bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High Level of Correlation of Human Papillomavirus-16 DNA Viral Load Estimates Generated by Three Real-time PCR Assays Applied on Genital Specimens
Authors: Fontaine Julie , Gravitt Patti , Duh Lee-Min , Lefevre Jonas , Pourreaux Karina , Hankins Catherine , Coutlée François ,   The Canadian Women's HIV Study Group
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Human papillomavirus-16 (HPV-16) viral load could be a biomarker predictive of the presence of high-grade cervical lesions. Recently, several real-time PCR assays have been developed to accurately measure HPV-16 viral load. However, results from various reports using these assays cannot be compared because interassay test correlation has not been documented. The variability of HPV-16 DNA quantitation was assessed by comparing three real-time PCR assays (HPV-16 L1, HPV-16 E6, and HPV-16 E6 PG) applied on 144 genital samples (125 cervicovaginal lavages and 19 specimens collected using vaginal tampons) obtained from 84 women (66 HIV seropositive and 18 HIV seronegative). Correlation was greater between the HPV-16 E6 assays [correlation coefficient (ρ) = 0.92] than between each E6 assay and HPV-16 L1 assay (ρ = 0.83 and 0.84, respectively). The median HPV-16 copies measured by HPV-16 E6 PG (14,609 HPV-16 copies/2 μL sample) and HPV-16 E6 (18,846 HPV-16 copies/2 μL) were similar (P = 0.27) but were both greater than the median HPV-16 copies measured with the L1 assay (4,124 HPV-16 copies/2 μL; P &lt; 0.001). Correlations between HPV-16 E6 assays were similar for samples containing non-European (ρ = 0.93) or European (ρ = 0.95) variants. However, the correlation between HPV-16 L1 and HPV-16 E6 PG or HPV-16 E6 was lower for specimens containing non-European variants (ρ = 0.80 and 0.76, respectively) compared with specimens containing European variants (ρ &gt; 0.85). HPV-16 DNA quantity estimated with the three assays was comparable although lower with the HPV-16 L1 assay. The level of correlation depended on viral polymorphism, viral load, and cervical disease status.
Polymorphisms of the Dopamine Receptor Gene DRD2 and Colorectal Cancer Risk
Authors: Gemignani Federica , Landi Stefano , Moreno Victor , Gioia-Patricola Lydie , Chabrier Amélie , Guino Elisabet , Navarro Matilde , Cambray Maria , Capellà Gabriel , Canzian Federico ,   the Bellvitge Colorectal Cancer Study Group
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Sporadic colorectal cancer is considered a multifactorial disease in which multiple exposures interact with the individual genetic background resulting in risk modulation. Recent experimental data suggest a role of dopamine and dopamine receptors in the control of proliferation of the cells of colon and gastrointestinal tract. To investigate whether polymorphisms within dopamine receptors genes could have a role in modulating the risk of sporadic colorectal cancer, we did a case-control association study and genotyped 370 cases and 327 controls for seven single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of DRD2 (−141Cdel, 957T&gt;C, TaqIB, TaqIA, 1412A&gt;G, S311C, and 3208G&gt;T) by a microarray-based technique. Three SNPs within DRD2 were associated with colorectal cancer, with a maximum odds ratio of 2.28 (95% confidence interval, 1.38-3.76) for carriers of the functional SNP −141Cdel. The haplotype which includes −141Cdel, together with the variants 957C and 1412G, shows an odds ratio of 2.86 (95% confidence interval, 1.58-5.18), as compared with the most frequent haplotype. The SNPs within DRD2 associated with colorectal cancer are known to be related to reduced levels of D2 dopamine receptor. Thus, our data point to a possible role of dopamine receptor DRD2 in modulating the risk of colorectal cancer. Future studies on dopamine receptor–mediated signal transduction may provide new insight into the mechanisms of colorectal cancer and suggest new therapeutic strategies.
