bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Political economy, sectoral shocks, and border enforcement
Authors: Hanson Gordon H. , Spilimbergo Antonio 
Published: March 2003

In this paper, we examine the correlation between sectoral shocks and border enforcement in the United States, the U.S. government's main policy instrument for combating illegal immigration. We see whether border enforcement falls following positive shocks to sectors that are intensive in the use of undocumented labour, as would be consistent with political economy models of illegal immigration. We find that border enforcement is negatively correlated with lagged relative price changes in the apparel, fruits and vegetables, and livestock industries and with housing starts in western United States, suggesting that authorities relax border enforcement when demand forundocumented labour is high. Economie politique, chocs sectoriels et vigilance aux frontières. Dans ce mémoire, les auteurs examinent la corrélation entre les chocs sectoriels et la vigilance aux frontières aux Etats‐Unis. La vigilance aux frontières est le principal instrument de politique publique utilisé par le gouvernement américain pour combattre l'immigration illégale. On se demande si la vigilance aux frontières se relâche à la suite de chocs positifs dans des secteurs qui utilisent relativement plus de travailleurs illégaux, ainsi que le suggèrent les modèles d'économie politique de l'immigration illégale. Les principaux résultats indiquent que la vigilance aux frontières est co‐reliée négativement (avec un délai) avec les changements de prix relatifs dans les secteurs du vêtement, des fruits et légumes, et du bétail, ainsi qu'avec le nombre de mises en chantier dans la construction domiciliaire dans l'ouest des Etats‐Unis. Voilà qui suggère que les autorités relâchent la vigilance aux frontières quand la demande de travailleurs illégaux augmente.
Exchange rate pass‐through and its determinants in Canadian manufacturing industries
Authors: Kardasz Stanley W. , Stollery Kenneth R. 
Published: March 2003

In this paper the pass‐through of exchange rate changes into the real prices of domestically produced and imported goods in Canadian manufacturing industries is examined through industry estimates of the pass‐through elasticities and a cross‐section analysis of their determinants. We find that the domestic pass‐through elasticity increases with the effect of the exchange rate on domestic costs of production, the export share, the elasticity of substitution between imports and domestic goods, and the domestic advertising intensity. The import elasticity increases with the elasticity of substitution and the rate of price protection and decreases with advertising intensity. JEL Classification: L60, F14 Les effets de changements dans le taux de change sur les prix réels dans les industries manufacturières canadiennes. Ce mémoire examine les effets des changements dans le taux de change sur les prix réels des biens produits au Canada ou importés pour les industries manufacturières canadiennes en construisant des estimés par secteur des élasticités de transfert et en examinant leurs déterminants dans une analyse trasnversale. On montre que l'élasticité de transfert domestique s'accroît à proportion que l'effet du taux de change sur les coûts internes de production, la part des exportations, l'élasticité de substitution entre importations et biens domestiques, et l'intensité de publicité au plan interne sont importants. L'élasticité des importations s'accroît avec l'élasticité de substitution et le taux de protection des prix, et décroît avec le niveau d'intensité de la publicité.
Psychology at the National University of Singapore: The First 15 Years
Authors: Singh Ramadhar , Kaur Susheel 
Published: March 2003

L’histoire de la psychologie à l’Université Nationale de Singapour (NUS) est assez courte. Le premier cycle de psychologie remonte à 1986. Néanmoins, le secteur psychologie du Département de Travail Social et de Psychologie s’est considérablement développé pour ce qui est de l’enseignement, de la recherche et des services. Les auteurs décrivent le développement de la psychologie à la NUS depuis son introduction. Nous décrivons le cursus, l’équipe enseignante et ses activités, et l’infrastructure de recherche. L’analyse des documents ofﬁciels prouve que ce département est un succès institutionnel. En outre, ce projet a contribué au développement de la psychologie théorique et appliquée.The history of psychology at the National University of Singapore (NUS) is rather short. The undergraduate degree with psychology as a subject ﬁrst became available in 1986. Nevertheless, the psychology program of the Department of Social Work and Psychology has grown considerably in terms of teaching, research, and service. The authors describe how psychology has been developing at NUS since its inception. The present review pertains to the existing academic programs, the teaching staff and their activities, and the infrastructure for psychological inquiry. Analyses of the ofﬁcial data disclosed that the Department of Social Work and Psychology at NUS can be regarded as a successful experiment in institution‐building. Moreover, the psychology program has contributed to both basic and applied psychology.
Effect of Causal Explanations on Work‐related Judgments
Authors: Pansu Pascal , Gilibert Daniel 
Published: March 2003

