bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Centella asiatica accelerates nerve regeneration upon oral administration and contains multiple active fractions increasing neurite elongation in-vitro
Authors: Soumyanath Amala , Zhong Yong-Ping , Yu Xiaolin , Bourdette Dennis , Koop Dennis R , Gold Sandra A , Gold Bruce G 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Axonal regeneration is important for functional recovery following nerve damage. Centella asiatica Urban herb, also known as Hydrocotyle asiatica L., has been used in Ayurvedic medicine for centuries as a nerve tonic. Here, we show that Centella asiatica ethanolic extract (100 μg mL−1) elicits a marked increase in neurite outgrowth in human SH-SY5Y cells in the presence of nerve growth factor (NGF). However, a water extract of Centella was ineffective at 100 μg mL−1. Sub-fractions of Centella ethanolic extract, obtained through silica-gel chromatography, were tested (100 μg mL−1) for neurite elongation in the presence of NGF. Greatest activity was found with a non-polar fraction (GKF4). Relatively polar fractions (GKF10 to GKF13) also showed activity, albeit less than GKF4. Thus, Centella contains more than one active component. Asiatic acid (AA), a triterpenoid compound found in Centella ethanolic extract and GKF4, showed marked activity at 1 μm (0.5 μg mL−1). AA was not present in GKF10 to GKF13, further indicating that other active components must be present. Neurite elongation by AA was completely blocked by the extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway inhibitor PD 098059 (10 μm). Male Sprague-Dawley rats given Centella ethanolic extract in their drinking water (300–330 mg kg−1 daily) demonstrated more rapid functional recovery and increased axonal regeneration (larger calibre axons and greater numbers of myelinated axons) compared with controls, indicating that the axons grew at a faster rate. Taken together, our findings indicate that components in Centella ethanolic extract may be useful for accelerating repair of damaged neurons.
Cost of transport is increased after cold exposure inMonodelphis domestica: training for inefficiency
Authors: Schaeffer Paul J. , Villarin Jason J. , Pierotti David J. , Kelly Daniel P. , Lindstedt Stan L. 
Published: August 2005

SUMMARYMonodelphis domestica (Didelphidae: Marsupialia) lacks brown adipose tissue and thus relies on skeletal muscle as its primary thermogenic organ. Following cold exposure, the aerobic capacity of skeletal muscle in these animals is greatly increased. We investigated the effects of this plastic response to thermogenesis on locomotion and muscle mechanics. In cold-exposed animals, cost of transport was 15% higher than in controls but was unaffected by exercise training. Twitch kinetics in isolated semitendinosus muscles of cold-exposed animals were characteristic of slow-oxidative fiber types. Both time-to-peak tension and half-relaxation time were longer and maximal shortening velocity was slower following cold exposure compared to either thermoneutral controls or exercise-trained animals. Further, muscles from the cold-exposed animals had greater fatigue resistance than either control or exercise-trained animals, indicating greater oxidative capacity. Finally, we identified an uncoupling protein 3 homologue, whose gene expression was upregulated in skeletal muscle of cold-exposed Monodelphis domestica. Cold exposure provided a potent stimulus for muscle plasticity, driving a fast-to-slow transition more effectively than exercise training. However, linked to the dramatic shift in muscle properties is an equally dramatic increase in whole animal muscle energetics during locomotion,suggesting an uncoupled state, or `training for inefficiency'.
Patterns of variation in glycogen, free glucose and lactate in organs of supercooled hatchling painted turtles (Chrysemys picta)
Authors: Packard Mary J. , Packard Gary C. 
