bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nannie Helen Burroughs
Authors: Wright Almeda M. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Chapter 4 highlights the contributions of Nannie Helen Burroughs to racial uplift, radical pragmatism, and educational activism in the twentieth century and to empowering Black women regardless of class. It describes how Burroughs’s early life, marked by racism as well as classism and colorism, led her to begin her National Training School, wherein she aimed to impart a holistic education to young Black women. Included in that holistic education are classical subjects, industrial training, and Black history as well as religious education. Chapter 4 foregrounds Burroughs’s activism with her Baptist denomination and a wider political arena, including her efforts to advocate for domestic workers, achieve and properly utilize women’s suffrage, and express a strong Christian missionary zeal. She created and participated in several organizations, alongside her Baptist denomination, including the National Association for Wage Earners and the National League of Republican Women.
Olivia Pearl Stokes
Authors: Wright Almeda M. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Chapter 7 discusses the works of Dr. Olivia Pearl Stokes, the first African American woman to get a doctoral degree in religious education. Beginning with her early life, the chapter overviews the origins of Dr. Stokes’s confidence, leadership, and pedagogical commitments. It also describes her intentional choice of career as a religious educator in response to the sexism in ordained ministry. As a religious educator, Dr. Stokes was able to effectively contribute to the reimagination of Black religious education, advocating for the incorporation of Black liberation theology. Furthermore, this chapter overviews her African-centered pedagogy, which was influenced by Marcus Garvey’s pan-Africanist ideology. Dr. Stokes’s own writings reflect her commitment to pan-Africanism, including The Beauty of Being Black, a polemic against negative images of African people and nations, and The Emerging Role of African Women, which highlights African women in leadership.
Multifarious Devilry
Authors: Liberman Anatoly 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
An etymologist constantly deals with popular beliefs and superstitions. The compound ragamuffin probably consists of the names of two devils’ names: Rag- and Mauf-. Hob-, the root of hobbledehoy, is a variant of Rob, the all-European name of the devil Robert. The compounds hobbledehoy and ragamuffin are similar in that they have connecting elements (de and a). The use of both elements is discussed here in detail. Rogue is rather opaque (apparently, not from Latin), and harlequin is the most intriguing word on the list. Its origin has been the subject of a long and successful investigation. The word takes us back to the early Middle Ages and to the beginning of the Italian popular drama. Despite its Romance look, Harlequin is of English provenance. The final section of the chapter deals with several petty devils, the most important of them being Puck, whose sound-imitative name is possibly of Celtic origin
Life Changes
Authors: Ollion Étienne 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter follows the novices that took office in 2017 as they settle into their new functions. How did they adapt? What did their new routine look like? And, beyond that, what did this sudden immersion of a hundred individuals without prior socialization tell us about the norms of contemporary politics? A close-up analysis of their first year in office discloses three salient features that are constitutive of contemporary political life: its erratic rhythm, made of long and intense work time but also of waiting; the everyday publicity that becoming a politician imposes on its actors; and the violence of interactions within politics.
Investigating the East and South
Authors: Schulz Raimund J. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The newly established Hellenistic monarchies renewed the impetus for exploration by reaching out to the east and south and establishing diplomatic and commercial contacts with local rulers. These contacts enabled the Greek envoy Megasthenes to spend many years at the court of Chandragupta Maurya. The establishment of Greek kingdoms in northern India and on the Ganges facilitated encounters with Buddhism, especially under the rule of King Menander. In Egypt, meanwhile, the Ptolemies turned their commercial and military attention towards southern Sudan and the Red Sea. Their court began to develop into a centre of knowledge where new ethnographic and geographic data were collated and combined into substantial accounts of the various regions, making possible the detailed ‘mathematical’ mapping of the ecumene by the great scientist Eratosthenes.
Building Blocks
Authors: Nakra Teresa M. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 explores the fundamental building blocks of musical sound, the “Lego bricks” with which music is constructed. Readers engage with the most basic elements of sound through pairs of opposites: sound vs. silence, noise vs. music, loud vs. quiet, beats vs. durations, consonance vs. dissonance, tension vs. resolution. They learn how to modify the qualities of sound elements by changing their variables. The chapter also discusses overtones and how they impact our culturally constructed perceptions of “harmonious” or “discordant” qualities of sound, governed by the principle of “valence,” or positive/negative emotional responses to experiences. The concept of timbre is introduced and explored. A two-dimensional representation of sound is described that features a vertical component associated with pitch and frequency, and a horizontal component associated with time and rhythm.
