bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scattering of elastic waves by a general anisotropic basin. Part 1: a 2D model
Authors: Dravinski Marijan , Wilson Mark S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractScattering of incident plane harmonic pseudo P‐, SH‐, and SV‐waves by a two‐dimensional basin of arbitrary shape is investigated by using an indirect boundary integral equation approach. The basin and surrounding half‐space are assumed to be generally anisotropic, homogeneous, linearly elastic solids. No material symmetries are assumed. The unknown scattered waves are expressed as linear combinations of full‐space time‐harmonic two‐dimensional Green functions. Using the Radon transform, the Green functions are obtained in the form of finite integrals over a unit circle. An algorithm for the accurate and efficient numerical evaluation of the Green functions is discussed. A detailed convergence and parametric analysis of the problem is presented. Excellent agreement is obtained with isotropic results available in the literature.Steady‐state surface ground motion is presented for semi‐circular basins with generally anisotropic material properties. The results show that surface motion strongly depends upon the material properties of the basin as well as the angle of incidence and frequency of the incident wave. Significant mode conversion can be observed for general triclinic materials which are not present in isotropic models. Comparison with an isotropic basin response demonstrates that anisotropy is very important for assessing the nature of surface motion atop basins. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correction factors for estimating suspended sediment export from loess catchments
Authors: Steegen A. , Govers G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study focuses on problems related to estimating the exact exported suspended sediment quantity and quality from flow‐proportional samples taken at a fixed height at the outlet of a small, agricultural catchment in central Belgium. First, a correction factor is introduced to estimate the real suspended sediment concentration. This factor depends on the stream depth and the grain size distribution of the sediment and is necessary because of the presence of a concentration gradient in the stream. Secondly, water depth is corrected for the sediment volume, and thirdly, the grain size distribution of the exported sediment is corrected.
The application of these correction factors leads to a reduction of the estimated total sediment export by 18 per cent (from 4810 Mg over a period of three years to 3930 Mg). Furthermore, the importance of small grain size fractions increases, leading to higher enrichment ratios for the clay fraction and lower ratios for the sand fraction. Suspended sediment export is thus more selective than was previously thought. Due to the overestimation of the sediment export, total phosphorus losses from the catchment are also overestimated by 17 per cent. This paper therefore emphasizes that point sampling of suspended sediment is biased and that a method should be incorporated to correct the sediment export in terms of quantity and quality. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Twenty‐year weathering remeasurements at St Paul's Cathedral, London
Authors: Trudgill S. T. , Viles H. A. , Inkpen R. , Moses C. , Gosling W. , Yates T. , Collier P. , Smith D. I. , Cooke R. U. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMicroerosion meter (MEM) measurements of the surface height of the balustrade of St Paul's Cathedral, London, have been repeated in the year 2000 following earlier measurements in 1980, 1981, 1985 and 1990. Methodological sources of error mean that while the measurements were made to 0·0001 mm, the data are reliable to two decimal places. There was a reduction in the mean erosion rate on horizontal sites from 0·045 mm a−1 in the period 1980–1990 to 0·025 mm a−1 in 1990–2000. Decreases in atmospheric SO2 levels from 20–25 ppb in 1980–1982 to around 10 ppb in 1990–2000, offer a causal explanation. The surface topography evolved more erratically in 1990–2000 than before, with much, but not all, of the more microelevated areas showing greater, and often more variable erosion. There are also indications of less erosion and more surface rises in low‐lying microareas on horizontal sites which is interpreted as possible deposition and/or microfloral growth in wetter depressions, the pattern being largely absent on a well drained vertical site. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The aeolian dust accumulation curve
Authors: Goossens Dirk 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis article presents a simple physical concept of aeolian dust accumulation, based on the behaviour of the subprocesses of dust deposition and dust erosion. The concept is tested in an aeolian dust wind tunnel. The agreement between the accumulation curve predicted by the model and the accumulation curve obtained in the experiments is close to perfect and shows that it is necessary to discriminate between the processes of aeolian dust deposition and aeolian dust accumulation. Two important thresholds determine the accumulation process. For wind speeds below the deflation threshold, the aeolian accumulation of dust increases linearly with the wind speed. For wind velocities between the deflation threshold and the accumulation limit, the sedimentation balance is above unity and there is still accumulation, though it rapidly drops once the deflation threshold has been exceeded. At wind speeds beyond the accumulation limit, the sedimentation balance is below unity and there will no longer be an accumulation of dust. The thresholds have been determined in a wind tunnel test at friction velocity u* = 0·34 m s−1 (deflation threshold) and u* = 0·43 m s−1 (accumulation limit), but these values are only indicative since they depend heavily on the characteristics of the accumulation surface and of the airborne grains. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toxic cloud imaging by infrared spectrometry: A scanning FTIR system for identification and visualization
