bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biochemical Pathways for Microvascular Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Setter Stephen M , Campbell R Keith , Cahoon Clifton J 
Published: October 2003

OBJECTIVE: To review the current biochemical theories on how diabetes contributes to microvascular disease. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE search (1980–June 2003) and bibliographies of articles obtained on this topic. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: Articles identified from the data sources were evaluated and those deemed relevant to this review were incorporated. DATA SYNTHESIS: The prevailing biochemical theories on how diabetes leads to microvascular disease include increased polyol (sorbitol/aldose reductase) pathway flux, production of advanced glycation end-products, generation of reactive oxygen species, and activation of diacylglycerol and protein kinase C isoforms. These pathways contribute to endothelial damage and dysfunction and may alter gene functioning. CONCLUSIONS: Each pathway, via varied and often overlapping mechanisms, contributes to altered microvascular function that leads to the development of retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy, the major microvascular complications associated with diabetes.
Efficacy of Stimulants in Adult ADHD
Authors: Maidment Ian D 
Published: October 2003

OBJECTIVE: To review the literature regarding the efficacy of stimulants to treat attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults. DATA SOURCES: The relevant pharmaceutical manufacturers were contacted, and searches of MEDLINE (1966–December 2002) and the reference sections of each article obtained were performed using the key search terms: adult ADHD, stimulants, methylphenidate, amphetamines, and pemoline. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: All English-language original studies identified from the data sources were evaluated and all information deemed relevant was included in the review. DATA SYNTHESIS: Studies involving methylphenidate, amphetamines, and pemoline were identified. There was evidence for the efficacy of amphetamines from 5 studies (4 controlled, 1 open). Methylphenidate data from 6 controlled trials were conflicting. Three studies indicated efficacy; 2 studies failed to show efficacy, possibly due to methodologic reasons; and the results from 1 study were conflicting. The limited data from 1 controlled and 1 open study indicated that pemoline may be less effective than methylphenidate and amphetamines. CONCLUSIONS: While the current limited data indicate that stimulants may be effective in adult ADHD, more data are required to confirm long-term efficacy.
Trastuzumab for the Treatment of Non—Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Ferrone Marcus , Motl Susannah E 
Published: October 2003

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate trastuzumab for the treatment of advanced non—small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). DATA SOURCES: Clinical literature was accessed through MEDLINE (1966–January 2003), EMBASE (1974–January 2003), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970–January 2003), Proceedings of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (1995–January 2003), and Genentech. Key search terms included trastuzumab, lung cancer, Herceptin, and NSCLC. DATA SYNTHESIS: Research has revealed that NSCLC specimens may express the protein HER-2/neu. The monoclonal antibody against HER-2/neu, trastuzumab, could prove valuable for patients. An evaluation of the studies exploring trastuzumab for management of NSCLC was conducted. Phase II clinical trials reveal variable response rates from no improvement to a partial response rate of 42%. Due to a lack of clinical trials and deficiencies in the literature, the ultimate benefit of this agent remains to be proven. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical data from ongoing trials indicate potential synergy when trastuzumab is added to standard chemotherapy. The ultimate benefit in NSCLC remains to be proven.
Intravenous Valproate Associated with Circulatory Collapse
Authors: Kumar Prashant , Vallis Christopher J , Hall Catherine M 
Published: October 2003

OBJECTIVE:To report a case of severe circulatory collapse following an intravenous injection of sodium valproate.CASE SUMMARY:A 5-year-old white girl, who was receiving vasopressor support, developed a severe circulatory collapse following an intravenous injection of valproate 480 mg. Her invasive arterial blood pressure dropped after valproate was started, and she went into cardiac arrest requiring full resuscitation including 2 doses of epinephrine. She was successfully resuscitated.DISCUSSION:To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of such severe circulatory collapse associated with intravenous valproate. Although hypotension has been reported following the use of intravenous valproate, severe circulatory compromise leading to cardiorespiratory arrest has not been previously described. An objective causality assessment using the Naranjo probability scale revealed that the adverse drug event was highly possible.CONCLUSIONS:In view of this patient's circulatory collapse associated with valproate, intravenous sodium valproate should be used with caution, particularly in hemodynamically unstable patients.
Effect of Renal Function on the Pharmacodynamics of Argatroban
Authors: Arpino Paul A , Hallisey Robert K 
Published: October 2003

