bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
5‐HT3‐receptor subunits A and B are co‐expressed in neurons of the dorsal root ganglion
Authors: Morales Marisela , McCollum Nicholas , Kirkness Ewen F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe type 3 serotonin (5‐HT3) receptor is the only ligand‐gated ion channel receptor for serotonin (5‐HT). Many pharmacological, behavioral, and electrophysiological studies indicate heterogeneous properties for this receptor. Although the basis for this heterogeneity is unknown, one possible explanation for these findings resides in the subunit composition of the receptor. Two 5‐HT3‐receptor subunits have been cloned: the 5‐HT3‐receptor subunit A (5‐HT3A) and the 5‐HT3‐receptor subunit B (5‐HT3B). Recombinant co‐expression of 5‐HT3A and 5‐HT3B subunits produces a functional heteromeric 5‐HT3A/3B receptor with pharmacological and electrophysiological properties different from those displayed by the 5‐HT3A homomeric receptor. In the present report, we used in situ hybridization histochemistry to demonstrate that the 5‐HT3B subunit is expressed in rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. We determined with cellular resolution that 5‐HT3B subunit mRNA was expressed in 43.2 ± 2.8% of the total population of DRG neurons. By comparison, the 5‐HT3A subunit was more widely expressed, with 70.0 ± 2.8% of the total population of DRG neurons expressing this subunit. Further analyses showed that most of the neurons containing mRNA for the 5‐HT3B subunit (91.5 ± 3.4%) also expressed the 5‐HT3A subunit. In contrast, nearly half the population of neurons expressing 5‐HT3A subunit lacked (52.8 ± 5.9%) transcripts for the 5‐HT3B subunit. These results provide the first evidence indicating that the 5‐HT3B subunit of the 5‐HT3 receptor is expressed in DRG and suggest that sensory neurons have the capacity to synthesize at least two structurally different 5‐HT3 receptors: a heteromeric 5‐HT3A/3B receptor and a homomeric 5‐HT3A receptor. Consequently, 5‐HT3 receptors with different properties might be present in peripheral and central axons of the DRG. These findings open the possibility that distinct types of 5‐HT3 receptors may be involved in perception and/or processing of sensory information. J. Comp. Neurol. 438:163–172, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diurnal and circadian variation of protein kinase C immunoreactivity in the rat retina
Authors: Gabriel Robert , Lesauter Joseph , Silver Rae , Garcia‐España Antonio , Witkovsky Paul 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe studied the dependence of the expression of protein kinase C immunoreactivity (PKC‐IR) in the rat retina on the light:dark (LD) cycle and on circadian rhythmicity in complete darkness (DD). Two anti‐PKC alpha antibodies were employed: One, which we call PKCαβ recognized the hinge region; the other, here termed PKCα, recognized the regulatory region of the molecule. Western blots showed that both anti‐PKC antibodies stained an identical single band at approximately 80 kD. The retinal neurons showing PKC‐IR were rod bipolar cells and a variety of amacrine neurons. After 3 weeks on an LD cycle, PKCαβ‐IR in both rod bipolar and certain amacrine cells manifested a clear rhythm with a peak at zeitgeber time (ZT) of 06–10 hours and a minimum at ZT 18. No rhythm in total PKC‐IR was observed when using the PKCα antibody, but, at ZT 06–10 hours, rod bipolar axon terminals showed increased immunostaining. After 48 hours in DD, with either antibody, rod bipolar cells showed increased PKC‐IR. The PKCα antibody alone revealed that, after 48 hours, AII amacrine neurons, which lacked PKC‐IR in an LD cycle, manifested marked PKC‐IR, which became stronger after 72 hours. Light administered early in the dark period greatly increased PKCαβ‐IR in rod bipolar and some amacrine neurons. Our data indicate that light and darkness exert a strong regulatory influence on PKC synthesis, activation, and transport in retinal neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 439:140–150, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Physiological and anatomic evidence for functional subclasses of serotonergic raphe magnus cells
