bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
L’OBLIGATION DE JUGER OU D’EXTRADER DANS LA PRATIQUE CONTEMPORAINE DU CANADA
Authors: Olivier Marie-Pierre 
Published: February 2024

Depuis quelques années, il existe, au sein de la communauté internationale, une volonté de punir les auteurs de crimes de guerre et de crimes contre l’humanité au sein de la communauté internationale, telle que l’illustrent la création des tribunaux internationaux pour le Rwanda et l’ex-Yougoslavie et, plus récemment, la ratification à Rome du traité sur la constitution de la Cour criminelle internationale. Toutefois, il est raisonnable de se demander si cette volonté ne demeure qu’un vœu pieux. Voilà la question que cet article aborde plus particulièrement sous l’angle de l’obligation en droit international pour les États de juger ou d’extrader les auteurs de crimes internationaux, une obligation qui existe depuis de nombreuses années et qui se retrouve au sein de plusieurs conventions et traités internationaux. L’auteur en présente les sources ainsi que les conséquences pour les États parties, en analysant la prétention de certains internationalistes qu’il s’agirait d’une norme coutumière.
Après avoir mis en place la toile de fond de l’obligation de juger ou d’extrader, l’auteur examine la pratique canadienne en présentant les développements législatifs au Canada, plus particulièrement la Loi sur l’extradition et les modifications apportées au Code criminel. En ce qui a trait à ces dernières, l’auteur trace un bref historique des événements qui ont mené à leur adoption. La Charte canadienne des droits et libertés constitue un autre instrument législatif important et susceptible d’avoir un impact sur l’obligation de juger ou d’extrader. À ce titre, l’auteur analyse les différentes sections de la Charte pouvant être invoquées dans ce contexte ainsi que la façon dont ces sections ont été interprétées par les tribunaux canadiens.
Puisque le Canada a ratifié la majorité des conventions internationales ayant trait à l’obligation de juger ou d’extrader les auteurs de crimes internationaux et que les instruments nécessaires pour s’en acquitter sont inclus dans la législation canadienne, comment se fait-il que les cas de procès ou d’extradition pour crimes internationaux soient si peu répandus ? Après avoir analysé la politique canadienne actuelle, l’auteur conclut qu’il existe un fossé entre les intentions et la pratique, et formule des recommandations pour l’avenir en vue de modifier la législation et surtout la pratique de sorte que le Canada puisse s’acquitter plus efficacement de ses obligations internationales. De telles modifications sont impératives à l’heure où le droit pénal s’internationalise.
Marketing Behaviour of Young Chrysanthemum Growers in Salem District of Tamil Nadu, India
Authors: Murugan, P. P  , Sree Madhumitha, G  , Denadyalan, S  , Janaki Rani, A  
Published: February 2024

Aims: Cultivation of flower crops increases the income of the farmer through diversification of farm and improve their livelihood. The present study aims to analyse the marketing behavior of farm youth and constraints experienced by them in chrysanthemum cultivation.
Study Design: Ex-post facto research design was employed in the study.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in Salem district of Tamil Nadu during 2021.
Methodology: Salem district of Tamil Nadu was purposively selected as it has highest area under chrysanthemum cultivation. To achieve the objectives of the study, the data was gathered from the 120 young chrysanthemum growers from twelve villages of Salem district. The young chrysanthemum growers were randomly selected and the data has been gathered through personal interview method. The collected data has been tabulated and analyzed with suitable statistical tools like percentage analysis, cumulative frequency and mean score were employed.
Results: The findings revealed that chrysanthemum growers sell flowers as soon as it’s harvested (80%) through marketing channel – B (Farmer – Commission agent - Market). They fix price based on demand for the produce (50%) and sell in the nearby market within 5 km (43.33%) based on the market information obtained from relatives and friends (56.67%) with the help of truck (39.17%). While marketing farmer’s spent less on transport (55%) and got paid immediately after sale (60%) with cash (100%). Thus, it was found that nearly three-fourth of the young chrysanthemum growers had medium level of marketing behaviour (86.67%) and high commission charges (Mean score of 2.76) was the severe problematic constraint and problem of irrigation (Mean score of 1.80) was the least problematic constraint experienced by them.
