bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Means of Expression in Animals
Authors: Darwin Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this and the following chapter I will describe, but only in sufficient detail to illustrate my subject, the expressive movements, under different states of the mind, of some few well known animals. But before considering them in due succession, it will save much useless repetition to discuss certain means of expression common to most of them.
The emission of sounds. With many kinds of animals, man included, the vocal organs are efficient in the highest degree as a means of expression. We have seen, in the last chapter, that when the sensorium is strongly excited, the muscles of the body are generally thrown into violent action; and as a consequence, loud sounds are uttered, however silent the animal may generally be, and although the sounds may be of no use. Hares* and rabbits, for instance, never, I believe, use their vocal organs except in the extremity of suffering; as, when a wounded hare is killed by the sportsman, or when a young rabbit is caught by a stoat. Cattle and horses suffer great pain in silence; but when this is excessive,
Selfattention Shame Shyness Modesty: Blushing
Authors: Darwin Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Blushing is the most peculiar and the most human of all expressions. Monkeys redden from passion, but it would require an overweening amount of evidence to make us believe that any animal could blush. The reddening of the face from a blush is due to the relaxation of the muscular coats of the small arteries, by which the capillaries become filled with blood; and this depends on the proper vasomotor center being affected. No doubt if there be at the same time much mental agitation, the general circulation will be affected; but it is not due to the action of the heart that the network of minute vessels covering the face becomes under a sense of shame gorged with blood. We can cause laughing by tickling the skin, weeping or frowning by a blow, trembling from the fear of pain, and so forth; but we cannot cause a blush, as Dr Burgess remarks, by any physical means that is by any action on the body. It is the mind which must be affected. Blushing is not only involuntary; but the wish to restrain it, by leading to self attention, actually increases the tendency.
The young blush much more freely than the old, but not during infancy,* which is remarkable, as we know that infants at a very
Sophocles and Time
Authors: Hutchinson G O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper is not directly concerned with Sophocles’ views on time. It is interested rather in considering how structures of time are used in the plays to shape the experiences they depict and provide. In a literary work time is, among other things, a way of organizing material, articulating its meaning, intensifying its force. The sequence of past, present, and future is a framework fundamental to most criticism of drama; but the area of time that will primarily concern us here is the opposition, little explored for drama, between imperfective and perfective. This may sound like an eccentric move from a grammar of drama to a drama of grammar; but what is envisaged is not principally a matter of the forms of verbs, and not at all a matter of linking the grammar of a language to the frame of mind in its users. The grammatical structure of Greek, or Russian, offers essentially only a metaphor for the kind of thing that interests us; and it is not an authority but a stimulus.
Comic Patterns in Sophocles’ Ichneutae
Authors: Zagagi Netta 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sophocles’ Ichneutae is one of a group of satyr-plays which are only loosely connected with tragedy in their themes and in their poetic atmosphere. One can safely assume that it does not constitute a direct parody of any individual tragedy —but that, after all, is one of the salient characteristics of the satyric genre. Moreover, the theme of this play itself, albeit mythological, is in its very nature and essence non-tragic. Its plot consists mainly of the story of the search for Apollo’s lost cattle, ending successfully with the exposure of the thief, the baby Hermes; but at the same time we also have the discovery of Hermes’ wonderful invention, the lyre, which is to become the main musical instrument used by Apollo himself. The fragmentary nature of our evidence makes it difficult to guess to what extent, if at all, this pretty but rather marginal myth, a brief episode in the biography of the two Olympian brothers, had ever attracted the attention of the major tragedians; but it is clear that, as far as its subject-matter goes, it has nothing to offer which would be even faintly reminiscent of the intensity of the tragic genre.
