bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A radon transform interpretation of the physical optics integral
Authors: Bölükbaş Deniz , Ergin A. Arif 
Published: December 2004

AbstractPhysical optics (PO) is a well‐known asymptotic technique for evaluating the fields scattered from an object. Evaluation of a surface integral forms the crux of this technique. In this paper, the PO integral is formulated for plane‐wave incidence and far‐field observation. Then, this integral is converted to the time domain and interpreted as a Radon transform. When the integration domain is a triangle, this interpretation yields a closed‐form expression that can be employed in both the frequency and time domains. The efficacy of using the derived closed‐form expression in the frequency domain is demonstrated through numerical examples. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 44: 284–288, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20612
Finding the Kth shortest path in a time‐schedule network
Authors: Chen Yen‐Liang , Tang Kwei 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe consider the problem of finding the Kth shortest path for a time‐schedule network, where each node in the network has a list of prespecified departure times, and departure from the node can take place only at one of these departure times. We develop a polynomial time algorithm independent of K for finding the Kth shortest path. The proposed algorithm constructs a map structure at each node in the network, using which we can directly find the Kth shortest path without having to enumerate the first K − 1 paths. Since the same map structure is used for different K values, it is not necessary to reconstruct the table for additional paths. Consequently, the algorithm is suitable for directly finding multiple shortest paths in the same network. Furthermore, the algorithm is modified slightly for enumerating the first K shortest paths and is shown to have the lowest possible time complexity under a condition that holds for most practical networks. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2005.
A case of vinblastine overdose managed with plasma exchange
Authors: Spiller Monica , Marson Piero , Perilongo Giorgio , Farina Maria , Carli Modesto , Bisogno Gianni 
Published: December 2004

AbstractSevere, life‐threatening toxicity may be caused by errors in chemotherapy administration. To contribute with some useful information on drug‐induced toxic effects and salvage therapy, we report a case of vinblastine (VBL) overdose (25 mg/m2) in a 12‐year‐old child affected by an end‐stage metastatic primitive neuroectodermal tumor. Early signs of toxicity were acute, severe musculoskeletal pain and fever. This was followed by intestinal hypotonia, severe esophagitis, and peripheral neuropathy. Two consecutive plasma exchange procedures were performed at 4 and 18 hr after the administration of the overdose of VBL. The overall toxicity this child experienced was much less severe than expected; this finding, in combination with the known pharmacokinectis data of VBL in children, made us hypothesize that plasma exchange might have had a role in lowering the side effects of drug over dosage. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vulcanization characteristics and mechanical properties of natural rubber–scrap rubber compositions filled with leather particles
Authors: Ravichandran K , Natchimuthu N 
Published: December 2004

