bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surface Modification of NaCrO2 Positive Electrode Material for Sodium-Ion-Batteries
Authors: Wortelkamp Fritz , Hwang Jingkwang , Matsumoto Kazuhiko , Hagiwara Rika , Krossing Ingo 
Published: February 2024

Sodium-ion batteries are potential successors of lithium-ion batteries, due to the abundance of sodium resources, which leads to up to 30% cost reduction when the two systems are compared directly[1]. While the cost advantage is high the performance of sodium ion batteries still needs improvement if they are to replace their lithium counterparts in many areas. Stability and performance are big areas which need to be improved.
The volatile (H2AlOtBu)2-precursor can be used to create a coating of HAlO on metal surfaces at 270°C from the gas phase via chemical vapor deposition. It has also been used to coat Li1+x(Ni0.85Co0.10Mn0.05)1-x positive electrode material for lithium ion batteries in an autoclave at 180°C, resulting in a LiAlO2 layer and improving cycling stability.[2],[3]
In this work the same coating procedure was applied to the NaCrO2 positive electrode material resulting in a similar coating and improving the performance of the material in electrochemical tests in half cells. The coating received has been shown to be a mix of different aluminium compounds resulting in an artificial cathode electrolyte interface. Electrochemical testing shows that the capacity of the treated material is higher than the capacity of the pristine one from the first cycle and it shows increased cycling stability. These improvements can be attributed to a lower resistance of the coated compared to the pristine material as shown by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
Overall the coating procedure is simple and the required amount of 0.3 weight percent of precursor material compared to the positive electrode material is very small for a big effect on electrochemical performance.
[1] D.Larcher, J-M. Tarascon, Nat. Chem, 2014, 7, 19-25
[2] M. Veith, S. Faber, H. Wolfanger, V. Huch, Chem. Ber. 1996, 129, 381.
[3] A. Martens, C. Bolli, A. Hoffmann, C. Erk, T. Ludwig, M. El Kazzi, U. Bredde-mann, P. Novák, I. Krossing, J. Electrochem. Soc. 2020, 167, 70510.
Investigation of Antibacterial Efficacy of CuCrO2 Delafossite Thin Films Against E. coli
Authors: Sundaresh Sreeram , Sundaram Kalpathy B. 
Published: February 2024

Terminals used in hospitals, information systems displaying patient information, and smartphones use touch panels that incorporate n and p transparent conducting oxide (TCO) layers [1]. There are a lot of pre-existing research present on n-type TCO while at the same time similar research interest related to p-type TCOs has been lacking. This is due to the inherently high electrical resistivity or low optical transparency of p-type TCOs. Recently, there has been a spike in research related to p-type delafossite thin films, owing to their excellent electrical and optical properties as compared to the other p-type counterparts. Cu-based p-type delafossite materials exhibit low resistivity and at the same time good optical transparency in the visible region. Among the Cu-based delafossites, copper chromium oxide (CuCrO2) exhibits the lowest electrical resistivity reported yet. Use of CuCrO2 as the p-type TCO along with a suitable n-type TCO might demonstrates significant potential to be used for optoelectronic applications.
In this work, CuCrO2 thin films have been deposited on quartz substrates using dual target RF magnetron sputtering technique. This involved dual sputtering of 3- inch Cu2O and Cr2O3 targets. The substrate temperature was maintained at 400 °C during the deposition with Ar used as the sputtering gas. This was followed by post deposition annealing. Previous research carried out by our group has indicated that single-phase CuCrO2 was obtained at an annealing temperature of 650 °C in N2 ambiance for 4 hours [2, 3]. Successful synthesis of single-phase CuCrO2 has been confirmed using XPS and XRD study. The resistivity of CuCrO2 was obtained as 0.652 Ω-cm, which is the lowest reported so far. The optical study denoted an average optical transmission of > 60% in the visible wavelength spectrum and a high optical bandgap of 3.2 eV. The antibacterial efficacy of different thickness of CuCrO2 thin films was tested against E. coli bacterial strain and compared against the efficacy of plain quartz in this research work. Results showed that with an increase in the thickness of CuCrO2 thin films, the efficacy against E. coli increases. The highest antibacterial efficacy of 78.07 % was shown by 2000 A° CuCrO2 thin film.
[1] Chiu T-W, Yang Y-C, Yeh A-C, Wang Y-P, Feng Y-W. Antibacterial property of CuCrO2 thin films prepared by RF magnetron sputtering deposition. Vacuum. 2013;87:174-177.
[2] Sundaresh S, Bharath AH, Sundaram KB. Effect of Annealing Temperature on Radio Frequency Sputtered p-Type Delafossite Copper Chromium Oxide (CuCrO2) Thin Films and Investigation of Diode Characteristics Forming Transparent pn-Heterojunction. Coatings2023.
[3] Sundaresh S, Bharath AH, Sundaram KB. Effect of Cu2O Sputtering Power Variation on the Characteristics of Radio Frequency Sputtered p-Type Delafossite CuCrO2 Thin Films. Coatings2023.
CO2 Separation Using Electrochemical Hydrogen Pumping
Authors: Kanazawa Sota , Matsushima Hisayoshi , Ueda Mikito 
Published: February 2024

