bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of phenobarbital given to pregnant mice on behavior of mature offspring
Authors: Middaugh Lawrence D. , Santos Carroll A. , Zemp John W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMature offspring of C57BL/6J mice (Mus musculus) injected daily with phenobarbital (40 mg/kg) for the last third of pregnancy differed from saline and untreated control animals on 3 measures of behavior. Offspring of phenobarbital treated animals had higher locomotor scores than controls during an open field activity test at 75 days of age. Male offspring were also tested on a 1‐trial passive avoidance task and treated animals were found to be deficient. Finally, female offspring responded less than controls on fixed ratio schedules of reinforcement. The behavioral changes suggest that offspring of mice injected with phenobarbital during pregnancy are less responsive to the stimuli in their environment which maintain behavior.
A comparison of live and videorecord viewing of infant behavior under sound stimulation. II. Six‐week‐old infants
Authors: Bench John , Wilson Ian 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTen clinically normal 6‐week old infants were presented with a series of sound stimuli while their behavior was assessed live by 2 sound‐masked observers and simultaneously videorecorded. Two weeks later the same observers assessed the behavior from the videorecords. In both situations, observers were permitted to see the babies for 10 sec at each trial. The first 5 sec was a prestimulus observation period, and the second 5 sec might have contained a sound stimulus. Between trials the observers were allowed 20 sec in which to not (1) prestimulus activity, (2) confidence in response, and (3) facial, digit, and limb movements, and “wholistic” impressions (e.g., “stilling”). The agreement between the live and video situations was fair for prestimulus activity, modest for confidence in response, and fair to good for movement items. The use of videorecorded material for 6‐week old infants generally caused rather small losses of relevant information and apparently will not overly distort the findings of experimental or clinical work. This outcome was rather similar to that of our earlier study of neonates.
Genetic variation in the development of mouse brain and behavior: Evidence from the middle postnatal period
Authors: Wahlsten Douglas 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSix inbred strains and 3 F2 hybrid crosses of mice were assesed for developmental status at 32 days after conception (about 13 days after birth). Phenotypes measured included body weight, brain weight, maturity of 14 reflexive behaviors, myelination of 80 fiber tracts, and thickness of the external granular layer of the cerebellum. All measures of brain and behavior showed a similar pattern of results: hybrids were generally more advanced than either of their inbred parent strains; differences among inbred strains were large, but differences among hybrid crosses were quite small. Acceleration of F2 mice compared to their homozygous relatives ranged from .5 to 2.4 days mean difference. Developmental ages of inbred litters ranged from 28.7 to 32.2 days, whereas hybrid litters ranged from 31.5 to 32.7 days.
Alterations in consummatory behavior of mice produced by dietary exposure to inorganic lead
Authors: Morrison John H. , Olton David S. , Goldberg Alan M. , Silbergeld Ellen K. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMice suckled by mothers given tap water and by mothers given a 5 mg/ml lead acetate solution during lactation were given a choice between tap water and a lead acetate solution after lactation. All offspring demonstrated an immediate aversion to the lead acetate solution. The offspring from the mothers receiving lead acetate during lactation demonstrated a greater aversion to the lead acetate solution than did the offspring from mothers receiving tap water. In addition, the lead acetate offspring drank more total fluid (tap water plus lead acetate solution) after weaning than the control offspring. The results indicate both learned and unlearned changes in motivation for fluid following ingestion of lead via the mother's milk in infancy.
Light‐dark discrimination and reversal learning in early postnatal kittens
Authors: Rose Guenter H. , Collins Jeremiah P. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractDuring the early postnatal period kittens were trained in a visual discrimination task involving light‐dark stimuli in order to determine the age of onset of visual control of learned behavior. A Y water maze was used with escape from water as the reinforcer. The results indicate that kittens are able to master the discrimination within the 5th week of life. The relevance of this result to electro physiological measures of maturation is discussed.
