bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Therapeutic Alliance: Microanalysis of Shame & the Social Bond
Authors: Scheff Thomas J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of the therapeutic alliance is crucially important in the theory and practice of psychotherapy, but it has never been clearly defined. This issue is part of a much broader problem, the nature of social relationships in general. The idea of relationships between persons is so primitive and fundamental that it goes without saying, both in ordinary and in technical discourse. In this chapter I propose a model of the social bond, and a way of determining the momentary state of the bond, through microanalysis of verbatim discourse.
Cognitive and Affective Components of Hypochondriacal Concerns
Authors: Stretton Martha S , Salovey Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hypochondriasis is a disorder that interests professionals in both physical and mental health care settings. For the medical professional, the anxious, symptomatic patient who presents repeatedly without objective signs of illness can test the limits of tolerance and clinical compassion. Similarly, the psychotherapist may find the rigidity and persistence of the hypochondriacal patient’s apparently irrational and exaggerated health concerns a daunting challenge to any sense of therapeutic efficacy.
Flat Affect in Schizophrenia
Authors: Neale John M , Blanchard Jack J , Kerr Sandra , Kring Ann M , Smith & David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although regarded by Bleuler (1950) as a fundamental symptom of schizophrenia, until recently flat affect, a lack of overt emotional expressivity, was not a prominent part of the diagnosis of schizophrenia because it was believed that it could not be rated reliably. In the last decade, however, reliable rating scales have appeared and an accumulation of evidence has supported Bleuler’s position on the relative importance of flat affect in schizophrenia.
Emotions, Diagnoses, and Ego Defense: A Psychoevolutionary Perspective
Authors: Plutchik Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The psychoevolutionary theory of emotions has been described in a number of previous publications (Plutchik, 1980a, 19806, 1983, 1989, 1990, 1993, 1994a). The focus of the present chapter is on some implications of the theory for an understanding of psychopathology-more specifically, the contributions the theory makes to an understanding of clinical test development, personality disorders, and the nature of ego defenses are discussed.
Contemporary Marxist Currents
Authors: Crane George T , Amawi Abla 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Marxism after Marx is replete with lively disagreements and creative tension. Neo-Marxists contend among themselves, as well as with post-Marxists and non-Marxists, on many questions: the formation of “late capitalism,” the possibilities of economic development in the periphery of the world-economy, the nature of the state, to name but a few. Of the many strands of thought, two that have been especially influential in recent IPE theory are the worldsystems perspective, here represented by the writing of Christopher ChaseDunn, and the Gramscian view of Robert Cox.
Rational Choice Analysis
Authors: Crane George T , Amawi Abla 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rational choice IPE extends the logic and analytic techniques of neoclassical economics to the study of political questions. It is, therefore, rooted in the liberal tradition. Although much rational choice analysis is consistent with its liberal heritage, in recent years it has been employed to bolster some neomercantilist and Marxist arguments. This crossover is but one example of the eclecticism common to contemporary IPE theory. The two excerpts offered here fall within the purview of liberalism, but they provide a good overview of the rudiments of rational choice analysis and the prospects it offers for broader theoretical synthesis.
Postmodern isms
Authors: Crane George T , Amawi Abla 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Postmodern, a term fraught with ambiguity, can refer to a historical moment as well as a theoretical perspective. Its time is the present, beginning, perhaps in the 1960s, with the transformation of economic organization away from the highly centralized, hyperstandardized mass production regime of Fordist capitalism-and its cultural correlates of linear progress, absolute truths, and rational planning-toward new forms of globally dispersed, decentralized, flexible accumulation and new frontiers of commodification, which bring in their wake cultural fragmentation, incoherence, chaos. To accept this historical process as “postmodern,” however, is not necessarily to assume a postmodern theoretical position, a stance that explores, and often celebrates, the uncertainties of the age and the impossibilities of universal explanation.
Fundamental Issues And Perspectives In The Development Of Action
Authors: Goldfield Eugene C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I examine the balance between self-organization and interaction, because these two processes are central to a theory that explains the development of action systems. The issues central to this discussion include: (1) the relation between spontaneous activity (synonymous with self organization and order) and regulation, (2) the regulatory roles of perceptual input, (3) the nesting of local cycles of activity within more macroscopic temporal cyles, and (4) the emergence of novel forms, or innovations. After examining each of these issues we turn to several developmental perspectives as background for the developmental model offered here. Before addressing developmental concerns, I turn to a broader issue in the “motor coptrol” literature-namely, the distinction between “motor” and “action.”
