bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF FEVER
Authors: Atkins Elisha , Wood W. Barry 
Published: June 2004

Further studies have been made of a pyrogenic substance which appears in the circulation of rabbits during the course of experimental fever induced by injection of typhoid vaccine. With the use of a passive transfer method and pyrogen-tolerant recipients, the biological properties of this substance have been differentiated from those of the uncleared vaccine in the circulation. The newly identified factor resembles leucocytic pyrogen in the rapidity with which it produces fever and in its failure to exhibit cross-tolerance with bacterial pyrogen. This striking similarity of properties suggests that the circulating factor is of endogenous origin and may arise from cell injury. A close correlation between its presence in the circulation and the existence of fever has been demonstrated.
The possible relationship of these findings to the pathogenesis of fever is evident.
GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS OF INFLUENZA VIRUS CONCERNING THE BINDING OF VIRUS BY HOST CELLS
Authors: Ackermann W. Wilbur , Ishida Nakao , Maassab H. F. 
Published: June 2004

Under certain conditions, influenza virus may bind to chorioallantoic membrane and the infectious property is retained upon prolonged incubation of the complex. Apparently the bound active virus is not functioning in the initiation of viral increase.
The bound infectious virus may be partially removed by extensive washing. The characteristics of the washing are suggestive of a reversible equilibrium type of binding. Binding will also occur when the tissue has been pretreated with RDE or in the presence of AMPS. However, under these conditions the binding is of a lesser degree. When the tissue has been treated with RDE and AMPS is present, no stable binding occurs. In the presence of AMPS, the initiating activity is bound but cannot function in promoting viral increase.
It is proposed that active virus is held by two types of binding at the same site; one type of binding is sensitive to the action of RDE; the second type is sensitive to the blocking effect of AMPS. Virus can be held to the receptor site by either type of binding or both. It is further suggested that the bound infectious virus is a result of an abortive attempt at initiating infection. The nature of the binding of infectious virus is of significance for understanding the binding of initiating activity.
RED CELL STROMA AND HEMOGLOBIN METABOLISM IN ANEMIC DOGS
Authors: Tishkoff G. H. , Yuile C. L. , Robscheit-Robbins F. S. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

Red cell stroma protein and hemoglobin can be labeled by feeding C14 lysine during periods of active blood regeneration following anemia.
Stroma proteins are produced and a maximum concentration of the C14 label appears 2 to 3 days earlier than with hemoglobin,—which is to say that stroma building precedes hemoglobin construction.
The concentration of isotope in stroma protein may exceed its concentration in hemoglobin during regeneration following anemia due to blood loss. Diets favorable for hemoglobin regeneration may force the hemoglobin isotope concentration above that of the stroma protein.
In hemolytic anemias great reserves of red cell building material are stored in the body. These stores may modify the curves of isotope concentration in red cells during the recovery periods.
When finally formed, the mature red cells show little or no evidence of participation in general body protein metabolism during their life in the circulation.
FACTORS INFLUENCING HOST-VIRUS INTERACTIONS
Authors: Boring William D. , Angevine D. Murray , Walker Duard L. 
Published: June 2004

A study was made of the pathogenesis of infection due to the Conn.-5 strain of Coxsackie virus in 4 to 5 day old infant mice, untreated adult mice, and adult mice treated with cortisone. The quantitative distribution of virus and the evolution of lesions in different tissues were followed for the first 7 days of the infection. Virus dissemination was prompt and widespread via the blood in all groups. In 4 to 5 day old infant mice viral multiplication and cellular injury occurred in many organs and tissues, while in untreated adult mice these processes were largely limited to the pancreas, even though infecting virus appeared to be equally available to other tissues from the blood. Treatment of adult mice with a single injection of 2.5 mg. cortisone resulted in viral multiplication and tissue damage in several sites in addition to the pancreas, the most marked occurring in the liver and heart.
In a consideration of possible mechanisms involved, it was thought unlikely that the differences in the course of the disease in the three groups could be attributed solely to differences in the specific immune response. It is suggested that developmental changes in cells and tissues, perhaps related to cellular metabolism and alterable by cortisone administration, are the major factors determining the location and extent of viral multiplication and tissue injury in this infection in mice.
THE PROPERDIN SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY
Authors: Pillemer Louis , Blum Livia , Lepow Irwin H. , Wurz Leona , Todd Earl W. 
Published: June 2004