BACKGROUND: Argatroban is a direct thrombin inhibitor used to treat heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). Argatroban is primarily cleared by hepatic mechanisms, with only small amounts of unchanged drug cleared by the kidneys. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of renal function on argatroban dose and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). METHODS: Patients treated with argatroban were identified and prospectively screened. Patients with liver dysfunction were excluded from the analysis. Charts and laboratory data were reviewed daily until a therapeutic aPTT was reached or argatroban was discontinued. Data points collected included age, weight, gender, admitting diagnosis, past medical history, indication for anticoagulation, indication for argatroban, initial dose, goal aPTT, titration instructions, liver function tests, serum creatinine (Scr), blood urea nitrogen, and estimated creatinine clearance (Clcr). RESULTS: A total of 66 patients were evaluated and 44 met criteria for inclusion. Baseline Scr was elevated at 1.5 mg/dL (0.9, 2.3; median 25th, 75th percentile), with an estimated Clcr 40 mL/min/1.73 m2 (26, 74). The median dose of argatroban to reach the predefined therapeutic range was 1 μg/kg/min (0.68, 2), with a corresponding aPTT of 60 seconds (54, 66). After univariate analysis, Clcr significantly predicted the therapeutic dose (coefficient b ± SE 0.019 ± 0.004; r2 0.35; p < 0.001). Covariates that predicted dose were the presence of HIT (coefficient b ± SE −0.61 ± 0.3; p = 0.045), history of myocardial infarction (coefficient b ± SE −0.74 ± 0.3; p = 0.02), and an indication for anticoagulation of deep-vein thrombosis/pulmonary embolism (coefficient b ± SE 0.69 ± 0.3; p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Estimated Clcr significantly predicted the dose of argatroban needed to reach a therapeutic aPTT.
Colchicine-Induced Myopathy in a Teenager with Familial Mediterranean Fever
Authors: Sayarlioglu Mehmet , Sayarlioglu Hayriye , Ozen Suleyman , Erkoc Reha , Gul Ahmet 
Published: October 2003

OBJECTIVE: To report a case of colchicine-induced myopathy in a teenager with familial Mediterranean fever (FMF). CASE SUMMARY: A 15-year-old boy of Turkish origin, diagnosed as having FMF at the age of 14 years, was treated with colchicine 1.5 mg/d. He had experienced only 2 mild peritonitis attacks with fever within 1 year. The patient used the recommended dose regularly, and he described progressive proximal muscle weakness and generalized myalgias, which started 1 month before presentation. Physical examination showed proximal muscle weakness in his arms and legs. Laboratory tests revealed elevated serum creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase. All other laboratory values were within normal range. Electromyographic investigation revealed a myopathic pattern in proximal muscles without any neuropathic changes. A biopsy of the deltoid muscle showed vacuolar degeneration of striated muscle fibers with no inflammatory findings. DISCUSSION: Colchicine, the most important drug in treatment of FMF, can cause myopathy in patients with impaired renal and hepatic function. In our patient, an objective causality scale showed that therapeutic doses of colchicine for FMF were the definite cause of myopathy, even though his renal and hepatic function were normal. The treatment of FMF attacks in patients who cannot use colchicine is an important problem. There are insufficient data about the use of immunosuppressive agents in the treatment of FMF attacks; however, we now successfully control the attacks with colchicine 0.5 mg/d and azathioprine 2 mg/kg/d. CONCLUSIONS: Colchicine-induced myopathy should be excluded in patients with FMF who present with generalized muscle weakness. Clinicians should be aware that myopathy can occur in patients with FMF who have normal renal and hepatic function.
Federal Policy Making for Biotechnology, Executive Branch,
N
ational
B
ioethics
A
dvisory
C
ommission
Authors: Shapiro Harold T. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract

Introduction

Historical Background

The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research (The National Commission)

The Ethics Advisory Board

The President's Commission

The Biomedical Ethics Advisory Committee

The NIH Human Fetal Tissue Transplantation Research Panel

The NIH Human Embryo Research Panel

Bioethical Analyses in Other Federal Settings

President's Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments

Establishment of the National Bioethics Advisory Commission
Gene Therapy: Overview
Authors: Walters LeRoy 
Published: October 2003

