bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preventing Bone Loss in Renal Transplant Recipients with Vitamin D
Authors: El-Agroudy Amgad E. , El-Husseini Amr A. , El-Sayed Moharam , Ghoneim Mohamed A. 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACT.
Very rapid bone loss, osteopenia, and osteoporosis have been documented in the first 6 to 12 mo after renal transplantation. Investigated was the effect of treatment with active vitamin D on the prevention of posttransplantation bone loss. Forty adult men who were recent renal transplant recipients were enrolled onto the study. Patients were randomized into two groups: group 1 received daily alfacalcidol 0.5 μg by mouth, and group 2 (control) received placebo. Every patient in both groups received daily 500-mg calcium carbonate supplements. Parameters of bone metabolism and bone mineral density measured at three sites were assessed before and after the study period. Bone mineral density was increased by 2.1%, 1.8%, and 3.2% at lumbar spine, femoral neck, and forearm, respectively, in group 1, whereas it decreased by 3.2%, 3.8%, and 1.8% at the same sites in the control group (P < 0.05). Serum intact parathyroid hormone level decreased significantly in group 1 compared with the control group (P = 0.003). Early bone loss that occurs during the first 1 yr after renal transplantation could be prevented by alfacalcidol. Use of alfacalcidol early after transplantation is safe and well tolerated. E-mail: amgadelbaz@ahram0505.net
High Proteinase 3-Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody (ANCA) Level Measured by the Capture Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Method Is Associated with Decreased Patient Survival in ANCA-Associated Vasculitis with Renal Involvement
Authors: Westman Kerstin W. A. , Selga Daina , Isberg Per-Erik , Bladström Anna , Olsson Ha[Combining Ring Above]kan 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACT.
Wegener granulomatosis (WG) and microscopic polyangiitis (MP), diseases associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA), had an extremely poor prognosis before the introduction of cyclophosphamide and corticosteroids for their treatment. However, there is still reduced patient survival, and some studies have documented severe side effects of the immunosuppressants used. This 10-yr follow-up study assessed 117 consecutive patients with WG or MP with biopsy-confirmed renal involvement. The cumulative relative patient survival was lower: 0.664 for women and 0.648 for men. The causes of death (n = 64) were in most cases registered as associated with the vasculitic disease. Analysis of possible predictive factors for patient survival by multiple Cox regression analysis revealed that a very high level of proteinase 3 (PR3)-ANCA measured by the capture ELISA method, a diagnosis of MP, and older age were factors predicting poorer patient survival. High levels of B-thrombocytes at time of diagnosis were associated with a better prognosis. For patients surviving the first year, remission-sustaining therapy with azathioprine for longer than 12 mo was associated with improved patient survival. Thirty-nine patients developed end-stage renal failure. Elevated serum creatinine at time of diagnosis and a very high level of PR3-ANCA by capture ELISA were factors predicting a higher risk for renal failure during follow-up. The epitope on PR3 assessed by capture ELISA needs to be further analyzed and explored: it seemed to implicate poorer patient and renal survival in WG or MP with renal involvement. E-mail: kerstin.westman@ skane.se
Risk Factors for Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Haroun Melanie K. , Jaar Bernard G. , Hoffman Sandra C. , Comstock George W. , Klag Michael J. , Coresh Josef 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACT.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an increasing cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Prospective data on risk factors for CKD are limited to men, and few studies examine the importance of smoking. The authors performed a community-based, prospective observational study of 20-yr duration to examine the association between hypertension and smoking on the future risk of CKD in 23,534 men and women in Washington County, Maryland. CKD was identified as end-stage renal disease in the Health Care Financing Administration database or kidney disease listed on the death certificate. All cases were confirmed as CKD by medical chart review. Adjusted relative hazards of CKD were modeled using Cox proportional hazards regression including age as the time variable and baseline BP, cigarette smoking, gender, and diabetes status as risk factors. The adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) of developing CKD among women was 2.5 (0.05 to 12.0) for normal BP, 3.0 (0.6 to 