bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regulation of FeLV-945 by c-Myb binding and CBP recruitment to the LTR
Authors: Finstad Samantha L , Prabhu Sudha , Rulli Karen R , Levy Laura S 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Background
Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) induces degenerative, proliferative and malignant hematologic disorders in its natural host, the domestic cat. FeLV-945 is a viral variant identified as predominant in a cohort of naturally infected animals. FeLV-945 contains a unique sequence motif in the long terminal repeat (LTR) comprised of a single copy of transcriptional enhancer followed by a 21-bp sequence triplicated in tandem. The LTR is precisely conserved among independent cases of multicentric lymphoma, myeloproliferative disease and anemia in animals from the cohort. The 21-bp triplication was previously shown to act as a transcriptional enhancer preferentially in hematopoietic cells and to confer a replicative advantage. The objective of the present study was to examine the molecular mechanism by which the 21-bp triplication exerts its influence and the selective advantage responsible for its precise conservation.

Results
Potential binding sites for the transcription factor, c-Myb, were identified across the repeat junctions of the 21-bp triplication. Such sites would not occur in the absence of the repeat; thus, a requirement for c-Myb binding to the repeat junctions of the triplication would exert a selective pressure to conserve its sequence precisely. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated specific binding of c-Myb to the 21-bp triplication. Reporter gene assays showed that the triplication-containing LTR is responsive to c-Myb, and that responsiveness requires the presence of both c-Myb binding sites. Results further indicated that c-Myb in complex with the 21-bp triplication recruits the transcriptional co-activator, CBP, a regulator of normal hematopoiesis. FeLV-945 replication was shown to be positively regulated by CBP in a manner dependent on the presence of the 21-bp triplication.

Conclusion
Binding sites for c-Myb across the repeat junctions of the 21-bp triplication may account for its precise conservation in the FeLV-945 LTR. c-Myb binding and CBP recruitment to the LTR positively regulated virus production, and thus may be responsible for the replicative advantage conferred by the 21-bp triplication. Considering that CBP is present in hematopoietic cells in limiting amounts, we hypothesize that FeLV-945 replication in bone marrow may influence CBP availability and thereby alter the regulation of CBP-responsive genes, thus contributing to altered hematopoiesis and consequent hematologic disease.
Advanced Statistics: The Propensity Score—A Method for Estimating Treatment Effect in Observational Research
Authors: Newgard Craig D. , Hedges Jerris R. , Arthur Melanie , Mullins Richard J. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractObservational studies assessing the effect of a particular treatment or exposure may be subject to bias, which can be difficult to eliminate using standard analytic techniques. Multivariable models are commonly used in observational research to assess the relationship between a certain exposure or treatment and an outcome, while adjusting for important variables necessary to ensure comparability between the groups. Large differences in the observed covariates between two study groups may exist in observational studies in which the investigator has no control over who was allocated to each treatment group, and these differences may lead to biased estimates of treatment effect. When there are large differences in important prognostic characteristics between the treatment groups, adjusting for these differences with conventional multivariable techniques may not adequately balance the groups, and the remaining bias may limit valid causal inference. Use of a propensity score, described as a conditional probability that a subject will be “treated” based on an observed group of covariates, may better adjust covariates between the groups and reduce bias. The purpose of this article is to describe the use of propensity scores to adjust for bias when estimating treatment effects in observational research and to compare use of this technique with conventional multivariable regression. The authors present three methods for integrating propensity scores into observational analyses using a database collected on head‐injured trauma patients. The article details the methods for creating a propensity score, analyzing data with the score, and explores differences between propensity score methods and conventional multivariable methods, including potential benefits and limitations. Graphical representations of the analyses are provided as well.