Abstract

Terminology

Major Modes of Human Genetic Intervention

Early Attempts at Human Gene Transfer

Development of a Review Process for Gene Transfer Research in the United States

Early Years of Publicly Approved Gene Transfer Research

Gene‐Transfer Research and Oversight Policies in Other Nations

Audits of 1995 and the Crisis of 1999 in the United States

Prospects for the Future
Bonding in Metals
Authors: Watson R.E. , Weinert M. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The conditions controlling alloy phase formation have been of concern for a long time, even in the period prior to the advent of the first computer‐based electronic structure calculations in the 1950s. In those days, the role of such factors as atomic size and valence were considered, and significant insight was gained, associated with names such as Hume‐Rothery. In recent times, electronic structure calculations have yielded the total energies of systems, and hence the heats of formation of competing real and hypothetical phases. Doing this accurately has become of increasing importance as the groups capable of thermodynamic measurements have dwindled in number.
This article concentrates on the alloys of the transition metals and considers both the old and the new. In the first part, some of the ideas concerning metallic bonding that derive from the early days are inspected. Many of these ideas are still applicable and offer insights into alloy phase behavior that are computationally cheaper, and in some cases rather different, from those obtainable from detailed computation. In the second part, the present‐day total‐energy calculations are presented. Comparisons between theoretical and experimental heats of formation are not made, because the spreads between experimental heats and their computed counterparts are not altogether satisfying for metallic systems. Instead, the factors controlling the accuracy of the computational methods and the precision with which they are carried out are inspected. All too often, consideration of computational costs leads to results that are less precisely defined than is needed.
Dynamical Diffraction
Authors: Shen Qun 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDiffraction‐related techniques using x rays, electrons, or neutrons are widely used in materials science to provide basic structural information on crystalline materials. To describe a diffraction phenomenon, one has the choice of two theories: kinematic or dynamical.Kinematic theory assumes that each x‐ray photon, electron, or neutron scatters only once before it is detected. This assumption is valid in most cases for x rays and neutrons since their interactions with materials are relatively weak. This single‐scattering mechanism is also called the first‐order Born approximation or simply the Born approximation. The kinematic diffraction theory can be applied to a vast majority of materials studies and is the most commonly used theory to describe x‐ray or neutron diffraction from crystals that are imperfect.There are, however, practical situations where the higher‐order scattering or multiple‐scattering terms in the Born series become important and cannot be neglected. This is the case, for example, with electron diffraction from crystals, where an electron beam interacts strongly with electrons in a crystal. Multiple scattering can also be important in certain application areas of x‐ray and neutron scattering, as described below. In all these cases, the simplified kinematic theory is not sufficient to evaluate the diffraction processes and the more rigorous dynamical theory is needed where multiple scattering is taken into account.Dynamical diffraction is the predominant phenomenon in almost all electron diffraction applications, such as low‐energy electron diffraction and reflection high‐energy electron diffraction. For x rays and neutrons, areas of materials research that involve dynamical diffraction may include the situations discussed.
Tension Testing
Authors: Antolovich Stephen D. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Of all mechanical properties, perhaps the most fundamental are related to what happens when a material is subjected to simple uniaxial tension. In its essence, a tensile test is carried out by attaching a specimen to a load‐measuring device, applying a load (or imposing a given deformation), and measuring the load and corresponding deformation.
The result obtained from a tensile test is a so‐called stress/strain curve, a plot of stress (force/unit area) versus strain. The results of such a test (along with the results of other tests, to be sure) are basic to determination of the suitability of a given material for a particular load‐bearing application. In this regard the results obtained from such a test are of great engineering significance. Tensile‐test results also provide a great deal of information relative to the fundamental mechanisms of deformation that occur in the specimen. Coupled with microscopic examination, tensile test results are used to develop theories of hardening and to develop new alloys with improved properties. Tensile tests can be used to obtain information on the following types of properties: elastic properties, plastic properties, toughness.
Tribological and Wear Testing
Authors: Bayer Raymond G. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractTribology is the science of friction, wear, and lubrication. More fundamentally, tribology is concerned with the interaction of contacting surfaces in relative motion. Friction is the resisting tangential force that occurs between two surfaces in contact when they move or tend to move relative to one another. For solid surfaces the magnitude of this force is characterized by the coefficient of friction, defined as the dimensionless ratio of the magnitude of the friction force to the magnitude of the normal force. In the absence of an externally applied normal force, this tangential force is sometimes referred to as sticktion. Wear is damage to a solid surface due to the relative motion between that surface and a contacting substance or substances. It involves the progressive loss of material. Lubrication is the ability of an interposing material to reduce either the friction between or the wear of surfaces.The tribological behavior that a material exhibits is dependent on both the properties of the material and the contact conditions. As a result, parameters used to characterize the friction, wear, and lubrication of a material are system properties of the material, not intrinsic properties such as an elastic modulus or coefficient of thermal expansion. The collection of all those elements that can influence tribological behavior is referred to as the tribosystem. The primary elements of a tribosystem are (1) materials, (2) shapes and contours, (3) surface roughness, (4) motions, (5) loading, (6) lubrication, and (7) environment.
Differential Thermal Analysis and Differential Scanning Calorimetry
Authors: Lexa Dusan , Leibowitz Leonard 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Differential thermal analysis (DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) are two closely related methods in which a material under investigation is typically subjected to a programmed temperature change and thermal effects in the material are observed. (Isothermal methods are also possible though they are less common.) The term “differential” indicates that the difference in behavior between the material under study and a supposedly inert reference material is examined. In this manner the temperature at which any event either absorbs or releases heat can be found. This allows the determination of, e.g., phase transition temperatures and the study of order‐disorder transitions and chemical reactions. Similarly, heat capacity measurements can be performed, although DTA and DSC differ significantly in the ease and precision of such measurements. These two methods are ideally suited for quality control, stability, and safety studies.
Measurement of heat capacity can be performed by other methods and these are discussed.
In DTA, the temperature difference between a substance and a reference material is measured as a function of temperature while the substance and reference material are subjected to a controlled temperature program.
The record is the differential thermal, or DTA, curve; the temperature difference should be plotted on the ordinate with endothermic reactions downward and temperature or time on the abscissa increasing from left to right.
The term “quantitative differential thermal analysis” (quantitative DTA) covers those uses of DTA where the equipment is designed to produce quantitative results in terms of energy and/or any other physical parameter.
In DSC, the difference in energy inputs into a substance and a reference material is measured as a function of temperature while the substance and reference material are subjected to a controlled temperature program.
Two modes, power compensation differential scanning calorimetry (power compensation DSC) and heat‐flux differential scanning calorimetry (heat‐flux DSC), can be distinguished, depending on the method of measurement used.
These thermal analysis methods can be conducted simultaneously with other measurement methods to provide a greatly enhanced ability to understand material behavior.
There is widespread confusion in the literature and elsewhere regarding the terms DTA and DSC that stems, in part, from how these methods developed and this is discussed.
Hall Effect in Semiconductors
Authors: Look David 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The Hall effect, which was discovered in 1879, determines the concentration and type (negative or positive) of charge carriers in metals, semiconductors, or insulators. In general, the method is used in conjunction with a conductivity measurement to also determine the mobility (ease of movement) of the charge carriers. At low temperatures and high magnetic fields, quantum effects are sometimes evident in lower dimensional structures; however, such effects are not be considered here. Also, this article concentrates on semiconductors, rather than metals or insulators, although the same theory generally applies.

