bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hippocampal structure and the action of cholinomimetic drugs
Authors: Csernansky John G. , Bardgett Mark E. , Dong Hongxin , Humphrey William , Wang Lei 
Published: October 2002

AbstractCholinomimetic drugs have become the clinical standard for the treatment of patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT). However, uncertainty remains as to the proportion of patients that respond to such drugs, and how one might predict the capacity for response before treatment is begun. The thesis of the present review is that the neuroanatomical integrity of the hippocampus determines, at least in part, the capacity of DAT patients to respond to cholinomimetic drugs. Neuroimaging studies suggest that volume losses and other neuroanatomical deformities of the hippocampus are common in patients with even mild DAT. Moreover, more severe neuroanatomical deformities of the hippocampus are associated with more severe dementia symptoms and more rapid clinical decline. Animal research, including studies of cholinergic antagonists, glutamatergic antagonists, hippocampal lesions, and animals with mutant amyloid precursor protein genes, demonstrate that behavioral abnormalities similar to those found in DAT patients, especially those related to memory, are associated with hippocampal pathology. Cholinomimetic drugs, in particular, the cholinesterase inhibitors, have been shown to reverse some but not all of these behavioral abnormalities. More research is needed in DAT patients to determine whether an analysis of hippocampal structure or function can reliably predict the outcome of treatment with cholinomimetic drugs. Further work in animals is also needed to determine the limitations of cholinomimetic drugs for reversing various types of cognitive deficits, and to develop and test other pharmacological strategies for the treatment of DAT. Drug Dev. Res. 56:531–540, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Caveolin expression during chondrogenesis in the avian limb
Authors: Hollins Andrew J. , Campbell Lee , Gumbleton Mark , Evans Darrell J.R. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractCaveolin is the principal component and critical structural and functional element of caveolae, omega‐shaped plasmalemmal invaginations, which have been implicated in a wide range of cellular processes in several different tissues. In the present study, we have investigated both the spatial and temporal expression of caveolin proteins during chondrogenesis in the avian tibiotarsus at days 10–20 of embryonic development. By using semiquantitative Western blotting, we found that caveolin‐1 was clearly expressed in developing avian cartilage. The positive expression of caveolin‐1 in cartilage showed an upward trend of accumulation temporally, with the highest levels of expression at 20 days of development. By using immunocytochemistry, we detected all three caveolin proteins in the cells of the outer fibrous articular surface, although caveolin‐1 demonstrated the strongest and most consistent reactivity. In all cases, however, immunoreactivity appeared to be concentrated in cells facing the articular cavity. In the epiphyseal cartilage, immunocytochemistry revealed that caveolin‐1 was present in the majority of chondrocytes within all layers of the cartilage and at all stages examined. A discrete, intense band of caveolin‐1 immunoreactivity was apparent within the layer of flattened cells immediately underlying the proliferating rounded chondrocytes and suggests that caveolin‐1 might be involved in regulating the progression of cells through these gradually maturing cell layers. In contrast to the results for caveolin‐1, in the case of caveolin‐2 and ‐3, chondrocytes were devoid of immunoreactivity in all regions of the epiphyseal cartilage. Overall, this study demonstrates that caveolin‐1, ‐2, and ‐3 are expressed during chondrogenesis in the developing avian limb, although the patterns of expression are restricted both spatially and temporally throughout the differentiating cell layers of the cartilage. The results suggest that caveolin proteins might play a differentiation‐dependent role during avian chondrogenesis. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Misregulation of gene expression in the redox‐sensitive NF‐κb‐dependent limb outgrowth pathway by thalidomide
Authors: Hansen Jason M. , Gong Siew‐Ging , Philbert Martin , Harris Craig 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThalidomide is known to induce oxidative stress, but mechanisms have not been described through which oxidative stress could contribute to thalidomide‐induced terata. Oxidative stress modulates intracellular glutathione (GSH) and redox status and can perturb redox‐sensitive processes, such as transcription factor activation and/or binding. Nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB), a redox‐sensitive transcription factor involved in limb outgrowth, may be modulated by thalidomide‐induced redox shifts. Thalidomide‐resistant Sprague‐Dawley rat embryos (gestation day [GD] 13) treated with thalidomide in utero showed no changes in GSH distribution in the limb but thalidomide‐sensitive New Zealand White rabbit embryos (GD 12) showed selective GSH depletion in the limb bud progress zone (PZ). NF‐κB and regulatory genes that initiate and maintain limb outgrowth and development, such as Twist and Fgf‐10, are selectively expressed in the PZ. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter vectors containing NF‐κB binding promoter sites were transfected into both rat and rabbit limb bud cells (LBCs). Treatment with thalidomide caused a preferential decrease in GFP expression in rabbit LBCs but not in rat LBCs. N‐acetylcysteine and α‐N‐t‐phenylbutyl nitrone (PBN), a free radical trapping agent, rescued GFP expression in thalidomide‐treated cultures compared with cultures that received thalidomide only. In situ hybridization showed a preferential decrease in Twist, Fgf‐8, and Fgf‐10 expression after thalidomide treatment (400 mg/kg per day) in rabbit embryos. Expression in rat embryos was not affected. Intravenous cotreatment with PBN and thalidomide (gavage) in rabbits restored normal patterns and localization of Twist, Fgf‐8, and Fgf‐10 expression. These findings show that NF‐κB binding is diminished due to selective thalidomide‐induced redox changes in the rabbit, resulting in the significant attenuation of expression of genes necessary for limb outgrowth. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An automated method for registration of remotely sensed images with adaptive generation of corresponding point pairs to local disparities
