bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Evolutionary Ethics of Alfred C. Kinsey
Authors: Churchill Frederick B. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAs a student of William Morton Wheeler, Kinsey made his first contributions to biology, and adapted the taxonomic methods he had used in research on gall wasps to the study of human sexuality. The research for which he is famous was fueled not just by scientific curiosity, but also by a conviction that a scientific understanding of the varieties of sexual behavior should have an impact on the value judgments society makes about sexuality. He was less successful in this enterprise, in part because he may not have understood the logical and philosophical difficulties, such as those involving the naturalistic fallacy and the argument de animalibus, that beset any attempt to devise an evolutionary ethics.
When Science Teaching Becomes a Subversive Activity
Authors: Hoodbhoy Pervez 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
This chapter describes the unfortunate effects of attempts in Pakistan to produce Islamic science, promoted in part by Western authors such as Maurice Bucaille. Islamic fundamentalism is extremely intransigent, in part because the Qur’an is held to be the literal, spoken words of God. Passages that speak of natural phenomena must take precedence over science textbooks, and scientific explanations invoking cause and effect must give way to talk of Allah’s will.
Postmodernism, Hindu Nationalism, and “Vedic Science”
Authors: Nanda Meera 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIndian intellectuals influenced by postmoderism such as Ashis Nandy and Vandana Shiva, put local folk beliefs on a par with science. Hindu nationalists, especially members of the Vishwa Hindu Parishad, following the lead of the historical figure Swami Vivekananda and the contemporary Subhash Kak, have developed what they call “Vedic Science”, including Vedic astrology and Vedic creationism. Although India welcomes new technology, it has for the most part rejected the values of modern science, thus embracing a stance of what might be called reactionary modernism.
Religion and Reading in Early America
Authors: Nord David Paul 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
This chapter discusses the historical context that produced an entrepreneur of religion and reading such as missionary Samuel Mills. It describes how the interplay of Protestant doctrine and New England family and social organizations nurtured a linking for print. Although early Puritans did not believe that God’s grace could be summoned by human agency, they did believe that reading the word was a means through humankind received God’s grace.
Millennial Print
Authors: Nord David Paul 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
This chapter examines the beginnings of missionary publishing societies in the years following the American Revolution. It focuses on how ideology — the will to print — begat organizational practice. It describes how a new millennial spirit in the early republic encouraged a rising faith among religions leaders, especially in New England, in human agency, and human institutions. It presents stories of the first American missionary societies and their ventures into publishing. It discusses the creation of the New England Tract Society in 1814, which served as a non-commercial wholesale publisher with genuine national reach.
The New Mass Media
Authors: Nord David Paul 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
This chapter discusses the business organization strategies of religious publishers. Although the American Bible Society, American Tract Society, and American Sunday School Union had developed the technological capacity for universal mass media by 1830, they lacked the organizational ability to distribute these books to all the people who needed them. Focusing on the work of the American Bible Society and American Tract Society in the 1830s and 1840s, it is shown how the religious publishers created new structures and strategies of business organization to do, through the invisible hand of administration, what invisible hand of the market could not do.
How Readers Did Read
Authors: Nord David Paul 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
This chapter discusses the actual practices of ordinary readers. Readers’ reactions to the flood of Bibles, tracts, and books from national religious publishing societies in the 1840s and 1850s are described, drawing on the statistical and descriptive information collected by the American Tract Society and Presbyterian Board of Publication. It tells the story of change from scarcity to abundance in the realm of cheap religious publications, and how readers responded to this change.
Occupying the City
Authors: Bendroth Margaret Lamberts 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Anti-Catholic fervor inspired a new round of institution-building among conservative Protestants. A concerted campaign on behalf of beleaguered street preachers gave rise to the Evangelistic Association of New England in 1887, a para-denominational organization that trained and placed evangelists around the region. In 1889, A. J. Gordon and his associates opened a Missionary Training School (which eventually became Gordon College and Gordon-Conwell Seminary), aimed at sending young men and women to evangelize the world in the shadow of an impending Second Coming.
The Stranger's Sabbath Home
Authors: Bendroth Margaret Lamberts 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Organized in 1838, Tremont Temple was the leading downtown Protestant church at the turn of the century. Ardently committed to abolitionism in its early days, the Baptist congregation was organized on a free church model instead of the traditional pew rent system. By the late 19th century, it had developed into a revivalist preaching centers, typical of many other large urban congregations of that time. The members were predominantly young, often single men and women, many of them immigrants from the Canadian Maritimes. Fundamentalism of a particular type took root there, stressing personal piety more than social confrontation and, because of the constant need to generate income through rental of building space, relatively open to strategic compromises.
