bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pulse‐duration threshold functions obtained at the MWS/LWS cone antagonistic locus
Authors: Schwartz Steven H. 
Published: September 2002

SummaryPulse‐duration threshold functions were determined for spectral increments in the region of the Sloan notch (580 nm) as well as for 440 and 640 nm and white increments flashed on a spatially coincident white background. While increments of 440 and 640 nm elicited traditional pulse‐duration functions with decreasing thresholds as the duration increased, functions obtained with 580 nm and white increments manifested a minima at about 50 ms. These data support the notion that stimuli in the region of Sloan's notch can be detected by an achromatic mechanism that may integrate sub‐threshold ON and OFF responses, thereby maximizing detection sensitivity.
Age‐related changes of defocus‐specific contrast sensitivity in healthy subjects
Authors: Nio Y. K. , Jansonius N. M. , Fidler V. , Geraghty E. , Norrby S. , Kooijman A.C. 
Published: September 2002

SummaryTo investigate the effect of defocus on contrast sensitivity as a function of age in healthy subjects, the through focus contrast sensitivity was measured in 100 healthy subjects aged 20–69. Defocus‐specific changes in contrast sensitivity reflect age‐related changes in the optics of the eye. Tests were performed in cycloplegic eyes varying artificial pupil size (2, 4 and 6 mm), defocus (−1 to +2 D), and spatial frequency (1–16 cpd). Integrated contrast sensitivity was taken as a measure for the total amount of visual information transferred by the optical media.At optimal focus, integrated contrast sensitivity and log contrast sensitivity at 8 cpd showed a significant age‐related decline. The log contrast sensitivity at 1 cpd appeared to be independent of age. The depth of focus for a 4‐mm pupil increased significantly with age, even though contrast sensitivity at +2 D defocus decreases with age too, but not as much as the contrast sensitivity at optimal focus. Our study indicates that the effect of defocus on contrast sensitivity decreases with age; this was attributed to age‐related changes in the optical media.
Detection, aetiology and management of conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia
Authors: Jaworski Andrew , Wolffsohn James S. , Napper Genevieve A. 
Published: September 2002

SummaryConjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) are considered to be the third most common ocular tumour and the most common tumour of the ocular surface. Due to their malignant potential, they must be carefully differentially and promptly treated. A recurrence rate of approximately 30% leads to the need for monitoring of patients even after successful treatment. This article presents several cases of CIN and reviews their histopathology, aetiology, appearance, differential diagnosis and management. Typical patient presentations and prognoses are also discussed.
Grading scales for contact lens complications
Authors: Efron Nathan 
Published: September 2002

SummaryGrading scales have been developed to assist practitioners in recording the level of severity of ocular complications of contact lens wear. Eight common complications are depicted in five levels of severity—from grade 0 (normal) to grade 4 (severe). The intersubject variance in grading was determined to be 1.0 scale units, which by coincidence concurs exactly with the key design strategy of the grading scales that each grading step of 1.0 corresponds to a clinically significant difference in severity.
INDIVIDUAL RECOGNITION OF PIGLETS BY SOWS IN THE EARLY POST-PARTUM PERIOD
Authors: Maletínská Jitka , Špinka Marek , Víchová Jitka , Stěhulová Ilona 
Published: September 2002

