bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of long-chain hydrocarbon-polluted sediment on freshwater macroinvertebrates
Authors: Pettigrove Vincent , Hoffmann Ary 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
High-molecular weight (&gt;C16) hydrocarbons (HMWHs) are common pollutants in sediments of freshwater systems, particularly urban water bodies. No sediment quality guidelines exist for total hydrocarbons; more emphasis is placed on polyaromatic hydrocarbons, the most toxic component of hydrocarbons. A field-based microcosm experiment was conducted to determine whether unpolluted sediments spiked with synthetic motor oil impair freshwater macroinvertebrate assemblages. Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) concentrations of 860 mg/kg dry weight significantly increased the abundance of Polypedilum vespertinus and Cricotopus albitarsis and decreased the abundance of Paratanytarsus grimmii adults (all Chironomidae), whereas TPH concentrations ranging from 1,858 to 14,266 mg/kg produced a significant reduction in the total numbers of taxa and abundance, with significant declines in the abundance of nine chironomid taxa. About 28% of water bodies surveyed in urban Melbourne, Australia, had TPH concentrations in sediments likely to cause ecological impairment, and about 14% of the water bodies surveyed are likely to have reduced species richness and abundance. Therefore, HMWHs can be a significant pollutant in urban water bodies. Freshwater sediment quality guidelines should be developed for this ubiquitous urban pollutant.
Low hepatic ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase activity correlates with high organochlorine concentrations in Atlantic tomcod from the Canadian east coast
Authors: Couillard Catherine M. , Lebeuf Michel , Ikonomou Michael G. , Poirier Guy G. , Cretney Walter J. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
A suppression of hepatic ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity was reported recently in large-sized Atlantic tomcod (Microgadus tomcod) from the St. Lawrence Estuary (SLE; QC, Canada), possibly related to chronic exposure to persistent contaminants and/or to emaciation. In the present study, hepatic concentrations of organochlorine contaminants and biological responses were measured in female tomcods from three estuaries located on the Canadian east coast: The SLE, the Miramichi (ME), and the Richibucto (RE) Rivers Estuaries (NB, Canada). Tomcods from the SLE had higher hepatic concentrations of organochlorine contaminants than tomcods from the ME and RE. For example, concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs, lipid wt) were 2.5 to 4 times higher, and concentrations of mirex and chlordanes were 6 times higher, in tomcods from the SLE than in tomcods from the other sites. Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) metabolites in the bile did not differ among sites. The pattern of biological responses differed markedly between the SLE and the two other sites. Tomcods from the SLE had 1.5 times higher concentrations of DNA adducts and 2 times higher rates of hepatocellular proliferation, but 20 times lower hepatic EROD activity, than tomcods from the ME and RE. Lipid content was not correlated with EROD activity, indicating that low hepatic lipid content alone does not cause suppression of EROD activity in Atlantic tomcod. In contrast, for the three sites combined, EROD activity decreased as concentrations of PCBs increased. Within sites, hepatic PCB concentrations increased as lipid content decreased. This study supports the hypothesis that low EROD activity in SLE tomcods is related to chronic exposure to organochlorine contaminants.
Sorption and degradation of estrogen-like-endocrine disrupting chemicals in soil
Authors: Ying Guang-Guo , Kookana Rai S. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Studies were undertaken to assess sorption of seven endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), namely, estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2), bisphenol A (BPA), 4-tert-octyl phenol (4-t-OP), and 4-n-nonyl phenol (4-n-NP) on four soils (from sandy to clay soil) with different physicochemical properties and biodegradation of five EDCs (BPA, E2, EE2, 4-t-OP, and 4-n-NP) in a loam soil associated with wastewater reuse. We also characterized the biotransformation of E2 to E1 in the loam soil under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Sorption test using a batch equilibrium method demonstrated that alkylphenols (4-t-OP and 4-n-NP) had the strongest sorption onto soils, followed by estrogens (EE2, E2, E1, E3) and BPA. This laboratory study showed that all five EDCs, including the degradation product E1, were degraded rapidly in the soil within 7 d under aerobic conditions. However, under anaerobic conditions in the soil, little or no degradation of the five EDCs was noted except for E2, which showed slow degradation during the 70-d study. The calculated half-lives for E2 under anaerobic conditions were 24 d in the soil. Estradiol was found to be biotransformed to E1 under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The study suggested that the five EDCs as well as E1, which may be present in reclaimed wastewater, would not persist in well-aerated soil. But these EDCs persisting in anaerobic soil may affect soil and groundwater quality and ecosystem.