Introduction
Carbon dioxide (CO2) separation and capture technologies are necessary for a decarbonized society. The chemical absorption method using an amine solvent has been demonstrated in steel and power industry. However, the separation process has some drawbacks such as material corrosion. In this study, we examined CO2 separation by electrochemical approach using hydrogen pumping.
Experimental
The JARI fuel standard cell was employed and modified. It was divided in anode and cathode compartment by a cation exchange membrane. KHCO3 solution and KCl solution were circulated in the anode and cathode compartment, respectively. H2 gas was supplied to the anode at a constant flow rate by mass flow controller. Electrolysis was carried out at various cell voltages using a DC power supply unit. The gas from the anode was introduced into a quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS). The volume rate of CO2 gas was measured by a mass flow meter.
Results and discussion
Figure 1 shows the current-voltage curve when H2 gas was supplied, and constant voltage electrolysis was carried out. The current was detected below the theoretical decomposition voltage of water (1.23 V). This supported that the reversible reaction of hydrogen pumping (H2 ⇆ 2H+ + 2e-) was occurred as expected. The Pt catalyst was contributed to the small overvoltage.
During electrolysis, gas was generated in the anode solution. It was separated by a gas-liquid separator, and then introduced to QMS. Figure 2 shows the relationship between the ratio of CO2 gas and cell voltage. In our experiment, the CO2 purity was over 90% at all voltages. This suggested that water electrolysis with O2 evolution did not occur. That is, by controlling the cell voltage, the hydrogen pumping reaction take place preferentially, and H+ is effectively supplied to the anode compartment. This archive high CO2 gas separation. In poster session, results on energy consumption will also be presented.

Figure 1
Development of Durable Pt/CoWO4 Nanofiber Catalyst-Support Hybrid Material Using Ex-Solution for Zn-Air Batteries
Authors: Lee Chang Ho , Lee Caroline sunyoung , Yoon Ki Ro 
Published: February 2024

The zinc-air batteries (ZABs) has been regarded as a next-generation energy storage device due to its high energy density, cost competitiveness, and excellent safety [1]. However, several challenges must still be overcome to commercialize the ZABs, including poor cycle properties and low coulombic efficiency. These problems are due to oxygen-base reaction which has sluggish kinetics and a high overpotential. Generally, noble metals (Pt) and metal oxides (IrO2, RuO2) have been employed as oxygen-based electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction and oxygen evolution reaction respectively. However, these materials suffer from poor durability during the reaction and high material costs. Therefore more durable and economical catalyst materials designed for ZABs should be developed.
In this study, we developed Pt/CoWO4 nanofiber hybrid material with excellent stability to overcome the limitations of the commercial catalyst. First, the ceramic nanofibers with a high specific surface area were fabricated by the electrospinning method. Pt and Co catalysts were strongly bonded to a WO3 support using an Ex-solution technique in which metal ions within the solid solution were exposed as metal nanoparticles on the surface [2]. We have modulated a stepwise thermal treatment that controls the crystallinity and oxygen deficiency of support material, and the exposure behavior of Pt, and Co nanoparticles such as particle size and alloy formation. Finally, the optimized hybrid material exhibited high catalytic activity, reaction stability, and material durability in the half-cell tests in alkaline media. Furthermore, a container-type zinc-air cell was fabricated and the Pt/CoWO4 catalyst successfully operated for over 240 h at 2mA∙cm-2. We believe this study guides a strategy for the development of more efficient catalyst materials for feasible not only the ZABs but also various metal catalyst–ceramic supports
[1] J. Fu, R. Liang, G. Liu, A. Yu, Z. Bai, L. Yang, and Z. Chen, "Recent Progress in Electrically Rechargeable Zinc – Air Batteries," Adv. Mater., vol. 31, no. 31, p. 1805230, 2019
[2] Js Jang, BJ Kim, JW HAN, WC Jung and Id Kim, “Dopant-Driven Positive Reinforcement in Ex-Solution Process: New Strategy to Develop Highly Capable and Durable Catalytic Materials,” Adv. Mater. Vol. 32, issue 46, p. 2003983, 2020

