bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conversion
Authors: Sawyer Birgit 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
IT is clear that the erection of rune-stones answered religious and social needs in a period of transition; as pointed out in Chapter 1.3.2, the simple burial customs of the Christians broke dramatically with old traditions. Missionaries objected to the building of lavish constructions over the graves and to the rich furnishing of them; instead, they urged relatives to make gifts on behalf of the dead to them as representatives of the Church. Before churches and churchyards were built and became the natural places for memorials, ostentatious rune-stones in public places met the continued demand for the display of family wealth and status in a way that was probably also encouraged by the Church. The Christian rune-monuments of Scandinavia can be seen as an equivalent to the local shrines built by newly converted aristocrats on the Continent some five hundred years earlier; having made such provision for the memory of themselves and their kin, they were content with the humble Christian burial in nothing but a shroud.
The Architectural Setting of the Cult of Saints in the Early Christian West c.300–1200
Authors: Crook John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book explores the way in which church architecture from the earliest centuries of Christianity has been shaped by holy bones - the physical remains or 'relics' of those whom the Church venerated as saints. The Church's holy dead continued to exercise an influence on the living from beyond the grave, and their earthly remains provided a focus for prayer. The memorial, house-churches and crypts of early Christian Rome; the elaborately decorated monuments containing the bodies of the bishops of Merovingian Gaul; the revival of ring crypts in the Carshingian empire; the crypts, 'tomb-shrines', and later high shrines of medieval England, all demonstrate how the presence of a holy body within a church influenced its very architecture. This is the first complete modern study of this hitherto somewhat neglected aspect of medieval church architecture in western Europe.
What Kind of Men?
Authors: Aylmer G E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For reasons which will already be clear, it is not feasible to ask the simple question—who were the servants of Charles 11? —and to expect a sensible answer. No single random sample or selection drawn from all those who held office and who qualify as Crown servants between the end of May 1660 and the beginning of February 168 5 will enable us even to ask, let alone to answer the kind of questions needed to construct a meaningful group portrait or corporate profile. The method which I have adopted instead is to compile a list of all the offices of sufficient significance, from the very top to the middle levels, so as to give an approximate balance across the different branches of the court and the administration; I have then tried to identify their holders at ten-yearly intervals, in June 1663, June 1673, and June 1683.
The Waters of the Nile
Authors: Collins Robert O 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This is a study of the evolution of proposals to develop the Nile Basin to ensure the best use of its precious waters. The hydropolitics of the Nile Valley is the most important issue today for the future of the inhabitants of Egypt, the Sudan, Ethiopia, and East Africa. The story of `Nile Control' is the product of British, Egyptian, and Sudanese engineers and hydrologists, whose designs have determined the way of life of the millions who depend upon the Nile waters for their survival.
The Revival of Jonglei
Authors: Collins Robert O 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On the sparkling, sunlit morning of 18 August 1955, No. 2 Company of the Equatorial corps was drawn up on the parade ground at Torit, in preparation for boarding trucks for Juba and proceeding by steamer to Khartoum. The troops were apprehensive, for rumours had been circulating that the transfer to Khartoum was a plot to enslave or murder them. They were all from the southern Sudan, for the most part illiterate veterans who had never served beyond the frontiers of the south and who had settled comfortably at the headquarters of the corps in Torit, with families and farms surrounding the garrison town.
Impact and Opportunity
Authors: Collins Robert O 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
No sooner had the Bucketwheel taken its first bite into the clay soils of the Upper Nile than a barrage of criticism concerning the impact of the canal on the ecosystem of the Sudd was let loose, Originally emanating from the UN environmental programme headquarters in Nairobi, the hue and cry of the environmentalists soon appeared in the European press, particularly in France and Germany. Some times thoughtful, often strident, frequently ignorant, a steady stream of copy poured forth from the media, led by a coalition of environmental groups in Europe and the USA known as the environmental liaison centre, with headquarters in Nairobi, which demanded an immediate moratorium on any construction work in the canal zone.1 In 1977 the UN conference on desertification, held in Nairobi, provided a global forum for those who denounced the canal as advancing the march of sand southward from the Sahara while drastically altering the climate of Sudan’s neighbours. The discussions culminated in a packed meeting, sponsored by the Royal Geographical Society, in London on 5 October 1982, entitled ‘The Impact of the Jonglei Canal in the Sudan’.
