bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resistance to Leveillula taurica in the genus Capsicum
Authors: De Souza V. L. , Café‐Filho A. C. 
Published: November 2003

One hundred and sixty‐two Capsicum genotypes were evaluated for powdery mildew (Leveillula taurica) resistance, following inoculations with a suspension of 5 × 104 conidia mL−1 on 10‐leaved to 12‐leaved plants. Genotypes were graded into five resistance classes, based on the areas under the disease progress curves calculated from disease incidence (percentage infected leaves per plant) and severity (total number of colonies per plant). Results revealed a continuum from resistance to susceptibility, with the majority (70%) of C. annuum materials being classified as moderately to highly susceptible to L. taurica. Conversely, C. baccatum, C. chinense and C. frutescens were most often resistant, indicating that resistance to L. taurica among Capsicum species is found mainly outside the C. annuum taxon. Nevertheless, some resistant C. annuum material was identified that may be useful for resistance breeding. Eight genotypes were identified as immune to the pathogen: H‐V‐12 and 4638 (previously reported), and CNPH 36, 38, 50, 52, 279 and 288. Only H‐V‐12 and 4638 are C. annuum, while all others belong to the C. baccatum taxon. Latent period of disease on a set of commercial sweet pepper genotypes varied, indicating diverse levels of polygenic resistance. The latent period progressively reduced with plant maturity, from 14·3 days in plants at the mid‐vegetative stage to 8·6 days in plants at the fruiting stage. Young plants of all commercial genotypes tested at the early vegetative stage were immune, irrespective of the reaction of the genotype at later stages, demonstrating widespread juvenile resistance to L. taurica in the Capsicum germplasm. Inoculation of plants of different botanical taxa with a local isolate indicated a wide host range. Some hosts, including tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), artichoke (Cynara scolymus) and poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima), produced large amounts of secondary inoculum. Other hosts included okra (Abelmoschus esculentus), eggplant (Solanum melongena), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), Solanum gilo, Chenopodium ambrosioides and Nicandra physaloides.
Epidemiological importance ofSolanum sisymbriifolium,S. nigrumandS. dulcamaraas alternative hosts forPhytophthora infestans
Authors: Flier W. G. , Van Den Bosch G. B. M. , Turkensteen L. J. 
Published: November 2003

Lesions ofPhytophthora infestanswere found on woody nightshade (Solanum dulcamara), black nightshade (S. nigrum) andS. sisymbriifoliumduring a nationwide late blight survey in the Netherlands in 1999 and 2000. Pathogenicity and spore production ofP. infestansisolates collected from potato (S. tuberosum),S. nigrum,S. dulcamaraandS. sisymbriifoliumwere determined on several host plant species, and oospore formation in naturally infected and inoculated foliage of hosts was quantified. The present population ofP. infestansin the Netherlands is pathogenic onS. nigrum,S. dulcamaraandS. sisymbriifolium. Oospores were produced in leaves ofS. nigrum,S. dulcamaraandS. sisymbriifoliumfollowing infection with A1 and A2 isolates. Therefore these plant species should be regarded as alternative hosts for the late blight pathogen. In the case ofS. nigrumandS. dulcamarainfection was a relatively rare event, suggesting that diseased plants do not significantly contribute to the overall late blight disease pressure present in potato‐production areas. Oospore production in ageingS. nigrumandS. dulcamaraplants in autumn, however, may generate a considerable source of (auto) infections in following years. Considerable numbers of sporangia and oospores were produced onS. sisymbriifoliumfollowing infection withP. infestans. Additional field infection data are needed to evaluate the epidemiological consequences of a commercial introduction ofS. sisymbriifoliumas a potato cyst nematode trap crop.
