bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Presecretarial Dulles
Authors: Bowie Robert R , Immerman Richard H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Eisenhower had voted for Dulles in New York’s 1949 special senatorial election primarily because he respected the Republican candidate’s lengthy involvement in and study of foreign affairs and his commitment to U.S. internationalism and collective security.2 The general harmony between their diagnoses and prescriptions, nevertheless, was not as foreordained as might at first appear. They had traveled in very different milieus and had little contact prior to 1952. Indeed, Dulles’s formative experiences could not have been more different from Eisenhower’s. Yet as president and secretary of state, they cooperated and collaborated to an exceptional degree. Eisenhower made the decisions, but never unilaterally. As will emerge in this study, he sought the counsel of all his advisors, but he valued Dulles’s most of all, taking it fully into account. An assessment of the Eisenhower administration strategy, therefore, must examine the beliefs and contributions of both men.
Campaigning for Security with Solvency
Authors: Bowie Robert R , Immerman Richard H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By 1952 the nation was in a deeply frustrated and divided state. During Truman’s last two years, a succession of events had contributed to this increasingly bitter political climate. General Douglas MacArthur had been fired as the military commander in Korea. The negotiations at Panmonjon were dragging on while fighting continued. The public anxieties about disloyal and subversive activities at home, fanned by the convictions of Klaus Fuchs and Alger Hiss, were being viciously exploited by the demagoguery of Joseph McCarthy and his supporters. Further, the Truman administration was being racked by serious scandals in the Internal Revenue Service, the Justice Department, and elsewhere.
The Relationship of Frontal Lobe Damage to Diminished Awareness: Studies in Rehabilitation
Authors: Prigatano George P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Research on mechanisms underlying the association of frontal lobe physiology and anatomy with complex behavioral activities in humans and nonhuman primates has been active for a number of years as witnessed by the previous chapters and numerous papers and volumes on the “frontal lobes” (e.g., Fuster, 1980; Perecman, 1987; Pribram and Luria, 1973; Stuss and Benson, 1986; Warren and Akert, 1964). Yet, despite this impressive ,effort to understand the contribution of the frontal lobes to human behavior and mental processes, there has been a paucity of studies specifically aimed at the utilization of this knowledge for rehabilitation purposes.
Two-Dimensional Electron Systems
Authors: Isihara A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the second place, electrons are trapped two-dimensionally in the so-called inversion layer or accumulation layer in a silicon MOSFET (metal-oxide-silicon field-effect transistor). A typical silicon MOSFET is a parallel plate condenser consisting of a metallic plate (gate), an Sio dielectric layer, and another plate made of silicon. As a semiconductor, silicon can be doped into either a p-type or an n-type. If p-type silicon is used as a condenser plate, as in Fig. 4.2, its charge carriers are positively charged. These charges will be pushed into the interior of the silicon plate by the charges near the bottom of the Si02 layer when a positive voltage is applied to the gate.
Quasi One-Dimensional Systems
Authors: Isihara A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A one-dimensional electron system was considered for a number of years a highly theoretical object, a mathematically convenient model but rather remote from reality. However, since the early 1960s many quasi-one dimensional systems have been realized. These include charge-transfer salts such as TTF-TCNQ, conducting polymers such as polyacetylene, platinum salts called KCP, and trichalcogenides such as NbSe3. These systems are one-dimensional in the sense that electrical conduction is high in one direction and is very low in all other directions. Moreover, two-dimensional systems such as discussed in the previous chapter have been squeezed into one dimension.
Coevolution among competitors
Authors: Taper Mark L , Case Ted J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How frequently does coevolution occur? Does it influence the structure of communities? If it does shape communities, how does it shape them? These are questions that have been subjected to intense debate for decades. Half a decade ago, the evidence even as mustered in several book-long reviews (Thompson 1982; Futuyma and Slatkin 1983; Nitecki 1983) was somewhat equivocal. We believe that this will be an exciting decade in the study of coevolution in which recently developed empirical and theoretical tools will lead to insights into these questions.
Evolutionary studies in cultivated rice and its wild relatives
Authors: Morishima Hiroko , Sano Yoshio , Oka Hiko-Ichi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Crops are the products of man-mediated plant evolution. For an understanding of crop evolution, an integration of different disciplines of science is required. Reviewing the evolutionary studies that have so far been carried out in various crops, we notice that these studies have different tints as influenced by biological features of each crop as well as by the scientific interest of each researcher. Our intention in writing this article is to explore some implications of rice evolution from the viewpoints of genetics and ecology.
The theoretical population genetics of autopolyploidy
Authors: Bever James D , Felber Francois 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Polyploidy has played an important role in the evolution of both animals and plants. Polyploidy is present in insects, amphibians, reptiles, and fishes (Sexton 1980). In plants, polyploidy has been noted in each of the major systematic divisions: algae, fungi, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms (Averett 1980). The frequency of polyploidy varies considerably between groups, but is particularly high in pteridophytes and angiosperms.
