bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New progress in the theory and model of carbon black reinforcement of elastomers
Authors: Fukahori Yoshihide 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe author proposes a new concept with a new interface model for carbon black reinforcement of elastomer, based on stress analysis. The new model consists of double uncrosslinked polymer layers of different molecular mobility, the inner glassy hard (GH) layer, and the outer sticky hard (SH) layer surrounding a carbon particle. In this report, the most essential and fundamental three subjects in the carbon black reinforcement are discussed. Large stress increase with filler content and increasing strain amplitude results from the strong stress concentration generated around carbon particles and its transmission to the whole system. The great increase in tensile stress is only possible when the stress‐hardened superstructure produced in the SH layer under large extension supports the large stress concentration. The super structure is the network of carbon particles interconnected by strands of oriented and extended molecules, together with a craze‐like phenomenon forming numerous microvoids. Stress softening, called the Mullins effect, mainly results from the buckling of the strand of oriented molecules. Thus, the large and instant stress reduction takes place in unloading, in which the main load‐bearing force is the entropic, contractile force of matrix cross‐linked rubber. During long periods, the extended molecules in the uncrosslinked SH layer will considerably relax and return to their original entropic state. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 60–67, 2005
Direct bonding between poly(oxy‐2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene) and rubber with radicals
Authors: Mutsuda Mitsuteru , Komada Hajime 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe solubility parameter value (SP value, δ) is one of the most important factors in bonding technology. It was found that various kinds of rubber, such as VMQ (δ ≒ 7.3 cal1/2/cm3/2) compounds, EPDM (δ ≒ 7.9 cal1/2/cm3/2) compounds, and X‐NBR (δ ≒ 9.3 cal1/2/cm3/2), can bond to poly(oxy‐2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene) in their vulcanization process. This means that this bonding mechanism depends less on SP values. In this study, the bonding mechanism is hypothesized as an interfacial radical reaction, and the hypothesis is validated by molecular orbital (MO) calculations and experiments. All experimental results and MO calculation results are consistent with each other. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 53–59, 2005
Recovery in the fetal pancreatic islet following fetal administration of streptozotocin in the rat in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Yamamoto Masako , Yasuda Masahiko , Hori Akiko , Arishima Kazuyoshi , Eguchi Yasunobu 
Published: November 2004

AbstractIn our previous study, after direct administration of streptozotocin (STZ; 400 μg/g) to fetuses on day 19 of gestation, the B‐cell volume in fetal pancreatic islets showed a marked decrease, but gradually recovered with electron microscopic confirmation of B‐cell regeneration. However, STZ at this dose often caused fetal death. In this study, therefore, we determined whether B‐cells are newly generated after treatment with STZ at a smaller dose in vivo and in vitro. For in vivo experiment, fetuses were administered STZ at 40 μg/g on day 19 of gestation. The B‐cell volume in pancreatic islets decreased markedly 3 hr after the administration of STZ, but it began to increase after 6 hr. The fetal plasma insulin concentration decreased from 6 to 12 hr after the administration, but recovered after 48 hr. The cell division index in fetal pancreatic islets of the STZ‐treated group began to be significantly larger after 6 hr. For in vitro experiment, fetal pancreases on day 18 of gestation were pretreated with 10 mM STZ for 6 hr and cultured for 98 hr. B‐cells were completely destroyed with STZ treatment; however, as these pancreases were cultured in a medium free of STZ, B‐cells began to appear and insulin secretion was detected after 48 hr. After 72 hr, the cell division index was significantly greater. These results suggest that the fetal pancreas treated with STZ has the ability to regenerate B‐cells both in vivo and in vitro. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Visualization of term discrimination analysis
Authors: Zhang Jin , Wolfram Dietmar 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA visual term discrimination value analysis method is introduced using a document density space within a distance–angle‐based visual information retrieval environment. The term discrimination capacity is analyzed using the comparison of the distance and angle‐based visual representations with and without a specified term, thereby allowing the user to see the impact of the term on individual documents within the density space. Next, the concept of a “term density space” is introduced for term discrimination analysis. Using this concept, a term discrimination capacity for distinguishing one term from others in the space can also be visualized within the visual space. Applications of these methods facilitate more effective assignment of term weights to index terms within documents and may assist searchers in the selection of search terms.
