bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Running for President
Authors: Procter Ben 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Beginning in 1901, William Randolph Hearst was fast approaching a crossroads in his life. Although the owner and editor-in-chief of four powerful newspapers in the United States, with a daily circulation approaching the two-million mark, he was, to a certain extent, at loose ends within the Hearst publishing empire. For the first time in fourteen years, since first rehabilitating the San Francisco Examiner in 1887, he had no specific duties, no all-encompassing routine. He had removed himself as the hands-on leader of the Morning Journal with the appointment of Arthur Brisbane to that position late in 1899. He had then applied his astounding energies and organizational talents to the election of a Democratic president in 1900, but to no avail. And he gradually realized, as the campaign continued to its inexorable conclusion, that no one, other than himself, would-or could-shoulder the domestic and foreign policies that he had advocated over the past two years and that were paramount, he believed, to the betterment of the United States and the American people.
Learning froin Experience
Authors: Hitt Michael A , Harrison Jeffrey S , Ireland R Duane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
General Electric, through frequent acquisitions, has built a portfolio of businesses ranging from financial services to medical systems to aero­ space. In 1998 alone, GE completed 47 acquisitions, making it the most active acquirer of the year. I Among the deals were the $599 million purchase of UIS, the $897 million acquisition of Marquette Medical Systems, and the $500 million deal for Kemper Reinsurance. This was not an unusual year for GE. In 1997, the company also made 47 acquisitions.2 The relatively poor performance of conglomerates is well documented and understood. As we have detailed in this book, acquisitions also have the potential to reduce corporate performance.
Glucose Metabolism and Systemic Glucose Balance
Authors: Cryer Philip E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Because glucose is a critical metabolic fuel for the brain that must be derived from the circulation, the prevention or rapid correction of hypoglycemia is critical to survival (Chapter 1). The arterial plasma glucose concentration, which determines glucose delivery to the brain, is the result of glucose influx into the circulation (endogenous glucose production, exogenous glucose delivery, or both) and glucose effiux from the circulation (tissue glucose utilization since external losses are normally negligible).
Hypoglycemia in Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Cryer Philip E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The prevention or rapid correction of hypoglycemia is critical to survival of the brain, and thus the individual (Chapter 1). Systemic glucose balance (Chapter 2) is normally maintained by various hormonal, neural, and substrate glucoregulatory factors (Chapter 3) that are activated or inactivated in response to decreasing plasma glucose concentrations (Chapter 4). Normally these factors very effectively prevent or correct hypoglycemia and thus assure a continuous supply of glucose to the brain (Chapter 5). Indeed, these physiological glucose counterregulatory mechanisms are so effective that hypoglycemia is, in general, a distinctly uncommon clinical event (Chapter 6). The stark exception to this generalization is in people who require medications that lower plasma glucose levels, specifically insulin or a sulfonylurea, to prevent or correct the symptoms and short-term metabolic complications and prevent or delay the long term complications of diabetes mellitus. Hypoglycemia is common among these individuals (Frier and Fisher, 1993; Cryer, 1994; Cryer et al., 1994).
Hypoglycemic Disorders
Authors: Cryer Philip E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Because of the effectiveness of the physiological mechanisms that normally maintain systemic glucose balance and prevent or rapidly correct hypoglycemia (Chapter 5), clinical hypoglycemia (Chapter 6) is a distinctly uncommon event except in individuals who must use plasma glucose-lowering drugs such as insulin or a sulfonylurea to treat diabetes mellitus (Chapter 7). Nonetheless, a variety of disorders can cause glucose utilization to exceed endogenous glucose production in the postabsorptive state or to exceed the sum of endogenous glucose production and exogenous glucose delivery in the postprandial state and thus cause clinically important hypoglycemia (Service, 1995; Marks and Teale, 1996). These disorders of systemic glucose balance are discussed in this chapter.
“Not quite right”: Second-Language Acquisition and Markedness
Authors: Sroda Mary Sue 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No One Contests the assertion that acquiring a second language as an adult is an arduous and extremely complex process. This chapter considers one part of that complex process-the acquisition of native-like use of a second language, also known as pragmatic ability or pragmatic competence.1 I propose that reanalysis through the markedness model (Myers-Scotton 1993b) yields an explanatory account of the complexity of second language use through a simple cognitive mechanism underlying complex sociopragmatic effects.
Adverbs and Functional Heads
Authors: Cinque Guglielmo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the world’s leading syntacticians presents evidence for locating Adverb Phrases in the specifiers of distinct functional projections within a novel and well articulated theory of the clause. In this theory, both adverbs and heads, which encode the functional notions of the clause, are ordered in a rigid sequence. Cinques cutting-edge proposal suggests that the structure of natural language sentences is much richer than previously assumed.
