bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Neurological Papers
Authors: Critchley Macdonald , Critchley Eileen A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hughlings Jackson’s role as an important and prolific medical writer began in 1861 when he reported some cases of brain abscess in The Medical Times and Gazette. His contributions to the medical literature continued until 1907, four years before his death. Most of his papers appeared in The Medical Times and Gazette, but many others were published in such journals as The Lancet, The British Medical Journal, The Rayal London Ophthalmic Hospital Reports and The Medical Press and Circular.
Herbert Spencer, Evolution and Dissolution, and the Hierarchy of the Nervous System
Authors: Critchley Macdonald , Critchley Eileen A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 1860s Jackson published many detailed case reports. In the 1870s he marshalled his ideas with increasing precision. His views came to a full flowering in the 1880s. Such was the assessment made by Dr. R.G. Mitchell in 1960.1 It is commonly considered that Jackson wrote principally on three topics, namely, Spencerian ideas as applied to neuropathophysiology; epilepsy, especially focal seizures; and aphasia. Important as these subjects were, to limit one’s attention to them would be to ignore his other widespread contributions to neurology.
The Cerebellum
Authors: Critchley Macdonald , Critchley Eileen A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is sometimes forgotten that Hughlings Jackson held original views on the role and function of the cerebellum in certain neurological disorders. As early as 1863, in the course of discussing Owen’s vertebral theory, Jackson referred briefly to the function of the cerebellum, saying that instinctive actions were well illustrated by the winding-up of a watch at night. In 1869 he reported a case of a patient with disease of one cerebral hemisphere and of both lobes of the cerebellum. An important case-report followed in 18712 of a five-year-old male patient with a cerebellar tumour. During life he had shown rigidity and periodic tetanus-like seizures, and enlargement of the head had been noted four months prior to admission to hospital. The child started to cry a great deal, complaining of headache, and he began to lose weight. Two months later, the family were regarding him as stupid. Two weeks before entering hospital the hoy’s walking became difficult, and two or three days prior to admission he was doubly incontinent.
Foundation of Brain and the Hughlings Jackson Lectures
Authors: Critchley Macdonald , Critchley Eileen A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
James Crichton-Browne retired from the post of Superintendent of the Wakefield Asylum in 1875, and he was then appointed the Lord Chancellor’s Visitor in Lunacy. His successor was not willing to continue publishing the West Riding Asylum Reports, and there was no obvious medium in Great Britain suitable for representing neurological opinions. In 1878, under the joint editorship of J.C. Bucknill, James Crichton-Browne, David Ferrier and John Hughlings Jackson, the prestigious quarterly journal Brain was founded. The first number appeared in April 1878. To begin with, Crichton-Browne did most of the editorial work. Dr. A. de Watteville came to assist the harassed Editors in 1880; in 1883, he joined the Editorial Board and was appointed Acting Editor in 1885.
Autobiographical Inscriptions
Authors: Rodríguez Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By engaging current approaches to the genre, Autobiographical Inscriptions breaks new ground in the field of autobiography studies. The book is centered in a discussion of the ways that innovations of form and structure contain and bolster arguments for personhood articulated by Harriet Jacobs, Zora Neale Hurston, Hisaye Yamamoto, Maxine Hong Kingston, Leslie Marmon Silko, Adrienne Kennedy, and Cecile Pineda. Organized thematically, with each chapter focusing on central questions of form, this work pairs canonized texts with less well-known works, reading autobiographical works across cultural contexts, historical periods, and artistic media, and illustrating the stunning range of formal strategies available to and adopted by the American woman writer of color.
Neuropsychiatric Symptoms
Authors: Cummings Jeffrey L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is increasingly imperative that Alzheimer’s disease (AD) be detected as early in its clinical course as possible. The goals of treatment of AD are to slow the progress and control the symptoms, thus increasing the period of relatively preserved function while decreasing the period of disability. Treatments are most likely to be successful if they are begun while patients are in the mildest phase of the disease.
Spectrum of Pathology
Authors: Braak Heiko , Tredici Kelly Del , Braak Eva 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent decades, the population of developed industrial countries has experienced a marked prolongation of life expectancy. The distressing aspect of this advance is an alarming increase in the prevalence of age-associated degenerative brain diseases. The etiologies of many of these illnesses are still unknown. Study of these diseases requires detailed knowledge of age-related brain alterations in order to permit a clear differentiation of the lesions related to disease.
