bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In Search of an Optimum Model of Development
Authors: Gorny Miroslaw , Maruszewski Bogdan , Nikisch Jan Andezej 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The situation of research libraries in Poland is a very complex one, due to rapid developments in information technology and to a substantial delay in the computerization process in the country. Consequently, three problems overlap. The first problem is related to the fact that Polish libraries are only in the initial stage of computerization; the delay has indeed been a very long one, having lasted for more than 20 years. The present process of computerization is not only incredibly slow but also costly, which disrupts the normal operations of libraries; and its effects have only marginally improved their operations.
Automation and Academic Libraries in Hungary
Authors: Mader Béla 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Only a few people would dispute the idea that our beautiful new world has become the world of information. Indeed, in this information society more and more people produce and provide information of different kinds and value-both information of great value and information with no reasonable value. And more and more people are accustomed to regularly consuming information. But mass production and mass consumption are impossible to achieve through manual methods alone. They need automation. Neither the term “mass” nor the term “automation” is taken to be pejorative in this context. “Mass” symbolizes the spreading of democracy and the strengthening of the competitive market economy, while automation proved to be the only way to satisfy the ever-increasing demand for information.
Cooperation, Consortia, Compatibility, Connectivity
Authors: Svoboda Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early sixties, while the Czech and Slovak libraries were correctly perceived as a danger to the establishment, government and party officials developed and supported systems of scientific and technological information, according to the Soviet model, in a vain effort to slow down the increase of the technological lag behind the West. At that time central information offices the IINTE in Warsaw, the CINTI in Sofia, the OMIKK in Budapest, the UVTEI in Prague, and the MCNTI in Moscow were thriving, while the majority of libraries made no progress.1 After 1968, the isolation from developments abroad was almost impermeable.
The Retrospective Conversion in Czech Libraries
Authors: Stoklasová Bohdana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the basic conditions of “open” libraries is that they make their catalogs, the key to their collections (not only the new ones), widely and freely available. Today, the retrospective conversion of catalogs belongs to the highest priorities of the National Library (NL) of the Czech Republic. There are some five million catalog cards awaiting conversion, cards of various provenance and character, including hand-written cards from early nineteenth century. Considering the quantity that is to be converted and the special features of these cards, the retrospective conversion of the NL catalog is very costly and requires a substantial commitment of time on our part.
Cataloging Standards in Czech Libraries
Authors: Stoklasová Bohdana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Frederick Kilgour, the founder of the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC), visited the National Library in Prague in 1992, he was most favorably impressed with the results of our automation program at the library, the quality of our records, and especially by the attention we pay to adherence to international standards. At the end of his visit he expressed the hope that our records might enrich the OCLC database in the near future. I took these words more as an encouragement of our efforts than as an imminent reality. Yet, his words proved providential: the National Library in Prague became the first library in a post-Communist country whose records were accepted by OCLC; further, the library is now one of the most important foreign institutions cooperating with OCLC on the UNIMARC-to-USMARC and USMARC to UNIMARC conversion.
The Union Catalog
Authors: Feret Blażej 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My interest in union catalogs (or, rather, “union OPACs”) began when nine academic libraries in Lodz Poland, started to implement a single, integrated library system. We were sure that after the successful implementation of the automation system at our libraries, we would provide users not only with nine separate OPACs but also with one access point that would serve all library catalogues. What is more, the question of how the union catalog would be created was one of the most important questions posed by our sponsor-The A. W. Mellon Foundation. What at first seemed to be an easy task became more complicated as time passed.
Knowledge and Information Processing
Authors: Csík Tibor , Varga Katalin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We live in an information era. Information is a most popular commodity, and its circulation, processing, and dissemination are economically important businesses. Storing and processing information and gaining access to it are diminishing problems, thanks to the new technologies (cheap devices with great storage capacities, and increasingly common information skills). However, there is a growing problem of obtaining the relevant information.
The Dissemination and Archival Storage of Old Materials as Electronic Documents
Authors: Knoll Adolf 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The world is rich in culture and in various types of knowledge, substantial parts of which have been recorded. However, with the passage of time, some recorded knowledge becomes endangered, because it may no longer be possible to decode it. This pertains not only to modern electronic communications or to the preservation of the printed, mostly paper-based, heritage.
The Automation of Special Collections
Authors: Pasztaleniec-Jarzyńska Joanna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 1990s, we have observed an unusual development in computer technologies: Relatively small processors used by libraries have been superseded by multimedia workstations with Pentium processors, offering previously unobtainable storage capacities and information-processing rates. Multimedia systems have developed rapidly since the mid-1980s. And a new type of document appeared on the book market, which has become generally accepted by readers, publishers, and libraries, and which combines text, graphics, sound, animation, and video; offers interactive access to information; and provides a totally new quality in teaching, education, research, and in ordinary communication and entertainment.