Is the Idea of Human Rights Ineliminably Religious?
Authors: Perry Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea of human rights-the idea that has emerged in international law in the period since the Second World War-is complex. In this book, I mean to explore all e main constituents of the idea. In this chapter, however, I am interested only in one constituent-albeit, a foundational one: the conviction that every human being is sacred. Who is right: those, like R.H. Tawney, who believe that the conviction that every human being is sacred is inescapably religious, or those, like Ronald Dworkin, who believe that there can be secular versions of the conviction as well as religious ones? For reasons I develop in this chapter, I conclude that Tawney is right and Dworkin, wrong: There is no intelligible (much less persuasive) secular version of the conviction that every human being is sacred; the only intelligible versions are religious.
Guru
Authors: Wren Daniel A , Greenwood Ronald G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We end where we began-with the importance of invention and innovation for business success in a competitive environment. The questioning process is one of seeking solutions to problems or issues, and it is vital that the right questions be asked. This attitude is an ingredient of technological innovation as well as important for finding better ways of doing tasks, finding new markets, or opening new opportunities. Our subject is Peter F. Drucker, undoubtedly the most widely quoted management writer, recognized by academics and practitioners alike.
The Emergence of Value and the Nature of Moral Reasoning
Authors: Rosenthal Sandra B , Buchholz Rogene A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The pragmatic understanding of value will be introduced by first approaching it in terms of the broad historical trends that it rejects. The belief in absolute or transcendental values and the desire for certitude in knowledge are deeply entrenched and deeply intertwined with each other. Both of these are rejected by pragmatism; all knowledge is fallible, to be tested by consequences in experience. Knowledge emerges through intelligent reflection on experience within nature. Our experience within nature undergoes continual change, and while some aspects of experience are relatively stable, other aspects are unstable. The desire is strong for some value to hold onto as a permanent basis of security in an uncertain world, and hence it is all too easy to focus on certain value aspects of experience and then falsely project them into an absolute, unchanging reality.
Neo-Pragmatism without Pragmatism: A Look at Rorty
Authors: Rosenthal Sandra B , Buchholz Rogene A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While the position of classical American pragmatism is, with a few exceptions, strangely silent in the area of business ethics, the neopragmatism of Richard Rorty has gained some significant inroads within the field and is usually taken as representative of the pragmatic position in general. But, while Rorty’s position embodies some key pragmatic themes, his neopragmatism loses fundamental features of classical American pragmatism. This leads to differences which are both wide and deep and which contextualize in a radically different way what similarities the two positions do seem to manifest, because they structure two very opposed understandings of the way in which humans are situated in the world. A discussion of Rorty in relation to classical pragmatism, therefore, should provide an opportunity to highlight further the significance of some key themes of classical pragmatism and sever the classical position from its unfruitful linkage with Rorty’s neopragmatism.
Business in its Technological Environment
Authors: Rosenthal Sandra B , Buchholz Rogene A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Technology is, of course, an important aspect of modem culture and has effects on the environment far beyond what anyone would have thought possible even a few years ago. Discussions of technology provide various definitions which, taken together, offer no unified understanding of the term but instead illustrate the elusive nature of just what is intended. At the same time, all the definitions are indeed speaking of “the same thing,” in some sense. In light of such diverse nuances of interpretation given to that which everyone understands in common in some general way, this chapter will offer its own “definition” of just what is at issue. Within the general pragmatic framework being used, technology can be understood as productive engagement with the world through the creation and use of tools. These tools are used to resolve problematic or potentially problematic situations by producing consequences that lead to contextual integration through reconstruction of the situation or the infusion of experience with enriched meaningfulness. This activity pervades, and partially constitutes, human experience in general.
Pragmatism and Contemporary Business-Ethics Perspectives on the Corporation
Authors: Rosenthal Sandra B , Buchholz Rogene A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 1, pragmatism was viewed in relation to traditional ethical theories which have been appropriated in business ethics, theories to which pragmatism is largely antithetical. In this chapter, pragmatism will be viewed in relation to contemporary perspectives, most of which have developed exclusively within and for ethical issues in business,1 and which are leading toward new understandings of the firm and its relation to society at large. It will be seen that the pragmatic position not only harmonizes with these contemporary perspectives but in some cases can also offer additional theoretical support.
