bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abnormalities in the NF‐κB family and related proteins in endometrial carcinoma
Authors: Pallares Judit , Martínez‐Guitarte Jose Luis , Dolcet Xavier , Llobet David , Rue Montserrat , Palacios José , Prat Jaime , Matias‐Guiu Xavier 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe NF‐κB family of transcription factors regulates a wide variety of cellular processes including cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. A tissue microarray was constructed from paraffin wax‐embedded blocks from 95 endometrial carcinomas (EC), previously studied for microsatellite instability, as well as for alterations in PTEN, k‐RAS and beta‐catenin. Immunohistochemical evaluation included members of the NF‐κB (p50, p65, p52, c‐Rel, Rel‐B) and the IκB (IκBα, IκBβ, IκBε, Bcl‐3) families, as well as putative targets of NF‐κB such as Flip, Bcl‐xL, Cyclin D1, and oestrogen and progesterone receptors. Results were correlated with the clinical and pathological data. Nuclear immunostaining for members of the NF‐κB family was frequent in EC (p50, 20%; p65, 16.5–21.9%; p52, 9.3%; c‐Rel, 48.9%; Rel‐B, 15.7%); and it correlated with negativity for members of the IκB family in some cases. There was a statistically significant association between immunoreaction for p50 and p65 (p = 0.006), suggesting activation of the so‐called ‘classic form’ of NF‐κB, similar to that described in breast cancer. Bcl‐3 nuclear immunostaining was detected in 60.7% of cases. The vast majority of p52‐positive tumours showed Bcl‐3 nuclear immunoreaction (p = 0.038). Immunostaining for putative targets of NF‐κB was as follows: Bcl‐xL, 76.2% (p = 0.001); Flip 43.0%; Cyclin D1, 64.79%. p65 immunostaining correlated with increased immunoreaction for steroid hormone receptors. No correlation was found between NF‐κB nuclear pattern and the presence of microsatellite instability, or alterations in PTEN, k‐RAS, or beta‐catenin. These results suggest that the NF‐κB and IκB families of genes may be important in endometrial carcinogenesis, by controlling apoptosis and cell proliferation. Copyright © 2004 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combined analysis of the essential oil of Chenopodium ambrosioides by GC, GC‐MS and 13C‐NMR spectroscopy: quantitative determination of ascaridole, a heat‐sensitive compound
Authors: Cavalli Jean‐François , Tomi Félix , Bernardini Antoine‐François , Casanova Joseph 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA commercial sample of the essential oil of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. from Madagascar was analysed by GC, GC‐MS and 13C‐NMR. By GC analysis, the major constituents were found to be ascaridole (1) (41.8%), isoascaridole (2) (18.1%), p‐cymene (16.2%), α‐terpinene (9.7%) and limonene (3.8%). However, ascaridole undergoes a partial thermal isomerisation to 2 and hence the amount of 1 is under‐estimated by GC analysis. The actual contents of 1 and 2 (55.3 and 4.6%, respectively) were obtained following combined analysis of the sample by GC and 13C‐NMR. Several hydroxy‐ and polyhydroxy‐menthanes were identiﬁed by 13C‐NMR. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical fingerprinting of Andrographis paniculata using HPLC, HPTLC and densitometry
Authors: Srivastava Alpana , Misra Himanshu , Verma Ram K. , Gupta Madan M. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractAn attempt has been made to develop a method by which to determine the chemical ﬁngerprint of Andrographis paniculata (Acanthaceae). High‐performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) was used to analyse hexane, chloroform, methanol and water extracts of leaves of A. paniculata. A computerised densitometer was applied to the two‐dimensional spectrographic image analysis of the HPTLC plates. An HPLC equipped with a photodiode array detector was used for the analyses of these different extracts. The analyses showed that andrographolide and neoandrographolide are absent in the hexane extract but are present in greater amounts in the methanol extract as compared with the other extracts. These chromatograms may serve as a chemical ﬁngerprint of the drug A. paniculata for quality control purposes and in the preparation of formulations based on the drug. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seasonal, populational and ontogenic variation in the volatile oil content and composition of individuals of Origanum vulgare subsp. Hirtum, assessed by GC headspace analysis and by SPME sampling of individual oil glands
