bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Body mass and food intake in captive, breeding bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus
Authors: Cheal Alistair J. , Gales Nicholas J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBody mass (BM) was recorded regularly during pregnancy in four female Indian Ocean bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Daily food intakes were recorded for each animal before and after parturition. BM increase occurred variably between 2 and 5 months of gestation, and at parturition mass increases averaged 41.2% of initial prepregnancy mass. Changes in mass can thus be used as an early indicator of pregnancy. During the 12 months of pregnancy, no significant changes occurred in the amount of food ingested compared with previous years. Daily food intake during lactation (X = 13.2 kg, 8% of BM) proved significantly higher (P < 0.001) than during pregnancy (X = 8.7 kg, 5.2% of BM).
Declines in sociosexual behavior in golden monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana): Associated environmental and social variables
Authors: Ogden Jacqueline J. , Olson Tamara L. , Miner Victoria 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBetween February 22 and August 10, 1986, 200 h of systematic observation were conducted on a male and female golden monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana) at Seattle's Woodland Park Zoo and Portland's Washington Park Zoo. The pair was moved to Portland on May 6, and on July 24 the female unexpectedly gave birth to a male infant, the first such birth in the United States. Dramatic behavioral changes occurred immediately after the pair was moved to Portland, the midpoint of the female's pregnancy, including the disappearance of sexual behavior and a sharp decline in time spent in contact. Explanations for these changes are discussed.
Effects of early rearing experience on subsequent adult sexual behavior using domestic cats (Felis catus) as a model for exotic small felids
Authors: Mellen Jill D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractZoo professionals generally believe that maternal rearing of zoo animals is preferable to human/nursery raising. The lack of consistent reproductive success in small captive exotic felids has been partially attributed to an excess of human‐raised individuals. To investigate experimentally the effects of human/nursery rearing on adult sexual behavior, domestic cats were used as a model for small captive exotic felids. Three groups of female domestic cats were reared under three different conditions (intended to mimic typical zoo rearing situations) and then paired at sexual maturity with sexually experienced males. Cats in Condition 1 were Human‐Raised Alone, i.e., had no physical or visual contact with con‐specifics until sexual maturity; cats in Condition II were Human‐Raised with a Sibling, i.e., had no physical or visual contact with any conspecifics except their respective sibling until sexual maturity; cats in Condition 3 were Maternally Raised with a female sibling, but had no other physical or visual contact with other conspecifics until sexual maturity. Individuals in Condition 3 copulated significantly more often than did the individuals in Condition 1. The individuals in Condition 1 were distinguished by the extreme aggression they displayed toward both the males with which they were paired and their human‐caretakers. Data suggest that human‐reared female cats are less likely to reproduce than are their maternally‐reared counterparts. These results suggest that, whenever possible, nursery‐raising of small exotic felids should be avoided.
Visitor‐directed aggression among the Gibraltar macaques
Authors: Fa John E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAnimal parks and exhibits which offer visitors the option of close interaction with the animals displayed have been very successful with some species, including primates. However, there is always an element of risk to the visitor who enters another species' environment and interacts with its members. This risk factor may cause particular concern when the exhibit animal is a nonhuman primate because of the transmission of various zoonoses. The Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) at Queen's Gate, Gibraltar, attract large numbers of tourists who are permitted to feed them. This animal‐human contact sometimes results in monkeys biting visitors. Bite frequency data from hospital records for 1980–1989 and direct observations (July 1990–June 1991) form the basis of this study. Biting is a density‐dependent phenomenon since monkey‐visitor aggression rates increase with visitor numbers. Time of day affects bite rates, more people being bitten in the afternoon—the main visitation time. Likewise, more bites are recorded during summer months when visitor numbers are higher. A tendency towards acclimatization of the monkeys to the very large number of visitors appears after 1985. Rank correlation coefficients between visitor numbers and bites per month fall from 1985 to 1989, reflecting a drop in visitor density response. Analysis of visitor profiles indicates a negative correlation between visitor age and likelihood of being bitten. However, women are bitten significantly more than men. Average age of people bitten also varies between months. Recorded aggression levels are generally low despite no control over animal‐visitor interactions, but are much higher than in similar Barbary macaque enclosures in France and Germany. The Gibraltar troop's small home range and high visitor density may explain recorded bite levels. Effective visitor education can significantly lower biting incidence.
