bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Issues and considerations regarding the use of assessment instruments in the evaluation of competency to stand trial
Authors: Zapf Patricia A. , Viljoen Jodi L. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractSince the early 1960s, a number of instruments, reflecting a broad range of assessment methods, have been developed to assist in the evaluation of competency to stand trial. These instruments have taken various forms including checklists, self‐report questionnaires, sentence‐completion tasks, and interview‐based instruments with and without criterion‐based scoring. This article reviews these assessment instruments with a specific focus on their contribution to the competency evaluation process. Furthermore, relevant issues and considerations regarding the use of these instruments are outlined, including a comparison of screening versus assessment applications of these instruments, balancing standardized approaches with individualized assessments, the integration of instrumentally derived data with other components of a competency evaluation, and the communication of results to the fact finder. Each of these issues is discussed in relation to specific competency assessment instruments. Overall, we argue that each of the competency assessment instruments developed to date can make a contribution to the competency evaluation process and this article serves to delineate those areas in which these contributions are made. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Competency to stand trial: rationalism, “contextualism” and other modest theories
Authors: Jan Brakel S. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractDeterminations of competency to stand trial in criminal cases are complicated and rendered unpredictable by two sub‐surface issues that are rarely articulated: (i) the place of the defendant's rationality in the substantive standard(s) for competency and (ii) the level or degree of incompetency required to stop the criminal process. The rare references to these issues, mostly indirect, that are made in the cases, commentary, and competency testing instruments devised (including those civil as well as criminal) are examined. The conclusion that emerges is that the level of capacity and rationality required of the defendant depends much on context—the type of case, its relative complexity, and the values and stakes implicated in the outcome. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Beyond Dusky and Godinez: competency before and after trial
Authors: Perlin Michael L. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractScholars have carefully considered all aspects of the incompetency to stand trial process, questions involving incompetency to confess, questions involving incompetency to be executed, and, to a lesser extent, questions related to incompetency to plead guilty or to waive counsel, but little attention has been paid to the relationship between incompetency and the full range of other criminal procedure issues: sentencing, appeals, consent to searches, and others. This article discusses this range of issues, assesses the factors relied upon by courts in deciding these cases and attempts to offer an agenda for future scholarly developments in this area. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pre‐adjudicative and adjudicative competence in juveniles and young adults
Authors: Redlich Allison D. , Silverman Melissa , Steiner Hans 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThere are several different types of legal competence, such as competence to waive Miranda rights, competence to confess, and competence to stand trial. Although it can be surmised that many of the underlying factors that influence the different legal competencies are similar, little research has been conducted to empirically test this hypothesis. In the present study, juveniles' and young adults' understanding and appreciation of their Miranda rights and their ability to stand trial were measured. Age, suggestibility, average grades in school, and frequency of previous police involvement were also examined as possible factors that influence both types of legal knowledge. Results indicated that Miranda competence and adjudicative competence are indeed strongly related, especially for juveniles. Also, age and suggestibility were found to predict Miranda competence, whereas suggestibility and average school grades predicted competence to stand trial. Patterns of findings often diverged for juveniles and young adults. Implications for legal policy are discussed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hospitalization of criminal defendants for evaluation of competence to stand trial or for restoration of competence: clinical and legal issues
Authors: Miller Robert D. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe clinical and legal literature abounds with articles dealing with competence to stand trial; while most agree that criminal defendants must be capable of defending themselves before the state can bring them to trial, a number of articles are quite critical of the procedures by which these concepts are operationalized, some even going so far as to suggest abolishing the requirement for competence altogether. One of the major problems leading to the criticisms is the unnecessary loss of liberty involved. Although the length of incarceration has decreased significantly since the 1970s, the majority of states still permit, or require, hospitalization for evaluation of competence, and even more so for treatment to restore competence.The author reviews case law and presents data from his survey of current state statutes and responses from state forensic mental health program directors, to demonstrate the rarity of outpatient treatment to restore competence. He argues that outpatient treatment for defendants who do not require hospitalization on clinical or public safety grounds should be available, on both clinical and legal grounds, and provides recommendations for establishing such programs in the community. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Steady‐State Modeling and Simulation of an Axial‐Radial Ammonia Synthesis Reactor
Authors: Panahandeh M.R. , Fathikaljahi J. , Taheri M. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractA two‐dimensional model was developed for an axial‐radial ammonia synthesis reactor of the Shiraz petrochemical plant. In this model, momentum and continuity equations as well as mass and energy balance equations are solved simultaneously by orthogonal collocation on the finite element method to obtain pressure, velocity, concentration and temperature profiles in both axial and radial directions. For the catalyst particle, the effectiveness factor is calculated by solving a two‐point boundary value differential equation. The boundary conditions for the Navier‐Stokes and continuity equations are obtained by using equations representing the phenomena of gases splitting or joining in different streams and going through holes in a thin wall. The results of the mathematical model have been compared with the plant data and a good agreement is obtained.
