bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Secular Cities? Berlin, London, and New York in the Later Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries
Authors: Mcleod Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between the later seventeenth century and the late twentieth, most western societies moved from being, at least on paper, monolithically Christian, to a situation in which a significant proportion of the population professes no religious belief and has little or no connection with any kind of church.1 An essential precondition for this was the gradual development of religious toleration from the later seventeenth century onwards. The pioneers were England, the Netherlands, and some of the British colonies in North America. But gradually in the course of the eighteenth century effective toleration spread to most other parts of western Europe. The crucial significance of this development was that unorthodox religion, or irreligion, or simply religious non-practice, became legally permitted alternatives.
Internal and External War: 1927–1945
Authors: Brewer John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Considerable developments occurred in the state’s policy of internal colonialism during the years covered by this chapter, and while not as critical as the period after 1948 in this respect, regulations on the Black population intensified and their rights were severely curtailed. It was in this period that the primary task of policing in South Africa narrowed to be control of Blacks. However, various changes in the material circumstances of the Black population were beginning to take place at this time, which fostered the militancy of later periods. What is more, changes occurred in White politics in this period which were instrumental to the 1948 election victory of the National Party on a policy of apartheid, which became the fullest expression of the state’s policy of internal colonialism. These events provide background to developments in policing between 1927 and 1945, and to the role of the police in regulating race relations during this and later periods, and will be outlined in this introduction.
Perceptions of the Labour Market: An Investigation of Differences by Gender and by Working-Time
Authors: Burchell Brendan , Elliott Jane , Rubery Jill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Studies of labour-market structures or divisions have primarily been concerned with describing the practices and processes by which divisions in the labour force are created or reinforced. These studies tend to fall into two types: those concerned with charting employer policies and practices (Osterman 1982; Baron and Bielby 1980; Atkinson 19856/; Rubery 1988), or with the demand side of the labour market, and those concerned with work- and life-history data which reveal the interaction of the supply and the demand side of the labour market on individuals’ and groups’ life chances without being able to differentiate adequately between these different influences (Hunt 1988). An aspect of the labour market that has been less systematically explored is how individuals who participate in the labour market actually perceive labour-market opportunities and labour-market barriers.
Internal Labour Markets from Managers’ and Employees’ Perspectives
Authors: Burchell Brendan , Rubery Jill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Interest in internal labour markets has recently been fuelled by a variety of different considerations. These range from the theoretical concerns of the new institutionalist economics to the more practical issues of the role of Japanese-type employment systems on labour productivity. All perspectives have, however, taken as their starting-point the employment policy system as described and understood by management.
Shadow and Reality in Occupational History: Britain in the First Half of the Twentieth Century
Authors: Vincent David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a study of social mobility which existed only in the mind. Its central concern is with occupations which were never found, with work histories which never took place. The analysis explores the origin, substance, and function of the imagined alternative careers which men and women carried with them as they conducted their actual careers in the British economy from the years before 1914 until the early decades after the Second World War.
The Familial Meaning of Housing in Social Rootedness and Mobility: Britain and France
Authors: Bertaux-Wiame Isabelle , Thompson Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Families differ greatly in their relationships to housing. This is because a house is of much greater significance than a mere physical shell providing shelter. A house is also, both externally and internally, a stage on which are played out both the internal roles within the household and the outward presentation of its members to the social community in which it is situated.1 The special social importance of houses is probably true of almost all settled societies: certainly it is evident outside the West.
Inside the Cult
Authors: Whitehouse Harvey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the past thirty years, adherents of a millenarian cult in Papua New Guinea, known as the Pomio Kivung, have been awaiting the establishment of a period of supernatural bliss, heralded by the return of their ancestors bearing ‘cargo’. The author, Harvey Whitehouse, was taken for a reincarnated ancestor, and was thus able to observe the dynamics of the cult from within. From the stable mainstream of the cult, localized splinter groups periodically emerge, hoping to expedite the millennium; the core of this volume concerns the close study of one such group in two Baining villages. The two aspects of the cult studied here – on the one hand a large, uniform, and stable mainstream organization with a well-defined hierarchy demanding orthodoxy of views, and on the other hand a small-scale and temporary movement, emotional and innovative in its views – stand in sharp contrast one to the other, but are here seen as divergent manifestations of the same religious ideology, implemented in differing ways. This original theory of ‘modes of religiosity’ which Whitehouse here develops draws on recent findings in cognitive psychology to link styles of codification and cultural transmission to the political scale, structure, and ethos of religious communities.
