bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fostering guided self-help
Authors: Callaghan Patrick , Playle John , Cooper Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the point of registration mental health nursing students should be confident in providing evidence-based clinical inter- ventions that optimize health, well-being, and quality of life for patients using a range of communication skills. Central to such interventions is the establishment of a relationship with indi- viduals with mental health problems and the provision of feed- back that is constructive and facilitates positive change.
Medication management
Authors: Callaghan Patrick , Playle John , Cooper Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mental health nurses have an important role in administering and monitoring the effects of medication in addition to help- ing service users to maximize the benefits of treatment and minimize associated adverse effects. Medication is a very effec- tive treatment for mental health problems, but large numbers of service users either stop taking it or take it reluctantly (World Health Organization [WHO] 2003).
Legal, professional, and ethical issues
Authors: Callaghan Patrick , Playle John , Cooper Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A chapter on the legal and ethical issues informing mental health nursing practice may seem unusual in a book that focuses on skills. However, all the mental health nursing skills described in this book are underpinned by a requirement to deliver them ethically and in accordance with the law. The UK Nursing and Midwifery Council’s code of professional conduct (NMC 2008) states that you are personally accountable for your practice. This means that you are answerable for your actions and omissions, regardless of advice or directions from another professional.
Prevention, recognition, and therapeutic management of violence
Authors: Callaghan Patrick , Playle John , Cooper Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we look at the key skills needed to work safely and effectively with service users who may be violent whilst receiving mental health nursing care. There are three interre- lated sets of skills to be considered here: recognizing that a service user is likely to become violent in the imminent future; working with this service user to prevent their anger or resent- ment turning into violence; and, if this does not work, thera- peutically managing the actual violent behaviour that takes place (Box 18.1).
Fungi
Authors: Blair Jaime E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Members of Kingdom Fungi play an integral role in global nutrient cycling and are important symbionts with other eukaryotes and some prokaryotes. they are intimately associated with plants as mutualistic mycorrhizae and as the primary decomposers of lignin. Fungi are most closely related to Metazoa as part of the Opisthokonta, a eukaryotic supergroup which also includes unicellular choanoPagellates, icthyosporeans, and nucleariids (1, 2). While estimates vary (3), Kingdom Fungi may contain upward of several million species, with only a small fraction (100,000) being formally described. Here I review the relationships and divergence times among the major fungal lineages.
Adjunction, Phase Interpretation, and Condition C∗
Authors: Biskup Petr 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As is well known, there is an adjunct-argument asymmetry with respect to reconstruction and Condition C (van Riemsdijk & Williams 1981; Lebeaux 1988; Speas 1990; Heycock 1995; Fox 1999, 2000; Chomsky 2004a; Stepanov 2000, 2001; Lasnik 2003).
The Ellipsis Movement Generalization and the Notion of Phase∗
Authors: Nakamura Masanori 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The notion of phase plays an integral part in the current version of the minimalist approach. It has been proposed that derivations proceed phase by phase, handing a specified portion of syntactic structure over to the phonological component as soon as a phase is fully constructed (Chomsky 2000, 2001, 2008; see also Fox & Pesetsky 2005 for relevant discussion). The adoption of phase enables us to build a theory of grammar whereby the derivational system of human language attends only to a limited part of structure at one time, severely lessening the computational burden.
Hobbes: Motives And Reasons
Authors: Irwin Terence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hobbes is dissatisfied with the error and disagreement among moral philosophers, in contrast to the consensus that natural philosophers have reached. In natural philosophy, inquiry proceeds from indisputable and undisputed first principles, and secures agreement at each step. Moral philosophy, by contrast, presents us with unresolved controversy, because inquirers begin from common beliefs and apparently plausible views. The Aristotelian dialectical approach to moral inquiry begins from ‘appearances’ and does not confine itself to evident and indisputable starting points. Hobbes believes that it leads to insoluble and fruitless disputes. He does not believe that this difference between the progress of natural philosophy and the relative backwardness of moral philosophy marks a difference in the subject matter or in the appropriate method.
The ‘British Moralists’
Authors: Irwin Terence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whewell and Sidgwick both recognize a tradition of British moral philosophers whose outlook is defined, explicitly or implicitly, by questions raised by Hobbes. While philosophers in this tradition are also open to influences from outside Britain, they are especially concerned with Hobbes and his successors. Before we discuss, them, therefore, it may be useful to survey some of the different tendencies in the British moralists, and some of the different ways of dividing them into different schools or movements.