Brimstone Corner
Authors: Bendroth Margaret Lamberts 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Park Street Congregational church was founded in 1809 as a bastion of Protestant orthodoxy during a time of Unitarian growth. Over the course of the 19th century the church stuck to its theological agenda, but charted a more uncertain course in a changing urban environment. At the brink of closing its doors in 1900, Park Street revitalized under the leadership of A.Z. Conrad and his insistence on a strong conservative, evangelistic program. By the 1930s, Park Street was the center of a regional movement, spurred by the aggressive leadership of pastor Harold John Ockenga and the entrepreneurial zeal of the New England Fellowship, an organization dedicated to worldwide revival.
Michael Polanyi
Authors: Scott William Taussig , Moleski Martin X. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Michael Polanyi (1891–1976) was born to a Viennese family living in Hungary. After obtaining a medical degree, he served in the Austro-Hungarian army in World War I, then chose Austrian citizenship in the aftermath of the war. While on sick leave, he wrote an article on the adsorption of gases that became the foundation for his doctoral research in physical chemistry at Karlsruhe in Germany. In his later work at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin and the University of Manchester in England, Polanyi also worked on crystallography and reaction kinetics. After fleeing to England from Nazi Germany, Polanyi gradually turned away from physical chemistry to studies in economics, social and political analysis, philosophy, theology, and aesthetics. The biography traces the development of Polanyi's theory of tacit, personal knowledge and shows how his scientific career shaped his philosophy of science and his view of religion in general and Christianity and Judaism in particular.
The Fiber Institute: 1920–1923
Authors: Scott William Taussig , Moleski Martin X. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Fritz Haber hired Polanyi to work in the Fiber Chemistry Group of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin. Polanyi helped develop the rotating-crystal method of X-ray crystallography, made solid contributions to understanding the structure of cellulose, pressed forward with his work on adsorption catalysis and electrostatic dipoles, laid the foundation for transition rate theory in reaction kinetics, and investigated the bond strength of crystals; he was also forced to give up a cherished theory about quantum jumps in reaction kinetics, which taught him an important lesson about how scientists work together to distinguish real discoveries from mistaken surmises. Polanyi married Magda Kemeny on February 21, 1921, in a civil ceremony; their first child, George Michael Polanyi, was born on October 1, 1922.
The Last Years: 1971–1976
Authors: Scott William Taussig , Moleski Martin X. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
In his declining years, Polanyi worked with Harry Prosch to pull together his insights into aesthetics, epistemology, theology, and culture. Meaning was published shortly before Polanyi's death on February 22, 1976. This chapter presents a retrospective on Polanyi's relationship to Christianity and argues that his commitment to "ultimate concerns" (Tillich) such as truth, justice, freedom, charity, and beauty mark him as a man of faith even though he identified with no particular Christian communion.
Seekers and Setting
Authors: Tumminia Diana G. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe author describes the setting, entry into the field, and the difficulty of writing an ethnography about a group with an unusual worldview. She meets members, who are called students, and the coordinator named Antares. The students explain their science and their belief in past-life therapy, cycles, and recovered memories. They glean knowledge from channeling, inspiration, and the practice of psychodrama. The 2001 millennial prophecy speaks of the arrival of a fleet of flying saucers that will lead an age of spiritual and scientific transformation.
How Prophecy Never Fails
Authors: Tumminia Diana G. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe discussion takes issue with Leon Festinger’s When Prophecy Fails and cognitive dissonance theory by providing alternative explanations of disconfirmed prophecy. Ernest Norman lays the groundwork for Ruth Norman with visions and channeled messages from outer space. The evolution of Unarian prophecies and their failures shows how members come to view the phenomenon as a reliving of past lives and a healing process. Melvin Pollner’s theory of mundane reason indicates that believers find errors in the interpretations of others rather than seeing the flaws in their own logic.
Self‐Determination
Authors: Chappell Vere 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis chapter focuses on self-determination. For many 17th-century thinkers, self-determination is the mark of free agency: a free agent is one who determines himself, and conversely. The doctrine of self-determinism was usually formulated in terms of the will. The positions of Locke, Bramhall, and Cudworth on self-determination are discussed.
Kant on Science and Experience
Authors: Friedman Michael 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis chapter argues that since Kant's model of properly scientific knowledge is the Newtonian theory of universal gravitation, Kant's view of science is not predicated on a sharp distinction between the “scientific image” and the “manifest image” of the world such as that familiar today. For Kant, the scientific image is simply a more precise and determinate version of the manifest image, and our contemporary opposition between scientific and ordinary experience — based, as it is, on a fundamental divergence between these two images — appears as entirely anachronistic and misplaced. For this reason, Kant's own examples of objects of experience — heavy bodies, houses, ships, freezing water, the earth, the moon, and the heavenly bodies, water rising due to capillarity, a stone being warmed by illumination of the sun, and so on — constitute what looks to us like a quite indiscriminate mix of “ordinary” and “scientific” cases.
