bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genotyping cytochrome P450 3A5 using the Light Cycler
Authors: Fredericks Salim , Moreton Michelle , MacPhee Iain AM , Mohamed Maha , Marlowe Sharon , Jorga AnaMaria , Johnston Atholl , Carter Nicholas D , Holt David W. 
Published: September 2005

Cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5) is involved in the biotransformation of many orally administered drugs, some of which are dose optimized using therapeutic drug monitoring. The CYP3A5 gene exhibits variable inter-individual expression, which is related to a single-nucleotide polymorphism. Producers of the enzyme possess at least one CYP3A5* 1 allele. Knowledge of patients' CYP3A5 genotype, in conjunction with therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), may aid patient management. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to genotype the A6986G mutation of the CYP3A5 gene. Specific primers were employed to generate a DNA product, co-amplified with two internal hybridization probes, using a LightCycler. DNA melt curve analysis readily identified the genotypes CYP3A5* 1/* 1, CYP3A5* 1/* 3 and CYP3A5* 3/* 3. Results were confirmed using DNA sequencing with 100% correlation. Genotypes were determined from 263 individuals and compared with the genotypes of a pseudogene CYP3AP1, which is in disequilibrium with CYP3A5. This is a rapid and reliable method for genotyping the CYP3A5 polymorphism which may be used as an important adjunct to the TDM service offered by laboratories to optimize drug prescription.
Recommended standards for biochemical markers of myocardial damage: All Wales Clinical Biochemistry Audit Group
Authors: Williams EJ , Jones CJH , McDowell IFW , Tovey JA , Thomas MA , Wayte AMO , Brown N , Jenkins GH , Oleesky DA 
Published: September 2005

The effective use of cardiac-specific troponin estimations in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is clouded by the imprecise definition surrounding the decision limits. This has led to a wide variation of criteria for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction. A survey of troponin measurements in Welsh laboratories, undertaken in 2003 under the auspices of the All Wales Clinical Biochemistry Audit Group, revealed significant variations in laboratory and clinical practice. Extensive discussion and consultation led by a working group of clinical biochemists and cardiologists in Wales culminated in recommendations concerning the use of troponin assays to establish myocardial damage. The key recommendations are: •Cardiac troponin (T or I) should be the first-line test for myocardial damage; •Two samples should be collected, at admission and 12-24 h later. The first sample is used for 'rule in' purposes, but not to 'rule out' myocardial damage; •Only one threshold (cut-off) value for troponin should be quoted on laboratory reports, values above which are indicative of myocardial damage. A study by the Wales External Quality Assurance Scheme (WEQAS) enabled the derivation of the recommended cut-off concentrations of troponin for defining myocardial damage, defined for each assay as the concentration that can be reliably distinguished, with a confidence interval of 99%, from the 99th percentile reference limit. These recommended standards provide a rationale for a uniform approach for troponin assays for patients with chest pain, working towards a standardized approach to the diagnosis and management of patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes.
Influence of Molecular Hindered Rotations on NQR Spin Echoes
Authors: Sergeev N. A. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The influence of the hindered reorientations of CCl3 groups on the decay of NQR spin echo signals has been investigated. In contrast to the well known literature approaches to the solution of this problem we do not use the perturbation theory of Bloembergen, Purcell and Pound. (PACS codes: 76.60.-k; 76.60.Gv; 76.60.Lz)
Aerobic Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohol by Fe-System Catalyst
Authors: Xiong Yonglian , Xiao Dehai , Li Jing , Xie Xiaofan , Yang Xiangguang , Wu Yue 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The catalytic oxidation of benzyl alcohol has been carried out by using dioxygen as oxidant in the presence of Fe(acac)3 (acetyl acetone)/1,10-phenanthroline/base system in toluene at 80°. Oxygen was activated successfully by the Fe-catalyst and oxidized benzyl alcohol to benzyl aldehyde in ∼100% selectivity. It was found that the oxidation of benzyl alcohol was very sensitive to water in this reaction system, and small amount of water could obviously decrease the reactivity. Based on the results of cyclic voltammetry and ESR, a binuclear-Fe mechanism was also proposed.
