bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First report of human immunodeficiency virus transmission via an RNA‐screened blood donation
Authors: Delwart E. L. , Kalmin N. D. , Jones T. S. , Ladd D. J. , Foley B. , Tobler L. H. , Tsui R. C. P. , Busch M. P. 
Published: April 2004

Background and Objectives  Blood banks in the USA have recently introduced minipool nucleic acid amplification testing (MP‐NAT) of blood products to reduce the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) by transfusions. However, MP‐NAT is limited in its ability to detect preseroconversion samples with very low viral RNA loads.Materials and Methods  To determine whether a red blood cell unit, from an MP‐NAT‐negative donation, transmitted HIV when transfused to a patient, we compared the viral sequences from the blood donor and recipient. The implicated donation was also tested by commercially available NAT assays at a range of dilution factors to determine whether the infectious unit could have been detected using individual‐donation NAT (ID‐NAT).Results  Phylogenetic linkage of HIV sequences in the blood donor and recipient confirmed the transmission of HIV by blood transfusion, the first such case identified since introduction of MP‐NAT screening in 1999. Viral RNA was reliably detected by ID‐NAT, but only inconsistently detected by MP‐NAT.Conclusions  Even following the introduction of MP‐NAT, a preseroconversion donation with a viral load of ≤ 150 copies of RNA/ml went undetected and resulted in an HIV transmission. Implementation of ID‐NAT will further reduce such rare transmissions, but at a considerable cost per infectious unit interdicted.
Impact of seeding rate on annual ryegrass performance
Authors: Venuto B. C. , Redfearn D. D. , Pitman W. D. , Alison M. W. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractAnnual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) is a primary forage resource for livestock producers throughout the south‐eastern USA during the winter‐growing season. It is important for livestock producers to begin grazing annual ryegrass as early as possible and any management practices maximizing early season production could be beneficial. To assess the impact of seeding rate on subsequent yield, yield distribution, quality, seedling density, and end‐of‐season plant and tiller density, a 2‐year study was initiated at four locations in Louisiana. Three annual ryegrass cultivars, varying in seed size, were established at four seeding rates based on pure live seed (PLS) rates of 400, 800, 1200 and 1600 PLS m−2. There was no advantage in total yield from increasing seeding rates beyond 800 PLS m−2. However, first‐harvest yields increased from 360 to 930 kg dry matter (DM) ha−1 as seeding rate increased from 400 to 1600 PLS m−2. Crude protein and neutral‐detergent fibre concentrations, and in vitro DM digestibility, were not affected by seeding rate. Seedling density and end‐of‐season plant numbers increased as seeding rate increased. However, stems per plant decreased as seeding rate increased, indicating compensatory tillering for the reduced plant numbers observed at the lower seeding rates. These results indicate first‐harvest yield can be increased by planting at higher seeding rates but total yields are not increased.
The nutritive value of Prangos ferulacea
Authors: Coşkun B. , Gülşen N. , Umucalılar H. D. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis study was conducted to determine the chemical composition and nutritive value of Prangos ferulacea, a plant found in the Mediterranean and Middle‐east regions, where it is used as animal fodder. Samples of mature plants were collected from S.E. Turkey. Metabolizable energy (ME) values were estimated from in vitro gas production measurements and from chemical composition. ME concentrations of the whole plant, leaves and stems were estimated to be 12·2, 11·9 and 12·7 MJ kg−1 dry matter (DM) respectively, which compares favourably with high‐quality forages commonly used in ruminant feeding. The DM degradability of the whole plant, leaves and stems increased up until 48 h of in situ incubation, 866, 915 and 784 g kg−1 DM respectively, but changed little between 48 and 72 h. In vitro DM and organic matter digestibility of the whole plant, leaves and stems were 0·769 and 0·806, 0·773 and 0·790, and 0·740 and 0·840 respectively. The results show that P. ferulacea may be regarded as a high‐energy forage, but further research is needed on its intake characteristics and the levels of animal performance that can be achieved from its inclusion in the diet.
Growth and chemical composition of wild oat (Avena fatua) under Mediterranean conditions