Impact of Phosphorus from Dairy Manure and Commercial Fertilizer on Perennial Grass Forage Production
Authors: Mikhailova E. A. , Cherney J. H. , Cherney D. J. R. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractIncreased recovery and recycling of manure phosphorus (P) by crops on dairy farms is needed to minimize environmental problems. The main objective of this study was to compare P utilization by orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceae Schreb.) from dairy manure or inorganic fertilizer. The study was conducted from 1994 to 2000 at the Cornell University Baker Farm, Willsboro, NY, on a somewhat poorly drained Kingsbury clay (very–fine, illitic, mesic Aeric Epiaqualfs). The design was a split‐plot in a randomized complete block with two manure rates (16 800 and 33 600 kg ha−1) and one nitrogen (N) fertilizer rate (84 kg N ha−1 at spring greenup and 56 kg N ha−1 prior to each regrowth harvest) as the main plots and grass species as subplots replicated six times. Fertilizer P [Ca(H2PO4)2] was applied to the fertilizer treatment in 1995 and 1996 at 11 kg P ha−1 year−1. Orchardgrass P removal averaged 21 % higher than tall fescue P removal for the spring harvest, but orchardgrass averaged 24 % lower P removal than tall fescue removal for all regrowth harvests from 1995–99. Phosphorus herbage concentration in the fertilizer treatment was in the range of 1.9–2.7 g P kg−1 compared with 2.2–5.3 g P kg−1 in the manure treatments. Seasonal P removal ranged from as low as 9.2 kg P ha−1 to as high as 48.5 kg P ha−1. Morgan extractable soil P in the top 0–0.20 m remained high through 1999, with 29.1 kg P ha−1 at the highest manure rate in tall fescue compared with 8.4 kg P ha−1 measured in 1993 prior to the experiment. In 2000, soil P at the highest manure rate in tall fescue dropped to 10.1 kg P ha−1, following cessation of manure application in 1998. Intensively managed harvested orchardgrass and tall fescue have the potential to remove large quantities of manure P.
Genotypic Variability in Adaptation Responses of Selected Clones of Cassava to Drought Stress in the Sudan Savanna Zone of Nigeria
Authors: Okogbenin E. , Ekanayake I. J. , Porto M. C. M. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractIdentification of drought‐tolerant and ‐resistant varieties of cassava is of paramount importance for the maximization of productivity potential in drought‐prone areas. Nine improved cassava varieties developed in humid and subhumid agro‐ecologies were evaluated for their growth responses and adaptability in the dry savannas of Nigeria. Field trials were set up in two cropping seasons at three different locations. Parameters evaluated included fresh root yield (FRY), fresh shoot yield (FSY), cumulative leaves formed (CLF), cumulative leaf scars (CLS), root dry‐matter content (DMC), harvest index (HI), and root cyanogenic potential (CNp). Results demonstrated that varietal response differed with water table site, implying different adaptation responses of varieties to the water regime. Variations in all characters studied were significantly (P<0.05) influenced by genotype, suggesting a strong genetic basis for the phenotypic differences amongst varieties. Compared with variation attributable to location, the genotypic components were strong for FRY, FSY, CLF, CLS, HI and DMC. HI and DMC were not significantly affected by location. CNp tended to increase with increasing drought stress. The significance of genotype × environment effects for FRY suggested that genotypes may be selected for specific adaptation for drought‐prone environments. The poor adaptability responses of the majority of the varieties implied that an agro‐ecologically targeted breeding scheme for the dry savanna would be a more appropriate approach for the development of drought‐tolerant varieties.
Pharmacokinetics and anti‐hyperglycaemic efficacy of a novel inhibitor of glycogen phosphorylase, 1,4‐dideoxy‐1,4‐imino‐d‐ arabinitol, in glucagon‐challenged rats and dogs and in diabetic ob/ob mice
Authors: Mackay P. , Ynddal L. , Andersen J. V. , McCormack J. G. 