14.4) for high-normal BP, 3.8 (0.8 to 17.2) for stage 1 hypertension, 6.3 (1.3 to 29.0) for stage 2 hypertension, and 8.8 (1.8 to 43.0) for stages 3 or 4 hypertension compared with individuals with optimal BP. In men, the relationship was similar but somewhat weaker than in women, with corresponding hazard ratios of 1.4 (0.2 to 12.1), 3.3 (0.4 to 25.6), 3.0 (0.4 to 22.2), 5.7 (0.8 to 43.0), and 9.7 (1.2 to 75.6), respectively. Current cigarette smoking was also significantly associated with risk of CKD in both men and women (hazard ratio in women 2.9 [1.7 to 5.0] and in men 2.4 [1.5 to 4.0]). A large proportion of the attributable risk of CKD in this population was associated with stage 1 hypertension (23%) and cigarette smoking (31%). In conclusion, CKD risk shows strong graded relationships to the sixth report of the Joint National Committee (JNC-VI) on Prevention, Detection Evaluation and Treatment of High BP criteria for BP, to diabetes, and to current cigarette smoking that are at least as strong in women as in men. E-mail: coresh@jhu.edu
COMPARISON OF GROWTH AND SINKING RATES OF NON‐COCCOLITH‐ AND COCCOLITH‐FORMING STRAINS OF EMILIANIA HUXLEYI(PRYMNESIOPHYCEAE) GROWN UNDER DIFFERENT IRRADIANCES AND NITROGEN SOURCES1
Authors: Lecourt Maude , Muggli Deborah L. , Harrison Paul J. 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTWe examined the effect of the presence or absence of coccoliths on the growth and sinking rates of an oceanic isolate of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi (Lohmann) Hay et Mohler isolated from the northeastern subarctic Pacific. Coccolith‐forming and non‐coccolith‐forming (i.e. naked, nonmotile) strains were obtained from the same isolate and grown under both saturating and limiting irradiance levels with either nitrate or ammonium as the primary nitrogen source. Sinking rate, growth rate, and cell volume (excluding coccoliths) were measured for each culture. Under saturating irradiance, coccolith‐forming cells grew significantly slower than naked cells, had significantly higher sinking rates, and had larger cell volumes than naked cells. Under limiting irradiance levels, growth rates of the two strains were identical, sinking rates were higher for coccolith‐forming cells in stationary‐phase cultures only, and cell volumes remained greater for coccolith‐forming cells.The sinking rates achieved for this ubiquitous coccolithophore ranged from <0.1 to 0.5 m · d−1. Sinking rates were not statistically different between coccolith‐forming and naked strains of E. huxleyi under limiting irradiance conditions for log‐phase cultures, but sinking rates were greater for coccolith‐forming cells under some of the other conditions tested. However, the average sinking rate was never more than twice as great as for coccolith‐forming cells, with the exception of nitrate‐grown, senescent cells under limiting irradiance (3.4 times greater). Cell volumes (excluding coccoliths) were consistently ca. 1.5 times greater for coccolith‐forming cells than for naked cells.Nitrogen source had an effect on growth rate and cell volume, with ammonium‐grown cultures growing faster and having larger cell volumes than nitrate‐grown cultures of both strains. However, despite the difference in growth rate and cell volume, nitrogen source had little if any effect on sinking rate.
CYANOBACTERIAL BUOYANCY REGULATION: THE PARADOXICAL ROLES OF CARBON1
Authors: Klemer Andrew R. , Cullen John J. , Mageau Michael T. , Hanson Kathryn M. , Sundell Richard A. 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTIn stratified lakes, dominance of the phytoplankton by cyanobacteria is largely the result of their buoyancy and depth regulation. Bloom‐forming cyanobacteria regulate the gas vesicle and storage polymer contents of their cells in response to interactive environmental factors, especially light and nutrients. While research on the roles of nitrogen and phosphorus in cyanobacterial buoyancy regulation has reached a consensus, evaluations of the roles of carbon have remained open to dispute. We investigated the various effects of changes in carbon availability on cyanobacterial buoyancy with continuous cultures of Microcystis aeruginosa Kuetz. emend. Elenkin (1924), a notorious bloom‐former. Although CO2 limitation of photosynthesis can promote buoyancy in the short term by preventing the collapse of turgor‐sensitive gas vesicles and/or by limiting polysaccharide accumulation, we found that sustained carbon limitation restricts buoyancy regulation by limiting gas vesicle as well as polysaccharide synthesis. These results provide an explanation for the positive effects of bicarbonate enrichment on cyanobacterial nitrogen uptake and bloom formation in lake experiments and may help to explain the pattern of cyanobacterial dominance in phosphorus‐enriched, low‐carbon lakes.
