bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
For National Strategies of Transition to a Knowledge Economy in the European Union—Learning, Innovation, and the Open Method of Coordination
Authors: Rodrigues Maria Joā 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We are going through a great transformation which can be called a transition to knowledge-intensive economies. We can say that we are entering a new mode of knowledge creation, diffusion, and use due to three main factors: the acceleration of information and communication technologies; the increasingly sophisticated procedures to codify, learn, and manage knowledge; and the social perception of knowledge as a strategic asset of companies, nations, and people. This broad transformation involves new patterns of behaviour, values, social relationships, and institutional forms.
Compositionality as an Empirical Problem
Authors: Dowty David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gottlob Frege (1892) is credited with the so-called “principle of compositionality”, also called “Frege’s Principle”, which one often hears expressed this way: Frege’s Principle (so-called) “The meaning of a sentence is a function of the meanings of the words in it and the way they are combined syntactically.” (Exactly how Frege himself understood “Frege’s Principle” is not our concern here; rather, it is the understanding that this slogan has acquired in contemporary linguistics that we want to pursue, and this has little further to do with Frege.)
Balkanizing the Balkan Sprachbund A Closer Look at Grammatical Permeability and Feature Distribution
Authors: Friedman Victor A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Balkan sprachbund2 was the first area of contact-induced language change to be idented as such (Leake 1814: 380; Kopitar 1829: 86). Owing perhaps to this pedigree, it has been described as ‘the most studied’ and ‘most famous’ example of its kind, but, owing to the known antiquity and com-
Cantonese Grammar in Areal Perspective1
Authors: Matthews Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the role of language contact in the development of the Yue dialect group, of which Cantonese represents the prestige and de facto standard variety as spoken in Hong Kong and the provincial capital, Guangzhou (Canton). The chapter begins with the historical background and a survey of the linguistic stocks which have been in contact with Cantonese. In §2, Cantonese is situated within the linguistic area constituted by mainland South-east Asia. §3 focuses on some features of Cantonese grammar which are shared with non-Sinitic languages rather than with Chinese as a whole, and which implicate effects of contact. In §4, mechanisms of contact-induced change are discussed in relation to these features, and conclusions are drawn regarding Cantonese as a layered language in the sense of Chapter 1.
Ezafe and the deep position of nominal modifiers
Authors: Larson Richard , Do Hiroko Yamaki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In languages exhibiting the Ezafe construction, such as Modern Persian, nominal modifiers generally follow the noun, and a large class of nominal modifiers, including APs, NPs, some PPs, but not relative clauses, require a “linking” element, referred to as Ezafe. Thus in (1a), the noun otaq ‘room’ is modified by the adjective phrase besyar kuchik ‘very small.’ The Ezafe vowel e appears in between, suffixed to the noun. In (1b), the noun xune ‘house’ is followed by a restrictive PP, kenar-e cfa:rya ‘on the beach.’ The two are connected by Ezafe, which also appears internally, between the preposition and its object. finally (1c) shows the noun otaiz modified by the relative clause i-ke bozorg ast ‘that is big.’ No Ezafe appears in this case; the relative clause initial -1 is a distinct morpheme.
Death and memorials
Authors: Holland Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In January 1616 Shakespeare summoned his lawyer, Francis Collins, to draft his will. The decision was probably provoked by the impending marriage of his other daughter, Judith, to Thomas Quiney, son of Richard Quiney who had sought a loan from Shakespeare in 1598. Thomas was five years younger than Judith and Shakespeare had good reason to distrust him. The marriage took place in February 1616 in the middle of Lent without a special licence, an ecclesiastical offence for which Quiney was excommunicated.
Romantic Shakespeare
Authors: Holland Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
English Romanticism produced its own particular, immensely powerful and influential versions of Shakespeare. At its greatest, in the criticism of Hazlitt and Coleridge or in the poetry of Keats and Wordsworth, Shelley and Byron, and at its weakest, in their plays, Shakespeare became the touchstone for a new kind of writing, the original genius who embodied the natural rather than the educated, the denier of conventions rather than their slave, the creator of a whole world of characters whose individual consciousnesses explored the full extent of the human mind.
Modernist and multinational Shakespeare
Authors: Holland Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The opposition to these theatrical excesses came first from William Poel, who replaced one form of historical authenticity with another in his search to reproduce early modern theatrical conditions, complete with extras dressed as nobles to sit on stage as if members of the audience. His productions were much affected by the discovery of the De Witt drawing of the Swan Theatre: the first reliable depiction of an Elizabethan theatre interior.
