bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Green leaves enhance the growth and development of a stream macroinvertebrate shredder when senescent leaves are available
Authors: KOCHI KAORI , KAGAYA TAKASHI 
Published: March 2005

Summary1. Freshly fallen green leaves and flowers of terrestrial plants enter temperate streams in spring and summer, when senescent leaf litter is often scarce. These resources appear to provide good supplementary food for macroinvertebrate shredders, but have some potential shortcomings as food or case material for caddisflies.2. To compare suitability of green leaves or flowers and senescent leaves for the growth and development of stream shredders, we reared the caddisfly Lepidostoma complicatum in the laboratory with treatments that provided larvae with senescent (oak) and green (oak or maple) leaves separately, and also together, in case the combined use of both types of leaf may benefit the shredder.3. Larvae supplied with green leaves alone grew at 65% of the rate of those provided with senescent leaves alone, due to their lower consumption rate. No individuals given green leaves alone developed into adults, whereas 70% of the individuals given senescent leaves alone did. Green leaves may inhibit larval consumption due to their high phenol content, or they may be unsuitable for case material because they are less tough than senescent leaves.4. Larvae supplied with both senescent and green leaves (or flowers) had a higher growth rate and developed faster, than those given senescent leaves alone, whereas the proportions of successfully emerged individuals did not differ. Lepidostoma probably benefits from the higher nitrogen content of the green leaves when used together with senescent leaves.5. These results suggest that green leaves (or flowers) cannot serve as an alternative food resource to senescent leaves, but that they can enhance the growth and development of a Lepidostoma stream shredder if senescent leaves are also available.
Behaviour of bone marrow osteoblast‐like cells on mineral trioxide aggregate: morphology and expression of type I collagen and bone‐related protein mRNAs
Authors: Nakayama A. , Ogiso B. , Tanabe N. , Takeichi O. , Matsuzaka K. , Inoue T. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAim  To investigate the in vitro behaviour of rat bone marrow cells (RBM) on mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) (ProRootTM, MTA Root Canal Repair Material; Dentsply Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA) compared with intermediate restorative materials (IRM) (Dentsply Caulk, Milford, DE, USA).Methodology  RBM were obtained from rat femur and were primary cultured and then subcultured. Cells were then seeded on three dishes of each material, and cultured for 3 days, after which they were evaluated morphologically using scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy. Furthermore, the calcium released from hydrated material, the cell proliferation ratio and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were analysed, and the expression of type I collagen and bone‐related protein mRNAs were evaluated. The data were averaged and analysed via one‐way analysis of variance (anova) and were then compared by the Scheffe's test.Results  SEM showed that RBM attached to MTA and had a flattened appearance without nuclear protrusions and microspikes. TEM showed that the cells attached in the same manner as the control group, but gaps larger than 2 μm were frequently seen. The calcium released from hydrated MTA was about 130 ppm after 3 days of immersion in saline. The ALP activity was similar to the control group. Cell proliferation and expression of type I collagen mRNA was significantly lower, while the expression of osteopontin mRNA was significantly higher than the control group at the third day of culture. In IRM groups, a few rounded cells were observed on the material but no living cells were seen.Conclusions  MTA is a material of low toxicity which does not inhibit cell growth, but does suppress the differentiation of osteoblast‐like cells.
Intracanal temperature rise evaluation during the usage of the System B: replication of intracanal anatomy
Authors: Villegas J. C. , Yoshioka T. , Kobayashi Ch. , Suda H. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAim To evaluate and determine intracanal temperature rises at 2 and 4 mm from the working length (WL) necessary to obtain proper replication of intracanal anatomy with gutta‐percha (GP) using the System B heat source during vertical condensation.Methodology A split‐tooth model was prepared and artificial shallow depressions were cut in the buccal canal wall 2 and 4 mm from the WL. At the same level on the palatal wall holes were drilled to adapt two thermocouples. The canal was filled using GP in a vertical condensation technique by placing the System B plugger at 2 and 4 mm from the WL in groups A and B, respectively. Two control groups in which no GP was used were carried out placing the plugger 2 and 4 mm from the WL (groups A.c and B.c, respectively) and activating the heat source. Recording of temperature rise was carried out during the filling procedure for groups A and B and during activation for control groups A.c and B.c; the highest temperatures were recorded. After each filling was completed, 3 min were allowed for the GP to cool and the model divided to reveal the filling. Images of the GP were taken with a CCD camera to evaluate the presence of replication of artificial round depressions. In control groups, the temperature was recorded for 20 s after a 3 s activation of the heat source. The rise in temperature was compared between the groups individually at each level (2 or 4 mm) and statistically analysed using one‐way anova and Fisher PLSD tests at 5% of significance level (P < 0.05).Results Mean temperature rises of 14 ± 3 and 12 ± 2 °C at 2 and 4 mm from the WL, respectively, were observed in group A fillings, and 4 ± 1 and 6 ± 1 °C at 2 and 4 mm, respectively, in group B fillings. Recordings at 2 mm showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher temperature rises with group A.c when compared with groups B and B.c. Replication of intracanal anatomy with GP was always found in group A fillings at both levels but only 4 mm from the WL in group B fillings.Conclusions Positioning the plugger close to WL and a temperature rise of 6 °C were necessary to obtain replication of intracanal anatomy. A mean temperature rise of 4 °C at 2 mm from WL (group B) resulted in no replication of intracanal anatomy. Further studies simulating clinical conditions are necessary.
Effect of liquid and paste‐type lubricants on torque values during simulated rotary root canal instrumentation
Authors: Peters O. A. , Boessler C. , Zehnder M. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAim  To evaluate the effects of lubrication on torque generated during rotary preparation of simulated root canals in dentine using ProFile and ProTaper Nickel‐Titanium instruments.Methodology  Thirty‐two 3 mm thick dentine discs were used for this study. Four pilot holes were drilled perpendicularly through each disc. These simulated root canals were filled with water, aqueous 15% ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) or a paste‐type lubricant (Glyde). Empty canals served as controls. Peak torque values and apically directed forces of rotary instruments were measured using a specially designed testing platform. Full torsional loads over time were calculated by integration of continuous torque records. Data were compared using analyses of variance with the alpha‐type error set at 0.05.Results  Maximum torque values using ProFile instruments were significantly (P < 0.005) reduced by the EDTA solution, whilst no reduction was observed using Glyde. With ProTaper instruments, no lubricant effects on maximum torque values were observed (P = 0.372). Full torsional loads over time were significantly reduced for both ProFile and ProTaper preparation (P < 0.005) by the use of lubrication. The two fluids performed significantly better than paste‐based Glyde. All lubricants reduced force when applied to ProTaper by mean reductions ranging from 12 to 54%, whilst Glyde lead to increased force when applied to ProFile.Conclusions  Under the conditions of this laboratory study, lubrication appeared to be advantageous. Aqueous solutions generally performed better than the paste‐type product under investigation, which showed untoward effects when used in conjunction with a rotary instrument with a U‐shaped cross‐section (ProFile).
Optimal bedside urinalysis for the detection of proteinuria in hypertensive pregnancy: a study of diagnostic accuracy
Authors: Waugh Jason J.S. , Bell Stephen C. , Kilby Mark D. , Blackwell Claire N. , Seed Paul , Shennan Andrew H. , Halligan Aidan W.F. 
Published: March 2005