Authors: Johnson Christopher B. , Kazantzis Athanasios , Skoula Melpomeni , Mitteregger Ulli , Novak Johannes 
Published: October 2004

AbstractSmall‐scale GC headspace analyses combined with SPME sampling of individual oil glands have been used to measure the variation in volatile content and composition in and within different oregano plants as affected by age, season and developmental state. The main monoterpenes found were p‐cymene, carvacrol and their precursor γ‐terpinene. The early season preponderance of p‐cymene over carvacrol was reversed as the season progressed and this pattern could also be seen at any time within the plant, from the latest leaves to be produced (low in cymene) to the earliest (high in cymene). Seedlings from the same mother plant developed this pattern at different rates. Within individual leaves the pattern was not observed, even within the youngest developing leaves. However it was found that the oil composition of individual glands within a single leaf varied considerably, most notably in respect of the production of carvacrol and its isomer thymol. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isoﬂavonoids in the rutaceae family: 1. Fortunella obovata, Murraya paniculata and four Citrus species
Authors: Lapčík Oldřich , Klejdus Bořivoj , Davidová Michaela , Kokoška Ladislav , Kubáň Vlastimil , Moravcová Jitka 
Published: October 2004

AbstractSeveral types of compounds with immunoreactivity similar to isoﬂavonoids were detected in water: ethanol extracts of leaves of Fortunella obovata Hort. ex Tanaka, Murraya paniculata Jack. and four Citrus species, namely C. aurantium L., C. grandis Osbeck, C. limonia Osbeck., and C. sinensis Osbeck (Rutaceae). The chromatographic mobilities of the immunoreactive substances were compared with those of authentic standards, revealing a spectrum of isoﬂavonoid metabolites in all plants studied. Aglycones as well as glycosides were recognized, namely daidzin, genistin, daidzein, genistein, formononetin, biochanin A, prunetin, and several incompletely characterized isoﬂavonoids. A subsequent HPLC‐MS study veriﬁed the identities of the main immunoreactive isoﬂavonoids and established the identities of several others, viz. glycitein, glycitin, ononin and sissotrin, including the malonylated and acetylated isoﬂavonoid glucosides. The estimated content of the individual immunoreactive entities ranged from a few µg to about 2 mg/kg (dry weight). It is concluded that the isoﬂavonoid metabolic pathway is present throughout the Rutaceae family. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solvent effects on focused microwave assisted extraction of polyphenolic acids from Eucommia ulmodies
Authors: Li Hui , Chen Bo , Nie Lihua , Yao Shouzhuo 
Published: October 2004

AbstractAn open microwave‐assisted extraction system was used to extract gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid from Eucommia ulmodies. The effect of extraction variables, especially solvent, on the recoveries of these polyphenolic compounds was investigated using factorial design. As extracting solvent for these compounds, methanol produced a higher recovery than pure water. For straight chain alcohol solvents, the lower the carbon number, the higher the recoveries of the polyphenolic acids. The optimal ratio of methanol:water:glacial acetic acid in the solvent mixture used in microwave‐assisted extraction was 2:8:0.3 (v/v) and this solvent could be directly used as the mobile phase in HPLC separation without additional intermittent treatment as reported in literature. The extraction under the condition of 50% microwave power and 30 s irradiation at a solvent:sample ratio of 10 (mL/g) was found to be the most advantageous. The repeatability test of extraction and chromatographic analysis was satisfactory for the analysis of these polyphenolic compounds. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of extraction method on the yield of furanocoumarins from fruits of Archangelica ofﬁcinalis Hoffm.