H
Authors: Gabriel Yiannis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Hawthorne experiments take their name from the Hawthorne works of Western Electric, a company producing telephone equipment in the outskirts of Chicago. These experiments were carried out over a number of years in the 1920s and 1930s and left a strong legacy on the his- tory of management and management thought, leading to the emergence of a tradition known as Human Relations. The most detailed exposition of the experiments themselves is offered by Roethlisberger and Dixon, while a leading figure associated with them was psychologist Elton Mayo. The experiments themselves highlighted the importance of informal groups and group processes for the behaviour of people at work. In particular, they strongly suggested that people’s motivation at work was fundamentally shaped by group norms of what a fair day’s work represented. Such norms were distinct from management targets and ensured that each worker’s output was roughly in line with that of the others, no one working too hard or too slackly. Deviant behaviour was discouraged, initially through hints and whispers, later on through ridicule and ostracism. In this way, groups controlled the behaviour of their members. Mayo concluded that productivity depends on motivation of the social unit, not on motivation of individual workers. People are social beings, not just individual economic ones.
M
Authors: Gabriel Yiannis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
McDonaldization is a term used by George Ritzer to describe a more advanced stage of Taylorism that extends the principles of Scientific Management (especially standardization and divorce of conception from execution) and Fordism to service industries and seeks to control not only behaviour but also the emotional displays of employees at the work- place. McDonaldization represents a culmination of the rationalization of production and consumption that has unfolded throughout the twentieth century. It involves (a) the careful planning of standardized products and work routines, (b) escalating deskilling and, correspondingly, greater reliance on emotional labour, and (c) the homogenization of consumption and simultaneous proliferation of market niches and consumer choice.
N
Authors: Gabriel Yiannis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Narcissism is a term coined by Sigmund Freud that has proven remarkably useful in discussions of individual and clinical psychology as well as in cultural and organizational studies. Inspired by Narcissus, the beautiful adolescent of Greek mythology who fell in love with his own image reflected in the clear waters of a lake, narcissism involves a range of phenomena in which love is directed towards a person’s own ego. This ‘self- love’ can assume many different forms ranging from excessive preoccupation with self-image and beauty to burning ambition to a need to be constantly the centre of attention.
R
Authors: Gabriel Yiannis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Race is a difficult, dangerous, and contested concept. Unlike nations and ethnic groups, races are usually thought of as involving some inherited physical characteristics, most notably skin colour. Yet, physical differences between human groups tend to be far less significant in terms of biology than in terms of the political and symbolic meanings attached to them and particularly assumptions of supposed superiority and inferiority. Thus, the Nazis developed bio- logical ‘theories’ of race and genetic purity, mainly as the basis for racist ideology and racist practices—genetic screening, genetic cleaning, and eventually genocide. Using race as a scientific concept has since been tainted as is evident from the furious controversies surrounding periodic attempts by psychologists to link it in some objective way to intelligence, another highly contested concept.
T
Authors: Gabriel Yiannis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Teams are particular types of group in which the successful completion of a task depends as much on the interaction between the team members as on how well they each perform their individual tasks. A football team, like Real Madrid’s ‘galacticos’, may include the most gifted foot- ballers in the world and yet it may lose a match to a less brilliant but better-coordinated, better- balanced, and better-motivated team. Being a team player who values the performance of the team above individual excellence is often seen as a desirable characteristic when applying for a job. Teamwork has come to be viewed as one of the most desirable qualities for organizational success. This is particularly due to the synergy and creativity that successful teamwork can stimulate.
The Sexual Offences Referencer
Authors: Laws Eleanor , Lees Patricia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An easy to follow guide and references which contains all the technical information needed in sexual offences cases. The law in this area has expanded greatly in recent decades; ‘historic’ cases are currently tried under the law existing at the time the offence was committed (and if the abuse was lengthy, this will often straddle several pieces of legislation). Current editions of legal textbooks do not include the old laws that these historic cases fall under, so practitioners have to resort to a mix of old editions and new. This book sets out the correct indictments and sentencing provisions for the different sexual offences dating back to 1943, to cover all cases which might be prosecuted. Anyone looking up a particular offence will find all the necessary technical information in one place. Each chapter sets out an offence (giving its historic and current description) and all that relates to it in terms of indictments and sentence, including current sentencing guidelines and relevant case law. The book also includes model indictments; the latest material from the Sentencing Guidelines Council; the Notification Requirements as they have been amended; and specified offences under the Criminal Justice Act 2003.
