bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A measure for the cohesion of weighted networks
Authors: Egghe Leo , Rousseau Ronald 
Published: January 2003

AbstractA generalization of both the Botafogo‐Rivlin‐Shneiderman compactness measure and the Wiener index is presented. These new measures for the cohesion of networks can be used in case a dissimilarity value is given between nodes in a network or a graph. It is illustrated how a set of weights between connected nodes can be transformed into a set of dissimilarity measures for all nodes. The new compactness measure for the cohesion of weighted graphs has several desirable properties related to the disjoint union of two networks. Finally, an example is presented of the calculation of the new compactness measures for a co‐citation and a bibliographic coupling network.
Methods for identifying versioned and plagiarized documents
Authors: Hoad Timothy C. , Zobel Justin 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe widespread use of on‐line publishing of text promotes storage of multiple versions of documents and mirroring of documents in multiple locations, and greatly simplifies the task of plagiarizing the work of others. We evaluate two families of methods for searching a collection to find documents that are coderivative, that is, are versions or plagiarisms of each other. The first, the ranking family, uses information retrieval techniques; extending this family, we propose the identity measure, which is specifically designed for identification of coderivative documents. The second, the fingerprinting family, uses hashing to generate a compact document description, which can then be compared to the fingerprints of the documents in the collection. We introduce a new method for evaluating the effectiveness of these techniques, and demonstrate it in practice. Using experiments on two collections, we demonstrate that the identity measure and the best fingerprinting technique are both able to accurately identify coderivative documents. However, for fingerprinting parameters must be carefully chosen, and even so the identity measure is clearly superior.
Individual differences in exploration using desktop VR
Authors: Modjeska David , Chignell Mark 
Published: January 2003

AbstractWith advances in computer graphics, a number of innovative approaches to information visualization have been developed (e.g., Card et al, 1991). Some of these approaches create a mapping between information and corresponding structure in a virtual world. The resulting virtual worlds can be fully three dimensional (3D) or they can be implemented as a series of 2D birds‐eye “snapshots” that are traversed as if they were in 3D, using operations such as panning and zooming interactively (2.5D). This paper reports a study that contrasted 3D and 2.5D performance for people with differing levels of spatial and structure learning ability. Four data collection methods were employed: search task scoring; subjective questionnaires; navigational activity logging and analysis; and administration of tests for spatial and structure‐learning abilities. Analysis of the results revealed statistically significant effects of user abilities, and information environment designs. Overall, this research did not find a performance advantage for using a 3D rather than a 2.5D virtual world. In addition, users in the lowest quartile of spatial ability had significantly lower search performance in the 3D environment. The findings suggest that individual differences in traits such as spatial ability may be important in determining the usability and acceptability of 3D environments.
Multimodal geographic information systems: Adding haptic and auditory display
Authors: Jeong Wooseob , Gluck Myke 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe goal of this study was to discover the feasibility of adding haptic and auditory displays to traditional visual geographic information systems (GIS). The experiment was conducted with 51 participants to explore the difference in user performance (task completion time and accuracy) and user satisfaction with a multimodal GIS system, which was implemented with a haptic display, auditory display, and combined display. The experiment consisted of a series of 36 tasks in which the participants were asked to identify the highest or the middle valued state among nine U.S. states on maps. The results showed that haptic displays produce faster and more accurate performance than auditory displays and combined displays for more complex tasks. In terms of user satisfaction, the participants preferred the combined display even though they performed best with the haptic display.
Self‐citation and self‐reference: Credibility and promotion in academic publication
Authors: Hyland Ken 
Published: January 2003