Incorporation of Flexibility in the Design of a Methanol Synthesis Loop in the Presence of Catalyst Deactivation
Authors: Rahimpour M.R. , Ghader S. , Baniadam M. , Fathi Kalajahi J. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThis paper presents the incorporation of process flexibility into a methanol synthesis loop operating under catalyst deactivation. A design methodology is discussed with regard to catalyst deactivation, and some limitations are identified. In the current flexibility study the size of the reactor and recycle ratio have been fixed. Attempts to maintain methanol production at the rates observed with fresh catalyst included increased pressure, increased make up gas flow rate, and the injection of carbon dioxide into the make up gas at optimized inlet temperature. In order to provide flexibility and produce a design compatible with increased production rates, the effect of interrelating equipment had to be considered. As a result of catalyst deactivation, an increased flow rate is necessary and the altered process streams entering the preheater disturb the reactor inlet temperature. These issues should be considered in the design stage and may be resolved by the flexible designs presented.
Modeling of Kinetic Expressions for the Reduction of NOx by Hydrogen in Oxygen‐Rich Exhausts Using a Gradient‐Free Loop Reactor
Authors: Frank E. , Oguz H. , Weisweiler W. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe reduction of NOx by hydrogen under lean conditions is investigated in a gradient‐free loop reactor. Using this computer‐controlled reactor, the reaction rates can be measured under exact isothermal conditions. Systematic variation of the input concentrations of hydrogen, nitric oxide, oxygen as well as reaction temperature provides a complete data set of reaction rates for the given reaction system. A number of kinetic rate expressions were evaluated for their ability to fit the experimental data by using toolboxes of MATLAB. The temperature influence on reaction rate constants and adsorption equilibrium constants were correlated simultaneously using Arrhenius and van’t Hoff equations, respectively. The kinetic rate expression based on a Langmuir‐Hinshelwood‐type model describes the data and the model can be improved by introducing a correction term in square root of hydrogen partial pressure over the range of conditions investigated.
The Partial Oxidation of Isobutene in Sub‐ and Supercritical Water
Authors: Richter T. , Vogel H. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe task of this work was to investigate which kind of reaction pathway takes place under supercritical water conditions in the oxidation of isobutene with molecular oxygen. The reaction was examined at temperatures of 350–20 °C, pressures of 25–35 MPa, uncatalyzed and under platinum‐catalyses. Isobutyraldehyde was the main product. Tert‐butanol was used as a source for isobutene, which dehydrates to isobutene quantitatively under the conditions used.
Investigation of Heavy Metal Release during Thermal Waste Treatment on a Forward‐Acting Grate by Means of Radiotracers
Authors: Jentsch T. , Beckmann M. , Davidovic M. , Biollaz S. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThis paper deals with the determination of location, time and quantity of the release of heavy metals in a pilot‐scale grate system by means of short‐lived radioactive isotopes during the incineration of municipal waste. The isotopes 69mZn (half life: 13.8 hours) and 64Cu (half life: 12.7 hours) were used to represent heavy metals which can be released relatively well and more difficultly, respectively. Due to the implementation of isotopes which emit gamma rays, all measured values could be acquired without direct contact and without the need to take samples. The location of release was determined by means of NaI(Tl)‐scintillation detectors positioned alongside the outer walls of the grate. The time and the quantity of the release were measured with a detector located in a special absorption vessel for the purification of a partial flow of the exhaust gases.
