bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical Latency and Reactivation of AIDS-Related Mycobacterial Infections
Authors: Shen Yun , Shen Ling , Sehgal Prabhat , Huang Dan , Qiu Liyou , Du George , Letvin Norman L. , Chen Zheng W. 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTThe immune mechanisms associated with the evolution from latent to clinically active mycobacterial coinfection in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected humans remain poorly understood. Previous work has demonstrated that macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmac) can develop persistentMycobacterium bovisBCG coinfection and a fatal SIV-related tuberculosis-like disease by 4 months after BCG inoculation. In the present study, SIVmac-infected monkeys that developed clinically quiescent mycobacterial infection after BCG inoculation were followed prospectively for the reactivation of the BCG and the development of SIV-related tuberculosis-like disease. The development of clinically latent BCG coinfection in these SIVmac-infected monkeys was characterized by a change from high to undetectable levels of bacterial organisms, with or without measurable BCG mRNA expression in lymph node cells. The reactivation of clinically latent BCG coinfection and development of SIV-related tuberculosis-like disease were then observed in these SIVmac-BCG-coinfected monkeys during a 21-month period of follow-up. The reactivation of SIV-related tuberculosis-like disease in these animals coincided with a severe depletion of CD4 T cells and a loss of BCG-specific T-cell responses. Interestingly, bacterial superantigen challenge of the SIVmac-BCG-coinfected monkeys resulted in an up-regulation of clinically latent BCG coinfection, suggesting that infection with superantigen-producing microbes may increase the susceptibility of individuals to the reactivation of AIDS-related mycobacterial coinfection. Thus, reactivation of latent mycobacterial infections in HIV-1-infected individuals may result from a loss of T-cell immunity or from a superimposed further compromise of the immune system.
Infectious Molecular Clone of a Recently Transmitted Pediatric Human Immunodeficiency Virus Clade C Isolate from Africa: Evidence of Intraclade Recombination
Authors: Grisson Ricky D. , Chenine Agnès-Laurence , Yeh Lan-Yu , He Jun , Wood Charles , Bhat Ganapati J. , Xu Weidong , Kankasa Chipepo , Ruprecht Ruth M. 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACT

Although human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) clade C continues to dominate the pandemic, only two infectious clade C proviral DNA clones have been described (N. Mochizuki, N. Otsuka, K. Matsuo, T. Shiino, A. Kojima, T. Kurata, K. Sakai, N. Yamamoto, S. Isomura, T. N. Dhole, Y. Takebe, M. Matsuda, and M. Tatsumi, AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir.
15:
1321-1324, 1999; T. Ndung'u, B. Renjifo, and M. Essex, J. Virol.
75:
4964-4972, 2001). We have generated an infectious molecular clone of a pediatric clade C strain, HIV1084i, which was isolated from a Zambian infant infected either intrapartum or through breastfeeding. HIV1084i is an R5, non-syncytium-inducing isolate that bears all known clade C signatures;
gag
,
pol
, and
env
consistently mapped within clade C. Interestingly,
gag
resembled Asian isolates, whereas
pol
and
env
resembled African isolates, indicating that HIV1084i probably arose from an intraclade recombination. As a recently transmitted clade C strain, HIV1084i will be a useful vaccine development tool.
Abnormally high serum ferritin levels among professional road cyclists
Authors: Zotter H , Robinson N , Zorzoli M , Schattenberg L , Saugy M , Mangin P 
Published: November 2004