Thunder on the Nile
Authors: Collins Robert O 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Relations between the southern Sudanese and President Ja’far Numayri began to undergo subtle but important changes not long after the euphoria occasioned by the Addis Ababa Agreement dissipated in the face of the political facts of life in the Sudan. The treaty of integration between Egypt and the Sudan of February 1974, and the subsequent inauguration of the Sudan development corporation for the creation of agricultural schemes in the northern Sudan, disturbed the more sophisticated southerners, while the people expressed their disenchantment by the Juba riots in October and grumbled over food shortages and lack of school facilities. Northern lack of interest, if not neglect, was further underlined for the southerners by the appearance of friendly but frequently competitive humanitarian agencies who, with an imperialism untempered by the paternalism of former British administrators, Catholic fathers, and Protestant missionaries, carved out protectorates in which their eagerness to develop and improve was often compromised by their ethnocentrism and arrogance. In Khartoum, the south was conspicuously under-represented in the corridors of power, having only three Cabinet members in charge of minor ministries.
From Pressburg to Tilsit,1806-1807
Authors: Schroeder Paul w. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars are seen in the usual way, as a series of attempts to defeat France and restore a balance of power in Europe, 1806-7 brought nothing new. All that happened essentially was the revival of the Third Coalition in a different form, leading to more battles, another Napoleonic victory, and a further expansion of his empire. But if the real story, as this book argues, is the transformation of international politics during this era; if this change required a long, painful process of learning from hard experience; and if what needed to be learned was less how to defeat France than how to construct a peaceful Europe and a stable international system on a new basis, then this period emerges as an important stage in the learning process, in which there were some set-backs but also some irreversible progress.
The Templars and the Hospitallers, 1274–1565: Disaster and Adaptation
Authors: Housley Norman 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Of the three great international Military Orders whose chief function, in 1274, was the defence of the Holy Land, the most successful in the late Middle Ages was the Teutonic Order. Its achievements in colonizing and governing Prussia and Livonia, and in waging a prolonged war against Lithuania, will be recounted in Chapter 11.1 The older Orders of the Hospital and the Temple followed very different paths. The Knights of St John found the task of adaptation to changing circumstances after 1291 a painful one. Although they quickly succeeded in finding a new base for their operations at Rhodes, more than a century passed before they evolved a new role as a front-line power in Christendom’s struggle against the Turks; and that role was essentially a reactive one, the result of Ottoman successes and the gradual realization, at Rhodes and in the West, of the island-fortress’s strategic importance. As for the Templars, the trial and suppression of their entire Order between 1307 and 1312 represented a catastrophic sequence of events whose causality and significance remain highly problematic.
The Enemy Within: Crusading against Christians
Authors: Housley Norman 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Some of the most important crusades in the late Middle Ages were waged against men and women who had been baptized as Catholics. In some cases they comprised groups holding heterodox beliefs, against whom the normal procedures established by the Church for the investigation and suppression of heresy had failed, or could not even be applied. In others they were individuals in possession of secular authority, whose political opposition to the papacy was construed as posing a serious threat to the integrity and faith of the Church. Both forms of crusade, and especially the latter, aroused controversy in their day; and they still provoke lively disagreement amongst scholars of the crusading movement. In this chapter we shall therefore need not only to examine the crusades themselves, but also to give some attention to their historical origins and the polemic to which they gave rise.
Religious Unity in Three Kingdoms and in One: Religion, Politics, and Charles I 1625-1642
Authors: Russell Conrad 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Sir Henry Slings by, a minor member of the Long Parliament, confided to his diary that the Long Parliament’s task in negotiating an Anglo-Scottish treaty was ‘like tossing three balls in one hand, which requires both the eye and hand to be very steeddy, lest one ball do enter fore with another, and all miscarry’. This remark might have been made about any part of the British problem under Charles I, and what applies to the problem must also apply to its historian: whatever theme he takes up, he will be neglecting others. The story makes a highly untidy drama, constantly confused by the presence of too many actors on stage, and that confusion, because it affected the participants, was a significant cause of civil war.
The Nature of the State
Authors: Theodore Hoppen K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Victorian state remains elusive. Little has been found in the way of a corpse, so that analysis must largely be confined to a study of tracks and footprints. Contemporaries developed no definitive view, let alone theory, of the ‘state’ as a coherent entity. Instead, ‘government’—its proper limits and functions—was the focus of their concerns. What cannot be doubted is that the scope and character of government in its economic, social, and bureaucratic manifestations changed during the Victorian period. What remains open to interpretation is the significance of these changes, their extent, nature, inspiration, and effect.
