bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aeration‐agitation studies on the novobiocin fermentation
Authors: Maxon W. D. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractNovobiocin fermentations in 20 l. baffled fermentors were studied as a function of the size and speed of the dual four‐bladed flat‐blade turbines used. Power input and sulphite oxidation rate measurements were made. The courses of pH, sugar utilization, mycelial dry weight, carbon dioxide evolution and antibiotic titer were determined. Optimum antibiotic yields were achieved at a power input of 0·5 h.p./100 gal, equivalent to a sulphite oxidation rate of 110 mmoles O2/l.h, when the impeller diameters were 29 per cent or 39 per cent of the tank diameter. A power input of 0·75 h.p./100 gal, equivalent to a sulphite oxidation rate of 160 mmoles O2/l.h, was required for equivalent results with the impeller diameter 49 per cent of the tank diameter. Some explanations of the lack of equivalent results with the large impeller are discussed.
Continuous antibiotic fermentation—design of a 20 litre, single‐stage pilot plant and trials with two contrasting processes
Authors: Bartlett M. C. , Gerhardt Philipp 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe feasibility of producing antibiotics by single‐stage continuous fermentation was explored by means of a specially designed pilot plant. Both the chloramphenicol and penicillin processes appeared adaptable to such an operation. At dilution rates of 1·0 and 0·5 volume changes per day respectively, yields of from ¼ to ½ of the maxima obtained in batch operation were maintained in the steady‐state for more than 2 weeks.
Fermentation process kinetics
Authors: Gaden Elmer L. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractInformation on fermentation process kinetics is potentially valuable for the improvement of batch process performance; it is essential for continuous process design. An empirical examination of rate patterns in various fermentations discloses three basic types: (1) ‘growth associated’ products arising directly from the energy metabolism of carbohydrates supplied, (2) indirect products of carbohydrate metabolism and (3) products apparently unrelated to carbohydrate oxidation. Effects of operating variables on the primary kinetic processes, growth, sugar utilization and antibiotic formation, in the penicillin process, illustrate the special nature of this type.
Production and isolation of the antibiotic, oligomycin
Authors: Visser J. , Weinauer D. E. , Davis R. C. , Peterson W. H. , Nazarewicz W. , Ordway H. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractProduction of oligomycin has been studied in fermentations ranging from 100 ml in shaken flasks to 1000 gal in agitated and aerated tanks. The yields ranged from nothing to 3675 μ;g per ml. The main factor favouring the production of oligomycin was a medium giving good growth and supplying an abundance of slowly utilized energy. Media meeting these requirements contained yeast extract and/or molasses for growth and lard oil for energy. Glycerol, glucose or starch as the main source of carbon gave poor results. A pH close to 7 favoured oligomycin production. Considerable organic nitrogen was synthesized and excreted by the mycelium during oligomycin production.Under suitable conditions practically all of the oligomycin remained in the mycelium. Extraction of the mycelium with acetone, concentration of the extract, removal of oily material with a low‐boiling hydrocarbon, decolourization and final crystallization from methanol or ethanol were the main steps in the recovery process. From pilot plant and tank fermentations about 4500 g of crystalline oligomycin have been prepared.Three oligomycins, A, B and C were found by paper chromatography in even well‐crystallized oligomycin. In different lots the proportions varied from 10–75 per cent A, 4–90 per cent B and 0–36 per cent C. High yields and high percentages of A and C were obtained on the neutral, lard‐oil medium. Low yields and high proportions of B were given by the glycerol, low‐pH medium.