SPECIES‐SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS EXPLAIN THE PERSISTENCE OFSTIGEOCLONIUM TENUE(CHLOROPHYTA) IN A WOODLAND STREAM1
Authors: Rosemond Amy D. , Brawley Susan H. 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTThe heterotrichous algaStigeoclonium tenueKüetzing is dominant in many streams with high densities of herbivores. Previousin situstudies in Walker Branch (WB), a woodland stream in eastern Tennessee, indicated that dominance byStigeocloniumbasal cells was “grazer‐dependent”; however,Stigeocloniumalso appeared to have a lower biomass–specific productivity rate than other species that dominated when snails were experimentally removed. Here, an explicit test of the grazing dependence ofStigeocloniumwas made with unialgal cultures established in the laboratory. Five different “assemblage types” were tested: 1 and 2) unialgal cultures ofStigeocloniumat low and high biomass, 3 and 4) a mixed assemblage of diatoms at low and high biomass, and 5) a natural stream community. Reduction in chlorophyllaafter exposure to snail grazing was dependent on assemblage type (one‐way ANOVA,P< 0.0001); low biomassStigeocloniumtiles and tiles from the stream (on which basal cells ofStigeocloniumwere dominant) were most grazer‐resistant. In addition,Stigeocloniumhad a lower biomass‐specific productivity rate (measured as H14CO3−uptake) than a mixed assemblage of diatoms, regardless of biomass level, suggesting an underlying tradeoff between resistance to herbivory and competitive ability. Additional laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the response ofStigeocloniumto high (approx. 150 μmol quanta ·m−2· s−1)and low (approx. 25 μmol quanta · m−2· s−1) irradiance when nutrients were at 1) ambient WB concentrations and 2) increased 1000× ambient concentrations. There was a positive response of growth to increased irradiance only under high nutrient conditions. This suggests that observed reductions in the abundance ofStigeocloniumunder high irradiance/low nutrient conditions that occur on a seasonal basis in WB can be explained in part by autecological resource requirements of this alga. We use these results to model the response of algal communities dominated by basal‐regenerating species (e.g.Stigeoclonium)to gradients in herbivory and productivity. The results of our culture studies, combined with an overview of factors affecting communities dominated by grazer‐resistant species, illustrate how both broad‐scale (e.g. functional form) and species‐specific studies can be combined to achieve an understanding of community dynamics.
EFFECTS OF HARVEST STAGE AND LIGHT ON THE BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE DIATOM THALASSIOSIRA PSEUDONANA1
Authors: Brown Malcolm R. , Dunstan Graeme A. , Norwood Suzanne. J. , Miller Kelly A. 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTThe marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana (Hustedt, clone 3H) Hasle and Heimdal was cultured under three different light regimes: 100 μmol photon · m−2· s−1 on 12:12 h light : dark (L:D) cycles; 50 μmol photon · m−2· s−2 on 24:0 h L:D; and 100 μmol photon · m−2· s−1 on 24:0 h L:D. It was harvested during logarithmic and stationary phases for analysis of biochemical composition. Across the different light regimes, protein (as % of organic weight) was highest in cells during logarithmic phase, whereas carbohydrate and lipid were highest during stationary phase. Carbohydrate concentrations were most affected by the different light regimes; cells grown under 12:12 h L:D contained 37–44% of the carbohydrate of cells grown under 24:0 h L:D. Cells in logarithmic phase had high proportions of polar lipids (79 to 89% of total lipid) and low triacylglycerol (≤10% of total lipid). Cells in stationary phase contained less polar lipid (48 to 57% of total lipid) and more triacylglycerol (22 to 45% of total lipid). The fatty acid composition of logarithmic phase cells grown under 24:0 h L:D were similar, but the 100 μmol photon · m−2· s−1 (12:12 h L:D) cells at the same stage contained a higher proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and a lower proportion of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids due to different levels of 16:0, 16:1(n‐7), 16:4(n‐1), 18:4(n‐3), and 20:5(n‐3). With the onset of stationary phase, cells grown at 100 μmol photon · m−2· s−1 (both 12:12 and 24:0 h L:D) increased in proportions of saturated and monounsaturated fatty adds and decreased in PUFAs. Concentrations (% organic or dry weight) of 14:0, 16:0, 16:1(n‐7), 20:5(n‐3), and 22:6(n‐3) increased in cells of all cultures during stationary phase. The amino acid compositions of cells were similar irrespective of harvest stage and light regime. For mariculture, the recommended light regime for culturing T. pseudonana will depend on the nutritional requirements of the animal to which the alga is fed. For rapidly growing bivalve mollusc larvae, stationary‐phase cultures grown under a 24:0 h L:D regime may provide more energy by virtue of their higher percentage of carbohydrate and high proportions and concentrations of energy‐rich saturated fatty acids.
