bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prognostic role of epidermal growth factor receptor in stage III nonsmall cell lung cancer
Authors: Berghmans T. , Meert A. P. , Martin B. , Ninane V. , Sculier J. P. 
Published: January 2005

New biological factors have not been extensively studied in stage III nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The aim of the present retrospective study was to determine the role of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) as a prognostic factor in stage III NSCLC, in addition to the stage and other known clinical factors.Clinical characteristics were retrieved from the patients' charts. Membrane immunostaining for EGF-R was evaluated by three independent observers. The Cox multivariate model, including all variables with a p-value of <0.2 in univariate analysis, was used to assess the impact of clinical and biological factors on patients survival.Between January 1987 and July 2002, 99 assessable stage III NSCLC patients were included in the study. A total of 23 patients were positive for EGF-R (squamous 39.6%versusnonsquamous 7.8%). In multivariate analysis, only three factors were statistically significantly associated with survival: performance status, surgery and creatinine.In conclusion, good performance status, surgical resection and creatinine were found to be independent favourable prognostic factors for survival in a retrospective analysis of stage III nonsmall cell lung cancer, while epidermal growth factor receptor was not even in the univariate analysis.
Drug resistance in tuberculosis
Authors: Mitchison D. A. 
Published: January 2005

A drug-resistant strain ofMycobacterium tuberculosisis defined as one differing from the tight distribution of wild strains that have not come into contact with the drug concerned.Sensitivity tests are performed by the absolute concentration method, the resistance ratio method or the proportion method. The hypothesis underlying the proportion method is that there are appreciable differences in inoculum size so that there should be an association between the proportion on drug-free medium and the proportion on drug-containing medium. This hypothesis was not supported by a study on ethionamide-resistant strains. It indicated that variation in the proportion on drug-free medium was due to clumping of the bacilli in the inoculum rather than to differences in the number of bacilli.Hence, the use of the proportion method introduces errors in susceptibility testing. While the method can produce reliable results, it is more time consuming than a minimal inhibitory concentration determination, and should not be adopted as a standard method.
Airway hyperresponsiveness in the elderly: prevalence and clinical implications
Authors: Scichilone N. , Messina M. , Battaglia S. , Catalano F. , Bellia V. 
Published: January 2005

Airway hyperresponsiveness is associated with an increased risk of developing respiratory symptoms. The assessment of airway hyperresponsiveness can provide valuable information regarding the natural course of respiratory diseases. However, little information is available for populations of more advanced age, and data are conflicting.It was assessed whether age influences the occurrence of airway hyperresponsiveness by reviewing those studies that specifically addressed this issue, and attempting to identify the factors responsible for discrepancies between studies.Eighteen studies, published between 1983 and 2002, are included in this review. Overall, the results of the analysis are in favour of a positive association between age and airway hyperresponsiveness, the prevalence of which appears to increase in the elderly. The most important determinants were reduced lung function, probably due to geometric factors, and a history of smoking, primarily because of the length of exposure, although acute effects were also demonstrated. Atopy should also be considered as an independent determinant of airway hyperresponsiveness in the elderly population. In addition, inflammatory and neuronal mechanisms could be involved. Finally, the role of sex requires further investigation.Assessing the impact of age on the occurrence of airway hyperresponsiveness has important implications: the age-associated alterations to the lung provide a model for evaluating the contribution of structural changes to the pathogenesis of airway hyperresponsiveness. From a clinical standpoint, evaluation of the magnitude of airway hyperresponsiveness could permit the early identification of individuals who are at risk, even at more advanced age. Assessment of airway hyperresponsiveness in the aged should be considered as an additional tool in the diagnostic work-up in the subset of elderly subjects with long-term smoking exposure and/or documented atopy.
Cognition, sleep and respiration in at-risk children treated for obstructive sleep apnoea
Authors: Montgomery-Downs H. E. , Crabtree V. M. , Gozal D. 
Published: January 2005