Vocal Expression Of Emotion
Authors: Scherer Klaus R , Johnstone, Tom , Klasmeyer Gundrun 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews theoretical models and empirical evidence on the effects of emotion on vocalization, in particular on human speech. Of all expressive manifestations of emotional arousal, vocalization represents the most phylogenetically continuous modality. The neural control structures, the voice production mechanisms, and the characteristics of vocal emotion signals are comparable across many species of mammals, including humans (Hauser, 1996; Marler & Tenaza, 1977; Morton, 1977; Scherer, 1985; see chapter 24, this volume). In consequence, the study of emotional vocalization constitutes a prime tool to investigate the relationships between the physiological production of affect vocalization and its use as a signal in social interaction and communication. The basis for the following discussion is a modified version of the Brunswikian lens model (Figure 23.1; see also Kappas, Hess, & Scherer, 1991; Scherer, 1978, 1982). This model allows one to clearly distinguish between the expression (or encoding) of emotion on the sender side, the transmission of the sound, and the impression (or decoding) on the receiver side, resulting in emotion inference or attribution. Consequently, the model encourages research on the complete process of emotion communication by (1) determining which distal characteristics of the sound wave emerging from the mouth of an affectively aroused speaker (i.e., the acoustic parameters) are produced by the underlying emotion, (2) determining how these cues are transmitted from sender to receiver through the vocal-acousticauditory channel, and (3) determining how these proximal cues (the representation of the distal voice characteristics in the sensorium and the central nervous system) are used by the receiver to infer the emotion of the sender. As will be shown, most research in this area has focused either on encoding or decoding. Our aim in organizing the chapter by a model that charts the entire process is to encourage future research to attend to all of these aspects and their interrelationships.
Expression Of Emotion In Nonhuman Animals
Authors: Snowdon Charles T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Darwin’s The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals (1872/1998) was the first book to provide explicit links between how human and nonhuman animals express emotions, and it serves as a model for the study of emotional expression today. Darwin’s main focus was with the visual display of emotion. Although Darwin wrote briefly about vocalizations in nonhuman animals, it was much easier in his time to record and analyze facial expressions through drawings and the emerging new medium of photography. In the middle of the 20th century, the development of tape-recording equipment, coupled with technology originally developed for speech recognition, provided a means for accurate recording, description, and analysis of vocalizations. The last 50 years of experimental research on animal communication have been dominated by studies on vocal communication. With the recent advent of digital photography and editing systems, there has been an increased interest in the experimental study of visual signals. Darwin introduced his volume with three general principles of emotional expression that have formed the theoretical basis of current research. The first principle of “serviceable associated habits” provides that under certain mental (emotional) states various complex actions relieve or gratify sensations and desires, and that through repeated association, these actions might be found in circumstances where they might not be directly useful or they might be brought under voluntary control. Several suggestions follow from this principle. First, emotional expressions might be developed from normal physiological reactions to various internal or external stimuli. Thus the rapid expulsion of air and vocalization (“ooof”) that automatically results when we are hit in the stomach might become associated with other painful stimuli that do not result in a rapid expulsion of air. The resulting vocalization becomes an expression of pain experienced anywhere, and might even be used in anticipation of a painful stimulus to inhibit the infliction of pain by someone else. The conversion of an initial physiological reaction into a signal that represents an emotional state more directly is called ritualization by ethologists (Smith, 1977). Through progressive association, the physiological signal becomes more stereotyped in form, generalized to a broader array of contexts and universally used within a species. The fact that many signals are thought to have developed through ritualization of initial physiological reactions should not lead us to conclude that all apparent signals have been adapted for communication. Recently, Blumberg and Alberts (1997) have pointed out several examples of apparent signals that probably do not serve a communicative function to the producer of the signal.
