bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pervaporation separation of a water/ethanol mixture by a sodium sulfonate polysulfone membrane
Authors: Hung Mu‐Ya , Chen Shih‐Hsiung , Liou Rey‐May , Hsu Chin‐Shan , Lai Juin‐Yih 
Published: October 2003

AbstractA sodium sulfonate polysulfone membrane was prepared for the dehydration of a water/ethanol mixture by pervaporation. The separation performances of water and ethanol were examined by the testing of the ethanol/water mixture under operating conditions. The permselectivity of the sodium sulfonate polysulfone membrane was found to strongly depend on the sodium content in the membrane. The sodium sulfonate ratio showed a significant influence on the hydrophilicity and diffusion behavior of the polysulfone membrane. Moreover, the difference in the diffusion of the permeates played an important role in the sulfonate polysulfone membrane. It was found that a high‐performance pervaporation membrane could be achieved with a sodium sulfonate polysulfone membrane. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 3374–3383, 2003
High performance nanocomposites of polyurethane elastomer and organically modified layered silicate
Authors: Song M. , Hourston D. J. , Yao K. J. , Tay J. K. H. , Ansarifar M. A. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractHigh performance nanocomposites comprising a polyurethane elastomer (PUE) and an organically modified layered silicate are prepared. These nanocomposites are based on poly(propylene glycol), 4,4′‐methylene bis(cyclohexyl isocyanate), 1,4‐butandiol, and organoclay. The tensile strength and strain at break for these novel PUE nanocomposites increases more than 150%, but the hardness remains unchanged. The fatigue properties are significantly improved. With 3 wt % organoclay, the fatigue properties are improved the most, which is important for the PU industry. The effects of the isocyanate index on the mechanical properties of the PUE nanocomposites are investigated. It is found that an isoyanate index of 1.10 results in the best improvement in stress and elongation at break. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 3239–3243, 2003
Study on characterization of pyrolysis and hydrolysis products of poly(vinyl chloride) waste
Authors: Lu Jun , Ma Shibai , Gao Jinsheng , Freitas Jair C. C. , Bonagamba Tito J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractPoly(vinyl chloride) PVC pyrolysis and hydrolysis are conducted in a fixed bed reactor and in an autoclave, respectively, under different operating conditions such as the temperature and time. The product distribution is studied. For the PVC pyrolysis process, the main gas product is HCl (55% at 340°C), there is 9% hydrocarbon gas (C1–C5), the liquid product fraction is about 5% (at 340°C), and the solid residue fraction is about 31% (at 340°C). For the hydrolysis process, the main gas product is HCl (55.8% at 240°C) and the solid residue is about 49.6% (at 240°C). The pyrolysis liquid product is analyzed by using gas chromatography with magic‐angle spinning. Aromatic hydrocarbons are the main class (90%), of which the major part is benzene (33%). The residue produced through pyrolysis and hydrolysis is investigated by high‐resolution solid‐state 13C‐NMR. These details revealed by the high‐field NMR spectra provide importmant information about the chemical changes in the PVC pyrolysis and hydrolysis process. The mechanism of PVC hydrolysis dechlorination is also discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 3252–3259, 2003
Spectroelectrochemical investigations of aniline–thiophene copolymers in acetonitrile
Authors: Özçiçek Nuran Pekmez , Pekmez Kadir , Holze Rudolf , Yıldız Attila 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe copolymerization of aniline and thiophene with varying concentration ratios was studied in acetonitrile/tetrabutylammonium tetrafloroborate. In situ UV‐vis and in situ surface resonance Raman spectroscopic studies revealed that polythiophene and polyaniline units of different lengths enter into the electropolymerization products. The copolymers deposited were either polyaniline‐based or polythiophene‐based polymeric structures depending on the initial concentration of the monomers used. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 3417–3423, 2003
Graft copolymerization of oleic acid onto low‐density polyethylene in the molten state
Authors: Liu Mingzhu , Liu Zaiman , Ding Shenglong , Li Sheqing , Zhang Liji 
Published: October 2003