Authors: Waksmundzka‐Hajnos M. , Petruczynik A. , Dragan A. , Wianowska D. , Dawidowicz A.L. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractOptimal conditions for the extraction and analysis of furanocoumarins from fruits of Archangelica ofﬁcinalis Hoffm. have been determined. The following extraction methods were used: exhaustive extraction in a Soxhlet apparatus, ultrasonication at 25 and 60°C, microwave‐assisted solvent extraction in open and closed systems, and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE). In most cases the yields of furanocoumarins were highest using the ASE method. The effects of extracting solvent, temperature and time of extraction using this method were investigated. The highest yield of furanocoumarins by ASE was obtained with methanol at 100–130°C for 10 min. The extraction yields of furanocoumarins from plant material by ultrasonication at 60°C and microwave‐assisted solvent extraction in an open system were comparable to the extraction yields obtained in the time‐ and solvent‐consuming exhaustive process involving the Soxhlet apparatus. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermal decomposition, combustion and flame‐retardancy of epoxy resins—a review of the recent literature
Authors: Levchik Sergei V , Weil Edward D 
Published: October 2004

AbstractAn overview of the recent literature on combustion and flame‐retardancy of epoxy resins is presented. A brief overview of the structures of cured epoxy resins is also presented as a background for better understanding of the thermal decomposition and combustion phenomena. The literature sources were mostly taken from the publications of 1995 and later; however, for basic descriptions of the structural and thermal decomposition principles, older publications are also cited. New developments in flame‐retardant additives, epoxy monomers and curing agents are described. It is shown that the main attention in recent years has been focused on phosphorus‐containing epoxy monomers and epoxy resins. Silicon‐containing or nitrogen‐containing products and inorganic additives remain of great interest as supplementary materials to phosphorus flame‐retardants. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis of graft copolymer polyethylene‐ graft‐poly(ethylene oxide) by a new anionic graft‐from polymerization
Authors: Lu Yingying , Chen Shangtao , Hu Youliang , Chung TC 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA series of amphiphilic graft copolymers, PE‐graft‐PEO, containing hydrophobic polyethylene (PE) as the backbone and hydrophilic poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) as the side‐chain, have been synthesized by a novel route. The graft structure and the molecular weight, as well as the molecular weight distribution of the graft copolymer can easily be controlled. The molecular weight of the side‐chain PEO is proportional to the reaction time and the monomer concentration, which indicates the ‘living’ character of the anionic polymerization of ethylene oxide. The produced copolymers PE‐graft‐PEO were characterized by 1H NMR and DSC measurements. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Poly(ethylene oxide)‐block‐polystyrene copolymers obtained by radical polymerization involving chain‐transfer processes
Authors: Teodorescu Mircea , Dimonie Mihai , Draghici Constantin , Vasilievici Gabriel 
Published: October 2004

AbstractPoly(ethylene oxide)‐block‐polystyrene (PEO–PSt) block copolymers were prepared by radical polymerization of styrene in the presence of iodoacetate—terminated PEO (PEO‐I) as a macromolecular chain‐transfer agent. PEO‐I was synthesized by successively converting the OH end‐group of α‐methoxy ω‐hydroxy PEO to chloroacetate and then to the iodoacetate. The chain‐transfer constant of PEO‐I was estimated from the rate of consumption of the transfer agent versus the rate of consumption of the monomer (Ctr, PEO‐I = 0.23). Due to the involvement of degenerative transfer, styrene polymerization in the presence of PEO‐I displayed some of the characteristics of a controlled/‘living’ process, namely an increase in the molecular weight and decrease of polydispersity with monomer conversion. However, because of the slow consumption of PEO‐I due to its low chain‐transfer constant, this process was not a fully controlled one, as indicated by the polydispersity being higher than in a controlled polymerization process (1.65 versus < 1.5). The formation of PEO–PSt block copolymers was confirmed by the use of size‐exclusion chromatography and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Functionally‐modified egg white albumen hydrogels
Authors: Rathna GVN , Li J , Gunasekaran S 
Published: October 2004

