bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Compensating the Families and Victims of September 11th: An Alternative to the American Tort System
Authors: Feinberg Kenneth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Within weeks after the unprecedented terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, Congress enacted the Air Transportation Safety and System Stabilization Act (the “Statute”), which sought “to preserve the continued viability” of the domestic airline industry in the United States. As part of that legislation, Congress also established the September 11th Victim Compensation Fund of 2001 (“September 11 Fund” or the “Fund”), which was designed “to provide compensation to any individual (or relatives of a deceased individual) who was physically injured or killed as a result of [the September 11th terrorist attacks].” The key provisions of the Statute provided an administrative alternative to tort litigation: eligible individuals could voluntarily elect to waive their rights to sue the airlines, the World Trade Center and other domestic entities allegedly negligent in failing to prevent the attacks and, instead, participate in a no-fault administrative compensation scheme which would become their exclusive remedy.
The Role of Civil Society Actors in Reparations Legislation
Authors: Armstrong Andrea 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Increasingly, and in a myriad of ways, civil society actors are contributing to legislation designed to provide material and symbolic reparations to victims of human rights abuse. This essay seeks to recognize the various roles that “civil society groups”—defined broadly to include informal traditional associations, voluntary groups based on religious, ethnic, professional or geographical affinity, and more formal non-governmental organizations (“NGOs”)—can play in the origin, design, and implementation of reparations legislation within the context of transitional justice.
Compensation for Victims of Terrorism: The Council of Europe’s 2005 Guidelines on the Protection of Victims of Terrorist Acts
Authors: Roucounas Emmanuel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Council of Europe (the “Council”) was one of the first international organizations to examine exhaustively the delicate relationship between terrorism and human rights. On July 11, 2002, the Committee of Ministers of the Council adopted “Guidelines on Human Rights and the Fight against Terrorism” (“2002 Guidelines”).
The 2002 Guidelines, initiated in direct response to the terrorist attacks in the United States on September 11, 2001, were intended to protect society in the fight against terrorism while simultaneously preserving fundamental rights and freedoms. Although they constitute a legally non-binding instrument, the Steering Committee for Human Rights (“CDDH”), which was given the mandate to develop the 2002 Guidelines through a Working Group, was keen to build on the text of the 1950 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“1950 European Convention”) and the case law of the European Court of Human Rights.
Preparation For Summary Assessment
Authors: Scott Katharine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The way that costs are claimed at the summary assessment hearing is by the production of a statement of costs which is then assessed by the court. This chapter gives practical guidance on how to draw up the statement of costs and when to serve it. It includes a worked example of a statement of costs. The most important part of preparing for a summary assessment is to draw up a statement of costs. This is the document which shows what costs are being claimed. The CPR encourages parties to use the form N260, or something that closely resembles it.
The Order For Costs
Authors: Scott Katharine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The order that the court makes as to where the costs lie is not part of the summary assessment procedure. However, the practitioner who is going to carry out the summary assessment of costs must make submissions in relation to that order. In addition, the decisions that the court makes as to (i) which party should pay the costs; and (ii) on what basis those costs should be paid, will inform the basis on which the summary assessment is carried out, and will certainly impact on the amount of costs either paid or received. It is therefore important for practitioners when preparing for summary assessment hearings to consider what order the court is likely to make. While in many cases the court will follow the general rule that costs follow the event, the court has a very broad discretion pursuant to CPR Rule 44.3(2)(b) as to what order to make.
Funding
Authors: Scott Katharine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with the issues that may arise in a summary assessment of costs where a claim is funded by a CFA and/or an after the event insurance (ATE) premium, or an additional amount pursuant to s 30 of the Access to Justice Act 1999. The assessment of additional liabilities will only arise at the conclusion of the proceedings (or the part of the proceedings to which the funding agreement relates) pursuant to CPR Rule 44.3A. The most common issues that arise are: (i) Whether the CFA complies with the relevant statutory scheme— if it does not, the paying party will seek to persuade the court that the CFA is unenforceable as between the solicitor and the client. If there is no liability on the part of the client to pay the solicitor’s charges and expenses there is nothing for the paying party to indemnify the receiving party for, hence the paying party’s liability to the receiving party for costs is nil. This is referred to as the indemnity principle. (ii) Whether the receiving party was notified in accordance with CPR Rule 44.15 that the receiving party was funding the claim by way either of a CFA or an ATE premium— if this information was not disclosed at the correct time and in the correct manner no uplift on base costs or premium in respect of the ATE premium is recoverable by the receiving party for the period that the information was not provided. (iii)Whether it was reasonable to take out an ATE premium and if so, whether the premium is reasonable in amount. (iv)Whether the uplift claimed on the costs is reasonable. These arguments will be raised at different points during the summary assessment hearing.
