bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The concept of the contact angle in the process of oil film formation in internal combustion piston engines
Authors: Wróblewski Piotr , Kachel Stanisław 
Published: November 2023

AbstractIn internal combustion piston engines, the process of oil film formation differs from that in industrial machines. The adhesive strength of the molecules at the interface between the coating of engine parts and the lubricating oil affects the load carrying capacity and the ability to form a lubricated film. The geometry of the lubricating wedge between the surfaces of the piston rings and the cylinder wall is determined by the thickness of the oil film and the amount of oil coverage of the ring. This state is modified by many parameters describing the operation of the engine and the physical and chemical parameters of the coatings of the cooperating pairs. For lubricating molecules reaching energies greater than the energy barrier of adhesion at the boundary, sliding occurs. Therefore, the value of the contact angle of the liquid on the surface of the coating depends on the value of the intermolecular force of attraction. According to the author, there is a strong correlation between the contact angle and the lubrication effect. Research indicates that the potential barrier is a function of the contact angle and the contact angle hysteresis (CAH). The innovation of the work consists in the study of the contact angle and CAH in the conditions of thin layers of lubricating oil in cooperation with hydrophilic and hydrophobic coatings. The thickness of the lubricating film was measured under various speed and load conditions using optical interferometry. The study proves that CAH is a better interface parameter to correlate with the effect of hydrodynamic lubrication.
Optimal combination of cow and quinoa milk for manufacturing of functional fermented milk with high levels of antioxidant, essential amino acids and probiotics
Authors: El-Menawy Reham Kamal , Mohamed Doaa Mamdoh , Ismail Magdy Mohamed , Hassan Amina Mahmoud 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe aim of this research was to produce Rayeb milk, a bio-fermented milk product that has important benefits for health and nutrition. The Rayeb milk was divided into five different treatments: T1 from cow milk, T2 from quinoa milk, T3 from a mixture of cow and quinoa milk (50%:50%), T4 from a mixture of cow and quinoa milk (75%:25%), and T5 from a mixture of cow and quinoa milk (25%:75%). As a starting culture, ABT-5 culture was used. The results demonstrated that blending quinoa milk with cow milk increased the total solids, fat, total protein, pH, acetaldehyde, and diacetyl values of the resulting Rayeb milk. Additionally, the total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, minerals, and amino acids—particularly important amino acids—in Rayeb milk with quinoa milk were higher. In Rayeb milk prepared from a cow and quinoa milk mixture, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum were highly stimulated. All Rayeb milk samples, particularly those that contained quinoa milk, possessed more bifidobacteria than the recommended count of 106 cfu g−1 for use as a probiotic. Based on the sensory evaluation results, it is possible to manufacture a bio-Rayeb milk acceptable to the consumer and has a high nutritional and health values using a mixture of cow milk and quinoa milk (75%:25% or 50%:50%) and ABT-5 culture.
Optimizing campus-wide COVID-19 test notifications with interpretable wastewater time-series features using machine learning models
Authors: Lin Tuo , Karthikeyan Smruthi , Satterlund Alysson , Schooley Robert , Knight Rob , De Gruttola Victor , Martin Natasha , Zou Jingjing 
Published: November 2023

AbstractDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, wastewater surveillance of the SARS CoV-2 virus has been demonstrated to be effective for population surveillance at the county level down to the building level. At the University of California, San Diego, daily high-resolution wastewater surveillance conducted at the building level is being used to identify potential undiagnosed infections and trigger notification of residents and responsive testing, but the optimal determinants for notifications are unknown. To fill this gap, we propose a pipeline for data processing and identifying features of a series of wastewater test results that can predict the presence of COVID-19 in residences associated with the test sites. Using time series of wastewater results and individual testing results during periods of routine asymptomatic testing among UCSD students from 11/2020 to 11/2021, we develop hierarchical classification/decision tree models to select the most informative wastewater features (patterns of results) which predict individual infections. We find that the best predictor of positive individual level tests in residence buildings is whether or not the wastewater samples were positive in at least 3 of the past 7 days. We also demonstrate that the tree models outperform a wide range of other statistical and machine models in predicting the individual COVID-19 infections while preserving interpretability. Results of this study have been used to refine campus-wide guidelines and email notification systems to alert residents of potential infections.
