bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prolegomena to a Theory of Kinds
Authors: Peruzzi Alberto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The discussion on meaning and reference has had a central place in con temporary philosophy of language. The problems that have emerged are not solvable by means of Procrustean definitions of meaning and reference, nor is the full range of their variety revealed by ad hoc case studies. A unifying and precise theory has to be developed and its empirical adequacy shown by its ability to handle a significant range of se mantic phenomena. Yet, all attempts to achieve this goal have failed so far, because their target was language in its final stage, from the twofold point of view of both ontogenesis (adult’s language) and cultural adaptation. Standard computational models of language understanding have embodied this very premise, being thus vitiated from the start by ignoring the dynamic interactions that lead to the emergence of high level symbolic configurations. More recently, however, there is a growing realization that the search for such a unifying theory can be successful only if meaning and reference are investigated within the dynamics of cognitive development, which is a highly composite process. Correspondingly, various artificial intelligence projects now seek to design models of the formation and the stabilization of semantic capabilities (cf. analogical simulations of “naive,” qualitative physics).
Making Medical Spending Decisions
Authors: Hall Mark A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most fundamental issues in health care delivery is who should decide which items of medical care are not worth their cost. This book is a fresh and comprehensive exploration of how health care rationing decisions are made. Unlike prior works, its focus is not on the specific criteria for rationing, like age or quality of life. Instead, the author provides comparative analysis of alternative social mechanisms for making medical spending decisions: (1) consumers paying for their medical treatment out of pocket; (2) payers, government officials, or other centralized authorities setting limits on what doctors can do and what insurance will pay for; and (3) physicians motivated to make these decisions at the bedside level. His analysis of each of these mechanisms reveals that none is uniformly superior, and each is better suited for certain decisions that others. Therefore, a mix of all three is inevitable. The author develops his analysis along three dimensions: political economics, ethics, and law. The political economic dimension discusses the practical and theoretical aspects of each method for making spending decisions, synthesizing empirical studies of the situations in which each mechanism has been tested. The ethical dimension is based on several strands of philosophical theory, principally classic liberalism, social contract theory, and communitarianism, as well as conceptual analysis of terms such as autonomy and coercion. The legal dimension addresses recent developments in legal doctrine such as informed consent, insurance coverage disputes, and the emerging direction of federal regulation. Hall concludes that physician rationing at the bedside is far more promising than medical ethicists and the medical profession have traditionally allowed. The best way to allocate authority for making medical spending decisions in both public and private systems, he believes, is the informed purchase of different types of health insurance in a managed competition framework.
The Polysynthesis Parameter
Authors: Baker Mark C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book investigates in detail the grammar of polysynthetic languages-those with very complex verbal morphology. Baker argues that polysynthesis is more than an accidental collection of morphological processes; rather, it is a systematic way of representing predicate-argument relationships that is parallel to but distinct from the system used in languages like English. Having repercussions for many areas of syntax and related aspects of morphology and semantics, this argument results in a comprehensive picture of the grammar of polysynthetic languages. Baker draws on examples from Mohawk and certain languages of the American Southwest, Mesoamerica, Australia, and Siberia.
Introduction
Authors: Abramson Paul R , Pinkerton Steven D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oscar Wilde, the master of paradox, once intoned, “I adore the simple pleasures, they are the last refuge of the complex. “1 Unfortunately, sexual pleasure, as Wilde discovered, is seldom simple. In many ways, Wilde is emblematic of the vagaries of sexual politics, having been disgraced and jailed for his homosexuality. What started as a simple (but brazen) libel trial-initiated by Wilde against the Marquis of Queensbury for claiming that Wilde was “posing as a sodomite” and thereby adversely influencing his son, Lord Alfred Douglas-ultimately backfired against Wilde when evidence obtained from previous lovers irrefutably demonstrated that he was, in fact, a “sodomite.“
Sex as Procreation: Is That All There Is?
Authors: Abramson Paul R , Pinkerton Steven D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ancient Romans liked the idea of nature. In fact, they liked it so much that they codified it as a principle, known as natural law. This principle distinguished the laws enacted by mere humans from the laws inherent in glorious nature. And just what did natural law encompass? The third century A.D. jurist, Ulpian, explained: Natural law is what nature has taught all animals. This law is not unique to the human race but common to all animals born on land or sea and to birds as well. From it comes the union of male and female which we call marriage, as well as the procreation of children and their proper education [education]. We see in fact that all other animals, even wild beasts, are regulated by an understanding of this law.
