bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Marriage Settlements
Authors: Laferrere Anne 
Published: March 2003

French couples may choose between two types of marriage settlements governing asset ownership after a divorce or inheritance: common property or separate property. A cooperative model considers the marriage contract as a means of providing for widowhood of the less endowed spouse. A second model addresses the probability of divorce and the production of a marriage good. The common property contract then becomes a means of inducing the wife to invest in the marriage good. Choice of contract, labor supply and fertility are simultaneous. Empirically we find that characteristics of the spouses such as relative age or differences in endowments influence the choice. So do the expected number of children and the wife's labor supply decision. This last decision is also shown to be influenced by the chosen settlement, while fertility is not. JEL classification: J12; J4; K12
Postdecision Consolidation in a Trend Prediction Task
Authors: Lundberg Gustav, C. , Svenson Ola 
Published: March 2003

To be able to learn from experience it is necessary to correctly apprehend experienced feedback and the situation in which it is provided. The results indicate how post‐decision consolidation in complex domains may affect learning. The problem may be particularly pertinent in recurrent decision making where considerable risk is involved. The study explores the changes in aspect (signal) importance from pre‐ to postdiction as a function of outcome information. By postdiction we mean the remembering of an earlier prediction (cf. Hawkins & Hastie, 1990).Subjects were asked to decide on which of four alternative future price developments would follow a historical price trajectory for different commodities, and to rate the importance of each of the chosen alternative’s corresponding aspects. The subjects revealed a bias in their support ratings of aspects—seeing support in aspects that traditionally (by themselves and in many contexts) would be seen as neutral or even counter‐indicative of the alternative chosen.After an intermission, the subjects were also given information about what was indicated to be the actual development of the market. One group was told that their decisions were correct (irrespective of what the decisions were), another group that they were incorrect but close, a third group that they were incorrect by far, while a fourth group served as a control. Following this information the subjects were again asked to judge the importance of the aspects for their own prior decision on the most likely future development. The results indicated that outcome feed‐back had an effect on post decision restructuring of facts. Subjects in the correct condition showed an average consolidation that increased the support, while the wrong conditions lead to negative consolidation (in retrospect indicating that they never found as much support for their decision in the past as they actually did). Thus, in a choice between consolidating their own initial prediction and the price trajectory they would have to live with, the decision makers consolidated the outcome. Therefore, the results of the study were related to the hindsight bias phenomenon (Fischhoff, 1975) and to Kahneman and Miller’s (1986) mutability concept.
Globalisers vs Communitarians: Public Intellectuals Debate Thailand’s Futures
Authors: Reynolds Craig J. 
Published: March 2003

In the past decade Thailand’s bubble of prosperity expanded beyond the wildest dreams of investors and burst in the faces of those who had inflated it. By being the fastest growing economy in the world as well as the epicentre of the 1997 Asian financial crisis, Thailand became a cautionary tale of hypergrowth. During the boom and especially after the bubble economy burst there were heated debates in Thailand’s highly energised public sphere about the accelerating pace of change, about political reform, and about the possible futures for the country and its people. All Asian countries subjected to the International Monetary Fund’s (IMF) regime of austerity saw their national economic sovereignty compromised, and in this respect the financial crisis of 1997 had clear parallels with previous threats to Thailand’s sovereignty in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Then, as in the late 1990s, the ruling elites allowed sovereignty to be compromised.In this essay I endeavour to map out the intellectual contours of post‐boom Thailand. While accepting that these public debates are concentrated in the Bangkok megalopolis, I would suggest that it would be a mistake to dismiss the dominant themes of these debates as fatally elitist or Bangkok‐centric. The public intellectuals engaging the issues have close ties to non‐governmental organisations (NGOs) and other activists elsewhere in the country. At the core of these debates is the need to empower local communities in order to contend with the pressures of international financial organisations such as the IMF, the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank (ADB).
A Label Superiority Effect in Children's Categorization of Facial Expressions
Authors: Russell James A. , Widen Sherri C. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract In three studies (N's = 360, 68, 160), children (2 to 7 years of age) were asked to categorize various facial expressions. The emotion category was specified to the child by its label (such as happy), its facial expression (such as a smile), or both. From the youngest to the oldest children and for all 3 emotion categories examined (happiness, anger, and sadness), results showed a Label Superiority Effect: emotion labels resulted in more accurate categorization than did the corresponding facial expression. Errors conformed to a structural model emphasizing the dimension of pleasure‐displeasure.
Parent and Child Cognitive Representations of Social Situations and Children's Social Competence
Authors: McDowell David J. , Parke Ross D. , Spitzer Sue 
Published: March 2003