Authors: Yamamoto Takahiro , Hanaizumi Hiroshi 
Published: October 2002

AbstractImage registration is very important in analyzing multitemporal images. We have proposed an automated method, ARTSIM (Automated Registration meThod for Satellite IMages), for generating control point pairs on multitemporal images. Since we used spatial correlation as the index of point pair correspondence, the positions and numbers of the control point pair depended on the image quality. This tended to generate fewer pairs of control points in regions having larger spatial discrepancy and to yield insufficient registration accuracy. In this paper, we propose a new method, ARTOFL (Automated Registration Technique using Optical FLow), which measures local disparities between images to be registered and generates the minimum number of control point pairs in adequate positions so as to achieve the desired accuracy of the registration. In the method, we regard the two images to be registered as sequential shots in a movie scene. Optical flow is introduced as a tool for measuring local disparities. A new control point is generated at the point having the maximum length of the optical flow vector. Since images may have severe distortion and/or temporal changes in pixel density, some compensations are required so that larger disparities yield larger optical flow vectors. These procedures are repeated until the maximum length of the optical flow vector falls below a threshold, so that the accuracy of the registration is ensured. The validity of ARTOFL was confirmed by numerical simulation and processing of real remote sensing images. ARTOFL generated fewer control point pairs but provided higher accuracy than ARTSIM. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 86(1): 38–47, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10034
A proposition on improvement of a heating pattern of an antenna for microwave coagulation therapy: Introduction of a coaxial‐dipole antenna
Authors: Saito Kazuyuki , Hosaka Sumie , Okabe Shin‐ya , Yoshimura Hiroyuki , Ito Koichi 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMicrowave coagulation therapy (MCT) has been used mainly for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (small cancer in the liver). In this therapy, a thin microwave antenna is inserted into the tumor. Using microwave radiation, the tumor is heated to a high temperature (at least 60 °C) and is killed by coagulation. In the MCT antenna used at present, there is the problem that the coagulation region is elongated along the antenna insertion direction so that the normal tissue around the tumor is also heated. It is desirable to heat the vicinity of the antenna tip in a spherical manner. In order to meet this requirement, a coaxial‐dipole antenna is used and localized heating is realized. In this paper, first, by numerical analysis by the FDTD method and measurement of the SAR distribution, the usefulness of the coaxial‐dipole antenna is demonstrated. Further, by computing the current distribution on the antenna, the reason for localization of the SAR by this antenna is studied. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 86(1): 16–23, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10049
A design method of array antennas taking into account mutual coupling between elements: Uniform arrays consisting of parallel half‐wavelength dipoles
Authors: Nagasawa Koji , Kitoh Ryoji , Kondo Tomokazu , Hasebe Nozomu 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA design method is presented for a uniform array made of half‐wavelength dipoles placed in parallel with the mutual coupling between elements taken into account. In the design, the induced electromotive force method is used. By using the variations of the input impedance and the current due to change of the element length, the desired current value is approached. In addition, the reactance component of the input impedance is suppressed. Numerical calculations by the moment method are carried out with the obtained element length. The results are confirmed and also verified by experiment. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed design method is useful. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 86(1): 1–15, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10054
Compact equation of TCP throughput estimation at upgrading bottleneck link speed
