bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The somatosensory thalamus of monkeys: Cortical connections and a redefinition of nuclei in marmosets
Authors: Krubitzer Leah A. , Kaas Jon H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThalamic connections of three subdivisions of somatosensory cortex in marmosets were determined by placing wheatgerm agglutinin conjugated with horseradish peroxidase and fluorescent dyes as tracers into electrophysiologically identified sites in S‐I (area 3b), S‐II, and the parietal ventral area, PV. The relation of the resulting patterns of transported label to the cytoarchitecture and cytochrome oxidase architecture of the thalamus lead to three major conclusions. 1) The region traditionally described as the ventroposterior nucleus (VP) is a composite of VP proper and parts of the ventroposterior inferior nucleus (VPi). Much of the VP region consists of groups of densely stained, closely packed neurons that project to S‐I. VPi includes a ventral oval of pale, less densely packed neurons and finger‐like protrusions that extend into VP proper and separate clusters of VP neurons related to different body parts. Neurons in both parts of VPi project to S‐II rather than S‐I. Connection patterns indicate that the proper and the embedded parts of VPi combine to form a body representation paralleling that in VP. 2) VPi also provides the major thalamic input into PV. 3) In architecture, location, and cortical connections, the region traditionally described as the anterior pulvinar (AP) of monkeys resembles the medial posterior nucleus, Pom, of other mammals and we propose that all or most of AP is homologous to Pom. AP caps VP dorsomedially, has neurons that are moderately dense in Nissl staining, and reacts moderately in CO preparations. AP neurons project to S‐I, S‐II, and PV in somatotopic patterns. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Proportion of glutamate‐ and aspartate‐immunoreactive neurons in the efferent pathways of the rat visual cortex varies according to the target
Authors: Dori I. , Dinopoulos A. , Cavanagh M. E. , Parnavelas J. G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractImmunohistochemistry, with antisera directed against glutamate (Glu) or aspartate (Asp), was combined with wheat germ agglutinin—horseradish peroxidase (WGA‐HRP) histochemistry to examine the distribution, morphology, and proportions of Glu‐ and Asp‐containing neurons that give rise to corticofugal and callosal projections of the rat visual cortex.WGA‐HRP injections in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus resulted in retrograde labelling of small and medium‐sized cells throughout layer VI of the visual cortex. Of these cells, 60% were also Glu‐immunoreactive and 61% Asp‐positive. WGA‐HRP injections in the superior colliculus labelled large and medium‐sized neurons in the upper portion of layer V of the visual cortex. Of these cells, 46% were also stained for Glu and 66% for Asp. Injections in the pontine nuclei resulted in retrograde labelling of cells in the deeper part of cortical layer V. Retrogradely labelled cells, which were also immunoreactive for Glu or Asp, were large pyramidal cells. Corticopontine neurons, which were also Glu‐positive, accounted for 42% of the total number of WGA‐HRP labelled cells, whilst for Asp‐positive neurons this percentage was 51%. Finally, after injections in the visual cortex, retrogradely labelled small and medium‐sized cells were found throughout layers II–VI in the contralateral visual cortex. Of these neurons, 38% were also labelled for Glu while 49% were also Asp‐immunoreactive.The present results demonstrate that substantial proportions of projection neurons in the rat visual cortex are immunoreactive for Glu or Asp, suggesting that these excitatory amino acids are the major transmitters used by the cortical efferent systems examined. Furthermore, the proportions of these immunoreactive neurons in the efferent pathways vary according to the target. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of neuropeptide Y‐like immunoreactivity in the brain of the lizard Gallotia galloti
Authors: Medina Loreta , Martí Elisa , Artero Cristina , Fasolo Aldo , Puelles Luis 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe distribution of neuropeptide Y (NPY)‐like immunoreactivity was studied in the brain of the lizard Gallotia galloti, in order to gain insight into the comparative topography of this peptide. Antisera against both NPY and its C‐terminal flanking peptide (C‐PON) were used, demonstrating a general coexistence of both peptides, as described in other vertebrates.Most NPY‐like immunoreactive (NPY‐LI) cell bodies were observed in the telencephalon, specifically in various olfactory structures, all cortices, septum, basal ganglia (except for the globus pallidus), the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca, the amygdaloid