Abstract The current study examines the relations among parent and child social information processing components and their links to children's social competence. Ninety‐seven kindergarten children and their mothers and fathers responded to open‐ended vignettes that involved conflict with a peer. Goals and strategies for both parents and children were assessed. Results show that there is some consistency between parents and children in the types of goals and strategies that are provided. Further, fathers’ and children's goals and strategies were related to children's social competence but only limited support for children's cognitions as a mediator between parental cognitions and peer competence was found. The implications for the role of social information processing in the development of children's social competence are noted.
The Family Contexts of Gender Development in Childhood and Adolescence
Authors: McHale Susan M. , Crouter Ann C. , Whiteman Shawn D. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe review research on the family's role in gender development during childhood and adolescence. Our discussion highlights children's dyadic family relationship experiences with their parents and siblings; additionally, we describe ways in which the larger system of family relationships, including gendered dynamics in the marriage and the differential family experiences of sisters versus brothers may have implications for gender development. We also emphasize the significance of contextual factors—ranging from situational demands and affordances to forces emanating from the larger social ecology—in family gender socialization. We conclude that family experiences may have a more important impact on gender development than has previously been believed, and we highlight directions for future study. These include: (1) applying more complex models of parent socialization and family dynamics to the study of the family's role in gender development; (2) expanding on research directed at the socialization ofsex differencesto study how family dynamics are linked toindividual differencesin girls’ and boys’ gendered qualities and behaviors; and (3) further exploring how contextual factors exert an impact on gender socialization in the family.
Viewpoint: Why Bother with Durkheim? Teaching Sociology in the 1990s
Authors: Parker David 
Published: March 2003

Mark: That's the down side of setting up a grand narrative of sociology, people read the books when they're thirty, become professors of sociology and then do about one book every five years … ‘What should we mean by the “classics of sociology”? Does the term “classical social theory” have some real force, or is it just a vague label of convenience? And are “classics” the same as “founders”?’ (Giddens, 1995: 4). Ashfaq: People are saying, some close friends of mine who I meet regularly, they say to me that the western disciplines, western education of social sciences, the whole framework which they follow is a non-starter for us and the whole thing has to change, change the rules of the game, goalposts … you name it.
Microbusiness, Household and Class Dynamics: The Embedding of Minority Ethnic Petty Commerce
Authors: Sanghera Balihar 
Published: March 2003

Microbusinesses are embedded in wider social processes, and it is the nature of this social embeddedness that is the principal focus of the article. In particular, ‘domestic embedding’ of petty commerce is crucial, and involves a mixture of competition, domination, negotiation, and custom (Wheelock and Mariussen, 1997). Furthermore, as a socio-economic group, petty traders and producers occupy an ambivalent position in the class structure, as they are vulnerable both to upward and downward social mobility. While the petty capital class has the advantage of possessing property assets, many members lack significant symbolic and cultural assets. Nonetheless, property assets offer the most robust bases for class formation (Savage et al., 1992). In addition, the embedding of petty commerce can be both ‘identity-sensitive’ and ‘identity-neutral’ (Sayer, 1995; 2000; Fraser, 1995). Extra-ethnic factors are significant in this process. The research uses formal interviews and ‘quasi-ethnographic’ methodology to explore the different contexts in which restaurateurs and market traders operated in Birmingham, UK. The article draws critically on several literatures on industrial organisation, economic sociology, family businesses and minority ethnic businesses. One aim is to give the rather indifferent concept of ‘embedding’ substantive content, and in this way to make an empirically informed contribution to ‘new economic sociology’.
Expansion and uncertainty: cystic fibrosis, classification and genetics
Authors: Hedgecoe Adam M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis paper presents an empirical examination of geneticization, the process where genetic explanations gain ascendancy in medical and social discourse. By focusing on Cystic Fibrosis (CF), this study shows how genetic explanations play a role in the reclassification of Cystic Fibrosis. One result of this geneticization is a nosological expansion, where the boundaries of the disease expand to include a certain form of male infertility. In addition this paper highlights the uncertainty in the CF classification system that results from the use of genetic explanations.
Application of Shrinkage Techniques in Logistic Regression Analysis: A Case Study
Authors: Steyerberg E. W. , Eijkemans M. J. C. , Habbema J. D. F. 
Published: March 2003

