bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using MM5 to Hindcast the Ocean Surface Forcing Fields over the Gulf of Maine and Georges Bank Region*
Authors: Chen Changsheng , Beardsley R. C. , Hu Song , Xu Qichun , Lin Huichan 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) is applied to the Gulf of Maine/Georges Bank (GoM/GB) region. This model is configured with two numerical domains with horizontal resolutions of 30 and 10 km, respectively, and driven by the NCAR-Eta weather model through a nested grid approach. Comparison of model-computed winds, wind stress, and heat flux with in situ data collected on moored meteorological buoys in the western GoM and over GB in 1995 shows that during the passage of atmospheric fronts over this region, MM5 provides a reasonable prediction of wind speed but not wind direction, and provides a relatively accurate estimation of longwave radiation but overestimates sensible and latent fluxes. The nudging data assimilation approach with inclusion of in situ wind data significantly improves the accuracy of the predicted wind speed and direction. Incorporation of the Fairall et al. air–sea flux algorithms with inclusion of Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR)-derived SST improves the accuracy of the predicted latent and sensible heat fluxes in the GoM/GB region for both stable and unstable weather conditions.
Maximum Likelihood Estimates of Vortex Parameters from Simulated Coherent Doppler Lidar Data
Authors: Frehlich Rod , Sharman Robert 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The performance of pulsed coherent Doppler lidar in estimating aircraft trailing wake vortices by scanning across the aircraft flight track is evaluated using Monte Carlo lidar simulations of a simple vortex pair in both a nonturbulent and turbulent environment. The performance estimates are based on maximum likelihood estimates of aircraft wake vortex parameters and provide a measure of the ability of the lidar to detect and track wake vortices under the best possible conditions. Two aircraft types are considered: the Boeing 737 and the Boeing 747. Rigorous error analyses are produced by comparing the estimated parameters from numerical simulations of raw lidar data with the known input parameters of the simulation. It is shown that the probability density functions for the estimates are approximately Gaussian and the bias is very small. The main source of the bias was determined to be the movement of the vortex during the lidar scan. The estimation error is increased by the effects of a background turbulent velocity field. The trade-off between lidar pulse energy and pulse repetition frequency for the standard condition of constant laser power is also presented. It is shown that these maximum likelihood estimates provide accurate detection and tracking of the key vortex parameters for a simple vortex model, with and without background turbulence.
A Mesoscale Analysis Method for Surface Potential Temperature in Mountainous and Coastal Terrain
Authors: Deng Xingxiu , Stull Roland 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
A technique is developed to anisotropically spread surface observations in steep valleys. The goal is to create an improved objective analysis for the lowest, terrain-following numerical weather prediction (NWP) model level in mountainous terrain.
The method is a mother–daughter (MD) approach, where the amount of information transferred from one grid point (the mother) to all neighboring grid points (the daughters) depends on elevation differences. The daughters become mothers and further share information with their neighboring grid points. This iterative method allows information to follow valleys around ridges, while reducing spread over the ridge top. The method is further refined to account for land–sea anisotropy.
This approach is tested in the objective analyses of surface potential temperatures over the steep mountainous and coastal terrain of southwestern British Columbia, Canada. Analysis results are compared with other existing schemes using the Advanced Regional Prediction System Data Assimilation System (ADAS). It is found that the MD approach outperforms the other schemes over mountainous and coastal terrain.
An Ensemble Generation Method for Seasonal Forecasting with an Ocean–Atmosphere Coupled Model
Authors: Vialard Jérôme , Vitart Frédéric , Balmaseda Magdalena A. , Stockdale Timothy N. , Anderson David L. T. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Seasonal forecasts are subject to various types of errors: amplification of errors in oceanic initial conditions, errors due to the unpredictable nature of the synoptic atmospheric variability, and coupled model error. Ensemble forecasting is usually used in an attempt to sample some or all of these various sources of error. How to build an ensemble forecasting system in the seasonal range remains a largely unexplored area. In this paper, various ensemble generation methodologies for the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) seasonal forecasting system are compared. A series of experiments using wind perturbations (applied when generating the oceanic initial conditions), sea surface temperature (SST) perturbations to those initial conditions, and random perturbation to the atmosphere during the forecast, individually and collectively, is presented and compared with the more usual lagged-average approach. SST perturbations are important during the first 2 months of the forecast to ensure a spread at least equal to the uncertainty level on the SST measure. From month 3 onward, all methods give a similar spread. This spread is significantly smaller than the rms error of the forecasts. There is also no clear link between the spread of the ensemble and the ensemble mean forecast error. These two facts suggest that factors not presently sampled in the ensemble, such as model error, act to limit the forecast skill. Methods that allow sampling of model error, such as multimodel ensembles, should be beneficial to seasonal forecasting.