Published: November 2003

Aim:  To further characterize the properties of 1,4‐dideoxy‐1,4‐imino‐d‐arabinitol (DAB), a recently described novel and potent inhibitor of glycogen phosphorylase and potential anti‐diabetic agent, we have determined its pharmacokinetic properties in rats, dogs and mice and compared these to its pharmacodynamic anti‐hyperglycaemic efficacy.Methods:  Male Sprague Dawley rats, beagle dogs and diabetic Umeå ob/ob mice were administered DAB or 14C‐DAB at various doses and by different routes and in either the conscious or the unconscious state and with or without glucagon, as appropriate. At different time points thereafter, blood, tissue and urine samples were withdrawn for analyses of DAB or 14C‐DAB, and blood samples were taken for glucose concentration.Results:  DAB suppressed the blood glucose excursion in glucagon‐challenged rats with an ID100 of 1–2 mg/kg per orally and intravenously and had a pharmacodynamic t50 for 1.6 mg/kg intravenously and for 1.2 mg/kg per orally of 50 and 60 min respectively. The pharmacokinetics of c. 2 mg/kg DAB in rats revealed elimination half‐lives of 25 min after intravenous (i.v.) and 49 min after per oral (p.o.) administration; the oral bioavailability was 89%. In rats, DAB was distributed preferentially in liver vs. skeletal muscle and was eliminated predominantly through urine as parent compound. The pharmacokinetics of 4 mg/kg DAB in dogs showed elimination half‐lives of 107 min after i.v. and 129 min after p.o. administration with an estimated oral availability of 78%. At 4 mg/kg DAB p.o., glucagon‐induced hyperglycaemia in dogs was reduced in a time‐dependent manner with an estimated t50 of 4 h. DAB was very rapidly cleared in mice; nevertheless, a dose‐dependent reduction of blood glucose of up to 9 mmol/l was seen in diabetic ob/ob mice dosed subcutaneously, with statistically significant effects evident from 30 to 120 min.Conclusions:  These data show that DAB is nearly completely orally available in rats and dogs and that it can reduce glucagon‐induced and spontaneous hyperglycaemia. Inhibition of hepatic glycogen phosphorylase may benefit glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Addition of pramlintide to insulin therapy lowers HbA1c in conjunction with weight loss in patients with type 2 diabetes approaching glycaemic targets
Authors: Hollander P. , Ratner R. , Fineman M. , Strobel S. , Shen L. , Maggs D. , Kolterman O. , Weyer C. 
Published: November 2003

Aim:  Two long‐term, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trials in insulin‐using patients with type 2 diabetes, spanning a wide range of baseline glycaemic control, have shown that the addition of pramlintide, an analogue of the β‐cell hormone amylin, to pre‐existing insulin regimens results in reductions in HbA1c that are accompanied by weight loss.Methods:  To assess whether this profile of pramlintide is observed in patients approaching, but not yet reaching, glycaemic targets, we conducted a pooled post hoc analysis of the two trials, including all patients with an entry HbA1c between 7.0 and 8.5%. Within this subset of patients, 80 were treated with placebo + insulin [baseline HbA1c 8.0 ± 0.3%, weight 87.3 ± 19.3 kg (mean ± s.d.)] and 86 with pramlintide (120 µg bid) + insulin [HbA1c 8.0 ± 0.4%, weight 92.5 ± 20.4 kg (mean ± s.d.)]. Endpoints included changes from baseline to Week 26 in HbA1c, body weight, and the event rate of severe hypoglycaemia.Results:  Adjunctive therapy with pramlintide resulted in significant reductions in both HbA1c and body weight from baseline to Week 26 (−0.43% and −2.0 kg differences from placebo, respectively, both p < 0.001). These changes were achieved without a concomitant increase in the overall rate of severe hypoglycaemic events (0.13 pramlintide vs. 0.19 placebo, events/patient year of exposure).Conclusions:  The data from this post hoc analysis indicate that the addition of pramlintide to insulin therapy may help patients with type 2 diabetes who are approaching, but not yet reaching, glycaemic targets to achieve further reductions in HbA1c without concomitant weight gain and increased risk of severe hypoglycaemia.
Twice daily biphasic insulin aspart improves postprandial glycaemic control more effectively than twice daily NPH insulin, with low risk of hypoglycaemia, in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Christiansen J. S. , Vaz J. A. , Metelko Z. , Bogoev M. , Dedov I. 
