bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring the impact of ions on oxygen K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy in NaCl solution using the GW-Bethe-Salpeter-equation approach
Authors: Tang Fujie , Shi Kefeng , Wu Xifan 
Published: November 2023

X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is a powerful experimental tool to probe the local structure in materials with the core hole excitations. Here, the oxygen K-edge XAS spectra of the NaCl solution and pure water are computed by using a recently developed GW-Bethe-Salpeter equation approach, based on configurations modeled by path-integral molecular dynamics with the deep-learning technique. The neural network is trained on ab initio data obtained with strongly constrained and appropriately normed density functional theory. The observed changes in the XAS features of the NaCl solution, compared to those of pure water, are in good agreement between experimental and theoretical results. We provided detailed explanations for these spectral changes that occur when NaCl is solvated in pure water. Specifically, the presence of solvating ion pairs leads to localization of electron-hole excitons. Our theoretical XAS results support the theory that the effects of the solvating ions on the H-bond network are mainly confined within the first hydration shell of ions, however beyond the shell the arrangement of water molecules remains to be comparable to that observed in pure water.
Numerical analysis of impingement characteristics of supercooled large droplets on the surface of a rotating hood
Authors: Yu Dongyin , Hu Yaping , Chen Tianxiang , Wang Biao , Li Zhonghui 
Published: November 2023

The authors of this study numerically analyze the characteristics of impingement of supercooled large droplets on the surface of the rotating hood of an aircraft. We use the secondary development function of Fluent software to first compare the prevalent models of impinging supercooled large droplets and then develop a modified model to numerically simulate their characteristics of impingement on the surface of a rotating hood in order to examine the effects of the diameter of the droplets, the speed of rotation, and the corresponding velocity of inflow on them. The results showed that the efficiency of the loss of mass of the droplets caused by their splashing and rebounding was low on the top of the cone, while the efficiency of local droplet collection was the highest. The efficiency of mass loss quickly increased, while that of droplet collection sharply decreased in the area of transition from the top to the side. The efficiencies of mass loss and droplet collection were nearly constant on the side of the cone, while that of the latter decreased to zero on the tail of the cone. When the median volumetric diameter of the droplets was increased from 79 to 250 µm, the efficiency of the loss of mass increased by about 15% on the side of the cone, but that of local droplet collection changed only slightly. The efficiency of the loss of mass decreased by about 20%, while that of local droplet collection increased by about 2.6% on the top of the cone under this condition. When the speed of rotation was increased from 1200 to 4300 r/min and the corresponding velocity of inflow was increased from 30 to 140 m/s, the efficiency of mass loss increased by about 15% on the side of the cone, while that of local droplet collection changed little. The efficiency of mass loss on the top of the cone decreased by about 37.5%, while that of local droplet collection increased by about 8% in this case.
A zero-shot learning for property prediction of wear-resistant steel based on Multiple-source
Authors: Liu Yuan , Wei Shi-Zhong , Jiang Tao , Yu Hua 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In order to address the scarcity of C-Cr-V-Mo steel samples, a zero-shot transfer component analysis (TCA) based on multi-source is proposed. TCA maps the features of multiple sources composed of different kinds of wear-resistant steels and target domain to the reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces (RKHS). And the proposed fitness parameter

α

derived from the maximum mean discrepancy (MMD) allows multiple sources to affect the prediction to varying degrees. The support vector regression (SVR) model, established after TCA, can then predict the hardness without homologous samples. The matrix is rapidly predicted by the minimum distance from the sample to the cluster centers of matrix. The (Cr+V)/C, V/Cr and predicted hardness are added to feature space and the abrasion loss of samples quenched at high temperature are predicted using these quenched at low temperature. Experiments show that the multi-source based TCA+SVR model improves the prediction accuracy of hardness of C-Cr-V-Mo steel with R of 0.98 and MAE less than 1.4HRC under zero-shot condition. The primary matrix is quickly identified as martensite. The abrasion loss is mostly effected by hardness, (Cr+V)/C and V/Cr, which is predicted with R of 0.95, MAE of 5.23 mg.