Urinary monitoring of adrenal responses to psychological stressors in domestic and nondomestic felids
Authors: Carlstead Kathy , Brown Janine L. , Monfort Steven L. , Killens Richard , Wildt David E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe potential of assessing adrenal responses to psychological stressors through the radioimmunoassay of free cortisol in urine was examined in the domestic cat (Felis catus) and in three nondomestic felid species (Felis geoffroyi, Felis bengalensis, and Felis concolor). To determine the approximate clearance rate of an acute increase in glucocorticoid secretion, serial plasma and bladder urine samples were collected from eight domestic cats after a 0.125 mg adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) challenge. Within 30 min of administration, mean serum cortisol concentrations increased tenfold. Urinary cortisol concentrations increased twofold by 2 hr post‐ACTH and were correlated with the serum responses. Also, 16 domestic cats were anesthetized, injected with 0.125 mg ACTH, and serially bled for 3 hr. All urine was collected for 24 hr post‐ACTH. Urinary cortisol concentrations were significantly elevated compared to pretreatment concentrations and were correlated to the serum cortisol response (net area under the response curve). In another experiment, urine was collected daily for a 7‐day baseline period from 16 domestic cats housed in standard laboratory cages. Subsequently, 8 cats were subjected to 8 consecutive days of “stress,” consisting of relocation, physical restraint, and jugular venipuncture. The other 8 cats were‐neither moved, nor handled, nor bled for the same period of time. Two patterns of response were observed among the “stressed” cats: urinary cortisol concentrations either increased or decreased between baseline and treatment periods. These response profiles differed from those of controls, which remained basal and unchanged over time. A fourth experiment involved relocating a female Geoffroy's cat, 4 leopard cats, and 2 pumas to a novel environment for 8–10 days. Urinary cortisol concentrations rose on the first day of relocation and remained elevated above baseline for 5–7 days. Overall, these data suggest that adrenal responsiveness to psychological stressors in these four felid species can be assessed noninvasively by measuring coritsol in 24‐hr urine samples. This research strategy may be useful for optimizing captive habitats to improve overall animal welfare and/or reproductive performance. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nesting behavior in a flock of Chilean flamingos
Authors: Stevens Elizabeth Franke , Beaumont James H. , Cusson Emma W. , Fowler John 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAfter 2 years in captivity, a flock of wild‐caught Chilean flamingos successfully produced chicks in 1989 and in 1990. Pair fidelity between years was high. The majority of laying pairs in 1990 laid multiple clutches. Over 80% of the eggs laid in both years were broken or rolled off the nest. The role of aggressive interactions in egg loss was investigated. Birds on neighboring mounds were found to have the highest rates of aggression when compared to the rate of aggression between a bird on a mound and a bird passing by. Anecdotal evidence suggests that egg loss occurs during displacements of one pair by another at a nest mound. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Flock size and breeding success in flamingos
Authors: Pickering Simon , Creighton Emma , Stevens‐Wood Barry 
Published: June 2005

AbstractUsing data on flocks of flamingos in Britain and Ireland, the relationship between flock size and breeding in captive flamingos was examined. Breeding flamingo flocks were significantly larger than nonbreeding flocks and larger flocks bred more frequently than smaller flocks. All Chilean flocks containing more than 40 birds have bred successfully; however, one flock of only 4 Chilean Flamingos has reared at least one chick. All Caribbean flocks over 20 birds have successfully reared a chick, yet the smallest flock to rear a chick was one of 14 birds. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss Inc.
Z‐chromosome dimorphism in eagle owls
Authors: Rebholz Wilhelmus E. R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractChromosomal variation within bird species has been rarely studied. Having studied three individuals, I report a difference in the length of Z‐chromosomes in one male eagle owl (Bubo bubo) and use C‐ and R‐banding to study the variation between these Z‐chromosomes. Absence of non‐centromeric heterochromatin in one Z‐chromosome is the cause of the difference in length. The presence of two types of Z‐chromosome in this eagle owl may reflect hybridization of animals from different subspecies, or might be caused by a spontaneous deletion of C‐band positive DNA. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss Inc.
