bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing and managing risks to information assurance: A methodological approach
Authors: Lamm Gregory A. , Haimes Yacov Y. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractRecent events such as the September 11th attack, the Yahoo! denial‐of‐service attack, the I Love You virus, and the Code Red worm have sparked a dramatic interest in assuring the future security of information infrastructures. Information systems are increasingly interconnected, interdependent, and complex. Information assurance (IA) attempts to answer critical questions of trust and credibility associated with our digital environment. It presents myriad considerations and decisions that transcend many dimensions: technological advancement, legal, political, economic, social, cultural, institutional, organizational, and educational. Despite the millions of dollars spent on firewalls, encryption technologies, and intrusion detection software, information infrastructure vulnerabilities and disruptive incidents continue. These trends have a significant impact on military operations now and for the next decades. This paper identifies and develops a methodological framework for assessing and managing IA risks. The methodology is based on the systems engineering design process as well as on the guiding principles of risk assessment and management. It builds on hierarchical holographic modeling (HHM) and risk filtering, ranking, and management (RFRM). HHM identifies a plethora of risk scenarios and sources of risk that are innate in current complex information systems. The flexibility of the HHM philosophy permits limitless representations of systems perspectives, constrained only by the knowledge, creativity, and imagination of the analyst and the appropriateness of the modeling efforts. RFRM is an eight‐phase process that filters the hundreds of risk scenarios down to a manageable few (10–20), and ranks them. The risk management phase then identifies the acceptable policy options and analyzes the tradeoffs among them by using quantifiable risk management tools. This process analyzes the wealth of statistical data on losses due to system failures, to intrusions, or to vulnerabilities of information assurance. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 5: 286–314, 2002
Dynamic processes of conceptual change: Analysis of constructing mental models of chemical equilibrium
Authors: Chiu Mei‐Hung , Chou Chin‐Cheng , Liu Chia‐Ju 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate students' mental models of chemical equilibrium using dynamic science assessments. Research in chemical education has shown that students at various levels have misconceptions about chemical equilibrium. According to Chi's theory of conceptual change, the concept of chemical equilibrium has constraint‐based features (e.g., random, simultaneous, uniform activities) that might prevent students from deeply understanding the nature of the concept of chemical equilibrium. In this study, we examined how students learned and constructed their mental models of chemical equilibrium in a cognitive apprenticeship context. Thirty 10th‐grade students participated in the study: 10 in a control group and 20 in a treatment group. Both groups were presented with a series of hands‐on chemical experiments. The students in the treatment group were instructed based on the main features of cognitive apprenticeship (CA), such as coaching, modeling, scaffolding, articulation, reflection, and exploration. However, the students in the control group (non‐CA group) learned from the tutor without explicit CA support. The results revealed that the CA group significantly outperformed the non‐CA group. The students in the CA group were capable of constructing the mental models of chemical equilibrium—including dynamic, random activities of molecules and interactions between molecules in the microworld—whereas the students in the non‐CA group failed to construct similar correct mental models of chemical equilibrium. The study focuses on the process of constructing mental models, on dynamic changes, and on the actions of students (such as self‐monitoring/self‐correction) who are learning the concept of chemical equilibrium. Also, we discuss the implications for science education. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 39: 688–712, 2002
8‐Iso‐PGF2α administration generates dysmorphogenesis and increased lipid peroxidation in rat embryos in vitro