Quatre études, réalisées en entreprise, portent sur la valeur des explications internes et externes relatives à des événements professionnels. Les résultats de la première étude montrent que les managers choisissent préférentiellement des explications internes lorsqu’on leur demande de donner une image favorable d’eux‐mêmes (vs une image défavorable). Dans les trois études suivantes on observe que les managers jugent plus favorablement un candidat lorsque celui‐ci est connu pour avoir produit des explications internes (vs externes). De plus, des différences de valeur sont observées au sein des registres explicatifs internes et externes. Les explications internes en termes d’efforts comportementaux apparaissent les plus valorisées pour rendre compte des réussites et échecs professionnels. Ces résultats sont discutés en regard de la norme sociale d’internalité et des pratiques d’évaluation.Four studies investigated the value granted to internal versus external causal attributions of events in the workplace. The results showed that (a) managers provided more internal explanations when they were asked to present a favorable self‐image, and (b) managers favored targets (job applicants) who had expressed internal rather than external explanations. The results also showed that not all internal explanations are valued equally: “efforts” are preferred over “traits” in explanations of job outcomes. The results are discussed in terms of a norm that regulates social judgments: the norm of internality.
Mapping the development of white matter tracts with diffusion tensor imaging
Authors: Li Tie‐Qiang , Noseworthy Michael D. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn this study, the development of white matter was studied using an optimized diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) protocol in 20 normal subjects (10–40 years old). The normal development of white matter tracts was addressed by comparing the diffusion anisotropy results between two sub‐groups: eight adults (26–38 years old) and eight adolescents (13–15 years old). The difference in myelination extent between these two groups as indexed by the fractional anisotropy was identified by conducting a studentt‐test of the measured diffusion anisotropy maps. Significant differences (p< 0.01) were detected in the gyrus frontalis medialis (GFM), gyrus temporalis medialis (GTM) and gyrus cinguli (GC), in addition to the developmental changes in corpus callosum. A brief overview of previous published DTI studies in developmental science and current progress in DTI techniques is also given at the end of this paper. It may be useful for readers interested in using DTI to study developmental problems but who are not familiar with the various technical aspects.
Earthquake Drills and Simulations in Community‐based Training and Preparedness Programmes
Authors: Simpson David M. 
Published: March 2003

The San Francisco, California, bay area is subject to continuous seismic risk. One particular response has been the development of community‐based training programmes designed to teach residents basic emergency response skills. Citizens are taught emergency medical techniques, search and rescue, fire suppression and other fundamental response skills. Current estimates in the Bay Area place the number of programmes at more than 100. Many programmes now include an annual community drill to reinforce the training and to evaluate the programme.The study described here is based on an evaluation of an effort initiated by BayNET (Bay Area Neighborhood Emergency Training), a voluntary association of communities with community‐based disaster preparedness programmes. In April 1996, BayNET asked all of its members to hold a community earthquake drill. After the drill, a mail survey was conducted of all programme managers. The survey examined the structure and administration of the programmes, training efforts and other related components. This paper describes the typology of drill formats that communities used, the role of the simulation in the city’s preparedness efforts, the qualitative costs and benefits, as well as an assessment of the drill based on survey respondents.
The Relationship Between Agricultural Cooperatives and the State in Sweden: The Legislative Process
Authors: Fregidou‐Malama M. 
Published: March 2003

On the basis of interviews made with twenty seven leading personalities from cooperatives and government institutions, it is identified, that two main dimensions, the economic and the social, are emphasized by different interest groups involved in the cooperative process. It is also indicated that the relationship between state and cooperatives, in varying degrees, combines these two basic dimensions over time in the actual cooperative law and thus focuses on one dimension, neglecting the other.Relationship is meant to anchor the economic and the social values of cooperatives in the political process, and enable them to be accepted. In conclusion, it can be argued that the state can influence the character of cooperatives by selecting specific actors in specific processes. For this reason, in order to secure a sustainable autonomous development of cooperatives, it is important to synthesize and take into consideration different interests in future relations between cooperatives and the state.
Nation and nationalism in China
Authors: Harris Peter 
Published: March 2003

Books ReviewedJonathan Unger (ed.), Chinese NationalismPrasenjit Duara, Rescuing history from the nation: Questioning narratives of modern ChinaGermain A. Hoston, The state, identity and the national question in China and JapanStevan Harrell, (ed.) Cultural encounters on China’s ethnic frontiersAlan M. Wachman, Taiwan: National identity and democratizationDavid Faure and Helen F. Siu (eds.), Down to earth: The territorial bond in South China
Tax Policies and Informal Employment: The Asian Experience
Authors: Ihrig Jane , Moe Karine S. 
Published: March 2003