Cover Picture: TiO2 Nanoparticle–Photopolymer Composites for Volume Holographic Recording (Adv. Funct. Mater. 10/2005)
Authors: Sánchez C. , Escuti M. J. , van Heesch C. , Bastiaansen C. W. M. , Broer D. J. , Loos J. , Nussbaumer R. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractTiO2 nanoparticle–photopolymer composites have been employed for volume holographic recording, as reported by Sánchez and co‐workers on p. 1623. Photoinduced segregation of the high refractive index, grafted nanoparticles between polymer‐rich areas leads to improved refractive‐index modulation amplitudes with respect to the base material without nanoparticles. The cover schematically shows a holographic grating registered in this nanocomposite material. These nanocomposite materials should enable the production of holographic optical elements to efficiently control light with angle and wavelength selectivity. This could be used, for example, in liquid‐crystal display technology.A new and efficient photopolymer for the recording of volume holograms is presented. The material comprises a mixture of UV‐sensitive acrylates and grafted titanium dioxide nanoparticles with an average size of 4 nm. We report the formation of holographic gratings with refractive‐index modulation amplitudes of up to 15.5 × 10–3—an improvement of more than a factor of four over the base material without nanoparticles—while maintaining a low level of scattering and a high transparency in the visible‐wavelength range. The influence of the composition of the acrylate system on the final properties of the holographic material is also investigated and discussed. The presence of multifunctional monomers favors the compositional segregation of the different components, while the addition of monofunctional acrylate, highly compatible with the grafting of the nanoparticles, favors the dilution of these nanoparticles.
Inside Front Cover: Observation of a Chiral Smectic Phase in Azobenzene‐Linked Bolaamphiphiles Containing Free Sugars (Adv. Funct. Mater. 10/2005)
Authors: Abraham S. , Paul S. , Narayan G. , Prasad S. K. , Rao D. S. S. , Jayaraman N. , Das S. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractA chiral liquid‐crystalline phase is reported for the first time in sugar‐based mesogens containing free hydroxyl groups by Jayaraman, Das, and co‐workers. Earlier reports have shown that hydrogen‐bonding networks between hydroxyl groups in mesogenic sugars usually result in the manifestation of achiral smectic and columnar phases. The results reported on p. 1579 indicate that the manifestation of smectic C* phases in sugar‐based bolaamphiphiles depends critically on the length of the methylene spacers and the presence of the azobenzene chromophore.Amphiphilic sugars exhibit both lyotropic and thermotropic liquid‐crystalline behavior. Interestingly, in spite of the abundance of chiral centers in amphiphilic sugars, their liquid‐crystalline phases do not exhibit macroscopic chirality. Herein, we report on the first observation of macroscopic chirality in sugar‐based bolaamphiphiles containing free hydroxyl groups. The manifestation of the chiral smectic C* phase in these bolaamphiphiles has been observed to be critically dependent on the presence of the azobenzene moiety and the suitable length of the methylene spacer. These results imply that by suitable selection of linker groups, mesogenic bolaamphiphiles possessing macroscopic chirality can be designed using a variety of naturally available sugar derivatives.
