bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Semantics in Context
Authors: Stanley Jason 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Consider an utterance of the sentence ‘Some philosophers are from New York’. If no philosopher in the world comes from New York, competent speakers of English know that it is false. They also know that this utterance is true if six philosophers in the world come from New York. In other words, competent English speakers have dear intuitions about the conditions under which what is said by an utterance of this sentence is true or false. The apparent source of such intuitions is not difficult to locate. Competent English speakers know the meanings of the words in the sentence ‘Some philosophers are from New York.’ They also know how to combine the meanings of each of the words in this sentence to arrive at what is said by the utterance of the sentence, ‘Some philosophers are from New York.’
Meaning before Truth
Authors: Pietroski Paul M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
we cannot assume that statements (let alone sentences) have truth conditions. At most, they have something more complex: ‘truth indications’, in some sense. The issue is not ‘open texture’ or ‘family resemblance’ in the Wittgensteinian sense. Nor does the conclusion lend any weight to the belief that semantics is ‘holistic’ in the Quinean sense that semantic properties are assigned to the whole array of words, not to each individually. Each of these familiar pictures of the nature of meaning seems partially correct, but only partially. There is good evidence that words have intrinsic properties of sound, form, and meaning; but also open texture, which allows their meanings to be extended and sharpened in certain ways; and also holistic properties that allow some mutual adjustment.
Some Theoretical Hurdles
Authors: Gussmann Edmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The present chapter is not an introduction to or even a survey of Government Phonology; listed in the Introduction are numerous sources available in the literature which can adequately serve the purpose of introducing or surveying the model. Here we would like to single out a few issues where clarfication seems particularly signficant in view of the use that will be made of them in the following chapters. Additionally, some ideas, while well entrenched with GP thinking, need not necessarily be obvious to followers of other frameworks, hence spelling out some details may remove misunderstandings. It should also make it possible for us to apply the model in the course of the analysis without interrupting the discussion by constant references to theoretical issues. Below we concentrate on three groups of problems which, needless to say, are interconnected.
Structure of the Syllable and the Vowel Presence
Authors: Gussmann Edmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Polish consonantal clusters that have bedevilled phonologists of all sorts of theoretical persuasion are studied within the highly constrained GP theory of syllabic constituents. Existing consonant combinations result from licit constituents such as a branching onset or a coda and a branching-onset contact, but they also arise as a result of the vowel–zero alternations. These are interpreted as a consequence of a morphophonological mechanism which attaches floating melodies in some contexts but not in others.
Voice and Voice-Related Phenomena
Authors: Gussmann Edmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The familiar Polish final devoicing is interpreted as the failure of the domain-final empty nucleus to license the element {L} in the preceding onset. The traditional voice assimilation domain-internally follows from a constraint which marks the last obstruent in a sequence as dominant and hence the preceding obstruents cannot differ from it in their speciﬁcation for tone. The two regularities are involved in word-boundary phenomena where additionally the picture is obscured by intervening sonorants. These are shown to follow from the role that empty nuclei play in the phonological well-formedness of words. The empty nuclei and the floating melodies are crucially involved in the unexpected behaviour of prepositions (and prefixes) before word-initial sonorants.
A Structural Account of Mathematics
Authors: Chihara Charles S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Charles Chihara’s new book develops and defends a structural view of the nature of mathematics, and uses it to explain a number of striking features of mathematics that have puzzled philosophers for centuries. The view is used to show that, in order to understand how mathematical systems are applied in science and everyday life, it is not necessary to assume that its theorems either presuppose mathematical objects or are even true. Chihara builds upon his previous work, in which he presented a new system of mathematics, the constructibility theory, which did not make reference to, or presuppose, mathematical objects. Now he develops the project further by analysing mathematical systems currently used by scientists to show how such systems are compatible with this nominalistic outlook. He advances several new ways of undermining the heavily discussed indispensability argument for the existence of mathematical objects made famous by Willard Quine and Hilary Putnam. And Chihara presents a rationale for the nominalistic outlook that is quite different from those generally put forward, which he maintains have led to serious misunderstandings. A Structural Account of Mathematics will be required reading for anyone working in this field.
The van Inwagen Puzzle
Authors: Chihara Charles S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is a structure? Let’s start with what is more or less the standard explanation of the concept of structure by saying that a structure is a domain of objects, with one or more relations on that domain. What needs to be emphasized from the very beginning is that mathematicians and logicians frequently give what are called “specifications of structures”—what I prefer to call “structural descriptions”—that are abstract and general, leaving out of their specifications any mention of the particular objects in the domain of the structure.