Published: August 2005

SUMMARY
Hatchling painted turtles (Chrysemys picta) typically spend their first winter of life in a shallow, subterranean hibernaculum (the natal nest),where they may be exposed for extended periods to ice and cold. The key to their survival seems to be to avoid freezing and to sustain a state of supercooling. As temperature declines below 0°C, however, the heart of an unfrozen turtle beats progressively slower, the diminished perfusion of peripheral tissues with blood induces a functional hypoxia, and anaerobic glycolysis assumes ever greater importance as a source of ATP. We hypothesized that diminished circulatory function in supercooled turtles also reduces the delivery of metabolic substrates to peripheral tissues from central stores in the liver, so that the tissues depend increasingly on endogenous stores to fuel their metabolism. We discovered in the current investigation that part of the glycogen reserve in hearts and brains of hatchlings is mobilized during the first 10 days of exposure to –6°C but that glucose from hepatic glycogen supports metabolism of the organs thereafter. Hatchlings that were held at –6°C for 10 days and then at +3°C for another 10 days were able to reconstitute some of the reserve of glycogen in heart and liver but not the glycogen reserve in brain. Patterns of accumulation of lactate in individual organs were very similar to those reported for whole animals in a companion study, and point to a high degree of reliance on anaerobic metabolism at –6°C and to a lesser degree of reliance on anaerobiosis at higher subzero temperatures. Lactate had returned to baseline levels in organs of animals that were held for 10 days at –6°C and for another 10 days at +3°C, but free glucose remained elevated. Indeed,carbohydrate metabolism probably does not return to the pre-exposure state in any of the major organs until well after the exposure to subzero temperatures has ended, circulatory sufficiency has been restored, and aerobic respiration has fully supplanted anaerobic respiration as a source of ATP.
Spike firing allometry in avian intrapulmonary chemoreceptors: matching neural code to body size
Authors: Hempleman S. C. , Kilgore D. L. , Colby C. , Bavis R. W. , Powell F. L. 
Published: August 2005

SUMMARYBiological rates in small animals are usually higher than those in large animals, yet the maximal rate of action potential (spike) generation in sensory neurons encoding rate functions is similar in all animals, due to the conserved genetics of voltage-gated ion channels. Therefore, sensory signals that vary at rates approaching maximal spike generation rate, as might occur in animals of diminished body size, may require specialized spike coding to convey this information. To test whether spike coding scales allometrically in sensory neurons monitoring signals that change frequency with body size, we recorded action potentials from 70 avian intrapulmonary chemoreceptors (IPC),respiratory neurons that detect lung CO2 changes during breathing,in five different avian species ranging in size from body mass Mb = 0.045 kg (lovebirds) to 5.23 kg (geese). Since breathing frequency scales approximately to Mb–1/4 (higher in small birds, lower in large birds), we reasoned that IPC discharge frequencies may also scale to maintain spike information transmission within each breath. We found that phasic action potential discharge pattern, as quantified by the peak discharge rate and the magnitude of spike frequency adaptation, scaled between Mb–0.22 and Mb–0.26, like breathing rate(P&lt;0.05). Previously published values of peak discharge rate in IPC also fit this allometric relationship. We suggest that mass-dependent scaling of neural coding may be necessary for preserving information transmission with decreasing body size.
Three calpains and ecdysone receptor in the land crabGecarcinus lateralis: sequences, expression and effects of elevated ecdysteroid induced by eyestalk ablation
Authors: Kim H.-W. , Chang E. S. , Mykles D. L. 
Published: August 2005

SUMMARYCrustacean muscle has four calpain-like proteinase activities (CDP I, IIa,IIb and III) that are involved in molt-induced claw muscle atrophy, as they degrade myofibrillar proteins in vitro and in situ. Using PCR cloning techniques, three full-length calpain cDNAs (Gl-CalpB, Gl-CalpM and Gl-CalpT) were isolated from limb regenerates of the tropical land crab Gecarcinus lateralis. All three had highly conserved catalytic (dII)and C2-like (dIII) domains. Gl-CalpB was classified as a typical,or EF-hand, calpain, as the deduced amino acid sequence had a calmodulin-like domain IV in the C-terminus and was most similar to Drosophilacalpains A and B. Based on its estimated mass (∼88.9 kDa) and cross-immunoreactivity with a polyclonal antibody raised against Dm-CalpA,Gl-CalpB may encode CDP IIb, which is a homodimer of a 95-kDa subunit. It was expressed in all tissues examined, including skeletal muscle, heart,integument, gill, digestive gland, hindgut, nerve ganglia, gonads and Y-organ(molting gland). Both Gl-CalpM and Gl-CalpT were classified as atypical, or non-EF-hand, calpains, as they lacked a domain IV sequence. Gl-CalpM was a homolog of Ha-CalpM from lobster, based on similarities in deduced amino acid sequence, estimated mass (∼65.2 kDa) and structural organization (both were truncated at the C-terminal end of dIII). It was expressed at varying levels in most tissues, except Y-organ. Gl-CalpT (∼74.6 kDa) was similar to TRA-3 in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans; domain IV was replaced by a unique `T domain' sequence. It was expressed in most tissues,except eyestalk ganglia and Y-organ. The effects of elevated ecdysteroid,induced by eyestalk ablation, on calpain and ecdysone receptor (Gl-EcR) mRNA levels in skeletal muscles were quantified by real-time PCR. At 1 day after eyestalk ablation, Gl-EcR and Gl-CalpT mRNA levels increased 15- and 19.3-fold, respectively, in claw muscle but not in thoracic muscle. At 3 days after eyestalk ablation, Gl-EcR and Gl-CalpT mRNA levels in claw muscle had decreased to 2.8-fold and 4.3-fold higher than those in intact controls,respectively, suggesting a feedback inhibition by ecdysteroid. There was no significant effect of eyestalk ablation on Gl-CalpB and Gl-CalpM mRNA levels. Gl-CalpT and Gl-EcR mRNA levels were significantly correlated in both claw and thoracic muscles from intact and eyestalk-ablated animals. The data suggest that Gl-CalpT is involved in initiation of claw muscle atrophy by ecdysteroids. Premolt reduction in claw muscle mass and concomitant remodeling of the sarcomere probably result from post-transcriptional regulation of calpains.
