bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Active Alu Element “A-Tails”: Size Does Matter
Authors: Roy-Engel Astrid M. , Salem Abdel-Halim , Oyeniran Oluwatosin O. , Deininger Lisa , Hedges Dale J. , Kilroy Gail E. , Batzer Mark A. , Deininger Prescott L. 
Published: November 2002

Long and short interspersed elements (LINEs and SINEs) are retroelements that make up almost half of the human genome. L1 and Alu represent the most prolific human LINE and SINE families, respectively. Only a few Alu elements are able to retropose, and the factors determining their retroposition capacity are poorly understood. The data presented in this paper indicate that the length of Alu “A-tails” is one of the principal factors in determining the retropositional capability of an Alu element. The A stretches of the Alu subfamilies analyzed, both old (Alu S and J) and young (Ya5), had a Poisson distribution of A-tail lengths with a mean size of 21 and 26, respectively. In contrast, the A-tails of very recent Alu insertions (disease causing) were all between 40 and 97 bp in length. The L1 elements analyzed displayed a similar tendency, in which the “disease”-associated elements have much longer A-tails (mean of 77) than do the elements even from the young Ta subfamily (mean of 41). Analysis of the draft sequence of the human genome showed that only about 1000 of the over one million Alu elements have tails of 40 or more adenosine residues in length. The presence of these long A stretches shows a strong bias toward the actively amplifying subfamilies, consistent with their playing a major role in the amplification process. Evaluation of the 19 Alu elements retrieved from the draft sequence of the human genome that are identical to the Alu Ya5a2 insert in the NF1 gene showed that only five have tails with 40 or more adenosine residues. Sequence analysis of the loci with the Alu elements containing the longest A-tails (7 of the 19) from the genomes of the NF1 patient and the father revealed that there are at least two loci with A-tails long enough to serve as source elements within our model. Analysis of the A-tail lengths of 12 Ya5a2 elements in diverse human population groups showed substantial variability in both the Alu A-tail length and sequence homogeneity. On the basis of these observations, a model is presented for the role of A-tail length in determining which Alu elements are active.[The sequence data from this study have been submitted to GenBank under accession nos.AF504933–AF505511.]
African American leadership groups: smoking with the enemy: Table 1
Authors: Yerger V B , Malone R E 
Published: November 2002

Background:Among all racial and ethnic groups in the USA, African Americans bear the greatest burden from tobacco related disease. The tobacco industry has been highly influential in the African American community for decades, providing funding and other resources to community leaders and emphasising publicly its support for civil rights causes and groups, while ignoring the negative health effects of its products on those it claims to support. However, the industry’s private business reasons for providing such support were unknown.Objective:To understand how and for what purposes the tobacco industry sought to establish and maintain relationships with African American leaders.Methods:Review and analysis of over 700 previously secret internal tobacco industry documents available on the internet.Results:The tobacco industry established relationships with virtually every African American leadership organisation and built longstanding social connections with the community, for three specific business reasons: to increase African American tobacco use, to use African Americans as a frontline force to defend industry policy positions, and to defuse tobacco control efforts.Conclusion:As the tobacco industry expands its global reach, public health advocates should anticipate similar industry efforts to exploit the vulnerabilities of marginalised groups. The apparent generosity, inclusion, and friendship proffered by the industry extract a price from groups in the health of their members. Helping groups anticipate such efforts, confront industry co-optation, and understand the hidden costs of accepting tobacco industry largesse should be part of worldwide tobacco control efforts.
Tobacco spending and children in low income households
Authors: Thomson G W , Wilson N A , O’Dea D , Reid P J , Howden-Chapman P 
Published: November 2002

Objective:To examine the role of tobacco use in creating financial hardship for New Zealand (NZ) low income households with children.Data:The 1996 NZ census (smoking prevalence by household types), Statistics NZ (household spending surveys 1988-98), and NZ Customs (tobacco released from bond 1988-98).Main outcome measures:Proportion of children in households with smokers and ≤$NZ15 000 gross income per adult. Proportion of spending on tobacco of second lowest equivalised household disposable income decile and of solo parent households.Results:In ≤$NZ15 000 gross income per adult households with both children and smokers, there were over 90 000 children, or 11% of the total population aged less than 15 years. Enabling second lowest income decile households with smokers to be smoker-free would on average allow an estimated 14% of the non-housing budgets of those households to be reallocated.Conclusions:The children in low income households with smokers need to be protected from the financial hardship caused by tobacco use. This protection could take the form of more comprehensive government support for such households and stronger tobacco control programmes. A reliance on tobacco price policy alone to deter smokers is likely to have mixed outcomes—for example, increased hardship among some of these households. The challenge for tobacco control is to move from a sole focus on “doing good” towards incorporating the principle of “doing no harm”.
