bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
International Migration, Identity, and Development in Oceania: A Synthesis of Ideas
Authors: Bedford Richard 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAt the turn of the millennium, new geographies and histories are being written for the thousands of atolls, reef islands, volcanic cones and continental islands that comprise the region termed Oceania. In terms of motives for and patterns of spatial mobility of the inhabitants of this “sea of islands”, the largest cities of Australia and New Zealand, as well as Los Angeles and Vancouver on the west coast of North America, must also be included in Oceania's contemporary international migration system. This chapter explores four approaches that emphasize the salience of international migration for development in this region: demographic and resource imperatives for migration; remittance flows and dependency/interdependency structures in the region; Pacific identities and socio‐cultural dimensions of contemporary mobility; and the effects of structural adjustment programs and globalization on transformations of Oceanic societies. The emphasis on multiple identities and multi‐local populations in recent studies of international migration in Oceania traverse ideas and concepts that have been around for a long time in research on population movement in the region. A synthesis of ideas about international migration, identity, and development in Oceania assists researchers to navigate the intellectual turmoil that has surrounded discourses about modernity and postmodernity – discourses that challenge us to keep our critical geographical imagination creatively open to redefinition of old ideas, and expansion into new directions of scholarship.
The Thailand and Ugandan Sexual Network Studies
Authors: Morris Martina 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
This chapter describes the comparative local network data collected in two related studies of HIV-related behaviors in Uganda and Thailand in the mid-1990s. The Thai survey was based on a cluster sample of about 1,700 17–45 year old low-income men, and about 700 female commercial-sex workers. The Ugandan survey used a representative household-based cluster sample of about 1,600 men and women aged 15–49 from the district of Rakai. The local network module was very similar in the two surveys, collecting information on the attributes of the respondents and their three most recent sexual partners, attributes of the partnerships, geographic network information, and behaviors within the partnerships. The chapter reviews the study design, fieldwork experience and measurement of network characteristics, and concludes by presenting a sampling of findings from studies using the network data.
Time and Explanation
Authors: Rundle Bede 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe question whether the universe has existed for an infinite or only a finite time, along with the question whether a causal series might go back infinitely far into the past, has loomed large in attempts to prove the existence of God. These questions, together with that of the extent of the future, are now discussed. They lead us to consider the principle of sufficient reason and to ask whether there can be any ultimate explanations, whether the regress of explanations can ever be brought to a satisfactory end.
The Linguistic Construction of Social and Medical Categories in the Work of the English General Register Office, 1837–1950
Authors: Higgs Edward 
Published: August 2004

AbstractExamines the classification systems and nosologies that were developed by the General Register Office in London in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in terms of modern linguistic analysis. The Office was responsible for administering civil registration and the censuses in England and Wales, and used the data collected by these processes to create demographic, medical, and occupational statistics. Such statistics have meaning within the terms of the particular linguistic conventions employed.
‘Un noviazgo después de ser casados’: Companionate Marriage, Sexual Intimacy, and the Modern Mexican Family
Authors: Hirsch Jennifer S. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractHighlights the ways in which marital ideologies are socially constructed and historically variable and suggests how transformations in these marital ideologies and their social categories can contribute to an understanding of fertility decline. The ethnographic material presented here comes from a multi‐generational study of gender, sexuality, and reproductive health among women and men in a community of transnational migrants in western Mexico and Atlanta, Georgia. Older couples in this community spoke about marriage in terms of ‘respeto’: mutual respect, gendered work obligations, and bonds of marriage, which are reinforced through reproduction. Younger couples, in contrast, presented an ideal of ‘confianza’: companionate marriage marked by a significant amount of ‘helping’ with previously gendered tasks, increased heterosociality, and greater emphasis on trust, emotional warmth, and communication than on obligation and respect.
Demography's Ecological Frontier: Rethinking the ‘Nature’ of the Household and Community
Authors: Greenberg Brian , Greene Margaret E. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe global scale of anthropogenic environmental change now challenges demography to rethink its methodologies and tacit values to assess the ways that human populations determine the population profiles and survival prospects for non‐human species and nature as a whole. Critically reviews the disciplinary basis for human‐centredness in the assessment of environmental change, and the ways this Malthusian intellectual legacy now constrains demography's ability to comment on pressing environmental issues. By demonstrating that social relationships do not stop at the boundaries of society but extend to the relationships people establish with non‐human nature, the chapter illustrates how more ecologically inclusive analytic categories can provide significant insight into environmental change in the Western Himalayas. Redefining the familiar demographic categories of ‘household’ and ‘community’ to more closely reflect local cultural understandings, the chapter links household composition to livestock ecology, and agricultural production to the history of environmental transformation in the Himalayan region. In suggesting less anthropocentric and Western culture‐centric demographic analysis, the chapter argues for models of human communities more precisely situated in their environmental contexts, and demonstrates a potentially powerful extension of demographic techniques in the explanation of landscape and environmental change.
