bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
General Configuration of Cholestasis in the Newborn
Authors: Spivak William , Grand Richard J. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryThe infant with cholestasis presents a series of diagnostic challenges which require careful delineation. Correct diagnosis, permitting selection of appropriate management and therapy, can be made in the vast majority of patients. When the diagnosis remains obscure, exploratory surgery to distinguish intrahepatic from extrahepatic cholestasis should be performed by 60 days of age in order to provide the best possible outcome. Nevertheless, in both intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholestatic disorders, the characteristics of the original insult determine the prognosis, which may often be predicted by the early liver biopsy. When end‐stage liver disease is inevitable, hepatic transplantation may be considered.
Lectins and the Intestine
Authors: Torres‐Pinedo Ramon 
Published: January 2024

SummaryLectins are being used increasingly for the study of carbohydrate structures in the small and large intestine. These substances are particularly useful for characterization of normal and abnormal intestinal mucus, but they are also important probes for investigation of epithelial surface changes associated with differentiation and maturation. Lectins are contained in significant amounts in a great variety of products ingested in the human diet. This, and the demonstration of their harmful effects on intestinal epithelium in rodents, indicate a need for investigation of potential adverse actions of lectins on human intestine.
Stability of Calcium and Phosphorus in Neonatal Parenteral Nutrition Solutions
Authors: Venkataraman Pankaja S. , Brissie Edward O. , Tsang Reginald C. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryThe solubility and stability of Ca and P in a parenteral nutrition solution is defined. In this study we demonstrate that high levels of Ca and P can be attained in parenteral nutrition solutions suitable for use in neonates. The efficacy and safety in neonates, however, will require specific study.
Use of End‐Tidal Carbon Monoxide to Correct End‐Tidal Hydrogen in Neonates
Authors: Hopper Andrew O. , Smith David W. , Ostrander Clinton R. , Cohen Ronald S. , Stevenson David K. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryWe evaluated the usefulness of end‐tidal CO (ETCO) as an internal standard for reducing the error in end‐tidal H2 (ETH2) measurements due to contamination of repeated breath samples with nonalveolar gas. Triplicate end‐tidal samples were drawn from 12 healthy premature infants in small (< 1 cc) increments through a posterior nasopharyngeal catheter at end‐expiration, determined from the infant's chest wall movement. CO and H2 determinations were made on each sample by a reduction gas detector capable of determining CO and H2 concentrations to ±0.001 and 0.010 ppm, respectively. Respiratory breath samples were corrected for ambient CO and H2 concentrations. Since the alveolar gas fraction has the highest CO concentration of all tidal gases, the end‐tidal sample with the highest CO peak was assumed to be most representative of uncontaminated alveolar gas. The other samples were “corrected” using a factor that was the ratio of the patient's highest CO peak to the given sample's CO value. The use of ETCO to correct ETH2 from samples deliberately contaminated with ambient air can significantly reduce the variability of ETH, values. However, such correction is probably not necessary when comparing groups of infants using a standard collection technique. For individual infants, correction may reveal more marked short‐term fluctuations in true alveolar H2 concentration.
Sigmoidoscopy, Colonoscopy, and Radiology in the Evaluation of Children with Rectal Bleeding
Authors: Cucchiara S. , Guandalini S. , Staiano A. , Devizia B. , Capano G. , Romaniello G. , Poggi V. , Tamburrini O. , Settimi A. , de Ritis G. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryThe authors evaluated the diagnostic role of sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, and double contrast radiology in 103 children with rectal bleeding, with or without other gastrointestinal symptoms. The children's mean age was 44 months, with a range from 1 month to 12 years. In 74.5% of the subjects investigated, visual inspection of the anus and sigmoidoscopy with rectal biopsy disclosed a positive diagnosis. Of the remaining patients, a conclusive diagnosis was reached by either colonoscopy or double contrast radiology in all but six patients. These six, with mild painless hematochezia, remained without a diagnosis. The diagnostic procedure in pediatric patients with rectal bleeding should include an initial visual inspection of the anus, and sigmoidoscopy; air contrast enema and colonoscopy should be performed only in children whose sigmoidoscopy is negative, in diagnostic assessment of inflammatory bowel disease, and in cases of recurrent bleeding after removal of rectal polyps. Colonoscopy is important also in the follow‐up examination of children with inflammatory bowel disease and allows the removal of polyps located in the proximal colon.
Effects of Biliary Diversion to the Ileum on the In Situ Disaccharidase Activities of Duodenal and Heal Mucosa in the Rat
Authors: Gutschmidt Siegfried , Gartemann Hermann 
Published: January 2024