Carbonyl Reductase Expression and Its Clinical Significance in Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Takenaka Kazumasa , Ogawa Eiji , Oyanagi Hiroki , Wada Hiromi , Tanaka Fumihiro 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Carbonyl reductase (CBR) is a cytosolic NADPH-dependent oxidoreductase metabolizing prostaglandins, steroids, quinines, and anthracycline antibiotics. Many experimental studies have shown that CBR plays important roles in the regulation of tumor progression, but clinical significance of CBR status remains unclear. Thus, we conducted a retrospective study on CBR mRNA expression in lung cancer. Tumor tissues obtained from 59 non–small-cell lung cancer patients were analyzed by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR assay to reveal clinical significance of CBR expression. Angiogenesis was measured immunohistochemically as intratumoral microvessel density (IMVD) using anti-CD34 monoclonal antibody CD34-IMVD) and anti-CD105 monoclonal antibody (CD105-IMVD). CBR mRNA expression was significantly reduced along with progression of primary tumors (the mean CBR mRNA/GAPDH mRNA, 3.288 × 10−2 for pT1, 1.628 × 10−2 for pT2, and 1.175 × 10−2 for pT3-4 disease, respectively; P = 0.02). Moreover, CBR mRNA expression in tumor with nodal involvement seemed to be reduced as compared with that in tumor without nodal involvement (the mean CBR mRNA/GAPDH mRNA, 1.446 × 10−2 and 2.531 × 10−2, respectively), whereas the difference did not reach a statistical significance (P = 0.09). The mean CD105-IMVD for CBR-high tumor was 59.2, which was significantly lower than that for CBR-low tumor (130.6, P = 0.02), whereas no significant difference between the mean CD34-IMVDs for CBR-high tumor and CBR-low tumor was found. The 5-year survival rate of CBR-high patients was 68.3%, significantly higher than that of CBR-low patients (36.5%; P = 0.03). A multivariate analysis confirmed that CBR-high expression was a significant factor to predict a favorable prognosis (P = 0.04; relative risk, 0.39; 95% confidence interval, 0.16-0.98). Expression of CBR mRNA was a significant prognostic factor in non–small-cell lung cancer and was inversely associated with tumor progression and angiogenesis.
Long-term Cryoconservation and Stability of Vitamin C in Serum Samples of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition
Authors: Jenab Mazda , Bingham Sheila , Ferrari Pietro , Friesen Marlin D. , Al-Delaimy Wael K. , Luben Robert , Wareham Nick , Khaw Kay-Tee , Riboli Elio 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Plasma vitamin C level may be associated with risk of some chronic diseases. The rapid degradability of vitamin C in biological samples necessitates its stabilization with metaphosphoric acid or similar agents. However, in most cohort studies, prospectively collected biological samples are not treated with stabilizing agents before long-term frozen storage and it is not known whether vitamin C can be properly measured in such samples. The objective of this study was to determine the degree of vitamin C degradation in plasma samples stored without stabilization for 7 to 11 years at −196°C. Spearman's correlation coefficients indicate a moderate correlation between baseline and final plasma vitamin C levels in both men (r = 0.57, P &lt; 0.0001) and women (r = 0.52, P &lt; 0.0001). Samples were also categorized based on low or high baseline levels of plasma vitamin C, with the latter category showing the highest rate of loss per year of frozen storage in men (1.96 μmol/L, P value for difference &lt;0.0001; percent loss 24.6%) and women (2.35 μmol/L, P value for difference &lt;0.0001; percent loss 24.2%), as determined by multiple regression analysis adjusted for smoking status, age, and body mass index. In men, both baseline and final plasma vitamin C values were lower in smokers than never smokers, but for both men and women the rate of vitamin C loss during storage was not significantly different between smokers and never smokers. The results of this study show that vitamin C can be measured with reasonable reliability in plasma samples frozen for long periods of time without addition of any stabilizing agents.
The Relationship Between Student Smoking in the School Environment and Smoking Onset in Elementary School Students
Authors: Leatherdale Scott T. , Manske Steve 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
This study examined how perceptions of student smoking in the school environment and the actual smoking rate among senior students at a school are related to smoking onset. Multilevel logistic regression analysis was used to examine correlates of ever smoking in a sample of 4,286 grade 6 and 7 students from 57 elementary schools in Ontario, Canada. Students are at increased risk for smoking if they (a) often see students smoking near their school, (b) report that students at their school smoke where they are not allowed, and (c) attend a school with a relatively high senior student smoking rate. Each 1% increase in the smoking rate among grade 8 students increased the odds that a student in grades 6 or 7 was an ever smoker versus never smoker (odds ratio, 1.05; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.08). A low-risk student (no family or friends who smoke) was over twice as likely to try smoking if he/she attended a high-risk school. Prevention programs should target both at-risk schools and at-risk students, and strongly enforced policies preventing students from smoking on or near school property should be implemented.