The Ageing Society, the Family, and Social Policy*
Authors: Sumitaka Harada 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to a demographic estimate as of 1 October 1994, the number of people aged 65 or above in Japan increased from the preceding year’s figure by 680,000 to 17,580,000, to account for 14.1 per cent of the national population (Table 6.1). The ratio still remained lower than those in western European countries, but was higher than those in the United States and Canada. Moreover, given the recent declining trend in the birth rate, the share of over-65s in Japanese population forecast is bound to become the world’s highest within less than a decade.
Part-Time Work in West Germany
Authors: Blossfeld Hans-Peter , Rohwer Gotz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we study the long-term development of women’s employ¬ ment and its relationship to the family cycle in Germany. We describe the changes from 1925 until the end of the Second World War for Germany as a whole and then concentrate on changes in West Germany specifically. Changes in women’s employment in East Germany after the Second World War are not analysed here because they follow broadly the same patterns and processes that are discussed more generally for socialist countries in Central and Eastern Europe by Drobnic in Chapter 3.
The Gallerani Account Book Of 1305-8
Authors: Nobes C W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the Libro dell‘entratae dell‘escita of the London branch of the Gallerani company between the years 1305 and 1308. It appears that it has not been considered in detail before by an accountant. The question of whether it represents double entry is examined. The Farolfi ledger, which may be the earliest extant example of double entry, is only six years older (Lee I 977). This research should be of interest to those who are not accounting historians because it deals with the period when bookkeeping was developing into the Italian fifteenth-century double-entry system which is still the basis of accounting throughout most of the world. Further, because it is not immediately clear whether this account book uses double entry, it raises interesting questions about the exact nature of the characteristics of double entry.
Communication by Design?
Authors: Mansell Robin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Changes in advanced information and communication technologies have fundamental implications for the way we communicate, produce, and use information, and accumulate knowledge. Although there can be little doubt of this, the investigative tools and concepts that would enable us to uncover the dynamics of such changes have proven elusive to disciplinary-based scholars in the social sciences. Our aim in this chapter is to outline the theoretical frameworks that underpin our investigations of how actors in the information and communication technology supplier, user, and policy-making communities are actively participating in the innovation processes that generate the technical and institutional conditions that are contributing to pervasive changes in industrial activities and everyday life.
Design and the Domestication of Information and Communication Technologies: Technical Change and Everyday Life
Authors: Silverstone Roger , Haddon Leslie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Technological innovation is not just a matter of production. Consumption and use are equally essential components of the innovation process. Technological innovation is also not just a matter of engineering. Both new and old technologies are social products: they are symbolic and aesthetic as well as material and functional. Production and consumption are not related to each other in a singular or linear fashion, but are the product of a complex pattern of activities in which producers and consumer-users, as well as those who intervene in and facilitate the process of consumption, take part.
Software by Design
Authors: Quintas Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapter has explored the concepts of design-in-use, suggesting that technological design and innovation are processes completed in the consumption of information and communication technology products within the domestic environment. Conventional notions of the spatial, temporal, institutional, and social location of design activity have thus come under critical scrutiny. In this chapter we continue this critical treatment, moving away from the domestic environment to investigate the activities of ‘production’. Our focus is on software and, in particular, the processes by which software systems are designed, the agencies involved, and the organizational contexts in which design takes place. Sharp divisions between ‘production’ and ‘use’ are not always appropriate in the software arena and the heterogeneous and temporally changing relationships between software developers and users are the central focus of this chapter.
Institutional Shareholders And Corporate Governance In The United Kingdom
Authors: Short Helen , Keasey Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Within the general UK corporate governance debate, there is an increasing emphasis on the need for institutional shareholders to play an active role in the governance of companies. For example, the Cadbury Report (1992) notes that, ‘Because of their collective stake, we look to the institutions in particular, with the backing of the Institutional Shareholders ‘ Committee, to use their influence as owners to ensure that the companies in which they have invested comply with the Code ‘ (para. 6.16). However, in many of the discussions of the need for an increased involvement by institutions in corporate governance issues there has been a distinct lack of consideration given to the objectives of institutions and their willingness and ability actively to govern corporations. In particular, it is not clear that institutions, at least on an individual basis, have incentives to devote resources to active monitoring. Agency problems existing between the ultimate beneficiaries of institutional funds and the fund managers responsible for the investment of those funds may act to emphasize short-term profits at the expense of the longer-term corporate governance issues. Furthermore, it is unclear that the role of institutions as shareholders can be easily reconciled with their role as investors where there is a duty to maximize the return for the beneficiaries of the funds that they invest.