Situating Migration in Wartime and Post-war Mozambique: A Critique of ‘Forced Migration’ Research
Authors: Lubkemann Stephen C. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAnalyzes the causes, organization, and impact of wartime migration during and since Mozambique's recent civil war (1977–1992), in order to challenge theories that establish categorizations of migration based on the degree of its ‘forcedness’. It demonstrates how predominant demographic theories of forced migration rest on a highly reductionist model of decision‐making that fails adequately to examine actor agency and the social and cultural factors that inform agency in acute crisis contexts. It also challenges theoretical models of so‐called ‘forced migration’ that privilege the analysis of macro‐political factors in explaining the causes and organization of wartime movement. Arguing that displacement must be examined in historical perspective, this study shows how migration had long been a strategy deployed by actors in central Mozambique in a variety of local‐level social struggles over the rights and obligations that defined social relationships. These culturally defined, and ‘micro‐level’ social struggles also shaped wartime migration in ways that ultimately resulted in a highly gendered wartime population distribution. This study focuses, in particular, on how struggles over the gendered configuration of power relations within marriage affected wartime and post‐conflict migration through the development of new forms of ‘transnationalized’ polygyny. Finally, this study proposes steps towards developing alternative theoretical approaches to the study of crisis migration.
The Realm of Reason
Authors: Peacocke Christopher 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
In his The Realm of Reason, the author proposes a theory that states the conditions under which a thinker can be said to be entitled to form a given belief. The author's ‘Generalised Rationalism’ is based on three principles of rationalism, each framed as a claim about the relation of entitlement. The theory is rationalist in that it holds, against empiricism, that some entitlements are a priori, i.e. justified independently of experience; it is generalised in that it holds that all kinds of content have a component that is a priori. The status of these entitlements as a priori is founded in a particular way in the network of relations between entitlement, understanding, and truth. The author applies his theory in detail to several classical philosophical problems, including the nature of perceptual entitlement, induction, and the status of moral judgements. In the course of these discussions, the author develops a theory of the structure of entitlement and a general theory of the a priori, elaborates on the nature of Generalised Rationalism by juxtaposing it to classical and recent rationalist thought, and elucidates the general implications the truth of his theory has for theories of meaning, reference, and explanation.
States, Contents, and the Source of Entitlement
Authors: Peacocke Christopher 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
States and defends the second principle of rationalism, The Rationalist Dependence Thesis, which holds that the rational truth‐conduciveness of any given transition to which a thinker is entitled is to be philosophically explained in terms of the nature of the intentional contents and states involved in the transition. The second principle, therefore, explains what it means for a transition to lead to true judgements in ‘a distinctive way characteristic of rational transitions’: if the reliability of that transition can be seen to follow from the nature of those contents and states, then the transition is one to which the thinker is entitled. The remainder of Ch. 2 elucidates and paves the way for the author's argument for the Rationalist Dependence Thesis: the author identifies two tasks for a rationalist to support the thesis for content‐endorsing transitions, namely to show why the content of perceptual entitling states will tend to be true and to show why the transition to the judgement of the content made rational by the entitling perceptual state is truth‐conducive when the entitling state has a correct content. The first task is judged to be the greater challenge and three levels of the entitlement relation are distinguished from one another, each level differing from the others in terms of generality and explanatory power.
Induction
Authors: Peacocke Christopher 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Argues that the same principles of complexity reduction that he used to explain principles of perceptual entitlement in the preceding chapter can be used to explain the principles of inductive inference. When we have a sound, non‐conclusive inductive inference from a variety of Fs being G to the conclusion that all Fs are G, this holds because the easiest way for the evidence to hold is one that also makes it the case that all Fs are G. Clarifies and elaborates this thesis and traces out its consequences.
Moral Rationalism
Authors: Peacocke Christopher 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Argues for the thesis that basic moral principles are known to us a priori. The author argues that such moral principles have epistemic characteristics that are incompatible with all recent mind‐dependent, expressivist, and subjectivist treatments of moral thought. He elucidates these characteristics and argues for their incompatibility with many recent treatments in moral philosophy. The author further proposes a better theory, a moderate moral rationalism, which can explain the epistemic characteristics in question, and discusses what he calls the Subjectivist Fallacy, which is, according to the author, largely responsible for making mind‐dependent views of morality seem more attractive than they really are, and to which consequently much recent writing in the area has succumbed.