Prehatch color stimulation effects on color pecking preferences and color discrimination learning in white leghorn chicks
Authors: Fischer Gloria J. , Davis Stephen J. , Nord John A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFour experiments assessed the effects of stimulating chick embryos with colored light at 2 intensity levels. Both posthatch color pecking preferences (Experiments 1 and 2) and color discrimination learning (Experiments 3 and 4) were unaffected. These results affirm and extend a prior finding of no pre‐ and posthatch colored light stimulation effect on posthatch color preferences in ducklings. The color pecking preferences found replicated prior findings with chicks. However, they differed from the approach color preferences observed in color discrimination learning.
The use of habituation in the study of the effects of infantile malnutrition
Authors: Lester Barry M. , Klein Robert E. , Martinez Sonia J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractHabituation of the orienting response (OR) was used to assess possible attentional deficits associated with infantile malnutrition. The procedure involved the presentation of 40 trials of a pure tone stimulus to 8 marginally nourished and 8 malnourished 13 1/2‐month‐old male infants. The results showed that the initial OR to stimulus onset, as measured by the magnitude of cardiac deceleration, was significantly larger in marginally nourished than in malnourished infants. Within‐group comparisons revealed that marginally nourished infants showed significant increases in OR magnitude to changes in tonal frequency whereas the malnourished infants did not. The results were taken as evidence of an attentional deficit associated with infantile malnutrition that is likely to interfere with subsequent learning.
The development of intersession habituation and emergence in socially reared and isolated rats
Authors: Einon Dorothy , Morgan M. J. , Sahakian B. J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMale and female hooded rats were weaned at 17 days and then reared in isolation or in social groups. Intersession habituation of locomotor activity in the open field was tested at 15, 25, and 45 days. Contrary to some previous reports, the 15‐day‐old animals showed significant habituation. At 45 days, however, the isolates showed very little habituation compared to the social animals. The isolates showed a similar pattern of development in their emergence into the open field. Apparently, isolation does not result in an arresting of development, but rather in the formation of behavior patterns otherwise absent in normally reared rats.
Anatomical and behavioral effects of colchicine administration to rats late in utero
Authors: Petit Ted L. , Isaacson Robert L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractOffspring from pregnant rats injected with 4mg/kg body weight colchicine on Embryonic Days 18, 19, and 20 were found to have isocortical and hippocampal structures greatly reduced in mass when examined at birth. Cells with pyknotic nuclei were found in Layers 5, 4, and 3 of the cerebral isocortex, the habenula, and anterior medial nuclei of the thalamus. Brains taken at Postnatal Days 22 and 132 were reduced in overall size, and had a 20‐30% reduction of cells at the vertex of the neocortex with up to 50% reduction in the thickness of the corpus callosum. A decrease in activity, an increase in fearfulness and/or decreased tendency to explore, reduced error scores on the Hebb‐Williams maze, poor performance on the Maier elevated maze, and a lessened sensitivity to sound‐induced seizures were correlated with these anatomical changes.
Effects of differential cue availability in an active avoidance CS for young and adult rats
Authors: Brennan James F. , Barone Raymond J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn Experiment I, groups of 22‐ and 140+ ‐day‐old rats were trained in acquisition and extinction of 1‐way avoidance with a CS that consisted of the opening of a guillotine door 5 sec before US onset or a combination of door‐opening plus a tonal signal that remained on until the occurrence of the motor response. Under both CS conditions, avoidance acquisition was similar at each age level. The extinction data indicated comparable performance for the young subjects but differential performance and greater resistance to extinction for the adult subjects. Adults trained with the door‐opening CS persisted in responding for an entire series of 100 extinction trials, whereas the adults trained with the compound CS extinguished well within the 100‐trial limit. A 2nd experiment included 10 pre‐exposures of the simple or compound CS's prior to avoidance training. Although the pups were insensitive to pre‐exposure effects, the adults that were pre‐exposed and trained with identical CS'5 showed evidence of pre‐exposure effects. Results of both experiments were interpreted as indicative of differential cue saliency between ages.
