bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cloud atlas: navigating the multiphase landscape of tempestuous galactic winds
Authors: Tan Brent , Fielding Drummond B 
Published: December 2023

ABSTRACT
Galaxies comprise intricate networks of interdependent processes which together govern their evolution. Central among these are the multiplicity of feedback channels, which remain incompletely understood. One outstanding problem is the understanding and modelling of the multiphase nature of galactic winds, which play a crucial role in galaxy formation and evolution. We present the results of three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamical simulations of tall–box interstellar medium (ISM) patches with clustered supernova-driven outflows. Dynamical fragmentation of the ISM during superbubble breakout seeds the resulting hot outflow with a population of cool clouds. We focus on analyzing and modelling the origin and properties of these clouds. Their presence induces large-scale turbulence, which, in turn, leads to complex cloud morphologies. Cloud sizes are well described by a power-law distribution and mass growth rates can be modelled using turbulent radiative mixing layer theory. Turbulence provides significant pressure support in the clouds, while magnetic fields only play a minor role. We conclude that many of the physical insights and analytic scalings derived from idealized small-scale simulations of turbulent radiative mixing layers and cloud–wind interactions are directly translatable and applicable to these larger scale cloud populations. This opens the door to developing effective subgrid recipes for their inclusion in global-scale galaxy models where they are unresolved.
Cosmology from weak lensing, galaxy clustering, CMB lensing, and tSZ – I. 10 × 2pt modelling methodology
Authors: Fang Xiao , Krause Elisabeth , Eifler Tim , Ferraro Simone , Benabed Karim , Pranjal R S , Ayçoberry Emma , Dubois Yohan , Miranda Vivian 
Published: December 2023

ABSTRACT
The overlap of galaxy surveys and cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiments presents an ideal opportunity for joint cosmological data set analyses. In this paper we develop a halo model-based method for the first joint analysis combining these two experiments using 10 correlated two-point functions (10 × 2pt) derived from galaxy position, galaxy shear, CMB lensing convergence, and Compton-y fields. We explore this method using the Vera Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) and the Simons Observatory (SO) as examples. We find such LSS × CMB joint analyses lead to significant improvement in Figure-of-Merit of Ωm and S8 over the constraints from using LSS-only probes within Λ cold dark matter (ΛCDM) model. We identify that the shear–y and y–y correlations are the most valuable additions when thermal Sunyaev–Zel’dolvich (tSZ) is included. We further identify the dominant sources of halo model uncertainties in the small-scale modelling, and investigate the impact of halo self-calibration due to the inclusion of small-scale tSZ information.
Mapping and Functional Dissection of the Rumpless Trait in Piao Chicken Identifies a Causal Loss of Function Mutation in the Novel Gene Rum
Authors: Guo Ying , Tian Jing , Song Chi , Han Wei , Zhu Chunhong , Li Huifang , Zhang Shuangjie , Chen Kuanwei , Li Ning , Carlborg Örjan , Hu Xiaoxiang 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Rumpless chickens exhibit an abnormality in their tail development. The genetics and biology of this trait has been studied for decades to illustrate a broad variation in both the types of inheritance and the severity in the developmental defects of the tail. In this study, we created a backcross pedigree by intercrossing Piao (rumpless) with Xianju (normal) to investigate the genetic mechanisms and molecular basis of the rumpless trait in Piao chicken. Through genome-wide association and linkage analyses, the candidate region was fine-mapped to 798.5 kb (chromosome 2: 86.9 to 87.7 Mb). Whole-genome sequencing analyses identified a single variant, a 4.2 kb deletion, which was completely associated with the rumpless phenotype. Explorations of the expression data identified a novel causative gene, Rum, that produced a long, intronless transcript across the deletion. The expression of Rum is embryo-specific, and it regulates the expression of MSGN1, a key factor in regulating T-box transcription factors required for mesoderm formation and differentiation. These results provide genetic and molecular experimental evidence for a novel mechanism regulating tail development in chicken and report the likely causal mutation for the tail abnormity in the Piao chicken. The novel regulatory gene, Rum, will, due to its role in fundamental embryo development, be of interest for further explorations of a potential role in tail and skeletal development also in other vertebrates.
Histatin-5 interacts with cellular copper to promote antifungal activity against Candida albicans
Authors: Campbell Joanna X , Schulte Natalie B , Lai Barry , Harris Hugh H , Franz Katherine J 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Histatin-5 (Hist-5) is an antimicrobial peptide found in human saliva that functions to defend the oral cavity from microbial infections, such as those caused by the fungal pathogen Candida albicans (C. albicans). Hist-5 can bind Cu in multiple oxidation states, Cu2+ and Cu+ in vitro, and supplemental Cu2+ has been shown to improve the fungicidal activity of the peptide against C. albicans in culture. However, the exact role of Cu on the antifungal activity of Hist-5 and whether direct peptide–Cu interactions occur intracellularly has yet to be fully determined. Here, we used a combination of fluorescence spectroscopy and confocal microscopy experiments to show reversible Cu-dependent quenching of a fluorescent Hist-5 analogue, Hist-5*, indicating a direct interaction between Hist-5 and intracellular Cu. X-ray fluorescence microscopy images revealed peptide-induced changes to cellular Cu distribution and cell-associated Cu content. These data support a model in which Hist-5 can facilitate the hyperaccumulation of Cu in C. albicans and directly interact with Cu intracellularly to increase the fungicidal activity of Hist-5.
Challenges and limitations of clinical trials in the adolescent and young adult CNS cancer population: A systematic review
Authors: Byrne Emma M , Pascoe Maeve , Cooper Diane , Armstrong Terri S , Gilbert Mark R 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Background
The adolescent and young adult (AYA) cancer population, aged 15–39, carries significant morbidity and mortality. Despite growing recognition of unique challenges with this age group, there has been little documentation of unmet needs in their care, trial participation, and quality of life, particularly in those with primary brain tumors.

