bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The UK air inclusive‐tour industry: a reassessment of the competitive positioning of the ‘independent’ sector
Authors: Evans Nigel G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper investigates the increasing concentration in the UK air inclusive‐tour (AIT) market and the behaviour of the dominant companies (Thomson, Airtours, First Choice and Thomas Cook) operating in the sector. Arguments relating to the theoretical organisational structure of the industry are explored and regulatory investigations that have taken place are discussed. Research evidence as to the competitive position of independent tour operators in the overall UK AIT market is provided. The research indicates that a key area of difficulty for the independent sector relates to the provision of charter airline capacity although access to distribution channels and the ability to contract accommodation are viewed as further concerns. The paper concludes that regulatory authorities are faced with trying to ensure that diversity is maintained while at the same time ensuring any economies of scale derived from consolidation of the sector are passed on to consumers. In order to properly understand the true effects of industrial concentration the assembled package must be dissembled into its component parts and an increasingly a pan‐European perspective is necessary. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tourism and socio‐economic development: UK tour operators' business approaches in the context of the new international agenda
Authors: Tapper Richard 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRapid growth of tourism to developing countries has led to new international expectations for tourism as an agent of socio‐economic development. This paper describes these new expectations, reviews the influence of tour operators on tourism‐dependent economies, and reports research into ways that UK outbound tour operators could respond to the new international expectations of their business ethic and practices. It shows that structural and business practice issues, especially local economic linkages in the supply chain, need to be addressed if the tourism industry is to contribute effectively to meeting new expectations of its role in socio‐economic development in developing countries. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical forms of metallothionein and cellular oxidative stress in human hepatocellular carcinoma: A comparative study with the hepatitis of LEC rat
Authors: Nakayama Akihiro , Tawa Riichi , Masuyama Nobuyuki , Ebara Masaaki , Fukuda Hiroyuki , Suzuki Keiji , Nakajima Katsuyuki , Sakurai Hiromu 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMetallothionein (MT) has been described as a cell‐protective protein that binds several heavy metals. In mammals, MT plays an important physiological role that includes detoxifying heavy metals, accumulating essential trace elements in cells to maintain homeostasis, and scavenging reactive oxygen species or free radicals. In contrast, the generation of hydroxyl radical (·OH) has been reported in the reaction of hydrogen peroxide and copper (Cu)‐MT separated from the livers of Long–Evans Cinnamon (LEC) rats, an animal model of human hepatic injury with unusual accumulation of Cu‐MT in the liver. On the other hand, Cu has been reported to accumulate in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Thus, we investigated whether the induction of MT, accumulation of Cu, and enhancement of oxidative stress are relevant to the development of human HCC, similarly to the observations in the liver of LEC rats. Although the kinetic behaviors of metal and MT levels were different in the livers of humans and LEC rats, Cu‐MT induction in the tumor portion of human HCC tissues was suggested to occur similarly to that in the liver of LEC rats. In addition, it was found that oxidative stress in terms of the level of thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances was enhanced in the tumor portion of human HCC, corresponding well with increasing in the age of LEC rats, which developed jaundice and hepatitis. On the basis of these results, we conclude that the induction of Cu‐MT in human HCC might be related to the hepatic oxidative stress, which in turn develops hepatic injury involving carcinoma. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 15:31–45, 2002. ©2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thermodynamic functions for the cyclopentadienyl radical: The effect of Jahn–Teller distortion