Low-temperature fracture resistance of plant-mixed heat recycled asphalt mixture based on SCB
Authors: Wu Jinrong , Ren Haoran , Jin Aihua 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To investigate the low-temperature crack resistance of plant-mixed heated recycled asphalt mixture, we conducted a semi-circular bending (SCB) test to analyze the effects of the reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) content, salt concentration, and loading rate on the crack resistance at −15 °C. The experimental results show that the fracture energy (G
f) of the recycled asphalt mixture decreases with an increase in RAP content and salt concentration but increases with an increase in loading rate. When the RAP content is 0%, the Gf of the specimen reaches its maximum value, while when the RAP content is 50%, Gf reaches its minimum value. When the loading rate is 10 mm s−1, the destruction of coarse aggregates in the specimen is much greater than the destruction mode at a loading rate of 2 mm s−1. Meanwhile, as the RAP content increases, the influence of chloride salt on the low-temperature crack resistance of the recycled asphalt mixture fluctuates. According to the quadratic fitting of RAP content and G
f, it can be concluded that a lower loading rate is more helpful in analyzing the degradation mechanism of reclaimed asphalt mixture by salt, and a loading rate of 5 mm s−1 ha−1s−1 a significant impact on the degradation trend of the recycled asphalt mixture. Finally, by establishing the relationship between the Mohr-Coulomb expression and the ultimate tensile stress, we obtained the cohesive force (c) and further analyzed the degradation mechanism of the recycled asphalt mixture under the loading rate and chloride salt. However, the effect of RAP content on c is influenced by various factors, which should be considered comprehensively. These research results enrich the mechanism analysis of the low-temperature cracking performance of plant-mixed heated asphalt mixture and provide theoretical guidance for enhancing the low-temperature cracking resistance design of asphalt pavement.
Home-care services in Israel
Authors: Factor Haim , Morgenstin, Brenda , Naon Denise 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Compared with Western countries, Israel is a unique feature on the map of ageing. While life expectancy in Israel matches the peak levels of Western Europe, birth rates in Israel are much higher. While Israel is considerably younger than most European countries, the elderly population itself is quite old and ageing rapidly. Between 1950 and 1985, the elderly population grew from 3 to 9 per cent of Israel's population. Most relevant to the planning of long-term care service is the growth of the dependent aged.
Exercise and older women
Authors: Hardman Adrianne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Increasing numbers of women are participating in a wide variety of physical activities. Between 1977 and 1983, the proportion of females aged 16 years and over who engaged in at least one indoor activity in the four weeks before interview rose from 13 per cent to 18 per cent. Similarly, the proportion of women claiming to have walked a distance of two miles or more on at least one occasion during the previous month, increased from 17 per cent to 18 per cent. Despite these encouraging trends, vigorous physical activity remains a minority pursuit for many women, even in the younger age-groups. Some 50 to 70 per cent of women aged between the late teens and early 40s do not take regular exercise and among older women this proportion is even higher. For example, the 1983 General Household Survey reported that only 7 per cent of 60 to 69-year-olds and 2 per cent of people over 70, had taken part in an outdoor activity in the previous four weeks. For outdoor activities, including walking (a distance of at least two miles), these figures were 20 per cent and 7 per cent respectively. Next to walking, swimming and keep-fit or yoga were the most popular activities for older women, but even these were engaged in by only 1–3 per cent of the over 60s.
Health Care Technology and its Assessment
Authors: Banta H David , Luce Bryan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book presents an international perspective on health care technology and its development providing fully up-to-date coverage of this most rapidly developing area. This is the only comprehensive review of the subject available. Thoroughly referenced it deals with all types of health technologies - drugs, devices, and procedures and combines cost and other socio-economic analyses with information on diffusion, dissemination and use, as well as efficacy and safety testing. For all those faced with decisions concerning health care technology, this is an unrivalled guide.
Burns
Authors: Guly H R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The time that the burn occurred is very important and must be recorded as fluid replacement is calculated from the time of the burn and not from the time of arrival at hospital.
The depth of a burn will depend on the temperature of the burning object and the duration of exposure. Therefore the mechanism of burning should be recorded. A burn from molten metal will almost always be of full thickness whereas a scald caused by a cup of tea will usually be partial thickness or deep dermal.
Men’s Health
Authors: O’dowd Tom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although men consult their GPs much less frequently than women, they are much more prone to accidents, violence, cancer, and cardiovascular disease (all of which will affect them in the most productive period of their lives). However, as the pressure mounts both at work and at home, men are expected to make heavier demands on their GPs. This book, the first to be published on men's health in primary care, has been put together by a team of general practitioners, psychologists, sociologists, and epidemiologists. It brings together all the latest research on specifically male health problems during childhood, adolescence, adulthood and later life, and adds practical guidelines for GPs, other members of the primary health care team, and patients themselves. Clear management and referral protocols are provided, along with relevant case histories, bulleted lists for ease of reference, and informative illustrations.
The epidemiology of men’s health
Authors: Mant David , Silagy Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is easy, as so many commentators have done, to make off the cuff explanations of why men die younger than women. This chapter sets out the context in which the rest of the book is set. It takes a broad view in order to identify all conditions which are more common in men and discusses possible explanations. The average man in England and Wales can expect to live to age 73—five and a half years less than the average woman. The female mortality advantage continues throughout life but peaks in late adolescence and early adult life (Fig. 1.1). Each year in England and Wales 5.3 million years of male life are lost because of premature death before age 65.