Conclusion: Most of the farmers cultivate flower crops due to its high value and ensure reasonable price for the farmers. Since farmers are facing difficulties to continue agriculture because of reduced income and difficulties in marketing, they should be engaged in floriculture sector to increase their income. The untapped potential of the floriculture sector draw youth towards agriculture and ensures providing remunerative price to the small and marginal farmers involved in flower cultivation. Apart from providing income security to farmers, cultivation of flower crops ensures improves the livelihood of farmers by increasing their income.
Mitochondrial DNA genetic diversity among four ethnic groups in Sierra Leone
Authors: Jackson Bruce A. , Wilson Jamie Lee , Kirbah Salwa , Sidney Sheree S. , Rosenberger Joshua , Bassie Larry , Alie Joe A.D. , McLean David C. , Garvey W. Timothy , Ely Bert 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAlthough there are numerous ethnic groups in Sierra Leone, the Mende and Temne together account for approximately 60% of the total population. To see if genetic differences could be observed among ethnic groups in Sierra Leone, the nucleotide sequence of the hypervariable 1 (HV1) region of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was determined from samples of the two major ethnic groups, the Mende (n = 59) and Temne (n = 121), and of two minor ethnic groups, the Loko (n = 29) and Limba (n = 67). Among these 276 HV1 sequences, 164 individual haplotypes were observed. An analysis of molecular variance indicated that the distribution of these haplotypes within the Limba sample was significantly different from that of the other ethnic groups. No significant genetic variation was seen between the Mende, Temne, and Loko. These results indicate that distinguishing genetic differences can be observed among ethnic groups residing in historically close proximity to one another. Furthermore, we observed some mitochondrial DNA haplotypes that are common among the Sierra Leone ethnic groups but that have not been observed in other published studies of West African ethnic groups. Therefore, we may have evidence for mtDNA lineages that are unique to this region of West Africa. Am J Phys Anthropol 128:156‐163, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Parallel expression of αIIbβ3 and αvβ3 integrins in human melanoma cells upregulates bFGF expression and promotes their angiogenic phenotype
Authors: Döme Balázs , Rásó Erzsébet , Dobos Judit , Mészáros Livia , Varga Norbert , Puskás László G. , Fehér László Z. , Lörincz Tamár , Ladányi Andrea , Trikha Mohit , Honn Kenneth V. , Tímár József 
Published: March 2005

AbstractPrevious studies indicated that transfection of the platelet integrin αIIbβ3 into human melanoma cells expressing integrin αvβ3 promoted their in vivo (but not in vitro) growth and cell survival. To reveal the underlying pathomechanism, we have analyzed the angiogenic phenotype of αIIbβ3 integrin‐transduced human melanoma cells expressing integrin αvβ3. Upon heterotopic or orthotopic (intracutaneous) injections into SCID mice, the αIIbβ3 integrin‐overexpressing clones, ESL, ESH, 19L and 19H, grew more rapidly than the mock transfectant (αvβ3 expressing) clone, 3.1P. Morphometry demonstrated an increased intratumoral microvessel density in 19L and 19H tumors compared to 3.1P. Immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry indicated that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is constitutively expressed in the majority of the cells of both the mock and the αIIbβ3 integrin‐transfected clones. However, the mock transfectant clone, 3.1P, did not express basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) at protein level (<1%), unlike the αIIbβ3 integrin‐transfected clones, 19L and 19H, (33.9 and 84.1%, respectively). Quantitative PCR analysis of 6 related human melanoma clones with various levels of αIIbβ3 integrin expressions revealed a correlation between the αIIb protein and bFGF mRNA expressions. Furthermore, cDNA microarray analysis of the 19H cells revealed 12 downregulated and 36 upregulated genes [among them 3 upregulated vasculogenic mimicry‐genes (CD34, endothelin receptor B, Prostaglandin I‐2 synthase)] when compared to 3.1P cells. The altered bFGF expression may be influenced by integrin‐linked signaling, since bβ3‐endonexin is upregulated in αIIbβ3‐transfected cells and tyrosine kinase inhibitors downregulate bFGF both at mRNA and protein levels. We propose here that the illegitimate expression of αIIbβ3 integrin in human melanoma cells already expressing αvβ3 integrin may alter their in vivo growth properties due to the modulation of their angiogenic phenotype. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Myocardial gene transfer and long‐term expression following intracoronary delivery of adeno‐associated virus