Eigenvector‐free indicator, pinpointing and branch‐switching for bifurcation
Authors: Noguchi H. , Fujii F. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe authors have already proposed in their previous papers an innovative eigenanalysis‐free idea to extract the buckling mode for bifurcation instability from the LDLT‐decomposed stiffness matrix. The present study first outlines this basic idea very briefly for a review purpose. The idea will then be applied to eigenvector‐free procedures for identifying and pinpointing the stability point and branch‐switching for post‐bifurcation analysis. Numerical examples will examine the versatility and robustness of the proposed eigenvector‐free procedures in computational bifurcation theory. It is illustrated that the proposed procedures are robust enough for multiple as well as simple bifurcation. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exacerbation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in rodents infected with murine gammaherpesvirus‐68
Authors: Peacock James W. , Elsawa Sherine F. , Petty Cynthia C. , Hickey William F. , Bost Kenneth L. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractViral infections have long been suspected to play a role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. In the present study, two different rodent models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) were used to demonstrate the ability of murine gammaherpesvirus‐68 (γHV‐68) to exacerbate development of neurological symptoms. SJL mice received UV‐inactivated γHV‐68 or intranasalγHV‐68, followed by immunization against proteolipid‐protein peptide 139–151. Infected mice became moribund within 10 days post‐immunization, whereas mice exposed to UV‐inactivated γHV‐68 recovered. In the second model, Lewis rats were exposed to UV‐inactivated γHV‐68 or to γHV‐68, followed by passive transfer of encephalitogenic T lymphocytes specific for myelin basic protein. Consistently, infected rats had higher clinical scores, and this result was observed during acute or latent γHV‐68 infection. It is unlikely that this γHV‐68‐induced exacerbation was due to significant viral replication within the central nervous system since nested PCR, viral plaque assays, and infectious‐centers assays demonstrated no detectable virus in spinal cords or brains of infected rodents undergoing EAE. Taken together, these studies demonstrate increased clinical symptoms of EAE in rodents infected by a gammaherpesvirus that has a limited ability to invade the central nervous system.
Development of protective immunity against cutaneous leishmaniasis is dependent on STAT1‐mediated IFN signaling pathway
Authors: Rosas Lucia E. , Keiser Tracy , Pyles Ryan , Durbin Joan , Satoskar Abhay R. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractAlthough STAT1‐dependent signaling mediates biological functions of IFN‐α/β and IFN‐γ, recent reports indicate that STAT1‐independent IFN signaling also regulates expression of several genes. To determine the roles of STAT1‐dependent and ‐independent IFN signaling in the regulation of immunity during cutaneous leishmaniasis, we studied the course of Leishmania major infection in resistant C57BL/6 mice lacking the STAT1 gene. While L. major‐infected STAT1+/+ mice resolved their lesions, STAT1–/– mice developed large lesions containing significantly more parasites. Moreover, the inability of STAT1–/– mice to control L. major infection was due to the lack of Th1 development associated with reduced production of IL‐12, IFN‐γ and nitric oxide. Although STAT1–/– mice produced more IL‐4 and total IgE than STAT1+/+ mice later during infection, these differences were not significant. Nevertheless, at these time points lymph node cells from STAT1–/– mice produced significantly more IL‐10. Finally, STAT1–/– mice were also susceptible to low dose L. major infection. Thesefindings demonstrate that STAT1‐mediated IFN signaling is indispensable for the development of protective immunity against cutaneous L. major infection. Moreover, they also suggest that the protective role of STAT1‐mediated signaling is due to its ability to induce Th1 development during infection with this parasite.
