bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
NUTRITIONAL EDEMA IN THE DOG
Authors: Weech A. A. , Goettsch E. , Reeves E. B. 
Published: June 2004

The manner in which edema develops in dogs maintained on a diet low in protein is described. Pre-edematous fullness of the tissues is observed for some weeks before palpable edema develops. The state of pre-edema does not merge gradually with that of true edema but rather the transition is relatively sudden. Among twenty dogs the time required for the production of edema varied from 35 to 100 days and averaged 61 days.
With three animals in which the nitrogen metabolism was studied during the period before edema had developed, the observed loss of weight was consistently less than the theoretical loss of weight calculated from the negative nitrogen balance. Reasons are given for interpreting the discrepancy as evidence of increasing retention of fluid during the stage of pre-edema. In general the weight curve does not rise during the transition from pre-edema to edema. However, the weight does increase rapidly when fluid is accumulating in the peritoneal cavity.
The level of serum albumin which is critical for the development of edema varied between 1.04 and 2.17 gm. per cent. The range is sufficiently wide to suggest the existence of other factors of importance in determining the exact time of appearance of edema. During the phase of recovery the level of albumin which is critical for the disappearance of edema may be appreciably higher than the level which was critical for the formation of edema.
Among thirty samples of edema fluid the protein concentration was from 0.02 to 0.72 gm. per cent. The average protein level was 0.230 and the median level 0.165 gm. per cent. A positive correlation is not demonstrable between the duration of edema and the protein content of edema fluid.
A difference in behavior toward fluid retention between subcutaneous tissue and peritoneal cavity is pointed out. Subcutaneous tissue is more resistant to acute stress and less resistant to prolonged or repeated stress than the peritoneal cavity.
The rôle of tissue pressure in the etiology of edema is discussed. It is suggested that the critical level of protein in the serum is the concentration which permits the attainment in the tissue spaces of mechanical pressure great enough to break down the restraining action of the connective tissue boundaries of the spaces.
STUDIES ON BACTERIAL LOCALIZATION
Authors: Catron Lloyd 
Published: June 2004

The results of gross and microscopic observations and survival tests after subcutaneous infection of mice with Type I pneumococci can be summarized as follows:
Normal mice possessed no adequate means of protection against this organism. The bacteria disseminated freely through the tissue spaces in the presence of widespread inflammation, and were not ingested by significant numbers of host cells.
Macrophages mobilized in the subcutis by intraperitoneal vaccinations with homologous killed organisms promptly ingested the living bacteria subsequently introduced. The cocci were sharply localized and destroyed in the presence of minimal amounts of exudation, edema and necrosis. Bacterial localization accompanied a similar hypoergic reaction after passive immunization. When a hyperergic response was induced by repeated local, in addition to intraperitoneal, vaccinations, prompt phagocytosis by macrophages, as after intraperitoneal vaccination alone, was again the outstanding means of disposal of the organisms. The heightened exudation, edema and local necrosis resembled a harmful rather than an important localizing reaction. Immunity was not dependent upon a hyperergic reaction.
Prompt in vivo agglutination of living bacteria after passive immunization was an important early localizing phenomenon. After either active or passive immunization, phagocytosis was the only means observed by which the organisms were destroyed. Thus localization and destruction of the bacteria in immunized mice were dependent both on bacterial changes caused by specific antibody and on phagocytic activities of host cells.
A viscous gum acacia medium caused a transient delay in bacterial dissemination, but the organisms ultimately became widely scattered in the tissues of the abdominal wall. The animals died earlier, with more extensive and destructive lesions than when the bacteria were introduced in a saline medium.
In distinct contrast, the pneumococci were as a rule sharply localized and destroyed when injected in an acacia medium containing a small amount of immune serum.
After local active immunization, sufficient to protect about half the animals subsequently infected by pneumococci in a saline medium, extensive and destructive lesions and death of the mice followed introduction of the organisms in acacia. It was suggested that the more viscous medium may have hindered diffusion of immune bodies from the tissues into the inoculum.
THE CELLULAR REACTIONS TO ACETONE-SOLUBLE FAT FROM MYCOBACTERIA AND STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Smithburn Kenneth C. , Sabin Florence R. 
Published: June 2004