A detailed method for the zymosan assay of properdin is described, together with procedures for the preparation and standardization of reagents employed in the test.
The reliability and reproducibility of the assay, as well as its limitations, are discussed.
GLOMERULAR LESIONS AND THE NEPHROTIC SYNDROME IN RABBITS GIVEN SACCHARATED IRON OXIDE INTRAVENOUSLY
Authors: Ellis John T. 
Published: June 2004

Intravascular precipitates, comprised at least in part of iron, formed regularly in rabbits given one or more injections of a saccharated iron oxide preparation intravenously, and these lodged in numerous capillaries throughout the body, particularly those of the lungs and kidneys. Large numbers of the brownish precipitates remained in the capillaries of the renal glomeruli during the first few days following injection of the iron, but most of them disappeared after 5 to 7 days, with only moderate amounts of brown pigment remaining in the endothelial cells of the renal glomeruli. Signs of acute injury of the glomerular tufts—namely) pyknosis of some of the endothelial cells, margination of leukocytes within the glomerular capillaries, and slight proliferation of the epithelial cells—also developed some 5 to 7 days following injection of the iron, along with marked proteinuria, which proved transitory if no further injections were given. When the iron preparation was given repeatedly over prolonged intervals, however, the proteinuria persisted and became extreme, and hypoproteinemia developed, often with hypercholesterolemia and transitory edema as well. Histological studies of the kidneys of rabbits manifesting the nephrotic syndrome, as just described, disclosed that virtually all the renal glomeruli were greatly altered, mainly owing to proliferation of the epithelial cells, together with some fibrosis and atrophy. Some of the rabbits having marked proteinuria and other functional changes eventually developed azotemia following repeated injections of the iron, and several of them lost weight and died; the renal glomeruli of these animals showed changes like those just described, but the alterations were more extensive.
Considered together, the findings provide evidence that the intravascular precipitates first occluded the glomerular capillaries for a period of several days following injection of the iron and then largely disappeared from them just prior to the development of morphologic signs of glomerular injury and proteinuria. Hence the possibility was considered that the intracapillary precipitates might have produced acute injury to the walls of the glomerular capllaries through the agency of anoxia. But it is plain that the findings of the present study do not disclose the essential nature of the anatomical change responsible for the proteinuria, or the means whereby this was produced.
The findings as a whole were briefly considered in relation to the pathogenesis of the nephrotic syndrome as it occurs naturally in human beings.
THE KINETICS OF IRON METABOLISM IN NORMAL GROWING SWINE
Authors: Jensen W. N. , Bush J. A. , Ashenbrucker Helen , Cartwright G. E. , Wintrobe M. M. 
Published: June 2004

Plasma and red cell iron turnover rates were determined in 18 normal growing swine by the use of tracer doses of Fe59. Body surface counting was performed on a representative group of animals following the injection of the isotope.
The mean half-time of plasma iron disappearance was 1.19 ± 0.26 hours. Two exponential rates of disappearance of Fe59 from the plasma were observed in 15 of the pigs and a single rate was observed in the other 3. The mean plasma iron turnover rate was 1.11 ± 0.34 mg./kg. day. The average maximum incorporation of Fe59 into the erythrocytes was 92 ± 9 per cent. The mean red cell iron incorporation rate was 1.10 mg./kg. day, but an average of 0.42 mg./kg. day of this was calculated as being due to increasing red cell mass incidental to body growth, so that the true mean red cell iron turnover rate was 0.59 ± 0.19 mg./kg. day. The average "apparent" red cell life span was 63 ± 16 days. This is in agreement with the red cell life span of 62 days determined previously with glycine-2-C14.
CHANGES IN THE OSMOTIC ACTIVITY OF LIVER AND OF KIDNEY TISSUE CAUSED BY PASSAGE OF SODIUM CHLORIDE, UREA, AND SOME OTHER SUBSTANCES INTO CELLS
Authors: Opie Eugene L. 
Published: June 2004

