bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Motor behaviors of neonatal rhesus monkeys: Measurement techniques and early development
Authors: Castell Rolf , Sackett Gene 
Published: January 2005

AbstractDevelopment of newborn monkeys was assessed by 2 techniques. The 1st was a film analysis measuring aspects of walking, climbing, and jumping in mother‐reared infants. The 2nd used a “Baby‐Spin” apparatus consisting of a cloth covered bag which rotated in the vertical plane through 360°, 2 sec spins. Mother‐reared monkeys walked and climbed on Week 1 but did not jump until Week 3. The duration of arm and leg movements was constant, but because distance of movements changed the speed of limb movement increased over Weeks 1–5. Clasping and grasping responses were in synchrony from the first week of life. Clasping pressure to initial acceleration increased over the first 3 weeks, with greatest pressures at head‐down angles on Weeks 1 and 2, and a double‐peaked function, appearing on Weeks 3 and 4 with pressure maxima at both head‐down and head‐up angles. Developmental changes in clasping could be seen in longitudinal or cross‐sectional comparisons, or in comparisons confounded by effects of prior test experience.
The effects of litter size and post‐weaning isolation or grouping on adult emotionality in C3H mice
Authors: Priestnall Robin 
Published: January 2005

AbstractEighty‐three C3H mice were reared in litters of 2 or 8 pups until weaning and, thereafter, in isolation or in bisexual groups of 8‐10 animals in a Litter Size × Postweaning Experience × Sex factorial design. At 70‐75 days of age, subjects were tested in a modified version of the open‐field test, designed to overcome some of the reported difficulties in using the conventional test with mice. Animals reared in small litters obtained significantly higher scores than animals reared in large litters on 3 measures of exploratory behavior, though no differences were observed in defecation, eating, and grooming in the arena. Subjects isolated after weaning showed significantly more exploratory behavior and significantly less grooming, eating, and defecation in the test situation than animals kept in groups; males obtained significantly lower scores on 2 of the measures of exploratory behavior and on grooming than females. In general, the pattern of behavior shown by animals reared in larger litters, by animals grouped at weaning, and by males, is taken as indicating a higher level of emotionality.
Responses to electrical stimulation of the median nerve in the human newborn
Authors: Ellis Ron R. , Ellingson Robert J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFour normal full‐term newborns and 4 adults were stimulated by constant‐current square‐wave pulses to the median nerve at the wrist. Thumb and finger movement thresholds were determined by visual observation and by recording movement potentials from the thenar eminence. Afferent nerve action potential thresholds were determined by recording from the median nerve above the elbow. Subjective sensory thresholds were also determined by verbal report in the adults. Somesthetic evoked responses (SEP) were recorded from the contralateral scalp at movement threshold and 2 times the movement threshold in both infants and adults. The mean afferent nerve action potential threshold of the newborns was 3 times higher than that of the adults. The mean movement thresholds of newborns and adults were not significantly different. The mean action potential threshold was not different from the mean subjective sensory threshold in the adults. The mean action potential threshold was not different from the mean movement threshold in the newborns. Shocks of movement threshold intensity are not always adequate for elicitation of afferent action potentials and SEP's in newborns. In stimulating peripheral nerves to elicit SEP's, the positions of the stimulating electrodes are critical.
Spontaneous and testosterone‐induced pup killing in female Rockland‐Swiss mice: The effect of lactation and the presence of young
Authors: Gandelman Ronald , Davis Paula G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractCannibalism of pups by adult, virgin, Rockland‐Swiss mice did not occur during the lactation period following the subsequent pregnancy of these animals. However, upon retesting 2 weeks after the weaning of their young, 5 of 13 again killed pups. Testosterone propionate was ineffective in eliciting pup killing when administered during the lactation period. The continuation of androgen treatment for 1 week after weaning did lead to the cannibalism of 1‐day old foster young. Finally, testosterone administration did not induce pup killing in spontaneously maternal virgin female mice when pups were constantly present.