Ireland and the Glorious Revolution: From Kingdom to Colony
Authors: Kelly Patrick 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In considering the question of Ireland and the Glorious Revolution, one is immediately struck by the fact that Ireland did not experience the Glorious Revolution in the sense in which the term is understood in the history of England and Scotland. The occupancy of the throne indeed changed as a result of the Glorious Revolution, as in the other kingdoms of the British monarchy, but this change and the settlement which followed was largely imposed from without as a result of more than two years of intermittent warfare. In Ireland the Revolution was not marked as in England and Scotland by constitutional debate, nor did it produce any central revolutionary document such as the Declaration of Rights or Claim of Right. By default, therefore, the central document of the Revolution in Ireland was the treaty which ended the Jacobite War, and for many reasons the Treaty of Limerick was ill-suited as the basis for a settlement, not least because the Irish Protestant colonists who emerged as dominant after the war had no voice in making the Treaty. The contrast with the circumstances of the Restoration in 166o could not be more striking.
Introduction
Authors: Franks Julian , Mayer Colin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
1.1 This report investigates capital requirements for investment managers. It was commissioned by the Investment Management Regulatory Organization (IMRO) as part of an exercise to evaluate IMRO’s capital requirements. 1.2 The study was performed during 1988. It took place against the background of substantial changes: the implementation of the Financial Services Act in April 1988, fundamental changes to the structure of financial services in London, the October 1987 stock market crash, and the prospect of further changes arising from the dismantling of barriers to the free flow of capital and financial services in the EEC in 1992. There was therefore considerable uncertainty about the direction in which financial services were moving and much debate about the appropriate form that investor protection should take in the UK and elsewhere.
Risks in the Investment Management Business and their Effect on Investors
Authors: Franks Julian , Mayer Colin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
1.1 This chapter investigates the risks born by an investor who employs an investment manager to manage or advise on the management of a portfolio. There are several different classes of risk that the investor faces. First and most obviously, the performance of the underlying assets reflects the quality of an investment manager’s portfolio selection and an adviser’s recommendations. However, unless minimum returns have been guaranteed or negligence can be demonstrated, the manager is not liable to the investor for under-performance. Comparative performance of investment managers is not therefore the proper subject of regulation and is not pursued here.
Introduction
Authors: Yoshikawa Hiroshi 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book puts forward a ‘new’ approach to macroeconomics which draws upon the experience of the Japanese economy. The approach is akin to what Tobin (1993) calls the ‘Old Keynesian View’, and therefore is not really new. But, by maintaining that real demand constraints are important not only in the short run, but also in the long run, it goes beyond what is normally understood as the Keynesian approach.
Demand Constraint, Technical Progress, and Economic Growth: A Model of Demand-Led Growth
Authors: Yoshikawa Hiroshi 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The foregoing chapters have attempted to establish, from various angles, that real demand constraint is an essential factor in the macro economy. This final chapter argues that real demand constraint is essential not only in the short run, but also for the long-run growth of the economy. I put forward a new demand-led growth model, and with it analyse the rapid growth and slowdown of the post-war Japanese economy.
France: the Institutionalization of Plurality
Authors: Muller-Escoda Béatrice , Vogt Ulla 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Cecile has her father’s name. Her mother is divorced and has changed her surname back to her maiden name. François, the man with whom her mother is now involved in a long-term relationship, his son and Cécile all receive their mail at the same address. Three different surnames are posted on the mailbox of this apparently very ‘normal’ family made up of an adult couple and two children.
Divorce in Europe -A Cohort Perspec tive
Authors: Klein Thomas , Kopp Johannes 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
An increase in divorce rates which can be observed throughout Eu rope as well as in other parts of the world (Goode, 1993) is one of the most significant changes in family behaviour to have occurred during the past decades. Social scientists are interested in divorce not only because the family (as an institution) has been affected by marital instability in a basic way, but also because the consequences for both partners, their children, and society as a whole are remarkable (see Furstenberg, 1990; Kitson & Morgan, 1990; Selt zer, 1994; Whitehead, 1997).
The Characteristics of NGOs: Is There a Comparative Advantage?
Authors: Riddell Roger C , Robinson Mark , Coninck John De , Muir Ann , White Sarah 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Non—governmental organizations (NGOs) embrace a wide array of agencies within and across different countries of the world. At their broadest, NGOs are simply agencies or groups which are different from government bodies. However, NGOs are distinctive in containing a voluntary component and because they do not operate for profit. Development NGOs are thus a category of NGOs defined by their purpose of providing development assistance. But even in development parlance, the term NGO is used to encompass a whole range of organizations which differ in size, function, and geographical location. Thus the term can be used to describe small, locally based, and loosely established voluntary and largely grass—roots types of associations, as well as large, national, and even transnational voluntary associations with formal constitutions, employing hundreds of staff. They may be engaged in relief, emergency, or longer—term development work or a mixture of all three.
