bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Laus lmperii
Authors: Carolyn Higbie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My purpose in this paper is to explore the conceptions of empire prevalent in Cicero’s day. What Romans thought is often best ascertained from their institutions and actions, and some use will be made of this kind of evidence; it is necessarily inferential, and there is always a danger of reading into the actions of Greeks and Romans motives of too modern a kind. However this may be, I propose to draw principally on actual statements by Romans, as the clearest indications of what was most explicit in their own consciousness; how far this reveals the true driving forces in their imperial conduct is another matter, which may be left to bolder inquiry.
The Revenues of Rome*
Authors: Carolyn Higbie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This doctoral dissertation, the first comprehensive treatment of its subject since J. Marquardt, RÖm. Staatsverwaltung II ( 1884), examines tributum soli (19—98) and tributum capitis (117—34), rents on public and imperial property (99—103), the vicesima hereditatium and vicesima libertatis (135-41), and extraordinary levies in kind (104-16) and cash (142—8) the introduction reviews the Republican inheritance, and a final chapter sums up Neesen’s conclusions and looks forward to the system of the late empire (149—80). The notes which follow cite most of the evidence, and (perhaps to excess) the views of earlier scholars on every point treated; only for Egypt is N. content to summarize standard works; here the student will still turn particularly to Wilcken’s Gr. Ostraka I (1899), for its incomparable lucidity, and to the briefer and sometimes modified account Wilcken gave in his Grundzüge (1911 ), and for fuller detail to S. L. Wallace, Taxation in Egypt from Augustus to Diocletian (1938), with the index locorum in ZPE 16 (1975) ).
The Economic and Political Situation of the Roman Empire in the Mid-Third Century AD
Authors: Potter D S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the armies of Alexander Severus launched a threepronged invasion of the Persian empire in 232, it must have appeared to most of the inhabitants of the empire that Roman power was at its height. There would probably have been few men like the distinguished consular Cassius Dio, who felt that in his lifetime the empire had passed from being a kingdom of gold under Marcus Aurelius to one of rust and iron under Septimius Severus and his successors. To the casual observer in Lyons or Ephesus, in Carthage or Thessaloniki, the reign of Caracalla, which Dio regarded as a horror, would have appeared as one in which the barbarians were kept from the frontiers and the one in which most of the inhabitants of the empire had been granted Roman citizenship. The threat of barbarian violence such as that which had rocked the Balkans under Marcus seemed a dim, if horrible, memory.
The Thirteenth Sibylline Oracle
Authors: Potter D S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like the other oracles which deal with historical events, the Thirteenth Sibylline Oracle consists of a number of texts composed at various times in the period it covers. The evaluation of its information on any given point must therefore begin with a consideration of two separate issues: the learning of the final compiler and the learning of those authors whose texts were selected for inclusion. Closely connected to these questions are broader issues of the relation of this text to other extant oracles, the purpose of the person who compiled it, and the vision of the events shared by that writer with the contemporaries who appreciated this work as being one of divine inspiration.
Aidōs in Homer
Authors: Cairns Douglas L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study takes as its starting-point an examination of the usage in Greek authors of the cluster of terms centred on aidōs, notoriously one of the most difficult of Greek words to translate. Von Erffa rightly insists that aidos is 'eine eigene Kraft, fur die uns das Wort fehlt',1 yet the significance of this observation is all but ignored in the remainder of his account, in which he is constantly concerned to identify separate meanings and persists in the separate treatment of nouns, verbs, compound verbs, adjectives, and adverbs which are derived from the same root and which obviously operate in the same general area, as if there were some methodological advantage in regarding data on (say) aidoios as of a different order from that offered by the usage of aideomai.