Ethnic Relations and Trans-Ethnic Discourse
Authors: Hohnen Pernille 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although criminals in the form of racketeers and thieves formed an important axis around which the negative images of the market were formed, this does not explain the social stigmatization of the market. Not only crime but the whole Gariū nai market was presented as dirty, uncivilized, and ‘out of order’ and the market in general was considered a chaotic place associated with immoral or anti-social behaviour.
Machiavelli–The First Century
Authors: Anglo Sydney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between 1513 and 1525 Niccolò Machiavelli wrote a series of works dealing with political, military, and historical matters. One of these (the 'Arte della guerra') was published in 1521, but the rest of his major writings were not published until 1531-2, nearly five years after his death. They continued to be reissued regularly, well into the early seventeenth century. The popularity of Machiavelli's books, the variety of his themes, the different contexts within which he was studied, the range of readers' interests, and the fact that his name entered the vocabulary of every European language - all make his early reception a fruitful field of enquiry. Historians of ideas have tended to tidy up the past in order to make it comprehensible but Sydney Anglo is concerned with heterogeneity, and with the often irrational and emotional aspects of sixteenth-century thought. Basing his research entirely upon primary sources he quotes extensively in the conviction that, in a battle of words, the words themselves and their tone convey more than summaries of intellectual abstractions. Authors - hostile, enthusiastic, and indifferent - are closely examined; and many different contexts, political and intellectual, are considered. Sometimes Machiavelli was influential, sometimes not, but in this history of his reception, silences often prove significant. Written in a lively and trenchant style, this new interpretation of the impact of Machievalli is an original contribution of high quality by a leading expert in the field of Renaissance studies.
Early Readers of Machiavelli: Comment and Discourse
Authors: Anglo Sydney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Given the rapidity with which Machiavelli’s writings were first disseminated, and the almost continuous stream of editions which followed thereafter, it is remarkable how little information has survived concerning their impact. Historical judgement must depend upon whatever evidence is available and, on that basis, Machiavelli’s works seem only infrequently to have stimulated general political speculation or to have been adapted to meet the requirements of a specific political situation. For the period up to the end of the 1550s, barely a handful of such instances remain and-since three of these relate to affairs in England the distorting effects of random survival are apparent.
Machiavelli’s Keenest Readers: The Early Translators
Authors: Anglo Sydney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A particularly mysterious feature of the history of ideas is the way in which the obvious is often ignored. Much, for example, has been written about an allegedly general hostility towards Machiavelli in the sixteenth century, despite the paucity of evidence both in quantity and quality. Conversely, much has been made of Machiavelli’s pervasive ‘influence’ on the basis of a few famous men who refer to him briefly and for whom he was by no means a central source. Yet comparatively little has been said about his keenest, most vociferous, and most effective proselytizers. Machiavelli’s opinions were disseminated throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries far less by the efforts of commentators or theorists than by the numerous editions of his own writings both in their original Italian and in translations or adaptations.
More Machiavellian than Machiavel: The Jesuits and the Context of Donne’s Conclave
Authors: Anglo Sydney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1611, when John Donne published Ignatius His Conclave, the Society of Jesus had been going strong for more than seventy years; and the literature concerning its virtues and vices, achievements and crimes, had swollen to a monstrous bulk. Indeed, eight years earlier Thomas Bell–whose ‘doleful knell’ was subsequently tolled by the Jesuit Robert Parsons had already complained that the works produced merely in one area of controversy, relating to the activities of the Society in England alone, were so numerous that ‘to read all the said books is a labour both tedious and painefull. To buy them is too chargeable for manie. To understand them, as they are confusely published, is a thing not easie for the greater part. I cannot, like Bell, confidently promise that the ‘defect herein, my annotations and compendious observations will supplie’: but I hope that an examination of Donne’s Conclave within what might be termed its penumbra of ideas may not only help towards our understanding of the pamphlet itself but may also illuminate the nature of contemporary attitudes towards Machiavelli and the farreaching, but often implicit effects, of Gentillet’s work.
Verbs and Times
Authors: Vendler Z 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a number of recent publications some attention has been paid to these finer aspects, perhaps for the first time systematically. Distinctions have been made among verbs suggesting processes, states, dispositions, occurrences, tasks, achievements, and so on. Obviously these differences cannot be explained in terms of time alone: other factors, like the presence or absence of an object, conditions, intended states of affairs, also enter the picture. Nevertheless one feels that the time element remains crucial; at least it is important enough to warrant separate treatment. Indeed, as I intend to show, if we focus our attention primarily upon the time schemata presupposed by various verbs, we are able to throw light on some of the obscurities which still remain in these matters. These time schemata will appear as important constituents of the concepts that prompt us to use those terms the way we consistently do.