Authors: Kaspar Brian K. , Roth David M. , Chin Lai N. , Drumm Jeffrey D. , Erickson Dawn A. , McKirnan M. Dan , Hammond H. Kirk 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAdeno‐associated viral vectors (AAV) can direct long‐term gene expression in post‐mitotic cells. Previous studies have established that long‐term cardiac gene transfer results from intramuscular injection into the heart. Cardiac gene transfer after direct intracoronary delivery of AAV in vivo, however, has been minimal in degree, and indirect intracoronary delivery, an approach used in an increasing number of studies, appears to be receiving more attention. To determine the utility of indirect intracoronary gene transfer of AAV, we used aortic and pulmonary artery cross clamping followed by proximal aortic injection of AAV encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (AAV.EGFP) at 1011 DNase resistant particles (drp; high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)‐purified) per rat. Gene expression was quantified by fluorescent microscopy at four time points up to 1 year after vector delivery, revealing 20–32% transmural gene expression in the left ventricle at each time point. Histological analysis revealed little or no inflammatory response and levels of transgene expression were low in liver and undetectable in lung. In subsequent studies in pigs, direct intracoronary delivery into the left circumflex coronary artery of AAV.EGFP (2.64–5.28 × 1013 drp; HPLC‐purified) resulted in gene expression in 3 of 4 pigs 8 weeks following injection with no inflammatory response in the heart. PCR analysis confirmed AAV vector presence in the left circumflex perfusion bed. These data indicate that intracoronary delivery of AAV vector is associated with transgene expression in the heart, providing a means to obtain long‐term expression of therapeutic genes. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
AdVEGF165 gene transfer increases survival in overdimensioned skin flaps
Authors: Giunta R. E. , Holzbach T. , Taskov C. , Holm P. S. , Konerding M. A. , Schams D. , Biemer E. , Gänsbacher B. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractBackgroundVascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a key regulator of angiogenesis. VEGF A also plays an important role in wound healing of the skin by promoting angiogenesis and by stimulating blood vessel growth. Therefore we tested the hypothesis that flap survival could be increased by the preoperative injection of AdVEGF165.MethodsWe studied the effect of AdVEGF165 in an overdimensioned ischemic random‐pattern‐flap model in the rat (n = 50) with a length‐to‐width ratio of 4 : 1. VEGF cDNA was administered in two concentrations of 5 × 108 plaque‐forming units (pfU) and 1 × 109 pfU using a recombinant adenoviral vector. Recombinant virus was injected subdermally 7, 3 or 0 days prior to flap harvest for the lower concentration and 7 days prior for the higher concentration. Flap survival and necrosis were observed at day 7, the day the animals were sacrificed.ResultsAdenoviral gene transfer with VEGF165 3 and 7 days before flap harvest showed a significantly increased flap survival of 50% together with a significantly reduced necrosis (p < 0.01). Injection using a titer of 1 × 109 pfU 7 days prior to surgery increased flap survival even more, though failing to reach statistical significance compared to the lower concentration. VEGF protein concentration in the injected skin was significantly higher than in controls (p < 0.01). Flap perfusion was increased as well, demonstrated by indocyanine green (ICG) fluoroscopy (p < 0.001).ConclusionsOur results confirm the important role of VEGF165 on angiogenesis in ischemic flaps. Indeed by injecting VEGF165 at 3 to 7 days preoperatively in a concentration of 1 × 109 pfU our data show that length‐to‐width ratio for random‐pattern‐flaps could be increased from 2 : 1 to 3 : 1 and therefore may allow a wider range of applications of this simple flap technique. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of resource abundance on the structure of the insect community attracted to fermented tree sap