Photochemical Reactivity of Trifluoromethyl Aromatic Amines: The Example of 3,5‐diamino‐trifluoromethyl‐benzene (3,5‐DABTF)
Authors: Chaignon Philippe , Cortial Sylvie , Guerineau Vincent , Adeline Marie‐Thérèse , Giannotti Charles , Fan Gérard , Ouazzani Jamal 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThis work presents the application of an on‐line photoreactor to the detection of 3,5‐diamino‐trifluoromethyl‐benzene (3,5‐DABTF) in aqueous solutions. When irradiated at 310 nm, this compound is defluorinated to 3,5‐diaminobenzoic acid by a nucleophilic substitution of the fluoride by water. Concomitantly, defluorination intermediates polymerize through amide bonds to give dark‐colored compounds. We take advantage of the photocatalyzed defluorination and the subsequent decrease in pH to develop an original and specific photoreactor. Continuous recording of pH and temperature in the outlet of the reactor by a dual electrode gives us an opportunity to optimize the system. In the photoreactor, 3,5‐DABTF is immediately and totally transformed as attested by the rapid drop of the flowing solution pH from 6.2 to 3.2 and the chromatographic analysis of the outgoing solutions. The detection remains effective from 1 to 1000 parts per million.
Adsorptive denitrogenation of light gas oil by silica‐zirconia cogel
Authors: Bae Youn‐Sang , Kim Min‐Bae , Lee Hyun‐Jung , Lee Chang‐Ha , Wook Ryu Jae 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe characteristics of adsorption and desorption of nitrogen‐containing compounds (NCCs) on the SiZr cogel were studied with regard to denitrogenation of light gas oil (LGO) through batch and dynamic experiments. The SiZr cogel adsorbent showed a high selectivity of NCCs due to the role of the zirconia on the cogel, regardless of the amount and types of sulfur‐containing compounds (SCCs) in the LGO. When the temperature increased from 283 to 323 K, the adsorbed amount of NCCs increased and the time taken to reach the adsorption equilibrium grew shorter. On the other hand, the adsorbent regeneration by the solvent grew worse at higher temperatures when the desorption temperature was applied to the adsorbent used at the corresponding adsorption temperature. At 283 and 303 K, the methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) with higher polarity showed a better desorption of NCCs, while the degree of regeneration by methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) at 323 K was the best. The adsorption of NCCs on the cogel was significantly affected by the presence of water in the LGO. While MTBE and MIBK effectively desorbed the adsorbed water with NCCs from the cogel, methyl phenyl ether (Anisole) with aromatic ring was not effective in treating the water. Since the adsorbent could select only the NCCs with high capacity from the LGO at mild temperature and ambient pressure, success in the adsorption technology process would lead to major advances in petroleum refining by facilitating the improvement of HDS as well as fuel cell applications by offering greater protection of the nitrogen‐selective adsorbent. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Experimental study on phase change materials and plastics compatibility
Authors: Lázaro A. , Zalba B. , Bobi M. , Castellón C. , Cabeza L. F. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractEnergy storage is a useful tool to increase energy efficiency and energy savings. Solid‐Liquid phase change materials (PCMs) are used in latent heat thermal energy storage systems. Plastics are currently used as encapsulate materials with PCM, but previously a compatibility test should be made to ensure long term stability. It is not possible to find experimental studies of organic PCM migration in plastics in the literature. The main objective of this work is an experimental study of the compatibility of some PCMs typically used for thermal energy storage with a melting temperature around 22°C and some plastic materials currently used as encapsulate materials. The PCMs tested are molecular alloy C16‐C18, RT20, RT25, RT26, and TH24, and plastic materials tested are PP, LDPE, HDPE, and PET. As a consequence of the results, the best plastic to be used with each PCM and combinations that should be avoided are chosen. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Study of enzymatic G6P synthesis using polymer‐bound ATP in membrane reactors