Authors: El‐Shatnawi M. K. J. , Saoub H. M. , Haddad N. I. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractWild oat (Avena fatua) is an annual cool‐season species that grows in areas with a Mediterranean climate and has potential as a forage source in Jordan. A field experiment was conducted during the growing seasons of 1999–2000 and 2000–2001 under sub‐humid Mediterranean conditions at Samta in the Ajloun Mountains, Jordan. Data on seasonal herbage mass, morphology and chemical composition of wild oat were collected at 60, 80, 100, 120 and 140 days after emergence.Plant height increased rapidly beyond 100 days after emergence. The increase in herbage mass of dry matter was gradual and peaked at 140 days after emergence. The lowest concentration of crude fibre was at 60 and 80 days after emergence, with a range of 201–263 g kg−1 DM. Crude fibre concentrations (610–630 g kg−1 DM) peaked at 140 days after emergence (maturity). In contrast to concentrations of crude fibre, concentrations of crude protein decreased gradually with age. The calcium and phosphorus concentrations were sufficient to meet the maintenance requirements of ewes.
Performance and environmental effects of forage production on sandy soils. II. Impact of defoliation system and nitrogen input on nitrate leaching losses
Authors: Wachendorf M. , Büchter M. , Trott H. , Taube F. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA field experiment was conducted over a 4‐year period to determine NO3 leaching losses from grassland on a freely draining sandy soil. The experiment consisted of all combinations of five defoliation systems; cutting‐only (CO), rotational grazing (GO), mixed systems with one (MSI) or two silage cuts (MSII) plus subsequent rotational grazing, and simulated grazing (SG), four mineral nitrogen (N) application rates (0, 100, 200, and 300 kg N ha−1 year−1), and two slurry levels (0 and 20 m3 slurry ha−1 year−1). Due to the high N return by grazing animals, leaching losses in the rotational grazing systems generally were associated with NO3‐N concentrations which exceeded the EU limit for drinking water. NO3 leaching losses in a rotational grazing system could be reduced by lowering the N fertilizer intensity and the inclusion of one or two silage cuts in spring. However, even in the unfertilized mixed systems, N fixation by white clover exceeded the amounts of N removed via animal products, which resulted in NO3‐N concentrations well above the EU limit for drinking water. In terms of leaching losses, the cutting‐only system was the most advantageous treatment. NO3 leaching losses on grassland could be predicted by the amount of soil mineral N at the end of the growing season and by the N surplus calculated from N balances at the field scale. From the results obtained a revised nitrogen fertilization policy and a reduced grazing intensity by integrating silage cuts are suggested.
Plant diversity effects on herbage production and compositional changes in New Zealand hill country pastures
Authors: Dodd M. B. , Barker D. J. , Wedderburn M. E. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA small‐plot field experiment on grazed hill country pastures in the North Island of New Zealand was conducted to examine the productivity and compositional characteristics of swards in response to variation in pasture species diversity. The balanced incomplete factorial design incorporated variation in location, slope, soil fertility and combinations of eight plant functional groups (C4 grasses, annual grasses, annual legumes, perennial C3 grasses, perennial legumes, perennial forbs, ryegrass and browntop). Net herbage accumulation and botanical composition were measured at 18 months (spring) and 24 months (autumn) after oversowing following application of a systemic herbicide. Analysis of variance indicated a significant positive relationship between the number of functional groups sown and herbage accumulation of the sown species in spring, but not with total herbage accumulation. Regression analysis showed that herbage accumulation was also affected by the identity of the functional groups. However, the statistical models indicated that pasture productivity was most strongly influenced by site factors. There was a significant negative relationship between both the number and herbage accumulation of unsown species and the number of functional groups sown, indicating a positive relationship between diversity and resistance to invasion by unsown species. A comparison of the vegetation between the plots before and after oversowing showed that those more diverse prior to sowing returned to their initial composition more rapidly, evidence that diverse vegetation was more resilient in the face of disturbance.
A history of the European Grassland Federation, 1963–2003
Authors: Prins W. H. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe history of the European Grassland Federation (EGF) from its founding in 1963 to 2003 is described. The origins and constitution are described together with its membership. How the structure and functions of the EGF have changed in 40 years are outlined and the management and financial arrangements of the EGF explained. The background to Grass and Forage Science becoming the official journal of the EGF in 1996 is described. The developments that have take place in the content and size of the General Meetings and Symposia, and in their publication as Proceedings, are highlighted. The links to other organizations in grassland research and the future direction of the EGF are explored.
