bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systematic review of genetic influences on the prognosis of colorectal cancer
Authors: Anwar S , Frayling I M , Scott N A , Carlson G L 
Published: September 2004

Abstract

Background
In terms of genetics, colorectal cancer is one of the best understood of all malignant diseases. Genetic influences on prognosis may have far-reaching implications, especially for the design of surgical and chemoradiotherapeutic regimens. However, their significance in determining prognosis remains unclear. This study aimed to review the literature on the specific role of key genes in determining the survival of patients with colorectal cancer.

Methods
A Medline search was carried out to identify all original scientific papers relating colorectal cancer genetics to patient survival, up to December 2002. Cochrane and Embase databases were also searched. Identified articles were retrieved and searched carefully for additional information. This review includes K-ras, p53, DCC, NM23 and DNA mismatch repair genes.

Results and conclusion
Conflicting evidence exists as to the prognostic significance of genes commonly implicated in the pathogenesis of colorectal carcinoma. Possible causes for such discrepancy include differences in study methods and laboratory techniques, variable duration of follow-up, statistical differences in study power, and heterogeneity in study populations. Future studies should adopt standardized protocols to define clinically relevant genetic observations.
Synthesis and Self‐Assembly of a Rigid Exotopic Bisphenanthroline Macrocycle: Surface Patterning and a Supramolecular Nanobasket
Authors: Kalsani Venkateshwarlu , Ammon Horst , Jäckel Frank , Rabe Jürgen P. , Schmittel Michael 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe synthesis and characterisation of a rigid nanoscale macrocycle with two exotopic phenanthroline binding sites is reported. Scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) at the solid–liquid interface reveals the formation of highly ordered monolayers of macrocycles with dimensions that are in good agreement with the calculated structure. Using the HETPHEN concept several bisheteroleptic coordination complexes with other phenanthrolines and a nanoscale basket assembly were prepared in presence of copper(I) ions. NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometric data and elemental analysis point to three distinct isomers of the basket assembly in solution. A silver basket was prepared and readily converted to its copper analogue. Electrospray ionisation (ESI)‐MS and spectrophotometric investigations provided additional mechanistic insight into the assembly process. Hence, the exotopic bisphenanthroline macrocycle in combination with HETPHEN concept proves to be very effective in controlling the compositional aspects of multicomponent self‐assembly.
Structure–Property Correlation of a New Family of Organogelators Based on Organic Salts and Their Selective Gelation of Oil from Oil/Water Mixtures
Authors: Trivedi Darshak R. , Ballabh Amar , Dastidar Parthasarathi , Ganguly Bishwajit 
Published: September 2004

AbstractOrganic salts based on dicyclohexylamine and substituted/unsubstituted cinnamic acid exhibit efficient gelation of organic fluids, including selective gelation of oil from an oil/water mixture. Among the cinnamate salts, dicyclohexylammonium 4‐chlorocinnamate (1), 3‐chlorocinnamate (2), 4‐bromocinnamate (3), 3‐bromocinnamate (4), 4‐methylcinnamate (5) and the parent cinnamate (6) are gelators, whereas 2‐chlorocinnamate (7), 2‐bromocinnamate (8), 3‐methylcinnamate (9), 2‐methylcinnamate (10) and hydrocinnamate (11) are non‐gelators. Non‐gelation behaviour of 11 and various benzoate derivatives 12–18 indicate the significance of an unsaturated backbone in the gelation behaviour of the cinnamate salts. A structure–property correlation based on the single‐crystal structures of most of the gelators (1, 3, 5 and 6) and non‐gelators, such as 7, 8, 10–18, indicates that the prerequisite for the one‐dimensional (1D) growth of the gel fibrils is mainly governed by the 1D hydrogen‐bonded network involving the ion pair. All the non‐gelators show either two‐ (2D) or zero‐dimensional (0D) hydrogen‐bonded assemblies involving the ion pair. The molecular packing of the fibres in the xerogels of 1, 3, 5 and 6 has also been established on the basis of their simulated powder diffraction patterns, XRPD of bulk solids and xerogels. Ab initio quantum chemical calculations suggests that π–π interactions is not a contributing factor in the gelation process.
Ligand Bite Governs Enantioselectivity: Electronic and Steric Control in Pd‐Catalyzed Allylic Alkylations by Modular Fenchyl Phosphinites (FENOPs)
Authors: Goldfuss Bernd , Löschmann Thomas , Rominger Frank 
Published: September 2004