Ecological Foundations
Authors: Goldfield Eugene C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the heart of Gibson’s v1s1on of ecological reality is the idea that the fundamental unit of analysis for studying the regulatory function of perception in the organization of action is the relation between animal and environment. To know something about one requires an understanding of the other. In his three books, Gibson (1950, 1966, 1979) was primarily concerned with (1) describing the energy flow that bathes our planet and the patterning of that energy flow by the terrestrial media, substances, and surfaces, and (2) describing functionally specific perceptual systems (e.g., for seeing, listening, etc.) evolved as a consequence of using the same kinds of patterning (e.g., gradients) of different kinds of energy (e.g., electromagnetic, gravitational, etc.).
The Ontogeny Of Action Systems: A Theory
Authors: Goldfield Eugene C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter builds a theory of the development of action on the concepts of self-organization and selection in a mosaic of subsystem components developed in the previous two chapters. Here, I address questions such as: What is the role of spontaneous activity in development? Why do certain cooperativities and not others stabilize? What is the role of perception for the development of action? What is the basis for the emergence of novel behavioral forms (skills)?The earliest actions of humans, I argue, exhibit the properties of self organizing systems and exhibit attractor dynamics: (1) they are spontaneous, (1) their trajectories exhibit variability, and (3) they reveal specific spatiotemporal patterns (in dynamic descriptions derived from their kinematics). The earliest actions are only approximate solutions to the various adaptive tasks which confront the newborn in the sense that they are not yet fully useful in performing these tasks.
The Performatory Action System: Manual Activity
Authors: Goldfield Eugene C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In John Napier’s lovely book entitled Hands, the structure and function of the human hand is placed within the context of primate evolution. In the evolution of primates, we see how a change in habitat from living among low shrubs on the forest floor to living in trees where food was more plentiful may have resulted in modification of the structure of the hand, most notably, into a hand with an opposable thumb (see Fig. 11.1). As Napier notes, in the epigraph at the head of this chapter, size seemed to have played an important role in the evolution of prehensility. There may also have been concomitant changes in the central nervous system that capitalized on the opening up of a new range of possibilities for action (e.g., holding a fruit in one hand while opening it with the other, reaching out rapidly to catch a branch during a precipitous fall). One possibility, for example, is that neural circuits relating Broca’s region and prefrontal cortex became more highly specialized for control of co-articulation of the muscles of the hand and fingers as well as the vocal tract (Greenfield, 1991; Simonds & Scheibel, 1989). The processes discussed in Chapter 4 by which the brain is able to adapt to the structure of the body may have been involved during such evolutionary transformations of the hand (Purves, 1988).
The Oxygen Paradox
Authors: Rosen Gerald M , Britigan Bradley E , Halpern Howard J , Pou Sovitj 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This prophetic observation by Priestley’ set the stage for one of the great adventures of modern science-solving the mystery of why 02, so crucial a fuel for the metabolic machinery of life, is yet so toxic to all creatures inhabiting this planet. Along the path of inquiry, many roads were taken. None were more important than the discovery of X-rays by R6ntgen in 1895, and the discoveries of the radioactive properties of uranium by Becquerel in 1896 and radium by Marie and Pierre Curie in 1898. Within a few short years, it was recognized that the radiation emitted from the Crookes tube and from specific isotopes of various elements had profound effects on H20. However, it was not until 1944 that this reaction was found to generate HO.
Spin Trapping Free Radicals Historical Perspective
Authors: Rosen Gerald M , Britigan Bradley E , Halpern Howard J , Pou Sovitj 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the late 1960s, when our knowledge of the biological significance of free raidcalls, such as 02--, was in its infancy, chemists began to develop techniques to study “the mechanisms of free radical reactions” (Chalfont, et al., 1968). One such approach focused on a rather simple reaction-the addition of free radicals to either nitrosoalkanes or nitrones (Mackor, et al., 1966, 1967, 1968; lwamura and Inamoto, 1967a, 1967b, 1970; Chalfont, et al., 1968; Janzen and Blackburn, 1968; Lagercrantz and Forshult, 1968). The resulting nitroxides were remarkably stable due to resonance delocalization of the unpaired electron (Griller and Ingold, 1976) along the bond connecting the nitrogen and oxygen atoms (Rozantsev, 1970a): From these early experiments, an innovative technology was born. At that time, few scientists, if any, realized the long-term significance of their observations. Nevertheless, within a few years this analytical tool began to open new vistas into the nature of cellular-derived free radicals.