A RIBOSOMAL DNA PHYLOGENY SUPPORTS THE CLOSE EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE SPOROCHNALES, DESMARESTIALES, AND LAMINARIALES (PHAEOPHYCEAE)1
Authors: Tan Ian H. , Druehl Louis D. 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTWe report six complete 18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequences representing five brown algal orders: Sporochnus comosus C. A. Agardh (Sporochnales), Chorda tomentosa Lyngbye (Chordaceae, Laminariales), Saccorhiza polyschides (Lightfoot) Batters (Phyllariaceae, Laminariales), Desmarestia ligulata (Lightfoot) Lamouroux (Desmarestiales), Ectocarpus siliculosus (Dillwyn) Lyngbye (Ectocarpales), and Scytosiphon lomentaria (Lyngbye) J. G. Agardh (Scytosiphonales). These sequences were compared with published laminarialean (Alaria marginata Postel et Ruprecht [Alariaceae] and Macrocystis integrifolia Bory [Lessoniaceae]) and fucalean (Fucus gardneri Silva) rDNA sequences for phylogeny inference using both the distance‐matrix and parsimony methods. The inferred 18S phylogenies clustered Sporochnus, Desmarestia, Chorda, Saccorhiza, Alaria, and Macrocystis in an assemblage. This Sporochnales–Desmarestiales–Laminariales (S‐D‐L) complex was consistently separated from the Ectocarpales, Scytosiphonales, and Fucales by bootstrap analyses. The inferred phylogenies are consistent with several possible evolutionary processes leading to this S‐D‐L complex. Members in this assemblage lack eyespots in their sperm, and their sperm have the atypical brown algal flagellation: shorter anterior and longer posterior flagella. In addition, they are oogamous with a heteromorphic alternation of generations between a microscopic gametophyte and a macroscopic sporophyte. Members of the S‐D‐L complex can be separated into different phylogenetic lines based on the presence/absence of eyespots in their meiospores. Our findings support the contention that the Sporochnales, Desmarestiales, and Laminariales are closely related. In addition, our rDNA tree suggests that the Laminariales is paraphyletic.
EVOLUTIONARY CONSEQUENCES OF THE LOSS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN CHLAMYDOMONADACEAE: PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OFRrn18(18S rDNA) IN 13POLYTOMASTRAINS (CHLOROPHYTA)1
Authors: Rumpf Robert , Vernon Dawne , Schreiber David , Birky C. William 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTComplete sequences of theRrn 18genes were obtained from 13 strains of the nonphotosynthetic algal genusPolytoma.Phylogenetic analyses showed that these strains formed two clades. One clade shows only modest sequence diversity but is represented by strains collected at widely dispersed sites in Europe and America. The other clade consists of a single isolate from the Canary Islands. Both clades lie well within the extended clade that includes all species ofChlamydomonasfor which sequence data are available. The twoPolytomaclades are separated from each other by several green species, suggesting that the extant nonphotosynthetic Chlamydomonadaceae arose from photosynthetic ancestors at least twice. These results suggest that nonphotosynthetic mutants are capable of establishing lineages that can spread widely but have a higher probability of extinction than their photosynthetic congeners.
DICROGLOSSUM CRISPATULUM GEN. ET COMB. NOV. FROM WESTERN AUSTRALIA, REPRESENTING A NEW TRIBE WITHIN THE DELESSERIACEAE (RHODOPHYTA)1
Authors: Millar Alan J. K. , Huisman John M. 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACT Dicroglossum gen. nov. (Delesseriaceae, Ceramiales) is a monotypic genus based on Delesseria crispatula, a species originally described by Harvey for plants collected from southwestern Western Australia. Distinctive features of the new genus include exogenous indeterminate branches; growth by means of a single transversely dividing, apical cell; absence of intercalary divisions in the primary, secondary, and tertiary cell rows; lateral pericentral cells not transversely divided; not all cells of the secondary cell rows producing tertiary cells rows; all tertiary initials reaching the thallus margin; midrib present but lateral nerves absent; determinate lateral bladelets arising endogenously; blades monostromatic, except, at the midrib; carpogonial branches restricted to primary cell rows, on both surfaces of unmodified blades; procarps produced on both blade surfaces, each procarp consisting of a supporting cell that bears two four‐celled carpogonial branches and one sterile‐cell group of three to four cells; and tetrasporangia borne in two layers, separated by a central row of sterile cells. The combination of exogenous indeterminate branching and bicarpogonial procarps is considered to warrant the recognition of a new tribe, the Dicroglosseae, within the subfamily Delesserioideae.
