bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
155 Efficacy of a Bacterial 6-Phytase on Apparent Total Tract Digestibility of Nutrients and Retention of Phosphorus of Nursery and Growing Pigs
Authors: Moita Vitor Hugo C , Jang Ki Beom , Kim Sung Woo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the efficacy of a bacterial 6-phytase on apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients and retention of phosphorus (P) in nursery and growing pigs. In experiment (Exp.) 1, twelve barrows (initial BW of 8.5 ± 0.3 kg) were individually housed in metabolism crates and were allotted based on a quadruplicate 3 × 3 Latin square design with three treatments and three periods. In Exp. 2, twelve barrows (initial BW of 35.7 ± 1.9 kg) were individually housed in metabolism crates and were allotted following the same experimental design of Exp. 1. The dietary treatments were: positive control (PC): a diet formulated meeting nutrient requirements from NRC (2012); negative control (NC): a diet 0.14% deficient in the Ca and P requirements; and a diet with bacterial 6-phytase at 500 FTU/kg of feed (PHY; Rovabio PhyPlus, Adisseo, France). Each period lasted for eight days, and consisted of a 4-day adaptation period and a 4-day collection period. All pigs were weighed at the end of each period to adjust daily feed allowance. Chromium oxide, at 0.5%, was added as an external marker indicating the start and end of fecal collection. Urine and fecal samples were collected daily and stored until further chemical analysis. Data from both experiments were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4. Treatments were considered fixed effects, and the individual pig and period were included as random effects. In both experiments, the ATTD of Ca and P, and P retention in PC were greater (P &lt; 0.05) compared with NC. Supplementation of bacterial 6-phytase improved (P &lt; 0.05) ATTD of Ca (45 to 57%) and P (31 to 45%) and P retention (31 to 43%) in nursery pigs, and ATTD of P (44 to 55%) and P retention (42 to 54%) in growing pigs. No differences were detected on the ATTD of DM and CP of nursery and growing pigs among the treatments, and on nitrogen (N) retention for growing pigs. In conclusion, the supplementation of a bacterial 6-phytase improved the ATTD and retention of P in nursery and growing pigs. Results from both experiments indicated that the supplementation of a bacterial 6-phytase in diets for nursery and growing pigs can be a potential alternative to reduce the high levels of inorganic P sources, whereas still increasing the digestibility and utilization of P by nursery and growing pigs.
221 Assessment of Modern Gilts and Sows Body Weight (BW) Throughout Gestation and how Different Gilt BW at Breeding Impact the Energy Requirement for Maintenance at Each Parity
Authors: Orlando Uislei A , Vier Carine M , Navales Ron A , Silva Gefferson , Thomas Lori , Lu Ning , Montoro Jordi Camp , Cast Wayne R , Dritz Steve 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In addition to reproductive traits, growth, robustness, and carcass traits also contribute to the selection index of maternal lines, resulting in leaner and faster-growing modern genotype females. As a consequence, today’s gilts achieve heavier BW at a similar breeding age and remain heavier throughout their lifetime. Larger and heavier females are expected to have increased energy requirements for maintenance (MEm). Our objective was to describe the BW change of females across gestation according to the parity category and assess the impacts of the increasing average BW of gilts at breeding on the MEm requirement throughout their productive life. Two datasets were used to estimate gilt and sow BW:1) 1,903 PIC Camborough gilts were weighed at breeding and at d 112 of each gestation from parity 0-3; 2) 1,150 PIC Camborough gilts and sows (ranging from parity 0-12) were weighed at d 4 and d 112 within one gestation (Thomas et al., 2018). Average maternal BW gain observed between each cycle were +31, +28, +19, -7, +6, +5, and +11kg for parities 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7+, respectively. Growth of females throughout each stage of gestation was estimated assuming that 30% of the BW gain occurred until d 60, and 70% from d 61-112. A quadratic equation was fit to describe the BW change as a function of the day of gestation for each parity category (Table 1). An equation to estimate the maternal net gain in each cycle (Gain, kg = 0.5357 ′ parity2 – 8.8929 ′ parity + 35.857) was used to determine the BW of the female at weaning based on gilt BW at breeding. Different gilt BW at breeding (144, 155, and 166 kg) were simulated to estimate the estimated sow BW and their MEm at each parity category across gestation. The MEm was calculated according to NRC (2012) model, and a feeding level of 5.9 Mcal of ME/d was assumed. When gilt BW at breeding is 144 kg, it is estimated that only parity 4+ females would be fed below maintenance from d 90-112 of gestation (Figure 1). Increasing average gilt BW at breeding to 155 kg would result in P5+ sows fed below maintenance throughout gestation, P4 sows fed below maintenance from d 30 of gestation, and P2 and P3 sows fed below maintenance from d 9 0 to 112. At 166kg of gilt BW at breeding, P4+ females would be fed below maintenance throughout gestation, P2 and P3 sows would be fed below maintenance in mid and late gestation, and P1 sows would be fed below maintenance in late gestation. In summary, increased growth rates in maternal lines may result in heavier gilts at breeding who become heavier sows in subsequent parities, leading to increased energy intake during gestation to meet the maintenance demand.
