bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coevolution of Macroparasites and their hosts
Authors: Dobson Andrew P , Merenlender Adina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The coevolution of microparasites (viruses, bacteria, and protozoa) and their hosts has received extensive theoretical and empirical attention (Anderson and May 1983; Bremmermann and Pickering 1983; May and Anderson 1984; Toft and Karter 1990; Dwyer et al. in press). In contrast, there have been few attempts to synthesize the available data for the coevolution of macroparasites (parasitic helminths and arthropods) and their hosts. This review will describe some simple models for the coevolution of macroparasites and their hosts and attempt to synthesize some of the existing data on the ecology and genetics of these interactions.
A physiological perspective: physiological adaptations in host parasite systems
Authors: Castro Gilbert A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Adaptation is a word with many connotations (Prosser and Brown 1961; Fairbairn 1970), but, in general, refers to the fitness of an organism for its environment (Gould 1982; Keymer and Read, Chapter 3; Dobson and Merenlender, Chapter 5; May, Chapter 6; Harvey et al., Chapter 17, this volume). Physiologists view ‘adaptation’ as the process of adjustment by an organism to a changing environment. This view includes adjustments that occur within the life of an individual, and therefore represents acclimation or acclimatization, i.e. adjustments to single or multiple environmental factors, respectively, that contribute to homeostasis (Prosser and Brown 1961). However, because coping with environmental changes enhances survival and reproductive capacity in the long term, physiological adaptations relate to ‘adaptations’ in the evolutionary sense (Dobzhansky 1951). This holds true for both parasites and their hosts.
Neurophysiological analysis of striatal function
Authors: Rolls Edmund T , Johnstone Syren 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The striatum receives inputs from different areas of the cerebral cortex, including association cortical areas far on in the hierarchy of cortical information processing as well as the sensori-motor cortex, and has connections via the globus pallidus and substantia nigra to the thalamus and thence to premotor and prefrontal cortical areas. Recordings of the activity of neurons in different parts of the striatum of primates show that they have the following properties:
Thalamic and non-thalamic subcortical aphasia: a neurolinguistic and SPECT approach
Authors: Démonet J F , Celsis P , Puel M , Cardebat D , Marc-Vergnes J P , Rascol A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the current literature, so-called subcortical aphasia frequently refers to aphasic syndromes associated with subcortical non-thalamic lesions involving the lenticular nucleus, the caudate nucleus, and the internal capsule. Nevertheless, aphasia associated with thalamic lesions does exist. In 1987, we reviewed 251 reported cases of linguistic disorders associated with vascular subcortical lesions (Table 18.1): we found 108 thalamic cases and 143 non-thalamic cases (Demonet 1987). Language disorders were typified as classic aphasia in 6 per cent of thalamic cases and in 36 per cent of nonthalamic cases.
Role of subcortical structures in aphasia: evidence from studies of resting cerebral glucose metabolism
Authors: Metter E Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent work has demonstrated the presence of aphasia with subcortical structural lesions including caudate, putamen, thalamus, and internal capsule. Divac and Öberg (Chapter 2, this volume) and Crosson (Chapter 12, this volume) have argued that the role of subcortical structures, and in particular the striatum and thalamus, is to act as part of a corticalsubcortical feedback loop which modulates, in a tonic manner, cortical function. Feedback loops are known to involve the frontal cortex, and the temporo-parietal cortex. Divac and Öberg argue for a multiple-tier organization of the forebrain with horizontal integration within a tier and vertical systems between the tiers. A vertical system consists of cortical-subcortical loops, that are focused around a specific thalamic nucleus. The basal ganglia are an integral part of some vertical systems. Divac and Öberg believe that the vertical systems mediate many types of complex behaviours. Language may be an exception by not being directly associated with the striatum. Crosson argues more specifically for cortico-striatal-thalamic loops, noting the existence of both anterior and posterior loops. He believes that these loops have a direct role in language. A critical question becomes whether it is disruption of these feedback systems that is important in subcortical aphasia, or whether (or to what extent) it is the intrinsic characteristics of the subcortical structures themselves that may play a role in the language abnormality.
Inferring evolutionary processes from molecular phylogenies
Authors: Harvey Paul H , Holmes Eddie C , Mooers Arne Ø , Nee Sean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Phylogenetic trees are usually constructed in which extinct lineages are either under-represented or absent. Fossil-free trees, such as many molecular phylogenies, contain information about the evolutionary processes that gave rise to them. A variety of processes, including mass extinctions and density dependent lineage death rate, leave their own identifying signatures on such trees. Reconstructed avian and viral phylogenies can be used to reject some models of evolution but not others.