Microenvironments in Faujasite-type Fe–Al Zeolites Probed by Europium Luminescence
Authors: Nakamura Yasushi , Hasaegawa Masatoshi , Katsuki Kazuko 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Europium was introduced into faujasite-type zeolites through ion exchange. The intensity ratio of the emission bands peaking at 590 and 614 nm changed depending on the amount of adsorbed water in zeolites. The results suggest that europium photoluminescence spectra could be a useful probe for providing information on a microenvironment in hydrated zeolites. The europium luminescence spectra of Fe–Al faujasite were measured as a function of the Fe content and compared with the water desorption temperatures to discuss the effect of Fe incorporation into the zeolite framework.
Synthesis, Structure, and Fluxional Behavior of κ1-O-Enolatoiron(II) Complexes Derived from 1,3-Dicarbonyl Compounds
Authors: Kiyota Sayori , Tamuki Jun-ichi , Komine Nobuyuki , Hirano Masafumi , Komiya Sanshiro 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Highly nucleophilic κ1-O-enolatoiron(II) complexes trans-FeH(OCR1CHCOR2-κ1O)(DEPE)2 (1a: R1 = R2 = Me, 1b: R1 = R2 = OMe, 1c: R1 = Me, R2 = OMe) are prepared by the reaction of Fe(N2)(DEPE)2 with 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds.
Stereoselective Synthesis of trans-3,4-Dihydropyran-2-ones by Phenoxide ion-catalyzed Tandem Michael Addition and Lactonization
Authors: Tozawa Takashi , Yamane Yoshinobu , Mukaiyama Teruaki 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Phenoxide ion-catalyzed tandem Michael addition and lactonization between α,β-unsaturated ketones and silyl enolates derived from phenyl carboxylates proceeded smoothly to afford the corresponding 3,4-dihydropyran-2-ones in high yields with good to excellent trans-selectivities.
A Stable Hexagonal Mesoporous Aluminophosphate Assembled from Preformed Aluminophosphate Precursors
Authors: Lin Kaifeng , Wang Lifeng , Sun Zhenhua , Yang Qing , Di Yan , Zhang Daliang , Jiang Dazhen , Xiao Feng-Shou 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
A hexagonal mesoporous aluminophosphate with high thermal stability (JLU-50) is successfully synthesized from the assembly of preformed aluminophosphate precursors with a cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) by a two-step procedure.
The High Thermoelectric Properties of Conducting Polyaniline with Special Submicron-fibre Structure
Authors: Yao Qin , Chen Lidong , Xu Xiaochuan , Wang Chunfen 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Thermoelectric properties of camphorsulfonic acid (CSA) doped conducting polyaniline with different structures have been studied. The sample with special submicron-fibre structure exhibited 20 times higher thermoelectric power factor at 300 K than the sample with general grain structure, which could be ascribed to its higher carrier mobility caused by its higher order of chain packing.
Management Ownership and Audit Firm Size*
Authors: LENNOX CLIVE 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe finance literature identifies two agency problems between managers and outside shareholders. First, there is a divergence‐of‐interests problem as management ownership falls. Second, there is an offsetting entrenchment problem when management ownership increases within intermediate regions of ownership. Agency problems are mitigated through contracting, but contracts are often based on accounting numbers prepared by management. Because accounting numbers must be reliable for contracts to be enforced, agency theory predicts a demand for higher‐quality auditors when agency problems are more severe. However, extant studies find no significant or robust relation between management ownership and audit firm size. In contrast to extant research, this study samples unlisted companies rather than listed companies for two reasons. First, the monitoring value of auditing may be higher in unlisted companies because they are less vulnerable to takeover and they are required to disclose much less nonaccounting information to shareholders. Second, unlisted companies have greater variation in management ownership, which permits more powerful tests of the demand for auditing as ownership varies between 0 percent and 100 percent. Consistent with a divergence‐of‐interests effect, the association between management ownership and audit firm size is found to be significantly negative within low and high regions of management ownership. The association is flatter and slightly positive within intermediate regions of management ownership, suggesting the existence of an opposite entrenchment effect. The negative association and the nonlinearity is consistent with the finance literature and with the predictions of agency theory.
Longitudinal Study of Periodontal Disease and Edentulism With Rates of Bone Loss in Older Women
Authors: Famili P. , Cauley J. , Suzuki J.B. , Weyant R. 