Mooers' law: In and out of context
Authors: Austin Brice 
Published: November 2004

AbstractMooers' Law, widely referenced in the literature of Library and Information Science, has generally been misinterpreted as concluding that customers will tend not to use Information Retrieval systems that are too difficult or frustrating, when in fact the law addresses the reluctance of customers to use any type of IR system, regardless of its faults or merits, within an environment in which having information requires more effort than not having it. An expansion of Mooers' original law is proposed, based upon a “Scale of Information Retrieval Environments,” which includes not only those types of environments addressed by Mooers, but those in which a premium is placed upon having information, as well as those in which the effort required from having information vs. not having it is fairly evenly balanced.
Use of relevance criteria across stages of document evaluation: On the complementarity of experimental and naturalistic studies
Authors: Tang Rong , Solomon Paul 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThis paper provides an overview of empirical investigations of people's use of relevance criteria. A laboratory experiment and a naturalistic study were conducted to explore the patterns of movement in use of relevance criteria during real‐time document evaluation processes. The expectation was that the subjects would apply different frames of reference for relevance decision making as they moved from one stage of the document evaluation to another, and that change would occur not only for particular criteria but also for classes of criteria. The examination of such change was performed at two levels: a micro‐level analysis, centering on the use of individual criteria, and a macro‐level analysis, concentrating on the use of criteria classes. General results of the two studies are included in this paper. Both projects provided information on criteria patterns, which challenge the conventional meaning‐based approach to criteria classification. Building on these findings, a classification scheme and criteria taxonomy that may enable generalization of criteria across different contexts is proposed.
An empirical comparison of visualization tools to assist information retrieval on the web
Authors: Heo Misook , Hirtle Stephen C. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractVisualizations of subspaces on the World Wide Web can provide users the ability to identify relevant information from a set of Web pages, while gaining new insights or understanding of the space. This study tested three classes of visualization techniques, distortion, zoom, and expanding outline, to better understand which classes of visualization techniques may better represent the underlying structure. The effects of different visualization techniques on user performance on information searching tasks and the effects of different sizes of the Web spaces were studied. Eighty participants were asked to search information with and without a visualization tool over the large Web space. The factors that may have caused cognitive overloads are further discussed.
Author inflation leads to a breakdown of Lotka's law
Authors: Kretschmer Hildrun , Rousseau Ronald 
Published: November 2004

AbstractIt is empirically shown that, even using the normal or total counting procedure, Lotka's law breaks down when articles with a large, i.e., more than hundred, number of authors are included in the bibliography. The explanation of this phenomenon is that the conditions for an application of the basic success‐breeds‐success model are not fulfilled any more. Studying articles with many authors means dealing with items (the articles) having multiple sources (the authors), hence Egghe's generalized success‐breeds‐success model, leading to not necessarily decreasing distributions, explains the observed irregularities.
Multimedia exploratory data analysis for geospatial data mining: The case for augmented seriation
Authors: Gluck Myke 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe amount of spatial data collected from satellites, aerial photography, and land‐based stations continues to grow at astounding rates. In this article, the role of exploratory data analysis (EDA) for spatial data mining is reviewed and a case study addressing environmental risk assessments in New York State is presented to illustrate the feasibility and usability of augmenting seriation for spatial data analysis. For this project, seriation, a univariate EDA technique, is augmented with a class of multimedia tools including iconic matrices, choropleth mapping, graphic interactions, and sound to exploit spatial datasets to better understand the relationships among spatial, temporal, and human variables. Additional software enhancements such as three‐dimensional matrices, multivariate choropleth mapping, and tonal sonification are proposed to further improve these user‐based tools for spatial data analysis.