Abstract
We investigated whether domestic sow discriminates one day old piglets based on their individual odours or based on some odour common to the whole litter. We manipulated the contacts between sow and piglets during the first 24 h post partum in such a way that produced 4 types of piglets, as combinations of two factors: relatedness and familiarity. We used ten pairs of sows individually housed in farrowing pens in which parturitions were induced on the same day. When the manipulations were finished, each sow was subjected to two testing situations. First it was a 5 min choice test in which the sow could show her preference for the 4 types of anaesthetized (immobile and mute) piglets: Own Familiar, Own Unfamiliar, Alien Familiar and Alien Unfamiliar. Second the sow was subjected to three 2.5 min preference tests with the following combinations of dyads of awake piglets: Own Familiar vs Alien Unfamiliar; Own Familiar vs Own Unfamiliar; Alien Unfamiliar vs Alien Familiar. We recorded the frequency and duration of visits and the grunting rate of sow with respect to each piglet type, in the test with awake piglets we also recorded piglets' vocalisation and movement. In the test with anaesthetized piglets we found a significant effect of piglet type on the duration of visits (F
(3,16) = 3.94, p = 0.014). The significant difference between Own Unfamiliar and Own Familiar piglets indicates that sows use the individual odours of piglets to discriminate between own and alien ones. The number of visits to individual piglets was also affected by piglet type (F
(3,16) = 2.71, p = 0.055), with sows visiting Own Familiar piglets significantly more often than Alien Unfamiliar ones. In none of the three preference tests with awake piglets did the sows show significant preference for a specific type of piglet. However the sows' visits in the piglets was affected by the piglets' activity. In periods when both the piglets were moving the sow spent a greater proportion of time by visiting them (Students t-test, N = 11, mean = 0.12, p = 0.0014) then during periods when only one or none of the piglets was moving. Sows also spent a greater proportion of time visiting the piglets when they were vocalising (Students t-test, N = 11, mean = 0.129, p = 0.019) than when they were not. The study shows that early recognition of piglets by sows is probably mediated by the individual odour of each piglet and that kinetic and acoustic cues augment the motivation to reunite with the piglets and this may then override the willingness to discriminate among them.
Substituent Effect on the Rate of the Hydroxyl and Phenyl Radical Spin Trapping with Nitrones
Authors: Sueishi Yoshimi , Yoshioka Chiharu , Olea-Azar Claudio , Reinke Lester A , Kotake Yashige 
Published: September 2002

Abstract
Hydroxyl and phenyl radical spin trapping rates by α-phenyl-N-t-butylnitrone (PBN, N-benzylidene-t-butylamine N-oxide) and its analogs were determined using a competitive trapping method. Hydroxyl radical was generated from hydrogen peroxide in water using UV photolysis, in the presence of the selected spin trap plus 5,5-dimethyl-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO). Phenyl radical was produced with UV photolysis of tetraphenyllead, and spin trapping was performed in benzene. Spin trapping rate constants were calculated using EPR signal intensity ratios for the DMPO spin adducts vs PBN-type spin adducts. The rate constants were strongly dependent on the kind of substituent in the spin trap; the magnitude of the substituent effect was also dependent on the kind of free radicals trapped, i.e., hydroxyl or phenyl radicals. For example, in phenyl radical trapping, the spin trapping rate in hydroxy-substituted PBNs followed Hammett’s equation, while there is no such correlation in hydroxyl radical trapping. Hydroxy-substituted PBNs such as 2-, 3-, and 4-hydroxy-PBNs showed much lower apparent spin trapping rates than that of PBN. The reaction between hydroxyl radical and phenoxyl group is a likely cause.
A method for computing identity by descent probabilities and quantitative trait loci mapping with dominant (AFLP) markers
Authors: PÉREZ-ENCISO MIGUEL , ROUSSOT ODILE 
Published: September 2002

Amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) are a widely used marker system: the technique is very cost-effective, easy and rapid, and reproducibly generates hundreds of markers. Unfortunately, AFLP alleles are typically scored as the presence or absence of a band and, thus, heterozygous and dominant homozygous genotypes cannot be distinguished. This results in a significant loss of information, especially as regards mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTLs). We present a Monte Carlo Markov Chain method that allows us to compute the identity by descent probabilities (IBD) in a general pedigree whose individuals have been typed for dominant markers. The method allows us to include the information provided by the fluorescent band intensities of the markers, the rationale being that homozygous individuals have on average higher band intensities than heterozygous individuals, as well as information from linked markers in each individual and its relatives. Once IBD probabilities are obtained, they can be combined into the QTL mapping strategy of choice. We illustrate the method with two simulated populations: an outbred population consisting of full sib families, and an F2 cross between inbred lines. Two marker spacings were considered, 5 or 20 cM, in the outbred population. There was almost no difference, for the practical purpose of QTL estimation, between AFLPs and biallelic codominant markers when the band density is taken into account, especially at the 5 cM spacing. The performance of AFLPs every 5 cM was also comparable to that of highly polymorphic markers (microsatellites) spaced every 20 cM. In economic terms, QTL mapping with a dense map of AFLPs is clearly better than microsatellite QTL mapping and little is lost in terms of accuracy of position. Nevertheless, at low marker densities, AFLPs or other biallelic markers result in very inaccurate estimates of QTL position.
Nitrogen mineralization in soil from perennial grassland measured through long-term laboratory incubations
Authors: COLLINS A. , ALLINSON D. W. 
Published: September 2002