SummaryIn order to study the influence of biliary secretions on the in situ kinetic data of brush border disaccharidases in relation to small intestinal villus‐crypt architecture, an anastomosis was constructed between the common bile duct, which had been divided before its entrance into the pancreatic head, and the ileum in adult female Wistar rats. Simple attachment of the terminal ileum to the liver hilum was performed in the controls. Six weeks after the operation, tissue sections were prepared from duodenum and ileum of biliary‐diverted and control animals (n = 5 in each group) and examined by section biochemistry and morphometry. In both groups the apparent Vmax values of neutral α‐glucosidase and lactase/β‐glucosidase, measured at the villus base and at its apex, and the villus height were decreased from the duodenum towards the distal ileum. After biliary diversion to the ileum, an increase in villus height ensued in this segment, and the increasing gradient of glucosidase activity towards the villus apex, as seen in the ileum of the controls, was no longer detectable. In the duodenum, however, villus height remained unaltered and the in situ activity of the disaccharidases was increased at both villus sites when compared with the controls. The results indicate different effects of bile on mucosal morphology and function in the proximal and distal small intestine.
Portal Vein Thrombosis Following Hepatic Portoenterostomy
Authors: Hyams Jeffrey S. , Conard Frederick U. , Hight Donald W. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryLife‐threatening ascites developed in a 4‐month‐old infant with biliary atresia 1 month after hepatic portoenterostomy. Although initially ascribed to progressive liver failure, the ascites was subsequently found to be partially caused by portal vein thrombosis. Documented recanalization of the portal venous system was accompanied by resolution of the ascites. Refractory as cites in patients with biliary atresia generally signals end‐stage cirrhosis and consideration of liver transplantation. Portal vein patency should be evaluated before referral of such patients for this procedure.
Unusual Presentation of Vitamin A Intoxication
Authors: Schurr Daniel , Herbert Joseph , Habibi Elyiahu , Abrahamov Ayala 
Published: January 2024

