bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neutrophil differentiated HL‐60 cells model Mac‐1 (CD11b/CD18)‐independent neutrophil transepithelial migration
Authors: Carrigan Svetlana O. , Weppler Amy L. , Issekutz Andrew C. , Stadnyk Andrew W. 
Published: April 2005

SummaryDuring active intestinal inflammation granulocytes accumulate in the lumen of the gut where they damage the epithelium through the release of various products such as reactive oxygen species and proteolytic enzymes. Previously, using function blocking monoclonal antibodies, we showed that neutrophil migration across intestinal epithelial monolayers in response to various chemoattractants was partially β2 integrin Mac‐1 (CD11b/CD18)‐independent. Here, we show that treating neutrophils with intact monoclonal antibody (mAb) to CD18 activates the cells to express more CD11b. Thus our goal now was to determine whether neutrophil Mac‐1‐independent transepithelial migration proceeds independently of prior cell activation through Mac‐1. We took two approaches, one using blocking Fab′ fragments of mAb to CD18 and the second was to develop a neutrophil differentiated HL‐60 cell line which is Mac‐1 deficient to further study neutrophil/epithelial cell interaction. Anti‐CD18 Fab′ minimally activated neutrophils but inhibited approximately 75% of transepithelial migration to fMLP while having a minimal effect (≤25% inhibition) on the migration to C5a. Upon incubation with dimethylsulphoxide, HL‐60 cells differentiated and up‐regulated CD11b expression and migrated to C5a and n‐formyl methionyl leucyl phenylalanine in a similar manner to peripheral blood neutrophils. In contrast, CD11b expression was minimal on HL‐60 cells differentiated with dibutytyl cAMP to a neutrophil‐like phenotype. These cells, however, readily migrated across both intestinal and lung epithelial monolayers in response to C5a. We conclude that Mac‐1‐independent transepithelial migration does not require prior activation of cells via Mac‐1 ligation because HL‐60 cells lacking Mac‐1 (CD11b/CD18) expression migrate effectively. HL‐60 cells differentiated with dbcAMP should greatly assist in the search for the Mac‐1‐independent ligands for neutrophil migration across epithelium.
IL‐15 converts human intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes to CD94+ producers of IFN‐γ and IL‐10, the latter promoting Fas ligand‐mediated cytotoxicity
Authors: Ebert Ellen C. 
Published: April 2005

SummaryIntestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs), T‐cell receptor αβ+ CD8+ T cells located between epithelial cells, are thought to contribute to Fas ligand (FL)‐mediated epithelial cell death in coeliac disease, a condition characterized by excess interleukin‐15 (IL‐15). This study evaluates the effects of prolonged IL‐15 stimulation on IELs. Human IELs were obtained from jejunal mucosa from gastric bypass operations for morbid obesity and cultured for 3 or 10 days with IL‐15. As the culture progressed, an increasing number of IELs became CD94+ and produced massive quantities of interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) and IL‐10. There was a steady rate of transcription with no feedback regulation. Few chronically activated IELs produced IL‐2, IL‐4, or tumour necrosis factor‐α (ΤΝF‐α). To determine whether the accumulation of IL‐10 affected IEL functions, endogenous IL‐10 was neutralized by antibody during culture with IL‐15. This manipulation reduced expression of CD94, NKG2D, and FL as well as FL‐mediated killing of Jurkat cells by IELs. It did not affect perforin or TNF‐α expression or the associated cytotoxic activities. This study shows that IL‐15 induces the development of CD94+ IELs containing IFN‐γ and IL‐10, and that endogenous IL‐10 promotes FL‐mediated cytotoxicity.
Regulation of human neutrophil chemokine receptor expression and function by activation of Toll‐like receptors 2 and 4
Authors: Sabroe Ian , Jones Elizabeth C. , Whyte Moira K. B. , Dower Steven K. 
Published: April 2005

