bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of block and grafted copolymers containing spacer‐linked chromophore based on cellulose and polyethylene glycol
Authors: Namazi H. , Jafari Rad S. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractA series of block copolymers from hydroxyl‐terminated cellulose triacetate (HCTA) and cellulose triacetate (CTA) with polyethylene glycol (PEG) were prepared. To activate terminal acid groups in the polyethylene glycols, acid groups were first converted to the acetyl groups with chlorination reaction. In the second series, the cellulose triacetate, having fully substituted acetate groups, was hydrolyzed by the acid catalyst method by using acetic acid and small percentages of water. Then cellulose derivatives containing 4‐(4‐nitrophenylazo)‐1‐naphthol (Magneson II) as a chromophore and long hydrocarbon side chains were prepared. The compound 4′‐bromobutoxy‐4‐(4‐nitrophenylazo)naphthalene was first synthesized from 4‐(4‐nitrophenylazo)‐1‐naphthol and 1,4‐dibromobutane. The alkylated chromophore reacted with prepared cellulosic and oligocellulosic copolymers in the solution of dimethyl sulfoxide to produce cellulose ethers having the desired chromophore. Polymers containing a mixture of alkyl side chains were also prepared by the addition of 1‐bromododecane to the reaction mixture. The above method was used for the preparation of (dodecyl) [4′‐butoxy‐4‐(4‐nitrophenylazo)naphthalene] (CTA‐co‐PEG2000) and (dodecyl) [4′‐butoxy‐4‐(4‐nitrophenylazo)naphthalene] (HCTA‐co‐PEG2000). The structure of products was determined by FTIR, 1H‐NMR spectroscopy, GPC, and the intrinsic viscosity measurement. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 1175–1185, 2004
Continuous ultrasonic devulcanization of unfilled butyl rubber
Authors: Feng Wenlai , Isayev A. I. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe devulcanization of resin‐cured unfilled butyl rubber with a grooved‐barrel ultrasonic reactor under various processing conditions was carried out. The experiments indicated that, because of the lower unsaturation and good thermal stability of butyl rubber, its devulcanization could be successfully accomplished only under severe ultrasonic‐treatment conditions. Gel permeation chromatography measurements were carried out for the virgin gum and sol part of devulcanized samples to study the changes in the rubber network during the devulcanization process. The obtained data showed a significant molecular weight reduction and a broadening of the molecular weight distribution upon devulcanization, which indicated that the devulcanization and degradation of butyl rubber occurred simultaneously. The rheological properties showed that devulcanized butyl rubber was more elastic than the virgin gum. The vulcanizates of the devulcanized butyl rubber showed mechanical properties comparable to those of the virgin vulcanizate. The thermal behaviors of the virgin and devulcanized butyl rubber were different and were correlated to the double‐bond content. The structural characteristics of the devulcanized butyl rubber were simulated with the Dobson–Gordon theory of rubber network statistics. A fairly good agreement between the experimental data and theoretical prediction was achieved. The simulation of devulcanized butyl rubber indicated that the rate of crosslink rupture was much higher than that of the main chain. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 1316–1325, 2004
Influence of fiber treatment on the performance of sisal–polypropylene composites
Authors: Mohanty Smita , Verma Sushil K. , Nayak Sanjay K. , Tripathy Sudhansu S. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis article concerns the effectiveness of MAPP as a coupling agent in sisal–polypropylene composites. The fiber loading, MAPP concentration, and fiber treatment time influenced the mechanical properties of the composites. It was observed that the composites prepared at 21 volume percent of fibers with 1% MAPP concentration exhibits optimum mechanical strength. SEM investigations confirmed that the increase in properties is caused by improved fiber‐matrix adhesion. The viscoelastic properties of the treated and untreated composites were also studied. From the storage modulus versus temperature plots, an increase in the magnitude of the peaks was observed with the addition of MAPP and fiber reinforcement, thus showing an improvement in stiffness of the treated composites. The damping properties of the composites, however, decreased with the addition of the fibers and MAPP. The thermal properties of the composites were analyzed through DSC and TGA measurements. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 1336–1345, 2004
Zur Anwendung von Expositionsklassen bei Parkhäusern
Authors: Curbach Manfred , Zaus Hendrik , Henke Peter , Meyer Lars , Proske Dirk 
Published: August 2004

AbstractDer Beitrag beschreibt die Anwendung der Expositionsklassen von DIN 1045‐1 für direkt befahrene Parkdecks und aufgehende Bauteile in Parkhäusern. Die Auswahl der Expositionsklassen für Parkhäuser wurde in den letzten Monaten intensiv in der Fachwelt diskutiert. Als Ergebnis dieser Diskussion wird der DBV in den nächsten Monaten ein Merkblatt “Parkhäuser und Tiefgaragen” veröffentlichen. Neben der genannten Problematik werden auch weiterführende Nachweise der Dauerhaftigkeit erwähnt.