Authors: Honda Yasuhiro , Kashio Jiro , Sugimori Takahiro , Kitano Fumiaki , Suzuki Hidetomo 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis paper considers a network in which one of the links is the bottleneck of communication, and the speed of that link is upgraded. A simple method of calculation is proposed for the effect of the upgrading on the throughput of the TCP communication passing through the link. As the first step, a formula for the TCP communication throughput is proposed, which is a function of the mean window size of the TCP flow control, the round‐trip time, and the loss ratio of the packet. The waiting time in the router, which is the major factor determining the round‐trip time, is approximated by the M/M/1/m queue. By combining those two expressions, the change of the throughput by upgrading the link speed is calculated. In order to verify the validity of the throughput calculation and the router model, the change of the TCP communication throughput in upgrading the speed of the bottleneck link is calculated, and the result is compared to the result of actual measurement in the experimental network composed of PPP and Ethernet. It is seen that the model proposed in this paper agrees well with the actual measurement although it is simple. The method is applied to the network between Mie University and SINET. The effect of the link speed upgrading on TCP throughput is examined and verified. The result obtained in this paper is expected to be useful in the network design, in estimating the link speed required in dissolving the bottleneck. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 86(1): 65–73, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.1147
A model for estimating the incidence of swimming‐related gastrointestinal illness as a function of water quality indicators
Authors: Wymer Larry J. , Dufour Alfred P. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSeveral studies have demonstrated association between illnesses, in particular gastrointestinal illness (GI), in swimmers and sewage pollution as measured by the density of indicator organisms, such as E. coli and enterococci, in recreational waters. These studies generally classify illnesses into two categories according to the subjectivity of the reported symptoms and utilize separate analyses on the incidence of total illness and the incidence of objective symptoms of gastroenteritis. Generally, non‐swimmer illness rates are available from these studies as an indicator of the background illness rates, but are not always utilized in the model. Data from two prospective epidemiological studies conducted by the U.S. EPA and evidencing relationships between the incidence of swimming‐associated GI and enterococcus or E. coli density in marine and fresh water, respectively, are used as examples. Initially, analysis of these data consisted of the linear regression of log10 enterococcus density on the difference in illness rates between swimmers and non‐swimmers. Subsequent published analysis of the marine study utilized logistic regression, but did not take background illness rates into account. Both analyses produced separate models for rates of ‘highly credible’ and total GI symptoms. The present analysis demonstrates the advantages of including the background rates and how such rates may be incorporated in a logistic regression. Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinematic response functions and dynamic stiffnesses of bridge embankments
Authors: Zhang Jian , Makris Nicos 
Published: October 2002

AbstractRecognizing that soil–structure interaction affects appreciably the earthquake response of highway overcrossings, this paper compares approximate analytical solutions and finite element results to conclude on a simple procedure that allows for the estimation of the kinematic response functions and dynamic stiffnesses of approach embankments. It is shown that the shear‐wedge model yields realistic estimates for the amplification functions of typical embankments and reveals the appropriate levels of dynamic strains which are subsequently used to estimate the stiffness and damping coefficients of embankments. The shear‐wedge model is extended to a two‐dimensional model in order to calculate the transverse static stiffness of an approach embankment loaded at one end. The formulation leads to a sound closed‐form expression for the critical length, Lc, that is the ratio of the transverse static stiffness of an approach embankment and the transverse static stiffness of a unit‐width wedge. It is shown through two case studies that the transverse dynamic stiffness (‘spring’ and ‘dashpot’) of the approach embankment can be estimated with confidence by multiplying the dynamic stiffness of the unit‐width wedge with the critical length, Lc. The paper concludes that the values obtained for the transverse kinematic response function and dynamic stiffness can also be used with confidence to represent the longitudinal kinematic response function and dynamic stiffness, respectively. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mapping approach for 3D laminar mixing simulations: application to industrial flows
Authors: Galaktionov O. S. , Anderson P. D. , Peters G. W. M. , Meijer H. E. H. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe computationally efficient mapping technique is applied to model laminar mixing in the transport section of the co‐rotating twin screw extruder. The technique uses coarse grain values to describe the mixture and exploits temporal and spatial periodicity of the flow. The mapping approach yields adequate description of the concentration fields and residence time distributions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vortex structure and strength of secondary flows in model aortic arches
Authors: Lin San‐Yih , Yu Zhong‐Xin 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA numerical method is developed to study the flow structures in the aortic arch. The method solves the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. It uses a third‐order upwind scheme for the convective terms and the second‐order central scheme for the viscous terms. A DDADI time integration is used for achieving fast convergence. For the unsteady solutions, the second‐order Crank–Nicolson method coupled with the diagonalized diagonal dominated alternating direction implicit scheme (DDADI) time integration are used. The numerical results show that the method is about 2.5‐order accuracy in space and 1.8‐order accuracy in time. Then the method is used to investigate the vortex structure and strength of secondary flows in the aortic arch. Four different arch geometries are constructed to see the effect of arch configuration. Many flow properties such as pressure drop, vortex strength and separation are computed and compared among the four arch models. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inverted clast stratigraphy in an eolian archaeological environment
