bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determinants of the Effective Real Exchange Rate of the Synthetic Euro: Alternative Methodological Approaches
Authors: Detken Carsten , Dieppe Alistair , Henry Jérôme , Smets Frank , Marin Carmen 
Published: March 2003

On the basis of historical data aggregated over the period 1973 to 2000, we have experimented with four different approaches to estimate the synthetic euro's equilibrium exchange rate. Using a number of competing models with the same data set, variable definitions and sample period offers the possibility to assess the uncertainty surrounding such equilibrium levels, both from an empirical (different estimates) and a theoretical viewpoint (different specifications). In this exercise, the ‘Rest of the World’ is proxied by the US, the UK, Japan and Switzerland, aggregated on the basis of trade weights.We employed reduced form co–integration models, a structural VAR, a NATREX model (estimated in structural form) and the ECB's small–sized euro area wide macro–econometric model. In this order the approaches feature an increasing degree of ‘structure’, in the sense of the constraints based on economic theory embedded in the econometric models that were estimated. The results confirm the high likelihood for the euro having been undervalued in Q4 2000, while stressing the significant empirical and theoretical uncertainty with respect to the equilibrium exchange rate level.
Concentration and Liquidity in Mature Markets: Evidence from the US Dollar/Yen Futures Market
Authors: Goss Barry A. , Avsar S. Gulay 
Published: March 2003

The cost of liquidity is the major cost of transacting on organised futures exchanges. Liquidity has value both to traders and to exchanges. This paper argues that liquidity varies directly with market development, and that this relationship provides a major incentive for mergers among exchanges. While previous research on liquidity has focused on spot markets for a range of securities, this paper employs data from the US dollar/Yen futures contract to investigate the relationship between liquidity and volume, between liquidity, volume and volatility, and between liquidity and the speculation ratio. The paper tests for non–linearity in these relationships, and explores the presence of Granger causality between pairs of key variables.The results include inter alia the presence of a significant negative relationship between the cost of liquidity and volume, and evidence of a significant non–linear relationship in which the cost of liquidity varies directly with volatility and negatively with the conditional fourth moment about the mean of daily prices (a measure of kurtosis). Moreover, there is evidence that liquidity Granger causes volume, that volatility Granger causes volume, and that liquidity Granger causes the speculation ratio.
Trends in the Australian Gender Wage Differential over the 1980s: Some Evidence on the Effectiveness of Legislative Reform
Authors: Kidd Michael P. , Meng Xin 
Published: March 2003

The article examines the legislative reforms incorporating the Sex Discrimination Act and the Affirmative Action Act introduced during the 1980s. We utilise the Australian Bureau of Statistics Income Distribution Surveys 1981–82 and 1989–90 to reflect pre‐ and post‐legislative reform.The article adopts the Brown, Moon and Zoloth (1980) methodology which treats both the wage and occupational status of the individual as endogenously determined. In the current context this is a particularly flexible framework allowing one to capture both the direct and indirect effects of the legislative reforms. The indirect effect refers to the narrowing of the gender wage gap associated with legislative manipulation of the male‐female occupational distributions.The results contrast the slow convergence in the gender wage gap during the 1980s with the much faster pace of the 1970s. The article concludes that despite the focus of the 1980s legislation on employment equity, changes in the male‐female occupational distribution over the period are small and the associated impact on gender wage convergence is also small.
Ethnicity and Job Tenure in a Segmented Labour Market: The Case for New Zealand
Authors: Herzog, Jr Henry W. 
Published: March 2003

The labour market experience of 1984–1992 turned on end the prevailing notion of ‘personal security’ within New Zealand, founded as it was upon guaranteed employment (and full‐employment in the aggregate). This study examines, in a systematic fashion and within a dynamic setting, why job tenure varied consistently over this period between two ethnic groups, the first comprised of European/Pakeha workers, and the second New Zealand Maori and Pacific Islanders.Econometric analyses of total, voluntary and involuntary separations indicate that the low relative job security of Maori/Pacific Islanders cannot be attributed solely to differential attributes that, on the one hand represent such individuals’ gender/age distribution, qualifications, and conditions of employment, and on the other provide controls for the relative competitive positions of their employers. Rather, other factors, such as worker segmentation, are likely operative within the New Zealand labour market, conditions that, on net, work to the disadvantage of non‐Europeans.
Towards a Negative Income Tax System for Australia
Authors: Dawkins Peter , Johnson David , Scutella Rosanna , Beer Gillian , Harding Ann 
Published: March 2003