The disintegration of micro‐organisms by shaking with glass beads
Authors: Rodgers A. , Hughes D. E. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA new vibrator, commercially available as the Sonomec Wave‐Pulse Generator, is described, in which micro‐organisms may be disrupted by shaking with glass beads. The amplitude and frequency of vibration of the shaker may be varied independently by suitable linkages incorporated in the mechanism. A study has been made of the effect of several variables, particularly the height of the liquid column in the vibrating container, on the rate of disruption. A relation is shown to exist between the acoustic heating produced in the container by the passage of sound waves through the liquid and the rate of disruption of baker's yeast. It is considered that at most depths of the liquid column, the action is similar to that of other shakers, but at a certain depth of liquid, additional forces arise which greatly increase the rapidity of disruption. How these forces act is not known. Factors affecting the rate of disruption of baker's yeast, Corynebacterium xerosis and Bacillus megatherium have been studied and a comparison has been made of the fractions obtained by differential centrifugation of the cell dispersion and compared with similar preparations from the Hughes press.
Continuous centrifugation in virus processing
Authors: Patrick William C. , Freeman Robert R. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAmbler's Q/Σ relationship between the throughput of a centrifuge and its mechanical characteristics has been translated from batch data in order to predict operating conditions for continuous centrifugation in virus processing. A Sharples Laboratory Supercentrifuge was converted from batch to continuous operation and a slurry feed device was developed. A correlation between operating conditions for continuous centrifugation and amount of test virus recovered from the feed showed that the Q/Σ values at which high concentrations of the virus were recovered were almost identical to the Q/Σ values for significant virus recovery in batch centrifugation. Titration and gravimetric determinations of the sediments recovered from continuous centrifugation operations indicate that product purity might be influenced by operating conditions.
Effect of antifoam agents on oxygen transfer in deep tank fermentations
Authors: Phillips K. L. , Spencer J. F. T. , Sallans H. R. , Roxburgh J. M. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractDevelopment of a foam breaker which operates on the principle of rapid acceleration of foam through a nozzle has allowed large‐scale aerobic fermentations to be run without addition of antifoam agents. Fermentations have been investigated over a wide range of aeration levels in which oxygen supplied to the organisms was the limiting growth factor.With Torulopsis utilis grown in a 5 per cent molasses medium. oxygen utilization followed an exponential pattern during the early phase of growth, with carbon dioxide production equal to the consumption of oxygen. At the point where oxygen supply to the organism became limiting, anaerobic fermentation began, and the consumption of oxygen remained constant. The level of oxygen absorption beyond which the respiratory quotient exceeded unity was used as a measure of limiting oxygen supply.Addition of three types of antifoam compounds to T. utilis fermentations resulted in a marked depression of oxygen consumption, and a decrease in cell production. Incremental addition of small quantities of antifoam to maintain a constant foam level in the fermentor depressed the oxygen absorption rate to a lesser extent. Sulphite oxidation rates did not reflect the true value of oxygen absorption rates found for fermentations without addition of antifoam.
Theoretical aspects of sterilization of tissue culture medium by depth filtration
Authors: Daniels William F. , Hale Malcolm B. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractFiltration theory is briefly reviewed with regard to possible application to sterilization by filtration. Of the different devices tested, Seitz asbestos sheets, acid‐treated to remove toxic materials, offered most advantages for routine use and scale‐up potential. The standard law of Hermans and Bredée best expressed mathematically, the filtration of tissue culture media sterilized by Seitz No. 6 laboratory filters. Data are presented showing the correlation between the performance of the Seitz No. 6 filter, and the Seitz No. 200 plate and frame press (involving a scale‐up ratio of up to 400 to 1). An expression:

derived from experimental data obtained, expressing time in terms of pressure, surface area, and volume of filtrate, enabled prediction of filtration parameters with accuracy acceptable for engineering purposes for unclarified media, and greatly improved for media which had been initially clarified.The influence of streaming potential is discussed with regard to its influence on the course of a filtration.
Handling of antifoam oils for fermentations
Authors: Bungay H. R. , Simons C. F. , Hosler P. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractControl of foams by oil additions is of large economic importance to the fermentation industry. Excessive foaming causes loss of material and contamination, while excessive oil additions may decrease the product formation. Antifoam oils may be synthetic, such as silicones or polyglycols, or natural, such as lard oil or soybean oil. Either will substantially change the physical structure of foam, principally by reducing surface elasticity.Industrial antifoam systems usually operate automatically from level‐sensing devices. Methods for metering of oil under aseptic conditions are: timed delivery through a solenoid, two solenoids with an expansion chamber between, a motor‐driven hypodermic syringe, and certain industrial pumps.Distribution devices can improve efficiency over straight‐pipe entry. Types described are spray distribution, diverter bars, and wick devices.