The osmotic activity of liver tissue and of kidney cortex tested within 10 minutes after immersion in solutions of sodium chloride has been increased by procedures which introduce sodium chloride, urea or creatinin into the body in excess of its elimination.
A substance formed by cell metabolism, namely urea, can increase the osmotic activity of liver and of kidney cells.
The amino acids, glycine and arginine, under similar conditions have not increased the osmotic activity of liver or of kidney cortex.
EFFECTS OF HORMONES ON THE ADRENAL NECROSIS PRODUCED BY BESNOITIA JELLISONI IN GOLDEN HAMSTERS
Authors: Frenkel J. K. 
Published: June 2004

Adrenal necrosis has been described in golden hamsters where it occurs during the course of infection with Besnoilia jellisoni. This necrosis results directly from the active intracellular proliferation by this obligate intracellular protozoan organism.
After infection, adrenal necrosis is rarely observed in hypophysectomized hamsters. In unoperated animals adrenal necrosis is suppressed to varying degrees by cortisone (E), hydrocortisone (F), corticosterone (B), 11-dehydrocorticosterone (A), and possibly by 11-desoxycorticosterone (DOCA).
Besnoitia organisms proliferate in otherwise "immune" hamsters around the subcutaneous deposits of the acetates of cortisone (E), hydrocortisone (F), and 11-dehydrocorticosterone (A); a marked depression of general immunity follows the administration of pharmacologic doses of the former two hormones. Organisms do not proliferate around the sites of corticosterone acetate (B) and 11desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) injection, nor next to deposits of testosterone propionate, 11-desoxy-17-hydroxycorticosterone acetate (Reichstein's compound S) and epinephrine in oil.
It is postulated that certain glucocorticoids can so modify immunity mechanisms locally, that general immunity becomes ineffective; this occurs in the adrenal glands owing to endogenous corticoid production, at the sites of exogenous corticoid injection, and proximal to that in the lungs.
A comparison is made with the pathogenesis of tuberculosis and histoplasmosis of the adrenal gland which results in Addison's disease in man, and it is concluded that a similar pathogenetic mechanism is operative. The use of glucocorticoids for replacement therapy is discussed in reference to their relative resistance-depressing activities in pharmacologic doses. These undesirable side effects would appear to be less pronounced, if not absent, if corticosterone (B) rather than cortisone (E) and hydrocortisone (F) therapy were used.
Porcine adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) appearsto depress the incidence of adrenal necrosis in unoperated hamsters, and supports proliferation of organisms in the adrenal cortex with subsequent necrosis in only a small proportion of hypophysectomized hamsters. The possibility is discussed that ACTH from a different species (hog) might lead to a change in the secretory activity of the hamster adrenal gland.
DOES THE INGESTION OF ALCOHOL INFLUENCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARTERIOSCLEROSIS IN FOWLS?
Authors: Nichols C. W. , Siperstein M. D. , Gaffey W. , Lindsay Stuart , Chaikoff I. L. 
Published: June 2004

The effect of alcohol ingestion upon the development of naturally occurring and stilbestrol-induced arteriosclerosis was studied in the domestic fowl. In two experiments, a 15 per cent ethyl alcohol solution was used for drinking purposes, and in a third experiment wine containing 12 per cent of it was administered. The caloric intake of both food and alcohol was carefully controlled by pair-feeding, a glucose solution being used for drinking purposes to equalize the caloric intakes of the control birds with those of the alcohol-treated birds. A total of 224 cockrels was studied, and the period of observation for each experiment lasted 12 months.
The degree of arteriosclerosis in the thoracic and abdominal aortas was determined in the gross and microscopically, and the degree of lipide infiltration was determined microscopically. The gross grading of arteriosclerotic lesions agreed closely with the microscopic analysis of intimal thickening and lipide infiltration of the arterial wall.
The gross gradings were subjected to a critical statistical analysis which allowed precise statements to be made on the probability that a real effect would be overlooked. This analysis yielded no evidence that alcohol or the wine used had affected the degree of gross arteriosclerosis or lipide infiltration.
STUDIES ON NON-PRECIPITATING ANTIBODY
Authors: Sternberger Ludwig A. , Feinberg Samuel M. , Clarke Martha E. 
Published: June 2004