Case Studies: McCarthyism or Legitimate Criticism? Canceling Government Lawyers
Authors: Wendel W. Bradley 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
As the Trump administration wound down and Trump began attempting to delegitimize the results of the 2020 presidential election, some commentators called upon the legal profession to have nothing to do with lawyers who had worked in the administration or participated in any way in challenges to the election. Some of this criticism merely reflects dislike of Trump, but in other cases lawyers should appropriately be held accountable for abusing the legal system in ways that undermine the rule of law. Similar criticisms were raised against lawyers seeking to join the Obama administration who had previously represented suspected terrorists. To avoid merely recapitulating partisanship, legitimate criticism or blame of government lawyers must be prepared to address the distinction between a position that has sufficient factual and legal support and one that is fanciful or fraudulent. John Eastman and Rudy Giuliani are different from former administration lawyers like Rod Rosenstein who were involved in the implementation of morally appalling policies but acted lawfully.
Religious Elites
Authors: Stratton Hild Elaine 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Chapter 1 offers a close reading of the unique, elaborate deathbed ritual found in the twelfth-century manuscript Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Arch. Cap. S. Pietro F 11 pt. A (associated with the Old Roman chant tradition). The ritual’s thirteen notated chants—many of which are unique to this manuscript—are edited in their entirety. An analysis indicates that the ritual prescribes an active role for the community gathered at the deathbed. The liturgy is written for multiple singers performing collaboratively, rather than a single priest. Another notable feature of the ritual is the foundational role given to music. In addition to psalms and a litany, which were conveyed with simple, formulaic melodies, the ritual contains a collection of antiphons with distinctive texts and melodic content. The chants’ melodic aspects shape the delivery of the sung texts, emphasizing comforting and reassuring of God.
Analysis
Authors: Stratton Hild Elaine 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5 takes a broader analytical perspective, using material and insights from the four case studies of Chapters 1 to 4 to consider questions that arise when comparing individual rituals. Did commonalities exist? To what extent did specific geographical areas and institutions maintain local versions of the deathbed rituals? Conversely, to what extent did standardization occur? The chapter also uses evidence provided by the musical material to revisit questions scholars have previously posed. Is there a particular ritual (and accompanying chant repertory) that seems to have originated in Rome? Were the rituals’ chants borrowed from other liturgies, or were they created specifically for the time of an individual’s death? Additionally, Chapter 5 considers how deathbed rituals intersect with issues of current interest in scholarly discourse: medieval conceptions of the afterlife and the relationships among melody and text in medieval plainchant.
Morality and Revelation in Islamic Thought and Beyond
Authors: Saemi Amir 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
If God commanded you to do something contrary to your moral conscience, how would you respond? Many believers of different faiths face a similar challenge today. While they take Scripture to be the word of God, they find Scriptural passages that seem incompatible with their modern moral sensibilities—let’s call this the problem of divinely prescribed evil. The first part of the book demonstrates how Islamic thinkers of various historical traditions (including the Ashʿarites, the Muʿtazilites, and the Greek-influenced Philosophers, falāsifa) adhered to a Scripture-first view: Scripture takes precedence over our independent moral judgments. By appealing to hidden moral facts known only to God or the prophet, a Scripture-first approach views moral reasoning with skepticism, at least when it conflicts with Scripture. An ethics-first view, however, places our independent moral judgments before Scripture. The second part of the book offers two ethics-first approaches, with roots in the Islamic tradition, to the problem of divinely prescribed evil; Countering the skeptical arguments presented by Scripture-first views, one asserts that our own moral reasoning is rationally reliable, while the other argues for its objective reliability. They also demonstrate how theists can uphold their belief in Scripture’s divinity while relying on their own moral judgments. Morality and Revelation in Islamic Thought and Beyond begins by studying the conflict between morality and revelation in Islamic thought and offers unapologetic solutions not only for progressive Muslims but for all theists who take their moral judgments seriously.
Putting Together the Parts
Authors: Phelps Charles E , Lakdawalla Darius N. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter carries out a synthetic generalized risk-adjusted cost-effectiveness (GRACE) model evaluation using assumed values of key parameters. It begins with a simplified model that focuses on a single-period benefit measure, and it reviews how measures of health can be created, which then allow estimates of health losses from illness or disability. Next, the chapter shows how to calculate the severity adjustment R, for both marginal and nonmarginal (large) changes in health. This combines with other components of the full willingness to pay measure, KGRACE, to estimate value per quality-adjusted life years of health gain. Numerous examples for various parameter combinations are explored. The chapter also assesses the “certainty equivalent” adjustment, to account for changes in variance and skewness of health outcome distributions. Adding adjustments for disability, imperfect survival and discounting lead to the full estimated value in a stationary model. A discussion of the further shift to nonstationary models concludes the chapter.