The undue complexity of the Australian tax‐transfer system is outlined as are the associated high effective marginal tax rates for many individuals and families. A negative income tax system is a possible solution to these problems.The most radical version of negative income tax is a ‘basic income/flat tax’ system which combines universal tax credits (that vary according to presence of children, disability etc.) and a flat tax rate on private income. Using NATSEM’s microsimulation model STINMOD it is found that to ensure that no current social security beneficiaries become worse off under such a system would either be very expensive to introduce or require a tax rate that is likely to be unacceptably high. Less radical versions of negative income tax are also costed, incorporating the possibility of varying tax rates, the tapering out of tax credits, and placing some restrictions on the granting of tax credits. This makes negative income tax look more feasible.The analysis does not incorporate behavioural responses. Since the motivation for a negative income tax system is largely to achieve such responses (for example, labour supply responses), this feasibility analysis might have been unduly harsh. Research is required to incorporate behavioural responses into the analysis.
Managing Global Capitalism
Authors: Sachs Jeffrey 
Published: March 2003

Over the last year and a half there has been a growing concern about the ability of the world’s international financial system and its associated institutions, such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, to provide the appropriate framework for the management of global capitalism.This paper is a transcript of the first David Finch Lecture at the University Melbourne, presented by the well‐known Harvard economist, Jeffrey Sachs. The lecture was delivered on 24 October 1997, at an early stage of what was first called the Asian financial crisis, and what is now being described by some as a world financial crisis.In this lecture, Sachs outlines how the world became a world of global capitalism and some of the challenges that poses, especially for institutions such as the international Monetary Fund and the World Bank. Given the nature and extent of the international financial developments that have occurred since the lecture was delivered, it is remarkable how apposite the contents remain over a year later.
Frontiers, Borders, Edges: Liminal Challenges to the Hegemony of Exclusion
Authors: Howitt Richie 
Published: March 2003

Spatial metaphors that presuppose exclusion and separation rather than interaction and co‐existence dominated in representations of landscape on Australian frontiers prior to the 1990s legal, parliamentary and social recognition of native title. Metaphors of co‐existence have emerged from the public debate about native title. This constitutes a major challenge to previously hegemonic ideas that indigenous Australians were marginal to the Australian national identity.This paper reviews the implications of metaphors used to represent frontiers, borders, boundaries, edges and complex relations within and between indigenous and non‐indigenous territories in Australia. It argues that the liminal notion of co‐existence unsettles many of the hidden legacies of colonial exploitation infecting Australian geographical imaginations to the detriment of reconciliation and sustainability. This opens avenues for geographers to address the burdens the discipline carries from its roles in creating geographies of exclusion.
Geography’s Emerging Cross‐Disciplinary Links: Process, Causes, Outcomes and Challenges
Authors: Holmes J.H. 
Published: March 2003