Appeals Against Summary Assessments
Authors: Scott Katharine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is unlikely that there is a duty on a judge to give extensive reasons for his decisions in a summary assessment of costs where the principal issues between the parties is quantum. In a summary assessment of costs where more substantial issues have arisen, however, the judge may be under a duty to give reasons to allow the parties to understand the basis on which he has arrived at his decision. The Court of Appeal has held that the duty to give reasons only arises where those reasons are not implicit in the order made. English v Emery Reimbold [2002] 3 All ER 385, at paras 91– 113, shows quite how far the court will go in deducing reasons for a judge’s decision. This was a case in which the defendant had offered to settle at £5,500 and the claimant had offered to settle at in excess of £95,000. The claimant succeeded in recovering over £30,000. The judge made no criticisms of either party’s conduct, and made an order that there should be no order for costs. The Court of Appeal held that it could be deduced from the order made that the judge had come to the view that the claimant had won half the case and lost on the rest, thus both parties had come to court and won on part of their case. Even in a case in which the judge has given insufficient reasons, appeals from orders for costs where the court is exercising its discretion as to where the costs should fall, and the amount of costs payable, are notoriously difficult to sustain.1
Preparation Checklists
Authors: Scott Katharine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Drawing up a statement of costs for an application is a fairly straightforward exercise, as long as the correct fee earner can be identified, and the number of hours spent on each of the areas of work calculated. For this reason, the checklist below is primarily concerned with drawing up the statement of costs following a trial. &gt;The first step, of course, is to determine whether or not summary assessment is appropriate.1 All the references in square brackets in this chapter, denote paragraph numbers elsewhere in the book.
Historical Introduction The Blue Nile Borderlands
Authors: James Wendy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reality is to be found in the flux itself everything is what it has become. (R. G. Collingwood1) More than half a century has now passed since the independence of the Sudan in 1956, and more than three decades since the overthrow of imperial rule in Ethiopia in 1976. In these years the question of minority distinctiveness within large and sometimes fragile nations has loomed larger than it did during imperial or colonial times. In ‘the old days’ various terms were used by central elites of the old states which blanketed fringe communities together under more or less exclusionary names.
Chali: Rooting up a Sleepy Village
Authors: James Wendy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We kwanim pa don’t have guns, we don’t know how to fight, we ask for security from the government, and the government attacks us. So we just run into the bush like wild animals.1 The violent events again and again shaking Kurmuk had their consequences for every village in the district, whether on the Sudanese or the Ethiopian side of the frontier.
The SPLA Split: Refugees on the Edge
Authors: James Wendy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the time of Assosa onwards, but particularly in Itang 1990–1 and from its evacuation back to the southern Sudan, the Blue Nile refugees were thrown together with the SPLA soldiers, here mainly Nuer and Dinka, and also with (mainly Nuer) civilians in the Gambela region of Ethiopia and the eastern Upper Nile of Sudan.
Two Styles of Knowing and Knowledge Regimes: Between ‘Explicitation’ and ‘Exploration’ under Conditions of Functional Specialization or Fragmental Distribution
Authors: Rammert Werner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Changes in knowledge are the driving force behind modern innovation. They propel scientific innovation, industrial innovation, and the institutional system of innovation; they involve both the regime of knowledge production and the style of knowing. Innovation depends on many forms of knowledge production in various institutional settings. Scientific innovation in the academic field is as important as technological innovation in industry: new knowledge matters not only when scientific discoveries are made or technological projects are pushed forward but also when industrial products are improved, when services and markets are created, and when political funding programs are launched.
Introduction
Authors: Hage Jerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Connecting institutional analysis to the topic of innovation is obviously appropriate because of the recent work on the national systems of innovation (Edquist 1997, and Chaminade and Edquist’s contribution in this book; Edquist and Hommen 1999; Freeman and Soete 1997; Nelson 1998 and their reviews; see also the contributors to Nelson 1993). The thesis in this work is that, over time, countries develop particular styles of innovation (see, for example, Hollingsworth 1997). But this is not the only way in which the topic of innovation can be connected to the institutional literature.
Institutional Change and Societal Change: The Impact of Knowledge Transformations
Authors: Hage Jerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the introduction to this book, there is an equation that connects the knowledge base, collective learning, with the creation of new knowledge, or innovation. This equation can be applied at different levels: at the organizational level, at the organizational-population level, and at the societal level. Brief mention has been made of the feedback effect of new knowledge or innovation on the knowledge base, on entire populations of organizations, and on the society. But as yet, these feedback effects have not been considered in detail. This chapter argues that the accumulation of knowledge transformations, as measured by the number of radical innovations in both process technologies (such as flexible manufacturing) and in products (such as whole new industries or new standard designs in existing industries), is creating a considerable amount of institutional and societal change.
