bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metal ion‐binding ability of tetrapeptides containing α‐aminoisobutyric acid
Authors: Hanyu Masayuki , Yanagihara Ryoji , Katoh Masaki , Hongo Shinji , Miyazawa Toshifumi , Yamada Takashi 
Published: March 2004

Abstractα‐Aminoisobutyric acid (Aib), one of the Cα, α‐disubstituted glycines, is a sterically hindered amino acid that acts as a conformational constraint in peptides. However, studies for the application of the ability of Aib to control conformation are quite few. The paper focuses on the molecular recognition ability of acyclic oligopeptides containing Aib. Liquid–liquid extraction of nine kinds of metal ions from aqueous layers to nonpolar organic layers with acyclic tetrapeptides, X‐Trp‐Xaa2‐Gly‐Xaa4‐NH‐Ar (X = H or C6H5CH2OCO (Z), Xaa2 = Aib or Gly, Xaa4 = Leu or Ala, Ar = phenyl or 3,5‐dimethylphenyl) was examined using picrate as the anion of ion pairs. The extraction behaviour of the metal ions with the tetrapeptides was investigated in the pH range from 3 to 9. In the case of basic pH regions, Cu(II) and Ag(I) were effectively extracted with Trp‐Aib‐Gly‐Leu‐NH‐Ar. Pd(II) was specifically extracted with Trp‐Aib‐Gly‐Leu‐NH‐Ar in acidic pH regions. The extraction percent (%E) of the peptide host, which has a 3,5‐dimethylphenyl group, was even larger than that of the host, which has a phenyl group. Moreover, Pd(II) was extracted with a peptide host which has Leu and a 3,5‐dimethylphenyl group in the absence of picrate as the anion of ion pairs. The free α‐amino group, the turn conformation and the hydrophobicity of peptide molecules were important factors for the extraction of the metals. Copyright © 2003 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Editorial introduction: migration, return and development in West Africa
Authors: Black Richard , King Russell 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThis introductory paper sets the scene for the special issue on transnational migration, return and development in West Africa. It first briefly describes the research programme that gave rise to the papers presented here. Then it sets out the basic parameters of the debate on the relationship between migration, return and development in the West African context, highlighting the crucial role of remittances and the neglected topic of return migration. Although officially recorded remittance flows are not as high in West Africa as they are in some other parts of the world, nevertheless they are seen as a critical input to the development process. Moreover, much remittance income escapes formal banking channels and so is unrecorded. The relevance of the West African case also rests on the high levels of educated, skilled migration from the region, and the potential that such migrants could have for development if they could be persuaded either to return or to invest in development‐related initiatives from abroad. The final section of the paper introduces the papers which make up the theme issue. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From nation‐building to entrepreneurship: the impact of élite return migrants in Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana
Authors: Ammassari Savina 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe issue of whether or not return migration produces any development impacts on the migrants' country of origin continues to raise the interest of policy‐makers. Most empirical studies focus on the macro‐level economic impacts of return. However, it has increasingly become apparent that socio‐cultural and political impacts are important as well. Using both quantitative and qualitative data concerning highly‐skilled élite migrants who have returned to Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana, and stressing instead the meso‐level of analysis, this paper demonstrates that return migration has, on balance, fostered positive development effects in both the public and private sector. The effects do vary, mostly across generations of migrants and in relation to historical periods. Whereas earlier migrants' contributions tended to concern the realm of nation‐building, more recent contributions are to be found in a more explicit economic context in the form of entrepreneurship. In particular, the paper illustrates the changes that return migrants have operated in the workplace and dwells upon some significant, concrete examples of innovative practice and productive investment. The policy implications of the main findings are discussed, and some recommendations for future research are formulated. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Migration, return and socio‐economic change in West Africa: the role of family