207 Effects of Crude Protein and Non-Essential Amino Acids Supplementation on Growth Performance and Gut Health of Nursery Pigs
Authors: Correia Amanda Medeiros , Kim Sung Woo , Duarte Marcos Elias , Rocha Gabriel C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This study investigated the effect of crude protein (CP) and non-essential amino acids (NEAA) supplementation on growth performance and gut health of nursery pigs. Weaned pigs (n = 90; 22 days old; 7.5 ± 0.7 kg BW; AGPIC 415 × Camborough) barrows and gilts, were distributed in a randomized complete block design (BW as block) to three dietary treatments fed for 14 days: 1) 24% CP, 2) 18% CP, and 3) 18% CP + NEAA, including 5 g/kg L-arginine and 10 g/kg L-glutamate + L-glutamine (AminoGut, Ajinomoto, São Paulo, Brazil). There were 10 replicates per treatment and three pigs per pen. A corn-soybean meal-based diet was formulated to have 3,400 kcal/kg of metabolizable energy and 1.45 g/kg of standardized ileal digestible lysine. Crystalline amino acids, L-Lys, L-Thr, DL-Met, L-Trp, L-Val, L-Ile, L-His, and L-Leu were used (if necessary) to satisfy the ideal amino acid profile according to the Brazilian Tables for Poultry and Swine (Rostagno et al., 2017). On day 14, pigs were weighed and then euthanized to collect duodenum, jejunum, and ileum tissue. Growth performance, diarrhea incidence, intestinal morphology, goblet cells, and Peyer’s patches were evaluated. Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure in SAS 9.4 and means were compared by Tukey’s test. Pigs fed 24% CP diet had improved (P &lt; 0.05) G:F compared with 18% CP and 18% CP + NEAA (Table 1). There was no effect (P &gt; 0.05) of dietary treatments on ADFI, ADG, BW, and diarrhea incidence. In the duodenum, pigs fed 18% CP + NEAA diets had greater (P &lt; 0.05) villus height compared with the 24% CP and 18% CP (427 to 381 and 383 µm). Moreover, goblet cells proportion in pigs fed 24% CP and 18% CP + NEAA diets were greater (P &lt; 0.05) than that of 18% CP (53.2 and 53.4 to 45.3%). In the jejunum, pigs fed 18% CP + NEAA diet had reduced (P &lt; 0.05) crypt depth than those fed 24% CP (161 and 141 µm), whereas pigs fed 18% CP presented intermediate results (144 µm). In the ileum, pigs fed the 24% CP diets presented a greater (P &lt; 0.05) number of Peyer’s patches compared with 18% CP and 18% CP + NEAA (48 to 38 and 41 units). In conclusion, nursery pigs fed 24% CP diets presented improved G:F compared with those fed 18% CP or 18% CP + NEAA. However, pigs fed the 18% + NEAA diets presented better gut health compared with 24% CP or 18% CP.