Stealing Under The Theft Act
Authors: Ormerod David , Williams David Huw 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A person is guilty of theft if he dishonestly appropriates property belonging to another with the intention of permanently depriving the other of it; and ‘thief ‘ and ‘steal’ shall be construed accordingly.
The offence is triable either way1 It was originally punishable by a maximum ten years’ imprisonment (s 7) but that was reduced to seven years by s 26 of the Criminal Justice Act 1991. In 2005/6 there were 1,210,856 recorded thefts.
Blackmail
Authors: Ormerod David , Williams David Huw 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Blackmail’ is the name which was commonly given to the group of offences contained in ss 29–31 of the Larceny Act 1916.2 That term was officially adopted for the first time as the name of the offence which replaces these unsatisfactory and ‘obscure’3 sections of the Larceny Act. Section 21(1) of the 1968 Act provides:
A person is guilty of blackmail if, with a view to gain for himself or another or with intent to cause loss to another, he makes any unwarranted demand with menaces; and for this purpose a demand with menaces is unwarranted unless the person making it does so in the belief—
(a) that he has reasonable grounds for making the demand; and
(b) that the use of the menaces is a proper means of reinforcing the demand.
Procedure and Enforcement
Authors: Ormerod David , Williams David Huw 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A system allowing for preparatory hearings before trial was recommended by the Roskill Fraud Trials Committee1 and was introduced only for serious fraud cases in the Criminal Justice Act 1987. Section 7 permits a judge to order a preparatory hearing in cases where the ‘evidence on an indictment reveals a case of fraud of such seriousness or complexity that substantial benefits are likely to accrue from a hearing before the jury are sworn’.
Balliol: From Obscurity to Pre-eminence
Authors: Jones John h. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Balliol came near to total collapse in the closing years of the eighteenth century. Numbers had fallen much more sharply in mid-century than in the University as a whole and lost ground had not been regained. The buildings were in extreme disrepair and the college was in debt. A fellowship had been sequestered (in modern jargon, a post had been frozen) since 1775, and the dividend which would have been paid to its holder had been used for corporate-’Domus’-purposes; but this had sufficed for little more than essential repairs and interest on outstanding loans. In 1800 there was still a net debt (Fig. 5.1) and there were only four admissions in that year. The stage was nevertheless set for improvement. The first outsiders-’extranei’-had been elected to fellowships in the 1780s, largely as a result of the influence of Richard Prosser (fellow, 1773-93). One of these, elected in 1785, was John Parsons, who had been an undergraduate at Wadham. Holding the office of bursar during John Davey’s mastership (1785-98), he had re-established administrative efficiency: from this period, minutes of college meetings were recorded in detail and in English, business-like accounts were kept and the college started to use the services of banks regularly.
‘Lost Causes and ... Impossible Loyalties’: The Oxford Movement and the University :-
Authors: NOCKLES P B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The truth is that this moment, which swept the leader of the Tractarians, with most of his followers, out of the place, was an epoch in the history of the University. It was a deliverance from the nightmare which had oppressed Oxford for fifteen years. For so long we had been given over to discussions unprofitable in themselves, and which had entirely diverted our thoughts from the true business of the place ... By the secessions of r 845 this was extinguished in a moment ... In r 845 the darkness was dissipated, and the light was let in in an instant.
The Oxford of Mr Verdant Green
Authors: Curthoys M C , Day C J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The mid-century debate on Oxford reform generated a profuse and influential literature. The Great Blue Book ‘sold like hot cakes’ (see Chapter ro), and provoked official counter-statements by the University and a lively controversy among pamphleteers. One contemporary contribution to this debate, Newman’s Dublin lectures, continues to be studied as a classic statement of the case for a liberal education (see Chapter 9). None of these statements, however, reached a wider audience than The Adventures of Mr. Verdant Green by Edward Bradley (‘Cuthbert Bede’), first published in r 853 and achieving a sale of over 100,000 copies within twenty years.1 And none, perhaps, was as powerful as the genre of the university novel, which Verdant Green significantly developed, in fixing in the public mind the notion that Oxford and Cambridge represented the ideal type of English university education.2 Although Bradley himself was a graduate of the new university of Durham, and Verdant Green was originally conceived as a depiction of Durham student life, the published novel was very precisely located in mid-century Oxford. Bradley had little difficulty in drawing a humorous contrast between the conventional case for a collegiate education, as expressed by the University’s numerous early nineteenth-century apologists, and the reality of Oxford life. But the narrative has a positive outcome: Mr Verdant Green comes through unscathed, obtains his degree and is safely ‘married and done for’.