Authors: Tiemoko Richmond 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThis paper seeks to analyse the influence of migrants' families on return and the transfer of financial, human and social capital by West African migrants who have lived in Europe and North America. Based on a survey of over 600 ‘elite’ and less‐skilled return migrants to Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana, as well as qualitative research with migrants remaining in London and Paris, the paper argues that families play an important role in return migration, remittances, and aspects of human, social and financial capital acquisition and investment. Using Cerase's typology of return migration, the analysis seeks to discriminate between migrants whose return decisions were affected by their families – considered as ‘return of conservatism’ – and those who made individual return decisions – considered as ‘return of innovation’. The findings reveal that the relationship between the type of return (and extent of family involvement in this decision), and the extent of financial, human and social capital transfers, varies between countries and across groups of migrants. Although those whose return is influenced by their families might be considered to have made more ‘conservative’ return decisions, this group was found to be more likely to have transferred financial capital to their home country, and more likely to have maintained social capital gained abroad after their return. They were also as likely as ‘innovative’ returnees to have promoted changes in family life or in the workplace. The paper concludes by exploring several policy implications. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Translocal development: Italy–Senegal
Authors: Grillo Ralph , Riccio Bruno 
Published: March 2004

Abstract‘Translocal development’ refers to policies ofcoopération décentralisée, which decentralise aid practices to institutions below the level of the state, especially local authorities, and stress the importance of involving institutions in both North and South so that all are jointly engaged in an enterprise ofcodéveloppement. Our specific concern in this paper is with projects that include transnational migrants and their associations, and we examine how they might provide space for migrant workers to integrate their own (often prior) independent, individual and collective development initiatives with those of national and local governmental and non‐governmental agencies. This has been widely discussed in France under such headlines as ‘immigrants develop their country’, but hardly mentioned elsewhere. The case of Senegalese migrants in Italy, particularly those who embarked on micro‐development projects aimed at their country of origin, leads us to emphasise the practical difficulties facing the implementation of such policies and the complex (micro and macro) politics in which they are embroiled. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Emigration, return and development in Cape Verde: the impact of closing borders
Authors: Carling Jørgen 
Published: March 2004

AbstractFew countries in the world are more dependent on migration than Cape Verde. A small, barren and isolated place, Cape Verde has survived – and prospered – due to the migration lifeline. However, immigration policies in destination countries have made emigration gradually more difficult since the early 1970s until today. In Cape Verde, emigration is such a key structural feature of the society and economy that falling emigration is a major concern. This article addresses the ways in which the restrictive migration regime is affecting three aspects of the migration–development nexus in Cape Verde: recruitment of migrants, return migration, and remittances. The last of these is analysed within the context of transnational practices more generally. The ‘unmaking’ of the Cape Verdean diaspora is still no more than a future scenario, but the processes that challenge the continuation of diasporic loyalties have already gained momentum. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘Wo benanϵ a ϵyϵ bebree’: the economic impact of remittances of Netherlands‐based Ghanaian migrants on rural Ashanti
Authors: Kabki Mirjam , Mazzucato Valentina , Appiah Ernest 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThis paper explores the ways remittances from Netherlands‐based Ghanaian migrants influence economic and social life in rural areas in the Ashanti region in Ghana, both at family and village levels. The analysis focuses on eight domains of economic life, selected for their importance within Ashanti culture. They are: investments in housing, business, farm, education, and community development projects, health care, and participation in church and funerals. The findings are based on 60 interviews with village leaders and families of migrants in 25 Ashanti villages collected between December 2002 and January 2003. The paper argues that most Netherlands‐based migrants invest in housing and business back home, but also support their families with contributions towards education, healthcare and daily upkeep. Apart from direct support to families, groups of migrants have contributed towards various development projects. The indirect impact of migration on community development is also manifested in individual migrant‐financed activities that provide needed services to the communities. However, this impact varies between families and between communities, due to a number of external factors that influence the volume and frequency of remittances to families and the ability of home communities to benefit from migrant‐financed support. The paper argues that remittances can contribute greatly to the well‐being and development of a family, but at the same time these can be highly insecure sources of income because the family may fall back into poverty the moment the flow of money from abroad stops. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analgesic studies on total alkaloids and alcohol extracts of Eclipta alba (Linn.) Hassk.