Aeschylus
Authors: Cairns Douglas L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Moving from archaic poetry to drama we return to a genre which, like epic, represents the action of human characters in a context in which they possess their own status, function, and motivation, and which involves their interaction both with the events which constitute the plot of the piece and with other characters; we are thus able to observe the operation of aidōs and related concepts in beings who, while they are not accorded the multiplicity of traits and idiosyncrasies which may constitute the personalities of real people, are nevertheless presented for the consideration of real people as representations of human agents. Tragedy may be the representation of an action, as Aristotle insists, but action, if it is to be intelligible at all, requires human agency, and intelligible human agency requires motivation, states of mind, character. In Aeschylus and the other tragedians the complex of terms centred on aidōs occurs with some frequency; these terms themselves (like a multitude of others) refer to states of mind, to features of personality, to motivation, and thus it should be one of the great mysteries of scholarship that it was ever objected that concepts of this type, or the concept of character tout court, should not be imported into the study of Greek tragedy. Given the explicit emphasis of the texts on states of mind and motivation, we cannot do other than take these elements into consideration.
The Influential Fictions in the Scholia to Pindar’s Pythian 8
Authors: Lefkowitz Mary R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The substance of ancient poetry, like the texts of the poems themselves, has reached us only through the mediation of many minds and hands. In particular, the Odes of Pindar have survived inextricably enmeshed in critical opinion, since they required interpretation to be understood even in antiquity, once they had been removed from the original provenance of their performance. In the third century BC the text was edited by Aristophanes of Byzantium, and an explanatory commentary was written by Aristarchus in Alexandria. Other scholars, like Aristarchus’ student Aristodemus, added interpretations; in the first century Didymus wrote a commentary, disputing Aristarchus’ interpretations on many points. Over the next centuries these scholars’ contributions were preserved, elaborated, and finally condensed and compiled into our present scholia to Pindar.
Who Sang Pindar’s Victory Odes?
Authors: Lefkowitz Mary R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the mid-nineteenth century most scholars seem to have assumed that choral and monodic lyric were different genres. In his edition of the lyric poets Diehl even discarded the ‘chronological’ arrangement of poets that had been established in late antiquity, in favour of a classification that grouped ‘choral’ poets like Aleman, Stesichorus, and Ibycus apart from poets like Sappho, Anacreon, and Corinna. But the notion of a firm distinction between choral and monodic poetry has no ancient authority.
Pliny’s Sources
Authors: Healy John F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although Pliny records information obtained1 while on active service in Germany, and as procurator in Spain2 (and, probably, North Africa3), most of the content of the Natural History is derived from secondary sources, and includes accounts of countries and peoples by geographers, historians, scholars, encyclopaedists, writers on special topics, local people, Roman commanders in the field (reports and commentarii), provincial governors, equites, and other officials. The accuracy and value of this information varies according to their criteria. In addition there are many facts from unidentified sources.
Pliny and Research
Authors: Healy John F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aristotle, in his On Parts of Animals, sets out some of his prerequisites for research. Although his observations refer to zoology, they also involve general principles in the context of which it is useful to examine Pliny’s attitude to research. He writes (PA 639a): ‘There are, as it seems, two ways in which a person may be competent in respect of any study or investigation, whether it be a noble one, or humble: he may either have what can be called a scientific knowledge of the subject; or he may have what is roughly described as an educated man’s competence and, therefore, be able to judge correctly which parts of any exposition are satisfactory and which are not. That, in fact, is the sort of person we take to be the “man of general education”, whose education consists in the ability to do this.’ Pliny (pref. 14) likewise claims that the topics included in the Natural History are those relevant to an allround education.
Introduction
Authors: Stockton David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Greeks had a word for it, and the word was demokratia, a compound of dêmos (‘the people’) and kratos (‘power’, or ‘rule’). But it is significant that the first occurrence of the word in surviving Greek literature is in Herodotus’ History (6. 43, 131), which he was writing during the third quarter of the fifth century. It was perhaps coined in the period following the reforms of the last decade of the sixth, which later won fame for Cleisthenes as ‘the man who gave the Athenians their democracy’ (Herodotus 6. 131; Ath. Pol. 29. 3)—although in his own day the slogans most favoured may well have been isonomia (‘equality for all under the law’) and isegoria (‘the right of everyone to have his say’). In 431 Pericles could claim (Thucydides 2. 37) that the Athenian system of government was unique, and an example to every other society in Greece: ‘It is called a “democracy”, because it subserves the interests not of a privileged few but of the bulk of its citizens.’
