bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crystallographic Instrumentation
Authors: Aslanov L A , Fetisov G V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Innovations in crystallographic instrumentation and the rapid development of methods of diffraction measurement have led to a vast improvement in our ability to determine crystal and molecular structure. This up-to-date resource will allow the reader to harness the potential of X-ray diffraction instruments. Different sources of X-radiation used in crystallography are introduced, including synchrotron radiation, as well as a systematic review of detectors for X-rays and basic instruments for single crystal and powder diffractometry. The principles of the diffraction experiment are discussed and related to their practical application with a comparative description of different scan procedures. Diffraction data collection and processing are also reviewed and methods for error correction are described. This book will provide a useful guide for researchers and students starting in this area of science, as well as skilled crystallographers.
Odour sensors
Authors: Gardner Julian W , Bartlett Philip N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
is clear that the types of sensors which can be used in an electronic nose need to be ones which are responsive to molecules in the gas phase. Many different types of gas sensor are available and many of these have been used in electronic noses at one time or another. However, at present, commercial instruments are concentrated on two main types of gas sensor-metal—oxide and conducting polymer resistive sensors—with more recent work beginning to exploit other types. In this chapter we will describe the basic operational principles behind the most common types of gas sensor and discuss their suitability for application in electronic noses. We begin by considering the general requirements of any gas sensor for use in an electronic nose.
As we have seen in Chapter 3, odorous molecules are typically volatile organic molecules with relative molar masses in the range 30 to 300 dalton. Further, as we saw, the structure of the molecule is important in determining the odour. Thus we require sensors which are non-specific yet which are responsive to the shapes or structural features of the organic molecules. Ideally, we would be able to define what these structural features were and so select, or design, our sensors accordingly. Unfortunately, our understanding of the mammalian olfactory system and the nature of the olfactory receptor proteins is, as yet, insufficiently advanced for this to be a practical prospect. Thus, at present, a more empirical approach is necessary, making use of available sensor types and attempting to modify sensor designs to meet the requirements of the electronic nose.
The diversity of shore organisms
Authors: Little Colin , Williams Gray A , Trowbridge Cynthia D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Life almost certainly evolved in the sea, and one of the legacies of this origin is the extraordinary diversity of life forms still found there. Thus there are still something over 30 different animal phyla in marine ecosys-tems, in comparison with only a third of this number on land. Admittedly, not all the marine phyla are common on rocky shores—some are con-Ined to the deep sea, some are primarily pelagic, and some prefer soft sediments—but at least 10 of them are regular components, large enough and common enough to be seen by visitors to the shore.
Estimates for numbers of species in the sea as a whole range from an unlikely low of 200,000 species to an unlikely high of 10 million (Rohde, 2002), and we know very little about the factors that control the variety and numbers of species on the shore. Marine biodiversity may, however, relate to ecosystem function—and especially to the interactions between consumers and producers (Solan et al., 2006).
Coping with life on the shore: adaptations of littoral organisms
Authors: Little Colin , Williams Gray A , Trowbridge Cynthia D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rocky shores are not easy places in which to live. The rising and falling tides produce conditions that alternate between submersion in seawater and emersion into a rigorous drying atmosphere. At the same time, variations in wave action can make the settling of larvae and the attachment of adult forms a real trial of strength. In spite of these problems, however, immense numbers of primary producers, grazers, suspension feeders, and predators make rocky shores their home. They reproduce in a variety of ways, their life cycles encompass a complex mosaic of styles, and they have adaptations that allow them to withstand most of the physical stresses of life on the shore. But just how well do these adaptations work?
Migraine With and Without Allodynia: New Sub-Classification of Migraine
Authors: Burstein R , Jakubowski M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have recently shown using quantitative sensory testing technique, that migraine headache may be associated with high incidence (about 75%) of ipsilateral cutaneous allodynia, particularly in periorbital and temporal skin areas, and proposed that this is the very reason why patients feel that during migraine, their skin hurts in response to otherwise innocuous activities such as combing hair or wearing it in a pony tail, shaving, taking a shower, brushing their upper teeth, wearing glasses or earrings, or resting their head on the migraine side.