Authors: Kiefer John H. , Tranter Robert S. , Wang Hai , Wagner Albert F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe report CASSCF/cc‐PVDZ calculations of the potential surface for the title Jahn–Teller molecule. Energies are calculated along all normal coordinates that can be affected by Jahn–Teller distortion. Both the E′2 in‐plane bend and stretch modes are found to be involved, but the bend contribution is very small and its contribution to the entropy is negligible. The in‐plane stretch modes strongly dominate, affording a maximum stabilization energy of 4.73 kcal/mol. Harmonic frequencies are calculated for the other modes in the D5h configuration, and these are scaled in accordance with a comparison of experimental frequencies with similar calculations on cyclopentadiene. Energy levels for nuclear motion in the Jahn–Teller modes are then determined using the calculated surface, and these are combined with the scaled harmonic frequencies to obtain complete thermodynamic functions for the radical. The results are then fit to both the NASA polynomial form and a compact power series in inverse temperature for modeling applications. Because of changes in degeneracy and symmetry number, the entropy is actually lower than previous estimates. Nonetheless, the effect of the pseudorotation on the entropy is noticeable over the entire span of temperatures. This work is evidently the first to present both energy levels and thermodynamic functions for a Jahn–Teller molecule derived from a complete and consistent theoretical treatment. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 33: 834–845, 2001
Life cycles of organizational ‘bottom‐up’ development ideas
Authors: Forssén Minna 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper deals with the utilization of bottom‐up development ideas. Its target is to study the life cycle of bottom‐up development ideas and factors that either prevent or facilitate the progress of ideas in organizations. The study follows the inductive process of building theory from cases. The data was collected in two industrial companies by interviewing 46 persons. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Resurfacing of photodamaged skin on the neck with an UltraPulse® carbon dioxide laser
Authors: Fitzpatrick Richard E. , Goldman Mitchel P. , Sriprachya‐Anunt Suchai 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveSuccessful treatment of facial wrinkles with carbon dioxide or erbium laser resurfacing brings about a more youthful appearance of the skin on the face. A variable degree of contrast with the untreated skin on the neck prompts many patients to request treatment for photodamaged skin on the neck. The objective is to investigate the feasibility of resurfacing photodamaged skin on the neck with the UltraPulse® carbon dioxide laser.Study Design/Materials and MethodsThe study was carried out in two phases. During the first phase, a small area on the upper neck was tested with three different parameters. The best parameter was then used to treat the neck area in a single pass in 10 cases in the second phase. Patients were then evaluated at 3–6 months.ResultsThe three parameters tested were 200 mJ at CPG settings of pattern 3, size 9, density 6, 300 mJ at CPG 3‐9‐5, and 300 mJ at CPG 3‐9‐6. The latter seemed to achieve the best results, and there were no complications at any test sites. This setting was used to treat the whole anterior and anterolateral part of the neck with a single pass, wiping away the resultant epidermal debris. Moderate improvement in color and texture, but no improvement in wrinkling, were observed at 3–6 months. However, a mild degree of patchy hypopigmented scarring in the lower neck was encountered in three cases, as well as one other case of patchy hypopigmentation without textural changes.ConclusionsDespite some obvious improvements, the risk of scarring and hypopigmentation with the tested parameters out‐weighs the potential benefits. The lower part of the neck responded very differently from the upper part. Alternative strategies to achieve better results are discussed. Lasers Surg. Med. 28:145–149, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Terminal hair growth after full thickness skin graft: Treatment with normal mode ruby laser
Authors: Thomson Kathryn F. , Sommer Sabine , Sheehan‐Dare Robert A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveTreatment of hirsutism is often unsatisfactory with many of the currently used methods providing only temporary improvement. The use of lasers for hair removal has shown promising results and treatment by using the normal mode ruby laser has provided reduction in hair numbers sustained on follow‐up. We report a woman who developed terminal hair growth at the site of a full thickness skin graft and describe her successful treatment with the normal mode ruby laser. Lasers Surg. Med. 28:156–158, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cell attachment modulation by radiation from a pulsed light diode (λ = 820 nm) and various chemicals
