bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electronic tags for the tracking of insects in flight: effect of weight on flight performance of adult Colorado potato beetles
Authors: Boiteau Gilles , Colpitts Bruce 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe wing loading of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), was found to decrease slightly with increasing size over a wide range of individual sizes and independent of sex. This makes it possible to use tags of the same weight for beetles of all sizes and suggests that if the addition of light electronic tags has any effect on the beetle's flight it will be similar across beetle size. The wing loading of individual potato beetles ranged from an average minimum 10.9 N m−2 to an average maximum of 15.6 N m−2 as their weights fluctuated over time following water and food uptake or dispersal. However, tests carried out in flight chambers indicate that beetles become incapable of upward flight as they go beyond an average wing loading of 11.8 N m−2, that is 101 μN (10.3 mg) beyond their minimum weight. It is estimated from our results that electronic tags should weigh no more than 23–33% of the potato beetle's acceptable extra loading for the technique to have no or minimal impact on the number and quality of upward flights taken.
Plant‐mediated interactions between the rice water weevil and fall armyworm in rice
Authors: Tindall Kelly V. , Stout Michael J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractGreenhouse studies were conducted to investigate plant‐mediated interactions between an above‐ground and a below‐ground herbivore when sharing a common host plant, rice (Oryza sativa L). Two common pests of rice were used: the rice water weevil (RWW), Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel, as the root herbivore, and the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) as the foliage‐feeding herbivore. Rice water weevil larval performance was assessed by measuring larval density and average weight in response to different levels of defoliation by FAW larvae. The reciprocal experiment was done to evaluate FAW performance (growth rate) in response to RWW feeding. Severe defoliation by FAW decreased RWW densities by 32% and reduced larval weights by 48% compared to larvae on roots of non‐defoliated plants. Effects in the converse experiments were not as strong. FAW growth rates were reduced 9–37% when feeding on rice leaves from plants damaged by RWW compared to larvae feed leaves from the no damage treatment. These reciprocal negative effects show that RWW and FAW are potential competitors when sharing a rice plant. Because RWW and FAW did not interact directly, competition was plant‐mediated.
Oviposition and larval survival of Dasineura tetensi on four blackcurrant Ribes cultivars
Authors: Crook D.J. , Cross J. , Birch A.N.E. , Brennan R.M. , Mordue (Luntz) A.J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractMonitoring of an unsprayed infested fieldsite using watertraps in S.E. Kent revealed four generations of Dasineura tetensi (Rubs) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) occurring between April and September 1996. Ribes nigrum L. cultivars ‘Baldwin’ (susceptible), ‘Ben Alder’ (susceptible) and ‘Ben Connan’ (resistant) were sampled for eggs in the field and assessed for midge damage throughout the season. Oviposition was indiscriminate, but plant damage varied significantly between cultivars. In laboratory choice experiments, mated female midges showed no preference between susceptible shoots of ‘Ben Alder’ and resistant shoots of ‘Ben Connan’ for oviposition. Olfactory responses of D. tetensi to leaf volatiles of ‘Ben Alder’ and ‘Ben Connan’ were also tested in a 4‐way olfactometer. Mated females did not discriminate between volatiles of susceptible and resistant host plants. Larvae reared on cv. ‘Ben Connan’ shoots were significantly smaller than those reared on shoots of cv. ‘Ben Alder’. Larval antibiosis and not female antixenosis appears to be the main mechanism for resistance to D. tetensi in ‘Ben Connan’.
Evaluation of an improved method for mass‐rearing of thrips and a thrips parasitoid
Authors: Murai Tamotsu , Loomans Antoon J.M. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractImproved laboratory methods are described in detail for mass rearing of various thrips species, such as Frankliniella occidentalis, Frankliniella intonsa, Thrips palmi, Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and a thrips parasitoid, Ceranisus menes (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), using various foods. In one method, plant pollen and honey solution are used as food sources. In a second method, germinated broad bean seeds are used. Eggs, produced in large numbers in water, are collected by a suction funnel onto a filter paper and incubated in a Petri dish. Large numbers of larvae that hatch are collected by using food traps (plant pollen). Larvae can be reared on pollen or on germinated broad bean seeds until adult emergence without additional water and food. This method has been found useful for producing even‐aged thrips at different densities (up to 500 larvae in a cage of 80 mm diameter) with relatively low mortality rates. Evaluation of this rearing method for F. intonsa, shows that during 2 weeks at 20 °C per 100 females more than 4000 females could be produced in the next generation. About 5 min per day is required to achieve this productivity of mass production. The method is also suitable for producing large numbers of the solitary endoparasitoid of thrips larvae, C. menes.
A spherical model for orientation and spatial–frequency tuning in a cortical hypercolumn
Authors: Bressloff Paul C. , Cowan Jack D. 
Published: October 2003