Naive and memory B cells respond differentially to T‐dependent signaling but display an equal potential for differentiation toward the centroblast‐restricted CD77/globotriaosylceramide phenotype
Authors: Gagro Alenka , Toellner Kai‐Michael , Grafton Gillian , Servis Dražen , Branica Srećko , Radojčić Vedran , Kosor Ela , Hrabak Maja , Gordon John 
Published: June 2003

AbstractResting (CD38low) tonsillar B cells differentiate to express the centroblast‐restricted CD77/globotriaosylceramide antigen on high‐level engagement of CD154. As the CD38low population comprises both naive and memory subsets, we wished to compare the propensity of each to develop this germinal center phenotype; particularly as the capacity of memory B cells to re‐enter afollicular reaction remains unclear. Resting B lymphocytes were therefore separated into CD27–IgA–IgG– and IgD– fractions to generate subsets enriched for naive and memory cells, respectively. Following stimulation via BCR and/or CD40 – surrogate signals for B cells engaged in T‐dependent signaling – differences between the two subsets were seen in the kinetics and/or magnitude of responses such as entry into DNA synthesis, induction of the costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86; up‐regulation of CD23, and changes in BCL‐6 mRNA expression. Nevertheless, naive and memory cells revealed a nigh identical capacity for acquiring CD77: both appeared equally sensitive in this regard, with high‐level CD40 engagement via cell‐bound CD154 being required for both subsets to achieve the hallmark centroblast phenotype. These findings suggest that, provided with the opportunity to encounter cell membrane CD154 in abundance, both naive and memory B cells display the potential to be diverted towards a germinal center pathway of differentiation.
‘Bystander polarization’ of CD4+ T cells: activation with high‐dose IL‐2 renders naive T cells responsive to IL‐12 and/or IL‐18 in the absence of TCR ligation
Authors: Chakir Habiba , Lam Debbie Ka Yee , Lemay Anne‐Marie , Webb John R. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractResponsiveness of CD4+ T cells to the IFN‐γ‐inducing cytokines IL‐12 and IL‐18 is generally thought to be acquired only after stimulation via the TCR. We report herein that stimulation of naive CD4+ T cells with high‐dose IL‐2 (1000 U/ml) renders these cells responsive to IL‐12 and/or IL‐18 without a requirement for TCR ligation. Naive CD4+CD62L+ Tcells from normal C57BL/6 mice or from DO11.10/Rag2–/– OVA‐specific TCR‐transgenic mice secreted substantial amounts of IFN‐γ when stimulated concurrently with high‐dose IL‐2 plus IL‐12 or IL‐18. mRNA encoding both chains of the IL‐12 and the IL‐18 receptors was expressed by CD4+ T cells after stimulation with high‐dose IL‐2. Furthermore, anti‐CD3‐induced IL‐12/IL‐18 responsiveness was fully abrogated in the presence of cyclosporin A whereas IL‐2‐induced IL‐12/IL‐18 responsiveness was not, reminiscent of the previously reported IL‐12+IL‐18 innate pathway of T cell activation. Lastly, after stimulation with IL‐2+IL‐12, naive CD4+ T cells from DO11.10/Rag2–/– mice exhibited polarization towards a Th1 phenotype (high IFN‐γ but no IL‐4) during secondary stimulation with immobilized anti‐CD3. We have coined the term ‘bystander polarization’ to describe this phenomenon and we speculate that bystander polarization of naive CD4+ T cells may occur in vivo during strong antigen‐specific immune responses.
"Bystander" recruitment of systemic memory T cells delays the immune response to respiratory virus infection
Authors: Ostler Tobias , Pircher Hanspeter , Ehl Stephan 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe concept of heterologous T cell immunity postulates that nonspecific memory T cells recruited and reactivated in the context of an unrelated virus infection may contribute to protective antiviral immunity. Pulmonary infection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) of mice immune to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) leads to substantial recruitment of systemic LCMV‐specific memory CD8 T cells to the lung. Using a sensitive TCR‐transgenic model, we show that such "bystander" recruitment to the RSV‐infected lung could induce a single round of cell division among LCMV‐specific T cells. However, it did not change their activation status as assessed by expression of surface markers, the extent or kinetics of IFN‐γ production and cytolytic effector function. Moreover,recruitment of LCMV‐specific bystander T cells not only failed to enhance immunity to RSV, but significantly delayed virus elimination and slightly enhanced RSV‐induced weight loss in non‐transgenic BALB/c mice. This correlated with a delay in the recruitment of RSV‐specific T cells to the lung. These data show that bystander recruitment of heterologous T cells is not necessarily accompanied by bystander activation. More importantly, bystander recruitment of systemic memory T cells can impair antiviral immunity, presumably by interference with the recruitment of specific T cells.