Vorgefertigte Parkhäuser aus hochfestem Beton
Authors: Hegger Josef , Roeser Wolfgang , Bachmann Hubert , Nitsch Andreas 
Published: August 2004

AbstractUnter Anwendung hochfester Werkstoffe, innovativer Bewehrungstechnik und der neuen Normengeneration wurden architektonisch ansprechende Parkhäuser aus Betonfertigteilen entwickelt. Die geringen Bauteilabmessungen ermöglichen hierbei filigrane Tragwerke mit einer hellen und freundlichen Gesamtwirkung.
Schäden an Parkdecks mit unzureichender rißbreitenbeschränkender Bewehrung
Authors: Eßer Angelika , Schöppel Klaus 
Published: August 2004

AbstractBei der Konstruktion von Parkdecks wird oftmals eine rißbreitenbeschränkende Bewehrung nur unzureichend bemessen und eingebaut. Dieser Konstruktionsmangel führt im Regelfall zu einer unkontrollierten Rißbildung. Um die Dauerhaftigkeit des Bauwerks für die vorgesehene Nutzungsdauer dennoch gewährleisten zu können, sind Schutz‐ und Instandsetzungsmaßnahmen erforderlich, wie z. B. das Beschichten der Parkdeckoberflächen mit rißüberbrückenden Systemen, u. U. in Kombination mit vorherigen Füllmaßnahmen der Risse. Um die witterungsbedingten Rißbreitenänderungen möglichst realistisch erfassen zu können, werden Messungen der Rißbreitenänderungen unter Last und infolge von Temperaturschwankungen empfohlen. Aufgrund dieser Meßergebnisse kann eine Abschätzung der zu erwartenden Rißbewegungen getroffen werden, wie ein Beispiel zeigt.
Parkhaussanierungen
Authors: Roeske Dieter 
Published: August 2004

AbstractParkdecks sind als Außenbauteile hohen Beanspruchungen ausgesetzt. Leider wird oft an den Anforderungen “vorbeigeplant und ‐ausgeführt” und die dann notwendigen Sanierungen aus Kostengründen viel zu lange hinausgezögert. Im Sinne einer langfristigen Wert‐ und Gebäudeerhaltung ist es deshalb umso wichtiger, fällige Sanierungen so zu planen und auszuführen, daß sie objektbezogen und technisch richtig, dauerhaft sowie ökonomisch sinnvoll sind. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden anforderungsgerechte Lösungen mit Flüssigkunststoffen aufgezeigt, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Detailausbildungen und Lösungen für stark beanspruchte Bereiche (z. B. Rampen).