AbstractScrap rubber recycling combined with waste leather particles in natural rubber compounds has been studied. The effect of leather and scrap rubber loading on vulcanization characteristics of natural rubber compounds has been evaluated. The presence of leather was found to reduce the scorch time and increase the maximum and minimum torque. While reversion was not observed in the absence of leather at 150 °C, it was more prominent when leather was incorporated. Mechanical properties such as tensile strength, elongation at break, tear strength, modulus and hardness were found to increase on increasing the scrap rubber loading in the absence of leather. Compounds containing leather exhibited higher tensile strength, modulus, hardness and tear strength values but the modulus and hardness values were found to decrease as the scrap rubber loading increased. All the vulcanizates exhibited only limited swelling in different media as the swelling of one phase of the composite was found to be restricted by the other phase. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
On structural optimization of composite shell structures using a discrete constitutive parametrization
Authors: Lund Erik , Stegmann Jan 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn this article a novel method for structural optimization of laminated composite shell structures such as wind turbine blades is presented. The outer shape of a wind turbine blade is typically determined by aerodynamic considerations and therefore not subject to change. Furthermore, the thicknesses of the shell structures are also considered fixed. The design objective is chosen to be a global quantity such as maximum stiffness or lowest eigenfrequency with a constraint on the total mass, such that the cost of material can be considered. The design optimization method is based on ideas from multiphase topology optimization where the material stiffness (or density) is computed as a weighted sum of candidate materials, and the method is easy to implement in existing finite element codes. The potential of the method to solve the combinatorial problem of proper choice of material, stacking sequence and fibre orientation simultaneously for maximum stiffness or lowest eigenfrequency design is illustrated on both small test examples and a real‐life main spar from a wind turbine blade. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chance and necessity do not explain the origin of life
Authors: Trevors J.T. , Abel D.L. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWhere and how did the complex genetic instruction set programmed into DNA come into existence? The genetic set may have arisen elsewhere and was transported to the Earth. If not, it arose on the Earth, and became the genetic code in a previous lifeless, physical—chemical world. Even if RNA or DNA were inserted into a lifeless world, they would not contain any genetic instructions unless each nucleotide selection in the sequence was programmed for function. Even then, a predetermined communication system would have had to be in place for any message to be understood at the destination. Transcription and translation would not necessarily have been needed in an RNA world. Ribozymes could have accomplished some of the simpler functions of current protein enzymes. Templating of single RNA strands followed by retemplating back to a sense strand could have occurred. But this process does not explain the derivation of “sense” in any strand. “Sense” means algorithmic function achieved through sequences of certain decision‐node switch‐settings. These particular primary structures determine secondary and tertiary structures. Each sequence determines minimum‐free‐energy folding propensities, binding site specificity, and function. Minimal metabolism would be needed for cells to be capable of growth and division. All known metabolism is cybernetic—that is, it is programmatically and algorithmically organized and controlled.
Tra2βl regulates P19 neuronal differentiation and the splicing of FGF‐2R and GluR‐B minigenes
Authors: Chen Xianhua , Huang Jia , Li Jing , Han Yu , Wu Kun , Xu Ping 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe present study demonstrates that the expression of Tra2β1 (Transformer 2‐β1) proteins, an SR (serine/arginine rich) protein, is developmentally up‐regulated in a neural‐specific pattern. The up‐regulation is also observed in RA (retinoic acid) induced neural differentiation of P19 cells. Tra2βl proteins are located in the nuclei of P19 cells, which are consistent with its functional site as an SR protein. The over‐expression of Tra2βl proteins promotes RA induced neuronal differentiation of P19 cells. In P19 cells, the splicing of FGF‐2R (fibroblast growth factor receptor 2) minigene produces the BEK form, while the alternative splicing of GluR‐B (glutamate receptor subunit B) minigene generates two products, the Flop and the Truncated isoforms. Tra2βl inhibits the BEK splicing, but it promotes the Flop splicing. The results therefore suggest that Tra2βl is involved in the regulation of alternative splicing processes during neural development, peculiarly the splicing of FGF‐2R and GluR‐B genes. Both FGF‐2R and GluR‐B genes are known to play important roles in neural differentiation.
FGF‐2 and S100β immunoreactivities increase in reactive astrocytes, but not in microglia, in ascending dopamine pathways following a striatal 6‐OHDA‐induced partial lesion of the nigrostriatal system
Authors: Chadi G. , Gomide V.C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractPartial lesions were induced in rat midbrain dopamine ascending pathways by intrastriatal injection of 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA), and after two weeks changes were observed in the immunoreactivities of S100β, a calcium‐binding protein, and basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF‐2), which is neurotrophic. Semiquantitative microdensitometric image analysis revealed increased intensities of FGF‐2 and S100β immunostaining in putative glial profiles of the ipsilateral neostriatum, pars compacta (SNc) and reticulata (SNr) of the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area (VTA). Double immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase procedures, using antibodies against glial fibrillary acidic protein and OX‐42, showed that these increased immunoreactivities were restricted to reactive astrocytes; they were not observed in reactive microglia. These results indicate that reactive astrocytes may exert paracrine trophic actions through S100β and FGF‐2 in the midbrain dopamine ascending pathways after striatal 6‐OHDA treatment. Interactions between S100β and FGF‐2 may be relevant to neuronal maintenance and repair following dopamine injury.
No release of interstitial glutamate in experimental human model of muscle pain
Authors: Ashina Messoud , Jorgensen Marianne , Stallknecht Bente , Mork Hanne , Bendtsen Lars , Pedersen Jan Fog , Olesen Jes , Jensen Rigmor 
Published: December 2004