Figure 1
High-Speed AFM Observation of Electrolytic Nanobubbles Formation on HOPG
Authors: Ohashi Ryuto , Matsushima Hisayoshi , Ueda Mikito 
Published: February 2024

Introduction
Nanobubbles (NBs) on solid surfaces are an interesting topic for surface and colloid science. Since the diameter of NBs is less than 1 μm, NBs can be morphologically measured by atomic force microscope (AFM) [1]. However, due to the slow scanning speed of conventional atomic force microscope (AFM), the nucleation and growth process is not yet known. We previously applied high-speed AFM (HS-AFM) for NBs’ evolution during water electrolysis [2]. Here, we discuss the NBs’ formation during cyclic voltammetry (CV).
Experimental
The experimental cell was a three-electrode system at room temperature. The working electrode was highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG). The counter and reference electrodes were Pt wires. The electrolyte was a sulfuric acid solution (5 mmol L-1). CV was performed by a potentiostat. HS-AFM was operated in dynamic mode. The scanning speed was 0.5 frame s-1 and the size was 1 × 0.75 µm2.
Results and discussion
When the potential was swept to the anode from the open circuit potential, the pancake-like NBs were formed (Fig. 1). The height was ~5 nm, and the surface roughness was very small (< 1 nm). The pancake NBs grew along the step side and moved actively on the surface. They occasionally coalesced with neighboring NBs.
On the other hand, when the potential was swept to the cathode, the dynamic process was the opposite. The pancake NBs dissolved. This poster will present the dynamic variation of electrolytic NBs during the CV.
Reference
[1] X.H. Zhang et al., Langmuir, 23, 1778 (2007).
[2] M Mita, H Matsushima, M Ueda, H Ito, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 641, 389 (2022).

Figure 1
Dark-Field Microscopy of Au@Ag Core Shell Nanoparticles during Electrochemical Conversion Reactions
Authors: Braemer Lars Fabian , Wonner Kevin , Tschulik Kristina 
Published: February 2024

Nanoparticles (NPs), which can nowadays be synthesized in various shapes and compositions, provide special physical properties that can strongly differ from their respective macroscopic counterparts. In particular due to the highly increased surface-to-volume ratios, NPs are frequently used as catalyst material.(1) Furthermore, metal NPs exhibit adjustable spectral properties arising from the interaction of the conduction band electrons with electromagnetic radiation, called localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR).(2) The NPs appear colorful, where spectra of single NPs contain fundamental information about the size, shape and composition of the NP. Using Dark-Field Microscopy (DFM), the LSPR spectra of individual NPs can be precisely detected by hyperspectral imaging and CCD imaging. Combining this method with electrochemistry allows the monitoring of electrochemical processes on a single NP level.(3) In our work we focus on Au@Ag Core Shell NPs which are a promising candidate for catalytic applications. The LSPR spectra of the core shell NPs were herein tracked during the electrochemically induced dissolution of the Ag shell in nitrate solution exhibiting a “naked” Au core with possibly increased catalytic activities. With this spectro-electrochemical approach, an intensity decrease accompanied by a spectral red-shift was found during the dissolution of the Ag, which correlated with the simultaneously obtained current responses.
Figure 1: Left: DFM CCD images of core shell NPs before and after linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) are displayed (-0.2 to 0.6 V vs Pt, 5 mV/s), center: LSPR intensity gradient of > 600 core shell NPs which were individually tracked during the LSV (black) including the current response (red), right: LSPR spectra of a representative core shell NP before and after the LSV.
References
(1) Ealia S. A. M.; Saravanakumar M. P. IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng.
2017, 263, 032019.
(2) Sambur J. B.; Chen P. Annu Rev Phys Chem
65, 395–422.
(3) K. Wonner et al. J. Am.
Chem. Soc.
2018, 140, 12658–12661.