Performance and environmental effects of forage production on sandy soils. I. Impact of defoliation system and nitrogen input on performance and N balance of grassland
Authors: Trott H. , Wachendorf M. , Ingwersen B. , Taube F. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractGrassland and its management is central to the productivity of and nitrogen (N) losses from dairy farms in north‐west Europe. Botanical composition, production and N surplus of grassland were assessed during five consecutive years. The experiment consisted of all combinations of five defoliation systems: cutting‐only (CO), rotational grazing (GO), grazing + one (MSI) or two silage cuts (MSII) and simulated grazing (SG). Four mineral N fertilization rates (0–300 kg N ha−1 year−1) and two slurry levels (0 and 20 m3 slurry ha−1 year−1) were applied. Fertilizer N was more efficient in producing net energy (NEL) in grazing‐dominated, low white clover systems (GO and MSI systems: 70 and 88 MJ NEL kg−1 N) than in white clover‐rich systems (MSII, CO and SG systems: ≤60 MJ NEL kg−1 N). While sward productivity in system MSI was similar to that in system GO, system MSII benefited from increased N2 fixation at low N rates. There were small differences in NEL concentrations of the herbage between defoliation systems. Crude protein concentration of the herbage increased with increasing N supply from fertilizer, excreta and N2 fixation. N surpluses (−63 to +369 kg N ha−1 year−1) increased with increasing grazing intensity and increasing N fertilization rate. The average response in N surplus applied was 0·81, 0·59, 0·40, 0·33 and 0·24 kg N ha−1 in systems GO, MSI, MSII, CO and SG respectively.
Performance and environmental effects of forage production on sandy soils. III. Energy efficiency in forage production from grassland and maize for silage
Authors: Kelm M. , Wachendorf M. , Trott H. , Volkers K. , Taube F. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractBased on experimental data gathered in a research project on nitrogen fluxes in intensive dairy farming in Northern Germany, an analysis of fossil energy input and energy efficiency in forage production from permanent grassland and maize for silage was conducted. Field experiments comprised different defoliation systems and different rates of mineral N fertilizer and slurry application. Each change from grazing to cutting in grassland systems reduced the energy efficiency. Energy efficiency consistently decreased with increasing rates of mineral N application. In the production of maize for silage, maximum energy efficiency was obtained with an application of 50 kg N ha−1 from slurry only. Net energy yields of maize for silage were much higher than that of grassland when compared at the same level of fossil energy and nitrogen fertilizer input. Considering both nitrate‐leaching losses and a necessary minimum quantity of grass herbage in a well‐balanced ration, it is suggested that a high proportion of maize for silage in combination with N‐unfertilized grass/clover swards used in a mixed cutting/grazing system represents a good trade‐off between the leaching of nitrates and energy efficiency.
Forage quality of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) × Caucasian clover (T. ambiguum M. Bieb.) hybrids and their grass companion when grown over three harvest years
Authors: Marshall A. H. , Williams T. A. , Abberton M. T. , Michaelson‐Yeates T. P. T. , Olyott P. , Powell H. G. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractInterspecific hybrids between white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and Caucasian clover (Trifolium ambiguum M. Bieb.) have been developed to introgress the rhizomatous growth habit into white clover, to increase persistence and drought tolerance. The forage quality of T. repens, T. ambiguum and the backcross 1 (BC1) and backcross 2 (BC2) hybrids and companion grass, when grown in mixtures with an intermediate perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) under a cutting‐only management, was measured. In vitro dry‐matter digestibility (DMD), water‐soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and crude protein (CP) concentrations of the legume and grass fractions were measured throughout the growing season over three harvest years. Trifolium repens had a lower WSC but a higher CP concentration than the perennial ryegrass companion in all harvest years and at all cuts. The legume fractions from the BC1 and BC2 hybrid plots had a higher WSC and a lower CP concentration but an in vitro DMD value comparable with white clover throughout the growing season and in each harvest year. The grass fractions from the mixtures with the backcross hybrids had a higher WSC and a lower CP concentration than the grass fraction from the T. repens plots, in all harvest years and throughout the growing season. No difference in in vitro DMD between parental species and backcross hybrids was observed. The implications of these results for the development of these hybrids and animal performance are discussed.
Hypotrichosis and nail dysplasia: A novel hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia
Authors: Harrison Shannon , Sinclair Rodney 
Published: April 2004