Relief Sculpture of the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
Authors: Cook B F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The site of the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World, was rediscovered and partially excavated by C. T. Newton's expedition in 1865-6, and has been cleared completely by the Danish Archaeological Expedition to Bodrum (1966-76). Most of the fragments of relief sculpture have not been published before. The larger pieces, including slabs formerly incorporated in the Castle at Bodrum, are well known, but new, detailed photographs are published here for the first time. The Introduction includes a history of the site and the reliefs, with a new hypothesis on their location in the castle, a critique of Newton's accounts of his excavation, and a definitive rebuttal of many attempts made over the past century to attribute the reliefs to the sculptors named by Pliny and Vitruvius as responsible for decorating the four sides of the building, attempts now seen to be mistaken in method and misleading in results.
The Late Archaic Period, 500–480 BC
Authors: Immerwahr Henry R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is no real break between the writing styles of the late sixth and early fifth centuries. The lettering of the Pioneers is directly continued in the early works of such painters as Onesimos (who continues the style of Euphronios), the Kleophrades Painter (who continues that of Euthymides), the Berlin Painter, and Douris. But gradually changes begin to appear which result in a more orderly, not to say more academic, style of writing. These changes bear fruit in the second quarter of the century, when the official stone script acquires a definite character of its own. The graffito inscriptions on ostraca eventually become more regular, and the vase-inscriptions show the influence of stoichedon script and (to a lesser extent) of manuscript writing.
Troy from the Inside
Authors: Taplin Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So then, rank after rank, the Danaan battalions moved in ceaseless advance to war. Each of the leaders gave commands to his men: and the rest of the army moved in silence, and you would not think that so many men with voices in their chests were marching behind them, as they went silently, in fear of their commanders: and round each of them as they marched was the gleam of the beaten armour they wore. But the Trojans, like ewes standing innumerable in a rich man’s farmyard, ready to give their white milk, and bleating incessantly as they hear their lambs’ voices-so hubbub rose from the Trojans throughout the breadth of the army: since there was no common speech or single language shared by all, but a mixture of tongues, and men called from many different lands.
Olympian Athanatology
Authors: Taplin Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Zeus the cloud-gatherer answered her: ’My dear wife, you are always suspecting, and no action of mine can escape you. But even so there is nothing you can do, except to put yourself yet further from my heart̶and that will be the worse for you. If the matter is as you say, then that must be how I wish it. No, sit still and be quiet, and do as I tell you, or all the gods in Olympos will be no help to you, when I come close and lay my invincible hands on you.
Special Languages
Authors: Dover Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The earliest explicit contrast between poetic and prosaic language is made (about 365) by lsocrates (ix. 9 f.). The lexemes, he says, which poets are able to use are not only áτ τ∈τγμ ναga those prescribed (sc. by general usage) but also those which are ‘alien’, Kaiv&. ‘novel’ or ‘coined’, and µ,Eracpopa{ ‘metaphors’. Writers of λ ó γol(cf. p. 185), on the other hand, have no such freedom, but are confined to T á π &lt;0λiτ κ á τ ν ó νoμ á των‘citizens’ words’’ i.e. ‘words in circulation among ordinary people’. A somewhat more detailed and systematic analysis’ is to be found in Arist.
The Critics: Beginnings, and a Synthesis
Authors: Feeney D C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of the first chapter is to give a picture of the intellectual environment inhabited by the epic poets of the classical tradition, and their readers, as they confronted the problems of the gods in epic. The task is rendered difficult by the obvious fact that this was no homogeneous environment, but a contested and evolving one, of extreme complexity, itself always being transformed by the contribution of each successive poet. It is, further, practically impossible to establish any very firm boundaries around the environment we arc trying to recover, so pervasive was the presence of the epic gods in antiquity. We cannot here, for example, treat the subject of how dramatic poets responded to the gods of epic, although the responses of the dramatic poets will feature incident ally throughout the book. The problem of the gods m epic is large enough as it is without involving yet another distinctive set of problems; the argument of this first chapter will, I trust, establish the justification for taking one literary mode at a time. It will be necessary to be selective to the point of curtness, yet even a selective introductory chapter, by charting the mam critical responses to the gods of Homer, and by setting out the cardinal ancient attitudes towards fiction, will lay enough of a foundation to help the subsequent readings of the post-Homeric epics.