Three, strong advantages of Hall effect measurements are ease of instrumentation, ease of interpretation, and wide dynamic range. With respect to implementation, the only elements necessary, at the lowest level, are a current source, a voltmeter, and a modest‐sized magnet. The carrier concentration can then be calculated within a typical accuracy of 20% without any other information about the material. Measurments of concentrations ranging from 10
4
to 10
20
cm
−3
have been obtained. Also, the type (
n
or
p
) can be unambiguously determined from the sign of the Hall voltage.

Competing techniques include capacitance‐voltage (
C
‐
V
) measurements to determine carrier concentration; thermoelectric probe (TEP) measurements to determine carrier type; and magnetoresistance (MR) measurements to determine mobility.
Magnetometry
Authors: Guertin Robert P. , Foner Simon 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAll materials possess a magnetic moment; techniques for measuring that bulk macroscopic property are defined here as magnetometry. This article reviews the most common techniques for measuring the total magnetic moments of small samples (volume ≤1 cm3and/or mass ≤1 g). Several factors contribute to the bulk magnetic moment of a sample. Essentially all materials show weak diamagnetism from filled electronic core states of the atoms. Metallic materials show an additional contribution to their diamagnetism from the orbital motion of the otherwise degenerate spin‐up and spin‐down conduction electrons as well as Pauli paramagnetism from splitting of the conduction bands. The largest contribution to the magnetic moment of materials comes from unpaired localized spins of elemental constituents.It is important for many reasons to know a material's magnetic moment, a thermodynamic quantity. For strongly magnetic materials, it is probably the most useful and important physical property, determining their utility in applications. For magnetically ordered systems, magnetic moment measurements provide information about spin structure, anisotropy (in the case of nonpolycrystalline samples), and phase transitions. For paramagnetic systems, the total moment at high fields or the temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility can yield a measure of the moment per chemical constituent or magnetic impurity concentration, whether introduced purposefully or as impurities. The temperature dependence of the moment yields information on interactions between the paramagnetic ions or with the lattice. Certain features of the electronic structure of metallic materials can be determined from magnetic susceptibility, such as the density of states at the Fermi surface. For superconductors, high field magnetization can provide information about the critical field and critical current density.This article is restricted to the centimeter‐gram‐second (cgs) system of units for the magnetic moment, which is given in electromagnetic units (emu), where 1 emu = 10−3A‐m2.There are two direct techniques for measuring the magnetic moment of materials: one utilizes the detection of a change in magnetic flux produced by a sample, and the other utilizes the detection of a change in the force experienced by a sample.