Corporate Leadership
Authors: Rosenthal Sandra B , Buchholz Rogene A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The understanding of the corporation as a community leads to the importance of community leadership. However, after their careful survey of empirical studies, Van Fleet and Yukl have indicated that as the result of decades of research on leadership, we are merely left with a bewildering mass of findings, a claim that lends confirmation to similar conclusions by other scholars. Perhaps the depth of the problem is best stated by James MacGregor Burns in his claim that: “Without a powerful modern philosophical tradition, without theoretical and empirical cumulation, without guiding concepts, and without considered practical experiences, we lack the very foundations” for understanding leadership. Burns’s work incorporates important empirical and theoretical dimensions, but the “powerful modern philosophical tradition needed to develop what he calls a “school of leadership” has not been forthcoming. Meanwhile, the long-standing implicit philo­sophical underpinnings are inadequate for new understandings of lead­ership emerging in the current literature.
Today’s Japanese Women
Authors: Renshaw Jean R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is the situation of women in Japan today? Two views from women managers illustrate differing perceptions: Be ambitious. To dream is necessary for success. Be very sure of your possibilities. Women are on the way. Interview with Ryoko Akamatsu, minister of education, ambassador to Uruguay, author of Japan’s equal employment opportunity legislation There is increasing consciousness in the society to promote women executives especially after the enactment of the equal employment law for men and women. There are women executives now and positions created in some companies. Unfortunately, compared to women in the States or any other nation, Japanese females have a lot of room to grow up. In other words, they are immature--dependent on others, especially men, and lack self-esteem for success or independent status.
Samurai and Women Warriors Creating Businesses, Reinventing Systems
Authors: Renshaw Jean R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Warlords and samurai provided the models for current management in Japanese male-defined corporations. When women don’t find the models working for them, they are faced with choices described earlier of adapting, adopting, transforming, or leaving. An increasing number of women are choosing to leave and start their own businesses, creating organizations and adapting systems to fit their own visions of the world, and they are succeeding. They are evolving models of management and organization out of their own history and life experiences. This chapter describes the overall situation for Japanese women entrepreneurs, the paths taken by women business owners, and their successes and challenges, then compares their situation with that of American women entrepreneurs.
The Men in Their Lives at Work and Home Finding Rewards in Uncharted Roles
Authors: Renshaw Jean R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the surface, it would appear that Japanese men had achieved the best of the modern world. Personal incomes are at an all-time high. Men seem firmly in charge of the economy and government; 99 percent of boards of directors and 91 percent of corporate managers are male. Former Prime Minister Hashimoto’s 1997 cabinet was 99 percent male. Japan’s per person gross domestic product is at an all-time high, higher than that of the United States, and Japanese stores are still filled with luxury goods from all over the world. And yet, all is not well. There are cracks beneath the surface. The recession just won’t go away in spite of all the usual stimuli. The security of lifetime employment is wavering. Young men are having difficulty getting married, and the number of divorces for those over fifty-five has increased often initiated by the wife. Many wives, daughters, and even mothers are questioning the established order at home and work. Men are also increasingly aware of and uneasy and dissatisfied with, the incongruities of assigned gender roles, as is apparent from the following comments: There is no such thing as lovers in Japan. There are only women and oversize (male) babies.
Prologue The Challenge of Classical Legal Thought
Authors: Wiecek William M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the half-century between 1886 and 1937, a distinctive outlook dominated the thinking of American lawyers and judges. It was an ideology as defined by the historian Eric Foner: a “system of beliefs, values, fears, prejudices, reflexes, and commitments - in sum, the social consciousness - of a social group.”1 Scholars have designated this ideology by various phrases: “legal orthodoxy,” “classical legal thought,” “legal formalism,” “the orthodox ideology.” I call it “legal classicism” because I seek a label that is as neutral as possible yet that retains some descriptive and suggestive content. “Formalism” is excessively narrow and potentially misleading, while ‘‘orthodoxy” carries pejorative connotations for some readers.
The Emergence of Legal Classicism, 1860-1890
Authors: Wiecek William M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the generation after the Civil War, classical legal thought emerged and attained its greatest authority. By the turn of the twentieth century, classicism had become the authentic expression of American law. Classicism provided an explanation of what law was, what its sources and sanctions were, why it could command the obedience of all, how it animated society and directed the economic order. Classical thought identified the legal ideals that directed the course of American national destiny. Classical legal thought integrated society, economy, and law as it sanctioned the status quo of the American social order. Classicism subordinated state to society and governmental power to individual liberty. It selectively constrained state authority, yet blessed the application of state power for certain purposes, justifying the subordination of some groups of Americans and their domination by others.