SummaryNeutrophil chemokine receptor expression can be altered by exposure to Toll‐like receptor (TLR) agonists, a process that is thought to have the potential to localize neutrophils to sites of infection. In order to investigate this process in more detail, we examined the regulation of highly pure neutrophil CXCR1 and CXCR2 expression and function by selective agonists of TLR2 (Pam3CSK4) and TLR4 (lipopolysaccharide, LPS). CXCR1 and CXCR2 were down‐regulated by TLR engagement. CXCR2 loss was more rapid and showed a dependence upon soluble helper molecules (LPS binding protein and CD14) that was not evident for CXCR1, suggesting differential coupling of LPS signalling to CXCR1 and CXCR2 loss. However, TLR engagement in highly pure neutrophils did not result in complete loss of chemokine receptors, and LPS‐treated neutrophils remained able to mount a respiratory burst to CXCL8 and CXCL1, and were able to migrate towards CXCL8 in assays of under‐agarose chemotaxis. Thus, although treatment of purified human neutrophils with TLR2 and TLR4 agonists modifies chemokine receptor expression, remaining receptors remain functionally competent.
Effect of oestradiol on mouse uterine epithelial cell tumour necrosis factor‐α release is mediated through uterine stromal cells
Authors: Grant‐Tschudy Katherine S. , Wira Charles R. 
Published: April 2005

SummaryOestradiol‐17β (Oe2) stimulates uterine epithelial cell proliferation and is critical for normal uterine differentiation and secretory function. Oe2 can act directly on the epithelium via the epithelial oestrogen receptor (OR) or indirectly via the OR‐positive underlying stroma. A primary role for epithelial–stromal interactions has been established for mediating steroid hormone action in the uterus. This study was undertaken to determine the mode of Oe2 action in regulating epithelial cell cytokine release in the uterus. Mouse uterine epithelial and stromal cells were isolated and cultured separately. Transepithelial resistance (TER) was monitored with an EVOM voltohmmeter to determine monolayer polarity and integrity. Epithelial cells grown alone or in coculture with stromal cells were treated with Oe2. Supernatants collected were assayed for transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) and tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) by bioassay and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. While Oe2 treatment of epithelial cells led to a significant decrease in TER, the amount of TNF‐α released was not altered. However, when epithelial cells were cocultured with stromal cells and treated with Oe2, apical TNF‐α release was significantly decreased, compared to cells not treated with hormone. As determined by oestrogen receptor antagonist studies, Oe2 primed epithelial cells for the action of the stromal paracrine factor(s). In contrast, TGF‐β release by epithelial cells was not affected by Oe2 when grown alone or in the presence of stromal cells. These studies indicate that Oe2 has both direct and indirect effects on the uterine epithelium. While epithelial monolayer integrity is directly influenced by Oe2, TNF‐α release in response to Oe2 is dependent on the presence of stromal cells, indicating that paracrine communication is necessary for steroid regulation of some but not all cytokines.
Immunology and mathematics: crossing the divide
Authors: Callard Robin E. , Yates Andrew J. 
Published: April 2005

Summary‘It's high time molecular biology became quantitative, it cries out to a physicist … for modeling. Modeling isn't a crutch, it's the opposite; it's a way of suggesting experiments to do, to fill gaps in your understanding.’ John Maddox, Editor of Nature 1966–73, and 1980–95.
The intriguing biology of the tumour necrosis factor/tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily: players, rules and the games
Authors: Hehlgans Thomas , Pfeffer Klaus 
Published: April 2005

SummaryThe members of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF)/tumour necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily are critically involved in the maintenance of homeostasis of the immune system. The biological functions of this system encompass beneficial and protective effects in inflammation and host defence as well as a crucial role in organogenesis. At the same time, members of this superfamily are responsible for host damaging effects in sepsis, cachexia, and autoimmune diseases. This review summarizes recent progress in the immunbiology of the TNF/TNFR superfamily focusing on results obtained from animal studies using gene targeted mice. The different modes of signalling pathways affecting cell proliferation, survival, differentiation, apoptosis, and immune organ development as well as host defence are reviewed. Molecular and cellular mechanisms that demonstrate a therapeutic potential by targeting individual receptors or ligands for the treatment of chronic inflammatory or autoimmune diseases are discussed.
Candidal overgrowth in diabetic patients: potential predisposing factors
Authors: Belazi Maria , Velegraki Aristea , Fleva Alexandra , Gidarakou Ioanna , Papanaum Lucy , Baka Despina , Daniilidou Natasa , Karamitsos Dimitrios 
Published: April 2005