complex, and the bed nucleus of the anterior commissure. NPY‐LI cells were also seen in the preoptic and hypothalamic regions and the dorsal thalamus (mainly in the perirotundal belt), as well as in the mesencephalic tegmentum (in the ventral tegmental area, the substantia nigra, and the retrorubral area). NPY‐LI fibers and terminals were widely distributed in the brain. All visual and auditory neuropiles were densely innervated. Specially dense plexuses were seen in the nucleus accumbens, the ventral pallidum, the suprachiasmatic and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei, the nucleus medialis thalami, the left habenula, and the central nucleus of the torus semicircularis.Our analysis shows that the distribution of NPY‐like immunoreactivity in the forebrain of Gallotia largely resembles that of other vertebrates, whereas differences are mainly observed in the brainstem. The widespread distribution of NPY in the lizard brain suggests several modulatory functional roles, either in local‐circuit systems of the forebrain, or in various limbic, neuroendocrine, and sensory pathways. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Functional organization of vagal reflex systems in the brain stem of the goldfish, Carassius auratus
Authors: Goehler Lisa E. , Finger Thomas E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe coordination of secretory and motor responses to food within the alimentary canal requires well organized brain stem reflex systems. In the goldfish, Carassius auratus, three vagal reflex systems control three phases of ingestion and digestion. The orobranchial system sorts food from substrate, the pharyngeal chewing organ prepares items deemed to be food for digestion and absorption, and the abdominal system regulates the digestion of food. Each system is represented in the central nervous system by separate sensory and motor nuclei. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the interrelationships among the vagal sensory and motor nuclei reflect the peripheral organization.The sensory nucleus of each vagal system was injected with the neuronal tracer horseradish peroxidase (HRP), in separate cases. HRP injections into the vagal lobe sensory layers (orobranchial system) labeled fibers projecting topographically to the vagal lobe motor layer, but not at all to the pharyngeal or abdominal motor nuclei. Similarly, injections of HRP into the pharyngeal and abdominal sensory nuclei selectively labeled nerve fibers projecting to the pharyngeal and abdominal motor nuclei, respectively. All injections resulted in labeled fibers and/or cells in the lateral reticular formation, and in fibers ascending in the secondary gustatory‐visceral tract. Gustatory information from the pharynx is apparently processed in the same brain stem system as pharyngeal general visceral information, suggesting that functional or regional characteristics of visceral sensory information may be more important for brain stem processing than the traditional “special” (gustatory) versus “general” visceral dichotomy. These results indicate that anatomically and functionally separate reflex systems exist within the goldfish vagal visceral nuclei. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dorsal mesencephalic projections to pons, medulla, and spinal cord in the cat: Limbic and non‐limbic components
Authors: Cowie Robert J. , Holstege Gert 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe vertebrate dorsal mesencephalon consists of the superior colliculus, the dorsal portion of the periaqueductal gray, and the mesencephalic trigeminal neurons in between. These structures, via their descending pathways, take part in various behavioral responses to environmental stimuli. This study was undertaken to compare the origins and trajectories of these pathways in the cat.Injections of horseradish peroxidase into the cervical spinal cord and upper medullary medial tegmentum retrogradely labeled cells mainly in the contralateral intermediate and deep superior colliculus, and in the ipsilateral dorsal and lateral periaqueductal gray and adjacent tegmentum. Only injections in the medullary lateral tegmental field labeled mesencephalic trigeminal neurons ipsilaterally.Autoradiographic tracing results, based on injections across the dorsal mesencephalon, revealed three efferent fiberstreams. A massive first fiberstream (limbic pathway), consisting of thin fibers, descended ipsilaterally from the dorsal and lateral periaqueductal gray and adjacent superior colliculus through the mesencephalic and pontine lateral tegmentum, terminating in these areas as well as in the ventral third of the caudal pontine and medullary medial tegmentum. A few fibers from the dorsal periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) were distributed bilaterally to the dorsal vagal, solitary, and retroambiguus nuclei. The second fiberstream (the predorsal