Standing Problems
Authors: Vincent Andrew 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe core argument in this chapter is that conventionalist argument, if pursued, is profoundly reductionist. Radical conventionalism can mutate into the thesis of perspectivism. In this scenario, conventionalism links up with the intellectual movements of postmodernism and poststructuralism. The committed postmodern or poststructural critic aims to search out foundationalism in all the remote and hidden corners of political theory. The chapter examines the diverse contributions of Friedrich Nietzsche, Martin Heidegger, Jacques Derrida, Michel Foucault, William Connolly, Richard Rorty, and Jean‐François Lyotard to political theory.
Circular Foundations
Authors: Vincent Andrew 
Published: August 2004

AbstractDeals with the hermeneutic work of Hans‐Georg Gadamer. It analyses the development of hermeneutic thinking, the focus on language, the critique of the Enlightenment and positivism, the role of dialogue in ethics and politics, and finally reviews the critical debates between Gadamer and Habermas. It maintains that Gadamer's approach offers profound insights into how we might reconceive of political theory in the future.
Unilateral and Multilateral Currency Unions: Thoughts from an EMU Perspective
Authors: Angeloni Ignazio 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The distinction here explored between unilateral and multilateral currency union takes the experience of the European Monetary Union (EMU) as a basis. Unilateral currency union is the adoption by one country of the money of another, without consent or agreement. Multilateral monetary union happens when a group of countries adopt a new currency, setting up the necessary institutions jointly. Considering six aspects, multilateral monetary unions have important advantages over the unilateral form of union. These aspects are: Macroeconomic stability, seignorage distribution, last-resort lending, fiscal policy, central bank structures, and resilience to stress.
International Money and Common Currencies in Historical Perspective
Authors: Dwyer, Jr. Gerald P. , Lothian James R. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis chapter reviews the history of international monies and the theory related to their adoption and use. There are four key characteristics of these currencies: High unitary value, relatively low rates of inflation for long periods, issuance by major economic and trading powers, and spontaneous, as opposed to planned, adoption internationally. The economic theory of the demand for money provides support for the importance of these characteristics.
Geography, Trade, and Currency Union
Authors: Mélitz Jacques 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
This chapter reports on four basic results of tests of the standard gravity equation. First, geography can reflect comparative advantage as well as transportation cost. Second, the effect of distance on bilateral trade is mostly a substitution effect between closer and more distant trade partners rather than a scale effect on total foreign trade. Third, special political relationships, such as free trade agreements and currency union, do not produce any trade diversion in the aggregate, but increase trade with outsiders as well as among the parties to the relationship. Fourth, Rose’s surprisingly high estimate of the impact of currency union on trade stems partly from selection bias, but even following a correction for that bias, the estimate remains high.
Trade Agreements, Exchange Rate Disagreements
Authors: Fernández-Arias Eduardo , Panizza Ugo , Stein Ernesto 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The negative effects on exports and FDI flows of an exchange rate misalignment are amplified when the misalignment is among countries that share a regional integration agreement. Such agreements strengthen the well-established relationship between real appreciation and currency crises. We conclude that coordination to achieve real-exchange-rate consistency within blocs is key to macro stability and, a fortiori, sustainable trade agreements.
Sudden Stops, the Real Exchange Rate, and Fiscal Sustainability: Argentina's Lessons
Authors: Calvo Guillermo A. , Izquierdo Alejandro , Talvi Ernesto 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Argentina’s vulnerability to Sudden Stops in capital flows provides an alternative explanation for the fall of Argentina’s Convertibility Program. Sudden Stops are typically accompanied by a substantial depreciation of the real exchange rate that wreaks havoc in countries that are heavily dollarized in their liabilities, making otherwise sustainable fiscal and corporate sector positions unsustainable. In particular, we stress that the required change in relative prices is larger the more closed the economy is in terms of its supply of tradable goods. We also provide an explanation for the political maelstrom that ensued after the Sudden Stop triggered by the Russian crisis of 1998.
Electronic Money and the Optimal Size of Monetary Unions
Authors: Costa Storti Claudia , De Grauwe Paul 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The question is how the advent of electronic money affects the size of optimal currency areas. In particular, we study whether currencies of small countries will tend to disappear as a result of electronic money. The three major forces that will be at work during the transition to a cashless society have different implications for the question at hand. These forces are (a) raising the potential for financial instability during the transition, (b) giving rise to new monetary network externalities that affect the costs and benefits of national media of exchange, and (c) leading to the emergence of new stores of value.
