bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Production of Bacillus cereus exopenicillinase on a pilot‐plant scale
Authors: Miller G. , Bach G. , Markus Z. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA substrain of Bacillus cereus 569/H produced above 10,000 units of penicillinase/ ml. when grown in a pilot‐plant fermentor using a medium containing Casamino acids techn. (Difco) or N‐Z‐Amine type B (Sheffield), and salts. Simplified purification and concentration procedures give an overall yield of 50‐65% enzyme. The freeze‐dried enzyme preparation had a good storage stability in vacuumsealed ampules kept at 4, 30, and 37°C. In vials containing air in the head space, partial inactivation occurred in two months at 30 and 37°C. The freezedried preparation showed satisfactory performance in the production of yoghurt fermented milk.
Controlled pH and oxidation–Reduction potential with a new glass tissue‐culture fermentor
Authors: Daniels William F. , Parker David A. , Johnson Roger W. , Schneider Louis E. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA 1‐l. fermentor was designed and tested for use as a tissue‐culture vessel. It features a temperature control device, impeller agitation without the necessity of a shaft seal, and a means of measuring, recording, and controlling both pH and oxidation‐reduction potential (ORP). Tests have shown the ORP to change fairly rapidly with impeller speed variations under conditions of a continuous carbon dioxide‐air overlay. Working with strain L mouse fibroblasts (Earle), cell counts of more than 1.25 ×106 ml., without centrifugation and medium renewal, were achieved, and cell counts were maintained above 1 ×106 for more than 30 hr. With the vessel studied, pH control was ±0.05, the ORP control was ±10 mV. Controlled environments for tissue‐cell metabolic studies are entirely feasible with this system.
A model system for evaluating shear in the design of stirred fermentors
Authors: Midler Michael , Finn R. K. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA model system, utilizing shear‐sensitive protozoa, has been developed for characterizing the disruptive forces in agitated systems. The model system gives a measure of the maximum shear stresses in the apparatus being tested, and is particularly useful when tissue fragility is a factor in fermentor design. The time dependency of protozoan disruption is shown and discussed. Breakdown data in conventional stirred vessels and a laminar shear device are presented and discussed.
The effect of equipment scale and degree of mixing on continuous fermentation yield at low dilution rates
Authors: Hansford G. S. , Humphrey A. E. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractPreviously, the degree of mixing was not felt to be an important consideration in fermentor design. In this study on the continuous propagation of Baker's yeast, it was found that at low dilution rates, i.e., 0.02hr−1, the degree of mixing achieved does effect the cell yield. At low dilution rates, appreciable quantities of sugar can be utilized for endogenous respiration in comparison to that utilized for making cell mass. Poor distribution of the sugar aggravates the balance of sugar utilized for each process. Yields at these low dilution rates can be improved to a limited extent by using a multiple feed‐distribution system and better mixing.
Studies with a multiple‐rod mixing impeller
Authors: Steel R. , Maxon W. D. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe performance of a multiple‐rod mixing impeller was compared to that of conventional turbine impellers in viscous novobiocin beers. The advantages of the multiple‐rod impeller were found to be: (1) the power requirement was independent of changes in apparent viscosity of the fermentation beer; and (2) it gave the same novobiocin yield and oxygen‐availability rate at about one‐half of the power required by turbines.
Design and operation of a simple continuous‐culture apparatus
Authors: Saeed Mohammed , Moss Frank J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA versatile and simple continuous‐culture apparatus is described. With this apparatus, independent control of limiting growth factors and other nutrilites is possible and the conditions of each experiment are reproducible. In view of the synchronized speed of the feeder syringes, flow variation troubles are not encountered. The device allows the performance of growth experiments at different dilution rates simultaneously in a single run which makes the comparison of the results more reliable. The operation of the device has been tested successfully with a study of adenine deaminase induction in yeast.
