bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anomalous fractionation of sulfur isotopes during sputtering
Authors: Hervig Richard L. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSecondary ion mass spectrometric (SIMS) measurements of sulfur isotope ratios obtained during sputtering with a Cs+ beam and detection of negative secondary ions show a strong dependence of isotope fractionation on secondary ion energy for ions with ∼2–10 eV excess kinetic energy (∼9‰/eV), and a weak dependence for ions with ∼10–∼350 eV (0.05‰/eV). Variable collection of the low‐energy ions could thus result in variable measured sulfur isotope ratios. Being aware of this behavior should allow the analyst to avoid such a problem. The fractionation of the isotopes does not appear to follow theoretical or measured behavior for positive ions, and suggests that, at least for sulfur, the process of negative secondary ion emission is incompletely understood and may require different theoretical models. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of fine sediment deposition and channel works on periphyton biomass in the Makomanai River, northern Japan
Authors: Yamada Hiroyuki , Nakamura Futoshi 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe Makomanai River in northern Japan has suffered considerable fine sediment deposition, especially in a reach where channel works have been constructed. Four contiguous reaches were examined for deposition of fine sediment and the effects of such on periphyton biomass; two of the reaches had channel works and bank protection, respectively, the other two being unmodified. The influence of fine sedimentation on epilithic periphyton biomass (chlorophyll a weight and organic matter weight) and the autotrophic index (AI), and the relationship between these and hydraulic variables was emphasized. Fine sediment increased, chlorophyll a decreased and AI increased in the reach with channel works and in the unmodified reach immediately upstream. In addition, the current velocity and Froude number tended to decrease in the reach with channel works. Correlation analysis showed that with an increase in fine sediment, chlorophyll a decreased and non‐living periphyton, indicated by AI, increased. It was also confirmed that fine sediment increased with an increase in weight of periphyton organic matter and decreased with an increase in current velocity or Froude number. These results suggest that accumulation of fine sediment, which substantially reduces light penetration for photosynthesis under low current velocity conditions, results in lowered periphyton levels. The channel works have lowered the current velocity, thus promoting deposition of fine sediment and an increase in non‐living periphyton. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predosing with the unlabeled “inactive” enantiomer as a tool for improvement of the PET signal
Authors: Elfving Betina , Bjørnholm Berith , Knudsen Gitte M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn this study we investigated whether the PET signal of labeled (S)‐citalopram could be improved by predosing with the unlabeled distomer (R)‐citalopram. Ten minutes before intravenous injection of 1.5 MBq [3H]‐(S)‐citalopram, rats were given i.v. 0.9% saline, 16 or 24 μg (R)‐citalopram. Sixty minutes after injection of [3H]‐(S)‐citalopram, the brains were dissected into eight regions. The binding obtained in each brain region was compared to cerebellum as a reference region. Predosing with saline, 16 and 24 μg (R)‐citalopram yielded thalamus/cerebellum ratios of 1.6 ± 0.12, 1.6 ± 0.12, and 1.1 ± 0.26 (means ± SD), respectively. It is concluded that the nonspecific binding of radiolabeled (S)‐citalopram cannot be reduced by predosing with the 150 times less active enantiomer (R)‐citalopram, possibly due to the pool of nonspecific sites being too large for blocking. Synapse 46:125–127, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
C4 Plant Productivity and Climate-CO2 Variations in South-Central Texas during the Late Quaternary
Authors: Nordt Lee C. , Boutton Thomas W. , Jacob John S. , Mandel Rolfe D. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA continuous record of organic carbon δ13C from a buried soil sequence in south-central Texas demonstrates: 1) strong coupling between marine and adjacent continental ecosystems in the late Pleistocene as a result of glacial meltwater entering the Gulf of Mexico and 2) ecosystem decoupling in the Holocene associated with a reduction of meltwater and a shift in global circulation patterns. In the late Pleistocene, reduction in C4 plant productivity correlates with two well-documented glacial meltwater pulses (∼15,000 and 12,000 14C yr B.P.), indicating a cooler-than-present adjacent continental environment. Increased C4 production between 11,000 and 10,000 14C yr B.P. suggests that the Younger Dryas was a warm interval responding to the diversion of glacial meltwater away from the Mississippi River. With waning meltwater flow, C4 productivity generally increased throughout the Holocene, culminating in peak warm intervals at ∼5000 and 2000 14C yr B.P. Shifts in the abundances of C3–C4 plants through the late Quaternary show no correlation to ecophysiological responses to atmospheric CO2 concentration.