Authors: Harig Roland , Matz Gerhard 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPassive remote sensing by Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry allows detection and identification of toxic clouds in the atmosphere. However, the probability of detection is dependent upon the background of the field of view of the spectrometer because the signal is a function of the difference between the temperature of the cloud and the brightness temperature of the background. For small temperature differences the signal is proportional to this difference. Thus, it is possible to enhance the probability of detection by aiming the spectrometer in a direction that yields a high temperature difference between the cloud and the background. If this alignment is performed manually, the probability of detection is strongly influenced by the operator. By scanning all fields of view within the area in which a cloud is expected the probability of detection is maximized. Moreover, it is possible to visualize the cloud. An imaging passive remote‐sensing system comprised of an FTIR spectrometer, an azimuth‐elevation–scanning mirror, a data‐acquisition and control system with a digital signal processor (DSP), and a personal computer has been developed. The DSP system controls the scanning mirror, collects the interferograms of the FTIR spectrometer, and performs the Fourier transformation. The spectra are transferred to the personal computer and analyzed by a real‐time identification algorithm that does not require background spectra for the analysis. The results of the identification algorithm are visualized in false color images. The system has a high selectivity and low noise‐equivalent spectral radiance, and it allows localization of clouds and their sources. The automatic identification algorithm, the scanner system, the software for real‐time identification and imaging, and the results of field measurements are presented. © 2001 Field Analyt Chem Technol 5: 75–90, 2001
Assessment of Potential Environmental Health Risks of Residue of High‐Explosive Munitions on Military Test Ranges—Comparison in a Humid and Arid Climate
Authors: Phillips Loren , Perry Bernard 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe U.S. Army Developmental Test Command (DTC) manages active ranges in a wide variety of
environmental settings where personnel fire munitions of all calibers. Over time, physical, chemical, and
biological processes may distribute munition fragments and residue on the range. Estimating the human health and
ecological risks of these residues is a challenge because little information exists for evaluating the health
effects of military‐unique releases. A human health and ecological risk assessment at two DTC munition
ranges (one in a humid, temperate climate (Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland), and one in a hot,
arid climate (Yuma Proving Ground, Arizona) has been completed. The objective was to estimate health
risks associated with exposure to munition residues. The scope included identifying the nature and extent of
munition residue at firing points and in impact areas from firing munitions, analyzing exposure pathways,
estimating the dose to living organisms and the response to the dose, and estimating risk from exposure. Where
appropriate, water, soil, sediment, air, and biota samples were collected from the range area and reference areas.
Samples were tested for explosives and metals. Risk to humans and ecosystem species was modeled. Results show that
munition residue is not getting into the food chain or being transmitted by direct or indirect exposure in either
climate despite low‐level detections in some media. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.*
The essential oil composition of Salvia argentea L.
Authors: Couladis M. , Tzakou O. , Stojanovic D. , Mimica‐Dukic N. , Jancic R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe essential oil of Salvia argentea L., collected from south‐eastern Serbia, was analysed by GC–MS. Forty‐seven constituents were identified. The oil was characterized by a high content of sesquiterpenes. The major constituents were viridiflorol (32.4%), manool (14.6%) and α‐humulene (10.7%). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complements or substitutes? Equivalent futures contract markets—the case of corn and soybean futures on U.S. and Japanese exchanges
Authors: Holder Mark E. , Pace R. Daniel , Tomas Michael J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis article examines the relationship between corn and soybean futures volumes for contracts traded in the
United States and Japan. Because the contract specifications for corn and soybeans futures traded on the Chicago
Board of Trade (CBOT), the Tokyo Grain Exchange (TGE), and the Kanmon Commodity Exchange
(KCE) are highly similar, the existence of interactions might be expected. Previous research has
identified price relationships between these similar contracts. With the advent of agricultural trading on the
CBOT's Project A overnight electronic trading system, an overlap of trading times of the U.S. and Japanese
exchanges for these commodity contracts resulted. An analysis of TGE and KCE corn and soybean futures volumes
indicates that these contracts, rather than acting as substitutes, exhibit a complementary
relationship. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 22:355–370, 2002
Asymmetric information and corporate derivatives use
Authors: Dadalt Peter , Gay Gerald D. , Nam Jouahn 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe investigate the relationship between derivatives use and the extent of asymmetric information faced by the
firm. Using alternative analyst forecast proxies for asymmetric information, we find evidence that both the use of
derivatives and the extent of derivatives usage is associated with lower asymmetric information. Specifically, for
firms using derivatives (notably currency derivatives) we find that analysts' earnings forecasts
have significantly greater accuracy and lower dispersion. These findings support the conjectures of DeMarzo and
Duffie (1995) and Breeden and Viswanathan (1998) who argue that hedging reduces noise related
to exogenous factors and hence decreases the level of asymmetric information regarding a firm's earnings.