AbstractGlutamate may be released from muscle nociceptors and thereby contribute to mechanisms underlying acute and chronic muscle pain. In vivo concentration of glutamate during muscle pain has not previously been studied in either animals or humans. In the present study, we aimed to study the in vivo concentration of glutamate before, during and after acute pain of trapezius muscle in humans using the microdialysis technique. In addition, we examined the nutritive skeletal muscle blood flow and the interstitial concentrations of lactate, glucose, glycerol, pyruvate and urea. Experimental pain and tenderness were induced by intramuscular infusion of a chemical mixture consisting of bradykinin, prostaglandin E2, histamine and serotonin. One EMG‐needle and one microdialysis catheter were inserted into non‐dominant and dominant trapezius muscles on a standard anatomical point in 19 healthy subjects. Dialysates were collected at rest, during infusion and 60 and 120 min after stop of infusion. Local tenderness was recorded at baseline and at the end of experiment. Local pain was recorded during infusion. The infusion of chemical mixture was more painful than infusion of placebo (p < 0.05) and resulted in significantly higher local tenderness score than placebo (p = 0.007). There was no difference in change in interstitial concentrations of glutamate, lactate, glucose, glycerol, pyruvate and urea from baseline to infusion and post‐infusion periods between chemical mixture and placebo (p > 0.05). Muscle blood flow increased significantly over time in response to infusion of chemical mixture and placebo (p = 0.001). However, we found no difference in changes in muscle blood flow between chemical mixture and placebo (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the present study demonstrates no signs of increased release of glutamate from myofascial nociceptors during and after acute experimentally induced muscle pain and tenderness.
Prefrontal cognitive deficits in patients with schizophrenia treated with atypical or conventional antipsychotics
Authors: Müller U. , Werheid K. , Hammerstein E. , Jungmann S. , Becker T. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractForty-three patients with schizophrenia were investigated with a short neurocognitive screening battery focussing on working memory and executive functions. As compared to healthy controls, patients showed impairments in the modified card sorting test, in verbal fluency and all span tasks with exception of digit span forward. Patients who were treated with atypicals showed better performance in the digit ordering test (manipulation task) when compared to a group of patients who received conventional antipsychotics; this difference was not due to disease severity, age or education. Manipulation tasks might be useful for neurocognitive follow-up and intervention studies.
Pharmacological intervention in the initial prodromal phase of psychosis
Authors: Ruhrmann Stephan , Schultze-Lutter Frauke , Maier Wolfgang , Klosterkötter Joachim 
Published: December 2004

AbstractEarly identification and treatment of schizophrenia may alleviate the symptoms, delay the onset and improve the outcome of psychosis. Thus, detection of individuals at risk during the prodromal phase is an important task. Universal approaches to screen the general population or healthy subjects at risk have not proven possible to-date. However, clinical criteria for detecting ultra-high risk individuals have been developed for specialized settings, with their implementation in interventional studies. This article examines the rationale for early detection and intervention of psychosis, along with a review of some of the current studies. These target prevention using psychological and/or pharmacological intervention strategies have demonstrated promising results in high risk individuals. The German Research Network on Schizophrenia (GRNS) is conducting two multicenter early intervention studies; one with early psychological intervention in subjects who manifest early prodromal symptoms; with the second trial applying clinical management and pharmacological early intervention in subjects experiencing late prodromal symptoms (high risk subjects). Despite the promising results, many of the current studies have small sample sizes with study durations of a short period. The full benefits of early detection and intervention should be revealed once larger and longer studies are conducted.
Magnetic resonance relaxometry in monozygotic twins discordant and concordant for schizophrenia
Authors: Spaniel Filip , Herynek Vit , Hajek Tomas , Dezortova Monika , Horacek Jiri , Hajek Milan , Kozeny Jiri , Dockery Colleen , Höschl Cyril 
Published: December 2004

