bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanical properties and superstructure of poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers zone‐drawn and zone‐annealed by CO2 laser heating
Authors: Suzuki Akihiro , Mochiduki Noriaki 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA laser‐heating zone‐drawing and zone‐annealing method using a continuous‐wave carbon dioxide laser was applied to poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fiber to improve its mechanical properties. The as‐spun fiber was zone‐drawn under a applied tension (σa) of 4.44 MPa at a laser power density (PD) of 6.08 W cm−2, and then the laser‐heated zone‐drawn fiber was zone‐annealed. The laser‐heating zone‐annealing was carried out in three steps: the first annealing was carried out under σa = 139 MPa at 4.83 W cm−2; the second annealing was carried out under σa = 283 MPa at 4.83 W cm−2, and the third annealing was carried out under σa = 432 MPa at 3.45 W cm−2. The surface temperature distribution of the fiber irradiated with the CO2 laser was measured by using an infrared thermographic camera equipped with a magnifying lens. The relation between the laser power and the surface temperature of the fiber became clear in the laser‐heating zone‐drawing and the laser‐heating zone‐annealing. The fiber obtained finally had a birefringence of 0.239, a degree of crystallinity of 55%, a tensile modulus of 19.8 GPa, and a storage modulus of 25.7 GPa at 25°C. In FTIR measurements, a trans conformation increased with the processing, but a gauche one decreased. The laser‐heating zone‐drawing and zone‐annealing method was found to be effective in producing the PET fiber with high modulus and high strength. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 2775–2783, 2001
Novel applications of lignin in composite materials
Authors: Thielemans W. , Can E. , Morye S. S. , Wool R. P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSome exploratory work was done to look at novel applications, such as filler use and comonomers, for lignin in thermosetting unsaturated polyesters and vinyl esters. The solubility of different lignins (pine kraft, hardwood, ethoxylated, and maleinated) was determined in different resin systems (acrylated epoxidized soybean oil, hydroxylated soybean oil, soy oil monoglyceride, and a commercial vinyl ester) to give an idea of the compatibility of lignin with the resin systems that were used. Further, the use of lignin as a filler was studied. An increase in the glass‐transition temperature was noticed, and the modulus at 20°C decreased because of the plasticizing effect of lignin. The lignin was modified to improve its effect on the matrix properties by adding double bond functionality, thus making it possible to incorporate the lignin molecule in the resin through free‐radical polymerization. Modified lignin was introduced in several resins by a reaction with maleic anhydride and epoxidized soybean oil and was tested for its effect on the solubility, glass‐transition temperature, and modulus. This modification improved the solubility of lignin in styrene‐containing resins, as well as the chemical incorporation of lignin in the resin. Moreover, lignin was used to treat the surfaces of natural hemp fibers to utilize lignin's natural affinity for cellulosic fibers. The idea was to cure the surface defects on the natural fibers and increase the bonding strength between the resin and fiber. An optimum improvement was noticed that depended on the amount of lignin covering the fibers. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 323–331, 2002
Interfacial adhesion reaction of polyethylene and starch blends using maleated polyethylene reactive compatibilizer
Authors: Yoo Seong Ik , Lee Tae Yeon , Yoon Jin‐San , Lee Ik‐Mo , Kim Mal‐Nam , Lee Han Sup 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe interfacial reaction of the polyethylene (PE)/starch blend system containing the reactive compatibilizer maleated polyethylene (m‐PE) was directly characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. A significant amount of anhydride groups on m‐PE existed as hydrolyzed forms, resulting in a large amount of carboxyl groups. Using a vacuum‐heating‐cell designed in the laboratory, the carboxyl groups were successfully transformed into the dehydrolyzed state (i.e., anhydride group). This result enabled the direct spectroscopic observation of chemical reaction occurring at the interface. For the PE/starch blend system containing m‐PE, the chemical reaction at the interface was verified by the evolution of ester and carboxyl groups in the FTIR spectra. The effect of the reactive compatibilizer on the interfacial morphology was also examined by scanning electron micrography (SEM). Enhanced interfacial adhesion was clearly observed for the blend system containing reactive compatibilizer. Tensile strengths of blend systems containing m‐PE also increased noticeably compared with the corresponding system without compatibilizer. A similar observation was made for the breaking elongation data. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 767–776, 2002
Mechanical properties and microstructure of HDPE/AL(OH)3/silicone oil composite
Authors: Yang Jinhai , Zhang Yong , Zhang Yinxi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe effect of surface modification on the mechanical properties and microstructure of the composites of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE), silicone oil, and aluminum hydroxide [Al(OH)3] was investigated. The dispersion of silicone oil in the HDPE composites was studied by scanning electric microscope (SEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). In the HDPE/Al(OH)3/silicone oil composites, two types of dispersion structure of silicone oil were observed resulting from different surface modifications. In the composites surface modified with titanate NDZ‐130, calcium stearate, or oleic acid, silicone oil encapsulates around Al(OH)3 particles, and both the notched impact strength and the elongation at break are very high. However, in the composites surface modified with silane KH‐550 or silane‐g‐HDPE, silicone oil and Al(OH)3 particles separately disperse in HDPE, and both the notched impact strength and the elongation at break are very low. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 1896–1903, 2002
Issues for the conservation and management of Falkland Islands freshwater fishes
Authors: McDowall R.M. , Allibone R.M. , Chadderton W.L. 
