bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Depression
Authors: Walsh Joseph 
Published: November 2023

AbstractDepression is a commonly experienced short- or long-term mood condition that ranges from mild to incapacitating. It is considered normal when it is relatively short-term and based on reactions to difficult external conditions, but it is a disorder when judged to be caused, at least in part, by biological factors. The focus of this chapter is on those depressions that tend to be long-term and significantly disruptive to one’s social functioning. Like bipolar disorder, depression is classified as a mood disorder (APA, 2000), but it has unique characteristics that account for differences in how it is addressed by professionals. There is clearly a role for psychoeducation in the treatment of depression, as it can be a chronic condition with an irregular course that creates ongoing challenges for those persons who experience it, as well as for their families and friends. Many such programs for adolescents and adults have been developed and will be described in this chapter. The discussion will focus on the two diagnostic categories of major depression and dysthymic disorder.
Characters and Narrators
Authors: Gunn David M , Fewell Danna Nolan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Literature is written by, for, and about people’, writes literary critic Mieke Bal. ‘That remains a truism, so banal that we often tend to forget it, and so problematic that we as often repress it with the same ease’ (1985: 80 ¶A). If literature in general is written by, for, and about people, certainly no less can be said of biblical literature specifically.
Nebuchadnezzar and the Three Jews: Daniel 3
Authors: Gunn David M , Fewell Danna Nolan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While some narrators tell their stories rather matter-of-factly, avoiding repetition, ambiguity, and metaphor, others revel in the wonder of words, the play of patterns and images. In Daniel 3 we find such a playful story-teller. Nebuchadnezzar the king made an image of gold. Its height was sixty cubits; its width six cubits. He erected it in the plain of Dura in the province of Babylon. Nebuchadnezzar the king summoned for assembly the satraps, the prefects and the governors, the counsellors, the treasurers, the judges, the officials and all the authorities of the province to come to the dedication of the image which Nebuchadnezzar the king had erected. Then the satraps, the prefects and the governors, the counsellors, the treasurers, the judges, the officials and all the authorities of the province assembled themselves for the dedication of the image which Nebuchadnezzar the king had erected. They stood before the image that Nebuchadnezzar had erected and the herald called loudly to them, saying, ‘Peoples, nations, and languages! When you hear the sound of the horn, the pipe, the lyre, the trigon, the harps, the bagpipes, and every kind of music, you will fall down and pay homage to the gold image that Nebuchadnezzar the king has erected.
Perceived progress in aging: the results of a Delphi survey of international experts
Authors: Kane Robert. L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As part of the preparation of the report for the WHO Expert Committee on Aging, a survey of experts in different countries was undertaken to ascertain perceptions of the most significant advances in biology. care of the elderly. and social policies toward the elderly since the first Expert Committee report in 1974. A modified Delphi technique was employed.
Assessment of health and functional status: an international comparison
Authors: Fillenbaum Gerda G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being. Accordingly it is clear that assessment of health should not be limited to an evaluation of physical and mental state, and the consequences of these as manifested in the performance of activities of daily living, but should also take into account social and economic conditions, and the general environmental situation.
Hearing disorders of aging: identification and management
Authors: Noffsinger Douglas , Martin James P , Head Lewis Sheralyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The problems in defining and describing the effects of aging on hearing arc many because inevitably mixed with the effects due solely to the passage of time in a person’s life are those effects that are inextricably interwoven with the passage of time but are not truly aging effects. Hawkins has discussed this issue clearly. Among contriblltors to hearing loss in older people are the various causes of noise to which people voluntarily or involuntarily subject themselves and the medication and drugs with which people are healed of disease and/or poison themselves. If to this list are added the possible complications posed by heredity, disease, diet, race, environmental complexity, and pollutants, then the difficulties in defining the effects of aging per se on hearing and the hearing system become apparent.
The effectiveness of intervention for the mental health of the elderly
Authors: Guland Barry J , Mayeux Richard , Meyers Barnett S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The effectiveness of an intervention is strictly speaking to be judged by the gains it brings over the natural outcome of a condition. However, this perspective alone does not indicate the desirability of treatment; that depends also on how bad the outcome is likely to be without intervention, the risks and discomforts of treatment, and the optimum outcome that can be achieved if the benefits of nature and intervention are summated. Therefore, we will not limit this discussion to effectiveness in the strict sense.
The efficacy of geriatric assessment programmes
Authors: Rubenstein Laurence Z 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Geriatric assessment can he defined as a multidimensional—usually interdisciplinary—diagnostic process designed to quantify an elderly individual’s medical, psychosocial, and functional capabilities and problems with the intention of arriving at a comprehensive plan for therapy and long-term follow-up. Assessment has assumed a pivotal role in geriatric care because of the complexity of the frail elderly patient, the vast number of unmet needs facing the rapidly growing older population, and the fact that assessment has been increasingly associated with improvements in care outcomes. This chapter will provide an overview of geriatric assessment and a summary of its proved and probable benefits.