Managing Through Incentives
Authors: McKenzie Richard B , Lee Dwight R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Incentives are the most powerful tools executives can use to improve worker performance. This is particularly true in today's empowered workplace, where incentives can ensure that workers apply their initiative toward company goals. Now, in this groundbreaking book, Richard McKenzie and Dwight Lee show how to select the right incentives and how to use them for best results. Generously illustrated with examples from business, industry, government, academia, and professional sports, this superb volume offers a comprehensive overview of incentives, both in theory and in practice, providing a wealth of ideas managers can use to get employees to work harder, smarter, and more cooperatively. Much of the book is quite eye-opening. For instance, while McKenzie and Lee recognize that money is the prime motivator, they urge managers not to overlook the power of non-monetary incentives, carefully evaluating such motivators as fringe benefits, psychological incentives, education, and training. And they examine a host of other issues, including how to take advantage of executive "overpayment" to increase profits; the limits of piece-rate and other pay-for-performance schemes; finding the right balance between current pay and a more generous pension plan; the value of tough bosses; and hostile takeovers as a form of managerial incentive. How workers are rewarded is often more important than how much they are rewarded, say the authors. The job of good managers is getting the incentives right. Managing Through Incentives shows managers how to apply proven motivators to help any size firm energize the work force, increase its profits, and meet the awesome challenges of today's fiercely competitive global economy.
The Value of’’Mistreating” Customers
Authors: McKenzie Richard B , Lee Dwight R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Have You Ever heard of a business consultant recommending to her clients that they mistreat their customers? Probably not. The standard recommendation is to give customers what they want, pamper them, treat them as individuals, and never attempt to force them to do things they don’t want to do. Most of the time, this is surely sound advice. But not always. More often than most business consultants seem to realize, business can provide more value to their customers by mistreating them-by giving them what they individually don’t want, by ignoring their individual desires, by requiring that they do things they would not voluntarily do, and by charging them high prices for frills that cost more than they are worth.
Profits vs. Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: McKenzie Richard B , Lee Dwight R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Former Scott Paper Ceo Al Dunlap, known for revitalizing dying companies by aggressively cutting jobs, perks, and corporate charity, argues that corporate executives should “mean business” in a book by that title.1 He minces few words in denouncing his predecessors at the companies he has revitalized for sloppy management practices that ignore this maxim: Executives should single mindedly focus their corporations’ efforts on making money for their shareholders.
The Organization of Prosecution
Authors: Johnson David T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Because prosecutors make decisions within the scope of an organization, one should study their decision-making within that context. In Japan, prosecution has three key organizational features: a national and hierarchical structure; a core task defined as “uncovering and constructing the truth” and a division of roles among operators, managers, and executives. Operators perform the procuracy’s core task, the construction of truth through the composition of dossiers. Managers coordinate and control operators. This is a critical function because an organization is, at root, a system of consciously coordinated activities. Executives secure autonomy and resources for the organization so that operators and managers can perform their roles effectively. On the surface, the organizations of prosecution in Japan and in America may look much alike: they are bureaucratic; they distinguish between operator, manager, and executive roles; they function as criminal justice gatekeepers; they promote workers on the basis of some combination of merit and seniority; and they confront analogous problems of compliance, resources, and autonomy. However, these surface similarities must not obscure deep differences in how core tasks are defined, mission is cultivated, operators are controlled, and autonomy is gained. In the end, the procuracy’s organizational features shape Japanese criminal justice by channeling prosecutor practice in specific ways.
Corrections
Authors: Johnson David T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gary was a blue-eyed, sandy-haired, twenty-five-year-old Australian resident of Japan. At his arrest in late 1992 he was six feet, four inches tall and weighed 253 pounds. At his release, after four months of detention and four weeks of interrogation, he was 55 pounds lighter and the toes of both feet were numb with frostbite caused by exposure to the air in his unheated cell. Gary detested the conditions of his confinement: the solitude for all but half an hour per day; the rule requiring him to stay seated in an upright position unless he gained explicit permission to lie down; the 10 percent of guards who were “mean”; the lack of exercise; and the February cold. “Don’t ever commit a crime in Japan,” he advised me during the first interrogation for which I translated.
Exploiting Asia to Beat Japan: Production Networks and the Comeback of U.S. Electronics
Authors: Barrus Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
International competition in electronics has always been a story about market rivalry between firms with distinctive national identities, U.S. firms confronting Japanese or German firms, each firm acting in ways characteristic of its national origin. Market outcomes have been a function of how well the strategies and organizational traits originating in one domestic market generated competitive advantage in other national markets.1 These national firms trading on the basis of local factors eventually became so-called multinational corporations (MNCs), who in vested abroad but retained a characteristic national identity.