Brief exposure of serum to alkali in the cold seems to convert non-precipitating antibody to a precipitin-like material. This was disclosed by the following lines of evidence.
1. Immune sera, after addition of antigen and removal of the ensuing precipitates, yielded after alkali treatment more antibody-antigen complex than did sera to which no antigen was added.
2. When immune sera were depleted of precipitating antibody, treated by alkali, and antibody-antigen complex was allowed to precipitate, the resulting supernates formed additional prescipitates upon admixture of specific antigen. No precipitation occurred upon addition of non-specific protein to the treated supemates or the addition of specific antigen to depleted sera not treated by alkali.
3. Alkali-treated immune sera precipitated more antigen than untreated sera.
TRANSFORMATION REACTIONS WITH TWO NON-ALLELIC R MUTANTS OF THE SAME STRAIN OF PNEUMOCOCCUS TYPE VIII
Authors: Macleod Colin M. , Krauss Marjorie R. 
Published: June 2004

Two distinct R mutants of pneumococcus type VIIIS have been described in which the mutations leading to loss of type VIII polysaccharide production are non-allelic. A DNA extract prepared from either R strain restores the capacity to produce type VIII polysaccharide in the other strain. Autologous extracts are inert in this respect.
DNA extracts from pneumococcus type IIS when applied to the two R mutants consistently yielded a high proportion of cells transformed to type VIIIS and relatively small numbers of type IIS cells.
When extracts prepared from other encapsulated pneumococci, types IS, VIIS, XIVS, and XVIIIS, were applied to R mutant VIII-R1, a mixture of type VIIIS cells and cells corresponding to the type of the donor appeared, although the proportion of type VIIIS cells was not uniformly in excess. The same extracts applied to the second R mutant, VIII-R13, yielded transformed cells of the type of the donor only, or else transformation did not occur.
Transforming extracts of a strain of pneumococcus type IIIS gave rise only to type IIIS pneumococci when applied to either strain. Type VIIIS pneumococci were never recovered from such interactions.
A STUDY OF PLASMA PROTEIN ALTERATIONS IN RABBITS INFECTED WITH TYPE I PNEUMOCOCCI
Authors: Jacox Ralph F. , Feldmahn Alexandra 
Published: June 2004

An investigation of the plasma protein changes in rabbits infected intradermally with Type I pneumococci has been carried out, utilizing a cationic detergent method of protein fractionation. A consistent pattern of change was observed. There was an increase in the alpha globulins and fibrinogen concentration which reached maximal levels at the height of the infection. Albumin fell to a minimal concentration when the increment of alpha globulins and fibrinogen was greatest. The beta-gamma concentration showed a significant decrease during the most severe phase of the infection but returned to normal several days after spontaneous subsidence of bacteremia.
The magnitude of these plasma protein alterations depended on the severity of the infection and the response of the host. Significantly greater changes were observed in rabbits severely bacteremic than in those with mild bacteremia. Administration of penicillin suppressed the infection and decreased the usual plasma protein alterations. Injection of cortisone prior to the onset of the Type I pneumococcus infection caused an early inhibition of the expected plasma protein changes, but later the protein pattem developed in the same manner as it did in the severely infected animals.
LATENT VIRAL INFECTION OF CELLS IN TISSUE CULTURE
Authors: Johnson Karl M. , Morgan Herbert R. 
Published: June 2004