Published: August 2002

Abstract
The Falkland Islands, in the cool‐temperate south‐western Atlantic Ocean, have an impoverished freshwater fish fauna, with only two indigenous species certainly present there: the Falklands minnow, Galaxias maculatus, and the zebra trout, Aplochiton zebra. Additional species whose presence there is uncertain are the southern pouched lamprey, Geotria australis, and the Patagonian puyen, Galaxias platei. Brown trout, Salmo trutta, were introduced in the mid‐20th century, and sea‐migratory (diadromous) populations are widespread.
Distributions of zebra trout and brown trout, particularly, are complementary, suggesting that brown trout are having detrimental impacts on zebra trout. Zebra trout have suffered massive decline over the past few decades and remain largely in restricted areas that brown trout have not yet invaded.
Owing to their sea‐migratory habits, it can be expected that brown trout will eventually invade all significant streams on the Falkland Islands. This raises issues of serious concern since zebra trout are also probably sea‐migratory, and therefore need access to and from the sea to complete their life cycles. Therefore, any streams accessible to zebra trout are potentially accessible also to brown trout, raising the spectre that eventually brown trout will invade all the streams where zebra trout persist.
The existence of landlocked populations of zebra trout provides some form of protection from brown trout invasion, though a landlocked stock does not represent the full behavioural and genetic diversity of zebra trout in Falkland's waters, and must be regarded as a last resort means for conservation.

Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Daily morphological variations in the viscacha (Lagostomus maximus maximus) retina. Probable local modulatory action of melatonin
Authors: Calderón Claudia , Mohamed Fabian , Muñoz Estela , Fogal Teresa , Pelzer Lilian , Penissi Alicia , Piezzi Ramón 
Published: August 2002

AbstractGiven that the local melatonin levels exhibit rhythmic daily changes in the retina of the viscacha, we considered it important to study the likely daily variations in morphology and specific 2‐[125I]‐iodomelatonin binding in retinas from this rodent and to correlate these putative changes with local indole levels. Adult animals of both sexes were captured in their habitat and were kept under a natural photoperiod. For light and electron microscopic studies the viscachas were sacrificed by decapitation at 08:00, 16:00, and 24:00 hr. A computer‐assisted image analysis system was used to measure the thickness of the complete retina, the photoreceptor layer, the rod outer and inner segments, and the outer nuclear layer. The daily variation in 2‐[125I]‐iodomelatonin binding sites was followed during a 24‐hr light‐dark cycle, the animals being sacrificed at six time points. The parameters studied showed significant variations throughout the 24‐hr period. Maximal specific binding, lysosomal content in the pigment epithelium, and photoreceptor layer outer segment thicknesses were observed at 24:00 hr. Close contact between photoreceptor membranes and microvilli of the pigment epithelium was observed at 08:00 and 16:00 hr. Moreover, the minimal outer segment thickness at 16:00 hr was accompanied by a scarcity of dense bodies, such as lysosomes, a maximum dispersion of melanin pigment granules, and a minimum density of radioligand binding sites. Therefore, in the retina of the viscacha, we suggest that the interaction between melatonin and specific sites could be one of the factors or causes that participate in the regulation of the daily morphological changes observed in viscacha. Anat Rec 266:198–206, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Three‐dimensional microimaging (MRμI and μCT), finite element modeling, and rapid prototyping provide unique insights into bone architecture in osteoporosis