Costs and outcomes of risperidone treatment in schizophrenia in the Czech Republic
Authors: Hosák L. , Bahbouh R. 
Published: October 2002

SummaryThe increasing cost of pharmaceuticals in the Czech Republic has led to restrictions on the prescription of more expensive atypical antipsychotics. The aim of the study was to compare the costs and outcomes of using risperidone versus classical neuroleptics in treatment of schizophrenia in order to see if there was any cost advantage in restricting use of more recent antipsychotics. Sixty-seven patients (39 women) with a mean age of 34.6 years (S.D. = 9.74) suffering from schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were treated with risperidone while 67 patients (39 women) with the same diagnoses with a mean age of 35.7 years (S.D. = 9.91) received standard neuroleptics. Yearly direct medical costs and outcomes (indicated by the average Global Assessment of Functioning score) were assessed retrospectively in an open, intent-to-treat study by abstracting psychiatric outpatient charts. The outcomes were not significantly different between the treatment groups while the risperidone treatment was significantly more expensive than the therapy with standard neuroleptics. This result which appears to be inconsistent with the literature was caused by the cheap labor force in the Czech Republic. The difference between the followed treatments in the direct costs will probably become insignificant in the future when the country’s economy will be more developed.
THE MASTER WARD IDENTITY
Authors: DÜTSCH M. , BOAS F.-M. 
Published: October 2002

In the framework of perturbative quantum field theory (QFT) we propose a new, universal (re)normalization condition (called 'master Ward identity') which expresses the symmetries of the underlying classical theory. It implies for example the field equations, energy-momentum, charge- and ghost-number conservation, renormalized equal-time commutation relations and BRST-symmetry. It seems that the master Ward identity can nearly always be satisfied, the only exceptions we know are the usual anomalies. We prove the compatibility of the master Ward identity with the other (re)normalization conditions of causal perturbation theory, and for pure massive theories we show that the 'central solution' of Epstein and Glaser fulfills the master Ward identity, if the UV-scaling behavior of its individual terms is not relatively lowered. Application of the master Ward identity to the BRST-current of non-Abelian gauge theories generates an identity (called 'master BRST-identity') which contains the information which is needed for a local construction of the algebra of observables, i.e. the elimination of the unphysical fields and the construction of physical states in the presence of an adiabatically switched off interaction.
Synthesis and Crystal Structures of [CuCl2(μ-NSPh3)]2 and [CuCl2(Ph3SN)2]: Novel Copper Complexes Bearing Organic λ6-Sulfanenitrile as Ligand
Authors: Yoshimura Toshiaki , Fujii Takayoshi , Dai Huagang 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
Dinuclear complex [CuCl2(μ-NSPh3)]2 (2) and mononuclear complex [CuCl2(Ph3SN)2] (3) were obtained concurrently by a reaction of CuCl2 with triphenyl-λ6-sulfanenitrile (1) in acetonitrile. They were characterized by elemental analysis, IR and NMR spectroscopy, and their molecular structures were determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis.
The Biginelli Condensation: A Novel and Efficient Regioselective Synthesis of Dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones Using Lithium Bromide
Authors: Baruah Partha P , Gadhwal Sunil , Prajapati Dipak , Sandhu Jagir S 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
Various substituted 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones were synthesised in one-pot reaction of aldehydes, β-ketoesters and urea using LiBr in tetrahydrofuran in excellent yields without any side reactions as observed by Biginelli and others.
Single-Step Synthesis of Cyclooctadienone Derivatives by Reaction of Alkenylcyclobutenones with Alkenyllithiums: Enhanced Reactivity of 8π Cyclization by Acetylating the Intermediary Lithium Tetraenolate
Authors: Hamura Toshiyuki , Kawano Nobuyuki , Tsuji Shinsuke , Matsumoto Takashi , Suzuki Keisuke 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
Various functionalized cyclooctadienones are accessible in high yields by the reaction of alkenylcyclobutenones with alkenyllithiums.