Background:An international, longitudinal medical follow up examination of male professional road cyclists revealed excessively elevated serum ferritin levels.Objective:To evaluate the importance of elevated ferritin values among professional cyclists, their relationship with age and nationality, and their evolution over 3 years.Methods:Over 1000 serum ferritin values were collected. Other parameters were included in order to exclude conditions which might have increased ferritin levels without changing body iron stores.Results:In 1999, over 45% of riders displayed ferritin values above 300 ng/ml and one fourth levels over 500 ng/ml. These percentages had decreased to 27% and 9%, respectively, 3 years later, while the overall average, which was above the normal limits in 1999, had decreased by 33% in 3 years. Older cyclists had higher ferritin values than younger cyclists. There was also a relationship between ferritin levels and the nationality of the cyclists. Analysis of 714 riders in 2000 and 2002 showed only a slight and insignificant decrease in the mean ferritin value although those with initially elevated iron stores had a much greater decrease.Conclusion:Professional road cyclists used excessive iron supplementation leading to high serum ferritin levels correlating with increased body iron stores. Although the situation progressively improved over 3 years, it remains worrying as increased body iron stores are related to health complications. Therefore, prevention in addition to the fight against doping should be a main goal of the UCI. Aggressive therapy for athletes with excessive ferritin values should be carried out at or before the end of their careers.
Weight changes, medical complications, and performance during an Ironman triathlon
Authors: Sharwood K A , Collins M , Goedecke J H , Wilson G , Noakes T D 
Published: November 2004

Background:Subjects exercising without fluid ingestion in desert heat terminated exercise when the total loss in body weight exceeded 7%. It is not known if athletes competing in cooler conditions with free access to fluid terminate exercise at similar levels of weight loss.Objectives:To determine any associations between percentage weight losses during a 224 km Ironman triathlon, serum sodium concentrations and rectal temperatures after the race, and prevalence of medical diagnoses.Methods:Athletes competing in the 2000 and 2001 South African Ironman triathlon were weighed on the day of registration and again immediately before and immediately after the race. Blood pressure and serum sodium concentrations were measured at registration and immediately after the race. Rectal temperatures were also measured after the race, at which time all athletes were medically examined. Athletes were assigned to one of three groups according to percentage weight loss during the race.Results:Body weight was significantly (p<0.0001) reduced after the race in all three groups. Serum sodium concentrations were significantly (p<0.001) higher in athletes with the greatest percentage weight loss. Rectal temperatures were the same in all groups, with only a weak inverse association between temperature and percentage weight loss. There were no significant differences in diagnostic indices of high weight loss or incidence of medical diagnoses between groups.Conclusions:Large changes in body weight during a triathlon were not associated with a greater prevalence of medical complications or higher rectal temperatures but were associated with higher serum sodium concentrations.
The role of serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in neonatal outcome
Authors: Hayati A R , Cheah F C , Yong J F , Tan A E , Norizah W M 
Published: November 2004

Aims:To determine the role of serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in predicting the occurrence of septal hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in infants of mothers with diabetes.Methods/materials:In this prospective study, 100 pregnant women (50 with diabetes and 50 controls), matched for age and race, were studied. One intrapartum blood sample was taken at 28 weeks of gestation from both groups of mothers and another sample at delivery. All samples were analysed for maternal IGF-I by an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay method. A chest radiograph and an electrocardiogram were performed on the babies of the mothers with diabetes within the first 24 hours of life. An echocardiogram was performed in the first 3 days of life to look for septal hypertrophy and to measure the myocardial thickness.Results:In the six cases of neonatal septal hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, all the mothers had greatly raised IGF-I concentrations of more than 400 ng/ml at the time of delivery compared with a mean (SD) of 302 (25) ng/ml in control mothers.Conclusions:In the present study a crude analysis revealed that increased IGF-I concentrations correlate with neonatal septal hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Design of a real time quantitative PCR assay to assess global mRNA amplification of small size specimens for microarray hybridisation
Authors: Choesmel V , Foucault F , Thiery J P , Blin N 
Published: November 2004