AbstractA graft copolymer of oleic acid (OA) onto low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) was prepared using dicumyl peroxide (DCP) as an initiator in the molten state. The grafting was carried out in a Haake rheometer. The effects of the reaction time and the amount of DCP and the monomer on the percentage of grafting were studied. The rheological behavior and the melt‐flow rate of the graft copolymer (LDPE‐g‐OA) were also investigated. FTIR spectroscopy and a mass spectrum were used to characterize the structure of LDPE‐g‐OA. The experimental results showed that when the OA amount was 10 wt % and the DCP amount was 0.4 wt % based on the LDPE the percentage of grafting of LDPE‐g‐OA, prepared by maintaining the temperature at 170°C and the roller speed at 80 rpm, was about 6 wt %. It was found that both LDPE and LDPE‐g‐OA were pseudoplastic fluids. OA was grafted onto LDPE in the form of a monomer and a dimer. The grafted LDPE is expected to act as a compatibilizer between starch and polyethylene. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 3299–3304, 2003
Effect of plasticizers on mechanical, electrical, permanence, and thermal properties of poly(vinyl chloride)
Authors: Shah B. L. , Shertukde V. V. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractEffects of three different plasticizers and their blends with dioctyl phthalate (DOP) on thermal stability, flammability, mechanical, electrical, and permanence properties of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) compound were studied. Various plasticizers used were DOP, butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), isodecyl diphenyl phosphate (IDDP), and polybutylene adipate (PBA) at concentrations of up to 40 phr level. Studies showed that processability and softness were improved by addition of BBP. An increase in the content of IDDP increased the electrical and flammability properties, whereas compositions with PBA exhibited the best permanence properties. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 3278–3284, 2003
Miniature permanent magnet for table‐top NMR
Authors: Moresi Giorgio , Magin Richard 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe multi‐infinity dipole magnet is a new design capable of generating a relatively high and homogeneous permanent magnetic field (0.1–3 Tesla and homogeneity 20 ppm for 3 mm) that is suitable for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) or electron spin resonance (ESR) studies of small volume chemical or biological samples. The theoretical design and practical aspects involved in the construction of a prototype tabletop NMR system (0.6 T and homogeneity of 10 ppm in a ellipsoidal region of 3 × 3 × 5 mm3) are described. A simple NMR relaxation time experiment was performed on a water sample doped with 40 mM of CuSO4. This system in its current configuration is suitable for relaxation time studies of materials or for educational use. The introduction of shim coils would increase the homogeneity of the magnet by a factor of 100, allowing the system to be used as a portable NMR spectrometer. In addition the introduction of gradient coils between the poles would transform the spectrometer to a MRI portable system for tissue analysis or simple MR microimaging at fields up to 3 T. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 19B: 35–43, 2003.
Nuclear magnetic resonance in pulsed high‐field magnets
Authors: Haase Jürgen , Eckert Dieter , Siegel Hartmut , Eschrig Helmut , Müller Karl‐Hartmut , Steglich Frank 
Published: October 2003

