bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Anatomy of an International Monetary Regime
Authors: Gallarotti Giulio M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book is a historical analysis of the gold standard from 1880-1914 focusing on the origins and workings of the gold standard as an international system. The system functioned smoothly until the onset of the First World War, when the foundations began to weaken. By the end of the 1920s the gold standard had been abandoned by most countries until the disastrous attempt to revive it in the 1930s. This book is comprehensive and definitive.
Hegemony and the Bank of England
Authors: Gallarotti Giulio M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
That the British state did not behave hegemonically (i.e., that we cannot attribute the rise and maintenance of the gold standard to the actions of the British state) does not prima facie invalidate the thesis that the gold standard was somehow hegemonized. In fact, more scholars have attributed the stability of the gold standard to management on the part of the Bank of England than have attributed it to the British state. Clearly, if the Bank was a source of management, it was not in the service of the state. But the Bank itself may have taken it upon itself to stabilize the international system. The justification for such an act would have been quite apparent, and consistent with a variety of strands of hegemony, both of a benevolent and coercive nature. If behaving in the interest of the system (i.e., benevolently), the Bank may have taken up the moral duty of being a central bank for the world (managing the international business cycle and credit system, and providing liquidity in last resort). No other institution was situated in as favorable a position to affect world monetary conditions: being the central bank in the world’s major financial center. From a purely self-interested point of view, on the other hand, it was rational to stabilize the international monetary system because international economic transactions were preponderantly executed by British citizens (as consumers, traders, investors, and bankers). Fetter (1965, p. 255) observes how widespread has been the vision among 20th century economists that the stability of the gold standard relied on the “Bank of England action as managing director, or executive secretary.” The vision of the Bank as a manager of the international gold standard is both a common and old one. Keynes (1930, V. 11) and Scammell [1965] 1985), and more recently Eichengreen (1986b), saw the Bank as the leader of the international orchestra of central banks, and it was to the harmonization of this orchestra under the Bank’s leadership that the gold standard owed its stability. Beyen (1949, p. 14) argues that it was the Bank’s policy to be an international “shock absorber.” Cleveland (1976) concurs. Wood (1939, p. 139) avers that it was the Bank’s special position that led her to “guide the international standard.” Kindleberger (1984, p. 68) calls the Bank the “central focus of [the] management” of the classical gold standard.
The Stability of the Gold Standard
Authors: Gallarotti Giulio M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of the compelling conclusions that emerges from the historiography on the classical gold standard is that the period saw what economic historians call a remarkable level of stability relative to periods before and after. As noted above, however, the historians have marshaled a plethora of diverse properties as testimony to this stability. Defining what constitutes international monetary or economic stability is an exercise in subjectivity. This is to be expected, given the differing views of what constitutes a well-functioning or desirable international monetary regime.2 One inevitable shortfall of accounting for the performance of differing monetary regimes is, given the variety of definitions, an inability to definitively separate cause from effect. Is the efficiency of the adjustment mechanism to be considered an integral part of a regime’s success or a cause of its success? Should international price trends be seen as a property of an international monetary regime or fundamental determinants of the regime’s properties (e.g., in terms of their impact on exchange rates and terms of trade)? Should monetary regimes be judged on the performance of real international variables, such as growth in income and employment, or should these real variables be assessed only with respect to their impact on monetary variables such as exchange rates, liquidity, velocity, and inflation? To what extent should national economic performance (fiscal performance, inflation, unemployment) be considered part of the performance of an international monetary regime? The answers to these questions are likely to vary according to the research agendas of differing scholars. With these caveats in mind, the purpose of this chapter is to explain why the gold standard was successful in maintaining itself throughout most of the developed world in the three and a half decades preceding World War I (i.e., how the gold club was able to persist). This approach looks at stability in a literal sense: a state in which some set of practices and relations remain intact, which in this particular case constituted the ability of a collectivity of nations to maintain the gold link throughout the period. As Bloomfield (1963, p. 29) points out, “No leading country was ever forced to abandon gold.
Layouts Of The Works
Authors: Bradley Betsy Hunter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
From the mid-nineteenth to the mid-twentieth centuries, manufacturing works usually consisted of a number of buildings-production sheds, loft structures, and powerhouses-and systems that varied considerably in their layout and placement. During this time, the best locations for manufacturing works changed, as did preferred means of transportation. The physical layout was influenced by the flow of production operations, power generation and distribution, and materials handling methods. There were other considerations as well. Dirty and noisy operations had to be kept isolated and women were often segregated from the main workforce. The works also had to include measures for fire prevention and suppression.