bundle) descended contralaterally from the superior colliculus (SC) and consisted of both thick and thin labeled fibers. The thin fibers terminated bilaterally in the dorsomedial nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis and the medial half of the caudal medial accessory inferior olive. The thick fibers targeted the contralateral dorsal two thirds of the caudal pontine and medullary medial tegmental fields, and the facial, abducens, lateral reticular, subtrigeminal, and prepositus hypoglossi nuclei. A few fibers recrossed the midline to terminate in the ipsilateral medial tegmentum. Caudal to the obex, fibers terminated laterally in the tegmentum and upper cervical intermediate zone. From the lateral SC, fibers terminated bilaterally in the lateral tegmental fields of the pons and medulla and lateral facial subnuclei. The third fiberstream (mesencephalic trigeminal or Probst tract) terminated in the supratrigeminal and motor trigeminal nuclei, and laterally in the tegmentum and upper cervical intermediate zone.In summary, neurons in the PAG and in the deep layers of the SC give rise to a massive ipsilateral descending pathway, in which a medial‐to‐lateral organization exists. A similar topographical pattern occurs in the crossed SC projections. The possibility that these completely different descending systems cooperate in producing specific defensive behaviors is discussed. © 1992 Wiey‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of immunoreactivity for γ‐aminobutyric acid in the salamander olfactory bulb
Authors: Hamilton Kathryn A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntrinsic neurons provide inhibitory synaptic input to mitral (and tufted) output cells within several laminae of the olfactory bulb. In rodents, the two main types of intrinsic neurons are granule and periglomerular cells, both of which contain γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA). In the present study, immunocytochemical techniques were used to determine whether intrinsic neurons in the salamander olfactory bulb might also contain GABA.With the aid of two antisera to different GABA‐conjugates, immunoreactivity for GABA was localized within the olfactory bulb laminae. In the glomerular layer, periglomerular cells, which were strongly immunoreactive, were concentrated in clusters along the border with the olfactory nerve layer. Dendrites of the cells encircled nearby glomeruli and were presumably a primary source of intraglomerular processes that were also stained. In the subglomerular region and external plexiform layer, relatively few immunoreactive cells were observed, most of which appeared to be periglomerular and tufted cell types with glomerular dendrites. Throughout the external plexiform and mitral cell layers, however, a dense matrix of spiny processes and puncta was stained, outlining large, unstained dendrites derived from the large, unstained cell bodies of mitral cells. The spiny processes and puncta appeared to be derived from granule cells, which were the most abundant immunoreactive cells in the bulb. Granule cell bodies filled the granule cell layer.In tissue fixed with 0.1–0.2% glutaraldehyde, staining in the olfactory bulb laminae was blocked by preadsorption of the two antisera with glutaraldehyde‐conjugated GABA‐bovine serum albumin. The staining therefore appeared to be specific for fixed GABA. The distribution of GABA immunoreactivity in the salamander olfactory bulb suggests that several types of GABAergic interneurons that branch in the glomerular, external plexiform, and mitral cell layers may influence the activity of mitral (and tufted) output cells. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Serotoninergic projections from the raphe nuclei to the preoptic area in sheep as revealed by immunohistochemistry and retrograde labeling
Authors: Tillet Yves 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA retrograde tracer, fluorogold, was injected into the sheep preoptic area in order to demonstrate the origin of the serotoninergic fibers observed in this area. Within the raphe nuclei, retrogradely fluorogold‐labeled neurons were observed mainly in the median raphe nucleus (B8), groups B6/B5, and in the area lateral to the nucleus interpeduncularis (group S4), but not in the dorsal raphe nucleus. About 50% of these fluorogold‐containing neurons were immunostained with a specific antiserum raised against serotonin. Double‐labeled neurons (serotonin‐immunoreactive and fluorogold containing neurons) represented less than 20% of the whole number of serotoninergic neurons. We concluded that a few serotoninergic neurons in the median raphe nucleus and in groups B5/B6 and S4 project to the preoptic area. Moreover, these nuclei contained non‐serotoninergic neurons which project to the same area. These results give new information on the serotoninergic innervation of the preoptic area in the sheep.