Glasgow Coma Scale Score and QTc Interval in the Prognosis of Organophosphate Poisoning
Authors: Grmec Štefek , Mally Štefan , Klemen Petra 
Published: September 2004

Abstract Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the applicability of the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score and the Q‐T interval corrected for heart rate (QTc interval) in predicting outcome and complications in patients with organophosphate (OP) poisoning. Methods:This prospective, observational study included 65 patients older than 18 years. In the out‐of‐hospital setting, the end‐tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2), oxygen saturation (SaO2), QTc interval, and GCS score were monitored in each patient. A statistical comparison was then made between the group with respiratory failure and the group without this complication. Results: The group with complications had significantly different values of measured parameters—a longer QTc interval and a lower GCS score, a higher number of intubations, and worse outcomes (p < 0.05). The two measures, GCS score and QTc interval, have been shown to be equally good in predicting respiratory failure and hospital mortality in patients with OP poisoning. Conclusions: In the initial out‐of‐hospital care of patients with OP poisoning, it is essential to monitor QTc interval and GCS score. These measures help with prognosis, and may suggest when to initiate precautions to prevent complications (i.e., respiratory failure). The simplicity and promptness of these methods allow providers to perform early and effective triage.
The Effect of Emergency Medicine Residency Format on Pursuit of Fellowship Training and an Academic Career
Authors: Lubavin Boris V. , Langdorf Mark I. , Blasko Barbara J. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract Objectives: To determine the association between emergency medicine (EM) program format (postgraduate year [PGY] 1–3, 2–4, or 1–4) and two dependent variables: fellowship training and academic career. Methods:The authors conducted a mailed survey of 122 program directors (PDs) of U.S. EM residencies regarding the number of graduates from 1995 to 2000 who pursued fellowships, community practice, academics, or an advanced degree. The survey asked for initial postresidency position, as well as position three to five years later. Results: Of those contacted, 67.2% of the programs responded regarding 3,521 graduates (70.4% of all graduates); 18.6% of 1–3‐year program graduates chose academics versus 28.5% for 2–4 and 34.2% for 1–4. A greater proportion of four‐year‐format graduates pursued academics (PGY 2–4 vs. PGY 1–3, odds ratio [OR] = 1.74; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 1.44 to 2.11, PGY 1–4 vs. PGY 1–3, OR = 2.28; 95% CI = 1.81 to 2.85). The PGY 1–4 format was associated with academic practice versus the PGY 2–4 format (OR = 1.31; 95% CI = 1.02 to 1.67). The aggregate of the PGY 2–4 and 1–4 formats was associated with initial academics versus PGY 1–3 programs (OR = 1.92; 95% CI = 1.63 to 2.26). Of PGY 1–3 residents, 4.3% pursued fellowships versus 5.6% of 2–4 and 8.6% of 1–4. The PGY 1–4 format was associated with more common fellowship pursuit versus both 2–4 (OR = 1.59; 95% CI = 1.01 to 2.51) and 1–3 (OR = 2.08; 95% CI = 1.41 to 3.10). For 1995–1997 graduates, 74.2% (271/365) who started out in academics remained there three to five years later. Of all graduates, 5.2% pursued fellowships and 23.1% pursued academics initially. Sixty‐seven of 271 (24.7%) academic physicians from the 1995–1997 classes were fellowship‐trained. Conclusions: Four‐year formats, especially 1–4, were associated with more common pursuit of fellowships and academics than the 1–3 format. Fellowship pursuit was uncommon (4% to 9% of graduates), whereas 18% to 34% initially chose academics.
Predicting Asthma Morbidity in Harlem Emergency Department Patients
Authors: Pesola Gene R. , Xu Feng , Ahsan Habibul , Sternfels Pamela , Meyer Ilan H. , Ford Jean G. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract Objectives: To determine predictors of asthma morbidity in African American patients with asthma. Proxies for asthma morbidity were emergency department (ED) visits for asthma and hospitalizations for asthma. Methods:This was a prospective observational study that evaluated baseline predictors of asthma morbidity in adults in an urban, predominantly African American community in New York City. Potential predictors of asthma morbidity evaluated were education, gender, employment status, current smoking status, asthma severity, duration of asthma, daily use of a peak flow meter, presence or absence of pets at home, presence or absence of a significant other, presence or absence of medical insurance, and previous hospitalization for asthma in the past year. Follow‐up consisted of a repeat questionnaire obtained between nine and 15 months after the baseline questionnaire. Follow‐up data collection was limited to the last three‐month history of ED visits or hospitalizations before the follow‐up visit. At follow‐up, the baseline predictors were related to the presence or absence of ED visits for asthma or hospitalizations for asthma. All predictors were evaluated individually (crude odds ratio [OR]) and simultaneously (adjusted OR) in a logistic regression model with the dichotomous outcome variable ED visits or hospitalization. Results: Return ED visits on follow‐up were more likely to occur in asthma patients hospitalized in the previous year (adjusted OR, 3.9; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.7 to 9.0) and were less likely to occur in asthma patients with pets (OR, 0.4; 95% CI = 0.2 to 0.9). Patients with moderate/severe asthma, relative to patients with mild asthma, were more likely to be seen in the ED on follow‐up on initial analysis (crude OR, 2.4; 95% CI = 1.1 to 1.5), but the adjusted OR was not significant. Follow‐up hospitalizations were significantly more likely to occur only in subjects reporting daily use of a peak flow meter (OR, 6.8; 95% CI = 1.3 to 34.5). Subjects hospitalized for asthma in the previous year were more likely to be hospitalized subsequently on initial analysis (crude OR, 2.9; 95% CI = 1.0 to 8.1), but the adjusted OR was not significant. Conclusions: It appears that African American patients with asthma who had previous hospitalizations for asthma within the past year or use a peak flow meter daily (a marker for more severe asthma) are more likely to visit the ED in the future or to be hospitalized for asthma, respectively. These patients need to be targeted and treated more aggressively to improve asthma care and decrease morbidity. The apparent protective effect of the presence of pets on reducing ED visits is unclear at this time, and the findings need to be replicated and evaluated further.