Background:Low RNA yields from clinical samples are a limiting step for microarray technology.Aims:To design an accurate real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay to assess the crucial step of global mRNA amplification performed before microarray hybridisation, using less than 1 µg total RNA.Methods:Three RNA extraction procedures were compared for small size samples. Total RNA was amplified from universal RNA or the BC-H1 breast cancer micrometastatic cell line using three different protocols. Real time quantitative PCR technology was used for accurate measurement of urokinase plasminogen activator receptor and cytokeratin 8 RNA amplification rates and ratios, using primer sets binding at various distances from the 3′ end of transcripts. A 50 mer oligomeric array targeting 87 genes potentially involved in breast cancer metastatic progression was built and hybridised with amplified RNA.Results:Eighteen nanograms of total RNA could be purified from 1000 BC-H1 micrometastatic cells. Amplification rates of 25 000 to 100 000 were achieved with as little as 10 ng of starting material. However, results were highly variable, depending on the amount of starting material, gene characteristics, sample quality, and protocols used. Oligomeric array hybridisation with 20 µg reference RNA resulted in specific and reproducible signals for 83% of the genes, whereas mRNA amplification from less than 400 ng of starting material resulted in selective detection of signals from highly expressed genes.Conclusions:Improvements in the design of global mRNA amplification procedures and oligomeric arrays are needed to extract informative gene expression data from clinical samples containing limited cell numbers.
PETRI NETS AND STEP TRANSITION SYSTEMS
Authors: MUKUND MADHAVAN 
Published: November 2004

Labelled transition systems are a simple yet powerful formalism for describing the operational behaviour of computing systems. They can be extended to model concurrency faithfully by permitting transitions between states to be labelled by a collection of actions, denoting a concurrent step. Petri nets (or Place/Transition nets) give rise to such step transition systems in a natural way—the marking diagram of a Petri net is the canonical transition system associated with it. In this paper, we characterize the class of PN-transition systems, which are precisely those step transition systems generated by Petri nets. We express the correspondence between PN-transition systems and Petri nets in terms of an adjunction between a category of PN-transition systems and a category of Petri nets in which the associated morphisms are behaviour-preserving in a strong and natural sense.
HUMAN HAIR ANALYSIS BY PIXE
Authors: VALKOVIC V. 
Published: November 2004

Hair is the unique biological material which, because of its growth, reflects the biomedical and environmental history of the subject. Because of convenience in handling and sampling and relatively high concentrations of metals, trace-element analysis of human hair has been applied widely for different purposes. Although even the measurements of the bulk trace element levels contain some information, the real meaning is contained in longitudinal and radial concentration profiles. This is best achievable by X-ray emission spectroscopy measurements.
INTEGRATION WITH RESPECT TO A WEIGHT
Authors: LEINERT MICHAEL 
Published: November 2004

A simple approach to non-commutative integration for weights is described, following the lines of [7] i.e., using a natural upper integral (which is in fact an integral) and interpolation. If [Formula: see text] is a von Neumann algebra on the Hilbert space H and φ is a faithful normal semifinite weight on [Formula: see text], the space D of all φ-bounded vectors in H is contained in the domain of every closed positive form coming from a positive self-adjoint operator T affiliated to [Formula: see text] with finite upper integral [Formula: see text]. The (classes of) linear combinations of such forms constitute [Formula: see text]. In an obvious sense, [Formula: see text] consists of forms, too (bounded ones). [Formula: see text] is the complex interpolation space [Formula: see text]. It is checked that [Formula: see text] is isometrically isomorphic to Vp in [10], so [Formula: see text] is what it ought to be.
CIRCUMSTANCES OF FERMION FRACTIONIZATION IN HIGH DENSITY FERMI GAS
Authors: KHVIENGIA Z. , TOKAREV V. F. 
Published: November 2004

We consider a (3 + 1)-dimensional SU(2)-gauge theory which is known to possess the fractional fermions. These are the monopoles. We compute the fermion number of a monopole in the dense Fermi gas and find the conditions under which fermions decay into the monopoles.
TOPOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION OF ELECTRIC CHARGE, DUALITY AND CONFINEMENT IN 2+1 DIMENSIONS
Authors: KOVNER A. , ROSENSTEIN B. 
Published: November 2004