Authors: Borah Babul , Gross Gary J. , Dufresne Thomas E. , Smith Tim S. , Cockman Michael D. , Chmielewski Paula A. , Lundy Mark W. , Hartke James R. , Sod Earl W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWith the proportion of elderly people increasing in many countries, osteoporosis has become a growing public health problem, with rising medical, social, and economic consequences. It is well recognized that a combination of low bone mass and the deterioration of the trabecular architecture underlies osteoporotic fractures. A comprehensive understanding of the relationships between bone mass, the three‐dimensional (3D) architecture of bone and bone function is fundamental to the study of new and existing therapies for osteoporosis. Detailed analysis of 3D trabecular architecture, using high‐resolution digital imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance microimaging (MRμI), micro‐computed tomography (μCT), and direct image analysis, has become feasible only recently. Rapid prototyping technology is used to replicate the complex trabecular architecture on a macroscopic scale for visual or biomechanical analysis. Further, a complete set of 3D image data provides a basis for finite element modeling (FEM) to predict mechanical properties. The goal of this paper is to describe how we can integrate three‐dimensional microimaging and image analysis techniques for quantitation of trabecular bone architecture, FEM for virtual biomechanics, and rapid prototyping for enhanced visualization. The integration of these techniques provide us with an unique ability to investigate the role of bone architecture in osteoporotic fractures and to support the development of new therapies. Anat Rec (New Anat) 265:101–110, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Connections of the medial posterior parietal cortex (area 7m) in the monkey
Authors: Leichnetz George R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe afferent and efferent cortical and subcortical connections of the medial posterior parietal cortex (area 7m) were studied in cebus (Cebus apella) and macaque (Macaca fascicularis) monkeys using the retrograde and anterograde capabilities of the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) technique. The principal intraparietal corticocortical connections of area 7m in both cebus and macaque cases were with the ipsilateral medial bank of the intraparietal sulcus (MIP) and adjacent superior parietal lobule (area 5), inferior parietal lobule (area 7a), lateral bank of the IPS (area 7ip), caudal parietal operculum (PGop), dorsal bank of the caudal superior temporal sulcus (visual area MST), and medial prestriate cortex (including visual area PO and caudalmedial lobule). Its principal frontal corticocortical connections were with the prefrontal cortex in the shoulder above the principal sulcus and the cortex in the shoulder above the superior ramus of the arcuate sulcus (SAS), the area purported to contain the smooth eye movement‐related frontal eye field (FEFsem) in the cebus monkey by other investigators. There were moderate connections with the cortex in the rostral bank of the arcuate sulcus (purported to contain the saccade‐related frontal eye field; FEFsac), supplementary eye field (SEF), and rostral dorsal premotor area (PMDr). Area 7m also had major connections with the cingulate cortex (area 23), particularly the ventral bank of the cingulate sulcus. The principal subcortical connections of area 7m were with the dorsal portion of the ventrolateral thalamic (VLc) nucleus, lateral posterior thalamic nucleus, lateral pulvinar, caudal mediodorsal thalamic nucleus and medial pulvinar, central lateral, central superior lateral, and central inferior intralaminar thalamic nuclei, dorsolateral caudate nucleus and putamen, middle region of the claustrum, nucleus of the diagonal band, zona incerta, pregeniculate nucleus, anterior and posterior pretectal nuclei, intermediate layer of the superior colliculus, nucleus of Darkschewitsch and dorsomedial parvicellular red nucleus (macaque cases only), dorsal, dorsolateral and lateral basilar pontine nuclei, nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis, locus ceruleus, and superior central nucleus. The findings are discussed in terms of the possibility that area 7m contains a “medial parietal eye field” and belongs to a neural network of oculomotor‐related structures that plays a role in the control of eye movement. Anat Rec 263:215–236, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regaining chondrocyte phenotype in thermosensitive gel culture
