bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low Levels of Urinary Albumin Excretion Are Associated with Cardiovascular Risk Factors in the General Population
Authors: Janssen Wilbert M. T. , Hillege Hans , Pinto-Sietsma Sara Joan , Bak Annette A. A. , Zeeuw Dick De , de Jong Paul E. 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Microalbuminuria is associated with both an increased
prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and greater
renal and cardiovascular morbidity. We questioned
whether in the general population such associations
can be found at lower levels of urinary albumin excretion
than that of classically defined microalbuminuria.
To that purpose urinary albumin concentration was
measured in 40619 subjects aged 28 to 75 years. The
subjects filled in a questionnaire on cardiovascular risk
factors and events and were divided in deciles according
to their urinary albumin concentration.
Smoking was associated with albuminuria in the
fifth or higher decile of urinary albumin concentration,
that is with an albumin concentration of 5.1 mg/l and
higher. The lower cut-off point for a positive association
with hypertension was 8.8 mg/l, and for diabetes
11.2 mg/l. Family history for cardiovascular disease
and hyperlipidaemia were not associated with albuminuria.
We conclude that urinary albumin concentrations
far below the microalbuminuric range are associated
with increased prevalence of established cardiovascular
risk factors. Family history for cardiovascular disease
and hyperlipidaemia seems to behave differently.
These data emphasize the need for more studies on
the impact of albuminuria on the prediction of cardiovascular
and renal disease in the general population.
Factors Affecting Crystalline Structure of Cellulose during Solvent Purification Treatment
Authors: Awadel-Karim S. , Nazhad M. M. , Paszner L. 
Published: October 2004

Summary
The influence of acetone, as a solvent on crystalline structure of the cellulose, was investigated. Crystalline changes brought about by the solvent treatment on the residual cellulose have been foundto be noticable. The crystallinity index of solvent treated celluloses has shown a trend of a small gradual increase with the progressive increase of acetone concentration in the treatment. The crystallite size of the residual cellulose has also been found to decrease successively with the increase of acetone content in the solvent composition. While the decrease in crystallite size reached approximately 8 %, the equivalent weight loss was only about 0.9 %.
The influence of kinetic parameters on crystalline structure of cellulose during solvent purification (e. g., temperature, reaction time, acidity and type of acid catalyst) was also examined. Acidity and acid catalyst type were found to contribute to crystalline structural changes of cellulose. The use of higher concentrations for acids (TFA, HCl) has led to a decrease in crystallite size and crystallinity index. However, lower concentrations of TFA have a positive impact on the crystallinity index of the treated cotton cellulose. The crystallinity index of the residual cellulose has shown a slight increase with the increase in temperature, while the crystallite size has indicated a successive decrease. The reaction time has offered, in general, better chances for enhancement of the crystallinity index of the cellulose.
Rupture of Pit Membranes in Sugi (Cryptomerica japanica D. Don) Logs by a Smoke Heating System with Increased Far-Infrared Radiation
Authors: Yoshizawa N. , Andoh M. , Ishiguri F. , Yokota S. , Furuno T. 
Published: October 2004

Summary
A special furnace for smoke-heating logs, with increased far-infrared radiation (FIR), was produced to improve the wood quality. Green sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D.Don) logs were smoke-heated with the direct use of this system. In a short time, this process increased the temperature inside the logs up to 80–100 °C uniformly, without any damage to the wood. The great increase in steam pressure inside the log resulted in the rupture of pit membranes (PMs) with a high frequency, leading to a decrease in the moisture contents of the logs. It was found that when a temperature of 80 °C is attained inside the log, the rupture of PMs occurs. The rupture proceeds from the outer sapwood towards the pith, accompanied by the radiation heat transfer within the log. By the rupture of PMs, smoke-heated sugi wood showed a large improvement in permeability.
Hydroxyl Radical Generation by an Extracellular Low-Molecular-Weight Substance and Phenol Oxidase Activity During Wood Degradation by the White-Rot Basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium
Authors: Tanaka H. , Itakura S. , Enoke A. 
Published: October 2004