In Australian universities the discipline of Geography has been the pace‐setter in forging cross‐disciplinary links to create multidisciplinary departments and schools, well ahead of other disciplines in humanities, social sciences and sciences, and also to a greater extent than in comparable overseas university systems.Details on all cross‐disciplinary links and on immediate outcomes have been obtained by surveys of all heads of departments/schools with undergraduate Geography programs. These programs have traced their own distinctive trajectories, with ramifying links to cognate fields of enquiry, achieved through mergers, transfers, internal initiatives and, more recently, faculty‐wide restructuring to create supradisciplinary schools.Geography’s ‘exceptionalism’ has proved short‐lived. Disciplinary flux is now extending more widely within Australian universities, driven by a variety of internal and external forces, including: intellectual questioning and new ways of constituting knowledge; technological change and the information revolution; the growth of instrumentalism and credentialism, and managerialism and entre‐preneurial imperatives; reinforced by a powerful budgetary squeeze.Geographers are proving highly adaptive in pursuit of cross‐disciplinary connections, offering analytical tools and selected disciplinary insights useful to non‐geographers. However, this may be at cost to undergraduate programs focussing on Geography’s intellectual core. Whereas formerly Geography had high reproductive capacity but low instrumental value it may now be in a phase of enhanced utility but perilously low reproductive capacity.
Towards Decolonisation of Australia's Protected Area Management: the Nantawarrina Indigenous Protected Area Experience
Authors: Muller Samantha 
Published: March 2003

Management of Australia's National Parks and Protected Areas originally developed according to the United State's ‘Yellowstone’ model. Aimed primarily at preserving ‘wilderness’ areas, this form of protected area management has excluded indigenous habitation and land management, effectively colonising these landscapes. Since the 1980s indigenous exclusion from protected area management has been contested in the public sphere. Indigenous peoples have become involved in protected area management in various ways, such as the joint management of national parks. However, greater indigenous control is necessary to truly decolonise protected area landscapes and fully recognise the importance of indigenous Australians in land management.This paper explores a new initiative in protected area management: the Indigenous Protected Area (IPA) program. IPAs are established through voluntary declaration of indigenous land with the aim of enhancing indigenous control of protected area landscapes. Nantawarrina, the first declared IPA, is considered as a case study. Although some manifestations of colonialism are still evident in the Nantawarrina IPA, the program has made some significant contributions to the decolonisation of protected area management in Australia.
Dryland salinity: economic, scientific, social and policy dimensions
Authors: Pannell David J. 
Published: March 2003

A broad range of information relevant to salinity is reviewed in order to critically evaluate existing and prospective policy responses. The review includes issues of hydrogeology, farmer perceptions and preferences, farm‐level economics of salinity management practices, spill‐over benefits and costs from salinity management, and politics.The technical challenge of preventing salinity is far greater than previously recognised. The farm‐level economics of currently available management practices for salinity prevention are adverse in many situations. Off‐site benefits from on‐farm practices are often small and long delayed. Past national salinity policies have been seriously flawed. While current policy proposals include positive elements, they have not sufficiently escaped from the past.
GLOBAL ASYMPTOTIC STABILITY OF A CLASS OF DYNAMICAL NEURAL NETWORKS
Authors: MEYER-BÄSE ANKE , PILYUGIN SERGEI S. 
Published: March 2003

The dynamics of cortical cognitive maps developed by self–organization must include the aspects of long and short–term memory. The behavior of the network is such characterized by an equation of neural activity as a fast phenomenon and an equation of synaptic modification as a slow part of the neural biologically relevant system. We present new stability conditions for analyzing the dynamics of a biological relevant system with different time scales based on the theory of flow invariance. We prove the existence and uniqueness of the equilibrium, and give a quadratic–type Lyapunov function for the flow of a competitive neural system with fast and slow dynamic variables and thus prove the global stability of the equilibrium point.
Diferencias cuantitativas y cualitativas entre mujeres y varones medidas a través de los usos del tiempo
Authors: Álvaro Mariano 
Published: March 2003