Contract Law, Trust Relations, and Incentives for Co-operation: A Comparative Study
Authors: Deakin Simon , Lane Christel , Wilkinson Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is, it seems, a wide consensus to the effect that the institutions of contract law are largely marginal to the processes of business contracting. Following Macaulay (1963), most socio-legal scholars would maintain that business parties make little use of contract as a planning or incentive mechanism in long-term business relationships, and that they value flexibility more highly than strict adherence to contract terms. Transaction cost economics has echoed this theme, suggesting that in the case of ‘bilateral governance’, specialized governance structures can operate to maintain the relationship without the need for external legal support (Williamson 1985). In this chapter we report evidence which casts doubt on both these contentions, and which, we would suggest, requires a reassessment of the role of contract law in shaping contractual co-operation. The evidence is derived from a comparative survey of inter-firm relations in Britain, Germany, and Italy. Both inter-firm contracts, in the sense of formal agreements, and the wider system of contract law are found to have an important role to play in fostering trust, in the sense of ‘a mechanism by which actors reduce the internal complexity of their interaction system and which enables the actors to mutually establish specific expectations about their future behaviour’ (Lane and Bachmann 1996: 367). The influence of the legal system needs to be understood in the context of other institutional factors, in particular the activities of industry-level trade associations and of standard-setting organizations.
The Japanese Transplants in North America: Production Organization, Location, and Research and Development
Authors: Florida Richard , Jenkins Davis , Smith Donald f. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For more than a decade, there has been growing interest in the methods developed by Japanese manufacturers to organize and manage production work on the factory floor. Such work systems are seen as a source of competitive advantage for Japanese companies in automobiles, electronics, and other industries, and, more generally, as the foundation for a new and superior form of capitalist industrial organization (Lazonick, 1990; Abo, 1993; Kenney and Florida, 1993). Interest in Japanese work practices was intensified by the high level of Japanese direct investment in manufacturing in the USA during the 1980s. Between 1980 and 1990, the number of Japanese manufacturing facilities in the USA increased more than fivefold from 240 to 1,380 plants, and the number of American workers employed by Japanese manufacturing plants increased from 52,339 to 340,000.
The Christian Communities, Active Members of Arab Society throughout History
Authors: Samir Samir Khalil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The title of this contribution expresses exactly what I wish to bring to light: the active role played by the Christians in the development of Arab Muslim society. At the same time, however, I shall also examine their role as ‘subjects’ in the Muslim Empire. The title specifies ‘throughout history’ because their situation has evolved during the course of history, due to sociological and political reasons.
The Emigration of Christian Arabs: Dimensions and Causes of the Phenomenon
Authors: Sabella Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Emigration trends among Christian Arabs have historically been affected by the political and communal climate and by the economic conditions prevailing in specific societies and in the region of the Middle East as a whole. Emigration in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries may also have been related to an overall increase in the population and the inability of the local economies in Lebanon, Syria, and Palestine, to support this increase. A more likely explanation, however, would be a combination of the socio-economic characteristics of Christians with specific political and economic woes to make emigration a feasible alternative to many Christians.
The Political Dynamics of the Copts: Giving the Community an Active Role
Authors: Khawaga Dina El 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Egyptian Copts represent a special case compared to the other Chris¬ tian communities of the Middle East. What makes them different is that they have hardly ever developed an explicit form of political expression as a religious denomination. This choice has not been dictated solely by their intense national integration. It is a characteristic which derives from their umbilical ties with Egyptian soil, from the painful history of their relations with every other Church in the world, whether Orthodox, Catholic, or Protestant, and from Egypt’s evolution since the early stages of the national State and the period of colonization. The intertwining of all these different factors has strengthened the national aspect both of the Coptic Church and the Coptic community since the beginning of the modem era. It is an aspect which is often referred to when denoting the political profile of the Copts, as if support for the independence of Egypt were a political choice in itself.