Figure 1
Electrolyte Flow through Porous Carbon Electrodes Under Compression in the Hydrogen-Bromine Redox Flow Battery
Authors: Ochoa Fajardo David 
Published: February 2024

The conditions of electrolyte flow affect the performance of redox flow batteries through the combined effect of pumping energy and electrode overpotential. In the hybrid hydrogen-bromine flow battery the conditions of electrolyte flow depend on the trans-membrane pressure exerted by hydrogen gas in the membrane electrode assembly, which has a compressive effect on the liquid side electrode.
This study aims at characterizing the effect of hydrogen pressure on flow characteristics and investigate its effect on transport behavior. We selected two types of porous carbon electrodes, carbon paper and carbon cloth, with and without surface conditioning, and study liquid flow at the compression ratios expected in a hydrogen-bromine cell under increasing operation pressure.
Combination of electrode characterization with electrolyte velocity measurements obtained by particle image velocimetry in flow-through configuration allow characterization of liquid flow through porous electrodes, and attempt to relate it to electrode morphology. Electrochemical testing is then is used to reveal the effect of electrode compression on electrochemical active surface area, estimated by the capacitance of the double layer, and cell polarization.
The velocity field is revealed to be highly dependent on the fiber structure of the electrode and surface conditioning. The effect of compression manifests early and impacts the uniformity of flow through the porous structure. Additionally, the changes in active area and cell resistance result in a complex combination of factors that determine cell polarization.

Figure 1
Electrochemical Peroxide Generation for in Situ Disinfection
Authors: Vijapur Santosh Hanamant , Hall Timothy , Taylor E. Jennings , Wang Dan , More Santosh R , Liu Danny , Snyder Stephen 
Published: February 2024

Among the numerous technological advances sought in order to facilitate human exploration and habitation outside of earth’s atmosphere, solutions and innovations are needed for processing resources locally to support sustainable and long duration space missions. Such in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) is aimed at reducing the payload mass during launch and eliminate the need for ground support for long-term missions and ultimately space colonization. Disinfection needs is an area of particular need, which is currently accomplished through the use of pre-packaged, disposable, wetted disinfection wipes. These items represent an appreciable carry-along mass and disposal/replacement burden requiring ground support. Therefore, a system is desired that could utilize onboard utilities to create disinfecting solutions to eliminate storage/disposable problems of the wetted wipes and further reduce the astronaut’s dependence on earth-based supplies.
Faraday Technology Inc. is addressing this challenge by demonstrating an in-situ approach, which utilizes on-board supplies of air and water for on demand electrochemical generation of hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide is well-established disinfectant with non-toxic decomposition products (viz., O2 and H2O), that is safe enough for human contact to be sold commercially as a 1-5 w/w% solution, which makes it an ideal disinfecting solution for closed space environments. Faraday has continued to improve the TRL by scaling the electrochemical peroxide generation system from a sub-scale to alpha-scale process in order to deliver 1 L per day of ~2 w/w% hydrogen peroxide for disinfectant applications from DI water feed-stream with air as a feed source[1],[2],[3],[4]. These electrolytes were then sent to NASA for microbial control property characterization.
This system eliminates the need to ferry disinfectant wipes to manned space capsules and is a critical enabling technology for future moon-based missions and beyond. Specifically, this talk will discuss the results of these advancements.

Acknowledgements: Financial support of NASA Contracts NNX16CA43P, NNX17CJ12C, 80NSSC20C0070, and 80NSSC23CA036 is acknowledged.

References:

[1] Vijapur, Santosh H., et al. "Electrochemical peroxide generation." ECS Transactions 77.11 (2017): 947.
[2] Vijapur, Santosh, et al. "In-Situ Resource Utilization for Electrochemical Generation of Hydrogen Peroxide for Disinfection." 49th International Conference on Environmental Systems, 2019.
[3] Nelson, George J., et al. "Electrochemistry for Space Life Support." The Electrochemical Society
Interface 29.1 (2020): 47.
[4] Vijapur, Santosh, et al. "In-Situ Resource Utilization for Electrochemical Generation of Hydrogen Peroxide for Disinfection." 50th International Conference on Environmental Systems, 2021.
(Invited) Some Observations on the History of Electrochemistry in Europe
Authors: Buckley Noel 
Published: February 2024