Early stages in the development of spinal motor neurons
Authors: Chen Edmond W. , Chiu Arlene Y. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn order to identify early events in the differentiation of motor neurons, the expression of several developmentally regulated, neuronal molecules was investigated by immunohistochemistry on consecutive sections of cervical spinal cord. Motor neurons are among the first neurons to be born and to differentiate within the embryonic rat spinal cord. They undergo their terminal mitosis on embryonic days 10 and 11 (E10–11) and acquire detectable levels of the transmitter synthesizing enzyme, choline acetyltransferase, by E11.5. Staining with antibodies to the 68 kD neurofilament protein revealed motor neurons extending processes out the ventral root as early as E10.5. Monoclonal antibodies to two different epitopes on the cell adhesive molecule, NCAM, bound to myotomes on E10.5, and began to recognize ventral horn neurons by E11. Two other markers of developing neurons, the growth‐associated protein, GAP‐43, and the surface glycoprotein, TAG‐1, were clearly detected on young motor neurons by E11.5. Thus, during the 36 hours following the final mitosis of their precursors, motor neurons acquire cytoskeletal, enzymatic, and cell surface components that distinguish them from other developing cells within the spinal cord.Not all of the newly acquired molecules continue to be expressed by motor neurons. Immunoreactivity for TAG‐1 was lost by E12.5, followed by a gradual reduction of immunoreactivity for GAP‐43 and the highly polysialylated form of NCAM. By E15, only antibodies to choline acetyltransferase (Phelps et al., J. Comp. Neurol. 307:1–10, 1990), and to neurofilaments, selectively stained motor neurons within the embryonic spinal cord. The transient presence of GAP‐43, TAG‐1, and the embryonic form of NCAM coincides with a period of vigorous axonal growth and declines when motor neurons reach their targets. This report describes the temporal sequence of early stages in the differentiation of the rodent motor neuronal phenotype. Some of these changes may be related to interactions with their synaptic partners.
Heterogeneous development of calbindin‐D28K expression in the striatal matrix
Authors: Liu Fu‐Chin , Graybiel Ann M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn the present study, we attempted to trace the development of the striatal matrix by analyzing the ontogenetic expression of calbindin‐D28K (calbindin), a calcium binding protein selectivity expressed in medium‐sized neurons of the matrix compartment of the mature rat's caudoputamen. The localization of calbindin was documented in a series of developing rat brains, as was the compartmental location of these cells relative to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)‐immunostained dopamine islands, sites of future striosomes.Medium‐sized striatal neurons appeared in the striatum at embryonic day (E) 20, and from their first appearance, the calbindin‐positive neurons had highly heterogeneous distributions. They first formed a latticework of patches and bands in a ventral region of the caudoputamen. By postnatal day (P) 7, this early calbindin‐positive lattice had evolved into a mosaic in which circumscript pockets of low calbindin‐like immunoreactivity appeared in more extensive calbindin‐rich surrounds. With further development, the mosaic gradually encroached on all but the dorsolateral caudoputamen, a district that is calbindin‐poor at adulthood. A special lateral branch of the striatal calbindin system was also identified, distinct from the rest of the calbindin‐positive mosaic in several developmental characteristics.In the parts of the caudoputamen where the developing calbindin system and dopamine island system were both present, the dopamine islands invariably lay in calbindin‐poor zones. Most dopamine islands, however, only filled parts of the corresponding calbindin‐poor zones. Moreover, there were some calbindin‐poor zones for which TH‐positive dopamine islands could not be detected. Thus during development, calbindin was expressed in the extrastriosomal matrix of the striatum, but the matrix could be divided into calbindin‐rich and calbindin‐poor zones. In the calbindin‐rich regions, there were patches of especially intense calbindin expression and zones of weaker expression.These results suggest that there is neurochemical heterogeneity in the striatal matrix during the prolonged developmental period in which the early calbindin‐positive lattice expands to form the calbindin‐positive matrix of the mature striatum. Surprisingly, calbindin expression in the matrix, although eventually distributed in strictly complementary fashion to striosomes, does not originate as a system complementary to dopamine islands. The prolonged disparity between the borders of dopamine islands and calbindin‐poor zones, and the different spatiotemporal schedules of development of the islands and the calbindin gaps suggest instead that the final match between the borders of striosomes and surrounding matrix results from dynamic processes occurring early in postnatal development. Candidate mechanisms for the gradual adjustment of these borders are proposed.