The role of geriatric medicine
Authors: Barker R A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The British Geriatrics Society has defined Geriatrics as ‘that branch of general medicine concerned with the clinical, preventive, remedial and social aspects of illness in the elderly’. There have been a number of modifications of this definition and some would disagree that geriatrics should be a specialty. Whatever one’s view, this remains the most generally useful definition as it covers the various aspects of activity which are required in providing services and facilities for the elderly.
Hospice care for the elderly
Authors: Greer Davids. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As countries develop, the terminal phase of life is delayed and prolonged; people die older and from chronic rather than acute illnesses. Coincidentally health care systems become more sophisticated, technological, and intensive. The natural tendency is to apply the increasingly sophisticated technology to the terminal period in an attempt to prolong life. Unfortunately that effort is often fruitless, painful, and expensive.
Technology development and use for elderly people
Authors: Maslow Katie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Technology for older people encompasses an enormous range of devices, procedures, and systems for biomedical research, health and long-term care, housing, employment, information, communication, transportation, and environmental design. In this century, technological advances in public hygiene, sanitation, treatment of infectious diseases, and general health care have led to increased life expectancy and rapid growth in the size of the older population, and these trends will continue for the foreseeable future. Technology has the further potential to maintain the functional ability of elderly people and enhance the quality of their lives. Yet many factors combine to limit the development and appropriate use of technology by and for elderly people.
Occupational hygiene
Authors: Saarinen L , Foo S C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Occupational hygiene is concerned with identifying, evaluating, and controlling physical, chemical, and biological hazards in the workplace. It deals with toxicology, industrial processes, environmental sampling methods and strategies, and engineering techniques to control harmful agents. The primary goal of occupational hygiene is the elimination of occupational diseases; but more often prevention is also emphasized, including any deviation from normal healthy working conditions. It has been customary to separate occupational hygiene from occupational safety; but the trend now is to extend the training for hygienists to include some expertise on safety, in order to increase the scope and efficiency of occupational hygiene surveys.
Occupational epidemiology in developing countries
Authors: Andersson N R , Schilling R S F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are important differences in occupational health practice between rich and developing countries that affect the scope and potential of occupational epidemiology. Most obvious is the availability of resources, in terms of capabilities, cash, and background data on hazards. But there are also qualitative differences. In most developed Western countries, provision of health care at work is separate from other health services, mainly for historical reasons. Before the Second World War, occupational health services included preemployment examination, first-aid treatment, and the control of industrial injury and disease; but they were restricted to large organizations which had obvious work-related health risks.
Heat
Authors: Khogali M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As homoiotherms, human beings adapt to live in a wide range of temperatures. There is more evidence now that man developed in a tropical climate: he possesses a well developed sweat mechanism, and his skin is practically devoid of insulative hair. Living in a hot (tropical) climate affects man’s social, physical, and mental well-being, as well as his work and productivity. This chapter discusses the interaction of heat and work in developing countries, namely, the heat-load and heat exchange, man’s response to heat stress, and his ability to acclimatize and protect himself. This chapter discusses the interaction of heat and work in developing countries, namely, the heat-load and heat exchange, man’s response to heat stress, and his ability to acclimatize and protect himself.
Occupational lung diseases—mineral dusts
Authors: Ng T P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A wide range of environmental agents in the workplace cause occupational lung diseases, in a variety of ways which overlap with one another. Gases and vapours such as chlorine, ozone, nitrogen oxide, and phosgene are lung irritants, and cause an acute pneumonitis, which may be resolved by prompt treatment but may also result in long-term sequelae of chronic fibrotic lung-disease. Some occupational lung-diseases are manifestly caused by infectious microorganisms; examples are tuberculosis and anthrax. However, secondary viral and bacterial infection may often follow an acute or chronic irritant reaction to gases, vapours, and dust, and plays an important secondary role in the development of diseases such as silicosis and occupational bronchitis. Fibrosis may be a sequela of an acute irritant and/or infective process, or result from cytotoxic and immunological processes which feature prominently in the pathogenesis of the mineral pneumoconioses.
