bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transformational Leadership & Social Capital as Determinants of Patient Safety: a Parsonian Approach
Authors: Stöcker A , Braithwaite J , Kuntz L , Pfaff H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

Background
Health and safety, especially quality of care and patient safety, are central concerns in healthcare. In the past, researchers concentrated on special measures to promote safety. Fewer studies focused on general prerequisites of safety management. Drawing on Parson's adaptation (A), goal attainment (G), integration (I), and latent pattern maintenance (L) (AGIL)-scheme, we argue that safety management needs two components to succeed: an integrated group (I-factor) and leaders with goals and the ability to align the group to these goals (G-factor). Both factors together form the GI-factor.

Methods
Based on a 2008 survey of medical directors of German hospitals (N = 551) we administered a social capital scale (proxy for integration) and a transformational leadership scale (proxy for goal attainment). Both concepts - social capital and transformational leadership - are widely deployed in health care settings and acknowledged to impact patient safety. Via median-splits, we created three groups with low (G&I low), medium (G low/I high and vice versa) and high (G&I high) GI-factor. Survey data were aligned with 2012-2019 quality reports in a longitudinal study to test if hospitals with a low GI-factor had more quality deficiencies.

Results
There were continuous differences between the share of quality deficiencies and the GI level. A high GI-factor was associated with significantly lower share of quality deficiencies. A significant correlation with reported quality deficiencies in inpatient German health care was evident for multiple aspects of quality deficiencies. The results persisted when controlled for other organizational characteristics.

Conclusions
It seems evident that healthcare organizations have to meet two conditions to build up long-term patient safety: (1) goal setting and attaining, and (2) social integration. It is important for hospital managers to sustainably ensure better health care by building up the social infrastructure for health and safety.

Key messages
• Hospitals with a high GI-factor (i.e., exhibiting both strong goal attainment and social integration) were associated with significantly lower quality defects in inpatient care.
• To sustain patient safety, healthcare organizations need to keep a focus on organizational influencing factors in hospital management.
Striving for equity in academia: embracing the power of no in decision-making
Authors: Swartz Talia H , Abdul-Mutakabbir Jacinda C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In academia, saying “yes” to opportunities and “no” to distractions is crucial for effective decision-making. Here, we emphasize the importance of carefully considering commitments and courageously declining those that may lead to overextension. We highlight that discernment is vital, particularly for junior faculty/scientists and those with marginalized identities, as overcommitment can hinder career advancement. The “Fame, Fortune, and Fun test” offers a practical heuristic for evaluating opportunities, enabling academics to make informed choices. Saying “no” effectively involves preserving personal and professional integrity by declining tasks that do not align with one’s abilities or interests. However, challenges in saying “no” are multifaceted, including fear of missing career advancements, pressures to please superiors or peers, and perceived negative consequences. This decision can be even more complex for individuals with minoritized identities, as additional expectations and responsibilities may arise due to implicit biases. The article provides a scheme for academics when deciding whether to accept or decline opportunities. The “Fame, Fortune, and Fun test” is a simplified scheme based on the Japanese concept of Ikigai, which comes from two words that mean life’s purpose. The concept allows an individual to determine their reason for being and aim to align their time spent with as many components that satisfy the following four categories: what one loves, what one is good at, what one can be paid for, and what the world needs. The more overlap, the more alignment with Ikigai, and the more compelling reason to say yes. Once one has determined that they can say no, effectively saying “no” involves clear and direct communication, offering alternatives, expressing gratitude, and considering a “not now” approach if unable to commit immediately. To promote inclusivity, we suggest recommending individuals from diverse backgrounds for opportunities. By amplifying underrepresented voices, we can foster a healthier academic environment. Saying “no” empowers academics to prioritize meaningful contributions and maintain work–life balance. Embracing the power of “no” is essential for maintaining integrity and well-being in academia. Junior faculty/scientists and individuals with marginalized identities may face additional challenges in their decision-making. By carefully evaluating commitments and effectively declining non-aligning opportunities, academics can focus on what truly matters, fostering a supportive and thriving academic environment.
Loneliness and Frailty Among Middle-Aged and Aging Sexual Minority Men Living With or Without HIV: A Longitudinal Cross-Lagged Panel Analysis
Authors: Meireles Paula , Ware Deanna , Henriques Ana , Nieves-Lugo Karen , Stosor Valentina , Brennan-Ing Mark , Meanley Steven , Haberlen Sabina , Okafor Chukwuemeka N , Shoptaw Steve , Friedman M Reuel , Plankey Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

Background and Objectives
Loneliness is associated with frailty among older adults (60+), and there is evidence suggesting that this association may be bidirectional. However, there is limited evidence of this relationship over time among middle-aged and aging sexual minority men. We explored the bidirectional relationship between loneliness and frailty over 2 years among sexual minority men living with or without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from the Healthy Aging substudy of the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study.