314 Maxwell Lecture: Role of Amino Acids and Protein in Health-Challenged Nursery Pigs
Authors: Columbus Daniel A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The post-weaning period is a critical time in the life of a pig with both short- and long-term consequences for productivity and health. Nutrition has a vital role in this transition period and, as with swine production as a whole, the focus is largely on maximizing growth performance. However, feeding programs also need to account for immature and developing gastrointestinal and immune systems in the newly-weaned pig. In examining the impact of nutrition on gastrointestinal and immune health, it has become evident that protein and amino acids have a vital role. While protein and amino acids are needed to meet requirements for growth, excess protein can predispose pigs to post-weaning diarrhea, thought to be the result of fermentation of undigested protein and proliferation of enteric pathogens. In addition, the source of protein may also have a significant impact on performance and health of nursery pigs. Traditionally, amino acid requirements, and thus dietary inclusion, have been based on maximizing growth performance. It has become evident that the requirements of some amino acids may differ when based on development of the gastrointestinal tract and during times of immune stimulation, such as during disease challenge. The inclusion of some amino acids, such as methionine, threonine, and tryptophan, above the requirements for growth have been shown to improve performance, intestinal health, and immune status in weaned pigs under enteric pathogen challenge. Nursery diet formulations should account for the role of nutrients not only for maximizing growth performance but optimizing gastrointestinal health and immune status including adjustments to protein content and source and amino acid requirements.
231 Efficacy of Mycotoxin Mitigation Product Containing Yeast Extract on Intestinal Health and Growth of Newly Weaned Pigs Under Chronic Dietary Challenges of Fumonisin and Aflatoxin
Authors: Deng Zixiao , Jang Ki Beom , Kim Sung Woo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of mycotoxin mitigation product containing yeast extract on intestinal health and growth of newly weaned pigs under chronic dietary challenges of fumonisin and aflatoxin. Newly weaned pigs (n = 48; 21 days old; 6.4 ± 0.3 kg BW) were allotted to 4 treatments based on randomized complete block design with initial BW and sex as blocks and fed for 32 d in 3 phases (P1/2/3 for 11/11/10 days, respectively). Dietary treatments were CON: control diet containing conventional corn; MT: CON with naturally contaminated corn (fumonisin at 8 mg/kg and aflatoxin at 0.19 mg/kg); CD1: MT with 0.2% of mycotoxin mitigation product (BG-MAX, Church & Dwight, Trenton, NJ); and CD2: MT with 0.4% of mycotoxin mitigation product. All diets were formulated to meet the nutrient requirements suggested by NRC (2012). At the end of study, all pigs were euthanized to collect jejunal tissues to measure TNF-α, IL-8, Immunoglobulins (IgG and IgA), malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl, and gene expression of tight junction proteins. Data were analyzed using MIXED procedure in SAS. Pigs in MT had less (P &lt; 0.05) ADFI (406 to 503 g/d) and tended to have less (P = 0.051) BW (15.2 to 17.1 kg) and (P = 0.050) ADG (281 to 340 g/d) compared with CON during overall period. Pigs in MT had a lower (P &lt; 0.05) G:F (0.22 to 0.74) and tended to have a greater (P = 0.071) fecal score (4.34 to 3.93) during phase 1. Increasing supplementation of mycotoxin mitigation product tended to linearly increase (P = 0.056) BW (15.2 to 17.0 kg), (P = 0.060) ADG (281 to 337 g/d), and (P = 0.066) ADFI (406 to 478 g/d) of the pigs during overall period. Increasing supplementation of mycotoxin mitigation product tended to linearly increase (P = 0.064) G:F (0.22 to 0.73) during phase 1. Increasing supplementation of mycotoxin mitigation product linearly decreased (P &lt; 0.05) fecal score (4.34 to 3.87, 3.30 to 2.86) during phase 1 and 2. Increasing supplementation of mycotoxin mitigation product tended to linearly increase (P = 0.050) the concentration of TNF-α (5.49 to 7.11 pg/mg of protein) and decrease (P = 0.060) the concentration of IgA (6.29 to 3.23 mg/mg) in jejunum of the pigs. Increasing supplementation of mycotoxin mitigation product tended to linearly increase (P = 0.082) CL-1 expression (1.01 to 1.78) in jejunum of the pigs. In conclusion, supplementation of mycotoxin mitigation product containing yeast extract could mitigate the detrimental effects of mycotoxins on growth performance of newly weaned pigs, which might be contributed by improved the integrity and positively modulated immune response in the jejunum.