Increased Risk of Cancer among Siblings of Long-term Childhood Cancer Survivors: A Report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study
Authors: Friedman Debra L. , Kadan-Lottick Nina S. , Whitton John , Mertens Ann C. , Yasui Yutaka , Liu Yan , Meadows Anna T. , Robison Leslie L. , Strong Louise C. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractWe determined risk of cancer among first-degree relatives of 5-year survivors of childhood leukemia, lymphoma, central nervous system tumors, sarcomas, Wilms' tumor, and neuroblastoma. Subjects were 13,703 participants in the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. Family history was collected on 56,759 first-degree relatives using a self-reported questionnaire. Incidence was compared with age- and sex-specific rates using the U.S. Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results program. Siblings of the survivors had an increased risk of cancer [standardized incidence ratio (SIR), 1.5; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.35-1.7]. Risk was elevated for siblings of probands of leukemia (SIR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.0-1.6), Hodgkin's disease (SIR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.2-1.9), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (SIR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.3-2.5), Wilms' tumor (SIR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.2-3.2), soft tissue sarcoma (SIR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.0-2.2), and bone tumors (SIR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.2-2.2). Cancer risk was elevated in siblings (SIR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.5-3.7) and offspring (SIR, 15.0; 95% CI, 5.3-42.9) of probands with second malignant neoplasms (SMN) compared with relatives of probands without SMNs. Siblings of probands with leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, neuroblastoma, and Wilms' tumor had elevated risks for the same malignancies. Parents had no increased risk (fathers' SIR, 0.7; 95% CI, 0.7-0.8; mothers' SIR, 0.9; 95% CI, 0.9-1.0). Seventy percent of siblings' cancers developed in adulthood. These findings suggest that familial cancer syndromes may be revealed as this cohort and family members age and with accrual of more offspring and subjects with SMNs.
Vitamin D and Calcium Intakes from Food or Supplements and Mammographic Breast Density
Authors: Bérubé Sylvie , Diorio Caroline , Mâsse Benoît , Hébert-Croteau Nicole , Byrne Celia , Côté Gary , Pollak Michael , Yaffe Martin , Brisson Jacques 
Published: September 2005

AbstractBackground: A better understanding of factors that affect breast density, one of the strongest breast cancer risk indicators, may provide important clues about breast cancer etiology and prevention. This study evaluates the association of vitamin D and calcium, from food and/or supplements, to breast density in premenopausal and postmenopausal women separately.Methods: A total of 777 premenopausal and 783 post-menopausal women recruited at two radiology clinics in Quebec City, Canada, in 2001 to 2002, completed a food frequency questionnaire to assess vitamin D and calcium. Breast density from screening mammograms was assessed using a computer-assisted method. Associations between vitamin D or calcium and breast density were evaluated using linear regression models. Adjusted means in breast density were assessed according to the combined daily intakes of the two nutrients using generalized linear models.Results: In premenopausal women, total intakes of vitamin D and calcium were inversely related to breast density (β = −1.4; P = 0.004 for vitamin D; β = −0.8; P = 0.0004 for calcium). In multivariate linear regression, simultaneous increments in daily total intakes of 400 IU vitamin D and 1,000 mg calcium were associated with an 8.5% (95% confidence interval, 1.8-15.1) lower mean breast density. The negative association between dietary vitamin D intake and breast density tended to be stronger at higher levels of calcium intake and vice versa. Among postmenopausal women, intakes of vitamin D and calcium were not associated with breast density.Conclusion: These findings show that higher intakes of vitamin D and calcium from food and supplements are related to lower levels of breast density among premenopausal women. They suggest that increasing intakes of vitamin D and calcium may represent a safe and inexpensive strategy for breast cancer prevention.