SummaryA 10.5‐year‐old boy was admitted to hospital because of a focal motor seizure. He had suffered from impaired attention span and emotional instability from the age of 6 years. From the age of 5 years he received daily a multivitamin preparation containing 5,000 IU vitamin A. The cause of his symptoms was found to be vitamin A intoxication, with an unusual acute presentation of microscopic hematuria, electroencephalographic abnormalities, and convulsions.
Specificity of Human Milk Bile Salt
Authors: Jensen Robert G. , Tardiff Gay S. , Clark Richard M. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryA crude preparation of the bile salt stimulated lipase in human milk did not differentiate between the primary and secondary esters of several synthetic tri acylglycerols. The dioleoyl ester of 2,3 butanediol was also digested, unequivocal confirmation of the absence of positional specificity. Preferential release of 18:2 relative to 16:0 and 18:1 as compared to 18:It (trans) was observed. The lipase did not differentiate between 16:0 and 18:1 or 16:0 and 18:0.
Relationships Between Lysozyme Concentration of Human Milk, Bacteriologic Content, and Weight Gain of Premature Infants
Authors: Braun O. H. , Sandkühler H. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryLysozyme concentrations and bacterial colony counts were determined in 399 human milk samples obtained from 42 mothers (18 mothers of term infants, 24 mothers of preterm or small for date neonates). The average lysozyme concentration was 21.39 ± 13.19 mg/L. Lysozyme concentrations were significantly greater in preterm (24.99 ± 15.05 mg/L) than in term milk (14.89 ± 9.83 mg/L) (p < 0.05). Bacterial colony counts did not decline with increasing lysozyme concentration, i.e., no correlation between lysozyme concentration and bacterial count was found. Despite this lack of correlation, a significant correlation between lysozyme concentration and rate of weight gain was observed: the higher the lysozyme concentration, the better the weight gain. The mechanism of this observation remains to be elucidated; a trophic effect of lysozyme is suggested as a possible mechanism.
Human Milk Lipase Substrates
Authors: O'Connor J. , Wallace Robert G. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryThe hydrolysis of a series of 4' nitrophenyl 4 substituted benzoates, catalyzed by human milk lipase in the absence and presence of cholate stimulation, has been measured at pH 7.3, 37.5A°C. There is no evidence for an acyl site electronic interaction in the rate determining step of the esterolytic reaction. Substrate inhibition, arising from restricted rotation of the aryl residues about the ester linkage in the esterolytic site, is exhibited by these substrates.
Anorectal Manometry for the Exclusion of Hirschsprung's Disease in Neonates
Authors: Loening Vera , Pringle Kevin C. , Ekwo Edem E. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryWe studied the usefulness of anorectal manometry in excluding Hirschsprung's disease in 25 neonates with signs and symptoms of intestinal obstruction. An intraluminal pressure transducer or perfused side opening catheters were used to evaluate anal tone, anal rhythmicity, and internal sphincter relaxation during rectal distention. Hirschsprung's disease was diagnosed by rectal biopsy in 16% of the neonates. Studies using anorectal manometry gave one false positive and one false negative diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease, which resulted in 75% sensitivity, 95% specificity, and a K coefficient of 0.7. We found that anorectal manometry, a rapid and atraumatic test, is a reliable screening test for exclusion of neonatal Hirschsprung's disease. By using the combination of manometry and contrast enema, it is possible to eliminate the need for a confirmatory rectal biopsy in many neonates suspected of having Hirschsprung's disease.
Growth, Digestion, and Protein Metabolism in Neonatal Pigs Given Diets Containing Whey as the Predominant or Only Source of Milk Protein
Authors: Newport Michael J. , Henschel Michael J. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryMilk substitutes containing ratios of casein/ whey protein ranging from 80:20 to 0:100 were given to neonatal pigs. A ratio of 60:40 gave maximum growth rate, efficiency of feed utilization and nitrogen retention, and the lowest concentration of urea in blood plasma. This ratio is close to that in sow's milk, suggesting the hypothesis that in each species the milk may be adapted to the protein requirements of their young; by analogy, a casein/whey protein ratio of 20:80 in humanized milk formula might lead to more efficient protein utilization by the infant. In general, changes in the proportion of casein and whey proteins in the diet produced similar effects on the free amino acids in blood plasma as were found in clinical studies reported in the literature, providing further evidence of similarities in the protein metabolism of infants and neonatal pigs. The amount of nitrogen in the digesta remaining in the stomach at 1 h after a meal indicated that whey proteins empty from the stomach more rapidly than casein.
Thrombosis as a Complication of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Children
Authors: Paradis Khazal , Bernstein Mark L. , Adelson Joel W 
Published: January 2024

SummaryThrombosis and thromboembolism have rarely been reported in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in children. Four cases of thrombosis, two with apparently serious thromboembolism, are reported in three patients with ulcerative colitis and one with Crohn's disease. Two patients were on steroid treatment at the time of the initial thromboembolic event. Thrombosis may result from a “hypercoagulable state“ that occurs in IBD, brought about by a combination of altered clotting factors and the presence of a thrombogenic gastrointestinal mucosa, the risk of which is increased by steroid medications. Children and adolescents with IBD are at risk for serious thromboembolic complications.
Desquamative Interstitial Pneumonitis Complicating Inflammatory Bowel Disease of Childhood
Authors: Teague William G. , Sutphen James L. , Fechner Robert E. 
Published: January 2024

SummarySulfasalazine has been associated with bronchopulmonary complications of inflammatory bowel disease (IBID) in adults. We describe a 12 year old boy who developed desquamative interstitial pneumonitis and hepatic cirrhosis several years following the onset of ulcerative colitis. The restrictive lung disease progressed despite cessation of sulfasalazine and initiation of corticosteroid therapy. We discuss a variety of bronchopulmonary complications of IBD and their association with sulfasalazine.
Alterations of Serum Bile Acid Profile in Breast‐Fed Infants with Prolonged Jaundice
Authors: Yamada Masaaki , Tazawa Yusaku , Nakagawa Michiko , Konno Tasuke , Tada Keiya , Goto Junichi , Nambara Toshio 
Published: January 2024