AbstractModular fenchyl phosphinites (FENOPs) containing different aryl units—phenyl (1), 2‐anisyl (2), or 2‐pyridyl (3)—are efficiently accessible from (−)‐fenchone. For comparison of the influence of the different aryl units on enantioselectivities and reactivities, these FENOPs were employed in Pd‐catalyzed allylic alkylations. The strongly chelating character of P,N‐bidentate 3 is apparent from X‐ray structures with PdCl2 ([Pd(3)Cl2]), and with allyl–Pd units in ([Pd(3)(η1‐allyl)] and [Pd(3)(η3‐allyl)]). FENOP3 gives rise to a PdL* catalyst of moderate enantioselectivity (42 % ee, R product). Surprisingly, higher enantioselectivities are found for the hemilabile, monodentate FENOPs 1 (83 % ee, S enantiomer) and 2 (69 % ee, S enantiomer). Only small amounts of 1 or 2 generate selective PdL* catalysts, while complete abolition of enantioselectivity appears with unselective PdL*2 species with higher FENOP concentrations in the cases of 1 or 2. Computational transition structure analyses reveal steric and electronic origins of enantioselectivities. The nucleophile is electronically guided trans to phosphorus. endo‐Allyl arrangements are favored over exo‐allyl orientations for 1 and 2 due to Pd–π–pyridyl interactions with short “side‐on” Pd‐aryl interactions. More remote “edge‐on” Pd–π–aryl interactions in 3 with Pd‐N(lp) coordination favor endo‐allyl units slightly more and explain the switch of enantioselectivity from 1 (S) and 2 (S) to 3 (R).
Towards Highly Fluorescent and Water‐Soluble Perylene Dyes
Authors: Kohl Christopher , Weil Tanja , Qu Jianqiang , Müllen Klaus 
Published: September 2004

AbstractA systematic approach towards highly fluorescent, water‐soluble perylene‐3,4:9,10‐tetracarboxylic acid diimide chromophores is presented. Water solubility was introduced first through the attachment of four hydrophilic substituents onto thebayregion of the perylene dye. Positively and negatively charged groups were then applied to the chromophore, and their number and their distance from the aromatic scaffold were systematically varied. To suppress aggregation, the chromophore was further isolated within a dendritic shell. Such variation of structural features and a thorough investigation of the resulting optical properties facilitated the first synthesis of perylene‐3,4:9,10‐tetracarboxylic acid diimides combining the properties of water solubility and fluorescence quantum yields (FQYs) close to unity, which makes them attractive as high‐performance fluorescence probes in aqueous media.
Synthesis and Coordinating Ability of an Anionic Cobaltabisdicarbollide Ligand Geometrically Analogous to BINAP
Authors: Rojo Isabel , Teixidor Francesc , Viñas Clara , Kivekäs Raikko , Sillanpää Reijo 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe anionic chelating ligand [1,1′‐(PPh2)2‐3,3′‐Co(1,2‐C2B9H10)2]− has been synthesized from [3,3′‐Co(1,2‐C2B9H11)2]− in very good yield in a one‐pot process with an easy work‐up procedure. The coordinating ability of this ligand has been studied with Group 11 metal ions (Ag, Au) and with transition‐metal ions (Pd, Rh). The two dicarbollide halves of the [1,1′‐(PPh2)2‐3,3′‐Co(1,2‐C2B9H10)2]− ligand can swing about one axis in a manner analogous to the constituent parts of BINAP and ferrocenyl phosphine derivatives. All these ligands function as hinges, with the most important property in relation to the coordination requirements of the metal being the P⋅⋅⋅P distance. [1,1′‐(PPh2)2‐3,3′‐Co(1,2‐C2B9H10)2]−, BINAP, ferrocenyl phosphine derivatives, and other hinge ligands present a range of different P⋅⋅⋅P separations, and consequently different coordination spheres and dispositions around metal cations. To account for these differences, the equation Dφ2 = D02 + 4 R2cos2(90−${{\varphi \over 2}}$) has been developed. It relates the P⋅⋅⋅P distance (Dφ) in a complex with the minimum P⋅⋅⋅P distance (D0) that is characteristic of the hinge‐type ligand.
Aldolase Antibody Activation of Prodrugs of Potent Aldehyde‐Containing Cytotoxics for Selective Chemotherapy
Authors: Sinha Subhash C. , Li Lian‐Sheng , Watanabe Shin‐ichi , Kaltgrad Eiton , Tanaka Fujie , Rader Christoph , Lerner Richard A. , Barbas Carlos F. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractProdrugs of potent aldehyde analogues of the anticancer drug doxorubicin (Dox) were synthesized. These prodrugs were efficiently activated by antibody 93F3 and no drug formation was observed in the absence of 93F3 in either phosphate buffered saline or cell culture media. In the presence of antibody 93F3, these prodrugs were activated and decreased the proliferation of human cancer cells in in vitro proliferation assays.
Synthesis, Light‐Harvesting and Energy‐Transfer Properties of Regioregular Silylene‐Spaced Alternating [(Donor‐SiMe2‐)n=1–3‐(Acceptor‐SiMe2)] Copolymers
Authors: Cheng Yen‐Ju , Luh Tien‐Yau 
Published: September 2004