DASYA ROSLYNIAE SP. NOV. (DASYACEAE, RHODOPHYTA), WITH A DISCUSSION ON GENERIC DISTINCTIONS AMONG DASYA, EUPOGODON, RHODOPTILUM, AND POGONOPHORELLA1
Authors: Millar Alan J. K. 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACT Dasya roslyniae sp. nov. (Dasyaceae, Rhodophyta) is described from subtidal habitats at Split Solitary Island (30°14′S, 153°11′E), New South Wales, Australia. The new species is distinct within the genus due to its strongly compressed and secondarily bilaterally branched axes, differing from the majority of Dasya species that are terete and secondarily radially organized. Pseudolaterals are quickly caducous on ventral and dorsal (transverse) surfaces but are persistent on lateral surfaces for short distances from the apex, leaving the bulk of the plants flattened and denuded. Its gross morphological characters are thus similar to those displayed by the genera Pogonophorella, Eupogodon (formerly known as Dasyopsis), and Rhodoptilum. Characters used for separating these genera and Dasya are, in some cases, overlapping and in need of critical evaluation. To the primarily radially organized taxa, determined by examination of divisions of the apical cell, are placed species of Dasya, six species now included in Eupogodon, and the type and only species of Pogonophorella californica. Examination of the activity of the apical cells of Eupogodon planum and Rhodoptilum plumosum, the type species of their genera, confirms the primary bilaterality of these two genera, and the traditional defining feature of Eupogodon (lack of discernible pericentral cells in cross‐section of indeterminate axes) is shown to be untenable. A secondary character that would separate Eupogodon and Rhodoptilum is the polysiphonous bases of otherwise monosiphonous laterals (pseudolaterals) in Eupogodon and the monosiphonous bases in Rhodoptilum.
THE GENUS PIKEA (DUMONTIACEAE, RHODOPHYTA) IN ENGLAND AND THE NORTH PACIFIC: COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGICAL, LIFE HISTORY, AND MOLECULAR STUDIES1
Authors: Maggs Christine A. , Ward Barbara A. 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACT A Pikea species attributed to Pikea californica Harvey has been established in England since at least 1967. Previously, this species was believed to occur only in Japan and Pacific North America. Comparative morphological studies on field‐collected material and cultured isolates from England, California, and Japan and analysis of organellar DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms, detected using labeled organellar DNA as a non‐radioactive probe, showed that English Pikea is conspecific with P. californica from California. Both populations consist of dioecious gametophytes with heteromorphic life histories involving crustose tetrasporophytes; 96% of organellar DNA bands were shared between interoceanic samples. A second dioecious species of Pikea, P. pinnata Setchell in Collins, Holden et Setchell, grows sympatrically with P. californica near San Francisco but can be distinguished by softer texture, more regular branching pattern, and elongate cystocarpic axes. Pikea pinnata and P. californica samples shared 49–50% of organellar DNA bands, consistent with their being distinct species. Herbarium specimens of P. robusta Abbott resemble P. pinnata in some morphological features but axes are much wider; P. robusta may represent a further, strictly sub‐tidal species but fertile material is unknown. Pikea thalli from Japan, previously attributed to P. californica and described here as Pikea yoshizakii sp. nov., are monoecious and show a strikingly different type of life history. After fertilization, gonimoblast filaments grow outward through the cortex and form tetrasporangial nemathecia; released tetraspores develop directly into erect thalli. Tetrasporoblastic life histories are characteristic of certain members of the Phyllophoraceae but were previously unknown in the Dumontiaceae. Japanese P. yoshizakii shared 55 and 56% of organellar DNA bands with P. californica and P. pinnata, respectively; phylogenetic analysis indicated equally distant relationships to both species. Pikea yoshizakii or a closely similar species with the same life history occurs in southern California and Mexico.