Introduction: Cognitive Components Of Emotion
Authors: Scherer Klaus R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cognition is often seen as an antagonist to emotion, as emotion is seen as an impediment to the proper functioning of the pinnacle of cognition—rational thought. This widely shared assumption is the result of a philosophical debate about the roles of passion and reason in human nature that goes back to Plato. In arguing for a tripartite structure of the soul, Plato created the concepts of “cognition,” “emotion,” and “conation” (motivation), and placed them in partial opposition to each other. While this doctrine has had many critics, including Plato’s own pupil Aristotle, it has, reinforced by the philosophical notion of indivisible human faculties (Mendelsohn, Kant; see Hilgard, 1980), profoundly affected modern psychology. The latest consequence of Plato’s doctrine has been a debate on how much cognition is required for emotion, if any (see final statements of the two major protagonists in this debate; Lazarus, 1999b; Zajonc, 2000). While there are good reasons to believe that this particular issue is largely used based on semantic quibbles concerning the definition of cognition (Leventhal & Scherer, 1987), the impact it has had is indicative of the difficulties scientists face in coming to grips with the interaction between these two fundamental aspects of human functioning. Therefore, this section of the Handbook, presenting current views as well as empirical evidence on the role of cognition in affective science (and the role of emotion in cognitive science) takes on special significance. As the contributions in this section illustrate, the Zeitgeist seems to be dominated by efforts to integrate rather than oppose cognition and emotion. As shown by the research efforts reported in these chapters, there is an increasing tendency to study the interaction between cognition and emotion in trying to understand fundamental aspects of memory, inference, judgment, decision making, and problem solving, on the one hand, and social and emotional behavior, on the other. In this introduction, the following issues, running through much of the discussions in the chapters of this section, will be reviewed briefly: (1) the cognitive factors eliciting and differentiating emotions, (2) the effects of affective states and traits on cognitive processes, (3) the perception and cognition of affect, (4) the recursive processes between cognition and emotion, and (5) affective components in “frozen” cognitive structures such as language.
Appraisal Processes In Emotion
Authors: Ellsworth Phoebe C , Scherer Klaus R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Usually, people’s emotions arise from their perceptions of their circumstances—immediate, imagined, or remembered. This idea has been implicit in many philosophical treatments of emotions (e.g., in Aristotle, Spinoza, and even Descartes and James; see Ellsworth 1994a; Gardiner, Clark-Metcalf, & Beebe-Centa, 1980; Scherer, 2000) and explicit in some (e.g., Hume and Hobbes), and it is the central emphasis of current appraisal theories of emotion. Thinking and feeling are inextricably interrelated most of the time: Certain ways of interpreting one’s environment are inherently emotional, few thoughts are entirely free of feelings, and emotions influence thinking. Reason and passion are not independent domains, or are rarely so. Of course there are exceptions: Brain stimulation, hormones, and drugs can produce emotions without external environmental circumstances, just as they can produce sensations, cognitions, and ideas without external environmental circumstances (Penfield, 1975). The fact that exceptions exist does not mean that there is no rule. The general rule suggested by appraisal theorists is that emotions consist of patterns of perception, or rather interpretation, and their correlates in the central and peripheral nervous systems (see Ellsworth, 1994c; Roseman & Smith, 2001; Scherer, 2001a, 2001b). A further assumption is that emotions are fundamentally adaptive, rather than maladaptive. In order to survive, an organism cannot simply understand its situation; it has to be motivated to do something about it. Many species have solved this problem with a mechanism that triggers fixed action patterns in response to appropriate stimuli. Emotions provide a more flexible alternative. They imply action tendencies (Frijda, 1986) without complete rigidity. Lower organisms respond to stimulus patterns with behavior. Emotions, although they still motivate behavior, “decouple” it from the perception of the stimulus so that reconsideration is possible (Scherer, 1984). Fear creates a tendency to flee, but a person may quickly realize that the threat is directed at someone else (reinterpretation of the event) or that an aggressive stance will intimidate the attacker (reinterpretation of response alternatives). Emotions allow flexibility both in event interpretation and in response choice. Emotions, from this point of view, represent an important evolutionary alternative. The phylogenetic expansion of the cerebral cortex enabled an increasing variety of interpretations, emotions, and behavioral options (see Hebb, 1949).