A conductance bridge method for the amperometric estimation of low oxygen tension
Authors: Gutmann F. , Moss F. , Lehoczky L. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractOxygen tension in aqueous media of the order of 10−6 to 10−9 molar is measured amperometrically by means of a stationary inert metal electrode. The electrolytic cell is connected into a high resistance bridge circuit, which is energized from a low resistance d.c. source of voltage adjusted to give a potential difference across the cell corresponding to a position on the diffusion current plateau of the first oxygen wave. This cell potential is monitored by means of a vacuum tube millivoltmeter and maintained constant. A vacuum tube millivoltmeter measures the bridge output. The bridge is initially balanced with the medium deoxygenated; subsequent introduction of low concentrations of oxygen dissolved in the medium unbalance the bridge. Either the resulting bridge output voltage, as read on the millivoltmeter, or the resistance change in the bridge arm opposite the cell, is related to the oxygen tension by means of a previous calibration. Both quantities are directly proportional to oxygen concentration, at least over limited ranges of such concentration changes. The method is also applicable to the estimation of other substances which can be discharged under amperometric conditions at a stationary electrode.
Polarographic measurement of oxygen supply and demand during aerobic propagation of a bacterial culture
Authors: Lemp John Frederick 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe sampling method of polarographic analysis for dissolved oxygen in culture medium is unaffected by the presence of viable micro‐organisms. This method allows measurement of peak oxygen demand, critical oxygen concentration, and oxygen supply during actual mass propagation of an aerobic culture. Fermentation operating conditions may be adjusted to supply the oxygen required by the aerobic culture.
Developments in the production of mushroom mycelium in submerged liquid culture
Authors: Block S. S. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe process for the production of mushroom mycelium for food purposes has great potentiality. It would offer a simple, mechanized, inexpensive method for producing a nutritious food. Mushroom mycelium can be cultivated in submerged liquid culture on simple carbohydrate and nitrogen compounds with mineral salts. Yields are high and no special production problems are involved. Those species reported to have flavour are Agaricus campestris, Morchella crassipes, Lepiota rachodes, and Coprinus comatus. The mycelial growth is usually either in ball form or dispersed. The dispersed form, characterized by fine mycelium and secondary spores, may be a physiological mutation which gives greater yield but less flavour. Mycelium grown on solid media is said to have greater flavour than mycelium grown in submerged culture. Several methods for enhancing the flavour of the mycelium have been investigated. The taste of the mycelium has been variously reported from flavourless to equivalent or even preferable to that of the fruiting bodies. The fact remains, however, that it is only the problem of taste that has kept the process from commercial exploitation.
Process report: Large‐scale production of foot‐and‐mouth disease virus
Authors: Ubertini B. , Nardelli L. , Santero G. , Panina G. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA pilot plant is described for the mass cultivation of foot‐and‐mouth disease virus, in vitro, on calf kidney cell monolayers. The pilot plant produces up to 400 litres of virus per week; it can be enlarged with ease to a sufficient capacity to meet any requirements.
Clinical‐size dextran by direct fermentation (with NRRL B–1351 Streptococcus sp.)