Headache Attributed to Trauma
Authors: Láinez M J A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Posttraumatic Headache (PTH) is one of the several symptoms of the postconcussive syndrome, usually the most frequent, and it may be accompanied by additional cognitive, behavioral, or somatic problems (Solomon 2001). Headache can start after brain, head, or neck injury and simulate the clinical characteristics of several primary headaches. Usually PTH is self-limited. Severe, moderate, and mild head injuries have been related to the beginning of new headaches.
Discussion Summary, the Secondary Headaches: Part I
Authors: Goadsby P J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Secondary Headaches discussed in this poster session were those attributed to infection, vascular disorders, substance use, and trauma. Headache associated with dissections of arteries of the neck were discussed. A poster on spontaneous dissections of the carotid and vertebral arteries were noted to be associated with neck pain, cervicalgia, in 45% of patients presenting to a stroke unit (Lucas). These dissections were diagnosed using MRI.
Algorithms and Simplified Approaches to Headache Diagnosis
Authors: Lipton R B , Bigal M E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Migraine remains a substantially under-diagnosed and under-treated condition. Prior reports have divided barriers to migraine diagnosis and treatment as follows: 1. Under-recognition of migraine by headache sufferers themselves; 2. Under- consultation among migraine sufferers who need medical care; 3. Failure to diagnose all who consult; 4. Failure to initiate appropriate therapy among all who are diagnosed; 5. Lack of on-going assessment of the benefits of treatment. Screening tools and simplified approaches to headache diagnosis may help address these barriers to care.
The FRAMIG III Survey: First Epidemiological Survey in General Population According to the 2004 IHS Migraine Criteria
Authors: Lucas C , Lanteri-Minet M , Chautard M H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1990, the first nationwide survey of migraine using the International Headache Society (IHS) criteria for the diagnosis of migraine was conducted in France on a representative sample of residents aged 15 years and more. Headache sufferers were classified as IHS migraine, ‘borderline’ migraine, possible migraine, and non- migrainous headache. The study found an overall prevalence of HIS-migraine of 8.1%; another 4% of patients being classified as ‘borderline’ migraine, which we in fact considered as definite migraine.
The structure of ICPC
Authors:   Wonca
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ICPC is based on a simple bi-axial structure: 17 chapters based on body systems on one axis, each with an alpha code, and seven identical components with rubrics bearing a two-digit numeric code as the second axis (Fig. 1 and Table 2). ICPC has a significant mnemonic quality which facilitates its day-to-day use by physicians, and simplifies the centralized manual coding of data recorded elsewhere.
Horizontal and intracellular gene transfer in the Apicomplexa: The scope and fnctional consequences
Authors: Huang Jinling , Kissinger Jessica C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The availability of completed genomes from diverse Apicomplexa, including the genera Plasmodium, Theileria, Toxoplasma, and Cryptosporidium, facilitates comparisons of the phylogenetic history of all genes encoded in these genomes. Surprisingly, genealogical analyses indicate that in numerous cases, metabolic genes in the Apicomplexa have been acquired by intracellular and lateral gene transfer. These acquired genes have provided the parasites with unexpected metabolic activities that have facilitated their evolution and pathogenesis. In some cases, these acquired genes may serve as therapeutic targets since they represent essential activities that are present in the parasite but not in the hosts they infect.
Neuropathic pain in the orofacial area
Authors: Jääskeläinen Satu K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Peripheral sensory nerve injury nearly always leads to some degree of subjective sensory impairment. In ideal circumstances, this can be diagnosed in a clinical sensory examination as a decrease or total loss of sensation of one or several sensory modalities within the affected nerve distribution. While the negative symptoms and signs of hypoesthesia are essential for the diagnosis of a neuropathy, some patients also develop one or more positive sensory signs including pain, allodynia, paraesthesia, and hyperesthesia. Within the trigeminal distribution, these positive phenomena may severely interfere with vital and socially important functions, e.g. mimics, eating, speaking, teeth brushing, and kissing. The sensory hypoesthesia caused by sensory nerve fibre damage may be so subtle, however, that it cannot be detected in the rather crude clinical sensory examination.
Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Nemertea
Authors: Gibson R , Knight-Jones E W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The platyhelminths, or flatworms, are bilaterally symmetrical, pseudocoelomate animals with soft, dorso-ventrally flattened bodies. The body shows marked cephalization, but is unsegmented, although in the Cestoda serial budding, or strobilization, of identical proglottids posterior to the scolex gives rise to an apparently segmented body. The outer body wall is a ciliated epithelium in freeliving flatworms, and a non-ciliated syncytial tegument in parasitic forms; no class includes species with an outer cuticle. The bulk of the flatworm body consists of a heterogeneous parenchyma in a liquid matrix. The digestive tract is characteristically incomplete; in most groups an anus is lacking, and the entire gut is absent in many symbiotic or parasitic species. Excretion, and perhaps osmoregulation, are carried out by single-celled protonephridia, or flame cells. Most species of flatworm are hermaphroditic. Reproductive structures, reproductive behaviour, and life cycles are often complex and display numerous adaptive features throughout the phylum.
Annelida
Authors: Nelson-Smith A , Knight-Jones, P , Knight-Jones E W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The annelids or ‘true’ worms form a major animal group, typically of elongated cylindrical shape and mostly ranging in length from 10mm to 150mm (although some are microscopic and a few exceed I m); the body is characteristically made up of a series of ring-like segments, indicated externally by annular constrictions. The relatively simple gut normally passes down the body from an anterior subterminal mouth to a posterior terminal anus. The first segment (prostomium) (Fig. 6.1) is situated above and in front of the mouth, the second (buccal segment or peristomium) surrounds it and the last (pygidium) encircles the anus. The segments in between (which, in the growing worm, are added to the body just anterior to the pygidium) primitively more or less resemble each other, each containing a similar complement of organs. This may be expressed externally by a segmental series of similar pores or protruding structures, particularly those used in locomotion. Movement is normally achieved by the action of body-wall muscles on the fluid-filled coelomic (body) cavity, producing peristaltic waves of contraction or sigmoid rippling of the body. In the polychaetes, which are entirely aquatic and regarded as the basic annelid stock, a typical body segment carries on each side a parapod (Fig. 6.1) comprising various well-developed fleshy lobes and a large number of chitinous bristles (chaetae); in unhurried locomotion on a solid substratum, these may function like short legs and, in many, they also aid swimming as the body flexes more rapidly in a horizontal plane. In the oligochaetes, fleshy outgrowths are lacking and the chaetae are fewer; amongst aquatic species, they may still be numerous and quite long, although the more familiar earthworms have only few, short enough to be almost invisible. The leeches (Hirudinea) lack bristles; using their terminal suckers, they may move along a solid surface by ‘looping’. When swimming, the dors&lt;&gt;-ventrally flattened body reflects this action by flexing in a vertical plane.
Chelicerata, Uniramia, And Tardigrada
Authors: Elliot P , King P E , Morgan C I , Pugh P J A , Smith, A , Wheeler S L A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Psecoscorpions have a superficial resemblance to true scorpions, with their characteristic, large, chelate pedipalps. However, they differ from true scorpions in their size (all British species are under 4 mm long), and the fact that they lack a telson and sting. All are predatory. The body is divided into two regions (Fig. 11.1), namely an anterior prosoma bearing two pairs of ocelli (=eyes), and the body appendages; and a posterior opisthosoma. The prosoma is armoured dorsally by a carapace bearing the ocelli, the anterior margin is often serrated forming a species characteristic epistome. Ventrally, the prosoma is armoured by the leg coxae. The first pair of body appendages are the chelicerae—complex two segmented pre-oral structures; basically they comprise a large basal segment which is produced to form a fixed digit, and a subapical moveable digit which extends parallel with the fixed digit and acts against it to form a chelate pincer. The two digits are ornamented with a number of structures, including serrula interior and flagellum on the fixed digit; and serrula exterior and galea on the moveable digit (Fig. 1I. 1). The complexity of the chelicerae is a result of their carrying out a number of varied roles, they not only function during feeding, but also in silk production and grooming.