© 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 22: 241–267, 2002
Direct correlation between FRA3B expression and cigarette smoking
Authors: Stein Constance K. , Glover Thomas W. , Palmer J. Lynn , Glisson Bonnie S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCytogenetic deletions and/or loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of the short arm of chromosome 3, often with a break at 3p14, are well documented in lung tumors. The coincidence of a chromosomal fragile site, FRA3B, at a common chromosomal breakpoint in lung cancer has suggested that fragility at this site may predispose to breakage that could contribute to multistep carcinogenesis. This idea is supported by the more recent finding that FRA3B maps within the FHIT (fragile histadine triad) gene, and that aberrant transcripts and genomic deletions of FHIT/FRA3B occur in a variety of tumors including lung tumors. To determine whether some individuals have increased fragility of FRA3B that might increase the risk for breakage or deletion in 3p14.2, fragile site expression was examined in smokers, nonsmokers, and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) patients. The data clearly show that active smokers exhibit a significantly higher frequency of fragile site expression, including FRA3B, compared to that of nonsmokers and patients diagnosed with SCLC who have stopped smoking. These results suggest that active tobacco exposure increases chromosome fragile site expression, and that this fragility is transient and reversible. The data support the hypothesis that exposure to tobacco carcinogens increases the potential for chromosome breakage at fragile sites. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Drosophila synaptotagmin I null mutants survive to early adulthood
Authors: Loewen Carin A. , Mackler Jennifer M. , Reist Noreen E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSummary: Synaptotagmin is a synaptic vesicle protein required for efficient neurotransmitter release, yet its exact role in the synaptic vesicle cycle is unclear. Drosophila presents an ideal organism for studies aimed at determining the in vivo functions of proteins. However, synaptotagmin studies have been limited by the early (embryonic or first instar) lethality previously reported for Drosophila synaptotagmin I null (sytnull) mutants. Here we report a new culturing technique that enhances survival of severely uncoordinated mutants thereby permitting Drosophila sytnull mutants to survive through early adulthood. We examined synapses in sytnull third instar larvae by electrophysiology and found that they exhibit severely decreased and asynchronous evoked neurotransmitter release, as well as an increased rate of spontaneous neurotransmitter release, as previously seen in first instar sytnull larvae. The ability to examine severe synaptotagmin mutants as third instar larvae, a stage where electrophysiological and morphological analyses are more easily accomplished, will facilitate structure/function studies. genesis 31:30–36, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Properties of the transmission‐disequilibrium test in the presence of inbreeding
Authors: Génin Emmanuelle , Todorov Alexandre A. , Clerget‐Darpoux Françoise 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFamily‐based association tests such as the transmission‐disequilibrium test (TDT), which compare alleles transmitted and non‐transmitted from parents to affected offspring, are widely used to detect the role of genetic risk factors in diseases. These methods have the advantage of being robust to population stratification and are thus believed to be valid whatever the population context. In different studies of the statistical properties of the TDT, parents of affected offspring are typically assumed to be neither inbred nor related. In many human populations, however, this assumption is false and parental alleles are then no longer independent. It is thus of interest to determine whether the TDT is a valid test of linkage and association in the presence of inbreeding. We present a method to derive the expected value of the TDT statistic under different disease models and for any relationship between the parents of affected offspring. Using this method, we show that in the presence of inbreeding, the TDT is still a valid test for linkage but not for association. The power of the test to detect linkage may, however, be increased in the presence of inbreeding under different modes of inheritance. Genet. Epidemiol. 22:116–127, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Power of multipoint identity‐by‐descent methods to detect linkage using variance component models
Authors: Ekstrøm Claus Thorn 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMultipoint linkage analysis gives increased power over single‐point analysis to detect linkage for quantitative trait loci (QTL). Besides increased power, the use of multipoint methods makes it possible to estimate not only the location but also the magnitude of the QTL. Currently, two methods are commonly used for calculating multipoint identity‐by‐descent (IBD) allele‐sharing estimates for pedigrees of moderate sizes. The method of Fulker et al. is based on multiple regression of the IBD status at the observed marker loci, whereas the hidden Markov model approach of Kruglyak and Lander estimates the true inheritance distribution at each chromosomal location. Simulation studies of full sibs and nuclear pedigrees show that the two methods for estimating multipoint IBD scores may give very different estimates for a pair of relatives and that a small increase in power to detect linkage can be obtained by using the hidden Markov model compared with the regression method. Genet. Epidemiol. 21:285–298, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glial expression of tumor necrosis factor in transgenic animals: How do these models reflect the “normal situation”?