Under perennial grasslands, nitrogen contained in organic matter becomes available at varying rates via mineralization throughout the growing season. The amount of N present at any given time indicates only the quantity immediately present, and does not include N which has already been removed either by leaching or uptake into the plant system, nor the N which will become available as organic matter breaks down over time. Long-term aerobic laboratory incubation methods have been used successfully to estimate potential N mineralization under various cropping conditions. They had not been used successfully, however, to estimate potential N availability under perennial grassland.In this research, soil samples from two long-term perennial grassland sites were taken before and after N fertilizer application at rates of 0, 175, 350 and 525 kg/ha. The soils were incubated in the laboratory at 35 °C and were eluted at 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 22 and 30-week intervals, the length of time prescribed for determining N mineralization potential. Because a plateau had not been reached, incubation was allowed to continue for 198 weeks and 148 weeks for the pre- and post-N samples, respectively. Total N was high, as was soil organic matter in both sets of soil samples. Nitrogen mineralization potential was underestimated after 30 weeks of incubation, and overestimated after 148 weeks. The closest agreement between N measured and the estimated N mineralization potential, came after 198 weeks of incubation. This study confirmed the high N-supplying capacity of soil under long-term perennial grasslands. It also indicated that the recommended 30-week period needed to estimate N mineralization potential under other cropping systems was insufficient for a perennial grassland soil. Cumulative differences in N mineralization were found with varying rates of N fertilizer application, but these differences were rarely seen on an individual weekly basis, nor were they significant at the termination of the experiment. The response to N application differed by site.
Natural history and larval morphology of Boophis occidentalis (Anura: Mantellidae: Boophinae) provide new insights into the phylogeny and adaptive radiation of endemic Malagasy frogs
Authors: Andreone Franco , Vences Miguel , Guarino Fabio M. , Glaw Frank , Randrianirina Jasmin E. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractDuring a zoological survey in north‐west Madagascar (Sahamalaza Peninsula) we documented aspects of the natural history of Boophis occidentalis (formerly a subspecies of B. albilabris and here raised to species level). Individual age assessed by skeletochronology ranged from 4 to 11 years. Breeding behaviour was observed at a seasonal stream after heavy rainfalls: five choruses of eight to 90 males aggregated in shallow brook sections. The males emitted low frequency calls and engaged in scramble battles. Only two females were found. A couple laid a large number of eggs, attached as a single layer on submerged stones. Tadpoles reared from these eggs had the typical morphology of brook‐breeding Boophis species with a 1:5+5/3 keratodont formula and a relatively flattened body. Adult males had an anteroventrally oriented cloaca, a morphological trait shared with B. albilabris. Advertisement calls were similar in general structure to those of B. albilabris recorded at Anjanaharibe‐Sud. They were unharmonious and consisted of pulsed notes emitted at irregular intervals. Much lower pulse rates in B. albilabris (30–38 pulses/s) than in B. occidentalis (90–109 pulses/s) support the specific distinctness of these taxa. The combination of characters related to reproductive biology in B. occidentalis and B. albilabris is unique in Boophis. The acontinuous breeding behaviour and large number of eggs per clutch are traits found in the pond‐breeding species of the B. tephraeomystax group, while larval morphology and habitat are characteristic of brook‐breeding species. Available morphological and molecular data place B. albilabris and B. occidentalis into the brook‐breeding Boophis radiation. The acontinuous timing of reproduction and large egg number may be secondary adaptations that allowed the species to colonize arid regions of western Madagascar.
Inside the Magic Rectangle: Recent Research on the History of Television
Authors: Foot John 
Published: September 2002

