bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The relative contribution of outcome domains in the total economic benefit of addiction interventions: a review of first findings
Authors: McCollister Kathryn E. , French Michael T. 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACTAims This paper provides a focused summary of the relative contribution of addiction intervention outcomes to total economic benefit, based upon a compilation of published economic studies from the United States.Design The relevant literature was searched extensively, and 11 economic studies were selected for review.Setting The selected addiction interventions address both alcohol use/abuse and illicit drug use/abuse and represent various treatment modalities, including a brief physician intervention and long‐term residential programs.Participants Study participants included community‐based drug users, pregnant and/or parenting women, problem drinkers, and criminal offenders.Measurements These studies estimated the economic benefits of an addiction intervention(s) in terms of one or more of the following outcome domains: criminal activity, health services utilization, employment earnings, and expenditures on illicit drugs and alcohol.Findings The primary finding of this review was that avoided criminal activity was the greatest economic benefit of addiction interventions and contributed more, as a separate outcome domain, to the total economic benefit of addiction interventions than any other outcome domain. Reduced utilization of health care services was also a noteworthy economic benefit of addiction interventions.Conclusions This study provides a detailed exposition of economic benefits estimation and highlights the potential impact of individual outcomes, thus providing a useful resource for substance abuse researchers and administrators as they design and evaluate future interventions.
Areca quid chewing by Taiwanese adolescents: application of the Attitudes Social Influence Self‐efficacy (ASE) model
Authors: Li Shih‐Ming , Yu S. Rwei‐Ling , Hu Hsing‐Chia , Huang Jehn‐Shyun 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACTAims  To investigate the factors associated with areca quid‐chewing behaviour using the Attitudes–Social influence–Self‐efficacy (ASE) model as a theoretical framework.Design  Cross‐sectional survey.Setting and participants  A total of 400 students from a junior high school participated in the study in 2001 in Chia‐Yi city (Taiwan).Measurements  Expectancy scales (for the attitude component of the ASE), a self‐efficacy scale (for the self‐efficacy component of the ASE) and a social norm scale (for the social influence component of the ASE) were utilized. These measures displayed good reliability and validity.Findings  Forty‐seven students (11.75%) reported that they had tried chewing areca quid previously, eight of them practicing chewing it every day. Positive and negative expectancy (r = 0.43, r=− 0.20), self‐ efficacy (r = − 0.65), and subject social norm (r = 0.53) were significantly correlated with participants’ intentions to chew areca quid. In a regression model, self‐efficacy (β = − 0.46, P < 0.001), social norm (β = 0.22, P < 0.001), positive expectancy (β = 0.18, P < 0.001) and negative expectancy (β = − 0.08, P = 0.040) all made independent contributions to predicting intentions to chew and explained 46.8% of the variance in areca quid‐chewing behaviour.Conclusions  Areca quid chewing appeared to be linked to positive expectancy and social norms pertaining to areca quid chewing associated with adolescents. However, high negative expectancy and high self‐efficacy encouraged contrary behaviour. The application of the ASE model as the scenario could improve our understanding of the intention of the areca quid chewing among these adolescents.
A hierarchy of gambling disorders in the community
Authors: Toce‐Gerstein Marianna , Gerstein Dean R. , Volberg Rachel A. 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACTAims  To help refine the definition and diagnosis of gambling disorders, we investigated the distribution among US gamblers of the 10 DSM‐IV criteria for Pathological Gambling.Design  We drew data from two stratified random surveys (n = 2417, n= 530) of gambling behavior and consequences among community‐based samples of US adults. A fully structured questionnaire, administered by trained lay interviewers, screened for the life‐time prevalence of problem and Pathological Gambling. Per DSM‐IV definitions, anyone meeting five or more of 10 itemized criteria was considered a pathological gambler. We analyzed these criteria among all gamblers who met one or more criteria (n = 399).Findings  Most gamblers who met only one or two criteria reported ‘chasing their losses’. At subclinical levels (three to four criteria), gamblers also reported elevated rates of gambling‐related fantasy: lying, gambling to escape and preoccupation. Pathological gamblers with five to seven criteria reported marked elevations of loss of control, withdrawal symptoms and tolerance (internalizing dimensions of dependence); risking their social relationships and needing to be bailed out financially (externalizing dimensions). Most of the highest‐level pathological gamblers (eight to 10 criteria) reported committing illegal acts to support gambling.Conclusion  Dependence in a biobehavioral sense appears to be a hallmark of Pathological Gambling, but it marks only one threshold in a qualitative hierarchy of disorders beginning with a common subclinical behavior, ‘chasing’. Epidemiological assessments and future DSM revisions might consider explicit recognition of a problem gambling disorder, identifying people presenting some cognitive symptoms of Pathological Gambling but not clear signs of dependence. Pathological gamblers in turn appear to have two distinct levels of severity.