Authors: Sawant Mahesh , Isaac Jolly C. , Narayanan Shridhar 
Published: March 2004

AbstractA variety of analgesics are used for the treatment of acute and chronic pain in different disease states. A narcotic or a non‐narcotic analgesic that does not cause respiratory depression and addiction is needed. In Ayurveda a large number of indigenous drugs have been mentioned possessing analgesic properties (e.g. Guggul, Erand, Rasna, Bhringaraj, Methika, Palandu and Prasikayavani). The present experimental research work was undertaken to determine the analgesic activity of the total ethanol extract of Eclipta alba, and also the isolated alkaloids of Eclipta alba in albino mice by using standard experimental models such as the tail clip method, the tail ﬂick method and the acetic acid induced writhing response. The results from this study show that both the ethanol extract as well as the total alkaloids produce good analgesic activity in all the different models of analgesia used. The total alkaloidal fraction was the most efﬁcacious in all models tested. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A hot water extract of Chlorella pyrenoidosa reduces body weight and serum lipids in ovariectomized rats
Authors: Hidaka Saburo , Okamoto Yoshizo , Arita Masaki 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe effects of a hot water extract of Chlorella pyrenoidosa, which contains chlorella growth factor (CGF), on the body weight, serum lipids, and the bone mass were evaluated using an ovariectomized rat as a model for postmenopausal bone loss. Rats were divided into four groups: sham‐operated (Sham), Sham given the CGF solution, ovariectomized (OVX), and OVX given the CGF solution, respectively. Administration of the extract to OVX rats suppressed the body weight gain. After 7 weeks, the administration of the extract to the OVX group reduced increases in both serum total cholesterols and high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterols. It also normalized the decrease of triglyceride level in the OVX group. The ovariectomy decreased the tibial bone mineral density (BMD) by 19%, and the administration of the extract to OVX rats did not inhibit this decrease. These results suggest that a dietary supplement of CGF may be useful to control the body weight and improve lipid metabolism of menopausal women. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phytotoxic and antimicrobial constituents of Bacopa monnieri and Holmskioldia sanguinea
Authors: Chaudhuri P. K. , Srivastava Rashmi , Kumar Sunil , Kumar Sushil 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe phytochemicals betulinic acid (1), wogonin (2) and oroxindin (3) isolated from the aerial parts of Bacopa monnieri and Holmskioldia sanguinea showed signiﬁcant antifungal activity against the two fungi Alternaria alternata and Fusarium fusiformis. Inhibition of root growth germination of wheat seeds was observed for all three compounds which showed 100% inhibition at 10 µg/mL. Compounds (1) and (2) showed potent inhibition of Alternaria alternata compared with oroxindin at a concentration of 4 µg/mL, whereas compound (2) was an effective inhibitor of both fungi. The structures of the compounds were established by spectral and chemical studies. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quercetin allievates oxidative stress in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats
Authors: Mahesh T. , Menon Venugopal P. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractDiabetes mellitus is found in almost all populations and is emerging as a growing problem in developing countries. A large number of studies are in progress to ﬁnd natural sources, which are effective in reducing the intensity of diabetes. Quercetin, a constituent present in fruits and vegetables, was studied in two different doses (50 and 80 mg/kg body weight) for 45 days to assess its effect on streptozotocin induced diabetes. The blood glucose level was elevated in diabetic rats. Circulatory lipid peroxidation, vitamin C, vitamin E and enzymic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase and catalase were analyzed. Alterations in the antioxidant defense were observed in diabetic animals compared to normal. Oral administration of quercetin to diabetic rats resulted in a decrease in the levels of blood glucose, plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and hydroperoxides. Quercetin also resulted in the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase coming to near normal, along with the levels of vitamin C and vitamin E. Quercetin at lower doses was found to be more effective. These result indicate that quercetin ameliorated the diabetes‐induced changes in oxidative stress. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antiplasmodial constituents of Cajanus cajan