Authors: Buck Brenda J. , Kipp John , Monger H. Curtis 
Published: October 2002

AbstractUnderstanding the geomorphic history of eolian basins is important in interpreting the archaeological record and human responses to past environments. One hundred forty soil profiles were excavated and described in southern New Mexico and West Texas. Seven major late Quaternary stratigraphic units were found: La Mesa, eolian Jornada (I, II), eolian Isaacks' Ranch, eolian Organ (I, II, and III), Historical Blowsand, and the playa deposits of Petts Tank and Lake Tank. Each unit represents a period of landscape instability, eolian erosion, and concurrent deposition, followed by landscape stability and soil formation. Eolian erosion can form local surficial lag deposits if materials larger than the competence of the wind are present. However, erosional processes alone cannot explain the presence of older clasts at the surface with intact, younger deposits underneath. We propose a combination of processes: deflation in eolian windows, followed by lateral movement of clasts over areas that have not been deflated. The effects of these processes on artifact stratigraphy and archaeological interpretations could be significant. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of A2B5+ glial precursor cells from cryopreserved human fetal brain progenitor cells
Authors: Dietrich Joerg , Noble Mark , Mayer‐Proschel Margot 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe identification and characterization of human neural precursor cells are critical in extending our understanding of central nervous system development from model animal systems to our own species. Moreover, availability of well‐characterized populations of human cells is of potential value in endeavors ranging from cell transplantation to drug screening. We have isolated a population of continuously dividing glial‐restricted precursor cells from commercially available cryopreserved 18–20 weeks old fetal brain neural progenitor cells. These human glial‐restricted precursor cells are A2B5+ and do not express polysialylated E‐NCAM (PSA‐NCAM). They can be grown as purified populations in serum‐free medium supplemented with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and can be induced to generate cells with the antigenic characteristics of oligodendrocytes and distinct astrocytic populations. GLIA 40:65–77, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Frontotemporal dementia: patient characteristics, cognition, and behaviour
Authors: Diehl J. , Kurz A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjectivesTo describe sociodemographic data of patients with frontotemporal dementia (FTD), to compare the cognitive profile of patients with FTD with that of severity‐matched patients with Alzheimer's disease using the CERAD neuropsychological battery (CERAD‐NP), to investigate the frequency of behavioural disturbances, and to examine the relation between FTD‐specific non‐cognitive behavioural symptoms of patients with FTD with age and sex.MethodsFifty outpatients were diagnosed with FTD according to the Lund‐Manchester consensus criteria. Cognitive impairment was assessed in 30 patients using the CERAD‐NP. Severity of dementia was rated on the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR). Eleven non‐cognitive symptoms were rated by severity. To compare CERAD‐NP results between patients with FTD and AD, 30 patients with AD were matched for age, sex, and global severity of cognitive performance.ResultsThe average age at onset of first symptoms was 57.8 years. Eighteen patients (36%) had a positive family history of dementia. On the CERAD‐NP patients with FTD performed significantly better than patients with AD on word list learning, delayed verbal recall and visuoconstruction (p<0.05). There were no significant differences between FTD and AD on naming and verbal fluency tasks. The most frequent non‐cognitive behavioural symptoms in FTD were loss of insight, speech abnormality, and apathy. Non‐cognitive behavioural symptoms were more frequent in younger and in male than in older patients and in female patients.ConclusionsThe CERAD‐NP is a valuable clinical instrument for the cognitive evaluation of patients with suspected FTD. Complementary short tests of attention and executive function may be recommended. To enhance diagnostic sensitivity informant interviews should focus on non‐cognitive behavioural changes, taking advantage of standardised questionnaires. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decision making heuristics and the elicitation of preferences: being fast and frugal about the future
Authors: Cairns John , van der Pol Marjon , Lloyd Andrew 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIt has been suggested that individuals employ simple decision heuristics when answering stated preference questions. Evidence from discrete choice experiments of individuals failing to trade may indicate that they employ simple decision making heuristics. However, individuals might not trade because their preferences are not captured by the range of trade‐offs they are offered. This is explored by offering a series of choices where the trade‐offs implied by subsequent choices depend on the subject's responses to previous choices. The results suggest that individuals answer discrete choices without recourse to simplifying heuristics, and that information is generated on their preferences rather than on how they make such choices. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.