Statistical mechanics of protein folding by cluster distance geometry
Authors: Crippen Gordon M. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis is our second type of model for protein folding where the configurational parameters and the effective potential energy function are chosen in such a way that all conformations are described and the canonical partition function can be evaluated analytically. Structure is described in terms of distances between pairs of sequentially contiguous blocks of eight residues, and all possible conformations are grouped into 71 subsets in terms of bounds on these distances. The energy is taken to be a sum of pairwise interactions between such blocks. The 210 energy parameters were adjusted so that the native folds of 32 small proteins are favored in free energy over the denatured state. We then found 146 proteins having negligible sequence similarity to any of the training proteins, yet the free energy of the respective correct native states were favored over the denatured state. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers, 2004
Multiple‐species candidemia in patients with cancer
Authors: Boktour Maha R. , Kontoyiannis Dimitrios P. , Hanna Hend A. , Hachem Ray Y. , Girgawy Essam , Bodey Gerald P. , Raad Issam I. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDCandidemia is a common cause of bloodstream infections in patients with cancer, with the majority of these infections being caused by a single Candida species. Studies of multiple‐species candidemia (MSC) have rarely been reported.METHODSThe authors identified 33 patients with cancer who had candidemia (diagnosed between 1993 and 2000) caused by more than 1 Candida species. This group of 33 patients was compared with a control group of 66 patients with cancer who had C. albicans candidemia that arose soon before or soon after each case of MSC that was investigated in the current study.RESULTSPatients with MSC, compared with control patients, were more likely to have leukemia (33% vs. 8%; P = 0.001), to have had prolonged neutropenia before the onset of their infection (mean ± standard deviation, 10 ± 17 days vs. 3 ± 6 days; P = 0.02), and to have received chemotherapy within 1 month before their infection (42% vs. 18%; P = 0.01). Patients with MSC also had higher Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores at the onset of infection (score ≥ 16, 45% vs. 26%; P = 0.05) and were more likely to have received previous antifungal prophylaxis compared with patients who had candidemia caused by C. albicans (33% vs. 11%; P = 0.006). The response of C. albicans candidemia to single‐agent antifungal therapy was significantly better than that of MSC (69% vs. 35% P = 0.004).CONCLUSIONSIn patients with cancer, MSC was more likely to occur as breakthrough candidemia, predominantly in those with leukemia and prolonged neutropenia, and was associated with suboptimal responses to single‐agent antifungal therapy. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Immunohistochemical visualization of corticotropin‐releasing factor type 1 (CRF1) receptors in monkey brain
Authors: Kostich Walter A. , Grzanna Reinhard , Lu Nick Z. , Largent Brian L. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractCorticotropin‐releasing factor receptor type 1, CRF1, plays a prominent role in the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis and is implicated in the autonomic and behavioral responses to stress. Dysregulation of the CRF system may underlie the pathophysiology of several disorders, including depression and anxiety. The distribution of CRF1 mRNA and CRF1 specific ligand binding has been reported by multiple groups in rodents using in situ hybridization and receptor autoradiography, respectively. More recently, somewhat conflicting rodent anti‐CRF1 immunohistochemical studies were reported. In this study we report the generation of an antihuman CRF1 antiserum and provide the first immunohistochemical description of CRF1 distribution in a primate brain, that of the rhesus monkey. The specificity of anti‐CRF‐R1 antiserum R221 was demonstrated using transfected hCRF1‐expressing HEK 293 cells and rhesus monkey pituitary. CRF1‐immunoreactive neurons were widespread in the rhesus brain. CRF1 staining was associated with neuronal cell bodies and dendrites and was primarily intracellular, suggesting a high rate of receptor turnover or receptor sequestration. Anti‐CRF1 immunoreactivity was most abundant in pituitary, cerebellum, and in portions of brain stem associated with sensorimotor function. CRF1 staining was also observed in cerebral cortex, basal forebrain, portions of the basal ganglia, and thalamus. Staining was relatively low in prefrontal cortex and in limbic areas, which may reflect masking of the N‐terminal epitope. The distribution of CRF1 immunoreactivity is suggestive of roles in attentional processing as well as the processing of motor and sensory information. J. Comp. Neurol. 478:111–125, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regulation of GABA transporter mRNA and protein after photothrombotic infarct in rat brain