Authors: Karu Tiina I. , Pyatibrat Ludmila V. , Kalendo Galina S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveAdhesive interactions between cells and extracellular matrices play a regulative role in wound repair processes. The objective of this investigation is to study the mechanisms of light action on cellular adhesion in vitro. The adhesion of HeLa cells to a glass matrix is evaluated after irradiation with a pulsed near‐infrared (IR) diode and treatment with various chemicals.Study Design/Materials and MethodsA semiconductor diode (820 ± 10 nm, 10Hz, 16–120 J/m2) is used for irradiation of the cell suspension. In parallel experiments, various chemicals (mannitol, melatonin, ethanol, ascorbic acid, superoxide dismutase, catalase, rotenone, azide, dinitrophenol (DNP), methylene blue, and hydrogen peroxide) are added to the cell suspension before or after the irradiation procedure. The cell‐glass adhesion is studied by using the adhesion assay technique (Lasers Surg. Med. 1996;18:171).ResultsIt has been found that cell‐glass adhesion increases in a dose‐dependent manner after irradiation. The treatment of the cells with antioxidants (free radical scavengers), e.g., mannitol, melatonin, ethanol, and ascorbic acid, as well as with the ionophore DNP, eliminated the light effect. The respiratory chain inhibitors rotenone and azide strongly modified the light effect, depending on the dose. The oxidative agents hydrogen peroxide (in a low concentration) and methylene blue increased the cell adhesion. Superoxide dismutase did not modify the light effect. The effect of the catalase (stimulative or suppressive) was dependent on its concentration and treatment sequence. Preirradiation was found to decrease (or normalize to the control level) the suppressive effects of some chemicals.ConclusionThe results obtained are evidence that first, pulsed IR radiation with certain parameters modulates the cell‐matrix attachment. second, free radical and redox processes are involved in the cell‐matrix interaction, probably at some stage(s) of the photosignal transduction. Third, both types of the primary reactions in the respiratory chain, namely, the increase of the electron flow and production of the reactive oxygen species, cause a transient oxidative stress in the cytoplasm. Lasers Surg. Med. 28:227–236, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The 980‐nm diode laser as a new stimulant for laser evoked potentials studies
Authors: Gülsoy Murat , Durak Kadir , Kurt Adnan , Karamürsel Sacit , Çilesiz Inci 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveLasers have been used as stimulators for creating pain response without stimulating mechanoreceptive fibers. Various laser systems are still under investigation on the quest for best laser system. Our objective was to test the feasibility of the 980‐nm diode laser for LEP (laser evoked potentials) studies.Study Design/Materials and MethodsLaser evoked potentials created by using the 980‐nm diode laser were recorded by using standard electroencephalogram (EEG) techniques. The collimated laser beam was 3 mm in diameter. Stimulus duration was set to 200 msec. The power of laser stimulus exposed to the dorsum of the right hand of 10 healthy volunteer subjects (5 women and 5 men) was varied between 0 and 10 watts to determine the pain threshold. EEG signals during the exposure of 1.5 times the threshold value were recorded from scalp electrodes placed on areas Fz, Cz, Pz, C3, and C4 according to the international 10–20 system. The stimulus presented during the EEG recording was described as a bearable pain sensation like a pinprick perception by the subjects. After 0.1–30 Hz analog low‐pass filtering, 100‐msec prestimulus, and 900‐msec poststimulus EEG epochs were recorded at 256 Hz sampling rate and evaluated statistically. Thirty stimuli were presented by randomly varying the interstimulus duration between 5 and 9 seconds.ResultsLatency and amplitude values of LEPs were found in accordance with those reported in the literature.ConclusionThe 980‐nm diode laser used is a suitable stimulator for LEP studies. Lasers Surg. Med. 28:244–247, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of Er:YAG and 9.6‐μm TE CO2 lasers for ablation of skull tissue