Population and the environment: complex interrelationships
Authors: Clarke John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Professor John Clarke DL is Emeritus Professor of Geography at the University of Durham. He took his first degree and was awarded his doctorate at the University of Aberdeen, where he was appointed an Assistant Lecturer in geography in 1954. He moved to Durham a year later to take up the lectureship which he held there until 1963. He then spent 2 years in West Africa, as Professor of Geography at the University College of Sierra Leone, before returning to Durham as Reader and, from 1968, Professor of Geography-a post that he held for 22 years. Professor Clarke served as Pro-Vice-Chancellor and Sub-Warden of the university from 1984 until his retirement in 1990, when he became a Deputy Lieutenant of County Durham. He is a vice-president of the Royal Geographical Society, Chairman of the Population and Environment Committee of the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population (IUSSP), a former chairman of the International Geographical Union’s (IGU) Commission on Population Geography, and the author and editor of many books on population geography, especially with reference to the developing countries. Professor Clarke is also Chairman of the North Durham Health Authority.
The potential effects of climate change on world food supply
Authors: Parry Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After graduating at the University of Durham and taking a Master’s degree at the University of the West Indies, Professor Parry was awarded his doctorate at the University of Edinburgh in 1973 for research in geography. In the same year he was appointed to a lectureship in geography at the University of Birmingham, where he subsequently held the appointments of Senior Lecturer, Reader in Resource Management and, from 1989, Professor of Environmental Management. In 1991, Martin Parry was appointed to be the first IBM Director of the newly established Environmental Change Unit in the University of Oxford and became a Professorial Fellow of Linacre College. He has held a number of visiting appointments overseas, including that of Director of the Climate Impacts Project at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis in Austria. In 1993 Professor Parry was a joint winner of the Norbert Gerbier-Mumm International Award for work in applied meteorology. He left Oxford in 1994 in order to take up the post of Professor of Environmental Management and Director of Environmental Studies at University College, London.
Introduction to Petroleum Exploration For Non-Geologists
Authors: Stoneley Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over 1000 people have attended the three-day course on which this book is based since it was instituted in 1981 by JAPEC (Joint Association for Petroleum Exploration Courses). Key topics covered in this book are: the underlaying rationale for exploration; essential basic geological and geophysical exploration techniques; drilling and logging wells; an outline of reservoir geology and what constitutes reserves; and all of these topics are brought together in a case-history overview of exploration in the North Sea. The book is fully self-explanatory, needs no prior knowledge of geology or of exploration techniques, and as much as possible avoids the use of technical jargon. There is, however, a lengthy glossary of technical terms that can be used as a reference. The appeal of the book extends far beyond the audience originally envisaged for the JAPEC course. Anyone interested in finding out what petroleum exploration is all about will enjoy this volume.
North Sea case history
Authors: Stoneley Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the beginning of the I 960s virtually nothing was known about the geology of the North Sea. In 30 years it has become a well explored and prolific oil producing region, and the geology is known in considerable detail. This is a remarkable success story of exploration, technological development, and of cooperation between the petroleum industry and national governments. Despite a few sad accidents, it has been achieved with relative safety under extremely hazardous conditions, and with very little effect on the environment. Let us look at the story in the light of what has been covered in this book.
The role of the Human Adaptability International Biological Programme in the development of human population biology
Authors: Harrison G Ainsworth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The achievements of the Human Adaptability (HA) section of the International Biological Programme (IBP), which formally ran from 1964 to 1974, played a highly significant role in the development of modern human population biology-itself a major component of biological anthropology. The history of HA is thoroughly documented in Collins and Weiner (1977), its objectives, rationale, and philosophy in Baker and Weiner (1966), and its major results are summarized in a series of IBP books published by Cambridge University Press (Eveleth and Tanner 1976; Harrison 1977; Baker 1978; Shephard, 1978; Milan 1980). They need not be repeated in any detail here. What I intend to do in this contribution is describe the general contribution of HA to the development of human population biology and attempt to evaluate its successes and failures. Inevitably, this involves considering what has happened in human population biology since the end of the IBP.
Battles of the sexes and origins of monogamy
Authors: Gowaty Patricia Adair 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Theories not focused on variation in the lives of females Higamous, hogamous, woman’s monogamous Hoggamus higgamus, men are polygamous. Despite the much touted tendency of men to seek polygyny and copulations with more than one woman, as witnessed by William James’ famous ditty, monogamy is what most humans do. The fact that humans do what birds do may account for theoretical and empirical interest in the most common of avian mating patterns. Many of our scientific hypotheses about monogamy in birds come from our perceptions about monogamy in people. In fact, empathy probably guides most hypotheses about social behaviour (Hrdy 1981, 1986) even when (or especially when) they are about the naturally selected benefits and costs of monogamy for both sexes of birds.