Sleep-disordered breathing in children has been associated with cognitive impairment. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T&A) on sleep, respiration and cognitive function in children of pre-school age with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) from a low-income community population.Altogether, 19 children attending state-funded pre-school programmes underwent overnight polysomnography and cognitive assessment before and following surgical treatment for OSA; 19 matched controls were also assessed.Following T&A, OSA subjects' delta sleep increased, rapid eye movement sleep decreased, and respiratory and arousal indices improved. There were no significant differences in OSA subjects' post-operative sleep or respiratory measures compared to controls. Prior to T&A, cognitive scores were significantly lower in OSA subjectsversuscontrols; following T&A, OSA subjects' scores improved compared to pre-operative scores and did not differ from those of matched controls.Following tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy, at-risk pre-schoolers recruited directly from the community showed normalised sleep and respiratory patterns and improved cognitive scores. These findings, in this uniquely vulnerable population, which is unlikely to seek evaluation and treatment for obstructive sleep apnoea, underscore the potential value of outreach screening programmes for sleep-disordered breathing, particularly among low-income groups of pre-school age.
Reproducibility of exhaled breath condensate pH in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Borrill Z. , Starkey C. , Vestbo J. , Singh D. 
Published: January 2005

Increasingly, exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is being used to sample airway fluid from the lower respiratory tract. EBC pH may be a biomarker of airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In this study, the reproducibility of EBC pH in COPD was investigated.A total of 36 COPD patients and 12 healthy nonsmoking subjects participated in several investigations: duration of argon deaeration, within-sample variability, effect of freezing, leaving samples at room temperature, nose-peg use, within- (WD) and between-day (BD) variability. Analysis of repeated measurements was performed using the Bland–Altman method with limits of agreement (LOA; mean difference±2sd). Wider LOA indicate greater variability.EBC pH became significantly higher with argon deaeration for ≤5 min. Variability during sample analysis was minimal; LOA of within-sample variability, freezing for 3 months and leaving at room temperature for 3 h were −0.29–0.45, −0.37–0.42 and −0.13–0.09, respectively. In contrast, variability due to nose-peg use (LOA −1.46–1.99), WD (LOA −1.50–2.48) and BD variability (LOA −2.52–3.02) were higher in COPD. In healthy nonsmoking subjects, nose-peg use (LOA −0.27–0.23), WD (LOA −0.33–0.40) and BD variability (LOA −0.46–0.44) were more reproducible.In conclusion, the variability of exhaled breath condensate pH in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients is mainly due to changes in airway pH over time, which are not seen in healthy nonsmoking subjects. Reasons for these fluctuations in exhaled breath condensate pH are unclear and require further investigation.
Long-term clearance from small airways in patients with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Lindström M. , Camner P. , Falk R. , Hjelte L. , Philipson K. , Svartengren M. 
Published: January 2005

Impaired mucociliary clearance is a hallmark of cystic fibrosis (CF). Early morphological changes first appear in the small airways. Lung clearance was investigated in 11 young CF adults with mild-to-moderate lung disease using a method depositing particles mainly in the small airways.Radiolabelled Teflon particles (6 µm) were inhaled with an extremely slow inhalation flow, 0.05 L·s−1. Lung retention was measured immediately following inhalations and, on four occasions up to 21 days. The results were compared with data from healthy subjects.The lung retention at 24 h in % of deposition was 67% (95% confidence interval 58–76) in the CF patients, compared to 48% (42–53) in the healthy subjects. Clearance on days 1–7 was larger in the CF patients, 22% (15–29) compared to the healthy subjects, 14% (12–16). No difference was observed between the CF patients and the healthy subjects in the slow clearance phase at day 7 to day 21, representing small airway clearance. Impaired mucociliary clearance in CF patients results in increased 24-h retention and a prolonged rapid clearance phase.The results of the study do not support the current authors' hypothesis that clearance from small airways is slower in cystic fibrosis patients compared to healthy subjects. Furthermore, the data suggest that mucociliary transport is not the dominant clearance mechanism in small airways.
Childhood predictors of future psychiatric morbidity in offspring of mothers with psychotic disorder
Authors: Niemi Laura T. , Suvisaari Jaana M. , Haukka Jari K. , Lönnqvist Jouko K. 
Published: January 2005