Research Design and Methods
We used data from 1 118 men (561 living with HIV; 557 living without HIV) aged 40 years or older with measurement of frailty or loneliness at Times 1 (September 2016 to March 2017) and 2 (September 2018 to March 2019). Descriptive statistics were generated. We used autoregressive cross-lagged panel analysis to examine the bidirectional association between frailty and loneliness at both time points while adjusting for time-stable and time-dependent covariates at Time 1. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were generated.

Results
The estimated prevalence of loneliness at both time points was 35.5%. The estimated prevalence of frailty at Times 1 and 2 were 7.8% and 12.1%, respectively. Participants reporting loneliness at Time 1 had greater odds of being frail at Time 2 (aOR = 2.14; 95% CI: 1.23–3.73). Frailty at Time 1 was not associated with loneliness at Time 2 (aOR = 1.00; 95% CI: .44–2.25). The autoregressive effects of frailty (aOR = 23.43; 95% CI: 11.94–46) and loneliness (aOR = 13.94; 95% CI: 9.42–20.61) were large.

Discussion and Implications
Men who felt lonely had higher odds of being frail 2 years later while the reciprocal association was not shown. This suggests that loneliness preceded frailty and not the other way around. Early and frequent assessments of loneliness may present opportunities for interventions that minimize the risk of frailty among sexual minority men living with and without HIV.
Water flow within and towards plant roots—a new concurrent solution
Authors: Graefe Jan , Pauwels Richard , Bitterlich Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Various analytical models that calculate the water flow either around or inside plant roots are available, but a combined analytical solution has not yet been derived. The classical solution of Landsberg and Fowkes for water flow within a root relates the second derivative of xylem water potential to the radial water influx term. This term can be linked to well-known steady state or steady rate-based solutions for computing soil water fluxes around roots. While neglecting lateral fluxes between local depletion zones around roots, we use this link to construct a system of continuous equations that combine root internal and external water flow that can be solved numerically for two boundary conditions (specified root collar water potential and zero distal influx) and one constraint (mean bulk matric flux potential). Furthermore, an iterative matrix solution for the stepwise analytical solution of homogeneous root segments is developed. Besides accounting for soil water flow iteratively, the intrinsic effect of variable axial conductance is accounted simultaneously. The reference and the iterative matrix solution are compared for different types of corn roots, soil textures and soil dryness states, which showed good correspondence. This also revealed the importance of accounting for variable axial conductance in more detail. The proposed reference solution can be used for the evaluation of different morphological and hydraulic designs of single or multiple parallel-connected roots operating in targeted soil environments. Some details of the iterative matrix solution may be adopted in analytical–numerical solutions of water flow in complex root systems.
Memory-efficient semantic segmentation of large microscopy images using graph-based neural networks
Authors: Jain Atishay , Laidlaw David H , Bajcsy Peter , Singh Ritambhara 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We present a graph neural network (GNN)–based framework applied to large-scale microscopy image segmentation tasks. While deep learning models, like convolutional neural networks (CNNs), have become common for automating image segmentation tasks, they are limited by the image size that can fit in the memory of computational hardware. In a GNN framework, large-scale images are converted into graphs using superpixels (regions of pixels with similar color/intensity values), allowing us to input information from the entire image into the model. By converting images with hundreds of millions of pixels to graphs with thousands of nodes, we can segment large images using memory-limited computational resources. We compare the performance of GNN- and CNN-based segmentation in terms of accuracy, training time and required graphics processing unit memory. Based on our experiments with microscopy images of biological cells and cell colonies, GNN-based segmentation used one to three orders-of-magnitude fewer computational resources with only a change in accuracy of ‒2 % to +0.3 %. Furthermore, errors due to superpixel generation can be reduced by either using better superpixel generation algorithms or increasing the number of superpixels, thereby allowing for improvement in the GNN framework’s accuracy. This trade-off between accuracy and computational cost over CNN models makes the GNN framework attractive for many large-scale microscopy image segmentation tasks in biology.
Cinematographic study of stochastic chemical events at atomic resolution
Authors: Harano Koji , Nakamuro Takayuki , Nakamura Eiichi 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The advent of single-molecule atomic-resolution time-resolved electron microscopy (SMART-EM) has created a new field of ‘cinematic chemistry,’ allowing for the cinematographic recording of dynamic behaviors of organic and inorganic molecules and their assembly. However, the limited electron dose per frame of video images presents a major challenge in SMART-EM. Recent advances in direct electron counting cameras and techniques to enhance image quality through the implementation of a denoising algorithm have enabled the tracking of stochastic molecular motions and chemical reactions with sub-millisecond temporal resolution and sub-angstrom localization precision. This review showcases the development of dynamic molecular imaging using the SMART-EM technique, highlighting insights into nanomechanical behavior during molecular shuttle motion, pathways of multistep chemical reactions, and elucidation of crystallization processes at the atomic level.