The Health Problems of Adolescent Males
Authors: McPherson Ann , Macfarlane Aidan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a shortage of knowledge about adolescent health, although it is of great interest to health planners. More young females consult doctors than young males and GP consultations with adolescents are shorter than with adults. Appointments are usually made on the day of attendance and teenagers often feel uncomfortable with doctors and indeed vice versa. The delivery of primary care to adolescents can be improved and this chapter gives an upbeat account of adolescent health and highlights some unique aspects of male health.
Nephritogenic properties of lupus autoantibodies
Authors: Foster Mary H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Autoantibodies are major pathogens implicated in glomerulonephritis, hemolytic anemia, and other manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Both human and murine forms of the disease are characterized by the spontaneous production of autoantibodies that react with a variety of intracellular and extracellular constituents, including nuclear and cytoplasmic antigens, phospholipids, basement membrane and extracellular matrix components, and cell-surface proteins. Immune-mediated glomerulonephritis is a common complication, characterized by glomerular antibody deposition with the capacity to alter glomerular permselectivity; initiate an inflammatory response, and/or induce cellular proliferation and fibrosis, often leading to renal failure.
Understanding lupus nephritis: unraveling the pathogenesis through molecular approaches in murine models
Authors: wüthrich Rudolf P , Jevnikar Anthony M , Kelley Vicki Rubin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Through the advent of molecular approaches, the utility and importance of animal models in identifying the molecules and events required for autoimmune kidney destruction can be addressed more definitively. This chapter will focus on the concept that autoimmune kidney damage requires autoreactive cells, which require a threshold combination of factors for both the development and expression of injury. We will discuss the mechanisms responsible for the failure to delete autoreactive cells and describe the molecules which target these autoreactive cells to the kidney toincite renal damage.
Growth of tissues
Authors: Sinclair David , Dangerfield Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The connective tissues in the body contribute substantially to the bulk of the body, being found in association with all tissues and organs. Relatively little is known about its growth after the embryonic period, although study of the deposition of collagen fibres from work on tendons has shown us some of the processes involved. In baby animals, tendons are relatively cellular, but as growth proceeds the cellular content diminishes, and in adult tendon there are very few cells in comparison with the number of fibres.
Growth and repair
Authors: Sinclair David , Dangerfield Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The external environment exerts a major influence on all parts of the body due to it causing repeated minor damage, injury, and other effects. This requires growth process mechanisms by the body to ensure effective continuous re placement, a process which is not restricted solely to childhood and the growing period, but one which continues throughout the whole of adult life. The most obvious example of this process affects the skin and its ap pendages. Here, the superficial layer of the epidermis is constantly worn away and shed, but the epidermis as a whole is maintained at a constant thickness by the continual growth of the stem cells lying in the deepest layer which replace the loss. The daughter cells produced by this germinative layer (Fig. 9.1) are gradually pushed towards the surface by the steady division of the stem cells, and arrive there after about 15-20 days in the case of the forearm skin: the time varies somewhat in other regions.
Behind locked doors: Sexual assault of men in custodial environments
Authors: Coxell A , King M B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1968, a government investigation was described the ‘Report on Sexual Assaults in the Philadelphia Prison System and Sheriff’s Vans’ (Davis, 1968). This report, receiving widespread media coverage at the time, has influenced popular and scholarly writ ing on the topic. Often, as writers have generalised the finding of this report to other prison systems, we can trace errors in the criminological literature to reliance on this single source. Prison and jail conditions vary widely over place and time. Concerning rates of victimisation, it is quite improper to extrapolate from one prison to another.
Principles of management
Authors: Wrightson Philip , Gronwall Dorothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In previous chapters we have looked at various aspects of the syndrome of mild head injury. In this section we will try to bring these together into a rational scheme for practical management.
We will start by mentioning the physiological basis of recovery and some factors which affect it. We will then discuss the first diagnosis and contact with the patient and their family and the establishment of a relationship with them. Setting up a programme for management follows, with a description of the various elements of the syndrome which need to be considered. Monitoring progress and the steps towards return to work are then discussed. Lastly we consider the organization of a service for people with mild head injury.
Legal aspects
Authors: Wrightson Philip , Gronwall Dorothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An important responsibility of the team managing a patient with head injury is to make sure as soon as possible what funds will be available to cover the costs of treatment and loss of earnings. Unfortunately the amount and quality of rehabilitation that is available may depend on this. Therefore when it becomes evident that there is no or insufficient cover by private insurance or other sources, the patient and family will need to seek legal advice, the issue being whether there has been fault and whether it is likely that it will be possible to recover damages. The sooner this is done the better, both to obtain funding for treatment and because the investigation of the circumstances of the accident will be easier.
