bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Five-view three-dimensional reconstruction for ultrafast dynamic imaging of pulsed radiation sources
Authors: Gao Jianpeng , Sheng Liang , Wang Xinyi , Zhang Yanhong , Li Liang , Duan Baojun , Zhang Mei , Li Yang , Hei Dongwei 
Published: January 2024

Multiaxial neutron/x-ray imaging and three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction techniques play a crucial role in gaining valuable insights into the generation and evolution mechanisms of pulsed radiation sources. Owing to the short emission time (∼200 ns) and drastic changes of the pulsed radiation source, it is necessary to acquire projection data within a few nanoseconds in order to achieve clear computed tomography 3D imaging. As a consequence, projection data that can be used for computed tomography image reconstruction at a certain moment are often available for only a few angles. Traditional algorithms employed in the process of reconstructing 3D images with extremely incomplete data may introduce significant distortions and artifacts into the final image. In this paper, we propose an iterative image reconstruction method using cylindrical harmonic decomposition and a self-supervised denoising network algorithm based on the deep image prior method. We augment the prior information with a 2D total variation prior and a 3D deep image prior. Single-wire Z-pinch imaging experiments have been carried out at Qin-1 facility in five views and four frames, with a time resolution of 3 ns for each frame and a time interval of 40 ns between adjacent frames. Both numerical simulations and experiments verify that our proposed algorithm can achieve high-quality reconstruction results and obtain the 3D intensity distribution and evolution of extreme ultraviolet and soft x-ray emission from plasma.
Identification of stable QTLs and candidate genes associated with plant height and spike length in common wheat
Authors: Sardouei-Nasab Somayeh , Mohammadi-Nejad Ghasem , Nakhoda Babak 
Published: January 2024

Context Plant height and spike length are important traits with significant impact on the potential yield of wheat. It is essential to dissect their genetic control in order to improve yield potential through breeding. Aims We aimed to identify genomic regions with stable and major-effect quantitative trail loci (QTLs) associated with plant height and spike length in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Methods Three recombinant inbred line (RIL) mapping populations were created by crossing a common parental line, Roshan, with three different cultivars: Sabalan, Falat, and Superhead. The RILs were grown over 3 years at five locations under water-stressed and well-watered conditions. Plant height and spike length were measured during each experiment, and inclusive composite interval mapping was used to analyse the data in both single-and multi-environment analyses. Key results Single-environment analysis detected 32 additive QTLs in the three populations. Three novel, stable and non-epistatic QTLs were identified: qPH1D for plant height in the Sabalan background; and qSL1D and qSL1B.3 for spike length in the Falat and Superhead backgrounds, respectively. Between the flanking markers on chromosomes 1B, 1D and 4B, 191 genes were predicted, 20 of which were identified as potential candidates with roles in wheat plant height and spike-related traits. Conclusions The study identified stable QTLs for plant height and spike length in wheat, providing valuable markers for future breeding programs and enhancing yield potential. Implications These results lay a good foundation for fine mapping of QTLs/genes for molecular marker-assisted breeding in wheat in the future.
Wave beams, packets and pulses in inhomogeneous non-Hermitian media with dispersive gain or damping
Authors: Poli Emanuele , Bottino Alberto , Korger David , Maj Omar , Palermo Francesco , Weber Hannes 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Wave beams, packets or pulses are known to be subject to a drift if the properties of the medium change across their extension. This effect is often analyzed considering the dispersive properties of the oscillation, related to the real part of the dispersion relation. The evolution of Gaussian beams/packets/pulses in nonuniform media in the presence of gain or damping is investigated in detail, with particular emphasis on the role of dispersion on both the real and the imaginary part of the dispersion relation. In the paraxial limit, the influence of a non-Hermitian medium on the evolution of the wave can be treated employing the equations derived by Graefe and Schubert in the frame of non-Hermitian quantum mechanics (Phys. Rev. A 83 060101(R)). Analytic solutions of the corresponding paraxial equations are obtained here for a one-dimensional complex dispersion relation characterized by a linear or quadratic dependence on the transverse coordinate (a space coordinate for beams and packets, the time in the co-moving frame for a pulse). In the presence of a constant gradient in both the real and the imaginary part of the dispersion relation, the contribution of the latter can lead to a faster or slower propagation with respect to the Hermitian case, depending on the parameters. In focusing media, a constant gain can counteract dispersive or inhomogeneous damping producing packets of asymptotically constant shape. The analytic formulas derived in this paper offer a way to predict or control the properties of beams/packets/pulses depending on their initial conditions and on the characteristics of the medium.