Authors: Wentzel Parri , Eriksson Ulf J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundDiabetic pregnancy displays increased incidence of congenital malformations and elevated levels of lipid peroxides in the offspring. The aim of the present work was to study if exogenous administration of one lipid peroxide, the isoprostane 8‐iso‐PGF2α, is teratogenic per se in rat embryos in vitro, and if such teratological effects may be diminished by supplementation of an antioxidative agent, i.e., N‐acetylcysteine or superoxide dismutase, to the culture medium.MethodsDay‐9 embryos were cultured in vitro for 48 hr and subjected to 8‐iso‐PGF2α with and without N‐acetylcysteine or superoxide dismutase.ResultsAddition of 2 μmol/l of the isoprostane 8‐iso‐PGF2α to the culture medium caused high malformation rate, decreased protein and DNA contents, decreased somite number and crown‐rump‐length as well as marked accumulation of the isoprostane in the embryonic tissues. Adding N‐acetylcysteine or superoxide dismutase to the culture medium with isoprostane normalized almost all morphological and biochemical parameters, including the elevated tissue concentration of 8‐iso‐PGF2α.ConclusionsResults indicate that the isoprostane (8‐iso‐PGF2α) serves both as an oxidative stress indicator and a teratogenic agent. The findings support earlier studies of enhanced oxidative stress and increased malformation rate in embryos exposed to a diabetes‐like environment, and suggest prevention of dysmorphogenesis by administration of antioxidative agents. Teratology 2:164–168, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Coupling toxicokinetics and pharmacodynamics for predicting survival of abalone (Haliotis diversicolor supertexta) exposed to waterborne zinc
Authors: Liao Chung‐Min , Chen Bo‐Ching , Lin Ming‐Chao , Chiu Hsiao‐Mei , Chou Yun‐Hua 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe developed a mortality model, by coupling an acute toxicity model and a pharmacodynamic model, to predict survival of abalone (Haliotis diversicolor supertexta) exposed to waterborne zinc (Zn). We conducted a laboratory 14‐day exposure experiment to obtain biokinetic parameters of depuration rate constant (k2) and bioconcentration factor (BCF). A one‐compartment uptake–depuration model was used to fit the exposure data to estimate BCF and k2 values. The acute toxicity model was developed based on the receptor theory and was verified with LC50(t) data obtained from a 7‐day acute toxicity test. A highly significant correlation (r2 = 0.98) was found between predictions and LC50(t) data for the acute toxicity model, indicating a successful description of 7‐day LC50(t) data of Zn in abalone. The predicted time course of lethal body burden of Zn in abalone was compared with measured data, showing that the average percent error was 14.04 ± 3.02%. A refined pharmacodynamic model was expressed as the Hill equation, which in terms of waterborne Zn and LC50(t) data was used to fit observed mortality percentages to determine the Hill coefficient (r2 = 0.98). The proposed mortality model in terms of whole body burden and lethal body burden at site of action was then employed to predict the time‐varying mortality of abalone exposed to various Zn concentrations in pond water. Our results demonstrate that 96‐h LC50 and incipient LC50 for H. diversicolor supertexta exposed to Zn are 1.1 and 1.05 mg L−1, respectively. Our predictions also demonstrate that equilibrium lethal body burden at site of action is about 198 μg g−1, whereas the mortalities never reach 50% when H. diversicolor supertexta exposed to Zn is ⩽ 1 mg L−1. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 17: 478–486, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/tox.10082
Enhancement of TXRF intensity by using a reflector
Authors: Tsuji Kouichi , Wagatsuma Kazuaki 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe investigated the possibility of enhancing the TXRF intensity by applying an Si reflector. This Si reflector was attached just above the Si sample carrier. The angle between the reflector and the sample carrier was changed by tilting the reflector. We attempted to focus the primary x‐rays on the analyzed area by multi‐reflection effects between the reflector and the sample carrier. The intensity of Au Lα emitted from a thin layer of Au deposited on an Si sample carrier, was measured as a function of the angle between two Si plates. The observed peaks were explained from simple calculations, suggesting that the reflection of primary x‐rays on both the reflector and the sample carrier results in a significant increases in x‐ray intensities. In addition, Ar Kα emitted from the air, was reduced substantially by applying the reflector. This indicates that a reflector is also useful for reducing the x‐ray background that originates from the air and the sample carrier. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A cell surface display system using novel GPI‐anchored proteins in Hansenula polymorpha