Published: March 2005

Background: Previous cross‐sectional studies have suggested a link between periodontal disease and osteoporosis. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the association between changes in bone mineral density (BMD) and clinical signs of periodontal tissue destruction and tooth loss over a 2‐year period.Methods: A total of 398 women (mean age 75.5 years) were randomly selected for an ancillary study of periodontal disease; osteoporosis in association with the presence or absence of teeth was evaluated. Osteoporosis in association with periodontal disease was also evaluated. All subjects were participants at the Pittsburgh Clinical Center for the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF), a prospective cohort study of women 65 years of age or older designed to determine risk factors for fractures. Oral health examinations, including periodontal probing and attachment loss, were performed at the fourth clinical visit, an average of 6 years after baseline. BMD of the total hip and its subregions was measured using dual energy x‐ray absorptiometry at the time of dental examination and 2 years later. Results are expressed as annual percentage change.Results: A total of 145 (36.4%) women were edentulous and 163 (80.7%) of the dentate women (N = 253) had periodontal disease. Dentate women reported higher education (P <0.001) and a higher calcium intake (P = 0.002). Absolute BMD and percentage change in BMD were similar in dentate and edentulous women. We found no difference in BMD or in absolute or percentage change in BMD between women with or without periodontal disease.Conclusion: Little evidence exists for an association between edentulousness, periodontal disease, and longitudinal changes in BMD. J Periodontol 2005;76:11‐15.
Reconstitution of a Hyperinflammatory Prostaglandin E2 Response to Porphyromonas gingivalis Challenge in Severe Combined Immunodeficient Mice
Authors: Salvi Giovanni E. , Spets‐Happonen Satu , Singer Robert E. , Offenbacher Steven 
Published: March 2005

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine whether lymphocytic cells regulate the monocytic hyperinflammatory trait (MO+) in chronic periodontitis patients. Using a P. gingivalis challenge model in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice, we tested the effects of adoptively transferred human peripheral blood leukocytes from gingivitis and chronic periodontitis diabetic and non‐diabetic individuals on monocytic responses.Methods: This response was examined using the subcutaneous tissue chamber infection model. Three weeks following cell reconstitution, all SCID mice were challenged with 109 colony forming units of live P. gingivalis HG405. Chamber contents were collected at day 7 after bacterial challenge for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) analysis and chamber rejection monitored up to day 30. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples were collected from all patients for PGE2 analysis. Both chamber fluid‐ and GCF‐PGE2 levels were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA).Results: Significantly elevated GCF‐PGE2 levels were found in diabetic as well as in non‐diabetic patients with moderate/advanced periodontitis compared to diabetic and non‐diabetic subjects with gingivitis/mild periodontitis at P = 0.01 and P = 0.001, respectively. As reflected in chamber fluid PGE2 levels and percentage chamber rejection, lymphocytic sensitization to P. gingivalis occurred in both diabetics and non‐diabetics with moderate/advanced periodontitis, but not in diabetics and non‐diabetics with gingivitis/mild periodontitis.Conclusions: These results suggest that the exaggerated monocytic inflammatory response trait (MO+) associated with moderate/ advanced chronic periodontitis is due, at least in part, to lymphocytic modulation, while the directional findings for lymphocytes from diabetic subjects deserve further investigation. Our findings further demonstrate that the SCID mouse model is a useful animal model to study human immune responses to periodontal microorganisms. J Periodontol 2005;76:16‐21.
Human Gingival Tissue Reactions to Silk and Expanded Polytetrafluoroethylene Sutures
Authors: Leknes Knut N. , Røynstrand Inghild Tafjord , Selvig Knut A. 
Published: March 2005

Background: Wound closure by suturing is a critical and significant event in general as well as in oral surgery. Information regarding tissue reactions to different suture materials appears incomplete and inconsistent, particularly in humans. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate clinically and histologically tissue reactions to silk and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) suture materials placed in human oral tissues.Methods: Twelve patients undergoing periodontal treatment, who had bilateral periodontal defects in the maxillary premolar and molar region scheduled for resective surgery, were included. In each patient, one single interrupted ePTFE suture (CV–5) and one single interrupted silk suture (4‐0) were inserted in gingival tissues in contralateral jaw quadrants 10 days prior to scheduled surgery and a second set of sutures was inserted at 7 days prior to surgery. After placement, the length of the suture embedded in the tissue as well as the slack of the suture loop were measured and tabulated. The measurements were repeated on the day of surgery. At this time biopsy specimens, including the suture loop and surrounding tissue, were harvested and processed for histologic analysis. The inflammatory response was evaluated by measuring the thickness of the perisutural epithelium and the diameter of the connective tissue infiltrate, by estimating the proportion of inflammatory cells to epithelial cells, and by recording the presence or absence of bacterial plaque along the suture track.Results: At 7 days, silk sutures showed a significantly higher degree of slack of the suture loop than did ePTFE sutures (P = 0.02), while the difference was not significant at 10 days (P = 0.21). The mean change of “tissue bite” was greater for silk compared to ePTFE at 7 as well as at 10 days. However, none of the differences were statistically significant (P = 0.43). The thickness of the perisutural epithelium increased significantly from 7 to 10 days for both suture materials, while the difference in proportion of inflammatory cells to epithelial cells was not significant (P = 0.43). An overall significantly greater diameter of connective tissue infiltrate was present around the silk sutures. Bacterial plaque was detected in 10 of 11 silk and four of 11 ePTFE suture channels at 7 days, and eight of 10 and four of 11 suture channels at 10 days.Conclusions: The results revealed that placement of sutures in gingival tissues elicits an inflammatory reaction and that the magnitude of this reaction may vary with the suture material used. Braided silk sutures apparently cause a more extensive inflammatory tissue reaction in an environment characterized by moisture and infectious potential. J Periodontol 2005;76:34‐42.