AbstractA series of silylene‐spaced alternating [(donor‐SiMe2)n=1–3‐(acceptor‐SiMe2)] copolymers 4–6 was synthesized by rhodium‐catalyzed hydrosilylation of bisalkynes with bissilyl hydrides. Monomeric reference compounds 7–10 with similar chromophore components were prepared for comparison. The ratio of donor to acceptor groups is well‐controlled by the precise regiochemistry and nature of the repeat units. The silylene moieties serve as insulating spacers between chromophores. The polymers exhibit light‐harvesting abilities, for which the intensity of the emission enhanced with larger donor‐to‐acceptor ratios. No emission originating from the donors was observed in fluorescence spectra, illustrating that intrachain energy transfer is highly efficient along the polymer chain.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Tandem Reaction of Yne–Propargylic Carbonates with Boronic Acids: A Simple Method for the Synthesis of Fused Aromatic Rings through Allene‐Mediated Electrocyclization
Authors: Wang Feng , Tong Xiaofeng , Cheng Jiang , Zhang Zhaoguo 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe palladium‐catalyzed tandem reactions of yne–propargylic carbonates with aryl boronic acids, 2‐furyl boronic acid, and 2‐thiopheneboronic acid, followed by 6π‐electrocyclization to give fused ring aromatic products such as naphthalene, benzofuran, and benzothiophene derivatives are realized. Screening of the reaction conditions revealed that the combination of [Pd(PPh3)4] in THF gave the best results in terms of reactivity and product yields in the reaction of yne–propargylic carbonates with phenylboronic acid. The reaction is sensitive toward steric hindrance when substituted phenylboronic acids are emplyed. However, when we take 2‐furyl boronic acid as the organometallic reagent, most substrates perform very well to give benzofuran derivatives. In addition, 2‐thiopheneboronic acid is also a very effective coupling reagent to give bezothiophenes in high yields. A mechanism is proposed that involves the formation of an allenylpalladium complex from Pd0 and propargylic carbonate, followed by insertion of an intramolecular triple bond and the Suzuki coupling reaction, and then electrocyclization.
Anatomy of the nipple and breast ducts revisited
Authors: Love Susan M. , Barsky Sanford H. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDIncreasing interest in the intraductal approach to the breast has necessitated revisiting the anatomy of the breast.METHODSUsing six different complementary in vivo and in vitro approaches, the authors determined the number, distribution, and anatomic properties of the ductal systems of the breast, which extend from the nipple orifices to the terminal duct lobular units.RESULTSMore than 90% of all nipples examined contained 5–9 ductal orifices, generally arranged as a central group and a peripheral group. Each nipple orifice communicated with a separate, nonanastomosing ductal system, which extended to the terminal duct lobular unit.CONCLUSIONSIncreased knowledge of the ductal anatomy of the breast and the ability to access the nipple ductal orifices will provide a foundation for the intraductal approach to the breast. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society
Increasing mortality rates of common malignancies in Colombia
Authors: Piñeros Marion , Hernández Gustavo , Bray Freddie 
Published: September 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDAs a result of a major social and demographic transition, Colombia is currently undergoing major changes in disease‐specific mortality rates, including an increasing burden of cancer death. The current article described some aspects of the evolution of cancer mortality in Colombia and, in particular, highlighted the trends for the most common causes of cancer death in Colombia.METHODSCancer deaths registered in the national mortality database from 1981–1996 were used to obtain age‐standardized mortality rates by gender and site using the world standard population. The estimated annual percentage change was obtained by fitting a simple log‐linear model to the rates in the last decade of recorded data, to gauge recent and near‐future cancer mortality trends.RESULTSBetween 1987 and 1996, the most common causes of cancer death were gastric carcinoma (17% of all cancer deaths), followed by lung (10.5%), prostate (6.2%), cervical (6%), and colorectal carcinoma (5.4%). There were observed declines in mortality trends noted in both genders for gastric carcinoma. Trends in lung carcinoma appeared to be reaching a plateau among men, but increased among women. There were apparent increases in rates of death from colorectal carcinoma for both genders, and from prostate carcinoma for men. Cervical carcinoma appeared to be increasing moderately.CONCLUSIONSThe authors reported that mortality rates from the most common malignancies are increasing, indicating that effective strategies for cancer control need to be put into immediate practice. To monitor and evaluate future trends, the provision of high‐quality data also needs to be addressed. Cancer 2004; © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Class I and class II ganglion cells of rabbit retina: Quantitative analysis of dendritic branching patterns
Authors: Famiglietti Edward V. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractClass I and class II ganglion cells, distinguished from one another in a companion paper, were analyzed in regard to their dendritic branching patterns by determination of: 1) mean “branching density” (BD), 2) “radial branching frequency” (RBF), and 3) “branch length distributions” (BLDs; Famiglietti [ 1992a] J Comp Neurol 324:295–321). Branching density of class II cells exceeded that of class I cells by a factor of two, when compared at the same retinal location, but declined with increasing distance from the visual streak (dvs). A one‐bin difference in RBF between class I and class II cells was not statistically significant. BLDs are scatter‐plots of individual preterminal and terminal branch lengths versus the distances of their origins from the soma. The parameters mp and mt, the slopes of regression lines fitted to the preterminal and terminal BLDs, respectively, were determined; mp, but not mt, was relatively independent of dvs, and was used empirically to determine a boundary value, mp = +5.0, separating “radiate” from “tufted” dendritic branching. Similarity of class I (mp = +8.6 ± 4.6) and class II (mp = +1.4 ± 5.2) cells did not allow a statistically significant separation of the two classes, based upon branching pattern alone; however, mp together with mt easily separated class I cells (mt = −17.8 ± 10.0) and particularly “tufted” class II cells (mt = −16 ± 9.3) from “tufted” class III.1 ganglion cells (Famiglietti, 1992a), with their qualitatively different, more regular branching (mp = +2.1 ± 0.85; mt = +0.65 ±4.9). J. Comp. Neurol. 478:347–358, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cell types, lineage, and architecture of the germinal zone in the adult dentate gyrus
Authors: Seri Bettina , García‐Verdugo José Manuel , Collado‐Morente Lucia , McEwen Bruce S. , Alvarez‐Buylla Arturo 
Published: September 2004