1. The acetone-soluble fat of tubercle bacilli produces a profound cellular reaction when injected into normal animals. The reaction involves every type of connective tissue cell. Hemorrhage, formation of adhesions and of tubercular tissue occur. The extent of the reaction is roughly proportional to the amount of material injected.
2. The reaction induced by the lipoid is much less extensive and much simpler when the material is neutralized with alkali. Neutralization of the acetone-soluble fat, or of phthioic acid, does not diminish the tuberculogenic property.
3. Acetone-soluble fat from streptococci is likewise extremely irritating but does not produce tubercular tissue.
RABBIT POX
Authors: Greene Harry S. N. 
Published: June 2004

A devastating epidemic of rabbit pox in a breeding colony was studied with especial reference to factors of epidemiological significance.
The evidence obtained indicated that the epidemic originated among animals inoculated with vaccine virus and that the infection was spread to the breeding colony by caretakers. The epidemic began insidiously with atypical cases of visceral disease followed by typical cases of pox and terminated as a mild cutaneous disease with scattering monosymptomatic affections of various kinds, difficult to recognize as cases of pox infection.
An analysis of data concerning the health and functional efficiency of the population and the immunity of exposed animals showed that the epidemic of rabbit pox was the terminal event in a series of progressive disorders which began fully a month before the first case of pox occurred. In like manner, the terminal decrease in the severity of the disease and the eventual termination of the epidemic appeared to be referable to an improvement in the condition of the population rather than to a specific immunity acquired by exposure to infection.
STUDIES ON THE SUPRARENAL CORTEX
Authors: Harrop George A. , Soffer Louis J. , Nicholson William M. , Strauss Margaret 
Published: June 2004

1. A group of experiments is reported in which bilaterally suprarenalectomized adult male dogs have been maintained in apparently normal condition over prolonged periods, up to 5 months, without the use of any suprarenal gland preparation or extract and by the administration of sodium chloride and sodium bicarbonate alone. Withdrawal of the salts then produced typical suprarenal insufficiency.
2. The relation of the absence of free hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice of suprarenalectomized animals, in addition to, or independent of the factor of dehydration, for the production of anorexia and hypoglycemia, is discussed.
3. Further evidence is presented in these experiments in support of the view that the suprarenal cortical hormone in the adult male dog is concerned with the regulation of sodium excretion by the kidney, and thus eventually with the proper maintenance of water balance in the organism. It has no direct influence on carbohydrate metabolism.
4. The reciprocal changes in the plasma concentrations of urea and of potassium which take place as the concentrations of plasma sodium and chlorides vary, are pointed out as furnishing a mechanism whereby abrupt alterations in osmotic pressure are dampened, and the volumes of fluids in extracellular and intracellular compartments more efficiently stabilized.
THE IMMUNOLOGICAL SPECIFICITY OF STAPHYLOCOCCI
Authors: Julianelle L. A. , Wieghard C. W. 
Published: June 2004

1. Agglutination is not a precise method for the demonstration of serological types among staphylococci.
2. Precipitation of soluble specific substance derived from these organisms demonstrates the existence of at least two immunologically distinct types.
3. The one type, designated A, is composed of apparently virulent strains, while the other, Type B, contains the avirulent strains.
4. Precipitation tests performed with centrifugates of young broth cultures or with acid extracts of sedimented bacteria may also demonstrate type specificity.
5. Lysis by bacteriophage fails to detect the specific types of Staphylococcus.
6. Immunization by intravenous methods stimulates agglutinin formation in all rabbits and precipitin formation in only one of three or four animals.
7. Immunization by repeated intracutaneous injections of dead staphylococci or living organisms in an agar focus also stimulates agglutinin formation but fails to incite the formation of type specific precipitins.
EFFECT OF ANAEROBICALLY PREPARED PNEUMOCOCCUS AUTOLYSATE TOXIN ON MICE AND EVALUATION OF PNEUMOCOCCUS AUTOLYSATE ANTITOXIN IN MICE
Authors: Weld Julia T. , Gunther Anne 
Published: June 2004