Environmental standards at the workplace
Authors: Phoon W H , Tan K T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Harmful factors or toxic agents present in the work environment can cause ill effects on the health of the workers who are exposed to them. Some types of ill effects are acute, manifesting after a short period of time. But other types of ill health or diseases may take years to develop to a clinical stage. In the mean while there is a ‘silent’ or symptomless latent period. It is obviously important to eliminate all health hazards where possible; if not, then at least to minimize or control them. In dealing with an occupational health hazard, three steps or stages may be considered:
Borreliosis (Relapsing Fever)
Authors: Dennis D T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Louse-borne relapsing fever (LBRF) is caused by infection with Borrelia recurrentis. Tick-borne relapsing fever (TBRF) is caused by one of many Borrelia designated by the species of soft-shelled Ornithodoros ticks responsible for transmission in the locale of exposure. LBRF, previously distributed widely throughout Asia, Africa, and the Americas, has in recent decades been reported only from countries on the horn of Africa: Ethiopia, Somalia, and the Sudan. TBRF occurs sporadically and in small clusters throughout rural Africa, Asia, and the Americas, including the western United States. No good estimates of frequency of occurrence are available for either disease.
Brucellosis
Authors: Plmnmet Michel , Diaz, Ramon , Verger Jean-Michel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Brucellosis is transmitted to man from sheep and goats (Brucella melitensis), cattle {Brucella abortus), and pigs {Brucella suis), through direct or indirect contact with infected animals. A primary reticuloendothelial system (RES) infection with bacteraemia and fluctuating fever, brucellosis may affect various organs and tissues, resulting in granulomatous lesions. Possible complications include osteo-articular, cardiac, and neurological sequelae.
Diseases Caused By Corynebacteria And Related Organisms
Authors: Thomas Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Corynebacterial disease is caused by species of bacteria phylogentically related to, but not including, the agent of human diphtheria, Coiynebactenum diphtheriae. Although first recognized as early as the late nineteenth century, there is still much confusion surrounding the classification and clinical significance of these bacteria. Recent reclassification of species formerly belonging to the genus Corynebacterium, means that for the purposes of this chapter the term ‘corynebacterial disease’ will be used to include not only animal and human disease caused by bacteria belonging to the genus Corynebacterium, but also zoonoses caused by species formerly classified in the genus Corynebacterium, now in the genera Actinomyces and Rhodococcus; a grouping made largely by historical rather than phylogenetic consideration.
Glanders And Melioidosis
Authors: Blue Sky R , Pombo, David]. , Woods Marion L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Glanders is a zoonotic disease which typically affects members of the soliped family (horses, asses, mules) but may also occasionally affect other animals such as camels and cats. Glanders is caused by Burkholderia mallei, which is Gram-negative with a bipolar staining pattern, and non-motile. The organism is probably a facultative intracellular parasite. Burkholderia mallei has not been identified in nature outside the animal host although the organism can survive in water for up to 4 weeks. Infection is usually acquired through contact with infected animals. Carnivores can be infected from eating glandered flesh.
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Authors: Sexton Daniel]. , Breitschwerdt Edward B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rocky Mountain spotted fever carried by infection with Rickettsia rickettsii, is an acute tick-borne disease which, in its classic form, is characterized by a cutaneous rash, fever, and widespread organ dysfunction. Illness is related to direct endothelial injury caused by R. rickettsii’ The name Rocky Mountain spotted fever is a misnomer as the disease occurs through the continental United States, southern Canada, Mexico, Central America, and even in parts of South America. Synonyms for Rocky Mountain spotted fever include tick typhus, Tobia fever (Columbia), Sao Paulo fever, and fiebre maculosa (Brazil) and fiebre marchada (Mexico). The severity of clinical illness is highly variable, ranging from a mild viral-like malady to a fulminant fatal disease.
Mediterranean Spotted Fever And Other Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiae
Authors: Beati Lorenza , Raoult Didier 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The spotted fever group of rickettsiae consists of 22 serotypes, or species, of Gram-negative, strictly intracellular bacteria which are associated with ticks and have common antigenic properties. Six strains isolated from patients are recognized as pathogens, while nine others have been isolated only from ticks and are considered to be organisms of unknown pathogenicity. The other four pathogenic serotypes and six tick-isolates which have been described are yet to be officially included in the spotted fever group.
Foot-And-Mouth Disease, Vesicular Stomatitis, Newcastle Disease, And Swine Vesicular Disease
Authors: lvlorgan-Capner P , Bryden A S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is still of major economic importance in many parts of the world, despite its successful control, and indeed eradication, in many others. Although the virus (FMDV) can infect a wide range of hooved animals, it is primarily in cattle and pigs that severe problems ensue. The virus is in the genus Aphthovirus of the family Picornaviridae and symptomatic infection usually presents as vesicles of the mouth and hooves. Human infection has been reported, but appears to be rare and of no health significance. There are a number of modes of transmission, but aerosol spread is the most important, with very high titres of virus being excreted by infected animals and infectious droplets capable of being carried over long distance by prevailing winds. The availability of a killed vaccine for almost 50 years, and quarantine and slaughter policies, enable control if used aggressively.