A theory is presented of the way in which the hypercolumns in primary visual cortex (V1) are organized to detect important features of visual images, namely local orientation and spatial–frequency. Given the existence in V1 of dual maps for these features, both organized around orientation pinwheels, we constructed a model of a hypercolumn in which orientation and spatial–frequency preferences are represented by the two angular coordinates of a sphere. The two poles of this sphere are taken to correspond, respectively, to high and low spatial–frequency preferences.
In Part I of the paper, we use mean–field methods to derive exact solutions for localized activity states on the sphere. We show how cortical amplification through recurrent interactions generates a sharply tuned, contrast–invariant population response to both local orientation and local spatial frequency, even in the case of a weakly biased input from the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). A major prediction of our model is that this response is non–separable with respect to the local orientation and spatial frequency of a stimulus. That is, orientation tuning is weaker around the pinwheels, and there is a shift in spatial–frequency tuning towards that of the closest pinwheel at non–optimal orientations.
In Part II of the paper, we demonstrate that a simple feed–forward model of spatial–frequency preference, unlike that for orientation preference, does not generate a faithful representation when amplified by recurrent interactions in V1. We then introduce the idea that cortico–geniculate feedback modulates LGN activity to generate a faithful representation, thus providing a new functional interpretation of the role of this feedback pathway. Using linear filter theory, we show that if the feedback from a cortical cell is taken to be approximately equal to the reciprocal of the corresponding feed–forward receptive field (in the two–dimensional Fourier domain), then the mismatch between the feed–forward and cortical frequency representations is eliminated. We therefore predict that cortico–geniculate feedback connections innervate the LGN in a pattern determined by the orientation and spatial–frequency biases of feed–forward receptive fields. Finally, we show how recurrent cortical interactions can generate cross–orientation suppression.
Military Service in the Church Orders
Authors: Kreider Alan 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACTThe debate concerning the approach of the early Christians to the military can be advanced by paying attention to a genre of literature that scholars have largely ignored: the church orders. These documents—the Apostolic Tradition, Canons of Hippolytus, Testament of Our Lord, and Apostolic Constitutions—are illuminating in that they deal with ethics within comprehensive treatments of worship, catechesis and pastoral life. They also are useful in that they, as variations upon a common original, are means of monitoring change across the third and fourth centuries. This article uses the church orders to assess four elements of a “new consensus” (David Hunter) on Christians in the military. By and large it confirms these, but at times it alters emphases and adds nuances. It argues that: (1) the church orders viewed killing as the big problem for Christians in the legions, not idolatry; (2) the church orders confirm that the pre‐Christendom church was divided on Christian participation in the legions; (3) the church orders provide evidence for both discontinuity and continuity on the issue across the centuries, although the deepest continuity, based on John the Baptist's “rule” of Luke 3.14, is between the pre‐Constantinian laity and later theologians; (4) the church orders confirm a regional variation in attitude and practice. The church orders' authority in practice is never clear.
Luther on Unio Cum Christo
Authors: Totten Mark 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACTAlthough often neglected, Luther's concept of unio cum Christo in justification is a fruitful model for integrating faith and ethics. According to this model, the Christian is justified in union with Christ who is present in faith. Since Christ is the incarnation of God's self‐giving love, the Christian united with Christ will in turn love her neighbor. This model of integration reveals an intrinsic connection between faith and ethics. Justification concerns not only the dyad of self and God, but also the self's relations with other persons. For Luther, loving the neighbor completes justification. Nonetheless, in both Luther's writings and for the purposes of constructive ethics, unio cum Christo is best understood not as an exhaustive account of integration, but as a helpful model for illuminating certain theological commitments, especially the importance of neighbor love to the God‐relation.
Idolatry and Future Generations: the Persistence of Molech
Authors: Muers Rachel 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDrawing on the work of Jewish text scholars and the philosophy of Levinas and Rosenzweig, this article uses the biblical texts on Molech, and issues in their interpretation, as the starting‐point for an analysis of the intergenerational structure of idolatry. In the context of attention to this structure, and to the particular implications of this for Christians as “Gentiles”, the death of Jesus can be read in ways that subvert the patterns of the Molech cult.
Basic Income, Self‐Respect and Reciprocity
Authors: Mckinnon Catriona 
Published: October 2003

