bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
1900-30
Authors: Bussiere Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For many years it has been asserted that French industry has beenreluc tant to adopt a high degree of concentration, and has only belatedly followed-often not before the 1960s-the American or even the German model. This has proved to be true for a certain number of industries, for example the steel industry, and the chemical industry, where, as shown by Jean-Pierre Daviet, no merger on the scale of IG Farben in Germany or ICI in Britain took place, despite some advanced negotiations in the mid-1920s. The move towards higher concentration was often encouraged by external influences. The State was certainly active in this field during and after the First World War. However, its ambitions as well as its capacity for intervention were not as effective as in the 1950s and 1960s. Did the banks then, as powerful partners of French industry, assume that role during the inter-war period, and encourage a process of concentration which they undoubtedly favoured? This question is part of the wider debate about the structure of the French banking system and the particular role of the banques d ‘affaires (investment banks). Historians have hesitated for some time between a minimalist view of their role (they were characterized as having neglected industrial investment to the benefit of capital exports) and an opposite, maximalist view, according to which they were at the centre of large industrial groups which tried to exert a monopolistic power upon industry.
Explaining Inter-Organizational Network Formation
Authors: Ebers Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years, we have witnessed remarkable growth in various forms of co-operation among organizations. There has been a considerable increase in inter-organizational alliances during the 1980s, particularly in high-technology industries (Haagedoorn 1993; 1995; Hergert and Morris 1988; Mowery 1988). Within the US biotechnology industry, for example, firms without any formal co-operative ties to other firms have become increasingly rare, while the connectivity of firms within the industry has increased significantly (Powell et al. 1996). In the hospital systems software industry, inter-firm co-operation was unusual up until 1970, increased slightly in the 1970s, but showed significant growth in the 1980s and 1990s (Mitchell and Singh 1996). A similar pattern can be detected for the car industry. According to Helper (1991), beginning in the 1980s US car manufacturers have been reducing their degree of vertical integration and have increasingly relied on longer-term contracts with a limited number of tightly linked sup¬ pliers. Many European car companies also adopted this strategy at around the same time (Altmann and Sauer 1989; Morris and Imrie 1991; Turnbull et al. 1989). In other industries inter-organizational co-operation has been a more long-standing practice. In construction, for example, consortia and enduring sub-contracting relationships are well-entrenched forms of organizing large projects (Eccles 1981). In the US film industry, after World War II, the major studios progressively outsourced production of feature films while retaining finance and distribution (Robins 1993); therefore, for some time now, persistent patterns of contracting are related less to formal organizations such as the studios, but crystallize out of relatively stable networks of producers, directors, cinematographers, actors, and musicians (Faulkner and Anderson 1987). Regional industrial districts in the Italian textile and clothing (Brusco 1982; Lazerson 1988, 1993; Mariotti and Cainarca 1986), German metals (Grabher 1993b; Sabel 1989; Herrigel 1993), or US electronics industries (Saxenian 1994) represent other often-mentioned examples of long-standing patterns of co-operative inter-organizational relations, as do Japanese Keiretsu (Gerlach 1992) and Korean Chaebol (Steers et al. 1989).
Co-ordinating Multi-Firm Innovative Processes: Entrepreneur as Catalyst in Small-Firm Networks
Authors: Lipparini Andrea , Sobrero Maurizio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The relationship between firm size and innovation has traditionally generated a vivid debate in the literature. Earlier studies, primarily rooted in economics, were based on the assumption that the increasing costs and complexity of research activities favoured larger firms at the expense of smaller ones (Comanor 1967; Kamien and Schwartz 1975; Mansfield 1963). However, more recent contributions have challenged this perspective both within (Acs and Audretsch 1990) and outside (Tushman and Anderson 1986) the economic tradition. Small and medium-sized firms not only actively contribute to the innovation process, but they frequently represent the natural source of variation required to challenge the structural inertia of larger firms and to foster economic growth.
The Bank of England: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow
Authors: Pennant-Rea Rupert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Bank’s yesterdays have been covered thoroughly in the other papers. That is one reason why this paper will not dwell on the past. The other is that I have been in the Deputy Governor’s chair for little more than a year, so my first-hand knowledge of the past is inevitably limited. Anyway, most of my work has been concerned with current events, whether they be the stance of monetary policy or the shape of the Bank’s own budget. So this paper will concentrate on today’s Bank, and on how it might evolve tomorrow.