Summary:Serum bile acid conjugates in breast‐fed infants with prolonged jaundice were analyzed by a newly developed procedure using high‐performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence labeling. Major bile acids were cholate and chenodeoxycholate conjugates. Some of the breast‐fed jaundiced infants had high levels of serum bile acid conjugates (>25 μmol/L), but the mean levels of individual bile acid conjugates found in jaundiced breastfed infants were not significantly different from those in breast‐fed infants without jaundice. The glycine‐to taurine‐conjugated bile acid ratio in breast‐fed jaundiced infants was significantly lower than in breast‐fed nonjaundiced infants or bottle‐fed nonjaundiced infants. In breast‐fed infants, the portion of taurine‐conjugated bile acids increased in proportion to serum bilirubin levels. These findings suggest that alteration in conjugated bile acid patterns of breast milk jaundice is related to an increased enterohepatic circulation of bile acids as well as bilirubin in infants fed on breast milk that contains high amounts of taurine.
Zinc Status of Untreated Histidinemic Children
Authors: Kitano Akito , Higashi Akimasa , Nagata Noriyuki , Matsuda Ichiro , Hase Yutaka , Oura Toshiaki 
Published: January 2024

Summary:In order to study zinc status in histidinemia, serum and hair zinc cocentrations were measured in 40 untreated children with histidinemia (age 2 months‐5 years). In 20 children (> 2 years of age) zinc content and carbonic anhydrase activity of erythrocytes and urinary excretion of zinc were also studied. The amount of zinc excreted was elevated in histidinemic children and showed a positive correlation with the urinary histidine concentration (γ = 0.57, p < 0.005). The means of serum zinc concentration, erythrocyte zinc concentration, and erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase activity were all similar in the histidinemic and the control children. Hair zinc concentration of histidinemic children was compared with that of controls of five different age groups: <5 months, 5–18 months, 18 months‐2 years, 2–4 years, and 4–5 years. In all of these age groups, hair zinc content was similar. The incidence of low‐hair‐zinc level (<80 μg/g) in histidinemic children >5 months of age (9 of 34) was significantly higher than in controls (18 of 180, p < 0.05). The observation suggested the possibility that untreated histidinemia may cause chronic mild zinc deficiency in some histidinemic children.
Reduced Bile Output with Chronic Enteral and Parenteral Infusion of Amino Acids, Glucose, and Fat Emulsion in Rabbits
Authors: Zahavi Ilan , Shaffer Eldon A. , Kelly James , Gall D. Grant 
Published: January 2024

Summary:To assess the effect of chronic administration of amino acids, glucose, and fat on hepatic excretory function, bile flow and bile salt secretion were directly measured in adult rabbits alimented either intravenously or intragastrically Five groups of anunals were studied after 9–11 days on different nutritional regimes: the first, controls, received 154 mM NaCl intravenously and rabbit chow ad libitum; the second, 2.5% amino acid‐10% glucose‐10% fat emulsion intravenously; the third, the same nutrients intragastrically; the fourth, reduced intake of rabbit chow to match the weight change in the intragastrically fed animals; the fifth was allowed rabbit chow ad libitum and then received the nutrient solutions intragastrically only during bile collection. Bile was collected directly at laparotomy from the common bile duct during three 1‐h periods: a basal period when no exogenous bile salt was infused, then with the addition of 1, and finally 2 μmol/min/kg of glycodeoxycholic acid, the main bile acid of rabbits. During the 3‐h experiment either saline (control) or the nutrient solution was administered by the respective route. Chronic adminis± intragastrically, significantly (p < 0.05) reduced bile flow and bile salt secretion compared with controls and the rabbits on a reduced chow intake. The chronic intravenous route had a more pronounced cholestatic effect than the intragastric route. Acute intragastric nutrient infusion had no effect. The decreased bile output in the chronic groups resulted from a reduction in both bile salt secretion and bile sail‐independent flow. Thus, chronic administration of amino acid, glucose, and fat, whether intravenously or intragastrically, can produce cholestasis.
Widespread Cutaneous Crohn's Disease Presenting in Childhood
Authors: Puntis J. W. L. , Candy D. C. A. , Alexander‐Williams J. , Kelsey A. 
Published: January 2024