Formation of Palladium(0) Nanoparticles from a Microemulsion System Composed of Bis (N-octylethylenediamine)palladium(II) Chloride Complex
Authors: Iida Masayasu , Ohkawa Shiho , Er Hua , Asaoka Norie , Yoshikawa Hisao 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
Palladium(0) nanoparticles were obtained in high densities from a novel type reverse micelle (or W/O microemulsion) of bis(N-octylethylenediamine)palladium(II) chloride (=[Pd(oct-en)2]Cl2)/water/chloroform (=CHCl3). The shape of the nanoparticles was largely affected by the phase of the additive, sodium boron hydride (=NaBH4) reductant, and by the replacement of a small amount of water with methanol.
Reaction of Bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]germylene with Tris(4-tert-butylphenyl)methylium Ion: Formation of a Unique Germyl Cation Weakly σ-Coordinated to Aromatic Group
Authors: Ichinohe Masaaki , Hayata Yuichi , Sekiguchi Akira 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
The reaction of bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]germylene with tris(4-tert-butylphenyl)methylium TPFPB− in toluene produced an unexpected germyl cation, {[(Me3Si)2CH]Me2Si}{[(4-tert-BuC6H4)3C]Me2Si}-HCMe2Ge+, which was formed through several consecutive rearrangements of the methyl, bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl, and triarylmethyl groups.
Novel Molecular Resist Based on Derivative of Cholic Acid
Authors: Kim Jin-Baek , Yun Hyo-Jin , Kwon Young-Gil 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
Glycerol tris(glutarate 3-(tert-butyl cholate) ester) was synthesized as a low molecular weight amorphous resist material for 193-nm lithography, and it has good transmittance at 193 nm and good dry etch resistance to CF4 reactive ion etching. The resist formulated with this material forms well defined line and space patterns at a dose of 12 mJ cm−2 using a mercury-xenone lamp in a contact printing mode.
Partial Oxidation of Methane to Syngas over Plasma Treated Ni-Fe/La2O3 Catalyst
Authors: Wang Jian-guo , Liu Chang-jun , Zhang Yue-ping , Zhu Xin-li , Zou Jijun , Yu Kai-lu , Eliasson Baldur 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
Ni-Fe/La2O3 catalyst prepared by a glow discharge plasma treatment following calcinations thermally exhibits higher activity and selectivity compared to the Ni-Fe/La2O3 prepared conventionally. At the same reaction temperature, the CH4 conversion, CO selectivity and H2 selectivity obtained from the plasma prepared Ni-Fe/La2O3 are 5–9%, 4–7% and 9–15% higher than those from the conventional Ni-Fe/La2O3 catalyst, respectively. At the same methane conversion, the reaction temperature with the plasma prepared Ni-Fe/La2O3 is at least 100 °C lower than that with the conventional Ni-Fe/La2O3.
Organic Field-Effect Transistors Using Di(2-thienyl)naphthodithiophenes as Active Layers
Authors: Kunugi Yoshihito , Takimiya Kazuo , Yamashita Kazuo , Aso Yoshio , Otsubo Tetsuo 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
Two isomeric di(2-thienyl)naphthodithiophenes, anti- and syn-DThNDTs, have been investigated as active materials of organic field-effect transistors (FETs). Field-effect mobilities of 2–3×10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1 were obtained for the anti-DThNDT film, while no obvious FET function was observed with the syn-DThNDT film.
New Preconcentration System Based on Steam Distillation for Dioxin Analogs
Authors: Iwamura Takeru , Hirayama Junji , Iwamura Jun-ichi 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
Polychlorinated aromatic compounds such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, and dibenzofurans were successfully and quantitatively recovered using a steam distillation-azeotropy system without the complex procedures.
Synthesis and Structure of a 3D Cobalt(II) Coordination Polymer with 1,4-Bis(imidazole-1-ylmethyl)benzene
Authors: Zhao Qihua , Li Haifang , Wang Xiaofeng , Chen Zhida 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
Treatment of 1,4-bis(imidazole-1-ylmethyl)benzene (bix) with Co(OAc)2 in organic/inorganic solution gives the complex [Co(bix)3]·2OH·CH3OH·3H2O (1), which forms an open three-dimensional framework. The specific channels in 1 occupied by solvent molecules, indicate that 1 might be an attractive functional microporous solid materials.