The production of bacteriophage μ2
Authors: Sargeant K. , Yeo R. G. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn three series of experiments, 3‐l., 20‐l., and 150‐l. bacterial cultures were grown in stirred, deep culture vessels to average bacterial cell densities of 71 × 108, 63 × 108, and 43 × 108 viable organisms per milliliter, respectively, and then infected with phage. The average yield of progeny phage in each case was ca. 3000 mpfu (minimum plaque‐forming units) per cell. Thus, the average mass of phage obtained in the 3‐l. experiments was not less than 124 mg./l., calculated from the plaque counts, assuming a particle size of 3.6 × 106 Daltons for the μ2 phage. This is about twentyfold higher than is obtainable by conventional methods in aerated, shaken culture flasks. The actual phage yields are probably much higher than the minimum values calculated from plaque counts. For example, in the case of one of our culture lysates which was purified at King's College, the efficiency of plating was shown to be only 19%. The carbon dioxide evolution rate of cultures was measured and used as a guide to the time at which phage should be added. In this way, greater control of cultural conditions was obtained than is possible in shaken flasks. For the best yield of phage per milliliter of culture, the optimum time for phage infection was such that bacterial lysis just prevented the carbon dioxide evolution rate from reaching its potential maximum. The major factor influencing the phage yield per milliliter of culture was the aeration capacity of the culture vessel used. All had maximum aeration capacities much higher than those obtainable in shaken culture flasks. Cultures grown and infected in 3‐l. Vessel operated under conditions of low aeration gave poor yields of phage. The reason for this are discussed.
Isolation, characterization, and growth of basidiomycetes
Authors: Schuytema Eunice C. , Hargie Martha P. , Merits Ilmar , Schenck Jay R. , Siehr Donald J. , Smith Muriel S. , Varner Estie L. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractOur program on the mass cultivation of basidiomycetes was designed to determine whether these organisms, being more highly differentiated than bacteria, molds, and yeasts, would in turn carry out markedly different reactions on natural products. A discussion of our methods of isolating and characterizing a representative collection of basidiomycetes and of our difficulties in obtaining pure cultures which grew well is presented. Some information we obtained on the growth and types of products that these organisms produced in a synthetic medium is discussed. Our techniques for examining fermentation beers for transformation products from indole compounds and from progesterone are explained, and the types of products we obtained are described.
Mass culture of the protozoa Colpoda steinii
Authors: Proper George , Garver J. C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractGrowth of the ciliate, Colpoda steinii, was studied in shake flasks, 30‐l., stirred jars, and a conventional 50‐gal. stainless‐steel fermentor. This organism was growth with either washed or unwashed Escherichia coli cells as the sole food source. Generation times of 3–4 hr. were obtained at 30°C. With average yields of 78% (0.78 g. of protozoa/g. of bacteria). In a 100‐l. fermentation, a dry weight concentration of 12.5 g./l. (1.04 × 107 protozoa/ml.) was reached by means of periodic addition of E. coli paste. The influence of bacterial concentration on the growth rate of the protozoa was also investigated. It was found that this relationship could be represented by a Michaelis‐Menten equation with a maximum specific growth rate of 0.23 hr. −1 (3‐hr. generation time) and a bacterial concentration for half‐maximum growth rate of 6.0 mg. (dry wt.)/l.
Foam separation of Escherichia Coli with a cationic surfactant
Authors: Grieves Robert B. , Wang Shing‐Ling 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAn experimental investigation of the foam separation of E. coli from distilled water suspension using a cationic surface‐active agent, ethylhexadecyldimethyl‐ammonium bromide (EHDA‐Br) is presented. Results are evaluated in terms of total cell count, using a membrane filtration technique. Cell concentrations in the initial suspensions are varied from 5.0 × 105 to 1.0 × 108 cells/ml. Surfactant concentrations in the initial cell suspensions are varied from 0.015 to 0.040 mg./ml., and foaming times are varied from 2 to 20 min. The residual quantity of cells decreases exponentially with foaming time to about 0.02% of the initial quantity after 20 min. The cell enrichment ratio, varying from 10 to 1,000,000, is an inverse power function of the initial surfactant concentration and an exponential function of foaming time. Foaminess decreases with increasing initial cell concentrations, and for an initial surfactant concentration of 0.030 mg./ml., the residual cell concentration is a linear function of the initial cell concentration.