Authors: Fried Nathaniel M. , Fried Daniel 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveCraniotomy by using a drill and saw frequently results in fragmentation of the skull plate. Lasers have the potential to remove the skull plate intact, simplifying the reconstructive surgery.Study Design/Materials and MethodsTransverse‐excited CO2 lasers operating at the peak absorption wavelength of bone (λ = 9.6 μm) and with pulse durations of 5–8 μsec, approximately the thermal relaxation time in hard tissue, produced high ablation rates and minimal peripheral thermal damage. Both thick (2 mm) and thin (250 μm) bovine skull samples were perforated and the ablation rates calculated. Results were compared with Q‐switched and free‐running Er:YAG lasers (λ = 2.94 μm, τp = 0.5 μsec and 300 μsec).ResultsThe CO2 laser produced ablation rates of up to 60 and 15 μm per pulse for thin and thick sections, respectively, and perforated thin and thick sections with fluences of less than 1 J/cm2 and 6 J/cm2, respectively. There was no discernible thermal damage and no need for water irrigation during ablation. Pulse durations ≥20 μsec resulted in significant tissue charring, which increased with the pulse duration. Although the free‐running Er:YAG laser produced ablation rates of up to 100 μm per pulse, fluences of 10 J/cm2 and 30 J/cm2 were required to perforate thin and thick samples, respectively, and peripheral thermal damage measured 25–40 μm.ConclusionsIn summary, the novel 5‐ to 8‐μsec pulse length of the TE CO2 laser is long enough to avoid a marked reduction in the ablation rate due to plasma formation and short enough to avoid peripheral thermal damage through thermal diffusion during the laser pulse. Furthermore, in vivo animal studies with the TE CO2 laser are warranted for potential clinical application in craniotomy and craniofacial procedures. Lasers Surg. Med. 28:335–343, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) on the expression of pro‐apoptotic protein bak in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC)
Authors: Lai Jinping , Tao Zhengde , Xiao Jianyun , Yan Yahui , Wang Xiongwei , Wang Chenglong , Zhou Suping , Tian Yongquan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) on expression of the pro‐apoptotic gene Bak in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).Study Design/Materials and MethodsApoptosis and expression of the pro‐apoptotic gene Bak on the tumor tissues from both pre‐ and post‐PDT were determined using the in situ end labeling (ISEL), standard immunohistochemistry technique and western blot, respectively, in 24 patients with either persistent or recurrent NPC after radiotherapy.ResultsBefore PDT, apoptotic index (AI) in tumor tissue was 1.2 ± 0.6. At 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours after PDT, AI were 6.5 ± 3.1, 23.6 ± 8.3, 67.2 ± 14.2 and 89.3 ± 8.1, respectively. PDT caused apoptosis in a time‐dependent fashion. Immunohistochemical assay indicated that 75% (18/24) of the patients had an upgrade expression of Bak protein in their tumor tissues after PDT. Increases in expression of Bak from PDT were also confirmed by western blot analysis.ConclusionsPDT probably causes NPC cell apoptosis through an upregulation of the pro‐apoptotic protein Bak expression. Lasers Surg. Med. 29:27–32, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optimal solder and power density for diode laser tissue soldering (LTS)
Authors: Cooper Christopher S. , Schwartz Ian P. , Suh Donald , Kirsch Andrew J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveLaser tissue soldering (LTS) using albumin and indocyanine green dye (ICG) is an effective technique utilized in various reconstructive surgical procedures. The purpose of this study was to describe in vivo and in vitro temperature profiles of an albumin‐based solder while varying ICG concentration and laser power density (PD), and to describe immediate and short‐term tensile strength measurements and histology of tissue with variable ICG concentrations and PD.Study Design/Materials and MethodsICG ranged from 0.31 to 20 mg/mL while PD ranged from 3.2 to 63.7 W/cm2. Direct solder temperature measurements were obtained at 5‐second intervals during laser activation. Differential temperature measurements were determined within the dermis of rat skin and the overlying solder.Eighteen rats were subjected to 2.0‐cm incisions (n = 113) created on the dorsal skin followed by closure with LTS at varying PD and ICG concentrations. ICG concentrations included 0.31, 2.5, and 20 mg/mL, while PD ranged from 8.0 to 63.7 W/cm2. Tensile strength (TS) profiles were measured immediately and 10 days post‐operatively. Histological examination was performed at the time of sacrifice.ResultsTemperature profiles of the ICG/albumin solder differed significantly only