Moving transversal hot zones in adiabatic, shallow packed‐bed reactors
Authors: Viswanathan Ganesh A , Luss Dan 
Published: September 2005

AbstractTransversal hot zones have been observed in industrial and laboratory packed‐bed reactors. Yet, previous modeling attempts failed to predict them without making the unrealistic assumption that the transversal heat dispersion exceeds that of the reactants. It is shown that the formation of transversal hot zones in a uniformly active catalytic reactor is strongly dependent on the reaction kinetics. For example, transversal spatiotemporal concentration and temperature patterns can be predicted to form in a shallow adiabatic packed‐bed reactor using realistic parameters for a catalytic reaction, the rate of which may oscillate under constant ambient conditions. Various experimentally tested rate expressions, such as those describing the oxidation of CO, exhibit this feature. A large number of different types of stable, transversal patterns may form for a sufficiently large reactor diameter, most of which do not exhibit azimuthal symmetry. Surprisingly, the time‐averaged effluent reactant concentration and the period of the different spatiotemporal patterns are rather similar and close to those obtained under a uniform oscillating state. A systematic procedure is presented for finding the initial conditions leading to formation of the different patterns. Numerical simulations show that, because of their homoclinic features, the spatiotemporal patterns have a long period (order of hours), in agreement with various reported laboratory experiments. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Quantitative comparison of alternative control schemes for air‐cooled condensers
Authors: Luyben William L. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractAir‐cooled heat exchangers present unique control problems because they are more sensitive to ambient disturbances than water‐cooled heat exchangers. Each of the several alternative methods for manipulating heat removal has some disadvantages. The obvious choice of manipulating the flow rate of the air is mechanically difficult. This investigation compares three alternative process and control structures for controlling pressure in a distillation column with an air‐cooled condenser: manipulating air flow (fan speed, louver opening, or blade pitch), throttling a control valve in the overhead vapor line, or bypassing vapor around the condenser. Results show that direct manipulation of air flow rate is slower than other methods, and the deviations in column pressure are larger. Overhead vapor throttling gives good control of column pressure, provided the nonlinearity of the butterfly valve is taken into account and the dynamics of the large valve are not too slow. However, reflux‐drum pressure and temperature vary drastically. This necessitates the use of a high‐head reflux pump and results in varying degrees of subcooling, which affect the separation in the column. Hot‐vapor bypassing, using two control valves (one in a vapor bypass line controlling reflux drum pressure and one in the vapor line to the condenser controlling column pressure), provides effective pressure control and lessens the variability in reflux‐drum temperature. However, more condenser area is required and the plumbing must be correct so that hydraulic problems do not occur. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Reverse osmosis of nonaqueous solutions through porous silica‐zirconia membranes
Authors: Tsuru Toshinori , Miyawaki Masashi , Yoshioka Tomohisa , Asaeda Masashi 
Published: September 2005

AbstractPorous silica‐zirconia membranes with pore diameters from 0.8 to 2 nm were prepared by a sol‐gel process, and applied to the separation of alcohols (hexanol, octanol, decanol) and alkanes (hexane, decane, tetradecane) in ethanol solutions by reverse osmosis over the temperature range from 25 to 60° C. A silica‐zirconia membrane with a pore diameter of 1 nm showed a molecular weight‐cut‐off (MWCO) of 200 in ethanol solutions. Rejection increased with the applied pressure, for both alcohol and alkane solutes. However, the rejection of alcohols was found to decrease with temperature, while that for alkanes remained nearly constant. The separation characteristics were examined for the following membrane parameters: solvent permeability, Lp, reflection coefficient, σ, and solute permeability, P, based on the Spiegler‐Kedem equation. The viscosity of solutions and the diffusivity of alkanes and alcohol solutes in nano‐sized pores were found to show a larger temperature dependency than in bulk. The diffusivity of alkane solutes showed the same temperature dependency as the viscosity of ethanol in nano‐sized pores, while the diffusivity of alcohol solutes showed a larger temperature dependency than the viscosity of ethanol, probably because of a larger interaction between alcohol solutes and the hydrophilic surface of silica‐zirconia membranes. Diffusion experiments were carried out to confirm the temperature dependency of the diffusivities in nano‐sized pores. A bilayer model verified that solute permeabilities by reverse osmosis and diffusion experiments were consistent with each other. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Determination of distillation regions for non‐ideal ternary mixtures