Studies on automatically aerated biosynthetic processes. II. Occurrence and elimination of CO2 during penicillin biosynthesis
Authors: Lengyel Z. L. , Nyiri L. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractOxygen uptake of Penicillium chrysogenum hyphae growing in automatically aerated deep cultures was the subject of local and periodical change. The change depended on the concentration of carbon dioxide which accumulated in the gas phase of system during the evolution of foam bubbles, and which was suddenly liberated when the foam was destroyed. The actual concentration of sunflower oil added as an antifoaming agent also influenced the oxygen uptake of culture.
Sequential substrate removal by activated sludge after a change in salt concentration
Authors: Kincannon D. F. , Gaudy A. F. , Gaudy Elizabeth T. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractPrevious studies indicated that when cells grown in a NaCl‐free glucose medium were subjected to a high salt concentration, cellular constituents were released which were metabolized by the cells in preference to glucose. In the present study, cells grown on glucose in high salt medium were subjected to a shock loading of salt‐free medium. In this case, the resulting lysate was not used in preference to glucose; the lysate was metabolized only after an acclimation period following glucose utilization. It was shown by injecting chloramphenicol into the reaction liquor during glucose metabolism that new protein synthesis was required in order to metabolize the lysate. This response represents an additional way in which a rapid change in salt concentration can adversely affect biological treatment of waste waters, and a new type of situation in which sequential removal of substrates occurs.
Yield in continuous aerobic bacterial fermentation
Authors: Martin Edward J. , Washington Donald R. , Hetling Leo J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractPresented is a mathematical model for the continuous‐flow steady‐state bacterial culture which permits the experimental determination of carbon transfer rates within the system by use of radioactive tracer techniques. The transfer rates are specific for hydraulic loading rates, feed concentrations, type of organism, and substrate, and were incorporated within the existing theoretical description of the growth kinetics in order to elucidate the yield relationships. The carbon transfer rate of cells to soluble organic substrate was observed to exhibit a minimum value at or near dilution rate D = 0.5 hr.−1. A maximum effective yield coefficient, Y, was observed at the same value of D. At dilution rates greater and less than D = 0.5 hr.−1, the cell–substrate transfer rate increased, and effective yield coefficient was observed to decrease. The former showed increases of 50–200%, and the latter exhibited decreases of the order of 10%. The magnitude of these variations would seem to be significant in industrial fermentation processes which utilize continuous microbiological cultures. In light of these findings, the results of other researchers were shown to exhibit maximum effective yield at similar dilution rates or process loadings.
Continuous‐culture system for ecological studies of microorganisms
Authors: Parker R. B. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAn improved system is presented for measurement of interactions between a number of individual bacterial species. In the procedure, steady‐state populations are fed into a common‐mixed‐culture vessel. Generation times of each species are determined under these conditions and contrasted with generation time in an identical situation in pure culture. Populations for generation time are determined with the aid of differential media. The mechanical system includes three types of peristaltic pumps for media feed and a unit for measurement, recording, and/or control of pH. A new type of anaerobic continuous‐culture vessel which can be inoculated, sampled, and fed continuously is also described. A functional test of a three‐part system including Streptococcus salivarius, Veilloncella alcalescens, and Staphylococcus aureus is presented. An unusual feature was the finding that, under certain conditions, the generation time of S. Salivarius was less than 10 min.
Apparatus for monitoring the oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide production of fermentations
Authors: Jensen A. L. , Schultz J. S. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe requirements of the continuous analysis of effluent gas streams from aerated flash and tank fermentors are described, as are instrumental devices for measuring the oxygen and carbon dioxide content of fermentor gases. The use of a specially designed sequential gas sample for monitoring four fermentations simultaneously and a system for precise control of low air flow and pressure is explained. Equations for calculating carbon dioxide production or oxygen consumption rates and respiratory quotients are given. A discussion of the operating characteristics of a device for automatic translation of aeration data between fermentors is presented.