Staffing Patterns for Academic Libraries of Central and Eastern Europe, Russia, and the CIS Countries
Authors: Hayes Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents the background, methodology, and results of a research project that obtained data concerning staffing patterns for major academic libraries in Central and Eastern Europe, Russia, and the countries that belong to the Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS). The project analyzed those data for the purpose of establishing a set of benchmarks as a basis for assessing the effects of future changes, especially those resulting from library automation.
Interactions between Library Automation and Staff and Patron Training
Authors: Krysiak Ewa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With Internet access and information technology at hand, librarians and information providers have gained unpredicted vast possibilities for enriching and upgrading our services. Those who have spent hundreds of hours navigating the information superhighway are aware of how difficult it is to find exactly what is needed. But the deluge of data can be both a blessing and a curse.
The Contribution of Integrated Library Services to the Ensuring of Quality Services
Authors: Skaliczki Judit , Zalai-Kovács Éva 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even in the 1970s, Hungarian libraries had already been considering the questions and possibilities of automation. In the beginning, the libraries used mostly the Microisis based software that had been developed by their own computer specialists to automate different work processes. From the mid-1980s on, librarians at mainly the academic and specialized libraries drew encouragement-from articles in library journals and from personal experience gained abroad-for efforts to formulate their own plans and ideas regarding automation. The introduction of integrated library systems received a strong boost at the beginning of the 1990s.
Continuity and Change in the Thought of Rennyo
Authors: Weinstein Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The two names that most likely co e to ind first when one thinks of the _great teachers and leaders of the Jodoshmshu 111 the premodern penod are Shmran and Rennyo. These names are known not only to students of Japanese religion or followers of the Shinshu school but also to most ordinary Japanese, since these names figure prominently in high school textbooks.
Rennyo and the Salvation of Women
Authors: Naoko Hara Matsumura 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rennyo is known to have actively preached on the salvation of women and their birth into the Pure Land. In looking at Rennyo’s eighty extant Letters (Tonai ofumi), twenty-eight refer to women. According to Minowa Shuho, four characteristics can be seen in the way Rennyo viewed women.
Rennyo Shonin, Manipulator of Icons
Authors: Blum Mark L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There can be no question that the role of icons in the history of Buddhism suggests a pantheistic system. At least this would be the view of Roy Rappaport, who, in Ritual and Religion in the Making of Humanity, understands this to be the case when religious images have different roles for different people within a given culture. This means, of course, that religious images in Buddhist cultures may take on an array of context-specific meanings, but also that ancient symbols with wellestablished pedigrees of meaning may, at some point, find those pedigrees torn up and thrown out. In Rennyo we find just such an example of pedigree burning. Rennyo is known for many accomplishments in his successful drive to reshape the landscape of the Jodoshin school of Japanese Buddhism into one wholly dominated by his Honganji line, but one of the least appreciated is his effective use of the visual symbols of his lineage. This essay is an exploration of how Rennyo understood and exploited the iconic power of images for his community and sought to redefine their sacrality. I hope to show that this process is best seen not as a secondary byproduct of Rennyo’s religious outlook but as something representative of his specific line of thought. In short, Buddhist art for Rennyo was deployed not only as a means to express bis personal concept of orthodoxy but also to expand Honganji’s religious, social, and political control under his leadership.
Shinran and Renny: Comparing Their Views of Birth in the Pure Land
Authors: Blum Terakawa Shunsho Translated By Mark L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If you ask people to suggest an example of the formation of a powerful tradition over generations in Japanese Pure Land Buddhism many might point to the lineage formed by the Honen-Shinran link and then add Rennyo. If one then added what sacred writings would represent this line, we would perceive a continuity of thought in the traditional line that runs through the Senchakushii of Honen (1133-1212), the Yuishinsha of Seikaku (1167-1235),2 the Tannisha of Yuien (d. 1289),’ and the Letters of Rennyo (1415-1499). This tradition is based on an understanding of the Buddhist path as a “path to Birth via nenbutsu,” an understanding that is certainly recognized by anyone today.