The Biology of Sexual Pleasure
Authors: Abramson Paul R , Pinkerton Steven D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ultimately, the foundations of human sexual pleasure must be biological, regardless of the triviality or momentousness of cultural influences. To give just one example, penile erection is evident in the male fetus by the thirty-eighth week in utero, long before cultural conditioning could have a significant effect. Even more suggestive is the existence of the clitoris, an organ whose sole function is to provide pleasure. Like the penis, the clitoris makes its anatomical debut well before birth.
AIDS: The End of Pleasure?
Authors: Abramson Paul R , Pinkerton Steven D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In many quarters it seems as though AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) has become the new primary meaning of sex. The Catholic Church, for one, opposes safe sex and instead promotes abstinence and monogamy as “solutions” to the problem of AIDS. (In a survey of Catholic priests conducted by the Los Angeles Times, 46 per cent responded that it was “always or often a sin to use condoms as a protection against AIDS. “1) Although it is now nearly fifteen years into the epidemic, the United States government still begins epidemiological reports with the rather naive (though technically correct) rejoinder that, “refraining from intercourse with infected partners remains the most effective strategy for preventing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. “2 Many politicians view AIDS as a opportunity to turn back the clock to a time before the sexual revolution when repression and secrecy were commonplace. To evangelists, AIDS represents “God’s punishment” for our collective sexual sins, particularly homosexuality and the liberalism of the 1960s and 1970s.
Public Health Surveillance and Health Services Research
Authors: Thacker Stephen B , Stroup Donna F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The effective practice of public health includes surveillance; epidemiologic, behavioral, and laboratory research; outcomes research (including economic analysis and evaluation); and training. Public health surveillance data are used to assess public health status, define public health priorities, evaluate programs, and identify emerging problems and research priorities. In this chapter, we explore the potential uses of health services data in surveillance and the applications of surveillance data to improve health services research. To do this, we first intro duce the concepts of public health surveillance and summarize the historical development and applications of this essential public health tool. We then explore previous applications of health services data to surveillance in two case studies and evaluate their usefulness for surveillance. Finally, we discuss future directions in public health surveillance and health services research, addressing special issues such as confidentiality and informatics.
An International United Front?
Authors: Horn Gero-Rainer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hitler’s smooth accession to power triggered a profound sense of disorientation within the Social Democratic and the Communist Internationals, thus creating a favorable opening facilitating moves toward unity. Most historians date the beginning of this attempt to reach an international understanding to 19 February 1933, when the LSI bureau published an appeal-”TotheWorkers of the World”-calling for a cessation of hostilities between the two Internationals and a common effort to counter the growing threat of fascism and war. Yet there is reason to believe that the very first recorded international initiative was a Communist move. According to Jonathan Haslam, “On 13 February, two weeks after Hitler became chancellor, French, German and Polish communist leaders issued a joint communique to the social demo crats offering a united front of action against fascism.” Undoubtedly, the explicit appeal of the LSI raised the stakes considerably higher. It took the Comintern two weeks to respond. When it finally issued its proclamation on 5 March 1933, it rejected any attempt to engage in top-level negotiations and instead called on each national Communist Party to enter separate united front negotiations for each individual count ry.3 In turn, the next LSI executive meeting on 18-19 March decided to recommend to its “affiliated Parties to refrain from any separate negotiations ... until results have been achieved by agreement between the two lnternationals,” thereby effectively ending the official moves toward an alliance in times of great need. The Comintern quickly switched back to its tactics of united fronts “from below,” and Aldo Agosti is undoubtedly on the mark when he infers: “The position adopted by the leadership of the LSI could not but have the effect of reinforcing the position of the most tenacious advocates of the theory of ‘social fascism’ within the leading circles of the Comintern.”6 But an interesting and little-known aftermath of this exchange suggests that the brief rapprochement of the LSI and the Comintern carried more promise than most participant observers suspected at the time. The postscript to the document exchange saw the French writer and political activist Henri Barbusse emerging from the sidelines to enter center stage, if behind closed curtains.
Business
Authors: Shubert Adrian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before and beyond all else, the bullfight was a business. Its purpose, from its inception, was to make money: for private institutions and public purposes as well as for the growing myriad of individuals for whom it was a source of income, sometimes the sole source of income. The bullfight was a cultural industry, and as in any industry, it brought together a number of groups with divergent interests whose relations were complex and conflictual. Bullfighters, breeders, promoters, critics, and fans presented a kaleidoscope of competing interests and fought among themselves for power and profit.