AbstractAuthor self‐citation has long been of interest to those working in informetrics for what it reveals about the publishing behavior of individuals and their relationships within academic networks. While this research has produced interesting insights, it typically assumes either that self‐citation is a neutral form of reporting not unlike references to others' work or an unsavory kind of academic egotism. By examining self‐citation in a wider context of self‐mention, however, the phenomenon can be seen as part of a more comprehensive rhetorical strategy for emphasizing a writer's personal contribution to a piece of research and strengthening his or her knowledge claims, research credibility, and wider standing in the discipline. These meanings are not easily revealed through quantitative bibliometric methods and require careful text analyses and discourse‐based interviews with academics. In this paper I explore the use of self‐citation and authorial mention in a corpus of 240 research articles and 800 abstracts in eight disciplines. Through an analysis of these texts and interviews with expert informants I show how self‐mention is used and the ways these uses reflect both the promotional strategies of individuals and the epistemological practices of their disciplines.
From here to obscurity?: Media substitution theory and traditional media in an on‐line world
Authors: Kaye Barbara K. , Johnson Thomas J. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractAn online survey targeted to politically interested Internet users assesses whether traditional media use is decreasing, increasing or remaining the same since users first started using the Web, bulletin boards/electronic mailing lists and chat rooms. Associations are made between media use gratifications, political attitudes and demographics and traditional media use, and further analysis determines whether these factors predict changes in the amount of time online users spend with traditional media. This study's findings are compared with a similar study conducted in 1996. News magazines and radio news took the hardest hit from the Internet in 2000 but in 1996 television news suffered the most. Generally, in both years the Internet had not altered media use patterns. In 1996 and 2000 more users claimed that the time they spent seeking political information from traditional media sources had stayed the same than had changed. However, the trend indicates that those Internet users whose media patterns have changed are abandoning traditional media at a much greater rate than they are increasing their use.
Stereotype‐based versus personal‐based filtering rules in information filtering systems
Authors: Kuflik Tsvi , Shapira Bracha , Shoval Peretz 
Published: January 2003

AbstractRule‐based information filtering systems maintain user profiles where the profile consists of a set of filtering rules expressing the user's information filtering policy. Filtering rules may refer to various attributes of the data items subject to the filtering process. In personal rule‐based filtering systems, each user has his/her own personal filtering rules. In stereotype rule‐based filtering systems, a user is assigned to a group of similar users (his/her stereotype) from which he/she inherits the stereotype's filtering profile. This study compares the effectiveness of the two alternative rule‐based filtering methods: stereotype‐based rules versus personal rules. We conducted a comparison between filtering effectiveness when using the personal rules or when using the stereotype‐based rules. Although, intuitively, personal filtering rules seem to be more effective because each user has his own tailored rules, our comparative study reveals that stereotype filtering rules yield more effective results. We believe that this is because users find it difficult to evaluate their filtering preferences accurately. The results imply that by using a stereotype it is possible not only to overcome the problem of user effort required to generate a manual rule‐based profile, but at the same time even provide a better initial user profile.
Septic complications after treatment of haemorrhoids
Authors: Guy R J , Seow-Choen F 
Published: January 2003

Abstract

Background
Recent reports of serious sepsis following stapled haemorrhoidectomy have raised concerns about the appropriate treatment of haemorrhoidal disease.

Methods
A Medline search was undertaken for reports of sepsis following the commonly practised conservative and surgical treatments of haemorrhoids.

Results
Published accounts of significant septic complications after injection sclerotherapy, rubber-band ligation, cryotherapy, open and closed haemorrhoidectomy, and stapled haemorrhoidectomy are discussed. This is supplemented by the authors' own experiences of stapled haemorrhoidectomy.

Conclusion
Septic complications following both conservative and surgical treatment of haemorrhoids are rare but may be catastrophic. Immunological compromise poses an additional risk for many treatment modalities. The technique of stapled haemorrhoidectomy should be learned diligently to avoid septic complications.
Clinicopathological and molecular biological features of colorectal cancer in patients less than 40 years of age
Authors: Liang J T , Huang K C , Cheng A L , Jeng Y M , Wu M S , Wang S M 
Published: January 2003

Abstract

Background
The aim of the present study was to identify the clinicopathological and molecular biological characteristics of early-onset colorectal cancers.

Methods
The clinicopathological and molecular biological parameters of 138 consecutive patients with colorectal cancer aged less than 40 years were compared with those of 339 patients aged 60 years or more.