1. Certain anaerobically produced autolysates of pneumococcus injected intravenously kill mice in 0.1 to 0.2 cc. quantities in a few hours to 8 days.
2. The symptoms of mice inoculated with these autolysates are weakness and increasing prostration until death. Massive albuminuria is found, appearing 18 hours after injection. During the course of a prolonged intoxication ascites and edema of the subcutaneous tissues may develop. Large pale yellow or white kidneys are found in mice that survive 5 days. In these latter animals, emaciation is usually marked at death.
3. The antitoxin prepared in horses by immunization with the anaerobically prepared toxic autolysates of pneumococcus neutralizes the poisonous autolysates whether mixed in vitro before injection or injected separately after the autolysate.
4. The injection of pneumococcus autolysate toxin incompletely neutralized with autolysate antitoxin causes a protracted intoxication with symptoms and pathologic findings similar to those found in mice dying slowly after injections of the toxic autolysate alone.
THE IMMUNOLOGICAL SPECIFICITY OF STAPHYLOCOCCI
Authors: Wieghard C. W. , Julianelle L. A. 
Published: June 2004

1. Two carbohydrates have been extracted from different strains of Staphylococcus which are immunologically and chemically distinct.
2. The chemical differences between the two types are manifested principally in optical rotation, and in the simple sugars resulting from hydrolytic cleavage of the specific carbohydrates.
3. The immunological specificity of both polysaccharides is dissipated as hydrolysis proceeds.
4. The results of the chemical reactions reported are discussed.
STUDIES ON THE IMMUNE RESPONSE OF THE RHEUMATIC SUBJECT AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO ACTIVITY OF THE RHEUMATIC PROCESS
Authors: Coburn Alvin F. , Pauli Ruth H. 
Published: June 2004

This study of an isolated colony showed that of seven children who escaped the epidemic streptococcus infection none developed rheumatic symptoms; and that of seventeen children who contracted the epidemic streptococcus infection, fourteen developed acute rheumatism and three showed no recognizable rheumatic manifestations.
The seven children who failed to contract infection with Streptococcus hemolyticus showed clearly that susceptible individuals may live in dose association with an epidemic of acute rheumatism, develop no rise in antistreptolysin titer and maintain excellent health.
The patient with congenital heart disease demonstrated that a non-rheumatic subject may be infected with a highly effective strain of hemolytic streptococcus, and develop a typical antibody response, yet escape all rheumatic manifestations.
The two patients who, although infected with the epidemic strain, failed to show any antibody response, also failed to develop rheumatic recrudescences.
Environmental, dietary, age and the other factors investigated did not appear to be significant in this outbreak of acute rheumatism.
Three factors appeared to determine the development of the fourteen recrudescences: (1) infection with a highly effective agent; (2) the disease pattern, peculiar to each rheumatic subject; (3) the intensity of the immune response of the patient as indicated by the rise in antistreptolysin titer.
THE PURIFICATION OF THE ANTIBODIES IN TYPE I ANTI-PNEUMOCOCCUS SERUM, AND THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF THE TYPE-SPECIFIC PRECIPITIN REACTION
Authors: Chow Bacon F. , Goebel Walther F. 
Published: June 2004

1. Methods for the concentration of Type I pneumococcus antibody have been outlined.
2. The physical and chemical properties of the purified antibody have been described.
3. The chemical basis of serological specificity has been discussed.
SPREADING PROPERTY OF AZOPROTEINS IN THE DERMIS
Authors: Claude Albert 
Published: June 2004