BackgroundThe Helsinki High-Risk Study monitors women treated for schizophrenia-spectrum disorders in Helsinki mental hospitals before 1975, their offspring, and controls.AimsTo compare the development of high-risk and control group children, and investigate which factors predicted future psychiatric disorders.MethodWe examined information from childhood and school health record cards of 159 high-risk and 99 control group offspring. Logistic regression was used to assess whether developmental abnormalities predicted later mental disorders.ResultsCompared with controls, children in the high-risk group had more emotional symptoms before school age, attentional problems and social inhibition at school age, and neurological soft signs throughout. Inthisgroup pre-school socia adjustment problems (OR=9.7, 95% CI 1.8–51.8) or severe neurological symptom: (Fisher's test, P=0.006) predicted future schizophrenia-spectrum disorder. Social adjustment problems and emotional symptoms during school age predicted future non-psychotic psychiatric disorders.ConclusionsOur study supports the validity of neurological, emotional, social and behavioural markers as vulnerability indicators of psychotic and other mental disorders, particularly among children genetically at high risk of psychosis.
Impact of childhood abuse on the clinical course of bipolar disorder
Authors: Garno Jessica L. , Goldberg Joseph F. , Ramirez Paul Michael , Ritzler Barry A. 
Published: January 2005

BackgroundFew investigations have examined the impact of childhood trauma, and domains of childhood abuse, on outcome in bipolar disorder.AimsTo evaluate the prevalence and subtypes of childhood abuse reported by adult patients with bipolar disorder and relationshipto clinical outcome.MethodPrevalence rates of childhood abuse were retrospectively assessed and examined relative to illness complexity in a sample of 100 patients at an academic specialty centre for the treatment of bipolar disorder.ResultsHistories of severe childhood abuse were identified in about half of the sample and were associated with early age at illness onset. Abuse subcategories were strongly inter-related. Severe emotional abuse was significantly associated with lifetime substance misuse comorbidity and past-year rapid cycling. Logistic regression indicated a significant association between lifetime suicide attempts and severe childhood sexual abuse. Multiple forms of abuse showed a graded increase in risk for both suicide attempts and rapid cycling.ConclusionsSevere childhood trauma appears to have occurred in about half of patients with bipolar disorder, and may lead to more complex psychopathological manifestations.
Prevalence of dementia in an urban population in Kerala, India
Authors: Shaji S. , Bose Srija , Verghese Abraham 
Published: January 2005

BackgroundDementia is emerging as an important health problem of elderly people in India.AimsTo investigate the prevalence, psychosocial correlates and risk factors of various dementing disorders in an urban population in Kerala, southern India.MethodA door-to-door survey was conducted in the city of Kochi (Cochin) to identify residents aged ?65 years using cluster sampling. Of 1934 people screened with a vernacular adaptation of the Mini-Mental State Examination, all those scoring at or below the cut-off of 23 were evaluated further and those with confirmed cognitive and functional impairment were assigned diagnoses according to DSM–IV criteria. Identified cases were categorised by ICD–10 criteria. Ten percent of those screened as negative were evaluated at each stage.ResultsPrevalence of dementia was 33. 6 per 1000 (95% Cl 27.3–40.7). Alzheimer's disease was the most common type (54%) followed by vascular dementia (39%), and 7% of cases were due to causes such as infection, tumour and trauma. Family history of dementia was a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease and history of hypertension was a risk factor for vascular dementia.ConclusionsDementia is an important health problem of the elderly population. Identification of risk factors points towards the possibility of prevention.
Routine use of mental health outcome assessments: choosing the measure
Authors: Salvi Giovanni , Leese Morven , Slade Mike 
Published: January 2005