Authors: An Yuehuei H. , Webb Darby , Gutowska Anna , Mironov Vladimir A. , Friedman Richard J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractChondrocyte tissue engineering continues to be a challenging problem. When chondrocytes are duplicated in vitro, it is imperative to obtain an adequate number of cells of optimal phenotype. A temperature‐sensitive polymer gel, a copolymer of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) and acrylic acid (PNiPAAm‐co‐Aac), has the ability of gelling at 37°C (the lower critical solution temperature, LCST) or above and liquefying below that temperature (Vernon and Gutowska, Macromol. Symp. 1996;109:155–167). The hypothesis of this study was that chondrocytes could (1) duplicate in the copolymer gel; (2) regain their chondrocyte phenotype; and (3) be easily recovered from the gel by simply lowering the temperature below 37°C. Chondrocytes from adult rabbit scapular cartilage were harvested and cultured in a monolayer culture until confluency (approximately 2 weeks). Next, the cells were harvested and seeded into the copolymer gel and cultured for 2–4 weeks. The phenotype of the cultured cells was then characterized. Two groups of control cultures, monolayer and agarose gel, were used to compare their ability to maintain chondrocyte phenotype. The results showed that chondrocytes isolated from rabbit scapula can re‐express chondrocyte phenotype in agarose culture and polymer gel culture but not in monolayer culture. Also, cultured chondrocytes can be easily recovered from polymer gel culture by simply lowering the temperature. This new in vitro method of chondrocyte culture is recommended for chondrocyte propagation and regaining chondrocyte phenotype before cell seeding or transplantation. Anat Rec 263:336–341, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Septation and valvar formation in the outflow tract of the embryonic chick heart
Authors: Qayyum Sonia R. , Webb Sandra , Anderson Robert H. , Verbeek Fons J. , Brown Nigel A. , Richardson Michael K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThere is no agreement, in the chick, about the number of the endocardial cushions within the outflow tract or their pattern of fusion. Also, little is known of their relative contributions to the formation of the arterial valves, the subpulmonary infundibulum, and the arterial valvar sinuses. As the chick heart is an important model for studying septation of the outflow tract, our objective was to clarify these issues. Normal septation of the outflow tract was studied in a series of 60 staged chick hearts, by using stained whole‐mount preparations, serial sections, and scanning electron microscopy. A further six hearts were examined subsequent to hatching. At stage 21, two pairs of endocardial cushions were seen within the developing outflow tract. One pair was positioned proximally, with the other pair located distally. By stage 25, a third distal cushion had developed. This finding was before the appearance of two further, intercalated, endocardial cushions, also distally positioned, which were first seen at stage 29. In the arterial segment, the aortic and pulmonary channels were separated by the structure known as the aortopulmonary septum. The dorsal limb of this septum penetrated the distal dorsal cushion, whereas the ventral limb grew between the remaining two distal cushions, both of which were positioned ventrally. The three distal endocardial cushions, and the two intercalated endocardial cushions, contributed to the formation of the leaflets and sinuses of the arterial roots. The two proximal cushions gave rise to a transient septum, which later became transformed into the muscular component of the subpulmonary infundibulum. Concomitant with these changes, an extracardiac tissue plane was formed which separated this newly formed structure from the sinuses of the aortic root. Our study confirms that three endocardial cushions are positioned distally, and two proximally, within the developing outflow tract of the chick. The pattern of the distal cushions, and the position of the ventral limb of the aortopulmonary septum, differs significantly from that seen in mammals. Anat Rec 264:273–283, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glutathione S‐transferase isoenzymes in the two‐spot ladybird, Adalia bipunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
Authors: Francis Frédéric , Haubruge Eric , Dierickx Paul 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIsoenzymes of glutathione S‐transferase (GST) in adult Adalia bipunctata, an aphidophagous predator, were studied. Cytosolic GST activity was studied in each beetle developmental stage. The highest activities towards both 1‐chloro‐2,4‐dinitrobenzene (CDNB) and 2,4‐dinitro‐1‐iodobenzene (DNIB) occurred in adults. The enzyme distribution was investigated in adults. While most of the enzymatic activity was found in the abdomen (40–50 and 34–63% respectively) using several concentrations of both CDNB and DNIB, significant differences were observed for the head and the thorax depending on the substrate. Activities were more abundant in the thorax with DNIB (37–47%) compared to the 13–19% obtained with CDNB. Some GST activity was also detected in the elytra. GSTs were purified by epoxy‐activated Sepharose 6B affinity chromatography and applied to an HPLC column to determine the native molecular weight (69 kDa). Three isoenzymes were separated by chromatofocusing at pH ranges 7–4. Three bands with molecular mass from 23 to 26 kDa were visualised on SDS‐PAGE. Their isoelectric points were 6.66, 6.36, and 6.21. The substrate specificities and the kinetic parameters (Vm and Km) of the isoenzymes showed large differences depending on the isoenzyme. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 49:158–166, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gonadotropins in insects: An overview
Authors: De Loof Arnold , Baggerman Geert , Breuer Michael , Claeys Ilse , Cerstiaens Anja , Clynen Elke , Janssen Tom , Schoofs Liliane , Vanden Broeck Jozef 
Published: August 2002

AbstractControl of gonad development in insects requires juvenile hormone, ecdysteroids, and a peptidic brain gonadotropin(s). Compared to vertebrates, the situation in insects with respect to the molecular structure of gonadotropins is far less uniform. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) of vertebrates are glycoproteins that are synthezised in the hypothalamus and released from the anterior pituitary. They stimulate gonad development, the production of progesterone or of sex steroids (estrogens, androgens). None of the known insect gonadotropins is a glycoprotein, neither can they be grouped into a single peptide family. In Drosophila, two G‐protein coupled receptors, structurally related to the mammalian glycoprotein hormone receptors, have been identified. Nothing is known about their natural ligands. The sex‐steroids of insects are likely to be ecdysteroids (20E in females, E in males of some species). Some of the identified gonadotropins speed up vitellogenesis (locust OMP and some ‐PF/‐RFamide peptides) or stimulate ecdysteroid production by the ovaries (locust‐OMP and Aedes‐ OEH) or testis (testis ecdysiotropin of Lymantria). In flies, the only as yet identified gonadotropin is the cAMP‐generating peptide of Neobellieria. The seeming absence of uniformity in gonadotropins in insects might be due to a multitude of factors that can stimulate ecdysteroid production and/or to the use of different bioassays. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 47:129–138, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
How to diagnose rheumatoid arthritis early: A prediction model for persistent (erosive) arthritis
Authors: Visser Henk , le Cessie Saskia , Vos Koen , Breedveld Ferdinand C. , Hazes Johanna M. W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveTo develop a clinical model for the prediction, at the first visit, of 3 forms of arthritis outcome: self‐limiting, persistent nonerosive, and persistent erosive arthritis.MethodsA standardized diagnostic evaluation was performed on 524 consecutive, newly referred patients with early arthritis. Potentially diagnostic determinants obtained at the first visit from the patient's history, physical examination, and blood and imaging testing were entered in a logistic regression analysis. Arthritis outcome was recorded at 2 years' followup. The discriminative ability of the model was expressed as a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) area under the curve (AUC).ResultsThe developed prediction model consisted of 7 variables: symptom duration at first visit, morning stiffness for ≥1 hour, arthritis in ≥3 joints, bilateral compression pain in the metatarsophalangeal joints, rheumatoid factor positivity, anti–cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody positivity, and the presence of erosions (hands/feet). Application of the model to an individual patient resulted in 3 clinically relevant predictive values: one for self‐limiting arthritis, one for persistent nonerosive arthritis, and one for persistent erosive arthritis. The ROC AUC of the model was 0.84 (SE 0.02) for discrimination between self‐limiting and persistent arthritis, and 0.91 (SE 0.02) for discrimination between persistent nonerosive and persistent erosive arthritis, whereas the discriminative ability of the American College of Rheumatology 1987 classification criteria for rheumatoid arthritis was significantly lower, with ROC AUC values of 0.78 (SE 0.02) and 0.79 (SE 0.03), respectively.ConclusionA clinical prediction model was developed with an excellent ability to discriminate, at the first visit, between 3 forms of arthritis outcome. Validation in other early arthritis clinics is necessary.