1. Azoproteins are shown to have the property of spreading when introduced intradermally into the rabbit skin.
2. The aromatic derivative selected for the coupling does not affect specifically the spreading property of the azoprotein. Likewise, the type of protein has no importance, except in quantitative respects.
3. The spreading property conferred upon a protein by coupling appears to derive from the presence of the azo group.
4. The spreading power of an azoprotein preparation seems to be determined by the number of diazo groups which enter the protein molecule, and to vary in direct proportion with the concentration of the solution.
5. Azo compounds of low molecular weight fail to exhibit any significant effect on skin permeability.
ISOLATION OF POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS FROM THE NASOPHARYNX
Authors: Paul John R. , Trask James D. , Webster Leslie T. 
Published: June 2004

A single example of mild illness diagnosed as suspected abortive poliomyelitis is described in which the virus of poliomyelitis was recovered from the nasopharynx by three different methods. Failure to recover virus from a total of twenty-six cases diagnosed as suspected or abortive poliomyelitis and fourteen contacts is also reported.
The original material from the nasopharynx of the positive case proved unusually infective for the monkey, apparently even more so than are the majority of suspensions of spinal cords from fatal human cases of poliomyelitis. An explanation of this fact is not clear.
The method of isolating human virus from the throat, by means of preserving the sediment of washings from this site in glycerine, has been shown to be efficient in one case for a period of 101 days.
THE USE OF GRADED COLLODION MEMBRANES FOR THE CONCENTRATION OF A BACTERIAL ENZYME CAPABLE OF DECOMPOSING THE CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE OF TYPE III PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Dubos René , Bauer Johannes H. 
Published: June 2004

1. The enzyme which decomposes the capsular polysaccharide of Type III Pneumococcus is associated with a protein which under optimal conditions of filtration passes through membranes with an average pore size of 10.6 mµ but is held back by pores having a diameter of 8.2 mµ.
2. When enzyme solutions are filtered to dryness through membranes of such porosity as to hold back the active principle, and when proper precautions are taken to prevent or minimize adsorption, the enzyme can be completely recovered in solution by immersing the membrane in distilled water or physiological salt solution.
3. These results are discussed with reference to the dimensions of the enzyme particle, and to the purification obtained in the course of ultrafiltration.
4. A practical method is described for the concentration and purification of the crude enzyme preparation by the use of graded collodion membranes.
THE ANTIGENIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BACILLUS PROTEUS X-19 AND RICKETTSIAE
Authors: Castaneda M. Ruiz 
Published: June 2004

Two substances differing in immunological behavior as well as in certain chemical properties have been isolated from soluble extracts of B. proteus X-19. Both substances appear to be polysaccharides.
The first substance is precipitated from X-19 crude extracts by a relatively low percentage of alcohol and electrolytes (from one to two and a half volumes of alcohol). When purified as far as possible, it gives a negative biuret reaction, a positive Molish and has a nitrogen content of 4 per cent. This material, which we call X factor, has the immunological properties of the common antigenic factor in Proteus X-19 and typhus Rickettsiae, described elsewhere. It has the property of precipitating with typhus serum as well as anti-Proteus serum, even after treatment with hot alkali.
The second substance we call P factor, suggesting a material which is proper to Proteus X-19 and has nothing to do with the Weil-Felix reaction. It is obtained from the crude extracts of B. proteus X-19 by treating the fluids from which the X factor has been removed with an excess of alcohol (seven to ten volumes, according to electrolytes in solution). The purified material shows a nitrogen content of a little less than 1 per cent, gives a negative biuret and a positive Molish reaction. The P factor produces precipitates with anti-Proteus serum in considerable dilution, but has no effect on typhus serum. It is quickly destroyed on treating with alkali, a fact in accordance with the results already cited, which were obtained by White with whole extracts of B. proteus X-19.
The duality of the X-19 extracts seems to be explained by the isolation of two immunologically different factors; one which is alkali-labile and which is proper to B. proteus X-19; and the other which is alkali-stable and is the common antigenic factor in Proteus X-19 and typhus Rickettsiae.
RIFT VALLEY FEVER
Authors: Francis Thomas , Magill T. P. 
Published: June 2004

