bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of the somatostatin analog lanreotide on the circulating levels of chromogranin‐A, prostate‐specific antigen, and insulin‐like growth factor‐1 in advanced prostate cancer patients
Authors: Berruti Alfredo , Dogliotti Luigi , Mosca Alessandra , Tarabuzzi Roberto , Torta Mirella , Mari Mauro , Gorzegno Gabriella , Fontana Dario , Angeli Alberto 
Published: September 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe concept that neuroendocrine cells detected within prostate adenocarcinoma produce paracrine factors, that may exert a proliferative effect on exocrine prostate tumor cells, provides a rationale for the use of somatostatin analogs with the aim to counteract or delay the tumor progression. This study was designed to provide preliminary information on the effect of the administration of a long‐acting somatostatin analog, lanreotide, on plasma levels of chromogranin A (CgA). Secondary aims were the evaluation of changes in circulating prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) and insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1).METHODSLanreotide (Ipstyl 30 mg; Ipsen, Milan, Italy) was administered intramuscularly every 14 days for 2 months to nine heavily pretreated prostate cancer patients with hormone refractory disease. All patients had, at baseline conditions, CgA values above the normal range. Androgen deprivation was maintained during the study period, while other concomitant antineoplastic treatments were not allowed. Serum PSA levels and plasma CgA and IGF‐1 values were measured every week.RESULTSLanreotide treatment was very well tolerated and no patient experienced major toxicity. Plasma CgA values at baseline: mean 109 U/liter, standard deviation ± 85 decreased significantly after treatment as follows: 42 U/liter, ± 17.8; 27.2 U/liter ± 13.6; 31.4 U/liter, ± 17.8 and 27.6 U/liter, ± 17.0; after 7, 14, 21, and 28 days, respectively (P < 0.01, Friedman ANOVA). Serum PSA did not change. Baseline IGF‐1 was found to be above the detection limit in four cases, all of them showing a decrease after lanreotide.CONCLUSIONSLanreotide administration to prostate cancer patients induces a decrease in plasma CgA and IGF‐1 levels, without any influence on serum PSA values. Prostate 47:205–211, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Naturally occurring prostate cancer antigen‐specific T cell responses of a Th1 Phenotype can be detected in patients with prostate cancer
Authors: McNeel Douglas G. , Nguyen Lan D. , Ellis William J. , Higano Celestia S. , Lange Paul H. , Disis Mary L. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDCytotoxic T cells (CTL) are considered one of the primary effector cell populations in antitumor immunity. Recent studies, however, have demonstrated the critical importance of helper T cells (Th), specifically interferon γ (IFNγ)‐secreting Th1 cells, either by supporting an appropriate CTL environment or by recruiting other effector cells. We evaluated whether patients with prostate cancer have naturally occurring Th‐cell responses specific for two prostate cancer‐associated antigens, prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), and whether Th1‐type responses to these antigens could be detected.METHODSPeripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were collected from 80 patients with prostate cancer and 20 male controls without prostate disease. Th‐cell responses were evaluated by measuring antigen‐specific proliferation. IFNγ and IL‐5 secretion in response to antigen stimulation was determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.RESULTST cell proliferative responses specific for PSA and PAP could be detected in patients with prostate cancer. Six percent (5/80) of patients had T cell responses specific for PSA and 11% (9/80) for PAP. T cell responses specific for PSA were more prevalent in patients with metastatic disease (P = 0.02), whereas responses specific for PAP could be detected in patients irrespective of disease stage. IFNγ‐producing Th cells, specific for both PSA and PAP, could be identified in patients with prostate cancer.CONCLUSIONSPatients with prostate cancer can have detectable Th‐cell responses specific for the prostate cancer‐associated proteins PSA and PAP. The presence of antigen‐specific Th1 immune responses in prostate cancer patients suggests that an immune environment capable of supporting antigen‐specific CTL may exist in vivo. Prostate 47:222–229, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Metabolism of flupyrazofos in the isolated perfused rat liver
Authors: Jeong Chang Kyun , Lee Hee‐Yong , Kim Sang Beom , Choi Seong Jin , Kim Jeong‐Han , Kim Kyun , Han Sang Seop , Lee Hye Suk 