Transition Issues
Authors: Phelps Charles E , Lakdawalla Darius N. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Transitions from using standard cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) to generalized risk-adjusted cost-effectiveness (GRACE) methods of valuing health gains raise important questions. This chapter first addresses how best to implement severity adjustments and compares GRACE-based methods with several ad hoc methods in common use—absolute severity and proportional severity measures. These ad hoc methods diverge considerably from the theory-based GRACE approach. The second issue is that an abundance of evidence suggests that the optimal CEA decision threshold increases with income, raising the question about best ways to accommodate this pattern of preferences in single-payer and market-based health insurance systems. This discussion focuses on uses and control of supplemental health insurance within single-payer systems and how competitive markets would deal with this issue.
Conclusions and Next Steps
Authors: Phelps Charles E , Lakdawalla Darius N. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter summarizes previous chapters and their key conclusions. It then discusses “next steps” toward implementation of the generalized risk-adjusted cost-effectiveness (GRACE) model to replace standard cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) as the proper method for valuing medical interventions. The first necessary step requires estimates of key risk-preference parameters that currently remain unknown. These need not be undertaken by every health technology assessment (HTA) project; once estimated, these parameters can be shared across different HTA applications. The chapter discusses how health plans can anticipate GRACE implementation by routinely measuring the uncertainty surrounding each treatment they provide, a necessary step for all HTAs. It next discusses how GRACE methods remove legal concerns in the U.S. Affordable Care Act regarding valuation methods that discriminate against disabled people. It closes by resoundingly observing that with GRACE methods available, it is no longer valid to state that “a QALY is a QALY is a QALY.”
Microbial Solutions
Authors: Kirchman David L. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Microbes can help to reduce fossil fuel use, minimize the release of methane and nitrous oxide, and take carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere. Biomethane made by archaea is an important fuel source in many developing countries, while ethanol made by yeast makes up 10 percent or more of fuel used in cars in the United States and elsewhere. Inhibiting methanogenesis could reduce methane emissions from cattle and rice cultivation. Environmental microbiome engineering may lower nitrogen fertilizer use and release of nitrous oxide. Several strategies for taking carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere, known as negative emissions, rely on bacteria and fungi to form soil organic matter. One geoengineering scheme is to fertilize the Southern Ocean with iron to strengthen the biological pump and draw down atmospheric carbon dioxide. These possible solutions illustrate why understanding and solving today’s most important environmental problem, climate change, depends on microbes.
‘Hidden Coexistence’
Authors: Zelin Aaron Y. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In Chapter 2, Aaron Y. Zelin considers the case of al-Nahdah, who led Tunisia’s first democratically elected government. Zelin specifically looks at how this Islamist party managed its relationship with the jihadi group Ansar al-Shariah in Tunisia (AST) and with foreign fighters joining Islamic State more generally. Exploring the party’s initial “light touch” policy in relation to these actors, al-Nahdah initially believed that such an approach would incorporate AST into the political system, while also positioning the party as a moderate option between what it viewed as an extreme secular left and an extreme Salafi right. But following a 2013 showdown with these jihadist actors, al-Nahdah took a stronger stance against these groups.
Islamist Parties in Libya after Gaddafi
Authors: Trauthig Inga K. , Badi Emadeddin 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In Chapter 3, Inga K. Trauthig and Emadeddin Badi look at the trajectories of two Islamist actors in Libya after the fall of Gaddafi: the Libyan Muslim Brotherhood (LMB) and the Libyan Islamic Fighting Group (LIFG). Considering their historical role in Libya--as a political party and as a previously underground Salafi-jihadist-aligned movement, respectively--the chapter considers the limitations that they faced in trying to advance themselves in the fragile democracy that followed. It demonstrates that while the LMB was able to entrench itself into Libyan political structures, the LIFG morphed into a largely ineffective force.
Women in Jihadist Practices of Governance
Authors: Cook Joana 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In Chapter 9, Joana Cook considers how Islamist ideologues have influenced the role and status of women in jihadist efforts at governance. First, this chapter outlines key ideologues that have influenced the jihadist movement, particularly how they have approached the roles of women within concepts of governance. This chapter then draws on the case studies of al-Qaeda and ISIS and demonstrates that ISIS’ prioritization of the establishment of a caliphate, whereby they governed over a territory the size of the UK, meant that a demographic not yet seen in transnational jihadist groups was impacted like never before. Considering women who joined ISIS as members, women who had to live as residents under ISIS-seized territory, and women abducted, trafficked, and enslaved by ISIS, Cook contrasts this to al-Qaeda, who engaged women in much more limited terms due in part to their focus on attacking the far enemy, where governance was never achieved to the same extent.