Results
The younger patients with colorectal cancer had more mucin-producing (14·5 versus 4·7 per cent; P &lt; 0·001) and poorly differentiated (7·2 versus 3·3 per cent; P = 0·015) tumours, a higher incidence of synchronous (5·8 versus 1·2 per cent; P = 0·007) and metachronous (4·0 versus 0·6 per cent; P = 0·023) colorectal cancers, and more advanced tumour stage (P &lt; 0·001) than older patients. The operative mortality rate was lower (0·7 versus 5·0 per cent; P = 0·026), and cancer-specific survival was similar (in stage I, II and III disease; P &gt; 0·05) or better (in stage IV disease; 95 per cent confidence interval 22·50 to 28·41 versus 12·61 to 17·05 months; P &lt; 0·001). There was a higher percentage of normal p53 expression (61·1 versus 46·8 per cent; P = 0·023) and high-frequency microsatellite instability (MSI-H) (29·4 versus 6·3 per cent; P &lt; 0·001), and a similar family history of cancer (17·5 versus 14·2 per cent; P &gt; 0·05), compared with older patients.

Conclusion
Young patients with colorectal cancer have several distinct clinicopathological and molecular biological features. The mechanisms underlying the inconsistency between the presence of MSI-H and a family history of cancer in these early-onset colorectal cancers deserve further investigation.
Growth factors in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers
Authors: Bennett S P , Griffiths G D , Schor A M , Leese G P , Schor S L 
Published: January 2003

AbstractBackgroundChronic foot ulceration is a major source of morbidity in diabetic patients. Despite traditional comprehensive wound management, including vascular reconstruction, there remains a cohort of patients with non-responding wounds, often resulting in amputation. These wounds may benefit from molecular manipulation of growth factors to enhance the microcirculation.MethodsA review of the current literature was performed using Pubmed, with secondary references obtained from key articles.Results and conclusionThere has been a generally disappointing clinical outcome from growth factor trials, although topical platelet-derived growth factor has shown significant benefit and should be considered in non-healing, well perfused ulcers after failure of conventional wound care. The modulatory role of the extracellular matrix in the cellular response to growth factors and data from regenerative-type fetal wound healing are further areas of interest. The chemical induction of microvessel formation may become a future therapeutic option.
Effects of the intermittent Pringle manoeuvre on hepatic gene expression and ultrastructure in a randomized clinical study
Authors: Man K , Lo C-M , Liu C-L , Zhang Z-W , Lee T K-W , Ng I O-L , Fan S-T , Wong J 
Published: January 2003

Abstract

Background
The intermittent Pringle manoeuvre during hepatectomy results in a better clinical outcome when the accumulated ischaemia time is less than 120 min. The aim of this study was to investigate hepatic gene expression related to microcirculatory modulation and ultrastructural changes in patients having the intermittent Pringle manoeuvre.

Methods
Forty patients who underwent hepatectomy for liver tumours were randomly assigned to liver transection with intermittent Pringle manoeuvre (Pringle group, n = 20) or without the manoeuvre (control group, n = 20). The clinical data and hepatic expression of endothelin (ET) 1 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) combined with liver ultrastructure were compared.

Results
The Pringle manoeuvre resulted in less blood loss (8·9 versus 12·4 ml/cm2; P = 0·034), a shorter transection time (2·7 versus 4·1 min/cm2; P = 0·015) and a lower serum bilirubin level on postoperative day 2 (26 versus 35 µm/l; P = 0·04). The hepatic messenger RNA content of ET-1 decreased by 38 per cent of the basal level in the Pringle group, whereas it increased by 28 per cent in the control group (P = 0·026). More patients in the control group showed swelling of mitochondria in hepatocytes and disruption of sinusoidal lining cells (12 of 20 patients versus three of 20 in the Pringle group; P = 0·008).

Conclusion
The intermittent Pringle manoeuvre results in less disturbance of the hepatic microcirculation and better preservation of liver sinusoids after hepatectomy.
Influence of specialization on the management and outcome of patients with pancreatic cancer
Authors: Bachmann M O , Alderson D , Peters T J , Bedford C , Edwards D , Wotton S , Harvey I M 
Published: January 2003

Abstract

Background
Cancer care is increasingly specialized. Relationships between pancreatic cancer care, mortality and patterns of clinical practice among the full spectrum of patients, including those with irresectable tumours, are not well understood.