Authors: Kim So‐Young , Sohn Jung‐Hoon , Pyun Yu‐Ryang , Choi Eui‐Sung 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA cell surface display system was developed in yeast Hansenula polymorpha.The four genes HpSED1, HpGAS1, HpTIP1and HpCWP1, encoding glycosylphosphatidyl‐inositol (GPI)‐anchored cell surface proteins from H. polymorpha, were cloned, characterized and evaluated for their efficacies as cell surface display motifs of reporter proteins. Sequence analysis of these genes revealed that each encodes a typical GPI‐anchored protein that is structurally similar to a counterpart gene in S. cerevisiae. The genes showed a high content of serine‐threonine (alanine) and harboured a putative secretion signal in the N‐terminus and the GPI‐attachment signal in the C‐terminus. The surface anchoring efficiency of these putative cell surface proteins was tested by fusion to the C‐terminal of carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase) from Bacillus subtilis. In all cases, high CMCase activities were detected in intact cell fraction, indicating anchoring of CMCase to the cell surface. HpCwp1p, HpGas1p and the 40 C‐terminal amino acids of HpTip1p from H. polymorphaexhibited a comparatively high CMCase surface anchoring efficiency. When these proteins were used as anchoring motifs for surface display of the glucose oxidase (GOD) from Aspergillus niger, most enzyme activity was detected at the cell surface. Fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis of cells displaying GOD on the cell surface demonstrated that GOD was well exposed on the cell surface. HpCwp1p showed the highest anchoring efficiency among others. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of TT virus co‐infection on interferon response in chronic hepatitis C patients
Authors: Kawanaka Miwa , Niiyama Gouichi , Mahmood Sabina , Ifukube Satoshi , Yoshida Nobuhiro , Onishi Hideki , Hanano Shinichi , Ito Toshio , Yamada Gotaro 
Published: October 2002

Abstract:  Aim: TT virus (TTV) is a single stranded DNA virus found in serum of patients with post‐transfusion non‐A to ‐G hepatitis. TTV‐DNA has been investigated in sera of patients with various liver diseases. This study aimed at finding whether co‐infection with TTV in HCV patients, may influence the effect of interferon (IFN) in complete elimination of HCV, and analysed the correlation between HCV and TTV by semi‐quantification of both HCV RNAs and TTV DNA.Methods: In 28 chronic hepatitis C (CH‐C) patients with TTV co‐infection, the presence of TTV DNA was checked in sera six months before and after the end of IFN therapy.Result: Five out of 28 patients became negative for both HCV‐RNA and TTV‐DNA following IFN therapy. But 10 out of 28 patients persistently remained positive for both. Among the remaining 13 patients, 5 tested negative for HCV‐RNA but positive for TTV‐DNA. Post IFN therapy changes in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels did not appear to be influenced by the presence of TTV co‐infection. HCV‐RNA was found to be the most important predictor of IFN response in CH‐C patients with TTV co‐infection. TTV DNA level in sera had no correlation with IFN response. In addition, there was no relationship between HCV RNA and TTV DNA.Conclusion: Based on these results, it can be concluded that the effectiveness of IFN in eliminating HCV does not seem to be influenced by co‐infection.
Do borderline nuclear changes in gynaecological cytlogy constitute a reliable reporting category?
Authors: THE BORDERLINE NUCLEAR CHANGES NATIONAL SLIDE EXCHANGE STUDY  
Published: October 2002

Fourteen laboratories participated in a national slide exchange study to investigate whether borderline nuclear changes (BNC) constitute a reliable reporting category. Slides were submitted by participating laboratories, having achieved a 100% intralaboratory consensus at the primary screener, checker, and medical levels. Sets of seven slides were examined in laboratories for 1 week, and exchanges were undertaken over a 6‐month period. Each laboratory was requested to submit three consensus opinions on each slide at the primary screener, checker, and medical levels.Response patterns for submitted slides achieving a reporting category consensus at the 50 and 80% consensus levels indicated that negative, BNC, and mild dyskaryosis are distinct and comparable categories. Similarly, the two subcategories of BNC with or without human papillomavirus (HPV) are nearly as distinct as the overall BNC category.The percentage of submitted slides achieving consensus at consensus levels between 50 and 80% produced variable findings with regard to the practical success of the main reporting categories. The negative category was reasonably successful, whereas mild dyskaryosis was consistently poor. Borderline nuclear changes were successful at the 50% consensus level but showed a rapid decline by the 65% consensus level. The reason(s) for this remains speculative but indicates a possible potential of BNC to work successfully with additional training and education.Reporting practices were not consistent among the laboratories and differences were identified between medical and nonmedical staff. A high use of the BNC category was noted in slides that failed to achieve consensus. A national study assessing all grades of abnormalities would appear essential.