Authors: Abdelmoez Wael , Ishimi Kosaku , Ishikawa Haruo 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe performance of membrane reactors, in which the enzymatic synthesis of glucose 6‐phosphate from glucose and polymer‐bound cofactor ATP with simultaneous regeneration of polymer‐bound ATP from polymer‐bound ADP and acetyl phosphate are performed, was analyzed theoretically. Simplified and realistic models for two different membrane reactors, a plug‐flow–type membrane reactor (PFMR) in a diffusion mode and a continuous stirred tank reactor–type membrane reactor (CSTMR) in a filtration mode, were presented and compared theoretically. The results showed that the reactor performance mainly depends on the operating conditions and that, in most cases, the PFMR in a diffusion mode was found to be superior to the CSTR in a filtration mode. This study provides useful information for selecting and optimizing of the reactor for enzymatic reactions requiring cofactors. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Copolymerization of styrene with N‐phenyl maleimide in the presence of montmorillonite
Authors: Liu Guodong , Zhang Liucheng , Gao Changhong , Qu Xiongwei 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe copolymerization of styrene with N‐phenyl maleimide in the presence of organomodified montmorillonite or Na+ montmorillonite was investigated. The conversion of the monomer was determined dilatometrically or gravimetrically. The copolymerization rate was accelerated and the polymerization activation energy in bulk and solution copolymerization decreased in the presence of montmorillonite. The tendency of alter‐copolymerization was enhanced for bulk and solution polymerization, but not affected for emulsion polymerization, by the addition of organomodified montmorillonite or Na+ montmorillonite. X‐ray diffraction studies showed that the methods of emulsion and bulk intercalative polymerization were more appropriate techniques for preparing nanocomposites with good dispersibility of clay. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 1932–1937, 2005
Chitosan application on wool before enzymatic treatment
Authors: Vílchez S. , Jovancic P. , Manich A. M. , Julià M. R. , Erra P. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe influence of a chitosan application on wool fabric before a treatment with a proteolytic enzyme has been investigated. The enzymatic treatment enhances whiteness and confers shrink resistance to wool, but an increase in the enzyme concentration leads to a detrimental effect on the physicomechanical properties. A chitosan treatment before the enzymatic treatment additionally improves the shrink resistance and increases the weight loss. To better investigate the role played by the chitosan, surface‐related properties, such as the friction coefficient, the compressional behavior (compressibility, linearity of compression, and thickness), the wearing resistance (weight loss after abrasion), the bursting resistance (bursting strength and deformation), and surface topography, have been studied. The results suggest that the chitosan pretreatment reduces the damage caused by the subsequent enzymatic treatment. They also imply a protective effect of the bursting and wearing resistance, which prevent excessive weight loss due to abrasion. A significant influence of the wool fiber cell membrane complex on the surface‐related properties has been demonstrated through regression analysis and scanning electron microscopy observations. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 1938–1946, 2005
Response of a sequential‐valve‐gate system used for thin‐wall injection molding
Authors: Chen Shia‐Chung , Chien Rean Der , Tseng Hsien‐Hsun , Huang Jeng‐Sheng 
Published: September 2005

AbstractSequential injection molding using a valve‐gate‐controlled hot runner system has attracted attention for industrial applications in recent years. Because of the complexity of the operation mechanisms, a commercial valve gate usually delays for about 0.3–0.5 s once the valve‐opening command is given. The signal‐to‐operation delay is acceptable for the conventional injection molding of large parts. However, this operation delay limits its application to thin‐wall molded parts for computer, communication, and consumer electronics, for which the required filling time is very short. In this study, a gas‐driven fast‐response sequential‐valve‐gate system was developed for thin‐wall injection molding by the adoption of valve‐gate control performance. The characteristics and verifications of the valve‐gate opening were monitored with a charge‐coupled device (CCD) camera (nonmelt condition) and cavity pressure transducers and an accelerometer (melt‐filled condition). The influence of the tolerance between the inner piston and cylinder and the gas pressure on the valve‐gate opening was investigated in detail. Tensile bar parts 1 mm thick were used for the molding experiments. The delay time has been found to be intimately related to the response of the gas‐pressure delivery controlling the valve‐gate movement. In a nonmelt environment, the delay time of the valve‐gate opening decreases with increasing driven gas slightly. In a melt‐filled environment, the delay time is quite sensitive to the operating gas pressure because of the extra resistance between the shaft and the melt. A threshold pressure as high as 100 bar is required to keep the delay time below 15 ms. With the proper choice of the piston size and driven gas pressure, the delay time can be reduced to about 8 ms in a nonmelt environment and to about 12 ms in a melt‐filled environment. Molding using this improved system for sequential valve opening can provide thin‐wall injection parts without a weld line, and good cosmetic quality and better tensile strength require a lower injection pressure than molding using single‐gate and concurrent‐valve‐gate opening. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 1969–1977, 2005