Butler: Nature
Authors: Irwin Terence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Butler’s sermons are intended ‘to explain what is meant by the nature of man, when it is said that virtue consists in following, and vice in deviating from it; and by explaining to show that the assertion is true’ (P13). He says that this claim about nature is the view of the ancient moralists; they believe that vice is ‘more contrary’ to human nature than torture and death are. In the comparative ‘more contrary’ Butler suggests that torture and death are to some degree contrary to nature. He therefore attributes to the ancients a doctrine of degrees of naturalness, and hence a graded conception of nature, according to which torture and death are indeed contrary to nature, but less contrary than vice is. These remarks about the ancients recall the Stoics, and especially passages in Cicero that assume a graded conception of nature.
Price
Authors: Irwin Terence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Price’s book is suitably entitled a Review. He not only examines the main contributions to moral theory since Hobbes, but also surveys the relevant disputes in epistemology. He examines Locke, Shaftesbury, Hutcheson, Hume, and comments (briefly, in a later edition) on Smith, Reid, and Paley. He is the first moralist who clearly uses Cudworth’s Eternal and Immutable Morality. He follows Butler, Clarke, and Balguy on many points, but his historical and philosophical horizon extends beyond them; he uses his first-hand knowledge of Plato and the Stoics to defend the rationalist side of the argument.
Rousseau
Authors: Irwin Terence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rousseau’s works do not include any treatise on moral philosophy, but they include different sorts of material that is relevant to moral philosophy. Several of his main works are primarily relevant to social philosophy, since they deal with interactions between individuals and different sorts of social contexts. One of Rousseau’s preoccupations arises from his objections to Hobbes. According to Hobbes, the most illuminating way to understand society, and especially the state, is to contrast it with the condition of human beings without society, in the state of nature. When we consider non-social human beings, we can see that each individual needs society, and in particular needs a commonwealth with coercive power, in order to satisfy the desires that we form without any commonwealth. The commonwealth offers peace, which we can see, from the point of view of the state of nature, to be better than the war of all against all that is characteristic of the state of nature.
Derivation as a Syntactic Process in Greenlandic
Authors: Rischel Jørgen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A major issue in modern linguistic theory has been how to account for derivational morphology. Chomsky (1970) argued that there are some types of nominalization which cannot be adequately described as transforms of sentence-like structures, and which accordingly must be present as constituents in underlying representations. This ‘lexicalist’ attitude towards derivational morphology is taken more generally by Kiefer (1972). It is argued that derived words function essentially like non-derived words, that derivations are often lexicalized, that most types of derivation are only quasi-productive, and that derivational elements are more closely associated with the stem than flex- ional elements, all of this supporting a distinction between inflexion and derivation, as well as a non-transformational approach to the latter.
Compound Stress in Danish without a Cycle
Authors: Rischel Jørgen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The existence or non-existence of cyclic rules in phonology is an important issue in the current debate. Among the processes which are widely assumed to be cyclic, the graded reduction of stresses in com- pound words probably holds a particularly high rank. The mechanism involved was stated in such terms by Chomsky et al. (1956), and the more recent formulation of it in Chomsky and Halle (1968) largely dominates descriptive approaches at the present time.
On Unit Accentuation in Danish—and the Distinction Between Deep and Surface Phonology
Authors: Rischel Jørgen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is no coincidence that the first part of the title of this paper is strongly reminiscent of that of a paper read by L. Hjelmslev before the Linguistic Circle of Copenhagen twenty-five years ago (Hjelmslev 1957). In spite of obvious affinities to ‘metrical phonology’ the present paper is not directly coupled to the work of the MIT school (some recent advances in ‘lexical phonology’, which are crucially relevant to issues raised in this paper, could not be considered before completion of the manuscript). Rather,I am trying to summarize and follow up my previous work on the hierarchical nature of Danish stress, with special emphasis on certain issues which have vexed me since I was exposed to Hjelmslev’s and Eli Fischer-Jørgensen’s views on prosodic patterning in the late 1950s (also cf. Fischer-Jørgensen 1961). At the same time, of course,I am drawing heavily on theoretical advances within generative phonology. In fact, the general setting within which I am dealing with stress is generative, but I have preferred to stick to fairly loose formulations and a minimum of formal apparatus in agreement with my earlier work. I hope that the presentation is sufficiently explicit to make my points clear, though.
Typology and Reconstruction of Numeral Systems:
Authors: Rischel Jørgen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When speaking about reconstruction and typology one most often refers to the greater or lesser relevance of phonological typology for reflections about the sound pattern of a proto-language, or (less often) to similar considerations in the realms of morphology and syntax. The present paper is rather marginal in the sense that it deals with the lexicon, and more specifically with a closed set of morphemes which exhibits somewhat particular morphosyntactical and phonological behaviour.