227 Varying the Acid Biding Capacity of High and ZnO-Free Diets Influences Weanling Pig Growth Performance
Authors: Gutierrez Nestor A , Mcknight Leslie L , Powell Christopher , Agyekum Atta Kofi , Simard Francis , Decaluwe Ruben , Han Yanming , Jaworski Neil W , Abedin Mohsen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Altering the acid binding capacity to pH4 (ABC-4) of the weanling pig diet can influence stomach pH, thereby aiding in protein digestion and improving feed efficiency. Two studies examined the effect of ABC-4 level in diets of either high ZnO or without ZnO on the growth performance of nursery pigs. Both trials were randomized complete block designs, where body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain to feed (G:F) were measured. Data were analyzed using pen and pig as experimental units for the first and second study, respectively. In the first study, weanling pigs (n = 1,152) were allocated to 4 dietary treatments with 18 replicate pens per treatment. Treatments were applied in phase 1 (1-10 d) and 2 (11-21 d), and pigs received a common phase 3 (22-42 d) diet. All diets contained high ZnO (2,500ppm and 1,500ppm phase 1 and 2, respectively). The control diet (CON) had no acidifiers resulting in 400 mEq ABC-4/kg, and treatments ranged from 360 to 300 mEq/kg using Ca formate and formic acid alone or in combination. In the first week, G:F of pigs fed the test diets was greater than in the CON diet (+0.09-0.15 g/g, P &lt; 0.05). In phase 2, pigs fed diets containing formic acid (300 mEq ABC-4/kg) had reduced ADFI (-15 g/d from CON, P &lt; 0.05). Conversely, pigs fed Ca formate and formic acid (300 mEq ABC-4) had greater ADFI (+16 g/d, P &lt; 0.05) and a tendency for greater G:F than CON (+0.02, P &lt; 0.10). Pigs fed a diet containing Ca formate only (360 mEq ABC-4/kg) had a greater G:F (+0.03, P &lt; 0.05) yet comparable feed intake to CON. In the second 42-day study, weanling pigs (n = 120) housed in pens with individual electronic feeding stations (10 pigs/pen), were randomized to 6 ZnO-free treatments, totaling 20 replicate pigs per treatment. The ABC-4 was linearly reduced from 450 to 200 mEq/kg using fumaric acid and shifting Ca sources from Ca carbonate to monocalcium phosphate and monodicalcium phosphate. In phase 1 (0-15d), pigs had greatest ADFI (P &lt; 0.05) and G:F (P &lt; 0.05) at 300 and 350 mEq ABC-4/kg, respectively, and east ADFI at 200 mEq ABC-4/kg (greatest fumaric acid inclusion) and 450 mEq ABC-4/kg (no acidifier). Overall, pigs fed the 300 mEq ABC-4/kg diet had the greatest (P &lt; 0.05) BW, ADG, and ADFI while pigs fed the 350 mEq ABC-4/kg diet had the greatest G:F. Pigs fed the 450 mEq ABC-4/kg diet had the lowest BW, ADG, ADFI, and G:F. In conclusion, reducing the ABC-4 of ZnO and ZnO-free diets using a combination of acidifiers and/or calcium sources improved feed efficiency of weanling pigs. But a greater inclusion of acidifiers may reduce ADFI.
