Abstract A137: Drive time to physicians and outcomes for bladder cancer
Authors: Muluk Sruthi , Drake Coleman , Sun Zhaojun , Bhattacharya Manisha , Jacobs Bruce , Sabik Lindsay M. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Introduction: Poor geographic access to cancer care providers can delay treatment and limit access to high quality care. Previous research has shown that for patients with bladder cancer, time to cystectomy and receipt of neoadjuvant chemotherapy are associated with improved survival. Travel burden may be an important barrier to timely guideline-concordant treatment and is particularly relevant for residents of rural areas, which are often medically underserved. This study examines the association between drive time to medical oncologists and urologists and clinical outcomes for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) patients. Data and Methods: We used information on physician location from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services and patient-level data from the 2010-2016 Pennsylvania Cancer Registry linked to Pennsylvania Healthcare Cost Containment Council (PHC4) inpatient discharge data through 2018. We examined patients in Pennsylvania with a first lifetime bladder cancer diagnosis who underwent radical cystectomy at a non-federal short-term general hospital identified in PHC4. Outcomes examined were surgery within 90 days, receipt of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, 90-day mortality and 90-day readmission. We estimated multivariable linear regression models at the patient level. Our primary exposures were the natural log number of minutes from the patient’s home census tract centroid to the nearest medical oncologist and the nearest urologist. We controlled for patient age, sex, race/ethnicity, tumor size, tumor node involvement, and Elixhauser comorbidity index. We included a control for whether the patient received neoadjuvant chemotherapy in models estimating the association between drive times and cystectomy within 90 days. We also controlled for area-level characteristics, including ZIP code median and area deprivation index quartile. Standard errors were clustered at the county level.Results: The study included 954 patients with MIBC, 1,520 medical oncologists, and 976 urologists in Pennsylvania. Mean (SD) drive time to the nearest oncologist was 17.1 (11.4) minutes and median drive time was 14.4 minutes. Mean drive time to the nearest urologist was 13.9 (9.2) minutes and median drive time was 11.7 minutes. A 30-minute increase in drive time to the nearest urologist was associated with a 12.5 percentage point lower likelihood of undergoing cystectomy within 90 days (95% CI: -24.3 to -0.6). A 30-minute increase in drive time to the nearest oncologist was associated with an 11.9 percentage point lower likelihood of receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy (95% CI: -23.4 to -0.4). Drive time was not significantly associated with 90-day mortality or readmission within 90 days. Conclusions: Drive time to both oncologists and urologists is associated with timely receipt of guideline-recommended care for patients with MIBC. Understanding the impact of geographic access to medical oncologists and urologists on clinical outcomes for patients with MIBC can inform providers and policymakers in addressing geographic equity in cancer care.
Citation Format: Sruthi Muluk, Coleman Drake, Zhaojun Sun, Manisha Bhattacharya, Bruce Jacobs, Lindsay M. Sabik. Drive time to physicians and outcomes for bladder cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 16th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2023 Sep 29-Oct 2;Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2023;32(12 Suppl):Abstract nr A137.