Being, Existence, and Ontological Commitment1
Authors: Inwagen Peter Van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ontology is a very old subject, but ̔ontology̕ is a relatively new word.(Ontologia seems to have been a seventeenth-century coinage.) After the passing of the Wolff-Baumgarten school of metaphysics, and before the twentieth century, ̔ontology̕ was never a very popular word, except, perhaps, among the writers of manuals of scholastic philosophy. Currently, however, the word is very fashionable, both among analytical philosophers and philosophers in the existential-phenomenological tradition. Its popularity with the former is due to Quine, and its popularity with the latter is due to Heidegger.
Theoretical Practice: The Bohm– Pines Quartet
Authors: Hughes R I G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My egalitarian tendencies will be all too evident throughout this essay, dealing as it does with four papers from the Physical Review. True, I largely neglect their literary dimension; whatever the attention I pay to the narrative elements in them will betray a sadly undiscriminating taste. Pace Danto, however plebian they may be, these papers are indisputably texts. They are written utterances that take up and respond to earlier utterances in the genre, and themselves invite responses from their intended readers. This explains why a paper can be too original for its own good, why early papers in chaos theory, for instance, were denied space in physics journals. For, although each paper is individuated by the original contribution it offers, the dialogic relation in which it stands both to its predecessors and its successors requires that all of them be informed by a common set of assumptions. These shared assumptions— some methodological, others theoretical, some explicit, many tacit— provide a normative frame-work for theoretical discourse. This in turn enables us to speak meaningfully of ‘theoretical practice’. The details of the framework may vary from one sub-discipline of physics to another.
Laws of Physics, the Representational Account of Theories, and Newton’s Principia
Authors: Hughes R I G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 8 of Book II of the Physics, Aristotle argues for a teleological account of nature. His argument has the form of a disjunctive syllogism: Things happen by chance or to some end; it is implausible that the regularities in nature happen by chance; therefore they happen to some end. The same syllogism reappears in Thomas Aquinas’ Fifth Way,? and, as late as the last decade of the sixteenth century, it informs the debate between Mutabilitie and Nature in the final stanzas of Edmund Spenser’s The Faerie Queene. But, half a century later, Descartes declares, in Part I of the Principles of Philosophy, ‘We shall entirely reject from our Philosophy the search for final causes’.? Aristotle’s syllogism does not hold him in its sway, because he rejects its major premiss.
Modelling, the Brownian Motion, and the Disunities of Physics
Authors: Hughes R I G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a regulative ideal of physics, the importance of theoretical unification would be hard to deny. The achievements of Isaac Newton in the seventeenth century, and of James Clark Maxwell 200 years later, are celebrated precisely because each brought apparently diverse phenomena within the ambit of a single theory. Newton’s mechanics accommodated both celestial and terrestrial phenomena; Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory accommodated not only electrical and magnetic phenomena but optical phenomena as well. Similarly, in the latter part of the twentieth century, practitioners of field theory partially realized the goal of a unified ‘final theory’, one which would accommodate the four ‘fundamental forces’ of nature. In the 1960s, electromagnetic forces and the weak nuclear force were unified in the electro-weak model proposed by Steven Weinberg and Abdus Salam.
The Discourse of Physics Exemplified by the Aharonov – Bohm Effect
Authors: Hughes R I G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The critic Ernest Jones has provided a Freudian analysis of Shakespeare’s Hamlet, Georg Lukacs a Marxist reading of Scott’s Heart of Midlothian, and Hans Reichenbach a logical reconstruction of Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity. Each of these projects provided a valuable way of thinking about its object of study, but none of them exhausted what can be said about it. In this essay, I will employ M. M. Bakhtin’s ‘speech genres’ to bring out aspects of a paper in the Physical Review, ‘Significance of Electromagnetic Potentials in the Quantum Theory’, co-authored in 1959 by Yakir Aharonov and David Bohm.
Decision aids in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Köpke Sascha , Mühlhauser Ingrid 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a recurrent inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system usually starting in early adult life. The cause and mechanisms of the disease remain mostly unexplained. All features of MS are characterized by uncertainty – in fact, it has been claimed that the most constant feature of the disease is uncertainty (NCC-CC, 2004). Diagnostic criteria are based mostly on experts’ consensus rather than evidence as an individual patient’s course and prognosis is variable and hard to predict. The disease is commonly characterized by periodic relapses with a large variety of possible presentations from mild sensory dysfunctions to severe and highly disabling symptoms like complete loss of vision or paraplegia. However, at least one-third of people with a diagnosis of MS seem to remain relatively unaffected by the disease (Ramsaransing and De Keyser, 2006).
