bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Capsule Polysaccharide Mediates Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobial Peptides
Authors: Campos Miguel A. , Vargas Miguel A. , Regueiro Verónica , Llompart Catalina M. , Albertí Sebastián , Bengoechea José A. 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACT

The innate immune system plays a critical role in the defense of areas exposed to microorganisms. There is an increasing body of evidence indicating that antimicrobial peptides and proteins (APs) are one of the most important weapons of this system and that they make up the protective front for the respiratory tract. On the other hand, it is known that pathogenic organisms have developed countermeasures to resist these agents such as reducing the net negative charge of the bacterial membranes. Here we report the characterization of a novel mechanism of resistance to APs that is dependent on the bacterial capsule polysaccharide (CPS).
Klebsiella pneumoniae
CPS mutant was more sensitive than the wild type to human neutrophil defensin 1, β-defensin 1, lactoferrin, protamine sulfate, and polymyxin B.
K. pneumoniae
lipopolysaccharide O antigen did not play an important role in AP resistance, and CPS was the only factor conferring protection against polymyxin B in strains lacking O antigen. In addition, we found a significant correlation between the amount of CPS expressed by a given strain and the resistance to polymyxin B. We also showed that
K. pneumoniae
CPS mutant bound more polymyxin B than the wild-type strain with a concomitant increased in the self-promoted pathway. Taken together, our results suggest that CPS protects bacteria by limiting the interaction of APs with the surface. Finally, we report that
K. pneumoniae
increased the amount of CPS and upregulated
cps
transcription when grown in the presence of polymyxin B and lactoferrin.
Oral Vaccination with Recombinant
Yersinia enterocolitica
Expressing Hybrid Type III Proteins Protects Gerbils from Amebic Liver Abscess
Authors: Lotter Hannelore , Rüssmann Holger , Heesemann Jürgen , Tannich Egbert 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACT

Protection against invasive amebiasis was achieved in the gerbil model for amebic liver abscess by oral immunization with live attenuated
Yersinia enterocolitica
expressing the
Entamoeba histolytica
galactose-inhibitable lectin that has been fused to the
Yersinia
outer protein E (YopE). Protection was dependent on the presence of the YopE translocation domain but was independent from the antibody response to the ameba lectin.
Bacteriophage MAV1 Is Not Associated with Virulence of
Mycoplasma arthritidis
Authors: Clapper Brenda , Tu Anh-Hue T. , Simmons Warren L. , Dybvig Kevin 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACT

Previous studies demonstrated that
Mycoplasma arthritidis
strain 158 acquired a high degree of virulence upon lysogenization with bacteriophage MAV1. In the present study, the association between MAV1 and virulence was reexamined by creating new lysogens of 158 and of a relatively avirulent mutant, strain 158-1. In the absence of lysogenization, 158 was more virulent than expected. The virulence of 158 and 158-1 did not increase upon lysogenization. A major antigenic difference between 158 and 158-1 was identified that is unrelated to MAV1 and could account for the difference in virulence.
The Calcineurin Target, Crz1, Functions in Azole Tolerance but Is Not Required for Virulence of
Candida albicans
Authors: Onyewu Chiatogu , Wormley Floyd L. , Perfect John R. , Heitman Joseph 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACT

In
Candida albicans
, calcineurin is essential for virulence and survival during membrane perturbation by azoles. Crz1 is a proposed downstream target of calcineurin based on studies of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
. However, the in vitro phenotypes of
C. albicans crz1/crz1
and calcineurin mutants differ and Crz1 is not required for virulence.
Evaluation of the Role of Constitutive Isocitrate Lyase Activity inYersinia pestisInfection of the Flea Vector and Mammalian Host
Authors: Sebbane Florent , Jarrett Clayton O. , Linkenhoker Jan R. , Hinnebusch B. Joseph 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTYersinia pestis, unlike the closely relatedYersinia pseudotuberculosis, constitutively produces isocitrate lyase (ICL). Here we show that theY. pestis aceAhomologue encodes ICL and is required for growth on acetate but not for flea infection or virulence in mice. Thus, deregulation of the glyoxylate pathway does not underlie the recent adaptation ofY. pestisto arthropod-borne transmission.
Pigeon-Associated Strains of
Salmonella enterica
Serovar Typhimurium Phage Type DT2 Have Genomic Rearrangements at rRNA Operons
Authors: Helm R. Allen , Porwollik Steffen , Stanley April E. , Maloy Stanley , McClelland Michael , Rabsch Wolfgang , Eisenstark Abraham 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACT

Strains from a subgroup of
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium frequently associated with pigeon infections were tested for genomic anomalies and virulence in mice. Some strains have a genomic inversion between
rrn
operons. Two prophages found in the common laboratory strain LT2 were absent. Pigeon-associated strains are still virulent in mice.
THE SUPERCOMPUTER TOOLKIT: A GENERAL FRAMEWORK FOR SPECIAL-PURPOSE COMPUTING
Authors: ABELSON HAROLD , BERLIN ANDREW A. , KATZENELSON JACOB , McALLISTER WILLIAM H. , ROZAS GUILLERMO J. , SUSSMAN GERALD JAY , WISDOM JACK 
Published: November 2004

The Supercomputer Toolkit is a family of hardware modules (processors, memory, interconnect, and input-output devices) and a collection of software modules (compilers, simulators, scientific libraries, and high-level front ends) from which high-performance special-purpose computers can be easily configured and programmed. Although there are many examples of special-purpose computers (see Ref. 4), the Toolkit approach is different in that our aim is to construct these machines from standard, reusable parts. These are combined by means of a user-reconfigurable, static interconnect technology. The Toolkit’s software support, based on novel compilation techniques, produces extremely high-performance numerical code from high-level language input. We have completed fabrication of the Toolkit processor module, and several critical software modules. An eight-processor configuration is running at MIT. We have used the prototype Toolkit to perform a breakthrough computation of scientific importance—an integration of the motion of the Solar System that extends previous results by nearly two orders of magnitude. While the Toolkit project is not complete, we believe our results show evidence that generating special-purpose computers from standard modules can be an important method of performing intensive scientific computing. This paper briefly describes the Toolkit’s hardware and software modules, the Solar System simulation, conclusions and future plans.
DENSE m-CONVEX FRÉCHET SUBALGEBRAS OF OPERATOR ALGEBRA CROSSED PRODUCTS BY LIE GROUPS
Authors: SCHWEITZER LARRY B. 
Published: November 2004

Let A be a dense Fréchet *-subalgebra of a C*-algebra B. (We do not require Fréchet algebras to be m-convex.) Let G be a Lie group, not necessarily connected, which acts on both A and B by *-automorphisms, and let σ be a sub-polynomial function from G to the nonnegative real numbers. If σ and the action of G on A satisfy certain simple properties, we define a dense Fréchet *-subalgebra G ⋊σ A of the crossed product L1 (G, B). Our algebra consists of differentiable A-valued functions on G, rapidly vanishing in σ. We give conditions on σ and the action of G on A which imply the m-convexity of the dense subalgebra G ⋊σ A. A locally convex algebra is said to be m-convex if there is a family of submultiplicative seminorms for the topology of the algebra. The property of m-convexity is important for a Fréchet algebra, and is useful in modern operator theory. If G acts as a transformation group on a locally compact space M, we develop a class of dense subalgebras for the crossed product L1 (G, C0 (M)), where C0 (M) denotes the continuous functions on M vanishing at infinity with the sup norm topology. We define Schwartz functions S (M) on M, which are differentiable with respect to some group action on M, and are rapidly vanishing with respect to some scale on M. We then form a dense Fréchet *-subalgebra G ⋊σ S (M) of rapidly vanishing, G-differentiable functions from G to S (M). If the reciprocal of σ is in Lp (G) for some p, we prove that our group algebras Sσ (G) are nuclear Fréchet spaces, and that G ⋊σ A is the projective completion [Formula: see text].
BOUNDS FOR THE BANDWIDTH OF THE d-ARY DE BRUIJN GRAPH
Authors: PELLEGRINI FRANÇOIS 
Published: November 2004

The computation of upper bounds of the bandwidth of graphs is mainly based on the giving of a numbering which achieves these bounds. In [9], Harper proposed such a numbering for the binary hypercube, based on the Hamming weights and binary values of the hypercube vertices. By defining an extended Hamming weight, this numbering can lead to an equivalent proof for the d-ary de Bruijn graph. We present in this paper an approach, based on the use of the continuous domain and Laplace’s theorem for asymptotically evaluating integrals, which leads to the enumeration of the vertices of the same extended Hamming weight in the non-binary case. This result allows the computation of an upper bound of the bandwidth of the unoriented de Bruijn graph, as well as an upper bound of its vertex-bisection when both the diameter and the degree are even.
UNITARY REPRESENTATIONS OF W INFINITY ALGEBRAS
Authors: ODAKE SATORU 
Published: November 2004