Urquhart's and Garfield's Laws: The British controversy over their validity
Authors: Bensman Stephen J. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe British controversy over the validity of Urquhart's and Garfield's Laws during the 1970s constitutes an important episode in the formulation of the probability structure of human knowledge. This controversy took place within the historical context of the convergence of two scientific revolutions—the bibliometric and the biometric—that had been launched in Britain. The preceding decades had witnessed major breakthroughs in understanding the probability distributions underlying the use of human knowledge. Two of the most important of these breakthroughs were the laws posited by Donald J. Urquhart and Eugene Garfield, who played major roles in establishing the institutional bases of the bibliometric revolution. For his part, Urquhart began his realization of S. C. Bradford's concept of a national science library by analyzing the borrowing of journals on interlibrary loan from the Science Museum Library in 1956. He found that 10% of the journals accounted for 80% of the loans and formulated Urquhart's Law, by which the interlibrary use of a journal is a measure of its total use. This law underlay the operations of the National Lending Library for Science and Technology (NLLST), which Urquhart founded. The NLLST became the British Library Lending Division (BLLD) and ultimately the British Library Document Supply Centre (BLDSC). In contrast, Garfield did a study of 1969 journal citations as part of the process of creating the Science Citation Index (SCI), formulating his Law of Concentration, by which the bulk of the information needs in science can be satisfied by a relatively small, multidisciplinary core of journals. This law became the operational principle of the Institute for Scientific Information created by Garfield. A study at the BLLD under Urquhart's successor, Maurice B. Line, found low correlations of NLLST use with SCI citations, and publication of this study started a major controversy, during which both laws were called into question. The study was based on the faulty use of the Spearman rank‐correlation coefficient, and the controversy over it was instrumental in causing B. C. Brookes to investigate bibliometric laws as probabilistic phenomena and begin to link the bibliometric with the biometric revolution. This paper concludes with a resolution of the controversy by means of a statistical technique that incorporates Brookes' criticism of the Spearman rank‐correlation method and demonstrates the mutual supportiveness of the two laws.
Who dunnit? Metatags and hyperauthorship
Authors: Davenport Elisabeth , Cronin Blaise 
Published: November 2004

AbstractMultiple authorship is a topic of growing concern in a number of scientific domains. When, as is increasingly common, scholarly articles and clinical reports have scores or even hundreds of authors—what Cronin (in press) has termed “hyperauthorship”—the precise nature of each individual's contribution is often masked. A notation that describes collaborators' contributions and allows those contributions to be tracked in, and across, texts (and over time) offers a solution. Such a notation should be useful, easy to use, and acceptable to communities of scientists. Drawing on earlier work, we present a proposal for an XML‐like “contribution” mark‐up, and discuss the potential benefits and possible drawbacks.
How to analyze publication time trends by correspondence factor analysis: Analysis of publications by 48 countries in 18 disciplines over 12 years
Authors: Doré Jean‐Christophe , Ojasoo Tiiu 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThis study is a follow‐up to a published Correspondence Factorial Analysis (CFA) of a dataset of over 6 million bibliometric entries (Doré et al. JASIS, 47(8), 588– 602,1996), which compared the publication output patterns of 48 countries in 18 disciplines over a 12‐year period (1981–1992). It analyzes by methods suitable for investigating short time series how these output patterns evolved over the 12‐year span. Three types of approach are described: (1) the chi2 distances of the publication output patterns from the center of gravity of the multidimensional system—which represents an average world pattern—were calculated for each country and for each year. We noted whether the patterns moved toward or away from the center with time; (2) individual annual output patterns were introduced as supplementary variables into an existing global overview covering the whole time‐span [CFA map of (countries × disciplines)]. We observed how these patterns moved about within the map year by year; (3) the matrix (disciplines × time) was analyzed by CFA to derive time trends for each country. CFA revealed the “inner clocks” governing publication trends. The time scale that best fitted the data was not a linear but an elastic scale. Although different countries laid emphasis on publication in different disciplines, the overall tendency was toward greater uniformity in publication patterns with time.
Towards a theory of aboutness, subject, topicality, theme, domain, field, content . . . and relevance
Authors: Hjørland Birger 
Published: November 2004

AbstractTheories of aboutness and theories of subject analysis and of related concepts such as topicality are often isolated from each other in the literature of information science (IS) and related disciplines. In IS it is important to consider the nature and meaning of these concepts, which is closely related to theoretical and metatheoretical issues in information retrieval (IR). A theory of IR must specify which concepts should be regarded as synonymous concepts and explain how the meaning of the nonsynonymous concepts should be defined.
Web mining for Web image retrieval
Authors: Chen Zheng , Wenyin Liu , Zhang Feng , Li Mingjing , Zhang Hongjiang 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe popularity of digital images is rapidly increasing due to improving digital imaging technologies and convenient availability facilitated by the Internet. However, how to find user‐intended images from the Internet is nontrivial. The main reason is that the Web images are usually not annotated using semantic descriptors. In this article, we present an effective approach to and a prototype system for image retrieval from the Internet using Web mining. The system can also serve as a Web image search engine. One of the key ideas in the approach is to extract the text information on the Web pages to semantically describe the images. The text description is then combined with other low‐level image features in the image similarity assessment. Another main contribution of this work is that we apply data mining on the log of users' feedback to improve image retrieval performance in three aspects. First, the accuracy of the document space model of image representation obtained from the Web pages is improved by removing clutter and irrelevant text information. Second, to construct the user space model of users' representation of images, which is then combined with the document space model to eliminate mismatch between the page author's expression and the user's understanding and expectation. Third, to discover the relationship between low‐level and high‐level features, which is extremely useful for assigning the low‐level features' weights in similarity assessment.