Predicting the turbulent transport of cosmic rays via neural networks
Authors: Palade D.I. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
A fast artificial neural network is developed for the prediction of cosmic ray transport
in turbulent astrophysical magnetic fields. The setup is trained and tested on bespoke datasets
that are constructed with the aid of test-particle numerical simulations of relativistic cosmic
ray dynamics in synthetic stochastic fields. The neural network uses, as input, particle and field
properties and estimates transport coefficients 107 faster than standard numerical simulations
with an overall error of ∼5%.
Recent advances in combined Positron Emission Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Galve P. , Rodriguez-Vila B. , Herraiz J.L. , García-Vázquez V. , Malpica N. , Udias J.M. , Torrado-Carvajal A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Hybrid imaging modalities combine two or more medical imaging techniques offering exciting new possibilities to image the structure, function and biochemistry of the human body in far greater detail than has previously been possible to improve patient diagnosis. In this context, simultaneous Positron Emission Tomography and Magnetic Resonance (PET/MR) imaging offers great complementary information, but it also poses challenges from the point of view of hardware and software compatibility. The PET signal may interfere with the MR magnetic field and vice-versa, posing several challenges and constrains in the PET instrumentation for PET/MR systems. Additionally, anatomical maps are needed to properly apply attenuation and scatter corrections to the resulting reconstructed PET images, as well motion estimates to minimize the effects of movement throughout the acquisition. In this review, we summarize the instrumentation implemented in modern PET scanners to overcome these limitations, describing the historical development of hybrid PET/MR scanners. We pay special attention to the methods used in PET to achieve attenuation, scatter and motion correction when it is combined with MR, and how both imaging modalities may be combined in PET image reconstruction algorithms.
Experimental evaluation of the SNR in counting detectors under pile-up conditions
Authors: Magalhaes Debora , Fajardo Pablo , Grybos Pawel , Kleczek Rafal , Kmon Piotr , Otfinowski Piotr , Ruat Marie 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
As a follow-up of a Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) study presented previously, this work
discusses the experimental results obtained for the statistical analysis of photon counting
detector measurements. The test device is a hybrid assembly built with a pixelated 400 μm thick
electron collection Si sensor bump-bonded to a SPHIRD test readout ASIC. The analog front-end in
each pixel of the ASIC produces a pulse of tens of nanoseconds for each X-ray hit, and its digital
circuitry implements both amplitude and time-based pile-up compensation methods, making this
device an excellent candidate for this study. Under pile-up conditions, the SNR of the photon
counting measurements deviates from Poisson statistics and it has been evaluated by applying the
numerical method introduced
in a previous
work. In addition to standard photon counting
operation, two pile-up compensation methods implemented in SPHIRD were tested. The results were
evaluated for individual pixels. The standard photon counting results reproduce the simulated
behavior, presenting a SNR response that peaks around 30% pile-up, and then drops. Meanwhile,
both pile-up compensation methods have presented a comparable effect on improving not only the
count rate but also the statistical response of the system, for the covered count-rate range of up
to 45Mcps/pixel. The obtained results validate the presented methodology to obtain the SNR, also
elucidating the pile-up detrimental effect on the statistical quality of the data.