Logistic regression analysis may well be used to develop a predictive model for a dichotomous medical outcome, such as short‐term mortality. When the data set is small compared to the number of covariables studied, shrinkage techniques may improve predictions. We compared the performance of three variants of shrinkage techniques: 1) a linear shrinkage factor, which shrinks all coefficients with the same factor; 2) penalized maximum likelihood (or ridge regression), where a penalty factor is added to the likelihood function such that coefficients are shrunk individually according to the variance of each covariable; 3) the Lasso, which shrinks some coefficients to zero by setting a constraint on the sum of the absolute values of the coefficients of standardized covariables.Logistic regression models were constructed to predict 30‐day mortality after acute myocardial infarction. Small data sets were created from a large randomized controlled trial, half of which provided independent validation data. We found that all three shrinkage techniques improved the calibration of predictions compared to the standard maximum likelihood estimates. This study illustrates that shrinkage is a valuable tool to overcome some of the problems of overfitting in medical data.
Experiencing school effectiveness though using peer support strategies with pupils and teachers
Authors: Charlton Tony 
Published: March 2003

Arguably, long‐established sources for supporting youngsters’ healthy development are less available now than has often been the case. Nowadays, family, community and school infrastructures have been (and continue to be) exposed to changes which frequently lessen the effectiveness of their support. Consequently, youngsters can be denied access to a range of experiences which assist them to develop personally, socially and intellectually.Against this backdrop, Tony Charlton highlights the merits of schools making good use of peer support strategies. He argues that by failing to capitalise upon these strategies, schools are forfeiting valuable opportunities to help orchestrate pupils’ (and teachers’) success in school.The three articles which follow this one – written by Frank Merrett, Jeanne Swafford and Kevin Jones/Peter Wakefield – discuss, in more detail, selected peer support strategies, all of which have been shown to work with good effect in schools.
Sampling Frame Effects on the British Crime Survey
Authors: Lynn Peter 
Published: March 2003

Summary
In 1992, the British Crime Survey used the postcode address file as the sampling frame for the first time, having previously used the electoral registers (ERs). This paper addresses concerns that the change in frame may have affected the survey data, particularly measures of change over time in victimization rates. The general conclusion is that the change may have caused increases in crime rates between 1988 and 1992 to be slightly overestimated, but only by an amount which is very small compared with other sources of survey error. Information is also provided on the nature of the biased coverage of the ERs, and the population subgroups that would be under-represented by surveys involving ER samples.
Accounting for Inaccuracies in Population Counts and Case Registration in Cancer Mapping Studies
Authors: Best N. , Wakefield Jon 
Published: March 2003

Summary
Disease mapping studies summarize spatial and spatiotemporal variations in disease risk. This information may be used for simple descriptive purposes, to assess whether health targets are being met or whether new policies are successful, to provide the context for further studies (by providing information on the form and size of the spatial variability in risk) or, by comparing the estiamted risk map with an exposure map, to obtain clues to aetiology. There are well-known problems with mapping raw risks and relative risks for rare diseases and/or small areas since sampling variability tends to dominate the subsequent maps. To alleviate these difficulties a multilevel modelling approach may be followed in which estimates based on small numbers are ‘shrunk’ towards a common value. In this paper we extend these models to investigate the effects of inaccuracies in the health and population data. In terms of the health data we consider the effects of errors that occur due to the imperfect collection procedures that are used by disease registers. For cancers in particular, this is a major problem, with case underascertainment (i.e. undercount) being the common type of error. The populations that are used for estimating disease risks have traditionally been treated as known quantities. In practice, however, these counts are often based on sources of data such as the census which are subject to error (in particular underenumeration) and are only available for census years. Intercensual population counts must consider not only the usual demographic changes (e.g. births and deaths) but migration also. We propose several approaches for modelling population counts and investigate the sensitivity of inference to the sizes of these errors. We illustrate the methods proposed using data for breast cancer in the Thames region of the UK and we compare our results with those obtained from more conventional approaches.
Multilevel Models for Repeated Binary Outcomes: Attitudes and Voting over the Electoral Cycle
Authors: Yang Min , Goldstein H. , Heath A. 
Published: March 2003