We study the irreducible unitary highest weight representations, which are obtained from free field realizations, of W infinity algebras [Formula: see text] with central charges (2, 1, 3, 2M, N, 2M+N). The characters of these representations are computed. We construct a new extended superalgebra [Formula: see text], whose bosonic sector is [Formula: see text]. Its representations obtained from a free field realization with central charge 2M+N, are classified into two classes: continuous series and discrete series. For the former there exists a supersymmetry, but for the latter a supersymmetry exists only for M=N.
BIFURCATION ANALYSIS OF CHUA'S CIRCUIT WITH APPLICATIONS FOR LOW-LEVEL VISUAL SENSING
Authors: ALTMAN EDWARD J. 
Published: November 2004

Low level vision for feature detection, motion analysis, or image segmentation is typically performed in parallel and is computationally intensive. The dynamic nature of scenes and the requirements for real time processing place further demands upon visual sensing. Dynamical systems which mimic the complexity of natural scenes provide an alternative to traditional computer vision approaches. However the design of such systems and the synthesis of complex, nonlinear dynamical systems by the interactions of simpler, low order systems remains a critical problem. One approach to this problem is to use the relative simplicity of Chua's circuit to provide a convenient model for the dynamics and bifurcation phenomena in more complex systems. In this paper the normal form is derived for Chua's circuit in which the piecewise-linear function is replaced by a cubic nonlinearity. A partial bifurcation analysis of the normal form equations is then used to show how Chua's system can be made to track the motion of low level image features through parameter variations in the bifurcation function.
OPTIMUM GUARD COVERS AND m-WATCHMEN ROUTES FOR RESTRICTED POLYGONS
Authors: CARLSSON SVANTE , NILSSON BENGT J. , NTAFOS SIMEON 
Published: November 2004

A watchman, in the terminology of art galleries, is a mobile guard. We consider several watchman and guard problems for different classes of polygons. We introduce the notion of vision spans along a path or route which provide a natural connection between the art gallery problem, the m-watchmen routes problem and the watchman route problem. We prove that finding the minimum number of vision points, i.e., static guards, along a shortest watchman route is NP-hard. We provide a linear time algorithm to compute the best set of static guards in a histogram polygon. The m-watchmen routes problem, minimize total length of routes for m watchmen, is NP-hard for simple polygons. We give a Θ(n3+n2m2)-time algorithm to compute the best set of m watchmen in a histogram.
RESOURCE-ORIENTED PARALLEL PLANNING
Authors: LEE SUKHAN , CHUNG KYUSIK 
Published: November 2004

This paper presents a new paradigm for constructing a partially ordered plan network, referred to as "resource-oriented parallel planning (RP2)". In resource-oriented parallel planning, goal states are grouped into a collection of goal state subsets, each of which consists of those goal states associated with a particular resource. A subplan is generated for each goal state subset by planning the flow of the corresponding resource, and thus satisfying the constraints specified by each of the goal state subsets. A complete plan is then constructed by synthesizing individual subplans based on the synchronization among subplans. A distinctive feature of RP2 is that each subplanner generates a conflict-free subplan by controlling the flow of a particular resource while synthesizing a complete plan in cooperation with other subplanners. This can be compared with the conventional state-oriented parallel planning, where each subplanner generates a subplan achieving a goal state while resolving conflicts among subplans in cooperation with other subplanners. RP2 makes use of resource reasoning in distinguishing important and unimportant resources associated with a goal. This allows each subplanner to hierarchically construct a resource-flow plan and to dynamically coordinate among subplanners in achieving a goal associated with more than one resource. The proposed scheme not only makes it possible to generate an optimal plan in terms of the maximum parallelism or the minimum depth of a plan network, but also makes it easier to implement the concurrent generation of parallel plans in a parallel and distributed processing environment.
DETERMINATION OF NEURAL NETWORK PARAMETERS BY INFORMATION THEORY
Authors: BRAUSE RÜDIGER W. 
Published: November 2004

It is well known that artificial neural nets can be used as approximators of any continous functions to any desired degree and therefore be used e.g. in high-speed, real-time process control. Nevertheless, for a given application and a given network architecture the non-trivial task rests to determine the necessary number of neurons and the necessary accuracy (number of bits) per weight for a satisfactory operation. In this paper the accuracy of the weights and the number of neurons are seen as general system parameters which determine the maximal output information (i.e. the approximation error) by the absolute amount (network description complexity) and the relative distribution of information contained in the network. A new principle of optimal information distribution is proposed and the conditions for the optimal system parameters are derived. For two examples, a simple linear approximation of a non-linear, quadratic function and a non-linear approximation of the inverse kinematic transformation used in robot manipulator control, the principle of optimal information distribution gives the the optimal system parameters, i.e. the number of neurons and the different resolutions of the variables.
DYNAMISM OF SMALL CHINESE BUSINESS ENTERPRISES IN MALAYSIA AND SINGAPORE
Authors: NG BEOY-KUI , NG ENG-JUAN 
Published: November 2004