AbstractT1 and T2 relaxation times were examined in four pairs of monozygotic (MZ) twins discordant and concordant for schizophrenia with low and high genetic loading for the illness and five healthy control MZ twin pairs. Patients with schizophrenia (n = 11) showed significant prolongation in T1 relaxation times in the globus pallidus (GP) bilaterally (P < 0.005, Bonferroni corrected) when compared to 14 healthy MZ twins.
An adaptive, integrated “acoustic-trawl” survey design for Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) with estimation of the acoustic and trawl dead zones
Authors: McQuinn Ian H. , Simard Yvan , Stroud Thomas W.F. , Beaulieu Jean-Louis , Walsh Stephen J. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
The objectives of this study were to design an operationally efficient groundfish survey integrating both acoustic and trawl methodologies, to measure the changing vertical availability of cod to each method over 24 h and to compare cod-biomass estimates from the two methods within two experimental sub-regions. The two-phased sampling design involved (i) conducting an initial systematic acoustic survey to locate an area of high cod concentrations, (ii) using the acoustic-backscatter information to stratify the sub-regions into density strata for the allocation of trawl hauls, and (iii) conducting a second systematic acoustic survey at the same time as a random-stratified trawl survey. This protocol permitted the optimization of trawl sampling according to population density and the realization of simultaneous trawl and acoustic estimates for direct comparison. These cod showed extensive diel vertical migrations, which affected their availability to the trawl gear at night and the acoustic beam by day. An acoustic dead-zone correction was applied to the acoustic estimates, averaging 4–15% of the biomass for the night-time transects and 11–36% for the daytime transects. The detailed temporal acoustic monitoring of the vertical migrations permitted the quantification of the change in cod availability to the trawl gear. From 6% to 47% of cod were above the effective trawl height at night, while 0–10% of cod were in the “trawl dead zone” by day. Estimated cod densities were very similar between the two methods on a haul-by-haul basis after correcting each method for their respective inherent sampling biases. The total biomass estimates were also comparable between the two methods for one sub-region, although significantly higher from the trawl data for the other. The discrepancies were most likely a result of differences in the sampling density of the two methods.
Fishing strategy development under changing conditions: examples from the French offshore fleet fishing in the North Atlantic
Authors: Holley Jean-François , Marchal Paul 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
A typology is presented for the French offshore fleet fishing in the North Atlantic. The investigation was carried out separately for all years between 1985 and 2002. Two methods were combined: PCA and cluster analysis. In 1985, most vessels targeted saithe off western Scotland (vessels from Lorient) and in the northern North Sea (vessels from Boulogne and Fécamp). Then, probably because of the decline in biomass of saithe, some vessels started to target deepwater species from the early 1990s. In 2002, some vessels fished exclusively for saithe (>80%), while others targeted mainly deepwater species. In all, 12 fisheries are identified for the period 1985–2002. Results are given of a preliminary investigation trying to identify the external factors (stock biomass, catch limits, price) that may influence the shifts in fishing strategies.
Definition of signal-to-noise ratio and its critical role in split-beam measurements
Authors: Kieser Robert , Reynisson Pall , Mulligan Timothy J. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) plays a critical role in any measurement but is particularly important in fisheries acoustics where both signal and noise can change by orders of magnitude and may have large variations. “Textbook situations” exist where the SNR is clearly defined, but fisheries-acoustic measurements are generally not in this category as signal and noise come from a wide range of sources that change with location, depth, and ocean conditions. This paper defines the SNR and outlines its measurement using split-beam data. Its effect on target-strength (TS) measurements is explored. Recommendations are given for the routine use of the SNR in fisheries-acoustic measurements. This work also suggests a new equation for TS estimation that is important at low SNR.
Maturation of Newfoundland American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides): long-term trends in maturation reaction norms despite low fishing mortality?
Authors: Barot S. , Heino M. , Morgan M.J. , Dieckmann U. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
To interpret long-term trends in age and size at maturation, new statistical methods have recently been devised for estimating probabilistic maturation reaction norms based on data collected for the management of fisheries. Here we apply these methods to three Newfoundland stocks of American plaice (NAFO Divisions 2J3K, 3LNO, 3Ps) and report a clear long-term shift in the maturation reaction norms of these stocks towards maturation at younger age and smaller size. Theory predicts that such trends could result from fishing acting as a selective force, inducing evolutionary changes in the life histories of exploited populations. Matching long-term trends in maturation reactions norms have already been documented for several stocks that have experienced high fishing pressures (Gulf of Maine and Georges Bank cod, Northeast Arctic cod, North Sea plaice). Our results add a new dimension to these earlier findings: since fishing pressures for two stocks of Newfoundland plaice (2J3K and 3Ps) have been relatively low, our results imply that fishing is likely to result in the evolution of life histories even when fishing mortality is low, or that natural mortality has played an important role in determining selective pressures in these populations. Both options suggest that conditions for rapid life-history evolution in exploited stocks are less restrictive than previously appreciated.
Modeling tradeoffs in three‐dimensional concurrent engineering: a goal programming approach
Authors: Fine Charles H. , Golany Boaz , Naseraldin Hussein 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis paper proposes a goal‐programming modeling approach to address three‐dimensional concurrent engineering (3D‐CE) problems involving product, process and supply chain design. The model enables straightforward representation of the inter‐relations among multiple objectives and analysis of tradeoffs among those that exhibit conflicts. The model is demonstrated through a discussion of integrality versus modularity in product and supply chain designs that is motivated by events that took place in the automotive industry over the last decade. A numerical example is used to illustrate the model and the paper concludes with possible extensions and guidelines for implementation.
Interest rate smoothing and financial stability
Authors: Smith R. Todd , van Egteren Henry 
Published: December 2004

AbstractCentral banks smooth fluctuations in interest rates based on a belief that this policy promotes financial stability. This belief is based on a presumption that the direct effect of less interest rate volatility on a bank's likelihood of insolvency is the predominant effect of this policy. The main point of this paper is that these policies also give rise to indirect effects that lower financial stability. These indirect effects occur because the policy itself alters bank behavior. In effect, if the central bank provides (liquidity) insurance (at zero premia), it may introduce a classic moral hazard problem that encourages risk taking by banks. As a result, to maintain a given degree of financial stability, a bank regulator may, in fact, need to impose a higher prudential capital requirement when an interest rate smoothing policy is in place. The paper concludes that the link between interest rate smoothing policy and financial stability may be more complicated than is generally recognized.