SummaryThis study was designed to investigate the potential factors that influence the prevalence of the oral carriage of Candida species in patients with type II diabetes mellitus. One hundred and twenty‐eight diabetic patients (68 males and 60 females, mean age 54 ± 7 years) were sequentially enrolled along with 84 (44 males and 40 females mean age 52 ± 8 years) healthy subjects. Samples were obtained by swabbing the oral mucosa of all participants. Yeast isolates were identified by germ tube test, with API 32 ID system, and by chlamydospore production on ‘cornmeal’ Tween‐80 agar. Candida spp. was recovered from the oral cavity of 64% of the diabetic group, in contrast to 40% of the control group. Candida albicans was the most frequently isolated species in both groups. Potential etiologic factors such as xerostomia, dentures, age, gender and diabetes on oral carriage of Candida spp. were evaluated. The oral carriage of Candida spp. was significantly higher in ‘diabetic’ patients compared with the healthy subjects but it seems that parameters such as xerostomia, dentures, age, gender and glycemic control cannot be directly associated with Candida growth in the oral cavity in the presence of diabetes.
Blastomycosis‐like pyoderma: Successful treatment with low‐dose acitretin
Authors: Nguyen Roland TD , Beardmore Graeme L 
Published: April 2005

SUMMARYBlastomycosis‐like pyoderma typically presents as verrucous plaque(s) with a purulent discharge through multiple sinuses. Two patients with blastomycosis‐like pyoderma developing on significantly sun‐damaged skin are presented: an 84‐year‐old man with multiple painful nodules and plaques, and a 92‐year‐old woman with a solitary plaque on the left calf. Histopathology showed pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia with dermal foci of suppuration. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from a biopsy specimen in the first patient, whereas the latter patient had Prevotella and Corynebacterium species. Investigations for fungi and mycobacteria yielded negative results. These microbiological findings further supported the clinicopathological diagnosis. Both patients failed to respond to oral doxycycline despite the in vitro susceptibility of the organisms. Treatment with low‐dose oral acitretin was successful in both patients after 3–4 months.
Risk and protective behaviours of bisexual minority women: a qualitative analysis
Authors: Champion J. D. , Wilford K. , Shain R. N. , Piper J. M. 
Published: April 2005

Background  Public health messages urging women to seek health care services such as sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and cervical cancer screening or family planning services fail to address women who have sex with women (WSW). This negligence may have led to a false sense of security amongst WSW concerning sexual risk behaviour. Research has shown that WSW engaged in more high‐risk sexual behaviours than heterosexual women. WSW has been identified as an important vector in the spread of STDs in all populations because of bisexuality. To prevent and reduce transmission of STDs amongst WSW, perceptions of risk for STD amongst WSW need to be understood so that effective interventions may be developed.Aim  To describe the relationship between sexual risk and protective behaviour and STD transmission amongst bisexual minority women with a history of STD.Methods  Life history methods were used to interview 23 African‐American bisexual women with a history of STD.Findings  Various themes unfolded during analysis of the patient interviews, including bisexual women's perceptions of STD risk, the context of sexual relationships with women and STD prevention, screening, and treatment practices.Conclusions  The contexts of sexual relationships including multiple or concurrent partner relationships with both men and women placed these women at high risk for STD. Regardless of the type of relationship or belief it is possible to get an STD, protection was often not used. These circumstances identify an extremely high‐risk population of women with need for more extensive research to identify strategies for health care interventions.
Jordanian married Muslim women's intentions to use oral contraceptives
Authors: Kridli S. A. , Newton S. E. 
Published: April 2005