Electric charge in QED is topological in the sense that the electric current is a curl of a local gauge-invariant field — the dual electromagnetic field strength. In 2+1 dimensions it can be explicitly represented as the winding number in terms of a local field V describing the Nielsen-Olesen magnetic vortices: [Formula: see text]. Electrically charged particles are then visualized as topological solitons of V corresponding to elements of the homotopy group π1(S1)=Z. The quantization of electric charge and the universality of the electromagnetic coupling are thus given a topological interpretation. The low energy physics is described by a “dual” Lagrangian written in terms of the field V only. This dual Lagrangian furnishes the Landau-Ginzburg description of the Coulomb-Higgs phase transition with V as a pertinent local order parameter. The symmetry which is associated with the phase transition is the magnetic flux symmetry. The nonzero VEV of V in the Coulomb phase breaks the magnetic flux spontaneously, leading to the appearance of a massless Goldstone boson—the photon. The vortex field V is also constructed in non-Abelian gauge theories. Here the solitons of V are identified with the “constituent” quarks. The dual Lagrangian contains explicit flux-symmetry-breaking terms. As a result the topological solitons (quarks) are linearly confined. We describe in detail the derivation of the dual Lagrangian and the topological mechanism of confinement in non-Abelian theories with adjoint and fundamental matter. The extension of the above description to the (3+1)-dimensional gauge theories is briefly discussed. Several notions are easily generalizable but the picture is far from being complete.
QUANTUM TUNNELING OF MAGNETIZATION IN SOLIDS
Authors: STAMP P.C.E. , CHUDNOVSKY E.M. , BARBARA B. 
Published: November 2004

Magnetic solids should, under certain circumstances, show macroscopic quantum behavior, in which coherence exists between completely distinct magnetization states, each involving a very large number of spins (~1012 spins). This article reviews the recent work in this field, concentrating particularly on macroscopic quantum tunneling (MQT) of magnetization. The two main phenomena discussed are (a) the tunneling of magnetization in singledomain particles or grains (in which some 103−104 spins rotate together through an energy barrier), and (b) the tunneling of domain walls in films or in bulk magnets; where walls containing ~ 1010 spins may tunnel off a pinning potential, or from one pinning centre to another. Some attention is also given to the quantum nucleation of magnetization reversal in a bulk magnet, and to the quantum motion of other magnetic solitons (such as vortices). After a thorough analysis of the basic grain and wall tunneling phenomena, we continue on to a discussion of the various dissipative or “decoherence” mechanisms, which destroy the phase correlations involved in tunneling. The coupling of grain magnetization to phonons, photons, and electrons is shown to have little consequence for weaklyconducting or insulating grains. Domain walls couple to these and also to magnons and impurities or defects; the 3rd order coupling to magnons can have serious effects, but if one uses pure insulators at low temperatures, these can also be ignored. As a result, theory indicates that MQT should be visible in both grains and bulk magnets at low temperatures (at least below ~1 K). The present experimental evidence for such behavior is inconclusive, partly because few experiments have been done. We discuss these experiments, and make some suggestions for future work. It is hoped this review will stimulate such work, not only because of the fundamental interest in macroscopic quantum phenomena, but also because of the considerable scope for technological innovation.
Quantum size effect in sodium: NMR and ESR in small Na particles in zeolite y
Authors: Trescos E. , Rachdi F. , de Ménorval L.C. , Fajula F. 
Published: November 2004

The Na exchanged zeolite Y has been reacted with sodium or cesium metal vapor. For low concentration of the metal vapor, hyperfine ESR signal was observed, characteristic of ionic cluster species Na 43+ in the sodalite cages of the zeolite. Exposure to higher concentration leads to a single ESR narrow line which is attributed to Na small metallic particles inside the zeolite cavities. The metallic signal linewidth shows no temperature dependence in the range 4 to 300 K, which indicates a quenching of the bulk metal relaxation mechanisms. The signal intensity obeys Curie law in the same temperature range, in agreement with theoretical models for small metal particles. 23 Na NMR spectrum of (Na-Y) highly loaded with Na shows a very broad unshifted line with respect to sodium diamagnetic compound. This line is attributed to Na even metallic particles with a large size distribution. In the case of (Na-Y) highly loaded with Cs, the room temperature 23Na NMR spectrum shows two highly shifted narrow lines and a broad unshifted line. The latter should have the same origin as in the concentrated (Na-Y) with Na. The shifted lines are assigned to the Knight shifts in (Na/Cs) alloy particles which are formed by an exchange between the cesium and the Na cations of the zeolite framework. Such observation is being reported for the first time in the alkali-metals loaded zeolites.
A TOOL SYSTEM FOR KNOWLEDGE-BASED ON-LINE DIAGNOSIS IN INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION
Authors: BECK TH. 
Published: November 2004