The tectorecipient zone in the inferior olivary nucleus in the rat
Authors: Akaike Tadashi 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTecto‐olivary and olivocerebellar projections in the rat were investigated in order to identify the tectorecipient zone in the inferior olivary nucleus and to determine whether inferior olivary neurons projecting to the cerebellar tecto‐olivo‐recipient zones (lobule VII, crus II, lobulus simplex, and paramedian lobule) originate in the different regions within the tectorecipient zone. An electrophysiological method and an axonal transport technique of wheat‐germ agglutinin‐conjugated horseradish peroxidase were used. The tectorecipient zone was identified in the caudomedial region of the medial accessory olive. Neurons projecting to lobule VII originated in the caudomedial region of the tectorecipient zone, but those to crus II, lobulus simplex, and paramedian lobule originated in its rostrolateral region. These observations suggest that there are two independent tecto‐olivo‐cerebellar systems: (1) superior colliculus—the medial region of the tectorecipient zone—lobule VII—the caudomedial region of the fastigial nucleus; and (2) superior colliculus—the rostrolateral region of the tectorecipient region—crus II, lobulus simplex, and paramedian lobule—the dorsolateral protuberance of the fastigial nucleus.
II. Localization of Pi class glutathione‐S‐transferase in the forebrains of neonatal and young rats: Evidence for separation of astrocytic and oligodendrocytic lineages
Authors: Cammer Wendy , Zhang Hong 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe Yp isoform (Pi class) of glutathione‐S‐transferase has recently been localized in oligodendrocytes in the brains of mature rats. To examine at what postnatal age Pi first appears in oligodendrocytes or precursor cells, antibodies against Pi were used to immunostain tissue sections from the forebrains of neonatal rats and young rats up to 17 days of age. In the brains of neonates Pi immunofluorescence was observed in ovoid cells in the subependymal layer, and in ovoid cells and cells bearing short, thick processes in the corpus callosum and cingulum. These cells did not immunostain for vimentin. During the first postnatal week Pi‐positive cells showed positive immunostaining for ganglioside GD3, which is characteristic of oligodendrocyte precursors, and process‐bearing Pi‐positive cells appeared in the cingulum and at the lateral borders of the corpus callosum in increasing numbers. During the second postnatal week the cytoplasm of Pi‐positive cells became more compact, and the processes thinner, and the Pi‐positive cells and their processes began to immunostain for 2′,3′‐cyclic nucleotide‐3′‐phosphohydrolase, which is characteristic of immature and mature oligodendrocytes and myelin sheaths. By age 17 days Pi was observed in relatively mature oligodendrocytes. The observations suggest that Pi occurs in oligodendrocyte precursors, immature oligodendrocytes, and mature oligodendrocytes in the postnatal through 17 day old rat forebrain.In the accompanying paper (Cammer and Zhang, '92)—if references are permitted in the Abstract a different glutathione‐S‐transferase isoform, Yb (Mu class), was localized in cells of the astrocyte lineage, beginning in the forebrains of neonatal rats. At each postnatal age Mu‐and Pi‐positive cells differed in size and shape as well as in their contents of “marker” antigens. These findings support the conclusion that the oligodendrocyte and astrocyte lines have separate precursors in the neonatal rat forebrain. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.