Development and validation of a weight-loss predictor to assist weight loss management
Authors: Biehl Alexander , Venäläinen Mikko S. , Suojanen Laura U. , Kupila Sakris , Ahola Aila J. , Pietiläinen Kirsi H. , Elo Laura L. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThis study aims to develop and validate a modeling framework to predict long-term weight change on the basis of self-reported weight data. The aim is to enable focusing resources of health systems on individuals that are at risk of not achieving their goals in weight loss interventions, which would help both health professionals and the individuals in weight loss management. The weight loss prediction models were built on 327 participants, aged 21–78, from a Finnish weight coaching cohort, with at least 9 months of self-reported follow-up weight data during weight loss intervention. With these data, we used six machine learning methods to predict weight loss after 9 months and selected the best performing models for implementation as modeling framework. We trained the models to predict either three classes of weight change (weight loss, insufficient weight loss, weight gain) or five classes (high/moderate/insufficient weight loss, high/low weight gain). Finally, the prediction accuracy was validated with an independent cohort of overweight UK adults (n = 184). Of the six tested modeling approaches, logistic regression performed the best. Most three-class prediction models achieved prediction accuracy of > 50% already with half a month of data and up to 97% with 8 months. The five-class prediction models achieved accuracies from 39% (0.5 months) to 89% (8 months). Our approach provides an accurate prediction method for long-term weight loss, with potential for easier and more efficient management of weight loss interventions in the future. A web application is available: https://elolab.shinyapps.io/WeightChangePredictor/.The trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04019249 (Clinical Trials Identifier NCT04019249), first posted on 15/07/2019.
Quality inspection of specific electronic boards by deep neural networks
Authors: Klco Peter , Koniar Dusan , Hargas Libor , Pociskova Dimova Katarina , Chnapko Marek 
Published: November 2023

AbstractReliability and lifetime of specific electronics boards depends on the quality of manufacturing process. Especially soldering splashes in some areas of PCB (printed circuit board) can cause change of selected electrical parameters. Nowadays, the manual inspection is massively replaced by specialized visual systems checking the presence of different defects. The research carried out in this paper can be considered as industrial (industry requested) application of machine learning in automated object detection. Object of interest—solder splash—is characterized by its small area and similar properties (texture, color) as its surroundings. The aim of our research was to apply state-of-the art algorithms based on deep neural networks for detection such objects in relatively complex electronic board. The research compared seven different object detection models based on you-look-only-once (YOLO) and faster region based convolutional neural network architectures. Results show that our custom trained YOLOv8n detection model with 1.9 million parameters can detect solder splashes with low detection speed 90 ms and 96.6% mean average precision. Based on these results, the use of deep neural networks can be useful for early detection of solder splashes and potentially lead to higher productivity and cost savings.