232 Evaluation of Clay-Based Binders and in-Feed Antimicrobial on Growth Performance and Biological Measurements in Nursery Pigs
Authors: Becker Larissa L , Gebhardt Jordan T , Tokach Mike D , Goodband Robert D , DeRouchey Joel M , Woodworth Jason C , Amachawadi Raghavendra G , Kalam Ramya , Shi Xiaorong , Nagaraja T G G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
AbstractBarrows (n = 360; 200×400, DNA; initial BW = 6.5 ± 0.04 kg) were used in a 42-day study to evaluate clay-based binders or an in-feed antimicrobial on growth performance and biological measurements including fecal and blood analysis in nursery pigs. Pigs were weaned at approximately 21-day of age and randomly allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. There were 5 pigs per pen and 18 replications per treatment. Dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal-based and fed in two phases from d 0 to 9 (Phase 1) and 9 to 21 (Phase 2) after weaning. Either clay-binders (Proteck, 0.40% of the diet; Nutriquest, Mason City, IA; Protect-8 Plus, 0.10% of the diet; Essential Ag Solutions, Sioux Falls, SD), or an antimicrobial (0.04% of the diet; Avilamycin (Kavault); Elanco, Greenfield, IN) were added to the control diet to create the experimental treatments. A common phase 3 diet was fed to all pigs from d 21 to 42. Overall (d 0 to 42), pigs fed Avilamycin had increased (P &lt; 0.05) final BW, ADG and ADFI compared with all other treatments. There was evidence that frequency of fecal scores with softer feces increased over time (P &lt; 0.001), with d 21 having the greatest frequency of diarrhea and soft feces (Table). Fecal E. coli colony count was less (P &lt; 0.001) on d 21 compared with d 9 (2.04 vs. 4.03 Log10, respectively). For fecal myeloperoxidase (MPO), concentrations were less (P &lt; 0.05) on d 21 compared with d 6 and 9 (0.014, 0.059, and 0.045 nmole∙min-1∙mL-1, respectively). For fecal DM, pigs fed Avilamycin had decreased (P &lt; 0.05) DM percentage compared with all other treatments. Fecal DM percentage was greater (P &lt; 0.05) on d 6 and 9 compared with d 21 (26.64, 27.63, and 24.88%, respectively). Correlation coefficients were used to further characterize the relationships between biological measurements in the nursery period. There was a strong negative correlation between fecal DM and score (P &lt; 0.001) on d 6, 9, and 21 indicating that as fecal DM increased, the score became closer to 0, representing a firmer fecal sample. Fecal DM on d 6 and fecal DM on d 9 were negatively correlated with ADG from d 0 to 9 meaning that as growth rate increased, fecal DM decreased. In summary, pigs fed Avilamycin had increased BW, ADG, and ADFI compared with those fed the 2 clay-based additives or the control diet. There were no treatment effects on fecal score, fecal MPO, or blood measurements. However, fecal consistency was softer and fecal E. coli colony count and MPO had lower concentrations on d 21 compared with samples collected earlier in the nursery phase.
254 Mineral Source Matters for Cartilage Development to Support Structural Integrity
Authors: Wedekind Karen J , Cushing Joe , Foran Chelsie , Acosta Jesus A , Chen Juxing , Vazquez Mercedes 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Lameness is a welfare issue generally associated with increased growth rate. Objectives of this study were to 1) compare efficacy of inorganic (ITM) and organic trace mineral (OTM) sources on lameness incidence and effects on bone and cartilage biomarkers, and 2) determine if the biologically relevant biomarkers were detectable in saliva. Dietary treatments were fed for 70 d and included: 1) ITM sulfates, Zn-Cu-Mn supplemented at 120-20-40 mg/kg diet, and three OTMs supplemented at 80-10-20 Zn-Cu-Mn mg/kg diet, respectfully. The OTM treatments included a non-specific amino acid complex (Trt 2 – OTM complex), a glycinate (Trt 3 - OTM glycinate), and a metal methionine hydroxy analogue chelate (Trt 4 – OTM MMHAC) supplied as MINTREX trace minerals (Novus International, Inc., St Charles, MO). The study consisted of 144 barrows (56 kg initial BW; 36 pigs/trt; 18 pigs/pen on slatted concrete floors). A source of ractopamine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg) was