The Modernization of Family and Motherhood in Western Europe
Authors: Pfau-Effinger Birgit 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last decades the social practices of motherhood have changed substantially in Europe. Women have to an increasing degree entered the labour market, particularly in the phase of ’active motherhood’-that is, when their children are still young. As a result, the employed mother has become a new norm in Europe. These changes are reflected in the experiences of childhood. In many European countries, young children in particular are cared for to a greater extent by public institutions. These developments are part and parcel of the social processes of individualization that emerged after the Second World War (Beck 1986) and have contributed to the erosion of traditional forms of the family.
Intergenerational perspectives on family and household change in mid- and later life in England and Wales
Authors: Grundy Emily 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In many developed countries, people aged 50 or more now account for a large and growing proportion of the total population. In England and Wales in 1994, for example, 31 per cent of the population were aged 50 or over, and by 2021 this proportion is projected to reach 41 per cent (OPCS 1996b). As the household is an important consumption unit, the household arrangements of such a demographically substantial group have major social and economic implications. The household also remains an important unit for the production and exchange of essentials, including meals, personal care, emotional support, and companionship, and is to an in creasing extent the locus of leisure activities.
Teenage mothers: decisions and outcomes
Authors: Allen Isobel , Dowling Shirley Bourke 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study described in this chapter set out to examine the ways in which teenage mothers make decisions about their pregnancies and housing and living arrangements, both during pregnancy and after the birth of their babies. Almost 42,000 babies were born to teenage women in England and Wales in 1995, the year when the women in this study became mothers. Increasingly, public discussion has focused on teenage mothers as burdens on the state, who become so by choosing to have babies while single, by living on benefits in local authority housing, and by receiving housing priority over married couples with children. This widely held view of teenage mothers is not supported by research, which shows that most young women do not make a positive choice to become pregnant (Bury 1984; Hudson and Ineichen 1991), and do not become pregnant to receive benefits or to get priority in housing over other families (Hopkinson 1976; Clark 1989).
Topics for Conversation: Career Themes Old and New
Authors: Peiperl Maury A , Arthur Michael B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The millennium is an opportune time to consider the concept of career what it means, how it has evolved, and how it may be changing. A thousand years ago careers were largely left to the individual. With the exception of the church, the military, and to a lesser extent governments, few bureaucracies existed. Most people’s work was closely tied to their family and community. And although there were no psychologists, sociologists, or careers researchers (that we know of) to report it, there was a certain work-life balance. That is, those ‘working to live’ so far outnumbered those ‘living to work’ that we can be reasonably assured that working lives and personal lives were in synch: they were part and parcel of each other. People were usually artisans, farmers, laborers, or domestic servants, their families were intertwined with their work, and their work was intertwined with their community.
Economics, Social Capital, and the Colonization of the Social Sciences
Authors: Fine Ben , Green Francis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ONE reason for the rise of ‘social capital’ in social discourse is that the concept appears to constitute a new weapon to deploy at the perennial skirmishes on the borders between economics and other social sciences. Although only a minority of economists will yet have heard of it, social capital appears to be both quantifiable and related to traditional economic variables like Gross Domestic Product growth rates, thus potentially trumping economists at their own game. Or, to be less confrontational, social capital may be viewed as a way for other social sciences to engage with economists, to introduce a social element into the analysis of economic phenomena and thus achieve a unified theory.
Socializing Social Capital: Identity, the Transition to Work, and Economic Development
Authors: Fevre Ralph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE critical role of social capital in the colonization of the social sciences by economics is discussed by Fine and Green in their contribution to this volume. Their chapter follows a brilliant series of articles in which Fine has charted the imperialist inroads of economics (Fine 1997; 1999a, c). Fine argues that when non-economists adopt ideas of social—or human—capital as part of the process whereby economics colonizes their disciplines, this does little or nothing to improve understanding in these other disciplines unless they already happen to favour rational choice explanations.
Social Capital and Associational Life
Authors: Maloney William A , Smith Graham , Stoker Gerry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
FUNDAMENTAL to debates about social capital is the belief that the quality of democratic politics in modern societies is dependent upon the performance of organizations such as interest groups, intermediary associations, civic associations, social movements and voluntary associations (van Deth 1998: 1). A thriving civil society is perceived as acting as a check on state activities: a strong civic community creates strong government, and strong democracy which ‘… rests on the idea of a self governing community of citizens [which] ... challenges the politics of elites’ (Barber 1984: 117).