Chronic depersonalization following illicit drug use: a controlled analysis of 40 cases
Authors: Medford Nicholas , Baker Dawn , Hunter Elaine , Sierra Mauricio , Lawrence Emma , Phillips Mary L. , David Anthony S. 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACTAims  To examine demographic and clinical features of a group of patients reporting chronic depersonalization (DP) following illicit drug use, and to assess whether depersonalization arising in these circumstances constitutes a distinct clinical syndrome.Design  Case–control comparison using self‐reports, standardized questionnaires and clinical assessments in a specialized clinic.Setting  A tertiary referral depersonalization clinic and research unit affiliated to a psychiatric hospital and research centre.Participants  A total of 164 individuals with chronic DP symptoms who had been in contact with the clinic. Forty of these individuals related the onset of symptoms to an episode of illicit drug use.Measurements  A wide range of demographic and clinical variables measured using questionnaires and standardized rating scales.Findings  The drug‐induced DP group were significantly younger and had a preponderance of males compared to the non‐drug group. Certain clinical and phenomenological differences were found between these groups, but in general the groups are strikingly similar. This is reinforced by the fact that when the drug‐induced group was compared with an age and sex‐matched subset of the non‐drug group, differences between groups largely disappeared.Conclusions  Drug‐induced DP does not appear to represent a distinct clinical syndrome. The neurocognitive mechanisms of the genesis and maintenance of DP are likely to be similar across clinical groups, regardless of precipitants.
Cigarette consumption and socio‐economic circumstances in adolescence as predictors of adult smoking
Authors: Jefferis B. , Graham H. , Manor O. , Power C. 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACTAim To investigate effects of cigarette consumption level and socio‐economic circumstances during adolescence on adult smoking.Methods 1958 British birth cohort (all births 3–9 March 1958). Logistic regression used to predict (i) smoking at 41 years and (ii) persistent smoking (at 23, 33 and 41 years) from cigarette consumption and socio‐economic circumstances at 16 years, indicated by social class and educational qualifications.Results Of 6537 subjects with full smoking history, 30% smoked at 16 years, 23% smoked at 41 years and 19% smoked at 23, 33 and 41 years (persistent smokers). Heavier smokers at 16, 23 and 33 years were more likely to smoke at 41 years than lighter smokers. The odds ratio (OR) of smoking at 41 years was 2.5 for men and 3.0 for women who smoked ≥60 cigarettes/week at age 16, relative to <20 cigarettes/week. Subjects from manual social backgrounds and those with no qualifications had elevated risks of being a smoker at 41 years or a persistent smoker. These effects were robust to adjustment for adolescent consumption level (e.g. adjusted OR for no qualifications was 3.8). However, adolescent consumption level modified the effect of educational achievements. Among lighter adolescent smokers, those gaining higher qualifications had lower prevalence of smoking at 41 years (16%) than men with no qualifications (83%); among heavier adolescent smokers, prevalence was more similar for subjects with higher (56%) and no qualifications (69%).Conclusions Socio‐economic background appears to influence adult smoking behaviour separately from adolescent cigarette consumption which is a recognized measure of nicotine dependence. There was some evidence that effects of early nicotine dependence are modified by educational achievements.