SummaryThe mechanism of wood degradation by white-rot fungi is not understood in detail other than it is involving phenol oxidases (which are lignin-degrading enzymes) and cellulases. The possible role of hydroxyl radicals in degradation by the white-rot fungusPhanerochaete chrysosporiumwas studied. The production of a low-molecular-weight substance that is secreted was measured periodically. The substance catalyzes a redox reaction between O2and an electron donor producing hydroxyl radicals in the culture fluid of this fungus with glucose or wood as the carbon source. We examined the possible role(s) of one-electron oxidation activity by phenol oxidases and hydroxyl radicals in wood degradation by this fungus. Assays of phenol oxidase activity showed thatP. chrysosporiumproduced much manganese peroxidase in wood culture, and that the activity peaked early in incubation. The generation of hydroxyl radicals in the redox reaction was related to the rate of wood degradation, but the activity of phenol oxidases was not related. Therefore, hydroxyl radicals are important in wood degradation by this fungus.
A New Approach Towards the Yellowing Inhibition of Mechanical Pulps. Part I: Selective Removal of α-Hydroxyl and α-Carbonyl Groups in Lignin Model Compounds
Authors: Hu T. Q. , Leary G. , Wong D. 
Published: October 2004

Summary
The α-hydroxyl group in lignin model compounds 1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-1,3-propanediol (1) and 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)ethanol (3), and the α-carbonyl group in
1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethan-1-one (5) are removed by treatment of the
model compounds with trifluoroacetic acid (CF3CO OH) and triethylsilane (Et3sih) in methylene
chloride. The reaction is highly chemoselective and it tolerates the lignin γ-hydroxyl group, phenol
and β-O-4-aryl ether linkage. The α-hydroxyl group in 1 has also been removed with triethylsilane
in aqueous trifluoroacetic acid (CF3CO OH : H2o = 75 : 25).
The combination of trifluoroacetic acid and sodium borohydride, or sodium triacetoxyborohydride, is
also effective in removing the α-carbonyl group in 5 and the α-hydroxyl group in lignin model
compound 1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethanol (7) and in milled wood lignin. The
selective removal of the lignin α-hydroxyl and α-carbonyl groups may potentially be used, in
conjunction with the protection of the lignin phenol, to inhibit the light and/or heat-induced yellowing of mechanical pulps.
Variability of Suberin Composition of Reproduction Cork from Quercus suber Throughout Industrial Processing
Authors: Conde E. , García-Vallejo M. C. , Cadahía E. 
Published: October 2004

Summary
The chemical composition of suberin was studied in cork planks from three different trees of Spanish
Quercus suber at four different stages of the industrial processing of first transformation: stripping (a),
first rest (b), boiling followed by open air rest (c1) and boiling followed by store-room rest (c2). The
monomeric composition was determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in the product of
depolymerization of the free of extractives cork with sodium methoxide-methanol. The average
concentrations of the main monomers were: 1-alkanols (C20–C26) 4.17 %; alkanoic acids (C20–C26)
5.99%; α, ω-alkanedioic acids (C16–C24) 6.20%; ω-hydroxy-alkanoic acids (C20–C26) 29.41%; erythro and
threo-9,10-dihydroxyoctadecanedioic acids 6.76%, erythro- and threo-9,10,18-trihydroxyoctadecanoic
acids 9.50%, 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid 2.72% and 9,10-epoxy-octadecanedioic
acid 2.93% and ferulic acid 5.05%. Significant differences were observed between samples taken at
the stripping and after boiling with store room rest, and both groups of samples differed from those
picked after the other two processing stages. Ten components were selected as providing the greatest
discrimination among stages: 9-octadecenedioic, 18-hydroxy-9-octadecenoic, eicosanedioic and 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-octadecanoic acids, tetracosanol, and five unidentified components.
The Effects of Water Soluble Extractives on the Acoustic Properties of Reed (Arundo donax L.)
Authors: Obataya E. , Umezawa T. , Nakatsubo F. , Norimoto M. 
Published: October 2004

Summary
The storage modulus (E′) and the loss tangent (tanδ) of reed (Arundo donax L.) used for woodwinds
were measured at 20°C and 60% relative humidity and the effects of water soluble extractives on these
properties were discussed. The extractives increased both the E′ and tanδof reed. There was a linear
relationship between the tanδ change and the weight loss due to extraction. By using an uniaxial
rheological model considering the anatomical structure of reed, the E′ and tanδ of reed were described
using the storage moduli, loss tangents, and volume fractions of bundle sheaths and parenchyma cells.
It was suggested that the extractives in parenchyma cells increased the modulus of elasticity for
parenchyma cells by 25% and reduced the relaxation time of parenchyma cells by a factor of three.
The main constituents of extractives were glucose, fructose and sucrose.
Wood Moisture Gradient Analysis by Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy
Authors: Tiitta M. , Savolainen T. , Olkkonen H. , Kanko T. 
Published: October 2004