The Tenses of Verbs
Authors: Reichenbach Hans 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A particularly important form of token-reflexive symbol is found in the tenses of verbs. The tenses determine time with reference to the time point of the act of speech, i.e., of the token uttered. A closer analysis reveals that the time indication given by the tenses is of a rather complex structure. Let us call the time point of the token the point of speech. Then the three indications, ‘before the point of speech’, ‘simultaneous with the point of speech’, and ‘after the point of speech’, furnish only three tenses; since the number of verb tenses is obviously greater, we need a more complex interpretation.
Temporal Ontology and Temporal Reference
Authors: Moens Marc , Steedman Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is often assumed that the semantics of temporal expressions is directly related to the linear time concept familiar from high-school physics—that is, to a model based on the number line. However, there are good reasons for suspecting that such a conception is not the one that our linguistic categories are most directly related to. When-clauses provide an example of the mismatch between linguistic temporal categories and a semantics based on such an assumption.
A Logic-based Calculus of Events
Authors: Kowalski Robert , Sergot Marek 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Formal Logic can be used to represent knowledge of many kinds for many purposes. It can be used to formalize programs, program specifications, databases, legislation, and natural language in general. For many such applications of logic a representation of time is necessary. Although there have been several attempts to formalize the notion of time in classical first-order logic, it is still widely believed that classical logic is not adequate for the representation of time and that some form of non-classical Temporal Logic is needed. In this paper, we shall outline a treatment of time, based on the notion of event, formalized in the Horn clause subset of classical logic augmented with negation as failure. The resulting formalization is executable as a logic program.
The Effects of Aspectual Class on the Temporal Structure of Discourse: Semantics or Pragmatics?
Authors: Dowty David R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
But in cases where such indicators are absent, it has been observed by Jespersen, and in more detail in a series of recent articles by Helen Dry (1978, ms.), that the aspectual classes of the predicates in the discourse, i.e. their Aktionsarten, seem to determine these temporal relationships. (By aspectual class I refer to the taxonomy of predicates originating with Aristotle and known in the Anglo-Saxon tradition through the work of Ryle, Kenny and Vendler; I will refer to these classes by Vendler’s names States, Activities, Accomplishments, and Achievements, and I assume that the reader is acquainted with the syntactic and semantic tests usually employed to distinguish these categories (cf. Vendler, 1967; Dowty, 1979).
Algorithms for Analysing the Temporal Structure of Discourse*
Authors: Hitzeman Janet , Moens, Marc , Grover Claire 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper we describe a method for analysing the temporal structure of a discourse. This component was implemented as part of a discourse grammar for English. The goals of the temporal component were to yield a detailed representation of the temporal structure of the discourse, taking into account the effect of tense, aspect, and temporal expressions while at the same time minimising unnecessary ambiguity in the temporal structure.
Medicine and Victory
Authors: Harrison Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Medicine and Victory is the first comprehensive account of British military medicine in the Second World War since the publication of the official history in the early 1950s. Drawing on a wide range of official and non-official sources, the book examines medical work in all the main theatres of the war, from the front line to the base hospital. All aspects of medical work are covered, including the prevention of disease, and the disposal and treatment of casualties. Harrison argues that the medical services played a major role in the Allied victory enabling the British Army to keep a higher proportion of troops in the field than its opponents. Assuming no previous knowledge of either medical or military history, Medicine and Victory provides an accessible introduction to a vitally important, yet too often neglected aspect of the Second World War.
A Medical Service for a Modern Army?
Authors: Harrison Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the Second World War medical care for British soldiers serving in the front line was provided chiefly by the Royal Army Medical Corps, a body which had been established in 1898 from the medical officers and male hospital staff of the Army Medical Department (AMD). Together with the Army Nursing Service (later the Queen Alexandra Imperial Military Nursing Service), it was part of the umbrella organization known as the Army Medical Services (AMS). The royal warrant which brought into being the RAMC was heralded as a turning point in British military medicine.¹ As well as being dignified by the royal imprimatur, medical officers now possessed substantive rank which placed them on an equal footing with combatant and other non-combatant branches of the Army.
Mothers, Midwives, and Mysteries
Authors: Cody Lisa Forman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the late seventeenth century, the signs of reproduction-or generation as this category was then called-were everywhere. In the fields, in the streets and in marketplaces, and in church, nursing mothers and pregnant women went about their business, even up until the day they gave birth. Midwives cloaked in red capes were seen at all hours, rushing to bedsides in carriages, on horseback, or on foot. Sometimes passers-by heard the screams of a poor woman giving birth to a squawking baby in an alley or a barn. At other times, neighbours were encouraged to tiptoe by those well-off homes which could afford to have great piles of hay dumped in front of their doors to soften the sounds of horses and wagons while the mistress of the house was in labour.