AbstractHydrogels were prepared by using egg white albumen (EWA) before and after chemical modification of its lysyl residues with ethylenediamine tetraacetic dianhydride (EDTAD) to incorporate carboxylic groups. This resulted in an increase in swelling ratio of the EWA hydrogels. The swelling ratio increased dramatically in deionized water substantially, more than in pH 7.4 buffer solution. The effects of medium pH, temperature and swelling were investigated, along with crosslinking of the gel network by glutaraldehyde (GLA), as well as acetone treatment. The gels denatured by acetone showed an insignificant increase in swelling ratio for the gels crosslinked with GLA during gel preparation, which is in contrast to the gels crosslinked subsequent to gel formation. The swelling behavior was positively affected by temperature and time. However, an insignificant effect of pH was observed due to electrostatic screening of the carboxylic groups by sodium ions in the buffer solution. Availability of various functional groups on EWA has resulted in adsorption of metals (Cu+2 ions) and non‐metals (PO4−2 anions). Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Alternating copolymerization and terpolymerization of vinyl‐substituted phenolic antioxidants with propene and carbon monoxide by a palladium(II)‐based catalyst: polyketones containing intramolecular stabilizers
Authors: Auer Markku , Kettunen Mika , Abu‐Surrah Adnan S , Leskelä Markku , Wilén Carl‐Eric 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe copolymerization and terpolymerization reactions of the vinyl‐substituted phenolic stabilizers, 6‐tert‐butyl‐2‐(1,1‐dimethylhept‐6‐enyl)‐4‐methylphenol, o‐allylphenol, 4‐methylstyrene‐2,6‐di‐tert‐butylphenol and 2,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐allylphenol, with propene and carbon monoxide, by using the solvent‐stabilized palladium(II) phosphine complex [Pd(dppp)(NCCH3)2](BF4)2 (dppp, 1,3‐bis(diphenylphosphino)propane) as a catalyst precursor and methanol as a co‐catalyst, is described. The influence of functional α‐olefins/CO units, distributed statistically along the propene/carbon monoxide (P/CO) copolymer backbone, on the molecular weight, glass transition temperature (Tg), elastic behavior and stability of the high‐molecular‐weight P/CO copolymer has been investigated. Loss of both elasticity and transparency were observed upon incorporating o‐allylphenol as a termonomer. The terpolymers, which contain phenolic stabilizers, were shown to be more stable when compared to the stabilizer‐free polyketones. In contrast to the propene/carbon monoxide copolymer, no degradation was observed for the 2,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐allylphenol/P/CO terpolymer; instead, the molar masses increased. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Miscibility and thermal and dynamic mechanical behaviour of semi‐interpenetrating polymer networks based on polyurethane and poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate)
Authors: Karabanova Lyudmila V , Boiteux Gisele , Gain Olivier , Seytre Gerard , Sergeeva Lyudmila M , Lutsyk Elena D 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe thermodynamic miscibility and thermal and dynamic mechanical behaviour of semi‐interpenetrating polymer networks (semi‐IPNs) of crosslinked polyurethane (PU) and linear poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) have been investigated. The free energies of mixing of the semi‐IPN components have been determined by the vapour sorption method and it was established that the parameters are positive and depend on the amount of PHEMA in the semi‐IPN samples. Thermal analyses glass transition temperatures evidenced two in the semi‐IPNs in accordance with the investigation of the thermodynamic miscibility of these systems. Dynamic mechanical analysis revealed a pronounced change in the viscoelastic properties of the PU‐based semi‐IPNs with different amounts of PHEMA in the samples. The semi‐IPNs have two distinct tan δ maxima related to the relaxations of the two polymers in their glass temperature domains. The temperature position of PU relaxation maximum tan δ is invariable but its amplitude decreases in the semi‐IPNs with increasing amount of PHEMA in the systems. The tan δ maximum of PHEMA is shifted to a lower temperature and its amplitude decreases with increasing amount of PU in the semi‐IPNs. The segregation degree of components α was calculated using the viscoelastic properties of semi‐IPNs. It was concluded that the studied semi‐IPNs are two‐phase systems with incomplete phase separation. The different levels of immiscibility lead to the different degree of phase separation in the semi‐IPNs with compositions. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Predicting the permeability and tensile behavior of high density polyethylene/tie/polyamide 6 three‐layer films
Authors: Huang Chi‐Hsien , Wu Jiann‐Shing , Huang Chun‐Chin 
Published: October 2004

AbstractMultilayer films with multiple properties have been widely applied in the packaging industry. In order to know the two most important properties,iepermeability and tensile property, of the multilayer films, we examined model predictions and the properties of the individual component layers to provide an efficient method to design desired multilayer structures. The series model was employed for predicting permeability; there is good agreement between experimental data and this model for predicting both gas and water vapor permeabilities of three‐layer films with various thickness fractions of polyamide 6 (PA‐6). We can also predict the parameters of the constitutive equation, which described the plastic deformation of the three‐layer films, from those of the individual component layers, with particularly high accuracy by using the additive rule. However, there was a larger discrepancy between the model and experimental data at high crosshead speeds due to the generation of heat during deformation. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis and characterization of conducting copolymers of poly(vinyl alcohol) with thiophene side‐groups and pyrrole