Numerous studies have been done and various explanations have been advanced in the literature on overseas Chinese business success and entrepreneurial capabilities. However, most of the studies are broad-based and focused on the macro-level; there is relatively little account in the literature on the more down-to-earth, micro-level entrepreneurial characteristics and management styles of the small Chinese firms that have contributed to their success. The purpose of this paper is to record our observations of the more down-to-earth aspects of the entrepreneurial characteristics and management styles of small Chinese businesses in Malaysia and Singapore that have contributed to their success. We also attempt to relate these peculiar characteristics and styles to Sun Zi’s in “Art of War”.
MARKETING EFFECTIVENESS - DOES IT DIFFER BY SIZE AND TYPE OF COMPANIES
Authors: SCHOCH H. P. , GHOSH B. C. 
Published: November 2004

Prior studies distinguished marketing effectiveness only by performance of companies. In this study the focus was on size and type of company. The sample comprised Singapore companies consisting of: Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs), Large Local Companies (LLCs), and Multi-national companies (MNCs). The objective of the study was to ascertain the marketing effectiveness of two groupings of companies, namely: (1) SMEs and LLCs as the local group of companies, for comparison with MNCs, and (2) SMEs compared to LLCs. It was generally hypothesised that MNCs are more marketing effective than the local group, and that there is no difference in marketing effectiveness between the local groups of companies. Analysis of the responses suggests that there is no clear cut evidence that MNCs are more marketing effective than the smaller local companies. There are, however a number of marketing areas where MNCs appear to be more effective. As for the local companies, apart from some difference in focus, which are not necessarily indicative of better or worse marketing effectiveness, there appear to be no significant differences in marketing effectiveness between them. The implication of these findings probably is that size and type of company have no major overall bearing on marketing effectiveness. Perhaps all organisations concur with the view that "the market genesis of every business has become gospel" (Hanan, 1993).
Extradition Issues in Russian-Turkmen Relations
Authors: Ginsburgs George 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe extradition of political offenders has occasioned a great deal of controversy in Russian-Turkmen relations over the years. Aggravating the problem has been the arrangement between them sanctioning a procedure of summary acquisition of dual citizenship by their nationals. The result was that applications for extradition were often denied on the grounds that the requested country's legal system barred the rendition of local citizens. Ultimately, Turkmenia moved to suspend the operation of the dual citizenship treaty with Russia and assert sole control over the citizenship status of its nationals, along with the claim to their extraditability. The present essay analyzes the background to this dispute and the situation that now exists here since the lapse of the dual citizenship agreement in terms of how these developments are likely to affect the shape of future extradition traffic between the two states.
Declaration of Intent: A Legal Conundrum?
Authors: Kierkegaard Sylvia Mercado 
Published: November 2004

AbstractIn the traditional notion of contract formation, the general rule is that formation of contract requires an offer and acceptance to be communicated between the parties. However the Estonian Law of Obligation deviates from this rule and adopts a broader approach to contract formation through the mutual exchange of declarations of intent. The present article examines the ambiguities and legal muddle caused by this approach. A far more difficult issue is the time of receipt of communication since Estonian contract law does not adhere to either the dispatch theory or the receipt principle. Although the Estonian Law of Obligation draws a distinction between oral and other (written) communications, the latter reaches the addressee (or are deemed to be received) only after the recipient has had suffi cient time to review the communication. This may be appropriate for consumer transactions, but difficulties may well arise at the international level in proving effective receipt of a notice.
The first proof of protonated anion tetrahedra in the tsumcorite-type compounds
Authors: Mihajlović T. , Effenberger H. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractHydrothermal synthesis produced the new compound SrCo2(AsO4)(AsO3OH)(OH)(H2O). The compound belongs to the tsumcorite group (natural and synthetic compounds with the general formula M(1)M(2)2(XO4)2(H2O,OH)2; M(1)1+,2+,3+ = Na, K, Rb, Ag, NH4, Ca, Pb, Bi, Tl; M(2)2+,3+ = Al, Mn3+, Fe3+, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn; and X5+,6+ = P, As, V, S, Se, Mo). It represents (1) the first Sr member, (2) the until now unknown [7]-coordination for the M(1) position, (3) the first proof of (partially) protonated arsenate groups in this group of compounds, and (4) a new structure variant.The crystal structure of the title compound was determined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. The compound is monoclinic, space group P21/a, with a = 9.139(2), b = 12.829(3), c = 7.522(2) Å, β = 114.33(3)°, V = 803.6(3) Å3, Z = 4 [wR2 = 0.065 for 3530 unique reflections]. The hydrogen atoms were located experimentally.
BOOK NOTICES
Authors: Mason O. T. 
Published: November 2004

The Sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology.Ancient art in the province of Chiriqui, Colombia, by William H. HolmesA study of the textile art in its relation to the development of form and ornament, by William H. HolmesAids to the study of the Maya Codices, by Prof. Cyrus ThomasOsage traditions, by Rev. J. Owen DorseyThe Central Eskimo, by Dr. Franz Boas.
Anthropologic Literature
Authors: MCGEE W J 
Published: November 2004

Crítica de la Langue Auca del Señor Raoul de la Grasserie. Por Rodolfo Lenz.Kritik der Langue Auca des Herrn Dr. jur. Raoul de la Grasserie (Membre de la Société de Linguistique de Paris). Eine Warnung für Amerikanisten. Von Dr. Rudolf Lenz.
Book Reviews
Authors: Krogman W. M. 
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: Anthropologia Helvetica. Otto Schlaginhaufen. (A., Textband; B., Atlas. Vol. 21, Arch. d. Julius Klaus—Stiftng. f. Vererbfschg., Sozialanth. u. Rassenhyg. Pt. A, 699 pp., 499 tables, 144 figs. Pt. B, 161 diagram‐maps, 16 pls. [with 504 face and profile views]. Art. Inst. Orell Fossli A‐G., Zurich, 1946.)PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: Anthropologische Untersuchungen in Bezirk Untertoggenburg. F. C. Büchi. (Arch. d. Julius Klaus—Stiftng. f. Vererbfschg., Sozialanth. u. Rassenhyg. 17 [3–4]: 125–412. 302 tables, 41 figs., 8 pls. Zurich, 1942.)PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: Yearbook in Physical Anthropology. G. Lasker (Ed.) (2 Numbers, 1945 and 1946, 214 pp. and 242 pp., resp. Viking Fund, New York, 1946–1947.)PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: Timor Português, Contribuïçôes para o seu Estudo Antropolôgico. A. A. Mendes Corréa. (Repub. Port. Minist. das Colon. Memórias, sêrie antropolôgica e etnolôgica. 237 pp., 51 pls., 3 maps. [English resumé, pp. 179–215.] Lisbon, 1944.)PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: Contribuïçâo para o Estudo da Antropologia da Moçambique. Algumos Tribos do Distrito de Tete. J. R. Dos Santos, Jr. (Repub. Port. Minst. das Colon. Memórias, sêrie antropolôgica e etnolôgica. 416 pp., 73 pis., 204 figs., 12 tables. [French and English résumés in separate accompanying volume.] Lisbon, 1944.)PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: Gorilas do Maiombe Português. Hugo de Magalhães. (Repub. Port. Minst. das Colon. Memórias sêrie zoolôgica. viii. 155 pp., 32 pls. [English resumé, pp. 131–141; French resumé, pp. 145–155.] Lisbon, 1945.)
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: TERRELL JOHN 
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:Archeology: Archaeology on Nukuoro Atoll: A Polynesian Outlier in the Eastern Caroline Islands. JANET M. DAVIDSONArcheology: Excavation of a Habitation Cave, Hanapete'o Valley, Hiva Oa, Marquesas Islands. ARNE SKJØLSVOLDArcheology: A Settlement Pattern Survey, Hanatekua Valley, Hiva Oa, Marquesas Islands. PETER S. BELLWOOD
Studies in Child Language: An Anthropological View1
Authors: BLOUNT BEN G. 
Published: November 2004

A First Language: The Early Stages. ROGER BROWN Language Acquisition and Communicative Choice. SUSAN ERVIN‐TRIPP. Studies of Child Language Development. CHARLES FERGUSON and DAN I. SLOBIN Language Acquisition: Models and Methods. RENIRA HUXLEY and ELISABETH INGRAM, eds. The Psychosociology of Language. SERGE MOSCOVICI, ed. Langageet développement mental. PIERRE ORéRUN.