Methods
A systematic literature review of 4 databases was conducted following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) standards. Studies included editorials, reviews, and practice guidelines on the challenges and limitations faced by the AYA population. Papers had to address CNS tumors.

Results
Sixty-eight studies met the inclusion criteria. The challenges and limitations in clinical trials in the AYA population were synthesized into 11 categories: molecular heterogeneity, tumor biology, diagnostic delay, access to care, physician factors, patient factors, primary brain tumor (PBT) factors, accrual, limited trials, long term follow up, and trial design. The published papers’ recommendations were categorized based on the target of the recommendation: providers, coordination of care, organizations, accrual, and trial design. The AYA cancer population was found to suffer from unique challenges and barriers to care and the construction of trials.

Conclusions
The AYA CNS cancer population suffers from unique challenges and barriers to care and construction of trials that make it critical to acknowledge AYAs as a distinct patient population. In addition, AYAs with primary brain tumors are underrecognized and underreported in current literature. More studies in the AYA primary brain tumor patient population are needed to improve their care and participation in trials.
Volumetric analysis: Rethinking brain metastases response assessment
Authors: Ocaña-Tienda Beatriz , Pérez-Beteta Julián , Romero-Rosales José Antonio , Asenjo Beatriz , Ortiz de Mendivil Ana , Pérez Romasanta Luis Alberto , Albillo Labarra Jose David , Nagib Fátima , Vidal Denis María , Luque Belén , Arana Estanislao , Pérez-García Víctor M 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Background
The Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology for Brain Metastases (RANO-BM) criteria are the gold standard for assessing brain metastases (BMs) treatment response. However, they are limited by their reliance on 1D, despite the routine use of high-resolution T1-weighted MRI scans for BMs, which allows for 3D measurements. Our study aimed to investigate whether volumetric measurements could improve the response assessment in patients with BMs.

Methods
We retrospectively evaluated a dataset comprising 783 BMs and analyzed the response of 185 of them from 132 patients who underwent stereotactic radiotherapy between 2007 and 2021 at 5 hospitals. We used T1-weighted MRIs to compute the volume of the lesions. For the volumetric criteria, progressive disease was defined as at least a 30% increase in volume, and partial response was characterized by a 20% volume reduction.