Sediment deposition within cascade reservoirs: a case study of Baihetan Reservoir in the lower Jinshajiang River, China
Authors: Li Jun , Gao Yulei , Cao Lei , Dong Xianyong , Ma Yaochang , Zheng Yahui 
Published: November 2023

AbstractSediment deposition in cascade reservoirs is not only related to the utilization efficiency of the reservoir itself but also to the boundary conditions for the operation of other reservoirs in the same group. The Baihetan Reservoir is the largest hydropower project with the highest unit capacity in the world, and it is necessary to consider sediment deposition within it, as this affects the comprehensive operation of cascade reservoirs in the lower Jinshajiang River. In this study, the input water, sediment, and deposition characteristics were analyzed based on both field hydrological and topographic data of the Baihetan Reservoir during its initial impoundment period. The results showed that water entering Baihetan Reservoir was mainly derived from the upper main stream, and approximately 41% was concentrated in the third quarter. Ten times the amount of sediment derived from the main stream was received from tributaries and uncontrolled areas of the reservoir, and these are the main sediment input sources. The fluctuating backwater area influenced by the upstream Wudongde Reservoir was slightly eroded, and siltation mainly occurred in the dead storage capacity (below 765 m) of the main stream and tributary estuaries in the perennial backwater area; approximately 15.8 times that in the regulating storage capacity (between 765 and 785 m). The differences between the results of this study and those from the reservoir demonstration stage indicate that was a lack of understanding about how climate change, human activities, and uncontrolled areas would affect siltation patterns. In future projects, research focusing on climate trend analyses and the comprehensive consideration of human activities should be combined with extensive sediment production monitoring and model parameter calibration.
Examining the mechanics of rope bending over a three-dimensional edge in ascending robots
Authors: Choi Myeongjin , Ahn Sahoon , Kim Hwa Soo , Seo Taewon 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThis paper presents the analysis of ropes’ bending on three-dimension edges by ascending robots. A rope ascending robot (RAR) is a type of exterior wall-working robot that utilizes a synthetic rope to traverse the outer surface of a building. Rope-based façade cleaning robots demonstrate effective performance in well-structured buildings. However, in unstructured buildings, the rope used by these robots may become entangled or caught on various structures, presenting a significant challenge for their operation. If the rope becomes caught on a structure, the robot will be unable to move to its intended position. In more severe cases, the rope may become damaged, leading to potential failure or even a fall of the robot. Therefore, solving this problem is crucial for safe and efficient robot operation. Consequently, this study defines the issue of the rope becoming caught on a structure as a rope-locking problem and analyzes it by categorizing it based on the dimensions of contact between the rope and the edge. To address the varying tension experienced in different areas, the rope was divided into micro units and subjected to a three-dimensional analysis to resolve the rope-locking problem. Additionally, the analysis was verified by experiments.
The evolution and driving mechanism of land use classification systems in China
Authors: Xiang Hui 
Published: November 2023

AbstractIt is of great value to explore the evolution and dynamic mechanism of land use classification systems, such as improving the current classification system and providing guidance for scientific land use methodologies. In this study, the evolution process of land use classification systems in China is analyzed, the characteristics of which in terms of content-form, the urban–rural land use relationship and land functionality are compared, and the evolution mechanism of which is evaluated. The findings reveal that: (1) The land use classification systems in China have undergone a three-stage evolution process, comprising an initial "exploration stage", followed by an "improvement stage", culminating in a "maturity stage"; (2) The content and form of these systems exhibit distinct characteristics, marked by the refinement of construction land, stability in hierarchy, and an increase in the number of classifications. The urban–rural land use relationships have transitioned from a state of "urban–rural separation" to "urban–rural coordination", and ultimately to "urban–rural integration". Moreover, land functions have evolved from single to comprehensive; (3) The evolution of land use systems is primarily driven by national policies, socioeconomic development, and resource endowments, and in essence, it is constrained by the man-land relationship. To meet the needs of global village development, future land classification systems should strive to establish universal international standards.