Authors: Duker‐Eshun George , Jaroszewski Jerzy W. , Asomaning William A. , Oppong‐Boachie Francis , Brøgger Christensen S. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractBioactivity‐guided fractionation of extracts of roots and leaves of Cajanus cajan afforded 8 compounds: betulinic acid, biochanin A, cajanol, genistein and 2′‐hydroxygenistein, longistylin A and C, and pinostrobin. The two stilbenes, longistylin A and C, and betulinic acid showed a moderately high in vitro activity against the chloroquine‐sensitive Plasmodium falciparum strain 3D7. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pseudoguaianolide sesquiterpene lactones with high activities against the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum
Authors: François Guido , Passreiter Claus M. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractFour sesquiterpene lactones of the pseudo‐guaianolide type (helenalin, dihydrohelenalin and their acetates), have shown activities against asexual blood forms of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. Their IC50 values were situated in the range of 0.23 to 7.41 µM. The activity found for helenalin was high, even compared to the activity found for artemisinin. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Withania somnifera on B16F‐10 melanoma induced metastasis in mice
Authors: Leyon P. V , Kuttan G. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractWithania somnifera, a plant with known immunopotentiating activity and its bioactive fraction‐Withanolide D were studied for their anti‐metastatic activity using B16F‐10 melanoma cells in C57BL/6 mice. Simultaneous administration of Withania extract (122 ± 10 tumour nodules) and Withanolide (126 ± 9 lung tumour nodules) could signiﬁcantly (p < 0.001) inhibit the metastatic colony formation of the melanoma in lungs. 72.58% by extract and 69.84% by Withanolide treated, as compared to the untreated control animals also increased the survival days. Lung collagen hydroxyproline content was highly elevated in the control animals (23.5 ± 0.9 µg/mg protein), which was reduced by the simultaneous administration of both the extract (16.3 ± 2.0 µg/mg protein) and Withanolide (15.3 ± 1.8 µg/mg protein). The level of lung hexosamines (4.85 ± 0.20 mg/100 mg tissue) and uronic acids (330.1 ± 23.7 µg/100 mg tissue) content was also elevated in the control animals. The elevated level of hexosamine was signiﬁcantly reduced by the treatment with extract (1.92 ± 0.05) and Withanolide (1.85 ± 0.05). Similarly, the uronic acid content was also been reduced by the simultaneous administration of both Withania extract (194.2 ± 17.4) and Withanolide (183.2 ± 8.8). The control animals had 35.3 ± 3.8 U/L γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase (γ‐GT), which was reduced by 50% by the treatment of extract and Withanolide to 17.5 ± 4.0 U/L and 16.3 ± 4.4 U/L respectively. There was a signiﬁcant reduction in the levels of sialic acid in the serum of Withania extract (60.7 ± 7.7) and Withanolide (67.16 ± 5.8) treated animals compared to the higher level (102.2 ± 8.7) in the control animals. Histopathological analysis of the lung tissues also correlated with these ﬁndings. Prophylactic administrations of both extract as well as Withanolide were ineffective in inhibiting the metastasis of B16F‐10 melanoma cells. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ternatin, a flavonoid, prevents cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide‐induced hemorrhagic cystitis in rats
Authors: Vieira Milena Morais , Macêdo Francisco Yuri B. , Filho José Nelson Belarmino , Costa Ana Carolina L. V. , Cunha Adriano N. , Silveira Edilberto R. , Brito Gerly Anne C. , Ribeiro Ronaldo A. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractTo compare the classical uroprotective efﬁcacy of mesna (2‐mercaptoethanesulfonic acid) with ternatin (ﬂavonoid isolated from Egletes viscosa Less.) in cyclophosphamide (CYP) and ifosfamide (IFS) induced hemorrhagic cystitis (HC). Male Wistar rats received an intraperitoneal injection of saline, CYP or IFS and were treated with saline or mesna, 5 min before, 4 and 8 h after CYP or IFS administration. In other animals, 1, 2 or 3 doses of mesna were replaced with ternatin or 3 doses of mesna were replaced with dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO), ternatin diluent. In an additional group, the last 2 doses of mesna were replaced with saline. HC was evaluated 24 h after CYP or IFS administration. CYP or IFS treatment induced marked changes in macroscopic and microscopic evaluation and in bladder wet weight (BWW), and these alterations were signiﬁcantly inhibited by treatment with 3 doses of mesna, as well as by the replacement of 1 or 2 doses of mesna with ternatin. The replacement of 2 doses of mesna with saline or all doses of mesna with ternatin or DMSO did not prevent HC. In conclusion, the replacement of 1 or 2 doses of mesna with ternatin efﬁciently blocked CYP‐ or IFS‐induced HC, however mesna is necessary for initial uroprotection. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protective effects of alpinae oxyphyllae fructus (Alpinia oxyphylla MIQ) water‐extracts on neurons from ischemic damage and neuronal cell toxicity
Authors: Koo Byung‐Soo , Lee Won‐Chang , Chang Young‐Chae , Kim Cheorl‐Ho 
Published: March 2004

AbstractAlpinae Oxyphyllae Fructus (Alpinia oxyphylla MIQ) (Korean name Ik‐Jj‐In) is a medicinal plant used in Korea for the treatment of various symptoms accompanying hypertension and cerebrovascular disorders. The present study was performed to investigate the effects of Alpinae Oxyphyllae Fructus water‐extracts (AOF) on a cultured primary neuron cell system, cell cytotoxicity and lipid peroxidation in Aβ treatment conditions. Cell killing was signiﬁcantly enhanced by addition of increasing concentrations of Aβ. Pretreatment of AOF attenuated in cell killing enhanced by increasing concentrations of Aβ. Aβ‐induced cell death was protected by the application of water extract of AOF in a dose‐dependent manner, and concentrations of 50 to 100 µg/ml had a signiﬁcant effect compared to exposure of Aβ only. AOF has been shown to protect primary cultured neurons from N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor‐mediated glutamate toxicity. The evidence indicated that AOF protects neurons against ischemia‐induced cell death. Oral administration of AOF into mice prevented ischemia‐induced learning disability and rescued hippocampal CA1 neurons from lethal ischemic damage. The neuroprotective action of exogenous AOF was also conﬁrmed by counting synapses in the hippocampal CA1 region. The presence of AOF in neuron cultures did not repress a NMDA receptor‐mediated increase in intracellular Ca2+, but rescued the neurons from NO‐induced death. AOF may exert its neuroprotective effect by reducing the NO‐mediated formation of free radicals or antagonizing their toxicity. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Arjunetin from Terminalia arjuna as an insect feeding‐deterrent and growth inhibitor
Authors: Singh D. V. , Gupta M. M. , Tripathi A. K. , Prajapati Veena , Kumar S. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractCrude ethanolic extract of the stem bark of Terminalia arjuna (Combretaceae) and its three compounds namely arjunic acid, arjungenin and arjunetin were evaluated for antifeedant, growth inhibitory and oviposition‐deterrent activities against a lepidopterous insect Spilarctia obliqua. The compound arjunetin showed highest growth inhibitory and feeding‐deterrent properties with a growth inhibition (GI50) and feeding‐inhibition (FD50) of 188.5 and 287.1 µg/g diet respectively. Oviposition bioassays indicated no oviposition‐deterrence in any of the compounds tested. The structure‐activity relationship study indicated the importance of a glycosidation linkage in arjunetin. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimation of naphthaquinones from Arnebia hispidissima (Lehm.) DC. in vivo and in vitro. I. anti‐inﬂammatory screening
Authors: Singh B. , Sahu P. M. , Jain S. C. , Singh S. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe hexane extract of Arnebia hispidissima yielded a mixture of naphthaquinones: arnebin‐1, arnebin‐7, tiglic acid (ester of dihydroxy alkannin), alkannin, arnebinol and cycloarnebin‐7. To evaluate the anti‐inﬂammatory activities of hexane extract and isolated naphthaquinones, models with carrageenan‐induced acute arthritis and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)‐induced chronic arthritis in rats were conducted. The observed results indicated that pretreatment with cycloarnebin‐7 signiﬁcantly inhibited the carrageenan‐induced acute arthritis. Moreover, arnebin‐1, signiﬁcantly suppressed the development of chronic arthritis induced by CFA. The present study deals with the quantiﬁcation of naphthaquinones from in vivo and in vitro cell cultures of plant species and isolated compounds from intact plant tested for their swelling inhibitory potency. It has been reported that arnebin‐1 was the major naphthaquinone both in vivo (0.62%) and in vitro (0.27%) cell cultures. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.