Authors: Frahm Christiane , Haupt Corinna , Weinandy Franziska , Siegel Gabriele , Bruehl Claus , Witte Otto W. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAnimal models of focal ischemic infarcts reveal an impaired GABAergic (γ‐aminobutyric acid) neurotransmission. GABA, the main inhibitory neurotransmitter, is primarily taken up by specific sodium‐dependent transporters. As these transporters play a crucial role in maintaining levels of GABA concentration, they may be functionally involved in ischemic processes. We investigated whether the mRNA and protein expression of GAT‐1, the dominant neuronal GABA transporter, is altered after cortical infarct induced by photothrombosis in Wistar rats. In situ hybridization was performed to analyze GAT‐1 mRNA‐positive cells in cortical brain regions and the hippocampus. The lesion dramatically raised the number of GABA transporter mRNA‐expressing cells in all investigated cortical regions. Double‐labeling studies with a general neuronal marker and a marker for astrocytes revealed that cells expressing GAT‐1 mRNA after photothrombosis are neurons. The mRNA expression pattern of all hippocampal subfields remained unchanged. In contrast, cortical GAT‐1 protein density was only slightly affected and surprisingly in the opposite way. In the primary and secondary somatosensory cortex, density values were significantly reduced. Immunoreactivity was not altered in all investigated hippocampal areas. We found a marked discordance between the increased number of cells expressing GAT‐1 mRNA in the cortex and the reduced tissue GAT‐1 protein content. Focal brain ischemia obviously triggers mechanisms that interfere with GAT‐1 transcriptional regulation and protein synthesis or turnover. J. Comp. Neurol. 478:176–188, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Remodeling of a larval skeletal muscle motoneuron to drive the posterior cardiac pacemaker in the adult moth, Manduca sexta
Authors: Dulcis Davide , Levine Richard B. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractDuring postembryonic development, a larval skeletal muscle motoneuron, MN‐1 in abdominal segments 7 and 8, becomes respecified to innervate the terminal cardiac chamber of adult Manduca sexta. Neural tracing techniques and electrophysiology were used in this study to describe the anatomical and physiological remodeling of this identified motoneuron. During metamorphosis the MN‐1 in segments 7 and 8 undergoes dendritic reorganization. Long new dendrites extend anteriorly in the terminal ganglion neuropil. Intracellular and extracellular recordings showed that broader action potentials, increased firing rate, and development of a bursting activity pattern accompany MN‐1 respecification. Cardiac mechanograms showed that MN‐1 activity bursts always correlate with the anterograde cardiac beat. Bilateral MNs‐1 fire at similar times to activate and sustain the putative cardiac pacemaker activity of the terminal chamber synergistically. After remodeling, MN‐1 output could be influenced rapidly by sensory inputs during evoked cardiac reversal. The effect is exerted by inhibition of MN‐1 firing that, in turn, causes early blockade of the anterograde beat and reversal to the retrograde direction of beat. J. Comp. Neurol. 478:126–142, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cyclotron Maser Radiation in Space and Laboratory Plasmas
Authors: Bingham R. , Kellett B. J. , Cairns R. A. , Vorgul I. , Phelps A. D. R. , Ronald K. , Speirs D. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractOne of the best known coherent radio emission mechanisms is the electron cyclotron maser instability. In this article we will demonstrate that electron cyclotron maser emission is directly associated with particular types of charged particle acceleration and propagation in space and laboratory plasmas. These include electron ring distributions, horseshoe or crescent shaped electron distribution functions. Planetary and stellarmagnetospheres are examples of where horseshoe or crescent shaped electron distributions can be found and astrophysical shocks produce ring shaped electron distribution functions. In the laboratory horseshoe or crescent shaped distributions are produced whenever an electron beam propagates into a stronger magnetic field region. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Progress of the Electron Kinetics in Spatial and Spatiotemporal Plasma Structures
Authors: Winkler R. , Arndt S. , Loffhagen D. , Sigeneger F. , Uhrlandt D. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractA brief introduction into the progress of the analysis of the electron kinetics in spatially one‐ and two‐dimensional steady‐state plasmas and in spatiotemporal transition processes of spatially one‐dimensional plasma configurations is given. The wide spectrum of the involved kinetic problems is briefly characterized, main aspects of its kinetic studies are outlined and the progress reached in recent years is illustrated by the kinetic study and deduced results of some selected problems. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Emission Spectroscopy of Molecular Low Pressure Plasmas
Authors: Fantz U. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe diagnostic tool of optical emission spectroscopy with applications to molecular low pressure plasmas is introduced and the underlying principles for the analysis of molecular radiation are summarized. Results for rotational, vibrational and electronic population densities in electronically excited states and in the ground state of diatomic molecules such as hydrogen and nitrogen are shown. Besides molecular densities atomic densities are obtained and the relevance of opacity of resonance lines in the analysis is discussed. In more complex plasmas such as hydrocarbon plasmas, the radiation of radicals is used to determine particle densities. Here, the contribution of the dissociative excitation mechanism has to be taken into account. A simple monitoring tool for the determination of particle density ratios is emphasized based on the measurement of intensity ratios. Results are presented for plasma applications with volume processes as well as with plasma surface interaction. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Aspects of Turbulent Transport