Indictments
Authors: Laws Eleanor , Lees Patricia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is intended to provide some helpful tips on drafting indictments in sex cases, although some of the advice will apply generally. As long as the Indictment Rules are not offended, the contents of an indictment are largely a matter of style; this obviously will apply more to the Particulars. For any case which is sent, transferred, or committed to the Crown Court on or after 2.4.2007, the Indictment Rules are the new Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Rules 2007; for cases prior to that the Indictment Rules 19712 will still apply. The 2007 Rules represent the 3rd amendment to the Criminal Procedure Rules 2005. The Indictment Rules 1971 are revoked by the 2007 Amendment Rules and are now consolidated with the procedural rules about indictments which were already included in Part 14.
Prostitution and Trafficking
Authors: Laws Eleanor , Lees Patricia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before the SOA 1956 was passed, several offences relating to prostitution and trading in prostitution existed, in particular under the Vagrancy Act 1898. Taking into account the rarity of these pre 1.1.1957 offences being prosecuted, only one, procuration of women under 21 into prostitution, has been included.
After 1.1.1957 a great number of offences were created to deal with prostitution and the exploitation of prostitutes.
Until the passing of the SOA 2003 there were few statutory offences dealing with the exploitation of male prostitutes. Such offences as did exist dealt primarily with adult males/females living off the earnings of male prostitution (except the offence of Solicitation by Men, contrary to SOA 1956, s 32 see paras 8.96–8.101).
Obscene Publications
Authors: Laws Eleanor , Lees Patricia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Protection of Children Act (PCA) 1978 consolidated the law on child pornography, essentially legislating against the taking, showing, distribution, and publishing of indecent photographs of children under 16. Before 1978 these categories of offences were prosecuted under obscenity laws, customs and excise legislation, offences of indecent assault and gross indecency with children. This Act is still in force. Section 160 of the Criminal Justice Act (CJA) 1988 extended the PCA 1978 offences to include an offence of simple possession of such a photograph. The Criminal Justice and Public Order Act (CJPOA) 1994 extended these offences to computer data and computerized images of children.
Verbal and nominalized finite clauses in Turkish
Authors: Kornfilt Jaklin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Finiteness is a term used very often in traditional, typological, and formal literature in linguistics. Yet it is not completely clear whether this term expresses a discrete formal feature or even a unique phenomenon to which such a feature would correspond, or if finiteness is an epiphenomenon resulting from certain other properties of language, thus in need of formal analysis as a combination of features (see discussion in Adger, Chapter 2 above, as well as the contribution of Cristofaro, Chapter 4 above, where the view that finiteness is not one single, discrete phenomenon is also defended).
Irish Nouns
Authors: Carnie Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book presents the first comprehensive reference on noun declensions in Modern Irish. Whereas traditional descriptions of noun inflection are notoriously complex and filled with exceptions and irregularities, this reference guide provides a systematic and straightforward characterization of nominal paradigms, which also captures important generalizations about the inflection of nouns. Andrew Carnie proposes ten declension classes instead of the traditional five and separates off seven major types of plural formation. He provides fully inflected paradigms for 1200 nouns, and a reference list of 10,000 Irish nouns annotated with their new declension class, their plural type and the form of the genitive singular and common case (nominative) plural. The book also includes parallel information on the inflection of adjectives and prepositions. This unique reference tool will be invaluable not only to language researchers and authors, but to teachers and students of the language, whether they are native speakers or beginners.
The possibility of political order
Authors: Olsen Johan P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Can the European experiment in political organization and governance give a better general understanding of how political order is possible and what factors influence the rise and decline of voluntary cooperative efforts across established entities and boundaries? Can it shed light on why sovereign states voluntarily join a larger political unit, such as the European Union, and what consequences there are for the component units when they become part of a larger entity? Can we learn something about the significance of democratic institutions and actors for the dynamics of change in political orders? These themes are elaborated in the rest of the volume.
The legacy: nationalization of political life
Authors: Olsen Johan P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In contrast to studies of European integration that identify institutionalism with strong European-level institutions (Puchala 1999), the institutional approach used here assumes considerable robustness and resilience in the constituent institutions at the domestic level as well. Faced with such standard issues in the study of political development as how territorial systems of government arise and disintegrate, how different types of political order are fostered, maintained and lost, and which factors structure political life, institutionalists expect well-entrenched institutions and identities such as the modern territorial state to change slowly. Existing institutional arrangements and how they have emerged and evolved are also believed to influence the direction and pace of change.