Patterns of Fruit and Seed Production
Authors: Lee Thomas D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ecological and evolutionary studies of plant reproduction have traditionally emphasized pollination and seed dispersal, while the development and maturation of fruits and seeds within fruits-have received considerably less attention. In the past decade, however, a number of authors63·88·89·153·187have emphasized the importance of patterns of fruit and seed maturation and abortion. These patterns influence the size and quality of the seed crop and are thus intimately related to plant fitness.
Strategies for Conserving Clinal, Ecotypic, and Disjunct Population Diversity in Widespread Species
Authors: Millar Constance I , Libby William J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why is a chapter on widespread species appearing in a volume on rare species? One answer to that is another question: Why focus on species in the first place? Granted, species do have a unique status. They are more or less closed units genetically, and species extinction signals the end of an evolutionary lineage that may have begun millions of years ago. By contrast, individuals and populations within species are lost and replaced all the time.
If a goal of conservation is to maintain species in the long term, then attention should focus on levels of biological organization within the species. Stripped of their taxonomic identities, organisms cluster naturally into hierarchical units of genetic similarity, with individuals at the lowest level and genetically related groups at the highest level.
Medical and Public Health Implications of Tobacco Addiction
Authors: Shopland Donald R , Burns David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In those Western cultures where cigarette smoking has been an established behavior for many decades, smoking is estimated to be responsible for nearly one-sixth of all deaths annually, including 35% of all cancer deaths, 22% of deaths due to coronary heart disease, 15% of stroke deaths, and 90% of all deaths from chronic obstructive lung dis-ease. The U.S. Public Health Service estimates that in the United States over 400,000 excess deaths each year are directly caused by smoking (MMWR 1991), while the World Health Organization has estimated more than 2.5 million such deaths annually are due to smoking worldwide (Mahler 1988). As unbelievable as these totals may seem, these estimates may actually be conservative, as will be discussed in more detail later.
Creating and Maintaining an Optimal Medical Practice Environment for the Treatment of Nicotine Addiction
Authors: Glynn Thomas J , Manley Marc W , Solberg Leif I , slade John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Involving the physician in the treatment of nicotine addiction, as outlined in Chapter 8, is an activity replete with anomalies. Most physicians want to reduce smoking prevalence among their patients and think that it is important to do so, but few physicians feel successful at actually helping patients stop (Rosen, Logsdon, Demak 1984). More than twice as many physicians report providing advice to their patients about smoking cessation, compared with patient reports of their actually having done so (Anda et al. 1987). Alternatively, as many as three-fourths of patients say they would stop smoking if their physician advised them to do so, but when they receive such advice, many fewer patients actually stop (Wechsler 1983; Wells, Ware, Lewis 1984; Wells et al. 1986).
Women Who Smoke
Authors: Solomon Laura J , Flynn Brian S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we will review changing knowledge of the impact of cigarette smoking on women’s health, smoking patterns among women, special factors influencing smoking among women, and the application of this knowledge to more effective approaches to help women quit smoking. Our discussion of health impact and smoking patterns reflect what now seems a simple and easily understood phenomenon: smoking has increased among women in the past several decades and the health impact of this in-creased exposure is now being seen in women’s rates of smoking-related diseases.
Nicotine Dependence Among Blacks and Hispanics
Authors: Ramirez Amelie G , Gallion Kipling J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Increasingly, minority populations are edging ahead of their white counterparts in prevalence of adult tobacco use and overall risk of tobacco-related disease. Improved smoking cessation and prevention programs aimed at the dominant segments of United States society need to be made more accessible, relevant, and appealing to these minority populations at risk (Cooper and Simmons 1985; Glynn, Boyd, Gruman 1990; Orleansetal. 1989, 1993).
Nerve Cells or Nerve Nets?
Authors: Shepherd Gordon M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the middle of the nineteenth century, the task of understanding the nerve cell as a cellular unit depended on answering several questions: (1) how do axis cylinders arise from nerve cells? (2) what is the extent and significance of the pale branched processes of nerve cells? (3) how are nerve cells connected with each other? The main mode of connection that could be imagined at that time was by anastomoses of the branched processes (i.e., dendrites), which left the connections of nerve fibers (i.e. axons) and the ways they exert their influence pretty much up in the air.