En este artículo, se estudia si las diferencias entre géneros en los Usos del tiempo ponen en evidencia ciertas diferencias en Igualdad social, Calidad de vida, Autonomía personal, Trabajo doméstico y Productividad económica. Para medir las diferencias en cada una de estas dimensiones, se ha utilizado un indicador, en el que, a partir de ciertos planteamientos teóricos, se ha atribuido un peso determinado a las diferentes variables de Uso del tiempo. Además de los resultados obtenidos con los indicadores utilizados, el artículo incluye una revisión bibliográfica, sobre los indicadores sociales, en general, y un análisis de las diferencias entre géneros en las variables de Usos del tiempo utilizadas.
Hydrolytically activated etoposide prodrugs inhibit MDR-1 function and eradicate established MDR-1 multidrug-resistant T-cell leukemia
Authors: Schroeder Ulrike , Bernt Kathrin M. , Lange Björn , Wenkel Jens , Jikai Jiang , Shabat Doron , Amir Roey , Huebener Nicole , Niethammer Andreas G. , Hagemeier Christian , Wiebusch Lüder , Gaedicke Gerhard , Wrasidlo Wolfgang , Reisfeld Ralph A. , Lode Holger N. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
Effective therapy of high-risk leukemia with established cytotoxic drugs may be limited by poor antitumor efficacy, systemic toxicity, and the induction of drug resistance. Here, we provide the first evidence that hydrolytically activated prodrugs may overcome these problems. For this purpose, VP16 was functionally blocked by hydrolytically cleavable carbonate linkers with unique characteristics to generate 2 novel prodrugs of VP16. First, we established a more than 3-log higher efficacy of the 2 prodrugs compared with VP16 on a panel of naturally drug-resistant tumor cell lines. Second, the prodrugs did overcome VP16-induced multidrug resistance-1 gene (MDR-1)—mediated multidrug resistance in vitro in a newly established VP16-resistant T-cell leukemia cell line MOVP-3 by functionally blocking MDR-1—mediated efflux. Third, in vivo studies showed a maximum tolerated dose of ProVP16-II (&gt; 45mg/kg), which was at least 3-fold higher than that of VP16 (15 mg/kg). Finally, tests of ProVP16-II in a multidrug-resistant xenograft model of T-cell leukemia expressing MDR-1 indicated that only the mice treated with this prodrug revealed a complete and long-lasting regression of established, drug-resistant leukemia. In summary, the hydrolytically activated etoposide prodrugs proved effective against multidrug-resistant T-cell leukemia in vitro and in vivo and provide proof of concept for a highly promising new strategy for the treatment of MDR-1 drug-resistant malignancies. (Blood. 2003;102:246-253)
Functional p85α gene is required for normal murine fetal erythropoiesis
Authors: Huddleston Hannah , Tan Bailin , Yang Feng-Chun , White Hilary , Wenning Mary Jo , Orazi Attilio , Yoder Mervin C. , Kapur Reuben , Ingram David A. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
In vitro studies suggest that activation of class IA phosphatidylinositol 3 (PI-3) kinase is necessary for normal erythroid cell development. However, when class IA PI-3 kinase–deficient mice were generated by a targeted deletion of the p85α regulatory subunit, fetal erythropoiesis was reportedly unaffected. Given the discrepancies between these studies, we performed a more detailed in vivo analysis of class IA PI-3 kinase–deficient embryos. Day-14.5 p85α-/- embryos are pale with a marked reduction of mature erythrocytes in their peripheral blood. Further, the absolute number and frequency of both early (erythroid burst-forming unit [BFU-E]) and late erythroid progenitors (erythroid colony-forming unit [CFU-E]) are reduced in p85α-/- fetal livers compared with wild-type controls, which is associated with reduced proliferation. Taken together, these data establish an important role for p85α and class IA PI-3 kinase in regulating the development of both early and late erythroid progenitors in fetal liver. (Blood. 2003;102:142-145)
Clinical-cytogenetic associations in 306 patients with therapy-related myelodysplasia and myeloid leukemia: the University of Chicago series
Authors: Smith Sonali M. , Le Beau Michelle M. , Huo Dezheng , Karrison Theodore , Sobecks Ronald M. , Anastasi John , Vardiman James W. , Rowley Janet D. , Larson Richard A. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
Therapy-related myelodysplasia and myeloid leukemia (t-MDS/t-AML) is a distinctive clinical syndrome occurring after exposure to chemotherapy (CT) or radiotherapy (RT). We report findings on 306 consecutive patients referred to our institution with morphologic review and cytogenetic analyses. Since 1972, 141 males and 165 females with a median age of 51 years (range, 3-83 years) at primary diagnosis and 58 years (range, 6-86 years) at secondary diagnosis were analyzed. Patients had been administered various cytotoxic agents, including alkylating agents (240 patients, 78%) and topoisomerase 2 inhibitors (115 patients, 39%). One hundred twenty-one (40%) had undergone CT alone, 43 (14%) had undergone RT alone, and 139 (45%) had undergone both modalities. At diagnosis of t-MDS/t-AML, 282 (92%) had clonal abnormalities involving chromosome 5 (n = 63), chromosome 7 (n = 85), chromosomes 5 and 7 (n = 66), recurring balanced rearrangements (n = 31), other clonal abnormalities (n = 39), or normal karyotype (n = 24). Abnormalities of chromosome 5, 7, or both accounted for 76% of all cases with an abnormal karyotype. Seventeen patients acquired t-MDS/t-AML after autologous stem cell transplantation, but no unique pattern of cytogenetic abnormalities was observed. Shorter latency was observed for patients with balanced rearrangements (median, 28 vs 67 months; P &lt; .0001). Patients with acute leukemia were more likely to have balanced rearrangement than those with myelodysplasia (28% vs 4%; P &lt; .0001). Median survival time after diagnosis of t-MDS/t-AML was 8 months; survival at 5 years was less than 10%. These data confirm and extend previous associations between clinical, morphologic, and cytogenetic findings in t-MDS/t-AML. (Blood. 2003;102:43-52)
Mapping of mountain permafrost using geophysical methods
Authors: Vonder Mühll Daniel , Hauck Christian , Gubler Hansueli 
Published: March 2003