Results
Our study showed that the proposed volumetric criteria outperformed the RANO-BM criteria in several aspects: (1) Evaluating every lesion, while RANO-BM failed to evaluate 9.2% of them. (2) Classifying response effectively in 140 lesions, compared to only 72 lesions classified by RANO-BM. (3) Identifying BM recurrences a median of 3.3 months earlier than RANO-BM criteria.

Conclusions
Our study demonstrates the superiority of volumetric criteria in improving the response assessment of BMs compared to the RANO-BM criteria. Our proposed criteria allow for evaluation of every lesion, regardless of its size or shape, better classification, and enable earlier identification of progressive disease. Volumetric criteria provide a standardized, reliable, and objective tool for assessing treatment response.
Comparative Effectiveness of Fidaxomicin vs Vancomycin in Populations With Immunocompromising Conditions for the Treatment of Clostridioides difficile Infection: A Single-Center Study
Authors: Alsoubani Majd , Chow Jennifer K , Rodday Angie Mae , Kent David , Snydman David R 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Background
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a leading cause of morbidity in immunocompromised hosts with increased risk of complications and recurrences. In this study, we examined the clinical effectiveness of fidaxomicin vs vancomycin in treating CDI in this patient population.

Methods
This single-center retrospective study evaluated patients with CDI between 2011 and 2021. The primary outcome was a composite of clinical failure, relapse at 30 days, or CDI-related death. A multivariable cause-specific Cox proportional hazards model was used to test the relationship between treatment and the composite outcome, adjusting for confounders and treating death from other causes as a competing risk.

Results
This study analyzed 238 patients who were immunocompromised and treated for CDI with oral fidaxomicin (n = 38) or vancomycin (n = 200). There were 42 composite outcomes: 4 (10.5%) in the fidaxomicin arm and 38 (19.0%) in the vancomycin arm. After adjustment for sex, number of antecedent antibiotics, CDI severity and type of immunosuppression, fidaxomicin use significantly decreased the risk of the composite outcome as compared with vancomycin (10.5% vs 19.0%; hazard ratio, 0.28; 95% CI, .08–.93). Furthermore, fidaxomicin was associated with 70% reduction in the combined risk of 30- and 90-day relapse following adjustment (hazard ratio, 0.27; 95% CI, .08–.91).

Conclusions
The findings of this study suggest that the use of fidaxomicin for treatment of CDI reduces poor outcomes in patients who are immunocompromised.
A competency framework on simulation modelling-supported decision-making for Master of Public Health graduates
Authors: Hrzic Rok , Cade Maria Vitoria , Wong Brian Li Han , McCreesh Nicky , Simon Judit , Czabanowska Katarzyna 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Background
Simulation models are increasingly important for supporting decision-making in public health. However, due to lack of training, many public health professionals remain unfamiliar with constructing simulation models and using their outputs for decision-making. This study contributes to filling this gap by developing a competency framework on simulation model-supported decision-making targeting Master of Public Health education.

Methods
The study combined a literature review, a two-stage online Delphi survey and an online consensus workshop. A draft competency framework was developed based on 28 peer-reviewed publications. A two-stage online Delphi survey involving 15 experts was conducted to refine the framework. Finally, an online consensus workshop, including six experts, evaluated the competency framework and discussed its implementation.

Results
The competency framework identified 20 competencies related to stakeholder engagement, problem definition, evidence identification, participatory system mapping, model creation and calibration and the interpretation and dissemination of model results. The expert evaluation recommended differentiating professional profiles and levels of expertise and synergizing with existing course contents to support its implementation.

Conclusions
The competency framework developed in this study is instrumental to including simulation model-supported decision-making in public health training. Future research is required to differentiate expertise levels and develop implementation strategies.
Is gender equality associated with a longer healthier life? Ecological evidence from 27 European countries
Authors: Leão Teresa , Doetsch Julia , Henriques Ana , Fraga Sílvia 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Background
The association between gender equality and higher life expectancies has been described. Yet, little is known about its association with healthy life expectancy (HLE), or which domains are consistently associated with longer and healthier lives. We aimed to study the association between country-level gender equality, its domains and subdomains, with life expectancy and HLE in Europe, from 2013 to 2019.