Authors: Krolikowski Lechoslaw J. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThis work concerns the determination of distillation boundaries. This is done comprehensively, using a bifurcation study for a single feed column. The approach used is to track all of the pinch points of rectifying and stripping profiles, mapping the branches of solutions and checking for a “jump” of composition profiles at bifurcation points. The main result is a systematic and exact method of selecting appropriate pairs of boundaries for a given type of column, which demarcate distillation regions. The distillation regions overlap. The common area of two distillation regions is parametrically sensitive, and it determines the possibilities of crossing (at a finite reflux) the distillation boundaries defined for a total reflux or reboil ratio. However, such columns may be difficult to start up and control. An algorithm determining the distillation regions, which takes into account properties of distillation boundaries, has been formulated. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Physical workload, work intensification, and prevalence of pain in low wage workers: Results from a participatory research project with hotel room cleaners in Las Vegas
Authors: Krause Niklas , Scherzer Teresa , Rugulies Reiner 
Published: September 2005

AbstractBackgroundOccupational injury rates among hotel workers exceed the national service sector average. This study assesses the prevalence of back and neck pain, and its associations with physical workload, ergonomic problems, and increasing work demands.MethodsNine hundred forty‐one unionized hotel room cleaners completed a survey about health and working conditions. Associations between job demands and pain were determined by logistic regression models adjusting for individual characteristics, cumulative work demands, care‐taking responsibilities at home, and psychosocial job factors.ResultsThe 1‐month prevalence of severe bodily pain was 47% in general, 43% for neck, 59% for upper back, and 63% for low back pain. Workers in the highest exposure quartiles for physical workload and ergonomic problems were between 3.24 and 5.42 times more likely to report severe pain than workers in the lowest quartile. Adjusted odds ratios for work intensification ranged from 1.74 (upper back) to 2.33 (neck).ConclusionsMost room cleaners experience severe back or neck pain. Severe pain showed strong associations with physical workload, work intensification, and ergonomic problems. Am. J. Ind. Med. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New mutations in protein kinase Cγ associated with spinocerebellar ataxia type 14
Authors: Klebe Stephan , Durr Alexandra , Rentschler Alexander , Hahn‐Barma Valerie , Abele Michael , Bouslam Naima , Schöls Ludger , Jedynak Pierre , Forlani Sylvie , Denis Elodie , Dussert Christel , Agid Yves , Bauer Peter , Globas Christoph , Wüllner Ullrich , Brice Alexis , Riess Olaf , Stevanin Giovanni 
Published: September 2005

AbstractAutosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias (ADCA) are a heterogeneous group of neurological disorders. Point mutations in the gene encoding protein kinase Cγ (PRKCG) are responsible for spinocerebellar ataxia 14 (SCA14). We screened for mutations in the PRKCG gene, in a large series of 284 ADCA index cases, mostly French (n=204) and German (n=48), in whom CAG repeat expansions in the known SCA genes were previously excluded. Six mutations were found that segregated with the disease and were not detected on 560 control chromosomes, including F643L (exon 18), already reported in another French kindred. Five new missense mutations were identified in exons 4 (C114Y/G123R/G123E), 10 (G360S) and 18 (V692G). All but one (V692G) were located in highly conserved regions of the regulatory or catalytic domains of the protein. All six SCA14 families were French and there was no evidence of reduced penetrance. The phenotype consisted in a very slowly progressive cerebellar ataxia with a mean age at onset of 33.5±14.2 years (range 15 to 60 years), occasionally associated with executive dysfunction, myoclonus, myorythmia, tremor or decreased vibration sense. SCA14 represented only 1.5% (7/454) of French ADCA families but none of the German families. It should, however, be considered in patients with slowly progressive ADCA, particularly when myoclonus and cognitive impairment are present. Ann Neurol 2005
Organization and evolution of the avian forebrain