Do Barnacle Geese benefit from lifelong monogamy?
Authors: Black Jeffrey M , Choudhury Sharmila , Owen Myrfyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Barnacle Geese Branta leucopsis are renowned long-distance migrants, flying from the high arctic in summer to winter on coastal marshes and pastures in temperate areas. After the journey, accompanied by goslings, each pair spends the winter months in dense flocks of thousands of birds. In spite of the potential for losing contact in these flocks, each male-female pair remains together throughout the day, each season, often for life. The pair’s offspring also stay close for much of the first year, benefiting from parental vigilance and assistance in encounters with flock members (Black and Owen 1989a,b). Parents may care for unrelated goslings that join families mainly through adoption and intraspecific nest parasitism. The pairing process in geese happens long before the nesting season, so pairs generally arrive together on the breeding grounds to compete for food patches and nest sites. During the breeding season the male and female work as a team, protecting the clutch and subsequent brood from predation by gulls and Arctic Foxes Alopex Iagopus (Prop et al. 1984). Exceptions to this monogamous strategy are rare.
Partnerships in promiscuous Splendid Fairy-wrens
Authors: Russell Eleanor , Rowley Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Splendid Fairy-wrens Malurus splendens are small insectivores living in the dry shrublands of Australia, where they forage under and through the undergrowth, generally within a metre of the ground. Groups of two to eight birds remain together all year round in contiguous territories (1-9 ha) persisting in much the same locations from year to year. The basic social unit is the pair that remains together for as long as both survive. However, mating is promiscuous, with more fertilizations occurring outside the pair than within it. Many offspring remain in the family group after they reach sexual maturity, helping in territory defence and care of young, in a co-operative breeding system. The size and composition of a group depends on breeding success in the previous season and whether vacancies became available to which helpers could have dispersed. Many males and some females fill breeding vacancies in their natal territory, so that about 20% of pairs are closely related.
Divorce in the European Blackbird: seeking greener pastures?
Authors: desrochers Andre , Magrath robert D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Blackbird Turdus merula is one of Europe’s most familiar birds. Originally shy inhabitants of woodland, Blackbirds are now a common sight, searching for earthworms (Lumbricus sp.) on lawns in urban parks and gardens. Males are striking, their sooty black plumage contrasting with a yellow orange bill and eye ring; females are brown, and their eye ring and bill are usually darker. Blackbird populations can be migratory or, like the one we studied, sedentary. Despite occasional records of polygyny, the species is behaviourally monogamous, with the pair breeding on an all purpose territory. In his classic study of the Blackbird, Snow (1988) found that pairs usually formed in the 2 months before egg laying started, but that, once formed, pairs usually stayed together from year to year unless one individual died. Our study is based on 6 years of data on 297 individually marked pairs. We focus on the effects of age and territory quality on reproductive success and the frequency of divorce. We find no advantage in staying with a familiar mate, and argue that divorce is a side effect of females leaving low quality sites in search of greener pastures, that is, higher quality territories. We also suggest that in general any advantages of breeding with a familiar or ‘high quality’ mate for short-lived passerines may be small compared with the demonstrably important advantages of seeking a good territory and, at least for males, an older mate.
Problems of International River Management: The Case of the Euphrates
Authors: Kolars John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sheer size does not determine the challenge that a river presents to those who would utilize its water wisely. The Euphrates River has only one-third the volume of the Nile, and even when combined with its unruly sister, the Tigris, in the Shatt al-Arab (Map I), the flow of the two streams is less than that of Egypt’s source of life. Nevertheless, the use of the Euphrates’ waters is as ancient, as complex, and still as critical today as that of the waters of the Nile. the Indus. or the Huang He.
Rules And Guidelines For Gene Nomenclature
Authors: Davisson Muriel T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gene nomenclature guidelines are based upon the premise that the primary purpose of a gene or locus symbol is to provide a brief and universally acceptable symbol that uniquely identifies a specific gene or locus; all other purposes of a symbol are secondary and should not interfere with this primary purpose. Gene names, brief descriptive phrases that define the symbol, and gene descriptions in publications and electronic databases, should be the primary means for conveying information about the gene. Complex information about a gene or locus, such as the properties of the assay used to iden¬tify it, should be conveyed in the description accompanying the gene and not part of the unique identifying symbol.
Viruses, bacteria, and fungi of birds
Authors: Nuttall Patricia A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Birds are hosts of an incredibly variable cocktail of microparasites. In terms of the combined effect of the infections on the individual (let alone at the population level), we recognize very little of what is going on. Indeed, most of our information is based on single pathogenic (i.e. disease producing) infections of domesticated avian species. This represents knowledge accumulated over a few thousand years at most, barely a fraction of the more than 100 000 000 years in which microparasites have been associated with birds.