Vergil’s Aeneid
Authors: Feeney D C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I sing of arms and a man, who first from the shores of Troy, an exile by fate came to Italy, tu Lavinium; and he was much buffetted both on land and sea by the violence of the gods above, because of the unforgetful anger of savage Juno; he suffered moch in war as well, until he could found his city and bear his gods into Latium: from this origin come the Latin race, the Alban fathers, and the walls of high Rome. Muse, recount to me the reasons why, tell me what offence to her divinity it was, or what pain the queen of the gods had suffered, which made her force a man famous for his piety to go through such a cycle of disasters, to undergo so many ordeals. Do minds of the heavenly ones have such vast anger? (Aen. 1. 1-11)
The Second Sophistic: Some Problems of Perspective
Authors: Anderson Graham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Antonine Literature’ is easily defined by the chronological limits of a dynasty; but it is also tempting to characterize the Antonine period as the climax of ‘The Second Sophistic’. No one is likely to disagree, but it is not quite so clear with what we are actually agreeing. Again, when we are singling out figures in the cultural history of the Roman Empire it comes to us fairly easily to say that Plutarch, for example, or Galen, or even Tertullian ‘flourished during the period of the Second Sophistic’ or some such formula. The expression has an air of precision about it: we are all expected to know what we mean, and assume a similar knowledge in others. But we ought to be asking ‘What Second Sophistic?’ or ‘Second Sophistic what?’ In trying to work towards an answer, I have set out to avoid any spurious neatness or over-definition: the result has been a series of only partially satisfactory projections, no one of which can easily be made to include or exclude everything that we might wish. But if nothing else, I hope that in questioning the term we can stop and ask ourselves how wide or narrow our use of it is intended to be. Only after we have some notion of what it is, or might claim to be, can we perhaps begin to ask what contact with it can imply.
Plato’s Phaedrus in Second-Century Greek Literature
Authors: Trapp M B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Few works were more firmly entrenched in the ‘cultural syllabus’ of Hellenic paideia by the second century AD than Plato’s Phaedrus. Its rich range of subject-matter-love, the soul, beauty, human destiny, the cosmos, rhetoric, dialectic, teaching, and writing-combined with its literary and stylistic brilliance made it an object of intense and sustained interest to rhetors and philosophers alike, the best single justification for regarding its author as, in Cicero’s words, ‘non intellegendi solum sed etiam dicendi gravissimus auctor et magister’. It must have been hard for the pepaideumenos to emerge from his education, whether rhetorical, philosophical, or both, without having been invited to study and admire this dialogue, and without having come to regard it as a proper model for imitation in his own literary products. My main aim in what follows is to illustrate the consequences of this state of affairs in surviving second-century Greek literature-to show just how and where in the work of the period the Phaedrus’ potential as an object of classicizing mimesis was in fact realized.
Psyche and her Mysterious Husband
Authors: Kenney E J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John J. Winkler has argued that the title conventionally given to Apuleius, Metamorphoses, 4. 28-6. 24 ‘is fundamentally abu sive to the narrative technique of the tale’, which is (in part at all events) a detective story in which the identity of Psyche’s husband is not revealed explicitly until she takes the lamp to him. It is true that a reader skilled in deciphering literary riddles and conversant with Apuleius’ poetic models ought to have little difficulty in putting a name to the cruel, wild, winged being described by the oracle, before whom Jove, the gods, and the Underworld itself all quail (4. 33. 1-2). Never theless, as Winkler notes, ‘Even the reader who comes to the tale knowing [or, it may be added, speedily foresees] the out come must bracket that knowledge as he watches characters who do not know the outcome grapple with the problem’-the situation, one may note in passing, in which Menander’s audiences were placed. However, even the fully switched-on reader that I believe we are entitled to postulate for this rich and sophisticated novel has to grapple with the problem of Cupid’s identity in a sense not acknowledged by Winkler. For there is not one Cupid in Apuleius’ story, but two.