Authors: Probert Lesley , Akassoglou Katerina 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRecent progress in the field of experimental genetics, which enables the selective and conditional ablation or dysregulation in the expression of specific genes in mice, and its application to the study of experimentally inducible models for human disease, have contributed enormously to our understanding of the molecules and mechanisms that underlie autoimmunity and inflammation in the CNS. This article describes the lessons learned from the application of such technology to the study of the tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF) ligand/receptor system in the CNS. Important roles for TNF and its two membrane‐bound receptors in the initiation and support of CNS inflammation, the development of CNS autoimmunity, and possibly in the resolution of T‐cell‐mediated disease, as well as their implications for our understanding of the “normal” cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie CNS pathology, are discussed. GLIA 36:212–219, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cognitive function in UK community‐dwelling African Caribbean elders: normative data for a test battery
Authors: Stewart Robert , Richards Marcus , Brayne Carol , Mann Anthony 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMany ‘first generation’ African Caribbean residents in the UK have now reached ages where risk of cognitive impairment and dementia starts to increase. In addition, conditions which may impair cognitive function, such as hypertension, diabetes and stroke, have high prevalence rates in African Caribbean populations. However, there is a lack of normative data for cognitive tests in this ethnic group. Cognitive assessment was carried out in a south London community population of 285 African Caribbean participants aged 55–75 years. Tests were drawn principally from the consortium to establish a registry for Alzheimer's disease (CERAD) battery (Boston Naming Test, verbal fluency, word list recall, and Trailmaking Tests A and B) and also included orientation items from the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Clock Drawing Test. Independent effects of age, sex, education and occupation were identified on scores for most but not all cognitive tests. Compared with normative data for African American populations, lower scores on verbal fluency and the Boston Naming Test were observed but scores on memory tests were comparable. Normative data for the tests are presented, stratified by level of education. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
The clock drawing test in primary care: sensitivity in dementia detection and specificity against normal and depressed elderly
Authors: Kirby Michael , Denihan Aisling , Bruce Irene , Coakley David , Lawlor Brian A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this study was to examine the sensitivities and specificities of the clock drawing test (CDT) in the detection of dementia among older people in primary care, with particular emphasis on the effect of depression on CDT specificity. Most previous studies have been sited in specialist settings and few have addressed the issue of specificity aginst depression.MethodsComparison of cohorts identified from community‐based screening with GMS‐AGECAT. The CDT and the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) were administered to 41 elderly subjects with organic disorder (dementia), 84 elderly subjects with case level depression and 523 normal elderly subjects. Sensitivities and specificities of the CDT were calculated.ResultsThe sensitivity of the CDT in the detection of dementia in the general community was 76%. The specificities of the CDT against normal elderly and depressed elderly was 81% and 77% respectively. Higher sensitivity and specificity were achieved by the MMSE.ConclusionsThe use of the CDT in the detection of dementia syndromes is likely to be more relevant in the primary care context than in specialist settings. The CDT provides good sensitivity and specificity but may not be as sensitive or specific in the general community as previous studies have suggested, particularly in mild dementia. Community‐based late life depression does not appear to alter the specificity of the CDT. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discontinuation of lithium augmentation in an elderly cohort
Authors: Fahy Sabina , Lawlor Brian A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectivesTo observe the effects of gradual discontinuation of lithium augmentation therapy in a group of patients over the age of 65 years and to measure the rate of relapse and to identify any factors which would predict relapse.MethodsThis was a naturalistic study involving 21 patients who were on lithium augmentation and whose lithium was discontinued for a variety of clinical reasons. In most cases lithium was tapered and discontinued over a period of 2–12 weeks. Demographic and other variables were collected at baseline and compared between those who remained well and those that subsequently relapsed.ResultsEleven patients (52.4%) relapsed following discontinuation of lithium augmentation. Those who relapsed had been on lithium for significantly longer than those who remained well off lithium (p = 0.007). There was a trend towards more hospital admissions in the relapse group (p = 0.062).ConclusionsWhen lithium augmentation therapy is discontinued in elderly depressives over half of these patients relapse. A longer duration of prediscontinuation lithium treatment and more hospital admissions appear to be associated with increased risk of relapse. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.