Induction of T‐cell‐mediated skin disease specific for antigen transgenically expressed in keratinocytes
Authors: Azukizawa Hiroaki , Kosaka Hiroshi , Sano Shigetoshi , Heath William R. , Takahashi Isao , Gao Xing‐Hua , Sumikawa Yasuyuki , Okabe Masaru , Yoshikawa Kunihiko , Itami Satoshi 
Published: June 2003

AbstractTransgenic mice were generated to establish an animal model for T‐cell‐mediated autoimmune skin disease. A membrane‐bound form of OVA (mOVA) was specifically expressed under the control of thekeratin 5 (K5) promoter in the epidermal and hair follicular keratinocytes of mice. Syngeneic, wild‐type mice rejected the skin grafts of K5‐mOVA mice with the generation of OVA‐specific CTL. To study the CTL response against K5‐mOVA skin, we used OT‐I transgenic mice, which produce Kb‐restricted, OVA‐specific CD8+ T cells. Accelerated rejection of K5‐mOVA skin was demonstrated when transplanted onto OT‐I mice. Furthermore, OT‐I cells, when adoptively transferred into K5‐mOVA mice, underwent activation and vigorous proliferation in the skin‐draining lymph nodes. A bone‐marrow‐reconstitution assay demonstrated that Kb presentation by bone‐marrow‐derived cells, but not epithelial cells, was required for this response, indicating that cross‐priming was the basis for immunity in this model. Finally, transferred OT‐I cells, activated by cross‐priming, targeted the skin of K5‐mOVA mice, resulting in development of skin lesions that were reminiscent of toxic epidermal necrolysis. We conclude that our system provides a useful model for autoimmune skin diseases and will aid understanding of the pathomechanism of drug eruption, viral exanthema, and graft‐versus‐host disease.
Paradoxical effects of arthritis‐regulating chromosome 4 regions on myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein‐induced encephalomyelitis in congenic rats
Authors: Becanovic Kristina , Bäckdahl Liselotte , Wallström Erik , Aboul‐Enein Fahmy , Lassmann Hans , Olsson Tomas , Lorentzen Johnny C. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractImmunoregulatory gene loci in different organ‐specific inflammatory diseases often co‐localize. We here studied myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)‐induced EAE in rat strains congenic for arthritis‐regulating genome regions on chromosome 4. We used congenic rats with a 70‐centimorgan (cM) fragment from the EAE‐ and arthritis‐resistant PVG.1AV1 rat strain on the arthritis‐ and EAE‐permissive Dark Agouti (DA) rat background. In addition, we evaluated three recombinant strains, C4R1–C4R3, which overlap with arthritis‐linked loci. PVG.1AV1 alleles in the C4R1 recombinant did not affect arthritis, but conferred protection against MOG‐EAE. PVG.1AV1 alleles in the C4R2 recombinant down‐regulated arthritis but had no effect in MOG‐EAE. Paradoxically, PVG.1AV1 alleles in the C4R3 recombinant down‐regulated arthritis, but the same fragment increased serum levels of anti‐MOG Ab and aggravated clinical MOG‐EAE. Thus, we provide original evidence that the same genome regions can have opposite effects in different organ‐specific inflammatory diseases. Interestingly, no apparent difference in the MOG‐EAE phenotype was observed in full‐length congenic rats and parental DA rats, suggesting that the disease amelioration in C4R1 and aggravation in C4R3 functionally counteract each other. The data set the stage for definition of the mechanisms and positioning of the genes regulating two organ‐specific inflammatory diseases differently.