Individual consistency in behavioral states in neonates
Authors: Thoman Evelyn B. , Korner Anneliese F. , Kraemer Helena C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn this study we identified consistent characteristics of the sleep‐wake state of newborn infants. Forty‐one normal, full‐term infants were observed in a warmer–skin temperature maintained at 36.1°C–located in a sound‐attenuated room for 1 hr during 2 successive mid‐feeding periods. The infant's state was recorded on a check‐list every 10 sec using the following categories for sleep and wakefulness: Quiet Sleep A, Quiet Sleep B, Active Sleep Without REM, Active Sleep With REM, Active Sleep With Dense REM, Drowsy, Alert Inactivity, Waking Activity, Fussing, Crying, and Indefinite State. Immediately following the completion of each observation, the 2 observers made independent judgments of the degree of organization shown by the infant, using a 6‐point scale.Over the two 1‐hr observations, only Quiet Sleep A, Quiet Sleep B, and Crying showed any consistency. Active Sleep as typically defined showed no consistency whatsoever. However, 2 of the 3 components of Active Sleep were significantly reliable measures for the 2 observations; in sleeping infants all 3 components of active sleep showed high reliability. These results indicate that Active Sleep may be a composite of at least 3 meaningful categories.To look at overall state organization in the neonate, including both sleep and wake states, we considered Active Sleep as 3 separate states and then combined the resulting 11 behavioral states into derived clusters such that each combination of states showed a test‐retest reliability above .52. With these 5 state clusters we viewed each infant's state behaviors in terms of a profile depicting the percent of time spent in each state cluster. We found a close association between these profiles and the subjective judgments of sleep‐wake state organization made by the observers.The results clearly indicate that a 1‐hr observation provides reliable information on individual sleep‐wake states in the newborn.
A comparison of live and videorecord viewing of infant behavior under sound stimulation. III. Six‐month‐old babies
Authors: Bench John , Wilson Ian 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTen clinically normal 6‐month‐old infants were presented with a series of sound stimuli while their behavior was simultaneously videorecorded and assessed live by 2 sound‐masked observers. Two weeks later the same observers assessed the behavior from the videorecords. In both situations observers were permitted to see the babies for 13 sec at each trial. The first 5 sec formed a prestimulus observation period and the following 8 sec possibly contained a sound stimulus. Between trials the observers were allowed 20 sec in which to note (1) prestimulus activity, (2) confidence in response, and (3) facial, digit, and limb movements and “wholistic” impressions (e.g., “stilling”). The agreement between the live and video situations was modest for prestimulus activity and confidence in response, and fair to good for movement items. The outcome was rather similar to that of our earlier work on neonates and 6‐week infants, although it did suggest a small loss of information with the videorecording of 6‐month infants.
A longitudinal analysis of maternal aggression in Rockland‐Swiss albino mice
Authors: Svare Bruce , Gandelman Ronald 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFemale Rockland‐Swiss albino mice were tested for aggression during 6 successive pregnancies and lactation periods or until they ceased to re‐mate. Fighting behavior was limited only to the lactation phase of each reproductive cycle. Although most animals exhibited fighting during every lactation period they completed, some exhibited fighting in some lactation periods but not in others. The intensity of aggression, as measured by the time spent fighting, was highest during the beginning of each lactation period and declined by the end of each period. Moreover, the intensity of aggression increased across the first 3 lactation periods and then declined on later lactation periods to a point below initial levels. Finally, the fighting behavior exhibited by multiparous animals was not due simply to previous fighting experience in that some multiparous mice exhibited postpartum aggression on the 6th lactation period in the absence of fighting experience during earlier lactation periods.