Methods
We combined life and HLE estimates from Eurostat with the Gender Equality Index and its ‘work’, ‘knowledge’, ‘money’, ‘time’ and ‘power’ domains and respective subdomains, for 27 European countries. Associations were estimated using panel data regression analyses adjusted for Gross Domestic Product, healthcare expenditure and Gini coefficient.

Results
Higher life and healthy life expectancies were found in country years with higher gender equality, both for men and women. Associations were particularly consistent for the ‘work’ (βHLE-men = 0.59; βHLE-women = 0.59; P &lt; 0.05) and ‘power’ domains (βHLE-men = 0.09; βHLE-women = 0.12, P &lt; 0.01), especially for the ‘work participation’, ‘political’ and ‘economic power’ subdomains.

Conclusion
These results point to a country-level association between gender equality and life and healthy life expectancies, suggesting that gender disparities in ‘work participation’ and ‘political’ and ‘economic power’ play a role in the health of women and men through their aging course.
Suicide in individuals with no psychiatric disorders: what makes you vulnerable?
Authors: Sher L 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Globally, hundreds of thousands of people die by suicide every year. Suicides are usually associated with psychiatric illness. However, considerable evidence suggests that a significant number of individuals who die by suicide do not have diagnosable psychiatric disorders. The goal of this article is to attract attention to an overlooked issue of suicide in persons with no psychiatric disorders and to discuss some aspects of this issue. Research on identification and prevention of suicidal behavior in people with no psychiatric disorders is very limited. The available data indicate that suicides in individuals without psychiatric disorders are related to life stressors, lack of social support, and certain personality traits such as impulsivity. Suicide risk may be increased in military veterans with no psychiatric disorders. Many physical disorders, especially conditions associated with pain increase suicide risk in individuals with no diagnosable psychiatric disorders. Developmental, genetic and physical factors may play a role in the psychobiology of suicide in people with no psychiatric conditions. Promoting resilience may reduce suicide risk in the general population. Clinicians who work with medical or surgical patients need to have sufficient training in suicide prevention. Possibly, shifting some suicide prevention resources from individuals who are regarded as high-risk suicide patients to the general population may reduce suicide rates. Public education and better awareness about suicide may reduce suicide deaths among people with no psychiatric disorders.
Cost-of-illness changes before and after the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus: a nationwide, population-based observational study in Korea
Authors: Kim Hyoungyoung , Jang Eun Jin , Cho Soo-Kyung , Han Jung-Yong , Jeon Yena , Jung Sun-Young , Sung Yoon-Kyoung 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Objectives
To estimate the direct healthcare cost progression from before to after systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) diagnosis and to compare healthcare costs by disease severity.

Methods
Patients with incident SLE diagnosed between 2008 and 2018 were identified from the Korean National Health Insurance database. Annual direct healthcare costs for 5 years before and after SLE were estimated and compared with those of age-, sex- and calendar month-matched (1:4) controls, without SLE. Direct healthcare costs were compared by disease severity of SLE using regression analysis.

Results
Among 11 173 patients with SLE and 45 500 subjects without SLE, annual direct healthcare costs per person increased in the year before SLE diagnosis and peaked in the first year after diagnosis. They were 7.7-fold greater in the SLE patients than in the subjects without SLE ($5871 vs $759). Severe SLE was associated with 3.284-fold (95% CI: 3.075, 3.507) higher annual costs than mild SLE during the year after diagnosis. Older age (age 60–79 years), lupus nephritis, interstitial lung diseases, and comorbidities such as avascular necrosis and chronic kidney disease were associated with higher annual direct healthcare costs (times [95% CI]) in the first year after diagnosis: age 60–69: 1.119 (1.034, 1.211); age 70–79: 1.470 (1.342, 1.611); lupus nephritis: 1.794 (1.711, 1.881); interstitial lung diseases: 1.435 (1.258, 1.638); avascular necrosis: 6.208 (4.541, 8.487); and chronic kidney disease: 1.858 (1.673, 2.064).