BackgroundThere is little consensus about which outcome measures to use in mental healthcare.AimsTo investigate the relationship between the items in four staff-rated measures recommended for routine use.MethodCorrelation analysis of total scores and factor analysis using combined data from the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS). The Camberwell Assessment of Need Short Appraisal Schedule (CANSAS), the Threshold Assessment Grid (TAG) and the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) were performed. Procrustes analysis on factors and scales, and Ward's cluster analysis to group the items, were applied.ResultsThe total scores of the measures were moderately correlated. The Procrustes analysis, factor analysis and cluster analysis all agreed on better coverage of the patients' problems by HoNOS and CANSAS.ConclusionsA global severity factor accounts for 16% of the variance, and is best measured with TAG or GAF. The CANSAS and HoNOS each provide a detailed characterisation of the patient; only CANSAS provides information about met needs.
HoNOS–ABI: a reliable outcome measure of neuropsychiatric sequelae to brain injury?
Authors: Fleminger S. , Leigh E. , Eames P. , Langrell L. , Nagraj R. , Logsdail S. 
Published: January 2005

Aims and MethodThe Health of the Nation Outcome Scale for Acquired Brain Injury (HoNOS–ABI) is a relatively new outcome measure designed to assess the neuropsychiatric sequelae of brain damage. This study investigated the interrater reliability of this scale. Fifty patients with traumatic brain injury receiving rehabilitation were each rated twice on the HoNOS–ABI, by two different raters. There were 24 raters in total.ResultsWeighted kappa values ranged from 0.43 to 0.84 and intraclass correlation coefficients from 0.58 to 0.97 for the ten items assessed. This indicated that agreement was moderate to substantial for all items.Clinical ImplicationsThe scales consistently measured the items of interest across different raters. This indicates that HoNOS–ABI is a reliable outcome measure when applied by different raters in routine clinical practice.
On call: a valuable training experience for senior house officers?
Authors: Callaghan Rhiannon , Hanna Gabra , Brown Nick , Vassilas Christopher 
Published: January 2005

Aims and MethodTo describe the experiences of psychiatric senior house officers (SHOs) of being on call. A survey of SHOs on three on-call rotas across south Birmingham was conducted to investigate their opinions about on-call work and to consider how time on call is spent.ResultsSHOs in psychiatry gain a broad range of experience out of hours on a traditional on-call rota. On-call periods were valued as a learning experience and 63% of SHOs were confident in their decision-making while on call. However, on-call work was often viewed as isolating, and not all SHOs felt that they were working as part of a team when on call.Clinical ImplicationsAs changes to working patterns are introduced, for example in order to implement the European Working Time Directive, care must be taken to retain the positive aspects of current on-call systems. Such changes should be seen as an opportunity to improve working lives so that SHOs feel less isolated when providing out-of-hours cover.
Participant Perceptions of the Influences of the NLM-Sponsored Woods Hole Medical Informatics Course
Authors: Patel Vimla L. , Branch Timothy , Cimino Andria , Norton Cathy , Cimino James J. 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
This report provides an evaluation of the National Library of Medicine-sponsored Woods Hole Medical Informatics (WHMI) course and the extent to which the objectives of the program are achieved. Two studies were conducted to examine the participants' perceptions of both the short-term (spring 2002) and the long-term influences (1993 through 2002) on knowledge, skills, and behavior. Data were collected through the use of questionnaires, semistructured telephone interviews, and participant observation methods to provide both quantitative and qualitative assessment. The participants of the spring 2002 course considered the course to be an excellent opportunity to increase their knowledge and understanding of the field of medical informatics as well as to meet and interact with other professionals in the field to establish future collaborations. Past participants remained highly satisfied with their experience at Woods Hole and its influence on their professional careers and their involvement in a broad range of activities related to medical informatics. This group considered their knowledge and understanding of medical informatics to be of greater quality, had increased their networking with other professionals, and were more confident and motivated to work in the field. Many of the participants feel and show evidence of becoming effective agents of change in their institutions in the area of medical informatics, which is one of the objectives of the program.
Phosphor-doped Titania —a Novel Photocatalyst Active in Visible Light
Authors: Lin Li , Lin Wei , Zhu Yuexiang , Zhao Biying , Xie Youchang 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
A novel phosphor-doped titania in an anatase phase colored yellow was prepared by a simple modified sol–gel method with hypophosphorous acid as precursor. The as-prepared P-doped titania shows a narrower band gap than pure titania and an absorption tail in the visible range, which results in its effective photocatalytic degradation of 4-chlorophenol under visible-light ( &gt;420 nm) irradiation.
Dendritic Nanoreactor Encapsulating Rh Complex Catalyst for Hydroformylation
Authors: Mizugaki Tomoo , Miyauchi Yasuaki , Murata Makoto , Ebitani Kohki , Kaneda Kiyotomi 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
A Rh phosphine complex was encapsulated within the surface alkylated poly(propylene imine) dendrimers through ionic interactions. The resulting dendrimer complexes functioned as nanoreactors for hydroformylation of olefins. The congested surface of dendrimers with long alkyl chains favored hydroformylation of higher olefins. One-pot three reactions composed of hydroformylation, the Knoevenagel reaction, and hydrogenation proceeded within the dendritic nanoreactor.
Novel Family of Molecular Glasses Based on Silicon-containing Compounds
Authors: Imae Ichiro , Kawakami Yusuke 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
Novel family of molecular glasses based on silicon-containing compounds, α,ω-dimethyloligo(diphenylsilylene)s are synthesized and characterized. Glass-forming properties of these materials tended to have even-odd effect of chain length. The morphology of glassy samples was found to be mainly amorphous with only two-dimensional order of hexagonal packing.
Simple and Practical Semi-wet Protein/Peptide Array Utilizing a Micelle-mixed Agarose Hydrogel
Authors: Tamaru Shun-ichi , Yamaguchi Satoshi , Hamachi Itaru 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
In an agarose hydrogel, triton X-100 formed a micelle with the original critical micelle concentration. The micelle-mixed agarose gel was successfully applied to fabricate a semi-wet protein/peptide array for monitoring enzyme activities and the enzyme inhibitor potency in a high throughput manner.
The Preparation and Electrochemical Behavior of Density-controlled Gold Nano-particle Self-assembled Interface
Authors: Jin Baokang , Ding Shounian , Kametani Kiyokazu , Nakamura Toshio 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
A simple method is described for fabricating gold nanoparticle-modified electrode (NP/SAM/gold), on which the density of NPs on the interface can be controlled by altering SH-terminated thiol abundance in the SAM.
Organic Radical Crystals Based on a TEMPO–substituted Pyridinium with Radical Anions
Authors: Kanbara Ken-ichi , Tsureishi Kazumi , Akutsu Hiroki , Yamada Jun-ichi , Nakatsuji Shin’ichi 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
Organic crystals of the TCNQ or TCNQF4 radical anion salts derived from 2,4,6-triphenylpyridinium carrying TEMPO radical were obtained as a couple of different forms and their magnetic properties were found to vary markedly depending on the forms.
Ambiguous Discourses: Performative Approaches to Gender and Race
Authors: Askew Kelly M. 
Published: January 2005