Dialysis-access infection
Authors: Kirkland Kathryn B , Sexton Daniel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dialysis-access-related infections are common, and often result in great cost and morbidity. Placement and complications of vascular catheters for dialysis access account for approximately one-fourth of all admissions and hospitalizations for hemodialysis patients. Moreover, dialysis-access-related infections are the most important cause of loss of vascular catheter access and an important cause of failure of native and prosthetic arteriovenous grafts and fistulas (Moss et al. 1990; Fan and Schwab 1992; Keane et al. 1997).
Brain stimulation and the visual system
Authors: Mills K R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will consider the effects of stimulating over the occiput and other scalp areas on visual perception. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can also modify eye movements and these effects, although motor, will also be considered since they have implications for the way in which the visual image is stabilized on the retina during eye movements. Finally, some aspects of higher visual processing are considered. As pointed out in Chapter I, the effects of magnetic brain stimulation were first noticed on vision (D’Arsonval 1896; Beer 1902; Thompson 1910; Dunlap 1911; Magnusson and Stevens 1911-12; Barlow et al. 1947; Lovsund et al. 1980). Phosphenes, the transient, bright, usually formless perceptions of light, can be produced by both electrical (Merton and Morton 1980) and magnetic stimuli over the scalp (Barker et al. 1985). Earlier, however, much work had been done with low-strength alternating magnetic fields which can be used to excite the retina. A review of the early work on phosphenes due to retinal stimulation, including measurements of threshold at various frequencies, is provided by Marg (1991).
Brain stimulation in a clinical setting
Authors: Mills K R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers technical and methodological aspects of performing central motor conduction studies in patients. Whilst the measurement of muscle responses to peripheral nerve stimulation is relatively straightforward, quantification of the responses to brain stimulation is more difficult. I have attempted to answer some of the frequently asked questions on the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in a clinical setting. To excite the motor cortex of arm muscles, a circular coil is usually placed with its centre at the vertex (Fig. 8.1). With a coil of diameter 10-12 cm, the edge of the coil in this position is over the hand area. The direction of coil current (provided this is effectively monophasic-see Chapter 2) will determine which hemisphere is preferentially excited. Using a circular coil with the coil current flowing clockwise when viewed from above, the right hemisphere will be preferentially excited. Turning the coil over so that current now flows anticlockwise, the left hemisphere will be preferentially excited. With a figure-eight coil; the central linear segment should be over the motor area (Fig. 8.1).
Diseases of the spinal motoneuron
Authors: Mills K R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will deal with those conditions in which degeneration of motor nerve cells-spinal and/or cortical motoneurons-is the hallmark. The motoneuron diseases and spinal muscular atrophies are included. Conditions in which motor system degeneration occurs in association with degeneration of other systems (e.g. spinocer ebellar atrophies, hereditary spastic paraplegia, multiple system atrophy) are dealt with in Chapters 13 and 14.
Diseases of the peripheral nervous system
Authors: Mills K R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Magnetic stimulation has found a number of applications in the investigation of diseases where the predominant abnormality is in peripheral nerves. The use of stimulation over the cervical and lumbar enlargements to excite motor roots at the exit foramina has been tried in the search for a technique to detect proximal conduction block reliably, but is inferior to electrical stimulation because of the problem of ensuring supramaximal stimulation (Schmid et al. 1990). The detection of subclinical abnormalities in central motor pathways, however, is an approach which, whilst not diagnostically useful in the individual patient, may give clues as to the pathogenesis of some conditions. The technique may also be used to split groups of patients with the same phenotype into subgroups which might be genetically distinct (e.g. patients with hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy, HMSN).
Movement disorders
Authors: Mills K R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The group of conditions broadly classified as movement disorders feature abnormalities of motor control not attributable to lesions of the pyramidal tract. They were formerly referred to as extrapyramidal syndromes. Many conditions are due to lesions of the basal ganglia or their connections. This chapter reviews the anatomy and physiology of the basal ganglia, insofar as they are relevant to the results of brain stimulation, and discusses results in Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease and dystonia, both focal and generalized and other movement disorders. The basal ganglia comprise a group of five subcortical nuclei: the putamen and caudate nucleus, known collectively as the neostriatum; the globus pallidus, divided into internal and external parts; the substantia nigra, divided into the pars reticulata and the pars compacta; and the subthalamic nucleus. Like the cerebellum, the basal ganglia have no direct influence on spinal motoneurons, yet are intimately concerned with the control of movement.