Background  High fertility rates and moderate to low contraceptive use in the Arab Islamic countries, and Jordan in particular, are issues of international nursing importance.Aim  By using the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) as the conceptual framework, the relationships between married Jordanian Muslim women's previous contraceptive use, type of experience, and intention to use oral contraceptives (OCs) were examined. The relationship between selected demographic variables and intention to use OCs was also examined.Methods  The study was part of a large cross‐sectional survey. The Intention to Use Oral Contraceptive Tool was used to elicit participants’ intentions and beliefs regarding oral contraceptive use.Sample  The study sample was composed of 245 Jordanian married Muslim women.Results  Results revealed a significant relationship between previous oral contraceptive use and intention to use OCs. The relationships between type of experience, whether successful or unsuccessful, with previous OC use, and intention to use OCs were not significant.Conclusion:  Nursing implications regarding the provision of family planning services that are sensitive to Jordanian Muslim women's religious preferences are discussed.
Nursing, midwifery and allied health education programmes in Afghanistan
Authors: Herberg P. 
Published: April 2005

Background:  In 2001, Afghanistan was the centre of the world's attention. By 2002, following 23 years of internal conflict – including Soviet invasion, civil war and Taliban rule, plus 3 years of drought, the country was just beginning the process of re‐establishing its internal structures and processes. In the health sector, this included the revival of the Ministry of Health (MOH). The MOH was assisted in its efforts by multiple partners, including the UN, donor and aid agencies, and a variety of non‐governmental organizations. The author served as a consultant to the Aga Khan University School of Nursing, in partnership with the World Health Organization and the MOH, as it took on the work of strengthening nursing, midwifery and allied health education programmes for Afghanistan.Aim:  This paper will focus on the initial assessment of that sector. It will describe the situation as it existed in 2002, by examining the Kabul Institute of Health Sciences (IHS) and then turn briefly to the current state of affairs.Conclusions:  Despite the uncertainties of daily life in Afghanistan, the country has successfully initiated the reconstruction process. In the health sector, this can be seen in the work done at the Kabul IHS. Progress has been made in a number of areas, most notably in development and implementation of nursing and midwifery curricula. However, no one would deny that much more work is needed.
Iranian student nurses’ experiences of clinical placement
Authors: Peyrovi H. , Yadavar‐Nikravesh M. , Oskouie S. F. , Berterö C. 
Published: April 2005

Background:  Nursing as a practice‐based profession requires that student nurses learn how to become professional in the clinical environment. Many studies have addressed student nurses’ clinical learning and related problems, but few have explored the whole clinical experience of being a student nurse.Aim:  To understand and gain deeper insight into Iranian student nurses’ lived experience of clinical placement.Method:  Five student nurses were interviewed about their clinical experience during clinical placement. The researchers analysed the verbatim transcripts using van Manen's phenomenological methodology, keeping in mind the recommended six research activities.Findings:  Five themes emerged by which the phenomenon of clinical experience could be illustrated. These themes were: caring‐orientated relationships, attractive aspects of clinical experience, finding oneself in the clinical milieu, being supportive to classmates, and actualizing potential. Fourteen subthemes expanded and clarified the meaning of these themes.Conclusion:  The attention paid and acknowledgement given to ‘caring’ and ‘knowledge’ by the student nurses showed that they are progressing toward their ultimate goal of being professional nurses. The student nurses’ awareness of ‘what is going on there?’ and also support from other significant people facilitates the students’ adaptation process and guarantees this progress.
Violence towards nursing staff in emergency departments in one Turkish city
Authors: Şenuzun Ergün F. , Karadakovan A. 
Published: April 2005