Houthi Governance
Authors: Al-Dawsari Nadwa 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In Chapter 12, Nadwa al-Dawsari looks at the Houthis in Yemen, particularly examining their relationship with tribes. Exploring the Houthis’ history with the Zaydi revivalist movement and Iran, the chapter discusses how this history has informed their approach to tribes in Yemen today. Al-Dawsari details how since taking power in 2014, the Houthis co-opt and manipulate tribal structures or use highly coercive or violent tactics against tribes in order to maintain power in the regions they control. This includes isolating many tribal leaders from their populations, while simultaneously recruiting and developing support among tribal youth and children. The chapter ultimately demonstrates that Islamist groups like the Houthis can efficiently use a combination of social engineering, religious indoctrination, and violence as a means to strengthen their grip on power.
‘Extremism in All Things Is Wrong’
Authors: Maher Shiraz 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In Chapter 16, Shiraz Maher considers the attempts by Saudi Arabia’s Crown Prince, Mohammed bin Salman, to recast the way in which one of the sources of Islamic law--the hadith--are understood and implemented. In doing so, Bin Salman presents a significant challenge to the clerical establishment and has begun redefining the very foundational pact on which the modern Saudi state was created. The implications are profound for the broader Islamic world too, because Bin Salman effectively argues that the traditional approach towards the vast majority of Islamic law has been too narrow and should be reconsidered in more progressive, liberal ways.
Seeking an Argument II
Authors: Leite Adam 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The Global Epistemic Priority Thesis is roughly the thesis that the evidence for the totality of our beliefs about the world is limited to what is given to us by our experiential states. This chapter completes the case that this thesis does not arise out of the commitments of everyday epistemic life. The Global Epistemic Priority Thesis is not supported by considerations about the role of experiential and other non-factive mental states in folk-psychological explanations of belief revisions. Even if proximal folk-psychological explanations of belief revisions always appeal to other mental states, it does not follow that those mental states are the evidence to which we are responding when we hold our beliefs on the basis of evidence. The Global Priority Thesis likewise isn’t supported by the explanation of error or by consideration of the “New Evil Demon” scenario in which one’s epistemic twin is globally deceived by an evil demon.
Dangerous Jokes
Authors: Horisk Claire 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This book argues that the real problem with so-called offensive jokes—such as racist, sexist, and ethnic jokes—is not that they are offensive but that they are harmful, because they transmit and reinforce stereotypes and ideas that contribute to a network of unjust disadvantage for the derogated group. It distinguishes between belittling jokes, which shore up unjust disadvantage for social groups, and disparaging jokes, which derogate powerful groups such as doctors but do not contribute to unjust disadvantage. It uses philosophy of language and linguistics to argue that both belittling and disparaging jokes communicate ideas by generalized conversational implicature, and to argue that defenses of derogatory remarks as “just a joke” are inadequate, because jokes can be used to convey what people believe to be true. The argument focuses on jokes in ordinary conversation, showing that canonical accounts of cooperative conversation need to be enriched: some people have greater power to shift the common ground of a conversation, and to introduce new presuppositions, than others, and there are alliances that exclude some parties to the conversation, and yet are powerful in setting the future course of the conversation. The book also gives a new account of the morality of listening, arguing that sometimes people who listen to derogatory speech may be culpable for doing so. Throughout, the book draws on a wealth of interdisciplinary evidence to support its claims and to explain why humor is an especially effective means of unjust discrimination.
Wings of the Gods
Authors: Gardella Peter (Petra) , Krute Laurence 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Birds have always been gods and messengers of gods. More than symbols, birds gained divine status by guiding people to water and food, replanting forests after ice ages and fires, and settling into farming and urban life. Wings of the Gods explores the relations between birds and humans from an evolutionary perspective, starting with the roles of birds in creating the world. The narrative then moves through legends, rituals, costumes, wars, and spiritual disciplines to the current ecological crisis. Since the Industrial Revolution, birds have become the only wild animals that most people ever come to know. Wings of the Gods urges that humans listen to birds and watch the movements and populations of birds to find solutions to climate change, epidemics, pollution, and famine. Just as birds led our prehistoric ancestors out of Africa and across Siberia to populate the world, so birds can lead us away from heat death and mass extinction to an era of harmony with nature. Every religion recorded in history teaches reverence for birds. Now we need a new religion, a religion of nature that regards birds and other animals as equal citizens of earth. Saving even a fraction of the beauty and wonder that has inspired belief in God will depend on this new religious attitude. Fortunately, humans have been developing that new religion for centuries, and the last chapters of Wings of the Gods describe that development.