Local and Central Government
Authors: Stockton David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Early in 424 Aristophanes staged his comedy The Knights (Hippeis) at the Lenaean Festival. It won the first prize. It exploited the amusing fancy of presenting the Athenian people (the dêmos) as a householder, with politicians as his slave-servants. The name he gave his householder was ‘Demos Pyknitês’, ‘Mr Demos of the Pnyx’. (The ecclêsia regularly met in the Pnyx, in the shadow of the Acropolis of Athens.) Aristophanes’ choice of the adjective Pyknitês is significant: it is a made-up ‘demotic’. An Athenian might be addressed or referred to either simply by his personal name, or by his personal name plus that of his father, or by his personal name plus that of his deme; but the full ‘official’ form of his name was ‘A, son of B, of deme C’, the deme element (his ‘demotic’) being either adjectival or adverbial, for example ‘Acharnian’ or ‘of or from Alôpekê’. Thus, the name ‘Mr Demos of the Pnyx’ underlines the central importance which his deme had for every Athenian both in his private life and in his standing as a citizen.
Consoling Heliodorus
Authors: Scourfield J H D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jerome (AD c. 347-420) is best remembered as the author of the Vulgate translation of the Bible. But he was also an untiring letter-writer. Among the many letters which have survived are several written to friends who have suffered recent bereavement. In the most impressive of these, Letter 60, Jerome consoles Heliodorus, Bishop of Altinum in north-east Italy, on the early death of his young nephew Nepotianus. The letter is composed from a thoroughly Christian perspective; but it belongs to a tradition of consolatory literature that reaches far back into the pagan world. In this commentary, Professor Scourfield places the letter in the context of this consolatory tradition, showing how in the late fourth century a highly literate Christian author could take over pagan ideas and put them to Christian use. The commentary also includes a full discussion of matters of language and style, theology and exegesis, as well as the historical background. There is a freshly revised text, as well as a completely new translation of the Letter.
Man in Nature
Authors: Beagon Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the limitations on c described in the last chapter, man’s central position in Pliny’s view of the cosmos remains in no doubt. The works of man as well as of Natura may be included in a description of mundus and it is the sculpture, paintings, and buildings of man rather than the natural materials themselves that dominate the last five books of the HN (Ch. I. 5). Man emerges as a partner of Natura; his works are worthy to be set beside those of the great artifex. Indeed, if all the public buildings of Rome were brought together in one place, it would seem that mundus alius had been created by man (36. 101).
Land and Sea
Authors: Beagon Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Animals in conflict represented for Pliny the idea of a fundamental struggle inherent in Natura. Naturae dimicatio, the conflict of nature, is also to be seen on a much larger scale in the unending conflict between the opposing elements, land and sea. In this struggle, the sea dominates, ’snatching’ and ‘devouring’ land: ‘Ocean … in its greedy progress (avido meatu), overwhelming all the lands which shrink in terror at its coming, washes also those which resist with a winding and broken coastline’ (3. 5). The sea ‘bursts in’ and •swallows up’ the breadth of the Peloponnesian peninsula at the Isthmus of Corinth (4. 9). Such encroachment may be seen as an instance of a ‘peculiar jealousy (invidia) on the part of Natura, which indulges the sea’s greed without any limit’ (6. 1). The land resists (invitis … terris), as is proved by the narrowness of the passages thus created (6. 2). The idea is best summed up in HN 2. 170 ff. Herc the inequality of the struggle is suggested, since the seas which ’encircle the globe and divide it in two, depriving us of half the world’ are vast beyond measure: ‘the holding owned by such a mighty mass is bound to be enormous and without limit’. While the sky, by creating uninhabitable zones, has ‘stolen’ three-quarters of the earth, ‘the extent of ocean’s pillage is uncertain’. In contrast, Pliny moralizes on the theme of earth’s insignificance (174, see 1. A. i).