Oxford’s Scientific Awakening and the Role of Geology
Authors: Rupke N A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the nineteenth century the natural sciences were made a major and integral part of higher education in most European universities. At Oxford, also, the idea of a university was extended to include the natural sciences. A monumental natural history museum and separate laboratory buildings were among the most discussed architectural additions to Victorian Oxford. The teaching of the natural sciences became an independent and respected profession, commonly connected to a well-defined research imperative. Financial support for this from the considerable endowments of the colleges and, much later, from the state, was called for by a growing number of specialized professionals who successfully used the presumed superiority of ‘the German system’ to argue for the reform of academic science in England. Although most of these developments occurred after 1850, they were the fruits of a natural sciences ideal that took root during the first half of the nineteenth century. In this chapter the growth of this ideal and the influences which shaped it are examined at three levels: first, at the international level of Romantic learning; second, at a national level of Whig reform; and third, at an intramural level of debates about the usefulness of the natural sciences as part of a liberal education.
The Division Of Labor Between The Capability And The Happiness Perspectives*
Authors: Hirata Johannes 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The capability and the happiness perspectives have both won lots of sympathies among development scholars and practitioners. They are generally welcomed as more pertinent than conventional perspectives with respect to what development should be about and to what really matters for development to become good development. Despite this and some more common features, however, both perspectives differ quite fundamentally with respect to their specific normative status and interest.
Self-Determination Theory and the Explanatory Role of Psychological Needs in Human Well-Being*
Authors: Vansteenkiste Maarten , Ryan Richard M , Deci Edward L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Human capabilities and happiness have received increasing attention from psychologists and economists over the past half-century. Implicit in such concepts are ideas such as thriving and flourishing—ideas that involve individuals having resources and opportunities to live healthy, full, and productive lives.
The Dark Ages
Authors: Tattersall Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the decade after the discovery of insulin, doctors were optimistic about the future—at least for young patients. In 1930 Frederick Allen proclaimed that diabetes had been mastered and that every patient could be expected to live out his full natural lifetime. For Allen and his friend Joslin, this would be achieved if blood sugars were controlled by hard work, perseverance, and intelligence. Such views were by no means held by all doctors and formed the basis for the long-running control and complications debate. Two developments in the 1930s—long-acting insulins and free diets—polarized the controversy.
Treating Long-Term Complications
Authors: Tattersall Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As mentioned earlier, the tragedy of young diabetics with blindness or kidney failure was not publicized in the lay press, but dealing with these cases was a pressing problem for doctors in charge of diabetic clinics. In the 1950s the most serious form of retinopathy was (as it still is) the proliferative form in which fragile new blood vessels grow over the retina. Through the ophthalmoscope they look like fronds of seaweed, and, being unsupported, they are fragile and bleed into the jelly-like material (vitreous humour) inside the eye, causing either complete loss of vision or the sensation of looking through a spider’s web.
Diabetes Becomes Epidemic
Authors: Tattersall Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the year 2000 the World Health Organization estimated that 171 million people worldwide had diabetes and that by 2030 this would have increased to 366 million or 4.4 per cent of the total population. This chapter looks at how we have arrived at this situation. In Europe at the beginning of the twentieth century, diabetes at any age (but especially in the young) was uncommon in hospitals. For example, at the Manchester Royal Infirmary from 1875 to 1895 there were only 272 cases among 27,721 medical inpatients and in 1889–90 at the Berlin Charité hospital only 13 among 3,239.
The End of Lawyers?
Authors: Susskind Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this much anticipated sequel to the legal bestseller, The Future of Law, Susskind lays down a challenge to all lawyers to ask themselves, with their hands on their hearts, what elements of their current workload could be undertaken differently - more quickly, cheaply, efficiently, or to a higher quality - using alternative methods of working. The challenge for legal readers is to identify their distinctive skills and talents, the capabilities that they possess that cannot, crudely, be replaced by advanced systems or by less costly workers supported by technology or standard processes, or by lay people armed with online self-help tools. It is argued that the market is increasingly unlikely to tolerate expensive lawyers for tasks (guiding, advising, drafting, researching, problem-solving, and more) that can equally or better be discharged, directly or indirectly, by smart systems and processes. It follows, the book claims, that the jobs of many traditional lawyers will be substantially eroded and often eliminated. This is where the legal profession will be taken, it is argued, by two forces: by a market pull towards commoditisation and by pervasive development and uptake of information technology. At the same time, the book foresees new law jobs emerging which may be highly rewarding, even if very different from those of today.