Loss of Paramedic Availability in an Urban Emergency Medical Services System during a Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Outbreak
Authors: Verbeek P. Richard , McClelland Ian W. , Silverman Alexis C. , Burgess Robert J. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract Objectives: To describe the loss of paramedic availability to Toronto Emergency Medical Services during a biphasic (SARS‐1 and SARS‐2) outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Methods:During the SARS outbreak, a dedicated paramedic surveillance and quarantine program was developed. The authors determined the number of paramedics on quarantine each day, the type of quarantine (either home quarantine [HQ] or work quarantine [WQ]), and the development of SARS‐like symptoms. Results: During the SARS outbreak, there were five cases of probable SARS and three cases of suspect SARS. SARS‐1 lasted 30 days, during which 234 paramedics were placed on HQ. The total number of HQ days was 1,615. During the five peak days of SARS‐1, the total number of HQ days was 664. SARS‐2 lasted 18 days, during which 292 paramedics were placed on either HQ or WQ, for a combined number of quarantine days of 1,637. During the five peak days of SARS‐2, the combined number of quarantine days was 910. Of these, paramedics were available for duty on 708 days (78%) due to the WQ program. The primary reason for quarantine was unprotected exposure to a health care institution experiencing a SARS outbreak. Under quarantine, SARS‐like symptoms developed in 68 paramedics, including cough (53 [78%]), myalgia (33 [48%]), fatigue (30 [44%]), headache (29 [43%]), fever (11 [16%]), and shortness of breath (7 [10%]). Conclusions: Paramedics were among the health care workers who developed SARS. During SARS‐2, WQ optimized the number of days on which paramedics were available for duty. Many paramedics developed SARS‐like symptoms without being diagnosed as having SARS. A dedicated paramedic surveillance and quarantine program provided a useful means to manage the paramedic resource during the SARS outbreak.
Electrocardiogram Interpretation Training and Competency Assessment in Emergency Medicine Residency Programs
Authors: Pines Jesse M. , Perina Debra G. , Brady William J. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract Objectives: To determine the type of electrocardiogram (ECG) interpretation instruction in emergency medicine (EM) residency programs, the use and perceived value of teaching modalities and resources, and the methods used to assess competency of ECG interpretation. Methods:An interactive survey instrument was posted on the Internet using SurveySuite, Inc., software and e‐mailed to program directors (PDs) of all 125 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education–approved U.S. EM residency programs. Responses are reported in total numbers and percentages. Results: Ninety‐nine of 125 PDs completed the online survey (response rate, 79.2%). Emergency department instruction (99%), case‐based lectures (98%), and didactic lectures (98%) were most commonly used to teach interpretation of ECGs, followed by computer‐based instruction (34%) and ECG laboratory (12%). The majority of programs (53%) spent more than eight hours on formal ECG lectures per year, while 11% spent less than three hours. Observation during clinical time (99%), lecture time (76%), and hypothetical cases (57%) were the most common ways to determine competency in reading ECGs, while clinical observation and hypothetical cases were perceived as the most valuable. The most commonly used resource was personal or departmental ECG files (91%), and this had the highest perceived value. The majority of PDs were comfortable with residents' abilities to read ECGs by the third year (96%) and fourth year (91%) of residency. Conclusions: These data suggest that EM PDs believe that EM residency is adequately preparing graduates to interpret ECGs. This goal is achieved through a variety of methods.
