for fee-setting negotiations. Such institutional thinking has not monopolized ail statistical investigation for the past 10 years, yet it does predominate.
2. French physicians enjoy privileged social status that prevents any outside body from exerting true control over the profession. For example, the NGAP standard fees list acts as a buffer that mediates transactions between the profession and the social security administration. The jurisdiction of the Medical Association is yet another way the medical community polices itself and prevents intervention from external societal bodies.
For these reasons, it remains very difficult to collect some data certain statisticians consider useful to forming a representative picture of health care institution clienteles, especially the most ‘medical’ of all data : diagnoses.
Le droit de l’audiovisuel, entre la politique et la technique
Authors: Holleaux André 
Published: January 2024

Communications Legislation, Politics and Technology.
Communications are governed by two 1986 laws that have yielded a complex body of regulations often awkward and unrealistic. Communications law is young and sinuous but continuous: initial non-regulation gave way to the arrival, rise and fall of the state monopoly. It also has political overtones affecting the very principles of democracy, which explains why its actual provisions are overshadowed by its symbolic value, and the need for bodies such as the Commission Nationale de la Communication et des Libertés. The concept of public service itself has become controversial and a point-by-point comparison of public and private broadcasting is given. Lastly, technological developments risk outdating communications legislation at short notice. However, legislators might eventually abandon complex legislation in favour of a handful of simple guidelines.
Le point de vue d’un journaliste de l’audiovisuel : M. Bruno Masure
Authors: Masure Bruno 
Published: January 2024

Bruno Masure, A TV Journalist Speaks His Mind.
Journalists are for asking questions, if not demanding explanations, from ‘leading figures’ and reporting on events. This requires courage and mental discipline. Small but powerful, television confers particularly high responsibilities on TV journalists. Although political pressure is easily a thing of the past, economic and technological constraints persist.
Une expérience pilote : le 27e bataillon de chasseurs alpins
Authors: Guisnel Jean 
Published: January 2024

Emancipated Administration of the 27th Mountain Battalion.
The 27th Mountain Battalion (Annecy) is being administered in a novel way. He calls for tenders and commits funds on his own authority for local procurement of most supplies (except fuel). This enhances battalion integration into the local economy. Any savings are re-allocated at the discretion of the unit commander. In addition, contract followup and cash flow are microprocessed.
Fonction publique et efficacité sociale
Authors: Le Pors Anicet 
Published: January 2024

The Civil Service and Social Efficacy.
Between the lack of realism of the liberal position and an apology of the State, there is room for clear analysis and proper control of the modem functions of the State as far as the search for social efficacy is concerned - a complex objective which goes beyond the highly limited one of cost-effectiveness. Neither economie assumptions nor multiple-criteria assessment are good enough for deciding or evaluating socially effective action. The public sector should set an example and provide the lead in the search for efficacy. For the public sector is and ought to remain the seat of scientific and technological progress ; a laboratory for the exercise of greater rationality in the choice, management, and evaluation of public policy ; and a place where a high degree of even-handedness prevails in the State’s relations with the governed. It is important to reaffirm and defend the French approach to the civil service, which is today confronted from the inside by social challenges and political criticism and threatened from the outside by the European dimension.
Le rôle du droit dans la formation des fonctionnaires en Allemagne fédérale
Authors: Lecheler Helmut 
Published: January 2024

The Role of Law in the training of German Civil Servants.
The German Civil Service is characterized by the distinction between civil servants (who are governed by public law) and employees (who are governed by private law). The level of education and training required to enter the Civil Service is laid down in a detailed set of regulations. High-ranking and senior civil servants have traditionally been trained essentially in administrative law. This practice has come in for a fair amount of criticism, all the more so as Germany has since the 19th century maintained a strict separation between administrative law and the other disciplines relating to Public Administration. However, a convincing reform proposal has yet to be advanced.
La fonction publique territoriale : enjeux de la formation au management
Authors: Ronxin Colette 
Published: January 2024