Materials Of Construction
Authors: Bradley Betsy Hunter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Building materials used in factories were selected and utilized to provide maximum strength and stability, at reasonable cost and with an acceptable degree of fire resistance. Builders relied on traditional building practices and used locally available materials until the engineer was able to calculate the strength of materials in compression and tension. Such advances in engineering permitted building designers to meet the greater demands that were placed on the structural frames of industrial buildings as machines became larger and heavier and operated at higher speeds. Manufacturers were aware of the importance of matching material, method of construction, and manufacturing requirements and were willing to pay for high-quality construction.
Them Dark Days
Authors: Dusinberre William 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this groundbreaking book, Dusinberre conducts an intense investigation of slavery in the rice swamps of South Carolina and Georgia. Concentrated there were some of the richest--and most expansive--plantations of the South. It was an unhealthy region for both blacks and whites; slavery, in the swamps, was administered with particular severity. Focusing on three of the largest plantations, Dusinberre presents portraits of individuals, both black and white, who personify and exemplify the harsh realities of the slave system. Them Dark Days offers a vivid reconstruction of slavery in action; while it conveys the atmosphere and daily routine of the plantations, it also sets the analysis of slave culture within a wider context of health, discipline, privilege, and psychology.
Retrospect
Authors: Dusinberre William 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1937-38-over seventy-two years after emancipation-the WPA worker Genevieve Chandler (a Southern white woman seemingly related to one of the antebellum Waccamaw planters) interviewed elderly Waccamaw blacks about slavery times on the Waccamaw rice plantations. These interviews are a rich mine of information, yet they-like every other source on slavery-have serious shortcomings and must be used carefully. Chandler (like Frances Kemble a century earlier) encountered in the blacks a vein of coarse flattery of the powerful whites; but Chandler-unlike Kemble-appeared to accept it at face value. She was convinced that “most old ex-slaves in the South Carolina lowcountry . . . love and revere the names and memories of their old masters”;1 and few of the Waccamaw blacks sought to undeceive her. Chandler’s was an unrepresentative sample, for more than one reason. To begin with, all of her interviewees were very old, and their recollections of slavery were largely based on stories their parents had told them. (Kemble, by contrast, had spoken mainly with young or middle-aged slaves, as yet untainted by old people’s natural appreciation of the time when they were not yet physically infirm; and Kemble’s interlocutors spoke from their own fresh tears and blood, not from those of an earlier generation and a bygone age.) Chandler’s sample was unrepresentative in another way, for nearly every black person whom she interviewed in 1937-38 was a member of the small, atypical group of black landowners, mainly descended from privileged drivers, artisans, or house servants. And Chandler biased her sample by recording a long conversation with Sabe Rutledge (who alleged of his master, “Sho treat his colored folks good”), yet not bothering to interview Sabe’s sister Jane.
Speaking and Belonging: Free Speech and Community
Authors: Walker Samuel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Margaret sanger was banned in Boston. Mayor James Curley, one of the most colorful figures in American political history, denied the birth control pioneer permission to speak in 1923 simply because she advocated contraception. As far as Curley was concerned, “birth control” was nothing more than a euphemism for murder, and anyone who advocated violent crime forfeited his or her right of free speech. The issues at stake in the Boston confrontation extended far beyond the immediate one of birth control. In their own ways, both Sanger and Curley understood that birth control was directly related to the broader issue of women’s role in American society. Sanger believed that control over conception was a crucial step toward freedom and independence for women. Mayor Curley understood as well that women’s autonomy in this area threatened the patriarchal structure of society. Instinctively, he banned Sanger’s speech.
Introduction
Authors: Hanioğlu M Şükrü 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book is about the Young Turk opposition movement against the regime of Abdülhamid II, with particular emphasis on the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP). It begins by examining the inception of the original CUP nucleus in 1889 and continues to expose in detail the internal workings of the movement until 1902. I chose to write about this phase of the CUP because it is seminal and because a clear demarcation can be made in 1902, at which time the network collapsed, leading to the formation of drastically different organizations. I believe that such an in depth study is long overdue, not least because the Young Turks had a formative and lasting impact on the modern Turkish state. The CUP, an outgrowth of the Young Turk movement, constituted the major ruling power in the Ottoman Empire between 1908 and 1918 except for a brief interlude; the founders of modern Turkey, including the first three presidents, serving from 1923 to 1960, were former CUP members.1 Further, although the period 1889-1908 has been viewed as remote by some political scientists, the official ideology of modern Turkey as shaped during this period by the early Young Turks has continued to exert its influence even today on Turkey’s intellectual and political life. Clarification of this period is thus both fundamental and essential to serious studies of events since 1889.