A chemotactic response facilitates mosquito salivary gland infection by malaria sporozoites
Authors: Akaki Mayumi , Dvorak James A. 
Published: August 2005

SUMMARYSporozoite invasion of mosquito salivary glands is critical for malaria transmission to vertebrate hosts. After release into the mosquito hemocoel,the means by which malaria sporozoites locate the salivary glands is unknown. We developed a Matrigel-based in vitro system to observe and analyze the motility of GFP-expressing Plasmodium berghei sporozoites in the presence of salivary gland products of Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes using temperature-controlled, low-light-level video microscopy. Sporozoites moved toward unheated salivary gland homogenate (SGH) but not to SGH that had been heated at 56°C for 30 min. We also investigated the origin of the attracted population. Attraction to SGH was restricted to hemolymph- and oocyst-derived sporozoites; salivary gland-derived sporozoites were not attracted to SGH. These data imply that sporozoites employ a chemotactic response to high molecular mass proteins or carbohydrate-binding proteins to locate salivary glands. This raises the possibility of utilizing anti-chemotactic factors for the development of mosquito transmission blocking agents.
Raman Study of Pressure and Temperature Effects on the Conformational Equilibrium of Diethyl Disulfide in Solutions
Authors: Kato Minoru , Tsuchiya Hidetoshi , Taniguchi Yoshihiro 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The effects of pressure and temperature on the conformational equilibrium of diethyl disulfide in various organic solvents were studied by Raman spectroscopy. From the pressure and temperature dependences of the intensities of S–S and C–S stretching bands, the volume and enthalpy differences between the trans-gauche-gauche and gauche-gauche-gauche conformers in organic solvents were determined. The volume differences of −1.1 – −1.3 cm3/mol are close to the values reported previously for liquid alkanes, which are explained by the packing effect of liquid. The solvent effect on the enthalpy difference also shows that the repulsive intermolecular interaction is a crucial factor in the conformational equilibrium of diethyl disulfide in the solutions. Based on the present results, the conformational change of the disulfide bridge in protein is discussed from the viewpoint of solution chemistry.
Shape-Selective Adsorption of Substituted Benzaldehyde Isomers by a Molecular Sieving Silica Overlayer Prepared by the Chemical Vapor Deposition Method Using Organic Template on Tin Oxide
Authors: Yamakita Shohei , Katada Naonobu , Niwa Miki 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The chemical vapor deposition of a silica overlayer in the presence of template molecules was examined on tin oxide in order to construct surface cavities with a molecular sieving property. On a SiO2/SnO2 sample prepared using a benzaldehyde template, 4-chlorobenzaldehyde and 4-methylbenzaldehyde were adsorbed, while 2-chlorobenzaldehyde and 2-methylbenzaldehyde were not adsorbed. The adsorption of 3-chlorobenzaldehyde was controlled by the thickness of the layer, i.e., the depth of the cavity. It was adsorbed by a shallow cavity, but not by a deep cavity. Thus the shape selectivity due to the shapes of the adsorbate molecule and the cavity was obtained.