Modern electrochemistry is generally regarded as having its origins in the work of the Italian scientists Galvani (1737 – 1798) and Volta (1745 – 1827). Their discoveries led directly to the invention (1799) by Volta of the voltaic pile, a primitive form of what we now call a battery. This invention greatly facilitated electrical experimentation and quickly led to a host of other electrochemical discoveries such as the electrolysis of water (Nicholson and Carlisle in 1800, although it was first demonstrated in 1789 by Deiman and van Troostwijk using an electrostatic generator), isolation of elemental alkali and alkaline earth metals (Davy, 1807–1808) and electroplating (Brugnatelli, 1805). The work of Davy (1778 – 1829) and of Faraday (1791 – 1867) greatly advanced the understanding of electrochemistry and Faraday’s laws of electrolysis (1833) put the field on a quantitative basis. This was followed by a long succession of electrochemical discoveries that has continued to the present.
Scientists such as Daniell (1790 – 1845), Grove (1811 – 1896), Leclanché (1839 – 1882) and Planté (1834 – 1889) made early improvements to batteries; of course, research and development of batteries remains an important area of electrochemistry. Historically, batteries were the primary source of electric current until practical electric dynamos became available in about 1870. Electroplating developed as a practical technology from about 1840, initially for electrodeposition of copper on printing plates. From 1893 to 1948, the international standard for electric current was based on electrodeposition of silver. Furthermore, an electrochemical cell invented by Weston (1850 – 1936) was adopted as the reference standard for voltage in 1903 and remained so until 1990 when it was replaced by a Josephson junction standard.
The science of electrochemistry experienced rapid growth from the 19th century on, with major contributions from European scientists including Kohlrausch (1840 – 1910), Ostwald (1853 – 1932), Arrhenius (1859 – 1927), Tafel (1862 – 1918), Nernst (1864 – 1941), and Heyrovský (1890 – 1967), to mention but a few. In this talk, I will attempt to trace the evolution of electrochemistry and discuss some of the major landmarks and the European scientists who made important contributions. I will also comment on how equipment and methodology have changed over the last half-century.
(Invited) Improving Our Understanding of Conducting Polymer Binders
Authors: Kuss Christian , Mai Anh Ngoc Tram , Nguyen Van At , Odetallah Mariam , Lobato de Faria Marco 
Published: February 2024

As lithium-ion batteries reach their intrinsic performance limits, next-generation battery technology arises that relies much more strongly on the electrode matrix. Traditional compositions of binders and conductive additives with non-polar surfaces face intrinsic obstacles in these developments. In many next-generation electrode formulations, this incompatibility reveals itself through particle disconnection, increased electrode inhomogeneity1, and conductive additive agglomeration2. Conducting polymers are an apparent solution to such problems. Conducting polymers and their composites can be designed to exhibit increased adhesion, stronger interactions with active material surfaces and electrolytes, and favorable mechanical properties, while providing electronic connectivity at the adhesive contact with the active material3. Many examples have been presented in the literature that demonstrate improved electrode performance using such composites4–6.
A common form of conducting polymer composites combines an intrinsically conductive polymer (e.g. polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyaniline) with a polyelectrolyte (e.g. polacrylate, polystyrene sulfonate, carboxymethyl cellulose). This presentation discusses an exploration of some of the fundamental properties of composites of polypyrrole with carboxymethyl cellulose. The work shows intrinsically favorable properties of the composite for application in batteries7. Among those properties are that it can be easily processed in water and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, exhibits better adhesion to the current collector, shows competitive conductivity and distributes evenly across active materials. However, it will also be shown that the native structure of this composite is not ideal for long-range conduction and that improvement can be made to the material’s conductivity and capacitance8.
Our work is targeting a more complete understanding of the properties of these composites as they are employed in battery environments. It demonstrates enormous promise for the use of conducting polymers as binders, but also gaps in our understanding of their interactions with electrolytes and active materials that need to be addressed to advance their impact on the development of next-generation batteries.
References:

Müller, S. et al.
Nat. Commun.
9, 2340 (2018).

Scipioni, R. et al.
J. Power Sources
307, 259–269 (2016).

Nguyen, V. A. & Kuss, C. J. Electrochem. Soc.
167, 065501 (2020).

Kim, J. M. et al.
ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces
6, 12789–12797 (2014).

Salem, N., Lavrisa, M. & Abu-Lebdeh, Y. Energy Technol.
4, 331–340 (2016).

Higgins, T. M. et al.
ACS Nano
10, 3702–3713 (2016).

Nguyen, V. A., Wang, J. & Kuss, C. J. Power Sources Adv.
6, 100033 (2020).

Nguyen, V. A., Odetallah, M., Bakir, G., Gough, K. & Kuss, C. ACS Omega (2022).