Summary
An electrical impedance frequency spectrum (20Hz to 1MHz) was measured in wood specimens with
uniform, absorption and desorption transverse moisture content (MC) gradient. Parallel plate single
sided capacitive and conductive electrodes were used. Capacitance, conductance and impedance locus
analyses were included in the study, the desorption and absorption moisture gradients (MG) were
estimated using frequency based analysis. This study suggests that the transverse MG can be estimated
using impedance spectroscopy analysis. Both used electrode types and all the studied methods gave
similar results which shows that frequency based analysis can be used. It was not possible to achieve
very good accuracy when estimating MG using pure conductive or capacitance measurement method.
The electrical distributed network circuit modelling was found to be the most promising method in
estimation of transverse MG.
Non-Darcian Air Flow in Wood. Part 2. Nonlinear Flow
Authors: Lu J. , Avramidis S. 
Published: October 2004

Summary
In this study, permeability measurements and flow rate-pressure-relationship analysis were carried out
to determine whether non-Darcian flow due to nonlinear flow is present during air flow through red
oak and red alder heartwood, and ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir sapwood. The results indicated
that there was no evidence of nonlinear flow in red alder, ponderosa pine, and Douglas-fir throughout
the entire range of flow rates, and for red oak at flow rates below 19.57 cm3/s. At higher flow rates,
the results for red oak showed that the superficial specific permeability at the mean pressure of
50kPa decreased with the increase of the flow rates, and the equation relating pressure drop and
flow rate at a given mean pressure of 50 kPa involved both a linear and quadratic dependence, thus
demonstrating the presence of nonlinear flow components in wood. The calculated Reynolds number
that was in the range of 0.263 to 1.05, further suggested that the nonlinear flow found in red oak
heartwood at higher flow rates was probably nonlinear laminar flow due to the kinetic-energy losses
occurring in the curved openings.
Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) for Quantification of Cell-Wall Penetration of a Melamine Resin
Authors: Rapp A.O. , Bestgen H. , Adam W. , Peek R.-D. 
Published: October 2004

Summary
A literature survey was performed to find progress in techniques for monitoring penetration of synthetic
resins in wood cell walls. Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) in combination with transmission
electron microscopy (TEM) was successfully applied for the high resolution examination of the
distribution of a partly methylated hydroxymethyl melamine resin in Norway spruce (Picea abies
Karst.) earlywood cell walls. The nitrogen of the resin was found as clearly detectable signals in all
layers of the lignified cell wall, thus allowing the quantification of resin which had penetrated into the
different layers. Possible principles of decay protection of wood which has been upgraded with low
concentrated aqueous solutions of modified hydroxymethyl melamine resins with medium to low
hydroxymethyl/melamine ratios are discussed.
Identification of the Dry Rot Fungus, Serpula lacrymans, and the Wild Merulius, S. himantioides, by Amplified Ribosomal DNA Restriction Analysis (ARDRA)
Authors: Schmidt Olaf , Moreth Ute 
Published: October 2004

SummaryIsolates of the dry rot fungus,Serpula lacrymans, and of the morphologically similar wild merulius,S. himantioides, were investigated by amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region to prove this method as diagnosis tool for the economically important indoor rot fungi. The technique uses the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify the relatively variable sequences of the ITS region arranged between the highly conserved portions of the 18S and 28S RNA genes of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) repeat unit. Subsequent digestion of the amplicon with restriction endonucleases may exhibit differences at species and subspecies level. Using the universal ITS 1/ITS 4 primer combination, the ITS region of all isolates ofS. lacrymansandS. himantioideswas amplified. The size of the amplified products was about 630bp in both species, as estimated from agarose gel electrophoresis. Digestion of the amplicon with the endonuclease pairsAluI/HhaI andAvaII/MboII, respectively, revealed identical rDNA-ITS fragments for the isolates of both species, indicating their genetic relationship. On the other hand, digestion withBglI/HinfI andHaeIII/TaqI, respectively, separated the fungi by means of different fragment patterns. Thus, ARDRA-ITS proved to be suited for the identification of both fungi.
Chemical Constituents and Mechanisms of Discoloration of Taiwania (Taiwania cryptomerioides Hayata) Heartwood. The Structure Reconfirmation and Conversion Mechanism of Taiwanin A
Authors: Chang Shang-Tzen , Wang Sheng-Yang , Su Yu-Chang , Huang Shou-Ling , Kuo Yueh-Hsiung 
Published: October 2004