The Chemistry of Spin Traps and Spin Trapped Adducts
Authors: Rosen Gerald M , Britigan Bradley E , Halpern Howard J , Pou Sovitj 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By most accounts, the chemistry of nitrones is dominated by aldol condensations and addition reactions, as this functional group mirrors the reactivity of aldehydes and ketones (Bonnett, et al., 1959; Hamer and Macaluso, 1964; Torssell, 1988). The similarity of structure to these carbonyl groups plays a major role in the synthesis of this class of spin traps. In other situations, the reactivity of this func tional group can initiate unwanted side reactions, masking the ability to decipher whether a biologic event is mediated by a free radical (Forrester and Hepburn, 1971). For instance, one only needs to be mindful of the difficulty in assigning the source of DMPO-OH to appreciate the myriad of complex reactions involving these compounds (Floyd and Wiseman, 1979; Chew and Bolton, 1980; Nohl, et al., 1981; Tero-Kubota, et al., 1982; Rosen and Rauckman, 1984; Chandra and Symons, 1986; Janzen, et al., 1987; Makino, et al., 1989, 1990a, 1990b, 1992; Buettner and Mason, 1990; Hanna, et al., 1992; Nishi, et al., 1992; Rosen, et al., 1994).
The Use of Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) in Conservation Genetics
Authors: Fritsch Peter , Rieseberc Loren H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A primary goal of conservation genetics is to estimate the level and distribution of genetic variation in endangered species. Genetic data are often critical to understanding the structure, evolutionary relationships, demographics, and taxonomy of populations, races, and species; thus, they often play a significant role in the formulation of appropriate management strategies directed toward the conservation of taxa (Beardmore, 1983; Allendorf and Leary, 1986; Lacy, 1988). Currently, the most popular and cost-effective means by which conservation geneticists infer variation at the molecular level is isozyme electrophoresis. Isozymes possess several positive attributes for use in genetic analysis: only small amounts of tissue are required, alleles exhibit simple Mendelian inheritance and codominant expression in most cases, and comparisons of homologous loci across populations and related species are straightforward (Schaal et al., 1991). Nevertheless, as applied to studies of genetic variation, isozymes have well-known limitations, the most serious of which are highly biased genomic sampling (only genes encoding soluble enzymes are surveyed) and the small number of loci (maximally about 40) available for study.
Population Genetics of Kenyan Impalas-Consequences for Conservation
Authors: Arctander Peter , Kat Pieter W , Simonsen Bot. , Siegismund Hans R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Genetic information is beginning to gain acceptance in the formulation of conservation strategies, especially for species threatened by extinction, and/or those being bred in captivity. However, it has become abundantly clear that our knowledge of the genetic structure of natural populations is less than optimal given the necessity to manage species increasingly represented by small popula¬ tions relegated to scattered reserves. In Africa, burgeoning human populations and their associated agricultural activities have generally confined wildlife to isolated protected areas. The designation of such reserves was based largely on their unsuitability for cultivation, and therefore they only accidentally represent areas of unique biological diversity. In addition, in eastern as well as southern Africa, wildlife is now being confined by fences erected as veterinary and/or agricultural cordons.
The Fixed Stars
Authors: Evans James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Precession is a slow revolution of the whole field of stars from west to east about the poles of the ecliptic. Figure 6.1 shows the positions of three constellations (Delphinus, Auriga, and Orion) on the celestial sphere, both for the present day and for 2,000 years ago. Each star has moved along a circular arc parallel to the ecliptic. Because the motion is parallel to the ecliptic, the stars’ ecliptic coordinates change in a simple way: the latitudes remain unchanged, while the longitudes increase at a steady rate. Although this rate is slow (i° in 72 years, or 50” per year) it adds up over long periods of time. In 2,000 years, the precession comes to some 28°, nearly a whole zodiac sign. Every star in the sky suffers this same change in longitude. The equatorial coordinates change in a much more complicated way. The right ascension does not change at a steady rate: the rate of change depends on the star’s position on the sphere. Moreover, the declination does not remain unaffected. Two thousand years ago, Orion was almost wholly south of the equator. But precession, parallel to the ecliptic, has carried Orion northward and its middle now lies on the equator.