Utilization of normal alkanes by yeasts
Authors: Miller Thomas L. , Johnson Marvin J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA stable mixed yeast culture designated as Culture 4, consisting of Candida intermedia and Candida lipolytica was investigated. The culture was judged stable based on uniformity of fermentation results and the nearly constant ratio of the two organisms at the completion of fermentations. However, the ratio of the two organisms at different times during the fermentation was not determined. The mixed culture grew more rapidly on n‐alkanes than did C. intermedia; C. lipolytica did not grow on unsupplemented mineral salt–n‐alkane medium. Solid n‐alkanes were dissolved in 2,6,0,14‐tetramethylpentadecane (pristane) for investigation as carbon sources. With Culture 4, on n‐alkanes ranging from pentadecane (C15) through octacosane (C28), cell yields were 74.2–89.5%; generation times were 3.0–8.0 hr. during the exponential growth phase. The fastest growth rates and highest cell yields were obtained with docosane (C22) as substrate. The cells obtained contained 6.75–8.81% nitrogen and 1.9–13.4% lipid. Crude protein yields were 34.4–47.6%. The oxidation of n‐alkanes by C. intermedia was studied manometrically with resting whole cells. The alkaneoxidizing system of this organism appears to be constitutive and nonspecific for alkane substrates.
The theoretical aspects of biochemical fuel cells
Authors: Young T. Gray , Hadjipetrou L. , Lilly M. D. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBiological systems can be used in three types of fuel cell: depolarization (or concentration) cell, product cell, and redox cell. The possibilities and theoretical limitations of each type of cell have been considered in terms of the metabolic activities of microorganisms and the coupling of these to electrochemical systems. The use of cell extracts and enzymes, particularly in an insoluble form, has been discussed.
Atmospheric nitrogen fixation by hydrocarbon‐oxidizing bacteria
Authors: Coty V. F. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractMicroorganisms have been found which concomitantly convert hydrocarbons, selected naphthenic acids, and atmospheric nitrogen into cellular substance. Bacteria are included in the genera Pseudomonas, Mycobacterium, and Azotobacter. Carbon sources utilized include the hydrocarbons methane, n‐butane, n‐tetradecane, toluene, and a naphthenic acid, cyclohexane‐carboxylate. Uptake of isotopic nitrogen was employed as a criterion of nitrogen fixation. The results indicate a rather wide prevalence in nature of hydrocarbon‐oxidizing bacteria capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen. Their occurrence helps explain the high concentration of organic nitrogen commonly found in soils exposed to gas leakage from pipelines or natural‐gas seeps, and suggests further consideration of the possibility of applying selected petroleum residua to soils in order to increase the agricultural potential by nitrogen‐fixing processes.
Bacterial degradation of aromatic compounds
Authors: Gibson D. T. , Wood J. M. , Chapman P. J. , Dagley S. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe bacterial degradation of catechol, 3‐methylcatechol, 2,3‐dihydroxy‐β‐phenylpropionic acid, and protocatechuic acid has been studied in detail. From the results obtained a general sequence has been proposed for the microbial oxidation of dihydroxy aromatic compounds.
Production of L‐glutamic acid from hydrocarbons: Incorporation of molecular oxygen
Authors: Imada Y. , Takahashi J. , Yamada K. , Uchida K. , Aida K. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe production of L‐glutamic acid from hydrocarbons by a newly isolated bacterium, which was identified as Corynebacterium, was investigated. The outstanding characteristic of this bacterium was found to be an accessory requirement of thiamine for growth. The optimum concentration of thiamine for growth was 50 μg./liter, while that for L‐glutamic acid production was 3–5 μg./liter. n‐Paraffins ranging from dodecane to heptadecane were best for L‐glutamic acid production, and about 5 g. of L‐glutamic acid were obtained from 30 g. of these individual n‐paraffins. On the other hand, a tracer experiment using oxygen‐18 revealed that molecular oxygen was incorporated into L‐glutamic acid produced from dodecane. Based on the incorporation value of molecular oxygen in L‐glutamic acid, a hypothetical pathway for the biosynthesis of L‐glutamic acid from dodecane was discussed.