The alcohol–tobacco relationship: a prospective study among adolescents in six European countries
Authors: Wetzels J. J. L. , Kremers S. P. J. , Vitória P. D. , De Vries H. 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACTAim  This study examined the earliest stages in drug involvement, in terms of the relationship between alcohol and tobacco use, among adolescents from six European countries (Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and the United Kingdom). International, gender and age differences were studied.Design, setting and participants  A large international sample of European adolescents (n = 10170, mean age = 13.3 years) was followed longitudinally. Data were gathered in the autumn terms of 1998 and 1999 by means of self‐administered questionnaires.Measures  Adolescents’ self‐reports on smoking and alcohol behaviour were used. Both behaviours were classified into two categories, that of adolescents who had never used the substance and that of those who had used the substance at least once in their lives. Logistic regression was used to determine which substance was the best predictor of the subsequent use of the other substance.Findings  Alcohol use and tobacco use were found to be associated with each other reciprocally. Results revealed that in Europe as a whole, tobacco use predicted subsequent alcohol use better than the converse. However, for Dutch girls, alcohol use predicted subsequent smoking behaviour better than the converse.Conclusion  The findings suggest that the development of alcohol and tobacco use patterns are closely related, but the order of progression is not universal and may reflect cultural factors.
The role of an international nightlife resort in the proliferation of recreational drugs
Authors: Bellis Mark A. , Hughes Karen , Bennett Andrew , Thomson Roderick 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACTAims  The study compares types, frequencies and quantities of substances used by young people while holidaying in the international dance resort of Ibiza (Spain) with their patterns of use in the United Kingdom. It measures changes in substance use at both locations between 1999 and 2002 and examines the role of dance resorts in recruiting individuals into using new substances.Design  Data were collected from visitors to Ibiza in 1999 (n = 846) and 2002 (n = 868). Information on drug use was surveyed through a short anonymous questionnaire.Setting  Individuals were sampled at Ibiza airport just prior to returning to the UK.Findings  Most individuals visiting Ibiza used illicit drugs in the United Kingdom (57.4% in 2002), with nearly all users continuing to use in Ibiza. Use of most drugs in Ibiza was characterized by binge behaviour, with many individuals using drugs 5 or more nights per week. Proportions using cocaine, ecstasy and GHB have risen significantly (1999–2002) in both locations, as have numbers of ecstasy tablets taken on a usual night. Substance use was associated positively with number of previous visits to Ibiza and new users were recruited into use while abroad (17.4 and 33.1 per 1000 people were introduced to cocaine and ecstasy use, respectively, in Ibiza).Conclusions  The emergence of international nightlife resorts increasingly links drug use abroad with that in individuals’ countries of origin. Our results indicate that resorts such as Ibiza offer tourists the opportunity to increase levels of drug consumption and try different substances in an atmosphere conducive to experimentation. Patterns of recreational drug use in leading international resorts may help predict developments in drug use elsewhere and as such be an important tool in planning appropriate interventions.
Neighborhood effects on drug reporting
Authors: Richardson Jerome , Fendrich Michael , Johnson Timothy P. 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACTAims  To examine whether neighborhood racial characteristics are associated with the under reporting of life time cocaine/crack use.Design  A household survey of high‐risk communities with above‐average admissions to state‐supported drug and alcohol treatment programs.Setting  Chicago, Illinois, USA.Participants  A total of 303 adults.Measures  Self‐reported use of cocaine/crack during a respondent's life time, hair test assays for cocaine use and level of neighborhood diversity measured using the Simpson Index.Findings  Respondents from more segregated neighborhoods were more likely than those from diverse neighborhoods to under report life time cocaine/crack use.Conclusions  Neighborhood racial characteristics should be considered as an important factor in household surveys on illicit substance use.