A New Type of Uniformly Stacked Phase in Tetrathiapentalene-Based Organic Metals
Authors: Bando Yoshimasa , Matsuzawa Takahiro , Takashita Norihiro , Kawamoto Tadashi , Mori Takehiko , Yamada Jun-ichi 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Two new organic electron donor molecules are synthesized on the basis of the ethylthio-substituted tetrathiapentalenes with a methylenedithio or a 1,3-dithiane unit. These donors provide four isostructural radical-cation salts, which belong to a new crystal type with uniform stacks of the donor molecules. These salts show metallic conductivity down to low temperatures, linear temperature dependence of the thermoelectric power, and asymmetrical ESR lineshapes. The obtained uniform structure is compared with the previous uniform structure from the viewpoint of crystal packing.
Spin Crossover of a Hydrogen-Bonded Dimeric FeIII Complex with an Unequivalent Tetradentate Schiff Base Ligand and Two Imidazoles
Authors: Fukukai Tokimitsu , Yabe Kazuya , Ogawa Yoshihiro , Matsumoto Naohide , Mrozinski Jerzy 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
A spin crossover FeIII complex, [FeHim2L]BPh4·2MeOH, was synthesized and studied, where Him = imidazole, H2L = N2O2 Schiff base ligand of the 1 : 1 : 1 condensation product of acetylacetone, ethylenediamine, and o-hydroxyacetophenone, and BPh4− = tetraphenylborate. The complex consists of a cyclic dimeric structure, {···[FeHim2L]···(MeOH)···(MeOH)···}2, constructed by the hydrogen bonds. Magnetic measurements revealed that a rather steep spin transition from the LS to HS FeIII states occurs above 300 K, and the elimination of the methanol molecules changes the spin transition from steep to gradual due to destruction of the cyclic dimeric structure.
Conformation Changes in S-100 Proteins Caused by K+-Binding
Authors: Matsuda Sadayuki 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The conformation changes in S-100a.a′ and S-100b caused by K+-binding were determined by several methods in the apo-state and in the Ca2+-bound state. The reactivities of the cysteine (Cys) residues in S-100a.a′ and S-100b to a thiol-specific reagent, 2,2′-dinitro-5,5′-dithiodibenzoic acid (DTNB), were not affected by the K+-binding. On the contrary, the reactivities of those in Ca2+/S-100a.a′ and Ca2+/S-100b toward DTNB were enhanced or decreased, respectively, by the K+-binding. The conformation changes in S-100b, Ca2+/S-100a.a′, and Ca2+/S-100b caused by the K+-binding were also detected using a fluorescence environmental probe, 2-p-toluidinonaphthalene-6-sulfonate (TNS). A clear difference in the decrease of the TNS fluorescence intensity obtained by the K+-binding between S-100a.a′ and S-100b was demonstrated in the Ca2+-bound state. The measurements of the difference absorption spectrum of S-100a.a′ obtained by the K+-binding showed a positive spectrum, while those of S-100b showed a negative spectrum, regardless of the Ca2+-binding.
Diphenyl Diselenide as a Useful Reagent for Intermolecular Domino Reactions of Various Unsaturated Compounds under Photoirradiation Conditions
Authors: Tsuchii Kaname , Doi Mikio , Ogawa Ikuko , Einaga Yoshiyuki , Ogawa Akiya 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
This paper describes full details of a series of intermolecular domino reactions mediated by diphenyl diselenide (PhSeSePh). Diphenyl diselenide, which has just the right strength of carbon radical capturing ability, can be employed as a useful mediator for intermolecular domino reactions of unsaturated compounds. Upon irradiation through Pyrex with a tungsten lamp (hv &gt; 300 nm), a sequential addition of diphenyl diselenide to alkynes bearing an electron-withdrawing group and alkenes bearing an electron-donating group proceeds successfully to provide the corresponding intermolecular three-component coupling products in high yields. In place of alkenes, the use of isocyanides leads to the formation of the corresponding three-component coupling products of alkynes, isocyanides, and (PhSe)2, selectively. Moreover, when two kinds of alkenes (i.e., electron-rich alkenes and electron-poor alkenes) are used in this photoinduced alkyne-(PhSe)2 reaction system, a novel domino reaction of diphenyl diselenide with an alkyne and two kinds of alkenes, followed by 5-exo radical cyclization, takes place sequentially to provide the corresponding cyclic four-component coupling products in good yields.
Reversal of Regioselectivity in Wacker-Type Oxidation of Simple Terminal Alkenes and Its Paired Interacting Orbitals (PIO) Analysis
Authors: Ogura Toshihiko , Kamimura Ryuichiro , Shiga Akinobu , Hosokawa Takahiro 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The trend of aldehyde selectivity observed in the oxidation of 1-decene with PdCl2(CH3CN)2/CuCl2 in alcohol (ROH) under O2 can be evaluated by the overlap populations for Pd–C and C–OR bonds in the oxypalladation step with paired interacting orbitals (PIO) analysis. The use of t-BuOH affords decanal in 84% regioselectivity.