Clusters, Innovation, and Growth: A Survey of the Literature
Authors: Baptista Rui 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews some of the literature relevant to this study of the dynamics of clustering. This study has taken an economic perspective on the dynamics of clustering, and much of the literature surveyed here comes from that tradition. But while the work of Porter (1990) and Krugman (1991a) has done much to remind economists that geography matters, and to revive interest in the economics of industrial clusters, it must be remembered that work on this theme has a long and distinguished history. Marshall was one of the first economists to write about clusters. Indeed, from observing industrial districts, he developed the concept of external economies.
Clustering Dynamics in the UK Computer Industries: A Comparison with the USA
Authors: Baptista Rui , swann G M Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This short chapter compares the dynamics of the process by which clusters have emerged in the UK and US computer industries. It summarizes growth and entry models for the computer industries in the two countries. A full technical account of these models is given in Baptiste and Swann (1996). In both countries, clusters of industrial strength in particular sectors attract new entrants to the industry, and incumbent firms located in a cluster that is strong in their own subsector of the industry tend to grow faster than average. While there are some second order differences between the models estimated for the USA and the UK, it appears that the dynamics of clustering are similar. In particular, there is no evidence that clustering effects are weaker in the UK than in the USA. This last conclusion is surprising, perhaps, but it suggests that the more modest clustering effects in the UK are a function of the smaller scale of the market, rather than a weaker clustering dynamic per se.
Managing Costs in The Netherlands Past Theory and Current Practice
Authors: Groot Tom L C M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers in broad terms aspects of Dutch management accounting theory and practice. Some peculiarities of Dutch accounting have their origins in past academic debates, which are discussed briefly while necessarily omitting extensive details. One especially important debate to Dutch accountants is that surrounding the use of current value versus historical cost accounting. This debate provides a starting-point for considering the extent to which theoretical debates have generally shaped current practices in Dutch management accounting. In dealing with this question, empirical data about Dutch accounting practice provided by surveys conducted during the last 10 years in The Netherlands will be discussed.
Taming International Finance
Authors: Akyüz Yzlmaz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The past decade has witnessed many sharp and unpredictable shifts in the major monetary and financial variables, including the prices of financial assets, interest rates, and exchange rates, and flows of capital, both across borders and across markets for financial assets denominated in different currencies. There have also been periods in which these variables have persistently stayed at levels not compatible with their fundamental determinants; instability has thus been latent even when it has not actually occurred. As a result, serious strains have been put on international debtor-creditor relations, the banking system, capital markets, and the international payments and exchange arrangements. Many observers, analysing these developments from the standpoint of both the world economy and individual countries, have concluded that actions to make the monetary and financial system more stable and less susceptible to disruptions and crises should have high priority.
Values, Reasons, and the Theory of Persuasion
Authors: Williams Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The distinction that I shall discuss under this title is not, strictly speaking, a distinction between two kinds of reason, but rather a distinction between two kinds of claim that can be made about what an agent A has reason to do. The statement ‘A has reason to X’ receives an internal interpretation if it is taken to mean ‘A could arrive at a decision to X by sound deliberation from his existing S’, where S is A’s existing set of desires, preferences, evaluations, and other psychologica] states in virtue of which he can be motivated to act. An external interpretation does not carry this implication. (Throughout the discussion I adopt the simplifying assumption that A has reason to X’ means ‘A has more reason to X than to do anything else’; additional qualifications would in fact enable one to drop this restriction.) A view that I have expressed elsewhere (Williams 1980; 1989; 1994), and will defend here, is that if ‘A has reason to X’ has a distinctive sense, then it must receive the internal interpretation; in simplified form, the only reasons for action are internal reasons. I do not deny that ‘A has reason to X’ can entirely intelligibly be asserted without this implication. The claim is merely that when it is so asserted, it means something that could be expressed by a different kind of sentence, for instance to the effect that it is desirable that A should do the thing in question, or that we have reason to desire that A should do it. Only the internal interpretation represents the statement as distinctively a statement about A’s reasons. Relatedly, if a statement of this kind is true, and A declines to do the thing in question, what is called in question is A’s capacity in this connection to act rationally or reasonably. It would be too strong, for more than one reason, to say that in such circumstances A acts irrationally, but the line of criticism that will be appropriate in these circumstances will address itself to A’s performance as a rational or reasonable agent rather than to other deficiencies that he may have.