Gender and the Council of Emergency Medicine Residency Directors Standardized Letter of Recommendation
Authors: Girzadas Daniel V. , Harwood Robert C. , Davis Nancy , Schulze Laura 
Published: September 2004

Abstract Objectives: Until 2002, the Council of Emergency Medicine Residency Directors standardized letter of recommendation (SLOR) prompted authors to predict how an applicant would rank on their match list. A ranking of guaranteed match (GM) was identified as the least common superlative response on the SLOR. That knowledge allowed precise identification of the best SLORs. The authors correlated GM with every possible author/applicant gender combination. Methods:This was a retrospective, observational study of 835 SLORs submitted in the 1998–1999 and 1999–2000 application cycles to one emergency medicine residency program. A standardized data collection instrument was used. Author/applicant gender combinations (M/M, M/F, F/F, F/M, M/M + F/F, and M/F + F/M) were analyzed with respect to GM by chi‐square test, odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals, and logistic regression. Results: There was a statistically significant association between a female‐authored/female‐applicant SLOR and GM, with a female applicant two times more likely to get a GM from a female author than any other author/applicant gender combination (odds ratio, 2.0; 95% confidence interval = 1.1 to 3.8; p = 0.023). No other combination was significantly associated with GM. Conclusions: Female applicants to the authors' emergency residency program had a two times better chance of receiving a GM recommendation on a SLOR written by a female faculty member compared with any other possible gender combination of applicants and letter authors. Although the choice of GM has now been eliminated from the SLOR, the role of gender in relation to the SLOR merits further study.
The Effect of Magnesium on Length of Stay for Pediatric Sickle Cell Pain Crisis
Authors: Brousseau David C. , Scott J. Paul , Hillery Cheryl A. , Panepinto Julie A. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract Objectives: To determine the effect of intravenous (IV) magnesium sulfate on the length of stay (LOS) for children admitted with sickle cell pain crisis. Methods:This was a single arm study, with historical controls. Hemoglobin SS or Hemoglobin Sβ° children admitted for pain crisis were eligible. Two sequential treatment protocols of IV magnesium sulfate were added to standard inpatient therapy of IV fluids, opioids, and nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs. The initial 12 children received 40 mg/kg (maximum of 1.5 g) of IV magnesium in the emergency department (ED), and eight and 16 hours later. Seven subsequent children received 40 mg/kg (maximum of 2.5 g) of IV magnesium in the ED, and every eight hours for up to four inpatient days. The main outcome measure was LOS, measured in days. Differences in LOS were analyzed between the admission with magnesium, and the two previous admissions meeting the same criteria, using a Wilcoxon signed‐rank test for nonparametric paired data. Results: Nineteen children were enrolled. The results of the two protocols were combined for the analysis. A shorter LOS was found on study admissions (median LOS, 3.0 days compared with 5.0 and 4.0 days for the previous two admissions; p = 0.006). Conclusions: IV magnesium appears to decrease the LOS for children with sickle cell pain crisis.