Polymer Chain-Guided Arrangement of Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Takagi Kanna , Ishiwatari Tsutomu 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
Here we show a new method for arranging Au nanoparticles along polymer chains. The method contains a polymer complex formation between a thiolated poly(ethylene oxide) chain bound on the Au surface and the added polymers. When poly(acrylic acid) was added, the Au particles formed a network arrangement. The Au particles lined up excellently when a rigid chondroitin sulfate c sodium salt was added to the solution.
Synthesis and characterization of poly[(methyl methacrylate)‐co‐(methacrylic acid)] for a UV‐sensitive aqueous base developable lithographic plate
Authors: Kiatkamjornwong Suda , Tessiri Suteera 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSyntheses of the copolymers of methyl methacrylate and methacrylic acid were carried out by free radical chain polymerization in the presence of benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as an initiator. The effects of the monomer ratio and polymerization time on the averaged molecular weights, polydispersity index, and glass transition temperature were investigated. FTIR and NMR were used for functional group characterization, GPC for average molecular weights and the distribution, elemental analysis for CHO content, and DSC for the glass transition temperature. The copolymers were mixed with tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA) and trimethylol propane ethoxylated triacrylate (TMPEOTA), 2‐hydroxy‐2‐methyl‐1‐phenyl‐propan‐1‐one (Darocur® 1173) and benzophenone (Darocur® BP) with anthraquinone for visibility of images. The photosensitive coating was spin‐coated onto the anodized aluminum plate on which a thin film was formed. The wet film was then coated with PVA solution as an oxygen barrier layer. The plate assembled with a control wedge and a black color separation film was exposed to UV radiation at different exposure times. The plate was developed in a dilute alkaline developer. The resulting plate was evaluated for its reproduction properties in terms of surface properties (hydrophilic/hydrophobicity) by contact angle measurement of image/nonimage areas, resolution by microline, tone reproduction, and adhesion tests. The article describes the results of the syntheses, characterizations, and uses of the copolymer as a binder of a negative, lithographic printing plate. The present lithographic printing plate is good for a medium viscosity printing ink to produce medium printing quality on uncoated paper. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 1829–1837, 2002
Thermal characteristics of poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(vinylpyrrolidone) IPNs
Authors: Jeong Kim Seon , Jun Park Sang , Young Kim In , Hee Lee Yong , Kim Sun I. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractInterpenetrating polymer network (IPN) hydrogels based on poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and 1‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (VP) were prepared by radical polymerization using 2,2‐dimethyl‐2‐phenylacetophenone (DMPAP) and methylene bisacrylicamide (MBAAm) as initiator and crosslinker, respectively. The thermal characterization of the IPNs was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and dielectric analysis (DEA). Depressions of the melting temperatures of PVA segments in IPNs were observed with increasing VP content via the DSC. The DEA was employed to ascertain the glass transition temperature (Tg) of IPNs. From the result of DEA, IPNs exhibited two Tgs indicating the presence of phase separation in the IPN. The thermal decomposition of IPNs was investigated using TGA and appeared at near 270°C. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 1844–1847, 2002
Curing characteristics of epoxy resin systems that include a biphenyl moiety
Authors: Kim Whan Gun , Lee Jun Young 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe curing characteristics of epoxy resin systems that include a biphenyl moiety were investigated according to the change of curing agents. Their curing kinetics mainly depend on the type of hardener. An autocatalytic kinetic reaction occurs in epoxy resin systems with phenol novolac hardener, regardless of the kinds of epoxy resin and the epoxy resin systems using Xylok and DCPDP (dicyclopentadiene‐type phenol resin) curing agents following an nth‐order kinetic mechanism. The kinetic parameters of all epoxy resin systems were reported in terms of a generalized kinetic equation that considered the diffusion term. The fastest reaction conversion rate among the epoxy resin systems with a phenol novolac curing agent was obtained in the EOCN‐C epoxy resin system, and for systems with Xylok and DCPDP hardeners, the highest reaction rate values were obtained in NC‐3000P and EOCN‐C epoxy resin systems, respectively. The system constants in DiBenedetto's equation of each epoxy resin system with different curing agents were obtained, and their curing characteristics can be interpreted by the curing model using a curing agent as a spacer. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 1942–1952, 2002