Authors: Yoshimoto Jiichiro , Kakutani Takehiko , Nishida Takayoshi 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThere has been little or no documentation of the insect community attracted to fermented tree sap, despite our familiarity with it. This study describes the influence of resource abundance (exudate quantity) on species richness, insect abundance, and diversity at the patch level in order to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for community structure. Resource abundance was positively correlated with species richness and insect abundance, negatively correlated with the equitability index (J′), and not significantly correlated with diversity (Simpson's index of diversity; 1/D). Both correlation analyses and canonical correspondence analysis based on taxonomic categories indicated that responses to resource abundance were much greater in parasitoid wasps (Ichneumonoidea), drosophilid flies (Drosophilidae), and rove beetles (Staphylinidae). Field experiments showed that patches with more of the resource had greater species richness and greater hornet abundance. These results indicate that resource abundance is an important factor that affects community structure at the patch level, although it does not influence diversity directly, due to differences in the response to a resource across subgroups; drosophilid flies, the most abundant group that was heavily dependent on tree sap, make an especially large contribution to the change in J′. Various factors influence the variation in the response to resource abundance, including population size, feeding habits, and resource utilization patterns (i.e. whether the species uses patches as habitat).
PP amplitude bias caused by interface scattering: are diffracted waves guilty?
Authors: Favretto‐Cristini Nathalie , De Bazelaire Eric 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACTThis paper is concerned with the problem of interpretation of anomalous seismic amplitudes, induced by the amplitude‐scattering phenomenon. This phenomenon occurs in the vicinity of a crack distribution at the interface between elastic layers. The purpose of this work is to obtain a better understanding of the physics of this distinctive phenomenon, in order to interpret correctly the amplitudes of the reflected events. By analogy with studies in optics and in acoustics, we suggest that diffraction is widely involved in the amplitude‐scattering phenomenon. Analytical evaluation of the amount of energy carried by the reflected and the diffracted waves shows that neglecting diffraction in numerical models leads to local underestimation of the amplitude of waves reflected at interfaces with gas‐filled crack distribution.
Seismic characterization of vertical fractures described as general linear‐slip interfaces
Authors: Grechka Vladimir , Bakulin Andrey , Tsvankin Ilya 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACTFluid flow in many hydrocarbon reservoirs is controlled by aligned fractures which make the medium anisotropic on the scale of seismic wavelength. Applying the linear‐slip theory, we investigate seismic signatures of the effective medium produced by a single set of ‘general’ vertical fractures embedded in a purely isotropic host rock. The generality of our fracture model means the allowance for coupling between the normal (to the fracture plane) stress and the tangential jump in displacement (and vice versa). Despite its low (triclinic) symmetry, the medium is described by just nine independent effective parameters and possesses several distinct features which help to identify the physical model and estimate the fracture compliances and background velocities. For example, the polarization vector of the vertically propagating fast shear wave S1 and the semi‐major axis of the S1‐wave normal‐moveout (NMO) ellipse from a horizontal reflector always point in the direction of the fracture strike. Moreover, for the S1‐wave both the vertical velocity and the NMO velocity along the fractures are equal to the shear‐wave velocity in the host rock.Analysis of seismic signatures in the limit of small fracture weaknesses allows us to select the input data needed for unambiguous fracture characterization. The fracture and background parameters can be estimated using the NMO ellipses from horizontal reflectors and vertical velocities of P‐waves and two split S‐waves, combined with a portion of the P‐wave slowness surface reconstructed from multi‐azimuth walkaway vertical seismic profiling (VSP) data. The stability of the parameter‐estimation procedure is verified by performing non‐linear inversion based on the exact equations.