Imaging and spectrometric performance of SiC Timepix3 radiation camera
Authors: Zaťko B. , Šagátová A. , Hrubčín L. , Kováčová E. , Novák A. , Kurucová N. , Polansky Š. , Jakůbek J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
A Schottky barrier radiation detector and pixel imaging sensor fabricated from epitaxially grown SiC semiconductor were analyzed. The detector was based on an 80 μm thick epitaxial SiC layer. Capacitance-voltage measurement was performed to study the thickness of the space charge region of the detector as a function of applied bias. The results showed that the detector was completely depleted at a reverse bias higher than 300 V. The impurity concentration profile was also calculated, which indicated a net impurity concentration below 1.5×1014 cm-3. A prototype of a SiC Timpix3 radiation camera was fabricated, and its energy resolution was investigated using the 241Am radioisotope. The camera exhibited an energy resolution of 4.5 keV for 60 keV gamma photons. X-ray fluorescence photons (from 14 keV to 22 keV) were detected with a resolution below 2.0 keV. The imaging quality of the camera was investigated using a test object. The prototype showed a high-quality image performance with a stable count rate, which was determined from uniform intensity profiles extracted from parts of the test object image. A disadvantage of this prototype is that the radiation hits the detector from the side of the substrate and only then it reaches its active SiC epitaxial layer. This represents a dead layer that reduced the detection efficiency of X-rays below 10 keV.
Preliminary experimental results of tungsten wire calorimeter for CRAFT NNBI
Authors: Yu L. , Xu Y.Z. , Xu Y.J. , Mou X.B. , Chen L.P. , Peng X.F. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The comprehensive Research Facility for Fusion Technology(CRAFT) has been carried out since 2019 in China and as an important component of CRAFT, a negative ion-based neutral beam injection sysgem(NNBI) (200–400 keV, 2 MW) is under construction. In order to realize online diagnosis of beam uniformity, a tungsten wire
calorimeter
is developed. The tungsten wire calorimeter is characterized by double-layer tungsten wire mesh structure. During beam bombardment, the tungsten wire mesh is heated and emits light, a visible light camera is used to photograph the tungsten wire calorimeter. The beam profile is obtained by digitizing the light intensity distribution map. In this paper, through the thermal simulation anslysis of tungsten wire,

the installation position of tungsten wire calorimeter are determined and the spatial resolution under different beam divergence are also analyzed.The tungsten wire calorimeter was tested on the beam source test platform, the light intensity distribution maps of the tungsten wire calorimeter under 15 keV–40 keV beam energy were obtained. The work above will accumulate experience for the operation of tungsten wire calorimeter for full scale beam source in the next stage, and provide technical means for the conditioning of negative beam sources.
Tracking a moving point source using triple gamma imaging
Authors: Chmeissani Mokhtar , Kolstein Machiel , Ariño-Estrada Gerard , Macias-Montero José Gabriel , Puigdengoles Carles , García Jorge 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
With positron emission tomography (PET), the positron of a β
+ emitter radioisotope annihilates with a nearby electron
producing a pair of back-to-back 511 keV gamma rays that can be
detected in a scanner surrounding the point source. The position of
the point source is somewhere along the Line of Response (LOR) that
passes through the positions where the 511 keV gammas are detected.
In standard PET, an image reconstruction algorithm is used to
combine these LORs into a final image. This paper presents a new
tomographic imaging technique to locate the position of a β
+
emitting point source without using a standard PET image
reconstruction algorithm. The data were collected with a
Proof-of-Concept (PoC) PET scanner which has high spatial and energy
resolutions. The imaging technique presented in this paper uses
events where a gamma undergoes Compton scattering. The positions
and energies deposited by the Compton scattered gamma define the
surface of a Compton cone (CC) which is the locus of all possible
positions of the point source, allowed by the Compton kinematics.
The position of the same point source is also located somewhere on
the LOR. Therefore, the position of the point source is defined by
the 3 gammas and is given by the intersection point of the LOR and
the Compton cone inside the Field of View (FOV) of the scanner. We
refer to this method as CC×LOR. This new technique can locate
the point source with an uncertainty of about 1 mm, after
collecting a minimum of 200 CC×LOR events.