Types of natural recovery from alcohol dependence: a cluster analytic approach
Authors: Bischof G. , Rumpf H. ‐J. , Hapke U. , Meyer C. , John U. 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACTBackground  Social capital and a low severity of alcohol‐related problems have been focused upon to explain the processes of natural recovery from alcohol dependence. However, studies using control groups have not found significant differences in these variables. Subtypes of natural remission which might account for this inconsistency have only been described on grounds of qualitative data.Aims  To identify subtypes of natural remitters using cluster analysis.Participants  One hundred and seventy‐eight media‐recruited natural remitters were interviewed personally. Several triggering mechanisms and maintenance factors of remission were assessed using standardized questionnaires. Based on age of onset and severity of dependence, adverse consequences from drinking, social pressure and social support, cluster analyses were performed.Results  Cluster analyses yielded three groups of natural remitters: one cluster with a high severity of dependence, low alcohol‐related problems and low social support (‘low problems—low support’; n = 65), one group characterized by high severity of dependence, high alcohol‐related problems and medium social support (‘high problems—medium support’; n = 37), and a third group which consisted of subjects with high social support, late age of onset, low severity of dependence, and low alcohol‐related problems (‘low problems—high support’; n = 76). Cluster solutions were confirmed using discriminant analyses. Analyses of variance (ANOVAs) revealed further group differences on other triggering and maintaining factors of remission.Conclusions  Failure to identify specific pointers to natural recovery in previous research might be due to heterogeneous subgroups of natural remitters. In order to build a conceptual framework for understanding the processes of natural recovery, interactions of different independent variables should be considered.
Cannabis and educational achievement
Authors: Fergusson David M. , Horwood L. John , Beautrais Annette L. 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACTAims  To examine the relationship between cannabis use in adolescence/young adulthood and levels of educational attainment.Design  Data were gathered over the course of a 25‐year longitudinal study of a birth cohort of 1265 New Zealand children.Measurements  Measures analysed included (a) frequency of cannabis use in adolescence and young adulthood (15–25 years); (b) levels of educational achievement to age 25 years; and (c) social, family and individual characteristics assessed prior to age 16.Findings  Increasing cannabis use was associated with increasing risks of leaving school without qualifications, failure to enter university and failure to obtain a university degree. The association between cannabis use and leaving school without qualifications persisted after control for confounding factors. When due allowance was made for pre‐existing levels of cannabis use there was no evidence to suggest the presence of reverse causal pathways in which lower educational achievement led to increased cannabis use.Conclusions  Findings support the view that cannabis use may act to decrease educational achievement in young people. It is likely that this reflects the effects of the social context within which cannabis is used rather than any direct effect of cannabis on cognitive ability or motivation.
Patterns of over‐the‐counter nicotine gum use: persistent use and concurrent smoking
Authors: Shiffman Saul , Hughes John R. , Di Marino Michael E. , Sweeney Christine T. 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACTAims To examine the occurrence of persistent use (i.e. use beyond 12 weeks) and concurrent use of nicotine gum with cigarettes among consumers who purchase nicotine gum over‐the‐counter (OTC).Design Assessment of gum use was conducted in the context of a smoking cessation trial among smokers who purchased Nicorette gum and enrolled in the optional Committed Quitters smoking cessation program. Eligible participants were contacted by telephone 6 weeks and 12 weeks following their self‐selected target quit date. Those who reported gum use at 12 weeks were contacted again at week 24.Participants A total of 2655 current smokers who purchased nicotine gum and enrolled in a clinical efficacy trial of the Committed Quitters program.Measurements Detailed information on smoking and gum use, including frequency of use, amount used and reasons for use was obtained at each of the three follow‐up assessments.Findings At the 24‐week assessment, 6% of participants reported current use of nicotine gum (i.e. persistent use). Those engaging in persistent use averaged 4.7 (SD = 2.5) days of gum use per week and 3.2 (SD = 3.5) pieces of gum per day. Sixty‐six per cent of persistent users reported at week 24 that they were not currently smoking, and 67% of persistent users reported they were using gum to establish or maintain abstinence. At the 6‐, 12‐ and 24‐week assessments, 14%, 10% and 2% of participants, respectively, reported current use of nicotine gum and current cigarette smoking (i.e. concurrent users). Those concurrent users reported at the 12‐week follow‐up that they did so an average of 4.4 (SD = 2.1) days per week, that they chewed an average of 2.6 (SD = 3.5) pieces of nicotine gum per day and that they smoked an average of 8.7 (SD = 8.6) cigarettes per day.Conclusion Extended use of nicotine gum is rare. Concurrent use with cigarettes is uncommon. In both cases, the amount of gum use is small. OTC marketing of nicotine gum does not appear to have increased use contrary to labeling nor resulted in patterns of use that should warrant clinical or public health concerns.