Rational Co-ordination
Authors: Sugden Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Suppose that two people, who are unable to communicate with one another, are each asked to write down either ‘heads’ or tails’. If they both write down the same word, they will both win a prize; if they write down different words, they will win nothing. This is an example of a tacit co-ordination game-a class of game discovered by Thomas Schelling (1960: 53-8). People often seem to be remarkably successful at co-ordinating their actions in games of this kind, even when they are playing them for the first time. In this paper, I ask how people achieve this success. Is co-ordination the by-product of some kind of non-rational behaviour? Or is it reached by some process of reasoning, and if so, what kind of reasoning is involved? I shall suggest that co-ordination is indeed the product of reasoning, but reasoning of a kind that is not compatible with the conception of rationality that is conventionally used in economics and decision theory. The reasoning involved has some affinity with some familiar forms of moral reasoning. If I am right; then the project of explaining behaviour in tacit co-ordination games may throw light on the relationship between moral reasoning and rational choice.
Remarks on Rationality and Morality
Authors: Aari Menahem E Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Can conflict ever arise between rationality and morality? According to prevailing thinking, it never can. Why? Because morality (so the story goes) has to do with what your goals are, whereas rationality has to do with how effectively you are pursuing your goals, be they what they may. To quote Bertrand Russell (1954: 8): ‘Reason ... signifies the choice of the right means to an end that you wish to achieve. It has nothing whatever to do with the choice of ends.’
In other words, the dictates of rational decision-making can only lead to immoral action when ends, i.e. pay-offs, are inconsistent with moral tenets. When pay-offs are morally correct, how can pay-off maximization be morally incorrect?
The Formation of Families
Authors: Phipps Shelly 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Canada, like other industrialized countries, has experienced rapid changes in family structure, the labour force, and the economy since the Second World War. Family trends include smaller households, lower rates of legal marriage, dec1ining fertility, more mothers in the labour force, rising divorce rates, an increase in births outside marriage, more one-parent households, and rising life expectancy. Family demography, laws, and values have tended to respond to economic, political, and social trends, but changes in lifestyle have also influenced social policy and public opinion.
Conclusion: Technology Management in the European Union and its Policy Implications
Authors: Cannell William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The three components of firms’ technology management capabilities posited in our study—technological competence, entrepreneurial competence, and learning ability—have provided a platform from which to explore the diverse and complex elements involved in the practice of technology management. We have shown that firms’ capabilities in managing technology are indeed a function of their management as well as their technological abilities, and that a fourfold typology of firms provides a good basis for identifying the major types of problems of technology management they confront.
‘The Irremediable Evil’: British Copper Smelters’ Collusion and the Cornish Mining Industry, 1725-1865
Authors: Newell Edmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One common feature of British business activity during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries was the existence of associations between firms to fix prices and, in some cases, to restrict output within industries. Such collusive practices in fact date from at least the sixteenth century, and have been noted in the iron, glass, silk, brewing, paper, salt, shipbuilding, pin, coalmining, and non-ferrous metal industries. In The First Industrial Nation, Peter Mathias argued that, despite their ubiquity, these associations probably had little impact on the national economy, on the grounds that they were mainly expedient, entered into by firms to cope with adverse market conditions during periods of economic depression, and were regional and relatively short-lived. This is in sharp contrast to the powerful and long-lived US trusts and German cartels,
Institutional Changes in the Agricultural Sector
Authors: Chai Joseph C H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The discussion in this chapter focuses on the key element in China’s agricultural reform, namely the introduction of the household responsibility system (HRS). It begins with a review of the development of the HRS and then turns to changes in (a) property rights arrangements, (b) the commune system, and (c) agricultural planning. The chapter ends with a discussion of the implications of the HRS for Chinese farm efficiency and the role of the new collectives.
The Open Door Policy II: Foreign Direct Investment
Authors: Chai Joseph C H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The liberalization of China’s foreign direct investment (FDI) regime went through three distinct phases. In the first phase (1979-86) FD is were welcome but highly regulated (Chai, 1986: 141-50; World Bank, 1988b: 259-74). The screening and approval of FD is was highly centralized in this period and involved numerous government bureaucracies. Though formally no upper limit was imposed on foreign ownership, joint ventures (JVs) were definitely preferred and wholly owned foreign enterprises (WOFEs) were discouraged. Moreover, both the management and the transactions of FDI ventures were subject to many restrictions during this period. Thus, for instance, Chinese JV legislation required that the chairman of the board of directors, the highest decision-making authority in a JV, was to be a Chinese citizen irrespective of the relative equity contribution of the foreign partner.
Paths to Social Development: Lessons from Case-Studies
Authors: Chen Lincoln C , Desai Meghnad 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The year 1989 was historic for many reasons. It was the bicentenary of the French Revolution, an event which, more than any other, ushered in the modern era. It was also the year in which the Berlin Wall collapsed and brought to an end the cold war as well as the post-1945 settlement in Europe. Dramatic events inspire much speculation, and it was then thought that the world would enter a new phase in which market-led economic growth and political democracy were going to be the twin tracks on which the future of all countries would move forward.