SUMMARYWe report a unique isolated hair and nail ectodermal dysplasia in a 3‐year‐old girl. Clinical examination revealed short, sparse scalp hair, absent eyebrows, short eyelashes and nail dystrophy in all digits. Nail changes included shortened nail plate with distal onycholysis and loss of the cuticle. Sweating and teeth were normal. Development was normal. Scanning electron microscopy of the hair only demonstrated trichorrhexis nodosa. There was no pili torti. Vertically sectioned scalp biopsy revealed hypoplastic hair follicles and a horizontally sectioned biopsy showed a decrease in the overall number of hair follicles present. Treatment with topical minoxidil 5% 1 mL twice each day massaged into the scalp led to only minimal improvement and was discontinued after 12 months.
Cutaneous B‐cell lymphoma of nails, pinna and nose treated with chlorambucil
Authors: Stanway Amy , Rademaker Marius , Kennedy Ian , Newman Paul 
Published: April 2004

SUMMARYAn 83‐year‐old woman presented with primary multifocal cutaneous B‐cell lymphoma, presenting as discrete nodules on the right pinna and nail‐bed of the left middle finger, diffuse swelling and erythema of several other nail‐beds of the fingers and toes, with associated pincer nail deformity and rhinophyma. Because of the involvement of several sites not amenable to radiotherapy, she was treated with oral cyclical chlorambucil with good result.
Unusual case of subcutaneous panniculitis‐like T‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Wells Jillian , Kosky Christopher A , Scolyer Richard A , Lee Stephen , Bye Peter TP , Young Graham AR , Davies Leo 
Published: April 2004

SUMMARYAn unusual case of subcutaneous panniculitis‐like T‐cell lymphoma is presented involving multiple organ systems, which eventually culminated in rapid demise from the haemophagocytic syndrome, after an initial protracted course. A 44‐year‐old man presented in April 2001 with bronchiolitis obliterans organising pneumonia that initially responded well to corticosteroids. However, the condition relapsed on attempted prednisone withdrawal in January 2002 and the patient was noted to have developed truncal subcutaneous nodules. Initial skin biopsy revealed lobular panniculitis, with negative microbiological culture. In July 2002, mononeuritis multiplex was diagnosed after the patient presented with paresthesiae and was treated with pulse cyclophosphamide therapy. By November 2002 there was ulceration of the subcutaneous nodules. Repeat skin biopsy revealed subcutaneous panniculitis‐like T‐cell lymphoma. The clinical manifestations were supportive of an unifying diagnosis of malignancy involving pulmonary, cutaneous and nervous systems. Combination chemotherapy with fludarabine, mitoxantrone and dexamethasone was commenced. However, the patient deteriorated, with fevers, weight loss, pancytopenia and laboratory features consistent with the haemophagocytic syndrome. Despite maximal supportive therapy the patient succumbed to his disease.
Healing of severe ulcerative necrobiosis lipoidica with cyclosporin
Authors: Stanway Amy , Rademaker Marius , Newman Paul 
Published: April 2004