AbstractNMR has benefited tremendously from superconducting magnet technology providing stable, ever increasing magnetic fields over the last few decades. However, since superconductors expel magnetic field and with no suitable material in sight this trend has come to a halt at ∼20 T, and resistive magnet designs are being used again for high‐field applications. Outside NMR, much higher magnetic fields (∼85 T) can be achieved with pulsed, resistive magnets. A low duty cycle and a small magnet volume cut down on the average losses and make these systems affordable. Here, we show for the first time that NMR can be accomplished even in pulsed high‐field magnets, and we discuss why this technique is able to become a promising research tool. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 19B: 9–13, 2003
Common mode signal rejection methods for MRI: Reduction of cable shield currents for high static magnetic field systems
Authors: Peterson David M. , Beck Barbara L. , Duensing G. Randy , Fitzsimmons Jeffrey R. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis experiment was conducted to identify common mode currents that flow on the shield of a coaxial cable and to investigate techniques that reduce their effects at high fields of ≥3 Tesla. It will be shown that there are two different methods of common mode interference for two different coil types. First, is the transceive case, where common mode cable shield currents flow as a result of unbalanced loop voltages that couple to the cable shield. In the second case, unwanted common mode signals are induced from the field of the transmission coil onto the cable shield of the receive‐only coil. Two important factors relating to the investigation of common mode signals are danger to the patient from an RF burn and the reduction of the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) because of extra noise being introduced into the MRI environment. It will be shown that through the use of cable shield traps and balun matching circuits, common mode signals can be reduced significantly, increasing patient safety and SNR. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 19B: 1–8, 2003.
Crossed and uncrossed retinal projections to the hamster circadian system
Authors: Muscat Louise , Huberman Andrew D. , Jordan Cynthia L. , Morin Lawrence P. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), site of the circadian clock, has been thought to be equally and completely innervated by each retina. This issue was studied in animals that had received an injection of the tracer cholera toxin subunit B (CTb) conjugated to Alexa 488 into the vitreous of one eye, with CTb‐Alexa 594 injected into the other. Retinal projections to the SCN and other nuclei of the circadian system were simultaneously evaluated by using confocal laser microscopy. Each retina provides completely overlapping terminal fields throughout each SCN. Although SCN innervation by the contralateral retina is slightly denser than that from the ipsilateral retina, there are distinct SCN regions where input from one side is predominant, but not exclusive. A dense terminal field from the contralateral retina encompasses, and extends dorsally beyond, the central SCN subnucleus identified by calbindin‐immunoreactive neurons. Surrounding the dense terminal field, innervation is largely derived from the ipsilateral retina. The densest terminal field in the intergeniculate leaflet is from the contralateral retina, which completely overlaps the ipsilateral projection. Most nuclei of the pretectum receive innervation largely, but not solely, from the contralateral retina, although the olivary pretectal nucleus has very dense patches of innervation derived exclusively from one retina or the other. Retina‐dependent variation in terminal field density within the three closely examined nuclei may indicate areas of specialized function not previously appreciated. This issue is discussed in the context of the melanopsin‐containing retinal ganglion cell projections to several nuclei in the circadian visual system. J. Comp. Neurol. 466:513–524, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Paleocortex is specified in mice in which dorsal telencephalic patterning is severely disrupted
Authors: Vyas Aditee , Saha Bhaskar , Lai Eseng , Tole Shubha 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe patterning of the telencephalon is regulated by the concerted action of distinct mechanisms operating in different portions of this structure. Although much progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms underlying the specification of dorsal and ventral structures, little is known about the specification of the paleocortex, the olfactory cortex located at the interface of the dorsal and ventral telencephalon. The paleocortex is thought to be a dorsal, cortical structure, derived from the lateral extreme of the dorsal telencephalon. We examined mutant mice in which dorsal telencephalic patterning is severely disrupted, to ask how these perturbations affect the paleocortex. In the Lhx2−/− telencephalon, where the cortex is greatly shrunken such that medial and dorsal cortical tissue is undetectable, normal expression of several paleocortical markers is observed. The Gli3−/− telencephalon, where the dorsal telencephalon is ventralized, also displays paleocortical markers. In contrast, when the ventral telencephalon is almost completely deleted, such as in the BF1−/− brain, paleocortical markers are undetectable. These results indicate that the specification of the paleocortex can occur in spite of drastic perturbations of dorsal patterning. Furthermore, in the Lhx2 mutant, the paleocortex is juxtaposed to an expanded and mislocated source of Wnt and Bmp signaling, the cortical hem, whereas, in the Gli3 mutant, paleocortical markers arise even though the cortical hem is missing. This indicates that an increase or decrease in cues from this dorsal signaling center does not disrupt the specification of the paleocortex. Finally, by using an in vitro assay, we found that isolated explants of lateral telencephalon up‐regulate normal expression of paleocortical markers when maintained in vitro, from as early as embryonic day (E) 10.5. Together, the results reveal that, although the paleocortex is considered to be a cortical structure, it is specified even when dorsal telencephalic patterning is grossly perturbed. Furthermore, our in vitro data reveal that, if mechanisms outside the lateral telencephalon are involved in the specification of the paleocortex, they must act extremely early, prior to E10.5. J. Comp. Neurol. 466:545–553, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A hybrid 3D watershed algorithm incorporating gradient cues and object models for automatic segmentation of nuclei in confocal image stacks
Authors: Lin Gang , Adiga Umesh , Olson Kathy , Guzowski John F. , Barnes Carol A. , Roysam Badrinath 
Published: October 2003

AbstractBackgroundAutomated segmentation of fluorescently‐labeled cell nuclei in 3D confocal microscope images is essential to many studies involving morphological and functional analysis. A common source of segmentation error is tight clustering of nuclei. There is a compelling need to minimize these errors for constructing highly automated scoring systems.MethodsA combination of two approaches is presented. First, an improved distance transform combining intensity gradients and geometric distance is used for the watershed step. Second, an explicit mathematical model for the anatomic characteristics of cell nuclei such as size and shape measures is incorporated. This model is constructed automatically from the data. Deliberate initial over‐segmentation of the image data is performed, followed by statistical model‐based merging. A confidence score is computed for each detected nucleus, measuring how well the nucleus fits the model. This is used in combination with the intensity gradient to control the merge decisions.ResultsExperimental validation on a set of rodent brain cell images showed 97% concordance with the human observer and significant improvement over prior methods.ConclusionsCombining a gradient‐weighted distance transform with a richer morphometric model significantly improves the accuracy of automated segmentation and FISH analysis. Cytometry Part A 56A:23–36, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relative efficacy of a 4‐day versus a 5‐day day hospital program
Authors: Olmsted Marion P. , Kaplan Allan S. , Rockert Wendi 
Published: October 2003