Undernutrition in early life: Lasting effects on activity and social behavior of male and female rats
Authors: Whatson T. S. , Smart J. L. , Dobbing John 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe growth‐retarded offspring of mother rats undernourished throughout pregnancy and lactation were fed ad libitum from weaning. Males were tested at 100 days of age, and ovariectomized females at 150 days. After 2 weeks of isolation, pairs of males consisting of 1 control C and 1 previously undernourished PU rat were observed for 10 min on each of 9 consecutive days. Similarly paired and treated female rats were tested a total of 8 times, the first 3 tests being separated from the last 5 by a 10‐day interval. The PU rats, whether male or female, performed more rearing responses and PU male rats ambulated more in the social situation than C rats. The PU males also performed more of the social responses allogroom, walk over, and mount than C males. Similarly, PU females performed more allogroom and crawl under than C females. In general, PU rats were more active than C rats and more socially responsive.
A longitudinal study of bioelectric activity in the pre‐ and post‐hatch chick
Authors: Speciale S. G. , Nowaczyk T. , Jouvet M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA technique for embryonic implantation and the subsequent recording of electrocortical, neck muscle, and ocular activity continously from the 20th day of incubation through hatching and the first few days thereafter is demonstrated. The embryonic maturation of the EEG, with a characteristic muscle burst pattern heralding hatching was found, supporting previous reports obtained with acute preparations. The technique for injection into the chorioallantoic membrane CAM vessels or direct deposition onto the CAM is also described. The usefulness of the embryonic neurophysiological implantation coupled with the injection at specific stages of development is discussed as an approach to the understanding of the parameters of the maturation of the sleep‐wakefulness cycle, neurochemistry, and behavior.
Short exposures to enriched environments can increase genetic variability of behavior in mice
Authors: Henderson Norman D. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPrevious work indicates that mice of different genotypes reared in enriched environments show differential increases in performance on a food‐seeking task. In this study 2 experiments examined the effects in selected mice strains of short exposures to such enrichment. Experiment 1 indicated that 48 hr of exposure to enriched cages was sufficient to produce results found previously when subjects were reared from birth in enriched cages. Experiment 2 indicated that as little as 6 hr of exposure to an enriched cage was sufficient to produce almost maximal enrichment effects in C57BL/10J mice.
Neonatal and adult brain parameters in mice selected for adult brain weight
Authors: Zamenhof Stephen , Van Marthens Edith 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSeveral neonatal and adult parameters were determined in the Roderick‐Wimer lines of mice selected for low (L) or for high (Hb and Hg) adult brain weight, and in the unselected control line (C). Neonatal cerebral weight, DNA (index of cell number), and protein were significantly higher in the H and C lines than in the L line. The ratios of cerebral DNA/weight (index of cell density), cerebral protein/weight, and cerebral protein/DNA (index of protein content per cell or cell size) were at birth practically the same in all lines. In the adult animals all the differences were amplified and, in addition, some of the differences in the above ratios were significant, for the cerebral cortex as well as for the cerebellum. These findings may be causally related to the reported superiority in behavioral performance of the H line.
Increase of the corticosterone level in ducklings during the sensitive period of the following response
Authors: Weiss J. , Köhler W. , Landsberg J.‐W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIncreased fear may be one of the factors limiting the sensitive imprinting period. Thus, we analyzed corticosterone levels in 121 Peking ducklings during and after this sensitive period using the method of competitive protein binding. The data pointed to a corticosterone increase within a period of 12–28 hr after hatching as well as to the presence of a circadian rythm. The low coefficient of determination of post‐hatch age and corticosterone level (8%) pleads for a multi‐dimensional system. However, the corticosterone increase may be the basis for an increase in fear and a decrease in the likelihood of imprinting.
Acquisition and extinction of an operant response in differentially reared rats
Authors: Gluck John P. , Pearce Harold E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractRats reared in either socially isolated or control environments were trained to bar press for food on a variable interval schedule of reinforcement, beginning at 125 days of age for 37 consecutive days. Following this phase the subjects were tested for response persistence during an extinction test. Next, the subjects were compared on measures of spontaneous recovery and the rate of response reacquisition when the reinforcement contingencies were once again reinstated. Though no differences were discerned between the groups on measures of acquisition, maintenance, and reacquisition, isolated rats emitted many more responses than the controls during extinction testing.