Objective  To compare semi‐quantitative visual and automated methods of urine testing with fully quantitative point of care urinalysis for the detection of significant proteinuria (0.3 g/24 hours) in pregnancy complicated by hypertension.Design  A prospective comparative study.Setting  A large teaching maternity hospital.Sample  One hundred and seventy‐one pregnant women referred to the obstetric day‐care unit for assessment of newly arisen hypertension.Methods  Early morning urine specimens were tested with four dipstick techniques (Multistix 8SG visual and automated and microalbumin/creatinine ratio visual and automated; Bayer, Elkhart, USA) as well as a fully quantitative measure of the microalbumin creatinine ratio with the DCA 2000 (a point of care assay for albumin; Bayer). These results were compared to a 24‐hour urine protein measurement and measures of diagnostic accuracy/prediction are reported.Main outcome measures  Significant proteinuria (≥0.3 g/24 hours) measured by laboratory assay.Results  Automated dipstick urinalysis using the Clinitek 50 has significantly better predictive values for significant proteinuria (LR+ 4.27, 95% CI 2.78 to 6.56; LR− 0.225, 95% CI 0.14 to 0.37) than conventional visual dipstick urinalysis (LR+ 2.27, 95% CI 1.47 to 3.51; LR− 0.635, 95% CI 0.49 to 0.82). Dipstick microalbumin/creatinine ratio testing did not improve overall detection rates with automated or visual testing. Fully quantitative point of care measurement of albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) was significantly better than any dipstick technique (LR+ 14.6, 95% CI 6.74 to 31.8; LR− 0.069, 95% CI 0.030 to 0.16).Conclusions  This study confirms that in pregnancy automated dipstick urinalysis is a more accurate screening test for the detection of proteinuria than visual testing. ACR testing can offer a significant improvement over conventional urinalysis if a fully quantitative method of detection is employed that uses pregnancy‐specific thresholds. Dipstick assessment of ACR does not improve the detection rate of significant proteinuria.
Sentence completion test for depression (SCD): An idiographic measure of depressive thinking
Authors: Barton Stephen , Morley Stephen , Bloxham Gillian , Kitson Catherine , Platts Simon 
Published: March 2005