Rethinking Culture as Models
Authors: Bruner Jerome 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over twenty years ago, just before undertaking my first fieldwork, I was hired by the Peace Corps Office in Western Samoa to work with their cross-cultural training of a new group of volunteers. My job was to speak to the newly arrived volunteers about Samoan culture. During the initial phase of training in the town of Apia, I lectured to these newcomers about Samoan history, food customs, the complex system of political titles, kinship obligations, and matters of local ettiquette. I found myself frequently referring to Samoan “culture” in my accounts, and when one of the volunteers asked me what anthropologists meant by “culture,” I was surprised to find myself at a loss for a simple answer. I struggled to articulate for the trainees some kind of all-purpose unit of culture that would clarify just what we were getting at. I do not remember what I said, but it presumably was neither very definitive nor especially convincing. Here, in a country that prided itself on being the last holdout of traditional Polynesian culture, culture seemed to be everywhere. But for that very reason it seemed to elude simple definition.
Mind Games: Cognitive Baseball
Authors: Bruner Jerome 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An ethnographic conception of mind suggests an outside-in view of thinking. Though most of us consider thinking something that happens in the head, private and out of sight, social psychologists like Vygotsky and anthropologists like Geertz have stressed the public and social nature of thought. For Vygotskians, thinking is understood to be a form of “inner speech” derived from a conversational environment (Vygotsky, 1962). From this perspective, thinking is thoroughly social in nature—no matter how private it may seem. For Geertz, much of human thinking and feeling is modeled for individuals through public “templates” that are part of the everyday social landscape (Geertz, 1973b). Geertz’s most famous example of a social template is the Balinese cockfight, which he interpreted as a way in which Balinese model for themselves important aspects of (male) status rivalry in a format that is socially safe because it is considered merely a kind of play, albeit a particularly “deep” and psychologically engaging sort of play (Geertz, 1973f).
Interior Furnishings: Scenes from an American Foundational Schema
Authors: Bruner Jerome 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 offered us a close look at a single American cultural model, the game of baseball. We saw how, in addition to its obvious role as pure entertainment, baseball models the problematical relationship between individualistic and communitarian values, enduring issues in American culture and history. The analysis also showed how this baseball model contributes to the structure of the American cultural model of love and marriage. This kind of cross-mapping between models is not uncommon. Models enter into complex relations with other cultural models. In some cases, (sub)-models are parts of larger encompassing models (D’Andrade, 1992:30 ff.). In other cases, as in the baseball example just cited, one model serves as a source for structuring a second model through a kind of analogical transfer. The transfer from baseball to dating is accomplished largely through language and involves the metaphorical mapping of baseball jargon onto important aspects of dating behavior. This cross-mapping between these two cultural domains is also accomplished in other ways. Marriage can become an actual part of a baseball game, creating a kind of metonymic transfer rather than metaphor. This happens when marriage proposals are flashed on the electronic board in ballparks or when newlyweds still in their wedding garb seat themselves behind home plate.
Technological Trends: The Neuromantic Frame of Mind
Authors: Bruner Jerome 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1960s saw the emergence of a scientific study of language suited for the information age. Linguistics became a high-prestige science. I remember the excitement that overtook the English Department at Berkeley in the 1967 when the famous MIT linguist Noam Chomsky arrived in town to deliver the Beckman Lectures. I arrived early for every lecture and sat transfixed, with my notebook, near the front of the lecture hall, trying to understand what all the excitement was about.
Culture and the Problem of Meaning
Authors: Bruner Jerome 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the course of the last twelve chapters, I have sketched a complex portrait of the cognitive life of culture and the cultural life of the mind. Beginning with the ecological brain, and an attempt to untangle the psychic unity muddle, I have tried to define culture as a dimension of the mind as well as a part of social reality. In outlining an ethnographic view of mind, I have used a series of cultural case studies as a rhetorical strategy to underscore the importance of specific cultural models in everyday thinking and feeling. Yet one of the the important goals of this book is to describe the cognitive “architecture” of cultural knowledge and its production. We are not quite there yet. The remaining job is to delineate a more explicitly psychological picture of culture processes.
Because we have traversed a varied and complex landscape in the ethnographic sections of the book, it would be useful here, in anticipation of turning our attention more directly to cognitive psychology, to retrace the major steps we have already taken up to this point. Let us recall the important issues raised by the ethnographic case studies.
The Startle-Matching Syndrome in Other Cultures
Authors: Simons Ronald C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The distribution of persons who not only hyperstartle but who also match and obey is quite curious. Although occasionally such a person may turn up almost anywhere, there are places in the world besides Malaysia and Indonesia where they are quite frequently encountered. People who exhibit the startle-matching syndrome appear to be numerous in Southeast Asia, but significant numbers of them can be found in an assortment of rather diverse cultural contexts as well-including Siberia, Lapland, Yemen, Japan (among the Ainu), and in North America along the eastern portion of the border between Canada and the United States.