Summary:Cutaneous lesions containing Crohn's granulomata are rare and tend to occur in submammary or abdominal wall skin folds when they are to be found (1). Crohn's disease of the skin in nonflexural locations has been reported (2,3) although not in children. We report a 5‐year‐old girl with extensive colonic Crohn's disease, who at presentation was noted to have a generalised erythematous papular rash which histologically showed typical noncaseating granulomata.
Membrane Distribution in Human Milks Throughout Lactation as Revealed by Phospholipid and Cholesterol Analyses
Authors: Huston Gail E. , Patton Stuart 
Published: January 2024

SummaryMembrane distribution in human milk was investigated. Milk samples from six women taken at intervals throughout 9 months of lactation were fractionated into fat globules, skim milk, fluff, and cells. These fractions and the intact milks were analyzed for protein, total lipid, and membrane material as revealed by phos‐pholipid and cholesterol contents. All fractions showed initial levels of membrane that dropped by 1 month and then remained relatively unchanged thereafter. Total lipid (fat globules) in the milks was the primary factor determining membrane content. Distribution of membrane in mature milks was: fat globules, 80%; skim milk, 20% (including fluff, 5%); and cells, less than 1%. Mature milk assures the infants a relatively steady supply of membrane material. However, there appears to be approximately twice as high a concentration of it in milk during the first several weeks of lactation. At that time, the skim milk phase accounts for approximately 30% of milk membrane as compared to 20% during subsequent lactation.
Plasma Carnitine and Breast Milk Carnitine Intake in Premature Infants
Authors: Cederblad G. , Svenningsen N. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryTen premature infants with a mean gestational age of 29 weeks (range, 27–32) and a mean birth weight of 1,294 g (range, 930–2,300) and without complications at birth were studied during the first 14 days after birth. Their breast milk intake was recorded and the carnitine content determined in each daily portion. During the first week, the daily mean carnitine intake was low and increased to 6–7 μmoles/kg and day during the second week. Breast milk carnitine concentration ranged from 17 to 148 n, moles/L. Plasma carnitine and its derivatives did not change during the observation period. No relationship was found between the individual cumulative breast milk carnitine intake and total plasma carnitine levels or between carnitine and its derivatives and nonesterified fatty acids or 3‐OH‐butyrate. The urinary carnitine excretion, in millimoles of carnitine per mole of creatinine, was higher during the second week. In other studies, declining plasma carnitine levels have been observed in premature infants on total parenteral nutrition. The results from this study indicated that premature infants without complicating disorders were able to maintain their plasma carnitine levels.
Calcium Metabolism in Children Recovering from Severe Protein‐Energy Malnutrition
Authors: Caballero Benjamin , Solomons Noel W. , Torun Benjamin , Pineda Oscar 
Published: January 2024

SummaryTwenty preschool children with severe edematous protein‐energy malnutrition (PEM) were studied during the first 45 days of recovery. All children received 4 g/kg/day of protein and 150 kcal/kg/day of energy from a milk‐based recovery formula, providing 130–140 mg/kg/ day of calcium (Ca). Children were randomized to two treatment groups, one receiving intact milk formula and the other a lactose‐free preparation. Both groups showed a high efficiency of intestinal calcium absorption, sustained even after the normalization of weight for height and lean body mass. The presence or absence of lactose in the diet did not affect intestinal calcium absorption, and increased stool volume in the early period of recovery in the children receiving intact milk was not associated with higher fecal Ca losses. Urinary Ca excretion was within the range reported for healthy children under a normal diet. These results suggest that therapeutic amounts of calcium should be delivered to children with PEM well beyond the normalization of body weight and lean body mass.
Effects of the Composition and Caloric Value of Infant Formulas on Intake and Hormone Levels
Authors: Zoppi G. , Mantovanelli F. , Casali L. Gobio , Astolfi R. , Cecchettin M. 
Published: January 2024

SummarySeventy‐six normal full‐term infants have been observed from birth to the fourth month of life. Thirty‐six were breast‐fed; the others were fed four different feeds (conventional or adapted formulas) containing different amounts of calories, protein, fat, and carbohydrate. The control mechanism of volume intake appears to be well functioning in infants fed human milk and adapted formulas providing conventional calorie concentrations. The other formulas were associated with either a high BUN or high base insulin concentrations. It is concluded that uncontrolled amounts of milk should be fed only to breast‐fed infants and those receiving adapted formulas but not to those fed formulas that provide high calorie or protein concentrations.