When chick embryo tissues cultivated for 13 days in Hanks's balanced salt solution (BSS) were infected with psittacosis virus (6BC), they did not support active viral multiplication until synthetic medium 199 of Parker (3) was added. By testing various combinations of the substances in this and other synthetic media, it was found that the minimum number of compounds required to effectively stimulate virus growth in the presence of BSS comprised the amino acids and water-soluble vitamins found in medium 199. Addition of either amino acids or water-soluble vitamins alone to BSS resulted in only slight stimulation of viral proliferation.
Many constituents of the synthetic media were found not to be essential to the stimulation of viral multiplication. The following substances added to a medium containing amino acids and water-soluble vitamins in BSS failed to increase the quantity of virus produced: diphosphopyridine nucleotide (DPN), triphosphopyridine nucleotide (TPN), coenzyme A, the fat-soluble vitamins, ribose sugars, and three biological reducing agents: cysteine, glutathione, and ascorbic acid. Among other substances that proved to be not essential a group of purines and pyrimidines present in medium 199 were found to be probably toxic to cells in the concentrations used, since virus titers were lower in media containing these compounds than in those from which they were absent.
A change in the nutritional status of these cells involving amino acids and water-soluble vitamins has thus permitted to transform a latent, undetectable viral infection to an inactive infection in vitro.
STUDIES ON THE INTERACTION BETWEEN PHAGOCYTES AND TUBERCLE BACILLI
Authors: Stähelin Hartmann , Suter Emanuel , Karnovsky Manfred L. 
Published: June 2004

As a basis for studies on the interaction of phagocytes and tubercle bacilli experiments were carried out to obtain information on some biochemical characteristics of exudate leucocytes from guinea pigs.
It was found that total cellular phosphorus was the most suitable measure of protoplasm. Cell counts were less reliable because of unavoidable clumping in the suspension, and dry weight measurements were less specific when contamination with erythrocytes occurred. The utility of phosphorus measurements in this connection depends upon the fact that an erythrocyte contains only 4 per cent of the phosphorus present in a leucocyte.
From measurements on mixed suspensions consisting of varying known proportions of polymorphonuclear and mononuclear leucocytes as determined by differential counting, it was possible to compute true values for these two cell types with respect to oxygen consumption and lactic acid production. Thus it was found that monocytes consumed considerably more oxygen and produced more lactate than polymorphonuclear leucocytes. From the data obtained it is suggested that differences in metabolic activity found when comparing cell suspensions obtained by the use of different irritants are due to different proportions of the two cell types.
In particular, the effects of oxygen tension and pH on the activities of the cells were studied. It was found that decreasing the proportion of oxygen in the atmosphere from that of air to 1 per cent reduced oxygen consumption by about 80 per cent, whereas lactic acid production was increased by about 45 per cent. It was also found that decreasing the pH of the medium below pH 7.5 caused a considerable reduction in the respiration, lactate production, and viability of polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The monocytes proved less sensitive to similar changes in pH, especially with regard to lactic acid production and viability.
Observations were made of oxygen consumption and lactate production during phagocytosis. During the hour following the addition of heat-killed tubercle bacilli to the phagocytes, the oxygen consumption of suspensions rich in polymorphonuclear leucocytes rose by 60 per cent, and that of suspensions rich in monocytes rose by nearly 100 per cent. Lactic acid production was unchanged during phagocytosis.
DISTRIBUTION OF BLOOD IN THE FUNCTIONAL KIDNEY
Authors: Weaver A. N. , McCarver C. T. , Swann H. G. 
Published: June 2004

An attempt to measure the distribution of blood in the functional kidney of dogs was made. The method involved the injection of liquid latex rubber into the vascular system at physiologic pressures, fixation of the rubber in situ, and then, after corroding away all tissue, measurement of the volume of the rubber casts. The kidney contains, in its functionally distended state, 14 per cent blood. Of this, 4.5 per cent is apparently in the arteries and some 7 per cent in the veins. The functional engorgement of the cortical interlobular veins (about 4 per cent) is particularly striking, for they form a dense palisade of 40 to 300 µ vessels. These are not seen at the usual autopsy since they have drained out and collapsed.
It is pointed out that attempts to describe the blood distribution in the kidney after it has been drained of blood are of dubious value. In the light of these data, also, the nature of the measurement of "intrarenal pressure," accomplished by inserting a needle into the renal parenchyma, may be better understood: it is suggested to be primarily a measure of interlobular venous pressure.