Claiming a postcolonial differential citizenship. Contestation of family migration rights in the Netherlands in the wake of Suriname’s independence
Authors: Westra E (Eline) , Bonjour S A (Saskia) , Vermeulen F F (Floris) 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Political struggles over national belonging often involve ideas on what a ‘proper’ family looks like. This article connects this important insight from the field of family migration politics to the study of postcolonial citizenship. Rather than focusing on dominant (State) perspectives, we ask: how do citizens from formerly colonised territories themselves conceptualise ‘the family’ and ‘the nation’ in the former metropole? We do so in a historical exploration of the political claims that three different Surinamese–Dutch organisations made regarding family migration rights, in the wake of Suriname’s independence (1975). We find that the organisations collectively claimed the recognition of Suriname-specific family forms in Dutch migration policy, such as unmarried coupledom (konkubinaat) and temporary foster children (kweekjes). Thereby they put forward a vision of postcolonial citizenship which challenged dominant conceptions of nationhood in the Netherlands, assuming instead that formerly colonised subjects and their ‘difference’ inherently and inevitably belong to Dutch national history and identity. In this vision, they reframed the Dutch nation’s spatio-temporal boundaries (the colonial past did not end at independence and there are ongoing transnational ties), and cultural boundaries (‘Surinamese difference’ is a constitutive element of Dutch postcolonial citizenship). In view of contemporary calls for decolonisation of European societies and scholarship, these claims represent important and inspiring contributions to ongoing debates on citizenship in a postcolonial nation.
Diagnostic delays in cutaneous coccidioidomycosis: A report from Central California
Authors: Policepatil Seema M , Sivasubramanian Geetha 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Cutaneous Coccidioidomycosis (CC) infection can present with a wide variety of clinical presentations and is well known as a ‘great imitator’. We performed a retrospective analysis of patients with CC in a large referral center in Central Valley, California, from 2010 to 2022 using the ICD9 and ICD10 codes for coccidioidomycosis and CC. We identified 40 patients with CC during the study period. The mean age of the study population was 43 years (with standard deviation of 14.08). Among these, 60% were men and 40% women. The appearance of the lesions varied from ulcers, plaques, nodules, blisters, cellulitis, and abscesses. The most common site of CC lesions was in the lower extremities (42.5%), followed by upper extremities (30%), chest and abdomen, head and neck (25% each). Only 22.5% of the 40 cases were diagnosed as CC and 15% were diagnosed as erythema nodosum. Rest were diagnosed initially as bacterial cellulitis in 37.5%, tinea in 7.5%, and others in 12.5%. There was resolution of the cutaneous lesions in all patients with antifungal treatment. The mean time of diagnosis from onset of symptoms on an average was 12 weeks (8–16 weeks) in our study with 75% cases initially misdiagnosed. Comprehensive knowledge about the manifestations and evaluation of CC among primary care providers and emergency room physicians is essential to prevent delays in diagnosis and treatment.
Diverse Clinical Manifestations and Challenges of Mucormycosis: Insights From Serial Cases
Authors: Nielsen Marisa C , Cerqueira Filipe M , Kavuri Sri Bharathi , Raymond Caitlin M , Muneeb Aeman , Kudlicki Andrzej S , Tariq Shafaq , Liu Mingru , Routh Andrew L , Qiu Suimin , Ren Ping 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Mucormycosis is a severe and potentially life-threatening infection caused by a group of fungi classified as mucormycetes within the scientific order Mucorales. These infections are characterized by rapid and invasive fungal growth, presenting significant treatment challenges. Here we present 5 cases encountered from 2018 to 2022 at the University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston, Texas, including a novel Apophysomyces species. These cases illustrate the diverse clinical manifestations of mucormycosis, including pulmonary, rhino-cerebral, gastrointestinal, and soft tissue involvement. Our investigation incorporates information provided by a multidisciplinary team of clinical collaborators, emphasizing the findings from radiology, histopathology, and microbiology. Given the escalating global incidence of mucormycosis, it is crucial for clinicians to become familiar with associated clinical findings, comorbidities, and risk factors to facilitate prompt recognition, appropriate diagnostic testing, and timely initiation of treatment.
Cultural Histories of South Africa