Authors: Rogovin S. P. , Senti F. R. , Benedict R. G. , Tsuchiya H. M. , Watson P. R. , Tobin R. , Sohns V. E. , Slodki M. E. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractDextran, a polymer of glucose, has been widely used as a blood‐plasma volume expander. In whole culture fermentations most dextran‐producing organisms elaborate dextrans that have molecular weights of many millions and must be depolymerized and fractionated to obtain a product suitable for clinical use. An exception however is Streptococcus sp. (Strain DS–50) NRRL B–1351. In the work described here, this organism is used to produce clinical‐size dextran in high yields, both on a laboratory‐ and a pilot‐plant scale. With this process, fractionation is required but depolymerization is not. Fermentations of media containing 15 per cent sucrose are complete in less than 48 hours with 0·2 per cent inoculum. Yields of native dextran and clinical‐size dextran by methanol precipitation are 68 and 43 per cent of the theory, respectively. The structurally heterogeneous dextran formed by NRRL B–1351 has a higher viscosity for a given molecular weight than does NRRL B–512 dextran. The viscosity–molecular weight relationship for the former may be expressed by the equation [η] = 6·51 × 10−4Mw0·554. The high‐molecular weight fraction had approximately 75 per cent of 1,6‐like linkages, as compared with 87 per cent for the clinical fraction. All fractions had a lower ratio of 1,6 to non‐1,6 linkages than did NRRL B–512 dextrans.
Pilot plant studies on parboiling of rice—II. Dehydration
Authors: Mazumder A. C. , Bose A. N. , Ganguli N. C. , Guha B. C. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA compact dryer for the parboiling of paddy has been described. The use of steam tubes along the circumference of the shell has made high drying rates possible. The rate of water removal is dependent on steam pressure in the tubes. Blowing of pre‐heated air through the dryer shell is necessary. The optimum drying conditions for parboiled paddy as observed in the experimental rotary dryer are: (a) the steam pressure in the tubes should be about 45 lb/in2 gauge; (b) the feed rate should be 150 lb/h, approximately; (c) the rotation should be about 5 rev/min; (d) the inclination of the shell should be nearly 2° to the horizontal and (e) air at a rate of 100 ft3/min should be blown parallel to the feed, pre‐heated to a temperature of 90°C.
A rapid estimation of prednisolone produced by fermentative oxidation
Authors: Mizsei Antal , Szabó Antal 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAn analytical method has been devised for the rapid determination of prednisolone produced in a fermentative oxidation process. It allows frequent checking of concentrations of the prednisolone formed during the oxidation of hydrocortisone.The estimation of prednisolone in the presence of hydrocortisone is based upon the diversity of colour shown by the chromogens produced from these steroids by sulphuric acid and ethanol. Using the optimal reagent mixture and conditions, the interference of hydrocortisone is negligible. The steroids are extracted from the fermentation broth with ethyl acetate. One test takes about 20 min.
An improved pH electrode assembly for pilot plant and plant fermentors
Authors: West J. M. , Stickle G. P. , Walter K. D. , Brown W. E. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA modified pH electrode assembly is desccribed which is capable of steam sterilization and which can be installed in steel fermentors of all sizes in a variety of ways. Its design is such that electrode life is prolonged and contamination hazards are reduced.
A preliminary study of depth filtration at a constant rate
Authors: Hale Malcolm B. , Daniels William F. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe constant‐rate operation of a system utilizing asbestos filter‐pads for the cold sterilization of a tissue culture medium is described. Filtration theory is briefly reviewed with regard to the constant‐rate process, and the results of several data treatment methods are reported. The standard law of Hermans and Bredée4, 5 best describes the constant‐rate data. Computation of the data, when plotted by the standard‐law method, results in two straight lines divided by a transition zone. The second region is characterized by a slower plugging rate and a plot of the standard‐law slopes versus the initial filtration pressures shows a linear relation. The constant‐rate method is compared with the constant‐pressure method and is found to yield equivalent overall filtrate rates at lower operating pressures.The observed filtration behaviour is discussed, and available data are presented to indicate the sterilization capability of the filter.
Small‐scale studies of microbiological oxidation of hydrocarbons to long‐chain fatty acids
Authors: Lnday E. Margery , Donald M. B. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractSeveral strains of Pseudomonas, Nocardia and incompletely identified soil isolates have been grown in a mineral salts plus hydrocarbon medium, and the fatty acids produced by the organisms have been isolated, identified and estimated. The results of an estimation of the percentage conversion to these acids under varying experimental conditions is discussed in relation to the metabolic systems involved. Some indication has been obtained that the hydrocarbon breakdown pathway by these organisms is that of ω oxidation followed by β oxidation. Preliminary experiments carried out with one strain of organism, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 5940, indicate that there may be some difference in the utilization of odd‐ and even‐chain hydrocarbons by this organism. An improvement of 3 ·8‐fold was obtained by using nitrate instead of ammonium nitrogen; 13‐fold by using continuous instead of batch operation; and 8‐fold by the use of liquid instead of solid paraffins, giving a total improvement of yield of 400‐fold.