The use of knowledge-based techniques in real-time application is still a challenge. There are some special problems increasing in this kind of application: Handling of events to process new incoming data, the ability to perform several inferences in parallel, the ability to reason about time, etc. We present a tool system which supports the development of expert systems to be used in the field of industrial automation. The methods provided by the tool system support • the representation of temporal knowledge and reasoning about events in time, • the handling of asynchronous events, • the integration of knowledge-based components into conventional real-time software systems, and • the reasoning under time constraints. As a further part of the tool system, an expert system compiler with the ability to transform expert systems into a conventional procedural program (realized in C) is described. This method allows an efficient realization of knowledge-based components.
BUSINESS OWNERS'/MANAGERS' PERCEPTIONS OF THE INTERNET: AN AUSTRALIAN PERSPECTIVE
Authors: CALVERT CHERYL , O'CONNOR MIKE , BENTLEY JOHN 
Published: November 2004

This paper details an Australian study, conducted by the Small Business Research Unit at Victoria University of Technology, of Internet usage by small business. The objectives of this study were to: explore the expectations of small businesses setting up webpages on the Internet; analyse the commercial impact of the Internet; determine any benefits from using the Internet; and to ascertain any problems associated with using the Internet. The methodology involved a questionnaire distributed either via electronic mail or the World Wide Web. The main findings indicated that the average number of Internet sales inquiries per month appeared low compared to other countries such as the UK and USA. The majority of businesses received less than 20 sales inquiries per month via the Internet and only half of the respondent businesses indicated that sales had increased as a direct result of being on the Internet. Despite this, there existed optimism regarding business use of the Internet with the majority of business owners/managers claiming that the benefits of being on the Internet outweighed the costs, and that their expectations were met in using the Internet. Businesses involved in the computing industry had the highest level of optimism.
Blended Wish Images: Chinese and Western Exemplary Women At The Turn of the Twentieth Century
Authors: Judge Joan 
Published: November 2004

AbstractAuthors intent on raising the level of Chinese women's basic and global literacy at the turn of the twentieth century took an archaeomodern approach to history—archaeo in their appropriation of ancient models and modern in their self-conscious break with the recent past and their embrace of foreign figures and ideas. This approach was manifest in the addition of Western heroines to the two-millennia-old repertoire of exemplary Chinese women in new-style textbooks and women's journals of the period. An examination of the ways the Western and Chinese biographies functioned in these materials provides important insights into the complex process of accommodating foreign ideas in this period, a process which defies the binaries of tradition/modernity, and East/West, and is crucial to our understanding of twentieth-century China.
Alternative Modernities, or a Classical Woman of Modern China: The Challenging Trajectory of Lü Bicheng's (1883-1943) Life And Song Lyrics
Authors: Fong Grace 
Published: November 2004

AbstractLü Bicheng is remembered today mostly for her accomplishment as a poet in the classical ci genre (song lyrics). Drawing on her writings and those of her contemporaries, this study attempts to reconstruct Lü Bicheng's multifaceted, cosmopolitan life trajectory that has become obscured by the nationalist turn in twentieth-century China. By excavating Lü Bicheng's many self-inventions and metamorphoses, I aim to show how the ci genre as her mode of self-inscription was transformed into a protean medium for the expression of progressive rhetoric, cultural identity, and the assimilation of new experiences. The complex cultural and linguistic dialogues exemplified by Lü's life and writings open up alternative readings of modernity.