Canons of Style in the Antonine Age
Authors: Rutherford Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between literature and stylistic theory in the Antonine Age. The literature is the prose literature of the Second Sophistic and the stylistic theory is the so-called idea-theory set out in the Peri Ideon of Hermogenes of Tarsus, as well as two anonymous works: the Peri Politikou Logou and the Peri Aphelous Logou. The author discusses the relationship between idea-theory and sophistic declamation, the relative value attributed to prose and poetry, attitudes towards Xenophon and Demosthenes, and the reputation of Aelius Aristides. He concludes that the links between literary theory and literary practice are greater than previously imagined. A translation of the anonymous Peri Aphelous Logou (`On Plain Language') is included as an appendix. This has not previously been translated although it is the major source for the reception of Xenoephon in this period.
Metamorphosis in Greek Myths
Authors: Forbes Irving P M C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The transformation of human beings to animals, plants, and stones is one of the commonest, and most characteristic themes of Greek mythology. In the first study of the subject in English, Dr Forbes Irving examines what is of most interest in Greek myths - their appeal as stories. He attempts to analyse the various ways in which these stories imagine and explore what it means for a person to change his or her form.
Homer and the Telemachy, Circe and Calypso, The Phaeacians
Authors: Reinhardt K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Who was Homer? A fiction or a human being? One poet or two? Or a dozen? An original genius or an editor? The legendary head of a school of rhapsodes? The hero of popular stories about a ‘wandering minstrer? Is his name- ‘hostage\ ‘guarantor ‘, or ‘guild comrade ‘-a proper name or a generic one? And what are the Iliad and the Odyssey? Are they what the ancients thought they were? The work of the same poet in his prime and his old age? Or the legacy of a guild of rhapsodes? Of what time? Do they divide into smaller epics or into strata? Should we divide them, as it were, by vertical sections? Or strip them off each other, layer by layer? Mycenaean and geometric? Or products of different hands, styles, and temperaments? In order to reach the essential do we first have to free a central core from its wrappings? Did a second master builder alter the original work of a first? Are different plans interlocked? Did the whole epic originate from rhapsodic competitions? So many questions, so many answers. Apart from an isolated precursor in the seventeenth century, the Abbe d ‘Aubignac, the guessing, or the ‘Homeric question ‘, has been going on in uninterrupted succession since the end of our classical period, since the time of Herder, Christian Gottlob Heyne, Robert Wood, and especially Goethe ‘s friend Friedrich August Wolf and Goethe himself.
Introduction
Authors: Rowlandson Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The site of the ancient city of Oxyrhynchus lies some 180 km south of Cairo, at the junction between a desert route from the Small (Bahriya) Oasis and the major watercourse running along western edge of the Nile valley, the Bahr Yusuf. The town, called Permedjed in Egyptian, was already in Pharaonic times the centre of its administrative region (the Nineteenth nome). It had an important cult of Thoeris, the hippopotamus-goddess of childbirth, and later also a cult of the ‘sharp-nosed’ fish, the oxyrhynchos, from which the town derived its Greek name. Under Ptolemaic and Roman rule Oxyrhynchus became an increasingly important centre of regional administration, reaching a peak of prosperity in the Byzantine period. After the Arab conquest of Egypt it retained some significance, suffering a sharp decline only under the Mamelukes. The site of the ancient city was abandoned, but its impressive limestone ruins became a source of building material and lime for the remaining inhabitants of Bahnasa, the small town which now clings to the western bank of the Bahr Yusuf, and of the equally modest Sandafa al-Fâr on the opposite bank. Part of the site has also been covered in modern times by a cemetery.