Published: November 2003

Objective:  Biphasic insulin aspart 30 (BIAsp30) is a dual release formulation, containing 30% soluble and 70% protamine‐crystallized insulin aspart. This study compared the glycaemic control and safety profiles achieved with either twice daily BIAsp30 or NPH insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes not optimally controlled by oral hypoglycaemic agents (OHAs), NPH insulin or a combination of both.Methods:  In this 16‐week multinational, parallel‐group, double‐blind trial, 403 such patients were randomized to receive either BIAsp30 or NPH insulin immediately before breakfast and evening meals. OHAs were discontinued at randomization. Efficacy was assessed by glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and self‐recorded daily 8‐point blood glucose (BG) profiles. Hypoglycaemic and other adverse events were the chosen safety parameters.Results:  HbA1c concentration decreased by >0.6% (p < 0.0001 vs. baseline) in both groups, with metabolic control continuing to improve throughout the trial without reaching a stable level. Patients who switched from once or twice daily NPH monotherapy to twice daily BIAsp30 achieved a significantly greater reduction in HbA1c (0.78%) than those randomized to twice daily NPH insulin (0.58%; p = 0.03). BIAsp30 decreased mean daily postprandial glycaemic exposure to a greater extent than NPH insulin (mean difference = 0.69 mmol/l; p < 0.0001), reflecting greater decreases in the postbreakfast and postdinner increments (of 1.26 and 1.33 mmol/l, respectively), although postlunch increment was relatively increased (by 0.56 mmol/l). Despite the greater reduction in overall postprandial glycaemic exposure in the BIAsp30 group, the overall safety profile of BIAsp30 was equivalent to that of NPH insulin with <2% of patients experiencing major hypoglycaemia, and approximately 33% reporting minor hypoglycaemic episodes, in both groups.Conclusion:  Twice daily BIAsp30 reduced postprandial glucose exposure to a significantly greater extent than NPH insulin and was at least as effective at reducing HbA1c in patients with type 2 diabetes. Both insulins were well tolerated. In patients poorly controlled on OHAs or NPH alone, glycaemic control can be improved by switching to twice daily BIAsp30, without increasing hypoglycaemic risk.
Adolescent mothers’ utilization of contraceptive services in South Africa
Authors: Ehlers V. J. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract Background: In South Africa, contraceptives, as well as emergency contraceptives, are available free of charge. Since 1996, changed legislation has enabled women of all ages to choose whether they wish their pregnancies to be terminated during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. Therefore, adolescent mothers, 19 years or younger at the time of their babies’ birth, were investigated regarding why they failed to use contraceptive, emergency contraceptive or termination of pregnancy services. Aim: To explore the knowledge of young mothers regarding contraception. Method: An exploratory descriptive survey, utilizing questionnaires and convenience sampling. Findings: The majority of the participating 250 adolescent mothers lacked knowledge about contraceptives, emergency contraceptives and termination of pregnancy services. Merely legalizing the termination of pregnancies, and providing free contraceptive and emergency contraceptive services, did not affect the utilization of these services by the 250 adolescent mothers investigated. Conclusion: Young mothers require more knowledge to enable them to make better informed decisions, and the services need to become more readily accessible and user friendly to adolescents. Reproductive health services provided specifically to adolescents could enhance the utilization of such services.
Childhood smoking: the research, clinical and theoretical imperative for nursing action
Authors: Jairath N. , Mitchell K. , Filleon B. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract Background: Tobacco smoking is a major international health issue which nurses are ideally positioned to address. Childhood represents a critical period for intervention to prevent/reduce smoking. During childhood, the majority of smokers first experiment with smoking, are initiated into the smoking subculture and become addicted to tobacco. Children are highly susceptible to smoking as a result of developmental factors, which promote or facilitate high‐risk behaviours, limited coping skills, limited defences and inadequate legal protection against youth‐focused marketing of tobacco. Aim: This paper is intended to sensitize nurses to the magnitude of childhood smoking as an international health problem and to familiarize them with current intervention approaches and care issues pertinent to child and adolescent populations. Method: An extensive literature review was conducted to determine the impact of childhood smoking at the personal and community level, characteristics of child smokers, the processes associated with smoking cessation, intervention approaches and intervention models for use by nurses across the spectrum of clinical settings. Findings: Evidence exists that behaviourally based interventions by nurses for smoking prevention/cessation are effective with children. Key components of effective behaviourally based antismoking approaches for smokers include addressing self‐efficacy to quit, providing social support, resisting temptation to smoke and discussing issues related to relapse and relapse prevention. For all children, the reinforcement of non‐smoking behaviour is essential. Intervention models, which can be incorporated into routine clinical care of individual children or with groups, emphasize the importance of parental involvement, routine screening for tobacco use and provision of a clear message that smoking and tobacco use is unhealthy.