Aim:  To determine the incidence of violence faced by nurses in emergency departments (ED) in a Turkish city, whether any of the incidents were reported and what legal action was taken. The second aim was to identify nurses’ attitudes towards these incidents and the relevance of their professional background.Methods:  Data were collected by questionnaire from the nurses working in the ED of four major hospitals in Izmir, Turkey. The questionnaire consisted of 34 questions seeking socio‐demographic data, information on verbal and physical victimization and legal processes.Results:  Sixty‐six nurses (72%) agreed to participate in the study. One third (34.8%) of participants were relatively new in the profession (0–5 years), and the majority of nurses (71.2%) had an ED experience of less than 5 years. The incidence of verbal violence (98.5%) was significantly more frequent than physical violence (19.7%). However, most incidents remained unreported (83.5%); most of the reported cases did not result in legal action (63.7%). Almost half of the nurses believed that possible explanations for the violent incidents they faced were because they were less competent and inexperienced in the profession than more senior colleagues.Discussion:  Victimized respondents mostly preferred to remain silent and did not report the incidents to the hospital administration since they believed that this would not result in legal action. It seems evident that our country lacks legal processes concerning job (workplace) violence. Effective legislative arrangements are necessary. Nurses and other ED staff also need continuing education concerning their rights and personal safety.
Hydrologic and geochemical controls on soluble benzene migration in sedimentary basins
Authors: ZHANG Y. , PERSON M. , MERINO E. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe effects of groundwater flow and biodegradation on the long‐distance migration of petroleum‐derived benzene in oil‐bearing sedimentary basins are evaluated. Using an idealized basin representation, a coupled groundwater flow and heat transfer model computes the hydraulic head, stream function, and temperature in the basin. A coupled mass transport model simulates water washing of benzene from an oil reservoir and its miscible, advective/dispersive transport by groundwater. Benzene mass transfer at the oil–water contact is computed assuming equilibrium partitioning. A first‐order rate constant is used to represent aqueous benzene biodegradation. A sensitivity study is used to evaluate the effect of the variation in aquifer/geochemical parameters and oil reservoir location on benzene transport. Our results indicate that in a basin with active hydrodynamics, miscible benzene transport is dominated by advection. Diffusion may dominate within the cap rock when its permeability is less than 10−19 m2. Miscible benzene transport can form surface anomalies, sometimes adjacent to oil fields. Biodegradation controls the distance of transport down‐gradient from a reservoir. We conclude that benzene detected in exploration wells may indicate an oil reservoir that lies hydraulically up‐gradient. Geochemical sampling of hydrocarbons from springs and exploration wells can be useful only when the oil reservoir is located within about 20 km. Benzene soil gas anomalies may form due to regional hydrodynamics rather than separate phase migration. Diffusion alone cannot explain the elevated benzene concentration observed in carrier beds several km away from oil fields.
Some virulence properties and characterization of motile Aeromonas species from milk and white cheese
Authors: YUCEL NIHAL , ERDEM BELGIN , KAYA DILEK 
Published: April 2005

Three hundred and thirty‐eight samples of milk and milk products in Ankara were screened for the presence of motile Aeromonas species. The overall frequency of aeromonads in these samples was 27%. As expected, raw milk samples were more contaminated with aeromonads than were other products. Sixty‐five (49.2%) of the 132 bulk raw milk samples were contaminated with aeromonads. In 35 of these samples, populations of aeromonads from 1.5 × 102 to 3.0 × 103 cfu/mL were counted in ampicillin dextrin agar (ADA). Ten (40%) of the 25 raw milk samples sold in the street were contaminated with aeromonads. In eight of these samples, 1.2 × 102−3.0 × 103 cfu/mL were counted. Five (16%) of the 31 pasteurized milk and 12 (8%) of the 150 white cheese samples were contaminated with Aeromonas
spp., but no countable aeromonads population was noted in ADA. The incidence of A. hydrophila, A. sobria and A. caviae in all samples was found to be 90.2%, 4.3% and 5.4%, respectively. The majority of the strains identified as A. hydrophila and A. sobria were able to produce haemolysin, protease and DNase, while strains identified as A. caviae were only positive for DNase. All isolated Aeromonas species (A. hydrophila, A. sobria and A. caviae) were positive for uptake of Congo red dye. Nevertheless, only strains identified as A. hydrophila and A. sobria showed a high rate of positive results when tested for the production of the Voges–Proskauer reaction and lysine decarboxylase. The results of this work show that motile Aeromonas spp., especially A. hydrophila, are frequently found in these samples. As these products are usually commonly consumed in Ankara, they can pose a risk especially for children, the elderly and immunocompromised individuals.