Maternal allergen immunization during pregnancy in a mouse model reduces adult allergy‐related antibody responses in the offspring
Authors: Melkild I. , Groeng E.‐C. , Leikvold R. B. , Granum B. , Løvik M. 
Published: October 2002

SummaryBackground The immune status and allergen exposure of the mother may influence the immune response in the offspring after birth. This relationship may be important both for allergen avoidance strategies and, alternatively, for allergy prophylaxis by allergen exposure of the mother.Objective The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of allergen immunization of the mother during pregnancy and postpartum, in relation to the allergy‐related immune response (IgE) and the non‐allergy‐related (IgG2a) response in the offspring.Methods Pregnant NIH/OlaHsd females were immunized three times during pregnancy and one time postpartum with ovalbumin and the adjuvant Al(OH)3, and the offspring's ovalbumin‐specific IgE, IgG1 and IgG2a responses were measured after challenge with the same allergen as young adults. Ovalbumin‐specific IgE, IgG1 and IgG2a responses were also analysed in offspring of NIH/OlaHsd females immunized once at different times during pregnancy: about 3 days into pregnancy, mid‐pregnancy (10 days into pregnancy) and about 4 days before giving birth (17 days into pregnancy).Results Allergen immunization of mother during pregnancy and postpartum significantly reduced the IgE response in the progenies, whereas the IgG2a response to the same allergen was increased. Allergen immunization of the mother 3 days into pregnancy resulted in a significantly lower IgE response in offspring compared with the response in offspring of non‐immunized mothers and in offspring of mothers immunized 17 days into pregnancy.Conclusions Maternal allergen immunization might favour selection for an allergen‐specific Th1‐dependent antibody response in the offspring. Our results indicate that IgE suppression is stronger after maternal allergen exposure during early pregnancy than after exposure in late pregnancy.
Evaluating porcine RBC and platelet α‐galactosyl expression
Authors: MacLaren Leslie A. , Riggs Cherie M. , Johnstone James E. , Doucet Jay , McAlister Vivian C. 
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND : Naturally occurring human xenoreactive antibodies bind and agglutinate porcine RBCs. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS : To determine if xenoantigen expression on RBCs of individual pigs of different breeds and blood groups is variable, and if it correlates with platelet (PLT) expression, we measured adsorption of affinity‐purified antibodies to α‐galactosyl (αGal) by RBCs or PLTs from 22 pigs representing four breeds. Hemagglutination of RBCs from these pigs was also performed with pools of human group OAB, A, B, and AB sera, as well as with anti‐αGal‐depleted pooled OAB human serum. RESULTS : There was significant variation in αGal expression on RBCs and PLTs among pigs. PLT αGal expression did not correlate with RBC αGal. RBCs from all pigs were agglutinated by pooled group O, AB, A, or B sera, whereas titers were reduced by 87 percent with anti‐αGal‐depleted serum and by 82 percent with AB sera from two volunteers. Agglutination titers were higher against RBCs from the five highest RBC αGal expressers compared with those from the five lowest RBC αGal expressers (92 ± 12 vs. >160, p < 0.05, where 160 was the maximum dilution tested). CONCLUSION : Hemagglutination is a feasible alternative for rapid identification of pigs with RBCs carrying less αGal.
Does the coronary risk factor low density lipoprotein alter growth and signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells?