Authors: Naulin V. , Rasmussen J. J. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractTurbulence is an ubiquitous phenomenon in plasmas, which usually have large amounts of free energy available to drive turbulent velocity fluctuations. A universal property of turbulence is its abilities to mix and to transport quantities. We discuss the relationship between passive particle transport due to turbulence and the turbulent plasma transport, that is the relationship between mixing and transport. Moreover the turbulent transport is often found not to be described by a transport coefficient, as Fick's law suggests and it's probability density distribution function (PDF) is often far from Gaussianity, implying sub‐ or super‐diffusive transport. For an interchange turbulence model we discuss upgradient transport and bursty transport behavior. Finally we discuss transport PDFs. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Generation of Cluster Beams in a Plasma
Authors: Smirnov B. M. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe properties are considered of a cluster plasma that is used for generation of intense beams of metallic clusters. The cluster plasma is non‐equilibrium and nonuniform that provides a high intensity of forming cluster beams under optimal conditions. The plasma method of cluster generation is compared with standard methods. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fine‐needle aspiration of adult small‐round‐cell tumors studied with flow cytometry
Authors: Leon Marino E. , Hou J. Steve , Galindo Lorenzo M. , Garcia Fernando U. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractImmunophenotypic study is critical for the diagnosis of adult small‐round‐cell tumors (SRCTs). We describe three patients with Ewing's sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor (ES/PNET) and one patient with neuroblastoma in which flow cytometry immunophenotyping (FCI) on the fine‐needle aspirate (FNA) and bone marrow aspirate (BMA) demonstrated an abnormal population of cells that were CD45− and CD16/CD56+. Four patients with mean age of 30 years, three male and one female, clinically suspicious for a lymphoma or SRCT are described. FNA, BMA, and biopsy specimens were obtained for routine cytologic and histologic evaluation. Fresh tissue was studied by FCI. In all cases, the cytology smears showed small cells with round nuclei, slightly irregular nuclear membranes, fine chromatin, and scant cytoplasm. FCI showed CD16/56+ and CD45− neoplastic cells in all cases. In one case, 76% of these cells were CD99+. The diagnoses of ES/PNET were confirmed by immunohistochemical, ultrastructural, and cytogenetic studies. ES/PNET in FNA and BMA can be efficiently and rapidly diagnosed by combining cytologic examination with FCI using a panel including CD45, CD16/56, and CD99. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;31:147–154. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Salivary duct carcinoma with neuroendocrine features: Report of a case with cytological and immunohistochemical study
Authors: Laforga Juan B. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractWe report a salivary duct carcinoma (SDC) of parotid gland in a 75‐year‐old male. Initially, it was studied by fine‐needle aspiration, which disclosed features of malignancy consistent with a high‐grade carcinoma. Histologically, the tumor showed typical features of SDC, predominantly with a solid and apocrine pattern. The aggressive behavior of this tumor was documented by facial palsy and the presence of 12 regional lymph node metastases. Immunohistochemical study showed positivity for cytokeratins (AE1/AE3), cytokeratin 7, GCDFP‐15, C‐erbB‐2, Mib‐1, topoisomerase II α, p53, and androgen receptors. Diffuse positivity with chromogranin‐A, synaptophysin, and Grimelius stains was also observed, suggesting endocrine features. Phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin, antimitochondrial antigen, progesterone and estrogen receptors, cytokeratin 20, and S‐100 stains were negative. To our knowledge, this is the first case reported of SDC exhibiting neuroendocrine differentiation. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;31:189–192. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of specimen adequacy on the diagnosis of ASCUS
Authors: Sebastião Ana P. Martins , Noronha Lúcia de , Pinheiro Diogo Lago , Collaço Luiz Martins , de Carvalho Newton Sérgio , Bleggi‐Torres Luiz F. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe impact of specimen adequacy on the diagnosis of cervical cytology is not fully understood. Virtually, the greatest impact of smear quality limitation factors is on the diagnosis of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) because this category is more susceptible to interpretation mistake due to its criteria subjectivity. This study aims to evaluate the impact of smear quality impairing factors on the diagnosis of ASCUS. The 1,507 cases of ASCUS studied were obtained from the Cervical Cancer Screening Program of Paraná (CCSPP). The cases were reviewed by expert cytopathologists and the results were correlated to the specimen adequacy. The results showed that the presence of obscuring blood impairs the correct diagnosis and leads the pathologist to overdiagnose negative smears as ASCUS. The presence of adequate endocervical sampling contributes to a higher rate of correct ASCUS diagnoses but did not influence the pathologist to over‐ or underestimate the cytological findings. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;31:155–158. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.