Comonomer effect on the mechanical and morphological behavior on the calcite‐filled PP, CoPP, and TerPP
Authors: Kim Hyun , Kim Kwang Jae , Kwon Sang Min , Kundu Patit P. , Jo Byung Cheon , Lee Byung Hyung , Lee Dae Soo , Choe Soonja 
Published: October 2002

AbstractComonomer effect on the mechanical and morphological behavior of the calcite (stearic acid coated calcium carbonate)‐filled polypropylene (PP), poly(propylene‐random‐ethylene) copolymer (CoPP), and poly(propylene‐co‐ethylene‐co‐1‐butene) terpolymer (TerPP) composites were investigated by using dumbbell bar and film specimens. The tensile properties of the calcite‐filled PP, CoPP, and TerPP composites exhibited lower values than those of the pure polymers (calcite‐unfilled polymers), whereas the complex viscosity of the calcite‐filled polymers exhibited slightly higher values than that of the pure polymers. Mechanical properties studied by using various strain rates and draw ratios rationalized in terms of comonomer units and contents in various PP systems. Morphological behavior of the specimens stretched at various strain rates and draw ratios was investigated by using SEM microphotographs and the mechanism of the formation of air holes was proposed. The air hole initiated from crack propagation and followed by dewetting between the calcite surface and the polymer interface in the weakened region. The crack propagated along the transverse direction; then the air hole developed parallel to the machine direction with fibril structure of the resin in PP and CoPP systems. However, TerPP composite exhibited no cracks in the beginning of the elongation, but the air hole was initiated due to dewetting; then its enlargement was exhibited by broken fibril structure of the resin. In the final stage of stretching, the air hole was dominated by merging of the neighboring air holes. Thus, different comonomer units, which are the small content of ethylene and 1‐butene in CoPP and TepPP, are responsible for these systems behaving in a different manner on the mechanical and morphological properties. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 2041–2053, 2002
Cr(VI)‐containing wastewater treatment by means of ion exchange on weak‐ and strong‐base anion exchangers
Authors: Untea I. , Tudorache Elena , Neagu Violeta 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe aim of this research work was a thermodynamic and kinetic study of the retention of Cr(VI) ions from a K2CrO4 solution on macroporous weak‐ and strong‐base anion exchangers, Lewatit M 64 A and Lewatit MP 500 A, respectively. Also, the correlations among the ion‐exchange rate, the retention capacity of Cr(VI), and some process parameters were established. The parameters studied mainly were the concentration of Cr(VI) ions and the type of the counterions coupled with active groups from the anion exchangers. The results led to the conclusion that, for the Lewatit M 64 A resin, there is the following order of the Cr(VI) retention capacity: RCl > R2SO4 > ROH, while for the strong‐base anion exchanger, the retention capacity for the Cr(VI) ions is different: ROH > RCl > R2SO4. In the Cl− form, both anion exchangers have the same retention‐capacity values. On the other side, the weak‐base anion exchanger in SO and OH− forms presents the lowest retention‐capacity values. The process kinetics also presents some differences: for the Lewatit M 64 A resin, the ion‐exchange rate has lower values, especially in the OH− form. This result is attributed to the increase of the OH− ion concentration in the solution and its presence hinders the dissociation of the active groups of a weak‐base anion exchanger. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 2093–2098, 2002
Spatial distribution of fiber types within skeletal muscle fascicles from Standardbred horses
Authors: Grotmol Sindre , Totland Geir K. , Kryvi Harald , Breistøl Arild , Essén‐Gustavsson Birgitta , Lindholm Arne 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSkeletal muscle fascicles from superficial and deep portions of semitendinosus (ST) and gluteus medius (GM) muscles from Standardbred trotters were analyzed with regard to muscle fiber type proportion (types I, IIA, and IIB) and spatial distribution. Muscle fibers within a fascicle were divided into four layers (L1–4) from the fascicle periphery toward the center. The observed proportions of fiber types among layers were found to be statistically significantly different from a random distribution of fiber types. Type IIB fibers predominated in the peripheral layer, type I fibers prevailed in the layer underneath, and proportions close to the mean of the whole fascicles were observed in the central layer. This pattern of spatial distribution of fiber types within the layers of the fascicles was observed at all four muscle sampling sites. The functional significance of the common pattern is unknown, but possible functional roles are discussed. Anat Rec 268:131–136, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.