Transcallosal and transhippocampal evoked potentials in developing guinea pig brain
Authors: Savarie Peter J. , Hosko Michael J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTranscallosal and transhippocampal evoked responses were studied in the guinea pig from 50 days of fetal life to adulthood. Variations in the time of appearance and in response latency of these 2 evoked potentials were observed during maturation. In 50‐day fetuses transcallosal responses could not be elicited; however, transhippocampal responses were present. In newborn animals, latency of transhippocampal responses was the same as that observed in adults, whereas latency of transcallosal responses was 3‐4 times longer than the adult response.
Sleep state periodicity in prematures and young infants
Authors: Stern Evelyn , Parmelee Arthur H. , Harris Margaret A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAn autocorrelation technique was used to determine the periodicity underlying successive recurrences of specific sleep states (Quiet Sleep and Active Sleep). Groups of short (2–3 hr) polygraphic records and individual all‐night recordings were analyzed. Active Sleep and Quiet Sleep periodicities at 32 weeks conceptional age were 12 min. At 36 weeks, 40 weeks (term), and 1, 3, and 8 months, the periodicity of both Active and Quiet Sleep was consistently in the 40–60 min range. At all ages, the cycle time of one state was consistently longer than the other. The appearance of clear periodicities underlying both states and the similarity of the periodicities found in 36 week records to those found in much older infants' records indicate that this biological rhythm is basic to human CNS functioning. The Index of Rhythmicity values in these records and other investigators' data suggest that this rhythm reaches a mature form by 36 weeks postconception.
Effect of anesthesia and/or hypothermia on cerebral free amino acids in young rats
Authors: Sarajas H. S. S. , Oja S. S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe whole brain content of glutamic acid significantly decreased in unanesthetized and anesthetized (pentobarbital sodium. 20 mg/kg) 10‐day‐old rats during 90 min hypothermia at 23°C, but not in rats kept equally long at 15°C. The concentration of glutamic acid increased during rewarming to 37°C after 90 min at 23 or 15°C. The concentration of aspartic acid significantly increased during rewarming after 90 min at 23 or 15°C. Rats anesthetized for 10 or 90 min at 37°C had increased cerebral concentrations of leucine and methionine, but the concentrations were significantly lower in rats kept for 90 min at 23°C. During rewarming after 90 min at 23 or 15°C the levels of leucine and methionine increased. The content of ethanolamine phosphate was significantly elevated in rats kept anesthetized for 90 min at 37, 23, or 15°C. An elevated ethanolamine phosphate concentration was found also in unanesthetized rats kept for 90 min at 15°C. Only minor alterations were found in the concentrations of glutamine, glutathione, γ‐aminobutyric acid, taurine, alanine, ethanolamine, glycine, and serine.
Infantile stimulation and exploratory behavior in the rat
Authors: Williams D. I. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractRats were handled (H) or left non‐handled (NH) prior to weaning. They were tested at approximately 35 days of age for 3 min/day, on 3 consecutive days, in a Y‐maze having 1 black/white striped arm and 2 gray arms. Ambulation scores were significantly lower for NH animals which showed a greater preference for the striped arm as measured in terms of initial choice and time spent in that arm. The inference is that here NH animals exhibit a greater tendency to explore than H animals; the opposite conclusion would have pertained if ambulation had been used as the sole measure of exploration.
Postnatal development of the electrocortical activity in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)
Authors: Callison David A. , Himwich Williamina A. , Turner John K. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractElectrical activity was recorded from the occipital and parietal cortices of the golden hamster at the ages of 1, 2, 5, 7, 10, 13, 15, 20, 25, 30, 45, days, and adult (1 yr). Additional animlas were used for determination of brain weight and for studies of neuronal development. In the golden hamster the ECoG activity appeared by Postnatal Day 2 as intermittent and slightly irregular low voltage activity. From 7 to 10 days the amount of fast activity (18 ‐ 20 cps) increased as did the amplitude in the slow waves of 6 – 9 cps. By 15 days the ECoG pattern was essentially similar to that the adult hamster. However, an augmentation in voltage and a predominance of faster rhythms (18 ‐ 25 cps) were observed as the animal matured. Neurohistological data revealed that the cortex approached the general anatomical pattern of the adult by the 13th to 15th postnatal day.