Optimization of a stagewise biochemical reactor system with product feedback
Authors: Wen C. Y. , Chang T. M. , Fan L. T. , Ko Y. C. , Knieper P. J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA consecutive, first‐order, irreversible, biochemical reaction, \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ A{\textstyle{{k(\theta)} \over {{\rm Enzyme }1}}} \to B{\textstyle{{k(\theta)} \over {{\rm Enzyme 2}}}} \to C $\end{document}, taking place in a series of N reactors with product recycle is considered. A discrete version of the maximum principle is used to derive general equations necessary for maximizing the production of (1) the final product, C, by choosing the temperature or the pH value in each reactor, and (2) the intermediate product, B, by choosing the reactor volume. A numerical computation for a series of three reactors with recycle is illustrated. The effects of varying the recycle rates on the optimal state and decision variables are also presented.
Foam separation of bacteria with a cationic surfactant
Authors: Grieves Robert B. , Wang Shing‐Ling 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAn experimental investigation is presented of the foam separation of six species of bacteria: Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus subtilis var niger. A cationic surfactant, ethylhexadeeyldimethylammonium bromide is used and results are evaluated in terms of total cell count, using a membrane filtration technique. From similar neutral distilled water suspensions of the pure cultures (approximately 107 cells/ml.) and using the same operating conditions, ratios of cell concentrations in the residual suspensions to those in the initial suspensions range from 0.0013 for Bacillus subtilis var niger to 0.25 for Serratia marcescens. The presence of bacteria, compared to pure surfactant solutions, produces lower collapsed foam volumes; the foam volumes have a strong influence on the separations achieved with the various species, with enrichment ratios ranging from 27 to 3088 and residual ratios ranging from 0.001 to 0.247.
The utilization of mixed sugars in continuous fermentation. I.
Authors: Baidya T. K. N. , Webb F. C. , Lilly M. D. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA strain of Klebsiella aerogenes was selected which gave marked diauxic growth in a batch system on a mixture of glucose and lactose in a simple salts medium; the diauxic lag was 15–20 hr. at 30°C. The growth of this organism on glucose and lactose was studied in a single‐stream two‐stage continuous‐stirred fermentor system over a wide range of flow rates. Glucose was metabolized instantaneously to give very low reactor concentrations at all flow rates, but the time lag before lactose was attacked, when present for the first time, was never less than 40 hr. at low feed rates, rising to 60 hr. at higher rates. The adaptation to lactose of cells in the first vessel lagged behind that in the second vessel but eventually both sugars were completely utilized in the first vessel except at very high dilution rates. At these feed rates, lactose utilization was not only prevented completely in the first vessel but also could be delayed almost indefinitely in the second vessel at the highest dilution rates; thus the lactose passed unchanged through both vessels. Once the enzymes required for lactose utilization had been induced, this ability to use lactose was retained, even in the absence of lactose, for very long periods of time under continuous conditions. Thus on presenting lactose for the second and subsequent occasions it was immediately metabolized. The significance of these results is discussed.
Numerical analysis of reflectance spectra
Authors: Rickard P. A. D. , Moss F. J. , Roper G. H. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract(1) Samples of yeast which varied over an arbitrary 0–100% scale with respect, to cytochrome concentration were prepared. (2) The reflectance spectrum of each sample was scanned. (3) These reflectance spectra were analyzed numerically on a digital computer to determine the bandwidths and intensities as a function of cytochrome concentration. Band shapes using the profiles of Cauchy, Gauss, and Giovanlelli were used. The correlations may be used to estimate cytochrome concentrations with a standard deviation of about 3%.