Sites Stratified Within the Kbs Tuff: Reports
Authors: Isaac Glynn Ll. , Harris John w. K , Kaufulu Zefe M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In broken badlands topography on the northern slopes of the Aberegaya Ridge in Area ro5 the headward erosion of a series of third-order tributary gullies has cut into a localized body of the KBS Tuff (Plate 3.1A, B). The tuff outcrop thus formed makes up part of a small spur that trends northeastwards from the middle-level slopes of the ridge (sec Fig. 2.10; Plate 3.1B). A concentration of artefacts and bone fragments was found on and in the KBS Tuff at a point where the tuff outcrop forms a small saddle near the origin of the spur (Fig. 3.1, Plate 3.2A, B). This concentration was designated KBS (Kay Behrensmeyer Site) (M. D. Leakey 1970; R. E. Leakey 1970a) and later catalogued as FxJi I. The site serves as the type locality for the ‘KBS Tuff’ for which it provided a name.
The Lophophorate Phyla Phoronida, Bryozoa, And Brachiopoda
Authors: Ryland J S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Phoronida, Bryozoa, and Brachiopoda are smallish phyla of quite different outward appearance; yet they are linked by a common body plan. In all three the body is coelomate and divided into three regions. The mouth is situated within the lophophore, which is a crescentic or annular ridge bearing slender ciliated tentacles and morphologically an extension of the meso-some (middle region). The alimentary canal is deeply recurved, with the anus opening near but outside the lophophore. The three may conveniently be grouped as the lophophorate phyla. Despite their fundamental similarities, members of the three phyla would never be confused. Phoronids are small, tubicolous worms bearing the lophophore anteriorly; bryozoans form colonies consisting of great numbers of microscopic zooids; and brachiopods are superficially lamellibranch-like, living within a bivalved shell. The phyla are considered in the sequence Phoronida, Bryozoa (p. 797), and Brachiopoda (p. 833).
World distribution
Authors: Flux John E C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like most pests and game animals, rabbits (which are both) now have a distribution strongly influenced by man. The association extends back for thousands of years: bones near Nice show signs of slaughter by man as long as 120 000 years ago (Pages 1980). Many fossils from the upper Pliocene and Pleistocene of southern Europe from Britain to Italy, however, are suspect because the rabbits may have died after burrowing into older strata. Zeuner (1963) accepts only the upper Pleistocene records from Gibraltar and an early post-glacial record from southern France. Corbet (1986) considers the mid Pleistocene specimen from Kent consistent with similar finds in France and Spain, pointing to a rather more widespread distribution before the final glaciations. Three thousand years ago they seem to have been restricted to Spain, where Phoenicians recorded them as abundant about 1100 BC, and perhaps southern France (Beaucournu 1980). There is no good evidence that they were indigenous in North Africa (Barrett-Hamilton 1912; Beaucournu 1980; Corbet 1986). H0vvever, most genera of leporids except Lepus and Syh1ilagus have remarkably small, isolated distributions and the restriction of Oryctolagus to Spain is not unduly surprising.
Predators, parasites, and defence
Authors: Hopkin Stephen p. , Read Helen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is surprisingly little quantitative information on the numbers of millipedes that fall victim to predation. Most information derives from anecdotes, or when millipedes turn up in the gut contents of vertebrates. A wide range of invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals will take millipedes in captivity (Baker 1985b; Remy 1950). However, it is by no means clear that the same predators will take them in the wild. The early stadia must be much more vulnerable than the adults, but there is very little information on predation of juveniles. Baker (1974) reported that early stadia of Brachydesmus superus are eaten by the mite Pergamasus quisquiliarum. Numerous eggs must also fall victim to soil scavengers.