Private Agricultural Tenancy and its Context
Authors: Rowlandson Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Agricultural tenancy may variously be viewed as an economic, social, or legal relationship; but the perspective offered by the papyri is primarily legal. Contracts of land lease, called in Greek misthoseis, are the most numerous single type of document used in this study. So far, 139 have been published from Oxyrhynchus dating between 30 BC and the end of the fourth century AD, with new examples constantly coming to light; this evidence can be supplemented by the related material in rent receipts and by references to leasing in letters and estate accounts. For this reason alone, the leases are likely to exert a marked influence on our picture of landholding in the nome. Sheer numbers of survival are, however, a poor guide to the original importance of a type of document, especially since many leases were valid for one year only. If the leases are to be taken as throwing significant light on agricultural conditions in Roman Egypt, this needs to be justified in detail. The main aim of this chapter is to argue that, while leases in Egypt often had a relatively circumscribed role of providing management or capital over very short terms for landlords who for some reason could not supply these needs themselves, the role of these contracts in Oxyrhynchus can be seen to expand, during the two centuries from the mid-first to the mid-third century AD, to represent the normal means by which the metropolitan landowners managed their land, by leasing it on a more long-term basis to local villagers.
Birth and Death
Authors: Parker Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Eclipses, earthquakes, and monstrous births are commonly seen by primitive peoples as fearful portents. The fact is well known, and easy enough to understand; these are phenomena that disrupt nature’s normal, observable course. It is at first sight more paradoxical that the most intimately natural of all experiences - begetting, birth and death - should also be seen by people living close to nature as potent sourses of impurity and danger. Religious teachers and philosophers have rejected the world of coming-to-be and passing-away with scorn. One might suppose their stance the late product of speculation, a kind of estrangement from nature, but the restrictions that hedge around the natural processes throughout the world suggest that it has deeper roots. Almost any book of exotic travels, any ethnographic study will tell of the perils of sexuality and fertility, and the monstrous impurity of the corpse. This vast diffusion does not mean that the phenomenon is readily understood; on the contrary, it is one of those universals or near universals that are often taken to be comprehensible merely because they are common, and that prove under investigation too deep-seated, diverse, or complex for any simple or single explanation. The same impurities take on in different cultures very different significance. In Hinduism, the uncleanness to which the body is liable provides a theoretical basis for the caste structure, since the lower castes are rendered impure by washing the laundry, cutting the hair, and tending the corpses of the higher. In Zoroastrianism, by contrast, the implications of impurity are not social but cosmic; it is a weapon of the evil principle Ahriman in his unceasing struggle with the creator, Ohrmazd Belief in the body’s impurity may be a phenomenon, like animal sacrifice, about which little can usefully be said in general terms.
Purifying The City
Authors: Parker Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was noted earlier that there was, in Greek belief, no such thing as non-contagious religious danger. Some dangers were more commonly seen as communicable by contact, while others rather threatened the guilty party’s descendants; but the difference was one of degree rather than of kind. Every member of any community, therefore, in principle lived under threat of suffering for his neighbours’ offences. The ways in which divine anger against a community could be expressed were diverse. At the beginning of Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus, Thebes is afflicted in three ways - the crops have failed, women and animals cannot bring forth their young, and plague is raging. This is a typical situation that constantly recurs both in myth and in the Greeks’ own perception of historical reality. The name for this whole complex of disasters is loimos, which is thus much broader than ‘plague’ by which it is commonly rendered. It could be called down against the violator of an oath, or its opposite besought in prayer. But though divine anger was typically expressed through disturbances of the natural order such as these (storms too are often mentioned), it might also be the ultimate cause of events readily explicable on the human level. Civil strife and military failure are commonly associated with loimos; the Spartan setbacks in the Archidamian war had a religious origin, and the anger of Zeus Xenios against Paris was fulfilled through the Greek expedition against Troy. Moving passages in Hesiod and Aeschylus contrast afflictions of all these kinds with an ideal picture of the good life that a righteous community may enjoy.