Authors: Sahmetlioglu Ertugrul , Yuruk Huseyin , Toppare Levent , Cianga Ioan , Yagci Yusuf 
Published: October 2004

AbstractGraft copolymers of poly(vinyl alcohol) with thiophene side‐groups and pyrrole were synthesized by electrochemical polymerization methods. Poly(vinyl alcohol) with thiophene side‐groups (PVATh) was obtained from the reaction between poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and thiophene‐3‐acetic acid. The syntheses of copolymers of PVATh and pyrrole were achieved electrochemically by using three different supporting electrolytes, p‐toluene sulfonic acid (PTSA), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TBAFB). Characterization of PVATh and graft copolymers was performed by a combination of techniques including cyclic voltammetry, scanning electron microscopy, thermal gravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, size‐exclusion chromatography, 1H NMR and FT‐IR. The conductivities were measured by the four‐probe technique. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Morphology and dynamic mechanical properties of natural rubber/nitrile rubber blends containing trans‐polyoctylene rubber as a compatibilizer
Authors: Kader MA , Kim WD , Kaang S , Nah C 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe use of trans‐polyoctylene rubber (TOR) as a compatibilizer for blends of natural rubber (NR) and acrylonitrile‐butadiene rubber (NBR) was investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The NR/NBR blends containing varying proportions of TOR were prepared in an internal mixer. AFM micrographs of NR/NBR blend at 50/50 (w/w) composition showed heterogeneous phase morphology with NR as a matrix and NBR as a dispersed phase. Inclusion of TOR in the NR/NBR blend altered the phase morphology by reducing the size of the NBR phase. DMA of NR/NBR/TOR showed reduction in tan δ peak height of NBR and an increase in storage modulus E′ in the rubbery region for the NR/NBR blends. A comparison of the E′ obtained from experimental data with that from theoretical models was made to deduce the location of TOR in the blend. Based on the fittings of calculated and experimental values of E′, it was inferred that TOR was incorporated into the NR phase at lower proportion as well as at the interfacial region at higher proportion. The Cole–Cole plot illustrated the compatibilizing effect of TOR. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis of π‐conjugated poly(dithiafulvene) by cycloaddition polymerization of aldothioketene from a bis(1,2,3‐thiadiazole) monomer
Authors: Naka Kensuke , Gelover‐Santiago Adriana , Chujo Yoshiki 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA π‐conjugated poly(dithiafulvene) (2) was obtained by the cycloaddition polymerization of aldothioketene with its alkynethiol tautomer derived from 1,4‐bis(1,2,3‐thiadiazolyl‐4‐yl)benzene (1) in a 94% yield. To a mixure of 1 and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)/ethanol (5/1, v/v), KOH was added. After stirring the mixture overnight, piperidine was added to quench the terminal thioketenes. The reaction mixture was then poured into water to obtain the product. The cycloaddition polymerization of aldothioketene derived from 1 with its alkynethiol tautomer was studied under various conditions in several solvent systems. The structure of the polymer was supported by the 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra. The number‐average degree of polymerization (DP) of 2 was 8, estimated from the 1H NMR analysis. Optical properties and electrochemical analysis of 2 were also studied. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 5872–5876, 2004
Synthesis and properties of the [2.2]paracyclophane‐containing conjugated polymer with benzothiadiazole as an electron acceptor
Authors: Morisaki Yasuhiro , Ishida Tamao , Tanaka Hiroyuki , Chujo Yoshiki 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA novel donor–acceptor type conjugated polymer based on PPE with [2.2]paracyclophane and benzothiadiazole units in the main chain was synthesized by the Sonogashira coupling reaction. The obtained polymer was quite soluble in common organic solvents, and the transparent and uniform thin film of the polymer was obtained easily by casting or spin‐coating from a toluene solution. The polymer showed an extension of π‐delocalization via the through‐space with π‐π stacking according to the UV–visible (UV–vis) absorption spectra in comparison with that of the model compound. The polymer exhibited orange photoluminescence in solution (fluorescence quantum efficiency = 0.13) and in the solid state. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 5891–5899, 2004