Authors: Gouni‐Berthold Ioanna , Sachinidis Agapios 
Published: October 2002

ABSTRACTThere is increasing evidence that hypertension promotes low density lipoprotein (LDL) transportation into the subendothelial space of the vascular wall. Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation plays an important role in the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases. Recently, several studies have demonstrated that LDL acts as a classic growth factor promoting VSMC growth via mitogenic signals normally elicited by classic growth factors. The present work summarizes current nontraditional concepts regarding possible cellular mechanisms through which hypertension and LDL may promote the development of atherosclerosis. Especially addressed are the possible effects of an elevated blood pressure in combination with LDL on VSMC growth. The new research concept concerning LDL as a growth factor and carrier for biological active phospholipids such as sphingosine‐1‐phosphate and sphingosylphosphorylcholine may contribute to an understanding of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis by elevated high blood pressure—Gouni‐Berthold, I., Sachinidis, A. Does the coronary risk factor low density lipoprotein alter growth and signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells? FASEB J. 16, 1477–1487 (2002)
Hydroxylamine Reductase Activity of the Hybrid Cluster Protein from
Escherichia coli
Authors: Wolfe Marcus T. , Heo Jongyun , Garavelli John S. , Ludden Paul W. 
Published: October 2002

ABSTRACT

The hybrid cluster protein (HCP; formerly termed the prismane protein) has been extensively studied due to its unique spectroscopic properties. Although the structural and spectroscopic characteristics are well defined, its enzymatic function, up to this point, has remained unidentified. While it was proposed that HCP acts in some step of nitrogen metabolism, a specific role for this enzyme remained unknown. Recent studies of HCP purified from
Escherichia coli
have identified a novel hydroxylamine reductase activity. These data reveal the ability of HCP to reduce hydroxylamine in vitro to form NH
3
and H
2
O. Further biochemical analyses were completed in order to determine the effects of various electron donors, different pH levels, and the presence of CN
−
on in vitro hydroxylamine reduction.
The development of social aggression and physical aggression: A narrative analysis of interpersonal conflicts
Authors: Xie Hongling , Cairns Robert B. , Cairns Beverley D. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractUsing conflict narratives reported by children and adolescents, this study investigated the development and social functions of social aggression in comparison to physical aggression. A total of 510 participants in two cohorts of a longitudinal study were involved (116 girls and 104 boys from Grade 4 and155 girls and 135 boys from Grade 7). Patterns of social aggression and physical aggression were identified based on interview reports in the first year of the study. Results showed that a triadic structure of social relationship was often reported in conflicts where social aggression was employed, whereas a dyadic structure was reported in conflicts involving physical aggression. Girls tended to use social aggression against girls, whereas boys tended to use physical aggression against boys. Children and adolescents who were central in peer social networks were more likely to employ social aggression than those who were peripheral in the networks. Social aggression was not reliably linked to concurrent or future problematic adjustment. Physical aggression, however, was not related to network centrality but was linked to concurrent and future maladjustment (e.g., low academic competence and school dropout). Aggr. Behav. 28:341–355, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fractionally spaced spatial adaptive equalization of S‐UMTS mobile terminals
Authors: Nordberg Jörgen , Mohammed Abbas , Nordholm Sven , Claesson Ingvar 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn this paper we present fractionally spaced adaptive equalization techniques and space diversity combined receiver and evaluate their performance for the downlink of S‐UMTS system. The conventional ‘training’ (or non‐blind) and the ‘unsupervised’ (or blind) adaptive equalization algorithms are both investigated. Simulation results show that the equalizers are robust to Doppler shift and non‐linearity effects due to TWT amplifiers aboard the satellite. It is also shown that even with a moderate array size of two antenna elements, a significant improvement in terminal performance is achieved. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of screw element type in degradation of polypropylene upon multiple extrusions
Authors: Canevarolo Sebastião V. , Babetto Ana Clélia 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe screw profile of a twin‐screw extruder can be designed to contain kneading and conveying elements inducing different levels of degradation in the polymer melt. In this work, the level of degradation in polypropylene has been measured after multiple extrusions—for various screw profiles—using size exclusion chromatography and IR spectroscopy. The average molecular weight and the polydispersity have been reduced and the carbonyl and unsaturation indexes increase as the number of extrusions and the aggressivity of the screw profile increase. The kneading element with 90° caused the greater level of degradation. On the other hand, the addition of left‐hand conveying elements reduces the level of degradation because of the extra volume of molten polymer held in the screw, reducing the viability of oxygen inside the barrel. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 21: 243–249, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.10028