Rennyo and Luther: Similarities in Their Faith and Community Building
Authors: Bragt Katō Chiken 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What kind of religious community or congregation can one expect to see develop in the type of religion for which observances and rites are not important and faith alone is everything? This chapter investigates this question in connection with Rennyo, the eighth abbot of the Honganji branch of Jodoshinshii, who followed Shinran’s conviction that it is only faith (shiniin) that matters, and with Martin Luther (1483-1546), who came to his “salvation by faith only” (sofa fide) declaration in a frontal confrontation with the Roman Catholic Church. Of course it must be understood that the historical and religious backgrounds of these two personalities differ greatly.
The Bardo Of The Moments Of Death
Authors: Evans-Wentz Donald S , Lopez Donald S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first, the setting-face-to-face with the Clear Light, during the Intermediate State of the Moments of Death, is: Here [some there may be] who have listened much [to religious instructions] yet not recognized ; and [some] who, though recognizing, are, nevertheless, weak in familiarity. But all classes of individuals who have received the practical teachings [called] GuidesI will, if this be applied to them, be set face to face with the fundamental Clear Light ; and, without any Intermediate State, they will obtain the Unborn Dharma-K aya, by the Great Perpendicular Path.
Original Intent As A Basis For Constitution Al Interpretation
Authors: Davis Derek H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To moceficmly establish the place of odginal intent in conslitutional adjudication, it is necessary in this opening chapter to consider, first, a number of important historical and contemporary perspectives on the debate over original intent and, second, how original intent serves as a guideline to interpretation of the Constitution and First Amendment’s provisions concerning religion. In this way, the relevance of examining the record of the Continental Congress on religion as an aid to recovering the framers’ original intent will become more apparent.
A national seal and a ( national?) Bible
Authors: Davis Derek H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Th, fast of two sections in this chapter considmth, religious overtones of the Continental Congress’s creation and adoption of he nation’s official seal. The design of the seal indicates again Congress’s irreluctance to assign religious meaning to the events surrounding the formation of the new nation. The second section examines Congress’s consideration of a proposal to pay for the publication of 20,000 copies of an American edition of the Bible needed to meet a severe shortage of Bibles in the colonies during the Revolutionary War.
The Continent Al Congress and Religious Liberty
Authors: Davis Derek H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many of the colonial leaders who led the independence movement had in mind from the beginning both political and religious freedom. Two late colonial actions reflect this emphasis. First was the Massachusetts legislature’s call on 17 June 1774 for the convening of the First Continental Congress. Among the purposes stated in this appeal, as noted in chapter 4, was that the colonial representatives should devise measures “for the recovery and establishment of their just rights and liberties, civil and religious.”1 The second action occurred the following year, when the New York Provincial Congress resolved that “neither the Parliament of Great Britain, nor any other earthly legislature or tribunal, ought or can of right interfere or interpose in anywise howsoever in the religious and ecclesiastical concerns of the colonies.”2 These two actions reveal the early commitment of the colonial leaders to religious liberty, at least leaving to each colony its own independence from the king and Parliament in matters of religion.
A Story about Santa Claus
Authors: Huyke Juan B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“A story? But my soul is not up for stories, my children. Let me sleep, let me forget.” “But we want to hear one, and play.” “Come on, a story.” “Come on, a Christmas story. A pretty story like those you tell. Just imagine that Sarfn will be listening to you too.” My children have named my beloved departed child, who also would ask her father to tell a story.
Little Red Riding Hood
Authors: Murphy G Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The very brief commentary made on the story in the first edition is also significant: “Rather surprisingly, outside of our oral saga, we have come across this tale nowhere except in Perrault (chaperon rouge) from which comes Tieck’s version.” In the 2nd edition, 1822, the commentary is little changed and equally obscure: “From the region around the Main river. In Perrault, chaperon rouge, from which comes Tieck’s lively reworking of the tale.2” The sources of the story are therefore to be found in the oral versions told to the brothers, and in their knowledge of Perrault’s and Tieck’s versions of Red Riding Hood. Neither Perrault’s version nor Tieck’s can in any way be called religious poetry of the type that Wilhelm thought he found in the old tales.
A Final Act of Purification the Modern Scientific Attack on Prayer
Authors: Ostrander Rick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was an unusually wet summer in Britain in 1860, so wet that the nation’s harvest was threatened. Church officials, responding in the customary way, had special prayers for fair weather read across the nation. However, an uncustomary thing happened. Some clergymen, most notably Charles Kingsley, the broad churchman, social reformer, and novelist, turned down requests to read such prayers. Praying for fair weather was presumptuous, Kingsley told his parishioners, for it supposed that we know what the order of nature should be better than God does. Praying for fair weather meant asking God “to alter the tides of the ocean, the form of the continents, the pace at which the earth spins round, the force, and light, and speed of sun and moon.” The weather was based on the regularity of laws that God has instituted for our benefit, Kingsley said, and prayer should be directed at more productive ends than asking God to abrogate his laws.