No effect of encapsulation on the pharmacokinetics of warfarin
Authors: Johansson Susanne , Ohlsson Lis , Stenhoff Helene , Wåhlander Karin , Cullberg Marie 
Published: March 2005

AbstractBackground. In double‐blind comparator studies with the oral direct thrombin inhibitor (oral DTI) ximelagatran, warfarin (Coumadin®) was administered in encapsulated form in order to maintain patient and investigator blinding. This open, randomized, two‐way crossover study was conducted to determine whether the encapsulated warfarin tablets (Coumadin®) used in the ximelagatran studies are bioequivalent to nonencapsulated, commercially available warfarin (Coumadin®) tablets.Methods and Results. Eighteen healthy men received two 2.5 mg tablets of encapsulated warfarin and two 2.5 mg tablets of nonencapsulated warfarin as single oral doses, 14 days apart. The 90% confidence intervals for the mean treatment ratio (encapsulated tablet/nonencapsulated tablet) fell within the limits considered to reflect bioequivalence (0.80, 1.25) for total area under the plasma concentration‐versus‐time curve (AUC∞), AUC to the last evaluable concentration (AUCt), and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) for both R‐warfarin (AUC∞ [0.93, 1.03], AUCt [0.95, 1.03], Cmax [0.90, 1.04]) and S‐warfarin (AUC∞ [0.93, 1.03], AUCt [0.94, 1.03], Cmax [0.90, 1.06]).Conclusions. The encapsulated form of warfarin (Coumadin®) used in comparator studies with the oral DTI ximelagatran is bioequivalent to the nonencapsulated, commercially available form of warfarin (Coumadin®). Thus, the results of ximelagatran clinical trials with encapsulated warfarin can be generalized to the commercially available form. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Modular Approach toward Block Copolymers
Authors: Higley Mary Nell , Pollino Joel M. , Hollembeak Eric , Weck Marcus 
Published: March 2005

AbstractA novel methodology for the formation of block copolymers has been developed that combines ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) with functional chain‐transfer agents (CTAs) and self‐assembly. Telechelic homopolymers of cyclooctene derivatives end‐functionalized with hydrogen‐bonding or metal‐coordination sites are formed through the combination of ROMP with a corresponding functional CTA. These telechelic homopolymers are fashioned with a high control over molecular weight and without the need for post‐polymerization procedures. The homopolymers undergo fast and efficient self‐assembly with their complement homopolymer or small molecule analogue to form block‐copolymer architectures. The block copolymers show equivalent association constants as their small molecule analogues described in the literature, regardless of size or nature of the complementary unit or the polymer side chain.
Prediction of survival in patients with esophageal carcinoma using artificial neural networks
Authors: Sato Fumiaki , Shimada Yutaka , Selaru Florin M. , Shibata David , Maeda Masato , Watanabe Go , Mori Yuriko , Stass Sanford A. , Imamura Masayuki , Meltzer Stephen J. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDAccurate estimation of outcome in patients with malignant disease is an important component of the clinical decision‐making process. To create a comprehensive prognostic model for esophageal carcinoma, artificial neural networks (ANNs) were applied to the analysis of a range of patient‐related and tumor‐related variables.METHODSClinical and pathologic data were collected from 418 patients with esophageal carcinoma who underwent resection with curative intent. A data base that included 199 variables was constructed. Using ANN‐based sensitivity analysis, the optimal combination of variables was determined to allow creation of a survival prediction model. The accuracy (area under the receiver operator characteristic curve [AUR]) of this ANN model subsequently was compared with the accuracy of the conventional statistical technique: linear discriminant analysis (LDA).RESULTSThe optimal ANN models for predicting outcomes at 1 year and 5 years consisted of 65 variables (AUR = 0.883) and 60 variables (AUR = 0.884), respectively. These filtered, optimal data sets were significantly more accurate (P < 0.0001) than the original data set of 199 variables. The majority of ANN models demonstrated improved accuracy compared with corresponding LDA models for 1‐year and 5‐year survival predictions. Furthermore, ANN models based on the optimal data set were superior predictors of survival compared with a model based solely on TNM staging criteria (P < 0.0001).CONCLUSIONSANNs can be used to construct a highly accurate prognostic model for patients with esophageal carcinoma. Sensitivity analysis based on ANNs is a powerful tool for seeking optimal data sets. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.