Published: September 2002

AbstractTo investigate the hepatic metabolism of the new insecticide flupyrazofos [O,O‐diethyl O‐(1‐phenyl‐3‐trifluoromethylpyrazol‐5‐yl) phosphorothioate], isolated rat liver was perfused with flupyrazofos under single‐pass conditions. In outflow perfusate and bile, 1‐phenyl‐3‐trifluoromethyl‐5‐hydroxypyrazole (PTMHP), PTMHP–sulfate and PTMHP–glucuronide conjugates were identified as the metabolites of flupyrazofos. However, O,O‐diethyl O‐(1‐phenyl‐3‐trifluoromethylpyrazol‐5‐yl) phosphate (flupyrazofos oxon) was not detected. A HPLC method with UV detection was used to investigate the hepatic disposition of flupyrazofos and its metabolite PTMHP. The concentrations of flupyrazofos, PTMHP and PTMHP conjugates in outflow perfusate reached steady‐state levels within 20 min after commencing perfusion of 7.3 µM flupyrazofos. At steady state, the mean extraction ratio of flupyrazofos was 0.93 (±0.01) and clearance was 26.1 (±0.2) ml min−1 which nearly approached perfusate flow rate (28 ml min−1). PTMHP accounted for 55.7 (±5.8)% of eliminated flupyrazofos and was recovered as unchanged PTMHP, PTMHP–sulfate and PTMHP–glucuronide in the bile as well as the outflow perfusate.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Enhanced efficiency of electrostatically charged insecticide aerosols
Authors: Whitmore Lindsey F , Hughes John F , Harrison Neale , Abela Mario , O'Rourke Patrick 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe bioefficacy of a standard domestic aerosol insecticide has been compared with that of a similar spray in which the droplets were electrostatically charged. The aerosol was charged without the need for an external power supply, by enhancing natural charge separation processes that occur during atomisation. The charge‐to‐mass ratio achieved was 1.1 × 10−4 C kg−1, compared with 2.2 × 10−5 C kg−1 for the standard aerosol. Efficiency was assessed for insects in free flight. A direct space‐spray application method was used to study the bioefficacy of these aerosols on houseflies, Musca domestica, and an indirect space‐spray method on houseflies and mosquitoes, Culex quinquefasciatus. Two levels of concentration of active ingredients were compared. At low concentrations of 1.57 g kg−1 of bioallethrin and 0.29 g kg−1 of bioresmethrin, the charged aerosol achieved a significant reduction in KDT50 (time at which 50% of the flies were knocked down), compared with the standard aerosol. In the direct spray application to houseflies, the KDT50 was reduced by 50%, while in the indirect spray the KDT50 was reduced by 40%. In the indirect spray of mosquitoes, the KDT50 was reduced by 22%. With higher active ingredient concentrations of 2.09 g kg−1 for bioallethrin and 0.39 g kg−1 for bioresmethrin, the charged aerosol also demonstrated faster knockdown than the standard, but the improvement was less marked. In the direct spray application to houseflies, the KDT50 was reduced by 21% compared with the standard aerosol, while in the indirect spray the KDT50 was reduced by 16%. In the indirect spray of mosquitoes, the KDT50 was reduced by 24%. The percentage mortality after 24 h was also increased with the charged aerosol. Charge carried by the droplets results in increased interception of the insecticide, as the droplets are attracted to the insects in flight and space charge effects within the aerosol cloud cause improved dispersion in the test chamber.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Trends in design and construction of steel highway bridges in the United States
Authors: Mertz Dennis R 
Published: September 2002

AbstractAfter a less than exciting close to the twentieth century, US steel bridge design and construction is entering the new century rejuvenated. An effort spearheaded by the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) during the 1990s, educated practicing bridge designers in the most up‐to‐date and cost‐effective steel bridge design and construction practices and details. Recent significant trends in the design and construction of steel highway bridges in the United States which are having an impact on the culture of bridge design and construction are the result of research into three aspects of bridge engineering: design methodologies, high‐performance materials and innovative design concepts. Herein, the development and adoption of the new reliability‐based bridge design specifications, the research effort sponsored jointly by the AISI, FHWA and the US Navy introducing high‐performance steel (HPS), and two studies of innovative steel bridge design concepts conceived to take advantage of the higher strength, increased toughness and simpler fabrication of the newly developed high‐performance steels are reviewed.