The CUP in the Hands of the High-Ranking Conspirators
Authors: Hanioğlu M Şükrü 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Contrary to the Ottoman government’s expectations, Osmanllremained in publication after an agreement with the leaders of the Geneva branch and the palace, and the leaders continued to author unsigned articles for it. After the leaders’ acceptance of posts at various Ottoman embassies, in order to provide moral support to members in the Empire, the Geneva center adopted a strongly activist rhetoric. It also published a German supplement to Osmanllin order to relax diplomatic pressure on the CUP. This was İ shak S ü k û ti’s idea. The articles about Germany were so laudatory that Ahmed Tevfik Pasha, the Ottoman ambassador in Berlin, endeavored to exploit the event to advance relations with Germany. But this new publication provoked vehement opposition among pro-British members. The leaders then decided to use it as a blackmailing tool. After printing the second issue, all back issues were sold to Ottoman agents in a bargain initiated by Abdullah Cevdet.However, neither the strong rhetoric nor the German supplement went far in restoring hope to supporters, and some important members were even inclined to believe that the movement had ended.At that point, Ahmed RJ.za once again took the initiative and applied to the French Ministry of the Interior for the publication of Merveret. Affaires Etrangeres consulted on the matter with Constans, the ambassador in Istanbul, and Ahmed RJ.za was again left unanswered. 12
Elements of Theory
Authors: Zimring Franklin E , Hawkins Gordon 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
To devote a chapter to theoretical approaches to a subject like incapacitation would seem to many to be a needless conceit. For the mechanism of incapacitation seems like simplicity itself, needing only what Jeremy Bentham called “schoolboy logic” (1802:183) for its explication, and requiring models of implementation that would appear to be too simple even to merit that description.
Becoming Partners
Authors: Kay Fiona , Hagan John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In my large firm, once known as a good place for women, I have witnessed a weeding out of women in senior positions. 1Uanagement has put on pressure to redline partnership distributions of women who are not ‘movers and shakers’ and keep senior associates out of partnership on the same basis. Becoming a partner in a law firm is often the most important event in the professional life of a privately practicing lawyer. For a significant number of lawyers, partnership marks a successful passage into a set of professional relationships that enhances lifetime earnings and that opens further avenues for career advancement. For others, the decision not to pursue partnership or the denial of partnership signals a downturn in professional prospects that diminishes potential earnings and that permanently reduces occupational opportunities.
Born to Bill?
Authors: Kay Fiona , Hagan John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I put up with people (including clients) that in other circumstances I would avoid like the plague. Over the span of 33 years in practice the firm has grown from a “gentleman s club” to a ‘factory. “ Regrettably, this is the price of progress, but some of the attraction of practicing law has gone - leaving one to worry about hours billed, clients with increasingly unrealistic demands, and a general feeling of malaise. I should have taken my fathers advice and stuck to medicine! The practice of law has changed drastically over the last ten years and is still changing. Many of us have become greedy, the only focus being the bottom line at the expense of human values. Billable hours have become too important.
The Free Labor Ideology: Adam Smith
Authors: Drescher Seymour 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For James Steuart and Arthur Young, the geographic separation between freedom and slavery remained clear and nonproblematic in 1770. By the last third of the eighteenth century, however, the two “zones” had begun to impinge on each other. An increasing stream of black slaves from the periphery to Europe generated continuous friction over the metropolitan status of colonists’ claims to their property in persons. European juridicial systems faced a choice. In the 1770s, some, like those in England and Scotland, nullified slave laws within their jurisdictions. Those in France and the Netherlands temporarily allowed properly registered slaves to be warehoused in Europe for reexport abroad within a given time period. In all the systems of northwestern Europe, the desire to hold the “line” still predominated.
Adam Smith’s Epigone and the Retreat from the Free Labor Ideology
Authors: Drescher Seymour 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On the eve of emancipation in the early 1830s, abolitionists had found a plausible, if contested, premise for radical change in the British colonial system. In the early 1800s, the population principle had done service as a conceptual foundation for the abolition of the British slave trade. By the 1820s, often employing contradictory premises, abolitionists again found it immensely useful as a basis for demanding some alternative to a tangibly shrinking labor force in the Caribbean.
Heredity, Environment, and Change
Authors: Drescher Seymour 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As the question of slavery became politicized toward the end of the eighteenth century, both defenders and opponents of the system were tempted to at least scan the horizon beyond political economy in search of arguments. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, British scientists and gentlemen farmers eagerly volunteered to support imperial expansion. Since one of the most dynamic components of Atlantic trade came from the growth of the sugar industry, science was assigned a special role in ensuring its continued improvement. The formation of agricultural societies and botanic gardens on both sides of the Atlantic was testimony to that dynamic faith.