Women and the global tobacco epidemic: nurses call to action
Authors: Andrews J. O. , Heath J. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractBackground: Tobacco consumption is increasing among women across the globe at alarming rates. Without effective intervention, the smoking prevalence among women will nearly triple over the next generation. These trends are potentially more threatening when considering how tobacco intersects women's lives, regardless if they use tobacco products or not.Aim: A review and analysis of the literature is conducted to examine the scope of tobacco's global effect on the multiple dimensions of women's health.Method: Medline (1990–2003), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (1990–2003) and World Health Organization databases were searched for related topics. Keywords for searches included global health, tobacco, women and nursing.Findings: The epidemiology and prevalence of tobacco use among women are presented and its impact on women globally. Using an ecological perspective, the consequences of tobacco are analysed within the contexts of health, social, environment, economic and policy as it relates to women, their families and their communities.Implications: Nurses are in prime positions to empower individuals, families, communities and nations in the prevention and treatment of tobacco use. Health for all women continues to be a call for equity and social justice. Recommendations are provided for nursing practice, education, theory, research and policy to address this global health concern.
Skin barrier structure, function and formation – learning from cryo‐electron microscopy of vitreous, fully hydrated native human epidermis
Authors: Norlén L. 
Published: November 2003

SynopsisThe hydration level of the stratum corneum largely depends on the physical state and molecular organization of the stratum corneum intercellular lipid matrix. A better understanding of stratum corneum lipid organization may thus aid the development of more rational cosmetic formulations. Several experimental and theoretical problems of a fundamental character remain, however, unresolved. These are, e.g. that precise quantitative skin barrier compositional data are difficult to obtain and that in vitro experimental skin barrier models usually are of limited value because of the prevailing non‐equilibrium conditions in vivo. However, new experimental methods have recently been developed, which may help to overcome some of these limitations. These are, e.g. direct electrospray ionization‐mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) of intact long‐chain skin ceramides and direct high‐resolution cryo‐transmission electron microscopy (cryo‐TEM) of vitreous sections of native, fully hydrated epidermis. Here, we show that cryo‐transmission electron micrographs of vitreous normal human skin often dramatically differ from those obtained by conventional electron microscopy of resin‐embedded skin. Our epidermal cryo‐TEM data are subsequently discussed in relation to central problems of present conceptions of skin barrier structure, function and formation.
Utilisation de la méthode du cubic simplex pour l'optimisation de la formulation a froid d'une emulsion de thioglycolate de calcium
Authors: Moulai‐Mostefa N. , Sadok A. Hadj , Berrayah N. , Sabri N. 
Published: November 2003

SynopsisThe aim of this work relates to the optimization of a cold formulation of a depilatory emulsion containing thioglycolate of calcium, which presents the same characteristics as a reference product. To lead to this objective, a cubic simplex method was used. A preliminary formulation was preformed to evaluate the influence of each factor on the process formulation. The depilatory creams carried out present a rheological behaviour described by the model of Hershell–Bulkely, whose parameters are considered as responses of the optimizing system. This strategy allows both reducing and optimizing the number of experiments. The rheological measurements and the tests of stability showed that the use of an emulsifying polymer led to obtain a stable depilatory cream with a good effectiveness at a strong pH value.
The Environmental Approach to Prehistoric Studies: Concepts and Theories
Authors: Smyntyna Olena V. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis article examines the main approaches to prehistoric environmental studies. The history of theories and concepts used in contemporary prehistory, archaeology, cultural and social anthropology, ecology, sociology, psychology, and demography is discussed. The author concludes with a plea for the concept of “living space” as a way to address certain problems in interdisciplinary studies of prehistoric societies.
The Problematic Nature of Nature: The Post‐constructivist Challenge to Environmental History
Authors: Asdal Kristin 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis article discusses the program of environmental history within the larger discipline of history and contrasts it with more recent contributions from post‐constructivist science. It explores the ways in which post‐constructivism has the potential to productively address many of the shortcomings of environmental history's theories and models that environmental historians themselves have begun to view with a critical eye. The post‐constructivist authors discussed in this article, Donna Haraway and Bruno Latour, both represent challenges to the ways in which nature and the natural sciences tend to be conceptualized as non‐problematized entities within environmental history. They also challenge the ways in which dichotomies of nature and culture tend to be reproduced within the program of environmental history. It is argued that these post‐constructivist contributions represent a radical and arguably more truly historical way of introducing non‐human actors into the historical narrative, and thus represent a potential reinvigoration of environmental history that would embrace a more radical historicity, greater diversity, and openness to difference.