Ada Ferrari and Gaia Giusto (eds.), Milano città della radio televisione (Milan: Francoangeli, 2000) 139pp., L 24,000 (pb) ISBN 88-464-1721-6.Chiara Giaccardi, Anna Manzato and Giorgio Simonelli, Il paese catodico. Televisione e identità nazionale in Gran Bretagna, Italia e Svizzera Italiana (Milan: FrancoAngeli, 1998) 135pp., L 24,000 (pb) ISBN 88-464-0734-2.Ralph Negrine, Television and the Press since 1945 Documents in Contemporary History, (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998), 212pp., £12.99 (pb) ISBN 0-7190-4921-0.Jeffrey S. Miller, Something Completely Different. British Television and American Culture (University of Minnesota Press, 2000), 208pp., £12.99 (pb), ISBN 0-8166-3241-3, £31.00 (hb) 0-1866-3240-5.Marie-Francoise Lévy (ed.), La Télévision dans la République. Les années 50, Collection ‘Histoire du temps present’ (Paris: IHTP/CNRS, Editions complexe, 1999), 242pp (pb), €18.30, ISBN 2-87027-730-X.Francesca Anania, Davanti allo schermo. Storia del pubblico televisivo (Rome: Carocci, 1997), 152pp., L 30,000 (pb), ISBN 88-430-0535-9.
Application of a Variable Structure Model in Observation and Control of an Anaerobic Digestor
Authors: Tartakovsky B. , Morel E. , Steyer J. P. , Guiot S. R. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIn this work, a variable structure model (VSM) of an anaerobic digestion process was developed. The anaerobic biodegradation process was described by four nonlinear submodels representing methanogenic, chemical oxygen demand overload, acidogenic, and hydrogen‐inhibited states of the anaerobic process. At any instant, process dynamics was modeled only by one of the submodels, while the others were considered trailing. The choice of a leading submodel was handled by a knowledge‐based system, which analyzed available process variables, such as off‐gas composition and reactor pH. The feasibility of the proposed method was demonstrated both by using the VSM to predict the outputs of a comprehensive process model, and the experimental results obtained in a pilot scale anaerobic fixed‐bed bioreactor.
Mass Transfer in Blood Oxygenators Using Blood Analogue Fluids
Authors: Wickramasinghe S. Ranil , Kahr Carin M. , Han Binbing 
Published: September 2002

AbstractMass transfer correlations for hollow fiber blood oxygenators have been determined experimentally using Newtonian and non‐Newtonian blood analogue fluids. The Newtonian fluids consisted of deionized water and glycerol/water mixtures. The non‐Newtonian fluids were prepared by adding small amounts of xanthan gum to the Newtonian blood analogue fluids. The rheological behavior of the non‐Newtonian blood analogue fluids was modeled using the power law. The diffusion of oxygen into and out of the Newtonian and non‐Newtonian blood analogue fluids has been studied. The liquid stream flowed outside and across bundles of woven hollow fibers, while the gas stream flowed inside the fibers.
Transport and Kinetic Processes Underlying Biomolecular Interactions in the BIACORE Optical Biosensor
Authors: Sikavitsas V. , Nitsche J. M. , Mountziaris T. J. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe transport and kinetic processes describing biomolecular interactions in the BIACORE optical biosensor have been studied with the help of a mathematical model. In comparison to previous models, the model presented here couples, for the first time, transport phenomena in the flow channel with hindered diffusive transport and reactions inside the hydrogel. Simulated experiments based on this model, and two simpler models extant in the literature, are used to identify cases under which the detailed model is essential for accurate prediction of kinetic parameters. It is shown that this model can substantially improve the accuracy of kinetic parameter estimation when transport limitations in the flow channel and/or the hydrogel significantly influence the observed instrument response curves. The model can extend the range of the instrument's applicability to higher concentrations of immobilized species within the hydrogel. It can also be used for accurate design of experiments with the purpose of minimizing errors in the estimation of the kinetic parameters.
Influence of Ambient Air Temperature on the Cooling/Heating Load of a Single Cell Protein Jacketed Fermenter Operating on Cheese Whey under Continuous Conditions
Authors: Ghaly A. E. , Mahmoud N. S. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe heat generated by mixing and lactose metabolism, during the continuous production of single cell protein from cheese whey lactose using a jacketed fermenter with running cooling water, was calculated using a heat balance equation. The technique quantified the heat produced in and lost from the fermentation unit. Most of the heat generated by mixing in the cell‐free system (97.47%) was lost with exhaust gas, while a very small amount (2.53%) was lost through the fermenter lid, wall, and bottom. The heat generated by mixing was significant (26.31% of the total heat generated in the fermentation system with an active yeast population present) and, therefore, cannot be ignored in heat balance calculations. About 19.71% of the total heat generated in the reactor was lost through the coolant at an ambient temperature of 22 ± 0.5 °C, showing the need for a cooling system. A yeast population size of 986 million cells/mL and a lactose removal efficiency of 95.6% were observed. About 72.5% and 27.5% of the lactose consumed were used for growth and respiration, respectively. A yield of 0.66 g of cells/g of lactose was achieved. The heat released by unit biomass was 7.05 kJ/g of cells. The results showed the significant impact of ambient air temperature on the cooling load. The heat to be removed from the medium by the cooling system varied from 3.46 to 281.56 kJ/h when the temperature increased from 16 to 30 °C. A heating system is needed to maintain the medium temperature at 34 °C when the ambient air temperature is below 16 °C.
Polyelectrolyte‐Coated Ion Exchangers for Cell‐Resistant Expanded Bed Adsorption
Authors: Dainiak Maria B. , Galaev Igor Yu. , Mattiasson Bo 
Published: September 2002