Conclusion
Patients with SLE incurred significantly higher direct healthcare costs than subjects without SLE during the first year after diagnosis. Disease severity, older age, major organ involvements and comorbidities were associated with increased healthcare costs.
Attribute misreporting and appraisal bias
Authors: Eriksen Michael D , Kuang Chun , Zhu Wenyu 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
We assemble a property-level panel of appraiser-reported attributes associated with 4.6 million loan applications from 2013 to 2017 to test whether attributes were consistently reported. Appraisers have an incentive to misreport property attributes to justify higher appraised values to ensure that associated mortgage loans are approved. We focus on property transactions with multiple sets of attributes reported by the same appraiser within four quarters and find evidence consistent with an intent to inflate valuations through attribute misreporting. We find that strategic misreporting of attributes is prevalent across markets, and that highly leveraged borrowers whose appraisals had inconsistently reported attributes were 9.8 percent more likely to become seriously delinquent in their loan payments.
Efficacy of DIY Cast Covers: An In Vivo Study
Authors: Udall Dallyn , Zimmerman Remy , Bast Nicholas , Schlechter John 
Published: December 2023

Background:
Casting is routinely used in orthopaedics. Preventing a wet cast is crucial for maintaining structural integrity and reducing unwanted complications like unnecessary skin irritation/ulceration, bacterial overgrowth, and unnecessary emergency department visits. Using experimental models, studies have tested various contemporary methods to prevent a wet cast. One such study found that in comparison the most effective and cost-conscious approach was to use a Do-It-Yourself cast cover using a double-bag technique sealed with tape. There is a paucity of literature on the utility of this technique in vivo. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of the Do-It-Yourself cast cover on human test subjects.

Methods:
Ten volunteers for the study were obtained. Each received one short arm cast and one short leg cast. Each cast was removed after they were deemed dry. These casts were subsequently weighed until they achieved a stable weight. Each cast was then reapplied to the subject’s arm and held together with Scotch tape. A trash bag was then applied around the cast and then secured with Duct tape to the skin. This was repeated to create a double seal. These covered, reapplied casts were submerged under water for 2 minutes. After submersion, the cover was removed, and the cast was reweighed. The casts were then submerged completely without any protection for 2 minutes and their fully saturated weight was recorded. Efficacy was determined by comparing the postsubmersion and full-submersion weights. Data was analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test.

Results:
The percentage of water absorption prevention ranged from 96.8% to 99.9%, with an average of 99.6% across the entire study sample (P<0.0001). No adverse effects were reported.

Conclusion:
Our findings conclude that the double-bag with Duct-tape method is effective at preventing external water absorption. This in vivo study demonstrates that almost all external water absorption can be prevented using this simple and inexpensive technique.

Level of Evidence:
Level II, prospective comparative study.
Histopathologic Characterization of Incidental Lesions Encountered During Mohs Micrographic Surgery With MART-1 Immunohistochemistry
Authors: Hirotsu Kelsey E. , Kibbi Nour , Rieger Kerri E. , Aasi Sumaira Z. 
Published: December 2023

BACKGROUNDAs the use of melanoma antigen recognized by T cells (MART-1) immunohistochemistry (IHC) with Mohs surgery increases for the treatment of melanoma in situ and invasive melanoma, surgeons should be aware of MART-1 staining patterns of incidental lesions often encountered on frozen sections. Lack of this knowledge can lead to unnecessary additional surgery, increased health care costs, and loss of valuable laboratory staff time and resources.OBJECTIVETo characterize the histopathologic features of incidental lesions encountered during Mohs surgery for melanoma. To review key diagnostic and differentiating features on hematoxylin and eosin staining (H&E) and MART-1 IHC of these lesions.METHODSA comprehensive review of frozen-section histopathology slides from Mohs cases with MART-1 IHC at our institution was conducted from 2021 to 2023.RESULTSIncidental benign and malignant lesions were identified and characterized on H&E frozen sections and MART-1 IHC. Although such entities can share MART-1 staining characteristics with melanoma in situ or melanoma, distinguishing characteristics on H&E and lack of histopathologic criteria for melanoma on MART-1 IHC can be used to distinguish these incidental lesions from melanoma.CONCLUSIONStaining of frozen sections for Mohs micrographic surgery with H&E and MART-1 IHC together can differentiate common incidental benign and malignant cutaneous lesions from melanoma.