Introduction: Evolutionary and Cultural Perspectives on Affect
Authors: Rozin Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Affect is important, understudied, and hard to define. There has been a recent burst of interest in psychology in this area, as evidenced by this volume. In this section of the book, we merge the study of affect, substantially ignored by most of psychology during the twentieth century, with two perspectives, the evolutionary and cultural, which were also substantially ignored by psychology during the past century. As there has been a burst of interest in affect, so has there been in both evolutionary and cultural psychology in the past decade or so. So in this section of this volume, we experience the excitement of a new problem of interest, from two new perspectives. Because all this is very new, there are more questions than answers. Of course, concern about affect and emotion, and in particular their evolution, did not originate in recent times. Perhaps the greatest book that deals with these fundamental issues, Darwin’s The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872/1998), was written in 1872. P. T. Young (1959) also mounted an excellent experimental research program devoted to understanding the role of affect in animal function in the mid-twentieth century. However, in the context of behaviorism, it was more or less ignored and was not integrated into developing experimental psychology. On the surface, combining cultural and evolutionary approaches in one section may seem arbitrary. However, these two approaches have two things in common from the viewpoint of psychology. First, each brings the perspective of another discipline to bear on problems of psychological interest. Second, cultures evolve, so concepts from biological evolution such as variation, selection, and adaptation can be applied. Furthermore, many of the problems of scanty evidence that result from the fragmentary state of evidence of past lives that complicate evolutionary and adaptive accounts in biological evolution are more tractable in the case of cultural evolution. In the past thousands of years, cultures have obligingly left a substantial record of artifacts, particularly writing, that tell us about how things were. Psychology, like all scholarly endeavors, is subject to fads. Technological or conceptual breakthroughs, persuasive leaders, and a host of other factors create high concentrations of effort in certain areas, whereas others languish. This may well be a good model for progress. The possibilities of phenomena to study in psychology are almost limitless, and just as the visual system selects and focuses from the bewildering array of events that impinge on the retina, so we must select and focus on some of the possibilities. We must hope that our judgment causes the most productive and representative phenomena to fall in our “research fovea.” Just as affect, evolution, and culture have been outside of the mainstream of psychology for long, within the modern study of affect, some subareas have been relatively ignored.
Neuroimaging and the Neurobiology of Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Rauch Scott L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past decade, neuroimaging research has helped to advance neurobiological models of psychiatric disorders. In this chapter, I review neuroimaging research pertaining to anxiety disorders and interpret it in terms of neuroanatomical models of these diseases. Here the focus is on a subset of disorders for which neuroimaging data have provided a convergent series of results. This chapter necessarily extends previous reviews on the same and related topics (Rauch & Baxter, 1998; Rauch, Shin, et al., 1998; Rauch, Whalen, et al., 1998; Rauch, Shin, & Whalen, in press). Anxiety and fear are normal human emotional states that serve an adaptive function. Anxiety disorders represent one category of psychiatric syndromes (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) that are characterized by maladaptive anxiety symptoms. Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by intrusive, unwanted thoughts (i.e., obsessions) and ritualized, repetitive behaviors (i.e., compulsions). In OCD, the obsessions are typically accompanied by anxiety that drives the compulsions; the compulsions are performed to neutralize the obsessions and attendant anxiety. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is one of few psychiatric conditions for which the etiology is defined. In PTSD, individuals evolve a constellation of anxiety symptoms in the aftermath of an emotionally traumatic event; the cardinal features of PTSD include reexperiencing phenomena (e.g., flashbacks), avoidance (e.g., avoiding situations that remind the individual of the traumatic event), and hyperarousal (e.g., exaggerated startle response). Phobias are characterized by reliable exaggerated anxiety responses to innocuous stimuli or situations. Social phobia (SoP) may entail phobic responses to a range of different social situations; specific phobias (SpP) may entail phobic responses to any of various particular stimuli or situations (e.g., small animals, heights, water, enclosed spaces, etc.). Finally, panic disorder (PD) is characterized by recurrent panic episodes, typically occurring spontaneously, without overt precipitants. Panic attacks entail a rapid escalation to extreme anxiety, accompanied by physical symptoms such as rapid breathing, palpitations, sweating, and dizziness, as well as emotional and cognitive symptoms, such as the feeling that something catastrophic is about to happen or that immediate escape is necessary. Individuals with panic disorder often develop avoidance of places or situations in which they believe panic attacks are more likely to occur or from which escape may be difficult (e.g., crowded or confined places).