Effect of CoSn3 nanocrystals on Sn3Ag plating for electronic packaging
Authors: Wang Jintao , Zhang Luobin , Lv ZiWen , Wang Jianqiang , Zhang Weiwei , Wang Xinjie , Chen Hongtao , Li Mingyu 
Published: November 2023

AbstractPlating Sn3Ag on copper substrates represents a crucial electronic packaging technique. In this study, we propose a novel composite plating approach, wherein CoSn3 nanocrystals are deposited within the Sn3Ag coating. The resulting reflowed Sn3Ag joints exhibit a range of distinctive properties. Notably, CoSn3 nanocrystals dissolve in Sn during the reflow process, thereby lowering the supercooling required for Sn nucleation. Consequently, Sn crystals grow in six-fold cyclic twins. Additionally, the dissolution of Co atoms in Sn leads to a reduced solubility of Cu atoms in Sn, consequently lowering the supercooling required for the nucleation of Cu6Sn5. Simultaneously, this phenomenon promotes the nucleation of Cu6Sn5, resulting in a considerable precipitation of Cu6Sn5 nanoparticles within the joints. Therefore, the mechanical properties of the joints are significantly enhanced, leading to a notable 20% increase in shear strength. Furthermore, the presence and distribution of Co elements within Sn induce changes in the growth pattern of interfacial Cu6Sn5. The growth process of Cu6Sn5 is dominated by the interfacial reaction, leading to its growth in a faceted shape. During the aging process, the dissolution of Co elements in Sn impedes the continuous growth of Cu6Sn5 at the interface, causing Cu6Sn5 to be distributed in the form of islands inside the joint. Remarkably, elemental Co acts as an inhibitor for the development of Cu3Sn and reduces the occurrence of Kirkendall voids.
Association of executive function with suicidality based on resting-state functional connectivity in young adults with subthreshold depression
Authors: Yun Je-Yeon , Choi Soo-Hee , Park Susan , Jang Joon Hwan 
Published: November 2023

AbstractSubthreshold depression (StD) is associated an increased risk of developing major depressive disorder (MDD) and suicidality. Suicidality could be linked to distress intolerance and use of context-dependent strategies. We identified neural correlates of executive functioning among the hubs in the resting-state functional connectome (rs-FCN) and examined associations with recent suicidality in StD and MDD. In total, 79 young adults [27 StD, 30 MDD, and 23 healthy controls (HC)] were scanned using magnetic resonance imaging. Neurocognitive measures of the mean latency to correct five moves in the One Touch Stockings of Cambridge (OTSMLC5), spatial working memory between errors (SWMBE), rapid visual information processing A′ (RVPA′), and the stop signal reaction time in the stop signal test (SSTSSRT) were obtained. Global graph metrics were calculated to measure the network integration, segregation, and their balance in the rs-FCN. Regional graph metrics reflecting the number of neighbors (degree centrality; DC), participation in the shortcuts (betweenness centrality; BC), and accessibility to intersections (eigenvector centrality; EC) in the rs-FCN defined group-level hubs for StD, HC, and MDD, separately. Global network metrics were comparable among the groups (all P > 0.05). Among the group-level hubs, regional graph metrics of left dorsal anterior insula (dAI), right dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC), right rostral temporal thalamus, right precuneus, and left postcentral/middle temporal/anterior subgenual cingulate cortices were different among the groups. Further, significant associations with neurocognitive measures were found in the right dmPFC with SWMBE, and left dAI with SSTSSRT and RVPA′. Shorter OTSMLC5 was related to the lower centralities of right thalamus and suffer of recent 1-year suicidal ideation (all Ps < 0.05 in ≥ 2 centralities out of DC, BC, and EC). Collectively, salience and thalamic networks underlie spatial strategy and planning, response inhibition, and suicidality in StD and MDD. Anti-suicidal therapies targeting executive function and modulation of salience-thalamic network in StD and MDD are required.
Design methodology for high‐performance low‐cost microstrip termination load for mmWave applications
Authors: Azari Abolfazl , Skrivervik Anja , Aliakbarian Hadi 
Published: November 2023

AbstractMillimetre wave (mmWave) has been a popular research topic in recent years. Termination loads are useful for RF components and integrated circuits. Commercially available terminators are expensive and not easily applicable for integration to MMICs. In this letter, a wideband, high‐performance, and cost‐effective microstrip termination load is proposed based on the combination of a printed monopole antenna and an absorber sheet. The results show an excellent matched termination between 20 and 67 GHz that can be used as integrated with microstrip lines in RF circuits and MMICs and as loaded dummy ports for test and measurements for mmWave applications. The proposed high‐quality termination is compact and cost‐effectively competitive with commercial products.