Reinstatement of early experiences and later learning: An animal analogue for human development
Authors: Wachs Theodore D. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPrevious research has indicated a relative impermanence of early experience effects when humans are used as subjects. As suggested earlier, the concept of reinstatement, as developed by Campbell, might be a useful one for understanding this pattern of findings. Unfortunately, previous studies of reinstatement have utilized specific early experiences, as opposed to the nonspecific early experiences received by human infants. The present project was an attempt, using rats, to determine if the reinstatement paradigm is valid when nonspecific experiences were utilized. The results indicate that the reinstatement of nonspecific experiences enhances later learning as effectively as the reinstatement of specific experiences.
The relevance of memory, arousal, and cue factors to developmental changes in spontaneous alternation by rats
Authors: Egger Garry J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThree studies are reported which indicate that memory factors, heightened arousal, and differences in the use of cues are not responsible for the differences in spontaneous alternation (SA) behavior which have been typically found to exist between infant and adult rats. Experiment I examined memory as a factor by reducing intertrial intervals to a minimum. This manipulation did not alter alternation rates at any of the ages studied. Experiment II investigated the effect on alternation of reducing the heightened arousal of young rats by the use of the nonspecific depressant drug chlorpromazine hydrochloride. Alternation rates in both infant and adult rats were again unaffected. Experiment III indicated that 16‐day old rats are influenced by the same spatial and olfactory cues that evoke SA in mature animals, but that they tend to use these in a different fashion to adults. The results supported the hypothesis that inhibitory deficiencies in young animals are responsible for the typical perserverative pattern of choices made by these animals in an equal alternative 2‐choice T‐maze situation.
Growth and behavior of surrogate‐reared squirrel monkeys
Authors: Kaplan Joel 
Published: January 2005

AbstractInfant squirrel monkeys of the Colombian and Peruvian varieties were reared on surrogates until they were 24 weeks old. The weights of the Colombian animals were consistently greater than those of the Peruvian animals, and the males of each type were heavier than the respective females. The behavior of both groups was similar in most respects and much like that reported for surrogate‐reared rhesus infants. However, the Colombian infants did spend less time than the Peruvians on the surrogate during the first 12 weeks, and none of the animals exhibited anything resembling the stereotyped body‐rocking that has been described for the surrogate‐reared rhesus.
Olfactory recognition in the infant squirrel monkey
Authors: Kaplan Joel , Russell Michael 
Published: January 2005

AbstractInfant squirrel monkeys were reared with surrogates and tested at 4, 8, and 12 weeks of age on their preferences for odors and colors of the surrogates. Surrogates in the rearing color that contained an infant's own odor were preferred to clean ones of the same color. Surrogates in the rearing color that did not contain an animal's scent were generally not preferred to different colored surrogates that were also clean. The results suggest that olfaction plays an important role in the development of social attachment in the young squirrel monkey and is more effective than at least one source of visual information.
Seizure susceptibility and avoidance conditioning in adult rats treated prenatally with chlorpromazine
Authors: Golub Mari , Kornetsky Conan 
Published: January 2005

AbstractOffspring of female rats treated early in gestation with chlorpromazine (CPZ) were tested at 30 days of age for seizure susceptibility and at 90 days of age for shock avoidance learning. Fostering procedures permitted separation of prenatal influences from postnatal rearing influences of drug treatment. Offspring of drug‐treated mothers had higher avoidance scores, higher intertrial activity levels, and greater seizure susceptibility than offspring of controls. Animals reared by previously treated mothers also had higher avoidance and greater seizure susceptibility. This postnatal effect depended on sex and was not accompanied by an overall increase in intertrial activity. Rearing by a previously drug‐treated mother was also found to modify the influence of neonatal stress on adult avoidance learning.