Performance of a ton-scale water-based liquid scintillator detector
Authors: Zhao Rong , Bignell Lindsey , Jaffe David E. , Rosero Richard , Yeh Minfang , Wang Wei , Zhang Aiwu 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This study reports the performance and light yield of 1%
concentration water-based liquid scintillator (WbLS) deployed in a
1000-liter detector. A light yield of 99± 15 photons per MeV is
determined by comparing data with simulation. This result aligns
with our previous light yield determination using smaller detectors,
thus establishing a solid foundation for the ongoing development and
deployment of WbLS in larger-scale detectors. The feasibility of
in situ preparation and the stability of light yield in WbLS
are demonstrated, reinforcing its suitability for long-term
experimental endeavors.
Data analysis methods and applications of the eddy current diagnostic system in the Keda Torus eXperiment device
Authors: Chen Zheng , Tao Zhen , Yolbarsop Adil , Li Hong , Zhang Yuan , Yan Wentan , Rao Xianhao , Ren Shunrong , Tian Furen , Mao Wenzhe , Wei Zian , Liu Zixi , Zhou Chu , Liu Adi , Lan Tao , Xie Jinlin , Zhou Haiyang , Wen Xiaohui , Wang Hai , Zhuang Ge , Xiao Chijin , Ding Weixing , Liu Wandong 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Since the establishment of the eddy current diagnostic
system within the Keda Torus eXperiment (KTX) device, it has
unveiled many applications. Recent developments have introduced
innovative data analysis techniques alongside compelling
experimental results, underscoring the necessity for a comprehensive
summary of the system's data analysis approaches and broad
applications. Notable features of the system encompass exceptional
precision, the ability to encompass shell currents on the entirety
of the closed boundary, vector detection of shell currents, and
measurement of diverse physical quantities. In terms of data
analysis methodologies, meticulous scrutiny of the null field region
is conducted, and we reveal a distinctive characteristic within the
complex shell current signals, namely the asymmetry of the
amplitudes of ±n Fourier coefficients. Moreover, the Hodge
decomposition emerges as a pivotal technique, allowing for the
distinctive separation of shell currents into three orthogonal
components based on their distinct spatial topological
properties. With regard to practical applications, an in-depth
examination of the vector potential and magnetic helicity flux
densities are presented in detail, further highlighting the
far-reaching utility of the system's capabilities.
Full-flow surface defect identification method based on spot scanning scattering for unpatterned wafer
Authors: Qu Dingjun , Zhou Zuoda , Li Zhiwei , Ding Ruizhe , Jin Wei , Ru Yu , Luo Haiyan , Xiong Wei 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
As the critical dimensions of semiconductor manufacturing
processes gradually decrease, the requirements for production yield
management become increasingly stringent. During the manufacturing
process, there are many different types of defects, such as
micron-sized particles, millimeter-sized scratches, etc. Multiple
categories and different scales bring great challenges to the
detection and identification of defects. This paper provides a
full-flow surface defect identification method based on spot
scanning scattering for unpatterned wafers. First, an adaptive
threshold method with dynamic kernel windows is used to perform
line-by-line scanning inspection of the wafer Mercator image. The
3σ decision strategy is used to avoid the impact of defects
on background estimation and to improve detection sensitivity. After
morphological processing, connected domain analysis is performed to
obtain the defect mask, and feature information such as the shape,
size, and distribution of the defect is extracted. Finally, the
defect identification is performed by rules based binning, and the
identified defects are converted into wafer polar coordinate image
for display and analysis. In the experiments, the proposed method is
used to identify micron-scale particles as well as large scratches
on the millimeter scale for SiC wafers. Relative to the actual
production rate requirement of 20 wafers per hour, the analysis time
for a 6-inch wafer is 24.4 s, which can meet the
requirement. Meanwhile, the test results illustrate the
effectiveness of the method. The proposed method is recommended for
early-stage defect detection and identification of unpatterned
wafers.