Treatment of vascular retinopathies with Pycnogenol®
Authors: Spadea L. , Balestrazzi E. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe aim of our study was to investigate the effects of Pycnogenol® on the progression of diabetic retinopathy and other vascular retinal disorders.The study consisted of a double‐blind phase in which 20 patients were recruited and randomly treated with placebo or Pycnogenol® (50 mg × 3/day for 2 months) and an open phase in which another 20 patients were treated with Pycnogenol® at the same dose schedule. In total, 40 patients with diabetes, atherosclerosis and other vascular diseases involving the retina were enrolled; 30 of them were treated with Pycnogenol® and 10 with placebo.The results demonstrated a beneficial effect of Pycnogenol® on the progression of retinopathy. Without any treatment (placebo) the retinopathy progressively worsened during the trial and the visual acuity significantly decreased; on the contrary, the Pycnogenol®‐treated patients showed no deterioration of retinal function and a significant recovery of visual acuity was also obtained. The fluorangiography showed an improvement of retinal vascularization and a reduced endothelial permeability and leakage in the Pycnogenol®, but not in the placebo‐treated, patients. The ophthalmoscopy and the electroretinogram (ERG) also confirmed the beneficial effects of Pycnogenol®.The mechanism of action of Pycnogenol® may be related to its free radical (FR) scavenging, anti‐inflammatory and capillary protective activities. It has been suggested that Pycnogenol® may bind to the blood vessel wall proteins and mucopolysaccharides and produce a capillary ‘sealing’ effect, leading to a reduced capillary permeability and oedema formation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gas phase attachment of water and methanol to Ag(I) complexes with α‐amino acids in an ion trap mass spectrometer
Authors: Perera B. A. , Ince M. P. , Talaty E. R. , Stipdonk M. J. Van 
Published: September 2002

AbstractElectrospray ionization was used to generate gas phase complexes of Ag+ with selected α‐amino acids. Following storage (isolation without collisional activation) in an ion trap mass spectrometer, the mass spectra produced from the complexes of Ag+ with α‐amino acids such as alanine, valine and tert‐leucine contained peaks consistent with the formation of water or methanol molecule adduct ions. The same adduct ions were not present, however, in the mass spectra generated from the Ag+ complexes with phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan following isolation and storage under similar conditions. For those complexes that showed reactivity, the uptake of water and methanol increased with longer storage times in the ion trap. A preliminary molecular modeling study using phenylalanine demonstrated that the aromatic ring coordinates the Ag+ ion, and the interaction between the metal ion and π‐system, in part, is assumed to prohibit the binding of water or methanol during isolation in the gas phase. This conclusion is supported by a comparison of the adduct formation by the Ag+ complexes with phenylalanine, 4‐fluorophenylalanine and α‐aminocyclohexanepropionic acid. In addition, collision induced dissociation experiments involving the Ag+ complexes of phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan suggest that limiting the coordination of the Ag ion by the complexing molecule (i.e. by loss of a coordinating functional group and/or change in structure due to dissociation) results in the binding of a water or methanol molecule during storage in the ion trap. Surprisingly, the bare Ag+ ion, when trapped and stored under identical experimental conditions, formed neither adduct species, suggesting that the attachment of water or methanol may be due to interactions with a molecular orbital within the Ag+/molecule complex. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shell, Nigeria and the Ogoni. A study in unsustainable development: I. The story of Shell, Nigeria and the Ogoni people – environment, economy, relationships: conflict and prospects for resolution1