Globalization at the Heart of Organizational Change: Crisis and Recovery at the Ford Motor Company
Authors: Bordenave Gérard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ford has retained its position as the second largest automobile producer in the world ever since the company lost its status as leading producer to General Motors in the 1920s. The Ford name has long been associated with the idea of ‘mass production’, a form of manufacturing the company developed and then helped to diffuse throughout the world (Wilkins and Hill 1964). While every company has its own particular characteristics, and Ford has certainly not remained unchanged over the decades, Ford’s original industrial model (Bordenave 1992; Boyer and Durand 1993) gradually evolved into a set of organizational canons for the automobile industry. Developments and variations over time have tended to enrich rather than distort the basic Ford industrial model.
Conclusion: The Choices to be made in the Coming Decade
Authors: Freyssenet Michel , Mair Andrew , Shimizu, Koichi , Volpato Giuseppe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many changes can be foreseen in the world automobile industry over the next few years: a geographical shift in the industry’s quantitative centre of gravity, the liberalization and restructuring of international trade, the development of new electronic technologies in automotive products, growing attention to the ecological implications of vehicles, the emergence of new competitors, and the search for greater flexibility in the management of the workforce. In conjunction with these changes, automobile producers will have to modify the manner in which they internationalize their operations, adjust the structures of their supplier networks, change their product range strategies and planning of their products, and lastly, restructure their employment relationships. Synthesizing and schematizing the future evolution of the automobile industry, it is possible to sketch out three scenarios.
Liberalization and Globalization: An Unhealthy Euphoria
Authors: Sing Ajit 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we approach the new millennium, there is a remarkable consensus in international economic circles that liberalization and globalization are not only the order of the day but also the wave of the future; that these derive from inexorable technological forces connected with the information and communication technology revolution presently sweeping the globe. More importantly, it is further asserted that liberalization and globalization will promote faster economic growth, both in rich and poor countries. Thus the World Bank (1995) argues that: ‘the increasing integration of developing countries into the global economy represents a major-perhaps the most important-opportunity for raising the welfare of both developing and industrial countries over the long term. But countries will need to rise to the challenge.’
Unemployment, Wage Dispersion, and Labour-Market Flexibility
Authors: Henry Brian , Lee Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The question of whether the UK can grow in the future at a high enough rate to give significant increases in employment without the increasing inflation which accompanied previous expansions concerns two separate, but interrelated, issues. On the one hand, it concerns the extent to which the growth in productive potential has improved, or whether the long-run rate of unemployment associated with constant inflation (i.e. the NAIRU) has fallen. And, on the other hand, it concerns the degree to which the process of adjustment to this long-run position has changed, influencing the extent of any trade-off between inflation and unemployment which might exist during transition to the long-run position. These issues, in turn, touch on the vigorous debate-which has been in train for some time-about possible links between macroeconomic performance and the operation of supply-side institutions, including bargaining structures, corporate organization, and institutional intervention in the labour market (loosely ‘corporatism’). The argument is that such institutions determine the extent of labour-market flexibility, and that this provides the key to understanding how some countries have been able to achieve relatively low unemployment rates with moderate inflation. For example, in one strand of this literature, either very decentralized wage bargaining on the one hand, or highly centralized bar gaining between national union and employer organizations on the other, are believed to be a reason for real wage flexibility and the better employment and inflation experiences of countries like Japan and the USA (‘de centralized’) and Sweden, Norway, and Austria (‘centralized’). (See, for example, Calmfors and Driffell 1988).
Is There a Pay Problem?
Authors: Robinson Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the period from Spring 1993 to Winter 1995-6 employment in the British economy rose by over 700,000 and unemployment, as measured by the Labour Force Survey fell by over 600,000. This represented a fall in the ILO unemployment rate from 10.4 per cent to 8.3 per cent. Over the same period the rate of growth in average earnings in the whole economy showed no signs of any acceleration. Contrary to more pessimistic expectations, a steady recovery in Britain in the mid-1990s resulted in no upward pressure on wage inflation.
Paying for Job Creation
Authors: Glyn Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses how expansionary programmes should be financed. First, the distributional implications of a range of job-creation policies are reviewed and the budgetary cost of these noted. The limitations on increased borrowing are then considered. The relatively low tax burden in the UK, and how it has been kept down since 1979 is reported. Finally it is argued that a higher share of taxation is inevitable if public services are to be improved, the trend towards greater inequality stemmed, and high employment levels restored.