Barriers and facilitators to implementation of shared decision-making
Authors: Légaré France , Ratté Stéphane , Gravel, Karine , Graham Ian D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The expanded availability of health information, the consumer movement, the desire of patients to be actively involved in their health care, the need to manage public expectations, and the increased concern about patient safety are among the factors that support the idea of an extended role for patients in clinical decision-making. However, shared decision-making has not yet been adopted by health practitioners. Although there are very few data available on specific interventions found to be effective for implementing shared decision-making in clinical practice, a growing body of knowledge can inform us about those interventions most likely to be successful or worth considering in future initiatives. In this chapter, we highlight the specific challenges associated with the barriers and facilitators to the adoption of shared decision-making in clinical practice. The first section reports on a conceptual model for assessing the barriers and facilitators. It then addresses measurement issues and presents a few instruments that could be useful for assessing barriers and facilitators to the implementation of shared decision-making. The second section briefly reports on implementation studies of shared decision-making in clinical practice. The last section identifies strengths and limitations associated with a barriers and facilitators assessment approach as well as areas needing further research.
Decision aids and beyond: The next decade of decision support technologies
Authors: Elwyn Glyn , O’Connor Annette , Frosch Dominick , Volk, Bob , Feldman-Stewart Deb 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Decision aids – a term that has gained valuable currency in health care settings – are a form of decision support technology: they are tools which are designed to support individuals in making decisions about situations where deliberation is regarded as a useful process, i.e. where at least two reasonable options exist and where high-quality information needs to be presented, preferably in understandable formats. The label has been used for over a decade, in a wide range of settings and in research studies, including systematic reviews, and seems to differentiate tools that are designed specifically for patients (or users of health care services) from expert systems designed to support professional decision-making. Whereas the term is very well recognized and concise, some have worried that the term ‘aid’ does not do justice to the importance of what seems to be emerging as a key group of interventions in health care interactions, part of a family of health technologies that impact on patient outcomes.
The Evolving Norms of Medical Ethics
Authors: Emanuel Ezekiel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Medical ethics is coeval with the development of medical practice. In ancient Greece, as medicine was developing and schools of practice were evolving, it became necessary to develop codes of medical ethics. The sheer existence of the Hippocratic Oath attests to the inherent need for guidance on ethical issues in medical practice. Many of the issues addressed in the Hippocratic Oath, such as confidentiality, avoiding sex with patients, euthanasia, and abortion, are issues for medical practitioners today. Seeing a vulnerable person laid low by illness, examining his or her naked body, hearing sensitive information, and so on require that ethical norms be defined. These issues are timeless, they are inherent in medical practice.
Harnessing Advanced Technologies for Global Health Equity
Authors: Singer Peter A , Bhatt Archana , Frew Sarah E , Greenwood Heather , Mackie Jocelyn , Panjwani Dilnoor , Persad Deepa L , Salamanca-Buentello Fabio , Séguin Béatrice , Taylor Andrew D , Thorsteinsdóttir Halla , Walji Aneesa , Daar∗ Abdallah S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Innovation in science and technology (S&T) has significantly contributed to medical advances and has consequently had a large impact on public health. However, the benefits of this progress have yet to be equally shared. Millions of people in developing countries continue to face health challenges that no longer burden the industrialized world. With pandemics such as HIV/AIDS plaguing countries in sub-Saharan Africa, life expectancies in this region are 40 years and falling—nearly half of those in developed countries. This immense disparity in global health equity is perhaps the greatest ethical challenge of our time.
The Goddess Of The Yangtze
Authors: Turvey Samuel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Once upon a time, so the story goes, lived a beautiful and kind-hearted girl on the south bank of the Yangtze. She had lost her parents and lived with her stepfather, a mean-spirited man who showed her no love and beat her regularly. As she grew up into a slim, graceful maiden, she longed to be free of her cruel guardian, but he realized that she would fetch a good price if he sold her to a trader in women on the north bank. He concocted a story to lure her into accompanying him over the river, but when their boat was halfway across, they were caught in a sudden storm and became drenched with rain. The old man, seeing the outline of his stepdaughter’s young body through her thin wet dress, felt a wave of lust and forced himself upon her. Managing to break free, and realizing the fate that awaited her when they arrived at the shore, she threw herself into the fast-flowing river.
The Protean Elemen T: Carbon in New Guises
Authors: Gratzer Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whether anything made of only the atoms of a single element can decently be classed as a polymer is a question fit for pedants. But new forms of this most remarkable of elements, discovered in the past two decades or so, have opened new vistas to the eager gaze of chemists and physicists. They are, moreover, finding practical applications of a kind which would have seemed closer to science fiction than science only a few years ago. So all this excitement can scarcely be disregarded here.