Winter post-droughts amplify extreme nitrate concentrations in German rivers
Authors: Saavedra Felipe , Musolff Andreas , Von Freyberg Jana , Merz Ralf , Knöller Kay , Müller Christin , Brunner Manuela , Tarasova Larisa 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Hydrological extremes can affect nutrient export from catchments to streams, posing a threat to aquatic ecosystems. In this study, we investigated the effects of hydrological drought on nitrate concentrations in the streamflow of 182 German catchments from 1980 to 2020. We found that across all seasons, 40% and 25% of the catchments showed significantly lower nitrate concentrations during drought and post-droughts, respectively, when compared to non-drought conditions. However, we observed pronounced spatial variability in the responses, particularly during winter droughts and post-droughts, with more catchments exhibiting higher nitrate concentrations. Specifically, nitrate concentrations were significantly higher in 25% of the study catchments during winter droughts, particularly in wetter catchments with low nitrogen retention. During winter post-droughts, nitrate concentrations are significantly higher in 19% of the catchments, especially in wetter catchments with more nitrogen surplus. Moreover, the likelihood of nitrate seasonal extremes increased by 6% during winter post-drought in our study catchments. Considering the projected increase in the frequency of droughts in Germany, the increase in nitrate concentrations during the corresponding post-drought periods poses a potential threat to aquatic ecosystem health.
Reducing global food loss and waste could improve air quality and lower the risk of premature mortality
Authors: Gatto Alessandro , Chepeliev Maksym 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
While the global food system substantially contributes to environmental degradation and climate change, significant amounts of lost or wasted foods along the food supply chain actively contribute to global air pollution and related health risks. In this study, we use an environmentally-extended input–output model to quantify air pollution embedded in global food loss and waste (FLW) and investigate how FLW reduction policies can mitigate air pollution linked to food consumption, decreasing associated premature mortality risks across global regions. While estimating a positive impact of FLW reduction policies on decreasing air pollution levels (from −1.5% of SO2 emissions to −10.2% of NH3 emissions) and mortality reductions (over 67 000 lives worldwide) our findings highlight that rebound effects, wherein a reallocation of consumption from food to non-food commodities, decrease health and environmental benefits by over three quarters (compared to the case with no rebound). Such rebound effects can be substantially mitigated when final consumption shifts towards less pollution-intensive products, such as service activities, rather than conforming to the current composition of non-food consumption. Our results suggest that FLW-related policies would benefit from complementary measures that incentivize sustainable non-food consumption to effectively foster the transition towards a healthier and more sustainable planet.
Lattice aggregations of boxes and symmetric functions
Authors: Rozhkovskaya Natasha 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
We introduce two lattice growth models: aggregation of l-dimensional boxes and aggregation of partitions with l parts. We describe properties of the models: the parameter set of aggregations, the moments of the random variable of the number of growth directions, asymptotical behavior of proportions of the most frequent transitions of two- and three-dimensional self-aggregations.
Possible impact of North Atlantic sea surface temperature on decadal variability of dust activity in Gobi Desert
Authors: Park Yeonsu , Kim Si-Wan , Yang Young-Min , Kim Kyoung-Min , Sung Mi-Kyung , An Soon-Il 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Semiarid to arid regions located in north of China are known as one of the largest sources of dust aerosols in the globe. Previous studies demonstrated direct and indirect effects of atmospheric dust loading on climate. The surface and meteorological properties are known to be affecting dust entrainment process. In this study, we found decadal variations of dust occurrence in Gobi Desert with the period of ∼24 years, utilizing the data acquired at the surface meteorological stations. An analysis of reanalysis datasets shows significant correlations between February North Atlantic Sea Surface Temperature (NASST) and precipitation in Gobi Desert and Mongolia in the following summer, causing a decadal variation of dust event frequency in the subsequent spring over the region. Strong time-lagged correlation is shown to be linked to an atmospheric wave train pattern that initiated from the NASST region, affecting large-scale circulation, ultimately causing surface drought over Gobi Desert.