Currency Substitution in Anticipation of EU Accession
Authors: Genberg Hans 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Countries in Eastern and Central Europe that are joining the European Union will eventually also join EMU. The process of accession entails a transition period at whose end the domestic currency is certain to be replaced by the euro. This chapter argues that this programmed demise of the domestic currency may bring about significant spontaneous euroization already during the transition period. If the euro is adopted by the private sector in anticipation of the official changeover, the country incurs a resource cost in the form of lost seignorage.
Globalization, Technology, and Income Inequality: A Critical Analysis
Authors: Singh Ajit , Dhumale Rahul 
Published: August 2004

AbstractProvides a critical analysis of some widely accepted explanations for the significant changes in income distribution that have occurred in many advanced countries during the last two decades. Much of the vast literature on the subject emphasizes the role of globalization and technology as the primary influence(s) on income distribution in industrial economies during this period, and this study assesses the validity of these propositions and provides an alternative analytical and policy perspective; it also considers whether these globalization and/or technology theses can be applied to developing countries. The study starts with an introduction, and then the second section outlines the main stylized facts about inequality of income distribution and other unfavourable labour market tendencies (high unemployment and deindustrialization) that have come to characterize industrial economies during the 1980s and 1990s; it also reviews the relevant characteristics of North–South trade in manufactured products. The third section outlines the nature of the ‘Transatlantic Consensus’ that has emerged in this area, notwithstanding serious methodological differences between trade and labour economists; this consensus gives a unified explanation for increased income inequality in the US and of high unemployment in Europe within the same conceptual framework. The fourth section provides a critique of the Consensus and suggests an alternative perspective on income inequality, unemployment, and deindustrialization in advanced countries; the fifth and sixth assess the extent to which changes in income inequality in developing countries can be attributed to globalization, technology, and financial liberalization; and the last section sums up the discussion and outlines policy conclusions, which are substantially different than those that follow from the Transatlantic Consensus.
Labour Market Institutions and Income Inequality: What are the New Insights after the Washington Consensus?
Authors: van der Hoeven Rolph , Saget Catherine 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Looks at some of the labour market outcomes of recent economic reforms. The extent to which labour market institutions affect the relationship between reform policies and income inequality remains controversial. Some see labour market institutions as a hindrance to more efficient development and growth, while others argue that without proper labour market institutions an economy cannot progress. Labour market policies, regulations, and institutions have at least three goals: improving allocative efficiency (matching supply and demand); improving dynamic efficiency (increasing the quality of the labour force); and improving or maintaining a sense of equity and social justice among labour force participants. These different goals inform the discussion throughout the chapter, which is organized as follows: after an introduction, the second section touches briefly on some theoretical aspects of labour markets and reform policies; the third reviews trends in labour market changes in terms of informalization of employment, wage shares in national income, and wage inequality; the fourth reviews some general trends in labour market policies that have typically been implemented under the Washington Consensus, namely, a decline in minimum wages, shifts in the bargaining power of unions, and a reduction in employment protection; the final section offers conclusions on whether or not labour market policies reduce income inequality.
Reducing Poverty and Inequality in India: Has Liberalization Helped?
Authors: Jha Raghbendra 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
This is the first of five country case studies on income inequality, and looks at the case of India. Discusses the differences between the approach taken to liberalization in India (the Delhi Consensus) and the standard approach (the Washington Consensus); the Delhi Consensus has emphasized the slow liberalization of trade and very gradual privatization, and has avoided capital account liberalization. This prudent approach has sidestepped major shocks, and the changes in inequality consequent upon these reforms have been relatively modest, although rural inequality has risen at a slower pace than have urban and overall inequality. The rise in inequality is attributed to three factors: a shift in earnings from labour to capital income; the rapid growth of the services sector, particularly the FIRE sector (banking, financial institutions, insurance, and real estate), with a consequent explosion in demand for skilled workers; and a drop in the rate of labour absorption during the reform period, associated with an increase in regional inequality, especially in the incidence of rural poverty. The chapter has five sections: Introduction: Salient Economic Performance Aspects and Recent Policy Reforms—an outline of the economic performance of the Indian economy since the 1950s, with a brief overview of the economic reforms initiated; Trends in Inequality and Poverty in India—an analysis trends in aggregate inequality and poverty, with suggested explanations; Poverty and Inequality at the State Level—an outline of the major characteristics of poverty and inequality at the level of individual Indian states; and Tentative Conclusions.