Kinetics of the enthalpy relaxation process for an epoxy network as determined with a peak shift model
Authors: Fraga F. , Castro‐Díaz C. , Rodríguez‐Núñez E. , Martínez‐Ageitos J. M. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe relaxation kinetics of the epoxy network diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (n = 0) and m‐xylylenediamine were studied with differential scanning calorimetry experimental data with a shift peak model. Nonlinear parameters were calculated with aging experiments. The nonexponential parameter and the apparent activation energy were found from intrinsic cycles. Adam–Gibbs theory was used to provide a molecular interpretation based on the enthalpy relaxation. Different assumptions of the variation of specific heat capacity (cp) were used to determine the macroscopic molar configurational entropy of the system. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 2003–2008, 2005
Micellization of casein‐graft‐dextran copolymer prepared through Maillard reaction
Authors: Pan Xiaoyun , Mu Minfang , Hu Bin , Yao Ping , Jiang Ming 
Published: September 2005

AbstractCasein is almost insoluble at around pH 4.6, which is its isoelectric point (pI). Grafting copolymer, casein‐g‐dextran, was prepared through the Amadori rearrangement of the Maillard reaction. The copolymer has a reversible pH sensitive property: micellization at the pI of casein forming a casein core and dextran shell structure and dissociation when pH differs from the pI. The micelles produced at pH 4.6 have a spherical shape and their size is dependent on the Maillard reaction: reaction time, molar ratio of casein to dextran, and molecular weight of dextran used. Typically, the hydrodynamic diameter of the micelles is about 100 nm and the critical micelle concentration is about 10 mg/L. The micelles are very stable in aqueous solution and can be stored as lyophiled powder. The micelles are able to encapsulate hydrophobic compounds such as pyrene. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 81: 29–38, 2006This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Synthesis of the isotope‐labeled derivatization reagent for carboxylic acids, 7‐(N,N‐dimethylaminosulfonyl)‐4‐(aminoethyl)piperazino‐2,1,3‐benzoxadiazole (d6) [DBD‐PZ‐NH2 (D)], and its application to the quantification and the determination of relative amount of fatty acids in rat plasma samples by high‐performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry
Authors: Tsukamoto Yuhki , Santa Tomofumi , Yoshida Hiroo , Miyano Hiroshi , Fukushima Takeshi , Hirayama Kazuo , Imai Kazuhiro , Funatsu Takashi 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe isotope‐labeled benzofurazan derivatization reagent for carboxylic acids, 7‐(N,N‐dimethylaminosulfonyl)‐4‐(aminoethyl)piperazino‐2,1,3‐benzoxadiazole (d6) [DBD‐PZ‐NH2 (D)] was synthesized. DBD‐PZ‐NH2 (D) was used for the accurate quantification of fatty acids by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). The standard fatty acids were derivatized with DBD‐PZ‐NH2 (D) to the stable isotope‐labeled compounds for the fatty acids derivatives of DBD‐PZ‐NH2 and used for the internal standards. The obtained calibration curves for fatty acids were linear over the range 0.1–200 µM (r2 > 0.999). Fatty acids in plasma samples were determined after derivatization with DBD‐PZ‐NH2 and analyzed by LC/MS using standard fatty acid DBD‐PZ‐NH2 (D) derivatives as internal standards. Furthermore, the relative amounts of fatty acids in two plasma samples were determined after derivatization with DBD‐PZ‐NH2 and DBD‐PZ‐NH2 (D). The isotope‐labeled derivatization reagent was useful for accurate quantification and the determination of relative amounts of the metabolites in biological samples having the target functional group. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Natural head motion synthesis driven by acoustic prosodic features
Authors: Busso Carlos , Deng Zhigang , Neumann Ulrich , Narayanan Shrikanth 
Published: September 2005