The Chromophyta, Past And Present
Authors: Christensen Tyge 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The division name ‘Chromophycées’ was introduced by Chadefaud to comprise the larger algal groups with dorsoventral swarmers and no intraplastidial starch. Bourrelly changed it to ‘Chromophytes’, and Christensen redefined it, as ‘Chromophyta’, to cover all algal classes with swarmer formation and without chlorophyll b, thereby excluding the Euglcnophyceae. With this latter definition the designation has been widely accepted, by some as the name of a taxonomic group and by others just as a useful common label for several algal groups derived independently from non-algal ancestors.
Chromophyte Chloroplasts_A Polyphyletic Origin?
Authors: Whatley Jean M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has become widely accepted that chloroplasts evolved from photosynthetic endosymbionts. Much of the information which gave support to the hypothesis came from ultrastructural investigations. More recently, information acquired from new investigative techniques such as nucleotide sequencing and analysis of antibody cross-reactivity, has also provided support for the general concept, but has as yet been too limited in scope to provide the hoped for answers to important questions about the number of acts of endosymbiosis, the relationships between organisms, and the order in which events occurred. The chromophyte algae with their complex chloroplasts, which may have evolved from eukaryotic endosymbionts, present particular investigative problems. Thus, the numbers and identities of both the endosymbiotic sources and the host cells which engulfed them remain obscure. Nevertheless, as more information is obtained, the relationships between these algae will become clarified. Furthermore, the data accumulating about modern protists and their photosynthetic endosymbionts, should provide a useful basis for understanding the numerous evolutionary steps required to produce the closely integrated partnership between a cell and its chloroplasts.
The Flagellar Base Ultrastructure And Phylogeny Of Chromophytes
Authors: Preisig Hans R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 9 + 2 pattern of microtubules in flagella and the architecture of basal bodies are examples of extreme conservatism because these patterns occur in diverse groups of organisms. On the other hand, some structures at the flagellar base are extremely diverse when higher taxa (from order to class level) are compared, but vary relatively little within these taxa. In the chromophytes such features include the transition region at the base of the external flagellum, and connecting fibres and flagellar roots associated with the basal bodies. The available evidence indicates that these features are useful markers of phylogenetic relationships in chromophyte organisms.
The Evolutionary Origin Of The Brown Algae: Information From Studies Of Motile Cell Ultrastructure
Authors: O’kelly Charles J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ultrastructural features of brown algal motile cells, reconstructed in three dimensions from serial sections, are remarkably uniform over a wide range of taxa. When the ‘typical’ brown algal swarmer is compared with motile cells of other chromophytes, those of the Chrysomeridales, a small group of multicellular golden marine algae, have the most features in common, and from this and other evidence these algae appear to be the closest living relatives to the Phaeophyceae. The taxonomic position of the Chrysomeridales is uncertain. Chrysomeridalean algae usually have been placed in the Chrysophyceae, but their motile cell features differ from those of ‘typical’ ochromonadalean chrysophytes. Moreover, the concept of the Chrysophyceaeis becoming increasingly fragmented. The absence from chrysomeridalean algae of such diagnostic brown algal features as plasmodesmata, alginates, and unilocular sporangia does not permit referral of this order to the Phaeophyceae.
Some Affinities Of The Raphidophyceae With Other Chromophyte Algae
Authors: Heywood Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some characteristics of the raphidophycean genera, Chattonella, Fibrocapsa, Gonyostomum, Heterosigma, Merotricha, Olisthodiscus, and Vacuolaria are reviewed to determine possible affinities with other members of the Chromophyta. Information from ultrastructure, cell biology, and molecular biology indicates both shared features within the Chromophyta (for example, presence of chlorophylls a, c 1, c 2 arrangement of thylakoids, tubular ciliary hairs, tubular nature of the mitochondrial cristae), and features apparently characteristic of the Raphidophyceae, for example, the layered structure component of the cytoskeleton which does not appear to occur in other Chromophyta. The layered structure, the complex arrangement of the rhizoplast and rhizostyle, and the absence of a transitional helix mean that the cilia and their associated cytoskeleton present a distinctive combination of features that should be useful in defining the Raphidophyceae.