Authors: Boele Richard , Fabig Heike , Wheeler David 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe Shell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC) and its joint‐venture partners – particularly the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation – have earned billions of dollars from the oil extracted from the land of the Ogoni in the Niger Delta. The Ogoni however complain that they have not seen adequate benefits; rather the oil has cost them dearly in terms of a deteriorating environment and underdevelopment and mobilized a successful national and international campaign against the Nigerian government and Shell. Despite the avowed non‐violent nature of the campaign, military repression resulted in thousands of Ogoni killed, raped, beaten, detained and exiled and the main leaders executed. Under pressure from the Ogoni, Shell was forced to pull out from Ogoniland in 1993. Since then, Shell International has re‐invented its corporate strategy in line with principles of sustainable development and it has committed itself to a level of stakeholder engagement on its environmental and social performance which would have been unthinkable in 1995. So for Shell, a return to Ogoni would be a powerful symbol that their corporate commitment to being a socially responsible company is being translated into action on the ground. However, there is still little trust between the company and the Ogoni people and their representative organization, the Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP). Many of the issues raised by the Ogoni (such as the need for locally sustainable development, distribution of oil wealth, community projects and environmental issues) have yet to be addressed. This paper is the first of a trilogy examining the issues, relationships, management and strategic implications of the case. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Atomic force microscopy reveals the local ordering characteristics of nucleosomal chain from cell
Authors: Wang Zhigang , Wang Chen , Wei Zhongqing , Zhou Chunqing , Liu Dage , Bai Chunli , Cao Enhua , Qin Jingfen 
Published: September 2002

AbstractAtomic force microscopy was used to investigate the local ordering characteristics of hypotonic spread HeLa nucleosomal chains. Nucleosomal chains were diluted in tridistilled water and dropped on freshly cleaved mica, rinsed with ultrapure water and air dried. We have found that nucleosomal chains show varied structures in vitro: beads‐on‐ a‐string, irregular arrangement, open rings, closed rings. Neither the hydrolysation of trypsin nor the digestion of micrococcal nuclease or nuclease is necessary for observation of ‘beads‐on‐a‐string’. The closed rings formed by a nucleosomal chain have a close relevance to the two marked characteristics of the mild method developed in this work for preparing H1‐depleted chromatin. The described method may provide a new reliable way to study the behaviour of the extended chromatin fibre at low ionic strength. These observations may provide a useful clue to elucidate how the structure of the extended chromatin fibre affects DNA transcription, replication and repair. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study on the interaction between Ag and tris(8‐hydroxyquinoline) aluminum using x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy
Authors: Song Weijie , So S. K. , Moulder John , Qiu Yong , Zhu Yongfa , Cao Lili 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIn the present study, model organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) with a structure of Ag/tris(8‐hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq3)/indium tin oxide (ITO) were fabricated using vacuum evaporation and analyzed using an x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) depth profile technique. Diffusion of Ag into the Alq3 layer was clearly observed. Applying a positive electron field enhanced the diffusion. Compared with pure Ag, the binding energy of diffused Ag 3d5/2 at the interface increased slightly, and the contribution of Ag to the valence‐band spectra also was changed across the depth, implying a weak interaction between diffused Ag and the hydroxyquinoline ligands. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of the interface action between LaCoO3 layer and Al2O3 substrate
Authors: Zhu Yongfa , Tan Ruiqin , Cao Lili 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThin‐film model catalysts of LaCoO3/Al2O3/Si were prepared successfully by using spin‐coating technique. The model catalysts were heated at various temperatures for various times to promote interaction between the active component of LaCoO3 and the substrate of Al2O3. The interface action was investigated by using AES and angle‐dependent x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ADXPS) techniques. The AES depth profile analysis showed that interface diffusion took place during the thermal treatment and an interlayer was formed. Linear least‐squares fitting of AES depth profile analysis and the AES line shape analysis indicated that the LaAlO3 species was formed on the interface after the model catalyst was treated at 550 °C for 5 h. The interaction between the LaCoO3 layer and the substrate was more serious when the heat treatment temperature was increased to 850 °C. The heating time also could intensify the interface diffusion and reaction. The results of ADXPS confirmed that Al diffused seriously into the active component layer and reacted with LaCoO3 to form lanthanum aluminate species and CoO species after the sample was treated at a high temperature for 5 h. These results also indicated that AES was a useful tool to study interface species. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface modification of the Ti–Al alloys at 1000–1200 K