AbstractObjectiveDay hospital treatment has demonstrated effectiveness in the treatment of eating disorders, but no information regarding the required intensity of treatment is currently available. The purpose of this study was to compare the short‐term effectiveness of a 4‐day versus a 5‐day day hospital program.MethodsThe study followed a sequential cohort design. Four hundred sixty‐eight patients attended a 5‐day program between 1985 and 1994 and 288 patients attended a 4‐day program between 1995 and 2000. Weight, binging, and vomiting frequencies and psychological functioning were assessed at the beginning and at the end of treatment.ResultsThe two programs were equally effective in helping underweight patients to gain weight. However, the 5‐day program was associated with higher abstinence rates for binging and vomiting and with better psychological functioning at the end of treatment. The 4‐day program was more cost‐effective when symptom change was considered as a percentage reduction per treatment day.DiscussionOverall, the 5‐day program was both more effective and more costly. The relative long‐term outcome of the two programs is a critical question and these data are currently being collected. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 34: 441–449, 2003.
Risk factors for anorexia nervosa: A national cohort study
Authors: Lindberg Lene , Hjern Anders 
Published: October 2003

AbstractObjectiveTo identify possible risk factors for anorexia nervosa through national registers.MethodThe study includes the entire Swedish population of 989,871 individuals born between 1973 and 1982. Patients with anorexia nervosa were identified through the Swedish Hospital Discharge Register from November 1990 to December 1999. Information about sociodemographic, perinatal, and psychosocial variables was obtained from different national registers. Attributable risk (AR) was calculated for potential risk factors.ResultsFemales had the highest AR for hospital admission because of anorexia nervosa (89.2%). Another important risk factor was having parents born in northern, central, or eastern Europe (AR: 49.3%). Psychosocial risk factors also were associated with an increased risk for anorexia nervosa (AR: 7.6%), whereas perinatal complications had an AR of only 3.6%.DiscussionThe most important risk factors were related to the sociocultural context of the individual, thus supporting hypotheses of a sociocultural etiology of anorexia nervosa. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 34: 397–408, 2003.
Review of the prevalence and incidence of eating disorders
Authors: Hoek Hans Wijbrand , van Hoeken Daphne 
Published: October 2003

AbstractObjectiveTo review the literature on the incidence and prevalence of eating disorders.MethodsWe searched Medline using several key terms relating to epidemiology and eating disorders and we checked the reference lists of the articles that we found. Special attention has been paid to methodologic problems affecting the selection of populations under study and the identification of cases.ResultsAn average prevalence rate for anorexia nervosa of 0.3% was found for young females. The prevalence rates for bulimia nervosa were 1% and 0.1% for young women and young men, respectively. The estimated prevalence of binge eating disorder is at least 1%. The incidence of anorexia nervosa is 8 cases per 100,000 population per year and the incidence of bulimia nervosa is 12 cases per 100,000 population per year. The incidence of anorexia nervosa increased over the past century, until the 1970s.DiscussionOnly a minority of people who meet stringent diagnostic criteria for eating disorders are seen in mental health care. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 34: 383–396, 2003.
Fractal image coding with a multiscaling‐domain
Authors: Furusawa Ryuji , Nakagawa Masahiro 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIn order to improve the approximation capability of fractal coding, a fractal coding method using multiple domains is proposed in which an approximation is carried out by superposition of contracted images from multiple domain blocks. By combining the multidomain method with the multiscaling procedure of dividing blocks into regions and individually providing the scaling coefficients of brightness, a contraction transform with even better degrees of approximation is obtained and edge reconstruction is improved. As a result, excellent reconstructed images are obtained even for complicated images for which high reproducibility cannot be realized with the conventional fractal coding. Also, it is possible to reproduce contour regions containing edges. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 87(2): 79–87, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10081
Convergence analysis and a synchronized learning algorithm for a joint lattice predictor and FIR adaptive filter
Authors: Tokui Naoki , Nakayama Kenji , Hirano Akihiro 
Published: October 2003

AbstractSince the transfer function of a two‐stage adaptive filter combining a lattice predictor and a FIR filter includes the reflection coefficients and the filter coefficients, a conventional learning algorithm does not integrate the updates of the reflection coefficients and the filter coefficients. Therefore, error reduction could not be guaranteed. To solve this problem, we proposed a learning algorithm that corrects the coefficients of the adaptive filter synchronized to updating the reflection coefficients. The filter coefficientsw(n+ 1) are corrected so that the transfer function based on the filter coefficientsw(n+ 1) updated by using the reflection coefficientsk(n) updated at sample timenis identical for the reflection coefficientsk(n+ 1) updated at sample timen+ 1, and the filter coefficientsw(n+ 1) are used in the output calculation for samplen+ 1. The computational complexity required for updating is 2 (prediction order × filter order). We conducted a simulation to estimate an unknown system by using white noise, colored noise, and speech as the input signal and compared the performance to a conventional method. We verified the following. The conventional method that does not correct the filter coefficients in response to fluctuations in the reflection coefficients cannot adequately reduce the estimation errors. The proposed method converges 4 to 5 times faster than NLMS for speech input, and its errors are equivalent to those of RLS. When the prediction order ≪ the filter order, the computational complexity can be substantially less than RLS. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 87(2): 67–78, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10088