Permafrost distribution in nonpolar mountain areas is strongly influenced by topo-graphical effects. Conditions therefore change within short distances and consequently the permafrost pattern is often very complex. Warm permafrost with temperatures between -2°C and 0°C is sensitive in terms of slope failures. It is also crucial to determine the lower permafrost boundary by geophysical means in order to calibrate models. Various geophysical methods have been applied to the mapping of mountain permafrost, including bottom temperature of the snow cover (BTS), refraction seismics, DC resistivity, ground penetrating radar (GPR), electromagnetic induction and radiometry. This paper gives an overview of investigations to map mountain permafrost distribution showing the potential of the modern use of geophysical methods. The two-dimensional DC resistivity tomography makes it possible to get an impression of internal structures. Electromagnetic induction methods showed good results, in particular the EM-31 for determining the permafrost distribution and the PROTEM to assess the overall permafrost thickness. Using passive microwave (11.4 GHz), the BTS, which is used as an indicator for the presence of permafrost, was measured. After ground surveys, an airborne test measurement from a helicopter was made. Traditional BTS measurements agreed very well with the BTS determined by radiometry.
Updating a survey for medication error prevention
Authors: Grindrod Kelly Anne , Chambers Carole R , Hicks Jolene 
Published: March 2003

Objective. Literature review and subsequent gap analysis of the current Alberta Cancer Board (ACB) Oncology Medication Error Prevention Status Survey and the incorporation of new information to aid in the development of a stronger medication error prevention system. Design. Gap analysis based on a literature review was performed on the current ACB survey via a literature search of EMBASE, Medline, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. The completed survey was sent to 17 ACB sites for feedback. Setting. The ACB in the Canadian province of Alberta, which includes 2 public tertiary centers and 15 associated community satellite sites based around the province in existing hospitals. Main outcome measures. Gaps in the current medication error prevention survey requiring improvement as compared to current literature, with emphasis on pharmacy. Results. All sections required additional information and two new sections were created to reduce the gaps in organizational commitment and environmental concerns. Of the 17 ACB sites, 13 sites responded to the survey and 11 responded to the questionnaire. Out of a possible 154 questions, 64 questions had at least one site disagree and 20 questions had more than one site disagree. Conclusion. Through a literature review and gap analysis, the current ACB Oncology Medication Error Prevention Status Survey was improved. Responses to changes have not only demonstrated the need for a survey of this kind, but also the need for periodic updates of the information in the survey.