Inaccuracies on Applications for Emergency Medicine Residency Training
Authors: Roellig Martha S. , Katz Eric D. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract Objectives: Studies have shown erroneous claims of authorship by medical students applying for residency. Authors have hypothesized that investigation of advanced degrees, Alpha Omega Alpha (AOA) status, and peer‐reviewed publications all show important rates of inaccuracy. Methods:A retrospective review of all applicants offered an interview for the authors' emergency medicine (EM) residency (entering class of 2002), excluding foreign medical graduates and current residents, was conducted. After verifying peer‐reviewed publications by MEDLINE search and journal review, errors were tabulated as follows: reference not found, not referenced as an abstract, incorrect author list, or clerical error. AOA status was verified by the AOA organization. Advanced degrees were verified by the awarding institutions. Results: Of 194 applications screened (58.3% of applications), 21 (10.8%) were excluded (9 foreign medical graduates, 12 current residents). Multiple inaccuracies on a single application were counted separately. Of the 173 remaining applications, 23 (13.3%; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 8.8% to 19.5%) had at least one misrepresentation and seven of 173 (4.0%; 95% CI = 1.8% to 8.5%) had two or more. Authorship of at least one peer‐reviewed article was claimed by 47 of 173 (27.2%), with ten of 47 (21.3%; 95% CI = 11.2% to 36.1%) having one inaccuracy and six of 47 (12.8%, 95% CI = 5.3% to 26.4%) having two or more. AOA membership was claimed by 14 applicants (8.1%), but five claims (35.7%, 95% CI = 14.0% to 64.4%) were inaccurate. Advanced degrees were claimed by 15 (8.7%); four (26.7%, 95% CI = 8.9% to 55.2%) were in error. Conclusions: Applications for EM residency contain frequent inaccuracies in publications listed, AOA status, and advanced degrees. Careful review of applications is necessary to ensure appropriate credit is given for claims of these types.
Solution Properties of a Novel Polysaccharide Derivative
Authors: Ihara Takeshi , Nishioka Tohru , Kamitani Hiroshi , Kitsuki Tomohito 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
A novel self-assembly polysaccharide derivative; hydrophobically (stearyl alkyl group) and hydrophilically (sulfonic acid salt group) modified hydroxyethylcellulose (HHM-HEC), has the unique rheological properties in aqueous solutions.
Synthesis of the Sterically Fixed Biliverdin Derivative Bearing the Z-anti C/D-Ring Component
Authors: Hammam Mostafa A S , Murata Yasue , Kinoshita Hideki , Inomata Katsuhiko 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
A sterically locked biliverdin derivative was synthesized by developing an efficient method for the preparation of Z-anti C/D-ring component toward investigation of the stereochemistry and function of the phytochrome chromophores.
Self-assembly of Tetramethylated Resorcin[4]arene to Form Molecular Capsules Incorporating Methanol, Ethanol, and Imidazole: A Comparison with the Unsubstituted Resorcin[4]arene System
Authors: Aoki Katsuyuki , Nagae Toshiki , Matsubara Rei , Fujisawa Ikuhide 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Tetramethylated resorcin[4]arene (MRCT) forms ‘head-to-head’ arranged self-dimers incorporating neutral guest molecules methanol, ethanol, and imidazole within the cavity, with the MRCT:guest composition of 2:2, while unsubstituted resorcin[4]arene forms 1:1 monomers, showing the significance of the methyl substituents of the MRCT rings in the capsule formation through methyl···methyl hydrophobic interactions between the facing substructures, as evidenced by X-ray diffraction.
Self-assembly of a Novel Manganiferous Coordination Polymer with Mixed Ligands
Authors: Yao Youwei , Cai Qiang , Kou Huizhong , Li Hengde , Wang Dan , Yu Ranbo , Chen Yunfa , Xing Xianran 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
A novel coordination polymer, [(NA)(ONA) Mn(II)]n (HNA = nicotinic acid; H2ONA = 2-hydroxynicotinic acid) has been hydrothermally synthesized. Its structure is constructed by mixed-ligands and chains of hexa-coordinated Mn(II) linkers: ONA groups bridge Mn ions to give the right-handed and left-handed helical [(ONA)Mn]n chains running along (010). The helical chains are further held together by NA groups to form a novel 3-D framework.
Insulinomimetic Vanadyl–Hydroxythiazolethione Complexes with VO(S2O2) Coordination Mode: The Correlation between the Activity and Hammett’s Substituent Constant
Authors: Katoh Akira , Yamaguchi Mika , Saito Ryota , Adachi Yusuke , Sakurai Hiromu 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Four kinds of vanadyl–hydroxythiazolethione complexes with VO(S2O2) coordination mode were newly synthesized, and demonstrated for the first time that the insulinomimetic activity apparently correlates to the Hammett’s substituent constant of the ligands.
New Approach for the Recovery of Bisphenol A from Water Using Inclusion Complex with Quinoline Derivatives
Authors: Hatano Bunpei , Aikawa Akiko , Tagaya Hideyuki , Takahashi Hiroki 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
The simple inclusion complex of bisphenol A (3) with quinoline (4) was obtained from the several solutions, and this method was useful for the recovery of 3 from the water solution.