Areas beneath the relative operating characteristics (ROC) and relative operating levels (ROL) curves: Statistical significance and interpretation
Authors: Mason S. J. , Graham N. E. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe areas beneath the relative (or receiver) operating characteristics (ROC) and relative operating levels (ROL) curves can be used as summary measures of forecast quality, but statistical significance tests for these areas are conducted infrequently in the atmospheric sciences. A development of signal‐detection theory, the ROC curve has been widely applied in the medical and psychology fields where significance tests and relationships to other common statistical methods have been established and described. This valuable literature appears to be largely unknown to the atmospheric sciences where applications of ROC and related techniques are becoming more common. This paper presents a survey of that literature with a focus on the interpretation of the ROC area in the field of forecast verification. We extend these foundations to demonstrate that similar principles can be applied to the interpretation and significance testing of the ROL area. It is shown that the ROC area is equivalent to the Mann–Whitney U‐statistic testing the significance of forecast event probabilities for cases where events actually occurred with those where events did not occur. A similar derivation shows that the ROL area is equivalent to the Mann–Whitney U‐statistic testing the magnitude of events with respect to whether or not an event has been forecast. Because the Mann–Whitney U‐statistic follows a known probability distribution, under certain assumptions it can be used to define the statistical significance of ROC and ROL areas and for comparing the areas of competing forecasts. For large samples the significance of either measure can be accurately assessed using a normal‐distribution approximation. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society
EMS models for business strategy development
Authors: Tinsley Stephen 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThis research investigation identifies the organizational barriers that can occur within large organizations to impede the introduction and development of environmental management systems (EMSs). The findings from the six case study investigations into multinational electronic and telecommunications organizations enabled the construction of four categorical models: devoid, isolated, devolved and integrated. They provide a profile of the way organizations use their EMSs and detail the types of organizational barrier that are likely to occur in each case.The models are designed to offer insight into the profile of the organization, the type of EMS being used and the operational advantages and disadvantages of using each model. They offer managers additional decision‐making tools with which to assess the EMS profile of their own organization and those of competitor organizations and to assess the effectiveness of an organization's EMS in weak and strong economic conditions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Effects of maternal style on infant behavior in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata)
Authors: Bardi Massimo , Huffman Michael A. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractWe assessed the association of maternal style and infant behavior of group‐living Japanese macaques during the first year of infant development. We tested the hypothesis that different mothering styles were correlated with the behavioral repertoire of infants at three different developmental stages. We expected that infants of rejecting mothers would show a higher level of enterprise and that infants of protective mothers would be less interested in the external environment. We found evidence that maternal style affects infant behavior during the early developmental phase, but this influence becomes smaller as the infant grows older and approaches complete independence. Maternal protectiveness appears to have long‐lasting effects on infant exploration as infants of protective mothers tended to be less attracted by the external environment. On the other hand, mater‐ nal rejection appears to have long‐lasting effects on infant interaction with other group members as more rejected infants tended to initiate a significantly higher number of contacts with other juveniles and adults. These results suggest that both maternal rejection and maternal protectiveness play an important role in the independence of the offspring, in opposite directions. That is, rejection promotes independence whereas protectiveness delays it. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 41: 364–372, 2002. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/dev.10065
The content of Third World tourism marketing: a 4A approach
Authors: Echtner Charlotte M. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractTourism to the Third World continues to grow and, correspondingly, the promotion of these regions is increasingly popular and important. Although some concerns have been voiced about the images contained in Third World tourism marketing, there has been no extensive examination of its content to date. Accordingly, in this study, the verbal and visual components of 115 brochures for 12 Third World countries are analysed. To facilitate a detailed content analysis of these brochures, a ‘4A’ approach is introduced, focusing on attractions (natural and man‐made), actors (hosts and tourists), actions and atmosphere. This comprehensive inventory reveals that Third World countries are clustered into three groups, namely Oriental, sea–sand and frontier. It is shown that by emphasising and stereotyping certain attractions, actors, actions and atmospheres, certain overarching tourism myths are created around Third World destinations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultrastructural analysis of bone tissue irradiated by Er:YAG Laser