Authors: Gao Keming , Mason Peggy 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSerotonergic cells in the medullary nucleus raphe magnus (RM) and adjacent nucleus reticularis magnocellularis (NRMC) project to the spinal cord where they are likely to modulate nociceptive transmission. Previous studies have suggested that these cells are physiologically and anatomically heterogeneous. In the present investigation, we examined whether subclasses of serotonergic RM and NRMC cells can be delineated based on their response to a visceral stimulus, and whether any such subclasses are morphologically distinct. Most RM and NRMC serotonergic cells tested (81 of 116) responded to retraction of the descending aorta into a polyethylene tube (the snare stimulus) with 57% of all cells tested excited and 13% inhibited. Responses of serotonergic cells to the snare outlasted the stimulus, were not reflective of evoked cardiovascular changes, and were observed in sino‐aortic deafferented rats, evidence that the snare stimulus does not influence serotonergic cell discharge through activation of baroreceptors. Because serotonergic cells responsive to the snare were also responsive to mechanical brushing within the retroperitoneum, the snare is likely to change serotonergic cell discharge by means of the activation of mechanosensitive visceral afferents. Intracellular labeling of physiologically characterized serotonergic RM and NRMC cells showed that cells that were responsive to the snare stimulus had simpler axonal collateralization patterns than cells that were unresponsive to the snare stimulus. This association between morphological and physiological properties provides additional evidence that subpopulations of serotonergic cells exist and serve varied physiological functions. J. Comp. Neurol. 439:426–439, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
“Type III” cells of rat taste buds: Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies of neuron‐specific enolase, protein gene product 9.5, and serotonin
Authors: Yee Cindy L. , Yang Ruibiao , Böttger Bärbel , Finger Thomas E. , Kinnamon John C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTaste buds contain a variety of morphological and histochemical types of elongate cells. Serotonin, neuron‐specific enolase (NSE), ubiquitin carboxyl terminal hydrolase (PGP 9.5), and neural cell adhesion molecule (N‐CAM) all have been described as being present in the morphologically defined Type III taste cells in rats. In order to determine whether these substances coexist in a single cell, we undertook immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analysis of taste buds in rats. Double‐label studies show that PGP 9.5 and NSE always colocalize. In contrast, PGP 9.5 and serotonin seldom colocalize. Further, whereas the serotonin‐immunoreactive cells are always slender and elongate, the PGP 9.5/NSE population comprise two morphological types — one slender, the other broader and pyriform. Although gustducin‐immunoreactive taste cells appear similar in overall shape to the pyriform PGP 9.5/NSE population, gustducin never colocalizes with PGP 9.5 or NSE. The serotonin‐immunoreactive taste cells have an invaginated nucleus, synaptic contacts with nerve fibers, and taper apically to a single, large microvillus. These are all characteristics of Type III taste cells described previously in rabbits (Murray [1973] Ultrastructure of Sensory Organs I. Amsterdam: North Holland. p 1–81). PGP 9.5‐immunoreactive taste cells exhibit two morphological varieties. One type is similar to the serotonin‐immunoreactive population, containing an invaginated nucleus, synapses with nerve fibers, and a single large microvillus. The other type of PGP 9.5‐immunoreactive taste cell has a large round nucleus and the apical end of the cell tapers to a tuft of short microvilli, which are characteristics of Type II taste cells. Thus, in rats, some Type III cells accumulate serotonin but do not express PGP 9.5, whereas others express PGP 9.5 but do not accumulate amines. Similarly, Type II taste cells come in at least two varieties: those immunoreactive for gustducin and those immunoreactive for PGP 9.5. J. Comp. Neurol. 440:97–108, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estrogens modulate experimentally induced apoptosis of granule cells in the adult hippocampus
Authors: Liu Zhiping , Gastard Myriam , Verina Tatyana , Bora Susan , Mouton Peter R. , Koliatsos Vassilis E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEstrogens are known to have broad effects on neuronal plasticity, but their specific role in neuronal cell death has not been determined. In the present study, we investigated the effects of β‐estradiol on an experimental model of apoptosis of granule cells of the dentate gyrus, i.e., apoptosis induced by intraventricular injection of the microtubule polymerization inhibitor colchicine. Cell death was characterized with multiple methods, including TUNEL and DNA electrophoresis. Nonrandom digestion of DNA was observed within 8–10 hours after colchicine