AbstractAdsorption chromatography in expanded beds is a widely used technology for direct capture of target proteins from fermentation broths. However, in many cases this method cannot be applied as a result of the strong tendency of cells or cell debris to interact with the adsorbent beads. To prevent contamination of the expanded bed with the biomass, STREAMLINE DEAE, anion exchanger designed for expanded bed adsorption, was modified with a layer of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA). The shielding layer of polyelectrolyte was attached to the surface of the matrix beads via electrostatic interactions. PAA with a high degree of polymerization was chosen to prevent diffusion of large polymer molecules into the pores of adsorbent. Thus, the shielding layer of PAA was adsorbed only at the mouth of the pores of STREAMLINE DEAE beads and only marginally decreased the binding capacity of the ion exchanger for bovine serum albumin, the model protein in this study. PAA‐coated STREAMLINE DEAE practically did not interact with yeast cells, which otherwise bound strongly to the native adsorbent at neutral conditions. Cell‐resistant PAA‐coated anion exchanger was successfully used for isolation of BSA from the model protein mixture containing BSA, lysozyme (positively charged at applied conditions), and yeast cells. The layer of PAA was stable under mild elution conditions, and the modified adsorbent could be used in the repeated purification cycles.
Biological Conversion of Anglesite (PbSO4) and Lead Waste from Spent Car Batteries to Galena (PbS)
Authors: Weijma Jan , de Hoop Klaas , Bosma Wobby , Dijkman Henk 
Published: September 2002

AbstractLead paste, a solid mixture containing PbSO4, PbO2, PbO/Pb(OH)2precipitate, and elemental Pb, is one of the main waste fractions from spent car batteries. Biological sulfidation represents a new process for recovery of lead from this waste. In this process the lead salts in lead paste are converted to galena (PbS) by sulfate‐reducing bacteria. This paper investigates a continuous process for sulfidation of anglesite (PbSO4), the main constituent of lead paste, and lead paste, consisting of a laboratory‐scale gas‐lift bioreactor to which a slurry of anglesite or lead paste was supplied. Sulfate or elemental sulfur was added as an additional sulfur source. Hydrogen gas served as an electron donor for the biological reduction of sulfate and elemental sulfur to sulfide by sulfate‐ and sulfur‐reducing bacteria. Anglesite was almost completely converted to galena at a loading rate of 19 kg of PbSO4m−3day−1, producing a sludge of which the crystalline lead phases consisted of >98% PbS (galena) and 1–2% elemental Pb. With lead paste, stable sulfidation rates of up to 17 kg of lead paste m−3day−1were demonstrated, producing a sludge of which the crystalline lead phases consisted of an estimated >96% PbS, 1–2% elemental Pb, and 1–2% PbO2.
Encyclopedia of Volcanoes
Authors: Rowe Gary L. 
Published: September 2002

“A remarkable milestone.”“The list of contributors is a who's who of volcanology”“This is the most important volcano book of the century.”These are but a few of the glowing accolades given in the promotional literature that accompanied the review copy of this book. What is remarkable is that the Encyclopedia ofVolcanoes lives up to its press clippings and is, indeed, a book that “will truly be the authoritative reference book on volcanology for a long time to come.” Perhaps the book's only shortcoming is that its sheer size and moderately high cost may prevent its distribution to a wider audience.