A contextual profile of club drug use among adults in Chicago
Authors: Fendrich Michael , Wislar Joseph S. , Johnson Timothy P. , Hubbell Amy 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACTAims  To better understand the prevalence, correlates, risk factors and context of club drug use among US adults in the City of Chicago.Design  An Audio Computer‐Assisted Self Interview was administered to a household probability sample of adults, aged 18–40 years, from June 2001 to January 2002.Setting  Subjects were drawn from randomly selected households using a multi‐stage area probability design.Participants  The data represent 627 randomly selected adult participants.Measurement  Weighted prevalence estimates with design‐effect adjusted confidence intervals of life‐time, past 12 month and past 30 day use of any club drug and of specific club drugs; prevalence of rave attendance, other drug use, motivation for use among club drug users; χ2 tests of significance, logistic regression and adjusted odds ratios.Findings  Overall club drug prevalence rates were nearly twice those obtained for MDMA alone. Club drug users were more likely to use multiple illicit substances and to report having been in treatment for substance use. A majority of life‐time club drug users never attended a rave although rave attendees were more likely to report frequent use of MDMA. Use was associated with gender, race and sexual orientation.Conclusions  Prevention research should be informed by further population‐based research on club drug use. Research should not focus exclusively on rave attendees, as they are only a subset of club drug users. Research is needed on neurological and behavioral sequelae across different types of club drugs, gender differences in the impact of sexual orientation on club drug risk and on the effects of personality characteristics such as sensation seeking on club drug use behavior.
Anopheles arabiensis and An. quadriannulatus resistance to DDT in South Africa
Authors: Hargreaves K. , Hunt R. H. , Brooke B. D. , Mthembu J. , Weeto M. M. , Awolola T. S. , Coetzee M. 
Published: December 2003

Abstract.The malaria control programme of KwaZulu‐Natal Province, South Africa, includes Mamfene and Mlambo communities. Western‐type houses there are currently sprayed with deltamethrin, whereas traditional houses are sprayed with DDT for malaria control. In 2002, mosquitoes of the Anopheles gambiae complex (Diptera: Culicidae) were collected from DDT‐sprayed houses, by window exit traps, and from man‐baited nets outdoors. Larval collections were also carried out at Mzinweni Pan near Mlambo. Species of the An. gambiae complex were identified by rDNA polymerase chain reaction assay. The majority of samples collected by window trap and baited nets were identified as the malaria vector An. arabiensis Patton, with a few An. merus Dönitz and An. quadriannulatus (Theobald). The larval collections were predominantly An. quadriannulatus with a small number of An. arabiensis. Standard WHO insecticide susceptibility tests using 4% DDT and 0.05% deltamethrin were performed on both wild‐caught females and laboratory‐reared progeny from wild‐caught females. Wild‐caught An. arabiensis samples from window traps gave 63% and 100% mortality 24‐h post‐exposure to DDT or deltamethrin, respectively. Wild‐caught An. arabiensis samples from man‐baited net traps gave 81% mortality 24‐h post‐exposure to DDT. The F1 progeny from 22 An. arabiensis females showed average mortality of 86.5% 24‐h post‐exposure to DDT. Less than 80% mortality was recorded from five of these families. Biochemical analyses of samples from each of the families revealed comparatively high levels of glutathione‐S‐transferases and non‐specific esterases in some families, but without significant correlation to bioassay results. Wild‐caught An. quadriannulatus larvae were reared through to adults and assayed on 4% DDT, giving 47% (n = 36) mortality 24‐h post‐exposure. Finding DDT resistance in the vector An. arabiensis, close to the area where we previously reported pyrethroid‐resistance in the vector An. funestus Giles, indicates an urgent need to develop a strategy of insecticide resistance management for the malaria control programmes of southern Africa.