A Sane Mysticism The Christocentric Liberal Ethic of Prayer
Authors: Ostrander Rick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In light of the American liberal understanding of God and the world elucidated in the previous chapter, one might expect liberal Protestants, like the German idealists before them, to have abandoned traditional petitionary prayer altogether. In reality, however, the liberal expurgation of the super­ natural element in prayer occurred quite gradually. Before 1920, a significant segment of liberal Protestantism sought to retain the traditional confidence in petitionary prayer even while asserting a devotional ethic in harmony with modern nonsupernaturalistic thought. Not until the 1920s did a full-fledged ethic of prayer largely stripped of petition begin to become prominent within American liberalism.
The Religion of a Mature Mind Liberal Devotional Teachings in the Early Twentieth Century
Authors: Ostrander Rick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Liberal Protestant devotional writers of the early twentieth century not only attempted to justify petitionary prayer in a world of science; they also sought to encourage a life of prayer in the busy modern world. The daily devotional life, a staple of Protestant spirituality, had to be maintained in the twentieth century. However, while their conservative counterparts held fast to the historic Protestant norm, liberals, in keeping with their reinterpretation of Christianity for a modern age, departed significantly from traditional Protestant devotionalism.
Research Strategies and Methods
Authors: Chin Ko-lin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In order to examine as comprehensively as possible the many aspects of Chinese gangs, this study used multiple research methods to collect data from subjects with diverse backgrounds. Overall, five research strategies were involved, each designed to achieve one or more specific aims. Table 2.1 illustrates the subjects, the sample size, and the goals of the research components of the study reported here.
In the following sections, I describe the five components in detail. Specific methodological issues encountered—including sampling, questionnaire construction, pretesting, interviewer recruitment and training, securing support from the community, and building rapport with the subjects—are discussed in depth. Unique problems in doing field interviews in the Chinese community and ways of coping with these problems are also considered.
As discussed in the first chapter, the allegations of widespread and costly extortion by Chinese gangs have not been substantiated by research. No comprehensive data are available to validate claims about the process and scope of extortion by Chinese gangs.
Poe, Persons, And Property
Authors: Dayan Joan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In an u forgettable passage of Discourse on Colonialism (195 5), Aime Cesaire, obsessed by the fecal motives implicit in the rule of law, reflected on the colonies as a safety valve for modern civil society. But he warrted that, inevitably, the pristine locale purged of barbarism turns into “a receptacle into which there flow all the dirty waters of history” (45). Edgar Allan Poe’s preoccupation with what is pernicious, dark, and deadly might be qualified somewhat more cautiously as his attempt to make his tales those circumscribed places that would contain what his society deemed monstrous and unfit. Let us take Cesaire’s dirty flood and all-encroaching dunghill as an apt image for theorizing Poe’s recycling of persons and property, the way his characters portray again and again the waste products, the residue, the outcasts excluded from the privileges and immunities granted citizens in the nation’s legal order.
Introduction
Authors: Rummel Erika 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The new edition of the Theologische Realenzyklopedie, the first to include an entry on confessionalism, defines it as the exclusive focusing on one’s own confession and its differentiation from other doctrinal formulations. The process of confessionalization is now recognized as a significant aspect of the Reformation and an incisive development in the history of early modern Europe. It has received considerable scholarly attention over the past twenty years. Heinz Schilling and Wolfgang Reinhard, who were in the vanguard of research into the phenomenon, have noted its political, social, and intellectual dimensions.
No Room for Skeptics
Authors: Rummel Erika 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Paul Oskar Kristeller has pointed out that humanism is “a cultural and educational program” rather than a philosophy. This is not to deny that humanists reshaped classical philosophy in their own image. Modern scholars studying the relationship between humanism and classical schools of thought have focused their attention on Aristotelianism (the humanist critique of) and Platonism (the humanist revival of), and have dealt less frequently with the relationship between humanism and skepticism in the early sixteenth century.
Humanists and Confessionalization: Fear, Equivocation, and Withdrawal
Authors: Rummel Erika 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The confessionalization of humanism was not an abstract process. It involved the indoctrination of individuals and their compliance with the new norms. Once the reformers had established their doctrinal positions, they urged followers to make a clear commitment and break with the practices of the established church. Catholic authorities in turn demanded clear proof of loyalty from those who lived in their jurisdiction. Many, however, were unable to make such a commitment.