Animal Rights
Authors: Yarri Donna 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis chapter argues that on the basis of the reality of animal minds and animal sentience that animal rights exist and should be protected. Just as humans are granted rights, even marginal humans, so too should animals. Not only should animals have moral rights, but legal rights as well. The rights which should exist in animal experimentation are as follows: freedom from unnecessary pain and suffering, not to have liberty so restricted, not to have their lives unnecessarily shortened, to engage in species-specific behavior, and to be treated with respect as individuals.
Jesus' Followers and the Roman Empire
Authors: Bryan Christopher 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Paul writes within the biblical tradition, regarding the state as God’s minister for God’s purposes: therefore the state’s authority is legitimate but open to prophetic challenge. Paul urges Christians to pay tax and respect the state’s right to execute “wrath.” Probably he also urges wealthy Christians to benefaction, thereby seeking the good of the city. All this is with a view to the new age that Paul believes is dawning in Christ. Much rhetoric of Pauline proclamation—Jesus as “lord” and “son of God”—resonates with Roman imperial rhetoric: such resonance does not necessarily imply confrontation and may imply approval. Suggestions that Christians’ claims to heavenly “citizenship” were denials of their Roman citizenship involve a failure to understand metaphor. Mere constraints of language obliged Paul to use at times the same vocabulary to speak of the divine as did others. Paul writes only once directly of the Roman state (Rom 13.1–7), and there he is generally positive.
The Folly of Trying to Define Truth
Authors: Davidson Donald 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
This essay argues that the concept of truth as well as related subjects of philosophical inquiry such as knowledge, belief, intention, and memory cannot be reduced to more elementary concepts, since these are the most elementary ones available. Tarski’s truth theory is examined, and a radical alternative to the truth theories considered in the preceding essay is proposed to identify the empirical connections between the concept of truth and observable human behaviour. A methodological model for this project is Frank Ramsey’s decision theory for constructing subjective probability.
Dialectic and Dialogue
Authors: Davidson Donald 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
This essay argues that the Socratic elenchus is a crucible in which some of our most important words, and the concepts they express are tested, melted down, reshaped, and given a new edge. It is a microcosm of the ongoing process of language formation itself, though a sophisticated and self-conscious microcosm which takes advantage of rich and complex linguistic and cultural institutions already in existence. To illustrate this point, a feature of elementary language learning is compared with the cooperative reworking of verbal usage that occurs in a dialectical exchange.
The Beginnings of Rapprochement
Authors: Ayres Lewis 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Begins by discussing the relations between Church and Emperor between 360 and 378. The period as a whole is marked by a gradual coalescing of a ‘pro-Nicene’ theological position in which different theologies come to recognise Nicaea as a standard of orthodoxy. The same theologies also come to a common theological grammar which recognises the unity of God and the irreducibility of the persons. Explores this emergence of a pro-Nicene theology in Athanasius and in Latin theology in the early 360s. Ends with a more detailed treatment of Hilary’s theology.
On the Contours Of Mystery
Authors: Ayres Lewis 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The first of three that offer a summary of the shared pro-Nicene theological culture. Begins by defining the author’s use of ‘culture’ and then sketches some of the fundamental shared principles in pro-Nicene Trinitarianism. God is one in nature, power, and activity while the three persons are irreducible. The persons act inseparably ad extra. God is distinct from the world, simple, and unique. The author argues, following David Burrell’s discussion of Aquinas, that simplicity here functions not as one among many divine attributes, but as a ‘formal feature’ defining the manner in which all attributes must be understood. The clarity of distinction between divine and created existence that follows forms the context for pro-Nicene understanding of analogy and of all attempts to distinguish persons and nature.
In Spite Of Hegel, Fire, and Sword
Authors: Ayres Lewis 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Modern systematic theology makes use of unsustainable and simplistic narratives about pro-Nicene Trinitarianism. In this last chapter, the author argues that simply trying to correct these narratives will not produce better engagement with the pro-Nicene legacy. The culture of modern systematic theology – particularly, its understandings of what counts as authoritative argument – is unable to sustain the methods and theological culture that produced pro-Nicene Trinitarianism. Thus, with some exceptions, modern Trinitarian theology wishes to appropriate principles from pro-Nicene theology but is unable to appropriate the theological practice that was understood as the necessary context for understanding those principles. In the second half of the chapter, the author offers some suggestions on how authority in theology and theological practice might be re-conceived to enable better engagement with the legacy of Nicaea. Rethinking the place of the scriptural text within theology lies at the heart of these suggestions.