AbstractNew neurons continue to be born in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus of adult mammals, including humans. Previous work has shown that astrocytes function as the progenitors of these new neurons through immature intermediate D cells. In the first part of the present study, we determined the structure of each of these progenitors and how they are organized in three dimensions. Serial‐section reconstructions of the SGZ, using confocal and electron microscopy demonstrate that SGZ astrocytes form baskets that hold clusters of D cells, largely insulating them from the hilus. Two types of glial fibrillary acidic protein–expressing astrocytes (radial and horizontal) and three classes of doublecortin and PSA‐NCAM–positive D cells (D1, D2, D3) were observed. Radial astrocytes appear to interact closely with clusters of D cells forming radial proliferative units. In the second part of this study, we show that retrovirally labeled radial astrocytes give rise to granule neurons. We also used bromodeoxyuridine and [3H]thymidine labeling to study the sequence of appearance of the different D cells after a 7‐day treatment with anti‐mitotics. This analysis, together with retroviral labeling data, suggest that radial astrocytes divide to generate D1 cells, which in turn divide once to form postmitotic D2 cells. D2 cells mature through a D3 stage to form new granule neurons. These observations provide a model of how the germinal zone of the adult hippocampus is organized and suggest a sequence of cellular stages in the generation of new granule neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 478:359–378, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Conditioning lesions enhance axonal regeneration of descending brain neurons in spinal‐cord‐transected larval lamprey
Authors: Zhang Lei , Palmer Ryan , McClellan Andrew D. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractIn larval lamprey, with increasing recovery times after a transection of the rostral spinal cord, there is a gradual recovery of locomotor behavior, and descending brain neurons regenerate their axons for progressively greater distances below the transection site. In the present study, spinal cord “conditioning lesions” (i.e., transections) were performed in the spinal cord at 30% body length (BL; normalized distance from the head) or 50% BL. After various “lesion delay times” (D), a more proximal spinal cord “test lesion” (i.e., transection) was performed at 10% BL, and then, after various recovery times (R), horseradish peroxidase was applied to the spinal cord at 20% BL to determine the extent of axonal regeneration of descending brain neurons. Conditioning lesions at 30% BL, lesion delay times of 2 weeks, and recovery times of 4 weeks (D‐R = 2‐4 group) resulted in a significant enhancement of axonal regeneration for the total numbers of descending brain neurons as well as neurons in certain brain cell groups compared to control animals without conditioning lesions. Experiments with hemiconditioning lesions, which reduce interanimal variability, confirmed that conditioning lesions do significantly enhance axonal regeneration and indicate that axotomy rather than diffusible factors released at the injury site is primarily involved in this enhancement. Results from the present study suggest that conditioning lesions “prime” descending brain neurons via cell body responses and enhance subsequent axonal regeneration, probably by reducing the initial delay and/or increasing the initial rate of axonal outgrowth. J. Comp. Neurol. 478:395–404, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multiuser detection with decorrelating detector for asynchronous CDMA systems
Authors: Urushihara Tomoya , Sasaoka Hideichi 
Published: September 2004