Methods
A cohort of 782 patients diagnosed prospectively with pancreatic cancer in 29 acute hospitals in England and Wales over 1 year were followed for 2–3 years. The effects of doctors' and hospitals' specialization, indicated by annual patient volumes, on operative mortality rates, survival times, and test and treatment provision were studied. Multiple logistic and Cox regression models were used to control for prognostic factors and treatments, providing adjusted odds and hazard ratios associated with a higher volume of ten patients annually.

Results
Patients managed by higher-volume hospitals survived significantly longer (hazard ratio 0·88 (95 per cent confidence interval (c.i.) 0·83 to 0·93); P &lt; 0·001). They were more likely to undergo cytological examination (odds ratio (OR) 1·21 (95 per cent c.i. 1·01 to 1·35)), resection (OR 1·44 (1·17 to 1·79)) and biliary stenting (OR 1·17 (1·02 to 1·34)), and were less likely to have bypass surgery (OR 0·66 (0·55 to 0·78)). Patients of higher-volume doctors were more likely to undergo endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (OR 1·59 (1·19 to 2·11)), percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (OR 1·50 (1·12 to 2·00)), laparoscopy (OR 1·81 (1·07 to 3·06)), resection (OR 1·84 (1·29 to 2·61)) and bypass surgery (1·71 (1·25 to 2·33)).

Conclusion
Specialization appears to improve survival and to promote more thorough investigation.
Host immune responses and intestinal permeability in patients with jaundice
Authors: Parks R W , Halliday M I , McCrory D C , Erwin P , Smye M , Diamond T , Rowlands B J 
Published: January 2003

Abstract

Background
Systemic endotoxaemia is implicated in the development of complications associated with obstructive jaundice. The aims of these studies were to assess the systemic immune response to intervention in patients with jaundice and to compare the effects of surgical and non-surgical biliary drainage on host immune function and gut barrier function.

Methods
In the first study, 18 jaundiced and 12 control patients were studied to assess systemic immune responses before and after intervention. In the second study, immune responses and gut barrier function were assessed following surgical and non-operative biliary decompression in 45 patients with jaundice.

Results
Endotoxin antibody concentrations fell significantly in patients with jaundice immediately after surgical intervention, but not after non-operative biliary drainage. This decrease was associated with a significant increase in serum P55 soluble tumour necrosis factor (sTNF) receptor concentration (5·3 versus 10·5 ng/ml; P &lt; 0·001), urinary excretion of P55 TNF receptors (21·4 versus 78·8 ng/ml; P = 0·002) and intestinal permeability (lactulose : mannitol ratio 0·032 versus 0·082; P = 0·048). Intestinal permeability was significantly increased in patients with jaundice compared with controls (0·033 versus 0·015; P = 0·002).

Conclusion
These data suggest that obstructive jaundice is associated with impaired gut barrier function and activation of host immune function that is exacerbated by intervention. Surgery causes an exaggerated pathophysiological disturbance not seen with non-operative biliary drainage procedures.
Control of emboli in patients with recurrent or crescendo transient ischaemic attacks using preoperative transcranial Doppler-directed Dextran therapy
Authors: Lennard N S , Vijayasekar C , Tiivas C , Chan C W M , Higman D J , Imray C H E 
Published: January 2003

Abstract

Background
Transcranial Doppler (TCD)-directed Dextran 40 treatment after carotid endarterectomy reduces the rate of early postoperative thrombosis. This study assessed the efficacy of intravenous Dextran 40 at controlling symptoms and emboli before elective carotid endarterectomy in patients with recurrent or crescendo transient ischaemic attacks (TIAs).

Methods
In a prospective study, patients with more than 70 per cent internal carotid artery stenosis who had two or more symptomatic episodes within 30 days and TCD-detected microemboli were studied. Dextran 40 was commenced at 20 ml/h and TCD was repeated to reassess the rate of embolization. The infusion was increased in 20-ml/h increments until symptoms and emboli were controlled. The patient then had carotid surgery on the next elective list.