Prevalence of BRCA Mutations and Founder Effect in High-Risk Hispanic Families
Authors: Weitzel Jeffrey N. , Lagos Veronica , Blazer Kathleen R. , Nelson Rebecca , Ricker Charité , Herzog Josef , McGuire Colleen , Neuhausen Susan 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Approximately 12% of the U.S. population is Hispanic, with the majority residing in urban centers such as Los Angeles. The prevalence of BRCA mutations among high-risk Hispanic families is unknown.
Methods: One hundred and ten unrelated probands ofHispanicorigin, with a personal or family history of breast and/orovarian cancer, presented for genetic cancer risk assessment, were enrolled in an Institutional Review Board–approved registry and underwent BRCA testing. Haplotype analyseswere done if BRCA mutations were observed in two or more unrelated probands.
Results: Mean age at diagnosis was 37 years (range = 23-59) for the 89 (81%) probands with invasive breast cancer. Overall, 34 (30.9%) had deleterious mutations (25 in BRCA1, 9 in BRCA2), 25 (22.7%) had one or more unclassified variants, and 51 (46.4%) had negative results. The mean pretest mutation probability using the Couch model, Myriad model, and BRCAPro was 19.6% (range = 4-77%). The combined average mutation probability was 32.8% for carriers, 15.5% for noncarriers, and 12.9% for variant carriers (P &lt; 0.0001). The most common deleterious mutation was 185delAG (4 of 34, 11.8%). The Hispanic 185delAG carrier families share the same haplotype from D17s1320 through BRCA1, as do two reference Ashkenazi Jewish families. Haplotype analyses ofadditional recurrent BRCA1 mutations [IVS5+1G&gt;A (n=2),S955X (n = 3), R1443X (n = 3), and 2552delC (n = 2)] also suggest founder effects, with four of six mutations seenalmost exclusively in families with Latin American/Caribbean or Spanish ancestry.
Conclusion: This is the largest study to date of high-risk Hispanic families in the United States. Six recurrent mutations accounted for 47% (16 of 34) of the deleterious mutations in this cohort. The BRCA1185delAG mutation wasprevalent (3.6%) in this clinic-based cohort of predominantly Mexican descent, and shared the Ashkenazi Jewishfounder haplotype.
Correlation of Human Papillomavirus Type 16 and Human Papillomavirus Type 18 E7 Messenger RNA Levels with Degree of Cervical Dysplasia
Authors: Scheurer Michael E. , Tortolero-Luna Guillermo , Guillaud Martial , Follen Michele , Chen Zhuo , Dillon Laura M. , Adler-Storthz Karen 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV) is a necessary event in the development of cervical carcinoma; however, not all women who become infected with HPV will progress to cancer. Much is known about the molecular influence of HPV E6 and E7 proteins on the malignant transformation. Little is known about the additional factors needed to drive the process. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to quantitate mRNA expression of the E7 gene in women exhibiting normal epithelium, low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL). Prevalence of mRNA transcripts was lower among normal women (27%) than for women with LSIL (40%) and HSIL (37%). Mean levels ranged from 2.0 (ln scale per 20 ng cDNA) among normal women to 4.2 among those with HSIL, with a significant trend (P = 0.008). This trend was only significant for HPV 18 transcripts if separately analyzed by HPV type. The transcriptional activity of HPV 18 is higher than that of HPV 16 and increases with increasing level of dysplasia. This is in concert with the findings of other studies, and reinforces the notion that HPV 18 is a more aggressive viral type. Real-time PCR of viral transcripts could provide a more efficient method to analyze the oncogenic potential within cells from a cervical swab, thus providing a way to better screen women who may progress to higher grade lesions or invasive carcinoma from those who will spontaneously regress.