Objectives. This study set out to investigate the reliability and validity of the Sentence Completion Test for Depression (SCD) as a clinical measure. In contrast to questionnaire measures of depressive thinking, respondents finish incomplete sentences using their own words. This elicits idiographic information concurrent with measuring depressive thinking.Method. In Study 1, measures of negative thinking were tested between a depressed group and a non‐depressed control group. A preliminary item analysis was conducted and replicated on separate samples in Study 2. Psychometric properties of the test were investigated. In Study 3, idiographic validity and sensitivity to change were explored in a sample of clinical cases with reference to cognitive‐behavioural case‐formulation.Results. In Study 1, the depressed group produced more negatives and fewer positives, and the SCD demonstrated good content validity, internal consistency and inter‐rater reliability. The preliminary short‐form had comparable psychometric properties, and these were replicated on new samples in Study 2. Sensitivity and specificity values were above 90% in both studies. In Study 3, idiographic content generated hypotheses about target problems and dysfunctional beliefs within cognitive‐behavioural case‐formulation, and SCD scores were sensitive to clinical change.Conclusions. The SCD demonstrates good construct validity, internal consistency, inter‐rater reliability, sensitivity, and specificity. It offers an idiographic assessment of depression that is complementary to questionnaire measures, particularly by generating hypotheses about target problems and dysfunctional beliefs within a cognitive‐behavioural case‐formulation. This is achieved without loss to reliability and validity at the nomothetic level.
Coping with depression and vulnerability to mania: A factor analytic study of the Nolen‐Hoeksema (1991) Response Styles Questionnaire
Authors: Knowles Rebecca , Tai Sara , Christensen Ian , Bentall Richard 
Published: March 2005