Why should I let the toad workSquat on my life?Can’t I use my wit as a pitchforkAnd drive the brute off?Six days of the week it soilsWith its sickening poison —Just for paying a few bills!That's out of proportion.From Philip Larkin, ‘Toads’.
ABSTRACT This paper mounts a Rawlsian argument for unconditional basic income on the grounds that it maximins the distribution of income and wealth understood as a social basis of self‐respect. The most important objection to this argument available to Rawlsians is that basic income violates the demands of reciprocity, where reciprocity in any scheme of distribution is a requirement of justice. The second half of the paper addresses this objection. It is argued there that even if the objection can be made successfully by Rawlsians (and this is not clear), it is not sufficient to divest them of a commitment to basic income, given some practical considerations about the implementation of alternatives to basic income.
Book Reviews
Authors: Crook Seth 
Published: October 2003

Books reviewed:Wayne Ouderkirk and Jim Hill, (eds), Land, Value, Community: Callicott and Environmental PhilosophyJohn Meyer, Political Nature: Environmentalism and the Interpretation of Western ThoughtVal Plumwood, Environmental Culture: The Ecological Crisis of ReasonDavid Schmidtz and Elizabeth Willott, (eds), Environmental Ethics: What Really Matters, What Really Works
The Virtual Studio
Authors: Brown Stephen , Cruickshank Iona 
Published: October 2003

AbstractLike many other Higher Education institutions, De Montfort University in Leicester has been experimenting with the use of virtual, on‐line learning and teaching delivery and support in response to by now familiar pressures. These include growth in student numbers, widening access, reduction in unit costs, increased need for flexibility of provision and constructivist ideas about learning. This paper reports on one of these experiments in detail: the creation of a simulated, online photography studio. The move to a virtual simulated studio entailed a radical rethink of the module learning outcomes and activities. Evaluation of the virtual studio reveals that while a very high investment of time and commitment was required by staff, significant savings have been achieved in delivery and student support costs without a reduction in student performance or satisfaction levels. Additional, less tangible, benefits include increases in staff skills and a strong positive impact on academic/technical staff working relationships.
Activity‐Based Pricing in a Monopoly
Authors: Narayanan V. G. 
Published: October 2003

abstractIn this article, I study the interaction between cost accounting systems and pricing decisions in a setting where a monopolist sells a base product and related support services to customers whose preference for support services is known only to them. I consider two pricing mechanisms—activity‐based pricing (ABP) and traditional pricing—and two cost‐accounting systems—activity‐based costing (ABC) and traditional costing, for support services. Under traditional pricing, only the base product is priced, whereas support services are provided free because detailed cost‐driver volume information on the consumption of support services by each customer is unavailable. Under ABP, customers pay based on the quantities consumed of both the base product and the support services because detailed cost‐driver volume information is available for each customer. Likewise, under traditional costing for support services the firm makes pricing decisions on cost signals that are noisier than they are under ABC. I compare the equilibrium quantities of the base product and support services sold, the information rent paid to the customers, and the expected profits of the monopolist under all four combinations of cost‐driver volume and cost‐driver rate information.I show that ABP helps reduce control problems, such as moral hazard and adverse selection problems, for the supplier and increases the supplier's ability to engage in price discrimination. I show that firms are more likely to adopt ABP when their customer base is more diverse, their customer support costs are more uncertain, their costing system has lower measurement error, and the variable costs of providing customer support are higher. Firms adopt ABC when their cost‐driver rates for support services under traditional costing are noisier measures of actual costs relative to their cost‐driver rates under ABC and when the actual costs of support services are inherently uncertain. I also show that cost‐driver rate information and cost‐driver volume information for support services are complements.Although the prior literature views ABC and activity‐based management (ABM) as facilitating better decision making, I show that ABC and ABP (a form of ABM) are useful tools for addressing control problems in supply chains.
Bidirectional Information Transfer: An Imperative for Network and Marketing Integration in a Canadian Telecommunications Firm
Authors: Lapierre Jozée , Hénault Brigitte 
Published: October 2003