Environmental and social influences on enclosure use and activity patterns of captive sloth bears (Ursus ursinus)
Authors: Forthman Debra L. , Bakeman Roger 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFour adult sloth bears (Ursus ursinus) at the Los Angeles Zoo were studied for 13 months to quantify the influence of environmental and social variables on enclosure use and activity. Observations were conducted in 1‐hr samples, using 1‐min scans, for a total of 150 hr distributed across two seasons and three time periods. Data were then subjected to chi‐square and log‐linear analyses. These showed that the bears' enclosure use and activity patterns were conditional on variations in the physical and social environments. Individual rearing history also influenced activity, as hand‐reared bears showed significantly higher frequencies of self‐directed and stereotyped behaviors than did mother‐reared animals. Changes in group composition significantly affected the behavior patterns of the two females, which were most social when exhibited with a familiar male. Social behavior and nonsocial activity also decreased in the presence of an unfamiliar male. Further evaluations of exhibit design and management practices are encouraged to identify variables that increase the reproductive success, physical well‐being, and educational value of captive sloth bears. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Findings from a feeding study of the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus adustus) at the San Francisco Zoo
Authors: Zoidis Ann M. , Markowitz Hal 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe feeding behavior of four captive adult koalas was investigated at the San Francisco Zoo. This study examined the correlations between koala preference for selected Eucalyptus species and the nutritional and chemical components of those species. The total grams of Eucalyptus leaves consumed daily per animal were not significantly different, averaging 400 grams. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) in consumption of the nine different Eucalyptus species across the 16‐day feeding study. Significant differences in chemical composition (percent) were found among all Eucalyptus species examined. There was a significant positive correlation (P = 0.04) between quantity of a given Eucalyptus species consumed and crude protein level. A significant negative correlation was found between consumption and ADF (P = 0.01). No overall group pattern of correlation emerged between koala consumption and Eucalyptus essential oil content, although there were associations between individual koalas and certain essential oils (including cineole). The results suggest that it may not be the amount of an oil that determined Eucalyptus selection by the koalas, but rather the presence of a single oil or a combination of oils in the leaves. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Captive breeding of cheetahs in North American Zoos: 1987–1991
Authors: Marker‐Kraus Laurie , Grisham Jack 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFrom 1987 to 1991, the North American captive cheetah population increased by 38% (to 266 animals), due to importation and captive breeding. This population constitutes 26% of the world's captive cheetahs and 36% of all reproductively successful animals. Since 1956, 33% of all cubs born in North America occurred during this 5‐year period. Because of importation of animals from breeding programs abroad, East African (A. jubatus raineyi) genes have been introduced into the North American cheetah population, and 39% of all cubs born during 1987‐‐1991 were South African/East African hybrids. Also during this time, the breeding population and effective breeding population increased by 86% and 72.6%, respectively. The incidence of infant mortality decreased from 37% (last recorded for the years 1956 to 1986) to 28% (averaged over 5 years), although infant mortality during the latter period ranged from 15% (for unrelated parents) to 41% (for related parents). Management recommendations implemented to increase fecundity and population size appear to be successful, although the founder base of the population still has only been increased from 52 cheetahs in 1986 to 72 animals in 1991. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Behavioral solutions to breeding cheetahs in captivity: Insights from the wild
Authors: Caro T. M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractKnowledge of cheetahs' behavior is increasingly seen as the key to solving the mystery of cheetahs' poor breeding performance in captivity. In the absence of zoos' maintaining systematic records of individuals' behavior during introductions, behavior of free‐living animals can be informative. In the wild, most female cheetahs probably mate with males living in small groups or coalitions; thus, zoos may benefit from replicating these social conditions, provided injuries can be minimized. Relations between free‐living coalition members are amicable, and escalated aggression was never witnessed during 4 years of observation. Some antagonism was seen in newly formed trios, although this had disappeared in longer established coalitions. Minor aggression occurred over carcasses, being greater at small and intermediate sized kills than at large ones. In the presence of females, mild intramale aggression was only seen within 1 of 7 coalitions. Free‐living females showed similar rates of behavior in the presence of different numbers of males, aside from more frequent growling at large groups. These findings suggest that captive institutions should be less nervous about housing male cheetahs together and introducing females to groups of males for purposes of breeding. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Early maternal behavior of wild cheetahs: Implications for captive husbandry
Authors: Laurenson M. Karen 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAgainst a background of poor breeding success and cub survival in captive cheetahs, a knowledge of the early maternal behavior in the wild may yield useful information for comparison with the captive situation. This paper documents the types of lair sites used by mothers to conceal their newborn cubs in the wild situation, and details patterns of maternal behavior observed during this period. Four kinds of lairs were used by cheetah mothers, and the amount of protection from the elements and predators was assessed for each. Lair type appeared to have little effect on cub survival. Cubs were concealed in lairs for 8.2 weeks on average, although larger litters tended to leave lairs earlier. During this period, cubs were moved to new lairs approximately every 5.6 days. Cubs were left for an average of 9.6 hours while their mothers went hunting, but mothers virtually always returned to them around nightfall, even if they failed to catch any prey. Maternal neglect and cub abandonment, which account for many cub deaths in captivity, are abnormal in the wild, except when prey is very scarce. Improved husbandry techniques, such as the provision of multiple, secluded nest boxes, and remote monitoring conditions should promote breeding success in captivity. In addition, noise and human disturbance should be minimized.