Summary
One of the color substances, taiwanin A, was isolated from Taiwania (Taiwania cryptomerioides Hayata)
heartwood. According to the 13C-NMR, 1H-NMR, HSQC, HMBC, and NOE difference spectroscopy
analyses, the diene structure of taiwanin A was reconfirmed to be the trans-trans formulation. In
addition, it was proven that deep orange crystalline taiwanin A changed to white and pale yellow
compounds, taiwanin C and taiwanin E, after light irradiation. The conversion mechanism of taiwanin
A into taiwanin C and taiwanin E is also proposed and discussed in this study.
Deposition of Lignin in Differentiating Xylem Cell Walls of Normal and Compression Wood of Buxus microphylla var. insularis Nakai
Authors: Yoshizawa Nobuo , Ohba Hiromi , Uchiyama Junko , Yokota Shinso 
Published: October 2004

Summary
The deposition process of lignins within differentiating xylem walls of normal and compression wood
of Buxus microphylla var. insularis Nakai was examined by visible-light microspectrophotometry
coupled with the Wiesner and Mäule reactions. Buxus formed compression wood on the underside of
the leaning stems. The secondary walls of the vessels and fibre tracheids in compression wood showed
an intense lignification in the outer region of S2 layer. The spectra of tissues after Mäule and Wiesner
reactions showed absorption maxima of around 515 nm and 570 nm, respectively. In differentiating
xylem cells of normal wood, lignin composed of both guaiacyl and syringyl units was deposited mainly
during the S2 thickening and after formation of the S3 layer in fibre tracheids, whereas in vessels it was
actively deposited mainly during the S2 thickening. In compression wood, the deposition of the lignin
composed of guaiacyl units was observed for a long period from the early stages of the S2 thickening.
Lignification was becoming particularly active at the outer portion of S2 layer after completion of the
S2 thickening in both vessels and fibre tracheids. On the other hand, the syringyl units were deposited
mainly during the S2 thickening in both cell types.
Depolymerization of Straw Lignin by Manganese Peroxidase from Nematoloma frowardii is Accompanied by Release of Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Hofrichter Martin , Scheibner Katrin , Bublitz Friedemann , Schneegaß Ivonne , Ziegenhagen Dirk , Martens Rainer , Fritsche Wolfgang 
Published: October 2004

SummaryManganese peroxidase preparations (MnP) from the white-rot fungusNematoloma frowardiiwere able to release14CO2directly from14C-labeled milled wheat straw (MWS; total lignin fraction) and milled straw lignin (MSL; dioxane soluble part of MWS). Apart from the formation of14CO2(4–10 %) the treatment of insoluble MWS and MSL with MnP resulted in the formation of water-soluble14C-lignin fragments (lignin solubilization, 14–25%). Analyses with gel permeation chromatography (GPC) demonstrated the formation of lignin fragments with predominant molecular masses around 1 kDa. The extent of MWS mineralization and solubilization was enhanced in the presence of reduced glutathione (GSH) acting as thiol mediator, whereas MSL mineralization was not stimulated by GSH. The principle of direct extracellular mineralization of lignin catalyzed by the MnP system may make a significant contribution to the formation of carbon dioxide in lignincellulose containing habitats.
Use of an Improved Chemiluminescence Assay for Non-Intrusive Measurement of Hydroxyl Radicals in a Biomimetic Pulp Bleaching Model System
Authors: Walker C. C. , Dinus R. J. , McDonough T. J. , Eriksson K.-E. L. 
Published: October 2004

Summary
A chemiluminescence assay was used to measure the production of hydroxyl radicals (·OH) in aqueous
solutions of hydrogen peroxide and iron-containing catalysts. Preliminary experiments evaluating assay
sensitivity revealed that one of the required reagents, phthalhydrazide (PtH), interfered with the studied
reactions. In addition, undesirable degradation of the chemiluminescent form of PtH was observed. By
removing PtH from reaction solutions and modifying the published procedures, a successful non-intrusive
method for measurement of ·OH was obtained. The modified assay was used to compare the rate of ·OH
generation in solutions of H2O2, either FeSO4 or Fe-EDTA and a substrate, lignosulfonate. This “biomimetic”
pulp bleaching system is meant to simulate naturally occurring biological reactions utilized for
degradation of lignins by wood-degrading fungi. Results from these experiments show that FeSO4
produced more ·OH than Fe-EDTA. The improved non-intrusive chemiluminescence assay has proven to
be an excellent tool for investigating the role of the ·OH in biomimetic pulp bleaching and potentially
other systems.
Effect of Silvicultural Practice and Wood Type on Loblolly Pine Particleboard and Medium Density Fiberboard Properties
Authors: Shupe Todd F. , Hse Chung Y. , Choong Elvin T. , Groom Leslie H. 
Published: October 2004