Politics
Authors: Shubert Adrian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The bullfight was a commercialized leisure spectacle, but on certain selected occasions it was deliberately made into a political event. These political bullfights were invested with carefully constructed messages about the glory of the monarch, about imperial rule, about political power, about social prestige and display, and about the nation. In these ways, the corrida became a form of politics in the afternoon.
The Texts
Authors: Kelly Thomas Forrest 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Exultet in southern Italy, whether written in roll or codex, is always one of two texts, which we shall call the Beneventan and the Franco Roman versions. The Beneventan text, used in the pre-Gregorian liturgical rite of the southern Lombards, is present in the oldest sources. In the course of the eleventh century, older rolls are replaced by new documents (or rewritten) with the Franco-Roman text of the Exultet, an importation from the north; this text represents the efforts of Carolingian reform corrupted by Gallican obstinacy and its adoption as part of a growing tendency toward unification in the church, acknowledging at the same time the primacy of the liturgy of Rome. Although this “Roman” text is not Roman in origin, it came to be universally adopted and reflects the rites of the church of Rome as they were understood in the south. It is essentially the text used in the Roman liturgy to this day.
When Mothers and Children No Longer Visit
Authors: Greif Geoffrey L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapter examines seven mothers who believe they lost contact due to their children rejecting them, either because of relationship problems or the active involvement of another adult turning the children against them. In this chapter we examine two other patterns, those having to do less with rejection of the mother by the child and more with the quality of the mother’s parenting being called into question.
When Contact Is Reestablished
Authors: Greif Geoffrey L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While the focus has been on parents not in contact with their children, some do reunite after lengthy periods of separation. In a three year follow-up interview with thirty parents who participated in the original survey (approximately one-sixth the sample), 30 percent stated contact had increased. Half of the mothers and fathers said nothing had changed in their relationship with the child with whom they were not in contact, and the remaining 20 percent said what minimum contact there may have been had decreased further. Some of the parents interviewed in depth in earlier chapters, such as Kerry in chapter 4, called to tell me that her situation with all her children had improved since our interview. For the parents who were back in contact, almost all reported great satisfaction with the renewed relationship. The parents who were not seeing their children were still mourning the loss of contact but had begun to come to terms with their situations. A few reported that the “ball was in their child’s court,” giving the impression they were not going to vigorously pursue the children any longer. They believed they had tried everything they could and, in some cases, were following the advice of friends and therapists who encouraged them to move on with their lives.
Suicide
Authors: Desjarlais Robert , Eisenberg Leon , Good Byron , Kleinman Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Suicide continues to be an urgent problem in all countries in the world, especially among youths. More than l.4 million people committed suicide in 1990, which accounts for roughly 1.6% of the world’s mortality for that year.1 Rates of attempted suicide could be ten to twenty times higher.2 Suicide is among the top ten causes of death in most countries that report rates and is one of the top two or three causes of death among the young. Deliberate self-harm often arises from a complex mix of intolerable burden, inability to cope, and social anomie. Acts of suicide relate to a range of social, political, and psychological factors, from sentiments of despair and worthlessness associated with unemployment in Western countries to culturally sanctioned forms of self-annihilation in several Asian societies. Despite the fact that ideas about suicide are deeply rooted in cultural traditions, social-policy makers and mental health workers can take several important steps to prevent many suicides.
Violence
Authors: Desjarlais Robert , Eisenberg Leon , Good Byron , Kleinman Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ubiquity of collective violence is one of the most disturbing features of the late twentieth century. In the past two decades, the low-intensity conflicts in Nicaragua, Angola, and Mozambique, the repressive regimes in Myanmar, Guatemala, El Salvador, South Africa, and Indonesia, the “dirty wars” of Argentina and Chile, the wars in Indochina, and the civil, ethnic, and religious conflicts in Latin America, South Asia, Eastern Europe, Central Asia, Northern Ireland, and the Middle East constitute a new wave of violence, torture, and repressive techniques.