Authors: Sasaki Katia M. , Aoki Akira , Ichinose Shizuko , Ishikawa Isao 
Published: November 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesThe use of erbium:yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG) laser has been suggested for bone ablation, however, little is known about the nature of the tissue after irradiation. This study was aimed to analyze the ultrastructure of bone tissue treated with Er:YAG laser, as compared to those treated with CO2 laser and bur drilling.Study Design/Materials and MethodsParietal bones of Wistar rats were treated and analyzed by light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron diffraction analysis and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDX).ResultsThis study demonstrated that Er:YAG laser irradiation resulted in a very thin changed layer of ∼30 μm thickness, which consisted of two distinct sub‐layers: a superficial, greatly altered layer and a deep, less affected layer.ConclusionsThe major changes found on bone surface after Er:YAG laser irradiation consisted of micro‐cracking, disorganization, and slight recrystallization of the original apatites and reduction of surrounding organic matrix. Lasers Surg. Med. 31:322–332, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In situ light dosimetry during photodynamic therapy of Barrett's esophagus with 5‐aminolevulinic acid
Authors: van Veen Robert L.P. , Aalders Maurice C.G. , Pasma Kasper L. , Siersema Peter D. , Haringsma Jelle , van de Vrie Wim , Gabeler Edward E.E. , Robinson Dominic J. , Sterenborg Henricus J.C.M. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesPrevious studies with PhotoDynamic Therapy (PDT) in bladder and bronchi have shown that due to scattering and reflection, the actually delivered fluence rate on the surface in a hollow organ can be significantly higher than expected. In this pilot study, we investigated the differences between the primary calculated and the actual measured fluence rate during PDT of Barrett's Esophagus (BE) using 23 independent clinical measurements in 15 patients.Study Design/Materials and MethodsA KTP‐dye module laser at 630 nm was used as light source. Light delivery was performed using a cylindrical light diffuser inserted in the center of an inflatable transparent balloon with a length corresponding to the length of the Barrett's epithelium. The total light output power of the cylindrical diffuser was calibrated using an integrating sphere to deliver a primary fluence rate of 100 mW cm−2. Two fiber‐optic pseudo sphere isotropic detectors were placed on the balloon and were used to measure fluence rate at the surface of the esophageal wall during PDT.Results and ConclusionsThe actual fluence rate measured was 1.5–3.9 times higher than the primary fluence rate for 630 nm. In general, the fluence rate amplification factor decreased with increasing redness of the tissue and was less for shorter diffusers. Fluence rate variations in time were observed which coincided with patients coughing, movement, and esophageal spasms. These factors combined with inter patient variability of the fluence rate measured appears to justify the routine application of this technique in PDT of BE. Lasers Surg. Med. 31:299–304, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Response to a lethal dose of heat shock by a transient up‐regulation of clusterin expression followed by down‐regulation and apoptosis in prostate and bladder cancer cells
Authors: Wu Angela J. , Park Irwin I. , Zhaung Lei , Lee Chung 
Published: November 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDClusterin is a ubiquitous, secretory glycoprotein with a wide array of functions. Recent studies have implicated that clusterin functioned as heat shock response proteins. The objective of the present study was to determine the fate of clusterin expression in cancer cells, which were subjected to a lethal dose of heat shock, in an attempt to shed light on mechanisms of action of clusterin.METHODSA prostate cancer line, PC‐3, and a bladder cancer line, TSU‐Pr1, were selected owing to their aggressive growth behaviors. Apoptosis was assessed by enzymatic activities of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase as well as by activities of caspase‐3. Cells were exposed to 45°C for a period of 60 min.RESULTSBoth cell lines underwent a transient up‐regulation of clusterin expression followed by down‐regulation and apoptosis. TSU‐Prl cells produced higher levels of clusterin and displayed a greater resistance to apoptosis than did PC‐3 cells. The addition of exogenous clusterin to the cultures of PC‐3 cells protected apoptosis. Treatment of oligonucleotide antisense to clusterin to the cultures of TSU‐Pr1 cells enhanced apoptosis mediated by heat shock.CONCLUSIONClusterin offers a protection to PC‐3 and TSU‐Prl cells against heat shock and plays an important role in the cascade of events initiated by heat shock. Prostate 53: 277–285, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Integration of Cot Analysis, DNA Cloning, and High-Throughput Sequencing Facilitates Genome Characterization and Gene Discovery
Authors: Peterson Daniel G. , Schulze Stefan R. , Sciara Erica B. , Lee Scott A. , Bowers John E. , Nagel Alexander , Jiang Ning , Tibbitts Deanne C. , Wessler Susan R. , Paterson Andrew H. 