The Local Civil Service : Issues Involved in Management Training.
The Centre national de la fonction publique territoriale (CNFPT — a local civil service organization) successfully organizes a mid-career training course for the supervisory staff of the more important local authorities. Designed to meet the new needs created by decentralization at a moment when local finances are in a troubled state, this local management course makes wide use of methods directly related to administrative practice (case studies, simulations and field projects), improves trainees’ knowledge of the workings of local authorities and increases their self confidence.
Télécommunications et développement : mission impossible ?
Authors: Ghébali Victor-Yves 
Published: January 2024

Telecommunications and Socio-economic Development : an Impossible Mission ?
Victor-Yves Ghebali
In the exercise of its functions relating to the promotion of telecommunications in the Third World, the International Telecommunications Union adopts a two-pronged approach which consists, at the theoretical level, in defining the relationship between telecommunications and development and, at the operational level, in providing technical cooperation services. While the connection between telecommunications and development still remains to be irrefutably demonstrated, the financing of telecommunications investments (in hard currency) is proving to be an insurmountable obstacle for the developing countries.
Le prix de la nature : l’évaluation du patrimoine naturel
Authors: Remond-Gouilloud Martine 
Published: January 2024

The Cost of Nature : Assessing the Natural Environment Martine.
Should the natural environment be assessed and if so how ? There is no dearth of objections. Any attempt to assess ecological damage risks being arbitrary, as the renewal of nature does not follow accounting rules, and useless because nature does renew itself. And how would one translate an assessment, which has a global frame of reference, into individual compensation and penalties ? From a methodological standpoint, theoretical and abstract approaches do not find favour with legal experts even though they are simple and relatively fair. But these difficulties may be overcome if society really does decide to repair the damage inflicted on one of its assets.
De l’«évaluation» des projets à leur «analyse économique». Par qui ? Pour qui ? Pour quoi faire ?
Authors: Bridier Manuel 
Published: January 2024

From the Evaluation of Projects to their Economic Analysis
The experience of economic analysis of investment projects in the developing countries in Africa shows a growing gap between the soundness of the model and the way these investments have been implemented : it is the case with project evaluations based on the «method of effects» or the «method of reference prices». In the 1980s, we witnessed a questioning of projects in the development process and of structural adjustment programs underscoring the preeminence of a global financial macro-economic approach. But new stakes have appeared, justifying the need for a new approach toward project analysis, in a context characterized by the growing number of diverse actors. economic approach. But new stakes have appeared, justifying the need for a new approach toward project analysis, in a context characterized by the growing number of diverse actors.
L’administration d’un tribunal de grande instance
Authors: Léger Philippe 
Published: January 2024

Administration of the Court of First Instance.
Administrating a Court of First Instance is a complex undertaking. Jurisdictional heads are granted management autonomy which requires a knowledge of the judicial needs in the court’s geographic jurisdiction. Budgetary procedures have remained complex and too centralized for large operations. Forecasts, when they involve human resources, are particularly difficult. The author advocates defining a ‘jurisdictional project’, including work organization objectives, job rationalization, improving reception conditions, etc.
Quels moyens ? Pour quels objectifs ?
Authors: Chabanol Daniel 
Published: January 2024

What Means? To Which Ends?
Administrative justice has succeeded in modernizing and adapting to the increasing number of cases involving disputes while maintaining its specificity and independence. Nevertheless, the autonomy and cohesion of the jurisdiction must be reinforced. In addition, means available to first instance judges remain inadequate, which has resulted in long delays in handing down judgements. Adequate procedures should in order to be able to respond to emergency situations. Lastly, optimal execution of the judges’ decisions requires a strengthening of their powers with regard to the administration.
Les campagnes de communication publique d’intérêt général. De l’usage paradoxal de la communication publicitaire
Authors: Bal Josèphe , Rolando Stefano 
Published: January 2024

Government Communication Campaigns in the Public Interest
The leading French advertiser, the government, undertakes some thirty campaigns annually. What is their legitimacy and scientific basis ? Do they correspond to the needs ? Who defines them and how ? What share is granted to the media and what role do they play ?
L’exemple du ministère de l’économie, des finances et du budget
Authors: Candiard Bernard 
Published: January 2024

Selecting a Communication Service Organization : the Ministry of Finance
Determining what type of organization to select is a very central question for a communication service and the success of its activities. Based on an initial assessment, what communication strategy should be adopted, which type of organization should be selected, how can central and decentralized structures be connected ?