The Neuron Doctrine
Authors: Shepherd Gordon M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Good news travels fast in science, as Cajal’s demonstration at the Berlin Congress showed; in the months that followed, his adaptations of the Golgi method were quickly adopted and modified, the results tested, confirmed, and extended. Cajal (1989) noted and appreciated each one of his supporters: His, Waldeyer, Kölliker, and Edinger in Germany; Lugaro and Tanzi in Italy; van Gehuchten in Belgium; von Lenhossék in Switzerland; Retzius in Sweden; Azoulay, Dejerine and Duval in France. As van Gehuchten (in Cajal, 1989) recalled:
Color Vision
Authors: Finger Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several very speculative early ideas relating to color vision were briefly presented in Chapter 5. These were mostly Greek metaphysical theories, which included three basic thoughts. The first was that white and black are colors, and not just shades of light intensity. This was a notion held by Empedocles, who lived in the fifth century B.C. The second important idea maintained that there are a finite number of basic colors. The third suggested that different colors have something to do with atoms or particles differing in size, shape, or motion.
The Pyramidal System and the Motor Cortex
Authors: Finger Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The relationship between the brain and the musculature has a long written history. This is attested to by the fact that a number of cases of brain damage with impaired motor functioning appear in the Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus, which is based on records well over 4,000 years old (see Chapter 1). In Case 20, for example, it is stated that “if thou puttest thy fingers on the mouth of the wound... he shudder exceedingly” (translated by Breasted, 1930). This statement has been interpreted as showing that the Egyptians recognized that direct stimulation of the brain can cause a person to have a motor seizure.
The Frontal Lobes and Intellect
Authors: Finger Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although many of the scientists mentioned in the last chapter searched for broad anatomical correlates of intellect, it is clear that if most scientists had been asked to choose just one part of the brain to associate with intellectual functions, they would have pointed to the frontal lobes. To some extent, this was seen in the anthropological and anatomical studies of the frontal cortex described in Chapter 21. Without question, as the twentieth century approached, and as cortical localization continued to gain favor, the relation between intellect and the frontal association areas became better accepted.
Expansion of the Concept of Cerebral Dominance
Authors: Finger Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 26 reviewed how the concept of cerebral dominance evolved from the widespread belief that the two cerebral hemispheres were structurally and functionally equal. Although Marc Dax almost certainly appeared to recognize the importance of the left hemisphere for language in 1836, his ideas were not made public at that time. The scientific break with the past had to wait for Paul Broca to associate aphasia with left hemispheric damage and for the Dax manuscript to be published. These events took place between 1863 and 1865. Although the left hemisphere dominated attention at this time, John Hughlings Jackson soon raised the possibility that the right hemisphere may be the lead hemisphere for perceptual functions.
Case Studies in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation
Authors: Wilson Barbara A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After a discussion of current theory and research findings relating to rehabilitation of brain injury, this book presents 20 case studies of adults with severe brain injuries sustained several years earlier. The causes of their brain damage include traumatic head injuries, encephalitis, stroke and hypoxia. Problems that follow such injuries including loss of self-care skills, memory impairment, language, reading, visuoperceptual and behavioural difficulities, are analysed in detail. The book describes the premorbid lifestyle of each of the 20 individuals, the onset of their brain damage, subsequent symptoms, neuropsychological assessment, rehabilitation, and long-term outcome. Most chapters include a report by the patient and/or family member, thus providing an extra dimension that helps to increase the reader's understanding of the predicaments faced by brain-injured individuals as they learn to cope with traumatic changes in lifestyle. Although improvement for most brain-injured people is slow and limited, all those described in this book made some progress after their admission to rehabilitation services. The exhaustive analysis of each case and step-by-step description of treatment will encourage professionals and other care-givers that much can be done for this severely injured group. For students of neuropsychology and rehabilitation, the book should serve as an inspiring and informative supplementary text.
Does The Moon Have The Same Chemical Composition As The Earth’s Upper Mantle?
Authors: Jones J H , Hood J L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the Moon were derived from the Earth, then it is possible that the bulk silicate portions of the Earth and Moon have similar chemical compositions. We have used a combined geophysical and geochemical study to investigate this possibility. Models for the internal structure and internal temperature of the Moon have been combined with a terrestrial upper mantle composition and used to calculate the Moon’s density and moment of inertia. These calculated values are then compared to measured values to evaluate whether the bulk silicate Moon could have the same composition as the Earth’s upper mantle. Only a very restricted set of parameters allows the upper mantle composition to simultaneously meet the geophysical constraints of density and moment of inertia. In particular, if the Moon has the composition of the Earth’s mantle, then the Moon must have a rather large core (- 500 km radius). If the Moon had a core of such size and if the Moon’s siderophile element abundances were initially those of the terrestrial upper mantle, then siderophile elements should be much more depleted in lunar materials than is obsetVed.