A media agent for automatically building a personalized semantic index of Web media objects
Authors: Wenyin Liu , Chen Zheng , Li Mingjing , Zhang Hongjiang 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA novel idea of media agent is briefly presented, which can automatically build a personalized semantic index of Web media objects for each particular user. Because the Web is a rich source of multimedia data and the text content on the Web pages is usually semantically related to those media objects on the same pages, the media agent can automatically collect the URLs and related text, and then build the index of the multimedia data, on behalf of the user whenever and wherever she accesses these multimedia data or their container Web pages. Moreover, the media agent can also use an off‐line crawler to build the index for those multimedia objects that are relevant to the user's favorites but have not accessed by the user yet. When the user wants to find these multimedia data once again, the semantic index facilitates text‐based search for her.
Web image retrieval using self‐organizing feature map
Authors: Wu Qishi , Iyengar S. Sitharama , Zhu Mengxia 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe explosive growth of digital image collections on the Web sites is calling for an efficient and intelligent method of browsing, searching, and retrieving images. In this article, an artificial neural network (ANN)‐based approach is proposed to explore a promising solution to the Web image retrieval (IR). Compared with other image retrieval methods, this new approach has the following characteristics. First of all, the Content‐Based features have been combined with Text‐Based features to improve retrieval performance. Instead of solely relying on low‐level visual features and high‐level concepts, we also take the textual features into consideration, which are automatically extracted from image names, alternative names, page titles, surrounding texts, URLs, etc. Secondly, the Kohonen neural network model is introduced and led into the image retrieval process. Due to its self‐organizing property, the cognitive knowledge is learned, accumulated, and solidified during the unsupervised training process. The architecture is presented to illustrate the main conceptual components and mechanism of the proposed image retrieval system. To demonstrate the superiority of the new IR system over other IR systems, the retrieval result of a test example is also given in the article.
Predicting the relevance of a library catalog search
Authors: Cooper Michael D. , Chen Hui‐Min 
Published: November 2004

AbstractRelevance has been a difficult concept to define, let alone measure. In this paper, a simple operational definition of relevance is proposed for a Web‐based library catalog: whether or not during a search session the user saves, prints, mails, or downloads a citation. If one of those actions is performed, the session is considered relevant to the user. An analysis is presented illustrating the advantages and disadvantages of this definition. With this definition and good transaction logging, it is possible to ascertain the relevance of a session. This was done for 905,970 sessions conducted with the University of California's Melvyl online catalog. Next, a methodology was developed to try to predict the relevance of a session. A number of variables were defined that characterize a session, none of which used any demographic information about the user. The values of the variables were computed for the sessions. Principal components analysis was used to extract a new set of variables out of the original set. A stratified random sampling technique was used to form ten strata such that each new strata of 90,570 sessions contained the same proportion of relevant to nonrelevant sessions. Logistic regression was used to ascertain the regression coefficients for nine of the ten strata. Then, the coefficients were used to predict the relevance of the sessions in the missing strata. Overall, 17.85% of the sessions were determined to be relevant. The predicted number of relevant sessions for all ten strata was 11%, a 6.85% difference. The authors believe that the methodology can be further refined and the prediction improved. This methodology could also have significant application in improving user searching and also in predicting electronic commerce buying decisions without the use of personal demographic data.
PageRank and Interaction Information Retrieval
Authors: Dominich Sándor , Skrop Adrienn 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe PageRank method is used by the Google Web search engine to compute the importance of Web pages. Two different views have been developed for the interpretation of the PageRank method and values: (a) stochastic (random surfer): the PageRank values can be conceived as the steady‐state distribution of a Markov chain, and (b) algebraic: the PageRank values form the eigenvector corresponding to eigenvalue 1 of the Web link matrix. The Interaction Information Retrieval (I2R) method is a nonclassical information retrieval paradigm, which represents a connectionist approach based on dynamic systems. In the present paper, a different interpretation of PageRank is proposed, namely, a dynamic systems viewpoint, by showing that the PageRank method can be formally interpreted as a particular case of the Interaction Information Retrieval method; and thus, the PageRank values may be interpreted as neutral equilibrium points of the Web.