Three cases of Rift Valley fever in human individuals are reported. The virus was recovered from the respiratory tract of the patients and was transmitted to ferrets by the intranasal route. The experimental disease so produced in ferrets is characterized by fever, marked pulmonary lesions, and hemorrhagic phenomena.
The results indicate that the virus of Rift Valley fever belongs to the group of filterable viruses which may gain entrance to the human body through the respiratory tract.
The differential diagnosis of Rift Valley fever and influenza is discussed. While, clinically, this is a difficult problem, the diagnosis may be readily established through animal experimentation.
Certain observations concerning the influence of the route of administration on the protective action of immune serum in serum-virus mixtures are presented.
HEMOGLOBIN REGENERATION IN THE CHRONIC HEMORRHAGIC ANEMIA OF DOGS (WHIPPLE)
Authors: Sturgis Cyrus C. , Farrar George E. 
Published: June 2004

1. A group of dogs on a standard salmon bread diet with a slowly regenerating anemia were studied. The addition of liver to this diet during a 2 week period promoted a definitely greater regeneration of hemoglobin than did the addition of an amount of inorganic iron which was equivalent to that contained in the added liver. The more effective result attained with liver cannot, therefore, be attributed solely to the iron intake.
2. The greater response to liver is not due to its content of amino acids which are present in casein, since a diet containing an exactly similar amount of calories, iron and protein nitrogen, made up of inorganic iron and casein does not cause a greater response than that obtained by the addition of that amount of inorganic iron alone to the standard basal diet.
3. Furthermore, the salmon bread diet does not produce a deficiency of the amino acids represented in casein, since dogs eating the high protein (casein) Cowgill dog ration show the same basal hemoglobin regeneration rate and a similar greater response to liver than to inorganic iron. The Cowgill ration, however, supplies some non-ferrous factor involved in hemoglobin regeneration which is not contained, to as great a degree at least, in the salmon bread.
4. Whipple's chronic hemorrhagic anemia of dogs serves as an accurate assay method for measuring the hemoglobin producing power of a substance. Quantitatively reproducible responses can be obtained.
A QUANTITATIVE THEORY OF THE PRECIPITIN REACTION
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Kendall Forrest E. 
Published: June 2004

1. A quantitative theory of the precipitin reaction based on the laws of classical chemistry has been tested on an azoprotein-antiprotein system and found to apply.
2. With its aid relationships may be deduced which permit the calculation of the behavior of an antidye serum over its entire range after a few quantitative chemical analyses have been made for antigen and antibody in the precipitate.
3. An empirical relation is also presented which further reduces the number of analyses necessary.
4. A study of supernatants in the inhibition zone has shown that the entire amount of dissolved antigen-antibody compound present is precipitated when supernatants are analyzed for antigen by the precipitin method.
IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES WITH THE VIRUS OF INFLUENZA
Authors: Francis Thomas , Magill T. P. 
Published: June 2004

Following infection with the virus of influenza, both ferrets and mice develop a state of active immunity to reinfection. The serum of these animals contains neutralizing antibodies, as evidenced by the capacity of the serum to confer passive protection to mice against infection with the P.R.8 and Phila. strains of the virus of human influenza.
Rabbits which are apparently insusceptible to infection with the virus of influenza produce specific antibodies in response to repeated injection of virus-containing material. The serum of immunized rabbits affords passive protection to mice against mouse-virulent virus.
Although the subcutaneous or intraperitoneal injection of the living virus does not produce infection in mice, animals so treated acquire active immunity against subsequent infection by the intranasal route.
Neutralization tests with the serum of patients before and after recovery from influenza, pneumonia and the common cold indicate that neutralizing antibodies arise as a specific response to infection with the virus of influenza.
The immunological identity of strains of influenza virus recovered from human sources has been established, and the possible existence of strains of related, but not identical, antigenic structure is discussed.