Summary
Models for fitting longitudinal binary responses are explored by using a panel study of voting intentions. A standard multilevel repeated measures logistic model is shown to be inadequate owing to a substantial proportion of respondents who maintain a constant response over time. A multivariate binary response model is shown to be a better fit to the data.
Investigating the Economic and Demographic Determinants of Sporting Participation in England
Authors: Farrell Lisa , Shields Michael A. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryWe provide a detailed statistical investigation into the economic and demographic factors that determine sporting participation in England. Using data from the 1997 health survey of England we fit random-effects probit models that take into account unobservable household preferences for sporting activities, as well as the economic and demographic characteristics of respondents. Our main results from the multivariate analysis are that sporting participation is positively related to household income, the educated participate in sports to a greater extent than the uneducated, there is no evidence of regional differentials in sporting participation and household preferences play an important role in the decision to participate in sports.
Causal Variables, Indicator Variables and Measurement Scales: An Example from Quality of Life
Authors: Fayers Peter M. , Hand David J. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThere is extensive literature on the development and validation of multi-item measurement scales. Much of this is based on principles derived from psychometric theory and assumes that the individual items form parallel tests, so that simple weighted or unweighted summation is an appropriate method of aggregation. More recent work either continues to promulgate these methods or places emphasis on modern techniques centred on item response theory. In fact, however, clinical measuring instruments often have different underlying principles, so adopting such approaches is inappropriate. We illustrate, using health-related quality of life, that clinimetric and psychometric ideas need to be combined to yield a suitable measuring instrument. We note the fundamental distinction between indicator and causal variables and propose that this distinction suffices to explain fully the need for both clinimetric and psychometric techniques, and identifies their respective roles in scale development, validation and scoring.
On the Optimality of Prediction-based Selection Criteria and the Convergence Rates of Estimators
Authors: Altman Naomi , Léger Christian 
Published: March 2003

Summary
Several estimators of squared prediction error have been suggested for use in model and bandwidth selection problems. Among these are cross-validation, generalized cross-validation and a number of related techniques based on the residual sum of squares. For many situations with squared error loss, e.g. nonparametric smoothing, these estimators have been shown to be asymptotically optimal in the sense that in large samples the estimator minimizing the selection criterion also minimizes squared error loss. However, cross-validation is known not to be asymptotically optimal for some ‘easy' location problems. We consider selection criteria based on estimators of squared prediction risk for choosing between location estimators. We show that criteria based on adjusted residual sum of squares are not asymptotically optimal for choosing between asymptotically normal location estimators that converge at rate n1/2but are when the rate of convergence is slower. We also show that leave-one-out cross-validation is not asymptotically optimal for choosing between √n-differentiable statistics but leave-d-out cross-validation is optimal when d→∞ at the appropriate rate.
Prior Distributions on Measure Space
Authors: Sibisi Sibusiso , Skilling John 
Published: March 2003

Summary
A measure is the formal representation of the non-negative additive functions that abound in science. We review and develop the art of assigning Bayesian priors to measures. Where necessary, spatial correlation is delegated to correlating kernels imposed on otherwise uncorrelated priors. The latter must be infinitely divisible (ID) and hence described by the Lévy–Khinchin representation. Thus the fundamental object is the Lévy measure, the choice of which corresponds to different ID process priors. The general case of a Lévy measure comprising a mixture of assigned base measures leads to a prior process comprising a convolution of corresponding processes. Examples involving a single base measure are the gamma process, the Dirichlet process (for the normalized case) and the Poisson process. We also discuss processes that we call the supergamma and super-Dirichlet processes, which are double base measure generalizations of the gamma and Dirichlet processes. Examples of multiple and continuum base measures are also discussed. We conclude with numerical examples of density estimation.
Analysis of Longitudinal Binary Data from Multiphase Sampling
Authors: Clayton David , Spiegelhalter David , Dunn Graham , Pickles Andrew 
Published: March 2003

Summary
The efficient use of surrogate or auxiliary information has been investigated within both model-based and design-based approaches to data analysis, particularly in the context of missing data. Here we consider the use of such data in epidemiological studies of disease incidence in which surrogate measures of disease status are available for all subjects at two time points, but definitive diagnoses are available only in stratified subsamples. We briefly review methods for the analysis of two-phase studies of disease prevalence at a single time point, and we discuss the extension of four of these methods to the analysis of incidence studies. Their performance is compared with special reference to a study of the incidence of senile dementia.
Bias-corrected Confidence Bands in Nonparametric Regression
Authors: Xia Yingcun 
Published: March 2003

Summary
Bias-corrected confidence bands for general nonparametric regression models are considered. We use local polynomial fitting to construct the confidence bands and combine the cross-validation method and the plug-in method to select the bandwidths. Related asymptotic results are obtained. Our simulations show that confidence bands constructed by local polynomial fitting have much better coverage than those constructed by using the Nadaraya–Watson estimator. The results are also applicable to nonparametric autoregressive time series models.