Measurement of dissolved oxygen in fermentations
Authors: Phillips Donald H. , Johnson Marvin J. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractTwo methods have been investigated for the measurement of dissolved oxygen in fermentations: the tubing method and the probe method. The sensing elements for both methods are steam‐sterilizable and measure only the oxygen tension in the liquid phase. The tubing method is probably the most accurate and reliable method available for measurement of dissolved oxygen in fermentations but it requires extensive ancillary apparatus.
Aeration in fermentations
Authors: Phillips Donald H. , Johnson Marvin J. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractSymptoms of oxygen deficiency and variations in dissolved‐oxygen level have been described in some typical aerobic fermentations. In bacterial fermentations, dissolved‐oxygen levels were almost the same in different parts of the fermentor. As a result, good correlations between apparent and true critical oxygen concentrations were obtained. Poor correlations were obtained in mould fermentations.
The chemical sterilization of liquid media with beta‐propiolactone and ethylene oxide
Authors: Toplin Irving , Gaden Elmer L. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe effectiveness of beta‐propiolactone (BPL) and ethylene oxides as sterilants for liquid microbiological media was studied. Preliminary tests against heavy suspensions of B. coagulans in various media confirmed the sterilizing levels found by earlier investigators. In actinomycin fermentation tests, both compounds were found to sterilize effectively at concentrations up to 0·5 per cent without significant effects on the growth‐promoting qualities of the medium. At the concentrations required to sterilize large numbers of spores (0·5–1·0 per cent), however, both agents exhibit inhibitory effects on the fermentation. In these cases BPL is less damaging than ethylene oxide.
Production of concentrated cell suspensions: The sponge fermentor
Authors: Freeman Robert R. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA novel fermentor is described in which aerobic microorganisms are grown on solid medium. Cellulose sponges support a nutrient‐agar medium, resulting in a large surface area for growth within a relatively small volume. The sponges are alternately squeezed and relaxed within a piston‐and‐cylinder‐type apparatus during fermentation. Provision is made for inoculation, harvesting, and for supplying air during operation. The apparatus has been operated semicontinuously in that there are enough cells left in the sponges after harvest to inoculate fresh medium. Cell concentrations of Serratia marcescens up to 84 × 1010 per ml have been recovered. A growth curve for this micro‐organism is given and sample data on semicontinuous operation are presented.
Chemical separation methods for common microbes
Authors: Nakamura Hiroshi 
Published: May 2005

AbstractTo collect microbes from suspensions by a process other than centrifugation, it has been found effective to add inorganic and organic electrolytes in the colloidal state. The addition of electrolytes causes a neutralization of charges on the particles in suspension resulting in their coagulation and precipitation. High‐molecular‐weight compounds which form micelles also promote coagulation and precipitation. It is believed that chemical collection is an extremely efficient method of treatment for the mass production of microbial suspensions.
Management of polyamine pools and the regulation of ornithine decarboxylase
Authors: Davis Rowland H. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe management of polyamine synthesis and polyamine pools differs fundamentally from that of most other small molecular‐weight endproducts. The polyamines are vital to growth and important cellular functions, but they are toxic in excess. I argue here that their multivalent cationic character, leading to binding to cell constituents, precludes fluent feedback inhibition of synthesis. This has led to the development of elaborate alternative regulatory mechanisms controlling ornithine decarboxylase, the key initial enzyme of the pathway. Poorly regulated polyamine synthesis and the toxicity of polyamines impose upon cells a need to control uptake and to dispose of excess polyamines. Recent data on polyamine transport suggest unorthodox mechanisms of accomplishing these functions.