Reformers as pawns, engineers and gardeners
Authors: Olsen Johan P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ordinary language makes a distinction between the utopian dreamer and the visionary political leader. The utopian offers an ideal system of governance and community. Yet, he presents no clear ideas about how and under what conditions the polity can be moved towards the ideal. Or, if he does, the ideas, together with the prescribed institutional arrangement, are generally viewed as impractical or impossible fantasies. The visionary leader has a better understanding of the relationship between human action, institutions and the flow of history.
Strangeways: A Decade of Change?
Authors: Woolf Lord 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Abstract This paper provides a personal assessment of what was achieved over the intervening decade since the publication of the Strangeways Report in 1991. It considers the 12 principal recommendations and examines the extent they have been implemented. It concludes that while in almost every area covered by the recommendations there have been some improvements, and in many the progress has been significant, the picture is disappointing when judged against what should have been achieved. It identifies management and overcrowding as the causes of the shortcomings. A discussion follows on the measures which might improve the prospect for the future to ensure there is adequate security and control of prisons, justice and fairness, and a constructive regime for prisoners.
A Justice System the Community Owns
Authors: Woolf Lord 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Abstract This paper emphasises the need for English courts to have closer links with the community. It highlights the current centralised nature of the courts and describes the Red Hook Project in Brooklyn, USA, where Judge Calabrese has dealt with cases that can blight a local community. No court in the UK has the facilities to play a community role in the same way as the Red Hook Court, where it is much easier to respond constructively to an offender ‘s individual circumstances and find practical solutions to offending behaviour so that offenders leave court knowing exactly what they are supposed to do next. It concludes that were such a strategy to be implemented in the UK it would save years of adult offending and reduce the enormous costs to the state.
Do We Need a New Approach to Penal Policy?
Authors: Woolf Lord 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Abstract This paper provides a detailed account of the numerous reforms implemented over recent years in the English Criminal Justice System. It suggests that while the government has made a huge commitment in trying to reduce crime and increase public confidence in sentencing, its efforts have been thwarted by the problem of prison overcrowding and rising costs of keeping prisoners in custody. It discusses the efforts that have been made to coordinate the different criminal justice agencies, such as the establishment of a Criminal Justice Board, the National Offender Management Service, and the Sentencing Guidelines Council, and focuses upon where the Criminal Justice System should be heading if it is to prevent the present situation from getting worse.
Environmental Law and Sustainable Development
Authors: Woolf Lord 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Abstract This paper identifies the dramatic scale of the changes that have taken place in environmental law in the intervening years since the 5th Garner Lecture was delivered in 1991 [see Chapter 22 above]. It discusses how the threat to the environment has increased, recognising that development must be restricted to that which is environmentally sustainable. It calls for a judicial system that meets the needs of the environment as encapsulated in the Johannesburg principles on the role of law and sustainable development, and advises how this could be achieved. It concludes that we need a global legal framework to restrict development to that which is sustainable backed by a global means of enforcement. Until this is achieved, however, it could be sensible to consider having specialised environmental courts at the regional level.
Media Law & Human Rights
Authors: Nicol Andrew , Millar Gavin , Sharland Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The incorporation of the European Convention of Human Rights in UK Law, has made the principle of free speech a positive right. But what is the law of freedom of expression and privacy and how does it affect the media? This new edition of Media Law and Human Rights provides practical coverage of the impact of human rights principles in media law. Providing a comprehensive guide to the Strasbourg case law as it affects the media, this book also examines how the UK courts have grappled with the concepts of privacy and freedom of expression as developed by the European Court. It considers the potential for further influence and looks at the special provisions in the structure of the Human Rights Act and how, if the UK courts still do not provide a remedy, a case can be taken to Strasbourg. This new edition offers comprehensive and up to date coverage of the all the important English case law and decisions of the European Court of Human Rights that have occurred since the publication of the first edition, including key cases on libel, such as Steel and Morris v UK (McLibel), privacy such as Douglas v Hello, Campbell v MGM Ltd and Mosley v News Group Ltd and political advertising such as R(Animal Defenders) v Secretary of State for Culture. This edition also covers major developments outside the UK and Europe including decisions of the US, and Canadian Supreme Courts. This title particularly investigates the issues concerning Article 10 as regards its guarantee of freedom of expression. The right is not absolute, but judgements of the European Court of Human Rights have illustrated how valuable the Convention has been in maintaining freedom of expression. The Contempt of Court Act, rights of appeal against reporting restrictions, and the new approach to privilege in libel have all been the product of Article 10. The authors also consider hhow the courts have responded to the Human Rights Act, in particular the way in which the interrelationship between the right to respect for privacy and freedom of expression. Barristers and solicitors who specialise in media law and who need to understand the implications of the European Convention on Human Rights and the Human Rights Act will find this an essential purchase.