Tobacco Use and Stomach Cancer in Mizoram, India
Authors: Phukan Rup Kumar , Zomawia Eric , Narain Kanwar , Hazarika Nakul Chandra , Mahanta Jagadish 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The incidence of stomach cancer in India is lower than that of any other country around the world. However, in Mizoram, one of the north-eastern state of India, a very high age-adjusted incidence of stomach cancer is recorded. A hospital-based case-control study was carried out to identify the influence of tobacco use on the risk of developing stomach cancer in Mizoram. Among the cases, the risk of stomach cancer was significantly elevated among current smokers [odds ratio (OR), 2.3; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.4-8.4] but not among ex-smokers. Higher risks were seen for meiziol (a local cigarette) smokers (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.3-9.3). The increased risk was apparent among subjects who had smoked for ≥30 years. The increased risk was significant with 2-fold increase in risk among the subjects who smoked for ≥11 pack-years. The risk increased with increasing cumulative dose of tobacco smoked (mg). Tuibur (tobacco smoke–infused water), used mainly in Mizoram, was seemed to increased the risk of stomach cancer among current users in both univariate and multivariate models (OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.3-3.1). Tobacco chewer alone (OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.1-4.2) showed significant risk. Tobacco use in any form [smoking and smokeless (tuibur and chewing)] increased the risk of stomach cancer in Mizoram independently after adjusting for confounding variables.
Estrogen Metabolism–Related Genes and Breast Cancer Risk: The Multiethnic Cohort Study
Authors: Le Marchand Loïc , Donlon Timothy , Kolonel Laurence N. , Henderson Brian E. , Wilkens Lynne R. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractCommon polymorphisms in genes that affect estrogen levels may be associated with breast cancer risk. We investigated the associations between breast cancer and sequence variants in several genes in the estradiol/estrone metabolism pathway (CYP1A1*2A, CYP1A2*1F, CYP1B1 Leu432Val, CYP3A4*1B, COMT Val158Met, SULT1A1Arg213His) as well as the Arg554Lys variant in AHR (a transcription factor for CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP1B1) in a case-control study of 1,339 breast cancer cases and 1,370 controls nested in the Multiethnic Cohort Study. The Multiethnic Cohort Study is a large prospective study of men and predominantly postmenopausal women of Japanese, White, African American, Latino, and Native Hawaiian ancestry, residing in Hawaii and Los Angeles. We found no association between breast cancer and these polymorphisms, except for CYP1A2*1F which was inversely associated with risk. The odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for the AA, AC, and CC genotype was 1.0, 0.9 (0.7-1.0), and 0.7 (0.5-1.0), respectively (P for gene dosage effect = 0.03). This association seemed somewhat stronger for estrogen receptor (ER)/progesterone receptor (PR)–negative tumors than for ER/PR-positive tumors, and no statistically significant interaction with estrogen-related risk factors was detected. The findings provide no evidence for a role of COMT Val58Met, CYP1A1*2A, CYP3A4*1B, CYP1B1 Leu432Val, SULT1A1 Arg213His, and AHR Arg554Lys in breast cancer etiology. They also provide support for an inverse association between CYP1A2*1F and breast cancer, which is consistent with the observation of lower circulating estrogen levels in premenopausal women with the CC genotype in a previous study.
Folate Intake and Risk of Breast Cancer Characterized by Hormone Receptor Status
Authors: Zhang Shumin M. , Hankinson Susan E. , Hunter David J. , Giovannucci Edward L. , Colditz Graham A. , Willett Walter C. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Folate plays an important role in DNA methylation, and aberrant methylation of the estrogen receptor (ER) gene may be related to the loss of ER gene expression in breast tumors. Thus, deficient folate status has been hypothesized to be associated primarily with ER gene–negative breast tumors, but data relating folate intake to breast cancer risk according to ER status are sparse. We conducted a prospective cohort analysis of folate intake among 88,744 women in the Nurses' Health Study who completed a food frequency questionnaire in 1980 and every 2 to 4 years thereafter. During 20 years of follow-up, 2,812 ER+ and 985 ER− invasive breast cancer cases were documented. Higher total folate intake was significantly associated with lower risk of developing ER− but not ER+ breast cancer; the multivariable relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) comparing the highest to the lowest quintile were 0.81 (0.66-0.99) for ER− tumors and 1.00 (0.89-1.14) for ER+ tumors. The inverse association between total folate intake and ER− breast cancer was mainly present among women consuming at least 15 g/d of alcohol (multivariable RR, 0.46; 95% CI, = 0.25-0.86; top versus bottom quintile). These findings support the hypothesis that higher folate intake reduces the risk of developing ER− breast cancer. Ensuring adequate folate intake seems particularly important for women at higher risk of breast cancer because of alcohol consumption.