Authors: Thongtem Somchai , Thongtem Titipun , McNallan Michael 
Published: September 2002

AbstractAlloys of Ti–40wt.%Al, Ti–43wt.%Al, Ti–48wt.%Al, Ti–47wt.%Al–2wt.%Nb–2wt.%Cr and Ti–47wt.%Al–2wt.%Nb–2wt.%Mn–0.8wt.%TiB2 were nitrided in ammonia at atmospheric pressure and at 1000–1200 K for 3.6 × 105 s. The hardness and thickness of the nitride layers on the alloys were measured. It was found that the hardness values increased with increasing nitridation temperature and aluminum concentration in the alloys. The depth of nitridation and the mass gain of the nitrided specimens could be represented by an Arrhenius‐type equation and the activation energies were calculated. The x‐ray diffraction results were explained and are in agreement with the improvement of the hardness. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interface diffusion and reaction between TiO2film photocatalyst and aluminium alloy substrate
Authors: Zhu Yongfa , Zhang Li , Wang Li , Tan Ruiqin , Cao Lili 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA compact TiO2film of thickness ∼300 nm was deposited on aluminium alloy substrates by using the sol–gel method with Ti(OBu)4as a precursor. It was found that Al in the alloy substrate not only diffused into the TiO2layer but also reacted with O2that diffused from the air to form an interface layer of Al2O3species on the interface between the TiO2layer and the aluminium alloy substrate during the annealing treatment. With annealing temperature and time increasing, the diffusion of Al was promoted significantly. Although Al diffused into the TiO2layer and existed as a metallic in the layer, it did not interact chemically with the TiO2layer. Because it was only a physical mixture of metallic Al and TiO2species in the layer, Al did not enter the lattice of TiO2. The interface diffusion only influenced the ultraviolet absorbency of the TiO2film photocatalyst and had no influence on the peak position. The diffusion and existence of metallic Al in the TiO2layer did not influence the formation of a TiO2layer with the anatase structure. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HRTEM surface characterization of nanoscale solid‐state materials
Authors: Zhou W. , Ma X. C. , Yuan Z. Y. , Wang E. G. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractSurface structures of various nanoscale materials were studied in profile by high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy. These materials include carbon nanofibres containing polymerized carbon nanobells, boron carbonitride nanofibres with a cactus‐like surface structure, carbon nanotubes with polymer coating, mesoporous molecular sieves with a paintbrush‐like surface and some nanoparticle specimens with interesting surfaces. The formation mechanisms of the surface structures and the surface‐related properties of the materials also are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Topography investigation of water layer and self‐assembled monolayer with OTS‐modified AFM tips
Authors: Wei Zhongqing , Wang Chen , Wang Zhigang , Liu Dage , Bai Chunli 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe imaging process with atomic force microscopy (AFM) in air is influenced by many factors, such as tip size and geometry, scan speed, ambient humidity, etc. In an ambient environment the imaging can be affected greatly by the humidity of the atmosphere because of the formation of the meniscus along the tip‐sample interface. The capillary force between the tip and the sample is generally large enough to make it difficult to obtain a high‐resolution image, therefore it is necessary to eliminate this capillary in order to obtain improved images. To this end, we modified tips with CH3‐terminated organosilane to make them hydrophobic. With such tips we obtained (in AFM/LFM mode) improved images of soft materials such as the water layer and the self‐assembled monolayer (SAM). For octadecantrichlorosilane (OTS) SAM chemisorbed on mica, high‐resolution lattice‐resolved images also were collected. The results demonstrated that these hydrophobic tips were suitable for obtaining improved images. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.