Development of early behaviors in neonatal squirrel monkeys and cotton‐top tamarins
Authors: King James E. , Fobes Jacqueline T. , Fobes James L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe development of simple, nonsocial behaviors was observed in neonatal squirrel monkeys and cotton‐top tamarins. One group of observed behaviors included rooting, orienting up, clasping, and grasping, and was assumed to be more directly related to maintenance of maternal contact and nursing than others such as visual and auditory orienting, crawling, walking, and climbing down. Comparison of the results with previously reported data from rhesus monkeys and galagos supported the hypothesis that neonatal behaviors related to maternal contact and nursing persist longer in species with relatively passive maternal behaviors than in species with relatively active maternal behaviors. In contrast, the development of neonatal behaviors not directly related to maternal contact and nursing was not found to vary reliably as a function of species.
Adult‐litter relations in rats reared in single and dual‐chambered cages
Authors: Plaut S. Michael 
Published: January 2005

AbstractBLU:(LE) rats were reared in cages which allowed movement of adults, but not pups, between 2 chambers. Some were reared in cages containing a virgin female (aunt) in addition to the mother. Although prenatal preferences for location and food and water consumption were for the side on which the litter was eventually delivered and reared, most postnatal food and water consumption occurred on the nonlitter side. Adult‐litter contact decreased from 90% of Day 1 to 40% of Day 21, decreasing more rapidly during the dark hours. Presence of aunts increased activity of mothers, but did not affect adult‐litter contact. Pups in the dual cages displayed higher rates of solid food consumption at age 17 days and lower brain weights at 21 days than pups in single cages.
Habituation in the neonatal rat
Authors: File Sandra E. , Plotkin H. C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractHabituation of a head‐raising and turning response elicited by a puff of air directed at the dorsal body surface was investigated in neonatal rats over the first 7 days postpartum. The procedures used provided controls for litter effects, spontaneous activity, body temperature loss, sensitization effects, and handling. From Day 3 the response could be elicited significantly more frequently than it occurred spontaneously. Thereafter, on each successive day, the animals required an increasing number of trials to habituate this response.
Septal damage during the maturation of inhibitory responding: Effects in juvenile and adult rats
Authors: Schoenfeld Thomas A. , Hamilton Leonard W. , Gandelman Ronald 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSeptal lesions were inflicted in young rats either during or after the maturation of inhibitory responding. When tested as juveniles (Day 25) or as adults, septal‐operates were significantly different from controls on 2‐way active avoidance and habituation responding, regardless of the age at which the lesion was produced. These data are in contrast with others showing that damage to subcortical structures can result in sparing of certain behavioral functions. The difference between functional sparing and functional disruption may be due to different patterns of brain projection pathways established after early lesions are produced. Neurochemical supersensitivity may also be a differentiating factor.
The effects of vitamin A excess administered during the mid‐fetal period on learning and development in rat offspring
Authors: Hutchings Donald E. , Gaston John 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPregnant rats were administered a teratogenic dose of vitamin A excess on Days 17 and 18 of gestation. Intubation controls received the vehicle alone and nontreated mothers were left undisturbed. All groups were fostered to other nontreated mothers at birth. During adulthood, offspring were lever‐trained to obtain a water reward on an intermittent reinforcement schedule and on an S+, S− auditory discrimination. Unlike animals treated with vitamin A excess on Days 14 and 15 of gestation, these animals revealed no retardation in growth and development nor in brain size. Throughout the VI‐40 sessions and the S+ trials of discrimination training, the vitamin A animals had consistently slower rates of response compared to the controls. However, they did not evidence any impaired learning ability; like the nontreated, they extinguished S− responding, acquired long S− latencies, and maintained short S+ latencies. Possibly, the treatment may have produced a subtle motor deficit affecting fine motor coordination.