Summary
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of five different silvicultural strategies and wood
type on mechanical and physical properties of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) particleboard and
fiberboard. The furnish was prepared in an unconventional manner from innerwood and outerwood
veneer for each stand. Modulus of rupture (MOR) differences between the stands were insignificant for
particleboard. Some significant modulus of elastisity (MOE) differences existed between the stands for
particleboard and fiberboard. Differences between the wood types were minimal for each stand.
Innerwood yielded higher mean MOR, MOE, and internal bond (IB) values than outerwood for most
of the stands. The differences between the stand and wood types for 2 and 24 h thickness swell and 2
and 24h water adsorption were very minimal. This research has shown that innerwood can produce
particleboard and fiberboard panels with very comparable mechanical and physical properties to
outerwood. The effect of the silvicultural strategy (i. e., stand) was minimal for most properties.
Rapid Determination of the Chemical Composition and Density of Pinus radiata by PLS Modelling of Transmission and Diffuse Reflectance FTIR Spectra
Authors: Meder R. , Gallagher S. , Mackie K.L. , Böhler H. , Meglen R.R. 
Published: October 2004

Summary
Transmission and diffuse reflectance FTIR spectra of samples of Pinus radiata wood have been used as the basis of PLS-1 (partial least squares) and PLS-2 (projection to latent structures) models for the prediction of extractives, lignin, total carbohydrate and basic density. Very little difference was observed between models based on transmission spectra and those based on diffuse reflectance spectra. Because of the ease of sample preparation and presentation the diffuse reflectance technique was chosen as the method of preference. Similarly very little difference was observed between models prepared using PLS-1 and models prepared using PLS-2 correlations of diffuse reflectance spectra. Multiple correlation coefficients between the four measured properties and the diffuse reflectance spectra using PLS-2 modelling with four principal components are respectively: extractives, 0.87; Klason lignin, 0.84; total carbohydrate, 0.58; and density, 0.87.
Dimensional Changes in Corsican Pine Sapwood due to Chemical Modification with Linear Chain Anhydrides
Authors: Hill C.A.S. , Jones D. 
Published: October 2004

Summary
The volumetric changes in Corsican pine sapwood due to modification with an homologous series of linear chain anhydrides has been studied. The results have been interpreted in terms of the molar volume occupied by the substituent groups in the wood cell wall. At low levels of substitution, the molar volume is larger at low weight gains. Thus if the volume increase is due to a volume occupied by the reagent molecules and a void volume created within the wood matrix, then the void volume is larger at low levels of substitution. A non-linear relationship has also been found between the void volume and volume occupied by adduct as the size of the anhydride increases. By determining the relationship between average molar volume at high weight gains and ultimate level of OH substitution, for the range of anhydrides studied, it is possible to estimate the number of accessible OH groups at 5.7 (+/− 0.4) mMoles/gm, this contrasts with a theoretically calculated value of 8.6 mMoles/gm.
The Reactions of Lignins with High Temperature Hydrogen Peroxide Part 2. The Oxidation of Kraft Lignin
Authors: Kadla J.F. , Chang H.-m. , Jameel H. 
Published: October 2004

Summary
A technical pine kraft lignin was subjected to alkaline hydrogen peroxide oxidation in the presence of DTMPA and molecular oxygen at various temperatures. In the presence of DTMPA the lignin was found to undergo increasing levels of oxidation and degradation with increasing temperature. At 110°C over 80% of the kraft lignin was degraded. Analyses of the degraded lignins indicated that both phenolic and nonphenolic lignin moieties were degraded. At 90°C the addition of molecular oxygen resulted in further lignin demethoxylation, but did not decrease the amount of phenolic hydroxyl groups or hydrogen peroxide consumed. In the absence of DTMPA the hydrogen peroxide was rapidly degraded, and accompanied by only minimal lignin oxidation.