injection, followed by condensation and fragmentation of granule cell nuclei and extensive anterograde degeneration of mossy fibers/terminals in 2 days. We compared the outcomes of the above‐described manipulation in ovariectomized or sham‐operated rats and animals treated daily with β‐estradiol or vehicle. Animals were lesioned with colchicine or vehicle 2 weeks after ovariectomy or sham operation. β‐Estradiol or vehicle was administered for 1 week prior to lesion and was continued for a further 2 weeks. Total numbers and densities of granule cells in different animal groups were counted by stereology in various anteroposterior levels of the hippocampus. Our results show that ovariectomy intensifies colchicine‐induced granule cell apoptosis, which is ameliorated by exogenous β‐estradiol. In doses that ameliorate the adverse effect of ovariectomy, exogenous β‐estradiol appears to have no effect of preventing granule cell death in animals with intact ovaries; i.e., an estrogen excess is not more neuroprotective than physiological levels of these hormones. Taken together, our results indicate that estrogen deprivation increases the vulnerability of hippocampal neurons to injury and may predispose to neurological diseases occurring after menopause. J. Comp. Neurol. 441:1–8, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analytic aspects of the Toda system: I. A Moser‐Trudinger inequality
Authors: Jost Jürgen , Wang Guofang 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper, we analyze solutions of the open Toda system and establish an optimal Moser‐Trudinger type inequality for this system. Let Σ be a closed surface with area 1 and K = (aij)N × N the Cartan matrix for SU(N + 1), i.e.,

We show that

has a lower bound in (H1(Σ))N if and only if

This inequality is optimal. As a direct consequence, if Mj < for 4π for j = 1, 2, …, N, ΦM has a minimizer u that satisfies

© 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Hoare logic for Java in Isabelle/HOL
Authors: von Oheimb David 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis article presents a Hoare‐style calculus for a substantial subset of Java Card, which we call Java$^{\ell ight}$. In particular, the language includes side‐effecting expressions, mutual recursion, dynamic method binding, full exception handling, and static class initialization.The Hoare logic of partial correctness is proved not only sound (w.r.t. our operational semantics of Java$^{\ell ight}$, described in detail elsewhere) but even complete. It is the first logic for an object‐oriented language that is provably complete. The completeness proof uses a refinement of the Most General Formula approach. The proof of soundness gives new insights into the role of type safety. Further by‐products of this work are a new general methodology for handling side‐effecting expressions and their results, the discovery of the strongest possible rule of consequence, and a flexible Call rule for mutual recursion. We also give a small but non‐trivial application example.All definitions and proofs have been done formally with the interactive theorem prover Isabelle/HOL. This guarantees not only rigorous definitions, but also gives maximal confidence in the results obtained. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The relationship of affect balance in family interactions to behaviour therapy outcome: a study with agoraphobic outpatients and their relatives
Authors: Renneberg Babette , Chambless Dianne L. , Fydrich Thomas , Goldstein Alan J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe purpose of the study was to examine affect balance in dyads of patients and their relatives and its relationship to behaviour therapy outcome for agoraphobia and panic. Thirty‐five agoraphobic outpatients and their relatives participated in the study. On the basis of a 10‐min videotaped discussion between the patients and their partners, coded with Kategoriensystem für Partnerschaftliche Interaktion (KPI; Hahlweg et al., 1984), dyads were classified as affect balanced or unbalanced. Affect‐balanced dyads were those who demonstrated a preponderance of positive over negative and neutral behaviours for both people in the interaction. Compared to patients in unbalanced families, patients from balanced families were more likely to benefit from treatment on agoraphobic avoidance, although not on panic frequency, at both post‐test and a naturalistic 6‐month follow‐up. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cognitive‐behavioural therapy for anxiety disordered children in a clinical setting: does additional cognitive parent training enhance treatment effectiveness?