fed the last 28 d of the trial to induce increased growth rate. Measurements included gait scoring (0-4; GS ≥ 2 defined as lame) and serum and saliva bone synthesis (osteocalcin), bone degradation (CTX1) and cartilage synthesis (P2CP), and cartilage degradative biomarkers (CTX2, C2C) and synthesis:degradation ratios measured at baseline, d 7, d 36 and d 70. Individual biomarkers were logarithmically transformed (base 10). Proc Mixed GLM procedure of SAS was performed on log-transformed data and means were determined using LSD test. Nonparametric comparisons (% lameness) were tested using Chi-squared analysis. A P-value &lt; 0.05 was considered significant and P ≤ 0.10, a trend. As shown in Table, 1, lameness incidence was greatest for pigs fed ITM and OTM glycinate which was greater than OTM complex and MMHAC (P = 0.10). In general, there was good agreement between serum and saliva biomarkers, with pigs fed MMHAC having the greatest serum bone synthesis biomarker (osteocalcin) which differed from pigs fed OTM complex (P &lt; 0.05). Cartilage synthesis concentrations (P2CP (serum and saliva); and P2CP/C2C and P2CP/CTX2 ratios (saliva) were also greatest for pigs fed MMHAC trace minerals (P &lt; 0.05). Neither bone nor cartilage biomarkers were different between pigs fed ITM and OTM complex or glycinate. Osteocalcin was 10-fold less in saliva compared with serum. No treatment differences were observed in saliva for bone synthesis. The results demonstrated trace mineral source matters with respect to structural health. Significant differences between OTM sources were observed with MMHAC resulting in the highest bone and cartilage synthesis biomarker concentrations in serum and highest biomarkers for cartilage synthesis and synthesis:degradation ratios in saliva. Saliva appears to be a sensitive medium for measuring joint health biomarkers.
250 The Impact of Increasing Levels of Dried Distillers Grains and Solubles on Finishing Pig Performance
Authors: Stephenson Ethan , Mauch-Swinford Emily , McNeil Brady , Mainquist-Whigham Christine , Schneider Jason 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Due to ethanol plants continuing to be more efficient extracting corn oil out of dried distillers grains and solubles (DDGS), it is necessary to understand how pigs are utilizing the energy in diets with increasing levels of current DDGS. A total of 1,120 finishing pigs (DNA 600 x 241, initially 17.5 kg) were used in a 120-day experiment to evaluate the effects of DDGS on growth performance from approximately 8 to 25 weeks of age. Dietary treatments consisted of a corn and soybean meal-based diet with either 0, 10, 20, 30, or 40% DDGS. Pigs were fed a seven-phase finishing diet program to meet their nutritional requirements. Dietary energy was allowed to fluctuate with changing levels of DDGS while maintaining a constant SID lysine to calorie ratio. Pens of pigs were randomly allotted to 1 of the 5 treatments, with 32 pigs per pen and 7 replicates per treatment. Sex was equally represented in each pen. Pigs were harvested (average final BW of 127 kg) at a commercial facility. Data were modeled in R (R Core Team, 2020) to test for both linearity and non-linear responses to DDGS levels in the diet. Models included DDGS treatment and trial start weight and pen was the experiment unit. Traits analyzed included average daily gain (ADG, kg/d), Gain to Feed (G:F), average daily feed intake (ADFI, kg/d), hot carcass weight (kg) and carcass yield (%). All traits were found to have linear trends with increasing DDGS inclusion levels (Linear: P ≤ 0.02; Quadratic: P ≥ 0.29). Overall, there was a reduction in ADG as DDGS inclusion increased from 1.00 (± 0.01) with 0% DDGS to 0.96 (± 0.01) kg/day for 40% DDGS (P = 0.04). There was a decrease in gain to feed ratio (0.39 to 0.35) with increasing DDGS inclusion (P &lt; 0.001). Hot carcass weight decreased with increased inclusion of DDGS from 97.25 to 93.39 kg (P = 0.001), while carcass yield was not significantly different across DDGS inclusion levels ranging from 75.3% to 74.7% for 0% and 40% DDGS inclusion (P = 0.2), respectively. These data indicate that increasing levels of DDGS reduce ADG, feed efficiency, and carcass weight.