Results
Nineteen patients with internal carotid stenosis greater than 70 per cent, recurrent symptoms and TCD-detected emboli were studied. All patients had symptoms and emboli controlled with Dextran 40. One patient with both unstable angina (awaiting urgent operation) and crescendo TIAs died from a myocardial infarct before undergoing operation. Of the 18 patients who had an operation, one suffered a non-disabling stroke on the third postoperative day.

Conclusion
TCD-directed Dextran 40 offers a safe approach to high-risk patients before elective carotid endarterectomy, and warrants further study.
Mapping sentinel nodes in patients with early-stage gastric carcinoma
Authors: Miwa K , Kinami S , Taniguchi K , Fushida S , Fujimura T , Nonomura A 
Published: January 2003

Abstract

Background
Nodal status in gastric carcinoma is related not only to prognosis but also to the extent of nodal dissection. However, a method for accurate assessment of nodal status during operation has not been established. This study aimed to map the sentinel nodes of gastric carcinoma and to estimate the clinical usefulness of sentinel node biopsy.

Methods
Following laparotomy, a vital dye (0·2 ml 2 per cent patent blue) was injected through a gastroscope into the submucosal layer at four sites around a clinical T1 gastric carcinoma. The dye immediately appeared at the serosal surface and stained lymphatic vessels and nodes. The stained nodes were removed and examined by frozen sectioning.

Results
The assay was successful in mapping the lymphatic basins in 203 (96·2 per cent) of 211 patients. The dye stained one or more metastatic nodes in 31 patients, but failed to indicate a metastatic node in four patients with a large involved node. Meticulous postoperative examination of all resected nodes in the standard paraffin slices revealed no new metastases. The accuracy of the assay was 98·0 per cent.

Conclusion
The method was accurate in predicting nodal status in patients with early-stage gastric carcinoma.
Pancreatic leak after left pancreatectomy is reduced following main pancreatic duct ligation
Authors: Bilimoria M M , Cormier J N , Mun Y , Lee J E , Evans D B , Pisters P W T 
Published: January 2003

AbstractBackgroundAlthough much is known about the long-term outcome of patients undergoing left (distal) pancreatectomy for malignancy, comparatively little is known about the optimal management strategy for the residual transected pancreatic parenchyma and the divided pancreatic duct. Clinicopathological and operative factors that may contribute to postoperative pancreatic leak were evaluated.MethodsA retrospective review of the medical records of 126 patients who underwent left pancreatectomy between June 1990 and December 1999 at the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center was performed.ResultsIndications for left pancreatectomy included pancreatic neoplasms (n = 42; 33·3 per cent), en bloc resection for management of retroperitoneal sarcoma (n = 21; 16·7 per cent), gastric adenocarcinoma (n = 14; 11·1 per cent), renal cell carcinoma (n = 11; 8·7 per cent) and other tumours or benign conditions (n = 38; 30·2 per cent). Pancreatic parenchymal closure was accomplished by a hand-sewn technique, mechanical stapling, or a combination of the two in 83, 20 and 15 patients respectively. No form of parenchymal closure was used in eight patients. Identification of the pancreatic duct and suture ligation was performed in 73 patients (57·9 per cent). Twenty-five patients (19·8 per cent) developed a pancreatic leak. For subgroups having duct ligation or no duct ligation, pancreatic leak rates were 9·6 per cent (seven of 73 patients) and 34·0 per cent (18 of 53 patients) respectively (P &lt; 0·001). Multivariate analysis including clinicopathological and operative factors indicated that failure to ligate the pancreatic duct was the only feature associated with an increased risk for pancreatic leak (odds ratio 5·0 (95 per cent confidence interval 2·0 to 10·0); P = 0·001).ConclusionPancreatic leak remains a common complication after left pancreatectomy. The incidence of leak is reduced significantly when the pancreatic duct is identified and directly ligated during left pancreatectomy.