Analysis of leakage flux, losses, and temperature in large synchronous generator end zone under the multi‐layer screen thickness based on novel iterative method
Authors: Han Jichao , Qiu Jiayu , Teng Mingxuan , Qi Haiming , Ge Baojun 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe multi‐layer screen is the key component in the large synchronous generator end zone. The leakage flux, losses, and temperature of end components are significantly affected by the thickness of multi‐layer screen in the synchronous generator. To investigate the influence of multi‐layer screen thickness on the end leakage flux, losses, and temperature in the synchronous generator end zone, 1407MVA nuclear power synchronous generator is studied. Three‐dimensional transient electromagnetic field model of synchronous generator end zone is established. Three‐dimensional transient electromagnetic field in the end zone of 1407MVA synchronous generator with the multi‐layer screen is calculated based on the novel iterative method. The flux density of end components is compared and studied in the end zone under the variation of multi‐layer screen thickness. Influence of the different thicknesses of multi‐layer screen on the losses of the shield plate, screen, finger plate, and stator end core is researched. The losses of end components obtained from 3D end electromagnetic field calculation are applied to the end zone as the heat source in the three‐dimensional fluid and thermal coupled field. The temperature distribution of the end components is determined. The accuracy of the calculated results is validated by the experimental values.
The role of cognitive processes in healthy consumption food products: An eye-tracking technology study
Authors: Escandon-Barbosa Diana , Salas-Paramo Jairo , López-Ramírez María Patricia , Pava-Cárdenas Alexandra 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThis research investigates consumer behavior when selecting snacks and beverages from vending machines in educational settings. The study aims to discern the impact of age on decision-making processes, perceptions, and memory factors related to product choices. Three experiments involved eye-tracking technology to monitor visual attention and a questionnaire to gather additional insights. The experiments analyzed the number of fixations, perceptions, overall product impressions, and memory influence. The sample comprised 90 adults aged 18 to 65 from the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Cali. This sample includes a population distribution of 60% women and 40% men. Additionally, the socioeconomic distribution across economic levels was reported as follows: 40% falling within levels 1, 2, and 3, and 10% within levels 4, 5, and 6. The experiments revealed age-related differences in consumer behavior. Older individuals placed greater emphasis on healthier beverages, whereas young-adult individuals favored healthier snacks. Perception differences existed between age groups for beverages and snacks. Young-adult participants exhibited stronger positive perceptions of somewhat healthy options. Memory influenced choices, with young-adult participants relying more on memory cues. The findings provide valuable insights for tailoring marketing strategies and enhancing public policy initiatives to promote healthier vending machine choices.
Language and power
Authors: Campbell Akua , Obeng Samuel Gyasi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This article investigates the power dynamics at play in interpreter-mediated discourse interactions in the
district courts in Ghana. Using audio recordings of authentic courtroom proceedings, we analyzed the discursive practices
performed by court actors, especially interpreters, and the ways in which these practices signal their power or the lack thereof.
We also examine the way language is employed by dominant actors to intrude on the liberty of less dominant actors in the courtroom
and how this is sometimes resisted by the latter actors. We couch our analyses in Fairclough’s theory of language and power and
Obeng’s theory of language and liberty. Our analysis shows that interpreters in Ghanaian courts are tacitly imbued with an
inordinate amount of power, which is exercised in the service of the courts. The interpreters in our study employ speech acts such
as questioning, scolding and persuading to control the discursive behavior of lay court users (e.g., litigants, witnesses) in
order to ensure efficient court proceedings. These acts impinge on the liberty of litigants as they are not free to engage the
court in a manner suitable to them. This study raises questions about the interpreter’s neutrality and professionalism and its
findings could be useful to those entities interested in improving legal interpreting standards.