Market intelligence helps ensure that R&D efforts are focused on customer needs. In turn, R&D supplies the information necessary for gaining competitive advantage through advances in product and process technology. However, improved R&D–marketing integration means more than simply involving additional marketing personnel in product development. We must focus on identifying and achieving the desired level of integration.Jozée Lapierre and Brigitte Hénault present the results of a study examining the R&D–marketing interface in a large Canadian telecommunications company. Their study explores managers' perceptions of interfunctional integration during the planning and implementation of new services. The goal of this study is to identify the critical integration areas and managers' satisfaction with the organization's current level of integration.Network (i.e., technical) and marketing managers differ substantially in their perceptions of the required level of integration. However, they agree on the five most important areas of interfunctional integration: marketing involvement in establishing service development schedules; information transfer from marketing to network on competitors' moves; information transfer from marketing to network on customer requirements for new services; information transfer from network to marketing on network availability for providing evolved services; and information transfer from network to marketing on network restrictions affecting performance, after‐sales servicing levels, and service pricing. In other words, network and marketing managers view information transfer between their groups as requiring the highest integration level. Both groups agree that their budgeting activities do not require as much integration as other activities.Managers from both groups are generally dissatisfied with the current level of interfunctional integration. Marketing managers are far more dissatisfied than network managers in most areas of integration explored in this study. However, network managers are more dissatisfied than their marketing colleagues in all areas involving the transfer of information from marketing to network.
The Difficult Path to Lean Product Development
Authors: Karlsson Christer , Åhlström Pär 
Published: October 2003

Lean product development holds the promise of dramatically improving a company's competitive position. Its implementation offers the potential for faster product development with fewer engineering hours, improved manufacturability of products, higher quality products, fewer production start‐up problems, and faster time to market. Of course, all of this improves the likelihood of market success.As Christer Karlsson and Pär Åhlström point out, however, a company attempting to implement lean product development must overcome numerous obstacles. By spending more than 2 years observing and facilitating one company's efforts to make this transition, they were able to identify various factors that either hinder or support the implementation of lean product development.Lean product development comprises numerous interrelated techniques, including supplier involvement, cross‐functional teams, concurrent engineering, integration (as opposed to coordination) of various functional aspects of each project, the use of a heavyweight team structure, and strategic management of each development project. However, a company does not achieve lean product development simply by implementing some of these techniques. A successful move toward lean product development requires approaching these interrelated techniques as elements of a coherent whole.As observed in the subject company, several factors can hinder attempts to achieve lean product development. For example, managerial overemphasis on R&D in development projects hampers efforts to achieve cross‐functional integration. In other words, creating a team with members from various functions is easier than achieving a cross‐functional focus throughout an organization. Similarly, a cross‐functional team cannot perform effectively if a sequential view of the development process persists.Factors that support the transition to lean product development include: tight development schedules, which contribute to a must‐do attitude; close cooperation with a qualified customer, who can provide vital information as well as challenge the development team; highly competent engineers; and, most important, the active, ongoing support and participation of top management. Most participants in the process examined in this study seemed interested in the possibilities of lean product development, which suggests that motivation to change may not pose a significant problem in similar efforts.
New Product Development Structures: The Effect of Customer Overload on Post‐Concept Time to Market
Authors: Datar Srikant , Jordan Clark , Kekre Sunder , Rajiv Surendra , Srinivasan Kannan 
Published: October 2003

In corporate policy statements, seminars, journal articles—even in television commercials—the message comes through loud and clear: To remain competitive, we must do a better job of listening to our customers. Through close contact with customers, designers can more accurately identify market requirements, quickly refine product specifications, and thus reduce time to market. However, too much customer input can create confusion and duplication of effort, which ultimately increases time to market. In other words, some firms run the risk of over‐listening to their customers.In a study of three global players in the electronic component industry, Srikant Datar, Clark Jordan, Sunder Kekre, Surendra Rajiv, and Kannan Srinivasan explore the effects of having too much input from customers. Specifically, they examine the relationship between a company's new product development structure and the volume of customer input, which in turn can affect time to market.The high‐tech, fast‐cycle firms examined in this study employ two distinct new product development structures: concentrated and distributed. A concentrated structure locates all product designers in one facility. This facilitates cross‐product learning among designers, but limits designers' contact with customers and process engineers. A distributed structure disperses new product development among numerous manufacturing sites, giving designers close contact with customers and process engineers. However, a distributed structure limits designers' opportunities for cross‐product learning.Analysis of 220 new product efforts reveals that the distributed structure offered a time‐to‐market advantage as long as these firms efficiently managed the level of customer interaction. When designers received input on the product design from no more than 25 customers, the distributed structure provided shorter time to market than the concentrated structure. Beyond the 25‐customer level, time‐to‐market performance of the distributed structure degraded quickly and at an increasing rate. In such cases, more effective management of customer interaction might allow firms employing a distributed structure to enjoy the benefits not only of customer input, but also of improved coordination between product designers and process engineers.