Expanding the Experiment
Authors: Drescher Seymour 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For two generations before 1833, most abolitionists argued that once liberated, workers in British colonies could produce tropical staples as abundantly, more cheaply, and more efficiently than former slaves. During the remainder of the decade, there were occasional allusions to the attractiveness of the peasant option along the lines that George Thompson had offered in his rousing dismissal of economic performance before abolitionist audiences prior to emancipation.
The Experiment in Crisis: Sugar, Slaves, and Cotton
Authors: Drescher Seymour 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As the 1846 sugar bill stood on the brink of passage, the unswerving organ of free trade exulted in the nuptials of morality and science throughout the globe: We believe therefore, that to put an end to all discriminating duty, and open our markets to the world, would encourage the inhabitants of the Brazils and Cuba to improve labour rather than to import slaves—to substitute skill for mere brutal toil—to introduce refined machinery from Europe instead of rude Africans from the Bight of Benin.
Introduction Histories: The Philosophy of Today
Authors: Matsuda Matt K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Memories of the turn of the century: revolutionaries and a bronze colossus at the Place Vendome; a doctor with Europe’s finest collection of brains; a murderer and rapist on the road; a magician and master of illusion; savages on the floor of the stock exchange; a scholar in the world of the ancients; cynical politicians and a woman outraged; in a glittering ballroom, a couple dancing a tango; at the edge of town, a desperate wanderer with a question. Why call these images “memories,” a word so overcharged with meanings and allusions? What follows is after all in some ways a general history of France and Europe between the Franco-Prussian War in 1870 and the beginning of the Great War in 1914, arranged around conventional historical themes. The reader will find, if desired, the familiar markers of that tumultuous era, in chapters dedicated to politics, economics, society, and cultural movements, framed by the violence of two wars. In course I examine political revolt and revolutionary socialism, public monuments and the Paris of Haussmann, the cycles of the French economy and financial system. I also examine literature and teaching, debates on imperialism and colonialism, the rise of the popular press and the mass of public opinion. Equally featured are chapters on the professions, the practices and politics of doctors and lawyers, courts of law and clinics. Women, children, family, and property, the disappearance of the rural world and the relation of church and state are all “questions.” No work on this period of French history would be complete without a few words.
Blood Pressure Genetics
Authors: Korner Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Much of our understanding about inheritance of high BP and the role of the environment is based on biometrical partitioning of the BP variance into its component factors. However, to date the advances in the molecular genetics of hypertension have largely consisted of the development of new technologies. For example, we can dissect the genome and vary the extent to which particular genes are expressed, while the quest to identify the genes that cause EH or genetic rat hypertension has been largely unsuccessful. Only in several rare monogenic types of human hypertension have the mutant genes that cause the elevation of BP been identified, together with the mechanism of their action.
CNS Cardiovascular Pathways: Role of Fast and Slow Transmitters
Authors: Korner Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The first part of this chapter gives a brief account of the cardiovascular pathways of the CNS, which were referred to briefly in chapter 2. However, the main aim is to provide an introductory framework for understanding the cardiovascular role of the fast and slow transmitter neurons. As mentioned in chapter 2, the CNS endows the circulatory control system with adaptive properties, allowing it to alter its regulatory parameters under appropriate circumstances. For example, repeated aversive stimuli applied to the tail of the sea snail Aplysia strengthen the synapses by which it withdraws its gills in response to light touch. A serotonergic (5-HT) slow transmitter neuron plays a crucial role in this process of synaptic strengthening, which is called sensitization (Kandel, 2001). It is envisaged that a similar process strengthens synapses subserving the defense response to stress in persons genetically susceptible to EH, and it is important to know which neurons mediate these responses.
Reason Has No Sex
Authors: Steinbrügge Lieselotte , Selwyn Pamela E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the middle of the eighteenth century, the question of the equality of the sexes became a controversial topic of discussion. The emancipatory Enlightenment movement also shook up traditional ideals of womanhood. Proponents of theories of sexual equality could look to a famous predecessor who had already made a vigorous contribution to the querelle des femmes in the seventeenth century: Franois Poulain de la Barre. Two works by Florent de Puisieux and Dom Philippe Caffiaux, which appeared in the mid-eighteenth century, stand in a direct line with Poulain’s famous 1673 pamphlet De l’egalite des deux sexes (On the Equality of the Two Sexes). In order to understand the peculiarities of the late-Enlightenment querelle, we must first look at this work.