Hantaviruses
Authors: Clement J , Kenna P Mc , Groen G van der , Vahcri, A , Peters C .J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hantavirus (HTV) is one of the recently discovered (1977) aetiological agents of acute viral haemorrhagic fever, and belongs as such to the group of ‘emerging viruses’ such as Ebola (1977), Guanarito (1991), and Sabia viruses (1994). HTV is the newest described genus in the Bunyaviridae family, and the only genus in that family that is not arthropod-borne, but transmitted by murid rodents.
Herpes B Virus
Authors: Brown D W G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
B virus or herpes simiae is a skin infection of monkeys mainly of the Macaca genus, which is transmitted by close contact and possibly sexually. Laboratory workers exposed to infected monkeys have been infected by bites and scratches, and through abraded skin, leading, 4-59 days later to an ascending encephalomyelitis, and death. Prevention of infection requires quarantine of imported monkeys and stringent labora- torv safetv precautions. Treatment with acyclovir has been successful.
Influenza
Authors: Brown I H , Alexander D J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Influenza is a highly contagious, acute illness which has afflicted humans and animals since ancient times. Influenza viruses form the Orthomyxoviridae family and are grouped into types A, B, and C on the basis of the antigenic nature of the internal nucleocapsid or the matrix protein. Influenza A viruses infect a large variety of animal species, including humans, pigs, horses, sea mammals, and birds, occasionally producing devastating pandemics in humans, such as in 1918 when over 20 million deaths occurred worldwide. The two surface glycoproteins of the virus, haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), are the most important antigens for inducing protective immunity in the host and therefore show the greatest variation. For influenza A viruses 15 antigenically distinct HA and nine NA subtypes are recognized at present; a virus possesses one HA and one NA subtype, apparently in any combination. Although viruses of relatively few subtype combinations have been isolated from mammalian species, all subtypes, in most combinations, have been isolated from birds.
Poxviruses
Authors: Reid Hugh W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The poxviruses are a large family of complex viruses infecting many species of vertebrates as well as arthropods, and members of the three genera Orthopoxvirus, Yatapoxvirus and Parapoxvirus are the cause of sporadic zoonotic infections originating from both wildlife and domestic livestock. Infections of man are generally associated with localized lesions, regarded as inconvenient rather than life-threatening, although severe reactions have occurred, particularly in immunologically compromised individuals.
Schistosomosis
Authors: Taylor M G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Schistosomosis remains one of the great endemic diseases of the tropics and subtropics, with more than 200 million people infected in 74 countries and a further 400 million at risk of infection. The disease is also of veterinary significance, with high prevalences of infection being reported from many countries, particularly those in tropical areas, though in very few instances are accurate epidemiological data available for the animal disease.
Strongyloidosis
Authors: Nolan T J , Genta R M , Schad G A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Strongyloidiosis is normally an intestinal parasitism caused by the threadworm, Strongyloides stercoralis. The parasite, occurring in dogs, primates, and man, is distributed throughout the moist tropics, as well as in temperate areas where poor sanitation or other factors facilitate the occurrence of faecally transmitted organisms. In some parts of the world, notably Africa and New Guinea, human infections caused by 5. fulleborni have been reported. In Africa, the latter is primarily a parasite of primates, but in New Guinea, no animal host is known.
Angiostrongylosis
Authors: Cross John H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although there are over 20 species of Angiostrongylus infecting the vascular system of a variety of vertebrates, only two species naturally found in rodents are known to infect humans and cause disease. Angiostrongylus cantonensis is found in the pulmonary arteries of rats worldwide and A. costaricensis is a parasite of cotton rats and a few other rodents predominently in America. The intermediate hosts for these parasites are terrestrial mollucs.
Trichinellosis
Authors: Ljungström Inger , Murrell Darwin , Pozio, Edoardo , Wakelin Derek 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Trichinella is unusual among parasitic nematodes in that the worm undergoes a complete developmental cycle, from larva to adult to larva, in the body of a single host, which has a profound influence on the epidemiology of trichinellosis as a zoonosis. When the cycle is complete, the muscles of the infected animal contain a reservoir of larvae, capable of long-term survival. Humans and other hosts become infected by ingesting muscle tissues containing viable larvae.
Anisakiosis1
Authors: Cheng Thomas C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The zoonotic disease known as human anisakiosis is caused by larval nematodes belonging to the family Anisakidae. Not all anisakids are capable of causing anisakiosis in humans. Only those that normally utilize homeothermic vertebrates as definitive hosts can serve as aetiological agents. Those species that normally utilize poikilothermic vertebrates as definitive hosts cannot survive sufficiently long in the human alimentary tract to cause the disease syndrome. Human anisakiosis involves the penetration of the lining of the alimentary tract with resulting development of a granuloma surrounding the worm.