The cardiac self‐stimulation hypothesis and the chick's differential attraction toward intermittent sound
Authors: Simner Marvin L. , Kaplan Wendy 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTwo experiments were conducted to determine whether the chick's attraction toward specific rates of intermittent sound stems from long‐term prehatch exposure by the chick to its own fetal heart beat. Contrary to prediction, Experiment I showed stronger attraction toward an intermittent square wave white noise signal matched for pulse rate, overall pulse duration, and mean intensity, than the sound of the actual fetal heart beat from which this attraction is said to derive. Experiment II demonstrated that long‐term prehatch exposure to an intermittent auditory signal having a normally non‐preferred rate will not establish an attraction for that same rate after hatching unless it contains a frequency component having latent appetitive properties. Alternatives to the cardiac self‐stimulation hypothesis are discussed and, in the context of related evidence, the fetus' general capacity for exposure learning is reconsidered.
Open‐field behavior of prenatally irradiated and/or postnatally handled C57BL/6 mice
Authors: Sherrod Kathryn B. , Meier Gilbert W. , Connor William H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMice (C57BL/6) were prenatally irradiated with 60Co and/or handled on postnatal Days 1‐10, and subsequently tested in an open field on Days 21, 42, and 63, and in a shuttle box on Days 30 and 60. Another group of mice was treated and tested similarly, but the shuttle box testing was omitted. All animals were cross‐fostered at birth. Handling increased open‐field activity and decreased defecation whereas irradiation decreased activity and had inconsistent effects on defecation. A comparison of the data from both groups of mice indicated that the shuttle box experience decreased open‐field activity, particularly for the irradiated and unhandled animals. Direct and indirect irradiation effects‐revealed by the cross‐fostering procedure‐were both significant and about equal in magnitude, underling the importance of attending to irradiation effects on maternal as well as on offspring behavior.
Alternations in the maternal behavior of rats rearing malnourished offspring
Authors: Wiener Sandra G. , Fitzpatrick Kathleen M. , Levin Robert , Smotherman William P. , Levine Seymour 
Published: January 2005

AbstractInvestigations of maternal behavior of mothers fed a low‐protein diet indicated deficits in retrieval and in the rate of nest‐building. In addition, they indicated a concomitant increase in time spent with young when assessed during periods not associated with the retrieval/nest‐building test session. The adrenalectomized mother, another case that produces growth‐stunted progeny, was compared with both low‐protein and control mothers for maternal behavior. Unlike the low‐protein mother, the adrenalectomized mother did not exhibit retrieval or nest‐building deficits; however, the adrenalectomized mother did display an increase in time spent with young. These data suggest that although deficits in retrieval and nest‐building can be attributed to the nutritional condition of the mother, the stimulus characteristics of the malnourished pup are important in eliciting the increased time spent with the litter.
Ontogeny of observational learning in the dog (Canis familiaris)
Authors: Adler Leonore Loeb , Adler Helmut E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA split‐litter technique was used to test observational learning in 4 litters of Miniature Dachshund puppies, 21, 28, 38, and 60 days old at the beginning of the experiment. In one side of a duplicate cage, one puppy of a litter, the demonstrator, learned to pull in a food cart on a runner by means of a ribbon, while another puppy, the observer, watched from an adjacent compartment, separated by a wire screen. Observational learning was demonstrated by the saving in time for the 1st trial when the observer was given the same problem to solve. Maturation, particularly the development of visual function and motor coordination, set a lower age limit for the emergence of observational learning.
Absence of self‐recognition in a monkey (Macaca fascicularis) following prolonged exposure to a mirror
Authors: Gallup Gordon G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTo date only chimpanzees, orangutans, and humans have been found capable of recognizing themselves in mirrors. In an attempt to provide a more definitive test of the capacity for self‐recognition in monkeys, I gave a preadolescent crab‐eating macaque 2400 hr of mirror exposure. However, patterns of self‐directed behavior never developed and a more explicit test of self‐recognition yielded negative results. The data indicate possible differences between great apes and monkeys in self‐awareness.