Women
Authors: Desjarlais Robert , Eisenberg Leon , Good Byron , Kleinman Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the world of policy and public health considers the health of women, one tendency is to first and foremost link the well-being of women to that of children and the family and, at times, to the health of a society. Maternal and child health, or “MCH,” has been a common focus for health programs throughout the world; however, these programs have often defined women’s health as reproductive health, or even women’s children’s health. Family planning efforts, inspired by the theory that overpopulation is a major impediment to development, have dispensed contraceptives in the interests of reducing fertility, but largely ignored women’s needs for information about, and control over, reproductive processes.” Questions about these trends are beginning to be raised as women exercise greater influence over health policy formation. Where is the “M” in MCH programs?2 What about programs designed to address women’s needs as women as well as mothers? Traditional definitions of women’s health should be broadened to reach beyond the reproductive and the maternal, incorporating mental and physical health across the life cycle.
Future Trends in Environmental Epidemiology
Authors: Steenland Kyle , Savitz David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All of the exposures discussed in this book will continue to be the subject of epidemiologic research in the future because they are very common and because their association with health effects in most cases has not been proven or disproven conclusively, at least not at the exposure levels currently encountered in developed countries. The degree to which these associations are accepted as causal and the doseresponse relationship will help determine what intervention, if any, should take place to avoid or reduce exposure.
Surveillance and Epidemiology
Authors: Wetterhall Scott F , Noji Erick. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Disasters disrupt normal or existing relationships between people and their environment, and social relationships among and within groups of people. These disruptions require action by public health officials to mitigate the resulting adverse health effects, to prevent as much damage as possible, and to restore delivery of public services to pre-disaster levels. To respond appropriately and effectively to the challenges and threats that disasters and their consequences pose to public health, everyone involved in relief efforts-policymakers, disaster managers, resource coordinators, field-workers, and the victims themselves-require timely and accurate information. Public health surveillance can identify health problems, establish priorities for decision-makers, and evaluate the effectiveness of relief activities.
Managing the Environmental Health Aspects of Disasters: Water, Human Excreta, and Shelter
Authors: Lillibridge Scott R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In addition to causing immediate adverse health effects such as injury and death, disasters disrupt environmental health safeguards that are critical for a population’s survival, including the assurance of potable water, the proper management of human excreta, and the provision of shelter (I). When such safeguards are interrupted, populations may experience increased rates of communicable diseases and other harmful effects related to exposure to cold weather, heat, or rain (2, 3). Health professionals must understand the interplay between the environmental conditions and the status of a population’s health if they are to provide effective relief services to a disaster-stricken community. For example, diarrheal illness resulting from the consumption of polluted drinking water or improperly prepared rations may require immediate action to purify water supplies or to dispose of contaminated food. Cold stress to a displaced population whose homes have been destroyed or increased rates of respiratory illness among persons residing in overcrowded community shelters are also examples of health problems that must be remedied through immediate improvements in the physical environment. Consequently, directing limited disaster relief resources toward the consequences rather than toward the root causes of inadequate states of environmental health may not be the most effective public health strategy to pursue in disaster situations. The purpose of this chapter is to help professionals whose skills are primarily in fields other than environmental health develop a better understanding of this aspect of disaster response.
Tropical Cyclones
Authors: Malilay Josephine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tropical cyclones are among the most destructive weather systems (1-3). The impact from cyclones generally extends over a wide area, with mortality, injury, and property loss that result from strong winds and heavy rains. Often secondary events such as storm surges, flooding, landslides, and tornadoes exacerbate effects of these systems (4). Although improved warning systems in most cyclone-prone areas of the world today prevent or reduce deaths, meteorological elements, increased population growth, and the development of human settlements along coastal areas continue to present risks associated with cyclone-related mortality and morbidity.
Tornadoes
Authors: Lillibridge Scott R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tornadoes are funnel-shaped windstorms that occur when masses of air with differing physical qualities (e.g., density, temperature, humidity and velocity) collide(]). These violent rotating winds converge to form a vortex, which is usually narrow at the base and which gives a tornado its typical funnel-shaped appearance. Air and debris are actively drawn into the base of the vortex as the tornado moves across the ground, resulting in a path of destruction. Tornadoes in the Northern Hemisphere rotate counterclockwise, while those in the Southern Hemisphere rotate clockwise (2). Winds associated with tornadoes can reach speeds in excess of 250 miles per hour (mph) (1, 3). Because weather conditions that create tornadoes may be present over a large geographic region, tornado outbreaks, defined as six or more tornadoes, may occur within a relatively short period of time (2). For example, in 1974, an outbreak of 148 tornadoes throughotiNh eastern United States affected 13 states and resulted in approximately 300 deaths and 6,000 injuries (4). The cost of property damage caused by a single outbreak can be in excess of $200 million (5).