Fertility assessment of cheetah males with poor quality semen
Authors: Lindburg D. G. , Durrant B. S. , Millard S. E. , Oosterhuis J. E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractReports on semen quality of the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) indicate that high percentages of abnormal morphs and sperm concentrations, 10 times lower than in domestic cats, are found in all populations. These characteristics are believed to result from unusual genetic homozygosity, hypothesized to have been caused by passage of the species through one or more population bottlenecks during its recent history. In a sample of 12 captive‐living males, we found semen characteristics to be equal or inferior to those previously reported for males living in other captive facilities. Ten of these males (83.3%) nevertheless produced pregnancies. Seventeen of 19 pregnancies resulted from matings during a single estrus. This examination of the reproductive potential of males having comparatively inferior ejaculate quality supports the suggestion that husbandry programs may be more significant than physiological impairment in causing the low birth rates of captive cheetahs. These results also have implications for ascertaining fertility thresholds in mammalian populations undergoing increased levels of inbreeding as a consequence of habitat deterioration. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Behavioral and adrenocortical responses to environmental changes in leopard cats (Felis bengalensis)
Authors: Carlstead Kathy , Brown Janine L. , Seidensticker John 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIndicators of environmental adequacy relevant to the well‐being of small felids are developed by examining, in 4 captive leopard cats, interrelationships between behavioral and adrenocortical responses to changes in housing conditions. Singly housed cats were moved from their barren home cage (Cage 1, baseline) sequentially to 2 new, barren housing situations (Cages 2 and 3; ≈ 10 weeks/cage). Urinary cortisol concentrations, stereotypic pacing, and hiding frequencies were transiently increased for 1 week after translocation to Cage 2. After translocation to Cage 3, cortisol concentrations and hiding also were increased for the first week. However, conditions in Cage 3 were determined to be aversive to the cats, as evidenced by cortisol concentrations that remained chronically elevated for the entire 10‐week period. Exploratory behavior was suppressed during this period. When Cage 3 was enriched with a complex of branches and hiding places, urinary cortisol concentrations and stereotypic pacing decreased, and exploration increased. Concealment locations that camouflage were more often used for lying down when urinary cortisol was elevated. These results suggest that reduced exploratory behavior is an indicator of chronic exposure to aversive environmental conditions. Stereotypic pacing may not necessarily increase when adrenocortical activity increases. The results also suggest that enrichment facilitates coping with aversive stimulation by providing behavioral options to confined felids. To promote the welfare of small felids, appropriate camouflaged hiding places should be provided and enrichment programs developed to stimulate exploratory behavior. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inbreeding and fitness in captive populations: Lessons from Drosophila
Authors: Miller Philip S. , Hedrick Philip W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe avoidance of inbreeding is a primary goal of endangered species population management. In order to fully understand the effects of inbreeding on the fitness of natural and captive populations, it is necessary to consider fitness components which span the entire life cycle of the organism. Using Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism for conservation genetics studies, we constructed 18 experimental lines derived from wild‐type stocks which were homozygous for chromosome 2 (this chromosome constitutes 38% of the genome or is equivalent to F = 0.38). For six of these lines which exhibited a reduced homozygous fitness, we estimated the relative values of fitness components operating at both the juvenile stage (pre‐adult viability) and adult stage (female fecundity and male‐mating ability) of the life cycle. Males in these lines showed a markedly reduced mating ability, while viability and female fecundity were much less affected. Equilibrium values of the wild‐type chromosomes in these lines were accurately predicted using a model that incorporated into it these independently estimated fitness components. These results emphasize the importance of studying all fitness components directly to determine overall fitness. A reduced mating ability among inbred males of a captive population can have serious consequences for its future sustainability, and can further jeopardize reintroduction efforts; consequently, a program to carefully monitor the reproductive success of individual males, as well as other fitness components, is recommended. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preference for structural environmental features in captive lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)
Authors: Ogden Jacqueline J. , Lindburg Donald G. , Maple Terry L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIncreased interest in the behavioral effects of captive environments and advances in zoo design have resulted in a proliferation of “naturalistic” animal habitats. Although scientists have demonstrated that such exhibits have some positive effects on behavior, very little is known about the complex relationships between these specialized environments and behavior. This study sought to determine preferences for structural environmental features, such as slope and trees, exhibited by captive lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). An average of 496 location scans were collected on each of 23 gorillas, housed in 6 groups. The results indicate that enclosure usage was significantly associated with the features of slope, nearness to holding facility, and presence of environmental components additional to substrate (e.g., tree or rock). In particular, areas with flat ground that were near the holding building and that included at least one component additional to substrate were preferred by all animals. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.