Constructing Character in Greek Tragedy
Authors: Easterling P E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Critics of ancient drama are still keenly engaged in a long running debate about character, despite a readiness on everyone’s part nowadays to acknowledge significant differences between play-worlds and ordinary social reality. No one any longer asks the equivalent, in relation to Greek tragedy, of the question ‘How many children had Lady Macbeth?’, naÏ vely supposing that the stage figures can be studied as if they were beings with a continuing off-stage existence. And most critics are much more willing to recognize that the old certainties about character and personality can no longer be taken for granted. But there is still plenty of room for disagreement, and in this chapter I try to suggest why this should be so, without pretending to wish away, let alone resolve, the difficulties that arise.
Towards a Chronology of Plutarch’s Works
Authors: Jones C P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The belief is widespread that the majority of Plutarch’s works was written after the death of Domitian in 96, when the author was a comparatively old man. So far, however, the foundations for this belief have not been firmly laid. The latest study of Plutarchian chronology, that of Ziegler, omits much, and new evidence is constantly accruing. The following study is an attempt to make use of all the material now available that bears on the dating of Plutarch’s works. It cannot be definitive: there may be omissions, certain problems (such as that of Plutarch’s marriage and the number of his children) appear insoluble, and new data, particularly new inscriptions, that affect the question are sure to turn up. The study has five parts. In Part I the dating of two of the moralia is discussed separately, since the argument is complex and has not been advanced before. In Part II I have considered Plutarch’s relations with Hadrian and the date of his death. Part I II comprises a discussion of the chronology and the methods of publication of the Parallel Lives. This is a question at once insoluble in its entirety and yet indispensable for the present study. In Part IV I have reviewed the chronology of that fraction of Plutarch’s works that can be dated securely (stylistic evidence has not been admitted). Finally in Part V some conclusions are drawn about the significance of these dates for Plutarch’s career and development.
Plutarch’s Comparison of Pericles and Fabius Maximus
Authors: Stadter Philip A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of Plutarch’s Parallel Lives was to make clear the moral qualities of the heroes who are being described. Two fundamental practices distinguish Plutarch’s method: he used the heroes’ deeds and words as evidence for their moral qualities or virtues, and he compared two people with the same or similar qualities to determine the exact nature of those qualities in the individual. The comparative method is essential to Plutarch’s technique. Plutarch’s parallel lives are indeed parallel.
Plutarch’s Parallel Lives: The Choice of Heroes
Authors: Geiger Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wenn es uns scheinen will, als wären doch die grÖßten Männer von Hellas und Rom so ziemlich alle in Plutarchs Heldenschau vertreten, so ist das vielmehr gerade die Wirkung seiner schriftstellerischen Leistung: die von ihm behandelten Männer sind eben durch ihn in den Vordergrund des Interesses der Nachwelt gerückt, viele, die es nicht minder verdient hätten, im Dunkeln geblieben; es wäre nicht schwer, eine Liste von Männern aufzustellen, die mindere Popularität genießen und von deren PersÖnlichkeit wir weniger wissen, weil Plutarch an ihnen vorübergegangen ist-carent quia vate sacro.
Plutarch’s Method of Work in the Roman
Authors: PELLING C B R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper is concerned with the eight Lives in which Plutarch describes the final years of the Roman Republic: Lucullus, Pompey, Crassus, Cicero, Caesar, Cato, Brutus, and Antony.1 It is not my main concern to identify particular sources, though some problems of provenance will inevitably arise; it is rather to investigate the methods which Plutarch adopted in gathering his information, whatever his sources may have been.