The Japanese Employment System
Authors: Rebick Marcus 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis book examines the current state of the Japanese employment system from an economic perspective. It also looks at how the changing economy and demography, including the prolonged recession and the rapid ageing of the population, has affected the labour market and its institutions. The main focus of the book is on the increased use of non-standard forms of labour, especially in the labour market for youth. This is seen to be partly a by-product of the long recession, but also a longer-run change in the human resource management strategy of firms. The book also examines the implications these developments will have on the income distribution in the future as many young men in this male-breadwinner society no longer have access to stable long-term jobs. Other topics examined in the book include the impact of increased educational attainment and anti-discrimination legislation on the labour market for women, the declining importance of labour unions, the low rate of immigration into Japan, and the success Japan has had in keeping older workers employed. The final conclusion of the book is that many of the aspects of the employment system for regular, full-time workers remain in place, although the system has become more flexible.
Women in the Labour Market
Authors: Rebick Marcus 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the treatment of women and the women’s labour market. Looks at the problem of gender discrimination in the labour market in Japan and at government efforts to resolve this situation. In particular, the author looks at the Equal Employment Opportunity Act, the Angel plans to provide better childcare facilities and efforts to promote the family-friendly firm. The author finds that it is the internal labour market structure in Japan that remains as the largest barrier to gender equality. The gender gap in pay for full-time employees is found to be narrowing, especially in small and medium-sized firms.
Logic, Graded Belief, and Preferences
Authors: Christensen David 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Defends probabilistic coherence as a logical constraint on graded belief. Standard Dutch Book and Representation Theorem arguments seek to defend coherence by positing very tight—even definitional—connections between graded beliefs and preferences, which are not clearly within the epistemic domain; thus they seem to change the subject away from epistemology proper. Argues that defining graded belief in terms of preferences requires an insupportable metaphysics of belief. Nevertheless, the arguments can be ’depragmatized’—reworked in a way that employs intuitively plausible normative principles connecting preference with beliefs, eliminating the need for positing implausible metaphysical or definitional connections. Thus, probabilistic coherence can be defended without making beliefs into something they are not.
Prolegomena
Authors: Cigno Alessandro , Rosati Furio Camillo 
Published: August 2005

AbstractContains the building blocks of the subsequent theoretical analysis. Kaushik Basu’s model of the market for adult-equivalent labour explains child labour essentially as a consequence of binding subsistence requirements. Gary Becker’s dynastic model explains fertility decisions, and transfers from parents to children, as a consequence of altruism. The present authors explain fertility decisions, and transfers between parents and children, with the possible existence of self-enforcing family constitutions. In all three models, child labour (transfers to children) can be inefficiently high (low).
Child Labour Effects of Access to Basic Utilities
Authors: Cigno Alessandro , Rosati Furio Camillo 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAccess to basic utilities can influence household decisions relative to the allocation of the children’s time. The need to provide the household with basic commodities like water and fuel increases the opportunity cost of the children’s time. Micro-econometric evidence from five countries shows that access to basic utilities does indeed play an important role in determining the supply of child labour. The authors use a methodology based on propensity score matching to identify a causal link between access to water and electricity, and child labour. The results highlight the role of cross-sectoral policies in addressing child labour.
Fundamentals-Based Models
Authors: Chui Michael , Gai Prasanna 
Published: August 2005

AbstractExplores the role played by fundamental factors in driving financial crises. The model of optimal banking crises by Allen and Gale (1998) is explored in detail, as is the first-generation currency crisis model of Krugman (1979). A key insight is that the welfare costs of crisis are associated with the inefficient liquidation of assets and sub-optimal risk sharing, rather than crises per se.
Reconciling the Two Views
Authors: Chui Michael , Gai Prasanna 
Published: August 2005

AbstractArticulates the basics of global games. Applies the global game arguments of Morris and Shin (1998, 2000) to sovereign liquidity crises and shows how the fundamental and sunspot views of crisis can be reconciled. Highlights the welfare costs of coordination failure and explores how policy options such as sovereign debt standstills, liquidity management, and capital controls may help mitigate these costs.
ASSET PRICES IN A SINGLE-PERIOD MODEL
Authors: Poon Ser-Huang , Stapleton Richard 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
‘Asset Prices in a Single-period Model’ derives asset prices in a one-period model. The authors derive a version of the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) using a complete market, state-contingent claims approach. They define the forward pricing kernel and then use the assumption of joint normality of the cash flows and Stein's lemma to establish the CAPM. They then derive the pricing kernel in an equilibrium representative investor model.