Authors: Reiner Anton , Yamamoto Kei , Karten Harvey J. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractEarly 20th‐century comparative anatomists regarded the avian telencephalon as largely consisting of a hypertrophied basal ganglia, with thalamotelencephalic circuitry thus being taken to be akin to thalamostriatal circuitry in mammals. Although this view has been disproved for more than 40 years, only with the recent replacement of the old telencephalic terminology that perpetuated this view by a new terminology reflecting more accurate understanding of avian brain organization has the modern view of avian forebrain organization begun to become more widely appreciated. The modern view, reviewed in the present article, recognizes that the avian basal ganglia occupies no more of the telencephalon than is typically the case in mammals, and that it plays a role in motor control and motor learning as in mammals. Moreover, the vast majority of the telencephalon in birds is pallial in nature and, as true of cerebral cortex in mammals, provides the substrate for the substantial perceptual and cognitive abilities evident among birds. While the evolutionary relationship of the pallium of the avian telencephalon and its thalamic input to mammalian cerebral cortex and its thalamic input remains a topic of intense interest, the evidence currently favors the view that they had a common origin from forerunners in the stem amniotes ancestral to birds and mammals. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
X‐ray Diffraction and Solid‐State NMR Studies of a Germanium Binuclear Complex
Authors: Mafra Luís , Almeida Paz Filipe A. , Shi Fa‐Nian , Rocha João , Trindade Tito , Fernandez Christian , Makal Anna , Wozniak Krzysztof , Klinowski Jacek 
Published: September 2005

AbstractA compound formulated as (C4H12N2)[Ge2(pmida)2(OH)2]⋅4 H2O (where pmida4−=N‐(phosphonomethyl)iminodiacetate and C4H12N22+=piperazinedium cation), containing the anionic [Ge2(pmida)2(OH)2]2− complex, has been synthesised by the hydrothermal approach and its structure determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. Several high‐resolution solid‐state magic‐angle spinning (MAS) NMR techniques, in particular two‐dimensional 1H–X(13C,31P) heteronuclear correlation (HETCOR) and 1H–1H homonuclear correlation (HOMCOR) experiments incorporating a frequency‐switched Lee–Goldburg (FS‐LG) decoupling scheme, have been employed for the first time in such a material. Using these tools in tandem affords an excellent general approach to study the structure of other inorganic–organic hybrids. We assigned the NMR resonances with the help of C⋅⋅⋅H and P⋅⋅⋅H internuclear distances obtained through systematic statistical analyses of the crystallographic data. The compound was further characterised by powder X‐ray diffraction techniques, IR and Raman spectroscopy, and by elemental and thermal analyses (thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry).
Preparation and Functionalization of Multilayer Fullerenes (Carbon Nano‐Onions)
Authors: Rettenbacher Arno S. , Elliott Bevan , Hudson Joan S. , Amirkhanian Armen , Echegoyen Luis 
Published: September 2005

AbstractCarbon nano‐onions (CNOs) represent a still largely unexplored carbon allotrope. Promising properties of these unique carbon structures are driving the research efforts in this area, but many technical problems remain in their preparation, derivatization, separation and characterization. In this article, we report the preparation, partial purification, and multiple functionalization and solubilization of CNOs. With only one priorly published short communication1 describing CNO functionalization, the present work is the most comprehensive description of CNO functionalization and characterization to date.
Heteroatom‐Guided Torquoselective Olefination of α‐Oxy and α‐Amino Ketones via Ynolates
Authors: Shindo Mitsuru , Yoshikawa Takashi , Itou Yasuaki , Mori Seiji , Nishii Takeshi , Shishido Kozo 
Published: September 2005

AbstractYnolates were found to react with α‐alkoxy‐, α‐siloxy‐, and α‐aryloxyketones at room temperature to afford tetrasubstituted olefins with high Z selectivity. Since the geometrical selectivity was determined in the ring opening of the β‐lactone enolate intermediates, the torquoselectivity was controlled by the ethereal oxygen atoms. From experimental and theoretical studies, the high Z selectivity is induced by orbital and steric interactions rather than by chelation. In a similar manner, α‐dialkylamino ketones provided olefins with excellent Z selectivity. These products can be easily converted into multisubstituted butenolides and γ‐butyrolactams in good yield.
Acyclic Chiral Amines and Amino Acids as Inexpensive and Readily Tunable Catalysts for the Direct Asymmetric Three‐Component Mannich Reaction
Authors: Ibrahem Ismail , Zou Weibiao , Engqvist Magnus , Xu Yongmei , Córdova Armando 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe direct three‐component asymmetric Mannich reaction catalyzed by acyclic chiral amines or amino acids is presented. Simple acyclic chiral amines and amino acids—such as alanine–tetrazole (9), alanine, valine, and serine—catalyzed the three‐component asymmetric Mannich reactions between unmodified ketones, p‐anisidine, and aldehydes with high chemo‐ and stereoselectivity, furnishing the corresponding Mannich bases with up to >99 % ee. This study demonstrates that the whole range of amino acids in nature, as well as nonproteogenic amino acid derivatives, can be considered in the design and tuning of novel, inexpensive organocatalysts for the direct asymmetric Mannich reaction.
Crystal Structures of the LnCuPbS3 (Ln: Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu) Compounds.
Authors: Gulay L. D. , Olekseyuk I. D. , Wolcyrz M. , Stepien‐Damm J. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.