Objectives. To assess the factor structure of the Nolen‐Hoeksema (1991) Response Styles Questionnaire (RSQ), and to investigate the relationship between coping with depression and other measures of affective symptomatology in a student sample.Design. A factor analytic study of the RSQ followed by an investigation of the relationship between RSQ scale scores and measures of affective symptomatology.Method. Five hundred twenty‐eight undergraduate students completed a battery of questionnaires comprising the RSQ, Beck Depression Inventory, Hypomania Personality Questionnaire, Positive and Negative Affect Scale and the Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale. Factor analysis of the RSQ was performed and correlational and regression analyses were conducted on the data from the other four questionnaire measures.Results. Factor analysis revealed a meaningful 3‐factor solution which measured coping styles characterized by (i) rumination; (ii) pleasant distraction and problem‐solving; and (iii) risk‐taking. Rumination and risk‐taking were independently associated with both depression and hypomania scores, and hypomania was associated with both depression and dysfunctional attitudes. Additional relationships between coping and the other measures are also reported.Conclusions. The results support the validity of the coping styles concept and suggest their natural separation into three distinct strategies. Abnormal coping is discussed as a potential contributing factor to affective symptoms, including symptoms of bipolar disorder.
Olefin Polymers, Introduction
Authors: Kissin Yury V. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Polyolefin resins are a large family of semicrystalline and amorphous polymers and copolymers used as commodity plastics, engineering plastics, and elastomers. Industry produces a broad variety of polyolefin resins. They differ in chemical structure, molecular weight, stereoregularity, and crystallinity.

Polyolefin resins are manufactured by a number of technological processes. They include polymerization with radical initiators in supercritical ethylene at 150–350°C and a variety of catalytic polymerization processes in hydrocarbon slurry, in a neat monomer, in solution, and in the gas phase, using Ziegler–Natta catalysts, chromium oxide‐based catalysts and metallocene catalysts. Polyolefin resins enjoy a large range of applications, both as commodity resins, engineering resins, elastomers, synthetic rubbers, and as specialty polymers. These applications include film, coatings, wire insulation, household and industrial containers, pipe and tubing of various types, as well as components of engineering articles. Because of their versatility, polyolefin resins have become the largest commercially manufactured polymer products in the world: the combined 2004 world capacity was ∼100 × 10
6
metric tons, nearly 50% of the total production of all plastics.
Ion Implantation
Authors: Nastasi Michael , Mayer James W. , Walter Kevin C. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractModern technology depends on materials with precisely controlled properties. Ion beams are a favored method (and in integrated circuit technology, the prime method) to achieve controlled modification of surfaces and near‐surface regions. In every integrated circuit production line there are ion implantation systems. In addition to integrated circuit technology, ion beams are used to modify the mechanical, tribological, and chemical properties of metals, intermetallics, and ceramics without altering their bulk properties. This article reviews the fundamental of ion–solid interactions so that the reader will be able to understand the basic phenomena that occur when an energetic ion is implanted into a solid. The role of ion implantation in today’s modern technology is explored.
Lasers
Authors: Csele Mark 
Published: March 2005

Abstract

This article covers the fundamentals of lasers. Beginning with the nature of laser light itself, the mechanism of the laser is examined including basic rate equations. Gain and loss in a laser are analyzed and the laser cavity itself is modeled as an interferometer. Techniques of nonlinear harmonic generation as well as fast‐pulse production (
Q
‐switching) are examined. Finally an overview of the most common commercial lasers, including gas, solid‐state, semiconductor, and dye types is provided. For each type of laser, output characteristics are examined as well as the specific mechanism of each.
Thermal properties and morphology of a poly(vinyl alcohol)/silica nanocomposite prepared with a self‐assembled monolayer technique
Authors: Peng Zheng , Kong Ling Xue , Li Si‐Dong 
Published: March 2005