About Face: Performing Race in Fashion and Theater. Dorinne Kondo. New York: Routledge, 1997. 278 pp.Beauty and Power: Transgendering and Cultural Transformation in the Southern Philippines. Mark Johnson. Oxford and New York: Berg, 1997. 264 pp.
Law and Social Norms in the Comparative Study of Islam
Authors: Bowen John R. 
Published: January 2005

. History of Islamic Legal Theories: An Introduction to Sunni usul al‐fiqh. Wael B. Hallaq. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997. 294 pp.In the House of the Law: Gender and Islamic Law in Ottoman Syria and Palestine. Judith E. Tucker. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998. 216 pp.Pronouncing and Persevering: Gender and the Discourses of Disputing in an African Islamic Court. Susan F. Hirsch. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998. 355 pp.The Rule of Law in the Arab World: Courts in Egypt and the Gulf. Nathan J. Brown. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997. 258 pp.
L' Appétit Vient en Mangeant
Authors: Mintz Sidney 
Published: January 2005

We Are What We Eat: Ethnic Foods and the Making of Americans. Donna R. Gabaccia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998.288 pp.No Foreign Foods: The American Diet in Time and Place. Richard Pillsbury. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1998.262 pp.Sociology on the Menu: An Invitation to the Study of Food and Society. Alan Beardsworth and Teresa Keil. New York: Routledge, 1997. 278 pp.Food Preferences and Taste: Continuity and Change. Helen Macbeth. ed. Providence, RI: Berghahn Books, 1997.218 pp.