Published: November 2002

Cot-based sequence discovery represents a powerful means by which both low-copy and repetitive sequences can be selectively and efficiently fractionated, cloned, and characterized. Based upon the results of a Cot analysis, hydroxyapatite chromatography was used to fractionate sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) genomic DNA into highly repetitive (HR), moderately repetitive (MR), and single/low-copy (SL) sequence components that were consequently cloned to produce HRCot, MRCot, and SLCot genomic libraries. Filter hybridization (blotting) and sequence analysis both show that the HRCot library is enriched in sequences traditionally found in high-copy number (e.g., retroelements, rDNA, centromeric repeats), the SLCot library is enriched in low-copy sequences (e.g., genes and “nonrepetitive ESTs”), and the MRCot library contains sequences of moderate redundancy. The Cot analysis suggests that the sorghum genome is approximately 700 Mb (in agreement with previous estimates) and that HR, MR, and SL components comprise 15%, 41%, and 24% of sorghum DNA, respectively. Unlike previously described techniques to sequence the low-copy components of genomes, sequencing of Cot components is independent of expression and methylation patterns that vary widely among DNA elements, developmental stages, and taxa. High-throughput sequencing of Cot clones may be a means of “capturing” the sequence complexity of eukaryotic genomes at unprecedented efficiency.[Online supplementary material is available at www.genome.org. The sequence data described in this paper have been submitted to the GenBank under accession nos.AZ921847-AZ923007. Reagents, samples, and unpublished information freely provided by H. Ma and J. Messing.]
Protein–Protein Interactions Between Large Proteins: Two-Hybrid Screening Using a Functionally Classified Library Composed of Long cDNAs
Authors: Nakayama Manabu , Kikuno Reiko , Ohara Osamu 
Published: November 2002

Large proteins have multiple domains that are potentially capable of binding many kinds of partners. It is conceivable, therefore, that such proteins could function as an intricate framework of assembly protein complexes. To comprehensively study protein–protein interactions between large KIAA proteins, we have constructed a library composed of 1087 KIAA cDNA clones based on prior functional classifications done in silico. We were guided by two principles that raise the success rate for detecting interactions per tested combination: we avoided testing low-probability combinations, and reduced the number of potential false negatives that arise from the fact that large proteins cannot reliably be expressed in yeast. The latter was addressed by constructing a cDNA library comprised of random fragments encoding large proteins. Cytoplasmic domains of KIAA transmembrane proteins (>1000 amino acids) were used as bait for yeast two-hybrid screening. Our analyses reveal that several KIAA proteins bearing a transmembrane region have the capability of binding to other KIAA proteins containing domains (e.g., PDZ, SH3, rhoGEF, and spectrin) known to be localized to highly specialized submembranous sites, indicating that they participate in cellular junction formation, receptor or channel clustering, and intracellular signaling events. Our representative library should be a very useful resource for detecting previously unidentified interactions because it complements conventional expression libraries, which seldom contain large cDNAs.[Interaction data accession numbers are BIND ID 12487–12570. Supplemental material is available online athttp://www.genome.org.]
CpG Methylation Modifies the Genetic Stability of Cloned Repeat Sequences
Authors: Nichol Kerrie , Pearson and Christopher E. 
Published: November 2002

The genetic stability of tandemly repeated DNAs is affected by repeat sequence, tract length, tract purity, and replication direction. Alterations in DNA methylation status are thought to influence many processes of mutagenesis. By use of bacterial and primate cell systems, we have determined the effect of CpG methylation on the genetic stability of cloned di-, tri-, penta- and minisatellite repeated DNA sequences. Depending on the repeat sequence, methylation can significantly enhance or reduce its genetic stability. This effect was evident when repeat tracts were replicated from either direction. Unexpectedly, methylation of adjacent sequences altered the stability of contiguous repeat sequences void of methylatable sites. Of the seven repeat sequences investigated, methylation stabilized five, destabilized one, and had no effect on another. Thus, although methylation generally stabilized repeat tracts, its influence depended on the sequence of the repeat. The current results lend support to the notion that the biological consequences of CpG methylation may be affected through local alterations of DNA structure as well as through direct protein–DNA interactions. In vivo CpG methylation in bacteria may have technical applications for the isolation and stable propagation of DNA sequences that have been recalcitrant to isolation and/or analyses because of their extreme instability.[Supplementary material available online athttp://www.genome.org.]