Interdependent Preferences and Reciprocity
Authors: Sobel Joel 
Published: August 2005

Experiments, ethnography, and introspection provide evidence economic agents do not act to maximize their narrowly defined self interest. Expanding the domain of preferences to include the utility of others provides a coherent way to extend rational choice theory. There are two approaches for including extended or social preferences in strategic models. One posits that agents have extended preferences, but maintains the conventional assumption that these preferences are stable. Prominent examples of this approach permit agents to exhibit concern for status, inequality, and social welfare. The other approach permits the strategic context to determine the nature of individual preferences. Context-dependent preferences can capture the possibility that agents are motivated in part by reciprocity. They may sacrifice personal consumption in order to lower the utility of unkind agents or to raise the utility of kind agents. This paper surveys the evidence in favor of social preferences and describes the implications of the leading theoretical models of extended preferences. It presents behavioral assumptions that characterize different types of social preferences. It investigates the extent to which social preferences may arise as the limit of evolutionary processes. It discusses the relationship between norms of reciprocity and social preferences in repeated interactions.
Expression Quantitative Trait Loci Analysis of 13 Genes in the Rat Prostate
Authors: Yamashita Satoshi , Wakazono Kuniko , Nomoto Tomoko , Tsujino Yoshimi , Kuramoto Takashi , Ushijima Toshikazu 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Differential expression of mRNA among animal strains is one of the mechanisms for their diversity. cDNA microarray analysis of the prostates of BUF/Nac (BUF) and ACI/N (ACI) rats, which show different susceptibility to prostate cancers, found 195 differentially expressed genes. To identify loci that control differential expression of 13 genes with diverse expression levels, their expression levels were measured by quantitative RT-PCR in 89 backcross rats, and expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analysis was performed. Nine genes [Aldh1a1, Aldr1, Bmp6, Cdkn1a (p21), Cntn6, Ghr, Jund, Nupr1, and RT1-M3] were controlled by cis-acting loci. Cdkn1a, a cell cycle regulator and a candidate for a prostate cancer susceptibility gene, was mapped to its own locus and had polymorphisms, including a 119-bp insertion in the 5′ upstream region in BUF rats. Four genes (Kclr, Pbsn, Psat1, and Ptn) were controlled by trans-acting loci. Pbsn, a prostate-specific gene on chromosome X, was controlled by a QTL on chromosome 8. Depending upon which gene that we selected from the genes widely used for normalization (Actb, Gapd, or Ppia), different QTL were mapped for Kclr, Psat1, and Ptn. Normalization using Actb most appropriately explained the expression levels in a congenic strain for chromosome 3. eQTL analysis with precise measurement of expression levels and appropriate normalization was shown to be effective for mapping loci that control gene expression in vivo.
The Drosophila Dosage Compensation Complex Binds to Polytene Chromosomes Independently of Developmental Changes in Transcription
Authors: Kotlikova I V , Demakova O V , Semeshin V F , Shloma V V , Boldyreva L V , Kuroda M I , Zhimulev I F 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
In Drosophila, the dosage compensation complex (DCC) mediates upregulation of transcription from the single male X chromosome. Despite coating the polytene male X, the DCC pattern looks discontinuous and probably reflects DCC dynamic associations with genes active at a given moment of development in a salivary gland. To test this hypothesis, we compared binding patterns of the DCC and of the elongating form of RNA polymerase II (PolIIo). We found that, unlike PolIIo, the DCC demonstrates a stable banded pattern throughout larval development and escapes binding to a subset of transcriptionally active areas, including developmental puffs. Moreover, these proteins are not completely colocalized at the electron microscopy level. These data combined imply that simple recognition of PolII machinery or of general features of active chromatin is either insufficient or not involved in DCC recruitment to its targets. We propose that DCC-mediated site-specific upregulation of transcription is not the fate of all active X-linked genes in males. Additionally, we found that DCC subunit MLE associates dynamically with developmental and heat-shock-induced puffs and, surprisingly, with those developing within DCC-devoid regions of the male X, thus resembling the PolIIo pattern. These data imply that, independently of other MSL proteins, the RNA-helicase MLE might participate in general transcriptional regulation or RNA processing.