AbstractMultiuser detection using decorrelating detectors in CDMA systems have favorable performance when a few channels are in the synchronized state. However, when there are many channels, the performance degrades due to the effect of intersymbol interference in the unsynchronized state and the effect of noise emphasis. In this paper, we propose a method that reduces the effects between adjacent symbols by adding a guard chip interval while not increasing the processing computational load of the decorrelating detector even in the unsynchronized state. In addition, we propose a method that applies quasi‐maximum likelihood estimation, a simplification of maximum likelihood estimation, to reduce the degradation in the noise emphasis. The result of an evaluation of the BER performance by a computer simulation verified the removal of interference nearly equal to the synchronized state even in the unsynchronized state. Even if the performance is degraded by the effect of noise emphasis with many channels, we verified that the performance can be improved to some degree by applying quasi‐maximum likelihood estimation. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 88(1): 32–43, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20139
Studies of stochastic programming models using possibility and necessity measures for linear programming problems with fuzzy random variable coefficients
Authors: Katagiri Hideki , Sakawa Masatoshi , Ishii Hiroaki 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThis paper considers the multi‐objective linear programming problem and discusses the case in which the coefficients of the objective function are fuzzy random variables. First, the fuzzy goal is introduced into the objective function, considering the fuzzy decision of the human decision‐maker. We consider a model in which the possibility or the necessity that the objective function value achieves the fuzzy goal is maximized on the basis of fuzzy programming or possibility programming. It is noted that the possibility or necessity fluctuates stochastically, and a decision‐making process based on the stochastic programming model is proposed. After modifying the problem with constraint into an equivalent deterministic problem, the convex programming problem with a parameter is introduced. Then, an algorithm is proposed in which the optimal solution is derived, combining nonlinear programming and the bisection method. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 88(1): 68–75, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10151
Synthesis, Structure and Complexation Ability of Novel Metalloreceptors Containing Two Pincer Complexes of Palladium(II)
Authors: Nabeshima Tatsuya , Nishida Daisuke , Akine Shigehisa , Saiki Toshiyuki 
Published: September 2004

AbstractMetalloreceptors 1a and 1b were synthesized by palladation of 42‐ and 54‐membered crown ethers that have two SCS‐pincer ligand moieties. The X‐ray crystallographic analysis reveals that the metalloreceptor 1b has a folded structure in which the two pincer‐Pd moieties are stacked in a parallel manner. The metalloreceptor 1b recognizes the aromatic bidentate guests 4,4′‐bipyridine, pyrazine, and pyrimidine and binds to them in a bridging fashion to form the corresponding bimacrocyclic 1:1 complex. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)