The Viceregal Counter–Offensive
Authors: Toledo Cayetana Alvarez De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are few detailed or critical studies of Salvatierra’s personality or government. The accusations levelled against him by Palafox and his party have tarnished subsequent readings of his government, whilst the historical analysis of his rule has often been consigned to the background of the bishop’s battle with the Jesuits. However, as the protagonist of the coalition opposed to Palafox, it is critical to understand the scale and significance of his assignment in New Spain, his priorities, the way in which he interpreted his duties, and the resources at his disposal to put them into effect.
The State Of Research
Authors: Temperley Nicholas , Manns Charles G , Herl Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It might be thought that an index of hymn tunes would be a necessary prerequisite to the accurate charting of the musical history of Anglo-Saxon Protestantism, with its multifarious and interrelated sects, and its relative isolation, until the nineteenth century, from Continental Protestant traditions. Yet until fairly recent times little systematic work has been done.
Descriptions and Situations
Authors: Recanati Francois 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Genuine singular terms, such as proper names or (presumably) demonstrative pronouns, are referential; by which I mean that their conventional use is to refer. For every such term there is a linguistic convention in virtue of which, whenever is used, there must be a unique object x such that the speaker uses to refer to x. The modal ‘must’ here indicates that the condition is a felicity condition: a condition which must be satisfied for the use of the expression to be felicitous. Note that, in stating the convention, I have taken the notion of ‘reference’ as primitive. The notion of reference at stake here is the pragmatic notion: speaker’s reference, as it is sometimes called.
This, That, and the Other
Authors: Neale Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Debates over the correct way to accommodate so-called referential uses of de finite (and to a lesser extent indefinite) descriptions have aroused passions for half a century or more. The central controversy concerns the following question: does the existence of referential uses, which no one seems to doubt, have any bearing on the meaning of the de finite article and on what a speaker says by uttering a sentence of the form ‘the f is c’ on a particular occasion (or on what he asks by uttering a sentence of the form ‘is the f c?’)? According to the Unitarian School, referential usage is a phenomenon readily explained without appeal to a referential semantics:
Referring Descriptions
Authors: Sainsbury R M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of Russell’s arguments for his theory of descriptions involves contrasting them with names. According to Russell, names, conceived as a logician should conceive them, are expressions which, if co-referring, are everywhere substitutable salva veritate , are not involved in semantically significant distinctions of scope, require acquaintance with their referent in order to be understood, and are such that to suppose that they have no bearer would be to suppose that they have no meaning (i.e. cannot be used in a significant sentence). This conception of names serves as a point of convergence for many distinctive features of Russell’s logic, metaphysics, epistemology, and philosophy of mind.
Pronouns as De finites
Authors: Roberts Craige 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pronouns have very little descriptive content, yet they are de finite. Because they are de finite, they participate in a web of anaphoric relations in discourse, relations mediated by the structured information which competent interlocutors control as they converse. An anaphoric expression harkens back not to another expression, such as a noun-phrase (NP) in prior discourse, but to a discourse referent, an element of that structured information. If a pronoun seems to refer deictically, or to be bound by a quantificational operator, or to borrow the descriptive content of another NP, this is because of the relationship between the corresponding discourse referent and the entity picked out deictically, the quantificational operator, or the other NP.
Descriptively Introduced Names
Authors: Reimer Marga 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nineteenth-century astronomer Leverrier discovers unexplained perturbations in the orbit of Uranus. He hypothesizes that there is a planet causing these perturbations—a planet yet to be identified telescopically. He introduces the name ‘Neptune’ into the language by stipulating that ‘Neptune’ refers to the planet hypothesized to be causing the perturbations in question. Philosopher of language Gareth Evans (1979, 1982) is interested in theorizing about names like ‘Neptune’—names introduced into the language by way of stipulative acts of descriptive reference-fixing. He wants an example of his own and so introduces the name ‘Julius’ by stipulating that ‘Julius’ refers to whoever it was that invented the zipper.
The Languages of East and Southeast Asia
Authors: Goddard Cliff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book introduces readers to the remarkable linguistic diversity of East and Southeast Asia. It combines serious but accessible treatments of diverse areas not usually found in a single volume: for example, word origins, cultural key words, tones and sounds, language families and typology, key syntactic structures, writing systems, communicative style. Written with great clarity and an eye for interesting examples, the book is a textbook for students of linguistics, Asian languages, and Asian studies.