Authors: Nauta Maaike H. , Scholing Agnes , Emmelkamp Paul M. G. , Minderaa Ruud B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe effectiveness of a treatment protocol with individual CBT for children with anxiety disorders was evaluated in a clinical setting, i.e. an outpatient clinic for child and adolescent psychiatry. In addition, the surplus value of a cognitive parent‐training programme above the individual CBT was determined. Eighteen children with anxiety disorders were treated at an outpatient clinic for child and adolescent psychiatry. All children received 12 weekly sessions of individual cognitive behaviour therapy and all parents had two sessions in which the treatment method was explained. In addition, the families were randomly assigned to one of the following conditions: (1) no extra treatment, or (2) additional cognitive training for the parents, consisting of seven sessions, parallel to the individual treatment of the child. Results were studied at post‐treatment, at 3‐months follow‐up, and at 15 months follow‐up. Both child and parent reports showed significant decline of anxiety of the child, reaching the level of normal controls at 3 months follow‐up. According to parent reports, many children improved between the post‐test and the 3‐month follow‐up. Additional cognitive parent training did not add to the results of individual cognitive behaviour therapy for the children. At 15 months follow‐up, data for the total group revealed a general increase in anxiety reports in child reports but not in parent reports, compared with the three months follow‐up. Five children showed severe psychopathology, whereas the other 12 children reported no anxiety disorders and high levels of general functioning. Again, no differences between the treatment conditions were found. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
State‐space equations of regular and strictly topologically degenerate linear lumped time‐invariant networks: the multiport method
Authors: Sommariva Antonino M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA new complete approach to the multiport formulation of the state‐space equations of uniquely solvable regular or strictly topologically degenerate linear lumped time‐invariant networks is presented. It is based on a Gedankenexperiment during which the topological structure of the original network is manipulated in various ways. The final method requires one to calculate the describing matrices of three homogeneous multiports (i.e. a capacitive, an inductive and a resistive one), which are obtained from the network of interest in a very simple manner. As a by‐product, the equivalent partitioned network is also derived. As an example of application, the state‐space equations of a fourth‐order strictly topologically degenerate network are provided. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons. Ltd.
Cell analysis system based on compact disk technology
Authors: Tibbe Arjan G.J. , de Grooth Bart G. , Greve Jan , Rao Chandra , Dolan Gerald J. , Terstappen Leon W.M.M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundA cell analysis system was developed to enumerate and differentiate magnetically aligned cells selected from whole blood. The cellular information extracted is similar to the readout of musical information from a compact disk (CD). Here we describe the optical design and data processing of the system. The performance of the system is demonstrated using fluorescent‐labeled cells and beads.Materials and MethodsSystem performance was demonstrated with 6‐μm polystyrene beads labeled with magnetic nanoparticles and allophycocyanin (APC) and immunomagnetically aligned leukocytes, fluorescently labeled with Oxazine750 and CD4‐APC, CD8‐Cy5.5, and CD14‐APC/Cy7 in whole blood.ResultsThe sensitivity of the system was demonstrated using APC‐labeled beads. With this system, beads containing 333 APC molecules could easily be resolved from the background. This level of sensitivity was not achievable with a commercial flow cytometer. A maximum of 20,000 immunomagnetically labeled cells could be aligned and analyzed in between 0.6 m of Ni lines, distributed over a surface area of 18 mm2 and extracted from a blood volume that depended on the height of the chamber. The utility of the system was demonstrated by performing a three‐color CD4‐CD8‐CD14 assay.ConclusionsWe built a cell analysis system based on immunomagnetic cell selection and alignment and analysis of fluorescent signals employing CD‐technology that is as good or better than current commercial analyzers. The cell analysis can be performed in whole blood or any other type of cell suspension without extensive sample preparation. Cytometry 47:173–182, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Discrimination of DNA and RNA in cells by a vital fluorescent probe: Lifetime imaging of SYTO13 in healthy and apoptotic cells