Patterns and Verse-Making Technique
Authors: Kahane Ahuvia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the early 1960s there has been a steady stream of modifications, revisions, and surveys of the oral-formulaic theory.’ The object of this chapter is to present neither a revision nor another survey of the literature, but instead to discuss our claim that certain formal repetitions, whatever their precise definition, fall outside the boundaries of what is currently, and by a broad consensus, defined as a formula. The phenomena investigated in this book can, I suggest, be the product of an oral/traditional composition, but their existence does not preclude the possibility of literate composition. It is unlikely that they can be used as an argument either for or against orality and/or traditionality, except when making the very broadest points, and they neither contradict nor require us to modify our notions of Homeric formula or formulaic technique.
Patterns of the Proper-Name Nominative
Authors: Kahane Ahuvia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we have seen in our discussion of proper-name vocatives, even a cautious widening of scope produced a maze of contexts, which sometimes affected the structure of the verse and the positioning of the pattern element. If we look at other, more common elements of the sentence we encounter even greater complexities. Grammatical cases like the nominative or the accusative are often obligatory components of their syntactic contexts (contrasting with the vocative, which is optional), and they interact with these contexts in varied and complicated ways; verbs are even more closely connected to other parts of the sentence. Furthermore, the elements discussed hitherto are relatively infrequent, compared with e.g. verbs, nominatives, and accusatives, which appear in virtually every verse in Homer.
Conclusion
Authors: Kahane Ahuvia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea that metre and positioning are semantically significant elements of Homeric hexameter poetry should not really surprise us. We know, for example, that various proper names in Homer are lexically meaningful, and at least in some cases they have been invented or selected according to the needs of the text.1 There is no a priori reason why similar attention to meaning should not extend to metrical shape and to general usage. It is certainly not a new idea to suggest that ’the bard regards his poetic phrase as indistinguishable from poetic substance’,2 or that ’metre is diachronically generated by formula, rather than vice versa’.
City Foundations and Urban Growth
Authors: Mitchell Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When were there ever so many cities both inland and on the coast, or when have they ever been so beautifully equipped with everything? Did ever a man who lived then travel across country as we do, counting the cities by days, and sometimes riding on the same day through two or even three cities, as if he was passing through one only? ... Now all the Greek cities rise up under your leadership, and the monuments which are dedicated in them and all their embellishments and comforts redound to your honour like beautiful suburbs. The coasts and interior have been filled with cities, some newly founded, others increased under and by you.
The Imperial Cult
Authors: Mitchell Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Only three Roman cities in central Anatolia outside the province of Asia have yet been excavated on a substantial scale: Ancyra, Pessinus, and Pisidian Antioch. In each case the central feature of these excavations has been a temple dedicated to the imperial cult, built in the time of Augustus or Tiberius. Emperor worship was from the first an institution of great importance to the provincial communities, and one that had, quite literally, a central role to play in the development of the new cities.1The diffusion of the cult of Augustus and of other members of his family in Asia Minor and throughout the Greek East from the beginning of the principate was rapid, indeed almost instantaneous. In 29 BC Octavian gave authority to the inhabitants of Asia and Bithynia to set up sanctuaries in their leading cities, Ephesus and Nicaea, dedicated to the cult of Roma and his deified father Julius Caesar, where resident Roman citizens could worship.
Rural Anatolia
Authors: Mitchell Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Behind this confident claim it is not difficult to detect a lurking fear of the countryside and its hazards. When Aristides later delivered a speech at the dedication of the imperial temple at Cyzicus, there is similar apprehension in the paragraph which extolled the richness and variety of the city’s territory: The land is extensive and all extremely productive, so that you might judge it to be a continent from its size. There are many types of countryside, largely distinct from one another but all tending to the best. Mountains here are even less forbidding than plains beside other cities, and the plains themselves are sufficient not merely for a city but for nations. There are rivers, lakes, marshes and woodlands-the good cheer, one might say, of the gods.