Passionate Minds
Authors: Wolpert Lewis , Richards Alison 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The popular stereotype of the scientist as mad boffin or weedy nerd has been peddled widely in film and fiction, with the implication that the world of science is far removed from the intellectual and emotional messiness of other human activities. In Passionate Minds, distinguished scientist Lewis Wolpert investigates the style and motivation of some of the most eminent scientists in the world. In this stimulating collection of conversations, scientists in fields as diverse as particle physics and evolutionary biology explore how their backgrounds have shaped their careers and discoveries - how being an outsider or an "innocent" can play an invaluable role in overcoming conventional barriers to new understanding. Being a little crazy does seem to help. As Nobel laureate for physics Sheldon Glashow says, "If you would simply take all the kookiest ideas of the early 1970s and put them together you would have made for yourself the theory which is, in fact, the correct theory of nature, so it was like madness..." These personal explorations with individual scientists are not only accessible and truly fascinating in their insights into the minds of some of the greatest men and women of science, but they also provide a strong case that the life and works of our leading scientists are at least as illuminating and interesting as the personalities of the latest literary prizewinners. A sequel to A Passion for Science, this book will delight and intrigue scientists and non-scientists alike.
Passionate Minds
Authors: Richards Alison 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Outside their own habitat, scientists, as a species, are little understood. If they feature in popular awareness at all, it is through a limited set of media stereotypes. With a few exceptions, if scientists are not mad or bad, they are personality-free, their measured tones and formal reports implying ways of thinking and working far removed from the intellectual and emotional messiness of other human activities.
Blemished heroes
Authors: Djerassi Carl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is, to say the least, unusual to find a distinguished scientist who is also successful in the arts. Carl Djerassi, having practically invented the birth control pill, and built up such an art collection that he could afford to donate dozens of works by Paul Klee to the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, also has a growing reputation as a poet and novelist to add to his list of achievements. It puts him in the unusual position of being able to consider the creative process from the point of view of both the scientist and the artist, and to act as a mediator between the arcane culture of scientific research and life outside. His first novel, Cantor)s Dilemma, which is set in the high-pressure world of cancer research, attempts to show science as it really is. The public mask of the formal paper is replaced by a very different picture of the scientific process: one coloured by the personal chemistry of temperament, motive and ambition, and darkened by the greyer tones of short cuts, competition and even fraud.
Swimming with the tide
Authors: Lighthill James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Applied mathematics does not have the glamorous image of pure mathematics. In the United Kingdom, at least, the very idea of application seems to make a subject somehow less imaginative, less innovative, less intellectual. Yet it is the application of mathematics that gives it its real power. Since Newton, applied mathematics has transformed our understanding of the world, and allowed us to manipulate our environment. It is applied mathematics that has made it possible to put a man on the moon, and planes through the sound barrier.
Not all in the genes
Authors: Lewontin Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most scientists, myself included, are committed reductionists. Modern physics seems to demonstrate beyond reasonable doubt that all the complexities of the cosmos will ultimately be explained in terms of a few forces and particles. Similarly, modern biology attempts to reduce its mysteries to explanations at the molecular level. Richard Lewontin is one of the few who is not in sympathy with such endeavours.
Going into the dark
Authors: Edelman Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
His first project was to unravel the structure of antibody molecules which enable the body to recognize and deal with foreign substances such as viruses and bacteria. For this work he shared a Nobel prize in 1972. He then moved into my own field, embryonic development, which is how I got to know him. Again he made a major contribution by identifying special adhesive molecules which play a key role in morphogenesis, the moulding of embryonic forms. Now he is devoting enormous time and effort to the brain, and in particular to understanding consciousness itself, and has set up a new institute near San Diego.
Introduction—the role of plantations
Authors: Savill Peter , Evans Julian , Auclair Daniel , Falck Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plantation forestry has come to be synonymous with high input, intensive management of monocultures for the production of a relatively narrow range of industrial products. In this sense, the development of forest plantation technology has paralleled that of agriculture. The agricultural analogy remains valid where land is not scarce and where the income from this form of plantation forestry exceeds that from alternative land uses. In many other circumstances, particularly where land is scarce, time horizons short, or demand for non-wood products and services is strong, a broader range of plantation objectives and a more intimate integration with other land uses are essential if plantation forestry is to be sustained. This increasing variety of tree planting is seen most notably in the tropics (Evans 1992), but is now also in evidence in temperate regions, including Europe. To promote an understanding of the broader role of plantations, it is necessary to elaborate upon the simple and functional definition of a plantation provided by Ford-Robertson (1971) as ‘a forest crop or stand raised deliberately by sowing, planting, or inserting cuttings’, to perhaps, as suggested by Kanowski and Savill (1992):