Developmental changes in the rate of ultrasonic vocalization in the Mongolian gerbil
Authors: De Ghett V. J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractDevelopmental changes in the rate of ultrasonic vocalization were investigated in Mongolian gerbils from birth until 30 days of age. The rate of ultrasonic vocalization increased from birth until Day 4. Following Day 4, the rate declined rapidly until Day 10. A moderate decline in the rate occurred from Day 10 to Day 13. After Day 13, the decline in the rate of ultrasonic vocalization was very gradual. Vocalizations were not detected on Day 20 or thereafter. Developmental changes in the rate of ultrasonic vocalization corresponded to those changes reported for the laboratory mouse and laboratory rat. Furthermore, the daily changes in the rate of ultrasonic vocalization followed the pattern that would have been predicted from knowledge of the development of homoiothermy in this species.
Development of dustbathing in bobwhite quail. I. Effects of age, experience, texture of dust, strain, and social facilitation
Authors: Borchelt Peter L. , Overmann Stephen R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractVariables influencing the development of dustbathing in Bobwhite quail chicks were investigated in 3 studies. Study 1 showed the development to be a complex function of age of the chick, the amount of experience the chick has had with dust, and the texture of the dust. Chicks generally dustbathed at an earlier age in fine than in coarse dust. In Study 2, a different Age x Experience developmental pattern was found for dustbathing in chicks from a different strain of Bobwhite quail. In Study 3, chicks experienced in dustbathing were found to facilitate significantly the development of dustbathing in naive chicks. These studies indicate that the development of dustbathing is not simply age or maturation dependent, but is a function of a number of important variables, both genetic and experiential.
Genetic divergence in relatives of PKU's: Low IQ correlation among normal siblings
Authors: Fuller Renee N. , Shuman Joyce B. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe IQ frequency distribution of 78 unaffected siblings of patients with phenylketonuria (PKU) differed significantly from the normal population (X2 = 43.42, df = 5, p < .0001). The excessive number of superior IQ's of this distribution apparently was not a function of superior families. The low intersibling correlation, r = .13, suggests a difference between carriers and noncarriers of the disease PKU. Because the proportion of high IQ's approaches the expected percentage of homozygotes or noncarriers for the disease, heterozygotes for PKU may be suffering a functional disadvantage.A theory is presented on the possible importance of genetic‐recessive diseases whose carriers are at an intellectual disadvantage, thereby requiring compensatory genetic mechanisms.
A cat's form‐experienced but visual‐motor deprived eye lacks focal vision
Authors: Robinson John S. , Fish Stephen E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractCats were allowed to move about freely from birth to 18 months with one eye open; the other eye was open during daily 1‐hr periods of binocular exposure in a holder, but was deprived of all visual‐motor experience. Focal vision failed to develop in the deprived eye (DE): (1) the DE's guidance deficit was especially pronounced for targets in the central field and in the photopic light range (it was much smaller in the periphery and in the mesopic range); (2) conjugate eye control, required for binocular fixation of objects in focal viewing, was disrupted by strabismus (squint); and (3) focal vision's identification function was virtually absent in the DE—it showed only slight recognition of patterns learned by the experienced eye (EE) and little ability to learn to identify them itself.
Visual exploratory behavior as a function of early handling, sex, and level of auditory prestimulation
Authors: Wachs Theodore D. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPrevious research has indicated that preexposing animals to intense stimulation leads to subsequent decrements in exploratory behavior. The present study was an attempt to determine if early handling could “buffer” animals against intense stimulation effects. At birth, rat pups were assigned to either a handling or a nonhandling condition. As adults, they received either intense, moderate, or no stimulation prior to being allowed 3 min of visual exploration. The predictions were: (1) handled animals will show significantly more exploration than nonhandled animals; (2) intensely stimulated animals will show significantly less exploration than animals receiving lower amounts of stimulation; (3) handled animals, under intense stimulation, will show significantly more exploration than nonhandled animals under intense stimulation. The results supported the 2nd and 3rd predictions. The first prediction was supported, but was complicated by a Sex x Handling interaction.