at the highest concentration of ICG (20 mg/mL), but showed statistically significant variability at different laser PD. Using solder color changes as an endpoint of LTS, average peak solder temperature ranged from 69°C at a PD of 8.0 W/cm2, 105°–120°C at PD 15.9–31.8 W/cm2, and > 200°C at PD ≥ 47.7 W/cm2. Peak intradermal temperatures remained below 50°C at all PDs.Varying ICG concentration only had an effect on the immediate TS of wounds at the lowest power densities. Increasing PD resulted in statistically significant increases in immediate TS up to a PD of 23.9 W/cm2 at an ICG concentrations of 0.31 and up to a PD of 15.9 W/cm2 at a concentration of 2.5 mg/mL. Statistically insignificant decreases in 10‐day would strength resulted from higher PD. Power densities ≥ 23.9 W/cm2 showed significant thermal injury upon histologic examination.ConclusionsPower density, not ICG concentration, is the primary determinant of solder and tissue temperature during LTS. Effective and reproducible laser tissue soldering may be achieved primarily by power density control when using diode laser and ICG‐based albumin solder. Alterations in PD show the most direct and predictable effects on the healing properties of skin closed by LTS. Optimal laser wound closure occurs with an ICG of 2.5 mg/mL and at a PD between 15.9 and 23.9 W/cm2. Lasers Surg. Med. 29:53–61, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
When buyers also sell: The implications of pricing policies for customer satisfaction
Authors: Hoyer Wayne D. , Herrmann Andreas , Huber Frank 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn certain purchase situations, such as when a new car is purchased and an old vehicle is traded in, individuals simultaneously play the role of buyers and sellers. It is interesting to observe that, when evaluating the purchase and selling prices of the new and old products respectively, such consumers often fail to behave rationally. For example, a discount on the price of the new commodity and an equivalent markup on the old product will be weighted differently. This empirical phenomenon can be analyzed with the aid of the prospect theory—an approach based on the descriptive decision theory. This theory facilitates the elaboration of decision‐making rules for determining the optimum purchase or selling price from the supplier's point of view. An analytical causal study conveys an idea of the significance of this aspect of pricing policy for consumer satisfaction with the purchase act. Specifically, the study examines how the attractiveness of the offer impacts on and combines with satisfaction with deal, customer service, and condition of the vehicle to determine satisfaction with the vehicle purchase. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Different mutation status of the β‐catenin gene in carcinogen‐induced colon, brain, and oral tumors in rats
Authors: Suzui Masumi , Sugie Shigeyuki , Mori Hideki , Okuno Masataka , Tanaka Takuji , Moriwaki Hisataka 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMutations in the region corresponding to the N‐terminal phosphorylation sites (codons 1–51) of the rat β‐catenin gene (Ctnnb1) were investigated in rat colon tumors induced by 1‐hydroxyanthraquinone (1‐HA) plus methylazoxymethanol (MAM) acetate, by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)–single‐strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis. The β‐catenin gene was also screened for mutations in rat brain and oral tumors induced by ethyl nitrosourea (ENU) and 4‐nitroquinoline 1‐oxide (4‐NQO), respectively. In colon tumors, β‐catenin gene mutations were found in two of three adenomas (67%) and 26 of 28 adenocarcinomas (93%), with a total incidence of 90% (28 of 31 adenomas plus adenocarcinomas). Eight (29%) were 34G→T (second position), eight (29%) were 32G→A (first position), five (18%) were 34G→A (first position), five (18%) were 41C→T (second position), one (4%) was 34G→A (second position), and one (4%) was 32A→G (second position), mutations, resulting in the substitutions of Gly34→Val, Asp32→Asn, Gly34→Arg, Thr41→Ile, Gly34→Glu, and Asp32→Gly, respectively. The 34G→T (second position) mutations found in this study were unique compared to those found in other carcinogen‐induced rat colon carcinogenesis models. In contrast, β‐catenin gene mutations were not found in either the brain or oral tumors. These results suggest that mutations in the β‐catenin gene in rat tumors occur in specific tissues or organ sites and in a carcinogen‐specific manner. Thus, the mutation spectrum in the β‐catenin gene is organ‐ and chemical carcinogen‐specific. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.