Modern Retributivism
Authors: Walker Nigel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Time was when retributivists were straightforward believers in the moral duty to punish. If they differed from each other it was over the nature of this duty, as we shall see. What has been called ‘modern retributivism’ is something else: a disillusioned reaction from utilitarianism. The disillusionment has been created partly by penologists who have questioned the efficacy of attempts to deter or reform, partly by moralists who have argued that such attempts are unethical even if effective. I shall argue that the penologists’ evidence has been the subject of exaggerated interpretations; that the moralists’ objections rest either on failures to make necessary distinctions or on outright fallacies; and that modern retributivism has not solved the problems of classical retributivism.
Fairness, Truth, and Silence: The Criminal Trial and the Judge’s Exclusionary Discretion
Authors: Allan T R S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the leading case on the nature and extent of the judge’s exclusionary discretion in the criminal trial, Lord Scarman distinguished two faces of the common law. Its first, and sterner, face was that, generally speaking, all relevant evidence was admissible, however obtained. As Crompton J had brusquely asserted, ’It matters not how you get it; if you steal it even, it would be admissible.’ The second, and merciful, face of the law was the judge’s discretion to exclude admissible evidence if the strict application of the law would operate unfairly against the accused. It is a familiar feature of the law of evidence in criminal cases that the effect of the rules may be adjusted in fairness to the defendant, although the scope of judicial discretion in that regard is deeply controversial.
Competition Law
Authors: Matsushita Mitsuo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we will examine Japanese competition law (the Antimonopoly Law). Since the scope of this law is so wide, some specific problems are dealt with in other chapters. For example, patent licensing will be dealt with elsewhere1 and the legal problems with regard to exemption from the Anti-monopoly Law, which authorizes private associations and combinations, are dealt with in another chapter.
Foreign Trade and Investment Laws
Authors: Matsushita Mitsuo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The laws regulating international trade and investment are numerous. If we take a broad definition of laws and regulations which affect international trade and investment, the major parts of the Civil Code which deal with contracts and properties and those of the Commercial Code dealing with corporations and commercial transactions are relevant. However, laws dealing with private transactions such as contract laws and corpora-tion laws will be treated in other volumes in this series. In this book, our focus is on the public regulation of international trade and investment.
Trial Discretions: The Judge and the Evidence
Authors: Pattenden Rosemary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The discretionary exclusion of admissible evidence is at times possible. This chapter explains when it is. In the absence of a specific statutory provision there is no regular legal discretion to do the reverse-to admit evidence which is prima fade inadmissible. Scholars have advocated the discretionary admission of reliable hearsay, but the House of Lords has refused to countenance the idea. In Myers v. DPP, one of the leading decisions on the hearsay rule, Lord Reid remarked: ‘It is true that a judge has discretion to exclude legally admissible evidence if justice so requires, but it is a very different thing to say that he has a discretion to admit legally inadmissible evidence.’
R
Authors: Toth A G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Residence Document See Residence Permit RESIDENCE PERMIT Document serving as proof that the holder is entitled under Community law to the right of residence in the territory of the issuing Member State. As Community law stands at present, the following categories of person are entitled to the right of residence and, consequently, to a residence permit, provided that they are nationals of a Member State (the nationality requirement does not apply to family members): workers employed in the host Member State and members of their families to whom Reg. 1612/68 applies (Dir. 68/360, Arts. 1 and 4(1) and (2), OJ Sp. Edn. 1968 (II), p. 485); workers remaining in the host Member State after having been employed there and members of their families as defined in Art. 10 of Reg. 1612/68 (Reg. 1251/70, Arts. 1 and 6, OJ Sp. Edn. 1970 (II), p. 402);
‘Shall not be Denied the Right . . . to Enjoy Their Own Culture, to Profess and Practise Their OwnReligion, or to Use Their Own Language’
Authors: Thornberry Patrick 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The above phrases describe the State’s obligations to its minorities. The phrase ‘shall not be denied the right’ contrasts with the language used elsewhere in the Covenant. The language of the other Articles is more positive in tone: everyone ‘shall have the right’ or ‘has the right’ is normal usage throughout the Covenant as in ‘Everyone shall have the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion’ (Article 18(1) ) or ‘Every child has the right to acquire a nationality’ (Article 24(3) ). Express prohibitions of governmental or state activity are equally strongly phrased as in ‘No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment .. .’ (Article 7). The ‘stronger’ phraseology applies to collective as well as individual rights: thus, all peoples ‘have the right’ of self determination according to Article 1 of the Covenant. The significance of this difference of language is not clear, and different conclusions have been drawn from it. Robinson comments on Article 27, the tone of which is substantially determined by its negative phrasing, that it represents ‘a classic example of restrictive toleration of minorities’.