Authors: Gunner Liz 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The chapter covers a broad swathe of South African cultural histories but keeps the focus on the performative aspects of culture. It situates praise poetry as the key genre that operated with deep connective roots across a number of languages and dialects and interwoven histories of the southern African region. It argues for a more holistic understanding of how praise poetry worked at both a personal and wider social level and makes a case for understanding its diplomatic roles as a point of contact between societies that moved between stability and flux over a long period. It also moves the discussion into the contemporary era and shows its operation in apartheid and post-apartheid settings in South Africa. As a point of contrast, still focusing on performative genres, the chapter explores smaller sung genres with their roots in older forms. This cluster of genres is linked to music made by migrants, both men and women, who move for work or for adventure from their settled homes to more densely populated areas of South Africa. In some cases, such as the acapella song by Ladysmith Black Mambazo, migrant music has had a global reach, but it has links to the ongoing practice of migrants making song in order to make a world and speak out an identity for themselves in a hostile space. The chapter links three migrant genres and shows how some are shaped distinctively by women as well as by men.
Edible fire buffers: Mitigation of wildfire with multifunctional landscapes
Authors: Fu Xiao , Lidar Abigail , Kantar Michael , Raghavan Barath 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Wildfires ravage lands in seasonally dry regions, imposing high costs on infrastructure maintenance and human habitation at the wildland–urban interface. Current fire mitigation approaches present upfront costs with uncertain long-term payoffs. We show that a new landscape intervention on human-managed wildlands—buffers of a low-flammability crop species such as banana irrigated using recycled water—can mitigate wildfires and produce food profitably. This new intervention can complement existing fire mitigation approaches. Recreating a recent, major fire in simulation, we find that a medium-sized (633 m) banana buffer decreases fireline intensity by 96%, similar to the combination of prescribed burns and mechanical thinning, and delays the fire by 316 min, enabling safer and more effective firefighting. We find that under climate change, despite worsened fires, banana buffers will still have a protective effect. We also find that banana buffers with average yield could produce a profit of $56k USD/hectare through fruit sales, in addition to fire mitigation.
Managing nitrogen in maize production for societal gain
Authors: Goodkind Andrew L , Thakrar Sumil K , Polasky Stephen , Hill Jason D , Tilman David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Highly productive agriculture is essential to feed humanity, but agricultural practices often harm human health and the environment. Using a nitrogen (N) mass-balance model to account for N inputs and losses to the environment, along with empirical based models of yield response, we estimate the potential gains to society from improvements in nitrogen management that could reduce health and environmental costs from maize grown in the US Midwest. We find that the monetized health and environmental costs to society of current maize nitrogen management practices are six times larger than the profits earned by farmers. Air emissions of ammonia from application of synthetic fertilizer and manure are the largest source of pollution costs. We show that it is possible to reduce these costs by 85% ($21.6 billion per year, 2020$) while simultaneously increasing farmer profits. These gains come from (i) managing fertilizer ammonia emissions by changing the mix of fertilizer and manure applied, (ii) improving production efficiency by reducing fertilization rates, and (iii) halting maize production on land where health and environmental costs exceed farmer profits, namely on low-productivity land and locations in which emissions are especially harmful. Reducing ammonia emissions from changing fertilizer types—in (i)—reduces health and environmental costs by 46% ($11.7 billion). Reducing fertilization rates—in (ii)—limits nitrous oxide emissions, further reducing health and environmental costs by $9.5 billion, and halting production on 16% of maize-growing land in the Midwest—in (iii)—reduces costs by an additional $0.4 billion.
Closure and matching payoffs from college majors
Authors: Witteveen Dirk , Attewell Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This article examines the undergraduate major as a closure mechanism in occupations among college graduates, using the American Community Surveys. We measure the college major density of occupations, termed “major specialization”, finding that greater major specialization of an occupation is associated with higher earnings, over and above previously identified closure devices (licensure, unionization, and vertical educational credentialing), and college selectivity. We conclude that major specialization operates as a powerful earnings-boosting closure device within higher-educated labor markets. Additional analyses regarding premiums from individuals matching their own college major with their occupation’s typical major indicate comparatively small earnings payoffs. Hence, deviating from one’s occupation’s usual credential does not generate a substantial earnings penalty. Furthermore, payoffs from major-occupation matching have a ceiling: there is no further payoff above the average match level. These findings demonstrate how occupational closure theory helps explain the substantial earnings advantages of certain college majors in the labor force.