VSP traveltime inversion for anisotropy in a buried layer
Authors: Slawinski Michael A. , Lamoureux Michael P. , Slawinski Raphael A. , Brown R. James 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACTWe present a method for calculating the anisotropy parameter of a buried layer by inverting the total traveltimes of direct arrivals travelling from a surface source to a well‐bore receiver in a vertical seismic profiling (VSP) geometry. The method assumes two‐dimensional media. The medium above the layer of interest (and separated from it by a horizontal interface) can exhibit both anisotropy and inhomogeneity. Both the depth of the interface as well as the velocity field of the overburden are assumed to be known. We assume the layer of interest to be homogeneous and elliptically anisotropic, with the anisotropy described by a single parameter χ. We solve the function describing the traveltime between source and receiver explicitly for χ. The solution is expressed in terms of known quantities, such as the source and receiver locations, and in terms of quantities expressed as functions of the single argument xr, which is the horizontal coordinate of the refraction point on the interface. In view of Fermat's principle, the measured traveltime T possesses a stationary value or, considering direct arrivals, a minimum value, . This gives rise to a key result ‐‐ the condition that the actual anisotropy parameter . Owing to the explicit expression , this result allows a direct calculation of in the layer of interest. We perform an error analysis and show this inverse method to be stable. In particular, for horizontally layered media, a traveltime error of one millisecond results in a typical error of about 20% in the anisotropy parameter. This is almost one order of magnitude less than the error inherent in the slowness method, which uses a similar set of experimental data. We conclude by detailing possible extensions to non‐elliptical anisotropy and a non‐planar interface.
Inversion for elliptically anisotropic velocity using VSP reflection traveltimes
Authors: Zhang Z. , Lin G. , Chen J. , Harris J.M. , Han L. 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a traveltime inversion approach, using the reflection traveltimes from offset VSP data, to reconstruct the horizontal and vertical velocities for stratified anisotropic media. The inverse problem is reduced to a set of linear equations, and solved by the singular value decomposition (SVD) technique. The validity of this inversion scheme is verified using two sets of synthetic data simulated using a finite‐difference method, one for an isotropic model and the other for an elliptically anisotropic model. The inversion result demonstrates that our anisotropic velocity inversion scheme may be applied to both isotropic and anisotropic media. The method is finally applied to a real offset VSP data set, acquired in an oilfield in northwestern China.
Awareness of the role of folic acid, dietary folate intake and plasma folate concentration in Japan
Authors: Kondo Atsuo , Kamihira Osamu , Shimosuka Yoichi , Okai Ikuyo , Gotoh Momokazu , Ozawa Hideo 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAim: To investigate awareness of the role of folic acid in the prevention of neural tube defects, dietary intake of folate, and plasma folate concentration.Methods: Postal questionnaires were collected from 1190 lay female subjects in three different groups and from seven groups of 3067 health‐care providers. Dietary folate was investigated by assessing food frequency charts that were kept for 3 days by 245 women, and plasma folate was assessed by analyzing the blood serum of 194 women.Results: Less than 15% of citizens and mothers who had live births knew that there was a link between folic acid and neural tube defects. The exception was with myelodysplastic families, in which awareness was 92%. Awareness among health‐care professionals was generally low. The highest level was found in obstetricians–gynecologists (76%) and the lowest in nurses (12%). Dietary folate intake and plasma concentration were highest in pregnant women (356 µg/day and 11.9 ng/mL) and the lowest in student nurses (217 µg/day and 6.8 ng/mL). When the recommended dietary allowance of folate in Japan is taken into consideration, 22% of the non‐pregnant women and 71% of the pregnant women did not fulfill the recommended dietary allowance.Conclusions: Information on the role of periconceptional intake of folic acid is not sufficiently disseminated to young women and health‐care professionals alike. Pregnant women should be repeatedly recommended to take folic acid supplements of 400 µg/day.