Authors: van Zandvoort Marc A.M.J. , de Grauw Cees J. , Gerritsen Hans C. , Broers Jos L.V. , oude Egbrink Mirjam G.A. , Ramaekers Frans C.S. , Slaaf Dick W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundOf the few vital DNA and RNA probes, the SYTO dyes are the most specific for nucleic acids. However, they show no spectral contrast upon DNA or RNA binding. We show that fluorescence lifetime imaging using two‐photon excitation of SYTO13 allows differential and simultaneous imaging of DNA and RNA in living cells, as well as sequential and repetitive assessment of staining patterns.MethodsTwo‐photon imaging of SYTO13 is combined with lifetime contrast, using time‐gated detection. We focus on distinguishing DNA and RNA in healthy and apoptotic Chinese hamster ovary cells.ResultsIn healthy cells, SYTO13 has a fluorescence lifetime of 3.4 ± 0.2 ns when associated with nuclear DNA. Bound to RNA, its lifetime is 4.1 ± 0.1 ns. After induction of apoptosis, clusters of SYTO13 with fluorescence lifetime of 3.4 ± 0.2 ns become apparent in the cytoplasm. They are identified as mitochondrial DNA on the basis of colocalization experiments with the DNA‐specific dye, DRAQ5, and the mitochondrial‐specific dye, CMXRos. Upon progression of apoptosis, the lifetime of SYTO13 attached to DNA shortens significantly, which is indicative of changes in the molecular environment of the dye.ConclusionsWe have characterized SYTO13 as a vital lifetime probe, allowing repetitive and differential imaging of DNA and RNA. Cytometry 47:226–235, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Heterogeneity of freshly isolated human tonsil dendritic cells demonstrated by intracellular markers, phagocytosis, and membrane dye transfer
Authors: Stent Gianna , Reece Jeanette C. , Baylis Dean C. , Ivinson Karen , Paukovics Geza , Thomson Megan , Cameron Paul U. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundHeterogeneity within human dendritic cells (DCs) has been described but its functional relationships to cells of macrophage lineage and its role in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in vivo remain unclear.MethodsTonsil macrophages and DCs were isolated from low‐density cells by negative selection and DCs were sorted into myeloid and plasmacytoid populations using antibodies to CD11c or CD123. Phagocytosis of latex beads and uptake of dye‐labeled target cells were compared by flow cytometry and CD68 and S‐100 by immunofluorescence on cytospins of sorted cells.ResultsBead uptake and membrane dye transfer were found in both blood and tonsil CD11c+ DCs and in CD14+ cells particularly from blood monocytes. CD11c‐ DCs were poorly phagocytic but took up fluorescent dye from intact, necrotic or apoptotic cells. Tonsil DCs and macrophages expressed both CD68 and S‐100 but CD11c‐ DCs expressed CD68 only.ConclusionsFreshly isolated CD11c+ tonsil DCs are similar to CD14+ macrophages in phagocytic function but the poorly phagocytic CD11c‐ DCs can also take up membrane from target cells. The intracellular markers commonly used to identify DCs and macrophages in situ do not identify accurately the CD11c‐ DC subset nor do they distinguish tonsil macrophages from DCs. Cytometry 48:167–176, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuropathic pain and the electrophysiology and pharmacology of nerve injury
Authors: Smith Peter A. , Stebbing Martin J. , Moran Timothy D. , Tarkkila Pekka , Abdulla Fuad A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNociceptive pain serves the useful purpose of alerting the body to potential or actual tissue damage. By contrast, neuropathic pain that results from injury or damage to the nervous system persists long after all signs of the original injury have disappeared. Neuropathic pain presents a significant clinical problem as it responds poorly to classical analgesics such as non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and to opioids; there is also no single, uniformly well‐tolerated drug that is reliably helpful. Treatment currently involves the use of anticonvulsant and/or antidepressant drugs. Electrophysiological experiments on dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord neurons of nerve‐injured experimental animals are yielding new information on the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain. Analysis of actions of various neuropeptides and neurotransmitters in these models has helped to explain the poor efficacy of opioids and suggests new therapeutic approaches to the management of neuropathic pain. Drugs that stimulate α2‐c‐adrenoceptors or that mimic the actions of neuropeptide Y, galanin, or the opioid‐like peptide, nociceptin, may be of use in this regard. Drug Dev. Res. 54:140–153, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.