This paper develops and estimates a model linking tax policies to the size of the informal sector. Our results suggest that informal employment responds to the strength of enforcement and, to a lesser extent, to tax rates. Looking across sectors, we find service sector informal employment responds to both changes in tax rates and enforcement, while manufacturing sector informal employment responds only to enforcement. Quantitatively, changes in enforcement affect the manufacturing informal sector more than the service sector. These results are robust to various measures of informal employment and hold for other countries outside of Asia as well. Since informal employment (and hence output) is related to a country's GDP, these results suggest that policy makers should consider the effect of their policies on the size of the informal sector. JEL classification: O17; O53; H26
Back to the Future, Again: Reagan, Bush, and Nader
Authors: O'Connor Brendon 
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:Kiron K. Skinner, Annelise Anderson and Martin Anderson, (eds.)Reagan, in his own hand: The writings of Ronald Reagan that Reveal His Revolutionary Vision for AmericaElizabeth Mitchell,W: Revenge of the Bush DynastyMolly Ivins and Lou Dubose,Shrub: The Short but Happy Political Life of George W. BushNicholas Lemann,Sons: George W. Bush and Al GoreRalph Nader,Cutting Corporate Welfare
Bioethics And Law: A Developmental Perspective
Authors: Van Der Burg Wibren 
Published: March 2003

In most Western countries, health law bioethics are strongly intertwined. This strong connection is the result of some specific factors that, in the early years of these disciplines, facilitated a rapid development of both. In this paper, I analyse these factors and construe a development theory existing of three phases, or ideal‐typical models.In the moralistic‐paternalistic model, there is almost no health law of explicit medical ethics and the little law there is is usually based on traditional morality, combined with paternalist motives, the objections to this modal are that its paternalism and moralism are unacceptable, that it is too static and knows no external control mechanisms.In the liberal model, which is now dominant on most Western countries, law and ethics closely cooperate and converge, both disciplines use the same framework for analysis: they are product‐oriented rather than practice‐oriented; they use the same conceptual categories, they focus on the minimally decent rather than the ideal, and they are committed to the same substantive normative theory in which patient autonomy and patient rights are central. However, each of these four characteristics also result in a certain one‐sidedness.In some countries, a third model is emerging. In this postliberal model, health law is more modest and acknowledges its inherent and normative limits, whereas ethics takes a richer and most ambitious self image. As a result health law and ethics will partly diverge again.
Abortion, Value and the Sanctity of Life
Authors: Belshaw Christopher 
Published: March 2003

In Life's Dominion Dworkin argues that the debate about abortion is habitually misconstrued. Substantial areas of agreement are overlooked, while areas of disagreement are, mistakenly, seen as central. If we uncover a truer picture, then hope of a certain accord may no longer seem vain. I dispute many of these claims.Dworkin argues that both sides in the debate are united in believing that life is sacred, or intrinsically valuable. I disagree. I maintain that only in a very attenuated sense of intrinsic value will this be agreed upon. I consider how an account of such value might be further fleshed out, but suggest, if this is done on any plausible lines, agreement will fall away. Dworkin argues, also, that the issue of personhood, does not, contrary to widespread belief, keep the parties apart. Again I disagree. We need to distinguish the question of whether there is in fact dispute over this issue from that of whether there is, in truth, good reason for dispute. And I argue that, rightly or wrongly, the issue of personhood remains central. Dworkin suggests that the purported proximity between the two sides offers some hope of an eventual reconciliation. At least, they will agree to differ, accepting that in this area freedom of choice is paramount. I am sceptical. Even this measure of reconciliation depends upon conservatives giving up positions which, I argue, they will continue to maintain.There is a further point. Dworkin appears to be, in many ways, cautiously optimistic. I appear, in contrast, to be pessimistic. I argue, however, that only so long as we do disagree over matters of substance is there much hope that our differences might be resolved.
Bioethics and Political Ideology: The Case of Active Voluntary Euthanasia
Authors: Häyry Heta 
Published: March 2003

In different countries responses to important bioethical issues are different, as exemplified by the attitudes towards the voluntary and active forms of medical euthanasia. But why is this the case? My suggestion is that the roots of the variety are, to a considerable degree, ideological.The most important present‐day political ideologies all have their roots in the prevailing doctrines of moral and social philosophy. In the paper these doctrines are outlined and the predicted response towards active voluntary euthanasia within each model is sketched. The conclusion reached is that while it would in some countries be dangerous to allow euthanasia in the prevailing circumstances, the solution is not to hinder the legalization process but to alter the circumstances.
The Debate over Risk‐related Standards of Competence
Authors: Wilks Ian 
Published: March 2003