AbstractNatural head motion is important to realistic facial animation and engaging human–computer interactions. In this paper, we present a novel data‐driven approach to synthesize appropriate head motion by sampling from trained hidden markov models (HMMs). First, while an actress recited a corpus specifically designed to elicit various emotions, her 3D head motion was captured and further processed to construct a head motion database that included synchronized speech information. Then, an HMM for each discrete head motion representation (derived directly from data using vector quantization) was created by using acoustic prosodic features derived from speech. Finally, first‐order Markov models and interpolation techniques were used to smooth the synthesized sequence. Our comparison experiments and novel synthesis results show that synthesized head motions follow the temporal dynamic behavior of real human subjects. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrocarbon Oxidation by β‐Halogenated Dioxoruthenium(VI) Porphyrin Complexes: Effect of Reduction Potential (RuVI/V) and CH Bond‐Dissociation Energy on Rate Constants
Authors: Che Chi‐Ming , Zhang Jun‐Long , Zhang Rui , Huang Jie‐Sheng , Lai Tat‐Shing , Tsui Wai‐Man , Zhou Xiang‐Ge , Zhou Zhong‐Yuan , Zhu Nianyong , Chang Chi Kwong 
Published: September 2005

Abstractβ‐Halogenated dioxoruthenium(VI) porphyrin complexes [RuVI(F28‐tpp)O2] [F28‐tpp=2,3,7,8,12,13, 17,18‐octafluoro‐5,10,15,20‐tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrinato(2−)] and [RuVI(β‐Br8‐tmp)O2] [β‐Br8‐tmp=2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18‐octabromo‐5,10,15,20‐ tetrakis(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)porphyrinato(2−)] were prepared from reactions of [RuII(por)(CO)] [por=porphyrinato(2−)] with m‐chloroperoxybenzoic acid in CH2Cl2. Reactions of [RuVI(por)O2] with excess PPh3 in CH2Cl2 gave [RuII(F20‐tpp)(PPh3)2] [F20‐tpp=5,10,15,20‐tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrinato(2−)] and [RuII(F28‐tpp)(PPh3)2]. The structures of [RuII(por)(CO)(H2O)] and [RuII(por)(PPh3)2] (por=F20‐tpp, F28‐tpp) were determined by X‐ray crystallography, revealing the effect of β‐fluorination of the porphyrin ligand on the coordination of axial ligands to ruthenium atom. The X‐ray crystal structure of [RuVI(F20‐tpp)O2] shows a RuO bond length of 1.718(3) Å. Electrochemical reduction of [RuVI(por)O2] (RuVI to RuV) is irreversible or quasi‐reversible, with the Ep,c(RuVI/V) spanning −0.31 to −1.15 V versus Cp2Fe+/0. Kinetic studies were performed for the reactions of various [RuVI(por)O2], including [RuVI(F28‐tpp)O2] and [RuVI(β‐Br8‐tmp)O2], with para‐substituted styrenes p‐XC6H4CHCH2 (X=H, F, Cl, Me, MeO), cis‐ and trans‐β‐methylstyrene, cyclohexene, norbornene, ethylbenzene, cumene, 9,10‐dihydroanthracene, xanthene, and fluorene. The second‐order rate constants (k2) obtained for the hydrocarbon oxidations by [RuVI(F28‐tpp)O2] are up to 28‐fold larger than by [RuVI(F20‐tpp)O2]. Dual‐parameter Hammett correlation implies that the styrene oxidation by [RuVI(F28‐tpp)O2] should involve rate‐limiting generation of a benzylic radical intermediate, and the spin delocalization effect is more important than the polar effect. The k2 values for the oxidation of styrene and ethylbenzene by [RuVI(por)O2] increase with Ep,c(RuVI/V), and there is a linear correlation between log k2 and Ep,c(RuVI/V). The small slope (≈2 V−1) of the log k2 versus Ep,c(RuVI/V) plot suggests that the extent of charge transfer is small in the rate‐determining step of the hydrocarbon oxidations. The rate constants correlate well with the CH bond dissociation energies, in favor of a hydrogen‐atom abstraction mechanism.
A Microcapillary System for Simultaneous, Parallel Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis
Authors: Comer Eamon , Organ Michael G. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractA continuous flow, microwave‐assisted, parallel‐capillary microreactor has been developed. Libraries of drug candidates were prepared on the milligram scale with this reactor by injecting plugs of reagents from separate syringes into common reaction capillaries, thereby producing discrete compounds in excellent yield and purity. Microwave irradiation provides the necessary energy that existing room‐temperature microreactor technology lacks for higher activation barrier transformations, producing the required amounts of desired compounds in minutes or less.
Determination of Selenium with a Poly(1,8‐diamino‐naphthalene)‐Modified Electrode
Authors: Won Mi‐Sook , Yoon Jang‐Hee , Shim Yoon‐Bo 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe performance of a poly(1,8‐diaminonaphthalene)‐modified electrode for the determination of the Se(IV) ion in an aqueous medium was investigated with anodic stripping voltammetry without the pretreating of the sample. The experimental parameters for the analysis of Se(IV) were optimized and the characteristics of this polymer‐modified electrode were investigated by using cyclic voltammetry. The Se(IV) ions were chemically deposited onto the surface of the pDAN‐Au electrode in an acidic medium. The detection limit employing the anodic stripping differential pulse voltammetry was 9.0×10−9 M for Se(IV) with 4.4 % of RSD. Satisfactory result for the determination of Se(IV) was acquired employing a certified standard urine reference material, SRM's 2670 (trace element in urine) with 4.1 ppb of SD.