SUMMARYA 55‐year‐old woman with severe, chronic, treatment‐resistant ulcerating necrobiosis lipoidica of the shins was commenced on oral cyclosporin at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg/day. Improvement started within 1 week of commencing treatment, and the lesions healed completely over 8 months. Further ulceration occurred 3 months after discontinuing cyclosporin, with improvement on reintroduction of cyclosporin. There have been four previous case reports of healing of treatment‐resistant ulcerating necrobiosis lipoidica with cyclosporin.
Imiquimod: Potential risk of an immunostimulant
Authors: Benson Elizabeth 
Published: April 2004

SUMMARYA 19‐year‐old woman with severe HLA B27 spondyloarthropathy whose disease was controlled on cyclosporin, methotrexate and prednisolone had human papillomavirus infection and developed cervical dysplasia and a large number of cutaneous and vulval warts. These were not responsive to cryotherapy, salicylic acid or cimetidine, so she was treated with topical imiquimod 5% cream. Two weeks after starting this treatment she had a significant flare of her spondyloarthropathy. She was so ill that she stopped using the imiquimod cream. She had full resolution of her warts after 3 weeks' treatment with imiquimod cream, but her spondyloarthropathy took more than 3 months to improve, despite significant augmentation of her immunosuppression. This case highlights the potential risk of using imiquimod cream (an immunostimulant) in a patient who has a condition requiring immunosuppression, such as autoimmune disease or an organ transplant.
Barmah Forest viral exanthems
Authors: Dore Amanda , Auld John 
Published: April 2004

SUMMARYA series of five patients presented with eruptions beginning on the face. In each case the facial changes were characterized by urticated erythema with minimal epidermal change. The patients also demonstrated more widespread vesiculopapular, macular or purpuric eruptions. At presentation most patients were asymptomatic; however, several subsequently developed constitutional symptoms. Each of these patients was reactive for Barmah Forest virus immunoglobulin (Ig)M, and on repeat testing four were reactive for Barmah Forest virus IgG.
Köbnerization in a woman with generalized lichen sclerosus
Authors: Noakes Rowland Robert , Spelman Lynda 
Published: April 2004

SUMMARYA 52‐year‐old woman presented with an 18‐month history of genital and extragenital lichen sclerosus. In addition to the classical genital findings, lesions of lichen sclerosus were present over her back, chest and the medial aspect of her right thigh and leg. On her right thigh and extending to her right leg, lesions of lichen sclerosus displaying the Köbner response were noted over the course of a varicosed long saphenous vein. There were no features of varicose dermatitis in the region displaying the Köbner response. It is proposed that the ambulatory venous pressure within the vein acted as a stimulus for the Köbner response.
Contact dermatitis to alcohol swabs masquerading as vaccine allergy
Authors: Storer Emma , Marshman Gillian , Kupa Ann 
Published: April 2004

SUMMARYA 14‐year‐old girl developed an eruption on her upper arm of pruritic, follicular papules each time she received a vaccination. This was initially thought to be a local reaction to the vaccines. After a similar rash appeared at a venepuncture site, a contact allergy to the alcohol swabs used before the procedures was postulated. A repeated open application test clarified this observation.
Combination topical treatment of molluscum contagiosum with cantharidin and imiquimod 5% in children: A case series of 16 patients
Authors: Ross Gayle L , Orchard David C 
Published: April 2004

SUMMARYThe objective of this study was to assess the efficacy and tolerability of combination therapy for molluscum contagiosum (MC) with topical cantharidin and imiquimod 5%. A prospective case series of 16 paediatric patients with a mean age of 4.8 years had cantharidin applied to lesions by a dermatologist, followed by home treatment with imiquimod 5% cream nightly for an average of 5 weeks. This regimen resulted in >90% of lesions clearing in 12 patients, with half of these being totally clear. Two patients had 80–90% of lesions resolve. Two patients had 30–50% clearance of lesions at the end of the treatment period. One patient found the cantharidin reaction too strong. The mean number of imiquimod 250 mg sachets used was 4.25. In conclusion, this study suggests that combination therapy using cantharidin and imiquimod for treatment of MC in children is effective and well tolerated.