Impact of Genetic, Somatic, and Epigenetic Variation on Phenotype
Authors: Chakravarti Aravinda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a truism that for a complex organism such as the human, the pattern of inheritance for most phenotypes is complex. In McKusick’s (1988) catalog of 4,344 uncommon traits, only 2,208 (51%) has a recognizable inheritance pattern. Of the latter, probably only 20% were single-gene Mendelian entities, the majority (31%) being autosomal dominant phenotypes with variable expressivity and reduced penetrance. The major chronic diseases in humans demonstrate familial aggregation and have a genetic component in their etiologies. However, these disorders also demonstrate a complex pattern of inheritance, and consequently are synonymously referred to as complex disorders. This designation arises from the fact that for chronic diseases, no single Mendelian pattern of inheritance can explain all observed types of familial aggregation.
Genotype-by-Environment Interaction: It’s a fact of Iife
Authors: Boerwinkle Eric , Hallman D Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a developing paradigm in medical practice and research that both genetic and environmental factors are key contributors to disease etiology and pathophysiology (Braunwald et al., 1987). Consideration of both contributing components, as well as other factors, is necessary for predicting those individuals at increased risk for disease and treating those already afflicted. However, simultaneous recognition of both is too often only rhetorical, with research efforts pursuing either genetic factors or environmental factors alone without consideration of the other. Human geneticists traditionally focus on the role of genes and familial factors influencing risk of disease, either ignoring environmental factors such as smoking or diet, or treating them as concomitants whose effects are to be removed by linear regression. Epidemiologists, on the other hand, describe in detail the contribution of environmental factors to risk of disease in the population, ignoring the role of genetic factors leading to inter-individual variation in response to environmental perturbations. It is our thesis that simultaneous consideration of both genes and environment, and their interactions, is necessary to appreciate their true contribution to the disease process and their utility in disease prevention and treatment. In this Chapter, we attempt to develop this thesis and present useful results from our own studies of genotype-by-environment and genotype-by-genotype interactions.
The Maintenance of Genetic Variation in Bacterial Populations
Authors: Levin Bruce R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It seems appropriate that the maintenance of genetic variation is the topic I have been assigned for this festschrift. Estimating the amount and accounting for the persistence of genetic variation in populations was the main focus of my training as a graduate student under Jack Schull’s mentorship, in the mid 1960s. Composing and validating stories about genetic diversity in populations—tales illustrated by equations, graphs, and tables of gene and genotype frequency data—was what most population geneticists did then, and still do (although now spots on gels and sequences of A’s, T’s, C’s, and G’s are included among the illustrations). The mechanisms responsible for maintaining genetic variability in populations continue to be a major focus of my research and that of the students, postdocs and collaborators working with me. However, our current stories are, I am pleased to say, different from those I learned as a student (or so they seem to me). Then my research was with sexually reproducing eukaryotes. For most of my post-student career, I have worked with bacteria.
The Application of Automated DNA Sequence Analysis to Phylogenetic Studies
Authors: Ferl Robert J , Nairn C Joseph , She Jin-Xiong , Wakeland Edward , Almira Ernesto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Automated DNA sequence analysis has developed to the point that many individuals and research organizations have considered or will soon consider investing in this technology. We discuss here some of the factors involved in automated DNA sequence analysis, particularly as performed by a service facility and as applied to phylogenetic studies.
Parsimony and Phylogenetic Inference Using DNA Sequences: Some Methodological Strategies
Authors: Cracraft Joel , Helm-Bychowski Kathleen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sequence data of DNA are becoming increasingly important within systematic and evolutionary biology. With this expanding emphasis, many investigators have rising expectations that sequence variation offers an almost unlimited potential to resolve phylogenetic relationships and thereby provide us with a highly robust, if not definitive, description of the pattern of life’s history (e.g., Goodman et al., 1987; Sibley and Ahlquist, 1987; Goodman, 1989).
Creating and Reconstituting Contexts for Educational Interactions, Including a Computer Program
Authors: Griffin Peg , Belyaeva Alexandra , Soldatova Galina , Collective The Velikhov-Hamburg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The sense of a word ... is the sum of all the psychological events aroused in our consciousness by the word. It is a dynamic, fluid, complex whole, which has several zones of unequal stability. Meaning is only one of the zones of sense, the most stable and precise zone. A word acquires its sense from the context in which it appears; in different contexts it changes its sense. [Vygotsky, 1986, pp. 244-45)
Deconstruction in the Zone of Proximal Development
Authors: Litowitz Bonnie E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our views of how children develop and learn have undergone many changes. Of these changes, the one most associated with the name of Lev Semenovitch Vygotsky is that of the social construction of the individual. Vygotsky argued that development is social because it involves more than the endowment of the child and more than the child can effect on her own. Development requires another person and is thus literally social. The child’s progress toward adulthood is effected through means that are shared by the collective group. Thus development is social in both aspects basic to its definition: involving another person and involving society as a whole.