AbstractA poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/silica (SiO2) nanocomposite was prepared with a novel self‐assembled monolayer technique, and its morphology and thermal properties were studied with different material characterization instruments. The treated SiO2 nanoparticles were dispersed in the PVA matrix homogeneously, and the thermal properties of the nanocomposite were markedly improved in comparison with those of pure PVA. Under the same isothermal heating conditions, the decomposition of the nanocomposite was delayed significantly in comparison with that of PVA. The thermal degradation of the nanocomposite was a two‐step reaction, including the degradation of the side chain and main chain. The products of side‐chain degradation were mainly carboxylic acid, whereas main‐chain degradation primarily produced carbon dioxide and low‐molecular‐weight conjugated polyene. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1436–1442, 2005
Amphoteric water‐soluble copolymer for barium titanate slurries. I. Synthesis and dispersing ability
Authors: Chen Lung‐Pin , Hsu Kung‐Chung 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAn amphoteric water‐soluble copolymer, polyacrylamide/[α‐N,N‐dimethyl‐N‐(3‐(β‐carboxylate)acrylamino)propyl] ammonium ethanate (PAM/DAE) was synthesized and used as a dispersion agent for BaTiO3 particles. PAM/DAE was prepared from acrylamide and [α‐N,N‐dimethyl‐N‐(3‐(β‐carboxylate)acrylamino)propyl] ammonium ethanate in a basic condition through a free‐radical polymerization. The structure of this copolymer was verified by IR and 1H‐NMR spectra. The dispersing effects of PAM/DAE were examined by measuring the viscosity and sedimentation of BaTiO3 suspensions, and by analyzing the particle size. The results indicate that this copolymer could uniformly disperse the particles, and the resulting suspensions were less viscous, more stabilized, and contained powder with smaller particle size. The dispersing/stabilizing ability of PAM/DAE is close to, or slightly better than, that of a commercial dispersant, ammonium salt of poly(methacrylic acid). © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1443–1450, 2005
Quantitative morphology and postsynaptic targets of thalamocortical axons in critical period and adult ferret visual cortex
Authors: Erisir Alev , Dreusicke Mark 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThalamocortical axons segregate into ocular dominance columns several weeks before the onset of critical period plasticity in ferret visual cortex, a stage characterized by anatomical changes in thalamic input as a consequence of abnormal visual stimulation. In search of possible anatomical correlates of this plasticity, we examined, at electron microscope resolution, the morphology and the synapsing and target selection properties of thalamic axons in ferret visual cortex during and after the critical period. Adult thalamocortical terminals visualized by anterograde tract‐tracing display significantly larger cross‐section areas than terminals at postnatal day (P) 35, P40, and P49 critical period ages. They are also significantly larger than nonthalamocortical terminals, which attain an adult‐like size distribution by P40. The synaptic zones of adult thalamocortical terminals are significantly larger than those of critical period terminals. Perforated and invaginated synapses are encountered frequently on thalamic axons in both adulthood and the P40–49 age group. This result contradicts the view that synaptic perforations and spinules are indicative of a capacity for plasticity. It also suggests that at least some morphological features of thalamic terminals attain maturity on a developmental schedule that is independent of critical period plasticity. Connectivity properties of labeled axons, however, suggest an active role for thalamocortical axons in the critical period. In P40, P49, and adult brains, 23%, 17%, and 9%, respectively, of all thalamocortical synapses contact GABAergic interneurons, suggesting that thalamic input is more strongly involved in driving inhibitory circuits in young ages. Furthermore, thalamocortical axons in P35–49 brains form about 60% more synapses per axon length than in adult brains, suggesting that stabilization of thalamic synapses at the end of the critical period may be accompanied by a reduction of synaptic contacts, as well as a reorganization of postsynaptic circuit selectivity. J. Comp. Neurol. 485:11–31, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Element‐wise a posteriori estimates based on hierarchical bases for non‐linear parabolic problems
Authors: de Frutos Javier , Novo Julia 
Published: March 2005

AbstractWe show that the issue of a posteriori estimate the errors in the numerical simulation of non‐linear parabolic equations can be reduced to a posteriori estimate the errors in the approximation of an elliptic problem with the right‐hand side depending on known data of the problem and the computed numerical solution. A procedure to obtain local error estimates for the p version of the finite element method by solving small discrete elliptic problems with right‐hand side the residual of the p‐FEM solution is introduced. The boundary conditions are inherited by those of the space of hierarchical bases to which the error estimator belongs. We prove that the error in the numerical solution can be reduced by adding the estimators that behave as a locally defined correction to the computed approximation. When the error being estimated is that of a elliptic problem constant free local lower bounds are obtained. The local error estimation procedure is applied to non‐linear parabolic differential equations in several space dimensions. Some numerical experiments for both the elliptic and the non‐linear parabolic cases are provided. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.