This discussion paper continues the debate over risk‐related standards of mental competence which appears in Bioethics 5. Dan Brock there defends an approach to mental competence in patients which defines it as being relative to differing standards, more or less rigorous depending on the degree of risk involved in proposed treatments. But Mark Wicclair raises a problem for this approach: if significantly different levels of risk attach, respectively, to accepting and refusing the same treatment, then it is possible, on this account, for a patient to be considered competent to accept, but not refuse, the treatment, or vice versa. I argue that this puzzle does not constitute a genuine problem for a risk‐related standard.To this end I focus on the situation where, of two mutually exclusive options, one is riskier, but offering more pronounced benefit, while the other is safer, but offering less benefit. I argue for this proposition: it can take far less insight to know that the safe option is good than to know that the risky option is better. Now say one is actually informed enough to know that the safe option is good, but not enough to know whether the risky option is better; in such a case one is competent to say yes to that first option (the safe one), but not to say yes to the other. (I argue in passing that Pascal's Wager can be interpreted as having precisely this deliberative structure.)I thus conclude that cases do indeed exist where one can be competent to say yes but not no, or vice versa; and that it is thus not an anomaly in the risk‐related standard that it entails the existence of such cases.
Racism and Sexism in Medically Assisted Conception
Authors: Berkowitz Jonathan M. , Snyder Jack W. 
Published: March 2003

Despite legislation and public education, racism and sexism are alive and well. Though pre‐conceptive gender selection may enhance procreative liberty, this technology presents two disturbing questions. First, does sex selection represent underlying parental sexism? Second, by performing gender selection, do medical professionals perpetuate sexism?It will be maintained that pre‐conceptive sex selection is sexist as it reflects parental anticipation of stereotypical gender based behavior. Perhaps even more incriminating, sex selection forces parents to prefer one sex over another, to place a value on gender. This emphasis on sex conflicts with societal goals which urge, and often legally require, individuals to ignore gender. We will assert that pre‐conceptive gender selection exemplifies sexism in its purest most blatant form as prior to conception, before parents can possibly know anything about their child, gender dominates the calculus of a child’s worth. We will also emphasize that physicians, by facilitating sex selection, legitimize the motivations of their patients and provide de facto support of sexism. In a similar vein, arguments against pre‐conceptive race selection will be made.
End‐of‐life Decisions of Physicians in the city of Hasselt (Flanders, Belgium)
Authors: Mortier Freddy , Deliens Luc , Bilsen Johan , Cosyns Marc , Ingels Koen , Vander Stichele Robert 
Published: March 2003

Objectives: The objective of this study is to estimate the proportion of different types of end‐of‐life decisions (ELDs) of physicians in the city of Hasselt (Flanders, Belgium). The question is addressed to what degree these ELD meet legal constraints and the ethical requirements for prudent practice.Methodology: All physicians of the city of Hasselt who signed at least one death certificate in 1996 (N=166) received an anonymous self‐administered mail questionnaire per death case (max. 5/doctor)Results: the response rate was 55% (N=269). In 37.3% of all cases at least one ELD was made (16.5% non‐treatment decisions; 16% potential life‐shortening by intensifying the treatment of pain and symptoms; 4.8% administration, supply or prescription of lethal drugs). In 59.5% of the cases were an ELD was made that decision was legally questionable. Patient characteristics were clearly related to the type of ELD. There was no influence of physician characteristics, except for commitment to life‐stance. In 71.3% of the cases the ELD was in no way discussed with the patient. 8.1% of the ELD‐cases were in response to a direct request from the patientConclusions: The incidences of ELDs in Hasselt are consistent with earlier findings. The study shows that religious commitment influences the behaviour of physicians at the end of their patients' life. The patient's and her family's entitlements to participation in the decision making process were rather poorly respected.
Data Sharing in Medical Research: An Empirical Investigation
Authors: Reidpath Daniel D. , Allotey Pascale A. 
Published: March 2003

Background:Scientific research entails systematic investigation. Publishing the findings of research in peer reviewed journals implies a high level of confidence by the authors in the veracity of their interpretation. Therefore it stands to reason that researchers should be prepared to share their raw data with other researchers, so that others may enjoy the same level of confidence in the findings.Method:In a prospective study, 29 corresponding authors of original research articles in a medical journal (the British Medical Journal) were contacted to ascertain their preparedness to share the data from their research. The email contact was in one of two forms, a general request and a specific request. The type of request a researcher received was randomly allocated.Findings:Researchers receiving specific requests for data were less likely, and slower, to respond than researchers receiving general requests. Only one researcher released data. Most researchers were reluctant to release their data. Some required further information, clarification, or authorship.Interpretation:The general reluctance of researchers to consider requests for their data is of concern. It raises questions about the level of confidence that should be placed on their interpretations of the data. It also highlights an unfortunate situation where researchers are more concerned with losing an advantage than advancing science.